,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text betwe5 tildes repres5ts text pr9t$ 9 blacklett]1 text betwe5 und]scores repres5ts text pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ by ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration ,,mil* ,,c[s ,,& ,,dairy ,,f>m+2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,bre$s1 ,,bre$+1 ,,& ,,managem5t1 ,,9 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease1 ,,( ,,dairy ,,& ,,o!r ,,/ock1 ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,mil* ,,c[s1 ,,) ,a ,,full ,,explanation ,,( ,,gu5on',s ,,me?od2 ,,! ,,culture ,,( ,,=age ,,plants1 ,,& ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,milk1 ,,butt]1 ,,& ,,*eese3 ,,embody+ ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rec5t ,,improvem5ts1 ,,& ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,f>m+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,briti% ,,prov9ces4 ,,) ,a ,,treatise ,,^u ,,! ,,dairy ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,holl&2 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,add$ ,,horsfall',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,dairy ,,managem5t4 ,,by ,,*>les ,l4 ,,fl9t1 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,/ate ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,grasses ,,& ,,=age ,,plants10 ,,etc4 ,,lib]ally ,,illu/rat$4 ,,bo/on3 ,,phillips1 ,,sampson ,,& ,,company1 #ac ,,w9t] ,,/reet4 #ahei4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheh1 by ,,*>les ,l4 ,,fl9t1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,/]eotyp$ by ,,hob>t ,a ,,robb9s1 ,new ,engl& ,type & ,/]eotype ,f\nd]y1 ,,bo/on4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,m4 ,,edw>ds4 ,,to ,,! ,,mass4 ,,/ate ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,! ,,mass4 ,,society ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,& ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,agricultural ,,societies ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,^: ,,ef=ts ,,h ,,contribut$ ,,s ,,l>gely ,,to ,,improve ,,! ,,dairy ,,/ock ,,( ,,our ,,c\ntry ,?is ,treatise1 ,,design$ ,,to ,,advance ,,t ,,highly ,,important ,,int]e/1 ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface4 vii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4--,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,pure-,,br$ ,,cattle ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 #i ,! ,ayr%ires -- ,! ,j]sey -- ,! ,%ort-horns -- ,! ,dut* -- ,h]e=ds -- ,! ,nor? ,devons ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,am]ican ,,grade ,,( ,,native ,,cattle4--,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+4 #di ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,mil* ,,c[s4 #gi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,dairy ,,c[s4 #aac ,soil+ -- ,milk+ -- ,! ,b>n ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,calves4 #aee ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,culture ,,( ,,grasses ,,& ,,o!r ,,plants ,,recomm5d$ ,,= ,,fodd]4 #afi ,timo?y grass -- ,june grass -- ,mead[ ,foxtail -- ,or*>d grass1 or ,r\gh ,cocksfoot -- ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ grass -- ,f[l ,mead[ grass -- ,rye grass -- ,italian ,rye grass -- ,r$top -- ,engli% ,b5t -- ,mead[ ,fescue -- ,tall ,oat grass -- ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal grass -- ,hung>ian grass1 or ,millet -- ,r$ ,clov] -- ,:ite ,clov] -- ,indian ,corn -- ,common ,millet 7,panicum miliaceum7 -- ,rye -- ,oats -- ,*9ese ,sug>-,cane -- ,! ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 -- ,! ,c>rot 7,daucus c>ota7 -- ,turnip 7,brassica rapa7 -- ,mangold ,wurzel -- ,p>snip 7,pa/9aca sativa7 -- ,kohl ,rabi 7,brassica ol]acea1 v>4 caulorapa7--,l9se$ ,meal-- ,rape-,cake -- ,cotton-se$ ,meal -- ,manures ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,milk4 #aii ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,butt] ,,& ,,! ,,butt]-,,dairy4 #bag ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,*eese-,,dairy4 #bda ,*e%ire ,*eese -- ,/ilton ,*eese -- ,gl\ce/] ,*eese -- ,*$d> ,*eese -- ,dunlop ,*eese -- ,dut* ,*eese -- ,p>mesan -- ,am]ican ,*eese ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,dairy ,,/ock4 #bga ,g>get -- ,pu]p]al or ,milk ,fev] -- ,simple ,fev] -- ,typhoid ,fev] -- ,hoove or ,hov5 -- ,*ok+ -- ,f\l 9 ! ,foot -- ,r$ ,wat] -- ,hoose -- ,inflammation ( ! ,gl&s -- ,inflammation ( ! ,lungs -- ,di>rha -- ,dys5t]y -- ,mange -- ,lice -- ,w>bles -- ,loss ( ,cud -- ,diseases ( ,calves -- ,di>rha1 ,purg+1 or ,sc\rs -- ,con/ipation or ,co/iv5ess -- ,hoove -- ,cank] 9 ! ,m\? ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,dairy ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,holl&4 #bie ,milk+ & ,treatm5t ( ,milk4 -- ,det]m9ation ( ! ,milk+ ,qualities ( ! ,c[s -- ,treatm5t ( ,milk = ,butt] -- ,me?ods ( ,*urn+ -- ,*urn+ 9 ! ,common ,*urn -- ,! ,lev] ,*urn -- ,*urn+ ) an ,ela/ic ,rod -- ,*urn+ ) ! ,treadle ,lev] -- ,*urn+ by ,horse-p[] -- ,duration ( ! ,*urn+ -- ,work+ & ,treatm5t ( ,butt] -- ,! ,=m ( ,fre% ,butt] -- ,! ,pack+ ( ,butt] 9 ,firk9s & ,b>rels -- ,color+ ( ,butt] -- ,use ( ! ,butt]-milk -- ,! ,manufacture ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,dut* ,*eese -- ,*eese-mak+ 9 ,s\? ,holl& -- ,manufacture ( ,sweet ,milk ,*eese 9 ,s\? ,holl& -- ,! ,use ( ! ,:ey ( ,sweet ,milk ,*eese -- ,may ,*eese -- ,jews' ,*eese -- ,c\ncil's ,*eese -- ,new ,milk's ,*eese -- ,*eese-mak+ 9 ,nor? ,holl& -- ,! ,ut5sils us$ 9 ,*eese-mak+ 9 ,nor? ,holl& -- ,v>iety ( ,nor? ,dut* ,*eeses1 & ! ,trade 9 !m -- ,mak+ ( ,edam ,*eese -- ,! ,r$ ,color ( ,edam ,*eese -- ,use ( ! ,:ey ( ! ,nor? ,dut* ,sweet ,milk ,*eese ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,lett] ,,to ,a ,,dairy-,,woman4 #cee ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,pigg]y ,,z ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,dairy ,,e/abli%m5t4 #cfa ,,app5dix4 #cfe ,ga9 or ,loss ( ,condition asc]ta9$ by weigh+ ,cattle ,p]iodically -- ,ri*ness ( ,milk & ,cream -- ,comp>ison ( diff]5t me?ods ( ,fe$+ ,dairy ,c[s -- ,quality ( ,butt] ,,index4 #daa ,,preface4 ,?is "w is design$ to embody ! mo/ rec5t in=mation on ! subject ( dairy f>m+4 ,my aim has be5 to make a practically useful book4 ,) ?is view1 ,i h treat$ ( ! sev]al bre$s ( /ock1 ! diseases to :i* !y are subject1 ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( bre$+1 ! fe$+ & managem5t ( mil* c[s1 ! rais+ ( calves int5d$ = ! dairy1 & ! culture ( grasses & plants to be us$ z fodd]4 ,= ! *apt] on ! diseases ( /ock1 ,i am l>gely indebt$ to ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,wood1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 & to ,dr4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,dadd1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 bo? ( ! ,bo/on ,vet]9>y ,in/itute4 ,if ?is *apt] contributes any?+ to promote a m humane & judici\s treatm5t ( cattle :5 suff]+ f disease1 ,i %all feel amply repaid = ! labor be/[$ ^u ! :ole "w4 ,! *apt] on ! ,dut* dairy1 :i* ,i h translat$ f ! ,g]man1 w be f\nd to be ( great practical value1 z sugge/+ mu* t is applicable to our ,am]ican dairies4 ,?is *apt] has nev] be=e1 to my k1 appe>$ 9 ,engli%4 ,! full & complete explanation ( ,gunon's me?od ( judg+ & select+ mil* c[s1--a me?od orig9ally reg>d$ z !oretical1 b n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be v useful 9 practice1--,i h translat$ f ! la/ edition ( ! treatise ( ,m4 ,magne1 a v s5sible ,fr5* writ]1 :o has done good s]vice to ! agricultural public by ! cle>ness & simplicity ) :i* he has fre$ t sy/em f its complicat$ details4 ,! "w w be f\nd to conta9 an acc\nt ( ! mo/ enlight5$ practice 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! /atem5ts ^? actually engag$ 9 dairy f>m+2 ! details ( ! dairy husb&ry ( ,holl&1 :]e ?is bran* ( indu/ry is made a specialty to great] ext5t1 & is consequ5tly c>ri$ to a high] degree ( p]fection1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w2 & ! mo/ rec5t & productive modes ( managem5t 9 ,engli% dairy f>m+1 embrac+ a l>ge am\nt ( practical & sci5tific in=mation1 n hi!rto pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican public 9 an available =m4 ,no?+ ne$ be said ( ! usefulness ( a treatise on ! dairy4 ,! numb] ( mil* c[s 9 ! c\ntry1 =m+ s l>ge a "p ( our mat]ial weal?1 & s]v+ z a basis = ! future increase & improvem5t ( e class ( neat /ock1 on :i* ! prosp]ity ( our agriculture ma9ly dep5ds2 ! intr9sic value ( milk z an article ( int]nal comm]ce1 & z a mo/ heal?y & nutriti\s food2 ! va/ quantity ( x made into butt] & *eese1 & us$ 9 e family2 ! endless details ( ! managem5t1 fe$+1 & treatm5t1 ( dairy /ock1 & ! c>e & att5tion requisite to obta9 f ?is bran* ( f>m+ ! highe/ pr(it1 all concur to make ! want ( su* a treatise1 adapt$ to our climate & circum/ances1 felt n only by practical f>m]s1 b by a l>ge class ( consum]s1 :o c appreciate e improvem5t :i* may be made 9 prep>+ ! products ( ! dairy = _! use4 ,! writ] has _h "s ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce 9 ! c>e ( a *eese & butt] dairy1 to :i* has be5 add$ a wide range ( obs]vation 9 "s ( ! be/ dairy di/ricts ( ! c\ntry2 & x is hop$ t ! "w n[ submitt$ to ! public w meet t degree ( favor usually accord$ to an e>ne/ ef=t to d some?+ to advance ! cause ( agriculture4 ,,dairy ,,f>m+ ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4--,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,pure-,,br$ ,,cattle ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! milk+ qualities ( our dome/ic c[s are1 to "s ext5t1 artificial1 ! result ( c>e & bre$+4 ,9 ! natural or wild /ate1 ! c[ yields only en\gh to n\ri% h] (fspr+ = a few weeks1 & !n goes dry = sev]al mon?s1 or dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a con/ant t5d5cy to rev]t to t condition1 :i* is prev5t$ only by judici\s treatm5t1 design$ to develop & increase ! milk+ qualities s valuable to ! human race4 ,if ?is judici\s treatm5t is cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations ( ! same family or race ( animals1 ! qualities :i* x is calculat$ to develop become m or less fix$1 & capable ( transmission4 ,in/ead ( be+ exceptional1 or peculi> to an individual1 !y become ! p]man5t *>act]i/ics ( a bre$4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( a great v>iety ( bre$s or races1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* be+ due to local circum/ances su* z climate1 soil1 & ! special objects ( ! bre$]1 :i* may be ! production ( milk1 butt] & *eese1 or ! rais+ ( beef or work+ cattle4 ,a k ( ! hi/ory ( diff]5t bre$s1 & especially ( ! dairy bre$s1 is ( manife/ importance4 ,?\gh v excell5t milk]s w sometimes be f\nd 9 all ( !m1 & ( a great v>iety ( =ms1 ! mo/ desirable dairy qualities w g5]ally be f\nd to h become fix$ & p]man5t *>act]i/ics ( "s to a great] ext5t ?an ( o!rs2 b x does n foll[ t a race ^: milk+ qualities h n be5 develop$ is ( less value = o!r purposes1 & = qualities :i* h be5 br\ght out ) great] c>e4 ,a brief sket* ( ! pr9cipal bre$s ( ,am]ican cattle1 z well z ( ! grades or ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry1 w aid ! f>m]1 p]haps1 9 mak+ an intellig5t selection ) ref]5ce to ! special object ( pursuit1 :e!r x be ! dairy1 ! production ( beef1 or ! rais+ ( cattle = "w4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] on ! selections ( mil* c[s1 ! /&>d ( p]fection w be discuss$ 9 detail1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* ( ! races w naturally be measur$ by t4 ,9 ?is connection1 & z prelim9>y to ! foll[+ sket*es1 x may be /at$ t1 :atev] bre$ may be select$1 a full supply ( food & prop] %elt] are absolutely ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( any milk+ /ock1 ! food ( :i* goes to supply n only ! ord9>y wa/e ( ! sy/em common to all animals1 b also ! milk secretions1 :i* are great] 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,a l>ge animal on a poor pa/ure has to travel mu* fur!r to fill itself ?an a small "o4 ,a small or m$ium-siz$ c[ w\ld return m milk 9 proportion to ! food consum$1 "u su* circum/ances1 ?an a l>ge "o4 ,9 select+ any bre$1 !re=e1 reg>d %\ld be _h to ! circum/ances ( ! f>m]1 & ! object to be pursu$4 ,! c[ mo/ pr(itable = ! milk-dairy may be v unpr(itable 9 ! butt] & *eese dairy1 z well z = ! production ( beef2 :ile = ei!r ( ! latt] objects ! c[ :i* gave ! l>ge/ quantity ( milk might prove v unpr(itable4 ,x is desirable to secure a union & h>mony ( all good qualities1 s f> z possible2 & ! f>m] wants a c[ t w milk well = "s ye>s1 & !n1 :5 dry1 fatt5 readily1 & sell to ! but*] = ! highe/ price4 ,^! qualities1 ?\gh (t5 suppos$ to be incompatible1 w be f\nd to be unit$ 9 "s bre$s to a great] ext5t ?an 9 o!rs2 :ile "s peculi>ities ( =m h be5 f\nd1 by obs]vation1 to be bett] adapt$ to ! production ( milk & beef ?an o!rs4 ,?is w appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,ayr%ire ,c[1 import$ & own$ by ,dr4 ,geo4 ,b4 ,lor+1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,ayr%ires are ju/ly celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ?is c\ntry = _! excell5t dairy qualities4 ,?\gh ! mo/ rec5t 9 _! orig91 !y are pretty di/9ct f ! o!r ,scot* & ,engli% races4 ,9 color1 ! pure ,ayr%ires are g5]ally r$ & :ite1 spott$ or mottl$1 n roan l _m ( ! %ort-horns1 b (t5 pres5t+ a bright contra/ ( colors4 ,!y are sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ne>ly or q all r$1 & sometimes black & :ite2 b ! favorite color is r$ & :ite brightly contra/$1 & by "s1 /rawb]ry-color is pref]r$4 ,! head is small1 f9e1 & clean2 ! face long1 & n>r[ at ! muzzle1 ) a sprightly yet g5]ally mild expression2 eye small1 sm>t1 & lively2 ! horns %ort1 f9e1 & slightly twi/$ upw>ds1 set wide ap>t at ! roots2 ! neck ?92 body enl>g+ f =e to h9d qu>t]s2 ! back /raight & n>r[1 b broad across ! lo92 jo9ts r loose & op52 ribs r flat2 h9d qu>t]s r ?92 bone f9e2 tail long1 f9e & bu%y at ! end2 hair g5]ally ?9 & s(t2 udd] light color & capaci\s1 ext5d+ well =w>d "u ! belly2 teats ( ! c[ ( m$ium size1 g5]ally set regul>ly & wide ap>t2 milk-ve9s prom95t & well develop$4 ,! c>cass ( ! pure-br$ ,ayr%ire is light1 p>ticul>ly ! =e qu>t]s1 :i* is consid]$ by good judges z an index ( great milk+ qualities2 b ! pelvis is capaci\s & wide ov] ! hips4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,ayr%ire is good-look+1 b wants "s ( ! symmetry & aptitude to fatt5 :i* *>act]ize ! %ort-horn1 :i* is suppos$ to h contribut$ to build up ?is valuable bre$ on ! basis ( ! orig9al /ock ( ! c\nty ( ,ayr2 a c\nty ext5d+ along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,fri? ( ,clyde1 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,scotl&1 & divid$ into ?ree di/ricts1 kn[n z ,c>rick1 ,cunn+ham1 & ,kyle3 ! fir/ fam\s z ! lord%ip ( ,rob]t ,bruce1 ! la/ = ! production ( ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable dairy bre$s ( c[s 9 ! _w4 ,! orig9al /ock ( ?is c\nty1 :i* und\bt$ly =m$ ! basis ( ! pres5t ,ayr%ire bre$1 are describ$ by ,aiton1 9 8 ,treatise on ! ,dairy ,bre$ ( ,c[s1 z ( a dim9utive size1 ill f$1 ill %ap$1 & yield+ b a scanty return 9 milk4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ( a black color1 ) l>ge /ripes ( :ite along ! *9e & ridge ( _! backs1 ab\t ! flanks1 & on _! faces4 ,_! horns 7 high & crook$1 hav+ deep r+lets at ! root1--! pla9e/ pro( t ! cattle 7 b scantily f$2 ! *9e ( _! backs /ood up high & n>r[2 _! sides 7 lank1 %ort1 & ?92 _! hides ?ick1 & adh]+ to _! bones2 _! pile 0 co>se & op52 & few ( !m yield$ m ?an six or eight qu>ts ( milk a day :5 9 _! be/ plight1 or weigh$ :5 fat m ?an f twelve to sixte5 or tw5ty /ones avoirdupois1 at eight p\nds ! /one1 s9k+ (fal4 8,x 0 impossible10 he cont9ues1 8t ^! cattle1 f$ z !y !n 71 c\ld be ( great weight1 well %ap$1 or yield mu* milk4 ,_! only food 9 w9t] & spr+ 0 oat-/raw1 & :at !y c\ld pick up 9 ! fields1 to :i* !y 7 turn$ out almo/ e day1 ) a ma% ( weak corn & *aff daily = a few days aft] calv+2 & _! pa/ure 9 summ] 0 ( ! v wor/ quality1 & eat5 s b>e t ! cattle 7 half />v$1 & _h ! aspect ( />vel+s4 ,a wond]ful *ange has s9ce be5 made 9 ! condition1 aspect1 & qualities1 ( ! ,ayr%ire dairy /ock4 ,!y are n n[ ! meagre1 un%apely animals !y 7 ab\t =ty ye>s ago2 b h completely *ang$ into some?+ z diff]5t f :at !y 7 !n z any two bre$s 9 ! isl& c be f ea* o!r4 ,!y are almo/ d\ble ! size1 & yield ab\t f\r times ! quantity ( milk t ! ,ayr%ire c[s !n yield$4 ,!y 7 n ( any specific bre$1 nor uni=mity ( %apes or color2 nei!r 0 !re any fix$ /&>d by :i* !y c\ld be judg$40 ,aiton wrote 9 #ahae1 & ev5 !n ! ,ayr%ire cattle _h be5 completely *ang$ f :at !y 7 9 #aggj1 & _h1 to a consid]able ext5t1 at lea/1 settl$ d[n into a bre$ ) fix$ *>act]i/ics1 di/+ui%$ especially = an abundant fl[ & a ri* quality ( milk4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! improvem5t !n manife/$ 0 due to bett] fe$+ & c>e1 b mu*1 no d\bt1 to judici\s cross+4 ,/range z x may seem1 consid]+ ! mod]n orig9 ( ?is bre$1 8all t is c]ta9ly kn[n is t a c5tury ago !re 0 no su* bre$ z ,cunn+ham or ,ayr%ire 9 ,scotl&4 ,did ! ,ayr%ire cattle arise entirely f a c>eful selection ( ! be/ native bre$8 ,if !y did1 x is a circum/ance unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( agriculture4 ,! native bre$ may be ameliorat$ by c>eful selection2 its value may be incalculably increas$2 "s good qualities1 "s ( its be/ qualities1 may be = ! fir/ "t develop$2 b yet !re w be "s resemblance to ! orig9al /ock1 & ! m we exam9e ! animal ! m cle>ly we c trace out ! *>act]i/ic po9ts ( ! ance/or1 al?\gh e "o ( !m is improv$40 ,aiton rememb]$ well ! "t :5 "s %ort-horn or ,dut* cattle1 z !y 7 !n call$1 7 procur$ by "s g5tlem5 9 ,scotl&1 & p>ticul>ly by "o ,john ,dunlop1 ( ,cunn+ham1 :o br\ght "s ,dut* c[s--d\btless %ort-horns--to 8 byres soon aft] ! ye> #agfj4 ,z !y 7 !n provid$ ) ! be/ ( pa/ure1 & ! dairy 0 ! *ief object ( ! neighborhood1 ^! cattle soon excit$ att5tion1 & ! small f>m]s began to raise up crosses f !m4 ,?is 0 9 ,cunn+ham1 "o ( ! di/ricts ( ,ayr%ire1 & ,mr4 ,dunlop's 71 )\t d\bt1 among ! fir/ ( ! /rang] bre$ t rea*$ t region4 ,ab\t #agej1 a little previ\s to ! above date1 ! ,e>l ( ,m>*mont b\ght ( ! ,bi%op ( ,durham sev]al c[s & a bull ( ! ,teeswat] bre$1 all ( a br[n color spott$ ) :ite1 & kept !m "s "t at 8 seat 9 ,b]wick%ire4 ,8 lord%ip _h ext5sive e/ates 9 ,kyle1 ano!r di/rict ( ,ayr%ire1 & ?i!r 8 factor1 ,bruce ,campbell1 took "s ( ! ,teeswat] bre$ & kept !m = "s "t1 & _! prog5y spread ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ,ayr%ire4 ,a bull1 aft] s]v+ _m c[s ( ! e/ates already m5tion$1 0 sold to a ,mr4 ,hamilton1 9 ano!r qu>t] ( ,ayr%ire1 & rais$ a num]\s (fspr+4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfg1 also1 ,john ,orr s5t f ,glasg[ to 8 e/ate 9 ,ayr%ire "s f9e mil* c[s1 ( a mu* l>g] size ?an any !n 9 t region4 ,"o ( !m co/ six p\nds1 :i* 0 m ?an twice ! price ( ! be/ c[ 9 t qu>t]4 ,^! c[s 7 well f$1 & ( c\rse yield$ a l>ge return ( milk2 & ! f>m]s1 = miles ar\nd1 7 eag] to get _! calves to raise4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 also1 a few o!r noblem5 & g5tlem51 /imulat$ by example1 b\ght cattle ( ! same appe>ance1 9 color br[n spott$ ) :ite1 all ( !m l>g] ?an ! native cattle ( ! c\nty1 & :5 well f$ yield+ mu* l>g] quantities ( milk1 & _! calves 7 all rais$4 ,bulls ( _! bre$ & color 7 pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,f ! description giv5 ( ^! cattle1 !re is no d\bt t !y 7 ! old ,teeswat]1 or ,dut*2 ! f\ndation1 also1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ( ! mod]n improv$ %ort-horns4 ,) !m & ! crosses obta9$ f !m ! :ole c\nty gradually became /ock$1 & suppli$ ! neighbor+ c\nties1 by degrees1 till at pres5t ! :ole region1 compris+ ! c\nties ( ,ayr1 ,r5frew1 ,lan>k1 ,dumb>ton1 & ,/irl+1 & m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! :ole population ( ,scotl&1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* is engag$ 9 manufactures & comm]cial or me*anical pursuits1 furni%+ a ready m>ket = milk & butt]1 is almo/ exclusively /ock$ ) ,ayr%ires4 ,! cross ) l>g] cattle & ! natives ( ,ayr%ire produc$1 = _m ye>s1 an ugly-look+ bea/1 & ! f>m]s 7 long 9 f9d+ out t !y _h violat$ "o ( ! pla9 pr9ciples ( bre$+ 9 c\pl+ a l>ge & small bre$ s indiscrim9ately toge!r1 especially 9 ! use ( bulls proportionately l>g] ?an ! c[s to :i* !y 7 put4 ,!y did n !n und]/& t no crosses c\ld be made 9 t way to increase ! size ( a race1 )\t a correspond+ increase 9 ! fe$2 & _m v ill-%ap$ animals 7 ! consequ5ce ( ignorance ( a natural law4 ,!y made l>ge bones1 b !y 7 nev] /rong & vigor\s 9 proportion to _! size4 ,try+ to keep l>ge animals on poor pa/ure produc$ ! same effect4 ,! results ( fir/ crosses 7 !re=e v unsatisfactory2 b gradually bett] fe$+ & a r$uction 9 size came to _! aid1 :ile 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s m enlight5$ views ( f>m+ l$ to high] cultivation1 & consequ5tly to high] & bett] c>e & att5tion to /ock4 ,! effect ( crosses ) ! l>g] ,teeswat] or %ort-horn 0 n s disa/r\s 9 ,ayr%ire z 9 "s ( ! m\nta9 bre$s1 ^: fe$ 0 f> less1 :ile _! exposure on high & %ort pa/ures 0 great]4 ,! climate ( ,ayr%ire is moi/ & mild1 & ! soil ri*1 clayey1 & well adapt$ to pa/urage1 b difficult to till4 ,! cattle are naturally h>dy & active1 & capable ( endur+ sev]e w9t]s1 & ( easily rega9+ condition ) ! return ( spr+ & good fe$4 ,! pa/ure-l& ( ! c\nty is devot$ to dairy /ock1--*iefly = mak+ butt] & *eese1 a small "p only be+ us$ = fatt5+ c[s :5 too old to keep = ! dairy4 ,! bre$ has und]gone v m>k$ improvem5ts s9ce ,aiton wrote1 9 #ahae4 ,! local dem& = fre% dairy products has v naturally tax$ ! skill & judgm5t ( ! f>m]s & dairy-m5 to ! utmo/1 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ye>s2 & ?us ! rem>kable milk+ qualities ( ! ,ayr%ires h be5 develop$ to su* a degree t !y may be said to produce a l>g] quantity ( ri* milk & butt] 9 proportion to ! food consum$1 or ! co/ ( production1 ?an any o!r ( ! pure-br$ races4 ,! own]s ( dairies 9 ! c\nty ( ,ayr & ! neighborhood 7 g5]ally small t5ants1 :o took *>ge ( _! /ock !mselves1 sav+ & bre$+ f ! (fspr+ ( good milk]s1 & dry+ (f & fe$+ su* z 7 f\nd to be unpr(itable = milk1 = ! but*]2 & ?us ! production ( milk & butt] has = _m ye>s be5 ! lead+ object ) ! own]s ( ?is bre$1 & symmetry ( =m & p]fection ( po9ts = any o!r object h be5 v mu* disreg>d$1 or1 if reg>d$ at all1 only f ?is "o po9t ( view--! production ( ! greate/ quantity ( ri* milk4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is result has be5 br\ght ab\t may fur!r be se5 9 a rem>k ( ,aiton1 :o says t ! ,ayr%ire f>m]s pref] _! dairy bulls accord+ to ! fem99e aspect ( _! heads & necks1 & wi% !m n r\nd beh9d1 b broad at ! hook-bones & hips1 & full 9 ! flanks4 ,?is 0 m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 & "u su* circum/ances1 & ) su* c>e 9 ! selection ( bulls & c[s ) ref]5ce to "o specific object1 x is n surpris+ t we f9d a bre$ n[ :olly unsurpass$ :5 ! quantity & quality ( _! produce is consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! proportional size & ! food !y consume4 ,! ,ayr%ire c[ has be5 kn[n to produce ov] t5 imp]ial gallons ( good milk a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,ayr%ire ,bull 8,,alb]t10 ,import$ & own$ by ! ,mass4 ,soc4 = ,promot+ ,agriculture4 ,a c[-fe$] 9 ,glasg[1 sell+ fre% milk1 is said to h realiz$ two hundr$ & fifty doll>s 9 sev5 mon?s f "o good c[2 & x is /at$1 on high au?ority1 t a doll> a day = six mon?s ( ! ye> is no uncommon income f good c[s "u simil> circum/ances1 & t sev5ty-five c5ts a day is bel[ ! av]age4 ,b ?is implies high & judici\s fe$+1 ( c\rse3 ! av]age yield1 on ord9>y fe$1 w\ld be consid]ably less4 ,y\att e/imates ! daily yield ( an ,ayr%ire c[1 = ! fir/ two or ?ree mon?s aft] calv+1 at five gallons a day1 on an av]age2 = ! next ?ree mon?s1 at ?ree gallons2 & = ! next f\r mon?s1 at "o gallon & a half4 ,?is w\ld be #hej gallons z ! annual av]age ( a c[2 b all[+ = "s unproductive c[s1 he e/imates ! av]age ( a dairy at #fjj gallons p] annum = ea* c[4 ,?ree gallons & a half ( ! ,ayr%ire c['s milk w yield "o & a half p\nds ( butt]4 ,he !re=e reckons #beg p\nds ( butt]1 or #ead p\nds ( *eese1 at ! rate ( #bd p\nds to #bh gallons ( milk1 z ! yield ( e c[1 at a fair & p]haps r l[ av]age1 9 an ,ayr%ire dairy1 dur+ ! ye>4 ,aiton sets ! yield mu* high]1 say+ t 8?\s&s ( ! be/ ,ayr%ire dairy-c[s1 :5 9 prime condition & well f$1 produce #ajjj gallons ( milk p] annum2 t 9 g5]al ?ree & ?ree qu>t]s to f\r gallons ( _! milk w yield a p\nd & a half ( butt]2 & t #bg gallons ( _! milk w make #ba p\nds ( full-milk *eese40 ,mr4 ,rank9 puts x l[]--at ab\t #fej to #gjj gallons to ea* c[2 on 8 own f>m ( inf]ior soil1 8 dairy produc$ an av]age ( #eej gallons only4 ,"o ( ! f\r c[s orig9ally import$ into ?is c\ntry by ,john ,p4 ,cu%+1 ,esq41 ( ,massa*usetts1 gave 9 "o ye> #chfd qu>ts1 be] measure1 or ab\t #iff gallons1 at t5 p\nds to ! gallon1 be+ an av]age ( ov] t5 & a half be] qu>ts a day = ! :ole ye>4 ,x is ass]t$1 on good au?ority1 t ! fir/ ,ayr%ire c[ import$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agriculture1 9 #ahcg1 yield$ sixte5 p\nds ( butt] a week1 = sev]al weeks 9 succession1 on grass fe$ only4 ,^! yields are n s l>ge z ^? /at$ by ,aiton2 b x %\ld1 p]haps1 be recollect$ t our climate is less favorable to ! production ( milk ?an t ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & t no c[ import$ aft] arriv+ at maturity c\ld be expect$ to yield z mu*1 "u ! same circum/ances1 z "o br$ on ! spot :]e ! trial is made1 & p]fectly acclimat$4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! ,e>l ( ,*e/]field's dairy f>m1 at ,bradley ,ball1 int]e/+ z giv+ positive data on :i* to =m a judgm5t z to ! yield1 x 0 f\nd t1 9 ! height ( ! season1 ! ,hold]ness c[s gave #g gallons #a qu>t p] diem2 ! long-horns & ,ald]neys1 #d gallons #c qu>ts2 ! ,devons1 #d gallons #a qu>t2 & t1 :5 made into butt] ! above quantities gave1 respectively1 #ch ounces1 #bh ounces1 & #be ounces4 ,! ,ayr%ire1 a c[ f> small] ?an ! ,hold]ness1 at #e gallons ( milk & #cd ounces ( butt] p] day1 gives a fair av]age z to yield ( milk1 & an enorm\s production ( butt]1 giv+ )9 #d ounces z mu* f h] #e gallons z ! ,hold]ness f h] #g gallons #a qu>t2 h] rate be+ ne>ly #g ounces to ! gallon1 :ile t ( ! ,hold]ness is consid]ably "u #f ounces4 ,! evid5ce ( a l>ge & practical dairyman is c]ta9ly ( ! highe/ value2 & 9 ?is connection x may be /at$ t ,mr4 ,h>ley1 ! au?or ( ! ,h>leian ,dairy ,sy/em1 :o e/abli%$ ! celebrat$ ,will[bank ,dairy1 9 ,glasg[1 & :o kept1 at times1 f two hundr$ & sixty to ?ree hundr$ c[s1 always us+ ! utmo/ c>e 9 selection1 says t he _h c[s1 by way ( exp]im5t1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! unit$ k+dom4 ,he pur*as$ t5 at "o ,ed9burgh m>ket1 ( ! l>ge %ort-horn$ bre$1 at tw5ty p\nds ea*1 b ^! did n give m milk1 nor bett] 9 quality1 ?an ,ayr%ire c[s t 7 b\ght at ! same p]iod = ?irte5 p\nds a head2 &1 on comp>ison1 x 0 f\nd t ! latt] 7 mu* *eap] kept1 & t !y improv$ mu* m 9 beef & fat 9 proportion to _! size1 ?an ! high-pric$ c[s4 ,a decid$ pref]5ce 0 !re=e giv5 to ! improv$ ,ayr%ire bre$1 f sev5 to t5 ye>s old1 & f eight to tw5ty p\nds a head4 ,prime "y c[s 7 too high-pric$ = /all fe$+2 old c[s 7 g5]ally ! mo/ pr(itable 9 ! long run1 especially if !y 7 n previ\sly 9 good keep+4 ,! c[s 7 g5]ally b\ght :5 ne> calv+1 :i* prev5t$ ! b>b>\s practice call$ haft+1 or all[+ ! milk to rema9 ^u ! c[ = a consid]able "t be=e %e is br\ght to ! m>ket4 ,?is base & cruel cu/om is always p]nici\s to ! c[1 & 9 consequ5ce ( x %e seldom recov]s h] milk = ! season4 ,! middl+ & l>ge sizes ( c[s 7 pref]r$1 su* z weigh$ f ?irty-five to fifty /one1 or f five hundr$ to eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>ley1 ! mo/ approv$ %ape & m>ks ( a good dairy c[ are z foll[s3 ,head small1 long1 & n>r[ t[>ds ! muzzle2 horns small1 cle>1 b5t1 & plac$ at consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r2 eyes n l>ge1 b brisk & lively2 neck sl5d] & long1 tap]+ t[>ds ! head1 ) a little loose sk9 bel[2 %\ld]s & =e qu>t]s light & ?92 h9d qu>t]s l>ge & broad2 back /raight1 & jo9ts slack & op52 c>cass deep 9 ! rib2 tail small & long1 rea*+ to ! heels2 legs small & %ort1 ) firm jo9ts2 udd] squ>e1 b a little oblong1 /ret*+ =w>d1 ?9-sk9n$ & capaci\s1 b n l[ hung2 teats or paps small1 po9t+ outw>ds1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r2 milk-ve9s capaci\s & prom95t2 sk9 loose1 ?91 & s(t l a glove2 hair %ort1 s(t1 & woolly2 g5]al figure1 :5 9 fle%1 h&some & well proportion$4 ,if ?is description ( ! ,ayr%ire c[ be correct1 x w be se5 t h] head & neck are rem>kably clean & f9e1 ! latt] swell+ gradually t[>ds ! %\ld]s1 bo? p>ts be+ un9cumb]$ ) sup]flu\s fle%4 ,! same g5]al =m ext5ds backw>ds1 ! =equ>t]s be+ light1 ! %\ld]s ?91 & ! c>cass swell+ out t[>ds ! h9d qu>t]s1 s t /&+ 9 front ( h] x has ! =m ( a blunt$ w$ge4 ,su* a /ructure indicates v fully develop$ dige/ive organs1 :i* ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on ! ex]cise ( all ! functions ( ! body1 & especially on ! secretion ( ! milky gl&s1 accompani$ ) milk-ve9s & udd] p>tak+ ( ! same "* z ! /oma* & visc]a1 be+ l>ge & capaci\s1 :ile ! ext]nal sk9 & int]ior walls ( ! milk-gl&s are ?9 & ela/ic1 & all p>ts arrang$ 9 a mann] especially calculat$ = ! production ( milk4 ,a c[ ) ^! m>ks w g5]ally be ( a quiet & docile temp]1 :i* greatly enhances h] value4 ,a c[ t is ( a quiet & cont5t$ disposition fe$s at ease1 is milk$ ) ease1 & yields m ?an "o ( an opposite temp]am5t2 :ile aft] %e is pa/ h] usefulness z a milk] %e w easily take on fat1 & make f9e beef & a good quantity ( tall[1 because %e fe$s freely1 & :5 dry ! food :i* w5t to make milk is conv]t$ into fat & fle%4 ,b !re is no bre$ ( c[s ) :i* g5tl5ess ( treatm5t is s indisp5sable z ) ! ,ayr%ire1 on acc\nt ( h] naturally n]v\s temp]am5t4 ,if %e receives o!r ?an k9d & g5tle treatm5t1 %e w (t5 res5t x ) angry looks & ge/ures1 & )hold h] milk2 & if su* treatm5t is long cont9u$1 w dry up2 b %e will+ly & easily yields x to ! h& t fondles h]1 & all h] looks & movem5ts t[>ds h] fri5ds are quiet & mild4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! ,ayr%ires 9 _! native c\ntry are g5]ally br$ = ! dairy1 & no o!r object2 & ! c[s h obta9$ a j & _w-wide reputation = ?is quality4 ,! ox5 are1 h[ev]1 v fitly z work+ cattle1 ?\gh !y _c be said to excel o!r bre$s 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,ayr%ire /e] may be f$ & turn$ at ?ree ye>s old1 b = fe$+ purposes ! ,ayr%ires are greatly improv$ by a cross ) ! %ort-horns1 provid$ reg>d is _h to ! size ( ! animals4 ,x is ! op9ion ( good bre$]s t a high-br$ %ort-horn bull & a l>ge-siz$ ,ayr%ire c[ w produce a calf :i* w come to maturity e>li]1 & atta9 great] weight1 & sell = m money1 ?an a pure-br$ ,ayr%ire4 ,?is cross1 ) fe$+ f ! />t1 may be sold fat at two or ?ree ye>s old1 ! improvem5t be+ especially se5 9 ! e>li] maturity & ! size4 ,ev5 ,y\att1 :o ma9ta9s t ! fatt5+ prop]ties ( ! ,ayr%ires h be5 some:at exagg]at$1 admits t !y w fatt5 k9dly & pr(itably1 & t _! meat w be good2 :ile he also ass]ts t !y unite1 p]haps1 to a great] degree ?an any o!r bre$1 ! suppos$ incompatible qualities ( yield+ a great deal ( milk & beef4 ,9 ! cross ) ! %ort-horn1 ! =m becomes ord9>ily m symmetrical1 :ile !re is1 p]haps1 little risk ( less5+ ! milk+ qualities ( ! (fspr+1 if suffici5t reg>d is paid to ! selection ( ! individual animals to bre$ f4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t 9 ! bre$+ ( animals x is ! male :i* gives ! ext]nal =m1 or ! bony & muscul> sy/em ( ! "y1 :ile ! female imp>ts ! respiratory organs1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! muc\s membranes1 ! organs ( secretion1 c4 ,if ?is pr9ciple is true1 x foll[s t ! milk+ qualities come *iefly f ! "m1 & t ! bull c n mat]ially alt] ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! transmission ( ^! qualities1 especially :5 !y are z /rongly m>k$ z !y are 9 ! ,ayr%ire or ! ,j]sey races4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t x is m important to ! p]fection ( _! dairy to make a good *oice ( bulls ?an ( heif]s1 because ! prop]ty ( giv+ mu* milk is m surely transmitt$ by ! male ?an ! female4 ,o!rs /ill ma9ta9 t bo? p>5ts are repres5t$ 9 ! (fspr+1 b t x is impossible to say be=eh& :at p>ts ( ! d]ivative sy/em are to be ascrib$ to ! "o p>5t & :at to ! o!r1 & t !re is a bl5d+ & int]fusion ( ! qualities ( bo? :i* prev5t ! body ( _! prog5y be+ mapp$ out into di/9ct regions1 or divid$ into sep>ate sets ( organs1 ( :i* we c say1 8,?is is f ! fa!r1 t f ! "m40 ,till ?is "q is settl$1 x is safe1 9 bre$+ = ! dairy1 to adh]e to ! rule ( select+ only animals ^: prog5itors on bo? sides h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! milk+ qualities4 ,b :]e ! hi/ory ( ei!r is unkn[n1 a resort to a well-kn[n bre$1 rem>kable = its dairy qualities1 is ( no small importance2 s9ce1 ?\gh ! imm$iate ance/ors ( a male may n be kn[n1 if he belongs to a dairy bre$1 x is fair to presume t 8 prog5itors 7 milk]s4 ,a /udy & comp>ison ( ! size & =m ( ! milk mirror1 & o!r po9ts1 indicat$ by ,gunon1 on a subsequ5t page1 are wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation 9 select+ animals to bre$ f = ! dairy1 n only among pure-br$ animals1 b especially 9 cross+4 ,9 ! scale ( po9ts adopt$ 9 ,engl& & ?is c\ntry z ! /&>d ( p]fection = an ,ayr%ire c[1 ! udd]1 on :i* ,gunon plac$ s mu* reliance1 is valu$ at twelve times z mu* z t ( ! ,devon1 8because10 z ! judges affirm1 8! ,ayr%ires h be5 br$ almo/ exclusively ) ref]5ce to _! milk+ prop]ties40 ,we mu/ conclude1 !n1 t 8= purely dairy purposes ! ,ayr%ire c[ des]ves ! fir/ place4 ,9 consequ5ce ( h] small1 symmetrical1 & compact body1 comb9$ ) a well-=m$ *e/ & a capaci\s /oma*1 !re is little wa/e1 comp>atively speak+1 ?r\gh ! respiratory sy/em2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !re is v complete assimilation ( ! food1 & ?us %e conv]ts a l>ge proportion ( h] food into milk4 ,s rem>kable is ?is fact1 t all dairy f>m]s :o h any exp]i5ce on ! po9t agree 9 /at+ t an ,ayr%ire c[ g5]ally gives a l>g] return ( milk = ! food consum$ ?an a c[ ( any o!r bre$4 ,! absolute quantity may n be s great1 b x is obta9$ at a less co/2 & ?is is ! po9t ^u :i* ! "q ( pr(it dep5ds40 ,i h dwelt ?us at l5g? ^u ?is race = ! reason t x is preem95tly a dairy bre$1 surpass+ all o!r pure bre$s 9 ! production ( ri* milk & butt] on soils ( m$ium f]tility1 & admirably adapt$1 9 my op9ion1 to raise ! "* ( our /ock to a high] /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,! be/ milk]s ,i h ev] kn[n1 9 ! c\rse ( my own obs]vations1 7 grade ,ayr%ires1 l>g] 9 size ?an ! pure bloods1 b /ill suffici5tly high grades to give c]ta9 signs ( _! orig94 ,i h own$ sev]al su*1 :i* 7 all good c[s4 ,?is grade w\ld seem to possess ! advantage ( comb9+1 to "s ext5t1 ! two qualities ( milk+ & adaptation to beef2 & ?is is no small recomm5dation ( ! /ock to f>m]s situat$ z ,am]ican f>m]s are1 :o wi% = milk = "s ye>s & !n to turn ov] to ! but*]4 ,,! ,,j]sey cattle h n[ become widely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m ( !m h be5 import$ f an isl& ( ! same "n 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,france1 & !y may n[ be consid]$1 ,i ?9k1 z fully acclimat$4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 f ! *annel isl&s ,ald]ney1 ,gu]nsey1 & ,j]sey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,j]sey ,c[4#a #a ,see page #cj4 ,! op9ions ( practical m5 diff] widely z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ?is race1 & its adaptation to our climate & to ! wants ( our f>m]s4 ,! mo/ common decision1 prevail+ among _m ev5 ( ! be/ judges ( /ock1 appe>s to be1 t1 h[ev] desirable ! c[s may be on ! lawn or 9 a g5tleman's p>k1 !y are :olly unsuit$ to ! g5]al wants ( ! practical f>m]4 ,?is may or may n be ! case4 ,if ! f>m] keeps a dairy f>m & sells only milk1 ! quantity & n ! quality ( :i* is 8 *ief c>e1 he c satisfy himself bett] ) "s o!r bre$4 ,if o!rwise situat$1--if he devotes 8 "t to ! mak+ ( butt] = ! supply ( cu/om]s :o are will+ to pay = a good article1--he may v prop]ly consid] :e!r a few ,j]seys1 or an infusion ( ,j]sey blood1 may n be desirable4 ,haxton calls ! ,j]sey c[ ! *eese & butt] dairyman's fri5d :5 h] milk is dilut$ ) t ( t5 or a doz5 ord9>y c[s1 & 8 enemy if he %\ld attempt to make ei!r *eese or butt] solely f h] produce1 z1 f ! excessive ri*ness ( ! milk1 nei!r w keep long2 &1 f9ally1 an ornam5t to ! ri* man's lawn1 yet 9 aspect altoge!r devoid ( ^? r\nd$ outl9es :i* con/itute ! crit]ion ( animal beauty4 ,! ,j]sey race is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f ,norm&y1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,france4 ,! c[s h be5 long celebrat$ = ! production ( v ri* milk & cream1 b till )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury !y 7 comp>atively co>se1 ugly1 & ill-%ap$4 ,improvem5ts h be5 v m>k$1 b ! =m ( ! animal is /ill f> f satisfy+ ! eye4 ,! head ( ! pure ,j]sey is f9e & tap]+1 ! *eek small1 ! ?roat clean1 ! muzzle f9e & encircl$ ) a light /ripe1 ! no/ril high & op52 ! horns smoo?1 crumpl$1 n v ?ick at ! base1 tap]+1 & tipp$ ) black2 e>s small & ?91 deep orange color inside2 eyes full & placid2 neck /raight & f9e2 *e/ broad & deep2 b>rel hoop$1 broad & deep1 well ribb$ up2 back /raight f ! )]s to ! hip1 & f ! top ( ! hip to ! sett+ on ( ! tail2 tail f9e1 at "r angles ) ! back1 & hang+ d[n to ! hocks2 sk9 ?91 light color & mell[1 cov]$ ) f9e s(t hair2 =e legs %ort1 /raight & f9e bel[ ! knee1 arm swell+ & full above2 h9d qu>t]s long & well fill$2 h9d legs %ort & /raight bel[ ! hocks1 ) bones r f9e1 squ>ely plac$1 & n too close toge!r2 ho(s small2 udd] full 9 size1 9 l9e ) ! belly1 ext5d+ well up beh9d2 teats ( m$ium size1 squ>ely plac$ & wide ap>t1 & milk-ve9s v prom95t4 ,! color is g5]ally cream1 dun1 or yell[1 ) m or less :ite1 & ! f9e head & neck give ! c[s & heif]s a fawn-l appe>ance1 & make !m objects ( attraction 9 ! p>k2 b ! h9d qu>t]s are (t5 too n>r[ to look well1 p>ticul>ly to ^? :o judge animals f ! am\nt ( fat !y c>ry4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t a good race ( animals is n always ! mo/ beautiful1 z t t]m is commonly und]/ood4 ,beauty 9 /ock has no fix$ /&>d4 ,9 ! e/imation ( "s1 x results ma9ly f f9e =ms1 small bones1 & close1 compact frames2 :ile o!rs consid] t /ructure ! mo/ p]fect1 & !re=e ! mo/ beautiful1 :i* is be/ adapt$ to ! use to :i* x is de/9$4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 beauty is relative4 ,x is n ! same 9 an animal design$ = beef & 9 "o design$ f] ! dairy or = "w4 ,! beauty ( a mil* c[ is ! result ( h] good qualities4 ,l>ge milk]s are v r>ely c[s t please ! eye ( any b a skilful judge4 ,!y are g5]ally poor1 because _! food goes ma9ly to ! production ( milk1 & because !y are select$ ) less reg>d to =m ?an to good milk+ qualities4 ,we meet ) good milk]s ( all =ms1 f ! r\nd1 close-built ,devon to ! co>se/-bon$ scrub2 b1 ) all _! v>ieties ( =m & /ructure1 good c[s w usually possess c]ta9 po9ts ( simil>ity & well-kn[n m>ks by :i* !y are kn[n to ! eyes ( ! judge4 ,x is ass]t$ by ,colonel ,le ,c\teur1 ( ! isl& ( ,j]sey1 t1 contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion "h1 ! ,j]sey c[1 :5 old & no long] want$ z a milk]1 w1 :5 dry & f$1 fatt5 rapidly1 & produce a good quantity & excell5t quality ( but*]'s meat4 ,an old c[1 he says1 0 put up to fatt5 9 ,octob]1 #ahej1 weigh+ #aabe p\nds1 & :5 kill$1 ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 #ahea1 %e weigh$ #accj p\nds2 hav+ ga9$ #bje p\nds 9 n9ety-eight days1 on tw5ty p\nds ( hay1 a little :eat-/raw1 & ?irty p\nds ( roots1 consi/+ ( c>rots1 ,sw$es1 & m>igold wurzel1 a day4 ,! prevail+ op9ion z to ! beauty ( ! ,j]sey is bas$ on ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! c[ 9 milk1 no exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ exclusively = beef hav+ be5 made1 to my k1 & no opportunity to =m a correct judgm5t f actual obs]vation hav+ be5 furni%$2 & x mu/ be confess$ t ! g5]al appe>ance w\ld amply ju/ify ! ha/y conclusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,j]sey ,bull4 ,! bulls are usually v diff]5t 9 "* & disposition f ! c[s1 & are mu* incl9$ to become re/ive & cross at ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s1 unless _! treatm5t is uni=mly g5tle & firm4 ,! accompany+ figure v accurately repres5ts "o ( ! be/ animals ( ! race 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on1 :i* has be5 pron\nc$ by good judges a model ( a bull = a dairy bre$4 ,! beautiful ,j]sey c[ 8,flirt10 figur$ on page #bf1 receiv$ ! fir/ prize at ! ,fair ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 9 #aheg1 :i* br\ght toge!r ! l>ge/ & f9e/ collection ( ,j]sey cattle ev] made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,%e is well-%ap$1 & a v sup]ior dairy c[4 ,h] dam1 ,flora1 0 v rem>kable = ! ri*ness ( h] milk & ! quantity ( h] butt]1 hav+ made no less ?an five hundr$ & elev5 p\nds 9 "o ye>1 )\t extra fe$+4 ,f :at has be5 said x is evid5t t ! ,j]sey is to be reg>d$ z a dairy bre$1 & t almo/ exclusively4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t x w\ld n be s\ght = l>ge dairies kept = ! supply ( milk to cities2 =1 ?\gh ! quality w\ld gratify ! cu/om]1 ! quantity w\ld n satisfy ! own]4 ,! place ( ! ,j]sey c[ is r 9 private e/abli%m5ts1 :]e ! supply ( cream & butt] is a suffici5t object1 or1 9 limit$ numb]s1 to add ri*ness to ! milk ( l>ge butt] dairies4 ,ev5 "o or two good ,j]sey c[s ) a h]d ( fifte5 or tw5ty1 w make a great diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! milk & butt] ( ! :ole e/abli%m5t2 & !y w\ld probably be pr(itable = ?is1 if = no o!r object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r bre$s are some:at not$ 9 ,great ,brita9 = _! excell5t dairy qualities1 & among !m might be nam$ ! ,york%ire & ! ,k]ry2 b !y h nev] be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry to any ext5t2 or1 if !y ev] 71 no traces ( !m z a di/9ct bre$ c n[ be f\nd "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,%ort-horn ,c[ ,,! ,,%ort-,,horns4--,no bre$ ( horn$ cattle has comm&$ m univ]sal admiration dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury ?an ! improv$ ,%ort-horns1 ^: orig9 c be trac$ back = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ! /ock :i* =m$ ! basis ( improvem5t exi/$ equally 9 ,york%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & c\nties adjo9+2 & ! prem95ce 0 accord$ to ,durham1 :i* gave its "n to ! race1 f ! m correct pr9ciples ( bre$+ :i* seem to h prevail$ !re4 ,!re is a dispute among ! mo/ em95t bre$]s z to h[ f> x owes its orig9 to e>ly importations f ,holl&1 :5ce _m sup]ior animals 7 br\ght = ! purpose ( improv+ ! old long-horn$ bre$4 ,a l>ge race ( cattle _h exi/$ = _m ye>s on ! we/]n %ores ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,at a v e>ly date1 z e>ly z #afcc1 !y 7 import$ f ,d5m>k into ,new ,engl& 9 consid]able numb]s1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation ( a valuable /ock 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y ext5d$ along ! coa/1 x is said1 ?r\gh ,holl& to ,france4 ,! dairy =m$ a prom95t bran* ( f>m+ at a v e>ly date 9 ,holl&1 & exp]i5ce l$ to ! greate/ c>e 9 ! *oice & bre$+ ( dairy /ock4 ,f ^! cattle _m selections 7 made to cross ov] to ! c\nties ( ,york & ,durham4 ,! prevail+ color ( ! l>ge ,dut* cattle 0 black & :ite1 beautifully contra/$4 ,! cattle produc$ by ^! crosses a c5tury ago 7 kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,dut*40 ,! c[s select$ = cross+ ) ! e>ly import$ ,dut* bulls 7 g5]ally long-horn$1 l>ge-bon$1 co>se animals1 a fair type ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! old 8,hold]ness0 bre$ ( ,york%ire1--sl[ fe$]s1 /rong 9 ! %\ld]1 defective 9 ! =e qu>t]1 & n v pr(itable = ! but*]1 _! meat be+ 8co>se to ! palate & un9vit+ to ! eye40 ,_! milk+ qualities 7 good1 surpass+1 probably1 ^? ( ! improv$ %ort-horns4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? ) reg>d to ^! crosses1 & h[ev] f> !y prov$ effective 9 creat+ or lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n improv$ %ort-horns1 ! results ( ! ef=ts made 9 ,york%ire & "s ( ! adjo9+ c\nties 7 nev] s satisfactory to ! be/ judges z ^? ( ! bre$]s along ! ,tees1 :o select$ animals ) great] ref]5ce to f95ess ( bone & symmetry ( =m1 & ! animals !y br$ soon took ! lead1 & excit$ great emulation 9 improvem5t4 ,! fam\s bull 8,hubback10 br$ by ,mr4 ,turn]1 ( ,hurwor?1 & subsequ5tly own$ by ,mr4 ,coll+1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! celebrity ( ! %ort-horns1 & x is ! pride ( %ort-horn bre$]s to trace back to him4 ,he 0 calv$ 9 #aggg1 & 8 desc5dants1 ,foljambe1 ,bol+broke1 ,favorite1 & ,comet1 p]man5tly fix$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! bre$4 ,comet 0 s highly e/eem$ among bre$]s1 t he sold at "o ?\s& gu9eas1 or ov] five ?\s& doll>s4 ,hubback is ?\ght by "s to h be5 a pure %ort-horn1 & by o!rs a grade or mixture4 ,_m bre$]s _h labor$ long previ\s to ! bro!rs ,*>les & ,rob]t ,coll+1 especially on ! old ,teeswat] %ort-horns2 yet a l>ge %>e ( ! cr$it ( improv+ & e/abli%+ ! reputation ( ! improv$ %ort-horns is g5]ally accord$ to ! ,coll+s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! _s & discrim9ation ) :i* !y select$ & br$ soon became kn[n1 & a g5]al int]e/ 0 awak5$ 9 ! bre$ at ! "t ( ! sale ( ,*>les ,coll+'s h]d1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahaj4 ,x 0 !n t ,mr4 ,bates1 ( ,kirkleav+ton1 pur*as$ ! celebrat$ heif] ,du*ess ,i41 ^: family sold1 9 #ahej1 aft] 8 decease1 at an av]age ( "o hundr$ & sixte5 p\nds five %ill+s p] head1 includ+ "y calves4 ,_m repres5tatives ( ! ,du*ess family1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ,mr4 ,bates' success z a bre$]1 h be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,!y may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z an exception to ! mod]n improv$ %ort-horns1 _! milk+ qualities be+ g5]ally v sup]ior4 ,! sale ref]r$ to1 & ^? ( ,r4 ,coll+'s h]d1 9 #ahah1 & t ( ,"l ,sp5c]1 9 #ahdf1 z well z t ( ! ,kirkleav+ton h]d1 9 #ahej1 & especially t ( ! h]d ( ,"l ,ducie1 two ye>s lat]1 are m>k$ eras 9 ! hi/ory ( improv$ %ort-horns2 & ?r\gh ^! sales1 & ! univ]sal en?usiasm awak5$ by !m1 ! %ort-horns h become m widely spread ev] ,great ,brita91 & m g5]ally fa%ionable1 ?an any o!r bre$4 ,!y h also be5 l>gely introduc$ into ,france by ! gov]nm5t1 = ! improvem5t ( ! v>i\s ,fr5* bre$s by cross+1 & into ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,%ort-horn ,bull 8,,d\ble ,,duke10 7#adea ,am4 ,h4 ,book17 ,own$ by ,h>ve/ ,club1 ,spr+field4 ,importations h be5 frequ5t & ext5sive into ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ?is fam\s bre$ is n[ pretty g5]ally diffus$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! use ( ! e>ly-import$ %ort-horn bulls & native c[s l$ to ! =mation ( _m families ( grades1 "s ( !m br$ back to ! sire1 & o!rs cross$ high up1 :i* h atta9$ a v consid]able local reputation 9 _m sections4 ,z in/ances ( ?is1 may be m5tion$ ! ,creampot /ock1 obta9$ by ,col4 ,jaques f a %ort-horn bull1 ,clebs1 & a sup]ior native c[4 ,a family ( f9e milk]s /ill exi/s 9 ,massa*usetts1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,sukey bre$10 suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f 8,d5ton10 a v sup]ior animal import$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 ( ,nor?boro'1 "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,_m ( ! be/ milk]s ( t section c be trac$ back to him4 ,! ,patton /ock1 orig9ally import$ into ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 9 #aghc1 & !nce to ,k5tucky1 may be class$ 9 ! same category4 ,a "p ( ^! 7 at fir/ kn[n z ! 8milk bre$10 & o!rs z ! 8beef bre$30 ! fir/ %ort-horns1 at t "t good milk]s1 & ! latt] long-horns1 ( l>ge size & co>se 9 ! bone4 ,9 ,k5tucky !y 7 all kn[n z ! ,patton /ock4 ,! high-br$ %ort-horn is easily prep>$ = a %[1 &1 z fat w cov] faults1 ! temptation is (t5 too great to be resi/$2 & h5ce x is common to see ! f9e/ animals r5d]$ unfit = bre$+ purposes by ov]-fe$+4 ,! race is susceptible ( bre$+ = ! production ( milk1 z sev]al families %[1 & great milk]s h (t5 be5 kn[n among pure-br$ animals2 b x is m common to f9d x br$ ma9ly = ! but*]1 & kept accord+ly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a well-kn[n fact t ! dairies ( ,london are /ock$ *iefly ) %ort-horns & ,york%ires1 or high grades betwe5 !m1 :i*1 aft] be+ milk$ z long z pr(itable1 fe$ equal1 or ne>ly s1 to pure-br$ %ort-horns4 ,x has be5 said1 by v high au?ority1 t 8! %ort-horns improve e bre$ !y cross )40 ,! desirable *>act]i/ics ( ! %ort-horn bull may be summ$ up1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! be/ bre$]s1 z foll[s3 ,he %\ld h a %ort b f9e head1 v broad across ! eyes1 tap]+ to ! nose1 ) a no/ril full & prom95t2 ! nose itself %\ld be ( a ri* fle%-color2 eyes bright & mild2 e>s some:at l>ge & ?92 horns slightly curv$ & r flat1 well set on a long1 broad1 muscul> neck2 *e/ wide1 deep1 & project+2 %\ld]s f9e1 oblique1 well =m$ into ! *9e2 =e legs %ort1 ) upp] arm l>ge & p[]ful2 b>rel r\nd1 deep1 well ribb$ home2 hips wide & level2 back /raight f ! )]s to ! sett+ on ( ! tail1 b %ort f hip to *9e2 sk9 s(t & velvety to ! t\*2 mod]ately ?ick hair1 pl5tiful1 s(t1 & mossy4 ,! c[ has ! same po9ts 9 ! ma91 b h] head is f9]1 long]1 & m tap]+1 neck ?9n] & light]1 & %\ld]s m n>r[ across ! *9e4 ,! a/oni%+ precocity ( ! %ort-horns1 _! rem>kable aptitude to fatt51 ! p]fection ( _! =ms1 & ! f95ess ( _! bony /ructure1 give !m an advantage ov] mo/ o!r races :5 ! object ( bre$+ is = ! %ambles4 ,no animal ( any o!r bre$ c s rapidly trans=m ! /ock ( any section ar\nd him z ! improv$ %ort-horn bull4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! high-br$ %ort-horns are unexceptionable ev5 = beef4 ,! v exagg]ation1 s to speak1 ( ! qualities :i* make !m s valuable = ! improvem5t ( o!r & less p]fect races1 may become a fault :5 want$ = ! table4 ,! v rapidity ) :i* !y increase 9 size is ?\ght by "s to prev5t _! meat f rip5+ up suffici5tly be=e be+ hurri$ (f to ! but*]4 ,! disproportion ( ! fatty to ! muscul> fle%1 f\nd 9 ?is to a great] ext5t ?an 9 races com+ sl[] to maturity1 makes ! meat ( ! ?or\gh-br$ %ort-horn1 9 ! e/imation ( "s1 bo? less agreeable to ! ta/e & less pr(itable to ! consum]1 s9ce ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 true s\rces ( nutrim5t1 are f\nd 9 less quantity ?an 9 ! meat ( animals n s highly br$4 ,b ! improv$ %ort-horn is ju/ly unrivall$ = symmetry ( =m & beauty4 ,i h nev] se5 a picture or an engrav+ ( an animal :i* gave an adequate idea ( ! beauty ( _m specim5s ( ?is race1 especially ( ! be/ br$ 9 ,k5tucky & ,ohio1 :]e _m excell5t bre$]s1 favor$ by a climate & pa/ures em95tly adapt$ to br+ ! %ort-horn to p]fection1 h n only import$ ext5sively f ! be/ h]ds 9 ,engl&1 b h !mselves atta9$ a degree ( k & skill equall$ only by t ( ! mo/ celebrat$ bre$]s 9 ! native c\ntry ( ?is improv$ race4 ,9 sections :]e ! climate is moi/ & ! food abundant & ri*1 "s families ( ! %ort-horns may be valuable = ! dairy2 b !y are mo/ frequ5tly br$ exclusively = beef 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 sections :]e !y h atta9$ ! highe/ p]fection ( =m & beauty s little is ?\ght ( _! milk+ qualities t !y are (t5 n milk$ at all1 ! calf be+ all[$ to run ) ! dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,import$ ,dut* ,c[4 ,,! ,,dut* is a %ort-horn$ race ( cattle1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 contribut$ l>gely1 ab\t a c5tury ago1 to build up ! ,durham or ,teeswat] /ock4 ,x has be5 br$ ) special ref]5ce to dairy qualities1 & is em95tly adapt$ to supply ! wants ( ! dairy f>m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,import$ ,dut* ,bull4 ,! c[1 ,fig4 #g1 0 br$ 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 & import$ by ,w9?rop ,w4 ,*5]y1 ,esq41 ( ,wat]t[n1 9 #aheg4 ,! bull1 ,fig4 #h1 0 also import$ by ,mr4 ,*5]y at ! same "t1 f ne> ! ,beem/]1 9 ! nor!rly "p ( ,purm]5d4 ,bo? animals are tru?fully del9eat$1 & give a correct idea ( ! po9ts ( ! ,nor? ,dut* cattle4 ,= a m detail$ description ( ?is celebrat$ dairy race1 see pages #ea & #cja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,h]e=d ,c[4 ,,h]e=ds4--,! ,h]e=d cattle d]ive _! "n f a c\nty 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,engl&4 ,_! g5]al *>act]i/ics are a :ite face1 sometimes mottl$2 :ite ?roat1 ! :ite g5]ally ext5d+ back on ! neck1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 /ill fur!r along on ! back4 ,! color ( ! re/ ( ! body is r$1 g5]ally d>k1 b sometimes light4 ,eighty ye>s ago ! be/ ,h]e=d cattle 7 mottl$ or roan all ov]2 & "s ( ! be/ h]ds1 d[n to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 7 ei!r all mottl$1 or _h ! mottl$ or speckl$ face4 ,! expression ( ! face is mild & lively2 ! =ehead op51 broad1 & l>ge2 ! eyes bright & full ( vivacity2 ! horns glossy1 sl5d]1 & spread+2 ! head small1 ?\gh l>g] & n q s clean z t ( ! ,devons2 ! l[] jaw f9e2 neck long & sl5d]2 *e/ deep2 brea/-bone l>ge1 prom95t1 & v muscul>2 ! %\ld]-blade light2 %\ld] full & s(t2 brisket & lo9s l>ge2 hips well develop$1 & on a level ) ! *9e2 h9d qu>t]s long & well fill$ 92 buttocks on a level ) ! back1 nei!r fall+ (f nor rais$ above ! h9d qu>t]s2 tail sl5d]1 well set on2 hair f9e & s(t2 body r\nd & full2 c>cass deep & well =m$1 or cyl9drical2 bone small2 ?igh %ort & well made2 legs %ort & /raight1 & sl5d] bel[ ! knee2 z h&l]s v excell5t1 especially mell[ to ! t\* on ! back1 ! %\ld]1 & along ! sides1 ! sk9 be+ s(t1 flexible1 ( m$ium ?ickness1 roll+ on ! neck & ! hips2 hair bright2 face almo/ b>e1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( pure-br$ ,h]e=ds4 ,!y belong to ! middle-horn$ division ( ! cattle ( ,great ,brita91 to :i* !y are indig5\s4 ,!y h be5 improv$ )9 ! la/ c5tury by c>eful selections1 ! fir/ /ep to ?is end hav+ be5 tak5 by ,b5jam9 ,tomk9s1 ( ,h]e=d%ire1 :o began ab\t #agff1 ) two c[s possess+ a rem>kable t5d5cy to take on fat4 ,"o ( ^! 0 gray1 & ! o!r d>k r$1 ) a mottl$ or spott$ face4 ,tak+ ^! z a f\ndation1 ,mr4 ,tomk9s w5t on to build up a l>ge h]d1 f :i* he sold to o!r bre$]s1 f "t to "t1 till at 8 decease1 9 #ahai1 ! :ole h]d 0 dispos$ ( at auction--fifty-two animals1 includ+ tw5ty-two /e]s & two heif]s1 v>y+ 9 age f calves to two-ye>-olds1 br++ an aggregate ( f\r ?\s& six hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree p\nds1 f\rte5 %ill+s1 or f\r hundr$ & =ty-five doll>s1 ?irty-sev5 & a half c5ts1 a head4 ,a bull 0 sold to ,"l ,talbot = five hundr$ & eighty-eight p\nds1 :ile sev]al c[s br\ght f a ?\s& to twelve hundr$ doll>s a head4 ,h]e=d ox5 are excell5t animals1 less active b /rong] ?an ! ,devons1 & v free & docile4 ,! dem& = ,h]e=ds = beef prev5ts _! be+ mu* us$ = "w 9 _! native c\nty1 & ! f>m]s !re g5]ally use horses in/ead ( ox54 ,a rec5t writ] 9 ! ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on ?is head3 8,x is all[$ on all h&s1 ,i believe1 t ! prop]ties 9 :i* ,h]e=ds /& prem95t among ! middle-siz$ bre$s are 9 ! production ( ox5 & _! sup]iority ( fle%4 ,on ^! po9ts !re is little *ance ( _! be+ excell$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! be/ ox5 are n produc$ f ! l>ge/ c[s2 nor is a sup]ior quality ( fle%1 su* z is consid]$ v s(t to ! t\*1 ) ?9 sk94 ,x is ! union ( ^! two qualities :i* (t5 *>act]izes ! %ort-horns2 b ! ,h]e=d bre$]s %\ld endeavor to ma9ta9 a high] /&>d ( excell5ce1--t = :i* ! be/ ( ! bre$ h always be5 e/eem$1--a mod]ately ?ick1 mell[ hide1 ) a well-apportion$ comb9ation ( s(tness ) ela/icity4 ,a suffici5cy ( hair is also desirable1 & if accompani$ ) a disposition to curl mod]ately x is m 9 e/eem3 b t :i* has a h>% & wiry feel is objectionable40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,h]e=d ,bull4 ,9 po9t ( symmetry & beauty ( =m1 ! well-br$ ,h]e=ds may be class$ ) ! improv$ %ort-horns1 ?\gh !y arrive some:at sl[] at maturity1 & nev] atta9 su* weight4 ,l ! improv$ %ort-horns1 !y are *iefly br$ = beef1 & _! beef is ( ! be/ quality 9 ! ,engli% m>kets1 comm&+ ! highe/ price ( any1 except1 p]haps1 ! ,we/ ,highl&]s4 ,9 an exp]im5t c>efully tri$ 9 #ahbh1 = ! purpose ( arriv+ at ! comp>ative economy ( ! %ort-horns & ,h]e=ds1 ! latt] ga9$ less by ne>ly "o f\r? ?an ! =m]1 :i* _h consum$ m food4 ,! six animals1 ?ree ( ea* bre$1 7 sold aft] be+ f$1 9 ,smi?field m>ket1 ! ,h]e=ds br++ less by only ab\t five doll>s ?an ! %ort-horns1 :ile ! co/ ( food consum$ by ! latt] 0 great]1 & ! orig9al pur*ase great] ?an t ( ! =m]4 ,! %ort-horn produces m beef at ! same age ?an ! ,h]e=d1 b consumes m food 9 proportion4 8,9 all ! fairs ( ,engl&10 says ,hilly>d1 8except ^? ( ,h]e=d%ire & ! adjo9+ c\nties1 %ort-horn heif]s are m s\ght aft] & sell at high] prices ?an ! ,h]e=d2 b x is n s ) fat cattle1 =1 ) ! exception ( ,l9coln%ire & "s ( ! nor!rn c\nties1 !y mu* pref] ! ,h]e=ds4 ,!n at ,smi?field1 :]e ! quality ( ! beef passes its f9al judgm5t1 ! p\nd ( ,h]e=d beef pays bett] ?an ! p\nd ( %ort-horn beef4 ,%ort-horn beeves produce at ! same age a great] weight1 x is true1 b !y also consume m food4 ,i c easily conceive :y1 9 ! magnific5t pa/ures ( ,l9coln%ire1 & "s ( ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 !y may pref] ! %ort-horns2 & t is1 t !y may keep a less numb] on a giv5 quantity ( l&1 & only ! %ort-horn c\ld1 "u ^! conditions1 produce a great] weight ( beef p] acre4 ,x is v difficult to decide :i* ( ! two races 9 ,engl& 7! two be/ 9 ! _w7 is ! mo/ pr(itable = /ock-rais]s & = ! community40 ,!re are1 ev5 9 ,l9coln%ire1 _m good fe$]s :o pref] ! ,h]e=ds to ! %ort-horns4 ,"o ( ^!1 :5 visit$ ! pa/ season1 _h ?irty head ( cattle fe$+ = ! but*]1 & only "o %ort-horn4 ,:5 ask$ ! reason ( ?is1 he repli$1 8,i am a f>m] myself1 & h to pay high r5t1 & ,i mu/ fe$ ! cattle t pay me be/4 ,p]haps y ?9k x w\ld be m 9 fa%ion to cov] my fields ) %ort-horns2 b ,i mu/ look to ! net pr(it1 & ,i get mu* bett] ) ! ,h]e=ds4 ,! %ort-horns are too full ( fat & make too little tall[1 & !y consequ5tly sell too l[ 9 ! ,smi?field m>ket4 ,our ,h]e=ds are bett]1 & !y sell bett]40 ,! ,h]e=ds are f> less g5]ally spread ov] ,engl& ?an ! improv$ %ort-horns4 ,!y h seldom be5 br$ = milk1 z "s families ( ! %ort-horns h2 & x is n v unusual to f9d pure-br$ c[s incapable ( supply+ milk suffici5t to n\ri% _! calves4 ,?is sy/em 0 pursu$ especially by ,mr4 ,price1 a skilful ,h]e=d bre$]1 :o sacrifi$ ev]y?+ to =m1 disreg>d+ milk+ prop]ties1 bre$+ (t5 f ne> relations1 & ?us fix+ ! fault incid5t to 8 sy/em m or less p]man5tly 9 ! desc5dants ( 8 /ock4 ,! ,h]e=ds h be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 to "s ext5t1 & sev]al f9e h]ds exi/ 9 diff]5t sections2 ! e>lie/ importations be+ ^? ( ,h5ry ,clay1 ( ,k5tucky1 9 #ahag4 ,! figures ( ! two animals ( ?is bre$ pres5t$ 9 ?is connection repres5t a bull & c[ br$ at ! ,/ate ,f>m1 9 ,massa*usetts1 & are good specim5s ( ! bre$4 ,! want ( c>e & att5tion to ! udd]1 soon aft] calv+1 especially if ! c[ be on luxuriant grass1 (t5 injures h] milk+ prop]ties exce$+ly4 ,! practice 9 ! c\nty ( ,h]e=d has g5]ally be5 to let ! calves suckle f f\r to six mon?s1 & bull-calves (t5 run eight mon?s ) ! c[4 ,b _! dairy qualities are p]haps z good z ^? ( any cattle ^: fatt5+ prop]ties h be5 s c>efully develop$2 &1 ?\gh x is probable t !y c\ld be br$ = milk by prop] c>e & att5tion1 yet1 z ?is *ange w\ld be at ! sacrifice ( o!r qualities equally valuable1 x w\ld evid5tly be wis] to resort to o!r /ock = ! dairy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aa4 ,devon ,c[4 ,own$ by ,william ,buckm9/] ,esq41 ,fram+ham ,mass4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,devons4--,! la/ ( ! pure-br$ races :i* x w be necess>y to describe z prom95t among our ,am]ican cattle is ! ,devon1 a middle-horn$ bre$1 n[ v g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is beautiful race ( cattle dates fur!r back ?an any well-e/abli%$ bre$ among u4 ,x goes g5]ally "u ! simple "n ( ,devon2 b ! cattle ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\nty1 f :i* ! race d]ives its "n1 diff] some:at f ^? ( ! nor!rn1 hav+ a l>g] & co>s] frame1 & f> less t5d5cy to fatt51 ?\gh _! dairy qualities are sup]ior4 ,! ,nor? ,devons are rem>kable = h>dihood1 symmetry1 & beauty1 & are g5]ally br$ = "w & = beef r ?an = ! dairy4 ,! head is f9e & well set on2 ! horns ( m$ium l5g?1 g5]ally curv$2 color usually bright blood-r$1 b sometimes incl9+ to yell[2 sk9 ?9 & orange-yell[2 hair ( m$ium l5g?1 s(t & silky1 mak+ ! animals rem>kable z h&l]s2 muzzle ( ! nose :ite2 eyes full & mild2 e>s yell[i%1 or orange color inside1 ( mod]ate size2 neck r long1 ) little dewlap2 %\ld]s oblique2 legs small & /raight1 & feet 9 proportion2 *e/ ( good wid?2 ribs r\nd & exp&$2 lo9s ( fir/-rate quality1 long1 wide1 & fle%y2 hips r\nd1 ( m$ium wid?2 rump level2 tail full ne> ! sett+ on1 tap]+ to ! tip2 ?ighs ( ! bull & ox muscul> & full1 & high 9 ! flank1 ?\gh 9 ! c[ sometimes ?\ght to be too light2 ! size m$ium1 g5]ally call$ small4 ,! proportion ( meat on ! valuable p>ts is great]1 & ! (fal less1 ?an on mo/ o!r bre$s1 :ile x is well settl$ t !y consume less food 9 its production4 ,! ,devons are popul> ) ! ,smi?field but*]s1 & _! beef is well m>bl$ or gra9$4 ,z work+ ox51 ! ,devons p]haps excel all o!r races 9 quickness1 docility1 & beauty1 & ! ease ) :i* !y are mat*$4 ,) a reasonable load1 !y are said to be equal to horses z walk]s on ! road1 & :5 !y are no long] want$ = "w !y fatt5 easily & turn well4 ,z milk]s1 !y d n excel1 p]haps !y may be said n to equal1 ! o!r bre$s1 & !y h a reputation ( be+ decid$ly bel[ ! av]age4 ,9 _! native c\ntry ! g5]al av]age ( a dairy is "o p\nd ( butt] p] day dur+ ! summ]4 ,!y are br$ = beef & = "w1 & n = ! dairy2 & _! yield ( milk is small1 ?\gh ( a ri* quality4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 _h occasion to exam9e sev]al animals f ! celebrat$ ,patt]son h]d1 :i* w\ld h be5 rem>kable z milk]s ev5 among good milk+ /ock4 ,!y _h n1 to be sure1 ! beautiful symmetry ( =m & f95ess ( bone :i* *>act]ize mo/ ( ! mod]n & highly improv$ pure-br$ ,nor? ,devons1 & _h evid5tly be5 br$ = _m ye>s ) special ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! milk+ qualities1 great c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to use bulls & c[s z bre$]s f ! be/ milk+ /ock1 r ?an ( ! f9e/ =ms4 ,! use ( bulls di/+ui%$ only = symmetry ( =m1 & ( a race defici5t 9 milk-secret+ qualities1 w be sure to det]iorate1 in/ead ( improv+1 ! /ock = ! dairy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,devon ,bull4 ,on ! :ole1 :atev] may be our judgm5t ( ?is bre$1 ! faults ( ! ,nor? ,devon c[ c h>dly be ov]look$ f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,! rotundity ( =m & compactness ( frame1 ?\gh !y contribute to h] rem>kable beauty1 con/itute an objection to h] z a dairy c[1 s9ce x is g5]ally ?\ght t ! peculi>ity ( =m :i* disposes an animal to take on fat is some:at incompatible ) good milk+ qualities1 & h5ce ,y\att says3 8,= ! dairy ! ,nor? ,devons mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be inf]ior to sev]al o!r bre$s4 ,! milk is good1 & yields m ?an ! av]age proportion ( cream & butt]2 b x is defici5t 9 quantity40 ,he also ma9ta9s t its prop]ty z a milk] c\ld n be improv$ )\t probable or c]ta9 detrim5t to its graz+ qualities4 ,b ! faire/ te/ ( its fitness = ! dairy is to be f\nd 9 ! e/imation 9 :i* di/+ui%$ ,devon bre$]s !mselves h held x 9 ?is respect4 ,a scale ( po9ts ( excell5ce 9 ?is bre$ 0 e/abli%$1 "s "t ago1 by ! be/ judges 9 ,engl&2 & x has s9ce be5 adopt$1 ) b slight *anges1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! judges1 naturally prejudic$ 9 favor ( ! bre$1 if prejudic$ at all1 made ?is scale to embrace "o hundr$ po9ts1 no animal to be reg>d$ z p]fect unless x excell$ 9 all ( !m4 ,ea* "p ( ! body 0 assign$ its real value 9 ! scale3 a faultless head1 = in/ance1 0 e/imat$ at f\r2 a deep1 r\nd *e/1 at fifte51 c4 ,if ! animal 0 defective 9 any "p1 ! numb] ( po9ts :i* repres5t$ ! value ( t "p 9 ! scale 0 to be d$uct$ pro rata f ! hundr$1 9 det]m9+ its m]its4 ,b 9 ?is scale ! c[ is s lightly e/eem$ = ! dairy1 t ! udd]1 ! size & %ape ( :i* is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! capacity ( ! mil* c[1 is set d[n z wor? only "o po9t1 :ile1 9 ! same scale1 ! horns & e>s are valu$ at two po9ts ea*1 & ! color ( ! nose1 & ! expression ( ! eye1 are valu$ at f\r po9ts ea*4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t ea* ( ^! po9ts 7 valu$ at "o doll>1 & a p]fect ,nor? ,devon c[ 0 valu$ at "o hundr$ doll>s2 !n ano!r c[ ( ! same blood1 & equal to ! fir/ 9 e respect except 9 h] udd]1 :i* is su* z to make x c]ta9 t %e c nev] be capable ( giv+ milk en\gh to n\ri% h] calf1 mu/ be wor?1 accord+ to ! e/imation ( ! be/ ,devon bre$]s1 n9ety-n9e doll>s6 ,x is safe1 !re=e1 to say t an animal ^: udd] & lacteal gl&s are reg>d$1 by ^? :o be/ "k h] capacities & h] m]its1 z ( only "o qu>t] "p z mu* consequ5ce z ! color ( h] nose1 or half z mu* z ! %ape & size ( h] horns1 _c be recomm5d$ = ! dairy4 ,! improv$ ,nor? ,devon c[ may be class$1 9 ?is respect1 ) ! ,h]e=d1 nei!r ( :i* has well-develop$ milk-vessels--a po9t ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to ! practical dairyman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! li/ ( pure-br$ races 9 ,am]ica may be said to end "h2 =1 ?\gh o!r & well-e/abli%$ bre$s1 l ! long-horns1 ! ,gall[ays1 ! ,spani%1 c41 h1 at times1 be5 import$1 & h _h "s influ5ce on our ,am]ican /ock1 !y h n be5 kept di/9ct to su* an ext5t z to h become ! prevail+ /ock ( any p>ticul> section1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 & h5ce a notice ( !m prop]ly comes 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,am]ican ,,grade ,,( ,,native ,,cattle4--,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+4 ,we h dwelt ?us f> ma9ly ^u ! prom95t bre$s ( cattle kn[n among u1 & especially ^? adapt$ to ! dairy4 ,b a l>ge proportion--by f> ! l>ge/ proportion1 inde$--_c be includ$ "u any ( ! races allud$ to4 ,! t]m bre$1 prop]ly und]/ood1 applies only to animals ( ! same species1 possess+1 besides ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( t species1 o!r *>act]i/ics peculi> to !mselves1 :i* !y owe to ! influ5ce ( soil1 climate1 n\ri%m5t1 & habits ( life to :i* !y are subject$1 & :i* !y transmit ) c]ta9ty to _! prog5y4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 bre$s or families are s well m>k$1 t if an individual suppos$ to belong to any "o ( !m 7 to produce an (fspr+ n possess+ !m1 or possess+ !m only 9 "p1 ) o!rs n belong+ to ! bre$1 x w\ld be j gr\nd = suspect+ a want ( purity ( blood4 ,if ?is def9ition ( ! t]m bre$ be correct1 no grade animals1 & no animals n possess+ fix$ peculi>ities or *>act]i/ics :i* !y %>e ) all o!r animals ( ! class ( :i* !y are a type1 & :i* !y are capable ( transmitt+ ) c]ta9ty to _! desc5dants1 c be recogniz$ by bre$]s z belong+ to any "o di/9ct race1 bre$1 or family4 ,! t]m 8native10 or 8scrub10 is appli$ to a va/ majority ( our ,am]ican cattle1 :i*1 ?\gh born on ! soil1 & ?us 9 "o s5se natives1 d n con/itute a bre$1 race1 or family1 z prop]ly und]/ood by bre$]s4 ,!y d n possess *>act]i/ics peculi> to !m all1 :i* !y transmit ) any c]ta9ty to _! (fspr+1 ei!r ( =m1 size1 color1 milk+ or work+ prop]ties4 ,b1 ?\gh an animal may be made up ( a mixture ( blood almo/ to inf9ity1 x does n foll[ t = specific purposes1 x may n1 z an individual animal1 be "o ( ! be/ ( ! species4 ,& = p>ticul> purposes individual animals might be select$ f among ^? commonly call$ natives 9 ,new ,engl&1 & scrubs at ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 equal1 & p]haps sup]ior1 to any among ! races produc$ by ! mo/ skilful bre$+4 ,!re c be no impropriety 9 ! use ( ! t]m 8native10 !re=e1 :5 x is und]/ood z descriptive ( no kn[n bre$1 b only z appli$ to ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry1 :i* does n con/itute a bre$4 ,b p]haps ! :ole class ( animals commonly call$ 8natives0 w\ld be bett] describ$ z grades1 s9ce !y are well kn[n to h sprung f a great v>iety ( cattle procur$ 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t times on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,spani% ,we/ ,indies1 br\ght toge!r )\t any reg>d to fix$ pr9ciples ( bre$+1 b only f individual conv5i5ce1 & by accid5t4 ,! fir/ importations to ?is c\ntry 7 d\btless ^? tak5 to ,virg9ia previ\s to #afji1 ?\gh ! exact date ( _! arrival is n kn[n4 ,sev]al c[s 7 c>ri$ !re f ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #afaj1 & ! next ye> no less ?an "o hundr$ arriv$ !re f abroad4 ,! e>lie/ cattle import$ into ! ,plym\? colony1 & und\bt$ly ! e>lie/ introduc$ into ,new ,engl&1 arriv$ 9 #afbd4 ,at ! division ( cattle :i* took place 9 #afbg1 ?ree ye>s aft]1 "o or two are di/9ctly describ$ z black1 or black & :ite1 o!rs z br9dle1 %[+ t !re 0 no uni=mity ( color4 ,soon aft] ?is1 a l>ge numb] ( cattle 7 br\ght ov] f ,engl& = ! settl]s at ,salem4 ,^! importations =m$ ! orig9al /ock ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 #afbe ! fir/ importation 0 made into ,new ,york f ,holl&1 by ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company1 & ! f\ndation 0 !n laid = an exce$+ly valuable race ( animals1 :i* subsequ5t importations f ! same c\ntry1 z well z f ,engl&1 h greatly improv$4 ,dairy f>m+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,holl&1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 became a highly important bran* ( indu/ry at a v e>ly date1 & a l>ge & valuable race ( dairy cattle exi/$ !re long be=e ! ef=ts ( mod]n bre$]s began 9 ,engl&4 ,! att5tion ( f>m]s !re is at ! pres5t "t devot$ especially to ! dairy1 & ! manufacture ( butt] & *eese4 ,!y support !mselves1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ^u ?is bran* ( f>m+2 & h5ce x is held 9 ! highe/ respect1 & c>ri$ to a great] degree ( exactness & p]fection1 p]haps1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,!y are especially p>ticul> 9 ! bre$+1 keep+1 & c>e ( mil* c[s1 z on !m v mu* ( _! success dep5ds4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* !y practise1 9 select+ a c[ to bre$ f1 are z foll[s3 ,%e %\ld h1 !y say1 consid]able size--n less ?an f\r & a half or five feet gir?1 ) a l5g? ( body correspond+2 legs proportionally %ort2 a f9ely-=m$ head1 ) a =ehead or face some:at concave2 cle>1 l>ge1 mild1 & sp>kl+ eyes1 yet ) no expression ( wildness2 tol]ably l>ge & /\t e>s1 /&+ out f ! head2 f9e1 well-curv$ horns2 a r %ort ?an long1 ?ick1 broad neck1 well set aga9/ ! *e/ & )]s2 ! front "p ( ! brea/ & ! %\ld]s mu/ be broad & fle%y2 ! l[-hang+ dewlap mu/ be s(t to ! t\*2 ! back & lo9s mu/ be prop]ly project$1 some:at broad1 ! bones n too %>p1 b well cov]$ ) fle%2 ! animal %\ld h long1 curv$ ribs1 :i* =m a broad brea/-bone2 ! body mu/ be r\nd & deep1 b n sunk5 into a hang+ belly2 ! rump mu/ n be unev51 ! hip-bones %\ld n /& out too broad & spread+1 b all ! p>ts %\ld be level & well fill$ up2 a f9e tail1 set mod]ately high up & tol]ably long1 b sl5d]1 ) a ?ick1 bu%y tuft ( hair at ! end1 hang+ d[n bel[ ! hocks2 ! legs mu/ be %ort & l[1 b /rong 9 ! bony /ructure2 ! knees broad1 ) flexible jo9ts2 ! muscles & s9ews mu/ be firm & s\nd1 ! ho(s broad & flat1 & ! position ( ! legs natural1 n too close & cr[d$2 ! hide1 cov]$ ) f9e glossy hair1 mu/ be s(t & mell[ to ! t\*1 & set loose ^u ! body4 ,a l>ge1 r long1 :ite & loose udd]1 ext5d+ well back1 ) f\r long teats1 s]ves also z a *>act]i/ic m>k ( a good mil* c[4 ,l>ge & prom95t milk-ve9s mu/ ext5d f ! navel back to ! udd]2 ! belly ( a good mil* c[ %\ld n be too deep & hang+4 ,! color ( ! ,nor? ,dut* cattle is mo/ly v>iegat$4 ,c[s ) only "o color are no favorites4 ,r$ or black v>iegat$1 gray & blue v>iegat$1 roan1 spott$ & :ite v>iegat$ c[s1 are especially lik$4 ,! annex$ cut gives a correct idea ( ! c[ mo/ e/eem$ 9 ,holl&2 ! type ( ! race s not$ = ! production ( milk1 & ( ! excell5t r\nd ,dut* *eeses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,dut* ,dairy ,c[4 ,9 #afbg1 cattle 7 br\ght f ,sw$5 to ! settlem5ts on ! ,delaw>e by ! ,sw$i% ,we/ ,india ,company4 ,9 #afca1 #afcb1 & #afcc1 sev]al importations 7 made into ,new ,hamp%ire by ,capt4 ,john ,mason1 :o1 ) ,gorges1 procur$ ! pat5t ( l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ,piscataqua ,riv]1 & imm$iately =m$ settlem5ts !re4 ,! object ( ,mason 0 to c>ry on ! manufacture ( pota%4 ,= ?is purpose he employ$ ! ,danes2 & x 0 9 8 voyages to & f ,d5m>k t he procur$ _m ,dani% cattle & horses1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly diffus$ ov] t :ole region1 & l>ge numb]s ( :i* 7 driv5 to ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on & sold4 ,^! facts are au!nticat$ by orig9al docum5ts & depositions n[ on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! ,dani% cattle are !re describ$ z l>ge & co>se1 ( a yell[ color2 & x is suppos$ t !y 7 procur$ by ,mason z be+ be/ capable ( endur+ ! sev]ity ( ! climate & ! h>d%ips to :i* !y 7 to be subject$4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 !y v soon spread among ! coloni/s ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay1 & h und\bt$ly left _! m>ks on ! /ock ( ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates1 :i* exi/ to "s ext5t ev5 to ! pres5t day1 mix$ 9 ) an inf9ite multitude ( crosses ) ! ,devons1 ! ,dut* cattle already allud$ to1 ! black cattle ( ,spa9 & ,wales1 & ! long-horn & ! %ort-horn1 mo/ ( :i* crosses 7 accid5tal1 or due to local circum/ances or individual conv5i5ce4 ,_m ( ^! cattle1 ! desc5dants ( su* crosses1 are ( a v high ord] ( m]it1 b to :at p>ticul> cross x is due x is impossible to say4 ,!y make g5]ally h>dy1 /rong1 & docile ox51 easily brok5 to ! yoke & quick to "w1 ) a fair t5d5cy to fatt5 :5 well f$2 :ile ! c[s1 ?\gh (t5 ill-%ap$1 are sometimes rem>kably good milk]s1 especially z reg>ds ! quantity !y give4 ,i h v (t5 he>d ! be/ judges ( /ock say t if !y desir$ to select a dairy ( c[s = milk = sale1 !y w\ld g ar\nd & select c[s commonly call$ native1 r ?an resort to pure-br$ animals ( any ( ! e/abli%$ bre$s1 & t !y believ$ !y %\ld f9d su* a dairy ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,9 color1 ! natives1 made up z already indicat$1 are exce$+ly v>i\s4 ,! old ,d5m>ks1 :i* to a consid]able ext5t laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ock ( ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire1 7 light yell[4 ,! ,dut* ( ,new ,york & ! ,middle ,/ates 7 black & :ite2 ! ,spani% & ,wel% 7 g5]ally black2 ! ,devons1 :i* are suppos$ to h laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ock ( "s ( ! /ates1 7 r$4 ,crosses ( ! ,d5m>k ) ! ,spani% & ,wel% naturally made a d>k br9dle4 ,crosses ( ! ,d5m>k & ,devon (t5 made a light] or yell[i% br9dle1 :ile ! m rec5t importations ( ,j]seys & %ort-horns h g5]ally produc$ a beautiful spott$ prog5y4 ,! deep r$ has long be5 a favorite color 9 ,new ,engl&2 b ! prejudice 9 its favor is fa/ giv+ way to m v>iegat$ colors4 ,b1 ?\gh we h already an exce$+ly valuable f\ndation = improvem5t1 no "o w pret5d to d5y t our cattle1 z a :ole1 are susceptible ( x 9 _m respects4 ,!y possess nei!r ! size1 ! symmetry1 nor ! e>ly maturity1 ( ! %ort-horns2 !y d n1 z a g5]al ?+1 possess ! f95ess ( bone1 ! beauty ( =m & color1 nor ! activity1 ( ! ,devons or ! ,h]e=ds2 !y d n possess t uni=m ri*ness ( milk1 unit$ ) g5]\s quantity1 ( ! ,ayr%ires1 nor ! surpass+ ri*ness ( milk ( ! ,j]seys2 b1 above all1 !y d n possess ! p[] ( transmitt+ ! _m good qualities :i* !y (t5 h to _! (fspr+1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( all well-e/abli%$ bre$s4 ,equally c]ta9 is x1 9 ! op9ion ( _m good judges1 t ! dairy /ock ( ,new ,engl& has n be5 improv$ 9 its intr9sic good qualities dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,c[s ( ! v highe/ ord] z milk]s 7 z frequ5tly met )1 !y say1 9 #ahbe1 z at ! pres5t "t4 ,any increas$ product ( our dairies !y ascribe to improv$ c>e & fe$+1 r ?an to improvem5t 9 ! dairy qualities ( ! /ock4 ,?is may n be true ( "s o!r sections ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! dairy has be5 a m special object ( pursuit1 & :]e ! cu/om ( rais+ ! be/ male calves ( ! neighborhood1 or ^? t came f ! be/ dairy c[s1 & !n ( us+ only ! be/-=m$ bulls1 has long prevail$4 ,9 ?is way "s progress has1 d\btless1 be5 made4 ,!re is an old adage among ! dairy f>m]s ( ,ayr%ire1 t 8,! c[ gives h] milk by ! m\'10 :i* 0 slightly v>i$ f an old ,g]man prov]b1 t 8,! c[ milks only ?r\gh ! ?roat40 ,x is =tunate1 inde$1 t wis] & m humane ideas prevail ) reg>d to ! c>e ( /ock ( all k9ds2 = x is well kn[n t ! treatm5t ! /ock ( ! c\ntry receiv$ = ! fir/ two c5turies aft] its settlem5t 0 (t5 b>b>\s & cruel 9 ! extreme1 & t ?\s&s p]i%$1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! colonies1 f exposure & />vation4 ,ev5 )9 my own di/9ct recollection1 x 0 ?