,,the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,manufacturers' ,,assistant ,,and ,,guide4 ,,containing ,a ,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,trade4 ,history of ,india-,rubber and ,gutta-,percha1 ,,and ,,their ,,application ,,to ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,,full ,,instructions ,,in ,,the ,,art1 ,,with ,,diagrams ,,and ,,scales1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,vulcanization ,,and ,,sulphurization1 ,,english ,,and ,,american ,,patents4 ,,with ,,an ,,elaborate ,,treatise ,,on ,,tanning4 8,,sutor ,,ultra ,,crepidam40 ,,compiled ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,richardson1 ,,jr4 8,give good hearing to those who give the first information in business40--,,bacon4 ,,boston3 ,,higgins1 ,,bradley ,,dayton1 #bj ,,washington ,,st4 #aheh4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress in the year #aheh1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,richardson1 ,,jr41 ,in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of ,massachusetts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,illustration ,in preparing the following pages1 the author has aimed to supply a want hitherto unsupplied4 ,no work devoted to the wants of the ,boot and ,shoe-maker1 manufacturer1 or merchant1 has ever been compiled4 ,able articles upon the 8,trade10 statistical statements1 and general comments upon matters of interest local in their character1 and having particular reference to the state of the times in which they were written1 have been published1 perused and forgotten4 ,but no work1 containing a history of this important mechanical interest1 together with instructions in the science of the ,boot and ,shoe manufacture1 has ever been written4 ,the ,author does not flatter himself that he has1 by any means1 exhausted so fruitful a subject1 but that he has prepared and compiled important facts and rules1 and submitted valuable suggestions which are correct in theory1 and practical in their application1 he has not a doubt4 ,within a few years1 this important industrial interest has assumed almost wonderful proportions1 and it now towers in magnitude and importance1 above all its compeers4 ,new elements have been introduced into the manufacture of boots and shoes1 and fortunes have been expended in endeavoring to introduce new methods by which to cheapen the process of manufacture1 as well as the raw material4 ,the introduction of ,india-rubber and ,gutta-percha as articles of mechanical use1 has quickened the pulses of invention1 and has already produced wonderful1 and important changes in all departments of the mechanic arts1 and more especially in that of boots and shoes4 ,already have these important vegetable gums1 and the thousand uses of which they are susceptible1 attracted the attention of the world1 and last but not least1 we are indebted to the discovery and use of ,gutta-percha for the successful insulation of the ,atlantic ,cable1 without which substance1 the cable could not have been safely submerged4 ,establishments for the manufacture of ,india-rubber1 and ,gutta-percha1 into almost every conceivable shape1 have sprung up1 as it were in a day4 ,patents for its use and application1 are constantly presenting themselves4 ,heretofore1 it has been the policy of all interested in the manufacture of ,india-rubber and ,gutta-percha1 to surround their inventions with an air of mystery4 8,no admittance0 has been blazoned upon their laboratories1 and no 8open sesame0 pronounced by the uninitiated1 has succeeded in opening the doors to their carefully guarded treasures4 ,in this work1 we have endeavored to make clear1 simple1 but important facts1 scientific discoveries and observations1 which1 from practical experience1 we know to be of great utility4 ,a collection of the most approved recipes for the preparation of compounds of ,india-rubber1 and ,gutta-percha1 would alone1 make a volume worthy of preservation4 ,but we have endeavored to present all the important rules1 practical hints1 and observations1 necessary to the manufacture of boots and shoes1 also an important and economical method of repairing the same4 ,herein may be found a history of the discovery of ,india-rubber and ,gutta-percha1 its uses and applications1 the inventions which they have called into existence1 the patents that have been taken out1 the 8claims0 set forth by different individuals1 the causes of the failures of many of them1 and a brief history of their pretensions4 ,we herein introduce a process of manufacturing boots and shoes1 of the most durable character1 at about one-half the expense of the old method1 by a process so simple that the humblest cordwainer in the land1 no less than the wealthy and extensive manufacturer1 can at once enter upon the field of competition2 but time and experiment will determine the real value and utility of ,gutta-percha as a substitute for 8pegs0 and 8stitches10 in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,particular attention has been given to the application of ,gutta-percha1 and ,india-rubber1 in the manufacture of boots and shoes1 inasmuch as it is a new field1 and much interest is manifested by the 8craft0 to understand its value and use4 ,not least in the application of this process of shoe manufacture1 is the invaluable benefit to be derived by all who wear thin soled shoes or boots1 inasmuch as shoes thus made are impervious to water from the sole1 thus allowing the most delicate lady to walk with impunity upon ground1 wet by the morning shower1 or evening dew4 ,perspiration of the foot is in no wise confined by this process1 as it escapes from the upper portion of the shoe4 ,the system of cutting ,patterns1 herein set forth1 is alone worth the price of the work1 as its simplicity1 scientific correctness1 and application to every description of boot or shoe1 enables any mechanic possessing ordinary ingenuity1 to prepare sets of patterns for all classes of work desired4 ,diagrams1 to assist the beginner are explained so clearly1 that every important rule is at once understood4 ,a 8,treatise upon ,tanning0 is also introduced1 in which the subject is treated in a comprehensive manner1 and compilations from the most approved authorities are made4 ,the history of ,vulcanization1 ,adulterations of ,india-rubber1 7caoutchouc7 and gutta-percha1 will be found to contain many important facts and suggestions4 ,the author is indebted to various sources for many of the scientific and historical facts herein contained4 ,first1 to a ,boston gentleman of high standing1 long identified with the ,boot and ,shoe interest1 for facts in the early history of the trade in ,new ,england4 ,a great number of ,english works have been carefully examined1 and such of their contents as bear directly upon the elucidation of facts1 and theories set forth1 copied4 ,the ,scientific ,american1 has also furnished us with many important facts and suggestions4 ,all the practical and useful compounds herein described1 with a few exceptions1 are the results of long1 patient1 and laborious investigation2 also the process of making boots and shoes by the new method1 are from actual tests1 and personal experiments4 ,this portion of the work1 or rather the facts therein set forth1 were furnished by a gentleman who has devoted many years to the prosecution of experiments in gutta-percha1 and ,india-rubber compounds4 ,he is acknowledged to possess great practical knowledge1 and scientific research in this department of mechanical art4 ,a general1 rather than a scientific compilation has been adopted1 so that the work shall be found universal in its application1 although addressed especially to the mechanic4 ,all technicalities have been avoided as far as possible1 and simple descriptions1 and popular terms substituted4 ,the 8,assistant and ,guide10 is dedicated to all interested in the great industrial interest which it represents4 ,it is a humble pioneer in a new field1 and is submitted with the hope that it may be found a valuable 8assistant0 to those just starting in the first years of their apprenticeship--a 8guide0 to such as are desirous of perfecting themselves in the calling to which their efforts are directed1 and a 8companion0 to the merchant1 and all who seek for information1 in the thousand varied channels through which it flows4 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,jr4 ,,boston1 ,october1 #aheh4 ,,contents4 ,illustration ,,introduction--,an account of the various styles of 8covering for feet10 before the ,christian ,era2 with illustrations1 xv ,,book ,i4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,trade1 #i ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,trade1 #ad ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,gutta ,,percha--,,its ,,properties1 ,,manufactures1 ,c41 ,c41 #ai ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,gutta ,,percha--,,its ,,first ,,application ,,as ,a ,,cement ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states1 #ci ,,chapter ,v4 ,,gutta ,,percha ,,for ,,belts1 ,,harnesses1 ,c42 ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,wood ,,work1 ,c41 #dc ,testimonials1 #de ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,india ,,rubber--,,its ,,discovery1 ,,uses1 ,c41 #ea ,cleaning ,processes1 ,mackintosh ,cloth1 #ef ,cutting ,processes1 ,india ,rubber ,liquid1 ,braids and ,webs1 #eh-fj ,vulcanized2 ,comparison of ,india ,rubber and ,gutta ,percha1 #fa-fe ,,book ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,stock1 #ff ,middle ,soles2 ,spur or ,spring ,lifts2 ,to ,prepare ,leather ,soles2 ,to ,prepare ,counters2 ,preparation of ,stock for ,cloth ,shoes2 ,preparation of the ,upper ,stock2 ,to ,prepare ,uppers made of any description of ,leather1 or part ,leather and ,cloth2 ,instructions for ,lasting2 ,cementing ,processes after ,lasting2 ,directions for applying ,thick or ,thin ,soles to ,shoes and ,boots2 ,remarks on ,finishing2 ,taps or ,soles for ,repairing2 ,preparing the ,boot or ,shoe to be ,repaired2 ,important ,facts for ,manufacturers2 ,compounds for ,heels of ,shoes or ,boots2 ,various ,fibrous ,compounds for ,leather ,soles1 c42 ,practical ,hints4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,hints ,,and ,,instructions ,,on ,,pattern ,,cutting1 #gi ,diagrams on pages #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #if1 #ig1 #ii2 ,fitting up ,lasts for the ,measurement of the ,foot1 #hh2 ,cutting ,boot ,patterns1 #hi2 ,scales for ,lasts1 #ia2 ,scales for ,medium ,proportions of ,feet1 #ic2 ,directions for ,pattern ,cutting1 #ic-aja4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,making ,,french ,,custom ,,boots1 ,,shoes ,,and ,,gaiters1 #ajc ,,book ,,iii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,vulcanization ,,and ,,sulphurization ,,of ,,india ,,rubber ,,in ,,america1 #ajf ,nathaniel ,hayward1 #aji2 ,importance of the ,discovery1 #aac2 ,causes of ,failure1 #aad2 ,charles ,goodyear1 and ,interesting ,account of his ,trials1 #aad-abd2 ,results4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,vulcanization--,,interesting ,,reflections1 #abh ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,vulcanization--,,tests ,,of ,,quality ,,of ,,native ,,gums1 ,,power ,,to ,,be ,,used ,,in ,,manufacture1 #acf2 ,,methods ,,of ,,manufacture1 ,c4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,vulcanization--,,importance ,,of ,,gum ,,elastic ,,for ,,educational ,,purposes1 #adb ,,chapter ,v4 ,,adulteration ,,of ,,india ,,rubber 7,,caoutchouc27 ,,english ,,system ,,of ,,adulteration ,,fully ,,presented1 #ade-afd ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,valuable ,,recipes--,purifying ,gutta ,percha1 #afe ,marine ,glue2 ,india ,rubber ,armor2 ,new ,gutta ,percha ,composition2 ,india ,rubber ,varnish2 ,water-,proofing ,oil2 ,india ,rubber ,teeth2 ,emery ,paper1 c42 ,cheap ,method of ,making ,leather ,water ,proof4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,gutta ,,percha ,,patents1 #agd ,first ,patent by ,d4 ,a4 ,brooman1 fully described2 ,properties of ,gutta ,percha2 ,artificial ,fuels2 ,elastic ,applications2 ,applications in ,state of ,solution2 ,patent for ,improvements in ,boots1 ,shoes and ,gaiters1 #aha2 ,description of ,patent1 #ahb-ahf2 ,patent by ,charles ,hancock1 ,improvements in the ,manufacture of ,gutta ,percha and its ,application1 #ahf3 ,description of ,process of ,making and ,applying ,varnishes to ,india ,rubber ,shoes1 c41 #ahg2 ,method of ,making ,gutta ,percha light1 porous and spongy1 #aij2 ,varnishes1 #aib2 ,parke's ,improvements in ,dyeing1 #aie2 ,hancock's ,patent for ,improvements in ,preparation of ,gutta ,percha1 and ,application to ,manufacturing ,purposes1 #aif-bjj2 ,re-,vulcanization1 #bjj2 ,lorimier's ,patent for ,combining ,gutta ,percha and ,caoutchouc with other materials1 #bjc2 ,compounds for ,boots1 ,shoes1 c42 ,hancock's ,specification for ,making ,water ,proof ,shoes1 c41 #bje2 ,claim for ,making ,shoes of ,gutta ,percha with other materials1 #bjh2 ,cartley's ,patent for ,varnishes1 #baj2 ,burke for ,manufacture of ,air-,proof and ,water-,proof ,fabrics1 #baa2 ,hancock's ,patent for ,gutta ,percha ,heel ,tips1 #bac2 ,varnishes1 #bad2 ,gerard's ,patent for ,dissolving ,india ,rubber and ,gutta ,percha1 #bag2 ,newton's ,patent ,applicable to ,boots1 ,shoes1 and other coverings for the feet1 #bai2 ,n4 ,s4 ,dodge's ,improvements in ,treating ,vulcanized ,india ,rubber and ,gutta ,percha4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,american ,,patents ,,and ,,claims--,,introductory1 #bcj ,synopsis of ,american ,patents1 commencing #ahac1 ending #aheh1 #bcb-bhd2 ,chaffee's ,patent1 ,application of ,india ,rubber to ,cloth1 #bcc2 ,goodyear's ,patent1 ,divesting ,india ,rubber of its ,adhesive ,qualities1 #bcd2 ,hayward's ,patent1 ,sulphur ,preparation1 #bcg2 ,chilcott ,snell's ,patent for ,improvement in the ,manufacture of ,boots and ,shoes1 #bee2 ,reynold's ,patent for ,composition in ,tanning1 #beg2 ,edward ,brown1 for ,improvement in ,porous ,elastic ,cloth for ,gaiters1 #beh2 ,hyatt ,meyer1 ,improvement in ,manufacture of ,boot and ,shoe ,soles of ,gutta ,percha and ,india ,rubber1 #beh2 ,j4 ,a4 ,pease's ,improvement in ,over-,shoes1 #bfb2 ,tyer ,helm's ,improvement in ,manufacture of ,boots and ,shoes1 #bfd2 ,parmlee's ,attaching ,metallic ,heels to ,india ,rubber ,soles1 #bfe2 ,arthur's ,machine for ,cutting ,boot and ,shoe ,uppers and ,soles from ,india ,rubber1 #bff2 ,rice ,whorf ,improvement in ,lasting and ,applying ,soles to ,shoes1 #bfi-bgb2 ,tyer ,helm1 ,making ,india ,rubber ,cloth1 #bga-bgb2 ,crockett1 ,making ,sheets of ,leather from ,currier's ,shavings or ,buffings1 #bgd2 ,n4 ,hayward1 ,preparing ,elastic ,india ,rubber ,cloth1 #bge2 ,thomas ,c4 ,wales' ,water ,proof ,gaiter ,shoes and ,boots1 #bgi2 ,samuel ,whitmarsh1 ,composition for ,artificial ,leather1 #bhb2 ,boyden ,frederick's ,composition for ,varnishing ,leather1 #bhc2 ,f4 ,baschnagel1 for ,restoring ,waste ,vulcanized ,rubber1 #bhd2 ,descriptive ,index of ,chemical ,patents ,issued in #ahee-ff1 #bhd-bhe4 ,remarks4--,many of the ,patents1 described in this chapter1 are not here referred to1 as they are not particularly applicable to the ,shoe and ,leather interest ,,book ,v4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,tanning1 #bhf ,description of the ,art2 ,natural and ,artificial ,tanning1 #bhi2 ,extent of the ,business in the ,united ,states1 #bij4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tanning ,,and ,,the ,,tanning ,,woods ,,of ,,america1 #bic ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,practical ,,hints ,,on ,,tanning1 #cja ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,hibbard',s ,,process ,,of ,,tanning1 #cjh ,,chapter ,v4 ,,tanning ,,processes1 #cag ,the ,preller ,process1 #cah2 ,tanning ,buckskin1 #cba2 ,new ,method of ,tanning1 #cbb2 ,dexter's ,process1 #cbc2 ,fair ,leather1 #cbe4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,patents ,,for ,,tanning1 #cbf ,hibbard's ,patent1 #cbf2 ,towle's ,patent1 #cbg2 ,enos ,hunt's1 #cbh4 ,,appendix1 #cbi ,jenkins' ,improved ,heater and ,press2 ,valuable ,recipes for ,gutta ,percha and ,india ,rubber ,cement for ,boots and ,shoes2 ,varnishes1 ,gums and ,glues1 #cca2 ,black ,varnish for ,boot and ,shoe ,edges and ,heels1 #ccc2 ,water-,proof ,cement1 #ccd2 ,shellac ,varnish1 #cce2 ,glues1 #ccf-cci2 ,water-,proof ,cloth1 #cdj2 ,japanning ,leather1 #cdc2 ,gums1 #cdd4 ,,directory4 ,,introduction4 ,illustration ,the readers of the 8,guide0 will be interested in an examination of the various styles of shoes1 or rather 8coverings for the feet10 that have prevailed1 dating some fifteen hundred years prior to the advent of ,christ4 ,some of the most unique1 we have had engraved from ,cantrell's designs1 which we here furnish1 to give correct views4 ,the first attempt1 of which we have any account1 to give style to the coverings of the feet1 produced the ,sandal4 ,these differed in style1 though slightly varied in form4 ,those used by the poorer classes were constructed of flat slices of the palm leaf1 which1 lapped over in the centre1 formed the sole1 and a double band of twisted leaves secured and strengthened the edge2 a thong of the strong fibres of the same plant was affixed to each side of the instep1 and was secured round the foot1 while those indulged in by the more wealthy classes were made of leather1 and were frequently lined with cloth1 the point or end turning up like a pair of modern skates4 ,the sandal reached its greatest perfection among the ,romans4 ,the emperor ,aurelian gave the royal permission to the ladies of his time to wear sandals of various colors1 the men not being permitted to indulge in so great a luxury4 ,the ,roman senators wore buskins of a black color1 with a crescent of gold or silver on the top of the foot1 while the soldiers wore simple sandals fastened by thongs4 ,in the reign of ,edward the ,third1 of ,england1 those who worked at the shoe trade1 were denominated the 8gentle craft10 as they produced shoes of the most gorgeous description1 the richest contrasts of color were elaborated and the greatest variety of pattern devised4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a in this plate displays a beautiful design4 ,it is supposed to be worn by one of the royal family4 ,the ,english shoe of the middle ages is 8beyond all ,greek1 beyond all ,roman fame40 ,the second specimen in the engraving is simpler in design1 but not less striking in effect1 being colored jet black1 and worn with red hose4 ,another curious fashion of those times was--see ,fig4 #c4 ,the left shoe was black and the stocking blue1 the other leg of the wearer being clothed in a black stocking and a white shoe4 ,this shoe was cut very low over the instep1 the heel being entirely covered1 and a band fastened by a small buckle or button passing round the ankle secured it to the foot4 ,coming down to the reign of ,richard ,,ii41 boots and shoes were made of great length1 so that they were chained to the knee of the wearer1 that he might walk with some degree of freedom4 ,of course1 only the nobility could afford so expensive a method of locomotion4 ,extremes were introduced from time to time1 as in our own day4 ,during the reign of ,edward ,,iii41 it was enacted that any shoemaker working for the 8unprivileged classes10 should not make any shoes1 the toes which should exceed two inches in length1 under a penalty of twenty shillings4 ,this edict had the effect to widen the toes to a most absurd extent2 this fashion was followed by a proclamation from ,queen ,mary1 that the width of the toes should not exceed six inches4 ,the mania for wearing expensive shoes1 in #aehh1 was only exceeded in folly by the ,tulip excitement at a later date in ,holland4 ,large sums were expended in shoe decorations4 ,the poet ,taylor alluding to this extravagance thus writes of those who1 8,wear a farm in shoe strings edged with gold1 ,and spangled garters worth a copy hold40 ,in the reign of ,charles ,i41 boots1 which were made of elegant ,spanish leather1 of a buff color1 were cut so large and wide at the top1 that the wearer was obliged to stride so ridiculously1 that it afforded much sport for the satirists of that age4 ,in the time of ,cromwell1 large boot tops were worn by the ,puritans1 but were not adorned with lace4 ,upon the restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 came the enormous ,french boot1 in which the courtiers of 8,louis le grand0 delighted to show their legs4 ,illustration ,the accompanying cut will furnish an idea of the amplitude of the tops4 ,the boot is adorned with lace around the upper part1 and that portion of the boot into which the leg is inserted was fitted with pliant leather2 over the instep is a broad band of leather1 beneath which the spur was fastened4 ,the shoes in the following cut were such as were worn by the ladies during the reign of ,william ,,iii4 ,illustration ,the clog beneath the shoe on the left side1 was simply a piece of stout leather1 evidently intended to protect the feet from excessive moisture4 ,the distinguishing mark of gentility in the reign of ,george ,i4 and ,,ii41 was red heels4 ,the ladies preferred silk or velvet to leather1 and the favorite shoe worn by the ladies of the court were made of figured blue silk with bright red heels and silver buckles4 ,illustration ,the above cut was the style worn in #aghj4 ,ten years later a change occurred by which ladies' shoes were made flat and low1 like the slipper of the present day4 ,a picture by ,fores was published in #agia1 of a shoe worn by the duchess of ,york4 ,the shoe was made of green silk1 ornamented with gold stars1 and bound with scarlet silk2 the heel was scarlet and shaped exactly in the modern style4 ,shoe buckles disappeared about the commencement of the present century1 and were succeeded by the plain shoe string4 ,in ,england the ,prince of ,wales endeavored to preserve the custom1 by persisting in their use1 in order to sustain the buckle-makers1 but imperious fashion was too powerful for even the influence of the great4 ,the accompanying cut represents a variety of shoes worn by females4 ,no4 #a is the sandal of a ,russian lady of #agfh4 ,the second that of a female of ,finland1 a low1 slipper-like shoe1 secured by a band across the instep1 having an ornamental clasp1 like a brooch1 to secure it on each side of the foot2 it was probably a coarsely made piece of jewelry1 with glass or cheap stones set around it1 as the people of this country at that time were fond of such showy decorations1 particularly upon their shoes4 ,no4 #c is a production of the same country1 and is similar to those worn by the matrons of the upper classes4 ,no4 #d is the shoe of a ,tartarian lady of #aegg4 ,nos4 #e and #f are examples of the shoes of oriental ladies1 which are sometimes highly ornamented2 the covering part being wrought with gold1 silver1 and silk1 and perhaps set with jewels1 real or imitated4 ,the shoes of noblemen are of similar construction4 ,they were no doubt easy to wear4 ,illustration ,illustration ,not so are the ladies shoes1 for they only were allowed the privilege of discomfort1 fashion having in this country declared in favor of small feet1 and the prejudice of the people having gone with it1 the feet of all ladies of decent rank in society1 are cramped in early life1 by being placed in so strait a confinement1 that their growth is retarded1 and they are not more than three or four inches in length1 from the toe to the heel4 ,by the smallness of the foot the rank or high-breeding of the lady is decided on1 and the utmost torment is endured by the girls in early life1 to insure themselves this distinction in rank2 the lower classes of females not being allowed to torture themselves in the same manner4 ,the ,chinese poets frequently indulge in panegyrics on the beauty of these crippled members of the body1 and none of their heroines are considered perfect without excessively small feet1 when they are affectionately termed by them 8the little golden lilies40 ,it is needless to say that the tortures of early youth are succeeded by a crippled maturity1 a ,chinese lady of high birth being scarcely able to walk without assistance4 ,these shoes are generally made of silk and embroidered in the most beautiful manner1 with flowers and ornaments in colored silk and threads of gold and silver4 ,a piece of stout silk is generally attached to the heel for the convenience of pulling up the shoe4 ,the ,turkish ladies of the sixteenth century1 and very probably much earlier1 wore a very high shoe known in ,europe by the name of a 8chopine40 ,this fashion spread in ,europe in the early part of the seventeenth century1 and it is alluded to by ,hamlet1 in act ii41 scene #b1 when he exclaims1 8,your ladyship is nearer heaven than when ,i saw you last1 by the altitude of a chopine10 by which it appears that something of the kind was known in ,england1 where it may have been introduced from ,venice1 as the ladies there wore them of the most extravagant size4 ,coryat1 in his 8,crudities10 #afaa1 says3 8,there is one thing used by the ,venetian women1 and some others dwelling in the cities and towns subject to signiory of ,venice1 that is not to be observed 7,i think7 among any other women in ,christendom40 ,the reader must remember that it was new to ,coryat1 but a common fashion in the ,east4 ,the engraving is intended to represent a singular fashion once adopted by the ,venetians4 ,it is called a chapiney4 ,they were of various heights1 some half a yard1 the tallest being worn by the shortest women1 although the height and ornament usually designated the nobility4 ,they were curiously painted and gilded4 ,it required the utmost skill to balance upon the chapines3 the ladies always in public1 were supported by two servants or old women1 upon whose heads the ladies placed their hands1 and in this ridiculous manner proceeded to their gondolas4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the sabot1 a shoe peculiar to ,france1 is here represented4 ,they are quite clumsy1 but warm and comfortable4 ,those usually worn are entirely plain1 and the color of the wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the modern styles of boots and shoes do not require any particular description4 ,the ,gaiter ,boot inaugurated a new era in the history of 8coverings for the feet10 and its introduction is attributed to the ,countess of ,blessington4 ,this boot was found to be troublesome1 owing to the necessity of lacing and unlacing1 the tags breaking off1 holes wearing out1 and such like annoyances4 ,all these difficulties were obviated in a great measure by the introduction of the ,elastic ,gaiter4 ,american skill and ingenuity has completely rivalled the most elegant specimens of ,parisian handicraft1 and the importation of ,french gaiters1 which was once quite extensive1 has almost or quite ceased4 ,most of the so-called ,french manufacture is the product of ,american artizans4 ,this 8amiable deception0 is practiced in order to gratify the whims of those who lack confidence in the skill and taste of ,american manufacturers4 ,an anecdote illustrative of this prejudice is general in its application4 ,the incident related1 occurred in a ,broadway establishment1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,a lady1 after examining the slippers of the tradesman1 said1 8,mr4 ----1 why do you not import your slippers from ,paris80 8,madam10 was the reply1 8,i have already sent out an order1 and ,i expect every day the arrival of an extensive assortment2 if you will call in in about a week1 ,i think ,i can furnish you with just the article you desire40 ,the lady left1 promising to return1 and ,mr4 ---- visited his printer and had a number of 8tickets10 bearing the name of an imaginary ,french shoemaker1 struck off1 and by her next visit he was prepared with a 8very extensive assortment40 ,she was fitted with a pair1 and after extolling the style1 elegance1 and comfort of her slippers1 insulted the tradesman by enquiring 8why he did not make such shoes40 ,the ,americans are rapidly securing to themselves a superiority over all other nations in this important manufacturing interest1 and in a few years boots and shoes of ,american manufacture will be regarded as the ne plus ultra of the art4 ,,book ,i4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,trade4 ,the great importance of the ,boot and ,shoe ,trade in the ,new ,england and ,middle ,states1 and the vast amount of capital devoted to its development1 the energy1 brains1 and perseverance of its leading men1 place this branch of the mechanic arts high on the list of the great industrial interests of the age4 ,it is1 therefore1 a matter of surprise1 that some work has not appeared which should contain important scientific1 statistical1 and practical information concerning the rise and progress of the ,shoe and ,leather interests4 ,works upon ,tanning have been published1 covering many of the collateral branches of that science1 and fugitive articles occasionally appear1 giving accounts of new discoveries1 or new applications of old methods1 concerning the preparation of leather1 c42 but in the manufacture of boots and shoes1 no work has ever appeared which would enable the shoemaker to make any advancement in his calling1 other than that which his own observation or genius might suggest4 ,the ,boston ,board of ,trade publish annual ,reports in which appear able articles upon the ,shoe and ,leather interests1 but these1 of course1 are mainly statistical and financial in their character4 ,there is published1 also1 in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia1 simultaneously1 the ,shoe and ,leather ,reporter1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,field ,co41 a valuable journal1 devoted exclusively to the trade in boots and shoes1 leather1 hides and its collateral branches1 also market reports and correspondence from various portions of the world4 ,this paper is the only organ1 we believe1 devoted exclusively to the shoe and leather interests4 ,systems of measurement1 the cutting of patterns1 preparation of stock1 all of which can be gained by study and application1 have been1 as it were1 sealed from the direct investigation of the inquiring mind4 ,in other branches of the mechanic arts1 volumes have been published1 and the ambitious student pursues his investigations from primary principles to ultimate results in regular gradations4 ,in the science of shoe manufacture1 we must refer for information principally to ,english works2 and even these are collateral1 rather than direct1 in their application4 ,dodd's ,british ,manufactories1 ,brande's ,encyclopedia1 ,dictionary of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,penny ,cyclopedia1 ,results of the ,late ,exhibition1 7,london17--all these are the repositories of much that has been written upon the leather interests2 sources of information which none but the man of leisure1 or the enterprising compiler1 would be likely to trace out4 ,it may be said that the simplicity of this branch of the mechanic arts does not require that degree of study and investigation which the more abstruse and complicated sciences demand1 and hence there is no necessity for works upon the subject4 ,this objection is only true in part4 ,it requires the nicest adaptation of skill to make a perfectly fitting shoe or boot1 and no man1 unless he who is fully conversant with the rules and principles which enter into the preparation of the stock1 the correct measurement of the foot1 the 8cutting out0 of the several parts of the stock1 the lasting and fitting of the shoe or boot1 can be successful in his profession4 ,the making of an easy1 elegantly fitting boot1 requires a knowledge of the anatomy of the foot1 a familiar acquaintance with the angles1 lines and curves1 which are involved in the perfect adjustment of part to part1 and their relative positions4 ,most shoe manufacturers1 and ordinary village shoemakers1 learn their trades from their fathers1 and the knowledge has been handed down from generation to generation1 without change or improvement1 and shoes are made to fit lasts1 rather than the feet which are to wear them4 ,hence intelligent instinct has taken the place of intelligent knowledge1 and progressive investigation4 ,the workman knows nothing of the anatomy of the foot1 the science of pattern cutting1 and therefore works on as though all feet were cast in one mould1 with the simple difference which the 8sizes0 indicate4 ,these 8sizes10 as is clearly shown in another portion of this work1 are regularly incorrect4 ,hence1 in the absence of a correct standard1 the system of boot and shoe making is simply the following of established mechanical rules1 upon a false foundation4 ,we refer in these remarks to the manufacture of what is known as 8sale work40 ,there are many1 very many1 8custom workers10 who proceed by correct rules1 and upon scientific principles2 men who understand how to adapt the shoe or boot to the foot1 so that when the customer first draws the boot or shoe on1 it fits naturally and easily1 adapting itself to any1 and every deformity or slight irregularity which the foot may present4 ,we make general statements1 which every intelligent shoemaker1 or large manufacturer1 will at once acknowledge4 ,the whole trouble arises from the want of some correct standard by which to be guided in the preparation of the stock for the workman4 ,all this cannot be gained but by study1 patient investigation1 and the practical application of scientific rules4 ,the ,french are generally acknowledged to understand the art of boot and shoe making better than those of any other nation1 and they have carried the science to a degree of perfection not yet attained by ourselves1 except in a few comparatively isolated cases4 ,the whole secret of their success is their patient perseverance1 and artistic skill in understanding the rules which are vitally essential to success4 ,in another chapter we have devoted considerable space to the elucidation of the principles of measurement1 pattern cutting1 and such instructions as will enable the manufacturer--and in this term we comprise all who are engaged in this important branch of our industrial interests--to become a scientific proficient in his vocation4 ,this work1 however1 as its title indicates1 is devoted more specifically to the application of ,gutta-,percha1 and the various ,rubber compounds1 in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,yet we regard the principles of their manufacture1 as equally important1 and as vitally essential1 to the perfect fitting of the boot or shoe1 whether sewed1 pegged1 or cemented4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,trade4 ,the ,boot and ,shoe ,trade of ,new ,england is of comparatively modern date4 ,the first vessel1 the sloop ,delight1 ever freighted at ,boston with a full cargo of boots and shoes1 sailed for the port of ,new ,york1 in the month of ,may1 #ahah1 consigned to ,spofford ,tileston1 then the largest boot and shoe jobbers in ,new ,york4 ,this firm then commenced supplying the shipping demand from that port1 instead of ,boston4 ,the manufacture1 then1 was confined to the ,new ,england ,states1 but it soon commenced to take a wider scope4 ,the trade increased rapidly1 but eleven years later1 #ahbi1 there were only four jobbing houses in ,new ,york4 ,in ,boston1 the centre of the trade1 the whole jobbing trade for #ahbh did not exceed but little over one million of dollars4 ,the trade has increased to an almost wonderful extent4 ,it now forms one-third of the whole manufacturing power of the country2 ,new ,england and ,pennsylvania retaining two-thirds4 ,in the city of ,boston there are about two hundred and eighteen wholesale and jobbing boot and shoe houses1 doing business to the amount of fifty-two millions of dollars annually4 ,in ,new ,york there are about fifty-five jobbing houses1 whose aggregate sales reach from fifteen to sixteen millions yearly4 ,the domestic and foreign boot and shoe trade of the ,state of ,massachusetts alone1 amounts to between fifty-five and sixty millions annually4 ,the shipments from ,boston to ,san ,francisco for #ahef1 were #b1ajj1jjj4 ,the manufacture of boots and shoes is the largest domestic trade in the ,states1 and there is no country or nation that can successfully compete with us1 either as regards prices or quality4 ,common styles of goods1 such as men's pegged boots and brogans1 women's pegged and common sewed shoes and gaiters1 are manufactured in the following villages of ,new ,england1 viz3 ,lynn1 ,haverhill1 ,worcester1 ,milford1 ,natick1 ,randolph1 ,abington1 the ,readings1 ,danvers1 ,georgetown1 ,stoughton1 ,woburn1 and several other towns in ,massachusetts4 ,the amount of capital employed in the city of ,worcester1 in the boot and shoe business1 is one hundred and seventy-six thousand dollars2 the annual value of boots and shoes manufactured1 about one million of dollars4 ,the total value of boots manufactured in ,milford1 ,mass41 in #aheg1 was upwards of two millions of dollars4 ,the amount would have greatly exceeded that estimate had not the financial troubles of the country prostrated this1 in common with every other manufacturing interest4 ,according to present indications1 the manufactories of ,milford1 this year1 #aheh1 will nearly1 or quite1 reach the value of four millions of dollars4 ,the city of ,lynn1 ,mass41 has employed in this business1 about five thousand workmen1 and its sales for the year #aheg1 exceeded four millions of dollars4 ,each ,new ,england village1 town or city1 where this industry is carried on1 is devoted to one kind of boot or shoe1 and whole communities are built up by this special industry4 ,some idea of the importance and extent of the boot1 shoe and leather interest may be inferred from the fact1 that there are forty-one thousand men in ,massachusetts who work upon leather1 either in manufacturing the article or moulding it into various forms4 ,every eighth man in the ,state is a shoemaker4 ,the ,shoe and ,leather ,trade of ,boston takes its date1 as a prominent branch of commerce1 about the year #ahcj1 caused principally by the change made in conducting the business4 ,it was formerly the custom for ,manufacturers and ,dealers in ,boots and ,shoes to seek a market for their goods1 by consignment on their own account1 to ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,charleston1 ,savannah1 ,new ,orleans1 ,havana1 and other ,west ,india ,islands4 ,it was found to be remunerative for a while1 but on the increase and competition of trade1 it became a losing business4 ,the leading houses failed4 ,since #ahbh and #ahbi1 an entire change in the method of conducting the shoe business has taken place4 ,manufacturers and ,dealers now sell their goods on their own account instead of consigning them to other ,states4 ,the consequence is that ,boston is made not only the head-quarters for nearly all the manufactories of ,new ,england2 and although the city of ,lynn and the towns of ,haverhill1 ,danvers1 c41 sell a large portion of their goods at home1 a large number of the manufactories have offices in ,boston for the sale of their goods4 ,if the domestic trade of ,boston had been conducted on the home principle1 the expansion of the city would have greatly exceeded its present limits4 ,the great industrial and trading interest is a correct type of ,new ,england thrift and industry4 ,no branch of our mechanical pursuits is conducted with so much safety1 energy and intelligent perseverance1 as is the great ,boot and ,shoe interest4 ,when convulsions come which rend in pieces other commercial or internal trading interests1 the boot1 shoe and leather trade1 is the last to succumb1 and the first to reinstate itself4 ,the great financial crisis of #aheg1 thoroughly tried the strength of this branch of trade1 and nobly did it sustain itself1 even extending the helping hand to such as required assistance4 ,especially applicable is the latter remark to the merchants of ,boston4 ,all this demonstrates the soundness of their basis--the back-bone which enables the ,shoe and ,leather interest to hold itself up under a pressure which easily crushes all departments of trade and commerce built up on a paper foundation4 ,the peculiar characteristics of the boot and shoe trade1 its democratic elements1 its freedom from all monopoly1 gives it a strength and power which corporations can never wield4 ,every man is his own director1 and as all interested are subject to1 and dependent upon1 their individual shrewdness and enterprise1 it is very seldom that success fails to crown their efforts4 ,the day is not far distant when all our industrial interests will be conducted upon a like basis1 and corporations cease to exist4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,gutta-,,percha--,,its ,,properties1 ,,manufacture1 c4 ,the almost numberless uses to which this remarkable gum has been1 and is applied1 has awakened an interest in the public mind concerning its discovery1 and its uses1 and especially the different applications1 and their methods4 ,the discovery of ,gutta-,percha is comparatively recent4 ,the first that was known of this wonderful production by ,europeans1 was in the year #ahde4 ,dr4 ,montgomerie1 an ,english gentleman1 residing at ,singapore1 observed in the hands of a ,malay woodchopper1 a strange material used for a handle to his axe4 ,curious to learn its nature1 he questioned the native1 and ascertained that he procured it from a tree in the form of sap2 that upon exposure to the air it became solid2 also1 that in immersing it in hot water it became soft and plastic1 and could be moulded into any desired form4 ,dr4 ,montgomerie at once obtained samples of the material1 which he forwarded to the ,london ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 with a description regarding it4 ,after subjecting it to various tests1 the ,society were unanimous in their opinion concerning its great value4 ,they awarded to ,dr4 ,m4 a gold medal for the valuable knowledge thus communicated to the manufactories of the world4 ,it is observable1 however1 that this substance may be said to have had two ,european discoverers1 independent of each other2 for the tree1 and the gum which exudes from it1 were discovered or observed by ,mr4 ,thomas ,lobb4 ,this gentleman visited the islands of the ,indian seas in #ahdb-c1 on a botanical mission1 as agent to ,messrs4 ,veitch1 the scientific and energetic florists of ,exeter2 and it was during his rambles that he became acquainted with the gutta-percha tree4 ,in proportion as the value of this substance has become known1 so has a desire extended to ascertain the range of its growth in the ,east4 ,it is now known that the gutta-percha tree abounds in that extreme south-eastern point of ,asia1 which obtains the name of the ,malay ,peninsula2 in the neighboring island of ,singapore2 in the important ,bornean island1 which ,rajah ,brooke has been the means of making so familiarly known to us2 and in various islands which constitute the ,eastern ,archipelago4 ,there seems very little cause to apprehend any failure in quantity2 for even if the present supply from the neighborhood of ,singapore should be exhausted1 the capabilities of more distant islands are quite beyond present calculation4 ,it appears that percha 7of which the pronunciation is pertsha1 not perka or persha7 is the ,malayan name for the tree which produces the gum2 while gutta is a general name for any gum which exudes from a tree4 ,the tree belongs1 of course1 to the group in which botanists place sapotaceous or gum-exuding genera4 ,the wood of the tree1 being soft and spongy1 is applied to many useful purposes4 ,the fruit yields a thick oil1 which is used by the natives with their food2 and either from this or some other parts of the tree an ardent spirit is capable of being distilled4 ,but it is the sap which forms the most valuable product of the tree4 ,it circulates in small vessels which run up between the bark and the wood4 ,thrifty methods are teachable to rude islanders1 as to more civilised men1 when the advantages have been once made apparent4 ,the natives around ,singapore1 when they first found a market for the solidified gum1 proceeded ruthlessly to work2 they killed the bird which laid the golden eggs1 by cutting down the trees in order to obtain the gum4 ,but they have now been taught better2 it is shown to them how1 by tapping or cutting notches in the branches at certain intervals of time1 the sap may be made to flow1 without endangering the life of the tree4 ,experiments are now being made to determine whether the gutta-percha tree can be planted so as to maintain a continuous and inexhaustible store of gum or sap2 should these attempts succeed1 the supply would equal any imaginable demand4 ,the gutta-percha is sold at ,singapore by weight1 according to the apparent quality of each lump2 but1 when the consignment reaches ,england1 it is not unfrequently found that a large stone or a piece of heavy wood is imbedded in the heart of it1 to increase the weight4 ,it would entail a serious loss of time to cut open each lump at the time of purchase2 so that at present ,oriental honesty is rather an important element in the commercial value of this article4 ,there is1 too1 a great amount of difference in the quantity of bark1 leaves1 and dirt1 which become accidentally mixed up with the gum4 ,the crude gum is imported to the extent of about two millions of pounds annually4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,in ,,the ,,factory4 ,the extensive and highly interesting establishment of the ,gutta-,percha ,company1 situated near the ,city ,road ,basin of the ,regent's ,canal1 is worthy of attention even beyond the general average of such centres of industry1 for the peculiar character of the substance operated upon necessitates the employment of new processes1 new machines1 and new tools4 ,an incessant course of invention has marked the manufacturing history of this material during the brief period of its existence4 ,if the gutta-percha is to be applied to some new useful purpose1 tools and processes of novel character have to be employed2 if an ornamental application is determined on1 methods are adopted for developing any natural beauty which the grain of the substance may present2 if an attempt be made to supersede leather1 or wood1 or papier-mache1 or metal1 by this singular gum1 great pains are bestowed on a study of the special qualities to be imitated1 and the process of imitation often requires operations and tools differing considerably from those before employed4 ,the first process consists in cutting the block into slices4 ,there is a vertical wheel1 on the face of which are fixed three knives or blades2 and while this wheel is rotating with a speed of two hundred turns a minute1 a block of gutta-percha is supplied to it1 and speedily cut into thin slices--much on the same principle as a turnip-cutter performs its work4 ,woe to the steel edges if a stone be imbedded in the block4 ,these slices show that the gutta-percha is by no means uniform in different parts1 either in color or texture4 ,to bring about a uniformity is the object of the shredding or tearing process4 ,the slices are thrown into a tank of water1 which is heated by steam to such a temperature as to soften the mass2 dirt and heavy impurities fall to the bottom1 leaving a pasty mass of gum2 and the mass being thrown into another rotating machine1 is there so torn and rent1 and dragged asunder by jagged teeth1 as to be reduced to fragments4 ,the fragments fall into water1 upon the surface of which 7owing to the small specific gravity of the material7 they float1 while any remaining dirt or impurity falls to the bottom4 ,these fragments are next converted into a dough-like substance by another softening with hot water1 and the dough undergoes a thorough kneading2 it is placed in hollow heated iron cylinders1 in which revolving drums so completely turn and squeeze and mix the now purified mass1 that all parts become alike1 and every particle presents a family likeness to its neighbor4 ,the kneaded state may be considered the dividing line between the preparatory processes and those which relate to the fashioning of the material4 ,the soft ductile mass may be formed either into sheets or tubes4 ,in forming sheets the mass is passed between steel rollers1 placed at a distance apart corresponding with the thickness of the sheet to be made--whether for the heels of a rough-booted pedestrian1 or for the delicate 8gutta-percha tissue10 now so much employed by surgeons4 ,by the time that the substance has passed through the rollers it has cooled sufficiently to assume a solid1 firm consistency4 ,by the adjustment of a few knife edges1 the sheet may be cut into bands1 or strips of any width1 before leaving the machine4 ,in making tubes and pipes1 the soft mass of kneaded gutta-percha is passed through heated iron cylinders1 where a singular modification of the wire-drawing process reduces it to the desired form and dimensions4 ,from the sheets and tubes thus made1 numberless articles are produced by cutting and pressing4 ,machines1 somewhat like those used in cutting paper1 are employed to cut the gutta-percha into pieces4 ,if for shoe-soles1 a cutting press produces a dozen or so at one movement2 if for string1 or thread1 narrow parallel slips are cut1 which are then rounded or finished by hand2 if for producing stamped decorative articles1 the sheets are cut into pieces1 and each piece is warmed and softened to enable it to take the impress of a mould1 or die4 ,but the mode of casing copper wire for electro-telegraphic purposes is1 perhaps1 one of the most singular applications of the material in the form of a sheet4 ,several wires are laid parallel1 a strip of gutta-percha is placed between them1 another strip is placed above them1 and the whole are passed between two polished grooved rollers2 the pressure binds the two surfaces of the gutta-percha firmly together and to the wires1 while the edges between the grooves indent the gutta-percha so deeply1 that it may easily be separated longitudinally1 each slip containing its own core of copper4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,boats4 ,when ,lady ,franklin fitted out an expedition in search of her gallant husband1 a year or two ago1 ,captain ,forsyth1 the commander of the vessel1 took out with him a gutta-percha boat1 presented for that purpose by ,messrs4 ,searle4 ,his account of the behavior of this boat1 under the rough usage to which it was subjected in the ice-bound regions of the north1 is most laudatory4 ,he states that 8whilst the other boats constructed of wood suffered much by the cutting of the young ice1 the gutta-percha boat was not in the least damaged1 and returned to ,england in almost as good condition as when she left1 although she underwent all the rough work of the voyage40 ,mr4 ,snow1 who had especial charge of the gutta-percha boat belonging to the #8,prince ,albert1' has detailed in a clear manner the remarkable way in which this material resists the rude buffetings of those regions4 ,it must be remembered that the boat had a skeleton of wood and a covering of ,india rubber4 ,mr4 ,snow says1 8,the severest trial it endured1 and endured successfully1 was on both my visits to ,whaler ,point1 ,port ,leopold4 ,to those unaccustomed to the nature of such ice as was there met with1 it will be impossible fully to conceive the position a boat was placed in4 ,the mere transit to and fro1 among loose masses of ice1 with the sea in a state of quiescence1 would have been quite enough to have proved or not the value of gutta-percha boats2 but when1 as in the present case1 those masses were all in restless agitation1 with a sea rolling in upon an opposing current1 it might have been well excused--and without deteriorating from the previously attested goodness of the article--if it had not been able to have resisted the severe shocks it received4444 ,sliding through and over the ice2 sometimes lifted completely out of the water by the sudden contact of a resistless floe2 and at others thrown side-ways upon an adjoining craggy piece2 ,i think it would have been next to impossible for any other kind of boat to have been otherwise than crushed or stove on the instant40 ,it was in a right spirit that the explorers gave the name of 8,gutta-,percha ,inlet0 to the spot where the boat had rendered them such important service4 ,,gutta-,,percha--,,miscellaneous ,,applications4 ,a rare catalogue we should present1 if all the useful applications of gutta-percha were duly set forth4 ,we should have to speak of breast-coating for waterwheels1 of galvanic batteries1 of shuttle-beds for looms1 of packing for steam-engines and pumps1 of cricket and bouncing balls1 of felt-edging for paper making1 of curtain rings whose merit is noiselessness1 of window-blind cord and sash lines1 of clothes' lines 7recommended to the laundress as defying all attacks of weather17 of bosses for flax-spinning frames1 of whips and sticks1 of policemen's and #8special constables'' staves1 of flax-holders for heckling machines1 of skates1 of fencing sticks1 of washers for the axles of wheels1 of plugs or solid masses used in buildings1 of buffers for railway carriages1 of gunpowder canisters 7which #8keep the powder dry1'7 of sheet-covering for damp walls1 of linings for ladies' bonnets1 of jar covers1 of sponge bags1 of foot baths1 of funnels1 of goldsmith's bowls1 of bobbins for spinning machines1 of covers for rollers1 of book covers1 of moulds for electrotypes1 of coffin linings1 of sounding boards1 of portmanteaus1 of beds for paper-cutting machines1 of fine and coarse thread1 of envelope boxes1 of powder flasks1 of portfolios1 of a stopping for hollow teeth--a tolerable list1 this1 which shows how multiplied are the applications for which this singular vegetable product is available4 ,,gutta-,,percha--,,ornamental ,,work4 ,when softened by heat1 this substance will take the impress of a mould or stamp with delicate precision2 and in the course of a few minutes it reassumes its tough state1 retaining permanently the pattern given to it4 ,the power of application is thus unlimited1 or limited only by the inclination of the purchaser4 ,whether the mould be of copper or of brass1 of pear tree or of box1 an impress can equally well be obtained from it4 ,in practice1 all these four materials are employed1 and sometimes others4 ,the mould being carved and in a state of readiness1 the piece of gutta-percha 7always1 or nearly always1 in the form of sheet7 is laid upon a marble slab1 which is heated by steam from beneath2 and the gum being thus brought into a pliant and yielding state1 it is placed on or in the mould1 a counter mould is laid upon it1 and the action of a press forces the material into the minutest parts of the device4 ,if the pattern be deep and the relief bold1 a hydraulic pressure of a hundred or a hundred and fifty tons is brought to bear upon it2 but if of lighter and simpler character1 a hand-press is brought into requisition4 ,in this way1 aided by minor manipulation1 are produced the varied and ever-increasing specimens of ornamental gutta-percha work4 ,trays are produced of every imaginable 7or at least of every usable7 form and pattern3 bread trays1 biscuit trays1 cotton or work-table trays1 counter or card-table trays1 pen trays1 pin trays1 card trays1 soap trays1 shaving trays1 c4 ,then there are work-baskets and hand baskets1 flower vases and bouquet holders1 plates and platters1 decanter stands and watch stands1 bas-reliefs and alto-reliefs4 ,the desk fittings admit of much beauty in this material2 inkstands are produced in most diverse forms2 while pen trays1 paper weights1 wafer boxes1 envelope boxes1 c41 are beginning to establish a formidable rivalry to the similar articles made in papier-mache4 ,beauty1 pattern1 graining1 clouding1 or whatever we may choose to term it1 is produced in a very remarkable way on the surface of gutta-percha4 ,some specimens of gutta-percha are darker than others1 and all have a tendency to darken by age2 and the workman dexterously avails himself of these varying tints to produce a pattern4 ,he softens two or more pieces1 of different tints1 passes them between two rollers to thoroughly unite and amalgamate them1 and then presses them into the mould2 leaving it to the freaks of chance to bring out the wavy lines1 the curls1 the streaks1 the knots1 which the intermixture of tints produces4 ,this diversity is not very apparent at first2 but it becomes developed when the substance is polished1 and considerably enhances the beauty of the article produced4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,pipes ,,and ,,tubes4 ,water-pipes have had a few vicissitudes in their history4 ,those who remember the arrangements for the water-supply of ,london1 in past days1 will have been familiar1 with the wooden pipes1 formed of bored trunks of trees1 which were wont to be laid down beneath the paving of the streets4 ,these gave way to iron4 ,the smaller pipes have chiefly been made of lead2 but zinc in one quarter1 brown ware in another1 glass in another1 have invaded the domain of lead4 ,a new competitor now enters the field4 ,gutta-percha claims to be not merely an efficient material for water-pipes1 but to possess certain sanitary qualities very important in this sanitary age of ours4 ,it is very strong and tough 7say the patentees72 it possesses much durability underground2 it stoutly resists frost2 and it leaves the water as pure as it finds it4 ,hence it is applied to pump barrels1 to ships' pumps1 to locomotive feed-pipes1 to syphons and mine-pipes1 and to fire-engine pipes4 ,but if the testimony of medical men is to be deemed authoritative1 the substitution of gutta-percha for lead as a material for water-pipes is a matter of yet higher import4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith1 of ,cheltenham1 states that 8,many serious and alarming disorders1 such as mania1 epilepsy1 sudden death1 nervous affection1 paralysis1 consumption1 hydrocephalus1 heart disease1 c41 owe their origin in some instances1 their intractable character in others1 to the gradual and continuous infinitesimal doses of lead1 copper1 c41 introduced into the system through the channel of our daily drink40 ,it appears that the carbonic acid contained in water has a tendency to combine with the lead of the pipe which contains it1 and to generate a compound possessing poisonous qualities4 ,that gutta-percha resists such action1 all authorities agree2 and although at first the gum imparts a slight taste to the water1 this effect seems speedily to disappear4 ,there are many other circumstances which render tubes of this material very advantageous for the conveyance of water4 ,it bears an amount of friction and hard usage which is frequently surprising4 ,at ,new ,york there is a gutta-percha pipe a thousand feet in length1 which conveys the water of the great ,croton ,aqueduct to ,blackwell's ,island2 the pipe lies along the bed of the intervening river1 and is kept down by upwards of a hundred small anchors1 and yet it resists both the friction of the bed and the weight of the anchors4 ,with an immense pressure of water1 gutta-percha pipes have been found to remain unharmed1 where leather hose would be disrupted4 ,it resists the action of marine insects1 which would soon make ravages on stout timber4 ,if water be contained in a gutta-percha pipe1 it remains liquid at a temperature which would produce ice in almost any other pipes4 ,for watering gardens and roads1 for sprinkling malt in a kiln1 for applying water from a fire engine1 these pipes appear to be singularly well fitted1 since1 with a great power of resisting pressure1 they may be bent1 or twisted1 or lengthened1 or shortened1 in any required degree4 ,nor is this material1 per se1 the only efficient part of such pipes2 for a gutta-percha pipe may be firmly united to a metal pipe in five minutes1 with no other cement than warm water2 the end of the pipe being softened in warm water1 and drawn over the end of the metal1 the gum contracts on cooling so as to grasp the metal tightly1 and thus form an impenetrable joint4 ,but if water be conveyed thus effectively through tubes of gutta-percha1 the qualities of the material are still more remarkably displayed in the conveyance of chemical liquids4 ,few persons are so ignorant of chemistry as not to be aware that the stronger acids and alkalies play sad havoc with the vessels and tubes which contain them4 ,on the other hand1 there is an obstinacy of constitution about this singular substance which enables you to battle a whole host of formidable opponents4 ,it does yield1 certainly1 to concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids2 but if these acids in a weaker state be the liquids in question1 or if muriatic1 acetic1 or hydrofluoric acids1 or chlorine 7all of which have a very destructive action71 then the gutta-percha stoutly resists them1 and renders good service4 ,carboys1 pipes1 dye-vats1 flasks1 funnels1 bowls1 ladles1 syphons1 troughs1 measures1 buckets--all are now made of this material1 for use in chemical works1 print works1 dye and bleach works1 and other establishments where strong chemical liquids are employed4 ,,cement ,,experiments4 ,the chemistry of cement is a curious one2 for the stony particles adhere with a force which is in some instances almost equal to the power of stone itself4 ,the so-called ,roman cement has long been famous for its cohesive property2 but the ,portland cement recently introduced far excels it4 ,in an experiment lately conducted1 two solid blocks were prepared1 one of ,roman and the other of ,portland cement2 and they were placed in such positions that weights might be suspended from them4 ,the ,roman cement yielded to a disruptive force of eleven hundred pounds1 but the ,portland cement stoutly maintained its integrity till rent asunder by a weight of nineteen hundred4 ,but this cement has still more strikingly shown its strength when used as a mortar in brickwork4 ,on a recent occasion in ,hyde ,park1 a brick beam was built up with ,portland cement as a mortar4 ,the bricks were hollow1 and were so ranged as to form a beam about four feet in height by two in width4 ,this beam was rested at the two ends on supports more than twenty feet asunder1 and weights were suspended from the centre2 and not till the astonishing weight of nearly seventy thousand pounds was thus applied did the beam yield and break4 ,it was not the actual binding power of the cement alone that resisted this enormous force1 for thin slips of iron were introduced at different parts2 but the experiment was intended to show how much strength might be obtained by hollow bricks and ,portland cement1 aided by a little iron4 ,,stereotyping ,,from ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,mr4 ,muir1 of ,glasgow1 has invented a mode of stereotyping1 managed in the following way4 ,a page of common type is first set up1 and well fixed3 a warm cake of gutta-percha is applied to it1 screwed down tightly1 and allowed so to remain a quarter of an hour2 when this gutta-percha mould is removed1 it is brushed over with fine black-lead1 and an electro-copper cast taken from it2 the printing is then effected from this cast4 ,it is found that gutta-percha constitutes a very convenient and efficient substance for the mould1 owing to the readiness with which it can be softened1 and its toughness when cold2 while the electro-copper cast is said to bear the action of the printing press throughout a much greater number of copies than an ordinary stereotype plate4 ,the same inventor also practices a plan in which the gutta-percha performs not only its own work but that of the electro-copper also4 ,a mould is taken from an engraved wood-block1 in gutta-percha2 and this mould1 when brushed over with black-lead1 is made to yield a cast also in gutta-percha1 in an exactly similar way2 and from this cast the impressions are printed4 ,it seems difficult to conceive that1 after this double process1 all the delicate lines of a wood engraving should be preserved on the surface of such a material as gutta-percha2 and yet1 without this preservation1 the method would be practically valueless4 ,,acoustic ,,uses ,,of ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,the conveyance of sound is1 perhaps1 the most extraordinary service which gutta-percha tubes have yet rendered4 ,there are two qualities required in a speaking tube2 first1 that it shall concentrate a large amount of sound into a small space2 and secondly1 that it shall not stifle the acoustic vibrations within the tube itself4 ,any material will answer equally well1 so far as the first-named quality is concerned1 for it requires simply a trumpet-shaped mouth at one end1 and a very small orifice at the other2 but gutta-percha possesses rare qualities in respect to the second kind of service4 ,whether it is the smoothness of the texture1 or the peculiar kind and degree of elasticity1 or the relation of the substance to heat or electricity--whatever may be the cause1 a tube of gutta-percha preserves sonorous vibrations with a surprising degree of clearness and equability2 and the modes in which this quality are brought into useful requisition are also very numerous4 ,there is1 for example1 the long ear-trumpet1 with a wide orifice at one end and a small one at the other2 and there is the portable ear-trumpet1 differing from the former only in bringing the speaker and the hearer closer together1 by a #8,french-horn' system of twisting in the tube4 ,there is the ear-cornet1 so small and neat that one may be almost invisibly attached to or near each ear4 ,there is the paraboloid trumpet1 in which the sound is echoed from a large concave receiver before it enters the tube4 ,there is the trumpet with a long flexible tube1 or with several tubes1 so that several persons round a table can communicate in turn with the user4 ,in short1 there have been almost as many useful variations of the principle as there are variations in the social inconveniences of those who require such aid4 ,a different group altogether is formed by those contrivances which are intended to aid--not partially deaf persons--but those whom noise or distance would otherwise disenable from conversing together4 ,drivers of omnibusses now sometimes communicate with the conductors1 and captains of steamboats with the engine-men1 by gutta-percha tubes4 ,but these are trifling services compared with such as the tubes render at greater distances4 ,the ,domestic ,telegraph1 as it has been called1 is simply a gutta-percha tube conducted from one apartment to another3 it is employed as a medium of transmitting messages1 and saves many a weary footstep to those who are at the beck and call of others4 ,the ,medical ,man's ,midnight ,friend 7a lack-a-daisical sort of a title7 is a gutta-percha tube extending from the #8doctor's' street-door to the doctor's bed1 by which a message can be transmitted to the awakened practitioner1 instead of merely the sound of his bell4 ,in factories and large establishments such speaking tubes are advancing extensively in favor2 for the communication between distant buildings is most complete4 ,in printing offices1 spinning and weaving mills1 in union poor-houses1 in hospitals and infirmaries1 and in various other establishments of magnitude1 the advantages are so self-evident that the use is becoming very general4 ,the church acoustic apparatus is in many respects the most interesting and remarkable of these highly curious applications4 ,let us conceive1 for clearness of illustration1 that in a remote pew of a church is a person who1 though not deaf1 yet fails in ability to hear what is