,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold & sup]scripts ?us yen4 ,! ma!matical & *emical =mulae accurately repres5t ! orig9al b h n be5 error *eck$4 ,!re are _m ma!matical equations :]e v>iables are pres5t$ z italic lett]s4 ,= ! sake ( cl>ity ?is has n be5 %[n4 ,,hygi5e3 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,p]sonal & ,public ,heal? ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,new%olme1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,,lond41 ,,univ]sity ,,s*ol> ,,9 ,,m$ic9e2 ,,diplomate ,,9 ,,public ,,heal?1 ,,univ4 ,,lond42 ,,m$ical ,,(fic] ,,( ,,heal? ,,( ,,brighton2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,& ,,exam9] ,,to ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,in/itute2 ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,/ate ,,m$ic9e ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london2 ,,late ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,,& ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,incorporat$ ,,society ,,( ,,m$ical ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,heal?4 ,,new ,,edition1 #aijb4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,london3 ,,geo4 ,,gill ,,sons1 ,,ld41 ,,m9]va ,,h\se1 ,,w>wick ,,lane4 ,,preface4 ,! writ+ ( a preface is p]haps sup]flu\s = a book :i* has _h a l>ge & /eady sale = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 & :i* has evid5tly met ) ! approval ( a l>ge con/itu5cy4 ,a few words ( introduction appe>1 h[ev]1 desirable 9 view ( ! facts t ! pres5t edition has be5 almo/ entirely re-writt52 t a l>ge am\nt ( new matt] has be5 introduc$2 & t1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! comm5ts on ea* subject repres5t ! mo/ rec5t & au?oritative k ^u x4 ,an attempt has be5 made to meet ! requirem5ts ( m$ical /ud5ts1 z well z ( sci5ce /ud5ts & g5]al read]s1 = :om =m] editions 7 *iefly int5d$4 ,a l>ge class ( m$ical /ud5ts & practition]s d n require ! detail$ /atem5t ( ! subject conta9$ 9 ! l>g] text-books4 ,= !m1 &1 x is hop$1 also = a l>ge numb] ( c&idates = diplomas 9 public heal? & 9 sanit>y sci5ce1 ! pres5t edition w prove to be useful4 ,at ! same "t1 ! subject has be5 treat$ z non-te*nically z is consi/5t ) accuracy1 9 ord] to reta9 its suitability = non-m$ical read]s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( new illu/rations h be5 introduc$4 ,! new *apt]s deal+ ) ,dietetics1 ,trade ,nuisances1 ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 ,tub]culosis1 ,dis9fection1 & ,vital ,/ati/ics w1 x is believ$1 enhance ! value ( ! book4 ,att5tion is also drawn to ! solutions ( ma!matical problems 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( hygi5e1 ( :i* a table ( cont5ts is giv5 on page viii4 ,9 its new =m1 x is hop$ t ?is "w w be f\nd to h reta9$ its value z a pla9 & /raight=w>d acc\nt ( its subject = ! g5]al public & = sci5ce /ud5ts2 & to h become a practical guide to sanit>y inspectors & to m$ical /ud5ts1 :e!r prep>+ = a diploma 9 public heal?1 or /udy+ hygi5e z an important bran* ( m$ic9e4 ,! use ( small] type = specially te*nical matt] ( less g5]al int]e/ w facilitate discrim9ative read+4 ,,ar?ur ,,new%olme4 ,,brighton1 ,febru>y #bh?1 #aijb4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page ,i4--,,introductory #a ,,ii4--,,food #d ,,iii4--,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,food #i ,,iv4--,,diseases ,,due ,,to ,,food #bc ,v4--,,diet #bi ,,vi4--,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,food #ch ,,vii4--,,condim5ts ,,& ,,bev]ages #de ,,viii4--,,f]m5t$ ,,dr9ks #ee ,,ix4--,,wat] #fe ,x4--,,! ,,/orage ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,wat] #gd ,,xi4--,,impurities ,,( ,,wat] #gh ,,xii4--,,orig9 ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,impurities ,,( ,,wat] #hi ,,xiii4--,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,wat] #id ,,xiv4--,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,air #ajj ,,xv4--,,susp5d$ ,,impurities ,,( ,,air #aje ,,xvi4--,,gase\s ,,& ,,o!r ,,impurities ,,( ,,air #aaa ,,xvii4--,,trade ,,nuisances #abj ,,xviii4--,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,air #abe ,,xix4--,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,air #abi ,,xx4--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,v5tilation #acb ,,xxi4--,,problems ,,z ,,to ,,v5tilation #acg ,,xxii4--,,me?ods ,,( ,,v5tilation #adf ,,xxiii4--,,v5tilation ,,by ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,w>m$ ,,air #aee ,,xxiv4--,,! ,,w>m+ ,,( ,,h\ses #aeh ,,xxv4--,,h\se ,,dra9age #afe ,,xxvi4--,,cesspools ,,& ,,ma9 ,,sew]s #ahc ,,xxvii4--,,problems ,,z ,,to ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,sew]s #ahg ,,xxviii4--,,! ,,disposal ,,( ,,sewage #aij ,,xxix4--,,cons]vancy ,,me?ods #aid ,,xxx4--,,position ,,( ,,! ,,h\se #bja ,,xxxi4--,,! ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,h\se #bje ,,xxxii4--,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,h\se #bji ,,xxxiii4--,,! ,,soil #bai ,,xxxiv4--,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r #bbg ,,xxxv4--,,meteorological ,,obs]vations #bcg ,,xxxvi4--,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e #bde ,,xxxvii4--,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e--,,ex]cise #bdi ,,xxxviii4--,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e--,,re/ ,,& ,,sleep #beg ,,xxxix4--,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e--,,cleanl9ess #bfj ,,xl4--,,clo?+ #bfe ,,xli4--,,p>asites #bgc ,,xlii4--,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,spread+ ,,disease #bha ,,xliii4--,,infective ,,diseases #bhd ,,xliv4--,,acute ,,infective ,,diseases #bia ,,xlv4--,,tub]culosis #cji ,,xlvi4--,,notification ,,& ,,isolation #cag ,,xlvii4--,,dis9fection #cbd ,,xlviii4--,,vital ,,/ati/ics #cce ,,special ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,= ,,ari?metical ,,problems ,,9 ,,hygi5e4 ,,page ,,problems ,,9 ,,milk ,,analysis #ab ,,dietetics #ce ,,wat] ,,analysis #hf ,,air ,,analysis #abf ,,z ,,to ,,v5tilation #acg ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,sew]s #ahg ,,9 ,,meteorology #bdb ,,z ,,to ,,"w #bed ,,9 ,,vital ,,/ati/ics #ccf ,,hygi5e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,9 classical my?ology1 sculapius 0 wor%ipp$ z ! god ( ,m$ic9e1 :ile 8 daught] ,hygeia _h homage done to h] z ! sweet & smil+ goddess ( ,heal?4 ,! temples ( ^! two deities 7 always plac$ 9 close contiguity2 & /atues repres5t+ ,hygeia 7 (t5 plac$ 9 ! temple ( sculapius4 ,9 ^! /atues %e is repres5t$ z a beautiful maid1 hold+ 9 h] h& a b[l1 f :i* a s]p5t is dr9k+--! s]p5t typify+ ! art ( m$ic9e1 !n m]ely an art1 n[ e/abli%+ its "r m & m to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,t consid]able att5tion 0 paid 9 v e>ly times to matt]s relat+ to heal?1 is also %ewn by ! elaborate directions conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic law z to extreme c>e 9 ! *oice ( :olesome foods & dr9ks1 9 isolation ( ! sick1 & att5tion to p]sonal & public cleanl9ess4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t ! ,jews1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( _! hi/ory1 h app>5tly enjoy$ a high /&>d ( heal?4 ,9 ?is c\ntry great ignorance ( ! laws ( ,heal? has prior to ! la/ fifty ye>s prevail$1 & consequ5tly prev5tible diseases h be5 rampant1 & h claim$ innum]able victims4 ,ea* c5tury has be5 m>k$ by great epidemics1 :i* h swept ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 scatt]+ disease & dea? 9 _! c\rse4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 !re 0 ! ,black ,dea?1 a disease s fatal t x left sc>cely "o-f\r? "p ( ! p alive2 :ile ,europe altoge!r is suppos$ to h lo/ ab\t #dj millions ( its inhabitants1 & ,*9a alone #ac millions4 ,a c5tury & a half lat] came ! ,sweat+ ,sickness 7?\gh !re 7 a score ( m9or epidemics 9 betwe574 ,?is 0 c>ri$ by ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s army ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & s great 0 ! mortality1 t 8if half ! population 9 any t[n escap$1 x 0 ?\ght great fav\r40 ,consid]able light is ?r[n on ! rapid spread ( ?is disease aft] its importation1 :5 we rememb] t !re 7 no means ( v5tilation 9 ! h\ses2 t ! floors 7 cov]$ ) ru%es :i* 7 con/antly put on fre% )\t remov+ ! old1 ?us conceal+ a mass ( fil? & exhal+ a noisome vap\r2 :ile clo?+ 0 immod]ately w>m & seldom *ang$2 ba?s 7 v seldom indulg$ 91 & soap h>dly us$4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies !re 7 five or six epidemics ( ,! ,plague1 & x 0 only eradicat$ f ,london1 :5 all ! h\ses f ,temple ,b> to ! ,t[] 7 burn$ d[n 9 ! ,great ,fire ( ,septemb] #bnd1 #afff1 :i* de/roy$ ! insanit>y & necessitat$ ! build+ ( new & l>g] h\ses4 ,scurvy1 jail-fev]1 & small-pox1 are o!r diseases :i* 7 =m]ly frightfully preval5t4 ,jail-fev]1 ! same disease z ! mod]n typhus-fev]1 has n[ become practically ext9ct 9 its =m] habitat1 ow+ l>gely to ! noble "w ( ,john ,h[>d1 8^: life 0 f9ally br\ght to an end by ! fev]1 aga9/ ! ravages ( :i* 8 life _h be5 exp5d$40 ,?is disease 0 fo/]$ by ov]cr[d+1 ill-v5tilation1 & fil?4 ,scurvy =m]ly produc$ a v great mortality1 especially among sea-f>+ m54 ,9 ,admiral ,anson's fleet 9 #agdb1 out ( #ifa m51 #fbf di$ 9 n9e mon?s1 or ne>ly two out ( e ?ree1 & ?is 0 no solit>y case4 ,capta9 ,cook1 on ! o!r h&1 conduct$ an exp$ition r\nd ! _w1 consi/+ ( #aah m52 & al?\gh abs5t ov] ?ree ye>s1 only lo/ "o life4 ,he 0 practically ! fir/ to demon/rate ! pot5cy ( fre% vegetables 9 prev5t+ scurvy4 ,! /rik+ facts respect+ small-pox w be f\nd on page #bic4 ,! g5]al dea?-rate has also greatly decl9$4 ,?us :ile ! annual dea?-rate 9 ,london #bjj ye>s ago 0 #hj p] #a1jjj1 x only av]ag$ #ah4h 9 ! f\r ye>s #ahif-ii2 & ! dea?-rate ( ,engl& & ,wales has decl9$ f #bb4d 9 #ahda-ej to #ah4g p] #a1jjj 9 #ahia-ie & #ag4f 9 #ahif-ii4 ,t mu* /ill rema9s to be done is evid5t on e h&4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! g5]al dea?-rate might be r$uc$ to #ae p] #a1jjj p] annum1 in/ead ( ! pres5t #ah1 7 ! laws ( heal? appli$ 9 e h\sehold & community4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t on ! av]age at lea/ #bj cases ( sickness occur = e dea?2 !re=e ne>ly half ( ! population is ill at lea/ once a ye>4 ,a simple calculation w %[ h[ mu* loss ! community annually suff]s f ?is va/ mass ( prev5tible sickness4 ,x am\nts to _m millions ( p\nds1 leav+ out ( ! reckon+ ! suff]+ & di/ress :i* are always associat$ ) sickness4 ,= details relat+ to special diseases1 see page #big4 ,9 ! prev5tion ( ?is mass ( sickness1 ! k ( its causation is half ! battle2 :5 once a disease is trac$ to its s\rce1 z a rule1 ! ag5cy :i* produces x c be avoid$4 ,! reason :y ev5 m progress has n be5 made 9 ! prev5tion ( disease is n f> to seek4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a disease x is necess>y to remove its causes4 ,! causes ( disease c only be asc]ta9$ by a c>eful inve/igation ( its ph5om5a2 & x is only )9 ! la/ c5tury t ^! h be5 /udi$ to any l>ge ext5t sci5tifically4 ,su* k ( morbid processes n only results 9 improv$ measures ( treatm5t1 b 9 m rational & complete measures ( prev5tion4 ,?us1 n only is ! numb] ( diseases :i* are curable becom+ gradually augm5t$1 b ! numb] prev5tible is ev5 m rapidly on ! increase4 ,inasmu* z ! pres]vation ( heal? involves ! prev5tion ( disease1 ,hygi5e1 ! sci5ce ( heal?1 is sometimes call$ ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e4 ,! subject ( ,hygi5e naturally divides itself into two p>ts1 ! heal? ( ! individual1 & t ( ! community1 or ,p]sonal & ,public ,heal?4 ,! =m] treats ( ! influ5ce ( habits1 cleanl9ess1 ex]cise1 clo?+1 & food on heal?2 :ile ! latt] is conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( ! community at l>ge1 z affect$ by a pure supply ( air & wat]1 ! removal ( all excreta1 ! condition ( ! soil1 & ) ! adm9i/rative measures requir$ to secure ! removal ( evil conditions4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ^! two divisions are n mutually exclusive4 ,:at is important to ! heal? ( ! community1 is equally s to ea* individual memb] ( x4 ,! purity ( air & wat]1 = in/ance1 is ( imm5se importance bo? p]sonally & collectively4 ,x w be conv5i5t to /udy fir/ ! ?ree ma9 factors 9 relation to heal?--food1 wat]1 & air--subsequ5tly consid]+ o!r matt]s ( importance to heal? 7see pages #d-aeg74 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,food4 ,,physiological ,,consid]ations4--,all sub/ances are foods :i*1 aft] und]go+ prep>atory *anges 9 ! dige/ive organs 7r5d]+ !m capable ( absorption into ! circulation71 s]ve to r5ew ! organs ( ! body1 & ma9ta9 _! functions4 ,foods h be5 classifi$ z tissue produc]s or en]gy produc]s1 ! fir/ class r5ew+ ! composition ( ! organs ( ! body1 & ! second class supply+ ! combu/ible mat]ial1 ! oxidation 7or m correctly ! metabolism7 ( :i* is ! s\rce ( ! en]gy manife/$ 9 ! body4 ,! two ma9 manife/ations ( en]gy 9 ! body are heat & me*anical motion1 :i* are to a l>ge ext5t int]*angeable4 ,all foods come "u "o ( ^! heads2 !y are ei!r tissue or en]gy produc]s4 ,!y may be bo?1 & 9 _m cases are s4 ,?us1 all nitrog5\s foods 7z meat1 legum5s1 etc47 n only help to =m ! nitrog5\s tissues ( ! body1 b _! l>ge/ %>e becomes split up into fats & urea1 & s =ms a s\rce ( heat to ! body4 ,simil>ly fats may possibly1 aft] assimilation1 ent] into ! composition ( ! v>i\s tissues conta9+ fat 7( :i* ! bra9 is ! mo/ important71 ?\gh !y usually supply an imm$iate s\rce ( heat4 ,proteid foods are1 h[ev]1 ! tissue produc]s p> excell5ce1 o!r foods s]v+ z ! imm$iate s\rces ( en]gy :5 metabolis$ 9 ! body4 ,c]ta9 foods d n directly s]ve ei!r z tissue or en]gy produc]s1 b are useful 9 aid+ ! assimilation ( food4 ,su* are ! v>i\s condim5ts :i* may be class$ z adjuncts to food4 ,salt is s necess>y to ! assimilation ( food & to ! composition ( ! v>i\s tissues1 t x may be rank$ z an important food4 ,wat]1 aga91 ?\gh already oxidis$1 & s n an imm$iate s\rce ( en]gy1 is absolutely necess>y to ! assimilation ( food1 to ! int]*ange betwe5 ! v>i\s tissues & ! blood1 & to ! elim9ation ( effete products4 ,,classification ,,( ,,foods4--,inasmu* z milk supplies all ! food necess>y = heal? & gr[? dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( life1 x may reasonably be expect$ to af=d "s guidance z to ! necess>y con/itu5ts ( a diet = ! adult2 al?\gh ! conditions ( life be+ alt]$ 9 ! latt]1 we c h>dly expect ! same proportions ( ! diff]5t mat]ials to hold good4 ,9 ! infant rapid gr[? & build+ up ( new tissues & organs are go+ on1 involv+ ! necessity = a l>g] proportional am\nt ( nitrog5\s food ?an 9 ! adult4 ,! foll[+ is ! av]age composition ( #ajj p>ts ( ,,human ,,milk4 ,,c[',s ,,milk4 ,case9 #b4d #d4j ,album9 4#f 4#i ,fat #b4i #c4e ,sug> #e4i #d4j ,salts 4#af 4#g ,total ,solids #aa4if #ac4a ,wat] #hh4jd #hf4i ,x is evid5t f ?is analysis ( milk t our food mu/ conta9 7at lea/7 repres5tatives ( all ! above divisions4 ,we h1 !re=e3-- #a4 ,nitrog5\s ,foods4 #b4 ,hydroc>bons or ,fats4 #c4 ,c>bohydrates or ,amyloids4 #d4 ,salts4 #e4 ,wat]4 ,condim5ts & /imulants 7tea1 c(fee1 alcohol7 are n foods 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 & w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,nitrog5\s ,foods include album91 case91 glut51 legum51 fibr91 & gelat94 ,!y all agree 9 consi/+ ( a complex molecule conta9+ _m atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 ) ! addition ( small] quantities ( sulphur1 & 9 "s cases phosphorus4 ,! nitrog5\s sub/ances us$ z food may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 7a7 ^? conta9+ gelat91 & 7b7 num]\s bodies :i* receive ! common "n ( proteids or album9oids4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( gelat9 is3-- ,,c>bon4 ,,hydrog54 ,,nitrog54 ,,oxyg54 #ej4j #f4f #ah4c #be4a ,! p]c5tage composition ( all proteids lies )9 ! foll[+ limits3- ,,c>bon4 ,,hydrog54 ,,nitrog54 ,,oxyg54 ,,sulphur4 #eb4g to #f4i to #ae4d to #bj4i to #j4h to #ed4e #g4c #af4e #bc4e #a4f ,proteids also conta9 a small am\nt ( phosphorus1 *iefly z phosphate ( lime1 b also 9 m9ute quantity 9 _! ess5tial /ructure4 ,v>i\s proteids are us$ 9 food1 e4g4 s]um-album9 9 ! blood & tissues ( animals2 egg-album9 9 ! :ite ( eggs2 myos9 9 fle%2 case9 9 milk2 legum91 or plant-case91 9 ! se$s ( legum9\s plants2 glut5 9 :eat-fl\r1 etc4 ,proteid foods are pre-em95tly important1 z !y con/ruct & keep 9 repair ! tissues ( ! body4 ,!y are n us$ solely = ?is purpose4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ! en]gy ( ! body is d]iv$ f ! metabolism ( proteids4 ,! am\nt requir$ = ^! purposes w be discuss$ on page #cb4 ,mean:ile1 x may be said t x is n f\nd to be compatible ) effici5t heal? simply to supply an am\nt ( proteid food :i* w suffice to replace ! we> & te> ( ! tissues1 leav+ fats & c>bohydrates to supply ! en]gy ( ! body4 ,defici5cy ( proteid food always leads to ill-heal?2 & x w\ld appe> t 9 all cases proteid food det]m9es1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! metabolism ( non-nitrog5\s food1 & s is fav\rable to all vital action4 ,! action ( nitrog5\s food 9 ?us increas+ metabolism may make x1 :5 9 relative excess1 a tissue wa/]4 ,bant+'s cure = corpul5ce is f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple1 lean meat alone be+ tak51 all />*y & sac*>9e foods be+ c>efully avoid$4 ,by metabolism is meant ! *anges und]gone by food be=e x rea*es ! /ate 9 :i* x is f9ally elim9at$ f ! body4 ,x is commonly spok5 ( z oxidation1 b ?is ^w less exactly repres5ts ! facts4 ,! complexity ( ! *anges und]gone by food 9 ! body may be bett] appreciat$ by a glance at ! foll[+ s*ematic /atem5t1 :i* only gives an approximation to ! tru?3- ,,hypo!tical ,,typical ,,fat ,,album9oid4 7,,/e>974 ,,/>*4 ,,grape-,,sug>4 ,c,h,n,,s4 ,c,h7,c,h,o74 x7,c,h,o74 7,c,h,o74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,v>i\s int]m$iate products1 :i* are f9ally brok5 d[n into & elim9at$ z ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,urea1 ,,*,n,o4 ,c>bonic acid1 ,,co4 ,wat]1 ,h,o4 ,hydroc>bons1 or fats1 consi/ ( ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 pres5t n be+ suffici5t to oxidise completely ei!r ! hydrog5 or ! c>bon4 ,?us ! molecule ( /e>91 :i* may be tak5 z a typical fat1 has ! =mula ,c,h 7,c#ah;,h#ce,o74 ,9 respect to _! comp>atively unoxidis$ condition fats comp>e fav\rably ) />* & sug>1 ,c,h#aj,o & ,c,h#ab,o respectively4 ,x is evid5t t 9 />* ! ,h#aj,o #e;,h,o1 & t 9 sug> ,h#ab,o #f;,h,o1 s t 9 bo? cases only c>bon rema9s uncomb9$ ) oxyg54 ,dri$ fats produce by _! oxidation #b times z mu* heat z a correspond+ am\nt ( sug> or />*2 b ! relative advantage ( fat is n q s great z w\ld appe> f ?is comp>ison1 inasmu* z metabolism )9 ! body is n id5tical ) oxidation4 ,! fat obta9$ f food is n simply deposit$ 9 ! body z su*1 to =m a /ore ( combu/ible matt]1 & to fill up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! diff]5t tissues4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! k9d ( fat deposit$ w\ld v>y ) ! food1 :i* is n ! case4 ,! fat ( ! body is probably n =m$ directly f fatty food1 b z ! result ( ! metabolism ( nitrog5\s foods :5 ?is metabolism is incomplete4 ,9 ! =mation ( milk ?is c be di/9ctly prov$3 ! fat cells are =m$ f ! protoplasm ( ! cells ( ! mamm>y gl&4 ,possibly c>bohydrate food may be a s\rce ( fat1 z well z nitrog5\s & fatty food4 ,?is appe>s to be ! case 9 ! ,/rasburg goose1 :i* is kept p5n$ up 9 a w>m room1 & f$ entirely on b>ley-meal1 9 ord] to produce an enorm\s fatty liv] = ! delicacy t]m$ pt de foie gras4 ,b x may be t ! l>ge accumulation ( fat 9 ! liv] is due to ! w>m? & inaction ( ! goose dim9i%+ metabolism1 & produc+ a fatty deg5]ation ( ! nitrog5\s mat]ial ( ! liv]4 ,fats & c>bohydrates1 unlike proteids1 d n excite metabolism 9 ! sy/em1 & s1 if 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts ( ! sy/em1 c be /or$ up ) comp>ative ease4 ,quiet & w>m?1 dim9i%+ metabolism1 conduce to ! accumulation ( fat 9 animals be+ f$ = ! m>ket2 & ! same applies to human be+s4 ,c>bohydrates or amyloids include ! v>i\s />*y & sac*>9e foods4 ,!y are inf]ior to fats 9 nutritive p[]1 b1 be+ v dige/ible1 are 9 mu* great] fav\r4 ,9 ! process ( dige/ion1 />* is conv]t$ into grape sug>1 & />* & sug> are practically equal 9 nutritive p[]4 ,ev5 :5 c>bohydrates are entirely abs5t f ! food1 !y may be produc$ 9 ! organism by ! break+ up ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,?is c]ta9ly happ5s 9 diabetes1 9 :i* ! nitrog5\s food rapidly becomes conv]t$ into sug> & urea4 ,! deprivation ( c>bohydrate food is mu* bett] borne ?an t ( fats1 because 9 ! latt] ! hydrog5 is n completely oxidiz$1 & because fats aid ! assimilation ( o!r food4 ,salts1 & especially common salt 7*loride ( sodium71 are ess5tial to heal?4 ,an av]age adult human body conta9s ab\t sev5 p\nds ( m9]al matt]1 ( :i* ab\t five-six?s is 9 ! bones4 ,on analysis ! :ole body yields ab\t five p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,*loride ( sodium is necess>y = ! production ( ! acid 7hydro*loric7 ( ga/ric juice1 & ( ! salts ( bile2 half ! weight ( ! a% ( blood consi/s ( x4 ,an adult requires #aej to #bjj gra9s ( salt p] day2 a l>ge "p ( ?is is tak5 9 meat1 bread1 etc42 & b little ne$ be tak5 z a condim5t4 ,potassium salts =m an important "p ( milk1 muscle juice1 & ! blood corpuscles4 ,!y are obta9$ f bread & fre% vegetables & fruits4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t defici5cy ( potassium salts causes scurvy 7see page #bh72 b ?is is n[ discr$it$1 & probably pota% is *iefly useful because ( ! vegetable acids ) :i* x is associat$ 9 fruits & vegetables1 :i* :5 oxidis$1 help to ma9ta9 ! alkal9ity ( ! blood1 e4g41 t>trates1 citrates1 & malates1 :i* become c>bonates 9 ! circulation4 ,calcium phosphate 7bone e>?7 is ess5tial = ! gr[? ( bones1 & is v important = ! "y4 ,! be/ s\rce = x is milk4 ,!re is m lime 9 a p9t ( milk ?an 9 a p9t ( lime wat]4 ,next to milk1 come eggs1 & !n c]eals1 especially rice z a s\rce ( calcium4 ,lime salts & phosphates z drugs d n b5efit l ! same sub/ances tak5 9 natural food1 & rickets is n curable by tak+ su* drugs4 ,oxide ( iron is always pres5t 9 ! a% ( blood & muscles1 & 9 small] quantities 9 milk4 ,fi% & veal are usually defici5t 9 x1 :ile beef & yolk ( egg are foods ri*e/ 9 iron4 ,! am\nt ( iron requir$ 9 food is m9ute1 & x is amply suppli$ by ord9>y diet4 ,phosphorus is an ess5tial build+ mat]ial = ! body4 ,x is conta9$ 9 foods *iefly 9 organic comb9ation4 ,! foods ri*e/ 9 x are yolk ( egg1 sweetbread 7?ymus71 fi%-roe1 calves' bra9s1 & ! g]m ( :eat4 ,milk & *eese are v ri* 9 phosphates4 ,wat] =ms an important article ( diet4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! blood consi/s ( x1 & #ge p] c5t4 ( ! solid tissues2 & f ! fact t ! daily loss ( wat] f ! sy/em av]ages #ej ounces 7#b p9ts7 by ! kidneys1 & ab\t #dj ounces by ! sk9 & lungs4 ,wat] is n simply receiv$ into ! sy/em z a liquid4 ,x =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! solid food tak54 ,?us1 #hg p] c5t4 ( milk1 #gh p] c5t4 ( fi%1 #gb p] c5t4 ( lean meat1 #ch p] c5t4 ( bread1 #ac p] c5t4 ( peas1 & #ib p] c5t4 ( cabbage1 consi/ ( wat]4 ,solid food is dissolv$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal by ! wat]y secretions d]iv$ f ! blood4 ,wat] swall[$ z food1 beg9s to pass on into ! inte/9e at once4 ,! /atem5t t free consumption ( wat] at meals delays dige/ion by dilut+ ! ga/ric juice is !re=e n well gr\nd$4 ,9 ! blood1 wat] s]ves to c>ry nutri5t mat]ials to all ! tissues2 &1 at ! same "t be+ circulat$ all ov] ! sy/em1 equalises ! temp]ature1 fav\rs *emical *anges1 & wa%es all ! tissues4 ,by wat] aga91 ! effete matt]s :i* h be5 sep>at$ by ! kidneys are wa%$ out ( its tubes4 ,! ,oxyg5 ( ! air1 9 a broad s5se1 =ms "o ( ! foods ( ! sy/em4 ,?is w be consid]$ lat]4 ,besides ! above classification1 foods h also be5 classifi$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,inorganic food--,oxyg51 salts4 ,animal ,nitrog5\s4 ,non-nitrog5\s4 #b4 ,organic foods ,vegetable ,nitrog5\s4 ,non-nitrog5\s4 ,or1 z-- ,animal ,nitrog5\s4 ,non-nitrog5\s4 #a4 ,solid foods ,vegetable ,nitrog5\s4 ,non-nitrog5\s4 ,wat]4 #b4 ,liquid foods ,milk & its products4 ,tea & simil> bev]ages4 ,alcoholic bev]ages4 #c4 ,gase\s foods--,air4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,food4 ,,nitrog5\s ,,animal ,,foods4--,^! are divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! "o conta9+ gelat91 & ! o!r all ! proteid or album9oid sub/ances1 :i* are tak5 9 ! fle% ( v>i\s animals1 & 9 milk & eggs4 ,gelat9 is obta9able f bones1 & f connective tissue :]ev] f\nd4 ,be+ easily dige/$1 & absorb$1 x has be5 v popul> z an invalid's food2 b ! fact t animals _c su/a9 life on x )\t ! addition ( proteids proves t its value is limit$4 ,x is incapable ( build+ tissues1 b is a valuable proteid-sav]1 be+ able to save f metabolism half its weight ( proteid1 or twice z mu* z is sp>$ by an equal weight ( c>bohydrate4 ,its utility 9 ?is direction is1 h[ev]1 limit$1 because ( ! dilute =m 9 :i* x is tak5 9 ord9>y foods4 ,x is useful = invalids1 p>tly because x =ms a bulk1 & prev5ts ! evil t5d5cy to give _! food 9 too conc5trat$ a =m2 p>tly because x =ms a s\rce ( easily metabolis$ mat]ial1 & s prev5ts tissue-wa/e2 & p>tly because x commonly conta9s phosphate ( lime1 d]iv$ f ! bones =m+ ! s\rce ( gelat94 ,gelat9 z prep>$ = ! table conta9s a consid]able proportion ( wat]2 z little z "o p] c5t4 ( gelat9 9 wat] w cause x to gelat9ise on cool+4 ,is+lass obta9$ f ! float+ bladd] ( ! /urgeon is an example ( ! pure/ k9d ( gelat92 glue is an inf]ior sort1 made f bones1 etc4 ,gelat9 is only a *eap food :5 obta9$1 = in/ance1 f bones :i* _c o!rwise be utilis$4 ,:5 made f veal x is co/ly out ( proportion to its dietetic value4 ,! ,fle% ( v>i\s animals is "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( our nitrog5\s & fatty food4 ,meats may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz41 r$ meat & :ite meat4 ,^! gradually m]ge into "o ano!r4 ,z common examples ( r$ meats1 we h beef1 mutton1 pork1 game1 wild f[l1 & salmon4 ,! common f[l & turkey1 mo/ fi%es1 rabbits1 cru/aceans1 & molluscs1 are examples ( :ite meat4 ,z a rule :ite meats are m dige/ible ?an r$1 hav+ m delicate fibres1 & conta9+ a small] proportion ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,fle% consi/s almo/ entirely ( muscul> tissue1 ( :i* !re are two k9ds1 /rip$ & un/rip$4 ,! /rip$ is ! v>iety mo/ commonly us$ z food4 ,un/rip$ muscle has a s(t] texture1 b is n s easily ma/icat$ z /rip$1 & = ?is reason may be indige/ible4 ,tripe is compos$ ( ! un/rip$ muscle & connective tissue ( ! /oma* ( ! c[1 & if well cook$ =ms a *eap & easily dige/$ di%4 ,! influ5ce ( fe$+ on ! quality ( ! meat is great4 ,9 ill-f$ or old animals1 connective tissue is m abundant1 & ! meat is t\gh]4 ,well-f$ & fatt5$ meat conta9s = equal weights mu* m nutriti\s matt] ?an non-fatt5$ meat1 ! fat :i* is deposit$ 9 ! muscle replac+ wat] & n proteid4 ,h5ce ! ga9 9 nutritive value is an absolute "o1 & is n atta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! proteid "p ( ! meat4 ,"y animals1 aga91 conta9 m wat] & fat & a l>g] proportion ( connective tissue ?an ! full-gr[n1 & are consequ5tly n s n\ri%+4 ,meat ought to be eat5 ei!r be=e ! onset ( rigor mortis1 or ne> its end1 be=e putrefaction has comm5c$4 ,dur+ rigor mortis x is d5s]1 t\gh]1 & m difficult to dige/ ?an aft] x4 ,! proportion ( fat 9 meat v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 9 diff]5t animals1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same animal4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ed4 ,smi?1 ! proportion ( fat 9 fat ox5 is 1 9 fat %eep 1 9 calves 1 lambs 1 & fat pigs 4 ,good meat1 :e!r beef or mutton1 ought to h a m>bl$ appe>ance1 a m$ium col\r1 nei!r pale p9k nor deep purple2 its texture %\ld be firm1 & n leave ! impress ( ! f+]2 its od\r slight & pleasant1 ! juice r$di% & acid1 ! bundles ( fibres n co>se1 & free f =eign p>ticles imb$d$ 9 !m2 & la/ly1 x %\ld n be tak5 f an animal kill$ ne> ! "t ( p>turition1 nor 9 consequ5ce ( any accid5t or disease4 ,beef is1 z a rule1 m lean ?an mutton or pork2 x has a clos] texture1 & m nutritive mat]ial 9 a giv5 bulk4 ,x is also fulle/ ( ! r$-blood juices1 & possesses a ri*] flav\r ?an ! two o!rs4 ,liebig's beef extract conta9s little if any album9 or gelat94 ,x is a useful /imulant to ! ga/ric secretion1 z 9 s\ps at ! beg9n+ ( a meal1 b is n a food4 ,its *ief con/itu5ts are ! v>i\s extractives ( meat1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are inos9ic acid1 kreat9 7,c,h,n,o1,h,o71 & inosite1 or muscle sug> 7,c,h#ab,o1 #b;,h,o74 ,ev5 9 sub/ances l ,bovril1 conta9+ p[d]$ meat fibre mix$ ) ,liebig's extract1 ! am\nt ( nutritive mat]ial is v small4 ,! :ite ( "o egg conta9s z mu* nutritive matt] z ?ree teaspoonsful ( bovril4 ,none ( ^! sub/ances c be tru/$ l eggs or milk to keep a pati5t alive = sev]al weeks4 ,mutton is reg>d$ z be+ m suitable = p ( s$5t>y occupation ?an beef4 ,lamb is m wat]y ?an mutton1 & less nutriti\s4 ,veal1 z ord9>ily prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is difficult ( dige/ion2 its %r$dy1 juiceless fibres elud+ ! tee?1 & consequ5tly n und]go+ prop] ma/ication4 ,pork is n s dige/ible z beef or mutton1 p>tly because ( ! l>ge proportion ( fat1 & p>tly because its fibres are h>d & difficult to ma/icate4 ,its dige/ibility v>ies greatly ) its age1 bre$+1 & proportion ( fat4 ,! ,fle% ( ,birds conta9s v little fat1 & t f\nd sep>ate f ! meat is r>ely nice4 ,mo/ birds are edible1 b fi%-eat+ birds are apt to be na/y4 ,z a rule1 ! flav\r ( ! male bird is ri*] ?an t ( ! female4 ,! *ief virtues 9 p\ltry are _! t5d]ness1 & ! l>ge proportion ( phosphates !y conta94 ,!y are defici5t 9 fat & 9 iron4 ,to comp5sate = ! =m]1 "o commonly takes ) !m melt$ butt] & fat bacon or pork sausages2 to comp5sate = ! latt]1 ! addition ( ,liebig's extract to ! gravy is useful4 ,"y1 & consequ5tly t5d]1 birds are kn[n by _! l>ge feet & leg-jo9ts4 ,:5 a bird appe>s at table ) violet-t+$ ?ighs & a ?9 neck1 if possible avoid be+ help$ to ! leg4 ,wild f[ls are h>d] & less dige/ible ?an tame4 ,9 ducks & geese fat is m abundant1 & ( a /rong] flav\r2 !y are1 consequ5tly1 n s dige/ible z f[ls4 ,fi% =ms an important article ( diet4 ,x is easily cook$1 & usually v dige/ible2 x possesses a l>g] bulk 9 proportion to its nutritive quality1 & h5ce is v valuable = ^? :o habitually take an excess ( meat food1 :i* is commonly ! case ) ^? lead+ s$5t>y lives1 & 9 decl9+ ye>s4 ,!re appe>s to be no f\ndation = ! /atem5t t fi% is ri* 9 phosphorus1 & is ?us a good bra9 food4 ,g5]ally1 :ite-fle%$ fi% is m dige/ible ?an r$-fle%$ 7su* z salmon71 ! latt] usually conta9+ m fat ?an ! =m]4 ,:5 ! fat is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! fle%1 z 9 ! salmon1 fi% is m satisfy+ ?an :5 x is ma9ly /or$ up 9 ! liv]1 z 9 ! cod-fi%4 ,accord+ to ,pay51 ! p]c5tage proportion ( fat 9 soles is only #j4bdh1 9 :it+ #j4chc1 cong] eel #e4jba1 mack]el #e4geh1 eels #bc4hfa4 ,! addition ( "s fatty food1 z melt$ butt]1 is v advisable to su* meats z p\ltry1 rabbits1 soles1 :it+1 plaice1 haddock1 cod1 turbot1 & o!r fi%es2 :]eas sprats1 eels14 h]r+s1 pil*>ds1 salmon1 etc41 are m or less ri* 9 fat4 ,a ,h5's ,egg usually weighs a little "u two ounces4 ,x consi/s ( #gd p] c5t4 ( wat] & #bf p] c5t4 ( solid matt]4 ,! :ite ( ! egg is *iefly album91 ! yolk consi/s ( a v dige/ible oil1 ri* 9 phosphorus & iron1 ea* p>ticle ( ! oil be+ envelop$ 9 a =m ( album9 call$ vitell94 ,! salts are *iefly conta9$ 9 ! %ell4 ,!re is no sug> 9 ! egg1 ! necessity = su* oxidisable mat]ial = ! *ick be+ obviat$ by ! heat produc$ by incubation4 ,eggs1 :5 kept = "s "t1 lose weight1 ow+ to evaporation ?r\gh ! por\s %ell2 simil>ly1 air ent]+ f )\t sets up decomposition4 ,9 a solution ( br9e conta9+ an ounce ( common salt to half a p9t ( wat]1 fre% eggs s9k1 /ale ones float2 rott5 eggs may ev5 float 9 fre% wat]4 ,eggs may be pres]v$ by keep+ !m 9 br9e1 or1 bett] /ill 9 lime wat]1 or by sme>+ !m ov] ) l>d or butt]1 z soon z possible aft] !y are laid4 ,c['s ,milk has a specific gravity ( #ajbh-cd1 & on all[+ x to /& 9 a long n>r[ vessel ought to =m t5 or twelve p] c5t4 ( its volume ( cream4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( human & c['s milk has be5 giv5 on page #e4 ,! legal m9imum /&>d = dairy milk1 :i* is presumably d]iv$ f a numb] ( c[s1 is n[ #c p] c5t4 ( fat1 & #h4e p] c5t4 ( 8solids n fat40 ,?is /&>d is un=tunately v l[1 & all[s a consid]able m>g9 ( adult]ation1 :i* _c be prev5t$ by legal means4 ,?us ord9>y milk d]iv$ f a h]d ( c[s w\ld probably conta9 #d4e p] c5t4 ( fat2 & x is1 !re=e1 practicable to mix pure new milk ) a l>ge proportion ( sep>at$ milk1 & yet keep )9 ! legal /&>d4 ,?is is l>gely done 9 t[ns1 & infants suff] mu* f ! defici5cy ( cream 9 _! sole food 7see page #bh74 ,! lactomet] det]m9es ! specific gravity1 :i* %\ld be tak5 at a temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 ,9 skimm$ or sep>at$ milk x w be ov] #ajcd2 wat]+ on ! contr>y l[]s ! specific gravity4 ,if ! milk has be5 bo? wat]$ & skimm$ ! specific gravity w give an unc]ta9 indication4 ,measurem5t ( ! cream 9 a tall n>r[ glass w enable "o to detect ! second possible s\rce ( fallacy2 b ! composition ( milk c only be c]ta9ly det]m9$ by analysis4 ,?is is done 7a7 by evaporat+ a weigh$ am\nt ( milk to dryness & !n re-weigh+4 7b7 ,f a sep>ate am\nt ( dri$ milk ! fat is extract$ by e!r1 ! e!r !n evaporat$1 ! rema9+ fat weigh$1 & its p]c5tage calculat$4 ,! weight ( fat d$uct$ f ! total solids i4e4 7b7 f 7a71 gives ! 8solids n fat40 ,! foll[+ example w make ! me?od !n foll[$ cle>4 ,! sample gives #g4i p] c5t4 ( 8solids n fat40 ,g5u9e milk conta9s at lea/ #h4e p] c5t4 ( 8solids n fat40 ,!n ! sample conta9s-- #ajj #g4ih4e #ib4i p] c5t4 ( g5u9e milk1 i4e4 #g4a p] c5t4 ( wat] has be5 add$ to x4 ,half a p9t ( milk supplies z mu* nitrog5\s nutrim5t z two good-siz$ eggs1 & z ?ree & a half ounces ( beef4 ,milk may be det]iorat$ 7#a7 by skimm+ or 8sep>at+0 by ma*9]y1 or 7#b7 by ! addition ( wat]--! fir/ dim9i%+ ! proportion ( fats1 & ! second ! total am\nt ( solids4 ,skim ,milk /ill conta9s ne>ly #a p] c5t4 ( fat1 b ,sep>at$ ,milk1 9 :i* ! cream has be5 remov$ by c5trifugal app>atus1 conta9s less ?an #ah p] c5t4 ,skim or sep>at$ milk =ms a *eap s\rce ( nitrog5\s food2 b :5 x is sold mix$ ) new or alone z new milk1 ! public is defraud$1 & infants f$ on x are robb$ ( ! fat :i* is s ess5tial = _! gr[?4 ,cond5s$ ,milk is milk depriv$ ( a l>ge "p ( its wat]4 ,x repres5ts ?ree times its volume ( fre% milk4 ,!re are 9 ! m>ket 7a7 unsweet5$ & cond5s$ :ole milk1 7b7 sweet5$ & cond5s$ :ole milk1 & 7c7 sweet5$ & cond5s$ skim or sep>at$ milk4 ,un=tunately ! latt] is mo/ l>gely sold because *eape/2 & infants are ?us (t5 robb$ ( fat1 a mo/ important elem5t 9 _! food4 ,always exam9e ! label ( ea* t9 c>efully1 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! milk has be5 depriv$ ( its cream4 ,! law requires t ?is fact %\ld be /at$ on ! label4 ,t9s :i* h bulg$ %\ld be reject$4 ,cond5s$ milk is m easily dige/$ by infants ?an new c['s milk1 b x lacks ! anti-scorbutic prop]ties ( new milk 7see page #bh74 ,ev5 ! cond5s$ :ole milk if dilut$ beyond #a "p ( milk to #c ( wat] is defici5t 9 fat4 ,sweet5$ cond5s$ milk has "o-?ird its weight ( extrane\s sug> add$ to x1 & on ?is acc\nt x t5ds 9 *ildr5 to produce fatness1 & a di/a/e = simple food2 9 *ildr5 f$ on x alone ossification 7=mation ( bone7 is ret>d$1 & resi/ance to illness is dim9i%$4 ,! only dietetic advantages x possesses ov] fre% c['s milk are its fre$om f possible disease g]ms & easi] dige/ibility4 ,! dige/ion ( milk is prec$$ by its clott+ 9 ! /oma*4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 junket is =m$ by ! addition ( r5net to milk4 ,?is is a diff]5t process f ! curdl+ ( milk1 :i* occurs :5 milk turns s\r4 ,! latt] is caus$ by ! splitt+ up ( milk sug> & ! =mation ( lactic acid by c]ta9 micro-organisms 9 ! milk4 ,:5 milk is heat$1 a sk9 is =m$1 consi/+ ( coagulat$ album91 9 :i* is also a little case91 fat1 & salts ( lime4 ,boil$ milk becomes /]iliz$4 ,c['s milk %\ld always be boil$1 unless x is q c]ta9 t ! c[s f :i* x is d]iv$ are p]fectly heal?y1 & t ! milk has n be5 expos$ to infection be=e rea*+ ! h\se4 ,! disadvantages ( boil+ :i* are outweigh$ by its advantages1 are t ! ta/e ( ! milk is alt]$1 "s nutritive matt] is lo/ by ! =mation ( ! 8sk910 & ! case9 is n q s easily dige/$4 ,pa/eurization ( milk1 i4e4 keep+ x at a temp]ature ( #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f47 = #bj to #cj m9utes has be5 propos$ z an alt]native to boil+4 ,?is appe>s to de/roy ! bacilli caus+ tub]culosis 7see page #cab74 ,! typhoid bacilli are kill$ at #fj ,c4 9 five m9utes :5 susp5d$ 9 emulsion4 ,pa/eurization is n1 h[ev]1 s c]ta9ly efficaci\s = o!r disease-g]ms z is boil+1 & is n s easily c>ri$ out 9 dome/ic life z boil+4 ,by boil+ milk 9 a d\ble saucepan1 i4e4 9 a wat]-ba?1 v little *ange occurs 9 ! ta/e ( ! milk1 especially if x be cool$ rapidly & /ra9$4 ,*eese is prep>$ by coagulat+ milk by 8r5net10 ! muc\s membrane ( ! f\r? /oma* ( ! calf1 salt$ & dri$ be=e us+4 ,by ?is means ! case9 is precipitat$1 c>ry+ d[n ) x ! cream1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! salts ( milk4 ,! :ey1 conta9+ ! sug>1 soluble album91 & rema9+ salts1 is sep>at$ by /ra9+1 :ile ! mix$ curd & fat are press$ 9 m\lds4 ,*eese ?us consi/s ( case91 fat 9 v>y+ proportions1 wat] & salts1 especially phosphate ( lime4 ,x is col\r$ ) annatto1 a vegetable col\r+ matt]4 ,:5 new1 *eese is t\gh2 :5 old1 its oils t5d to become rancid2 ! be/ age is f n9e to tw5ty mon?s4 ,x is probable t *eese 9 small am\nt helps ! dige/ion ( o!r foods1 ?\gh x is itself a highly conc5trat$ & comp>atively indige/ible food4 ,:5 toa/$ x is prov]bially indige/ible4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( *eese4 ,! foll[+ classification gives ! m important v>ieties3-- 7#a7 ,cream *eese is ! new curd only slightly press$1 & is m dige/ible ?an ord9>y *eese4 7#b7 ,next to ^! are *eeses made ) :ole milk ri* 9 cream1 su* z ,/ilton1 ,gorgonzola1 ,*e%ire1 & ,*$d>4 7#c7 ,*eeses made ( poor or p>tially skimm$ milk1 su* z ,%rop%ire1 ,s+le ,gl\ce/]1 & ,gruyre4 7#d7 ,*eeses made ( skimm$ milk1 su* z ,suffolk1 ,p>mesan1 & ,dut*4 ,am]ican *eeses may belong to any ( ^! classes2 !y are g5]ally pure1 b occasionally are made f sep>at$ milk1 m>g>9e be+ add$ to take ! place ( cream4 ,! sale ( su* *eeses1 except "u ! "n ( 8m>g>9e *eese10 is n[ illegal4 ,,non-,,nitrog5\s ,,animal ,,foods4--,^! are all fats1 & ! mo/ important are ! v>i\s meat fats & butt]4 ,!y possess a high] food value ?an c>bohydrates 9 ! proportion ( #b to #a4 ,! composition ( ! v>i\s fats diff]s some:at2 !y usually conta9 v>y+ proportions ( ole91 palmit91 & /e>91 :i* are comp\nds ( glyc]9e ) ! radicle ( a fatty acid 7/e>9 ,c,h 7,c#ah;,h#ce,o774 ,?us mutton suet consi/s ( /e>91 ole91 & palmit91 ) a prepond]ance ( /e>94 ,beef suet conta9s less /e>9 & m ole9 ?an mutton suet4 ,! m ole9 a fat conta9s ! less solid x is4 ,olive oil is compos$ almo/ entirely ( ole94 ,palmit91 :i* melts soon] ?an /e>91 is ! *ief solid con/itu5t ( butt]1 :ile ole9 is its *ief liquid con/itu5t4 ,butt] is specially di/+ui%$ by conta9+ #g to #h p] c5t4 ( 8volatile fatty acids10 su* z butyric1 caproic1 etc41 comb9$ ) glyc]9e4 ,! pres5ce & am\nt ( ^! comp\nds is an important te/ = ! fre$om ( butt] f adult]at+ fats4 ,cod-liv] oil is next to butt] ! mo/ dige/ible animal fat kn[n4 ,! be/ cod-liv] oil is froz5 at a l[ temp]ature1 by :i* means ! /e>9 is froz5 out1 & ne>ly pure ole9 is left4 ,traces ( iod9e h be5 f\nd 9 x1 & m commonly a small am\nt ( bile1 :i* probably increases its dige/ibility4 ,! temp]ature at :i* a fat becomes h>d is a fair guide to its dige/ibility4 ,?us we "k t beef1 & /ill m1 mutton fat1 w\ld become solid1 "u conditions 9 :i* bacon dripp+ is /ill s(t4 ,:]e dige/ion is weak1 !re may be an in/9ctive loa?+ ( fat meat2 = su* p]sons1 especially = *ildr51 "s o!r fat %\ld always be sub/itut$4 ,?us ! addition ( butt] to ! potatoes makes up ! defici5cy4 ,butt] =ms #c to #d p] c5t4 ( c['s milk4 ,x is sep>at$ f milk by *urn+1 ! oil p>ticles be+ depriv$ by ?is means ( _! album9\s coats4 ,! m completely ! butt]-milk is sep>at$ ! long] ! butt] keeps4 ,x c be kept long] if salt is add$1 or 9 hot wea!r by keep+ x "u frequ5tly-*ang$ wat]4 ,rancidity indicates ! decomposition ( traces ( ! fat ( butt] into its fatty acid & glyc]9e4 ,cream conta9s ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( butt] fat1 ,*e%ire *eese #be p] c5t41 & skim milk *eese #g p] c5t4 ,butt] milk diff]s f skim milk 9 ! pres5ce ( lactic acid4 ,x is m dige/ible ?an skim milk1 ! case9 be+ 9 a m floccul5t condition4 ,! od\r & flav\r ( butt] are n due to ole9 & palmit91 ! two *ief con/itu5ts1 b to a small] quantity ( butyr91 capro91 & capryl9 fats ( a mu* l[] s]ies4 ,ord9>y butt] conta9s a consid]able proportion ( wat]1 & ! pres5ce ( ab\t #h p] c5t4 r5d]s x m palatable2 if x is ov] #ae p] c5t41 ! butt] is consid]$ adult]at$4 ,an excessive am\nt ( salt is sometimes pres5t4 ,! mo/ frequ5t adult]ation is ! sub/itution ( =eign fats = butt] fat1 e4g4 l>d1 palm oil1 rape se$ oil1 or cocoa-nut oil4 ,m>g>9e is mo/ frequ5tly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,m>g>9e is prep>$ f beef-fat by melt+1 ! /e>9 becom+ solid aga9 at a temp]ature at :i* ole9 & m>g>9e /ill rema9 liquid4 ,x =ms a :olesome & *eap food1 be+ ne>ly z dige/ible z butt]1 = :i* m exp5sive food x is (t5 fraudul5tly sold4 ,:5 mix$ ) a small proportion ( butt] its recognition by smell1 etc41 is almo/ impossible1 b on c>eful *emical analysis1 x is f\nd to h a high] melt+ po9t & a l[] specific gravity ?an butt]1 & a mu* small] p]c5tage ( soluble fatty acids ?an ! latt]4 ,?us3-- ,,melt+ ,,specific ,,saponification ,,& ,,=mation ,,po9t4 ,,gravity4 ,,( ,,insoluble ,,fatty ,,acid4 ,butt] #cb ,c4 4#iac #hh p] c5t4 insoluble fatty acid ,m>g>9e #ce ,c4#a 4#ijd4ijg #ieb ,,c]eal ,,foods4--,glut5 is peculi> to plants1 & is *iefly f\nd 9 plants belong+ to ! great family ( grasses4 ,glut5 is to bread :at case9 is to milk1 & myos9 to fle%4 ,if "o takes a piece ( d\gh made f :eat fl\r1 & holds x "u a /ream ( wat] f ! tap1 a l>ge "p ( x is wa%$ away1 :ile a /icky adh]5t mass is left beh9d4 ,?is is glut51 & x is its t5acity :i* enables bread to be made4 ,if ! fluid ) :i* ! d\gh 0 wa%$ is collect$1 x w be f\nd to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( />*1 a small am\nt ( sug>1 ( album91 & c]ta9 salts4 ,all c]eals possess ^! con/itu5ts 9 v>i\s proportions1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ table3-- ,,wat]4,,proteid4,,fat4,,c>bohydrates4,, cellulose4,,m9]al ,,matt]4 ,:eatmeal #ab4a #ab4i #a4i #gj4c #a4f #a4b ,f9e :eat fl\r #ac4j #i4e #j4h #ge4c #j4g #j4g ,oatmeal #g4b #ad4b #g4c #fe4i #c4e #a4i ,b>ley meal #aa4i #aj4j #b4b #ga4e #a4h #b4f ,maize meal #aa4d #h4e #d4f #gb4h #a4d #a4c ,rice 7husk remov$7 #ab4j #g4b #b4j #gf4h #a4j #a4j ,! proteid v>ies 9 "* 9 ! diff]5t c]eals2 :eat fl\r has ! l>ge/ proportion ( glut5 7#h to #ab p] c5t47 & !re=e makes ! be/ bread4 ,good :eat fl\r ought to be :ite1 n gritty or lumpy1 n acid or mu/y1 =m+ a coh]5t /r+y d\gh4 ,exam9$ microscopically1 x %\ld %[ ! abs5ce ( any fungi1 or ac>us f>91 or ( =eign />*es1 su* z b>ley1 maize1 rice1 potato1 kn[n by ! diff]5t %ape ( _! />* granules4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,alum has be5 occasionally add$ to fl\r1 to enable ! bak] to make a :ite & por\s bread f damag$ :eat fl\r4 ,x c be detect$ z foll[s3--,p\r ov] ! fre%ly cut surface ( a slice ( bread "s fre%ly prep>$ decoction ( logwood *ips1 & !n a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,if alum is pres5t1 ! bread turns a m>k$ blue to violet col\r2 b if ! bread is pure1 x is only /a9$ p9k4 ,! :eat gra9 may be us$ z food 9 its entirety4 ,?us boil$ 9 milk1 aft] hav+ be5 soak$ 9 wat]1 x =ms ! *ief con/itu5t ( frum5ty4 ,usually x is conv]t$ into fl\r by gr9d+ or mill+4 ,a gra9 ( :eat consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 an out] envelope1 ! bran1 consi/+ *iefly ( indige/ible cellulose1 & compos+ #ac p] c5t4 ( ! gra92 ! k]nel1 or endosp]m1 :i* makes up #he p] c5t4 ( ! gra92 & ! g]m1 =m+ #a p] c5t4 ( ! gra94 ,9 ! old me?od ( /one gr9d+1 ! bran 0 remov$1 & ! g]m left along ) ! endosp]m4 ,9 ! elaborate processes ( mod]n roll] mill+1 ! bran is remov$ z 9 ! old gr9d+1 because x _c )\t ! greate/ difficulty be r$uc$ to p[d]2 & ! g]m is also remov$1 because ! oil abundantly pres5t 9 x is apt to become rancid & spoil ! fl\r1 & because ! soluble proteids 9 x are apt to *ange "s ( ! fl\r into dextr9 & sug>1 :i* become br[n 9 bak+ & spoil ! appe>ance ( ! bread4 ,! g]m is easily remov$1 because its t\ghness causes x to be flatt5$ out 9 ! mill+1 :ile ! endosp]m becomes p[d]y4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! endosp]m is ! s\rce ( #8pat5ts4' ,x is v ri* 9 />* & is us$ = mak+ fancy breads & pa/ry4 ,! out] "p ( ! endosp]m is #8h\seholds4' #8,h\seholds fl\r' is subdivid$ into 7a7 second pat5ts1 or #8:ites'2 7b7 fir/ h\seholds2 7c7 second h\seholds or #8seconds4' #8,seconds' is ri*e/ 9 glut51 #8:ites' 9 />*4 ,ord9>y bread is normally d]iv$ f a bl5d ( ^! ?ree4 ,"s #8/rong' :eats1 e4g4 ,au/ralian1 yield a #8pat5ts' :i* is ri* 9 glut51 & su* fl\r is us$ = mak+ ,vi5na bread4 #8,/rong' :eats take up mo/ wat] 9 bak+1 & s yield mo/ loaves p] sack4 #8,seconds' fl\r yields a bread :i* is ri*] 9 proteid ?an mo/ o!r k9ds2 b ! d>k col\r ( ! loaf makes x unpopul>4 ,v>i\s s*emes h be5 devis$ to utilise ! g]m & ! bran1 :i* are ord9>ily disc>d$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ,hovis fl\r ! sep>at$ g]m is p>tially cook$ by sup]heat$ /eam4 ,?is kills ! f]m5t conta9$ 9 ! soluble proteids1 & ?us prev5ts x f *ang+ />* into maltose & dextr94 ,! action ?us prev5t$ is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,,/>*4 ,,maltose4 ,,dextr94 #aj ,c,h,o #f ,h#j #f ,c,h,o #d ,c,h,o4 ,! g]m ?us treat$ is gr\nd to a f9e meal1 ( :i* "o "p to ?ree ( ord9>y fl\r1 =ms ,hovis fl\r4 ,o!r #8g]m breads' are also 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ,frame food ! bran is boil$ ) wat] "u high pressure4 ,! wat]y extract1 conta9+ ! m9]al & "p ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! bran1 is evaporat$ to dryness1 & =ms ! basis ( v>i\s prep>ations4 ,x is d\btful if ?is food possesses any great value4 ,br[n bread is a some:at vague expression1 mean+ ei!r an admixture ( bran or ( g]m or ( bo? ) fl\r1 or bread made f :ole :eat fl\r4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! loaf w\ld be br[n4 ,! bran is ri* 9 fat z well z 9 phosphates4 ,x acts z a me*anical irritant1 ill borne by delicate /oma*s1 b v useful :]e a t5d5cy to con/ipation exi/s4 ,! excess ( nitrog5\s matt] 9 br[n bread & its ri*ness 9 fat1 d n prove its great] nutritiv5ess1 z x is pres5t 9 a condition 9 :i* only a portion is absorbable f ! alim5t>y canal into ! circulation4 ,! h>d] :eats1 su* z ,sicilian :eat1 conta9 a l>g] p]c5tage ( glut52 & f !m mac>oni & v]micelli are obta9$1 :i* are ne>ly pure glut54 ,!y are v nutriti\s & useful foods4 ,semol9a is prep>$ f :eat1 ! mill/ones be+ left suffici5tly ap>t to leave ! product 9 a granul> condition4 ,9 malt$ breads1 a syrupy infusion ( malt$ b>ley 7malt extract7 is add$ to ! fl\r4 ,malt extract conta9s 9 addition to malt sug> 7maltose7 & dextr9s1 a f]m5t 7dia/ase7 :i*1 l ! saliva1 is able to conv]t />* into ! soluble sub/ances1 maltose & dextr9 7see =mul above74 ,! action ( ?is f]m5t is /opp$ by ! temp]ature ( bak+4 ,h5ce ev5 :5 ! malt extract is all[$ a consid]able "t = its op]ation on ! d\gh1 only ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! />* 9 ! loaf becomes soluble1 z comp>$ ) #d p] c5t4 9 an ord9>y loaf4 ,oatmeal1 obta9$ f ! common oat1 conta9s v little glut51 & s _c be made into vesiculat$ bread4 ,x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( o!r nitrog5\s mat]ial & ( fat4 ,z porridge & oatmeal cake x =ms a v nutriti\s diet4 ,! husk ought to be c>efully remov$ f ! meal int5d$ = human food1 z1 al?\gh v nitrog5\s1 x acts z a me*anical irritant4 ,groats consi/s ( oats f :i* ! husk has be5 entirely remov$4 ,! sub/itution ( roll+ = gr9d+ 9 prep>+ oats = food & ! application ( heat dur+ ! roll+ process1 h made oatmeal m dige/ible1 z 9 ,quak]1 ,provo/1 & ,wav]ley oats4 ,b>ley conta9s v little glut52 on ?is acc\nt1 l oatmeal1 x does n admit ( be+ made easily into bread4 ,malt is b>ley :i* has be5 made to g]m9ate by heat & moi/ure & !n dri$1 8dia/ase0 be+ =m$ 9 ! process4 ,extract ( malt1 conta9+ dia/ase 9 an active condition1 is useful 9 cases ( impair$ dige/ion & defici5t assimilation ( food4 ,rye is r>ely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = mak+ bread4 ,9 ,g]many x is kn[n z 8black bread10 b its col\r & acid ta/e make x disagreeable1 & x is laxative 9 its action4 ,maize1 or ,indian ,corn1 is defici5t 9 glut51 & s n suitable = mak+ vesiculat$ bread4 ,l oatmeal1 x is made into cakes1 call$ 9 ,am]ica 8,johnny cake40 ,x conta9s mu* fatty matt]1 & is l>gely us$ = fatt5+ p\ltry & o!r animals4 ,oswego fl\r & corn fl\r are maize fl\r depriv$ by a weak solution ( soda1 ( its proteids & fat2 hom9y conta9s all its con/itu5ts4 ,maize is a *eap & nutriti\s food4 ,:5 :eat fl\r is de>1 x is occasionally adult]at$ ) maize4 ,! adult]ation c be detect$ by ! =ms ( ! />* granules1 exam9$ "u a l[ p[] ( ! microscope4 ,rice conta9s less proteids & fat ?an any o!r c]eal4 ,its *ief value z a food dep5ds on ! l>ge am\nt ( />* x conta9s 7table1 page #af74 ,,legum9\s ,,foods4--,! *ief se$s belong+ to ?is gr\p are peas1 beans1 & l5tils4 ,!y conta9 a small] proportion ( />*1 & a l>g] proportion ( nitrog5\s mat]ials ?an c]eals4 ,?us :ile fl\r conta9s #i4e & bread #h p] c5t4 ( proteid1 lean meat #ae4ah p] c5t41 & *eese ab\t #cj p] c5t41 peas & beans conta9 #ba to #bf p] c5t4 7gre5 peas only #d p] c5t41 dri$ peas #ba p] c5t47 ( proteid4 ,! nitrog5\s mat]ial exi/s *iefly z legum91 :i* has be5 call$ vegetable case94 ,al?\gh legum9\s se$s conta9 m nutritive mat]ial 9 a giv5 weight ?an c]eals1 dietetically !y are inf]ior1 ow+ to ! fact t !y are less dige/ible1 (t5 caus+ flatul5ce & o!r dyspeptic symptoms4 ,c]eals1 aga91 are m palatable ?an legum9\s se$s1 & are m prolific1 & consequ5tly *eap]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( animal food1 legum5s =m a useful sub/itute4 ,!y are advantage\sly dilut$ ) oily sub/ances1 or ) rice4 ,! f>m-lab\r]'s di% ( broad beans & fat bacon is f\nd$ on /rict physiological pr9ciples4 ,a mixture ( l5til & b>ley fl\r is sold "u ! "n ( ,reval5ta ,arabica4 ,l5til fl\r co/s #b;d41 ,reval5ta #cs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,gre5 peas1 ,fr5* beans1 & sc>let runn]s are mu* m easily dige/$ ?an are dri$ peas or beans4 ,l5tils conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( proteid ( any ( ! pulses4 ,!y also conta9 v little sulphur1 & s d n give rise to ! same lib]ation ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! inte/9e1 z o!r pulses4 ,! a% ( ! ,egyptian l5til is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 iron4 ,,amylace\s ,,foods4 ,amylace\s or />*y sub/ances are conta9$ 9 _m ( ! prec$+ foods2 b "s o!r foods consi/ almo/ entirely ( />*4 ,! *ief ( ^! are sago1 tapioca1 & arr[root4 ,sago is obta9$ f ! pi? ( ! /ems ( v>i\s species ( palm2 a s+le tree may yield sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,alone x is easy ( dige/ion4 ,boil$ ) milk x =ms a light1 nutriti\s1 & non-irritat+ food4 ,fictiti\s sagos are frequ5tly sold1 made f potato />*4 ,tapioca & ,cassava are d]iv$ f ! tub]s ( m ?an "o species ( ! poison\s family1 ,euphorbiace4 ,! juices are remov$1 & ! prussic acid remov$ by heat4 ,tapioca only diff]s f cassava 9 be+ a pur] =m ( />*2 ! latt] is m nutriti\s1 & among ! ,indians takes ! place ( bread4 ,arr[root is obta9$ f ! tub]s ( ,m>anta ,arund9acea4 ,t\s-les-mois is a =m ( />* obta9$ f ! tub]s ( a ,we/ ,indian plant1 ! ,canna edulis4 ,illu/ration3 ,potato4 ,:eat4 ,rice4 ,oats4 ,b>ley4 ,pea4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,/>* ,,granules4 ,! detection ( ! v>ieties ( />* is usually possible ow+ to _! fairly *>act]i/ic appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! mo/ important />*es4 ,x mu/ be not$ t 9 oats1 maize1 & rice ! cont\r is completely m>k$ by facets or surfaces1 :ile !re are less complete m>k+s 9 tapioca & sago4 ,9 :eat1 rye1 pea1 bean1 b>ley1 potato1 & arr[root ! cont\r is ev51 ?\gh !re are m9or diff]5ces ( size & %ape4 ,,o!r ,,vegetable ,,foods4--,gre5 ,vegetables conta9 comp>atively little nutrim5t1 b =m valuable additions to o!r foods4 ,cellulose1 :i* =ms _! ma9 con/itu5t1 al?\gh indige/ible1 =ms a bulk 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 :i* is necess>y to ensure p]i/alsis4 ,conc5trat$ n\ri%m5t c only be dige/$ 9 limit$ quantity1 & is v apt to produce dige/ive disord]4 ,cabbage conta9s #ib p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & #b p] c5t4 nitrog5\s matt]4 ,c>rots conta9 #f p] c5t4 & turnips #b p] c5t4 ( nitrog5\s matt]2 p>snips are int]m$iate betwe5 ^!4 ,gre5 vegetables possess valuable anti-scorbutic prop]ties4 ,!y may be made an important vehicle = giv+ fatty food1 by add+ butt]1 etc4 ,rhub>b & sorrel conta9 oxalates & t>trates ( pota% & lime1 to :i* !y owe _! t>tness4 ,sp9a* is cool+ & laxative1 l rhub>b1 b n t>t4 ,sea-kale1 arti*oke1 & asp>agus are all :olesome vegetables4 ,asp>agus is some:at diuretic1 & gives a peculi>1 disagreeable od\r to ! ur9e4 ,salads1 su* z mu/>d & cress1 wat]-cress1 endive1 & ! g>d5 lettuce are v useful z anti-scorbutics4 ,"s ( !m possess a peculi> pung5cy due to a volatile oil analog\s to t conta9$ 9 horse-radi%4 ,! ,potato conta9s #bf solid p>ts 9 #ajj1 ( :i* ne>ly #bj are />* & #b nitrog5\s matt]4 ,x =ms "o ( our be/-appreciat$ vegetable foods1 & z x possesses valuable anti-scorbutic prop]ties1 its univ]sal use is1 p]haps1 ! *ief cause ( ! pres5t r>ity ( scurvy4 ,alone1 x possesses too small a proportion ( nitrog5\s mat]ial to support life1 b ! addition ( butt] milk makes up ?is defici5cy2 & ^! two toge!r =m a suffici5t diet to ma9ta9 life & heal? = a long "t4 ,! ,onion1 ,g>lic1 ,leek1 & ,%alot1 all memb]s ( ! lily family1 are *iefly us$ z condim5ts4 ,!y conta9 an acid volatile oil1 :i* gives !m a peculi> od\r & flav\r4 ,by long boil+1 ?is is dissipat$ 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,spani% onion71 & ! onion is !n fairly dige/ible1 z well z nutriti\s4 ,cel]y possesses a m delicate flav\r & od\r ?an ! prec$+1 b ev5 ! mo/ t5d] cel]y is dige/$ ) difficulty2 less s1 :5 boil$ or /ew$1 or a con/itu5t ( s\ps4 ,only f\r ,fungi are1 ) u1 commonly reg>d$ z safe--mu%rooms1 *ampignons1 morels1 & truffles2 b !re are _m o!rs :i* are equally edible4 ,! food value ( fungi has be5 exagg]at$4 ,!y are difficult ( dige/ion & conta9 little nutritive mat]ial4 ,poison\s fungi usually h an a/r+5t /yptic ta/e & a disagreeable pung5t od\r4 ,9 any d\btful case x is bett] to ab/a94 ,oily ,se$s conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( fix$ oil :i* r5d]s !m unfit = p]sons ( weak dige/ion4 ,! almond1 walnut1 hazel-nut1 & cocoa-nut are common examples4 ,! sweet almond1 :5 eat5 unblea*$1 occasionally produces nettl]a%1 & its solid texture & l>ge proportion ( fix$ oils r5d] x difficult ( dige/ion4 ,! *e/nut conta9s less oil1 b a l>ge am\nt ( c>bohydrate4 ,x is ext5sively us$ z a food 9 ,italy & "s o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! uncook$ condition x is v difficult ( dige/ion4 ,fruits are *iefly us$ z adjuncts to o!r foods2 b ! vegetable salts & ! cellulose & sug> :i* !y conta91 make !m v valuable4 ,cucurbitace\s fruits are us$ z vegetables r ?an z fruits4 ,vegetable m>r[ is :olesome & agreeable1 b n v nutritive4 ,cucumb] is mo/ dige/ible :5 rapidly gr[n & fre%ly ga!r$4 ,/one-fruits or drupes1 su* z ! pea*1 nect>9e1 plum1 *]ry1 are r luxuries ?an foods1 l _m o!r fruits4 ,be=e rip5+ !y are unfit = food2 :5 rip5+ is complete1 ! acids & a/r+5t matt] l>gely disappe>4 ,! date conta9s *iefly sug>1 & =ms an important food 9 ! ,ea/4 ,pomace\s ,fruits1 z ! apple1 pe>1 & qu9ce1 are m dige/ible :5 cook$2 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 all fruit n p]fectly ripe %\ld be cook$ be=e eat+4 ,! pres5ce ( vegetable acids 9 fruit soon conv]ts ! sucrose ( cane sug> into dextrose1 a less sweet v>iety ( sug>4 ,x is !re=e m economical to sweet5 aft] ?an be=e cook+4 ,! *ief ,b]ries are ! grape1 currant1 gooseb]ry1 cranb]ry1 & eld]b]ry4 ,! grape is ! mo/ important1 & #a1ejj v>ieties ( x h be5 describ$4 ,its juice conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( grape sug> 7dextrose71 & small quantities ( glut9\s mat]ial1 bit>trate ( pota%1 t>trate ( lime1 malic acid1 etc4 ,besides ! above fruits1 we h /rawb]ries1 mulb]ries1 figs1 planta9s1 melons1 etc41 :i* are all refre%+ & anti-scorbutic4 ,! orange family furni%es u ) ! orange1 lemon1 citron1 lime1 %addock1 & pomelo1 ( :i* ! orange is by f> ! mo/ important1 & possesses mo/ valuable refre%+ qualities4 ,sug> exi/s 9 two *ief =ms1 viz4 sucroses & glucoses4 ,sucroses1 kn[n *emically z disac*>ids 7,sucrose ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa2 comp>e />* ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj7 are exemplifi$ 9 cane1 beet1 maple1 malt 7maltose71 & milk sug> 7lactose74 ,cane sug> has be5 gradually displac$ by beet sug>4 ,! two are *emically id5tical1 & equally nutriti\s4 ,maltose is giv5 9 malt extract z a food1 & because ( ! dige/ive action ( ! f]m5t also conta9$ 9 ! extract on />*y food4 ,?us3-- ,,/>*4 ,,maltose4 ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj ,h#b,o ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,lactose is comp>atively free f sweetness1 & is h>dly capable ( be+ f]m5t$ by yea/s4 ,( ,glucoses ! be/ example is dextrose ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f1 ,h#b,o1 :i* c be se5 cry/allis$ 9 dri$ rais9s2 x only possesses "o-?ird ! sweet5+ p[] ( sucrose4 ,/>*y food becomes *ang$ into glucose by ! action ( saliva & pancreatic juice 9 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,grapes1 *]ries1 gooseb]ries1 figs1 & honey conta9 lvulose 9 addition to glucose 7glucose ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f1 ,h#b,o1 lvulose ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f74 ,lvulose resembles dextrose except 9 be+ uncry/all9e1 & 9 its effect on pol>is$ light4 ,_m ripe fruits1 su* z p9eapples1 /rawb]ries1 pea*es1 citrons1 conta9 sucrose & lvulose1 ! latt] be+ n q s sweet z sucrose4 ,9 ! alim5t>y canal sucroses are inv]t$ into dextrose & lvulose4 ,?us natural foods conta9+ ^! sug>s are m readily assimilat$ ?an ^? conta9+ sucrose4 ,! sweet5+ p[] ( ! v>ieties ( sug> dep5ds on _! degree ( solubility 9 wat]4 ,sucrose is soluble 9 "o-?ird ( its weight ( cold1 & 9 r m ( hot wat]4 ,dextrose is soluble 9 its own weight ( wat]2 lvulose is m soluble1 & !re=e sweet] ?an dextrose4 ,lactose requires five to six p>ts ( cold & two ( hot wat]1 & is !re=e n s sweet z ! o!r v>ieties4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,diseases ,,due ,,to ,,food4 ,diseases may arise f ! noxi\s "* or f defici5cy or excess ( "s p>ticul> food1 or ( ! food z a :ole4 ,,diseases ,,f ,,un:olesome ,,food4--,i4 ,! ,meat ( ,diseas$ ,animals4 7#a7 ,! fle% ( animals :i* h n be5 slaught]$ %\ld be prohibit$ f sale1 :e!r dea? has result$ f accid5t or disease4 ,! meat f diseas$ animals is also g5]ally dang]\s1 sometimes ow+ to ! drugs ) :i* ! animals h be5 dos$ be=e dea?1 e4g4 t>t> emetic1 or opium4 7#b7 ,meat may be un:olesome f ! pres5ce ( p>asites4 ,( ^! ! mo/ common is-- 7a7 ,! cy/ic]cus cellulos1 :i* is ! undevelop$ embryo ( ! tape-worm2 t f ! pig becomes ! tnia m$iocanellata4 ,! cy/ic]cus ( ! pig is ! mo/ common2 x =ms a cy/ ab\t ! size ( a hemp-se$1 commone/ on ! "u surface ( ! tongue4 ,9 hams oval holes are f\nd or opaque :ite specks1 :i* are ! rema9s ( ! cy/s conv]t$ into calc>e\s matt]4 ,:5 meat conta9+ ! cy/ic]cus alive 7z 9 "u-cook$ or raw meat7 is swall[$1 x develops into ! tape-worm1 :i* consi/s ( a numb] ( flat segm5ts1 ea* capable ( produc+ num]\s ova ( new cy/ic]ci1 ) a m9ute head at ! n>r[ end surr\nd$ by hooklets4 ,a temp]ature ( #agd ,f4 kills ! cy/ic]cus4 ,ano!r k9d ( tape-worm common on ! cont95t1 call$ bo?riocephalus latus1 is d]iv$ f ! cy/ic]cus ( fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,cy/ic]cus 78,,measles07 ,,9 ,,pork4 7,,natural ,,size47 7b7 ,! tri*9a spiralis is n a solid worm l ! tnia1 b possesses an inte/9e4 ,9 pork x =ms a m9ute :ite speck1 j visible to ! nak$ eye1 :i* =ms a ne/1 & 9 ?is "o or two coil$ up worms c be se5 by a magnify+ glass 9 active movem5t4 ,!y are effectually kill$ by ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]2 b no =m ( dry+1 salt+1 or ev5 smok+ at a l[ temp]ature is suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,boil+ or roa/+ does n suffice to de/roy all ! tri*9 unless ! jo9t is completely cook$ 9 its int]ior4 ,:5 tri*9\s pork is swall[$1 ! eggs develop 9 ! alim5t>y canal 9 ab\t a week into complete worms1 & 9 ?ree or f\r days m ea* female produces ov] a hundr$ "y ones4 ,^! burr[ into e "p ( ! body1 produc+ great irritation & inflammation4 ,9 "o case aft] dea? upw>ds ( #ej1jjj worms 7 e/imat$ to exi/ 9 a squ>e in* ( muscle4 ,mo/ ( ! cases ( tri*9osis h occurr$ 9 ,g]many1 f eat+ imp]fectly cook$ sausages4 ,! pig becomes tri*9\s by eat+ (fal1 & man is infect$ by eat+ pork4 ,?is disease is r>e 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,tri*9 ,,capsulat$ ,,9 ,,fle%4 7,,magnifi$47 7#c7 ,tub]cul\s ,meat1 f animals suff]+ f tub]culosis1 has be5 f\nd to cause tub]culosis 9 small animals exp]im5tally f$ on x4 ,ko* has rec5tly ?r[n d\bt on ! communicability ( bov9e tub]culosis to man2 b ?is po9t mu/ be reg>d$ z /ill unsettl$ 7see page #cab74 ,%eep are r>ely affect$ by x1 b x is v common 9 cattle1 especially 9 c[s1 & x is a s]i\s economical "q :e!r ! meat ( all su* animals %\ld be condemn$4 ,! ideal w\ld be to condemn all su* animals1 z tub]culosis is an infective disease1 & ! bacillus :i* causes x 7z well z ! toxic products ( its activity7 may be pres5t 9 meat :i* %[s no actual signs ( disease1 except 9 ! lungs or o!r int]nal organs4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! rules laid d[n by ! ,royal ,commission on ,tub]culosis1 9 #ahih1 %\ld be foll[$ = ! pres5t4 ,^! /ate t3-- 8,! entire c>case & all ! organs may be seiz$ 7a7 :5 !re is mili>y tub]culosis ( bo? lungs1 7b7 :5 tub]cul\s lesions are pres5t on ! pleura & p]itoneum1 or 7c7 9 ! muscul> sy/em1 or 9 ! lymphatic gl&s emb$d$ 9 or betwe5 ! muscles1 or 7d7 :5 tub]cul\s lesions exi/ 9 any "p ( an emaciat$ c>case4 ,! c>case1 if o!rwise heal?y1 %all n be condemn$1 b e "p ( x conta9+ tub]cul\s lesions %all be seiz$ 7a7 :5 ! lesions are conf9$ to ! lungs & ! ?oracic lymphatic gl&s1 7b7 :5 ! lesions are conf9$ to ! liv]1 7c7 or to ! ph>yngeal lymphatic gl&s1 or 7d7 to any comb9ation ( ! =ego+1 b are collectively small 9 ext5t40 ,!y also add t any degree ( tub]culosis 9 ! pig %\ld secure ! condemnation ( ! entire c>case1 ow+ to ! great] t5d5cy to g5]alisation ( tub]culosis 9 ?is animal2 & t 9 =eign meat1 seizure %\ld ensue 9 e case :]e ! pleura has be5 8/ripp$40 7,see also page #cab47 7#d7 ,o!r ,infective diseases besides tub]culosis may r5d] meat :olly or p>tially unfit = food4 ,( ^! pleuro-pneumonia may n require condemnation ( ! entire c>case2 b 9 ! foll[+ ?is c\rse %\ld be adopt$1 cattle-plague1 pig typhoid 7pneumo-ent]itis71 an?rax1 & qu>t] ill1 z well z 9 %eep-pox4 ,9 pu]p]al fev]1 act9omycosis1 & %eep-rot 7liv] flukes7 ea* case mu/ be decid$ on its m]its4 ,,ii4--,decompos$ ,meat4--,putrid meat has (t5 produc$ di>rha & o!r sev]e symptoms4 ,putrid sausages are especially dang]\s1 & incipi5t putridity seems to be m dang]\s ?an advanc$4 ,t9n$ ,meats occasionally produce sev]e illness1 :i* has be5 9 sev]al cases fatal4 ,x is important to secure a good br&1 & to eat ! meat z e>ly z possible aft] ! t9 is op5$4 ,t9s 9 :i* any bulg+ is pres5t1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( putrefactive gases1 mu/ be reject$2 & /ill m t9s :i* h be5 prick$ & resold]$ 9 a second place4 ,all t9n$ meats & fruits are /at$ by ,hehn] to conta9 comp\nds ( t9 9 solution4 ,^! d n seem to be p]ceptibly injuri\s1 unlike lead salts1 :i* are n[ r>ely f\nd4 ,! g5]al subject ( ,meat ,poison+ has _h mu* light ?r[n on x dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,brieg]1 ab\t #ahhf1 %[$ t dur+ ! cultivation ( bact]ia1 alkaloidal bodies kn[n z ptoma9es & leucoma9es1 7 =m$1 :i* 7 virul5tly poison\s4 ,x 0 commonly suppos$ t ! poison+ occasionally produc$ by eat+ meat pies1 sausages1 hams1 brawn1 & simil> food1 0 due to ^! ptoma9es4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t !re are f> m important tox9es ?an ! alkaloidal1 :i* result f bact]ial life 9 meat1 etc4 7see page #bhf74 ,^! are m closely relat$ to sub/ances ( an album9\s or proteid nature ?an ! ptoma9es4 ,^! tox9es may be fatal :5 z small a dose z a fraction ( a milligramme 7mgm4 ab\t #afd gra97 is giv5 subcutane\sly4 ,! evid5ce n[ %[s t nei!r ptoma9es nor o!r tox9es 7albumoses7 or any o!r bact]ial products besides ^!1 cause ! outbreaks ( acute poison+ occasionally trac$ to food1 b t ^! are due to bact]ia4 ,!re is1 9 o!r words1 actual infection1 z well z poison+4 ,! microbe *iefly f\nd z ! cause ( ^! outbreaks is ! ,bacillus ent]itidis ( ,ga]tn]1 & "s alli$ microbes4 ,9 an outbreak at ,oldham1 #afj pies made on a ,?ursday1 f ! veal ( a calf kill$ on ! prec$+ ,tuesday1 7 bak$ 9 sev]al bat*es1 & ( ! p]sons eat+ ^! pies fifty-f\r became ill4 ,t ! contam9ation 0 n introduc$ aft] cook+ 0 %[n by ! fact t sev]al p]sons 7 made ill :o ate pies /ill w>m f bak+4 ,! facts indicat$ t "o bat* 0 imp]fectly cook$1 ! "t all[$ be+ only tw5ty m9utes1 z comp>$ ) fifty m9utes all[$ 9 correspond+ cook+ 9 dome/ic life4 ,exp]im5tally x has be5 f\nd t an exposure = "o m9ute to #gj ,c4 kills ! ,bacillus ent]itidis ( ,ga]tn]4 ,t ?is bacillus 0 ! cause ( ! outbreak 0 subsequ5tly %[n by ! fact t ! s]um ( blood tak5 f "s ( ! pati5ts %[$ *>act]i/ic clump+ ) a pure culture ( ?is bacillus1 j z happ5s ) ! blood ( a pati5t suff]+ f ent]ic fev] :5 a cultivation ( ! microbe ( ?is fev] is mix$ ) x 7see page #cja74 ,9 ?is outbreak ! symptoms 7 usually di>rha1 vomit+1 int5se ?ir/1 desquamation ( ! sk91 & a sl[ convalesc5ce1 la/+ f ?ree to six weeks4 7,see page #bf = poison+ by ,bacillus ent]itidis sporog5es47 ,,iii4--,meat injuries f ! food eat5 be=e kill+4--,pheasants f$ on laurel1 h>es on rhodod5dron *rysan!mum1 & o!r animals f$ on ! lotus1 wild cucumb]1 & wild melon ( ,au/ralia1 h caus$ dang]\s symptoms4 ,,iv4--,fi%1 especially "s k9ds1 occasionally produce nettl]a% & o!r disord]s1 especially 9 w>m wea!r4 ,leprosy has be5 ascrib$ to ! eat+ ( decompos+ fi%1 b x occurs 9 c\ntries :]e a fi% diet is impossible4 ,%ell-fi% & cru/aceans 7z lob/]1 crab7 are v prone to produce evil results4 ,%ell-fi% 7mollusca71 su* z mussels1 cockles1 & oy/]s1 are dang]\s foods4 ,!y are g5]ally gr[n 9 e/u>ies1 to :i* ! sewage ( t[ns has access2 & n infrequ5tly cases ( ent]ic 7typhoid7 fev]1 z well z m acute attacks ( di>rha & vomit+1 h be5 trac$ to !m4 ,mussels & cockles are seldom suffici5tly cook$ to r5d] !m safe2 & oy/]s are eat5 raw4 ,!y %\ld nev] be eat51 unless f p]sonal direct k x is c]ta9 t !y h be5 d]iv$ f an e/u>y 9 :i* !re 0 no possibility ( contam9ation by sewage4 ,v4--,milk has be5 a common c>ri] ( disease4 ,c[s eat+ ! rhus toxicod5dron get ! 