\ght1 = miles ar\nd my native place1 t c[s & "y /ock %\ld rema9 out ( doors expos$ to ! cold w9t] days1 to 8t\gh520 & t1 too1 by m5 :o /yl$ !mselves 8practical0 f>m]s4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,colman truly ass]t$1 9 #ahda1 t ! g5]al treatm5t ( c[s 9 ,new ,engl& w\ld n be an inapt subject ( pres5tm5t by a gr& jury4 ,!re 71 at t "t1 x is true1 _m honorable exceptions2 b ! ass]tion 0 /rictly correct s f> z x appli$ to ! section ( :i* ,i !n _h a p]sonal k4 ,judg+ f ! anxiety manife/$ by ^? :o ent] sup]ior mil* c[s = ! premiums (f]$ by agricultural societies to %[ t !y h _h no?+1 or next to no?+1 to eat1 x is evid5t t ! false ideas ) reg>d to ! fe$+ & treatm5t ( ?is animal h n yet :olly disappe>$4 ,b1 if little improvem5t has be5 made 9 our dairy /ock except t produc$ by m lib]al fe$+1 x simply %[s t our ef=ts h n be5 made 9 ! "r direction4 ,! rais+ ( cattle has n[ become a s\rce ( pr(it 9 _m sections to a great] ext5t1 at lea/1 ?an =m]ly1 & x becomes a matt] ( great practical importance to our f>m]s to take ! prop] /eps to improve !m4 ,inde$1 ! que/ions1 :at is ! be/ bre$1 & :at are ! be/ crosses1 & h[ %all ,i improve my /ock1 are n[ almo/ daily ask$2 & _! practical solution w\ld add _m ?\s& doll>s to ! aggregate weal? ( ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry1 if !y w\ld all /udy _! own int]e/s4 ,! "t is gradually pass+ away :5 ! intellig5t practical f>m] w be will+ to put 8 c[s to any m]e 8runt0 ( a bull1 simply because 8 s]vice may be _h = tw5ty-five c5ts2 =1 ev5 if ! prog5y is to g to ! but*]1 ! calf sir$ by a pure-br$ bull1 p>ticul>ly ( a race di/+ui%$ = f95ess ( bone1 symmetry ( =m1 & e>ly maturity1 w br+ a mu* high] price at ! same age ?an ! calf sir$ by a scrub4 ,blood has a money value1 :i* w1 soon] or lat]1 be g5]ally appreciat$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important object ( ! f>m] is to get ! greate/ money-return = 8 labor & 8 produce2 & x is = 8 int]e/ to obta9 an animal--a calf1 = in/ance--t w yield ! l>ge/ pr(it on ! outlay4 ,if a calf1 = :i* ! orig9al outlay 0 five doll>s1 w br+ at ! same age1 & on ! same keep1 m real net pr(it ?an ano!r1 ! orig9al outlay = :i* 0 b tw5ty-five c5ts1 x is c]ta9ly = ! f>m]'s int]e/ to pay ! l>g] orig9al outlay1 & h ! sup]ior animal4 ,sett+ all fancy aside1 x is m]ely a "q ( doll>s & c5ts2 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is1 t ! f>m] _c af=d to keep poor /ock4 ,x eats z mu*1 & requires ne>ly ! same am\nt ( c>e & att5tion1 z /ock ( ! be/ quality2 :ile x is equally c]ta9 t /ock ( ev] s good a quality1 :e!r grade1 8native10 or ?or\gh-br$1 w be sure to det]iorate & s9k to ! level ( poor /ock1 by neglect & want ( prop] att5tion4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to improve our /ock8 ,n1 surely1 by t indiscrim9ate cross+1 ) a total disreg>d to all well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 :i* has ?us f> m>k$ our ef=ts g5]ally ) =eign /ock1 & :i* is "o prom95t reason :y s little improvem5t has be5 made 9 our dairies2 nor by leav+ all ! results to *ance1 :51 by a c>eful & judici\s selection1 !y may be )9 our own control4 ,two modes ( improvem5t seem to sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d ( ! bre$]1 ei!r ( :i*1 app>5tly1 promises good results4 ,! fir/ is1 to select f among our native cattle ! mo/ p]fect animals n kn[n or suspect$ to be relat$ to any ( ! well-e/abli%$ bre$s1 & to use !m z bre$]s4 ,?is is a mode ( improvem5t simple en\gh1 if adopt$ & c>ri$ on ) animals ( any kn[n bre$2 &1 inde$1 x is ! only mode ( improvem5t :i* pres]ves ! purity ( blood2 b1 to d x successfully1 requires great exp]i5ce1 a good & sure eye = /ock1 a m9d free f prejudice1 & indefatigable pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 also1 to pay special att5tion to ! calves ?us produc$2 to furni% !m at all times1 summ] & w9t]1 ) an abundant supply ( nutriti\s food1 & to regulate x accord+ to _! gr[?4 ,few m5 are to be f\nd will+ to und]take ! h]culean task ( build+ up a new bre$ 9 ?is way f grade /ock4 ,an objection meets u at ! v outset1 :i* is t x w\ld require a long s]ies ( ye>s to arrive at any satisfactory results1 f ! fact t no two animals1 made up1 z our 8native0 cattle are1 ( su* a v>iety ( elem5ts & crosses1 c\ld be f\nd suffici5tly alike to produce _! k9d4 ,! pr9ciple t l produces l may be p]fectly true1 & 9 ! well-kn[n bre$s x is n difficult to f9d two animals t w be sure to transmit _! own *>act]i/ics to _! (fspr+2 b1 ) two animals :i* _c be class$ ) any bre$1 ! defects ( an ill-br$ ance/ry w be liable to appe> ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 & ?us ?w>t & disappo9t ! expectations ( ! bre$]4 ,! objection ( "t1 & exp5se1 & disappo9tm5t1 att5d+ ?is me?od1 %\ld h no weight1 if !re 7 no m spe$y me?od ( accompli%+ equally desirable results4 ,! second mode is some:at m feasible2 & t is1 to select animals f races already improv$ & well-nigh p]fect$1 to cross ) our cattle1 us+ none b good specim5s ( pure-br$ males1 & select+1 if our object is to improve /ock = ! dairy1 only su* z belong to a race di/+ui%$ = dairy qualities2 or1 if resort is _h to o!r bre$s less rem>kable = su* qualities1 su* only z are desc5d$ f l>ge & g5]\s milk]s4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$ t ^! qualities d n belong to any "o bre$ exclusively1 ?\gh1 z !y dep5d ma9ly on /ructure & temp]am5t1 :i* are h]$it>y to a consid]able ext5t1 !y are !mselves transmissible4 ,9 almo/ e bre$ we c f9d individual good milk]s :i* greatly surpass ! av]age ( ! c[s ( ! same race or family1 & f su* _m suppose t good crosses may be expect$4 ,h[ (t5 d we see f>m]s rais+ ! calves ( _! be/ milk+-c[s simply because !y are ! be/ c[s1 )\t reg>d to ! qualities ( ! bull1 or to ! prog5itors ( ei!r p>5t2 & h[ (t5 are !y disappo9t$1 at ! end ( ?ree or f\r ye>s ( labor & exp5se6 ,n[1 ?\gh a c[ ( a bad milk+ family1 or ( a bre$ n at all di/+ui%$ = dairy qualities1 may turn out to be an excell5t milk]1 & all else t may be desirable 9 a c[1 yet ^! qualities 9 h] are accid5tal4 ,!y are n suppos$ to be transmissible ) any?+ l ! c]ta9ty :i* exi/s :]e !y are ! fix$ & con/ant *>act]i/ics ( ! family4 ,%e is an exception to ! rule ( h] race4 ,a good calf f h]1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 an impossibility1 w\ld be v mu* ! result ( *ance4 ,! resort to any b a di/+ui%$ bre$ ( milk]s _c1 !re=e1 be recomm5d$1 nor c we expect to improve our dairies by x4 ,a disreg>d ( ?is important matt] has l$ to endless disappo9tm5t1 & has done mu* to raise up unju/ prejudices aga9/ ! use ( all improv$ /ock on our native c[s4 ,z if we c\ld expect nature to g out ( h] regul> c\rse to give u a good animal1 :5 we h violat$ h] laws6 ,! (fspr+ ( ^! crosses w be grades2 b grades are (t5 bett] = ! practical purposes ( ! f>m] ?an pure-br$ animals4 ,! skill ( ! bre$] is especially manife/ 9 ! selection ( animals to bre$ f1 s9ce bo? p>5ts und\bt$ly h a great influ5ce 9 transmitt+ ! milk+ qualities ( ! race4 ,b ?is me?od ( improvem5t requires less exact & critical k ?an ! fir/1 f ! fact t x is easi] to appreciate ! good po9ts ( an animal already p]fect$1 or greatly improv$1 ?an to discov] !m 9 animals :i* x is our desire to improve1 & :i* are inf]ior 9 =m1 possess+ only ! elem5ts ( a bett] /ock4 ,x has also an imm5se advantage1 s9ce results may be f> m rapidly atta9$1 & improvem5ts effect$ :i*1 by ! fir/ me?od1--t ( creat+ or build+ up a race f ! s-call$ natives1 by judici\s selections1--w\ld be look$ = 9 va9 9 ! ord9>y life ( man4 ,all grades are produc$ by ?is second me?od2 b all grades are n equally good1 nor equally well adapt$ to meet ! f>m]'s wants4 ,x is desirable to "k1 !n1 :at1 on ! :ole1 are ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable to ! practical f>m]4 ,we want cattle = di/9ct purposes1 z = milk1 beef1 or labor4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases1--especially 9 ! dairy di/ricts1 compris+ ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 at lea/1--! f>m] c>es m = ! milk+ qualities ( 8 c[s1 especially = ! quantity !y give1 ?an = _! fitness = graz+1 or aptness to fatt54 ,^! latt] po9ts become m important 9 ! ,we/]n & "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e f> great] att5tion is paid to bre$+ & to fe$+1 & :]e comp>atively little att5tion is giv5 to ! productions ( ! dairy4 ,a /ock ( cattle t might suit "o f>m] might be :olly unsuit$ to ano!r2 & 9 ea* p>ticul> case ! bre$] %\ld h "s special object 9 view1 & select 8 animals ) ref]5ce to x4 ,b !re are "s g5]al pr9ciples t apply to bre$+ ev]y:]e1 & :i*1 9 _m cases1 are n well und]/ood4 ,x w\ld n be desirable1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 by cross+1 to bre$ out all ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( _m ( our native cattle4 ,!y h _m valuable qualities adapt$ to our climate & soil1 & to ! geological /ructure ( ! c\ntry2 & ^! %\ld be pres]v$1 :ile we improve ! po9ts 9 :i* _m ( !m are defici5t1 su* z a want ( precocity & aptitude to fatt51 :]e x is an object to atta9 ?is quality1 co>s5ess ( bone1 & lack ( symmetry1 :i* is (t5 app>5t1 especially :5 ! =m ( ! animal does n indicate a ne> relation to "s ( ! e/abli%$ bre$s4 ,x's a well-kn[n fact t1 9 cross+1 ! produce mo/ frequ5tly takes aft] ! male p>5t1 especially1 x is ?\ght1 9 ext]ior =m1 9 its organs ( locomotion1 su* z ! bones1 ! muscles1 c4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is ! case :5 ! male belongs to an old & well-e/abli%$ bre$1 & ! female belongs to no kn[n bre$1 & has no /rongly-m>k$ & fix$ po9ts4 ,put a ,gall[ay bull1 = in/ance1 to a native c[1 & ! calf w1 z a g5]al rule1 be hornless4 ,put a ram )\t horns to ewes ) horns1 & mo/ ( ! lambs w be de/itute ( horns2 t is1 !y take ! *>act]i/ics ( ! fa!r r ?an ! dam2 & ?is rule holds good g5]ally 9 bre$+1 ?\gh1 l all o!r rules1 x has1 ( c\rse1 its exceptions4 ,h5ce1 if ?is position be correct1 ! fir/ pr9ciple :i* ! good s5se ( ! f>m] w\ld dictate w\ld be to select a bull f a bre$ mo/ not$ = ! qualities he wi%es to obta9 9 _! greate/ p]fection1 & especially if ! c[ is defici5t 9 ^? qualities4 ,a bull1 = in/ance1 ( f9e bone1 & o!r good po9ts 9 p]fection1 w make up = ! defici5cy ( "s ( ^! po9ts 9 ! c[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 say ! advocates ( ?is doctr9e1 9 ! physiology ( bre$+ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! (fspr+1 ! organs ( secretion1 ! muc\s membranes1 ! respiratory organs1 c41 are imp>t$ *iefly by ! dam4 ,h5ce x has sometimes be5 f\nd t by tak+ a c[ rem>kable = milk+ prop]ties1 ?\gh defici5t 9 _m o!r po9ts1 z 9 ! co>s5ess ( bone & 9 e>ly maturity1 & putt+ to h] a bull rem>kable = symmetry ( =m & f95ess ( bone1 ! (fspr+ has be5 sup]ior to ! c[ 9 beauty ( =m & proportions1 & has /ill reta9$ ! milk+ qualities ( ! dam4 ,?is pr9ciple1 z already intimat$1 is que/ion$ by "s1 :o say t ! milk+ qualities1 z well z ! ext]nal =m1 c41 are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! male (fspr+4 ,mr4 ,james ,dickson1 an exp]i5c$ bre$] & drov]1 :o views ! subject f 8 own /&po9t1 says3 8,a great "p ( ! art ( bre$+ lies 9 ! pr9ciple ( judici\s cross+2 = x is only by att5d+ prop]ly to ?is t success is to be atta9$1 & animals produc$ t %all yield ! greate/ am\nt ( pr(it = ! food !y consume4 ,all em95t bre$]s "k full well t ill-br$ animals are unpr(itable bo? to ! bre$] & fe$]4 ,to c>ry out ! sy/em ( cross+ judici\sly1 c]ta9 bre$s ( cattle1 %eep1 pigs1 c41 mu/ be kept pure ( _! k9d--males especially2 inde$1 z a g5]al rule1 no animal possess+ spuri\s blood1 or admixture ) o!r bre$s1 %\ld be us$4 ,! produce 9 almo/ all cases assimilates to ! male p>5t2 & ,i %\ld say t 9 cross+ ! use ( any males n pure-br$ is injudici\s1 & ought to be avoid$40 ,if1 !re=e1 a cross is effect$ ) satisfactory results1 x %\ld be cont9u$ by resort+ to pure-br$ bulls1 & n by ! use ( any grade bulls ?us obta9$2 =1 ?\gh a grade bull may be a v f9e animal1 x has be5 f\nd t he does n transmit 8 good qualities ) any?+ l ! c]ta9ty ( a pure-br$ "o4 ,! m desirable qualities are unit$ 9 ! bull1 ! bett]2 b ! special reason = ! use ( a pure-br$ male 9 cross+ is n s mu* t ! p>ticul> individual select$ has ^! qualities mo/ p]fectly develop$ 9 himself2 z t !y are h]$it>y 9 ! bre$ to :i* he belongs4 ,! mom5t ! l9e is cross$1 & ! p$igree brok51 unc]ta9ty comm5ces4 ,al?\gh ! =m ( ! grade bull may1 9 individual cases1 be ev5 sup]ior to t ( 8 pure-br$ sire1 yet !re is less likelihood ( 8 transmitt+ ! qualities = :i* 8 bre$ is mo/ not$2 & :5 x is consid]$ t dur+ 8 life he may scatt] 8 prog5y ov] a consid]able section ( c\ntry1 & ?us affect ! cattle ( 8 :ole neighborhood1 att5tion to ?is becomes a matt] ( no small public importance4 ,?is pr9ciple1 s f> z its application to bre$+ = ! %ambles is conc]n$1 seems to me to be s\nd1 & fully e/abli%$ by long exp]i5ce & practice4 ,p]haps x is equally s1 also1 9 bre$+ = ! dairy4 ,b x may be well to consid] :e!r !re are n o!r rational modes ( judgm5t 9 ! selection ( animals = bre$+ ) ?is specific object 9 view4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! practical value ( ! sy/em ( classification & judgm5t ( mil* c[s discov]$ & develop$ by ,gunon3 "s be+ incl9$ to ridicule x1 z absurd2 o!rs to adopt x implicitly1 & foll[ x out 9 all its details2 & o!rs /ill--& among ?is class ,i g5]ally f9d a v l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ s5sible practical judges ( /ock--to admit t 9 ! ma9 x is correct1 ?\gh !y discr$it ! practicability ( c>ry+ x s f>1 & s m9utely into detail1 z its au?or did4 ,x may be rem>k$1 at ! outset1 t ! fact t ! be/ ( ! signs ( a great & good milk] adopt$ by ,gunon are g5]ally f\nd unit$ ) ! be/ =ms & m>ks almo/ univ]sally admitt$ & practis$ ^u by good judges1 gives1 at lea/1 "s plausibility to ! sy/em1 :ile ! importance ( x1 if x be correct1 is suffici5t to dem& a c>eful exam9ation4 ,e good judge ( a mil* c[1 = in/ance1 wants to see 9 h] a small1 f9e head1 ) %ort & yell[i% horns2 a s(t1 delicate1 & close coat ( hair2 a sk9 s(t & flexible ov] ! rump2 broad1 well-spread ribs1 cov]$ ) a loose sk9 ( m$ium ?ickness2 a broad *e/2 a long1 sl5d] tail2 /raight h9d legs2 a l>ge1 regul>ly-=m$ udd]1 cov]$ ) %ort1 close1 silky hair2 f\r teats ( equal size & l5g?1 set wide ap>t2 l>ge1 project+ lacteal ve9s1 :i* run along "u ! belly f ! udd] t[>ds ! =e legs1 =m+ a =k at ! end1 & f9ally los+ !mselves 9 a r\nd cavity2 & :5 ^! po9ts1 or any consid]able numb] ( !m1 are f\nd unit$ 9 a c[1 %e w\ld be pron\nc$ a good milk]4 ,an animal 9 :i* ^! signs are f\nd w\ld r>ely fail ( hav+ a good 8milk-mirror10 or escut*eon2 on :i* ,gunon1 aft] _m ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t1 came to lay p>ticul> /ress2 & on ! basis ( :i* he built up a sy/em or !ory s complicat$ z to be ( little practical value comp>$ ) :at x might h be5 _h he se5 fit to simplify x s z to br+ x )9 ! easy compreh5sion ( ! f>m]4 ,z "o means ( =m+ a judgm5t ( ! milk+ qualities1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z v important1 s9ce x is unque/ionably su/a9$ by facts 9 a v l>ge majority ( cases4 ,! milk-mirror1 or escut*eon1 is =m$ by ! hair above ! udd]1 ext5d+ upw>ds betwe5 ! ?ighs1 gr[+ 9 an opposite direction f t ( o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 well-=m$ mirrors1 f\nd only 9 c[s :i* h ! art]ies :i* supply ! milky gl&s l>ge & fully develop$1 x ord9>ily beg9s betwe5 ! f\r teats 9 ! middle1 & asc5ds to ! vulva1 & sometimes ev5 high]1 ! hair gr[+ upw>ds4 ,! direction ( ! hair is subord9ate to t ( ! art]ies2 = ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! direction ( ! hair above ! udd] & ! activity ( ! milky gl&s is app>5t on a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! cases4 ,:5 ! l[] "p ( ! mirror is l>ge & broad1 ) ! hair gr[+ f bel[ upw>ds1 & ext5d+ well out on ! ?ighs1 x indicates t ! art]ies :i* supply ! milky gl&s1 & :i* are situat$ j beh9d x1 are l>ge & capable ( convey+ mu* blood1 & ( giv+ great activity to ! functions ( secretion4 ,n[1 9 ! bull1 ! art]ies :i* correspond to ! mamm>y or lacteal art]ies ( ! c[ are n s fully develop$2 & ! escut*eons are small]1 %ort]1 & n>r[]4 ,gunon appli$ ! same "n1 milk-mirror1 to ^! m>ks 9 ! bull2 & ! natural inf]5ce 01 t !re %\ld exi/ a correspond5ce or simil>ity 9 ! mirror ( ! bull & ! c[ :i* are c\pl$ = ! purpose ( produc+ an (fspr+ fit = ! dairy1--t ! mirror 9 ! bull %\ld be ( ! same class1 or ( a bett] class ?an t ( ! c[4 ,x is confid5tly ass]t$ by ! advocates ( ,gunon's me?od1 & ) mu* %[ ( reason1 t ! v l>ge proportion ( c[s ( bad or indiff]5t milk+ qualities1 comp>$ ) ! good1 is ow+ to ! mi/akes 9 select+ bulls )\t ref]5ce to ! prop] m>ks or po9ts4 ,z to ! transmission ( ! milk-mirror1 x has be5 f\nd 9 _m cases t bulls sprung f c[s ) good mirrors _h small] & m he>t-%ap$ mirrors1 spread+ out pretty broad ^u ! ?ighs4 ,pab/1 a successful ,g]man bre$]1 says t he has us$ su* bulls = ?ree ye>s1 & t ! milk-mirrors 7 transmitt$ 9 ! majority ( ! male prog5y1 & 9 ne>ly e case v l>ge & beautiful mirrors 7 giv5 to ! heif]-calves4 ,a son ( ! bull ) :i* he began 0 s]v+ at ! "t ( :i* he speaks1 hav+ a mirror m highly develop$ ?an 8 sire1 & ! fir/ calves ( 8 get _h also v l>ge milk-mirrors4 ,! female (fspr+ ( ! fir/ bull ( good milk-mirror promis$ fir/ rate1 ?\gh !y _h n !n come 94 ,8 inf]5ce is1 t 9 bre$+ f c[s not$ z milk]s reg>d %\ld be _h to ! =m ( ! mirror on ! bull1 & ! *ance ( 8 transmitt+ x4 ,if any cr$it is due to ?is +5i\s me?od1 x may be laid d[n1 z a pr9ciple 9 ! selection ( a bull to get dairy /ock1 t ! "o possess+ ! l>ge/ & be/-develop$ milk-mirror is ! be/ = ! purpose1 & w be mo/ likely to get milk]s ( l>ge quantity & cont9u$ fl[4 ,?is me?od w be m fully develop$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,selection ( ,mil* ,c[s4 ,b1 h[ev] c>eful we may be to select good milk]s1 & to bre$ f !m ) ! hope ( improvem5t1 x is by no means easy to select su* z are capable ( transmitt+ _! qualities to _! (fspr+4 ,?is is r5d]$ /ill m difficult by ! fact t !re is no kn[n m>k to indicate x1 & we are left to use our own judgm5t2 =1 9 ! case ( bulls1 we are (t5 oblig$ to give !m up be=e _! prog5y h arriv$ at an age to %[ _! qualities by actual trial4 ,we are ?r[n back1 !re=e1 ^u _! ext]nal m>ks4 ,b1 z ,m4 ,magne1 a v s5sible ,fr5* writ]1 ju/ly obs]ves 9 8 admirable little "w 7,*oix des ,va*es ,latires1 p4 #hf1 ,p>is1 #aheg71 ! fix$ *>act]i/ics :i* h exi/$ 9 races = sev]al g5]ations w be transmitt$ ) mo/ c]ta9ty4 ,h5ce ! importance1 he says1 ( select+ mil* c[s f good bre$s & good families1 & especially1 9 bre$+ /ock1 ( select+ c>efully bo? male & female4 ,! male design$ to get dairy /ock ought to possess ! /ructure :i*1 9 ! c[1 indicates ! greate/ activity ( ! mamm>y gl&s1 z f95ess ( =m1 mell[ness ( sk91 l>ge h9d qu>t]s1 l>ge & well-develop$ ve9s & escut*eon4 ,a c[ ( a race or family n not$ z milk]s may *ance to be an excell5t milk]1 & ?is is en\gh1 if we d n desire to bre$ f h]2 b %e w\ld n transmit h] exceptional qualities l a c[ ( :i* ^! qualities 7 ! fix$ *>act]i/ics1 con/ant & transmissible 9 ! bre$4 ,^! consid]ations apply also1 z already said1 9 ! *oice ( a bull4 ,! att5tion ( practical m5 has be5 s mu* direct$ to ! be/ po9ts ( good c[s1 ( late ye>s1 t x becomes necess>y to /udy to propagate ^!1 if ! bre$] desires to f9d buy]s = 8 /ock4 ,! buy] judges m f ext]nal signs ?an f ! intr9sic qualities ( ! c[1 ) :i* he may n be acqua9t$4 ,to expla9 ! v>iations 9 ! transmission ( milk+ qualities1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ^! qualities are n f\nd 9 wild c[s1 & t !y are develop$ only :5 man c1 by a p>ticul> c\rse ( treatm5t1 z by ! act ( milk+1 ! sep>ation ( ! sexes1 etc41 cause c]ta9 natural p[]s to act ) great] /r5g? ?an o!rs2 t !y incl9e to disappe> z soon z ^! p[]s1 ! nature ( ! soil1 ! peculi>ities ( climate1 ! prop]ties ( plants1 & ! temp]am5t ( ! c[s1 are p]mitt$ to act accord+ to ! orig9al plan ( creation2 s t ! v>iations :i* we consid] z sports ( nature are inconte/ible pro(s ( ! uni=mity ( h] works4 ,x is only by obs]v+ animals c>efully1 by not+ accurately _! good qualities & _! faults1 by wat*+ ! circum/ances 9 :i* individuals are produc$1 rais$1 & kept1 t we c acc\nt = :at seems to u a sport or caprice ( nature4 ,we c !n tell1 fir/1 h[ ! same bull & c[ h produc$ ?ree calves ) diff]5t prop]ties2 &1 secondly1 trace out ! rules :i* we are to foll[1 to be almo/ uni=mly successful 9 obta9+ /ock ( ! be/ quality4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! qualities :i* are transmitt$ ) mo/ c]ta9ty dep5d on ! mo/ important organs ( life2 & s1 9 ! =ms ( ! visc]a & ! skeleton1 v>iations are r>e1 n only 9 bre$s ( ! same species1 b 9 diff]5t species ( ! same g5]a4 ,moreov]1 9 cases :]e ! transmission ( prop]ties is s unc]ta9 z to seem ! result ( caprice 9 nature1 ^! prop]ties are =m$ by sup]ficial organs1--by ! sk91 ! horns1 ! /ate ( ! hair1 etc4 ,b x is 9 qualities :i* are1 9 a measure1 artificial1 qualities produc$ by dome/ication1 & (t5 m injuri\s ?an useful to ! heal? ( animals1 t v>iations mo/ commonly occur4 ,^! *ange n only ) ! bre$ ( "o species1 b ) ! diff]5t individuals ( ! same bre$1 ( ! same half-bre$1 & (t5 ( ! same family4 ,be>+ ^! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( natural hi/ory & physiology 9 m9d1 we %all compreh5d h[ c[s & bulls well m>k$ 9 reg>d to escut*eons h produc$ /ock :i* did n resemble !m4 ,m4 ,lefebvre ,sa9te ,m>ie ass]ts t ! influ5ce ( ! escut*eons is v feeble 9 ! act ( reproduction4 ,9 ?is view1 ! escut*eon is almo/ no?+ 9 itself4 ,x dep5ds on ! /ate ( ! hair1 on "o ( ! mo/ fleet+ ( peculi>ities1 on t :i* is lea/ h]$it>y 9 animals4 ,x has no value z a m>k ( good gett]s ( /ock1 unless x is support$ by m>ks sup]ior to x f _! /ability1--a l>g] skeleton1 d\ble lo9s1 a wide rump1 highly-develop$ blood-vessels1--unless x is unit$ ) a spaci\s *e/1 r\nd ribs1 l>ge lungs1 & a /rong con/itution4 ,! m complete ! correspond5ce betwe5 ^! m>ks1 ! m ! milk+ quality is connect$ ) ! g5]al condition ( ! animal1 ! great] ! *ances ( transmission2 & :51 ) a view to bre$+1 we %all *oose only animals hav+ ! two-fold "* ( g5]al vigor ( con/itution & activity ( ! mamm>y sy/em1 & place ! prog5y "u favorable circum/ances1 ! qualities w r>ely prove defective4 ,?us f> ! conclusions ( ,magne4 ,ano!r well-kn[n fact 9 natural hi/ory is1 t ! size ( animals dep5ds v mu* ^u ! f]tility ( ! region !y inhabit4 ,:]e food is abundant & nutriti\s1 !y increase 9 size 9 proportion to ! quantity & quality2 & ?is size1 "u ! same circum/ances1 w run ?r\gh g5]ations1 unless int]rupt$ by artificial means4 ,s1 if ! food is m difficult to obta91 & ! pa/ures are %ort1 ! pliancy ( ! animal organization is su* t x naturally becomes adapt$ to x1 & ! animal is ( small] size2 & h5ce ,mr4 ,cl9e obs]ves t 8! g5]al mi/ake 9 cross+ has aris5 f an attempt to increase ! size ( a native race ( animals1 be+ a fruitless ef=t to c\nt]act ! laws ( nature40 ,mr4 ,cl9e also says1 9 8 treatise 8,on ! ,=m ( ,animals30 8,exp]i5ce has prov$ t cross+ has only succe$$ 9 an em95t degree 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! females 7 l>g] ?an ! usual proportion ( females to males2 & t x has g5]ally fail$ :5 ! males 7 disproportionally l>ge4 ,:5 ! male is mu* l>g] ?an ! female1 ! (fspr+ is g5]ally ( an imp]fect =m2 if ! female be proportionally l>g] ?an ! male1 ! (fspr+ is g5]ally ( an improv$ =m4 ,= in/ance1 if a well-=m$ l>ge ram be put to ewes proportionally small]1 ! lambs w n be s well %ap$ z _! p>5ts2 b1 if a small ram be put to l>g] ewes1 ! lambs w be ( an improv$ =m40 8,! improvem5t dep5ds on ! pr9ciple t ! p[] ( ! female to supply h] (fspr+ ) n\ri%m5t is 9 proportion to h] size1 & to ! p[] ( n\ri%+ h]self f ! excell5ce ( h] con/itution2 z l>g] animals eat m1 ! l>g] female may af=d mo/ n\ri%m5t to h] "y40 ,?is %\ld1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 be reg>d$ z ano!r pr9ciple ( bre$+1--t1 :5 improvem5t 9 =m is desir$1 ! size ( ! female select$ %\ld be proportionally l>g] ?an ! male2 ?\gh ,"l ,sp5c]1 a successful bre$]1 /rongly conte/$ x1 & ,mr4 ,dickson1 an excell5t judge ( /ock1 advis$ ! attempt to build up a new bre$ by select+ "s ,zetl& c[s1 a v dim9utive bre$ ( ,scot* cattle1 ( good symmetry1 po9ts1 & h&l+1 & a high-br$ ,we/ ,highl& bull to put to !m4 8,! produce w\ld probably be10 says he1 8a neat1 h&some little animal1 ( a m$ium size1 betwe5 ! two bre$s4 ,! %aggy hide1 long horns1 symmetry1 & f9e po9ts1 ( ! ,we/ ,highl&]s1 w\ld be imp>t$ to ?is cross1 :i* w\ld n only be a good fe$] & v h>dy1 b ! beef ( sup]ior quality4 ,! great po9t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! prop] selection ( bre$+ animals4 ,! next /ep t[>ds improv+ ?is w\ld be ! cross+ ( ^! crosses ) a pure ,h]e=d bull1 :i* w\ld improve ! size1 & imp>t /ill f9] po9ts1 m sub/ance1 ) great] aptitude to fatt54 ,by comb9+ ^? favorite bre$s1 ! produce w\ld1 9 all probability1 be v sup]ior1 n only atta9+ to good weights1 b fe$+ well1 & arriv+ at maturity at an e>ly age4 ,! bre$] mu/ n be satisfi$ & re/ "h1 b g a po9t fur!r1 & cross ! heif]s ( ! ?ird cross ) a %ort-horn bull40 ,^! successive /eps imply ! use ( a bull ( l>g] bre$1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 p]haps1 proportionally l>g] ?an ! c[1 9 any individual case4 ,?is1 x w be p]ceiv$1 is a case ( bre$+ ) less ref]5ce to ! milk+ or dairy qualities ?an ! graz+4 ,great milk]s are f\nd ( all %apes1 & ! *ief object ( improv+ _! =m is to improve _! fe$+ qualities1 or1 9 o!r words1 to unite1 z f> z possible1 ! some:at incompatible prop]ties ( graz+ & milk+4 ,graceful1 well-r\nd$1 & compact =ms1 :i* con/itute beauty 9 ! eyes ( ! grazi]1 z well z 9 ! e/imation ( ^? n accu/om$ to consid] ! intr9sic qualities ( an animal1 or n capable ( appreciat+ !m 9 a mil* c[1 w v r>ely be f\nd unit$1 to any consid]able ext5t1 ) active mamm>y gl&s or milk vessels4 ,! be/ milk]s (t5 look co>se & flabby2 =1 ev5 if _! bony /ructure is good & symmetrical1 !y w appe>1 especially :5 9 milk1 to h l>ge1 raw bones & %>p po9ts1 p>ticul>ly if !y are l>gely develop$ 9 ! h9d qu>t]s1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly ! case1 z is /rik+ly se5 9 ! =m ( ! ,oakes c[1 a native animal1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( h] "t1 9 ,massa*usetts1 & w9n] ( ! fir/ premium at ! ,/ate ,fair ( #ahaf4 ,%e yield$ 9 t ye> no less ?an f\r hundr$ & sixty-sev5 & a qu>t] p\nds ( butt] f ,may #ae? to ,decemb] #bj?1 at :i* "t %e 0 giv+ ov] eight qu>ts ( milk1 be] measure1 a day4 ,! weight ( h] milk 9 ! height ( ! season1 9 ,june1 0 b =ty-f\r & a half p\nds2 n s great z t ( "s c[s ( ! pres5t day1 on f> less fe$ 9 proportion to _! size4 ,_m c[s c be nam$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 at ! pres5t "t1 ^: yield1 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 exce$s fifty p\nds a day1 & "s1 ^: yield w be fifty-five p\nds1 on less fe$ ?an ! ,oakes c[ _h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,oakes ,c[4 ,! fle% on ! h9dqu>t]s ( mo/ l>ge milk]s be>s little proportion to ! bone2 ! hips protrude1 ! pelvis is broad1 ! legs f> ap>t1 giv+ great space = ! receptacle ( l>ge milk-vessels2 :il/ great fl[ ( blood to ! milky gl&s1 incid5t to ?is peculi> /ructure1 keeps !m 9 m con/ant & great] activity ?an any o!r organs1 s t ! muscles develop less ?an !y o!rwise w\ld1 rema9 sl5d]1 & leave ! buttocks & ?ighs small & n>r[4 ,su* animals w seldom acquire ! reputation ( be+ beautiful 9 =m1 & if !y are n decid$ly ugly1 ! own] may console himself ) ! adage t 8h&some is t h&some does40 ,b1 ?\gh x is to ! influ5ce ( ! male t we are *iefly to look = improvem5ts 9 ! =m1 size1 muscul> developm5t1 & g5]al appe>ance1 ( our /ock1 & = transmitt+ _! milk+ qualities1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! influ5ce ( ! female is no less important2 & und\bt$ly ! safe/ c\rse to pursue1 to obta9 improv$ animals1 is to select ! be/-=m$ animals1 on bo? sides1 f ! greate/ milk+ families4 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> bre$s to select = cross+ ) our natives1 op9ions w naturally diff] widely4 ,^? :o are favor$ ) luxuriant pa/ures & abundance ( w9t] fe$ w h no objection to l>ge-siz$ animals1 & w naturally wi% to obta9 or possess grade %ort-horns4 ,!re is no bre$ 9 ! _w to :i* x is m desirable to resort1 "u su* circum/ances1 p>ticul>ly :]e improvem5t 9 =m1 e>ly maturity1 & g5]al symmetry1 are s\ght1 9 union ) o!r qualities4 ,x is well kn[n t "s families ( %ort-horns h be5 br$ = ! pail1 :ile mo/ o!rs h be5 br$ *iefly = beef4 ,if resort is _h to ?is bre$1 !re=e1 great c>e & caution %\ld be obs]v$ to select bulls f ! milk+ families only2 &1 unless ?is is done we %all run ! risk ( los+ ! milk+ qualities ( our /ock1 = :i* ! improvem5t 9 =m & e>ly maturity c be little comp5sation1 :5 bre$+ = ! dairy4 ,x is a rem>kable & significant fact t ! l>ge dairies ( ,london are ne>ly fill$ ) ! %ort-horns1 or %ort-horn & ,york%ire grades2 & ! fact t ?is bre$ is select$ 9 su* circum/ances = ! production ( milk to supply ! milk-m>ket speaks volumes 9 favor ( ?is cross4 ,x is f\nd t grade %ort-horns1 aft] yield+ extraord9>y quantities ( milk1 dur+ :i* !y v naturally pres5t ! mo/ unga9ly appe>ance1 w1 :5 dri$ (f & f$1 take on fle% v rapidly1 & yield l>ge weights ( beef4 ,?is is "o prom95t reason = keep+ !m2 & ano!r is1 t !y occupy less space ?an w\ld be requir$ to produce ! same quantity ( milk f small] animals1 :i* might give ev5 m milk p] c[ 9 proportion to size & food consum$4 ,! cross ( ! well-br$ %ort-horn & ! native or ,dut* c[s ( ! dairy di/ricts ( ,new ,york is v highly e/eem$2 & six hundr$ p\nds ( *eese a ye> is no uncommon yield = su* grades 9 ,h]kim] & adjac5t c\nties4 ,! ,ayr%ires h be5 tri$ 9 ! ,london dairies1 b x 0 f\nd t !y 7 too difficult to obta9 9 suffici5t numb]s1 & at suffici5tly l[ prices2 & t :]e quantity 0 ! *ief object1 z 9 a milk-dairy1 & space a matt] ( great importance1 !y c\ld n compete ) ! %ort-horn & ! ,york%ire c[s1 & crosses betwe5 ^! races4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 p>ticul>ly 9 milk-dairies1 t ! f>m] is s situat$ z n to desire to raise 8 calves1 b disposes ( !m at ! highe/ price to ! but*]4 ,he w obta9 ! greate/ weight & ! highe/ quality ( veal f ! use ( a pure-br$ %ort-horn or ,h]e=d bull4 ,b1 on poor] pa/ures1 :]e !re is too little fe$ to br+ "y /ock to _! mo/ p]fect developm5t1 ! pure-br$ %ort-horns & high grades ( ! %ort-horn are ?\ght1 by "s1 to be too l>ge1 & consequ5tly unpr(itable4 ,h[ f> ?is objection to !m might be obviat$ by /all fe$+ or soil+1 & ! use ( roots1 is = ea* "o to consid] :o has ^! facilities at comm&4 ,= mo/ p>ts ( ,new ,engl& !y are unque/ionably too l>ge to be well ma9ta9$4 ,z to ! ,h]e=ds1 !y _c be recomm5d$ = ! dairy1 ei!r z pure bloods or grades2 b 9 graz+ di/ricts1 devot$ to rais+ beef or work+ cattle1 !y are highly & ju/ly priz$4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,nor? ,devons4 ,! pure-br$ ,devon bull1 put to a good1 "y native c[1 produces a beautiful & valuable cross1 ei!r = ! yoke or ! %ambles2 & if ! c[ is a rem>kably good milk] to beg9 )1 & ! bull f a milk+ family1 !re w\ld be no fe> ( mat]ially less5+ ! quantity 9 ! (fspr+1 :ile its =m1 & o!r qualities1 w\ld probably be greatly improv$4 ,grade ,devons are v mu* s\ght = work+ ox51 & high prices are readily obta9$ = !m1 :ile z beef cattle !y are by "s highly e/eem$4 ,b1 un=tunately1 v few h]ds are to be f\nd :]e att5tion has be5 paid to bre$+ = milk2 & great milk]s are ! exception1 & v r>ely met ) among ! pure bre$s4 ,9 _! native c\ntry !y are br$ almo/ exclusively = beef4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* !y are held z dairy /ock1 ev5 by ,devon bre$]s !mselves1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 %[n 9 ! l[ value plac$ ^u ! developm5t ( ! udd] 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! scale ( po9ts spok5 ( on a prec$+ page2 f :i* x is evid5t t1 9 judg+ ( !m1 x 0 n contemplat$ t _! milk+ qualities %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,z c[s = ! dairy1 !re=e1 !y possess no advantages ov] our common /ock1 & we %\ld h>dly look = improvem5t f !m 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,j]seys1 z already se51 are ju/ly celebrat$ = ! ri*ness ( _! milk & ! butt] made f x4 ,9 ?is respect no pure bre$ c excel !m4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 z a dairy bre$1 wor?y ( att5tion4 ,on f>ms :]e ! mak+ ( butt] is an object ( pursuit & pr(it1 an infusion ( ,j]sey blood w be likely to secure ri*ness ( milk1 & high-flavor$1 delici\s butt]4 ,_m good judges ( /ock recomm5d ?is cross = dairy purposes2 & ! *ief objection t c be urg$ aga9/ !m is t !y are1 z a bre$1 v defici5t 9 quantity1 :i* 9 a milk-dairy w\ld be fatal to !m1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y h little to recomm5d !m1 z ! ,devons h1 on ! score ( beautiful =ms & symmetrical proportions4 ,put ^u a l>ge & roomy native c[1 rem>kable z a milk]1 ! produce w\ld be likely to be a v sup]ior animal4 ,! ,ayr%ires1 z already se51 h be5 br$ ) ref]5ce bo? to quality & quantity ( milk1 & ! grades are usually ( a v high ord]4 ,! be/ milk]s ,i h ev] kn[n1 9 proportion to _! size & food1 h be5 grade ,ayr%ires2 & ?is is also ! exp]i5ce ( _m :o keep dairies = ! manufacture ( butt] & *eese1 z well z = ! sale ( milk4 ,a cross obta9$ f an ,ayr%ire bull ( good size & a pure-br$ %ort-horn c[ w produce a /ock :i* x w be h>d to beat at ! pail1 especially if ! c[ belong to any ( ! families ( %ort-horns :i* h be5 br$ ) ref]5ce to _! milk+ qualities1 z "s ( !m h4 ,i h tak5 great pa9s to inquire ( dairym5 z to ! bre$ or grade ( _! be/ c[s1 & :at !y consid] ! be/ c[s = milk = _! purposes2 & ! answ] has almo/ inv>iably be5 ! ,ayr%ire & ! native4 ,! ,ayr%ires h by no means be5 a failure 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh ,i d n ?9k t1 z a g5]al ?+1 we h be5 s =tunate hi!rto z to import ! be/ specim5s ( !m4 ,if any improvem5t has be5 made 9 our dairy /ock ap>t f t effect$ by a high] & m lib]al c\rse ( fe$+1 x has come1 9 a great measure1 f ! ,ayr%ires2 &1 _h ! facilities be5 (f]$ to cross our common /ock ) !m to great] ext5t1 !re c be little d\bt t ! improvem5t w\ld h be5 great] & m p]ceptible4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be said1 t 9 sections :]e ! fe$ is naturally luxuriant1 & adapt$ to graz+ l>ge animals1 "s families ( ! %ort-horns cross$ ) our natives h produc$ an equally good /ock = *eese & milk dairies4 ,be=e clos+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 x is prop] to obs]ve t among ! e>li] importations 7 sev]al v>ieties ( hornless cattle1 & t !y h be5 kept di/9ct 9 "s sections1 or :]e !y h be5 cross$ ) ! common /ock !re has be5 a t5d5cy to produce hornless grades4 ,^! are n unfrequ5tly kn[n "u ! "n ( buffalo cattle4 ,!y 71 9 _m cases1 suppos$ to h belong$ to ! ,gall[ay bre$2 or1 :i* is m likely1 to ! ,suffolk dun1 a v>iety ( ! ,gall[ay1 & a f> bett] milk+-/ock ?an ! ,gall[ays1 f :i* x sprung4 ,! poll$1 or hornless cattle1 v>y 9 color & qualities1 b !y are usually v good milk]s :5 well kept1 & _m ( !m fatt5 well1 & atta9 good weights4 ,! ,hung>ian cattle h also be5 import$1 to "s ext5t1 into diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & h be5 cross$ ^u ! natives ) "s success4 ,_m o!r /ra9s ( blood f diff]5t bre$s h contribut$ to build up ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry ( ! pres5t day2 & !re c be no "q t its appe>ance & value h be5 l>gely improv$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 nor t improvem5ts are /ill 9 progress :i* w lead to satisfactory results 9 future4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,mil* ,,c[s4 ,we h n[ review$ ! prom95t races ( cattle f\nd 9 ,am]ican dairy h]ds1 & devot$ "s space to an exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples to be foll[$ 9 ! bre$+ ( dairy /ock2 & ?is has involv$1 to "s ext5t1 ! *oice ( bre$s1 & ! selection ( individual animals1 ) special ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to transmitt+ & improv+ _! milk+ prop]ties4 ,b ! selection ( c[s = ! dairy is ( su* importance z to dem& ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,! objects ( a dairy are ?ree-fold3 ! production ( milk = sale1 ma9ly conf9$ to milk-dairies1 & to small] f>ms 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns1 :]e a mix$ husb&ry is foll[$2 ! production ( butt]1 *iefly conf9$ to f>ms at a di/ance f cities & l>ge t[ns1 :i* furni% a ready m>ket = milk2 & ! fabrication ( *eese1 c>ri$ on "u circum/ances some:at1 simil> to ! manufacture ( butt]1 & sometimes unit$ ) x z an object ( pursuit1 on ! f>m4 ,^! diff]5t objects %\ld1 !re=e1 be kept 9 view1 9 ! selection ( c[s2 = animals :i* w\ld be mo/ pr(itable = ! milk-dairy might be v unpr(itable 9 ! butt]-dairy--a fact ( almo/ daily exp]i5ce4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! c[ does n dep5d on h] bre$ s mu* z ^u h] food & managem5t1 h] temp]am5t & heal?1 & ! activity & en]gy ( ! organs ( dige/ion & secretion4 ,^! latt]1 x is true1 dep5d+ ^u ! /ructure ( ! *e/ & o!r p>ts1 are f> bett] develop$1 & m p]man5tly fix$1 9 "s races ?an 9 o!rs1 & are d]iv$ m or less by desc5t1 & capable ( be+ transmitt$4 ,! bre$1 !re=e1 _c be :olly disreg>d$1 inasmu* z x is an elem5t 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ! m]its ( a mil* c[4 ,c[s1 ( :atev] bre$1 hav+ ! be/ develop$ ext]nal m>ks ( good milk]s1 w v r>ely disappo9t ! practis$ eye or ! skilful h&2 :ile c[s ( bre$s 9 highe/ repute = ! dairy1 & :i* d n %[ ^! m>ks1 w z c]ta9ly fail to answ] ! expectations ( ^? :o select !m simply = ! bre$4 ,^? :o w\ld obta9 skill 9 judg+ ( ^! m>ks1 & by means ( !m be able to e/imate ! value ( a c[1 ne$ n expect to atta9 ?is end )\t long /udy & practical obs]vation1 = :i* "s m5 h f> great] tal5t ?an o!rs2 be+ able1 :ile exam9+ a p>ticul> m>k or favorite *>act]i/ic ( a milk]1 to take 9 all o!rs at a glance1 & s1 :ile appe>+ to =m _! op9ion f "o or two important po9ts1 actually to e/imate ! :ole developm5t ( ! animal1 :ile o!rs mu/ exam9e 9 detail ea* po9t by itself4 ,long practice is requir$1 !re=e1 to become an adept 9 ! judgm5t & selection ( mil* c[s2 b /ill mu* assi/ance may1 unque/ionably1 be d]iv$ by c>eful att5tion to ! ext]nal signs :i* h be5 long obs]v$ to indicate ! milk+ qualities4 ,x is important1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be able to judge ( ! age ( ! c[4 ,few f>m]s wi% to pur*ase a c[ = ! dairy aft] %e has pass$ h] prime1 :i* w ord9>ily be at ! age ( n9e or t5 ye>s1 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to c>e1 fe$+1 c41 9 ! e>li] "p ( h] life4 ,! mo/ usual mode ( =m+ an e/imate ( ! age ( cattle is by an exam9ation ( ! horn4 ,at ?ree ye>s old1 z a g5]al rule1 ! horns are p]fectly smoo?2 aft] ?is1 a r+ appe>s ne> ! root1 & annually aft]w>d a new "o is =m$2 s t1 by add+ two ye>s to ! fir/ r+1 ! age is calculat$4 ,?is is a v unc]ta9 mode ( judg+4 ,! r+s are di/9ct only 9 ! c[2 & x is well kn[n t1 if a heif] goes to bull :5 %e is two ye>s old1 or a little be=e or aft] t "t1 a *ange takes place 9 ! horn1 & ! fir/ r+ appe>s2 s t a real ?ree-ye>-old w\ld c>ry ! m>k ( a f\r-ye>-old4 ,! r+s on ! horns ( a bull are ei!r n se5 until five1 or !y _c be trac$ at all2 :ile 9 ! ox !y d n appe> till he is five ye>s old1 & !n are (t5 v indi/9ct4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is by no means an uncommon practice to file ! horns1 s z to make !m smoo?1 & to give ! animal ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* y\ng] ?an x really is4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 an exce$+ly fallaci\s guide1 & we _c rely on x )\t be+ subject to imposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,tee? at bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,second week4 ,! sure/ indication ( ! age is giv5 by ! tee?4 ,! calf1 at bir?1 w usually h two incisor or front tee?2 9 "s cases j appe>+ ?r\gh ! gums2 9 o!rs1 fully set1 v>y+ z ! c[ falls %ort or exce$s h] regul> "t ( calv+4 ,if %e ov]runs sev]al days1 ! tee? w h set & atta9$ consid]able size1 z appe>s 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,dur+ ! second week1 a too? w usually be add$ on ea* side1 & ! m\? w g5]ally appe> z 9 ,fig4 #af2 &1 be=e ! end ( ! ?ird week1 ! animal w g5]ally h six incisor tee?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag2 & 9 a week f t "t ! full numb] ( incisors w h appe>$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?ird week4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,mon?4 ,^! tee? are tempor>y1 & are (t5 call$ milk-tee?4 ,_! edge is v %>p2 &1 z ! animal beg9s to live ^u m solid food1 ?is edge becomes worn1 %[+ ! bony "p ( ! too? b5ea?1 & indicates1 ) consid]able precision1 ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 us$4 ,! c5tre or olde/ tee? %[ ! m>ks ( age fir/1 & (t5 become some:at worn be=e ! corn] tee? appe>4 ,at eight weeks1 ! f\r inn] tee? are ne>ly z %>p z be=e4 ,!y appe> worn n s mu* on ! out] edge or l9e ( ! too?1 z inside ?is l9e2 b1 aft] ?is1 ! edge beg9s gradually to lose its %>pness1 & to pres5t a m flatt5$ surface2 :ile ! next out] tee? we> d[n l ! f\r c5tral ones2 & at ?ree mon?s ?is we>+ (f is v app>5t1 till at f\r mon?s all ! incisor tee? appe> worn1 b ! inn] ones ! mo/4 ,n[ ! tee? beg9 sl[ly to dim9i% 9 size by a k9d ( contraction1 z well z we>+ d[n1 & ! di/ance ap>t becomes m & m app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,five to eight mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,t5 mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,twelve mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fifte5 mon?s4 ,f ! fif? to ! eigh? mon? ! inn] tee? w usually appe> z 9 ,fig4 #ai2 & at t5 mon?s ?is *ange %[s m cle>ly1 z 9 ,fig4 #bj1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m beg9 to %[ v pla9ly1 till at a ye> old !y ord9>ily pres5t ! appe>ance ( ,fig4 #ba2 & at ! age ( fifte5 mon?s t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 :]e ! corn] tee? are n m ?an half ! orig9al size1 & ! c5tre ones /ill small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,eighte5 mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,two ye>s pa/4 ,! p]man5t tee? are n[ rapidly gr[+1 & prep>+ to take ! place ( ! milk-tee?1 :i* are gradually absorb$ till !y disappe>1 or are pu%$ out to give place to ! two p]man5t c5tral incisors1 :i*1 at a ye> & a half1 w g5]ally pres5t ! appe>ance indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc1 :i* %[s ! int]nal /ructure ( ! l[] jaw at ?is "t1 ) ! cells ( ! tee?1 ! two c5tral ones protrud+ into ! m\?1 ! two next pu%+ up1 b n q gr[n to ! surface1 ) ! ?ird pair j p]ceptible4 ,^! *anges require "t2 & at two ye>s pa/ ! jaw w usually appe> z 9 ,fig4 #bd1 :]e f\r ( ! p]man5t c5tral incisors are se54 ,aft] ?is ! o!r milk-tee? decrease rapidly1 b are sl[ to disappe>2 & at ?ree ye>s old ! ?ird pair ( p]man5t tee? are b =m$1 z 9 ,fig4 #be2 & at f\r ye>s ! la/ pair ( incisors w be up1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf2 b ! outside ones are n yet fully gr[n1 & ! bea/ c h>dly be said to be full-m\!d till ! age ( five ye>s4 ,b be=e ?is age1 or at ! age ( f\r ye>s1 ! two inn] pairs ( p]man5t tee? are beg9n+ to we> at ! edges1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :ile at five ye>s old ! :ole set becomes some:at worn d[n at ! top1 & on ! two c5tre ones a d>k] l9e appe>s 9 ! middle1 along a l9e ( h>d] bone1 z appe>s 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,?ree ye>s pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,f\r ye>s pa/4 ,n[ w come a ye> or two1 & sometimes ?ree1 :5 ! tee? d n s cle>ly indicate ! exact age1 & ! judgm5t mu/ be guid$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! d>k middle l9es are worn4 ,?is w dep5d some:at ^u ! exposure & fe$+ ( ! animal2 b at sev5 ye>s ^! l9es ext5d ov] all ! tee?4 ,at eight ye>s ano!r *ange beg9s1 :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,a k9d ( absorption beg9s ) ! two c5tral incisors1 sl[1 at fir/1 b p]ceptible1 & ^! two tee? become small] ?an ! re/1 :ile ! d>k l9es are worn into "o 9 all b ! corn] tee?1 till at t5 ye>s f\r ( ! c5tral incisors h become small] 9 size1 ) a small] & fa9t] m>k1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,at elev5 ! six inn] tee? are small] ?an ! corn] ones2 & at twelve all become small] ?an !y 71 :ile ! d>k l9es are ne>ly gone1 except 9 ! corn] tee?1 & ! inn] edge is worn to ! gum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,five ye>s pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,t5 ye>s pa/4 ,aft] be+ satisfi$ ) reg>d to ! age ( a c[1 we %\ld exam9e h] ) ref]5ce to h] s\ndness ( con/itution4 ,a good con/itution is indicat$ by l>ge lungs1 :i* are f\nd 9 a deep1 broad1 & prom95t *e/1 broad & well-spread ribs1 a respiration some:at sl[ & regul>1 a good appetite1 & if 9 milk a /rong incl9ation to dr9k1 :i* a l>ge secretion ( milk almo/ inv>iably /imulates4 ,9 su* c[s ! dige/ive organs are active & en]getic1 & !y make an abundance ( good blood1 :i* 9 turn /imulates ! activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & furni%es ! milky gl&s ) ! means ( abundant secretion4 ,su* c[s1 :5 dry1 readily take on fat4 ,:5 activity ( ! milk-gl&s is f\nd unit$ ) close ribs1 small & feeble lungs1 & a sl[ appetite1 (t5 att5d$ by great ?ir/1 ! c[ w g5]ally possess only a weak & feeble con/itution2 & if ! milk is pl5tiful1 x w g5]ally be ( bad quality1 :ile ! animal1 if %e does n die ( diseas$ lungs1 w n take on fat readily :5 dry & f$4 ,o!r ext]nal m>ks ( great milk]s h already be5 giv5 9 "p4 ,!y %\ld be f\nd unit$1 z f> z possible2 =1 ?\gh no "o ( !m1 h[ev] well develop$1 c be tak5 z a sure indication ( extraord9>y milk+ p[]s1 sev]al ( !m unit$ may1 z a g5]al rule1 be implicitly reli$ on4 ,9 ord] to h no sup]flu\s fle%1 ! c[ %\ld h a small1 clean1 & r long head1 tap]+ t[>ds ! muzzle4 ,a c[ ) a l>ge1 co>se head w seldom fatt5 readily1 or give a l>ge quantity ( milk4 ,a co>se head increases ! proportion ( weight ( ! lea/ valuable p>ts1 :ile x is a sure indication t ! :ole bony /ructure is too heavy4 ,! m\? %\ld be l>ge & broad2 ! eye bright & sp>kl+1 b ( a peculi> placidness ( expression1 ) no indication ( wildness1 b r a mild & fem99e look4 ,^! po9ts w indicate g5tl5ess ( disposition4 ,su* c[s seem to l to be milk$1 are fond ( be+ c>ess$1 & (t5 return c>esses4 ,! horns %\ld be small1 %ort1 tap]+1 yell[i%1 & gli/5+4 ,! neck %\ld be small1 ?91 & tap]+ t[>ds ! head1 b ?ick5+ :5 x approa*es ! %\ld]2 ! dewlaps small4 ,! =e qu>t]s %\ld be r small :5 comp>$ ) ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,! =m ( ! b>rel w be l>ge1 & ea* rib %\ld project fur!r ?an ! prec$+ "o1 up to ! lo9s4 ,%e %\ld be well =m$ across ! hips & 9 ! rump4 ,! sp9e or back-bone %\ld be /raight & long1 r loosely hung1 or op5 along ! middle "p1 ! result ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! dorsal v]tebr1 :i* sometimes causes a slight depression1 or sway back4 ,by "s good judges ?is m>k is reg>d$ z ( great importance1 especially :5 ! bones ( ! h9d qu>t]s are also r loosely put toge!r1 leav+ ! rump ( great wid?1 & ! pelvis l>ge1 & ! organs & milk-vessels lodg$ 9 ! cavities l>gely develop$4 ,! sk9 ov] ! rump %\ld be loose & flexible4 ,?is po9t is ( great importance2 & z1 :5 ! c[ is 9 l[ condition1 or v poor1 x w appe> some:at h>d] & clos] ?an x o!rwise w\ld1 "s practice & close obs]vation are requir$ to judge well ( ?is m>k4 ,! sk91 inde$1 all ov] ! body1 %\ld be s(t & mell[ to ! t\*1 ) s(t & glossy hair4 ,! tail1 if ?ick at ! sett+ on1 %\ld tap] & be f9e bel[4 ,b ! udd] is ( special importance4 ,x %\ld be l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal1 & ! sk9 ?91 ) s(t1 loose folds ext5d+ well back1 capable ( great di/5sion :5 fill$1 b %r9k+ to a small compass :5 entirely empty4 ,x mu/ be free f lumps 9 e "p1 & provid$ ) f\r teats set well ap>t1 & ( m$ium size4 ,nor are ! milk-ve9s less important to be c>efully obs]v$4 ,! pr9cipal ones "u ! belly %\ld be l>ge & prom95t1 & ext5d =w>d to ! navel1 los+ !mselves1 app>5tly1 9 ! v be/ milk]s1 9 a l>ge cavity 9 ! fle%1 into :i* ! end ( ! f+] c be ins]t$2 b1 :5 ! c[ is n 9 full milk1 ! milk-ve91 at o!r times v prom95t1 is n s di/9ctly trac$2 & h5ce1 to judge ( its size :5 ! c[ is dry1 or ne>ly s1 ?is ve9 may be press$ ne> its end1 or at its entrance into ! body1 :5 x w imm$iately fill up to its full size4 ,?is ve9 does n c>ry ! milk to ! udd]1 z "s suppose1 b is ! *annel by :i* ! blood returns2 & its cont5ts consi/ ( ! refuse ( ! secretion1 or :at has n be5 tak5 up 9 =m+ milk4 ,!re are1 also1 ve9s 9 ! udd]1 & ! p]9eum1 or ! space above ! udd]1 & betwe5 t & ! buttocks1 :i* x is ( special importance to obs]ve4 ,^! ve9s %\ld be l>gely develop$1 & irregul> or knott$1 especially ^? ( ! udd]4 ,!y may be se5 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 c4 ,!y are l>ge/ 9 great milk]s4 ,! knott$ ve9s ( ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ f above d[nw>ds 9 a w9d+ l9e1 are n readily se5 9 "y heif]s1 & are v difficult to f9d 9 poor c[s1 or c[s ( only a m$ium quality4 ,!y are easily f\nd 9 v good milk]s1 &1 if n at fir/ app>5t1 !y are made s by press+ ^u !m at ! base ( ! p]9eum1 :5 !y swell up1 & s5d ! blood back t[>ds ! vulva4 ,!y =m a k9d ( ?ick network "u ! sk9 ( ! p]9eum1 rais+ x up some:at1 9 "s cases ne> ! vulva1 9 o!rs l[] d[n & ne>] to ! udd]4 ,x is important to look = ^! ve9s1 z !y (t5 =m a v important guide1 & by "s !y w\ld be consid]$ z furni%+ ! sure/ indications ( ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[4 ,_! full developm5t almo/ always indicates an abundant secretion ( milk2 b !y are f> bett] develop$ aft] ! c[ has _h two or ?ree calves1 :5 two or ?ree ye>s' milk+ has giv5 full activity to ! milky gl&s1 & attract$ a l>ge fl[ ( blood4 ,! l>g] & m prom95t ^! ve9s1 ! bett]4 ,x is ne$less to say t 9 obs]v+ !m "s reg>d %\ld be _h to ! condition ( ! c[1 ! ?ickness ( sk9 & fat by :i* !y may be surr\nd$1 & ! g5]al activity & food ( ! animal4 ,food calculat$ to /imulate ! greate/ fl[ ( milk w naturally increase ^! ve9s1 & give !m m ?an usual prom95ce4 ,we come n[ to an exam9ation ( ! sy/em ( ,gunon1 ^: discov]y1 :atev] may be said ( x1 has prov$ ( imm5se importance to agriculture4 ,gunon 0 a man ( rem>kable practical sagacity1 a close obs]v] ( /ock1 & an excell5t judge4 ,?is gave him a great advantage 9 secur+ ! respect ( ^? ) :om he came 9 contact1 & assi/$ him va/ly 9 introduc+ 8 ideas to ! k ( intellig5t m54 ,born 9 ,france1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bordeaux1 9 humble circum/ances1 he e>ly _h ! c>e ( c[s1 & sp5t 8 :ole life ) !m4 ,8 discov]y1 = :i* a gold m$al 0 aw>d$ by ! agricultural society ( ,bordeaux1 on ! #d? ( ,july1 #ahcg1 consi/$ 9 ! connection betwe5 ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[ & c]ta9 ext]nal m>ks on ! udd]1 & on ! space above x1 call$ ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ to ! buttocks4 ,to ^! m>ks he gave ! "n ( milk-mirror1 or escut*eon1 :i* consi/s 9 c]ta9 p]ceptible spots ris+ up f ! udd] 9 diff]5t directions1 =ms1 & sizes1 on :i* ! hair gr[s upw>ds1 :il/ ! hair on o!r p>ts ( ! body gr[s d[nw>ds4 ,to ^! spots v>i\s names h be5 giv51 accord+ to _! size & position1 z tufts1 fr+es1 figures or escut*eons1 :i* la/1 is ! mo/ common t]m us$4 ,! r$uction ( ^! m>ks into a sy/em1 expla9+ ! value ( p>ticul> =ms & sizes ( ! milk-mirror1 belongs1 s f> z ,i "k1 exclusively to ,gunon1 ?\gh ! connection ( ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[ & ! size ( ! ovals ) d[nw>d-gr[+ hair on ! back "p ( ! udd] above ! teats 0 obs]v$ & kn[n 9 ,massa*usetts m ?an =ty ye>s age1 & "s ( ! old f>m]s ( t day 7 accu/om$ to say t :5 ^! spots 7 l>ge & well develop$ ! c[ w\ld be a good milk]4 ,gunon divid$ ! milk-mirror into eight classes1 & ea* class into eight ord]s1 mak+ 9 all no less ?an sixty-f\r divisions1 :i* he aft]w>ds increas$ by sub-divisions1 mak+ ! :ole sy/em complicat$ 9 ! extreme1 especially z he pr(ess$ to be able to judge ) accuracy1 by means ( ! milk-mirror1 n only ( ! exact quantity a c[ w\ld give1 b also ! quality ( ! milk & ! l5g? ( "t x w\ld cont9ue4 ,he tri$ to prove too mu*1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t he 0 himself frequ5tly at fault1 not)/&+ 8 excell5t k ( o!r g5]al *>act]i/ics ( mil* c[s1 :ile o!rs1 ( less k1 & f> m liable to err 9 judgm5t1 7 incl9$ to view ! :ole sy/em ) di/ru/4 ,my own att5tion 0 call$ to ,gunon's me?od ( judg+ ( c[s "s eight or t5 ye>s ago1 & s9ce t "t ,i h exam9$ _m hundr$s1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! correctness ( its ma9 features1 inquir+1 at ! same "t1 aft] ! views & op9ions ( ! be/ bre$]s & judges ( /ock1 ) reg>d to _! exp]i5ce & judgm5t ( x m]its2 & ! result ( my obs]vation has be51 t c[s ) ! mo/ p]fectly-develop$ milk-mirrors1 or escut*eons1 are1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! be/ milk]s ( _! bre$1 & t c[s ) small & slightly-develop$ mirrors are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 bad milk]s4 ,i say ! be/ milk]s ( _! bre$2 = ,i d n believe t precisely ! same siz$ & =m$ milk-mirrors on a ,h]e=d or a ,devon1 & an ,ayr%ire or a native1 w indicate any?+ l ! same or equal milk+ prop]ties4 ,x w n d1 9 my op9ion1 to disreg>d ! g5]al & well-kn[n *>act]i/ics ( ! bre$1 & rely :olly on ! milk-mirror4 ,b ,i ?9k x may be safely said t1 z a g5]al rule ! be/-m>k$ ,h]e=d w turn out to be ! be/ milk] among ! ,h]e=ds1 all ( :i* are poor milk]s2 ! be/-m>k$ ,devon ! be/ among ! ,devons1 & ! be/-m>k$ ,ayr%ire ! be/ among ! ,ayr%ires2 t is1 x w n d to comp>e two animals ( entirely di/9ct bre$s1 by ! milk-mirrors alone1 )\t reg>d to ! fix$ habits & education1 s to speak1 ( ! bre$ or family to :i* !y belong4 ,!re are c[s ) v small mirrors1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 v fair 9 ! yield ( milk2 & among ^! ) middl+ quality ( mirrors in/ances ( r m ?an ord9>y milk]s (t5 occur1 :ile at ! same "t x is true t n[ & !n cases occur :]e ! v be/ m>k$ & develop$ mirrors are f\nd on v poor milk]s4 ,i once own$ a c[ ( mo/ extraord9>y m>ks1 ! milk-mirror ext5d+ out broadly ^u ! ?ighs1 & ris+ broad & v di/9ctly m>k$ to ! buttocks1 giv+ e indication1 to good judges1 ( be+ z great a milk] z ev] /ood ov] a pail2 & yet1 :5 %e calv$1 ! calf 0 feeble & half n\ri%$1 & %e actually gave too little to fe$ x4 ,b ,i believe t ?is exception1 & mo/ o!rs :i* appe> to be direct contradictions1 c\ld be cle>ly expla9$ by ! fact1 ( :i* ,i 0 n aw>e at ! "t1 t %e _h be5 l>gely ov]-f$ be=e %e came into my possession4 ,i m5tion ?is case simply to %[ h[ impossible x is to e/imate ) ma!matical accuracy ei!r ! quantity1 ! quality1 or ! duration ( ! milk1 s9ce x is affect$ by s _m *ance circum/ances1 :i* _c always be kn[n or e/imat$ by ev5 ! mo/ skilful judge2 z ! food1 ! treatm5t1 ! temp]am5t1 accid5tal diseases1 inflammation ( ! udd]1 premature calv+1 ! climate & season1 ! mann] 9 :i* %e has be5 milk$1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* int]rupt or influ5ce ! fl[ ( milk1 )\t1 mat]ially *ang+ ! size or ! %ape ( ! milk-mirror4 ,m4 ,magne1 :o appe>s to me to h simplifi$ & expla9$ ! sy/em ( ,gunon1 & to h fre$ x f _m ( ! useless details ) :i* x is encumb]$ 9 ! orig9al "w1 :ile he has pres]v$ all t is ( practical value1 v ju/ly obs]ves t we (t5 see c[s1 equally well =m$1 ) precisely ! same milk-mirror1 & kept 9 ! same circum/ances1 yet giv+ nei!r equal quantities nor simil> qualities ( milk4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise2 =1 assum+ a p>ticul> tuft on two c[s to be ( equal value at bir?1 x c\ld n be ! same 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 s9ce innum]able circum/ances occur to *ange ! activity ( ! milky gl&s )\t *ang+ ! =m or size ( ! tuft2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! action ( ! organs dep5ds n m]ely on _! size & =m1 b1 to a great ext5t1 on ! g5]al condition ( ea* individual4 ,te give a m di/9ct idea ( ! milk-mirror1 x w be necess>y to ref] to ! figures1 & ! explanations ( ^! ,i translate lit]ally f ! little "w already ref]r$ to1 ! ,*oix des ,va*es ,latires1 or1 ! ,*oice ( ,mil* ,c[s4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( milk-mirrors are repres5t$ by ! %ad$ "p ( figures #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 etc42 b x is necess>y to premise t ^u ! c[s !mselves !y are always p>tly conceal$ by ! ?ighs1 ! udd]1 & ! folds ( ! sk91 :i* are n %[n1 & s !y are n always s uni=m 9 nature z !y appe> 9 ! cuts4 ,_! size v>ies z ! sk9 is m or less fold$ or /ret*$1 :ile we h suppos$ 9 ! figures t ! sk9 is uni=m or free f folds1 b n /ret*$ out4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! diff]5ces :i* ! milk-mirrors pres5t 9 respect to size1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! sk91 ! milk-mirror is %[n 9 two ways 9 ,figs4 #eb & #ec4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec ! proportions are pres]v$ ! same z 9 ! o!r mirrors repres5t$1 b an ef=t is made to repres5t ! folds ( ! sk92 :ile 9 ,fig4 #eb ! mirror is j z x w\ld h be5 _h ! folds ( ! udd] be5 smoo!d out1 & ! sk9 betwe5 ! udd] & ! ?ighs /ret*$ out2 or1 9 o!r words1 z if ! sk91 cov]$ ) up-gr[+ hair1 _h be5 fully ext5d$4 ,?is mirror1 b little develop$1 j z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 0 obs]v$ on a v l>ge ,norman c[4 ,x is usually v easy to di/+ui% ! milk-mirrors by ! upw>d direction ( ! hair :i* =ms !m4 ,!y are sometimes m>k$ by a l9e ( bri/ly hair gr[+ 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* surr\nds !m1 =m+ a sort ( outl9e by ! upw>d & d[nw>d gr[+ hair4 ,yet1 :5 ! hair is v f9e & %ort1 mix$ ) long] hairs1 & ! sk9 mu* fold$1 & ! udd] volum9\s & press$ by ! ?ighs1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! "p enclos$ betwe5 ! udd] & ! legs1 & exam9e ! full size ( ! mirrors1 to obs]ve !m att5tively1 & to place ! legs wide ap>t1 & to smoo? out ! sk91 9 ord] to avoid ! folds4 ,! mirrors may also be obs]v$ by hold+ ! back ( ! h& aga9/ ! p]9eum1 & draw+ x f above d[nw>ds1 :5 ! nails rubb+ aga9/ ! up-gr[+ hair1 make ! p>ts cov]$ by x v p]ceptible4 ,z ! hair ( ! milk-mirror has n ! same direction z ! hair :i* surr\nds x1 x may (t5 be di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! %ade reflect$ by x4 ,x is !n suffici5t to place x prop]ly to ! light to see ! diff]5ce 9 %ade1 & to make out ! "p cov]$ by ! upw>d-gr[+ hair4 ,mo/ frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! hair ( ! milk-mirror is ?9 & f9e1 & ! color ( ! sk9 c easily be se54 ,if we tru/ alone to ! eye1 we %all (t5 be deceiv$4 ,?us1 9 ,figs4 #eb & #ec1 ! %ad$ "p1 :i* ext5ds f ! vulva to ! mirror ,e1 repres5ts a /rip ( hair ( a br[ni% t9t1 :i* cov]$ ! p]9eum1 & :i* might easily h be5 tak5 = a "p ( ! milk-mirror4 ,9 "s c\ntries cattle-deal]s %ave ! back "p ( ! c[s4 ,j aft] ?is op]ation ! mirrors c nei!r be se5 nor felt2 b ?is inconv5i5ce ceases 9 a few days4 ,x may be add$ t ! %av+1 design$1 z ! deal]s say1 to beautify ! c[1 is g5]ally int5d$ simply to de/roy ! milk-mirror1 & to deprive buy]s ( "o means ( judg+ ( ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[s4 ,x is n necess>y to add t ! c[s mo/ c>efully %av5 are ^? :i* are badly m>k$1 & t x is prud5t to take x = grant$ t c[s s %orn are bad milk]s4 ,milk-mirrors v>y 9 position1 ext5t1 & ! figure !y repres5t4 ,!y may be divid$1 accord+ to _! position1 into mirrors or escut*eons1 prop]ly s call$1 or into l[] & upp] tufts1 or escut*eons4 ,! latt] are v small 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]1 & are situat$ 9 close proximity to ! vulva1 z se5 at ,s 9 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 etc4 ,!y are v common on c[s ( bad milk+ races1 b are v r>ely se5 on ! be/ mil* c[s4 ,!y consi/ ( "o or two ovals1 or small b&s ( up-gr[+ hair1 & s]ve to indicate ! cont9uance ( ! fl[ ( milk4 ,! p]iod is %ort 9 proportion z ! tufts are l>ge4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! escut*eon prop]1 :i* is (t5 ext5d$ up to ! vulva4 ,!y are sep>at$ f x by b&s ( hair1 m or less l>ge1 z 9 ,figs4 #dj1 #db1 c4 ,! mirrors %[n 9 ,figs4 #ch to #db1 & #bi to #ce1 c41 exi/1 m or less develop$1 on ne>ly all c[s1 & indicate ! quantity ( milk1 :i* w be 9 proportion to _! size4 ,sometimes !y =m only a small plate on ! po/]ior surface ( ! udd]1 z 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,9 o!r cases !y cov] ! udd]1 ! inn] surface ( ! legs & ! ?ighs1 ! p]9eum1 & a "p ( ! buttocks1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 c4 ,two p>ts may be di/+ui%$ 9 ! l[] tufts3 "o situat$ on ! udd]1 ! legs1 & ! ?ighs1 z at ,m ,m1 ,fig4 #cj2 & ! o!r on ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ sometimes m or less out ^u ! ?ighs1 z at ,p ,p1 9 ! same figure4 ,! fir/ "p is repres5t$ by itself1 9 ,figs4 #cg & #di4 ,we %all call ! =m] mamm>y1 & ! latt] p]9ean4 ,! =m] is sometimes l>ge1 ext5d+ ov] ! milky gl&s1 ! ?ighs1 & ! legs1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bi to #cg2 & sometimes circumscrib$1 or m or less *eck$ ov] ) tufts ( d[nw>d-gr[+ hair1 z 9 ,figs4 #dc to #eb4 ,x is sometimes t]m9at$ t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! udd] by a horizontal l9e1 /raight1 z 9 ,fig4 #cg1 or angul>1 z 9 ,fig4 #di2 b m frequ5tly x cont9ues )\t int]ruption ov] ! p]9eum1 & con/itutes ! p]9ean "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is pres5ts a l>ge b&1 ,fig4 #cj1 /raight1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc1 & b\nd$ on ! sides by two p>allel l9es1 z se5 9 ! same figures1 or by curv$ l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,x sometimes rises sc>cely a f\r? "p up ! p]9eum1 z 9 ,fig4 #ch2 at o!rs1 x rea*es or passes beyond t "p1 =m+ a /raight b&1 z 9 ,figs4 #ce & #dc1 or is fold$ into squ>es1 z 9 ,figs4 #ca & #cf1 or truncat$1 ,fig4 #ch1 or t]m9at$ by "o or sev]al po9ts1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 #da1 #ej4 ,9 "s c[s ?is b& ext5ds z f> z ! base ( ! vulva1 ,figs4 #dj & #dh2 9 o!rs1 x embraces m or less ( ! l[] "p ( ! vulva1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #ci1 & #dg4 ,milk-mirrors are sometimes symmetrical1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 & #ch2 sometimes )\t symmetry1 z 9 ,figs4 #db1 #de1 & #ej4 ,:5 !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! two halves1 x almo/ always happ5s t ! teats on ! side :]e ! mirror is be/ develop$ give1 z we %all see1 m milk ?an ^? ( ! opposite side4 ,we w rem>k "h t ! left half ( ! mirror is almo/ always ! l>ge/2 & s1 :5 ! p]9ean "p is fold$ into a squ>e1 x is on ?is side ( ! body t x unfolds1 z 9 ,figs4 #ca1 #cf1 & #db4 ,( ?ree ?\s& c[s 9 ,d5m>k1 ,m4 ,&]s5 f\nd only a s+le "o ^: escut*eon v>i$ ev5 a little f ?is rule4 ,we h obs]v$ ! contr>y only 9 a s+le case1 & t 0 on a bull4 ,! p]9ean "p ( ! mirror =m$ a b& ( an in* to an in* & a half 9 bread?1 irregul>1 b situat$1 9 great measure1 on ! "r side ( ! body4 ,/ret*+ t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! p]9eum1 x =m$ a k9d ( squ>e1 ) a small project+ po9t on ! "r1 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! mirrors hav+ a value 9 proportion to ! space !y occupy1 x is ( great importance to att5d to all ! r[s ( d[n-gr[+ hairs1 :i* dim9i% its ext5t ( surface1 :e!r ^! tufts are 9 ! mid/ ( ! mirror1 ,figs4 #de1 #df1 & #dg1 or =m ind5tations on its edges1 z 9 ,figs4 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 & #dh4 ,^! ind5tations1 conceal$ 9 "p by ! folds ( ! sk91 are sometimes se5 ) difficulty2 b x is important to take !m into acc\nt1 s9ce 9 a great _m c[s !y mat]ially less5 ! size ( ! mirror4 ,we (t5 f9d c[s ^: milk-mirror at fir/ sight appe>s v l>ge1 b :i* are only m$ium milk]s2 & x w usually be f\nd t lat]al ind5tations greatly dim9i% ! surface ( up-gr[+ hair4 ,_m errors are committ$ 9 e/imat+ ! value ( su* c[s1 f a want ( att5tion to ! real ext5t ( ! milk-mirror4 ,all ! int]ruptions 9 ! surface ( ! mirror indicate a dim9ution ( ! quantity ( milk1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( small oval or elliptical plates :i* are f\nd 9 ! mirror1 on ! back "p ( ! udd]s ( ! be/ c[s1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 & #dj4 ,^! ovals h a peculi> t9t1 :i* is occasion$ by ! d[nw>d direction ( ! hair :i* =ms !m4 ,9 ! be/ c[s ^! ovals exi/ ) ! l[] mirrors v well develop$1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 & #cb4 ,9 f9e1 we %\ld /ate t 9 ord] to det]m9e ! ext5t & significance ( a mirror x is necess>y to consid] ! /ate ( ! p]9eum z to fat1 & ( ! fulness ( ! udd]4 ,9 a fat c[1 ) an inflat$ udd]1 ! mirror w\ld appe> l>g] ?an x really is2 :il/ 9 a lean c[1 ) a loose & wr9kl$ udd]1 x appe>s small]4 ,fat w cov] faults1 a fact to be kept 9 m9d 9 select+ a c[4 ,9 bulls1 ,fig4 #ea1 ! mirrors pres5t ! same peculi>ities z 9 c[s2 b !y are less v>i$ 9 _! =m1 & especially mu* less 9 size4 ,?is w easily be und]/ood f ! explanation ( mirrors giv5 on a prec$+ page4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,9 calves ! mirrors %[ ! %apes !y are aft]w>ds to h1 only !y are m contract$1 because ! p>ts :i* !y cov] are b slightly develop$4 ,!y are easily se5 aft] bir?2 b ! hair :i* !n cov]s !m is long1 co>se1 & /iff2 & :5 ?is hair falls (f1 ! calf's mirror w resemble t ( ! c[1 b be ( less size4 ,) calves1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be /at$1 9 addition to :at has already be5 said1 t ! milk-mirrors are m di/9ctly recogniz$ on ^? f c[s t are well kept1 & t !y w g5]ally be fully develop$ at two ye>s old4 ,"s *anges take place 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 b ! outl9es ( ! mirror appe> prom95t at ! "t ( advanc$ pregnancy1 or1 9 ! case ( c[s giv+ milk1 at ! times :5 ! udd] is m di/5d$ ) milk ?an at o!rs4 ,! classification adopt$ by ,magne appe>s /ill fur!r to simplify ! :ole me?od1 & to br+ x )9 ! easy rea* & compreh5sion ( e "o :o w exam9e ! figures & ! explanations connect$ ) !m4 ,he divides c[s1 accord+ to ! quantity !y give1 into f\r classes3 ,fir/1 ! v good2 second1 ! good2 ?ird1 ! m$ium2 & f\r?1 ! bad4 ,9 ! fir/ class he places c[s bo? p>ts ( ^: milk-mirror1 ! mamm>y & ! p]9ean1 are l>ge1 cont9u\s1 uni=m1 cov]+ at lea/ a great "p ( ! p]9eum1 ! udd]1 ! inn] surface ( ! ?ighs1 & ext5d+ m or less out ^u ! legs1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi to #cc1 ) no int]ruptions1 or1 if any1 small ones1 oval 9 =m1 & situat$ on ! po/]ior face ( ! udd]1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 & #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,su* mirrors are f\nd on mo/ v good c[s1 b may also be f\nd on c[s :i* c sc>cely be call$ good1 & :i* %\ld be rank$ 9 ! next class4 ,b c[s1 :e!r hav+ v well-develop$ mirrors or n1 may be reckon$ z v good1 & z giv+ z mu* milk z is to be expect$ f _! size1 fe$1 & ! hygi5ic circum/ances 9 :i* !y are kept1 if !y pres5t ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 ,ve9s ( ! p]9eum l>ge1 z if swoll51 & visible on ! ext]ior1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi-cb1 or :i* c be easily made to appe> by press+ ^u ! base ( ! p]9eum2 ve9s ( ! udd] l>ge & knott$1 milk-ve9s l>ge1 (t5 d\ble1 equal on bo? sides1 & =m+ zig-zags "u ! belly4 ,to ! signs furni%$ by ! ve9s & by ! mirror may be add$ also ! foll[+ m>ks3 ,a uni=m1 v l>ge & yield+ udd]1 %r9k+ mu* 9 milk+1 & cov]$ ) s(t sk9 & f9e hair2 good con/itution1 full *e/1 regul> appetite1 & great prop5sity to dr9k4 ,c[s r incl9+ to be poor ?an fat4 ,s(t1 yield+ sk91 %ort1 f9e hair1 small head1 f9e horns1 bright1 sp>kl+ eye1 mild expression1 fem99e look1 ) a f9e neck4 ,c[s ( ?is fir/ class are v r>e4 ,!y give1 ev5 :5 small 9 size1 f t5 to f\rte5 qu>ts ( milk a day1 & ! l>ge/ siz$ f eighte5 to tw5ty-six qu>ts a day1 & ev5 m4 ,j aft] calv+1 if arriv$ at maturity & f$ ) good1 :olesome1 moi/ food 9 suffici5t quantity & quality1 adapt$ to promote ! secretion ( milk1 !y c give ab\t a p9t ( milk = e t5 ounces ( hay1 or its equival5t1 :i* !y eat4 ,!y cont9ue 9 milk = a long p]iod4 ,! be/ nev] g dry1 & may be milk$ ev5 up to ! "t ( calv+1 giv+ f eight to twelve qu>ts ( milk a day4 ,! ,dut* c[1 ,fig4 #ed1 0 giv+ daily tw5ty-two qu>ts ( milk1 a ye> aft] calv+4 ,b ev5 ! be/ c[s (t5 fall %ort ( ! quantity ( milk !y are able to give1 f be+ f$ on food t is too dry1 or n suffici5tly v>i$1 or n ri* en\gh 9 nutritive qualities1 or defici5t 9 quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! second class is t ( good c[s2 & to ?is belong ! be/ commonly f\nd 9 ! m>ket & among ! c[-fe$]s ( cities4 ,!y h ! mamm>y "p ( ! milk-mirror well develop$1 b ! p]9ean "p contract$ or :olly want+1 z 9 ,figs4 #cd & #cg2 or bo? p>ts ( ! mirror are mod]ately develop$1 or slightly ind5t$1 z ,figs4 #ce & #cf4 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 & #da1 belong also to ?is class1 9 ! l[] "p2 b !y d5ote c[s :i*1 z ! upp] mirrors1 ,s ,s ,s1 indicate1 dry up soon] :5 aga9 9 calf4 ,^! m>ks1 ?\gh (t5 se5 on _m good c[s1 %\ld be consid]$ z c]ta9 only :5 ! ve9s ( ! p]9eum =m1 "u ! sk91 a k9d ( network1 :i*1 )\t be+ v app>5t1 may be felt by a pressure on !m2 :5 ! milk-ve9s on ! belly are well develop$1 ?\gh less knott$ & less prom95t ?an 9 c[s ( ! fir/ class2 9 f9e1 :5 ! udd] is well develop$1 & pres5ts ve9s :i* are suffici5tly num]\s1 ?\gh n v l>ge4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 z 9 ! prec$+ class1 to h a mi/ru/ ( c[s 9 :i* ! mirror is n accompani$ by l>ge ve9s4 ,?is rem>k applies especially to c[s :i* h _h sev]al calves1 & are 9 full milk4 ,!y are m$ium or bad1 let ! milk-mirror be :at x may1 if ! ve9s ( ! belly are n l>ge1 & ^? ( ! udd] app>5t4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* dep5d on =m & con/itution comb9e less ?an 9 c[s ( ! prec$+ class ! m>ks ( good heal? & excell5t con/itution ) ^? ( a g5tle & fem99e look4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,a ,good ,mil* ,c[4 ,small c[s ( ?is class give f sev5 to t5 or elev5 qu>ts ( milk a day1 & ! l>ge/ f ?irte5 to sev5te5 qu>ts4 ,!y c be made to give ?ree f\r?s ( a p9t ( milk1 j aft] calv+1 = e t5 ounces ( hay consum$1 if well c>$ =1 & f$ 9 a mann] favorable to ! secretion ( milk4 ,!y hold out long 9 milk :5 !y h no upp] mirrors or tufts4 ,at sev5 or eight mon?s 9 calf1 !y may give f five to eight qu>ts a day4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( middl+ c[s4 ,:5 ! milk-mirror really pres5ts only ! l[] or mamm>y "p slightly develop$ or ind5t$1 & ! p]9ean "p contract$1 n>r[1 & irregul>1 z 9 ,figs4 #db to #dg1 ! c[s are middl+4 ,! udd] is slightly develop$ or h>d1 & %r9ks v little aft] milk+4 ,! ve9s ( ! p]9eum are n app>5t1 & ^? :i* run along ! l[] sides ( ! abdom5 are small1 /raight1 & sometimes unequal4 ,9 ?is case ! mirror is n symmetrical1 & ! c[ gives m milk on ! side :]e ! ve9 is l>ge/4 ,^! c[s (t5 h l>ge heads1 & a ?ick & h>d sk94 ,be+ ord9>ily 9 good condition1 & ev5 fat1 !y are beautiful to look at1 & seem to be well =m$4 ,_m ( !m are n]v\s & re/ive1 & n easily approa*$4 ,c[s ( ?is class give1 accord+ to size1 f ?ree or f\r to t5 qu>ts ( milk4 ,!y v r>ely give1 ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 half a p9t = e t5 ounces ( hay :i* !y consume4 ,! milk dim9i%es rapidly1 & dries up :olly ! f\r? or fif? mon? 9 calf4 ,! f\r? class is compos$ ( bad c[s4 ,z !y are ord9>ily 9 good condition1 ^! c[s are (t5 ! mo/ beautiful ( ! h]d & 9 ! m>kets4 ,!y h fle%y ?ighs1 ?ick & h>d sk91 a l>ge & co>se neck & head1 & horns l>ge at ! base4 ,! udd] is h>d1 small1 & fle%y1 ) a sk9 cov]$ ) long1 r\gh hair4 ,no ve9s are to be se5 ei!r on ! p]9eum or ! udd]1 :ile ^? ( ! belly are v slightly develop$1 & ! mirrors are ord9>ily small1 z 9 ,figs4 #dh1 #di1 & #ej4 ,) ^! *>act]i/ics1 c[s give only a few qu>ts ( milk a day1 & dry up a %ort "t aft] calv+4 ,"s su* c sc>cely n\ri% _! calves1 ev5 :5 !y are well c>$ = & well f$4 ,sickly habits1 *ronic affections ( ! dige/ive organs1 ! *e/1 ! womb1 & ! lacteal sy/em1 sometimes greatly affect ! milk secretions1 & cause c[s tr\bl$ ) !m to fall f ! fir/ or second to ! ?ird1 & sometimes to ! f\r? class4 ,! above classification is v simil> to t ( ,pab/1 a ,g]man f>m] ( l>ge exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( /ock1 :o1 ) a view to simplify ! me?od ( ,gunon1 & r5d] x ( great] practical value to ! f>m]1 made five divisions or classes1 consi/+ (1 #a/1 ,v good or extraord9>y2 #b;d1 ,good or good middl+2 #c;d1 ,middl+ & little bel[ middl+2 #d?1 ,small2 &1 #e?1 ,v bad milk]s4 ,^! classifications1 adopt$ by ,magne1 ,pab/1 & o!r good bre$]s & judges ( c[s1 appe> to me to be f> m simple & satisfactory ?an ! m ext5d$ & complicat$ classification ( ,gunon himself4 ,)\t pret5d+ to be able to judge ) any accuracy ( ! quantity1 ! quality1 or ! duration1 :i* any p>ticul> size or =m ( ! mirror w indicate1 !y give to ,gunon ! full cr$it ( 8 important discov]y ( ! escut*eon1 or milk-mirror1 z a new & v valuable elem5t 9 =m+ our judgm5t ( ! milk+ qualities ( a c[2 & simply ass]t1 ) respect to ! duration or cont9uance ( ! fl[ ( milk1 t ! mirror t indicates ! greate/ quantity w also indicate ! longe/ duration4 ,! mirror =ms1 9 o!r words1 an important additional m>k or po9t = di/+ui%+ good milk]s2 & x is safe to lay x d[n z a rule t1 9 ! selection ( mil* c[s1 z well z 9 ! *oice ( "y animals z bre$]s1 we %\ld1 by all means1 exam9e & consid] ! milk-mirror1 b n limit or conf9e ourselves exclusively to x1 & t o!r & long-kn[n m>ks %\ld be equally reg>d$4 ,b !re are cases :]e a k & c>eful exam9ation ( ! =m & size ( ! mirror becomes ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x is well kn[n t c]ta9 signs or m>ks ( great milk]s are develop$ only z ! capacities ( ! animal h]self are fully & completely develop$ by age4 ,! milk-ve9s1 = in/ance1 are nev] s l>ge & prom95t 9 heif]s & "y c[s z 9 old ones1 & ! same may be said ( ! udd]1 & ! ve9s ( ! udd] & p]9eum2 all ( :i* x is ( great importance to obs]ve 9 ! selection ( mil* c[s4 ,^? signs1 !n1 :i* 9 c[s arriv$ at maturity are almo/ suffici5t 9 !mselves to w>rant a conclusion z to _! m]its z milk]s1 are1 to a great ext5t1 want+ 9 y\ng] animals1 & altoge!r 9 calves1 ( :i* !re is (t5 d\bt :e!r !y %all be rais$2 & "h a k ( ! =m ( ! mirror is ( imm5se advantage1 s9ce x gives1 at ! outset1 & be=e any exp5se is incurr$1 a some:at reliable means ( judg+ ( ! future milk+ capacities ( ! animal or1 if a male1 ( ! probability ( 8 transmitt+ milk+ qualities to 8 (fspr+4 ,x w be se51 f an exam9ation ( ! po9ts ( a good mil* c[1 t1 ?\gh ! same m>ks :i* indicate ! greate/ milk+ qualities may n indicate any great aptitude to fatt51 yet t ! signs :i* indicate good fatt5+ qualities are includ$ among ! signs favorable to ! production ( milk1 su* z s\ndness ( con/itution1 indicat$ by good organs ( dige/ion & respiration1 f95ess & mell[ness ( ! sk9 & hair1 quietness ( disposition1 :i* incl9es ! animal to re/ & lie d[n 9 *ew+ ! cud1 & o!r m>ks :i* are reli$ on by grazi]s 9 select+ animals to fatt54 ,9 buy+ dairy /ock ! f>m] g5]ally f9ds x = 8 int]e/ to select "y heif]s4 ,!y give ! promise ( long] usefulness4 ,b x is (t5 ! case t old] c[s are select$ ) ! design ( us+ !m = ! dairy = a limit$ p]iod1 & !n fe$+ !m = ! but*]4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is advisable1 z a rule1 to *oose animals 9 l[ or m$ium condition4 ,! f>m] _c ord9>ily af=d to buy fat2 x is m prop]ly 8 bus9ess to make x1 & to h x to sell4 ,good & well-m>k$ c[s 9 poor condition w rapidly ga9 9 fle% & products :5 remov$ to bett] pa/ures & high] keep+1 & !y co/ less 9 ! orig9al pur*ase4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t reg>d %\ld be _h to ! quality ( ! pa/urage & keep+ :i* a c[ has previ\sly _h1 z comp>$ ) t to :i* %e is to be subject$4 ,! size ( ! animal %\ld also be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! f]tility ( ! pa/ures into :i* %e is to be put4 ,small or m$ium-siz$ animals accommodate !mselves to ord9>y pa/ures f> bett] ?an l>ge ones4 ,:]e a v l>ge c[ w d well1 two small ones w usually d bett]1 :ile ! l>ge animal might fail entirely :]e two small ones w\ld d well4 ,x is bett] to h ! :ole h]d1 s f> z may be1 uni=m 9 size2 =1 if !y v>y greatly1 "s may get m ?an !y ne$1 & o!rs w n h en\gh4 ,?is h[ev]1 _c always be br\ght ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,a ,good ,dairy ,c[4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,dairy ,,c[s4 ,no bran* ( dairy f>m+ c comp>e 9 importance ) ! managem5t ( c[s4 ,! highe/ success w dep5d v mu* ^u x1 :atev] bre$ be select$1 & :atev] am\nt ( c>e & att5tion be giv5 to ! po9ts ( ! animals2 = exp]i5ce w %[ t v little milk comes out ( ! bag t is n fir/ put into ! ?roat4 ,x is poor economy1 !re=e1 to attempt to keep too _m c[s = ! am\nt ( fe$ we h2 = x w g5]ally be f\nd t "o good c[ well br$ & well f$ w yield z mu* z two ord9>y c[s kept 9 ! ord9>y way1 :ile a sav+ is effect$ bo? 9 labor & room requir$1 & 9 ! risks on ! capital inve/$4 ,if ! l>g] numb] on poor] fe$ is urg$ = ! sake ( ! manure1 :i* is ! only gr\nd on :i* x c be put1 x is suffici5t to rem>k t x is a v exp5sive way ( mak+ manure4 ,x is n too mu* to say t a prop] reg>d to pr(it & economy w\ld require _m an ,am]ican f>m] to sell (f ne>ly half 8 c[s1 & to fe$ ! :ole ( 8 hay & roots hi!rto us$ into ! rema9d]4 ,a c]ta9 ,g]man f>m] 0 visit$1 "o day1 by "s ,swiss f ov] ! bord]1 :o desir$ to buy ( him all ! milk ( 8 c[s = ! purpose ( mak+ *eese4 ,n be+ able to agree ^u ! t]ms1 he f9ally propos$ to let !m take ! entire *>ge ( 8 c[s1 & agre$ to furni% food amply suffici5t1 ! ,swiss assum+ ! :ole c>e ( fe$+ x out1 & pay+ a fix$ price by measure = all ! milk4 8,i f\nd myself1 at once10 says he1 8"u ! necessity ( sell+ almo/ half my c[s1 because ! ,swiss requir$ ne>ly d\ble ! quantity ( fodd] :i* ! c[s _h previ\sly _h1 & ,i 0 well satisfi$ t all ! produce ,i c\ld raise on my f>m w\ld be f> f suffici5t to fe$ 9 t way ! numb] ( c[s ,i _h kept4 ,i 0 9 despair at f9d+ !m us+ su* a quantity ( ! be/ quality ( fe$1 ?