said in the pulpit or reading-desk4 ,a gutta-percha tube is laid down either on or beneath the floor from the pulpit to the pew--the material bends so easily that it may be carried in any form--and a small ivory or hard wood ear-piece is attached to one end1 while the other end expands in trumpet-form4 ,now the remarkable circumstance is1 that the required effect is brought about without necessitating the approach of the speaker's mouth to the tube2 his head may be two or three feet above1 or below1 or behind1 or at the side of the trumpet-mouth2 and yet the sound will reach the remote end of the tube in audible quantity4 ,the truth is1 that if the tube receives a mouth-full of sound 7which it can in any direction round and near the speaker71 that quantity is so economised1 and so faithfully conveyed to the other end1 that it becomes condensed to an audible pitch2 if the trumpet-mouth be large1 and the ear-piece very small1 we may liken the action to the condensation of many threads of sound into one2 and the ear of the auditor becomes sensible to this condensed power4 ,in practice1 the trumpet-mouth is usually fixed to the front of the pulpit1 mouth uppermost1 and is stamped or moulded in an ornamental form consistent with the decorations of the pulpit4 ,beyond all this1 the sound may be laid on1 like gas1 to any pew or any quarter of the church2 for there may be a tube 7which we will call the main-pipe7 laid along the centre aisle1 and lateral tubes may spring from this to any required spot4 ,some clergymen have what they call a deaf pew2 that is1 a pew in which those are congregated who may be collectively benefitted by this admirable apparatus4 ,this contrivance has been used at some of the great meetings 7four thousand strong7 at ,exeter ,hall1 by those to whom the speeches would otherwise have been little else than dumb show4 ,gutta-percha has been discovered in the ,british province of ,mergui1 and though not precisely identical with the gutta-percha of commerce1 it possesses all the valuable properties of that substance1 including plasticity in hot water1 and the power of insulating electric currents4 ,the tree from which the true gutta taban is produced 7erroneously misnamed gutta-percha1 a gum yielded by a different tree17 is one of the most common in the jungles of ,johore and the ,malay ,peninsula4 ,it is not found in the alluvial districts1 but in undulating or hilly ground4 ,there is a great uniformity in the size of the full grown tabans1 which rise with perfectly straight trunks from sixty to eighty feet in height1 and from two to three feet in diameter1 the branches being few and small4 ,the natives1 after felling the tree1 make an incision round it1 from which the milk flows4 ,this is repeated at distances of six to eighteen inches along the whole trunk4 ,it appears that the taban1 or milky juice1 will not flow freely like ,india rubber1 but rapidly concretes4 ,its appearance in this state1 before being boiled1 is very different from that of the article as imported and shipped4 ,it has a dry1 ragged look1 resembling shreds of bark1 and instead of being dense and tough1 is light1 and possesses so little cohesion that it is easily torn to pieces4 ,various statements are made as to the produce of each tree1 which is somewhat surprising1 considering the uniform size of the trees4 ,it takes twenty trees to produce one picul of #acc lbs41 and as the exports of gutta-percha1 from the commencement of the trade up to the close of #ahec1 amounted to #c1ajg tons1 it follows that upwards of one million trees must have been destroyed to obtain that quantity in nine years4 ,the natives1 however1 do not appear to be under any apprehension that the trees will be extirpated1 and smile at the probability when suggested2 for it is only trees arrived at their full growth1 or at least at a very considerable age1 that repay the labor of felling them and extracting the gutta2 and those of all inferior ages which are therefore left untouched1 will1 it is supposed1 keep up the race4 ,the collection of the gutta has widely extended1 embracing now the ,johore ,archipelago1 ,sumatra1 ,borneo and ,java4 ,unfortunately1 the quality has deteriorated by the admixture of other inferior gums1 the products of different trees1 which are often used to adulterate the taban4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,gutta-,,percha--,,its ,,first ,,application ,,as ,a ,,cement ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,gutta-percha1 as a cement1 was first introduced to our notice in #ahdi4 ,a medical gentleman having received a severe cut upon one of his fingers1 dissolved a portion of the gutta-percha in chloroform1 then with a fine brush1 first immersed in the solution1 passed several times around the finger in order to produce the required thickness2 then1 immersing his finger in water for a short time1 thus formed a neat and durable covering1 air and water proof4 ,thus protected1 it healed quickly without soreness or farther trouble4 ,with this cement and crude gutta-percha1 we first applied it to ,boots and ,shoes1 and found it held very firmly the fibres of cloth and leather together4 ,a sample in sheet form1 we applied with a warm iron4 ,it held with great tenacity1 and with an additional quantity1 we applied it with entire success1 in the repairing of about five hundred pairs of shoes4 ,these shoes had cloth uppers1 without 8foxing0 around the heels1 and were badly cut in taking out the 8raw0 in finishing the knife work around the heel4 ,we have continued the use of gutta-percha as a cement for shoes1 also as a water-proofing substance between the inner sole and the outer sole1 and our experiments were fully successful4 ,this process also prevented the boots and shoes from 8squeaking10 that horror of nervous temperaments1 at the same time adding greatly to the durability of the leather4 ,,observations ,,concerning ,,gutta-,,percha ,,and ,,rubber ,,in ,,their ,,uses ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,among the many advantages we have observed in our experiments in the use of gutta-percha in the manufacture of boots and shoes1 are its exceeding fine grain1 its perfect water and oil repellent properties1 which render it far superior to all rubber cements and combinations ever offered to the public4 ,gutta-percha is proof against water1 acids1 and oily substances1 dampness and decomposition4 ,it is very tenacious1 clean1 and sweet1 and will stand all weathers1 and will not become sticky4 ,the boots or shoes made with it1 may be worn in damp or dry localities1 through water1 oily or acid combinations1 without injury to the cement4 ,these statements are corroborated by actual tests of the severest nature4 ,no one will doubt who will investigate the subject of the application of gutta-percha to boots and shoes4 ,it is worthy the study of all engaged in the manufacture of these articles1 and will amply repay the closest study and investigation4 ,nor can it be doubted that it is destined1 in a very brief period1 to supersede all other improvements in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,in #ahee1 the 8,the ,north ,american ,patent ,boot and ,shoe ,co40 tested gutta-percha as a cement after they had abandoned a rubber filament or cement as useless4 ,they continued to manufacture boots and shoes by the use of gutta-percha1 and found1 after a long and satisfactory trial1 through all seasons of the year1 that it remained firm and uninjured1 not being in the least affected by the oleaginous substances or fluids used in preparing the various kinds of upper leather or sole leather4 ,the oily matter here referred to1 destroys all the rubber cements1 and the ,company found that gutta-percha continued as firm and tenacious after their tests1 as when first applied to the shoe1 and was not affected by other chemical combinations used in the construction of the shoe4 ,that ,company spared no pains or expense in perfecting part of the manufacture of the shoes1 whereby they were enabled to produce a quality of goods never before equalled in lightness1 style1 or practical utility1 exceeding1 as they did1 the most sanguine expectations of all interested4 ,they fully demonstrated that shoes thus manufactured were far superior to the sewing or pegging process1 or rubber cements2 thus proving conclusively that the process is destined to produce an entire revolution in the manufacture of every description of fine shoes and boots4 ,gutta-percha cement applied to sole leather renders it water-proof just in proportion as it is mixed with its fibres1 and the quantity applied2 at the same time improving the leather more than one hundred per cent4 as it adds to its solidity and durability4 ,the mixing1 mingling1 or saturating the fibres of the leather1 or other fibrous substances1 as cloth1 with the cement1 gives it its firm and tenacious hold on the various substances to which it is applied in the manufacture of boots and shoes1 and all other combinations that require a tenacious cement4 ,,process ,,for ,,manufacturing ,,boots ,,or ,,shoes ,,by ,,simply ,,cementing ,,the ,,edges ,,of ,,the ,,in ,,sole ,,and ,,outer ,,sole4 ,objections are sometimes urged against the gutta-percha sole as being liable to sweat the feet4 ,this objection we regard as purely mythical1 as no such result will follow unless the feet are encased in rubber or gutta-percha4 ,the top of the foot being covered with leather1 thus allowing the perspiration to escape1 the gutta-percha sole acts only as a protection1 thus avoiding the unpleasant effects realized in wearing ,india-rubber shoes4 ,shoes or boots may be made1 if desired1 by cementing the edges of the inner sole and outer sole only4 ,this process obviates the objection just alluded to4 ,we have manufactured shoes in this manner1 which have worn at least one-third longer than when pegged or sewed1 the materials being the same4 ,for perfectly dry walking they are a very desirable article4 ,only about one-fourth the quantity of cement is required when manufactured in this manner4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,for ,,belts1 ,,harnesses1 ,c4 ,belts of leather may be put together by this cement1 which adds greatly to their wear and durability1 not being in the least affected by dampness1 neither by the oils which may come in contact with them from the machinery4 ,in cutting up belt for harness leather1 there is usually great waste and loss of stock1 as portions of the sides are very thin1 and unfit for use4 ,but by this process every particle may be saved4 ,cut the stock the proper width1 stretch it1 then raise a strong thick fibre on all the thin parts and the laps4 ,apply the cement hot with a brush to all the thin portions and laps4 ,let it dry until the solvent has evaporated2 then heat the parts sufficiently1 and press together with a vice or clamps4 ,on all the thin places apply a piece of the cemented leather until the belt is of an even thickness2 press firmly together1 then shave off the projections with a knife or cutting machine4 ,trim the edges3 you will thus produce a firm1 smooth belt1 without a stitch1 rivet1 or lacing4 ,all portions of a harness or saddle may be cemented in the same manner4 ,this process is exceedingly simple1 at the same time economical--a saving of time and money1 and adds greatly to their durability4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,in ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,wood ,,work1 ,c41--,,important ,,to ,,ship ,,and ,,boat ,,builders4 ,it may be applied to vats1 drains1 cisterns1 sinks1 etc41 to great advantage4 ,all square joints should be first prepared by raising a fibre1 as in veneering work4 ,apply the cement hot1 as glue is spread4 ,in a few hours the solvent will evaporate2 then heat the parts sufficiently to melt the cement2 press together firmly4 ,the gutta-percha will be found to be an excellent cement for all leaky places in stone1 brick or wood work4 ,mix it with sand1 or any fibrous substance1 apply hot1 or melt it in with a hot iron4 ,the pure gutta-percha will cement broken stone1 marble or brick1 so firmly that it will remain for years4 ,it is undoubtedly the best cement ever yet discovered4 ,ornamental work1 centre-pieces1 etc41 may be thus cemented to their position4 ,it is a well known fact1 that sub-marine wires1 enclosed in the gutta-percha tube1 are indestructible1 as all sea insects1 worms1 c41 never molest it4 ,in caulking all ships1 boats1 c41 oakum1 or any fibrous substance1 may be saturated with pure gutta-percha1 and then pressed hot into the joints with a hot iron4 ,this process renders the joints proof against all agencies4 ,the joint thus cemented is made more firm and solid than the plank itself4 ,,testimonials ,,concerning ,,the ,,practical ,,value ,,of ,,gutta-,,percha1 ,,and ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes1 ,,in ,,london4 ,gutta-,percha ,company of ,london1 ,oct4 #ast1 #ahdi4 ,the application of gutta-percha soles for boots and shoes have been extensively and satisfactorily tested1 its merits having been acknowledged by all who have worn them4 ,indeed1 experience has proved that gutta-percha soles wear twice as long as leather1 with great additional personal comfort1 and remain perfectly impervious to wet until worn through4 ,southampton ,row1 ,sept4 #ast1 #ahdg4 ,gentlemen3 ,i write to thank you because ,i can speak confidently of the advantages of gutta-percha over leather soles4 ,i made the first pair last ,october1 and wore them eight months before ,i wore the soles through4 ,i had them heeled six times1 and one pair of extra fronts ,i put to the same soles4 ,i only kept one pair in use to see how long they would last4 ,i will never wear another leather sole so long as ,i can obtain gutta-percha soles1 and ,i walk from twelve to twenty miles a day4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,boot and ,shoe ,maker4 ,to the ,gutta-,percha ,co4 ,gutta-,percha ,company's ,works4 ,patent ,gutta-,percha ,soles4--,the applicability of gutta-percha soles for boots and shoes having been extensively and satisfactorily tested1 we can unhesitatingly recommend the material prepared for the purpose1 its merits having been acknowledged by all who have tried it4 ,indeed1 experience has proved that gutta-percha soles wear twice as long as leather1 with great additional personal comfort1 and they remain perfectly impervious to wet1 until quite worn through4 ,london1 ,nov4 #dth1 #ahdg4 ,gentlemen3--,i have given the gutta-percha boot soles what may be considered a fair trial1 namely3 three month's constant wear on a rough1 gravelly road1 and can bear testimony to its usefulness4 ,with proper care in putting them on1 and a little attention afterwards1 ,i am persuaded that it will last longer than leather1 and being impervious to wet1 will be found invaluable to persons subject to damp or cold feet4 ,w4 ,,diar1 ,principal ,officer of ,h4 ,m4 ,customs1 ,whitstable4 ,manchester1 ,england1 ,march #h1 #ahdh4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,statham3 ,dear ,sir3--,it is with pleasure that ,i bear testimony to the good qualities of gutta-percha soles4 ,you are aware that my occupation requires me to be on foot a great deal1 upon all kinds of roads1 and in all weathers1 and since ,i began to wear gutta-percha soles1 ,i have not had to complain of wet or cold feet4 ,the pair ,i have on now have been in almost daily use for more than four months1 and my fear is1 that the upper leather will be worn out first4 ,i am quite sure that ,i save from thirty to fifty per cent41 in the cost of shoes1 in consequence of my family wearing gutta-percha soles1 and1 so long as ,i can get them1 ,i intend to wear them in preference to anything else ,i have seen4 ,yours respectfully1 ,,thomas ,,whitehead1 ,gas ,office1 ,town ,hall1 ,king ,street4 ,london1 ,april #a1 #ahdh4 ,gutta-percha ,boot and ,shoe ,soles for ,summer ,wear4--,the fact of the total imperviousness of these soles to water1 enables the most delicate1 by the use of them to escape the suffering which the proverbial uncertainty of our climate1 even in summer1 so often inflicts upon the incautious4 ,all injurious effects may be entirely prevented by a sole so thin and light1 as to afford to the wearer a degree of ease and comfort1 unattainable in conjunction with security against damp4 ,at the same time the remarkable nonconducting properties of gutta-percha1 afford a most valuable protection to those who are subject to suffering or inconvenience by walking upon heated pavements4 ,no instance of failure has ever come to the knowledge of the company1 which may not be ascribed to the neglect of the wearer4 ,the following article from the ,london ,weekly ,despatch will be read with interest4 ,the writer has1 evidently1 not only a knowledge of the subject upon which he writes1 but an appreciation of the value of gutta-percha1 and its invaluable importance in the mechanical arts4 8,we have lately visited the extensive works belonging to the ,gutta-,percha ,company1 in ,wharf-road ,city-road1 and confess that we were delighted and astonished4 ,the premises in which the business of the company is carried on cover a large area of ground4 ,several floors of the building are devoted to the operations of the workmen1 amounting to nearly one hundred and seventy individuals1 including a sprinkling of stout1 hearty-looking boys4 ,the basement is occupied by two steam-engines1 without whose presence the works would by no means be complete4 ,these groan from 8early morn to dewy eve10 in turning lathes in the engineering department1 in kneading the gutta-percha1 cutting out soles and heels for boots and shoes1 rolling out driving bands of every dimension1 and heating the steam-chests by which the gutta-percha is rendered pliable and fit for the hands of the workmen4 ,on the principal floor there are several hydraulic presses1 used in the process of manufacture2 and we had the good fortune to witness the production of a complete dessert service of the most chaste and elegant pattern1 and in imitation of gnarled oak4 ,the subjects of adornment were brought out in high relief1 and after undergoing the process of varnishing1 were surprisingly beautiful1 light1 and incapable of being fractured or broken by a fall or blow40 ,some of these sets were of the vine-leaf pattern1 in close imitation to nature4 ,these things were pressed out with some rapidity1 but not without great manual labor1 notwithstanding the aid of the powerful presses alluded to4 ,inkstands of the most beautiful character were also fashioned in a short time2 indeed1 all sorts of ornaments1 elaborated with the most ingenious devices1 were made during our stay4 ,we observed a vast deal of ornamental work1 intended to supersede the labor of the carver4 ,there were frames of large dimensions ready for the reception of pictures4 ,we were particularly struck with the appearance of one intended for a large pier-glass4 ,the foliage was of the most sumptuous workmanship1 and possessed a sharpness and finish which the hand of man could scarcely accomplish4 ,a design for a bible cover was exhibited4 ,the subject harmonized with the nature of the book it was intended to enclose1 and was in bold relief4 ,it is believed that gutta-percha will1 in a short time1 be in general use among book-binders1 not only in the shape of massive covers1 but to supersede the present cotton binding which has so pretty an appearance1 but is not of that lasting character as to induce persons to adopt it in cases where strength and durability are required4 ,in other portions of the factory1 workmen were employed in making instruments used by surgeons1 to be employed in cases of a delicate nature2 others were finishing off the numerous objects just turned out of the moulds4 ,amongst the other articles of curiosity1 we observed several yards of gutta-percha rendered exceedingly thin by machinery1 and intended for ladies' dresses4 ,it was of a light pink color1 by no means displeasing to the eye1 and possessed of great strength4 ,by the aid of delicate machinery1 the gutta-percha was run out into thread1 to be used in the manufacture of ladies' work bags1 fishing nets1 and for a hundred other purposes4 ,large tubing1 and some with an inconceivably small bore1 was run out to lengths of various dimensions4 ,wagon and cart harness1 of enormous strength1 combined with lightness1 we observed hanging up in the establishment1 besides gentlemen's riding-whips1 and things of every kind4 ,greatly as we were delighted with all these things1 we had yet another treat to come1 which infinitely surpassed anything we had seen4 ,we were shown several specimens of enormous panelling1 on which the carving of the original design was brought up with remarkable fidelity4 ,considering that gutta-percha is an indestructible material1 we have little hesitation in stating1 that the mansions of the nobility will soon be decorated with ornamental work produced by this new system of multiplying objects1 produced by the ancients to their glory and eternal honor4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,india-,,rubber1 ,,its ,,discovery1 ,,uses1 ,c4 ,this important gum is known by a variety of names4 ,caoutchouc1 gum-elastic1 and ,india-rubber4 ,it is a product of the syringe tree of ,south ,america4 ,this substance was first brought to ,europe in #agce1 by some ,french astronomers1 who were sent to ,brazil to make astronomical observations4 ,it is found abundantly in ,peru1 ,brazil1 and ,quito1 and has recently been discovered in ,asia4 ,considerable quantities of it are now obtained in ,java1 ,penang1 ,singapore and ,assam4 ,in some places hundreds of miles are covered with trees4 ,they are very lofty1 rising to the height of fifty or sixty feet1 without branches1 but covered with a rich tufted foliage4 ,the bark is exceedingly smooth1 its leaves deep green1 thick and glossy1 and six or seven inches in length4 ,the fruit consists of white almonds and is regarded by the natives as very delicious4 ,the process of obtaining the liquid is very simple4 ,a longitudinal gash is cut in the bark of the tree with a hatchet1 a wedge is then inserted to keep the aperture open2 the gum then oozes out in the form of a milky juice4 ,a small clay cup is attached to the tree into which the sap flows4 ,in the space of four or five hours the milk ceases to run1 and the quantity received is about five table spoonsful4 ,the cups are now emptied and the process of smoking is commenced2 this with the forming process must be done as soon as the milk coagulates4 ,a fire is built upon the ground made of the nuts of the wassou palm tree2 over this fire an inverted earthen pot1 with a hole in the bottom is placed1 from whence issues a jet of pungent smoke4 ,the smoke changes the color of the gum very slightly at first1 but by exposure to the atmosphere it becomes first brown1 then quite black1 presenting the appearance which we see it has in articles of commerce4 ,the sap of the tree is laid on a mould in successive layers1 which are allowed to dry1 and are formed into bottles and cakes1 in which form it is exported4 ,the natives of ,south ,america are very ingenious in the uses to which they apply it4 ,boots1 shoes1 syringes1 and tubes1 are among the many articles of domestic use into which it is converted4 ,the tubes they use as torches1 which burn very clearly1 and emit but little odor4 ,according to the celebrated chemist1 ,faraday1 its composition is carbon1 #hg4b1 hydrogen1 #ab4h--;a hydro-carbon4 ,it melts when exposed to a heat of #bdh1 and is resolved into vapor at #fjj1 and can be condensed into a liquid called caoutchoucin4 ,in #aggj1 a cubic inch of ,india-rubber was sold in ,london for seventy-five cents1 to erase pencil marks4 ,it was not used to make water-proof fabrics until about the year #ahjj4 ,these were first invented by ,charles ,mackintosh1 of ,glasgow1 who applied a naptha solution to the surface of two pieces of cloth1 then laid them together1 passed them between rollers and thus cemented them together4 ,illustration3 ,,natives ,,gathering ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,a 8,mackintosh0 was the name applied for many years to a water-proof coat4 ,dr4 ,ure1 although well aware of ,mr4 ,mackintosh's invention1 coldly passes it over in his dictionary4 ,it is supposed that personal feeling was the cause of this1 as ,dr4 ,thomson and ,ure were once rival chemists in ,glasgow1 and ,mackintosh was the friend and pupil of the former4 ,the fabrics of ,mackintosh had a most disagreeable smell1 still he was the first person who established ,india-rubber manufactures in ,britain1 and perhaps the world4 ,he afterwards removed his factory to ,manchester1 ,england4 ,various kinds of goods made of ,india-rubber soon afterwards began to be manufactured in ,england1 but they were all decidedly objectionable to use1 until the grand discovery of sulphurization was made2 for this the world is indebted to an ,american inventor1 ,nathaniel ,hayward of ,woburn1 ,mass4 ,this substance1 or rather1 compounds of it1 is now manufactured into so many articles of beauty and usefulness1 that it forms an object of no small wonder to witness the rapidity with which such manufactures have sprung into existence4 ,the following description of the ,india-,rubber tree and its fruit is given by ,chevalier ,d4 ,claussen1 inventor of the flax cotton4 ,he says that in the course of his travels in ,south ,america1 he had occasion to notice the different trees which produce the ,india-rubber1 and of which the ,hancornia speciosa is one4 ,it grows on the high plateaux of ,south ,america1 between the tenth and twentieth degrees of latitude south1 at a height of from three to five thousand feet above the level of the sea4 ,it is of the family of the ,sapotac1 the same to which belongs the tree which produces gutta-percha4 ,it bears a fruit1 in form1 not unlike a bergamot pear1 and full of a milky juice1 which is liquid ,india-rubber4 ,to be eatable1 the fruit must be kept two or three weeks after being gathered1 in which time all the ,india-rubber disappears1 or is converted into sugar1 and is then in taste one of the most delicious fruits known1 and regarded by the ,brazilians 7who call it ,mangava7 as superior to all other fruits of their country4 ,the change of ,india-rubber into sugar1 led him to suppose that gutta-percha1 ,india-rubber1 and similar compounds contained starch4 ,he therefore tried to mix it with resinous or oily substances1 in combination with tannin1 and succeeded in making compounds which can be mixed in all proportions with gutta-percha or ,india-rubber without altering their characters4 ,by the foregoing it will be understood that a great number of compounds of the gutta-percha and ,india-rubber class may be formed by mixing starch1 gluten1 or flour with tannin and resinous or oily substances4 ,by mixing some of these compounds with gutta-percha or ,india-rubber1 he can so increase its hardness that it will be like horn1 and may be used as shields to protect the soldiers from the effect of the ,minie balls1 and some of these compounds in combination with iron1 may be useful in floating batteries and many other purposes1 such as covering the electric telegraph wires1 imitation of wood1 ship-building1 c4 ,a description of the various uses to which ,india-rubber is applied1 will be found exceedingly interesting and instructive4 ,the ,english have thus far succeeded more perfectly1 or rather more generally in their application of it1 than we1 although since #ahef1 rapid strides have been made in perfecting the manufacture of the various fabrics in which it is used in our country1 especially ,new ,england4 ,it must not be forgotten that to an ,american is due the discovery of the process of sulphurization1 which discovery immediately gave a new value1 and a new impulse to the application of this wonderful product of the forests of ,south ,america4 ,the following account of the various uses to which ,india-rubber is applied1 is taken principally from ,english sources1 and refers to the manufactures of that country4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,cleaning ,,processes4 ,the ,india-rubber1 or caoutchouc1 now imported to the enormous extent of six or seven hundred thousand pounds annually1 reaches this country in masses of varied shape1 but mostly of a dark color4 ,in its imported state it is used for very few purposes2 considerable modifications being necessary for its adaptation to practical service4 ,it requires to be transformed into cakes1 or sheets1 or tissues1 or tubes1 or solutions1 preparatory to its ultimate use2 and this transformation requires operations of a somewhat peculiar kind1 owing to the necessity of rendering the whole mass homogeneous in substance4 ,the bottles1 and masses1 and fragments1 as imported1 have much inequality in texture1 and are1 moreover1 contaminated with much dirt and refuse4 ,to separate these1 the ,india-rubber is first cut into very small fragments1 and then steeped in warm water1 by which the dirt is precipitated4 ,the fragments are dried1 and are then thrown into a kind of kneading machine1 where immense pressure is employed to bring them to one homogeneous mass4 ,the ,india-rubber1 though put in cold1 becomes so hot by the agitation that it could not be safely touched by the hand2 it is necessary to supply the machine with cold water1 which is made nearly to boil by the caloric driven out of the elastic mass4 ,so thoroughly is the mass pressed1 rolled1 pricked1 cut1 and kneaded1 by the severe turmoil which it undergoes1 that all dirt1 air1 water and steam are expelled1 and it presents the appearance of a dark colored1 uniform1 smooth mass4 ,it is put into cast iron moulds of great strength1 and brought1 by hydraulic or screw pressure1 to the form of blocks1 slabs1 or cylinders1 according to the purpose to which it is to be applied4 ,,mackintosh ,,cloth4 ,the manufacture of the ,mackintosh cloth is a singular one4 ,the material is merely two layers of cotton cemented with liquid ,india-rubber2 but the junction is so well effected1 that the three become to all intents and purposes one4 ,the stout and well-woven cloth is coiled upon a horizontal beam1 like the yarn beam of a loom2 and from this it is stretched out in a tight state and a nearly horizontal position4 ,a layer of liquid or rather paste-like solution is applied with a spatula1 to a considerable thickness1 and the cloth is drawn under a knife edge1 which scrapes the solution and diffuses it equally over every part of the cloth1 which may be thirty or forty yards long4 ,the cloth is then extended out on a horizontal framework to dry2 and1 when dried1 a second coating is applied in a similar way2 and a third and fourth may be similarly applied if necessary4 ,two pieces1 thus coated1 are next placed face to face with great care1 to prevent creasing or distortion2 and1 being passed between two smooth wooden rollers1 they are so thoroughly pressed as to be made to unite durably and permanently4 ,cloth1 thus cemented and doubled and dried1 may be cut and made into garments which will bear many a rough trial1 and many a deluging before rain or water can penetrate4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,cutting ,,processes4 ,it is as a sheet and as a thread that ,india-rubber meets its most extensive application2 and both of these are made by cutting from the blocks and slabs4 ,a block is cut into sheets by an ingenious machine1 in which a sharp knife-edge has a rapid vibratory motion in a horizontal plane1 so adjusted as to cut a thin film from a block of ,india-rubber supplied to it by a steady motion4 ,the knife requires to be kept cool by a flow of water1 or it would adhere to the ,india-rubber4 ,in this way thin sheets may be cut1 or thicker sheets from which stationers' ,india-rubber may be obtained1 or sheets of any thickness1 great or small1 according to the purposes required4 ,the separation of the material into shreds or narrow strips is a very pretty operation1 exhibiting much nicety of manipulation4 ,a continuous strip may be cut from a bottle or any other curved mass of the ,india-rubber4 ,the bottom of the bottle is cut off1 and is pressed into a round and tolerably flat form4 ,the cake thus fashioned is fixed to the end of the horizontal shaft1 or lathe-axis1 and is made to revolve with great rapidity2 and while so rotating1 a circular knife1 rotating at high speed1 cuts through the substance1 and advances steadily towards the centre of the disc2 thereby separating the disc or cake into one continuous spiral thread4 ,this thread can be easily drawn out straightly1 and can even be separated into two or more finer threads1 by drawing it through a hole where one or more sharp-cutting edges encounter it4 ,if a bottle or any other hollow piece of ,india-rubber can be drawn over a cylinder of uniform diameter1 it may be cut into a continuous thread1 by a modification of the same machine2 the cylinder being made to revolve1 a steel cutter is placed against it1 and as the cylinder has a slow longitudinal motion given it1 the gum is cut spirally from end to end--just on the same principle as a worm or thread is cut on a bit of iron by the screw-cutting machine4 ,machines of this kind were invented in ,france more than twenty years ago2 but the machines used in our own country are of ,english invention and of later date4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,liquid4 ,when once it was discovered that ,india-rubber may be dissolved in petroleum1 in naptha1 or in oil of turpentine1 it was speedily seen that a new and extensive sphere of utility was given to it4 ,the coarsest pieces1 as imported1 the waste from the kneading operations1 and the parings and cuttings from other manufacturing operations1 are placed in a close iron vessel1 to which the liquid solvent is added4 ,a brisk agitation is kept up1 and the heat thereby generated in the elastic gum warms the liquid and increases its solvent power1 until at length the whole of the gum is dissolved4 ,this operation is conducted on a somewhat extensive scale2 for the iron vessel is large enough to contain more than half a ton of ,india-rubber1 which requires three days of constant agitation for complete solution4 ,the liquid thus produced has a consistency which fits it to be used as a varnish1 or as a water-proofing medium1 or as a cement1 or for many other purposes which the sagacity and self-interest of manufacturers have enabled them to discover4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,braids ,,and ,,webs4 ,if we glance among the stores of the ,india-rubber manufacturers and retailers at the present day1 we find the braids and cords1 webs and bands1 form no inconsiderable portion of the wares exposed for sale4 ,these1 in most cases1 require that the ,india-rubber should be first made into blocks or cakes1 next cut into sheets1 and then separated into threads1 or cords1 or narrow strips4 ,supposing these preliminary cuttings to be effected1 the making of braids and webs is exceedingly curious1 for it involves a combination of the ,india-rubber with other materials4 ,let us briefly trace the processes4 ,in the first place1 the narrow cords are stretched by a kind of wheel1 and kept extended till nearly deprived of their elasticity1 and till they form a thread of the desired thickness4 ,the thread is then put into a braiding machine which is a complicated and very ingenious apparatus1 whereby a sheathing of cotton1 silk1 flax1 or worsted1 is wound round the ,india-rubber thread4 ,in such a machine several threads are twisted round each other1 from three to nearly thirty in number2 each thread has its own bobbin1 and all the bobbins revolve round a common centre1 giving out their threads in the proportions and order required4 ,generally speaking1 the braiding machine is employed in making stay-laces1 braid1 upholsterers' cord1 c42 but it is also applicable to making the numerous elastic cords and webs which owe their elasticity to ,india-rubber4 ,when an envelope of cotton1 silk1 flax1 or worsted1 has been given to the thread of ,india-rubber by the braiding machine1 the threads are laid as warp in a loom1 and woven into the required kind of web1 whatever it may be4 ,then comes a curious development of the properties of the material2 in the preliminary stretching1 the ,india-rubber was made somewhat stiff and unyielding2 but by now exposing it to the action of a hot smoothing iron upon a table1 the elasticity is restored1 the riband or web contracts in length1 and the sheathing or envelope corrugates or wrinkles up on the surface4 ,the web thus produced is very soft and elastic4 ,the warp threads may be alternated with others of non-elastic character2 and the weft-threads may be either elastic or non-elastic1 so that any desired degree of elasticity may be obtained4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,vulcanized4 ,why a piece of ,india-rubber1 when it has been somewhat modified by heat and chemical action1 should be deemed vulcanized1 it is for the inventor to say4 ,let us take the name simply as an expression of a fact1 that fire or heat has been brought to bear upon this substance as a means of affecting its qualities4 ,the method was invented by ,mr4 ,hancock seven or eight years ago1 and it has been the means of giving a wide extension to the use of ,india-rubber4 ,this vulcanized ,india-rubber is in fact a compound of sulphur with the vegetable gum4 ,when a sheet of ,india-rubber is immersed in liquid sulphur1 a marked change takes place in its qualities2 the sulphur acts upon the gum and combines with it2 and indeed the two may almost be said to form a new substance4 ,the methods by which the combination is brought about are varied1 but the effect is in all cases very remarkable4 ,the strength of the ,india-rubber is increased to an extraordinary degree4 ,the elasticity is rendered more permanent1 analogous in some respects to that of gutta-percha4 ,the new substance will absorb essential oils without injury1 whereas such oils would dissolve ,india-rubber4 ,it retains its properties at a temperature so low that ,india-rubber would be too much hardened for use2 and at a temperature so high that ,india-rubber would be destroyed4 ,later experimenters have found that antimony1 and many other substances1 may similarly be combined with ,india-rubber2 and it is reasonable to expect that many useful novelties are in use for us in this 8vulcanized0 rubber4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,or 7,,caoutchouc7 ,,and ,,gutta-,,percha--,,comparison ,,of ,,the ,,crude ,,materials4 ,much ignorance exists in relation to the intrinsic merits of gutta-percha and ,india-rubber4 ,it is generally supposed that there is so little difference that it is hardly perceptible1 and that the one or the other may be used for the same purposes1 with the same results4 ,in order to correct this impression and convey an intelligent idea of their relative properties1 we here give an analysis of the two gums3 ,gutta-percha when immersed in boiling water contracts considerably in bulk1 whilst ,india rubber1 when immersed in boiling water1 expands and very materially increases in bulk4 ,gutta-percha juice also is of a dark brown color1 and consolidates in a few moments after exuding from the tree1 when it becomes about as hard as wood4 ,india-rubber sap1 on the contrary1 is perfectly white1 and of about the consistency of thick cream2 when it coagulates it gives from four to six parts water out of ten4 ,gutta-percha first treated with water1 alcohol1 and ether1 and then dissolved with spirits of turpentine and precipitated1 yields a substance consistent with the common properties of gutta-percha2 but ,india-rubber similarly treated1 results in a substance resembling in appearance the gum arabic4 ,gutta-percha by distillation yields #eg per cent4 of volatile matter2 ,india-rubber by the same process1 yields #he per cent4 ,india-rubber1 or caoutchouc1 is produced from a milk-white sap taken chiefly from the ,sephonca ,cahuca tree1 afterwards coagulated1 and the whey pressed out or dried off by heat--the residue is the ,india-rubber of commerce4 ,gutta-percha is produced from the ,isonandra1 or ,gutta tree2 is of a brownish color1 and when exposed to air1 soon solidifies1 and forms the gutta-percha of commerce4 ,india-rubber of commerce1 is of a soft1 gummy nature1 not very tenacious1 and astonishingly elastic4 ,gutta-percha of commerce is a fibrous material1 much resembling the inner coating of white oak bark1 is extremely tenacious1 and without elasticity1 or much flexibility4 ,india-rubber1 when once reduced to a liquid state by heat1 appears like tar1 and is unfit for further manufacture4 ,gutta-percha may be melted and cooled any number of times1 without injury for future manufacture4 ,india-rubber1 by coming in contact with oil or other fatty substances1 is soon decomposed and ruined for future use4 ,gutta-percha is not injured by coming in contact with oil or other fatty substances--in fact one good use of it is for oil cans4 ,india-rubber is soon ruined for future use1 if brought in contact with sulphuric1 muriatic1 and other acids4 ,gutta-percha resists the action of sulphuric1 muriatic1 and nearly all other acids--in fact one great use of it is for acid vats1 c41 and other vessels for holding acids4 ,india-rubber is a conductor of heat1 cold and electricity4 ,gutta-percha is a non-conductor of electricity1 as well as of heat and cold4 ,india-rubber1 in its crude state1 when exposed to the action of boiling water1 increases in bulk1 does not lose its elastic properties1 and cannot be moulded4 ,gutta-percha1 in its crude state1 when exposed to the action of boiling water1 contracts and becomes soft like dough or paste1 and may then be moulded to any shape--which shape it will retain when cool4 ,india-rubber is vulcanized to reduce its elasticity and give it more firmness than is natural to the crude material4 ,india-rubber1 vulcanized1 is not so perfectly a repellent of water1 as before being vulcanized4 ,india-rubber is not a perfect repellent of water1 but is more or less absorbent1 according to quality4 ,gutta-percha has an exceedingly fine grain1 and its oily property makes it a perfect repellent of liquids1 oils1 acids1 and all oleaginous substances1 so that when united to tanned leather1 the oil in the leather will not affect the adhesive properties of the gutta-percha4 ,whereas oil in leather will decompose any ,india-rubber cement that may be applied to it4 ,pure gutta-percha is without smell or disagreeable odor1 and whenever it is found to produce any but a perfectly sweet odor1 it arises from its impurities1 and may be regarded as a test of its quality4 ,india-rubber when vulcanized has an odor about it very disagreeable4 ,it will decompose1 become sticky like tar1 and much of it becomes entirely useless4 ,it is vulcanized to reduce its elasticity and give it more firmness than is natural to the crude material1 and when exposed to friction1 even after vulcanization1 it rolls up a dirty1 sticky mass4 ,the foregoing analysis is so simple and clear1 that the attentive reader will at once comprehend the natural as well as chemical differences existing in gutta-percha and ,india-rubber1 being not only chemically1 but mechanically and commercially different4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,stock4 ,in the preparation of the leather for outer soles1 after it has been stripped up in the common form1 remove all the loose flesh by skiving or splitting1 or any other process4 ,the stock should be thoroughly dry4 ,then raise a thick and even fibre on the flesh side1 7remembering always1 that the adhesive quality is in proportion to the thickness of the fibre7 with a common card or rasp1 or other convenient tool4 ,the cement should be applied hot1 with a coarse paint brush1 as evenly as possible1 then expose the leather to dry air a day or two1 in order to allow the solvent to evaporate4 ,if the first coat is too thin1 apply a second in the same manner1 until the leather is well coated4 ,then the leather should be again exposed1 as before1 until completely dry4 ,it may then be wet in water1 in the usual form1 until properly tempered or prepared4 ,the leather is then in a condition to be rolled1 or hammered4 ,if hammered it should be first cut up into soles4 ,if rolled it may be placed in a cutting machine1 and cut up in the usual form4 ,sole leather is cut to the best advantage by hands with the proper patterns1 or 8dies40 ,after the soles are properly rounded to the desired pattern1 for all thin edged work the cement should be featheredged1 from the edge of the sole at a proper distance1 in order to secure a good finish4 ,this process prevents the cement from adhering or sticking to the upper1 when the sole is pressed on4 ,,middle ,,soles1 ,,and ,,spur1 ,,or ,,spring ,,lifts4 ,after they have been properly fitted1 ready for use as in the common form1 the parts should be dried and a thick fibre raised1 as before described for the outer sole1 only that a fibre should be raised on both sides1 as will be readily understood4 ,cement on both sides4 ,this process may be done before cutting into soles or lifts1 at the option of the manufacturer4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,in-,,soles4 ,cut from thin leather skirting or shavings4 ,after properly fitting to the pattern or last1 the edges of the in-sole should be reduced to a proper thickness4 ,a strong fibre should be raised on the side on which the cement is to be applied1 the stock being previously dry4 ,then cement as before4 ,one coat is sufficient if the cement is thick4 ,if not1 spread again upon the edge1 as that portion of the sole should receive the thickest coating1 for the purpose of holding1 with great firmness the linings or upper1 when lasted1 as the shoe may require4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,counters ,,or ,,stiffenings4 ,after properly fitting and drying1 cement on both sides of the lower edges1 corresponding to the cemented portion of the lining or 8upper40 ,,preparation ,,of ,,stock ,,for ,,cloth ,,shoes4--,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,upper ,,stock4 ,first cement the linings on both sides entirely around1 as far as they are to be drawn over the edge of the last4 ,then cement inside of upper1 to correspond with the cemented portion of the linings4 ,place them in position for drying1 so that the cement shall not be brought in contact with any other part of the upper4 ,in order to facilitate the cementing process1 the uppers or linings1 may be so packed or placed1 the one upon the other1 that large quantities may be cemented at the same time4 ,this should be done before binding4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,uppers ,,made ,,of ,,any ,,description ,,of ,,leather1 ,,or ,,part ,,leather ,,and ,,cloth4 ,the linings1 7if any are used71 should be cemented as described for the cloth shoe4 ,the inside of the leather portion or parts of the upper should be made as fibrous as possible4 ,then apply the cement as described for linings4 ,when fully dry they are ready for lasting4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,lasting4 ,the process of lasting is simple and may be done with great despatch1 when all parts of the stock composing the shoe or boot are properly prepared1 according to instructions4 ,tack the in-sole on the last1 place it in the 8,improved ,heater10 or other drying apparatus1 the heat being about #afj ,fahrenheit1 in which place the counter or stiffening4 ,allow it to remain in for two or three minutes1 until the cement has softened somewhat4 ,at the same time place the upper inside1 or on the top of the 8,heater40 ,heat carefully1 but slightly1 until the cement becomes tacky4 ,then tack the inner sole on the last1 on which place the upper4 ,last over the linings1 put on the counter1 press over evenly1 then draw the upper over neatly and smoothly to its proper position4 ,great care must be observed in lasting over the lining or upper1 to remove all unevenness4 ,on cloth uppers1 all the superfluous stock around the heel and toe1 may be removed with scissors1 on leather uppers with a knife in the usual form4 ,at the same time press1 rub1 or hammer each part that it may be retained firmly and evenly in its proper position4 ,if the uppers are small1 tacks may be used to hold each part in its place4 ,in such cases1 do not remove the tacks until the cement is cold4 ,if during the operation of lasting1 the cemented surfaces become too cool to stick firmly1 heat again over the 8,heater40 ,then hammer the parts lightly4 ,the lasting thus prepared1 7if wholly of cloth7 are now ready for the cement4 ,if the upper is part leather1 the leather portion that is drawn over the edge of the last1 must have its grain or enamelled surface removed as in ,patent leather4 ,this outer surface should be very carefully removed with a rasp or knife4 ,a rasp is preferred as it leaves a desirable fibre4 ,the grain thus removed should extend no farther than the edge of the inner sole4 ,the shoe is now ready for the cement4 ,,cementing ,,process ,,after ,,lasting4 ,the cement should be spread on the inner sole1 and the edges of the upper that are lasted over1 smoothly and evenly1 to the edge of the in-sole1 and no farther4 ,place the shoe or boot to dry in such a position as shall prevent the cement from running1 or spreading over other portions of the shoe4 ,one coat of thick cement is usually sufficient4 ,but thick cloth of various descriptions1 as ,felting1 ,pilot cloth1 etc41 will require a double coating4 ,also some kinds of leather1 as buckskin1 it being very porous on its surface4 ,all the fibres should be fully saturated with the cement2 the solvent of the cement should be entirely dried out1 or evaporated1 before putting on the outer sole4 ,if the solvent is not entirely removed the cementation soon decomposes4 ,the drying process is all-important4 ,,directions ,,for ,,applying ,,thick ,,or ,,thin ,,soles ,,to ,,shoes ,,and ,,boots4 ,first it must be remembered1 that all heavy or thick soles should be first wet in warm water1 thus softening them1 so that they can be easily formed to the shoe4 ,then wipe dry from the cemented surface1 place them in the 8,heater10 7or other suitable heating oven17 with the other portions of the stock that are required in the construction of the shoe or boot4 ,place the shoe upon the 8,heater0 allowing it to remain only long enough to melt the cement2 then if the shoe be a 8spring heel10 place it 7the heel7 upon the shoe4 ,if for a double sole1 place the middle sole in its place1 then the outer sole4 ,hammer and rub down firmly1 so as to exclude all the air4 ,keep them in this condition by wetting slightly with cold water1 with a sponge1 until they are firmly united and cold4 ,thin stock does not require wetting4 ,this being done1 the shoes are ready for the finisher4 ,the finisher may wet the soles by soaking them in cold water1 providing the upper stock is not injured thereby1 as would be the case in bronzed or delicate stock4 ,in such cases let them be carefully wet with a sponge4 ,they can then be finished in the desired style4 ,by using due care1 and following the directions as laid down1 any style of boot or shoe may be put together1 from the coarsest brogan1 to the finest kid stock of any color1 enamelled leather1 in short1 all classes of stock without any damage to any portion thereof4 ,also all kinds of cloth1 from the coarsest ,felting or ,pilot cloth1 to the finest and most delicate satins4 ,all may be made in a superior style without the least defect4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,finishing4 ,sometimes by accident1 there is seen some cement pressed out1 adhering to the upper1 caused by fitting the sole too full1 or pressing over too far4 ,in such cases it can be readily removed after the sole has been properly wet1 by the use of a thick knife4 ,its edges must be round and smooth so that it will not cut or mar the upper4 ,warm the knife sufficiently to soften the cement1 then the outer sole may be set off from the upper at a proper distance1 sufficiently to pare the edge neatly in finishing4 ,caution4--,great care must be used in the use of the warm knife4 ,if too hot1 it burns the leather upper4 ,the finisher will soon learn the precise heat required4 ,having given full instructions concerning the manufacture of the gutta-percha cemented shoe1 we will now proceed to the process of repairing every description of boots and shoes1 pegged1 sewed1 or cemented4 ,a discovery of great practical importance involving cheapness1 lightness1 quickness and wonderful durability1 rendering them water-proof on the sole1 thus affording a protection against wet1 or dampness to the most delicate shoe2 an invaluable consideration when we remember that the primary cause of nine-tenths of the colds that are experienced1 arise from damp or wet feet1 which cannot be prevented by the old process4 ,every considerate mind must acknowledge the great advantage thus gained by the water-proof sole4 ,the sole thus prepared being a non-conductor of heat1 the shoe retains its warmth1 no matter how damp or cold the surface of the earth may be4 ,shoes or boots thus prepared may be emphatically denominated 8health preservers40 ,,instructions ,,for ,,preparing ,,taps ,,or ,,soles ,,for ,,repairing4 ,first to prepare leather taps1 fit them in the usual manner1 by 8skiving0 or shaving off the proper portions of the sole or tap to the desired thinness4 ,the stock being perfectly dry1 next raise a thick fibre1 and cement as before described1 for outer soles1 ,as a rule the cement will dry in the space of an hour1 or even in much less time1 if desired4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,preparing ,,the ,,boot1 ,,or ,,shoe1 ,,to ,,be ,,repaired4 ,shave off the various portions in the usual manner of repairing4 ,the soles should be clean and dry4 ,now raise a strong fibre1 with a rasp or card1 then cement the loose or broken parts of the old sole1 if any1 fully4 ,when dry1 the sole or tap being in the same condition of dryness1 properly heat them in the 8,heater10 as described for putting on the outer sole4 ,hammer and rub them so that the tap shall unite firmly to the shoe4 ,let them remain until cool1 say from four to six minutes4 ,then wet and finish as before described4 ,it is desirable to have a quantity of taps on hand1 ready for use when wanted4 ,stock thus prepared will be sure to adhere1 if properly put on1 until worn off1 unless removed by improper exposure to heat4 ,boots or shoes made1 or repaired by this process1 are made to be worn1 not roasted and burnt1 as is too often the case1 by the reckless and imprudent4 ,the feet may be warmed as thoroughly1 and even more so1 with the gutta-percha cemented shoe1 as with the common pegged or sewed shoe4 ,yet care must be used not to heat the shoe to the injury of the leather4 ,persons wearing these shoes will soon learn that they seldom require to be warmed1 as the soles retain the heat much longer than the common shoe4 ,hence1 whenever it becomes necessary to warm the feet1 much less heat is required1 and less time in warming them4 ,,hints ,,to ,,repairers ,,of ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,repairers of the gutta-percha cemented shoes will soon find that gutta-percha for a cement1 is far superior to the old method1 for all kinds of repairing4 ,all the thin stock or bits of leather can be cemented for taps1 lifts1 counters1 or for any other purpose1 and worked up to the best advantage to all concerned4 ,he can apply leather1 or sheet gutta-percha for soles or taps1 of any thickness desired4 ,,important ,,facts ,,for ,,manufacturers4 ,various compounds of fibrous substances can be used and made by mixing and grinding gutta-percha with the following substances1 between heated rollers4 ,artificial leather may be made by rolling and mixing saw-dust of any kind1 or other fibrous substance1 with gutta-percha1 as chopped tow1 flax1 juto1 cotton waste1 etc41 etc4 ,take maple saw-dust1 two parts1 gutta-percha one part4 ,this compound thus prepared1 will resemble oak-tanned leather4 ,for the gutta-percha cemented shoe1 this leather is considered as being far superior to any leather in use1 being more durable1 and leaving no waste1 as all scraps can be again mixed and rolled as at first4 ,the more it is mixed and rolled the better it becomes4 ,mahogany saw-dust1 or other red-wood saw-dust1 mixed and prepared as before1 will produce an article resembling red sole leather1 or hemlock tanned4 ,for repairing shoes1 these compounds1 or artificial leather1 is superior to common leather1 as it can be moulded and heated and applied at once1 without the preparation required in common leather4 ,it is1 therefore1 simply to heat and apply1 as the gutta-percha is thoroughly mixed and ready for use2 or it may be moulded into heels1 in a solid form1 and then applied4 ,,compounds ,,for ,,heels ,,of ,,shoes ,,or ,,boots4 ,take two parts gutta-percha1 one part sand1 ground flint or granite1 mix them well by passing between heated rollers4 ,it is now ready to be moulded into heels1 and will produce an article of wonderful durability4 ,the compounds may be varied to suit the fancy of the manufacturer4 ,the proportions may be varied by mixing a portion of saw-dust1 or other fibrous substance4 ,heels thus made are exceedingly cheap1 and will out-wear the firmest leather4 ,it will now be observed1 that we have processes for the manufacturing of a purely vegetable leather1 far superior to any other1 at one-third the price--which will not decompose in any latitude1 and is not affected by atmospheric changes--is perfectly sweet1 and may be worn at any time1 through heat or cold1 wet or dry--through acids or oily combinations1 with entire safety4 ,,various ,,fibrous ,,compounds ,,for ,,in-,,soles1 ,,stiffenings ,,or ,,counters1 ,,for ,,all ,,descriptions ,,of ,,cemented ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,may be made by the same process as the artificial leather1 and rolled to any required thickness4 ,these compounds make the best counters for all kinds of cemented boots and shoes1 as they are water proof1 and easily fitted and moulded to the shoe1 after being properly warmed in the 8,heater40 ,old sail cloth1 or cotton fabrics of every description1 that may have become useless for any other purpose1 make good in-soles1 by rolling thereon a thin sheet of gutta-percha1 and may be combined to any required thickness4 ,gutta-percha may be applied to all kinds of pasteboard1 straw-board1 coarse paper or cloth1 thus forming a cheap and convenient water-proofing4 ,this may be done by simply spreading the warm gutta-percha upon its surfaces4 ,after the cement has been submitted to a drying process of a few hours1 it should then be subjected to a heat of about #ahj for the space of five minutes4 ,this process completely expels the solvent1 at the same time causes the cement to penetrate the substance upon which it is spread4 ,this material for linings and coverings of boxes1 or boxes made of heavy coarse paper thus prepared for packing boots and shoes1 all kinds of fine goods1 medicines1 vegetable compounds1 highly finished tools1 etc41 may be thus shipped on long voyages1 and subjected to damp1 mildew1 and decomposition1 with the utmost safety4 ,edges of boxes may be cemented together with gutta-percha by a warm iron1 precisely like the soldering process4 ,common paper boxes may be made water-proof by the process just described4 ,the cloth or paper thus prepared1 forms an excellent water-proof lining for trunks1 valises1 or chests4 ,stout cloth thus prepared may be made into tubes for conveying water to all parts of the house1 or from the spring to the house4 ,water thus conducted remains as pure and sweet as when taken from the spring1 and the tube is literally indestructible by all ordinary agencies4 ,excellent speaking tubes may be thus prepared at a trifling expense4 ,,practical ,,hints4 ,gutta-percha may be mixed and ground together with almost an endless variety of substances1 which substances are usually regarded as of little or no value in themselves2 but being combined with gutta-percha1 are thus transformed into valuable articles of mechanical manufacture4 ,much of the gutta-percha which is introduced into the market is nothing but a mixture of dirt1 bark1 and mineral substances1 which entirely destroy its value4 ,great care should therefore be observed in its selection1 as its purity makes its value4 ,gutta-percha must be mixed or combined with what may be denominated imperishable substances1 or substances which the gutta-percha renders imperishable4 ,in many of its combinations found in commerce1 it is entirely destroyed and the manufactured article made worthless4 ,in very many instances which have come to our knowledge1 boots and shoes have been thus rendered of little or no value1 and were justly returned to the manufacturers4 ,kid and leather shoes1 with baked or burnt upper stock1 and combinations of rubber cement1 rot or decompose the fibres of all cloth or leather to which it is applied that contains any oleaginous substances4 ,thus kid and leather shoes1 with baked or burnt upper stock1 and combinations of ,,rubber cement1 which rot or decompose the fibres of all cloth or leather1 which contain any oleaginous substance to which it is applied1 have been thrown upon the market1 thus producing a prejudice in some minds1 and destroying confidence in their utility4 ,in ,england and ,france1 where the use of gutta-percha is better understood and appreciated1 it has been used in its application to shoes for several years4 ,gutta-percha soles are prepared to suit the various sizes of boots or shoes1 and are thus sold in packages4 ,prepared cement in small boxes with directions is an article generally for sale4 ,thus any person can mend his shoes without the aid of the cobbler4 ,the process is exceedingly simple1 the sole requiring only to be warmed and pressed upon the shoe with the hand4 ,thousands are thus enabled1 especially in the manufacturing districts of those large commercial centres1 to mend their own shoes at less than one-half the usual cost1 and in a much superior manner4 ,foreigners1 on arriving in this country1 are greatly surprised at our lack of enterprise in this direction1 and loudly call for the gutta-percha taps1 especially after using the miserable1 half-tanned1 and poorly made1 sewed or pegged trash1 which is so abundant1 quantities of which are sent to our ,southern and ,western markets4 ,this is well illustrated by the anecdote of a ,southern negro1 who1 having worn a pair of these cheap1 roughly-constructed brogans1 and finding them falling to pieces1 said to his master1 8,what make these shoes come to pieces so soon80 8,why10 said the master1 in reply1 8those shoes grow at the ,east on trees40 8,is dat it1 massa2 well1 den dese was picked before dey was ripe40 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,hints ,,and ,,instructions ,,on ,,cutting ,,pattern ,,for ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes ,,of ,,every ,,description4 ,it is well known to all shoe manufacturers1 that great difficulty and trouble is constantly arising for the lack of some standard system of measurement1 which shall enable the workman who is dependent simply upon his own unaided labors for a livelihood1 or the manufacturer who employs many 8hands10 to cut out their own patterns4 ,as it now is1 there are 8pattern cutters0 to whom the workman must apply for his sizes and patterns1 thereby subjecting him to expense and loss of time4 ,in order that all obstacles of that nature may be obviated and a reliable system or plan of cutting patterns be introduced1 we herewith submit a system for cutting diagrams1 or patterns of boots and shoes4 ,the plan is simple1 scientific1 correct4 ,for those whose experience has been limited1 this method will be a perfect key to the mysteries of pattern cutting4 ,the great desideratum with all boot and shoe makers1 is to construct a neat1 comfortable1 well-fitting boot or shoe1 so that in all cases they shall fit the foot4 ,this can only be done by having the last made to fit the foot properly1 and the upper cut to fit the last4 ,boots and shoes are usually cut1 and lasts are made1 to suit the eye1 the fancy1 whims1 or traditions of manufacturers1 as they are the responsible parties1 as from them all 8orders0 emanate4 ,ask the manufacturer why the lasts are made crooked on the bottom--why hollow the shanks equally on both sides--why make a hollow on the outside of the last affect a fulness on the foot--why make the inner ball straight1 when in the foot it is always round4 ,no satisfactory answer can be given4 ,are these unnatural deformities required to make a well fitting boot or shoe8 ,why not make the last the natural shape1 and let the shank remain firm and solid8 ,if the last is made in perfect conformity to the foot1 all parts of the boot or shoe would then remain in their proper positions1 natural and easy to the foot4 ,so far as our observation extends1 there is no established principle in constructing lasts1 as there is no conformity as a general thing1 to the shape of the foot4 ,this fault does not attach to the last maker1 but to those who order them4 ,as a rule1 we may say1 all lasts should be made nearly straight on the bottom4 ,the ball on both sides should be equally distant from a longitudinal line drawn from the centre of the toes to the centre of the heel4 ,as the foot indicates1 the inner shank should be formed by rounding it from behind the large toe ball1 and near it and forward to the heel seat1 and two-thirds across it1 passing the centre of the last1 leaving the outside shank full and properly rounded to fit the foot4 ,all parts of the last should conform to the shape and thickness of the foot4 ,for ladies' lasts1 the spring of the toes and bottom of the last should be so concave as to give perfect ease and rest to the foot when standing1 as seen in ,fig4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 represents a last in common use2 the upward course from the centre of the heel to the back portion of the heel1 places it on an inclined plane1 thus always pressing the foot forward1 and pinching the toes1 until from continuous pressure1 the heel seat gives way and the stitches or pegs start at every step4 ,for ladies' high-heeled boots1 see ,fig4 ,no4 #c4 ,by the horizontal and perpendicular line of the last1 as represented1 the foot is at rest4 ,the slight curve prevents the foot from pressing forward1 at the same time the elastic takes its proper position1 thus allowing the boot to be drawn on with ease1 and to be worn with comfort4 ,no4 #d4 represents a boot once very much in use1 and even at the present1 frequently seen4 ,the wearer stands and walks1 it will be observed1 upon an inclined plane4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,see page #ha4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,see page #ha4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,see page #ha4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,see page #ha4 ,every step presses the foot forward1 causing the shoe to slip up at the heel1 and always crowding the front portion of the foot and toes into a most uncomfortable position4 ,thus causing great pressure on the upper portion of the foot2 if the foot is of a side-lace cut1 the lacings are strained1 torn1 or broken by the continued efforts of the foot to bring the upper1 and sole1 to the natural position of the foot4 ,shoes thus cut1 and made on such lasts are almost invariably bent in the shank in order to conceal the ignorance of the manufacturer or designer4 ,but the foot is sure to betray the