8trembles10 & _! milk produces s]i\s ga/ric irritation 9 "y *ildr54 ,! milk ( goats f$ on wild h]bs or spurgeworts has produc$ sev]e disord]s4 ,! milk ( animals suff]+ f foot-&-m\? disease1 al?\gh frequ5tly drunk ) impunity1 occasionally produces inflammation ( ! m\? 7aph?\s ulc]ation74 ,! milk d]iv$ f c[s f$ on grass f sewage f>ms is1 p] se1 z :olesome z any o!r1 & its butt] has no m t5d5cy to become putrid ?an t d]iv$ f any o!r s\rce4 ,! great dang]s 9 respect to milk are ( its becom+ mix$ ) contam9at$ wat]2 or ( its absorb+ f\l od\rs4 ,! absorptive p[] ( milk = any vap\r 9 its neighb\rhood1 is %ewn by expos+ x 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ a trace ( c>bolic acid vap\r3 ! milk spe$ily ta/es ( ! acid4 ,milk also t5ds to und]go rapid f]m5tative *anges1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 or :5 ta9t$ by traces ( putrefy+ animal matt]4 ,di>rha 9 *ildr5 is frequ5tly due to su* a condition1 or to ! rapid decomposition ( milk 9 an imp]fectly clean$ bottle4 ,milk %\ld always be boil$ 9 w>m wea!r2 & x %\ld nev] be /or$ 9 ill-v5tilat$ l>d]s1 or :]e !re is a possibility ( ! access ( dra9 effluvia2 nor ought x to be kept 9 lead or z9c vessels4 ,epidemic di>rha has be5 ascrib$ by ,kle9 to a microbe call$ ! ,bacillus ent]itidis sporog5es4 ,?is is n kill$ by heat+ ! liquid conta9+ x to #hj;,c4 = twelve to fifte5 m9utes1 z is ! typhoid bacillus & o!r non-spore-=m+ bacilli4 ,9 an outbreak ( di>rha among ! pati5ts 9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 ,london1 !re 0 /rong evid5ce t ?is microbe tak5 9 rice pudd+ _h caus$ ! mis*ief4 ,eighty-f\r pati5ts & two nurses 7 attack$1 & ! pati5ts :o _h eat5 rice pudd+ 7 almo/ exclusively attack$4 ,a portion ( ?is pudd+ aft] be+ kept tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 f\nd s\r & acid4 ,! ,bac4 ent]itidis sporog4 0 f\nd 9 x4 ,fur!rmore x 0 %ewn t ! temp]ature at :i* ! rice pudd+s 7 cook$ nev] exce$$ #ih;,c41 :]eas ! spores ( ?is microbe )/& #ajj;,f4 a consid]able "t4 ,v _m epidemics ( ent]ic fev] & sc>let fev]1 & a small] numb] ( epidemics ( diph!ria h be5 trac$ to contam9at$ milk4 ,usually 9 ent]ic fev] ! contam9ation ( ! milk 0 trac$ to ! use ( wat] 8= wa%+ ! milk-cans10 d]iv$ f specifically pollut$ s\rces1 & d\btless ! wat] 0 ! real s\rce ( ! disease4 ,9 mo/ ( ! milk outbreaks ( sc>let fev]1 ei!r !re 0 sc>let fev] 9 ! dairy1 or p]sons employ$ 9 ! dairy 7 9 att5dance on pati5ts suff]+ f ! disease2 b 9 an outbreak connect$ ) a supply ( milk f ,h5don1 x 0 suspect$ t a c]ta9 eruptive disease ( ! udd]s ( ! c[ might h be5 ! cause ( sc>let fev] 9 man1 )\t infection f a previ\s case ( ! disease4 ,?is po9t is /ill sub judice4 ,tub]cul> disease ( ! inte/9es & mes5t]ic gl&s may be produc$ by tak+ milk d]iv$ f tub]cul\s c[s4 ,?is 0 prov$ 9 ! case ( calves 7page #caa71 & !re are /rong reasons = ?9k+ t ! same is true = infants1 ?\gh d\bt has be5 ?r[n by ,ko* on ! communicability ( bov9e tub]culosis to ! human be+4 ,! only safe plan is to /]ilise ! milk 7page #ac74 ,,vii4--,vegetable ,food 7especially gre5s7 is indige/ible if /ale1 & all m\ldy vegetables are dang]\s4 ,ov]-ripe & rott5 fruit is liable to produce di>rha2 b ! di>rha preval5t 9 summ] is due mu* less to ?is ?an to o!r decompos+ foods1 p>ticul>ly milk4 ,poison\s symptoms h be5 produc$ by ! admixture ( d>nel 7lolium temul5tum7 ) fl\r4 ,! eat+ ( damag$ maize 9 ,italy is ! cause ( an endemic sk9 disease1 call$ pellagra1 :i* commonly proves fatal4 ,ergotism is due to ! gr[? on c]eals 7& mo/ commonly on ! rye7 ( a poison\s fungus1 ! claviceps purpurea1 :i* produces a deep purple deposit on ! gra94 ,if bread made f su* fl\r is eat5 = prolong$ p]iods1 sev]e symptoms result2 9 "s cases1 a dry rott+ ( ! limbs4 ,!re h be5 sev]al epidemics on ! cont95t1 due *iefly to eat+ bad rye bread4 ,/>vation ,diseases4--,simple ,/>vation causes dea? 9 a p]iod v>y+ ) ! previ\s /ate ( nutrition4 ,usually dea? occurs :5 ! body has lo/ two-fif?s ( its weight1 :e!r ?is be aft] days1 mon?s1 or ye>s 7,*ossat74 ,a supply ( wat] prolongs ! duration ( life1 to z mu* z ?ree times :at x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,good n\ri%m5t d\bles ! p[] ( resi/+ disease2 :ile defici5t food prep>es ! way = _m diseases4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ! decl9e 9 ! ,engli% dea?-rate dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s is due to free trade1 & ! great *eap5+ ( :olesome food :i* has result$ f x4 ,an ill-balanc$ is m frequ5t ?an a defici5t diet4 ,defici5cy ( fat is m s]i\s ?an defici5cy ( c>bohydrates1 & defici5cy ( proteid is mo/ s]i\s4 ,scurvy is caus$ by ! abs5ce ( fre% vegetables4 ,! use ( ! potato & ! orange1 z well z ( lime juice 7! juice ( citrus limetta71 has l$ to its ext9ction among adults 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 =m] times1 x caus$ m dea?s among seam5 ?an all o!r causes put toge!r1 includ+ ! accid5ts ( w>4 ,9 infants f$ ^u t9n$ foods1 :e!r cond5s$ milk or pat5t foods1 a =m ( scurvy /ill occurs4 ,infants f$ on new-milk nev] suff] 9 ?is way4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to fe$ an infant on cond5s$ milk = _m consecutive mon?s1 potato gruel or raw meat juice or fre% milk mu/ occasionally be giv54 ,rickets is *iefly due to improp] fe$+ 9 *ildhood4 ,! sub/itution ( artificial foods 7mo/ ( !m conta9+ />*7 = ! natural milk is its *ief cause4 ,! l[] incisor tee? ( an infant appe> betwe5 ! six? & sev5? mon?s4 ,/>*y food giv5 be=e ?is age is undige/$4 ,su* food likewise leads to less fat & proteid be+ giv51 :i* are ess5tial = gr[?4 ,defici5cy ( lime salts 9 ! food does n cause x1 & giv+ !m 9 food or m$ic9e w n cure x4 ,enri*m5t ( ! diet by cream or fail+ ?is by cod liv] oil is ! be/ means ( prev5t+ & cur+ x4 ,abundant fre% air & w>m clo?+ are also necess>y4 ,relaps+ fev] g5]ally foll[s epidemics ( typhus fev]1 & is greatly fav\r$ by />vation4 ,oph?almia has be5 *iefly preval5t 9 *>ity s*ools 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are und]f$1 ?\gh its ess5tial cause is contagion4 ,diseases ,connect$ ) ,ov]-,fe$+4--,a fire may g out = want ( fuel1 or f becom+ *ok$ ) a%es2 & x is ! latt] /ate ( ?+s :i* occurs 9 ,g\t & alli$ diseases4 ,weakness is commonly compla9$ (1 b ?is is due to excess ( food emb>rass+ vital action2 & ab/95ce & ex]cise are requir$ to re/ore ! balance4 ,excess ( nitrog5\s food--especially if comb9$ ) ! use ( sweet1 or /rong1 or v acid w9es1 & be]--is p>ticul>ly prone to produce g\t4 ,9 ^! cases1 animal food %\ld only be tak5 once a day1 & vegetable food %\ld be all[$ to prepond]ate4 ,obesity is fav\r$ by excess ( />*y food & sug>1 & by copi\s dr9k+ ( wat] or o!r bev]ages4 ,! plan ( cur+ obesity by re/rict+ oneself almo/ entirely to meat food is only advisable1 h[ev]1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,gall-/ones are fav\r$ by ri* foods & excess ( sug>2 also by alcoholic indulg5ce4 ,dyspepsia is commonly due to load+ ! /oma* at too frequ5t int]vals2 b on ! o!r h&1 x n infrequ5tly leads to ! tak+ ( insuffici5t food1 because ( ! discom=t produc$4 ,! result ( ?is is t a *ronic />vation results1 ) impair$ vital p[]s4 ,dyspeptic pati5ts %\ld ab/a9 f pa/ry & f tea & c(fee1 except 9 small quantities4 ,alcohol 9 any =m1 z a rule1 does h>m4 ,n uncommonly ma/ication is imp]fectly p]=m$1 & a good d5ti/ may cure ! indige/ion :i* has resi/$ all o!r treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,diet4 ,! importance ( a duly proportion$ & suffici5t diet>y is %[n by its great influ5ce on heal? & con/itution4 ,an ill-proportion$ or defici5t diet is c]ta9 to lead to failure ( heal?4 ,! anatomy ( an animal may be modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations by alt]$ diet1 z well z its "*2 ?us1 ! alim5t>y canal ( ! cat has increas$ 9 l5g? to adapt x to its omnivor\s habits4 ,9 ! case ( ! bee we h a /ill m rem>kable in/ance4 ,if by any accid5t ! que5 bee dies1 or is lo/1 ! work+ bees 7:i* are sexually undevelop$7 select two or ?ree eggs1 :i* !y hat* 9 l>ge cells1 & !n fe$ ! maggot on a /imulat+ jelly1 diff]5t f t suppli$ to ! o!r maggots1 ?us produc+ a que5 bee4 ,! food ( mank9d v>ies naturally )-- ,i4--,climate4 ,a cold climate leads to increas$ metabolism1 & consequ5tly a l>ge am\nt ( fatty matt] c be eat5 )\t produc+ nausea4 ,witness ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,lapl&]'s & a ,h9doo's diet4 ,! season ( ! ye> has likewise "s influ5ce4 ,vital processes are m active 9 spr+ ?an autumn1 & m food is consequ5tly requir$ 9 ! =m] season4 ,,ii4--,occupation4 ,al?\gh muscul> ex]cise is n associat$ ) an imm$iate increase ( elim9ation ( urea1 yet z a matt] ( exp]i5ce m nitrog5\s food is requir$ & c be metabolis$ by h>d work]s ?an by idl]s4 ,! trapp]s on ! ,nor? ,am]ican prairies c live = weeks toge!r on meat alone1 accompani$ by copi\s draughts ( tea4 ,!y are con/antly 9 ! op5 air1 und]go+ fatigu+ ex]cises1 9 a dry & r>e atmosph]e4 ,= bra9 work]s no special food is requir$4 ,foods conta9+ phosphorus h no special value1 s f> z is kn[n1 = m5tal "w4 ,su* "w1 h[ev]1 is apt to affect dige/ion2 consequ5tly ! dige/ibility ( food is m important = ^? engag$ 9 s$5t>y occupations ?an its *emical composition4 ,,iii4--,sex4 ,z a rule1 wom5 require ab\t "o-t5? less food ?an m51 b probably ?is rule h>dly holds good 9 ! case ( wom5 engag$ 9 labori\s "w4 ,,iv4--,age4 ,infants require only milk1 & ! less !y h ( any o!r food be=e a ye> old ! bett]4 ,atwat] has calculat$ t---- ,a *ild "u #b requires #caj ! food ( a man do+ mod]ate "w4 ( #c to #e #daj ( #f to #i #eaj ( #aj to #ac #faj ,a girl ( #ad to #af #gaj ,a boy ( #ad to #af #haj ,vital processes are m active 9 e>ly life1 & food is requir$ n only to c>ry on ! functions ( ! body1 b also to furni% ! mat]ials = gr[?4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! proportion ( proteids to c>bohydrates & fats %\ld be-- ,z #a3e4c 9 adults1 x %\ld be ab\t z #a3d4c 9 *ildr54 ,aft] ! age ( ?irty-five or =ty1 ! t5d5cy is to take too mu* food4 ,all ! tissues ( ! body are e/abli%$1 & excess ( food 7especially nitrog5\s food7 is liable to produce tissue deg5]ation by load+ ! sy/em ) p>tially metabolis$ matt]1 & may lead to g\ty diseases4 ,x is mu* saf] to take :at may be reg>d$ z too little ?an too mu* food aft] ?is p]iod4 ,times = ,eat+4--,! be/ arrangem5t seems to be to h ?ree meals1 ea* fairly nutriti\s1 & conta9+ all ! con/itu5ts requir$4 ,! ,romans only _h two meals daily1 pr&ium & cna4 ,?is is common among ! ,fr5* at pres5t1 b x t5ds to ov]load+ ! dige/ive organs at ^! meals4 ,an ord9>y full meal has usually pass$ f ! /oma* 9 f\r h\rs4 ,fre% food ought nev] to be introduc$ be=e ?is p]iod2 x is advisable to all[ an int]val ( five h\rs betwe5 meals = ! heal?y1 s z to give "t = ! dige/ive organs to re/1 & = ! absorption ( food4 ,! practice ( tak+ tea ) ! *ief meal1 or a 8meat tea10 is bad4 ,tea is bett] tak5 an h\r or two aft] food4 ,regul>ity 9 ! "t ( tak+ meals is important1 z ! dige/ive organs acquire habits l o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,"w ought n1 if possible1 to be resum$ imm$iately aft] meals1 nor active ex]cise ( any k9d4 ,^! t5d to ab/ract blood f ! dige/ive organs1 & s dim9i% ! effici5cy ( dige/ion4 ,vegetable & ,animal ,foods4--,! fact t ! food we require c be obta9$ f ! vegetable _w has l$ to ! proposition t vegetable food %\ld be tak5 alone4 ,x is urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is plan1 t a l>ge am\nt ( suff]+ to animals w\ld be prev5t$4 ,also t animal food is n s economical z vegetable1 l& be+ m economically employ$ 9 produc+ corn ?an 9 fe$+ cattle4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! indubitable fact t heal? c be ma9ta9$ = prolong$ p]iods on vegetable food 7includ+ nuts1 c]eals1 fruits1 etc47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ief objections to a purely vegetable diet are t ! undige/$ refuse is great] ?an ) an equal quantity ( animal food2 t a long] "t & m ex]tion ?an = animal foods are requir$ 9 dige/+ ! mo/ nutriti\s vegetable foods1 su* z legum5s1 :ile o!r vegetable foods d n conta9 a suffici5t proportion ( nitrog5\s mat]ial4 ,also1 if "o liv$ entirely on vegetable food1 a great] bulk w\ld be requir$1 & ow+ to ! fact t su* food is less easily absorb$1 satisfaction to ! appetite w\ld n s soon be produc$4 ,animal food has a great advantage z reg>ds conv5i5ce4 ,man is n an eat+ ma*9e2 he requires food :i* is easily conv]t$ into ! body sub/ance1 & ?is is suppli$ by ! fle% ( animals1 milk & eggs1 ) a due proportion ( non-nitrog5\s food2 %eep & ox5 "w up indige/ible vegetable mat]ials into easily assimilable mutton & beef4 ,! great] conv5i5ce ( animal food z a supply ( proteid is %[n by ! foll[+ examples ( foods aft] ! removal ( wat]3-- #ajj p>ts ( rice conta9 #g p>ts ( proteid4 :eat #af pea fl\r #bg fat beef #ea dri$ lean beef #hi ,on ! o!r h&1 vegetable foods are a *eap] s\rce1 n only ( c>bohydrates & fats1 b also ( proteids z well4 ,?us ! approximate co/ (-- #a lb4 ( proteid 9 beef is #bs4 #h;d4 milk is #bs4 #b;d4 bread is #as4 #f;d4 oatmeal is #g;d4 peas is #g;d4 ,"u ! ord9>y conditions ( t[n life1 !re is consid]able dang] ( indulg+ 9 an excess ( nitrog5\s food1 & veget>ians may !re=e d good by %[+ t meat is n absolutely necess>y1 & c (t5 ) advantage be l>gely replac$ by vegetable food4 ,if we include milk1 *eese1 & eggs 9 ! veget>ian diet1 ! objections to x p>tially disappe>2 & x w\ld be well if x 7 mu* m widely kn[n1 especially among ! poor1 t on ^!1 toge!r ) vegetables1 heal? c be ma9ta9$ ) ! addition ( little or no meat4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,diet4--,! fir/ pr9ciple 9 mak+ a diet>y is t x mu/ be mix$1 conta9+ all ! necess>y con/itu5ts1 proteids1 hydroc>bons1 c>bohydrates1 wat]1 & salts4 ,no "o ( ^! alone w support life = any consid]able p]iod4 ,c>bohydrates 7sug> & />*7 c be mo/ easily disp5s$ )2 fats1 on ! o!r h&1 are ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( heal?4 ,! next po9t is to asc]ta9 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! diff]5t foods are requir$4 ,salts are commonly tak5 ) o!r foods1 common salt be+ ! only "o tak5 alone4 ,! am\nt requir$ is giv5 on p4 #g4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ v>ies ) ! season ( ! ye>1 ! am\nt ( ex]cise & p]spiration1 & o!r factors4 ,z a rule1 n m ?an two p9ts ( wat] are requir$ p] day1 & /ill less if fruit is freely tak54 ,we may !re=e conf9e our att5tion to ! c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s foods1 & try to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( ea* ( ^! requir$4 ,e diet mu/ be subject$ to ! foll[+ te/s1 to fully asc]ta9 its value3-- #a4 ,! ,*emical ,te/4--,! metabolism und]gone by food 9 ! body be+ ess5tially a process ( oxidation 7?\gh p>tially modifi$ & incomplete71 ! am\nt ( heat yield$ on complete combu/ion ( a food may be tak5 z a measure ( its value z a s\rce ( en]gy1 ( :i* heat & "w are conv]tible =ms4 ,! /&>d ( heat production is ! calorie1 ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o gramme ( wat] #a ,c4 ,?is is ! small calorie4 ,! kilo-calorie 7call$ ! ,calorie7 is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise #a kilo 7#a litre7 ( wat] #a ,c41 or #a lb4 ( wat] #d ,f4 ,9 calculations on ?is basis1 all[ance mu/ be made = foods :i* are incompletely oxidis$ 9 ! body4 ,rubn] has %[n t ! heat value ( #a gramme 7#ae gra9s7 ( ea* ( ! *ief food /uffs is z foll[s3-- ,proteid #d4a ,calories4 ,c>bohydrates #d4a ,fat #i4c ,! me?od ( apply+ ?is /&>d to a food is z foll[s3 ! p]c5tage ( proteid or c>bohydrate giv5 9 ! foll[+ table is multipli$ by #d4a1 & ! p]c5tage ( fat by #i4c3-- ,,9 #ajj ,,p>ts4 ,,wat]4,,album9ates ,,fats4 ,,c>bo ,,salts4 ,,or ,,proteids4 ,,hydrates ,uncook$ meat ) little fat #gd4d #bj4e #c4e #a4f ,cook$ meat)\t loss #ed #bg4f #ae4de #b4ie ,salt beef #di4a #bi4f #j4b #ba4j ,:ite fi% #gh4j #ah4a #b4i #a4j ,bread1 :ite :eat5 #dj4 #h4 #a4e #di4b #a4c ,:eat fl\r #ae4 #aa4 #b4 #gj4c #a4g ,rice #aj #e 4#h #hc4b #j4e ,oatmeal #ae #ab4f #e4f #fc4j #c4 ,peas 7dry7 #ae #bb #b4 #ec4 #b4d ,potatoes #gd #a4e 4#a #bc4d #a4 ,butt] #h #b4 #hh v>iable ,eggs 7includ+ %ell1 = :i* d$uct #aj p] c5t47 #gc4e #ac4e #aa4f #a ,*eese #cf4h #cc4e #bd4c #e4d ,milk #hg4j #d4 #c4e #d4h 4#g ,?us = bread-- ,proteid #h #d4a #cb4h ,fat #a4e #i4c #ac4ie ,c>bohydrate #di4b #d4a #bja4gb ------------ ,total ,caloric value ( #ajj grammes ( bread #bdh4dg ,! total fuel value 9 ,calories ( "o p\nd ( c]ta9 typical foods is giv5 by ,hut*ison z foll[s3--,butt] #c1egg1 peas #a1dgc1 *eese #a1cjc1 bread #a1abh1 eggs #gci1 beef #fbc1 potatoes #cfi1 milk #cbb1 fi% 7cod7 #cae1 apples #bch4 #b4 ,! ,physiological ,te/4--,n only is a prop] proportion ( proteid1 fat1 & c>bohydrates requir$1 b ^! mu/ be capable ( dige/ion & absorption & ( oxidation 9 ! body4 ,*eese is a highly conc5trat$ food1 b its value is less ?an its p]c5tage composition w\ld indicate1 because ( ! difficulty ( dige/+ consid]able quantities ( x4 ,gre5 vegetables consi/ l>gely ( cellulose1 :i* is only imp]fectly capable ( absorption into ! blood1 al?\gh x c exp]im5tally be oxidis$ by combu/ion4 ,! proportion betwe5 absorb$ food & food reject$ 9 ! fces c be asc]ta9$ by analysis4 ,_m exp]im5ts made on ^! l9es %[ t on a purely animal diet 7meat1 eggs1 milk7 b little nitrog5 is lo/1 :ile ) vegetable foods 7c>rots1 potatoes1 peas1 etc47 ! wa/e ( nitrog5 is consid]able4 ,fats are v completely absorb$ f ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! am\nt rema9+ unabsorb$ is greate/ ) mutton fat 7#aj p] c5t471 lea/ ) butt] 7#b p] c5t474 ,exp]im5tally x has be5 f\nd t an am\nt up to #aej grammes 7ab\t #e oz47 ( fat c be absorb$ )\t appreciable loss4 ,c>bohydrates are v completely absorb$1 ev5 />*y foods r>ely escap+ dige/ion4 ,complet5ess ( absorption f ! alim5t>y canal is n desirable = all foods2 a c]ta9 am\nt ( unabsorb$ residue is requir$ to /imulate p]i/alsis4 ,) a purely vegetable diet ?is am\nt is excessive1 & !re is physiological wa/e ( ef=t4 #c4 ,9 practical dietetics ! ,economic te/ is important4 ,c>bohydrate is by f> ! *eape/ food1 & g5]ally vegetable are *eap] ?an animal foods4 ,?us a %ill+'s-wor? ( bread yields #aj1gfd ,calories1 :ile ! same sum sp5t on milk w\ld only yield #ac1 & on beef #aaj ?is numb] ( heat units4 ,simil>ly a %ill+'s-wor? ( peas conta9s #egb grammes ( proteid1 ab\t d\ble z mu* z ! same money's-wor? ( *eese2 :ile to obta9 ! same am\nt ( proteid f eggs w\ld co/ m ?an eight1 & f beef m ?an five times z mu* z f peas 7,hut*ison74 ,! m>ket price ( foods is no c]ta9 indication ( _! nutritive value4 ,?us haddock w supply z mu* nutrim5t z sole at a f\r? ( ! co/2 ,dut* z mu* nutrim5t z ,/ilton *eese at less ?an half ! co/4 ,simil>ly ! mo/ economical fats are m>g>9e & dripp+4 #d4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,actual ,diet>ies "u v>i\s conditions has /rik+ly confirm$ ! results obta9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 7a7 ! pot5tial en]gy requir$ by a heal?y man weigh+ #aa /ones1 & do+ a mod]ate am\nt ( muscul> "w is #c1jjj to #c1ejj ,calories 7#caj gra9s72 & t 7b7 ab\t #bj grammes ( nitrog5 & #cbj grammes 7#d1ifj gra9s7 ( c>bon are excret$ by su* a man4 7c7 ,express+ ! #c1jjj ,calories requir$ 9 t]ms ( grammes ( food1 x is f\nd t #abe grammes ( proteid1 #ejj ( c>bohydrate & #ej ( fat are necess>y4 ,^! facts are express$ 9 ! foll[+ table 7,hut*ison73-- ,,/&>d ,,am\nt ,,( ,,same ,,am\nt ,,( ,,food ,,con/itu5ts ,,food ,,9 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,yield+ ,,en]gy ,,requir$ ,,9 ,,calories4 7,,9 ,,grammes74 ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,proteid #abe #fb #bj #eabe ,fat #ejj #bjj #bjej ,c>bohydrate #ej #ch #dfe #fge #cjj #bj #cjbge ,?ree ( ! be/ kn[n /&>d diet>ies give ! am\nts 9 grammes ( ea* food con/itu5t z foll[s3 ,,playfair4 ,,moles*ott4 ,,atwat]4 ,,av]age4 ,proteid #aai #acj #abe #abe ,fat #ea #dj #abe #gb ,c>bohydrate #eca #eej #dej #eaj ,calories #cadj #cafj #cebj #cbgc ,express+ ! same facts 9 ,engli% ounces in/ead ( grammes1 #d-be oz4 ( proteid1 #b oz4 ( fat1 & #ah oz4 ( c>bohydrate1 w\ld repres5t ! ounces ( ea* con/itu5t requir$ accord+ to 7#a7 7#b7 ,,av]age ,,( ,,above ,,hut*ison4 ,,?ree ,,diet>ies4 ,proteid #d-be #d-be ,fat #b-ab #a-de ,c>bohydrate #ah #ag-ce ,ounces ( dry food #bd-iaj #bc-de ,! *ief po9t ( div]g5ce 9 ! above /&>d diet>ies is 9 ! relative proportion ( c>bohydrate & fat4 ,probably ! correct proportion betwe5 ^! is z #a to #aj2 b x w v>y accord+ to climate & o!r circum/ances4 ,detail$ exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( diet>ies %[s t ! am\nt ( daily proteid %\ld be ab\t #abe grammes1 or #d-be ozs4 ,?is is conta9$ 9 #bj eggs1 or 9 #ah oz4 i4e4 ab\t #d ord9>y platesful ( cook$ meat4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! #bc-bd oz4 ( food giv5 above z ! /&>d daily am\nt repres5ts dry food4 ,?is repres5ts #dj oz4 or ne>ly #c lbs4 ( ord9>y food4 ,! foll[+ example by ,wall]1 gives a r lib]al /&>d ,engli% diet1 = a man do+ a mod]ate am\nt ( muscul> "w4 ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,f\ndation3 #a lb4 bread #aag #e4e #ab lb4 meat #cd #g4e #ad lb4 meat #hd -- ,accessories3 #a lb4 potatoes #de #a4c #ab p9t milk #bj #a4g #ad lb4 eggs #ae #b4j #ah lb4 *eese #bj #c4j ------ -------- ,total #cce #ba grammes4 ,?is divid$ up into meals works out r\ghly z foll[s 7,hut*ison73-- ,two slices ( ?ick bread & butt]4 ,breakfa/ ,two eggs4 ,"o plateful ( potato s\p4 ,d9n] ,a l>ge help+ ( meat ) "s fat4 ,f\r mod]ate siz$ potatoes4 ,"o slice ( ?ick bread & butt]4 ,tea ,a glass ( milk & two slices ( ?ick bread & butt]4 ,supp] ,two slices ( ?ick bread & butt] & #b oz4 ( *eese4 ,f ! prec$+ data1 practical problems z to diet>ies are easily solv$4 ,?us if x be requir$ to f9d h[ mu* oatmeal1 milk1 & butt] w\ld be requir$ to give a suffici5t quantity ( album9oids1 fats1 & c>bohydrates to an adult male1 ! calculation may be bas$ on ! figures 9 ! table on p4 #cb1 or ! foll[+ figures may1 = ! sake ( conv5i5t calculation1 be tak5 z repres5t+ ! p]c5tage am\nt ( ea* ( ^! *ief food pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! foods nam$3-- ,,album9oids4 ,,fats4 ,,c>bohydrates4 ,oatmeal #ab #f #fj ,milk #d #c #e ,butt] #b #hh -- ,let o numb] ( ounces ( oatmeal requir$4 m milk b butt] ,!n 7#abo #dm #b;b7#ajj #d4e ozs4 ( album9oid 7#fo #cm #hh;b7#ajj #c ozs4 ( fat 7#fjo #em7_/#ajj #ad4be ozs4 ( c>bohydrate1 accord+ to ,moles*ott's diet4 ,:5 ^! equations are work$ out by sub/itution & transf]5ce-- o #ai4b ounces4 m #ee4d b #j4bd ,simil>ly if x is requir$ to f9d h[ mu* meat1 bread1 & butt] ( ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition w be requir$ to give a man a suffici5t am\nt ( album9oids1 fats1 & c>bohydrates4 ,,album9oids4 ,,fats4 ,,c>bohydrates4 ,meat #be #ae #j ,bread #h #a4e #ej ,butt] #b #hh #j ,let m numb] ( ounces ( meat requir$4 b bread ,b butt] ,!n #abm #h;b #b;,b_/#ajj #d4e ozs4 ( album9oid 7#aem #a4e;b #hh;,b7_/#ajj #c ozs4 ( fat #ej;b_/#ajj #ad4be ozs4 ( c>bohydrates ,:5 ^! equations are work$ out-- m #f4bh ounces4 b #bh4e ,b #a4ae ,relation ( ,food to ,me*anical ,"w4--,9 ! body ! movem5ts ( e "p are con/ant s\rces ( heat4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t ! pot5tial en]gy ( food c be express$ by 7a7 ! am\nt ( heat obta9$ by its complete combu/ion1 or 7b7 by ! am\nt ( "w capable ( be+ obta9$ f x4 ,j\le discov]$ by exact exp]im5t t ! me*anical p[] obta9able f a giv5 am\nt ( fuel is directly proportional to ! am\nt ( fuel us$1 be+ 9 fact due to ! oxidation ( ?is fuel1 ! heat produc$ be+ trans=m$ into me*anical p[]4 ,! heat unit or calorie has be5 already giv5 7p4 #cb74 ,! gram-metre is ! "w unit4 ,! heat unit corresponds to #dbe4e units ( "w4 ,?us ! same en]gy requir$ to heat "o gramme ( wat] #a ,c4 w raise a weight ( #dbe4e grammes to ! height ( #a metre4 ,conv]sely a weight ( #dbe grammes if all[$ to fall f a height ( #a metre1 w by its concussion produce heat suffic+ to raise ! temp]ature ( #a gramme ( wat] #a ,c4 ,9 ,engl& ! am\nt ( "w done is commonly express$ z foot tons1 i4e4 tons lift$ "o foot2 :ile 9 ,france x is simil>ly express$ z kilogrammetres4 ,gramme-metres c be conv]t$ into foot-p\nds by multiply+ !m by 4#jjgbcc1 & kilogrammetres into foot-tons by divid+ by #caa4 ,frankl& e/imat$ t-- #a oz4 dry album9 yields #agd foot-tons ( pot5tial en]gy4 #a oz4 fat #cgh #a oz4 />* #ace #a oz4 cane sug> #abi #a oz4 glucose or lactose #abb ,9 practical dietetics dige/ibility ( food z well z *emical composition is an important factor4 ,fur!rmore metabolism 9 ! body is n 9 e in/ance s complete z oxidation outside x4 ,h5ce e/imates ( pot5tial en]gy c only be reg>d$ z !oretically correct4 ,exam9ation que/ions l ! foll[+ are occasionally ask$3-- ,a man does "w equal to #agf4h foot-tons 9 a day4 ,suppos+ t he eats only bread1 h[ mu* w he require to give ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$1 if bread conta9s #h p] c5t4 proteid1 #a4e p] c5t4 fat1 & #di4b p] c5t4 c>bohydrate8 ,on ! above basis1 f #ajj ounces ( bread ! am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy obta9able is3-- #h #agd #a1cib foot-tons #a4e #cgh #efg #di4b #ace #f1fdb --------- ,total en]gy #h1fja obta9$ f #ajj ozs4 bread4 ,let b numb] ( ounces ( bread requir$ to develop #agf4h foot-tons ( en]gy4 ,!n #h1fja3 #ajj33 #agf4h3 b4 ,!re=e b #b4je ounces4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,food4 ,,objects ,,( ,,cook+4--,food may be tak5 9 its crude condition1 z directly d]iv$ f ! animal or vegetable _w1 or aft] x has und]gone a prep>atory process ( cook+4 ,man is ! only animal :o cooks 8 food4 ,_m foods1 9 ! uncook$ condition are almo/ entirely incapable ( dige/ion by him--su* z ! proteid & f>9ace\s mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! se$s ( c]eal & legum9\s plants4 ,b cook+1 z a prep>atory help to ! dige/ion ( food1 is n equally requir$ by all foods4 ,?us1 fruit is commonly tak5 uncook$1 & does n und]go any important alt]ation on cook+4 ,salads are tak5 uncook$1 b n = _! nutritive prop]ties s mu* z = a reli% to o!r foods1 & = _! quasi-m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,milk1 aga91 may be tak5 cook$ or uncook$4 ,! oy/] is ! only animal :i* is eat5 habitually1 & by pref]5ce1 9 ! uncook$ condition2 & !re is a physiological reason = ?is univ]sal cu/om4 ,! l>ge fawn-col\r$ liv]1 :i* con/itutes ! delicacy ( ! oy/]1 is little else ?an glycog51 associat$ ) its appropriate f]m5t dia/ase1 s t ! oy/] is almo/ self-dige/ive4 ,:5 cook$1 ! f]m5t is de/roy$1 & dige/ion ( ! oy/] becomes m difficult4 ,cook+ is int5d$--#a4 ,to make ! food s(t]1 & 9 "p to me*anically dis9tegrate x1 ?us r5d]+ x m easily ma/icat$ & dige/$4 ,9 fact1 cook+1 9 ! be/ s5se1 is an artificial help to dige/ion2 & dige/ion may well be said to comm5ce 9 ! kit*54 #b4 ,to produce c]ta9 *emical *anges4 ,?us1 />* is p>tially conv]t$ into dextr9e2 gelat9 is =m$ f connective tissue1 etc4 #c4 ,to de/roy any noxi\s p>asites pres5t 9 ! food1 or obviate any ill effects f putrefactive *anges4 ,diseas$ meat *iefly produces bad effects :5 imp]fectly cook$4 #d4 ,to make ! food m pleasant to ! eye & agreeable to ! palate4 ,! improv$ sav\r 9 cook$ meat1 = in/ance1 has a v appetis+ effect1 & consequ5tly makes dige/ion easi]4 ,,! ,,cook+ ,,( ,,fle%4--#a4 ,roa/+ is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]fect way ( cook+ meat4 ,x exalts its flav\r m ?an any o!r me?od4 ,9 roa/+1 place ! meat at fir/ suffici5tly ne> a brisk fire1 s t ! album9 on its surface may be readily coagulat$1 & ! juices reta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! jo9t4 ,aft] ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 ! jo9t ought to be remov$ some:at fur!r f ! fire1 & all[$ to cook sl[ly4 ,frequ5t ba/+ is desirable to obta9 a good result4 ,br[n meats1 su* z beef1 mutton1 & goose1 require a qu>t] ( an h\r p] p\nd weight2 veal & pork require ab\t t5 m9utes additional1 to ensure ! abs5ce ( r$ness4 ,:ite-fle%$ birds require a some:at %ort] "t4 ,! "t requir$ 9 roa/+ w be a little m if ! jo9t is l>ge1 or ! fire n v cle>4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! meat is suffici5tly cook$1 press ! fle%y "p2 if x rema9s depress$1 x is done2 if n done1 x reta9s its ela/icity4 ,at ! fir/ incision1 gravy %\ld fl[ out ( a r$di% col\r4 ,! *anges und]gone dur+ roa/+ are1 t ! connective tissues unit+ ! muscul> fibres is conv]t$ by ! gradual heat into gelat91 :i* is soluble & easily dige/$2 ! muscul> fibres1 consequ5tly1 become m sep>able1 & ! myos9 ( :i* !y consi/ is r5d]$ m dige/ible4 ,! fat is p>tly melt$ out ( its fat cells1 & p>tly comb9es ) ! alkali f ! blood-s]um4 ,empyreumatic oils 7i4e4 fat p>tially burnt71 develop$ by *>r+ ( ! surface ( ! jo9t1 are c>ri$ (f :5 x is roa/$ 9 front ( ! fire2 & s1 to a l>ge ext5t1 is acrole94 ,acrole9 7,c,h,o7 is always produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( neutral fats conta9+ glyc]9e1 & is ! cause ( ! intol]ably pung5t od\r accompany+ ! process4 ,osmazome1 a peculi> extractive matt]1 on :i* ! flav\r & od\r ( meat dep5d1 is develop$ bett] by roa/+ ?an by any o!r me?od ( cook+4 ,x is useful to rememb]1 9 buy+ beef or mutton1 t #bj p] c5t4 mu/ be all[$ = bone & #bj to #cj p] c5t4 = ! loss dur+ cook+4 ,! foll[+ figures are by ,john/on3 ,,9 ,,roa/+4 ,,9 ,,bak+4 ,,9 ,,boil+4 #d lb4 ( mutton lose 9 weight #a lb4 #f oz4 #a lb4 #d oz4 #ad oz4 beef #a lb4 #e oz4 #a lb4 #c oz4 #a lb4 ,?us roa/+ is ! lea/ economical me?od ( cook+4 ,! *ief loss1 h[ev]1 is ( wat]2 ! dripp+ & gravy are recov]able4 #b4 ,bak+ ( meat 9 a clos$ ov5 does n produce s agreeable a result z roa/+ 9 front ( an op5 fire4 ,! ov5 ought always to be v hot be=e ! meat is put 91 9 ord] to rapidly coagulate its surface4 ,bak$ meat may h an unpleasant flav\r1 ow+ to its saturation ) empyreumatic oils1 :i* escape 9 op5 roa/+4 ,! unpleasant flav\r c be prev5t$ by cov]+ ! meat ) a lay] ( "s non-conduct+ mat]ial1 z a pie-di% or a cru/1 no empyreuma be+ !n =m$4 ,bak$ :ite ( egg1 z 9 ! di% ( fri$ ham & eggs1 is "o ( ! mo/ indige/ible =ms ( album9 obta9able4 #c4 ,boil+ ( meat requires ! same "t z roa/+4 ,if ! flav\r & juices are to be reta9$1 ! jo9t ought fir/ to be plung$ into s(t boil+ wat]1 & !n1 aft] ?ree m9utes1 all[$ to /& aside 9 wat] at #agj ,fahr4 ,! prelim9>y boil+ =ms a coat+ ( coagulat$ album9 ov] ! jo9t4 ,:]e !re is no !rmomet] to guide ! cook+--aft] ! prelim9>y boil+ = ?ree to five m9utes1 add ?ree p9ts ( cold wat] to ea* gallon ( boil+ wat]1 & reta9 at ! same temp]ature = ! re/ ( ! process1 i4e41 at ab\t #agj ,fahr4 ,if ! meat is boil$ 9 an inn] vessel surr\nd$ by wat] 7wat]-ba?71 ! temp]ature ( ! inn] vessel does n rise above #afj-agj ,f4 ,ord9>y 8simm]+0 means t ! meat is kept all ! "t at a temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 & is ?us spoilt4 ,! boil+ ( an egg is an example ( ! same po9t4 ,if an egg is kept 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #agj ,f4 = #aj to #ae m9utes1 its cont5ts =m a t5d] jelly1 :ile an egg kept 9 wat] at #bab ,f4 = ! same l5g? ( "t is h>d & t\gh4 ,an egg is m dige/ible :5 cook$ 9 wat] at #agj ,f4 = #aj m9utes ?an :5 boil$ 9 wat] = #b m9utes4 ,! use ( s(t wat] = cook+ purposes is always advisable2 o!rwise a long] p]iod mu/ be all[$4 ,a prelim9>y boil+ = a few m9utes r5d]s h>d wat] s(t]1 & ! addition ( a little c>bonate ( soda has a l effect4 ,:5 meat is ins]t$ 9 wat] at a temp]ature bel[ its boil+ po9t1 ! juices are gradually extract$1 :ile ! meat is left a mass ( indige/ible fibres4 ,a good s\p is produc$1 b ! meat is almo/ valueless4 ,9 ord] t ! s\ps & bro?s may be nutriti\s1 ! less heat is employ$ 9 _! prep>ation ! bett]4 ,if a s\p is /ra9$ to make x cle>1 mu* ( ! mo/ valuable "p is remov$4 ,/ew+ is a process int]m$iate betwe5 boil+ & bak+4 ,x possesses ! great advantage ov] dry bak+ t no empyreumatic gases are produc$1 & !re is no *>r+4 ,! temp]ature ( ! /ew-pan ought nev] to be above #ahj ,fahr42 at ?is heat ! r\ghe/ & co>se/ k9ds ( meat are made t5d]4 ,! only objection to /ew+ is t ! meat becomes saturat$ ) fat & gravy1 & is too ri* = weak /oma*s4 ,x is advisable to /ew lean meats only4 ,ha%+ is a process ( /ew+ appli$ to meat :i* has be5 previ\sly cook$4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is d\ble cook+1 is t ! meat becomes t\gh & lea!ry4 ,a modifi$ ha% 9 :i* ! meat is simply well w>m$ ?r\gh\t is pref]able4 ,fry+1 unless c>efully done1 r5d]s meat difficult ( dige/ion1 ea* fibre becom+ coat$ ) fat4 ,! art is to 8fry lightly10 t is1 to burn quickly & ev5ly1 s t no *>r+ is produc$4 ,two me?ods ( fry+ are describ$4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! sub/ance to be fri$1 z an omelette or pancake1 is plac$ ) a little fat or oil 9 a fry+-pan4 ,?is is really a modifi$ process ( roa/+1 ! fat m]ely s]v+ to prev5t ! object f adh]+ to ! %all[ pan4 ,9 ! second1 ! sub/ance to be fri$ is imm]s$ 9 fat2 = ?is purpose a fry+ kettle is requir$4 ,olive oil or good cotton se$ oil is be/ = use 9 ! fry+-kettle4 ,l>d is a bad mat]ial = fry+2 bo? x & butt] are apt to burn unless heat$ sl[ly4 ,dripp+ is a good sub/ance = fry+4 ,! fat us$ mu/ be heat$ to f #cej to #cij ,f41 & !n ! sub/ance to be fri$1 e4g4 a sole1 plung$ into x & left = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,9 ?is process ! sub/ance ( ! sole is really be+ /eam$ by ! /eam g5]at$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! sole4 #f4 ,broil+ & ,grill+ are really processes ( roa/+ appli$ to small portions ( meat4 ,9 grill+1 x is important t ! gridiron %\ld be hot be=e putt+ any?+ on x4 ,an ext]nal coagulation ( album9 is produc$1 z 9 good roa/+ & boil+4 ,,! ,,cook+ ,,( ,,mix$ ,,di%es4--,a few in/ances may be giv5 ( common errors 9 prep>+ comp\nd di%es4 ,an egg 9 a cu/>d1 or j coagulat$ 9 a poa*$ egg1 is a light & easily-dige/$ food2 bak$ half an h\r 9 a pudd+1 x is mu* less dige/ible2 fri$ ) ham1 x is almo/ z indige/ible z lea!r4 ,spices1 if mix$ ) a di% be=e x is boil$1 lose ne>ly all _! flav\r+ p[]1 :ile !y rema9 irritat+4 ,!y ought to be add$ ne> ! end ( ! cook+ process4 ,a s\p conta9+ vegetables1 z well z meat juices1 %\ld be prep>$ 9 two p>ts4 ,! vegetables require prolong$ boil+2 gravy is spoilt by ?is4 ,simil>ly1 ! jam 9 a t>tlet1 if ins]t$ be=e bak+1 loses its prop] fruity flav\r2 & oy/]s bak$ 9 a beef-/eak pie are indige/ible4 ,,! ,,cook+ ,,( ,,vegetable ,,foods4--,bread is ei!r vesiculat$ or unvesiculat$2 ! latt] be+ :at is call$ unleav5$ bread4 ,vesiculation ( bread has usually be5 produc$ by f]m5tation ( "s ( ! sug> ( ! fl\r4 ,! />* fir/ becomes sug> 7dextrose7 & !n ! gr[? ( ! yea/ plant 9 ! d\gh splits ?is up into alcohol & c>bonic acid gas4 ,! c>bonic acid p]colates ! sub/ance ( ! d\gh1 r5d]+ x por\s4 ,:5 x has 8ris50 suffici5tly1 ! d\gh is plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,! heat ( ! latt] kills ! yea/ plant1 ?us prev5t+ any fur!r f]m5tation1 b at ! same "t exp&s ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! bread1 r5d]+ ! latt] /ill m por\s1 & drives (f 9 a gase\s condition ! great] "p ( ! alcohol produc$ by ! previ\s f]m5tation4 ,x is object$ to ?is plan ( mak+ bread1 t a little ( ! sug> is wa/$ 9 produc+ alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ano!r plan is sometimes adopt$1 z fir/ propos$ by ,dr4 ,daugli%4 ,9 x ! d\gh is *>g$ ) c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 wat] "u consid]able pressure4 ,! gas escapes 9 ! sub/ance ( ! d\gh1 & on bak+ exp&s z 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( mak+ bread4 ,bread made 9 ?is mann]1 is call$ 8a]at$ bread40 ,nevill's bread has a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia incorporat$ 9 ! d\gh1 :i* is dissipat$ by heat1 ?us caus+ vesiculation ( ! bread4 ,on ! cont95t1 a mixture ( hydro*loric acid & c>bonate ( soda is commonly us$1 c>bonic acid & common salt be+ =m$ 9 ! d\gh4 ,?us ,na,h,c,o ,h,cl ,na,cl ,h,o ,,co4 ,! hydro*loric acid employ$ %\ld be p]fectly pure & free f ars5ic4 ,bak+ p[d]s are also l>gely us$ = mak+ cakes4 8,self-rais+0 fl\r is fl\r ) :i* bak+-p[d] has already be5 mix$4 ,mo/ bak+-p[d]s consi/ ( a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda & t>t>ic acid or bit>trate ( pota%1 dilut$ ) />*4 ,:5 wett$1 c>bonic acid gas is evolv$4 ,a few conta9 alum1 :i* is n[ an illegal mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,t5 p\nds ( fl\r ought to make ?irte5 to f\rte5 ( bread4 ,! use ( /ale bread is mu* m economical ?an ( newly-made bread2 besides ?is1 x is m dige/ible4 ,newly-made bread is m palatable ?an /ale1 b x is m cohesive1 & does n crumble into sep>ate p>ticles l /ale bread4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t x is less dige/ible1 be+ less easily p5etrat$ by ! saliva & o!r dige/ive juices4 ,! effect ( toa/+ is to r5d] bread m friable1 & consequ5tly m dige/ible4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be ?9 & eat5 soon aft] x is made2 :5 ?ick & kept too long1 x becomes t\gh & lea!ry4 ,pa/ry is less easily dige/$ ?an ord9>y bread4 ,! l>d or dripp+ add$ r5d]s x m flaky & less easily pulv]is$2 &1 9 addition1 ! fat coats ov] ! />* cells2 & ?us ! action ( ! dige/ive juices on ! pa/ry is imp$$4 ,potatoes ought to be boil$ 9 _! jackets1 or /eam$1 to avoid loss ( nitrog5\s mat]ial & salts4 ,moi/ heat causes ! />* granules to swell1 & ultimately s(t5s & bur/s ! cellulose envelopes 9 :i* ^! are conta9$4 ,dry heat1 z :5 potatoes are bak$1 conv]ts />* into a soluble =m1 & ultimately into dextr9e 7 ,c,h,o71 an int]m$iate /age t[>ds ! =mation ( dextrose 7i4e4 glucose ,c,h,o74 ,peas & ,beans ought to be boil$ sl[ly & = a long "t to r5d] !m m dige/ible4 ,if old1 !y ought to be soak$ 9 cold wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n cru%$1 & /ew$4 ,h>d wat] mu/ be avoid$ 9 ! cook+ ( peas & beans z well z ( o!r vegetables1 z ! lime-salts =m insoluble comp\nds ) legum94 ,gre5 vegetables require ?or\gh & prolong$ cook+4 ,?is r5d]s _! tissues s(t] & m easily attack$ 9 dige/ion4 ,! memb]s ( ! cabbage tribe & c>rots c h>dly be boil$ too long4 ,s(t wat] ought always to be us$2 ?is is "o reason :y /eam+ is pref]able4 ,be=e boil+1 all vegetables %\ld be well wa%$ 9 cold wat]4 ,a little v9eg> w remove any insects pres5t4 ,,cook+ ,,app>atus4--,! app>atus requir$ 9 cook+ may be divid$ into kit*5 ut5sils & cook+ ranges4 ,to ensure good cook+1 p]fect cleanl9ess ( all app>atus is indisp5sable4 ,! use ( ! fry+-pan1 gridiron1 spit1 & ov5 has be5 suffici5tly indicat$ "u ! description ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( cook+4 ,! =m ( /ove to be us$ = cook+ meat is gradually be+ settl$ aga9/ ! old op5 /ove4 ,al?\gh ?is secures a some:at m sav\ry jo9t ?an :5 meat is bak$1 x is extravagant 9 work+4 ,! clos$ kit*5] 9 :i* coal is employ$ is less economical ?an a gas /ove at ! pres5t price ( gas1 if ! latt] is c>efully us$4 ,v>i\s appliances = economis+ fuel h be5 devis$1 & at ! same "t ( all[+ ( ! prolong$ action ( a mod]ate degree ( heat4 ,^! are usually con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( an ord9>y ba?1 consi/+ ( a d\ble pan1 ) a lay] ( wat] betwe5 ! two comp>tm5ts4 ,w>r5's cook+-pot belongs to ?is type4 ,! ,aladd9 ov5 consi/s ( an iron box ) an op5+ above to let (f sup]flu\s /eam4 ,?is box is surr\nd$ by ano!r compos$ ( non-conduct+ mat]ial1 :ile a lamp bel[ furni%es ! heat4 ,dr4 ,atk9son has calculat$ t 9 an ord9>y ov5 #b lbs4 ( fuel mu/ be exp5d$ = e p\nd ( food cook$1 :ile 9 8 ,aladd9 ov5 #b lbs4 ( fuel w cook #fj lbs4 ( food4 ,"t is an important elem5t 9 cook+4 ,food is mo/ ?or\ghly cook$ & mo/ dige/ible :5 subject$ to a temp]ature bel[ t ( boil+ wat] = a prolong$ p]iod4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,food4--,all organic foods t5d rapidly to decompose & putrefy4 ,putrefaction only occurs :5 a w>m & moi/ sub/ance is expos$ to ! air4 ,! problem ( pres]v+ any food1 !re=e1 may be solv$ 7#a7 by keep+ x at a v l[ temp]ature1 7#b7 by desiccat+ x1 or 7#c7 by boil+ or /eam+ x s z to de/roy any microbes 9 ! food :i* w\ld o!rwise />t putrefaction1 & !n fa/5+ x 9 an air-tight case4 ,milk is commonly pres]v$ z cond5s$ milk1 & 9 ?is condition is v valuable4 ,a pure cond5s$ milk is n[ suppli$1 prep>$ )\t ! addition ( sug> or any antiseptic1 b 9 :i*1 z 9 o!r cond5s$ milks1 all disease-produc+ or decomposition-produc+ microbes h be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! process ( conc5tration4 ,milk may also be desiccat$2 9 ?is condition x is difficult ( dige/ion4 ,9 addition to ! h\sehold me?ods ( pres]v+ fruits1 l>ge quantities ( fruits--bo? moi/ & dry--are n[ import$1 protect$ by syrup or sug>1 9 seal$ cani/]s2 & !y reta9 ! orig9al flav\r almo/ un*ang$4 ,! pres]vation ( meat is effect$ by-- #a4 ,dry+4--,?is mu/ be done rapidly4 ,x is a process :i* is be/ applicable to fi%1 b has be5 appli$ also to beef4 ,dri$ ,hamburg beef is us$ = mak+ sausages4 ,pemmican1 l>gely us$ by ,arctic voyag]s1 consi/s ( a mixture ( meat & fat1 dri$ & p[d]$ along ) "s spices2 x is g5]ally eat5 ) "s k9d ( meal4 #b4 ,cold4--,froz5 meat n[ =ms a v l>ge "p ( ! food ( ! ,engli% p4 ,if ! meat has be5 froz5 be=e rigor mortis 7rigidity aft] dea?7 has comm5c$1 x keeps well2 if froz5 lat]1 x rapidly decomposes aft] be+ ?aw$4 ,freez+ arre/s putrefaction & t5ds to conceal its od\r4 ,h5ce ! bad condition ( froz5 fi% may n be detect$ until x is cook$4 ,9 cook+ froz5 meat1 "t %\ld be all[$ = ?aw+ to occur1 be=e ! meat is plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,mu* ( ! ill-f\nd$ prejudice aga9/ froz5 meat arises f inatt5tion to ?is po9t4 ,froz5 meat is equal 9 nutritive value to & does n lose m 9 cook+ ?an fre% meat4 #c4 ,salt+ may be done ) br9e or saltpetre 7nitrate ( potassium72 ! latt] does n decol\rize ! meat l ! =m]4 ,salt$ meats h lo/ mu* ( _! nutritive mat]ial1 9 ! =m ( album9 & salts1 & ! rema9+ meat is h>d] & m difficult ( dige/ion ?an fre% meat4 #d4 ,imm]sion 9 antiseptic liquids or gases1 z sulphite ( soda1 is objectionable1 on acc\nt ( ! addition ( extrane\s1 & n altoge!r innocu\s1 salts4 ,boric acid p[d] is l>gely us$ = spr9kl+ on meat1 p>ticul>ly rabbits1 etc41 & = pres]v+ hams & o!r meats4 ,its use is to be deprecat$4 ,all su* meats %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]1 be=e be+ cook$4 ,solutions ( boric acid & borax are frequ5tly add$ to milk4 ,_! use is objectionable 7a7 because !y t5d to conceal incipi5t decomposition1 b d n prev5t its possible evil effects1 & 7b7 because !y enable ! f>m] to palm (f dirty milk on ! public4 ,7 ! addition ( pres]vatives to milk =bidd51 ! f>m] c\ld p]fectly well keep 8 milk sweet until x rea*$ ! t[n-consum] by adopt+ /rict measures ( cleanl9ess1 & by cool+ 8 milk be=e x leaves ! f>m4 ,at ! lea/ x %\ld be made obligatory on ! milk retail] to decl>e ! pres5ce ( pres]vatives 9 milk sold by him4 ,! pres5ce ( borax or boric acid c be detect$ by evaporat+ ! milk to dryness1 inc9]at+ & !n moi/5+ ! a% ) a drop ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,if a little alcohol be n[ add$1 on apply+ a light1 a gre5 flame indicates boric acid4 ,milk or cream conta9+ boric acid turns blue litmus pap] r$4 ,=mal9 is also sometimes us$ z a pres]vative = milk 9 v weak solution4 ,its pres5ce c be det]m9$ by dilut+ ! milk ) wat] 9 a te/-tube1 & runn+ /rong sulphuric acid d[n ! side ( ! tube1 tak+ c>e to prev5t mix+4 ,at ! junction ( ! acid & dilut$ milk a violet r+ is se5 if =mal9 is pres5t4 ,salicylic acid 0 =m]ly us$ z a milk pres]vative1 b is n[ seldom us$ except 9 be]s4 ,all ^! pres]vatives are objectionable 9 milk1 al?\gh _! injuri\s action may be difficult to prove4 #e4 ,coat+ ) fat or gelat9e has only succe$$ 9 conjunction ) ! exclusion ( air4 ,?is process is especially applicable to fi%es1 z t9n$ s>d9es4 ,9 a modifi$ =m1 x is useful 9 coat+ pott$ meats1 etc4 #f4 ,heat+ & ,air-tight ,cases4--,t9n$ meats prep>$ accord+ to ?is me?od are import$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 ! process ( prep>ation1 ! cases are pack$ ) meat & fill$ up ) gravy1 & !n clos$ ) a cov] :i* is h]metically seal$1 except at "o po9t4 ,! case is !n heat$ to #bej ,fahr41 9 ord] to drive out all air1 & de/roy any putrefactive g]ms pres5t4 ,! op5 po9t is seal$ :ile ! gravy is /ill boil+1 ?us mak+ ! case completely air-tight4 ,album9 is coagulat$ at ab\t #agj ,fahr42 ! high] temp]ature1 :i* x is f\nd necess>y to employ1 ov]cooks ! meat & r5d]s x less dige/ible 7see also p4 #dj74 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,condim5ts ,,& ,,bev]ages4 ,,condim5ts1 ,,etc4--,! "n condim5t is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses by diff]5t writ]s4 ,9 its /ricte/ s5se x is a sub/ance conta9+ a volatile oil or e!r1 :i* may be tak5 ) salt1 & ! object ( :i* is to excite ! s5ses ( ta/e & smell1 & consequ5tly produce an appetis+ effect4 ,?is def9ition excludes spices1 sub/ances alli$ to condim5ts1 b usually tak5 ) sug>1 z c9namon1 g+]1 etc42 also flav\r+ ag5ts1 su* z vanilla2 & acids1 su* z v9eg> & lemon-juice4 ,if we use ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 to include ^! v>i\s gr\ps ( sub/ances1 we f9d t all condim5ts are tak5 ) ! object ( improv+ ! ta/e or flav\r ( food1 or ( assi/+ its dige/ion2 b t !y are n foods 9 ! s5se ( supply+ any elem5ts t[>ds build+ up ! body or ma9ta9+ its heat4 ,! only p>tial exception is lemon-juice1 ! salts ( :i* h a quasi-m$ic9al use4 ,ta/e is usually a comp\nd s5sation1 ! organs ( :i* are ! n]ves ( ta/e & smell4 ,true ta/e is conf9$ to ! appreciation ( s5sations ( bitt] & sweet2 b ! flav\r ( meats is ne>ly entirely appreciat$ by ! s5se ( smell4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t meats appe> ta/eless & insipid1 dur+ 8a cold 9 ! head40 ,9 ! appreciation ( acid1 a/r+5t1 & fi]y sub/ances1 ! s5se ( t\* is also employ$4 ,! excitem5t ( ^! diff]5t n]ves results 9 a /imulus :i* is c>ri$ up to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & causes by reflex action an increas$ fl[ ( ! dige/ive juices4 ,hot sub/ances1 l cay5ne & g+]1 also cause an increas$ fl[ ( ga/ric juice1 by directly conge/+ ! muc\s membrane4 ,?is action is n s desirable z t ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,all natural foods are sapid & possess$ ( flav\r1 & ?us /imulate secretion2 b any local irritat+ effect ought to be avoid$4 #a4 ,condim5ts prop] comprise *iefly mu/>d1 pepp]1 cay5ne1 g>lic1 onion1 cap]s1 m9t1 sage1 morels1 mu%rooms1 truffles4 ,! la/ ?ree on ! li/ are also foods1 b are m commonly us$ z condim5ts4 ,all ^! act z /imulants to ! dige/ive organs1 & 9 small quantities aid dige/ion4 ,! active pr9ciple ( mu/>d & horse-radi% is sulphocyanide ( allyl4 ,horse-radi% is n s :olesome z mu/>d1 ! scrap$ root be+ apt to adh]e to ! /oma* l ! sk9s ( grapes1 & produce indige/ion4 ,pepp] conta9s an acrid res91 a volatile oil1 & an alkaloidal sub/ance1 call$ pip]9e4 ,cay5ne conta9s an analog\s sub/ance1 call$ capsic94 ,cay5ne1 unless 9 extreme mod]ation1 is h>mful1 z its small p>ticles adh]e to ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 & may set up consid]able irritation4 #b4 ,spices are ^? condim5ts :i* conta9 an aromatic oil1 & :i* h>monize ) sug>4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 less irritat+ to ! /oma* ?an ^? ( ! pepp] gr\p4 ,c9namon1 cloves1 camphor1 g+]1 & curry p[d] are ! *ief ( ^!4 ,curry p[d] really belongs to bo? ! fir/ & second divisions4 ,:5 g5u9e1 x is said to conta9 turm]ic1 c>damoms1 g+]1 allspice1 cloves1 black pepp]1 cori&]1 cay5ne1 & a few o!r sub/ances4 #c4 ,flav\r+ ag5ts1 su* z vanilla1 lemon peel1 & fruit ess5ces1 are us$ to give a pleasant flav\r to v>i\s di%es4 #d4 ,acidul\s sub/ances are tak5 *iefly because ( _! %>p & agreeable ta/e4 ,v9eg> is ! *ief acid employ$4 ,x is produc$ by ! action ( a fungus 7,mycod]ma aceti7 on alcoholic liquids1 z w9e1 or be]1 ,c,h,,oh 7alcohol7 becom+ ,c,h,o 7acetic acid74 ,x is also produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood4 ,9 small quantities x does n /op dige/ion1 b1 by excit+ ! n]ves ( ta/e1 may be ( actual s]vice4 ,x helps to s(t5 ! vegetable fibres 9 a salad2 & is also useful = ! same purpose ) h>d meats1 z lob/]1 etc4 ,9 l>ge quantities x dim9i%es ! p[] to assimilate food4 ,good v9eg> ought n to conta9 less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( acetic acid2 & sulphuric acid beyond #a 9 #ajjj 9 v9eg> is to be reg>d$ z an adult]ation4 ,a specific gravity bel[ #ajae indicates ! addition ( wat]4 ,citric acid & lemon-juice are useful = _! refre%+ prop]ties1 & ! latt] also because ( its alkal9e salts4 ,oils1 su* z olive oil1 h be5 sometimes class$ "u condim5ts1 b z !y h great nutritive prop]ties1 ?is is h>dly accurate4 ,= ! same reason1 salt is n class$ "u ?is head4 ,,bev]ages4 ,wat] is ! univ]sal bev]age1 & = heal?y p]sons is pref]able to any o!r4 ,all o!r bev]ages necess>ily conta9 x z _! basis4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] fir/ arat$ & o!r natural wat]s2 !n tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa2 & f9ally1 alcohol4 #a4 ,a]at$ ,wat]s conta9 c>bonic acid 7c>bon dioxide7 9 solution1 :i* gives to !m _! *>act]i/ic %>p ta/e & sp>kl+ "*4 ,?us di/ill$ wat] *>g$ ) gas is sold z ,salut>is or ,puralis wat]4 ,soda wat] conta9s ?ree to five gra9s1 & m$ic9al soda wat] fifte5 gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda to ! bottle4 ,pota% wat] conta9s fifte5 gra9s ( bic>bonate ( pota% to ! p9t1 9 ea* case c>bonic acid be+ dissolv$ "u pressure4 ,9 lemonade1 g+]-be]1 etc41 ! basis is sweet5$ wat]1 r5d]$ t>t by ! addition ( an acid1 & f9ally *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,lemonade frequ5tly conta9s acetic or phosphoric acid in/ead ( citric or t>t>ic1 & g+]-be] ! same con/itu5ts ) "s add$ t9cture ( g+]4 ,home-made lemonade prep>$ f fre% lemons is a mu* m :olesome dr9k4 ,g+]-be] 7/one g+]7 is produc$ by ! f]m5tative action ( yea/ on a solution conta9+ sug>1 bruis$ g+]1 t>t>ic acid1 & oil ( lemon4 ,x usually conta9s at lea/ two p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,natural ,m9]al ,wat]s usually conta9 common salt 7*loride ( sodium7 & alkal9e salts ( soda or lime1 & are impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,apoll9>is1 ,rosba*1 & ,johannis possess ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! c>bonic acid 9 natural wat]s is p>tially comb9$1 & is giv5 (f m gradually ?an t 9 artificial m9]al wat]s4 ,9 all ! prec$+ wat]s !re is consid]able c>bonic acid4 ,?is acts z a s$ative to ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 & is useful 9 indige/ion4 ,an arat$ wat] add$ to milk r5d]s x m dige/ible by dilut+ x1 & by prev5t+ ! =mation 9 ! /oma* ( a heavy clot ( case94 ,9 ! mak+ ( artificial arat$ wat]s1 x is ess5tial t ! wat] employ$ %\ld be pure1 t ! acid us$ 9 g5]at+ ! c>bonic acid %\ld be free f ars5ic or o!r impurities1 & t ! wat] %\ld n be all[$ to come into contact ) lead at any /age1 z 9 pewt] fitt+s4 ,"o p] c5t4 ( pro( _s is all[$ 9 temp]ance bev]ages by ! ,excise4 ,,tea4 ,tea is ! leaf ( an ev]gre5 %rub1 ! ,camellia !a1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,briti% ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,! tea leaves1 z se5 9 ?is c\ntry1 uncurl 9 hot wat]4 ,!y are lanceolat$1 ) a s]rat$ edge1 & ! ve9s d n ext5d to ! edge ( ea* leaf4 ,by ^! *>act]i/ics !y may be di/+ui%$ f =eign leaves1 e4g41 ! sloe & will[ us$ z adult]ants 7,fig4 #d74 ,! use ( old & exhau/$ leaves c be detect$ by a det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( soluble matt] dissolv$ by boil+ wat] f a giv5 weight ( tea4 ,?is on evaporation to dryness %\ld be #bh to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total weight ( ! orig9al tea4 ,! pres5ce ( clay1 iron du/ or o!r =ms ( du/ is detect$ by ignit+ a giv5 am\nt ( tea & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( a%4 ,?is %\ld be only ab\t six p] c5t4 ,9 black tea1 ! leaves are dri$ 9 ! sun1 roll$ & all[$ to become s(t & to f]m5t4 ,dur+ ?is process1 "s ( ! tann9 appe>s to be conv]t$ into less soluble =ms4 ,! leaves are aft]w>ds sun-dri$1 & ^! 8fir$0 9 a furnace4 ,gre5 tea leaves are dri$ 9 ! fre% condition ov] wood fires4 ,indian teas h m 8body0 & a/r+5cy ?an ,*9a teas4 ,! smalle/ & topmo/ leaves ( ! tea plant give ! f9e/ sort ( tea 7,orange ,pekoe72 next to ?is comes ,pekoe2 ! next l>ge/ leaves produc+ ,s\*ong2 aft] ^! ,cong\2 :ile ! co>s] leaves ne>] ! base us$ to yield ,bohea1 :i* is n[ seldom se54 ,tea consi/s ( ?ree important con/itu5ts--volatile oil1 !9e or caffe9e1 & tann9--& soluble & insoluble extractive matt]s4 ,! am\nt ( caffe9e v>ies f #b to #d p] c5t4 tann9 #aj to #ab volatile oil is ab\t #ab 7#a7 ,volatile ,oil gives ! aroma & flav\r to ea* p>ticul> tea4 ,x is ?is :i* causes ! heada*e1 trembl+1 wakefulness1 & re/lessness1 occasionally produc$ by tea1 especially by gre5 tea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaves ,,( 7a7 ,,eld]4 7b7 ,,tea4 7c7 ,,tea4 7d7 ,,sloe4 7e7 ,,eld]4 ,,fig4 #d4 7#b7 ,!9e or caffe9e1 is an alkaloidal cry/all9e pr9ciple4 ,its composition is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c,h,n,o1 ,h,o4 ,ceylon tea1 brok5 leaf conta9s #djc p] c5t41 ,assam 7,indian7 tea1 brok5 leaf #djb p] c5t41 :ile ,*9ese teas conta9 f #bhi 7,moyune ,gunp[d]7 to #cgd 7,mon+1 black leaf7 p] c5t4 ( caffe9e 7,all574 ,!9e is ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( tea & c(fee4 ,x is a /imulant1 b unlike alcohol1 acts ev5 m ^u ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ?an ^u ! he>t4 ,x removes ! s5se ( fatigue1 & may1 especially if tak5 9 excessive doses1 produce sleeplessness4 ,its /imulant action on ! he>t is foll[$ by increas$ fl[ ( ur9e1 & x ?us helps 9 ! removal ( wa/e products f ! sy/em4 ,! effect on ! tissue-*anges ( ! body is some:at d\btful4 ,x has be5 /at$ to arre/ or dim9i% ! wa/e1 i4e41 ! metabolism1 con/antly go+ on 9 ! sy/em1 & s dim9i% ! am\nt ( food requir$ to repair ?is wa/e4 ,?is is highly improbable2 we _c conceive ! likelihood ( ! developm5t ( en]gy )\t a correspond+ exp5diture ( mat]ial1 & t is :at w\ld be ! case if !9e increas$ ! activity ( v>i\s organs :ile ret>d+ _! wa/e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,conty & ,guim>s on ! action ( c(fee %[ t ?is 7& tea has ! same ess5tial con/itu5t7 does n dim9i% tissue wa/e4 ,x does n prolong life 9 />vation1 ?\gh x may less5 ! feel+ ( hung]4 ,h5ce tea & c(fee1 :i* owe _! value ma9ly to ! caffe9e or !9e conta9$ 9 !m1 are 9 no s5se foods4 7#c7 ,! am\nt ( ,tann9 v>ies f #abca 9 ,ceylon tea 7brok5 leaf1 ,pekoe7 to #aagf 9 ,mon+1 black leaf1 & #ii p] c5t4 9 ,natal ,pekoe ,s\*ong 7,all574 ,! diff]5ce 9 tann9 betwe5 ,*9ese & ,indian teas is n !re=e s great z is usually suppos$4 ,tann9 is a p[]ful a/r+5t1 & possesses a bitt] /yptic ta/e1 & a con/ipat+ effect on ! b[els4 ,its am\nt is increas$ by long 8brew+10 z is %[n by ! foll[+ results 7,hale ,:ite73-- ,?ree ,m9utes' ,fifte5 ,m9utes' ,infusion4 ,infusion4 ,f9e/ ,assam #aacj p] c5t4 #aggc p] c5t4 ,*9a #ggg #gig ,common ,cong\ #icg #aaae ,! ,mode ( ,prep>ation ( ,tea is important4 ,x is cle> t ! p]c5tage ( tann9 to weight ( leaf us$ 9 mak+ ! infusion increases ) ! protraction ( ! infusion4 ,on ! o!r h& caffe9e is s soluble t x is ne>ly completely dissolv$ z soon z infusion has begun4 ,dittmann f\nd t five m9utes infusion ( ,indian tea extract$ #cfc & t5 m9utes infusion #cgc p] c5t4 ( caffe9e4 ,! ,*9ese put ! tea leaves 9 a cup1 & hav+ p\r$ boil+ wat] on !m1 dr9k ! result+ infusion aft] a v %ort "t1 )\t add+ any?