\gh x 0 accord+ to ! /rict lett] ( ! contract1 especially z ,i knew t ,i _h giv5 my c[s r m ?an ! quantity ( food recomm5d$ by m5 9 :om ,i _h p]fect confid5ce4 ,?us1 :ile ,?ar names tw5ty-?ree p\nds ( hay1 or its equival5t1 z food suffici5t = a good-siz$ c[1 ,i gave m9e full tw5ty-sev5 p\nds4 ,b1 if ! *ange effect$ 9 ! managem5t ( my c[s 0 great1 ! result 0 /ill m /rik+4 ,! quantity ( milk kept increas+1 & x rea*$ ! highe/ po9t :5 ! c[s atta9$ ! condition ( ! fat k9e ( ,ph>aoh's dream4 ,! quantity ( milk became d\ble1 triple1 & ev5 quadruple1 :at x _h be5 be=e2 s t1 if ,i %\ld comp>e ! product ) t previ\sly obta9$1 a hundr$ p\nds ( hay produc$ ?ree times m milk ?an x _h produc$ ) my old mode ( fe$+4 ,su* results1 ( c\rse1 attract$ my att5tion to ?is bran* ( my f>m+4 ,x became a matt] ( pleasure2 & my obs]vations 7 foll[$ up ) great c>e1 & dur+ sev]al ye>s ,i devot$ a l>ge "p ( my "t to x4 ,i ev5 w5t s f> z to procure scales = weigh+ ! food & ! animals1 9 ord] to e/abli% exact data on ! mo/ positive basis40 ,! conclusions to :i* he arriv$ 71 t an animal1 to be fully f$ & satisfi$1 requires a quantity ( food 9 proportion to its live weight2 t no fe$ c\ld be complete t did n conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( nutritive elem5ts2 hay1 = example1 be+ m nutritive ?an /raw1 & gra9s ?an roots4 ,he f\nd1 too1 t ! food mu/ possess a bulk suffici5t to fill up to a c]ta9 degree ! organs ( dige/ion or ! /oma*2 & t1 to receive ! full b5efit ( its food1 ! animal mu/ be :olly satisfi$1 z1 if ! /oma* is n suffici5tly di/5d$1 ! food _c be prop]ly dige/$1 & ( c\rse _m ( ! nutritive pr9ciples x conta9s w\ld n be p]fectly assimilat$4 ,an animal regul>ly f$ eats till x is satisfi$1 & no m ?an is requisite4 ,a "p ( ! nutritive elem5ts 9 hay & o!r =age plants is ne$$ to keep an animal on its feet1--t is1 to keep up its condition1--& if ! nutrition ( its food is n suffici5t = ?is ! weight decreases1 & if x is m ?an suffici5t ! weight increases1 or else ?is excess is consum$ 9 ! production ( milk or 9 labor4 ,ab\t "o sixtie? ( _! live weight 9 hay1 or its equival5t1 w keep horn$ cattle on _! feet2 b1 9 ord] to be completely n\ri%$1 !y require ab\t "o ?irtie? 9 dry sub/ances1 & f\r ?irtie?s 9 wat]1 or o!r liquid conta9$ 9 _! food4 ,! excess ( nutritive food ov] & above :at is requir$ to su/a9 life w g 9 mil* c[s g5]ally to ! production ( milk1 or to ! gr[? ( ! ftus1 b n 9 all c[s to an equal ext5t2 ! t5d5cy to ! secretion ( milk be+ f> m develop$ 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,) reg>d to ! consumption ( food 9 proportion to ! live weight ( ! animal1 h[ev] f> x may apply z a g5]al pr9ciple1 x %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be tak5 ) "s qualifications4 ,! proportion is probably n uni=m z appli$ to all bre$s indiscrim9ately1 ?\gh x may be m s z appli$ to animals ( ! same bre$4 ,bakewell's idea 0 t ! quantity ( food requir$ dep5d$ mu* on ! %ape ( ! b>rel2 & x is well kn[n t an animal ( a close1 compact1 well-r\nd$ b>rel w consume less ?an "o ( an opposite make4 ,! v>iations 9 ! yield ( mil* c[s are caus$ m by ! v>iations 9 ! nutritive elem5ts ( _! food ?an by a *ange ( ! =m 9 :i* x is giv54 8,a c[1 kept ?r\gh ! w9t] on m]e /raw10 says a practical writ] on ?is subject1 8w cease to give milk2 &1 :5 f$ 9 spr+ on gre5 =age1 w give a fair quantity ( milk4 ,b %e owes ! cessation & re/oration ( ! secretion to respectively ! dim9ution & ! increase ( h] n\ri%m5t1 & n at all to ! *ange ( =m1 or ( outw>d sub/ance1 9 :i* ! n\ri%m5t is adm9i/]$4 ,let c[s receive ?r\gh w9t] ne>ly z l>ge a proportion ( nutritive matt] z is conta9$ 9 ! clov]1 luc]ne1 & fre% grasses1 :i* !y eat 9 summ]1 &1 no matt] 9 :at precise sub/ance or mixture t matt] may be conta9$1 !y w yield a w9t]'s produce ( milk q z ri* 9 case9e & butyrace\s +r$i5ts z ! summ]'s produce1 & f> m ample 9 quantity ?an almo/ any dairyman ) old-fa%ion$ notions w\ld imag9e to be possible4 ,! great practical error on ?is subject consi/s n 9 giv+ wrong k9ds ( food1 b 9 n s proportion+ & prep>+ x z to r5d] an av]age ration ( x equally ri* 9 ! elem5ts ( nutrition1 & especially 9 nitrog5\s elem5ts1 z an av]age ration ( ! gre5 & succul5t food ( summ]40 ,we keep too mu* /ock = ! quantity ( good & nutriti\s food :i* we h = x2 & ! consequ5ce is c[s are1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 poorly w9t]$1 & come out 9 ! spr+ weak5$1 if n1 inde$1 positively diseas$1 & a long "t is requir$ to br+ !m into a condition to yield a g5]\s quantity ( milk4 ,x is a h>d /ruggle = a c[ r$uc$ 9 fle% & 9 blood to fill up ! wa/$ sy/em ) ! food :i* w\ld o!rwise h gone to ! secretion ( milk2 b1 if %e is well f$1 well h\s$1 well litt]$1 & well suppli$ ) pure1 fre% wat]1 & ) roots1 or o!r moi/ food1 & prop]ly treat$ to ! luxury ( a frequ5t c>d+1 & con/ant k9dness1 %e comes out ready to comm5ce ! manufacture ( milk "u favorable circum/ances4 ,keep ! c[s con/antly 9 good condition1 ought1 !re=e1 to be ! motto ( e dairy f>m]1 po/$ up ov] ! b>n-door1 & ov] ! /alls1 & ov] ! milk-room1 & repeat$ to ! boys :5ev] !re is dang] ( =gett+ x4 ,x is ! great secret ( success1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure turns ^u x4 ,c[s 9 milk require m food 9 proportion to _! size & weight ?an ei!r ox5 or "y cattle4 ,9 ord] to keep c[s 9 milk well & economically1 regul>ity is next 9 importance to a full supply ( :olesome & nutriti\s food4 ,! heal?y animal /oma* is a v nice *ronomet]1 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance to obs]ve regul> h\rs 9 fe$+1 clean+1 & milk+4 ,?is is a po9t1 also1 9 :i* v _m f>m]s are at fault--fe$+ :5ev] x happ5s to be conv5i5t4 ,! cattle are ?us kept 9 a re/less condition1 con/antly expect+ food :5 ! keep] ent]s ! b>n1 :ile1 if regul> h\rs are /rictly adh]$ to1 !y "k exactly :5 !y are to be f$1 & !y re/ quietly till ! "t arrives4 ,g into a well-regulat$ dairy e/abli%m5t an h\r be=e ! "t ( fe$+1 & sc>cely an animal w rise to its feet2 :ile1 if x happ5s to be ! h\r ( fe$+1 ! :ole h]d w be likely to rise & seize _! food ) an avidity & reli% n to be mi/ak54 ,) respect to ! exact r\t9e to be pursu$1 no rule c\ld be prescrib$ :i* w\ld apply to all cases2 & ea* individual mu/ be gov]n$ mu* by circum/ances1 bo? 9 respect to ! p>ticul> k9ds ( fe$ at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & ! sy/em ( fe$+4 ,i h f\nd 9 my own practice1 & 9 ! practice ( ! mo/ successful dairym51 t1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! l>ge/ secretion ( milk 9 /all$ c[s1 "o ( ! be/ c\rses is1 to fe$ 9 ! morn+1 ei!r at ! "t ( milk+--:i* ,i pref]--or imm$iately aft]1 ) cut fe$1 consi/+ ( hay1 oats1 millet1 or corn-/alks1 mix$ ) %orts1 & ,indian1 l9se$1 or cotton-se$ meal1 ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,if 9 w9t]1 hot or w>m wat] is f> bett] ?an cold4 ,if giv5 at milk+-"t1 ! c[s w g5]ally give d[n ! milk m readily4 ,! /alls & mang]s ought always to be well clean$ out fir/4 ,roots & long hay may be giv5 dur+ ! day2 & at ! ev5+ milk+1 or directly aft]1 ano!r g5]\s meal ( cut fe$1 well moi/5$ & mix$1 z 9 ! morn+4 ,no v conc5trat$ food1 l gra9s alone or oil-cakes1 %\ld1 x seems to me1 be f$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ on an empty /oma*1 ?\gh x is sanction$ by ! practice 9 ! ,london milk-dairies4 ,! processes ( dige/ion g on be/ :5 ! /oma* is suffici5tly di/5d$2 & = ?is purpose ! bulk ( food is almo/ z important z ! nutritive qualities4 ,! flavor ( "s roots1 z cabbages & turnips1 is m apt to be imp>t$ to ! fle% & milk :5 f$ on an empty /oma* ?an o!rwise4 ,aft] ! c[s h be5 milk$1 & h f9i%$ _! cut fe$1 !y are c>d$ & curri$ d[n1 9 well-manag$ dairies1 & !n ei!r wat]$ 9 ! /all1 :i* 9 v cold or /ormy wea!r is f> pref]able1 or turn$ out to wat] 9 ! y>d4 ,:5 !y are out1 if !y are let out at all1 ! /ables are put 9 ord]2 &1 aft] ty+ !m up1 !y are f$ ) long hay1 & left to !mselves till ! "t ( next fe$+4 ,?is may consi/ ( roots1 su* z cabbages1 beets1 c>rots1 or turnips1 slic$1 or ( potatoes1 a peck1 or1 if ! c[s are v l>ge1 a half-bu%el ea*1 & cut fe$ aga9 at ! ev5+ milk+1 z 9 ! morn+1 aft] :i* wat] 9 ! /all1 if possible4 ,! less c[s are expos$ to ! cold ( w9t]1 ! bett]4 ,!y eat less1 ?rive bett]1 & give m milk1 :5 kept h\s$ all ! "t1 ?an :5 expos$ to ! cold4 ,caird m5tions a case :]e a h]d ( c[s1 :i* _h be5 usually suppli$ f tr\ghs & pipes 9 ! /alls1 71 on acc\nt ( an ob/ruction 9 ! pipes1 oblig$ to be turn$ out twice a day to be wat]$ 9 ! y>d4 ,! quantity ( milk in/antly decreas$1 & 9 ?ree days ! fall+ (f became v consid]able4 ,aft] ! pipes 7 m5d$1 & ! c[s aga9 wat]$ z be=e1 9 _! /alls1 ! fl[ ( milk return$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be gov]n$ mu* by ! wea!r2 = 9 v mild1 w>m days x may be judici\s n only to let !m out1 b to all[ !m to rema9 out = a %ort "t1 to ex]cise4 ,any "o c arrange ! h\r = ! sev]al processes nam$ above1 to suit himself2 b1 :5 once fix$1 let x be rigidly & regul>ly foll[$4 ,if ! regul> & full fe$+ be neglect$ = ev5 a day1 ! yield ( milk w imm$iately decl9e1 & x w be v difficult to re/ore x4 ,x may safely be ass]t$1 z ! result ( _m trials & long practice1 t a l>g] fl[ ( milk foll[s a complete sy/em ( regul>ity 9 ?is respect ?an f a high] fe$+ :]e ?is sy/em is n adh]$ to4 ,"o prime object :i* ! dairyman %\ld keep con/antly 9 view is1 to ma9ta9 ! animal 9 a s\nd & heal?y condition4 ,)\t ?is1 no pr(it c be expect$ f a mil* c[ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t2 &1 ) a view to ?is1 !re %\ld be an occasional *ange ( food4 ,b1 9 mak+ *anges1 great c>e is requir$ to supply an equal am\nt ( n\ri%m5t1 or ! c[ falls (f 9 fle%1 & ev5tually 9 milk4 ,we %\ld !re=e be> 9 m9d t ! food consum$ goes n alone to ! secretion ( milk1 b also to ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! bony /ructure1 ! fle%1 ! blood1 ! fat1 ! sk91 & ! hair1 & 9 exhalations f ! body4 ,^! p>ts ( ! body consi/ ( diff]5t organic con/itu5ts4 ,"s are ri* 9 nitrog51 z ! fibr9 ( ! blood1 album51 c42 o!rs de/itute ( x1 z fat2 "s ab\nd 9 inorganic salts1 phosphate ( lime1 salts ( pota%1 c4 ,to expla9 h[ ! con/ant wa/e ( ^! sub/ances may be suppli$1 ,dr4 ,voelck] obs]ves t ! album51 glut51 case9e1 & o!r nitrog5iz$ pr9ciples ( food1 supply ! animal ) mat]ials requir$ = ! =mation ( muscle & c>tilage2 !y are1 !re=e1 call$ fle%-=m+ pr9ciples4 8,fats1 or oily matt]s ( ! food10 says he1 8are us$ to lay on fat1 or = ! purpose ( su/a9+ respiration4 8,/>*1 sug>1 gum1 & a few o!r non-nitrog5iz$ sub/ances1 consi/+ ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 supply ! c>bon giv5 (f 9 respiration1 or !y are us$ = ! production ( fat4 8,phosphates ( lime & magnesia 9 food pr9cipally furni% ! animal ) ! mat]ials ( :i* ! bony skeleton ( its body consi/s4 8,sal9e sub/ances--*lorides ( sodium & potassium1 sulphate & phosphate ( pota% & soda1 & "s o!r m9]al matt]s occurr+ 9 food--supply ! blood1 juice ( fle%1 & v>i\s animal juices1 ) ! necess>y m9]al con/itu5ts4 8,! heal?y /ate ( an animal c ?us only be pres]v$ by a mix$ food2 t is1 food :i* conta9s all ! proximate pr9ciples j notic$4 ,/>* or sug> alone _c su/a9 ! animal body1 because nei!r ( !m furni%es ! mat]ials to build up ! fle%y p>ts ( ! animal4 ,:5 f$ on sub/ances 9 :i* an insuffici5t quantity ( phosphates occurs1 ! animal w become weak1 because x does n f9d any bone-produc+ pr9ciples 9 its food4 ,due att5tion1 !re=e1 ought to be paid by ! fe$] to ! selection ( food :i* conta9s all ! k9ds ( matt] requir$1 nitrog5iz$ z well z non-nitrog5iz$1 & m9]al sub/ances2 & ^! %\ld be mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportion :i* exp]i5ce po9ts out z be/ = ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 or ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* !y are kept40 8,on ! nutrition ( c[s = dairy purposes10 ,dr4 ,voelck] /ill fur!r obs]ves t 8milk may be reg>d$ z a mat]ial = ! manufacture ( butt] or ( *eese2 &1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! milk is int5d$ to be employ$1 :e!r = ! manufacture ( butt] or ! production ( *eese1 ! c[ %\ld be diff]5tly f$4 8,butt] conta9s c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & no nitrog54 ,*eese1 on ! contr>y1 is ri* 9 nitrog54 ,food :i* conta9s mu* fatty matt]1 or sub/ances :i* 9 ! animal sy/em are readily conv]t$ into fat1 w t5d to increase ! proportion ( cream 9 milk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! proportion ( case9e or *eesy matt] 9 milk is increas$ by ! use ( highly nitrog5iz$ food4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o desire mu* cream1 or :o produce milk = ! manufacture ( butt]1 select food likely to increase ! proportion ( butt] 9 ! milk4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]e ! pr9cipal object is ! production ( milk ri* 9 curd1--t is1 :]e *eese is ! object ( ! f>m]1--clov]1 peas1 & bean-meal1 & o!r plants :i* ab\nd 9 legum9e1--a nitrog5iz$ organic comp\nd1 almo/ id5tical 9 prop]ties & composition ) case9e1 or ! sub/ance :i* =ms ! curd ( milk1--w be select$40 ,& s ! quality1 z well z ! quantity1 ( butt] 9 ! milk1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( food consum$1 & on ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal4 ,c[s f$ on turnips 9 ! /all always produce butt] inf]ior to t ( c[s liv+ ^u ! fre% & aromatic grasses ( ! pa/ures4 ,succul5t food 9 :i* wat] ab\nds--! gre5 grass ( irrigat$ mead[s1 gre5 clov]1 brew]s' refuse1 di/ill]s' refuse1 etc4--increases ! quantity1 r ?an ! quality1 ( ! milk2 & by fe$+ ^! sub/ances ! milk-dairyman /udies 8 own int]e/1 & makes ?9 milk1 )\t dilut+ x ) wat]1 ?\gh1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ?is may be no m legitimate ?an wat]+ ! milk4 ,b1 ?\gh ! yield ( milk may be increas$ by succul5t or wat]y food1 x %\ld be giv5 s z n to int]f]e ) ! heal? ( ! c[4 ,food ri* 9 />*1 gum1 or sug>1 :i* are ! respiratory elem5ts1 an excess ( :i* goes to ! production ( fatty matt]s1 increases ! butt] 9 milk4 ,quietness promotes ! secretion ( fat 9 animals & increases ! butt]4 ,*eese w be increas$ by food ri* 9 album51 su* z ! legum9\s plants4 ,! mo/ natural1 & ( c\rse ! heal?ie/ food = mil* c[s 9 summ]1 is ! gre5 grass ( ! pa/ures2 & :5 ^? fail f dr\ght1 or ov]-/ock+1 ! complem5t ( n\ri%m5t may be made up ) gre5 clov]1 gre5 oats1 b>ley1 millet1 or corn-fodd]1 & cabbage-leaves1 or o!r succul5t vegetables2 & if ^! are want+1 _! place may be p>tly suppli$ ) %orts1 ,indian-meal1 l9se$ or cotton-se$ meal4 ,gre5 grass is m nutriti\s ?an hay1 :i* always loses m or less ( its nutritive qualities 9 cur+2 ! am\nt ( ! loss dep5d+ *iefly on ! mode ( cur+1 & ! l5g? ( exposure to sun & ra94 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 grass is m easily & completely dige/$ ?an hay1 ?\gh ! dige/ion ( hay may be greatly aid$ by cutt+ & moi/5+1 or /eam+2 & by ?is means x is r5d]$ m readily available1 & h5ce f> bett] adapt$ to promote a l>ge secretion ( milk--a fact too (t5 ov]look$ by _m ev5 intellig5t f>m]s4 ,t gre5 grass is bett] adapt$ ?an mo/ o!r k9ds ( food to promote a l>ge fl[ ( milk1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ table1 f :i* x w appe> t great] att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! prop] con/itu5ts ( food = mil* c[s4 ,two c[s 7 tak5 9 ! exp]im5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,milk 9 ,butt] ,nitrog5 9 five 9 five food 9 ,food ( two c[s4 days4 days4 five days4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 ,grass1 #aad lbs4#c4ej lbs4 #b4cb lbs4 #b4 ,b>ley & hay1 #ajg #c4dc #c4hi #c4 ,malt & hay1 #ajb #c4bj #c4cd #d4 ,b>ley1 molasses1 & hay1#ajf #c4dd #c4hb #e4 ,b>ley1 l9se$1 & hay1 #ajh #c4dh #d4ad #f4 ,beans & hay1 #ajh #c4gb #e4bg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"h grass produc$ ! l>ge/ fl[ ( milk1 b ( a quality less ri* ?an bean-meal & hay1 :i* produc$ ! ri*e/ quality2 "o hundr$ & eight p\nds mak+ m butt] ?an "o hundr$ & f\rte5 p\nds ( grass-made milk4 ,9 autumn1 ! be/ fe$ w be ! grasses ( ! pa/ures1 s f> z !y are available1 gre5-corn fodd]1 cabbage1 c>rot & turnip leaves1 & an addition ( meal or %orts4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( autumn1 ! c[s f$ 9 ! pa/ures w require to be h\s$ regul>ly nights1 especially 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes1 & put1 9 "p at lea/1 ^u hay4 ,b e f>m] kn[s t x is n judici\s to fe$ out ! be/ "p ( 8 hay :5 8 cattle are fir/ put into ! b>n1 & t he %\ld n fe$ s well 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t] t he _c fe$ bett] z x advances4 ,at ! same "t1 x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t ! *ange f grass to a poor quality ( hay or /raw1 = c[s 9 milk1 %\ld n be too sudd54 ,a poor quality ( dry hay is f> less palatable 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t]1 aft] ! c[s are tak5 f grass1 ?an at a lat] p]iod2 &1 if x is resort$ to ) mil* c[s1 w inevitably lead to a fall+ (f 9 ! milk1 :i* no good fe$ c aft]w>ds :olly re/ore4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 to "k :at c be us$ in/ead ( 8 be/ ,engli% or upl& mead[ hay1 & yet n suff] any great] loss 9 ! fl[ ( milk1 or condition1 ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 "s sections ( ,new ,engl&1 ! be/ quality ( swale hay w be us$2 & ! composition ( t is z v>iable z possible1 dep5d+ on ! v>ieties ( grasses ( :i* x 0 made1 & ! mann] ( cur+4 ,b1 9 o!r sections1 _m w f9d x necess>y to use /raw1 & o!r sub/itutes2 & x may be desirable to "k h[ mu* is requir$ to =m an equival5t 9 nutrition to good mead[ or ,engli% hay4 ,! foll[+ brief table ( nutritive equival5ts w be conv5i5t = ref]5ce3 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p]c5tage ( ,nitrog54 ,nutritive ---------------- equival5t4 ,dri$4 ,undri$4 --------------------------- #a4 ,mead[ hay1 #ajj #a4cd #a4ae #b4 ,r$ ,clov]-hay1 #ge #a4gj #a4ed #c4 ,rye-/raw1 #dgi #j4cj #j4bd #d4 ,oat-/raw1 #chc #j4cf #j4cj #e4 ,:eat-/raw1 #dbf #j4cf #j4bg #f4 ,b>ley-/raw1 #dfj #j4cj #j4be #g4 ,pea-/raw1 #fd #a4de #a4gi ---------------------------------------- ----- ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( ^! sev]al sub/ances1 9 :i* _! relative value w m di/9ctly appe>3 ---------------------------------------- --- ,/>*1,glut51 ,woody ,gum1 ,album51 ,fatty ,sal9e ,wat]4 fibre4 ,sug>4 etc4 matt]4matt]4 ---------------------------------------- --- #ad #cj #dj #g4a #b to #ee to #aj #ad #be #dj #i4c #c to #e #i #ab to #ae #de #ch #a4c #d #ab #de #ce #a4c #j4h #f #ab to #ae #ej #cj #a4c #b to #c #e #ab to #ae #ej #cj #a4c #e #aj to #ae #be #de #ab4c #a4e #d to #f ---------------------------------------- --- ,f ^! tables x w be se5 t1 tak+ good ,engli% or mead[ hay z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 & call+ t "o1 #d4gi times ! weight ( rye-/raw1 or #c4hc times ! weight ( oat-/raw1 conta9s ! same am\nt or nutritive matt]2 t is1 x w\ld take #d4gi times z mu* rye-/raw to produce ! same result z good mead[ hay4 ,! m elaborate nutritive equival5ts ( ,b\ss+ault w be f\nd to be v valuable & sugge/ive1 & ! foll[+ table is giv5 9 ?is connection = ! sake ( conv5i5t ref]5ce4 ,,nutritive ,,equival5ts4 7,,practical ,,& ,,!oretical47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,!oretical ,,values4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,b\ss+ault4 --------------------------------------- ,nitrog5 ,nitrog5 9 #ajj 9 #ajj ,wat] p>ts ( p>ts ( un- 9 #ajj;dri$ sub- dri$ sub- ,nutritive ,,articles ,,( ,,food4 p>ts4 /ance4 /ance4 equival5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,engli% ,hay1 #aa4j #a4cd #a4ae #ajj ,luc]ne1 #af4f #a4ff #a4ch #hc ,r$ ,clov]-hay1 #aj4a #a4gj #a4ed #ge ,r$ ,clov] 7gre571 #gf4j - 4#fd #caa ,rye-/raw1 #ah4g 4#cj 4#bd #dgi ,oat-/raw1 #ba4j 4#cf 4#cj #chc ,c>rot-leaves 7tops71 #gj4i #b4id 4#he #ace ,sw$i% ,turnips1 #ia4j #a4hc 4#ag #fgf ,mangold ,wurzel1 - - - - ,:ite ,silician ,beet1 #he4f #a4dc 4#ah #ffi ,c>rots1 #hg4f #b4dj 4#cj #chb ,potatoes1 #ge4i #a4ej 4#cf #cai ,potatoes kept 9 pits1 #gf4h #a4ah 4#cj #chc ,beans1 #g4i #e4ej #e4aa #bc ,peas1 #h4f #d4bj #c4hd #bg ,indian ,corn1 #ah4j #b4jj #a4fd #gj ,buck:eat1 #ab4e #b4dj #b4aj #ee ,b>ley1 #ac4b #b4jb #a4gf #fe ,oats1 #ab4d #b4bb #a4ib #fj ,rye1 #aa4e #b4bg #b4jj #eh ,:eat1 #aj4e #b4cc #b4ji #ee ,oil-cake 7,l9se$71 #ac4d #f4jj #e4bj #bb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,!oretical ,,values4 ---------------------------- ,,fres5ius4 --------------------------- ,relative proportion ( nitrog5iz$ to non-nitrog5iz$ ,nutritive ,,articles ,,( ,,food4 sub/ances4 equival5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,engli% ,hay1 - #ajj ,luc]ne1 - - ,r$ ,clov]-hay1 #a to #f4jh #gg4i ,r$ ,clov] 7gre571 - - ,rye-/raw1 #a to #bd4dj #ebg ,oat-/raw1 #a to #ab4ej #dde ,c>rot-leaves 7tops71 - - ,sw$i% ,turnips1 - - ,mangold ,wurzel1 #a to #g4bf #cia ,:ite ,silician ,beet1 - - ,c>rots1 #a to #g4hd #edb4a ,potatoes1 #a to #i4jj #ccj ,potatoes kept 9 pits1 - - ,beans1 #a to #b4h #cd ,peas1 #a to #b4ad #cd ,indian ,corn1 #a to #f4ee - ,buck:eat1 #a to #f4je #ic ,b>ley1 #a to #d4be - ,oats1 #a to #d4jh #eh ,rye1 #a to #d4db #eh ,:eat1 #a to #b4db #ch ,oil-cake 7,l9se$71 - - ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,practical values1 z obta9$ by exp]im5ts 9 fe$+1 accord+ to ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,articles ,s*weit- ,,( ,,food4 ,block4,petri4,mey]4,?ar4,pab/4,s*w]tz4 z]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,engli% ,hay1 #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,luc]ne1 - #ij - #ij #ajj #ajj - ,r$ ,clov]-hay1 #ajj #ij - #ij #ajj #ajj - ,r$ ,clov] 7gre571 #dcj - - #dej #dbe - - ,rye-/raw1 #bjj #ejj #aej #fff #cej - #bfg ,oat-/raw1 #bjj #bjj #aej #aij #bjj #djj #bjj ,c>rot-leaves 7tops71 - - - - - - - ,sw$i% ,turnips1 - #cjj - #cjj #bej #bjj - ,mangold ,wurzel1 #cff #djj #bej #dfj #bej #ccc #cff ,:ite ,silician ,beet1 - - - - - - ,c>rots1 #cff #bej #bbe #cjj #bej #bgj #cjj ,potatoes1 #baf #bjj #aej #bjj #bjj #bjj #bjj ,potatoes kept 9 pits1 #djj - - - - - - ,beans1 #cj #ed #ej #gc #dj - #cj ,peas1 #cj #ed #dh #ff #dj ,b\ss9- #cj gault ,indian ,corn1 - #eb - - - #ei - ,buck:eat1 - #fd - - - - - ,b>ley1 #cc #fa #ec #gf #ej - #ce ,oats1 #ci #ga - #hf #fj - #cg ,rye1 #cc #ee #ea #ga #ej - #cc ,:eat1 #bg #eb #df #fd #dj - #cj ,oil-cake 7,l9se$71 #db #ajh - - - - #dc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! read] w f9d no difficulty 9 mak+ ?is table ( practical value 9 decid+ ^u ! prop] c\rse ( fe$+ to be pursu$4 ,9 w9t] ! be/ food = c[s 9 milk w be good sweet mead[ hay1 a "p ( :i* %\ld be cut & moi/5$ ) wat]1 z all inf]ior hay or /raw %\ld be1 ) an addition ( root-crops1 su* z turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips1 potatoes1 mangold wurzel1 ) %orts1 oil-cake1 ,indian-meal1 or bean-meal4 ,x is ! op9ion ( mo/ successful dairym5 t ! fe$+ ( moi/ food _c be too highly recomm5d$ = c[s 9 milk1 especially to ^? :o desire to obta9 ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,hay cut & ?or\ghly moi/5$ becomes m succul5t & nutritive1 & p>takes m ( ! nature ( gre5 grass4 ,z a sub/itute = ! oil-cake1 hi!rto kn[n z an exce$+ly valuable article = fe$+ /ock1 !re is probably no?+ bett] ?an cotton-se$ meal1 n[ to be _h 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! m>ket4 ,?is is an article ^: economic value has be5 b rec5tly made kn[n1 b :i*1 f practical trials already made1 has prov$ em95tly successful z food = mil* c[s4 ,an av]age specim5 ( ?is 0 submitt$ = analysis to ,pr(essor ,johnson1 :o report$ t its composition is n inf]ior to t ( ! be/ flax-se$ cake1 & t 9 "s respects its agricultural value surpasses t ( any o!r k9d ( oil-cake1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 conta9+ 9 column fir/ ! analysis ( cotton-se$ meal made by himself2 9 column second1 "s ( ! results obta9$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson on cake prep>$ by himself f hull$ cotton-se$2 9 column ?ird1 an analysis ( cotton-se$ cake1 made by ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,ed9burgh2 9 column f\r?1 ! av]age composition ( eight samples ( ,am]ican l9se$-cake2 & 9 column fif?1 an analysis ( mead[ hay1 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,wolff 9 ,saxony1 giv5 z a means ( comp>ison4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,wat]1 #f4hb #aa4ai #i4bc #af4id ,oil1 #af4dg - #i4jh #ab4if - ,album9\s bodies1 #dd4da #dh4hb #be4af #bh4bh #aj4fi ,mucilag9\s & ,sac*>9e#ab4gd #cd4bb #dj4aa matt]s1 444 #dh4ic ,fibre1 #aa4gf #i4jj #bg4af ,a%1 #g4hj #h4if #e4fd #f4ba #e4jd ------ ------------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jjajj4jjajj4jj ,nitrog51 #g4je #g4ge #c4ie #d4dg - ,phosphoric acid 9 a%1 #b4cf #b4de - - - ,s&1 4#id - #a4cb - - ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,johnson also rem>ks1 9 ?is connection1 t ! great value ( l9se$-cake1 z an adjunct to hay = fat cattle & mil* c[s1 has long be5 recogniz$2 & is und5iably traceable 9 ! ma9 to ?ree +r$i5ts ( ! se$s ( ! oil-yield+ plants4 ,! value ( food dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( matt]s x conta9s :i* may be appropriat$ by ! animal :i* consumes ! food4 ,n[1 x is prov$ t ! fat ( animals is d]ivable f ! />*1 gum1 & sug>1 & m directly & easily f ! oil ( ! food4 ,^! f\r sub/ances are1 !n1 ! fat-=m]s4 ,! muscles1 n]ves1 & t5dons ( animals1 ! fibr9e ( _! blood1 & ! curd ( _! milk1 are almo/ id5tical 9 composition1 & /rongly simil> 9 _m ( _! prop]ties ) matt]s f\nd 9 all vegetables1 b *iefly 9 su* z =m ! mo/ conc5trat$ food4 ,^! blood 7& muscle7 =m]s are *>act]iz$ by conta9+ ab\t fifte5 & a half p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 & h5ce are call$ nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,!y are also (t5 designat$ z ! album9\s bodies4 ,! bony framework ( ! animal owes its solidity to phosphate ( lime1 & ?is sub/ance mu/ be furni%$ by ! food4 ,a p]fect food mu/ supply ! animal ) ^! ?ree classes ( bodies1 & 9 prop] proportions4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( a food ri* 9 oil & album9\s sub/ances to ! ord9>y k9ds ( fe$1 :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( vegetable fibre or woody matt]1 m or less indige/ible1 b nev]!less indisp5sable to ! h]bivor\s animals1 _! dige/ive organs be+ adapt$ to a bulky food1 has be5 f\nd highly advantage\s 9 practice4 ,nei!r hay alone nor conc5trat$ food alone gives ! be/ results4 ,a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ! two pres5ts ! mo/ advantages4 ,a ,bav>ian f>m] has rec5tly ann\nc$ t heif]s f$1 = ?ree mon?s be=e calv+1 ) a little l9se$-cake1 9 addition to _! o!r fodd]1 acquire a l>g] developm5t ( ! milk-vessels1 & yield m milk aft]w>ds1 ?an simil> animals f$ z usual4 ,cotton-se$ cake mu/ h an equally good effect4 ,"s ( ^? :o h us$ cotton-se$ cake h f\nd difficulty 9 induc+ cattle to eat x4 ,by giv+ x at fir/ 9 small doses1 mix$ ) o!r palatable food1 !y soon le>n to eat x ) reli%4 ,on comp>+ ! analyses ,,ii4 & ,i4 ) ! av]age composition ( l9se$-cake ,,iv41 x w be se5 t ! cotton-se$ cake is mu* ri*] 9 oil & album9\s matt]s ?an ! l9se$-cake4 ,a correspond+ly less quantity w !re=e be requir$4 ,?ree p\nds ( ?is cotton-se$ cake are equival5t to f\r ( l9se$-cake ( av]age quality4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season1 z already rem>k$1 a frequ5t *ange ( food is especially necess>y1 bo? z contribut+ to ! g5]al heal? ( animals1 & z a means ( /imulat+ ! dige/ive organs1 & ?us increas+ ! secretion ( milk4 ,a mixture us$ z cut fe$1 & well moi/5$1 is n[ especially b5eficial1 s9ce conc5trat$ food1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be giv5 9 small quantities1 may be unit$ ) l>g] quantities ( co>s] & less nutritive food1 & ! complete assimilation ( ! :ole be bett] secur$4 ,on ?is subject ,dr4 ,voelck] truly obs]ves t ! mo/ nutriti\s k9ds ( food produce little or no effect :5 !y are n dige/$ by ! /oma*1 or if ! dige/$ food is n absorb$ by ! lymphatic vessels1 & n assimilat$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,n[1 ! normal functions ( ! dige/ive organs n only dep5d on ! composition ( ! food1 b also on its volume4 ,! volume or bulk ( ! food contributes to ! heal?y activity ( ! dige/ive organs1 by ex]cis+ a /imulat+ effect on ! n]ves :i* gov]n !m4 ,?us ! :ole organization ( rum9at+ animals necessitates ! supply ( bulky food1 to keep ! animal 9 good condition4 ,fe$ sweet & nutriti\s food1 !re=e1 regul>ly1 frequ5tly1 & 9 small quantities1 & *ange x (t51 & ! be/ results may be confid5tly expect$4 ,if ! c[s are n 9 milk1 b are to come 9 9 ! spr+1 ! diff]5ce 9 fe$+ %\ld be r 9 ! quantity ?an ! quality1 if ! highe/ yield is to be expect$ f !m ! com+ season4 ,! mo/ common fe$+ is hay alone1 & (t5times v poor hay1 at t4 ,! ma9 po9t is to keep ! animal 9 a heal?y & ?riv+ condition1 & n to suff] h] to fail 9 fle%2 & ) ?is object "s *ange & v>iety ( food is highly important4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$ t c[s 9 calf %\ld n1 z a g5]al rule1 be milk$ ! la/ mon? or six weeks be=e calv+1 & _m pref] to h !m run dry z _m z eight or t5 weeks4 ,! yield ( milk is bett] ! com+ season1 & holds out bett]1 ?an if !y are milk$ up to ! "t ( calv+4 ,!re are exceptions1 h[ev]1 & x is (t5 v difficult to dry (f a c[ suffici5tly to make x judici\s to cease milk+ mu*1 if any1 be=e ! "t ( calv+4 ,"s ev5 pref] to milk q up to ?is "t2 b ! weight ( au?ority among ! be/ practical f>m]s is s decid$ly aga9/ x1 t !re c be no "q ( its bad economy4 ,t[>ds ! close ( w9t]1 a h]d ( c[s w beg9 to come 91 or approa* _! "t ( calv+4 ,c>e %\ld !n be tak5 n to fe$ too ri* or /imulat+ food = ! la/ week or two be=e ?is ev5t1 z x is (t5 att5d$ ) ill consequ5ces4 ,a pl5ty ( hay1 a few potatoes or %orts1 & pure wat]1 w be suffici5t4 ,z ! "t ( calv+ approa*es1 ! c[ %\ld be remov$ f ! re/ ( ! h]d1 to a p5 ) a level floor1 by h]self4 ,no?+ is ne$$1 usually1 b to supply h] regul>ly ) food & dr9k1 & leave h] quietly to h]self4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p>turition w be natural & easy1 & ! less ! c[ is di/urb$ or m$dl$ )1 ! bett]4 ,%e w d bett] )\t help ?an )2 b %e %\ld be wat*$1 9 ord] to see t no difficulty occurs :i* may require aid & att5tion4 ,9 cases ( difficult p>turition ! aid ( a skilful vet]9>y surgeon may be requir$4 ,= ^? :o may desire to make !mselves famili> ) ! details ( su* cases s f> z to be able to act = !mselves1 ,skellett's 8,practical ,treatise on ! ,p>turition ( ! ,c[1 or ! ,extraction ( ! ,calf10 an elaborate "w1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahdd1 w be an important guide4 ,9 spr+ ! be/ fe$+ = dairy c[s w be mu* ! same z t = w9t]2 ! roots 9 /ore ov] w9t]1 su* z c>rots1 mangold wurzel1 turnips1 & p>snips1 furni%+ v valuable aid 9 increas+ ! quantity & improv+ ! quality ( milk4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ?is season1 & be=e ! grass ( ! pa/ures is suffici5tly gr[n to make x judici\s to turn out ! c[s1 ! be/ dairym5 provide a supply ( gre5 fodd] 9 ! %ape ( w9t] rye1 :i*1 if cut :ile x is t5d] & succul5t1 & be=e x is half gr[n1 w be greatly reli%$4 ,unless cut "y1 h[ev]1 its /alk soon becomes h>d & unpalatable4 ,hav+ /at$ briefly ! g5]al pr9ciples ( fe$+ c[s = ! dairy1 x is prop] to give ! /atem5ts ( successful practical dairym51 bo? z corroborat+ :at has already be5 said1 & z %[+ ! diff]5ce 9 practice 9 fe$+ & manag+ ) ref]5ce to ! specific objects ( dairy f>m+4 ,& fir/1 a f>m] ( ,massa*usetts1 supply+ milk = ! ,bo/on m>ket1 & fe$+ = t object1 says3 8,= ?irty c[s1 cut ) a ma*9e ?irty bu%els = "o fe$2 "o ?ird common ,engli% hay1 "o ?ird salt hay1 & "o ?ird rye or b>ley /raw2 add ?irty qu>ts ( :eat bran or %orts1 & t5 qu>ts ( oat & corn meal moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,"o bu%el ( ?is mixture is giv5 to ea* c[ 9 ! morn+1 & ! same quantity at noon & 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a peck ( mangold wurzel is giv5 to ea* c[ p] day4 ,?is mode ( fe$+ has be5 f\nd to produce ne>ly z mu* milk z ! be/ grass fe$ 9 summ]4 ,:5 no :eat-bran or any k9d ( meal is giv51 ! hay is f$ )\t cutt+40 ,ano!r excell5t f>m]1 ( ! we/]n "p ( ! same /ate1 devot+ 8 att5tion to ! manufacture ( *eese1 & ! successful competitor = ! fir/ prize ( ! /ate society = dairies1 says ( 8 fe$+3 8,my pa/ures are upl&1 & yield sweet fe$4 ,i f$1 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 all ! :ey f ! milk made into *eese1 )\t any meal4 ,9 ,septemb]1 my pa/ures be+ v mu* dri$ up1 ,i f$ all ! :ey1 ) "o qu>t ( meal to ea* c[1 & also t5 p\nds ( corn fodd] to ea* c[ p] day4 8,i comm5ce fe$+ my c[s 9 ! spr+1 be=e calv+1 ) ?ree qu>ts ( meal ea* p] day1 until ! fe$ 9 ! pa/ure is good4 8,i consid] ! be/ mixture ( gra91 gr\nd into meal1 = milk1 is equal quantities ( rye1 buck:eat1 & oats4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s ,i h n made less ?an five hundr$ p\nds ( *eese & tw5ty p\nds ( butt] to ea* c[2 & "o ye> ,i made six hundr$ & =ty p\nds ( *eese & tw5ty p\nds ( butt] to ea* c[4 8,a c[ w give m milk on good fre% grass ?an any o!r fe$4 ,:5 ! grass beg9s to fail1 ,i make up ! defici5cy by extra fe$ ( meal & corn fodd]4 ,i fe$ all my :ey to my c[s4 ,i let !m run dry f\r mon?s1 & dur+ ?is "t ,i give !m no extra fe$1 always keep+ salt be=e !m40 ,ano!r1 ) "o ( ! be/ butt] dairies 9 ! same /ate1 expla9s 8 mode ( managem5t ( c[s 9 ! /all z foll[s3 8,9 ! managem5t ( my /ock ! utmo/ g5tl5ess is obs]v$1 & exact regul>ity 9 ! h\rs ( fe$+ :ile conf9$ to ! /able1 & ( milk+ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 8,! /ock is f$ regul>ly ?ree times a day4 8,9 ! morn+1 z soon z ! milk+ is ov]1 ea* c[ 7hav+ be5 previ\sly f$1 & h] bag clean$ by wa%+1 if necess>y7 is ?or\ghly clean$ & groom$1 if ! expression may be us$1 ) a curry-comb1 f head to foot1 &1 :5 clean$1 turn$ out to dr9k4 ,! /able is n[ clean$ out1 ! mang]s swept1 & ! floors spr9kl$ ) pla/]2 & z ! c[s return1 :i* !y d z soon z incl9$1 !y are ti$ up & left undi/urb$ until ! next h\r ( fe$+1 :i* is at noon4 8,! cattle at ?is "t are aga9 turn$ out to dr9k1 &1 aft] be+ ti$ up on _! return aga91 f$4 ,( c\rse ! /able is at ?is "t aga9 ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,& s aga9 at night ! same c\rse is pursu$4 ,at ?is "t a good b$d+ is spread = ea* c[1 &1 aft] all are 91 !y are f$4 8,at six o'clock ! milk+ comm5ces1 & at its t]m9ation1 aft] remov+ f ! floor :atev] manure may h be5 dropp$1 ! /able is clos$ = ! night4 ,if c>rots are f$1 :i* is ! only root all[$ to my c[s 9 milk1 !y are giv5 at ! "t ( ! ev5+ milk+4 8,:atev] mat]ial is tak5 = b$d+ 7z corn-/alks1 husks1 c47 is pass$ ?r\gh a cutt+-ma*9e1 & composes ! noon fe$1 su* portions z are n consum$ by ! c[s be+ us$ = b$d+4 ,! additional labor ( cutt+ up is amply comp5sat$ by ! r$uc$ am\nt ( labor 9 work+ 7load+7 & pl\gh+ "u ! manure4 8,:ile ,i consid] x highly desirable t ! c[s1 dur+ ! p]iod !y are /abl$1 %\ld be kept w>m & dry1 ,i reg>d x z indisp5sable t !y %\ld be p]fectly clean2 &1 al?\gh ! /ock is /abl$ ! :ole "t1 c>e is tak5 t !re is a suffici5t degree ( v5tilation40 ,9 ,h]kim] c\nty1 ,new ,york1 "o ( ! be/ dairy di/ricts 9 ! c\ntry1 a dairy f>m] :o kept tw5ty-five c[s = ! manufacture ( *eese1 mak+ 9 "o ye> ne>ly sev5 hundr$ p\nds p] c[1 /ates 8 mode ( fe$+ z foll[s3 8,:5 ! gr\nd is settl$1 & grass is gr[n s t c[s c get _! fill )\t too mu* toil1 !y are all[$ to graze an h\r1 only1 ! fir/ day2 ! second day a little long]1 & s on1 till !y get accu/om$ to ! *ange ( fe$ be=e !y are all[$ to h full range ( pa/ure4 ,%ift ( pa/ure is frequ5tly made to keep fe$ fre% & a good bite4 ,ab\t "o acre p] c[ af=ds pl5ty ( fe$ till ! fir/ ( ,augu/4 ,if en\gh l& 0 turn$ to pa/ure to fe$ ! c[s ?r\gh ! season1 x w\ld get a />t ( !m ab\t ?is "t1 & be h>d & dry ! balance ( ! season4 ,to avoid turn+ on my mead[s 9 ! fall1 ,i take "o acre to e t5 c[s1 pl\gh & prep>e x ! =e "p ( ,june = s[+2 ,i comm5ce s[+ corn broadca/1 ab\t half an acre at a "t 7= tw5ty-five c[s71 s t x may gr[ eighty or n9ety days be=e x is cut & f$4 ,i h f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 t x !n conta9s ! mo/ sac*>9e juice1 & w produce ! mo/ milk4 ,if ! gr\nd is /rong1 ,i s[ two bu%els p] acre2 m if ! gr\nd is n manur$4 8,! common yield is f fifte5 to tw5ty tons 7( gre5 fe$7 p] acre4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 :5 heat & flies are too oppressive = c[s to fe$ quietly 9 ! day-"t1 ,i comm5ce fe$+ !m ) :at corn !y w eat 9 ! morn+1 daily1 :i* is cut up ) a grass-scy!1 & drawn on a sl$ or wagon to ! milk-b>n & f$ to !m 9 ! /alls1 :i* is "o h\r's "w = a man at ea* fe$+4 ,:5 ?us pl5tifully f$1 my c[s h _! knitt+-"w on h& = ! day1 :i* !y c d up by ly+ quietly "u artificial %ades1 erect$ 9 su* places z ne$ manur+ mo/1 & are mo/ airy1 by sett+ po/s & putt+ poles & bu%es on top1 ! sides be+ left op54 ,^! %ades may be made & remov$ annually1 to enri* o!r portions ( soil1 if desir$1 at ! small exp5se ( "o doll> = ea* t5 c[s4 ,at ev5+1 my c[s are f$ :ey only1 because !y c fe$ m quietly1 ) less rambl+1 & w give m milk by fe$+ mo/ :5 ! dew is on ! grass4 8,! capacity ( c[s = giv+ milk is v>i$ mu* by habit4 ,9 fall1 aft] ! season ( fe$+ is pa/1 ,i fe$ f\r qu>ts ( :eat bran or %orts made into slop ) :ey1 or a peck ( roots to ea* c[1 till milk+ season closes 7ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb]74 ,:5 conf9$ 9 /ables & f$ hay & milk$1 !y are f$ ea* "o pail full ( ?9 slop at morn+ be=e fodd]+1 & also at ev5+1 to r5d] _! food m succul5t1 & !y w n dr9k s mu* cold wat] :5 let out 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,9 cold wea!r c[s are kept well att5d$ 9 w>m /ables4 ,no fodd]+ is done on ! gr\nd4 ,?us a supply ( milk is kept up1 & ! c[s get 9 good fle%1 :ile _! blood & bags are left 9 a heal?y condition :5 dri$ (f4 8,?is fle% !y hold till milk season 9 spr+1 )\t o!r fe$ ?an good hay4 ,!y w n get fle%y bags1 b come into milk at once4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april !y are c>d$ daily1 till !y are turn$ to grass4 ,:eat-bran 9 milk or :ey1 slops1 or roots1 are daily f$1 z !y are f\nd be/ adapt$ to ! nature ( diff]5t c[s1 & mo/ likely to e/abli% a regul> fl[ ( milk till grass comes40 ,all practical dairym5 concur 9 say+ t a w>m & well-v5tilat$ b>n is indisp5sable to ! promotion ( ! highe/ yield ( milk 9 w9t]2 & mo/ agree t c[s 9 milk %\ld n be turn$ out ev5 to dr9k 9 cold wea!r1 all exposure to cold t5d+ to less5 ! yield ( milk4 ,9 ! ,london dairies1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 ! c[s are f$ s z to produce ! l>ge/ fl[ ( milk1 ! treatm5t is z foll[s3 ,! c[s are kept at night 9 /alls4 ,ab\t ?ree ,a4 ,m4 ea* has half a bu%el ( gra9s4 ,:5 milk+ is f9i%$1 ea* receives a bu%el ( turnips 7or mangolds71 & %ortly aft]w>ds "o t5? ( a truss ( hay ( ! be/ quality4 ,?is fe$+ occurs be=e eight ,a4 ,m41 :5 ! animals are turn$ into ! y>d4 ,f\r h\rs aft]1 !y are aga9 ti$ up 9 _! /alls1 & h ano!r fe$ ( gra9s4 ,:5 ! aft]noon milk+ is ov] 7ab\t ?ree ,p4 ,m471 !y are f$ ) a bu%el ( turnips1 & aft] ! lapse ( an h\r1 hay is giv5 !m z be=e4 ,?is mode ( fe$+ usually cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! root season1 or f ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ mon?s !y are f$ ) gra9s1 t>es1 & cabbages1 & a proportion ( r[5 or second-cut hay4 ,!y are suppli$ regul>ly until !y are turn$ out to grass1 :5 !y pass ! :ole ( ! night 9 ! field4 ,! yield is ab\t six hundr$ & fifty gallons a ye> = ea* c[4 ,mr4 ,h>ley1 ^: admirable dairy e/abli%m5t has be5 already allud$ to1 z erect$ = ! purpose ( supply+ ! city ( ,glasg[ ) a good quality ( milk1 & :i* contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to improve ! quality ( milk furni%$ to all ! cities ( ,great ,brita91 adopt$ ! foll[+ sy/em ( fe$+ ) ! greate/ pr(it3 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( summ]1 "y grass & gre5 b>ley1 ! fir/ cutt+ especially1 mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( old hay or /raw1 & a good quantity ( salt to prev5t swell+1 7 us$4 ,z summ] advanc$ less hay & /raw 7 giv51 & z ! grass approa*$ rip5ess !y 7 discont9u$ altoge!r1 b "y & wet clov] 0 nev] giv5 )\t an admixture ( dry prov5d]4 ,:5 grass became sc>ce1 "y turnips & turnip-leaves 7 /eam$ ) hay1 & =m$ a good sub/itute4 ,z grass decreas$ ! turnips 7 increas$1 & at l5g? became a complete sub/itute4 ,z ! season advanc$ a l>ge proportion ( di/ill]s' gra9s & wa% 0 giv5 ) o!r food1 b ^! 7 f\nd to be apt to make ! cattle gra9-sick2 & if ?is fe$+ 7 long cont9u$1 ! heal? ( ! c[s became affect$4 ,boil$ l9se$ & %ort-cut :eat-/raw mix$ ) ! gra9s 7 f\nd to prev5t ! c[s f turn+ sick4 ,z spr+ approa*$1 ,sw$i% turnips1 :5 *eap1 7 sub/itut$ = yell[ turnips4 ,^! two roots1 /eam$ ) hay & o!r mixtures1 af=d$ s(t food till grass 0 aga9 9 season4 ,:5 any ( ! c[s 7 surfeit$1 ! food 0 )held till ! appetite return$1 :5 a small quantity 0 giv51 & increas$ gradually to ! full all[ance4 ,b ! mo/ elaborate & valuable exp]im5ts 9 ! fe$+ & managem5t ( mil* c[s are ^? rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,t4 ,horsfall1 ( ,engl&1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,8 practice1 ?\gh adapt$1 p]haps1 m especially to 8 own section1 is nev]!less ( su* g5]al application & importance z to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,by 8 c\rse ( treatm5t he f\nd t he c\ld produce z mu* & z ri* butt] 9 w9t] z 9 summ]4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to af=d a full supply ( ! elem5ts ( food adapt$ to ! ma9t5ance & also to ! produce ( ! animal2 & ?is c\ld n be effect$ by ! ord9>y food & me?ods ( fe$+1 s9ce x is impossible to induce a c[ to consume a quantity ( hay requisite to supply ! wa/e ( ! sy/em1 & keep up1 at ! same "t1 a full yield ( ! be/ quality ( milk4 ,he us$1 to "s ext5t1 cabbages1 kohl rabi1 mangolds1 %orts1 & o!r sub/ances1 ri* 9 ! con/itu5ts ( *eese & butt]4 8,my food = mil* c[s10 says he1 8aft] hav+ und]gone v>i\s modifications1 has = two seasons consi/$ ( rape-cake five p\nds & bran two p\nds1 = ea* c[1 mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( bean-/raw1 oat-/raw1 & %ells ( oats1 9 equal proportions1 to supply !m ?ree times a day ) z mu* z !y w eat4 ,! :ole ( ! mat]ials are moi/5$ & bl5d$ toge!r1 &1 aft] be+ well /eam$1 are giv5 to ! animals 9 a w>m /ate4 ,! att5dant is all[$ "o p\nd to "o & a half p\nds p] c[1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ( bean-meal1 :i* he is *>g$ to give to ea* c[ 9 proportion to ! yield ( milk2 ^? 9 full milk gett+ two p\nds ea* p] day1 o!rs b little4 ,x is dry1 & mix$ ) ! /eam$ food on its be+ dealt out sep>ately4 ,:5 ?is is eat5 up1 gre5 food is giv51 consi/+ ( cabbages f ,octob] to ,decemb]1 kohl rabi till ,febru>y1 & mangold till grass "t4 ,) a view to nicety ( flavor1 ,i limit ! supply ( gre5 food to ?irty or ?irty-five p\nds p] day = ea*4 ,aft] ea* fe$1 f\r p\nds ( mead[ hay1 or twelve p\nds p] day1 is giv5 to ea* c[4 ,!y are all[$ wat] twice a day to ! ext5t !y w dr9k40 ,bean-/raw uncook$ be+ f\nd to be h>d & unpalatable1 x 0 /eam$ to make x s(t & pulpy1 :5 x possess$ an agreeable odor1 & imp>t$ its flavor to ! :ole mess4 ,x 0 cut = ?is purpose j be=e rip5+1 b aft] ! bean 0 fully gr[n1 & 9 ?is /ate 0 f\nd to possess ne>ly d\ble ! am\nt ( album9\s matt]1 s valuable to mil* c[s1 ( good mead[ or upl& hay4 ,bean or %orts is also va/ly improv$ by /eam+ or soak+ ) hot wat]1 :5 its nutrim5t is m readily assimilat$4 ,x conta9s ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( album51 & is ri* 9 phosphoric acid4 ,rape-cake 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly valuable4 ,l9se$ & cotton-se$ cake may probably be sub/itut$ = x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,horsfall is accu/om$ to turn 8 c[s 9 ,may into a ri* pa/ure1 h\s+ !m at night1 & giv+ !m a mess ( ! /eam$ mixture & "s hay morn+ & night2 & f ,june to ,octob] !y h cut grass 9 ! /all1 besides :at !y get 9 ! pa/ure1 & two fe$s ( ! /eam$ mixture a day4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] ! c[s are kept h\s$4 ,) su* managem5t1 8 c[s g5]ally yield f twelve to sixte5 qu>ts ( milk 7w9e measure7 a day1 = ab\t eight mon?s aft] calv+1 :5 !y fall (f 9 milk1 b ga9 9 fle%1 up to calv+-"t4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( treatm5t ! manure is f> bett] ?an ! av]age1 & 8 pa/ures are con/antly improv$4 ,! av]age am\nt ( butt] f e sixte5 qu>ts ( milk is tw5ty-five ounces1 a proportion f> l>g] ?an ! av]age4 ,8 inve/igations are v full & complete4--,see ,app5dix4 ,h[ widely does ?is c\rse ( practice diff] f t ( mo/ f>m]s6 ,! object ) _m seems to be to see ) h[ little food !y c keep ! c[ alive4 ,n[1 x appe>s to me t ! mil* c[ %\ld be reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( trans=mation4 ,) s mu* hay1 s mu* gra91 s _m roots1 h[ c ! mo/ milk1 or butt]1 or *eese1 be made8 ,! conduct ( a manufactur] :o own$ good ma*9]y1 & an abundance ( raw mat]ial1 & _h ! labor at h&1 w\ld be consid]$ z v absurd1 if he hesitat$ to supply ! mat]ial1 & keep ! ma*9]y at "w at lea/ s long z he c\ld run x ) pr(it4 ,/imulate ! appetite1 !n1 & induce ! c[ to eat1 by a frequ5t *ange ( diet1 n m]ely en\gh to supply ! con/ant wa/e ( h] sy/em1 b en\gh & to sp>e1 ( a food adapt$ to ! production ( milk ( ! quality desir$4 ,,soil+4--,( ! advantages ( soil+ mil* c[s1 or fe$+ exclusively 9 ! b>n1 !re are /ill _m conflict+ op9ions4 ,z to its economy ( l& & food !re is no "q1 x be+ g5]ally admitt$ t a giv5 numb] ( animals may be abundantly f$ on a less space2 nor is !re mu* "q z to ! increas$ quantity ( milk yield$ 9 /all fe$+4 ,its economy 9 ?is c\ntry turns r ^u ! co/ ( labor & l&2 & ! "q ask$ by ! dairyman is :e!r x w pay--:e!r its advantages are suffici5t to balance ! extra exp5se ( cutt+ & fe$+ ov] & above cropp+ on ! pa/ure4 ,! importance ( ?is subject has be5 /rongly impress$ ^u ! att5tion ( f>m]s 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry1 by a gr[+ conviction t some?+ mu/ be done to improve ! pa/ures1 or t !y mu/ be ab&on$ altoge!r4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( neglect$ pa/ure-l& 9 ! old] /ates are s poor & worn out t f f\r to eight acres furni% b a mis]able subsi/5ce = a good-siz$ c[4 ,no animal c fl\ri% "u su* circum/ances4 ,! labor & ex]tion ( fe$+ is too great1 to say no?+ ( ! va/ly inf]ior quality ( ! grasses 9 su* pa/ures to ^? on m rec5tly se$$ l&s4 ,true economy w\ld dictate t su* pa/ures %\ld ei!r be all[$ to run up to wood1 or be devot$ to %eep-walks1 or pl\gh$ & improv$4 ,c[s1 to be able to yield well1 mu/ h pl5ty ( food ( a sweet & nutriti\s quality2 & unless !y f9d x1 !y w&] ov] a l>ge space1 if at lib]ty1 & deprive !mselves ( re/4 ,if a f>m] or dairyman is ! un=tunate own] ( su* pa/ures1 !re c be no "q t1 z a matt] ( real economy1 he _h bett] resort to ! soil+ sy/em = 8 mil* c[s1 by :i* means he w l>gely increase 8 annual supply ( good manure1 & ?us h ! means ( improv+1 & br++ 8 l& to a high] /ate ( cultivation4 ,a v successful in/ance ( ?is managem5t occurs 9 ! report ( ! visit+ committee ( an agricultural society 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 :i* !y say3 8,we h n[ 9 m9d a f>m] 9 ?is c\nty :o keeps sev5 or eight c[s 9 ! /able ?r\gh ! summ]1 & fe$s !m on gre5 fodd]1 *iefly ,indian-corn4 ,we ask$ him ! reasons = x4 ,8 answ] 03 #a4 ,t he gets m milk ?an he c by any o!r me?od4 #b4 ,t he gets m manure1 especially liquid manure4 #c4 ,t he saves x all1 by keep+ a supply ( m\ld or mud "u ! /able1 to be tak5 out & r5ew$ z (t5 z necess>y4 #d4 ,t x is less tr\blesome ?an to drive 8 c[s to pa/ure2 t !y are less vex$ by flies1 & h equally good heal?4 #e4 ,t 8 m[+-l& is e ye> gr[+ m productive1 )\t ! exp5se ( artificial manure4 ,he e/imates t on an acre ( good l& tw5ty tons ( gre5 fodd] may be rais$4 ,t :i* is dri$ is cut f9e1 & mix$ ) meal or %orts1 & f$ ) pr(it4 ,he believes t a r$uc$ & p>tially worn-out f>m--suppos+ ! l& to be naturally good--c\ld be br\ght into prime ord] 9 five ye>s1 )\t extra outlay ( money = manure1 by ! use ( gre5 fodd] 9 connection ) ! rais+ & keep+ ( pigs2 n fatt5+ !m1 b sell+ at ! age ( f\r or five mon?s40 ,he keeps mo/ ( 8 l& 9 grass1 improv+ its quality & productiv5ess by means ( top-dress+1 & putt+ money 9 8 pocket1--:i* is1 aft] all1 ! true te/ bo? = !ory & practice4 ,ano!r practical case 9 h& on ?is po9t is t ( a g5tleman 9 ! same /ate1 :o _h f\r c[s1 b n a rod ( l& to pa/ure !m on4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 nev] out ( ! b>n1--or1 at lea/1 n out ( ! y>d1--& 7 f$ ) grass1 regul>ly m[n = !m2 ) gre5 ,indian-corn fodd]1 :i* _h be5 s[n broadca/ = ! purpose2 & ) ab\t ?ree p9ts ( meal a day4 ,_! produce 9 butt] 0 kept = ?irte5 weeks4 ,two ( !m 7 b two ye>s old1 hav+ calv$ ! same spr+4 ,all ! milk ( "o ( !m 0 tak5 by h] calf six weeks out ( ! ?irte51 & "s ( ! milk ( ! o!r 0 tak5 = family use1 ! quantity ( :i* 0 n measur$4 ,^! heif]s c\ld n be e/imat$1 !re=e1 z m ?an equal to "o c[ 9 full milk4 ,& yet f ^! c[s no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & eighty-n9e p\nds ( butt] 7 made 9 ! ?irte5 weeks4 ,ano!r p\nd w\ld h made an av]age ( ?irty p\nds a week = ! :ole "t4 ,x appe>s f ^!1 & o!r simil> in/ances ( successful soil+1 or /all-fe$+ 9 summ] on gre5 crops cut = ! purpose1 t ! l>gely increas$ quantity ( ! yield fully c\nt]balances ! slightly det]iorat$ quality4 ,& n only is ! quantity yield$ by ea* c[ increas$1 b ! same ext5t ( l&1 "u good culture1 w c>ry d\ble or treble ! numb] ( ord9>y pa/ures1 & keep !m 9 bett] condition4 ,!re is also a sav+ ( manure4 ,b ) u ! economy ( soil+ is ! exception1 & n ! rule4 ,9 adopt+ ?is sy/em ( fe$+1 regul>ity is requir$ z mu* z 9 any o!r1 & a prop] v>iety ( food4 ,a succession ( gre5 crops %\ld be provid$1 z ne> z conv5i5t to ! /able4 ,! fir/ w naturally be w9t] rye1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 z t %oots up ) great luxuriance4 ,w9t] rape w\ld probably be an exce$+ly valuable addition to ! plants usually cultivat$ = soil+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 sections :]e x )/&s ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]4 ,cabbages kept 9 ! cell>1 or pit1 & transplant$ e>ly1 w also come 9 "h to advantage1 & clov] w v soon foll[ !m2 oats1 millet1 & gre5 ,indian-corn1 z ! season advances2 &1 a little lat] /ill1 p]haps1 ! ,*9ese sug>-cane1 :i* %\ld n be cut till head$ out4 ,^! plants1 9 addition to o!r cultivat$ grasses1 w furni% an unfail+ succession ( succul5t & t5d] fodd]2 :ile ! addition ( a little ,indian1 l9se$1 or cotton-se$ meal w be f\nd economical4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns & cities1 :]e ! object is too (t5 to fe$ = ! l>ge/ quantity1 )\t ref]5ce to quality1 an article kn[n z di/ill]s' swill1 or /ill-slop1 is ext5sively us$4 ,?is1 if prop]ly f$ 9 limit$ quantities1 9 comb9ation ) o!r & m bulky food1 may be a valuable article = ! dairyman2 b1 if giv51 z x too (t5 is1 )\t ! addition ( o!r k9ds ( food1 x soon affects ! heal? & con/itution ( ! animals f$ on x4 ,?is swill conta9s a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 "s nitrog5\s comp\nds1 & "s inorganic matt]1 9 ! %ape ( phosphates & alkal9e salts f\nd 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 ( :i* x is made up1 z ,indian corn1 :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 c4 ,:]e ?is =ms ! pr9cipal food ( mil* c[s1 ! milk is ( a v poor quality--blue 9 color1 & requir+ ! addition ( color+ sub/ances to make x salable4 ,x conta9s1 (t51 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( butt]1 & seldom ov] "o & ?ree t5?s or "o & a half p] c5t41 :ile good1 salable milk ought to conta9 f ?ree to five p] c5t4 ,x w n coagulate1 x is said1 9 less ?an five or six h\rs1 :ile good milk w inv>iably coagulate 9 "o h\r or less1 "u ! same conditions4 ,its effect on ! sy/em ( "y *ildr5 is !re=e v de/ructive1 caus+ diseases ( v>i\s k9ds1 &1 if cont9u$1 c]ta9 dea?4 ,,milk+4--,! mann] ( milk+ ex]ts a m p[]ful & la/+ influ5ce on ! productiv5ess ( ! c[ ?an mo/ f>m]s are aw>e (4 ,t a sl[ & c>eless milk] soon dries up ! be/ ( c[s1 e practical f>m] & dairyman kn[s2 b a c>eful exam9ation ( ! beautiful /ructure ( ! udd] w s]ve fur!r to expla9 ! prop] mode ( milk+1 to obta9 & keep up ! l>ge/ yield4 8,! udd] ( a c[10 says a writ] 9 ! ,rural ,cyclopdia1 8is a unique mass1 compos$ ( two symmetrical p>ts1 simply unit$ to ea* o!r by a cellul> tissue1 lax1 & v abundant2 & ea* ( ^! p>ts comprises two divisions or qu>t]s1 :i* consi/ ( _m small granules1 & are connect$ toge!r by a compact lam9\s tissue2 & f ea* qu>t] proce$ sy/ems ( ducts1 :i* =m successive unions & conflu5ces1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! _m afflu5ts ( a l>ge riv]1 until !y t]m9ate 9 "o gr& excretory canal1 :i* passes d[n ?r\gh ! elongat$ mammill>y body call$ ! teat4 ,its lactif]\s or milk tubes1 h[ev]1 d n1 z might be suppos$1 proce$ exactly f small] to l>g] ducts by a gradual & regul> enl>gem5t1 because x w\ld n h be5 prop] t ! secretion ( milk %\ld escape z x 0 =m$2 & !re=e we f9d an app>atus adapt$ = ! purpose ( reta9+ x = a prop] "t4 ,?is app>atus is to be f\nd bo? 9 ! teat & 9 ! int]nal con/ruction ( ! udd]4 ,! teat resembles a funnel 9 %ape1 & some:at 9 (fice2 & x is possess$ ( a consid]able degree ( ela/icity4 ,x seems =m$ pr9cipally ( ! cutis1 ) "s muscul> fibres1 & x is cov]$ on ! outside by cuticle1 l e o!r "p ( ! body2 b ! cuticle "h n only cov]s ! ext]ior1 b also turns upw>ds1 & l9es ! inside ( ! extremity ( ! teat1 z f> z x is contract$1 & !re t]m9ates by a frill$ edge1 ! re/ ( ! int]ior ( ! teats & ducts be+ l9$ by muc\s membrane4 ,b1 z ! udd] 9 mo/ animals is atta*$ 9 a p5dul\s mann] to ! body1 & z ! weight ( ! column ( fluid w\ld press ) a =ce :i* w\ld1 9 e case1 ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! contractions ( ! extremity1 or prove oppressive to ! teat1 !re is 9 ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! udd] a provision made to obviate ?is difficulty4 ,! v>i\s ducts1 z !y are unit$1 d n become gradually enl>g$ s z to admit ! ready fl[ ( milk 9 a cont9ual /ream to ! teat1 b are s arrang$ z to take (f1 9 a great measure1 ! extreme pressure to :i* ! teat w\ld be o!rwise expos$4 ,ea* ma9 duct1 z x ent]s into ano!r1 has a contraction produc$1 by :i* a k9d ( valvul> app>atus is =m$ 9 su* a mann] z to become p\*es or sacks1 capable ( conta9+ ! great body ( ! milk4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 x is necess>y t a k9d ( movem5t upw>ds1 or lift1 %\ld be giv5 to ! udd] be=e ! teat is drawn1 to =ce out ! milk2 & by ?is lift ! milk is displac$ f ^! p\*es1 & escapes into ! teat1 & is !n easily squeez$ out2 :ile ! contractions1 or p\*es1 at ! same "t resi/1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ! return or reflux ( ! displac$ milk40 ,! fir/ requisite ( a good milk] is1 ( c\rse1 ! utmo/ cleanl9ess4 ,)\t ?is1 ! milk is un5durable4 ,! udd] %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>efully clean$ be=e ! milk+ comm5ces4 ,! milk] may beg9 gradually & g5tly1 b %\ld /eadily increase ! rapidity ( ! op]ation till ! udd] is empti$1 us+ a pail suffici5tly l>ge to hold all1 )\t ! necessity ( *ang+4 ,c[s are v s5sitive1 & ! pail _c be *ang$1 nor c ! milk] /op or rise dur+ ! process ( milk+1 )\t lead+ ! c[ m or less to )hold h] milk4 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to /rip to ! la/ drop1 & to d x rapidly1 & n 9 a sl[ & neglig5t mann]1 :i* is sure to h its effect on ! yield ( ! c[4 ,if any milk is left1 x is reabsorb$ into ! sy/em1 or else becomes cak$1 & dim9i%es ! t5d5cy to secrete a full quantity aft]w>ds4 ,milk+ z dry z possible is especially necess>y ) "y c[s ) _! fir/ calf1 z ! mode ( milk+1 & ! l5g? ( "t to :i* !y c be made to hold out1 w h v mu* to d ) _! milk+ qualities z long z !y live4 ,at ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s ! milky gl&s h n become fully develop$1 & _! l>ge/ developm5t w dep5d v greatly ^u ! managem5t aft] ! fir/ calf4 ,c[s %\ld h1 !re=e1 ! mo/ milk-produc+ food2 be treat$ ) con/ant g5tl5ess2 nev] /ruck1 or spok5 h>%ly to1 b coax$ & c>ess$2 & 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ !y w gr[ up g5tle & quiet4 ,b h>%ness is worse ?an useless4 ,no?+ does s mu* to dry a c[ up1 especially a "y c[4 ,! long] ! "y c[1 ) h] fir/1 & second calf1 c be made to hold out1 ! m surely w ?is habit be fix$ ^u h]4 ,/op milk+ h] f\r mon?s be=e ! next calf1 & x w be difficult to make h] hold out to )9 f\r or six weeks ( ! "t ( calv+ aft]w>ds4 ,induce h]1 if possible1 by moi/ & succul5t food1 & by c>eful milk+1 to hold out ev5 up to ! "t ( calv+1 if y desire to milk h] s long1 & ?is habit w be likely to be fix$ ^u h] = life4 ,b d n expect to obta9 ! full yield ( a c[ ! fir/ ye> aft] calv+4 ,"s ( ! v be/ c[s are sl[ to develop _! be/ qualities2 & no c[ rea*es h] prime till ! age ( five or six ye>s4 ,! extreme importance ( c>e & att5tion to ^! po9ts _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! wild c[s graz+ on ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica are said to give only ab\t ?ree or f\r qu>ts a day at ! height ( ! fl[2 & _m an own] ( l>ge h]ds 9 ,texas1 x is said1 has too little milk = family use1 & sometimes receives 8 supply ( butt] f ! ,new ,york m>ket4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a con/ant t5d5cy to dry up 9 mil* c[s2 & x mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ ) special c>e1 till ! habit ( yield+ a l>ge quantity1 & yield+ x long1 becomes fix$ 9 ! "y animal1 :51 ) prop] c>e1 x may easily be kept up4 ,if g5tle & mild treatm5t is obs]v$ & p]sev]$ 91 ! op]ation ( milk+ appe>s to be "o ( pleasure to ! animal1 z x und\bt$ly is2 b if an opposite c\rse is pursu$1--if1 at e re/less movem5t1 caus$1 p]haps1 by press+ a sore teat1 ! animal is h>%ly spok5 to1--%e w be likely to le>n to kick z a habit1 & x w be difficult to ov]come x ev] aft]w>ds4 ,to induce quiet & read9ess to give d[n ! milk freely1 x is bett] t ! c[ %\ld be f$ at milk+-"t ) cut fe$1 or roots1 plac$ )9 h] easy rea*4 ,i h nev] practis$ milk+ m ?an twice a day1 because 9 spr+ & summ] o!r f>m-"w 0 too press+ to all[ ( x2 b !re is no d\bt t1 = "s weeks aft] calv+1 & 9 ! height1 ( ! fl[1 ! c[s ought1 if possible1 to be milk$ regul>ly ?ree times a day--at e>ly morn+1 noon1 & night4 ,e practical dairyman kn[s t c[s ?us milk$ give a l>g] quantity ( milk ?an if milk$ only twice1 ?\gh x may n be q s ri*2 & 9 "y c[s1 no d\bt1 x has a t5d5cy to promote ! developm5t ( ! udd] & milk-ve9s4 ,a frequ5t milk+ /imulates an increas$ secretion1 !re=e1 & ought nev] to be neglect$ 9 ! milk-dairy1 ei!r 9 ! case ( "y c[s or v l>ge milk]s1 at ! height ( ! fl[1 :i* w ord9>ily be = two or ?ree mon?s aft] calv+4 ,! *>ge ( ?is bran* ( ! dairy %\ld g5]ally be intru/$ to wom54 ,!y are m g5tle & w9n+ ?an m54 ,! same p]son %\ld milk ! same c[ regul>ly1 & n *ange f "o to ano!r1 unless !re are special reasons = x4 ,!re be+ a wide diff]5ce 9 ! quality z well z 9 ! quantity ( milk ( diff]5t c[s1 no dairyman %\ld neglect to te/ ! milk ( ea* new addition to 8 dairy /ock1 :e!r x be an animal ( 8 own rais+ or "o br\ght f abroad4 ,a lactomet] is a v conv5i5t in/rum5t "h2 b any "o c set ! milk ( ea* c[ sep>ately at fir/1 & give x a fair & full trial1 :5 ! diff]5ce w be f\nd to be great4 ,economy w dictate t ! c[s lea/ adapt$ to ! purpose %\ld be dispos$ (1 & _! place suppli$ by bett] ones4 ,,! ,,b>n4--,! managem5t ( dairy /ock requires a w>m & well-v5tilat$ b>n or c[-room1 9 latitudes :]e x becomes necess>y to /all-fe$ dur+ sev]al mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,?is %\ld be arrang$ 9 a mann] suitable to keep+ hay & o!r fodd] dry & sweet1 & ) ref]5ce to ! com=t & heal? ( animals1 & ! economy ( labor & manure4 ,! size & f9i% w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! wants & means ( ! f>m] or dairyman2 b _m little conv5i5ces c be add$ at trifl+ co/4 ,! c[-room1 ,fig4 #ef;a1 is giv5 z an illu/ration m]ely ( a conv5i5t arrangem5t = a m$ium-siz$ dairy1 & n z adapt$ to all circum/ances or situations4 ,! b>n /&s1 we w suppose1 ^u a side hill1 or an incl9$ surface1 :]e x is easy to h a cell>1 if x is desir$2 & ! c[-room1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 is 9 ! second /ory1 or directly ov] ! cell>1 ! bottom ( :i* %\ld be some:at di%$1 or l[] 9 ! middle ?an ar\nd ! out] sides1 & c>efully pav$ or laid 9 cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef;a4 ,c[-room = #cd c[s & #c yoke ( ox54 ,! c[-room1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 is drawn on a scale ( tw5ty feet to ! in*4 ,on ! outside is repres5t$ an op5 %$1 m1 = c>ts & wagons to rema9 "u cov]1 ?irty feet by fifte51 :ile l l l l l l are b9s = vegetables1 to be fill$ ?r\gh scuttles f ! floor ( ! /ory above1 & surr\nd$ by solid walls4 ,! area ( ?is :ole floor equals "o hundr$ feet by fifty-sev54 k1 op5 space1 & ne>ly on a level ) ! c[-*amb]1 ?r\gh ! door p4 s1 /airs to ?ird /ory & to ! cell>4 d d d1 passage next to ! walls1 five feet wide1 & n9e in*es above ! dung-pit4 e e e1 dung-pit1 two feet wide1 & sev5 in*es bel[ ! floor :]e ! cattle /&4 ,! manure drops f ?is pit into ! cell> bel[1 five feet f ! walls1 & q r\nd ! cell>4 c c c1 plank floor = c[s1 f\r feet six in*es long4 b b b1 /alls = ?ree yoke ( ox51 on a plat=m five feet six in*es long4 n n1 calf-p5s1 :i* may be us$ also = c[s 9 calv+4 r r1 fe$+-tr\ghs = calves4 ,! fe$+-boxes are made 9 ! =m ( trays1 ) p>titions betwe5 !m4 ,wat] comes 9 by a pipe1 to ci/]n a4 ,?is ci/]n is regulat$ by a cock & ball1 & ! wat] fl[s by dott$ l9es1 o o o1 to ! boxes1 & ea* box is connect$ by lead pipes well secur$ f fro/1 s t1 if desir$1 ea* animal c be wat]$ )\t leav+ ! /all1 or wat] c be kept con/antly be=e x4 ,a scuttle by :i* sweep+s1 etc41 may be put ?r\gh into ! cell>1 is se5 at f4 g is a b9 receiv+ cut hay f ?ird /ory1 or hay-room4 h h h h h h1 b9s = gra9-fe$4 i is a tunnel to conduct manure or muck f ! hay-floor to ! cell>4 j j1 slid+ doors on :eels4 ,! c[s all face t[>ds ! op5 area 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is c[-room may be furni%$ ) a !rmomet]1 clock1 etc41 & %\ld always be well v5tilat$ by slid+ w9d[s1 :i* at ! same "t admit ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg;a4 ,fig4 #eg;a is a transv]se section ( ! c[-room1 ,fig4 #ef;a1 a be+ a walk beh9d ! c[s1 five feet wide2 b1 dung-pit2 c1 cattle-/&2 d1 fe$+-tr\gh1 ) a bottom on a level ) ! plat=m :]e ! cattle /&2 k1 op5 area1 =ty-?ree feet by fifty-six4 ,! /ory above ! c[-room1 ,fig4 #eh;a1 is "o hundr$ feet by =ty-two1 ! bays = hay1 t5 on ea* side1 be+ t5 feet front & fifte5 feet deep1 & ! op5 space1 p1 = ! entrance ( wagons1 c>ts1 etc41 twelve feet wide4 b1 hay-scales4 c1 scale-beam4 m m m m m m1 ladd]s rea*+ almo/ to ! ro(4 l l l1 c41 scuttle-holes = s5d+ vegetables direct to ! b9s1 l l l1 etc41 bel[4 a a b b1 rooms on ! corn]s = /orage4 d1 scuttles1 f\r ( :i* are us$ = /raw1 "o = cut hay1 & "o = muck = ! cell>4 n & ! o!r small squ>es are eighte5-feet po/s4 f1 passage to ! tool-h\se1 a room "o hundr$ feet long by fifte5 wide4 o1 /airs lead+ to ! scaffold 9 ! ro( ( ! tool-h\se4 i i1 b5*es4 g1 floor4 h1 boxes = hoes1 %ovels1 spades1 picks1 iron b>s1 old iron1 etc4 j j j1 b9s = fruit4 k1 scuttles to put apples into wagons1 etc41 9 ! %$ bel[4 ,"o side ( ?is tool-h\se may be us$ = pl\ghs & l>ge implem5ts1 hay-rigg+1 h>r[s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh;a4 ,room ov] ! c[-room = hay1 c4 ,prop] v5tilation ( ! cell> & ! c[-room avoids ! objection t ! hay is liable to injury f noxi\s gases4 ,! excell5t manure-cell> b5ea? ?is b>n ext5ds only "u ! c[-room4 ,x has a drive-way ?r\gh doors on ea* side4 ,no b>n-cell> %\ld be kept %ut up tight1 ev5 9 cold wea!r4 ,! gases are con/antly escap+ f ! manure1 unless held by absorb5ts1 & are liable n only to affect ! heal? ( ! /ock1 b to injure ! quality ( ! hay4 ,to prev5t ?is1 & yet secure ! important advantages ( a manure-cell>1 ! b>n may be furni%$ ) good-siz$ v5tilators on ! top1 = e tw5ty-five feet ( its l5g?1 & ) wood5 tubes lead+ f ! cell> to ! top4 ,!re %\ld also be w9d[s on diff]5t sides ( ! cell>1 to admit a free circulation ( air4 ,) ^! precautions1 toge!r ) ! use ( absorb5ts 9 ! %ape ( loam & muck1 !re w be no dang] ( rott+ ! timb]s ( ! b>n1 or ( risk+ ! heal? ( ! cattle or ! quality ( ! hay4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! c[-room %\ld be kept is some:]e f #ej to #fj1 ,fahr4 ,! practice & ! op9ions ( successful dairym5 diff] on ?is po9t4 ,too great heat w\ld affect ! heal? & appetite ( ! h]d1 :ile too l[ a temp]ature is equally objectionable1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,calves4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t calves prop]ly br$ & rais$ on ! f>m h a f> great] intr9sic value = t f>m1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an any t c be procur$ else:]e1 :ile on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are rais$ w dep5d mu* ( _! future usefulness & pr(it4 ,^! consid]ations %\ld h _! prop] weight 9 ! decision z to :e!r a promis+ calf f a good c[ & bull %all be kept or sold to ! but*]4 ,b1 r ?an raise a calf at hap-haz>d1 & simply because its dam 0 celebrat$ z a milk]1 ! judici\s f>m] w judge ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! animal itself4 ,?is w (t5 save a great & useless outlay :i* has sometimes be5 incurr$ 9 rais+ calves = dairy purposes1 t a m c>eful exam9ation w\ld h reject$ z unpromis+4 ,! me?od ( judg+ /ock develop$ 9 a =m] *apt] is ( practical use "h1 & x is saf] to rely ^u x1 to "s ext5t1 p>ticul>ly :5 o!r appe>ances concur1 ?an to g on bl9dly4 ,! milk-mirror on ! calf is small1 b no small] 9 proportion to its size ?an t ( ! c[2 :ile its %ape & =m c g5]ally be di/9ctly se51 p>ticul>ly at ! end ( t5 or twelve weeks4 ,! developm5t ( ! udd]1 & o!r peculi>ities1 w give "s indication ( ! future capacities ( ! animal1 & ^! %\ld be /udi$4 ,if we except ! manure ( "y /ock1 ! calf is ! fir/ product ( ! c[1 & z su* dem&s our att5tion1 :e!r x is to be rais$ or hurri$ (f to ! %ambles4 ,! practice adopt$ 9 rais+ calves diff]s widely 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 be+ gov]n$ v mu* by local circum/ances1 z ! vic9ity ( a milk-m>ket1 ! value ( milk = ! dairy1 ! object ( bre$+1 :e!r ma9ly = beef1 = "w1 or = ! dairy1 etc42 b1 9 g5]al1 x may be said t )9 ! range ( ?irty or =ty miles ( good veal-m>kets1 :i* l>ge t[ns furni%1 comp>atively few are rais$ at all4 ,mo/ ( !m are fatt$ & sold at ages v>y+ f ?ree to eight or t5 weeks2 & 9 milk-dairies /ill ne>] l>ge t[ns & cities !y are (t5 hurri$ (f at "o or two days1 or1 at mo/1 a week old4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases1 z long z ! calf is kept x is g5]ally all[$ to suckle ! c[1 &1 z ! treatm5t is v simple1 !re is no?+ :i* p>ticul>ly calls = rem>k1 unless x be to condemn ! practice entirely1 on ! gr\nd t !re is a m pr(itable way ev5 = fatt5+ calves = ! but*]1 & to say t all[+ ! calf to suck ! c[ at all is objectionable on ! score ( economy1 except 9 cases :]e x is r5d]$ necess>y by ! h>d & swoll5 condition ( ! udd]4 ,if ! calf is s soon to be tak5 away1 ,i %\ld pref] n to suff] ! c[ to become atta*$ to x at all1 s9ce %e is apt to )hold h] milk :5 x is remov$1 & a loss is su/a9$4 ,! f>m] w be gov]n$ by ! "q ( pr(it1 :atev] c\rse x is propos$ to adopt4 ,9 rais+ blood /ock1 h[ev]1 or 9 rais+ beef cattle1 )\t any reg>d to economy ( milk1 ! sy/em ( suckl+ ! calves1 or lett+ !m run ) ! c[1 may & w be adopt$1 s9ce x is usually att5d$ ) some:at less labor4 ,! o!r c\rse1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! be/ :]e ! calf is to be rais$ = ! dairy1 is to br+ x up by h&4 ,?is is done almo/ univ]sally 9 all c\ntries :]e ! rais+ ( dairy c[s is be/ und]/ood1--9 ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,x requires r m c>e1 on ! :ole2 b x is decid$ly pref]able1 s9ce ! calves co/ less1 z ! food c be easily modifi$1 & ! gr[? is n *eck$1 z x is apt to be :5 ! calf is f9ally tak5 (f f ! c[4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( sections :]e ! milk ( ! c[ is ( "s acc\nt = ! dairy1 & :]e x is too valuable to be devot$ entirely to n\ri%+ ! calf4 ,9 ?is case1 z soon z ! calf is dropp$ ! c[ is all[$ to lick (f ! slimy moi/ure till x is dry1 :i* %e w usually d f in/9ct1 or1 if n1 a slight spr9kl+ ( salt ov] ! body ( ! calf w imm$iately tempt h]4 ,! calf is left to suck once or twice1 :i* x w d z soon z x is able to /&4 ,x %\ld1 9 all cases1 be p]mitt$ to h ! fir/ milk t comes f ! c[1 :i* is ( a turbid1 yell[i% color1 unfit = any ( ! purposes ( ! dairy1 b some:at purgative or m$ic9al1 & admirably & wisely design$ by nature to free ! b[els & inte/9es ( ! new-born animal f ! muc\s1 excrem5titi\s matt] always exi/+ 9 !m aft] bir?4 ,too mu* ( ?is new milk may1 h[ev]1 be hurtful ev5 to ! new-born calf1 :ile x %\ld nev] be giv5 at all to old] calves4 ,! be/ c\rse1 x seems to me1--& ,i speak f consid]able exp]i5ce1 & mu* obs]vation & inquiry ( o!rs1--is to milk ! c[ dry imm$iately aft] ! calf has suck$ once1 especially if ! udd] is pa9fully di/5d$1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 & to leave ! calf ) ! c[ dur+ "o day1 & aft] t to fe$ x by putt+ ! f+]s into its m\?1 & g5tly br++ its muzzle d[n to ! milk 9 a pail or tr\gh1 :5 x w imbibe 9 suck+ ! f+]s4 ,i h nev] f\nd mu* difficulty 9 tea*+ ! calf to dr9k :5 tak5 s "y1 ?\gh "s take to x mu* m readily ?an o!rs4 ,:at ! calf does n ne$ %\ld be giv5 to ! c[4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 pref] to milk imm$iately aft] calv+2 & if ! udd] is ov]load$ ?is may be ! be/ c\rse1 ?\gh ! bett] practice seems to be to leave ! c[ z quietly to h]self z possible = a few h\rs4 ,! less %e is di/urb$1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! bett]4 ,! aft]-bir? %\ld be tak5 f h] imm$iately aft] x is dropp$4 ,x is cu/om>y to give ! c[1 z soon z conv5i5t1 aft] calv+1 "s w>m & /imulat+ dr9k1--a little meal /irr$ into w>m wat]1 ) a "p ( ! fir/ milk t comes f h]1 season$ ) a little salt4 ,9 _m cases ! calf is tak5 f ! c[ imm$iately1 & be=e %e has se5 x1 to a w>m1 dry p5 out ( h] sight1 & !re rubb$ till ?or\ghly dry2 & !n1 :5 able to /&1 f$ ) ! new milk f ! c[1 :i* x %\ld h ?ree or f\r times a day1 regul>ly1 = ! fir/ =tnight1 :atev] c\rse x is propos$ to adopt aft]w>ds4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to give ! "y calf a ?rifty />t4 ,! milk1 unless com+ directly f ! c[1 %\ld be w>m$4 ,"s object to remov+ ! calf f ! c[ 9 ?is way1 on ! gr\nd ( its app>5t cruelty4 ,b ! objection to lett+ ! calf suckle ! c[ = sev]al days1 z !y d1 or inde$ ( leav+ x ) ! c[ = any l5g? ( "t1 is1 t %e inv>iably becomes atta*$ to x1 & frets & )holds h] milk :5 x is at la/ tak5 f h]4 ,%e probably suff]s a great deal m1 aft] ?is atta*m5t is once =m$1 at ! removal ( ! object ( x1 ?an %e does at its be+ tak5 at once out ( h] sight4 ,! c['s memory is f> great] ?an _m suppose2 & ! loss & injury su/a9$ by remov+ ! calf aft] x has be5 all[$ to suck h] = a long] or %ort] p]iod is nev] kn[n exactly1 because x is n usually kn[n h[ mu* milk ! calf takes2 b x is1 )\t d\bt1 v consid]able4 ,if ! udd] is all "r1 !re seems to be no good reason = leav+ ! calf ) ! c[ two or ?ree days1 if x is !n to be tak5 away4 ,! practice 9 ,holl& is to remove ! calf f ! "m ev5 be=e x has be5 lick$1 & to take x into "o corn] ( ! b>n1 or into ano!r build+1 out ( ! c['s sight & he>+1 put x ^u s(t dry /raw1 & rub x dry ) "s hay or /raw1 :5 its tongue & gums are slightly rubb$ ) salt1 & ! mucus & saliva remov$ f ! no/rils & lips4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 ! calf is made to dr9k ! milk fir/ tak5 z x comes f ! "m4 ,x is slightly dilut$ ) wat]1 if tak5 la/ f ! udd]2 b1 if ! fir/ ( ! milk+1 x is giv5 j z x is4 ,! calf is taught to dr9k 9 ! same mann] z 9 ?is c\ntry1 by putt+ ! f+]s 9 its m\? & br++ x d[n to ! milk1 & x soon gets s z to dr9k alone4 ,x is f$ at fir/ f f\r to six times a day1 or ev5 (t5]2 b soon only ?ree times1 at regul> int]vals4 ,its food = two or ?ree weeks is cle> milk1 z x comes w>m & fre% f ! c[4 ,?is is nev] omitt$1 z ! milk dur+ ! mo/ ( t "t possesses c]ta9 qualities :i* are necess>y to ! calf1 & :i* _c be effectually suppli$ by any o!r food4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? week ! milk is skimm$1 b w>m$ to ! degree ( fre% milk2 ?\gh1 z ! calf gr[s a little old]1 ! milk is giv5 cold1 :ile less c>e is tak5 to give x ! milk ( its own "m1 t ( o!r c[s n[ answ]+ equally well4 ,9 "s places calves are f$ on butt]-milk at ! age ( two weeks & aft]2 b ! *ange f new milk1 fre% f ! c[1 is made gradually1 "s sweet skim-milk & w>m wat] be+ at fir/ add$ to x4 ,at ?ree weeks old1 or !reab\ts1 ! calf w beg9 to eat a little sweet1 f9e hay1 & potatoes cut f9e1 & x v soon becomes accu/om$ to ?is food4 ,_m n[ beg9 to give l9se$-meal mix$ into hot wat]1 to :i* is add$ "s skim-milk or butt]-milk2 & o!rs use a little bran cook$ 9 hay-tea1 made by *opp+ ! hay f9e1 & p\r+ on boil+ hot wat]1 :i* is all[$ to /& a :ile on x4 ,an egg is frequ5tly brok5 into su* a mixture4 ,o!rs /ill at ?is age take pa9s to h fre% l9se$-cake1 brok5 into pieces ( ! size ( a pigeon's-egg2 putt+ "o ( ^! into ! m\? aft] ! meal ( milk has be5 f9i%$1 & :5 x is eag] to suck at any?+ 9 its way4 ,x w v soon le>n to eat l9se$-meal4 ,a little sweet clov] is put 9 its way at ab\t ! age ( ?ree weeks1 & x w soon eat t also4 ,9 ?is mann] ! fe$+ is cont9u$ f ! f\r? to ! sev5? week1 ! quantity ( solid food be+ gradually increas$4 ,9 ! six? or sev5? week ! milk is by degrees )held1 & wat] or butt]-milk us$ in/ead2 & soon aft] ?is1 gre5 food may be safely giv51 increas+ x gradually ) ! hay to ! age ( t5 or twelve weeks1 :5 x w d to put !m ^u grass alone1 if ! season is favorable = x4 ,a lot z ne> ! h\se z possible1 :]e !y c be easily look$ aft] & frequ5tly visit$1 is be/4 ,calves %\ld be gradually accu/om$ to all *anges2 & ev5 aft] be+ turn$ to pa/ure !y ought to be tak5 9 if ! wea!r is n dry & w>m4 ,! want ( c>e & att5tion to ^! little details w be app>5t soon] or lat]2 :ile1 if ! f>m] give 8 own "t to ^! matt]s1 he w be fully paid 9 ! rapid gr[? ( 8 calves4 ,x is especially necess>y to see t ! tr\ghs f :i* !y are f$1 if tr\ghs are us$1 are kept clean & sweet4 ,b !re are "s ev5 among intellig5t f>m]s :o make a practice ( turn+ _! calves out to pa/ure at ! t5d] age ( two & ?ree weeks1 & t1 too1 :5 !y h suck$ ! c[ up to t "t1 & all[ !m no?+ 9 ! %ape ( milk or t5d] c>e4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is is ! poore/ possible economy1 to say no?+ ( ! cruelty ( su* treatm5t4 ,! gr[? ( ! calf is *eck$1 & ! sy/em receives a %ock f s sudd5 a *ange1 f :i* x _c soon recov]4 ,! c>eful ,dut* bre$]s br+ ! calves ei!r skimm$ milk or butt]-milk to dr9k sev]al times a day aft] !y are turn$ to grass1 :i* is n till ! age ( t5 or twelve weeks2 &1 if ! wea!r is *illy1 ! milk is w>m$ = !m4 ,!y put a tr\gh g5]ally "u a cov]+1 :]e ! calves may come & dr9k at regul> times4 ,?us !y are kept tame & docile4 ,9 ! rais+ ( calves1 ?r\gh all /ages ( _! gr[?1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 nei!r to />ve nor to ov]-fe$4 ,a calf %\ld nev] be surfeit$1 & nev] be f$ s highly t x _c be f$ m highly z x advances4 ,! mo/ important po9t is to keep x gr[+ ?riftily )\t gett+ too fat1 if x is to be rais$ = ! dairy4 ,mr4 ,aiton1 9 describ+ ! mode ( re>+ calves 9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 says3 8,!y are f$ on milk1 ) seldom any admixture2 & !y are n p]mitt$ to suckle _! dams1 b are taught to dr9k milk by ! h& f a di%4 ,!y are g5]ally f$ on milk only = ! fir/ f\r1 five1 or six weeks1 & are !n all[$ f two to two & a half qu>ts ( new milk ea* meal1 twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"s nev] give !m any o!r food :5 "y except milk1 less5+ ! quantity :5 ! calf beg9s to eat grass or o!r food1 :i* x g5]ally does :5 ab\t five weeks old1 if grass c be _h2 & )draw+ x entirely ab\t ! sev5? or eigh? week ( ! calf's age4 ,b1 if ! calf is re>$ 9 w9t]1 or e>ly 9 spr+1 be=e ! grass rises1 x mu/ be suppli$ ) at lea/ "s milk till x is eight or n9e weeks old2 z a calf w n s soon le>n to eat hay or /raw1 nor f>e s well on !m alone z x w d on pa/ure4 ,"s fe$ _! calves re>$ = /ock p>tly ) meal mix$ 9 ! milk aft] ! ?ird or f\r? week4 ,o!rs introduce gradually "s new :ey among ! milk1 fir/ mix$ ) meal2 &1 :5 ! calf gets old]1 !y )draw ! milk1 & fe$ x on :ey & porridge4 ,hay-tea1 juices ( peas & beans1 or pea or bean /raw1 l9se$ beat5 into p[d]1 treacle1 c41 h all be5 sometimes us$ to advantage 9 fe$+ calves2 b milk1 :5 x c be sp>$1 is by f> _! mo/ natural food4 8,9 ,gall[ay1 & o!r pa/oral di/ricts1 :]e ! calves are all[$ to suckle1 ! p are s mu* w$d$ to _! own cu/oms z to argue t suckl+ is mu* m nutritive to ! calves ?an any o!r mode ( fe$+4 ,t suckl+ induces a great] secretion ( saliva1 :i*1 by promot+ dige/ion1 accel]ates ! gr[? & fatt5+ ( ! "y animal1 _c be d\bt$2 b ! secretion ( t fluid may likewise be promot$ by plac+ an artificial teat 9 ! m\? ( ! calf2 & giv+ x ! milk sl[ly1 & at ! natural temp]ature4 ,9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 ! dairy-maid puts "o ( h] f+]s into ! m\? ( ! calf1 :5 x is f$1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a teat1 & w h ne>ly ! same effect z ! natural teat1 9 induc+ ! secretion ( saliva4 ,if t1 or an artificial teat ( lea!r1 be us$1 & ! milk giv5 sl[ly be=e x is cold1 ! secretion ( saliva may be promot$ to all ! ext5t t c be necess>y2 besides1 t secretion is n conf9$ to ! m]e p]iod ( eat+1 b1 z 9 ! human body1 ! saliva is =m$ & "p ( x swall[$ at all times4 ,z "p ( ! saliva is sometimes se5 dropp+ f ! m\?s ( ! calves1 x might be advisable to give !m n only an artificial teat1 :5 f$1 b to place1 z is frequ5tly done1 a lump ( *alk be=e !m to lick1 ?us lead+ !m to swall[ ! saliva4 ,! *alk w\ld s f> supply ! want ( salt1 ( :i* cattle are s improp]ly depriv$1 & x w\ld also promote ! =mation ( saliva4 ,inde$1 calves are mu* dispos$ to lick & suckle ev]y?