deformity of the last and the cut of the uppers4 ,boots and shoes thus made are literally spoiled1 unless the wearer can keep the ankle back to an angle of forty or forty-five degrees1 which is the position of the foot when thrown forward1 while in a sitting position4 ,no4 #e4 represents a side view of a lady's last for high-heeled boots1 and its block4 ,the blocks are changed to give any desired fulness on the same lasts4 ,the blocks are represented in ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,mr4 ,john ,kimball first invented and introduced them to the public in #ahbg4 ,since that period they have continued in general use1 giving the most perfect satisfaction both in style and comfort4 ,the practical utility of ,mr4 ,kimball's system is of the highest importance to the shoe dealer and manufacturer4 ,it is equally clear that the same system should be adopted for mens' and boys' lasts so as to indicate the dimensions of boots or shoes by the use of a single letter of the alphabet4 ,the mechanical part of the above mentioned system has been performed in a very faithful and workman-like manner by ,mr4 ,joshua ,hitchings1 of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the letters used by ,mr4 ,kimball to indicate the width of soles and lasts are1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f4 ,if a wider last is wanted it would be called ,g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,see page #hf4 ,in taking the measures of the foot1 the tailors' tape is the best1 as it is non-elastic4 ,great care should always be used in taking measurements4 ,in taking the length of the foot1 it should rest evenly upon the size-stick1 the weight of the body being about equal in its position4 ,in taking the measure for the heel1 place the end of the tape on the curve of the instep1 and pass it around the end of the heel back to the centre or starting point2 then place the end of the tape about three-fourths of an inch forward of the curve of the instep1 pass it over the prominence of the foot1 entirely around it2 next place the tape on the ball of the large toe1 pass it over the ball of the small toe around to starting point4 ,these are the common measurements4 ,sometimes deformities of the foot require variations on account of corns1 etc4 ,,fitting ,,up ,,lasts ,,to ,,the ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,foot4 ,for children1 and youths1 cut and fit them up full to the measure1 and in some cases fuller4 ,for boys and misses1 fit full4 ,for ladies fit closely1 and be guided by the foot1 rather than the fashion1 or what is termed 8style20 fit the heel full1 the instep half an inch less than the measure1 and most of the other measures one-quarter of an inch less4 ,for ,oxfordties1 fit them one-quarter of an inch less than measure2 the same for shoes with long quarters4 ,for short quarters1 as brogans1 c41 fit over the instep full in order to produce ease4 ,for coarse boots fit up full to all parts of the measure2 for kip boots if thin1 one-quarter of an inch less than the measure1 but in all cases be guided by the hardness and thickness of the upper4 ,in gentlemen's fine boots1 for all parts1 let taste and fashion be your guide in length1 toes1 c4 ,fit the heel up full to the measure1 and all other parts snugly to the foot2 be guided by flexibility or hardness of the foot1 making all due allowance for tender parts1 corns1 callouses1 or rolling of the small toes1 and fulness of great toe joints1 by fitting a piece on the last in the proper position and shape1 to correspond to the variations as above4 ,,cutting ,,boot ,,patterns4 ,opinions concerning the cutting of boots are very numerous4 ,there seems to be little or no uniformity in the system of cutting4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,shire1 of ,bloomsbury1 ,pa41 received a patent for a boot-drafting1 cutting1 blocking machine1 which patent bears date ,august #adth1 #ahdg4 ,it has received the approbation of the ,southern and ,western manufacturers1 and has been adopted as a guide by them4 ,many of our own manufacturers have also adopted it4 ,it operates with ease and accuracy1 and is easily adjusted to any size4 ,as the process of boot cutting is very simple1 many manufacturers cut by the eye4 ,the apparatus alluded to will assist all who are commencing the business4 ,have the last agree with the foot in every part1 then cut the boot-upper to fit the last1 so that in lasting1 it will come over the last easily and smoothly without straining1 as all such pressure is an actual damage to the boot4 ,most boot-uppers are not crimped but jammed and crushed into their position4 ,the crimping is of great importance and should be done with care4 ,the crimp should agree in its form to the last in all its upper curves2 then1 when cut properly and fitted1 it will last over smoothly and all parts will adapt themselves to their proper position1 thereby preventing all friction1 which is the origin of corns1 and the various diseases of the foot4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the measures be taken with great accuracy1 and the last fit the measure1 and the boot cut to fit the last1 and all parts of the work done well1 then the wearer will enjoy the luxury of a closely fitting boot1 without any of the painful results which are usually consequent upon wearing new boots4 ,the great secret of the ease1 comfort1 and elegance of a ,french boot is its perfect conformity to nature4 ,the style of a boot is simply a matter of fancy4 ,the boot-trees should more nearly imitate the natural limb1 and not present that extreme swelled appearance1 as many do1 thus causing the side seam to burst out4 ,make the top of the boot leg slightly larger than the heel measurement as a general rule1 and add to or diminish from it1 as the instep is high or low4 ,in some cases of high instep more room is wanted1 consequently more leather in the instep2 this is obtained by cutting the upper fuller at the bottom4 ,all lasts should be made with blocks1 and high combs1 for all kinds of boots or shoes1 as thus the uppers are kept smooth1 in good shape1 and clean4 ,there is much confusion in the length of boots and shoes4 ,this is caused by the manufacturers using the size sticks in common use1 which are incorrect4 ,thus shoes marked fives1 are made on a four and a half last2 a five last should be made just ten inches long1 and all below that should vary just one-third of an inch to each size1 and all sizes above five should be subject to the same variation4 ,,women',s ,,lasts4 ,marked #b is #i inches long4 ,marked #c #i inches long ,marked #d #i inches long ,marked #e #aj inches long ,marked #f #aj inches long ,marked #g #aj inches long ,marked #h #aa inches long ,,boys' ,,lasts4 ,marked #a is #h inches long4 ,marked #b #i inches long ,marked #c #i inches long ,marked #d #i inches long ,marked #e #aj inches long ,,men',s ,,lasts4 ,marked #e is #aj inches long4 ,marked #f #aj inches long ,marked #g #aj inches long ,marked #aa #ab inches long ,marked #ab #ab inches long ,marked #ac #ab inches long ,marked #ad #ac inches long ,the width of mens' lasts on the bottom1 vary one-twelfth of an inch for each size1 and three-twelfths of an inch over the instep for each size4 ,a man's ten last of a good fulness measures across the ball three and three-eighths inches2 across the heel two and five-eighths1 and in the same proportions of fulness2 the five's last measure across the ball three inches1 and the heel two and three-eighths1 and the same proportions of fulness should for a ten's last1 girt ten and one-half inches over the instep1 and the five's should girt nine and one-quarter inches4 ,a ten's vamp for men's ,oxford-tie1 measures across its extreme points1 nine inches2 five's vamp1 eight inches4 ,draw a line across from one extreme point to the other1 and six and seven-eighths inches of that line will give the length for the ten's vamp1 and six inches will give the length for the five's vamp4 ,five and one-half inches will be the proper length for the base line of a ten's quarter2 five inches for the five's quarter2 the quarter at the back of a ten's upper is three and one-half inches high2 the five's quarter is three and one-sixteenth inches high4 ,draw a line from the front point of the quarter1 to the top of the heel line on the quarter1 and eight and one-quarter inches gives its length1 and seven and one-quarter the length for the five's2 the front base line for the ten's is three and three-eighths of an inch long1 the five's three inches long4 ,draw a line perpendicular from the base of the ten's quarter to the top point1 and five and one-eighths inches will give its height2 four and five-eighths will be the height for the five's quarter4 ,draw a line on the upper1 after it is closed from the centre of the toes1 to the top of the quarter1 and also to the heel1 and its length will be twelve and seven-eighths4 ,on a ten's last it is eleven and five-eighths full4 ,the upper when folded and pressed together1 will be three and one-half sizes larger than the last4 ,the width of ,mr4 ,kimball's seven ,f last across the ball is three and one-eighth inches2 width of heel two and one-sixteenth inches4 ,the ,a's seven last across the ball is two and one half-inches1 the heel two and three-sixteenths4 ,by this it will be seen that his system for varying the width of his lasts1 is one-eighth of an inch for each size across the ball1 and one-sixteenth of an inch across the heel4 ,with his three marked ,c1 ,m1 ,f1#a c41 you have three degrees of fulness for each last1 making it the most convenient system in use4 ,the upper of ,a4 ,no4 #f ladies' shoe1 should measure eight and five-eighths inches over the highest part of the instep2 the ,no4 #b should measure seven and seven-eighths and one-sixteenth1 over the same part4 ,in this manner1 the variation for each size is one-twelfth of an inch on each side of the vamp2 this is the same variation as in the men's uppers4 ,footnote #a3 ,c--common2 ,m--medium2 ,f--full4 ,children and misses shoes can all be arranged on the same system of diagrams4 ,every ,boot and ,shoe manufacturer and maker1 should have full sets of patterns4 ,by having a pattern of each size and style1 there is no waste of time in drafting4 ,the patterns can be easily and correctly altered or varied to meet any emergency that may arise4 ,it is not safe to trust to the eye as it is liable to mistakes4 ,by following the directions here given1 together with the instructions already laid down1 any person of common capacity and ordinary ingenuity1 can cut a full set of patterns for any description of boot or shoe required4 ,,common ,,or ,,medium ,,proportions ,,of ,,feet4 ,,men',s ,,sizes4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #f #aj inches4 #ab inches4 #i inches4 #g #aj inches4 #ab inches4 #i inches4 #h #aa inches4 #ac inches4 #i inches4 #i #aa inches4 #ac inches4 #i inches4 #aj #aa inches4 #ad inches4 #aj inches4 #aa #ab inches4 #ad inches4 #aj inches4 ,,ladies' ,,sizes4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #c #i inches4 #aa inches4 #h inches4 #d #i inches4 #aa inches4 #h inches4 #e #aj inches4 #aa inches4 #i inches4 #f #aj inches4 #ab inches4 #i inches4 #g #aj inches4 #ab inches4 #i inches4 ,,boys' ,,sizes4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #a #h inches4 #aj inches4 #g inches4 #b #i inches4 #aa inches4 #h inches4 #c #i inches4 #aa inches4 #h inches4 #d #i inches4 #ab inches4 #h inches4 #e #aj inches4 #ab inches4 #h inches4 ,,youths' ,,sizes4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #i #g inches4 #h inches4 #f inches4 #aj #g inches4 #i inches4 #f inches4 #aa #g inches4 #i inches4 #g inches4 #ab #h inches4 #i inches4 #g inches4 #ac #h inches4 #aj inches4 #g inches4 ,,misses ,,lasts4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #aj #g inches4 #aj inches4 #f inches4 #aa #g inches4 #aj inches4 #f inches4 #ab #h inches4 #aj inches4 #g inches4 #ac #h inches4 #aa inches4 #g inches4 #a #h inches4 #aa inches4 #g inches4 #b #i inches4 #aa inches4 #g inches4 ,c ,,lasts4 ,all ,children's ,lasts should always be made ,block ,lasts4 ,size4 ,length of foot4 ,heel measure4 ,over the instep4 #aj #g inches4 #aj inches4 #f inches4 #i #g inches4 #i inches4 #f inches4 #h #f inches4 #i inches4 #f inches4 #g #f inches4 #i inches4 #f inches4 #f #f inches4 #h inches4 #f inches4 #e #e inches4 #h inches4 #e inches4 #d #e inches4 #h inches4 #e inches4 #c #e inches4 #g inches4 #e inches4 #b #d inches4 #g inches4 #e inches4 #a #d inches4 #g inches4 #e inches4 #j #d inches4 #f inches4 #e inches4 ,remarks4--,the toes of the smallest sizes of children's lasts should be made two sizes wider proportionately1 than the largest size1 i4 e41 one-sixth of an inch1 as the small foot is wide and soft1 requiring more room for its expansion4 ,thus the practical advantages to be derived1 by cutting the patterns by the packed diagram principle1 7,no4 #h17 are made clear1 as the foot of a child grows faster in length than in width4 ,by the foregoing scale the length of the foot and other measurements in inches1 and all shoes from the smallest child's to men's elevens1 are obtained1 and by following the same rule1 smaller or larger sizes may be cut4 ,by having all lasts1 diagrams1 and patterns1 made by the scale1 and all proportions of fulness of lasts regularly graded1 making the children's much the fullest in width1 owing to the greater degree of roundness of the foot1 and wider in proportion1 on account of rapid growth4 ,in preparing patterns for children1 due allowance must be made for the increasing fulness of the ankle4 ,the same caution is applicable to misses1 but not to so great a degree4 ,no4 #f is the side view of a gaiter boot upper1 with last and block1 giving the 8pitch0 line1 concerning which there is quite a diversity of opinion1 also the heel line1 instep1 waist and toes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,see page #ie4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,see page #ie4 ,by measuring the instep of a foot with callippers1 one half of the distance gives the centre4 ,then take the thickness of the large toe in the same manner and half the thickness gives the centre2 then draw a line from that to the instep centre--carry the line a short distance beyond1 to where the callippers strike the bottom of the foot just in front of the heel1 and the end of the last1 7as seen by a dotted line in the centre7 whatever 8pitch0 you may give the toes4 ,the 8pitch0 is governed by the height of the heel as seen in ,no4 #c4 ,boot cutters make it a convenient practice to draw from that centre1 a perpendicular line in order to give the centre of the boot leg at the top1 and all is governed by the height of the heel4 ,by a little attention to the front line 7,no4 #g17 will be seen1 the true shape of a boot form or crimp1 and the back line1 the boot properly treed2 the centre line1 the seam4 ,by passing the eye up the instep measure line1 at the top is seen the curve that the fulness represents4 ,that curve1 or line1 from the toes to the ankle line is carried in1 or out1 as the heel measure may determine4 ,by having a pattern of that curved line1 from the toes to the ankle line1 all the variety of fulness is obtained1 as is readily seen4 ,the ankle measure in many cases1 is three-eighths of an inch shorter in a direct line than the heel line2 that is1 when these lines are doubled1 as seen in ,no4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,see page #ih4 ,having a pattern of that curve line from the ankle to the toes1 of all styles and varieties of boots and shoes1 by moving it out in the same direction as the heel measure1 to the instep1 one-twelfth of an inch1 7as that is a size7 as seen in ,mr4 ,parrott's diagram for cutting uppers2 that makes it a size fuller and vice versa4 ,as that curved line remains the same through all the sizes1 by having that pattern1 and one side of it properly curved1 for the heel line1 and a portion of the same for the bottom line or curve1 and those lines properly divided off and numbered1 for each size of any desired design1 by that pattern all sizes may be cut with ease and accuracy4 ,some have their several patterns fitted for the varieties of shoes they wish to manufacture4 ,for custom work1 they are very convenient4 ,as the measure of the foot is the proper guide1 draw the bottom line1 then the heel1 giving it the position desired for the shoe or boot1 then the width of the toes1 observing their elevation1 as the shoe may be heeled or not4 ,then apply the heel measure2 draw the instep line from the toes to the ankle1 draw a line for1 or from the toes and ankle1 and you have the desired result4 ,some cutters draw only one instep curve line1 and make one-third of a size allowance for the length on the heel1 and two-thirds of a size on the toes1 for each size1 and one-twelfth of an inch on the bottom at the heel1 and a little more on the toes4 ,it produces about the same result1 regulating the height of the quarter by the same heel scale1 as fancy may dictate4 ,in #ahcb1 we made the first full set of diagram patterns that we ever used2 since that time the principle has spread from ,maine to the far ,west1 and a change has been wrought in the manufacture of shoes by machinery that causes the old-fashioned manufacturers to blush at the reflection that new tools1 new machines1 new ideas1 have been introduced successfully1 in spite of their determined opposition4 ,but it must be confessed that a great proportion of the machines and tools now in general use1 are exceedingly imperfect4 ,most of the really important improvements that have been made1 are the products of that class of mechanics who have brains1 but shallow pockets4 ,the ideal must always precede the actual1 and the poor shoemaker who conceives an idea that his superior genius discovers to be really practical1 is too often regarded as an idle dreamer1 and the old adage is at once applied1 8,ne sutor ultra crepidam0--no shoemaker should go beyond his last4 ,the science of shoe manufacturing is yet to be greatly changed and improved4 ,there is1 in our opinion1 no branch of the mechanic arts more susceptible of improvement than this2 we mean in the process of manufacture1 none that admits of more machinery and tools4 ,all parts of the stock can be cut and fitted by machinery1 far superior to the hand methods4 ,the rounding of pump out-soles1 feather edging1 the pricking of holes or stitches1 all in-soles for welted boots or shoes1 can be fitted precisely alike4 ,all this work should be done by the 8,boss0 before the work is distributed to the workmen1 then1 of course1 the shape of the shoe and edges would present a uniform appearance4 ,the foregoing suggestions may be questioned by those who have little perception and less knowledge1 but nevertheless1 the march of progress will surely witness factories arranged with perfected machinery1 so that all parts of the work will be done under the supervision of skilful and practical workmen4 ,by improved processes of manufacture1 boots and shoes will be made durable and firm as the stock will admit1 and the finish will far exceed that now produced by the ordinary methods1 while those who take the lead in the market1 by the facilities they possess1 will be able to introduce and form the prevailing styles or fashions4 ,there are many obvious advantages which readily suggest themselves1 to be gained by the introduction of improved machinery which we have not space to enumerate4 ,in collecting the 8,hint's and ,facts10 here presented1 we have carefully considered the subject1 and examined those tools and machinery that are now in general use in this country2 also the drawings of many and various machines1 tools1 etc41 that have been published in ,england and ,france4 ,from these sources1 and our general observations1 experiments1 etc41 we are fully convinced that the day is not far distant when marked and beneficial changes will be successfully introduced into this all-important branch of the mechanic arts4 ,we will here remark1 that in conversation with very many of our most energetic and leading shoe manufacturers1 we have found the most sanguine believers in the various improvements suggested4 ,new and improved machinery for sewed1 pegged and cemented work2 cements for rubber compounds1 gutta-percha and chemical unions1 are now being successfully introduced1 together with new tanning combinations1 all of which are yet to take a prominent and important place in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,manufacture of ,french ,custom ,boots1 ,shoes1 and ,gaiters4 ,,by ,,frederick ,,laugenbeck4 ,first1 place the foot to be measured upon a sheet of white paper4 ,mark around the foot with a long pencil1 being careful to hold it in a perpendicular position4 ,next1 take the circumference across the ball and instep with a tape measure4 ,next measure the heel and calf4 ,for calf boots1 the boot must be one-fourth of an inch wider on the heel than the foot1 and the ankle one-fourth of an inch less than the heel measure4 ,,calf-,,like ,,measure ,,of ,,the ,,leg4--,,last ,,measure4 ,the last must be one and one-half of a size longer than the foot1 and as wide as the widest part of the foot4 ,for stubb toes1 the last should be one size longer4 ,proper allowance should be made for corns4 ,place a round knob made of leather1 or any other suitable substance1 on the last1 just the size of the corn1 or enlargement1 on one or both sides of the last1 according to circumstances4 ,the instep must be one-eighth of an inch less than measure4 ,for a sound1 healthy foot1 make the last one-fourth of an inch less on the ball1 and three-eighths of an inch less on the instep4 ,patent leather boots1 around the ankle must be full with the measure as the stitches contract4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,lasting ,,boots4 ,if a boot is well cut1 and not properly lasted1 the boot will not fit4 ,soak the counters well in water4 ,paste between each4 ,draw the uppers smoothly over the last1 as tightly as the leather will bear4 ,in drawing the uppers over the last1 the counter should be left about half way into its place or position4 ,after the uppers are well lasted over the ball1 then drive the heel last down to its place4 ,now commence to last the boot in the shank2 smooth either side alternately1 towards the toe1 until it fits smoothly4 ,remarks4--,judgment should always be used in the manufacture of boots or shoes for tender feet4 ,no specific directions can be given2 the good sense and discretion of the artizan will suggest such modifications of the rules as the case requires4 ,the instructions given concerning 8corns10 will usually correct the difficulty1 but in cases of general tenderness of the feet1 the alterations must be made throughout4 ,around the heel1 the patent leather boot should be three-eighths of an inch larger than is the calf boot4 ,,shoes4 ,the last should be two sizes longer than the foot in order to secure comfort4 ,the reason is obvious2 the foot works farther into the shoe1 than in the boot4 ,the last1 at the instep1 should be as wide as the foot1 because the stitching contracts the leather2 otherwise the shoe will cause great discomfort4 ,the shoe should be made one-fourth of an inch less than measure across the ball of the foot4 ,,gaiter ,,boots4 ,the last should be made the same as for calf-skin boots1 whether patent leather1 or other material4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,stock4 ,soak the leather well in water4 ,remove all the fleshy substance1 from stock of every description4 ,draw the in-sole well over the last4 ,let it remain until nearly dry4 ,hammer the in-sole after removal4 ,next1 cut the in-sole as required2 by the sole thus prepared1 cut the other sole4 ,the remainder of the stock should be nearly dry before cutting up4 ,,to ,,prevent ,,squeaking4 ,ruff the soles with a rasp1 then paste between them4 ,put every piece comprising the heel on separately1 rasp every lift1 and paste as before4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,sulphurization ,,and ,,vulcanization ,,of ,,india-,,rubber ,,in ,,america4 ,it may be safely stated that no chemical discovery within the last century1 has produced such wonderful results as those here alluded to4 ,from being a simple gum1 the use of which was limited to the erasure of the school boy's blunder1 or the merchant's mistakes1 ,india-rubber1 by the process of vulcanization1 has become one of our most important articles of commerce4 ,it is one of the most wonderful products of nature that has ever been applied to the arts4 ,the first attempt to manufacture caoutchouc or ,india-rubber into clothing1 and articles of daily use in this country1 was upon the discovery that the essential oils was a dissolvent of the gum sufficient to spread it upon cloth4 ,this was the beginning of the excitement4 ,the idea of making water-proof clothing took possession of the public mind at once4 ,this was about the year #ahcd4 ,spirits of turpentine was the cheapest and most effectual solvent4 ,a company organized and established a large manufactory in ,roxbury1 ,mass41 and the shares at #ajj par value soon went up in the market to #c or #d hundred4 ,it was soon found however1 that they had not sufficiently investigated the matter4 ,in a few months1 or perhaps weeks1 the manufactured articles which at first presented a substantial face became soft again and adhesive1 so much so that masses of clothes adhered together and became almost a solid body4 ,but the excitement continued as the real facts were not made known to the public2 companies were formed1 and factories were erected to a considerable extent before the bubble burst4 ,the discovery of sulphurization in the ,united ,states was made about the year #ahce1 by ,mr4 ,nathl4 ,hayward1 a native of ,easton1 ,mass4 ,mr4 ,hayward was at this time a resident of ,boston1 the proprietor of a livery stable4 ,being of an inventive turn1 his mind for a long time had been revolving the idea of applying some substance which would remove the cause of the adhesiveness of the manufactured article so fatal to the success of this great enterprise4 ,not possessing a thorough knowledge of chemicals or their compounds1 ,mr4 ,hayward purchased at random a great variety of drugs to mix with the dissolved rubber4 ,these he placed in the sun hoping that he might1 by chance hit upon that substance which would cause the rubber to become hard and retain its consistency4 ,white lead1 and all other substances which possessed the virtue of 8driers0 were successively subjected to his alembic4 ,for months ,mr4 ,hayward prosecuted his investigations1 but hitherto without success4 ,finally1 becoming discouraged1 he one day collected all the various drugs1 etc41 which he had purchased1 and threw them indiscriminately into a boiler1 happening to have some sulphur in hand which he had procured for his horses1 he mixed that in with the rest4 ,nil desperandum--the result of this experiment was the key to the long sought for secret4 ,a fine substantial ,india-rubber cloth was produced free from stickiness1 and presenting the peculiar appearance of sulphurized rubber4 ,the result was produced1 but which of the agencies had caused this wonderful transformation8 ,for months ,mr4 ,hayward pursued his investigations1 until at length the mystery was unveiled4 ,thus by ,,accident was this important discovery made4 ,yet another discovery was necessary in order to fully complete the magnificent results which ,hayward had developed4 ,sulphurized goods were found to emit a very unpleasant odor1 and what was of still greater importance1 the goods became rigid in cold weather1 and loose and elastic in warm weather4 ,these objections must be removed1 or the discoveries of ,hayward would lose their chief importance4 ,vulcanization1 subsequently discovered by ,goodyear1 was the important element to be applied4 ,to ,hayward and ,goodyear conjointly is the world indebted for the benefits which have followed as a sequence to their discoveries4 ,they stand like the ,siamese twins connected by reciprocal inventive faculties1 the one equally dependent upon the other for the success which has crowned their united efforts4 ,the intelligent reader cannot fail to see the relative importance which the one holds to the other1 and how admirably the genius of ,goodyear completed what the untiring energy of ,hayward first disclosed4 ,this much is necessary at this point to introduce the reader to what follows concerning vulcanization4 ,on the #bdth day of ,february1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,hayward secured a patent for vulcanizing ,india-rubber by means of sulphur1 which patent was assigned to ,charles ,goodyear--a man of shrewd and future grasping mind4 ,some idea of the importance of this improvement may be formed from the fact that it has been a subject of continual litigation for a number of years2 yea1 almost since the day the patent was issued4 ,it is the real vulcanizing substance now used in the manufacture of ,india-rubber fabrics of every description4 ,the claim is in these words3 8the combining of sulphur with gum-elastic1 whether in solution or in substance1 either by mixing with the digested ,india-rubber1 kneading it1 or sprinkling it on the surface of sheets and pressing it in40 ,at the time of the famous contest between ,goodyear and ,day1 testimony was produced by which it was endeavored to be proved that the vulcanization of ,india-rubber was discovered in ,germany by ,f4 ,luedersdorff1 six years before ,hayward's patent was granted4 ,some doubts have been expressed concerning the statement4 ,whether true or false1 we cannot see why the circumstance should detract in the least from the claims or position of ,mr4 ,hayward1 inasmuch as it is very conclusive that his discovery was purely accidental4 ,a ,prussian pamphlet published at ,berlin in #ahcb1 describes the experiments made by ,f4 ,luedersdorff with ,india-rubber1 and the production of sulphurized ,india-rubber compounds4 ,the ,scientific ,american in speaking upon this subject1 and combating the claims of the learned ,prussian has the following3-- 8,the clamminess of dissolved ,india-rubber1 and its tendency to decomposition are attributed to its resinous properties4 ,on page #bh1 the following language occurs3 #8,after a long series of experiments1 in which neither deodorizing or oxidizing substances1 neither alkalies1 nor mechanical means1 which affected the speedy drying1 produced the desired result2 ,i succeeded at last in finding in sulphur the substance1 which even in very small quantities1 perfectly prevented the injurious effect of the resinous aggregation4' ,instructions are given how to prepare the sulphur solution1 by heating and stirring three parts of flour sulphur in one hundred parts of rectified oil of turpentine1 bringing them to a boiling heat1 then dissolving the ,india-rubber in the solution4 ,by ,hayward's patent1 one teaspoonful of sulphur was mixed with that quantity of oil of turpentine required to dissolve a pound of ,india-rubber1 and in this respect1 there is little difference between his method and that of the ,prussian doctor4 ,it is the sulphur which is the grand agent in the production of vulcanized ,india-rubber1 no matter how combined1 in solution1 or with ,india-rubber softened by heat4 ,leave sulphur out of the question1 and we would have no vulcanized ,india-rubber fabrics4 8,the question now arises1 what reliance is there to be placed upon the authenticity of this pamphlet1 published six years before ,hayward's patent was obtained8 ,we have been assured that the original work is in the ,college ,library1 at ,providence1 ,r4 ,i42 but it is rather singular1 that in the many controversies on this subject1 and the numerous suits at law which have taken place1 respecting the originality of the invention1 that such information was not produced as testimony before some tribunal4 8,that ,dr4 ,luedersdorff made the experiments described1 we will assume to be true in every respect1 but neither is our country or any other indebted to him in the least1 for the introduction and success of ,india-rubber manufactures4 ,to ,american inventors alone1 is the world indebted for the invention of vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,hayward was no doubt totally ignorant of the ,prussian doctor's experiments2 he probably could not read ,german2 he made the discovery of sulphurized ,india-rubber by his own efforts1 and he is an original inventor1 in this sense of the term40 ,we have thus given a brief account of this remarkable discovery4 ,heretofore but little has been written or published upon the discovery1 and the subsequent inventions to which it gave rise4 ,the books which have been published have carefully avoided full and complete statements or facts1 and have contained little or no information of value1 but on the contrary1 have seemed1 at least1 to deal in generalities calculated to befog and mislead4 ,in the long and tedious trials which tasked the ingenuity and power of ,webster and ,choate1 it was clearly proven that the articles claimed to be made by specifications there introduced1 could not be manufactured by such compounds4 ,to all who are interested in the facts1 etc41 elicited upon these celebrated trials1 we would refer them to 8,day's ,bible0 if obtainable1 containing the ,genesis and ,revelation of all that could then be said or written upon the subject4 8,the profits on the ,india-rubber business will reach almost two millions of dollars in the year1 and the present manufactories cannot supply the demand4 ,shoes which weigh nine ounces per pair have only about three and a half ounces of rubber1 the other materials being worth only from one to six cents per pound4 ,one girl can make from twenty to thirty pairs per day1 hence1 enormous profits have been derived by the manufacturers of such goods4 ,the best valve packing is made of #cj lbs4 of ,india-rubber1 #f lbs4 of lampblack1 #bb lbs4 red or white lead1 and #bb oz4 of sulphur2 these metalizing substances are all very cheap4 ,india-rubber is easily rendered plastic1 and combines readily with almost every substance1 such as the oxides of metal1 clay1 pulverized sand1 gums1 carbon1 saw-dust1 ground cork1 c4 ,it is1 certainly1 one of the most wonderful and useful products of nature that has ever been applied to the arts40 ,the importance of the discovery of the vulcanization of ,india-rubber to the world1 can hardly be over-estimated1 whether regarded in the light of science1 or political economy4 ,but comparatively few years have elapsed since its highest uses were discovered and applied2 and even now1 with all the success which has thus far crowned the efforts of those engaged in its development1 it is yet in its infancy4 ,like many of the most important discoveries in the mechanic arts1 that of vulcanization was imperfectly applied1 and millions of dollars were expended in the manufacture of improperly vulcanized goods1 mills1 machinery1 c4 ,no sooner had the practicability of manufacturing boots and shoes from ,india rubber been demonstrated1 than the attention of capitalists1 and inventors1 was turned to this new field of enterprise4 ,without stopping to test the nature of the gum which was to be moulded in golden ingots1 viz41 the manufacture of boots1 shoes1 etc41 and the effect of the seasons upon the manufactured articles1 the anxious speculator1 and the enthusiastic manufacturer plunged boldly into the sea of trade4 ,all classes became interested in its success1 stock companies were formed1 the shares of which were eagerly snatched up1 and visions of untold profits were divided in anticipation4 ,but the 8bubble0 soon burst1 goods manufactured and solarized in ,april1 became a sticky mass of useless rubbish in ,july4 ,the warm weather literally melted the hopes and expectations of the incautious adventurer4 ,a panic was the consequence1 mills were abandoned1 thousands of artizans were suddenly thrown out of employment1 and this vast field of enterprise so promising but a few months before1 was swept as by a hurricane4 ,hundreds of thousands of tons of ,india-rubber1 both raw and prepared were either given away1 or sold at ruinous sacrifices4 ,hilltops blazed with its ignited masses1 and the illuminations of the fourth of ,july succeeding the failure1 were made unusually brilliant by the aid of the ,india-rubber panic4 ,as before intimated1 the cause of this great loss of money and material1 originated in the 8indecent haste0 of the manufacturer4 ,in the first place1 solarization1 that is heating in the sun the cloth1 or other substance upon which the gum or compound of rubber1 and some foreign substances was spread1 was an imperfect process1 as the heat of the sun was not sufficiently powerful to evaporate the solvent1 and form a chemical union between the sulphur and the rubber1 which union constitutes perfect vulcanization4 ,the unfortunate result of the 8experiment0 was so dearly purchased1 that all who were engaged in the traffic1 abandoned it without an attempt to profit by experience4 ,it is at this point that we introduce ,mr4 ,charles ,goodyear1 a man of observation1 possessing a larger share of perseverance than is usually found in any single individual1 together with fair inventive genius4 ,he saw the sad results of that zeal which is without knowledge1 and resolved to find if possible1 the thread which should guide him safely through the labyrinth of this mystery4 ,he undertook the task alone1 as the severe reverses which had visited the pioneers in the movement1 had disgusted them with further attempts to correct1 what appeared to be insurmountable objections4 ,mr4 ,goodyear seemed to be impressed with the idea that nature never plays practical jokes1 and that what had already been accomplished in the uses of rubber was simply an earnest of what might be realized4 ,acting upon this conjecture1 we see him devoting himself to the elucidation of the mysterious problem4 ,two important points were to be gained4 ,to those acquainted with the ,india-rubber or gum-elastic1 it is well known that after it has been subjected to a certain tension for any considerable time1 it loses its elasticity2 also1 that during hot weather it melts and becomes sticky or adhesive1 and in cold weather becomes stiff and rigid1 and correspondingly less pliable4 ,these important1 in fact1 fatal objections must be removed1 or ,india-rubber would become comparatively valueless4 ,mr4 ,goodyear engaged in the work with all the enthusiasm of his nature1 and notwithstanding he was without money1 and the sympathy of friends1 and was frequently the subject of privations1 hardships1 and imprisonments1 still he labored on1 as though a presentiment of the discovery of the long sought for secret was continually before him1 encouraging him to work and he should finally triumph4 ,his persistent efforts were finally successful4 ,the admixture of sulphur with the gum at a heat of about #bgj1 was the 8open sesame0 to the treasures which he ultimately realized in the prosecution of his labors4 ,the ,commissioner of ,patents of the ,united ,states1 the ,hon4 ,joseph ,holt1 in his late decision upon the 8extension0 of the ,goodyear ,patent1 thus eloquently discourses concerning the early efforts of ,mr4 ,goodyear1 in the search of his ultimately wonderful discovery4 8,as early as #ahcd-'e1 ,mr4 ,goodyear seems to have formed a most exalted estimate of the capabilities1 as a material for manufacture1 of the gum known as caoutchouc or ,india-rubber4 ,this gum had been previously extensively employed in the fabrication of a variety of articles1 but1 owing to their indifferent quality1 all concerned in these enterprises1 as well as in those which followed for a series of years afterward1 were involved in bankruptcy and ruin4 ,the fabrics thus made could not keep the market1 because they were found to grow rigid under the influence of cold1 and to soften and become sticky under that of heat1 while they rapidly decomposed when brought into contact with perspiration and the animal oils4 ,the applicant was thoroughly convinced that these qualities1 which had proved so disastrous to the trade1 could be removed1 and he set himself resolutely to work to ascertain the process for accomplishing this result4 ,sulphur had already been advantageously combined with ,india-rubber by ,hayward1 so that the discovery had been approached to its very verge4 ,the step1 however1 which remained to be taken1 short as it was1 was indispensable1 and without it all those which had preceded it would have been unavailing4 ,science could afford but little assistance in the inquiry1 for1 as the event proved1 the most potent element in the process was too subtle to be disclosed by the severest chemical analysis4 ,the applicant had therefore to pursue the investigation gropingly2 but he persisted in it with an ardor and a courage which nothing could abate or daunt4 ,his aim was definite1 his conviction as to its attainability complete4 ,as one who searches for a hidden treasure in a field where he knows it is to be found1 so pursued he his explorations in quest of this secret4 ,he sought it on the right hand and on the left1 by day and by night1 in the midst of ceaseless toil and lavish expenditure1 and by the light of every form of experiment which his most fertile genius and daring spirit could suggest4 ,he became completely master of everything known in regard to the properties of the material which it was his ambition to improve1 and so thoroughly was he imbued with the soul of his inquiry1 and so intensely quickened was his vigilance1 that no phenomenon1 however minute1 could meet his eye1 no sound1 however faint1 could fall upon his ear1 without his at once detecting and appreciating its bearing upon the great problem whose solution he was seeking4 ,from four to five years were passed in these unremitted labors1 when an incident occurred which at once revealed the long sought truth4 ,and it is a singular coincidence1 that the spark of light yielded by this incident1 was elicited by a collision1 so to speak1 the result of that intense zeal which1 so far as health and fortune were concerned1 had been the consuming fire of his life4 ,in one of those animated conversations so habitual to him1 in reference to his experiments1 a piece of ,india-rubber combined with sulphur1 which he held in his hand as the text of all his discourses1 was by a violent gesture thrown into a burning stove near which he was standing4 ,when taken out1 after having been subjected to a high degree of heat1 he saw1 what it may be safely affirmed would have escaped the notice of all others--that a complete transformation had taken place1 and that an entirely new product--since so felicitously termed 8elastic metal0--was the consequence4 ,when subjected to further tests1 the thrilling conviction burst upon him that success had at length crowned his efforts1 and that the mystery he had so long wooed1 now stood unveiled before him4 ,his history in this respect is altogether parallel with that of the greatest inventors and discoverers who have preceded him4 ,the lamp had swung for centuries in the ,cathedral of ,pisa1 but of the thronging multitudes who worshipped there1 none had heeded the lessons which it taught4 ,it was reserved for the profound and observant intellect of young ,galileo to extract from its oscillations the true laws of the pendulum1 which led to the creation of an infallible measure of time4 ,the theory of universal gravitation loses nothing of its grandeur or value because suggested by the falling of an apple from the tree4 ,in all lands1 by teeming millions1 this phenomenon had been observed1 but to none had it imparted instruction--to none had it spoken of that wonderful secret which lurked beneath its simple features4 ,at length its 8still small voice0 fell upon the delicate and appreciative ear of one whom it startled into inquiry4 ,the light thus afforded1 to which all had been blind1 was indeed dim and twinkling2 but1 following its guidance1 as one who traces back the dawn1 the great ,newton soon plunged into the full-orbed splendors of a discovery confessedly the most brilliant which has gilded and ennobled the annals of science4 ,on all the hearthstones of the civilized world1 for thousands of years the kettle had boiled and lifted its lid by the expansive power of its steam2 yet for none had this seemingly trite and ever-recurrent incident been significant--to none had it announced that measureless power of which it was the humble but distinct exponent4 ,at length the movement caught the eye of a lonely student of nature1 then a prisoner in the ,tower of ,london1 and in the soil of his prolific mind it proved the rapidly expanding germ of that steam-engine whose triumphs have changed the social1 political1 and commercial aspects of the globe4 ,so ,india-rubber in combination with sulphur may by accident have been exposed to a high degree of heat often before without attracting the attention of any2 and it is safe to allege that it might have been thus exposed a thousand times afterwards1 without the world's having been wiser or wealthier for it4 ,the thorough self-culture and training of the applicant and his unwearied researches prepared him at once to seize upon1 to comprehend and embody in a practical form1 the truth he sought1 the moment it presented itself1 no matter how dimly1 to him4 ,this was his merit--the same in kind with that of the most illustrious inventors who have appeared in the world1 and by that of but a few of them surpassed in degree4 ,it is a figure of speech--but an exalted mode of expression--which assigns to man any part in the work of creation40 ,the importance of this discovery is well understood4 ,gum-elastic is thereby made permanently elastic--it resists exposure to heat and cold--is elastic under compression--is impervious to wet--resists the action of solvents to a remarkable degree1 and the attacks of vermin of all kinds4 ,it can be moulded into almost every conceivable shape for use1 or beauty4 ,in the mechanical arts it has been subjected to a thousand uses1 with remarkable success4 ,and here we may remark en-passant1 that gutta-percha was discovered subsequently1 and is already a formidable rival of ,india-rubber inasmuch as the latter is affected by oils1 and will1 in a short time1 except as a hard gum1 become decomposed1 whereas the former 7gutta-percha7 is not affected in the least by oils or acids1 in its pure state2 and here is the grand secret of the failure of those shoe manufacturers1 who1 ignorant of the fact that those shoes or boots cemented by a rubber filament would in a short time become useless1 owing to the decomposition of the cement caused by the oil in the leather1 were induced to make heavy outlays in the fitting up of large manufacturing establishments which were finally abandoned from this cause alone4 ,gutta-percha is a firmer and more consistent gum than ,india-rubber4 ,gutta-percha when placed in boiling water contracts considerably in bulk1 while ,india-rubber expands4 ,gutta-percha juice1 when taken from the fire1 is of a dark brown color1 and consolidates in a few moments1 and becomes hard like wood4 ,india-rubber sap is perfectly white1 and has the appearance of thick cream2 when it coagulates1 it gives from four to six parts water out of ten4 ,gutta-percha first treated with water1 alcohol1 and ether1 and dissolved with spirits of turpentine and precipitated1 yields a substance consistent with the common properties of gutta-percha2 but ,india-rubber similarly treated1 results in a substance resembling in appearance gum arabic4 ,gutta-percha by distillation yields #eg per cent4 of volatile matter2 ,india-rubber by the same process1 yields #he per cent4 ,but ,mr4 ,goodyear's discoveries of vulcanization1 as applied to the softer elastic compounds1 did not end there4 ,he continued his experiments for the space of five years from the time of his first grand discovery1 when he obtained his patent for ,vulcanized ,hard ,rubber4 ,this invention was the crowning result of his long1 patient1 and laborious researches4 ,probably the entire history of inventions cannot furnish an instance of more intense self-sacrificing1 entire self-immolation to the elucidation of a great scientific principle1 than is shown in the persistent labors of ,mr4 ,goodyear while in pursuit of the crowning discovery of the age4 ,let us read the glowing account of his toils and disappointments1 his defeats and victories1 as given by the ,commissioner from whom we have previously quoted4 8,from the first moment that the conception entered his mind until his complete success--embracing a period of from sixteen to eighteen years--he applied himself unceasingly and enthusiastically to its perfection and to its introduction into use1 in every form that his fruitful genius could devise4 ,so intensely were his faculties concentrated upon it that he seems to have been incapable of thought or of action upon any other subject4 ,he had no other occupation1 was inspired by no other hope1 cherished no other ambition4 ,he carried continually about his person a piece of ,india-rubber1 and into the ears of all who would listen he poured incessantly the story of his experiments and the glowing language of his prophecies4 ,he was1 according to the witnesses1 completely absorbed by it1 both by day and night1 pursuing it with untiring energy and with almost superhuman perseverance4 ,not only were the powers of his mind and body thus ardently devoted to the invention and its introduction into use1 but every dollar he possessed or could command through the resources of his credit1 or the influences of friendship1 was uncalculatingly cast into that seething cauldron of experiment which was allowed no repose4 ,the very bed on which his wife slept1 and the linen that covered his table1 were seized and sold to pay his board1 and we see him1 with his stricken household1 following in the funeral of his child on foot1 because he had no means with which to hire a carriage4 ,his family had to endure privations almost surpassing belief1 being frequently without an article of food in their house1 or fuel in the coldest weather--and indeed it is said that they could not have lived through the winter of #ahci1 but for the kind offices of a few charitable friends4 ,they are represented as gathering sticks in the woods and on the edges of the highways1 with which to cook their meals1 and digging the potatoes of their little garden before they were half grown1 while one of his hungry children1 in a spirit worthy of his father1 is heard expressing his thanks that this much had been spared to them4 ,we often find him arrested and incarcerated in the debtor's prison1 but even amid its gloom his vision of the future never grew dim1 his faith in his ultimate triumph never faltered4 ,undismayed by discomfitures and sorrows which might well have broken the stoutest spirit1 his language everywhere1 and under all circumstances1 was that of encouragement and of a profound conviction of final success4 ,not only in the ,united ,states did he thus exert himself to establish and apply to every possible use his invention1 but in ,england1 ,france1 and other countries of ,europe1 he zealously pursued the same career4 ,in #ahee1 he appeared at the ,world's ,fair in ,paris1 and the golden medal and the ,grand ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor were awarded to him as the representative of his country's inventive genius4 ,fortune1 however1 while thus caressing him with one hand1 was at the same moment smiting him with the other2 for we learn from the testimony that these brilliant memorials passed from the ,emperor and reached their honored recipient1 then the occupant of a debtor's prison among strangers in a foreign land--thus adding yet another to that long sad catalogue of public benefactors who have stood neglected and impoverished in the midst of the waving harvest of blessings they had bestowed upon their race4 ,throughout all these scenes of trial1 so vividly depicted by the evidence1 he derived no support from the sympathies of the public4 ,while the community at large seemed to have looked on him as one chasing a phantom1 there were times when even his best friends turned away from him as an idle visionary1 and he was fated to encounter on every side sneers and ridicule1 to which each baffled experiment and the pecuniary loss it inflicted added a yet keener edge4 ,the mercenary1 naturally enough1 pronounced his expenditures1 so freely made1 culpably wasteful2 the selfish and the narrow-minded greeted the expression of his enlarged and far-reaching views as the ravings of an enthusiast2 while it is fair to infer from the depositions1 that not a few of the timid and plodding who cling1 tremblingly apprehensive of change1 to the beaten paths of human thought and action1 regarded him as wandering on the very brink of insanity1 if not already pursuing its wild and flickering lights4 ,such in all times has been the fate of the greatest spirits that have appeared on the arena of human discovery1 and such will probably continue to be the doom of all whose stalwart strides carry them in advance of the race to which they belong4 ,with such a record of toil1 of privation1 of courage and of perseverance in the midst of discouragements the most depressing1 it is safe to affirm that not only has the applicant used that due diligence enjoined by law1 but that his diligence has been1 in degree and in merit1 perhaps without parallel in the annals of invention40 ,the change produced in the native gum has been aptly compared to the change which is wrought in the perishable hide by the process of tanning4 ,we can hardly estimate the uses to which this 8vulcanite0 may be applied1 or rather we may say we shall find it quite as difficult to say what uses it cannot be made to subserve4 ,it can hardly be denominated an improvement1 but a creation4 ,daniel ,webster in his great plea1 ,goodyear vs4 ,day1 eloquently remarks that1 8it introduces quite a new material into the manufacture of the arts1 that material being nothing less than elastic metal4 ,it is hard like a metal1 and as elastic as pure original gum elastic4 ,it is as great and momentous a phenomenon occurring to men in the progress of their knowledge1 as it would be for a man to show that iron and gold could remain iron and gold1 and yet become elastic as ,india-rubber40 ,mr4 ,goodyear denominates this improvement 8metallic gum elastic40 ,this article is extensively used1 and may be wrought into thousand shapes1 from massive blocks to the thinnest sheets4 ,it is susceptible of a beautiful polish1 and possesses great firmness and durability4 ,it already constitutes an important staple of commerce4 ,millions of dollars are invested in its manufacture1 both in ,europe and ,america4 ,it is largely wrought into imitations of marble1 wood1 leather1 whalebone1 shell1 horn1 c4 ,the imitation is so perfect as to deceive even a practised eye1 and while it so closely resembles the various articles alluded to1 it is more durable and permanent than many of them1 inasmuch as it remains unaffected by heats or colds1 dampness or extreme dryness2 no corrosion1 oxidation1 nor decay4 ,it excels in beauty1 nicety of finish1 and in durability1 those trinkets of glass and jet1 which1 in the common form1 are so liable to instant destruction by children4 ,few persons have any adequate conception of the wonderful transformations to which vulcanite may be changed1 or its important position in the industrial arts4 ,having traced at length the discovery of vulcanization and its contingent results1 we now call attention to remarks that have appeared in various ,english scientific works1 of acknowledged authority4 ,the whole process of vulcanization and its application is fully and clearly set forth4 ,and here we would remark that the ,english have not been backward in publishing with commendable liberality the various discoveries and improvements as they were perfected4 ,on the other hand1 all the ,american inventors have studiously avoided1 not only the publication of their discoveries1 but have endeavored to obstruct and prevent all investigation1 the publication of which would simply make known to the world the results of their genius4 ,the object seems to have been to throw an air of mystery around their discoveries1 and by thus preserving to themselves their secrets1 be enabled to place an undue value upon the manufactured article4 ,were they not fully protected in the manufacture and sale of their goods1 by the patents which have been so lavishly granted1 ,american inventors would be fully justified in preserving as profound secrets1 the results of their perseverance and patient toil1 but as it is1 we can see no substantial reason for this endeavor to shield from the public eye that which would add to the general stock of scientific knowledge1 and could but be honorable to the manliness and genius of the discoverer4 ,we are indebted to the ,london ,mechanic's ,magazine for many of the valuable thoughts which we shall now introduce to the reader4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,vulcanization4 ,we have attempted to show1 that amongst the number of advantages claimed for the hard vulcanized ,india-rubber1 is that of the power of closely imitating almost any article1 substance1 or material4 ,in doing this1 we ought to have referred to the ,vulcanite ,court of the ,crystal ,palace for a full corroboration of the position we desired to assume4 ,we are now about to advance a step farther1 and shall put forward proofs that hard ,india-rubber1 submitted to a certain facile process1 not only has a right to be placed side by side with almost all and every material it affects to imitate1 but has a further right to be considered as superior4 ,of course there are exceptionable cases to this1 as in all rules1 and these will be pointed out during this attempt to give a thought-bearing digest of the present position of this discovery4 ,the material produced by vulcanization being as hard as1 and capable of a greater amount of wear1 than iron1 brass1 and1 in many cases1 even than steel1 we have the element of durability to start with2 and it must be recollected1 that this wonderful power of resisting wear1 both from friction and the action of the atmosphere is endowed by a process as facile as that possessed by the baker of ship biscuits4 ,that while the mass or dough is in its soft state1 it falls into1 and as it were1 courts the required form of its future existence with a fluency possessed by scarcely any other material4 ,designs of the most exquisite kind1 or of the simplest character1 may thus be turned out like tea cakes1 and like tea cakes carried to the vulcanizing oven4 ,but here1 the simile stops1 for these biscuits of ,mr4 ,goodyear defy the teeth of time and the digestion of ages4 ,there are manufacturers1 however1 that cry out1 8we don't want articles that will last40 ,this is a narrow view of things4 ,experience is opposed to so unjust a sentiment4 ,a moment's thought would forever dispel the illusion4 ,is there any less demand for iron furniture or iron household utensils1 because such articles in that metal will last longer than others8 ,or is the diamond less prized because it is nearly indestructible8 ,the family of mankind1 ever growing and increasing1 with its varied wants1 its constant changes of fortune and alterations in its tastes1 its coquetry1 and its caprice1 will find for the industry of the world quite enough to keep it employed4 ,with the introduction of machinery there was to have been a less demand for 8hands20 with the introduction of railways1 horses were literally to go to the dogs4 ,need instances be multiplied8 ,perhaps it would be better to do so1 while such a feeling is in the ascendant2 but space is imperative1 although prejudice is stubborn4 ,but1 very naturally observes the reader who has possessed himself of some one or more of the specimens from the ,crystal ,palace1 8this quality of cheapness is a myth40 ,i for one have put it to the test1 and this stick1 for instance1 cost me #es4 or this pencil #bs4 ,now1 in the first place1 the stick or the pencil should be compared with any other sticks or pencils professing all the recommendations of those in question1 to arrive at a fair appreciation2 and in the next1 it should be remembered that those examples are produced from abroad4 ,they bear a duty1 and in many cases1 they proceed from small and experimental operations4 ,we have made especial inquiries into these facts1 and find that such is the case1 and that such circumstances are no more than reasonable1 as appertaining to every invention upon its first introduction4 ,the ,daguerreotype is a case in point4 ,the inventor1 and all those concerned in placing the discovery before the public1 take care that the prices shall be kept so that a remuneration shall be obtained before it is let down to the bare cost of production1 added1 it may be1 to interest upon capital employed4 ,the mass1 in its soft stage1 does its own work2 that is to say1 a sheet of it may be laid over a mould1 and the bare weight of a shovel full of sand cast upon it will press it into every lineament of the matrix4 ,this sheet of the soft material may have for its components1 a large proportion of oxide or of saw-dust1 as the desire may be either an imitation of bronze or of some particular wood1 or other material4 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,charles ,goodyear1 in an unpublished work upon the subject1 states that the first pair of ,india-rubber over-shoes were made by himself and daughter in a cellar in ,new ,york4 ,there are now millions of them made each year at the various ,india-rubber mills throughout ,america1 ,france and ,belgium4 ,but a singular desire to appreciate and follow sequences1 and an indomitable perseverance in conquering difficulties1 appears to have acted upon the industrious mind of ,mr4 ,goodyear1 in this direction with peculiar force4 ,the ,india-rubber over shoe perfected1 ,mr4 ,goodyear did not sit down quietly to contemplate his work1 even when apparently complete1 but strongly convinced that there was more to do than covering the feet of nations with a water-proof substance1 however symmetrical in its form and comfortable in its fit under almost every circumstance1 he felt that if the leather boot or shoe could be altogether dispensed with1 and there could be substituted for it an ,india-rubber boot or shoe1 a boon of priceless worth would be conferred upon humanity1 the more so as the item of boots and shoes to a poor family1 or even to a person of moderate means1 was one of considerable importance4 ,to reduce the cost of this article of clothing1 and to give to the poor man a pair of boots at one-third of the present expense1 and not as now1 at more than one-half of his week's wages1 has been one of the special objects of ,mr4 ,goodyear's untiring life4 ,that he will succeed in this1 there now exists not a shadow of doubt4 ,the combinations of the hard1 the semi-hard1 and the soft vulcanized ,india-rubber1 have given him all the needful elements of success1 and ere long1 boots and shoes of ,india-rubber which need not a morsel of leather for their formation1 will be as plentiful as over-shoes are now1 and even more so4 ,the power of the hard1 the semi-hard1 and the soft vulcanized ,india-rubber to resist wear1 is one of their extraordinary features4 ,heels1 for instance1 made of the soft material1 have been put on to shoes of boys at the ,united ,parish ,school at ,norwood1 and on to the toes of the same boots iron tips of the eighth of an inch have been secured4 ,the result of this test has been that the iron has been worn out1 and the heel1 when removed and weighed1 has scarcely suffered the slightest appreciable difference in weight or density4 ,mr4 ,goodyear has already made arrangements to disperse heels of this material by the hogshead4 ,he fashions them in a circular form making the outer margin of the hard material and the inner circle of the soft4 ,the hard material is smooth and beautifully polished4 ,it does not require blacking1 and will keep its lustre a long time4 ,the centre bulb projects beyond the surface of the hard ring1 and when trodden upon yields and is flattened by the weight of the body4 ,one of the applications of this form of heel bears directly upon the perfectibility of a boot or shoe wholly made of ,india-rubber4 ,in the first place1 the rotary principle of heel is employed which one might suppose almost an unnecessary arrangement1 and in the next1 the peculiar form of the bulb or lobe acts when pressed upon as a valve or air-pump1 and sends at every step into those shoes or boots properly prepared1 a certain amount of air1 or perhaps it would be more correct to say1 it displaces a certain amount of air which finds renewal from other parts of the boot4 ,is a boot made unsightly8--not in the least4 ,they are really elegant in form and general contour4 ,our readers are familiar with the corrugated dress boots4 ,the ,india-rubber boots we have seen closely imitated these1 but it may be added1 that in thus copying1 ,mr4 ,goodyear copies his own1 as the corrugated dress boot was introduced more to prepare the eye for what was to follow1 than to give the beau of ,new ,york1 of ,paris1 and of ,london1 any particular style of dress boot4 ,in this1 ,mr4 ,goodyear displays a consummate knowledge of human nature4 ,had he brought out a corrugated boot without this avant courier and child of fashion1 his invention might have possessed very essential recommendations but that of 8optical familiarity10 and the work of years would have been as nought4 ,we may mention here a characteristic of ,mr4 ,goodyear's inventive genius4 ,he considers failures as stepping-stones to success4 ,he tells one of the many well selected aids by whom he is surrounded1 to do such and such a thing4 ,the mechanician returns after giving his earnest attention to the task1 with a something so clumsy or so ridiculous that it either raises the fear of censure or the dread of laughter as the reward of his pains2 but neither laughter or censure await him4 ,the result is just what its originator expected2 the practical application confirms his views4 ,a dozen failures1 perhaps fifty1 perhaps two hundred1 wait upon these efforts1 but with this valuable difference1 that each failure approaches1 directly or indirectly1 the something that the mind desired to arrive at4 ,thus1 each thing is1 as it were1 hemmed in2 it is check-mated by these far-seeing moves1 and science1 the antagonist in this noble game1 renders up the coveted object of an intellectual struggle4 ,in a word1 it is a practical exercise of inductive philosophy1 or the algebra of mechanics getting at positive and useful facts by means mysterious and unintelligible to ordinary comprehensions4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,vulcanization4 ,camphine or turpentine1 oil of sassafras1 and all the essential oils1 are faithful tests of the quality of gum elastic1 and as certain in their tale-telling as nitric acid is of the genuineness of gold4 ,as the native gums1 and also the common manufacture of gum elastic have the same general appearance as those that are vulcanized1 more particularly to persons not acquainted with the manufacture nor judges of the goods1 these tests are of the utmost importance1 not alone to determine whether the goods are genuine1 but also to ascertain whether those that are vulcanized are properly done4 ,when these tests are applied to any fabric of native gum1 it is rendered very adhesive1 and so quickly as to destroy any light fabric almost immediately1 while upon goods that are well vulcanized1 they should