+4 ,! ,russians dr9k ! infusion ) a squeeze ( lemon1 & ) or )\t sug>4 ,we add cream or milk & g5]ally sug>1 & s r5d] x m nutriti\s1 ?\gh ! delicate flav\r is veil$4 ,! ,*9ese plan ( infusion = a %ort "t is ! be/1 z x ensures ! extraction ( ! aromatic & /imulant pr9ciples ( ! tea ) only a proportion ( ! tann94 ,9 mak+ tea x is important to use a tea-pot :i* is q dry1 9 ord] to avoid mu/9ess2 to p\r a small quantity ( boil+ wat] into ! tea-pot & !n out aga91 s t ! infusion may be made at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]2 & to use wat] :i* has only fre%ly come to ! boil1 & s has n be5 r5d]$ flat1 & n to infuse long] ?an five m9utes4 ,= p]sons ( weak dige/ion1 ! be/ k9d ( tea is t obta9$ by p\r+ boil+ wat] on ! leaves1 & !n imm$iately p\r+ ! result+ infusion into ano!r hot tea-pot4 ,9 all cases :]e tea has to be kept a consid]able "t1 x %\ld be p\r$ into a second tea-pot1 ! leaves be+ left beh9d4 ,indige/ion is n an uncommon consequ5ce ( tea-dr9k+2 caus$ by ! excess ( tann9 9 ! tea1 by ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! tea1 or m commonly by ! practice ( dr9k+ tea 9 small sips1 ) bread & butt]4 ,! tea infusion usurps ! place ( ! saliva1 ! secretion ( saliva rema9+ p>tially 9 abeyance4 ,! pres5ce ( tann9 9 tea r5d]s x an undesirable "p ( a sub/antial meal4 ,tann9 coagulates album91 & ret>ds its solution by ! dige/ive juices4 ,h5ce 8high teas0 & 8tea-d9n]s10 unless ! tea is v weak1 are objectionable4 ,! practice ( dr9k+ tea ) e meal is inexcusable4 ,= qu5*+ ?ir/ dur+ active ex]cise1 & r5d]+ possible prolong$ ex]tions1 tea is unsurpass$4 ,,c(fee4 ,c(fee is ! se$ ( ! b]ry ( ! ,caffea ,arabica4 ,ea* b]ry conta9s two se$s1 or beans z !y are sometimes incorrectly call$4 ,! c(fee is prep>$ by roa/+ ! se$s until !y assume a r$di%-br[n col\r1 9 :i* process !y lose #ae p] c5t4 9 weight & ga9 #cj p] c5t4 9 bulk4 ,dur+ ! process ( roa/+1 a volatile oil hav+ a p[]ful aromatic smell is develop$4 ,?is is n produc$ 9 su* l>ge quantities f fre% se$s2 ! be/ "t = roa/+ v>y+1 h[ev]1 = diff]5t v>ieties ( c(fee4 ,! am\nt ( ,volatile ,oil 9 c(fee is mu* less ?an 9 tea4 ,z x is elicit$ dur+ ! process ( roa/+1 ?is %\ld be done ) nicety & c>e4 ,x is effect$ 9 an iron cyl9d] made to revolve ov] a fire4 ,aft] ! roa/+1 ! soon] ! se$s are gr\nd ! bett] ! c(fee4 ,:5 x _c be imm$iately us$1 x %\ld be kept 9 clos$ cani/]s1 & n 9 pap] or op5 j>s4 ,9 addition to ! volatile oil1 :i* is conta9$ 9 roa/$ c(fee 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a "p 9 #ej1jjj1 c(fee conta9s caffe9e1 ( :i* !re is #cd to #a p] c5t41 & an a/r+5t acid1 call$ caffeo-tannic or caffeic acid1 :i* diff]s f ord9>y tann9 9 t x does n black5 a solution ( an iron salt4 ,! *ief adult]ation ( c(fee is ,*icory1 :i* is ?\ght by "s to improve ! c(fee4 ,x is g5]ally h>mless1 ?\gh 9 "s p x produces he>tburn & di>rha4 ,*icory is prep>$ f ! root ( ! wild endive4 ,x conta9s a volatile oil & a bitt] pr9ciple1 b no caffe9e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( no utility z a /imulant4 ,its pres5ce c be detect$ by %ak+ a little ( ! suspect$ c(fee on to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 a w9e-glassful ( cold wat]4 ,c(fee swims on ! surface1 & gives little or no col\ration to ! wat]2 :ile *icory s9ks1 & gives a deep r$ t9t4 ,! aque\s extract ( pure c(fee 7extract$ by boil+ wat]7 is1 :5 evaporat$1 #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! orig9al decoction ( c(fee2 :ile t ( *icory is #fe to #gj p] c5t42 & on ?is basis1 z well z on ! fact t a filt]$ decoction ( #aj grammes ( c(fee 9 #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 cool$ to #fj ,f4 has a specific gravity ( #ajji1 :ile t ( a simil> solution ( *icory w\ld be #ajba1 ! proportion ( *icory 9 a mixture ( c(fee & *icory c be calculat$4 ,! microscopical appe>ances ( ! two p[d]s diff]1 c(fee %[+ hexagonal cells & no laticif]\s vessels1 unlike *icory4 ,!re is no law aga9/ sell+ mix$ c(fee & *icory1 if ! fact t x is a mixture is /at$2 & ! proportion ( ! two un=tunately is n requir$ to be /at$4 ,z a p\nd ( c(fee co/s five times z mu* z a p\nd ( *icory1 x is obvi\sly to ! pur*as]'s advantage to make 8 own mixture 9 ! proportions desir$4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,c(fee ought to be effect$ z 9 ! case ( tea--by mak+ an infusion & n a decoction1 i4e4 by p\r+ boil+ wat] on ! c(fee & all[+ x to /&1 b n cont9u+ ! boil+4 ,cont9uance ( boil+ dissipates ! delicate aroma4 ,inasmu* z c(fee conta9s a mu* small] p]c5tage ( !9e ?an tea1 m ( ! =m] mu/ be us$ to obta9 a bev]age equally refre%+ ) tea4 ,two ounces to a p9t ( boil+ wat] are requir$4 ,! infusion ?us made %\ld be mix$ ) an equal "p ( boil$ milk4 ,! c(fee ought1 if possible1 to be fre%ly roa/$4 ,! col\r ( c(fee is no guide to its /r5g?4 ,_m ( ! black c(fees1 especially 8,fr5* c(fee10 owe _! col\r to ! c>amel 7burnt sug>7 conta9$ 9 ! *icory mix$ ) !m4 ,c(fee has simil> prop]ties to tea1 ) "s m9or diff]5ces4 7#a7 ,l tea1 x is re/orative & su/a9+ 9 its action1 b seems to act m quickly ?an tea4 7#b7 ,unlike tea1 x does n t5d to produce p]spiration1 b r a dry hot sk94 7#c7 ,) "s x is decid$ly laxative2 :ile tea1 especially if badly made1 has an opposite effect2 b ?is is n always true4 7#d7 ,x seems to h a great] p[] ( antagonis+ ! effects ( alcohol ?an tea2 & is a valuable antidote1 aft] ! action ( an emetic1 9 poison+ by opium or ars5ic or alcohol4 ,z a rule1 c(fee is n s prone to disord] ! dige/ion z tea1 b ?is is n univ]sally true1 & 9 "s p]sons x always produces 8bili\sness40 ,:5 tak5 9 excess1 x produces--besides indige/ion--palpitation1 re/lessness1 irritability1 sleeplessness1 & a condition ( g5]al n]v\s pro/ration2 9 fact1 simil> symptoms to ^? produc$ by a prolong$ ov]-indulg5ce 9 tea4 ,:ile ! consumption ( tea is rapidly on ! increase1 t ( c(fee is /eadily dim9i%+4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! great] exp5se ( c(fee--a l>g] quantity be+ requir$ to =m a good bev]age2 & p>tly to ! great] difficulty 9 prep>+ good c(fee4 ,,cocoa4 ,cocoa1 or m prop]ly cacao1 is obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! ,!obroma ,cacao--a native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & ! c5tral p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,its "n ,!obroma 0 giv5 x by ,l9nu1 & means ! 8food ( gods40 ,! fruit is a l>ge lea!ry capsule1 hav+ ne>ly ! =m ( a cucumb]4 ,x conta9s f #be to #cj se$s1 ea* ab\t ! size ( an almond4 ,be=e us+1 ^! are roa/$ l c(fee b]ries1 & a peculi> aroma is develop$ 9 ?is process z 9 ! case ( c(fee4 ,! beans or se$s are !n manufactur$ into ?ree diff]5t products4 7#a7 ,!y are simply depriv$ ( _! husks & brok5 to pieces2 ?is =ms ,cocoa-,nibs4 7#b7 ,!y are gr\nd1 husk & all1 betwe5 hot roll]s into a pa/e1 & mix$ ) />* & sug>2 ?is =ms ,cocoa4 7#c7 ,!y are %ell$ & !n gr\nd into a pa/e1 z 9 mak+ cocoa2 sug> & "s season+1 usually vanilla1 be+ subsequ5tly ?or\ghly mix$2 ?is pa/e is ,*ocolate4 ,! pure/ =m is ! cocoa-nibs4 ,:5 ^! are boil$ 9 wat]1 a br[ni% decoction is =m$1 ) ! fat z a scum at ! top2 ?is may be remov$1 & ! decoction flav\r$ ) milk & sug>4 ,9 ?is =m1 cocoa c be tak5 by invalids ) weak dige/ion1 :o w\ld be nauseat$ by ! fat ( ord9>y cocoa or *ocolate4 ,! be/ cocoa is prep>$ z above2 b ! l[e/ quality conta9s ! husks ( ! beans1 ) h>dly any ( ! beans 9 x2 a some:at bett]1 ?\gh /ill inf]ior sort1 is made f ! small] fragm5ts ( ! nibs1 & a good deal ( husk4 ,9 "s cases ! cacao butt] is remov$ dur+ ! process ( prep>ation1 & />* or sug> sub/itut$4 ,?is =m is less likely to disagree ) dyspeptics ?an :ole cocoa4 ,! action ( ! ,volatile ,oil 7n ! cacao-butt]7 develop$ dur+ roa/+1 is probably simil> to t ( tea & c(fee1 ?\gh x is less 9 am\nt4 ,! bitt]ness is great] ?an t ( c(fee1 b ! a/r+5cy less ?an 9 ei!r tea or c(fee4 ,! ,concrete ,oil1 or fat ( cocoa1 =ms ab\t half its weight4 ,x is :ite1 & n apt to turn rancid1 & possesses an agreeable flav\r4 ,cocoa also conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( />* & cellulose4 ,!obrom9e is a :ite cry/all9e alkaloid1 ! exact analogue ( caffe9e4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 is me?yl-!obrom9e--t is1 !obrom9e plus ! !oretical gr\p ,,*4 ,!obrom9e possesses simil> prop]ties to caffe9e4 ,x am\nts to #a4e to #b p] c5t4 ( ! :ole bean4 ,! ord9>y prep>ations ( cocoa diff] consid]ably 9 composition z may be se5 f ! foll[+ table ( p] c5tage composition 7,ewell74 ,9 ea* in/ance o!r nitrog5\s & non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts g to make up ! total #ajj3 ,,fat4 ,,fibre4,,cane- ,,a%4 ,,add$ ,,sug>4 ,,/>*4 ,fry's ,cocoa ,extract #cji #ci #db ,none4 ,s*weitz]'s ,cocoat9a #caa #cg #fc ,d4 ,r[ntree's ,cocoa ,extract #bgf #dd #he ,d4 ,van ,h\t5's ,cocoa #bih #dd #hf ,d4 ,epps's ,prep>$ ,cocoa #bei #ae #bf #ca ,mu* arr[root4 ,"s ( ! prep>ations ( cocoa 7e4g4 ,van ,h\t5's7 h add$ to !m alkal9e salts to increase _! solubility4 ,cocoa is n su* a valuable food z might appe> f ! l>ge am\nt ( fat 9 x1 because only mod]ate quantities ( ?is c be tak5 )\t d]ang+ dige/ion4 ,9 ,vi-,cocoa a c]ta9 am\nt ( kola is add$1 :i* conta9s a consid]able proportion ( caffe9e4 ,! addition ( su* a drug to a bev]age is di/9ctly to be deprecat$4 ,m9or ,/imulants4--,bev]ages conta9+ !9e1 or "s analog\s pr9ciple1 appe> to be employ$ 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,9 mod]ate doses1 !y may assi/ ! assimilation ( o!r foods1 b _! ma9 influ5ce is on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,!9e-conta9+ sub/ances may be describ$ z bo? s$ative & excit+4 ,!y are s$ative1 9 t !y allay n]v\s irritability1 & t5d to 8take ! edge (f0 ! di/urbance caus$ by outw>d circum/ances2 & !y are excit+1 inasmu* z !y are kn[n to =m an admirable antidote to ! /upefy+ effects ( opium or alcohol4 ,! wakefulness f tea is an in/ance ( ! same ?+1 :ile ! allay+ ( s5sations ( cold & hung] by a cup ( tea is an in/ance ( ! s$ative effect4 ,9 ,brazil1 ,gu>ana 7f ,paull9ia sorbilis7 is us$ z a dr9k2 x conta9s !9e1 ! quantity ( :i* is twice z mu* z 9 good black tea1 & five times z mu* z 9 c(fee4 ,l gre5 tea1 a cup ( gu>ana infusion is sometimes extremely valuable 9 n]v\s heada*es4 ,9 ,p]u1 ! natives use ! leaves ( ! ,coca plant 7,ery?roxylon coca71 :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f cocoa4 ,x is *ew$ some:at 9 ! same way z ! betel-nut4 ,x conta9s two alkaloids--coca9e & hygr9e1 z well z tann94 ,9 its /imulant action x resembles tea & c(fee4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ?is plant1 ,coca9e1 is a valuable local an/hetic4 ,int]nally x has be5 tak5 z a /imulant & re/orative4 ,v>i\s w9es conta9+ ,coca1 ) vaunt$ re/orative p[]s1 are adv]tis$4 ,!y are mis*iev\s :5 tak5 frequ5tly4 ,nature's rem$y = fatigue1 :e!r m5tal or body1 is re/ & recreation4 ,/imulants ( ?is class1 ev5 ?\gh !y enable "w to be cont9u$ = a:ile1 ev5tually increase ! exhau/ion = :i* !y are tak54 ,! ,kola-nut is us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa z a /imulant4 ,x is ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 & has a bitt] ta/e4 ,! natives ( ,gu9ea g5]ally take a piece ( ! se$s be=e ea* meal1 & sometimes nibble x ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,kava is prep>$ f ! root ( a k9d ( pepp]4 ,! natives ( ! ,fiji isl&s commonly indulge 9 x4 ,its effects resemble ^? ( c(fee4 ,9 l>ge doses1 x de/roys ! p[] ( walk+1 & may possibly produce impairm5t ( vision4 ,! leaves ( ! ,ilex ,p>aguay5se1 ,ilex ,gongorrha1 & ,ilex ,!ezans are made into ! bev]age commonly kn[n z ,p>aguay tea or mat4 ,! leaves ( ! ,hydrangea ,?unb]gii are made into a bev]age1 :i* is designat$ 9 ,japan 8! tea ( heav540 ,among c]ta9 nations ( ,asia1 ! ,betel-nut 7f a palm call$ ,areca ,cate*u7 is *ew$1 aft] mix+ small fragm5ts ) pepp] & quicklime1 & roll+ 9 a palm leaf4 ,! saliva is t+$ blood-r$1 & a n>cotic effect is said to be produc$4 ,! dri$ fl[]+ tops ( ! ,indian ,hemp 7,cannabis ,indica7 are smok$ by ! ,malays & o!rs1 or made into a bev]age1 call$ has*is*1 :i* produces a k9d ( intoxication1 9 :i* murd] has (t5 be5 committ$ 7h5ce1 assass9s equals has*as*e5s74 ,! ,kamts*atkans dr9k an infusion made f a fungus1 kn[n z ! ,fly ,ag>ic 7,amanita ,musc>ia71 ?us produc+ an intoxication simil> to t f has*is*4 ,opium 9 small doses is a /imulant1 9 l>ge doses n>cotic4 ,! crude drug is sometimes tak51 & less frequ5tly ! active pr9ciple1 ,morphia4 ,x is frequ5tly smok$1 z well z tak5 int]nally4 ,x is to be fe>$ t secret opium tak+ is consid]ably increas+4 ,! tak+ ( morphia1 especially hypod]mically1 is too common4 ,g5]ally x has be5 fir/ prescrib$ = neuralgia or "s o!r compla9t caus+ acute pa92 & ! pati5t1 hav+ exp]i5c$ relief by its means1 is tempt$ to rev]t to ! practice ap>t f m$ical advice4 ,su* a l9e ( action is mo/ p]nici\s4 ,ev5tually bo? ! physical & ! moral nature ( ! victim are %att]$ by x2 & to break (f ?is insidi\s habit1 :5 once ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 is mo/ difficult4 ,tobacco may be conv5i5tly m5tion$ "h1 ?\gh its usual effects are c]ta9ly n /imulant4 ,x is smok$1 *ew$1 or tak5 z snuff2 :5 indulg$ 9 to excess x produces s]i\s depression ( ! he>t's action1 ) frequ5t int]mitt5ce4 ,9 mod]ate doses x is s$ative z well z slightly laxative4 ,prolong$ indulg5ce 9 tobacco has produc$ _m cases ( incomplete bl9dness 7tobacco amblyopia71 9 "s cases x comes on ) mu* small] doses1 & 9 all cases is only curable by ceas+ to smoke4 ,!re is no suffici5t gr\nd = ! /atem5t t cig>ette smok+ is m injuri\s ?an smok+ tobacco 9 a pipe or cig>1 unless 9 ! =m] case ! smoke is inhal$ into ! lungs4 ,! practice ( smok+ is injuri\s to gr[+ boys1 & %\ld be /rictly =bidd54 ,o!r ,drugs are n[ n infrequ5tly tak51 ap>t f m$ical advice4 ,( ^! ! mo/ commonly us$ are ,antipyr9 & ,ph5acet91 = heada*es4 ,_! use is injuri\s1 & %\ld n be ent]ta9$ z a frequ5t practice4 ,sleeplessness frequ5tly leads to ! practice ( tak+ *loral or sulphonal1 or occasionally ! inhalation ( *lor(orm to induce sleep4 7,see also page #bei74 ,rem$ies to induce sleep %\ld nev] be tak5 except "u imm$iate m$ical advice4 ,!y are only ju/ifiable 9 extreme conditions1 & if frequ5tly tak5 t5d to aggravate ! conditions = :i* !y are giv54 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,f]m5t$ ,,dr9ks4 ,prop]ties ( ,alcohol4--,:5 a sac*>9e solution is subject$ to ! influ5ce ( w>m? & moi/ure1 & expos$ to ! air1 x rapidly und]goes a process ( f]m5tation4 ,! mo/ fav\rable temp]ature is ab\t #gj ,fahr4 ,! f]m5t or ag5t excit+ ! *ange 9 ! sug> is d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e2 x is a m9ute fungus 7torula c]evisi71 ! spores ( :i* are con/antly float+ 9 ! air4 ,:5 once f]m5tation has />t$1 exposure 9 ! air is no long] necess>y2 ! process cont9ues 9 clos$ vessels4 ,! ess5tial *ange occurr+ 9 ! v9\s f]m5tation is t grape sug> 7,c,h,o1,h,o7 becomes split up into alcohol 7,c,h,,oh7 & c>bonic acid 7,,co74 ,?us-- ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,two ( alcohol ,c,c,h,o ,,co ,,co ,two ( c>bonic acid4 ,!re are o!r f]m5tations alli$ to ! v9\s4 ,?us ! ,acet\s f]m5tation results 9 ! conv]sion ( alcohol into v9eg>1 z 9 ! s\r+ ( be] or w9e4 ,! ,lactic f]m5tation leads to ! conv]sion ( milk-sug> into lactic acid1 ) consequ5t s\r+ ( ! milk4 ,alcohol1 or m correctly e?ylic alcohol1 is a col\rless liquid1 hav+ a pleasant v9\s od\r1 & evaporat+ rapidly on exposure to air4 ,x burns ) a blui% sootless flame1 & is a capital solv5t = res9s & o!r sub/ances4 ,rectifi$ _s is absolute alcohol mix$ ) #af p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,pro(-_s is a mixture ( #dbg p] c5t4 by volume ( absolute alcohol1 & #egc p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,?us ! ratio ( alcohol to pro(-_s be+ z #a3 #agf1 ! am\nt ( alcohol 9 any liquid be+ giv51 ! am\nt ( pro(-_s c readily be calculat$4 ,! f]m5t$ dr9ks conta9+ alcohol may be class$ z 7#a7 malt liquors1 7#b7 w9es1 & 7#c7 di/ill$ spirits4 ,! relative prop]ties ( ^! w be consid]$ aft]w>ds2 9 ! next two sections w be consid]$ ! effects ( dilut$ alcohol 9 :atev] =m x is tak54 ,effects ( ,mod]ate ,doses ( ,alcohol on ! ,sy/em4--,9 /udy+ ! physiological effects ( alcohol1 "o has to gu>d aga9/ ! fallacy t ^! are ! same1 only diff]+ 9 degree1 :atev] ! dose may be4 ,! effects ( l>ge doses ( alcohol are almo/ exactly ! rev]se ( ^? produc$ by small doses4 ,x w be necess>y to def9e1 !re=e1 :at we mean by a mod]ate dose4 ,by a mod]ate dose1 we und]/& ! am\nt ( alcohol :i* c be tak5 )\t any alcohol be+ elim9at$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,dr4 ,an/ie f\nd t #a ounces1 t is ?ree tablespoonsful1 ( absolute alcohol1 tak5 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 caus$ its appe>ance 9 ! ur9e2 & ,dr4 ,p>kes & ,c\nt ,woll[icz obta9$ almo/ precisely ! same result4 ,any?+ bel[ "s quantity betwe5 #a & #a fluid ounces p] day c be dispos$ ( 9 ! sy/em1 & is probably oxidis$ l ord9>y foods4 ,! am\nt ( alcohol1 9 ! =m ( alcoholic bev]ages1 correspond+ to ?is maximum dose ( absolute alcohol is approximately z foll[s3-- ,"o imp]ial p9t 7#bj fluid ounces7 ( bottl$ be] 7#e p] c5t4 ( alcohol74 ,"o tumbl]ful 7#aj 7( cl>et1 hock1 & o!r weak] w9es 7#aj 74 #b glasses 7#e 7( port1 %]ry1 & o!r /rong w9es 7#bj 74 ,"o glass 7#b 7( br&y or :iskey 7#ej 74 ,x w be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t 9 describ+ ! effects ( a mod]ate am\nt ( alcohol on ! sy/em1 an am\nt bel[ #a ounces ( absolute alcohol p] day is meant1 freely dilut$1 & tak5 z a rule ) meals4 #a4 ,effect on ! ,/oma*4--,9 v small quantities1 alcohol seems to /imulate dige/ion 9 ! same way z mu/>d4 ,b l all o!r artificial helps to dige/ion1 x is be/ avoid$ 9 ! heal?y condition4 #b4 ,! ,effect on ! ,liv] is simil> to t on ! /oma*--a tempor>y r$ness & conge/ion be+ produc$2 ?is effect soon disappe>+ if ! dose is small & well dilut$4 ,b 9 all cases :]e !re is a t5d5cy to bili\sness1 ev5 small doses ( alcohol are injuri\s4 #c4 ,! ,effect on ! ,he>t & ,blood-,vessels is fir/ to increase ! =ce ( ! he>t's action & ! rapidity ( ! pulse4 ,! /imulation ( ! he>t is rapidly foll[$ by a univ]sal dilatation ( ! small art]ies ( ! body1 :i* dim9i%es ! blood-pressure4 ,p>kes & ,woll[icz f\nd t ! daily adm9i/ration ( f #a to #g ounces ( rectifi$ _s rais$ ! pulse rate by t5 beats p] m9ute1 z comp>$ ) o!r p]iods2 & t ?is effect 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( depression 9 :i* ! beat 0 bo? sl[] & feebl] ?an usual4 #d4 ,! ,effect on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em v>ies4 ,9 p]sons unaccu/om$ to its effects1 ev5 small doses dull ! p[] ( ?\ght & ! rapidity ( p]ception1 ow+ to ! p>alyz+ effect :i* x ex]ts on n]ve cells4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x at fir/ produces increas$ rapidity ( ?\ght & excites ! imag9ation1 ?\gh ev5 "h x makes x m difficult to keep to "o tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,?is is cle>ly ow+ to ! m rapid circulation ( blood ?r\gh ! bra94 ,dr4 ,e4 ,smi?'s exp]im5ts %[ t x dim9i%es ! acut5ess ( ! s5ses4 ,its influ5ce ev5 9 dietetic doses1 on ! capacity = m5tal "w1 is slightly to dim9i% x4 #e4 ,! ,effect on ! ,muscul> ,sy/em is nev] b5eficial4 ,ev5 :5 only small quantities are tak51 ! p[] ( controll+ delicate movem5ts is slightly dim9i%$4 ,= p]sons engag$ 9 labori\s occupations1 a small quantity does n produce mu* app>5t effect1 b :]e ! quantity exce$s two fluid ounces p] day ! capacity = /rong & su/a9$ muscul> "w is manife/ly less5$ 7,p>kes74 ,?is effect is probably due p>tly to ! dull+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 r5d]+ ! muscles less am5able to ! w1 & p>tly to ! ov]-excitation ( ! he>t caus+ palpitation & brea?lessness4 #f4 ,! ,effect on ,metabolism is to dim9i% x1 ?us fav\r+ ! deposit ( fat 9 ! tissues4 ,x acts z a poison to ! protoplasm ( ! cells ( ! body1 dim9i%+ _! p[] to break d[n ! float+ nutrim5t1 especially fat & c>bohydrate4 ,! ,effect on ! ,temp]ature is to l[] x2 b unless ! dose is excessive1 ?is effect is h>dly appreciable4 ,! resi/ance to excessive cold is dim9i%$ by ev5 mod]ate doses ( alcohol1 /ill m by l>ge doses4 ,9 ! ,arctic regions1 ?is has be5 abundantly prov$4 ,?is effect is produc$1 not)/&+ ! fact t alcohol becomes oxidis$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,! dilatation ( ! surface blood vessels leads to a great] loss ( heat ?an t produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! alcohol4 ,,effects ,,( ,,immod]ate ,,doses ,,( ,,alcohol ,,on ,,! ,,sy/em4--,be>+ 9 m9d ! def9ition giv5 ( a mod]ate dose1 "o is b\nd to admit t a l>ge numb] ( individuals exce$ ?is am\nt daily1 app>5tly )\t any v s]i\s results4 ,! sy/em becomes habituat$ to l>ge doses1 & if ! occupation is a labori\s "o1 !y may 9 "p be oxidis$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 are exceptional cases4 ,9 ! majority ( cases evil results are by no means conf9$ to ^? :o indulge 9 v l>ge quantities ( alcohol at v>y+ int]vals4 ,9 fact ^! v (t5 escape comp>atively free1 :ile o!rs :o nev] take a quantity suffici5t to incapacitate !m = _! "w1 are s[+ ! se$s ( *ronic & (t incurable disease4 ,! lab\r] :o has a dr9k+ b\t at int]vals is ?or\ghly nauseat$2 & ! condition ( liv] & /oma* induc$1 en=ces ab/95ce on him = a "t suffici5t to br+ 8 organs back to a normal condition2 :ile ! city m]*ant :o indulges m mod]ately1 b ^: organs are almo/ cont9u\sly impregnat$ ) alcohol1 becomes g\ty & prematurely old4 ,! ,/oma* may become acutely inflam$1 :5 a l>ge dose ( alcohol is tak54 ,! *ronic irritation ( alcohol1 especially :5 tak5 ap>t f meals1 causes atrophy ( ! walls ( ! /oma*1 & a *ange analog\s to t 9 ! liv]4 ,! ,liv]1 :5 alcohol is daily tak5 immod]ately1 becomes s]i\sly diseas$4 ,9 "s cases x becomes l>ge & fatty2 9 o!rs ! *ronic irritation excites an ov]gr[? ( fibr\s tissue betwe5 ! lobules ( ! liv]1 :i*1 gradually %r9k+1 squeezes ! liv] cells & causes !m to atrophy1 at ! same "t ob/ruct+ ! small bran*es ( ! portal ve9 9 ! sub/ance ( ! liv]4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! liv] is t all ! organs f :i* ! portal ve9 br+s blood become ov]load$ ) blood1 & vomit+ ( blood & dropsy ( ! abdom5 occur at a lat] p]iod4 ,! ,lungs are irritat$ to a less ext5t by alcohol 9 l>ge doses4 ,! t5d5cy to *ronic bron*itis is increas$1 foll[$ by emphysema1 & sometimes an ov]gr[? ( fibr\s tissue 7cirrhosis7 l t 9 ! liv] occurs4 ,! ,he>t & ,blood-vessels t5d to become diseas$1 ow+ l>gely to ! g\ty condition ( sy/em develop$4 ,! p[]s ( ,metabolism are dim9i%$4 ,corpul5ce is1 consequ5tly1 a common result ( alcoholism4 ,!re may also be fatty deposit 9 ! int]nal organs1 su* z ! he>t4 ,?is mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) a mu* m s]i\s condition1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! he>t1 9 :i* ! sub/ance ( ! muscul> fibres becomes p>tially conv]t$ into fat1 & :i* also is sometimes due to alcoholism4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em is m prone to suff] 9 *ronic alcoholism ?an any o!r "p ( ! body1 except p]haps ! liv]4 ,! fir/ effect ( a l>ge dose ( alcohol is to /imulate ! n]v\s sy/em1 z already describ$4 ,?is is foll[$ by a dull+ ( ! n]v\s faculties1 :i* comes on rapidly 9 proportion to ! am\nt tak54 ,! ph5om5a ( intoxication are unhappily too famili> to require description1 m5tal incoh]5ce & muscul> incoord9ation 7lack ( control ov] ! muscles7 be+ ! mo/ prom95t features4 ,:5 ! dose ( alcohol is /ill l>g]1 a condition ( pr(\nd unconsci\sness is produc$ 7coma71 :i* may be difficult to di/+ui% f o!r =ms ( unconsci\sness4 ,delirium ,trem5s is ano!r n]v\s condition1 :i* may r>ely foll[ a s+le debau*1 b mu* m commonly affects ! *ronic top]4 ,9 "s cases ! imm$iate excit+ cause is a m5tal %ock1 or lack ( food1 or a surgical injury4 ,alcoholic subjects suff]+ f any acute disease are liable to ?is =m ( delirium1 & _! *ance ( recov]y is greatly dim9i%$4 ,insanity ( a m prolong$ "* ?an t *>act]is+ delirium trem5s is an occasional result ( alcoholism4 ,besides ! n]v\s diseases already nam$1 a *ronic ?ick5+ ( ! membranes cov]+ ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 gradually progress+ & f9ally fatal1 is (t5 ! consequ5ce ( prolong$ alcoholic indulg5ce4 ,v>i\s ,deg5]ative ,diseases are produc$ by alcohol4 ,x has be5 well call$ by ,dick9son ! v 8g5ius ( deg5]ation40 ,su* deg5]ations are by no means conf9$ to ! intemp]ate2 !y are se5 9 ^? :o are ( :at w\ld usually be consid]$ mod]ate habits4 ,! /oma*1 liv]1 lungs1 & probably ! kidneys1 are ! ma9 organs to suff] 9 ?is way4 ,x is probable t ! effect on ! kidneys only occurs :5 a g\ty condition is develop$4 ,9 all ^! cases !re is an ov]gr[? ( fibr\s tissue1 ) atrophy ( ! prop] gl& /ructures4 ,g\t is ! common nemesis ( ^? indulg+ 9 alcoholic bev]ages1 m especially w9e & be]1 due to ! excessive =mation or ret5tion ( urate ( soda 9 ! body4 ,?is produces inflammation ( ! jo9ts1 & o!r evils--among !m ! g\ty kidney1 nam$ above1 :i* is always ultimately fatal4 ,rigid art]ies are likewise commonly due to alcoholism & g\t4 ,if "o ( ^! bur/s 9 ! bra91 apoplexy results4 ,longevity is dim9i%$ by immod]ate indulg5ce 9 alcohol4 ,! /ati/ics ( ,temp]ance ,insurance ,societies1 %[ mu* bett] results among teetotal]s ?an among mod]ate dr9k]s4 ,x is only fair to add t al?\gh ! latt] are suppos$ to consi/ ( mod]ate dr9k]s--& p>ticul> enquiries are always made on ?is po9t be=e insurance--x is probable t a l>ge proportion ( !m exce$ #a ounces ( alcohol p] day4 ,mak+ due all[ance = ?is fact1 ! /ati/ics %[ a great sup]iority 9 ! expectation ( life ( teetotal]s4 ,factors ,modify+ ! ,effects ( ,alcohol4--#a4 ,age & ,sex4--,until adult life is rea*$1 total ab/95ce f alcohol %\ld be en=c$4 ,! delicate n]v\s sy/em ( *ildr5 is easily di/urb$ by x1 & x appe>s 9 "s measure to ret>d gr[?4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ giv+ alcohol be=e adult age is rea*$1 is /ill m important4 ,x is at ?is p]iod ( life t habits are *iefly =m$1 & a crav+ = alcohol may be insidi\sly produc$1 de/9$ to h mo/ baneful results4 ,old p1 if ord]$ spirits = m$ical reasons1 %\ld dr9k !m well dilut$4 ,wom5 are mu* m easily affect$ by alcohol ?an m51 & if !y acquire ! habit ( excess1 ! hope ( re=mation is ev5 less ?an ) m54 #b4 ,ex]cise has a mo/ important influ5ce 9 modify+ ! effects ( alcohol4 ,^? ( s$5t>y occupations & liv+ 9 t[ns1 _c oxidise z mu* z ^? engag$ 9 active out-door "w1 & are consequ5tly mu* m prone to suff]4 ,a game-keep] 9 ! ,scot* ,highl&s may possibly live to a good old age1 not)/&+ ! fact t he consumes an am\nt ( :iskey t w\ld h s5t a s$5t>y man to 8 grave 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 #c4 ,! ,condition ( ! ,/oma* has also great influ5ce4 ,:5 ! /oma* is empty1 alcohol produces at once a p[]ful reflex /imulation ( ! he>t1 & becomes quickly absorb$ into ! circulation4 ,?us intoxication may be produc$ by a quantity t w\ld h _h little effect if tak5 ) a meal4 #d4 ,! ,/ate ( ,conc5tration or ,dilution modifies greatly ! action ( alcohol1 ! local action on ! /oma* & ! reflex /imulation be+ mu* great] ?an :5 x is conc5trat$1 & injuri\s effects be+ mu* m likely to occur4 #e4 ,cold & ,heat modify ! action ( alcohol4 ,a small] quantity ( hot spirits & wat] w intoxicate ?an ( cold2 ! heat /imulat+ ! he>t1 & s mak+ ! absorption ( ! alcohol m rapid4 ,a glass ( hot spirits & wat] w (t5 cause sleep1 by draw+ ! blood t[>ds ! abdom9al organs4 ,! fact t p]sons1 :o h be5 dr9k+ spirits 9 a w>m room1 on go+ out into ! cold air become sudd5ly intoxicat$1 seems oppos$ to :at has be5 already said4 ,b probably ?is is due to ! cold caus+ contraction ( ! art]ies ( ! sk91 & s driv+ m ( ! blood load$ ) alcohol to ! int]nal organs & ! bra9 7,brunton74 #f4 ,m5tal ,occupation has "s influ5ce 9 modify+ ! effects ( alcohol4 ,top]s h f\nd t if !y try to conv]se dur+ _! debau*--! conv]sation imply+ increas$ functional activity ( ! bra91 & !re=e a fre] circulation ( blood 9 x--intoxication occurs mu* m readily1 ?an :5 ! m9d is n active4 #g4 ,disease modifies greatly ! effects ( alcohol4 ,9 "s diseases1 z 9 inflammation ( ! lungs & 9 fev]s1 x c be giv5 9 l>ge quantities )\t produc+ intoxication2 & 9 ^! conditions x l[]s ! temp]ature4 ,9 o!r diseases1 especially g\t & kidney disease1 its use is ne>ly always foll[$ by bad results4 ,! ,advisability ( ,alcohol z an ,article ( ,diet 9 ,heal?4--,9 deal+ ) ?is difficult po9t1 two sets ( facts require consid]ation1 ^? obta9$ z ! result ( ,physiological obs]vations 7see page #ef71 & ^? :i* are ! result ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! =m] are mu* m reliable ?an ! latt]4 ,exp]i5ce is v prone to give fallaci\s results1 especially :5 que/ions ( appetite are conc]n$4 ,9 mak+ a trial ( ab/95ce1 ! mi/ake has be5 commonly made ( only prolong+ ! inve/igation = a few weeks1 & !n comp>+ results4 ,su* a me?od is1 h[ev]1 v unfair1 & is c]ta9 to lead to an unreliable conclusion4 ,! records ( exp]i5ce "u c]ta9 conditions h1 h[ev]1 be5 s ext5sive1 z to lead to tru/wor?y results4 ,x has be5 abundantly prov$ t prolong$ muscul> "w is be/ und]gone dur+ total ab/95ce f alcohol2 & t ! extremes ( heat & cold & ! exposure & ex]tions ( m>*+ armies1 are be/ borne "u simil> conditions4 ,! artificial "* ( t[n life is commonly adduc$ z an argum5t = ! mod]ate use ( alcohol4 ,9 ! case ( heal?y work]s1 ?is does n hold good2 _m ( our h>de/ work]s & ?9k]s take no alcohol4 ,! univ]sality ( ! habit ( tak+ /imulants is a curi\s argum5t on ! same side1 ?\gh if ! habit be bad1 ?is c be no m reason = cont9u+ x ?an c ! preval5ce ( vice be an excuse = indulg5ce 9 x4 ,! two *ief physiological po9ts be>+ on ! advisability ( alcohol z a "p ( "o's daily diet are--its food prop]ties1 & its effect on ! appetite & dige/ion4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t a quantity ( alcohol "u #a or #a ounces may become oxidis$ 9 ! sy/em1 & may ?us =m a s\rce ( heat4 ,b 9 all probability1 al?\gh x may be reg>d$ z a food1 x is a mo/ inconv5i5t "o1 inasmu* z x dim9i%es ! oxidation ( o!r foods4 ,x has be5 aptly comp>$ 9 ?is respect to sulphur1 :i* is an oxidisable mat]ial1 b :i*1 :5 x is burnt 9 a *imney1 9 :i* ! soot is on fire1 w put an end to ! combu/ion ( ! latt]4 ,its value z a food1 "u normal conditions1 is practically nil4 ,its ,effect on ! ,dige/ive ,organs is ?ree-fold4 7a7 ,! contact ( alcohol ) ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & /oma*1 acts z a reflex n]v\s /imulus1 :i* 9 mod]ation excites an increas$ fl[ ( ga/ric juice4 7b7 ,x also increases ! activity ( ! movem5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,9 cases ( weak dige/ion1 !re=e1 small doses ( alcohol may1 at times1 be useful4 7c7 ,! effect ( alcohol on ! food tak5 v>ies ) its degree ( dilution4 ,conc5trat$ alcohol coagulates album91 & s /ops dige/ion2 l>gely dilut$ alcohol has no su* effect4 ,! late ,dr4 ,p>kes1 ! greate/ au?ority on ! dietetic use ( alcohol1 has summ>is$ ! argum5t z to ! dietetic use ( alcohol z foll[s3-- 8,b :at1 n[1 %\ld be ! conclusion z to ! use ( alcohol 9 heal? aft] gr[? is complet$8 ,admitt+ ! impossibility ( prov+ a small quantity to be hurtful1 & at ! same "t ackn[l$g+ ! dang]s ( excess1 !re arises an argum5t :i* seems to me some:at 9 fav\r ( total ab/95ce4 ,no man c say :5 he has pass$ ! b\nd>y :i* divides safety f h>m2 he may call himself temp]ate1 & yet may be daily tak+ a little m ?an 8 sy/em c be>1 & be gradually caus+ "s tissue to und]go sl[ deg5]ation4 ,he may be safe1 b he may be on ! v]ge ( dang]4 8,?is unc]ta9ty1 c\pl$ ) ! difficulty at pres5t ( say+ :at dietetic advantage is ga9$ by us+ alcohol1 seems to me r to turn ! scale 9 fav\r ( total ab/95ce in/ead ( mod]ate dr9k+4 ,b if any "o hone/ly tries1 & f9ds he is bett] 9 heal? = a little alcohol1 let him take x1 b he %\ld keep )9 ! b\nd>y l9e1 viz41 t #a ounces ( pure or absolute alcohol 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs =m ! limit ( mod]ation4 ,i d n !n ?9k he c d himself any h>m40 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,f]m5t$ ,dr9ks4--,! ?ree *ief k9ds ( alcoholic bev]ages are malt liquors1 w9es1 & ard5t spirits4 ,9 addition1 we may m5tion cid] & p]ry1 :i* are ! f]m5t$ juices ( apples & pe>s respectively2 & k\miss1 :i* ! ,t>t>s prep>e by f]m5t+ m>e's milk1 ?\gh x may also be made f ! milk ( o!r animals4 ,all ,be]s1 ,ales1 & ,port]s are prep>$ f malt1 :i* is ! g]m9at+ gra9 ( b>ley4 ,! f]m5tation ( ! sug> 9 ! b>ley produces alcohol1 ! am\nt ( :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 ,pils5] be] x is #c p] c5t4 ( absolute alcohol2 9 /\t & port] #e to #f p] c5t4 ,! hop :i* is add$ to ! f]m5t+ b>ley1 gives to be] its *>act]i/ic bitt]ness4 ,london ,port] is col\r$ ) black or roa/$ malt2 /\t is only a /rong] =m ( port]4 ,bottl$ ales are g5]ally /rong] ?an ^? on draught1 & be+ slightly eff]vesc5t1 may agree bett]4 ,! effect ( alcohol 9 be] is modifi$ by ! hops1 :i* help 9 produc+ dr[s9ess4 ,be] has a m>k$ t5d5cy to produce obesity1 m s ?an any o!r alcoholic bev]age4 ,its influ5ce 9 ! production ( g\t is also v great4 ,sub/itutes = ,malt h be5 l>gely us$4 ,?us by ! action ( sulphuric acid on />*1 an artificial =m ( sug> is produc$1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 place ( malt = mak+ be]4 ,_m rec5t cases ( poison+ by ars5ic h be5 trac$ to ! use ( impure sulphuric acid 9 manufactur+ ?is =m ( sug>4 ,! detection ( ars5ic 9 organic liquids requires great c>e1 z s _m comp\nds ( ars5ic are volatile1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( *lorides1 z 9 be]4 ,to detect ars5ic 9 be] a p9t ( ! be] is evaporat$ to dryness1 & treat$ ) #bj c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid1 heat$1 & #bj c4c4 ( /rong nitric acid add$ drop by drop4 ,viol5t action occurs3 if possible #bj c4c4 m ( nitric acid are work$ 94 ,transf] ! liquid to a small flask1 & expel ! nitric acid by boil+4 ,by ?is means all *lor9e is expell$1 ! ars5ic is oxidis$ & ! organic matt] de/roy$4 ,,% gas is n[ pass$ into ! acid liquid = "s h\rs1 ! precipitat$ sulphur & any sulphide filt]$ (f & extract$ ) ammonia1 :i* dissolves any sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,! liquid s obta9$ is subject$ to ,m>%'s te/4 7,see page #baf47 ,9 ! mak+ ( be] f malt1 ! fir/ /age is to malt ! b>ley1 i4e4 leave x spread on floors = t5 days aft] soak+4 ,?is all[s g]m9ation to take place1 9 :i* process ! insoluble />* is conv]t$ into />*1 dextr9e1 maltose & glucose4 ,aft] ! dri$ malt has be5 scre5$ to break (f ! spr\t+s1 ! brew] places x 9 ! ma%-tub1 ) wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #afj ,f4 ,?is completes ! trans=mation ( ! />* into glucose4 ,! wort is n[ boil$ to /op ! process1 & ! album9 f ! gra9 is ?us coagulat$4 ,hops are add$ at ?is /age4 ,! boil$ liquid is pass$ into %all[ vessels & cool$4 ,! prop] temp]ature = 8top0 yea/ is #fj ,f41 = 8bottom10 or ,bav>ian yea/1 a mu* l[] temp]ature is desirable4 ,:5 ! desir$ temp]ature is rea*$1 ! liquid is run into ! f]m5t+ tun along ) yea/4 ,! v>ieties ( be] are due 9 "p to ! degree ( complet5ess ( f]m5tation ( sug> all[$4 ,if too complete1 ! be] does n keep well4 ,w9es are produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! juice ( ! grape4 ,! w9e produc$ may be bottl$ be=e or aft] f]m5tation is complete2 9 ! =m] case1 an eff]vesc+ w9e is produc$1 su* z ! sp>kl+ w9es ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,moselle1 or *ampagne4 ,:5 ! sug> is ne>ly all f]m5t$ a dry w9e is obta9$1 ( :i* ,bordeaux & ,burgundy1 ,hock & ,moselle1 are examples4 ,! diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 r$ & :ite w9es is produc$ by all[+ ! juice 9 ! =m] to f]m5t 9 contact ) ! sk9s1 f :i* ! col\r+ matt] is extract$ by ! alcohol4 ,bo? r$ & :ite w9es may be obta9$ f ei!r r$ or :ite grapes4 ,f ! sk9s also are extract$ a salt ( iron1 & a peculi> =m ( tann94 ,t>t>ic & acetic acids1 & t>trate ( potass1 are pres5t 9 v>y+ quantities 9 w9es2 9 old w9es ! t>trate sep>ates z bit>trate ( potass1 =m+ ) tann9 & col\r+ matt] ! 8cru/0 ( port & o!r w9es4 ,! 8b\quet0 ( w9es is due *iefly to c]ta9 volatile bodies1 su* z pel>gonic e!r4 ,! proportion ( alcohol 9 w9es v>ies f #f to #ad p] c5t4 ,z f]m5tation is /opp$ by ! pres5ce ( #ad p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 any l>g] am\nt ( alcohol ?an ?is mu/ h be5 add$ to ! w9e4 ,w9e1 l be]1 has a /rong t5d5cy to produce g\t1 especially ! sweet & /rong w9es4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 ! same t5d5cy to induce obesity4 ,spirits diff] f ! two la/ gr\ps1 to beg9 )1 9 ! am\nt ( alcohol !y conta94 ,?us1 ,engli% be]s conta9 f #c to #f p] c5t41 ,g]man be]s f #b to #e p] c5t41 w9es f #h to #bj1 & all k9ds ( spirits f #cg to #eh p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,!y diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bitt] pr9ciple ( be] & mu* ( ! salts & sug> & e!r ( w9es4 ,!y are all prep>$ by ! di/illation ( "s previ\sly f]m5t$ liquor4 ,br&y ought to be made by ! di/illation ( w9e2 & !n conta9s1 besides alcohol & wat]1 small quantities ( acetic1 nan?ic1 butylic1 & val]ianic e!rs4 ,b mu* ( ! br&y sold is simply made f potato _s1 by ! addition ( acetic e!r1 burnt sug>1 etc4 ,! />* ( potatoes is conv]t$ into dextr9 & dextrose by dilute acids1 & !n f]m5tation all[$4 ,by ! use ( pat5t /ills1 all bye-products c be sep>at$1 a fairly pure alcohol kn[n z sil5t _s be+ produc$4 ,?is is l>gely employ$ 9 manufactur+ spirits & 9 =tify+ w9es4 ,:iskey is prep>$ f malt$ b>ley1 or f a mixture ( gra9s1 to :i* a suffici5cy ( malt to conv]t _! />* into sug> has be5 add$4 ,9 gra9 :iskey ! di/illation is effect$ by /eam 9 a pat5t 7,c(fey's7 /ill1 :i* sep>ates mo/ ( ! bye-products 7fusel oil1 etc47 f ! _s4 ,9 malt :iskey1 di/ill$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ pot-/ill1 ^! bye-products are n sep>at$4 ,! improvem5t ( :iskey effect$ by keep+ is n due 7,bell7 to ! dim9ution ( fusel oil4 ,su* a dim9ution does n occur4 ,! p]c5tage ( alcohol dim9i%es by keep+1 #f to #h p] c5t4 pro( _s be+ lo/ by five ye>s' /orage 9 wood4 8,fusel oil0 is a mixture ( alcohols ( high] boil+ po9t ?an e?ylic alcohol 7amylic1 propylic1 etc474 ,ev5 9 a bad :iskey n m ?an #aaj p] c5t4 ( fusel oil is pres5t 7ab\t "o gra9 9 a glassful74 ,exp]im5tally no m>k$ effects h be5 produc$ by fusel oil1 :5 x is less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,possibly ! pres5ce ( furfurol1 ( :i* !re is a trace 9 malt :iskey1 :i* disappe>s on keep+1 may p>tially expla9 ! disagreeable flav\r ( new :iskey4 ,b x is fairly cle> t ^? :o argue t x is bad :iskey & n good :iskey :i* does h>m are speak+ )\t k4 ,x is n ! quality b ! quantity ( :iskey :i* is responsible = s mu* moral & physical evil4 ,g9 & ,holl&s are obta9$ f b>ley1 & flav\r$ ) junip] b]ries & o!r mat]ials4 ,! oil ( junip] /imulates ! ur9>y excretion4 ,rum is obta9$ by ! di/illation ( molasses1 & is usually kept = a long "t 9 oak b>rels4 ,x is said ?us to acquire m a/r+5t matt]s ?an o!r spirits conta94 ,! legal limits ( dilution ( :iskey1 br&y & rum is d[n to #be degrees "u pro(1 & ( g9 d[n to #ce degrees "u pro(4 7,= def9ition ( pro( _s1 see page #ee74 ,! am\nt ( alcohol 9 an alcoholic liquor is det]m9$ by di/illation ( #ajj c4c41 mak+ up ! di/illate to #ajj c4c4 by ! addition ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !n tak+ ! specific gravity ( a portion ( ?is liquid by ! aid ( ! specific gravity bottle4 ,! p]c5tage ( alcohol correspond+ to a giv5 specific gravity is giv5 9 tables prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,prolong$ indulg5ce 9 spirits produces ! v>i\s organic diseases already describ$1 & unless well dilut$ !y are m h>mful ?an be]s or w9es4 ,!y diff] f w9es & be]s 9 n t5d+ to produce g\t1 & f be] 9 n lead+ to obesity4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wat]4 ,uses ( ,wat]4--,wat] is a prime necessity ( life4 ,9 its abs5ce life c only exi/ 9 l[ly organis$ be+s1 & 9 !m only 9 a dormant /ate4 ,f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 ! uses ( wat] are f\r-fold3--7#a7 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( our food1 n only s]v+ to build up ! tissues ( ! body1 b also pres]v+ ! fluidity ( ! blood & aid+ excretion ( effete matt]s4 7#b7 ,x is necess>y = p]sonal cleanl9ess1 ( :i* ! importance c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 7#c7 ,9 ! h\sehold x is ess5tial = cook+1 z well z = wa%+ ! h\se1 ! l951 & v>i\s ut5sils4 7#d7 ,by ! community at l>ge x is requir$ = wat]-closets & sew]s1 = public ba?s1 = cleans+ ! /reets1 & = horses & o!r dome/ic animals1 z well z 9 _m manufactur+ processes4 ,x is obvi\s t ! wat] to be us$ = dome/ic & g5]al purposes1 ne$ n be s pure z t = dr9k+ purposes4 ,h5ce1 a d\ble supply 0 propos$ = ,london 9 #ahgh1 by ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works--a less pure riv] supply = g5]al purposes1 & a deep *alk-well supply = dr9k+ purposes4 ,! s*eme1 h[ev]1 rightly fell ?r\gh1 because ( ! exp5se ( a d\ble s\rce ( supply1 & ! dang] t ! impure wat] w\ld1 ?r\gh c>elessness or ignorance1 be (t5 us$ = dr9k+ purposes1 :5 x happ5$ to be ne>e/ at h&4 ,quantity ( ,wat] ,requir$4--,! quantity ( wat] requir$ = all purposes has be5 v>i\sly /at$ by diff]5t au?orities4 ,! quantity requir$ = dr9k+ purposes is f\nd to be> a relation to ! weight ( ! individual1 be+ ne>ly half an ounce = e p\nd weight1 or #a gills = e /one weight4 ,?us1 a man weigh+ #aej lbs4 w\ld require #c-cd p9ts4 ,( ?is wat]1 ab\t "o-?ird is tak5 9 ! food2 ! rema9d]1 av]ag+ #b p9ts1 be+ requir$ z dr9k4 ,if we add ! wat] requir$ = o!r purposes1 accord+ to ,de ,*aumont1 #a gallon is requir$ = dr9k+ & cook+1 #b gallons 7n includ+ a ba?7 = p]sonal cleanl9ess1 #c gallons = a %>e ( ut5sil & h\se wa%+1 #c gallons = clo!s wa%+2 & if a g5]al ba? be tak51 #c gallons m2 mak+ a total ( ab\t #ab gallons1 to :i* #e gallons mu/ be add$ if !re is a wat] closet4 ,9 hot summ] wea!r ! consumption is ab\t #bj p] c5t4 above ! av]age ( ! ye>2 & fro/ (t5 increases ! am\nt #cj--dj p] c5t4 above ! av]age1 ow+ to ! bur/+ ( pipes1 or ! loss f taps fooli%ly left op5 to prev5t bur/+4 ,wat] companies usually reckon #cj-fj gallons = ea* individual1 to all[ = ! wat] requir$ = scav5g+ & manufactories & = wa/e4 ,9 l>ge h\ses & hotels :]e ba?s are freely us$1 (t5 z mu* z #gj gallons p] head is us$1 & 9 hospitals ! am\nt av]ages f #fj to #ij gallons p] head4 ,! foll[+ is ,p>kes' e/imate ( ! daily all[ance = all purposes3-- ,,gallons ,,p] ,,head ,,( ,,population4 ,dome/ic supply #ab ,g5]al ba?s #d ,wat]-closets #f ,unavoidable wa/e #c ,total h\se supply #be ,municipal purposes #e ,trade purposes #e ,total #ce ,x has be5 propos$ to put a wat]-met] to ea* h\se1 s t ! rate may be 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( wat] us$4 ,! plan is objectionable = two reasons3 #a/--,because x t5ds to re/rict ! necess>y use ( wat] = purposes ( cleanl9ess4 ,a scant supply ( wat] is always foll[$ by uncleanl9ess ( h\se & p]son1 ) its consequ5t diseases2 at ! same "t closets may be imp]fectly flu%$1 & may become *ok$4 #bnd--,because ( ! prim>y exp5se ( ! met]1 & ( its ma9t5ance4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,wat] ,,supply4--,all our dr9k+ wat] is obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by a natural process ( di/illation on a l>ge scale4 ,! sun is con/antly caus+ evaporation f sea & l&4 ,! vap\r produc$1 be+ cond5s$ by a l[] temp]ature1 returns to ! e>? z sn[1 dew or ra94 ,all ^! natural products h be5 at times utilis$ z s\rces ( dr9k+ wat]4 #a4 ,dew has on r>e occasions be5 utilis$ at sea by hang+ out fleeces ( wool at night & wr++ !m out 9 ! morn+4 ,a mu* bett] plan is-- #b4 ,! ,di/illation ( ,sea-wat]4 ,?is c easily be manag$ n[ t /eam p[] is s l>gely us$4 ,x has ev5 be5 employ$ on l&1 :5 x 0 necess>y tempor>ily to cont9ue ! use ( wat] d]iv$ f an impure s\rce4 ,! fir/ "p di/ill$ %\ld always be reject$1 z x is always impure4 ,di/ill$ wat] is 8flat0 9 ta/e1 ow+ to its conta9+ no dissolv$ gases4 ,x c be arat$ by lett+ x drop a consid]able di/ance f "o cask into ano!r1 ?r\gh small op5+s 9 ! upp] "o1 & by filtration ?r\gh *>coal4 ,non-arat$ wat] is n easily absorb$ into ! circulation1 & occasionally causes illness4 #c4 ,! utility ( ,melt$ ,sn[ & ,ice is obvi\sly v limit$4 ,moreov]1 its use is n free f dang] if ! ice is d]iv$ f contam9at$ wat]4 ,outbreaks ( ent]ic fev] h be5 trac$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! tak+ ( ice obta9$ f impure wat]4 #d4 ,ra9-wat] is a mu* m important s\rce ( wat] supply1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! soil x con/itutes ! *ief "p ( ! wat] we dr9k4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is prop]ly re/rict$ to ! wat] collect$ imm$iately aft] its desc5t f ro(s1 etc4 ,its purity dep5ds on ?ree conditions--! "* ( ! air x passes ?r\gh1 ! cleanl9ess ( & abs5ce ( lead f ! *annels ?r\gh :i* x runs1 & ! condition ( ! wat]-butts 9 :i* x is /or$4 ,ra9-wat] is s(t2 9 fact1 too s(t to be pleasant to ! palate4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 x c>ries ) x a c]ta9 proportion ( its con/itu5ts2 9 t[ns especially ammonia1 soot1 etc42 ne> ! sea1 x g5]ally conta9s "s salt2 & be+ s(t & hav+ dissolv$ oxyg5 f ! air1 x dissolves an appreciable am\nt ( lead f ro(s or gutt]s4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s f\nd t out ( eight samples ( /or$ ra9-wat] only "o 0 fit to dr9k4 ,!y came to ! conclusion t ra9-wat]1 collect$ f ! ro(s ( h\ses & /or$ 9 und]gr\nd tanks1 is 8(t5 pollut$ to a dang]\s ext5t by excrem5titi\s matt]s1 & is r>ely ( suffici5tly good quality to be us$ = dome/ic purposes ) safety40 ,also1 t 9 ,great ,brita91 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 we %all 8look 9 va9 to ! atmosph]e = a supply ( wat] pure en\gh = dietetic purposes40 ,! use ( ra9-wat] = dr9k+ purposes is only ju/ifi$ 9 isolat$ c\ntry h\ses :]e no bett] s\rce is available2 & "u ^! circum/ances ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t contam9ation ) lead or organic impurities4 ,! am\nt ( wat] fall+ on any imp]vi\s mat]ial obta9able f ra9 c easily be e/imat$1 if ! am\nt ( ra9fall & ! area ( ! receiv+ surface are kn[n4 ,! av]age annual ra9fall 9 ?is c\ntry is #cc in*es 7see page #bcf74 ,we may assume ! am\nt practically available to be #bj in*es p] annum1 & ! area ( ! receiv+ surface #ejj squ>e feet4 ,multiply ! area by #add1 to br+ x into squ>e in*es1 & ?is by ! ra9fall1 & ! product gives ! numb] ( cubic in*es ( ra9 :i* fall on ! receiv+ area 9 a ye>4 ,"o cubic foot1 or #a1gbh cubic in*es1 ( wat] be+ equival5t to #fbc gallons1 ! numb] ( gallons ( wat] c be easily calculat$4 ,to calculate ! receiv+ surface ( ! ro( ( a h\se1 d n take into acc\nt ! slope ( ! ro(1 b m]ely asc]ta9 ! area ( ! flat space actually cov]$ by ! ro(4 ,?is may be done r\ghly by calculat+ ! area ( all ! rooms on ! gr\nd floor1 & all[+ an additional am\nt = ! space occupi$ by ! walls4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t1 ev5 if a ra9-wat] supply = t[ns 7 desirable1 ! am\nt collect$ f ! ro(s ( h\ses w\ld sc>cely av]age two gallons p] p]son daily--assum+ ! av]age ra9fall to be #bj in*es1 & t !re 0 a ro( area ( #fj squ>e feet = ea* individual4 ,! am\nt practically available f ra9 fall+ on diff]5t soils v>ies ) _! porosity & slope4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,rank9e1 ! proportion ( ! total ra9fall available is z foll[s3-- ,ne>ly ! :ole on /eep surfaces ( granite1 gneiss1 & slate2 ,f ?ree to f\r-fif?s on moorl& hilly pa/ures2 ,f two-fif?s to half on flat cultivat$ c\ntry2 & ,none on *alk4 ,by available ra9fall is meant ! am\nt rema9+ aft] all[+ = p]colation1 etc41 :i* c be /or$ 9 res]voirs4 #e4 ,upl& ,surface ,wat] is ! wat] collect$ 9 hilly di/ricts1 z on moorl&s1 at ! head ( a riv]4 ,by its utilisation = dr9k+ purposes1 ! s\rces ( wat] = ! riv] are int]f]$ )1 & any wat] company or local au?ority us+ su* a s\rce is1 !re=e1 requir$ to run into ! /ream a quantity ( wat] equal to a ?ird ( ! available ra9fall4 ,! limit$ & regul> supply ?us furni%$ to ! /ream is f\nd to be advantage\s = indu/rial purposes z its fl[ is equalis$1 & ! viol5ce ( floods mitigat$4 ,9 ! utilization ( upl& surface wat] ! wat] f ! surr\nd+ hills is collect$ at ! bottom ( a valley1 9 an artificial1 /rongly-con/ruct$ lake2 or 9 a natural lake1 z 9 ,lo* ,katr9e 7f :i* ,glasg[ is n[ suppli$74 ,upl& surface wat] is ne>ly always s(t4 ,its use is mu* m economical ?an t ( h>d wat]4 ,x may be br[ni%1 f ! pres5ce ( peat1 b ?is is n objectionable1 s f> z heal? is conc]n$4 ,its occasionally solv5t action on lead is a m s]i\s objection4 ,! population ( _m p>ts ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire h suff]$ sev]ely f *ronic lead poison+1 due to ! action ( c]ta9 upl& surface wat] on lead s]vice pipes4 ,only ! wat]s giv+ an acid reaction possess ?is plumbo-solv5t p[]4 7,see also page #hb47 #f4 ,spr+s supply wat] :i*1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ra9-wat]1 has p]colat$ ?r\gh ! soil until x rea*es "s imp]vi\s /ratum1 & has !n run along ?is1 until x arrives at ! po9t at :i* ! imp]vi\s /ratum rea*es ! surface ( ! soil4 ,a spr+ is ?us ! outcrop ( ! und]gr\nd wat]4 ,spr+s are divid$ into 7#a7 l& spr+s1 & 7#b7 ma9 spr+s4 ,! =m] fl[ f b$s ( drift or gravel ly+ on an imp]vi\s /ratum4 ,!y are v subject to seasonal v>iation1 & may dry up 9 c]ta9 ye>s2 :ile ma9 spr+s occurr+ 9 *alk1 gre5s&1 or o!r regul> geological =mation1 con/antly supply a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]4 ,spr+s (t5 occur 9 connection ) 8faults0 9 geological /rata1 & !n may appe> on table-l&s & high elevations1 unlike spr+s caus$ by alt]nation ( /rata 9 valleys ( d5udation4 ,! two k9ds ( spr+s are %ewn 9 ,fig4 #e & #f4 ,9 ! l& spr+ wat] crops out at ! po9t :]e ! por\s /ratum ceases4 ,deep spr+s may crop out 9 ! same way z l& spr+s1 except t !y appe> at ! bottom ( deep] /rata4 ,or !y may be =m$ by faults4 ,bo? ^! are %[n 9 wat] hav+ p]colat$ ?r\gh ! *alk b5ea? ! sup]ficial clay1 is /opp$ at ! 8fault0 by ! lack ( cont9uity ( ! *alk /ratum1 & is consequ5tly conf9$ "u pressure4 ,x !re=e makes its way to ! surface1 =m+ a spr+4 ,9 its passage und]gr\nd1 wat] 7ow+ p>tly to ! c>bonic acid x has obta9$ f ! air & soil71 is able to dissolve small quantities ( *alk1 sulphate ( lime & ( magnesium1 & traces ( oxide ( iron1 alum9ium oxide1 & silica4 ,spr+-wat] possesses an equable temp]ature1 g5]ally ab\t #ej ,fahr41 :ile imp\nd$ or riv] wat] is always w>m 9 summ] & cold 9 w9t]4 ,spr+ wat] is well-a]at$1 :ile riv] wat]1 & /ill m ra9-wat]1 are flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,l& ,,spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,ma9 ,,spr+s ,,=m$ ,,9 ,,valley ,,( ,,d5udation ,,& ,,by ,a ,,fault4 #g4 ,wells may =m ! be/ or wor/ s\rces ( wat]-supply accord+ to _! dep? & ! means ( protection aga9/ contam9ation4 ,!re are two k9ds--,surface wells & deep wells4 ,surface ,wells d n usually desc5d fur!r ?an #ae or #bj feet1 & h no imp]vi\s /ratum betwe5 ! s\rce ( wat] & ! surface ( ! well4 ,!y cat* ! subsoil or und]gr\nd-wat]1 :i* p]colates into !m f ! surr\nd+ soil1 & ! "* ( ! wat] !y receive w !re=e v>y ) ! nature ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,if !re is a cesspool ne>1 ?is may simply dra9 into ! well4 ,all ! soakage f a consid]able di/ance may f9d its way into ! well4 ,9 villages & isolat$ places ! wat] ( surface wells is commonly contam9at$4 ,"o hole may be dug 9 ! g>d5 = a well1 & ano!r = a cesspool1 :ile !re is possibly a f>my>d ne> at h&--! soakage f ! cesspool & f>my>d soak+ into ! well4 ,dang] may also arise f m di/ant contam9ation4 ,! gr\nd wat] :i* is tapp$ by ! well is an und]gr\nd /ream fl[+ t[>ds ! ne>e/ brook4 ,heavy ra9s swell+ ! gr\nd wat] may wa% impurities f cesspools1 leaky dra9s1 etc41 at a consid]able di/ance1 & c>ry ^! into wells ly+ betwe5 ^! s\rces ( pollution & ! brook into ! b$ ( :i* ! und]gr\nd wat] ultimately dis*>ges4 ,! dang] ( contam9ation ( ! wat] 9 ! well by ! cont5ts ( ! cesspool is mu* great] 9 ! relative position %[n 9 ,a ?an 9 ! position %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #g4 ,aft] heavy ra91 :5 ! und]gr\nd wat] is swoll51 ! dang] ( contam9ation is /ill fur!r increas$4 ,! model bye-laws ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d /ate t a cesspool mu/ be at lea/ #dj feet di/ant f any well1 spr+1 or /ream4 ,probably ?is is insuffici5t = safety2 cesspools ought to be entirely =bidd54 ,if necess>y to reta9 a surface well1 x %\ld be protect$ ne>ly to ! bottom ) brick1 l9$ ) an imp]vi\s lay] ( cem5t s z to prev5t wat] f ent]+ ! well except ne> its bottom4 ,9 mod]n wells iron cyl9d]s are employ$ to l9e ! upp] "p ( ! well2 & l>ge glaz$ e>!nw>e pipes arrang$ v]tically & ) wat]-tight jo9ts are sometimes us$ = ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,%[+ ,,v>y+ ,,dang] ,,( ,,contam9ation ,,( ,a ,,%all[ ,,well1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,level ,,( ,,und]gr\nd ,,wat] ,,& ,,relative ,,position ,,( ,,cesspool ,,& ,,well 7aft] ,galton74 ,deep ,wells are made by digg+ a surface well1 z above1 except t ! gr\nd wat] is prev5t$ f ent]+ ! well by means ( imp]vi\s /e9+2 & !n bor+ f ! bottom d[n ?r\gh ! subjac5t imp]vi\s /ratum until a wat]-be>+ /ratum is rea*$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a surface well & a deep well is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h by ,a & ,b4 ,:]e ! wat] 9 ?is /ratum is reta9$ "u pressure1 deep wells are kn[n z ,artesian ,wells4 ,su* ,artesian wells h be5 sunk 9 ,london4 ,ra91 fall+ on ! *alk hills :i* lie to ! s\? & nor? ( ,london1 p]colates ?r\gh ! *alk d[nw>ds1 & !n lat]ally1 until x lies 9 ! concave ,london bas94 ,"h ! clay /ratum above x prev5ts its escape upw>ds2 & be+ conf9$ "u consid]able pressure1 x rises to ! surface1 or into a well 9 ! sup]ficial gravel1 :5 ! clay is tapp$4 ,9 ,fig4 #h1 ,b is an ,artesian well if ! pressure is su* z to make ! wat] rise ?r\gh ! ,london clay1 :5 ?is is cut ?r\gh & ! und]ly+ *alk is rea*$4 ,c is a well 9 ! *alk1 :i* does n pass ?r\gh an imp]vi\s /ratum1 & !re=e comes )9 ! above def9ition ( a surface well2 b z reg>ds dep? requir$ to be dug be=e wat] is rea*$ x is m l a deep well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,%[+ ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,deep ,,& ,,sup]ficial ,,well4 ,a4--,,surface ,,well ,,9 ,,gravel4 ,b4--,,deep ,,well1 ,,go+ ,,?r\gh ,,gravel ,,& ,,clay ,,to ,,*alk4 ,c4--,,well ,,9 ,,*alk ,,di/rict4 ,among ! deepe/ ,artesian wells are ,gr5elle 7#a1hjj feet71 & ,kiss+5 7#a1hgh feet47 ,! s9k+ ( a deep well & sev]e pump+ ( its wat] may exhau/ all ! neighb\r+ wells = two or ?ree miles4 ,!re is also dang] ( contam9ation f neighb\r+ cesspools :5 ! upp] "p ( ! deep well is n prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,! area exhau/$ by a deep well und]go+ pump+ is repres5t$ by an inv]t$ cone1 hav+ a v wide base1 & ) a convex inn] surface po9t+ t[>ds ! well4 ,= c\ntry places deep-well wat] is mu* pref]able to wat] f /reams1 z /reams are v liable to be contam9at$ by ! sewage ( h\ses high] up 9 _! c\rse1 or ev5 by t ( h\ses close by4 ,a good well %\ld be at lea/ ?irty feet deep--pref]ably fifty feet & %\ld always be l9$ ) imp]vi\s mat]ial1 except ne> its bottom4 ,! absolutely wat]-tight & imp]vi\s condition z well z ! di/ance ( all dra9s or cesspools 9 ! vic9ity %\ld be asc]ta9$ be=e decid+ :e!r ! dr9k+ wat] f a giv5 well is above suspicion4 ,! direction ( fl[ ( ! und]gr\nd wat] %\ld also be det]m9$4 ,?is may be done by measur+ ! level ( all ! wells 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,possible s\rces ( pollution at po9ts f :i* gr\nd wat] is fl[+ t[>ds ! well are mu* m dang]\s ?an ^? ne>] ?an ! well to ! riv] t[>ds :i* ! und]gr\nd wat] is fl[+ 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,/eam pump+ greatly increases ! area f :i* contam9ation may be d]iv$4 ,an excell5t plan to obta9 wat] = villages1 9 a gravelly soil1 is to s9k a ,norton's ,abyss9ian tube well = fifty or sixty feet4 ,9 t[ns x is pref]able to tru/ to ! public wat] suppli$1 r ?an to any private well2 & 9 villages1 a g5]al supply f a pure s\rce %\ld also be provid$4 ,! wat] is obta9$ f a well by a pump or a draw-well4 ,! =m] is a saf] z well z a less labori\s plan4 ,! pump %\ld be fix$ "s di/ance f ! well1 & ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! pump pipe passes %\ld be r5d]$ wat] tight4 ,lead pipes %\ld be avoid$1 z well wat] n infrequ5tly has plumbo-solv5t prop]ties4 #h4 ,riv]s & runn+ /reams orig9ate 9 upl& surface wat] or spr+s1 & _! wat] %\ld be ( ! same quality z ^!4 ,un=tunately1 !y acquire a l>ge am\nt ( impurities 9 _! c\rse4 ,t[ns commonly p\r _! m or less cl>ifi$ sewage into !m2 & ! dis*>ge ( crude sewage f hamlets & s+le h\ses on ! banks is /ill f> f uncommon4 ,) ! m rigid en=cem5t ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,acts1 ?is pollution ( riv]s w become less frequ5t2 b riv] wat] previ\sly contam9at$ by ev5 small am\nts ( sewage _c be reg>d$ z an ideal s\rce ( wat]-supply4 ,if no contam9ation be pres5t 9 ! wat] ( a riv]1 x =ms a good s\rce ( wat]-supply2 be+ runn+ wat]1 x is always fairly well arat$1 & is n usually s h>d z spr+-wat]4 ,ev5 if sewage has ent]$ a riv]1 x is ass]t$ t x becomes a safe s\rce ( wat]-supply1 aft] passage ?r\gh filt] b$s1 ! sewage hav+ be5 got rid ( 9 f\r ways4 #a/4--,by subsid5ce1 ! organic matt] settl+ to ! bottom4 #bnd4--,by ! influ5ce ( wat]-plants1 :i* assimilate ammonia1 nitrates1 etc41 & give out nasc5t oxyg54 #crd4--,oxidation4 ,d\btless a l>ge am\nt ( ! nitrog5\s matt] does become oxidis$ 9 its c\rse d[n a riv]1 & 9 ?is condition is h>mless4 ,! riv] ,se9e becomes greatly pollut$ z x passes ?r\gh ,p>is1 b s f> z *emical analysis c det]m9e its condition1 x is pur] #cj miles bel[ ! city ?an x 0 be=e x receiv$ ! sewage ( ! city4 #d?4--,x is highly probable t ! g]ms 7or micro-organisms7 ( ent]ic fev] & o!r diseases kn[n to be propagat$ by pollut$ wat]1 are practically or :olly de/roy$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! natural micro-organisms ( riv]-wat]4 ,:5 to ?is is add$ ! fact t riv]-wat] suppli$ to l>ge communities is c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh s&1 aft] hav+ be5 /or$ 9 res]voirs1 9 :i* ! *ief impurities h "t to settle1 x is n surpris+ t ! exp]i5ce ( ^? communities l ,london1 :i* are suppli$ ) riv]-wat]1 usually %[s no evid5ce ( evil ascribable to dr9k+ ?is wat]4 ,= ov] #cj ye>s ! inhabitants ( ,london h be5 dr9k+ filt]$ wat] f ! riv] ,lea & f ! ,?ames above ,t$d+ton1 & ?is gigantic exp]im5t on a population :i* has increas$ f #b to #e millions has n be5 accompani$ by any conclusive evid5ce ( evil effect4 ,9 reg>d to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! v>i\s wat]s describ$1 x w be useful to give "h ! classification made by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s 9 _! six? report3-- 4 ,spr+ ,wat] ,v palatable4 ,:olesome #b4 ,deep-well ,wat] #c4 ,upl& ,surface ,wat] ,mod]ately palatable4 #d4 ,/or$ ,ra9 ,wat] ,suspici\s #e4 ,surface ,wat] f ,cultivat$ ,l& ,palatable4 #f4 ,riv] ,wat] to :i* ,sewage ga9s ,dang]\s access #g4 ,%all[-well ,wat] ,passage ?r\gh c]ta9 geological /rata has a great influ5ce 9 r5d]+ wat] palatable1 col\rless1 & :olesome by p]colation4 ,! foll[+ /rata are said by ! ,commission]s to be ! mo/ effici5t3--7#a7 ,*alk1 7#b7 oolite1 7#c7 gre5s&1 7#d7 ,ha/+s s&1 7#e7 new r$ & conglom]ate s&/one4 ,fissures or cracks 9 ^! /rata may cause ! wat] to pass ?r\gh !m unpurifi$ by filtration4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,/orage ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! me?ods ( /or+ & deliv]+ wat] w v>y ) its s\rce4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 deep wells & spr+s are ! be/ s\rces ( supply2 b 9 l>ge t[ns !y are f\nd to be insuffici5t = ! wants ( a rapidly-increas+ population2 & !y c only be multipli$ 9 a giv5 di/rict )9 c]ta9 limits1 z e well dra9s a l>ge surr\nd+ area4 ,! supply f surface wells 9 gravel or s& b$s or 9 *alk di/ricts is liable to fail 9 seasons ( dr\ght2 b deep wells 9 oolite or *alk =mations1 & 9 ! new r$ s&/one1 g5]ally yield a con/ant & abundant supply4 ,:5 ! wat] is suppli$ f upl& surfaces1 spr+s1 or small /reams1 a collect+ res]voir is requir$4 ,?is is g5]ally a natural valley bel[ ! level ( ! s\rce ( supply1 b ( suffici5t elevation above ! place suppli$ to all[ ! wat] to be di/ribut$ by gravity1 )\t any pump+ app>atus4 ,! res]voir %\ld be l>ge en\gh to hold five or six mon?s' supply1 & its embankm5t %\ld be p]fectly wat]-tight1 & ( great /r5g?4 ,:5 wat] is collect$ f upl& surfaces1 x is important to "k ! am\nt ( ra9fall to be reckon$ on4 ,if we "k ! area ( ! surface :i* dra9s t[>ds ! res]voir1 & ! av]age ra9fall1 ! total ra9fall is easily calculat$4 ,?is w1 h[ev]1 diff] greatly f ! available ra9fall1 ow+ to ! losses f p5etration into ! gr\nd1 evaporation1 & o!r causes4 ,! am\nt lo/ w v>y1 accord+ to ! season1 f "o-half to sev5-eigh?s ( ! total ra9fall2 & accord+ to ! soil 7page #fh74 ,! proportion ( p]colation 9 ! *ief wat]-be>+ /rata surr\nd+ ,london v>ies f #dh to #fj p] c5t4 7,pre/wi*74 ,x is less :5 ! gr\nd is /eep & ! ra9fall rapid1 & usually less 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,wat] collect$ ne> its actual place ( fall1 & f uncultivat$ di/ricts1 is always pur] ?an t collect$ fur!r f its s\rce1 & f cultivat$ l&4 ,f ! collect+ or imp\nd+ res]voir1 wat] is c>ri$ by ! aqu$uct or conduit ei!r directly into ! s]vice-pipes1 or :5 ! pressure is too great1 into a second s]vice-res]voir1 resembl+ ! imp\nd+ res]voir 9 g5]al /ructure1 & capable ( hold+ a few days' supply4 ,?is mu/ be high gr\nd1 above ! level ( ! highe/ h\ses to :i* wat] has to be suppli$1 z wat] _c rise above its own level4 ,:5 ?is _c be arrang$1 ! wat] is pump$ into tanks at a high] level1 & di/ribut$ f !m4 ,! greate/ h\rly dem& = wat] be+ d\ble ! av]age h\rly dem&1 ! wat]-ma9s supply+ a t[n mu/ h d\ble ! dis*>g+ p[] t w\ld be requir$1 suppos+ ! dem& 0 uni=m4 ,! fir/ requisite ( a supply ( wat] is t x %\ld be abundant1 & suffici5t 9 am\nt = any extra /ra9 on its capacities4 ,wat] ought to be laid on to e h\se1 & to at lea/ two floors ( ! h\se4 ,any?