+ t comes )9 _! rea*1 :i* seems to be ! way t nature tea*es !m to supply _! /oma*s ) saliva4 8,b1 ?\gh suckl+ _! dams may be mo/ advantage\s 9 t respect1 yet x has also "s disadvantages4 ,! c[ is always m injur$ ?an ! calf is b5efit$1 by t mode ( fe$+4 ,%e becomes s fond ( ! calf t %e does n1 = a long "t aft]1 yield h] milk freely to ! dairy-maid4 ,! calf does n :5 "y draw (f ! milk completely1 & :5 x is tak5 (f by ! h& ! c[ )holds "p ( h] milk2 &1 :5ev] a c['s udd] is n completely empti$ e "t %e is milk$1 ! lactic secretion is !reby dim9i%$4 8,fe$+ ( calves by ! h& is 9 v>i\s o!r respects advantage\s4 ,in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! unc]ta9 or p]haps prec>i\s supply ( ! dam1 :i* may be m at fir/ ?an ! "y animal c consume or dige/1 & at o!r times too little = its supply1 its food c1 by h&-fe$+1 be regulat$ to suit ! age1 appetite1 & purposes = :i* ! calf is int5d$2 o!r admixtures or sub/itutes c be introduc$ into ! milk1 & ! quantity gradually increas$ or )drawn at pleasure4 ,?is is highly necess>y :5 ! calves are re>$ = /ock4 ,! milk is 9 t case dim9i%$1 & o!r food introduc$ s gradually t ! /oma* ( ! "y animal is n injur$ z x is :5 ! food is too sudd5ly *ang$4 ,&1 9 ! case ( fe$+ ( calves = ! but*]1 ! quantity ( milk is n limit$ to t ( ! dam 7= no c[ w all[ a /rang] calf to suckle h]71 b x c be increas$1 or ! ri*e/ or poore/ p>ts ( ! milk giv51 at pleasure40 ,9 ^! di/ricts1 :]e1 probably1 ! fe$+ & managem5t ( calves is z well & judici\sly conduct$ z 9 any o!r "p ( ,brita91 ! f>m]s' wives & daught]s1 or female dome/ics1 h ! pr9cipal *>ge ( "y calves2 & !y are1 no d\bt1 mu* bett] calculat$ = ?is duty ?an m51 s9ce !y are m incl9$ to be g5tle & pati5t4 ,! utmo/ g5tl5ess %\ld always be obs]v$ 9 ! treatm5t ( all /ock2 b especially ( mil* c[s1 & calves design$ = ! dairy4 ,p]sev]+ k9dness & pati5ce w1 almo/ inv>iably1 ov]come ! mo/ ob/9ate natures2 :ile r\gh & ung5tle h&l+ w be repaid 9 a quiet k9d ( way1 p]haps1 by )hold+ ! milk1 :i* w always h a t5d5cy to dry a c[ up2 or1 :at is ne>ly z bad1 by kick+1 & o!r modes ( rev5ge1 :i* (t5 contribute to ! p]sonal discom=t ( ! milk]4 ,! disposition ( ! c[ is greatly modifi$1 if n1 inde$1 :olly =m$1 by h] treatm5t :ile "y2 & !re=e x is be/ to h&le calves z mu* z possible1 & make pets ( !m1 lead !m ) a halt]1 & c>ess !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,calves manag$ 9 ?is way w always be docile1 & suff] !mselves to be approa*$ & h&l$ bo? 9 ! pa/ure & ! b>n4 ,) respect to ! use ( hay-tea1 (t5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b m common abroad1 :]e great] c>e & att5tion is usually giv5 to ! details ( bre$+1 ,y\att says3 8,at ! end ( ?ree or f\r days1 or p]haps a week1 or ev5 a =tnight1 aft] a calf has be5 dropp$1 & ! fir/ passages h be5 cleans$ by all[+ x to dr9k z mu* ( ! c['s milk z x feels incl9$ =1 let ! quantity usually allott$ = a meal be mix$1 consi/+1 = ! fir/ week1 ( ?ree p>ts milk & "o "p hay-tea4 ,! only n\ri%+ infusion ( hay is t :i* is made f ! be/ & sweete/ hay1 cut by a *aff-cutt] into pieces ab\t two in*es long1 & put into an e>!n vessel2 ov] ?is boil+ wat] %\ld be p\r$1 & ! :ole all[$ to /& = two h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x ought to be kept c>efully clos$4 ,aft] ! fir/ week1 ! proportions ( milk & hay-tea may be equal2 !n compos$ ( two ?irds ( hay-tea & "o ( milk2 & at l5g? "o f\r? "p ( milk w be suffici5t4 ,?is food %\ld be giv5 to ! calf 9 a lukew>m /ate at lea/ ?ree1 if n f\r times a day1 9 quantities av]ag+ ?ree qu>ts at ea* meal1 b gradually increas+ to f\r qu>ts z ! calf gr[s old]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second mon?1 beside ! usual quantity giv5 at ea* meal 7compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( ! infusion & "o ( milk71 a small wisp or bundle ( hay is to be laid be=e ! calf1 :i* w gradually come to eat x2 b1 if ! wea!r is favorable1 z 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ! bea/ may be turn$ out to graze 9 a f9e1 sweet pa/ure1 well %elt]$ f ! w9d & sun4 ,?is diet may be cont9u$ until t[>ds ! latt] end ( ! ?ird mon?1 :51 if ! calf grazes he>tily1 ea* meal may be r$uc$ to less ?an a qu>t ( milk1 ) hay-wat]2 or skimm$ milk or fre% butt]-milk may be sub/itut$ = new milk4 ,at ! expiration ( ! ?ird mon? ! animal w h>dly require to be f$ by h&1 ?\gh1 if ?is %\ld /ill be necess>y1 "o qu>t ( ! infusion giv5 daily1 & :i* dur+ ! summ] ne$ n be w>m$1 w be suffici5t40 ,! hay-tea %\ld be made fre% e two days1 z x soon loses its nutriti\s quality4 ,?is & o!r prep>ations are giv5 n because !y are bett] ?an milk1 ?an :i* no?+ is bett] adapt$ to fatt5 a calf1 or promote its gr[?1 b simply to economize by provid+ ! mo/ suitable & *eap] sub/itutes4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! fir/ two or ?ree calves are small] ?an ^? t foll[2 & h5ce1 unless !y are pure-br$1 & to be kept = ! blood1 !y are n g5]ally ?\ght to be s desirable to raise = ! dairy z ! ?ird or f\r?1 & ^? t come aft]1 up to ! age ( n9e or t5 ye>s4 ,on ?is po9t op9ions diff]4 ,accord+ to ! comp>ative exp]im5ts ( a ,g]man agriculturi/1 c[s :i* z calves _h be5 all[$ to suckle _! dams f two to f\r weeks br\ght calves :i* weigh$ only f ?irty-five to =ty-eight p\nds2 :ile o!rs1 :i*1 z calves1 _h be5 all[$ to suckle f five to eight weeks1 br\ght calves weigh+ f sixty to eighty p\nds4 ,x is difficult to see h[ !re c be s great a diff]5ce1 if1 inde$1 !re is any2 b x may be wor?y ( c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & z su* x is /at$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! increas$ size ( ! calf w\ld be due to ! l>g] size to :i* ! c[ w\ld atta92 & if z a calf %e 7 all[$ to run ) h] dam 9 ! pa/ure f\r or five mon?s1 tak+ all ! milk %e want$1 %e w\ld d\btless be kept gr[+ on 9 a ?riv+ condition4 ,b tak+ a calf f ! c[ at f\r or ev5 eight weeks mu/ *eck its gr[? to "s ext5t1 & ?is may be avoid$ by fe$+ lib]ally1 & br++ up by h&4 ,aft] ! calf is fully wean$1 !re is no?+ v peculi> 9 ! g5]al managem5t4 ,a "y animal w require = ! fir/ few mon?s--say up to ! age ( six mon?s--an av]age ( five or six p\nds daily ( good hay1 or its equival5t4 ,at ! age ( six mon?s x w require f f\r & a half to five p\nds1 & at ! end ( ! ye> f ?ree & a half to f\r p\nds ( good hay1 or its equival5t1 = e "o hundr$ p\nds ( its live weight2 or1 9 o!r words1 ab\t ?ree & a half or f\r p] c5t4 ( its live weight4 ,at two ye>s old x w require ?ree & a half1 & "s mon?s lat] ?ree p] c5t4 ( its live weight daily 9 good hay or its equival5t4 ,indian-corn fodd]1 ei!r gre5 or cur$1 =ms an excell5t & :olesome food at ?is age4 ,! heif] %\ld n be pamp]$1 nor yet poorly f$ or half />v$1 s z to receive a *eck 9 h] gr[?4 ,an abundant supply ( good heal?y dairy food & dr9k w d all t is necess>y up to ! "t ( hav+ h] fir/ calf1 :i* %\ld n ord9>ily be till ! age ( ?ree ye>s1 ?\gh "s *oose to all[ !m to come 9 at two or a little ov]1 on ! gr\nd t x e>ly /imulates ! secretion ( milk1 & t ?is w increase ! milk+ prop5sity ?r\gh life4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! case1 z a g5]al rule2 b ,i ?9k great] injury is done by *eck+ ! gr[?1 unless ! heif] has be5 f$ up to l>ge size & full developm5t f ! />t1 9 :i* case %e may p]haps take ! bull at fifte5 or eighte5 mon?s )\t injury4 ,i h _h sev]al come 9 z e>ly z two ye>s1 & "o at less ?an tw5ty mon?s4 ,?is la/ 0 n by design1 h[ev]1 & ,i w\ld r h giv5 a consid]able sum ?an _h x happ51 z %e 0 an exce$+ly beautiful pure-br$ ,j]sey1 & ,i 0 desir\s to h h] atta9 to good size & gr[?4 ,ev5 if a heif] comes 9 at two ye>s1 x is g5]ally ?\ght desirable to let h] run f>r[ = ! foll[+ ye>1 :i* w promote h] gr[? & m p]fect developm5t4 ,! fe$+ :i* "y /ock (t5 get is n su* z is calculat$ to make good-siz$ or valuable cattle ( !m4 ,!y are (t5 f$ on ! poore/ ( hay or /raw ?r\gh ! w9t]1 n unfrequ5tly left expos$ to cold1 unprotect$ & unh\s$1 & ?us /9t$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,?is seems to me to be ! v wor/ economy1 or r no economy at all4 ,prop]ly view$1 x is an extravagant wa/efulness :i* no f>m] c af=d4 ,no animal develops its good po9ts "u su* treatm5t2 & if ! />v+ sy/em is to be foll[$ at all1 x _h bett] be aft] ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s1 :5 ! animal's con/itution has atta9$ /r5g? & vigor to resi/ ill treatm5t4 ,to raise up fir/-rate milk]s1 x is absolutely necess>y to fe$ on dairy food ev5 :ile "y4 ,no matt] h[ f9e ! bre$ is1 if ! calf is rais$ on poor1 %ort fe$1 x w nev] be s good a milk] z if rais$ on bett] keep+2 & h5ce1 9 dairy di/ricts1 :]e calves are rais$ at all1 !y ought to be all[$ ! be/ pa/ure dur+ ! summ]1 & good sweet & :olesome food dur+ ! w9t]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,culture ,,( ,,grasses ,,& ,,o!r ,,plants ,,recomm5d$ ,,= ,,fodd]4 ,z already /at$1 ! grasses 9 summ]1 & hay 9 w9t]1 =m ! mo/ natural & important food = mil* c[s2 & :atev] o!r crops come 9 z additional1 ^! w =m ! basis ( all sy/ems ( fe$+4 ,! nutritive qualities ( ! grasses diff] widely2 & _! value z fe$ = c[s w dep5d1 to a consid]able ext5t1 on ! managem5t ( pa/ures & m[+-l&s4 ,if ! turf ( an old pa/ure is c>efully exam9$1 x w be f\nd to conta9 a l>ge v>iety ( grasses & plants adapt$ = =age2 "s ( !m valuable = "o purpose1 & "s = ano!r4 ,"s ( !m1 ?\gh possess+ a l[] p]c5tage ( nutritive con/itu5ts ?an o!rs1 are p>ticul>ly e/eem$ = an e>ly & luxuriant gr[?1 furni%+ a sweet fe$ 9 e>ly spr+1 be=e o!r grasses appe>2 "s ( !m1 = />t+ m rapidly ?an o!rs1 aft] be+ eat5 (f by cattle1 & consequ5tly ( great value z pa/ure grasses4 ,mo/ grasses w be f\nd to be ( a social "*1 & to d be/ 9 a l>ge mixture ) o!r v>ieties4 ,9 =m+ a mixture = pa/ure grasses1 ! peculi>ities ( ea* species %\ld1 !re=e1 be reg>d$3 z ! "t ( fl[]+1 ! habits ( gr[?1 ! soil & location on :i* x gr[s be/1 & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! grasses f\nd on cultivat$ l&s1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! foll[+ are consid]$ z among ! mo/ valuable = ord9>y f>m cultivation2 "s ( !m adapt$ to pa/ures1 & o!rs almo/ exclusively to m[+ & ! hay crop3 ,timo?y 7,phleum prat5se74 ,mead[ ,foxtail 7,alopecurus prat5sis74 ,june1 or ,k5tucky ,blue ,grass 7,poa prat5sis74 ,f[l mead[ 7,poa s]ot9a74 ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ 7,poa trivialis74 ,or*>d ,grass 7,dactylis glom]ata74 ,p]5nial ,rye ,grass 7,lolium p]5ne74 ,italian ,rye ,grass 7,lolium italicum74 ,r$top 7,agro/is vulg>is74 ,engli% ,b5t 7,agro/is alba74 ,mead[ ,fescue 7,fe/uca prat5sis74 ,tall ,oat ,grass 7,arrh5a!rum av5aceum74 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal 7,an?oxan!mum odoratum74 ,hung>ian ,grass 7,panicum ,g]manicum74 ,r$ ,clov] 7,trifolium prat5se74 ,:ite or ,dut* ,clov] 7,trifolium rep5s71 & "s o!rs4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ valuable1 all ?+s consid]$1 is ! fir/1 or ,timo?y 7,fig4 #ef;b74 ,x =ms a l>ge proportion ( :at is commonly call$ ,engli%1 or 9 "s sections mead[ hay1 ?\gh x orig9at$ & 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( nutritive matt]1 9 comp>ison ) o!r agricultural grasses4 ,x ?rives be/ on moi/1 peaty1 or loamy soils1 ( m$ium t5acity1 & is n well suit$ to v light1 s&y l&s4 ,on v moi/ soils its root is almo/ always fibr\s2 :ile on dry & loamy ones x is bulb\s4 ,on soils ( ! =m] description1 :i* x especially affects1 its gr[? is rapid1 & its yield ( hay l>ge1 sometimes am\nt+ to ?ree & f\r tons to ! acre1 dep5d+ mu*1 ( c\rse1 on cultivation4 ,b1 ?\gh v valuable = hay1 x is n adapt$ to pa/ures1 z x w nei!r endure sev]e graz+1 nor is its aft]ma? to be comp>$ ) mead[ foxtail1 & "s ( ! o!r grasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef;b4 ,timo?y grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg;b4 ,june grass4 ,,june ,,grass 7,fig4 #eg;b71 bett] kn[n 9 "s sections z ,k5tucky ,blue grass1 is v common 9 mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry1 especially on lime/one l&s1 =m+ a l>ge "p ( ! turf1 :]ev] x fl\ri%es1 & be+ univ]sally e/eem$ z a pa/ure grass4 ,x />ts e>ly1 b v>ies mu* 9 size & appe>ance1 accord+ to ! soil2 gr[+ 9 "s places ) ! utmo/ luxuriance1 & =m+ ! pr$om9ant grass2 9 o!rs1 yield+ to ! o!r species4 ,if cut at ! "t ( fl[]+1 or a few days aft]1 x makes a good & nutritive hay1 ?\gh x is surpass$ 9 nutritive qualities by sev]al ( ! o!r grasses4 ,x />ts sl[ly aft] be+ cut1 especially if n cut v e>ly4 ,b its h]bage is f9e & uni=m1 & admirably adapt$ to lawns1 gr[+ well 9 almo/ all soils1 ?\gh x does n endure v sev]e dr\ghts4 ,x )/&s1 h[ev]1 ! fro/s ( w9t] bett] ?an mo/ o!r grasses4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 a section :]e x atta9s its highe/ p]fection & luxuriance1 rip5+ its se$ ab\t ! #aj? ( ,june1 & 9 latitudes s\? ( t1 x sometimes cont9ues gre5 ?r\gh ! mild w9t]s4 ,x requires ?ree or f\r ye>s to become well set1 aft] s[+1 & x does n atta9 its highe/ yield z a pa/ure grass till ! sod is ev5 old] ?an t4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 suit$ to alt]nate husb&ry1 :]e l& usually rema9s 9 grass b two or ?ree ye>s be=e be+ pl\gh$ up4 ,9 ,k5tucky x is s[n any "t 9 w9t] :5 ! sn[ is on ! gr\nd ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( se$ be+ us$ to ! acre4 ,9 spr+ ! se$s g]m9ate1 :5 ! spr\ts are exce$+ly f9e & delicate4 ,/ock is n all[$ on x ! fir/ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh;b4 ,mead[ ,foxtail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,or*>d grass4 ,! ,,mead[ ,,foxtail 7,fig4 #eh;b7 is also an excell5t pa/ure grass4 ,x some:at resembles ,timo?y1 b is e>li]1 has a s(t] spike1 & ?rives on all soils except ! drye/4 ,its gr[? is rapid1 & x is greatly reli%$ by /ock ( all k9ds4 ,its /alk & leaves are too few & light = a field crop1 & x %r9ks too mu* 9 cur+ to be valuable = hay4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 a ri*1 moi/1 & r /rong soil1 s5d+ up a luxuriant aft]ma? :5 cut or graz$ (f1 :i* is mu* m valuable1 bo? 9 quantity & nutritive value1 ?an ! fir/ crop4 ,9 all l&s design$ = p]man5t pa/ure1 !re=e1 x %\ld =m a consid]able "p ( a mixture4 ,x w endure almo/ any am\nt ( =c+1 by liquid manures1 or irrigation4 ,x requires ?ree or f\r ye>s1 aft] s[+1 to ga9 a firm foot+ 9 ! soil4 ,! se$ is cov]$ ) ! s(t & woolly husks ( ! fl[]1 & is consequ5tly light2 weigh+ b five p\nds to ! bu%el1 & conta9+ sev5ty-six ?\s& se$s to ! ounce4 ,! ,,or*>d ,,grass1 or ,,r\gh ,,cocksfoot 7,fig4 #ei71 = pa/ures1 /&s prem95t4 ,?is is a native ( ?is c\ntry1 & 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 f ,virg9ia1 9 #agfd1 s9ce :i* "t its cultivation has ext5d$ into e c\ntry ( ,europe1 :]e x is univ]sally held 9 v high e/imation4 ,! fact ( its be+ v palatable to /ock ( all k9ds1 its rapidity ( gr[?1 & ! luxuriance ( its aft]ma?1 ) its p[] ( endur+ ! cropp+ ( cattle1 h giv5 x a v high reputation1 especially z a pa/ure grass4 ,x blossoms e>li] ?an ,timo?y2 :5 gre5 is equally reli%$ by mil* c[s2 requires to be f$ clos]1 to prev5t its =m+ tufts & gr[+ up to se$1 :5 x becomes h>d & wiry1 & loses mu* ( its nutritive quality4 ,z x blossoms ab\t ! same "t1 x =ms an admirable mixture ) r$ clov]1 ei!r = p]man5t pa/ure or m[+4 ,x resi/s dr\ght1 & is less exhau/+ to ! soil ?an ei!r rye grass or ,timo?y4 ,! se$ weighs twelve p\nds to ! bu%el1 & :5 s[n alone requires ab\t two bu%els to ! acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,rye grass4 ,! ,,r\gh-,,/alk$ ,,mead[ ,,grass 7,fig4 #fj7 is some:at less common ?an ,june grass1 b is consid]$ z equally valuable4 ,x gr[s be/ on moi/1 %elt]$ mead[s1 :]e x fl[]s 9 ,june & ,july4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ,june grass1 by hav+ a r\gh %ea?1 :ile ! latt] has a smoo? "o1 & by hav+ a fibr\s root1 :ile ! root ( ,june grass is creep+4 ,x possesses v consid]able nutritive qualities1 & comes to p]fection at a desirable "t2 is exce$+ly reli%$ by cattle1 horses1 & %eep4 ,= suitable soils x %\ld =m a portion ( a mixture ( se$s1 produc+1 9 mixture ) o!r grasses :i* s]ve to %elt] x1 a l>ge yield ( hay1 f> above ! av]age ( grass usually gr[n on a simil> soil4 ,x %\ld be cut :5 ! se$ is =m$4 ,sev5 p\nds ( se$ to ! acre w produce a good sw>d4 ,! grass loses ab\t sev5ty p] c5t4 ( its weight 9 dry+4 ,! nutritive qualities ( its aft]ma? exce$ v consid]ably ^? ( ! crop cut 9 ! fl[] or 9 ! se$4 ,,f[l ,,mead[ ,,grass is ano!r indig5\s species1 ( great value = l[ & m>%y gr\nds1 :]e x fl\ri%es be/2 &1 if cut & prop]ly cur$1 makes a sweet & nutriti\s hay1 :i*1 f its f95ess1 is eat5 by c[s )\t wa/e4 ,accord+ to ,s9clair1 :o exp]im5t$1 ) ! aid ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 to asc]ta9 its comp>ative nutritive prop]ties1 x is sup]ior1 9 ?is respect1 to ei!r mead[ foxtail1 or*>d grass1 or tall mead[ oat grass2 b x is probable t he some:at ov]rates x4 ,if all[$ to /& till ne>ly ripe1 x falls d[n1 b s5ds up innum]able fl[]+ /ems f ! jo9ts1 s t x cont9ues gre5 & luxuriant till late 9 ! season4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 mixture ) o!r grasses1 & des]ves a prom95t place 9 all mixtures = ri*1 moi/ pa/ures1 & l[ m[+-l&s4 ,,rye ,,grass 7,fig4 #fa7 has a f> high] reputation abroad ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 & probably ) reason2 = x is bett] adapt$ to a wet & unc]ta9 climate ?an to a dry & hot "o4 ,x v>ies exce$+ly1 dep5d+ mu* on soil & culture2 b1 :5 cut 9 ! blossom to make into hay1 x possesses v consid]able nutritive p[]4 ,if all[$ to get too ripe1 x is h>d & wiry1 & n reli%$ by c[s4 ,! *ange f a juicy & nutriti\s plant to woody fibre1 possess+ b little soluble matt]1 is v rapid4 ,prop]ly manag$1 h[ev]1 x is a tol]ably good grass1 ?\gh n to be comp>$ to ,timo?y1 or or*>d grass4 ,,italian ,,rye ,,grass 7,fig4 #fb7 has also be5 cultivat$ to consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ) less satisfactory results ?an are obta9$ f x 9 ,europe1 :]e x endures all climates1 giv+ bett] crops1 bo? 9 quantity & quality1 ?an ! p]5nial rye grass4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ gluttons ( all ! grasses1 & luxuriates 9 frequ5t irrigation ) liquid manure1 ?\gh x is said to /& ! dr\ght v well4 ,! soils be/ adapt$ to x are ri*1 moi/1 & f]tile1 ( m$ium t5acity2 & x is admirably adapt$ to ! purposes ( soil+1 z x endures repeat$ cutt+1 rapidly s5d+ up luxuriant crops4 ,= ri* soils ne> ! b>n1 us$ = ! gr[? ( crops = soil+1 !re=e1 x may be confid5tly us$ z a pr(itable addition to our li/ ( cultivat$ grasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,italian ,rye grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,r$top4 ,,r$top 7,fig4 #fc7 is a grass famili> to e f>m] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! ,h]d's grass ( ,p5nsylvania1 :ile 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& x is kn[n by a great v>iety ( names1 & assumes a great v>iety ( =ms1 accord+ to ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,x is well adapt$ to almo/ e soil1 ?\gh x seems to pref] a moi/ loam4 ,x makes a pr(itable crop = sp5d+1 9 ! =m ( hay1 ?\gh its yield is less ?an t ( ,timo?y4 ,x is well suit$ to our p]man5t pa/ures1 :]e x %\ld be f$ close1 o!rwise x becomes wiry & innutriti\s1 & cattle refuse x4 ,x /&s ! climate ( ! c\ntry z well z any o!r grass1 & s =ms a valuable "p ( any mixture = pa/ures & p]man5t m[+-l&s2 b x is probably r ov]rat$ by u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,engli% ,b5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,mead[ ,fescue4 ,,engli% ,,b5t 7,fig4 #fd71 kn[n also by a great v>iety ( o!r names1 is also l>gely cultivat$ 9 "s sections4 ,x closely resembles r$top1 b may be di/+ui%$ f x by ! r\ghness ( ! %ea?s :5 ! h& is drawn f above d[nw>ds4 ,x possesses mu* ! same qualities z r$top4 ,,mead[ ,,fescue 7,fig4 #fe7 is "o ( ! mo/ common ( ! fescue grasses1 & is said to be ! ,r&all grass ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is an excell5t pa/ure grass1 =m+ a v consid]able portion ( ! turf ( old pa/ures & fields2 & is m ext5sively propagat$ & diffus$ by ! fact t x rip5s its se$s be=e mo/ o!r grasses are cut1 & %$s !m to spr+ up & cov] ! gr\nd4 ,its long & t5d] leaves are mu* reli%$ by cattle4 ,x is r>ely s[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 not)/&+ its great & ackn[l$g$ value z a pa/ure grass4 ,if s[n at all1 x %\ld be 9 mixture ) o!r grasses1 z or*>d grass1 rye grass1 or ,june grass4 ,x is ( mu* great] value at ! "t ( fl[]+ ?an :5 ! se$ is ripe4 ,! ,,tall ,,oat ,,grass 7,fig4 #ff7 is ! ,ray grass ( ,france4 ,x furni%es a luxuriant supply ( foliage1 is valuable ei!r = hay or = pa/ure1 & has be5 especially recomm5d$ = soil+ purposes1 on acc\nt ( its e>ly & luxuriant gr[?4 ,x is (t5 f\nd on ! bord]s ( fields & h$ges1 woods & pa/ures1 & is sometimes v pl5ty 9 m[+-l&s4 ,aft] be+ s[n x %oots up a v ?ick aft]ma?1 & on ?is acc\nt1 p>tly1 is reg>d$ z ne>ly equal = excell5ce to ! common foxtail4 ,x gr[s spontane\sly on deep1 s&y soils1 :5 once naturaliz$4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is e/eem$ by ^? :o "k x ma9ly = its e>ly1 rapid1 & late gr[?1 mak+ x v well calculat$ z a p]man5t pa/ure grass4 ,x w succe$ on t5aci\s clov] soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,tall ,oat grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal4 ,! ,,sweet-,,sc5t$ ,,v]nal ,,grass 7,fig4 #fg7 is "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 spr+ & "o ( ! late/ 9 autumn2 & ?is habit ( gr[? is "o ( its *ief excell5ces1 z x is nei!r a nutriti\s grass nor v palatable to /ock ( any k9d1 nor does x yield a v good crop4 ,x is v common all ov] ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates1 com+ into old worn-out fields & moi/ pa/ures spontane\sly1 & along e roadside4 ,x d]ives its "n f its sweetness ( smell :5 p>tially wilt$1 or cru%$ 9 ! h&1 & x is ?is *iefly t gives ! delici\s fragrance to all new-m[n hay4 ,x is almo/ ! only grass t possesses a /rongly-m>k$ aromatic odor1 :i* is imp>t$ to o!r grasses ) :i* x is cur$4 ,its se$ weighs eight p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,9 mixtures = p]man5t pa/ures x may be ( "s value4 ,,hung>ian ,,grass1 or ,millet 7,fig4 #fh71 is an annual =age plant1 introduc$ into ,france 9 #ahae1 & m rec5tly into ?is c\ntry4 ,x g]m9ates readily & )/&s ! dr\ght rem>kably1 rema9+ gre5 :5 o!r grasses are p>*$ & dri$ up4 ,x has num]\s succul5t leaves1 :i* furni% an abundance ( sweet fodd]1 greatly reli%$ by /ock ( all k9ds4 ,x atta9s its greate/ luxuriance on soils ( m$ium consi/5cy & ri*ness1 b does v well on light & dry pla9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,r$ ,clov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,hung>ian grass4 ,,r$ ,,clov] 7,fig4 #fi7 is an artificial grass ( ! legum9\s family1 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( cultivat$ plants = fe$+ to dairy c[s4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ on t5aci\s soils & /iff loams4 ,its gr[? is rapid1 & a few mon?s aft] s[+ are suffici5t to supply an abundant sweet & nutriti\s food4 ,9 ! climate ( ,new ,engl& clov] %\ld be s[n 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :ile mo/ ( ! natural grasses d f> bett] s[n 9 ! fall4 ,x is (t5 s[n ) p]fect success on ! late sn[s ( ,m>* or ,april1 & soon f9ds its way d[n into ! soil & takes a vigor\s root4 ,x is valuable n only z a =age plant1 b z %ad+ ! gr\nd1 & !reby increas+ its f]tility4 ,! introduction ( clov] among ! cultivat$ plants ( ! f>m has done m1 p]haps1 = mod]n agriculture ?an t ( any o!r s+le plant4 ,x has n[ come to be consid]$ indisp5sable 9 all good dairy di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,:ite ,clov]4 ,,:ite ,,clov] 7,fig4 #gj71 (t5 call$ ,honeysuckle1 is also widely diffus$ ov] ?is c\ntry1 to :i* x is und\bt$ly indig5\s4 ,z a mixture 9 all pa/ure grasses x holds a v high rank1 z x is exce$+ly sweet & nutriti\s1 & reli%$ by /ock ( all k9ds4 ,x gr[s mo/ luxuriantly 9 moi/ gr\nds & moi/ seasons1 b easily accommodates itself to a great v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,) respect to ! mixtures ( grass-se$s mo/ pr(itable = ! dairy f>m]1 no univ]sal rule c be giv51 z !y dep5d v mu* ^u ! nature ( ! soil & ! locality4 ,! mo/ important po9t to be obs]v$1 & "o 9 :i* we1 z a body1 are p]haps mo/ defici5t1 is to use a l>ge numb] ( species1 ) small] quantities ( ea* ?an ^? mo/ commonly us$4 ,?is is nature's rule2 =1 9 exam9+ ! turf ( a ri* old pa/ure1 we %all f9d a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t species gr[+ toge!r1 :ile1 if we exam9e ! turf ( a field s[n ) only "o or two diff]5t species1 we f9d a f> less numb] ( plants to ! squ>e foot1 ev5 aft] ! sod is fairly set4 ,no improvem5t 9 grass culture is m important1 x seems to me4 ,i h sugge/$1 9 ano!r place1 a l>ge numb] ( mixtures adapt$ to ! diff]5t v>ieties ( soil & circum/ance1 toge!r ) ! reasons = ! mixture 9 _m in/ances4 7,see ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,grasses & ,=age ,plants1 compris+ _! ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,comp>ative ,nutritive ,value1 ,me?ods ( ,cultivat+1 ,cutt+1 & ,cur+1 & ! ,managem5t ( ,grass ,l&s1 c4 #bcf pp4 #hvo41 ) illu/rations47 ,z an in/ance ( :at ,i %\ld consid] an improvem5t on our ord9>y mixtures = p]man5t pa/ures1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! foll[+ z likely to give satisfactory results1 dep5d5t1 ( c\rse1 to a consid]able ext5t1 on ! nature & prep>ation ( ! soil3 ,mead[ ,foxtail1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 #b p\nds ,or*>d ,grass1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 #f 8 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal1 fl[]+ 9 ,april & ,may1 #a 8 ,mead[ ,fescue1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 #b 8 ,r$top1 fl[]+ 9 ,june & ,july1 #b 8 ,june ,grass1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 #d 8 ,italian ,rye ,grass1 fl[]+ 9 ,june1 #d 8 ,p]5nial ,rye ,grass1 fl[]+ 9 ,june1 #f 8 ,timo?y1 fl[]+ 9 ,june & ,july1 #c 8 ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ ,grass1 fl[]+ 9 ,june & ,july1 #b 8 ,p]5nial ,clov]1 fl[]+ 9 ,june1 #c 8 ,:ite ,clov]1 fl[]+ 9 ,may to ,septemb]1 #e-dj 8 ,= m[+-l&s ! mixture w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be some:at *ang$4 ,! mead[ foxtail & sweet-sc5t$ v]nal w\ld be left out entirely1 & "s six or eight p\nds add$ to ! ,timo?y & r$ clov]4 ,! prop] "t to lay d[n l&s to grass 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,engl& is ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 & no gra9 crop %\ld be s[n ) ! se$4 ,/iff or clayey pa/ures %\ld nev] be ov]-/ock$1 b :5 f$ pretty close ! grasses are f> sweet] & m nutriti\s ?an :5 !y are all[$ to gr[ up rank & co>se2 & if1 by a want ( suffici5t fe$+1 !y get ! />t ( ! /ock1 & gr[ into rank tufts1 !y %\ld be cut & remov$1 :5 a fre% grass w />t up1 simil> to ! aft]ma? ( m[+-l&s1 :i* w be gre$ily eat54 ,grasses = cur+ into hay %\ld be cut ei!r at ! "t ( fl[]+ or j be=e1 especially if design$ = mil* c[s4 ,!y are !n m succul5t & juicy1 &1 if prop]ly cur$1 =m ! sweete/ food4 ,grass cut 9 ! blossom w make m milk ?an if all[$ to /& lat]4 ,cut a little be=e ! blossom+1 x w make m ?an :5 9 ! blossom2 & ! c[s pref] x1 :i* is by no means an unimportant consid]ation1 s9ce _! ta/es %\ld always be consult$4 ,grass cut some:at gre51 & prop]ly cur$1 is next to fre%1 gre5 grass 9 palatable & nutritive qualities4 ,& s a s5sible practical f>m] writes me3 8,! "t ( cutt+ grass dep5ds v mu* ^u ! use y wi% to make ( x4 ,if = work+ ox5 & horses1 ,i w\ld let x /& till a little out ( ! blossom2 b if to fe$ out to new mil* c[s 9 ! w9t]1 ,i w\ld pref] to cut x v gre54 ,x is !n wor? = ! mak+ ( milk 9 ! w9t] almo/ d\ble t cut lat]40 ,e f>m] kn[s ! milk-produc+ prop]ties ( r[51 :i* is g5]ally cut be=e x blossoms4 ,no op]ation on ! f>m is ( great] importance to ! dairyman ?an ! cutt+ ( 8 grass & ! mann] ( cur+ hay1 & 9 ?is respect ! practice ov] ! c\ntry g5]ally is susceptible ( v great improvem5t4 ,! *ief object is to pres]ve ! sweetness & succul5ce ( grass 9 its natural /ate1 s f> z x is possible2 & ?is object _c be ga9$ by expos+ x too long to ! scor*+ suns & ! dr5*+ ra9s to :i* we are liable 9 ?is climate4 ,we g5]ally try to make our hay too mu*4 ,z to ! be/ modes ( cur+ clov]1 my own exp]i5ce & obs]vation accord ) t ( sev]al practical f>m]s1 :o write me z foll[s3 8,my me?od ( cur+ clov] is ?is3 ,:at is m[n 9 ! morn+ ,i leave 9 ! swa?1 to be turn$ ov] e>ly 9 ! aft]noon4 ,at ab\t f\r o'clock1 or :ile x is /ill w>m1 ,i put x into small cocks ) a =k1 &1 if ! wea!r is favorable1 x may be h\s$ on ! f\r? or fif? day1 ! cocks be+ turn$ ov] on ! morn+ ( ! day x is to be c>t$4 ,by s do+ all ! heads & leaves are sav$1 & ^! are wor? m ?an ! /ems4 ,?is has be5 my me?od = ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,= new mil* c[s 9 ! w9t] ,i ?9k !re is no?+ bett]4 ,x w make !m give z great a fl[ ( milk z any hay1 unless x be good r[540 ,ano!r says3 8,:5 ! wea!r bids fair to be good1 ,i m[ x aft] ! dew is (f1 & cock x up aft] be+ wilt$1 us+ ! =k in/ead ( roll+ ) ! rake1 & let x rema9 sev]al days1 :5 x is fit to put into ! b>n40 ,& ano!r3 8,i m[ my clov] 9 ! =5oon1 & t[>ds night ( ! same day ,i take =ks & pit* x into cocks & let x /& till x cures4 ,! day ,i c>t x1 ,i turn ! cocks ov]1 s z to air ! l[] "p4 ,i !n put x into ! m[ ) all ! leaves & heads on1 & x is z nice & gre5 z gre5 tea4 ,i ?9k x wor? = mil* c[s & %eep z mu* p] ton z ,engli% hay40 ,& /ill ano!r3 8,i h f\nd no bett] hay = f>m /ock ?an good clov]1 cut 9 season4 ,= mil* c[s x is mu* bett] ?an ,timo?y4 ,! r[5 crop is bett] ?an any o!r = calves40 ,,indian ,,corn makes an exce$+ly valuable fodd]1 bo? z a means ( c>ry+ a h]d ( mil* c[s ?r\gh our sev]e dr\ghts ( summ]1 & z an article = soil+ c[s kept 9 ! /all4 ,no dairy f>m] w neglect to s[ an ext5t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( c[s he keeps4 ,! mo/ common practice is to s[ 9 drills f two & a half to ?ree feet ap>t1 on l& well till$ & ?or\ghly manur$1 mak+ ! drills f six to t5 in*es wide ) ! pl\gh1 manur+ 9 ! furr[1 dropp+ ! corn ab\t two in*es ap>t1 & cov]+ ) ! hoe4 ,9 ?is mode ( culture ! cultivator may be us$ betwe5 ! r[s :5 ! corn is f six to twelve in*es high1 & unless ! gr\nd is v we$y no o!r aft] culture is g5]ally ne$$4 ,! fir/ s[+ usually takes place ab\t ! #bj? ( ,may1 & ?is is succe$$ by o!r s[+s at int]vals ( a week or t5 days1 till ,july1 9 ord] to h a succession ( gre5 fodd]4 ,b1 if x is design$ to cut x up to cure = w9t] use1 an e>ly s[+ is g5]ally pref]r$1 9 ord] to be able to cure x 9 w>m wea!r1 9 ,augu/ or e>ly 9 ,septemb]4 ,s[n 9 ?is way1 ab\t ?ree or f\r bu%els ( corn are requir$ = an acre1 s9ce1 if s[n ?ickly1 ! fodd] is bett]1 ! /alks small]1 & ! wa/e less4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 cur+ corn cultivat$ = ?is purpose1 & aft] ! me?ods spok5 (1 arises ma9ly f ! fact t x comes at a season :5 ! wea!r is (t5 cold]1 ! days %ort]1 & ! dews heavi]1 ?an :5 ! cur+ ( hay takes place4 ,nor is ! cur+ ( corn cut up gre5 s easy & simple z t ( dry+ ! /alks ( ,indian corn cut above ! e>1 z 9 our common practice ( topp+4 ,! plant is !n rip]1 less juicy1 & cures m readily4 ,! me?od sometimes adopt$ is to cut & tie into small bundles1 aft] x is some:at wilt$1 & /ook ^u ! gr\nd1 :]e x is all[$ to /&1 subject to all ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 ) only ! protection ( ! /ook itself4 ,! /ooks consi/ ( bun*es ( /alks fir/ b\nd 9 small bundles1 & are made suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ !m ov]4 ,! arms are ?r[n ar\nd ! tops to br+ !m toge!r z closely z possible1 :5 ! tops are brok5 ov] or twi/$ toge!r1 or o!rwise fa/5$1 9 ord] to make ! /ook 8%$ ! ra90 z well z possible4 ,9 ?is condition !y /& out till suffici5tly dri$ to put into ! b>n4 ,corn fodd] is v excell5t = "y dairy /ock4 ,,common ,,millet 7,panicum miliaceum7 is ano!r v valuable crop = fodd] 9 soil+1 or to cure = w9t] use1 b especially to fe$ out dur+ our usual p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,_m v>ieties ( millet are cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! gr\nd be+ prep>$ & treat$ z = oats4 ,if design$ to cut = gre5 fodd]1 half a bu%el ( se$ to ! acre %\ld be us$2 if to rip5 se$1 twelve qu>ts1 s[n broad-ca/1 ab\t ! la/ ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june4 ,a moi/ loam or muck is ! be/ adapt$ to millet2 b ,i h se5 v great crops gr[n on dry upl&4 ,x is v palatable & nutriti\s = mil* c[s1 bo? gre5 & :5 prop]ly cur$4 ,! cur+ %\ld be v mu* l clov]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to ov]-dry x4 ,= fodd]1 ei!r gre5 or cur$1 x is cut be=e rip5+4 ,9 ?is /ate all cattle eat x z readily z gre5 corn1 & a less ext5t w fe$ !m4 ,millet is wor?y ( a widely-ext5d$ cultivation1 p>ticul>ly on dairy f>ms4 ,indian millet 7,sorghum vulg>e7 is ano!r cultivat$ v>iety4 ,,rye1 z a fodd] plant1 is *iefly valuable = its e>ly gr[? 9 spr+4 ,x is usually s[n 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 f ! middle to ! end ( ,septemb] be+1 p]haps1 ! mo/ desirable "t1 on l& previ\sly cultivat$ & 9 good condition4 ,if design$ to rip5 only1 a bu%el ( se$ is requir$ to ! acre1 ev5ly s[n2 b1 if int5d$ = e>ly fodd] 9 spr+1 two or two & a half bu%els p] acre ( se$ %\ld be us$4 ,on w>m l& ! rye c be cut gre5 ! la/ ( ,april or fir/ ( ,may2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut e>ly1 z1 if all[$ to advance too f> t[>ds maturity1 ! /alk becomes h>d & unpalatable to c[s4 ,,oats are also sometimes us$ = soil+1 or = fe$+ gre51 to eke out a scanty supply ( pa/ure fe$2 ,& = ?is purpose !y are valuable4 ,!y %\ld be s[n on well-till$ & well-manur$ l&1 ab\t f\r bu%els to ! acre1 t[>ds ! la/ ( ,april or fir/ ( ,may4 ,if ! :ole crop is to be us$ z gre5 fodd]1 five bu%els ( se$ w n be too mu* on /rong1 good soil4 ,!y w be suffici5tly gr[n to cut by ! fir/ ( ,july1 or 9 "s sections e>li]1 dep5d+ on location4 ,! ,,*9ese ,,sug>-,,cane also may des]ve att5tion z a fodd] plant4 ,exp]im5ts hi!rto made seem to %[ t :5 prop]ly cultivat$1 & cut at ! "r "t1 x is a palatable & nutriti\s plant1 :ile _m ( ! failures h be5 ! result ( too e>ly cutt+4 ,= a fodd] crop ! drill culture is pref]able1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! l>g] yield obta9$ & to prev5t x f becom+ too h>d & /alky4 ,,! ,,potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 is ! fir/ ( ! root crops to be m5tion$4 ,?is produces a l>ge quantity ( milk1 ?\gh ! quality is inf]ior4 ,! m>ket value ( ?is root is1 at ! pres5t "t1 too great to all[ ( fe$+ ext5sively ) x1 ev5 9 milk-dairies1 :]e x is mo/ valuable z food = c[s2 /ill1 !re are locations :]e x may be judici\s to cultivate ?is root = dairy fe$1 & 9 all circum/ances !re is a c]ta9 portion ( ! crop ( unm>ketable size1 :i* w be ( value f$ to mil* c[s or sw9e4 ,x %\ld be plant$ 9 ,april or ,may1 b 9 _m sections 9 ,june1 on good mell[ soil1 fir/ ?or\ghly pl\gh$ & h>r[$1 !n furr[$ ?ree feet ap>t1 & manur$ 9 ! furr[s ) a mixture ( a%es1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 & salt4 ,! se$ may be dropp$ 9 ! furr[s1 "o foot ap>t1 aft] ! drill sy/em1 or 9 hills1 two & a half or ?ree feet ap>t1 to be cov]$ ) ! pl\gh by simply turn+ ! furr[s back1 aft] :i* ! :ole %\ld be roll$ ) ! field roll]1 :]e x c be done4 ,if ! l& is n already 9 good he>t f cont9u$ cultivation1 a few loads ( b>n-y>d manure may be spread1 & pl\gh$ "u by ! fir/ pl\gh+4 ,us$ 9 ?is way1 x is f> less liable to cause ! rot ?an :5 put 9 ! hill4 ,if a suffici5t quantity ( wood-a%es is n at h&1 sift$ coal-a%es w answ] ! purpose1 & are said to be valuable z a prev5tive ( ! rot4 ,9 ?is way "o man1 two boys1 & a horse1 c plant f ?ree to f\r acres a day on mell[ l&4 ,i h plant$ two acres a day on ! sod1 ! manure be+ fir/ spread on ! grass1 a furr[ made by a yoke ( ox5 & "o man1 ano!r foll[+ aft] & dropp+1 a foot ap>t1 along ! out] edge ( ! furr[ on ! grass4 ,by quick "w1 "o h& c ne>ly keep up ) ! pl\gh 9 dropp+4 ,:5 arriv$ at ! end ( ! piece1 a back furr[ is turn$ up to ! potatoes1 & a good pl\ghman w cov] ne>ly all )\t difficulty4 ,on ! return-furr[ ! man or boy :o dropp$ foll[s aft]1 cov]+ up any t may be left or displac$1 & smoo?+ (f ! top ( ! back-furr[s :]e necess>y4 ,potatoes ?us plant$ came out z f9e z ,i ev] saw any4 ,! co/ ( cultivation 9 ?is mode1 x mu/ be evid5t1 is b trifl+ comp>$ ) ! sl[] me?od ( h&-plant+4 ,! plan w require a skilful pl\ghman1 a quick1 active lad1 & a good yoke ( ox51 & ! ext5t ( ! "w w dep5d some:at on ! /ate ( ! turf4 ,! nutritive equival5t 9 potatoes = "o hundr$ p\nds ( good hay is #c4ai p\nds2 t is1 x w take #cai p\nds ( potatoes to af=d ! same am\nt ( n\ri%m5t z "o p\nd ( hay4 ,! great value ( roots is z a *ange or condim5t1 calculat$ to keep ! animal 9 a heal?y condition4 ,,! ,,c>rot 7,daucus c>ota7 is some:at ext5sively f$1 & is a valuable root = mil* c[s4 ,?is1 l ! potato1 has be5 cultivat$ & improv$ f a wild plant4 ,c>rots require a deep1 w>m1 mell[ soil1 ?or\ghly cultivat$1 b clean & free f we$-se$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a v good pr(it & a loss on ! crop dep5ds mu* on ! use ( l& & manures p]fectly free f f\l se$s ( any k9d4 ,a%es1 guano1 sea-we$1 gr\nd bone1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 or ?or\ghly-rott$ & f]m5t$ compo/1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,aft] pl\gh+ deep1 & h>r[+ c>efully1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n ) a se$-s[]1 9 drills ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t1 at ! rate ( f\r p\nds to ! acre1 ab\t ! middle or tw5tie? ( ,may4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 s[+ ! fifte5? ( ,may & ! t5? ( ,june 9 ,new ,engl& is said to be ne>ly "o ?ird 9 ! crop on an av]age ( ye>s4 ,9 we$+1 a little :eel-hoe is invaluable1 z ) x a l>ge "p ( ! labor ( cultivation is sav$4 ,a skilful h& c run ?is hoe )9 half an in* ( ! "y plants )\t injury1 & g ov] a l>ge space 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 if ! l& 0 prop]ly prep>$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] %\ld always plan to economize labor4 ,t is ! great item ( exp5se on ! f>m4 ,i d n mean t he %\ld try to %irk or avoid "w1 b t he %\ld make ! lea/ am\nt ( "w accompli% ! l>ge/ & mo/ pr(itable results4 ,labor-sav+ ma*9]y on ! f>m is appli$ n to r$uce ! numb] ( h\rs' labor1 or to make ! own] a man ( leisure1--:o is1 g5]ally1 ! unhappie/ man 9 ! _w1--b to enable him to accompli% ! greate/ results 9 ! same "t t he w\ld be compell$ to labor to obta9 small] ones4 ,c>rots w cont9ue to gr[ & increase 9 size late into ! fall4 ,:5 ready to dig1 pl\gh ar\nd z ne> to ! outside r[s z possible1 turn+ ! furr[ away f ! r[4 ,!n take out ! c>rots1 pull+ (f ! tops1 & ?r[ ! c>rots & tops into sep>ate heaps on ! pl\gh$ furr[s4 ,9 ?is way a man & two boys c h>ve/ & put into ! cell> ov] a hundr$ bu%els a day4 ,! ,,turnip 7,brassica rapa7 & ! ,sw$i% turnip or ruta baga 7,brassica campe/ris7 are also l>gely cultivat$ z a field crop to fe$ to /ock2 & = ?is purpose numb]less v>ieties are us$1 furni%+ a great am\nt ( succul5t & nutriti\s food1 late into w9t]1 &1 if well kept1 late into spr+4 ,! *ief objection to ! turnip is t x ta9ts ! milk4 ,?is may be rem$i$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 if n :olly1 by ! use ( salt1 or salt hay1 & by fe$+ at ! "t ( milk+1 or imm$iately aft]1 or by /eam+ be=e fe$+1 or putt+ a small quantity ( ! solution ( nitre into ! pail1 & milk+ ^u x4 ,turnips may be s[n any "t 9 ,june1 9 ri* l&1 well mell[$ by cultivation4 ,v l>ge crops are (t5 obta9$ s[n z late z ! middle ( ,july1 or fir/ ( ,augu/1 on an inv]t$ sod4 ,! ,mi*igan or d\ble-m\ld-bo>d pl\gh leaves ! l& light1 & 9 admirable condition to h>r[1 & drill 9 turnips4 ,a successful root-gr[] la/ ye> cut two tons ( hay to ! acre1 on ! #bc;d ( ,june1 & aft] x 0 remov$ f ! l& spread eight cords ( rott5 kelp to ! acre1 & pl\gh$ 92 aft] :i* ab\t ?ree cords ( f9e old compo/ manure 7 us$ to ! acre1 :i* 0 s[n1 ) ruta baga se$1 9 drills1 ?ree feet ap>t1 plants ?9n$ to eight or t5 in*es 9 ! drill4 ,no aft] cultivation 0 requir$4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,novemb] he h>ve/$ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty bu%els ( spl5did roots to ! acre1 c>efully measur$ (f4 ,! nutritive equival5t ( ,sw$i% turnips z comp>$ ) good mead[ hay is #fgf1 tak+ hay z a /&>d at #ajj2 t is1 x w\ld require #f4gf lbs4 ( turnips to furni% ! same nutrim5t z "o p\nd ( good hay2 b1 f$ 9 connection ) o!r food1 z hay1 = in/ance1 p]haps five p\nds ( turnips w\ld be ab\t equal to "o p\nd ( hay4 ,! ,engli% or r\nd turnip is usually s[n broadca/ aft] "s o!r crop1 & l>ge & valuable returns are (t5 obta9$4 ,! ,sw$e is s[n 9 drills4 ,bo? ^! v>ieties are us$ = ! production ( milk4 ,! *ief objection to ! turnip crop is t x leaves _m k9ds ( soil unfit = a succession ( "s o!r crops1 l ,indian corn1 = in/ance4 ,9 "s sections no am\nt ( manur+ appe>s to make corn d well aft] turnips or ruta bagas4 ,! ,,mangold ,,wurzel1 a v>iety ( ! ,beta vulg>is1 is (t5 cultivat$ ) great success 9 ?is c\ntry1 & f$ to c[s ) advantage1 furni%+ a succul5t & nutritive food 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,! crop is some:at unc]ta94 ,:5 x does well an enorm\s yield is (t5 obta9$2 b x (t5 proves a failure1 & is n1 on ! :ole1 q z reliable z ! ruta baga1 ?\gh a m valuable crop :5 ! yield is good4 ,x is cultivat$ l ! common beet1 9 moi/1 ri* soils1 ?ree p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,! leaves may be /ripp$ (f1 t[>ds fall1 & f$ out1 )\t injury to ! gr[? ( ! root4 ,bo? mangolds & turnips %\ld be cut ) a root-cutt]1 be=e be+ f$ out4 ,! ,,p>snip 7,pa/9aca sativa7 is a v sweet & nutritive article ( fodd]1 & adds ri*ness & flavor to ! milk4 ,x is wor?y ( ext5d$ culture 9 all p>ts ( ?is c\ntry :]e dairy husb&ry is pursu$4 ,x is a bi5nial1 easily rais$ on deep1 ri*1 well-cultivat$ & well-manur$ soils1 (t5 yield+ enorm\s crops1 & possess+ ! advantage ( )/&+ ! sev]e/ w9t]s4 ,z an article ( spr+ fe$+1 !re=e1 x is exce$+ly valuable4 ,s[n 9 ,april or ,may1 x atta9s a l>ge gr[? be=e w9t]4 ,!n1 if desirable1 a "p ( ! crop may be h>ve/$ = w9t] use1 & ! rema9d] left 9 ! gr\nd till ! fro/ is out1 9 ,m>* or ,april1 :5 !y c be dug z want$1 & are exce$+ly reli%$ by mil* c[s1 & /ock ( all k9ds4 ,!y make an admirable fe$ at ! "t ( milk+1 & produce ! ri*e/ cream1 & ! yell[e/ & f9e/-flavor$ butt]1 ( any root ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! good dairy f>m]s on ! isl& ( ,j]sey (t5 fe$ to _! c[s f ?irty to ?irty-five p\nds ( p>snips a day1 9 addition to hay or grass4 ,bo? practical exp]im5t & sci5tific analysis prove ?is root to be em95tly adapt$ to dairy /ock1 :]e ! ri*ness ( milk or f9e-flavor$ butt] is any object4 ,= m]e milk-dairies1 x is n q s valuable1 probably1 z ! ,sw$i% turnip4 ,! culture is simil> to t ( c>rots1 a ri*1 mell[1 & deep loam be+ be/2 :ile x has a great advantage ov] ! c>rot 9 be+ m h>dy1 & r less liable to injury f insects1 & m nutritive4 ,= fe$+ & fatt5+ /ock x is em95tly adapt$4 ,to be sure ( a crop1 fre% se$ mu/ be _h1 z x _c be dep5d$ on m ?an "o ye>4 ,= ?is reason1 ! l>ge/ & /raighte/ roots %\ld be all[$ to /& = se$1 :i*1 z soon z ne>ly ripe1 %\ld be tak5 (f & spread out to dry1 & c>efully kept = use4 ,= field culture ! holl[-cr[n$ p>snip is ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable2 b on ?91 %all[ soils ! turnip-root$ v>iety %\ld be us$4 ,p>snips may be h>ve/$ l c>rots1 by pl\gh+ along ! r[s4 ,let butt] or *eese dairym5 give ?is crop a fair & full trial1 & wat* its effect on ! quality ( ! milk & butt]4 ,! ,,kohl ,,rabi 7,brassica ol]acea1 v>4 caulorapa7 is also cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 to fe$ to /ock4 ,x is suppos$ to be a hybrid betwe5 ! cabbage & ! turnip1 & is (t5 call$ ! cabbage-turnip1 hav+ ! root ( ! =m]1 ) a turnip-l or bulb\s /em4 ,! special reason = its m ext5sive cultivation among u is its wond]ful indiff]5ce to dr\ghts1 9 :i* x seems to fl\ri% be/1 & to br+ =? ! mo/ luxuriant crops4 ,x also )/&s ! fro/s rem>kably1 be+ a h>dy plant4 ,x yields a some:at ri*] quality ( milk ?an ! ord9>y turnip1 & ! crop is g5]ally admitt$ to be z abundant & pr(itable4 ,i h se5 v l>ge crops ( x produc$ by ! ord9>y turnip or cabbage cultivation4 ,z 9 cabbage culture1 x is be/ to s[ ! se$ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 9 a w>m & well-enri*$ se$-b$2 f :i* x is transplant$ 9 ,may1 & set out aft] ! mann] ( cabbages 9 g>d5 culture4 ,x be>s transplant+ bett] ?an mo/ o!r roots4 ,insects injure x less ?an ! turnip1 dry wea!r favors x1 & x keeps well ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,= ^! reasons1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a valuable addition to our li/ ( =age plants adapt$ to dairy f>m+4 ,x gr[s well on /rong] soils ?an ! turnip4 ,,l9se$ ,,meal is ! gr\nd cake ( flax-se$1 aft] ! oil is press$ out4 ,x is v ri* 9 fat-=m+ pr9ciples1 & giv5 to mil* c[s x increases ! quality ( butt]1 & keeps !m 9 condition4 ,f\r or five p\nds a day are suffici5t = c[s 9 milk1 & ?is am\nt w effect a great sav+ 9 ! co/ ( o!r food1 & at ! same "t make a v ri* milk4 ,x is ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & l>gely export$1 b is wor?y ( m g5]al use "h4 ,x mu/ n be f$ 9 too l>ge quantities to mil* c[s1 = x w\ld be liable to give too great a t5d5cy to fat1 & ?us affect ! quantity ( milk4 ,,rape-,,cake possesses mu* ! same qualities4 ,x is ! residuum aft] press+ ! oil f rape-se$4 ,,cotton-,,se$ ,,meal is an article ( comp>atively rec5t introduction4 ,x is obta9$ by press+ ! se$ ( ! cotton-plant1 :i* extracts ! oil1 :5 ! cake is cru%$ or gr\nd into meal1 :i* has be5 f\nd to be a v valuable article = fe$+ /ock4 ,an analysis has be5 giv5 on a prec$+ page1 :i* %[s x to be equal or sup]ior to l9se$ meal4 ,practical exp]im5ts are ne$$ to e/abli% x4 ,x is prep>$ *iefly 9 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 & is = sale 9 ! m>ket at a v reasonable price4 ,! ,,manures us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! culture ( ! plants m5tion$ above are mo/ly su* z are made on ! f>m1 consi/+ *iefly ( b>n-y>d compo/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) (t5 a l>ge admixture ( peat-mud4 ,!re are few f>ms t d n conta9 sub/ances :i*1 if prop]ly husb&$1 w\ld add v greatly to ! am\nt ( manure ord9>ily made4 ,! be/ ( ! conc5trat$ manures1 :i* x is sometimes necess>y to use1 = want ( "t & labor to prep>e en\gh on ! f>m1 is1 unque/ionably1 ,p]uvian guano4 ,! results ( ?is1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 are well kn[n & reliable1 :i* c h>dly be said ( any o!r artificial manure (f]$ = ! f>m]'s notice4 ,! *ief objection to dep5d+ on manures made (f ! f>m is1 9 ! fir/ place1 _! great exp5se2 & 9 ! second1 :i* is equally important1 ! fact t1 ?\gh !y may be made valuable1 & produce at "o "t ! be/ results1 a want ( c>e 9 ! manufacture1 or design$ fraud1 may make !m almo/ wor?less1 ) ! impossibility ( detect+ ! imposition1 )\t a *emical analysis1 till x becomes too late1 & ! crop is lo/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe/ to rely ma9ly ^u ! home manufacture ( manure4 ,! extra exp5se ( soil+ cattle1 sav+ & apply+ ! liquid manure1 & ?us br++ ! l& to a high] /ate ( cultivation1 :5 x w be capable ( keep+ m /ock1 & ( furni%+ m manure1 w\ld (f] a sur] road to success ?an a con/ant outlay = conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s4 ,! v>i\s articles us$ = top-dress+ grass l&s1 & ! managem5t ( grass & pa/ure l&s1 h be5 treat$ ( 9 detail 9 ! "w already allud$ to1 on ! ,,culture ,,( ,,grasses ,,& ,,=age ,,plants4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,milk4 ,milk1 z ! fir/ & natural food ( man1 has be5 us$ f ! remote/ antiquity ( ! human race4 ,x is produc$ by ! females ( t class ( animals kn[n z ! mammalia1 & 0 design$ by nature z ! n\ri%m5t ( _! "y2 b ! ri*e/ & mo/ abundant secretions 9 common use are ^? ( ! c[1 ! camel1 ! m>e1 & ! goat4 ,! use ( camel's milk is conf9$ *iefly to ,africa & to ,*9a1 t ( m>es to ,t>t>y & ,sib]ia1 & t ( goats to ,italy & ,spa94 ,! milk ( ! c[ is univ]sally e/eem$4 ,milk is an opaque fluid1 g5]ally :ite 9 color1 hav+ a sweet & agreeable ta/e1 & is compos$ ( a fatty sub/ance1 :i* =ms butt]1 a case\s sub/ance1 :i* =ms *eese1 & a wat]y residuum1 kn[n z s]um1 or :ey1 9 *eese-mak+4 ,! fatty or butyrace\s matt] 9 pure milk v>ies usually f two & a half to six & a half p] c5t42 ! case\s or *eesy matt]1 f ?ree to t5 p] c5t42 & ! s]\s matt]1 or :ey1 f eighty to n9ety p] c5t4 ,to ! nak$ eye milk appe>s to be ( ! same "* & consi/5ce ?r\gh\t2 b "u ! microscope a myriad ( little globules ( v>i$ =ms1 b mo/ly r\nd or ovoid1 & ( v unequal sizes1 appe> to float 9 ! wat]y matt]4 ,on m m9ute exam9ation1 ^! butt]-globules are se5 to be enclos$ 9 a ?9 film ( case\s matt]4 ,!y are s m9ute t !y filt] ?r\gh ! f9e/ pap]4 ,milk readily assimilates ) wat] & o!r sweet & unf]m5t$ liquids1 ?\gh x weighs f\r p] c5t4 m ?an wat]4 ,cold cond5ses1 heat liquefies x4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 n be+ simil> 9 "* or specific gravity1 und]go rapid *anges :5 at re/4 ,! oily p>ticles1 be+ light] ?an ! re/1 soon beg9 to sep>ate f !m1 & rise to ! surface 9 ! =m ( a yell[i% semi-liquid cream1 :ile ! great] specific gravity ( ! s]\s matt]1 or :ey1 c>ries x to ! bottom4 ,a high temp]ature v soon develops acidity1 & ha/5s ! sep>ation ( ! *eesy matt]1 or curd1 f ! :ey4 ,& s ! ?ree pr9cipal elem5ts are easily di/+ui%$4 ,b ! oily or butyrace\s matt]1 9 ris+ to ! surface1 br+s up along ) x _m *eesy p>ticles1 :i* me*anically adh]e to x1 & give x m or less ( a :ite in/ead ( a yell[ color2 & _m wat]y or s]\s p>ticles1 :i* make x ?9n]1 or m liquid1 ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,if x rose up free f ! adhesion ( ! o!r elem5ts1 x w\ld appe> 9 ! =m ( pure butt]1 & w\ld n ne$ to und]go ! process ( *urn+ to sep>ate x f o!r sub/ances4 ,! "t may come :5 "s means w be devis$1 ei!r me*anical or *emical1 to sep>ate ! butt] p>ticles f ! re/ in/antane\sly & completely1 & ?us avoid ! (t5 long & t$i\s process ( *urn+4 ,! coagulation1 or collect+ toge!r ( ! *eesy p>ticles1 by :i* ! curd becomes sep>at$ f ! :ey1 sometimes takes place s rapidly1 f ! effect ( great heat1 or sudd5 *anges 9 ! atmosph]e1 t !re is n "t = ! butt] p>ticles to rise to ! surface1 & !y rema9 mix$ up ) ! curd4 ,nor does ! s]\s or wat]y matt] rema9 di/9ct or free f ! mixture ( p>ticles ( ! *eesy & butt]y matt]s4 ,x also holds 9 susp5sion "s alkal9e salts & sug> ( milk1 to ! ext5t ( f ?ree to f\r p] c5t4 ( its weight4 ,we h1 !n1 ,butt]4 ,cream4 ,butt]-milk4 ,wat]4 ,milk4 ,butt]y & *eesy residuum4 ,skimm$ milk4 ,curd4 ,sug> ( milk4 ,pure ,:ey4 ,salts4 wat]4 ,x may be /at$1 9 o!r words1 t milk is compos$ *iefly ( case9e1 or curd1 :i* gives x its /r5g?1 & f :i* *eese is made2 a butyrace\s or oily sub/ance1 :i* gives x its ri*ness2 a sug> ( milk1 to :i* x owes its sweetness1 & a wat]y sub/ance1 :i* makes x refre%+ z a bev]age2 toge!r ) traces ( alkal9e salts1 f :5ce are d]iv$ its flavor & m$ic9al prop]ties2 & t ^! con/itu5ts appe> 9 proportions :i* v>y 9 diff]5t specim5s1 accord+ to ! bre$ ( ! animal1 ! food1 ! l5g? ( "t aft] p>turition1 etc4 ,milk becomes s\r1 on /&+ expos$ to a w>m atmosph]e1 by ! *ange ( its sug> ( milk into an acid kn[n z lactic acid2 & x is ow+ to ?is sug>1 & ! *emical *anges to :i* x gives rise1 t milk is susceptible ( und]go+ all degrees ( f]m5tation1 & ( be+ made into a f]m5t$ & palatable b intoxicat+ liquor1 :i*1 by di/illation1 produces pure alcohol4 ,?is liquor is ext5sively us$ 9 "s c\ntries4 ,! arrack ( ! ,arabs is sometimes made f camel's milk4 ,! ,t>t>s make mo/ ( _! spiritu\s liquors f milk2 & = ?is purpose !y pref] m>e's milk1 on acc\nt ( its l>g] p]c5tage ( sug>1 :i* causes a great] & m active f]m5tation4 ,! liquor made f x is t]m$ milk-w9e1 or kh\mese4 ,x resembles be]1 & has intoxicat+ qualities4 ,! process ( manufacture is v simple4 ,! milk1 be+ all[$ fir/ to turn s\r1 is !n heat$ to ! prop] temp]ature1 :5 x beg9s to f]m5t2 & 9 a day 9 summ]1 or two or ?ree days 9 w9t]1 ! process is complet$1 & ! liquor may be kept sev]al weeks )\t los+ its good qualities4 ,! admirable ?\gh complicat$ organization ( ! udd] & teats ( ! c[ has already be5 expla9$1 9 speak+ ( ! mann] ( milk+4 ,b x may be said1 9 g5]al1 t ! numb] ( /oma*s or p[]ful dige/ive organs ( ! rum9ants is wond]fully adapt$ to promote ! l>ge/ secretions ( e k9d4 ,! udd] ( ! c[1 ! m imm$iate & important receptacle ( milk1 & 9 :i* o!r milk-vessels t]m9ate1 is divid$ into two sections1 & ea* ( ^! sections is subdivid$ into two o!rs1 mak+ f\r divisions1 ea* con/itut+ 9 itself1 to "s ext5t1 an organ ( secretion4 ,b x is well kn[n t1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! lat]al section1 compris+ ! two h9d teats1 usually secretes l>g] quantities ( milk ?an ! front section1 & t its developm5t1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 is usually ! greate/4 ,milk is exce$+ly s5sitive to num]\s influ5ces1 _m ( :i* are n well und]/ood4 ,x is probably true t ! milk ( ea* ( ! divisions ( ! udd] diff]s to "s ext5t f t ( ! o!rs 9 ! same animal2 & x is well kn[n t ! milk ( diff]5t c[s1 f$ on ! same food1 has m>k$ diff]5ces 9 quality & composition4 ,b food1 no d\bt1 has a m p[]ful & imm$iate effect ?an any?+ else1 z we %\ld naturally suppose f ! fact t x goes directly to supply all ! secretions ( ! body4 ,fe$+ exclusively on dry food1 = in/ance1 produces a ?ick]1 m butt]y & *eesy milk1 ?\gh less abundant 9 quantity1 ?an fe$+ on moi/ & succul5t food4 ,! =m] w be m nutritive ?an ! latt]4 ,c[s 9 w9t] w usually give a milk mu* ri*] 9 butt] & less *eesy ?an 9 summ]1 = ! same reason2 :ile 9 summ] _! milk is ri*] 9 *eese & less butt]y ?an 9 w9t]4 ,z already intimat$1 ! frequ5cy ( milk+ has its effect on ! quality4 ,milk+ b once a day w\ld give a m cond5s$ & butt]y milk ?an milk+ twice or ?ree times4 ,! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( milk beg9s1 und\bt$ly1 be=e x leaves ! udd]2 & h5ce we f9d t ! milk fir/ drawn f ! c[ at a milk+ is f> m wat]y ?an t drawn lat]1 ! la/ drawn1 commonly call$ ! /ripp+s1 be+ ! ri*e/ ( all1 & conta9+ f six to twelve times z mu* butt] z ! fir/4 ,_m o!r influ5ces affect ! milk ( c[s1 bo? 9 quantity & quality1 z ! l5g? ( "t aft] calv+1 ! age & heal? ( ! c[1 ! season ( ! ye>1 etc4 ,milk is :it] 9 color 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 ev5 :5 ! fe$+ is precisely ! same4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ! milk ( ! same c[ is blu] ?an at o!rs4 ,?is is (t5 obs]vable 9 dog-days4 ,! specific gravity ( milk is great] ?an t ( wat]1 t ( ! latt] be+ "o ?\s&1 & t ( ! =m] "o ?\s& & ?irty-"o on an av]age1 ?\gh x v>ies greatly z x comes f diff]5t c[s1 & ev5 at diff]5t times f ! same c[4 ,a fe$+ ( salt giv5 to ! c[ w1 9 a few h\rs1 cause ! specific gravity ( h] milk to v>y f "o to ?ree p] c5t4 ,milk w ord9>ily produce f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( its own volume 9 cream2 or1 on an av]age1 n f> f twelve & a half p] c5t4 ,eight qu>ts ( milk w1 !re=e1 make ab\t "o qu>t ( cream4 ,b ! milk ( c[s t are f$ s z to produce ! ri*e/ milk & butt] w (t5 v f> exce$ ?is1 sometimes giv+ ov] tw5ty p] c5t4 ( cream1 & 9 v r>e in/ances tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six p] c5t4 ,! product ( milk 9 cream is m regul> ?an ! product ( cream 9 butt]4 ,a v ri* milk is light] ?an milk ( a poor quality1 = ! reason t cream is light] ?an skim-milk4 ,( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( milk1 case9e is t :i* mo/ resembles animal matt]1 & h5ce ! intr9sic value ( *eese z a nutritive article ( food4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! nutritive qualities ( skimm$ milk1 or milk f :i* ! cream only has be5 remov$1 :ile ! milk is /ill sweet4 ,! oily or fatty p>ts ( milk furni% heat to ! animal sy/em2 b ?is is easily suppli$ by o!r sub/ances4 ,f ! peculi> nature ( milk1 & its extreme s5sitiv5ess to ext]nal influ5ces1 ! importance ( ! utmo/ c>e 9 its managem5t mu/ be app>5t2 & ?is c>e mu/ beg9 f ! mom5t :5 x leaves ! udd]1 especially if x is to be made into butt]4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be bett]1 if x 7 conv5i5t1 to keep ! diff]5t k9ds ( milk ( ! same milk+ by itself--t :i* comes fir/ f ! udd]1 & t :i* is drawn la/2 & if ! fir/ ?ird c\ld be set by itself1 & ! second & ! ?ird p>ts by !mselves1 ! "t requir$ to raise ! cream ( ea* "p w\ld d\btless be consid]ably less ?an x is :]e ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! milk are s intimately mix$ toge!r 9 ! process ( milk+1 aft] be+ once p>tially sep>at$1 z !y are be=e !y leave ! udd]4 ,aft] milk+1 z little "t z possible %\ld elapse be=e ! milk is br\ght to re/ 9 ! pan4 ,! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,&]son on ! treatm5t ( milk are p]t95t 9 ?is connection4 8,if milk10 says he1 8be put into a di% & all[$ to /& until x ?r[s up cream1 ! portion ( cream ris+ fir/ to ! surface is ri*] 9 quality & equal 9 quantity to t :i* rises 9 a second equal space ( "t2 & ! cream :i* rises 9 a second int]val ( "t is great] 9 quantity & ri*] 9 quality ?an t :i* rises 9 a ?ird equal space ( "t4 ,t ( ! ?ird is great] ?an t ( ! f\r?1 & s ( ! re/2 ! cream t rises cont9u+ progressively to decrease 9 quantity & quality1 s long z any rises to ! surface4 8,?ick milk always ?r[s up a mu* small] proportion ( ! cream :i* x actually conta9s ?an milk t is ?9n]1 b ! cream is ( a ri*] quality2 & if wat] be add$ to t ?ick milk1 x w af=d a consid]ably great] quantity ( cream1 & consequ5tly m butt]1 ?an x w\ld h done if all[$ to rema9 pure2 b its quality at ! same "t is greatly det]iorat$4 8,milk :i* is put into a bucket or o!r prop] vessel1 & c>ri$ 9 x to a consid]able di/ance1 s z to be mu* agitat$ & 9 "p cool$ be=e x be put into ! milk-pans to settle = cream1 nev] ?r[s up s mu* or s ri* a cream z if ! same milk _h be5 put into ! milk-pans1 )\t agitation1 directly aft] x 0 milk$40 ,milk z x comes f ! c[ is ab\t blood-heat1 or #ih ,fah4 ,x %\ld be cool$ (f z little z possible be=e com+ to re/4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! pails may be r9s$ ) hot wat] be=e milk+1 & ! di/ance f ! place ( milk+ to ! milk-room %\ld be z %ort z possible2 b1 ev5 ) all ^! precautions1 ! fall 9 temp]ature w be consid]able4 ,f :at has already be5 said ) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ! cream or oily p>ticles ( ! milk rise to ! surface1 & ! difficulty ( ris+ ?r\gh a great space1 on acc\nt ( _! intimate entanglem5t ) ! *eesy & o!r matt]s1 ! importance ( us+ %all[ pans mu/ be suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,to facilitate & ha/5 ! ris+ ( ! butt] or oily p>ticles1 ! importance ( keep+ ! milk-room at a uni=m & pretty high temp]ature w be equally obvi\s4 ,! greate/ d5sity ( milk is at or ne> ! temp]ature ( #da ,fah42 & at ?is po9t ! butt] p>ticles w1 ( c\rse1 rise ) ! greate/ difficulty & sl[ness1 & br+ up a f> great] am\nt ( *eese p>ticles ?an "u m favorable circum/ances4 ,^! case\s & wat]y matt]s1 z has be5 already /at$1 cause ! cream or ! butt] to look :ite1 & to f]m5t & become rancid4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! temp]ature is g5]ally kept1 9 ! be/ butt]-dairies1 z high z f #eh to #fb4 ,"s recomm5d keep+ ! milk at ov] #gj1 & f t to #hj1 at :i* temp]ature ! cream1 !y say1 rises v rapidly1 especially if ! dep? ?r\gh :i* x has to rise is b slight4 ,b t1 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ practical dairym51 is too high4 ,to obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( cream f a giv5 quantity ( milk1 ! dep? 9 ! pan %\ld1 x seems to me1 nev] exce$ two in*es4 ,a high temp]ature & %all[ dep?1 z !y liquefy ! milk & facilitate ! ris+ ( ! p>ticles1 t5d to secure a cream free f ! *eesy matt]1 & su* cream w make a quality ( butt] bo? m delicate to ! ta/e1 & less likely to become rancid1 ?an any o!r4 ,x has already be5 intimat$1 9 ano!r connection1 t nei!r ! l>ge/ quantity nor ! be/ quality ( milk is giv5 by ! c[ till aft] %e has _h two or ?ree calves1 or has arriv$ at ! age ( five or six ye>s4 ,x may also be said1 :at _c fail to h attract$ ! att5tion ( obs]v+ dairym51 t 9 v dry seasons ! quantity ( milk yield$ w g5]ally be less1 ?\gh ! quality w be ri*]1 ?an 9 moi/ & mild seasons4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ t moi/ climates are mu* m favorable to ! production ( milk ?an dry ones2 & ?is also has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ & admitt$ to be a well-kn[n fact4 ,f ^! facts x may be /at$ t dry & w>m wea!r increases ! quantity ( butt]1 b x is also true t cool] wea!r produces a great] am\nt ( *eese4 ,a /ate ( pregnancy1 x is obvi\s1 mu/ r$uce ! quality ( ! milk1 & cause x to yield less cream ?an be=e4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( milk ! utmo/ cleanl9ess is especially requisite4 ,! pails1 ! /ra9]s1 ! pans1 ! milk-room1 &1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! dairy1 mu/ be kept neat & clean to an ext5t :i* few b ! v be/ dairy-wom5 c appreciate4 ,! smalle/ portion ( old milk left to s\r 9 ! /ra9]s or pans w be sure to ta9t !m1 & imp>t _! bad flavor to ! new milk put into !m4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! fact t an exce$+ly small quantity ( yea/ causes an active f]m5tation4 ,! process is a *emical "o1 & ano!r famili> in/ance ( x is 9 ! di/illation ( liquors & ! brew+ ( be]1 :]e ! malt creates a v active f]m5tation4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! smalle/ p>ticle ( s\r milk w ta9t a l>ge quantity ( sweet4 ,! milk-room %\ld be remov$ f dampness1 & all gases :i* might be injuri\s to ! milk by infect+ ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e & ! temp]ature1 z has be5 /at$1 affect x1 all contact ) =eign sub/ances to :i* x is liable 9 c>eless & slov5ly milk+1 & all air r5d]$ impure by vegetables & innum]able o!r ?+s kept 9 a h\se-cell>1 w be mu* m liable to ta9t & injure x4 ,milk appe>s to absorb odors f objects ne> x1 to su* an ext5t t a piece ( catnip ly+ ne> ! pan has be5 kn[n to imp>t its flavor to x4 ,milk1 z sold 9 mo/ l>ge cities1 is (t5 adult]at$ to a great ext5t1 b mo/ frequ5tly ) wat]4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 too1 a "p ( ! cream is fir/ tak5 (f1 & wat] aft]w>ds add$2 9 :i* case ! use ( burnt sug> is v common = color+ ! milk1 ! blu5ess ( :i* w\ld o!rwise lead to detection4 ,! adult]ation ( pure milk f ! heal?y c[ by wat]1 ?\gh di%one/1 & objectionable 9 ! highe/ degree1 is f> less iniquit\s 9 its consequ5ces ?an ! nef>i\s traffic 9 8swill-milk10 or milk produc$ f c[s f$ entirely on 8/ill-slops10 f :i* !y soon become diseas$1 aft] :i* ! milk conta9s a subtle poison1 :i* is z difficult ( detection by any kn[n process ( *emi/ry z ! miasma ( an atmosph]e ta9t$ ) yell[ fev] or ! *ol]a4 ,! simple fact is suffici5tly palpable1 t no pure & heal?y milk c be produc$ by an unheal?y & diseas$ animal2 & t no animal c long rema9 heal?y t is f$ on an unnatural food1 & treat$ 9 ! mann] too common ar\nd ! di/ill]ies ( _m l>ge cities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! well-kn[n influ5ce :i* 8/ill-slops0 & o!r exce$+ly succul5t food h 9 increas+ ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! milk1 t adult]ation may be effect$ by means ( ! food1 z well z by addition ( wat] to ! milk itself4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 on a mom5t's reflection1 t ! specific gravity ( pure milk mu/ v>y exce$+ly1 z x comes f diff]5t c[s1 or f ! same c[ at diff]5t times4 ,?is v>iation rea*$ to ! ext5t ( tw5ty-?ree degrees 9 ! milk ( =ty-two diff]5t c[s1 or f "o ?\s& & eight to "o ?\s& & ?irty-"o2 b s great a v>iation is v r>e1 & n to be expect$4 ,no reliable conclusion1 z to :e!r a p>ticul> specim5 ( milk has be5 adult]at$ or n1 c !re=e be drawn f ! diff]5ces 9 specific gravity alone4 ,a radical difficulty att5d+ ?is te/ arises f ! fact t ! specific gravity bo? ( wat] & cream is less ?an t ( pure milk4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! hydromet] s9ks deep] into ! fluid ?an w\ld be expect$ 9 ord9>y pure milk1 h[ is x possible1 unless ! v>iation is v l>ge1 to tell :e!r x is due to ! ri*ness ( ! milk 9 cream1 or to ! wat]8 ,i h1 = in/ance1 two in/rum5ts1 ea* labell$ 8,lactomet]10 b bo? ( :i* are simple hydromet]s 7,fig4 #ga71 or specific gravity te/]s1 "o ( :i* is graduat$ ) ! wat]-m>k #j & t ( pure milk #bj2 ! wat]-m>k ( ! o!r be+ #j1 l ! fir/1 & t ( pure milk #ajj4 ,bo? are ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! graduation4 ,on ! =m]1 graduat$ = pure milk at #bj1 x is difficult to tell ) accuracy ! small v>iations 9 ! p]c5tage ( wat] or cream1 ! divisions on ! scale are s m9ute1 :ile ! latt] m>ks !m s t !y c be read (f ) great] ease & precision4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravity 9 diff]5t specim5s ( pure milk1 tak5 f ! c[s 9 ! morn+1 & all[$ to cool d[n to ab\t #fj1 ,i us$ ! latt] in/rum5t ) ! foll[+ results3 ,! fir/ p9t drawn f a native c[ /ood at #aja1 ! scale be+ graduat$ at #ajj = pure milk4 ,! la/ p9t ( ! same milk+1 be+ ! /ripp+s ( ! same c[1 /ood at #hf4 ,! mixture ( ! two p9ts /ood at ab\t #ic4 ,! milk ( a pure-br$ ,j]sey /ood at #ie1 t ( an ,ayr%ire at #ajj1 t ( a ,h]e=d at #ajf1 t ( a ,devon at #aaa1 :ile a ?9 cream /ood at #ff4 ,all ^! specim5s ( milk 7 pure1 & milk$ at ! same "t 9 ! morn+1 c>efully labell$ 9 sep>ate vessels1 & set ^u ! same %elf to cool (f2 & yet ! v>iations ( specific gravity am\nt$ to #be1 or1 tak+ ! av]age quality ( ! native c[s' milk at #ic1 ! v>iations am\nt$ to #ag4 ,b1 kn[+ ! specific gravity1 at ! outset1 ( any specim5 ( milk1 ! hydromet] w\ld %[ ! am\nt ( wat] add$4 ,?is *eap & simple in/rum5t is !re=e ( frequ5t s]vice4 ,! lactomet] is a v diff]5t in/rum5t1 & measures ! comp>ative ri*ness ( diff]5t specim5s ( milk4 ,x is ( v great s]vice bo? 9 ! butt] & *eese dairy1 = te/+ ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t c[s = ! purposes = :i* !y are kept4 ,?is in/rum5t is v simple & *eap & ! practical dairyman c tell by x :at c[s he c be/ "p ) )\t detrim5t to 8 bus9ess4 ,no c[ %\ld be admitt$ to a h]d kept = butt]-mak+ )\t kn[+ h] qualities 9 ?is respect4 ,_m w\ld f9d1 on exam9ation1 t "s ( _! c[s1 ?\gh giv+ a good quantity1 7 comp>atively wor?less to !m4 ,su* 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ,john ,holb]t1 ( ,*emung1 ,new ,york1 :o1 9 8 /atem5t to ! /ate agricultural society1 says3 8,i f9d1 by *urn+ ! milk ( ea* c[ sep>ately1 t "o ( my be/ c[s w make z mu* butt] z ?ree ( my poore/1 giv+ ! same quantity ( milk4 ,i h kept a dairy = tw5ty ye>s1 b ,i nev] until ! pa/ season knew t !re 0 s mu* diff]5ce 9 c[s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,lactomet]4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! lactomet] is a s]ies ( graduat$ glass tubes 7,fig4 #gb71 or vials1 ( equal diamet]2 g5]ally a ?ird ( an in* inside1 & ab\t elev5 in*es long4 ,! tubes are fill$ to an equal height1 ea* "o ) ! milk ( a diff]5t c[1 & all[$ to /& = ! cream to rise4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness ( ! column ( cream w be v p]ceptible1 & x w be great] ?an mo/ p imag9e4 ,! effect ( diff]5t k9ds ( food = ! production ( butt] may be /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is =m ( ! lactomet] 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,v>i\s means are us$ = ! pres]vation ( milk4 ,"o ( ^! is by conc5trat+ x by boil+4 ,:]e ?is is foll[$1 z x is by "s dairym51 z a regul> bus9ess1 ! milk is p\r$1 z x comes f ! dairy1 into long1 %all[1 copp] pans1 & heat$ to a temp]ature ( a hundr$ & t5 degrees1 ,fahr5heit4 ,a little sug> is !n mix$ 91 & ! :ole body ( milk is kept 9 motion by /irr+ = "s ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! wat] is evaporat$1 leav+ ! milk ab\t "o f\r? ( its orig9al bulk4 ,x is n[ put into t9 cans1 ! cov]s ( :i* are sold]$ on1 :5 ! cans are l[]$ into boil+ wat]4 ,aft] rema9+ a :ile1 !y are tak5 out & h]metically seal$1 9 :i* condition ! milk w keep = mon?s4 ,conc5trat$ milk may ?us be tak5 to sea or else:]e4 ,ano!r =m is t ( solidifi$ milk1 9 :i* /ate x is easily & p]fectly soluble 9 wat]2 & :5 s dissolv$ ) a prop] proportion ( wat]1 x assumes its orig9al =m ( milk1 & may be made into butt]4 ,a /atem5t by ,dr4 ,dormus1 9 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 expla9s ! process1 z foll[s3 8,to "o hundr$ & twelve p\nds ( milk tw5ty eight p\nds ( ,/u>t's :ite sug> 7 add$1 & a trivial portion ( bic>bonate ( soda1--a teaspoonful1--m]ely en\gh to insure ! neutraliz+ ( any acidity1 :i*1 9 ! summ] season1 is exhibit$ ev5 a few m9utes aft] milk+1 al?\gh inappreciable to ! organs ( ta/e4 ,! sweet milk 0 p\r$ into evaporat+ pans ( enamell$ iron1 imb$d$ 9 w>m wat] heat$ by /eam4 ,a !rmomet] 0 imm]s$ 9 ea* ( ^! wat]-ba?s1 t1 by frequ5t inspection1 ! temp]ature might n rise above ! po9t :i* ye>s ( exp]i5ce h %[n advisable4 ,to facilitate ! evaporation1 by means ( bl[]s & o!r +5i\s app>atus a curr5t ( air is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! cov]s ( ! pans & ! solidify+ milk4 ,connect$ ) ! /eam-eng9e is an arrangem5t ( /irr]s1 = agitat+ ! milk slightly1 :ile evaporat+1 & s g5tly z n to *urn x4 ,9 ab\t ?ree h\rs ! milk & sug> assum$ a pa/y consi/5cy1 & delight$ ! palates ( all pres5t4 ,by con/ant manipulation & w>m+1 x 0 r$uc$ to a ri*1 creamy-look+ p[d]1 !n expos$ to ! air to cool1 weigh$ into p>cels ( a p\nd ea*1 & by a press1 ) ! =ce ( a ton or two1 made to assume ! compact =m ( a tablet 7! size ( a small brick71 9 :i* %ape1 cov]$ ) t9-foil1 x is pres5t$ to ! public4 8,"s ( ! solidifi$ milk :i* _h be5 grat$ & dissolv$ 9 wat] ! previ\s ev5+ 0 f\nd cov]$ ) a ri* cream2 ?is1 skimm$ (f1 0 soon conv]t$ into excell5t butt]4 ,ano!r solution 0 spe$ily conv]t$ into w9e-:ey by a treatm5t precisely simil> to t employ$ 9 us+ ord9>y milk4 ,x fully equall$ ! expectations ( all2 s t solidifi$ milk w h]eaft] rank among ! necess>y app5dages to ! sick room4 ,9 f9e1 ?is article makes paps1 cu/>ds1 pudd+s1 & cakes1 equal to ! be/ milk2 & "o may be sure x is an unadult]at$ article1 obta9$ f well-pa/ur$ cattle1 & n ! produce ( di/ill]y slops2 nei!r c x be wat]$4 ,= our /eam%ips1 our packets1 = ^? travell+ by l& or by sea1 = hotel purposes1 or use 9 private families1 = "y or old1 we recomm5d x cordially z a sub/itute = fre% milk40 ,a p\nd ( ?is solidifi$ milk1 x is said1 w make five p9ts :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,ano!r favorite =m 9 :i* milk is us$ is t kn[n z ice-cream1 a *eap & heal?y luxury dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,x is froz5 9 a simple ma*9e made = ! purpose1 9 ! be/ =m ( :i* ! "t ( ! op]ation is f six to t5 m9utes4 ,! ri*e/ quality ( ice-cream is made f cream1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,to "o qu>t ( cream use ! yolks ( ?ree eggs4 ,put ! cream ov] ! fire till x boils1 dur+ :i* "t ! eggs are beat5 up ) half a p\nd ( :ite sug>1 p[d]$ f9e2 & :5 ! cream boils /ir x ^u ! eggs & sug>1 !n let x /& till q cold1 !n add ! juice ( ?ree or f\r lemons4 ,x is !n ready to put into ! freez]4 ,! heat ( ! cream p>tially cooks ! eggs1 & ! /irr+ mu/ be cont9u$ to prev5t _! cook+ too mu*4 ,a some:at simpl] receipt1 giv5 by ! confection]s1 is ! foll[+3 ,to half a p\nd ( p[d]$ sug> add ! juice ( ?ree lemons4 ,mix ! sug> & lemon toge!r1 & !n add "o qu>t ( cream4 ,?is is less ri* & delicate ?an ! prec$+1 b is q ri* en\gh = common use1 & "s tr\ble is sav$4 ,! foll[+ receipt makes a v good ice-cream4 ,two qu>ts ( good ri* milk2 f\r fre% eggs2 ?ree qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( :ite sug>2 six teaspoons ( ,b]muda arr[-root4 ,rub ! arr[-root smoo? 9 a little cold milk1 beat ! eggs & sug> toge!r1 br+ ! milk to ! boil+ po9t1 !n /ir 9 ! arr[-root2 remove x !n f ! fire1 & imm$iately add ! eggs & sug>1 /irr+ briskly1 to keep ! eggs f cook+1 !n set aside to cool4 ,if flavor$ ) extracts1 let x be done j be=e putt+ x 9 ! freez]4 ,if ! vanilla bean is us$1 x mu/ be boil$ 9 ! milk4 ,! prep>ation mu/ be ?or\ghly cool$ be=e ! freez+ is proce$$ )4 ,! ice-cream by ?is receipt may be produc$ at a co/ n exce$+ tw5ty-five c5ts a qu>t1 call+ ! milk five c5ts a qu>t1 & ! eggs a c5t apiece1 & includ+ ! co/ ( labor4 ,x is q equal to t commonly furni%$ by ! confection]s at sev5ty-five c5ts a qu>t4 ,! arr[-root may be disp5s$ )4 ,! freez] is a *eap & simple ma*9e4 ,aft] ! cream has froz5 9 ! ma*9e1 x %\ld /& an h\r or two to h>d5 be=e x is us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to secure a m uni=m fl[ & a ri*] quality ( milk1 c[s are sometimes spay$1 or ca/rat$4 ,! milk ( spay$ c[s is pretty uni=m 9 quantity1 & ?is quantity w be1 on an av]age1 a little m ?an be=e ! op]ation 0 p]=m$4 ,b few in/ances h come "u my obs]vation1 & ^? few h result$ satisfactorily1 ! quality ( ! milk hav+ be5 greatly improv$1 ! yield becom+ regul> = "s ye>s1 & v>y+ only by ! diff]5ce 9 ! succul5ce ( ! food4 ,! prop] "t = spay+ is ab\t five or six weeks aft] calv+1 or at ! "t :5 ! l>ge/ quantity ( milk is giv54 ,!re seem to be "s advantages 9 spay+ = milk & butt] dairies1 :]e ! rais+ ( /ock is n att5d$ to4 ,! c[s are m quiet1 nev] be+ liable to returns ( seasons ( heat1 :i* always m or less affect ! milk bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,!y give milk ne>ly uni=m 9 ^! respects1 = sev]al ye>s1 provid$ ! food is uni=mly succul5t & nutriti\s4 ,_! milk is influ5c$ l t ( o!r c[s1 ?\gh to less ext5t1 by ! quality & quantity ( food2 s t 9 w9t]1 unless ! animal is prop]ly att5d$ to1 ! yield w decrease some:at1 b w rise aga9 z good fe$ returns4 ,?is uni=mity = ! milk-dairy is ( imm5se advantage4 ,besides1 ! c[1 :5 old1 & incl9$ to dry up1 takes on fat ) great] rapidity1 & produces a juicy & t5d] beef1 sup]ior1 at ! same age1 to t ( ! ox4 ,! op]ation ( spay+ is simple1 & may be p]=m$ by any vet]9>y surgeon1 )\t mu* risk ( injury4 ,! milk ( ! c[ has (t5 be5 analyz$4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,haidl5 to consi/ ( ,wat]1 #hgc4 ,butt]1 #cj4 ,case9e1 #dh4b ,sug> ( milk1 #dc4i ,phosphate ( lime1 #b4ca ,magnesia1 4#db ,iron1 4#dg ,*loride ( ,potassium1 #a4dd ,sodium & ,soda1 4#ff ------- #ajjj4 ,b its composition1 z already intimat$1 v>ies exce$+ly ) ! food ( ! animal1 & is influ5c$ by an inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,skim-milk is mu* m wat]y ?an :ole milk4 ,x 0 f\nd by "o analysis to conta9 ab\t #ig p] c5t4 ( wat] & #c p] c5t4 ( case9e4 ,swill-milk1 or milk f c[s f$ on 8/ill-slops10 9 ,new ,york1 0 f\nd by analysis to conta9 less ?an #a4e p] c5t4 ( butt]1 "s specim5s hav+ ev5 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! colo/rum1 or milk ( ! c[ j aft] calv+1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( *eesy matt]4 ,its am\nt ( case9e 0 f\nd by c>eful analysis to be #ae4a p] c5t41 ( butt] #b4f1 muc\s matt] #b1 & wat] #hj4c1 !re be+ only a trace ( sug> ( milk4 ,! measures = milk 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? us$ = w9e & be]4 ,! w9e qu>t is ab\t "o fif? less ?an ! be] qu>t1 & is t mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is to be regrett$ t no uni=m /&>d has be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,butt] ,,& ,,! ,,butt]-,,dairy4 8,sl[ rolls ! *urn--its load ( clogg+ cream ,at once =egoes its quality & "n4 ,f knotty p>ticles fir/ float+ wide1 ,congeal+ butt]'s da%$ f side to side40 ,butt]1 z we h se51 is ! oily or fatty con/itu5t ( all good milk1 me*anically unit$ or held 9 susp5sion by ! solution ( case9e or *eesy matt] 9 wat]4 ,x is already =m$ 9 ! udd] ( ! c[1 & ! op]ations requir$ aft] x leaves ! udd]1 to produce x1 effect m]ely ! sep>ation1 m or less complete1 ( ! butt] f ! *eese & ! :ey4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is natural to suppose t butt] 0 kn[n at an e>ly date4 ,! w&]+ tribes1 accu/om$ to take on _! j\rneys a supply ( milk 9 sk9s1 w\ld f9d x =m$ by ! agitation ( travell+1 & ?us w\ld be sugge/$ ! fir/ rude & simple process ( *urn+4 ,b x is n probable t ! ,jews possess$ a k ( x2 & x is pretty well settl$1 at ! pres5t "t1 t ! passages 9 our ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* x is us$ are errone\sly translat$1 & t :]ev] ! ^w butt] occurs ! ^w milk1 or s\r1 ?ick milk1 or cream1 %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,& s 9 ,isaiah1 8,milk & honey %all he eat10 in/ead ( 8butt]20 & 9 ,job 7#bi3 #f71 8,:5 ,i wa%$ my feet 9 milk10 in/ead ( 8butt]40 ,& ! expression 9 ,prov4 7#cj3 #cc71 8,surely ! *urn+ ( milk br+e? =? butt]10 w\ld be bett] translat$1 accord+ to ! be/ critics1 8! press+ ( ! milk] br+e? =? milk10 or ! 