have no such effect4 ,if they do so the manufacture is bad4 ,although the manufacture of hard ,india-rubber goods1 by the process of vulcanizing1 is extensively known and appreciated in the ,united ,states1 and in ,france and ,belgium1 very little appears to be understood in ,great ,britain4 ,indeed1 in ,birmingham1 which is justly termed the 8work-shop of the world10 little or nothing1 or if anything1 a something amounting to a misunderstanding1 would comprise the quantity of intelligence upon the subject4 ,there can be little doubt1 however1 that as the infinite capabilities of the material become known1 and justly esteemed1 and its amazing applications get manifested1 no one thing of late years1 surprising as the changes have been in that neighborhood1 will have caused so great a revolution in very many of the staple manufactures of that town as will the introduction of this discovery4 ,as regards the power to be used in the manufacture1 steam has a decided advantage over water1 as in the plastic state of the mass there exists a variety of proceedings1 according to the nature of the material to be made or the object to be imitated1 in which steam would have to play a conspicuous part4 ,but it must be in this country as in ,america and elsewhere1 that as the manufacture extends1 so will the best and most suitable machinery and power be devised and rendered subservient to its development4 ,when the manufacture is favored with the advantages of steam power1 and large capital1 the most profitable results have been and are attendant upon it2 and perhaps there are few manufactures which require less comparative space1 and in which less waste is consequent4 ,there should not be a particle of the substance lost1 as all cuttings1 sweepings of the factory1 and the very dust upon all things around1 can be re-worked with profit and advantage4 ,indeed1 it is here that we should make publicly known the fact that every article of vulcanized ,india-rubber1 bears its value according to its make and kind1 however old it may be4 ,as a general impression exists that ,india-rubber when once vulcanized cannot be again used1 this statement should be borne in mind1 and the greatest publicity given to it in order that the millions of pounds now lying waste in the shape of galoshoes1 c41 may not be heedlessly thrown away4 ,the old ,jew clothesmen will at once open their eyes to the fact1 and the valet or humble servant girl will find in their collection and sale an increase to their perquisites1 in proportion to the consciences of those with whom they deal4 ,here1 then1 we have important elements of economy1 at the very beginning and end of the manufacture1 if end that can have which has the attribute of a renewal of usefulness4 ,galoshoes may be called in as worn out sovereigns and shillings are now1 and returning to their mint1 be melted up and re-stamped for renewed circulation4 ,another advantage in the manufacture is1 that the same tools are employed for its various branches1 and the same operatives can be turned from the making of one description of an article to another1 without delay or expense4 ,a girl1 for instance1 who may be engaged as the maker of garments one day1 may become the next a trunk1 a harness1 or a shoemaker2 and on the third1 find herself occupied in pressing out of the soft and ductile mass brooches1 and other articles of adornment1 which being afterwards vulcanized1 and thus rendered almost imperishable1 may serve to encircle the neck1 clasp the arm1 or hang pendant from the waist of ,britain's fairest daughters4 ,the machinery employed in the manufacture of ,india-rubber1 since the first attempts to work it1 has been subjected to variation and gradual improvement4 ,numerous expedients and divers machines were early tried for chopping1 grinding and spreading the gum1 and also for flowing it in a liquid or semi-liquid state1 which have been abandoned4 ,it is now generally agreed by manufacturers in this business1 that the machinery is as near perfection as can be attained2 that is to say1 they are all satisfied with it4 ,but in this age of improvements1 we might see to-morrow one machine doing the work of two or more1 and all calculations as to perfectibility obliterated1 but to begin again upon fresh data4 ,it must however be admitted that it is of the most simple kind1 doing the work well and with astonishing rapidity1 although requiring great mechanical power1 owing to the toughness and tenacity of the gum4 ,the machine used for cutting and washing the gum is the same as that employed by paper-makers in cutting rags4 ,a large proportion of the ,india-rubber was nearly useless from the quantity of bark in it until this engine came into use4 ,gum-elastic or ,india-rubber can be readily mixed or combined with almost every other substance4 ,it may be mixed with other gums1 oils1 coal-tar1 carbon1 and with the earths1 and oxides or pulverized metals or ores4 ,it can likewise be combined with all fibrous products4 ,it is compounded in the manufacture with many of the above substances1 for the purpose of obtaining particular advantages for special uses4 ,ground cork and other light materials are sometimes mixed with the gum to increase the bulk1 and make the articles light4 ,the oxides of metals1 their filings and pulverized silicas will give imitations of marble4 ,the fibre of cotton1 or the dust of different woods will afford simulations of wood of greater or less gravity1 as may be required4 ,the combining of plumbago gives the crayon2 oxide of zinc1 produces lithographic stone1 and so on1 and on4 ,pigments and earths are used for color and cheapness1 and to increase the weight of the fabric as in the case of carpeting4 ,bitumen and rosin are sometimes used to give articles a finish1 or high lustre4 ,oxides of some of the metals are used1 but white lead and litharge are commonly preferred4 ,from two to four ounces of either of these metals to the pound of gum cause the articles1 and particularly those that are thick or massive1 to be readily changed or vulcanized1 and more completely1 or with greater uniformity4 ,sulphur is applied through the medium of heat in different ways1 according to the nature of the articles or fabrics1 and their uses4 ,it is generally mixed in the process of crushing or grinding the gum1 in the proportion of half an ounce of sulphur to the pound of gum for the vulcanized elastic goods1 and about five or six ounces to the pound of gum for the 8vulcanite10 or hard goods4 ,in the former case1 about #bgj of heat are necessary1 and in the latter1 #cjj to #caj4 ,at other times the sulphur is dusted upon the articles in the form of flour of sulphur before they are placed in the heater or oven4 ,this is commonly done in the manufacture of elastic thread and other articles1 which possess no extraneous mixture1 in which case the gum is penetrated or impregnated with the sulphur1 without its being mixed with the gum in the crude state4 ,enough has been given in this chapter to permit of the intelligent and thoughtful at once following us1 in the manufacture and finish of--we will say for example--buttons4 ,the mass in a tough but plastic state1 a toughness and plasticity in combination with which there exists no approachable parallel--having been so rendered by simply plunging it into boiling water1 becomes of as easy manipulation as clay4 ,indeed the material in this stage being so like clay1 we can scarcely point to any better illustration than the porcelain button manufacture1 which being familiar to most1 there can be no need to detail4 ,treated thus like clay1 the moulds may be filled by the gross1 and the buttons afterwards submitted to vulcanization4 ,the moulds may bear any impress1 and however fine such patterns may be1 the material will receive and retain them after vulcanization1 to a degree which will defy every power that destroys all other substances short of those of actual cutting1 filing1 or grinding4 ,thus a button is produced at an extraordinary economical rate1 and with marvellous ease1 which1 while comparing the facility of its origin to that of the porcelain1 possesses the superlative qualities of being comparable with one made with the properties and strength of iron or other metal1 and in imitation of bronze1 ivory1 cameo1 and is1 indeed1 a substitute for any other1 and the very best material or thing ever used for button making4 ,in a word1 it may possess the closest similitude to the most exquisite carving1 with the properties of bronze1 ivory1 or any hard and scarce material4 ,the applications as far as results are concerned1 are attended with like favorable characteristics1 whether the article produced be nearly every one of those innumerable and familiar things1 which meet us at each turn1 either within the palace or cottage1 or the many others to be met with out of doors4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,vulcanization4 ,the importance of the improvements in gum-elastic for educational purposes1 has been previously commented upon in previous portions of these notices1 and we would now give a little additional space to some of the many purposes in this direction1 which assist in filling up the almost infinite measure of the uses of vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,much has been done to perfect them1 but enough has already been accomplished to prove that the causes of education will hereafter be promoted by the use of many articles made of the vulcanized fabrics4 ,the cheapness of some of these articles1 compared with the cost of those of other materials1 gives double assurance of the correctness of this view4 ,the expensiveness of globes1 for instance1 which are admitted by all to be by far the best means of imparting and obtaining geographical and astronomical information1 has rendered them accessible to few persons1 either pupils or teachers4 ,the adaptation and application of gum-elastic to these purposes1 will bring within the reach of every youth in the commonest school1 a perfect globe1 at a price within their means1 and maps more durable than leather or parchment1 at cheaper rates than paper maps are now made when mounted on linen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the outline maps which we have seen1 are printed upon the vulcanized ,india-rubber fabrics1 both transparent and opaque1 and also upon various articles to be used for other purposes besides maps1 such as piano covers1 crumb cloths1 and carpets4 ,arrangements are being made for this manufacture1 which may facilitate the method of teaching from outline maps by printing on this material1 maps of the world1 upon a scale large enough for 8papering0 the sides of an ordinary sized room of a school house1 academy1 public lecture room1 or dwelling4 ,the same map1 when suspended at a suitable distance from the wall1 with lights placed behind it1 may be used as a transparency for teaching at night4 ,a series of sectional maps printed on a scale as large as can be conveniently printed upon calenders1 after the manner of calico-printing1 may be cemented together1 and arranged upon rollers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the globe has heretofore been so expensive1 as to be found only in schools of the higher class4 ,no form of map or atlas can give so correct an idea of the surface of the earth1 or of the relative situation of places1 as a globe4 ,an attempt appears to have been made by ,mr4 ,goodyear to make them of gum-elastic1 soon after the discovery of the 8acid gas process40 ,these attempts have been followed up at intervals1 until the production of the present process4 ,they are made of various sizes1 and when embossed by the method described in the manufacture of hollow ware--by steam and vulcanization--they may be made to supply the present deficiency of globes for the blind4 ,their utility and importance to the cause of education need not1 we are sure1 be insisted upon1 when it is understood that any child can be furnished with a perfect globe at a price to come within ordinary means4 ,when used they are inflated with air1 and when collapsed1 may be folded in so small a compass as to be no incumbrance under any circumstances4 ,when the large sizes are filled with hydrogen they become highly ornamental and beautiful objects4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,adulteration ,,of ,,india-,,rubber--7,caoutchouc47 ,every article of commerce that is susceptible of adulteration is sure to fall into the hands of those who seem to be peculiarly educated to the work of diluting1 and reducing by various chemical processes the real value of the article to be counterfeited4 ,no matter how cheap the pure substance can be obtained1 some method must be conjured up by which the innocent purchaser or consumer is unconsciously duped4 ,india-rubber and gutta-percha are among the vegetable gums1 which have been most extensively adulterated4 ,it long since became a matter of scientific research in ,england1 to ascertain how great a per cent4 ,india-rubber could be reduced1 by the admixture of worthless compounds1 and the same skill has been thus perverted in our own country4 ,in ,prussia1 a law was passed in #ahef1 making the adulteration of chemicals and articles of consumption by which life shall be endangered1 an offence punishable with death4 ,the simple adulteration of food or drink with any deleterious substance1 is punishable with fifteen years' hard labor2 and any other adulteration is regarded as cheating 7betrug71 and is punished accordingly4 ,however severe or stringent these laws may seem to a republican mind1 they are nevertheless just4 ,what is the sale of an adulterated article1 but the obtaining of money under false pretences1 and why should not every rude infraction of the law of right1 be visited by some adequate penalty8 ,a series of letters were published in #ahef1 in ,england1 under the above caption1 which shows very clearly the extent to which the practice of adulteration had then been carried4 ,we herewith give the most important statement contained in those letters4 ,the letters referred to were written by ,william ,h4 ,herbert1 ,esq41 and addressed to the ,editor of the ,london ,mechanics' ,magazine4 ,he commenced the series by remarking that as adulteration by cheap compounds mixed with caoutchouc or ,india-rubber1 are extensively used by engineers1 he desires to submit a brief account of the processes1 etc41 by which they are mixed4 ,java and ,para rubber will float upon water1 and all manufactured goods free of foreign matter1 are of the same density2 and just in proportion as manufactured articles1 such as valves1 rail buffers1 carriage and engine springs1 washers1 hose1 c41 sink in water1 so in exact ratio1 are they adulterated with some cheap pigment1 of which the following are a few1 and usually in extent from #cj to #ajj per cent4 ,say then1 chalk1 ,paris white1 ,cornwall or porcelain clay1 barytes1 oxide zinc1 white and red lead1 ivory black1 lampblack1 black lead1 ,spanish brown1 c41 c4 ,interested manufacturers will tell you they improve the article1 bear greater pressure1 c42 but as a rule this is a mere trade subterfuge1 the truth being1 it enables manufacturers to obtain extortionate profits1 which1 when ,i submit the exact formulas1 will be very clearly seen4 ,engineers do not seem sufficiently alive to this question of density4 ,of course in colored articles1 it is necessary to use some pigment1 but it is the monstrous excess that ,i wish to expose1 and applies more particularly to the ,american inodorous system4 ,i think it only fair to ,messrs4 ,mackintosh ,co41 to admit1 that most of their goods ,i have examined float on water2 but ,i know nothing1 and have no interest whatever in their establishment1 but simply state the fact1 because ,i have found they form the exception to this adulterating or mixing system4 ,what ,i wish more especially to impress upon the minds of engineers1 is the ready mode they have of discovering or ascertaining whose make is best and cheapest1 and it is more likely an ,india-rubber valve of same dimensions at #bs4 #f;d4 per lb41 will cost more money than one at #ds4 #f;d4 per lb41 arising solely from the extravagant mixture of these cheap pigments1 and its great density over the latter4 ,java ,india-rubber1 which is mostly used1 is at this moment about #g;d4 per lb41 and best ,para sheet about #as4 #aa;d4 99 99 ,if they are fair goods for usual work1 then ,i trust the information ,i supply may enable contractors to obtain their wants by competition1 furnishing their own form4 ,this will realize a great saving to them2 but they must not be induced to accept goods of greater density under the plea of being better4 ,the ,java gum used in these adulterated articles is ground without undergoing the process of cleansing1 but in all articles of light density1 the cleaning machine frees it from all gritty matter1 and it is usually employed in this cleansed state for such1 as well as all gray or white goods4 ,messrs4 ,mackintosh ,co41 claim in their patent for vulcanizing all the preparations of sulphur1 and without it1 so far as ,i know and believe1 no substitute has yet1 or is likely to be discovered at a price which can render it commercially available4 ,indeed1 ,i doubt whether any other than sulphurous bodies will vulcanize1 or render fit for the use of the engineers the gum called ,india-rubber4 ,hence1 the reason why many of the manufacturers are licensed under that firm1 and subject to have their goods so stamped4 ,the ,american inodorous makers attempted to shield themselves1 7but on legally trying the point7 in vain4 ,the screen against ,mr4 ,mackintosh's patent was called1 as a blind1 8hypo40 ,it is prepared in several ways1 but is a compound of sulphur and lead1 and when perfect and the lime well washed away1 is a very excellent black1 costing about #cjs4 per cwt42 but its whole efficacy rests with the sulphur1 and without it would not vulcanize1 7though lead works kindly with caoutchouc74 ,this chemical contains about #bj per cent41 of sulphur1 consequently1 five pounds is about equal to twenty-five ounces of sulphur4 ,this extra cost was readily submitted to1 rather than to knuckle under to ,messrs4 ,mackintosh's patent4 ,in many cases it was only said to be used1 and what really was used1 was white lead or lampblack1 oxide of zinc1 all in connection with sulphur1 according as the color of the goods required1 rendered necessary4 ,it was pretended also1 by these inodorous manufacturers1 that white goods1 such as the elastic beds1 advertised as 8,improved ,hydrostatic ,beds10 and 8,hospital ,sheeting10 were vulcanized with sulphuret of zinc1 prepared chemically2 when1 in fact1 it is well known that the cost of manufacture is quite prohibitory1 and is only of value in proportion to its richness in sulphur4 ,what was in reality used1 was1 and is1 the 8yellow sulphur10 and the 8pure precipitate of that article40 ,i mention these things to clear the mystification it may be to the interest of manufacturers to keep up1 and as ,i only write from experience1 ,i have reason to believe your readers1 who are interested1 will better understand the nature and value of unmixed and mixed caoutchouc1 after my fund on this topic is exhausted4 ,with these remarks ,i will give the recipe for common black packing at #bs4 #b;d4 per lb41 in quantity1 discount as agreed4 ,the chemical termed 8hypo0 is manufactured thus3 ,the sugar of lead is made into a solution with water in a separate vessel4 ,the sulphur and lime are then boiled in water1 so as to make a solution of sulphur with the lime4 ,the latter solution 7clear7 is then poured into the former1 which unites with the sulphur1 and the precipitate is the 8hypo40 ,the hypo is then washed and dried4 ,the lime merely enables the lead to take up the sulphur4 s4 d4 ,grind #ae lbs4 ,java ,caoutchouc at #g;d4 #j #h #i ,grind #ae lbs4 ,para ,caoutchouc at #bs4 #a #aj #j ,grind #ae lbs4 ,oxide of ,zinc at #c;d4 #j #d #j ,grind #af lbs4 ,china or ,cornwall clay #j #j #c ---- ,total1 #af lbs4 #bh oz4 ,yellow ,sulphur #j #j #c ,mill-costs at #c;d4 per lb41 on #gc lbs4 #j #ah #c ---- ---- ---- ,total1 #c #e #c ,costs therefore1 #aj;d4 per lb4 ,the above is #aaj or #aab per cent4 of adulteration4 ,i should here remark1 there is also a kind of packing in use1 which perhaps is practically best known as 8,rag ,packing10 made principally from the useless cuttings in the manufacture of ,india-rubber coats1 where the gum is run or spread on calico foundations1 which is usually the case with water-proof garments offered for sale at the shops4 ,it is made as follows3 ,rag packing for valves1 bearing springs1 or in sheets of any thickness1 where less elasticity is required1 and great pressure4 s4 d4 ,grind #ce lbs4 ,useless scraps1 say #j #c #j ,grind #ah lbs4 ,black ,lead1 at #b;d4 #j #c #d ,grind #af lbs4 ,java ,gum1 at #g;d4 #j #i #d ,grind #a lbs4 ,yellow ,sulphur1 #j #j #a ---- ---- ---- ---- ,total1 #gj lbs4 ,mill-costs at #d;d4 per lb4 on #gj lbs4 #a #c #d ---- ---- ---- ,total1 #a #ai #b ,this is sold at #bs4 per lb4 in very large quantities1 or #as4 #f;d41 if a shrewd man1 net1 or a small discount for cash4 ,our gardens1 fire engines1 brewers1 and pump-makers 7for suction1 c417 have found the value of this gum1 and the following is the form used with success1 and perhaps the adulterations are the best substitutes for pure caoutchouc that the cheap compound market offers4 s4 d4 ,grind #bj lbs4 ,java1 at #g;d4 #j #aa #h ,grind #aj lbs4 ,para1 at #bs4 #a #j #j ,grind #ad lbs4 ,white ,lead1 at #c;d4 #j #g #j ,grind #ad lbs4 ,red ,lead1 at #c;d4 ,grind #a lbs4 ,yellow ,sulphur1 #j #j #c ---- ,total1 #ei lbs4 at #c;d4 per lb41 ,mill-costs1 #j #ad #i ---- ---- ---- ,total1 #b #ac #h ,consequently costs #aj;d4 per lb4 ,this is spread upon flax cloth1 7,messrs4 ,richards ,co41 ,broad ,street1 are manufacturers17 which weighs #aj1 #af1 and #cb ounces to the square yard1 and is about the same cost as the compound1 so that the weight is the truest criterion of cost1 and is so calculated by the manufactory4 99 99 99 99 ,excepting garments every other description of black goods are made from such forms as ,i have figured1 with very little variation according to the requirements of the engineer1 and which needs very little judgment or experience to meet4 ,to those who cling to these heavy goods1 the formulas ,i have rendered will enable them to have supplies at a fair competing charge according to quality1 and it is their own fault entirely if they persist in purchasing #ajj per cent4 of cheap powder at the same charge as for 8pure caoutchouc0 of a third of their density4 ,your readers must be good enough not to lose the fact of 8specific gravity10 and test all the above goods made with pure1 unadulterated ,india-rubber1 by their floating on water4 ,any deviation from this is a proof of some cheap stuff unfairly introduced4 ,it will be just in proportion as they keep themselves well posted up in this matter1 that manufacturers will be sly of throwing into their caoutchouc such mad and infamous proportions of cheap adulterations1 and drive them 7for they will not volunteer7 to the necessity of manufacturing from the pure gum1 and thus place better disposed traders upon a more just footing1 and enable the latter to compete 7if need be7 upon their own terms1 or upon recipes supplied by the engineer4 ,another fact must not be lost sight of1 and that is the use of 8light carbonate of magnesia10 which1 mixed with the gum1 does not increase its density1 as will in some measure be illustrated by the recipe ,i shall now figure out1 merely remarking that a somewhat heavy carbonate was used1 as well as in an unroasted1 and hence the somewhat increased density4 ,this article is worth the attention of buyers of rubber goods1 as in a moderate quantity it reduces the costs without correspondingly injuring the manufacturer4 7,light buffer spring just sinks in water47 ,grind together #be lbs4 ,clear ,java ,rubber1 #e lbs4 ,para ,rubber1 #aj lbs4 ,common ,magnesia1 #be oz4 ,pure ,sulphur4 ,costs #ai cts4 per pound--,sells for #fj cts4 per pound4 ,this is brown at first1 but in a few days the sulphur blows over the surface grey or white1 and would lead an amateur to judge they were of that color throughout4 ,buffer springs and other moulded goods from this compound are a little heavier than ,messrs4 ,mackintosh and ,co4's4 ,a density railway spring1 at #ds4 per lb4 gross1 and were made at first to meet it1 also sold at #bs4 #f;d4 per lb4 net4 ,it is a most useful spring1 and in competition should be bought at #as4 #c;d4 to #as4 #f;d4 per lb4 net1 but ,i should strongly recommend that engineers try a substitute of all 8,java gum10 by obtaining a few away from their usual manufacturer1 ,,on ,,trial1 as ,i believe their quality as a spring would not be injured1 and the price would be reduced1 and1 moreover1 it would guard against the manufacturer being left tempted to do so1 without reducing the charge4 ,for the guidance of engineers1 ,i remark1 that a spring of this quality and dimensions1 #d #b #a1 pressed to half an inch1 showed #c tons on the dial1 and one with equal quantities of oxide of zinc and magnesia1 of same size1 c41 indicated #a tons on equal pressure1 while the quality of ,mackintosh and ,co4's1 referred to before1 and of which this was an intimation1 marked #a tons on the dial2 of course1 a spring with a smaller bore than #b inches would show greater tonnage4 ,the next recipe is for grey packing1 which is largely and exclusively used by some dealers for marine engines1 c41 as well as in sheet2 and if the price 7#cs4 #f;d4 per lb47 was not excessive for so much adulterated matter1 ,i would pass it over in silence as a very fair and useful article1 and if approved1 my form will enable the engineer to obtain it much cheaper by competition4 ,say then1 ,grind together #be lbs4 ,para ,rubber1 #e lbs4 ,cleaned ,java1 #af lbs4 ,oxide of ,zinc1 #f lbs4 ,carbonate of ,magnesia1 #c lbs4 ,porcelain or ,cornwall ,clay1 #b lbs4 ,red ,lead1 #cj oz4 ,pure ,sulphur4 ,so that it costs #be cts4 per lb41 and hence ,i submit that #ge cts4 per lb4 is excessive1 with discount from #aj to #bj per cent4 ,unless the magnesia in this packing is well calcined it will cut porous1 but does not show its valves cut to shape before vulcanizing4 ,it may seem ,i lay too much stress upon high prices1 and if the goods were bought in trifling quantities1 it would carry argument2 but as the orders are usually large1 and show good monied invoices1 there is a wide margin for reduction2 besides in many cases these long prices prohibit the use of caoutchouc4 ,the prices are about right if the goods were of pure ,india-rubber4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ought to remark that in all formulas which ,i use1 ,para rubber is used1 which is now nearly four times the cost of ,java1 and is frequently more4 ,this circumstance has for some time been attracting the attention of manufacturers1 and bids fair to shut out almost the use of the former in all goods confined in moulds to vulcanize4 ,i would call the especial attention of engineers to this fact1 as ,java materially reduces the cost1 and needs very little judgment on their part to adopt it in these forms1 in place of the expensive kind4 ,i do not say it is so strong a gum as ,para1 but ,i feel certain that the manufacturers will be awake1 and use it1 without perhaps yielding the advantage out of their own factories1 and therefore it is necessary for consumers to try how far they can 8assist themselves0 without their benevolence1 especially as 8,java gum0 is now so readily and cheaply cleansed of all dirt or gritty matter4 ,these remarks apply to the recipe ,i now hand1 which is termed--best pure spring1 or washers1 c4 ,grind together #cj lbs4 ,para ,gum1 #e lbs4 ,oxide ,zinc1 #b lbs4 ,carbonate ,magnesia1 #c lbs4 ,common ,chalk1 #b lbs4 ,porcelain or ,cornwall ,clay1 #cj oz4 ,pure ,sulphur4 ,this costs about #cc cts4 per lb4 and is sold at #a per lb41 and though heavier1 is intended to meet ,messrs4 ,mackintosh and ,co's4 article at #a #ab4 ,the difference in density renders the latter the cheapest to the consumer1 while the reduced price of the former catches the unsuspecting trader in these goods1 and frequently obtains his preference4 ,the companion quality to the above for large valves1 and packing sheets1 is made as follows1 and is styled--best pure packing4 ,grind together #cj lbs4 ,para ,rubber1 #e lbs4 ,oxide ,zinc1 #e lbs4 ,porcelain or ,cornwall ,clay1 #bh oz4 of ,pure ,sulphur4 ,this costs about #ca cts4 per lb4 and is sold at #a per lb41 and is a trifle heavier than the pure spring quality4 ,it will be perceived that sometimes pure sulphur is used1 and sometimes the common flour of sulphur2 the former is thought to render the goods more soft and velvety1 but the difference in their relative cost is very wide1 and the writer will not undertake to say how far the marketable value of the goods is improved1 but thinks it will be admitted that their intrinsic value to engineers is not altered in any way4 ,i may here observe1 that carbonates work best in all moulded goods1 but not otherwise1 and it is necessary they should be retained therein until quite cold1 or they swell out of shape2 but in packing1 c41 vulcanized openly1 oxides should be selected1 as there is little or no chemical action with sulphur or heat4 ,i have made no mention in these papers of very finely pulverized talc1 or ,french chalk1 which1 from its cheapness1 if well bought1 and its being unaffected by heat1 and its slippery nature1 is invaluable as a top dressing1 well rubbed in1 upon the surface of all white goods for open vulcanizing1 as well as dusting the sheet zinc upon which they are laid4 ,it is equally valuable in all goods cured in rolls1 such as medical sheeting1 c41 and renders entirely unnecessary the rays of the sun afterwards1 needing only to be wiped off with a dry cloth after vulcanizing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are many most respectable manufacturers1 and these should have their sense of honorable integrity acknowledged1 and1 as far as possible1 be protected from their inferiors in morality4 ,in writing these papers off hastily1 one is really tempted to get into a violent rage with this vicious system2 especially when one calls to mind that1 no sooner does an ingenious man invent something really valuable and useful1 but these kidnapping and adulterating traders counterfeit the same instantly1 and render their make to all appearance 7and to the unsuspecting7 equally good1 though1 in reality1 not so1 being merely cheapened by this adulterating and tricky system4 ,added to which1 if the originator is not very sharp in obtaining his protection for the really valuable service he has rendered to science1 and to the sale of which he is looking very naturally and justly1 as a remuneration of what may have probably cost the inventor many days and nights of weariness1 and possibly involved the spending of his money capital1 and perhaps1 even besides1 months of labor1 disappointment1 poverty1 and sorrow1 ,i say1 if he is not very quick in his protection1 the unblushing effrontery and impudence of these 8second hand people0 will rob him of the whole4 ,i believe no pen can sufficiently protest against those individuals who thrive 8and make haste to become rich0 from the oozings of other men's brains4 ,theirs is the basest class of felony our laws cannot reach1 and1 consequently1 their infamous and nefarious habit continues unheeded and untouched1 and often 7because unknown7 unscorned4 ,this applies to caoutchouc4 ,special reference to particular manufactures must be discussed another day2 but1 if ,i am rightly informed1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,goodyear especially1 and others1 to some extent1 have suffered from these copyists very egregiously and seriously4 ,though my testimony would be confirmed by our best men in every branch of trade1 where there is scope for genius4 ,i must not digress1 and trust you will excuse my hasty protest against this counterfeit coin4 ,i will therefore1 at once1 hand you the formula for ,,common ,,white ,,buffer-,,rings1 ,,washers1 ,,etc4 ,grind #cj lbs4 ,java caoutchouc1 ,grind #ah lbs4 ,oxide of zinc1 ,grind #f lbs4 ,carbonate of magnesia1 ,grind #f lbs4 ,clean chalk or whiting1 ,grind #b lbs4 ,flour of sulphur4 ,this costs about #ac cents per lb41 and is sold at #ej cents per lb41 and1 as you will perceive1 contains about #aaj per cent4 of adulterating matter4 ,considering the mass of foreign substances in the above formula1 7and yet sold under the name of 8caoutchouc10 which should be pure ,java gum1 of less than half the density1 for a great deal less than #ej cents gross price71 one is almost astonished that the 8gum-elastic0 should retain any of its original liveliness1 mixed up with so much dead weight2 but so it is1 as ,i shall show1 by stating that a buffer-ring 7#d #b #a ins47 of this quality exactly1 and of the same size as those of which ,i gave the tonnage in your ,magazine of the #bdth of ,october1 indicated1 on the same being pressed to half an inch1 #d tons on the dial4 ,of course the weight of the ring was fully double those then remarked upon1 arising from increased density by adulteration4 ,pursuing the same subject of density1 ,i have observed that these manufacturers have been compelled to charge less than the actual weight of their goods1 as the people at ,berlin would not pay caoutchouc price for so much rubbish4 ,this in the 8good old red-lead time10 when the manufacturers1 with more faith than judgment1 considered they could not include too much of that metal1 but they have since become more crafty and subtle1 and use it less madly4 ,i weighed a cylinder or spring some few months since1 of which a like quantity are now in use by the ,london and ,north-western ,railway1 and1 ,i expect1 at their station at ,wolverton1 which contained at least1 #ajj to #acj per cent4 of cheap1 heavy adulteration2 and yet they paid #as4 #f;d4 per lb4 in quantity nett4 ,the size was #f #b #d1 and weighed close upon #f lbs4 ,i should say1 if the charge had been #i;d4 per pound1 no manufacturer could need a better trade1 hence ,i have chosen to throw a little a 8free trade light0 upon the subject4 ,the washer trade is a very lucrative one to the manufacturers1 being principally cut from the spare or waste ends unavoidable in the make of springs1 cylinders1 and buffer-rings4 ,i will now give you the formula for what is termed ,,hypo-,,cloth ,,for ,,water-,,proof ,,coats1 ,c4 ,grind #cj lbs4 ,clean ,java gum1 ,grind #e lbs4 ,lamp black1 ,grind #aa lbs4 ,dry chalk1 or whiting1 ,grind #e lbs4 ,sulphuret of lead4 ,costing about #ab cents per pound4 ,sometimes the ,para gum is used in this mixture2 but1 though better1 its use is not considered imperative if the ,java caoutchouc is well cleansed4 ,a cured coat1 well vulcanized1 is a great improvement in all respects upon the filthy naptha or varnish coat1 and should1 when competition is thrown into the market1 exceed it very little in charge4 ,as long as the calico upon which these are run is covered1 the thinner that covering the better2 and by far the best ,i have seen are made by ,messrs4 ,mackintosh and ,co41 ,moulton ,co41 ,moses1 ,son ,davis4 ,i have seen some very bad ones1 ill-shaped1 non-vulcanized1 and altogether only useful in bringing the better make into unjust dislike by the public4 ,the sooner these latter daubs are improved1 or withdrawn from sale1 the better for the reputation of the ,india-rubber garment dealers4 ,the cloth upon which the material is spread weighs about four ounces by the yard1 and therefore the quantity of gum on each article is readily assessed1 and the scale will determine which are lightest and best for a storm4 ,the article termed 8sulphuret of lead0 in the formula1 is the chemical ,i have before remarked upon1 and the screen or blind1 nick-named 7for reasons therein explained7 8hypo10 and is only useful in so far as it is an excellent black pigment1 which is only of importance in the garment branch of the trade4 ,,adulteration ,,of ,,india-,,rubber1 ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,invalid ,,water ,,mattresses ,,and ,,cushions4 ,there is no necessity for the monstrous charges at present made for these goods1 and hence ,i desire to open up the subject fearlessly4 ,the amount of adulteration necessary to bring up the desired color1 is from #d to #aj per cent4 of the pigment termed oxide of zinc2 but the formula used for the manufacture of the water or air mattresses and cushions referred to1 contains about thirty-five per cent4 of this cheap substitute for ,india-rubber4 ,in writing thereon ,i take leave to state at the outset1 that1 like the 8air10 or ,mackintosh cushions or pillows we have known for so many years1 they can be had of any size or shape1 and differ from them in being of pure caoutchouc1 or elastic gum1 7minus the adulteration7 instead of only a thin coating of pure gum1 upon a cloth or non-elastic foundation4 ,hence their increased value to medical men in preventing bed sores1 c4 ,in my judgment1 what is understood in these days by the word 8humbug10 has gained such ascendancy over common sense1 that honorable people1 who disdain to practice it1 are so out-distanced by the many who do1 that they lose thereby several of the chances of trade4 ,this 8popular pet humbug0 is1 therefore1 largely dealt in by puffing advertisers 7even in these articles7 who perpetually issue illustrated catalogues1 c41 under the word 8patent10 where none exists1 8,improved ,hydrostatic ,water ,mattresses10 8,inventor0 and 8sole manufacturer10 and a host of other fanciful and attractive names1 through our ,post ,office1 to the whole medical profession in the ,united ,kingdom1 as well as to the staff of medical men connected with all the ,hospitals1 ,poor ,law ,union ,infirmaries1 ,east ,india and other companies1 c41 and these mattresses are now in use at most of such establishments2 and if the retail prices were not highly extortionate1 and altogether beyond all reasonable limit1 ,i would not throw the 8sunshine0 upon this valuable medical appliance4 ,it just strikes my memory that there is a quiet notification in the interior of the envelopes of these circulars1 that a discount of #ab per cent4 is allowed to the 8profession10 7but which some refuse47 ,i may as well add1 that these dealers1 of course1 have no exclusive right to the above names1 as they would lead the public to infer1 the manufacture being as free as the air we breathe2 and of 8hydrostatics10 they understand about as much as they do about general 8chemistry10 and ,i am quite sure that of the latter exquisite science they know only just as much as the letterer can actually embody and make inherent in the words he may be instructed to paint on the door posts or facia outside4 ,it is a melancholy truth1 that this lettering is now accepted as proof that the 8professor0 inside1 is in fact1 a 8practical0 or 8operative chemist10 though he may live and keep shop at the west end of the metropolis1 and exhibit a framed notification1 that he is a member of the 8,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain10 but without examination4 ,it is incredible1 moreover1 how these people1 by their presumption1 even seem to deceive medical practitioners1 judging from the numerous 8good names0 they append to some of their valueless compounds of exhausted roots4 ,in many cases beyond the capacity of informing an enquirer why1 in 8camphorated spirit0 the addition of 8water0 precipitates free camphor1 7to use a figure7 they know no more of chemistry than the writer's 8foot20 and yet if one had not daily experience and proof that true science is modest and retiring1 one would be liable to put these 8professors0 down as real living 8,faradays10 8,herapaths10 8,redwoods10 and other equally illustrious chemists instead of quacks4 ,excuse the digression1 but these characters who disgrace an intellectual science1 will cross one's mind in writing4 ,returning to the water mattresses1 ,i will show in figures1 in the manufacturer's price in #ahej1 and the manufacturer's charge in ,may1 #ahef1 7and it must be less at this moment17 and the uniform retail price1 and to this latter ,i invite the special attention of your readers1 and ask them carefully to note the retailer's profit on each1 and decide the advantage to be derived from purchasing of the manufacturer4 ,i have no personal interest in any of them4 ,i will show also their usual sizes1 and their weight1 as they are all sold by the manufacturers1 on this basis4 ,i trust this may stir up increased demand for so useful and necessary an article for the alleviation of human suffering1 the use of which the immense retail profits have hitherto prohibited among the middle and humbler classes4 ,the formula for water mattresses and cushions--7,india-rubber7 is3-- s4 d4 #a lb4 ,fara ,gum 7in sheet17 #b #j 7,present cost1 #as4 #g;d41 per lb47 #f oz4 ,oxide ,zinc1 #j #a #a oz4 ,pure ,sulphur1 7common equally good17 #j #a ,mill costs1 #c ---- ---- #b #e ,or #as4 #g;d4 per lb4 ,say of the above compound1 #a #j ,making waste1 #j ,grinding1 running1 cleaning and vulcanizing1 #j #f ,add #cf mill profit1 or #j #aj is #c #b per lb4 ,this is the price per pound the weight should be estimated at4 ,the mattresses vary in size from #h #ad inches to #dh #gb--some with cells--some without cells4 ,the retail profits on these goods1 over the manufacturer's prices1 in #ahef1 ranged from #acs4 #f;d4 to #g1 #fs4--according to the size of the mattress4 ,or in ,american currency1 from about #c4jj to #cf4jj profit on single mattresses4 ,should so serviceable an article be thus clogged and fettered by such immoderate charges by the retail shop-keepers8 ,it may probably be a guide to some of our readers to state1 the best size pillow is #ag #bb1 and that the celled mattresses #bg #cj1 and #cj #dj1 are found most useful1 and of adequate length to support the trunk of invalids1 and admit the other portion of the body to rest upon the usual feather bed1 and thus steady a weak patient2 as a full length mattress of elastic gum1 #cc #gb is beyond the safe control of such invalids4 ,the retailer1 for obvious reasons1 recommends the larger mattresses1 and which are not returnable1 even if the patient dies before they reach him4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,valuable ,,recipes1 ,,etc4 ,,purifying ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,h4 ,h4 ,day1 of ,new ,york1 has obtained a patent in ,england for extracting from gutta percha a peculiar etheric oil which it contains1 preparatory to its being subjected to the process of vulcanization1 by submitting it to the action of a liquor which dissolves out the etheric oil1 and also1 at the same time1 by acting upon the woody matter1 disengages the sand or other foreign substances held therewith4 ,this liquor is composed of caustic potash 7hydrate of potassa7 dissolved in water1 with an ether formed from a solution of chloride of lime and alcohol added1 and after the crude gutta-percha is placed therein the whole mass is heated to a boiling point1 and so kept for about nine hours1 and then treated between rollers under water1 in the ordinary manner4 ,when taken out1 the gum will consist of a pure and solid mass1 resembling ,india-rubber1 and fully equal to it in fineness1 and in the readiness with which it may be worked to prepare it for the additional process of vulcanization4 ,,purification ,,of ,,gutta-,,percha1 ,by ,james ,reynolds1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,gutta-percha1 in the raw state in which it is imported1 contains large quantities of bark1 dirt1 and foreign substances4 ,in the common processes of manufacture these cannot be extracted1 and bad results often ensue4 ,for example1 in the covering of telegraph wires1 holes are often left wherever foreign substances are present1 and thus the insulation is impaired4 ,the only method heretofore employed1 for preventing the quality of the manufactured article from being too much injured by the presence of these impurities1 has been to reduce the bark and dirt into fine particles1 by long-continued and tedious grinding1 and then incorporating them with the gum4 ,the object of the present improvement is to effect the entire extraction of the bark and other foreign particles1 and thus improve to a very great degree the quality of the manufactured article4 ,the invention consists in first cutting the gutta-percha into extremely thin slices or sheets1 and then submitting it to heating1 rubbing1 and screening operations4 ,under this treatment the foreign matters1 are almost entirely extracted1 and the gutta-percha left pure4 ,this is a valuable invention4 ,,marine ,,glue4 ,take one pound of ,india-rubber and then dissolve it in the exact quantity of naptha1 or oil of tar to render it moderately thin1 7about a gallon7 to which is added shellac1 and the whole allowed to macerate for ten days1 until it attains to a cream like consistency4 ,after which more shellac is added to make it pretty stiff1 when it is heated and then poured out into plates4 ,it is heated to #bej1 when applied4 ,the mixture is that of ,india-rubber and shellac dissolved in naptha4 ,it is insoluble in water and not affected by the heat of the sun4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,armor4 ,in ,paris a new kind of cuirass for the use of the army1 is shortly to be tried4 ,this cuirass is of vulcanized ,india-rubber1 about half an inch thick4 ,the thickness1 it is stated1 is more than sufficient to resist the action of a ball projected from any kind of firearm4 ,all the experiments tried have proved entirely successful4 ,the force of the ball is completely broken by the elasticity of the ,india-rubber1 and it falls on the ground at the feet of the person against whom it was sent4 ,,new ,,gutta-,,percha ,,composition4 ,alfred ,h4 ,gaullie1 ,paris1 patentee4 ,this improved composition is formed by mixing together equal parts of gutta-percha and of ,roman cement reduced to a pasty consistence with ox-gall4 ,the operation of mixing is to be performed while the gutta-percha is in a heated and plastic state1 and the two ingredients must be well masticated so as to cause them to combine intimately together4 ,any kind of coloring matter may be combined with the materials according to the effect desired to be produced4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,varnish4 ,a4 ,ford1 of ,london1 has obtained a patent for making solutions of ,india-rubber and gutta-percha1 which solutions can be used for water-proofing as a varnish4 ,the ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 is dissolved in warm turpentine or naptha4 ,the turpentine1 or naptha1 is prepared by mixing a caustic alkali1 such as potash1 in it--one pound to the gallon--then agitating them in a suitable vessel1 and allowing them to stand for about three days1 when a dark colored residuum is found at the bottom4 ,the clear liquor is then poured off and used for dissolving the ,india-rubber4 ,it is stated that this makes a very beautiful varnish4 ,,water-,,proofing ,,oil4 ,a patent has been obtained by ,alex4 ,parkes1 of ,bury ,port1 ,wales1 for a preparation of oils similar in its nature to the improvement of ,mr4 ,daines4 ,he treats oils with the chloride of sulphur1 which changes their character1 rendering them similar to vulcanized ,india-rubber1 and insoluble in mineral naptha and sulphuret of carbon4 ,he heats about #b parts by weight1 of the chloride of sulphur with #h parts1 by weight1 of oil1 up to about #bej1 when the combination of the two is effected4 ,this vulcanized oil1 it is stated1 can be mixed with gutta-percha or ,india-rubber1 to cheapen the manufactured articles made from these materials4 ,this1 apparently1 is also an important invention4 ,mr4 ,parkes has also taken out a patent for a varnish made of gun cotton dissolved in alcohol1 or any solvent of gun cotton4 ,this varnish is transparent1 and he applies it to coat silk1 sewing cotton1 thread1 leather1 plaster1 wood1 c41 to render them water-proof4 ,gun cotton dissolved in chloroform is a well known varnish4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,teeth4 ,this article1 in the form of purified white ,india-rubber1 has been patented in ,england1 for making artificial teeth1 gums1 and palates4 ,by its adoption1 many advantages hitherto impossible to be attained1 have been introduced4 ,the adhesion is complete1 it can be moulded with perfection1 to suit every inequality of the gums and teeth1 and supplies an artificial periosteum1 as it were1 to the teeth1 when become painful by the wasting away of the gum1 added to these is the elasticity of the material1 which completely obviates the inconveniences that arise from any motion with artificial teeth1 as made by other means4 ,,emery ,,paper4 ,the ,moniteur ,industriel mentions an ingenious method of obtaining fine emery paper for polishing metals4 ,strips of paper coated with fresh starch-size are hung on ropes at different altitudes in a small room1 which is afterwards carefully closed4 ,a quantity of fine emery is then blown in by means of a ventilator1 through an aperture left for the purpose1 by which means a dense cloud of emery dust fills the room1 but only the finest particles rise in the air to a sufficient height for them to be deposited on the upper slips2 those of the second row receive a somewhat coarser sort1 and so on1 while such particles as are too heavy1 and therefore too coarse for delicate polish1 fall to the ground at once4 ,thus emery paper of different degrees of fineness may be obtained by a single operation1 and sorted with mathematical certainty4 ,,sulphurized ,,oil ,,paint4 ,at a recent meeting of the ,society of ,british ,architects1 ,j4 ,b4 ,daines stated that by subjecting eight parts 7by weight7 of linseed oil and one part of sulphur1 to a temperature of #bgh1 in an iron vessel1 he obtained a species of paint possessing singularly preservative properties4 ,applied to the surface of a building with a brush1 it effectually keeps out air and moisture1 prevents deposits of soot and dirt1 and preserves the beauty of the stone1 wood1 or brickwork to which it is applied4 ,it has long been known that a portion of sulphur can be dissolved in oil1 but until recently such a composition1 as a paint or varnish1 has attracted no notice2 in fact1 its preservative and impervious qualities when dry1 were unknown4 ,it is well known to chemists that sulphur1 7the substance employed to give body to the oil17 is unalterable in the air1 and is not acted on by moisture2 hence its quality as a preservative for coating the outside of structures exposed to the weather4 ,it is capable of preserving plaster of ,paris figures exposed to the air1 also monuments1 and buildings of the brown freestone1 which are liable to detrition1 from the action of the weather4 ,it is stated that it improves the color of the stone to which it is applied1 as well as preserves it2 therefore it is a most useful paint1 and deserves to be very generally employed4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,and ,,coal ,,tar4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,goodyear has recently taken out a patent in ,england1 for a new compound1 composed of ,india-rubber and coal tar vulcanized with sulphur4 ,coal tar is heated in an open boiler until it acquires the consistency of melted rosin1 when it is mixed with ,india-rubber1 in proportions which may vary according to the character of the material to be produced for a specific purpose4 ,it is mixed with sulphur and then heated to vulcanize it4 ,,liquid ,,glue4 ,dissolve two pounds of strong glue in one quart of water1 in a glue kettle1 or in a water bath2 when the glue is entirely melted1 add little by little to the amount of ten ounces of strong nitric acid4 ,this addition produces an effervescence due to the disengagement of hyponitric acid2 when the whole of the acid is added1 remove the vessel from the fire and leave it to cool4 ,glue thus prepared1 kept in a stopped flask1 will remain good for two or three years4 ,,enormous ,,strength ,,of ,,gutta-,,percha ,,tubing4 ,a series of interesting experiments have just been concluded at the ,birmingham ,waterworks1 relative to the strength of gutta-percha tubing1 with a view to its applicability for the conveyance of water4 ,the experiments were made 7under the direction of ,henry ,rolfe1 ,esq41 engineer17 upon tubes three-quarters of an inch in diameter and one eighth of gutta-percha4 ,these were attached to the iron main1 and subjected for two months to a pressure of #bjj feet head of water1 without being in the slightest degree deteriorated4 ,in order to ascertain if possible1 the maximum strength of the tubes1 they were connected with the ,water ,company's ,hydraulic ,proving ,pumps1 the regular load of which is #bej lbs4 on the square inch4 ,at this point the tubes were unaffected1 and the pump was worked up #ccg lbs41 but to the astonishment of every one the tube still remained perfect4 ,it was then proposed to work the pump up to #ejj lbs41 but it was found that the lever of the valve would bear no more weight4 ,the utmost power of the hydraulic pump could not burst the tubes4 ,the gutta-percha being somewhat elastic1 allowed the tubes to become slightly expanded by the extraordinary pressure which was applied1 but on its withdrawal1 they resumed their former size4--,london ,mechanics' ,magazine1 ,vol4 ,,li4 ,,cheap ,,and ,,simple ,,method ,,of ,,making ,,leather ,,water-,,proof4 ,two pounds of tallow1 a pound of hog's lard1 a half pound of turpentine1 and the same quantity of bees-wax are melted together in an earthen pipkin4 ,the boots and shoes are dried and warmed1 and the composition is well rubbed into them with a piece of tow dipped into it2 the articles being held near a hot fire until they have imbibed as much as they can take up4 ,this mixture is used with very good effect by sportsmen4 ,another mixture for the same purpose1 which is much used by fishermen1 is applied in the same way4 ,it consists of a pound of bees-wax1 a half pound of rosin1 and the same quantity of beef-suet4--,morfit4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,patents4 ,gutta-,percha is destined to exert a very important influence in commerce and manufactures4 ,since its discovery it has made rapid strides as a useful and important agent in the arts4 ,its uses may be said to be innumerable1 and although it was discovered but a few years since1 it has completely superseded other substances1 which were before regarded as indispensable4 ,our object is to give to manufacturers and all interested in the use1 history1 or application of this gum1 as much insight as possible into the patents which have been issued in relation to it1 both in ,england1 ,france1 and the ,united ,states4 ,we have very carefully examined all the ,english works which treat upon the subject1 and shall give a faithful history of all that has been written upon it which is of practical importance to the shoe manufacturer4 ,a better knowledge of its properties and uses cannot1 we think1 be obtained than is set forth in the various patents and communications which have been issued4 ,here may be found1 not only a general idea of gutta-percha as a gum1 but the results of scientific investigation1 application1 and analysis4 ,we have1 therefore1 carefully avoided all the superfluous technicalities connected with patent papers1 except such as are important to the object proposed1 and selected only such as will be of real importance to the shoe manufacturer1 or the scientific enquirer4 ,the first patent ever issued in ,england1 and which may be considered as the master patent1 was taken out by ,richard ,archibald ,brooman1 of ,london4 ,patent dated ,march #aa1 #ahde4 ,specification enrolled ,september #aa1 #ahde4 ,after reciting the specification1 the patent describes the properties of the gum4 ,first4 ,it is of a highly combustible quality1 being chiefly composed of carbon and hydrogen1 while at the same time it inflames only at a very high degree of heat1 and is not injuriously affected by any known degree of atmospheric heat4 ,second4 ,it is soluble in essential oils1 but resists1 to a great extent the action of grease and unctuous oils4 ,third4 ,it mixes readily with paints1 pigments1 and most other coloring matter4 ,fourth4 ,it is repellent of1 and unaffected by cold water or damp4 ,fifth4 ,it may be so softened by mere immersion in hot water1 or by exposure to steam or hot air1 as to be capable without further treatment1 of being kneaded or moulded1 or rolled out1 or spread in any desired shape1 and to any extent of tensity4 ,sixth4 ,it is of a strongly adhesive or agglutinating quality1 and when dry is free from stickiness4 ,seventh4 ,in the dry or solid state it is flexible1 of great tenacity1 and to a slight degree elastic4 ,eighth4 ,it is impermeable to1 and not injuriously affected by atmospheric air4 ,ninth4 ,it is1 in a pure state1 nearly inodorous4 ,tenth4 ,it is little1 if at all injured by use1 7except as fuel71 and may1 after it has been employed in a manufactured state1 be recovered or renovated1 and manufactured anew4 ,in some of these properties1 namely1 its adhesive1 and water and air repellent properties1 gutta-percha resembles caoutchouc1 or ,india-rubber1 but it is advantageously distinguished from it in its freedom from stickiness when dry1 in its not being so affected by atmospheric heat1 or by unctuous oils1 and in its being workable by means of hot water alone4 ,the patentee then described how this substance may be applied1 either by itself1 or in combination with other materials4 #ast4 ,artificial ,fuels4--,five different sorts are described1 the peculiarity in all of which consists in the substitution of the gutta-percha1 in different forms or proportions1 for the coal tar1 or other agglutinizing substance ordinarily employed4 #b;d and #c;d4 ,artificial mastics and cements4 ,the gutta-percha is directed to be first freed from the fibrous and foreign matters with which it is usually found intermixed1 when first imported1 after which it is to be applied in any one of the three states1 namely1 #ast1 a plastic state2 #b;d1 a granular or pulverized state2 and #c;d1 a state of solution4 ,,plastic ,,applications4 ,the kneading machinery is similar to that used in the manufacture of rubber4 ,when it is desired to give to the mass of gutta-percha a greater degree of elasticity than is natural to it1 ,i mix up and incorporate with it1 while it is going through the kneading machine1 either a portion of caoutchouc or a portion of sulphur1 or portions both of caoutchouc and sulphur4 ,the following are good average proportions3 about three parts caoutchouc for every six parts of gutta-percha1 or one part of sulphur for every eight parts of gutta-percha1 or two parts of caoutchouc1 and one part of sulphur for every six parts of gutta-percha4 ,when caoutchouc1 however1 is employed to increase the elasticity of the gutta-percha1 a degree of heat1 of not less than #aej ,fahrenheit is necessary to effect the amalgamation of the two substances4 ,the caoutchouc is most conveniently introduced into the machine at the same time with the gutta-percha1 but the sulphur should be dropped into and upon the gutta percha from time to time1 and in small quantities at a time4 ,the gutta-percha takes up the other materials readily1 and the whole are1 at the end of the process1 thoroughly amalgamated4 ,should it be desired to give any color to the mass1 the requisite pigment or coloring matter is introduced in the same manner as the sulphur1 and also in small quantities at a time4 ,the coloring matter penetrates every part of the mass1 and becomes perfectly amalgamated and identified with it4 ,the gutta-percha may be also improved in smoothness1 by incorporating with it some pulverized ,french or ,turkey chalk1 or other soft powder1 adding it in same way as the sulphur1 or should it be desired to make it rough1 and abrasive1 it may be mixed up with some ground emery1 sand1 or other hard substance1 in a granular state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are other combinations in which the gutta-percha in its plastic state1 intimately mixed or blended with other materials1 as for example3--,there may be added to the gutta-percha1 while in the kneading machine1 paper pulp1 wood dust1 leather dust1 hair bristles1 oakum1 c4 7taking care when they are not in a comminuted state1 to cut them up small7 and compound fabrics will be thus produced very suitable for paring1 roofing1 sheathing1 and other purposes4 ,,applications ,,in ,,state ,,of ,,solution4 ,as before stated the gutta-percha may be dissolved in most of the essential oils1 and by the application of a gentle heat1 the patentee states that he prefers using for the purpose1 rectified naptha1 or rectified oil of turpentine4 ,it may also be applied in a state of solution to rendering water and air proof1 or cementing the various articles to which gutta-percha has been before stated to be applicable for these purposes in a plastic state1 when sulphur imposed upon or between the surfaces of articles4 ,it may be applied in this fluid state1 to the saturation of cordage of all sorts1 in order to increase its strength1 and render it water proof1 and as a size for stiffening silks1 ribbons1 and other fabrics4 ,and lastly1 it may be employed in this liquid state mixed with colors1 for printing silk1 cotton1 leather1 and other fabrics4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,brooman caused another patent to be issued1 under date of ,march #bg1 #ahde4 ,the invention comprehended under this patent is stated to have for its object the 8the manufacture of a thread of great strength and durability1 and perfectly water-proof1 from the substance called gutta-percha1 and the application thereof to the manufacture of piece goods1 ribbon1 paper1 and other articles40 ,the specification then describes the manner in which this object is carried out4 ,the machinery is very simple4 ,it consists of a die-box kept hot by steam1 from the bottom of which a number of small tubes project downwards into a tank filled with cold water2 and a cylinder and piston mounted on the top of the box4 ,the mode of operation is as follows3 ,a roll of the prepared gutta-percha is introduced into the cylinder immediately above the die-box4 ,the piston is then replaced1 and forced steadily downwards by hand or other suitable power upon the gutta-percha1 which1 becoming softened at the lower end by contact with the hot die-box1 escapes from the pressure through the tubes in a series of threads1 which1 as they drop into and are cooled in the water in the tank1 and carried around a roller1 whence they are conducted to and wound upon a set of revolving reels1 after the manner of hand-spinning1 that is1 by working the thread between the fingers and thumb1 the thread may be stretched about four times the original length4 ,the threads are then wound off on bobbins and ready for use4 ,i twist and spin two or more such threads together into one round thread1 by means of a bobbin and fly frame1 such as is used in the manufacture of cotton4 ,besides giving to the gutta-percha threads the desired roundness1 these whirling and twisting processes have the effect of greatly improving them1 in point of elasticity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a strong1 and perfectly water-proof fabric is formed by simply laying a number of gutta-percha threads side by side upon a foundation of cotton or linen1 or other textile fabric1 and passing the two materials between heated rollers1 which have the effect of cementing the threads firmly to the cloth and to one another2 and such fabrics may1 by using the threads of different sizes and color1 have every nicety of striped appearance given them4 ,articles resembling diaper1 or mosaic work1 are made of gutta-percha threads of different colors or shades1 very rapidly and economically4 ,in the manufacture of paper1 an article very difficult to rend1 and which will1 therefore1 be found extremely suitable for documents exposed to much tear and wear1 as bills of exchange1 certificates1 also for wrappers1 envelopes of all sorts is formed by interposing between two sheets of paper pulp threads of gutta-percha1 laid cross-wise like net work1 at distances of an inch or two apart1 more or less1 and combining the two sheets by any suitable machinery as heated rollers4 ,the gutta-percha thread may also be plaited either in the naked or sheet state1 into hats1 cans1 bonnets1 or into bags1 baskets1 basket work1 or into coverings for chairs as a substitute for cane1 or into whips1 bridles1 reins1 or into any other similar articles--and finally1 cordage of great strength may be made by twining together threads of gutta-percha with threads of flax1 or other durable fibrous material1 by the same processes as are ordinarily followed in the manufacture of the different sorts of cordage4 ,the following described ,patent for improvements in ,boots1 ,shoes1 ,gaiters1 c41 is of great importance1 inasmuch as it fully describes the method of manufacture1 the solution used1 c4 ,it will be observed that ,mr4 ,keene mixed caoutchouc or ,india-rubber with gutta-percha4 ,this process is now found to be very detrimental to the durability of the boot1 shoe or gaiter1 inasmuch as a rubber mixture is sure to become decomposed by the oils in the upper stock or soles4 ,it also renders the shoe a nasty1 sticky mass1 making it impossible to repair them4 ,the process has been tried here1 evidently a copy of the ,keene patent4 ,after an expenditure of thousands of dollars1 the manufacture of boots and shoes by this admixture of ,india-rubber has been abandoned as impracticable4 ,gutta-percha1 on the contrary1 is not affected by oils1 and here is the grand secret of the success and triumph of boots and shoes cemented by it4 ,goods of various descriptions1 including boots and shoes1 were largely manufactured in ,england1 between #ahde and #ahdh1 which1 being made with a mixture of ,india-rubber and other foreign matter1 were thus rendered valueless4 ,in six months after many of these varieties of elegant fabrics were put into the market1 they were discovered to be a sticky mass of worthless trash1 or where the rubber was omitted became brittle like glass4 ,whereas1 goods that were manufactured from the pure gutta-percha1 such as picture frames1 c41 remained uninjured to the present day1 and are now apparently as firm and indestructible as when first made4 ,here follows the ,patent4 ,,charles ,,keene1 of ,sussex ,place1 ,regent's ,park1 ,esq41 for improvements in ,boots and ,shoes1 ,gaiters1 ,overalls1 and other like articles4 ,patent dated ,may #bith3 ,specification enrolled ,november #bith1 #ahde4 ,my improvements in boots1 shoes1 gaiters1 overalls1 and other like articles of apparel1 consist in rendering the same more or less weather and water-proof1 and more easy of wear1 by the application of the same1 in whole or in part1 of the substance recently imported from the ,east ,indies called gutta-percha4 ,first4 ,i coat the pieces of leather1 or other material1 of which the boots1 shoes1 gaiters1 overalls1 or other articles of apparel1 are made1 on either one or both sides1 with a solution of gutta-percha1 or a solution of gutta-percha mixed with a portion or portions of caoutchouc1 or sulphur1 or coloring matter1 or any other substance or thing which may be calculated to improve the quality of the said solution as directed and explained in the specification of certain letters patent1 of date ,march #aath1 #ahde1 granted to ,richard ,archibald ,brooman1 for 8certain improvements in the preparation and application of artificial