+ prev5t+ free access to wat]1 militates aga9/ cleanl9ess4 ,ca/-iron is ! mo/ s]viceable mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma9 wat]-pipes2 x is coat$ ) pit*1 or ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?'s v>ni%1 or ) magnetic oxide ( iron 7,b>ff74 ,! s]vice-pipes to ea* h\se are g5]ally made ( lead1 & ! ease ) :i* ?is mat]ial c be b5t & curv$1 & c>ri$ to ! diff]5t floors ( a h\se1 makes its use v conv5i5t4 ,lead pipes1 fur!rmore1 c be easily oblit]at$ 9 case ( bur/+1 & s any wa/e ( wat] & flood+ ( ! h\se m9imis$4 ,"s k9ds ( wat]1 un=tunately1 act on & dissolve lead2 ?is is especially true ( s(t wat]s & ^? conta9+ organic matt]4 ,%all[ wells1 be+ v liable to organic pollution1 ought nev] to h ! supply-pipe ( _! pumps made ( lead4 ,) h>d wat]s1 lead pipes may g5]ally be us$ safely4 ,:5 ! quality ( ! wat] r5d]s lead pipes objectionable1 ! use ( iron1 t91 z9c1 t9n$ copp]1 e>!nw>e1 gutta-p]*a1 & o!r mat]ials1 has be5 sugge/$4 ,( ^!1 ca/ & wr\ght-iron pipes are ! mo/ s]viceable1 or pipes compos$ ( an inn] l9+ ( block-t9 & an out] ( lead1 a lay] ( asbe/os int]v5+ to prev5t galvanic action betwe5 ! metals4 ,accord+ to ,rawl9son1 8supply-pipes ( wr\ght-iron are *eap]1 /rong]1 & m easily fitt$ ?an s]vice-pipes ( lead20 b x is urg$ aga9/ !m by ,p]ry1 t ) s(t wat] !y become *ok$ by ru/ 9 a few ye>s4 ,if galvaniz$ !y are m durable4 ,ca/-iron pipes are ru/$ less easily ?an wr\ght-iron4 ,:5 ! wat]-supply is f a riv]1 filt]+ b$s are ne$$1 9 addition to ! p>ts ( a wat]-s]vice hi!rto describ$4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! riv] is usually at a l[ level1 ! wat]1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! filt]+ b$s1 requires to be pump$ into rais$ tanks1 f :i* x is deliv]$4 ,9 lay+ d[n wat]-pipes1 9 ! /reets & to h\ses1 x is v important to make ! di/ance betwe5 !m & all dra9s & gas-pipes z great z possible4 ,suction ( gases or liquids may occur into leaky pipes1 ev5 ?\gh ^! conta9 wat]1 & /ill m :5 !y are empty2 & disease has occasionally be5 trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,?us if sew]s & wat]-ma9s are laid 9 ! same tr5*1 f\l matt]s :i* h escap$ into ! soil f ! =m] may be suck$ into ! latt]4 ,?is may happ5 if ! wat]-ma9s are leaky1 ev5 :5 !y are runn+ full4 ,exp]im5ts h %ewn t ! fl[ ( wat] causes a p>tial vacuum & insuction at ! defective po9ts4 ,dur+ int]missions ( supply :5 ! ma9s are p>tially or entirely empty1 ! dang] ( leakage into !m is /ill great]4 ,coal-gas has be5 simil>ly suck$ into wat]-ma9s4 ,! pipes br++ ! wat] to a h\se may be kept con/antly fill$ ) wat]1 or only = a limit$ "t once or twice a day4 ,! int]mitt5t sy/em ( supply necessitates ! provision ( ci/]ns or wat]-tanks1 9 :i* wat] c be /or$ 9 ! int]vals ( fl[ ( wat]4 ,) a suffici5t & prop]ly-di/ribut$ public supply ( wat]1 no ci/]n ought to be requir$4 ,ci/]ns4--,ci/]ns = ! supply ( potable wat] may be made ( iron1 slate1 /one1 glass1 glaz$ e>!nw>e1 or brick l9$ ) ,portl& cem5t4 ,o!r mat]ials h be5 us$1 z timb]1 lead1 & z9c4 ,timb] is inadvisable1 z x easily rots2 lead is v objectionable1 ow+ to ! possible solv5t action ( ! wat] on x4 ,z9c or galvaniz$ iron ci/]ns are also act$ on by s(t wat]2 b !y may be us$ ) mo/ wat]s4 ,galvaniz$ iron is iron coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( z9c4 ,iron ci/]ns soon ru/2 b ?is may be prev5t$ by giv+ !m a coat+ ( boil$ l9se$ oil be=e !y leave ! f\ndry4 ,/one ci/]ns are too heavy = use1 except 9 basem5ts4 ,slate ci/]ns are good1 b are apt to leak2 ! po9ts ( leakage h occasionally be5 /opp$ ) r$ lead1 :i* is attack$ by ! wat]1 & ?us lead poison+ results4 ,if ! slate is set 9 good cem5t 7n mort>1 z ?is makes ! wat] h>d71 x is a good mat]ial = a ci/]n4 ,e ci/]n %\ld h a well-fitt+ lid1 always kept clos$1 to avoid ! entrance ( du/ ( v>i\s k9ds1 or ev5 dead cats1 birds1 etc4 ,noxi\s gases may be absorb$ by ! /agnant wat]4 ,! ci/]n %\ld be easy ( access4 ,if x is indoors1 ! ci/]n room %\ld be well v5tilat$2 & 9 any case ! ci/]n %\ld be p]iodically visit$ & clean$ out4 ,:5 ! ci/]n is full1 a ball-tap prev5ts any fur!r fl[ ( wat]2 & if ?is does n act prop]ly1 an ov]fl[ pipe c>ries (f ! excess ( wat]4 ,ci/]ns badly arrang$ or neglect$ h be5 9 ! pa/ a common s\rce ( disease4 7#a7 ,! ov]fl[ pipe %\ld n pass into any "p ( ! wat]-closet app>atus or ! soil-pipe1 or into ! supply pipe to ! wat]-closet4 ,:]e ! ov]fl[-pipe dis*>ges into ! soil-pipe or closet pan1 f\l gases or ev5 solid p>ticles may f9d _! way into ! ci/]n4 7#b7 ,no wat]-closet ought to be suppli$ f ! same ci/]n z supplies dr9k+ wat]1 z ! pipe lead+ d[n to ! closet may :5 ! ci/]n is accid5tally empty c>ry noxi\s effluvia into ! ci/]n4 ,a sep>ate flu%+ ci/]n capable ( dis*>g+ two to ?ree gallons ( wat] %\ld be provid$ = ea* closet4 ,) a con/ant supply ( wat]1 ci/]ns are only requir$ = wat]-closets & = hot-wat] app>atus 7see pages #afh & #afd74 ,con/ant & ,int]mitt5t ,s]vices4--,) an int]mitt5t s]vice ( wat]1 dur+ ! int]vals ( supply1 wat] is only obta9able f ci/]ns1 wat]-butts1 etc4 ,! objections aga9/ ?is sy/em are t--7#a7 ,! ci/]ns requir$ are exp5sive1 & liable to get out ( ord] & become f\l4 7#b7 ,_! ov]fl[ pipes may improp]ly communicate ) ! soil pipe or ) "s o!r "p ( ! dra9age1 in/ead ( op5+ into ! ext]nal air4 7#c7 ,putrid gases1 f neighb\r+ v5tilat+-pipes or o!r p>ts ( ! dra9age sy/em1 are liable to be absorb$ by ! /agnant wat] 9 ! ci/]n4 7#d7 ,! *ief objection to an int]mitt5t supply is t1 dur+ ! int]vals 9 :i* ! wat]-ma9s are empty1 f\l air & liquids f ! contigu\s soil & dra9s are liable to be suck$ ?r\gh imp]fect jo9ts into ! pipes4 7#e7 ,9 case ( fire1 ! supply ( wat] 9 ! sy/em is insuffici5t4 ,9 c]ta9 t[ns rates ( insurance aga9/ fire h be5 r$uc$ on replac+ an int]mitt5t by a con/ant s]vice ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h& x is urg$ t m exp5sive fitt+s are requir$ = a con/ant s]vice2 & t1 :5 taps are left op5 or pipes bur/1 ! wa/e ( wat] is mu* great] ?an ) a ci/]n supply4 ,! balance is decid$ly 9 fav\r ( a con/ant supply )\t /orage ci/]ns4 ,:]e /orage ci/]ns are 9 use1 ! taps = dr9k+-wat] %\ld be connect$ ) ! 8ris+-ma910 be=e x supplies ! ci/]n4 ,! ,advantages ( ! ,con/ant ,s]vice may be ?us summ>is$3-- 7#a7 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ci/]ns1 ! risks connect$ ) /agnant wat]1 & ) improp] arrangem5t ( ov]fl[ pipes1 are obviat$4 7#b7 ,! risk ( suction into supply ma9s ( ext]nal contam9ations is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 s9ce ! pipes are nev] empty4 7#c7 ,! pipes are less liable to ru/4 ,air 9 ! pres5ce ( a little moi/ure1 causes rapid corrosion4 7#d7 ,!re is an abundant supply ( wat] 9 case ( fire4 ,( c\rse1 :5 !re is a tempor>y /oppage ( supply1 z = repairs1 "s ( ! dang]s incurr$ by an int]mitt5t supply w arise4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,impurities ,,( ,,wat]4 ,prop]ties ( ,wat]4--,:5 pure1 wat] is col\rless1 or blui% :5 se5 9 l>ge quantity4 ,x %\ld be q inodor\s4 ,if1 aft] keep+ x = "s "t 9 a p]fectly clean vessel1 or if on heat+ x a smell is develop$1 ! wat] is bad4 ,its ta/e %\ld be pleasant & sp>kl+ f ! atmosph]ic gases dissolv$ 9 x4 ,bitt]ness g5]ally indicates ! pres5ce ( sulphate ( magnesium 7,epsom salts74 ,saltness is always a suspici\s prop]ty1 except 9 wat] obta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( salt m9es or br9e spr+s1 or ne> ! sea4 ,x %\ld be s(t to ! t\*1 & %\ld dissolve soap easily4 ,x %\ld be bright & cle>1 & conta9 no susp5d$ matt]s4 ,cle> wat] is n necess>ily pure1 b turbid wat] is always to be reject$2 ! only exception be+ ! br[ni%-t+$ wat] f moors1 :i* is n hurtful4 ,9 all o!r cases1 pr9t$ matt] %\ld be legible ?r\gh at lea/ #ah in*es ( wat] 9 a cle> glass cyl9d]4 ,?or\ghly dissolv$ organic matt] is less dang]\s ?an susp5d$2 ! turbidity ( wat] is !re=e ( great importance4 ,b wat] may be bright & sp>kl+ & app>5tly p]fectly cle>1 & yet highly dang]\s4 ,! mo/ important ( ! physical prop]ties ( wat] 9 reg>d to heal? are ! abs5ce ( smell & turbidity1 & ^! c be asc]ta9$ by ev5 ! mo/ inexp]i5c$4 ,! *emical te/s = ! m important impurities are giv5 7pages #he to #hg74 ,! impurities ( wat] may be class$ "u f\r heads--gase\s1 m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal4 ,! gases ord9>ily pres5t 9 wat] _c prop]ly be reg>d$ z impurities1 inasmu* z !y are always pres5t1 & greatly increase its palatabl5ess4 ,! dissolv$ nitrog5 & oxyg5 be> to ea* o!r ! proportion #adb to #a2 :]e sewage contam9ation occurs1 ! oxyg5 w be dim9i%$ or disappe>1 ow+ to oxidation ( ! organic matt]4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas 9 wat] v>ies greatly4 ,x may be consid]able 9 *alk wat]s1 & 9 contam9at$ well-wat]4 ,m9]al ,impurities4--,m9]al impurities are dissolv$ by wat] 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! soil1 & s w v>y ) ! "* ( ! latt]4 #a4 ,! wat] obta9$ f granitic =mations conta9s v little m9]al matt]1 (t5 n m ?an two to six gra9s p] gallon4 ,clay slate wat] is also g5]ally v pure1 z is ! wat] f h>d trap rocks4 #b4 ,! wat] f mill/one grit & h>d oolite is v pure1 (t5 conta9+ only f\r to eight gra9s p] gallon1 *iefly calcium & magnesium sulphate & c>bonate4 #c4 ,s(t s&-rock wat]s usually conta9 ?irty to eighty gra9s p] gallon ( sodium salts1 ) a little lime & magnesia4 #d4 ,loose s& & gravel wat]s v>y greatly4 ,!y may be almo/ free f m9]al matt]1 or ! solids may be m ?an sev5ty gra9s p] gallon1 includ+ mu* organic matt]4 #e4 ,wat]s f ! lias clays v>y some:at1 b commonly conta9 a l>ge quantity ( calcium & magnesium sulphates4 #f4 ,*alk wat]s g5]ally conta9 f sev5 to tw5ty gra9s ( calcium c>bonate1 ) small] quantities ( o!r salts4 #g4 ,lime/one & magnesian lime/one wat]s diff] f ! la/1 9 conta9+ m calcium sulphate & less calcium c>bonate1 z well z mu* magnesium sulphate & c>bonate 9 ! dolomite di/ricts4 #h4 ,sel5itic wat]s conta9 calcium sulphate 9 consid]able quantities4 #i4 ,clay wat]s usually possess ! *>act]s ( wat] f surface wells1 & are objectionable4 #aj4 ,alluvial wat]s g5]ally conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( v>i\s salts1 includ+ ! v>i\s calcium1 magnesium1 & sodium salts4 #aa4 ,artesian well wat] v>ies greatly 9 composition4 ,x may conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( sodium & potassium salts1 or a small quantity ( iron1 or calcium salts4 ,! commone/ & mo/ important m9]al con/itu5t ( wat] is calcium c>bonate1 next to ?is calcium sulphate4 ,^! two salts are ! *ief causes ( h>dness ( wat]4 ,= practical purposes z reg>ds use 9 dome/ic matt]s & 9 manufactures1 ! mo/ important classification ( wat]s is into h>d & s(t4 ,! degree ( h>dness v>ies )9 wide limits--f ra9-wat]1 :i* has no h>dness at all1 to ! wat] f new r$ s&/one rocks :i* sometimes possesses a h>dness ( #ij degrees2 or wells 9 ! gravel1 9 :i* x may be z mu* z #aeb degrees4 ,! foll[+ classification ( wat]s1 accord+ to ! degree ( h>dness1 beg9n+ ) ! lea/ h>d & gradually increas+ 9 h>dness1 is f ! six? report ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s3--#a4 ,ra9-wat]4 #b4 ,upl& surface4 #c4 ,surface f cultivat$ l&4 #d4 ,riv]4 #e4 ,spr+4 #f4 ,deep-well4 #g4 ,%all[-well wat]4 ,calcium c>bonate is ! mo/ common cause ( h>dness1 & ! h>dness produc$ by x is rem$iable by boil+ or *emical means4 ,calcium c>bonate 7*alk7 is r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]1 by ! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! latt]1 a d\ble bic>bonate be+ ?us =m$4 ,! air conta9$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* wat] passes1 (t5 conta9s #bej times z mu* c>bonic acid z ord9>y air4 ,! wat]1 9 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 dissolves ?is c>bonic acid1 & ?us is able to take up a consid]able am\nt ( *alk4 ,! am\nt ( h>dness 9 any giv5 wat] is express$ 9 degrees1 "o degree be+ equival5t to a gra9 ( calcium c>bonate 9 a gallon ( wat]4 ,cl>ke's soap te/ is employ$ to detect ! am\nt ( h>dness4 ,x consi/s ( a solution ( soap ( a kn[n /r5g?4 ,s(t wat] w =m a la!r at once ) ?is2 h>d wat] w only =m a la!r aft] all ! calcium salt is neutralis$4 ,! am\nt ( ,cl>ke's solution requir$ be=e a la!r is produc$1 w give an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( h>dness4 ,to ,det]m9e ! ,total ,h>dness take #gj c4c4 ( ! wat] & place 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,f a burette run 9 a suffici5t quantity ( ! /&>d soap solution 7( :i* #a c4c4 equals #a ( h>dness71 to produce a la!r on %ak+ ! wat]1 :i* rema9s unbrok5 aft] /&+ five m9utes4 ,?us1 if #ge c4c4 ( ! soap solution 7 requir$1 ! h>dness is #fe1 z #a c4c4 ( ! solution is requir$ to produce a la!r 9 s(t wat]4 ,! #fe means #fe milligrammes ( calcium c>bonate 9 #gj c4c4 or #fe gra9s 9 a gallon ( ! wat]4 ,to ,det]m9e ! ,p]man5t ,h>dness boil #gj c4c4 ( ! wat] 9 a flask = half-an-h\r2 all[ ! precipitat$ c>bonates ( calcium & magnesium to settle4 ,"s ( ! latt] w be re-dissolv$4 ,c>efully decant1 & make up ! liquid to ! orig9al #gj c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,filt] ?r\gh f9e filt] pap] & e/imate h>dness z above4 ,! am\nt ( soap wa/$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>dness ( wat] is v great4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( wat] ( "o degree ( h>dness1 z e gallon conta9s "o gra9 ( *alk1 #g1jjj gallons w\ld conta9 #g1jjj gra9s--t is1 a p\nd4 ,b e gra9 ( *alk wa/es #h or #i gra9s ( soap2 !re=e1 a p\nd ( *alk1 conta9$ 9 #g1jjj gallons1 w\ld wa/e ab\t #h p\nds ( soap4 ,b ne>ly all wat]s are h>d] ?an ?is1 & !y n uncommonly possess a h>dness ( #bj or m4 ,if ! h>dness be #bj1 ! wa/e w\ld be #agj p\nds ( soap4 ,?is quantity w\ld be easily us$ annually 9 a family ( sev5 or eight p]sons1 if we include ! wa%+ ( clo!s4 ,! am\nt ( money ?us wa/$ c be easily e/imat$4 ,n only does s(t wat] require less soap1 b x is mu* m suitable = mak+ tea & s\p1 & = boil+ meat & vegetables--bo? "t & fuel be+ sav$4 ,! reason :y bett] tea is made :5 a little c>bonate ( soda is add$ to ! wat] is t ! *alk is by ?is means precipitat$4 ,c>bonate ( calcium is precipitat$ f wat] by boil+ x2 c>bonic acid be+ driv5 (f1 ! neutral salt falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! 8fur0 inside kettles1 :i* less5s _! conductivity to heat1 & r5d]s necess>y a great] consumption ( fuel4 ,! *alk may also be remov$ by add+ to ! wat]1 :ile /ill 9 ! res]voir1 "s milk ( lime--t is1 quicklime made into a milky solution ) wat]4 ,?is is done on a l>ge scale at v>i\s wat]works4 ,! reaction may be express$ ?us3-- ,calcium bic>bonate calcium oxide calcium c>bonate calcium c>bonate4 ,! calcium c>bonate1 z x is precipitat$1 c>ries d[n ) x organic & o!r matt]s1 ?us cle>+ & purify+ ! wat]4 ,! h>dness due to calcium sulphate is n removable by boil+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 call$ p]man5t h>dness1 to di/+ui% x f ! tempor>y h>dness ( *alk wat]s1 :i* is removable by boil+4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be p>tially remov$ by ! addition ( wa%+ soda to ! wat]1 z well z ! nitrate & *loride ( calcium :i* are also pres5t4 ,! magnesium salts are n removable by boil+ or soda4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! 8fur0 inside kettles does n usually conta9 magnesium salts4 ,! am\nt ( h>dness v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t wat]s4 ,9 ! deep wells 9 magnesium lime/one1 x v>ies f #ad-eg2 9 ! deep wells f *alk b$s1 x v>ies f #ac to #bg & may be high]4 ,9 ! wat] f ,bala ,lake1 ,wales1 ! tempor>y h>dness is #ja1 ! p]man5t h>dness #jc2 9 ! ,lo* ,katr9e wat] !re is no tempor>y h>dness1 #ji p]man5t h>dness2 9 ! wat] f ! new r$ s&/one 7,nott+ham71 ! tempor>y h>dness is #if1 p]man5t #ajb2 9 a *alk spr+ at ,ryde1 tempor>y h>dness #afg1 p]man5t #ci 7,wanklyn74 ,! total h>dness 9 ! metropolitan wat] supplies f ! riv]s ,?ames & ,lea1 v>ies f #acb 7,s\?w>k ,company7 to #adf 7,new ,riv] ,company72 9 ! ,k5t ,deep ,wells #bja2 9 deep wells f ! *alk at ,brighton x v>ies f #ab to #ac4 ,9 all ^!1 ! h>dness is *iefly tempor>y4 ,! am\nt ( p]man5t h>dness is always great 9 wat] f clays1 z ! ,london1 ,ox=d1 ,kimm]idge1 & ,l[] ,lias clays2 or 9 places :]e !re are l>ge deposits ( calcium sulphate1 z at ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is 7h5ce ! "n ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 giv5 to desiccat$ calcium sulphate74 ,wat] f fissures 9 ! clay (t5 conta9s1 also1 a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,*lorides are always pres5t 9 small quantities 9 wat]4 ,z a rule ! pres5ce ( m ?an #a gra9 p] gallon1 i4e4 #g p>ts p] #ajj1jjj ( wat]1 indicates contam9ation ) "s animal refuse1 unless ! wat] is d]iv$ f new r$ s&/one1 or br9e spr+s1 or f ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea4 ,?is rule does n1 h[ev]1 hold univ]sally good4 ,! abs5ce or ! pres5ce ( only a m9ute quantity ( *lorides indicates ! probable abs5ce ( animal contam9ation2 b 9 exceptional cases wat]s ( ! highe/ organic purity may conta9 m *lorides ?an ! same bulk ( sewage4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ,*lor9e take #gj c4c4 ( ! wat]1 add a few drops ( solution ( potassium mono*romate 7,k,cr,o74 ,f a burette run 9 gradually a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate 7( su* a /r5g? t #a c4c4 ( ! solution is equival5t to #a milligramme ( *lor9e74 ,! silv] solution =ms milky *loride ( silv] 7,ag,cl7 by comb9ation ) ! *lor9e ( ! *lorides 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 all ! *lor9e is ?us comb9$1 ! next drop ( ! silv] solution =ms a deep r$ t9t ) ! *romate4 ,! numb] ( c4c4's ( ! silv] solution requir$ to produce ?is effect1 equals ! numb] ( milligrammes ( *lor9e 9 #gj c4c4 ( wat]1 or ! numb] ( gra9s ( *lor9e 9 a gallon ( wat]4 ,to conv]t ?is into p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 divide by #g & multiply by #aj4 ,to express ! am\nt ( *lor9e 9 t]ms ( common salt 7,na,cl71 multiply ! p>ts p] #ajj1jjj ( *lor9e by #afe4 ,nitrates 9 any wat] are suspici\s2 b _! import v>ies ) ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur4 ,a m9ute quantity ( ammonium nitrate is pres5t 9 ne>ly all wat]s2 & ! wat] ( deep wells1 especially ( wells 9 ! *alk1 :i*1 z a rule is p]fectly free f sewage1 may be highly *>g$ ) nitrates4 ,nitrates1 :5 d]iv$ f sewage1 repres5t a completely oxidis$ condition ( its nitrog5\s matt]4 ,crude sewage g5]ally conta9s no nitrates4 ,nitrites z a rule indicate m rec5t contam9ation1 & !re=e great] dang] ?an nitrates4 ,! pres5ce ( m ?an a trace ( phosphates is a /rong indication ( contam9ation ) sewage matt]4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ,nitrites & ,nitrates ! be/ kn[n me?ods are by ! indigo1 ! ph5ol-sulphuric1 ! alum9ium1 or ! z9c-copp] c\ple te/s4 ,= nitrites ! metaph5yl5e-diam9e te/ is employ$ 7page #he74 ,! foll[+ qualitative te/s w suffice = elem5t>y "w4 ,nitrates4 ,an equal am\nt ( a solution ( bruc9e is add$ to ! suspect$ wat] 9 a te/-tube1 !n a little pure sulphuric acid is p\r$ d[n ! side ( ! tube4 ,a p9k zone is produc$ if nitrates are pres5t 9 consid]able am\nt4 ,nitrites4 ,a few drops ( ea* ( dilut$ sulphuric acid & ( metaph5yl5e-diam9e solution give a r$ col\r ) wat] aft] /&+ = a few m9utes1 if nitrites are pres5t4 ,lead is an occasional contam9ation ( slightly acid wat]s4 ,! pure/ & mo/ oxyg5at$ wat]s act mo/ readily on lead2 z also ^? conta9+ organic matt]1 nitrates or nitrites4 ,wat]s conta9+ *lorides also act on lead1 ! *loride ( lead be+ suffici5tly soluble to produce poison\s symptoms4 ,upl& surface wat]s d]iv$ f moorl&s 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 e4g4 ar\nd ,%effield1 h be5 f\nd to be capable ( dissolv+ consid]able lead f lead s]vice-pipes4 ,! wat] tak5 fir/ f ! tap 9 ! e>ly morn+ is ! mo/ heavily *>g$ ) lead4 ,su* wat]s are v s(t2 b o!r moorl& s(t wat]s d n dissolve lead4 ,x is ! wat] hav+ a slightly acid reaction :i* possesses ?is prop]ty4 ,! s\rce ( ?is acid1 :e!r sulphuric acid f ! products ( combu/ion 9 a neighb\r+ t[n1 or an organic acid1 is unc]ta94 ,! plumbo-solv5t action ( su* wat] is greate/ 9 autumn1 :5 ! am\nt ( acid is at its maximum4 ,! prop]ty ( dissolv+ lead is remov$ by pass+ ! wat] on a l>ge scale ov] filt]s ( s&1 spongy iron1 *alk1 or lime/one4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( c>bonate ( soda has ! same effect4 ,9 su* di/ricts ! use ( t9-l9$ iron pipes = dome/ic s]vices has be5 recomm5d$1 b ^! are liable to fracture :5 b5t4 ,pipes consi/+ ( an out] case ( lead & an inn] pipe ( t9 ) a lay]s ( asbe/os betwe5 h also be5 plac$ on ! m>ket4 7,see also page #fh47 ,h>d wat]s h ! lea/ action on lead2 a coat+ ( insoluble c>bonate ( lead be+ =m$ on ! int]ior ( ! pipe1 :i* prev5ts any fur!r action4 ,?us ! use ( lead pipes = wat] conta9+ c>bonates or sulphate1 or calcium phosphate1 is comp>atively safe4 ,h>d wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid gas "u pressure w dissolve a small am\nt ( c>bonate ( lead2 ?is expla9s ! cases ( lead poison+ f soda wat] :i* 0 =m]ly suppli$ 9 syphon bottles ) lead tubes4 ,lead is dissolv$ mu* m easily by wat] if o!r metals are 9 contact ) x1 z iron1 z9c1 or t91 galvanic action be+ ?us set up4 ,z9c pipes conta9+ "s lead are v dang]\s1 especially ) ! di/ill$ wat] us$ on bo>d %ips4 ,to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( lead 9 wat]1 place a giv5 quantity1 say #ajj c4c4 9 a :ite di%1 & /ir ) a rod dipp$ 9 a solution ( ammonium sulphide2 if ! wat] becomes col\r$1 ?is is g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( iron or lead4 ,if ! col\r rema9s aft] add+ a drop or two ( hydro*loric acid1 lead is pres5t4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( lead1 a /&>d solution ( lead acetate conta9+ #aaj milligrammes ( lead 9 #a c4c41 is made by dissolv+ #ahc gramme ( cry/allis$ lead acetate 9 a litre ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,place #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] to be exam9$ 9 a ,nessl] glass1 acidify by a few drops ( acetic acid2 n[ add #ab c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium sulphide4 ,a br[ni%-black discoloration is produc$ if lead is pres5t4 ,to a second ,nessl] glass1 conta9+ #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! same am\nts ( acetic acid & ammonium sulphide are add$1 & !n a suffici5t quantity ( ! /&>d lead solution is add$1 until ! t9ts ( ! cont5ts ( ! two ,nessl] glasses are id5tical4 ,! am\nt ( ! /&>d solution add$ be+ kn[n1 we "k ! am\nt ( lead 9 #ajj c4c41 & ! am\nt p] litre 7#a1jjj c4c47 w be t5fold4 ,?us if #b c4c4 ( ! solution 7 requir$ = mat*+ col\rs1 !re 7 #b p>ts ( lead p] #ajj1jjj ( wat]1 or #ad gra9s p] gallon4 ,traces ( ,iron are sometimes pres5t 9 wat]1 giv+ x an a/r+5t ta/e4 ,su* wat] is apt to turn br[n2 & tea made f x is v d>k4 ,organic ,impurities4--,organic impurities may be ei!r vegetable or animal1 ! latt] be+ by f> ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,! wat] f moorl&s is (t5 br[n1 b ?is is n noxi\s4 ,gr[+ plants1 aga91 may be b5eficial to wat]1 by absorb+ dissolv$ organic matt]1 & aid+ its oxidation4 ,decay+ vegetable matt] is objectionable 9 wat]1 & may set up di>rha4 ,! mo/ important organic impurity ( wat] has an animal orig9--f sewage2 ! liquid or solid excreta 7i4e4 ! ur9e or fces7 ga9+ accid5tal access to ! wat]4 ,besides sewage1 ! eggs ( v>i\s inte/9al worms h be5 swall[$ ) wat]2 & 9 a few cases1 ev5 lee*es4 ,b :atev] ! s\rce ( ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 wat]1 x conta9s nitrog5 z an ess5tial con/itu5t2 & t5ds "u ! influ5ce ( w>m?1 & !re=e especially 9 summ]1 to und]go putrefactive *anges1 ow+ to ! action ( bact]ia4 ,^! split up ! m complex molecules ( organic matt] into simpl] matt]2 ammoniacal comp\nds & salts1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are nitrites & nitrates1 be+ f9al products ( _! activity4 ,! detection ( nitrates1 & /ill m ( nitrites1 is important1 z !y may indicate ! occurr5ce ( previ\s sewage contam9ation4 ,^! products are q h>mless 9 wat]1 except z an indication t ! wat] has be5 pollut$1 & t possibly a c]ta9 proportion ( ! nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! =m ( ! complex organic matt] =m+ ! g]ms ( su* diseases z ent]ic fev]1 may /ill be pres5t4 ,organic matt] may be susp5d$ or dissolv$1 ! =m] be+ mo/ dang]\s to heal?4 ,! g]ms or microbes caus+ disease consi/ ( susp5d$1 i4e4 p>ticulate matt]4 ,! am\nt ( organic matt] is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( free ammonia & album9oid ammonia :i* are pres5t 7,wanklyn's process71 by ,frankl&'s combu/ion process1 or by ,=s*amm]'s oxyg5 process2 all ( :i* give indications1 r ?an an exact e/imate ( its am\nt4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,wat] ,,analysis4 ,! foll[+ s*eme ( qualitative exam9ation may be foll[$1 :5 an imm$iate op9ion is requir$ z to a wat]4 ,x c only be tru/$ :5 ! exam9ation %[s pollution4 ,! foll[+ results w be obta9$1 = in/ance1 :5 a m9ute quantity ( ur9e is add$ to a gallon ( wat]4 7#a7 ,! wat] has a fa9t od\r4 7#b7 ,its col\r is gre5i% yell[ 9 bulk4 7#c7 ,on add+ a few drops ( ,nessl]'s solution1 a deep yell[ col\r appe>s4 7#d7 ,a few drops ( an acid solution ( p]manganate ( potassium become yell[ :5 add$ to x4 7#e7 ,acidify "s ( ! wat] 9 a te/-tube ) nitric acid1 !n add silv] nitrate solution4 ,di/9ct cl\d9ess is produc$1 mu* great] ?an ) pure tap wat]4 7#f7 ,addition ( hydro*loric acid & b>ium *loride solution %[s a mu* great] quantity ( sulphates ?an ! same quantity ( tap wat]4 7#g7 ,a quantity ( ! wat] evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% ov] a ,buns5's flame gives a :ite residue1 :i* spe$ily turns br[n1 ) a ur9\s od\r4 7#h7 ,ignite ! a% & add "s nitric acid to oxidise x m completely4 ,!n dissolve 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & add acid molybdate solution4 ,a yell[ col\r1 foll[$ by a precipitate1 indicates high phosphates & sewage pollution4 ,! ,complete ,sy/ematic ,exam9ation is 7a7 physical1 7b7 bact]iological1 & 7c7 *emical4 ,( ! physical te/s1 col\r1 :i* %\ld nev] be yell[ or br[n except = peaty wat]1 is important4 ,ta/e is a some:at unc]ta9 guide1 b any badly-ta/+ wat] %\ld be reject$4 ,! od\r on heat+ to #hj ,f4 9 a clos$ flask may indicate pollution4 ,! degree ( h>dness c be r\ghly te/$ by rubb+ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,! abs5ce ( turbidity is mo/ important1 z susp5d$ impurities are m dang]\s ?an all o!rs4 ,pr9t$ matt] %\ld be legible ?r\gh a column ( #ah in*es ( wat]4 ,microscopally ! susp5d$ matt] 9 wat] :i* has be5 all[$ to settle %\ld be exam9$4 ,p>ticles ( vegetable matt]1 e4g4 fibres ( cotton1 l951 cells ( potato1 or spiral cells ( cabbage1 are important z indicat+ dome/ic impurities4 ,bits ( wool1 hair1 w+s & legs ( insects & epi!lium may be discov]$4 ,! pres5ce ( alg1 diatoms & desmids1 or ( wat]-fleas1 _c be held to indicate pollution1 z ^! are f\nd 9 all runn+ /reams & 9 _m wells4 ,! eggs & embryos ( worms are mu* m s]i\s4 ,bact]ia are almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9 wat]4 ,! majority ( ^! micro-organisms are h>mless4 ,b z !y may numb] among !m ! g]ms produc+ diseases l ent]ic fev] & *ol]a1 ! e/imation ( _! numb] & p>ticul>ly ( any deviation f ! numb] usually pres5t 9 a giv5 wat]1 & if possible ! detection ( special disease-produc+ bact]ia1 are v important4 ,?is me?od has be5 made m practicable s9ce ,ko*'s me?od ( 8plate cultivation0 ( bact]ia 0 discov]$4 ,a small quantity ( ! wat] to be exam9$ 7kept surr\nd$ by ice until ?is te/ is appli$1 to prev5t multiplication ( bact]ia 9 ! bottle71 is mix$ ) /]ilis$ gelat9e :i* has be5 melt$ ov] a wat] ba?4 ,!n ! mixture is spread 9 a ?9 lay] on a glass plate & all[$ to solidify1 hav+ be5 cov]$ to prev5t atmosph]ic g]ms f settl+ on ! gelat9e4 ,! bact]ia 9 ! wat] ?us become fix$1 ea* gr[+ & =m+ 8colonies0 dott$ ov] ! plate4 ,^! colonies c be recognis$ by _! size & appe>ance1 & by sub-cultur+ accord+ to recognis$ me?ods4 ,! numb] ( su* colonies1 & ! numb] ( bact]ia1 f :i*1 presumably1 su* colonies sprang 9 #a c4c4 ( filt]$ ,?ames wat] is usually mu* bel[ #ajj2 9 ! wat] be=e filtration _m ?\s&s are pres5t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t no wat] %\ld be reg>d$ z :olesome :i* conta9s m ?an #ajj bact]ia 9 ea* c4c4 ,?is /&>d is1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly arbitr>y4 ,*alk wat] ought to h a small] numb] ?an ?is2 riv] wat]s may h m1 & yet be :olesome4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! "* ( ! bact]ia f\nd4 ,! detection ( ! ,bacillus coli communis1 :i* is pres5t 9 sewage1 & normally 9 ! human inte/9e1 is v sugge/ive ( contam9ation by sewage4 ,! bact]iological me?od ( exam9ation ( wat] is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,,*emical ,,analysis4 7#a7 ,! total solids are asc]ta9$ by evaporat+ a giv5 quantity ( ! wat] to dryness1 & weigh+4 7#b7 ,det]m9ation ( ,*lor9e 7see page #ha74 7#c7 ,det]m9ation ( ,h>dness 7see page #hj74 7#d7 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrites is bas$ on ! r$di%-br[n col\ration produc$ :5 an acid solution ( metaph5yl5e diam9e is br\ght into contact ) a weak solution ( nitr\s acid4 #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] "u exam9ation are plac$ 9 a clean glass cyl9d]4 ,add #a c4c4 ( ,h,,s solution 7#a 9 #c71 !n #b c4c4 ( metaph5yl5e diam9e solution 7#e gra9s 9 #a litre ( wat] ) a little ,h,,s add$74 ,/ir well ) a glass rod4 ,if a col\ration is produc$ at once1 a small] quantity ( wat] mu/ be tak51 & made up to #ajj c4c4 ) pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,! quantity ( nitr\s acid pres5t is measur$ by introduc+ diff]5t fractions ( a c4c4 ( ! /&>d sodium nitrate solution#c into simil> glass cyl9d]s4 ,ea* is !n made up to #ajj c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! metaph5yl5e diam9e solution & acid add$ z be=e4 ,! col\r develops sl[ly2 "t mu/1 !re=e1 be all[$ 9 mat*+4 7#e7 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrates c be conv5i5tly made by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,:5 ph5yl-hydrog5 sulphate solution is p\r$ ^u a nitrate1 & sulphuric acid is =m$1 picric acid is =m$3-- 7,c,h7,,hso #c ,,hno ,c,h7,,no7,,oh ,h,,s #b ,h,o4 ,! addition ( free ammonia 9 excess =ms yell[ ammonium picrate1 ! int5sity ( ! col\r ( :i* is an index ( ! picrate1 & ( ! nitrate f :i* x 0 produc$4 7a7 ,evaporate #be c4c4 ( ! wat] "u exam9ation1 & 7b7 #e c4c4 ( /&>d ,,kno solution 7conta9+ #a "p ,n 9 #ajj1jjj7 to dryness 9 two porcela9 di%es ov] ! wat] ba?4 ,add #a c4c4 ( ph5yl-sulphate solution to ea* ( ^! z soon z cool1 /ir well ) a glass rod1 !n add #a c4c4 di/ill$ wat] to ea* di% & #c drops ( /rong ,h,,s4 ,next add #be c4c4 ( wat] to ea* di%1 & aft] heat+ = five m9utes ov] ! wat] ba?1 add solution ( ammonia to ea* di% 9 excess4 ,a yell[ col\r is produc$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( nitrate pres5t4 ,transf] ! liquids to glass cyl9d]s1 & dilute ea* to #ajj c4c4 ,take #ej c4c4 ( ! solution %[+ ! lea/ col\r1 & dilute ! o!r ) di/ill$ wat]1 until x has ! same t9t4 ,suppos+ ! #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample requir$ to be dilut$ to #aej c4c4-- ,!n ! am\nt ( ,n w be #aejajj #ebe #c p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,if ! two solutions 7a7 & 7b7 :5 dilut$ h ! same t9t1 !n ! ,am\nt ( ,n 9 ! sample #ebe #b p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 7#f7 ,det]m9ation ( ,organic ,matt]4 ,frankl&'s combu/ion process involves ! use ( delicate & co/ly app>atus1 & is seldom employ$4 ,9 ?is process ! organic c>bon is evolv$ z c>bonic acid1 & ! nitrog5 z su*4 ,wanklyn's ammonia process is bas$ on ! r$uction ( organic matt] to ammonia4 ,"p ( ?is ammonia1 free or sal9e ammonia1 is simply comb9$ ) c>bonic1 nitric1 or o!r acids1 or is easily d]iv$ f ! urea ( ur9e1 ,,*,n,o #b;,h,o #b7,,nh7,,co4 ,ano!r "p is only set free :5 ! wat] is boil$ ) a /rongly alkal9e solution ( p]manganate ( potassium4 ,?is is call$ ! album9oid ammonia4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is me?od1 a retort is tak51 & aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ out1 fir/ ) a little sulphuric acid1 & !n ) "s ( ! wat] to be analys$1 #ejj c4c4 ( ! latt] is put 91 & ! retort is connect$ ) a cond5s]1 & di/illation begun2 #ej c4c4 ( ! di/ill$ wat] is collect$ 9 a cyl9drical glass tube call$ a ,nessl] glass4 ,to ?is #a c4c4 ( ,nessl]'s reag5t 7m]curic iodide dissolv$ 9 a solution ( potassic iodide & made alkal9e by potass7 are add$4 ,a ri* br[n col\r is produc$1 if any ammonia is pres5t 9 ! di/illate4 ,! am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! di/illate is det]m9$ by exactly imitat+ its col\r by add+ a kn[n quantity ( a /&>d solution ( ammonium-*loride to #ej c4c4 ( ammonia-free di/ill$ wat]1 & !n ,nessl]is+ z be=e4 ,ea* c4c4 ( ! dilute /&>d ammonium *loride solution is equival5t to #jjjja gramme ( ammonia 7,,nh74 ,if ! fir/ #ej c4c4 ( wat] di/ill$ ov] gives only a slight col\ration ) ! ,nessl] solution1 no m wat] ne$s to be di/ill$ ov] = free ammonia4 ,if m is pres5t1 two m #ej c4c4's mu/ be di/ill$ ov]1 & ! am\nts ( ! /&>d solution requir$ = imitat+ ! te/ 9 ea* ,nessl]is$ #ej c4c4 add$ toge!r4 ,?us1 if #b c4c4 7 ne$$4 ,?is #jjjjb grm4 ,,nh1 :i* is conta9$ 9 #ejj c4c4 ( ! wat] #jjjjb #bjj #jjd p>ts sal9e ,,nh 9 #ajj1jjj ( wat]4 ,! free ammonia hav+ be5 di/ill$ ov]1 #ej c4c4 ( an alkal9e p]manganate solution 7conta9+ #h grammes ,k,mn,o & #bjj grammes ( ,na,o,h 9 #aajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 boil$ until ! bulk is r$uc$ to #a1jjj c4c47 is p\r$ into ! retort1 & di/illation is begun aga94 ,?ree successive #ej c4c4's ( wat] are collect$1 & !n ! di/illation /opp$4 ,ea* ( ^! is ,nessl]is$1 & ! t9t imitat$ z be=e ) /&>d ammonia solution4 ,! ?ree am\nts ( ammonia ?us f\nd to be pres5t are add$ toge!r2 & :5 multipli$ by #bjj1 we obta9 ! am\nt ( album9oid ammonia 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is te/ is univ]sally employ$ by wat] analy/s along ) ! next te/4 ,! am\nt ( ,oxyg5 ,absorb$ f p]manganate ( potassium is reg>d$ z an approximate te/ ( ! am\nt ( organic matt] 9 wat]4 ,qualitatively ?is =ms a fav\rite me?od ( te/+ ! purity ( wat]4 ,two glass cyl9d]s are tak51 "o fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 "o ) ! wat] to be te/$4 ,to ea* is add$ a giv5 small am\nt ( an acid solution ( p]manganate ( potassium4 ,! di/ill$ wat] to :i* p]manganate has be5 add$ w reta9 its p9k col\r2 :ile1 if ! wat] be+ te/$ is v impure1 x w spe$ily become decol\ris$4 ,! rapidity & degree ( decol\risation are a r\gh te/ ( ! am\nt ( impurity4 ,a rapid decol\risation proves ! pres5ce ( organic matt] hav+ an animal orig91 or ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 iron1 or nitrites4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is r>ely pres5t1 & c be easily recognis$ by its smell2 iron or nitrites are readily di/+ui%$ by _! appropriate te/s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 ! rapid discol\ration is an indication ( animal contam9ation4 ,to ,det]m9e ! ,am\nt ( ,oxyg5 ,absorb$1 two glass-/opp]$ bottles1 ea* hold+ ab\t #cej c4c4 are requir$4 ,into "o1 #bej c4c4 di/ill$ wat]1 & into ! o!r ! same am\nt ( ! wat] "u exam9ation are plac$4 ,to ea* are !n add$ #aj c4c4 ( /&>d p]manganate ( potassium solution#d & #aj c4c4 ( a /&>d pure #be p] c5t sulphuric acid solution4 ,! two bottles1 aft] be+ %ak51 are plac$ 9 a wat]-ba? at #bg;,c = f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t add a few drops ( potassium iodide solution to ea* bottle4 ,! p9k is n[ replac$ by a yell[ col\r4#e ,a /&>d ?iosulphate solution 7,na,s,o1 #e;,h,o7#f is plac$ 9 a burette4 ,f ?is ! ?iosulphate solution is run into ! control bottle until ! yell[ col\r almo/ disappe>s4 ,n[ a few drops ( />* solution are add$1 & a blue col\r is produc$4 ,! ?iosulphate is !n add$ cauti\sly until all ! blue col\r disappe>s4 ,! am\nt ( ?iosulphate necess>y = ?is is read (f on ! burette4 ,! same process is repeat$ ) ! bottle conta9+ ! sample ( wat]4 ,! />* acts z an indicator4 ,! am\nt ( iod9e lib]at$ is an index ( ! am\nt ( p]manganate 9 ! wat]1 :i* has n be5 us$ up by its impurities4 ,! am\nt ( iod9e lib]at$ is measur$ by ! am\nt ( ?iosulphate requir$ to decol\rise ! solution4 ,?us-- #b ,na,s,o ,i #b ,na,i ,na,s,o4 ,suppose t #bj c4c4 ( ?iosulphate solution 7 requir$ to decol\rise ! iod9e lib]at$ 9 #bej c4c4 ( a sample ( wat]1 :ile ! di/ill$ wat] requir$ #be c4c4 ,!n #be c4c4 ?iosulphate repres5ts #aj c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution #jja gra9s ( available oxyg54 #be-bj #e ,z #be c4c4 #jja grm4 ,o1 #e c4c4 #ebe ( #jja #jjjb grm4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( ,o absorb$ by #bej c4c4 ( ! sample4 ,!re=e #ajj1jjj #jh grm4 ,x is usual to make a simil> det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( oxyg5 absorb$ 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,results ( analysis is m difficult ?an ! analysis4 ,a s+le analysis may be mislead+1 unless ! s\rce ( ! wat] is kn[n4 ,con/ancy 9 composition or analysis is almo/ z important a crit]ion ( purity z ! actual "* ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,a k ( ! s\rce is ess5tial 9 int]pret+ results ( analysis1 z ! *emical composition ( wat] v>ies ) its s\rce4 ,! foll[+ rules are only approximately correct1 & are subject to ! above g5]al consid]ations4 ,! total dissolv$ solids 9 riv]-wat] are usually #aj to #cj p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,%all[ well-wat] may conta9 f #cj to #bjj p>ts or ev5 m1 & deep well-wat] f #bj to #gj p>ts4 ,sal9e ,ammonia 9 wat] is commonly ( animal orig91 ammonia 7,,nh7 be+ "o ( ! fir/ products ( decomposition ( nitrog5\s animal refuse4 ,upl& surface wat] usually conta9s ab\t #jjb p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 b x may rea* #jjh or m if ! l& ov] :i* ! wat] passes has be5 manur$4 ,%all[ well-wat] may be free f ammonia1 or ?is may be v excessive 9 am\nt4 ,deep well-wat] may conta9 no ammonia or any am\nt up to #a p] #ajj1jjj4 ,its pres5ce is suspici\s if ! album9oid ammonia is above a trace1 or if ! oxyg5 absorb$ is appreciable 9 am\nt4 ,g5]ally wat] is suspici\s if sal9e ammonia is up to #ja p] #ajj1jjj4 ,album9oid ,ammonia indicates ! am\nt ( organic nitrog5\s matt] pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,x %\ld n exce$ #jje p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 :ile at ! same "t ! sal9e ammonia %\ld n usually exce$ #ja p] #ajj1jjj4 ,= ,oxyg5 consum$ ! foll[+ table ( ! weight ( oxyg5 requir$ = #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat] is giv5 by ,cl[es & ,coleman3-- ,,upl& ,,surface ,,wat]4,,wat] ,,f ,,o!r ,,s\rces4 ,wat] ( ,great purity ,n exce$+ #a ,n exce$+ #je ,m$ium purity ,f #a to #c ,f #je to #ae ,d\btful purity,f #c to #d ,f #ae to #bj ,impure ,exce$+ #d ,exce$+ #bj ,! pres5ce ( m ?an #a & /ill m s ( #b gra9s ( ,*lor9e p] #ajj1jjj ( wat] is mo/ suspici\s1 except 9 sal9e di/ricts4 ,nitrites if pres5t 9 an appreciable quantity indicate comp>atively rec5t contam9ation by sewage4 ,9 deep well-wat] !y may be produc$ by deoxidation ( nitrates4 ,nitrates 9 upl& surface wat]s %\ld n be equival5t to m ?an #jc ( ,n4 p] #ajj1jjj2 9 %all[ well-wat]s ! am\nt v>ies greatly2 9 deep well-wat]s x may be excessive4 ,z a rule x ought n to be equival5t to m ?an #e p>ts ( ,n4 p] #ajj1jjj ( wat]2 b ! significance ( nitrates dep5ds greatly on ! s\rce ( ! wat] & on ! am\nt ( ! o!r con/itu5ts pres5t4 ,*emical analysis alone _c asc]ta9 ! safety ( a giv5 dr9k+ wat]4 ,a m9ute am\nt ( impurity inappreciable to analysis may be compet5t to produce disease2 :ile ano!r wat] may be drunk ) impunity1 :i* conta9s consid]able organic matt]4 ,*emical analysis 8c tell u ( impurity & haz>d1 b n ( purity or safety0 7,bu*anan74 ,an accurate op9ion z to ! "* ( a dr9k+ wat] c only be express$ :5 "o kn[s ! am\nt ( ea* *ief con/itu5t 7z above71 & :e!r ^! am\nts deviate f ! same wat] at o!r times or f o!r wat]s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,impurities ,,( ,,wat]4 ,orig9 ( ,impurities ( ,wat]4--,p>kes classifies impurities ( wat] z3 #a4 ,^? ,receiv$ at ! ,s\rce4--,! "* ( wat] v>ies ) ! geological /ructures ?r\gh :i* x has pass$2 ) its orig9 f ! subsoil or cultivat$ l&1 or deep wells1 or gravey>ds1 or ne> ! sea1 etc4 ,x is a mi/ak5 policy to comm5ce ) an impure wat] & proce$ to purify x2 ?\gh communities suppli$ f riv]s may be compell$ to submit to ?is4 ,!y mu/ !n insi/ on ! mo/ /r+5t measures ( purification 7see p4 #if74 ,inorganic impurities are ( mu* small] consequ5ce z reg>ds heal? ?an organic2 h5ce ! great advantage ( deep well-wat] ov] riv] wat]4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 h[ev]1 t :5 deep well-wat] becomes pollut$1 x is m dang]\s ?an equally pollut$ riv]-wat]1 because 9 ! latt] ! normal bact]ia ( wat] are m abundant1 & possibly int]f]e ) ! cont9u$ life 9 wat] ( disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,?is /atem5t is unprov$2 & if correct1 is r an indication = fur!r precautions be+ tak5 to prev5t access ( pollution to deep wells1 ?an 9 fav\r ( ! cont9u$ use ( riv]-wat]4 #b4 ,impurities ( ,transit f ,s\rce to ,res]voir1 acquir$ dur+ ! fl[ 9 riv]s1 canals1 or o!r conduits4 ,^! impurities h be5 broadly divid$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s into 8sewage0 & 8manufactur+20 ! =m] includ+ ! solid & liquid excreta1 ! h\se & wa/e wat]1 etc42 ! latt] includ+ ! refuse f manufactur+ processes1 z f dye & blea*+ works1 tann]ies1 etc4 #c4 ,impurities ( ,/orage1 :e!r 9 wells1 res]voirs1 or ci/]ns4 ,organic impurities are commonly receiv$ at ?is /age4 ,a well1 = in/ance1 dra9s ! soil ar\nd x 9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone1 ) a v broad base1 unless ! entrance ( wat] f its sides is prev5t$4 #d4 ,impurities ( ,di/ribution4 ,lead1 & occasionally o!r metals1 are dissolv$ by c]ta9 wat]s4 ,if ! pipes are left empty1 z ) an int]mitt5t supply1 sewage may be drawn into !m2 9 a few cases coal-gas has f\nd its way into ! wat] pipes 7page #gf74 ,effects ( ,impure ,wat]4--#a4 ,effects ( ,m9]al ,impurities4 ,susp5d$ ,m9]al matt]s 9 unfilt]$ wat] occasionally produce di>rha4 ,! hill di>rha ( "s p>ts ( ,india has be5 trac$ to wat] conta9+ f9e mica p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,h>d wat] is said by "s to be hurtful1 b ! salts caus+ h>dness are probably innocu\s :5 n am\nt+ to m ?an #ab or #af gra9s p] gallon4 ,p]sons 9 ! habit ( dr9k+ h>d wat] f9d s(t wat] unpalatable4 ,h>d wat] has be5 ?\ght to fav\r g\t & calculus 7/one71 b ?is is n s4 ,! salts produc+ p]man5t h>dness are said to be injuri\s1 produc+ indige/ion1 b ?is is d\btful 9 ! am\nts ord9>ily drunk4 ,goitre1 a swell+ ( ! ?yroid gl& 9 ! neck1 is (t5 associat$ ) ! use ( dr9k+ wat] f magnesian lime/one =mations2 b t any k9d ( excessively h>d wat] causes goitre is v d\btful4 ,lead dissolv$ 9 wat] may produce s]i\s & la/+ ailm5ts1 & !y are (t5 pres5t = a long "t be=e _! cause is detect$4 ,! am\nt ( lead capable ( produc+ poison\s symptoms has be5 z little z #aajj gra9 p] gallon ( wat] 7,dr4 ,angus ,smi?74 ,accord+ to ,de ,*aumont1 #aaj gra9 p] gallon1 t is #a "p 9 #gjj1jjj is usually requir$ to produce su* symptoms4 ,9 ! well-kn[n case ( ! poison+ ( ,l\is ,phillippe's family at ,cl>em\nt1 !re 0 #gaj gra9 ( lead 9 a gallon ( wat]2 & ?is affect$ #cd p] c5t4 ( ^? :o drank x4 ,! symptoms produc$ by lead poison+ are ^? ( indige/ion1 accompani$ by colic2 a blue l9e at ! junction ( ! gums ) ! tee?2 8wri/ drop10 a p>alysis ( ! muscles ( ! =e>m1 or "s o!r p>alysis2 & if ! poison+ is cont9u$1 attacks ( g\t1 foll[$ by its usual consequ5ces1 *ronic kidney disease4 ,! latt] affections *iefly occur :5 ! poison+ is cont9u$ = a long "t1 z 9 ! case ( pa9t]s or type-sett]s3 poison+ f wat] is g5]ally discov]$ be=e any o!r ?an dyspeptic symptoms & colic are produc$4 ,! pres5ce ( traces ( iron 9 wat] may give x a slightly a/r+5t ta/e2 & su* wat] is liable to cause heada*e & con/ipation4 #b4 ,effects ( ,vegetable ,impurities4--,liv+ plants are unobjectionable1 b decompos+ vegetable matt] may produce di>rha & o!r sev]e symptoms4 #c4 ,effects ( ,animal ,impurities4--,animal impurities ( wat] are by f> ! mo/ important f a sanit>y po9t ( view4 ,!y are mo/ commonly d]iv$ f leaky dra9s or cesspools1 or f surface accumulations ( fil?4 ,! quality ( ! contam9ation is m important ?an its quantity2 & ?is w expla9 :y wat] conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( sewage may be drunk = a prolong$ p]iod ) impunity1 :ile at ano!r "t ! lea/ trace1 if x conta9 ! active g]ms ( disease1 w lead to s]i\s mis*ief4 ,susp5d$ animal impurities are mu* m dang]\s ?an ^? completely dissolv$4 ,h5ce ! exam9ation ( ! col\r & turbidity ( dr9k+ wat] is v important4 ,fcal contam9ation is by f> ! mo/ dang]\s ( all1 & *iefly s :5 x is d]iv$ f a pati5t suff]+ f "s communicable disease1 l ent]ic fev] or *ol]a4 ,c]ta9 ,p>asites occasionally are swall[$ ) wat] 9 ! =m ( embryo or egg4 ,! liv] fluke1 r\nd worm1 & less frequ5tly o!r k9ds ( entozoa h be5 introduc$ 9 ?is way4 ,! occasional swall[+ ( small lee*es has occasionally giv5 rise to hmorrhage4 ,di>rha may be caus$ by animal contam9ation ( wat]4 ,x mo/ (t5 occurs 9 summ]1 :5 all ! circum/ances are fav\rable to active f]m5tative *anges4 ,! summ] di>rha ( infants is caus$ by simil> *anges 9 milk or o!r foods4 ,! pres5ce ( ftid gases 9 wat] may lead to di>rha4 ,?is may occur :5 ! ov]fl[ pipe ( a ci/]n op5s into ! soil pipe or into ! trap ( ! ,w4,c4 ,dys5t]y1 l *ol]a & ent]ic fev]1 may be propagat$ by wat] contam9at$ ) ! /ools ( a pati5t suff]+ f ! same disease4 ,mal>ia or ,ague has be5 /at$ to be caus$ by ! wat] ( mal>i\s m>%es4 ,! evid5ce on ?is po9t requires revision1 9 view ( ! "p :i* ! mosquito is n[ kn[n to play 9 ! propagation ( ?is disease 7pages #bhb & #cjg74 ,ent]ic 7o!rwise call$ ,typhoid7 fev] is mo/ (t5 due to ! dr9k+ ( wat] contam9at$ ) sewage4 ,! balance ( evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! view t 9 ord] to produce ent]ic fev] wat] mu/ be contam9at$ ) ! /ools or ur9e ( a pati5t :o has suff]$ f ?is disease4 ,num]\s in/ances are on record 9 :i* villages1 ! inhabitants ( :i* dr9k sewage-contam9at$ wat]1 h rema9$ free f ent]ic fev]1 until a pati5t suff]+ f x has come to ! village1 :5 ! spread by wat] has be5 v rapid4 ,occasionally no kn[n contam9ation f a case ( ent]ic fev] has prec$$ ! outbreak ( ?is disease :i* has be5 caus$ by sewage-contam9at$ wat]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ on ?is po9t t ! ur9e ( an ent]ic fev] pati5t may occasionally conta9 l>ge numb]s ( ! bacillus caus+ ?is disease = sev]al mon?s aft] ! pati5t is well 7page #cja74 ,! contam9ation ( wat] ) sewage may occur 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 c\ntry places surface wells & small /reams commonly supply ! dr9k+ wat]1 & ^! are frequ5tly contam9at$4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #i7 %[s ! p]colation ( excretory matt]s f an out-door closet ?r\gh ! por\s gravel1 into a neighb\r+ well2 ! result be+ an epidemic ( ent]ic fev] among ^? :o drank ! wat] ( ! well4 ,alt]ations 9 ! level ( ! subsoil wat] are sometimes foll[$ by an outbreak ( ent]ic fev] 7p4 #gj74 ,a sudd5 fall ( ra9 occurs1 & ! excess ( wat] 9 ! soil absorbs ! soak+s f c\ntry privies or cesspools1 & c>ries !m into ! ne>e/ well4 ,! p]colation ( ta9t$ wat] ?r\gh a consid]able tract ( l&1 possibly along fissures1 is sometimes insuffici5t to purify x1 z prov$ by a rem>kable epidemic 9 ! small village ( ,laus51 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 o!r cases sewage ga9s access into leaky wat]-pipes4 ,=m]ly contam9ation 0 occasionally due to improp] connection betwe5 ! ov]fl[ pipe ( ! ci/]n & ! soil-pipe1 or to ! wat]-closet be+ flu%$ by a pipe directly connect$ ) a wat]-ma9 7z 9 ! ,caius ,college outbreak at ,cambridge71 or connect$ ) ! dr9k+-wat] ci/]n 7page #gf74 ,milk may1 by ! admixture ( wat]1 become contam9at$ ) ent]ic matt]1 & produce widespread epidemics4 ,:]e ! wat] is v impure1 ! small am\nt us$ 9 wa%+ cans may suffice to cause infection4 ,*ol]a 0 fir/ prov$ by ,dr4 ,sn[1 9 #ahdi1 to be due to ! specific contagium ( *ol]a ga9+ an entrance into dr9k+ wat]4 ,?is contagium is d]iv$ z 9 ent]ic fev] f ! inte/9al evacuations1 ! ur9e1 & ! vomit ( pati5ts suff]+ f ! same disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! close connection ( ! spread ( *ol]a ) an impure wat] supply has be5 repeat$ly %[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! *ol]a epidemic ( #ahed 0 v sev]e 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,london4 ,at t p]iod ^! di/ricts 7 suppli$ ) wat] by ! ,s\?w>k & ,vauxhall ,company1 d]iv+ its wat] f ! ,?ames at ,batt]sea1 & by ! ,lambe? ,company1 hav+ its intake at ,?ames ,ditton1 :]e ! wat] 0 pur]4 ,! two companies 7 act+ 9 rivalry1 s t 9 _m /reets _! ma9s ran side by side2 & h\ses 9 ! same /reet simil> 9 all o!r respects1 receiv$ a diff]5t wat] supply4 ,an inve/igation ( ! di/ribution ( *ol]a 9 ^! di/ricts gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,,population ,,*ol]a ,,*ol]a ,,dea?s ,,9 #ahea4 ,,dea?s ,,9 ,,p] #aj1jjj #ad ,,weeks4 ,,( ,,population4 ,h\ses suppli$ by ,s\?w>k ,co4 #bff1eaf #d1jic #aec ,lambe? ,co4 #agc1gdh #dfa #bf ,! facts1 :5 exam9$ 9 detail1 br\ght out /ill m /rik+ly ! exemption ( ! h\ses suppli$ by ! ,lambe? ,company2 ! infection pick+ out 9 a giv5 /reet ! h\ses suppli$ by ! ,s\?w>k ,company4 ,! great epidemic ( *ol]a at ,hamburg 9 #ahib proves ! same po9t4 ,hamburg1 ,w&sbeck & ,altona are ?ree t[ns adjo9+ ea* o!r1 & really =m+ "o l>ge community2 b :ile ,hamburg suff]$ t]ribly1 ! two o!r t[ns _h no cases ( *ol]a1 except ! few t 7 br\ght into !m4 ,9 all respects except wat]-supply ! conditions 7 alike2 b ,w&sbeck obta9$ filt]$ wat] f a lake1 ,altona obta9$ filt]$ wat] f ! ,elbe bel[ ! t[n1 :ile ,hamburg 0 suppli$1 previ\s to ! epidemic1 by unfilt]$ wat] f ! ,elbe j above ! t[n4 ,diph!ria & sc>let fev] h nev] be5 trac$ to pollut$ wat]4 ,effects ( an ,insuffici5t ,supply ( ,wat]4--,! influ5ce on p]sonal heal? is mo/ baneful4 ,wat] is us$ sp>+ly = purposes ( cleanl9ess1 ) ! necess>y results t cutane\s diseases become m common1 & ! :ole body suff]s2 ! l95 is imp]fectly & infrequ5tly wa%$2 ! h\se becomes dirty2 dra9s are imp]fectly flu%$2 ! /reets are n clean$2 & ! :ole atmosph]e becomes load$ ) impurities4 ,accord+ to ,p>kes1 x is probable t ! almo/ complete disappe>ance ( typhus fev] f civiliz$ & cleanly nations1 is n m]ely ow+ to bett] v5tilation1 b also to m frequ5t & ?or\gh wa%+ ( clo!s4 ,insuffici5t cleans+ ( ! surfaces ( /reets & ( sew]s1 ow+ to a defici5t supply ( wat]1 has a v important influ5ce on ! spread ( ent]ic fev] & epidemic di>rha4 ,a heavy fall ( ra9 (t5 causes a rapid dim9ution 9 ! preval5ce ( ! latt] disease4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,wat]4 ,:5 a public wat]-supply is provid$1 x may reasonably be expect$ to be furni%$ pure & fit = use2 b ?is1 occasionally is n s4 ,! reports1 = in/ance1 ( ! condition ( ! ,london ,wat] ,supply1 occasionally %[ t x is turbid & conta9s a slight excess ( organic matt]4 ,?is is especially ! case :51 aft] heavy ra9fall1 /orm-wat] is br\ght into ! res]voirs1 & ow+ to defici5t /orage1 suffici5t "t is n all[$ = deposit4 ,ra9-wat] always & o!r wat]s frequ5tly require to be purifi$ be=e use4 ,me?ods ( ,purification4--,! only c]ta9 way ( obta9+ pure wat] is by ,di/illation2 b ?is plan is sc>cely applicable to wat] on a l>ge scale4 ,fur!rmore di/ill$ wat] is n s palatable z ord9>y wat]4 ,! di/illation ( wat] is m especially requir$ on bo>d %ip1 dur+ long voyages4 ,x %\ld be foll[$ by ! use ( "s measure to secure effici5t a]ation4 #b4 ,boil+ wat] s]ves to remove ! tempor>y h>dness1 & ! *alk c>ries d[n ) x a l>ge proportion ( any organic matt] t may be pres5t4 ,boil+ deprives ! wat] ( its dissolv$ gases1 & r5d]s x flat2 x is desirable1 !re=e1 to a]ate x by filtration or f a gazog5e aft] boil+4 ,all ! microbes :i* are kn[n to produce disease are de/roy$ by effici5t boil+4 ,c]ta9 putrefactive microbes are m p]si/5t ( life1 ow+ to ! fact t !y =m spores1 :i* are n kill$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,tyndall %[$ t by boil+ ! liquid conta9+ ^! spore-=m+ microbes on ?ree successive days1 ?us giv+ "t = ! spores to develop into less resi/ant microbes1 !y c\ld be effectually de/roy$4 ,boil$ wat] w n cause ent]ic fev] or *ol]a1 ! two *ief wat]-borne diseases4 #c4 ,! exposure ( wat] 9 divid$ curr5ts to ! air by pass+ x ?r\gh a sieve has be5 propos$ z a means ( purify+ wat]1 b x is ineffici5t :5 tru/$ to alone4 ,plants 9 res]voirs help to absorb organic matt]2 & fi%1 by de/roy+ small cru/aceans1 h be5 f\nd useful4 ,h>d wat]s d n be> exposure to light1 z a ?ick gre5 gr[? ( *>a occurs1 :i* may block pipes1 & give a bitt] ta/e to ! wat]4 #d4 ,! ,addition ( ,*emical ,sub/ances4--7#a7 ,cl>ke's process consi/s 9 add+ milk ( lime1 i4e4 an emulsion ( quicklime ) wat]1 to ! wat] 9 ! res]voir on a l>ge scale4 ,by ?is means calcium c>bonate is precipitat$1 b no effect is produc$ on calcium & magnesium sulphates & *lorides4 ,! h>dness ( ! ,?ames wat] c ?us be r$uc$ f #af to #c or #d 7,cl>ke's scale74 ,! calcium c>bonate c>ries d[n ) x susp5d$ & possibly dissolv$ organic matt]4 ,9 ! ,port]-,cl>ke process lime-wat]1 i4e4 milk ( lime dilut$1 & ! excess ( lime sep>at$ by settlem5t or filtration1 is mix$ ) ! wat] to be purifi$1 ! wat] be+ fre$ f ! precipitat$ calcium c>bonate ei!r by subsid5ce or by be+ =c$ ?r\gh a filt] ( /ret*$ canvas4 7#b7 ,c>bonate ( ,soda add$ to boil+ wat] ?r[s d[n calcium c>bonate1 & possibly lead if pres5t4 ,mu* less is requir$ :5 add$ to boil+ ?an to cold wat]4 ,maign5's process consi/s 9 add+ anti-calcaire p[d]1 conta9+ *iefly c>bonate ( soda1 lime1 & alum4 7#c7 ,alum9\s salts are v effectual 9 remov+ susp5d$ organic matt]1 if ! wat] conta9s calcium c>bonate4 ,on ! addition ( alum1 calcium sulphate & alum9ium hydrate are =m$1 bo? ( :i* fall to ! bottom1 c>ry+ ) !m o!r impurities4 ,! am\nt ( alum requir$ is ab\t #f gra9s p] gallon ( wat]4 ,if ! wat] is n h>d1 a little calcium *loride & c>bonate ( soda %\ld be put 9 be=e ! alum is add$1 9 ord] t a precipitable sub/ance may be =m$4 7#d7 ,potassium p]manganate readily removes ! (f5sive smell ( /agnant wat]1 b x gives a yell[ t9t to ! wat]4 ,! addition ( a little alum w help to c>ry d[n ! decompos$ p]manganate4 7#e7 ,p]*loride ( ,iron1 9 ! proportion ( #b gra9s to a gallon ( wat]1 has be5 f\nd to completely purify wat] f f9ely susp5d$ organic matt]s & clay4 7#f7 ,m rec5tly1 o!r sub/ances1 su* z iod9e & hyposulphite ( soda1 h be5 recomm5d$4 ,^! are suppos$ to act by /]iliz+ ! wat]1 & iod9e 9 suitable quantities und\bt$ly effects ?is4 ,*emical processes = ! purification ( wat]1 ) ! exception ( ! s(t5+ process1 are n to be recomm5d$ = g5]al use4 ,effici5t filtration1 or boil+1 is saf] ?an *emical treatm5t2 & x w\ld only be ju/ifiable to tru/ to ! latt]1 :51 z 9 a milit>y campaign1 an attempt at purification 0 necess>y1 & no means 7 available = filt]+ or boil+ wat]4 #g4 ,filtration4--,! object ( filtration is to remove ! impurities ( wat]4 ,! mo/ dang]\s impurities are susp5d$ 9 x1 especially ! microbes caus+ infecti\s diseases4 ,h5ce ! mo/ p]fect filt] is ! "o :i* mo/ completely prev5ts ! passage ?r\gh x ( microbes4 ,if ! wat] supply is pure1 dome/ic filtration is n only useless1 b likely to d m h>m ?an good4 ,?is is true = su* upl& surface wat]s z ^? suppli$ to ,liv]pool1 ,glasg[1 & ,man*e/]2 = su* deep well-wat] supplies z ^? ( ,brighton 7deep *alk71 ( ,nott+ham 7new r$ s&/one71 & o!rs1 :5 pump$ f wells remote f inhabit$ h\ses4 ,= upl& surface wat]s kn[n to attack lead pipes1 filtration ?r\gh *>coal or spongy iron may be advisable2 = riv] wat]1 filtration ?r\gh a g]m-pro( filt] is be/4 ,filtration on a l>ge scale is g5]ally c>ri$ on z foll[s3--,a prelim9>y /ep consi/s 9 collect+ ! wat] into settl+ res]voirs1 :]e9 ! m bulky sub/ances subside4 ,! wat] is !n filt]$ ?r\gh b$s ( gravel & s&1 conta9+ p]=at$ tubul> dra9s bel[1 into :i* ! filt]$ wat] fl[s4 ,! dra9s are cov]$ by a b$ ( gravel ab\t #c feet deep1 ov] :i* is spread a lay] ( s& ab\t #a to #b feet deep4 ,%>p angul> p>ticles ( s& are ! be/2 & ! gravel %\ld gradually increase 9 its co>s5ess z x desc5ds4 ,! effect ( ?is filtration is *iefly me*anical2 x sep>ates any susp5d$ matt]1 :e!r organic or inorganic4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( biological action possibly also takes place4 ,piefke f\nd t a p]fectly clean$ & /]ilis$ filt] :5 fir/ us$1 increases ! microbes 9 wat]1 in/ead ( decreas+ !m4 ,gradually a gelat9\s lay] ( slimy matt] is =m$ on ! top ( ! s&2 ! wat] n[ filt]s ?r\gh mu* m sl[ly1 b x gradually becomes fre] f microbes1 ^! be+ int]cept$ by ! slimy lay]4 ,x is important t ?is lay] %\ld n be di/urb$ by too rapid or =c$ filtration1 & t :5 ! surface lay] requires to be remov$1 because ! filt] has become imp]vi\s1 "t %\ld be all[$ = ano!r ?9 film to =m be=e ! filt]$ wat] is aga9 utilis$4 ,ko* conclud$ t ! rapidity ( filtration %\ld nev] be all[$ to exce$ #ajj millimetres 7ab\t #d in*es7 p] h\r2 & t ! numb] ( microbes p] c4c4 9 ! filt]$ wat] %\ld nev] exce$ #ajj4 ,"s oxidation ( organic matt]1 z well z det5tion ( microbes1 may take place dur+ ! filtration ( wat]1 nitrates be+ =m$ by ! vital activity ( c]ta9 8nitrify+0 microbes 9 ! filt]4 7,on nitrification1 see pages #aie & #bgd47 ,p4 ,frankl&'s obs]vations %[ t ! numb] ( microbes 9 ,?ames wat] is r$uc$ by filtration ?r\gh s& & gravel b$s1 z practis$ by ! ,london ,wat] ,companies1 s t only #cd p] c5t4 ( ^? orig9ally pres5t rema9$4 ,he also concludes t ! majority ( ! microbes pres5t 9 filt]$ wat] are d]iv$ f po/-filtration s\rces4 ,?us ! numb] is great] 9 tap-wat] ?an 9 wat] d]iv$ f ne> ! res]voirs4 ,o!r mat]ials besides s& h be5 us$ = filtration on a l>ge scale1 b none ) prov$ success4 ,dome/ic ,filtration ought1 z already expla9$1 n to be ne$$1 b circum/ances (t5 arise 9 :i* ! public supply is op5 to suspicion1 & a second dome/ic l9e ( def5ce aga9/ infection ?r\gh ! wat] supply is desirable4 ,:5 ?is is s1 ! =m ( filt] :i* w be/ protect ! h\sehold is "o atta*$ to ! h\se-tap1 s t all dr9k+-wat] is p]=ce filt]$4 ,:5 filt]+ involves ! transf] ( wat] f ! tap to ! int]ior ( ! filt]1 opportunity is left = c>elessness or =getfulness4 ,! "o ess5tial po9t ( a dome/ic filt] is t x w prev5t ! passage ?r\gh x ( microbes4 ,e filt] mu/ be te/$ f ?is /&po9t4 ,on ?is po9t ! exp]im5ts ( ,woodhead & ,c>twright ,wood are conclusive4 ,!y fir/ ( all exp]im5t$ on v>i\s filt]s ) f9e artificial ultram>9e conta9+ p>ticles #af to #jf or ev5 less 9 diamet] 9 susp5sion2 & milk conta9+ granules & globules ( fat #je to #cj or m 9 diamet]1 freely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,,"t ,,9 ,,m9utes,,pres5ce ,,or ,,pres5ce ,,or ,,requir$ ,,= ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,milk ,,filtration ,,( #a,,ultram>9e ,,9,,9 ,,filtrate ,,p9t ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,filtrate4 ,silicat$ c>bon filt] #fh ,c>bon filt] #ah ,maign5's ,filtre ,rapide #d #j ,spongy iron filt] #ad #j ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt] #dbj #j #j ,b]kefeld filt] #adj #j #j ,! numb] indicates ! relative am\nt ( ! exp]im5tal sub/ances t made _! way ?r\gh ! filt]+ m$ium4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !n made ) ! actual microbes ( c]ta9 infecti\s diseases1 & x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 filt]s all[ ^! to pass4 ,?us a silicat$ c>bon filt] all[$ #a1jjj out ( #ae1jjj typhoid bacilli susp5d$ 9 wat] to pass ?r\gh its sub/ance2 a mangan\s c>bon filt] all[$ #fjj to #hjj out ( #aj1jjj *ol]a vibrios to pass ?r\gh2 ,maign5's filt] on ! second day ( exp]im5t all[$ #aej out ( #e1jjj *ol]a vibrios to pass ?r\gh2 ,lipscombe's *>coal filt] exp]im5tally only r$uc$ typhoid bacilli f #bj1jjj to #e1jjj2 ! magnetic c>bide filt] only r$uc$ !m f #bj1jjj to #aj1jjj2 ! spongy iron filt] f #bj1jjj to #c1jjj2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& & ! ,b]kefeld filt] completely /opp$ all microbes & produc$ a /]ile wat]4 7,z to ^! two1 see page #ih47 ,( ! mat]ials enum]at$ animal *>coal 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z an excell5t filt]+ m$ium4 ,x is capable ( oxidis+ organic matt] dissolv$ 9 wat]1 b s f> f /]iliz+ wat]1 x fav\rs ! gr[? ( microbes 9 x4 ,wat] filt]$ ?r\gh *>coal1 aft] ! fir/ few days ( use ( ! *>coal1 det]iorates1 z ! *>coal yields up impurities to x4 ,mangan\s ,c>bon consi/s ( animal *>coal & black oxide ( manganese mix$ ) oil1 & heat$ /rongly toge!r out ( contact ) ! air4 ,! oxidis+ p[] ( ! c>bon is said to be ?us greatly increas$4 ,x %>es ! objections to c>bon4 ,silicat$ ,c>bon consi/s ( #ge p] c5t4 ( *>coal & #bb p] c5t4 ( silica1 ) a little oxide ( iron & alum9a4 ,x is n an effici5t filt]+ m$ium4 ,spongy iron is prep>$ by ! r$uction ( hmatite ore ) fusion1 s t ! iron is obta9$ 9 a por\s & f9ely-divid$ condition4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s f\nd spongy iron to be 8a v active ag5t1 n only 9 remov+ organic matt] f wat]1 b also 9 mat]ially r$uc+ its h>dness1 & o!rwise alt]+ its "*40 ,x is a p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t1 "s ( ! wat] be+ decompos$1 & hydrog5 set free1 & ! oxyg5 act+ ^u any organic matt] pres5t4 ,x also removes lead f wat]4 ,z already se51 x does n1 h[ev]1 fulfil ! prim>y object ( wat]1 by depriv+ x ( any microbes conta9$ 9 x4 ,magnetic c>bide ( iron is obta9$ by heat+ hmatite ore ) sawdu/4 ,its action is simil> to t ( spongy iron4 ,! ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt] consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( unglaz$ f9e porcela9 made f a well-bak$ ,kaol9 ( a c]ta9 degree ( porosity & h>dness4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,! wat] passes ?r\gh ! porcela9 f )\t inw>ds1 & ) ! pressure ( #a to #b atmosph]es :i* is usually pres5t 9 ! pipes ( a wat]-s]vice1 passes ?r\gh at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree qu>ts p] h\r4 ,! filt] c easily be clean$ by bru%+ x 9 a /ream ( hot wat]1 or by subject+ to ! heat ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! filtration is entirely me*anical1 ! filt]$ wat] be+ q fre$ ( microbes4 ,no *emical action takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,pa/eur-,,*amb]l& ,,filt]4 ,a4--,outlet ( filt]$ wat]4 ,b4--,pa/eur tube4 ,c4--,metal tube conta9+ unfilt]$ wat]4 ,d4--,unfilt]$ wat] deliv]$ ?r\gh tap4 ,! ,b]kefeld filt] is cyl9drical l ! ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt]1 & is us$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is made ( infusorial e>?1 :i* is s(t & friable & liable to break4 ,! cyl9d] becomes gradually worn ?9 by clean+1 & x !n ceases to filt] effici5tly4 ,its sole advantage ov] ! ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt] is ! m rapid rate ( filtration2 & aga9/ ?is is to be set ! great] liability to fracture & ! lack ( cont9uance ( effici5t filtration4 ,woodhead & ,wood 9 ! report already quot$1 /ate3 8,! ,b]kefeld filt] appe>s to h ! l>ge/ pores among ! effici5t filt]s1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! wat] organisms 7 n app>5tly weak5$1 t m species ( organisms appe>$ 9 its filtrate1 & t l[]+ ! temp]ature to #aa ,c4 did n prev5t _! appe>ance4 ,! ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt]1 on ! o!r h&1 at #aa ,c4 0 able to give an app>5tly /]ile filtrate = a prolong$ p]iod40 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts h %ewn t pa?og5ic 7disease-produc+7 microbes conta9$ 9 wat] aft] a:ile gr[ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( a ,b]kefeld filt]1 & t ?is does n happ5 ) a ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt]4 ,! latt] is !re=e pref]able4 ,9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( b\gies requir$ = any filt] to secure a giv5 am\nt ( pure wat]1 x is necess>y to calculate on ! basis ( ! output aft] sev]al weeks' use1 n on ! orig9al output4 ,if ?is is done1 pure wat] w be secur$ )\t disappo9tm5t z to ! am\nt suppli$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,air4 ,an abundant supply ( fre% air is necess>y at all times4 ,& yet its importance is commonly ignor$ 9 practical life4 ,/r5u\s ef=ts are made to ensure a supply ( food1 & wat] is commonly filt]$ or o!rwise purifi$ be=e dr9k+2 b _m are cont5t to live 9 an impure atmosph]e1 :i* h>dly suffices = ! pres]vation ( life1 & c]ta9ly n ( heal?4 ,deprivation ( food1 or ev5 ( wat]1 only kills aft] sev]al days or weeks2 deprivation ( air kills 9 a few m9utes4 ,only ab\t ?ree p9ts ( wat] are requir$ daily1 :ile at lea/ #a1ejj gallons ( air are necess>y e day = c>ry+ on ! vital functions4 ,composition ( ,air4--,! air con/itutes a gase\s ocean 9 :i* we live1 z fi%es live 9 wat]4 ,9 virtue ( its weight1 x ex]ts a pressure ( ab\t #ae lbs4 on e squ>e in*4 ,?is pressure is usually measur$ by ! b>omet]1 & is equival5t on an av]age to t ( a column ( #cj in*es ( quicksilv]4 7,see page #cca74 ,*emically1 air consi/s ( a mixture ( v>i\s gases & vap\rs4 ,^! are *iefly ,oxyg5 & ,nitrog52 b 9 addition1 !re are m9ute quantities ( c>bonic acid1 argon1 hydrog51 wat] vap\r1 ammonia1 ozone1 & susp5d$ matt]s4 ,! oxyg5 & nitrog5 exi/1 9 ! proportion by volume ( #bji ( oxyg5 to #gia ( nitrog51 or ( #bcaf gra9s ( oxyg5 to #gfhd ( nitrog51 by weight4 ,^! two gases d n exi/ 9 *emical comb9ation1 b me*anically mix$4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact1 t !y d n exi/ 9 air 9 ! proportion ( _! comb9+ weights1 or any multiple ( ^!2 t ! proportion v>ies slightly at diff]5t p>ts2 & t ! air :i* is dissolv$ 9 wat] does n conta9 ! nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion #d to #a 7z 9 ! atmosph]e71 b 9 ! proportion #ahg to #a4 ,?is means t oxyg51 be+ m soluble 9 wat] ?an nitrog51 has dissolv$ 9 a l>g] proportion2 z x c]ta9ly w\ld n h done1 _h ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 be5 *emically comb9$4 ,! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 wat] supplies fi%es ) ! necess>y oxyg5 = _! respiratory processes4 ,simil>ly ! oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e is its mo/ ess5tial con/itu5t1 be+ requir$ 9 all processes ( oxidation 7i4e41 combu/ion71 :e!r 9 liv+ organisms or 9 ! inanimate _w4 ,nitrog5 s]ves z a dilut+ ag5t4 ,x is incapable ( support+ life alone2 & _m ( ! fatal accid5ts :i* h occurr$ ?r\gh m5 desc5d+ deep wells )\t fir/ te/+1 by means ( a lit c&le held well bel[ !m1 ! quality ( ! air ne> ! bottom1 h be5 due to an accumulation ( nitrog5 9 ! well4 ,ozone is a cond5s$ =m ( oxyg51 :i* is pres5t 9 m9ute quantities 9 pure air1 & especially dur+ a ?und]-/orm or aft] a fall ( sn[1 & 9 ! air ne> ! sea4 ,9 x ?ree volumes ( oxyg5 are cond5s$ s z to occupy two volumes4 ,9 ?is cond5s$ condition x has p[]ful *emical aff9ities2 (t5 oxidis+ sub/ances :i* oxyg5 _c attack4 ,x is g5]ally abs5t f ! close air ( t[ns & dwell+ h\ses1 hav+ be5 us$ up to oxidise ! organic matt] pres5t 9 ^! places4 ,air )\t x is said to be 8devitalis$02 & ozone has be5 describ$ z ! scav5g] ( ! air4 ,ozone c be produc$ by hang+ a piece ( moi/ phosphorus 9 a room2 & x is /at$ by ,dr4 ,daub5y1 t "p ( ! oxyg5 giv5 out by plants1 especially by sc5t$ fl[]+ plants1 is 9 ! condition ( ozone4 ,a small quantity is produc$ :5 an electrical ma*9e is work$2 its pres5ce is evid5c$ by a peculi> smell 7! "n ozone is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w = smell74 ,te/ ( ,ozone 9 ,air4--,traces ( ozone 9 air are detect$ by expos+ /rips ( blott+ pap] moi/5$ ) a mixture ( a solution ( potassic iodide & />*4 ,if ozone is pres5t1 ! pap] assumes a blue t9t1 due to ! lib]ation ( iod9e1 & its comb9ation ) ! />*4 ,o!r acid gases may1 h[ev]1 produce ! same effect4 ,a second te/ %\ld1 !re=e1 be tri$4 ,soak r$ litmus pap] ) a v dilute solution ( potassic iodide1 & expose z be=e4 ,potassic oxide is produc$ if ozone is pres5t1 & ?is turns ! litmus blue4 ,aque\s ,vap\r is always pres5t 9 air1 ?\gh ! am\nt v>ies greatly4 ,x is invisible 9 ! ord9>y condition1 b by cond5sation becomes cl\d or fog1 ra91 sn[1 or hail4 ,! quantity ( moi/ure pres5t v>ies ) ! temp]ature ( ! air2 ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! m wat] c be vaporis$1 )\t ! po9t ( saturation be+ rea*$4 ,an increase ( #bg ,fahr4 d\bles ! capacity ( air = moi/ure4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure t w\ld saturate air at #ej ,fahr4 only gives #ga p] c5t4 ( ! saturation am\nt at #fj ,fahr4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure is e/imat$ by ! hygromet] 7page #bdj74 ,air saturat$ ) moi/ure at #cb ,fahr41 holds vap\r equal to #aafj ( its weight2 at #ei x holds #ahj1 at #hf #adj1 at #aac #abj1 & at #adj #aaj4 ,ammonia 9 normal air does n exce$ "o "p 9 a million ( air2 b x is always pres5t--ei!r z free ammonia or z sulphate1 *loride1 c>bonate1 or sulphide ( ammonia4 ,f ?is s\rce1 plants d]ive "s ( ! nitrog5 !y require z food2 "s also f ! free nitrog51 :i* is fix$ by c]ta9 microbes1 gr[+ 9 ! nodules connect$ ) ! roots ( peas1 l5tils1 & o!r plants 7page #bgd74 ,traces ( nitr\s & nitric acid are also pres5t 9 ! air1 produc$ by ! direct comb9ation ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 occurr+ z ! result ( ! electric sp>k dur+ lightn+4 ,c>bonic ,acid or c>bon dioxide is always pres5t 9 air1 9 ! proportion ( #ccf to #d p>ts 9 #aj1jjj2 b 9 impure air may be pres5t 9 mu* l>g] am\nt4 ,x is a heavy gas1 incapable ( support+ combu/ion1 & !re=e ( support+ animal life4 ,be+ a heavy gas1 x t5ds to accumulate :]e x is produc$1 z ab\t lime-kilns by ! heat+ ( *alk4 ,?us ,ca,c,o 7*alk7 7heat$7 ,ca,o 7lime7 ,,co 7c>bonic acid74 ,tramps h occasionally di$ ( c>bonic acid poison+ ?r\gh sleep+ ne> lime-kilns4 ,x is produc$ by ! oxidation ( c>bonace\s matt]s1 h5ce 9 all ord9>y combu/ion1 9 _m cases ( putrefaction & f]m5tation1 & 9 ! respiratory processes ( all animals4 ,plants dim9i% ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,two processes occur 9 mo/ plants3 a process ( respiration1 z 9 animals2 & a process ( assimilation1 by :i* ! leaves & all o!r gre5 p>ts ( a plant "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight decompose ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 fix+ its c>bon & lib]at+ its oxyg54 ,plants su* z fungi1 :i* are de/itute ( gre5 col\r+ matt]1 _c decompose c>bonic acid2 nor c any plants dur+ ! night4 ,dur+ ! day gre5 plants are air purifi]s2 dur+ ! night all plants vitiate ! air to a slight ext5t4 ,! ,air 9 ,relation to ,respiration4--,! oxyg5 ( air is absolutely ess5tial = ! cont9uance ( life4 ,9 e organis$ animal1 lungs or analog\s organs are provid$1 9 ord] to supply ! necess>y oxyg5 to ! sy/em1 & to remove ! impure air f x4 ,! act ( brea?+ occurs 9 man ab\t sev5te5 times p] m9ute4 ,:ile ! inspir$ air is 9 contact ) ! int]ior ( ! lungs1 x und]goes important alt]ations4 ,x comes into contact ) ! five or six millions air-vesicles :i* =m ! m9ute dilat$ t]m9ations ( ! w9dpipe1 & h an aggregate area ( t5 to tw5ty squ>e feet4 ,ea* ( ! air-vesicles has extremely ?9 walls2 & outside ^! delicate walls lie capill>y blood-vessels1 full ( impure blood4 ,an active int]*ange n[ occurs betwe5 ! air & ! gases dissolv$ 9 ! blood4 ,oxyg5 passes ?r\gh ! int]v5+ membrane into ! blood1 :ile c>bonic acid & o!r impurities ( ! blood pass into ! air-vesicle4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! impure d>k-col\r$ blood becomes bright sc>let & pure4 ,?is purification is n conf9$ to any "o portion ( ! blood2 = ! he>t contract+ #fj or #gj times p] m9ute1 p\rs successive portions ( blood into ! capill>ies surr\nd+ ! air-vesicles2 :ile at ! same "t1 pure air is br\ght into ! air-vesicles sev5te5 times p] m9ute1 & s ! int]*ange is con/antly kept up4 ,9 view ( ! incessant "* ( respiration & circulation1 x is cle> t all ! blood w be purifi$ if ! ext]nal air is pure2 & t if !re is any detrim5tal matt] 9 ! air1 x probably w come into contact ) ! blood 9 ! lungs4 ,! am\nt ( air tak5 9 ) ea* inspiration is ab\t ?irty cubic in*es4 ,?is is call$ ! tidal air1 z x is con/antly ebb+ & fl[+ f & to ! lungs4 ,by means ( a v =c$ inspiration1 ab\t #ajj cubic in*es ( additional air c be inspir$2 & simil>ly aft] an ord9>y inspiration1 "o c expire =cibly an additional #ajj cubic in*es1 ?\gh !re w /ill be left 9 ! lungs ano!r #ajj cubic in*es ( air4 ,?us3-- ,tidal air #cj cub4 94 ,complem5tal air #ajj ,supplem5tal air #ajj ,residual air #ajj -------- ,total capacity ( lungs #ccj ,correspond+ to ! respiratory *anges 9 ! lungs1 !re are *anges 9 ! tissues ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,! pure & oxyg5at$ blood leav+ ! lungs1 is c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,oxidation & alli$ processes are actively c>ri$ on1 ! result ( :i* is ! =mation ( urea1 c>bonic acid1 & small] quantities ( o!r effete matt]s4 ,^! are !n c>ri$ by ! blood to ! excretory organs1 urea be+ *iefly elim9at$ by ! kidneys1 & c>bonic acid by ! lungs4 ,exam9ation ( ,expir$ ,air %[s t--#a4 ,x is heat$2 9 its passage ?r\gh ! nose & deep] respiratory passages x has acquir$ a temp]ature approa*+ t ( ! blood4 #b4 ,its moi/ure is increas$4 ,by ! sk9 & lungs f #be to #dj ounces ( wat] pass (f 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! relative am\nt v>ies some:at4 #c4 ,x conta9s #d to #e p] c5t4 less oxyg51 & #d p] c5t4 m c>bonic acid ?an inspir$ air4 ,! c>bonic acid1 in/ead ( be+ #d p>ts 9 #aj1jjj ( air1 becomes ov] #djj 9 #aj1jjj1 :ile ! oxyg5 is dim9i%$ 9 a some:at l>g] proportion4 ,?us3-- ,,oxyg54 ,,nitrog54 ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,inspir$ air conta9s #bjha #giae #jd ,expir$ #afjcc #gieeg #dch ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid expir$ v>ies "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,x is increas$ by active "w1 by an increase ( food1 by a dim9ution ( ! ext]nal temp]ature2 x is great] :5 ! surr\nd+ air is pure1 & :5 x is moi/2 & x v>ies ) ! season1 be+ greate/ 9 spr+1 & lea/ 9 autumn4 ,*ildr5 require m oxyg51 & expire m c>bonic acid ?an adults1 weight = weight4 ,a *ild six or sev5 ye>s old requires ne>ly z mu* oxyg5 z "o twice t age4 ,boys usually require m air ?an girls1 z !y are m active & exhale a l>g] am\nt ( c>bonic acid & o!r impurities4 ,! av]age am\nt ( c>bonic acid elim9at$ by a heal?y adult is at lea/ #jf cubic foot p] h\r1 or #add cubic feet p] day4 ,?is reckon$ z c>bon is equival5t to #afj gra9s p] h\r1 or half a p\nd ( c>bon 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,liebig gives ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid expir$ z #jgi cubic foot p] h\r1 or #ai cubic feet p] day4 #d4 ,x conta9s organic impurities4 ,^! are *iefly gase\s1 solid p>ticles only be+ expir$ dur+ c\gh+1 or possibly dur+ conv]sation4 ,! dang] f ! 8brea?0 ( pati5ts 9 infecti\s diseases is really associat$ r ) ! dri$ dis*>ges on h&k]*iefs1 etc41 ?an f ! 8brea?0 itself2 unless droplets ( saliva dis*>g$ dur+ speak+1 or mucus dur+ c\gh+1 are directly inhal$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,susp5d$ ,,impurities ,,( ,,air4 ,pure air be+ ess5tial to life & heal?1 x is important to asc]ta9 ! "* & orig9 ( ! impurities ( air4 ,innum]able sub/ance--9 ! condition ( gases1 vap\rs1 or solid p>ticles--con/antly pass into x1 & det]iorate its quality4 ,to c\nt]act ?is1 c]ta9 purify+ ag5cies are at "w1 ! me*anism ( :i* w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,impurities are mu* common] & m abundant 9 ! air ( enclos$ spaces ?an 9 ! ext]nal air1 z ! natural processes ( purification _c be br\ght to be> s effici5tly 9 ! =m] case4 ,9 sick rooms1 hospitals1 etc41 impurities arise1 :i* are n pres5t :]e only heal?y p are collect$4 ,! mo/ important impurities are d]iv$ f ! respiration ( animals1 & ! combu/ion ( gases1 c&les1 or lamps 9 rooms1 f sewage emanations1 f v>i\s occupations1 & ! air ( m>%es1 m9es1 *ur*-y>ds1 etc4 ,^! may be class$ "u two heads--solid & gase\s2 ! solid be+ simply susp5d$ 9 ! air 9 a f9ely divid$ condition1 or float$ ab\t 9 a co>s] condition by curr5ts ( air4 ,!y are reveal$ 9 an atmosph]e 9 :i* "o did n previ\sly suspect _! exi/5ce1 by ! passage ( a beam ( sunlight4 ,light itself is invisible1 b its c\rse is r5d]$ visible by ! p>ticles f :i* its rays are reflect$4 ,tyndall demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( m9ute p>ticulate matt] 9 ! air ( all ord9>y situations1 & %[$ t a l>ge proportion ( ?is matt] consi/s ( g]ms 7microbes74 ,9 8 exp]im5ts ) vap\rs 9 clos$ tubes1 float+ matt] 0 always reveal$ by a conc5trat$ beam ( light1 ev5 ?\gh ! air ent]+ ! tube _h be5 fir/ drawn ?r\gh sulphuric acid & ?r\gh a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,if ?is air 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot plat9um tube & across folds ( r$-hot plat9um gauze1 x became optically empty2 ! float+ matt] _h be5 burnt1 & disappe>$4 ,x 0 !re=e organic4 ,9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 he took organic solutions1 z ( meat1 turnip1 & ! l1 & r5d]$ !m /]ile by repeat$ boil+4 ,!y rema9$ /]ile :5 kept 9 air-tight vessels or 9 vessels cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( cotton-wool1 :i* w\ld effici5tly filt] any ent]+ air2 b :5 expos$ to ! air1 !y inv>iably became turbid1 ow+ to an enorm\s multiplication ( g]ms4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 air conta9s organic1 matt]1 & mu* ( ?is organic matt] consi/s ( liv+ g]ms4 ,mo/ ( ^! g]ms are comp>atively h>mless "u ord9>y conditions4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ! causes ( f]m5tation1 putrefaction1 & all ! processes ( decomposition :i* occur 9 organic sub/ances4 ,! importance ( ! exclusion ( ! du/ ( air has receiv$ an important application 9 ,li/]'s antiseptic & 9 ! aseptic sy/em ( treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,=m]ly accid5ts & op]ations 7 frequ5tly fatal2 n[ va/ numb]s ( lives are sav$ by improv$ surgical me?ods4 ,! orig9al antiseptic me?od act$ on ! supposition t "s g]micidal application to ! w\nds 0 necess>y2 n[ x is realiz$ t if1 dur+ ! op]ation1 g]ms are n all[$ to rema9 9 ! w\nd1 all t is aft]w>ds necess>y to insure rapid recov]y is t !y %all be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! w\nd f ! ext]nal air dur+ its process ( recov]y4 ,by ! adoption ( su* means1 l>ge w\nds c be made to heal1 )\t ! =mation ( a drop ( 8pus0 or 8matt]40 7,see also page #aaj47 ,susp5d$ ,matt]s are m9]al or organic1 ! two be+ commonly associat$ toge!r4 ,! m9]al matt]s consi/ l>gely ( f9e p>ticles ( common salt1 silica1 clay1 iron ru/1 dri$ mud1 *alk1 coal1 soot1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,n uncommonly ! m9]al p>ticles are coat$ by1 or mix$ )1 organic matt]1 ! comp>ative lightness ( ! organic matt] enabl+ ! m9]al matt] to float ab\t m easily4 ,! objection to du/ is ?us int5sifi$1 = n only is x irritat+ to ! respiratory passages & g5]ally disagreeable1 b x c>ries ) x putresc5t & possibly morbific p>ticles4 ,! prev5tion ( infecti\s diseases resolves itself l>gely into means = prev5t+ ! inhalation ( du/4 ,organic ,susp5d$ ,matt]s 9 ! op5 air are1 mo/ commonly1 m9ute fragm5ts ( wood & /raw1 dri$ horse litt]1 fragm5ts ( insects1 ! spores & poll5 ( plants1 & microscopic plants & animals4 ,9 addition1 !re is ! putresc5t organic matt] result+ f respiration & o!r organic functions4 ,indoors1 ! air commonly conta9s1 9 addition1 fragm5ts ( cotton1 l951 silk1 or o!r fibres1 fragm5ts ( vegetables1 />* cells1 soot1 *>r$ wood1 spl9t]s f floors1 etc4 ,9 ,sick ,rooms1 products ( ! morbid conditions may be evolv$2 ?us1 pus-cells1 p>ticles f ! expectoration1 blood cells1 fat p>ticles1 epi!lium1 or ! special g]ms or microbes to :i* infecti\s diseases are due4 ,^! are di/urb$ by ! movem5ts ( p]sons1 caus+ ! du/ to rise2 & ?us ! infection ( consumption1 & ( ! acute infecti\s diseases1 is frequ5tly spread4 ,flies & o!r w+$ insects are important auxili>ies 9 ! diffusion ( disease-c>ry+ p>ticles4 ,receiv+ "s morbid secretions on _! limbs1 or o!r p>ts ( _! bodies1 !y h occasionally be5 ! means ( spread+ erysipelas 9 hospitals1 & gl&]s 9 vet]9>y /ables4 ,! specific contagia ( *ol]a1 ent]ic fev]1 & summ] di>rha are occasionally convey$ to food by flies :i* h previ\sly alight$ on latr9es or privies or o!r places :]e ! /ools ( su* pati5ts h be5 deposit$ 7page #bha74 ,! excreta ( flies1 :i* are n uncommonly deposit$ on food1 or on articles ( furniture1 h occasionally be+ f\nd to conta9 ! m9ute ova ( inte/9al worms4 ,effects ( ,susp5d$ ,matt]s4--,! inhalation ( du/ is foll[$ by delet]i\s effects4 ,we may divide ! solid sub/ances inhal$ z du/ into ?ree k9ds3--dead sub/ances1 liv+ sub/ances1 & ! contagia 7microbes or g]ms7 ( v>i\s diseases4 #a4 ,dead ,sub/ances inhal$ = a prolong$ p]iod 9 v>i\s occupations are a common cause ( premature dea?4 ,! pott] draws into 8 lungs a f9e silici\s du/1 :i* irritates 8 lungs1 & f9ally produces a fatal disease1 kn[n z pott]'s a/hma4 ,mill-/one ,cutt]s & ,/one ,masons inhale ! f9e p>ticles ( /one giv5 (f f ! mat]ial :i* is be+ *isell$4 ,^! produce s]i\s disease ( ! lungs4 ,pe>l ,cutt]s inhale f9e p>ticles ( pe>l-du/1 & z !y g5]ally "w 9 close rooms1 & ! du/ is light & ta/eless1 s]i\s disease ( ! lungs results4 ,s&-pap] ,mak]s inhale m9ute portions ( glass & s&2 & ne$le & knife gr9d]s are expos$ to simil> dang]s1 & at "o "t ! mortality among !m 0 frightful4 ,x has greatly dim9i%$ s9ce ! introduction ( wet gr9d+1 ! use ( /eam fans1 & we>+ ( respirators4 ,hemp & ,flax ,dress]s inhale a du/ :i* is peculi>ly irritat+4 ,work]s 9 rags & 9 wool suff] 9 l mann] f du/4 ,! du/ f fleeces ( wool1 & especially f ! alpaca fleece1 has produc$ 9 _m cases 79 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brad=d & else:]e7 an acute disease 7an?rax7 prov+ fatal 9 a few days4 ,! spores ( ?is disease are v p]si/5t ( life 7page #bgd71 & rema9 active = mis*ief = mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ! animal :i* _h suff]$ f x4 ,! fleece c be dis9fect$ by /eam2 & ! use ( fans = div]t+ ! du/ creat$ dur+ 8sort+0 m9imises ! dang] f x4 ,! mill] commonly suff]s f a =m ( a/hma1 n s sev]e z pott]'s a/hma1 z ! p>ticles 9 ?is case are n equally irritat+4 ,! hairdress] is liable to inhale ! %ort fragm5ts ( hair cut by ! scissors1 & ! mortality ( ?is class ( work]s is high4 ,m9]s 9 coal h a surpris+ly l[ mortality1 :5 accid5ts are exclud$ f ! calculation2 except 9 ,s\? ,wales1 :]e x is slightly high] ?an = all males 9 ! same di/rict4 ,coal du/ is relatively free f %>p angles1 & is !re=e n s irritat+ to ! lungs z metallic du/4 ,consumption is relatively r>e among m9]s4 ,! ,fur-dy] is v prone to suff] f ! du/ ( ! dy$ furs1 great irritation & disease result+ 9 _m cases4 ,artificial ,fl[]-mak]s1 & ^? engag$ 9 col\r+ ars5ical wall-pap]s1 suff] f ! inhalation ( ars5ical vap\rs1 z well z f ! irritat+ effects ( its absorption by ! sk94 ,^! are n[ seldom se51 ow+ to ! almo/ complete ab&onm5t ( ! use ( ars5ic = wall-pigm5ts4 ,cig>-mak]s are liable to h _! lungs irritat$ by inhalation ( ! du/ ( ! tobacco-leaf2 & may suff] f tobacco-poison+4 ,work]s 9 ,lead are v liable to be poison$ by ! metal1 e4g41 h\se pa9t]s1 pott]s engag$ 9 ! glaz+ process1 9 :i* ! w>e is dipp$ into a solution conta9+ lead1 manufactur]s ( :ite lead1 & o!rs4 ,! lead is p>tly absorb$ by ! sk92 9 "s cases x is inhal$ z du/2 & m (t5 x is swall[$1 :5 ! workman eats 8 meals ) unwa%$ h&s4 ,( ! symptoms 8pa9t]'s colic0 & 8drop-wri/0 are ! two mo/ important1 ?\gh1 9 "s cases1 lead %ews its effects m insidi\sly1 lead+ to g\t & *ronic r5al disease4 ,x is n[ compulsory on employ]s to provide 9 ! work%op1 complete wa%+ arrangem5ts = ! use ( work]s 9 lead4 ,e doctor call$ to att5d a case ( lead or phosphorus or ars5ic poison+ or an?rax1 :i* has be5 acquir$ 9 an indu/rial occupation1 mu/ notify ! same to ,h4,m4 ,inspector ( ,factories4 ,?is implies inspection ( ! factory or work%op & ! subsequ5t adoption ( fur!r measures ( precaution4 ,brass-f\nd]s occasionally inhale ! fumes ( oxide ( z9c2 & di>rha1 cramp1 wat]bra%1 & o!r tr\bles are ! result4 ,^? engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( bi*romate ( potass1 are liable to p>tial de/ruction ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 & to irritation ( ! sk91 ) ! =mation1 9 "s cases1 ( small ulc]s4 ,work]s ) ,phosphorus1 z ^? engag$ 9 ! mak+ ( phosphorus mat*es1 n uncommonly suff] f a gradual necrosis 7dea?7 ( ! jaw-bone4 ,^? hav+ c>i\s tee? are especially attack$ by ?is disease1 :i* is due to ! fumes ( oxide ( phosphorus1 attack+ ! jaw4 ,improv$ v5tilation ( work%ops1 c>eful att5tion to ! tee?1 & o!r measures1 h greatly dim9i%$ ?is disease2 & x has disappe>$ :]e safety mat*es made f r$ non-volatile phosphorus1 h replac$ mat*es made f ! yell[ v>iety4 ,*imney ,sweeps occasionally suff] f irritative sk9 diseases1 z well z bron*itis4 ,9 "s cases ! *ronic irritation ( ! soot has produc$ canc] ( ! sk94 ,! effect ( du/ on work]s c be se5 9 ! mortality returns3 ,among m5 ag$ #be to #fe ye>s 9 #ahha-ij1 ! comp>ative mortality figure 9 ,engl& & ,wales 0 z foll[s1 all males ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry be+ tak5 z a /&>d & giv5 z #a1jjj3-- ,,comp>ative ,,mortality ,,figures4 ,all males #ajjj ,,occupations ,,) ,,no ,,du/4 ,,du/y ,,occupations4 ,cl]gyman #ecc ,coal m9] 7,d]by & ,notts47 #gbg ,g>d5] #eec ,c>p5t] #ghc ,f>m] #efc ,bricklay]1 mason #a1jja ,tea*] #fjd ,coal m9] 7,lanc47 #a1jfi ,tool & scissors mak] #a1dab ,pott] #a1gjf ,file-mak] #a1haj ,rem$ial ,measures4--,means h be5 tak5 to dim9i% ! preval5ce ( ! above du/ diseases1 9 sev]al cases ) rem>kable success4 ,9 ! case ( /eel-gr9d+1 = in/ance1 ! mortality is greate/ ) dry gr9d+1 & lea/ ) wet gr9d+4 ,wet processes h be5 appli$ to o!rs ( ! indu/ries nam$1 ) a l success4 ,:]e ! du/ _c be avoid$1 ! use ( /eam or electric fans1 to deflect ! du/ away f ! workman1 has be5 f\nd successful2 & 9 _m cases1 free v5tilation ( ! work%ops has greatly dim9i%$ ! mortality4 ,:]e none ( ! above measures suffice1 ! use ( respirators ought to be insi/$ on4 ,brea?+ ?r\gh ! no/rils ought to be c>efully ma9ta9$1 z ?us ! du/ is to a l>ge ext5t /opp$ be=e rea*+ ! lungs4 ,! dang]s ( lead poison+ may be avoid$ by absolute cleanl9ess1 ! h&s be+ always wa%$ be=e tak+ meals1 & ! nail-bru% us$ to secure complete cleanl9ess b5ea? ! nails4 #b4 ,liv+ ,sub/ances4--,! poll5 ( plants 9 "s p]sons produces a di/ress+ =m ( disease1 call$ hay-a/hma1 :i* is apt to recur ea* ye>1 & is sometimes only curable by liv+ 9 a t[n or remov+ to ! sea-coa/4 ,! am\nt ( poll5 float+ ab\t 9 ! atmosph]e is consid]able2 #ie p] c5t4 ( x is grass-poll51 & ?is =m & ! poll5 f p9e-trees appe> to be ! mo/ p[]ful 9 induc+ hay-a/hma4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 hay-a/hma is r due to ! m9ute p>ticles con/itut+ ! sc5t ( v>i\s fl[]s1 ?an to ! poll52 b t is probably n ! usual mode ( orig9 ( ! disease1 ?\gh x may be 9 "s cases4 ,9 "s cases1 true a/hma results f smell+ p>ticul> plants4 ,"h z 9 ! case ( hay-a/hma a peculi> idiosyncrasy is involv$1 only a v small proportion ( ^? expos$ to ! m9ute p>ticles suff]+ f a/hma4 ,! spores ( _m fungi & ( o!r liv+ organisms are con/antly be+ float$ ab\t 9 ! air1 until !y f9d a suitable re/+ place1 :5 !y settle & proce$ to gr[ & multiply4 ,! s\r+ ( milk1 ! f]m5tation ( a sac*>9e solution1 ! m\ld+ ( bread1 ! pres5ce ( mildew1 ! blight+ ( corn1 & num]\s o!r ph5om5a are due to ! gr[? ( organisms c>ri$ by ! atmosph]e f "o "p to ano!r4 #c4 ,! ,contagia 7microbes or g]ms7 ( ! acute infecti\s diseases are m9ute liv+ organisms1 kn[n z bact]ia4 ,h5ce ^! diseases may be c>ri$ ab\t by curr5ts ( air1 "s mu* m easily ?an o!rs4 ,"s ( ! contagia h a p]si/5t vitality4 ,?us ! contagia ( sc>let fev]1 diph!ria1 or small-pox may infect a room = mon?s1 caus+ ! disease 9 "q1 :5 infect$ articles 9 ! room are di/urb$4 ,! contagia ( typhus fev] & ( measles1 on ! o!r h&1 are %ort-liv$1 & d n usually resi/ free v5tilation & exposure to sunlight4 ,besides ! contagia ( ! acute fev]s1 septic organisms may be c>ri$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,=m]ly1 blood-poison+ f op]ation & o!r w\nds 0 common2 b ,li/]1 by insi/+ on absolute cleanl9ess ( w\nds1 & only all[+ air to h access to ! w\nd :i* _h be5 filt]$ ?r\gh lay]s ( gauze & depriv$ ( its septic g]ms1 has secur$ t w\nds c n[ be kept p]fectly 8sweet10 ! suppuration 9 !m r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! dang] ( blood-poison+ almo/ annihilat$ 7page #ajf74 ,x _h (t5 be5 notic$ t recov]y f ev5 v sev]e injuries 0 common1 if only ! sk9 rema9$ unbrok52 :ile ! same injuries1 ) ! addition ( a rupture ( ! sk91 & consequ5t access ( air1 7 rapidly fatal4 ,b to ,li/] is due ! great hon\r ( prov+ t x 0 n ! air :i* produc$ ! mis*ief1 b ! g]ms x conta9$1 & t filt]$ air might be admitt$ ) impunity4 ,erysipelas & hospital gangr5e h occasionally be5 c>ri$ ab\t 9 hospital w>ds by dirty sponges & dress+s2 & if ! v5tilation is n p]fect1 p>ticles ( epi!lium & pus f diseas$ p]sons may be c>ri$ to o!r pati5ts at a di/ance4 ,"s =ms ( purul5t disease ( ! eyes are transf]able f pati5t to pati5t1 & 9 *ildr5 "s =ms ( eczema are also contagi\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,gase\s ,,& ,,o!r ,,impurities ,,( ,,air4 ,gase\s impurities ( ! air are v commonly associat$ ) susp5d$ matt]s1 & x is (t5 difficult to sep>ate ! effects ( ! two4 ,diff]5t gases are also (t5 associat$1 & s produce modifi$ results4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid]1 fir/ ( all1 c]ta9 well-m>k$ gase\s impurities1 & !n o!rs 9 :i* !re is a mixture ( sev]al gases1 or ( ^! ) susp5d$ solid p>ticles4 ,"u ! fir/ head ! mo/ important impurity is-- 7#a7 ,c>bonic ,acid4--,?is is reckon$ an impurity if am\nt+ to m ?an #e p>ts 9 #aj1jjj ( air4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt produc$ 9 ! respiration ( animals1 9 ! combu/ion ( fires1 gas1 lamps1 etc41 & 9 o!r natural processes1 x w\ld be mu* great] 9 popul\s p>ts1 7 x n = ! rapid diffusion occurr+ 9 ! air1 & ! purify+ action ( plants4 ,! foll[+ analyses 7,angus ,smi?7 illu/rate ! facts t 9 t[ns ! am\nt rises1 & is greate/ 9 ! mo/ popul\s p>ts1 :ile dur+ fogs x is greatly increas$4 ,,volumes ,,( ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 #aj1jjj ,,volumes ,,( ,,air4 ,on ! m\nta9s & moors ( ,scotl& mean ( #eg analyses #ccf ,9 ! /reets ( ,glasg[ mean ( #db analyses #ejb ,london1 ,n41 ,n4,e41 & ,n4,w4 po/al di/ricts mean ( #cj analyses #dchd ,london1 ,e4 & ,e4,c4mean ( #ab analyses #dgde ,man*e/] /reets1 ord9>y wea!r #djc ,dur+ fogs 9 ,man*e/] #fgi ,! effects ( c>bonic acid gas alone mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! same gas plus ! organic impurities f respiration1 ) :i* x is commonly associat$4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smi? f\nd t air conta9+ #c p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid produc$ difficulty ( brea?+1 b he 0 able to brea! com=tably an atmosph]e conta9+ #jb p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 ,o!r obs]v]s h f\nd !y c\ld brea! )\t discom=t air conta9+ #a p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 ,:5 ! c>bonic acid is d]iv$ f respiration1 heada*e & gidd9ess are produc$ 9 _m p]sons :5 ! c>bonic acid am\nts to #jae p] c5t4 ,a fatal result has occasionally occurr$ f ! inhalation ( ! c>bonic acid at ! bottom ( brew+ vats1 or ab\t lime-kilns4 ,! gase\s impurity at ! bottom ( wells is m commonly nitrog5 ?an c>bonic acid 7page #ajb74 ,! pres5ce ( an excess ( c>bonic acid dim9i%es ! elim9ation ( c>bonic acid f ! lungs1 nutrition & muscul> en]gy be+ consequ5tly impair$4 ,?is is se5 9 work%ops :]e ! air is conf9$ & gaslight is commonly employ$2 ?\gh ! air "h also conta9s c>bonic oxide1 sulphur\s acid1 & organic impurities1 & ^! probably h a l>ge %>e 9 produc+ ! evil results4 7#b7 ,c>bonic ,oxide 9 ! proportion ( m ?an #a p] c5t4 is rapidly fatal1 & has poison$ :5 "u #ab p] c5t4 ,poison+ by its means occurs :]e *>coal /oves are us$1 & especially :5 ! *>coal is burnt 9 rooms ) no *imney flue4 ,?is is an occasional mode ( suicide on ! cont95t4 ,c>bonic oxide is a mu* m deadly poison ?an ! dioxide 7c>bonic acid72 x =ms a /able comp\nd ) ! hmoglob9 ( ! r$ blood-corpuscles1 displac+ oxyg5 f !m1 & is got rid ( ) great difficulty4 ,lace-frame mak]s place a coke /ove "u _! "w1 & ?us inhale ! invisible gas4 ,heada*e1 gidd9ess1 irregul> action ( ! he>t1 & depression ( ! g5]al heal? result4 ,c>bonic oxide is ! mo/ poison\s con/itu5t ( coal-gas1 & is pres5t 9 mu* l>g] quantity 9 c>burett$ wat]-gas ) :i* coal-gas is n[ commonly mix$1 ?an 9 pure coal-gas 7page #aae74 7#c7 ,! inhalation ( ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog5 produces heada*e1 nausea1 & di>rha2 b 9 manufactures involv+ ! inhalation ( a small proportion ( ?is gas ! symptoms are mu* slight]4 7#d7 ,sulphur\s ,acid is always pres5t 9 small quantities 9 ! air ( t[ns1 d]iv$ f ! combu/ion ( coal & coal-gas4 ,/raw-blea*]s & ! blea*]s 9 cotton & wor/$ manufactories1 (t5 suff] f sev]e c\gh & bron*itis due to inhal+ its irritat+ vap\rs4 7#e7 ,c>bon ,disulphide :5 vaporis$ & inhal$ produces heada*e1 g5]al muscul> pa9s1 & n]v\s depression4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wat]pro( coats1 toy balloons1 etc4 7#f7 ,ammonia produces irritation ( ! eyes & bron*ial irritation4 ,hat-mak]s commonly suff] f its effects1 be+ g5]ally pale & feeble4 ,x is difficult to say h[ mu* is due to ! ammonia1 & h[ mu* to ! high temp]ature at :i* !y "w4 7#g7 ,acid ,fumes are v irritat+ to ! lungs1 & 9 ! case ( alkali manufactures1 !y de/roy all vegetation = consid]able di/ances4 ,hydro*loric acid produces great irritation1 & *lor9e ev5 m s4 ,! fur-dy] is n only subject to ! dang]s ( du/1 b also ( ! fumes ( nitric acid1 us$ to remove fat & give c]ta9 %ades ( col\r to ! fur4 7#h7 ,o!r ,vap\rs evolv$ 9 v>i\s processes produce special symptoms4 ,h\se-pa9t]s suff] f ! inhalation ( turp5t9e vap\r1 heada*e & loss ( appetite commonly result+4 ,! symptoms f ! commonly coexi/5t lead-poison+ are di/9ct4 ,bru%-mak]s h a p]si/5t c\gh1 due to ! inhalation ( res9\s fumes1 evolv$ 9 mak+ bru%es4 ,work]s 9 p>aff9 are liable to an irritative disease ( ! hair-follicles ( ! body1 foll[$ by ! =mation ( sc>s1 almo/ l small-pox m>ks4 ,work]s 9 quicksilv]1 z ^? engag$ 9 mak+ mirrors or !rmomet]s1 are prone to suff] f m]curial poison+4 ,! gums become spongy1 & !re is pr(use salivation1 also g5]ally alim5t>y di/urbance2 & 9 "s cases n]v\s affections1 result+ 9 p]si/5t muscul> trembl+s1 etc4 ,"u ! second head--cases ( inhalation ( mix$ gase\s & p>ticulate contam9ation--we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ,! ,effects ( ,air ,r5d]$ ,impure by ,respiration4--,x has be5 already /at$ t an am\nt ( c>bonic acid :i* c\ld easily be borne alone1 is intol]able :5 o!r products ( respiration are mix$ ) x4 ,^! are *iefly organic gases & solids1 :i* 7unless remov$ quickly7 r5d] ! atmosph]e close & 8/uffy0--an effect :i* is readily p]ceptible by ! s5se ( smell ( ^? ent]+ an occupi$ room imm$iately f ! out] air4 ,:5 su* a room is inhabit$ = a few h\rs1 heada*e1 lang\r1 dr[s9ess1 & yawn+ 7:i* is really a cry = pur] air7 result4 ,! soporific effects s commonly produc$ 9 *ur*es1 etc41 are commonly due to ! vitiat$ atmosph]e1 r ?an z is suppos$ to ! soo?+ effects ( ! s]mon4 ,:5 ! exposure to f\l air is m *ronic1 & occurs day aft] day1 !re results a g5]al l[]+ ( /r5g? & vig\r--bo? bodily & m5tal--ev5 :]e no actual disease is set up4 ,oxidation processes are ret>d$2 ! consequ5ce is an anmic sall[ complexion1 :i* comp>es badly ) ! ruddy complexion ( ^? sp5d+ a great "p ( ! day out ( doors4 ,! prolong$ brea?+ ( air1 f\l f ! products ( respiration1 is p]haps m common 9 work%ops & s*ools ?an 9 private h\ses2 b 9 bo?1 a fa9t smell is commonly p]ceptible on ent]+ f ! op5 air1 indicat+ imp]fect v5tilation & accumulation ( organic putrescible matt]4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks are left z 9 ! la/ edition4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t rec5t rese>* atta*es m importance to ! p>ticulate matt] 7du/7 9 ! atmosph]e ?an to ! am\nt ( gase\s impurity1 ?\gh ! latt] rema9s a conv5i5t index ( impurity4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,drs4 ,haldane & ,l4 ,smi? on !mselves negative ! old] conclusion t a special organic poison exi/s 9 expir$ air4 ,!y 7 able )\t any appreciable effect on !mselves to brea! air :i* 0 vitiat$ to su* an ext5t z to completely prev5t a mat* f burn+2 & !y conclude t excess ( c>bonic acid & defici5cy ( oxyg5 are ! sole cause ( dang] f brea?+ air highly vitiat$ by respiration4 ,?is conclusion may be accept$ "u ! conditions ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 h[ev]1 ! evil effects produc$ by brea?+ ! air ( cr[d$ rooms1 are due n only to ! excess ( c>bonic acid & defici5cy ( oxyg51 b also to ! du/ :i* is usually associat$ ) !m4 ,?is du/1 :i* may be d]iv$ f h&k]*iefs ( pati5ts suff]+ f influ5za1 consumption1 sore ?roat1 c41 or f o!r s\rces1 is apt to be inhal$ by ! p]sons occupy+ su* rooms4 ,! t5d5cy to cat>rhs is greatly increas$ by liv+ 9 a vitiat$ atmosph]e4 ,9 ! causation ( 8colds0 two elem5ts are conc]n$1 ! infective ag5t1 & ! condition ( ! pati5ts4 8,colds0 are caus$ prim>ily by infection f previ\s pati5ts4 ,! nasal dis*>ge ( a 8cold 9 ! head0 conta9s ! contagium4 ,?is is dri$ on h&k]*iefs1 & is subsequ5tly scatt]$ z du/1 & ?us convey$ to o!rs4 ,ord9>ily !re is consid]able resi/+ p[] aga9/ su* cat>rhs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! g5]al vitality or ! local vitality ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 ?roat1 & lungs is impair$ by ! brea?+ ( impure air or by sitt+ 9 wet clo!s aft] exposure to wet & cold1 a cat>rh is produc$4 ,! close connection ( ph?isis 7consumption7 ) ov]cr[d+ & ! brea?+ ( a vitiat$ atmosph]e w be discuss$ h]eaft] 7page #cac74 ,! pollut$ air acts 9 produc+ consumption by depress+ vital functions1 & dim9i%+ ! p[]s ( resi/ance aga9/ ! actual contagium ( ! disease1 :i* is inhal$ z du/1 produc$ by ! dry+ ( ! expectoration ( consumptive pati5ts4 ,! g]ms ( infecti\s diseases are propagat$ v rapidly 9 an impure atmosph]e2 & typhus fev] occurs almo/ solely 9 conditions ( ov]cr[d+4 ,9 ! cattle-plague ( #ahff1 x 0 f\nd t ne>ly all ! c[s di$ :5 cr[d$ toge!r 9 unv5tilat$ %$s1 :ile only a ?ird di$ :5 !re 0 free v5tilation4 ,! effects ( air conta9+ ! products ( respiration 9 a conc5trat$ condition1 & ( a defici5t supply ( air1 h be5 %[n only too well 9 ! (t-quot$ case ( ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta4 ,9 ?is case1 #adf p]sons 7 conf9$ 9 a space eighte5 feet e way1 ) two small w9d[s on "o side4 ,next morn+ #abc 7 f\nd dead1 & ! rema9+ #bc 7 v ill4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is c\ntry1 ! highe/ dea?-rates are 9 ! mo/ d5sely populat$ di/ricts4 ,! dea?-rate f ph?isis1 *ildbir?1 & typhus fev] = in/ance1 is f> high] 9 cities ?an 9 c\ntry-places4 ,! fact may be expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,d5sity ( population commonly implies insuffici5t or un:olesome food1 unheal?y "w1 & pov]ty2 b especially impurity ( ! air1 uncleanl9ess1 & imp]fect removal ( excreta4 ,( ^! factors1 ! vitiat$ air is probably ! mo/ p[]ful = evil4 ,*ildr5 suff] m ?an adults f close aggregation ( population1 l>gely ow+ to ! great] ease ) :i* infecti\s diseases spread 9 t[ns4 7#b7 ,coal-gas is obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal1 free f access ( air4 ,! av]age composition ( ,london coal-gas is hydrog5 #ej to #ec1 saturat$ hydroc>bons #cc to #ff1 unsaturat$ hydroc>bons #ce to #cf1 c>bonic oxide #eg to #ga1 c>bonic acid #j to #jf1 nitrog5 #be to #da1 & oxyg5 #jb to #jc p] c5t4 ,( ^! ! illum9ants are olefiant gas 7,c,h7 & ! high] hydroc>bons4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & o!r sulphur comp\nds are pres5t 9 small quantities1 av]ag+ #ab gra9s ( sulphur p] #ajj cubic feet ( ,london gas4 ,! inhalation ( coal-gas1 ev5 9 small quantities1 is liable to produce heada*e1 & may lead to *ronic poison+ if all[$ to cont9ue4 ,:]e ! escape ( gas is m ext5sive1 z :5 a tap is left turn$ on accid5tally dur+ ! night1 two dang]s may arise4 ,if a light is /ruck 9 ! room an explosion occurs2 or p]sons may be poison$ 9 _! sleep by inhalation ( ! gas4 ,! mo/ poison\s gas 9 coal-gas is ! c>bonic oxide4 ,! *ief product ( ! combu/ion ( coal-gas is c>bonic acid4 ,"s sulphur\s acid is also produc$1 :i* is irritat+ to brea!1 & injuri\s to bookb9d+s1 picture-frames1 etc4 ,if ! flame is imp]fect1 z :5 ! pressure ( gas is too great1 "s c>bonic oxide may also escape4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,c>burett$ wat]-gas has be5 l>gely mix$ ) coal-gas 9 c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,?is is made by pass+ /eam ov] heat$ coke4 ,?us ,c ,h,o ,,co ,h 7coke7 7/eam7 7c>bonic oxide7 7hydrog57 ,! product is wat]-gas :i* burns ) a non-lum9\s flame & has no smell4 ,= illum9at+ purposes x is enri*$ ) vaporis$ p>aff9 oil1 :i* gives x a high illum9at+ p[]1 & a smell r l t ( coal-gas4 ,9 "s t[ns z mu* z #fj p] c5t4 ( ?is c>burett$ wat]-gas is mix$ ) #dj p] c5t4 ( coal-gas4 ,n[ z ! =m] conta9s ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( c>bonic oxide1 & ! latt] only #g p] c5t41 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ! two gases w\ld conta9 #ahe p] c5t4 ( c>bonic oxide1 & w\ld !re=e be mu* m dang]\s ?an coal-gas4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be s 9 actual exp]i5ce ( escapes ( gas4 ,9 speak+ ( ^! products ( diff]5t illum9ants1 x is necess>y to adopt a /&>d ( light4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! /&>d has hi!rto be5 a light kn[n z 8"o-c&le p[]0 :i* is giv5 by a sp]m c&le burn+ #abj gra9s p] h\r1 or 9 ,v4 ,h>c\rt's /&>d flame by a mixture ( air & p5tane 7,c,h74 ,a good fi%-tail or bat's w+ burn] = coal-gas gives an illum9at+ p[] equal to #af c&les1 & burns f #d to #e cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,mo/ flat flame burn]s kn[n z #d or #e1 & suppos$ to burn t numb] ( cubic feet ( gas p] h\r1 really consume ne>ly d\ble ?is am\nt ( gas4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! am\nt ( v>i\s products produc$ & ( vitiation ( air caus$ by v>i\s =ms ( illum9ants is comp>$1 :5 an illum9ation equal to #af c&les is produc$ 9 ea* in/ance3-- ,,c>bonic ,,am\nt ,,( ,,am\nt ,,acid ,,moi/ure ,,oxyg5 ,,vitiation ,,burnt4 ,,produc$4,,produc$4 ,,remov$4,,produc$a ,sp]m c&les #agdj gra9s#ff c4ft4 #ff c4ft#if c4ft4 #aa ,p>aff9 oil #iib #de #ce #fb #g ,coal gas burn$ 9 ,arg& burn] #dh c4 ft4 #be #fd #eh #d ,flat-flame burn]#ee #ce #gd #fe #f a ,/at$ 9 t]ms ( ! numb] ( adults :o w\ld cause an equal vitiation4 ,?us z an adult expires #jf cubic feet ( c>bonic acid p] h\r1 x foll[s t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid produc$ 9 "o h\r by ! v>i\s illum9ants nam$ 9 ! above table1 burn+ s z to give a light equal to #af /&>d c&les1 v>ies f #d to #aa times ! am\nt produc$ by ! adult4 ,c&le & oils possess ! advantage ov] coal-gas t no sulphur\s acid is produc$ 9 combu/ion4 ,if ! pressure 9 ! ma9s is excessive1 "s gas may escape ?r\gh ! burn] unburnt or c>bonic oxide may escape4 ,9 ,engl& ! fla%+-po9t ( m9]al oils has be5 fix$ at #gc ,fahr4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! res]voirs ( lamps are compos$ %\ld n be glass or o!r breakable mat]ial1 & ! wick %\ld be conta9$ 9 a small wick *amb] ext5d+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! res]voir4 ,only a tight fitt+ wick mu/ be us$4 ,! be/ illum9ant = dome/ic purposes is inc&esc5t electricity1 9 :i* no products ( combu/ion are =m$1 & only a comp>ative small am\nt ( heat is produc$4 ,electrical illum9ation possesses ! fur!r advantages t !re is no black5+ ( ceil+s & no damag+ ( o!r decorations z 9 illum9ation by gas4 7#c7 ,air ,r5d]$ ,impure by ,exhalations f ! ,sick4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y impurities ( occupi$ rooms1 special impurities are produc$1 v>y+ ) ! "* ( ! disease4 ,!y may include infecti\s p>ticles f ! sick4 ,9 w>ds = consumptives & = diph!ria1 du/ 9 ! room has be5 f\nd to conta9 ! special microbes ( ^! diseases4 ,mak+ b$s1 sweep+ floors1 c4 may help to scatt] infecti\s du/2 h5ce ! importance ( adopt+ means ( cleans+ :i* w n scatt] du/1 & ( keep+ sick-rooms spotlessly clean4 ,9 _m diseases e4g4 consumption1 a pati5t may re-infect himself ) su* infecti\s du/1 & ?us dim9i% 8 own *ance ( recov]y 7see page #caa74 ,hospital w>ds c sc>cely be too freely v5tilat$2 b ev5 m important ?an v5tilation is ! /ricte/ cleanl9ess 9 e m9ute detail4 7#d7 ,! ,air ( ,sew]s1 ,cesspools1 etc41 may conta9 ! products ( decomposition ( sewage1 su* z volatile ftid organic matt]1 c>bo-ammoniacal sub/ances1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 etc4 ,! am\nt ( ^! v>i\s products v>ies greatly "u diff]5t circum/ances1 su* z dilution ( ! sewage1 v5tilation ( sew]s1 temp]ature1 etc4 ,! effluvia f cesspools are usually m conc5trat$ ?an ^? f sew]s4 ,x appe>s fairly c]ta9 t ! emanations f sew]s or dra9s may give rise to di>rha & ga/ric di/urbances1 & to c]ta9 =ms ( sore ?roat1 :i* fav\r ! production ( diph!ria4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* evid5ce %[+ t ! dang] f sew]-emanations has be5 exagg]at$4 ,c>nelley & ,haldane f\nd t ! air ( ! sew]s ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t & ( c]ta9 sew]s ( ,dundee 0 n v impure1 conta9+ a small] numb] ( bact]ia ?an ext]nal air4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! emanations f well-v5tilat$ sew]s1 possess+ a good gradi5t1 s t ! cont5ts ( ! sew]s are hurri$ away to ! outfall1 are free f dang]4 ,! *ief s\rce ( possible dang] w\ld be ! escape ( ! bact]ia ( su* diseases z ent]ic fev] or diph!ria1 :i* _h be5 dis*>g$ into ! sew] f pati5ts suff]+ f ^! diseases4 ,b1 9 ! abs5ce ( spla%+1 ^! bact]ia c\ld n escape f a liquid m$ium4 ,_! escape c\ld only occur :5 ! sew] became dry1 & ! du/ 0 c>ri$ up by rapid curr5ts ( air1 a v improbable occurr5ce 9 sew]s4 ,h5ce 9 ! majority ( in/ances sew] emanations mu/ be fre$ f ! accusation ( produc+ infecti\s diseases4 ,sew]-m5 usually enjoy good heal?1 & !re is no excess ( infecti\s diseases among !m4 ,! emanations f ob/ruct$ dra9s or sew]s may cause s]i\s mis*ief1 simil>ly to t occasionally produc$ by ! emanations f cesspools4 ,"u su* conditions1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 c>burett$ hydrog51 & o!r gases are evolv$1 & fatal asphyxia has be5 caus$ by ^!4 ,9 o!r in/ances acute sew]-gas poison+1 )\t pneumonia1 has foll[$4 ,! exhalations f cesspools or privies :ile clean+ !m out1 may produce sev]e disord]s1 :i* are sometimes fatal4 ,:5 a dra9 is newly op5$ or sew] gas gets into a h\se1 a less m>k$ =m ( poison+ sometimes occurs1 *iefly *>act]is$ by languor1 heada*e1 vomit+1 & di>rha4 ,9 "s cases !re may be febrile attacks la/+ a few days4 ,*ildr5 are especially s5sitive to su* conditions & quickly fall into ill heal?4 ,! direct orig9 ( acute infecti\s diseases f ! effluvia f dra9s or cesspools has occasionally occurr$4 ,leaky & *ok$ dra9s "u a h\se are especially dang]\s4 ,! subsoil becomes contam9at$ m & m z "t goes on2 f\l gases are aspirat$ into ! h\se1 ow+ to its int]ior be+ w>m] ?an ! subsoil2 & f9ally infecti\s matt] may f9d its way into ! h\se1 or c>ri$ by insects or v]m91 ?r\gh cracks 9 ! e>?4 ,diph!ria has be5 ascrib$ to emanations f dra9s & sew]s4 ,!re is reason to believe t a non-specific =m ( sore ?roat may orig9ate 9 ?is way2 b diph!ria is g5]ally1 if n always1 spread by p]sonal infection4 ,di>rha has be5 occasionally ascrib$ to sew]-emanations4 ,x *iefly occurs 9 hot wea!r1 & is usually associat$ ) a f\l condition ( ! surface soil1 & spe$ily ceases aft] ?is has be5 sc\r$ by copi\s ra94 ,ent]ic or typhoid fev]1 has be5 frequ5tly ascrib$ to dra9 & sew] effluvia4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t putrefactive *anges alone1 "u c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature1 etc41 w\ld produce x1 & ,dr4 ,mur*ison1 "o ( ! greate/ au?orities on ! subject1 :o adopt$ ?is view1 propos$ = ent]ic fev] ! "n 8py?og5ic fev]0 7i4e4 fil?-produc$74 ,isolat$ cases ( ent]ic fev]1 occurr+ :]e !re is no sy/em ( dra9age1 support ! same view1 z does also ! fact t1 ) ! adoption ( dra9age1 ! ent]ic mortality has /eadily dim9i%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 num]\s cases c be quot$ to %[ t emanations f excreta h be5 brea!d1 & sewage-contam9at$ wat] drunk1 = ye>s1 )\t ! production ( a s+le case ( ent]ic fev]--until a case is accid5tally import$4 ,! weight ( evid5ce is cle>ly on ! side ( ! view t only emanations f ! liquid or solid dejecta ( previ\s ent]ic pati5ts w produce ent]ic fev]1 & t x is ! solid p>ticles ( ! ur9e or fces1 ei!r inhal$ z du/ or c>ri$ on to food by flies1 c41 or mix$ ) food by contam9at$ wat]1 c41 :i* cause infection4 ,fur!rmore1 mod]n inve/igation %[s t infection by du/ is ! exception 9 ,engl&2 & t ! ent]ic infection is usually swall[$ & n inhal$1 be+ tak5 9 infect$ wat] or milk or o!r food4 7#e7 ,effluvia f ,decompos+ ,organic ,matt]4--7a7 ,! air ( m>%es conta9s an excess ( c>bonic acid1 m>% gas1 etc41 9 addition to o!r organic matt]s4 ,mal>ial diseases are commonly ascrib$ to ! inhalation ( ! m>% effluvia "u c]ta9 conditions1 ?\gh ! rec5t pro( ( ! "p play$ by ! mosquito 9 spread+ mal>ia1 puts ! inhalation ( su* effluvia 9 ! backgr\nd z cause ( ?is disease 7page #cjg74 ,"s =ms ( di>rha & dys5t]y h be5 ascrib$1 ) a less degree ( probability1 to ! same cause4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( emanations f o!r organic s\rces1 ! impurities receiv$ by ! air are bo? gase\s & p>ticulate4 7b7 ,! ,air ( ,gravey>ds conta9s an excess ( c>bonic acid4 ,! old] intramural gravey>ds appe> to h be5 a cause ( illness2 b mod]n gravey>ds1 kept "u good regulations h nev] be5 %[n to cause illness4 7c7 ,! ,effluvia f ,decompos+ ,c>cases1 especially ( horses on ! battle-field1 h l$ to outbreaks ( di>rha & dys5t]y among ! soldi]s4 7d7 ,! ,effluvia f ,manure & ,simil> ,manufactories d n seem to injure ! workm5 z a rule1 b attacks ( di>rha h be5 produc$ 9 ! neighb\rhood :5 ! w9d has waft$ ! effluvia t[>ds any p>ticul> "p4 ,sore ?roat1 & occasionally diph!ria1 h be5 ascrib$ to ! inhalation ( ,london manure tak5 into ,essex4 7#f7 ,! ,effluvia f ,c]ta9 ,manufactur+ ,processes seem to be r nuisances ?an actually productive ( ill heal?4 ,! vap\rs giv5 (f by tall[-mak+ & bone-burn+ processes are mo/ disagreeable1 b !re is little or no positive evid5ce ( _! direct insalubrity4 ,! air ( brickfields & cem5t works is peculi>ly disagreeable4 ,! ,degree ( ,moi/ure & ! ,temp]ature ( air are ( great importance 9 relation to heal?4 ,air :i* is unduly moi/ or dry1 hot or cold1 may be injuri\s ap>t f any =eign matt]s x conta9s4 ,! relative am\nt ( moi/ure is ( great] importance ?an its actual am\nt4 ,an atmosph]e :i* conta9s aque\s vap\r up to ! po9t ( saturation is v oppressive2 ! normal evaporation ( ins5sible p]spiration 7& ) x ( ! organic impurities remov$ f ! sk97 is int]f]$ )2 & consequ5tly ! 8oppressiv5ess ( ! day0 is compla9$ (4 ,an unduly hot air is g5]ally productive ( pallor & ill heal?1 ?\gh x is difficult to "k h[ mu* to ascribe to ! high temp]ature1 & h[ mu* to ! commonly coexi/5t vitiat$ atmosph]e4 ,! temp]ature ( liv+-rooms ought n to be ov] #fj to #fe ,fahr41 & ( b$rooms n ov] #fj ,fahr4 ,! devitalis+ influ5ce ( extreme cold is well kn[n4 ,its effects are m p>ticul>ly se5 9 "y *ildr5 & ! v old1 :o require to be c>efully t5d$ dur+ sev]e & long-cont9u$ cold wea!r4 ,dry1 cold wea!r1 ) ! temp]ature ne> ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 & a cutt+ ea/ w9d prevail+1 is n uncommonly describ$ z 8brac+40 ,?is is s f> f be+ ! case1 t x requires all ! vital p[]s ( ! /rong & heal?y to resi/ its depress+ influ5ce1 & ! feeble ( bo? extremes ( age succumb4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,trade ,,nuisances4 ,_m occupations are ! s\rce ( consid]able dang] to ! work]s engag$ 9 !m4 ,!y are *iefly injuri\s by ! inhalation into ! lungs ( "s =eign ag5t1 :i* produces s]i\s local inconv5i5ces & irritation1 & may be also absorb$ into ! circulation & produce m remote effects4 ,! injuri\s ag5ts may be classifi$ "u f\r heads3-- 7#a7 ,insoluble p>ticles or du/4 7#b7 ,soluble or p>tially soluble sub/ances4 7#c7 ,injuri\s gases or vap\rs4 7#d7 ,effluvia f (f5sive trades4 ,x is evid5t t1 z reg>ds ! effluvia nam$ "u 7#d71 !y might g5]ally be includ$ "u ! ?ree previ\s heads1 ?\gh x is conv5i5t = our pres5t purpose to keep !m sep>ate4 ,! occupations 9 :i* du/ & soluble sub/ances are productive ( injuri\s effect h already be5 describ$1 pages #ajg to #aji4 ,injuri\s gases & vap\rs h receiv$ consid]ation on pages #aaa & #aab4 ,! special (f5sive trades /ill require att5tion4 ,(f5sive ,trades4--,! legal enactm5ts relat+ to (f5sive trades are conta9$ 9 sect4 #aab ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 :i* /ates1 any p]son :o1 aft] ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 e/abli%es )9 ! di/rict ( an urban sanit>y au?ority1 )\t _! cons5t 9 writ+1 any (f5sive trade1 t is to say1 ! trade (-- ,blood boil]1 or ,bone boil]1 or ,fellmong]1 or ,soap boil]1 or ,tall[ melt]1 or ,tripe boil]1 or any o!r noxi\s or (f5sive trade1 bus9ess1 or manufacture1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ fifty p\nds 9 respect ( ! e/abli%m5t !re(1 & a p5alty n exce$+ =ty %ill+s = e day on :i* ! (f5ce is cont9u$4 ,^! provisions c only be en=c$ 9 rural di/ricts ) ! sanction ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 ,! 8o!r noxi\s or (f5sive trades10 9 ord] to be br\ght )9 ! op]ation ( ! section1 mu/ be analog\s to ^? :i* are specially enum]at$4 ,! mo/ exhau/ive & au?oritative report on ?is subject is by ! late ,dr4 ,ball>d1 ^: report is l>gely quot$ 9 ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,we may consid] 7#a7 ! ext5t to :i* ! public is inconv5i5c$ by v>i\s effluvium nuisances4 ,! majority ( ! nuisances arise f trade processes 9 :i* animal matt]s are *iefly us$4 ,among ! mo/ disgu/+ are ! effluvia f gut-scrap+1 & ! prep>ation ( sausage sk9s & catgut1 ! prep>ation ( artificial manures f 8skut*0 7! refuse matt] ( ! manufacture ( glue71 ! manufacture ( "s k9ds ( artificial manures1 & ! melt+ ( "s k9ds ( fat4 ,manufactur+ bus9esses deal+ ) vegetable sub/ances are (t5 (f5sive1 b r>ely give out disgu/+ effluvia4 ,! mo/ (f5sive vegetable effluvia are probably ^? ?r[n (f dur+ ! heat+ ( vegetable oils1 z 9 ! boil+ ( l9se$ oil1 ! manufacture ( palmitic acid f cotton oil or palm oil1 ! manufacture ( "s k9ds ( v>ni%1 ! dry+ ( fabrics coat$ ) su* v>ni%es1 & ! burn+ ( pa9t$ articles1 su* z disus$ meat-t9s4 ,occasionally (f5sive effluvia arise 9 connection ) indu/ries 9 :i* nei!r vegetable nor animal matt]s are us$2 z 9 ! manufacture ( sulphate or *loride ( ammonia1 & "s o!r processes 9 :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 is copi\sly evolv$2 & 9 ! mak+ ( gas & ! di/illation ( t>4 ,! fumes f ! manufacture ( alkali & blea*+ p[d] are acid & irritat+1 & produce v injuri\s effects on vegetation 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! di/ances to :i* nuisances ext5d v>y greatly accord+ to circum/ances--z1 = in/ance1 ! elevation at :i* ! effluvia are dis*>g$ into ! air4 ,dis*>ge f a high *imney may relieve ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! works at ! p>tial exp5se ( ^? liv+ at a great] di/ance4 ,) a damp & comp>atively /agnant atmosph]e1 effluvia h a mu* great] t5d5cy to cl+ ab\t a neighb\rhood4 7#b7 ,! indu/rial processes 9 :i* (f5sive effluvia are produc$ are classifi$ by ,dr4 ,ball>d z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! keep+ ( animals4 #b4 ,! slaught]+ ( animals4 #c4 ,o!r bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* animal matt]s or sub/ances ( animal orig9 are *iefly dealt )4 #d4 ,bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* vegetable matt]s are *iefly dealt )4 #e4 ,bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* m9]al matt]s are *iefly dealt )4 #f4 ,bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* matt]s ( mix$ orig9 7animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al7 are dealt )4 7#c7 ,x is important to inquire to :at ext5t (f5sive trade effluvia are injuri\s to ! public heal?4 ,x is impossible to br+ /ati/ics to be> on ! inquiry1 z o!r influ5ces1 ap>t f occupation1 c sc>cely be elim9at$4 ,! t]m 8injuri\s to heal?0 is capable ( a d\ble int]pretation4 ,x might mean ei!r s]i\s damage to heal?1 or ! m]e production ( bodily discom=t or o!r functional di/urbance by ! (f5sive effluvia1 lead+ by its cont9uance to an appreciable impairm5t ( vig\r1 ?\gh n to any actual disease4 ,9 ! latt] s5se (f5sive effluvia h a delet]i\s effect on heal?4 ,su* symptoms z loss ( appetite1 nausea1 heada*e1 occasionally di>rha1 & g5]al malaise are produc$ by effluvia ( v>i\s k9ds1 b agree+ 9 be+ all (f5sive4 8,a condition ( dis-ease or mal-aise is produc$40 ,!re is little difficulty 9 prov+ bad effects on ! workm51 ?\gh ! inv>iable def5ce ( manufactur]s is an appeal to ! condition ( heal? ( _! workm54 ,! workm5 only rema9 su* s long z !y are heal?y1 & z !y become disabl$ !y necess>ily cease to rank among workm54 ,! decomposition ( putrefy+ organic matt]s is unque/ionably dang]\s4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( sanitation t fil? is "o ( ! *ief factors 9 produc+ disease is c]ta9ly applicable to trade effluvia z well z to g5]al sanitation4 ,x has be5 alleg$ on behalf ( su* effluvia z *lor9e sulphur\s acid & t> vap\rs t !y are useful dis9fectants2 b mod]n rese>* has %[n t dis9fectants1 9 ord] to be ( practical use1 mu/ be 9 su* a conc5trat$ condition t ! air conta9+ !m is irrespirable4 ,probably su* septic diseases z erysipelas are fav\r$ by organic trade effluvia4 7#d7 ,! means available to prev5t or m9imise ! nuisances aris+ f trade effluvia v>y ) ! "* ( ! processes4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* treatm5t mu/ be f\nd$ dep5d1 z ,dr4 ,ball>d po9ts out1 on a recognition ( ! foll[+ k9ds ( effluvia3-- ,effluvia dep5d5t-- #a4 ,on ! accumulation ( fil? on or ab\t bus9ess premises1 or on its removal 9 an (f5sive condition4 #b4 ,on a g5]ally fil?y condition ( ! int]ior ( build+s & premises & ut5sils g5]ally4 #c4 ,on an improp] mode ( disposal ( (f5sive refuse1 liquid or o!rwise4 #d4 ,on insuffici5t or c>eless arrangem5ts 9 reception ( (f5sive mat]ials ( ! trade1 or 9 removal ( (f5sive products4 #e4 ,on an improp] mode ( /or+ (f5sive mat]ials or products4 #f4 ,on ! escape ( (f5sive gases or vap\rs giv5 (f dur+ "s "p ( ! trade processes4 ,x is evid5t t "u ! fir/ two head+s ! prop] rem$y is cleanl9ess4 ,fil? %\ld be remov$ 9 imp]vi\s cov]$ vessels1 at regul> int]vals4 ,/ructural arrangem5ts %\ld be made1 :i* w facilitate cleans+ op]ations4 ,solid refuse %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be sep>at$ f liquid refuse1 z ?us putrefaction is ret>d$4 ,"u ! la/ head important rem$ies are applicable4 ,9 _m cases a c>eful selection ( ! mat]ials ( manufacture w =m an effective rem$y4 ,?us mu* ( ! nuisance connect$ ) soap or c&le works arises f ! putrid condition ( ! fat collect$ f but*]s & m>9e /ore deal]s1 & might be obviat$ by m regul> & m frequ5t collection ( ! mat]ials ( manufacture4 ,! (f5sive vap\rs aris+ dur+ processes ( manufacture may be int]cept$ be=e rea*+ ! ext]nal air1 & s treat$ t !y lose _! obnoxi\s "*4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( int]ception are adopt$1 accord+ to ! processes involv$4 ,occasionally x is necess>y to h ! air ( ! entire work%op drawn by means ( artificial v5tilation 9 a special direction2 usually ! int]ception ( air f special *amb]s suffices4 ,:5 ?us collect$1 ! (f5sive air may be dealt ) by 7#a7 pass+ x ?r\gh wat] or "s o!r liquid capable ( absorb+ ! (f5sive mat]ials2 or 7#b7 pass+ x ?r\gh "s p[d] ) :i* x has *emical aff9ity2 or 7#c7 if its (f5sive mat]ials are capable ( cond5sation by cold1 pass+ !m ?r\gh an appropriate cond5s+ app>atus2 or 7#d7 if ! evolv$ matt]s are organic 9 nature1 conduct+ !m ?r\gh a fire4 7#e7 ,occasionally x is suffici5t to dis*>ge ! (f5sive gases into ! air f a high *imney2 & ?is always produces a mitigation ( nuisance1 z comp>$ ) dis*>ge at a l[ level4 ,x is usually f\nd t ! adoption ( "o or o!r ( ^! me?ods is directly or indirectly pr(itable to ! (f5d]4 ,nuisances f ! ,keep+ ( ,animals4--,! #dg? section ( ! ,public ,hea? ,act prohibits ! keep+ ( pigs 9 t[ns s z to be a nuisance1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x is possible to obta9 a magi/rate's ord]1 entirely prohibit+ ! keep+ ( pigs 9 t[ns4 ,! excreta ( ! pig h a v (f5sive & p5etrat+ od\r1 & h[ev] c>efully kept1 pigs 9 t[ns =m an intol]able nuisance4 ,n only is !re nuisance f ! accumulation ( manure & dirt9ess ( ! pigg]ies1 b also f ! /orage & subsequ5t prep>ation ( food4 ,! boil+ ( hog-wa% is (t5 an ev5 great] nuisance ?an ! fil? ( ! /yes4 ,c[-keep+ & horse-keep+ 9 t[ns are /ill all[$ &1 z comp>$ ) pig-keep+1 =m a small nuisance4 ,mews1 if kept clean & well dra9$1 ne$ n be (f5sive1 ?