8press+ ( milk br+e? =? *eese40 ,9 ! olde/ ,greek writ]s milk & *eese are spok5 (1 b !re is no evid5ce t butt] 0 kn[n to !m4 ,! ,greeks obta9$ _! k ( x f ! ,scy?ians or ! ,?racians1 & ! ,romans obta9$ !irs f ! ,g]mans4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ x 0 us$ *iefly z an o9tm5t 9 ! ba?s1 & z a m$ic9e4 ,9 w>m latitudes1 z 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 its use is comp>atively limit$1 ! delici\s oil ( ! olive supply+ its place4 ,i h already /at$ t all good milk ( ! c[ conta9$ butt] enclos$ 9 little r\nd globules held 9 susp5sion1 or float+ 9 ! o!r sub/ances4 ,z soon z ! milk comes to re/ aft] leav+ ! udd]1 ^! r\nd p>ticles1 be+ light] ?an ! mass ( *eesy & wat]y mat]ials by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 beg9 to rise & "w _! way to ! surface4 ,! l>ge/ globules1 be+ comp>atively ! lighte/1 rise fir/1 & =m ! fir/ lay] ( cream1 :i* is ! be/1 s9ce x is less fill$ ) case9e4 ,! next small]1 ris+ a little sl[]1 are m entangl$ ) o!r sub/ances1 & br+ m ( !m to ! surface2 & ! smalle/ rise ! sl[e/ & ! la/1 & come up load$ ) =eign sub/ances1 & produce an inf]ior quality ( cream & butt]4 ,! mo/ delicate cream1 z well z ! sweete/ & mo/ fragrant butt]1 is t obta9$ by a fir/ skimm+1 only a few h\rs aft] ! milk is set4 ,( ?ree skimm+s1 at six1 twelve1 & eighte5 h\rs aft] ! milk is /ra9$ into ! pan1 t fir/ obta9$ w make m & ri*] butt] ?an ! second1 & t next obta9$ ri*] ?an ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,! la/ qu>t ( milk drawn at a milk+1 = reasons already /at$1 w make a m delici\s & savory butt] ?an ! fir/2 & if ! la/ qu>t or two ( a milk+ is set by itself1 & ! fir/ cream t rises tak5 f x aft] /&+ only five or six h\rs1 x w produce ! ri*e/ & highe/-flavor$ butt] ! c[ is capable ( giv+1 "u l circum/ances z to season & fe$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! butt] p>ticles f ! o!rs is sl[] & m difficult 9 proportion to ! ?ickness & ri*ness ( ! milk4 ,h5ce 9 w9t]1 on dry fe$+1 ! milk be+ ri*] & m butt]y1 ! cream or p>ticles ( butt] are sl[] & long] 9 ris+4 ,b1 z heat liquefies milk1 ! difficulty is ov]come 9 "p by elevat+ ! temp]ature4 ,! same effect is produc$ by mix+ a little wat] into ! milk :5 x is set4 ,x aids ! sep>ation1 & consequ5tly m cream w rise 9 ! same space ( "t1 f ! same am\nt ( ri* milk1 ) a little wat] 9 x1 ?an )\t4 ,wat] slightly w>m1 if 9 cold wea!r1 w produce ! mo/ p]ceptible effect4 ,! quantity ( butt] w be great] f milk treat$ 9 ?is way2 ! quality1 slightly det]iorat$4 ,x mu/ be app>5t1 f :at has be5 said1 t butt] may be produc$ by agitat+ ! :ole body ( ! milk1 & ?us break+ up ! filmy coat+s ( ! globules1 z well z by lett+ x /& = ! cream to rise4 ,?is c\rse is pref]r$ by _m practical dairym51 & is ! g5]al practice 9 "s ( ! c\ntries mo/ celebrat$ = sup]ior butt]4 ,! g5]al treatm5t ( milk & ! managem5t ( cream h be5 already allud$ to 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! fir/ requisites to successful dairy husb&ry are good c[s1 & abundant & good fe$+1 adapt$ to ! special object ( ! dairy1 :e!r x be milk1 butt]1 or *eese2 & t1 ) bo? ^! conditions1 an absolute cleanl9ess 9 e process1 f ! milk+ ( ! c[ to br++ ! butt] ^u ! table1 is indisp5sably necess>y4 ,cleanl9ess may1 inde$1 ) propriety be reg>d$ z ! *ief requisite 9 ! manufacture ( good butt]2 = ! lea/ suspicion ( a want ( x turns ! appetite at once1 :ile bo? milk & cream are s exce$+ly s5sitive to ! slighte/ ta9t 9 ! air1 9 ev]y?+ ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 z to imp>t ! unmi/akable evid5ce ( any neglig5ce1 9 ! ta/e & flavor ( ! butt]4 ,x is safe to say1 !re=e1 t good butt] dep5ds m ^u ! manufacture ?an ^u any o!r "o ?+1 & p]haps ?an all o!rs put toge!r4 ,s important is ?is po9t1 t a judici\s writ] rem>ks t 89 e di/rict :]e good butt] is made x is univ]sally attribut$ to ! ri*ness ( ! pa/ures1 ?\gh x is a well-kn[n fact t1 take a skilful dairymaid f t di/rict into ano!r1 :]e good butt] is n usually made1 & :]e1 ( c\rse1 ! pa/ures are deem$ v unfavorable1 %e w make butt] z good z %e us$ to d4 ,& br+ "o f ?is la/ di/rict into ! o!r1 & %e w f9d t %e _c make bett] butt] !re ?an %e did be=e1 unless %e takes lessons f ! s]vants1 or o!rs :om %e f9ds !re20 & a ,fr5* writ] v ju/ly obs]ves t 8! p>ticul> nature ( ,bretagne butt]1 ^: color1 flavor1 & consi/5ce1 are s mu* priz$1 dep5ds nei!r on ! pa/ure nor on ! p>ticul> species ( c[1 b on ! mode ( mak+20 & ?is w hold1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 e c\ntry :]e butt] is made4 ,_m ?+s1 inde$1 concur to produce ! be/ results1 & x w\ld be useless to und]rate ! importance ( any2 b1 ) ! be/ ( c[s to imp>t ! prop] color & consi/5cy to butt]1 ! sweete/ fe$ & ! pure/ wat] to secure a delicate flavor1 ! utmo/ c>e mu/ /ill be be/[$ by ! dairymaid ^u e process ( manufacture1 or else ! be/ ( milk & cream w be spoil$1 or produce an article :i* w br+ only a l[ price 9 ! m>ket1 :51 ) great] skill1 x might h obta9$ ! highe/4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! c>e requisite to pres]ve ! milk f ta9t1 x may be inf]r$ t att5tion to ! milk & dairy room is ( no small importance4 ,9 v l>ge butt]-dairies1 a build+ is devot$ exclusively to ?is dep>tm5t4 ,?is %\ld be at a %ort di/ance f ! y>d1 or place ( milk+1 b no fur!r ?an is necess>y to be remov$ f all impurities 9 ! air aris+ f x1 & f all l[1 damp places1 subject to disagreeable exhalations4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x %\ld be well v5tilat$1 & kept con/antly clean & sweet1 by ! use ( pure wat]2 & especially1 if milk is spill$1 x %\ld be wa%$ up imm$iately1 ) fre% wat]4 ,no matt] if x is b a s+le drop2 if all[$ to soak into ! floor & s\r1 x _c easily be remov$1 & x is suffici5t to ta9t ! air & ! milk 9 ! room1 ?\gh x may n be p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,9 small] dairies1 economy dictates ! use ( a room 9 ! h\se2 & ?is1 9 w>m climates1 %\ld be on ! nor? side1 & us$ exclusively = ?is purpose4 ,i h kn[n _m to use a room 9 ! cell> z a milk-room2 b v few cell>s are at all suitable4 ,mo/ are fill$ ) a great v>iety ( articles :i* nev] fail to infect ! air4 ,b1 if a h\se-cell> is s built z to make x a suitable place to set ! milk1 z :]e a l>ge dry & airy room1 suffici5tly isolat$ f ! re/1 c be us$1 a great] uni=mity ( temp]ature c usually be secur$ ?an on ! floor above4 ,! room1 9 ?is case1 %\ld h a gravel or loamy bottom1 uncem5t$1 b dry & por\s4 ,! soil is a p[]ful absorb5t ( ! noxi\s gases :i* are apt to infect ! atmosph]e ne> ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,milk %\ld nev] be set on ! bottom ( a cell>1 if ! object is to raise ! cream4 ,! cream w rise 9 "t1 b r>ely or nev] s quickly or s completely z on %elves f five to eight feet f ! bottom1 ar\nd :i* a free circulation ( pure air c be _h f ! lattic$ w9d[s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 safe to say t z great an am\nt ( bett] cream w rise f ! same milk 9 twelve h\rs on suitable %elves1 six feet f ! bottom1 z w\ld be obta9$ directly on ! bottom ( ! same cell> 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,milk-/&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t =ms = %elves 9 a dairy-room design$ = butt]-mak+ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gc1 made ( light & season$ wood1 9 an octagonal =m1 & capable ( hold+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six pans ( ! ord9>y =m & size4 ,x is s simple & easily con/ruct$1 & s economizes space1 t x may readily be adapt$ to o!r & small] rooms = a simil> purpose4 ,if ! dairy-h\se is ne> a spr+ ( pure & runn+ wat]1 a small /ream c be l$ 9 by "o *annel & tak5 out by ano!r1 & ?us keep a con/ant circulation "u ! milk-/&1 :i* may be s con/ruct$ z to turn easily on ! c5tral po/1 s z (t5 to save _m foot/eps4 ,! pans design$ = milk are g5]ally made ( t94 ,t is f\nd1 aft] long exp]i5ce1 to be1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ & mo/ economical1 & subject to few] objections ?an mo/ o!r mat]ials4 ,glaz$ e>!n w>e is (t5 us$1 ! *ief objection to x be+ its liability to break1 & its weight4 ,x is easily kept clean1 h[ev]1 & is next 9 value to t91 if n1 inde$1 equal to x4 ,a t9 skimm] is commonly us$1 some:at 9 ! =m ( ! b[l ( a spoon1 & pi]c$ ) holes1 to remove ! cream4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 a l>ge :ite clam-%ell is v commonly us$ in/ead ( a skimm] made = ! purpose1 ! *ief objection to x be+ t ! cream is n q s c>efully sep>at$ f ! milk4 ,a mode ( avoid+ ! necessity ( skimm+ has long be5 us$ to "s ext5t 9 ,engl&1 by :i* ! milk is drawn (f ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,?is plan is recomm5d$ by ,unw]?1 a ,g]man agriculturi/1 :o proposes a pan repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gd1 made ( block t91 oblong 9 %ape1 & hav+ ! inside corn]s c>efully r\nd$4 ,! pan is only two in*es 9 dep?1 & is made l>ge en\gh to hold six or eight qu>ts ( milk at ! dep? ( "o & a half in*es4 ,?is %all[ness greatly facilitates ! rapid sep>ation ( ! cream1 especially at a temp]ature some:at elevat$4 ,a /ra9] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge1 pi]c$ ) holes1 ! c5tre half an in* l[] ?an ! rim1 to :i* hooks are fix$ to hold x to ! top ( ! pan4 ,on ?is a co>se l95 clo? is laid1 ! milk be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh bo? ! clo? & ! /ra9]1 ?us s]v+ to sep>ate all =eign sub/ances 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,milk-pan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! milk-pan1 ne> "o end1 is an op5+1 a1 ?r\gh :i* ! milk is drawn1 aft] ! cream is all ris5 or sep>at$ f x1 by rais+ a brass p91 b4 ,! op5+ is l9$ ) brass1 & is ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,fig4 #gf repres5ts ! t9 cyl9d] magnifi$4 ,?is is pi]c$1 to ! height ( an in*1 ) _m small holes1 dim9i%+ 9 size t[>ds ! top4 ,! cream is all ris5 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! p9 is !n drawn f ! cyl9d]1 & ! milk fl[s out1 leav+ ! ?ick cream1 :i* is prev5t$ f fl[+ out by ! smallness ( ! holes 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,) ! =m ( pans 9 mo/ common use 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* are circul>1 ?ree or f\r in*es deep1 ?is %all[ dep? ( milk causes a little m tr\ble 9 skimm+2 b1 if ! pr9ciple is correct1 ! =m & dep? ( ! pan w be easily adapt$ to x4 ,aft] ! cream is remov$1 x is put into /one or e>!n j>s1 & kept 9 a cool place till a suffici5t quantity is accumulat$ to make x conv5i5t to *urn4 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( c[s is kept1 x is f> bett] to *urn e day2 b 9 ord9>y circum/ances t may be (t5] ?an is practicable4 ,! m frequ5tly ! bett]2 & ! advantages ( frequ5t *urn+ are s great t cream %\ld nev] be kept long] ?an ?ree or f\r days1 :]e x is possible to *urn s (t54 ,! mode ( *urn+ 9 "o ( ! _m good dairies 9 ,p5nsylvania1--t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,com=t1 ( ,montgom]y c\nty1--is z foll[s3 ,he uses a l>ge b>rel-%ap$ *urn1 ( ! size ( ab\t two hog%eads1 hung on j\rnals support$ by a framework 9 an adjo9+ build+4 ,x is work$ by ma*9]y 9 a rotatory motion1 by a horse travell+ ar\nd 9 a circle4 ,! *urn+ comm5ces ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ 9 summ]1 ! cream be+ p\r$ into ! *urn & ! horse />t$4 ,:5 ! butt] has come1 a "p ( ! butt]-milk is remov$ by a v5t-hole 9 ! *urn4 ,!n1 )\t beat+ ! mass toge!r1 z is usual1 a portion ( ! butt] & its butt]-milk is tak5 out by ! spatula & plac$ 9 ! bottom ( a tub cov]$ ) f9e salt1 & spread out equally to a prop] dep?2 !n ! surface ( ?is butt] is cov]$ ) salt1 & ano!r portion ( butt] & butt]-milk tak5 f ! *urn & spread ov] ! salt$ surface 9 ! same mann]1 & salt$ z be=e1 ?us mak+ a succession ( lay]s1 till ! tub is full4 ,! :ole is !n cov]$ ) a :ite clo?1 & all[$ to /& a :ile4 ,a "p ( ?is butt]1 say eight or t5 p\nds1 is !n tak5 f ! tub & laid on a m>ble table 7,fig4 #hj71 groov$ ar\nd ! edges1 & slightly incl9$1 ) a place 9 ! groove = ! butt]milk & :ey to escape4 ,x is !n work$ by a butt]-work] or brake1 turn+ on a swivel-jo9t1 :i* p]fectly & completely removes ! butt]-milk1 & flatt5s out ! butt] into a ?9 mass2 !n ! surface is wip$ by a clo? laid ov] x1 & ! work+ & wip+ repeat$ till ! clo? adh]es to ! butt]1 :i* indicates t ! butt] is dry en\gh1 :5 x is sep>at$ into p\nd lumps1 weigh$ & /amp$1 ready = m>ket4 ,! re/ ( ! butt] 9 ! tub is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,x w be se5 t ?is me?od avoids ! ord9>y wa%+ ) wat]1 n a drop ( wat] be+ us$1 f beg9n+ to ! end4 ,x avoids also ! work+ by h&1 :i* 9 w>m wea!r has a t5d5cy to s(t5 ! butt]4 ,9 ! space ( ab\t an h\r a hundr$ p\nds are ?us made1 & its beautiful color & fragrance pres]v$4 ,if x happ5s to come f ! *urn s(t1 x h>d5s by /&+ a little long] 9 ! br9e4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ! *urn 9 small dairies is ! upright or da%-*urn1 ,fig4 #gg2 b _m o!r =ms are 9 ext5sive use1 ea* possess+1 d\btless1 m or less m]it peculi> to itself4 ,! cyl9d] *urn1 ,fig4 #gh1 is v simply con/ruct$1 & capable ( be+ easily clean$4 ,"s pref] ! !rmomet] *urn1 ,fig4 #gi1 hav+ an atta*m5t = indicat+ ! temp]ature ( ! cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,z already /at$1 !re are two modes ( practice ) reg>d to ! process ( *urn+1 ea* ( :i* has its advantages4 ,! milk itself may be *urn$1 or x may be set 9 ! milk-room = ! cream to rise1 :i* is to be *urn$ by itself4 ,! =m] is ! practice ( a successful dairyman ( ,new ,york1 :o1 9 8 /atem5t1 says3 8,i take c>e to h my cell> ?or\ghly cleans$ & :itewa%$ e>ly e spr+4 ,i keep milk 9 "o cell>1 & butt] 9 ano!r4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 by dairym5 to obs]ve ! "t ( *urn+4 ,i usually *urn f "o h\r to "o h\r & a half1 putt+ f "o to two pails ( cold wat] 9 ea* *urn4 ,:5 ! butt] has come1 ,i take x out1 wa% x ?r\gh "o wat]1 set x 9 ! cell> & salt x1 !n "w x f ?ree to five times be=e pack+4 ,butt] %\ld n be made q salt en\gh until ! la/ work+4 ,!n add a little salt1 :i* makes a br9e t keeps ! butt] sweet4 ,"o ounce ( salt to a p\nd ( butt] is ab\t ! quantity ,i use4 ,i pack ! fir/ day1 if ! wea!r is cool2 if w>m1 ! second4 ,if ! milk is too w>m :5 *urn$1 ! quantity ( butt] w be less1 & ! quality & flavor n s good z :5 x is at a a prop] temp]ature1 :i*1 = *urn+ milk1 is f #fj to #fe40 ,b1 :i*ev] c\rse x is ?\ght be/ to adopt1 :e!r ! milk or cream is *urn$1 x is ! concussion1 r ?an ! motion1 :i* s]ves to br+ ! butt]4 ,?is may be produc$ 9 ! simple squ>e box z well z by ! da%] *urn2 & x is ! op9ion ( a sci5tific g5tleman ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ! subject1 t ! p]fect squ>e is ! be/ =m ( ! *urn ev] inv5t$4 ,! cream or milk 9 ?is *urn has a peculi> comp\nd motion1 & ! concussion on ! corn]s & "r-angl$ sides is v great1 & causes ! butt] to come z rapidly z x is judici\s to h x4 ,?is *urn consi/s ( a simple squ>e box1 :i* any "o :o c h&le a saw & plane c make1 hung on axles turn$ by a crank some:at l ! b>rel *urn4 ,no da%] is requir$4 ,if any "o is incl9$ to d\bt ! sup]iority ( ?is =m ov] all o!rs1 he c easily try x & satisfy himself4 ,x co/s b little4 ,9 "s sections ! milk is *urn$ soon aft] milk+2 9 o!rs1 ! night's & morn+'s milk are mix$ toge!r1 & *urn$ at noon2 9 o!rs1 ! cream is all[$ to rise1 :5 ! milk is curdl$1 & cream1 curd1 & :ey1 are all *urn$ toge!r4 ,a successful in/ance ( *urn+ only ! cream is f\nd 9 ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,l9coln1 :o receiv$ ! fir/ dairy premium ( ! ,massa*usetts ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agriculture4 ,he says3 8,! cream1 z x is skimm$1 is p\r$ into /one pots1 :i* 9 w>m wea!r are kept 9 a refrig]ator1 & dur+ ! w9t] /& 9 ! milk-room4 ,! times ( *urn+ dep5d ^u ! quantity ( cream4 8,! "t usually occupi$ 9 *urn+ is f fifty m9utes upw>ds4 ,?is is deem$ a matt] ( importance4 ,we consid] x mu* bett] to br+ ! cream to ! degree ( temp]ature necess>y to ! =mation ( butt] by a /eady1 mod]ate agitation1 ?an to use artificial heat to take x to t po9t be=e comm5c+ to *urn4 ,by su* mod]ate1 long-cont9u$ agitations1 we ?9k ! butt] has a firm]1 m waxy consi/5ce ?an x c h by m rapid *urn+4 ,! *urn us$ is #8,galt's4' ,num]\s trials h be5 made ) _m ( ! o!r k9ds ( *urns 9 comp>ison ) ?is1 & ! result has be5 uni=mly favorable to ?is pat5t4 8,:5 ! butt] has come1 ! butt]-milk is drawn (f1 & ! butt]1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly work$1 is salt$ ) f "o half to ?ree f\r?s ounces ( salt to ! p\nd4 ,x is n[ set away = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is aga9 work$ ov] ?or\ghly1 & made into p\nd lumps ) wood5 #8spatt]s4' ,aft] /&+ ano!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x is s5t into m>ket4 ,9 #8work+' butt] we use a table ov] :i* a flut$ roll] is made to pass 7,fig4 #hj71 roll+ out ! butt] into a ?9 %eet1 & completely & entirely depriv+ x ( butt]-milk4 8,f _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ! obs]vation is w>rant$1 t by no o!r process ( manufacture c ! butt]-milk be s completely extract$4 ,i am aw>e ( ! tru? ( ! objection made t ! %r9kage occasion$ by its use is too great2 yet !re is1 9 fact1 a diff]5ce 9 ! wor? ( ! butt] made ^u x1 ov] t manufactur$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 q equal to ! loss 9 weight occasion$ by x40 ,! high reputation ( ,philadelphia butt] be+ s well kn[n1 ,i 0 desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! op9ions ( practical m5 z to :at ?is 0 due1--:e!r to any peculi> ri*ness ( ! pa/urage1 or to ! c>eful mode ( manufacture4 ,9 reply to my inquiries1 ,i h receiv$ satisfactory /atem5ts f sev]al s\rces1 & among !m ! foll[+ communication f "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! butt]-mak]s :o supply t m>ket4 8,! high reputation ( ,philadelphia butt]10 he says1 8is ow+ to ! mann] ( its manufacture1 ?\gh ,i w\ld n say t ! sweet-sc5t$ v]nal & o!r natural grasses d n add to ! f9e quality ( well-made butt]4 8,9 pro( ( :at ,i say1 ,i w\ld ref] to ! exp]i5ce ( my bro!r1 :o is ! own] ( two f>ms4 ,8 t5ant1 an excell5t butt]-mak]1 liv$ on "o f>m1 & made a v f9e article1 :i* br\ght ! highe/ prices4 ,he mov$ to ! o!r f>m1 :]e ! =m] t5ant _h nev] made good butt]1 & _h ascrib$ 8 want ( success to ! spr+-h\se4 ,on ?is f>m he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a high] reputation ?an he ev] _h be=e4 ,! t5ant :o foll[$ him on ! fir/ f>m nev] succe$$ 9 ga9+ a reputation = good butt]1 8 inability aris+ f 8 ignorance ( ! prop] mode ( manufacture1 & 8 unwill+ness to improve by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 8,only a "p ( ! in=mation z to ! be/ mode ( manufacture c be giv51 s mu* dep5ds on ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,! fir/ ?+ requir$ is to provide a suitable place4 ,?is %\ld be1 = ! summ] mon?s1 a well-v5tilat$ h\se1 ov] a good spr+ ( wat]4 ,! second requisite w be prop] vessels to hold ! milk & cream1 & = *urn+4 ,a table is ne$$ :i* %all n be us$ = any o!r purpose ?an = work+ & pr9t+ ! butt] on4 ,i h always us$ a lev] 9 connection ) ! table 7,fig4 #hj74 ,a l>ge sponge1 ) a l95 clo? to cov] x1 ) :i* ! milk c be remov$ f ! butt]1 is ano!r important article2 & !n a skimm]1 ei!r ( wood or t91 or bo?1 z may be necess>y 9 ! diff]5t /ates ( ! milk2 a !rmomet]1 & a boil] conv5i5t = heat+ wat] = cleans+ ! vessels4 ,no p]son c expect to make good butt] )\t ! greate/ att5tion to ! cleanl9ess ( ! vessels us$ = ! milk & cream1 & c>e 9 expos+ !m to ! sun & air4 8,aft] ! milk has be5 br\ght f ! y>d or /able1 /ra9 x imm$iately into ! pans1 9 :i* has be5 put a little s\r milk f :i* ! cream has be5 remov$1 ! quantity v>y+ f a tablespoonful to half a common teacupful1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,9 v w>m wea!r ! small] quantity is suffici5t4 ,b ! rule = w>m wea!r w n always hold good2 =1 f ! electrical /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! milk may s\r ei!r too sl[ or too fa/4 8,! pans conta9+ ! milk %\ld !n be set into ! wat]1 if ! wea!r be hot3 & "h is a po9t :]e ! op]ator %\ld ex]cise 8 or h] judgm5t2 = ev5 9 w>m wea!r x may be necess>y to draw (f ! wat] f ! milk1 if ! spr+ be cold4 ,! milk %\ld rema9 !re1 "u no circum/ances1 long] ?an ! f\r? meal1 or =ty-eight h\rs2 b ?irty-six h\rs is mu* to be pref]r$1 if ! milk has become ?ick1 or ! cream suffici5tly rais$1 :5 x %\ld be tak5 (f c>efully1 s z n to take any s\r milk ) x1 & put 9 ! cream-pot4 ,:5 ! cream-pot is full1 spr9kle a small h&ful ( f9e salt ov] ! top ( ! cream1 & let x rema94 ,our cu/om has be51 :5 mak+ butt] b once a week1 to p\r ! cream into a clean vessel at ! end ( ?ree days1 keep+ back any milk t might h be5 tak5 up ) ! cream1 :i* is f\nd at ! bottom ( ! j>4 8,i w\ld m5tion t x is ess5tial1 9 mak+ a f9e article1 to keep ! cream cle> ( milk4 ,! next op]ation w he prep>atory to *urn+1 by /ra9+ ! cream1 & r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! *urn by ! use ( ! cold spr+-wat]4 ,! op]ation ( *urn+ %\ld nei!r be protract$ nor ha/5$ too mu*4 ,aft] ! butt] has made its appe>ance ( ! size ( a small pea1 draw (f ! milk1 & ?r[ 9 a small am\nt ( cold wat]1 & ga!r x4 ,aft] ! butt] has be5 tak5 f ! *urn1 x is plac$ ^u ! table1 work$ ov] by ! lev]1 & salt$2 !n work$ aga9 ) ! lev]1 9 connection ) ! sponge & clo?1 a pan ( cold wat] be+ at h&1 ) a piece ( ice 9 x 9 summ]1 into :i* y ?r[ ! clo? & sponge frequ5tly1 & wr+ out dry be=e aga9 us+ x4 ,^!1 z well z e o!r article :i* w come into contact ) ! butt]1 mu/ be scald$1 & aft]w>d1 z well z ! h&s1 plac$ 9 cold wat]4 ,i w\ld "h add t ! use ( ! sponge is "o ( ! important po9ts 9 mak+ butt] to keep well2 = by x y c remove almo/ e p>ticle ( butt]-milk1 :i* is ! great ag5t 9 ! de/ruction ( its sweetness & solidity4 ,= ! w9t] dairy a room 9 :i* is plac$ a /ove %\ld be provid$1 :i* c be made w>m1 & also well v5tilat$4 ,i pref] ! use ( coal1 on acc\nt ( keep+ ! fire ?r\gh ! night4 ,my dairy-room is adjo9+ ! spr+-h\se1 & connects ) x1 :i* ,i consid] important4 ,?is room %\ld be us$ = no o!r purpose1 z cream & butt] are ! greate/ absorb5ts ( effluvia ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,i h kn[n good butt] to be spoil$ by be+ plac$ ov] night 9 a close closet4 8,! !rmomet] %\ld always accompany ! w9t] dairy4 ,!re is "o ?+ v important 9 ! w9t] dairy1 :i*1 p]haps1 ,i %\ld h plac$ fir/1 & t is ! food ( ! c[s2 =1 )\t some?+ else ?an hay1 y w n make v f9e butt]4 ,mill-fe$ & corn-meal ,i consid] ab\t ! be/ = yield & quality1 al?\gh !re are _m o!r articles ( food :i* w be useful1 & contribute to ! appetite & heal? ( ! cattle4 8,! process = ! w9t] dairy is simil> to t ( ! summ]1 ) ! exception ( ! regulation z to ! temp]ature ( room1 etc41 :i* is z foll[s3 8,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let ! milk get cold be=e plac+ x 9 ! dairy-room2 =1 %\ld x be completely *ill$1 ! cream w n rise well4 ,add ab\t a gill ( w>m wat] to ! s\r milk = ea* pan1 be=e /ra9+ into x1 :i* w greatly facilitate ! ris+ ( ! cream4 ,keep ! temp]ature ( ! room z ne> fifty-eight degrees1 ,fahr5heit1 z possible1 & gu>d aga9/ ! air be+ dry by hav+ a small vessel ( wat] ^u ! /ove1 or else a dry coat w =m on ! surface ( ! cream4 ,! cream %\ld be kept 9 a cold] place ?an ! dairy-room until ! night be=e *urn+1 :5 x might be plac$ 9 ! w>m room1 s t its temp]ature %all be ab\t #eh4 8,! *urn may be prep>$ by scald+ x1 & !n r$uc$ to ! same temp]ature z ! cream by cold wat]1 us+ ! !rmomet] z a te/4 8,?is regulation ( temp]ature is ( ! greate/ importance3 =1 %\ld x be too l[1 y w be a long "t *urn+1 & h poor1 ta/eless butt]2 if too high1 ! butt] w be s(t & :ite40 ,:at is especially noticeable 9 ! above /atem5t is ! use ( ! sponge1 & ! ?or\gh & complete removal ( all ! butt]-milk4 ,"h is probably ! secret ( success1 aft] all4 ,i h giv5 ! /atem5t 9 full1 not)/&+ its l5g?1 on acc\nt ( ! well-kn[n excell5ce ( ! butt] produc$ by ! process1 z well z = ! sugge/ions ) reg>d to ! dairy-rooms1 & n because ,i c recomm5d all its details = ! imitation ( o!rs4 ,! use ( s\r milk 9 ! pans is bas$1 ,i suppose1 on ! idea t ! cream does n beg9 to rise till acidity comm5ces 9 ! milk1--an idea :i* 0 once pretty g5]ally ent]ta9$2 b ! process ( s\r+ und\bt$ly comm5ces1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to ! s5ses1 v soon aft] ! milk comes to re/ 9 ! pan4 ,at any rate1 !re is no d\bt t ! sep>ation ( ! butt] f ! o!r sub/ances comm5ces at once1 & )\t ! addition ( any =eign sub/ance to ! milk4 ,nor d ,i believe !re is any necessity = ! milk to /& ov] tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 any case2 = ,i h no d\bt t all ! be/ ( ! cream rises )9 ! fir/ twelve h\rs1 "u favorable circum/ances1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t :atev] is add$ to ! quantity ( cream aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 detracts f ! quality ( ! butt] to an ext5t :i* m ?an c\nt]balances ! :ole ( ! quantity4 ,_m good dairy-wom5 make an exce$+ly f9e article1 9 spite ( ! defects ( "s p>ts ( ! process ( manufacture4 ,?is does n %[ t !y w\ld n make /ill bett] butt] if !y rem$i$ ^! defects4 ,! m we c ret>d ! developm5t ( acidity 9 ! milk1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! m cream may we expect to get2 & h5ce "s use artificial means = ?is purpose1 mix+ 9 ! milk a little cry/alliz$ soda1 dissolv$ 9 twice its volume ( wat]1 :i* corrects ! acidity z soon z x =ms4 ,x is a p]fectly h>mless addition1 & increases ! product ( ! butt]1 & improves its quality4 ,b "u ord9>ily favorable circum/ances1 f twelve to eighte5 h\rs w be suffici5t to raise all ! cream 9 summ]1 & f tw5ty to ?irty h\rs 9 w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,butt]-work]4 ,! butt]-work]1 ,fig4 #hj1 ) its m>ble top1 us$ by ! writ] ( ! /atem5t above1 is an important addition to ! implem5ts ( ! dairy4 ,x effects ! complete removal ( ! butt]-milk1 )\t ! necessity ( br++ ! h&s 9 contact ) x4 ,ano!r =m ( ! lev] butt]-work] is se5 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,to keep ! cream prop]ly aft] x is plac$ away 9 pots or j>s1 x %\ld /& 9 a cool place1 & :5ev] additions ( fre% cream are made1 !y %\ld be /irr$ 94 ,_m keep ! cream1 z well z ! butt]1 9 ! well1 9 hot wea!r4 ,?is is ! practice ( ,mr4 ,horsfall1 ^: exp]im5ts h be5 allud$ to4 ,f9d+ 8 butt] incl9$ to be s(t1 he l[]$ a !rmomet] tw5ty-eight feet into ! well1 & f\nd x indicat$ #dc1 ! temp]ature ( ! surface be+ #gj4 ,he !n let d[n ! butt]1 & f\nd x some:at improv$2 & soon aft] began to l[] d[n ! cream1 by means ( a movable w9dlass & a rope1 ! cream-j> be+ plac$ 9 a basket hung on ! rope4 ,! cream 0 let d[n on ! ev5+ previ\s to *urn+1 & drawn up 9 ! morn+ & imm$iately *urn$4 ,! "t ( *urn+ ! cream at ?is temp]ature w\ld be z long z 9 w9t]1 & ! butt] 0 f\nd to h ! same consi/5cy4 ,! same object is effect$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! use ( ice 9 _m sections2 b1 if ! butt] rema9s too long on ice1 or 9 an ice-h\se1 x is apt to become blea*$1 & lose its natural & delicate /raw-color4 ,! "t ( *urn+ is by no means an unimportant matt]4 ,v>i\s contrivances h be5 made to %ort5 ?is op]ation2 b ! op9ions ( ! be/ & mo/ successful dairym5 concur t x _c be too mu* ha/5$ )\t injur+ ! f9e quality & consi/5cy ( ! butt]4 ,! "t requir$ dep5ds mu* on ! temp]ature ( ! cream2 & ?is c be regulat$ at conv5i5ce1 z indicat$ above4 ,! temp]ature ( ! dairy-room %\ld be z uni=m z possible4 ,! practice ( ! be/ & mo/ successful dairym5 diff]s 9 respect to ! degree to :i* x %\ld be kept2 b ! range is f #eb to #fb ,fahr41 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k f #eh to #fj ! be/4 ,at #fj1 ) a curr5t ( fre%1 pure air pass+ ov] x1 ! cream w rise v rapidly & abundantly4 ,! greate/ d5sity ( milk is at ab\t #da1 & cream rises ) great difficulty & sl[ness z ! temp]ature falls bel[ #ej t[>ds t po9t4 ,a practical butt] deal] ( ,new ,york gives ! foll[+ z ! be/ mode ( pack+ butt]1 or putt+ x up = a di/ant m>ket4 ,! greate/ c>e1 he says1 %\ld be tak5 to free ! butt] entirely f milk1 by work+ x & wa%+ x aft] *urn+ at a temp]ature s l[ z to prev5t x f los+ its granul> "* & becom+ greasy4 ,! "* ( ! product dep5ds 9 a great measure on ! temp]ature ( *urn+ & work+1 :i* %\ld be betwe5 sixty & sev5ty degrees ,fahr4 ,if free f milk1 eight ounces ( ,a%ton salt is suffici5t = t5 p\nds4 ,we/]n salt %\ld nev] be us$1 z x injures ! flavor4 ,:ile pack+1 ! cont5ts ( ! firk9 %\ld be kept f ! air by be+ cov]$ ) saturat$ br9e4 ,no undissolv$ salt %\ld be put 9 ! bottom ( ! firk94 ,go%5 butt] is reput$ be/1 ?\gh mu* is put up 9 imitation ( x1 & sold at ! same price4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! firk9s neat & clean4 ,!y %\ld be ( :ite oak1 ) hickory hoops1 & %\ld hold ab\t eighty p\nds4 ,wood excludes air bett] ?an /one1 & consequ5tly keeps butt] bett]4 ,tubs are bett] ?an pots4 ,we/]n butt] comes 9 co>se1 ugly packages2 ev5 fl\r & pork b>rels are sometimes us$4 ,mu* ( x mu/ be work$ ov] & re-pack$ "h be=e x w sell4 ,x g5]ally conta9s a good deal ( milk1 & if n re-work$ soon becomes rancid4 ,improp] pack+1 9 kegs too l>ge & soil$ on ! outside1 makes at lea/ ?ree c5ts a p\nd diff]5ce4 ,:atev] ! size ( ! firk91 x mu/ be p]fectly tight & q full ( butt]1 s t :5 op5$ ! br9e1 ?\gh pres5t1 w n be f\nd on ! top4 ,until ! middle ( ,may1 dairym5 %\ld pack 9 qu>t] firk9s or tubs1 ) :ite oak cov]s1 & s5d directly to m>ket z fre% butt]4 ,f ?is "t until ! fall fro/ !re is b little *ange 9 color & flavor ) ! same dairy1 & x may be pack$ 9 :ole firk9s1 & kept 9 a cool place4 ,! fall butt] %\ld also be pack$ sep>ately 9 tubs4 ,to prep>e new butt]-boxes = use 9 ! %orte/ "t1 dissolve common1 or bic>bonate ( soda 9 boil+ wat]1 z mu* z ! wat] w dissolve1 & wat] en\gh to fill ! boxes2 ab\t a p\nd ( soda w be requir$ to be put into a ?irty-two p\nd box1 & ! wat] %\ld be p\r$ ^u x4 ,let x /& ov] night1 & ! box may be safely us$ next day4 ,?is mode is *eap & exp$iti\s1 &1 if adopt$1 w\ld (t5 save great losses4 ,pota% has a l effect4 ,z already se51 9 ! /atem5ts ( practical dairym51 ! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 ! salt+ or season+4 ,ov]-salt$ butt] is n only less palatable to ! ta/e1 b less heal?y ?an fre%1 sweet butt]4 ,! same degree ( c>e is ne$$ ) respect to ! box 9 :i* x is pack$4 ,i h (t5 se5 ! be/ & ri*e/-flavor$ butt] spoilt by s5d+ x to ! exhibition or to m>ket 9 new & improp] boxes4 ,a new p9e-wood box %\ld always be avoid$4 ,butt] t has be5 ?or\ghly work$1 & p]fectly fre$ f butt]-milk1 is ( a firm & waxy consi/5ce1 s z sc>cely to dim ! poli% ( ! blade ( a knife ?ru/ into x1 leav+ ^u x only a slight dew z x is )drawn4 ,if x is s(t 9 texture1 & leaves greasy /reaks ( butt]-milk ^u ! knife t cuts x1 or ^u ! cut surface aft] ! blade is )drawn1 x %[s an imp]fect & defective process ( manufacture1 & is ( poor quality1 & w be liable to become rancid4 ,an exce$+ly delicate & f9e-flavor$ butt] may be made by wrapp+ ! cream 9 a napk9 or clean clo?1 & bury+ x1 a foot deep or m1 9 ! e>?1 f twelve to tw5ty h\rs4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h repeat$ly tri$ ) complete success1 & h nev] ta/$ butt] sup]ior to t produc$ by ?is me?od4 ,x requires to be salt$ to ! ta/e z mu* z butt] made by any o!r process4 ,a t5aci\s subsoil loam w\ld seem to be be/4 ,aft] putt+ ! cream into a clean clo?1 ! :ole %\ld be surr\nd$ by a co>se t[el4 ,! butt] ?us produc$ is :ite in/ead ( yell[ or /raw-color4 ,butt] has be5 analyz$ by ,pr(4 ,way1 ) ! foll[+ result3 ,pure fat1 or oil1 #hb4gj ,case9e1 or curd1 #b4de ,wat]1 ) a little salt1 #ad4he #ajj ,! fat or oil peculi> to butt] is 9 w9t] m solid ?an 9 summ]1 & kn[n z m>g>9e fat1 :ile t ( summ] is kn[n z liquid or ole9e fat4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ^! are f\nd 9 ord9>y butt] h be5 /at$ by ,pr(4 ,?omson1 z foll[s3 ,summ]4 ,w9t]4 ,solid or m>g>9e fat1 #dj #fe ,liquid or ole9e fat1 #fj #ce --- --- #ajj #ajj ,w9t] butt] appe>s to be ri* & f9e 9 proportion z ! ole9e fat increases4 ,! proportion is und\bt$ly dep5d5t on ! food4 ,a m g5]al att5tion to ! details ( butt]-mak+1 & to ! be/ modes ( pres]v+ its good qualities1 w\ld add _m ?\s&s ( doll>s to ! aggregate pr(its ( our ,am]ican dairies4 ,9 ! managem5t ( ! dairy1 an ice-h\se & a good quantity ( ice = summ] use are n only v conv5i5t = regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! dairy-room1 & = keep+ butt] at ! prop] consi/5ce1 & pres]v+ x1 b are also pr(itable 9 o!r respects4 ,& n[1 :5 ice-h\ses are s easily con/ruct$1 & ice is s readily procur$1 no well-ord]$ dairy %\ld be )\t a lib]al supply ( x4 ,x is h\s$ at a "t :5 o!r f>m-"w is n press+1 & ponds are s di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry t x may be g5]ally procur$ )\t difficulty2 b :]e ponds or /reams are at too great a di/ance f ! dairy-h\se1 an artificial pond c be easily made1 by damm+ up ! outlet ( "s spr+ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,:]e ?is is done1 ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! wat] p]fectly clean :5 ! ice is =m+4 ,! ice-h\se %\ld be above gr\nd1 & 9 a dry1 airy place4 ,! top ( a dry knoll is bett] ?an a l[1 damp %ade4 ,! ice may be pack$ 9 tan1 sawdu/1 %av+s1 or o!r non-conductors1 & :5 want$ = use x %\ld be tak5 (f ! top4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,*eese-,,dairy4 8,/reams ( new milk ?r\gh fl[+ cool]s /ray1 ,& sn[-:ite curds ab\nd1 & :olesome :ey40 ,milk1 if all[$ to become s\r1 w ev5tually curdle1 :5 ! :ey is easily sep>at$2 & ?is simple mode 0 probably ! univ]sal me?od ( mak+ *eese 9 anci5t times4 ,*eese1 z already expla9$1 is made f case9e1 an +r$i5t ( milk held 9 solution by means ( an alkali1 :i* x requires ! pres5ce ( an acid to neutralize4 ,?is1 9 mod]n manufacture1 is artificially add$ to =m ! curd2 b ! acidity ( milk1 aft] /&+1 acts 9 ! same mann] to produce cogulation4 ,?is is due to ! *ange ( ! milk-sug> into lactic acid4 ,*eese has be5 made & us$ z an article ( food f a v e>ly date4 ,x 0 well kn[n to ! e>ly ,jewi% patri>*s1 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,hebrew records4 8,ha/ ?\ n p\r$ me out z milk1 & curdl$ me l *eese80 says ,job2 & ,david 0 s5t to 8c>ry t5 *eeses to ! capta9 ( _! ?\s& 9 ! camp40 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t nations1 inde$1 b>b>\s z well z civiliz$1 made x a prom95t article ( food4 ,b *eese1 z made by ! anci5ts1 0 f\nd to be h>d & brittle1 & n well flavor$1 & means 7 devis$ to produce ! same effect :ile ! milk /ill rema9$ sweet4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t acids ( v>i\s k9ds w\ld answ]1 & v9eg> 0 us$2 & cream ( t>t>1 muriatic acid1 & s\r milk1 add$ to sweet1 produc$ a rapid cogulation4 ,9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & o!r c\ntries1 a h&ful ( ! plant kn[n z butt]wort 7,p+uicula vulg>is7 is sometimes mix$ ) ! food ( ! c[1 to cause ! milk to cogulate readily4 ,a few h\rs aft] milk+1 ! curd is =m$ )\t ! addition ( an acid4 ,milk tak5 into ! /oma* ( ! calf 0 f\nd to curdle rapidly1 ev5 :ile sweet2 & h5ce ! use ( r5net1 :i* is simply ! /oma* ( ! calf1 prep>$ by wa%+1 salt+1 & dry+1 = pres]vation4 ,?is acts ! mo/ surely1 &1 if prop]ly prep>$ & pres]v$1 is ! lea/ objectionable1 ( any article n[ kn[n2 & is1 9 fact1 ! natural mode ( curdl+ ! milk z x ent]s ! /oma*1 prep>atory to ! process ( dige/ion4 ,besides ?is1 x is g5]ally ! *eape/ & mo/ available = ! f>m]4 ,! ri*ness ( *eese dep5ds v mu* ^u ! am\nt ( butt] or oily matt] x conta9s4 ,x may be made entirely ( cream1 or f :ole or unskimm$ milk1 to :i* ! cream ( o!r milk is add$1 or f milk f :i* a "p ( its cream has be5 tak51 or f ord9>y skim-milk1 or f milk t has be5 skimm$ ?ree or f\r times1 s z to remove ne>ly e p>ticle ( cream1 or f butt]-milk4 ,! acid us$ 9 curdl+ milk acts ^u ! case9e alone1 & n ^u ! butt] p>ticles1 :i* are imb$d$ 9 ! curd z x h>d5s1 & ?us increase its ri*ness & flavor )\t add+ to its consi/5cy1 :i* is due to ! case9e4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t *eese made entirely ( cream _c h ! firmness & consi/5ce ( ord9>y *eese4 ,x is only made = imm$iate use1 & _c be long kept4 ,x is1 9 fact1 little m ?an ?ick1 dri$1 sweet cream1 f :i* all ! milk has be5 press$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 skim-milk *eese has ! opposite fault ( be+ too h>d & t\gh1 & de/itute ( flavor & ri*ness4 ,! be/ quality ( *eese is made f full milk1 or f milk to :i* "s extra cream is add$1 z 9 ! ,engli% ,/ilton r5[n$ = its ri*ness & flavor4 ,! ,gl\ce/]1 ,*e%ire1 ,*$d>1 ,dunlop1 & ! ,dut* ,g\da1 are made ( :ole milk1 z are ! be/ qualities made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! process ( mak+ *eese is bo? *emical & me*anical4 ,! heat+ ( ! milk at ! "t ( add+ ! acid or r5net ha/5s ! *emical action1 & facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! :ey2 at ! same "t great nicety is requir$1 =1 if ov]-heat$1 ! oily p>ticles w run (f ) ! :ey4 ,on ! complete sep>ation ( ! :ey f ! curd1 & ! am\nt ( butt] p>ticles reta9$ 9 ! latt]1 ! ta/e or flavor & keep+ qualities ( ! *eese dep5d4 ,if prop]ly made1 ! ta/e improves by keep+1 b ! *emical *anges effect$ by age are n v well und]/ood4 ,! practical process ( manufacture mo/ common 9 ! be/ dairies ( ?is c\ntry w appe> 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts ( successful competitors at agricultural exhibitions4 ,! fir/ 0 made1 by reque/1 to ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society1 & appe>$ 9 its transactions1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,fi%1 ( ,h]kim] c\nty1 "o ( ! f9e/ dairy regions ( t /ate4 ,! value ( 8 /atem5t is enhanc$ by ! fact t 8 c[s av]ag$ sev5 hundr$ p\nds ( ! fir/ quality ( *eese ea* 9 #ahdd1 & sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds ea* 9 #ahde4 ,9 8 mode ( manufacture1 ! ev5+'s & morn+'s milk is commonly us$ to make "o *eese4 ,! ev5+'s is /ra9$ into a tub or pans1 & cool$ to prev5t s\r+4 ,! prop] mode ( cool+ is to /ra9 ! milk into ! t9 tub set 9 a wood5 vat1 describ$ 9 ! dairy-h\se1 & cool by fill+ ! wood5 vat ) ice-wat] f ! ice-h\se1 or ice 9 small lumps1 & wat] f ! pump4 ,! little cream t rises ov] night is tak5 (f 9 ! morn+1 & kept till ! morn+ & ev5+ milk are put toge!r1 & ! cream is w>m$ to receive ! r5net4 ,x is mix$ ) ab\t twice its quantity ( new milk1 & w>m wat] add$ to raise its temp]ature to n9ety-eight degrees3 /ir x till p]fectly limpid1 put 9 r5net en\gh to curdle ! milk 9 =ty m9utes1 & mix x ) ! mass ( milk by ?or\gh /irr+2 ! milk hav+ be5 previ\sly rais$ to eighty-eight or n9ety degrees1 by pass+ /eam f ! /eam g5]ator to ! wat] 9 ! wood5 vat4 ,9 case no d\ble vat is to be _h1 ! milk may be safely heat$ to ! "r temp]ature1 by sett+ a t9 pail ( hot wat] into ! milk 9 ! tubs4 ,x may be cool$ 9 l mann] by fill+ ! pail ) ice-wat]1 or cold spr+-wat] :]e ice is n to be _h4 ,x is n safe to heat milk 9 a kettle expos$ directly to ! fire1 z a slight scor*+ w communicate its ta9t to ! :ole *eese & spoil x4 ,if milk is curdl$ bel[ eighty-f\r degrees1 ! cream is m liable to "w (f ) ! :ey4 ,an extreme ( heat w h a l effect4 ,! curdl+ heat is v>i$ ) ! temp]ature ( ! air1 or ! liability ( ! milk to cool aft] add+ r5net4 ,! !rmomet] is ! only safe guide 9 det]m9+ ! temp]ature2 =1 if ! dairyman dep5ds ^u ! s5sation ( ! h&1 a great liability to error w r5d] ! op]ation unc]ta94 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! h&s h previ\sly be5 imm]s$ 9 cold wat]1 ! milk w feel w>m] ?an x really is2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !y h rec5tly be5 9 w>m wat]1 ! milk w feel cold] ?an x really is4 ,to satisfy ! read] h[ mu* ?is circum/ance alone w affect ! s5sation ( ! h&1 let him imm]se "o h& 9 w>m wat]1 & at ! same "t keep ! o!r 9 a vessel ( cold wat]1 = a few mom5ts2 !n p\r ! wat] 9 ! two di%es toge!r1 & imm]se bo? h&s 9 ! mixture4 ,! h& t 0 previ\sly 9 ! w>m wat] w feel cold1 & ! o!r q w>m1 %[+ t ! s5se ( feel+ is n a te/ ( temp]ature wor?y ( be+ reli$ ^u4 ,a f9e clo? spread ov] ! tub :ile ! milk is curdl+ w prev5t ! surface f be+ cool$ by circulation ( air4 ,no j>r+ ( ! milk1 by walk+ ^u a spr+y floor1 or o!rwise1 %\ld be all[$ :ile x is curdl+1 z x w prev5t a p]fect cohesion ( ! p>ticles4 8,:5 milk is curdl$ s z to appe> l a solid1 x is divid$ into small p>ticles to aid ! sep>ation ( ! :ey f ! curd4 ,?is is (t5 too spe$ily done to facilitate ! "w1 b at a sacrifice ( quality & quantity40 ,to effect ! f9e division ( ! curd = ! easy sep>ation ( ! :ey1 ,mr4 ,fi% uses a wire network1 made to fit into ! tub1 ! me%es ( f9e wire be+ ab\t a half-in* squ>e1 & ! out] rim ( co>se & /rong] mat]ial4 ,a *eese-knife is also us$1 ab\t half z long z ! diamet] ( ! tub1 & firmly fa/5$ to ! l[] end ( a long screw :i* passes ?r\gh "o end ( ! blade z x lies horizontally1 leav+ ! blade at "r angles ) ! screw1 :i* has a co>se ?read1 & passes ?r\gh a piece ( wood on ! top ( ! tub1 held firm by not*es at ! ends laid on ! edges ( ! tub4 ,by turn+ a crank1 ! knife passes d[n ?r\gh ! curd 9 revolutions1 cutt+ x into lay]s ( ! ?ickness ( ! ?reads ( ! screw4 ,! foll[+ is ! /atem5t ( ,mrs4 ,williams1 ( ,w9dsor1 ,massa*usetts1 :o receiv$ ! fir/ premium at ! ,frankl9 ,c\nty ,fair1 9 #aheg1 = exce$+ly ri*1 f9e1 & delicately-flavor$ *eeses ( sev5ty-five p\nds ea*4 ,h] me?od1 :i* is ! result ( h] own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 corresponds almo/ exactly1 z ! committee rem>k1 ) ! ,engli% mode ( mak+ ! fam\s ,*$d> *eese1 :i* is mu* ! same z ! ,*e%ire4 ,mrs4 ,williams says3 8,my *eese is made f "o day's milk ( tw5ty-n9e c[s4 ,i /ra9 ! night's milk into a tub1 skim x 9 ! morn+1 & melt ! cream 9 ! morn+'s milk3 ,i w>m ! night's milk1 s t ) ! morn+'s milk1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 x w be at ! temp]ature ( n9ety-six degrees2 !n add r5net suffici5t to turn x 9 ?irty m9utes4 ,let x /& ab\t half or ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r2 !n cross x (f & let x /& ab\t ?irty m9utes1 work+ ^u x v c>efully ) a skimm]4 ,:5 ! curd beg9s to settle1 dip (f ! :ey1 & heat x up & p\r x on aga9 at ! temp]ature ( "o hundr$ & two degrees4 ,aft] dra9+ (f & cutt+ up1 add a teacup ( salt to f\rte5 p\nds4 8,! process ( mak+ sage *eese is ! same z ! o!r1 except add+ ! juice ( ! sage 9 a small quantity ( milk40 ,ano!r successful competitor 9 ! same /ate says3 8,we usually make b "o curd 9 a day4 ,! night's milk is /ra9$ into pans till morn+1 :5 ! cream t w h ris5 is tak5 (f1 & ! milk w>m$ to blood heat1 :5 ! cream is aga9 return$ to ! milk & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,?is prev5ts ! melt+ ( ! cream t w\ld o!rwise run (f ) ! :ey4 ,! :ole is !n imm$iately lad$ into a tub ) ! morn+'s milk1 & set = ! *eese1 ) r5net suffici5t to =m ! curd 9 ab\t ?irty m9utes2 & "h mu* c>e is ?\ght to be necess>y 9 cutt+ & cross+ ! curd1 & mu* mod]ation 9 dipp+ & dra9+ ! :ey f x1 t ! :ite :ey 7s call$7 may n exude f x4 8,:5 suffici5tly dra9$1 x is tak5 & cut ) a %>p knife to ab\t ! size & =m ( dice1 :5 x is salt$ ) ab\t "o p\nd ( f9e salt to tw5ty-five ( curd4 ,x is !n subject$ to a mod]ate pressure at fir/1 gradually increas+ x = two days1 9 ! mean "t turn+ x twice a day1 & sub/itut+ dry clo?s4 ,x is !n tak5 f ! press & dress$ all ov] ) hot melt$ butt]1 & cov]$ ) ?9 cotton clo?1 & ?is saturat$ ) ! melt$ butt]4 ,x is !n plac$ ^u ! %elf1 & turn$ & rubb$ daily ) ! dress+ until ripe = use40 ,"o ( ! mo/ important processes 9 ! manufacture ( good *eese is ! prep>ation ( ! r5net4 ,?is is made ( ! inn] l9+ or muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* ( ! "y suck+ calf1 sometimes call$ ! bag or maw2 & ! use ( x 0 und\bt$ly sugge/$1 orig9ally1 by obs]v+ ! complete & rapid cogulation or curdl+ ( milk 9 ! /oma* ( a calf newly kill$4 8,cogulation is ! fir/ process ( dige/ion 9 ! f\r? /oma* ( ! calf4 ,!re are num]\s gl&s scatt]$ 9 & ab\t ! /oma* t secrete a fluid :i* readily & almo/ imm$iately accompli%es ?is cogulation4 ,!y are always full ( x2 ev5 aft] ! animal is dead !y rema9 fill$ ) x2 & if ! /oma* is pres]v$ f putrefaction1 ?is fluid reta9s its cogulat+ quality = a consid]able p]iod2 !re=e dairy-wom5 usually take c>e ( ! maw or /oma* ( ! calf2 & pres]ve x by salt+ x1 & !n1 by /eep+ x1 or portions ( x1 9 w>m wat]1 !y prep>e :at !y call a r5net4 ,aft] ! maw has be5 salt$ a c]ta9 "t1 x may be tak5 out & dri$1 & !n x w reta9 ! same prop]ty = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,a small piece ( ! maw ?us dri$ is /eep$ ov] night 9 a few teaspoonfuls ( w>m wat]1 & ?is wat] w turn ! milk ( ?ree or f\r c[s40 ,x is important t r5net en\gh %\ld be prep>$ at once = ! :ole season1 9 ord] to secure z great a uni=mity 9 /r5g? z possible4 ,! object %\ld be to produce a prompt1 complete1 & firm or compact cogulation ( all ! *eesy matt]4 ,mr4 ,aiton1 9 8 admirable treatise on ! ,dairy ,husb&ry ( ,scotl&1 gives ! simple me?od ( prep>+ ! r5net 9 ! dairy di/ricts1 z foll[s3 8,:5 ! /oma* or bag--usually t]m$ ! yirn+--is tak5 f ! calf's body1 its cont5ts are exam9$1 & if any /raw or o!r food is f\nd among ! curdl$ milk1 su* impurity is c>efully remov$2 b all ! curdl$ milk f\nd 9 ! bag is c>efully pres]v$1 & no "p ( ! *yle is wa%$ out4 ,a consid]able quantity ( salt--at lea/ two h&fuls--is put into & outside ! bag1 :i* is !n roll$ up & hung ne> a fire to dry4 ,x is always all[$ to hang until x is well dri$1 & is und]/ood to be improv$ by hang+ a ye> or long] be=e be+ infus$4 8,:5 r5net is want$1 ! yirn+ ) its cont5ts is cut small1 & put into a j> ) a h&ful or two ( salt2 & a quantity ( s(t wat] t has be5 boil$ & cool$ to sixty-five degrees1 or ( new :ey tak5 (f ! curd1 is p\r$ into x4 ,! quantity ( wat] or :ey necess>y is m or less1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! yirn+3 if x is t ( a new-dropp$ calf1 a ,scot* *op p91 or at mo/ ?ree ,engli% p9ts1 w be en\gh2 b if ! calf has be5 f$ f\r or five weeks1 two qu>ts or m may be us$2 ! yirn+ ( a calf f\r weeks old yields m r5net ?an t ( "o twice t age4 ,:5 ! infusion has rema9$ 9 ! j> f "o to ?ree days1 ! liquid is drawn (f & /ra9$1 aft] :i* x is bottl$ = use2 & if a dram-glass ( any ard5t _s is put into ea* bottle1 ! infusion may ei!r be us$ imm$iately1 or kept z long z may be conv5i5t40 ,! mode ( prep>+ r5net 9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ?is c\ntry is v>i\s2 b t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,fi%1 ( ,h]kim]1 ,new ,york1 already quot$1 is simple & easy ( application4 ,he says3 8,v>i\s op9ions exi/ z to ! be/ mode ( sav+ r5net1 & t is g5]ally adopt$ :i*1 x is suppos$1 w curdle ! mo/ milk4 ,i h no objection to any mode t w pres]ve its /r5g? & flavor s t x w be smell$ & ta/$ ) good reli% :5 put into ! milk4 ,any composition n ?us kept ,i deem unfit = use1 z ! cogulator is an ess5tial ag5t 9 *ees+ ! curd1 & sure to imp>t its own flavor4 8,! r5net nev] %\ld be tak5 f ! calf till ! excrem5t %[s ! animal to be 9 p]fect heal?4 ,x %\ld be empti$ ( its cont5ts1 salt$1 & dri$1 )\t any scrap+ or r9s+1 & kept dry = "o ye>1 :5 x w be fit = use4 ,x %\ld n be all[$ to ga!r dampness1 or its /r5g? w evaporate4 ,to prep>e x = use1 into t5 gallons ( wat]1 blood w>m1 put t5 r5nets2 *urn or rub !m (t5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !n rub & press !m to get ! /r5g?2 /ret*1 salt1 & dry !m1 z be=e4 ,!y w ga9 /r5g? = a second use4 ,make ! liquor z salt z x c be made1 /ra9 & settle x1 sep>ate x f ! s$im5t1 if any1 & x is fit = use4 ,six lemons1 two ounces ( cloves1 two ounces ( c9namon1 & two ounces ( common sage1 are sometimes add$ to ! liquor1 to pres]ve its flavor & quick5 its action4 ,if kept cool 9 a /one j>1 x w keep sweet any l5g? ( "t desir$1 & a uni=m /r5g? is secur$ :ile x la/s4 ,/ir x be=e dipp+ (f4 ,to set milk1 take ( x en\gh to curdle milk firm 9 =ty m9utes2 squeeze or rub ?r\gh a rag annatto en\gh to make ! curd a cream color1 & /ir x 9 ) ! r5net40 ,x w be se5 t he adopts ! practice ( remov+ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,?is1 x appe>s to me1 is ! be/ calculat$ to promote cleanl9ess & purity1 s important 9 mak+ a good-flavor$ *eese4 ,b 9 ,*e%ire1 s celebrat$ = its sup]ior *eese1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are frequ5tly salt$ by !mselves1 & aft] be+ a %ort "t expos$ to ! air are fit = use2 :ile ! well-kn[n & highly-e/eem$ ,limburg *eese is mo/ly made ) r5net prep>$ z 9 ,ayr%ire1 ! curd be+ left 9 ! /oma*1 & bo? dri$ toge!r4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t r5net1 z usually prep>$1 is n fit to use till ne>ly a ye> old4 ,p]haps ! plan ( mak+ a liquid r5net f new & fre% /oma*s1 & keep+ x 9 bottles cork$ tight till want$ = use1 w\ld t5d /ill fur!r to secure ?is end4 ,! use ( annatto to color ! *eese artificially is some:at common 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh probably n s mu* s z 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,annatto1 or annotto1 is made f ! r$ pulp ( ! se$s ( an ev]gre5 tree ( ! same "n1 f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ,brazil1 by bruis+ & obta9+ a precipitate4 ,a v>iety is made 9 ,cay5ne1 :i* comes into ! m>ket 9 cakes ( two or ?ree p\nds4 ,x is bright yell[1 r s(t to ! t\*1 b ( consid]able solidity4 ,! quantity us$ is r>ely m ?an an ounce to "o hundr$ p\nds1 & ! effect is simply to give ! high color+ s common to ! ,gl\ce/] & ,*e%ire *eeses1 & to _m made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is artificial color+ is cont9u$ f an idle prejudice1 some:at tr\blesome to ! dairyman1 exp5sive to ! consum]1 & add+ no?+ to ! ta/e or flavor ( ! article4 ,! annatto itself is s univ]sally & s l>gely adult]at$1 (t5 by poison\s sub/ances1 su* z lead & m]cury1 t ! practice ( us+ x by ! *eese-mak]1 & ( requir+ ! high color+ by ! consum]1 might well be discont9u$4 ,! common mode ( application is to dissolve x 9 hot milk1 & add at ! "t ( putt+ 9 ! r5net1 or to put x ^u ! outside1 9 ! mann] ( pa9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,*eese-press4 ,! *eese-presses 9 mo/ common use are v diff]5t 9 con/ruction1 & ea* possesses1 d\btless1 "s peculi> m]its4 ,! self-act+ press1 ,fig4 #hb1 is ! favorite ( "s4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is is se5 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,self-act+ *eese-press4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive & exp]i5c$ deal]s 9 *eese1 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ dairy di/ricts ( ,new ,york1--,mr4 ,h>ry ,burrill1 ( ,little ,falls1--has plac$ 9 my h&s ! foll[+ simple directions = *eese-mak+4 ,! *eese-tub %\ld be s graduat$ t x may be correctly kn[n :at quantity ( milk is us$4 ,?is is requisite1 9 ord] t ! prop] proportions1 bo? ( color+ matt] & r5net1 may be us$4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be asc]ta9$ by ! !rmomet]4 ,exp]i5ce proves t :5 ! dairy has be5 at sev5ty degrees ! be/ temp]ature at :i* to run ! milk w be eighty-f\r degrees2 b1 z ! temp]ature ( ! dairy at diff]5t times ( ! ye> w be f\nd to v>y above or bel[ sev5ty degrees1 ! temp]ature ( ! milk mu/ be proportionally regulat$ by ! simple addition ( cold wat]1 to l[] x2 b1 to increase ! temp]ature1 heat ! milk 9 ! usual mann]1 al?\gh x is absolutely necess>y to avoid heat+ x beyond "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees4 ,aft] hav+ br\ght ! milk to ! requir$ temp]ature1 & add$ ! color+1 = e qu>t] hundr$ weight ( *eese mix "o p9t ( new s\r :ey ) ! requisite proportion ( r5net2 &1 hav+ arriv$ at ! =mation ( a good curd1 :i* w be ! inv>iable result ( a /rict adhesion to ! =ego+ rules1 let x be c>efully cut up ) ?ree-blad$ knives1 z f9e z possible2 !n dip (f half ! :ey1 & heat a portion ( x to ! temp]ature ( n9ety-five degrees1 & return x to ! :ey & curds2 !n1 aft] /irr+ x = five m9utes1 all[ ! curd to s9k1 & z quickly z possible dip (f ! :ey4 ,hav+ done ?is1 press ! curd by plac+ on x a bo>d weight$ ) f ?ree to five fifty-p\nd weights1 :i* w gradually & effectually press ! rema9d] ( ! :ey out4 ,:5 ! :ey is dipp$ (f1 put ! curd into :ite twig basket-vats1 made ! %ape & size ( a turn$ vat1 :i* w\ld conta9 ! six? ( a hundr$ weight 7ab\t ?ree in*es deep1 & two feet 9 diamet]74 ,x w be necess>y to h bo>ds ab\t "o in* ?ick1 & two feet f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 to g betwe5 ea* ( ^! twig vats1 to prev5t ! :ey runn+ f "o vat into ! o!r4 ,:5 x has be5 press$1 return x aga9 into ! *eese-tub1 cut x into small pieces1 put x into ! vats aga9 9 dry clo?s1 press x & return x to ! tub aga91 cutt+ x into small pieces1 & to e hundr$ weight ( curd add "o & "o qu>t] p\nds ( salt2 gr9d x twice1 & /ir x s t x %all be prop]ly mix$ ) ! salt2 !n put x into well-p]=at$ turn$ vats1 tak+ c>e to press x ?or\ghly :il/ ! vats are fill+1 to prev5t ! accumulation ( air1 to ! pres5ce ( :i* is to be attribut$ ! honeycomb appe>ance s (t5 obs]v$ 9 *eese :5 cut4 ,:5 ! *eese is put into ! press let ! pressure gradually ^u x4 ,aft] x has be5 9 press "o & a half h\rs1 take x out & exam9e x1 &1 %\ld !re be any curd press$ ov]1 cut x r\nd & put x into ! middle ( ! *eese1 c>efully break+ x up 9 ! middle4 ,wa% ! ends ( ! clo?s out 9 a b[l ( w>m wat]1 squeeze !m1 & cov] ! *eese up1 &1 if !re %\ld be any n suffici5tly full1 x w be necess>y ei!r to put a foll[] ^u x1 or to put x into a small] vat2 9 ! ev5+ let !m be dry clo!d4 ,! foll[+ morn+ salt !m all ov] & dry clo? !m1 & repeat ?is ?ree successive morn+s2 aft] :i*1 put !m 9 vats1 plac$ "o on ! o!r1 & all[ !m to /&1 if possible1 a =tnight1 occasionally wip+ !m4 ,! *eese w get matur$ mu* soon] by ^! means1 & ! t5d5cy to crack+ & bulg+ be prev5t$4 ,! way to get a f9e coat ^u *eese1 aft] ! fir/ coat has be5 wa%$ & scrap$ (f1 is to put ! *eese on %elves1 nail ?ick %eet+ to ! ceil+ f "o ( ! %elves to ! o!r1 & let x drop closely to ! floor4 ,if put ov] ! floor1 cov] !m ov] ) ?ick %eet+1 or rugs4 ,! v>ieties ( *eese are almo/ inf9ite 9 numb]1 & are (t5 dep5d5t on v m9ute details ( practice4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ are ! same 9 all2 b x w\ld be next to impossible to f9d any "o v>iety ( *eese possess+ uni=mity ?r\gh\t1 9 po9t ( texture1 consi/5cy1 ta/e1 flavor1 & keep+ qualities2 & x is r>e1 ) ! pres5t guess-"w 9 _m ( ! op]ations ( *eese-mak+1 to f9d a lot ( *eese made 9 ! same dairy1 f ! same c[s1 on ! same pa/ures & by ! same h&s1 :i* c be consid]$ a fair sample ( :at is g5]ally produc$4 ,^! great diff]5ces are due to fe$+ & treatm5t ( ! c[s 9 "p1 b especially to ! temp]ature ( ! milk at ! "t ( curd+1 :i* is aga9 9 "p dep5d5t on ! quality & /r5g? ( ! r5net employ$4 ,no?+ is m susceptible to ext]nal influ5ces1 z has be5 rem>k$ else:]e1 ?an milk & cream1 bo? ( :i* are liable to ta9t f ! food ( ! c[s1 f impurities d]iv$ f c>eless milk+1 f exposure to f\l or impure air 9 ! cell> or milk-room1 & f sudd5 *anges 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! mo/ scrupul\s cleanl9ess is1 !re=e1 requir$ to produce a fir/ quality ( *eese1 ev5 "u favorable circum/ances4 ,& :5 x is consid]$ t x is necess>y to obs]ve m9utely ! temp]ature ( ! milk1 & t slight diff]5ces at ! "t ( =m+ ! curd may make ! diff]5ce ( mell[ness or t\ghness 9 ! rip5$ *eese1 & t ! prop] temp]ature is affect$ by ! "t tak5 to br+ ! curd1 :i* dep5ds on ! /r5g? & quality ( ! r5net1 "s ( :i* w act 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 :ile ! same quantity ( o!rs requires ev5 two or ?ree h\rs to produce ! same effect1 ! inf9ite v>iety 9 ! qualities ( *eese w sc>cely be a matt] ( surprise4 ,a brief /atem5t ( ! mode ( mak+ "s ( ! m important & well-kn[n v>ieties w be suffici5t 9 ?is connection4 ,! details ( *eese-mak+ 9 "s ( ! be/ ( ! dairies ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york correspond 9 a rem>kable degree ) ! mode ( mak+ ,*$d> & ,*e%ire *eese1 bo? celebrat$ = _! ri*ness & popul>ity 9 ! m>ket4 ,( ! latt] !re are made1 x is said1 ov] twelve ?\s& tons annually2 ,*e%ire tak+ ! lead 9 *eese-mak+1 & keep+ ab\t =ty ?\s& c[s4 ,,*e%ire ,,*eese is rem>kable = its uni=mity1 be+1 9 dairies ( ! be/ repute1 made by fix$ rules1 & usually by ! same p]sons4 ,if ! numb] ( c[s is suffici5t to make a *eese f "o meal1 t am\nt is us$2 if n1 two meals are unit$4 ,! c[s are milk$ at six o'clock1 morn+ & ev5+2 are kept on ri* pa/ures1 & nev] driv5 f>1 great c>e be+ tak5 t no?+ %all int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ) :i* e op]ation connect$ ) ?is *ief s\rce ( ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! ,*e%ire f>m] is conduct$4 ,! milk is br\ght 9 l>ge wood5 pails into ! milk-h\se1 :i* x is g5]ally contriv$ %all h a cool nor? aspect1 & imm$iately /ra9$ into pans1 & plac$ ^u ! floor ( ! dairy4 ,ea* pan is ab\t six in*es 9 dep?1 & usually made ( block-t94 ,?is sub/ance is object$ to by "s because x is liable1 l e o!r metal1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 9 a less degree ?an ei!r z9c or lead1 to be act$ ^u by ! lactic acid1 & s produce comp\nds ( a delet]i\s "*4 ,at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! *eese-ladd] is put on ! *eese-tub1 ! :ole ( ! night's milk is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve1 & ! morn+'s milk is !n p\r$ ^u x1 & well agitat$ to equalize ! temp]ature2 9 cold wea!r a pan ( hot wat] is previ\sly put into ! tub1 to increase ! temp]ature ( ! previ\s night's meal4 ,! r5net is next appli$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! heat ( ! :ole quantity ( ! milk is ab\t sev5ty-f\r degrees2 &1 almo/ simultane\sly ) ! r5net1 ! annatto1--ab\t a qu>t] ( an ounce is suffici5t = a *eese ( sixty-f\r p\nds1--bo? ( :i*1 9 all well-regulat$ dairies1 are /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( silk or f9e clo?4 ,! r5net is g5]ally made on ! previ\s ev5+1 by a piece ( ! dri$ sk9 ab\t ! size ( a cr[n-piece be+ imm]s$ 9 hot wat]1 & all[$ to /& all night4 ,aft] ! r5net & color+ matt] h be5 ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! milk1 x is cov]$ ) ! lid ( ! *eese-tub1 & 9 cold wea!r ) a clo? 9 addition1 to pres]ve ! temp]ature ( ! mass until ! curd has =m$4 ,x is !n left undi/urb$ = ab\t an h\r1 & frequ5tly long]1 to all[ ! cogulation ( ! milk4 ,aft] t "t a curd-break] is pass$ up & d[n x = ab\t five m9utes1 & aga9 x is all[$ to settle = ano!r half-h\r4 ,! :ey is !n tak5 out by means ( a di% or b[l1 ! curd be+ ga!r$ to "o side ( ! tub1 & g5tly press$ by ! h&1 to all[ ! :ey to sep>ate f x m easily4 ,x is !n press$ by a weight ( ab\t fifty p\nds2 aft]w>ds ! curd is tak5 out ( ! tub & put into a basket1 ! inside ( :i* is cov]$ ) a co>se squ>e *eese-clo?4 ,! f\r ends ( ! clo? are !n fold$ ov] ! curd1 a t9 hoop be+ put ar\nd ! upp] edge ( ! *eese1 & )9 ! sides ( ! vat1 ^u :i* a bo>d is plac$ be>+ a weight ( ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds1 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) ! size ( ! *eese4 ,?is process is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 ! curd be+ slightly brok5 at ea* op]ation4 ,x is next tak5 out ( ! basket = salt+ or cur+1 & ei!r brok5 d[n small by h& or 9 a curd-mill4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( salt is !n c>efully & intimately mix$ ) ! curd1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce1 ta/e1 & cu/om1 ( ! dairymaid4 ,x is !n put into ! *eese-vat 9 a co>se clo?1 press$ lightly at fir/ = an h\r2 !n tak5 out & turn$1 & ! pressure increas$ until ! prop] degree ( consi/5ce is atta9$4 ,aft]w>ds x is turn$ e twelve h\rs = ?ree or f\r days1 rema9+ 9 ! vat until ! curd becomes s dry z n to moi/5 ! clo?4 ,dur+ ?is "t skew]s are pass$ ?r\gh holes made 9 ! sides ( ! vat into ! body ( ! *eese1 ! m effectually to aid ! expression ( ! :ey1 ! pressure be+ /ill cont9u$4 ,:5 !y are )drawn1 ! :ey fl[s ?r\gh ^! m9iature tunnels1 :i* are 9 a few mom5ts oblit]at$ by ! sup]9cumb5t weight4 ,x is ! practice ( "s dairymaids 9 ?is c\nty to take ! *eese to a cool salt+-h\se1 leav+ x !re = a week or t5 days1 turn+ x daily1 & rubb+ salt on ! upp] surface4 ,o!rs imm]se ! *eese 9 a br9e almo/ suffici5tly /rong to float x1 ) occasional turn+2 o!rs1 aga91 aft] tak+ ! *eese f ! press1 place x 9 a furnace at a mod]ate heat1 & keep x clos$ !re9 = a night2 :ile "s run a hot iron ov] ! :ole1 or ov] ! edges4 ,! b9d]--a clo? ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 bread?--is !n pass$ tightly r\nd ! *eese1 & secur$ by p9s1 :5 x is remov$ to ! *eese-room1 & plac$ on a k9d ( grass1 :i* 9 ,*e%ire is call$ sniggle1 ! newe/ or late/-made *eese be+ put 9 ! w>me/ situation4 ,"h x rema9s1 be+ turn$ ov] ?ree times a week :ile x is new1 & less (t5 z x becomes matur$1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ea* "o ( ! *eeses sep>ate f all ! o!rs4 ,! room select$ = a /ore is always t :i* c be be/ protect$ f ! light1 & any sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! be/ ,*e%ire *eese is seldom ripe = ! m>ket "u "o or two ye>s4 ,! ,,/ilton ,,*eese is by f> ! ri*e/ ( ! ,engli% dairies4 ,?is orig9at$ 9 a small t[n ( t "n1 9 ,leice/]%ire4 ,x possesses 8a peculi> delicacy ( flavor1 a delici\s mell[ness1 & a great aptness to acquire a species ( artificial decay2 )\t :i*1 to ! some:at vitiat$ ta/e ( lov]s ( ,/ilton *eese1 z n[ eat51 x is n consid]$ ( prime acc\nt4 ,to be 9 good ord]1 accord+ to ! pres5t /&>d ( ta/e1 x mu/ be decay$1 blue1 & moi/40 ,to suit ?is ta/e1 an artificial mode is adopt$1 old & decay$ *eese be+ introduc$ into ! new1 or port w9e or ale add$ by means ( ta/]s1 or caulk+-p9s are /uck into !m1 & left till !y ru/ & produce an appe>ance ( decay 9 ! *eese4 8,x is commonly made by putt+ ! night's cream to ! milk ( ! foll[+ morn+ ) ! r5net1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! milk & ! cream are ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r1 & t !y bo? h ! prop] temp]ature4 ,! r5net %\ld also be v pure & sweet4 ,z soon z ! milk is curdl$1 ! :ole ( x is tak5 out1 put into a sieve gradually to dra91 & mod]ately press$4 ,x is !n put into a case or box1 ( ! =m t x is int5d$ to be2 =1 on acc\nt ( its ri*ness1 x w\ld sep>ate & fall to pieces 7 n ?is precaution adopt$4 ,aft]w>ds x is turn$ e day on dry bo>ds1 clo?-b9d]s be+ ti$ ar\nd x1 :i* are gradually tight5$ z occasion requires4 ,aft] x is remov$ f ! box or hoop1 ! *eese mu/ be closely b\nd ) clo?s & *ang$ daily1 until x becomes suffici5tly compact to support itself4 ,:5 ^! clo?s are tak5 away1 ea* *eese has to be rubb$ ov] ) a bru% once e day4 ,if ! wea!r is moi/ or damp1 ?is is done twice a day dur+ two or ?ree mon?s4 ,x is occasionally p[d]$ ) fl\r1 & plung$ into hot wat]4 ,?is h>d5s ! out] coat & favors ! int]nal f]m5tation1 & ?us produces :at is call$ ! rip5+ ( ! *eese4 ,sometimes x is made 9 a net l a cabbage-net1 :i* gives x ! =m ( an acorn40 ,! maturity ( ,/ilton *eeses is sometimes ha/5$ by putt+ !m 9 a bucket1 & cov]+ !m ov] ) horse-dung4 ,,gl\ce/] ,,*eese is likewise q celebrat$ = its ri*ness1 piquancy1 & delicacy ( flavor1 & ju/ly comm&s a high price 9 ! m>ket4 ,! managem5t ( ! milk up to ! "t ( curd+ is simil> to t ( ,*e%ire2 a *eese1 (t5 be+ made ( "o meal1 requires no additional heat to raise x to a prop] temp]ature4 ,aft] ! curd is cut into small squ>es1 ! :ey is c>efully dra9$ (f ?r\gh a hair /ra9]4 ,! cutt+ is repeat$ e ?irty m9utes till ! :ey is remov$1 :5 x is put into vats & cov]$ ) dry clo?s1 & plac$ 9 ! press4 ,aft] rema9+ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 x is put into a curd-mill & cut or gr\nd into small pieces1 :5 x is aga9 pack$ 9 f9e canvas clo?1 & put 9 ! *eese-vat4 ,hot wat] or :ey is p\r$ ov] ! clo?1 to h>d5 ! r9d & prev5t its crack+4 8,! curd is next turn$ out ( ! vat into ! clo?1 &1 ! inside ( ! vat be+ wa%$ ) :ey1 ! inv]t$ curd ) ! clo? is return$ to ! vat4 ,! clo? is !n fold$ ov]1 & ! vat put into ! press = two h\rs1 :5 x is tak5 out1 & dry clo?s appli$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,x is !n replac$ 9 ! press until salt$1 :i* op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] x is made4 ,9 salt+ ! *eese1 x is rubb$ ) f9ely-p[d]$ salt1 & ?is is ?\ght to make ! *eese m smoo? & solid ?an :5 ! salt+ process is p]=m$ ^u ! curd4 ,! *eese is aft] ?is return$ to ! vat1 & put "u ! press1 9 :i* sev]al are plac$1 ! newe/ at ! bottom & ! olde/ on ! top4 ,! salt+ is repeat$ ?ree times1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs be+ all[$ to int]v5e betwe5 ea*2 & ! *eese is f9ally tak5 f ! press to ! *eese-room 9 ! c\rse ( five days4 ,9 ! *eese-room x is turn$ ov] e day = a mon?1 :5 x is clean$ ( all scurf1 & rubb$ ov] ) a wooll5 clo? dipp$ 9 a pa9t made ( ,indian r$ or ,spani% br[n & small be]4 ,z soon z ! pa9t is dry1 ! *eese is rubb$ once a week ) a clo?4 ,! quantity ( salt employ$ is ab\t ?ree & a half p\nds2 & "o p\nd ( annatto is suffici5t to color half a ton ( *eese40 ,,*$d> ,,*eese is ano!r v>iety 9 high repute = its ri*ness1 & comm&s a high price 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is made ( new milk only1 & conta9s m fat ?an ! egg4 ,x is1 inde$1 too ri* = ord9>y consumption4 ,! milk is set ) r5net :ile yet w>m1 & all[$ to /& /ill ab\t two h\rs4 ,! :ey fir/ tak5 (f is heat$ & p\r$ back ^u ! curd1 &1 aft] turn+ (f ! rema9d]1 t is also heat$ & p\r$ back 9 ! same mann]1 :]e x /&s ab\t half an h\r4 ,! curd is !n put into ! press1 & treat$ v mu* z ! ,*e%ire up to ! "t ( rip5ess4 ,! ,,dunlop ,,*eese1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,scotl&1 _h its orig9 9 ,ayr%ire1 f :i* x 0 s5t to ! ,glasg[ m>ket1 & f :i* ! manufacture soon spread to ,lan>k1 ,r5frew1 & o!r adjo9+ c\nties4 ,x is manufactur$1 accord+ to ,aiton1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 ! c[s on a f>m are n s num]\s z to yield milk suffici5t to make a *eese e "t !y are milk$1 ! milk is /or$ ab\t six or eight in*es deep 9 ! cool]s1 & plac$ 9 ! milk-h\se until z mu* is collect$ z w =m a *eese ( a prop] size4 ,:5 ! *eese is to be made1 ! cream is skimm$ f ! milk 9 ! cool]s1 &1 )\t be+ heat$1 is1 ) ! milk t is drawn f ! c[s at ! "t1 pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve into ! curd-vat4 ,! cold milk f :i* ! cream has be5 tak5 is heat$ s z to raise ! temp]ature ( ! :ole mass to ne> blood heat2 & ! :ole is cogulat$ by ! means ( r5net c>efully mix$ ) ! milk4 ,! cream is put into ! curd-vat1 t its oily p>ts may n be melt$1 & ! skimm$ milk is heat$ suffici5t to raise ! :ole to ne> animal heat4 ,x may be said t ! utmo/ c>e is always tak5 to keep ! milk1 9 all /ages ( ! op]ation1 free n only f e admixture or impurity1 b also f be+ hurt by f\l air aris+ f acidity 9 any milky sub/ance1 putrid wat]1 ! /5* ( ! b>n1 dunghill1 or any o!r sub/ance2 & likewise to prev5t ! milk f becom+ s\r1 :i*1 :5 x happ5s1 greatly injures ! *eese4 ,great c>e is tak5 to prev5t any ( ! butyrace\s or oily matt] 9 ! cream f be+ melt$ 9 any /age ( ! process4 ,to cool ! milk1 & to facilitate ! sep>ation or ris+ ( ! cream1 a small quantity ( clean cold wat] is g5]ally mix$ ) ! milk 9 ea* cool]4 ,! cogulum is =m$ 9 f t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 & nobody w\ld use r5net twice t requir$ m ?an tw5ty m9utes or half an h\r to =m a curd4 ,:5ev] ! milk is completely cogulat$ ! curd is brok51 9 ord] to let ! s]um or :ey be sep>at$ & tak5 (f4 ,"s break ! curd slightly at fir/1 by mak+ cross-scores ) a knife or a ?9 piece ( wood1 at ab\t "o or two in*es di/ant1 & int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles2 & ^! are r5ew$ /ill m closely aft] "s ( ! :ey has be5 dis*>g$4 ,o!rs break ! :ole curd m m9utely at once ) ! h& or ! skimm]4 ,aft] ! curd has be5 brok51 ! :ey ought to be tak5 (f z spe$ily z x c be done1 & ) z little fur!r break+ or h&l+ ! curd z possible4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to turn ! curd1 cut x ) a knife1 or break x g5tly ) ! h&4 ,:5 ! curd has consolidat$ a little1 x is cut ) ! *eese-knife1 slightly at fir/1 & m m9utely z x h>d5s1 s z to br+ (f ! :ey4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( ! :ey has be5 extract$1 ! curd is tak5 up f ! curd-boyn1 &1 be+ cut into pieces ( ab\t two in*es 9 ?ickness1 x is plac$ 9 a sort ( vat or sieve ) _m holes4 ,a lid is plac$ ^u x1 & a slight pressure1 say f ?ree to f\r /one avoirdupois2 & ! curd is turn$ up & cut small e t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 & occasionally press$ ) ! h& s long z x cont9ues to dis*>ge scrum4 ,:5 no m :ey c be drawn (f by ^! means1 ! curd is cut z small z possible ) ! knife1 ! prop] quantity ( salt m9utely mix$ into x 9 ! curd-boyn1 & plac$ 9 ! *ess>t )9 a %ift ( ?9 canvas1 & put "u ! press4 ,all ^! op]ations ought to be c>ri$ on & complet$ ) ! lea/ possible delay1 & yet )\t precipitation4 ,! soon] ! :ey is remov$ aft] ! cogulation ( ! milk1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b1 if ! curd is s(t1 f be+ set too cold1 x requires m "t1 & to be m g5tly dealt )1 z o!rwise mu* ( ! curd & ( ! fat w\ld g (f ) ! :ey2 & :5 ! curd has be5 =m$ too hot1 ! same caution is necess>y4 ,precipitation1 or h&l+ ! curd too r\ghly1 w\ld add to its t\ghness1 & expel /ill m ( ! oily matt]2 &1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 hot wat] or :ey %\ld be put on ! curd :5 x is s(t & cold1 & cold wat] :5 ! curd is set too hot4 ,undue delay1 h[ev]1 9 any ( ^! op]ations1 f ! "t ! milk is tak5 out ( ! cool]s until ! curd is "u ! press 9 ! %ape ( a *eese1 is mo/ improp]1 z ! curd 9 all ^! /ages is1 :5 neglect$ = ev5 a few m9utes1 v apt to become ill-flavor$4 ,if x is all[$ to rema9 too long 9 ! curd-vat1 or 9 ! dripp] ov] x1 be=e ! :ey is completely extract$1 ! curd becomes too cold1 & acquires a pung5t or acrid ta/e2 or1 x s(t5s s mu* t ! *eese is n suffici5tly adhesive1 & does n easily "p ) ! s]um4 ,:5ev] ! curd is completely set1 ! :ey %\ld be tak5 (f )\t delay2 & ! dairymaid %\ld nev] leave ! curd-boyn until ! curd is ready = ! dripp] or *eese-vat4 ,! salt is mix$ into ! curd4 ,aft] ! *eese is put into ! press1 x rema9s = ! fir/ "t ab\t an h\r1 or less ?an two h\rs1 until x is tak5 out1 turn$ upside d[n 9 ! *eese-vat1 & a new clo? put ar\nd x e f\r or six h\rs until ! *eese is complet$1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ! c\rse ( a day & a half1 two1 or at mo/ 9 ?ree days aft] x 0 fir/ put "u ! press4 ,"s h %ort5$ ! process ( press+ by plac+ ! *eese--aft] x has be5 "u ! press = two h\rs or s = ! fir/ "t--into wat] heat$ to ab\t "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & t5 degrees1 & all[+ ! *eese to rema9 9 ! wat] ab\t ! space ( half an h\r1 & !reaft] dry+ x ) a clo?1 & putt+ x aga9 "u ! press4 ,:5 tak5 f ! press1 g5]ally aft] two or ?ree days f ! "t !y 7 fir/ plac$ "u x1 !y are expos$ = a week or s to ! w>m? & heat ( ! f>m]'s kit*51--n to excite sweat+1 b m]ely to dry !m a little be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! /ore1 :]e a small proportion ( heat is admitt$4 ,:ile !y rema9 9 ! kit*5 !y are turn$ ov] ?ree or f\r times e day2 &1 :5ev] !y beg9 to h>d5 a little on ! outside1 !y are laid up on ! %elves ( ! /ore1 :]e !y are turn$ ov] once a day or once 9 two days = a week or s1 until !y are dry1 & twice e week aft]w>ds4 ,! /ore-h\ses = *eese 9 ,scotl& are 9 proportion to ! size ( ! dairy1--g5]ally a small place adjo9+ ! milk-h\se1 or 9 ! end ( ! b>n or o!r build+s1 :]e racks are plac$1 ) z _m %elves z c hold ! *eeses made 9 ! season4 ,:5 no p>ticul> place is prep>$1 ! racks are plac$ 9 ! b>n1 :i* is g5]ally empty dur+ summ]2 or "s lay ! *eeses on ! floor ( a g>ret ov] "s "p ( _! dwell+-h\se4 ,:]ev] ! *eeses are /or$1 !y are n sweat$ or put into a w>m place1 b kept cool1 9 a place 9 a m$ium /ate1 betwe5 damp & dry1 )\t ! sun be+ all[$ to %9e on !m1 or yet a great curr5t ( air admitt$4 ,too mu* air1 or ! rays ( ! sun1 w\ld dry ! *eeses too fa/1 dim9i% _! weight1 & make !m crack2 & heat w\ld make !m sweat or p]spire1 :i* extracts ! fat1 & t5ds to induce hoov+4 ,b :5 !y are kept 9 a temp]ature ne>ly simil> to t ( a b>n1 ! doors ( :i* are n mu* op51 & b a mod]ate curr5t ( air admitt$1 ! *eeses are kept 9 a prop] %ape1--nei!r s dry z to r5d ! sk91 nor s damp z to r5d] !m m\ldy on ! outside2 & no p>tial f]m5tation is excit$1 b ! *eese is pres]v$ s\nd & good4 ,,dut* ,,*eese--,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ,dut* *eeses is ! ,edam1 ( ,nor? ,holl&1 & ! ,g\da4 ,! manufacture ( ^! & o!r v>ieties w be describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 on ,dairy ,husb&ry 9 ,holl&4 ,! ,,p>mesan is an ,italian *eese1 made ( "o meal ( milk1 all[$ to /& sixte5 h\rs1 to :i* is add$ ano!r :i* has /ood eight h\rs4 ,! cream be+ tak5 f bo?1 ! skim-milk is heat$ an h\r ov] a sl[ fire1 & con/antly /irr$ till x rea*es ab\t eighty-two degrees1 :5 ! r5net is put 9 & an h\r all[$ to =m ! curd4 ,! curd is ?or\ghly brok5 or cut1 aft] :i* a "p ( ! :ey is remov$1 & ! curd is !n heat$ ne>ly up to ! boil+ po9t1 :5 a little saffron is add$ to color x4 ,x !n /&s ov] ! fire ab\t half an h\r1 :5 x is tak5 (f1 & ne>ly all ! re/ ( ! :ey remov$1 cold wat] be+ add$1 till ! curd is cool en\gh to h&le4 ,x is !n surr\nd$ ) a clo?1 &1 aft] be+ p>tially dri$1 is put into a hoop & rema9s !re two days4 ,x is !n spr9kl$ ) salt = ?irty days 9 summ]1 or ab\t =ty 9 w9t]4 ,"o *eese is !n laid above ano!r to all[ !m to take ! salt2 aft] :i* !y are scrap$ & cleans$ e day1 & rubb$ ) l9se$-oil to pres]ve !m f ! attack ( insects1 & !y are ready = sale at ! age ( six mon?s4 ,,am]ican ,,*eese1 z x is call$ 9 ! ,engli% m>kets1 :i!r l>ge quantities are %ipp$ = sale1 is made ( almo/ e conceivable v>iety & quality1 f ! ri*e/ ,*$d> or ,*e%ire to ! poore/ skim-milk *eese4 ,! /atem5ts ( "s ( ! be/ dairym5 h already be5 giv54 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! mode pursu$ 9 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry1 ! /atem5t ( ,c4 ,g4 ,taylor1 a successful competitor = ! premiums (f]$ by ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,agricultural ,society1 may be giv5 z foll[s3 8,z ! milk is drawn f ! c[s1 x is imm$iately /ra9$ into a vat4 ,?is vat is a new pat5t1 & is bett] ?an any ,i h ev] se5 = *eese-mak+4 ,x is d\ble1 a space be+ left betwe5 ! two p>ts4 ,into ! upp] vat ! milk is /ra9$1 & cold wat] is appli$ betwe5 x & ! l[] "o4 ,?us ! animal heat is soon expell$1 & ! milk is prev5t$ f s\r+ be=e morn+4 ,! morn+ milk is add$4 ,"u ! l[] vat a copp] boil] is arrang$4 ,! wat] 9 ! boil] is 9 p]fect connection ) t rema9+ all ar\nd ! upp] or milk vat1 connect$ ) ?ree copp] pipes4 ,) a little wood ! wat] is w>m$4 ,?us ! temp]ature ( ! milk is soon br\ght to ! desir$ po9t to receive ! r5net1 :i* is ab\t n9ety to n9ety-five degrees4 ,suffici5t r5net is appli$ to ! milk to cause x to curdle or cogulate 9 f ?irty to =ty m9utes4 ,!n ! curd is c>efully cut1 ea* way1 into slices ( ab\t "o in* squ>e4 ,soon ! temp]ature is sl[ly increas$4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! curd is c>efully brok5 up ) ! h&1--increas+ ! heat1 & /irr+ (t54 ,:5 ! curd is suffici5tly h>d1 s z to 8squeal0 :5 y bite x1 x is scald$4 ,by ?is "t ! temp]ature is up to ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty or "o hundr$ & =ty4 8,!re are h+es plac$ 9 ! legs ( "o end ( ! vat1 :i* is easily tipp$1 & ?r\gh ! curd-/ra9] & :ey-gate ! :ey is soon run (f4 ,! curd is !n dipp$ into a s9k1 ov] :i* is plac$ a co>se /ra9]1 & all[$ to dra9 q dry4 ,x is !n brok5 up f9e1 & "o teacup ( gr\nd sol> salt add$ to curd to make tw5ty p\nds ( *eese1 & well work$ 94 ,aft] ! curd is q cool1 x is plac$ 9 ! hoop1 & a light pressure is appli$4 ,9 a few m9utes m p[] is ne$$4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 press ab\t six h\rs1 x is tak5 out ( ! hoop1 :olly cov]$ ) /rong musl91 f9ely sew$ on1 & !n rev]s$ & replac$ 9 ! hoop & press4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 until ! next day1 :5 x has to give place = ano!r4 8,aft] press+ ?us tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! *eese is plac$ ^u ! %elf1 & all[$ to /& until ! clo? is dry4 ,!n a prep>ation1 made f annatto & butt]-oil1 is appli$ suffici5tly to fill all ! int]/ices ( ! clo?4 ,x mu/ be turn$ & ?or\ghly rubb$ ?ree times a week1 until ripe = use4 8,i use ! self-act+ press4 ,i "k ( none 9 use t is bett]1--! weight ( ! *eese be+ ! p[]40 ,! /atem5ts ( skilful & practical dairym51 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 are suffici5t to %[ t good *eese c be produc$2 b x is believ$ t a m g5]al att5tion to all ! details ( ! dairy w\ld add _m ?