fuels1 mastics1 and cements10 and this ,i do either once1 twice1 or oftener1 according to the thickness of the solution1 and the thickness desired to be given to the coating2 and sometimes1 instead of so coating the whole of the said pieces1 ,i coat those pieces which are likely to be most exposed to the weather or wet1 as for example1 the outer sole and upper leathers only4 ,second4 ,i protect in like manner the said pieces of leather1 or other material1 some or all of them1 by covering the same1 either on one or both sides1 with a layer or layers of gutta-percha in the plastic state1 or of gutta-percha combined in the said plastic state with a portion or portions of caoutchouc1 or sulphur1 or coloring matter1 or of ,french chalk1 or other soft powder1 as directed in the aforesaid specification of the patent of ,richard ,archibald ,brooman1 applying the said layer or layers by the means and in the mode also described in the said specification4 ,third4 ,instead of either coating or covering1 as aforesaid1 the materials of which the boots and other articles before mentioned are made1 ,i sometimes interpose between the same or certain portions of the same1 as for example1 between the inner and outer soles1 or between the upper leathers and linings1 pieces of gutta-percha in any of the sheet states in which it is manufactured under the said patent of ,richard ,archibald ,brooman4 ,fourth4 ,i manufacture boots1 shoes1 gaiters1 overalls1 and other like articles1 in whole or in part1 of a compound fabric1 formed and described by the specification of the said ,richard ,archibald ,brooman1 by adding to the gutta-percha while in the kneading machine 7whether previously combined1 or not combined with caoutchouc or sulphur1 or coloring matter1 or ,french chalk1 or other soft powder1 as aforesaid7 a portion of leather1 dust1 or hair1 or bristles1 or ground cork1 or woolen shearings1 or other membranous or fibrous substances1 in a finely comminuted state4 ,fifth4 ,i also manufacture boots1 shoes1 gaiters1 and other like articles1 in whole or in part1 of a certain other fabric which is directed in the specification of the said ,richard ,archibald ,brooman to be formed by saturating a bat or fleece of cotton wool1 or other fibrous material1 with a solution of gutta-percha1 or a mixed solution of gutta-percha and caoutchouc2 preferring1 however1 for the purpose of this part of my invention1 such bats or fleeces1 as have been saturated with a solution containing in it a portion more or less of sulphur and of some coloring matter4 ,sixth4 ,i make boots and shoes1 and the other articles aforesaid1 of gutta-percha1 or of a mixture of gutta-percha and caoutchouc1 either sulphurized or not sulphurized1 all in one piece1 without sewing or stitching1 as usual1 by casting the same in cored moulds1 made of the required form of the boot1 shoe or other article4 ,i either fill the mould with the material in a state of hot solution1 and leave it to cool1 or ,i fill it with the material in a granular state2 heat the mould till its contents become in a pulpy state1 and then set it to cool4 ,i sometimes use a single matrix only1 and cause the material in a sheet or in a plastic state1 to assume the state of that matrix by forcing it into the recesses thereof1 by means of the pressure of water or air1 and sometimes in order to give greater springiness to the boot or shoe1 or other article1 instead of casting it all in one piece1 ,i cast it in two or more pieces2 as for example1 ,i cast the front part in one piece1 and the heel or back part in another piece1 and unite the two parts by means of an interposed piece or pieces of leather or of gutta-percha in the sheet1 and sulphurized state1 or some other like flexible material4 ,seventh4 ,instead of uniting the different parts of which boots and shoes1 and other articles aforesaid are made1 by stitching or sewing1 as usual1 whenever any two of these parts1 or any one or two parts consists of gutta-percha1 or of a mixture of gutta-percha and caoutchouc in any of the sheet states aforesaid1 ,i pass a hot iron over the joint or joints1 which causes the two surfaces to adhere firmly together4 ,eighth4 ,i take boots1 shoes1 gaiters1 overalls1 and other articles as they are now ordinarily made of unsulphurized caoutchouc1 and greatly improve the same in point of smoothness of texture1 and capability of resisting variations of temperature by exposing them for from thirty to sixty minutes to the fumes of sulphur1 in a close vessel1 heated to a temperature of #baj to #bej degrees more or less1 or immersing them for the same length of time in a bath of melted sulphur4 ,in either case1 in order to prevent the articles from sticking to one another1 they should be done over with a paste made of ,french chalk1 flour and water1 and that paste allowed to dry before subjecting them to the action of the sulphur4 ,boots1 shoes1 and other articles made in whole1 or in part of unsulphurized gutta-percha1 may be treated in the same way1 but ,i prefer incorporating the sulphur in the first instance with the gutta-percha1 when it is in the state of solution1 or in the plastic state1 or in any of the other states of preparation and combination aforesaid4 ,lastly4 ,i improve the shoes of horses by laying upon and securing to the upper part of the same1 a sheet1 or layer of sulphurized gutta-percha1 or of sulphurized caoutchouc1 or by making the same wholly of either of the said materials4 ,in the former case1 the sheet or layer of sulphurized gutta-percha1 and sulphurized caoutchouc1 may be either attached to the shoe by rivets1 before it is applied to the foot1 or it may be laid loosely between the shoe and foot when the horse is being shod1 and be made fast by passing the shoe nails through it4 ,it affords a soft and yet firm footing to the animal1 and resists1 without injury to its shape1 very high degrees of heat and pressure4 ,the following described patent was taken out by ,,charles ,,hancock1 of ,grosvenor ,place1 for 8certain improvements in the manufacture of gutta-percha1 and its application alone1 and its combination with other substances40 ,patent dated ,jan4 #ab1 #ahdf4 ,in copying these patents our aim is to make perfectly plain and clear to all interested1 certain chemical facts1 compounds and the like1 which produce desired results1 and which have thus far been preserved1 as profound secrets4 ,for example1 in selecting certain claims or descriptions in the ,hancock ,patent1 we here describe the process of making and applying varnishes to ,india-rubber shoes1 etc41 which varnishes are perfectly sweet1 8shutting in0 all disagreeable odors1 from sulphur and other combinations4 ,these varnishes may be applied to leather or cloth1 giving them a beautiful glossy exterior1 also rendering them water-proof4 ,the inventor says--8,my invention consists firstly1 in certain improved methods of preparing gutta-percha for manufacturing purposes4 ,if the gutta-percha to be operated upon1 is not very impure1 it may be at once submitted to the process hereafter described4 99 99 99 99 ,if impure1 the gutta-percha may be cleansed by the process as laid down by ,r4 ,a4 ,brooman1 ,march #aa1 #ahde40 ,mr4 ,hancock continues--8,according to one of my improved methods of preparing gutta-percha1 ,i place it in a plastic state in a cylindrical screw press1 kept hot by a steam jacket1 or otherwise1 and having the bottom perforated with numerous holes1 and squeeze it through the strainer and perforated bottom1 from which it falls in a much purified state4 8,this operation may1 if necessary1 be repeated2 ,i then transfer the gutta-percha in this purified state1 to a masticating machine1 such as is commonly employed in the preparation of caoutchouc1 and kept hot by any suitable means1 and work and knead the gutta-percha until it is brought to the consistence of dough or putty4 ,according to another of my modes of preparing gutta-percha1 instead of passing it through the screw-press1 as before described1 ,i take the plastic mass and pass it a number of times between heated rollers1 kept hot by hot water1 steam1 or any other convenient means4 ,or1 thirdly1 ,i take the gutta-percha as imported1 and dissolve it by means of rectified oil of turpentine1 or any other suitable solvent1 and filter the solution while warm1 through flannel1 or felt1 or fine wire gauze1 after which ,i distil off the solvent1 and evaporate the residuum to the consistence of dough or putty40 ,secondly1 8,my invention consists in making a compound1 elastic1 water-repellent substance for manufacturing purposes1 by combining gutta-percha with an elastic and water-repellent substance1 called 8jintawan40 ,i combine the two substances in a masticator1 and then operate upon the two materials by that machine2 at the same time adding any coloring matter that may be desired1 continuing the operation of the machine1 until they are intimately blended together4 ,and ,i make the triple combination of #8gutta-percha1' #8jintawan1' and #8caoutchouc1' and by means of a masticator1 in the same manner4 ,for the purpose of making these combinations4 ,i vary the proportions of the two1 or of the three substances which ,i combine according to the quality which it is desired that the combined substance shall possess40 99 99 99 99 99 ,thirdly1 8,my invention consists in combining gutta-percha1 or gutta-percha1 caoutchouc1 and 8jintawan0 with orpiment1 liver of sulphur or other sulphurets1 having like chemical properties1 which will enable it to combine effectually with the other articles above mentioned1 and afterwards subjecting the compound substance to heat1 as herein described4 99 99 ,a good compound for bands or tapes1 is found by combining #ej parts of gutta-percha1 #bd parts of 8jintawan10 #bj parts of caoutchouc1 and #f parts of orpiment4 ,i may state as a general rule1 deduced from the experiments which ,i have made1 that the proportion of orpiment1 or other sulphuret used1 ought not to exceed #be per cent4 99 99 99 99 99 8,when jintawan1 or caoutchouc is used in making this compound article1 the combination of the materials will be much facilitated by previously moistening the jintawan and caoutchouc1 or such of them as are used1 with rectified oil of turpentine1 or some other solvent1 so that they may be softened in the manner aforesaid4 ,the orpimented1 or sulphureted compound is next to be exposed to a heat of from #cjj to #cdj1 for a period varying according as the temperature is higher or lower4 ,with a heat of #cjj ,fahrenheit1 ,i keep the article exposed to it for about sixty minutes2 with a heat of #cdj1 for about fifteen minutes only4 ,the required heat may be obtained by means either of high pressure steam1 or water heated under pressure1 or of hot air4 99 99 99 99 99 8,i consider the use of sulphur to be objectionable1 because of the offensive smell which it imparts to the article1 and of the tendency which sulphur has to effervesce1 or exude from the surface of it4 ,and therefore ,i prefer the use of orpiment or some other sulphuret which will combine more effectually with the other component parts of the article40 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourthly1 8,my invention consists in a mode of rendering gutta-percha1 or a combination of that substance with #8jintawan' and caoutchouc1 or either of them1 of a light1 porous1 and spongy texture1 forming a species of artificial sponge1 suitable for stuffing or forming the seats of chairs1 cushions1 mattresses1 saddles1 horse collars1 buffers1 and for many other useful purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 8,to gutta-percha1 which is intended to be made porous or spongy1 for such purposes as aforesaid1 must be added about #aj per cent4 of rectified spirit of turpentine1 or other proper solvent1 and the whole mixed together by any convenient means4 ,and if any of the above-mentioned compounds of gutta-percha is intended to be similarly treated1 the caoutchouc or 8jintawan0 used therein1 must be previously dissolved in from #ajj to #bjj per cent4 of a similar solvent1 the quantity of solvent being more or less1 according as the product is intended to be more or less spongy and elastic4 ,to the article which is intended to be made porous and spongy1 must be added alum or carbonate of ammonia1 or some other description of volatilizable substance4 8,if the article which is intended to be made porous and spongy1 is required to be made more permanently soft and elastic1 it should be combined orpiment1 liver of sulphur1 or a sulphuret1 in the same way as described in the third part of my invention4 ,a portion of sulphur may1 in such a case1 be used1 but ,i prefer orpiment1 liver of sulphur1 or a sulphuret1 for the reasons ,i have before stated4 8,the article which is intended to be made spongy and porous must then be thoroughly mixed with from ten to twenty per cent4 of alum1 carbonate of ammonia1 or some readily-volatilizable substance1 either in the masticating machine1 or by any other convenient means4 ,the material thus prepared1 may be put into moulds1 or forms1 or upon trays1 or confined in such a way as to cause it to assume the form which it is intended to possess4 ,the material is then put into an oven or chamber1 heated by steam or other convenient means1 to a temperature of from #bej to #bfj of ,fahrenheit1 at which temperature the article must be kept from one to two hours1 according to the desired result4 ,the effect of the exposure of the article to this high temperature will be to drive off the solvent with which it has been mixed1 and at the same time1 the alum1 carbonate of ammonia1 or other volatilizable substance before mentioned1 cause the article to swell1 and will render it porous and spongy4 ,when the article has been exposed to this temperature for about one hour1 it will be in the most porous and spongy state1 and if the operation is further prolonged1 the effect will be to render it less elastic and more rigid40 ,fifthly1 8,my invention consists in imparting1 by the following process1 to gutta-percha and its various combinations with caoutchouc and 8jintawan10 when orpimented or sulphureted as aforesaid1 almost any degree of hardness and tenacity1 without injury to its water-repellent properties4 ,i take the gutta-percha1 or gutta-percha compound1 after it has gone through the process described under the third head of this specification1 and while it is yet in a plastic state1 and press it into moulds1 which ,i bind tightly together with iron plates1 screws and nuts4 ,i then place these moulds in a chamber or vessel raised by steam or hot air to a temperature of from #cjj to #chj1 for from one to five or six days1 varying the degree of heat and the time of exposure to it1 according to the degree of hardness and tenacity required1 after which ,i set the moulds aside to cool slowly4 ,the gutta-percha and gutta-percha compounds may be so hardened by this means1 as to be turned in the lathe1 like wood or ivory4 ,and they are thus rendered applicable to a great variety of purposes1 for which they could not in any other state be suitable1 such as picture-frames1 knife and sword handles1 door-handles and panels1 walking-sticks1 chess-men1 seal-holders1 paper-cutters1 combs1 flutes1 musical-keys1 buttons1 pulleys1 ornamental and architectural decorations1 c4 8,the material may be either at once formed into any of these articles1 by making the moulds of the form and figure of the articles2 or it may be produced in the first instance in plain blocks1 and afterwards cut up and fashioned at pleasure1 by such tools and instruments as are ordinarily used for like purposes40 ,eighthly1 8,my invention consists in forming in manner certain varnishes which may be applied to the water-proofing of leather or cloth1 and in applying them either alone or mixed1 without coloring matter1 to gutta-percha or its compounds1 or to articles made from them1 they may have a fine1 glossy exterior given to them1 and the smell of any ingredient which may have been mixed up with them1 and which may be of an offensive nature1 7such as sulphur7 may be effectually shut in4 ,for this purpose ,i take the gutta-percha1 or gutta-percha combined with 8jintawan0 and caoutchouc1 or either of them1 orpimented or sulphureted as before described1 or sulphurize and dissolve it by confining the mass in a steam-tight vessel1 and by placing that vessel in a chamber heated by steam or other convenient means to a temperature of #cjj to #chj ,fah41 or ,i mix gutta-percha and caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha and 8jintawan0 7using the substance indifferently1 so far as the proportion one bears to the other17 with sulphur or orpiment1 or other sulphuret1 in the proportion before directed to be observed1 where these substances are introduced with about eight to ten parts of animal or vegetable wax1 or of animal or vegetable fatty matter1 and then dissolved in rectified spirits of turpentine1 and evaporate as before4 ,as these varnishes combine readily with colors1 they afford the means of rendering a numerous class of articles1 such as elastic rings1 bands1 bandages1 straps1 c41 much more extensively1 suitable and vendible than before4 ,these varnishes mixed with colors1 may also be used for the purpose of painting or printing cloth1 leather1 or any other fabric4 ,these varnishes will also be found very useful as cements1 particularly in combining gutta-percha and its compound1 with silk1 cotton1 and other textile fabrics40 99 99 99 99 99 ,eleventhly1 8,my invention consists in making cards for carding cotton and other fibrous materials1 in manner following--,i make the backs either of gutta-percha alone1 spread in a plastic state to a sufficient thickness on a cloth1 or felt1 or other suitable foundation1 or of any of the gutta-percha compounds which are of sufficient flexibility and consistence for the purpose4 ,and ,i insert the metal teeth in these backs1 according to any of the known methods followed in the manufacture of such cards40 ,twelfthly1 8,my invention consists in mixing with the gutta-percha prepared in the manner first hereinbefore described and exemplified in the masticating machine1 shellac1 or resin1 or asphalt1 or some other resinous or bituminous matter2 and when the materials are thoroughly amalgamated1 ,i spread the mixture while in a fluid state1 upon cloth or leather1 or any other suitable foundation4 99 99 99 99 99 8,for low priced articles1 ,i sometimes combine caoutchouc and sulphur with vegetable or ,stockholm pitch2 and when spread into sheets or made up into other forms1 ,i vulcanize the compound4 ,the proportions may be varied very considerably1 as well as the temperatures at which they are vulcanized2 but ,i find the following to answer well3 #h parts caoutchouc1 #b sulphur1 #c pitch2 or #h parts caoutchouc1 #b sulphur1 #a pitch1 submitted to a temperature of #bij for an hour4 ,to prevent blistering and porosity1 if necessary1 ,i employ pressure by means of screw cramps and plates1 or otherwise1 during the vulcanizing4 ,this material is applicable to railway packing1 and other rough uses4 8,i also combine and vulcanize in the same manner caoutchouc1 sulphur1 and resins1 preferring on account of its cheapness the common resin of commerce4 ,the proportions and temperature1 as in the case of pitch1 may be varied2 but the following ,i find to be useful for many purposes3 #af parts caoutchouc1 #b parts sulphur1 #f parts resin2 or #af caoutchouc1 #d sulphur1 #b resin4 ,these compounds may be submitted to the same treatment as in the case of pitch1 and are applicable to similar uses4 ,for some purposes1 ,i also combine caoutchouc and sulphur with wood or cork dust1 or fibrous substances1 such as hemp and flax1 or any other suitable material cut into short lengths1 and vulcanize such compounds1 either in blocks1 or spread1 or otherwise wrought into sheets1 or formed into figures1 or embossed1 or ornamented as before described40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following account of 8,parke's ,improvements in ,dyeing0 will be found to be very important3 ,i will now proceed to describe another part of my invention1 which consists in dyeing caoutchouc and gutta-percha alone1 or in combination2 and afterwards1 when desired1 treating those matters by changing agents1 according to either of the methods herein described4 ,to dye caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha1 or their compounds1 black1 ,i boil the same from a quarter of an hour to half an hour in the following preparation3 ,i take one pound of sulphate of copper dissolved in one gallon of water1 one pound of caustic ammonia1 or muriate of ammonia2 or ,i take and boil one pound of sulphate or bisulphate of potash1 and half a pound of sulphate of copper with one gallon of water4 ,to dye caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha1 or their compounds1 green1 ,i take one pound of muriate of ammonia1 half a pound of sulphate of copper1 two pounds of caustic lime1 and one gallon of water1 and boil as before1 from quarter to half an hour4 ,another dye producing a purple tinge1 ,i obtain by using one pound of sulphate or bisulphate of potash1 a quarter of a pound of sulphate of copper1 and a quarter of a pound of sulphate of indigo1 and boil the caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha1 or compounds1 from one quarter to half an hour4 ,the depth of color may be varied by varying the proportion of the ingredients used4 ,when it is wished to color caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha1 or their compounds1 ,i employ the following colors1 but do not confine myself thereto1 nor do ,i make any claim to the same4 ,for blue1 those known in commerce as ,victoria blue and ultramarine4 ,for red1 vermillion1 carmine or rose lake4 ,for green1 ,brunswick green or acetate of copper4 ,for yellow1 chrome yellow or oxide uranium4 ,for white1 the color known as satin white2 and ,i prefer generally to use this color as a ground for the colors above named1 and ,i would here observe1 that the coloring processes precede those for 8the change40 ,,hancock',s ,,patent4 ,to ,,charles ,,hancock of ,grosvenor ,place1 ,middlesex1 ,london1 for certain improvements in the preparation of gutta-percha1 and in the application thereof1 alone and in combination with other materials1 to manufacturing purposes2 which improvements are also applicable to other substances4 ,sealed1 ,february #ajth1 #ahdg4 ,this invention relates1 firstly1 to the methods and machinery employed for preparing gutta-percha for manufacturing purposes4 ,secondly1 to certain improvements or processes previously secured to the present patentee1 and consisting in sulphuretting gutta-percha1 7since called metallo-thionizing7 and in applying these improvements to the sulphuretting of caoutchouc and jintawan4 ,in the last-mentioned specification1 the patentee recommends that the sulphuretting of the gutta-percha should be effected by means of sulphurets1 such as orpiment or liver of sulphur1 in preference to sulphur itself2 and he there states that though a portion of sulphur might be used in place of an equal portion of sulphuret1 yet he conceives the use of sulphur to be altogether objectionable1 because of its offensive smell and tendency to effervesce4 ,he has since ascertained that if a minute portion of sulphur be used along with a sulphuret1 a better result is obtained from a combination of the two than from either substance alone4 ,the proportions which he finds to be the best are1 #f parts of sulphuret of antimony1 or hydrosulphate of lime1 or some analogous sulphuret1 and #a part of sulphur to #dh parts of gutta-percha3 when these materials have been mixed1 the compound is to be put into a boiler and heated 7under pressure7 to a temperature of from #bfj to #cjj ,fah42 and it is to be left in this state for a period varying from half an hour to two hours1 according to the thickness of the materials2 by which times the gutta-percha becomes completely sulphuretted or metallo-thionized4 ,the patentee applies precisely the same combination of materials 7i4 e41 a sulphuret and a small quantity of sulphur7 to the sulphuretting of ,india-rubber and jintawan1 and in the same way4 99 99 99 ,the fourth mode consists in making a paste of the sulphuret and sulphur with the addition of a small quantity of gutta-percha or caoutchouc solution1 brushing it over the material to be sulphuretted1 and then subjecting the same to one of the three processes as described4 ,the invention consists1 fourthly1 in the following means of improving gutta-percha1 both in a sulphuretted and unsulphuretted state1 and in the application of the same to caoutchouc and jintawan in the like conditions4 ,the patentee either exposes the material for a minute or two to the action of binoxide of nitrogen gas1 7obtained by the usual method of dissolving a metal1 such as zinc1 copper1 mercury1 in nitric acid7 or he immerses it in a boiling and concentrated solution of chloride of zinc1 for a period varying from one to five minutes1 according to the strength of the solution2 and in either case1 he afterwards washes the material with some alkaline solution1 or with soft water4 ,the material may be subjected to the action of the binoxide of nitrogen gas1 either by putting it into the acid while the metal is in the course of being dissolved and the gas evolved1 or by introducing it into a chamber in which the gas has been collected for the purpose4 ,gutta-percha which has been thus treated 7whether sulphuretted or unsulphuretted71 becomes exceedingly smooth and of a lustre approaching to metallic3 so also does common unsulphuretted caoutchouc 7rubber7 with the addition of being entirely freed from that stickiness peculiar to it1 while sulphuretted caoutchouc acquires under such treatment1 all the downy softness of velvet4 99 99 99 ,the sixth part of the invention consists in producing a new compound of gutta-percha by mixing1 in a masticating machine1 six parts thereof with one part of chloride of zinc2 and in forming new compounds of caoutchouc and jintawan by a like proportional combination4 ,all these compounds admit of being afterwards sulphuretted or sulphurized4 ,the seventh part of the invention consists in an improved combination of materials for producing a porous and spongy gutta-percha1 fit for stuffing or forming the seats of chairs1 cushions1 mattresses1 saddles1 horse-collars1 railway carriage-buffers1 and other like articles1 similar to that described in the specification before alluded to2 and in the application of the said improved combination of materials to the rendering of caoutchouc and jintawan similarly porous and spongy4 ,the patentee takes #dj parts of gutta-percha1 ,india-rubber or jintawan 7moistened when a very light product is desired1 with oil of turpentine1 naptha1 bi-sulphuret of carbon1 or other proper solvent71 #f parts of hydrosulphuret of lime1 sulphuret of antimony1 or any other analogous sulphuret1 #aj parts of carbonate of ammonia1 carbonate of lime1 or other substance that is either volatile or capable of yielding a volatile product1 and one part of sulphur4 ,he mixes these materials together in a masticator1 and then subjects them to a high degree of heat1 observing the same conditions in respect thereof1 which are set forth in the specifications alluded to2 except only that the heat may be pushed with advantage several degrees higher1 say to from #bfj to #cjj4 ,the ninth part of the invention consists in producing by the combination of gutta-percha1 caoutchouc and jintawan1 with other materials1 a fabric of a permanent lustre1 resembling that of japanned goods1 and in giving the like lustre to articles made of any of these materials in a sulphuretted state4 ,the patentee takes the gutta-percha1 caoutchouc1 or jintawan after it has been sulphuretted1 and either before or after it has been made into an article of use1 and brushes it over with a solution of resin in boiling oil2 he then places it for from two to five hours in a chamber heated to from #ge to #ajj ,fahrenheit2 and afterwards polishes it by the means and in the manner usually adopted by ,japanners4 ,in some instances coloring matters are mixed with the ,japanning materials1 which are to be applied by blocks1 cylinders1 or rollers1 in the usual way of floor cloth printing4 ,,re-,,vulcanization4 ,patent dated ,december #cjth1 #ahdg1 for 8,improvement in the ,treating and ,manufacture of ,gutta-percha1 or any of the varieties of ,caoutchouc40 ,patentees1 ,,thomas ,,hancock1 of ,stoke ,newington1 and ,,reuben ,,phillips1 of ,islington1 chemists4 ,specifications enrolled ,june #cj1 #ahdg4 ,the patentees state that their improvements consist in the dissolving of gutta-percha1 or any of the varieties of caoutchouc1 or of reducing any of them to a soft1 pulpy1 and gelatinous state after they have undergone the process of 8vulcanization or conversion20 also in preparing or treating unvulcanized1 or unconverted solutions of any of these substances1 so as to bring them into a vulcanized or converted state2 and1 lastly1 in the moulds employed in the manufacture of articles therefrom4 ,the term 8vulcanized0 or 8converted0 are used to designate certain processes by which these substances are rendered less liable to be injuriously affected by exposure to comparatively high temperatures1 and which were described1 the first in the specification of a patent granted to ,mr4 ,thomas ,hancock1#b ,november #ba1 #ahdc1 and the record in that of a patent granted to ,mr4 ,alexander ,parker1#c ,august #be1 #ahdf4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,london ,mechanics ,magazine1 vol4 xlii4 pp4 #aab and #aej4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,london ,mechanics ,magazine1 vol4 xlv4 p4 #djj4 ,the patentees desire to be understood1 that when employing the term gutta-percha1 or any of the varieties of caoutchouc1 as referring to all those substances known to the ,indians1 or natives of the country where they are produced1 under the names of saiknah1 gutta-tuban1 gutta-percha1 jintawan1 dollah1 c41 in this country of bottle1 root1 sheet1 scrap1 ,india-rubber1 c4 ,in operating upon any of these materials1 which have previously undergone the vulcanizing or converting process1 it is preferred to use the cuttings or waste of them1 as being an economical application of what would otherwise be useless4 ,these cuttings or waste1 are first submitted to the action of rollers1 or other suitable machinery for reducing them to shreds1 and then boiled in oil of turpentine until reduced to the requisite consistency4 ,other solvents may be employed1 such as coal1 naptha1 c41 but in that case1 in order that the solvents may attain to a degree of temperature sufficiently high to dissolve the material1 close vessels must be employed1 for which reason1 oil of turpentine is preferred4 ,no fixed rule1 it is stated1 can be given for the guidance of the workman to enable him to determine the relative proportion of the material to the solvent1 the time for conducting the operation1 or the degree of temperature1 on account of the varieties of the material1 and the degree of vulcanization or conversion to which it has been subjected2 for these and other details he must rely upon his own intelligence1 and the result of actual experience4 ,the rule which the patentees1 however1 state that they have found to be the best1 under ordinary circumstances1 it is to just cover the material when prepared and placed in the vessel with the solvent1 and then to add about one-third more1 and maintain the mixture at the boiling point of oil of turpentine1 for about from #ae to #cj minutes4 ,the consistency of the mixture may subsequently be increased or diminished by evaporating1 or by the addition of oil of turpentine1 coal1 naptha1 or other solvent4 ,when the material has been rendered hard or horny by vulcanization or conversion1 the time necessary to dissolve it or reduce it to a soft pulpy state would be so long1 as to render the preceding process worthless4 ,the mode of operating under the second head consists in mixing from eight to twelve parts of sulphur1 with every one hundred parts of the solid material in solution1 and then subjecting the mixture to the necessary degree of heat to produce the vulcanized or converted state4 ,the patentee mentions numerous applications of these solutions1 among which may be cited water-proofing1 and the employment of them as a medium for colors in painting1 and in printing calico1 c4 ,the improvements in moulds consists in making them of a material easily soluble at low temperatures1 such as ,d',arcet's metal1 c41 so that they may be broken up1 and easily removed from the moulded article without injury to them4 ,to ,,anthony ,,lorimier1 ,london1 ,england4 ,for improvements in combining gutta-percha and caoutchouc with other materials4 7,sealed #ajth of ,july1 #ahdh47 ,the first part of this invention consists in cutting gutta-percha into very thin shavings1 7which the patentee prefers to effect by the use of certain described machinery1 or any other suitable means may be employed72 then drying the same by spreading them over any suitable surface1 and afterwards subjecting the shavings of gutta-percha to the action of other machinery1 by which they are bent in various directions and reduced or divided into smaller pieces2 by this means the impurities will be separated without the use of heat or water1 and the gutta-percha rendered suitable for use at a very small cost4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the second part of the invention consists in combining gutta-percha with burned clay1 burned flint1 broken articles of earthen ware and china1 marble1 ,portland1 ,cornish1 or other stones1 crushed and sifted1 likewise oxide of zinc1 oxide of copper1 hydrate of lime1 oxalate of lime1 and also a compound of lime slaked with oxalic acid dissolved in water2 in preparing this compound1 about three pounds of acid are used to each bushel of lime2 the acid is first dissolved in a sufficient quantity of water for slaking that quantity of lime2 and after the solution has been added to the lime1 the product is well dried and sifted4 ,any one or more of these materials may be combined with gutta-percha1 with or without other materials1 so as to produce new compounds of gutta-percha1 useful for moulding articles1 or for making sheets1 suitable to be cut into soles for boots and shoes1 straps1 bands and other articles4 ,the above matters are to be ground very fine and sifted2 and the gutta-percha may be combined therewith1 by any convenient means2 but the patentee prefers to lay the gutta-percha on a heated plate1 and roll it into a sheet1 then to sift the materials over the sheet1 and fold and re-fold the same1 and to repeat the rolling1 folding and sifting of the materials1 until the desired compound is produced2 or he rolls the gutta-percha between two smooth heated rollers1 then dusts on the powder and folds the sheets1 and again and again rolls the same till the desired mixture is obtained4 ,he further states that in place of using the 8welding machine10 he can employ like means to those just described for combining the small pieces or shavings of gutta-percha into a mass4 ,the compound of gutta-percha may1 whilst still in a heated state1 be moulded to any desired form1 or rolled into sheets4 ,when great elasticity is required1 caoutchouc 7,india-rubber7 is mixed with such compounds of gutta-percha4 ,,charles ,,hancock1 of ,broughton1 gentleman4 ,for 8certain improved preparations and compounds of gutta-percha1 and certain improvements in the manufacture of articles and fabrics composed of gutta-percha alone1 and in combination with other substances40 ,patent1 dated ,may #aa1 #ahdh2 specification enrolled ,nov4 #aa1 #ahdh4 ,specification4--,in making water-proof shoes and galoshoes of gutta-percha1 ,i begin with casting the gutta-percha in moulds into pieces or blocks1 of a form suitable for the purpose4 99 99 99 99 ,i next take a last of the form desired to be given to the shoe or galosh1 and draw upon1 or otherwise fit closely to it1 some elastic or flexible material which may serve as a lining for the gutta-percha1 such as cotton or woolen cloth1 or knitted silk1 or worsted1 or cotton4 ,i then coat the outside of this intended lining1 with a solution of gutta-percha or caoutchouc1 and leave it to dry4 ,i next select a gutta-percha block of the best form1 adapted in its general outline to the said last1 and1 by heating it in any convenient way1 bring it to such a plastic state that it may be readily moulded by the hand4 ,i warm also the last1 with its elastic or flexible covering1 but not to such a degree as to decompose the gutta-percha or caoutchouc solution spread over it2 and these preparations having been made1 ,i place the last upon the block1 adjust by hand the one to the other1 and press the gutta-percha1 of which the block consists1 into as close combination as may be1 with the elastic or flexible covering of the last4 ,but1 as in the course of the preceding manipulations some inequalities of surface may have been unavoidably produced1 or the limits between the sole and the upper not have been sufficiently defined1 ,i once more bring the whole into a warm or plastic state1 by dipping the shoe or galosh 7with the last still inside of it7 into hot water1 or by exposing it to steam or hot air1 and then smooth it carefully all over4 ,when it becomes cold and hard1 ,i run a revolving stile or other suitable instrument over the contour lines1 after which the last is withdrawn1 which leaves the shoe or galosh complete4 ,sometimes ,i use hollow lasts made of metal1 glass1 or earthen ware1 and heated by steam1 hot air1 or hot water4 ,when made in the manner just described1 the article1 though water-tight1 is of a dull appearance2 but it may have a high polish given to it1 or to any part of it1 by applying glass or porcelain moulds to it1 after it has undergone the process last hereinbefore mentioned1 and while it is yet in a warm and impressible state2 each of these moulds being a fac simile in reverse1 in some portion only of the last1 7as for example1 the sole or the upper7 and not removed1 after being so applied1 till the materials beneath have become quite cold4 ,shoes made of gutta-percha1 on foundations of elastic or flexible materials1 in the manner before described1 possess this great advantage over others1 that the foundations take up and disperse the perspiration of the foot1 and prevent it from condensing1 to the injury of the health and comfort of the wearer4 ,exception has been taken to gutta-percha shoes and galoshoes on account of their want of or deficiency in springiness4 ,i remedy this1 7when desired7 by making the block out of which the sole and upper is formed1 of two sheets or pieces of gutta-percha1 and interposing between them1 while they are yet in a warm and plastic state1 a thin plate of steel1 slightly bent in the direction from heel to tip1 and press the whole closely together1 so that the metallic spring may become permanently fixed1 embodied in1 and combined with other materials4 ,third4 ,i paint and print articles and fabrics made in whole or in part of gutta-percha1 and also other articles and fabrics of any color or colors1 and of any design or pattern1 by using as a vehicle for the pigments or other coloring matters1 the following compound3 ,i take one part of caoutchouc and one part of gutta-percha1 each dissolved in spirits of turpentine1 7or other suitable solvent17 add thereto four parts of gold-oil size2 mix the whole of these materials together in a bath of hot water1 and then thin with spirits of turpentine1 it being of advantage to use this compound in a very thin state4 ,the pigments or other coloring matters should be well ground up in turpentine before they are mixed with the vehicle4 ,the proportions such as ,i have given1 are such as ,i find to answer1 on the whole1 best in practice4 ,in carrying out the different improvements which ,i have hereinbefore specified1 ,i uniformly prefer employing such gutta-percha1 or compound of gutta-percha1 as has been prepared by boiling or by masticating it in a bath of water and muriate of lime1 but to this mode of preparation ,i do not here lay any claim4 ,to make a compound preferable to any yet in use for casting and moulding purposes1 for water-proofing cloth1 leather1 and other articles and fabrics1 and for coating ships' bottoms1 lining tanks and cisterns1 c41 ,i mix with gutta-percha which has been first boiled in a bath of muriate of lime1 and then masticated thoroughly1 and while it is yet undergoing the process of mastication1 a compound of shellac and borax1 adding the same little by little as the mastication proceeds1 and using more or less1 according as it is desired to make the compound more or less tenacious4 ,the compound of shellac and borax is prepared by boiling in a steam kettle over a common fire1 five parts stick lac1 or shell lac1 or seed lac1 with one part of borax1 in so much water as will just cover these materials1 and evaporating the water according to the thickness desired to be given to the compound4 ,any desired color may be given to this mixture of gutta-percha1 shellac and borax1 by mixing the requisite pigment or coloring matter with the shellac and borax compounds4 ,the improvements which ,i claim in my invention are as follows3 ,first4 ,i claim the mode of making shoes and galoshoes of gutta-percha1 combined with other materials first before described1 in so far as regards the combination of elastic or flexible foundations with gutta-percha soles and uppers4 ,second4 ,i claim the employment of glass moulds to give a polish to the exterior or parts of the exterior of shoes and galoshoes made in whole or in part of gutta-percha1 as before described4 ,third4 ,i claim the making of backs and stocks for brushes in whole or in part of gutta-percha1 in order to give springiness to the same4 ,fourth4 ,i claim the making of backs and stocks for brushes in whole or in part of gutta-percha1 as before described and exemplified4 ,fifth4 ,i claim the employment for painting1 printing1 or otherwise applying colors to articles and fabrics made in whole or in part of gutta-percha1 and also to other articles and fabrics of the particular compound or vehicle hereinbefore specified1 but without limiting myself to the exact proportions in which each of the materials has been directed to be used in such compound or vehicle1 inasmuch as the said proportions may be varied without affecting the general result4 ,sixth4 ,i claim the employment1 for all manufacturing purposes to which the same are applicable1 of the several other improved preparations and compounds of gutta-percha specified under the fourth head of this specification1 each in the peculiar combination of materials of which the same consists1 and the peculiar process or processes by which it is prepared4 ,,james ,,cartley1 of ,harpenden1 ,hertford1 manufacturing chemist1 for improvement in the manufacture of varnishes from resinous substances4 ,patent dated ,january #aa1 #ahdi4 ,this invention consists1 ,first4 ,in manufacturing in manner following1 from resin spirit1 and the gum resin called gutta-percha or gutta taban1 a new compound or varnish which possesses the properties of being strongly adhesive and perfectly water repellent4 ,the patentee puts into a pot three parts1 by weight1 of the gutta-percha or gutta taban1 as imported or as it may be bought in the home market1 and adds nine parts of crude resin spirit1 7obtained by the destructive distillation of common resin7 and subject them to a heat of from #abj to #adj ,fah41 stirring the mixture occasionally4 ,the resulting solution forms a varnish which answers well for the coating of all coarse fabrics1 such as tarpaulings1 rick cloth1 c4 ,but to obtain a varnish of a purer and better quality1 suitable for fine articles1 he rectified resin spirit1 which he obtains by passing a current of steam through the crude resin spirit until the condensed product which comes over exhibits a specific gravity of about #j4hgj1 at which point the process of distillation must be stopped1 all products of a higher specific gravity being injurious to the quality of the spirit4 ,claim #ast4 ,the manufacture of the new varnish compounded of gutta-percha and resin spirit1 7crude1 rectified1 or purified17 as before described4 ,second4 ,the manufacture of the new varnishes compounded of gum damar and resin spirit1 or of gum mastic and resin spirit1 whether such spirit is rectified and decolorized or rectified only1 as before described4 ,,william ,,henry ,,burke1 ,tottenham1 manufacturer4 ,for improvements in the manufacture of air-proof and water-proof fabrics1 and in the preparation of caoutchouc and gutta-percha1 either alone1 or in combination with other materials1 the same to be applicable to articles of wearing apparel1 bands1 straps1 and other similar useful purposes4 ,patent dated ,april #bf1 #ahdi4 ,first4 ,mr4 ,burke proposes to employ a compound of antimony instead of sulphur1 for the purpose of rendering caoutchouc1 gutta-percha1 or their compounds permanently elastic1 and unaffected by changes of temperature4 ,the compound is prepared by mixing #a part of crude antimony with #be parts of crystallized carbonate of soda1 or #bj parts of carbonate of potash1 and #bej or #cjj parts of water4 ,the mixture is boiled from half an hour to three-quarters1 and allowed to precipitate1 when the supernatant liquid is run off4 ,the precipitate is then dried and incorporated with the caoutchouc in a masticating machine in the proportion of from five to fifteen per cent4 ,when bands or other articles are to be cut from blocks of caoutchouc1 it is taken1 while warm1 from the masticating machine1 and subjected to pressure for one or two days4 ,second4 ,it is also proposed to manufacture driving bands1 by spreading the material dissolved in a suitable menstrum1 with calender rollers1 upon pieces of calico or other fabric1 powdered with ,french chalk1 to allow of the easy separation of the two1 and to increase the rigidity and durability of gutta-percha driving bands1 stripes of some fabric are to be affixed to the wearing parts1 and both surfaces coated with the antimonized caoutchouc4 ,third4 ,to remove the shiny appearance of single texture garments1 c41 ,mr4 ,burke coats them with the antimonized caoutchouc1 dissolved in some suitable menstrum1 and mixed with ground silk or cotton1 which is stated to have the effect of giving the article the appearance of cloth4 ,fourth4 ,gutta percha soles and heels are proposed to be defended at the edges1 where they are exposed to great wear and tear1 with metal tips1 shields1 and guards4 ,,claims4 ,first4 ,the treating caoutchouc1 gutta-percha1 or their compounds1 with the antimony compound4 ,second4 ,the mode of manufacturing driving bands4 ,third4 ,coating water proof articles with antimonized caoutchouc1 mixed with ground silk1 cotton1 or wool4 ,fourth4 ,the manufacture of gutta-percha soles and heels with metal tips1 shields1 and guards4 ,,description ,,of ,,hancock ,,and ,,co4',s ,,patent ,,gutta-,,percha ,,heel ,,tips4 ,from the ,london ,mechanics' ,magazine1 ,vol4 ,,li4 ,,sir3--,we are reminded weekly by the advertisement in your ,number1 that gutta-percha 8must be regarded as one of the blessings of a gracious ,providence40 ,doubtless this1 as well as every other natural production1 should be so regarded1 although in the state in which it is left by ,providence it would be of little use were it not for the additional blessings of ingenious-minded men1 7as the ,hancocks and others7 by whose skill the crude gifts of ,providence are manipulated and presented to our acceptance in a thousand beautiful and highly useful forms4 ,as weather-proof1 and consequently health-preserving soles for boots and shoes1 gutta-percha most assuredly stands unrivalled4 ,the application of this material to heels has not hitherto been equally successful1 from its being unequal to withstand the vast amount of wear and tear1 to which this part of our understanding is subjected1 one consequence of which is liability to spread1 and become worn and ragged on its edges4 ,for this defect1 however1 an efficient remedy has been provided in the compound heel tips1 invented by ,mr4 ,b4 ,tyler1 of ,sheffield1 and manufactured under ,messrs4 ,hancock ,co4's patent4 ,the frame or border of this improved steel tip consists of a rim of cast iron or steel1 furnished with tangs or projections4 ,this frame is filled up with a tough compound of gutta-percha and cork1 which encloses the tangs4 ,the heel thus formed1 requires no nailing to affix it to the boot or shoe1 a coating of solution being sufficient for that purpose4 ,thus arranged1 the metal and gutta-percha mutually aid and support each other2 no spreading can take place1 nor can the edges become worn or ragged4 ,these tips never become loose1 neither are they liable to become slippery4 ,having worn them for more than two years1 ,i can with confidence assert them to be the best contrivance extant for the purpose4 99 99 99 ,i am1 ,sir1 yours c4 ,,william ,,baddeley1 #bi ,alfred ,street1 ,islington4 ,,edward ,,john ,,paine1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,london4 ,for improvements in marine vessels1 in apparatus for the preservation of human life1 and moulding1 joining and finishing hollow and solid figures1 composed wholly or in part of a certain gum1 or a combination of a certain gum2 also for improvements in dissolving the aforesaid gums1 and in apparatus or machinery to be used for the purposes above mentioned4 ,patent dated ,june #g1 #ahdi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,water ,,proof ,,varnish4--,mix together #a lb4 gutta-percha1 #c oz4 gum opal1 lb4 linseed oil1 #h oz4 sugar of lead1 #b lbs4 spirits of turpentine4 ,place the mixture in a tincture press1 the cylinder of which is heated by a sand bath1 and the produce is the varnish required4 ,a ,,varnish ,,with ,,which ,,colors ,,may ,,be ,,mixed1 ,,and ,,very ,,suitable ,,for ,,coating ,,articles ,,in ,,gutta-,,percha4--,take #ajj lbs4 gutta-percha1 #ah lbs4 #ab oz4 gum opal1 #ej lbs4 linseed oil1 #bjj lbs4 spirits of turpentine1 and mix the whole together4 ,a ,,varnish ,,for ,,unpainted ,,articles ,,in ,,rough ,,wood4--,take #ej lbs4 ,india-rubber1 #ajj lbs4 gutta-percha1 #cj lbs4 gum opal1 #gj lbs4 gum damar1 #aej lbs4 linseed oil1 #ge lbs4 sugar of lead1 #ejj lbs4 spirits of turpentine4 ,a ,,varnish ,,for ,,articles ,,of ,,metal4--,take #ajj lbs4 gutta-percha1 #bj lbs4 gum opal1 #ge lbs4 linseed oil1 #be lbs4 sugar of lead1 #bjj lbs4 spirits of turpentine4 ,w4 ,,johnson4 ,improvements in the treatment1 preparation1 or manufacture of sheet caoutchouc1 and in the combination thereof with cloth and other fabrics4 7,a communication47 ,dated ,october #c1 #ahef4 ,this relates to a mode of preparing sheets of caoutchouc1 and combining them firmly with cloth and other fabrics1 to produce goods for the manufacture of articles of various degrees of elasticity1 and consists in preparing sheets of vulcanized caoutchouc1 by desulphurizing their surfaces by first boiling the sheets in caustic alkali1 and afterwards in salt pickle1 to neutralize the alkali remaining on the sheet1 and then washing the same4 ,these sheets are then roughed on their surfaces1 and the fabric to which they are to be applied is prepared by coating the surfaces thinly with a solution of caoutchouc dissolved in some solvent1 and then thoroughly evaporating the solvent4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,jeune4 ,an improved manufacture of floor cloth4 ,dated ,may #bf1 #ahef4 ,the patentee mixes in a masticating machine1 ,india-rubber1 7partly the waste of vulcanized rubber7 and gutta percha1 to produce a binding substance1 and throws in ground cedar wood1 or other vegetable dust1 for increasing the bulk1 and reducing the cost4 ,when the mixing is effected1 he adds fibrous substances in length1 to impart toughness1 and rolls the compound between rollers into sheets1 which he submits to steam or hot air1 to complete the adhesion of the particles4 ,c4 ,,goodyear4 ,an improvement in combining gutta-percha and asphalt or pitch4 ,dated ,august #cj1 #ahef4 ,this consists in combining gutta-percha with asphalt or pitch1 by the aid of hot water4 ,they are1 when desired1 further combined with sulphur1 with ,india-rubber1 or other matters2 and compounds are1 when required1 subjected to high temperature4 ,a4 ,,lorimier4 ,an improvement in re-working vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,dated ,october #bj1 #ahef4 ,this consists in preparing the waste of vulcanized ,india-rubber by crushing the same between pressing rollers1 then subjecting it to a considerable degree of heat1 and whilst so heated causing it to be stirred1 by which means the mass is progressively brought into a fluid state4 ,it is then allowed to cool1 but before becoming cold1 a solvent of ,india-rubber is added1 by which an ,india-rubber cement is produced4 ,,george ,,simpson1 ,newington1 ,butts1 chemist1 and ,,thomas ,,foster1 ,stratham1 manufacturer4 ,for improvement in manufacturing1 or treating solvents of ,india-rubber1 and of other gums or substances4 ,patent dated ,april #bf1 #ahdi4 ,first4 ,bisulphuret of carbon is placed in an iron still1 the top of which opens into an earthen ware vessel containing pentuchloride of antimony1 and a pipe leads from the top of this vessel1 to the worm of an earthen-ware condensor4 ,the still and first vessel are heated by steam jackets4 ,the resulting product flows from the condensor to a reservoir1 after which1 it is rectified by lime and is then ready for use as a solvent4 ,before rectification1 the ,india-rubber1 gutta-percha1 or other gum may be immersed in it1 or exposed to its fumes and thereby rendered less liable to injury from the effects of cold or heat4 ,second4 ,coal is purified and rendered applicable as a solvent of these gums by being subjected to a similar process1 chloride of lime in solution being substituted for the pentuchloride of antimony4 ,claims4 #ast1 ,the manufacture of chloride and bichloride of carbon1 and its application as a solvent of ,india-rubber1 gutta-percha1 and other gums not soluble in water1 and the mode of treating rubber1 as described4 ,second4 ,the mode of treating coal oil with chloride of lime1 for the purpose of obtaining a solvent of the before mentioned gums4 ,,to ,,gustave ,,eugene ,,michel ,,gerard1 of ,paris1 in the ,republic of ,france4 ,for improvements in dissolving caoutchouc 7,india-rubber71 and gutta-percha4 ,sealed ,may #g1 #ahej4 ,this invention consists in certain improved means of dissolving ,india-rubber and gutta-percha4 ,the patentee commences his specification by remarking that heretofore all solutions of ,india-rubber1 whether clear or thick1 have possessed great coherence and elasticity2 the solvent1 whatever it may have been1 has always expanded the gum to a great extent2 and as it is not until after this has taken place that the real act of dissolving the gum commences1 a large quantity of the solvent is consequently required4 99 99 99 ,the new process consists in mixing with the solvent 7of whatever nature it may be7 a certain quantity of alcohol1 and macerating therein the ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 which will expand very little1 and at the end of twenty-four hours1 it will be in the state of paste1 suitable for being moulded into any desired form4 ,the patentee prefers to employ as a solvent1 sulphuret of carbon1 chloroform1 sulphuric ether1 naptha1 essential oils of coal1 or turpentine1 and to add thereto from five to fifty per cent4 of alcohol4 ,the caoutchouc is mixed with the alcoholized solvents in all proportions1 varying from equal parts to thirty parts of the latter1 to one of the former1 according to the thickness of the solution required1 and after one or two days1 the paste is submitted to the ordinary process of masticating1 if the solution is made of equal parts1 or when it is made of small quantities of the solvent2 in other cases it is not necessary4 ,the patentee adopts the same system when treating gutta-percha4 ,he dissolves it in the alcoholized sulphuret of carbon1 and dilutes it until it arrives at the consistence of thick syrup of sugar4 ,in this state he permits it to remain three or four days1 during which time1 the impurities will be precipitated or rise to the surface2 and then he draws off the gutta-percha in a state of complete purity4 ,it will be seen that the character of the invention is the mixture of alcohol with the solvent used for dissolving caoutchouc1 and gutta-percha4 ,as alcohol is the liquid which most quickly precipitates ,india-rubber from its solutions1 the patentee avails himself of this property1 by causing the alcohol1 by means of a solvent1 to enter into the interior parts of the ,india-rubber1 or to detach all the adherent atoms which form the mass of the caoutchouc4 ,by the addition of the alcohol1 the particles are rendered less adherent among themselves1 and are easily separated by pressure1 retaining the form resulting from this pressure1 and not returning to their ordinary form4 ,on the solvent and the alcohol being evaporated1 the caoutchouc will return to its original state4 ,all liquids which possess the properties of alcohol may be mixed with the solvents4 ,the principle of this invention is the causing matters which are not of a solvent nature1 to be introduced into the body of the ,india-rubber by means of a solvent1 such matters having the property to disunite the parts constituting the mass of ,india-rubber1 and destroy the adherence of the particles1 whether these matters are combined with the solvents1 or introduced by themselves4 ,,to ,,william ,,edward ,,newton1 of the ,office of ,patents1 #ff ,chancery ,lane1 ,london1 ,england4 ,for improvements applicable to ,boots1 ,shoes and other coverings for1 or appliances to the feet4 ,sealed #fth of ,june1 #ahej4 ,the first part of this invention consists in providing the under surface of ,india-rubber shoes1 buskins1 gaiters1 boots1 and over-shoes1 with projecting metallic points1 permanently secured in or to the soles1 so as to render the same less liable to slip or slide1 when used in walking over snow1 ice1 or other smooth or slippery surfaces4 ,in carrying out this improvement1 the inventor procures short metallic points1 in the form of headed rivets1 in length very slightly exceeding the thickness of the sole1 having a head of any convenient size4 ,the diameter of the head is not material1 but it should not be less than an ordinary rivet-head2 and the size of the projecting portion should be1 for light shoes1 about #a_/bj of an inch in diameter1 which may be increased according to the size of the shoe1--care being taken not to render the shoe burdensome4 ,before the sole is applied to the shoe1 these rivets or points are inserted through perforations in the sole1 so that the heads shall rest upon the inner surface1 and the points project through and beyond the outer surface1 but so slightly that they can scarcely be felt in passing the hand over the surface4 ,the sole thus prepared1 is then applied in the usual manner1 to the shoe4 ,another mode of providing the sole with such points1 differs from the foregoing1 in this respect only2--instead of using a number of headed rivets1 the patentee takes a metallic plate1 with projecting points1 which may be cast for the purpose1 so that when the points are inserted in the sole1 the projecting points on the outer surface will be similar to those prepared with rivets as above described2 while1 on the inner surface1 instead of presenting several heads1 there will be one plate1 which may be treated as one connecting head for all the rivets4 ,the third part of the invention relates to a method of making that kind of shoes known as clogs1 and consists in making them of ,india-rubber1 or the compounds thereof1 and of what the inventor denominates ,india-rubber sponge1 moulded of the desired form1 with the upper part of the sole1 which comes in contact with the sole of the shoe or boot1 formed with a ring all around1 and protuberances1 so as to give the desired elevation with little weight4 ,the operator mixes sugar or resin with the ,india-rubber1 prepared in the usual manner for vulcanizing1 in the proportion of one-quarter of a pound of sugar or resin to each pound of ,india-rubber2 and after the compound has been worked and treated in the usual manner1 he forms the clog thereof1 in a mould1 and subjects it to the curing or vulcanizing process1 by which it is rendered spongy and light4 ,the mould is so formed as to make the sole thin1 with a rim all round and protuberances within1 for the boot or shoe to rest on1 to give the foot the required elevation from the ground4 ,the sole thus prepared1 can be provided with a toe-piece and heel-strap1 as described under the second part of the invention1 or it may be provided with any other means of securing it to the foot4 ,the last part of the invention relates to a mode or modes of making ,india-rubber shoes or coverings for the feet pervious to perspiration1 and yet impervious1 under ordinary circumstances1 to water or damp4 ,this object may be effected by taking a quantity of ,india-rubber sponge and rolling it into thin sheets1 which sheets may be made into boots1 shoes1 or coverings for the feet1 and as they will be found to be covered with a great number of very fine holes1 they will allow the perspiration to pass through1 but will effectually keep out the wet4 ,it is preferred1 however1 to perforate the ,india-rubber by mechanical means1 as a greater amount of regularity may be thereby attained1 and the perforating process will be more under command4 ,when the sheet rubber is made up into boots or coverings for the feet1 it will be necessary either to leave those parts of the boot nearest to the sole1 and most exposed to the wet1 unperforated and impervious1 or to cover those parts with an impervious material1 leaving only the upper part pervious to perspiration4 ,under this head of the invention the claim is for making boots1 shoes1 and other coverings for the feet1 pervious to the perspiration of the wearer1 by making such articles of sheet rubber1 previously perforated with minute holes4 ,,to ,,alfred ,,vincent ,,newton1 of the ,office of ,patents1 in ,chancery ,lane1 ,london1 ,england4 ,for improvements in the preparation of materials for the production of a composition or compositions applicable to the manufacture of buttons1 knife and razor handles1 inkstands1 door-knobs1 and other articles1 where hardness1 strength and durability are required4 7,sealed #dth of ,march1 #ahea47d ,footnote #d3 ,this is one of the most important patents ever taken out1 being of great practical utility4 ,this invention relates to the preparation and treatment of caoutchouc and gutta-percha1 either alone or in combination1 for the purpose of producing a new manufacture or composition1 applicable to various uses where hardness1 strength and durability are required4 ,the composition designed to be produced1 will possess some of the characteristics of horn1 ivory1 jet1 and may1 according to the color imparted to it1 be employed in place thereof2 or it may be used as a substitute for costly woods1 and be applied to furniture in the form of veneer4 ,in treating caoutchouc 7,india-rubber7 for this purpose1 it is combined with sulphur1--the best proportion being about equal parts1 by weight1 of each ingredient4 ,by combining sulphur in this proportion1 with the caoutchouc1 and subjecting the compound to the curing operation1 7hereafter to be described7 a hard substance will be produced1 but a still better result will be obtained by the introduction of magnesia or lime1 or of carbonate1 or sulphate of magnesia1 or carbonate or sulphate of lime1 or calcined ,french chalk1 or other magnesian earth1 into the composition1 in which case1 the following proportions will be found highly advantageous1 viz42 one pound of caoutchouc1 half a pound of sulphur1 and half a pound of magnesia1 or lime1 or carbonate or sulphate of magnesia1 or carbonate or sulphate of lime1 or calcined ,french chalk1 or other magnesian earth4 ,the proportions specified in both of these compounds1 may be considerably varied without materially changing the result2 but in no case is it desirable to use a much less quantity of sulphur than four ounces to every pound of caoutchouc4 ,with either of these compounds just described1 gum lac1 or gum shellac1 may be combined to great advantage1--say1 in the proportion of from four to eight ounces of gum lac to every pound of caoutchouc4 ,rosin1 oxides or salts of lead or zinc1 of all colors1 and other similar substances1 both mineral and vegetable1 may be added in small quantities1 to either of the compounds1 for the purpose of imparting a polish1 or a color thereto1 and for making the mixture work more easily2 but no precise rule for these additions can be given2 nor1 indeed1 is it necessary1 as the taste and judgment of the operator will be his guide in this particular4 ,the compounds produced according to the above plans1 are next treated in the manner to be presently described2 but1 as this process is equally applicable to the treatment of other compositions included in this invention1 the patentee first explains of what these compositions consist4 ,when using gutta-percha in lieu of ,india-rubber1 the inventor takes certain proportions of gutta-percha1 sulphur and magnesia1 or lime1 or a carbonate1 or a sulphate of magnesia or lime1 or calcined ,french chalk1 or other magnesian earth1 and mixes them in a convenient manner4 ,the portions preferred are the following1 viz4--one pound of gutta-percha1 six ounces of sulphur1 and from six to eight ounces of either magnesia or lime1 or a carbonate1 or a sulphate of magnesia or of lime1 or calcined ,french chalk1 or other magnesian earth4 ,instead of using the specified proportion of the magnesia or lime1 or of the carbonate or sulphate of magnesia or lime1 or of calcine ,french chalk or other magnesian earth1 the same proportion of any two or more of these substances combined1 may be employed1 care being taken that the quantity of this third ingredient in the composition does not vary from the proportion of six or eight ounces4 ,these proportions may1 however1 be slightly varied1 without materially changing the result4 ,to the composition above specified1 a fourth ingredient may be added1 viz41 gum shellac1 by which a still better article will be produced--the body thus obtained being stronger and more easily worked4 ,the quantity of shellac1 in such case1 should be about four ounces to every pound of gutta-percha4 ,resin1 oxide or salts of lead or zinc1 of all colors1 and other like substances1 both mineral and vegetable may be added1 in small quantities1 to either of the above compositions1 for the purposes before stated with respect to the ,india-rubber composition4 ,the compounds described may be mixed by a masticating machine or other means1 until the several ingredients are thoroughly incorporated4 ,the mineral ingredients should be finely divided1 and good results are obtained by reducing them before mixture1 to an impalpable powder4 ,when rolled or moulded1 the compounds are then to be 8cured40 ,this is effected by exposing the compound to a high degree of artificial heat1 using for this purpose either steam1 hot water1 or hot air4 ,the degree of heat to which this compound is to be exposed1 and the duration of its exposure1 will depend somewhat upon the size and thickness of the article2 but in ordinary cases the heat should be raised to about #bfj or #bgj1 ,fah41 and the compound exposed to such heat for about four hours2 as a general rule1 however1 it may be stated that the heat should range