\gh x is objectionable = p]sons to sleep ov] /ables4 ,! removal ( manure also con/itutes a difficulty4 ,! manure %\ld n be all[$ to accumulate 9 deep wet pits1 b 9 an iron cage-"w ov] a cem5t pav+ at or above ! gr\nd-level1 ?us all[+ free dra9age1 & keep+ ! manure dry1 & r$uc+ ammoniacal decomposition to a m9imum4 ,c[%$s are g5]ally v badly v5tilat$1 z ! c[keep] f9ds t m milk is produc$ by ! c[s :5 ! temp]ature ( ! %$ is ma9ta9$ at #fe or high]2 & he does n see ! necessity = provid+ artificial means ( w>m?4 ,! gra9s :i* are us$ s l>gely = food are /or$ 9 a wet condition1 & spe$ily give rise to nuisance4 ,c[%$s & /ables %\ld be well pav$ & well dra9$4 ,at lea/ #hjj cubic feet %\ld be all[$ = ea* c[ 9 ! %$4 ,c[%$s are regulat$ "u ! ,dairies'1 ,c[%$s'1 & ,milk%ops' ,ord] ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 ,?is ord] provides = & insi/s on ! regi/ration ( c[keep]s1 dairym51 & purveyors ( milk1 by ! local au?ority4 ,x also provides t no c[%$ or dairy %all be occupi$ z su*1 unless provision is made to ! satisfaction ( ! local au?ority1 = ! light+ & v5tilation1 includ+ air-space1 & ! cleans+1 dra9age1 & wat]-supply ( ! same2 & = ! protection ( ! milk aga9/ infection or contam9ation4 ,) ! view ( prev5t+ contam9ation ( milk1 no p]son suff]+ f an infecti\s disord]1 or hav+ rec5tly be5 9 contact ) a p]son s suff]+1 is all[$ to milk c[s or take any "p 9 any /age ( ! bus9ess ( a milk-sell]4 ,! milk ( a c[ suff]+ f cattle plague1 pleuro-pneumonia1 or foot & m\? disease mu/ n be mix$ ) o!r milk1 mu/ n be sold or us$ = human food1 nor = food = sw9e or o!r animals1 unless x has be5 boil$4 ,by ! ord] ( #ahii ?is regulation is made to ext5d to tub]cul> disease ( ! udd]4 ,slaught]+ ( ,animals4--,nuisance may arise 9 slaught]-h\ses f v>i\s causes3--7#a7 ! uncleanly way 9 :i* animals are kept 9 ! p\nd or lair be=e be+ kill$2 7#b7 ! insanit>y condition1 bad pav+1 lack ( lime-:it+ ( walls1 etc41 ( ! slaught]-h\se2 7#c7 ! accumulation ( hides1 blood1 fat1 (fal1 dung1 or g>bage on ! premises2 7#d7 ! uncleanly condition ( ! blood-pits1 or ! receptacles = g>bage2 7#e7 ! fl[+ ( blood or (fal into ! dra9s & !nce into ! public sew]4 ,private slaught]-h\ses ought to be aboli%$1 & all animals int5d$ = human food slaught]$ 9 public abattoirs "u effici5t sup]vision4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( private slaught]-h\ses exi/ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a l>ge t[n1 x is impossible = ! sanit>y (ficials to prop]ly sup]vise ! slaught]+1 or to ensure t diseas$ meat %all n ent] ! m>ket4 ,! inspector may only h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! fle%1 ! int]nal organs :i* m p>ticul>ly %[ ! pres5ce ( a diseas$ condition hav+ be5 conceal$4 ,su* concealm5t & ! consequ5t foi/+ ( diseas$ meat ^u ! public1 c only be effici5tly prev5t$ by =bidd+ ! slaught]+ ( any animal int5d$ = food 9 a private slaught]-h\se4 ,mo/ local au?orities h bye-laws regulat+ ! slaught]+ ( animals4 ,^! provide = a cleanly condition ( ! lairs1 & prev5t keep+ ! animals long] 9 ! lairs ?an is necess>y = ! purpose ( prep>ation = slaught]+4 ,!y also insi/ on ! provision ( prop] cov]$ receptacles ( iron or o!r non-absorb5t mat]ial = ! reception ( g>bage1 & simil> receptacles = blood2 = cleans+ ( ! floor1 etc4 aft] slaught]+2 = lime-:it+ ( ! walls f\r times a ye>2 & = o!r matt]s ( detail4 ,= knack]s' y>ds simil> regulations are applicable4 ,! fle% %\ld n be kept until x becomes putrid be=e be+ boil$1 & ! boil+ ( ! fle% & fat %\ld be s arrang$ z to avoid ! escape ( (f5sive vap\rs into ! ext]nal air4 ,9 smok+ bacon1 ! s+e+ has =m$ a s]i\s nuisance4 ,fi%-fry+ 9 small %ops is (t5 a mo/ tr\blesome nuisance4 ,a hopp] ov] ! pan 9 :i* ! fry+ is conduct$ has n be5 always successful 9 c>ry+ ! fumes up ! *imney4 ,! fry+ %\ld pref]ably be done 9 a clos$ ou?\se1 close to a *imney ) a good up-draught4 ,! fellmong] prep>es sk9s = ! lea!r-dress]1 ! *ief op]ations be+ tak+ (f ! wool1 lim+ ! sk9s1 etc4 ,! sk9s depriv$ ( wool are call$ 8pelts40 ,! pelts are ?r[n into a pit conta9+ milk ( lime1 & !nce s5t direct to ! lea!r-dress]4 ,nuisance may arise f 7#a7 ! od\r ( ! raw sk9s2 7#b7 ! ammoniacal od\r f ! lime-pa9t$ sk9s hang+ 9 ! y>d2 7#c7 ! empty+ & cleans+ ( ! 8poke0 or tank 9 :i* ! hides are wa%$2 7#d7 ! f\l condition ( ! wa/e lime tak5 f ! exhau/$ lime pits2 7#e7 ! od\r f ! dirty unpav$ y>ds4 ,! lea!r-dress] only deals ) 8pelts10 d]iv$ f %eep-sk9s2 ! tann] ) bullocks'-hides4 ,! sk9s br\ght f ! fellmong] to ! lea!r-dress] are fir/ depriv$ ( lime1 & !n soak$ 9 a solution ( dog's dung1 call$ 8pure10 until !y become s(t4 ,9 w9t] ?is 8pure0 solution is w>m$ = use4 ,! od\r is v abom9able1 bo? f ! 8pure0 tub1 & f ! dis*>ge ( ! exhau/$ 8pure0 liquid into ! dra94 ,at ea* /age ( tann+ nuisance may arise unless great precautions are tak51 z :5 ! hides are soak$ 9 lime & wat]1 :5 ! hair is be+ remov$1 :5 ! loose inn] sk9 ( ! hide is be+ remov$1 & especially :5 ! hides are soak$ 9 pits conta9+ pigeons' or o!r dung4 ,nuisance may arise aga9 dur+ ! passage ( (f5sive hides ?r\gh ! /reet4 ,cleanl9ess is ! great rule4 ,if e process is c>ri$ on ) due precaution1 includ+ frequ5t wa%+ out ( receptacles & ! free use ( dis9fectants1 little compla9t ne$ arise4 ,! manufactur]s ( glue & size boil out ! gelat9e f bits ( hides & 8fle%+s0 f lea!r dress]s & tann]s1 f damag$ 8pelts10 ox or calves' feet1 horns1 & o!r simil> sub/ances4 ,! raw mat]ial is apt to be (f5sive 9 collection or :ile accumulat+ on ! premises4 ,! process ( boil+ causes (f5ce by ! effluvia f ! /eam4 ,! residue rema9+ aft] ! process is kn[n z 8scut*10 & ?is1 unless frequ5tly remov$1 is a mo/ s]i\s s\rce ( nuisance4 ,prussiate ( ,potass is manufactur$ by heat+ c>bonate ( potass ) refuse animal matt]s4 ,9 ord] to avoid nuisance ! pot 9 :i* ! boil+ is done %\ld h a pipe to conduct away ! /eam1 fir/ runn+ horizontally & !n v]tically d[n to ! back "p ( ! fire4 ,fat-melt+ & ,dip-c&le-mak+1 z usually c>ri$ on1 give rise to nuisance4 ,! fat :i* is melt$ d[n usually comes f but*]s & m>9e-/ore deal]s 9 a rancid or ev5 putrid condition1 & x may be /or$ on ! premises = "s "t be=e x is boil$4 ,! vap\rs f ! melt+-vat are v (f5sive4 ,!y %\ld be c>ri$ by means ( a pipe d[n until !y dis*>ge j "u ! boil]-fire4 ,! residue f ! fat-melt+ process 7kn[n z 8greaves07 requires frequ5t removal to avoid nuisance4 ,bone-boil+1 9 ord] to extract ! fat & gelat9e1 is mo/ (f5sive1 & mo/ difficult to deal )4 ,aft] boil+1 ! bones are apt to give (f (f5sive smells4 ,! vap\rs f ! clos$ boil] %\ld be cond5s$ z f> z possible 9 a worm cond5s]1 & ! rema9d] pass$ ?r\gh a furnace fire4 ,9 ! manufacture ( artificial manures nuisance is apt to arise 7#a7 f ! reception & accumulation ( ! raw mat]ials1 z putrid fi%1 putrid blood1 scut* 7! residue f ! manufacture ( glue71 rec5tly boil$ bones1 etc42 7#b7 f ! prep>ation ( ! raw mat]ial = use4 ,?us ! dry+ ( condemn$ fi% or meat on op5 kilns is v (f5sive2 simil>ly ! dry+ ( sewage sludge4 7#c7 ,f ! process ( mix+ ! mat]ials ( manufacture1 irritant & (f5sive vap\rs be+ evolv$1 z = in/ance 9 ! manufacture ( manure by cru%+ bones1 & conv]t+ into sup]-phosphate by ! addition ( sulphuric acid4 7#d7 ,f ! removal ( ! manure f ! hot d51 aft] x has be5 dri$4 ,:5 sulphuric acid is mix$ ) coprolites or o!r m9]al phosphates1 mo/ irritant & (f5sive vap\rs are produc$1 :i* may be p]ceiv$ 9 "s cases at ! di/ance ( a mile4 ,blood-boil+ is n[ almo/ obsolete1 hav+ be5 replac$ by album5-mak+ & clot-dry+4 ,nuisance may arise f ! blood collect$ f slaught]-h\ses be+ 9 a putrid /ate2 & f ! effluvia evolv$ dur+ ! dry+ process4 ,gutscrap+1 gut-sp9n+1 & ! prep>ation ( sausage-sk9s are v closely ak94 ,9 gut-scrap+ ! putrid inte/9es are depriv$ ( _! int]ior s(t p>ts by scrap+ ) pieces ( wood1 & are !n1 aft] be+ cleans$1 ready = sausage-sk9s4 ,9 gut-sp9n+ ! prep>$ gut is twi/$ into a cord4 ,! small inte/9es ( hogs & %eep are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! /5* f ^! e/abli%m5ts is indescribably horrible4 ,extreme cleanl9ess is desirable4 ,imm]sion ( ! guts 9 common salt is useful2 s also ! use ( imp]vi\s vessels1 e>ly removal ( all refuse mat]ial1 etc4 ,brick & balla/ burn+ are a frequ5t s\rce ( compla9t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[ns4 ,brick burn+ is conduct$ ei!r 9 kilns or clamps4 ,:5 bricks are burnt 9 clos$ kilns comp>atively little nuisance arises2 b :5 !y are burnt 9 op5 clamps ! effluvia are v irritat+1 p>tly ow+ to ! fact t v commonly h\se refuse1 conta9+ vegetable & animal matt]s1 is burnt ) ! bricks4 ,clamp burn+ %\ld be absolutely prohibit$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns4 ,9 ,balla/ burn+ /iff clay is conv]t$ by ! ag5cy ( heat into a brick-l mat]ial1 :i* is ( use 9 road-mak+4 ,! clay is usually burnt 9 heaps1 mix$ ) a%es & breeze f du/-b9s4 ,! process is (f5sive unless c>ri$ on ) precautions simil> to ^? = brick-burn+4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,air4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! quality ( ! air 9 enclos$ spaces1 ( :i* n ! lea/ useful is ! in=mation furni%$ by ! s5se ( smell1 on ent]+ a room f ! ext]nal air4 ,besides ! evid5ce giv5 by ! s5ses1 *emical & microscopical exam9ation ( ! air gives important in=mation1 :ile ! !rmomet] & hydromet] asc]ta9 ! temp]ature & degree ( moi/ure4 ,exam9ation by ! ,s5ses4--,! dull grey haze hang+ ov] a t[n1 :5 x is view$ f a di/ance1 indicates comp>ative impurity ( its atmosph]e1 & ! pres5ce ( a consid]able am\nt ( susp5d$ matt]1 includ+ smoke4 ,! smell ( a /agnant atmosph]e is a good prelim9>y guide to its condition4 ,! fact t a room has be5 occupi$ = "s "t )\t effici5t v5tilation c be at once detect$ on ent]+ a room f ! ext]nal air4 ,! s5se ( smell is extremely delicate2 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! #cajj1jjj1jjj "p ( a gra9 ( musk c be appreh5d$ by x4 ,b no?+ is s soon dull$ z ! s5se ( smell4 ,an atmosph]e :i* did n appe> to be unpleasant :ile rema9+ 9 a room1 is intol]able :5 "o returns to x aft] a few m9utes 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is important n to conf\nd ! 8clos5ess0 p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( smell1 ) ! oppression due to ! high temp]ature ( a room4 ,! two are easily di/+ui%$ 7unless ! two co-exi/7 by a ref]5ce to ! !rmomet]1 :i* ought always to be plac$ 9 rooms inhabit$ dur+ ! ev5+4 ,! rem$y = a close room is to all[ free entry ( fre% air1 & n all[ ! fire to g d[n1 z is s commonly done1 "u ! impression t ! clos5ess is due to heat4 ,de ,*aumont has made _m exp]im5ts1 %ew+ h[ accurate is ! in=mation giv5 by an acute s5se ( smell4 ,c>bonic acid is de/itute ( od\r1 b z its am\nt is usually proportionate to t ( ! organic matt] produc+ clos5ess1 x may be tak5 z an index ( ! am\nt ( impurity pres5t 9 liv+ rooms4 ,de ,*aumont f\nd t ! limit ( smell is rea*$ :5 c>bonic acid am\nts to #f p>ts 9 #aj1jjj ( air1 or half z mu* aga9 z 9 ! ext]nal air4 ,9 ! foll[+ extracts f 8 exp]im5ts1 !re 0 a close accordance betwe5 ! evid5ce ( 8 s5se ( smell & ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid3-- ,at #adh p] #aj1jjj ,extremely close & unpleasant4 #ajij ,extremely close4 #ifb ,v close4 #iba ,close4 #hdc ,n v f\l4 #hjd ,close4 #feh ,n v close4 #efh ,n close4 ,he also f\nd t humidity ( ! air _h m>k$ influ5ce 9 r5d]+ ! smell ( organic matt] p]ceptible1 ev5 m ?an a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! s5se ( smell is d\btless aid$ 9 detect+ impurities 9 ! air1 by ! beso9 de respir]1 a feel+ ( oppression caus$ by ! defici5cy ( int]*ange betwe5 ! blood & air4 ,! /ate ( cleanl9ess ( ! room z well z ( ! p]sons 9 x influ5ces smell2 h5ce !re may n be 9 p>ticul> in/ances exact correspond5ce betwe5 excess ( c>bonic acid & ( organic matt]4 ,*emical ,exam9ation4--,! e/imation ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 air is usually unnecess>y1 z ^! v>y b little4 ,! oxyg5 is1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ 9 frequ5tly re-brea!d air4 ,! ill effects ( an (t5-brea!d atmosph]e are due n only to defici5cy ( oxyg51 b also to ! addition ( c>bonic acid & organic matt]s1 r5d]+ difficult ! int]*ange betwe5 oxyg5 & ! blood4 ,! ,e/imation ( ,c>bonic ,acid is ( great importance1 z "u ord9>y circum/ances1 its am\nt is a fairly exact indication ( ! am\nt ( contam9ation 9 ! air4 ,pett5k(]'s ,me?od4--,a c>efully dri$ glass vessel conta9+ a gallon ( wat] is fill$ ) ! air to be exam9$1 by empty+ ! wat] 9 ! room1 ! air ( :i* is to be exam9$4 ,fifty cubic c5timetres ( cle> fre%ly prep>$ b>yta wat] are !n add$1 & ! /opp] ( ! bottle !n replac$4 ,x is !n well %ak51 & aft]w>ds all[$ to /& = an h\r4 ,! c>bonic acid comb9es ) "p ( ! b>yta to =m b>ium c>bonate2 & ! b>yta wat] rema9+ is consequ5tly dim9i%$ 9 alkal9ity4 ,giv5 ! alkal9ity ( ! b>yta wat] be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t1 & ! diff]5ce w give ! am\nt ( b>yta :i* has comb9$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,! alkal9ity ( ! b>yta is e/imat$ by a /&>d solution ( oxalic acid1 ( su* a /r5g? t #a c4c4 is ! equival5t ( #je c4c4 ( ,,co4 ,! indicator us$ 9 mak+ ?is te/ is ph5olph?ale91 :i* col\rs b>yta wat] r$1 b its col\r disappe>s :5 neutralization is rea*$4 ,! foll[+ example is tak5 f 8,pakes' ,laboratory ,text ,book ( ,hygi5e10 p4 #bib3-- ,! j> is f\nd to conta9 #c1iej c4c4 ,z #ej c4c4 b>yta wat] 7 run into ! j>1 ! air exp]im5t$ on #c1iej-ej #c1ijj c4c4 ,on titrat+ #be c4c4 ( ! orig9al b>yta wat]1 #bbej c4c4 /&>d acid solution 7 requir$ to neutralise x4 ,! b>yta wat] 9 ! j> requir$ #aice c4c4 #bbej-aice #cae c4c4 diff]5ce ( acid us$4 ,b #a c4c4 acid #je c4c4 ,,co at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,!re=e ,,co tak5 up by #be c4c4 ( b>yta #caeb #aege c4c4 ,z #ej c4c4 7 us$ ! ,,co absorb$ by ! b>yta #cae c4c4 ,?is 0 pres5t 9 #c1ijj c4c4 ( air4 ,!re=e ! ,,co #jhj p] c5t4 ,correction may be requir$ = v>iations f ! normal pressure ( #gfj mm4 & normal temp]ature ( #j ,c41 9 accordance ) ord9>y rules4 ,9 ,lunge & ,zeck5dorf's ,me?od1 ! air to be exam9$ is pump$ ?r\gh a glass bottle 9 :i* is #aj c4c4 ( a ,n_/#ejj solution ( ,na,,co conta9+ ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator4 ,! air is pump$ by a h& pump ?r\gh ?is solution until ! ph5olph?ale9 is decol\riz$4 ,! numb] ( times ! ball ( ! pump has be5 squeez$ indicates ! am\nt ( ,,co pres5t 9 accordance ) a table prep>$ f sep>ate exp]im5ts by ,pett5k(]'s me?od4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?'s plan = ! e/imation ( c>bonic acid 9 air is simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! la/ calculations4 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 a giv5 volume ( air w n r5d] turbid a giv5 am\nt ( lime wat]1 unless ! c>bonic acid is 9 excess4 ,,table4--,to be us$ :5 ! po9t ( obs]vation is 8,no precipitate40 ,half an ounce ( lime wat] conta9+ #jaie gramme lime4 ,,air ,,at #j ,c4 ,,& #gfj ,m4 ,m4 ,,b>ometric ,,pressure4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,volume ,,( ,,air ,,9,,size ,,( ,,bottle ,,9,,size ,,( ,,bottle ,,9 ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,cubic ,,cubic ,,ounces ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,c5timetres4 ,,c5timetres4 ,,avoirdupois4 #jc #ega #ehd #bjfc #jd #dbh #ddc #aefj #je #cdb #cef #abeh #jf #bhe #bii #ajeg #jg #bde #bei #iac #jh #bad #bbh #hje #ji #aij #bjd #gba #aj #aga #ahe #fed #aa #aef #agj #fjj #ab #aec #aeg #eec #ac #acb #adf #eae #ad #abc #acg #dhb #ae #aad #abh #dec #bj #hf #ajj #ceb #be #fi #hc #bib #cj #eg #ga #bea ,! =ego+ table %[s h[ to apply ?is me?od4 ,! fir/ & second columns /ate ! ratio ( c>bonic acid 9 a quantity ( air :i* w give no turbidity or precipitate 9 half an ounce ( lime wat]2 ! ?ird column gives ! correspond+ size ( ! bottle 9 cubic c5timetres2 & ! f\r? column gives ! same 9 ounces4 ,?us diff]5t siz$ bottles1 ea* conta9+ half an ounce ( lime wat]1 w indicate ) a fair degree ( accuracy ! ratio ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air conta9+ !m1 by giv+ no precipitate :5 ! bottle is well %ak54 ,= in/ance1 if a p9t bottle is us$ & !re is no precipitate ) half an ounce ( lime wat]1 x indicates t ! ratio ( c>bonic acid does n am\nt to #jc p] c5t42 if an eight-ounce bottle be us$1 & !re is no precipitate1 x indicates t ! ratio does n am\nt to #jh p] c5t41 & s on4 ,! air ( a room ought nev] to conta9 m ?an six p>ts ( c>bonic acid 9 #aj1jjj ( air1 or #jf p] c5t41 i4e4 a #aj ounce bottle full ( ! air %ak5 up ) half an ounce ( cle> lime wat] ought to give no precipitate4 ,dr4 ,haldane has rec5tly describ$ 7,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 ,no4 #a1 #aija7 a me?od ( e/imat+ ,,co#b1 :i*1 al?\gh x appe>s complicat$1 is really bo? simple & conv5i5t4 ,= p>ticul>s1 see ! above ,j\rnal4 ,! ,e/imation ( ,organic ,impurities may be accompli%$ approximately by draw+ a def9ite am\nt ( air by means ( an aspirator1 ?r\gh a dilute solution ( p]manganate ( potassium ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,! result is /at$ by giv+ ! numb] ( cubic feet ( air requir$ to decol\rise 4#jja gramme ( ! p]manganate 9 solution4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphur\s acid1 & o!r sub/ances 9 air likewise decol\rise ! p]manganate2 ^! ought to be sep>ately te/$ =1 & all[ance made4 ,! ,e/imation ( ,ammonia1 :e!r free or d]iv$ f album9oid impurities1 is a matt] requir+ v delicate processes4 ,x is accompli%$ 9 ! same way z ! e/imation ( ammonia 9 wat]1 ! air be+ drawn ?r\gh p]fectly pure di/ill$ wat]1 & !n ! analysis proce$$ ) z a wat] analysis4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( free ammonia may be det]m9$ by expos+ to ! air /rips ( filt]+ pap] dipp$ 9 ,nessl]'s solution1 :i* become br[n if !re is any ammonia 9 ! air4 ,microscopical ,exam9ation is requir$ = ! detection ( susp5d$ matt]s4 ,^! are ! mo/ pot5t = h>m1 conta9+ sometimes ! g]ms ( infecti\s diseases4 ,! susp5d$ matt]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! air may be collect$ by ,p\*et's a]oscope4 ,?is consi/s ( a small funnel drawn out to a f9e po9t1 "u :i* a slip ( glass is plac$ moi/5$ ) glyc]9e4 ,bo? funnel & glass are enclos$ 9 an air-tight *amb]1 connect$ by tub+ ) an aspirator1 by means ( :i* :5 wat] is all[$ to escape f x1 air is drawn ?r\gh ! funnel & its p>ticles imp++ on ! glyc]9e are !re arre/$4 ,glyc]9e may be objectionable f ! =eign p>ticles previ\sly conta9$ 9 x4 ,v>i\s o!r plans h be5 devis$1 "o ( :i* is to draw ! air ?r\gh a small quantity ( pure di/ill$ wat] & !n exam9e a drop ( x4 ,by microscopic exam9ation l>ge p>ticles c be detect$4 ,= ! detection ( bact]ia & _! spores m delicate me?ods are requir$4 ,! ,bact]iological ,exam9ation ( air is usually conduct$ z foll[s4 ,air is drawn ?r\gh a wide glass tube 7,hesse's tube71 :i* has be5 previ\sly /]ilis$1 & on ! inn] side ( :i* liquid gelat9e has be5 all[$ to solidify4 ,! air z x passes ov] ! gelat9e deposits any g]ms pres5t 9 x4 ,! entrance ( any fur!r g]ms is prev5t$ by clos+ ! tube1 & x is !n left to /& = two or ?ree days4 ,m\lds & colonies ( bact]ia w develop 9 ! gelat9e1 & ^! c be c\nt$ & diff]5tiat$ by _! appe>ance & by fur!r te/s4 ,9 clos$ rooms ! numb] ( microbes 7i4e41 bact]ia & m\lds7 ought n to be m ?an #bj p] litre ( air 9 excess ( ^? 9 ! outside air2 & ! ratio ( bact]ia to m\lds ought n to exce$ #cj to #a4 ,exam9ation ( ,temp]ature & ,moi/ure4--,! temp]ature %\ld be obs]v$ at ! po9t mo/ remote f an op5 fire-place1 & comp>$ ) ! ext]nal temp]ature4 ,= me?ods ( e/imat+ moi/ure1 see page #bdj4 ,x may be useful to recapitulate at ?is po9t ! desid]ata 9 an inhabit$ room4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be #fj-fb ,fahr41 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid %\ld n exce$ #jf p] c5t4 & ! humidity %\ld range betwe5 #gc & #ge p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt requir$ to produce saturation4 ,! dry bulb !rmomet] %\ld read #fc-fe ,fahr41 ! wet bulb #eh-fa ,fahr41 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two %\ld n be less ?an #d or m ?an #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,air4 ,9 addition to ! artificial measures :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]1 v>i\s natural ag5cies are con/antly at "w = ! removal ( ! impurities discuss$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important are ! action ( plants1 ! fall ( ra91 natural me?ods ( v5tilation1 & c]ta9 natural con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 #a4 ,plants1 by virtue ( ! *lorophyll conta9$ 9 _! gre5 p>ts1 absorb c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 lib]at+ oxyg5 9 an active condition4 ,9 addition1 ammonia & nitr\s & nitric acids are dissolv$ f ! air by ra9-wat]1 & assimilat$ by plants4 ,dur+ ! night plants only give (f c>bonic acid4 #b4 ,! ,fall ( ,ra9 cle>s ! atmosph]e ( any solid p>ticles conta9$ 9 x1 ! impurities be+ transf]r$ to ra9-wat] :i* g5]ally conta9s an appreciable am\nt ( ammonia z well z o!r impurities4 ,ra9 n only wa%es & purifies ! air1 b by wa%+ ! gr\nd1 dim9i%es du/1 & prev5ts its escape into ! air4 ,x is ! great natural scav5g]4 #c4 ,v5tilation--t is1 ! int]*ange ( pure & impure air1 is con/antly be+ effect$4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! details ( v5tilation1 we mu/ consid] ! physical causes at "w :i* t5d to purify ! air1 ap>t f all artificial contrivances4 ,^! are ?ree 9 numb]--namely1 diffusion1 w9ds1 & diff]5ces ( temp]ature ( masses ( air4 7#a7 ,diffusion causes ! rapid mixture ( gases plac$ toge!r4 ,e gas diffuses at a c]ta9 rate--namely1 inv]sely z ! squ>e root ( its d5sity4 ,9 any room :i* is n air-tight1 diffusion is con/antly occurr+1 air pass+ 9 & out at e possible po9t4 ,?r\gh *9ks & op5+s 9 ! c>p5try-"w ( a room1 ! air diffuses rapidly4 ,bricks & /one commonly all[ air to pass ?r\gh !m2 diffusion occurs to a slight ext5t ev5 if ! wall is pla/]$1 b v little ?r\gh pap]4 ,diffusion alone is q insuffici5t to purify a room "u ord9>y circum/ances2 & solid p>ticles includ+ ! organic matt] evolv$ f ! sk9 & lungs1 n be+ gase\s1 are unaffect$ by x4 ,to remove ^!1 ! room mu/ be p]iodically flu%$ ) air1 & wa%+ ( all dirty surfaces mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,diffusion sometimes produces evil results1 :5 ! sanit>y arrangem5ts ( a h\se are bad4 ,if !re is a leakage ( sewage "u ! kit*5 floor1 ! f\l gases f x diffuse upw>ds2 occasionally f\l air diffuses f ! du/-b9 ?r\gh ! wall into ! rooms ( a h\se4 ,^! results are help$ by ! fact t ! int]nal temp]ature ( a h\se is commonly high] ?an ! ext]nal4 7#b7 ,diff]5ces ( ,temp]ature cause active movem5ts ( air4 ,9 fact w9ds are caus$ by movem5ts betwe5 l>ge masses ( air ( unequal temp]ature & consequ5tly ( unequal d5sity4 ,light gases asc5d1 z famili>ly illu/rat$ by ! smell ( d9n] p]ceiv$ 9 b$rooms1 or ! smell ( a cig> lit 9 ! hall p]ceiv$ 9 ! attic4 ,9 rooms diff]5ces ( temp]ature ( ! air are caus$ by ! heat ( fire1 gas1 & our own bodies4 ,curr5ts ( air result2 ! w>m] & light] air asc5ds up ! *imney or t[>ds ! ceil+1 :ile cold] & d5s] air ru%es 9 "u ! door or ?r\gh ! floor1 etc4 ,! light] gases c>ry ) !m solid p>ticles 9 susp5sion & ?us t5d to remove ! mo/ important impurities4 ,assum+ t ! ext]nal air is cold]1 if admitt$ into ! l[] "p ( a room1 x produces a draught2 if admitt$ at ! top ( a room1 be+ heavi]1 x falls by its own weight on ! heads ( ^? 9 ! room4 ,! problem ( v5tilation is to secure a suffici5t int]*ange ( air )\t ! production ( p]ceptible curr5ts4 ,movem5ts ( air are con/antly occurr+1 s long z ! temp]ature ( ! air is subject to *anges4 ,?is cause alone w suffice to v5tilate all rooms 9 :i* ! air is hott] ?an ! ext]nal air4 ,x may ?us happ5 t a room ) w9d[s & doors clos$ 9 w9t]1 may possess pur] air ?an ! same room 9 summ] ) ^! ?r[n widely op54 ,! value ( diffusion ( air ?r\gh ! walls1 & ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ?is diffusion are well illu/rat$ by "s exp]im5ts ( ,pett5k(]4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! outside & inside temp]atures 0 #cd ,fahr4 7#ff inside & #cb outside71 & ! doors & w9d[s 7 %ut1 an ord9>y room 9 8 h\se1 ( ! capacity ( #b1fej cubic feet1 :i* 0 built ( brick1 & furni%$ ) a ,g]man /ove in/ead ( an op5 fire-place1 _h its entire atmosph]e *ang$ once 9 an h\r4 ,) ! same diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 b ) ! addition ( a good fire 9 ! /ove1 ! *ange ( air rose to #c1cbj cubic feet p] h\r4 ,on less5+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal temp]ature to #g ,fahr4 7#fd & #ga71 ! *ange ( air 0 r$uc$ to only #ghj cubic feet p] h\r4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 all crevices & op5+s 9 doors & w9d[s 7 pa/$ up4 ,x is in/ructive to note ! great] am\nt ( v5tilation effect$ ?r\gh ! walls1 etc41 ?an by ! draught ( ! /ove4 ,! am\nt ( v5tilation ?r\gh walls v>ies ) ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are built4 ,mort> is exce$+ly por\s :5 dry2 s&/ones & bricks are easily p]meat$ by bo? wat] & air4 ,lime/one is almo/ imp]vi\s to air1 b requires mu* mort> 9 build+1 :i* effects a p>tial comp5sation 7see page #bjf74 ,! rise ( temp]ature caus$ by ! bodily heat & by ! combu/ion ( illum9at+ ag5ts1 is well %[n by "s figures ( ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?4 ,he f\nd t ! rise ( temp]ature ( #agj cubic feet ( air 9 "o h\r1 produc$ by ! bodily heat ( "o man 0 #ef ,fahr42 by ! combu/ion ( a c&le #ch ,fahr4 ,?us1 9 a room #h feet high1 #d feet broad1 & #f feet long1 a man burn+ a c&le w\ld 9 an h\r raise ! temp]ature f #fj to #gj ,fahr4 ,?is rise 9 temp]ature w\ld n only cause curr5ts ( hot air t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! room1 b w\ld probably make ! room uncom=table1 & s lead to ! op5+ ( a door1 etc4 7#c7 ,w9ds are ( great value 9 flu%+ rooms ) fre% air4 ,!y ought to be utilis$ z (t5 z possible1 by ?r[+ w9d[s widely op52 )\t1 h[ev]1 tak+ ! place ( con/ant v5tilation 9 ! int]vals4 ,!y are especially valuable 9 gett+ rid ( organic matt]s :i* are unaffect$ by diffusion4 ,! w9d w pass ?r\gh wood1 & ev5 brick & /one walls4 ,:5 x is all[$ to pass directly ?r\gh a room1 z f w9d[ to door1 x produces a m p[]ful effect ?an c be produc$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! av]age rate ( movem5t ( w9ds 9 ?is c\ntry is #aj feet p] second1 or ab\t #g miles an h\r4 ,if ! surface :i* a man exposes to ?is av]age w9d #f' #a' #i squ>e feet1 !n #ij cubic feet ( air fl[s ov] him 9 "o second1 & #cbd1jjj 9 an h\r4 ,if #c1jjj cubic feet 7 ! all[ance = ea* p]son indoors--a mu* great] all[ance ?an is usually giv5--he only receives #aajh ( ! air ) :i* he is suppli$ 9 ! op54 ,w9ds act z a v5tilat+ ag5t 9 two ways--directly by p]flation1 driv+ impure air be=e !m1 or freely mix+ ) x2 & indirectly by aspiration1 draw+ ! impure air along ) !m4 ,9 ! la/ case1 ! w9d causes a p>tial vacuum on ea* side ( its pa?1 t[>ds :i* all ! air 9 its vic9ity fl[s4 ,?us1 ! w9d bl[+ ov] ! top ( a *imney causes a curr5t at "r angles to itself up ! *imney4 ,9 a spray-produc+ app>atus we h a famili> in/ance ( ! same pr9ciple1 ! curr5t ( air or /eam along ! horizontal tube caus+ ! fluid to rise 9 ! v]tical tube till x is scatt]$ 9 spray4 ,9 ,sylve/]'s plan ( v5tilation1 bo? ^! =ces are us$ 7see page #aej74 #d4 ,c]ta9 ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,atmosph]e h an important purify+ effect4 ,( ^! oxyg5 is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,by its means organic impurities become oxidis$1 & ?us r5d]$ h>mless4 ,x is probable t mu* ( ?is oxidation is effect$ by means ( ozone--a peculi>ly active & conc5trat$ =m ( oxyg54 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is ozone is probably produc$ dur+ ?und]/orms & simil> electrical di/urbances ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ammonia & organic impurities 9 air become *ang$ into nitrites & nitrates--*iefly ( ammonium--& be+ wa%$ d[n by ra91 =m an important "p ( ! food ( plants4 #e4 ,= ,*emical ,measures ( purification ( ! atmosph]e see page #cbd4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,v5tilation4 ,! ,am\nt ( ,air requir$4--,v5tilation is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! removal ( ! products ( respiration1 j z sewage is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! removal ( ! solid & liquid excreta4 ,9 a less degree x is requir$ = remov+ ! impurities produc$ by ! burn+ ( gas1 c&les1 & lamps4 ,! ma9 problem1 h[ev]1 is ! removal ( ! respiratory products4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 air is usually fairly proportional to t ( ! o!r respiratory products4 ,x may !re=e be tak5 z a measure ( ! impurity ( ! air4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 fallacies 9 ?is te/4 ,9 soda wat] manufactory1 = in/ance1 !re w\ld be a comp>atively h>mless excess ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 dirty rooms1 & 9 hospitals & o!r in/itutions :]e rooms are n vacat$ = a consid]able p]iod1 ! am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t is (t5 9 excess ( :at w\ld h be5 anticipat$1 judg+ by an e/imation ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,?is is /rik+ly %[n by "s valuable rese>*es at ,dundee1 :i* are summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,if we take ! av]age am\nt 79 excess ( outside air7 ( c>bonic acid1 organic matt]1 & micro-organisms respectively 9 h\ses ( f\r or m rooms z unity1 !n 9 "o or two-room$ h\ses or t5em5ts we h z foll[s3-- ,,h\ses ,,( ,,f\r,,two-,,room$,,"o-,,room$ ,,rooms ,,h\ses4 ,,h\ses4 ,,& ,,upw>ds4 ,c>bonic acid #a #ae #bj ,organic matt] #a #af #dd ,micro-organisms #a #ea #fg ,x is evid5t t 9 ^! cases ! c>bonic acid did n increase 9 ! same proportion z ! organic matt] & micro-organisms1 & t x alone does n =m a suffici5t te/ ( ! impurity ( any giv5 atmosph]e4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid1 h[ev]1 is a valuable & conv5i5t te/ ( ! condition ( ! air ( a room1 & ! problems ( v5tilation1 ( :i* examples are giv5 on page #acg1 are bas$ on its am\nt4 ,! ,/&>d ( purity is some:at difficult to fix4 ,! ext]nal air ought only to conta9 #d p>ts ( c>bonic acid to #aj1jjj p>ts2 b x is almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 ?is degree ( purity 9 inhabit$ rooms4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,drs4 ,p>kes & ,de ,*aumont %[$ t :5 ! c>bonic acid is #jf p] c5t41 or 9 ! proportion ( #f p>ts 9 #aj1jjj ( air1 ! air beg9s to be p]ceptibly /uffy 7page #abe72 ?is may !re=e be tak5 z ! limit ( impurity4 ,pett5k(] has adopt$ ! limit ( #jg p] c5t4#g ,! problem !n is to discov] ! am\nt ( pure ext]nal air 7conta9+ #jd p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid7 t w be requir$ to pass h\rly ?r\gh a room1 = e p]son 9 t room1 9 ord] to keep ! c>bonic acid at ! ratio ( #jf p] c5t4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by actual obs]vation ( ! air ( rooms 9 :i* a giv5 numb] ( p]sons are plac$2 or by calculations f physiological data4 ,z ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts on ! atmosph]e ( prisons1 b>racks1 etc41 :]e ! am\nt ( fre% air suppli$ p] h\r is exactly kn[n1 x is f\nd t 9 ord] to keep ! c>bonic acid at #jf p] c5t41 #c1jjj cubic feet ( pure air are requir$ p] head p] h\r2 #b1jjj cubic feet keep ! c>bonic acid at #jg p] c5t42 #a1ejj cubic feet at #jh p] c5t42 & #a1bjj cubic feet at #ji p] c5t4 ,= ! removal ( ! products ( combu/ion ( gas1 an additional supply ( air is requir$1 = ! am\nt ( :i*1 see page #aaf4 ,:]e a numb] ( sick p]sons are collect$1 z 9 hospitals & workh\ses1 a mu* fre] supply ( air is requir$4 ,mu* dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! cleanl9ess ( ! w>ds1 & on :e!r ! v5tilation is con/ant 9 "*4 ,9 ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 ! space allott$ to ea* ord9>y pati5t is #a1hjj cubic feet1 & to ea* pati5t 9 ! fev] w>ds #b1ejj cubic feet4 ,?us1 by *ang+ ! air ( ! w>ds twice 9 ! h\r1 an abundant supply ( fre% air is ensur$4 ,! mortality aft] op]ations1 & 9 all fev]s1 is mu* dim9i%$ by a free supply ( air4 ,soldi]s are all[$ #fjj cubic feet ( space p] head 9 _! sleep+ rooms1 :i* involves a *ange ( ! air five times p] h\r1 9 ord] t ! c>bonic acid may be ma9ta9$ at #jf p] c5t4 ,! limit ( ov]cr[d+ = lodg+-h\ses is usually fix$ at #cjj to #ejj cubic feet1 b ?is is too little4 ,! am\nt ( pure air requir$ 9 ord] to keep ! c>bonic acid 9 a room at #jf p] c5t41 may also be asc]ta9$ f physiological data4 ,an av]age adult expires #ce 7#f7 cubic foot ( c>bonic acid p] h\r4 ,n[ z ! c>bonic acid 9 air to be brea!d mu/ n conta9 m ?an two p>ts 9 #aj1jjj 7#jb p] c5t47 9 excess ( :at is pres5t 9 ext]nal air 7#jd p] c5t471 x foll[s t if x ! am\nt ( fre% air requir$ by an adult p] h\r 9 ord] to keep ! c>bonic acid 9 ! room d[n to 4#jf p] c5t41 !n3-- #jb 3 #f 33 #ajj 3 x4 x #c1jjj cubic feet4 ,relation ( ,air ,requir$ to ,cubic ,space ( ,room4--,if we accept #c1jjj cubic feet ( air z ! am\nt requir$ p] head p] h\r1 ?is may cle>ly be furni%$ by hav+ a l>ge room ) comp>atively little circulation ( air1 or by hav+ a small room ) frequ5t int]*anges4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! cubic space all[$ to ea* individual is #a1jjj cubic feet--t is1 #aj feet 9 e direction--! atmosph]e w require *ang+ ?ree times p] h\r4 ,n[1 x is f\nd t :5 a curr5t ( air1 at ! temp]ature ( #ee-fj ,fahr41 is mov+ at ! rate ( less ?an "o mile p] h\r1 x is n p]ceptible--t is1 produces no draught4 ,! rate ( a breeze1 :i* is j p]ceptible1 is #ah in*es p] second1 or "o mile p] h\r4 ,z draughts are objectionable1 v5tilation1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 means ! supply+ ( abundant fre% air at a rate ( less ?an "o mile p] h\r1 or w>m$ air at a high] rate4 ,air mov+ at ! rate ( #b miles p] h\r1 or #c feet p] second1 is p]ceiv$ z a slight draught by all1 at ! av]age temp]ature ( our climate 7ab\t #ej ,fahr47 ,:]e natural v5tilation is employ$1 ! difficulties ( ?or\ghly v5tilat+ a small space1 )\t draught1 are v great4 ,a *ange ( air ?ree or f\r times 9 an h\r is all t c be borne "u ord9>y conditions 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is necessitates a supply ( #a1jjj or #gej cubic feet ( space respectively = ea* individual4 ,& a *ange ( ?is frequ5cy is commonly n effect$2 ! v5tilat+ app>atus may fail tempor>ily1 or may be wilfully /opp$ up1 or !re may be no means ( v5tilation2 x is ess5tial !re=e to h z l>ge a cubic space z possible4 ,a l>ge cubic space1 does n obviate ! necessity = effici5t circulation ( air4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 advantage\s1 n only on acc\nt ( ! initial long] "t be=e ! air rea*es ! limit ( impurity1 b also because !re are less draughts1 & !re is a l>g] wall surface & l>g] w9d[s = unp]ceiv$ v5tilation4 ,common ,errors z to ,v5tilation4--7#a7 ,9 relation to ! cubic space ( a room1 x is mo/ important to note t a l(ty ceil+ does n comp5sate = defici5cies 9 floor-space4 ,"o he>s1 8l(ty0 & 8airy0 rooms spok5 ( z ?\gh ! two t]ms 7 necess>ily synonym\s4 ,?is is by no means ! case4 ,! impurities produc$ by respiration t5d to accumulate ab\t ! p]sons :o h evolv$ !m1 al?\gh x is true t 9 rooms heat$ by gaslight1 a l>ge am\nt ( hot & impure air collects ne> ! ceil+4 ,! necessity ( an abundant floor-space is %[n by ! fact t a space enclos$ by f\r high walls & )\t a ro(1 w1 if cr[d$1 spe$ily become (f5sive4 ,twelve feet is q high en\gh = l>ge rooms 9 s*ools1 hospital w>ds1 etc41 & n9e feet suffices = ! rooms ( a private dwell+-h\se4 ,!re is no objection to a great] height1 if x is rememb]$ t 9 reckon+ ! practical cubic dim5sions ( a room1 ! height %\ld only be reckon$ z twelve feet4 ,suppos+ #ejj cubic feet is ! am\nt all[$ p] individual1 !n ! floor-space %\ld be =ty-two squ>e feet1 :i* w\ld be furni%$ by a room ab\t #h feet long & #e feet wide4 ,9 b>racks1 soldi]s are all[$ fifty squ>e feet ( floor-space4 ,9 s*ool-rooms ! ,education ,code requires t at lea/ t5 squ>e feet ( floor-space1 & at lea/ #abj cubic feet %all be all[$ = ea* *ild 9 av]age att5dance4 7#b7 ,x is commonly suppos$ t a l>ge room comp5sates = a defici5t circulation ( air4 ,! cubic space ( a room is really ( less importance ?an ! capacity = frequ5t int]*anges ( air4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ enclos$ space c only supply air = a limit$ p]iod1 aft] :i* ! same am\nt ( fre% air mu/ be suppli$1 :e!r ! space be small or l>ge4 ,?us1 suppos+ t z l>ge a space z #aj1jjj cubic feet p] head 7 all[$1 ! limit ( purity w\ld 9 ! abs5ce ( v5tilation be rea*$ 9 ?ree h\rs1 & aft] t "t an h\rly supply ( #c1jjj cubic feet ( air w\ld be j z necess>y z if ! space 7 only #bjj cubic feet4 7#c7 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! furniture 9 a room mu/ be d$uct$ f ! brea?+ space1 z ! am\nt ( air is dim9i%$ by ! space occupi$ by ! furniture4 ,ab\t #aj cubic feet ought to be all[$ = ea* b$1 & #c to #e cubic feet = ea* individual 9 a room2 project+ surfaces mu/ be all[$ = by subtraction1 & recesses by addition4 ,! d$uctions to be made = furniture are n ( any great consequ5ce1 if !re is a free int]*ange ( air2 z ! cubic space is ( less importance ?an free v5tilation4 ,g5]al ,rules respect+ ,v5tilation4--,! two great objects 9 v5tilat+ be+ to remove all impurities f ! air1 & to avoid draughts1 x is important t-- #a4 ,! ent]+ air %\ld be1 if possible1 ( a temp]ature ( #ee to #fj ,fahr4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature ( a room diff]s f ! ext]nal temp]ature by #aj ,fahr41 a draught is c]ta9 to ensue4 ,x is impossible at all times to ensure ! incom+ air be+ ( ! temp]ature ( #fj1 )\t "s artificial means ( w>m+ x4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is seldom necess>y to cool ! incom+ air1 b ?is may be manag$ 9 artificial sy/ems ( v5tilation by pass+ ! incom+ air ov] ice1 or by us+ compress$ air :i* becomes cool$ on expansion1 or by pass+ ! incom+ air ?r\gh subt]ranean tunnels4 #b4 ,! ent]+ air %\ld be pure4 ,:5 a room is hott] ?an ! passages & kit*5s1 air f ! latt]1 :atev] may be its "*1 is drawn into ! room4 ,simil>ly ! gr\nd-air "u ! kit*5-floor or ! air f a%-pits may be drawn into ! h\se1 :5 no o!r means ( v5tilation are provid$2 & ?is is (t5 foll[$ by evil results4 #c4 ,no draught or curr5t %\ld be p]ceptible f ! incom+ air1 except :5 x is wi%$ to flu% ! room ) air1 by op5+ ! w9d[s wide4 ,x is a common compla9t t a room is draughty1 &1 to rem$y ?is1 keyholes are /opp$ up1 & mats are plac$ at ! bottom ( ! door1 etc4 ,! draught c (t5 be rem$i$ by increas+ ! size & numb] ( ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* air is admitt$1 s t ! curr5t ( air is n conc5trat$ & rapid4 ,:5 ?is does n rem$y x1 ! incom+ air %\ld be w>m$4 ,a feel+ ( draught is v (t5 due to ! radiation to & f a w9d[1 & disappe>s :5 a curta9 or scre5 is plac$ betwe5 ! radiat+ surface & ! occupant ( ! room4 #d4 ,! entry ( air %\ld be con/ant1 n int]mitt5t4 ,! occasional op5+ ( a w9d[ or door w n comp5sate = ! lack ( a con/ant int]*ange ( air1 al?\gh x =ms a v valuable adjunct1 especially 9 ! removal ( organic p>ticles :i* d n foll[ ! law ( diffusion4 #e4 ,an exit %\ld be provid$ = impure air1 z well z an entrance = pure air4 ,! *imney furni%es ?is 9 mo/ liv+-rooms1 & dim9i%es ! necessity = o!r means ( exit4 ,if ! op5+s 9 a room = entrance & exit are prop]ly regulat$1 a rate ( #e feet p] second 7ab\t #c miles p] h\r7 w provide suffici5t air )\t any unpleasant draught 9 a room4 ,= in/ance1 if ! op5+ measure #a squ>e foot1 !n a rate ( #e feet p] second w give five cubic feet ( air p] second1 t is1 #ah1jjj cubic feet p] h\r4 ,b z only #c1jjj cubic feet are requir$1 x foll[s t an op5+ "o-six? ?is size1 i4e4 #bd squ>e in*es1 is suffici5t = ea* individual4 ,reckon+ ! same am\nt = means ( exit1 #dh squ>e in*es is ! size ( ! v5tilat+ orifices requir$ by ea* individual4 #f4 ,a numb] ( small divid$ op5+s are n collectively equal 9 v5tilat+ p[] to "o l>ge "o hav+ ! same area4 ,?us1 :5 a v5tilat+ orifice is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 :i* h ! same collective area z ! orig9al orifice1 x is f\nd t only half z mu* air passes ?r\gh ^! z ?r\gh ! orig9al orifice4 ,9 ord] to obta9 z mu* air1 !re=e1 ea* op5+ mu/ be equal 9 size to half ! orig9al op5+4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! rule t ! friction = air pass+ ?r\gh op5+s is inv]sely to ! diamet] ( ^! op5+s1 i4e4 inv]sely to ! squ>e-root ( ! area ( ! op5+s4 #g4 ,! mo/ important requirem5ts ( p]fect v5tilation may be recapitulat$ z foll[s3-- #a/4 ,! maximum impurity ( air vitiat$ by respiration %\ld n exce$ #f p>ts c>bonic acid p] #aj1jjj volumes4 #bnd4 ,to ensure ! ma9t5ance ( ?is /&>d1 #c1jjj cubic feet ( pure air mu/ be suppli$ p] head p] h\r4 #crd4 ,9 ord] to supply ?is am\nt ( pure air1 ) ord9>y means ( v5tilation1 #a1jjj cubic feet at lea/ mu/ be all[$ p] head 9 build+s always occupi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,problems ,,z ,,to ,,v5tilation4 ,! foll[+ =mula enables _m problems relat+ to v5tilation to be solv$4 ,let p ! am\nt ( poison 7c>bonic acid7 9 e cubic foot ( fre% air1 viz4 #jjjd cubic foot4 ,let ,a ! numb] ( cubic feet ( fre% air deliv]$ or available1 ,p ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid exhal$1 & x ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid p] cubic foot 9 ! room at ! end ( a giv5 "t4 ,!n-- x p ,p_/,a1 :5ce ,a ,p_/7x - p74 ,if ! c>bonic acid 9 ! air ( a room is #ge p] #a1jjj volumes 7t 9 ! out] air be+ #d p] #a1jjj volumes71 & !re are five p]sons 9 ! room1 h[ mu* air is ent]+ ! room p] h\r8 ,"h x #jjjge4 p #jjjd4 ,p #f 7i4e4 numb] ( cubic feet ( c>bonic acid expir$ by ea* p]son p] h\r74 ,n[ x p ,p_/,a4 #jjjge #jjjd #f_/;,a4 ,!re=e ,a ab\t #a1gjj4 ,?us #a1gjj cubic feet are requir$ = ea* individual to keep ! air )9 ! giv5 limit1 & five times ?is am\nt w be requir$ = five p]sons #h1ejj cubic feet4 ,a room has be5 occupi$ = "o h\r1 at ! end ( :i* ! total c>bonic acid pres5t 0 f\nd to be #aa p] #a1jjj p>ts4 ,! c>bonic acid 9 ! op5 air am\nt+ to #jjjd p] cubic foot1 f9d ! quantity ( air suppli$ p] h\r4 ,"h x #jjaa4 p #jjjd & ,p #f4 ,h5ce #jjaa #jjjd #f_/;,a4 ,!re=e ,a #heg cubic feet4 ,if six p]sons are 9 a room conta9+ #c1jjj cubic feet1 & !re is a supply ( #b1jjj cubic feet ( air p] head p] h\r2 h[ mu* c>bonic acid is !re 9 ! air ( ! room at ! end ( #d h\rs8 ,"h p #jjjd4 ,p #f #f #d #add4 ,a #b1jjj #f #d #c1jjj #ea1jjj4 x #jjd #addea1jjj #jjjfhb #fhb p>ts ,,co 9 #aj1jjj ( air4 ,! air ( a room occupi$ by #f p]sons & conta9+ #e1jjj cubic feet ( space1 yields #ge p>ts ( ,,co p] #aj1jjj p>ts ( air4 ,h[ mu* air is be+ suppli$ p] h\r8 ,a ,p_/7x - p7 #f x #f_/7jjjge - #jjjd7 #aj1bhj cubic feet4 ,9 ! same room :at w\ld be ! condition ( ! air at ! end ( #d h\rs8 x #jjja #f #f #d_/7ajbhj #d #e1jjj7 #jjjd #adddf1abj #jjjgab #gab ( ,,co 9 #aj1jjj ( air4 ,giv5 two sleep+ rooms1 ,y #aj ft4 by #ae ft4 & #aj ft4 high1 ,z #ae ft4 by #bj ft4 & #ab ft4 high1 ) ?ree adults 9 ea*2 h[ mu* fre% air w\ld y supply 9 ea*8 ,:at w\ld be ! condition ( ! air ( ea* ( ! rooms aft]1 #ad1 #ab1 #a1 & #b h\rs respectively8 ,am\nt ( fre% air to be suppli$ 9 ,y-- ,a ,p_/7x - p7 #f #c_/7jjje - #jjjd7 #i1jjj cubic feet p] h\r4 ,condition ( air 9 ,y aft] #ad h\r-- ,"h p #jjjd4 ,p #f #cd #de4 ,a #i1jjjd #a1ejj #c1gej4 x #jjjd #dec1gej #jjjeb4 ,at ! end ( #b h\rs-- x #jjjd #cf_/7ah1jjj #a1ejj7 #jjjehd4 ,& simil>ly = ,z4 ,suppose two rooms1 "o #aj feet cube1 ! o!r #ej feet by #bj feet & #ae feet high1 h cont9u\sly admitt$ into ea* ( !m a volume ( fre% air conta9+ #jd p>ts c>bonic acid p] #ajj p>ts1 am\nt+ to #b1jjj cubic feet p] h\r1 s z to replace to t ext5t ! air ( ! room2 suppose also t an av]age adult be plac$ 9 ea* room3 %[ by detail$ calculation :at w\ld be ! condition ( impurity ( air 9 ea* room1 z measur$ by c>bonic acid1 at ! end ( #d h\rs & #ab h\rs respectively4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ room-- ,p #f #d #bd4 ,a #b1jjj #d #a1jjj #i1jjj4 p #jjjd4 x #jjjd #bdi1jjj #jjjffg4 ,! am\nt ( impurity at ! end ( #ab h\rs1 & 9 ! second room may be simil>ly asc]ta9$4 ,v5tilation 9 relation to ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature ( a giv5 atmosph]e is a mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! ease ) :i* x is repl5i%$ f ! ext]nal air4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( two masses ( air ! m rapidly an int]*ange occurs4 ,air has weight4 ,a column ( x "o in* squ>e & ext5d+ to ! upp]mo/ limit ( ! atmosph]e weighs ab\t #adf lbs41 & ex]ts ?is pressure on all sub/ances at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is pressure is ex]t$ uni=mly 9 all directions2 b = ?is fact our *e/s w\ld be cru%$ 9 by ! ext]nal pressure on !m1 :i* am\nts to ov] f\r tons4 ,if ! atmosph]ic pressure is dim9i%$ at any po9t1 x is evid5t t ! surr\nd+ air w t5d to press 9 ?is direction4 ,n[1 :5 air is heat$ x exp&s1 & consequ5tly ! heavi] fre% air fl[s 9 f all sides & pu%es ! light] air upw>ds4 ,! expansion ( air = e increase ( #a ,c5t4 is #jjcffe 7#abgc71 = e increase ( #a ,fahr4 is #jjbjc 7#adib74 ,?us if ! air 9 a room is #bj ,f4 w>m] ?an t outside1 x w be exp&$ to #abe additional bulk4 ,?us if ,m volume ( a giv5 air at #cb1 ) ! b>omet] at #cj in*es1 & ,m volume at temp]ature t above #cb1 :ile a co-effici5t ( expansion = ea* degree ( elevation ( temp]ature1 !n ! dilatation effect$ by heat w be express$ by ! =mula-- ,m ,m 7#a at74 ,:5 ! temp]ature is decreas+ ,m ,m 7#a -at74 ,if ! air 9 a *imney flue is cool] ?an ! air ( ! room ) :i* x communicates1 x w fl[ d[n into ! room4 ,x is ! object ( an economical fire-place to cause ! *imney to act z an outlet = ! products ( combu/ion & = ! impurities ( ! air ( ! room ) ! smalle/ possible wa/e ( heat4 ,%ort ( produc+ a d[n draught ( cold air & smoke1 ! small] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! air ( a room & ( ! air escap+ ne> ! top ( ! *imney1 ! great] ! economy ( fuel4 ,! movem5t ( air 9 flues & o!r outlets is gov]n$ by g5]al laws1 l ^? gov]n+ ! g5]al movem5ts ( fluids1 b all[ances require to be made = friction 9 ! *annels ( entrance & outlet4 ,! !oretical velocity1 :5 friction is n tak5 into acc\nt1 may be calculat$ by a =mula bas$ on :at is kn[n z ! law ( ,montgolfi]1 or ! law ( sp\t+ fluids4 ,accord+ to ?is law1 fluids pass ?r\gh an op5+ 9 a p>tition ) ! same velocity z a body w\ld atta9 9 fall+ ?r\gh a height equal to ! diff]5ce 9 dep? ( ! fluid on ! two sides ( ! p>tition1 i4e4 to ! diff]5ce ( pressure on ! two sides4 ,?us1 if ,,ab equals ! height ( a column ( air at1 say1 #ej ,f41 & ,,ac is ! height ( ! same quantity ( air heat$ to #fj1 !n ! velocity ) :i* ! w>m] air asc5ds w be t :i* a body w\ld acquire 9 fall+ f ,c to ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,repres5t+ ! air column l5g?s ,n[ ! velocity 9 feet p] second ( fall+ bodies is ab\t eight times ! squ>e root ( ! height f :i* !y h fall52 & ! =mula = det]m9+ ?is is-- v c 7#b;gh7 #hb;c h4 ,9 ?is =mula v requir$ velocity 9 feet p] second2 g #cbag feet p] second2 h di/ance fall5 ?r\gh by ! body2 c a con/ant det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & express+ ! proportion ( ! actual to ! !oretical velocity4 ,adapt+ ?is =mula to ! special circum/ances "u :i* ,montgolfi]'s =mula holds1 we f9d t ! =ce :i* drives ! w>m air up ! flue is ! =ce ( gravity1 i4e4 ( ! excess ( ! weight ( a column ( cold air ov] ! weight ( a column ( w>m air ( exactly ! same size 7repres5t$ by ,,bc 9 ! prec$+ diagram74 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two weights or pressures is f\nd by multiply+ ! di/ance f ! po9t ( escape ( heat$ air out ( ! room 7fire-place or else:]e7 to ! po9t ( escape into ! out] air 7top ( *imney or o!r po9t ( exit71 by ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature inside & outside1 & aga9 multiply+ ?is product by #adib = degrees ( ,fahr5heit temp]ature1 or #abgc = degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,?us omitt+ c = ! pres5t1 we h-- v 7#b;gh7t - t#a7_/dib7 #hb7;h7t - t#a7_/dib7 ,:]e t temp]ature 9 ! *imney1 t#a temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air1 & h height ( *imney4 ,example4--,! *ief means ( v5tilat+ a giv5 room is by its op5 fire-place4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! *imney is #ajj ,f41 t ( ! ext]nal air #dj1 & ! height ( ! *imney #ej feet2 :at is ! velocity ) :i* air is leav+ ! room8 v #hb 77#ajj - #dj7 #ejdib7 #bj4 ,?is gives ! !oretical velocity1 b ! real velocity w diff] f ! !oretical by an am\nt v>y+ f #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ,x w be evid5t1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! movem5ts ( ! air 9 a conf9$ space are dep5d5t ^u 7#a7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal temp]atures2 7#b7 ! area & friction at ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* air ent]s & leaves ! room2 & 7#c7 ! height ( ! column ( asc5d+ w>m air4 ,! high] ! *imney 7assum+ x to conta9 w>m air71 ! great] ! draught & ! m effici5t ! v5tilation ( ! room communicat+ ) x4 ,h5ce v5tilation is m difficult 9 upp] rooms ( l>ge h\ses & 9 s+le-/orey$ h\ses ?an 9 ! l[] /oreys ( l>ge h\ses4 ,all[ance = ,friction4--,practically ! friction v>ies greatly accord+ to ! size1 =m1 & mat]ial ( outlet = air4 ,a r\gh or sooty or angul> *imney greatly imp$es ! outgo+ curr5t ( air4 ,x is usual to r$uce ! !oretical velocity by #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ,ap>t f ! friction :i* is gov]n$ by r\ghness & l5g? ( *annels1 t due to b5ds 9 ! *annel may be calculat$ by ! =mula #a_/7a-s9#b 71 be+ ! angle at any b5d 9 ?is *annel4 7,x may be conv5i5t to note t-- s9#b #ij #a1 s9#b #fj #cd1 s9#b #de #ab1 s9#b #cj #ad47 ,?us e "r angle 9 a b5t %aft r$uces ! velocity 9 x by "o-half4 ,! loss by friction 9 two simil> tubes ( equal sectional area v>ies 7#a7 directly ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! air curr5ts2 & 7#b7 directly ) ! l5g? ( ! outlet *annel4 ,9 two simil> tubes ( unequal size ! loss by friction is 7#c7 inv]sely z ! diamet] ( ! cross-section 9 ea*4 ,:5 two tubes are ( diff]5t %apes1 ! loss by friction is inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( ! sectional areas4 ,ow+ to ! v>iable value ( ! co-effici5t ( friction 7call$ c 9 ! fir/ =mula giv571 x is usually pref]able to measure ! actual rate ( progress ( air ?r\gh a giv5 flue by means ( an anemomet] 7w9d measure74 ,!n ! velocity ( ! curr5t ( air & ! area ( ! cross section ( ! flue be+ giv51 ! volume ( air dis*>g$ 9 a giv5 "t is repres5t$ by ! product ( ^! two & ! "t :i* has elaps$4 ,?us1 q a v4 ,:]e q quantity ( air dis*>g$ 9 a giv5 "t1 a area ( cross section ( flue1 v velocity ( curr5t4 ,by means ( ?is =mula1 ! area ( *imney requir$ to dis*>ge a giv5 volume ( air at a giv5 av]age velocity c be asc]ta9$4 ,?us-- a q_/v4 ,! application ( ! prec$+ pr9ciples & =mul w be r5d]$ cle>] by ! foll[+ examples4 ,h[ mu* inlet & outlet area p] head w be requir$ to give #aj p]sons 9 a room ( #e1jjj cubic feet capacity1 #b1jjj cubic feet ( air p] head p] h\r1 suppos+ t ! outside temp]ature is #dj1 :ile ! int]nal temp]ature is #fj1 & ! height ( ! heat$ column ( air #bj feet8 ,fir/ asc]ta9 ! velocity ( entrance & exit ( air4 v #hb7;h7t - t#a7_/dib7 #hb7bj7fj - #dj7_/dib7 #hb #ijb4 #gcifd velocity 9 feet p] second4 ,if we all[ "o-f\r? = friction1 !n !re rema9s a velocity ( #eedgc feet p] second4 #eedgc feet p] second #aigjjh feet p] h\r4 ,n[1 a q_/v #b1jjjaigjjh #ajae squ>e feet4 #adf squ>e in*es4 ,?us ! size ( ! outlet requir$ p] head is #adf squ>e in*es4 ,! size ( ! room & ! numb] occupy+ x d n ent] into ! "q1 except = a %ort "t at ! beg9n+4 7,see page #ace47 ,! am\nt ( inlet requir$ w also be #adf squ>e in*es p] head4 ,!oretically x ought to be slightly less ?an t requir$ = outlet1 z ! outgo+ air is m exp&$ ?an t ent]+ ! room2 b practically no all[ance ne$ be made = ?is fact4 ,! total am\nt ( inlet & outlet requir$ p] head #bib squ>e in*es4 ,if ! mean temp]ature ( a room is #fa1 ! ext]nal temp]ature #de1 :ile ! heat$ column ( air is #ej feet1 & ! requir$ deliv]y ( air #b1jjj cubic feet p] h\r1 f9d ! size ( inlet & outlet4 v #hb7;h7t - t#a7_/dib7 #hb7ej7fa - #de7_/dib7 #ajee feet p] second4 #cg1ihj feet p] h\r4 ,if we make no all[ance = friction1 !n a q_/v #b1jjjcg1ihj squ>e feet4 #b1jjj #addcg1ihj #geh squ>e in*es4 ,?is gives ! requir$ size ( outlet4 ,! size ( inlet & outlet toge!r #aeaf squ>e in*es4 ,if #c1jjj cubic feet ( air are suppli$ 9 "o h\r ?r\gh an ap]ture ( #ab squ>e in*es to a room conta9+ #a1jjj cubic feet ( space1 at :at rate does ! air ent] ! room8 #ab squ>e in*es #aab squ>e foot4 a q_/v #aab #c1jjj_/v ,!re=e v #cf1jjj feet p] h\r4 #aj feet p] second4 ,if a room is suppli$ ) #c1jjj cubic feet ( air p] h\r1 ?r\gh a s+le op5+1 :at mu/ be its area1 if ! rate ( movem5t ( ! air is #e feet p] second8 #e feet p] second #ah1jjj feet p] h\r4 a #cjjjahjjj #af squ>e foot4 #bd squ>e in*es4 ,z already /at$1 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! e/imation ( am\nt ( friction greatly detract f ! practical value ( ! =mul j giv54 ,ev5 ! results giv5 by anemomet]s are n always tru/wor?y1 b by comp>+ ! results giv5 by !m ) ^? obta9$ by ! use ( ,montgolfi]'s =mula an approximation to ! tru? c be obta9$4 ,! ord9>y anemomet] consi/s ( f\r t9y vanes fix$ to a sp9dle1 s t revolutions are caus$ by ! curr5t ( air ! velocity ( :i* is to be measur$4 ,! revolutions are c\nt$ by a me*anical arrangem5t4 ,! value ( ! revolutions ( ! vanes has to be fir/ det]m9$ by direct exp]im5t2 a kn[n bulk ( air be+ =c$ ?r\gh a *annel ( kn[n size at a uni=m rate1 & ! in/rum5t graduat$ accord+ly4 ,9 ,flet*]'s anemomet] a modification ( ! manomet] or pressure-gauge has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,inlets & ,outlets4--,hav+ giv5 ! av]age velocity ( ! w9d1 ! size ( a room1 & ! numb] ( p]sons occupy+ x1 ! size ( inlet op5+ requir$ c easily be calculat$4 ,f9d ! size ( inlet = air 9 a room occupi$ by "o p]son1 ! air mov+ at ! av]age velocity ( #e feet p] second1 assum+ t #c1jjj cubic feet ( air are to be suppli$ p] h\r4 ,let x size ( inlet4 ,!n x #fj #fj #e #c1jjj4 ,!re=e x #cjjjahjjj #af squ>e foot4 #bd squ>e in*es4 ,giv5 t ! air moves at a velocity ( #aj feet p] second1 & t ! area ( ! inlet ap]ture into a room is #ab squ>e in*es1 f9d h[ mu* air ent]s ! room 9 an h\r4 ,let y am\nt ( air4 ,!n #aj #fj #fj #abadd y4 ,!re=e y #c1jjj cubic feet ( air4 ,calculations z to supply ( air 9 a room f\nd$ on ! av]age velocity ( air-curr5ts are1 h[ev]1 mu* less tru/wor?y ?an :5 ! velocity is det]m9$1 z previ\sly expla9$1 by means ( ,montgolfi]'s =mula1 or1 bett] /ill1 by an anemomet]4 ,! ,commission]s on ,improv+ ! ,sanit>y ,condition ( ,b>racks & ,hospitals1 9 _! report 7#ahfa7 recomm5d$ = inlets1 "o squ>e in* = e #fj cubic feet 9 ! cont5ts ( ! room2 or "o squ>e in* = e #abj cubic feet 9 ! cont5ts1 if w>m air is admitt$ r\nd ! fire-grate4 ,= outlet %afts on l[] floors1 "o squ>e in* to e #fj cubic feet1 slightly increas+ = ! high] /oreys4 ,am\nt ( ,air-space requir$4--,we may take #c1jjj cubic feet ( air z ! av]age am\nt ( air requir$ h\rly by ea* individual1 & inasmu* z ! air ( a room _c be *ang$ (t5] ?an ?ree times an h\r )\t produc+ an unpleasant draught1 x foll[s t at lea/ #a1jjj cubic feet ( space mu/ be all[$ p] p]son4 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ! am\nt actually suppli$ "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,army = ea* soldi]-- ,9 p]man5t b>racks #fjj cubic ft4 ,9 wood5 huts #djj ,9 hospital w>ds at home #a1bjj ,9 hospital w>ds 9 ! tropics #a1ejj ,9 g5]al hospitals #a1jjj-a1ejj ,9 fev] hospitals #b1jjj-c1jjj ,9 workh\se hospitals #hej-a1bjj ,9 common lodg+ h\ses #cjj or #cej ,d41 if occupi$ night & day #cej or #djj ,9 workh\ses #cjj ,9 s*ools-- ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d requires p] s*ol> #acj ,engli% ,educational ,code p] s*ol> 7m9imum71 9 old s*ools #hj ,d41 9 new s*ools #abj ,floor-space has an important be>+ on v5tilation4 ,9 calculat+ ! available cubic space ( a room1 ! height ov] #ab feet %\ld be disreg>d$4 ,?us1 if #ejj cubic feet is all[$ = ea* individual1 ! floor-space %\ld be #db squ>e feet4 ,9 b>racks1 soldi]s are all[$ #ej squ>e feet ( floor-space4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t regulations = workh\ses x is /at$ t !re mu/ n be m ?an two r[s ( b$s1 & t ! height ( rooms above #ab feet mu/ n be reckon$4 ,?is gives a m9imum floor-space ( #be squ>e feet p] occupant1 or ) dormitories #ag feet wide1 a b$-space ( ab\t #c feet4 ,9 hospitals1 ! "q ( floor-space is extremely important1 z x regulates ! di/ance betwe5 ! sick inmates & ! conv5i5ce ( nurs+4 ,assum+ ea* b$ to be #c feet wide & #f feet long1 ! di/ance betwe5 any two b$s %\ld be at lea/ #e feet4 ,?is makes ! wall-space = ea* b$ #h feet long1 & all[s f #hj to #if squ>e feet ( floor-space p] b$4 ,at ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 ,london1 ! floor-space is #aab squ>e feet1 & 9 fev] hospitals x is f #aej to #cjj squ>e feet p] b$4 ,9 reg>d to ! v5tilation ( hospitals1 x has be5 well said t no?+ less ?an too mu* is en\gh4 ,means ( asc]ta9+ ,cubic ,space4--,circumf]5ce ( a circle ,diamet] 7,d7 #c4adaf4 ,area ( circle ,d#b 4#ghed4 ,area ( squ>e squ>e ( "o ( its sides4 ,area ( rectangle product ( two adjac5t sides4 ,area ( triangle base #ab height1 or height #ab base4 ,area ( ellipse product ( ! two diamet]s #ghed4 ,circumf]5ce ( ellipse half ! sum ( ! two diamet]s #cadaf4 ,area ( any polygon f\nd by divid+ into triangles1 & tak+ ! sum ( _! areas4 ,cubic capacity ( a cube f\nd by multiply+ ! ?ree dim5sions toge!r4 ,cubic capacity ( a cyl9d] area ( base height4 ,cubic capacity ( a cone or pyramid area ( base #ac height4 ,cubic capacity ( a dome area ( base 7circle7 x #bc height4 ,cubic capacity ( a sph]e ,d#c x #ebcf4 ,area ( segm5t ( a circle f\nd by add+ to #bc ( product ( *ord & height1 ! cube ( ! height divid$ by twice ! *ord4 7,* x ,h x #bc7 ,h#cb ,* ,give ! dim5sions ( a circul> w>d = #ab pati5ts1 ea* to h #a1gej cubic feet ( available air-space4 ,capacity ( w>d #a1gej ,x #ab #ba1jjj cubic feet4 ,if we all[ #abj squ>e feet floor-space = ea* pati5t1 !n ! total floor-space w be #a1ddj squ>e feet4 ,consequ5tly ! height ( ! w>d #bajjjaddj #adge feet4 ,area ( circle ,d#b x #ghed4 #a1ddj_/ghed ,d#b4 ,!re=e ,d #dcb feet4 ,circumf]5ce ( circle ,d x #cadaf4 #dcb x #cadaf4 #aceg feet4 ,! dim5sions ( ! circul> w>d requir$ are !re=e a height ( #adge feet1 diamet] ( #dcb feet1 & circumf]5ce ( #aceg feet4 ,f9d ! cubic capacity ( a circul> hospital w>d #bh feet 9 diamet]1 #aj feet high1 & ) a dome-%ap$ ro( #e feet high4 ,area ( floor-space ,d#b x #ghed4 #fadh squ>e feet4 ,cubic capacity ( ! cyl9d] bel[ ! dome is #fadh x #aj #f1adh cubic feet4 ,cubic capacity ( dome #fadh x #bc x #e #bjdic cubic feet4 ,total cubic capacity ( ! w>d #haigc cubic feet4 ,9 practical measurem5ts ( rooms1 d$uctions mu/ be made f ! cubic space = ! furniture conta9$ 9 x & = its inmates4 ,ab\t #aj cubic feet ought to be all[$ = ea* b$ & b$d+1 & #b to #d cubic feet = ea* individual4 ,project+ surfaces mu/ be all[$ = by subtraction1 & recesses by addition4 ,a circul> w>d ) a diamet] ( #cf feet has a dome-%ap$ ro(1 ! height ( ^: c5tre is #ah feet4 ,! height to ! dome is #ab feet4 ,f9d ! floor-space & total cubic cont5ts4 ,h[ _m pati5ts ought ! w>d to accommodate8 ,area ( floor-space 7#cf7b x #ghed4 #ajaghghd squ>e feet4 ,cubic capacity ( cyl9d] bel[ dome #ajaghg x #ab #abbade cubic feet4 ,cubic capacity ( dome #ajaghg x #bc x #f #djgadh cubic feet4 ,total cubic capacity ( ! w>d #afbheih cubic feet4 ,assum+ t #a1ejj cubic feet are requir$ = ea* pati5t1 !n ! w>d is l>ge en\gh = #aj pati5ts4 ,x is well to te/ ?is conclusion by calculat+ :e!r suffici5t floor-space has be5 all[$ = ea* pati5t4 ,! floor-space has be5 f\nd to be ab\t #a1jah squ>e feet1 :i* w\ld give #ajj feet = ea* ( #aj pati5ts & m ?an ! m9imum /&>d previ\sly /at$4 ,:at numb] ( p %\ld be all[$ to sleep 9 a dormitory #dj feet long1 ( :i* ! accompany+ sket* is a section8 ,illu/ration3 ,outl9e ( rectangul> space ) triangul> ro( ,! cubic capacity ( ! quadrilat]al space bel[ ! ro( #af x #i x #dj #e1gfj cubic feet4 ,area ( floor area ( base ( ro( #dj x #aj #fdj squ>e feet4 ,cubic capacity ( ro( #fdj x #ac7ac - #i74 #hecc cubic feet4 ,total cubic capacity ( dormitory #ffacc cubic feet4 ,if we take ! l[ /&>d ( common lodg+ h\ses & all[ #cej cubic feet ( space = ea* inmate1 !n #ah p]sons may be all[$ to sleep 9 ! dormitory4 ,h[ mu* space w\ld a man occupy suppos+ him to weigh #age lbs48 ,h[ mu* is usually all[$ = a man ) 8 clo!s1 b$ & b$d+8 ,! space occupi$ by a man is /at$ by ,p>kes to be f #b to #d cubic feet 7say #c = ! av]age74 ,he gives ! foll[+ rule3 ,! weight ( a man 9 /ones divid$ by #d gives ! cubic feet he occupies4 ,?us1 a man weigh+ #age lbs4 w\ld occupy #c-ah cubic feet ( space4 ,ab\t #aj additional cubic feet mu/ be all[$ = clo?+1 b$d+1 & b$ = ea* p]son4 ,:at size ( inlet & outlet ap]ture %\ld be all[$ p] head8 ,h[ l>ge %\ld ea* individual inlet be made8 ,if an inlet ap]ture #ajj squ>e in*es 9 area is divid$ into f\r1 ) ap]tures ( #be squ>e in*es ea*1 :at is ! loss by friction8 ,a size ( #bd squ>e in*es p] head = inlet & ! same = outlet meets common conditions4 ,x is desirable to make ea* individual inlet n l>g] ?an #dh to #fj squ>e in*es 9 area1 i4e4 l>ge en\gh = two or ?ree m52 & ea* outlet n l>g] ?an "o squ>e foot1 or en\gh = six m5 7,p>kes74 ,?is ensures m uni=m diffusion ( ! air ?r\gh\t a room4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! loss by friction is greatly increas$ by hav+ a numb] ( small op5+s in/ead ( "o l>ge op5+4 ,?is loss is inv]sely to ! squ>e roots ( ! respective areas4 ,?us ! squ>e root ( #ajj is #aj2 ! sum ( ! squ>e roots ( ! f\r ap]tures ( #be squ>e in*es ea* is #bj4 ,! loss by friction is d\ble 9 ! second case :at x 0 9 ! undivid$ op5+4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 9 ord] to get z mu* air ?r\gh ! f\r op5+s z ?r\gh ! orig9al l>ge op5+1 ea* mu/ be equal 9 size to half ! orig9al op5+4 ,:y is v5tilation m difficult 9 upp] rooms ( l>ge h\ses & 9 s+le-/ori$ h\ses ?an 9 ! l[] /oreys ( l>ge h\ses8 ,cold ext]nal air be+ heavi] ?an ! int]nal w>m air presses d[nw>ds to ! l[e/ po9t1 & pu%es up ! w>m] air4 ,if !re 7 a vacuum 9 ! room1 air w\ld ru% into x ) a velocity :i*1 z se5 be=e1 is repres5t$ by ! =mula-- v 7#b;gs74 ,:]e g #cb1 s height ( column ( air1 :i* we may take z r\ghly #e miles4 ,f ?is =mula we obta9 v #a1cjf feet p] second4 ,x is evid5t t 9 su* a case ! velocity ( entry ( air into a vacuum on ! gr\nd floor w\ld be great] ?an into a vacuum on any ( ! high] /oreys1 ow+ to ! great] velocity acquir$ ?r\gh ! increas$ action ( gravity4 ,& ! same increas$ facility ( entry ( air into l[] rooms mu/ hold good "u ord9>y circum/ances1 inasmu* z by ,montgolfi]'s =mula 7:i* is f\nd$ on ! fundam5tal =mula v 7#b;gs7 v 7#b;gh7t-t#a7_/dib7 h di/ance betwe5 top ( *imney & floor ( room 9 "q1 & ?us ! velocity ) :i* air ent]s is gov]n$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal temp]ature1 & ! height f :i* ! cold air desc5ds 9 ord] to take ! place ( ! air :i* has escap$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,v5tilation4 ,9 mo/ h\ses no special means ( v5tilation are provid$1 w9d[s1 doors & fire-places be+ tru/$ = ensur+ a suffici5t supply ( fre% air4 ,^! d n suffice 9 well-built h\ses1 unless ! inhabitants tra9 !mselves into endur+ ! curr5ts ( air necess>ily associat$ ) op5 w9d[s & doors4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 aid$ 9 ! majority ( h\ses by ! porosity ( walls1 by curr5ts ( air ?r\gh crevices ( wood-"w1 & s on4 ,x is desirable t adequate special provision = v5tilation %\ld be made = e h\se :5 x is built1 & t z mu* c>e & =e?