\s& doll>s a ye> to ! weal? ( ! p1 & enable u to compete successfully ) ! be/ dairy c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,! composition ( *eese w1 ( c\rse1 diff] widely 9 nutritive value1 accord+ to ! mode ( manufacture1 age1 etc4 ,a specim5 ( good *eese 0 f\nd to conta9 ab\t #ca4jb p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m+ sub/ances1 #be4cj p] c5t4 ( heat-produc+ sub/ances1 #d4ij p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]1 & #ch4gh p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! analyses ( sev]al v>ieties w s]ve z a comp>ison ( *eese ) o!r k9ds ( food4 ,! ,*$d> 0 a ri* *eese two ye>s old1 ! d\ble ,gl\ce/] "o ye> old1 ! ,dunlop "o ye> old1 ! skim-milk "o ye>4 ------------------------------------- ,dbl4 ,skim- ,*$d>4,glo'/]4,dunlop4milk4 ----------------------------- ,wat]1 #cj4jd #ce4ha #ch4df #dc4hb ,case9e1 #bh4ih #cg4if #be4hg #de4jd ,fat1 #cj4dj #ba4ig #ca4hf #e4ih ,a%1 #d4eh #d4be #h4ha #e4ah ------------------------------------- ,pr(essor ,john/on gives a table ( comp>ison ( ,*$d> & skim-milk *eese 9 a dri$ /ate1 & milk1 beef1 & eggs1 also 9 a dri$ /ate1 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,*$d>,skim-milk *eese1 *eese1 ,milk4 dri$4 dri$4 ,beef4,eggs4 ------------------------------- ,case9e 7curd71 #ce #de #hj #hi #ee ,fat 7butt]71 #bd #dh #aa #g #dj ,sug>1 #cg - - - - ,m9]al matt]1 #d #g #i #d #e ------------------------------- #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a full-milk *eese diff]s b little f pure milk1 except 9 ! abs5ce ( sug>1 :i*1 z already se51 is held 9 solution1 & goes (f 9 ! :ey4 ,! diff]5ce becomes great] 9 proportion z ! cream is remov$ f ! milk be=e curd+1 & ! nutritive qualities !reby dim9i%$4 ,*eese is us$ bo? z a regul> article ( food1 = :i* ! ord9>y k9ds ( full-milk *eeses are admirably fitt$1 & z a condim5t or dige/]1 9 connection ) o!r articles ( food2 & = ?is purpose ! /rong] v>ieties1 su* z are p>tially decay$ & m\ldy1 are be/4 8,:5 ! curd ( milk is expos$ to ! air 9 a moi/ /ate1 = a few days1 at a mod]ate temp]ature1 x beg9s gradually to decay1 to emit a disagreeable odor1 & to f]m5t4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate1 x possesses ! prop]ty1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ( induc+ a species ( *emical *ange & f]m5tation 9 o!r moi/ sub/ances ) :i* x is mix$1 or is br\ght into contact4 ,x acts aft] ! same mann] z s\r leav5 does :5 mix$ ) sweet d\gh4 ,n[1 old & p>tially decay$ *eese acts 9 a simil> way :5 introduc$ into ! /oma*4 ,x causes *emical *anges gradually to comm5ce among ! p>ticles ( ! food :i* has previ\sly be5 eat51 & ?us facilitates ! dissolution :i* necess>ily prec$es dige/ion4 ,x is only "s k9ds ( *eese1 h[ev]1 :i* w effect ?is purpose4 ,^? are g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ 9 :i* "s k9d ( *eese-m\ld has e/abli%$ itself4 ,h5ce1 ! m]e eat+ ( a morsel ( *eese aft] d9n] does n necess>ily promote dige/ion4 ,if too new1 or ( improp] quality1 x w only add to ! quantity ( food ) :i* ! /oma* is probably already ov]load$1 & w h to await its turn = dige/ion by ! ord9>y processes40 ,?is m\ld9ess & t5d5cy to decay1 ) its flavor & dige/ive quality1 are (t5 communicat$ to new *eese by inoculation1 or ins]tion ( a small portion ( ! old into ! int]ior ( ! new by means ( ! *eese-ta/]4 ,9 /udy+ att5tively ! practice ( ! mo/ successful *eese-mak]s1 ,i ?9k x w be obs]v$ t !y are p>ticul>ly c>eful ab\t ! prep>ation ( ! r5net1 & equally s ab\t ! details ( press+4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! po9t 9 :i* _m ,am]ican *eese-mak]s fail ( success is 9 hurry+ ! press+4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ! be/ *eese is press$ two days1 at lea/1 & 9 _m cases /ill long]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,dairy ,,/ock4 ,dairy /ock1 prop]ly f$ & manag$1 is liable to few diseases 9 ?is c\ntry1 not)/&+ ! sudd5 *anges to :i* our climate is subject4 ,if pure air1 pure wat]1 a dry b>n or pa/ure1 & a frequ5t b gradual *ange ( diet1 :5 kept 9 ! /all1 are provid$ = mil* c[s1 nature w g5]ally rem$y any d]angem5ts ( ! sy/em :i* may occur1 f> bett] ?an art4 ,common s5se is especially requisite 9 ! treatm5t ( /ock1 & t w v r>ely dictate a resort to ble$+1 bor+ ! horns1 cutt+ (f ! tail1 & a ?\s& o!r equally absurd practices1 too common ev5 )9 ! memory ( m5 /ill liv+4 ,! diseases mo/ to be dread$ are g>get1 pu]p]al or milk fev]1 & idiopa?ic or common fev]1 commonly call$ 8horn ail10 & (t5 8tail ail40 ,,g>get is an inflammation ( ! int]nal sub/ance ( ! udd]4 ,"o or m ( ! teats1 or :ole sections ( ! udd]1 become enl>g$ & ?ick5$1 hot1 t5d]1 & pa9ful4 ,! milk cogulates 9 ! bag1 & causes inflammation :]e x is deposit$1 :i* is accompani$ by fev]4 ,x mo/ commonly occurs 9 "y c[s aft] calv+1 especially :5 9 too high condition4 ,! secretion ( milk is v mu* less5$1 &1 9 v _h cases1 /opp$ altoge!r4 ,sometimes ! milk is ?ick1 & mix$ ) blood4 ,(t51 also1 9 sev]e cases1 ! h9d extremities1 z ! hip-jo9t1 hock1 or fetlock1 are swoll5 & inflam$ to su* an ext5t t ! animal _c rise4 ,! simple/ rem$y1 9 mild cases1 is to put ! calf to its "m sev]al times a day4 ,?is w remove ! fl[ ( milk1 & (t5 dispel ! conge/ion4 ,sometimes ! udd] is s mu* swoll5 t ! c[ w n p]mit ! calf to suck4 ,if ! fev] increases1 ! appetite decl9es1 & rum9ation ceases4 ,9 ?is /age ( ! compla9t1 ! advice ( a sci5tific vet]9>y practition] is requir$4 ,a dose ( purg+ m$ic9e & frequ5t wa%+ ( ! udd]1 9 mild cases1 are usually successful4 ,! physic %\ld consi/ ( ,epsom salts "o p\nd1 g+] half an ounce1 nitrate ( potassa half an ounce2 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]2 !n add a gill ( molasses1 & give to ! c[ lukew>m4 ,diet mod]ate2 t is1 on bran1 or if 9 summ] gre5 food4 ,!re are v>i\s m$ic9es = ! diff]5t =ms & /ages ( g>get1 :i*1 if ! above m$ic9e fails1 c be prop]ly prescrib$ only by a skilful vet]9>y practition]4 ,x is important t ! udd] %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$1 z matt] may be =m+1 :i* %\ld be imm$iately releas$4 ,v>i\s causes are assign$ = ?is disease1 su* z exposure to cold & wet1 or ! want ( prop] c>e or att5tion 9 p>turition4 ,an able writ]1 ,mr4 ,y\att1 says t ha/y dry+ up a c[ (t5 gives rise to inflammation & indurations ( ! udd]1 difficult ( removal4 ,sometimes a c[ lies d[n ^u & bruises ! udd]1 & ?is is ano!r cause4 ,b a v frequ5t s\rce1 & "o = :i* !re c be no excuse1 is ! failure to milk a c[ clean4 ,! calf %\ld be all[$ to suck (t51 & ! c[ %\ld be milk$ at lea/ twice a day z clean z possible1 :ile suff]+ f ?is compla9t4 ,if ! udd] is hot & fev]i%1 a wa% may be us$1 consi/+ ( eight ounces ( v9eg> & two ounces ( camphorett$ _s2 ! :ole well & ?or\ghly mix$1 & appli$ j aft] milk+1 to be wa%$ (f 9 w>m wat] be=e milk+ aga94 ,9 v bad cases1 iod9e has (t5 be5 f\nd mo/ effectual4 ,an iod9e o9tm5t may be prep>$ by tak+ "o dra*m ( hydriodate ( pota% & an ounce ( l>d1 & mix+ !m well toge!r4 ,a small portion ( ! mixture1 f ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 9 limit$ inflammations1 to twice t am\nt1 is to be well rubb$ into ! swoll5 "p1 morn+ & night4 ,:5 milk =ms 9 ! bag be=e p>turition1 s z to cause a swell+ ( ! udd]1 x %\ld be milk$ away2 & a neglect ( ?is precaution (t5 leads to viol5t attacks ( g>get4 ,prev5tion is always bett] ?an cure4 ,! reason mo/ commonly giv5 = lett+ ! c[ run dry = a mon? or two be=e calv+ is t aft] a long p]iod ( milk+ h] sy/em requires re/1 & t %e w give m milk & d bett] ! com+ season ?an if milk$ up to ! "t ( calv+4 ,?is is all true1 & a reason suffici5t 9 itself = dry+ (f ! c[ "s weeks be=e p>turition2 b !re is ano!r important reason = ! practice1 :i* is t ! mixture ( ! old milk ) ! new secretion is liable to end 9 an ob/9ate case ( g>get4 ,to prev5t any ill effects f calv+1 ! c[ %\ld n be suff]$ to get too fat1 :i* high fe$+ aft] dry+ (f might induce4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation is ab\t two hundr$ & eighty-f\r or two hundr$ & eighty-five days4 ,b c[s sometimes ov]run _! "t1 & h be5 kn[n to g ?ree hundr$ & ?irte5 days1 & ev5 m2 :ile !y n[ & !n fall %ort ( x1 & h be5 kn[n to calve 9 two hundr$ & tw5ty days4 ,if !y g mu* ov] ! av]age "t1 ! calf w g5]ally be a male4 ,b c[s are sometimes liable to sl9k _! calves2 & ?is usually takes place ab\t ! middle ( _! pregnancy4 ,to avoid ! evil consequ5ces1 s f> z possible1 !y %\ld be wat*$2 &1 if a c[ is f\nd to be uneasy & fev]i%1 or w&]+ ab\t away f ! re/ ( ! h]d1 & app>5tly long+ = some?+ %e _c get1 %e ought to be tak5 away f ! o!rs4 ,if a c[ sl9ks h] calf :ile 9 ! pa/ure ) o!rs1 !y w be liable to be affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 _m cases1 physick+ w quiet ! c['s excitem5t 9 ! condition above describ$1 & prove ( ess5tial b5efit4 ,a dose ( "o p\nd ( ,epsom or ,glaub]'s salts1 & "o ounce ( g+]1 mix$ 9 a p9t ( ?ick gruel1 %\ld be giv5 fir/1 to be imm$iately foll[$ by ! salts1 9 a little ?9n] gruel4 ,:5 a c[ once slicks h] calf1 !re is great risk 9 bre$+ f h]4 ,%e is liable to d ! same aga94 ,b :5 ! sl9k+ is caus$ by sudd5 fright or ov]-ex]tion1 or any (f5sive matt]1 su* z blood or ! dead c>casses ( animals1 ?is result is n s mu* to be fe>$4 ,b ! c[1 :5 ab\t to calve1 ought n to be di/urb$ by too con/ant wat*+4 ,! natural pres5tation ( ! ftus is ) ! head ly+ ^u ! =e legs4 ,if 9 ?is position1 nature w g5]ally d all4 ,b1 if ! pres5tation is unnatural1 & ! labor has be5 long & ineffectual1 "s assi/ance is requir$4 ,! h&1 well greas$1 may be introduc$1 & ! position ( ! calf *ang$2 &1 :5 9 a prop] position1 a cord %\ld be ti$ r\nd ! =e legs1 j above ! ho(s2 b no ef=t %\ld be made to draw out ! calf till ! natural ?roes are repeat$4 ,if ! no/ril ( ! calf has protrud$1 & ! position is !n f\nd to be unnatural1 ! head _c be ?ru/ back )\t de/roy+ ! life ( ! calf4 ,! false position mo/ usually pres5t$ is t ( ! head fir/1 ) ! legs d\bl$ "u ! belly4 ,a cord is !n fix$ ar\nd ! l[] jaw1 :5 x is pu%$ back1 to give an opportunity to adju/ ! =e legs1 if possible4 ,! object mu/ n[ be to save ! life ( ! c[4 ,b ! cases ( false pres5tation1 ?\gh comp>atively r>e1 are s v>i$ t no directions c\ld be giv5 :i* w\ld be applicable 9 all cases4 ,aft] calv+ ! c[ w require b little c>e1 if %e is 9 ! b>n1 & protect$ f *anges ( wea!r4 ,a w>m bran ma% is usually giv51 & ! /ate ( ! udd] exam9$4 ,,pu]p]al ,,or ,,milk ,,fev]4--,calv+ is (t5 att5d$ ) fev]i% excitem5t4 ,! *ange ( p[]ful action f ! womb to ! udd] causes mu* con/itutional di/urbance & local inflammation4 ,a c[ is subject to n]v\sness 9 su* circum/ances1 :i* sometimes ext5ds to ! :ole sy/em1 & causes pu]p]al fev]4 ,?is compla9t is call$ dropp+ aft] calv+1 because x succe$s t process4 ,! prom95t symptom is a loss ( p[] ov] ! motion ( ! h9d extremities1 & inability to /&2 sometimes loss ( s5sibility 9 ^! p>ts1 s t a deep puncture ) a p91 or o!r %>p in/rum5t1 is unfelt4 ,?is disease is mu* to be dread$ by ! f>m]1 on acc\nt ( ! high /ate ( excitem5t & ! local inflammation4 ,ei!r f neglect or ignorance1 ! malady is n discov]$ until ! manageable symptoms h pass$1 & extreme debility has appe>$4 ,! animal is (t5 fir/ se5 ly+ d[n1 unable to rise2 pro/ration ( /r5g? & viol5t fev] are br\ght on by inflammation ( ! womb4 ,b soon a g5]al inflammatory action succe$s1 rapid & viol5t1 ) complete pro/ration ( all ! vital =ces1 bidd+ defiance to ! be/-select$ rem$ies4 ,c[s 9 v high condition1 & cattle remov$ f l[ keep+ to high fe$+1 are ! mo/ liable to pu]p]al fev]4 ,x occurs mo/ frequ5tly dur+ ! hot wea!r ( summ]1 & !n x is mo/ dang]\s4 ,:5 x occurs 9 w9t]1 c[s sometimes recov]4 ,9 hot wea!r !y usually die4 ,milk fev] may be induc$ by ! hot dr9ks (t5 giv5 aft] calv+4 ,a "y c[ at h] fir/ calv+ is r>ely attack$ ) x4 ,great milk]s are mo/ commonly subject to x2 b all c[s h g5]ally m or less fev] at calv+4 ,a little addition to x1 by improp] treatm5t or neglect1 w prev5t ! secretion ( milk2 & ?us ! milk1 be+ ?r[n back into ! sy/em1 w increase ! inflammation4 ,?is disease sometimes %[s itself 9 ! %ort space ( two or ?ree h\rs aft] calv+1 b (t5 n "u two or ?ree days4 ,if f\r or five days h pass$1 ! c[ may g5]ally be consid]$ safe4 ,! e>lie/ symptoms ( ?is disease are z foll[s3 ,! animal is re/less1 frequ5tly %ift+ h] position2 occasionally paw+ & heav+ at ! flanks4 ,muzzle hot & dry1 ! m\? op51 & tongue out at "o side2 c\nt5ance wild2 eyes />+4 ,%e moans (t51 & soon becomes v irritable4 ,delirium foll[s2 %e grates h] tee?1 foams at ! m\?1 tosses h] head ab\t1 & frequ5tly injures h]self4 ,f ! fir/1 ! udd] is hot1 enl>g$1 & t5d]2 & if ?is swell+ is att5d$ by a susp5sion ( milk1 ! cause is cle>4 ,z ! case is inflammatory1 its treatm5t mu/ be 9 accordance2 & x is usually subdu$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,mr4 ,y\att says1 8,! animal %\ld be bl$1 & ! quantity regulat$ by ! impression made ^u ! circulation1--f six to t5 qu>ts (t5 be=e ! desir$ effect is produc$40 ,he wrote at a "t :5 ble$+ 0 adopt$ z ! univ]sal cure1 & be=e ! g5]al reason+ & treatm5t ( diseases ( ! human sy/em 0 appli$ to simil> diseases ( animals4 ,! cases are v r>e1 inde$1 :]e ! physician ( ! pres5t day f9ds x necess>y to ble$ 9 diseases ( ! human subject2 & !y are equally r>e1 ,i appreh5d1 :]e x is really necess>y or judici\s to ble$ = ! diseases ( animals4 ,a m humane & equally effectual c\rse w be ! foll[+3 ,a p\nd to "o & a half p\nds ( ,epsom or ,glaub]'s salts1 accord+ to ! size & condition ( ! animal1 %\ld be giv51 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]2 &1 :5 dissolv$1 add pulv4 r$ pepp] a qu>t] ( an ounce1 c>away d4 d41 g+] d4 d42 mix1 & add a gill ( molasses1 & give lukew>m4 ,if ?is m$ic9e does n act on ! b[els1 ! quantity ( g+]1 capsicum1 & c>away1 mu/ be d\bl$4 ,! ins5sible /oma* mu/ be r\s$4 ,:5 purg+ 9 an e>ly /age is begun1 ! fev] w m readily subside4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( ! m$ic9e1 s$atives may be giv51 if necess>y4 ,! dige/ive function fir/ fails1 :5 ! second>y or l[ /ate ( fev] comes on4 ,! food undis*>g$ f]m5ts2 ! /oma* & inte/9es are inflat$ ) gas1 & swell rapidly4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is also attack$1 & ! poor bea/ /agg]s4 ,! h9d extremities %[ ! weakness2 ! c[ falls1 & _c rise2 h] head is turn$ on "o side1 :]e x re/s2 h] limbs are palsi$4 ,! treatm5t 9 ?is /age mu/ dep5d on ! exi/5ce & degree ( fev]4 ,! pulse w be ! only true guide4 ,if x is weak1 wav]+1 & irregul>1 we mu/ avoid deplet+1 purgative ag5ts4 ,! blood fl[s ?r\gh ! art]ies1 impell$ by ! action ( ! he>t1 & its pulsations c be v di/9ctly felt by press+ ! f+] ^u almo/ any ( ^! art]ies t is n too ?ickly cov]$ by fat or ! cellul> tissues ( ! sk91 especially :]e x c be press$ ^u "s h>d or bony sub/ance b5ea? x4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t place is directly at ! back "p ( ! l[] jaw1 :]e a l>ge art]y passes ov] ! edge ( ! jawbone to ramify on ! face4 ,! natural pulse ( a full-gr[n ox w v>y f ab\t =ty-eight to fifty-five beats a m9ute2 t ( a c[ is r quick]1 especially ne> ! "t ( calv+2 & t ( a calf is quick] ?an t ( a c[4 ,b a v mu* quick] rate ?an t indicat$ w %[ a fev]i% /ate1 or inflammation2 & a mu* sl[] pulsation indicates debility ( "s k9d4 ,next 9 importance1 z we h already /at$1 is ! physic4 ,! b[els mu/ be op5$1 or ! animal w fall a victim to ! disease4 ,all m$ic9es %\ld be ( an active "*1 & 9 suffici5t quantity2 & /imulants %\ld always be add$ to ! purgative m$ic9es1 to insure _! op]ation4 ,g+]1 g5tian1 c>away1 or r$ pepp] 9 p[d]1 may be giv5 ) ea* dose ( physic4 ,"s give a p[]ful purgative1 by means ( ,epsom salts "o p\nd1 fl\r ( sulphur f\r ounces1 p[d]$ g+] a qu>t] ( an ounce1 all dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( cold wat]1 & "o half giv5 twice a day till ! b[els are op5$4 ,! dige/ive organs are d]ang$ 9 mo/ =ms ( milk fev]1 & ! ?ird /oma* is load$ ) h>d1 indige/ible food4 ,:5 ! m$ic9e has op]at$1 & ! fev] is subdu$1 little is requir$ b good nurs+ to re/ore ! pati5t4 ,no p[]ful m$ic9es %\ld be us$ )\t discretion2 = 9 ! mild] =ms ( ! disease1 z ! simple palsy ( ! h9d extremities1 ! treatm5t1 ?\gh ( a simil> "*1 %\ld be less p[]ful1 & e ef=t %\ld be made = ! com=t ( ! c[1 by provid+ a ?ick b$ ( /raw1 & rais+ ! =e qu>t]s to assi/ ! ef=ts ( nature1 :ile all fil? %\ld be promptly & c>efully remov$4 ,%e may be cov]$ ) a w>m clo?1 & w>m gruel %\ld be frequ5tly (f]$ to h]1 & light ma%es4 ,an attempt %\ld be made sev]al times a day to br+ milk f ! teats4 ,! return ( milk is an indication ( spe$y recov]y4 ,mil* c[s 9 too high condition appe> to h a con/itutional t5d5cy to ?is compla9t1 & "o attack ( x pr$isposes !m to ano!r4 ,,simple ,,fev]4--,?is may be consid]$ z increas$ art]ial action1 ) or )\t any local affection2 or x may be ! consequ5ce ( ! sympa?y ( ! sy/em ) ! morbid condition ( "s p>ticul> "p4 ,! fir/ is pure or idiopa?ic fev]2 ! o!r1 symptomatic fev]4 ,pure fev] is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 cattle4 ,symptoms z foll[s3 muzzle dry2 rum9ation sl[ or entirely susp5d$2 respiration slightly accel]at$2 ! horn at ! root hot1 & its o!r extremity frequ5tly cold2 pulse quick2 b[els con/ipat$2 coat />+1 & ! c[ is usually se5 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! h]d4 ,9 slight attacks1 a ca?>tic ( salts1 sulphur1 & g+]1 is suffici5t4 ,b1 if ! common fev] is neglect$1 or improp]ly treat$1 x may assume1 aft] a "t1 a local det]m9ation1 z pleurisy1 or inflammation ( ! lungs or b[els4 ,9 su* cases ! above rem$y w\ld be insuffici5t1 & a vet]9>y surgeon1 to manage ! case1 w\ld be necess>y4 ,symptomatic fev] is m dang]\s1 & is commonly ! result ( injury1 ! neighbor+ p>ts sympa?iz+ ) ! injur$ "p4 ,cattle become unwell1 are /9t$ 9 _! fe$1 h a dose ( physic1 & 9 a few days are well2 /ill1 a fev] may t]m9ate 9 "s local affection4 ,b 9 bo? cases pure fev] is ! prim>y disease4 ,a m dang]\s =m ( fev] is t kn[n z symptomatic4 ,z we h said1 cattle are n only subject to fev] ( common int5sity1 b to symptomatic fev]1 & ?\s&s die annually f its effects4 ,b ! "y & ! mo/ ?riv+ are its victims4 ,!re are few premonitory symptoms ( symptomatic fev]4 ,x (t5 appe>s )\t any previ\s indications ( illness4 ,! animal /&s ) h] neck ext5d$1 h] eyes protrud+ & r$1 muzzle dry1 no/rils exp&$1 brea? hot1 base ( ! horn hot1 m\? op51 pulse full1 brea?+ quick4 ,%e is (t5 moan+2 rum9ation & appetite are susp5d$2 %e soon becomes m uneasy2 *anges h] position (t54 ,unless ^! symptoms are spe$ily remov$1 %e dies 9 a few h\rs4 ,! "n ( ! ailm5t1 inflammatory or symptomatic fev]1 %[s ! treatm5t necess>y1 :i* mu/ comm5ce ) purg+4 ,salts "h1 z 9 mo/ inflammatory diseases1 are ! mo/ reliable4 ,f a p\nd to a p\nd & a half1 ) g+] & sulphur1 is a dose1 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] or ?9 gruel4 ,if ?is does n op]ate 9 twelve h\rs1 give half ! dose1 & repeat once 9 twelve h\rs1 until ! b[els are fre$4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( ! m$ic9e ! animal is reliev$4 ,!n s$ative m$ic9es may be giv54 ,sal ammoniac "o dra*m1 p[d]$ nitre two dra*ms1 %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 ?9 gruel1 two or ?ree times a day1 if requir$4 ,typhus fev]1 common 9 "s c\ntries1 is little kn[n "h among cattle4 ,,typhoid ,,fev] sometimes foll[s int5se inflammatory action1 & is consid]$ ! second /age ( x4 ,?is =m ( fev] is usually att5d$ ) di>rha4 ,x is a debilitat+ compla9t1 & is sometimes foll[$ by diseases kn[n z black tongue1 black leg1 or qu>t] evil4 ,! cause ( typhoid fev] is involv$ 9 obscurity4 ,x may be prop] to say t copi\s dr9ks ( oat-meal gruel1 ) t9cture ( r$ pepp]1 a diet ( bran1 w>m? to ! body1 & pure air1 are great ess5tials 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is disease4 ,! b>b>\s practices ( bor+ ! horns1 cutt+ ! tail1 & o!rs equally absurd1 %\ld at once & =ev] be disc>d$ by e f>m] & dairyman4 ,alt]nate heat or coldness ( ! horn is only a symptom ( ?is & o!r fev]s1 & has no?+ to d ) _! cause4 ,! horns are n diseas$ any fur!r ?an a det]m9ation ( blood to ! head causes a sympa!tic heat1 :ile an unnatural di/ribution ( blood1 f exposure or o!r cause1 may make !m cold4 ,9 all cases ( ?is k9d1 if any?+ is done1 x %\ld be an ef=t to assi/ nature to regulate ! animal sy/em1 by r\s+ ! dige/ive organs to _! natural action1 by a light food1 or1 if necess>y1 a mild purgative m$ic9e1 foll[$ by light /imulants4 ,! pr9cipal purgative m$ic9es 9 use = neat cattle are ,epsom salts1 l9se$-oil1 & sulphur4 ,a p\nd ( salts w ord9>ily be suffici5t to purge a full-gr[n c[4 ,a slight purgative dr9k is (t5 v useful = c[s soon aft] calv+1 p>ticul>ly if fev]i%1 & 9 cases ( ov]-fe$+1 :5 ! animal w (t5 appe> dull & fev]i%2 b :5 ! surfeit+ is att5d$ by loss ( appetite1 x c g5]ally be cur$ by )hold+ food at fir/1 & !n fe$+ b slightly till ! sy/em is r5ovat$ by diet+4 ,purgative dr9ks w (t5 cure cases ( r$ wat]1 if tak5 9 season4 ,a purgative is (t5 necess>y = c[s aft] be+ turn$ into a fre% & luxuriant pa/ure1 :5 !y are apt to become b\nd f ov]-fe$+2 b con/ipation does n s (t5 foll[ a *ange f dry to gre5 food 9 spr+1 z f a poor pa/ure 9 summ] to "o :]e !y obta9 mu* bett] fe$4 ,! ,,hoove or ,,hov5 is br\ght on by a d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs1 occasion$ by ov]-fe$+ on gre5 & luxuriant clov]1 or o!r luxuriant food4 ,x is simply ! di/5sion ( ! fir/ /oma* by c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 lat] /ages1 aft] f]m5tation ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* has comm5c$1 hydrog5 gas is also f\nd4 ,! gre5 food1 be+ ga!r$ v gre$ily aft] ! animal has be5 kept on dry & p]haps unpalatable hay1 is n s5t =w>d s rapidly z x is receiv$1 & rema9s to ov]load & clog ! /oma*1 till ?is organ ceases or loses ! p[] to act ^u x4 ,"h x becomes moi/ & heat$1 beg9s to f]m5t1 & produces a gas :i* di/5ds ! paun* ( ! animal1 :i* (t5 swells up enorm\sly4 ,! c[ is 9 great pa91 brea?+ ) difficulty1 z if ne>ly suffocat+4 ,!n ! body gr[s cold1 &1 unless relief is at h&1 ! c[ dies4 ,prev5tion is bo? *eap] & saf] ?an cure2 b if by neglect1 or want ( prop] precaution1 ! animal is f\nd 9 ?is suff]+ condition1 relief mu/ be af=d$ z soon z possible1 or ! result w be fatal4 ,a holl[ flexible tube1 introduc$ into ! gullet1 w sometimes af=d a tempor>y relief till o!r means c be _h1 by all[+ a "p ( ! gas to escape2 b1 ! cause is n remov$ ei!r by ?is means or by punctur+ ! paun*1 :i* is (t5 dang]\s4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( ! disease ! gas may be neutraliz$ by ammonia1 :i* is usually ne> at h&4 ,two ounces ( liquid ammonia1 9 a qu>t ( di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 giv5 e qu>t] ( an h\r1 w prove b5eficial4 ,a little t9cture ( g+]1 ess5ce ( anise-se$1 or "s o!r cordial1 may be add$1 )\t less5+ ! effect ( ! ammonia4 ,if ! case has assum$ an al>m+ "*1 ! flexible tube1 or probang1 may be introduc$1 & aft]w>ds take ?ree dra*ms ei!r ( ! *loride ( lime or ! *loride ( soda1 dissolve 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & p\r x d[n ! ?roat4 ,lime-wat]1 pota%1 & sulphuric e!r1 are (t5 us$ ) effect4 ,9 desp]ate cases x may be f\nd necess>y to make an incision ?r\gh ! paun*2 b ! *loride ( lime w1 9 mo/ cases1 give relief at once1 by neutraliz+ ! gas4 ,,*ok+ is (t5 produc$ by fe$+ on roots1 p>ticul>ly r\nd & uncut roots1 l ! potato4 ,! animal slav]s at ! m\?1 tries to raise ! ob/ruction f ! ?roat1 (t5 groans1 & appe>s to be 9 great pa94 ,!n ! belly beg9s to swell1 f ! am\nt ( gases 9 ! paun*4 ,! ob/ruction1 if n too l>ge1 c sometimes be ?ru/ =w>d by introduc+ a flexible rod1 or tube1 into ! ?roat4 ,?is me?od1 if adopt$1 %\ld be att5d$ ) great c>e & pati5ce1 or ! t5d] p>ts w be injur$4 ,if ! ob/ruction is l[ d[n1 & a tube is to be ins]t$1 a p9t ( olive or l9se$ oil fir/ turn$ d[n w s lubricate ! p>ts z to aid ! op]ation1 & ! p[] appli$ mu/ be /eady4 ,if ! gullet is torn by ! c>elessness ( ! op]ator1 or ! r\ghness ( ! in/rum5t1 a rupture g5]ally results 9 s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,a holl[ tube is be/1 & if ! object is pass$ on into ! paun*1 ! tube %\ld rema9 a %ort "t1 to p]mit ! gas to escape4 ,9 case ! animal is v badly swell$1 ! dose ( *loride ( lime1 or ammonia1 %\ld be giv51 z = ! hoove1 aft] ! ob/ruction is remov$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 aft] ! ob/ruction is remov$1 to all[ no solid food = "s days4 ,,f\l ,,9 ,,! ,,foot4--,c[s & o!r /ock1 :5 f$ 9 l[1 wet pa/ures1 w (t5 suff] f ulc]s or sores1 g5]ally appe>+ fir/ betwe5 ! claws4 ,?is is commonly call$ f\l 9 ! foot1 & is analog\s to foot-rot 9 %eep4 ,x is (t5 v pa9ful1 caus+ sev]e lam5ess & loss ( fle%1 & dis*>ges a putrid matt]1 or pus4 ,sometimes x fir/ appe>s 9 ! =m ( a swell+ ne> ! top ( ! ho(1 :i* breaks & dis*>ges f\l matt]4 ,! r\gh & common practice among f>m]s is to fa/5 ! foot 9 ! same mann] z ! foot ( an ox is fa/5$ 9 %oe+1 & draw a r\gh rope back & =? ov] ! ulc]at$ p>ts1 s z to produce a clean1 fre% w\nd1 & !n dress x ) t> or o!r simil> sub/ance4 ,?is is (t5 an unnecess>ily cruel op]ation4 ,! loose matt] may easily be remov$ by a knife1 & !n c>efully wip$ (f ) a moi/ sponge4 ,! animal %\ld !n be remov$ at once to a w>m1 dry pa/ure1 or kept 9 ! b>n4 ,if ! case has be5 neglect$ till ! pa/]ns become swoll5 & t5d]1 ! sore may be ?or\ghly cleans$ out1 & dress$ ) an o9tm5t ( sulphate ( iron "o ounce1 molasses f\r ounces1 simm]$ ov] a sl[ fire till well mix$4 ,apply on a piece ( cotton batt+1 & secure ^u ! p>ts4 ,if any morbid gr[? or fungus appe>1 use equal p>ts ( p[d]$ blood-root & alum spr9kl$ on ! sore1 & ?is w usually effect a cure4 ,"s also give a dose ( fl\r ( sulphur half an ounce1 p[d]$ sassafras-b>k "o ounce1 & burdock two ounces1 ! :ole /eep$ 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 & /ra9$ :5 cool2 &1 if ! matt] /ill cont9ues to fl[ f ! sore1 wa% x morn+ & night ) *loride ( soda "o ounce1 or a tablespoonful ( common salt dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,f\l 9 ! foot causes v s]i\s tr\ble1 if n tak5 9 season4 ,! heal? ( c[s is injur$ to a great ext5t4 ,i h se51 dur+ ! pres5t season1 _m in/ances ( f\l 9 ! foot 9 dairy /ock aris+ f ! wetness ( ! pa/ures4 ,no lam5ess 9 cattle %\ld be neglect$4 ,,r$ ,,wat] is s call$ f ! high color ( ! ur9e4 ,x is r a symptom ( "s d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs ?an a disease ( itself1 & ! cause is mo/ frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ! quality ( ! food4 ,x is peculi> to c]ta9 localities1 & is ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( ! difficulty ! b[els are loose1 b soon con/ipation ensues1 & ! appetite is affect$1 ! milk decreases1 & ! ur9e becomes ei!r v r$ or sometimes black4 ,! case dem&s treatm5t1 = x is apt to prey ^u ! heal? ( ! c[4 ,purgatives are usually employ$ ) mo/ success4 ,take a p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 half an ounce ( g+]1 & half an ounce ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,p\r a qu>t ( boil+ wat] on ! salts & g+]1 /ir ?or\ghly1 &1 :5 cold1 add ! ammonia4 ,if ?is fails to act on ! b[els1 repeat a qu>t] "p ( x e six or eight h\rs till x succe$s4 ,!n a nutriti\s diet %\ld be us$ till ! appetite is fully re/or$4 ,if a c[ is once affect$ 9 ?is way1 ! difficulty w be liable to return1 & %e _h bett] be dispos$ (4 ,,hoose is a cold or c\gh to :i* /ock are subject :5 expos$ to wet wea!r & damp pa/ures4 ,! cold may n be bad at fir/1 or may be s slight z n to attract att5tion2 b x (t5 leads to worse compla9ts1 & ought1 :5 obs]v$1 to be att5d$ to at once1 by keep+ ! animal 9 a dry & w>m b>n a few days1 & fe$+ ) ma%es1 &1 if x cont9ues1 take an ounce ( sweet spirits ( nitre 9 a p9t ( g+] tea2 mix1 & give 9 a qu>t ( ?ick gruel4 ,no prud5t f>m] w neglect to obs]ve approa*+ symptoms ( disease 9 8 /ock4 ,! *eape/ way to keep animals heal?y is to treat !m prop]ly 9 "t1 & be=e disease is seat$ ^u !m4 ,hoose (t5 ends 9 consumption & dea?4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,gl&s (t5 occurs 9 hoose1 cat>rh1 etc41 b !y resume _! natural /ate :5 ^! compla9ts are remov$4 ,! animal _c swall[ )\t pa9 sometimes1 & s(t fe$ %\ld be giv54 ,remove ! cause1 & ! inflammation ceases4 ,"s make a relax+ p\ltice ( m>%-mall[s1 or simil> sub/ances2 & rub ! ?roat ) a mixture ( olive or goose oil "o gill1 _s ( camphor "o ounce1 oil ( c$> "o ounce1 & half a gill ( v9eg>4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,lungs4--,common cat>rh or hoose sometimes leads to inflammation ( ! lungs1 :i* is indicat$ by dulness & sore c\gh4 ,! e>s1 ! roots ( ! horns1 & legs1 are sometimes cold4 ,! brea? is hot1 z well z ! m\?2 & ! animal r>ely lies d[n1 & is reluctant to move1 or *ange its position4 ,w>m wat] & ma%es1 or gruel1 may be giv51 & ! animal kept 9 a dry place4 ,! cause ( ! compla9t %\ld be remov$1 & ! tr\ble w g5]ally soon cease4 ,! treatm5t is mu* ! same z = fev]2 b :]e ! surface ( ! body is cold1 z is g5]ally ! case1 give sweet spirits ( nitro two ounces1 liquor acetate ( ammonia f\r ounces1 9 a p9t ( wat]1 two or ?ree times a day4 ,,di>rh,a is br\ght on by too sudd5 *ange ( food1 especially f dry to gre5 & succul5t food2 sometimes by poison\s plants or bad wat]4 ,if slight1 ! f>m] may n be anxi\s to *eck x4 ,x may %[ simply an ef=t ( nature to ?r[ (f "s injuri\s sub/ances f ! body1 & s x may exi/ :5 ! animal is q heal?y4 ,b1 if x cont9ues too long1 & is likely to debilitate ! sy/em1 a mild purgative may be giv5 to assi/ r ?an *eck ! op]ation ( nature4 ,half a p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 ) a little g+] & g5tian1 w d = a m$ium-siz$ animal 9 ?is case2 b a purgative may be foll[$ 9 a day or two by an a/r+5t m$ic9e4 ,take prep>$ *alk two ounces1 p[d]$ oak-b>k "o ounce1 p[d]$ cate*u two dra*ms1 p[d]$ opium "o dra*m1 & f\r dra*ms p[d]$ g+]4 ,mix ^! toge!r1 & give 9 a qu>t ( w>m gruel4 ,sometimes a few ounces ( pulv]iz$ *>coal w arre/ ! di>rha4 ,common di>rha may be di/+ui%$ f dys5t]y by a too abundant dis*>ge ( dung 9 too fluid a =m1 or 9 a full1 almo/ liquid /ream1 sometimes v (f5sive to ! smell1 & n[ & !n bloody4 ,9 dys5t]y1 ! dung is (t5 mix$ ) mucus & blood1 & is n unfrequ5tly att5d$ by a h>d /ra9+4 ,! quantity ( dung is less ?an 9 di>rha1 b m (f5sive4 ,di>rha may occur at any season ( ! ye>1 & sometimes leads to dys5t]y1 :i* m frequ5tly appe>s 9 ! spr+ & fall4 ,,dys5t]y1 or sc\r+ rot1 is a dang]\s & tr\blesome malady :5 x becomes seat$4 ,! c[ suff]s f pa9ful ef=ts to pass ! dung1 :i* is ?91 slimy1 olive-color$1 & (f5sive1 & aft] x falls rises up 9 little bubbles1 ) a slimy sub/ance ^u x4 ,%e is re/less1 ly+ d[n & soon ris+ aga91 & appe>s to be 9 great di/ress4 ,! hair seems to /& out /iff f ! body1 & ?is /age ( ! malady indicates an ob/9ate & fatal disease4 ,x is (t5 br\ght on by a simple cold at ! "t ( calv+1 exposure to sudd5 *anges1 & by poor keep+1 :i* exhau/s ! sy/em1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,a dry1 w>m b>n1 & c>eful nurs+1 w d mu*2 & dry1 sweet food1 z hay1 oat-meal1 boil$ potatoes1 gruel1 c4 ,"s l9se$-meal is also v good = c[s ) ?is compla9t4 ,a little gum-arabic or />* may be mix$ ) ! m$ic9e4 ,! treatm5t is mu* ! same z = di>rha4 ,! ,,mange is commonly br\ght on by half />v+ 9 w9t]1 & by keep+ ! c[ 9 a fil?y1 ill-v5tilat$ place4 ,x is contagi\s1 & if "o c[ ( a h]d has x1 ! re/ w be apt to get x also4 ,bla9e says1 8,mange has ?ree orig9s1--fil?1 debility1 & contagion40 ,x is a disgrace to ! f>m] to suff] x to ent] 8 h]d f ei!r ( ^! causes1 s9ce x %[s a culpable neglect ( 8 /ock4 ,i am sorry to say x is too common 9 ?is c\ntry1 especially 9 fil?y b>ns4 ,! c[ afflict$ ) ! mange is hide-b\nd2 ! hair is dry & /iff1 & comes (f4 ,%e is con/antly rubb+1 & a k9d ( :ite scurf9ess appe>s on ! sk94 ,x is mo/ p]ceptible t[>ds ! latt] "p ( w9t] & 9 spr+1 & ?us too pla9ly tells ! /ory ( ! w9t]'s neglect4 ,an o9tm5t compos$ *iefly ( sulphur has be5 f\nd mo/ effectual4 ,"s m]curial o9tm5t may be add$1 if ! c[s are kept h\s$2 b1 if let out dur+ ! day1 ! quantity mu/ be v small1 else salivation is produc$ by _! lick+ !mselves4 ,! o9tm5t may be made ( fl\r ( sulphur "o p\nd1 /rong m]curial o9tm5t two ounces1 common turp5t9e "o half-p\nd1 l>d "o & a qu>t] p\nds4 ,melt ! turp5t9e & l>d toge!r1 & /ir 9 ! sulphur z !y beg9 to cool (f2 !n rub d[n ! m]curial o9tm5t on "s h>d sub/ance ) ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,rub ! :ole 9 ) ! h&1 & take c>e to leave no places unt\*$1 once a day1 = ?ree days2 & aft] ?is1 if any places are left uncur$1 rub x 9 ov] !m4 ,!re is no dang] 9 ?is application1 if ! animal is n expos$ to sev]e cold4 ,?is w be pretty sure to effect a spe$y cure1 if aid$ by cleanl9ess1 pure air1 & a nutriti\s diet4 ,ano!r wa% = mange is ! foll[+3 ,pyroligne\s acid f\r ounces1 wat] a p9t2 mix & apply4 ,,lice %[ unp>donable neglect ( duty :]ev] !y are suff]$ to exi/4 ,!y crawl all ov] ! /able-floor & ! /alls1 on ! pa/ures1 & a t\* is suffici5t to give !m to o!r animals4 ,!y worry & tr\ble ! poor animal con/antly2 & no ?rift9ess c be expect$ :]e !y are f\nd4 ,if ! mange o9tm5t does n completely de/roy !m1 z x (t5 w1 take bees-wax1 tall[1 & l>d1 9 equal p>ts1 & rub x into ! hide 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]1 ) ! h& or a bru%1 two & a half p\nds = a small c[1 ?ree p\nds = a l>ge "o4 ,! next day x may be wa%$ (f 9 s(t soap1 & ! lice w h disappe>$ f ! animal1 b n always f ! b>n4 ,"s use a wa% ( p[d]$ lobelia-se$s two ounce2 /eep$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & appli$ ) a sponge4 ,o!rs hang up tobacco-leaves ov] ! /alls4 ,?is may d to keep !m away2 b1 aft] ! animal is cov]$ ) !m1 !y are n s easily sc>$4 ,,w>bles4--,! gad-fly is v tr\blesome to cattle t[>ds ! end ( summ]4 ,! fly alights on ! back ( ! c[1 punctures ! sk91 & lays h] eggs "u x4 ,a tumor is n[ =m$1 v>y+ 9 size1 :i* soon bur/s & leaves a small hole = ! grub already hat*$ to brea! ?r\gh4 ,"h ! insect fe$s on its surr\nd+s1 & gr[s up to consid]able size4 ,all ?is "t ! animal is probably suff]+ m or less pa91 & (t5 tries to lick or rub ! "p affect$1 if possible4 ,f>m]s (t5 press !m out ) ! f+] & ?umb4 ,! be/ way is to puncture ! sk9 ) a common p5-knife1 & !n press out ! grub4 ,!y injure ! hide m ?an mo/ p are aw>e (4 ,,loss ,,( ,,cud is a consequ5ce ( indige/ion1 & is (t5 br\ght on by eat+ too gre$ily ( food :i* ! c[ is n us$ to4 ,loss ( cud & loss ( appetite are synonym\s4 ,g5tle purgatives may be giv51 ) su* z salts1 g+]1 & sulphur4 ,b :5 a c[ is surfeit$1 z already said1 ,i %\ld pref] to )hold food entirely1 or = ! mo/ "p1 till ! sy/em c regulate itself4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,calves4--,! colo/rum1 or fir/ milk ( ! c[ aft] calv+1 conta9s m$ic9al qualities peculi>ly adapt$ to cleanse ! "y calf1 & free its b[els f ! matt] always exi/+ 9 !m at bir?4 ,?is %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] be d5i$ x4 ,ble$+ at ! navel1 ) :i* calves are sometimes s]i\sly tr\bl$1 may g5]ally & safely be /opp$ by ty+ a /r+ ar\nd ! cord :i* hangs susp5d$ f x4 ,b ,,di>rh,a1 ,,purg+1 or ,,sc\rs1 is ! mo/ dang]\s compla9t ) :i* calves are afflict$4 ,?is is caus$ (t5 by neglect1 or exposure to wet & cold1 or insuffici5cy ( food at "o "t & ov]-fe$+ at ano!r4 ,/9t+ ! calf 9 food or att5tion w (t5 involve ! loss ( consid]able pr(it on ! c[ = ! ye>4 ,:5 purg+ is once fully seat$ f sev]al days' neglect1 x is (t5 difficult to remove x4 ,! acidity on ! /oma* :i* always att5ds x mu/ fir/ be remov$4 ,a mild purgative m$ic9e may be giv54 ,rhub>b & magnesia is a v conv5i5t article1 & may easily be giv5 9 ounce doses along ) ! milk4 ,pota% is also to be giv5 9 qu>t]-ounce doses 9 ! same way4 ,two ounces ( ca/or-oil1 or two ounces ( ,epsom salts1 might be giv5 ) ! desir$ effect4 ,aft] ?is1 mild a/r+5ts may be giv54 ,take prep>$ *alk two dra*ms1 or magnesia "o ounce1 p[d]$ opium t5 gra9s1 p[d]$ cate*u half a dra*m1 t9cture ( capsicum two dra*ms1 ess5ce ( pepp]m9t five drops4 ,mix toge!r1 & give twice a day 9 ! milk or gruel4 ,aft] giv+ ! above repeat$ly )\t effect1 :i* w r>ely happ51 take ,dov]'s p[d]s two scruples1 />* or arr[-root p[d]$ "o ounce1 c9namon p[d] "o dra*m1 & p[d]$ k9o half a dra*m4 ,boil ! />* or arr[-root 9 wat] till x ?ick5s1 & :5 cold /ir 9 ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,give night & morn+4 ,?is compla9t is (t5 att5d$ by inflammation ( ! b[els & g5]al fev]4 ,x is a good plan to keep a lump ( *alk con/antly be=e calves aft] !y are two or ?ree weeks old4 ,x corrects acidity on ! /oma*1 & is o!rwise useful to !m4 ,,con/ipation or ,,co/iv5ess sometimes attacks calves a few days old1 t h n be5 judici\sly manag$4 ,x may be br\ght on by putt+ a calf to a c[ ^: milk is too old1 or f fe$+ a calf f ! milk ( sev]al c[s mix$4 ,x results f too heavy a mass ( cogulat$ milk 9 ! f\r? /oma*1 :i* becomes v mu* swoll5 ) h>d curd4 ,x is difficult to rem$y4 ,! be/ way is to p\r d[n "s ,epsom salts1 two ounces1 dissolv$ 9 two qu>ts ( w>m wat]1 by means ( a horn or bottle1 & foll[ ?is by half ! dose e six h\rs4 ,con/ipation sometimes appe>s 9 calves f two to f\r mon?s old1 :5 _! food is too sudd5ly *ang$4 ,! b[els mu/ be op5$ & ! h>d5$ mass 9 ! /oma* s(t5$ v soon1 or x w lead to fatal consequ5ces4 ,f>m]s are g5]ally v c>eless ab\t obs]v+ ^! ?+s till x is too late4 ,z already said1 prev5tion is *eap] ?an cure2 b1 if ! compla9t once appe>s1 no "t %\ld be lo/ to adm9i/] a purge ( salts 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal or ! sev]ity ( ! attack4 ,_m a valuable animal w be sav$ by x4 ,! ,,hoove (t5 appe>s among calves aft] be+ turn$ out to pa/ure4 ,! "y animal c\ghs viol5tly1 & appe>s 9 pa94 ,x %\ld be remov$ at once to a dry place1 & physick$4 ,if tak5 9 season1 x is easily cur$4 ,if neglect$1 x w (t5 prove fatal4 ,?is compla9t assumes ! =m ( an epidemic at times1 & becomes v preval5t & tr\blesome4 ,calves sometimes suff] f ,,cank] ,,9 ,,! ,,m\?1 especially at ! "t ( tee?+4 ,! gums swell1 & fev] sets 94 ,common alum or borax1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 may be appli$1 & a mild purgative adm9i/]$1 9 ! %ape ( "o or two ounce doses ( ,epsom salts4 ,! diseases & compla9ts m5tion$ above are ne>ly all t afflict our dairy /ock2 & ! li/ at lea/ includes all ! common diseases & _! treatm5t4 ,"s ( ! diseases & epidemics f :i* ! cattle ( ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries suff] are n kn[n at all "h1 or are ( s v r>e occurr5ce z n to h attract$ att5tion2 & among ^! may be nam$ pleuro-pneumonia1 typhus fev]1 c[-pox1 & v>i\s epidemics :i* h f "t to "t decimat$ ! cattle ( all ,europe4 ,to accid5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 to w\nds1 tr\ble ) ! eyes1 & to lam5ess f o!r causes ?an ^? nam$1 !y are1 inde$1 m or less subject2 b no "w c\ld anticipate or cov] ! treatm5t be/ 9 e case1 & mu* mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( ! own]4 ,i h tri$ to make ?is *apt]1 :i* ,i consid] "o ( ! mo/ important ( any to ! dairy f>m]1 ( practical value to e "o :o owns or has ! c>e ( a c[4 ,b1 le/ a want ( famili>ity ) "s ( ! m$ic9es recomm5d$ = p>ticul> diseases1 or ! fe> ( ! exp5se ( procur+ & keep+ !m on h&1 %\ld det] "s "o f provid+ himself ) a good m$ic9e-*e/1 ,i wi% to rem9d ! read] t no small portion ( !m are always to be f\nd 9 e well-regulat$ h\sehold1 & t ! o!rs are obta9$ at s little exp5se t no "o ne$ be )\t !m = a s+le day4 ,let u see1 = in/ance1 h[ _m ( !m are at h&4 ,b few families are de/itute ( a supply ( g+]1 camphor1 r$ pepp]1 l>d1 molasses1 c9namon1 pepp]m9t1 />*1 turp5t9e1 tall[1 bees-wax1 burdock1 & c>away-se$4 ,! f>m]'s wife or daught] w g5]ally h a supply ( ammonia or h>t%orn4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to sugge/ to ! f>m] or dairyman :o happ5s to live at a di/ance f ! apo!c>y to provide himself ) a conv5i5t little m$ic9e-*e/1 & put into x say f\r times ! quantities ( ! v>i\s m$ic9es :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 c>efully bottl$ & labell$ = use4 ,to aid 9 ?is simple plan1 :i* might be ! means ( sav+ an animal wor? tw5ty times its co/1 ,i h obta9$1 f a :olesale druggi/1 ab\t ! av]age co/ ( ! foll[+ quantities & k9ds ( m$ic9es1 :i* include all1 or ne>ly all1 t w\ld be likely to be ne$$3 ,five p\nds ( ,epsom salts1 4#ah2 "o p9t ( ca/or-oil1 4#be2 "o p9t ( sweet spirits ( nitre1 4#ai2 "o p\nd ( p[d]$ nitrate ( pota%1 4#bj2 "o p\nd c>bonate ( ammonia1 4#bc2 "o half-p\nd sal ammoniac1 4#jh2 "o p9t ( t9cture ( r$ pepp] 7hot drops71 4#ca2 "o ounce ( hydriodate ( pota%1 4#cj2 "o p\nd *loride ( lime1 4#aj2 "o p\nd sulphate ( iron1 4#aj2 #b p\nds p[d]$ sulphur1 4#af2 "o p9t ( t9cture ( g+]1 #cg2 "o qu>t ( ess5ce ( anise-se$1 4#ej2 "o half-p\nd sulphuric e!r1 4#bj2 "o half-p\nd p[d]$ sassafras-b>k1 4#bj2 "o qu>t]-p\nd magnesia1 4#jf2 "o qu>t]-p\nd rhub>b1 #cj 7! common w answ] in/ead ( prep>$72 "o ounce p[d]$ opium1 4#dc2 ,"o qu>t]-p\nd cate*u1 4#jf2 "o ounce ,dov]'s p[d]s1 4#be2 #b ounces gum k9o1 4#je2 "o half-p\nd m]curial o9tm5t1 4#cg2 & "o p\nd aloes1 4#be4 ,!n keep 9 ! *e/ a good probang1 :i* is a flexible tube made = ! purpose1 & is mu* saf] & bett] = introduc+ into ! ?roat or gullet ( an animal ?an a common :ip-/ick1 :i* "s use4 ,?is co/s ab\t #c4ej1 & c be procur$ at almo/ any vet]9>y surgeon's4 ,?is :ole *e/ & cont5ts w co/ less ?an t5 doll>s4 ,let ! f>m] also become famili> ) ! /ructure & anatomy ( 8 animals4 ,x w op5 a wide field ( useful & int]e/+ inve/igation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,dairy ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,holl&4 ,?is *apt] ,i translate f an admirable little "w 9 ,g]man1 8,die ,hollndis*e ,r9dviehzu*t und ,mil*wir?s*aft im ,knigrei* ,holl&10 by ,ell]brock1 a di/+ui%$ vet]9>y surgeon1 pr(essor ( cattle pa?ology & cattle-bre$+ 9 ! ,agricultural ,in/itute at ,zey/1 9 ,holl&4 ,,milk+ ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,milk4--,! c[s are turn$ to pa/ure e>ly 9 spr+1 & /ay !re day & night ?r\gh\t ! pa/ure-season4 ,!y are milk$ daily 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! lot call$ ! milk-y>d4 ,?is is kept 9 "s in/ances p]man5tly 9 ! same place2 9 o!rs1 x is *ang$ ab\t at pleasure4 ,a %ady "p ( ! pa/ure is g5]ally select$1 & x is commonly enclos$ ) a bo>d f5ce4 ,! c[s are driv5 into ?is y>d to be milk$1 :5 n already !re at ! usual "t4 ,! milk+ is done by male & female dome/ics1 :o c>ry _! pails1 cans1 & di%es1 hung on a k9d ( wood5 yoke1 ,fig4 #hd1 neatly cut out1 pa9t$1 & set ) copp] nails4 ,?is is swung ov] ! %\ld]s1 or else ! dairy ut5sils are c>ri$ on donkeys1 ponies1 or h&-c>ts2 or1 :]e !re is wat] communication1 9 boats1 twice a day1 to ! y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,9 ! l>g] dairies ! ut5sils 9 common use are small wood5 pails1 ,fig4 #he1 pa9t$ 9 v>iegat$ colors1 ) bright braz5 or iron hoops1 & neatly wa%$2 a /ra9]1 ,fig4 #hf1 made ( horse-hair2 a l>ge wood5 tunnel1 ,fig4 #hg1 = p\r+ ! milk into ! cans & casks2 "o or m buckets1 ,fig4 #hh1 usually ( brass1 l9$ ) t91 l>ge en\gh to hold ! milk ( sev]al c[s toge!r1 or f twelve to eighte5 qu>ts4 ,9 _m dairies !y h wood5 buckets1 ,fig4 #he1 pa9t$ gre5 or blue outside1 ) black /ripes1 & ) iron or brass h&les1 kept v bright4 ,"h ! buckets are coat$ ov] inside ) :ite oil-colors4 ,^! are borne by ! yoke 7,fig4 #hd71 or 9 "s ( ! ways indicat$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,9 _m places1 in/ead ( buckets = keep+ ! milk toge!r1 !y use copp] or brass cans l9$ inside ) t91 & 9 ! =m ( antique vases or l>ge be]-jugs1 ,figs4 #ij & #ia1 :i* are con/antly kept brightly poli%$4 ,9 o!r places1 !y use = hold+ ! milk small] or l>g] b>rels1 ,fig4 #ib1 ) broad hoops also kept con/antly poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,in/ead ( ! yoke a s(t cu%ion is also us$1 :i* ! dairymaids /rap ov] _! backs1 s t !y hang d[n & re/ ov] ! hips & ?ighs4 ,on ?is cu%ion ! cans are laid1 & fa/5$ ) broad hemp5 /raps1 t !y may n press too heavily ^u ! body4 ,?is b& is call$ ! milk-/rap4 ,:]e ! milk is c>ri$ home on a h&-c>t1 neatly-wov5 baskets are fa/5$ ^u little wagons 9 :i* ! cans are plac$4 ,if x is to be c>ri$ 9 casks1 ! same arrangem5t is fix$ ^u a h&-c>t4 ,two wood5 floats are laid ^u ! milk 9 ! buckets1 9 ord] to protect x f slopp+ ov]4 ,"o or m l>ge milk-casks or tubs1 9 :i* x may cool (f prop]ly1 are also us$4 ,! size ( ^! tubs is diff]5t1 z well z ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made4 ,:]e ! cool+ is n left to ! air alone1 b is s\ght to be effect$ by hang+ ! milk-tub into cold wat]1 ! vessels are made ( metal4 ,! l>ge vase-l j>s are also us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! hold ab\t ?irty cans1 or tw5ty-six qu>ts4 ,wood5 b[ls are us$1 ( diff]5t sizes & =ms1 & e>!n pans1 r deep] ?an broad1 ,figs4 #ic & #id1 9 :i* ! milk z x cools is set = ! cream to rise4 ,a l>ge pot = collect+ ! cream until !re is en\gh to *urn1 & wood5 skimm]s = tak+ (f ! cream1 are also us$4 ,! milk] sits ^u a common f\r-legg$1 & sometimes "o-legg$ milk+-/ool1 & milks ei!r ! teats on "o side1 or "o h9d & "o front teat1 ! pail be+ held betwe5 ! knees4 ,! c[s are milk$ regul>ly at f\r or five o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & at five or six 9 ! aft]noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,9 ,we/ ,friesl&1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 ,utre*t1 & o!r places1 x is cu/om>y to tie ! tail to ! leg ( ! c[1 t %e may n annoy ! milk]4 ,mo/ c[s d n resi/ ?is1 be+ accu/om$ to x f ! beg9n+4 ,!y also pass a cord ar\nd ! horns & tie h] to a po/ /uck 9 ! gr\nd dur+ ! milk+1 z 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,9 _m prov9ces only ! unruly c[s are ti$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! milk+ takes place on ! "r side ( ! c[1 s t ! milk] sits on ?is side4 ,9 ,we/ ,friesl& & ,nor? ,holl& !re is an exception to ?is rule4 ,! c[s are ti$ 9 pairs 9 ! /alls1 & "o is milk$ on "o side & ! o!r on ! o!r1 ! milk] sitt+ ) 8 back to ! bo>d p>tition1 to avoid annoyance f ei!r animal4 ,:5 ! milk+ is end$ ! milk is p\r$ ?r\gh ! hair /ra9] into ! bucket1 or ?r\gh a /ra9] or tunnel 9 ! cans or casks1 :i*ev] are us$4 ,! milk is tak5 to ! dairy-h\se1 )\t delay1 9 "s ( ! ways already m5tion$4 ,:5 ! yoke is us$1 "o bucket is hung on ! "r side & ano!r on ! left1 ea* ) a float on ! top ( ! milk to keep x f slopp+ ov]4 ,! l>ge metallic milk-cans1 ) wood5 /opp]s1 are borne home on ! cu%ions already describ$ z be+ held by %\ld]-knots /rapp$ r\nd ! wai/4 ,! mode ( transportation dep5ds mu* on ! di/ance f ! dairy-h\se & ! quantity to be c>ri$4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! c[s are 9 ! b>n1 !y are likewise milk$ twice a day1 & ! milk is at once /ra9$ ?r\gh ! hair /ra9] into casks made = ! purpose4 ,^! implem5ts diff] accord+ to ! object pursu$ 9 ! dairy2 yet pans & pots are mo/ly us$ = rais+ ! cream to be made into butt]1 s9ce b few dairym5 make *eese 9 w9t]4 ,all ut5sils necess>y = milk+1 ! pres]vation ( milk1 & ! mak+ ( butt] & *eese1 are kept ) ! utmo/ neatness4 ,:]e a /ream ( runn+ wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! y>d1 ! implem5ts are g5]ally wa%$ 9 t1 & fl[+ wat] is pref]r$ = ! purpose4 ,b :]e ! f>m or dairy-h\se /&s at a di/ance f a /ream1 a %all[ f\nta91 or bas91 is dug out 9 ! e>?1 wall$ up1 & s arrang$ t ! wat] c be tak5 f x & fre% wat] sub/itut$ :5 x gets impure4 ,9 su* a bas91 or 9 fl[+ wat]1 all new wood5 dairy ut5sils are soak$ = a long "t be=e be+ us$2 b ^? 9 daily use are wa%$1 r9s$1 & sc\r$ out ) a%es1 ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,none b cold1 cle>1 fre% f\nta9 or fl[+ wat] is tak5 = cleans+ dairy implem5ts4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t1 9 l>ge dairies1 ! use ( wat] :i* is cov]$ ) newly-fall5 honey-dew1 = wa%+ ! dairy ut5sils1 is c>efully avoid$4 ,:5 ! milk-vessels h be5 p]fectly r9s$ out 9 fre% wat]1 !y are1 9 _m dairies1 put into a l>ge kettle ( wat] ov] ! fire1 & prop]ly scald$2 aft] :i* !y are aga9 cleanly wa%$ ) cold wat]1 s t n ! lea/ p>ticle ( milk or impurity is to be se51 nor ! lea/ smell ( x to be obs]v$4 ,! metallic milk-vessels & ! metal p>ts ( ! wood5 ones are cleans$ ) equal c>e & exactness1 & kept poli%$4 ,dairymaids feel a pride 9 always hav+ ! brighte/1 mo/ poli%$1 & cleane/ ut5sils1 & ea* /rives e>ne/ly to excel ! o!rs 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 ! milk-vessels are sc\r$1 scald$1 & r9s$ p]fectly clean1 !y are hung on a /& ( la?s & poles1 made = ! purpose1 to be prop]ly dri$4 ,! r\nd wood5 milk-b[ls1 be+ made ( "o piece1 are v easily brok5 or split1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) v great c>e 9 clean+4 ,to avoid break+1 a peculi> table is us$ = sc\r+ !m4 ,! ,dut* dairyman kn[s p]fectly well t 8 dairy c secure him ! highe/ pr(it only :5 ! utmo/ cleanl9ess is ! basis & gr\ndwork ( 8 :ole bus9ess2 & s he keeps1 ) ! mo/ extraord9>y c>efulness1 & ev5 ) anxiety1 ! greate/ possible neatness 9 all p>ts ( ! dairy e/abli%m5t4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,milk+ ,,qualities ,,( ,,! ,,c[s4--,! ,dut* cattle are1 9 g5]al1 r5[n$ = _! dairy qualities2 b especially s are ! c[s ( ,nor? ,holl&1 :i* n only give a l>ge quantity1 b also a v good quality1 s t a yield ( sixte5 to tw5ty-five cans#b at e milk+ is n r>e4 ,next to ^! come ! ,we/ ,friesl& & ,s\? ,dut* c[s1 f :i* f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r cans ( milk may be calculat$ on4 ,?\gh "o c\ld n take a c]ta9 numb] & calculate surely :at ! yield ( ea* c[ w\ld be1 yet he c\ld come v ne> ! tru? if he reckon$ t a c[1 9 ?ree hundr$ days1 or z long z %e is milk$1 gives1 on an av]age1 daily1 f six to eight cans ( milk1 f :i* ! :ole annual yield w\ld be f "o ?\s& eight hundr$ to two ?\s& f\r hundr$ cans4 ,( ?is ! c[ gives "o half 9 ! fir/ f\r mon?s1 "o ?ird 9 ! next ?ree1 & 9 ! rema9d] "o six?4 ,^! sup]ficial results _c be tak51 h[ev]1 z ! fix$ rule4 #b ,a ,dut* c is a little less ?an our w9e qu>t ,pr(essor ,wilk9s1 9 8 ,h&book ( ,agriculture1 gives ! foll[+ e/imates ( ! yield ( milk3 ,a good ,we/ ,friesl& or ,grn+5 c[ w1 aft] calv+1 give daily f\rte5 qu>ts ( milk4 ,?is w1 aft] a :ile1 be r$uc$ to eight qu>ts4 ,%e may be milk$ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree days 9 ! ye>1 & h] product 9 butt] & *eese w am\nt to "o hundr$ gld5s4 ,9 ,pr(4 ,kop's ,magaz9e x is /at$ t a m$ium-siz$ ,friesl& c[1 :i* _h _h sev]al calves1 0 giv+ daily1 on good fe$1 five & a half to six buckets1 or f tw5ty to tw5ty-two cans1 & ov]4 ,9 ,s\? ,holl&1 also1 ?is quantity is consid]$ a good yield ( a c[4 ,( ! c[s ( ,geld]l&1 ,ov]yssel1 & ,utre*t1 ! yield _c be reckon$ high] ?an sixte5 cans daily1 & t only dur+ ! fir/ half ( _! milk+ season4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,milk ,,= ,,butt]4--,to get good butt] x is q necess>y t ! fre% milk be prop]ly cool$ be=e x is set = cream4 ,9 ! great dairies ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 :i* n only possess ! be/ cattle1 b may be giv5 z models 9 dairy husb&ry1 !y manage z foll[s3 ,! milk1 z x is br\ght f ! pa/ure1 is p\r$ f ! buckets1 cans1 & casks1 ?r\gh a hair /ra9]1 into "o vessel1 ! milk-kettle4 ,^! milk-kettles are n ev]y:]e ( ! same size1 or ( simil> =m1 b are always rivet$ toge!r ) /rong brass or copp] b&s1 & l9$ ) t9 inside4 ,! mo/ common milk-kettles hold sixte5 cans2 yet !y are f\nd s l>ge z to hold ?ree b>rels1 or ab\t six hundr$ qu>ts4 ,! peculi> kettle =m is v r>ely f\nd1 b m frequ5tly ! cyl9drical1 or vase-%ap$4 ,!y are held ei!r by two h&les or "o4 ,! numb] requir$ dep5ds on ! numb] ( c[s & ! quantity ( milk expect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,cool-ba?4 ,! milk-kettles1 :5 fill$1 are set into a bas9 ) cold wat]1 call$ ! cool-ba?1 = ! purpose ( cool+ ! milk4 ,! cool-ba? is frequ5tly 9 ! kit*51 sometimes 9 ! bau]-h\se1 s call$1 or directly be=e ! c[-room1 ne> ! spr+4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ common & ! mo/ conv5i5t place4 ,! wat] res]voir is dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & an oblong f\r-corn]$ =m is pref]r$ = x2 ! sides ( ! excavation be+ wall$ up ) h>d-burnt build+-/ones & cem5t1 b ! bottom is laid 9 tiles1 ei!r r$1 h>d-burnt1 or :ite glaz$4 ,ri*] dairym5 take f9ely-hewn blue /one or :ite m>ble = x4 ,! size ( ! res]voir is gov]n$ by ! numb] ( milk-kettles to be put into x1 & s is its dep? by _! height1 s t ! rim ( ! kettle is on a level ) ! top ( ! cool-ba?1 ,fig4 #if4 ,! sides ( ! cool-ba? 9 ! kit*5 project "s feet ov] ! floor1 yet are n s high t ! sett+ 9 & tak+ out ! milk-kettle w be att5d$ ) great inconv5i5ce & tr\ble4 ,:]e x is desir$ to make ! "w ( sett+ 9 or rais+ up ! milk-kettles f ! cool-ba? z easy z possible1 a beam is fix$ along ! side ( ! tr\gh1 & iron props are firmly fix$1 :i* ext5d out a little ov] ! edge ( ! tr\gh1 half-way d[n f ! beam4 ,on ^! ! op]ator c support himself 9 l[]+ or rais+ heavy vessels4 ,^! /ays1 or props1 are sometimes fix$ directly into ! wall1 along :i* ! cool-ba? /&s4 ,"u ! bottom ( ! res]voir1 on ! o!r side f :]e ! wat] comes 91 is an outlet1 /opp$ ) a tap or faucet1 to let (f ! wat]4 ,! cool-ba?s 9 ! kit*5 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 on ! floor1 & ext5d up a conv5i5t height2 :il/ ^? 9 ! c[-b>ns1 z a g5]al rule1 are dug d[n & wall$ up1 & _! top is fa/5$ to ! floor ( ! b>n4 ,!y are deep en\gh to all[ ! wat] = cool+ ! milk to come up to ! rim ( ! milk-kettle2 b1 9 ord] to prev5t m5 & cattle f fall+ 91 x is cov]$ ) a /rong wood5 lid to %ut d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,cool-ba?4 ,su* a cool-ba? is us$ 9 ! c[-room only 9 summ]1 :5 ! heat is s great t x is difficult to keep ! milk cool 9 ! kit*54 ,! cool-ba? 9 ! c[-room is consid]$ z only an auxili>y to t 9 ! kit*51 & to be us$ only 9 case ( necessity4 ,! milk-kettles are hung by _! h&les1 & let d[n by means ( a crank4 ,:5 ! plat=m is n 9 use x is tak5 away f ! cool-ba?1 & ! cov] is let d[n & kept clos$4 ,! milk is all[$ to rema9 9 ! cool-ba? until ! fro? has disappe>$1 & !re is no diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! wat] & ! milk4 ,! milk ( "o milk+ mu/ give place = ! next1 s t x w be *ang$ twice daily1 morn+ & ev5+4 ,a v great importance is1 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,dut* dairies1 atta*$ to ?is rapid cool+ ( ! milk1 because x is kn[n by exp]i5ce t x is ?us greatly protect$ f turn+ s\r4#c #c ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! arrangem5t = cool+ ! milk be=e sett+ 9 ! pans1 9 ! ,dut* dairies1 is v elaborate4 ,i h foll[$ ! orig9al 9 translat+ ! above1 ?\gh ! practice 9 ,holl& diff]s widely f our own 9 ?is respect1 & f t recomm5d$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! po9t may be wor?y ( c>eful exp]im5t4--,,translator4 ,! milk1 :5 prop]ly cool$1 is br\ght to ! milk-cell>1 :]e x is imm$iately p\r$ out ( ! milk-kettles into vessels design$ to receive x4 ,wood5 b[ls or pans1 or high e>!n pots1 are us$ = hold+ x4 ,! pans & pots are set on ! table1 & a small ladd]1 or h&-b>r[1 is laid on !re1 on :i* is plac$ ! /ra9]1 :5 ! milk is p\r$ f ! kettles4 ,! wood5 milk-pans are ( sev]al =ms1 g5]ally made ( a% or ( l9d51 & oval4 ,!y are1 on an av]age1 ?ree & a half feet long1 & half a foot broad1 m or less2 b _! dim5sions v>y4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 t ! flatt] & %all[] ! pans1 ! quick] & bett] ! cream rises4 ,! milk-pots are pretty l>ge1 b are r %all[ ?an deep1 glaz$ inside1 ( diff]5t =ms1 & diff]5t capacities2 b !y are always broad] on ! top ?an at ! bottom1 ?\gh !y /& firmly on a r\nd1 broad foot-piece4 ,milk pans & pots are r9s$ ) cold wat] be=e ! milk is p\r$ into !m4 ,:5 prop]ly clean$ & fill$1 !y are plac$ on %elves made = ! purpose1 9 regul> r[s4 ,^! %elves are only a few feet high above ! floor ( ! cell>1 & ( suitable wid?2 b1 if !re is n space en\gh = ! milk1 ! pans are plac$ on ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,! pots are also set along ! walls1 on firm bo>d %elves4 ,! milk-cell>1 or r ! milk-room1 ,fig4 #ih1 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,dut* dairies1 is plac$ on ! nor? side ( ! h\se1 next to ! kit*51 b a little l[] ?an ! latt]1 s t !re are usually ?ree /eps d[n4 ,! long] side1 fac+ t[>ds ! nor?1 has "o w9d[1 :il/ ! gable end1 ) its two w9d[s1 faces t[>ds ! we/4 ,! w9d[s are g5]ally kept %ut1 & are op5 only nights 9 summ]4 ,! cell> is ei!r ar*$ or cov]$ ) /rongly bo>d$ raft]s1 ov] :i* ! s-call$ cell>-*amb] is situat$4 ,! floor ( ?is room is laid 9 lime or cem5t1 ) r$ or blue burnt tiles1 s t no?+ c pass d[n ?r\gh into ! milk-cell>4 ,9 ! cell> itself are ! above-m5tion$ %elves & plat=ms = ! milk-vessels along ! walls1 :ile outside1 9 front ( ! cell>1 l9d5 & junip] trees are plant$1 to prev5t z mu* z possible ! heat ( ! sun f /rik+ ^u ! walls4 ,cleanl9ess1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,dut* dairy husb&ry1 is c>ri$ to its utmo/ ext5t 9 ! cell>4 ,b>rels ( meat1 bacon1 vegetables ( e k9d1 & ev]y?+ :i* c\ld possibly create a /rong odor & infect ! air1 or imp>t a flavor to ! milk1 butt]1 or *eese1 are c>efully exclud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,dut* dairy-room4 ,! vessels 9 :i* ! milk is set rema9 /&+ undi/urb$ 9 _! places1 t ! =mation ( cream may g on )\t int]ruption4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 on an av]age1 are ?\ght to be necess>y = ! milk to /&1 dur+ :i* "t ! cream is twice tak5 (f1 once at ! end ( ea* twelve h\rs4 ,! morn+'s milk is skimm$ 9 ! ev5+1 & ! ev5+'s on ! next morn+4 ,b ! milk always rema9s q /ill till ! dairymaid ?9ks x "t to skim1 :i* %e decides by ! ta/e4 ,long practice enables h] to judge ) great c]ta9ty by ?is mode ( trial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,:5 ! cream is ripe x is tak5 (f by ! dairymaid ) a %all[ wood5 skimm]1 ,fig4 #ii1 9 ! =m ( a deep plate1 & c>efully plac$ 9 a p>ticul> vessel--a bucket or cream-pot4 ,! cream-pot is g5]ally wa%$ v clean1 ! /aves v f9ely poli%$1 /rip$ ) blue or :ite outside1 & held toge!r by broad brass or copp] hoops1 kept v bright4 ,= clos+ ! j> !y use an a%5 cov]1 :i* is ei!r simply laid on by a common h&le1 or sometimes held on by brass or copp] h+es4 ,bo? cream-pot & cov] are always sc\r$ q :ite & clean4 ,! cream rema9s !re till en\gh is got = *urn+1 or till x becomes ( itself ?ick en\gh = butt]4 ,x is kn[n to be ( ! prop] consi/5ce = butt] :5 a long1 sl5d]1 wood5 spoon1 ?ru/ d[n into x1 w /& erect4 ,:5 9 summ] ! cream does n get ?ick en\gh 9 season1 !y seek to ha/5 x by putt+ 9 a little butt]-milk2 b 9 w9t] ! rip5+ ( ! cream is ha/5$ by w>m+1 ei!r by hold+ ! cream-pot ov] a coal-pan1 or on a he>?-plate4 ,! rema9d]1 ! skim-milk f ! milk b[ls or pans1 s\r milk1 or butt]-milk1 is p\r$ into a p>ticul> vessel1 & made into spice-*eese4 ,besides ! me?ods "h describ$ = keep+ milk = butt]1 milk is us$ = o!r purposes4 ,sweet milk *eese is made ( ! unskimm$ milk2 cream is us$ 9 ! h\se = c(fee4 ,r5net is also add$ to fre% milk1 & ! product is imm$iately sold1 be+ greatly reli%$ by _m4 ,f skim-milk & butt]-milk put toge!r is made an article call$ kram]y by cook+ ! mixture1 putt+ x into a l95 bag1 & hang+ x 9 a cool "p ( ! milk-cell>1 or else:]e1 :5 ! liquid drops out & leaves a mass ( consid]able consi/5ce1 call$ ,hangeba/4 ,z soon z ! milk is tak5 f ! vessels1 !y are tak5 out ( ! cell> & c>efully cleans$ & dri$ be=e be+ us$ aga94 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,*urn+4--,*urn+ is ! pr9cipal op]ation 9 ! manufacture ( butt]1 = by x ! fatty p>ticles are sep>at$ f ! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods 9 ,holl& ( effect+ ?is sep>ation ( ! butt] globules4 ,! olde/ & simple/ is t ( putt+ ! cream into an upright *urn1 9 :i* ! cream is agitat$ by mov+ a long da%]1 pi]c$ ) holes1 up & d[n1 till ! object is accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,!re are1 /rictly speak+1 only two =ms ( ! *urn :i* are us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o is broad at ! bottom & n>r[ at ! top4 ,?is has be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times1 & is call$ ! old *urn1 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,?is old *urn is /ill us$ 9 _m dairies1 & x has ! pref]5ce ov] ! o!r =m1 because x is ?\ght to br+ ! butt] quick] & m completely4 ,! o!r =m is m l a be] or br&y cask on end1 be+ small] at ea* end ?an 9 ! middle1 & is call$ ! b>rel-*urn4 ,bo? k9ds are made ( oak-wood1 & h wood5 or broad metal hoops4 ,9 ! "o case !y are pa9t$ outside2 9 ! o!r1 !y rema9 ( ! natural color1 b are ! m frequ5tly sc\r$1 s t ! d>k-color$ oak-wood gets a :iti% color4 ,! metallic hoops are always kept poli%$ bright4 ,bo? k9ds are ( diff]5t sizes1 accord+ z ! quantity ( cream is great] or less1 or z !y are to be work$ by h& or animal p[] simply1 or by ma*9]y4 ,9 ,s\? ,holl&1 :]e unque/ionably ! mo/ butt] is made1 ! b>rel-*urn is at ea* end ab\t two feet & two in*es 9 diamet]1 & 9 ! c5tre is sev5 in*es broad]1 ) two-in* /aves4 ,! old *urn1 on ! o!r h&1 is usually f\rte5 in*es at ! top & tw5ty-five at ! bottom4 ,9 ,nor? ,holl& & ,we/ ,friesl&1 also1 sizes are f\nd 9 :i* "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ qu>ts ( cream c be *urn$4 ,! *urns h ea* a /rong cov] at ! top1 :i* fits into _! rim ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! h&1 ) a hole 9 ! middle = ! da%]4 ,! *urn+ is p]=m$ ei!r by ! h& motion ( ! da%]1 z 9 all small dairies1 & 9 ! smalle/ *urns1 or by man-p[] ) ! help ( c]ta9 me*anical contrivances4 ,! means = effect+ ?is are diff]5t1 & s ! *urns h diff]5t names4 ,9 _m dairies1 = in/ance1 !y h a lev] connect$ ) ! da%]2 9 o!r places !y use a flexible pole1 fix$ into ! ceil+ above1 = facilitat+ ! motion ( ! da%]1 or put a lev] 9 motion ) ! feet1 :i* raises & s9ks ! da%]4 ,!re are also complicat$ artificial butt]-ma*9es & butt]-mills1 :i* are nam$ aft] ! inv5tor1 ! manufactur]1 or ! motive p[]4 ,! mo/ kn[n & widely us$ are ! turn+-mills1 ! :eel-mills1 & ! clock-"w mills2 z ! ,h& ,butt]-,mill ( ,valk1 ,fr/'s *urn1 etc4 ,!re are also /ill m elaborate ma*9e-works = mov+ ! da%]1 :i* are us$ 9 ! l>g] dairies on acc\nt ( _! conv5i5ce & economy4 ,dog-p[] & horse-p[] *urns are frequ5tly met )4 ,,*urn+ ,,9 ,,! ,,common ,,*urn4--,! use ( ?is is well kn[n4 ,! da%] is mov$ up & d[n by h&1 ) ! *urn full ( cream1 till ! butt] p>ticles are sep>at$ & collect$ toge!r4 ,! op]ator keeps 8 body 9 equilibrium1 to ex]cise ! p[] ( mov+ ! da%] regul>ly = agitat+ ! cream4 ,,! ,,lev] ,,*urn is v commonly us$ 9 ,s\? ,holl&1 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! *urn itself is b>rel-=m1 z already describ$1 & ! da%] is put 9 motion by a lev]4 ,! upp] end is pi]c$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* runs an iron p94 ,9 a beam ( ! ceil+ two joi/s are firmly fix$1 ab\t a foot & five in*es long & f\r in*es squ>e1 & sev]al in*es ap>t4 ,! long] arm ( ! lev] is f\r feet & sev5 in*es2 ! %ort]1 ?ree feet & six in*es4 ,! *urn /&s "u ! %ort arm ( ! lev]1 :]e ! da%] is fix$4 ,by draw+ ! long] arm ( ! lev] t[>ds him1 ! op]ator presses ! da%] d[n ?r\gh ! cream4 ,?is mode is f> less we>isome ?an ! h&-*urn1 because by ! lev]1 ) less exp5se ( p[]1 a f> great] agitation is produc$4 ,a weight is sometimes atta*$ to ! long] arm1 by :i* ! p[] requir$ is /ill fur!r r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,,*urn+ ,,) ,,an ,,ela/ic ,,rod4--,! old-fa%ion$ *urn is set 9 motion by ! aid ( ano!r k9d ( p[]1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a long1 t\gh1 flexible /ick is fa/5$ into ! cross-beam 9 ! ceil+1 s t its l>g] end is held firm by two iron clasps4 ,! ela/icity ( ! rod is su* t1 :5 ! small] end is drawn d[n by h&1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 moves ! da%]1 x reb\nds1 & ?us saves consid]able exp5diture ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,,*urn+ ,,) ,,! ,,treadle ,,lev]4--,9 _m places ! *urn is put 9 motion by ! feet1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 :]e sev]al lev]s are unit$ to produce ! upw>d & d[nw>d motion ( ! da%]4 ,! long] arm ( ! lev] is connect$ ) ! *urn1 & ! %ort] is set 9 motion by a foot-bo>d4 ,! foot-bo>d lies on a roll]1 ) its long] "p atta*$ to ! lev]2 & by ?r[+ ! weight ( ! body ^u ?is "p ! %ort] arm ( ! lev] is drawn d[n1 & ! long]1 atta*$ to ! *urn-da%]1 is rais$4 ,! mode ( op]ation is s pla9ly se5 9 ! cut z to ne$ no explanation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,among ! m +5i\s contrivances us$ = *urn+ 9 ,holl& belongs ! *urn inv5t$ by ,fr/4 ,! body is some:at simil> to ! b>rel-*urn1 b is small]2 & x is ( uni=m diamet] ?r\gh\t1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,x is cov]$ ) a wood5 lid1 furni%$ ) a conv5i5t h&le1 & /&s on a l[ plat=m1 to :i* x is fix$1 :5 9 use1 by means ( a screw1 k4 ,! motion is communicat$ to ! da%] by means ( a :eel1 or w9dlass1 & an endless cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] is plac$ a k9d ( v5tilator1 ,fig4 #aje4 ,?is consi/s ( eight wood5 w+s1 pi]c$ ) holes1 & motion is communicat$ to x by means ( ! :eel1 b1 connect$ by ! cord to ! l>g] w9dlass4 ,! w+s ( ! ma*9e :5 set 9 motion1 /rike incessantly 9 ! cream1 & s p[]fully t ! :ole mass is agitat$1 & 9 ?is mann] ! sep>ation ( ! butt] p>ticles is soon effect$4 ,! motion is s rapid t x is (t5 necess>y to turn ! crank v sl[ly1 especially j z ! butt] is com+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,,valk',s ,,h& ,,butt]-,,mill1 ,fig4 #ajf1 has _m advantages4 ,x is less fatigu+ to "w ?an ! old-fa%ion$ *urn1 & ev5 ?an ,fr/'s1 because ! motion ( ! body requir$ is simple & less exact+4 ,& aga91 ! *urn takes up less room1 & is easily transport$1 :i* is an important consid]ation 9 *urn+1 on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ! temp]ature4 ,9 summ] ! heat may delay1 or r5d] ! op]ation difficult1 & 9 w9t] ! coldness pres5ts ob/acles4 ,a transportable *urn c be mov$ into a cool place 9 summ]1 & a w>m "o 9 w9t]1 :5 x is desirable4 ,! da%] ( ! *urn is also se5 sep>ate 9 ! same figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,,! ,,dog-,,p[] ,,*urn1 ,fig4 #ajg1 economizes labor1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 m butt] is obta9$1 on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( ! agitation produc$4 ,x is 9 use 9 all ! ,dut* prov9ces4 ,! =m & size ( ! *urn are comp>atively indiff]5t2 b ! tread-:eel & direction ( ! mov+ p[] are ! important po9ts4 ,! diamet] ( ! :eel is f t5 to twelve feet1 & ! rim or out] circumf]5ce is made ( bo>ds two feet wide4 ,! weight ( ! animal turns ! :eel & moves ! da%] by means ( cogs1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,:]e !re is a suffici5t supply ( mov+ p[]1 a *urn ) two da%]s is sometimes atta*$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 9 :i* case "o da%] moves d[n :ile ! o!r is rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,a l>ge & /rong dog is requir$1 & he is easily taught to keep to 8 "w1 by beg9n+ ) %ort trials1 & gradually l5g!n+ !m4 ,a /eady & uni=m /ep is necess>y1 & ?is w soon be acquir$4 ,! dog is sometimes left free1 & sometimes ti$ by a l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,,*urn+ ,,by ,,horse-,,p[]4--,on l>ge f>ms & 9 ext5sive dairies ! *urn+ is done by horse-p[]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,! =m ( ! *urn itself is optional 9 ?is case1 also4 ,! size ( ! :eel v>ies1 b x is seldom less ?an n9e or t5 feet 9 diamet]1 furni%$ ) cogs on ! upp] surface1 :i* are f f\r to six in*es long1 & play into a small] :eel1 ! axle ( :i* is atta*$ to ! da%] ( ! *urn4 ,a ?ird & small] :eel is sometimes introduc$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,a quick & regul> /ep is requir$ ( ! animal1 & a quiet & docile horse is always pref]r$4 ,a horse adapt$ to ?is "w comm&s a good price4 ,bl9d]s are always us$ on ! horse :ile *urn+4 ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,*urn+4--,9 :atev] way ! *urn+ is p]=m$1 ! result is always a sep>ation ( ! fatty p>ticles f ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! milk4 ,z soon z ! *urn+ indicates t ! butt] p>ticles increase 9 size & collect toge!r1 ! motion ( ! da%] mu/ be ha/5$ till ! butt] has come toge!r 9 a l>ge mass4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ?is =mation4 ,! ,dut* dairymaids acquire great skill1 by long practice & exp]i5ce1 9 judg+ ( ! prop] mom5t :5 ! sep>ation ( ! p>ticles has completely tak5 place4 ,v great importance is ) ju/ice atta*$ to ?is skill1 = x is und\bt$ly true t "o ) ?is k c get f> m & bett] butt] f milk ( ! same quality1 ! same quantity1 & skimm$ at ! same "t4 ,! cream tak5 f ! milk ( ?irty-five c[s1 aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is g5]ally *urn$ 9 summ] 9 less ?an an h\r1 sometimes 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,9 v hot wea!r ! cream-pot is frequ5tly set into ! cool-ba? ( fre% wat] = five or six h\rs be=e ! *urn+ beg9s1 & x *urns ! easi] = x4 ,cold wat] is nev] p\r$ into ! *urn ) ! cream4 ,9 w9t]1 z well z 9 cold wea!r 9 spr+ & fall1 w>m wat] is sometimes p\r$ 9 ) ! cream4 ,,work+ ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,butt]4--,:5 ! *urn+ is f9i%$1 ! dairy-woman takes out ! butt] ) a wood5 scoop1 ,fig4 #aaa1 & puts x into a tub = fur!r work+4 ,! tub1 ,fig4 #aab1 is a broad1 %all[ vessel1 op5 at ! top1 & hav+ an op5+ at ! bottom :i* is /opp$ by a bung4 ,! scoop is pi]c$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! butt]-milk dra9s4 ,! butt] put into ! tub is n[ r9s$1 salt$1 & =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,! tub is put ^u a l[1 firm table1 & ! butt] is work$ by ! h&s1 or by a %all[1 r wide & /rong wood5 ladle1 until ! butt] is unit$ into "o firm & entire mass4 ,_m dairy-wom5 are accu/om$ to "w ! butt] out f ! middle t[>ds all sides be=e br++ ! :ole mass toge!r 9 ! tub4 ,!n v cle> & pure fre% cold wat] is p\r$ ^u ! butt]1 & work$ ?r\gh x till all ! milky p>ticles are entirely remov$4 ,aft] ?is is done 9 sev]al work+s1 ! bung is remov$ f ! bottom ( ! tub1 & ! wat]y matt] runs d[n ?r\gh a little /ra9]1 z 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,z a g5]al rule1 butt] is wa%$ ) wat] & work$ ov] elev5 or twelve times2 yet ! op]ator mu/ judge :e!r ! butt] conta9s any p>ticles ( milk1 & mu/ "w ) wat] till1 z x runs (f1 x is no long] :iti%1 b p]fectly cle>4 ,butt] sometimes becomes too s(t f too mu* work+1 if x is all done at once2 x is !n work$ ov] two or ?ree times1 & all[$ to /& 9 cold wat] aft] ea* work+1 :i* pres]ves its h>dness & texture4 ,?is :ole op]ation is call$ ! wa%+ ( ! butt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,:5 ! wa%+ is f9i%$1 ! butt] is cut ) a blunt1 saw-too!d knife1 ,fig4 #aad1 9 e direction1 9 ord] to remove all hairs1 or fibres ( any k9d1 :i* by any possibility h got into x dur+ ! day4 ,x is !n spr9kl$ ov] ) :ite1 f9ely-p[d]$ salt1 ! quantity ( :i* is regulat$ by ! ta/e2 & ?is is p]fectly work$ 91 s t ! :ole is uni=mly salt$4 ,mo/ dairy-wom5 det]m9e ! quantity ( salt by ! eye & ! ta/e1 & acquire su* facility by cont9u$ practice t !y always get ! prop] quantity2 b less exp]i5c$ ones take ! salt by weight4 ,! salt+ is n all done at once1 b is cont9u$ ?ree or f\r days1 twelve h\rs int]v5+ betwe5 ea* application1 until all ! salt has dissolv$1 & n a cry/al is to be f\nd4 ,if ! butt] has a speckl$ & v>iegat$ appe>ance1 x is a sign t ! salt is n completely work$ 91 & ! neglect mu/ be rem$i$ by work+ x ov] /ill m 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]4 ,:5 ! salt is all dissolv$1 ! butt] is br\ght into s+le balls & got ready = ! next m>ket-day1 or ! :ole mass is put into a p>ticul> keg1 9 ord] to be tak5 to m>ket at "s subsequ5t "t z firk9-butt]4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,fre% ,,butt]4--,! =m ( ! butt] is made by tak+ a suitable quantity & press+ x into a m\ld1 & !n tak+ x out by knock+ on ! m\ld4 ,_m diff]5t =ms ( butt]-m\lds are 9 use 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ,holl&1 su* z are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aae1 #aaf1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,! figures impress$ on ! butt] are giv5 by ! m\ld1 :]e x is deeply engrav$2 or !y are made aft] ! butt] is tak5 out ( ! m\ld1 & = ?is purpose a peculi> in/rum5t is us$1 ,fig4 #aag1 a k9d ( flat wood5 spoon1 ) a %ort1 conv5i5t h&le1 & long grooves 9 ! broad1 flat surface4 ,ea* region has its own peculi> /amp1 or special figures1 :i* are giv5 to lump-butt]1 to :i* p>ticul> att5tion is paid by ! pur*as]4 ,! butt]-deal] kn[s exactly t 9 "o section butt] is /amp$ 9 "o way1 9 ano!r section 9 "s o!r way2 & t ! butt] ( "o section1 ) its peculi> /amp1 is wor? m ?an t ( ano!r4 ,! butt]-m\lds are g5]ally made ( l9d5-wood1 b mu/ always be l>ge en\gh to hold at lea/ a c]ta9 prescrib$ weight ( butt]2 = all lump-butt] br\ght = sale to ! weekly m>ket mu/ be ( a prescrib$ weight4 ,?is weight is v diff]5t1 & almo/ e city has diff]5t regulations & m>ket cu/oms2 yet1 9 mo/ places1 a p\nd is ! legal weight4 ,c]ta9 m>ket-ma/]s1 or inspectors ( butt]1 are appo9t$1 & wat* t all ! butt] has its prop] weight4 ,if too light1 x is =feit$ by ! sell]1 :o is also puni%$ = fraud4 ,! butt] br\ght to m>ket is g5]ally cov]$ ) v clean :ite clo?s1 & sev]al sample lumps are put = inspection 9 a l>ge butt]-b[l1 basket1 or %all[ box4 ,_m dairym5 are accu/om$ 9 spr+1 :5 ! fir/ grass butt] is made1 to s5d _! regul> cu/om]s a few little lumps ( fre% ,may or grass butt]4 ,^! pres5ts g5]ally h a peculi> =m1 & on ! specim5s mo/ c>efully prep>$ "s animal is m\ld$1 z a %eep ly+ d[n1 a dog1 c41 ) a bun* ( gre5 grass or butt]cups 9 its m\?4 ,! dairy-woman h]self usually pres5ts ?is butt] 9 a beautiful milk-b[l adorn$ ) grass & fl[]s1 cov]$ ) glitt]+ :ite clo?s4 ,,! ,,pack+ ,,( ,,butt] ,,9 ,,firk9s ,,& ,,b>rels4--,if ! butt] pack$ 9 firk9s & b>rels is to be kept a long "t1 exp]i5ce & k are requir$ to pack x s t x w n be injur$4 ,! =m & size ( ^! casks are diff]5t 9 diff]5t sections & prov9ces4 ,:]e butt]-mak+ =ms a *ief bran* ( dairy bus9ess1 ! p>ticul> =m & size :i* h be5 us$ = a long "t are adh]$ to1 because dairym5 "k v well t ! public recognizes _! *oice butt] by ! =m & size ( ! casks1 & buys x ! m readily4 ,! greate/ anxiety ( ! ,dut* butt]-mak] is to keep up ! old1 well-e>n$ reputation :i* ,dut* butt] has 9 e =eign c\ntry1 bo? = its intr9sic good qualities1 ! result ( ! process ( manufacture1 & = its extraord9>y appe>ance z an article ( comm]ce4 ,= ! prop] pres]vation ( ! good qualities ( butt]1 x is ( ! highe/ importance to h ! casks prop]ly made & treat$2 b ! mode ( salt+ & pack+ ! butt] 9 !m is also ( special importance1 s9ce ?is is exam9$ at ! sale4 ,! old & cu/om>y =ms & sizes ( butt]-casks are1 !re=e1 ( great consequ5ce to ! butt]-mak]1 because e butt]-deal] & judge ( butt] recognizes at once1 by ! ext]nal =m ( ! casks1 f :at section ! butt] comes1 & makes up 8 m9d on ! money value ( ! article f ^! appe>ances4 ,x 0 n orig9ally kn[n :at k9ds ( wood 7 be/ = transport+ butt] long di/ances 91 & pres]v+ its highe/ qualities2 & butt]-casks 7 made ( sev]al k9ds ( wood1 z oak1 bee*1 will[1 etc4 ,b x 0 = ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t t ,dut* butt] %\ld ma9ta9 its reputation = extraord9>y qualities abroad1 & ! mo/ rigid laws 7 enact$1 prescrib+ f :at wood ! casks %\ld be made1 etc42 & n[ only oak is all[$ to be us$1 & ! casks are all inspect$ & /amp$ accord+ to law4 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ! butt] is pack$ ! casks are prop]ly clean$ & prep>$1 = :i* practice & exp]i5ce are requisite4 ,old butt]-casks t h be5 previ\sly us$ are clean$ ( e p>ticle ( fat & dirt rema9+ 9 !m1 & sc\r$ & wa%$ out z c>efully z possible1 & are plac$ = sev]al days 9 runn+ wat] be=e !y are us$ aga94 ,if no runn+ wat] is at h&1 q clean pond or spr+ wat] is tak51 & all impure wat] is c>efully avoid$4 ,aft] !y h la9 9 ! wat] five or six days1 !y are c>efully sc\r$ out ) good wood-a%es & s&1 & aga9 well r9s$4 ,aft] sev]al sc\r+s & soak+s1 !y are put into a kettle ov] a fire & c>efully scald$2 & !n1 :5 cold1 aga9 sc\r$ & r9s$1 = :i* ! mo/ judici\s dairym5 use milk in/ead ( wat]1 & !y are !n plac$ to dry 9 ! air4 ,!y are fit = use only :5 ev]y?+ has be5 done 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]4 ,b new butt]-casks require /ill m p>ticul> & c>eful treatm5t be=e !y c be fill$ ) butt] )\t fe> ( injury4 ,!y are got ready = pack+ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,"s dairym5 let !m lie 9 pure wat] a :ole summ] & w9t] long1 & wa% !m out 9 lye1 & !n treat !m j z !y d ^? t h be5 us$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 :o give ! new casks ! pref]5ce ov] ! old1 b :o _c wait = ! soak+ 9 lye ov] summ] & w9t]1 treat !m 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y prep>e a lye ( good ,am]ican pota%1 :i* g5]ally conta9s ! mo/ alkali1 9 a cask hold+ "s ?ree hundr$ qu>ts1 tak+ a p\nd ( pota% to tw5ty p\nds ( wat]4 ,= a cask ( ! size nam$ fifte5 p\nds ( pota% are us$1 :i* is prep>$ by p\r+ boil+ wat] ^u x & /irr+ con/antly1 add+ a little m wat] z ! pota% dissolves4 ,) ?is lye1 :i* w be ab\t five degrees /rong by ,beaum's aromet]1 ! butt]-b>rels are entirely fill$4 ,! b>rels /& two h\rs fill$ ) lye1 & are !n empti$ & expos$ to ! air to dry1 )\t be+ sc\r$ out ) wat] or milk4 ,! lye may be us$ aga9 = o!r new b>rels1 ev5 ?