from #bej to #cjj1 ,fah41 and the time of exposure from two to six hours4 ,the compounds or compositions by undergoing this heating or curing operation1 will become of a hard1 stiff character1 in many respects resembling tortoise-shell1 horn1 bone1 ivory1 and jet4 ,in the compounds described as compositions of caoutchouc1 considerable proportions of gutta-percha may be substituted for caoutchouc 7rubber7 without injury2 and1 in the compounds described as compositions of gutta-percha1 considerable proportions of caoutchouc may also be substituted for gutta-percha without injury 99 99 99 99 ,the compositions1 when hardened1 may be worked like wood or bone2 but1 in some instances1 it is proposed to mould1 shape1 or otherwise treat the compositions so as to render them better suited to the purpose for which they are intended1 prior to submitting them to the hardening process4 ,thus when it is desired to use these new compositions in combination with common flexible vulcanized caoutchouc1 the parts intended to be hardened may be united to a connecting band1 or connecting pieces of flexible vulcanized caoutchouc1 by cementing or pressing together the surfaces required to be joined1 before the heating or curing process has been effected2 by which means1 during the process of curing1 the abutting elastic and non-elastic surfaces will become firmly united together4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another mode of applying the composition consists in uniting them in their plastic or green state with iron1 or other metals or rigid substances1 which will bear a high degree of artificial heat without alteration or damage1 roughened in such portions of its surface as are intended to be brought into contact with the compound of caoutchouc or gutta-percha1 and the compound is then applied to the roughened surface of the article4 ,when it is desired that the compound of caoutchouc or gutta-percha shall serve as a covering to the iron or other substance1 a thin sheet of the compound 7sometimes one thirty-second part of an inch in thickness or less7 is pressed with great care1 upon the iron or other substance1 so as to expel all air from between the adjoining surfaces1 and to cause the most perfect union and adhesion1 as the coated article is bound with strips or ribbons of cloth1 or other suitable material1 whereby the compound is kept in close contact with the article during the process of hardening4 ,the combined materials thus treated1 will be found to possess the qualities desired--the iron or other substance giving strength and the compound giving a hard and durable surface4 ,in this way may be produced many articles used in and about harnesses or carriages1 such as saddle trees1 buckles1 terrels1 bits1 stirrups1 martingale rings1 dasher-irons1 and articles intended to be used as furniture1 either in whole or in part1 and a great variety of other useful objects4 ,a4 ,,ford4 ,preparing and dissolving in naptha or oil of turpentine1 vulcanized ,india-rubber for the purpose of water-proofing1 and for all or any of the other purposes for which the same not so prepared and dissolved is now applicable1 and expressly for the coating of iron ships' bottoms4 ,dated ,june #bgth1 #ahef4 ,the inventor first cuts the vulcanized ,india-rubber into small pieces1 and places it in a boiler1 having within it an agitator or stirrer1 kept in constant motion during the process4 ,the only openings into this boiler are a main hole with a screw top2 a safety-valve which comes into action only when the pressure on the inner surface of the boiler exceeds #be lbs4 to the square inch1 and the opening occasioned by the passage of the stem of the agitator1 which passes in at the summit4 ,he then applies heat in such a manner as that three-fourths of the outer surface of the boiler shall be at once exposed to its influence1 and at a temperature of never more than #cjj ,fah42 and he continues the same until the ,india-rubber shall be reduced to the consistence of dough1 when he takes it out1 and having mixed with it a sufficient portion of ,french chalk in powder to remove its adhesiveness1 passes it a few times through metal rollers1 after which it is capable of being dissolved in naptha or oil of turpentine in the manner of ordinary ,india-rubber4 ,the rationale of the process is1 that by means of the heat applied to the boiler1 he decomposes a small portion of the vulcanized ,india-rubber1 whereby a gas is generated which1 filling the interior of the boiler1 acts upon the remaining portion1 and softens it4 ,the not allowing the gas to escape is1 therefore1 a very important feature4 ,n4 ,s4 ,,dodge4 ,improvements in treating vulcanized ,india-rubber or gutta-percha4 ,dated ,january #ahth1 #ahef4 ,this invention relates to a mode of treating vulcanized ,india-rubber1 for rendering scraps or waste pieces1 such as old shoes1 c41 fit to be re-used without requiring to be vulcanized4 ,the material is reduced into small pieces1 and placed in a vessel hermetically closed1 and to it is added pure alcohol and bisulphate of carbon 7lb4 of the former1 and #aj lbs4 of the latter1 to #ajj lbs4 of the material17 the alcohol and the bisulphate being previously mixed together1 and then poured over the material to be treated4 ,the vessel is then closed air-tight for two hours1 at the end of which the process is complete4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,turner4 ,improvements in the manufacture of elastic tubing4 ,dated ,february #bith1 #ahef4 ,the invention relates to tubing made of ,india-rubber and gutta-percha1 either separately or in combination1 and is designed for rendering such tubing capable of withstanding a pressure of from #ej to #ajj lbs4 on every square inch of surface4 ,the novelty consists in combining with the aforesaid material a rigid substance1 such as a helix or a series of rings of metal or other material4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,american ,,patents ,,and ,,claims4 ,,introductory4 ,no sooner had the nature of ,india-rubber began to be developed1 than the spirit of ,american enterprize commenced to work1 in experimenting upon the various uses to which it is susceptible4 ,of course1 the progress was at first slow and tedious4 ,charles ,mackintosh1 of ,england1 seems to be the first individual who discovered the process of dissolving the gum in spirits of turpentine1 and to introduce the manufacture of those goods which now bear his name4 ,but it seems that as early as #ahac1 eight years prior to ,mackintosh's discovery1 ,jacob ,h4 ,hummel1 of ,philadelphia1 had secured a patent for 8,india-rubber varnish40 ,what the method of preparation was1 the 8report0 does not state4 ,from that date to #ahca1 the spirit of investigation and experiment in this direction1 lay dormant4 ,the next step in this country1 7in #ahca17 was a patent secured for 8,india-rubber ,fluid10 to render articles water-proof4 ,in about one year from the issuing of this patent1 ,wait ,webster1 of ,new ,york1 secured a patent for attaching ,india-rubber soles to boots and shoes4 ,with the introduction of ,chaffee's patent for ,india-rubber shoes1 in #ahcb1 the spirit of invention1 experiment and competition commenced1 and has continued until the present time4 ,the new1 curious1 and almost universal application of ,india-rubber and gutta-percha1 in the industrial arts1 has wrought a wonderful change1 and has given an added stimulus to our manufacturing and commercial interests4 ,the importance of these gums can hardly be over-estimated1 and1 it is hardly too much to predict that discoveries in the combination of gutta-percha and ,india-rubber with other substances1 will yet be made1 which will almost or wholly supersede the common sole-leather1 now so extensively used4 ,already have patents been secured for artificial leather1 that in appearance is hardly distinguishable from the best sole-leather4 ,its ,,durability1 it is contested1 together with its ,,cheapness1 will1 when the processes of its manufacture are perfected1 give it a decided superiority over all other leather4 ,in preparing and arranging the following list of 8,american ,patents and ,claims10 we have given all the really important ones ever issued4 ,some of the descriptions are very brief1 and necessarily so1 from the fact that the ,patent ,office ,reports have given but little more than the title1 or 8text0 of the patent issued4 ,it is a very singular1 and somewhat remarkable fact1 that our ,patent ,office ,reports are exceedingly barren of information concerning the nature and description of inventions4 ,why this meagreness of detail is put forth1 and important information thus withheld or suppressed1 is a problem that we cannot solve4 ,we have before alluded to the marked difference which exists between the ,english and ,american ,patent ,offices in this important particular1 and while we are able to give full1 minute1 and instructive descriptions of ,english patents1 we can only afford1 in many ,american patents herein referred to1 but little more than the announcement of the issue4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,american ,,patents4 ,first ,american ,patent1 received by ,jacob ,h4 ,hummel1 of ,philadelphia1 ,april #bi1 #ahac1 for ,india-rubber ,varnish4 ,second1 to ,george ,h4 ,richards1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #aa1 #ahca1 for ,india-rubber ,fluid1 to render articles water-proof4 ,third1 to ,wait ,webster1 ,new ,york1 ,may #ai1 #ahcb1 for attaching ,india-rubber soles to boots and shoes4 ,fourth1 to ,edwin ,m4 ,chaffee1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ,feb4 #f1 #ahcc1 for ,india-rubber shoes4 ,fifth1 to ,nathaniel ,ruggles1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahcc1 for attaching ,india-rubber soles to boots and shoes4 ,sixth1 to ,samuel ,d4 ,breed1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,april #d1 #ahcc1 for attaching soles to boots and shoes by means of ,india-rubber4 ,seventh1 to ,samuel ,d4 ,breed1 ,philadelphia1 ,june #bi1 #ahcc1 for hose from cloth and gum-elastic4 ,eighth1 to ,edwin ,m4 ,chaffee1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ,dec4 #ca1 #ahcc1 for ,india-rubber mail and travelling bags4 ,ninth1 to ,edwin ,m4 ,chaffee1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ,may #ag1 #ahcd1 for boots and shoes from ,india-rubber4 ,tenth1 to ,patrick ,mackie1 ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahcd1 for covering ropes with ,india-rubber4 ,re-issued1 ,dec4 #c1 #ahcd4 ,eleventh1 to ,a4 ,l4 ,van ,horn1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,june #bf1 #ahce1 ,india-rubber webbing for riding-saddles4 ,twelfth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,sept4 #i1 #ahce1 for ,india-rubber cement4 ,thirteenth and ,fourteenth to ,william ,atkinson1 ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #f1 #ahce1 for cutting ,india-rubber into threads2 also1 another patent same date1 for spreading and drying ,india-rubber upon cloth4 ,fifteenth1 to ,patrick ,mackie1 ,new ,york1 ,march #bc1 #ahcf1 for dissolving ,india-rubber in naptha and sulphate of zinc4 ,sixteenth1 to ,ranson ,warner1 ,new ,york1 ,may #ah1 #ahcf1 for manufacturing gum-elastic suspenders4 ,seventeenth1 to ,e4 ,m4 ,chaffee1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ,may #ca1 #ahcf1 for ,india-rubber application to cloth4 ,mr4 ,chaffee obtained another patent in ,august1 #ahcf1 for softening ,india-rubber and applying it to cloth1 without dissolving it1 by pressing it between heated rollers4 ,this was and is1 a very important patent4 ,it is not reported in the ,united ,states ,patent ,reports1 and the reason for its suppression is variously accounted for4 ,eighteenth4 ,specification of a ,patent for divesting caoutchouc or ,india-rubber of its adhesive qualities1 and also of bleaching the same1 and thereby adapting it to various useful purposes4 ,granted to ,,charles ,,goodyear1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,june #agth1 #ahcg4 ,mr4 ,goodyear claims the discovery of a new and improved mode or process of divesting caoutchouc1 gum elastic1 or ,india-rubber1 of its adhesive properties4 ,i employ the various acid solutions of the metals1 and with such metallic solution ,i wash over the surface of the caoutchouc1 of which ,i mean to destroy the adhesive property2 or instead of washing the surface of the caoutchouc1 ,i dip it1 or the article coated with it1 into such a solution4 99 99 99 ,the metallic solutions are not1 by any means1 equally effective in destroying the adhesiveness of the caoutchouc2 the stronger acids being in all cases preferred1 as being perfect in their action1 nor is it indifferent what kind of metal is employed4 ,the strong nitric acid1 undiluted1 is that which ,i in general prefer2 and among the metals1 ,i prefer either copper or bismuth1 forming a nitrate of copper1 or a nitrate of bismuth1 as the full effect is produced by these solutions in from one to five minutes4 ,after the action is thought to be complete1 the article acted upon is to be washed with water1 so as to remove the whole of the acid solution1 and it will be found that not only the surface of the caoutchouc will resemble that of a soft cloth1 but that the surface may be worn off to a considerable depth1 and the new surface not manifest the slightest tendency to adhesiveness2 it is indeed so far altered in its properties as to resist1 to a considerable extent1 the action of those menstrua by which it is ordinarily dissolved4 ,it may1 for example1 be washed in spirits of turpentine1 or in the oil of sassafras1 without being rendered sticky2 and it will equally resist the action of solar or of artificial heat1 under all ordinary temperatures4 ,i have sometimes covered the surface of the caoutchouc with the metallic powder known by the name of bronze1 and have afterwards washed it over with nitric acid1 which has produced the same effect as the washing it with1 or dipping it in the metallic solution1 such a solution being in this case immediately produced by the action of the acid upon the metal4 ,it is a common practice to add some of the absorbent earths1 or some pigment1 to the dissolved caoutchouc1 and when this is done the metallic solution may be readily made to operate to a greater or less extent throughout the whole mass of a sheet of considerable thickness4 ,instead of the process above described1 or preparatory to it1 ,i combine the caoutchouc with quick lime1 as ,i have found this earth is preferable1 in fitting the sheet caoutchouc to be acted upon throughout its whole thickness by the metallic solution2 but besides this1 the lime has the property of bleaching the caoutchouc1 and of giving to it a surface and texture adapting it to the receiving impressions from copper plates1 or by other modes of printing1 rendering it1 either alone or when used as a coating for cloth1 applicable to the purpose of printing charts1 or other devices4 ,the caoutchouc so prepared with lime1 will be rendered adhesive by the action of heat or of solvents1 unless the metallic solutions be applied to it2 in which case much of the whiteness communicated to it by the bleaching property of the lime will disappear4 ,the following is the process3 ,i slake a portion of the finest quick lime1 and then mix and agitate it with so much water as that it shall not be thicker than milk1 when on allowing it to stand at rest1 all the coarser particles contained in it will rapidly subside2 the upper portion containing the finer particles1 is then to be poured off1 and the fine lime allowed to subside1 the water left on the surface of this being poured off1 it is obtained in a state fit for incorporation with the caoutchouc when in that form of thick paste into which it is brought by the manufacturer1 preparatory to its being rolled into sheets4 ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and wish to secure by letters patent1 is the destroying of the adhesive property not only of the surface of caoutchouc1 gum elastic1 or ,india-rubber1 but also to a considerable extent below the surface1 whether the same being in sheets unconnected with cloth1 or other substances1 or when used as a coating therefor1 by the application thereto of an acid solution of the metals1 substantially in the manner set forth4 ,i also claim the manner of preparing and incorporating lime with the caoutchouc paste1 for the purpose of bleaching it1 and giving to the sheets formed of it a color and texture adapting it to receive printing impressures and rendering it applicable to various other purposes1 either without or with the treatment by the metallic solutions1 as set forth4 ,i further claim1 as an entirely new manufacture1 the sheet caoutchouc prepared by the within described process of treatment1 by the metallic solutions as herein described1 as it is thereby so essentially changed in its properties as to bear but little resemblance to such articles as have1 heretofore1 been manufactured out of the same material1 and is rendered applicable to a variety of new purposes hitherto unattempted1 or attempted without success4 ,nineteenth1 to ,stephen ,c4 ,smith1 ,new ,york1 ,december #gth1 #ahcg4 ,manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,twentieth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ,july #bdth1 #ahch4 ,for manufacturing ,india-rubber4 ,twenty-first1 to ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,assigner to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,feb4 #bdth1 #ahci4 ,for an ,improvement in the mode of preparing ,india-rubber for the manufacture of various articles4 ,sulphur1 it is known1 is soluble in the essential oils1 which also are the solvents usually employed for dissolving caoutchouc1 the oil of turpentine being generally employed for that purpose4 ,i take the essential oil1 say oil of turpentine1 and dissolve in it1 by digestion1 a portion of sulphur generally using about a teaspoonful of sulphur1 in flour1 to a quantity of oil of turpentine which is to dissolve a pound of ,india-rubber2 the exact proportion not being important1 and that indicated being sufficiently near for practical purposes4 ,with this solution ,i proceed as with the ordinary spirits of turpentine4 ,instead of making this solution of sulphur1 ,i sometimes use the flour of sulphur1 or sulphur in fine powder1 and incorporate it in the proportion above indicated with the gum when brought to a pulpy mass by any of the common solvents1 or when worked by heated cylinders without any solvents1 taking care that it is intimately mixed with the mass4 ,another mode of using the sulphur is to apply it to the surface of the gum after it has been applied to the cloth1 or rolled into sheets1 causing it to adhere by pressure or otherwise4 ,after which the gum is to be submitted to the action of metallic salts1 in the manner described by ,charles ,goodyear4 ,the effect of the sulphur in whatever way it may be added to the gum1 is to cause it to dry more perfectly1 and to improve the whole substance thereof1 rendering it much superior to that prepared by any other combination therewith4 ,the subsequent process of curing1 or tanning1 the surface above referred to1 as patented by ,charles ,goodyear1 removes all the odor of sulphur1 and is intended to be generally applied to all articles manufactured as above4 ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the combining of sulphur with gum elastic1 whether in solution or in substance1 in either of the modes above pointed out1 or in any other that is substantially the same1 and which will produce a like effect4 ,twenty-second1 to ,charles ,b4 ,rodgers1 and ,e4 ,arnold1 ,charlestown1 ,mass41 ,june #ba1 #ahda4 ,assigns to ,e4 ,chaffee1 ,cambridgeport1 ,mass4 ,for manufacturing ,india-rubber ,balls4 ,twenty-third1 to ,sewall ,gleason1 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahdc4 ,for ,machine for making ,india-rubber ,hats4 ,twenty-fourth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,march #i1 #ahdd4 ,for ,india-rubber ,fabrics4 ,twenty-fifth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,june #ae1 #ahdd4 ,for ,india-rubber ,fabrics4 ,twenty-sixth1 to ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer and ,j4 ,helm1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,october #i1 #ahdd4 ,for ,india-rubber ,cutting4 ,twenty-seventh1 to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,october #ab1 #ahdd4 ,for ,india-rubber ,goods corrugated and shirred4 ,twenty-eighth1 to ,nelson ,goodyear1 ,newton1 ,conn41 ,april #bb1 #ahde4 ,for manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,twenty-ninth1 to ,nelson ,goodyear1 ,newton1 ,conn41 ,may #ac1 #ahde4 ,for ,india-rubber ,fabrics4 ,thirtieth1 to ,james ,bogardus1 ,new ,york1 ,may #ba1 #ahde4 ,for ,sheering ,machine for ,india-rubber4 ,thirty-first1 to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,june #g1 #ahde1 ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer1 and ,j4 ,helm1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for ,machine for cutting ,india-rubber ,threads4 ,thirty-second1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,june #aj1 #ahde4 ,for ,india-rubber ,fabrics4 ,thirty-third1 to ,james ,bogardus1 ,new ,york1 ,november #ba1 #ahde4 ,for ,machine for cutting ,india-rubber ,threads4 ,thirty-fourth1 to ,horace ,day1 ,new ,york1 ,june #ae1 #ahdf4 ,for ,india-rubber ,portable ,boat4 ,thirty-fifth1 to ,j4 ,w4 ,harrison1 ,new ,york1 ,june #ae1 #ahdf4 ,for process for grinding ,india-rubber previous to softening4 ,thirty-sixth1 to ,william ,f4 ,ely1 ,new ,york1 ,april #ag1 #ahdg4 ,for preparing ,india-rubber4 ,thirty-seventh1 to ,charles ,j4 ,gilbert1 and ,gamaliel ,gay1 ,new ,york1 ,july #ag1 #ahdg4 ,for ,india-rubber ,fabrics4 ,thirty-eighth1 to ,robert ,story1 and ,thomas ,hopper1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,august #ag1 #ahdg4 ,for ,india-rubber ,shoes4 ,thirty-ninth1 to ,james ,thomas1 ,new ,york1 ,september #d1 #ahdg4 ,for preparing ,india-rubber4 ,fortieth1 to ,charles ,f4 ,durant1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,october #be1 #ahdg4 ,for process for softening and dissolving ,india-rubber in ,chloroform4 ,forty-first1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,april #be1 #ahdh4 ,for process of making hollow spheres1 various hollow toys1 or other hollow articles of ,india-rubber 7caoutchouc71 the same consisting in the employment of a mould1 and heat1 and air1 substantially in the manner above set forth4 ,forty-second1 to ,charles ,f4 ,durant1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,april #be1 #ahdh4 ,for application of per-chloride of formyle1 otherwise known as chloroform1 to soften and dissolve gutta-percha1 and to soften and dissolve rubber4 ,forty-third1 to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #b1 #ahdh4 ,for finishing or treating cloth1 or other articles made wholly or partly of gutta-percha1 and cloth and fabric made of these1 with ,japan varnish1 such as is generally used in the manufacture of patent leather4 ,forty-fourth1 to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 and ,francis ,d4 ,hayward1 of ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #g1 #ahdh1 re-issued ,november #g1 #ahdh4 ,for forming and rendering elastic suspenders1 shoulder braces1 riding belts1 and other similar articles1 by use in combination therewith of the elastic rings1 for the purpose of giving spring and draught4 ,forty-fifth1 to ,henry ,bewley1 ,dublin1 ,ireland1 ,may #bc1 #ahdh4 ,for application of gutta-percha in any of the states1 and by any of the processes before specified1 to the manufacture of flexible syringes1 tubes1 bottles1 hose1 or other like vehicles or vessels1 or to the improvement of such articles after manufacture4 ,forty-sixth1 to ,charles ,hancock1 ,grosvenor ,place1 ,london1 ,may #bc1 #ahdh4 ,for a method of making bands and belts of gutta-percha1 or the compounds thereof1 by the process of forming1 in combination with the process of stretching or drawing out1 substantially as described2 and this ,i claim irrespective of the methods that may be employed for forming and stretching1 or drawing out the bands or belts4 ,forty-seventh1 to ,r4 ,a4 ,brooman1 ,london1 ,england1 ,may #bc1 #ahdh4 ,for manufacture of various articles1 by moulding1 stamping1 or embossing1 c41 to give to such articles the form required to be retained1 whether useful or ornamental1 whereby ,i am enabled to produce articles useful or ornamental1 or both1 at less cost1 more durable1 more easily applied1 and in short1 more valuable than when made of any other known substance2 and this ,i claim1 whether made of gutta-percha alone1 or in combination with such other substances as are herein specified4 ,forty-eighth1 to ,charles ,keene1 ,sussex ,place1 ,regent's ,park1 ,england1 ,may #bc1 #ahdh4 ,for the manufacture of boots1 shoes1 and other articles of any known kind of cloth or leather1 lined or coated1 as herein described1 with gutta-percha in any of the states of preparation or combination1 by cementing instead of sewing or stitching them together4 ,forty-ninth1 to ,richard ,solis1 ,november #g1 #ahdh4 ,for a mode of preparing the cloth for the rubber by stretching1 also placing the rubber on the cloth obliquely4 ,fiftieth1 to ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,g4 ,helm1 ,january #cj1 #ahdi4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,we here disclaim the use of rubber and sulphur alone1 as also the submitting of rubber1 or rubber compounds to a high degree of heat1 patents having been granted for that process1 in this and other countries2 neither do we wish to secure the right of coloring rubber1 such having frequently been done by rubber manufacturers4 ,but what we do claim and wish to secure by letters patent1 is the combination of caoutchouc in its several varieties1 with either carbonate of zinc1 sulphate of zinc1 or the other salts of zinc with sulphur1 in manner1 form and proportion as hereinbefore set forth4 ,fifty-first1 to ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,g4 ,helm1 ,aug4 #g1 #ahdi4 ,re-issue4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber goods by means of zinc compounds4 ,we here disclaim the use of rubber and sulphur alone1 as also the submitting of rubber or rubber compounds to a high degree of heat2 neither do we wish to secure the right of coloring rubber1 such having frequently been done by rubber manufacturers4 ,but what we do claim as our invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is ,india-rubber fabrics made by the combination of caoutchouc in its several varieties1 with zinc compounds1 in their various forms1 as herein set forth1 and sulphur2 and in combination with these1 the submitting our compound to the action of a high degree of heat2 the whole being combined and manufactured substantially as above described4 ,fifty-second1 to ,nelson ,goodyear1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahdi4 ,for improvement in elastic cords for suspenders4 ,i do not claim simply covering threads of metallic or vulcanized rubber with braid1 as this has long since been done1 but not whilst the ,india-rubber is in a state of tension2 nor do ,i claim simply combining non-elastic cords with the button-hole pieces1 and with the shoulder straps of suspenders1 by passing such cords through loops or around rollers attached to the shoulder straps1 as this has also been long known2 but-- ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the making of elastic cords for suspenders1 by braiding or winding silk1 cotton1 or other threads1 around cords of metallic or vulcanized ,india-rubber1 whilst in a partially distended state1 substantially as described1 whereby springs of greater resisting force are produced1 than by any other known plan4 ,fifty-third and fifty-fourth1 to ,charles ,goodyear--re-issued--,dec4 #be1 #ahdi4 ,for improvement in processes for the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the curing of caoutchouc or ,india-rubber1 by subjecting it to the action of a high degree of artificial heat1 substantially as herein described1 and for the purpose specified4 ,and ,i also claim the preparing and curing the compound of ,india-rubber1 sulphur1 and a carbonate or other salt or oxide of lead1 by subjecting the same to the action of artificial heat1 substantially as herein described4 ,for improvement in felting ,india-rubber with cotton fibre4 ,what ,i claim as new and of my invention1 is incorporating the fibres of cotton or other substances1 with ,india-rubber1 by pressing the fibres of a fleece or bat of cotton or other fibrous substance into a sheet of ,india-rubber in the green state1 without subjecting the fibres1 after they have been incorporated1 to a stretching or drawing operation1 substantially as herein described4 ,fifty-fifth1 to ,francis ,c4 ,hayward and ,j4 ,c4 ,bickford1 of ,colchester1 ,conn41 ,march #ai1 #ahej4 ,for process of rolling ,india-rubber cloth4 ,the 8claim0 is a new or improved process of applying rubber to cloth1 by means of rollers2 the process being a combination of the method of spreading rubber by the pressure of rollers1 and the method of grinding and spreading1 at one and the same time1 against and into the substance of the cloth4 ,fifty-sixth1 to ,john ,pridham1 ,assignor to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 ,new ,york1 ,march #ai1 #ahej1 for use of oxide of tin1 in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,he does not claim the combining of ochre or pipe clay with ,india-rubber1 or submitting rubber to high heat1 or mixing sulphur with rubber4 ,the specific claim is1 the combining rubber with tin1 as set forth1 and the combination of these with sulphur and heat1 whereby is produced a fabric having a black surface1 which is capable of withstanding all the elements which distinguish vulcanized from other preparations of rubber4 ,fifty-seventh1 to ,fowler ,m4 ,ray1 ,new ,york1 ,april #b1 #ahej4 ,for springs for cars1 c41 of ,india-rubber4 ,a method of making cylinder or rolls of prepared ,india-rubber1 by rolling up a thin sheet of ,india-rubber1 on a mandrel1 while the sheet is in a green state1 and as it comes from the heated calendering cylinders1 substantially as described4 ,he also claims a mandrel or cylindrical rod pressed against the periphery1 or a cylinder or roller1 so that the thin sheet of prepared rubber in the green state1 and taken as it comes from the calendering cylinder1 may be wound upon the mandrel1 and the several windings made to adhere1 by pressure1 substantially as described4 ,fifty-eighth1 to ,s4 ,t4 ,armstrong ,c4 ,j4 ,gilbert1 of ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 for improvement in the process of working gutta-percha4 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahej4 ,what we claim under the first part of our invention1 consists in the use of lime or other alkaline substance1 with heat1 in the manner substantially as herein described1 in the cleaning of gutta-percha1 to neutralize the acid or acids contained in that substance in its crude or native state1 and thus preserve and render more permanent its useful properties1 as specified4 ,and in the second part of our invention1 we claim compounding lime with gutta-percha1 substantially as herein described1 for the purpose of improving its qualities1 preserving it wholly or partly from deterioration1 and protecting it against the injurious effects of the atmosphere and heat1 substantially as described4 ,,remarks4--,two patents for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber1 were granted in #ahej4 ,the first of which is for the use of the hypo-sulphate of zinc4 ,this salt is prepared in the following manner4 ,in a solution of caustic lime1 potash1 or other caustic alkali1 boil flour of sulphur until the liquor is saturated1 and into this liquid pass sulphurous acid gas1 by any of the known means1 for the purpose of obtaining a hypo-sulphate of the alkaline base4 ,the liquid is allowed to stand and cool4 ,the clear liquor is then decanted into a vessel containing a suitable quantity of a saturated solution of the nitrate or other analogous salt of zinc4 ,on mixing these solutions the zinc is precipitated in a white powder1 which is regarded as the hypo-sulphate of zinc4 ,it is then washed on a filter1 dried and subsequently ground in a paint-mill4 ,three pounds of this powder is mixed with ten pounds of ,india-rubber1 and heated from three to five hours1 at a temperature of #bfj to #bhj4 ,the rubber1 according to the inventor1 will be found completely cured or vulcanized1 and requires no free sulphur to be used in any part of the process1 and no washing with alkali1 as do the ordinary materials used for vulcanizing4 ,hence it is alleged that this process is adapted to the covering of silks and other delicate textures1 and colored fabrics4 ,another patent was granted for a compound for vulcanizing ,india-rubber4 ,the mode of treatment is much the same as the last1 and produces the same results4 ,the material is the artificial bi-sulphuret of zinc4 ,the inventor claims the use of this composition without the use of sulphur in any part of the process of manufacture1 and the washing with alkaline solutions is not required1 and is not used in this mode of manufacture4 ,fifty-ninth1 to ,fowler ,m4 ,ray1 ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #ah1 #ahej4 ,for vulcanized ,india-rubber springs4 ,the 8claim0 as set forth in the employment of a ring1 or rings1 or disks1 made of any of the preparations of caoutchouc1 known under the various appellations of metallic or vulcanized rubber1 as a substitute for metal or other kinds of springs1 heretofore known and used1 when such ring or rings1 or disk or disks1 or the equivalent thereof are applied1 in manner substantially as described1 whether made of metal or other solid or non-elastic substance4 ,also making the surfaces of all or either of the plates above and below1 and interposed between the elastic rings or their equivalents1 or the surfaces of the elastic rings or other of their convex1 substantially in the manner and for the purpose specified4 ,sixtieth1 to ,jonathan ,trotter1 of ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #c1 #ahej4 ,for vulcanizing ,india-,rubber4 ,the claim is the use and employment of zinc1 in a manner whereby a hypo-sulphate or similar preparation of zinc is obtained in combination with ,india-rubber1 for the purpose of curing or vulcanizing it1 substantially as set forth with the use of free sulphur in any way in combination with the rubber4 ,sixty-first1 to ,jonathan ,t4 ,trotter1 ,new ,york1 ,january #a1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,having described my improved process of curing rubber1 ,i will state what ,i claim and desire to secure by letters patent4 ,what ,i claim1 therefore1 is the use and employment of zinc1 substantially as prepared by the process above described1 in combination with ,india-rubber1 for the purpose of curing or vulcanizing it1 in form and manner as herein set forth1 without the use of free sulphur in any way in combination with the rubber4 ,sixty-second1 to ,david ,mc,curdy1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 ,april #a1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,having described my invention1 and the best mode known to me of manufacturing the same1 what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the combination of potash with rubber and sulphur1 and submitting the same to a high degree of heat1 whereby to produce the change upon rubber known as vulcanizing4 ,sixty-third1 to ,james ,reynolds1 ,new ,york1 ,april #bb1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in machines for gutta-percha tubing and covering wire4 ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the use1 for the purposes specified1 of feed-rollers1 ,c1 ,c1 in combination with the stomach1 ,g1 ,g1 having a lip1 or mouth1 h1 arranged and operating substantially as shown and described4 ,sixty-fourth1 to ,nelson ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,may #f1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,i do not claim the heating or curing process1 as it is termed2 that having been patented by ,charles ,goodyear4 ,what ,i do claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the combining of ,india-rubber and sulphur1 either with or without shellac1 for making a hard and inflexible substance1 hitherto unknown1 substantially as herein set forth4 ,and ,i also claim the combining of ,india-rubber1 sulphur1 and magnesia1 or lime1 or a carbonate1 or a sulphate of magnesia1 or of lime1 either with or without shellac1 for making a hard and inflexible substance1 hitherto unknown1 substantially as herein set forth4 ,sixty-fifth1 to ,horace ,h4 ,day1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #bj1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in ,india-rubber shoes4 ,having described the advantages of my improvement1 and the best way known to me of manufacturing the same1 what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the manufacture of rubber boots and shoes without cloth1 being made of separate pieces of different degrees of elasticity1 and each piece having its peculiar and requisite degree1 the shoe to possess different degrees of elasticity in different parts1 and uniform elasticity in each different part1 and having no part without some elasticity in every direction1 by the means herein described1 or any other substantially the same1 whereby ,i lessen the cost1 obtain a shoe not liable to break1 which can be kept clean1 stretched in every direction at the same time1 easier to the foot1 adjustable to larger boots1 and yet not rendered useless to wear over smaller1 light and elegant1 and retain permanently their shape4 ,sixty-sixth1 to ,s4 ,t4 ,armstrong1 ,new ,york1 ,june #bd1 #ahea4 ,for improvement in making gutta-percha hollow ware4 ,what ,i claim as my invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 in the process above described1 is the method1 as described1 of moulding articles of gutta-percha1 or the compounds of gutta-percha with other substances1 by first making the same in the form of a pipe1 and whilst in a partially heated and plastic state1 giving to it the form required in a mould1 by forcing a liquid inside to expand the gutta-percha1 as described4 ,sixty-seventh1 to ,john ,ryder1 ,new ,york1 ,june #a1 #aheb4 ,for improvement in the process of manufacturing gutta-percha4 ,the claim is the preparation of gutta-percha for vulcanizing by a preliminary separate heating of it1 to such a degree as to expel its volatile ingredients1 which generally can be effected at the high temperatures of from #bhe to #dcj ,fah4 ,mr4 ,ryder also claims the process of vulcanizing gutta-percha by first heating it to a sufficiently high temperature to expel all the volatile ingredients specified1 which it is believed can be done between #bhe and #dcj1 and then incorporating with it a hypo-sulphate1 either alone or in combination with metallic sulphurets or whiting1 or magnesia1 or with all of them together1 and then subjecting the mixture to a temperature of from #bhe to #cbj ,fah41 all the steps of the process being performed as set forth4 ,mr4 ,ryder disclaims the vulcanizing of gutta-percha in all cases save when it has been prepared for the vulcanizing operation by the aforesaid preliminary heating4 ,sixty-eighth1 to ,frederick ,bonner1 ,vera ,cruz1 ,mexico1 ,sept4 #g1 #aheb4 ,for preserving ,india-rubber4 ,the nature of my discovery1 is by applying the before mentioned quantity of ,campeachy salt1 or muriate of soda1 to the rubber1 in its sap state1 and that by so doing1 to prevent putrefaction and fermentation of the juice1 to which1 more especially1 ,i confine the claim of my invention4 ,sixty-ninth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,october #ab1 #aheb4 ,for improvement in making ,india-rubber ,bat cloth4 ,the claim is passing the bat or fleece cotton1 flax1 silk1 or other fibrous substance1 together with dissolved or softened ,india-rubber1 gutta-percha or other vulcanized gum1 or the compounds or preparations thereof1 between calendering rollers1 with an elastic substance interposed between the bat or fleece1 and one of the rollers as described1 or between the glazed apron and one of the rollers1 substantially described4 ,seventieth1 to ,john ,l4 ,kingsley1 ,new ,york1 ,january #ah1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in metallic gum composition4 ,the nature of this invention consists in the process of preparing and using compositions made by grinding metals1 earths1 and other similar materials1 with the raw uncured gums of gutta-percha and caoutchouc 7,india-rubber47 ,also claims--,the making of stereotype moulds1 and plates of the raw uncured gum1 combined with the pulverized oxides of iron and antimony1 or other equivalents4 ,seventy-first1 to ,richard ,solis1 of ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,february1 #ahec4 ,for ,india-rubber4 ,i claim the manufacture of ,india-rubber fabrics by the mixture of ground or powdered vulcanized rubber1 with the ordinary ,india-rubber of commerce4 ,seventy-second1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,april #ab1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in manufacturing articles composed of gutta-percha4 ,this invention consists in using or employing sand1 pulverized soapstone1 plaster1 or some similar granular or pulverized or porous matter1 or moulds made of porous substances1 to sustain and keep the form of moulded or modelled article composed of caoutchouc or its compounds1 and other gums1 during the process of vulcanization1 in proper shape and form4 ,the caoutchouc or other gums are taken in a green state1 and formed into the exact shapes desired1 then covered with pulverized soapstone1 or other similar granular or adhesive powder2 they are placed in a box and heated to #bjj or #cjj ,fahrenheit1 from three to seven hours when the articles are vulcanized4 ,seventy-third1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 and ,robert ,haering1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,april #ab1 #ahec4 7,assigners to ,charles ,goodyear47 ,patented in ,england1 ,march #d1 #ahea4 ,for manufacturing ,india-rubber and gutta-percha4 ,the art or method of manufacturing articles composed in part of caoutchouc1 or other gums1 susceptible of vulcanization1 by heating or vulcanizing the same1 when surrounded with and pressed upon1 externally or internally by or moulded in pulverized soapstone1 sand1 plaster1 or other similar granular1 pulverized or porous matter1 or in moulds of plaster or other porous substance1 as described4 ,seventy-fourth1 to ,john ,l4 ,kingsley1 ,new ,york1 ,june #ad1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in moulding gutta-percha ,stereotype ,plates4 ,the nature of this invention consists in making moulds for stereotyping of ,india-rubber1 or gutta-percha1 by mixing the gums with the metallic or earthy substances1 and by expelling all air from the mould while it is being filled1 to render the cast in all respects perfect4 7,the process would require too lengthy a description for this report47 ,the 8claim0 is the process of expelling air from the surface of the type when forming the mould1 and from the surface of the mould when forming the plate4 ,also the method of dressing1 levelling1 or thickening the moulds and plates1 when made of any compounds that run1 so that all plates made shall be invariably of the same thickness4 ,seventy-fifth1 to ,lenardo ,westbrook1 of ,new ,york ,city1 ,july #ai1 #ahec4 ,for ,gutta-percha ,stereotype ,composition4 ,an improvement on the patent of ,josiah ,warren1 dated ,april #be1 #ahdf1 first1 the compound described1 of shellac1 plumbago or graphite1 asphaltum and gutta-percha1 treated by sulphate of copper and water1 as described1 as a substitute for type metal4 ,seventy-sixth1 to ,h4 ,l4 ,novis1 7,assigner to ,s4 ,t4 ,armstrong7 ,new ,york ,city1 ,july #bf1 #ahec4 ,patented in ,england1 ,february #bd1 #ahec1 and in ,france1 ,march #ac1 #ahec4 ,for preserving ,india-rubber in the liquid state4 ,mr4 ,novis claims the compound1 consisting of the native juice of the caoutchouc1 with aqua ammonia or the equivalent thereof1 as set forth1 when said ammonia or its equivalent is mixed with said juice of the caoutchouc in a liquid state1 by means of which1 the juice above named is preserved for a great length of time1 and can be manufactured at less expense than the ,india-rubber of commerce1 which is mixed with other foreign substances4 ,and ,i also claim the solid elastic article when manufactured from the said composition of matter as described4 ,seventy-seventh1 to ,john ,chilcott1 and ,robert ,snell1 ,new ,york1 ,september #ac1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,boots and ,shoes4 ,the sole is made of three parts1 viz41 the ,india-rubber sole1 a leather lining1 and a leather border1 or edge4 ,the ,india-rubber sole is made smaller than the sole it is intended to cover1 and its edges are bevelled off thin all around2 the leather lining is of the full size of the bottom of the boot or shoe1 and united to the upper side of the ,india-rubber sole by water-proof adhesive material1 leaving a margin of the lining all around the edge of the ,india-rubber sole2 the leather border or edge is of the same thickness as the ,india-rubber sole1 and overlaps the bevelled portion of it1 and is also bevelled so thin that its outer face will be level with the outer face of the ,india-rubber4 ,a solid sole is thus made of uniform thickness1 which may be secured to a boot or shoe1 by sewing1 cementing1 or pegging4 ,claim connecting the whole or any portion of the sole of a boot or shoe1 substantially as described1 of ,india-rubber1 with its inside or edges covered and protected by leather1 which is united with it by any water-proof cement1 with or without stitching1 and forms a hard1 firm leather edge4 ,seventy-eighth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,new ,york1 ,october #aa1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in coating metals with gutta-percha4 ,the nature of this invention consists in the application of 8caoutchouc or gutta-percha0 when mixed with pulverized sulphur 7six or eight ounces of sulphur to one pound of gum7 to the surface of metal4 ,the article covered is subjected to a high degree of heat1 from #bfj to #cjj ,fahrenheit1 from three to seven hours4 ,the hard compound covering may then be polished and varnished4 ,claim4--,the art or method of coating articles composed wholly or in part of metal with compound of ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 and subjecting the same to a high degree of artificial heat1 or the process of vulcanization1 substantially as specified4 ,seventy-ninth1 to ,l4 ,otto ,p4 ,meyer1 ,newton1 ,conn41 ,december #bj1 #ahec4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of caoutchouc or other vulcanizable gums4 ,the nature of this invention consists in producing by means of oil and other fatty substances1 smooth and glassy surfaces upon the material commonly known as hard compound of vulcanized caoutchouc1 or gutta-percha1 or other similar gums1 which may be manufactured according to the process described in letters patent granted to ,charles ,goodyear1 ,may #f1 #ahea4 ,claim4--,the producing smooth and glassy surfaces upon hard compounds of caoutchouc and other vulcanizable gums1 by means of the use of oil1 or other equivalent substances1 applied to the surface of the prepared gum1 and between the gum and the plates or the moulds4 ,eightieth1 to ,william ,e4 ,rider and ,john ,murphy1 of ,new ,york4 ,for improvement in sulphurizing gutta-percha and like gums4 ,patented ,november #g1 #ahed4 ,the improvement consists in the removal of superfluous sulphur from ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 when it has been vulcanized or is in the act of being vulcanized1 by filling the vulcanizing oven with hydrogen gas during the heating process1 called the curing1 and allowing the gas to escape as fast as it becomes neutralized2 by which1 as the inventor alleges1 the after accumulation of sulphur upon the surface of said gums1 is prevented1 and consequently the necessity of boiling them in caustic alkali1 entirely avoided4 ,claim4--,the claim covers the whole ground1 substantially as set forth4 ,no illustration4 ,eighty-first1 to ,george ,reynolds4 ,for improvement in composition for tanning4 ,patented ,dec4 #ai1 #ahed4 ,twenty hides with the hair on1 are steeped for six weeks1 in the following solution1 viz43 #a bushel of muriate of soda1 #a bushel of alum1 and #f pounds of sulphuric acid1 diluted with three hogshead of water4 ,the hides are to be beamed1 and when steeped as stated1 they are removed and dried1 and then stuffed1 or rubbed with tallow or oil1 according to circumstances4 ,but the hides are not steeped in tanning liquor till finished4 ,they are calculated to be used for mocassins1 c41 with the hair next the person4 ,claim4--,the claim is confined to the composition stated4 ,eighty-second1 to ,edward ,brown4 ,for improvement in porous elastic cloth for gaiters4 ,patented ,sept4 #bf1 #ahed4 ,this improvement consists in cementing between two pieces of stocking fabric1 strips of ,india-rubber1 or a sheet of ,india-rubber previously perforated1 for the purpose of furnishing a material pervious to moisture4 ,claim4--,the above described elastic fabric1 the ,india-rubber being confined between two thicknesses of stocking-work1 in the manner and for the purpose set forth4 ,eighty-third1 to ,elias ,c4 ,hyatt and ,christopher ,meyer1 of ,milltown1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of boot and shoe-soles of gutta-percha or ,india-rubber4 ,patented ,january #ag1 #ahed4 ,the material1 in its plastic state1 is passed between two rollers1 marked #a and #b in the engraving1 so as to form a continuous sheet of various thicknesses in its different parts1 suitable for the heel1 the shank1 and the toe4 ,the external surface of the sole is formed by ,no4 #b--;a being a corrugated surface for the toe parts1 c for the heel part1 and b a smooth surface for the shank part4 ,after the continuous sheet has been formed between the rollers1 it is cut up into pieces of suitable width for soles4 ,the inventors say3 ,we are aware that ,india-rubber has long since been reduced to sheets by rolling1 and that the rollers used for this purpose have sometimes been engraved to produce a figured surface1 analogous to that often connected to the heels and fore parts of shoes2 but these sheets have been substantially of uniform thickness1 varying only in the slight indentations1 c41 required to produce an ornamental or figured surface4 ,this we do not claim4 ,but we are not aware that ,india-rubber has ever been rolled into sheets having a substantial variety of thickness in its different parts4 ,nor are we aware that shoe-soles1 having the proper variety of thickness1 have ever been rolled out1 or made in one solid piece1 before our invention2 nor was it known that such forms could be produced1 as we have produced them1 in ,india-rubber1 until our experiments practically illustrated the fact4 ,what we claim1 therefore1 as our invention1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is-- #ast4 ,producing a shoe-sole1 or other analogous manufacture1 in ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 in one piece1 having a variety of thicknesses in its different parts1 by the use of rollers whose surfaces present the reverse of the forms to be produced1 at a single operation1 substantially as herein described4 #b;d4 ,forming soling of ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 with shanks1 fore-parts1 and heels of appropriated differences of thickness in one solid piece1 at one operation1 as described--thus producing a useful1 economical1 and novel manufacture4 #c;d4 ,also1 forming such solings1 or analogous manufacture1 in continuous sheets1 at one operation1 by rolling1 as described4 ,eighty-fourth1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,for improvement in treating vulcanizable gums4 ,patented ,april #d1 #ahed4 ,the improvement and claims consist in the method of manufacturing compounds of caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 and other gums susceptible of vulcanization1 in sheets1 by covering the surface or surfaces of the sheets of gum with sheets of paper or cloth1 or the equivalent thereof1 and then confining the same during the process of vulcanization1 by pressure between plates of metal or their equivalents1 or otherwise1 substantially as described4 ,no illustration4 ,eighty-fifth1 to ,julius ,herriet1 ,october #bd1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in gutta-percha ,stereotype ,composition4 ,equal parts1 by weight1 of gutta-percha or caoutchouc1 and pulverized graphite1 or soapstone1 or plaster of ,paris1 or chloride of lime1 or peroxide of manganese1 or other equivalent1 are mixed together1 heated1 and moulded while hot4 ,the proportions may be varied to suit the desired softness or toughness of the mass4 ,the alleged qualities of the composition are plasticity1 sufficient hardness to present sharp-angle lines and yet to resist pressure1 aptness to be remoulded1 and cheapness4 ,claim4--,the making of moulds and plates1 for printing characters or figures1 of gutta-percha or ,india-rubber1 compounded with some other substance1 substantially such1 and for the purposes as described4 ,eighty-sixth1 to ,henry ,forstrick1 ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for working over vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,i claim the manner of extracting inorganic matter from vulcanized ,india-rubber1 gutta-percha1 and other gums or their compounds1 by the application of diluted nitric acid and the use of fusel oil 7grain oil7 either in a heated state1 mixed with the gum1 or in the shape of vapors1 for the restoration of the cleansed gums to the state of cohesion4 ,eighty-seventh1 to ,l4 ,otto ,p4 ,meyer1 ,february #bh1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in vulcanizing ,india-rubber and other gums4 ,the invention or claim consists in the heating or curing of the material commonly known as the hard compound of vulcanized caoutchouc1 or other vulcanizable gums1 by means of the immersion of the material in1 or under water1 or other suitable liquid1 heated to about #cjj ,fah41 daring the process of curing4 ,eighty-eighth1 to ,ellsworth ,d4 ,s4 ,goodyear1 assignor to the ,new ,york ,rubber ,company1 ,march #bh1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in processes for treating ,india-rubber4 ,the improvement refers to the manufacture of hollow articles from ,india-rubber1 and consists in filling such ware1 as balls1 c41 to a certain extent1 with water1 which being1 during the process of vulcanization1 converted into steam1 exercises the necessary inside pressure to impart any desired pattern to the exterior face of the article4 ,claim4--,the introduction of water or any other liquid into the interior of articles which require expansive force for their perfect formation against the interior surface of moulds1 said liquid to be converted into steam1 substantially as1 and for the purposes1 specified4 ,eighty-ninth1 to ,l4 ,otto ,p4 ,meyer1 ,april #d1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in treating caoutchouc and other vulcanizable gums4 ,the interposing between sheets of gum1 c41 to be cured1 sheets of flexible material1 when the series of sheets thus piled are confined between plates of iron during the process of vulcanization1 being disclaimed1 the improvement and claim are restricted to covering the surface of what is known as the hard compound of caoutchouc with tin foil1 or other equivalent substances1 to preserve the form previously given by embossing or moulding1 the contact of the tin foil during the curing process having the effect to preserve the form and the surface without pressure or moulds4 ,ninetieth1 to ,julius ,a4 ,pease1 ,november #ad1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in over-shoes4 ,the claim explains the character of this invention1 by reference to the accompanying figure4 ,a4 represents the ribs1 and ,b4 the depressions between them4 ,claim4--,making ,india-rubber or gum shoes with the inner surface ribbed1 corrugated1 or otherwise made uneven1 for the purpose of allowing a circulation of air between it and the boot or shoe over which it is worn2 and this1 whether it be effected in the precise manner stated1 or by lining the shoe with a similar ribbed1 corrugated1 or otherwise raised and depressed surfaced fabric1 as described4 ,ninety-first1 to ,john ,murphy1 ,may #cj1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in the process of treating gutta-percha4 ,the improvement refers to the process of re-heating1 as patented to ,john ,rider1 in ,june1 #aheb1 and consists in mixing two ounces of sulphur with ten pounds of gutta-percha1 and heating the latter to about #bhe ,fah41 preparatory to the regular vulcanization2 this amount of sulphur1 although not enough to vulcanize the gum1 being alleged to serve the purpose of expelling certain volatile ingredients preparatory thereto4 ,claim4--,incorporating with gutta-percha1 substantially1 the proportion of sulphur1 or its equivalent1 herein specified2 and then subjecting it to such a degree of heat1 and for such a length of time1 as to expel therefrom its injurious volatilizable ingredients1 preparatory to vulcanizing the gutta-percha thus treated1 or of using it in the condition that said process of treatment puts it into4 ,ninety-second1 to ,daniel ,haywood1 ,august #bi1 #ahed4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,the improvement consists in the use of the steam-jacket both for the mould and the die employed in the manufacture of ,india-rubber goods1 and in the sudden introduction of cold water after the hot steam into the jackets4 ,by the first device the vulcanizing of new articles is alleged to be more perfect1 and the remelting and remoulding of old1 worn-out ,india-rubber to be rendered attainable4 ,by the second device the degree of hardness of the product1 or its adhesiveness on the surface1 can be moderated at pleasure4 ,the drawings exemplify the improvement as applied to manufacturing buckets4 ,claim4--,the claim is confined to remoulding worn-out ,india-rubber goods1 by the means stated4 ,ninety-third1 to ,henry ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,helm4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,patented ,march #bg1 #ahee4 ,the object of this improvement is to produce a boot or shoe combining the qualities of ,india-rubber with the lightness and elegance attainable by the use of other materials1 and capable of being re-soled when necessary4 ,the upper a and in-sole ,b having been cemented together1 perforations are made around and through the upper a1 until the cemented surface of the in-sole ,b has been pierced4 ,then these holes are filled up with cement1 and the outer sole c properly cemented1 is pressed upon the in-sole4 ,if sufficient strength be used1 slightly to separate those several parts of the sole1 see fig4 #b1 the rubber filament can be seen in threads ,h4 as represented in fig4 #b4 ,the inventors say1--we disclaim the use or application of this our device1 or invention to any other matter or thing than is described1 and set forth4 ,we claim the uniting of the outer sole and upper1 manufactured wholly or in part of vulcanized ,india-rubber1 with the in-sole of boots and shoes1 by means of cement1 the cement passing through preparations made for that purpose in the upper1 in the manner substantially and for the purpose described4 ,ninety-fourth1 to ,john ,m4 ,wimley1 7,assignor to ,j4 4 ,b4 ,shaw71 ,june #ab1 #ahee4 ,an improvement in attaching gutta-percha soles to ,boots and ,shoes4 ,the melted gutta-percha is filled into mould ,a1 up to the rim ,b1 and the shoe placed thereon and firmly pressed down1 until the sides of the shoe come in contact all around with the rim ,b4 ,the gutta-percha is forced into1 and through the holes purposely made1 through the in-sole and edges of the upper4 ,the inventor says1 ,i am aware that ,india-rubber1 after being cut out1 and shaped like a sole1 has been united to the in-sole and upper1 by means of an intermediating cement1 caused to penetrate holes made in the in-sole and upper1 but ,i do not claim this1 nor do ,i claim uniting gutta-percha and leather for any other purpose than that of manufacturing boots and shoes as before described4 ,but ,i claim manufacturing1 or making boots and shoes1 with the outer sole made entirely of gutta-percha1 when the said outer soles are simultaneously formed and united to the upper and in-sole1 by means of heat and pressure in a mould substantially as described and set forth4 ,ninety-fifth1 to ,s4 ,t4 ,parmelee1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,july #ag1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in attaching metallic heels to ,india-rubber soles4 ,the ,india-rubber is vulcanized after having been filled within the metallic casing4 ,it could not be done after the vulcanizing1 as vulcanized rubber cannot be rendered sufficiently soft4 ,the inventor claims having the metallic rings or casings formed with recesses arranged in any proper way1 so that the soft or elastic ,india-rubber mixed with the proper vulcanizing materials1 may be fitted therein1 and the rubber and rings or casings be permanently locked together1 by subjecting the rubber to steam heat1 and vulcanizing it when fitted within the rims or casings for the purpose as set forth4 ,ninety-sixth1 to ,john ,arthur1 and ,evan ,arthur1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,july #bd1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in ,machine for cutting boot and shoe uppers1 soles1 c41 from sheets of ,india-rubber4 ,after describing the machine the patentees set forth the following as their ,claim4--#ast4 ,the cutting or separation of ,india-rubber by placing it on a wet cloth1 or other suitable moistened surface1 and submitting it to the pressure of a heated die1 having an edge of the form of the article to be cut1 substantially as set forth4 #b;d4 ,the combination of one or more reciprocating die-frames1 each carrying a set of dies with a stove1 and with carrying and pressing apparatus1 to carry the sheet or piece of rubber1 so that the dies by their reciprocating movement1 may be carried into the stove to be heated1 and then return to cut or stamp out the pattern or article from the piece as set forth4 #c;d4 ,the method of raising the die-frames to carry the dies on their return movement towards the stove4 ,providing pins for the ends of the die-frames to strike against1 to throw up the opposite ends carrying the dies4 #dth4 ,the swinging frame with its fingers1 arranged and operating to conduct the points or ends of the patterns1 as soon as they are cut or separated between the roller upon which the cutting is performed1 and another roller by which they are at once prevented curling it1 and are conveyed along towards where they are delivered from the machines4 ,ninety-seventh1 to ,edwin ,b4 ,larchar1 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,july #bd1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in making gutta-percha boats4 ,claim4--,the method of making a safety boat or other vessels of gutta-percha mixed glue1 so that the air chambers or other parts1 if separately formed1 may together with the boat body1 be so united and completed at one pressure1 that if the braces1 thwarts1 knees1 supporters1 or other accessories to the boat proper1 are solid1 the whole1 with the inner and outer forms1 may be made or completed together at one time1 and at one pressure1 as described4 ,ninety-eighth1 to ,william ,f4 ,converse1 ,harrison1 ,ohio1 ,april #ag1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in ,india-rubber springs4 ,ninety-ninth1 to ,sigismund ,beer1 assignor to ,lewis ,feuchtuanger1 and ,sigismund ,beer1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bi1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in de-vulcanizing ,india-rubber4 ,claim4--,the restoration of caoutchouc1 gutta-percha or other similar gums1 which have undergone the process of being cured or vulcanized1 so that those gums may be capable of being used again as a substitute for native gums1 may be capable of being used again as a substitute for native gums of like character1 or in combination with such gums1 by first treating the vulcanized gum with alkalies1 or compounds of alkalies and oils1 as potash with any common grease or oil1 for extracting the sulphur1 c41 and then submitting the mass to heat and turpentine1 or any other liquid known to be a solvent of the gum in its natural condition4 ,one hundredth1 to ,francis ,baschnagel1 ,new ,york1 ,aug4 #ad1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in compositions for treating rubber and gutta-percha4 ,claim4--,the conversion or restoration of caoutchouc or gutta-percha1 whether they have been vulcanized or not1 into a soft1 plastic1 and workable state1 7by a new combination of chemical agents7 so that they may be re-manufactured in a state already vulcanized or not1 according as the substance converted or restored had or had not been vulcanized2 the substances which ,i use for this purpose being bi-sulphuret of carbon in conjunction with alcohol absolute1 and not common alcohol1 without the addition of any other chemical agent2 and without the application of heat4 ,one hundred and first1 to ,james ,west1 ,october #cj1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in roofing compositions4 ,the proportions are3 ,sixteen ounces naptha1 half an ounce of ,india-rubber1 half an ounce of shellac1 and half an ounce of gutta-percha dissolved in linseed oil1 gum shellac dissolved in alcohol1 two ounces 8puzzolan0 7composed of pulverized glass17 quick lime pulverized and sifted1 and two ounces of smalt4 ,claim4--,the use of lime in combination with the rubber1 gutta-percha1 and shellac solutions in the composition1 as set forth4 ,the solution of rubber1 gum-shellac1 gutta-percha1 and the naptha1 are to be warmed to blood heat1 then the 8puzzolan0 to be mixed therewith1 and immediately to be applied to the roof and rubbed smooth2 then the smalt is to be sifted on4 ,one hundred and second1 to ,charles ,rice and ,sylvanus ,h4 ,whorf1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in lasting and applying soles to shoes4 ,the sole and the upper are first placed together upon a last ,a1 the upper being made to overlap the outer surface of the in-sole1 and affixed thereto by cement4 ,the whole being thus prepared1 is next placed within the clamping bed1 ,b1 and the parts of the latter closed2 next the platten of the press is to be depressed1 so as to carry the punches4 ,claim4--,the holding clamp1 ,b1 and last1 ,a1 as used together1 and in connection with the pressing or punching mechanism1 or both1 for the purpose of fixing soles to shoes by cement1 substantially as set forth4 ,one hundred and third1 to ,charles ,rice and ,sylvanus ,h4 ,whorf1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahee4 ,for improved machine for preparing leather for the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,claim4--,the above described mechanism1 or machine1 for preparing leather for the manufacture of boots and shoes1 the whole being arranged and made to operate1 substantially in the manner1 and for the purpose set forth4 ,one hundred and fourth1 to ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,helm1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,jan4 #b1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in processes for making ,india-rubber cloth4 ,this improvement