\gh a "p ( its /r5g? may be gone4 ,pota% is add$1 f "t to "t1 to keep up ! specifi$ degree ( /r5g?4 ,a solution ( fifte5 p\nds ( co>sely-p[d]$ alum is prep>$ 9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ qu>ts ( hot wat]1 9 a vessel z l>ge z ! lye-cask4 ,! butt]-b>rels are also fill$ full ( ! solution ( alum1 & all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is alum solution mu/ also be ( five degrees /r5g? by ,beaum's scale1 & x c be us$ ov] & ov] by add+ m alum n[ & !n4 ,aft] empty+ out ! alum & lye1 !y are dri$ a day 9 ! sun & air1 & !n r9s$ out 9 fre%1 pure wat]1 :5 !y c be us$ = pack+ butt] )\t fe>4 ,"s add a little sulphate ( iron or gre5 copp]as to ! alum1 :5 ! solution is m p[]ful2 yet ! managem5t ( ! butt]-b>rels is !n m tr\blesome1 & requires m exp]i5ce4 ,! effect ( ! copp]as has also ! disadvantage t x black5s ! b>rels1 :i*1 ?\gh x does n injure !m1 is n lik$ by ! pur*as]4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! new butt]-b>rels are mu* m quickly & *eaply cleans$1 & got ready = pack+ & transport+ butt]1 ?an by ! c\rse pursu$ ) old b>rels4 ,! b>rels1 treat$ z above1 are n only q wat]-tight1 b ! wood is /rong] & m durable4 ,by means ( ! pota%-lye & ! alum solution ! tann9 is tak5 f ! oak-wood us$ 9 ! b>rels1 :i*1 if x rema9$1 w\ld give a disagreeable ta/e to ! butt]4 ,! effect ( ! pota% & alum ^u ! wood ( ! b>rels is q h>mless1 & does n imp>t ! lea/ unheal?y quality to ! butt]4 ,:5 ! old or new b>rels h be5 cleans$ & prep>$1 9 ei!r ( ! ways indicat$1 suitably = pack+ ! butt]1 ! bottom ( ! b>rel is ev5ly cov]$ ) salt4 ,!n a lay] ( butt] :i* has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ & salt$ is made1 & ano!r lay] ( salt1 & s alt]nate lay]s ( salt & butt] till ! b>rel is full1 :5 a little br9e ( salt & wat] is p\r$ on top4 ,! butt] is n[ ready to be laid 9 ! cell>1 & !nce to be sold & export$4 ,:5 ! dairy is n suffici5tly l>ge to fill a b>rel ea* day1 ! butt] ( sev]al *urn+s mu/ be us$1 & ! b>rel fill$ f "t to "t z x /&s 9 ! cell>4 ,9 t case ! upp] lay] ( butt] is left cov]$ ) salt1 & ! cov] ( ! b>rel is clos$ d[n tight4 ,9 mo/ l>ge dairies a b>rel is g5]ally fill$ at "o *urn+1 :i* is consid]$ bett] = ! quality ( ! butt]4 ,! butt] is always pack$ 9 s firmly t no space is left unfill$4 ,9 do+ up butt] = sale at home1 or at a neighbor+ m>ket1 ! lumps are work$ into ! =m ( half a sph]e1 & put into little bright-hoop$ boxes1 made to fit into l>g] casks1 :i* c be nicely cov]$ & clos$ up1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aai1 :]e ! dairy-woman holds a box 9 h] h&4 ,! cov]$ casks are also se5 c>efully nail$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,! buy] :o wi%es to try ! butt] uses a long iron or /eel bor]1 holl[ inside1 & furni%$ ) a h&le1 z also se5 9 ! cut4 ,?is n only enables him to te/ ! quality b ! uni=mity ( ! butt] 9 ! cask4 ,,color+ ,,( ,,butt]4--,! practice ( color+ butt] is f\nd$ on ! fact t we are accu/om$ to =m our judgm5t at once ( ! qualities ( ! article f ! :it5ess or ! yell[ness ( its color4 ,:it] butt] is less attractive g5]ally ?an yell[ summ] or grass-made butt]4 ,! color has come to be important to ! sell]1 & artificial means are f\nd to regulate x4 ,! color+ is made z foll[s3 ,ab\t a p\nd ( butt] is melt$1 s t ! heavi] p>ts s9k to ! bottom1 :5 ! light1 cle> fat on ! top is p\r$ into ano!r di%4 ,9 ?is fat ?us p\r$ (f is put a piece ( annatto ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 wrapp$ up 9 a l95 clo?1 & x is !n aga9 put ov] ! fire4 ,! color+ matt] ( ! annatto /ra9s ?r\gh ! l95 clo?1 & turns ! butt] br[n r$1 :5 x is all[$ to cool (f4 ,:5 ! butt] is to be color$1 "s ( ?is br[n r$ is melt$1 salt$1 & mix$ v c>efully into ! butt] aft] wa%+4 ,! quantity ( color+ matt] us$ dep5ds on ! color :i* ! mak] wants to imp>t to 8 butt]1 & a little practice soon enables him to take ! "r quantity4 ,o!rs p\r ! color+ matt] directly ^u ! butt] to atta9 ! same end4 ,9 color+ artificially x is important to get a uni=mity ( color1 :i* is ! result ( v ?or\gh work+4 ,color$ butt] mu/ n be m>bl$4 ,! cream is sometimes color$ be=e *urn+4 ,! annatto is put into a clean bee*-wood lye1 & z mu* ( ?is color$ & /ra9$ lye is tak5 z is necess>y to produce ! desir$ color 9 ! butt]4 ,x is !n *urn$ z usual4 ,turm]ic is sometimes us$ in/ead ( annatto = color+ butt]4 ,x has no advantage1 h[ev]1 ov] annatto4 ,9 _m sections ! butt] is color$ ) an extract ( saffron 9 wat]1 or ( m>igold1 or ) ! juice ( c>rots1 :i* is appli$ to ! cream be=e *urn+4 ,! color+ adds no?+ to ! quality or ! ta/e4 ,x is done = ! sake ( ! looks2 b x gives ! butt] a deceptive appe>ance4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,butt]-,,milk4--,! butt]-milk 9 ! *urn is p\r$ into a great cask1 :i* 9 l>ge dairies1 z a g5]al rule1 is pa9t$ blue outside & :ite inside1 ) broad black iron hoops4 ,x /&s g5]ally 9 ! kit*5 cov]$ ) a wood5 lid4 ,butt]-milk is us$ ei!r 9 cook+1 or = calves or sw9e1 or is sold4 ,dairym5 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge cities h b>rels ) broad1 bright brass hoops1 9 :i* !y c>ry _! butt]-milk to m>ket4 ,x is put into !m ?r\gh a bung-hole1 & :5 full ! wood5 bung is w\nd ) l95 & driv5 94 ,9 ^! b>rels ! butt]-milk is c>ri$ to ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 etc41 sometimes by boats on ! canals1 sometimes on wagons1 & by yokes1 & !re sold to ! groc]s at :olesale1 to be aga9 sold out by !m4 ,! butt]-milk ?us br+s an income by no means inconsid]able to well-manag$ dairies4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,dut* ,,*eese4--,f "t immemorial1 *eese1 z an article ( comm]ce1 :i* has _h a l>ge sale1 has br\ght an ext5sive income to ! cattle-bre$]s & dairym5 :]e its manufacture has be5 l>gely c>ri$ on1 z ev]y:]e 9 ,we/ ,friesl&1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 & along ! bord]s ( ! crook$ ,rh9e 9 ,utre*t4 ,dairym5 are n ! only ones :o enjoy ! advantage :i* gr[s out ( ! *eese-trade2 b a l>ge numb] ( o!r p d]ive consid]able pr(it f x1 & support !mselves entirely by x4 ,ev5 ! commonalty ( ! cities1 :]e ! weekly m>kets = ! sale ( *eese are regul>ly held1 d]ive a consid]able rev5ue f ! small taxes = c>riage & m>ket-dues1 to :i* e sell] has to submit4 ,! actual diff]5ce betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( *eese made 9 ,holl& is due 9 "p to ! =m & size1 & 9 "p to ! mode ( mak+4 ,e sort has also a "n d]iv$ f its peculi>ities1 or f ! prov9ces or sections :]e x is made4 ,! v>ieties ( *eese be/ kn[n 9 ! m>kets 9 ,s\? ,holl& are ! spice *eese1 ! sweet milk *eese1 kn[n also "u ! "n ( ,g\da *eese1 ! s-call$ ,may *eese1 ! ,c\ncil's *eese1 ! ,jews' *eese1 & ! ,engli% *eese1 made 9 _m places4 ,fur!r up 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 ! ,nor? ,dut* sweet milk *eese1 z x is commonly call$ 9 ! prov9ce1 kn[n 9 ! =eign m>kets z ,edam *eese1 is almo/ exclusively made4 ,a k9d ( sweet milk *eese is made to a limit$ ext5t1 call$ ,commissions' *eese4 ,9 ,we/ ,friesl&1 ,utre*t1 & ,s\? ,holl&1 b few except sweet milk *eeses are made4 ,9 mak+ *eese1 ! utmo/ cleanl9ess is mo/ c>efully obs]v$ 9 all ! op]ations4 ,:oev] is intru/$ ) ?is "w is requir$ to display ! utmo/ neatness 9 8 :ole p]son1 z well z 9 ! dairy-room2 & ! vats & o!r ut5sils are daily sc\r$1 wa%$ ) lye1 & wa%$ out 9 wat] & r9s$4 ,! greate/ att5tion is also paid to ! transport ( *eese to ! weekly m>kets 9 ! cities2 & 9 :atev] way 8 load is c>ri$1 :e!r by wagon or 9 little boats1 ! p]son intru/$ ) x is always dress$ 9 ! s-call$ *eese-frock1 a l>ge :ite l951 :i* is us$ exclusively = ?is purpose4 ,at ! m>ket itself ! *eese is laid on a f\r-corn]$ b5*1 two feet high1 & expos$ to view 9 a glitt]+ :ite l95 clo?4 ,b1 9 ord] to keep (f all du/ & impurities1 a sail-clo? is rais$ ov] ! :ole1 call$ ! *eese-sail2 or x is cov]$ ) a sail-clo? cov]+1 or sometimes ) clean /raw4 ,b 9 o!r places x is cu/om>y to c>ry ! *eese on wagons1 9 a :ite l95 clo?1 & cov]$ ) a wooll5 cov]1 ready pack$ = sale at ! m>kets4 ,,*eese-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,s\? ,,holl&4--,spice *eese f skim-milk1 & sweet milk or ,g\da *eese1 are ! only k9ds made to any ext5t 9 ,s\? ,holl&4 ,spice *eese1 :i* d]iv$ its "n f ! addition ( spices1 is a firm1 flat *eese1 ( ab\t tw5ty p\nds weight1 br\ght to m>ket g5]ally color$ r$4 ,x is ?ree qu>t]s ( a foot ?ick1 & "o & a half feet 9 diamet]1 & is made z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! skim-milk is p\r$ f ! milk-pans into l>ge tubs1 & all[$ to /& quiet till ! *eesy matt] has settl$ to ! bottom1 :i* requires1 p]haps1 half a day4 ,!n ! ?9 liquid on top is p\r$ (f v c>efully1 )\t /irr+ up ! re/1 ?r\gh a /ra9]1 into a l>ge brass kettle1 till x is full2 b ! ?ick] sub/ance at ! bottom is left1 & n put into ! kettle4 ,"u ?is kettle a fire is made1 & ! milk heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 regulat$ by ! judgm5t ( ! dairymaid1 suffici5t to w>m o!r cold milk1 b x mu/ n boil4 ,! fire is made 9 ! kit*51 or 9 ! summ]-h\se1 or 9 "s o!r room call$ ! *eese-h\se4 ,:5 ! milk 9 ! kettle is prop]ly heat$1 x is p\r$ into ! tub ( milk :i* has be5 heat$ & all[$ to get cold4 ,?is tub is an upright vat1 op5 at ! top1 ( uni=m diamet]1 b\nd ) wood5 hoops1 & g5]ally left ( ! natural color ( ! wood2 sc\r$ v bright1 b sometimes pa9t$ blue & ! hoops black4 ,x is se5 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,:5 ! quantity ( milk is l>ge1 ! dairyman puts 9 z mu* r5net z he ?9ks necess>y to curdle ! milk completely2 b be=e & dur+ ! addition ( ! curd ! :ole is ?or\ghly /irr$1 & ?is /irr+ is cont9u$ until ! /ick or wood5 ladle us$ = ! purpose w /& erect 9 ! curd4 ,!n ! dairy-woman works ! curd ) h] h&s till no fur!r effect ( ! r5net 9 curd+ ! milk is to be se54 ,x is call$ ! *eese-curd4 ,! r5net is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! maw or f\r? /oma* ( a newly-kill$ suck+ calf is tak5 f ! o!r /oma*s1 c>efully clean$ & cut into /rips two in*es wide1 & !n hung up 9 ! *imney to be smok$ & dri$2 or1 9 hot wea!r 9 summ]1 x is hung up 9 ! sun4 ,well smok$ & dri$ /rips w keep a v long "t4 ,:5 ^! are want$ = use1 !y are v c>efully wa%$ & purifi$1 & !n laid 9 ! salt br9e f ! butt]-b>rels1 or 9 lukew>m salt wat] to soak4 ,! liquid is put into bottles & laid 9 ! cell>4 ,= curd+ milk z mu* is tak5 z is ?\ght to be necess>y1 :i* _c be det]m9$ )\t consid]able practice & exp]i5ce4 ,if too little is tak51 ! *eese is n fat en\gh2 if m ?an ! "r quantity1 x gives a disgu/+ acid ta/e4 ,x is difficult1 almo/ impossible1 to /ate exactly h[ mu* r5net %\ld be us$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( milk1 because ?is mu/ be det]m9$ by its quality & its /r5g?4 ,some?+ l ! foll[+ quantity is1 h[ev]1 tak53 ,9 a sixty-qu>t vat are plac$ ab\t fifty r5nets1 prep>$ by dry+1 wa%+1 & cutt+1 & a cle> salt br9e or butt]-pickle ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five degrees /r5g? is add$4 ,9 small] quantities ! proportion ( r5net is ab\t "o & a half qu>ts to a r5net1 or ev5 less4 ,?is dri$ maw c be b\ght ev]y:]e 9 packages ( tw5ty-five pieces ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,"o great po9t 9 *eese-mak+ is to h a suffici5t quantity ( good r5net 9 /ore2 = ! old] x gr[s ! m p[]ful & effective x becomes1 & ! exp]i5c$ *eese-mak]s1 /udy+ _! own int]e/s1 "k v well h[ difficult1 hurtful1 & "t-wa/+1 x is to use fre% or new r5net4 ,! ass]tion sometimes made t !y use muriatic acid in/ead ( r5net = curd+ ! milk 9 ,holl& re/s on an error1 at lea/ s f> z ! pres5t me?ods are conc]n$4 ,9 e>li] times1 & = ! poore/ k9ds1 z ! ,jews' *eese1 muriatic acid 0 m or less us$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! r5net = ^? *eeses is prep>$ f ! /oma*s ( calves "s days old4 ,:5 ! curd has suffici5tly come1 & has all be5 ?or\ghly brok51 ! dairy-woman puts a f\r-corn]$ l95 clo?1 call$ ! *eese-clo?1 :i* is us$ only = ?is purpose1 & is only loosely wov51 ^u a small /rong ladd] laid ov] ! edges ( a l[ tub1 & puts ^u ! clo? ! prop] quantity ( curd1 !n ties up ! f\r corn]s ( ! clo?1 & presses ) h] :ole /r5g?1 t ! milk may dra9 (f4 ,?is "w is also done by m5 :o c apply great /r5g?1 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! corn]s ( ! *eese-clo? are br\ght toge!r1 & ! op]ator presses z h>d z he c1 9 ord] to remove all ! milk f ! curd4 ,b1 z ?is is n possible ) ! h&s alone1 ! :ole is plac$ "u a plank-press1 & by ?is means z mu* ( ! milk z possible is press$ out4 ,a /rong cleat is nail$ to a pill> 9 ! wall at a conv5i5t height f ! floor1--say two feet1--s t ! tub1 ladd]1 & *eese-clo?1 c be put "u ! plank1 :5 ! plank is press$ d[n ^u ! clo? & curd4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! plank ! op]ator sits & presses d[n ) ! :ole weight ( 8 body1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! :ey runs into ! tub1 & is g5]ally us$ z food = sw9e4 ,! pressure is cont9u$ till no m runs (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,aft] ! complete removal ( ! :ey1 ! curd rema9+ 9 ! clo? has ! =m ( ! palms ( ! h&s1 & is press$ s firmly t x holds toge!r :5 ! clo? is remov$4 ,b x is aga9 brok5 up1 & put = ?is purpose into ! break+-tub1 a l[ b broad1 op5 tub1 ) wood5 hoops1 & made ( /rong /aves1 & is "h work$ ov] by ! b>e b cleanly-wa%$ feet ( ! dairyman1 or hir$ man4 ,?is work+ ) ! feet is cont9u$1 j z 9 knead+ d\gh1 till all is br\ght to a /iff pa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,:5 x has come to ?is consi/5ce ! =m+ ( ! *eese beg9s4 ,! dairyman has = ?is purpose a *eese-m\ld /&+ be=e him1 & lays on ! bottom a lay] ( *eese )\t spice1 & ?is is call$ ! bl9d lay]4 ,! *eese tub or m\ld1 ,figs4 #abc & #abd1 is us$ only = ?is fir/ m\ld+4 ,x is a wood5 vat1 made ( /aves f "o to "o & a half in*es ?ick1 & is n9e & a half to twelve & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t t5 in*es high1 b\nd at ! bottom & top ) /\t hoops4 ,! bottom ( oak-wood1 put 9 v c>efully1 is pi]c$ ) holes = lett+ (f any moi/ure t may rema9 9 ! *eese4 ,on ! top ( ! tub a cov] is exactly fitt$1 to s9k d[n ^u ! *eese :5 ! pressure is appli$4 ,?is cov] is ( oak1 "o & a half in*es ?ick1 & has a cross-piece ?ree & a half in*es ?ick1 :i* s]ves z a h&le4 ,! fir/ lay] ( *eese is q firmly press$ d[n or trodd5 into ! m\ld ) ! h&s or feet1 & !n foll[s a lay] ( curd mix$ ) spices4 ,! mixture is made be/ by putt+ z mu* ( ! pa/y curd f ! vat into a tub z w =m "o lay] 9 ! m\ld4 ,ov] ?is ! spice is /rewn1 c>away & "s p\nd$ cloves1 & ! mass is !n work$ ov]1 :5 x is plac$ z a new lay] into ! m\ld4 ,^u ! second lay] "s co>sely-p\nd$ cloves are g5]ally scatt]$1 or !y are /uck :ole ov] ! surface4 ,aft] t ! second lay] is press$ 9 l ! fir/1 & ! ?ird foll[s1 & s on till ! m\ld is full4 ,on ! upp]mo/ & firmly press$ lay] is laid ! cov]4 ,! m\ld ?us c>efully fill$ is n[ br\ght "u a press1 :i*1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its l5g?1 is call$ ! 8long-press10 & sometimes ! 8fir/0 or 8*eese press10 because ! *eese fir/ comes "u x4 ,?is press is se5 9 ,fig4 #abe4 ,x /&s on f\r %ort legs1 & consi/s ( upright beams fix$ ^u a plat=m1 & a long beam1 act+ z a lev]1 ) "o end fa/5$ by a rivet or bolt4 ,! o!r end is load$ ) weights to any desirable ext5t1 z appe>s 9 ! cut4 ,! p[] ( ! press may also be increas$ or dim9i%$ by %ift+ ! end ( ! lev] to ! l[] or upp] hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,:5 ! m\ld is put "u ! press x is set into a %all[1 f\r-corn]$ wood5 box or pan on ! foot-bo>d4 ,?is pan is furni%$ ) grooves at ! side1 ?r\gh :i* ! :ey c escape4 ,! pressure may /ill fur!r be increas$ by putt+ a block on ! lid ( ! m\ld1 z appe>s 9 ! press4 ,x is ?is p[]ful pressure :i* gives ! *eese ! high quality = :i* x is di/+ui%$ above o!rs4 ,! :ey /ill rema9+ 9 ! curd runs (f ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bottom ( ! m\ld1 :5 ! /rong pressure is appli$1 into ! pan1 & is caught 9 ano!r pan :i* sits "u ! press4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,:5 ! *eese has /ood two h\rs "u ! press1 x is tak5 f ! m\ld1 surr\nd$ by a clean l95 clo?1 & aga9 br\ght "u ! press4 ,! *ange ( clo? is repeat$ once or twice aft] two or ?ree h\rs' press+1 & ! *eese is left /&+ 9 ! press ov] night4 ,! next morn+ ! *eese is br\ght "u ano!r press1 "u :i* x is subject$ to /ill m p[]ful pressure1 & receives its peculi> =m4 ,?is press is se5 9 ,fig4 #abf1 & consi/s ( a frame re/+ on f\r /rong uprights1 =m+ a k9d ( firm table4 ,on ! plate ( ! table lie f\r or six roll]s1 ^: ends at bo? sides pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! /&>d pieces1 & s]ve m]ely to assi/ 9 tak+ out ! *eese4 ,! pressure is obta9$ by heavy weights let d[n & rais$ by a k9d ( w9dlass fix$ 9 two p]p5dicul> /&>ds4 ,! *eese z x comes "u ?is press is n 9 ! m\ld1 b is simply laid 9 a pan1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,be=e ! pressure beg9s1 h[ev]1 ! /amp or m>k ( ! manufactur]1 a key1 a lett]1 etc41 9 iron1 is laid ^u ! *eese1 & ^u t a squ>e bo>d4 ,! pan & weight are l[]$1 s t ! pressure beg9s & ! /amp is impress$ on ! *eese1 :i* becomes flatt]1 smoo!r1 & firm] ?an be=e4 ,! *eese is left "u ?is press till x gets its f9al =m1 & ! pressure 9 ! pan is increas$ or dim9i%$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,:5 ! *eese1 aft] be+ press$ 9 bo? ma*9es1 has receiv$ its f9al =m1 x is plac$ 9 a long tr\gh1 call$ ! salt-tr\gh1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ! c[-room beh9d ! c[-/&s4 ,x has be5 already said t ! c[-/all is us$ z a *eese-room 9 summ]1 :5 ! c[s are out to pa/ure4 ,9 ?is tr\gh1 a space deep & wide en\gh = ! diamet] ( ! *eese1 f f\r to six *eeses c be laid4 ,9 ! salt-tr\gh ! *eeses are salt$ z long & z ?or\ghly z is necess>y4 ,obs]vation & exp]i5ce are ne$$ "h to get ! "r quantity ( salt & ! "r "t1 t ! *eese may receive a suitably firm cru/ or r9d4 ,:5 ! *eese 9 ! salt-tr\gh is suffici5tly salt$1 x is put ov] a l>ge tub1 :]e x is prop]ly wa%$ 9 cold1 fre% wat]1 trimm$ ) a *eese-knife1 & color$4 ,= color+1 annatto boil$ 9 wat] ) "s pota% is us$4 ,aft] ! color+ ! *eese is rubb$ ) ! bei/+s1 or fir/ milk ( a c[ newly-calv$4 ,! spice *eese gets its r$ color & firm1 smoo? r9d 9 ! color+ & wa%+ 9 ! bei/+s2 & ?is di/+ui%es x f o!r sorts4 ,! color$ *eeses are n[ laid ^u %elves made = ! purpose 9 ! c[-/all us$ z a *eese-room1 & turn$ daily till prop]ly dri$4 ,:5 dry !y are laid = sale 9 a *eese or /ore room4 ,?is room is connect$ ) ! h\se1 or sep>at$ f ! o!r rooms only by a ?9 bo>d p>tition4 ,?is room1 z well z ! c[-/all1 is kept extraord9>ily clean1--sc\r$ & air$1 & us$ = no?+ b ! keep+ ( *eese4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,fig4 #abh repres5ts ! c[-/all us$ z a *eese-room1 9 :i* ! salt-tr\gh is se51 & ! dairyman & dairy-woman are occupi$ 9 turn+ & trimm+ ! *eese4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sweet ,,milk ,,*eese ,,9 ,,s\? ,,holl&4--,! be/ k9d ( sweet milk *eese is made 9 ! vic9ity ( ! city ( ,g\da1 & on ! gray & ,dut* ,yssel1 f :i* circum/ance x is (t5 kn[n by ! "n ( ,g\da *eese4 ,! mak+ ( ?is *eese is less difficult ?an t ( spice *eese1 b requires m att5tion & c>e1 because ! ri* sweet milk is us$ = x4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,! milk z x comes fre% f ! c[ is /ra9$ ?r\gh a hair-/ra9] into a l>ge wood5 vat or tub1 or1 9 "s l>ge dairies1 into a copp] kettle1 :i* /&s on a peculi> tray or b5*4 ,?is tray is made ( f\r to five in* po/s1 & its size is gov]n$ by ! quantity ( milk ( ! tubs to be us$2 b ^! tubs g5]ally hold f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty cans4 ,! milk is imm$iately set ) ! requisite quantity ( r5net1 usually "o qu>t] ( a c to "o hundr$ cans ( milk2 & if x does n 8come0 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 m r5net is add$4 ,:5 x has prop]ly curdl$1 x is /irr$ 9 all directions ) a wood5 ladle ?ree or f\r times ov]1 & some:at brok5 up1 :5 x is all[$ to /& ?ree or f\r m9utes at re/4 ,x is !n g5tly & con/antly /irr$ aga91 ) ! ladle or ! h&s1 & brok54 ,by too active /irr+ "o gets m :ey ?an *eese1 & v quick /irr+ mu/ be avoid$4 ,! :ey is !n all[$ to /& "s "t1 by :i* ! curdl$ *eese p>ticles collect1 & ! :ey appe>s on ! surface1 & c be tak5 (f & p\r$ into a tub made = ! purpose4 ,to ! mass /ill rema9+ 9 ! kettle1 :i* is n[ almo/ all *eesy matt]1 z mu* hot wat] is add$ z is suffici5t to w>m x prop]ly4 ,! addition ( hot wat] mu/ be made ) discretion1 h[ev]1 & mu/ n exce$ a c]ta9 am\nt1 :i* c be le>n$ only by practice4 ,! m we add1 ! dri] w ! *eese become aft] a :ile2 &1 ?\gh x may keep ! bett]1 & be bett] = transportation1 ! ta/e is unque/ionably injur$ by x4 ,! cold-made *eese is f> m liable to injury f keep+1 b is mu* ri*] & m palatable1 on :i* acc\nt ! be/ is g5]ally eat5 fre%4 ,! quantity ( hot wat] to be add$ = w>m+ ! milk mu/ !re=e he det]m9$ some:at by ! disposition to be made ( ! *eese4 ,:5 ! hot wat] has /ood1 say half an h\r1 on ! curd1 x is tak5 (f & p\r$ into ! :ey4 ,! curd is n[ prop]ly br\ght toge!r by ! h&s or a ladle1 & aga9 ?or\ghly work$ & brok54 ,aft] /&+ at re/ a %ort "t1 ! wat] & :ey are turn$ (f aga91 z completely z possible1 9 ! :ey-tub4 ,! mass ( curd /ill rema9+ 9 ! vat1 n[ call$ wrongel1 is cut up into small pieces1 :i* are v c>efully work$ ov]1 & !n press$ into ! wood5 *eese-m\ld4 ,9 ord] to get a v f9e sep>ation ( ! curd1 only a small quantity is tak5 at once f ! vat1 :i* is rubb$ 9 ! h&s1 & !n press$ into ! m\ld till x is q full4 ,! *eese-m\ld is 9 ! =m ( a b[l1 made ( will[ wood1 ) its l[] "p pi]c$ ) holes1 s t ! :ey c run (f :5 ! pressure is appli$4 ,! *eese n[ =m$ is tak5 out c>efully1 rubb$ ) ! h&s1 & /ill fur!r work$ 9 ! *eese-tub1 & aga9 v firmly press$ into ! m\ld ) ! h&s4 ,to be able to press x into ! m\ld ) great] p[]1 an implem5t call$ ! press] is us$4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort /ick1 ) a k9d ( h&le or cross-piece on ! upp] end4 ,on ! l[] end a disc is fix$ :i* fits into ! *eese-m\ld4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5t1 ! disc is plac$ on ! *eese to be press$ into ! m\ld1 ! h&le or cross-piece is plac$ aga9/ ! *e/ or %\ld]s1 & ! op]ator presses d[n at ! same "t ) 8 h&s1 ?ru/+ ! disc z deeply z possible into ! *eese-m\ld4 ,:5 press$ en\gh on "o side1 x is turn$ r\nd 9 ! m\ld1 br++ ! o!r side up1 & ! pressure is aga9 appli$ z /rongly z possible4 ,= sav+ ! :ey 9 *eese-press+1 ! m\ld is set into a pan only a little l>g] ?an ! m\ld itself1 :i* cat*es ! :ey runn+ out f ! m\ld4 ,:5 ! *eese 9 ! m\ld is prop]ly press$ by h&1 ! cov] is put ^u ! m\ld1 :i* is load$ gradually1 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! greate/ possible pressure4 ,! weight or pressure is great] or less accord+ to ! size ( ! *eese2 yet dur+ ! pressure ! *eese mu/ be frequ5tly turn$1 t x may get ! "r =m4 ,! gradual increase ( ! pressure goes on = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 ! *eese is tak5 f ! m\ld to be laid 9 a tub ( salt-br9e 9 ! cell>2 ! cell> mu/ be kept cool4 ,! *eese rema9s 9 ! br9e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b is turn$ once 9 t "t4 ,x is !n tak5 out & put ^u a table1 ! surface ( :i* is incl9$1 ! legs ( "o end be+ long] ?an ^? ( ! o!r4 ,on bo? sides ( ! incl9$ table run grooves 9 ! direction ( ! incl9ation ( ! surface1 :i* unite at ! l[] end1 & s]ve z a way ( escape = ! br9e or pickle into a tub bel[4 ,"h ! *eese is rubb$ ) salt1 & a h&ful ( salt1 is scatt]$ ov] ! top1 :5 x is left /&+ = "s "t 89 ! salt40 ,if "o side 0 rubb$ 9 ! morn+1 x is turn$ at ev5+2 & ! o!r side is s]v$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/4 ,a *eese ( f fifte5 to sixte5 p\nds rema9s /&+ ?us f\r or five days1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,if ! heat is great1 x mu/ /& ! long] 9 ! salt4 ,:5 suffici5tly salt$1 x is wa%$ (f 9 hot wat]1 & tak5 to ! *eese-room1 :]e x is daily turn$ on dry1 clean %elves4 ,if x is /ill greasy or dauby on ! outside1 x is /ill fur!r wa%$ 9 wat]1 & dri$ (f ) a co>se l95 t[el4 ,! *eese-room is g5]ally kept clos$ by day to keep out ! light & sun1 :i* are n good = *eese4 ,x is op5$ 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ to let 9 a little cool+ air2 yet a /rong breeze is avoid$ by op5+ all ! doors & w9d[s at ! same "t1 = ! *eese w crack & break op5 if expos$ to x4 ,sweet milk *eese is fit = use at ! age ( f\r weeks4 ,/rongly salt$ *eese does n rip5 up s quickly z t :i* is salt$ less2 b1 if x takes long]1 ! loss is less1 &1 on t acc\nt1 x is pref]r$ = s5d+ (f to less salt$ *eese1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is ri*]1 & has a little bett] ta/e4 ,9 ! daily turn+ ( ! *eese1 great c>e is tak5 to obs]ve any little specks 9 x :]e ! mites conceal !mselves4 ,z soon z su* places are discov]$1 a hole is dug out ) a knife z deep z !y ext5d into ! *eese4 ,! holes are left op5 till ! next day1 :51 if no m mites appe>1 !y are /opp$ up ) o!r *eese4 ,b1 if !y /ill appe>1 "s p\nd$ pepp] is put into ! holes1 :i* de/roys !m4 ,rott5 or moi/ spots on ! *eese are treat$ 9 ! same way1 b v deep holes h to be made into ! *eese1 & x is be/ to cov] !m ) buck:eat-meal1 :5 !y dry up v quickly4 ,9 v hot wea!r x sometimes happ5s t ! *eese swells up & beg9s to f]m5t4 ,!n x is laid on ! cleanly-sc\r$ pavem5t ( ! *eese-room1 :]e x is cool]2 or1 z _m d1 pi]c$ pretty deeply ) holes ) a knitt+-ne$le1 :i* (t5 helps x4 ,) ! decrease ( ! great heat ( ! sun1 ! swell+ also ceases4 ,! *eese is n injur$ except 9 appe>ance1 ! ta/e be+ improv$4 ,b1 if ! swell+ is v consid]able1 x makes ! *eese holl[4 ,if ! milk & *eese di%es are n v cleanly wa%$ & r9s$ out1 ! *eese gets a wr9kl$ cru/1 & beg9s to f]m5t4 ,sweet milk *eese1 ?ree or f\r mon?s old1 is turn$ & air$ only once a week 9 dry wea!r4 ,_m *eese-mak]s also spr9kle ! *eeses daily1 = a week or two aft] !y are f\rte5 days old1 ) be] & v9eg>1 or ) v9eg> 9 :i* saffron has be5 extract$1 by :i* x gets n only a beautiful yell[ color1 b is also protect$ f flies4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,:ey ,,( ,,sweet ,,milk ,,*eese4--,on :at rema9s ( ! milk devot$ to ! mak+ ( sweet milk *eese 9 ! mann] above describ$1 or ! :ey :i* runs (f 9 ! press+ ( ! *eese1 !re =ms1 aft] x has /ood a few days1 a f9e creamy sk91 :i* is c>efully tak5 (f ) a wood5 spoon1 put 9 a clean j>1 & /irr$ f "t to "t4 ,?is cream is collect$ to make butt]1 & x c be done once a week4 ,?is butt]-:ey is heal?ful & good1 to be sure2 b1 on ! :ole1 is n s f9e & delicate flavor$ z good cream butt]1 & on ?is acc\nt is *eap]4 ,! butt]-milk :i* comes f ! *urn+ ( ! cream ( :ey is a good food = sw9e4 ,!y greatly reli% x4 ,:ey is also sold z a bev]age1 & is call$ 8sweet :ey40 ,:5 fre% & unta9t$1 x is q an agreeable dr9k1 v cool+1 & good = ! heal? 9 spr+1 purify+ ! blood1 ?\gh some:at purgative 9 its effect on ! kidneys4 ,lat] 9 summ]1 :5 ! heat is v great1 :ey is ?\ght to be r injuri\s to ! heal? ?an o!rwise4 ,x is !n us$ exclusively = sw9e4 ,,may ,,*eese4--,9 ! e>ly "p ( summ]1 :5 ! grass is be/1 sweet milk *eese is made 9 precisely ! same way z t describ$1 yet ( small] size & less weight4 ,?is is call$ ,may *eese1 & is design$ = imm$iate use or sale :5 ripe1 z x w n keep1 & easily loses its f9e flavor4 ,,jews' ,,*eese4--,ano!r k9d ( sweet milk *eese is ! ,jews' *eese4 ,x diff]s f common sweet milk *eese 9 its =m1 :i* is flatt] & ?9n]1 & p>tly 9 be+ less salt$1 & ( a mu* loos] texture4 ,x is b little made2 b "s dairies are devot$ to x4 ,,c\ncil',s ,,*eese4--,?is is made z ! common sweet milk *eese1 only 9 mu* small] m\lds4 ,x has also a peculi> color4 ,x is all[$ to get r old be=e x is reli%$1 & is !n mo/ly giv5 away4 ,,new ,,milk',s ,,*eese4--,?is is made 9 w9t]1 :5 ! c[s are 9 ! /all4 ,x is n s good z grass *eese1 :i* is made 9 summ]1 :5 ! c[s are at pa/ure1 & is less reli%$1 & br+s a l[] price4 ,:5 ! c[s are br\ght to ! b>n late 9 ! fall1 x c be made ( v good quality = a few days2 b ! long] ! c[ rema9s 9 ! /all ! m ! milk loses its good quality = *eese1 on :i* acc\nt b few ( ! l>g] dairies make *eese at all 9 w9t]4 ,to make x appe> to buy]s m l grass-made *eese1 & to be able to sell x1 x is color$ ) ! same mat]ial1 & x is !n (t5 v difficult to di/+ui% x1 s9ce great pa9s is tak5 to give ! two k9ds ! same =m1 h>dness ( r9d1 etc4 ,! dairym5 h less to d ) ?is deception ?an ! deal]s4 ,hay *eese is r bett] 9 quality = color+1 s9ce x ga9s 9 appe>ance & ta/e2 b x nev] c equal grass-made *eese 9 f9e qualities4 ,,*eese-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,holl&4--,9 ! prov9ce ( ,nor? ,holl& sweet milk *eese is made almo/ exclusively4 ,f anci5t times ?is p>ticul> bran* ( f>m+ has be5 c>ri$ to great ext5t2 b x has especially gr[n 9 importance s9ce ! prov9ce ga9$ a firm soil by artificial dra9+4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,nor? ,holl& is ! head-qu>t]s ( ! *eese-trade2 & x is easily expla9$ 9 ! fact t no o!r prov9ce has m or bett] cattle4 ,! manufacture ( *eese is almo/ ! only object ( keep+ cattle1 & ! ,nor? ,dut* dairy f>m] applies himself ) ! greate/ possible zeal to ! mo/ c>eful modes ( *eese-mak+1 9 ord] to keep up ! anci5t reputation ( 8 *eeses1 bo? 9 ! dome/ic & =eign m>kets1 & to secure to himself all ( ! advantages spr++ f x4 ,! quantity ( *eese :i* is weekly sold 9 ! m>kets ( ,alkma>1 ,hoorn1 ,edam1 ,purm]5d1 ,m$5blik1 ,enkhuiz51 etc41 is enorm\s4 ,we cite ,alkma> alone z an example1 :]e on ! city scales !re 7 weigh$ no less ?an #bc1hei1beh ,ne!rl&i% p\nds 7#ecf1hcd1hcj p\nds1 ,am]ican71 f #ageh to #ahcj4 ,s9ce t "t ! manufacture has increas$1 s t f ?ree to f\r million ,ne!rl& p\nds are annually br\ght to ! ,alkma> m>ket4 ,b1 besides ?is1 a l>ge quantity ( *eese does n come into ! m>ket1 b is sold at ! dairy )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! trad]s1 & nev] comes to ! city scales4 ,9 #ahdc !re 7 sold 9 ! ,nor? ,dut* *eese-m>kets #bb1che1hab p\nds1 to say no?+ ( ! l>ge quantity sold directly f ! dairy4 ,x is easy to see1 !re=e1 h[ important & ext5sive an int]e/ ! manufacture ( *eese has become = ?is prov9ce4 ,( ! tw5ty-two million p\nds annually export$1 ! value may be e/imat$ z at lea/ ?ree million ,dut* guild]s4 ,! price & value ( ! *eese v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! m>kets4 ,! ,nor? ,dut* *eese diff]s some:at 9 quality & money value1 accord+ to ! section :]e x is made2 b 9 g5]al t made 9 ! region ab\t ,hoorn is consid]$ ! be/1 z is v natural1 s9ce 9 t vic9ity are to be f\nd ! f9e/ mead[s & pa/ures 9 ! prov9ce4 ,! villages ( ,oo/]blokk]1 ,we/]w\de1 ,hoogec>spel1 & ,twisk1 are di/+ui%$ above all o!rs2 & s are ! pa/ures ( ,beem/]1 ,purm]1 & ,s*]m]1 almo/ equally s4 ,! ,dut* *eese-mak] reckons twelve ,ne!rl& cans ( milk to a p\nd--two & a qu>t] p\nds ,am]ican--( *eese1 accord+ to :i* a c[ 9 ?ree hundr$ days w\ld give f eighte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& cans ( milk1 or usually f "o hundr$ & fifty to "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five ,ne!rl& p\nds ( *eese1 9 a ye>4 ,,! ,,ut5sils ,,us$ ,,9 ,,*eese-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,holl& are ne>ly ! same z ^? already describ$ = sav+ ! milk = butt]1 & ^? us$ 9 ! v>i\s processes ( *eese-mak+ 9 ,s\? ,holl&4 ,!y are modifi$ to "s ext5t1 to be sure1 by ! ta/e1 ! pride1 ! weal?1 or ! caprice1 ( ea* dairyman4 ,_m a !m are pa9t$1 :olly or 9 "p1 9 oil colors1 = ! sake ( durability z well z cleanl9ess1 on :i* ! ,nor? ,dut* dairyman lays great /ress4 ,!y d n require mu* capital4 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,nor? ,,dut* ,,*eeses1 ,,& ,,! ,,trade ,,9 ,,!m4--,! ,nor? ,dut* *eese is call$ sweet milk *eese1 & also1 pretty commonly1 :ite *eese1 :]e x is made2 b 9 ,g]many x is call$ ,edam]1 less because ! be/ is made 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is city ?an because ! l>ge/ trade 9 x is c>ri$ on !re4 ,all sweet milk *eese has n ! same weight1 =m1 & size4 ,_m k9ds ( x come into ! m>ket "u diff]5t names2 z1 = example1 l>ge *eese ( #bj to #bd p\nds 7#de to #ed p\nds71 ,malboll5 ( #af p\nds 7#cf p\nds71 m$ium ( #aj to #ab p\nds 7#bb to #bg p\nds71 ,commission's ( #f or #g p\nds 7#ad to #af p\nds71 & little ones ( #d p\nds 7#i p\nds71 to :i* belong ! ,jews' *eese4 ,besides ?is1 ! mak+ ( ,engli% *eese is c>ri$ on4 ,malboll5 is b little made4 ,x is ( ab\t tw5ty p\nds weight4 ,fifty ye>s ago l>ge quantities ( x came into m>ket1 & 7 sold mo/ly 9 ,nor? ,brabant & ! ,rh9e prov9ces4 ,( ! m$ium *eese ! manufacture is pretty ext5sive at ! pres5t "t1 & x is sold to g to ,nor? ,brabant *iefly4 ,! price ( ^! sorts is m frequ5tly fluctuat+ ?an t ( ! small] ones2 b less s ?an t ( ,commission's *eese1 :i* is n mu* made4 ,^! v>ieties 9 =m] ye>s 7 v pr(itable1 s9ce !y 7 made ) little labor1 be+ light & spongy f slight press+ & little salt+1 & 7 sold gre54 ,dairy indu/ry is n[ *iefly devot$ to mak+ ! v>ieties mo/ kn[n & s\ght = 9 ,g]many1 ! ,edam small sweet milk *eeses1 :i* are s5t 9 enorm\s quantities to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ,edam *eese 9 ! m>ket1 "o ) a :ite1 ! o!r ) a r$ r9d4 ,! latt] is firm1 m ( a yell[i% color inside1 & color$ outside4 ,! color+ matt] is prep>$ 9 ,france = ?is special purpose4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! *eese is bett] adapt$ to transportation4 ,! e>ly r$ r9d *eese is ! f9e/ & be/4 ,x is made 9 spr+ f milk fre% & w>m f c[s j turn$ to pa/ure1 & is export$ mo/ly to ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,am]ica4 ,t made lat] 9 summ] is n s good1 & goes to ,france2 ! r$ r9d1 made /ill lat] 9 ! fall1 goes to ,engl& & ,brabant4 ,*eese t is injur$1 or does n keep well1 is sold mo/ly 9 ,hamburg & ,brabant4 ,,mak+ ,,( ,,edam ,,*eese4--,! ,edam is a ri* sweet milk *eese1 t is made f fre%1 unskimm$ milk4 ,! milk1 :ile /ill w>m f ! c[1 is p\r$ into a l>ge tub or a kettle ?r\gh ! /ra9]4 ,9 cold wea!r1 :5 x has cool$ (f 9 /&+ 9 ! air1 x is w>m$ to a prop] degree by add+ milk heat$ by ! fire4 ,! r5net is !n add$4 ,?is is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! maw ( ! nurs+-calf1 cut1 into long /rips1 is soak$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 sweet :ey1 :5 x is made lukew>m ov] a sl[ fire1 :ey & all1 & ?ree times ! quantity ( *eese-br9e1 or solution ( ! salt ( ! *eese1 add$4 ,! mass is !n all[$ to /& f\r days1 :5 x is fit = use4 ,an exact det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( r5net to be us$ _c well be giv51 s9ce ! quantity dep5ds on ! quality2 b usually ab\t two hundr$ cans ( milk to "o fif? ( a c ( r5net is ! proportion1 tak+ m or less1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! r5net4 ,! milk 9 ! tub to :i* ! r5net has be5 add$ is cov]$ ov] & all[$ to /& till x is curdl$1 or become h>d1 :i* usually requires a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! curdl$ milk is !n call$ 8glib40 ,x is n[ sl[ly b regul>ly /irr$1 ) a %all[1 long-h&l$ *eese-spoon1 9 all directions4 ,"s *eese-mak]s treat ! milk 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y /ir ! milk1 ?ru/+ an inv]t$ *eese-ladle into ! curdl+ mass e two or ?ree m9utes aft] add+ ! r5net1 by :i* ! curdl+ is mu* ha/5$4 ,n[ !y move ! ladle or *eese-/ick ?ree or f\r times ) consid]able =ce ?r\gh ! ?ick5+ milk1 & lay x1 inv]t$1 on ! surface ( ! milk1 cov]+ ! vat = t5 or twelve m9utes1 :5 ! mass is aga9 set 9 motion1 & !n aga9 all[$ to /&4 ,by ?is means ! *eese p>ticles settle to ! bottom1 & ! :ey rises to ! top4 ,:51 aft] ^! alt]nate /irr+s & re/ ( ! curdl+ milk1 ! solid p>ticles h settl$1 & ! :ey is collect$ on top1 ! latt] is turn$ (f1 z c>efully z possible1 into ! :ey-tub4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to settle ! *eesy p>ts1 & to cause ! :ey to come up1 ! *eese-/ick is load$ ) weights or /ones1 by :i* ! :ey is sep>at$ 9 ! pressure ^u ! curd4 ,"s m9utes aft]1 ! :ey is aga9 turn$ (f1 ! :ole mass is prop]ly /irr$1 & ! curd is collect$ ) ! *eese-/ick & work$ ) ! h&s1 & ! :ey is aga9 c>efully turn$ (f4 ,! curd1 n[ become ?ick1 is tak5 out ( ! vat1 piece by piece1 & brok5 ) ! h&s z f9ely z possible1 9 ord] to fill z mu* into ! *eese-m\lds z w j make a *eese4 ,! m\lds are set into ! *eese-vat1 & ! curd is work$ & press$ closely 9 ) ! h&1 to remove ! :ey z mu* z possible4 ,! *eese is !n tak5 out ( ! m\ld1 & aga9 v f9ely crumbl$ 9 ! vat1 &1 aft] ! :ey is aga9 turn$ (f ?r\gh ! /ra9]1 is press$ ! second "t into ! m\ld1 s t x is z full ( *eese z x c possibly be4 ,x is !n turn$ 9 ! m\ld s t ! upp] side goes d[n1 :5 x is aga9 firmly press$ 94 ,! turn+ is repeat$ sev]al times4 ,9 ! mak+ ( l>ge & m$ium *eeses ! press] is us$1 :ile space left empty by ! pressure is aga9 fill$ ) curd1 s t ! m\ld is always full1 & ! *eese gets its requisite size4 ,9 ! small] or f\r-p\nd *eeses1 ! h&s alone are us$ = ?is press+ into ! m\ld4 ,! m\ld1 n[ press$ full1 is put into a tub1 prop]ly wa%$ 9 :ey1 & cleans$ ( all rema9+ fat4 ,by ! wa%+ & smoo?+ ! *eese mu/ get a glossy & smoo? r9d4 ,aft] ?is is done1 ! *eese is aga9 tak5 out ( ! m\ld1 wrapp$ 9 a clean l95 clo?1 put 9 aga91 & cov]$ ov] & br\ght "u ! press1 t x may become h>d] & firm]1 & t ! :ey may run (f4 ,9 hot wea!r ! *eese is left "u ! press five h\rs1 f n9e 9 ! morn+ till two 9 ! aft]noon2 b1 if x is cool1 x mu/ /& long]4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t objects 9 view 9 decid+ ! cont9uance ( ! pressure4 ,_m ?9k two or ?ree h\rs suffici5t1 :il/ o!rs press five h\rs4 ,*eese design$ = export is press$ long]1 or twelve h\rs4 ,x takes f ?ree to f\r h\rs1 usually1 f ! p\r+ 9 ( ! milk to ! br++ ( ! *eese "u ! press2 b x c be done 9 two or two & a half h\rs )\t injur+ ! *eese4 ,aft] ! fir/ press+ is f9i%$1 ! *eese is put into ano!r m\ld1 r\nd] ?an ! fir/1 & ) only "o hole 9 ! bottom1 to lie 9 ! salt4 ,9 _m places a long tr\gh is us$1 9 :i* sev]al su* m\lds are plac$ to be salt$ at ! same "t2 & = ?is ei!r dry salt or pickle 7br9e1 or salt 9 solution7 is us$4 ,! pickle is mo/ commonly us$1 & is ?\ght be/4 ,:5 "o side ( ! *eese has laid "s h\rs 9 ! br9e1 x is turn$1 & ! o!r side is also salt$4 ,aft] a :ile x is salt$ or turn$ 9 ! br9e b once a day4 ,small f\r-p\nd *eeses rema9 n9e days 9 hot wea!r1 & 9 cold t5 or twelve days1 9 ! salt2 m$ium ones ( t5 to twelve p\nds mu/ lie at lea/ ?ree weeks4 ,9 v hot wea!r !y are (t5 salt$ twice a day4 ,! m\lds ) ! salt$ *eese are plac$1 sev]al toge!r1 into ! *eese-vat :]e ! br9e is1 or on a salt+-tray :]e ! br9e is collect$ 9 a tub b5ea?4 ,aft] be+ f9ally salt$1 !y are wa%$ p]fectly clean ) wat] or w>m :ey4 ,_m put _! *eeses f ! br9e imm$iately 9 a kettle ( hot :ey = "s m9utes1 & wa% !m 9 x4 ,all unev5ness or r\ghness got 9 press+ 9 ! m\ld is n[ scrap$ (f ) a knife4 ,aft] ! wa%+1 ! *eeses are aga9 p]fectly dri$1 & laid on ! %elves 9 ! *eese-room1 :]e !y are daily turn$1 & rema9 f two to f\r1 & ev5 five weeks4 ,! *eese is n[ salable2 b be=e x is pack$ or deliv]$ x is laid = "s h\rs to soak 9 pure1 cold spr+ or well wat]1 ! smalle/ = ?ree h\rs1 ! m$ium f\r1 & ! l>ge/ five h\rs4 ,! *eese is !n well clean$ ) ! *eese-bru%1 laid on ! %elf 9 ! /ore-room1 & turn$ a week or m1 daily4 ,b1 9 ord] to give !m a f9e yell[ color1 9 damp wea!r1 especially1 ! poor] ones are1 by _m dairym51 laid a good ways ap>t1 & spr9kl$ or wa%$ daily ) new be]4 ,:5 ! *eese is to be sold1 x is prop]ly wa%$ /ill aga9 9 hot :ey1 & rubb$ ) a wool5 clo? a day be=e s5d+ to m>ket1 ) hot or cold l9se$-oil1 by :i* ! outside ( ! *eese gets a f9e gl[2 b x mu/ be rubb$ till no fat or oil is to be felt4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,color ,,( ,,edam ,,*eese4--,aft] ! dairyman has sold 8 *eese to ! m]*ant1 x is color$ by him q r$4 ,x w n be un9t]e/+ to _m read]s to "k "s ( ! details ( ?is peculi> color4 ,edam *eese is color$ ) :at is call$ t\rnesol1 :i* is extract$ f a plant 7,croton t9ctorium74 ,?is is an annual1 :i* gr[s wild 9 ,france1 9 great abundance1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,montpeli]1 9 ,langu$oc2 & ar\nd ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 l>ge commons are s[n ) x4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,f a :ite & /raight tap root1 x s5ds up a /alk some?+ l six in*es high1 :i* divides into _m bran*es4 ,! leaves h v long /ems1 ( a pale gre5 color4 ,! fl[]-/alks spr+ up f betwe5 ! bran*es1 & be> fl[]s 9 fan-%ap$ clu/]s4 ,! vegetation ( ! plant cont9ues f\r mon?s4 ,! prep>ation ( ! t\rnesol is z foll[s3 ,! plants are collect$ late 9 summ]1 ! roots ?r[n away1 & ! o!r p>ts tak5 to a mill1 :]e !y are gr\nd1 & ! juice press$ out4 ,into ?is juice ! rags ( old hemp5 clo? are dipp$ till !y are soak$ full1 :5 !y are hung up to dry 9 ! sun4 ,:5 !y are dry !y are laid on a tray ov] a tub fill$ ) ur9e1 9 :i* c>bonate ( lime has be5 dissolv$1 s t ! edges hang ov] ! rim ( ! tub on :i* !y re/4 ,! vapor f ! solution ( lime mu/ p5etrate ! rags1 & ?is gives !m a violet color1 :5 !y are tak5 (f & dri$ aga91 to be replac$ till !y are fully color$4 ,! t\rnesol rags h become an article ( comm]ce1 = :i* ,france receives annually f ,holl& f #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj guild]s 7f #ch1jjj to #gf1jjj74 ,to give ! ,edam *eeses ! r$ r9d1 !y are rubb$ ) ^! t\rnesol rags1 f :i* !y got ! d>k violet color2 & aft] !y are dri$ !y are aga9 rubb$1 :i* gives !m a gl[+ r$4 ,x is an excell5t peculi>ity ( ! t\rnesol rags t !y n only imp>t ! color to ,edam *eese1 to :i* p abroad are s accu/om$1 b t !y keep ! insects f ! *eese1 :il/ ! color+ matt] does n p5etrate inside1 b rema9s on ! r9d4 ,sub/itutes = x h be5 repeat$ly s\ght1 b n f\nd2 nor h ! attempts made to gr[ ! plant 9 ,holl& prov$ successful4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,:ey ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,dut* ,,sweet ,,milk ,,*eese4--,! :ey obta9$ 9 mak+ *eese 9 ,nor? ,holl& is collect$ 9 l>ge tubs4 ,! sweet1 agreeable ta/e ( ! :ey is soon lo/ :5 x is set to obta9 ! fatty p>ticles /ill rema9+ 9 x4 ,! cream :i* =ms on x is daily tak5 (f ) a skimm]1 put into a cream-pot1 & :5 x is collect$ 9 suffici5t quantity x is made into :ey butt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,lett] ,,to ,a ,,dairy-,,woman4 ,9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w ,i h spok5 to f>m]s & dairym5 ( ! selection1 c>e1 & managem5t1 ( dairy /ock4 ,! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? *apt]s relate m especially to y\r dep>tm5t1 & on y\r application & skill w dep5d *iefly ! successful result ( ! dairy e/abli%m5t4 ,( :at avail are co/ly b>ns1 well-select$ c[s1 & judici\s fe$+1 9 ! butt] & *eese dairy1 if ! products are to be depreciat$ 9 value by ! imp]fect modes ( prep>+ !m = ! m>ket1 :]e ! f9al judgm5t is pass$ ^u !m1 & :]e x is expect$ ! price w be accord+ to _! value8 ,y h1 d\btless1 _h a mu* great] practical k & exp]i5ce ( ! details ( dairy managem5t ?an ,i h4 ,= ?is practice & exp]i5ce ,i h ! utmo/ respect2 b ,i h n spok5 )\t a k ( ! subject4 ,i h made _m a *eese1 & _m a p\nd ( butt]1 :ile my obs]vations h ext5d$ ov] all ! mo/ important dairy di/ricts ( ! c\ntry1 & h n be5 limit$ to ! practices ( any "o section1 :i*1 h[ev] good 9 !mselves1 may n be ! be/4 ,i tru/1 !re=e1 y w excuse me = call+ y\r att5tion to ! m important po9ts to :i* ,i h allud$2 &1 if my conclusions happ5 to diff] f y\r own1 9 any respect1 t y w n disc>d !m z wor?less1 )\t fir/ br++ !m to ! te/ ( c>eful exp]im5t1 :5 ,i tru/ !y w be f\nd correct4 ,i h n writt5 to e/abli% any favorite !ory1 b simply to inculcate tru?1 & to aid 9 develop+ a mo/ important bran* ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 :i*1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 involves ! inve/m5t ( a va/ am\nt ( capital1 ! aggregate pr(its ( :i* dep5d s l>gely on y\r judgm5t & skill4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y t any addition1 h[ev] small1 to ! m>ket value ( ea* p\nd ( butt] or *eese1 w l>gely increase ! annual income ( y\r e/abli%m5t4 ,nor ne$ ,i rem9d y t ^! articles are g5]ally ! la/ ( ei!r ! luxuries or ! necess>ies ( life 9 :i* city cu/om]s are will+ to economize4 ,!y mu/ & w h a good article1 & are ready to pay = x 9 proportion to its goodness2 or1 if !y desire to economize 9 butt]1 x w be 9 ! quantity r ?an ! quality4 ,poor butt] is a drug 9 ! m>ket4 ,nobody wants x1 & ! deal] (t5 f9ds x difficult to get x (f 8 h&s1 :5 a delicate & f9ely-flavor$ article attracts att5tion & secures a ready sale4 ,"s say t poor butt] w d = cook+4 ,b a good /eak or mutton-*op is too exp5sive to all[ any "o to spoil x by ! use ( a poor quality ( butt]2 & good pa/ry-cooks w tell y t cakes & pies _c be made )\t good sweet butt]1 & pl5ty ( x4 ,^! di%es reli% too well1 :5 prop]ly cook$ ) nice butt]1 = any "o to tol]ate ! use ( poor butt] 9 !m4 ,on page #bbj & else:]e1 ,i h dwelt on ! necessity ( extreme cleanl9ess 9 all ! op]ations ( ! dairy2 & ?is is ! basis & fundam5tal pr9ciple ( y\r bus9ess4 ,i w\ld n suppose1 = a mom5t1 t y are lack+ 9 ?is respect4 ,! enorm\s quantities ( disgu/+1 /reaky1 & tall[-l butt] t are daily ?ru/ ^u ! seabo>d m>kets mu/ be due to ! c>elessness & neglig5ce ( he$less m51 to exposure to sun & ra91 to bad pack+1 & to delays 9 transportation4 ,_m ( ^! evils y may n be able to remove1 s9ce y _c foll[ ! article to ! m>ket1 & see t x arrives safely & unta9t$4 ,b y c take great] pa9s1 p]haps1 9 "s ( ! prelim9>y processes ( mak+1 & produce an article t w n be s liable to injure f keep+ & transportation2 & !n1 if fault is to be f\nd1 x does n re/ ) y4 ,i w n sugge/ ! possibility t y\r ideas ( cleanl9ess & neatness may be at fault2 & t :at may seem an excess ( nicety & scrubb+ to y may appe> to be almo/ slov5l9ess to "s o!rs1 ^: butt] receives ! highe/ price 9 ! m>ket1 & always f9ds ! readie/ sale4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to ref] y to pages #cjj1 #cbd1 & #cbe1 :]e a detail$ acc\nt is giv5 ( ! wa%+s 9 wat] & wa%+s 9 alkali2 ( ! scrubb+s1 & ! sc\r+s1 & ! scald+s1 & ! r9s+s1 :i* ! neat & tidy ,dut* dairy-wom5 give all ! ut5sils ( ! dairy1 f ! pails to ! firk9s & ! casks1 & also to _! extreme c>efulness t no infecti\s odor rises f ! surr\nd+s4 ,i ?9k y w see t x is a physical impossibility t any ta9t c affect ! atmosph]e or ! ut5sils ( su* a dairy1 & t _m ( ! details ( _! practice may be wor?y ( imitation 9 our ,am]ican dairies4 ,& "h all[ me to sugge/ t1 ?\gh we may n approve ( ! g5]al managem5t 9 any p>ticul> section1 or any p>ticul> dairy1 x is r>e t !re is n some?+ 9 ! practice ( t section t is really valuable & wor?y ( imitation4 ,on pages #bca & #bcd ,i h call$ y\r att5tion to ! use ( ! sponge & clean clo? = absorb+ & remov+ ! butt]-milk 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]2 ?is ,i reg>d z ( great importance4 ,i h /at$ on page #bcd t1 "u ord9>ily favorable circum/ances1 f twelve to eighte5 h\rs w be suffici5t to raise ! cream2 & t ,i d n believe x %\ld /& ov] tw5ty-f\r h\rs "u any circum/ances4 ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is v diff]5t f ! g5]al practice ov] ! c\ntry4 ,b1 if y w make ! exp]im5t 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]1 sett+ ! pans 9 a good1 airy place1 & n ^u ! cell> bottom1 ,i ?9k y w soon agree ) me t all y get1 aft] twelve or eighte5 h\rs1 "u ! be/ circum/ances1 or at mo/ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w detract f ! quality & injure ! f9e & delicate aroma & agreeable ta/e ( ! butt] to a great] ext5t ?an y are aw>e (4 ,! cream :i* rises f milk set on ! cell> bottom acquires an acrid ta/e1 & c nei!r produce butt] ( s f9e a quality or s agreeable to ! palate z t :i* rises f milk set on %elves f six to eight feet high1 ar\nd :i* !re is a full & free circulation ( pure air4 ,! latt] is sweet]1 & appe>s 9 mu* l>g] quantities 9 ! same "t ?an ! =m]4 ,if1 !re=e1 y devote y\r att5tion to ! mak+ ( butt] to sell fre% 9 ! m>ket1 & desire to obta9 a reputation :i* %all aid & secure ! quicke/ sale & ! highe/ price1 y w use cream t rises fir/1 & t does n /& too long on ! milk4 ,y w *urn x prop]ly & pati5tly1 & n ) too great ha/e4 ,y w "w x s ?or\ghly & completely ) ! butt]-work]1 & ! sponge & clo?1 z to remove e p>ticle ( butt]-milk1 nev] all[+ y\r own or any o!r h&s to t\* x4 ,y w keep x at a prop] temp]ature :5 mak+1 & aft] x is made1 by ! judici\s use ( ice1 & avoid expos+ x to ! bad odors ( a mu/y cell>4 ,y w disc>d ! use ( artificial color+ or flavor+ matt]1 & take ! utmo/ c>e 9 e process ( mak+4 ,y w /amp y\r butt] ta/efully ) "s m\ld :i* c be recogniz$ 9 ! m>ket z y\rs2 z1 = in/ance1 y\r initials1 or "s =m or figure :i* w mo/ please ! eye & ! ta/e ( ! cu/om]4 ,y w s5d x 9 boxes s p]fectly prep>$ & cleans$ z to imp>t no ta/e ( wood to ! butt]4 ,if all ^! ?+s receive due att5tion1 my ^w = x1 ! initials or =m :i* y adopt w be inquir$ aft]1 & y w always f9d a ready & a will+ pur*as] at ! highe/ m>ket price4 ,b1 if y are diff]5tly situat$1 & x becomes necess>y to pack & sell z firk9-butt]1 let me sugge/ ! necessity ( an equal degree ( nicety & c>e 9 prep>ation1 & t y insi/1 z "o ( y\r rights1 t ! article be pack$ 9 ! be/ ( oak-wood firk9s1 ?or\ghly prep>$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,dut*1 z /at$ on page #cbe4 ,a great] att5tion to ^! po9ts w\ld make ! butt] ?us pack$ wor? sev]al c5ts a p\nd m :5 x arrives 9 ! m>ket ?an x ord9>ily is4 ,inde$1 ! mann] 9 :i* x n infrequ5tly comes to m>ket is a disgrace to ^? :o pack$ x2 & x _c be t su* specim5s 7 ev] put up by ! h&s ( a dairy-woman4 ,i h (t5 se5 :at 0 b\ght = butt] op5 s m>bl$1 /reak$1 & rancid1 t x 0 sc>cely fit to use on ! :eels ( a c>riage4 ,if y adopt ! c\rse :i* ,i h recomm5d$ 9 reg>d to skimm+1 y w h a l>ge quantity ( sweet skimm$ milk1 f> bett] ?an x w\ld be if all[$ to /& ?irty-six or =ty-eight h\rs1 z is ! cu/om ) _m4 ,?is is too valuable to wa/e1 & x is my op9ion t y c use x to f> great] pr(it ?an to all[ x to be f$ to sw9e4 ,!re c be no "q1 ,i ?9k1 t *eese-mak+ %\ld be c>ri$ on at ! same "t ) ! mak+ ( butt]1 9 small & m$ium-siz$ dairies4 ,y h se51 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 t "s ( ! be/ *eese ( ,holl& is made ( sweet skim-milk4 ,! reputation ( ,p>mesan--a skim-milk *eese ( ,italy1 page #bff--;is _w-wide1 & x comm&s a high price & ready sale4 ,! mode ( mak+ ^! v>ieties has be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 ! n9? & elev5? *apt]s2 & y c imitate !m1 or1 p]haps1 improve ^u !m1 & ?us turn ! skim-milk to a v pr(itable acc\nt1 if x is sweet & good4 ,y w f9d1 if y adopt ?is sy/em1 t y\r butt] w be improv$1 & t1 )\t any great am\nt ( extra labor1 y w make a l>ge quantity ( v good *eese1 & ?us add l>gely to ! pr(it ( y\r e/abli%m5t1 & to ! com=t & prosp]ity ( y\r family4 ,b1 if y devote all y\r att5tion to ! mak+ ( *eese1 :e!r x is to be sold gre51 or z soon z ripe1 or pack$ = exportation1 ,i ne$ n say t ! same neatness is requir$ z 9 ! mak+ ( butt]4 ,y w f9d _m sugge/ions 9 ! prec$+ pages on ! mode ( prep>ation & pack+1 :i* ,i tru/ w prove to be valuable & applicable to y\r circum/ances4 ,!re is a g5]al compla9t among ! deal]s 9 *eese t x is difficult to get a sup]ior article4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s ought n to exi/4 ,i hope ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 a m g5]al att5tion w be paid to ! details ( manufacture1 & let me rem9d y t ^? :o take ! fir/ /eps 9 improvem5t w reap ! greate/ advantages4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,pigg]y ,,z ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,dairy ,,e/abli%m5t4 ,! keep+ ( sw9e is incid5tal to ! well-manag$ dairy1 & bo? ! f>m] & ! dairyman unite x1 to "s ext5t1 ) o!r bran*es ( f>m+4 ,9 ! regul> op]ations ( ! dairy1 h[ev] economically conduct$1 !re w always be m or less refuse 9 ! %ape ( :ey1 butt]-milk1 or skim-milk1 :i* may be consum$ ) pr(it by sw9e1 & :i* might o!rwise be lo/4 ,dairy-f$ pork is di/+ui%$ = its f95ess & delicacy2 & ! dairy refuse1 9 connection ) gra9s1 potatoes1 & scraps1 is highly nutriti\s & fatt5+4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,"s are f> m ?rifty ?an o!rs1 & arrive at maturity e>li]4 ,b ! *oice ( a bre$ w dep5d1 to consid]able ext5t1 on ! locality & ! object 9 view1 :e!r x be to bre$ = sale z /ock1 or = pork or bacon4 ,to get desirable crosses1 "s bre$s mu/ be kept pure1 especially 9 ! h&s ( /ock bre$]s1 or ^? :o raise to sell z pure-br$1 ev5 ?\gh z pure bre$s !y may n be mo/ pr(itable to ! practical f>m] & dairyman4 ,^? :o conf9e !mselves to ! pure bre$s1 !re=e1 d good s]vice to ! community ( f>m]s & dairym51 :o c avail !mselves ( ! results ( _! exp]i5ce & skill4 ,i ?9k x w g5]ally be conc$$ t ! size ( ! male is ( less importance ?an 8 =m1 8 t5d5cy to lay on l>ge am\nts ( fat 9 proportion to ! food he eats1 or 8 e>ly maturity4 ,smallness ( bone & compactness ( =m indicate e>ly maturity2 & ?is is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! calculations ( ! dairy f>m]1 :o g5]ally raises = pork r ?an = bacon1 & ^: pr(it w consi/ 9 fatt5+ & turn+ e>ly1 or1 at mo/1 z "y z f twelve to fifte5 mon?s4 ,a f9e & delicate quality ( pork is at ! pres5t "t highly priz$ 9 ! m>kets1 & comm&s ! highe/ price4 ,= bacon1 a mu* l>g] hog is pref]r$2 b !re c be little d\bt t ! cross ( ! pure ,suffolk or ,b]k%ire bo> & ! l>ge1 heavy & co>se s[1 n uncommon 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 w\ld produce an (fspr+ f> sup]ior to ! class ( hogs usually d5om9at$ 8subsoil]s10 ) _! long & po9t$ sn\ts1 & _! ?91 flabby sides4 ,! pr9ciples ( bre$+1 z /at$ on pp4 #gj & #ga1 & else:]e 9 ! prec$+ pages1 are equally applicable "h1 & are abundantly sugge/ive on _m o!r po9ts4 ,?is is ! important po9t1 ! selection ( ! prop] bre$ & ! prop] cross3 = !re is sc>cely any class ( /ock :i* v>ies s mu* 9 its net returns z ?is2 & !re is none :i*1 if prop]ly select$ & judici\sly manag$1 returns ! inve/m5t s quickly4 ,^? :o fe$ = ! e>ly m>ket1 & desire to realize ! l>ge/ pr(its ) ! lea/ outlay ( "t & money1 w resort to ! ,suffolk1 ! ,b]k%ire1 or ! ,essex1 to obta9 crosses ) s[s ( ! l>g] bre$s1 & w bre$ up m or less closely to ^! bre$s1 accord+ to ! special object !y h 9 view4 ,! ,suffolks are ne>ly alli$ to ! ,*9ese1 & possess mu* ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,?\gh g5]ally reg>d$ z too small = pr(it except to ^? :o bre$ = /ock1 _! extraord9>y fatt5+ qualities & _! e>ly maturity adapt !m em95tly = cross+ ) ! l>g] bre$s4 ,! =m ( ! well-built ,suffolk1 :5 n too closely inbr$1 is a model ( compactness1 & lightness ( bone & (fal4 ,?\gh (t5 too %ort 9 ! body1 a l>ge-bon$ female w g5]ally correct ?is fault1 & produce an (fspr+ suit$ to ! wants ( ! dairy f>m]4 ,! ,b]k%ire is also mix$ 9 ) ! ,*9ese1 & owes no small "p ( its valuable *>act]i/ics to t race4 ,! ,b]k%ires1 z a bre$1 (t5 atta9 consid]able size & weight4 ,! improv$ ,essex are ! favorites ( "s1 & = e>ly maturity !y are difficult to surpass4 ,"s ?9k !y require great] c>e & bett] fe$+ ?an ! ,b]k%ire4 ,:at is want$ is to unite1 s f> z possible1 ! e>ly maturity & ! facility to take on fat ( ! ,suffolk1 ! ,*9ese1 or ! ,essex1 ) a t5d5cy at ! same "t to make fle% z well z fat2 or1 9 o!r words1 to atta9 a good gr[? & size1 & to fatt5 easily :5 ! "t comes to put !m d[n4 ,! ,*9ese or ! ,suffolk are b ill adapt$ = hams & bacon2 b1 cross$ ^u ! k9d ( hog already describ$1 ! produce w be likely to be valuable4 ,! mo/ judici\s practical f>m]s are new fully satisfi$1 ,i ?9k1 t ! t5d5cy1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates m especially1 has be5 to bre$ too f9e2 & t ! result ( ?is error has be5 to cov] our sw9e ) fat at a v e>ly age1 & be=e !y h atta9$ a respectable size4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fle% & bone h be5 too f> sacrific$ to fat4 ,a rection has already tak5 place 9 ! op9ions on ?is po9t1 & p]haps "s caution may be necess>y1 t x does n load too f> 9 ! opposite direction4 ,"s practical dairym5 ?9k t ) a dairy ( tw5ty or ?irty c[s !y c keep f =ty to fifty sw9e1 by turn+ into ! or*>d or ! pa/ure1 9 e>ly spr+1 & z pigs1 :]e !y w easily procure a l>ge "p ( _! food1 till ! close ( fall1 :5 !y are tak5 9 & f$ up gradually at fir/1 b aft]w>d m highly1 & fatt5$ z rapidly & turn$ z soon z possible4 ,o!rs say !re is no pr(it 9 work+ hogs1 & t !y %\ld be kept conf9$ & con/antly & rapidly gr[+ up to ! "t ( turn+ !m = pork1 gr[+ /eadily1 b n lay+ on too mu* fat till f$ up to x4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! f>m]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates conf9e _! sw9e too closely2 & t1 :ile /ill kept z /ore-pigs1 a some:at great] range 9 ! or*>d1 or ! pa/ure1 w\ld prove to be good economy1 p>ticul>ly up to ! age ( eight or n9e mon?s4 ,! judici\s dairyman w /udy ! ta/e & dem&s ( ! m>ket :]e 8 pork is to be sold4 ,if he supplies a city cu/om]1 he kn[s he mu/ raise a f9e & delicate quality ( pork2 & to d ?is he mu/ select /ock t w e>ly arrive at maturity1 & t w be> =c+ ahead & sell+ "y4 ,if he supplies a m>ket :]e l>ge am\nts ( pork are salt$ & pack$ = %ipp+1 or = bacon1 a l>g] & co>s] hog1 f$ to great] age & weight1 w turn to bett] advantage1 ?\gh ,i ?9k a /ra9 ( f9] blood w ev5 !n be pr(itable to ! fe$]4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! refuse ( ! dairy is ( consid]able value1 & %\ld be sav$ ) scrupul\s c>e1 & judici\sly f$4 8,_m a little makes a mickle40 ,,app5dix4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,?omas ,horsfall's /atem5t1 ref]r$ to on page #ach1 ) ! omission ( a few passages1 relat+ to matt]s n imm$iately connect$ ) ! dairy4 ,x is entitl$ ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,dairy ,,cattle4 ,on ent]+ ^u a description ( my treatm5t ( c[s = dairy purposes1 x seems p]t95t t ,i %\ld give "s explanation ( ! motives & consid]ations :i* influ5ce my conduct 9 ?is bran* ( my f>m op]ations4 ,i h f\nd x /at$1 on au?ority des]v+ att5tion1 t /ore cattle ( a fair size1 & )\t o!r occupation1 ma9ta9 _! weight & condition = a l5g? ( "t1 :5 suppli$ daily ) "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds ( ,sw$i% turnips & a small portion ( /raw4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! di/rict ( ,crav51 9 ,york%ire1 :]e mead[ hay is ! /aple food dur+ w9t]1 %[s t su* cattle ma9ta9 _! condition on "o & a half /one1 or tw5ty-"o p\nds1 ( mead[ hay ea* p] day4 ,^! respective quantities ( turnips & ( hay correspond v closely 9 _! nutritive prop]ties2 !y conta9 a v simil> am\nt ( album9\s matt]1 />*1 sug>1 etc41 & also ( phosphoric acid4 ,( oil--an important elem5t1 especially = ! purpose ( :i* ,i am treat+--! /at$ supply ( mead[ hay conta9s m ?an t ( turnips4 ,if we supply c[s 9 milk1 ( av]age size1 ) ! k9d & quantity ( food above m5tion$1 !y w lose p]ceptibly 9 condition4 ,?is is easily expla9$ :5 we f9d _! milk ri* 9 sub/ances :i* s]ve = _! support :5 9 /ore condition1 & :i* are %[n to be div]t$ 9 ! secretion ( milk4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( t[ns :]e ! dairy produce is dispos$ ( 9 new milk1 & :]e ! aim ( dairym5 is to produce ! greate/ quantity1 too frequ5tly ) b little reg>d to quality1 x is _! common practice to pur*ase incalv+ c[s4 ,!y pay great att5tion to ! condition ( ! c[2 !y w tell y1 by ! high comp>ative price !y pay = animals well /or$ ) fle% & fat1 t condition is z valuable = !m z x is = ! but*]2 !y look ^u ^! /ores z mat]ials :i* s]ve _! purpose2 !y supply food m adapt$ to induce quantity ?an quality1 & pay b little reg>d to ! ma9t5ance ( ! condition ( ! animal4 ,) su* treatm5t1 ! c[ loses 9 condition dur+ ! process ( milk+1 & :5 no long] pr(itable is sold to pur*as]s 9 f>m+ di/ricts :]e food is *eap]1 to be fatt5$ or o!rwise repl5i%$ = ! use ( ! dairy keep]4 ,we ?us f9d a disposition 9 ! c[ to apply ! alim5t ( h] food to h] milk1 r ?an to lay on fle% or fat2 = n only are ! elem5ts ( h] food div]t$ to ?is purpose1 b1 to all appe>ance1 h] accumulat$ /ores ( fle% & fat are drawn ^u1 & conv]t$ into compon5ts ( milk1 *eese1 or butt]4 ,z ,i am diff]5tly circum/anc$1--a consid]able portion ( my dairy produce be+ int5d$ = butt]1 = :i* poor milk is n adapt$1--& z ,i fatt5 n only my own c[s1 b pur*ase o!rs to fatt5 9 addition1 ,i h endeavor$ to devise food = my mil* c[s adapt$ to _! ma9t5ance & improvem5t1 & ) ?is view ,i h paid att5tion to ! composition ( milk4 ,f sev]al analyses ,i h select$ "o by ,haidl]1 :i* ,i f9d 9 publications ( repute4 ,tak+ a full yield ( milk1 f\r gallons p] day1 :i* w weigh upw>ds ( =ty p\nds1 ?is analysis assigns to x ( dry mat]ial #e4bj1 ( :i* ! proportion1 ) suffici5t accuracy = my purpose1 consi/s ( ,pure case9e1 #b4jj p\nds4 ,butt]1 #a4be 8 ,sug>1 #a4ge 8 ,phosphate ( lime1 4#ji 8 ,*loride ( potassium1 ,o!r m9]al +r$i5ts1 4#aa 8 ---- #e4bj 8 ,x appe>$ an object ( importance1 & "o :i* call$ = my p>ticul> att5tion1 to af=d an ample supply ( ! elem5ts ( food suit$ to ! ma9t5ance & likewise to ! produce ( ! animal2 & t1 if ,i omitt$ to effect ?is1 ! result w\ld be imp]fect & unsatisfactory4 ,by ! use ( ord9>y f>m produce only1 ,i c\ld n hope to accompli% my purpose4 ,turnips are objectionable on acc\nt ( _! flavor2 & ,i seek to avoid !m z food = dairy purposes4 ,i use cabbages1 kohl rabi1 & mangold wurzel1 yet only 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,( mead[ hay x w\ld require1 beyond ! am\nt necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! c[1 an addition ( fully tw5ty p\nds = ! supply ( case9e 9 a full yield ( milk 7sixte5 qu>ts72 =ty p\nds = ! supply ( oil = ! butt]1 :il/ n9e p\nds seem adequate = t ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,y _c1 !n1 induce a c[ to consume ! quantity ( hay requisite = h] ma9t5ance1 & = a full yield ( milk ( ! quality in/anc$4 ,?\gh x is a subject ( controv]sy :e!r butt] is :olly d]iv$ f vegetable oil1 yet ! peculi> adaptation ( ?is oil to ! purpose w1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$4 ,i _h1 !re=e1 to seek assi/ance f :at are usually t]m$ artificial fe$+ sub/ances1 & to select su* z are ri* 9 album51 oil1 & phosphoric acid2 & ,i 0 b\nd also to pay reg>d to _! comp>ative co/1 ) a view to pr(it1 :i*1 :5 f>m+ is foll[$ z a bus9ess1 is a necess>y1 & 9 any circum/ances an agreeable accompanim5t4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t sub/ances peculi>ly ri* 9 nitrog5\s or o!r elem5ts h a high] value = special ?an = g5]al purposes1 & t ! employm5t ( mat]ials *>act]iz$ by peculi> prop]ties = ! atta9m5t ( special objects has n yet ga9$ ! att5tion to :i* x is entitl$4 ,i h omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! beat-supply+ elem5ts--/>*1 sug>1 etc4 ,z ! mat]ials commonly us$ z food = cattle conta9 suffici5t ( ^! to effect ?is object1 "u exposure to "s degree ( cold1 ,i h a "r to calculate on a less consumption ( !m z fuel1 & consequ5tly a great] surplus = deposit z sug>1 & probably also z fat1 9 consequ5ce ( my /alls be+ kept dur+ w9t] at a temp]ature ( ne>ly sixty degrees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! means us$ to c>ry out 8 objects are /at$ on page #ach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z sev]al ( ^! mat]ials--rape-cake1 %orts1 bean-/raw1 etc4--are n commonly us$ z food1 ,i may be all[$ "s obs]vations on _! prop]ties4 ,bean-/raw uncook$ is dry & unpalatable4 ,by ! process ( /eam+1 x becomes s(t & pulpy1 emits an agreeable odor1 & imp>ts flavor & reli% to ! mess4 ,= my in=mation & guidance ,i obta9$ an analysis ( bean-/raw ( my own gr[?1 on /rong & high-condition$ l&2 x 0 cut on ! %ort side ( rip5ess1 b yield+ a plump bean4 ,! analysis by ,pr(essor ,way %[s a p]c5tage ( ,moi/ure1 #ad4dg ,album9\s mat]1 #af4ch ,oil or fatty matt]1 #b4bc ,woody fibre1 #be4hd ,/>*1 gum1 etc41 #ca4fc ,m9]al matt]s1 #i4de ------ ,total #ajj4jj ,9 album9\s matt]1 :i* is especially valuable = mil* c[s1 x has ne>ly d\ble ! proportion conta9$ 9 mead[ hay4 ,bran also und]goes a great improvem5t 9 its flavor by /eam+1 & x is probably improv$ 9 its conv]tibility z food4 ,x conta9s ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( album51 & is peculi>ly ri* 9 phosphoric acid1 ne>ly ?ree p] c5t4 ( its :ole sub/ance be+ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! prop]ties ( rape-cake are well kn[n3 ! publi%$ analyses give x a l>ge proportion 7ne>ly ?irty p] c5t47 ( album52 x is ri* 9 phosphates1 & also 9 oil4 ,?is is ( ! unctu\s class ( vegetable oils1 & x is to ?is prop]ty t ,i call p>ticul> att5tion4 ,*emi/ry w assign to ?is mat]ial1 :i* has hi!rto be5 comp>atively neglect$ = fe$+1 a fir/ place = ! purpose ( :i* ,i am treat+4 ,if objection %\ld occur on acc\nt ( its flavor1 ,i h no difficulty 9 /at+ t by ! prep>ation ,i h describ$ ,i h q ov]come ?is4 ,i c easily p]suade my cattle 7( :i* sixty to eighty pass ?r\gh my /alls 9 a ye>71 )\t exception1 to eat ! requisite quantity4 ,nor is ! flavor ( ! cake 9 ! lea/ p]ceptible 9 ! milk or butt]4 ,dur+ ,may1 my c[s are turn$ out on a ri* pa/ure ne> ! home/ead2 t[>ds ev5+ !y are aga9 h\s$ = ! night1 :5 !y are suppli$ ) a mess ( ! /eam$ mixture & a little hay ea* morn+ & ev5+4 ,dur+ ,june1 :5 ! grasses are bett] gr[n1 m[n grass is giv5 to !m in/ead ( hay1 & !y are also all[$ two fe$s ( /eam$ mixture4 ,?is treatm5t is cont9u$ till ,octob]1 :5 !y are aga9 :olly h\s$4 ,! results :i* ,i n[ proce$ to relate are d]iv$ f obs]vations made ) ! view ( enabl+ me to und]/& & regulate my own proce$+s4 ,,ga9 ,,or ,,loss ,,( ,,condition ,,asc]ta9$ ,,by ,,weigh+ ,,cattle ,,p]iodically4--,= "s ye>s back ,i h regul>ly weigh$ my fe$+ /ock1 a practice f :i* ,i am enabl$ to asc]ta9 _! do+s ) great] accuracy ?an ,i c\ld previ\sly4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahed1 ,i comm5c$ weigh+ my mil* c[s4 ,x has be5 %[n1 by :at ,i h premis$1 t no accurate e/imate c be =m$ ( ! effect ( ! food on ! production ( milk1 )\t asc]ta9+ its effect on ! condition ( ! c[s4 ,i h cont9u$ ! practice once a mon?1 almo/ )\t omission1 up to ?is date4 ,! weigh+s take place e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & be=e ! c[s are suppli$ ) food4 ,! weights are regi/]$1 & ! l5g? ( "t 7fifte5 mon?s7 dur+ :i* ,i h obs]v$ ?is practice enables me to speak ) confid5ce ( ! results4 ,! c[s 9 full milk1 yield+ twelve to sixte5 qu>ts ea* p] day1 v>y b little2 "s los+1 o!rs ga9+1 slightly2 ! balance 9 ! mon?'s weigh+ ( ?is class be+ r to ga94 ,x is common = a c[ to cont9ue a yield f six to eight mon?s be=e %e gives bel[ twelve qu>ts p] day1 at :i* "t %e has usually1 if n inv>iably1 ga9$ weight4 ,! c[s giv+ less ?an twelve qu>ts & d[n to five qu>ts p] day are f\nd1 :5 free f ailm5t1 to ga91 )\t exception4 ,?is ga91 ) an av]age yield ( ne>ly eight qu>ts p] day1 is at ! rate ( sev5 p\nds to eight p\nds p] week ea*4 ,my c[s 9 calf ,i weigh only 9 ! incipi5t /ages2 b !y ga9 p]ceptibly 9 condition1 & consequ5tly 9 value4 ,!y are milk$ till )9 f\r weeks to five weeks previ\s to calv+4 ,i give ! weights ( ?ree ( ^!1 & also ( "o heif]1 :i* calv$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahee3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,n o 4 #ahed4 #ahee4 ,ga94 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- cwt4 qr4 lbs4 cwt4 qr4 lbs4 lbs4 #a;,b\ght & weigh$1 ,july4 #aj #a #bj ,april4 #aa #c #j #adh #b;,b\ght & weigh$1 8 #h #b #aj 8 #aj #b #j #bad #c;,b\ght & weigh$1 8 #h #b #j 8 #aj #j #j #ahd #d;,heif]1 :i* calv$ also 9 ,m>*1 #ahee1 weigh$ 8 #g #j #j 8 #i #c #j #cjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,^! obs]vations ext5d ov] l5g!n$ p]iods1 on ! same animals1 ( f ?irty to upw>ds ( fifty weeks4 ,a c[1 free f calf1 & int5d$ = fatt5+1 cont9ues to give milk f t5 mon?s to a ye> aft] calv+1 & is !n 9 a =w>d /ate ( fatness requir+ b a few weeks to f9i% h] = sale to ! but*]s4 ,x w ?us appe> t my endeavors to provide food adapt$ to ! ma9t5ance & improvem5t ( my mil* c[s h be5 att5d$ ) success4 ,on exam9+ ! composition ( ! ord9>y food :i* ,i h describ$1 /raw1 roots1 & hay1 x appe>s to conta9 ! nutritive prop]ties :i* are f\nd adequate to ! ma9t5ance ( ! animal1 :]eas ! yield ( milk has to be provid$ = by a supply ( extra food2 ! rape-cake1 bran1 & bean-meal1 :i* ,i give1 w supply ! album5 = ! case9e2 x is some:at defici5t 9 oil = ! butt]1 :il/ x w supply 9 excess ! phosphate ( lime = a full yield ( milk4 ,if ,i take ! class ( c[s giv+ less ?an twelve qu>ts p] day1 & take also into acc\nt a ga9 ( fle% ( sev5 to n9e p\nds p] week1 ?\gh ,i r$uce ! quantity ( extra food by giv+ less ( ! bean-meal1 yet ! supply w be m 9 proportion ?an ) a full yield2 ! surplus ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 or phosphate ( lime1 w g to enri* ! manure4 ,i _c "h omit to rem>k on ! satisfaction ,i d]ive f ! effects ( ?is treatm5t on ! f]tility ( ! l& 9 my occupation4 ,my ri* pa/ures are n t5d+ to impov]i%m5t1 b to increas$ f]tility2 _! improvem5t 9 condition is app>5t4 ,a c[ 9 full milk1 giv+ sixte5 qu>ts p] day1 ( ! quality analyz$ by ,haidl51 requires1 beyond ! food necess>y = h] ma9t5ance1 six to eight p\nds p] day ( sub/ances conta9+ ?irty or tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( prote94 ,a c[ giv+ on ! av]age eight qu>ts p] day1 ) :i* %e ga9s sev5 to n9e p\nds p] week1 requires f\r to five p\nds p] day ( sub/ances ri* 9 prote91 beyond ! food :i* is necess>y = h] ma9t5ance4 ,exp]i5ce ( fatt5+ gives two p\nds p] day1 or f\rte5 p\nds p] week1 z :at c be atta9$ on an av]age1 & = a l5g? ( "t4 ,if we consid]$ half a p\nd p] day z fat1 :i* is n m ?an probable1 !re w be "o & a half p\nds = fle%1 :i*1 reckon$ z dry mat]ial1 w be ab\t "o ?ird ( a p\nd1 :i* is assimilat$ 9 increase ( fibr91 & repres5ts only "o & "o ?ird to two p\nds ( sub/ances ri* 9 prote91 beyond :at is requir$ = h] ma9t5ance4 ,if we exam9e ! effects on ! f]tility ( ! l&1 my mil* c[s1 :5 on ri* pa/ure1 & av]ag+ a yield ( n9e qu>ts p] day1 & reckon+ "o c[ to ea* acre1 w c>ry (f 9 tw5ty weeks tw5ty-five p\nds ( nitrog51 equal to ?irty ( ammonia4 ,! same quantity ( milk w c>ry (f sev5 p\nds ( phosphate ( lime 9 tw5ty weeks f ea* acre4 ,a fatt5+ animal1 ga9+ fle% at ! rate ,i h describ$1 w c>ry (f ab\t "o ?ird ( ! nitrog5 7equal to ab\t t5 p\nds ( ammonia7 ab/ract$ by ! mil* c[1 :il/ if full gr[n x w re/ore ! :ole ( ! phosphate4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t exp]i5ce %[s t ri* pa/ures1 us$ = fatt5+1 fully ma9ta9 _! f]tility ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 :il/ ^? us$ = dairy c[s require p]iodical dress+s to pres]ve _! f]tility4 ,if ^! computations be at all accurate1 !y t5d to %[ t too little att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! supply ( sub/ances ri* 9 nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 ! food ( our mil* c[s1 :il/ we h laid too mu* /ress on ?is prop]ty 9 food = fatt5+ cattle4 ,!y t5d also to ! inf]5ce t 9 ! effects on ! f]tility ( our pa/ures us$ = dairy purposes we d]ive advantage n only f ! phosphate ( lime1 b also f ! gelat9e ( bones us$ z manure4 ,on comp>+ ! results f my mil* c[s f$ 9 summ] on ri* pa/ure1 & treat$ at ! same "t ) ! extra food ,i h describ$1 ) ! results :5 on w9t] food1 & :il/ :olly h\s$1 tak+ into acc\nt bo? ! yield ( milk & ! ga9 ( weight1 ,i f9d ^? f /all-fe$+ full equal to ^? f depa/ure4 ,! c[s :i* ,i buy z /ripp]s1 = fatt5+1 giv+ little milk1 f neighbor+ f>m]s :o use ord9>y food1 su* z turnips ) /raw or hay1 :5 !y come "u my treatm5t increase _! yield ( milk1 until aft] a week or two !y give two qu>ts p] day m ?an :5 !y came1 & t too ( a mu* ri*] quality4 ,,ri*ness ,,( ,,milk ,,& ,,cream4--,i sometimes obs]ve1 9 ! weekly publications :i* come "u my notice1 acc\nts ( c[s giv+ l>ge quantities ( butt]4 ,^! are usually1 h[ev]1 extraord9>y in/ances1 & n accompani$ ) o!r /ati/ical in=mation requisite to _! be+ tak5 z a guide2 & x seldom happ5s t any allusion is made to ! effects ( ! food on ! condition ( ! animals1 )\t :i* no accurate e/imate c be arriv$ at4 ,on look+ ov] sev]al treatises to :i* ,i h access1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ /ati/ics on dairy produce3 ,mr4 ,morton1 9 8 8,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture10 p4 #fba1 gives ! results ( ! practice ( a ,mr4 ,"y1 an ext5sive dairy-keep] 9 ,scotl&4 ,! yield ( milk p] c[ is /at$ at six hundr$ & eighty gallons p] ye>2 he obta9s f sixte5 qu>ts ( milk tw5ty ounces ( butt]1 or = ! ye> two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 p\nds p] c[2 f "o gallon ( cream ?ree p\nds ( butt]1 or twelve ounces p] qu>t 7w9e measure74 ,mr4 ,"y is describ$ z a high fe$]2 l9se$ is 8 *ief auxili>y food = mil* c[s4 ,pr(essor ,john/on 78,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry07 gives ! proportion ( butt] f milk at "o & a half ounces p] qu>t1 or f sixte5 qu>ts tw5ty-f\r ounces1 be+ ! produce ( f\r c[s ( diff]5t bre$s1--,ald]ney1 ,devon1 & ,ayr%ire1--on pa/ure1 & 9 ! height ( ! summ] season4 ,on o!r f\r c[s ( ! ,ayr%ire bre$ he gives ! proportion ( butt] f sixte5 qu>ts z sixte5 ounces1 be+ "o ounce p] qu>t4 ,^! c[s 7 likewise on pa/ure4 ,! same au?or /ates ! yield ( butt] z "o f\r? ( ! weight ( cream1 or ab\t t5 ounces p] qu>t4 ,mr4 ,r[l&son 78,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society10 vol4 xiii41 p4 #ch7 gives ! produce ( #bj1aaj qu>ts ( milk *urn$ by h& z #aaji p\nds ( butt]1 be+ at ! rate ( fully #ad ounces p] #af qu>ts ( milk2 & f #bc1aef qu>ts ( milk #aebe p\nds ( butt]1 be+ f #af qu>ts ne>ly #af ounces ( butt]4 ,! same au?or /ates t ! yield ( butt] d]iv$ f five *urn+s1 ( #ae qu>ts ( cream ea*1 is some:at less ?an #h ounces p] qu>t ( cream4 ,dr4 ,muspratt1 9 8 "w on ! 8,*emi/ry ( ,arts & ,manufactures10 :i* is 9 ! c\rse ( publication1 gives ! yield ( butt] f a c[ p] ye> 9 ,hol/e9 & ,lun5burg at #ajj p\nds1 9 ,engl& at #afj p\nds to #ahj p\nds4 ,! av]age ( butt] f a c[ 9 ,engl& is /at$ to be eight or n9e ounces p] day1 :i*1 on a yield ( eight to n9e qu>ts1 is "o ounce p] qu>t1 or = sixte5 qu>ts sixte5 ounces4 ,! quantity ( butt] d]iv$ f cream is /at$ z "o f\r?1 :i* is equal to ab\t n9e ounces p] qu>t4 ,! ri*e/ cream ( :i* ,i f9d any record is t br\ght to ! ,royal ,society's meet+ dur+ ! mon? ( ,july1 = ! *urns :i* compete = ! prize4 ,on ref]r+ to ! proce$+s ( sev]al meet+s1 ,i f9d t f\rte5 ounces p] qu>t ( cream is acc\nt$ a good yield4 ,i h frequ5tly te/$ ! yield ( butt] f a giv5 quantity ( my milk4 ,my dairy produce is p>tly dispos$ ( 9 new milk1 p>tly 9 butt] & old milk1 s t x became a matt] ( bus9ess to asc]ta9 by :i* mode x gave ! be/ return4 ,i may "h rem>k t my dairy practice has be5 ?r\gh\t on high fe$+1 ?\gh x has und]gone sev]al modifications4 ,! mode ( asc]ta9+ ! av]age yield ( butt] f milk has be5 to measure ! milk on ! *urn+-day1 aft] ! cream has be5 skimm$ (f1 !n to measure ! cream1 & hav+1 by add+ toge!r ! two measurem5ts1 asc]ta9$ ! :ole quantity ( milk 7includ+ ! cream71 to comp>e x ) t ( ! butt] obta9$4 ,?is ,i consid] a m accurate me?od ?an measur+ ! new milk1 z !re is a consid]able escape ( gas1 & consequ5t subsid5ce1 :il/ x is cool+4 ,! results h v>i$ f tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-sev5 & a qu>t] ounces f sixte5 qu>ts ( milk4 ,i !re=e assume 9 my calculation sixte5 qu>ts ( milk z yield+ a roll 7tw5ty-five ounces7 ( butt]4 ,z ,i h at times a consid]able numb] ( c[s b\ght z /ripp]s1 & fatt5$ z !y are milk$1 :i* rema9 sometimes 9 my /alls eight or n9e mon?s1 & yield t[>ds ! close b five qu>ts p] day1 ,i am n enabl$ to /ate ) accuracy & f asc]ta9$ data ! av]age yield p] ye> ( my c[s kept = dairy purposes solely4 ,h[ev]1 f :at occurs at grass-"t1 :5 ! yield is n increas$1 & also f ! effects ( my treatm5t on c[s :i* ,i buy1 giv+ a small quantity1 ,i am fully p]suad$ t my treatm5t induces a good yield ( milk4 ,z ! yield ( butt] f a giv5 quantity ( cream is n ( su* p>ticul> consequ5ce1 ,i h n giv5 equal att5tion to asc]ta9 _! relative proportions4 ,i h a recollection ( hav+ te/$ ?is on a =m] occasion1 :5 ,i f\nd f\rte5 to sixte5 ounces p] qu>t1 b _c call to m9d "u :at treatm5t ?is took place4 ,on que/ion+ my dairy-woman1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahed1 z to ! proportion ( cream & butt]1 %e report$ ne>ly "o roll ( tw5ty-five ounces ( butt] to "o qu>t ( cream4 ,i look$ ^u ?is z a mi/ake4 ,on its accuracy be+ p]si/$ 91 ! next *urn+ 0 c>efully obs]v$1 ) a l proportion4 ,my dairy c[s av]ag$ !n a l[ range ( milk z to quantity--ab\t eight qu>ts ea* p] day4 ,six ( !m1 9 a =w>d /ate ( fatness1 7 int5d$ to be dri$ = f9i%+ (f 9 ,janu>y2 b1 ow+ to ! sc>city & consequ5t de>ness ( calv+ c[s1 ,i kept !m on 9 milk till ,i c\ld pur*ase c[s to replace !m1 & x 0 n till ,febru>y t ,i _h an opportunity ( do+ s4 ,i !n b\ght f\r c[s )9 a few days ( calv+2 !y 7 b 9 inf]ior condition1 & yield$ l>gely ( milk4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ,febru>y & ,m>*1 f\r ( my own dairy c[s1 9 full condition1 likewise calv$4 ,dur+ ,m>*1 ?ree ( ! six :i* _h cont9u$ f ,decemb]1 & 7 milk$ ne>ly up to ! day ( sale1 7 select$ by ! but*] z fit = 8 purpose4 ,ea* *urn+ ?r\gh\t 0 c>efully obs]v$1 ) a simil> result1 v>y+ b little f tw5ty-five ounces ( butt] p] qu>t ( cream2 on ,monday1 ,april #cj1 sixte5 qu>ts ( cream hav+ yield$ sixte5 rolls 7( tw5ty-five ounces ea*7 ( butt]4 ,?