consists in subjecting the cloth1 which has been previously coated with a layer of ,india-rubber1 suddenly to a degree of heat from #adj to #ahj ,fah4 ,by this sudden application of heat while the goods are still in a green1 undried state1 the camphene used in the cement evaporating very rapidly1 and leaves the gum punctured with minute orifices1 which are too small to allow the passage of globules of water through them1 but are large enough for the passage of air through them4 ,claim4--,the peculiar mode1 so described1 of preparing the uppers of boots and shoes4 ,one hundred and fifth1 to ,charles ,morey1 citizen of the ,united ,states1 residing at ,paris1 ,france1 ,jan4 #i1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in re-working hard rubber compounds4 ,the material is placed in an iron mould closed and subjected to a powerful pressure4 ,it is then placed between two red-hot iron plates1 and thus again introduced into the press4 ,when the mould is sufficiently hot1 it is put into cold water until it has become cool4 ,the soldering1 after the article is taken from the mould1 is performed in the following manner3 ,the broken parts are scraped off2 dust of hard vulcanized ,india-rubber is introduced between the scraped parts2 the whole is submitted to a high degree of heat and pressure1 whereby the broken parts are united in a perfect manner4 ,claim #ast4--,forming or moulding scrapings1 filings1 dust1 powder1 or sheets of hard vulcanized ,india-rubber1 into a compact1 solid mass1 by means of a high degree of heat and pressure1 as above described4 ,second4--,the application of dust powder1 filings of hard vulcanized ,india-rubber for soldering or uniting hard vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and sixth1 to ,henry ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,helm1 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahee4 ,for improvement in processes for making ,india-rubber cloth4 ,the ,india-rubber compound1 7in a plastic state7 is introduced at ,c1 between cylinders #a and #b1 as it passes between the said cylinders1 and adhering to cylinder #b1 is carried round and down until it comes nearly in contact with cylinder #c1 when the end of roll of cloth ,a is inserted between cylinders #b and #c1 and the compound is pressed upon and into the cloth by the action of the cylinders4 ,when the cloth and compound thus united on one side have passed round cylinder #c until they have have become nearly in contact with cylinder #d1 the end of the cloth from roller ,b is inserted between cylinders #c and #d so as to come in contact with the compound on cloth ,a4 ,the two pieces of cloth1 with the compound between them1 then pass between cylinders #c and #d1 when the two pieces of cloth become firmly united with the compound4 ,claim4--,the process described of making elastic fabrics without a previous preparation of threads1 strips1 or sheets1 or the coating of the cloth by cement4 ,one hundred and seventh1 to ,sylvanus ,h4 ,whorf1 assignor to himself and ,charles ,rice1 ,jan4 #h1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of boots and shoes4 ,the inventor says3 8,i do not claim uniting the sole to the upper by means of cement1 made to extend through the upper alone1 but what ,i do claim as my improvement1 is the manufacture of a shoe by cementing its sole and upper in extending the cement not only through perforations in the upper1 but in and through the perforations made in and through the in-sole or the outer sole1 or both1 the same presenting great advantages1 not only in securing the parts together1 but in rendering them water-proof when the cement employed is of a character to resist water40 ,one hundred and eighth1 to ,g4 ,tyer and ,john ,helm1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 ,jan4 #i1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in making gum-elastic cloth4 ,claim4--,an elastic fabric composed of pieces of cloth either woven with the threads of the weft in a diagonal position to the threads of the warp or of common cloth stretched so as to force the threads into such relative diagonal position1 combined and caused to adhere together1 exclusively by vulcanized compound of ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 the two pieces of cloth being first united by the vulcanizable compound and the compound being vulcanized after the union4 ,one hundred and ninth1 to ,sylvanus ,h4 ,whorf and ,charles ,rice1 ,march #d1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in the application of soles to boots and shoes1 by means of pressure1 and gutta-percha or other cement4 ,the nature of this invention will be understood by reference to the claim4 ,the machine for pressing the sole to the upper is illustrated in the engraving1 where ,h represents a hollow last1 into which steam can be introduced by means of pipe ,i2 and the sole can be pressed to the upper by means of the pressing apparatus and the platten ,c4 ,claim4--,we are aware that a gutta-percha sole has been applied to a shoe by melting gutta-percha in a mould and subsequently pressing the shoe therein4 ,we1 therefore1 do not claim such4 ,we are also aware that in book-binders' presses1 and in smoothing irons1 the platten of the one1 and the body of the other1 have been provided with an air-chamber for the reception of either steam or heated air1 or other means of heating4 ,we1 therefore1 do not claim such4 ,as we use heat not for either drying or smoothing alone1 but for a different purpose1 and in a process of manufacture wherein it has not been before applied1 to our knowledge1 in the way in which we employ it1 being used by us for softening or melting gutta-percha1 after it has been applied to a last1 as specified2 and therefore we claim our improvement in the process of manufacturing and finishing shoes with either gutta-percha soles1 or soles formed of leather or other material1 and united to the upper and in-sole by means of gutta-percha or its equivalent1 and through the agency of pressing mechanism1 as specified1 our improvement consisting in supplying heat within a last by means of a chamber and pipe and steam or means of heating said last1 the same not only enabling the gutta-percha of the sole to be softened or rendered adhesive while it is being pressed upon the in-sole and upper1 but also serving to smooth and finish the upper1 as described4 ,one hundred and tenth1 to ,richard ,mc,mullin1 ,march #ag1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in processes for making elastic rubber cloth4 ,claim4--,rendering vulcanized ,india-rubber1 for the manufacture of shirred goods1 adhesive by boiling it in a solution of potash1 to remove the sulphur from its surface1 thus fitting the sheet of rubber to receive a coat of cement1 whereby it is caused to adhere firmly to the cloth1 or other fabric between which it is placed1 in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein set forth4 ,one hundred and eleventh1 to ,john ,h4 ,cheever1 ,march #aa1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber belting or banding4 ,one hundred and twelfth1 to ,charles ,f4 ,crockett1 ,june #ag1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in making sheets of leather from curriers' shavings or buffings4 ,the inventor says3 8,i do not wish to confine myself to any particular kind of cement1 although ,i found ,india-rubber cement to answer the best purpose4 ,curriers' glass is a good instrument to press the edges together40 ,claim4--,making sheets of leather of any desired size and thickness of curriers' shavings or buffings1 by lapping and cementing them together while in a moist state1 and then subjecting the mass to pressure4 ,one hundred and thirteenth1 to ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,colchester1 ,ct41 ,april #ae1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in the manufacture of ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and fourteenth1 to ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,colchester1 ,ct41 ,may #f1 #ahef4 ,for process of preparing elastic ,india-rubber cloth4 ,claim4--,the producing an elastic fabric of uniform strength by uniting a sheet of rubber with sheets of cloth thinly coated on one side with a vulcanized compound of rubber2 the sheet of rubber before it is united with the sheets of cloth being in the modes set forth so prepared that the central part of it is completely vulcanized1 while the surfaces are not4 ,one hundred and fifteenth1 to ,a4 ,d4 ,puffer1 ,somerville1 ,mass41 ,may #bj1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in lining metal pipes with gutta-percha4 ,one hundred and sixteenth1 to ,james ,reynolds1 ,new ,york1 ,june #af1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in ,mandrels for making gutta-percha tubing4 ,one hundred and seventeenth1 to ,austin ,g4 ,day1 ,seymour1 ,ct41 ,june #aj1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in cleaning ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and eighteenth1 to ,james ,reynolds1 ,new ,york1 ,june #aj1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in feed apparatus for working gutta-percha4 ,one hundred and nineteenth1 to ,james ,reynolds1 ,new ,york1 ,july #bi1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in gutta-percha apparatus for covering wire4 ,one hundred and twentieth1 to ,william ,f4 ,shaw1 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,august #ab1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in treating ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and twenty-first1 to ,jacob ,h4 ,howell1 ,ansonia1 ,ct41 ,oct4 #ba1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in making ,india-rubber hose4 ,one hundred and twenty-second1 to ,henry ,forstrick1 ,hoboken1 ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in working over vulcanized ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and twenty-third1 to ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahef4 ,for improved catch for ,india-rubber shoes4 ,claim4--,the use of a steel rubber or other kind of spring catch of any proper shape1 in the heel of an ,india-rubber over shoe or clog1 having a projection or lip extending out horizontally or through the quarter as specified1 whereby the over shoe is prevented from slipping at the heel1 and is susceptible of being disengaged from the under boot or shoe without using the hands4 ,one hundred and twenty-fourth1 to ,t4 ,gault1 ,seymour1 ,ct41 ,nov4 #aa1 #ahef4 ,for process of cleaning ,india-rubber4 ,one hundred and twenty-fifth1 to ,henry ,davenport1 ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #bc1 #ahef4 ,for improvement in machines for cutting ,india-rubber threads4 ,one hundred and twenty-sixth1 to ,james ,reynolds1 ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #i1 #ahef4 ,for mode of making gutta-percha cord4 ,one hundred and twenty-seventh1 to ,charles ,goodyear1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,june #ae1 #ahdd4 ,re-issued ,december #be1 #ahdi1 in two separate patents1 being ,nos4 #aef and #aeg of re-issued ,patents1 viz4 ,for ,india-rubber fabrics4 ,no4 #aef4 ,,processes ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,india-,,rubber4 ,i claim the curing of caoutchouc or ,india-rubber by subjecting it to the action of a high degree of artificial heat1 substantially as described and for the purpose specified4 ,and ,i also claim the preparing and curing the compound of ,india-rubber1 sulphur1 and a carbonate of other salt or oxyd of lead by subjecting the same to the action of artificial heat1 substantially as described4 ,no4 #aeg4 ,,felting ,,india-,,rubber ,,with ,,cotton ,,fibre4 ,i claim incorporating the fibres of cotton or other substance with ,india-rubber by preparing the fibres of a fleece or bat of cotton or other fibrous substance into a sheet of ,india-rubber in the green state1 without subjecting the fibres1 after they have been incorporated to a stretching or drawing operation1 substantially as described4 ,one hundred and twenty-eighth1 to ,james ,reynolds1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,for ,machine for making gutta-percha pipes and covering telegraph wires4 ,this invention is for the purpose of forming1 tubing1 or coating wires--both operations being substantially alike--by forcing the gutta-percha1 while rendered plastic by heat1 through a die4 ,the necessary pressure for this purpose is applied by a piston working in a cylinder1 in which the material is placed and kept heated1 or by other suitable forcing apparatus4 ,one improvement consists in connecting the cylinder with an air pump1 or other suitable exhausting apparatus1 whereby any air remaining in the said cylinder after it has been filled as full as possible with gutta-percha and closed1 may be extracted before applying the pressure4 ,the manufactured article is thus rendered free from blow holes1 and is perfectly firm4 ,this is a result of great importance for small tubing and the covering of fine wire4 ,a second improvement consists in arranging the die and core by which the tube is produced or the covering of the wire performed1 in a position transverse to the direction in which the piston works to produce the pressure1 to allow a hollow core to be used for the admission of air into the tube as fast as it is formed1 and also to prevent it from collapsing by the formation of a vacuum within4 ,the same arrangement also permits the passage of the wire through the die when it is being covered by the percha4 ,a third improvement consists in providing the stomach in which the die is placed1 with an opening1 to allow of the constant escape of a certain quantity of material during the operation4 ,by this means the quality of the manufactured article is rendered more uniform4 ,without such an arrangement it is almost impossible to produce small tubing or cover fine wire with any degree of uniformity of thickness4 ,a fourth improvement consists in the employment of a continuously revolving trough of water1 suitably arranged to receive the tube or covered wire as fast as it leaves the die1 and coil it up in the water to cool it1 to prevent the coils from sticking together4 ,one hundred and twenty-ninth1 to ,thomas ,c4 ,wales1 of ,dorchester1 ,mass41 ,february #b1 #aheh4 ,for ,water-proof ,gaiter ,shoes and ,boots4 ,i do not claim the vulcanizing process1 nor do ,i claim making articles of cloth cemented together with rubber cement and afterwards vulcanizing them1 nor do ,i claim making shoes partly of leather and partly of cloth1 the same being made by connecting the leather and cloth together by water proof caoutchouc cement1 as such when made partly of leather cannot be vulcanized1 owing to the fact that the great heat required in the vulcanizing process1 injures or destroys the leather4 ,i claim a new or improved manufacture1 or water-proof vulcanized rubber and cloth gaiter shoe1 made in manner and with its external layer of cloth1 and its lining of cloth arranged together1 and with respect to the remainder or rubber parts or foxing1 substantially as specified4 ,one hundred and thirtieth1 to ,edwin ,m4 ,chaffee1 of ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 ,february #bf1 #aheh4 ,for ,india-rubber ,door ,mat4 ,i do not intend to confine myself to the lozenge cells1 as it is obvious that square and some other forms will do as well4 ,neither do ,i intend to confine myself to ribs or ridges intersecting each other1 as it is evident that ridges forming various figures will answer much the same purpose1 such1 for instance1 as run circular1 parallel1 serpentine1 zig-zag or angular1 or any other raised surface of rubber4 ,nor do ,i confine myself to rubber alone as the only gum1 as gutta-percha1 and other gums may be substituted for it4 ,i claim the mat as formed by ridges or grating1 together with the cells or spaces1 of whatever form1 the one to serve as scrapers to clean the foot1 and the other to contain the dirt1 whether of rubber1 gutta-percha1 or other flexible gums4 ,one hundred and thirty-first1 to ,gustavus ,cuppers1 of ,college ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,july #bj1 #aheh4 ,for manufacture of ,hard ,rubber ,goods4 ,i wish to have it distinctly understood that ,i do not claim as my invention the heating or curing process1 as it is called1 nor the combination of ,india-rubber and gutta-percha with sulphur1 nor any other combination already patented and described4 ,but ,i claim the improvement in the hardening or curing process of caoutchouc or ,india-rubber and of gutta-percha1 by which articles1 wares1 goods and merchandize may be manufactured into any desired size1 form or shape1 substantially as described4 ,one hundred and thirty-second1 to ,abraham ,brower1 of ,new ,york ,city1 ,july1 #aheh4 ,for ,water-proof ,cement4 ,i am aware that water-proof compositions for leather consisting of tallow1 suet1 wax1 rosin1 tar1 oil1 and ,india-rubber have been employed2 these ,i do not claim of themselves1 singly or combined4 ,i am not aware1 however1 of shellac or glue ever having been employed in unctuous water-proof compositions for leather2 but these ,i do not claim of themselves in my composition1 apart from the other ingredients1 as all are required combined1 to render it so excellent for the purposes set forth4 ,what ,i claim is1 the composition composed of all the ingredients described1 and in about the proportions for the purpose set forth1 the same constituting an improved new and useful article of manufacture4 ,by a judicious compound of tallow1 bees-wax1 resin1 shellac and glue1 the inventor produces a very superior water-proof composition1 the leather remains soft and pliable1 will take a polish1 and repel water very perfectly4 ,one hundred and thirty-third1 to ,austin ,g4 ,day1 of ,seymour1 ,conn41 ,august #aj1 #aheh4 ,for treatment of caoutchouc4 ,i do not claim in the broad1 vulcanizing rubber or equivalent gums1 and irrespective of the special process used and product made4 ,therefore-- ,what ,i claim is1 running the heat for vulcanizing elastic hard rubber compounds as set forth through the several grades of temperature1 and the several intervals of time described and illustrated in the specification4 ,i also claim making1 as described1 the elastic1 hard rubber composition of two parts by weight of rubber1 and one part of sulphur1 when such composition is made preparatory to the running of the heat through the several grades of time and temperature as set forth in the specification4 ,i also claim equalizing the temperature in the heating apparatus by mechanical means or by a current of steam1 or its equivalent1 in the manner set forth4 ,one hundred and thirty-fourth1 to ,samuel ,whitmarsh1 of ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition for ,artificial ,leather4 ,i do not claim1 broadly1 the saturation of cloth and other fabrics in linseed oil containing umber or other substances4 ,but what ,i claim is the fabric specified1 composed of cotton or other fibrous substance1 in a woven or unwoven condition1 saturated or coated with a compound of linseed oil and burnt umber that has been prepared as described4 ,samuel ,whitmarsh1 of ,northampton1 ,mass41 has invented a new fabric which is intended to supply the place of leather in many of its applications4 ,the fabric is composed of cotton or other fibrous substances either woven into cloth or in an unwoven state1 and saturated or coated with a compound of linseed oil and burnt umber1 prepared by boiling in every gallon of oil about three pounds of umber in a powdered state1 for such a length of time1 that the composition when cool will roll in the hands without sticking4 ,the fabric may be made in forms suitable for the soles of boots and shoes1 coverings for trunks1 traveling bags1 cap fronts1 or as a substitute for carriage or harness leather1 or for machine belting or hose pipe4 ,the mode of producing the fabric differs to some extent according to the use for which it is designed1 but the general principles are in all cases the same4 ,the umber is stirred into the boiled oil until it reaches the point desired1 when it is ready to be applied in the manner best calculated to produce special articles4 ,one hundred and thirty-fifth1 to ,o4 ,s4 ,boyden1 and ,m4 ,c4 ,fredericks1 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for ,composition for varnishing leather4 ,we claim the employment in the compounds used in the manufacture of glazed1 japanned1 or painted leather1 cloth1 silk1 and paper--either wholly or in part as a substitute for camphene or spirits of turpentine--of a paste made of the glutinous properties of flax seed1 substantially as and for the purposes set forth4 ,the compounds commonly employed for the first1 or first and second coats1 in the manufacture of glazed or japanned leather or cloth1 is made by boiling a certain quantity of umber in linseed oil1 and adding a quantity of lampblack or other coloring matter with a quantity of camphene or spirits of turpentine1 about equal to one and a half times that of the linseed oil4 ,o4 ,s4 ,boyden1 and ,m4 ,c4 ,fredericks1 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 have invented an improvement on the above composition1 which consists in the substitution either wholly or in part for the camphene or spirits of turpentine in the compound1 of a paste made by boiling flaxseed1 either whole or after the oil has been expressed1 and either ground into meal or unground1 in water till its glutinous property is extracted4 ,the use of this paste as a substitute for camphene and spirits of turpentine not only reduces the cost of the compound1 but also renders the goods more pliable1 and less likely to crack4 ,one hundred and thirty-sixth1 to ,francis ,baschnagel1 of ,beverly1 ,mass41 assignor to the ,beverly ,rubber ,company4 ,for restoring waste vulcanized rubber4 ,i claim the application of heat from #aej to #fjj ,fahrenheit1 to waste vulcanized rubber with or without immersing it in cold water or any other cooling fluid as specified for the purpose of restoring the same1 so that it may be used again in the manufacture of ,india-rubber goods and substances1 hereby expressly disclaiming all and every right to the application of artificial heat to new rubber1 vulcanized or not vulcanized1 and to the application of heat to rubber in any manner and for any purpose except as above set forth4 ,,descriptive ,,index ,,of ,,chemical ,,patents ,,issued ,,by ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,patent ,,office1 ,,in #ahee-f4 ,the following is an epitome of the chemical patents issued by the ,united ,states in #ahee-f4 ,it was prepared by ,dr4 ,daniel ,breed1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent office4 ,india-rubber ,cloth4--,made pervious to air but not to water by sudden drying 7of fresh cement7 at #afj ,fahrenheit1 7evaporation of camphene makes the gum porous73 ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer1 and ,john ,helm1 ,january #b4 ,india-rubber and ,gutta-percha4--,vulcanized or not1 rendered plastic by treatment with 8bi-sulphurate0 of carbon 787 and absolute alcohol3 ,francis ,baschnagel1 ,august #ad4 ,india-rubber ,cloth4--,made by pressing cloth upon each side of sheet-rubber by means of rollers3 ,h4 ,g4 ,tyer1 and ,john ,helm1 ,january #cj4 ,india-rubber4--,scraps and powder of hard1 vulcanized1 moulded and cemented by heat and pressure3 ,charles ,morey1 ,january #i4 ,india-rubber1 ,vulcanized4--,treated with alkalies and oil to remove sulphur3 ,sigismund ,beer1 ,may #bi4 ,india-rubber4--,crushed1 washed1 treated with potash1 or soda1 in vacuum1 and washed to purify3 ,a4 ,g4 ,day1 ,june #aj4 ,india-rubber ,sheet4--,with surfaces not vulcanized1 united to cloth3 ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,may #f4 ,india-rubber4--,surface of vulcanized made rough1 then coated with cement1 and heated to #bce to render adhesive3 ,nathaniel ,hayward1 ,april #ae4 ,india-rubber4--,treatment of sulphured rubber with drying oils2 or common rubber with sulphured oils3 ,wm4 ,f4 ,shaw1 ,august #ab4 ,india-rubber4--,treatment of vulcanized with nitric acid and fusel oil1 to purify and render adhesive3 ,henry ,forstrick1 ,october #bh4 ,india-rubber4--,boiling in potash to remove sulphur from the surface of vulcanized and render adhesive3 ,richard ,mc,mullin1 ,march #ah4 ,,book ,v4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,tanning4 ,the science or art of ,tanning is the process by which the animal hide or skin is converted into leather1 thus rendering it subservient to the use of man4 ,the art of tanning in its most simple form was known to antiquity1 and consisted simply in the drying and cleansing the skins1 which were then converted into articles of clothing4 ,thus used1 they answered but a temporary purpose1 as the re-absorption of moisture would speedily cause them to decay4 ,the ,egyptians were among the earliest tanners of whom we have any definite account1 and ,thebes was justly celebrated for its artificers in leather4 ,but unlike most of the arts in which the ,egyptians excelled1 they do not seem to have reached an equal degree of skill in the preparation of leather1 although it was wrought by them into tapestry1 and made to subserve various useful purposes4 ,in later times this useful art has been reduced to scientific principles1 owing to the investigations of ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 ,sequin ,proust1 and others4 ,leather considered chemically is a compound of tannin and gelatine1 possessing the qualities of durability1 pliability1 and insolubility in water4 ,the important elements in the manufacture of leather are1 first1 cleansing and softening the skins4 ,second1 the depilation or removal of the hair4 ,lime is principally used for the latter purpose1 although any agent which possesses the power to soften or destroy the roots of the hair1 and facilitate its removal is equally desirable4 ,the process of depilation with lime is slow1 and tanners have yet to learn that practically there are other chemical processes which will greatly facilitate it4 ,hydrosulphuret of calcium is recommended4 ,the great secret of tanning consists in so preparing the cuticle or porous surface of the hide as that the gluey or gelatinous tissue shall unite with the tannin4 ,this is produced by immersing the skins in an infusion of oak bark1 or other substances containing tannin4 ,therefore any process which will open the pores of the unhaired skins so that they become light and spongy and thus facilitate the union of the tannin with the tissue of the skin1 is desirable4 ,the name of tan takes its origin from a coarsely powdered bark1 which contains the active principle in the tanning process4 ,the component is called tannin4 ,to ,seguin1 a celebrated ,french chemist1 the discovery of a property in nut-galls of combining with the albumen and gelatine of skins1 thus forming an insoluble and unalterable compound1 is due4 ,this is the key to the theory of tanning4 ,morfit's definition of the principle is1 8to saturate a skin with tannin in such a manner as to promote the slow combination of this principle with the gelatine1 albumen and fibrine contained in the former1 so as to form with them a new compound4 ,this reaction1 in the operation of tanning1 does not proceed spontaneously1 but is the result of a slow process1 requiring great care and skilful manipulation40 ,tannin exists in the bark of the trunks of nearly all perennial trees1 and especially that portion of the bark next to the fibre and sap wood4 ,it is found in the leaves of trees in small quantities4 ,the oak-tree bark1 leaves and fruit1 contain a larger amount of tannin than any other tree species in ,north ,america4 ,the bark is usually gathered from ,may to ,july1 as during those and the intervening months they contain more tannin than during the other portions of the season4 ,there are various kinds of oak in the ,united ,states1 all of which yield a large amount of tannin4 ,there is a species of oak which grows in ,delaware1 ,maryland and ,virginia1 known by the name of ,spanish ,oak1 which is superior for its tannin properties4 ,the rock-chestnut oak1 the black and white oaks1 and ,spanish oak1 are considered the most valuable1 and are used almost exclusively by the manufacturers of leather in the ,united ,states4 ,the wood of almost every tree1 the bark of which contains tannin1 is also useful for the same purpose4 ,there are several varieties of tannin4 ,the pure tannin and the impure tannin is a generic term for the different varieties4 ,it was a long time before tannin was separated in a pure state4 ,it is so intimately combined with other extractive matter that it was with difficulty separated4 ,chemists give us four varieties4 ,natural tannin1 comprising several species1 originating from the different proportions of extractive and gallic acids4 ,also three kinds of artificial tannin1 obtained by the action of nitric acid upon charcoal2 also upon indigo and the various resins2 also that obtained by the action of sulphuric acid upon the resins and camphor4 ,the best kinds of hides suitable for tanning into leather are those of heifers4 ,the large ox hides are those which are used chiefly for conversion into sole leather4 ,the skins of horses1 cows1 bulls1 and buffaloes1 are used for thick sole leather4 ,for upper1 thin1 and the various fancy leathers1 the skins of small animals1 dogs1 sheep1 goats1 seals1 c4 ,the quality of the leather depends upon several circumstances2 the nature of the skin1 its condition in curing1 upon the method of tanning1 also the nature of the food upon which the animal fed1 and its healthiness4 ,hides from cattle slaughtered in cold weather are said to produce five per cent4 more leather than when taken in the warm months4 ,dry hides produce more leather than salted hides4 ,for the production of #dj pounds of leather1 the average is estimated #cj pounds of dry hide--#fj pounds of salted1 or #gd pounds of market hide4 ,large supplies of skins are imported from ,buenos ,ayres1 ,brazil1 ,california1 and ,texas4 ,sheep skins are received from the ,cape of ,good ,hope and ,buenos ,ayres2 goat skins from ,barbary2 lamb and kid from ,italy4 ,very few hides1 comparatively1 are obtained at home4 ,in order to form some idea of the extent of the leather trade1 as represented in the tanning establishments1 a few figures will enable the reader to judge4 ,there are1 according to ,morfit1 #f1bfc ,tanneries in the ,united ,states1 the largest number being in ,pennsylvania4 ,these unitedly employ #bj1iji persons1 and in which business is invested the sum of #ah1ijj1eeg4 ,the value of the products is #cb1hfa1gif4 ,about #f1jjj1jjj skins of sheep1 goats and other small animals1 are tanned and dressed annually1 which are not included in the above estimate4 ,the ,scientific ,american1 in alluding to ,morfit's excellent work on the 8,arts of ,tanning10 had the following notice which we here insert3 8,in looking over this book1 and reading the different plans for improving leather1 and for reducing the time occupied in tanning a skin or hide1 we are more and more convinced of the important fact that the tanning art has been greatly improved by modern discoveries and application--a contrary opinion to that held by the universal mass of the people4 ,we know it is very difficult to introduce new plans of tanning1 for tanners are1 like others1 wedded to old things2 thus the rolling of leather--an operation now generally practiced--was opposed with much bitterness by some of our most experienced tanners1 one of whom said #8he never would roll a hide while he lived1' an assertion which he wisely lived either to forget or repudiate4 8,the whole science of tanning depends on two principles1 one the removal of the hair from the skin1 with the least injury to the gelatinous matter of which it is composed1 and the other is the rendering of the skin insoluble in water1 and to resist the action of the atmosphere1 and yet be flexible4 ,the hair can be removed by lime1 sweating1 and other means1 but the employment of a substance or substances that will combine with the gelatine of the skin to form a new substance1 insoluble in water and incapable of being injuriously acted upon by the atmosphere1 offers a wide field for the historian of the tanning art1 and presents a subject for the study of every tanner at least in our country4 ,the art of tanning was known1 we suppose1 before the flood2 it is practised among all nations1 civilized and savage1 and the gist of it lies in soaking the skins in different solutions of various vegetable substances of an astringent character1 until the tanning juices of those substances have combined with the whole skin and rendered it a new substance named leather4 ,oak and hemlock barks1 sumac1 willow1 blackberries1 catechu1 kino1 c41 are employed4 ,those who wish to get an account of the various processes and substances employed1 must consult this book4 8,we have only another remark to make1 it is this1 we have never known any of the metallic solutions to be employed in tanning1 and from their nature1 in rendering some vegetable substances insoluble1 we believe that it would be worth the trouble for some of our tanners to make a few experiments4 ,we would recommend the chloride of tin2 it is made by feeding drop-tin into muriatic acid until effervescence ceases4 ,the way to try it would be to make up a solution of it in a tub of cold water1 until it stood about #a in the hydrometer2 the skin should have undergone through the whole tanning process before it is placed in this solution1 in which it should lie about two hours1 and be stirred up two or three times4 ,after this it should be well washed in cold water1 and then finished in a milk-warm water bath1 when it will be ready for drying4 ,it is our opinion that a superior leather would be produced by this addition to any of the present processes40 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tanning ,,and ,,the ,,tanning ,,woods ,,of ,,america4 ,the following letter in #ahea was addressed by ,dr4 ,reid1 of ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 to ,dr4 ,gale1 of the ,united ,states ,patent office1 respecting the art of ,tanning1 and the various substances which are1 or may be used in the processes4 ,it is a very able and elaborate document1 and will be found to contain not only facts1 but important suggestions which must be valuable to all interested in tanning4 ,,dr4 ,,gale--,dear ,sir3 ,as a chemist interested in the discovery of new chemical facts1 and as an ,american citizen in the development of all branches of industry of our common country1 permit me to call your attention to the following remarks and suggestions4 ,for two years and a half past ,i have been engaged1 more or less of the time1 in the investigation and development of an improved system of tanning1 founded1 as ,i flatter myself1 upon a more correct knowledge of the chemical affinities and qualities of the various substances used1 and of the processes employed in making leather4 ,the art of making leather embraces two species of operation1 viz41 the chemical and mechanical3 the first includes all the changes produced in the raw hide1 by means of other substances applied to it1 till it becomes leather4 ,the second1 all the physical labor expended upon it1 whether by manual tools or machinery4 ,the first is by far the most essential and important1 and yet it is that which is least understood by practical tanners4 ,for the want of chemical knowledge they are1 in a great degree1 incapable of understanding and appreciating the chemical phenomena daily passing before their eyes2 hence improvement in the art of leather-making has been very slow3 and those improvements which have been attempted belong chiefly to the tools and machinery employed4 ,very few tanners have ever ventured upon an improvement in the chemical branch of their art2 and when they have1 their supposed inventions or discoveries were in direct contradiction of chemical laws1 and of course were impracticable and soon abandoned3 as1 for instance1 patents have been taken out for the use of potash and soda ash1 dissolved in the tan liquor or ooze4 ,one man1 a few years since1 actually obtained a patent for the suspension of bags of ashes in the tan vats4 ,if he were a tanner he must have known1 what every practical tanner knows1 that lime1 remaining in the hide1 prevents the process of tanning1 besides making bad leather2 but he did not know that lime and potash were both alkalies1 and that tannin was an acid1 and that alkalies and acids neutralize each other1 and therefore for his purpose1 incompatible1 or he never would have made such an absurd mistake4 ,for the last fifty years1 nearly all the improvements1 real or supposed1 that have been patented1 were chiefly for tools or machinery1 for the purpose of expediting the mechanical labor necessarily employed1 but the discovery and improvements which ,i have been investigating appertain solely to the chemical processes of tanning4 ,they were first proposed by ,harmon ,hibbard1 to whom letters patent were granted1 as you are already aware2 and with which improvements1 and the chemical principles on which they are founded1 you are familiar1 having given them a careful and patient examination pending his application for a patent4 ,but it is not my purpose to discuss these topics now1 and ,i will dismiss this part of my subject by a quotation from ,dr4 ,ure1 and by offering a remark or two thereon4 ,in his dictionary of the ,arts1 ,dr4 ,ure says3--8,various menstrua have been proposed for the purpose of expediting and improving the process of tanning2 among others1 lime-water and a solution of pearlash2 but these two substances form compounds with tannin1 which are not decomposable by gelatine2 it follows that their effects must be prejudicial4 ,there is very little reason to suppose that any bodies will be found1 which1 at the same time that they increase the solubility of tannin in water1 will not likewise diminish its attraction for skin40 ,now the very objects here supposed by ,dr4 ,ure to be unattainable1 are literally and perfectly accomplished by ,hibbard's method1 viz41 a menstrum has been found 8for expediting and improving the process of tanning10 and that1 too1 by 8increasing at the same time both the solubility of tannin and its attraction for gelatine or skin20 by means1 also1 so simple1 direct and obvious1 that it is wonderful that so learned a chemist as ,dr4 ,ure should not himself have made the discovery4 ,but ,i come now to the principle object in view in this communication4 ,during the experiments and investigations above alluded to1 my attention has been directed to two important branches of the manufacture of leather4 ,first4 ,the chemical principles involved in the several processes of making the various kinds of leather1 whether it be in 8tawing10 as in making kid glove leather1 or in oil dressing1 as in making buckskin and chamois leather1 or in tanning proper1 as in making morocco1 upper and sole leather4 ,second4 ,the various species and qualities of the tannin materials used1 viz41 the bark of hemlock1 several varieties of oak1 ,american and ,sicily sumac1 and terra japonica3 these embrace the chief kinds used in this country4 ,it is to this latter--the materials for tanning--that ,i wish more particularly to call your attention4 ,we greatly need both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the several kinds of substances used for tanning1 especially of the hemlock bark--of the white1 black1 red1 ,spanish1 chestnut1 oak1 and other varieties of the ,quercus2 also of the ,american and ,sicily sumacs1 and of catechu or terra japonica4 ,we have many native trees and shrubs1 of whose barks an analysis might prove to be something more than mere scientific curiosities4 ,a writer in one of our scientific journals asserts that the bark of the chestnut contains more tannin than oak1 and more coloring matter than logwood of equal weights and qualities4 ,on what authority he makes this statement1 ,i know not1 but if the fact be so1 it should be established and known4 ,i am not ignorant that ,sir ,humphrey ,davy and other distinguished foreign chemists have investigated this subject to considerable extent1 but the barks and substances examined by them were not our indigenous products2 besides1 since their day1 better and more accurate methods of analysis have been discovered1 so that even their experiments need revision1 and many of their conclusions may need correction4 ,according to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 terra japonica contains about #ed per cent4 of tannin1 and is equal in tannin properties1 to #f or #g lbs4 of ,english oak bark1 and to three lbs4 of ,sicily sumac4 ,the tanners of this country consider ,american sumac as possessing only half the amount of tannin of the foreign and imported article2 and it is worth only half as much per ton3 hence it would require #f lbs4 of it to equal #a lb4 of terra japonica or catechu1 and is1 therefore1 equal in tanning to ,english oak bark4 ,but the hemlock of this country has probably double the amount of tannin that the white oak of the ,northern ,states has2 hence it holds a middle rank between ,sicily sumac and terra japonica1 and would consequently require #d or #e lbs4 of it to equal one of the latter4 ,but the quality of the tannin1 or rather the quality of the leather produced by these different kinds of tanning materials1 is a matter of quite as much importance as the relative or absolute quantity of tanning contained in each of them4 ,while terra japonica possesses the greatest quantity of tannin1 it is considered as producing the most inferior quality of leather4 ,so hemlock1 which1 excepting the ,sicily sumac1 possesses the next highest quantity1 produce the next worst quality of leather2 while the oaks1 which are the lowest in the scale of quantity1 afford the most superior in quality4 ,and although the ,american and ,sicily sumacs may be considered to be on a par with the oaks1 as to quality1 yet the same law seems to hold with respect to each other2 that is1 the ,american sumac1 which possesses only about half the amount of tannin1 makes a better quality of leather than the ,sicily sumac4 ,now pure tannin is probably the same in all cases1 then why this great diversity of quality in the leather8 ,a careful chemical analysis of the substances used1 would determine the question2 but1 in the absence of such analysis1 we readily and perhaps correctly conjecture1 that very different vegetable gums1 resins1 acids1 extracts1 c41 must be combined with the tannin in these several tanning materials1 which being also soluble in water1 combine in some way with the gelatine of the hide as well as the tannin1 and become fixed1 although none of them could alone be made to unite thus permanently with the hide4 ,it becomes1 therefore1 a matter of much importance to the tanner to know what these several vegetable products are which are combined with the tannin of each species of bark1 or substance used for tanning1 and as they are not merely useless1 but injurious1 to know how1 if possible1 he may get rid of them4 ,among these products1 there is in hemlock bark a large amount of resin or pitch1 a small portion of which1 however1 is soluble1 unless very hot water is used in leeching the bark2 but in all barks there is1 besides extractive or coloring matter1 a large amount of acetite of potash1 which is nearly as soluble as tannin itself1 and which is always leeched out of the bark and forms a part of the tan liquor or ooze in which the tanner steeps his hides4 ,that the potash1 which abounds in all barks1 is leeched out1 is evident from the fact1 that ashes1 obtained from burning the leeched bark of tan yards1 will not afford a ley sufficiently strong to make soap4 ,the same thing is true of wood that has been long soaked in water4 ,the black oak or ,quercitron--the ,quercus ,tinetosia which is so valuable for its coloring properties1 is among the richest of barks in tannin1 and makes the best quality of leather1 but it is generally abhorred by tanners1 and avoided in the first stages of tanning4 ,it abounds in a rich1 deep yellow precipitate1 which attaches itself1 like paint1 so tenaciously to the surface of the hides1 that the tannin penetrates very slowly4 ,but by the ,hibbard process of tanning1 the hydrochloric acid used decomposes and neutralizes both the potash and coloring matters leeched out of the bark1 in a great degree1 so that the process of tanning is more rapid1 and the color of the leather much fairer and more beautiful1 besides it1 the leather1 being tougher and more pliable4 ,here then1 in the analysis of our indigenous barks1 is a field large enough to give useful and honorable employment to all the first chemists of the country4 ,not possessing1 myself1 either the time1 skill1 or requisite means to pursue this subject1 but believing that you possessed them all1 in addition to a taste and zeal for such pursuits1 ,i have taken the liberty to present those views and suggestions for your consideration4 ,there are other matters connected with this subject which belong rather to the commercial and agricultural business of the country1 but are not wholly devoid of interest to the naturalist and chemist4 ,i allude to the quality and quantity of tanning materials as produced and influenced by latitude1 locality1 and climate4 ,in the ,eastern1 ,northern1 and ,western ,states the quality and quantity of tan barks are far inferior to those of the ,middle1 ,southern1 and ,south-western4 ,the facilities and natural resources of the ,south for manufacturing leather1 over those of the ,north1 as far exceeds those of the latter1 as the actual amount of leather and shoes manufactured by the ,north exceeds those manufactured by the ,south4 ,the ,south1 in fact1 ought to furnish the ,north with leather2 and should1 moreover1 produce all the sumac needed for home consumption1 both for dyeing and tanning1 of which we now import large quantities4 ,by procuring from the coast of the ,mediterranean the best varieties of sumac1 viz41 the ,rhus ,coriana and the ,rus ,cotinus--the former used chiefly in tanning1 and the latter in dyeing1 the ,south might grow enough in a few years for export1 and find it a profitable branch of industry4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,practical ,,hints ,,on ,,tanning4 ,the ,hon4 ,zadock ,pratt1 one of the largest ,tanners in the ,state of ,new ,york1 has given some very valuable information concerning the various tanning processes which his experience and knowledge have afforded him4 ,we shall select a few of the most important as furnished by him to ,morfit's valuable work4 ,skins with the hair on are first soaked in cold water for forty-eight hours1 and are then subjected to the action of the machine 7,monier ,ray's ,mill7 for an hour and a half2 exposure for which time is generally sufficient to render them pliable4 ,eight or ten skins1 according to their size and thickness1 are generally contained in the apparatus4 ,the water is then allowed to drain off1 a sufficient quantity of cream of lime is poured in and the skins are again beaten for four hours1 when they are taken out and piled up4 ,after having been left to drain for five hours in this position1 they are again fulled for a time in the machine1 and then are deprived of their hair and fleshed by the workmen4 ,they are then beaten for an hour and a half in the machine1 and cleaned and scraped with the slate4 ,in order to remove the lime1 some of which remains attached to the skins1 they are now soaked in water containing one hundredth part of sulphuric acid1 and1 after being constantly stirred in this liquid for an hour1 are washed and rinsed in running water4 ,this method of preparing skins for tanning dispenses with the laborious manipulations to which they are commonly subjected1 and preserves their quality1 not injured as they are in the old way1 by the hands of the workmen4 ,it also presents the additional advantage1 that they do not require the long exposure to the action of lime which is so apt to injure their tissue4 ,since ,i first commenced business1 the gain of weight in converting hides into leather1 has been increased nearly #ej per cent4 ,that is1 from a quarter to a third more leather can now be obtained from a given quantity of hides1 than at the time when ,i learned my trade at my father's tannery1 conducted in the old fashioned way1 some forty years ago4 ,the great improvement in weight seems to have been gained by the judicious use of strong liquors1 or 8ooze10 obtained from finely ground bark1 and by skilful tanning4 ,the loss and wastage upon hides1 from hair1 flesh1 c41 may be estimated at from #ab to #ae per cent4 ,to green hides1 particularly1 nothing can be more injurious than to suffer them to remain too long in weak ooze4 ,on the other hand1 however1 the effects of an early application of ooze1 that is too strong and too warm1 to green hides1 is very injurious4 ,it contracts the surface fibres of the skin1 tanning at once the external layers so 8dead10 as it is termed1 as to shut up the pores1 and prevent the tannin from penetrating the interior4 ,in the impossibility of adapting fixed rules to the innumerable variety of cases1 nothing can be depended upon but the judgment of the practical tanner4 ,in softening hides1 and preparing them for the process of tanning1 a great deal depends upon the judgment of the one superintending the operation4 ,in 8sweating10 the character of the hides1 and the temperature1 are essential1 but ever-varying considerations4 ,as a general rule1 however1 the milder the process for preparing the hides for the bark1 the better4 ,too high a temperature is particularly to be avoided4 ,hides that are very stiff and hard1 resisting all the ordinary modes of softening1 are assisted by a solution of ashes1 potash1 or even common salt will be found beneficial2 and particularly so in hot weather4 ,the following table may be found useful in conveying an approximation to a definite idea of the practice in my tannery3 #dj #ej #fj #gj ,,soaking4 ,days4 ,days4 ,days4 ,days4 ,buenos ,ayres hides #aj to #ab #h to #ab #f to #h #c to #f4 ,carthagena and ,laguaira #h to #ab #g to #i #e to #g #b to #c4 ,,sweating4 ,buenos ,ayres hides #ae to #bj #ab to #af #h to #ab #b to #c4 ,carthagena and ,laguaira #ae to #bj #aj to #ae #f to #h #b to #c4 ,i would here remark that ,i changed the process from liming to sweating in the sole leather in #ahcf--the only change ,i have made in tanning for twenty years2 and for sole leather1 it has been proved to be quite as good as liming1 if not better1 and somewhat cheaper2 besides yielding a greater gain of weight1 and when well tanned1 making leather more impervious to water4 ,liming and 8bating10 however1 for light leather1 is preferable4 ,salted hides do not require more than two-thirds the time to soak2 but generally rather longer to sweat4 ,after the hides are prepared for tanning1 the next process is what is commonly called 8handling10 which should be performed two or three times a day in a weak 8ooze0 until the grain is colored4 ,new liquors1 or a mixture of new and old1 are preferable for ,spanish or dry hides--old liquors for slaughter4 ,they are then1 after a fortnight1 laid away in bark1 and changed once in two or four weeks1 until tanned4 ,much care and judgment are necessary in proportioning the continually increasing strength of the liquors to the requirements of the leather in the different stages of this process4 ,the liquors should be kept as cool as possible1 within certain limits1 but ought never to exceed a temperature of eighty degrees2 in fact1 a much lower temperature is the maximum point1 if the liquor is very strong2 too high a heat1 with a liquor too strongly charged with the tanning principle1 being invariably injurious to the life and color of the leather4 ,from this it would seem that time is an essential element in the process of tanning1 and that we cannot make up for the want of it by increasing the strength of the liquor1 or raising the temperature at which the process is conducted1 any more than we can fatten an ox or horse by giving him more than he can eat4 ,hides that are treated with liquor below the proper strength become much relaxed in their texture1 and lose a portion of their gelatine4 ,the leather necessarily loses in weight and compactness1 and is much more porous and pervious to water4 ,the warmer these weak solutions are applied1 the greater this loss of gelatine4 ,to ascertain whether a portion of weak liquor contains any gelatine in solution1 it is only necessary to strain a little of it in a glass1 and then add a small quantity of a stronger liquor4 ,the excess of tannin in the strong1 seizing upon the dissolved gelatine in the weak liquor1 will combine with it1 and be precipitated in flakes1 of a dark1 curdled appearance1 to the bottom4 ,at the ,prattsville ,tannery1 the greatest strength of liquor used for 8handling10 as indicated by ,pike's bark-ometer1 7an instrument to test only ,,freshly made liquors17 is sixteen degrees2 of that employed in laying away1 the greatest strength varies from thirty-five to forty-five degrees4 ,after the leather has been thoroughly tanned and rinsed1 or scrubbed by a brush-machine or broom1 it will tend very much to improve its color and pliability to stack it up in piles1 and allow it to sweat until it becomes a little slippery from a kind of mucus that collects upon its surface4 ,a little oil added at this stage of the process1 or just before rolling1 is found to be very useful4 ,great caution is necessary in the admission of air1 in drying when first hung up to dry4 ,no more air than is sufficient to keep the sides from moulding1 should be allowed4 ,too much air1 or in other words1 if dried too rapidly1 in a current of air1 will injure the color1 giving a darker hue and rendering the leather harsh and brittle4 99 99 99 99 ,the average time of tanning in #ahdb1 was five months and seventeen days2 of #ahdc1 five months and twenty-two days2 #ahdd1 six months2 #ahde1 six months and eleven days2 average of the whole time1 five months and twenty-seven days4 ,the average weight of the leather was over eighteen and one-half pounds per side4 ,this1 according to the best authorities we have1 is considerably below the time employed in ,england4 ,there1 it is no uncommon thing for eight or ten months to be employed in tanning a stock of leather1 and some of the heaviest leather1 it is said1 takes fourteen and eighteen months4 ,such deliberation undoubtedly insures a fine quality of leather1 but it may be questioned whether there is not a great loss of weight--a loss of interest on capital1 and in consequence an unnecessary enhancement of price1 which does not suit the ,american market4 ,the tanning of leather1 more than almost any other manufacture1 is a chemical process1 the success of which depends almost wholly upon the skill and judgment with which its complicated manipulations are conducted4 ,to attain the requisite skill in the laboratory of the chemist1 is evidently impossible2 it can only be acquired in tanning itself1 by long and careful attention and observation4 ,the labor in the loft and peeling bark during the above five years was #hhbj days4 ,one man will work through the beam-house1 in one year1 #fbfj sides4 ,one man will tan and finish #bbbh sides4 ,one cord of bark tans #aif pounds4 ,the question has been frequently asked me1 how long does it take to tan sole leather4 ,i answer1 from four to six months1 according to the strength of the liquor and the number of sides in the vats2 and the quicker tanned the better4 ,if the hides are fresh1 they are capable of being properly softened1 and1 if so1 the process of tanning may be completed much sooner than in the case of old and hard hides1 that cannot be softened with the same facility4 ,if the hides have sufficient room in the vats1 so as not to lay crowded1 they will tan much faster4 ,as the tanning advances1 the liquor should be renewed seasonably1 and its strength increased in a ratio proportionate to each stage of tanning4 ,the question1 8,is the leather to be tanned so as to barely pass in market1 or to be well prepared1 so as to make firm and solid leather80 involves a consideration of much importance4 ,every one interested in the science of tanning should purchase and study the able and elaborate work upon the subject by ,morfit4 ,no portion of this important art is left untouched1 and the work gives abundant evidence of laborious research1 and intelligent compilation1 combined with a thorough knowledge of the subject4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,hibbard',s ,,process ,,of ,,tanning4 ,we herewith give the specification of this important patent1 allusion to which is made in the letter of ,dr4 ,reid3 ,to all whom it may concern3--,be it known that ,i1 ,william ,w4 ,reid1 of the city of ,rochester1 in the county of ,monroe1 and ,state of ,new ,york1 assignee of ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states1 granted to ,herman ,hibbard1 of the town of ,henrietta1 in the county and ,state aforesaid1 for certain improvements in 8,tanning by ,tannin and acids10 which ,letters ,patent1 bearing date the #afth day of ,october1 #ahdi1 were assigned to me on the #bc;d day of ,october1 of the same year1 by deed1 which deed was duly recorded on the #bdth of ,nov41 year aforesaid1 believing that said ,letters ,patent are inoperative1 and invalid by reason of a defective specification1 have surrendered the same1 and according to the requirements of the ,acts of ,congress in such case made and provided1 have applied for a re-issue of ,letters ,patent1 for the same improvements under the specification of the words following1 viz43 ,the invention and discovery of ,herman ,hibbard1 consist in new and useful improvements in the preparing of hides and skins for tanning1 and in the art or mode of tanning the same1 with or without the hair or wool upon them1 thereby making leather suitable for the various purposes to which hides and skins thus tanned may be applied4 ,first1 the nature of his invention1 so far as relates to the preparation of hides and skins for tanning1 consists in the use of a composition of lime1 wood-ashes or potash and salt1 for the purpose of removing hair or wool1 and also for the process of 8,liming10 so called1 instead of using lime alone as in the old method4 ,lime and ashes or potash1 and even salt in weak solution1 have been used separately for the purpose of removing hair and wool1 and also for the process of 8,liming10 that is for removing grease1 mucus1 and other impurities from hides and skins1 but not as above combined4 ,it requires several days and sometimes weeks to effect these several objects1 by the use of lime alone4 ,moreover1 lime being nearly insoluble1 the hides become impregnated therewith1 so that bates and drenches and much labor are required to remove it1 before the hides are in a suitable condition to receive the tannin1 in consequence of which1 their muscular fibre and texture are materially injured4 ,but potash being very soluble1 is easily washed or worked out by water alone2 besides1 it has a greater affinity for fat or oil1 and makes a soluble soap1 which is also easily worked out2 but lime makes an insoluble soap1 which is removed with more difficulty2 potash being soluble1 penetrates and softens the hide more speedily1 and thus enables the lime itself to act sooner than it could alone4 ,but fresh quick lime loosens hair sooner than potash4 ,thus the two conjoined1 subserve a better purpose than either singly4 ,salt1 in solution1 also aids in softening dry or hard hides4 ,it protects the substance of the hide from the too caustic action of the alkalies--loosens dirt1 grease1 c41 and thereby purifies the skin4 ,it might be omitted in treating salted hides unless soaked too long in water4 ,but in all cases it preserves the substance and weight of the hides1 while undergoing the liming process4 ,second1 the nature of ,hibbard's invention1 so far as it relates to the process of tanning1 consists in the use of a composition of salt1 sulphuric acid1 and sumac1 oak1 hemlock bark1 or any other tannin used for tanning4 ,the salt1 sulphuric acid1 and tannin being mixed together in water1 in certain proportions hereafter mentioned1 a portion of the salt is decomposed by the sulphuric acid1 forming sulphate of soda and setting the muriatic acid free1 which 7the muriatic acid7 being absorbed by the water acts directly and rapidly on whatever of the alkalies may yet remain in the skins1 dissolving and removing them1 while it acts with equal rapidity on the hide itself1 8raising it10 or opening its pores1 prepares it to receive the tannin1 which1 being present also in the mixture1 immediately unites with the gelatine of the hide1 forming leather more expeditiously than by the old method4 ,to enable others skilled in the art of tanning to use this method1 let them observe the following3 ,for unhairing and liming1 so called1 and for pulling wool1 prepare and use the following composition1 which we denominate-- ,composition ,no4 #a4--;,good wood ashes1 #a bushel 7or potash about #e pounds72 fresh slaked lime #d quarts2 salt about #c quarts2 water about #ajj gallons4 ,these ingredients may be mixed together and the hides be put into the mixture1 for unhairing and liming4 ,but for pulling wool1 take lime and ashes equal parts1 and salt #a quart1 to one bushel of the mixture and mix with water sufficient to make a thin paste1 which is to be applied to the flesh sides of the skins in the usual way1 and kept at a temperature of #fj to #fh ,f4 ,or a better method may be to leach the ashes1 or1 when potash is used1 to dissolve it in the water4 ,to the clear ley add the lime and salt1 and use the mixture for unhairing and liming4 ,but for pulling wool mix #a bushel of lime and #a quart of salt with good strong ley1 making a thin paste1 which apply to the flesh sides of the skins1 as already described4 ,a little practice will enable the operator to judge of the proper strength of composition ,no4 #a4 ,it should have a slippery feel and quite a sharp alkaline taste4 ,it is readily made stronger by the addition of more materials1 or weaker by adding water4 ,the above quantities and proportions serve as a general guide4 ,the lime and ashes or potash may be used in various proportions1 but it is desirable that as little lime as possible to produce the desired effect1 should be used1 because of its insolubility and of its insinuating itself into the substance of the hide4 ,the hides or skins having been properly soaked1 softened1 and broken1 are to be put into composition ,no4 #a1 in a vat or vats1 and handled in the usual way4 ,the temperature may be kept at #ej to #fj ,f4 ,as soon as the hair will come freely1 they must be taken out and put into clean soft warm water1 and soaked several hours1 then thoroughly worked1 flesh and grain1 on the beam4 ,then put back into the water1 soaked again and worked again1 till they are sufficiently reduced4 ,they are then ready for the tanning process4 ,as a general thing1 bates and drenches will not be required1 because the potash being soluble1 and the little lime used1 are easily washed out with water1 and because composition ,no4 #b1 about to be described1 used in the tanning1 accomplishes the identical objects to be obtained by bating and drenching4 ,if any prefer1 they may prepare their hides and skins after the old method4 ,they can be tanned just as well by composition ,no4 #b1 but skins and hides prepared by the foregoing method will make heavier and stronger leather1 than when prepared by the old process of tanning and bating4 ,for tanning1 make and use the following which we denominate-- ,composition ,no4 #b4--,take sumac1 oak bark1 quercitron1 or any other tanning material1 either singly1 or combined2 leach and make a strong infusion or ooze4 ,to every #ajj gals4 of ooze add salt1 #bj lbs42 sulphuric acid #b pints4 ,these quantities serve as a general rule4 ,a little experience will enable a workman to determine by the color and taste1 as to the requisite proportions and quantities and strength of the composition without weighing or measuring4 ,the salt should always be in excess over the acid4 ,if it is considerably more so1 no harm can accrue1 but if the acid should be in excess1 injury might be done4 ,there should be sulphuric acid enough to decompose enough of the salt to liberate an equivalent of muriatic acid1 of which there should be as much as is sufficient to give the hides a uniform color1 and cause them to swell or puff up slightly4 ,the muriatic acid thus generated by the decomposition of the salt1 by means of the sulphuric acid1 attacks the alkalies that may remain in the hides1 dissolves or converts them into soluble muriates of lime or potash1 and thus acts as a bate and drench on the hides1 to clean them1 while at the same time it opens their pores1 so that they imbibe the tannin more rapidly4 ,it also precipitates or decomposes a portion of the coloring matter of the ooze1 and thereby renders the color of the leather lighter1 more lively and beautiful4 ,if there is a deficiency of acid1 so as not to neutralize all the alkalies remaining in the hides1 they will be spotted or dark colored4 ,they will not raise or swell up4 ,in such case1 more of the sulphuric acid must be added for the purpose of decomposing more of the salt 7which is supposed to be in excess7 and thus furnish more of the muriatic acid4 ,n4 ,b4--,muriatic acid of commerce may be added to the tannin and salt1 and they will produce nearly the same result2 the sulphate of soda would be wanting1 but this also may be added1 and then we should have the same composition1 and precisely the same results2 and when economy would warrant it1 this course might be adopted1 but at the present cost of these materials1 it is cheaper to use sulphuric acid and salt1 and thus generate both the muriatic acid and sulphate of soda2 this method is also more simple4 ,the hides and skins having been prepared in ,composition ,no4 #a1 as already described1 they are then to be put into ,composition ,no4 #b1 prepared as above1 in suitable vats1 and handled often in the usual way4 ,the strength of the composition must be kept up by additions of strong ooze1 and also of salt and acid when necessary1 and in such quantities as will give the original taste1 color1 c4 ,the time required to accomplish the process of tanning will depend on the quality and size of the hides or skins1 or kinds of leather to be made1 and on the strength and temperature of the composition4 ,it the strength be good1 the temperature about #hj1 and the handling properly conducted1 most kinds of leather may be tanned in less than half the time required by the old method of tanning now in use in our country4 ,when the hides are sufficiently tanned1 those designed to be curried may be curried and finished in the usual way4 ,if the process has been properly conducted1 they will require much less scouring1 whereby some hard labor is saved4 ,when it is intended to black and finish on the grain1 in order to remove any excess of salt and acid that may remain in them and interfere with the finishing1 after removing them from the vats1 soak them an hour or less in a clear ooze1 made of the same kind of tannin used in tanning them2 then rinse and strike them out of clear soft water1 after which immerse them in the following composition3--,to every gallon of soft water add1 of good soft soap #a quart2 best sperm or cod oil1 #a pint4 ,mix and beat these ingredients well together2 after being dipped in this mixture let them 8sammy0 or dry partially1 then sham set and stuff them4 ,for stuffing1 use common stuffing and soft soap1 equal parts1 or sad and