\gh ,i use artificial means ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( my dairy1 by ! application ( hot wat] dur+ cold wea!r1 yet1 my s]vice-pipes be+ froz5 9 ,febru>y1 ,i 0 unable to keep up ! temp]ature1 & x fell to =ty-five degrees4 ,/ill my cream1 ?\gh slightly affect$1 0 peculi>ly ri*1 yield+ tw5ty-two ounces ( butt] p] qu>t4 ,?r\gh\t ,april ! produce ( milk f my fifte5 dairy c[s av]ag$ full "o hundr$ & sixty qu>ts p] day4 ,my c[s are b\ght 9 ! neighbor+ m>kets ) a view to _! usefulness & pr(itabl5ess4 ,! bre$s ( ?is di/rict h a consid]able admixture ( ! %ort-horn1 :i* is n not$ = ! ri*ness ( its milk4 ,x w be rem>k$ t dur+ ! "t ^! obs]vations h be5 cont9u$ on ! proportion ( butt] f cream1 m ?an half ( my c[s h be5 *ang$4 ,hav+ satisfi$ myself t ! peculi> ri*ness ( my cream 0 due ma9ly to ! treatm5t ( my c[s :i* ,i h s\ght to describe1 x occurr$ to me t ,i ought n to keep x to myself1 inasmu* z ^! results ( my dairy practice n only af=d$ matt] ( int]e/ to ! f>m]1 b 7 fit subjects = ! inve/igation ( ! physiologi/ & ! *emi/4 ,?\gh my pret5sions to acquirem5ts 9 _! in/ructions are b sl5d]1 !y are su* z enable me to ackn[l$ge b5efit 9 seek+ to regulate my proce$+s by _! rules4 ,9 tak+ (f ! cream ,i use an ord9>y %all[ skimm] ( t9 p]=at$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* any milk ga!r$ 9 skimm+ escapes4 ,x requires c>e to cle> ! cream2 & ev5 ) ?is "s /reak9ess is obs]vable on ! surface ( ! skimm$ milk4 ,! milk-b[ls are ( glaz$ br[n e>!n w>e1 common 9 ?is di/rict4 ,!y /& on a base ( six to eight in*es1 & exp& at ! surface to ne>ly twice t wid?4 ,f\r to five qu>ts are conta9$ 9 ea* b[l1 ! dep? be+ f\r to five in*es at ! c5tre4 ,! *urn ,i use is a small wood5 "o1 work$ by h&1 on :at ,i believe to be ! ,am]ican pr9ciple4 ,i h =w>d$ to ,pr(essor ,way a small sample ( butt] = analysis2 fifte5 qu>ts ( cream 7 tak5 out ( ! cream-j>1 & *urn$ at ?ree times 9 equal portions3 ,! fir/ five qu>ts ( cream gave #abg ounces ( butt]4 ,second five 8 8 8 8 #abe 8 8 8 ,?ird five 8 8 8 8 #abj 8 8 8 ------ #cgb ,equal to #bd ounces p] qu>t4 ,at a subsequ5t *urn+ ( f\rte5 qu>ts ( cream1 ,! fir/ sev5 gave #g rolls1 or #age ounces ( butt]4 ,second sev5 gave #g rolls #b oz41 or #agg 8 8 8 --- #ceb ,equal to #be ounces p] qu>t4 ,on te/+ ! comp>ative yield ( butt] & ( butt]-milk1 ,i f9d sev5ty p] c5t4 ( butt] to ?irty p] c5t4 ( butt]-milk1 ?us rev]s+ ! proportions giv5 9 ! publications to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,an analysis ( my butt] by ,pr(essor ,way gives3 ,pure fat or oil1 #hb4gj ,case9e or curd1 #b4de ,wat]1 ) a little salt1 #ad4he ------ ,total1 #ajj4jj ,! only analyses ( ?is mat]ial :i* ,i f9d 9 ! publications 9 my h& are two by ,pr(essor ,way1 8,j\rnal10 vol4 xi41 p4 #gce1 8,on butt] by ! common & by ! ,devon%ire me?od20 ! result 9 "o hundr$ p>ts be+3 ,raw4 ,scald$4 ,pure butt]1 #gi4gb #gi4ab ,case9e1 c41 #c4ch #c4cg ,wat]1 #af4ij #ag4ea ------ ------ ,total1 #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! =ego+ obs]vation ( dairy results 0 cont9u$ up to grass "t 9 #ahee4 ,9 ,april & ,may ! use ( artificial means 0 discont9u$1 )\t dim9ution 9 ! yield ( butt] or ri*ness ( cream1 ! natural temp]ature be+ suffici5t to ma9ta9 t ( my dairy at #ed to #ef4 ,i n[ proce$ to describe ! appe>ances s9ce t "t4 ,9 ! summ] season1 :il/ my c[s 7 graz+ 9 ! op5 pa/ures dur+ ! day & h\s$ dur+ ! night1 be+ suppli$ ) a limit$ quantity ( ! /eam$ food ea* morn+ & ev5+1 a m>k$ *ange occurr$ 9 ! quality ( ! milk & cream2 ! quantity ( ! latt] some:at increas$1 b1 in/ead ( tw5ty-five ounces ( butt] p] qu>t ( cream1 my summ] cream yield$ only sixte5 ounces p] qu>t4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to attribute ?is v>iation 9 quality to ! *ange ( food only4 ,x is commonly obs]v$ by dairy-keep]s t milk1 dur+ ! w>m mon?s ( summ]1 is less ri* 9 butt]1 ow+ probably to ! great] re/lessness ( ! c[s1 f be+ teas$ by flies1 etc4 ,i am by no means sure t1 if turn+ out dur+ ! w>m mon?s be at all advisable1 x w\ld n be pref]able t ?is %\ld take place dur+ ! night in/ead ( dur+ ! day "t4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! temp]ature _h become mu* cool]1 & ! c[s 7 suppli$ ) a mu* l>g] quantity ( ! /eam$ food1 results appe>$ v simil> to ^? :i* ,i _h obs]v$ & describ$ f ,decemb] to ,may1 #ahee4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb] ! quality 0 te/$ ) ! foll[+ result3 ,f two hundr$ & fifty-two qu>ts ( old milk 7 tak5 tw5ty-"o qu>ts ( cream1 ( :i* tw5ty 7 *urn$1 & produc$ f\r hundr$ & sixty-eight ounces ( butt]1 :i* %[s3 #bg4ej ounces ( butt] f #af qu>ts ( new milk4 #bc4dj 8 8 8 8 ea* qu>t ( cream4 ,dur+ ,may1 #ahef1 my c[s be+ on op5 pa/ure dur+ ! day 7 suppli$ ) two full fe$s ( ! /eam$ mixture1 toge!r ) a supply ( gre5 rape-plant ea* morn+ & ev5+4 ,! result 0 t f ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r qu>ts ( old milk tw5ty-?ree qu>ts ( cream 7 skimm$1 ( :i* tw5ty-two 7 *urn$1 & produc$ five hundr$ & fifte5 ounces ( butt]1 :i* %[s3 #bd ounces ( butt] f #af qu>ts ( new milk4 #bb4da 8 8 8 8 ea* qu>t ( cream4 ,!re is1 d\btless1 "s /&>d ( food adapt$ to ! con/itution & purposes ( animals1 comb9+ ) bulk a due proportion ( elem5ts ( respiration1 su* z sug>1 />*1 c41 toge!r ) ^? ( nutrition1 namely1 nitrog5\s comp\nds1 phosphates1 & o!r m9]als2 nor c we omit oil or fat-=m+ sub/ances2 =1 h[ev] we may be dispos$ to leave to philosophy ! discussion z to :e!r sug>1 />*1 c41 are conv]tible into fat1 yet ,i ?9k ,i %all n (f5d ! tea*] ( agricultural *emi/ry by /at+ t ! m closely ! elem5ts ( food resemble ^? 9 ! animal & its product1 ! m efficaci\s w su* food be = ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* x is us$4 ,sug>1 />*1 c41 v>y v consid]ably 9 =m & proportion f vegetable oils1 :i* closely resemble animal fats4 ,:5 we consid] t plants h a two-fold function to p]=m1--namely1 to s]ve z food = animals1 & also = ! reproduction ( ! l plants1--& t1 aft] hav+ und]gone ! process ( dige/ion1 !y reta9 only "o half or "o ?ird ( _! value z manure1 ! importance ( af=d+ a due b n excessive supply ( ea* elem5t ( food ess5tial to ! wants & purposes ( ! animal w be evid5t4 ,if we fall %ort1 ! result w be imp]fect2 if we supply 9 excess1 x w entail wa/e & loss4 ,l9se$ & rape-cake resemble ea* o!r v closely 9 *emical composition2 ! latt] is *iefly us$ = manure1 & its price ranges usually ab\t half t ( l9se$-cake4 ,9 sub/ances poor] 9 nitrog51 & ) m ( />*1 gum1 oil1 c41 ! disp>ity 9 value z food & z manure w be proportionately great]4 ,dur+ ! pres5t season1 ,mr4 ,m5delsohn1 ( ,b]l91 & ,mr4 ,gausange1 :o is t5ant ( a l>ge royal doma9 ne> ,frank=t on ! ,od]1 on :i* he keeps ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty dairy c[s1 h be5 my visitors4 ,^! g5tlem5 h collect$ /ati/ics 9 dairy c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y h travell$4 ,i le>n$ f !m t 9 ,meckl5burg1 ,prussia1 ,holl&1 c41 f\rte5 qu>ts ( milk yield1 on ! av]age1 "o p\nd ( butt]2 9 r>e in/ances twelve qu>ts are f\nd to yield "o p\nd4 ,bo? atta* great importance to ! regulation ( ! temp]ature4 ,mr4 ,m5delsohn tells me t ! milk f c[s f$ on draff 7di/ill]s' refuse7 requires a high] temp]ature to induce its yield ( butt] ?an t f c[s suppli$ ) o!r food4 ,on inquiry 9 my own neighborhood1 ,i f9d x is comput$ t ea* qu>t at a milk+ repres5ts "o p\nd ( butt] p] week4 ,?us1 a c[ :i* gives f\r qu>ts at ea* milk+ w yield 9 butt] f\r p\nds p] week1 or f fifty-six qu>ts sixty-f\r ounces ( butt]1 or f f\rte5 qu>ts ( milk "o p\nd ( butt]4 ,tak+ ! w9t] produce alone1 x is l[] ?an ?is2 ! cream f my neighbors' c[s1 :o use common food1 hay1 /raw1 & oats1 some:at resembles milk 9 consi/5ce1 & requires ?ree to f\r h\rs1 sometimes m1 9 *urn+4 ,on "o occasion1 a neighbor+ dairy-woman s5t to borr[ my *urn1 be+ unable to make butt] ) h] own2 ,i did n inquire ! result4 ,if %e _h s5t h] c[1 ,i c\ld 9 ! c\rse ( a week h insur$ h] cream :i* w\ld make butt] 9 half an h\r4 ,^! dairy p usually *urn dur+ w9t] 9 _! kit*51 or o!r room ) a fire4 ,ea* ( !m /ates t f bean or oat meal us$ dur+ w9t] z an auxili>y food !y d]ive a great] quantity ( butt]1 :il/ ^? :o h tri$ l9se$-oil h p]ceiv$ no b5efit f x4 ,my own cream dur+ ! w9t] season is ( ! consi/5ce ( pa/e1 or ?ick treacle4 ,:5 ! j> is full1 a rod ( two feet long w1 :5 dipp$ into ! cream to half its l5g?1 /& erect4 ,if ,i take out a teacupful 9 ! ev5+1 & let x /& till next morn+1 a p5ny-piece laid on its surface w n s9k2 on tak+ x (f1 ,i f9d ! "u side p>tially spott$ ) cream4 ,! *urn+s are p]=m$ 9 a room )\t fire1 at a temp]ature 9 w9t] ( =ty-?ree to =ty-five degrees1 & occupy "o half to ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,sev]al :o h adopt$ my sy/em h report$ simil> effects--an increase 9 ! quantity ) a complete *ange z to ri*ness ( quality4 ,i select f ^! ,mr4 ,john ,simpson1 a t5ant f>m] resid+ at ,ripley1 9 ,york%ire1 :o1 at my reque/1 /at$ to ! committee ( ! ,:>fdale ,agricultural ,society t he & a neighbor ( 81 be+ inconv5i5c$ f a defici5t yield ( milk1 _h agre$ to try my mode ( fe$+1 & provid$ !mselves ) a /eam+ app>atus4 ,?is *ange ( treatm5t took place 9 ,febru>y1 #ahee4 ,i quote 8 words3 8,9 ab\t five days ,i notic$ a great *ange 9 my milk2 ! c[s yield$ two qu>ts ea*1 p] day1 m2 b :at surpris$ me mo/ 0 ! *ange 9 ! quality4 ,in/ead ( poor w9t] cream & butt]1 !y assum$ ! appe>ance & "* ( ri* summ] produce4 ,x only requir$ tw5ty m9utes = *urn+1 in/ead ( two to ?ree h\rs2 !re 0 also a consid]able increase 9 ! quantity ( butt]1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i did n take any p>ticul> notice4 ,my neighbor's c[ gave ?ree qu>ts p] day 9 addition1 & h] milk 0 s *ang$ 9 appe>ance t ! consum]s to :om he sold x became q anxi\s to "k ! cause40 ,my dairy is b six feet wide by fifte5 long & twelve high4 ,at "o end 7to ! nor?7 is a trellis w9d[2 at ! o!r1 an inn] door1 :i* op5s into ! kit*54 ,!re is ano!r door ne> to ?is1 :i* op5s into ! *urn+-room1 hav+ also a nor!rn aspect2 bo? doors are ne> ! s\? end ( ! dairy4 ,along ea* side1 & ! nor? end1 two %elves ( wood are fix$ to ! wall1 ! "o fifte5 in*es above ! o!r2 two feet high] is ano!r %elf some:at n>r[]1 b ( l l5g?1 :i* is cov]$ ) *>coal1 ^: prop]ties z a deodoriz] are suffici5tly e/abli%$4 ,! l[] %elves be+ two feet ?ree in*es wide1 ! int]val or passage betwe5 is only "o foot six in*es4 ,on ea* ti] ( %elves is a %all[ wood5 ci/]n1 l9$ ) ?9 %eet-lead1 hav+ a rim at ! edges ?ree in*es high4 ,^! ci/]ns incl9e d[nw>ds slightly t[>ds ! w9d[1 & conta9 wat] to ! dep? ( ?ree in*es4 ,at ! end ne>e/ ! kit*5 ea* ti] ( ci/]ns is suppli$ ) two taps1 "o = cold wat] 9 summ]1 ! o!r ) hot = w9t] use4 ,at ! end next ! nor? w9d[ is a plug or holl[ tube1 ) holes p]=at$ at su* an elevation z to take ! wat] be=e x fl[s ov] ! ci/]n4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! door t[>ds ! kit*5 is clos$1 & an additional door is fix$ aga9/ x1 ) an int]val betwe5 well pack$ ) /raw2 a curta9 ( /\t calico hangs be=e ! trellis w9d[1 :i* is dipp$ 9 salt wat]1 & kept wet dur+ ! :ole day by cold wat] spirt$ ov] x f a gutta-p]*a tube4 ,on ! milk be+ br\ght 91 x is empti$ into b[ls4 ,"s "t aft] ^! b[ls 7( :i* a description is giv5 9 a =m] "p ( ?is7 h be5 plac$ on ! ci/]n1 ! cold-wat] taps are turn$ till ! wat] rises ?r\gh ! p]=at$ tube1 & fl[s ?r\gh a wa/e pipe into ! sew]4 ,! taps are !n clos$1 s z to all[ a slight trickl+ ( wat]1 :i* cont9ues ?r\gh ! day4 ,by ^! means ,i r$uce ! temp]ature1 z comp>$ ) t outside ! w9d[1 by tw5ty degrees4 ,i am ?us enabl$ to all[ ! milk to /& till ! cream has ris51 & keep ! skimm$ milk sweet1 = :i* ,i obta9 "o p5ny p] qu>t4 ,hav+ he>d compla9ts dur+ v hot wea!r ( skimm$ milk1 :i* _h left my dairy p]fectly sweet1 be+ affect$ s z to curdle 9 cook+ on be+ c>ri$ into ! village1 ,i caus$ cov]s ( ?ick calico 7! be/ ( our fabrics = reta9+ moi/ure7 to be made2 ^! are dipp$ 9 salt wat]1 & !n drawn ov] ! :ole ( ! t9 milk-cans4 ,! contrivance is q successful1 & is 9 great favor ) ! consum]s4 ,i h n he>d a s+le compla9t s9ce ,i adopt$ x4 ,f9d+ my butt] r s(t 9 hot wea!r1 ,i uncov]$ a draw-well :i* ,i _h n us$ s9ce ,i introduc$ wat]-works = ! supply ( ! village & my own premises4 ,on l[]+ a !rmomet] d[n ! well to a dep? ( tw5ty-eight feet1 ,i f\nd x indicat$ a temp]ature ( =ty-?ree degrees--t on ! surface be+ sev5ty degrees4 ,i fir/ let d[n ! butt]1 :i* 0 some:at improv$1 b aft]w>ds ! cream4 ,= ?is purpose ,i procur$ a movable w9dlass ) a rope ( ! requir$ l5g?2 ! cream-j> is plac$ 9 a basket two feet f\r in*es deep1 susp5d$ on ! rope1 & let d[n ! ev5+ previ\s to *urn+4 ,x is drawn up e>ly next morn+1 & imm$iately *urn$4 ,by ?is means ! *urn+ occupies ab\t ! same "t z 9 w9t]1 & ! butt] is ( l consi/5ce4 ,! advantage ,i d]ive f ?is is su* t1 r ?an be )\t x1 ,i %\ld pref] s9k+ a well = ! purpose ( rea*+ a l temp]ature4 ,:5 w9t] approa*es1 ! op5 trellis w9d[ to ! nor? is clos$1 an additional %utt] be+ fix$ outside1 & ! int]val betwe5 ?is & an inn] %utt] closely pack$ ) /raw1 to prev5t ! access ( air & cold2 ! door to ! kit*5 is at ! same "t unclos$ to admit w>m?4 ,be=e ! milk is br\ght f ! c[-h\se1 ! dairymaid wa%es ! b[ls well ) hot wat]1 ! effect ( :i* is to take (f ! *ill1 b n to w>m !m4 ,! milk is br\ght 9 z milk$1 & is pass$ ?r\gh a sile into ! b[ls1 :i* are !n plac$ on ! ci/]n4 ,a !rmomet]1 ) its bulb imm]s$ 9 ! milk1 d5otes a temp]ature ( ab\t n9ety degrees4 ,! hot wat] is appli$ imm$iately1 at a temp]ature ( "o hundr$ degrees or upw>ds1 & cont9ues to fl[ = ab\t five m9utes1 :5 ! supply is exhau/$4 ,! b[ls be+ ( ?ick e>!n w>e1--a sl[ conductor1--?is does n height5 ! temp]ature ( ! milk4 ,! cool+1 h[ev]1 is !reby ret>d$1 z ,i f9d ! milk1 aft] /&+ f\r h\rs1 ma9ta9s a temp]ature ( sixty degrees4 ,?is application ( hot wat] is r5ew$ at ea* milk+ to ! new milk1 b n repeat$ to ! same aft] x has cool$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! dairy is mom5t>ily increas$ to above #fj1 b spe$ily subsides1 ! av]age temp]ature be+ #eb to #ef4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! *urn+s 9 summ] & w9t] occupy half an h\r or upw>ds4 ,by increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! cream ,i c\ld easily *urn 9 half ! "t1 b ,i %\ld !reby injure ! quality ( ! butt]4 ,:5 ! butt] has come & ga!r$ into a mass1 x is tak51 toge!r ) ! butt]-milk1 out ( ! *urn1 :i* is r9s$ ) wat]2 ! butt] is !n plac$ aga9 9 ! *urn ) a quantity ( cold spr+ wat]1 9 :i* salt has be5 dissolv$1 at ! rate ( "o ounce p] qu>t ( cream2 aft] a few m9utes' *urn+1 ! butt] is aga9 tak5 out2 ! wat] 9 :i* x has be5 wa%$ assumes a :iti% appe>ance4 ,by ?is process ! salt is equally diffus$ ?r\gh ! butt]1 :i* requires little manipulation1 & is fre$ f a portion ( case\s matt]4 ,a rec5t analysis ( my butt] %[s only #a4jg in/ead ( #b4de p] c5t4 ( case9e1 z be=e4 ,t x ranks z *oice may be inf]r$ :5 ,i /ate t my pur*as] will+ly gives me a p5ny p] roll m ?an ! highe/ price 9 ,otley m>ket1 & compla9s t ,i d n supply him ) a great] quantity4 ,9 ?is dairy ( ! small dim5sions ,i h describ$1 my produce ( butt] rea*es at times sixty to sev5ty p\nds p] week4 ,?\gh ! size may appe> inconv5i5tly small1 yet ,i beg to rem>k on ! great] facility ( regulat+ ! temp]ature ( a small 9 comp>ison ) a l>ge dairy4 ,?is difficulty w be f\nd great] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 z x is f> easi] to height5 ?an depress ! temp]ature4 ,i h cook$ or /eam$ my food = sev]al ye>s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i bl5d bean-/raw1 bran1 & malt-combs1 z flavor+ mat]ials1 ) oat or o!r /raw & rape-cake2 ! effect ( /eam+ is to volatilize ! ess5tial oils1 9 :i* ! flavor resides1 & diffuse !m ?r\gh ! mess4 ,! odor aris+ f x resembles t obs]v$ f ! process ( malt+2 ?is imp>ts reli% to ! mess1 & induces ! cattle to eat x gre$ily2 9 addition to :i*1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t x r5d]s ! food m easy ( dige/ion & assimilation4 ,i use ?is process ) advantage = fatt5+1 :5 ,i am defici5t 9 roots4 ,) ! same mix$ /raw & oat-%ells1 ?ree to f\r p\nds ea* ( rape-cake1 & half a p\nd ( l9se$-oil1 b )\t roots1 ,i h fatt5$ m ?an ?irty heif]s & c[s free f milk1 f ,m>* up to ! e>ly "p ( ,may2 _! ga9 has av]ag$ fully f\rte5 p\nds ea* p] week1--a result ,i c\ld n h look$ = f ! same mat]ials1 if uncook$4 ,?is process seems to h ! effect ( r5d]+ l9se$-oil less ( a laxative1 b _c drive (f any portion ( ! fatt5+ oils1 to volatilize :i* requires a v high temp]ature4 ,my exp]i5ce ( ! b5efits ( /eam+ is su* t if ,i 7 depriv$ ( x ,i c\ld n cont9ue to fe$ ) satisfaction4 ,i h weigh$ my fatt5+ cattle = a numb] ( ye>s1 & my mil* c[s = m ?an two ye>s4 ,?is practice enables me at once to detect any defici5cy 9 ! p]=mance ( ! animals2 x gives also a /imulus to ! fe$]s1 :o att5d at ! weigh+s1 & :o are desir\s t ! cattle intru/$ to _! c>e %\ld be> a comp>ison ) _! rivals4 ,ano!r obvi\s advantage is 9 avoid+ all cavils respect+ ! weight by my pur*as]s1 :o1 hav+ satisfi$ !mselves z to ! quality ( ! animal1 n[ ask & obta9 ! mo/ rec5t weigh+4 ,! usual computation = a well-f$ b n ov] fat bea/ is1 live to dead weight1 z #ba to #ab1 or #ajj to #ei ) su* modifications z sugge/ !mselves by appe>ances4 ,?\gh _m discussions h tak5 place on ! fatt5+ ( cattle1 ! n less important bran* ( dairy treatm5t has hi!rto be5 comp>atively neglect$4 ,i !re=e v5ture to call att5tion to consid]ations :i* h aris5 f obs]vations 9 my own practice affect+ ! *emi/ry & physiology1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! sci5ce ( fe$+4 ,t ,i am seek+ aid f its guidance w be app>5t1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 admitt+ t1 beyond ! satisfaction f ! bett] und]/&+ ( my bus9ess1 ,i h latt]ly d]iv$ m b5efit or pr(it f exam9ation ( ! *emical composition ( mat]ials ( food ?an f ! treatm5t or fe$+ exp]im5ts ( o!rs :i* h come "u my notice4 ,s p]suad$ am ,i ( ! advantage ( ?is1 t ,i d n feel satisfi$ to cont9ue ! use ( any mat]ial1 ) ! composition ( :i* ,i am n acqua9t$1 )\t resort+ to ! society's laboratory = an analysis4 ,to "o lead+ feature ( my practice ,i atta* ! greate/ importance--! ma9t5ance ( ! condition ( my c[s giv+ a l>ge yield ( milk4 ,i am enabl$1 by ! addition ( bean-meal 9 proportion to ! great] yield ( milk1 to av]t ! loss ( condition 9 ^? giv+ sixte5 to eighte5 qu>ts p] day2 :il/ on ^? giv+ a less yield1 & 9 heal?1 ,i inv>iably effect an improvem5t4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! disposition ( a c[ to apply h] food r to h] milk ?an to h] ma9t5ance & improvem5t1 x seems fair to inf] t ! milk ( a c[ ga9+ fle% w n be defici5t ei!r 9 case9e or butt]4 ,i h already allud$ to ! effici5cy ( bean-meal 9 increas+ ! quantity ( butt]3 ,i le>n1 also1 f obs]vant dairym5 :o milk _! own c[s & c>ry _! butt] to m>ket1 t _! baskets are nev] s well fill$ z :5 _! c[s fe$ on gre5 clov]1 :i*1 z dry mat]ial1 is ne>ly z ri* 9 album5 z beaus4 ,i am also told1 by ^? :o h us$ gre5 rape-plant1 t x produces milk ri* 9 butt]4 ,f ?is we may inf] t album9\s matt] is ! mo/ ess5tial elem5t 9 ! food ( ! mil* c[1 & t any defici5cy 9 ! supply ( ?is w be att5d$ ) loss ( condition1 & a consequ5t dim9ution 9 ! quality ( h] milk4 ,i am cle>ly ( op9ion t y c increase ! proportion ( butt] 9 milk m ?an t ( case9e1 or o!r solid p>ts4 ,f sev]al1 :o h adopt$ my treatm5t1 ,i le>n t on sub/itut+ rape-cake = beans !y p]ceive an increas$ ri*ness 9 _! milk4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g>nett1 ( ,cli!roe1 :o has us$ bean-meal l>gely z an auxili>y food = mil* c[s dur+ ! w9t] season1 tells me t :5 rape-cake is sub/itut$1 8 dairymaid1 )\t be+ in=m$1 p]ceives ! *ange f ! increas$ ri*ness ( ! milk4 ,mr4 ,g>nett has also us$ l9se$-cake 9 l quantity2 /ill 8 dairy p pref] rape-cake4 ,mr4 ,:elon1 ( ,lanca/]1 :o keeps two mil* c[s = 8 own use1 to :i* he gave bean-meal & bran z auxili>ies1 has rec5tly sub/itut$ rape-cake#d = bean-meal2 he in=ms me t 9 a week he saw a *ange 9 ! ri*ness ( milk1 ) an increase ( butt]4 #d ,! analysis ( cotton-se$ cake1 9 comp>ison ) rape & l9se$ cake1 9 a =m] *apt] ( ?is "w1 w %[ ! comp>ative value ( t z food = mil* c[s4 ,! vegetable oils are ( two di/9ct classes3 ! dry+ or sett+ repres5t$ by l9se$1 ! unctu\s repres5t$ by rape-oil4 ,!y consi/ ( two proximate elem5ts1 m>g>9e & ole9e2 9 all probability !y w v>y 9 _! proportion ( ^!1 b 9 :at degree ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta94 ,?\gh ! agricultural *emi/s make no di/9ction1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 betwe5 ^! two classes ( oils1 ! practition]s 9 m$ic9e use !m = di/9ct purposes4 ,cod-liv] oil has be5 long us$ = pulmon>y compla9ts2 latt]ly1 olive1 almond1 & rape oils are be+ employ$ z sub/itutes4 ,^! are all ( ! unctu\s class ( oils4 ,mr4 ,rh9d1 ! intellig5t m$ical practition] ( ?is village1 call$ my att5tion to "s exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,le>$1 publi%$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,times1 ,july #ba/1 #ahee1 ) ole9e alone1 fre$ f m>g>9e1 :i* %[$ m>k$ sup]iority 9 ! effect2 & ,i n[ le>n f ,mr4 ,rh9d t he is at pres5t us+ ) success ! pure ole9e1 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,price ,co41 f cocoa-nut oil1 "o ( ! unctu\s class4 ,t l9se$ & o!rs ( ! dry+ oils are us$ 9 m$ic9e = a v diff]5t purpose1 x seems unnecess>y to /ate4 ,! ole9e ( oil is kn[n to be m easy ( consumption & m available = respiration ?an m>g>9e--a prop]ty to :i* its use 9 m$ic9e may be attributable4 ,if we exam9e ! animal fats1 tall[1 suet1 & o!r fat1 !y are almo/ :olly ( ! solid class1 /e>9e or m>g>9e1 closely resembl+ or id5tical ) ! m>g>9e 9 plants2 :il/ butt] is compos$ ( ole9e & m>g>9e1 comb9+ bo? ! proximate elem5ts f\nd 9 vegetable oils4 ,x seems wor?y ( rem>k t a c[ c yield a f> great] weight ( butt] ?an %e c /ore up 9 solid fat2 num]\s in/ances occur :]e a c[ gives (f two p\nds ( butt] p] day1 or f\rte5 p\nds p] week1 :il/ half t quantity w probably r>ely be laid on 9 fat4 ,if y all[ a c[ to ga9 sixte5 p\nds p] week1 & reckon sev5 = fat1 !re w only rema9 n9e p\nds = fle%1 or1 d$uct+ ! moi/ure1 sc>cely ?ree p\nds 7#b4ig7 p] week1 equal to 4#db1 or less ?an half a p\nd p] day1 ( dry fibr94 ,! analyses ( butt] %[ a v v>y+ proportion ( ole9e & m>g>9e fats3 summ] butt] usually conta9s ( ole9e sixty & m>g>9e =ty p] c5t41 :il/ 9 w9t] butt] ^! proportions are rev]s$1 be+ =ty ( ole9e to sixty ( m>g>9e4 ,by ord9>y treatm5t ! quantity ( butt] dur+ w9t] is m>k$ly inf]ior4 ,! common mat]ials = dairy c[s 9 w9t] are /raw ) turnips or mangel1 hay alone1 or hay ) mangel4 ,if we exam9e ^! mat]ials1 we f9d !m defici5t 9 oil1 or 9 />*1 sug>1 etc4 ,if a c[ consume two /ones or tw5ty-eight p\nds ( hay a day1 :i* is probably m ?an %e c be induc$ to eat on an av]age1 x w be equal 9 dry mat]ial to m ?an "o hundr$ p\nds ( "y grass1 :i* w also satisfy a c[4 ,t "o hundr$ p\nds ( "y grass w yield m butt]1 w sc>cely admit ( a d\bt4 ,! tw5ty-eight p\nds ( hay w be equal 9 album9\s matt] & 9 oil to ! "o hundr$ p\nds ( grass2 b 9 ! elem5t ( />*1 sug>1 etc41 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( ! plant1 ! />* & sug> are conv]t$ into woody fibre1 9 :i* =m !y are sc>cely dige/ible or available = respiration4 ,x seems1 !n1 n improbable t1 :5 a c[ is suppli$ ) hay only1 %e w consume "s portion ( ! ole9e oil = respiration1 & yield a less quantity ( butt] poor] 9 ole9e4 ,if y assume summ] butt] to conta9 ( ole9e1 #fj p] c5t4 ,if y assume summ] butt] to conta9 ( m>g>9e1 #dj 8 8 --- #ajj 8 8 ,if ! c[ consume ( ! ole9e1 #cf 8 8 --- ,! quantity ( butt] w be r$uc$ f #ajj to #fd 8 8 ,& ! proportions w !n be1 ( ole9e1 #dj 8 8 ,& ! proportions w !n be1 ( m>g>9e1 #fj 8 8 --- #ajj 8 8 ,if y supply turnips or mangel ) hay1 ! c[ w consume less ( hay2 y !reby sub/itute a mat]ial ri*] 9 sug>1 etc41 & poor] 9 oil4 ,ea* ( ^! mat]ials1 9 ! quantity a c[ c consume1 is defici5t 9 ! supply ( album5 necess>y to keep up ! condition ( an animal giv+ a full yield ( milk4 ,to effect ?is1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to artificial or conc5trat$ sub/ances ( food1 ri* 9 album9\s matt]4 ,x c sc>cely be expect$1 nor is x desirable1 t practical f>m]s %\ld apply !mselves to ! atta9m5t ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( *emical inve/igations2 ?is is m prop]ly ! occupation ( ! pr(essor ( sci5ce4 ,! foll[+ simple exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 seems wor? m5tion+4 ,on sev]al occasions1 dur+ w9t]1 ,i procur$ samples ( butt] f my next neighbor4 ,on plac+ ^!1 ) a l quantity ( my own1 9 juxtaposition be=e ! fire1 my butt] melt$ ) f> great] rapidity--by no means an unsafe te/ ( a great] proportion ( ole9e4 ,! *emical inve/igation ( our natural & o!r grasses has hi!rto sc>cely _h ! att5tion :i* x des]ves4 ,! mo/ valuable in=mation on ?is subject is 9 ! pap] by ,pr(essor ,way1 on ! nutritive & fatt5+ prop]ties ( ! grasses1 9 vol4 xiv41 p4 #aga1 ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society's ,j\rnal4 ,^! grasses 7 ne>ly all analyz$ at ! fl[]+ "t1 a /age at :i* no occupi] ( grass-l& w\ld expect s favorable a result 9 fatt5+4 ,we mu* pref] pa/ures ) "y grass n m ?an a few in*es high1 suffici5t to af=d a good bite4 ,) a view to satisfy myself z to ! diff]5ce ( composition ( ! l grasses at diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 ,i s5t to ,pr(essor ,way a specim5 ( ! fir/ crop ( hay1 cut 9 ! end ( ,june1 :5 ! grass 0 9 ! e>ly /age ( fl[]+1 & "o ( aft]ma?1 cut t[>ds ! close ( ,septemb]1 f ! same mead[1 ! analyses ( :i* ,i give3 ,,hay1 ,,fir/ ,,crop4 ,,aft]ma? ,,hay ,moi/ure1 #ab4jb ,moi/ure1 #aa4hg ,album9\s matt]1 #i4bd ,oil & fatty matt]1 #f4hd ,oil & fatty matt]1 #b4fh ,album9\s matt]1 #i4hd ,/>*1 gum1 sug>1 #ci4ge ,/>*1 gum1 sug>1 #db4be ,woody fibre1 #bg4da ,woody fibre1 #ai4gg ,m9]al matt]1 #h4ij ,m9]al matt]1 #i4dc ------- ------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,a comp>ison betwe5 ^! w %[ a mu* great] p]c5tage ( woody fibre1--#bg4da 9 ! fir/ crop to #ai4gg 9 ! aft]ma?4 ,! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! proportion ( oil1 be+ #b4fh 9 ! fir/ crop to #f4hd 9 ! aft]ma?4 ,on inquiry f an obs]v+ t5ant ( a small dairy f>m ( m9e1 :o has frequ5tly us$ aft]ma? hay1 ,i le>n t1 z comp>$ ) ! fir/ crop1 he f9ds x induces a great] yield ( milk1 b att5d$ ) "s impov]i%m5t 9 ! condition ( ! c[1 & t he uses x )\t addition ( turnips or o!r roots1 :i* he gives :5 us+ hay ( ! fir/ crop--an answ] q 9 accordance ) :at might be expect$ f its *emical composition4 ,x is likewise to be presum$ t ! quickness ( gr[? w mat]ially affect ! composition ( grasses1 z well z ( o!r vegetables4 ,y\r g>d5] w tell y t if radi%es are sl[ 9 gr[? !y w be t\gh & woody2 t asp>agus melts 9 eat+1 l butt]1 & salad is crisp :5 gr[n quickly4 ,! same effect w1 ,i appreh5d1 be f\nd 9 grasses ( sl[ gr[?3 !y w conta9 m ( woody fibre1 ) less ( />* or sug>4 ,! quality ( butt] gr[n on poor pa/ures is *>act]iz$ by great] solidity ?an on ri* fe$+ pa/ures4 ,! c[s1 hav+ to travel ov] m space1 require a great] supply ( ! elem5ts ( respiration1 :il/ ! grasses gr[n on ^! poor pa/ures conta91 9 all probability1 less ( ^! 9 a dige/ible =m available = respiration4 ,! l result seems probable z f common w9t] treatm5t--a produce ( butt] less 9 quantity1 & conta9+ a great] proportion ( m>g>9e1 & a less ( ole9e4 ,x is well kn[n t pa/ures v>y greatly 9 _! butt]-produc+ prop]ties2 !re is1 h[ev]1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no satisfactory explanation ( ?is4 ,if y wat* c[s on depa/ure1 y obs]ve !m select _! own food2 if y supply c[s 9 /all alike ) food1 !y w also select = !mselves4 ,i give rape-cake z a mixture to all1 & induce !m to eat ! requisite quantity2 yet "s w select ! rape-cake fir/1 & eat x up clean1 :il/ o!rs r neglect x till t[>ds ! close ( _! meal1 & !n leave pieces 9 ! tr\gh4 ,two ,ald]neys1--! only c[s ( ! k9d ,i h z yet _h1--^: butt]-produc+ qualities are well kn[n1 are p>ticul>ly fond ( rape-cake1 & nev] leave a morsel4 ,may n ^! animals be prompt$ by _! in/9ct to select su* food z is be/ suit$ to _! wants & prop5sities8 ,if s1 x seems ( ! greate/ importance t ! dairyman %\ld be in=m$ ( ! prop]ties ( food mo/ suitable = 8 purpose1 especially :il/ 9 a /all1 :]e !y h little opportunity ( select+4 ,x appe>s wor? ! att5tion ( our society to make inquiries z to ! localities :i* are kn[n z produc+ milk peculi>ly ri* 9 butt]4 ,:5 travell+ 9 ,g]many1 ,i well recollect be+ treat$ ) peculi>ly ri* milk1 cream1 & butt]1 on my t\r betwe5 ,dresd5 & ,toplitz1 at ! /ation or re/+-place on ! *ausse or turnpike-road1 be=e y desc5d a v /eep incl9e to ! valley 9 :i* ,toplitz is situat$4 ,i travell$ ?is way aft] an int]val ( sev]al ye>s1 :5 ! same treat 0 aga9 (f]$4 ,x 0 giv5 z a r>ity1 & c only be acc\nt$ = by ! peculi> adaptation ( ! h]bage ( ! c\ntry = ! production ( butt]4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fe$+ ,,dairy ,,c[s4--,be+ desir\s ( comp>+ ! result ( my me?od ( fe$+ dairy c[s ) ! sy/em usually practis$ 9 ?is locality1 x occurr$ to me t1 z my c[s _h be5 accu/om$ to savory /eam$ food1 a *ange to ord9>y food w\ld be att5d$ ) less favorable results ?an if !y _h be5 previ\sly treat$ 9 ! common mode2 & t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 x w\ld be bett] to in/itute comp>isons ) two ne> neighbors1 ,mr4 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,pawson1 ^: practice & results ,i _h ! opportunity ( inspect+4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[ 0 ( r small frame1 b not$ = h] usefulness z a good milk]4 ,at ! "t ( calv+ h] ?ird calf2 ab\t ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 %e 0 9 good condition1 & gave1 soon aft]1 sev5te5 qu>ts ( milk p] day4 ,h] own] /ates t 9 ! fir/ ?ree weeks 7up to ! "t ?is comp>ison 0 begun7 h] condition s5sibly dim9i%$--a result :i* ,i appreh5d w be inv>iable ) c[s giv+ ?is quantity ( milk :5 f$ on mead[ hay only1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[ 0 suppli$ ad libitum1 & ( :i* %e consum$ tw5ty-eight p\nds p] day4 ,mr4 ,pawson's 0 a nice heif]1 ?ree ye>s old at ! "t ( calv+ h] fir/ calf1 ,octob] #f?1 9 m ?an ord9>y condition1 & gave ab\t sixte5 qu>ts p] day4 ,h] own] /ates t on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y h] condition 0 mu* dim9i%$4 ,?is is corroborat$ by ,mr4 ,my]s1 a deal] 9 ! village1 :o tells me t1 previ\s to h] calv+1 he 0 desir\s ( pur*as+ h]1 & w\ld h giv5 f sev5te5 p\nds t5 %ill+s to eighte5 p\nds1 & describes h] z be+ at t "t full ( beef4 ,h] weight on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #g cwt4 #b qrs41 bespeaks h] condition z mu* l[]$4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 & till late 9 ,novemb]1 %e 0 turn$ out 9 ! daytime to graze on aft]ma?1 & h\s$ dur+ ! night1 :]e %e 0 suppli$ ) turnips4 ,f ! close ( ,novemb] till ! fir/ week 9 ,febru>y1 h] food consi/$ ( ,mead[ hay ( inf]ior quality1 #ah lbs4 p] day4 ,sw$i% turnips1 #de 8 8 8 ,gr\nd oats1 #i 8 8 8 ,aft] ?is ! gr\nd oats 7 discont9u$1 & mead[ hay ( good quality 0 giv5 ad libitum1 ) =ty-five p\nds ( turnips4 ,= comp>ison ,i select$ a c[ ( my own1 :i* calv$ ab\t ! #h? ( ,octob]1 & gave soon aft] eighte5 qu>ts ( milk p] day2 %e 0 also ( small size4 ,at ! "t ( calv+ h] condition 0 some:at high] ?an t ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t 0 begun1 on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 no p]ceivable diff]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! yield ( milk ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[ & my own1 ea* giv+ fifte5 & a half qu>ts p] day4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! dates ( calv+ ( ! ?ree c[s1 toge!r ) _! weights & yield ( milk at ! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5t3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,janu>y #a4 ,m>* #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,yield at calv+4 ,weight4 ,yield4 ,weight4 ,yield4 ,:5 calv$4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,qu>ts4 ,cwt4qrs4lbs4 ,qts4 ,cwt4qrs4lbs4 ,qts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mr4 ,smi?'s-- ,nov4 #ab4 #ag #h #c #j #ae #h #j #j #i ,mr4 ,pawson's-- ,oct4 #f4 #af #g #b #j #ab #g #a #j #f ,my own--,oct4 #h4 #ah #i #c #j #ae #aj #a #j #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[ lo/ 9 weight 9 n9e weeks #hd p\nds1 be+ #i p\nds p] week1 ) an av]age yield ( #ab qu>ts p] day4 ,mr4 ,pawson's lo/ #bh p\nds4 ,?is loss1 toge!r ) ! dim9i%$ yield ( milk1 occurr$ almo/ :olly aft] ! oats _h be5 )drawn2 h] weight on ! #f? ( ,febru>y be+ /ill #g cwt4 #b qrs41 & h] yield ( milk #aa qu>ts p] day4 ,my c[ has ga9$ 9 ! n9e weeks #ef lbs41 be+ #f p\nds p] week1 ) an av]age yield ( #ad qu>ts1 ! dim9ution be+ regul>4 ,janu>y #a/1 #ae2 ,feb4 #d?1 #ad2 ,m>* #d?1 #ab2 mak+ an av]age yield ( #ad qu>ts p] day4 ,! :ole loss & ga9 ( weight w be 9 fle% & fat1 ! c[s hav+ kept up _! consumption ( food & _! bulk4 ,! weekly acc\nt ( pr(it & loss w /& z foll[s3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[1 av]age yield f] #i weeks1 #ab qu>ts p] day1 at #b;d4 p] qu>t1 #ad #g ,d$uct loss 9 fle%1 #i lbs41 at #f;d41 #d #h ----------- #i #aa ,co/ ( #ad /ones hay1 at #f;d4 p] /one1 #g #j ----------- ,pr(it1 #b #aa ,mr4 ,pawson's c[1 av]age dur+ ! fir/ five weeks1 #aa qu>ts p] day1 at #b;d4 p] qu>t1 #ac #e ,co/ ( #i /ones inf]ior hay 7at #d;d4 p] /one71 p] week1 #c #j ,co/ ( #fc lbs4 gr\nd oats1 #ds4 #h;d42 turnips1 #as4 #f;d41 #f #b #i #b ------------ ,pr(it1 #d #c ,my c[1 av]age yield = #i weeks1 #ad qu>ts p] day1 at #b;d4 p] qu>t1 #af #d ,ga9 ( fle%1 #f lbs p] week1 at #f;d41 #c #a ------------- #ai #e ,co/ ( food3 ,hay1 #fc lbs41 at #f;d4 p] /one2 /raw & %ells ( oats1 #as4 #c;d42 mangel1 #as41 #d #f ,rape-cake1 #ce lbs42 bran1 #aj lbs42 malt- combs1 #aj lbs42 bean-meal1 #aj lbs41 #d #j #h #g ------------- ,pr(it1 #aj #aj ,! ri*] quality ( ! manure w probably comp5sate = ! extra labor1 cook+1 & att5tion be/[$ ^u my c[4 ,) a view ( ext5d+ ! comp>ison1 give p>ticul>s ( ! :ole ( my c[s ! weights ( :i* 7 regi/]$ on ! #h? ( ,octob]1 & :i* 7 /ill on h&1 free f calf1 & 9 a /ate admitt+ ( comp>ison4 ,^! 7 b\ght at a neighbor+ m>ket 9 b mod]ate condition1 & 7 "y1 hav+ _h two or ?ree calves ea*4 ,a c[ 9 full condition atta9s h] maximum yield 9 a week or s aft] calv+2 :il/ ^? 9 l[] condition cont9ue1 by my treatm5t1 to increase _! quantity up to ab\t a mon? aft] calv+4 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,febru>y #d4 -------------------------------- ,greate/ ,yield yield p] ,octob] #h p] ,no4 ,calv$4 day4 ,weight4 ,weight4 day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,qu>ts4 ,cwt4 qrs4 lbs4,cwt4 qrs4 lbs4 ,qts4 #a4 ,july #bh4 #ab #i #b #j #aj #j #j #h #b4 ,aug4 #be4 #ah #aj #j #j #aa #a #j #ad #d4 ,july #bh4 #ah #h #b #j #aj #a #j #ae #f4 ,sept4 #h4 #af #aj #b #j #aj #b #j #ad #g4 ,sept4 #h4 #af #aj #b #j #aa #j #j #aj #aa4 ,aug4 #be4 #af #i #a #j #i #b #j #aa ---------------------------------------- -- ,av]age1 #af #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,table--,,cont9u$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,m>* #d4 ,ga9 --------------------- ,ga91 9 ,yield ,oct4 #h weight p] ,comput$ av]age to p] ,no4 ,weight4 day4 p] day dur+ ,feb4 #d4 week4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,cwt4 qrs4 lbs4,qu>ts4,weeks4 ,qts4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 #a4 #aj #a #j #h #bi -- #aj #hd #d #b4 #aa #a #j #ad #bg -- #af #adj #f #d4 #aj #j #j #ae #ca -- #ae #afh #h #f4 #aj #c #j #ad #be -- #ae #bh #a #g4 #aa #j #j #aj #be -- #ac #ef #b #aa4 #i #b #j #aa #bg -- #ac #bh #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,av]age1 #ab #bg -- #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,my c[s1 dur+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 7 treat$ z foll[s3 ,dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb] !y 7 on op5 pa/ure by day & h\s$ by night2 ev5+ & morn+ !y 7 suppli$ ) m[n grass1 & two fe$s ( /eam$ mixture4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ,septemb] gre5 rape 0 sub/itut$ = ! m[n grass1 ) ! same all[ance ( /eam$ mixture2 f ! #h? ( ,octob]1 :5 !y 7 :olly h\s$1 !y 7 suppli$ ) /eam$ food ad libitum ?ree times p] day4 ,aft] ea* meal t5 to twelve p\nds ( gre5 rape-plant 7 giv51 & n9e p\nds ( hay p] day till ,novemb]2 f t "t /eam$ food ) cabbages or kohl rabi till ! e>ly "p or ,febru>y1 :5 mangold wurzel 0 sub/itut$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i give hay & roots 9 limit$ quantities1 & ! /eam$ food ad libitum4 ,i pref] ?is to apportion+ ! cake & o!r conc5trat$ food 9 equal quantities to ea*1 z ?is /eam$ mixture conta9s m ( ! elem5ts ess5tial to milk1 & ea* c[ is ?us at lib]ty to satisfy h] requirem5ts ) x4 ,nos4 #b & #d1 :i* h giv5 ! greate/ quantity ( milk1 h eat5 m ?an _! %>e2 :il/ ,no4 #a1 :i* has giv5 ! lea/ milk1 has sc>cely eat5 m ?an half ! quantity ( /eam$ mixture consum$ by #b or #d4 ,! yield ( milk & ! live weights on ! #d? ( ,febru>y & ! #d? ( ,m>* sc>cely v>y4 ,dur+ ,febru>y ?irty-f\r p\nds ( mangold 7 sub/itut$ = kohl rabi2 ) ?is *ange ! c[s became m]e relax$4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 weigh+1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 has %[n me t :5 animals1 f *ange ( food1 become m relax$ or m co/ive1 _! weigh+s 9 ! =m] /ate d5ote less1 :il/ 9 ! latt] !y d5ote m1 ?an _! actual ga9 9 condition4 ,i h kn[n in/ances 9 :i* a mon?'s weigh+1 accompani$ by relaxation1 has %[n no ga91 :il/1 ) re/or$ consi/5cy1 ! ga9 d\bl$4 ,i n[ proce$ to exam9e ! mat]ials ( food1 _! composition1 & ! probable *anges !y und]go 9 ! animal economy4 ,quantity & description ( food suppli$ to six c[s dur+ tw5ty-sev5 & a ?ird weeks1 & its composition 9 proximate elem5ts & m9]als4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total ,weight weight ( ( ,co/ food ,p] food p] ,total :5 day4giv54 ton4 co/4 dri$4 ---------------------------------------- ------ lbs4 lbs4 s4 d4 s4 d4 lbs4 ,mead[ hay1 #efaj1gaed #j #jai #b #i #i1dbj ,rape-cake1 #cj #e1gdjf #aj #jaf #ab #j #e1def ,malt-combs1 #i #a1gbbe #i #j #d #c #j #a1ffj ,bran1 #i #a1gbbf #aj #j #e #j #j #a1ejj ,beans1 #i #a1gbbi #f #h #g #c #f #a1ejj ,gre5 food1 #bjdci1jcbj #aj #j #h #ad #f #e1gdj ,oat-/raw1 #ej #i1effa #ae #j #g #i #j #h1djg ,bean-/raw1 #ab #b1bifa #ae #j #g #af #j #a1ifd ----------------------------------- ,total1 #cgigb1eae #gj #j #ice1fdg ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- --- ,albu- ,m9- m54 ,/>*4 ,oil4,fibre4erals4 ---------------------------------------- --- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,mead[ hay1 #iij #d1beg #bhg #b1icc #iec ,rape-cake1 #a1hjc #b1agg #faa #did #aga ,malt-combs1 #daa #gia #ea #cbj #hh ,bran1 #bdf #hjj #if #beh #ajj ,beans1 #dfd #ggd #cd #agf #ec ,gre5 food1 #hfb #c1jgd #aae #a1adh #eda ,oat-/raw1 #bhg #c1jff #ajj #d1ebf #dbh ,bean-/raw1 #cgf #gbe #ea #eid #bag -------------------------------- ,total1 #e1dci #ae1ffda1cdeaj1ddib1eea ,nitro- g5 #hhh lbs4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,analysis ,,( ,,milk ,,by ,,haidl54 ,wat]1 #hgc4 ,butt]1 #cj4 ,case9e1 #dh4b ,milk sug>1 #dc4i ,phosphate ( lime1 #b4ca ,magnesia1 4#db ,iron1 4#jg ,*loride ( potassium1 #a4dd ,sodium & ,soda1 4#ff ------- #ajjj4jj ,production ( milk by #f c[s1 av]age #ad qu>ts p] day ea*1 = #bg weeks #af1jgb qu>ts1 :i* at #da oz4 p] qu>t #da1ahd lbs4 lbs4 ,:5 dry or free f moi/ure1 #ebcj ------ ,butt] 9 #af1jgb qu>ts1 at #cj p] #ajjj #abce ,case9e 9 #af1jgb qu>ts1 at #dh4b p] #ajjj1 #aigg ,sug> ( milk1 #ahjd ,m9]als4 ,phosphate ( lime1 #ii ,o!r1 #aae #bad ------ #ebcj ,ga9 ( weight #ejj lbs41 ( :i* ,i compute #cjj lbs4 z fat4 #bjj lbs4 z fle%4 --- #ejj ,nitrog51 #caf lbs4 ,phosphate ( lime1 #ii ,phosphoric acid1 #de4ej ,co/ ( food p] c[ p] week1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,:5 ! yield ( milk is less1 ! co/ ( food is r$uc$ to #gs4 #h;d4 p] week4 s4 d4 ,gross return 9 milk1 #af #d 8 8 8 weight1 #a #f 8 8 8 manure1 #b #h --------- #bj #f ,,analysis ,,( ,,excrem5t ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,way4 ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure1 #hd4he ,phosphoric acid1 4#ci ,pota%1 4#eh ,soda1 4#bb ,o!r sub/ances1 #ac4if ------ #ajj4 ,nitrog51 4#da ,ammonia1 4#di ,manure1 #hh lbs4 p] c[ p] day4 ,= #f c[s p] day #ebh lbs4 #cfif lbs4 p] week4 8 8 8 = #bg weeks #aja1jbh lbs41 conta9+ ( ,nitrog51 #dad lbs4 ,phosphoric acid1 #cic ,pota%1 #ehe ,nitrog5 incorporat$ 9 food1 #hhh lbs4 ,case9e1 #caf4 ,fibr91 #g4ce ,manure1 #dad4 ,balance consum$ 9 p]spiration1 #aej4fe ------ #hhh4jj ,! mat]ials ( food are %[n to h co/ #gj #js #i;d4 4 s4 d4 ,gross value #af1jgb qu>ts ( milk1 at #b;d4 p] qu>t1 #acc #ah #h ,ga9 ( weight #ejj lbs41 at #f;d4 p] lb41 #ab #aj #j ,nitrog5 9 manure #dad lbs4 ,ammonia 4 s4 d4 #did lbs41 at #f;d41 #ab #g #j ,phosphoric acid #cic lbs41 at #a;d4 p] lb41 #b #i #a ,pota% #ehe lbs41 at #c;d4 p] lb41 #g #f #c ------------- #bb #b #d --------------- #afh #aa #j ,manure p] c[ p] day #hh lbs41 p] week #faf lbs4 s4 d4 ,conta9+ ammonia #c lbs41 #a #f ,phosphoric acid #b4dj lbs41 #j #c ,pota% #c4eg lbs41 #j #aj ------------ ,value ( a c['s excrem5t1 p] week1 #b #h ,! analyses ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( my own produce1 or su* extra mat]ials z ,i usually pur*ase1 h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,way2 = o!r mat]ials ,i h _h rec\rse to a v useful compilation by ,mr4 ,hemm+ 7vol4 xiii41 p4 #ddi1 ( ! ,society's ,j\rnal71 & to ,morton's 8,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture40 ,! analysis ( /raw is t ( oat-/raw2 t ( gre5 food is d]iv$ f ! analysis ( rape-plant1 cabbages1 & kohl rabi4 ,dur+ ,febru>y & ,m>* ,i h be5 us+ :eat & b>ley /raw ) m>igold1 &1 z ^! mat]ials conta9 less oil1 ,i give 9 ! /eam$ food ?ree ounces ( l9se$-oil p] day to ea* animal4 ,= ! composition ( milk ,i adopt t by ,haidl51 ^: me?od ( analysis is reput$ to be ! mo/ accurate1 ! proportion ( butt] 9 my milk be+ ?is season v simil> to t giv5 by him4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is ! gross return = tw5ty-sev5 & "o ?ird weeks f ! "t ( calv+1 f :i* w h to be d$uct$ exp5se ( att5dance1 etc4 4 s4 d4 ,! mat]ials us$ = food are f\nd to h co/ #gj #j #i ,! value ( ^! mat]ials z manure consi/s ( #hhh lbs4 nitrog5 #ajfa lbs4 ammonia1 at #f;d41 #bf #aj #f ,phosphoric acid & pota%1 #i #ae #d -------------- ,value ( food if employ$ z manure1 #cf #e #aj ,! #af1jgb qu>ts ( milk1 at #b;d4 p] qu>t = new milk1 at :i* price x ent]s l>gely into consumption z food = man1 am\nt to #acc #ah #h 4 s4 d4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! milk #caf lbs4 ammonia #cgh lbs41 at #f;d4 p] lb41 #i #i #j ,phosphoric acid 9 ditto4 #de lbs41 at #a;d4 p] lb41 #j #e #h ------------- #i #ad #h ,f ^! /atem5ts x w be se5 t mat]ials us$ z food = cattle repres5t d\ble ! value !y w\ld d if us$ = manure1 :il/ t portion conv]t$ into food fitt$ = ! use ( man repres5ts a value ?irte5 to f\rte5 times great] ?an x w\ld z manure4 ,x !n appe>s cle> t x is = ! fe$]'s pr(it to use 8 produce z mu* z possible z food = cattle1 ) ! view to conv]t x ) ! utmo/ economy into food = man1 & ?us increase r ?an enri* 8 manure-heap4 ,! calculation ( case9e 9 milk is bas$ ^u ! supposition t my milk is equal 9 its proportion ( t elem5t to t analyz$ by ,haidl54 ,sev]al analyses by o!r *emi/s %[ a less p]c5tage1 #d to #d4ej4 ,z my c[s are adequately suppli$ ) album9\s matt]1 ,i h a "r to presume on _! milk be+ ri* 9 case9e4 ,! loss ( nitrog5 by p]spiration1 #aej4fe lbs41 is ne>ly #ag p] c5t4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd a loss ( #ac4ej ( nitrog5 9 a c[ giv+ milk4 ,! ab/raction ( nitrog5 9 ! milk is comput$ at 4 s4 d4 #caf lbs41 value1 #i #i #j ,! ab/raction ( phosphoric acid 9 ! milk is comput$ at #dh lbs41 #j #e #h ,ei!r ! rape-cake or bran alone suffices = ! re/oration ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid 9 ! manure is #cic p\nds1 be+ ab\t sixte5 p] c5t4 ( ! :ole a% or m9]al matt]4 ,! a% ( mead[ hay conta9s ab\t #ad p] c5t41 t ( rape-cake #cj p] c5t41 bran #ej p] c5t41 malt-combs #be p] c5t41 & turnips1 c41 #aj p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,! am\nt ( pota% 9 ! excrem5t is #faf p\nds1 be+ ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! :ole a% or m9]al matt]4 ,! a% ( mead[ hay conta9s ab\t #bj p] c5t42 rape-cake1 #ba p] c5t42 malt-combs1 #cg p] c5t42 turnips 7v>i\s71 #dd p] c5t42 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! sample ( excrem5t s5t to ,pr(essor ,way = analysis did n conta9 m ?an a fair proportion ( ^! +r$i5ts4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( excrem5t1 ! cont5ts ( ! tanks into :i* ! c[s _h dropp$ _! solid & liquid excrem5t dur+ five weeks 7 weigh$1 & f\nd to be #ejj cwt4 #b qrs4 #j lbs1 f #ah c[s1 be+ #hh lbs4 p] c[ p] day4 ,! sample = analysis 0 tak5 f t :i* ! c[s _h deposit$ )9 ! prec$+ #bd h\rs4 ,?is 0 collect$ 9 ! mud-c>t1 well bl5d$1 & s5t (f q fre%4 ,x is suffici5tly prov$1 by ! exp]i5ce ( ?is di/rict1 t #bj p\nds ( mead[ hay suffice = ! ma9t5ance ( a c[ ( fair size 9 /ore condition2 a l result is /at$ to be obta9$ f #abj p\nds ( turnips p] day4 ,! six c[s w h !n requir$1 dur+ ! #bg weeks1 = _! ma9t5ance1 only ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,albu- ,total m9\s ,/>*1 ,p] day4 ,weeks4,weight4 mat4 ,oil4 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4 #abj ( hay or = #bg #bb1ifj;conta9+ ( #babg #fafiacj #aej ( turnips1 or = #bgacg1gfj 8 8 #bbie #cjfiajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,!y w fur!r h requir$ adequate food-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,albumi- n\s ,/>* matt]1 & fibr91 ,oil sug> & & ( case9e4butt]4 milk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,= ! production ( #b1aaf #a1bce #a1hid ,& = ma9t5ance by turnips1 #b1bie #cjf #i1ajj --------------------- #d1daa #a1eda #aj1iid ,! food suppli$ is comput$ to h conta9$ #e1dei #a1cde #ae1ffd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,i omit ! m9]als1 :i* are obs]v$ to be 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts4 ,= ! ma9t5ance ( a fair-siz$ c[1 = "o day1 9 a normal /ate1 ! foll[+ elem5ts seem adequate3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m9]al +r$i5ts4 ,albu- ,/>*1 ,phosphoric m54,oil4 c4 ,lime4 acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 #bj lbs4 ( hay1 #a4he4ecf #g4ie 4#ij #a4aa ,9 #abj 8 8 turnips1 #a4ih4bf #g4hb 4#ig #a4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,:5 c[s are 9 milk1 !re occurs a mu* great] activity ( ! functions2 !y eat & dr9k m1 evacuate m excrem5t1 &1 9 all probability1 sp5d consid]ably m food 9 respiration4 ,:il/ ! #ag4fj lbs4 p] day dry matt] 9 #bj lbs4 ( hay are f\nd adequate = ! ma9t5ance ( a c[ 9 a /ore /ate1 ! six c[s 9 milk h eat5 on ! av]age #ba4cg lbs4 solid matt] p] day dur+ ! #bg weeks4 ,:5 ,i h fatt5$ cattle toge!r ) a numb] ( mil* c[s ( simil> size1 :i* gave on an av]age eight qu>ts ( milk p] day1 ! :ole be+ f$ ) moi/ /eam$ food1 & receiv+ ! same all[ance ( gre5 food1 ,i h f\nd ! fatt5+ cattle refuse wat]1 :il/ ! mil* c[s on ! av]age drank upw>ds ( #dj p\nds p] day ( wat] giv5 sep>ately4 ,! eight qu>ts ( milk conta9 only ab\t #ag4eh lbs4 ( wat]2 /ill1 9 sev]al analyses ( excrem5t1 ,i h notic$ little diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 t f ! fatt5+ animals z comp>$ ) t f c[s giv+ milk4 ,^! facts w\ld seem to %[ t upw>ds ( #bj lbs4 m wat] 7 giv5 (f f ! lungs & pores ( ! sk9 ( a milk+ ?an ( a fatt5+ animal4 ,! excrem5t ( ! six mil* c[s1 #hh lbs4 p] day on ! av]age1 is f\nd to conta9 ( nitrog5 #cf1 equal to t 9 #b4be lbs4 ( album52 :il/ #a4he ( album5 9 ! #bj lbs4 ( hay is f\nd adequate = ma9t5ance4 ,on comp>+ ! supply ( ! food to ! six mil* c[s ) _! requirem5ts & production1 !re seems an excess 9 ! album9\s matt]1 a defici5cy 9 ! oil = ! fat & butt]1 an excess 9 ! />*1 c4 ,tak+1 h[ev]1 ! increas$ activity ( ! animal functions1 & consequ5t consumption ( food by ! mil* c[1 ,i am n enc\rag$ to l[] my /&>d ( food4 ,t x has suffic$ is abundantly prov$1 z ea* ( ! six c[s "u obs]vation has ga9$ 9 condition dur+ #bg weeks4 ,my obs]vations on nutrition t5d to ! conclusion t if y supply animals ) />*1 sug>1 c41 to satisfy _! requirem5ts = respiration1 y enable !m to conv]t ! oil ( _! food into butt] or fat to su* ext5t z _! p>ticul> organism is fitt$ = effect+ x4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,m>* ,i pur*as$ ,mr4 ,smi?'s c[ 7see p4 #cib7 = twelve p\nds t5 %ill+s1 be+ m ?an h] m>ket value1 = ! purpose ( try+ h] on my food2 h] yield ( milk _h !n dim9i%$ to #h qu>ts p] day4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 f\r weeks f ! =m] weigh+1 & n9ete5 days aft] be+ treat$ ) my food1 h] yield ( milk _h increas$ to #i qu>ts p] day1 & h] weight to #h cwt4 #a qr41 be+ #bh lbs4 increase4 ,mr4 ,pawson's c[1 :i* 0 cont9u$ on ! same food1 namely1 mead[ hay ad libitum1 & a m limit$ supply ( turnips1 r$uc$ h] yield ( milk to less ?an #e qu>ts p] day1 )\t alt]ation 9 h] weight4 ,my c[ fir/ plac$ on trial ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,pawson gave a yield ( milk ( #ab qu>ts p] day1 & ga9$ #bh lbs4 9 ! f\r weeks1 h] weight on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* be+ #aj cwt4 #b qrs4 ,! weight & ! yield ( milk ( ! six1 on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 73 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,yield ( ,yield (,ga9 milk milk 9 #d ,m>* #d4 p] day4 ,m>* #ca4 p] day4weeks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ cwt4 qr4 lbs4qu>ts4 cwt4 qr4 lbs4 qu>ts4lbs4 ,weight ( ,no4 #a4 #aj #j #bf #h #aj #c #j #h4i #eh 8 8 8 #b4 #aa #a #j #ad #aa #c #j #ad4i #ef 8 8 8 #d4 #aj #j #j #ad #aj #a #j #ac #bh 8 8 8 #f4 #aj #c #j #ad #aa #b #j #ab #hd 8 8 8 #g4 #aa #j #j #aj #aa #c #j #aj #hd 8 8 8 #aa4 #i #b #j #aa #aj #a #j #ab #hd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,on ref]r+ to ! previ\s weigh+1 !re 0 little or no ga9 f ,feb4 #d? to ,m>* #d?1 ! c[s be+ at t "t 9 a some:at m relax$ /ate4 ,dur+ ,m>* !y :olly rega9$ _! consi/5cy4 ,! ga9 %[n 9 ! weigh+1 ,m>* #ca1 by ! six c[s1 appe>s !re=e unusually great4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be comput$ z made dur+ ! eight weeks f ,feb4 #d? to ,m>* #ca1 be+ ) an av]age yield ( ne>ly #ab qu>ts 7#aa4ff7 p] day ea*1 at ! rate ( #h lbs4 ea* p] week on ! av]age4 ,no4 #aa1 x w be obs]v$1 is /at$ z giv+ m milk on ! #ca/ ?an on ! #d? ( ,m>*4 ,x occasionally happ5s t c[s drop _! yield ( milk = a day or two1 & !n rega9 x1 especially :5 9 use4 ,! :ole ( ^! six c[s 7 kept free f calf till ,febru>y1 :5 ,nos4 #b & #d 7 s5t to bull4 ,i _h "s hesitation 9 reg>d to ,no4 #d1 f h] hav+ suff]$ f pleuro4 ,h] milk1 te/$ by a lactomet]1 d5ot$ a less ?an av]age proportion ( cream2 /ill1 9 quantity1 & keep+ up its yield = a l5g? ( "t1 be+ ( m ?an ord9>y capability2 ,i decid$ to reta9 h]4 ,nos4 #a & #g1 :i* are giv+ respectively #h & #aj qu>ts p] day1 are 9 a /ate ( fatness2 !y w probably be sold 9 ,june z prime fat1 :5 _! yield ( milk w probably be #f & #h qu>ts p] day ea*4 ,!y may be expect$ to fet* tw5ty p\nds to tw5ty-?ree p\nds4 ,no4 #f is also 9 a /ate ( =w>dness4 ,no4 #aa1 :i* suff]$ consid]ably f pleuro1 is 9 comp>atively l[] condition4 ,dur+ ! season f ! close ( ,octob] to ! close ( ,janu>y1 ,i avoid pur*as+ ne>-calv+ c[s1 :i* are !n unusually de>1 my repl5i%m5ts be+ made ) c[s giv+ a l[ range ( milk1 & int5d$ = fatt5+4 ,i f9d !m m pr(itable ?an ^? :i* are q dry4 ,! pres5t season ,i _h additional gr\nds = ab/a9+ f buy+ high-pric$ c[s1 f ! rec5t pres5ce ( pleuro4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,m>* ,i _h occasion to pur*ase a calv+ c[1 :i* 0 report$ to h calv$ on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y4 ,h] weight on ! #d? ( ,m>* 0 #i cwt4 #a qr4 ,i suppli$ h] ) #ce lbs4 ( mangold1 & hay ad libitum41 ( :i* %e ate #bb lbs4 p] day4 ,! greate/ yield %e atta9$ 0 some:at m ?an #ac qu>ts p] day4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* h] weight 0 #i cwt41 be+ a loss ( #bh lbs4 9 f\r weeks4 ,h] yield ( milk _h dim9i%$ to #aa qu>ts p] day4 ,a week aft] ?is h] milk1 dur+ six days1 0 kept ap>t1 & av]ag$ #aj qu>ts p] day2 be+ at fir/ r m1 at ! close r less1 ?an ?is4 ,! cream produc$ f ^! #aj qu>ts 0 #i p9ts1 ! butt] #fc oz4 ,! butt] f ea* qu>t ( cream 0 #ad oz4 ,! proportion ( butt] to milk 0 #fc oz4 f #fj qu>ts--r m ?an #a oz4 p] qu>t4 ,an equal quantity ( milk f a c[ 7calv$ ,oct4 #h?7 treat$ ) /eam$ food1 & set ap>t = comp>ison1 gave less ?an #g p9ts ( cream1 :i* produc$ #gi oz4 ( butt]4 ,9 quality & agreeabl5ess ! butt] f /eam$ food & cake 0 decid$ly sup]ior to t f hay & mangold4 ,mr4 ,/ansfeld1 ( ,*]tsey1 has suppli$ me ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s ( two ,ald]ney c[s :i* 7 treat$ z foll[s3 ,f ,dec4 #a/ to ,jan #ae?1 ) ,sw$es & mead[ hay4 ,f ,jan4 #ae? to ,feb4 #ag?1 pulp$ & f]m5t$ ,sw$es1 mead[ hay1 & #c lbs4 rape-cake1 #b lbs4 bean-meal1 #b lbs4 bran1 #b lbs4 malt-combs4 ,f ,feb4 #ag? to ,may #a/1 #e lbs4 rape-cake1 #b lbs4 bran1 #b lbs4 malt-combs4 ,results3 ,decemb] #a/ to ,janu>y #ae?1 yield ( butt] f ea* qu>t ( cream1 #aj oz4 ,janu>y #ae? to ,febru>y #ag?1 yield ( butt] f ea* qu>t ( cream1 #ad oz4 ,febru>y #ag? to ,may #a/1 yield ( butt] f ea* qu>t ( cream1 #ah oz4 ,! yield ( butt] 9 proportion to milk1 ,dec4 #a/ to ,jan4 #ae?1 is describ$ z unsatisfactory4 ,! yield ( butt] 9 proportion to milk1 ,feb4 #ag? to ,may1 z #b oz4 p] qu>t1 :i* is _! maximum proportion4 ,soon aft] calv+ ! two c[s gave #ah qu>ts ( milk p] day2 on ! #ae? ( ,may1 #ae qu>ts p] day4 ,mr4 ,/ansfeld has completely satisfi$ himself t by ! process ( f]m5tation ! turnip loses its disagreeable ta/e1 & t 8 butt] is ( excell5t quality4 ,if ,i take ! supply ( turnips1 #abj lbs4 p] day1 z requisite = ! ma9t5ance only ( ! c[1 ! nutritive elem5ts w be3 ,album54 ,oil4 ,/>* & sug>4 #a4gi 4#bfd #g4ib ,reckon+ ! oil z us$ = respiration1 & comput+ x 9 proportion ( #e to #b z comp>$ ) />* 4#ff ---- #h4eh ,! food suppli$ to ! c[ consi/s (3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,/>* ,phos- ,albu- & ,m9- phoric ,lbs4,wat]4 ,dry4 m54,oil4sug>4,fibre4erals4 acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,hay1 #bb #bai4cf #b4jc4ei #h4gd #f4je #a4ie 4#cj ,/or$ mangold1 #ce #bh4j #g4 #a4je #d4bj #a4je 4#gj 4#je ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bf4cf #c4jh4ei #ab4id #g4aj #b4fe 4#ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------- oz4 ,! #ac qu>ts ( milk yield$ ( butt]1 #ac4fj ,d$uct = moi/ure1 c41 #b4bh ----- #aa4cb ,butt] 9 ! skimm$ milk e/imat$ z 4#fh ----- #ab4jj oz4 #ab ounces ( pure oil 9 ! butt] are lb4 4#ge lb4 ,! oil 9 ! food1 4#ei ,! />* & sug>1 #ab4id ,us$ = animal respiration1 #h4eh ---- #d4cf ,!re appe>s1 !n1 9 ?is supply ( food1 4#ei lbs4 oil & #d4cf lbs4 />* = ! production ( 4#ge 9 ! butt] f #ac qu>ts p] day1 ! c['s greate/ yield4 ,at ! "t ! milk 0 te/$1 aft]ma? hay 0 sub/itut$ = fir/-crop hay1 9 equal quantity4 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 is decid$ly ri*] 9 oil4 ,h] produce _h less5$ to #aj qu>ts p] day2 h] production ( butt] 0 #aj4ej oz4 p] day1 or ( pure oil ab\t #i oz42 = ! supply ( oil ! aft]ma? hay alone w\ld be mu* m ?an adequate4 ,on exam9+ ! adequacy ( ! food = ! supply ( album5 = ! case9e1 lbs4 ,i f9d ?is to be1 #c4jh ,i assume t 9 #abj lbs4 ( turnips1 z requir$ = ma9t5ance1 9 a normal /ate1 #a4ih ---- #a4aj ,:i*1 accord+ to ,haidl5's analysis1 w be adequate to ! supply ( #h4fj qu>ts p] day4 ,! supply ( m9]al sub/ances is 9 excess4 ,! c[1 "u ?is treatm5t1 gave1 ,soon aft] calv+1 fully #ac qu>ts p] day4 ,five weeks aft] calv+1 #aa 8 8 8 ,9 less ?an #h weeks aft] calv+1 #i 8 8 8 ,& ) ?is !re occurr$ also a loss ( weight4 ,we f9d ?is c[ suppli$ ) food amply ri* 9 e elem5t suit$ to h] wants & purposes1 ) ! exception ( ! nitrog5\s pr9ciple only1 l[]+ h] condition1 & likewise h] yield ( milk1 till x approa*es a quantity = :i* h] food enables h] to supply a due proportion ( case9e4 ,ab\t ! #bj? ( ,april1 ! c['s yield be+ r$uc$ to #i qu>ts p] day1 h] food 0 *ang$ to /eam$ mixture4 ,soon aft] ?is h] yield increas$ to #aa qu>ts p] day4 ,h] weight1 ,april #bh?1 #i cwt42 ,may #af?1 #i cwt4 #ad lbs4 yield ( milk1 #aa qu>ts4 ,i n[ introduce ! dairy /ati/ics ( ,mr4 ,alcock1 ( ,aireville1 ,skipton1 :o has = "s "t be5 practis+ my me?od ( treatm5t1 ) su* modifications z are suit$ to 8 circum/ances4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season1 ,mr4 ,alcock's food consi/$ ( mangold1 ( :i* he gave #bj lbs4 p] day to ea*1 uncook$1 toge!r ) /eam$ food ad libitum1 consi/+ ( :eat & bean /raw1 & %ells ( oats4 ,c>ob bean & ,indian meal1 = ea*1 #c lbs4 p] day ,bran & malt-combs1 #a 8 8 8 ,bean-meal1 #c 8 8 8 ,rape-cake1#e #c 8 8 8 ------ ,( extra food1 #aa #e ,! rape-cake us$ by ,mr4 ,alcock 0 ( =eign manufacture1 evid5tly ri* 9 oil1 b conta9+ mu/>d1 & on ?is acc\nt suppli$ 9 less proportion4 ,f ,m>* #ai1 :5 8 /ore ( mangold 0 exhau/$1 he increas$ 8 supply ( ,indian meal to #d lbs4 p] day1 & omitt$ ! c>ob bean4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 ,mr4 ,alcock obta9$ f #gei qu>ts ( milk #acbc oz4 ( butt]1 be+ f ea* #af qu>ts #bf oz42 dur+ ,febru>y & ,m>*1 f #gcfh qu>ts ( milk #ab1dec oz4 ( butt]1 or f ea* #af qu>ts fully #bg oz43 s t r less ?an #i qu>ts ( milk h produc$ #af oz4 ( butt]4 ,! av]age produce f ea* qu>t ( cream 0 #bj oz4 ,mr4 ,alcock fatt5s 8 c[s :il/ giv+ milk1 & sells !m :il/ giv+ #d to #f qu>ts p] day4 ,he q agrees ) me t x is f> m pr(itable to buy f>-milk$ c[s = fatt5+2 & obta9s1 f a *ange to 8 food1 #b to #c qu>ts p] day m ?an ! c[ _h giv5 previ\sly4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,alcock's cream is n s ri* z :at ,i h describ$ on pp4 #cgg & #cgh1 x is m ?an ord9>ily s4 ,8 mode ( sep>at+ 8 milk f 8 cream diff]s f my own1 8 milk be+ set up 9 lead5 vessels1 f :i*1 on ! cream be+ =m$1 ! old milk is drawn1 by tak+ a plug f a holl[ tube1 ) p]=at$ holes 9 ! c5tre ( ! vessel4 ,to ?is diff]5ce ,i am dispos$ 9 "s degree to attribute ! less ri*ness ( ,mr4 ,alcock's cream4 ,on exam9+1 ! cream ) a spoon1 aft] ! dairy-keep] _h drawn (f ! milk1 ,i obs]v$ "s portion ( milk1 :i* w\ld h escap$ ?r\gh my p]=at$ skimm]4 ,mr4 ,alcock's proportion ( butt] f milk1 :i* is ! matt] ( practical importance1 is great] ?an :at ,i h %[n on a prec$+ page1 be+ f ea* #af qu>ts ( milk #bg oz4 ( butt]4 ,,quality ,,( ,,butt]4--,9 ,janu>y1 #aheg1 samples ( ab\t #ef oz4 ea*1 ( butt] ( my own1 & also ( ,mr4 ,alcock's1 7 s5t to ! laboratory ( ,messrs4 ,price ,co4's c&le-works1 at ,belmont4 ,my butt] 0 f\nd to consi/ ( 7tak+ ! pure fat only71 ,h>d fat1 mo/ly m>g>9e1 fusible at #iej1 #de4i ,liquid1 or ole9e1 #ed4a ----- #ajj4j ,mr4 ,alcock's1 ,h>d fat1 mo/ly m>g>9e1 fusible at #aj1 #cf4j ,liquid1 or ole9e1 #fd4j ----- #ajj4j ,= ^! analyses ( butt] ! agricultural public is indebt$ to ! good (fices ( ,mr4 ,george ,wilson1 director ( ,messrs4 ,price ,co4's manufactory4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,alcock's milk is ri*] 9 butt] & t 8 butt] is also ri*] 9 proportion ( ole9e to m>g>9e ?an my own4 ,pr(essor ,?ompson 78,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry10 #f? edition1 p4 #cag7 /ates t w9t] butt] consi/s m ( solid1 & summ] m ( liquid or ole9e fat4 ,an analysis ( butt] made 9 ,vosges gives3 ,summ]4 ,w9t]4 ,solid or m>g>9e fat1 #dj #fe ,liquid 7or ole9e7 fat1 #fj #ce --- --- #ajj #ajj ,9 ,lehmann's 8,physiological ,*emi/ry0 7,leipsic edition1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cbi71 an analysis ( butt] by ,bromus gives3 ,m>g>9e1 #fh ,ole9e1 #cj ,special butt]-oil1 #b --- #ajj ,x w be obs]v$ t my butt] may be class$ z summ] butt]1 & t ,mr4 ,alcock's is ! ri*e/ 9 ! proportion ( ole9e4 ,bo? 7 produc$ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 ,^! results are important1 & completely e/abli% ! conclusion ,i _h previ\sly =m$1 t ! quantity & quality ( butt] dep5d ess5tially on ! food & treatm5t2 & t by suitable means y c produce z mu* & z ri* butt] 9 w9t] z 9 summ]4 ,,index4 ,aiton's op9ion ( dairy /ock1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai ,album9\s sub/ances1 value ( z food1 #abb-abh ,am]ican cattle1 orig9 (1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #fj ,am]ican *eese1 #bfj ,analysis ( milk1 #baf1 #cig ,analysis ( butt]1 #bci1 #cgi1 #dji ,analysis ( *eese1 #bfh1 #bfi ,analysis ( hay & grasses1 #cij1 #cgi ,analysis ( cotton-se$ cake1 #abg1 #abh1 #aig ,analysis & value ( manure1 #aih1 #cjh1 #dja ,animals1 l>ge & small1 #aj1 #aaa ,annatto = color+1 #bej1 #bea1 #cbh ,artificial %ades 9 pa/ures1 #ace ,ayr%ires1 z dairy c[s1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #be1 #ge1 #gg ,ayr%ires1 orig9 & po9ts (1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #be ,ayr%ires1 yield (1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #be ,b>n1 plan ( a1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec ,b>n1 cell>1 conv5i5ce (1 #aed ,b>n1 temp]ature ( = c[s1 #aed ,bean-v9es1 value (1 #aci1 #cgj1 #cga ,beauty ( /ock1 #bh1 #cf1 #da1 #gb1 #gc1 #ajd ,b]k%ire sw9e1 crosses ( !1 #cfb1 #cfc ,b\ss+ault's equival5ts1 #abe1 #abf ,bre$1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #di ,bre$1 an elem5t 9 judg+ dairy c[s1 #ia1 #ib ,bre$s1 "s mu/ be kept pure1 #cfa ,bull1 selection ( = bre$+1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #ge1 #gg ,butt]1 orig9 (1 #bag ,butt]1 n made by ! e>ly ,jews1 #bag ,butt]1 f cream fir/ skimm$ ! be/1 #bah ,butt]1 mak+ (1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #cji1 #cbj ,butt]1 modes ( *urn+1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #cji1 #caa1 #cah ,butt]1 salt+ (1 #bch1 #cba1 #chf ,butt]1 composition (1 #aba1 #bci1 #cgi ,butt]1 produc+ localities1 #cib ,butt]1 quantity ( milk to make a p\nd (1 #chb ,butt]1 qualities (1 #bci1 #cia1 #dji ,butt]1 work]1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcf ,butt]1 f poor & ri* pa/ures1 #cia ,butt]1 use ( ! sponge to remove butt]-milk1 #bca1 #bcd ,butt]1 fat or oil (1 #bci1 #bdj ,butt]1 9 w9t]1 #bcc1 #che1 #daj ,butt]1 9 lumps1 #bch1 #cbc1 #cbg ,butt]1 "t ( *urn+1 #bbi1 #bcf1 #cai1 #chf ,butt]1 cleans+ ! casks =1 #cbd1 #cbe ,butt]1 mode ( pack+1 #bcg1 #bch1 #cbc1 #cbf ,butt]1 color+ (1 #cbh1 #cei ,butt]1 made by bury+ cream1 #bci ,butt]-milk1 use (1 #cbi1 #cde1 #cfa ,butt]-milk1 proportions (1 #cgi ,buy+ dairy /ock1 #aaa ,calves1 rais+ (1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb1 #afe1 #afg ,calves1 value ( ,gunon's me?od ( judg+1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aee ,calves1 fe$+ ( by h&1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afc ,calves1 diseases (1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib ,calves1 mu/ h ! fir/ milk1 #aeg1 #aei1 #bij ,calves1 imm$iately tak5 f ! c[1 #aeh1 #aei ,calves1 />v+ & ov]-fe$+1 #afa1 #afg1 #afh ,calves1 fe$+ hay-tea to1 #afe ,calves1 food requir$1 #afg1 #afh ,calv+1 treatm5t ( ! c[ at1 #ac1 #acj1 #aca1 #bge ,cattle1 importance ( weigh+1 #chg1 #cif ,cattle1 fatt5+ (1 #chh ,*$d> *eese1 mode ( mak+1 #bfa ,*$d> *eese1 analysis (1 #bfi ,*eese1 e>ly hi/ory (1 #bda ,*eese1 composition (1 #aba1 #abb1 #bfh1 #bfi ,*eese1 made ( cream1 #bdb ,*eese1 made ( skim-milk1 #bdc1 #bff1 #cca ,*eese1 mak+ (1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdg1 #beb1 #cfj ,*eese1 break+ ! curd1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bec1 #cej ,*eese1 new & sweet milks1 #bdf1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdh ,*eese1 press+ (1 #bdg1 #bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cdb ,*eese1 salt+1 #bed1 #beh1 #bfa1 #cch1 #cdb ,*eese1 v>ieties (1 #bed1 #bee1 #ccj1 #cdh ,*eese1 color+ (1 #bej1 #cec ,*eese1 ,*e%ire1 h[ made1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh ,*eese1 ,/ilton1 h[ made1 #bei ,*eese1 ,gl\ce/]1 h[ made1 #bfj1 #bfi ,*eese1 ,*$d>1 h[ made1 #bfa1 #bfi ,*eese1 z a dige/]1 #bfi1 #bgj ,*eese1 ,dut*1 mak+ (1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdf ,*eese1 ,g\da1 h[ made1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cci1 #cdd ,*eese1 ,edam]1 h[ made1 #cdj ,*eese1 m\lds1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cdb1 #cea ,*e%ire *eese1 mode ( mak+1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh ,*ok+1 cure =1 #bhc1 #bhd ,*urn1 =ms ( !1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #caj1 #cab1 #cae ,*urn+1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #cjj1 #chc1 #che ,*urn+1 temp]ature =1 #chc1 #che ,*urn+1 by lev]1 #caa1 #cac ,*urn+1 by dog-p[]1 #cag ,*urn+1 by horse-p[]1 #bbe1 #cah ,cleanl9ess ! fir/ requisite1 #adf1 #bba1 #bee1 #cjj1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #ceg ,climate & its effect on /ock1 #af1 #cg ,clov]1 value ( = mil* c[s1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahg ,con/itution1 indications (1 #hf1 #ajd ,cool-ba?1 use ( !1 #cjc1 #cjd ,co/iv5ess 9 calves1 treatm5t (1 #bia1 #bib ,cotton-se$ meal1 analysis & use (1 #abg1 #abh1 #aig ,c[s1 9 ! natural or wild /ate1 #i1 #fh1 #acf ,c[s1 9 calf1 treatm5t (1 #acj1 #aca ,c[s1 classification (1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji ,cream1 treatm5t (1 #bcf1 #cgh1 #che ,cream1 diff]5ce 9 quality1 #cgg1 #chj ,cream-pots1 #cd1 #bih1 #cjh ,crosses & _! results1 #bc1 #ed1 #ee1 #eh1 #fb1 #fc1 #gd1 #gg ,dairy c[s1 managem5t (1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abc1 #adj1 #cfg1 #cib ,dairy c[s1 too _m = ! food1 #aac1 #aaf ,dairy c[s1 regul>ity ( fe$+1 #aag1 #aai1 #abj1 #acc1 #acg ,dairy room1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #chc1 #chd1 #chf ,dairy ut5sils1 treatm5t (1 #bif1 #big1 #bii1 #cbb1 #cdg ,dairy-f$ pork1 excell5ce (1 #cfa ,dairyman's motto1 #aag1 #abj ,dairy-woman1 lett] to a1 #cee ,d5m>k cattle1 #ec ,di>rha1 cause & treatm5t (1 #bhg1 #bia ,dige/ive organs1 #bb1 #hf1 #aji1 #acj1 #bgg ,diseases ( dairy /ock1 #bga1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #bij ,dunlop *eese1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfd ,dunlop *eese1 analysis (1 #bfi ,dut* cattle1 #ad1 #ae1 #cb1 #cg1 #eb1 #ajd1 #ajg ,dys5t]y1 symptoms & treatm5t (1 #bhh ,e>ly maturity1 importance (1 #bc1 #cf1 #cfb1 #cfd ,elem5ts ( food1 #aaf1 #abj1 #abb1 #abe1 #ach1 #cig ,escut*eon1 =m ( !1 #bd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #ia1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje ,escut*eon1 transmission ( !1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj ,escut*eon1 ( calves #ajb1 #aaj1 #aee ,exceptional & *>act]i/ic qualities1 #i1 #ei1 #fh ,ext]nal signs ( milk]s1 #hj1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #aaj ,false pres5tations 9 calv+1 #bgd1 #bge ,fat ( animals1 h[ =m$1 #abj1 #aba1 #abg1 #cgd ,fat =m+ elem5ts1 #abj1 #abb1 #abh1 #cha ,fe$+1 c\rse (1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acc1 #ach1 #adj1 #afh ,food & %elt]1 #aj1 #ef1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #acf1 #afh ,food to produce quantity1 #aag1 #abb1 #abg1 #acf1 #aci1 #chg ,food adapt$ to ! animal1 #cha1 #cif ,food1 economy (1 #djj ,food1 bulk (1 #add1 #cha ,food1 v>iety ( requir$1 #aba1 #adc1 #add ,food1 /eam+ !1 #chg1 #cif ,f\l 9 ! foot1 treatm5t (1 #bhd ,g>get1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bga1 #bgb ,g5tl5ess 9 ! c>e ( /ock1 #adg1 #adh1 #afd ,gl\ce/] *eese1 mode ( mak+1 #bfj1 #bfa ,gl\ce/] *eese1 analysis (1 #bfi ,grade & native cattle1 #di1 #ed1 #ee1 #fj1 #gd ,grasses1 culture ( !1 #afi1 #agj1 #agb1 #agf1 #ahj ,grasses1 v>ieties ( pa/ure1 #afi1 #agj1 #ahd1 #ahe ,grasses1 cutt+ & cur+ (1 #ahf1 #ahg ,grass-f$ c[s1 #abh1 #abd1 #acc1 #acg ,great milk]s1 =m (1 #bh1 #gb1 #ajd ,gunon's me?od ( judg+ c[s1 #bd1 #fd1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #aji ,gunon's me?od1 explanation (1 #fe1 #ia ,haft+ & its results1 #ba ,h>ley's exp]i5ce1 #bj1 #acg ,hay cut & moi/5$1 value (1 #aag1 #abb1 #abg ,h]$it>y qualities1 #bd1 #fc ,h]e=ds1 orig9 & *>act]i/ics (1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc ,hornless cattle1 #gh ,hoove1 cause & cure (1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bib ,hoose1 treatm5t (1 #bhf ,horsfall's sy/em ( fe$+1 #ach1 #cfe1 #cgj1 #chj1 #chc ,hubback1 fame (1 #cb1 #cc ,hung>ian cattle1 #gh ,ice1 use ( 9 ! dairy1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdd ,ice-creams1 modes ( mak+1 #bad1 #bae ,inflammation ( ! gl&s1 treatm5t (1 #bhf ,inflammation ( ! lungs1 treatm5t (1 #bhf ,indian corn1 culture & cur+ = fodd]1 #ahh1 #ahi ,j]sey cattle1 orig9 & *>act]i/ics (1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj ,j]sey cattle1 ,haxton's op9ion (1 #bg ,j]sey c[s1 milk (1 #cj1 #gf1 #cja ,lactomet]1 use (1 #adi1 #baj1 #baa ,lett] to a dairy-woman1 #cee ,lice on c[s1 h[ to get rid (1 #bhj ,l9se$-meal1 value & use (1 #abh1 #aig1 #cha ,london dairies1 #ce1 #gd1 #acf ,loss ( cud1 cure =1 #bij ,male1 selection ( !1 #fb1 #ff1 #ge1 #gg1 #cfb ,mange1 symptoms & cure (1 #bhh ,manures1 economy & use (1 #aed1 #aih1 #djj1 #dja ,m$ic9e *e/1 importance (1 #bic1 #bid ,m$ic9e1 easily procur$1 #bic1 #bid ,mil* c[s1 yield (1 #ah1 #bj1 #be1 #aaf1 #acc1 #cja1 #cgb ,mil* c[s1 selection (1 #aj1 #fa1 #fd1 #fg1 #ga1 #gi1 #hj1 #hf ,mil* c[s1 tee? (1 #ha1 #hc1 #he1 #hf ,milk1 nature & composition (1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #baf1 #cfi ,milk1 oily p>ts (1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bci1 #chi ,milk1 *eesy p>ts (1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #baf1 #bda1 #cfi1 #chi1 #djj ,milk1 temp]ature = rais+ cream1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #bab1 #bbh1 #bcc ,milk1 temp]ature = curdl+1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bec1 #bfg ,milk1 intoxicat+ liquor f1 #bja1 #bjb ,milk1 diff]5ce 9 quality1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bai1 #cge1 #chc ,milk1 specific gravity (1 #bjc1 #bji1 #baj ,milk1 sett+ = cream1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #cjh ,milk1 effect ( climate on ! quantity1 #bjg ,milk1 treatm5t (1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bie1 #cjb1 #cjh ,milk1 adult]at+1 #bjh1 #bji ,milk1 ice-creams f1 #bad ,milk1 ( spay$ c[s1 #bae ,milk1 measures =1 #baf1 #bif ,milk1 room1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bca1 #chc ,milk1 te/+ ! quality (1 #adi1 #bji1 #baa1 #cgf1 #cig ,milk1 fe$+ =1 #ef1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #abc1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb ,milk1 greate/ yield ( on grass1 #abc1 #abd1 #acb1 #acg ,milk-fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t (1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh ,milk+1 mann] ( affects ! yield1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg ,milk+1 wom5 be/ adapt$ =1 #adi1 #bie ,milk+1 9 ! ,dut* dairies1 #bie ,milk+1 qualities1 artificial1 #i1 #fh1 #acf1 #adh ,milk-mirror1 transmission ( !1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj ,milk-mirror1 =m ( !1 #bd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig1 #ii1 #aja ,milk-mirror1 explanation ( !1 #fe ,milk-pans1 =ms (1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bif1 #cjf ,milk-yoke1 use ( !1 #bie1 #bif ,milk-ve9s1 size ( !1 #hh1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaj ,millet1 culture & value (1 #ahi ,mix$ food1 conducive to heal?1 #aba1 #adc ,moi/ & succul5t food1 #aag1 #abb1 #abg1 #acc1 #acf1 #aci1 #add1 #chg ,native or grade cattle1 #ad1 #di1 #ej1 #ed1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa ,nitrog5\s sub/ances1 value (1 #abb1 #abh1 #cha ,nor? ,devons1 orig9 & qualities (1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #gf ,nutritive value ( articles ( food1 #abe1 #abf ,oakes c[1 yield (1 #gb1 #gc ,oil-cake1 value (1 #abg1 #abi1 #cha ,orig9 ( bre$s & races1 #i ,p>mesan *eese1 mode ( mak+1 #bff1 #cfj ,p>turition1 treatm5t at1 #aca1 #bgc1 #bgd ,pa/ures1 diff]5t qualities (1 #cia ,patton /ock1 #ce ,philadelphia-butt]1 quality (1 #bcj1 #bcd ,po9ts ( a dairy c[1 #ba1 #bb1 #dg1 #ea1 #fd1 #gc1 #hj1 #hf1 #hh1 #aaj ,pork1 be/ quality (1 #cfb ,practice 9 judg+ /ock1 #hj ,pr9ciples ( bre$+1 #bc1 #cb1 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd ,pu]p]al fev]1 treatm5t (1 #bge1 #bgf ,purgatives 9 use = cattle1 #bha ,rape-cake1 value ( z food1 #cha1 #cia ,r$ wat]1 treatm5t (1 #bhe ,regul>ity1 importance (1 #aag1 #aai1 #acc1 #acg1 #adc ,relative size ( male & female1 #af1 #fb1 #gj1 #ga1 #cfb ,r5net1 h[ prep>$1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bei1 #ccb1 #cdi ,r5net1 use (1 #bee1 #beg1 #ccb ,r+s on ! horns1 #ha ,roots = /ock1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abg1 #afg1 #ach1 #cif ,roots1 culture (1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #aif ,rye1 culture & use (1 #aij ,sc\rs 9 calves1 treatm5t (1 #bia ,selection ( c[s1 #aj1 #fa1 #ga1 #gi1 #hj1 #hf1 #aaj1 #aaa ,%av+ ! milk-mirror1 #ie ,%ort-horns1 orig9 & *>act]i/ics (1 #ca1 #cc1 #ce ,%ort-horns1 influ5ce on ,am]ican cattle1 #cd1 #ce1 #gd ,%ort-horns1 beef ( !1 #cf1 #db1 #dc ,simple fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bgi1 #bhj ,size ( animals1 relative1 #aj1 #gj1 #aaa ,skim-milk *eese1 #bdc1 #bff1 #cca1 #cfj ,sl9k+ ! calf1 #bgd ,soil+1 plants =1 #acb1 #ace1 #adb1 #adc1 #add ,soil+1 advantages (1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc ,sponge & clo?1 use ( !1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #ceh ,spr+1 treatm5t ( c[s 91 #aca1 #acc1 #acg ,squ>e box ! be/ *urn1 #bbh ,/amp+ ( butt]1 #cbc1 #cei ,/ilton *eese1 mode ( mak+1 #bei1 #bfj ,/ock1 improvem5t (1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj1 #fc1 #ga1 #afh ,/ock1 selection (1 #aj1 #eh1 #fj1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga1 #hf ,/ock1 age (1 #hj1 #ha ,suffolk sw9e1 crosses )1 #cfb1 #cfc ,surfeit$ c[s1 treatm5t (1 #ach1 #bij ,swill-milk1 h[ produc$1 #add1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj ,sw9e1 ! k9d ( want$1 #cfb1 #cfc ,sw9e1 treatm5t (1 #cfd ,symptomatic fev]1 treatm5t (1 #bhj ,tee?1 indicative ( age1 #ha1 #hc1 #he1 #hf ,! pigg]y1 #cfa1 #cfd ,"t a c[ %\ld run dry1 #acj1 #aca1 #bgc ,"t ( calv+1 #aca1 #bgb1 #bgc ,treatm5t ( dairy /ock1 #ef1 #acj1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #adh1 #afh ,typhoid fev]1 treatm5t (1 #bha ,udd]1 att5tion to !1 #dc1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #bgb ,udd]1 /ructure ( !1 #ade1 #adf1 #bjb ,vegetable oils1 #cgi1 #chi1 #dji ,virg9ia1 importation ( cattle to1 #ce1 #ej ,w>bles1 injure ! hide1 #bij ,w>m? & v5tilation requisite1 #acf1 #adi ,:ey1 use ( !1 #cdd1 #ced ,will[bank dairy1 #bj1 #acg ,w9t] food = c[s1 #abg1 #aca1 #acd1 #acf1 #aci ,wood = butt] casks & firk9s1 #cbd ,york%ire cattle1 notice (1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce1 #gd ,y\att's op9ion1 #ah1 #dg1 #bgb1 #bgg ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t spell+1 hyph5ation1 =matt+ & lay-out 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! use ( 8 9 lieu ( ! ditto sign has be5 reta9$ z well4 p4 vii1 444 :i* ,i h translat$ f ! ,g]man3 sev]al words 7includ+ names7 are giv5 9 _! ,g]man1 n ! usual ,dut* or ,engli%1 spell+4 p4#if1 z at ,m ,m1 ,fig4 #cj3 !re is j a s+le ,m visible 9 ! illu/ration4 p4 #abe1 second table3 presumably ! r[s correspond to ! r[s 9 ! fir/ table on ?is page4 p4 #abf3 ,:ite ,silician ,beet3 possibly an error = ,:ite ,sicilian or ,:ite ,silesian ,beet4 p4 #aib1 ,! nutritive equival5t 444 "o p\nd ( hay3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 hay & potatoes is (f by a factor #ajj 7see also ! table on page #abf74 p4 #baf1 table3 ! addition results 9 #ajjj4d1 n 9 exactly #ajjj4 p4 #bag & p4 #bda3 ,! poem is f ,! ,f>m]'s ,boy by ,rob]t ,bloomfield 7#ahjj74 p4 #cbi1 crook$ ,rh9e3 ?is %\ld read ,crook$ ,rh9e1 ,crook$ be+ "p ( ! riv]'s "n 7,kromme ,rijn74 p4 #ccj1 ,commissions' *eese3 ,commission's *eese w\ld h be5 a m accurate translation4 p4 #ccg1 444 z appe>s 9 ! press3 probably an error = 444 z appe>s 9 ! cut 7or simil>74 p4 #cdg1 #ecf1hcd1hcj p\nds3 ! am\nt appe>s to be a factor #aj too high4 p4 #cec1 t\rnesol3 ! col\r+ ag5t is m commonly call$ turnsole4 p4 #dja1 table on ma9t5ance requirem5ts3 ! text & ! table m5tion diff]5t am\nts ( food/uffs2 ! calculation f daily to total use ( turnips seems to be mi/ak54 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes & illu/rations h bee mov$ out ( text p>agraphs2 "s tables h be5 re-arang$4 ,non-,engli% words h n be5 correct$1 unless li/$ bel[4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 n pres5t 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 & has be5 creat$ = ?is e-text4 ,! s\rce docum5t conta9$ two illu/rations ea* numb]$ ,fig4 #ef1 ,fig4 #eg & ,fig4 #eh4 ,! fir/ occurr5ces ( ^! & ! ref]5ces !reto h be5 r5umb]$ ,fig4 #ef;a1 ,fig4 #eg;a & ,fig4 #eh;a1 ! second in/ances & ref]5ces !reto ,fig4 #ef;b1 ,fig4 #eg;b & ,fig4 #eh;b4 ,9 "s places ! ditto sign 79 ?is book 87 has be5 replac$ by ! ditto$ text4 p4 #bab3 8 ins]t$ be=e ,to "o hundr$ & twelve p\nds 444 p4 #bdc3 8 remov$ f be=e ,! ev5+'s & morn+'s milk p4 #cic1 table3 ,p>son *ang$ to ,pawson p4 #dja1 table on ma9t5ance requirem5ts3 head] ,p] day mov$ to include ! fir/ column2 head] lbs4 add$ to la/ ?ree columns4