cod oil1 equal parts2 after which1 if to be finished on the flesh side1 proceed in the usual way1 but if it be blacked on the grain1 wet or sponge them1 when nearly dry1 on the grain side with a weak solution of potash or sal soda1 then apply a thin coat of blood and acetate of iron1 as used by morocco dressers2 let them nearly dry1 then repeat the coat of sal soda and mixture of blood and acetate of iron4 ,then set them smooth on both sides1 and oil and dry them4 ,deer1 sheep1 and similar skins1 designed for buck1 or imitation of buck1 such as are used for gloves1 mittens1 and military trimmings1 should be 8frized0 after being prepared in ,composition ,no4 #a1 and unhaired2 and then tanned in ,composition ,no4 #b1 prepared with sumac4 ,when tanned1 rinse and strike them out of clean soft water1 then hang up to dry4 ,when dry1 finish on a perch with a stake1 moon-knife1 and pumice stone2 or1 to make them soft and elastic1 they may be milled first1 before quite dry1 and then finished with perch1 moon-knife1 c41 the same as in oil dressing1 but without any oil4 ,in order to tan hides or skins with fur1 hair1 or wool on1 they must first be washed thoroughly clean in a weak potash ley1 or in soft soap and water 7care being taken not to keep them in so long as to start or loosen the fur1 c417 then flesh and break them2 rinse in clean soft water1 then tan them in composition ,no4 #b4 ,to make white leather1 sumac should be used in making composition ,no4 #b4 ,what ,i claim and desire to secure by ,letters ,patent1 is1 first1 the process of removing the hair and wool from hides and skins1 and of liming them1 so called1 preparatory to tanning by the use of a composition of lime1 wood ashes or potash1 and of salt1 called ,composition ,no4 #a1 in the manner above described4 ,i also claim the use of a composition of lime and wood ashes or potash1 without the salt1 but ,i do not claim either of these materials separately by itself4 ,second1 ,i claim the process of tanning hides and skins by the use of any kind of tannin1 in combination either with the muriatic acid of commerce1 or with muriatic acid generated by a mixture of sulphuric acid and salt in water1 with the tannin1 in the manner substantially as above described4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,tanning ,,processes4 ,more than one hundred tanning processes have been patented in the ,united ,states and ,europe1 and the cry is1 8still they come40 ,new methods1 and new works upon old methods are constantly presenting themselves4 ,the ,london ,mechanics' ,magazine states that an important improvement in the tanning of skins and hides has recently been introduced into that country by ,m4 ,funcke1 a practical tanner and currier1 of ,herdecke1 ,westphalia4 ,it consists in counteracting a too rapid action of the tannic acid upon the surface of the skins4 ,the mode of operation is as follows3-- ,the unhaired skins or hides are first passed through a weak liquor of the soda of commerce1 then hung up to dry4 ,they are then steeped in a common oak1 hemlock1 or other tanning liquor of the common strength1 to which has been added some vinegar4 ,in this liquor the pores of the skin are opened1 and thus the tannic acid is admitted to the interior4 ,the next tannic liquor in which the skins are steeped is made a little stronger with the bark1 also some more vinegar1 and a little dissolved sugar is added4 ,the succeeding liquors to which the hides are subjected1 until they are finished1 do not differ from those in common use4 ,the vinegar being a vegetable acid1 unites with the alkali of the soda in the hides1 and its carbonic acid is set free in the pores of the skin2 this expands them1 and allows the tannin admission to the centre of the hides in the first tanning liquor4 ,the sugar in the second tannin liquor1 unites with the vinegar1 and forms a tannin mixture1 it is said1 which is of a softening character1 imparting elasticity to the leather4 ,the strength of the soda ley used to steep the hides in the first stage1 is not above #a--very weak--and a very small quantity of vinegar is sufficient for the purpose stated4 ,any other vegetable acid may be used in place of the vinegar1 but it is the cheapest4 ,the expanding of the pores of hides and skins by generating a gas in the tanning liquor by the agency of the carbonate of soda and an acid1 such as sulphuric and muriatic1 is not new4 ,it has been tried in this country1 and is known by the name of the 8,hibbard process40 ,,the ,,preller ,,process4 ,this discovery and application is highly approved of in ,london4 ,after the hides or skins are unhaired in the usual manner1 they undergo a partial drying1 and receive a uniform coating of a peculiar paste composed of various vegetable and saline substances4 ,the vegetable substances employed contain a large proportion of starch1 such as barley1 rice1 or wheat flour1 a little gluten1 some butter1 or oil and grease1 some common salt1 and some saltpetre4 ,the hides are laid upon tables and smeared on the fleshy side1 with the said paste1 and in that state are put into the interior of large drums1 which receive a rotary motion1 and by which1 the hides are greatly agitated1 and the paste 7by pegs in the inside of the drums71 is forced into the pores of the hides or skins1 or rather they are kneaded along with the paste for two or three hours1 after which they are drawn out4 ,they are then found to be in a partial dry state1 then hung up and aired for two hours1 and again laid upon the table1 where they receive another dose of the same paste1 and are again returned to the drums a second time1 when the same operation as that described is again performed4 ,after this they receive a third smearing with the paste1 and are kneaded in the drums1 after which they are taken out and hung up to dry1 and are then fit for the currying process4 ,the leather thus produced is stated to be much lighter than that produced by oak or other tan barks1 but is much stronger and will wear much better4 ,it is asserted that for machinery bands it is twice as strong as oak-tanned leather1 and that sheep and goat skins are rendered very tough and durable4 ,it is said that calf skins are tanned by this process in about three hours1 and the thickest ox-hide in three days4 ,in noticing this process the 8,scientific ,american0 remarked as follows3-- ,we are not aware that any such process for tanning is described in any work on the subject1 or has been practiced in our country4 ,it is our opinion that it may make excellent uppers for boots and shoes1 but not so good sole leather as oak bark4 ,it is stated that the brains of animals is also used in the paste1 and that the salt and nitre are only employed to preserve the animal and greasy matters from putrefaction4 ,the process has some resemblance to that employed by many tribes of our ,indians for tanning their skins for moccasins and other purposes4 ,they use the brains of animals1 mixed with ley made of the wood ashes of their fires1 and knead the skins and rub them with the pasty mass1 upon the same principle as that employed in the 8,preller process40 ,when the tanning of the skins is completed according to their notions1 they are finished by drying them1 or rather smoking them1 in a pit in the ground1 which is covered with bark and some earth4 ,we have seen very good brown leather made by this process4 ,we are not able to give the exact proportions of the paste used by ,preller1 but this does not make much matter1 for some of our tanners can surely make up a paste with flour1 ox brains1 and oil or grease1 c41 and give it a fair trial1 by kneading a skin or two in a tub1 with a beetle1 so as to test the principle of the process4 ,there is nothing like giving everything 7unless it is manifestly absurd7 which is set forth as an improvement1 a fair trial1 and this is the reason why we have presented the foregoing information1 in order that it may be tested by some of our tanners to see whether it has any merit or not4 ,,tanning ,,buckskin4 ,we present the following simple process for preparing buckskin4 ,the ,indians have long been distinguished for making an exceedingly good and durable buckskin4 ,one day a friend of ours 7one of the best practical tanners and leather dressers in the ,united ,states7 watched with great earnestness1 the mode by which the squaws dressed their deer skins4 ,he observed that they used the brains of the deer mixed along with ley made of wood ashes forming a kind of soap4 ,this solution was rubbed on the skins1 allowing them to dry at each operation--two or three times1 until the skins were completely saturated with the solution4 ,after this the skins were smoked1 the same as hams1 in a pit dug in the ground4 ,the idea suggested itself to our friend1 that there was no use of wanting shoes when there were plenty of deer killed2 but from a distance in the woods they could not1 and were not accustomed to bring the brains of the animal2 but a remedy was at hand2 he knew that soap was the same composition1 as that used by the ,indians in tanning1 and he had plenty of that4 ,after the skins were properly prepared1 a strong solution of warm yellow soap was made up1 in which they were handled until cold2 they were then dried and went through the same process until the practical tradesman saw that they were made into leather2 when they were afterwards smoked in the manner of the ,indians4 ,from these operations an excellent buckskin was made1 which through the drenching of rains and the frequent immersions in the swamps and everglades1 retained its pristine softness and qualities4 ,thus1 in the wilds of ,florida1 a scientific tradesman applied his knowledge and art1 in a manner for which many had reason to be thankful4 ,in such situations the mechanic rises far above the philosopher4 ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,tanning4 ,a process was discovered in ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 in #ahej1 by which leather could be tanned in the short space of two hours4 ,this is a 8fast age10 and 8wonders0 are now every-day occurrences4 ,formerly it required fifteen months to properly tan and finish leather4 ,the leather here referred to1 was tanned by the 8,journeymen ,shoemakers ,association0 of ,rochester4 ,if this discovery is all that it is stated to be 7of which we have some doubts71 viz41 to make leather equal to the ,french1 in such a short time1 it must be one of the most valuable discoveries of the age4 ,as the process1 however1 is not laid down in black and white1 every man is justified in suspecting its reality4 ,a new process1 however has come into our possession lately1 which is said to tan leather better and in less time than by the old process4 ,we give it for what it is worth4 ,those in the art can make experiments for themselves--the only way to test its merits4 ,three liquors are made up1 #ast4 ,one made of #bj pounds of alum1 and #bj of the sulphate of potash1 and ten of the muriate of soda1 all dissolved in warm water4 #b;d1 #ajj pounds of catechu1 dissolved4 #c;d4 #d pounds of alum1 #b lbs of the muriate of soda1 dissolved4 ,for a hundred calf skins in a vat of sufficient size1 put one fifth of ,no4 #a2 viz41 #d pounds of the alum and potash and #b of the muriate of soda1 7common salt7--then add one-tenth of the ,no4 #b solution1 and one fourth of ,no4 #c4 ,with this mixed solution enough of water is put into the vat to cover the #ajj skins and the temperature is kept up so as the hand can bear it well4 ,men with poles rounded at their ends stir the skins for about one hour1 when they are taken out4 ,they are then placed in another vat of the same kind of solution1 and the same strength1 and stirred frequently for about three hours1 and let stand till next morning4 ,they are then removed1 and one fifth of ,no4 #a mixture1 and one-fifth of ,no4 #b added1 when the skins are returned to the vat1 stirred frequently1 and dripped every day for five days1 when all the liquors of the solutions should be taken up1 and about #bj pounds more of dissolved catechu is to be added4 ,the skins are to be tried frequently1 and more catechu is to be added if necessary1 and at the end of four or five weeks the operations will be completed4 ,,dexter',s ,,process ,,of ,,tanning4 ,a few years since1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dexter1 of ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 discovered a process of tanning1 which he claims to be an important improvement4 ,the main feature of the invention consists in a compound of chemicals1 by which not only time1 money and labor are saved1 but the leather thus prepared1 possesses more strength than that manufactured in the old way4 ,this compound is called 8,dexter's ,electric ,process40 ,a sheep1 calf1 goat or deer skin is taken in a green state1 and in from eight to ten days it is manufactured into leather and is ready for market4 ,from four to six days are consumed in preparing a skin for tanning1 in the removal of the wool1 hair1 c42 it is then thrown into a tub1 and washed in three chemical preparations1 which takes from one to two minutes2 it is then taken out and dried1 and in twenty-four or forty-eight hours after it is taken from the tub it is ready for market4 ,the time occupied in drying depends much upon the weather2 but after it is thoroughly dried it can be finished in about twenty minutes or half an hour4 ,under the old system of tanning1 it takes from three to four weeks to prepare the skin1 and from three to six months to bark tan and finish it4 ,by the discovery of this new process1 a skin is converted into leather1 in as many days as it takes months to bark tan1 and besides1 it is not only stronger and more durable1 but the leather is made water-proof4 ,they can manufacture sheep-skins by this process1 into leather1 in six or eight days1 which not only resembles calf-skin1 but for boots and shoes it is preferred by those who have worn them1 on account of its being more durable1 and softer than calf manufactured in the old way4 ,by this method of tanning1 there is a great saving4 ,one hundred sheep-skins can be tanned for #cg to #ej cents1 while to bark tan them would incur an expense of at least #f4 ,patent leather is manufactured out of sheep-skins1 which is said to be more durable and less liable to crack than that made of bark-tanned leather4 ,,fair ,,leather4#e ,this leather1 used for the soles of ladies' shoes1 is made1 preferably1 from hides tanned with ,spanish oak4 ,after having been soaked and scoured1 they are separately spread upon a clean table and sponged on the grain side with the following mixture1 reduced by dilution with water4 ,footnote #e3 ,morfit's ,theory1 ,chapter ,l4 ,the proportions for nine and a half pints1 which is the quantity required for twenty-five sides1 are ,crystalized ,chloride of ,tin1 #h oz4 ,muriatic ,acid1 free from ,iron1 #d fluid oz4 ,sulphurized ,ether1 #h fluid oz4 ,alcohol1 #cb fluid oz4 ,water1 #dj fluid oz4 ,the tin salt is placed in a blue stone jar1 with the acid1 and the whole is stirred until perfect solution is effected4 ,the ether1 alcohol and water are then added and stirred in successively4 ,this process1 patented by ,prof4 ,j4 ,c4 ,booth1 of ,philadelphia1 is founded strictly upon scientific principles4 ,the tin1 salt and acid1 are the bleaching agents1 while the alcohol1 ether and water are dilutants as well as protectives against any destructive agent of the former4 ,its whitening effect extends throughout the hide1 and is not limited merely to the surface4 ,after the application of the liquor1 the leather is oiled1 dressed and rolled1 as in the usual currying process4 ,this mixture is not applicable to leather tanned with black oak-bark1 as it colors it yellow4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,patents ,,for ,,tanning4 ,the following described processes for ,tanning have been patented at different periods since #ahdi4 ,the first may be denominated ,hibbard's patent1 issued to ,mr4 ,hibbard1 of ,henrietta1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a patent for a modified process in tanning leather1 which is specially applicable to light skins1 but may be used in all kinds of tanning4 ,the gist of the invention consists first1 in a modified process of unhairing the skins1 by a composition of lime1 potash and salt1 by which the process is very much shortened2 and secondly1 by combining what is called the process of plumping with that of tanning4 ,it is alleged by the patentee that the process of plumping1 which consists in the use of acids1 to open the pores of the skins1 is like that of rising dough by yeast2 namely1 that after the pores have once been fairly opened1 if the tanning process is not commenced immediately1 they will soon begin to close2 as dough once raised1 if not transferred at the proper time to the oven to be baked1 will fall1 and an inferior bread will be the result4 ,the process of tanning therefore1 as set forth by the inventor1 consists in the combination of the plumping and the tanning process1 so that as soon as the acids have acted to open the pores of the skins1 the tannin present in the liquor1 shall enter and perform its part in the operation4 ,the next may be described as ,towle's process1 or improvement in tanning4 ,issued ,oct4 #g1 #ahea4 ,what ,i claim as my invention or discovery1 as a new and useful improvement1 and desire to secure by letters patent1 is the use of arsenic or arsenious acid1 substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth2 the peculiar properties of arsenic1 by which it tends to suspend the natural tendency of the animal fibre to decomposition upon the extinction of animal life1 are well known1 and of course they are not patentable2 but their application to the processes of tanning1 and otherwise preparing skins and hides for useful purposes1 by which they are rendered stronger and more durable1 is believed not to have been heretofore known and used4 ,i do not1 therefore1 intend to limit my claim to any particular mode or period of using the article2 but ,i shall apply it in such form1 or in such strength of solution1 as the nature of the case may require1 to effect the objects named4 ,workmen should guard against the absorption of the poisonous qualities of the arsenic1 while immersing or handling the skins in the liquor1 by using tools or wearing ,india-rubber gloves4 ,after the skins are taken out of the liquor and rinsed thoroughly1 the danger ceases4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,towle4 ,a patent for the following method of tanning was issued ,march #bb1 #ahec1 to ,roswell ,enos ,bela ,t4 ,hunt1 of ,st4 ,charles1 ,ill4 ,we claim the process of tanning with the use of lime1 salt1 bran1 sumac1 and cutch1 or any other tanning in room of cutch1 substantially in the manner described1 whereby we commence tanning1 at the same time that we commence reducing1 as the salt and bran overpowers the lime1 the tan takes the place of the lime1 and converts the hide into more perfect leather1 and in less time than can be made in any other way4 ,hides are not liable to get damaged by our process1 as we do not use an article that is injurious to leather4 ,it is not on the materials used that we claim letters patent1 but on the manner of applying them to the hide1 as set forth4 ,the next is to ,roswell ,enos4 ,improvement in the process of tanning leather for soles4 ,patented ,july #ah1 #ahed4 ,the improvement and claim consist in commencing the tanning operation upon the sides1 by the use of a salted infusion of sumac1 and then completing said tanning operation by the repeated use of the strong oak or hemlock bark liquor1 substantially as set forth4 ,it is stated that solid sole leather may be produced by this process in an unusually short time4 ,,appendix4 ,,jenkins' ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,heater ,,and ,,press1 ,,for ,,making ,,cemented ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,this 8,heater0 is a new invention recently introduced1 to heat the soles and shoes of the most delicate stock for cementation4 ,the heat is applied only to the cemented surfaces1 which require uniting4 ,this process prevents the hardening and contracting of the sole leather and uppers4 ,the old 8cooking0 process greatly damaged the stock1 and frequently spoiled it utterly1 as it was simply a matter of pure luck whether the stock was heated to a proper degree or crisped by over-heating4 ,this 8,heater0 can be regulated to the exact degree of heat desired4 ,they are manufactured in a portable form for such as wish to do a limited business4 ,the heat from a single lamp1 or hot water1 or steam can be used4 ,jenkins' ,press1 patented ,sept4 #g1 #aheh1 is designed to hold every description of shoes and soles1 in their proper position1 while being pressed and cooled4 ,the thinnest soles and taps1 double-soles or welts1 from the finest ladies' shoes to coarse brogans or kip boots are held firmly by this ,press4 ,they are cooled in a very short time and receive equal pressure on the bottom of the shoe or its edges1 together with the clamping apparatus holding the shoe1 soles and stock4 ,the ,press can also be used as a 8,heater0 when desired1 by filling the base containing the water for cooling the shoe1 with hot air1 steam1 or hot water1 thus securing all the heat that is required for melting the cement1 and for uniting the various parts of the shoe4 ,the shoe can then be placed in a cold water-press and cooled4 ,it is then ready for the finisher4 ,by the use of this ,press1 all outer soles1 middle soles1 lifts1 c41 c41 may be cut with dies2 this process is of obvious advantage to the manufacturer1 as all thin or thick soles will not require paring off1 or may have their edges finished before they are put on1 thus preventing all cutting of the uppers in paring off1 which item is of great importance to the manufacturer4 ,,valuable ,,and ,,reliable ,,recipes ,,for ,,gutta-,,percha ,,and ,,india-,,rubber ,,cement1 ,,for ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4 ,,also1 ,,varnishes1 ,,gums ,,and ,,glues4 ,the following highly important recipes have been arranged and selected with great care4 ,some of them are original discoveries1 the result of personal test and application1 and are entirely reliable4 ,others have been compiled from the highest sources1 and are submitted with full confidence in their virtues4 ,the cements for boots and shoes of ,india-rubber and gutta-percha are of great practical utility1 and the information we thus furnish we regard as almost invaluable to the boot and shoe manufacturer4 ,the varnishes are also equally important1 and may be relied upon as the best yet discovered4 ,the ,water-,proof ,cement and ,glues are simple in their ingredients and easily prepared4 ,bisulphuret of ,carbon is remarkable for its great solvent powers1 readily dissolving substances which no other fluid can so effectually influence1 such as sulphur1 phosphorus1 iodine1 etc4 ,it has1 however1 a fetid odor1 and is inflammable1 burning with a blue flame4 ,it has been used as a solvent of ,india-rubber1 but for the common cements of rubber and gutta-percha the triple refined camphene is preferable4 ,the rubber cement has long been used for cementing shoes in ,lynn1 ,roxbury1 and other large shoe manufacturing towns in ,massachusetts4 ,it is easily made1 by dissolving it in pure camphene and grinding it in a paint mill2 many manufacturers mix it in large portions of lampblack1 sulphur1 zinc and charcoal4 ,the charcoal is remarkable for its indestructibility1 resisting the most intense heat2 the fact is1 that the more carbon an organized body contains1 so much the less liable is it to decomposition1 it is for this reason that it is by some regarded as much better than lampblack1 for rubber cements4 ,it is ground into the rubber in large quantities1 making a paint or mixture of any required tenacity4 ,the ,bogarbus eccentric rubber mill is most commonly used for grinding rubber cements for shoes1 or for spreading upon cloth4 ,rubber cements are only good for cementing shoes when the stock is perfectly free from oil or grease1 and kept free from such contact2 a condition which is hardly possible4 ,all oleaginous substances are sure to decompose rubber in all its common preparations1 vulcanized or not4 ,gutta-percha cements1 on the contrary1 are not easily affected by oleaginous substances1 unless too much heat is used in perfecting the union of the various parts of a boot or shoe4 ,calf skins are frequently 8stuffed0 to full1 thus causing the grease to mix with the cement when first applied in a heated state4 ,to prevent this result1 use proper care in the application of the cement2 see that it is not too hot1 also be careful that the shoe itself is not too hot4 ,these precautions well observed1 will result in a cementation which will resist the oil in the leather until it is completely worn out4 ,gutta-percha cement is made by dissolving it in triple refined camphene4 ,take from four to five times its weight of camphene1 place it into a common glue kettle1 boil it on a stove1 or by a gas or spirit lamp1 as is most convenient2 always keeping the water around the vessel to prevent ignition2 boil until it is completely dissolved1 then strain it1 if it is required1 and it is ready for use4 ,always apply the cement warm4 ,if too thick to spread easily with a brush1 reduce it with camphene4 ,heat and mix by stirring the compound well together4 ,a ,,hard ,,brilliant ,,black ,,varnish ,,for ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,edges ,,and ,,heels4 ,take three ounces shellac1 one ounce sandarach1 reduce them to a coarse powder1 add one half ounce of lampblack1 place them in a glass vessel1 into which pour a pint and a half of the best alcohol2 cork tight1 and frequently shake the vessel to hasten solution4 ,this varnish will retain its brilliancy for years4 ,it may be spread with a sponge or brush4 ,when it is used for upper leather add half a pint of alcohol and one ounce of turpentine or an ounce of gummastic4 ,by adding a small portion of sandarach varnish to the common sponge blacking it will make it brilliant and hard4 ,by adding a small portion ,india-rubber dissolved in triple refined camphene it renders the blacking elastic and water-proof1 and useful for boot and shoe uppers1 etc4 ,asphaltum is a smooth1 hard1 brittle1 black substance1 which breaks with a polish1 melts easily when heated1 and1 when pure1 burns without leaving any ashes4 ,it makes a cheap and brilliant varnish for boot and shoe heels1 by dissolving it in triple refined camphene4 ,it should be made thick so as to spread with the finger or a brush4 ,india-rubber has been highly extolled for a varnish4 ,dissolve in five times its weight of triple refined camphene4 ,by keeping it a few days1 after it is cut fine1 then boil one ounce of this solution in eight ounces of 8drying0 linseed oil1 for a few minutes2 strain the solution and use it warm4 ,,water-,,proof ,,cement4 ,take of the best glue four ounces1 of isinglass two ounces1 and dissolve them in mild ale over a slow fire1 in a common glue kettle1 to the consistence of strong glue1 when one ounce and a half of well boiled linseed oil must be gradually added1 and the whole be well mixed by stirring4 ,when cold and made into cakes1 it resembles ,india-rubber4 ,when wanted for use dissolve a piece of it in a proportionate quantity of ale4 ,this cement is applicable to all joints of wood1 to join earthen-ware1 china1 glass4 ,it is an excellent cement for leather1 for harness1 bands for machinery1 c4 ,the joints of these are to be prepared as if for sewing1 the cement to be applied hot1 laying a weight upon each joint as it is made1 in which state it is to be left six hours1 when the joints will be found nearly as firm as if they were of an entire piece4 ,by adding a little tow to the above1 you have an excellent cement for leaks in casks1 c4 ,,seed-,,lac ,,varnish4 ,take three ounces of seed-lac1 and put it1 with a pint of spirits of wine1 into a bottle1 of which it will not fill more than two-thirds4 ,shake the mixture well together1 and place it in a gentle heat1 till the seed-lac appears to be dissolved3 the solution will be hastened by shaking the bottle occasionally4 ,after it has stood some time1 pour off the clear part1 and keep it for use in a well-stopped bottle4 ,the seed-lac should be purified before it is used1 by washing it in cold water1 and it should be in coarse powder1 when added to the spirit4 ,this varnish is next to that of copal in hardness1 and has a reddish-yellow color3 it is1 therefore1 only to be used where a tinge of that kind is not injurious4 ,,shellac ,,varnish4 ,take five ounces of the best shellac1 reduce it to a gross powder1 and put it into a bottle in a gentle heat1 or a warm1 close apartment1 where it must continue two or three days1 but should be frequently well shaken4 ,the lac will then be dissolved1 and the solution should then be filtered through a flannel bag2 and1 when the portion that will pass through freely is come off1 it should be kept for use in well-stopped bottles4 ,the portion which can only be made to pass through the bag by pressure1 may be reserved for coarse purposes4 ,shellac varnish is rather softer than seed-lac varnish1 but it is the best of varnishes for mixing with colors to paint with1 instead of oil1 from its working and spreading better in the pencil4 ,,of ,,glue4 ,to prepare glue1 it must be steeped for a number of hours1 over night1 for instance1 in cold water1 by which means it will become considerably swelled and softened4 ,it must then be gently boiled1 till it is entirely dissolved1 and of a consistence not too thick to be easily brushed over wood4 ,when glue1 by repeatedly heating it1 has become of a dark and almost black color1 its qualities are impaired2 when newly melted1 it is of a light ruddy brown color1 nearly like that of the dry cake held up to the light2 and while this color remains1 it may be considered fit for almost every purpose4 ,though glue which has been melted is the most suitable for use1 other circumstances being the same1 yet that which has been the longest manufactured is the best4 ,to try the goodness of glue1 steep a piece three or four days in cold water2 if it swell considerably without melting1 and when taken out resumes1 in a short time1 its former dryness1 it is excellent4 ,if it be soluble in cold water1 it is a proof that it wants strength4 ,a glue which does not dissolve in water1 may be obtained by melting a common glue with the smallest possible quantity of water1 and adding by degrees linseed oil rendered drying by boiling it with litharge2 while the oil is added1 the ingredients must be well stirred to incorporate them thoroughly4 ,a glue which will resist water1 in a considerable degree1 is made by dissolving common glue in skimmed milk4 ,finely lixiviated chalk added to the common solution of glue in water1 constitutes an addition that strengthens it1 and renders it suitable for boards1 or other things which must stand the weather4 ,a glue that will hold against fire or water1 may be prepared by mixing a handful of quick-lime with four ounces of linseed oil3 thoroughly lixiviate the mixture1 boil it to a good thickness1 and then spread it on tin plates in the shade2 it will become exceedingly hard1 but may be dissolved over a fire1 as ordinary glue1 and is then fit for use4 ,,to ,,make ,,portable ,,glue4 ,take one pound of the best glue1 boil and strain it very clear2 boil likewise four ounces of isinglass1 put it in a double glue-pot1 with half a pound of fine brown sugar1 and boil it pretty thick2 then pour it into moulds2 when cold1 cut and dry them in small pieces4 ,this glue is very useful to draughtsmen1 architects1 c41 as it immediately dilutes in warm water1 and fastens the paper without the process of damping4 ,,to ,,make ,,glue ,,that ,,will ,,resist ,,moisture4 ,dissolve gum sandarach and mastic1 of each two ounces1 in a pint of spirit of wine1 adding about an ounce of clear turpentine4 ,then take equal parts of isinglass and parchment glue1 made according to the directions in the preceding article1 and having beaten the isinglass into small bits1 and reduced the glue to the same state1 pour the solution of the gums upon them1 and melt the whole in a vessel well covered1 avoiding so great a heat as that of boiling water4 ,when melted1 strain the glue through a coarse linen cloth1 and then put it again over the fire1 adding about an ounce of powdered glass4 ,this preparation may be best managed by hanging the vessel in boiling water1 which will prevent the matter burning to the vessel1 or the spirit of wine from taking fire1 and indeed it is better to use the same method for all the evaporations of nicer glues and sizes2 but1 in that case1 less water than the proportion directed1 should be added to the materials4 ,,another ,,method4 ,a very strong glue1 that will resist water1 may be also made by adding half a pound of common glue1 or isinglass glue1 to two quarts of skimmed milk1 and then evaporating the mixture to the due consistence of the glue4 ,,to ,,make ,,parchment ,,glue4 ,take one pound of parchment1 and boil it in six quarts of water1 till the quantity be reduced to one quart2 strain off the fluid from the dregs1 and then boil it again till it be of the consistence of glue4 ,the same may be done with glovers' cuttings of leather1 which make a colorless glue1 if not burnt in the evaporation of water4 ,a ,,very ,,strong ,,compound ,,glue4 ,take common glue in very small or thin bits1 and isinglass glue3 infuse them in as much spirit of wine as will cover them1 for at least twenty-four hours4 ,then melt the whole together1 and1 while they are over the fire1 add as much powdered chalk as will render them an opaque white4 ,the infusion in the spirit of wine has been directed in the recipes given for glue2 but the remark on the use of it in one of the preceding articles will hold good also in this1 and the mixture may be made with water only4 ,,to ,,make ,,compound ,,glue4 ,take very fine flour1 mix it with white of eggs1 isinglass1 and a little yeast2 mingle the materials2 beat them well together2 spread them1 the batter being made thin with gum-water1 on even tin plates1 and dry them in a stove1 then cut them out for use4 ,to color them1 tinge the paste with ,brazil1 or vermilion for red2 indigo or verditer1 c41 for blue2 saffron1 turmeric1 or gamboge1 c41 for yellow4 ,,to ,,make ,,isinglass ,,glue4 ,this is made by dissolving beaten isinglass in water by boiling1 and having strained it through a coarse linen cloth1 evaporating it again to such a consistence1 that1 being cold1 the glue will be perfectly hard and dry4 ,a great improvement is made in this glue by adding spirit of wine or brandy after it is strained1 and then renewing the evaporation till it gains the due consistence4 ,,to ,,make ,,isinglass ,,size4 ,this may also be prepared in the manner above directed for the glue1 by increasing the proportion of the water for dissolving it1 and the same holds good of parchment size4 ,a better sort of the common size may be likewise made by treating cuttings of glovers' leather in the same manner4 ,,new ,,water-,,proof ,,cloth4 ,according to a recent statement of ,m4 ,payen1 a chemist of some note1 cloth is rendered water-proof by the aid of alum and sugar of lead1 without the aid of ,india-rubber or gutta-percha1 or any other gums or oils4 ,the process given is very simple1 and is claimed to render any species of tissue water-proof4 8,dissolve two pounds and a half of alum in four gallons of water2 dissolve1 also1 in a separate vessel1 the same weight of acetate of lead in the same quantity of water4 ,when both are thoroughly dissolved mix the solutions together1 and when the sulphate of lead1 resulting from this mixture1 has been precipitated to the bottom of the vessel in the form of a powder1 pour off the solution1 and plunge into it the tissue to be rendered water-proof4 ,wash and rub it well during a few minutes1 and hang it in the air to dry40 ,when dry1 the fabric or cloth so treated will repel rain and moisture1 but allow the air or perspiration to pass through it4 ,immerse dry timber in a strong solution of alum1 and dry it in a kiln1 the warmer the better1 and we will warrant it to be the best and cheapest substance for preserving wood from decay and burning4 ,to those who are acquainted with the nature and effects of alum1 they know what a great heat alumina can stand1 and alum when deprived of its water by strong heat1 does not easily combine with it again1 by any common means4 ,therefore1 the reasonableness of the foregoing statements4 ,by washing wood with strong soap suds1 allowing it to dry1 and then washing it with a strong solution of alum1 a most excellent water-proof coating is the result4 ,make up a weak solution of soap containing a very small quantity of glue1 and immerse paper in it until it is wet through4 ,now take it out1 dip it into a solution of alum1 and dry it4 ,the alum1 gluten1 gelatine1 and soap unite together1 and form an insoluble compound1 which coats every fibre of the textile fabric1 and when dry repels water like the natural oil in the feathers of a duck4 ,there are various substances which are soluble in water singly1 but when combined form insoluble compounds1 and vice versa4 ,alum1 soap1 and gelatine are soluble in water singly1 but form insoluble compounds when united chemically4 ,oil is insoluble in water singly1 but combined with caustic soda or potash it forms soluble soap4 ,such are some of the useful curiosities of chemistry4 ,,to ,,render ,,canvas ,,water-,,proof4 ,take #g lbs4 of soap and dissolve it in two gallons of water1 and while at the boiling heat add #c lbs4 of the sulphate of zinc 7white copperas74 ,the sulphuric acid of the salt combines with the alkali of the soap1 and the oxide of the salt combines with its oil and forms an insoluble metallic soap1 which1 when cold1 rises to the surface and has the appearance of a white hard mass4 ,this is afterwards re-boiled to purify it4 ,the next step to be taken is to boil #b gallons of linseed oil along with one pound of potash until it assumes a soapy appearance4 ,the whole is now boiled along with two pounds of fine animal charcoal and five quarts of water1 which purifies the mixture1 after an hour's boiling1 when the whole is filtered and is of a clear color4 ,about one pound of sugar of lead 7acetate7 and one pound of rosin is mixed with the oil1 and boiled for one hour4 ,into this mixture is stirred at a boiling heat1 #b lbs4 of the metallic soap described above1 and after it is dissolved1 about two quarts of ,india-rubber dissolved in turpentine is added1 and this completes the making of the mixture4 ,this is put on to the canvas with a brush at the heat of #afj ,fah4 ,two coats will be found sufficient to make it water-proof4 ,more however may be applied4 ,each coat should be allowed to dry before the other is put on4 ,if copperas be employed in this mixture1 it will make it of a brown color1 and cobalt a blue4 ,to make leather water-proof1 take equal quantities of the metallic soap and raw linseed oil1 mix them together1 and place the liquid in at a heat of #bbe and suffer it to cool gradually4 ,the leather should be dried in the atmosphere1 when it will be perfectly pliable4 ,any quantity of the above may be made1 so as the proportions are maintained4 ,this is a first rate composition for the purpose stated1 and one to which painters should give peculiar attention1 so should the manufacturers of glazed and patent leather4 ,,japanning ,,leather4 ,in ,november1 #ahch1 ,william ,gates1 of ,hanover1 ,n4 ,y41 received a patent for preparing and applying elastic japan to leather1 to produce the kind now known by the name of 8glazed leather40 ,two quarts of linseed oil were boiled until the yellow scum disappeared1 and two ounces of umber and one of litharge were added and boiled for an hour and a half4 ,the fire was then withdrawn1 and all sediment allowed to settle1 after which the clear liquor was run off4 ,eight ounces of ,india-rubber in shreds were then heated in a close vessel with two quarts of turpentine1 and the two quarts of prepared linseed oil described were added1 and the whole kept boiling until the ,india-rubber was dissolved1 when eight ounces of asphaltum were added4 ,this constituted the japan for the leather4 ,it was put on the leather with a sponge or brush and allowed to dry1 which it did rapidly4 ,it was then rubbed down with pumice stone1 then another coat laid on1 and so on successively1 like varnishing and polishing mahogany or rosewood4 ,this method of japanning leather is now public property4 ,,gum4 ,this word stands for a number of substances which1 when dissolved in suitable liquids1 possess a powerful adhesive property1 and the common and well-known gum-arabic may stand as a type of the class4 ,it is the product of an acacia1 and was originally imported into ,europe from ,barbary and ,morocco4 ,in its purest condition1 it forms white or rather yellowish masses1 which are destitute of any crystalline structure1 and break with a shell-like fracture4 ,its solutions are wrongly called mucilage1 which is an entirely different substance4 ,gum-arabic dissolves in cold water1 from which the pure gummy soluble principle can be precipitated by alcohol and by basic acetate of lead4 ,arabin is composed of #db4a per cent4 of carbon1 #f4d per cent4 of hydrogen1 and #ea4e per cent4 of oxygen1 which1 by a curious chemical coincidence1 is exactly the composition of crystallized cane sugar1 and it illustrates the fact1 that among organic bodies1 substances of the same ultimate composition may have very dissimilar properties4 ,another gum is mucilage1 very abundant in linseed1 in the roots of the mallow1 in salep1 and in the fleshy roots of the orchis and other plants4 ,it is soluble in cold water1 but is less transparent than gum-arabic1 and it is precipitated by the neutral acetate or sugar of lead4 ,gum ,tragacanth is chiefly composed of a kind of mucilage to which the name of bassorin has been given1 and which does not dissolve in water1 but simply assumes a gelatinous aspect4 ,caustic soda or potash will dissolve it4 ,the principle use to which this gum is put1 is in the manufacture of marbled paper1 where it forms the bath on which the colors are thrown1 and from which they are taken up by the paper4 ,cerasin is the insoluble portion of the gum of the cherry tree1 and is nearly like bassorin4 ,mr4 ,schmidt has determined the composition of these various substances1 and has found them all more or less allied to starch1 invariably containing hydrogen and oxygen1 the proportions in which they form water1 and all when treated with acids yield grape sugar4 ,the jelly of fruits or pectin is closely related to the gums1 but as yet chemists have not paid much attention to it1 and consequently much that is said of it is merely conjectural4 ,,gum ,,arabic ,,cements4 ,gum arabic1 dissolved in as small quantity of water as may be1 and diluted to a proper consistence with gin1 or any proof spirits1 forms a very useful cement for all purposes where gum-water is commonly used1 the spirit preserving it from becoming putrescent4 ,as the spirit evaporates1 more should be added4 ,it should be stirred and mixed together at the time of using4 ,if plaster of ,paris be added to gum-water1 it makes a cement useful to ladies in filigree works4 ,gum ammoniac added to the solution of gum-arabic in proof spirits very much improves the cement4 ,it answers very well for joining broken glass and ornamental articles of porcelain4 ,,directory4 ,in order to enable strangers and merchants from abroad1 as well as those residing in ,new ,england1 to readily find some of the leading houses in ,boston representing the various branches in the ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,and ,,leather ,,trade1 also some of its collateral helps1 in the way of ,important ,inventions1 ,agencies1 c41 we have inserted ,advertisements and ,cards of a few among the many that we know to occupy highly respectable and reliable positions4 ,our space is necessarily limited1 and we therefore present but a brief list1 yet sufficiently large to represent every important interest1 also some of the most valuable ,labor-saving ,machines and ,inventions1 which are of great practical utility to the manufacturer4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vulcanized ,,rubber ,,soles4 ,this ,soling has been growing in favor with the public for the past few years2 and recommending itself as it does1 for its ,,economy1 ,,durability ,,and ,,comfort1 and as a great preserver of health1 being perfectly ,,water ,,proof1 deserves general introduction to the people4 ,it is manufactured in sheets about thirty inches wide1 and from one-sixteenth to three-sixteenths of an inch thick1 suitable for the thinnest slipper or the heaviest boot4 ,its application is perfectly simple4 ,cement for putting it on1 being furnished by the same manufacturers4 ,,price3 ,,soling #fe cents per pound1 ,,cement1 in boxes1 ,no4 #a1 #i4jj2 ,no4 #b1 #d4ej2 ,no4 #c1 #c4jj per doz4 ,,discount from the above prices made to the trade4 ,,manufactured ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,the ,,boston ,,belting ,,co41 ,corner ,summer and ,chauncy ,sts41 ,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,grover ,,baker',s ,,sewing ,,machines1 for family ,sewing and ,manufacturing1 #ah ,summer ,street1 ,boston2 #die ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 #gcj ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 ,illustration ,from the very flattering manner in which our ,machines have been received by the public1 7resulting in the sale of upwards of ,,twenty ,,thousand17 we are led to believe that our endeavors to manufacture a reliable machine have been appreciated4 ,we take this opportunity to remark that this policy will be unchanged1 and that every machine sold by us we shall not hesitate to warrant in every respect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,american ,,elastic ,,cloth ,,co41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,elastic ,,cloth1 ,,for ,,gores ,,in ,,congress ,,boots1 ,,warranted to wear as well1 and give as good satisfaction as any other ,elastic goods ever made1 and ,,thirty ,,per ,,cent4 ,,cheaper4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,geo4 ,n4 ,,davis ,,bro41 ,nos4 #aeb and #aed ,congress ,st41 ,boston2 and ,no4 #afe ,william ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,commission ,merchants1 and ,manufacturers' ,agents1 ,,for ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,every ,,description ,,of ,,india ,,rubber ,,goods1 ,,enamelled ,,cloths1 c41 c4 ,an ,illustrated and ,descriptive ,catalogue sent1 on application1 and receipt of two ,postage ,stamps4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,how ,,brothers1 ,,importers ,,and ,,dealers ,,in ,shoe ,manufacturers ,goods4 ,,italian ,,cloths1 ,,worsted ,,lastings1 ,,serge ,,de ,,berris1 ,,union ,,lastings1 ,,satin ,,francais1 ,,congress ,,rubber ,,web1 ,,bleached ,,drills1 ,,brown ,,ducks1 ,,bleached ,,ducks1 ,,french ,,glove1 ,,calf1 ,,morocco ,,and ,,kid ,,skins1 ,,slipper ,,patterns1 ,,machine ,,silk1 ,,machine ,,linen ,,thread1 ,,silk1 ,,linen ,,and ,,cotton ,,shoe ,,lacings1 ,,satin ,,ribbons1 ,,shoe ,,buttons1 ,,black ,,and ,,color',d ,,union ,,galloons1 ,,eyelets1 ,,rosettes1 ,,ornaments1 ,,slipper ,,elastics1 ,,standard #aj ,h4 ,b4 ,,and #c ,h4 ,b4 ,,shoe ,,thread4 ,all of which we are prepared to offer to the trade at the lowest market rates4 ,,no4 #aa4 ,,pearl ,,st41 ,,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,boot ,,shoe ,,warehouse ,,henry ,l4 ,,daggett1 ,,wholesale ,,dealer ,,in ,boots1 ,shoes and ,leather1 ,,and ,,importer ,,of ,,shoe ,,manufacturers ,,goods1 ,,sole ,,agent ,,for ,,the ,congress ,rubber ,company ,elastic ,webbing1 ,,for ,,gaiter ,,boots4 ,,rubber ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes on hand2 a complete assortment at the lowest market rates4 ,,jobbers and ,,retailers supplied on very favorable terms4 ,,manufacturers and ,,dealers will find at this ,warehouse a complete assortment of goods in their line which will be sold at the lowest prices for ,,cash1 or approved paper4 ,,consignments solicited1 and advances made4 ,no4 #aja and #ajc ,pearl ,street1 ,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lindsley1 ,,shaw ,,co41 ,,wholesale ,,dealers ,,in ,,boots1 ,,shoes1 ,,and ,,rubbers4 ,,also ,,manufacture ,men's ,boy's and ,youth's ,calf ,boots1 and ,kip and ,calf ,brogans and ,oxford ,ties1 ,,of ,,qualities ,,adapted ,,to ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,retail ,,trade4 ,,pearl ,,st41 ,,cor4 ,,high1 ,,boston4 ,joseph ,c4 ,lindsley1 ,theron ,v4 ,shaw1 ,rufus ,gibbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amos ,p4 ,,tapley1 ,,dealer ,,in ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes1 ,,of ,,prime ,,quality1 ,,for ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,and ,,western ,,trade4 ,chambers1 ,pearl1 corner ,high ,st41 ,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,henry ,,poor ,,son1 ,hide and ,leather ,dealers1 and ,commission ,merchants1 ,no4 #hd ,north ,street1 ,boston4 ,,henry ,,poor1 ,,eden ,s4 ,,poor1 ,,henry ,c4 ,,poor1 ,,john ,o4 ,,poor1 ,,chas4 ,c4 ,,poor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comins ,,co41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,patent1 ,enamelled1 ,buff and ,split ,leather1 ,,no4 #bb ,,dock ,,square1 ,,boston4 ,l4 ,b4 ,,comins4 ,f4 ,s4 ,,merritt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,john ,b4 ,,alley ,,co41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,patent1 ,enamelled1 ,split ,grain ,leather1 ,,calf ,,skins1 ,c4 ,,commission ,,merchants ,,for ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,sole ,,leather1 ,,and ,,importers ,,of ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,manufacturers' ,,goods ,,of ,,all ,,descriptions1 ,nos4 #afh #agj ,congress ,st41 ,boston4 ,,john ,b4 ,,alley1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,sweetser4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,townsend1 ,,mallard ,,cowing1 ,,auctioneers1 ,,and ,,wholesale ,,dealers ,,in ,,boots1 ,,shoes ,,leather4 ,,agents ,,for ,,the ,,wax-,,thread ,,sewing ,,machine4 ,nos4 #de #dg ,pearl ,st41 ,boston4 ,,elmer ,,townsend1 ,,warren ,,mallard1 ,,walter ,h4 ,,cowing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,atherton1 ,,stetson ,,co41 ,manufacturers and ,commission ,merchants1 ,boots1 ,shoes and ,leather1 constantly on hand and for sale at lowest market prices4 ,a4 ,s4 ,co4 are the authorized ,,agents for ,new ,england ,states of the ,,american ,,elastic ,,cloth ,,co4',s ,,elastic ,,goring1 a new and superior article for ,,congress ,,boots4 #cd ,,pearl ,,street1 ,,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cochrane1 ,,kimball ,,dimick1 ,successors to ,emerson1 ,cochrane ,co41 ,manufacturers and ,wholesale ,dealers in ,,boots1 ,,shoes ,,leather1 ,nos4 #fh #gj ,pearl ,street1 ,boston4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,cochrane1 ,,aaron ,,kimball1 7,e4 ,c4 ,,emerson1 ,special ,partner17 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dimick1 ,j4 ,t4 ,,spalding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,,packard1 7,formerly ,holmes ,packard17 ,manufacturer of ,boot ,shoe1 ,sole ,upper ,leather ,cutters1 ,,westboro'1 ,,mass4 ,altering and ,repairing done at short notice4 ,your orders are solicited4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,r4 ,,spaulding ,,son1 ,hide1 ,leather and ,commission ,merchants1 #gh ,,pearl ,,street1 ,,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,field1 ,,converse ,,co41 ,,commission ,,merchants1 ,,dealers ,,in ,,hides1 ,,leather ,,oil1 #hh #ij ,north ,street1 ,boston4 ,j4 ,,field1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,converse1 ,j4 ,b4 ,,whall1 ,l4 ,,litchfield4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,p4 ,,thorndike1 ,,commission ,,merchant1 ,,dealer ,,in ,,hides1 ,,leather ,,oil1 #ic1 #ie #ig ,north ,street1 ,boston1 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,tuttle1 ,,wholesale ,,leather ,,dealer1 ,,wax1 ,,african ,,kip1 ,,split1 c41 ,no4 #h ,blackstone ,st41 up-stairs1 ,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,,silvester1 ,manufacturer of ,boot and ,shoe ,patterns1 ,in all the different styles of this and other markets4 ,manufacturers or others sending styles will please send the largest size of the set wanted4 ,all patterns made from my standards1 of which ,i have thousands1 will be warranted to give satisfaction2 if not1 they may be exchanged for any other kind1 if they are returned in good condition1 and in a reasonable time4 ,,please ,,give ,,me ,a ,,call ,,at ,no4 #h ,blackstone ,street1 ,boston4 ,,terms--,,cash ,,on ,,delivery4 ,manufacturers and others sending by ,expressmen for ,patterns1 will please remember my terms4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,sewing ,,machines4 ,illustration ,,expressly ,,for ,,shoe ,,manufacturers4 ,,ladd1 ,,webster ,,co4 ,desire to call the attention of all who have occasion to sew ,leather1 to their very superior ,,sewing ,,machines1 intended expressly for that use4 ,all the new valuable improvements have been added to make the ,sewing ,machine sold by them the best1 and in every respect most satisfactory of all that are adapted to manufacturer's purposes4 ,they make a strong lock stitch that cannot be ,ravelled or ,pulled ,out4 ,they stitch ,alike on ,both ,sides of the work1 without forming ridges underneath4 ,they are ,perfectly ,simple1 and the management of them easily acquired4 ,any spool of ,cotton1 ,thread or ,silk sold at the stores1 may be used without re-winding4 ,illustration ,,ladd1 ,,webster ,co's4 ,,family ,sewing ,machines1 ,are ,unrivalled for ,simplicity1 ,durability1 ,beauty and ease of ,operation4 ,let ,manufacturers1 ,planters1 ,farmers1 ,housekeepers1 or any other persons in search of an instrument to execute any kind of sewing now done by machinery1 make sure they secure the best1 by examining ours before purchasing4 ,,ladd1 ,,webster ,co41 ,,successors ,,to ,,hunt1 ,,webster ,co41 ,cor4 ,essex ,lincoln ,sts41 ,boston1 #dfi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,moses ,,hunt ,,co41 ,,agents ,,for ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,a4 ,,richardson',s ,,patent ,,union ,,leather ,,splitting ,,machines1 ,also1 ,dealers in ,leather1 ,tanners' and ,curriers' ,tools1 c4 ,no4 #fj ,blackstone ,st41 ,boston1 #cf ,spruce ,st41 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,leather ,,cutting ,,machines4 ,,the ,,subscribers ,,continue ,,to ,,manufacture ,sole ,cutting and ,stripping ,machines1 with all the latest improvements1 which they warrant on all kinds of work4 ,these machines have been thoroughly tested1 and have been preferred1 in every case1 over all others in use1 as they do not get out of order1 or break down1 are easily managed1 cut quicker1 and with less noise than any other4 ,,orders by mail1 with suitable reference in ,lynn or ,boston1 promptly attended to4 ,full instructions to operate sent with every machine4 ,,second ,,hand ,,machines1 in good order1 for sale cheap4 ,all kinds of ,machines repaired1 and satisfaction guaranteed4 ,,knox ,,ditchburn1 #h ,market ,street1 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,goodyear ,shoe ,association4 ,,circular4 ,this ,association1 recently formed1 desire to acquaint the public with the causes which resulted in the combination known by the style of the 8,goodyear ,shoe ,association40 ,during the years #aheg and #aheh1 the financial crisis was keenly felt by the ,india ,rubber ,shoe interest1 in common with other branches of trade4 ,the troubles experienced by the manufacturers of ,rubbers were greatly enhanced from the non-uniformity in prices and discounts1 between the various agencies4 ,this absence of a regular tariff was productive of distrust in the purchasers and great embarrassment in the trade4 ,some method of action whereby these disturbing causes and effects could be reconciled1 and harmony of action1 and confidence in the stability of the prices asked for goods be restored1 was deemed of the utmost importance4 ,to this end the several legalized ,companies in the ,united ,states1 manufacturing ,boots and ,shoes under ,goodyear's ,patent1 agreed upon a basis of action1 and effected a consolidation1 the principal points of which are-- ,first4 ,the establishment of two branch agencies1 through one or the other of which all goods manufactured by the ,companies must pass4 ,second4 ,by limiting the manufacture of goods so that the market shall not be overstocked2 but1 so far as can be arrived at1 the supply and demand shall be equal4 ,third4 ,the establishment of a uniform tariff of prices and rate of discount4 ,,agents4 ,,wales1 ,,emmons ,co41 #ff ,pearl ,st41 ,boston4 ,,breden ,,southwick1 #ajg #aji ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,n4 ,n4 ,,halstead1 ,,president1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,converse1 ,,secretary4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,united ,,states ,,and ,foreign ,patent ,agency4 ,,samuel ,,cooper1 ,,late ,,principal ,,examiner ,,of ,,patents ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,office ,,at ,,washington4 ,office1 ,webster ,building1 ,no4 #ac ,exchange ,street1 ,,boston4 ,,patents procured in the ,united ,states1 and in all other patent granting countries4 ,,specifications and ,,drawings prepared4 ,,caveats filed4 ,,reconsiderations procured1 of applications that have been rejected upon imperfectly prepared papers4 ,,interferences prosecuted4 ,,re-,,issues and ,,extensions procured4 ,those unacquainted with him are referred to following testimonials3 ,from the ,hon4 ,,charles ,,mason1 ,commissioner of ,patents4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,patent ,,office1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahee4 8,i take great pleasure in stating that during the time ,i have been acting as ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,samuel ,cooper1 ,esq41 of ,boston1 has been engaged as solicitor1 and has been engaged in that capacity in constant correspondence and intercourse with the office2 he has evinced a thorough acquaintance with ,patent ,law1 and with the rules and practice of the ,office1 a close attention to the interests of his clients1 and a marked candor and courtesy that has rendered the transaction of business with him a pleasure4 ,i have no hesitation in stating that ,i regard him as one of the very best agents for the transaction of business with this ,office1 with whom ,i am acquainted4 ,,charles ,,mason1 ,commissioner40 ,from the ,,examiners in the ,,patent ,,office4 8,the undersigned1 ,principal and ,assistant ,examiners in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 have for several years been well acquainted with ,mr4 ,samuel ,cooper1 lately a ,principal ,examiner in this ,office1 and take pleasure in stating that he is a gentleman of the highest moral character1 of unquestioned knowledge in the business and practice of the ,office1 and that his scientific attainments are such as eminently fit him for the business in which he is about to engage40 ,,henry ,b4 ,,renwick1 ,l4 ,d4 ,,gale1 ,principal ,j4 ,h4 ,,lane1 ,examiners4 ,t4 ,r4 ,,peale1 ,,thos4 ,t4 ,,everett1 ,assistant ,p4 ,,southgate ,,smith1 ,examiners4 ,,william ,c4 ,,langdon1 8,from long acquaintance1 and intimate official relations with ,mr4 ,cooper1 ,i fully and heartily concur in the foregoing recommendation made by my late colleagues40 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,n4 ,,fitzgerald1 late ,principal ,examiner of ,patents ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,gentlemen',s ,boot and ,shoe ,emporium1 ,,no4 #aj ,,school ,,street4 ,,israel ,m4 ,,rice1 ,proprietor4 ,this ,establishment1 of thirteen years' standing1 has long since become the popular resort for gentlemen who desire first class ,boots1 ,shoes and ,gaiters4 ,i import1 very largely1 ,french ,boats1 ,shoes and ,gaiters1 from the well known manufactories of ,,gan ,,forr1 and other equally celebrated makers4 ,i also make to measure1 all styles of work1 from the choicest ,french ,stock1 of my own importation4 ,i employ none but scientific workmen1 and all goods from my establishment are warranted equal to the best4 ,,israel ,m4 ,,rice1 ,no4 #aj ,school ,street4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,jenkins' ,,presses ,,and ,,heaters4 ,,jenkins' ,,patent ,,presses ,,and ,,heaters1 for making ,cemented ,boots and ,shoes1 are manufactured at ,lynn1 ,mass41 where may be found ,presses and ,heaters in practical operation1 and for sale1 of any required form or size1 made under the immediate attention of the ,patentee1 who will attend to putting them up in person1 and will give the manufacturer his assistance in preparing and making the various ,cements1 and their proper application1 in making any form of ,boot or ,shoe1 together with his practical application of ,gutta ,percha to ,boots and ,shoes for the last nine years1 including his experience in making and using1 for a number of months at ,ballardvale4 ,the ,steam ,lasts1 invented and patented by ,mr4 ,charles ,rice and the late ,syranus ,h4 ,wharf1 there also may be seen a full set of ,steam ,lasts for making ,boots and ,shoes1 according to said patents4 ,any further information respecting the ,presses or ,heaters can be obtained by addressing ,,thomas ,p4 ,,bancroft1 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lasts ,,and ,,boot ,,trees4 ,,samuel ,,cox ,,sons1 ,manufacturers of every description of ,,lasts ,,and ,,boot ,,trees4 ,,for ,,leather ,,work ,,of ,,all ,,kinds4 ,,also ,,for ,,india ,,rubber ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes1 all of which are manufactured from the best of ,stock1 thoroughly seasoned4 ,orders answered with promptness and seasonable despatch4 ,the ,last ,manufactory of ,cox and ,sons is one of the oldest in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,manufactory is located at ,malden1 ,mass4 ,office1 #ib ,pearl ,street1 ,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,threads1 ,,linen1 ,,cotton ,,silk1 ,,for ,,every ,,description ,,of ,,sewing ,,machines4 ,,shoe ,,thread1 ,,sadlers' do ,,gilling do ,,marshall',s do ,,cable ,,threads1 ,,sea ,,island ,,cotton1 ,,erman',s ,,diamond do ,,phillip',s ,,waxed do ,also1 ,,twine of every variety4 ,,ross ,,pearce1 ,no4 #g ,liberty ,square1 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,agent ,,for ,,licenses4 ,,charles ,,rice1 #hd ,pearl ,street1 ,boston1 is the ,agent for the ,,north ,,american ,,patent ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,co4 for granting ,,licences for the manufacture of ,,cemented ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes under ,tyer ,helm's ,patent1 allusion to which is made in this work4 ,terms #b per cent4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,rubber ,,and ,,gutta ,,percha ,,shoe ,,findings1 ,,various ,,rubber ,,fabrics ,,articles4 ,,mattson ,,co41 ,proprietors of the ,roxbury ,rubber ,factory1 ,are prepared to manufacture the following new articles required for the ,,cemented ,,boots and ,,shoes1 which are creating a new era in the ,shoe business3 ,gutta ,percha and ,rubber ,cements4 ,counters or ,stiffenings1 of any required compound4 ,water-,proof linings for the ,uppers1 superior to and cheaper than ,oiled ,silk4 ,water-,proof ,middle ,soling suited to pegged or sewed ,boots or ,shoes1 7a most desirable article47 ,gutta ,percha ,inner ,soling of any required thickness or compound1 spread on cloth or otherwise4 ,crude ,gutta ,percha cleaned and rolled into thin sheets1 suitable for making ,cements4 ,,also ,,on ,,hand ,,the ,,ordinary ,,rubber ,,soling1 adapted in thickness to a lady's slipper or a heavy boot1 with ,boxes of ,,cement for putting on the same4 ,we also manufacture the cheapest ,,rubber ,,coats in the ,united ,states1 as well as those of the finest quality2 ,,under-,,sheeting for the protection of ,beds2 ,piano1 ,melodeon and ,table ,covers2 ,air ,beds1 ,pillows and ,cushions1 c4 ,dr4 ,mattson's ,,elastic ,,syringes1 to which ,four ,silver ,medals had been awarded4 ,,mattson ,,co41 ,no4 #a ,tremont ,temple1 ,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bosworth',s #be ,,sewing ,,machine4 ,illustration ,this machine is decidedly the best in the market for ,,family ,,use1 and is warranted to sew on every fabric with cotton or silk on the original spools2 it will not drop stitches nor get out of order3 no charge made for repairs4 ,it is the most simple and perfect machine ever invented1 and the inventor feels confident that all who purchase it will find what they have long sought1 a perfect and reliable ,machine at the low price of ,,twenty-,,five ,,dollars4 ,reference will be given to parties wishing to purchase1 to many families who have the machine in practical use1 which is the only true test by which a purchaser can be sure of obtaining a good machine4 ,all orders addressed to the subscriber will meet with prompt attention4 ,agents will be supplied with machines at a liberal discount1 and towns secured to them4 ,only one ,agent will be appointed in a place2 preference being given to the best location4 ,all letters must be addressed to the subscriber4 ,l4 ,,stetson1 ,agent1 ,no4 #c ,tremont ,row1 7,up ,stairs17 ,op4 ,head of ,hanover ,st4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,upper ,,patterns1 ,,proportioned ,,by ,,machinery4 ,after long experience in the ,,last and ,,pattern ,,business1 ,i have accomplished that which has hitherto been considered an impossibility1 viz41 ,drawing and ,proportioning correctly1 sets of ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,patterns1 of all sizes1 from one model by machinery1 giving each piece its proportioned size and shape4 ,for full description and illustration1 see ,diagrams on pages #ha to #hh1 inclusive4 ,the machine is used by ,b4 ,f4 ,parrott1 ,no4 #d ,exchange ,st41 ,boston1 to whom all orders for patterns should be addressed4 ,also on hand1 a large assortment of ,,boot and ,,shoe ,,models1 from which he will manufacture ,patterns from ,paper1 ,pasteboard or ,zinc4 ,pasteboard bound with ,brass4 ,also ,patterns copied from any ,boot or ,shoe which may be sent as a model4 ,i am also manufacturing ,,women',s1 ,,misses' and ,,children',s ,,lasts and ,,patterns to correspond with1 and fit the patterns above referred to1 by which means the ,boot and ,shoe manufacturing is still further facilitated4 ,further information may be obtained by applying to ,g4 ,w4 ,,parrott1 ,mechanic ,steam ,mills1 ,broad ,st41 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,the ,patterns above referred to are used by the principal ,manufacturers in this city and vicinity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,one ,,price ,,shoe ,,store4 ,,lamkin ,,greene1 ,,coolidge ,,building1 ,,opposite ,,revere ,,house1 ,,boston1 ,,keep ,,constantly ,,on ,,hand ,,french ,,american ,,boots ,,shoes1 ,of the most fashionable styles1 which they offer at the lowest prices4 ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes ,,made ,,to ,,order1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,greene4 ,g4 ,,lamkin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,f4 ,,knott1 ,,ladies ,,shoemakers1 #af ,,school ,,street1 ,,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #afd1 changed 8from about #cjj to #cf4jj profit0 to 8from about #c4jj to #cf4jj profit04 #b4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #c4 ,retained anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #e4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4