\ght %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ?is respect z 9 ! lay+ on ( a wat]-supply or sanit>y appliances connect$ ) dra9age4 ,:atev] ! sy/em ( v5tilation adopt$1 x is wise to flu% rooms frequ5tly ) fre% air4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by ?r[+ ! w9d[s wide op5 :5ev] a room is left unoccupi$4 ,9 ?is way a mu* m ?or\gh & complete purification is effect$ ?an by any o!r means4 ,?is is especially important 9 ! case ( b$rooms1 9 :i* organic impurities are mo/ prone to accumulate4 ,n only %\ld rooms be v5tilat$1 b likewise ! furniture !y conta94 ,?is aga9 is mo/ important = b$rooms4 ,b$s %\ld n be 8made0 till sometime aft] us+2 & 9 ! int]val1 %\ld be freely expos$ to ! air4 ,! same applies to night app>el4 ,x is well to all[ rooms to lie fall[ at int]vals4 ,organic matt] accumulates ab\t a room1 & devitalises any air :i* ent]s4 ,if ! room is vacat$1 & flu%$ ) air = a cont9u\s p]iod1 x becomes sweet] & pur]4 ,! importance ( ?is is n[ well recognis$ 9 ! case ( hospital w>ds4 ,su* tempor>y disuse ( rooms mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z suffici5t )\t ?or\gh cleans+ ( e surface 9 !m1 9 ord] effectively to remove all organic & o!r du/4 ,an ,inlet & ,outlet = air %\ld bo? be provid$4 ,accord+ to "s an inlet only is requir$1 :ile o!rs w\ld only provide an outlet2 b a p]fect sy/em ( v5tilation requires bo?4 ,z heat$ air exp&s1 ! outlets %\ld !oretically be l>g] ?an ! inlets2 b z ! av]age diff]5ce ( temp]ature is only #aj-ae ,fahr41 ! expansion is only slight1 & may be practically neglect$4 ,! necessity = bo? inlets & outlets may be illu/rat$ by a s+le app>atus l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a tap] is burn+ at ! bottom ( ! j>1 9 ! /opp] ( :i* two tubes1 ,a & ,b1 are plac$4 ,s long z bo? tubes are kept op5 ! c&le w keep alight1 b if ,a be block$1 ! c&le goes out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,necessity ,,( ,,inlet ,,& ,,outlet4 ,inlets %\ld br+ air f a pure s\rce1 & %\ld be arrang$ at int]vals 9 l>ge rooms4 ,ext]nally1 inlets %\ld be protect$ f ! w9d2 & ! %ort] ! inlet tubes ! bett]1 z ?us a curr5t is ensur$1 & !y c be easily clean$4 ,! position ( inlets %\ld n be too ne> ! outlets1 o!rwise ! fre% air may escape imm$iately4 ,! be/ position = inlets is at ! floor1 b ?is necessitates w>m+ ! ent]+ air1 z o!rwise x w\ld be intol]able1 except 9 summ] "t4 ,if ! air _c be w>m$1 x %\ld he admitt$ ab\t sev5 feet above ! floor1 & direct$ upw>ds4 ,= size ( inlets1 see page #adb4 ,outlets1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 are be/ plac$ ne> ! ceil+4 ,!y %\ld be enclos$ z f> z possible )9 walls1 s z to prev5t ! outgo+ air be+ cool$2 & %\ld h smoo? walls1 r$uc+ friction to a m9imum4 ,:]e artificial w>m? increases ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! dis*>ge ( outlets is mu* m c]ta9 & con/ant4 ,! *imney ) an op5 fire =ms "o ( ! be/ outlets4 ,gas1 aga91 may be made to heat an outlet tube1 :i* c>ries (f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,two =ms ( v5tilation are usually describ$--natural & artificial4 ,! =m] t]m is us$ to describe any plan n requir+ heat+ app>atus or ! motive p[] ( /eam1 or gas1 or electricity1 :ile ! latt] implies ! use ( "s su* motive p[] or s\rce ( heat4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 !re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two4 ,a light$ fire is /rictly an artificial plan ( v5tilation1 b inasmu* z no app>atus int5d$ = v5tilat+ purposes is requir$1 x is h>dly a means ( artificial v5tilation4 ,natural ,v5tilation4--,! mo/ important means ( natural v5tilation are ! w9d[ & ! *imney2 b op5+s 9 out] walls & ov] ! door may =m valuable adjuncts4 ,! ,w9d[ is p]haps ! mo/ important ag5t 9 purify+ a room--bo? ! light & air x admits be+ ess5tial = heal?4 ,! w9d[ is invaluable 7#a7 = flu%+ ! room ) fre% air at int]vals4 ,:]e possible1 opposite w9d[s %\ld be op5$1 or w9d[ & door4 ,cross-v5tilation by opposite w9d[s op5 at ! top =ms "o ( ! be/ means ( natural v5tilation1 9 l>ge rooms1 su* z s*ool-rooms4 ,?is c1 z a rule1 be borne )\t discom=t1 :ile ! room is occupi$1 unless ! w9d is v high4 7#b7 ,! ,upp] ,segm5t ( a w9d[ may be made to "w inw>ds on a h+e1 & turn$ s t ! curr5t ( air may be upw>ds4 ,:]e ?is plan is adopt$1 triangul> pieces ( glass %\ld be plac$ at ! two sides to prev5t cold air f fall+ directly d[n at ! sides ( ! op5+4 7#c7 ,a ,block ( ,wood1 two or ?ree in*es wide1 may be ins]t$ at ! bottom ( ! w9d[ sa% at ,a 7,fig4 #ab71 & !n ! w9d[ pull$ d[n on ?is4 ,! consequ5ce is t air is admitt$ betwe5 ! two sa%es at ,b1 its curr5t be+ necess>ily direct$ upw>ds 7,fig4 #ab74 ,?is plan answ]s admirably 9 admitt+ pure air2 b x possesses a disadvantage common to all ! plans 9 :i* ext]nal air mu* cold] ?an ! int]nal is admitt$ into a room4 ,! curr5t ( cold air passes upw>ds = "s di/ance1 b may !n fall d[n on ! heads ( ^? occupy+ ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,w9d[ ,,v5tilation4 7#d7 ,! top sa% ( ! w9d[ may be op5$1 & "s z9c gauze fa/5$ across ! op5 "p4 ,?is is practically ! same z ! la/ arrangem5t1 except t ! air is admitt$ ?r\gh ! ap]tures ( ! z9c1 & ! am\nt admitt$ is greatly dim9i%$ 7page #acf74 7#e7 ,9 ,l\vre ,v5tilators1 a numb] ( p>allel pieces ( glass1 ea* direct$ upw>ds1 are sub/itut$ = a pane ( glass4 ,!y may be fix$ or made movable1 z 9 ,moore's v5tilator4 ,! incom+ curr5t ( air may be simil>ly direct$ upw>ds1 9 an op5 w9d[1 by arrang+ ,v5etian bl9ds ) ! la?s incl9$ upw>ds4 7#f7 ,9 w9d[s t w n op51 ,coop]'s ,v5tilators are (t5 us$4 ,ea* ( ^! consi/s ( a circul> disc ( glass1 hav+ five oval ap]tures 9 x1 :i* works on a pivot ?r\gh its c5tre1 close 9 front ( "o ( ! panes ( a w9d[1 :i* has five simil> holes pi]c$ 9 x4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! disc is turn$1 s t its holes are opposite ^? ( ! w9d[1 fre% air is admitt$4 ,! am\nt ?us admitt$ is necess>ily small4 ,! ,*imney =ms ! be/ means ( escape ( f\l air4 ,no room ought to be built )\t a fire-place1 :i* %\ld nev] subsequ5tly be bo>d$ up4 ,9 b$rooms ! *imney =ms a mo/ important means ( v5tilation4 ,if !re is no fire1 ! *imney occasionally furni%es an undesirable s\rce ( air2 b z a rule ! curr5t is upw>ds1 ow+ to ! aspirat+ action ( w9ds at ! top ( ! *imney4 ,! d[nfall ( air f a *imney *iefly occurs :5 !re is an insuffici5t inlet = pure air4 ,?is is ! explanation ( smoky *imneys 9 n9e cases out ( t52 !n ! cure is easy by lay+ on a pipe f ! outside ( ! h\se to ! he>?4 ,:5 ! smoky *imney is due to ! contiguity ( high] build+s1 ! *imney mu/ be rais$1 or a c[l plac$ ov] x4 7#a7 ,! action ( ! *imney 9 c>ry+ impure air away f ! room may be consid]ably increas$ by n>r[+ ! two ends1 s z to produce a m rapid curr5t at ! entrance & exit ( air4 7#b7 ,! heat ( ! *imney may be utilis$ by hav+ a sep>ate small] flue alongside x1 ) op5+s f ! rooms on ea* floor4 ,! air 9 ?is be+ heat$ aspirates ! air f ea* room 9 succession4 ,op5+s may be made into ! *imney-flue at a high] po9t ?an ! fire-place4 ,^! are v valuable = c>ry+ (f ! heat$ & impure air result+ f ! combu/ion ( gas1 z well z = c>ry+ (f ! respiratory products1 :i*1 9 _! w>m$ condition1 t5d to rise t[>ds ! ceil+4 7#c7 ,dr4 ,neil ,arnott fir/ devis$ a valve = ?is purpose4 ,an op5+ be+ made ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! wall into ! *imney1 an iron box 0 ins]t$1 9 :i* 0 plac$ a light metal valve capable ( sw++ t[>ds ! *imney flue1 b n t[>ds ! room4 ,! objections to ?is app>atus are t x is apt to make irregul> click+ noises1 & to admit blacks f ! *imney :5 out ( ord]4 7#c7 ,9 ,boyle's ,valve ^! objections are p>tially obviat$4 ,x consi/s ( an iron frame1 across :i* lie iron rods2 & f ^! are susp5d$ ?9 talc plates1 only capable ( mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! *imney 7,fig4 #ac74 ,ev5 ?is app>atus is r noisy :5 !re is a /rong w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f room4 ,view f *imney4 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,boyle',s ,,mica ,,flap ,,v5tilator4 ,nei!r ( ^! plans answ]s s well z a second flue alongside ! *imney flue1 communicat+ ) ea* room ne> its ceil+2 b ! latt] c only be arrang$ = :5 ! h\se is built1 :ile ! valves may be ins]t$ at any "t4 ,! ,ceil+ may be utilis$ = remov+ f\l air2 & ?us s]ve to dim9i% ! draught :i* is (t5 produc$ by ! curr5ts ( air t[>ds ! *imney1 :5 ?is =ms ! only means ( outlet4 ,9 l>ge rooms 7#a7 a sunlight gas-burn] =ms an important means ( v5tilation4 ,x causes a /rong up-curr5t f e "p ( ! room4 ,if !re is a fire 9 ! room1 ! burn] is apt to become an inlet = air1 or ! *imney to smoke1 accord+ to ! relative /r5g? ( ! two curr5ts4 7#b7 ,b5ham's & o!r =ms ( ,v5tilat+ ,gas ,burn]s s]ve ! same purpose4 ,9 ea* ( !m ! products ( combu/ion are convey$ by special ducts above ! ceil+ to ! out] air4 7#c7 ,mc,kinnell's ,v5tilator is useful 9 s+le-/ori$ build+s1 l c]ta9 b>racks4 ,x consi/s ( two tubes encircl+ "o ano!r1 ! inn] =m+ an outlet tube1 because ! cas+ ( ! out] tube ma9ta9s ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 x4 ,x is made high] ?an ! out] tube1 & is protect$ by a hood4 ,! out] tube =ms ! inlet = fre% air4 ,! ent]+ air is ?r[n up t[>ds ! ceil+ & !n to ! walls by a flange plac$ at ! bottom ( ! inn] tube4 ,! air aft] trav]s+ ! room1 & becom+ heat$1 passes upw>ds to ! inn] tube4 ,:5 doors & w9d[s are op51 bo? tubes become outlets2 if !re is a fire 9 ! room1 !y may bo? become inlets2 b ?is may be prev5t$ by clos+ ! outlet tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,mck9nell',s ,,ro( ,,v5tilator4 7#d7 ,v>i\s o!r means h be5 devis$ = c>ry+ f\l air f ! ceil+ ?r\gh *annels betwe5 ! ceil+ & ! floor ( ! room above4 ,all %>e ! disadvantage t ! *annels become dirty & are difficult or impossible ( access = clean+4 7#e7 ,v>i\s c[ls connect$ by metal tubes ) ! ceil+s ( rooms h be5 plac$ on ro(s1 & _! aspirat+ effect us$ 9 v5tilat+ ^! rooms4 ,:5 a room is furni%$ ) a *imney su* c[ls are mo/ undesirable4 ,9 l>ge rooms )\t a fire-place !y are helpful1 b mu* m confid5ce c be plac$ 9 cross-v5tilation by h+$ w9d[s4 ,x is d\btful if any ( ! adv]tis$ fix$ c[ls produce mat]ially great] aspiration ( air f rooms ?an a simple op5 tube ( ! same size4 ,x is desirable t ! tube %\ld be protect$ at its upp] end aga9/ ! entry ( ra91 & t a grat+ %\ld be provid$ to prev5t birds build+ _! ne/s 9 ! tube4 ,9 ! prec$+ plans ( v5tilation1 ! ceil+ s]ves almo/ entirely z an outlet = impure air4 ,9 ! foll[+ plan1 x is us$ z an inlet = pure air4 7#f7 ,9 ,sylve/]'s ,me?od ( ,v5tilation1 ! p]flat+ =ce ( ! w9d is employ$ to produce an abundant entry ( fre% air4 ,a c[l is plac$1 always turn+ t[>ds ! w9d2 ! air receiv$ is conduct$ to ! basem5t1 :]e x is w>m$ by a /ove or hot-wat] pipes1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh tubes into ! upp] rooms4 ,f ^! x is c>ri$ by tubes above ! ro(1 ^! tubes be+ cov]$ ) c[ls turn+ f ! w9d1 s t 9 ?is way ! aspirat+ p[] ( ! w9d is likewise us$4 ,%ips are (t5 v5tilat$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 ,! tube to :i* a w9dw>d c[l is atta*$ above1 ought to be b5t at "r angles1 s z to less5 ! velocity ( ! ent]+ air4 ,by cov]+ o!r air-%afts ) movable c[ls1 turn+ f ! w9d1 ! aspirat+ action ( ! w9d is br\ght into action to aid ! escape ( f\l air4 ,! ,walls ( a room1 unless cov]$ ) an imp]vi\s mat]ial1 are con/antly trav]s$ by g5tle curr5ts ( air1 :i* play an important "p 9 ! v5tilation ( rooms4 ,special ap]tures may be made to furni% a fre] supply1 & ^! may be 9 v>i\s =ms4 7#a7 ,a ,simple ,grat+1 may be ins]t$2 b ?is is apt to become block$ ) dirt1 & does n all[ a l>ge am\nt ( air to ent]4 ,l\vr$ op5+s 9 ! walls are objectionable1 except = v l>ge rooms4 7#b7 ,%]+ham's ,valve is ! mo/ conv5i5t means ( v5tilat+ ?r\gh ! wall4 ,an op5+ 9 ! ext]nal wall is made by a v5tilat+ brick or grat+2 into ! wall is fix$ an iron box1 :i* has 9 front ( x an iron valve h+$ along its l[] edge1 s t x c op5 t[>ds ! room4 ,on ! sides ( ! valve *eeks are atta*$1 :i* fit into ! box :5 ! valve is %ut4 ,a heavy piece ( iron press+ aga9/ ! valve f )9 ! box1 t5ds to keep x con/antly op54 ,by means ( a /r+ & pulley1 ! valve c be op5$ or clos$ at w1 or fix$ 9 any int]m$iate position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ae4 ,,%]+ham',s ,,v5tilator4 ,9 a v l>ge room1 x is bett] to h sev]al m$ium-siz$ valves1 ?an a few l>g] ones1 ! air be+ ?us m completely diffus$4 ,if !re are two valves1 !y %\ld n be opposite "o ano!r1 z ! air may !n simply pass f "o to ! o!r1 )\t becom+ diffus$ ?r\gh ! room4 ,if !re is only "o valve1 x may occasionally s]ve z an outlet :5 ! w9d is to leew>d4 ,by means ( ?is =m ( valve1 ! air is project$ upw>ds 9 a div]g+ curr5t t[>ds ! ceil+4 ,! valve %\ld be plac$ above ! level ( "o's head1 b n too ne> ! ceil+2 z 9 ! latt] case1 ! curr5t ( air is driv5 h>d aga9/ ! ceil+1 & falls !nce ) consid]able =ce t[>ds ! floor4 ,a comb9ation ( ,%]+ham's inlet & ,boyle's mica outlet into ! *imney at ! opposite side ( ! room ensures effici5t v5tilation 9 a d9+-room4 ,bett] ?an ! outlet into ! *imney is an op5+ into a special flue alongside ! *imney-flue1 if ?is be available4 7#d7 ,ellison's ,inlet consi/s ( a brick pi]c$ ) conical holes1 ! apex ( ! cone be+ t[>ds ! ext]nal air4 ,by ?is means any great draught is avoid$1 & ! air is di/ribut$ ov] a consid]able area4 ,9 ord] t ?is may prove an effici5t means ( v5tilation1 a consid]able numb] ( bricks are requir$4 ,! ,floor ( a room is always ! s\rce ( consid]able curr5ts ( air1 ev5 :5 well c>pet$4 ,air m\nts up ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! wood-"w1 be+ aspirat$ into ! room :5 its temp]ature is high] ?an t ( ! rooms bel[4 ,9 ! case ( rooms on ! gr\nd floor1 air is (t5 drawn f ! subjac5t soil1 or ?r\gh du/-b9s1 etc4 ,!oretically1 9 all measures ( v5tilation1 ! floor w\ld be ! be/ po9t = ! entry ( cold air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is intol]able :5 ! incom+ air is cold1 & ! floor mu/ !re=e be ab&on$ z a means ( v5tilation1 ap>t f heat+ app>atus4 ,! floor may be us$ z a means ( entry ( fre% air 9 a modifi$ mann]1 by direct+ ! air ent]+ at ! floor-level = "s di/ance up a tube at ! side ( ! wall4 ,?is app>atus is kn[n z ,tob9's tube4 ,x consi/s ( a rectangul> or cyl9drical tube f #d to #f feet high1 :i* communicates at ! l[e/ po9t ) ! ext]nal air by means ( a p]=at$ brick or grat+4 ,! air ent]s ! room 9 an upw>d direction1 & is consequ5tly s5t t[>ds ! ceil+1 :]e x becomes mix$ ) w>m] air1 be=e diffus+ itself ?r\gh\t ! room4 ,b :5 ! incom+ air is v cold1 x may fall m rapidly1 caus+ cold draughts on ! heads ( ^? 9 ! room4 ,z ! air ent]s directly f outside ! h\se1 x (t5 c>ries ) x p>ticles ( dirt1 soot1 etc4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by plac+ a pan conta9+ a %all[ lay] ( wat] at ! l[e/ "p ( ! tube1 or by plac+ cotton wool at ! po9t ( entry ( ! tube into ! room4 ,! tray ( wat] soon dries up & is r>ely replac$1 :ile ! cotton wool dim9i%es ! am\nt ( ent]+ air4 ,x is v useful h[ev] 9 cold wea!r1 or :5 fogs occur4 ,a gauze funnel is sometimes ins]t$ 9 ! tube1 or a %eet ( gauze arrang$ diagonally across ! tube f its highe/ to its l[e/ po9t4 ,! gauze does n keep out m9ut] p>ticles ( du/1 & requires occasional clean+4 ,all ,tob9's tubes1 l o!r v5tilat+ op5+s1 %\ld be made to op51 s t _! int]ior c be frequ5tly clean$4 ,summ>y z to ,dome/ic ,v5tilation4--,op5 w9d[s1 doors1 & fire-places may be 9 mo/ in/ances tru/$4 ,if gas is us$ z an illum9ant1 !y %\ld be comb9$ ) special arrangem5ts = c>ry+ (f ! products ( combu/ion f ! room4 ,= delicate p1 & especially 9 small rooms1 outlet v5tilation into ! *imney brea/ comb9$ ) a ,%]+ham's valve on ! opposite wall is desirable4 ,artificial ,v5tilation4--,artificial v5tilation may include two important & v diff]5t measures4 ,9 "o ( !m curr5ts ( air & an ex*ange ( pure = impure air are effect$ by means ( v>i\s =ms ( heat+ app>atus4 ,9 ! o!r me*anical measures are us$ = ! same purpose1--! air be+ ei!r driv5 out ( ! room or drawn out ( x4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all consid] only ! me*anical means ( artificial v5tilation4 ,!re are two k9ds1 ! fir/ be+ kn[n z v5tilation by aspiration1 or ! vacuum sy/em2 & ! second z v5tilation by propulsion1 or ! pl5um sy/em4 ,9 ,v5tilation by ,aspiration ! f\l air is drawn out ( ! room by ma*9]y1 its place be+ suppli$ by fre% air1 :i* may be w>m$ be=e entry or n4 ,?is plan & ! next h be5 employ$ *iefly 9 connection ) l>ge build+s1 su* z hospitals1 etc41 & 9 m9es4 ,! extraction ( f\l air may be effect$ by--7#a7 a /eam-jet1 :i* is all[$ to pass into a *imney1 & sets 9 motion a body ( air m ?an #bjj times its own bulk4 ,tubes f ea* room ( ! build+ are connect$ ) ?is *imney1 & ! /rong upw>d curr5t extracts ! air f !m4 ,?is plan is useful 9 factories1 :]e !re is a sup]flu\s supply ( /eam4 7#b7 ,a fan or screw may also be us$4 ,! vanes ( ! fan1 :5 set 9 motion by electrical or "s o!r motive p[]1 produce a p[]ful curr5t ( air1 :i* c be regulat$ accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,z 9 ! la/ plan1 ! aspirat+ influ5ce ( ! fan may be ex]t$ ov] a sy/em ( rooms1 by means ( connect+ tubes4 ,9 ,v5tilation by ,propulsion a fan is us$ z 9 ! la/ plan1 ! air be+ propell$ along conduits lead+ f x into ! room to be v5tilat$4 ,! size ( ! conduits be+ kn[n1 ! am\nt ( air to be dis*>g$ c be regulat$ by tim+ ! rapidity ( ! revolutions ( ! fan4 ,?is plan is suitable = cr[d$ places1 :]e a l>ge am\nt ( air is requir$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,x is excell5t = l>ge s*ools1 *ur*es1 & !atres4 ,its sup]iority = l>ge elem5t>y s*ools has be5 prov$ at ,dundee by ! exp]im5ts ( ,drs4 ,c>nelley1 ,haldane1 & ,&]son1 ! results ( :i* are summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,column head+s3 ,a ,no4 ( ,s*ools4 ,b ,no4 ( ,rooms4 ,c ,cubic ft4 all[$ p] p]son4 ,d ,c>bonic acid 9 #aj1jjj ( air4 ,e ,micro-organisms p] litre4 ,f ,bact]ia4 ,g ,m\lds4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,me*anical v5tilation by w>m$ air #f #cb #afj #abc #age #aj ,natural v5tilation & hot pipes #ag #dc #agf #afc #ife #aa ,natural v5tilation & op5 fires #cc #hd #ade #aib #aecb #dh ,! air to be admitt$ may be w>m$ by pass+ x ov] hot-wat] or /eam-pipes4 ,9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 z 9 hospitals1 !atres1 etc41 x has be5 arrang$ s t ! incom+ air is pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 ( co>se clo?1 :i* is kept wet by wat] trickl+ d[n ea* cord4 ,! air is ?us kept moi/ & fre$ f du/4 ,! great advantage ( ! plan ( propulsion1 is its c]ta9ty4 ,by x ! temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & fre$om f susp5d$ matt]s ( ! incom+ air c be exactly regulat$ & controll$4 ,its *ief disadvantages are t 7#a7 x is some:at co/ly1 & 7#b7 ! app>atus requires skill$ sup]vision4 ,on ! o!r h& x ma9ta9s ! air 9 cr[d$ rooms 9 a condition :i* _c be secur$ by any o!r me?od4 ,:5 comb9$1 z is done 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ) ! use ( a flue = ! extraction ( f\l air1 ?is plan answ]s admirably4 ,! ,relative ,value ( ,artificial & ,natural ,v5tilation sc>cely ne$s to be discuss$4 ,!y are bo? valuable1 b "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 dwell+-rooms natural v5tilation by doors1 w9d[s & *imney usually suffices1 especially if ! products ( combu/ion ( gas are remov$ ?r\gh a special flue4 ,natural v5tilation is always occurr+1 & only ne$s a little aid 9 dome/ic life4 ,= l>ge rooms occupi$ by _m p]sons artificial v5tilation is necess>y to ma9ta9 pure air4 ,:atev] me?od ( v5tilation is adopt$1 ! atmosph]e w rema9 to "s ext5t pollut$1 if ! room & its occupants are dirty4 ,9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts made by ,c>nelley 9 s*ools1 x 0 f\nd t dirty *ildr5 increas$ ! numb] ( micro-organisms p] litre ( air m rapidly ?an dirty rooms4 ,?us3-- ,,degree ,,( ,,cleanl9ess ,,(,,clean4,,m$ium4,,dirty4 ,*ildr5 #fc #ii #aei ,rooms #he #id #aci ,numb] ( micro-organisms p] litre ( air4 ,h5ce cleanl9ess ( rooms & ( _! occupants is q z important z a good sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,v5tilation ,,by ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,w>m$ ,,air4 ,v5tilation by ! ,burn+ ( ,coal4 ,9 w9t] & at any "t ( ! ye> :5 ! out-door temp]ature is bel[ #ej ,fahr41 ! w>m+ & v5tilation ( a room are necess>ily comb9$4 ,if air is admitt$ unw>m$ x w produce draughts1 unless direct$ upw>ds by ,tob9's tubes or o!rwise4 ,9 dwell+-rooms su* contrivances may suffice2 b 9 any l>g] build+1 9 ord] to ensure suffici5t v5tilation1 x is necess>y to w>m ! incom+ air4 ,! ,op5 ,fire-place =ms ! mo/ common means ( v5tilation by heat 7see also page #aei74 ,! asc5t ( w>m air up ! *imney1 causes cold air to ru% along ! floor to ! fire-place f all p>ts ( ! room1 especially ! door4 ,"p ( ! air ?us approa*+ ! fire is c>ri$ up ! *imney ) ! smoke1 :ile ! rema9d]1 aft] hav+ be5 w>m$1 fl[s upw>ds t[>ds ! ceil+ ne> ! *imney-brea/4 ,x passes along ! ceil+1 & cool+ 9 its progress t[>ds ! opposite wall1 desc5ds1 & is aga9 drawn t[>ds ! fire-place4 ,?us !re is a cont9u\s circulation ( ! air 9 a room4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,b>rack ,commission]s 7#ahfa71 x 0 f\nd t ! am\nt ( air pass+ up ! *imney :ile a fire 0 lit1 rang$ f #e1cjj to #af1jjj cubic feet p] h\r1 ! mean ( #be exp]im5ts be+ #i1ijd cubic feet4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ) an ord9>y grate1 a *imney provides outlet = impure air suffici5t = f\r or five p]sons4 ,its lack ( economy z a heat-produc] w be consid]$ lat]4 ,its effici5cy z a v5tilator )9 ! above limits is evid5t4 ,:5 a fire is burn+ 9 ! grate1 all o!r op5+s 9 ! room1 except op5+s into ! *imney1 s]ve z inlets4 ,if ! room is insuffici5tly suppli$ ) op5+s1 a d\ble curr5t may be e/abli%$ 9 ! *imney1 ) ! result t occasional d[n-puffs ( smoke occur4 ,z a rule ! *imney s]ves only z an outlet = impure air4 ,x may by appropriate means be made to s]ve z an inlet = pure & w>m$ air1 ! heat :i* w\ld o!rwise escape up ! *imney be+ utilis$ = ?is purpose4 ,galton's /ove is "o ( ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,at ! back ( ?is /ove is an air-*amb]1 communicat+ ) ! ext]nal air1 & 9 :i* ! fre% air is heat$ be=e x ent]s ! room4 ,on ! back ( ! /ove broad iron flanges are ca/1 9 ord] to pres5t z l>ge a heat+ surface z possible4 ,!y project backw>ds into ! air *amb]2 & _! heat+ surface is aid$ by ! iron smoke-flue1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! air-*amb]4 ,! w>m$ fre% air ent]s ! room by a l\vr$ op5+ above ! mantel-piece1 or by an op5+ 9 ea* side ( ! *imney brea/4 ,by ?is /ove "o-?ird ( ! total heat ( ! fire is utilis$1 z aga9/ "o-eigh? 9 an ord9>y fire-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,v]tical ,section ?r\gh ,two ,rooms1 %[+--,a4 ,curr5ts ( cold air ) an ord9>y fire2 ,b4 ,direction ( curr5ts ( w>m$ fre% air ) a ,galton's ,v5tilat+ ,/ove4 ,%orl&'s ,man*e/] & o!r /oves are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,galton's4 ,! ,v5tilation ( ,m9es is effect$ by light+ a fire at ! bottom ( a %aft4 ,! air = ! combu/ion comes d[n ano!r %aft 7! intake %aft71 or d[n ano!r half ( ! same %aft sep>at$ by a p>tition4 ,! consequ5ce is t con/ant up & d[n curr5ts ( air are produc$4 ,! air f ! intake %aft is made to trav]se ! gall]ies ( ! m9es1 its c\rse be+ direct$ by p>titions1 be=e x is all[$ to rea* ! fire & s be c>ri$ up out ( ! m9e4 ,9 addition to1 or in/ead (1 an ord9>y coal-fire1 ! p[] = extract+ impure air may be obta9$ f ,hot ,wat] or ,/eam ,pipes4 ,!re are v>i\s plans f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,:5 hot-wat] pipes are us$ = ba?s1 etc41 !y may also be utilis$ = v5tilation1 9 two ways3--#a/4 ,! hot-wat] pipe may be made to coil r\nd ! tube by :i* fre% air is admitt$ into a room1 ?us w>m+ ! air z x ent]s4 #bnd4 ,! hot-wat] pipe 9 its c\rse upw>ds may be enclos$ 9 a %aft1 :i* op5s into ! ext]nal air above4 ,! air 9 ?is %aft be+ heat$1 ! impure air may be collect$ & remov$ f ! diff]5t rooms by tubes connect$ ) x4 ,?us1 a hot-wat] app>atus1 :5 well arrang$ & complete1 may furni% pure w>m air1 & c>ry away impure air4 ,! v5tilation by ?is plan is f\nd 9 practice to be some:at irregul>4 ,! plan propos$ by ,drs4 ,drysdale & ,hayw>d ( ,liv]pool is simil> 9 pr9ciple3--,fre% air is w>m$ by a coil ( hot-wat] pipes 9 ! basem5t1 & is admitt$ into ! /aircase & l&+s1 :5 x is suppli$ to ! diff]5t rooms by op5+s provid$ ) valves4 ,f ! rooms1 special outlets conv]ge to a f\l-air *amb] "u ! ro(4 ,?is is connect$ ) a %aft lead+ f ! kit*5-fire1 ! latt]1 !re=e1 act+ z an extraction furnace4 ,light$ ,gas may be employ$ to produce a curr5t = v5tilat+ purposes1 z well z fire or hot-wat]4 ,sunlight & ,b5ham's ,v5tilat+ ,gas-burn]s1 h already be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is connection 7page #adi74 ,!y are extremely valuable means ( v5tilation1 produc+ p[]ful curr5ts ( air f all qu>t]s ( ! room unless !y are specially enclos$4 ,9 !atres & simil> build+s ! ,*&eli]s may be made to extract vitiat$ air4 ,:]e a numb] ( *&eli]s exi/1 !y may be connect$ by tubes ) a ma9 %aft1 & all made to contribute to ! same object4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,g5]al ,mor91 ! dis*>ge ( #a1jjj cubic feet ( air is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( "o cubic foot ( gas4 ,v>i\s =ms ( gas-/oves are n[ sold1 :i* act z v5tilators z well z s\rces ( heat4 ,among ^! is ,george's ,calorig5 ,/ove 7,fig4 #ag74 ,x c be obta9$ 9 v>i\s =ms suitable = burn+ coal-gas1 or coal1 or oil4 ,)9 its out] case is conta9$ a special iron tube1 :i* communicates at its l[] end ) ! out] air1 & op5s at its upp] end into ! room4 ,! heat g5]at$ 9 ! /ove w>ms ! air 9 ! spiral tube1 :i* accord+ly asc5ds into ! room4 ,! asc5t ( w>m air causes a draught f bel[1 & ! consequ5ce is1 t s long z ! combu/ion is go+ on1 a curr5t ( w>m air cont9ues to asc5d into ! room4 ,! products ( combu/ion are c>ri$ out ( ! room by ! pipe ,f4 ,?is /ove is free f mo/ ( ! objections app]ta9+ to gas-/oves2 x c be fix$ into an ord9>y fire-place1 & made to keep ! temp]ature ( a room uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ag4 ,,george',s ,,calorig5 ,,/ove4 ,a--,! int]ior ( ! room4 ,b--,ext]ior ( build+4 ,c--,wall4 ,d--,! ,calorig54 ,e--,a cyl9d]4 ,,ff--,pipes communicat+ ) /ove & cyl9d] to supply air = combu/ion1 & to c>ry (f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,g--,pipe = passage ( fre% cold air to ,calorig54 ,c be c>ri$ above ! floor betwe5 ! joi/s1 z may be m conv5i5t4 ,h--,outlet = air into ! ap>tm5t aft] be+ made w>m4 ,bond's ,eu!rmic ,/ove is simil>ly con/ruct$ to ! above1 b is op5 bel[ s t ! air ne$$ = ! gas combu/ion is drawn f ! int]ior ( ! room1 & ! cont9u\s *ange ( air is ?us fav\r$4 ,objections to ,v5tilation by ,heat+ ,app>atus4--,:5 w>m$ air is admitt$ into a room1 x is v apt to be dry & irritat+4 ,?is c be usually avoid$ by hav+ wat] /&+ 9 ! room1 s z to all[ evaporation4 ,a m difficult problem is to ensure ! complete abs5ce ( all products ( combu/ion1 p>ticul>ly ( ! products ( incomplete combu/ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,w>m+ ,,( ,,h\ses4 ,physiological & ,physical ,consid]ations4--,! w>m? ( our bodies is naturally kept up by ! oxidation *anges con/antly go+ on 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xl41 p4 #bfe1 are discuss$ ! modes 9 :i* heat is lo/ by ! sy/em1 & ! influ5ce ( clo?+ 9 controll+ ! am\nt ( ?is loss4 ,artificial w>m+ ( h\ses has a simil> action to clo?+4 ,x dim9i%es ! dem& on ! sy/em1 & s economises ! am\nt ( food requir$4 ,! degree to :i* ?is dim9ution ( loss ( heat by clo?+ & artificial w>m+ ( h\ses may be c>ri$ v>ies ) circum/ances4 ,!re c be no d\bt t if food be abundant1 exposure to ext]nal cold1 if n too extreme1 is on ! :ole b5eficial1 = vigor\s p4 ,b = old p & "y *ildr51 means ( artificial w>m? require to be m c>efully provid$4 ,sev]e cold is = !m (t5 ! h>b+] ( dea?4 ,! ,degree ( ,temp]ature at :i* liv+-rooms %\ld be kept w v>y ) circum/ances4 ,= heal?y adults1 any temp]ature betwe5 #ej & #fj ,fahr41 w be mod]ately com=table2 = delicate *ildr5 & old p x may be #fe ) advantage4 ,= sick rooms & hospitals ! temp]ature ( #fj is usually adopt$1 b ?is is by no means always necess>y4 ,a temp]ature ( ! room z l[ z #ej1 except = su* diseases z :oop+ c\gh & bron*itis1 suffices if ! pati5t is well cov]$ ) w>m p]sonal & b$ cov]+s4 ,convalesc5ts f any acute illness be> l[ temp]atures badly4 ,! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,heat4--,heat may be communicat$ by radiation1 conduction1 & convection4 ,by radiation ( heat is meant ! process by :i* heat passes f a fire or o!r s\rce ( heat1 ?r\gh a vacuum1 dry air or any o!r m$ium1 )\t heat+ any ( ! m$ia ?r\gh :i* x passes1 b only ! bodies aga9/ :i* x f9ally imp+es4 ,! solid bodies 7includ+ ourselves7 :i* are w>m$ by radiant heat1 by a process ( conduction !n w>m ! surr\nd+ air4 ,?is me?od is ! ne>e/ imitation ( ! natural w>m? ( ! sun4 ,conduction ( ,heat is ! passage ( heat f "o p>ticle to ano!r1 :e!r x be ( a gas or solid4 ,x is an extremely sl[ process :5 air is conc]n$1 & may be practically ignor$4 ,convection ( ,heat is ! process by :i* a gas or liquid actually c>ries ! heat 9 itself f "o "p to ano!r4 ,! heat$ p>ticles are relatively light]1 & asc5d to ! high] p>ts ( a room1 :ile cold] & heavi] p>ticles desc5d1 & are subject$ to ! same process4 ,heat c be c>ri$ by convection only by gases & liquids4 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 = a p]son to be cold 9 a room fill$ ) w>m air1 if ! walls1 etc41 are cold2 & on ! o!r h&1 to feel comp>atively w>m 9 a room fill$ ) cold air1 if m heat is radiat$ f an op5 fire-place or ! w>m walls to 8 body ?an he radiates to 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! feel+ ( 8draught0 :5 sitt+ ne> a wall is sometimes caus$ by radiation ( heat f ! body to ! cold] wall4 ,! ideal arrangem5t1 7 x practicable1 w\ld be to h cool air to brea!1 b to be surr\nd$ by w>m walls1 floors1 & furniture4 ,a room w>m$ by an op5 fire is m com=table ?an a room w>m$ by hot air f a furnace1 assum+ ! temp]ature ( ! air is ! same 9 bo? in/ances1 because ! walls ( ! room are sev]al degrees l[] 9 temp]ature 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,= w>m+ walls z well z ! air high pressure /eam pipes are m effici5t ?an hot-wat] pipes4 ,! great advantages ( radiant heat are t--7#a7 x heats ! body )\t appreciably heat+ ! air2 :ile at ! same "t 7#b7 !re is no possibility ( impure gases be+ add$ to ! air4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 consid]able disadvantages4 7#a7 ,x is co/ly1 ?\gh its exp5se may be greatly dim9i%$ by a well-con/ruct$ fire-place4 7#b7 ,x only acts on bodies ne> x to any useful ext5t4 ,its effect less5s z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 ?us1 its w>m+ effect at five feet di/ance1 is tw5ty-five times less ?an at a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t = long rooms1 & = l>ge assembly-rooms1 a s+le s\rce ( radiant heat is q inadequate4 ,! imm5se loss ( heat 9 our ord9>y fire-places is sl[ly lead+ to _! modification2 & al?\gh x is probable t radiant heat w always be ! fav\rite s\rce ( w>m? 9 dwell+-h\ses1 x w be us$ = l>g] build+s *iefly z an adjunct to convection ( heat4 ,! diff]5t s\rces ( heat are employ$1 ei!r s+ly or comb9$1 9 ! foll[+ me?ods ( w>m+ our dwell+s & o!r build+s3-- #a4 ,w>m+ by ! op5 grate4 #b4 ,w>m+ by clos$ /oves4 #c4 ,w>m+ by hot-wat] pipes4 #d4 ,w>m+ by /eam 9 pipes4 #e4 ,w>m+ by hot air4 #f4 ,w>m+ by electricity4 ,w>m+ by ! op5 ,grate4--,9 ! op5 fire-place radiation is ! s\rce ( heat *iefly employ$4 ,! position ( ! fire-place is important4 ,x %\ld n be on ! ext]nal wall ( ! h\se1 z ?us a l>ge proportion ( heat is lo/2 b %\ld be plac$ :]e ! heat f ! flue may be utilis$ 9 keep+ up ! temp]ature ( ! h\se4 ,! con/ruction ( a fire-place is commonly faulty 9 sev]al respects4 7#a7 ,! fire-place may be too f> includ$ 9 ! wall1 s t ! heat at once passes up ! *imney4 7#b7 ,x may be compos$ *iefly ( iron1 :i* rapidly conducts away ! heat1 & does n furni% a surface = radiation4 7#c7 ,! b>s & bottom ( ! grate may be s arrang$1 t coal & c9d]s fall out 9 an incompletely burnt condition4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ) an ord9>y fire-place1 sev5-eigh?s ( ! possible heat is lo/1 "o-half be+ c>ri$ up ! *imney ) ! smoke1 "o-qu>t] c>ri$ (f 9 ! asc5d+ curr5t ( w>m air1 & "o-eigh? ( ! combu/ible matt] rema9+ unconsum$1 =m+ ! solid matt] ( ! smoke4 ,! defects :i* h be5 indicat$ may be rem$i$ by br++ ! fire-place r fur!r out into ! room2 by sub/itut+ fire-brick = iron beh9d & at ! sides ( ! fire1 & by hav+ a lay] ( fire-brick at ! bottom ( ! grate1 or ! grate l[]$1 s t z 9 ,teale's /ove1 x lies on a b$ ( fire-brick at or bel[ ! floor level4 ,! %ape ( ! grate is important4 ,! wid? ( ! back ( ! grate %\ld be ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! front1 ! sides slop+ out t[>ds ! front ( ! recess4 ,! dep? ( ! grate f be=e backw>ds %\ld be equal to ! wid? ( ! back4 ,! sides & back ( ! fire-place mu/ be made ( fire-brick1 ?us ensur+ ! heat be+ reta9$ 9 ! grate4 ,& f9ally1 ! *imney ?roat mu/ be contract$ s z to ensure m complete combu/ion4 ,! *ief objections to an op5 fire-place are 7#a7 ! great wa/e ( fuel involv$1 ev5 aft] ! improvem5ts indicat$ h be5 c>ri$ out4 7#b7 ,! unequal heat+ at diff]5t di/ances f ! fire4 7#c7 ,! smoke & du/ always produc$ to "s ext5t1 f accid5tal smok+ ( ! fire1 or f ! escape ( a%es4 7#d7 ,! tr\ble involv$ 9 frequ5tly repl5i%+ ! fire4 7#e7 ,! cold draughts produc$ by ! curr5ts ( air t[>ds ! *imney4 ,^! travel *iefly along ! floor1 :51 z is commonly ! case1 ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! door & ! floor =ms ! *ief place = ! entry ( fre% air4 ,_m pat5ts h be5 br\ght out = ! introduction ( ! fuel at ! l[e/ "p ( ! fire4 ,! upp]mo/ "p ( ! fuel be+ fir/ burnt1 & ! rema9d] attack$ f above1 ! smoke is consum$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! r$ "p ( ! fire4 ,?us a comp>atively smokeless fire is produc$1 & ! am\nt ( heat evolv$ is greatly increas$4 ,s f> none ( ^! h be5 altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! production ( a comp>atively smokeless fire is a great boon4 ,smoke means s mu* unburnt fuel1 & n only s b ! sooty p>ticles float ab\t 9 ! atmosph]e1 r5d]+ x impure1 & *ang+ comp>atively h>mless mi/s into t[n fogs1 :i* are load$ ) soot & ! products ( combu/ion1 & d incalculable mis*ief to heal? & prop]ty4 ,! prev5tion ( ?is smoke nuisance dem&s m consid]ation ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,acts con/itute ! emission ( black smoke f ! *imneys ( manufactur+ premises a nuisance2 & manufactur]s c if !y use prop] boil]s1 especially ^? 9 :i* me*anical /ok]s are employ$1 almo/ completely obviate ?is nuisance4 ,! great pr9ciple is to prev5t ! escape ( smoke be=e x is completely burnt4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by c>eful /ok+1 by keep+ ! unburnt coal at ! front ( ! fire1 & by ridges expos+ ! smoke to r$-hot fire-clay be=e x escapes4 ,9 dome/ic fires1 gas is gradually replac+ coal = cook+1 ) a correspond+ r$uction ( ! smoke-nuisance4 ,! ,utilization ( ! ,heat ,produc$ 9 ! fire-place to w>m ! air on its way into ! room1 z 9 ,galton's & o!r simil> /oves has be5 already describ$ 7page #aef74 ,a l>g] am\nt ( heat c be obta9$ out ( a giv5 quantity ( fuel by cutt+ (f "s ( ! cold air1 :i* ru%es ?r\gh ! fire1 & c>ries ! half-burnt gases & mu* ( ! heat up ! *imney4 ,?is is effect$ by hav+ a solid fire-brick bottom to ! grate1 or by clos+ up ! front ( ! op5 *amb] "u ! grate1 by means ( a close-fitt+ %ield or door4 ,^! 8,economis]s10 z ,mr4 ,teale calls !m1 appe> to answ] bett] ?an solid fire-brick bottoms1 z !y d n prev5t ! a%es fall+ "u ! grate4 ,! ,fuel burnt 9 an op5 fire-place may be ei!r coal or coal-gas4 ,occasionally coke is also employ$4 ,coke & coal-gas h ! advantage ov] coal1 t 7#a7 no smoke is produc$4 ,coal-gas pres5ts ! additional advantages1 t 7#b7 x c be turn$ on at any mom5t1 )\t hav+ to g ?r\gh a t$i\s process ( light+ ! fire2 & t 7#c7 ! am\nt ( heat c be exactly graduat$ by regulat+ ! supply ( gas4 ,a gas fire is h[ev]1 z a rule1 m exp5sive ?an a coal fire4 ,op5 ,gas-/oves are made 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! common "o1 small jets ( gas are lit "u ! grate1 :i* is fill$ ) pieces ( asbe/os4 ,^! become r$ hot1 & radiant heat is emitt$4 ,to obta9 ! greate/ value f ! heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( gas1 a /ove %\ld be *os5 9 :i* ! heat g5]at$ is br\ght into contact ) a l>ge surface ( ! grate be=e ! products ( combu/ion are all[$ to escape to ! flue4 ,gas /oves :i* are adv]tis$ z n ne$+ a flue1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( c>bonic acid is dis*>g$ by !m into ! room1 & ! sulphur\s acid also produc$ by ! combu/ion ( gas is n completely absorb$ 9 ! wat] ( cond5sation :i* collects 9 a tray "u su* /oves4 ,clos$ ,/oves =m ! mo/ economical & effici5t w>m]s = rooms ( mod]ate size1 & coal1 coke1 coal-gas or p>aff9 may be burnt 9 !m4 ,! advantages rightly claim$ = coal /oves ( ?is type are t 7#a7 ! am\nt ( fuel consum$ is small2 7#b7 by adju/+ ! damp]1 combu/ion may be r5d]$ z sl[ z desir$1 s t b little heat is lo/ by ! flue or *imney2 & 7#c7 heat radiates f all p>ts ( ! /ove into ! room1 & n simply f a small area ( fire-front4 ,! *ief objections to clos$ /oves are1 t 7#a7 !y dry ! air excessively1 r5d]+ x some:at unpleasant4 7#b7 ,!y produce a peculi> close smell1 app>5tly caus$ by ! *>r+ ( m9ute p>ticles ( organic matt] 9 ! air1 com+ 9 contact ) ! /ove4 ,if ! air ( ! room is n heat$ above #ge ,fahr41 no smell is produc$1 & ! relative humidity is n less5$ to any appreciable ext5t 7,p>kes74 ,b :5 ! heat produc$ by ! /ove is excessive1 ^! results d foll[4 ,! unpleasantness may be modifi$ ?\gh n entirely remov$1 by plac+ %all[ pans ( wat] ne> ! /ove4 7#c7 ,portions ( ! products ( combu/ion may pass ?r\gh cracks or fissures 9 ! /ove1 or ev5 ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! /ove4 ,indep5d5tly ( su* accid5tal cracks1 ca/-iron /oves1 :5 r$ hot1 appe> to all[ gases to pass ?r\gh !m ) comp>ative ease4 ,?us c>bonic oxide & o!r gases may f9d _! way into ! room1 & x is probable t ?is r ?an ! dryness ( ! air1 is ! cause ( ! unpleasant symptoms sometimes compla9$ ( 9 rooms :]e clos$ /oves are 9 use4 ,?is escape ( c>bonic oxide does n occur ) e>!nw>e /oves prop]ly encas$ ) fire-clay4 ,_m modifications ( ! old] clos$ /oves are n[ 9 common use4 ,9 ! /ove %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 excessive heat+ ( ! air is prev5t$ by ! pres5ce ( two air *amb]s1 only ! out] "o1 :i* br+s ext]nal air to be w>m$1 hav+ its air empti$ into ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,sl[ ,,combu/ion ,,/ove4 ,w>m+ by op5 grates or clos$ /oves is specially applicable to ! rooms ( private h\ses2 w>m+ by hot air or /eam1 or hot wat]1 is *iefly us$ = l>ge build+s4 ,x is q possible t ^! me?ods w be appli$ at "s future "t on a l>ge scale to ! w>m+ ( private h\ses4 ,9 "s l>ge t[ns ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is has be5 already done1 blocks ( a hundr$ or m h\ses be+ w>m$ f ! same c5tre1 by ! same sy/em4 ,b ap>t f su* a c5tral sy/em1 hot air & hot wat] l5d !mselves to ! heat+ ( h\ses on :at may be call$ ! ,:ole ,h\se ,sy/em 7page #aef74 ,we h m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] "s me?ods ( do+ ?is1 & %all n[ describe o!rs4 ,hot-wat] ,pipes are probably ! be/ means ( c>ry+ heat to v>i\s p>ts ( a l>ge h\se1 & hot wat] is m ?or\ghly "u control & less dang]\s ?an ei!r hot air or /eam4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( heat+ by hot wat]4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* we may call ! l[ pressure sy/em1 !re is a boil] f :i* wat] circulates ?r\gh pipes to e "p ( ! build+1 & z x cools d[n returns aga9 to ! boil]4 ,at ! highe/ po9ts ( ! pipes1 outlets are provid$ = air4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! wat] is n heat$ above #bjj ,fahr41 & !re is consequ5tly no great pressure on ! pipes4 ,9 ! high pressure sy/em 7,p]k9's pat5t71 ! pipes h an int]nal diamet] ( ab\t #ab an in*1 & h ?ick walls made ( two pieces ( weld$ iron4 ,!re is no boil]1 b "o portion ( ! tube passes ?r\gh ! fire & ! wat] is heat$ to #cjj-cej ,fahr41 ?us subject+ ! pipes to great pressure4 ,9 dwell+-h\ses ) ! l[ pressure sy/em1 = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( space to be w>m$ to #ej1 #ab feet ( #d-;in* pipe %\ld be giv52 ) ,p]k9's pipes1 probably ab\t two-?irds ( ?is w suffice4 ,/eam ,di/ribut$ by ,pipes may be employ$ in/ead ( hot wat]4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ 9 factories 9 :i* !re is a surplus supply ( /eam4 ,w>m+ by ,hot ,air is only applicable on a l>ge scale1 & %\ld only be us$ 9 association ) a sy/em ( v5tilation by propulsion 7page #aec71 9 :i* ! temp]ature1 humidity1 & fre$om f du/ ( ! ent]+ air are c>efully regulat$4 ,w>m+ by ,electricity bo? = cook+ food & = w>m+ rooms has a l>ge future1 b 9 mo/ di/ricts ! supply ( electricity is n hi!rto suffici5tly *eap to be us$ = ^! purposes4 ,by its means ! atmosph]e w be prev5t$ f becom+ impure1 lab\r w be r$uc$1 & life r5d]$ m pleasant4 ,hot ,wat] ,supplies4--,ne>ly e mod]n h\se is suppli$ ) a ba?room1 & ?is may be suppli$ ) hot wat] ei!r f a geys] or f ! kit*5 boil]4 ,9 a geys] ! wat] is made to fl[ ov] a l>ge heat+ surface furni%$ by burn+ coal-gas1 & ) ! be/ v>ieties a ba? ( #ih ,f4 c be suppli$ 9 f five to t5 m9utes4 ,z ! ba?room is usually small & unprovid$ ) an op5 fire-place1 p]sons h occasionally be5 suffocat$ by rema9+ 9 su* a room :ile ! gas cont9ues burn+4 ,?is is due to ! production & 9-brea?+ ( c>bonic oxide4 ,no geys] ought to be all[$ to be us$ :i* is unprovid$ ) a flue pass+ into ! *imney flue or 9 its abs5ce ?r\gh an ext]nal wall ( ! h\se4 ,%ort ( fatal poison+1 viol5t heada*es (t5 occur :5 a w>m ba? obta9$ by means ( a geys] is tak51 unless su* a flue is provid$4 ,9 ,ew>t's lightn+ geys]1 additional protection is furni%$ by ! fact t a dual valve is s arrang$1 t imm$iately ! wat] is turn$ (f or ! supply fails f any cause1 ! supply ( gas is also cut (f4 ,hot wat] supplies f kit*5 boil]s1 unless c>efully arrang$1 may be responsible = s]i\s explosions dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,f\r plans are 9 common use4 7#a7 ,! worm-boil] sy/em4 ,?is sy/em is unsafe unless ! supply ( wat] to ! boil] is att5d$ to2 & z ! hot wat] supply to ! kit*5 is drawn f ! boil] itself & n f ! worm1 ! hot wat] supply = ! re/ ( ! h\se may be defici5t4 ,usually ! small fe$ ci/]n = ! boil] 9 ?is sy/em is too ne> ! boil] to freeze4 7#b7 ,! cyl9d] sy/em is v effective4 ,9 ?is sy/em a metallic cyl9d]1 capable ( )/&+ a pressure ( #bj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 is plac$ 9 ! kit*5 or ba?room betwe5 ! cold & hot supplies1 its conta9$ wat] be+ heat$ by circulation f ! boil]1 hot wat] asc5d+ & cold desc5d+4 ,on ! top floor ( a h\se is a ci/]n f :i* cold wat] is suppli$4 ,bo? ! supply pipe & escape pipe = hot wat] may become froz5 dur+ fro/4 ,!n ! supply ( wat] is /opp$1 & ! boil] & res]voir may boil dry4 ,?is w\ld n occur )\t "s indication 9 unusually vigor\s boil+4 ,boil]s sometimes explode1 & cyl9d]s sometimes explode4 ,?is c be effectually prev5t$ by 7#c7 ,a ,d\ble-cyl9d] app>atus "o )9 ano!r4 ,9 ?is ! wat] 9 ! out] cyl9d] suppli$ f ! ma9 ci/]n c only be heat$ to #bab ,f41 & ! wat] 9 ! boil] & inn] cyl9d] suppli$ f a l[] fe$ ci/]n c only be heat$ to #bad ,f41 on acc\nt ( ! small head ( wat]4 ,two escape pipes give free communication ) ! atmosph]e4 7#d7 ,9 ! tank sy/em1 :i* be+ *eap1 is usually adopt$ 9 poor h\ses1 ! tank is plac$ high up 9 ! sy/em4 ,! hot wat] bran* pipes are usually tak5 f ! fl[-pipe betwe5 ! boil] & tank4 ,h5ce :5 ! supply fails1 z dur+ fro/1 ! tank is dra9$ empty1 ! circulation ( wat] ceases1 & ! sy/em is *ang$ f a circulation sy/em to a high-pressure "o4 ,safety valves _c always be reli$ on to prev5t explosions4 ,if !y lead to ! light+ ( fires 9 fro/y wea!r1 :5 pipes are froz51 !y may cause explosions4 ,explosions f fro/ only occur :5 bo? pipes are block$4 ,incru/ation ( ! boil] & pipes increases ! dang] ( explosions2 h5ce ! necessity = _! p]iodical clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyl9d] & ,tank sy/ems ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,h\se ,,dra9age4 ,! ,removal ( ,impurities4--,9 ord] t heal? may be ma9ta9$ 9 any inhabit$ h\se1 x is ess5tial t ! impurities produc$ by animal life %\ld be remov$4 ,^! impurities may be divid$ into two classes--! fir/ includ+ ! gase\s & volatile products evolv$ f ! lungs & sk92 & ! second1 ! liquid excretion f ! kidneys1 & ! solid f ! b[els4 ,! =m] are got rid ( by effici5t v5tilation & by cleanl9ess2 ! latt]1 ought to be z quickly remov$1 b require m elaborate arrangem5ts to ensure ?is4 ,! av]age daily am\nt ( solid excreta is ab\t #d ounces1 & ( fluid excreta ab\t #ej ounces = ea* adult male4 ,tak+ all ages & bo? sexes into consid]ation1 ! am\nt p] head is ab\t #b-cd ounces ( fces & #cb ounces ( ur9e4 ,:5 dri$1 ! daily fces am\nt to #ajd oz41 ! daily ur9e to #agd oz41 s t ! manurial value z well z ! possible pollut+ p[] ( ur9e is mu* great] ?an t ( ! fces4 ,aft] a v>iable int]val ur9e & fces beg9 to decompose1 ammonia & ftid gases be+ dis5gag$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,urea ! *ief con/itu5t ( ur9e is decompos$ into c>bonic acid & c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,?us ,,*,n,o #b;,h,o 7,,nh7,,co ,9 addition to ! excreta1 h\se-slops h to be got rid (1 & 8du/40 ,h\se-slops v>y greatly 9 quantity1 b probably am\nt to z mu* z sixte5 gallons p] head daily4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( ! wat] us$ 9 cook+ & wa%+ & = ba?s4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t only ur9e & fces ne$ c>eful disposal4 ,!re are masses ( decay+ epi!lium f lavatories & ba?s1 organic matt]s f soil$ app>el1 & v>i\s organic matt]s f cul9>y op]ations1 all ( :i* may cause s]i\s nuisance unless promptly dispos$ (4 ,! ,du/ consi/s *iefly ( ! a%es f fires2 b ! du/-b9 also =ms a fav\rite refuge = kit*5 refuse1 compos$ ( v>i\s animal & vegetable matt]s1 z well z = brok5 pots & t9s4 ,x is dealt ) ap>t f ! h\se-slops & excreta1 except 9 c]ta9 dry me?ods ( disposal ( sewage4 ,two *ief plans ( gett+ rid ( ! sewage h be5 propos$1 ?\gh !re are _m v>ieties ( ^!4 ,!y are-- #a4 ,! ,wat] ,me?od1 & #b4 ,! ,dry ,me?ods4 ,= t[ns ! wat] c>riage ( sewage is indisp5sable1 & 9 ?is *apt] we %all conf9e ourselves to ! "p ( ?is sy/em :i* relates to ! ,dra9age ( ! ,h\se4 ,! *ief sanit>y appliances ( a h\se1 :i* empty _! cont5ts into ! dra9 & !nce into ! /reet sew]1 are--7#a7 ,ra9-wat] ,pipes2 7#b7 ,ba?-room & ,s9k-pipes2 7#c7 ,wat]-closets2 7#d7 ,soil-pipes2 & 7#e7 ,! ,h\se ,dra94 ,we w consid] ^! 9 detail4 ,ra9-wat] ,pipes collect ! wat] f ! ro( by means ( gutt]s1 & c>ry x d[n to ! h\se dra91 except 9 ! few cases 9 :i* ! ra9-wat] is collect$ = use4 ,! ra9-wat] or /ack pipe 0 =m]ly jo9$ directly at its base ) ! und]gr\nd dra94 ,?is 0 evid5tly bad1 because ! upp] end ( ! pipe 0 frequ5tly ne> w9d[s1 & f\l gases f ! dra9 might be conduct$ by x into ! h\se4 ,x is equally objectionable to connect ! ra9-wat] pipe ) ! soil pipe & = ! same reasons z above4 ,! g5]al rule ) reg>d to all pipes c>ry+ away wat] f ! h\se1 ) ! sole exception ( ! soil-pipe1 is t !y mu/ be disconnect$ f ! und]gr\nd dra9 & dis*>ge into ! op5 air ov] a gulley-trap4 ,?is rule applies to ra9-wat] pipes1 & to wa/e pipes f ba?s1 lavatories1 s9ks4 ,x does n apply to ! soil-pipes lead+ f wat]-closets & slop-s9ks1 :i* mu/ dis*>ge directly into ! dra94 ,ov]fl[ or wa/e-pipes f ci/]ns = dr9k+ wat] or f ci/]ns = flu%+ w4c4's or to safe trays "u ! seat ( wat]-closets %\ld all be made to dis*>ge into ! op5 air1 :]e ! leakage c at once be discov]$4 ,! =m ( gully-trap to be us$ at ! junction ) ! dra9 is describ$ on page #afg4 ,o!r ,wa/e-pipes z f ba?1 lavatories1 & s9ks1 mu/ be simil>ly disconnect$ f ! dra91 & made to dis*>ge ov] gully-traps4 ,:5 ! pipe lead+ f ! ba?1 lavatory bas91 or s9k1 is long1 x is apt to become f\l f ! accumulation on its inn] surface ( slimy matt]1 consi/+ ( soap1 dirt1 & o!r (f5sive matt]4 ,= ?is reason x is wise to h a syphon b5d 9 ! wa/e-pipe ne> its junction ) ! s9k or bas94 ,su* a trap is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! syphon b5d alone 9 ! wa/e-pipe )\t disconnection f ! dra9 at its l[] end w\ld n suffice to ensure complete abs5ce ( nuisance1 especially = s9ks & lavatories :i* may be disus$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! wat] 9 ! syphon trap may become evaporat$1 & !n f\l dra9 gases be waft$ into ! h\se4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 if ! wat] 9 ! syphon trap rema9$1 f\l gases may be absorb$ f ! dra9 & giv5 out at ! end ne>e/ ! h\se 7a1 ,fig #ai74 ,h5ce x is always be/ to disconnect all wa/e-pipes f ! dra91 except ! soil-pipe :i* _c be treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! wa/e-pipe f ! up/airs lavatory or ba? may be made to dis*>ge ov] a hopp]-head & !nce into ! ra9-wat] pipe1 :i* is disconnect$ bel[ f ! dra94 ,?is plan %\ld only be adopt$ :5 ! hopp]-head is n close to a b$room w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,syphon ,,trap ,,"u ,,s9k1 ,,) ,,screw-,,op5+ ,,= ,,cleans+4 ,"u ! ba? is usually plac$ a lead5 tray1 call$ a safe1 to cat* any accid5tal spill+s ( wat]4 ,! ov]fl[ pipe f ?is safe %\ld dis*>ge direct into ! op5 air4 ,=m]ly mu* evil 0 caus$ by all[+ wa/e-pipes f ba?s1 s9ks1 & lavatory-pipes1 or ov]fl[ pipes f dr9k+-wat] ci/]ns or f ! ba?-safe1 to be connect$ directly ei!r ) ! trap ( ! w4c41 or ) ! soil-pipe beyond x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,a4 ,,/onew>e ,,gully-,,trap4 ,b4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,same1 ,,%[+ ,a ,,wat]-,,seal #c ,,in*es ,,9 ,,dep?4 ,s9ks are n uncommonly ! s\rce ( (f5sive smells1 :5 made ( wood or /one4 ,a h>d glaz$ s9k %\ld be provid$2 z ?is is non-por\s & c be kept clean4 ,! s9k %\ld be plac$ aga9/ an ext]nal wall1 s t ! wa/e pipe c be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! wall to a gully-trap outside ! h\se4 ,=m]ly ! s9k-pipe 0 jo9$ bel[ directly into ! dra91 ! only ob/acle to ! entry ( sew] or dra9 gases into ! kit*5 be+ a bell-trap at ! s9k4 ,?is is q insuffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! wa/e-pipe f ! s9k %\ld h a syphon trap "u x1 ) an inspection op5+ at its l[e/ po9t 7,fig4 #ai71 & %\ld dis*>ge 9 ! op5 air ov] a gully-trap 7,fig4 #bj71 z 9 ! case ( ra9-wat] & ba?-wa/e pipes4 ,x is usually /at$ t ! wa/e-pipes f s9ks1 etc41 %\ld dis*>ge at lea/ #ah in*es di/ant f ! grat+ ( ! gully4 ,?is is too f>1 because "s ( ! f\l wat] may become dri$ up 9 ! *annel1 & its solid p>ticles be bl[n ab\t4 ,!y may be all[$ to dis*>ge directly ov] ! grat+ ( ! gully 7,fig4 #bj7 or ev5 into ! side ( ! gully bel[ ! grat+1 b above & on ! h\se side ( ! wat]-seal %[n at ,b4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! gully-trap is connect$ ) ! socket ( ! fir/ dra9-pipe1 & ! junction is made wat]-tight by means ( a cem5t jo9t4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 & because x gives a bett] wat]-seal ?an ! bell-trap or ,d trap1 ! gully-trap %\ld be always us$4 ,! be/ =m ( gully-trap1 ! ,p trap1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj ,b4 ,?is is bett] ?an ! ,s trap 7,fig #ai71 :i* involves a b5d 9 ! dra9 at its junction ) ! trap4 ,wat]-closets require to be skilfully con/ruct$ & well-situat$1 if !y are n to become a s]i\s nuisance4 ,9 build+ a h\se1 ! position ( ! closet %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,9 all cases x %\ld be 9 an out-/&+ "p ( ! h\se1 aga9/ an ext]nal wall1 & sep>at$ f o!r p>ts ( ! h\se by a passage1 pref]ably a passage :i* is cross-v5tilat$4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 "o commonly f9ds x 9 any conv5i5t recess1 abutt+ on a b$room1 or :]e x _c be prop]ly v5tilat$4 ,usually ! closet is plac$ at ! back ( ! h\se2 & z ! ma9-sew] is g5]ally situat$ 9 ! front /reet1 x foll[s t ! dra9 mu/ 9 t]race h\ses pass "u ! h\se4 ,h5ce ! importance ( hav+ x completely wat]-tight4 ,wat]-closets 9 ba?rooms are v inadvisable4 ,! v5tilation ( ! closet %\ld be good--if possible1 by two opposite w9d[s2 & :]e practicable a cross-v5tilat$ lobby %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! closet & ! re/ ( ! h\se4 ,?is is n[ always provid$ 9 hospitals4 ,! wat]-supply to ! closet %\ld be abundant4 ,e flu% ( wat] %\ld be suffici5t to c>ry ! cont5ts ( ! bas9 ?r\gh ! soil-pipe & ! dra9 into ! sew]4 ,! quantity all[$ by ! ,wat] ,companies 9 ,london is two gallons1 :i* is b>ely suffici5t = ?is purpose1 unless ! =m ( closet pan is good1 & ! d[n-pipe to x ( suffici5t diamet]4 ,ea* closet %\ld h a sep>ate ci/]n1 ! be/ be+ ! s-call$ 8wat]-wa/e prev5t]10 by means ( :i* a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 & no m1 c be dis*>g$ ea* "t ! h&le is pull$4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is %[n 9 ,fig #ba4 ,:5 ! h&le ( ?is is pull$1 ! :ole ( ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n is syphon$ out by ! syphon & c>ri$ d[n to ! wat]-closet1 :e!r ! h&le be held d[n or n4 ,! am\nt ( fall f ! ci/]n to ! closet %\ld n be less ?an f\r feet1 & ! pipe %\ld be free f b5ds 9 ord] to ensure a ?or\gh sc\r+ ( ! trap & soil-pipe2 & ! flu%+-pipe %\ld h an int]nal diamet] ( n less ?an #a in*es4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t a small fl[ ( wat]1 trickl+ cont9u\sly d[n a closet1 t5ds to keep x clean1 & prev5t smells2 b ! wat] ?us us$ is simply wa/$4 ,o!rs fa/5 up ! h&le ( valve-closets s z to all[ a l>ge fl[ ( wat]4 ,?is does n answ] ! desir$ end1 & r5d]s ! (f5d+ p]son liable to a p5alty = wa/+ wat]4 ,_m diff]5t =ms ( wat]-closet are 9 use4 ,9 all ( !m ! ma9 requisites are t !re %\ld be 7#a7 a good flu% ( wat]1 7#b7 a rapid removal ( ! excreta1 & 7#c7 no possibility ( reflux ( gases4 ,! *ief v>ieties ( closets are ! pan1 valve1 wa%-out1 & wa%-d[n closets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,syphon ,,flu%+ ,,ci/]n4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba a portion ( ! bell ( ! syphon is %[n cut out1 s z to display ! movable plug at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n4 ,an objectionable feature 9 mo/ ci/]ns is _! nois9ess 9 use4 ,9 ! above ci/]n1 ! pipe admitt+ wat] is c>ri$ d[n to )9 an in* ( ! bottom ( ! ci/]n1 ?us ensur+ noiseless entry ( wat]4 ,pan-closets 7sometimes call$ d\ble-pan closets7 are ess5tially bad1 ?\gh l>gely employ$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig #bb4 ,bel[ ! conical bas9 !re is a metal pan capable ( hold+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 ! l[] end ( ! bas9 dipp+ into ?is wat]4 ,by means ( a pull-up app>atus ! cont5ts ( ! pan c be tilt$ into a second l>g] pan or conta9]1 & ! bottom ( ! conta9] is connect$ by means ( a %ort pipe ) a lead5 b[l-%ap$ symbol %ap$ trap1 f ! side ( :i* ! soil-pipe passes out to be c>ri$ d[n to ! dra94 ,! arrangem5t insures ! production ( nuisance4 ,! conta9] & b[l-%ap$ symbol trap always arre/ a c]ta9 am\nt ( f\l matt]2 & ea* "t ! h&le ( ! closet is pull$ up a puff ( f\l air comes into ! op]ator's face4 ,occasionally ! b[l-%ap$ symbol trap becomes corrod$ by ! fil? x conta9s1 & f\l gases f ! dra9 escape into ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,insanit>y ,,pan ,,closet1 ,,%[+ ,d ,,trap ,,bel[4 ,valve ,closets diff] f ! la/ 9 hav+ no conta9]1 b only a small box conta9+ a movable wat]-tight valve1 exactly fitt+ ! l[] edge ( ! bas9 7,fig4 #bc74 ,!y are mu* sup]ior to ! pan-closet1 b require an ov]fl[ pipe 9 ord] to avoid accid5tal flood+ ( ! closet4 ,! ov]fl[ pipe %\ld be made ) a syphon b5d 9 x1 & ! flu%+ ( ! closet %\ld be s arrang$ t ea* "t x is p]=m$ wat] ent]s ! ov]fl[ pipe4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,! trap bel[ ! valve %\ld be 9 ! =m ( a syphon 7see "u traps1 page #agi71 z ?is is n easily f\l$4 ,x is pref]ably made ( lead1 securely jo9t$ to ! soil-pipe & to ! valve box ( ! closet4 ,a lead tray or 8safe0 is requir$ on ! floor b5ea? a valve closet1 9 view ( accid5tal spill+s or ov]fl[2 & ?is %\ld be provid$ ) an ov]fl[ pipe dis*>g+ into ! op5 air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,valve ,,closet4 ,a--,pan4 ,b--,ov]fl[ pipe ) syphon trap4 ,c--,valve %ut4 ,c--,valve op54 ,d--,valve box4 ,e--,floorl9e4 ,f--,wat]-seal ( trap4 ,valveless or ,hopp] ,closets1 ( :i* ! ,wa%-out1 ,wa%-d[n & ,syphonic ,closets1 are ! *ief =ms1 pres5t c]ta9 advantages ov] ! valve closet4 ,!re is less app>atus to get out ( ord] & no metal to become f\l4 ,!y d n require an ov]fl[ pipe1 z wat] c escape freely ?r\gh ! trap ( ! closet4 ,valveless closets ne$ n be encas$ by wood-"w1 ?us ensur+ fre$om f spill+s ( f\l wat]1 & !y are m easily us$ ?an valve closets = ! dis*>ge ( b$room slops1 ?us obviat+ ! necessity = a special h\semaid's s9k4 ,valveless or hopp] closets are *eap] & simpl] 9 use ?an valve closets1 & :5 9 use are equally sanit>y4 ,if a h\se is left empty = a consid]able "t1 ! wat] 9 ! trap may1 h[ev]1 become evaporat$1 an ev5t mu* less likely to occur ) a valve-closet4 ,! latt] are fur!rmore less noisy :5 flu%$4 ,) a valve to hold up ! wat] 9 ! pan1 z 9 ! valve-closet1 a mu* l>g] quantity ( wat] c be reta9$ ?an ) a hopp] closet4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! latt] hav+ su* a %ape z %all prev5t f\l+ ( ! bas9 by fces4 ,"o ( ! old] hopp] closets 0 ! long hopp] %ewn 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,9 ?is =m ! pan is conical 9 %ape1 its sides necess>ily becom+ f\l$ by its use1 & ! spiral flu%1 ! po9t ( entry ( :i* is %ewn 9 ! figure is q insuffici5t = cleans+ ! pan4 ,( ,%ort hopp]s ! be/ has a ne>ly v]tical back z %ewn 9 ,fig4 #bd1 a rim-flu%1 by means ( :i* at lea/ two gallons ( wat] are dis*>g$ ) ! fces1 & ! pan is ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,rim ,,flu%+ ,,wa%-,,d[n ,,bas94 ,! wa%-out closet is %ewn 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,9 x a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] is kept 9 ! upp] "p ( ! pan by a ridge ov] :i* ! fces h to be driv5 be=e ent]+ ! trap4 ,! =ce ( ! flu% is ?us brok54 ,9 ?is closet a l>ge area is liable to be f\l$1 & x is n[ almo/ entirely disus$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,%ort ,,hopp] ,,closet4 ,,long ,,hopp] ,,closet ,,) ,,spiral ,,flu%4 ,syphonic wat]-closets are wa%-d[n closets1 9 :i* ! flu%+ out is aid$ by syphonic action4 ,!y ne$ to be fitt$ ) a flu%+ ci/]n1 giv+ an aft]-flu% z well z a flu%2 o!rwise ! bas9 is left untrapp$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ elaborate closets ( ?is type is ,j5n+s' ,closet ( ! ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #bg %[s t ! flu%+ ci/]n has two connections ) ! closet1 "o 9 ! usual mann] ) ! flu%+ rim ( ! pan1 ! o!r connect$ to ! long arm ( ! syphon 7,a ,fig4 #bg74 ,b is a puff pipe all[+ ! escape ( air f ?is syphon :5 />t$4 ,?us :ile "o "p ( ! flu% sc\rs ! bas91 ! o!r expels ! air f ,a ?r\gh ! puff-pipe ,b1 fills bo? arms ( ! syphon ) wat]1 & ?us />ts ! syphonic action by :i* all ! cont5ts ( ! bas9 are suck$ out ( x4 ,9 ?is =m ( w4c41 syphonage is int5d$ to be produc$1 & ! aft]-flu% prev5ts ! w4c4 f be+ left untrapp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,wa%-,,out ,,closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,syphonic ,,closet4 ,syphonic wat]-closets appe> to me to be unnecess>ily elaborate & complicat$1 & ! only advantage ov] ! wa%-d[n closet is ! deep] lay] ( wat] 9 ! bas94 ,) a well-%ap$ wa%-d[n closet ?is is ( little importance4 ,9 o!r =ms ( wa%-d[n w4c41 unsyphon+ may also occur1 = in/ance1 by p\r+ ! cont5ts ( a slop-pail into ! pan4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly apt to occur1 :5 two or ?ree wat]-closets are on diff]5t floors ( a h\se1 "o ov] ano!r4 ,?is unsyphon+ is prev5t$ 9 ! case ( ! highe/ w4c4 by ! soil-pipe v5tilator1 b n always = ! l[] w4c4's4 ,= ^! x may be necess>y to c>ry a pipe f ! highe/ po9t ( ! trap ( ! closet1 :]e x jo9s ! soil-pipe1 ?r\gh ! wall into ! ext]nal air4 ,su* a pipe is call$ an anti-syphonage pipe 7,fig4 #bh74 ,x effectually prev5ts ! wat] be+ suck$ out ( ! trap ( a l[] w4c4 :5 ! w4c4 on a high] floor is be+ flu%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,a--,elevation4 ,b--,section ?r\gh wall ( h\se1 %[+ connection ( w4c4's on ?ree floors1 ) soil-pipe & anti-syphonage pipe4 b--,junction ( closet trap ) soil-pipe1 a be+ a ,p & b an ,s trap4 c--,junction ( soil-pipe ) e>!nw>e dra94 d--,anti-syphonage pipe1 se5 be/ 9 elevation ,a4 e--,soil-pipe4 f--,anti-syphonage pipe4 g--,und]gr\nd dra94 h--,soil-pipe v5tilator4 i--,cage-"w protect+ top ( h4 j--,po9t at :i* anti-syphonage pipe is connect$ ) soil-pipe v5tilator1 above ! highe/ w4c4 ,9 ! =ms ( w4c4 already describ$1 clean wat] is us$ = flu%+1 & we h se5 t two gallons1 ! quantity usually all[$1 does n suffice = ?is purpose1 unless ! closet pan is ( ! be/ possible %ape1 & ! s]vice pipe suffici5tly wide to project ! wat] by means ( a rim-flu% =cibly ov] ! pan & into & beyond its trap4 ,o!r =ms ( w4c4 h be5 employ$ ( :i* ! mo/ important are slop-wat] closets1 & tr\gh-closets4 ,9 ,slop-,wat] ,closets ! wa/e wat] f s9ks & ba?s is utilis$ = flu%+1 & ?us a sav+ ( wat] is effect$4 ,?is =m ( closet is us$ consid]ably 9 manufactur+ di/ricts1 & is less liable to freeze ?an an ord9>y w4c4 ,! s9k dis*>ges on to a gully 9 ! usual mann]1 b ! outlet ( ?is gully is connect$ ) a tilt+ vessel or tipp]1 hold+ #c gallons 9 ,duckett's closet1 :i* is ! be/ kn[n ( ?is type4 ,! tipp] is balanc$ on brass be>+s1 & tips ov] :5 full1 dis*>g+ its cont5ts into ! closet trap1 :i* is ?us flu%$4 ,! slop-closet is a great improvem5t on ! privy-midd5s or pail-closets1 :i* 9 "s t[ns x has sup]s$$1 b is n s cleanly z an ord9>y w4c4 ,tr\gh ,closets are also kn[n z 8latr9es40 ,! be/ type consi/s ( a glaz$ e>!nw>e tr\gh "u a s]ies ( w4c4 seats4 ,! tr\gh is slightly incl9$ t[>ds ! outlet1 at :i* is a weir1 beyond :i* is a trap4 ,an automatic flu%+ tank connect$ ) ! upp] end ( ! tr\gh & five to six feet above x1 dis*>ges wat] at int]vals & drives ! fcal matt] ov] ! weir & ?r\gh ! trap4 ,?is =m ( closet is only suitable = factories4 ,x is to be deprecat$ = s*ools1 & ev5 = factories1 unless !re are exceptional reasons = its cont9uance1 z fcal matt] possibly ( an infecti\s "* may be reta9$ a consid]able "t 9 ! tr\gh4 ,! dome/ic ,slop ,closet or 8h\semaid's s9k0 mu/ n be confus$ ) slop-wat] closets m5tion$ above4 ,! slop-closet or s9k is us$ = empty+ ! cont5ts ( b$room pails4 ,^! be+ necess>ily f\l & liable to e>ly putrefaction mu/ be treat$ exactly l o!r sewage matt]s4 ,an ord9>y p$e/al w4c4 ) a lift-up seat answ]s excell5tly z a slop-closet2 b 9 l>ge h\ses & public e/abli%m5ts a sep>ate slop-s9k is desirable ) a l>g] surface ?an mo/ wat]-closets4 ,! slop-closet mu/ be connect$ ) ! soil-pipe1 j 9 ! same way z a w4c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,,section ,,?r\gh ,a ,,h\se ,,f ,,front ,,to ,,back ,,%ew+ ,,dra9age ,,arrangem5ts4 ,a4--,sew]2 ,b4--,int]cept+ trap2 ,c4--,clean+ eye = pipes betwe5 *amb] & sew]2 ,d4--,inspection *amb]2 ,e4--,inlet v5tilator2 ,f4--,gully-trap = =ec\rt2 ,g4--,air-bricks = v5tilation "u floors2 ,h4--,damp-pro( c\rse#h2 ,i4--,concrete #f0 ?ick ov] site ( h\se2 ,j4--,dra91 fall #a 9 #bd1 imb$d$ 9 concrete2 ,k4--,soil-pipe c>ri$ up full size above eaves2 ,l4--,up/airs w4c42 ,m4--,gully-trap receiv+ wat] f ,n scull]y-s9k1 ,o ba? & ,p ra9-wat] /ack-pipe2 ,s4--,v5tilat+ pipe at upp] end ( dra92 ,t4--,pipes lead+ to same4 ,! soil pipe is ! v]tical pipe c>ry+ ! cont5ts ( ! wat]-closets 9 ! dra94 ,x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! dra91 :i* is *iefly1 if n entirely1 und]gr\nd4 ,! exact position ( ! soil-pipe & its relation to ! dra9 c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bh & #bi1 :i* %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,! soil-pipe %\ld be made ( drawn lead )\t seam1 ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & ( at lea/ #g lbs4 or bett] #h lbs4 weight p] sup]ficial foot4 ,any jo9ts 9 ! lead pipe %\ld be ( ! k9d kn[n z 8wip$10 n a 8slip0 jo9t4 ,! outside ( a wip$ jo9t is %ewn 9 ,fig4 #cj;,b4 ,iron pipes if us$ mu/ be #caf in* ?ick1 & h sockets suffici5tly wide & /rong to p]mit ( ! jo9ts be+ caulk$ ) molt5 i4e4 8blue0 lead1 9 ! same way z wat]-ma9s are laid4 ,! soil-pipe %\ld be ?r\gh\t its c\rse "u obs]vation4 ,x %\ld n be built into a wall1 :]e x might be accid5tally pi]c$ by nails1 nor )9 ! h\se1 all[+ f\l gases to escape f weak po9ts 9 ! jo9ts4 ,x %\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! h\se imm$iately beyond ! closet trap4 ,! soil-pipe %\ld n be m ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x %\ld be cont9u$ f its highe/ po9t at ! junction ) ! closet-trap above ! ro( by a pipe ( ! same diamet]1 ) its end wide op5 7,fig4 #bi ,k74 ,?is v5tilation ( ! soil-pipe is ess5tial 7a7 to prev5t ! entry ( f\l effluvia into ! h\se1 especially :5 ! wat] 9 ! closet-trap is dri$ up2 7b7 to prev5t unsyphon+ ( ! upp] by ! l[] wat]-closets 9 a h\se4 7,on ?is po9t see p4 #agb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a4--,,section ,,%[+ ,a ,,good ,,me?od ,,( ,,connect+ ,,soil-,,pipe ,,to ,,dra9 ,,by ,,brass ,,?imble4 ,b4--,,out] ,,view1 ,,%[+ ,,brass ,,?imble ,,wip$ ,,on ,,to ,,soil ,,pipe4 ,! upp] end ( ! v5tilat+ pipe %\ld be made to op5 remote f any w9d[4 ,x may h a c[l atta*$ to x1 b x is d\btful if ?is mat]ially aids ! aspiration ( f\l gases4 ,x is wise to cap ! upp] end ( ! v5tilat+ %aft ) a dome ( l>ge me%$ wire-nett+ to prev5t birds build+ _! ne/s 9 x4 ,! connection ( ! soil-pipe ) ! closet-pan is its weake/ po9t1 & ! mo/ liable to leak4 ,! ma9 difficulty consi/s 9 =m+ jo9ts betwe5 e>!nw>e & metal4 ,socket$ connections are n safe4 ,! use ( an india-rubb] r+ ins]t$ betwe5 ! lead & e>!nw>e flanges & bolt$ toge!r by means ( a brass coll> & hook$ bolts makes a fairly good connection4 ,v>i\s screw$ connections are made4 ,9 ano!r =m ! e>!nw>e coll> is cov]$ outside ) lead1 s t a sold]$ jo9t c be made betwe5 ! e>!nw>e trap & ! soil-pipe4 ,9 ! 8metallo-k]amic jo9t0 ! e>!nw>e jo9t is pa9t$ ov] ) a metallic solution & fir$4 ,to ! metal film ?us =m$1 lead or o!r metal c be firmly sold]$4 ,! connection ( ! soil-pipe into ! socket ( ! fir/ pipe ( ! e>!nw>e dra9 requires also to be c>efully made4 ,?is pipe is curv$1 & at its upp] end has a socket1 into :i* ! soil-pipe ent]s4 ,a l5g? ( brass or copp] tub+ kn[n z a 8?imble0 7ab\t a foot long7 %\ld be sold]$ to ! bottom ( ! soil-pipe2 ! rim ( ?is ?imble re/s 9 ! socket ( ! dra9-pipe & ! space betwe5 ! two is fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t 7,fig4 #cj;,a74 ,) ! ord9>y connection betwe5 lead soil-pipe & dra91 ! =m] is apt to become d5t$ by bl[s1 & ! latt] is v liable to be p>tially block$ by ! dropp+ ( cem5t inside ! pipe :5 mak+ ! jo9t4 ,! ,h\se ,dra9 "u ord9>y circum/ances receives wa/e wat] f s9ks & ba?s1 ra9-wat]1 & ! dis*>ge f ! closets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,%[+ ,,dep? ,,( ,,fluid ,,& ,,consequ5t ,,flu%+ ,,=ce ,,( ,,?ree ,,dra9s ,,conta9+ ,,an ,,equal ,,quantity ,,( ,,sewage4 ,we may consid] dra9s "u ! foll[+ heads3 mat]ial1 =m1 jo9ts1 gradi5t1 v5tilation1 trapp+4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is t !y %\ld be wat]-tight1 s t _! cont5ts d n p]colate into ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,socket$ glaz$ /onew>e pipes & iron pipes be/ fulfil ?is condition4 ,! be/ mat]ial = mak+ /onew>e pipes is ,devon or ,dorset1 or simil> f9e clay1 :i* makes a v /rong pipe4 ,te/$ pipes free f cracks & flaws mu/ alone be us$4 ,! pipes %\ld be laid 9 /raight l9es1 ea* pipe be+ arrang$ ) ! spigot & n ! socket end direct$ t[>ds ! fl[ ( sewage4 ,! fall %\ld n be less ?an #a foot 9 f #dj to #fj4 ,if ! fall is less ?an ?is am\nt1 artificial flu%+ f ! upp] end ( ! dra9 is necess>y4 ,usually bran* dra9s are made #d in*es 9 diamet]1 ! ma9 h\se-dra9 hav+ a diamet] ( #f in*es4 ,a l>g] size ?an ?is is seldom necess>y4 ,?us if ,a1 ,b1 & ,c be ?ree dra9s ) an equal fall & convey+ an equal am\nt ( sewage1 ! rate ( travel & !re=e ! flu%+ =ce w be great]1 because ! dep? ( ! fluid is great]1 9 ,a ?an 9 ,b1 & 9 ,b ?an 9 ,c4 ,small dra9s are m completely self-cleans+ ?an l>ge dra9s4 ,! wat]-tightness dep5ds on ! "* ( ! jo9ts4 ,9 ?is respect iron dra9s pres5t ! great advantage ov] e>!nw>e t !re are few] jo9ts & t ^! c be r5d]$ p]man5tly wat]-tight )\t difficulty by be+ run ) blue lead & well caulk$4 ,to r5d] an e>!nw>e dra9 wat]-tight1 7a7 x mu/ be laid on a solid b$ ( cem5t concrete at lea/ #f in*es ?ick1 s z to prev5t s9k+1 & "u ! h\se x %\ld be cov]$ ) an equal ?ickness ( cem5t concrete 7,i1 ,fig4 #bi74 7b7 ,! jo9ts mu/ be made ) extreme c>e1 ! be/ ,portl& cem5t be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,clay is inadmissible1 z ! fibrils ( tree-roots easily f9d _! way ?r\gh x4 ,! inside ( ! jo9t mu/ be rak$ by ! workm51 be=e ! next pipe is laid1 to make sure t no fragm5ts ( h>d cem5t are left project+ 9 its int]ior4 ,su* projections are n uncommon causes ( subsequ5t blockage4 ,v>i\s pat5t jo9ts h be5 us$1 b !y are no bett] ?an ! above :5 prop]ly laid4 ,j be=e ! dra9 leaves ! curtilage ( ! h\se & ne> its junction ) ! sew]1 x is trapp$1 & on ! h\se-side ( ! trap 7,e1 ,fig4 #bi7 an inlet v5tilator is provid$4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t %\ld be /udi$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,v5tilation ( ! h\se dra9 f end to end is important1 a free escape ( f\l gases out-(-doors be+ induc$4 ,! exit is provid$ by c>ry+ ! soil-pipe up full bore above ! eaves1 & remote f w9d[s4 ,"o op5+ alone w\ld n induce a curr5t ( air1 & ! o!r end ( ! dra9 be+ trapp$ f ! sew] 7,b1 ,fig4 #bi7 x is necess>y to provide an inlet = fre% air at ,e4 ,?is may be plac$ a few feet above ! gr\nd or at ! gr\nd-level4 ,usually a mica-flap valve is provid$ at its upp] end1 :i* closes :5ev] a puff ( f\l air attempts to escape f ! dra94 ,! necessity = ?is is d\btful4 ,ord9>ily air ent]s at ! inlet & circulates ?r\gh ! dra91 escap+ at ! upp] end ( ! soil-pipe v5tilator4 ,x has be5 advocat$ t ! soil-pipe v5tilator %\ld =m a means ( v5tilat+ ! sew] z well z ! h\se-dra91 ! int]cept+ trap 9 ! latt] 7,b1 ,fig4 #bi7 be+ remov$4 ,?is is inexp$i5t1 an elem5t ( risk be+ introduc$1 9 view ( ! possibility ( ! dra9 or "s ( ! connections ( int]nal sanit>y fitt+s be+ defective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,weav]',s ,,int]cept+ ,,trap4 ,! dra9 z ord9>ily arrang$ is trapp$ f ! sew] by an int]cept+ trap4 ,?is is n m]ely a trap1 b a trap provid$ ) v5tilation at its end ne>e/ ! h\se4 ,a =m commonly employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,b is ! junction ) ! h\se-dra91 at ,d is ! wat]-seal1 :ile at ,c fre% air ent]s ! h\se-dra94 ,e is a clean+ eye1 ?r\gh :i* any *okage c be cle>$ t[>ds ,a1 lead+ to ! public sew]4 ,x is important t ! int]cept+ trap %\ld be accessible 9 ! ev5t ( accid5tal /opp+4 ,?is is provid$ by an inspection *amb] or man-hole4 ,?is if close to ! h\se is provid$ ) an air-tight cov]1 ! inlet v5tilator be+ convey$ above gr\nd to a conv5i5t po9t4 ,! man-hole itself is built ) brick set 9 cem5t & l9$ ) cem5t4 ,note t 9 ! man-hole itself half-*annel pipes convey ! sewage in/ead ( complete pipes4 ,sometimes m ?an "o dra9-pipe conv]ges to ! same man-hole1 & !n a m elaborate arrangem5t ?an t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi is requir$1 ! bran*-pipes conv]g+ into half-*annel pipes 9 ! man-hole4 ,v>ieties ( ,traps4--,traps are plac$ at v>i\s po9ts ( ! h\se-dra9age sy/em to prev5t ! admission ( curr5ts ( f\l air into ! h\se4 ,!y are all con/ruct$ s z to int]cept a wat]-seal betwe5 ! dra9 & ! h\se or y>d at ! upp] end ( ! trap4 ,traps are plac$ 9 f\r positions 9 connection ) ! dra9age ( a h\se3 7#a7 ne> ! junction ( ! h\se-dra9 ) ! sew]2 7#b7 "u ! pan ( ea* w4c42 7#c7 9 ! op5 air at ! gr\nd level to receive wa/e wat] f ba?1 s9k1 & lavatory bas92 & 7#d7 9 ! wa/e-pipe close "u ! ba?1 s9k1 or lavatory1 :5 ! wa/e-pipe is long & apt to become f\l2 7#e7 inside s9ks at ! upp] end ( _! wa/e-pipes4 ,int]cept+ traps betwe5 ! dra9 & sew] h already be5 describ$4 ,!y mu/ always be v5tilat$ 7,c1 ,fig4 #cb & ,fig4 #bi74 ,a syphon %ape ) a wat]-seal ( #c in*es is requir$1 & ! trap %\ld be self-cleans+1 t is1 :5ev] ! w4c4 is us$1 ! fces ought to be c>ri$ beyond ! int]cept+ trap into ! sew]4 ,o!r =ms ( int]cept+ trap 7 =m]ly us$1 "o ( ! wor/ ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,) su* a trap z ?is1 an accumulation ( fil? is inevitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,deep ,,dip/one ,,trap1 ,,) ,,accumulation ,,( ,,fil? ,,9 ,,x4 ,a--,dra9 ent]+ trap4 ,b--,dra9 leav+ trap4 ,c--,dip/one4 ,wat]-,closet & ,slop-,closet ,traps are ( ! syphon or anti-,d type4 ,! wat]-seal 9 ^! mu/ be at lea/ #c in*es deep1 & ! trap mu/ be v5tilat$ by an upright ext5sion ( ! soil-pipe1 o!rwise ! wat] 9 ! trap may be syphon$ out :5 ! w4c4 is us$4 ,helly]'s 8anti-,d0 trap is a lead syphon trap1 ! calibre ( :i* is dim9i%$ at its b5t portion1 :ile ! portion ( ! trap ne>e/ ! soil-pipe or dra9 is squ>e in/ead ( circul>4 ,! con/riction increases ! =ce ( ! flu% ( wat] & ?us cleanses ! :ole trap1 :ile ! squ>e %ape imp$es ! free fl[ ( wat]1 & ?us dim9i%es ! risk ( syphonage4 ,v>i\s =ms ( trap are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai to #cd4 ,! mo/ objectionable ( ^! is ! old-fa%ion$ ,d trap 7,fig4 #bb71 ! corn]s & angles ( :i* become f\l$1 & consequ5tly ! lead becomes corrod$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,bad ,,=m ,,( ,,trap3 ,,bell ,,trap4 ,,bad ,,=m ,,( ,,trap3 ,,antill ,,trap4 ,gully-traps are plac$ 9 ! y>d1 = ! dis*>ge ov] !m ( wa/e-pipes 7,fig4 #bj74 ,a complete disconnection f ! dra9s is ?us effect$4 ,=m]ly bell-traps 7 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! ,bell-trap n mu* wat] c get ?r\gh1 ! space ,a becomes block$ ) dirt1 ! cov] ,b is (t5 tak5 (f & lo/1 & !n ! dra9 is untrapp$2 & ev5 )\t ?is1 ! wat]-seal is v slight1 & ! wat] quickly evaporates4 ,traps "u s9ks1 etc41 h be5 already describ$ 7page #aff74 ,traps 7 =m]ly plac$ at ! upp] end ( ! wa/e-pipe ( ! s9ks :5 ?is 0 directly connect$ ) ! dra94 ,( ^! ! ,bell-trap & ,antill's trap 7 mo/ common4 ,! ,bell-trap has be5 describ$ above4 ,9 ! ,antill-trap ! trap is n removable1 & ! wat]-seal is deep] ?an ) a bell-trap4 ,?is trap is sometimes us$ in/ead ( a gully-trap1 b is n s good4 ,effici5cy ( ,traps4--,eassie has said 8hone/ly speak+1 traps are dang]\s articles to deal )2 !y %\ld be treat$ m]ely z auxili>ies to a good dra9age sy/em40 7#a7 ,! trap may h be5 imp]fectly laid to beg9 )4 7#b7 ,x may be empti$ by evaporation4 7#c7 ,unless ! precautions already m5tion$ 7pages #agb to #agc7 are adopt$1 ! flu%+ ( "o trap may empty ano!r4 7#d7 ,! wat] ( ! trap may become impregnat$ ) f\l gases1 & ^! !n escape on ! h\se-side ( ! trap4 ,:5 a sew] becomes sudd5ly *>g$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 z dur+ heavy ra91 sew]-gases may =ce _! way ?r\gh ! int]cept+ trap4 ,) a v5tilat$ dra9 & soil-pipe ^! dang]s are s small t !y may be ignor$4 ,unsyphon+ ( traps has be5 already m5tion$4 ,x occurs p>ticul>ly :5 !re are sev]al wat]-closets "o ov] ano!r1 connect$ ) ! same soil-pipe4 ,! me?od ( prev5t+ x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! ,exam9ation ( ,dra9s & ,sanit>y ,appliances4--,?is exam9ation w involve ! detection ( 7a7 any deviations f ! details ( con/ruction & v5tilation ( dra9 & soil-pipe1 =m ( w4c41 disconnection ( wa/e-pipes1 already insi/$ on2 & 7b7 any defect or leakage 9 any "p ( ^!4 #a4 ,te/+ ( ,wat]-closet4--,! int]ior ( ! bas9 or pan may be pa9t$ ) a mixture ( lamp-black1 size & wat]4 ,if ! usual flu% appli$ imm$iately aft]w>ds cle>s ?is (f1 ! =m ( pan & ! flu%+ p[] are satisfactory4 ,by remov+ ! wood-"w ar\nd ! w4c41 leakage or spill+s ( slop-wat] ar\nd ! w4c4 c be detect$4 #b4 ,te/+ ( ! soil-pipe may be effect$ by "o ( ! volatile te/s nam$ "u ! next head+4 ,to give ! te/ a fair trial1 ! upp] end ( ! v5tilat+ pipe %\ld be tempor>ily seal$ ov]4 #c4 ,te/+ ( ! dra9 _c be effici5tly c>ri$ out unless access c be obta9$ to ! dra9 ne> ! sew]4 ,9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ h\se-dra9 a man-hole is provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,two *ief me?ods ( te/+ dra9s & soil-pipes are 9 use1 by smoke or volatile ag5ts & by wat]4 ,! smoke-te/ consi/s 9 fill+ ! dra9s ) smoke1 ! assumption be+ t ?is w f9d its way ?r\gh any faulty jo9t or trap1 ?us indicat+ ! site ( ! defect4 ,v>i\s arrangem5ts are employ$ = pump+ ! smoke into ! dra9 f ! combu/ion *amb] ( a pump+ app>atus2 or smoke is produc$ by means ( specially prep>$ rockets4 ,all outlets or v5tilat+ pipes mu/ be c>efully /opp$ dur+ ! op]ation1 & ! place :]e ! smoke is smelt w !n indicate any leaky po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,%[+ ,,/opp] ,,= ,,wat]-,,te/+ ,,( ,,dra9s4 ,dra9 gr5ades are l>gely employ$ = ! volatile te/+ ( dra9s1 ! ess5tial con/itu5t be+ phosphide ( calcium4 ,! gr5ade1 :i* is atta*$ to a piece ( /r+1 is pass$ beyond ! trap ( ! w4c41 & z ! /r+ unw9ds ! gr5ade op5s & dis*>ges its cont5ts into ! soil-pipe4 ,or a tablespoonful ( /rong oil ( pepp]m9t1 mix$ ) hot wat]1 is p\r$ d[n ! highe/ wat]-closet 9 ! h\se4 ,if ?is is smelt by ano!r p]son 9 ! l[] closets1 x indicates defective traps or soil-pipe4 ,all volatile & smoke te/s h b a limit$ utility4 ,!y are useful 9 detect+ defective jo9ts 9 traps & 9 ! soil-pipe4 ,!y may detect defects 9 an und]gr\nd dra92 b if no smell or smoke is p]ceptible :5 a dra9 is te/$ by ?is means1 ! dra9 may /ill be s]i\sly defective4 ,! only absolutely tru/wor?y te/ = dra9s is ! hydraulic or wat] te/4 ,! l[] end ( ! dra9 is /opp$ up by a suitable wat]-tight /opp]4 ,!n ! dra9 is fill$ ) wat] by means ( a tap 9 ! y>d1 ! am\nt ( wat] us$ be+ approximately e/imat$ by ! rate ( fl[ f ?is tap4 ,! dra9 is fill$ up to ! level ( ! gully-traps 9 ! y>d4 ,if x rema9s at ?is level = half an h\r1 ! dra9 is s\nd4 ,m (t5 x leaks s rapidly t x w n fill1 or ! level ( ! wat] falls quickly aft] fill+1 & x is necess>y to /rip & repair1 or m g5]ally to relay ! dra9 s z to make x wat]-tight4 ,rats are an important indication ( defective dra9s4 ,! pres5ce ( rats 9 a h\se %\ld always lead to a ?or\gh inve/igation ( its dra9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,cesspools ,,& ,,ma9 ,,sew]s4 ,! t]ms ,sew] & ,dra9 are us$ some:at confus$ly4 ,! t]m dra9 %\ld be us$ to designate ! pipes br++ ! sewage f ! h\se into ! /reet-sew]1 or any pipes by :i* ! subsoil is dra9$2 ! t]m sew] be+ conf9$ to ! trunk canals into :i* ! h\se dra9s empty _! cont5ts4 ,:]e ! wat]-c>riage sy/em ( sew]age is adopt$1 involv+ ! use ( wat]-closets z describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! sewage may be c>ri$ f ! h\se ei!r into cesspools or into ! ma9 sew]4 ,cesspools are only p]missible 9 isolat$ c\ntry-h\ses suppli$ ) wat]-closets4 ,!y %\ld always be situat$ a consid]able di/ance f ! h\se1 & %\ld be empti$ at regul> int]vals1 ! sewage be+ plac$ 9 %all[ tr5*es on ! l&4 ,! con/ruction ( ! cesspool requires c>eful att5tion4 ,its walls %\ld be ( brickwork set 9 cem5t1 l9$ inside ) cem5t1 & surr\nd$ by clay puddle4 ,! bottom %\ld h a fall t[>ds "o side1 :]e a pump c be fix$1 to remove ! m liquid cont5ts4 ,! dep? ( ! cesspool %\ld nev] exce$ #g feet4 ,! dra9 empty+ into ! cesspool %\ld be trapp$ & v5tilat$1 ne> its junction ) ! cesspool2 & ! cesspool itself %\ld be v5tilat$4 ,9 connection ) _m old h\ses 9 t[ns1 cesspools /ill exi/1 sometimes "u ! basem5t or ne> ! h\se1 & s built z to all[ soakage 9 e direction4 ,! surr\nd+ soil becomes contam9at$ = a consid]able di/ance1 ! wat] 9 any neighb\r+ well is ta9t$1 or leaky wat]-pipes receive ! soakage4 ,! cleans+ ( cesspools is always a disgu/+ process1 & ev5 dang]\s to ! workm5 employ$4 ,!y incur ! risk ( suffocation1 & are v subject to oph?almia4 ,to avoid ^! dang]s a pump & hose connect$ ) a p>tially exhau/$ b>rel is employ$1 b ev5 ) ?is provision "s nuisance arises4 ,9 ! ,bexley c>t1 :i* is us$ = ?is purpose1 a hose is us$ to connect ! cesspool ) an air-tight cyl9d] 9 ! c>t1 into :i* ! cont5ts ( ! cesspool are pump$4 ,a modification ( ! cesspool sy/em1 call$ ! ,pneumatic ,sy/em has be5 propos$ by ,capta9 ,li]nur4 ,9 x ! cesspool is n plac$ "u ! h\se or ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se1 b "u ! /reet at ! angle ( junction ( sev]al /reets4 ,x is made ( ca/-iron & air-tight1 & is connect$ ) all ! h\ses ( sev]al /reets by iron pipes4 ,by means ( a p[]ful air-pump work$ by /eam1 ! cesspool is empti$ into b>rels 9 :i* x is s5t directly to f>ms2 & ! b>rels be+ plac$ on pl\ghs ( peculi> con/ruction1 ! manure is dis*>g$ f ! bung-hole ( ea* b>rel & cov]$ ov] ) e>? 9 ! progress ( ! pl\gh4 ,! pipes t5d 9 ?is & simil> sy/ems to get clogg$ ) fcal matt]1 & l>ge quantities ( wat] are requir$ to keep !m clean1 s t ! sy/em m]ges into t ( ! use ( wat]-closets1 b )\t ! ?or\ghness ( ! latt]4 ,cesspools h be5 almo/ improv$ out ( exi/5ce 9 "s cont95tal t[ns1 by ! introduction ( movable cesspools1--fosses mobiles1--to :i* w\ld correspond /rictly ! tubs & pails us$ 9 "s ( our l>ge t[ns4 ,su* movable receptacles h be5 /ill fur!r 8improv$0 by ! adoption ( sep>ators1 by :i* ! liquid p>ts are all[$ to escape into ! sew]1 :ile ! solid p>ts rema9 comp>atively in(f5sive4 ,b :5 ?is is done1 ! cesspool may be z well aboli%$1 z ! f\lness ( ! sewage is n greatly increas$ by all[+ solid z well z liquid excreta to ent] x4 ,sew]s are built ( glaz$ /onew>e or ( imp]vi\s brick laid on a b$ ( concrete to prev5t s9k+ ( any "p1 ! p>ts be+ mo/ solidly put toge!r ) cem5t4 ,iron & /eel pipes are also us$ especially :5 extra /r5g? is requir$1 z :5 !re is "s dang] ( ! pipes s9k+4 ,= mo/ small /reets circul> /onew>e sew]s suffice4 ,oval brick sew]s are m suitable = ma9 /reets 9 :i* ! am\nt ( fl[ v>ies greatly4 ,! cross-section ( ^! %\ld be an egg-%ap$ oval ) ! small end d[nw>ds1 z ?is ensures ! mo/ rapid curr5t4 ,sew]s %\ld be laid 9 z /raight a l9e z possible1 & ) a fall :i* w ensure a fl[ ( at lea/ #b feet p] second4 ,! foll[+ rule gives approximately ! fall requir$ = small] sew]s & dra9s3 ,a #d-;in* pipe requires a fall ( #a 9 #dj4 ,a #f-;in* pipe requires a fall ( #a 9 #fj4 ,a #i-;in* pipe requires a fall ( #a 9 #hj4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s z to ! velocity ( fl[ see page #ahg4 ,:]e a t[n is v flat1 & a prop] fall ( sew] impossible1 ,%one's ejectors are sometimes us$ to raise ! sewage4 ,! sew]s are laid 9 sections1 ea* section fall+ to a c]ta9 po9t1 f :i* ! sewage is rais$ by ! ejector to a high] level & s c>ri$ to ! next section ( sew]s4 ,ea* section has a sep>ate sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,! provision ( manholes = inspection ( an int]cept+ trap & ( v5tilation ( ! h\se dra9 ne> its junction ) ! sew] has already be5 consid]$ 7page #agi74 ,z sew]s h commonly to c>ry away ! ra9-wat] 9 addition to ! wa/e matt] f h\ses1 _! size mu/ be regulat$ accord+ly4 ,! ra9fall be+ v v>i\s1 ! sew]s may occasionally become ov]*>g$ & flood ! basem5ts ( h\ses4 ,dur+ heavy ra9fall l>ge quantities ( road grit are wa%$ into ! sew]s1 ! int]cept+ gully tanks at ! road sides be+ insuffici5t to prev5t ?is4 ,9 addition to ! above disadvantages associat$ ) dis*>g+ /orm wat] into sew]s1 ! sewage ow+ to its increas$ bulk is m difficult ( disposal1 :atev] me?od ( disposal be adopt$4 ,! size ( ! sew]s & ( /orm-outfalls into ! ne>e/ riv] or ! sea mu/ be regulat$ s t !y are equal to ^! sudd5 /ra9s on !m2 or ! ,sep>ate sy/em1 by :i* ! ra9 is c>ri$ 9 special conducts to ! ne>e/ riv]1 mu/1 9 ! alt]native be adopt$4 ,! objections to ?is plan are t x necessitates a d\ble sy/em ( sew]age1 & does n all[ ( ! useful sc\r+ effect ( ra9 on sew]s4 ,:]e x is feasible1 & p>ticul>ly 9 small c\ntry t[ns1 its adoption is advisable4 ,9 su* cases ! old brick dra9s are us$ = c>ry+ (f ra9-wat]1 :ile new pipe-sew]s are employ$ = c>ry+ ! sewage4 ,su* pipe sew]s are n liable to become f\l$1 & on acc\nt ( ! decreas$ dilution ( ! sewage c be made small] ?an brick-sew]s4 ,sew]s be+ clos$ conduits conta9+ sewage1 x is highly desirable t ! gases result+ f decomposition %\ld be freely dilut$4 ,su* gases 9 unv5tilat$ sew]s may f9d _! way ?r\gh int]cept+ traps into ! h\se dra94 ,! dang] f ?is s\rce has be5 consid]ably exagg]at$4 ,v5tilation ( ! sew] is1 h[ev]1 desirable4 ,?is has be5 commonly accompli%$ by grat+s op5+ at int]vals directly into ! middle ( /reets4 ,9 n>r[ /reets1 ! /5* f /reet-grids is occasionally a s\rce ( compla9t1 & may cause malaise & ill-heal?4 ,*>coal traps plac$ bel[ sew] grids to int]cept (f5sive gases h be5 f\nd to be ( little use4 ,! be/ plan is to d away entirely ) surface v5tilators1 & c>ry up iron %afts or brick %afts l9$ ) /onew>e pipes above ! level ( all neighb\r+ h\ses4 ,! only difficulty 9 adopt+ ?is plan is ! difficulty 9 secur+ premises to erect su* %afts up h\ses1 al?\gh no dang] atta*es to ! practice4 ,v5tilat+ %afts %\ld be erect$ at int]vals & p>ticul>ly at ! highe/ po9ts ( ! sewage sy/em ( a t[n1 ! upp] end ( ^! %afts be+ remote f ! w9d[s ( any dwell+-h\se4 ,:5 sew]s are laid ) too /eep a gradi5t1 !y act z *imneys1 ! gases m\nt+ to ! high] "p ( ! t[n1 & fru/rat+ attempts at v5tilation on l[] levels4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to v5tilate sew]s by artificial means1 z by ! aspirat+ effect ( /reet lamps1 etc41 b ^! ef=ts h n be5 successful1 z ! effect ( ! up-curr5t only influ5ces a %ort l5g? ( sew]4 ,! usual me?od ( comb9$ up-%afts & /reet grids answ]s fairly well1 b :5 any compla9t ( smell f /reet-grids occurs !y %\ld be replac$ by up-%afts4 ,9 ,bri/ol & a few o!r t[ns no provision is made = sew]-v5tilation1 & no ill effects h app>5tly result$4 ,!re c be no "q t ! importance ( sew]-v5tilation has be5 exagg]at$4 ,if ! sew] has a suffici5t gradi5t1 & is prop]ly laid1 & effici5tly flu%$1 s t no (f5sive deposits occur1 ! provision ( up-%afts at fav\rable po9ts is all t is necess>y4 ,sew] effluvia h be5 cr$it$ ) caus+ ent]ic fev]1 diph!ria1 & o!r diseases4 ,^! diseases r>ely if ev] owe _! orig9 to ?is cause4 ,! microbes discov]$ 9 sew]-air h always be5 ^? ( ! outside atmosph]e1 & n d]iv$ f ! sewage4 ,sew] effluvia might1 h[ev]1 pr$ispose to su* diseases1 if exposure to !m 7 frequ5t or protract$1 by l[]+ ! p[]s ( resi/ance ( ! con/itution4 ,flu%+ ( ,sew]s is requir$ at int]vals1 9 ord] to remove any deposits ( grit or o!r solid matt]4 ,flu%+ is effect$ by fill+ special flu%+ %afts plac$ at int]vals 9 ! sew]s ) clean wat] & !n sudd5ly releas+ ?is4 ,:5ev] !re is /agnation1 a f\l od\r is c]ta9 to be emitt$4 ,! c>d9al rule ) reg>d to sewage is to keep x 9 rapid onw>d motion1 until x has pass$ ! outlet ( ! sew]4 ,! introduction into a sew] ( hot wat] or wa/e /eam is an occasional cause ( nuisance4 ,! ,outfall ( a sew] requires to be l>ge & p]fectly free 9 ord] t ! progress ( ! sewage may n be imp$$4 ,:5 ! sewage is dis*>g$ into ! sea above ! l[ wat] level1 x becomes back$ up 9 ! ma9 sew]s :5 ! tide is high4 ,! same condition ( ?+s has occurr$ :5 ! outfall is into a riv] bel[ ! wat] l9e1 or into a tank out ( :i* ! sewage has to be pump$4 ,9 all ^! cases ! v5tilation ( ! sew]s requires to be p]fect1 & great precautions tak5 to prev5t ob/ruction ( ! outfl[4 ,9 l[-ly+ sew]s :]e ! outfall is imp$$1 me*anical aids are requir$ to prev5t block+ ( ! sew]s4 ,?is may be obta9$ by pump+ at ! outfall1 to enable sewage to escape at all conditions ( ! tide1 or to raise ! sewage on to l& = irrigation4 ,9 ! ,%one sy/em ! sewage is rais$ to ! requir$ height by means ( compress$ air4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! sewage is receiv$ into 8ejectors40 ,^! are cyl9drical res]voirs1 9 :i* is a float on a c\nt]pois$ lev]4 ,:5 a c]ta9 quantity ( sewage has ent]$1 a valve op5s admitt+ ! compress$ air1 :i* =cibly raises ! sewage into a high] l5g? ( sew] or to ! outfall4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,problems ,,z ,,to ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,sew]s4 ,9 ord] to prev5t deposit ( solid matt]1 sew]s %\ld be con/ruct$ ) a suffici5t gradi5t1 & ( a %ape :i* pres5ts ! lea/ surface = friction 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( liquid to be convey$4 ,all brick sew]s %\ld be egg-%ap$1 ) ! n>r[ end d[nw>ds4 ,! egg is =m$ by two circles t\*+ "o ano!r1 ! diamet] ( ! upp] circle be+ twice t ( ! l[]4 ,?is %ape possesses ! great advantage t :5 ! dep? ( ! /ream is dim9i%$ ! am\nt ( wett$ surface ( sew] 7wett$ p]imet]7 is dim9i%$ 9 equal proportion1 :]eas 9 e o!r =m ( sew] x is relatively increas$4 ,?us ! friction1 :i* dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! wett$ p]imet]1 is kept d[n to a m9imum4 ,:]e1 z 9 outfall sew]s1 ! volume ( sewage is l>ge1 & does n v>y greatly 9 am\nt1 ! circul> =m may be pref]able1 z x is *eap] & /rong] ?an ! egg-%ap$ sew]4 ,bel[ #ah in*es int]nal diamet]1 sew]s %\ld be circul> 9 section1 & made ( /onew>e1 n brick4 ,! velocity ( fl[ dep5ds ^u 7#a7 ! hydraulic mean dep? ( ! /ream1 & 7#b7 its incl9ation or fall4 ,! hydraulic mean dep? means ! dep? ( a rectangul> *annel ^: sectional area 7& !re=e ! volume ( ^: curr5t7 equals t ( ! curv$ sew] or pipe1 conc]n+ :i* ! calculation is made1 & ^: wid? equals ! entire wett$ p]imet] ( ! sew] or pipe4 ,x is ?us equal to sectional area_/wett$ p]imet]4 ,9 ! case ( circul> pipes1 if we take ! diamet] to be #a1 & assume ! pipe to be runn+ full1 ! sectional area r#b1 :]e #cadaf & r half diamet]4 ,! wett$ p]imet] #br1 t is1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle =m$ by ! pipe4 ,!re=e hydraulic mean dep? h r#bbr #ad ,simil>ly :5 ! pipe runs half full-- h 7r#bb7_/7br7 #ad ,! solution ( problems :]e a small] arc ( a circle is occupi$ by fluid requires trigonometrical me?ods1 & is n usually ne$$ 9 practice4 ,! quantity ( fluid dis*>g$ 9 a giv5 "t is repres5t$ by ! product ( ! sectional area ( ! /ream into its velocity4 ,! great] ! hydraulic mean dep? ! great] is ! velocity1 if ! incl9ation rema9s ! same4 ,! velocity ( fl[ is det]m9$ by ,eytelwe9's =mula1 :i* /ates t ! mean velocity p] second ( a /ream ( wat] simil> 9 =m to ^? n[ "u consid]ation is n9e-t5?s ( a mean proportional betwe5 ! hydraulic mean dep? & ! fall 9 two ,engli% miles1 if ! *annel 7 prolong$ s f>4 ,?us if f ! fall 79 feet7 9 two miles1 h hydraulic mean dep? 9 feet1 ,v mean velocity p] second1 ,!n ,v #i7;hf71 or if v velocity p] m9ute1 !n v #ee7;hf74 ,x is m conv5i5t to let f fall 9 "o mile4 ,!n ! =mula becomes v #ee7;h #b;f74 ,h[ mu* sewage w a circul> dra9 #c feet 9 diamet] runn+ half full convey1 ! fall be+ #a 9 #djj8 ,"h h 7r#bb7_/7br_/#b7 r_/#b #cd4 #a 9 #djj x 9 #e1bhj feet 7i4e4 a mile74 f #acb 9 a mile4 v #ee #dd #bdb feet p] m9ute4 #ee7;h #b;f74 ,s r#bb #cadaf #i_/7d #b7 #cecdc4 v ,s #bdb #cecdc #heeh cubic feet1 dis*>g$ p] m9ute4 ,9 :at way does ! size & %ape ( a sew] affect ! velocity ( ! sewage fl[+ ?r\gh x8 ,if a #ab-;in* pipe sew]1 laid at a gradi5t ( #a 9 #age1 gives a velocity ( #c feet p] second1 :at w\ld be ! velocity if ! sew] _h a gradi5t ( #a 9 #gjj 7! pipe runn+ half full 9 ea* case72 & w\ld ?is latt] velocity suffice to keep ! sew] cle> ( deposit8 ,an elliptical sew] gives great] velocity to fl[ ( small quantities ( sewage ?an a circul> "o because x exposes a small] surface = friction4 ,by =mula v #ee7;h #b;f74 h #ad h #ab4 f #a 9 #age #cj feet 9 "o mile4 v 7#eeb7fj #babhe ft4 p] m941 i4e4 slightly ov] #c ft4 p] sec4 ,9 ! second case f #a 9 #gjj #gef feet 9 "o mile4 v 7#eeb7aeab #ajfig feet p] m9ute4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ case !re is a velocity ( #cee feet p] second1 & 9 ! second case ( #agh feet p] second4 ,! latt] velocity is q insuffici5t to keep ! sew] free f deposit1 #c feet p] second be+ ! m9imum velocity requir$ = t purpose4 ,giv5 a sew] #c feet 9 diamet]1 ) a fall ( #a 9 #a1gfj1 :at w\ld be ! relative dis*>ge if ! fall 7 #a 9 #e1bhj8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 #a 9 #a1gfj #c 9 mile4 #a 9 #e1bhj #a 9 mile4 h r_/#b #cd4 v #ee7;h #b;f7 #ee7cd #f7 #afe_/ #aah4 ,9 second case v #ee7cd #b7 #ee7cb7 #fgi4 ,?us ! velocity ( ! two /reams w\ld be z #aah3 #fgi4 ,suppos+ a sew] to h a gradi5t ( #a 9 #cjj1 h[ mu* w\ld ! velocity & dis*>ge be increas$ by alt]+ ! gradi5t to #a 9 #ajj8 #a 9 #cjj #agf 9 mile4 #a 9 #ajj #ebh 9 mile4 ,z h is n giv51 we mu/ assume x #ad1 z x does 9 circul> sew]s runn+ full or half full4 v #ee 7h x #b;f7 #ee 7#cebd7 #afc feet p] m9ute4 v#a #ee 7#ajdd7 #bha ,! increase 9 dis*>ge may be simil>ly calculat$4 ,describe ! relation exi/+ 9 a sew] betwe5 gradi5t1 volume1 velocity1 & size4 ,by ! =mula v #ee 7h4f47 ,:]e v velocity 9 feet p] m9ute4 h hydraulic mean dep? 7area ( cross section ( /ream7 7wett$ p]imet]74 f fall 9 feet 9 two miles4 ,9 circul> sew]s h diamet]_/#d4 ,?us ! velocity v>ies z ! squ>e root ( h or f4 ,! volume dis*>g$ v>ies ) ! value ( ! factor v s :]e s sectional area ( /ream4 ,if h rema9s con/ant1 ) a v>y+ volume ( s1 !n ! volume dis*>g$ may rema9 con/ant4 ,?us h & v 9 a circul> sew] are ! same1 :e!r ! sew] runs full or half full4 ,9 a ,v-%ap$ *annel ! velocity rema9s ! same :atev] ! dep? ( ! /ream1 z its b$ & area pres]ve ! same proportions4 ,an egg-%ap$ sew] approximates ! ,v %ape 9 =m4 ,simil> volumes ( sewage h velocities :i* v>y n only ) ! am\nt ( fall1 b ! size ( ! sew]4 ,! friction1 z repres5t$ by ! wett$ p]imet]1 w\ld be mu* less ) sewage half fill+ a circul> sew]1 ?an ) ! same am\nt ( sewage =m+ a broad %all[ /ream on ! inv]t ( a l>ge sew]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,disposal ,,( ,,sewage4 ,! wat]-c>riage sy/em ( sewage is1 z ! late ,dr4 ,p>kes put x1 8! cleane/1 ! readie/1 ! quicke/1 & 9 _m cases ! mo/ inexp5sive me?od40 ,b :5 ! sewage is convey$ to ! outfall ( ! sew]1 its ultimate disposal is /ill "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( ! pres5t day4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 adopt$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! *ief3-- #a4 ,dis*>ge into runn+ wat]4 #b4 ,dis*>ge into ! sea4 #c4 ,sep>ation ( solid & liquid p>ts ,by settlem5t4 ,by precipitation4 #d4 ,filtration ?r\gh v>i\s artificial m$ia or ?r\gh l&4 #e4 ,irrigation4 #f4 ,bact]ial me?ods4 ,dis*>ge at once into runn+ wat] 0 =m]ly ! fav\rite plan1 z x 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! sewage 0 turn$ into ! ne>e/ wat]-c\rse1 reg>dless ( ! facts t ?is might h to supply ! dr9k+ wat] ( p at a l[] po9t1 t ! m\? ( ! riv] t5d$ to become ob/ruct$ by sewage mud1 t valuable /ocks ( fi% 7 de/roy$1 & t ! riv] :i* _h practically become a sew] 0 a s\rce ( annoyance & dang] to all on x or ne> x4 ,! en=cem5t ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,prev5tion ,act ( #ahgf has n be5 foll[$ by z great improvem5t z is desirable4 ,! sewage ent]+ riv]s und]goes consid]able purification by subsid5ce1 by oxidation1 by ! influ5ce ( wat] plants1 & /ill m by ! active "w ( microbes1 caus+ nitrification ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,! vitality ( ! typhoid bacillus & ( ! *ol]a vibrio :5 dis*>g$ by sewage into a l>ge riv] is probably n v protract$2 b wat] f su* a riv] w\ld =m a v dang]\s s\rce ( dome/ic supply4 ,dis*>ge into ! ,sea is resort$ to 9 seabo>d t[ns4 ,! outfall mu/ be c>ri$ well bel[ ! l[e/ l[-wat] m>k1 & to su* a po9t t ! incom+ tide or w9d w n br+ ! sewage back ^u ! %ore1 or on ! %ore ( neighb\r+ places4 ,dis*>ge into an ,e/u>y is only ju/ifiable :5 ! fl[ ( ! riv] is rapid1 :5 ! volume ( wat] pass+ out to sea is v greatly 9 excess ( ! volume ( sewage1 & :5 !re is no possibility ( contam9at+ oy/]-lay+s or b$s ( mussels or o!r molluscs4 ,objection has be5 tak5 to ! above me?od on ! gr\nd ( wa/e ( manure2 b mod]n sewage is s dilute t its pr(itable utilization on l& /ill rema9s a dream4 ,= a s+le h\se or small village1 ! sewage may be /or$ 9 a tank1 ) an ov]fl[-pipe1 out ( :i* ! liquid p>ts escape1 & are sy/ematically us$ to irrigate l&1 :ile ! solid p>ts are remov$ at int]vals4 ,a simil> subsid5ce sy/em has be5 employ$ on a l>g] scale1 ! liquid p>ts be+ irrigat$ ov] l&1 :ile ! solid p>ts are mix$ ) /reet sweep+s1 & sold z manure4 ,if ! liquid p>ts 9 any su* sy/em z ?is are turn$ into a /ream1 !y are z dang]\s z ! entire sewage1 & ! legal prohibition to dis*>g+ sewage into /reams applies equally to !m4 ,! precipitation ( ! solid p>ts ( ! sewage is r5d]$ mu* m p]fect by ! use ( *emical ag5ts1 & at ! same "t ! dissolv$ matt]s are to "s ext5t remov$4 ,milk ( lime has be5 employ$1 #f to #ab gra9s ( quicklime be+ us$ = ea* gallon ( sewage4 ,second>y decomposition is apt to occur 9 ! efflu5t1 caus+ an (f5sive smell4 ,salts ( alum9a1 iron salts1 & v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! h also be5 employ$1 b ) imp]fect results4 ,! ,london sewage = "s ye>s has be5 treat$ by add+ #be gra9s ( sulphate ( iron & #cg gra9s ( lime to e gallon ( sewage2 a r$uction ( #ae to #bj p] c5t4 9 ! am\nt ( dissolv$ organic matt] be+ secur$4 ,pol>ite or magnetic spongy c>bon is us$ z a filt] 9 c]ta9 places1 ! solid & "s ( ! dissolv$ sewage be+ fir/ precipitat$ by magnetic f]r\s c>bon 7f]rozone74 ,! ,am9es process consi/s 9 apply+ a mixture ( h]r+ br9e & lime to ! sewage4 ,! sewage is /at$ to be /]iliz$ by ?is means4 ,electrolysis has also be5 appli$ to ! purification ( sewage1 z 9 ! ,h]mite process4 ,9 ?is process sea-wat] is electrolys$1 oxyg5-yield+ comp\nds & *lor9e be+ produc$4 ,) reg>d to all ! *emical processes hi!rto introduc$1 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t appe>s to hold good3 !y are exp5sive & n ?or\ghly effici5t4 ,sewage sludge is deposit$ 9 ! tanks 9 *emical processes & ne$s sep>ate disposal4 ,at ,birm+ham ! am\nt ( sludge produc$ daily f ! sewage ( a ?\s& p]sons is ne>ly a ton4 ,?is sludge has be5 run into r\gh filt] b$s & left to dry or c>t$ away = manure1 b 9 its crude /ate its manurial value is v slight4 ,at ,eal+ x is mix$ ) h\se-refuse & burnt 9 a de/ructor4 ,! m mod]n me?od is to pass x ?r\gh a filt]-press1 ?us compress+ x into solid cakes :i* c be sold = manure4 ,filtration ( ! sewage matt] has be5 accompli%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration ?r\gh a consid]able dep? ( soil 0 /at$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission to be att5d$ ) good results4 ,a por\s soil is *os51 & ! purifi$ wat] is receiv$ 9 dra9s "u x4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! organic matt] is remov$ by bact]ial ag5cy4 ,frankl&'s exp]im5ts %ew$ t upw>d filtration ?r\gh ! same m$ia did n purify4 ,filtration ?r\gh artificial m$ia has n be5 successful ) crude sewage4 ,precipitation by f]rozone foll[$ by filtration ?r\gh pol>ite is said to be satisfactory4 ,broad ,irrigation purifies ! sewage effici5tly "u fav\rable conditions1 ! possible exceptions be+ dur+ ra9/orms & dur+ fro/y wea!r4 ,! efflu5t into ! riv] _c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z c]ta9ly innocu\s1 ?\gh x is bett] ?an ! efflu5t f mo/ o!r processes4 ,sewage f>ms are n a comm]cial success4 ,9 su* a f>m liquid sewage is all[$ to fl[ at int]vals ov] ! l&1 diff]5t fields be+ irrigat$ 9 rotation4 ,imm5se crops ( grass are obta9$1 b ! grass is co>se & rank4 ,! soil to be irrigat$ %\ld h a g5tle slope1 & ! efflu5t be convey$ by subsoil dra9s ab\t #e or #f feet deep into ! ne>e/ wat]-c\rse4 ,! sewage %\ld be deliv]$ 9 z fre% condition z possible1 & %\ld be fre$ f its co>s] portions by settlem5t or precipitation4 ,! am\nt ( l& requir$ is ab\t #a acre = ! sewage ( #ajj p]sons4 ,! irrigation mu/ be on ! int]mitt5t plan1 9 ord] t ! soil may und]go a]ation2 z x is only 9 ?is way t ! be/ purify+ results c be obta9$4 ,! sewage f>m %\ld be well dra9$ by deep-laid agricultural dra9s4 ,! *ief purification ( ! sewage occurs 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! soil4 ,nitrification ceases at a dep? ( ab\t #ah in*es4 ,! great po9t1 !re=e1 is to keep ! sup]ficial soil 9 good condition4 ,a simil> nitrification occurs 9 e>?-closets 7page #aie74 ,no nuisance ne$ arise 9 connection ) a sewage-f>m1 & ! supposition t milk & o!r products f su* a f>m are less :olesome ?an ! same products f o!r f>ms has prov$ to be unbas$4 ,bact]ial ,me?ods ( ,treat+ ,sewage4--,*emical precipitation ( sewage is likely to be completely sup]s$$ by biological or bact]ial me?ods ( sewage disposal4 ,:5 sewage is treat$ by filt]+ ?r\gh l& or by broad irrigation ! process is bact]ial1 bact]ia or microbes 9 ! soil conv]t+ injuri\s organic matt] into innocu\s m9]al products4 ,! typical process is "o ( nitrification4 ,! novelty ( rec5t me?ods is 9 utilis+ bact]ia = ! :ole process ( purification1 & n only = its f9al /ages4 ,! object is1 9 fact1 n z 9 *emical processes to arre/1 b by conf9+ ! sewage 9 tanks to aid & ha/5 decomposition or putrefaction4 ,two k9ds ( microbes s]ve 9 ?is process2 ^? liv+ 9 air1 kn[n z a]obic1 & ^? liv+ 9 o!r gases ?an air1 call$ ana]obic4 ,?ree biological me?ods ( prelim9>y treatm5t ( sewage are employ$4 7#a7 ,mr4 ,scott ,moncrieff passes ! sewage sl[ly upw>ds ?r\gh a filt] #ad in*es ?ick1 consi/+ ( successive lay]s ( fl9t1 coke1 & gravel4 ,?is is call$ a 8cultivation tank40 ,! solid sewage becomes liquefi$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 ! microbes 9 ! filt] dissolv+ ! sewage4 7#b7 ,9 ! 8septic tank me?od10 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,cam]on at ,exet]1 a tank is employ$ :i* is cov]$ 9 to exclude light1 & to a l>ge ext5t air4 ,! tank is l>ge en\gh to hold #bd h\rs' fl[ ( sewage4 ,! microbes 9 ! sewage "u ^! conditions multiply rapidly1 attack1 & liquefy ! sewage4 ,z 9 ! fir/ process little or no sludge is left4 ,! ultimate products ( ! decomposition are wat]1 ammonia1 & c>bonic acid1 & o!r gases4 ,! efflu5t f ! tank is comp>atively cle> & in(f5sive4 7#c7 ,a]obic biological filt]s are employ$1 z 9 ,mr4 ,dibd9's in/allation at ,sutton1 :]e ! filt]+ mat]ial is coke4 ,! sewage sl[ly pass+ ?r\gh ! filt]+ m$ium becomes liquefi$1 ! solid matt] be+ peptonis$4 ,?is action is 9 "p at lea/ due to ana]obic microbes4 ,! filt]+ b$s are us$ int]mitt5tly to all[ ( a]ation1 & ! liquefaction ( solid organic p>ticles entangl$ 9 ! filt] probably *iefly occurs at ?is /age4 ,x is desirable to h small subsid5ce tanks1 = ! removal ( l>ge susp5d$ matt]s & ( road debris1 etc41 be=e ! sewage is spread ov] ! filt]+ b$s4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! filt] v>ies4 ,mo/ commonly coke-breeze has be5 employ$1 b coal slack & o!r mat]ial h also be5 utilis$4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y treatm5t above describ$1 ! sewage requires to be pass$ ov] f9] filt]+ b$s1 9 :i* a]obic microbes complete ! purification by *ang+ ! dissolv$ organic matt] into in]t inorganic comp\nds1 by ! process kn[n z nitrification4 ,! two processes run into "o ano!r1 to "s ext5t go+ on toge!r4 ,hi!rto ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d h requir$ filtration ( sewage ?r\gh l& be=e any sewage efflu5t is all[$ to pass into a /ream4 ,9 view ( ! successful results n[ obta9able by bact]ial processes ?is requirem5t w be occasionally waiv$4 ,x is unsafe to assume1 h[ev]1 t ! cle> efflu5t obta9$ is free f all disease-produc+ microbes2 & dr9k+ wat] %\ld n be obta9$ f ev5 a v l>ge riv] bel[ ! po9t ( dis*>ge ( su* an efflu5t1 )\t ! mo/ effici5t s& filtration4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,cons]vancy ,,me?ods4 ,! refuse to be remov$ f a h\se consi/s ( f\l$ wat]1 :i* is at lea/ equal 9 quantity to ! wat]-supply ( ! h\se2 ! excreta ( ! inhabitants2 & 8du/10 :i* conta9s1 besides a%es1 consid]able kit*5 refuse2 consi/+ ( bo? vegetable & animal matt]s4 ,9 dry me?ods ( remov+ refuse1 ! 8du/0 is (t5 add$ to ! excreta1 & ! two remov$ toge!r2 or ! 8du/0 may be sep>ately remov$4 ,9 ei!r case ! f\l wat]1 & to a l>ge ext5t ! ur9e1 rema9 to be dealt )1 & require special dra9s = _! removal4 ,?us 9 l>ge t[ns1 :e!r dry or wet me?ods ( remov+ sewage are adopt$1 dra9s = ! removal ( f\l-wat] & ra9-wat] w be requir$1 & x is f\nd t !y are practically z f\l z if !y conta9$ ! solid excreta4 ,! dry me?ods ( remov+ sewage involve a c]ta9 am\nt ( ret5tion ab\t ! h\se2 h5ce ! g5]al "n ( cons]vancy me?ods4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are-- #a4 ,! pail sy/em4 #b4 ,! dry-e>? sy/em4 #c4 ,! midd5 or privy sy/em4 ,! ,pail ,sy/em implies 9 reality ! use ( a movable cesspool4 ,! pail may be us$ alone1 or may conta9 a%es & h\se refuse1 or "s deodorant4 ,:]e ! pail is us$ )\t any admixture ( =eign matt]1 x %\ld be empti$ daily1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pails = diff]5t h\ses are n ex*ang$4 ,9 ! ,g\x ,sy/em ! tubs are l9$ ) a composition conta9+ clay & furni%$ at ! l[e/ "p ) "s absorb5t mat]ial su* z *aff1 /raw1 or hay1 :i* s]ves to absorb ! ur9e & ret>d putrefaction4 ,?is is1 :5 well manag$1 some:at less (f5sive ?an ! ord9>y pail sy/em4 ,! pails may be suppli$ ) a deodorant1 su* z sulphate ( iron1 z at ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1 etc42 !y may be pack$ ) absorb5t mat]ial1 z 9 ! ,g\x sy/em 7,halifax72 ! a%es & h\se-refuse may be deposit$ 9 ! same pail 7,ed9burgh1 ,nott+ham72 or coal a%es may be scatt]$ ov] ! excreta 7,man*e/]1 ,sal=d72 b all ^! sy/ems are rapidly be+ sup]s$$4 ,al?\gh ! pail or tub sy/em is an improvem5t on ! midd5 sy/em1 x is necess>ily a cause ( consid]able nuisance1 & its replacem5t by wat]-closets %\ld be recomm5d$ 9 t[ns4 ,9 deta*$ c\ntry h\ses x may be reta9$ )\t nuisance1 if ! pail or tub is empti$ daily1 & its cont5ts at once plac$ 9 ! g>d5 b5ea? a %all[ lay] ( e>?4 ,! pails 9 l>ge t[ns are usually collect$ 9 specially-con/ruct$ clos$ wagons4 ,9 "s t[ns ! pail cont5ts h be5 burnt 9 a 8,de/ructor0 7page #bjj7 aft] hav+ be5 mix$ ) a%es4 ,9 o!r t[ns attempts h be5 made to utilise ! excreta1 ei!r by sell+ 9 _! crude condition or aft] dry+ & deodoris+ !m by heat4 ,none ( ^! me?ods repays ! co/ ( collection4 ,mix+ a%es ) ! excreta dim9i%es any possible value !y may possess z a manure4 ,! ,dry-e>? ,sy/em is an important modification ( ! pail sy/em4 ,9 x dry e>? or "s o!r mat]ial is add$ to ! excreta1 ?us conv]t+ !m imm$iately into an inodor\s mass4 ,probably ! be/ contrivances = ?us deodoris+ ! excreta1 z soon z !y fall into ! receptacle1 are ,m\le's or ,mos]'s ,e>?-,closets4 ,x is f\nd t #a lbs4 ( dry e>? completely deodorise ! closet ea* "t x is us$4 ,loamy e>? is ! mo/ valuable mat]ial2 a mixture ( peat & e>? or a%es is v good2 s&1 gravel1 & *alk are practically useless4 ,x is necess>y t ! e>? %\ld be v dry1 & t x %\ld be f9ely sift$4 ,if ! e>? is damp1 decomposition ( ! excreta spe$ily occurs4 ,! act ( sitt+ & ris+ works a hopp] :i* scatt]s a supply ( e>?4 ,*>coal & sawdu/ h also be5 us$ 9 connection ) ,m\le's or ,mos]'s closet1 & ) good results4 ,*>coal has be5 obta9$ *eaply = ! purpose f /reet sweep+s1 & f seawe$1 z 9 ,/an=d's closet1 9 :i* #ab lb4 ( *>coal f seawe$ is us$ ea* "t4 ,mr4 ,/an=d f\nd t :ile dry clay absorbs only #d to #e p] c5t4 ( wat]1 dry *>coal prep>$ f seawe$ absorbs #adg p] c5t4 ,! be/ mat]ial1 h[ev]1 is dry e>?1 b x mu/ be ?or\ghly dry4 ,! microbes 9 ! e>? dis9tegrate ! excreta1 conv]t+ !m into m9]al comp\nds1 su* z nitrates4 ,ev5 ! pap] us$ disappe>s4 ,h5ce ! same e>? may be us$ ov] aga9 aft] be+ /or$ dry = six weeks4 ,:e!r ! excreta ( an infecti\s pati5t are fre$ f infection by ?is process is d\btful2 if n1 ! infection might be scatt]$ by means ( du/4 ,! dry e>? sy/em is m exp5sive 9 use ?an ! pail sy/em1 & al?\gh applicable to villages & isolat$ h\ses1 is q unsuit$ to l>ge t[ns1 ow+ to ! practical difficulties connect$ ) ! procur+ & /or+ ( dry e>?4 ,! dry e>? closet requires frequ5t att5tion1 9 addition to n be+ s conv5i5t z ! pail closet2 & !re is mu* less manurial value 9 ! cont5ts ( e>? closets ?an 9 ^? ( pail closets4 ,! advantages ( ! e>?-closet z comp>$ ) ! wat]-closet h be5 ?us summ>is$ by ! late ,sir ,geo4 ,bu*anan4 8,x is *eap] 9 ! orig9al co/1 x is n injur$ by fro/1 x is n damag$ by improp] sub/ances driv5 d[n x1 & x v greatly dim9i%es ! quantity ( wat] requir$ by ea* h\sehold40 ,^! advantages only accrue :5 ! sy/em is p]fectly work$1 & d n c\nt]balance ! imm5se advantage & great] safety ( ! wat]-c>riage sy/em 9 t[ns4 ,! ,privy or ,midd5 ,sy/em1 involv+ ! use ( a fix$ receptacle1 is /ill preval5t 9 _m t[ns z well z 9 innum]able villages4 ,9 its wor/ =m1 ! receptacle consi/s ( a pit ) sides ( por\s mat]ials1 all[+ p]colation ( fil? 9 e direction2 & 9 ?is pit ! excreta ( :ole h\seholds are all[$ to collect = mon?s4 ,x has be5 improv$ by provid+ a cov] to keep out ! ra91 & ?us ret>d decomposition2 /ill m by provid+ a dra9 = ! excess ( liquid2 & by mak+ ! sides & bottom ( ! pit imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,! addition ( dry a%es to ! excreta t5ds /ill fur!r to prev5t any smell2 & ! greate/ improvem5t ( all consi/s 9 rais+ ! receptacle above ! gr\nd level1 & provid+ = easy clean+ f ! back4 ,! rais+ ( ! receptacle involves a dim9ution 9 its size1 & s prev5ts ! ret5tion ( putrefy+ matt]s ne> a h\se = a long "t4 ,! model ,bye-laws ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d recomm5d a capacity = ! privy n exce$+ #h cubic-feet1 ! provision ( means = ! frequ5t application ( a%es1 du/1 or dry refuse2 !y =bid any connection betwe5 ! privy & ! dra92 insi/ on its be+ at lea/ #f feet f a dwell+-h\se 7too l[ a limit72 & require a flagg$ or asphalt$ floor at lea/ #c in*es above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,! ,nott+ham tub-closet =ms a l9k betwe5 ! pail & midd5 sy/em4 ,x is really a small movable midd5/ead1 us$ = receiv+ excreta1 vegetables & a%es4 ,ev5 :5 c>efully sup]vis$1 midd5s are almo/ c]ta9 to be productive ( evil4 ,!y possess two great disadvantages z comp>$ ) pails or dry closets4 7#a7 ,! "t betwe5 collections ( excreta by ! scav5g]s is mu* long]2 & 7#b7 ! receptacle = ! refuse is "p ( ! /ructure ( ! build+1 & _c easily be r5ew$ :5 x has become saturat$ ) excreta4 ,! use ( pails or dry-e>? closets is a great improvem5t on ! old midd5s1 b ev5 ^! comp>e v unfav\rably ) wat]-closets 9 two respects4 7#a7 ,! excreta require to be reta9$ ab\t ! h\se = a long] or %ort] p]iod1 :]eas ) an effici5t wat]-c>riage sy/em1 !y are at once project$ into ! sew]4 7#b7 ,9 remov+ ! excreta1 ! weight ( ! receptacle has to be add$ to t ( ! excreta1 :ile 9 ! wat]-c>riage sy/em1 ! wat] s]ves z ! means ( transport4 ,9 villages & isolat$ h\ses1 :]e no dra9s are provid$ = wa/e wat]1 & ! dry sy/em ( closets is adopt$1 ! disposal ( wa/e wat] requires special provision4 ,v commonly ! slops are ?r[n out ( ! door1 & soak into ! gr\nd ab\t ! h\se4 ,!y %\ld be c>ri$ by means ( a wa/e-pipe into a wat]-tight cesspool1 remote f ! h\se1 :5ce !y c be pump$ into a field1 or c>ri$ away by special conduits4 ,relative ,m]its ( ,dry & ,wet ,me?ods4 ,no absolute answ] c be giv5 9 exclusive fav\r ( ei!r plan4 ,ea* is ! be/ "u diff]5t circum/ances2 ! dry me?od be+ *iefly suitable = small villages1 & = tempor>y collections ( p1 z 9 camps2 & ! wet me?od = t[ns4 ,! "q ( value ( manure does n ent] into ! problem1 z x seldom repays = c>riage4 ,! objections to ! wat]-c>riage sy/em are really due to its n be+ c>ri$ out 9 an effici5t mann]4 ,:5 sew]s are prop]ly laid2 :5 !y1 z well z h\se-dra9s1 are freely v5tilat$2 :5 h\se-dra9s are effici5tly trapp$ & v5tilat$ ne> _! junction ) ! sew]2 :5 ! dra9s are effici5tly flu%$1 & ! outfl[ f ! sew] is unimp$$1 ! objections disappe>4 ,^! objections are t--7#a7 ! sew]s1 z und]gr\nd *annels1 transf] effluvia & ! g]ms ( disease f "o place to ano!r2 7#b7 pipes become disjo9t$ ow+ to be+ badly laid1 & ! gr\nd is contam9at$2 7#c7 ! wat] supply is 9 dang] ( receiv+ impurities f ! sew]s4 ,^! objections d n hold good 9 practice4 ,! contam9ation ( wat]-ma9s or ( wells f sew]s implies gross c>elessness 9 ! me?od ( lay+ ( sew]s or pipes4 ,! only objections :i* are ( any =ce1 are 7#d7 t wat]-closets require a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 & ! sewage obta9$ is greatly dilut$1 & consequ5tly dim9i%$ 9 value2 :ile 7#e7 ! disposal ( su* an am\nt ( wat]1 9 ! case ( a l>ge inl& t[n1 is a problem ( ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,mod]n eng9e]+ ent]prise by br++ wat] f a great] di/ance1 & by aid+ ! dis*>ge ( sewage :5 necess>y by pump+1 has ov]come ^! difficulties4 ,!re are _m objections to ! dry me?ods ( remov+ excreta4 7#a7 ,:atev] dry me?od be adopt$1 ! excreta are reta9$ = "s "t 9 or ab\t ! h\se1 in/ead ( be+ imm$iately remov$4 7#b7 ,al?\gh ! initial outlay 9 closets & sew]s is less ?an ) ! wat]-c>riage sy/em1 !re is ! con/antly recurr+ exp5se ( remov+ ! excreta1 z well z ( cleans+ ! pails1 etc4 7#c7 ,9 ! dry-e>? closets1 ! provision ( dry e>? or o!r mat]ial involves "s exp5se4 7#d7 ,:atev] dry me?od be adopt$1 sew]s are always requir$ to c>ry (f ! f\l wat]1 z well z liquid trade products1 & a c]ta9 proportion at lea/ ( ! ur9e4 ,x is impossible to supply suffici5t dry e>? to absorb all ! ur9e & slops ( ! population4 ,?us1 z ! ,indian ,army ,sanit>y ,commission said1 speak+ ( b>racks1 8to h two sy/ems ( cleans+ /ations--a f\l-wat] sy/em1 & a dry-e>? sy/em--w\ld simply be pay+ d\ble :]e "o paym5t w\ld answ]2 or1 if all ! excreta1 solid & liquid1 are to be c>ri$ away1 ?is mu/ be done at a co/ t5 times great] ?an t :i* w\ld be necess>y1 if all ! excreta 7 remov$ by dra9s40 ,) "s ( ! dry me?ods1 z :]e midd5s or cesspits are dra9$ into ! sew]s1 ! sew]-wat] is m (f5sive ?an 9 t[ns suppli$ ) wat]-closets4 ,:5 a midd5 or cesspool is dra9$1 ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation1 :i* di/+ui%es ! dry sy/em f ! wet1 is practically ab&on$2 & n only s1 b ! solid matt]s /ill rema9 to be dispos$ (1 by a t$i\s process4 7#e7 ,! dry sy/ems1 involv+ ! ret5tion ( excreta ab\t ! h\se1 poison ! atmosph]e4 ,9 all t[ns :]e ! refuse matt]s are n remov$ imm$iately1 !re is a high mortality1 especially among *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! introduction ( ! wat]-c>riage sy/em into l>ge t[ns1 ) ! abolition ( midd5-heaps & cesspools1 has be5 foll[$ 9 ne>ly e case by a dim9ution 9 ! dea?-rate1 & especially a consid]able dim9ution 9 t f su* diseases z ent]ic fev]4 ,x has fur!rmore increas$ ! com=t ( life1 & remov$ ^? s]i\s nuisances :i* are inevitably associat$ ) privies & pail closets1 & to a less ext5t1 :5 c>e is n ex]cis$1 ) e>? closets4 ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,9 an ord9>y h\sehold ! disposal ( a%es f fires1 ( brok5 pots & cans1 ( wa/e-pap]1 & ( vegetable & animal debris =m a s]i\s difficulty4 ,! difficulty is "o t c be m9imis$ by ! c>eful h\sekeep]4 ,old newspap]s1 etc41 may be sold1 ?\gh _! value is v small2 o!r wa/e-pap] %\ld be burnt4 ,all vegetable & animal debris %\ld be burnt4 ,?is may be effect$ )\t nuisance if coal-fires are 9 use1 by plac+ potato-peel+s1 cabbage leaves & simil> sub/ances "u ! fire until ?or\ghly dri$1 & !n burn+ !m4 ,! c>eful h\sewife w n wa/e bones1 b utilise !m = s\p4 ,aft] be+ boil$ !y are mu* less liable to putrefy 9 ! du/-b92 b %\ld ev5 n[ be burnt 9 ! fire4 ,if ?is plan be pursu$1 ! cont5ts ( ! du/-b9 w be simply a%es1 brok5 pots & cans1 & a few c9d]s--"h aga9 a sift] is desirable--& no nuisance c arise4 ,x is only organic refuse t smells4 ,if only gas or p>aff9 /oves are 9 use1 z dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 any possible nuisance 9 connection ) ! du/-b9 is m9imis$ by all[+ all refuse to dry be=e x is plac$ 9 ! du/-b91 or by wrapp+ all putrefiable sub/ance inside sev]al lay]s ( newspap]4 ,9 empty+ ! du/-b9 or a% pit1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! bottom is ?or\ghly scrap$ out4 ,x is well to keep "s quicklime 7?or\ghly dry7 = spr9kl+ on ! bottom & sides ( ! receptacle ea* "t aft] x is empti$4 ,?is greatly helps 9 keep+ x dry & dim9i%+ nuisance dur+ summ]4 ,9 _m h\seholds a sep>ate receptacle is kept = :at is kn[n z 8hog-wa%10 conta9+ wa/e-food1 (t5 9 a f\l & putrefy+ condition4 ,9 well-ord]$ h\seholds1 except 9 hotels & simil> e/abli%m5ts1 !re is no necessity = a 8hog-wa%0 tub1 & its pres5ce argues wa/efulness & c>elessness4 ,food :i* _c be eat5 because x has 8gone bad0 %\ld be burnt4 ,two =ms ( receptacle are us$ = h\se-refuse1 an a%-pit or a du/-b94 ,an a%-pit is a fix$ receptacle = ! reception ( h\se-refuse4 ,9 _m t[ns ! same receptacle is us$ = excreta4 ,!n we h a privy or privy midd51 accord+ to size 7see page #aif74 ,a%-pits = h\sehold refuse alone %\ld be small1 s z n to hold m ?an a week's refuse4 ,no "p %\ld be bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,! floor & walls %\ld be l9$ ) imp]vi\s smoo? cem5t1 & ! a%-pit %\ld h a h+$ cov] to keep out ra91 & a door on "o side to facilitate empty+4 ,! a%-pit %\ld be at lea/ six feet di/ant f any wall ( ! h\se4 ,ev5 ! be/ con/ruct$ a%-pit is z mu* worse ?an a du/-b91 z a privy is worse ?an a pail closet4 ,a fix$ is always less easily cleans$ ?an a movable receptacle4 ,a du/-b9 is usually made ( galvaniz$ iron ) a tight-fitt+ lid4 ,?is receptacle c be kept clean1 & c be c>ri$ )\t any transf]5ce to ano!r tub direct to ! c>t4 ,! removal ( h\se refuse con/itutes an important "p ( municipal "w4 ,9 mo/ t[ns x is c>ri$ out weekly1 sometimes less frequ5tly1 :ile 9 "s t[ns removal twice or ?ree times a week is secur$4 ,a daily removal is c>ri$ out 9 a few t[ns1 & ?is is by f> ! be/ plan1 z decomposition & ! dang]s associat$ ) x h !n no *ance ( becom+ s]i\s4 ,! h\se refuse %\ld always be convey$ ?r\gh ! /reets 9 cov]$ c>ts4 ,! disposal ( h\se refuse con/itutes a problem ( increas+ difficulty4 ,un=tunately 9 ! suburbs ( _m t[ns x is deposit$ on l[-ly+ l& 9 disus$ qu>ries & brickfields4 ,:5 l& has be5 ?us levell$1 x (t5 next appe>s z 8an eligible build+ site40 ,a v common practice has be5 to excavate gravel & s& ^u ! site ( propos$ dwell+s1 & all[ ! excavation to be fill$ ) du/-b9 refuse4 ,be=e build+ on su* a soil x is necess>y to excavate d[n to ! virg9 e>?1 & to r5d] x imp]vi\s by a lay] ( cem5t concrete4 ,a second me?od is to sift & sort ! refuse1 sep>at+ by means ( sieves ! f9] a% & du/ f ! co>s] p>ts4 ,?is is usually c>ri$ out 9 a l>ge du/-y>d adjo9+ a riv] or railway-sid+4 ,! 8breeze10 consi/+ ( c9d]s & coals1 along ) ! f9e a%1 are sold to brickmak]s2 ! 8h>d core10 consi/+ ( cl9k]s1 brok5 crock]y1 etc41 is us$ = road mak+2 & ! 8s(t core10 consi/+ ( animal & vegetable refuse1 to :i* is (t5 add$ /able manure1 is sold = manure4 ,iron1 t91 pap]1 rags1 bottles1 & corks are sep>ately collect$ & sold4 ,?is disgu/+ process1 (t5 c>ri$ on by wom51 is n[ gradually be+ disus$4 ,a ?ird me?od is to cremate ! h\se refuse4 ,?is has be5 done to a l>ge ext5t by burn+ ! h\se refuse = mak+ bricks 7page #abd74 ,?is me?od ( sl[ & imp]fect combu/ion necess>ily involves a nuisance4 ,a m elaborate means ( secur+ ! same end is by ! mod]n ,de/ructor1 :i* has be5 gradually br\ght t[>ds p]fection4 ,a de/ructor is a l>ge furnace1 9 :i*1 aft] ! fire has be5 fir/ lit1 ! combu/ible matt] 9 ! h\se refuse suffices to keep x alight4 ,v>i\s me*anical devices are 9 use = empty+ ! trucks ( h\se refuse on to ! fires )\t h&l+ x1 = cle>+ out ( ! fire ! inorganic refuse1 & = ensur+ suffici5cy ( draught4 ,! am\nt ( draught has 9 ! old] de/ructors be5 dep5d5t ^u ! height ( ! *imney4 ,9 "s m rec5t de/ructors ! same end has be5 m effici5tly secur$ by inject+ a /eam bla/ into ! furnaces4 ,a temp]ature ( ab\t #b1jjj ,f4 is rea*$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! de/ructor1 ! rapid draught ensur+ enorm\s heat4 ,9 view ( ! possibility ( a portion ( ! smoke n be+ completely burnt1 a second 8fume cremator0 is (t5 provid$1 ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion 9 ! furnace are pass$4 ,! fuel 9 ! 8fume cremator0 is coke4 ,besides incomplete combu/ion ( combu/ible mat]ial1 :i* is r>e :5 ! fume cremator is provid$1 ! escape ( f9e du/ up ! *imney requires to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,?is is p>tially prev5t$ by l$ges ne> ! bottom ( ! *imney4 ,9 a de/ructor ! h\se refuse is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-?ird ( its orig9al bulk1 ! residue be+ innocu\s cl9k]1 metallic refuse1 & du/4 ,?is mat]ial c be utilis$ = mak+ roads1 & 9 ! manufacture ( mort>4 ,! wa/e heat ( ! de/ructor has be5 p>tially utilis$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,?is me?od ( disposal ( h\se refuse is usually ! be/ available = l>ge t[ns1 & (f]s ! additional advantage t no nuisance is caus$ by ! deposit ( (f5sive mat]ial 9 neighb\r+ di/ricts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,h\se4 ,"l ,bacon said3 ,he :o builds a fair h\se ^u an ill seat committe? himself to prison40 ,! fir/ consid]ations1 !re=e1 9 *oos+ a h\se are ^? ( aspect1 surr\nd+ objects1 & soil4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations1 t ( aspect1 ,?omas ,full]'s qua9t rem>ks give ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,he says3 8,light 7,god's elde/ daught]7 is a pr9cipal beauty 9 a build+2 yet x %9es n alike f all p>ts ( heav54 ,an ea/ w9d[ welcomes ! beams ( ! sun be=e !y are ( /r5g? to d any h>m1 & is (f5sive to none b a slugg>d4 ,a s\? w9d[ 9 summ] is a *imney ) a fire 9 x1 & ne$s ! scre5 ( a curta94 ,9 a we/ w9d[ 9 summ] t[>ds night ! sun gr[s l[ & ev5 famili>1 ) m light ?an delight4 ,a nor? w9d[ is be/ = butt]ies & cell>s1 :]e ! be] w n be s\r f ! sun %9+ on x40 ,a workroom or /udy requir+ /eady light1 %\ld po9t nor? or "s po9t betwe5 nor?-ea/ & nor?-we/4 ,a breakfa/ room %\ld face nor?-ea/ to s\?2 :ile "o aspect ( a draw+-room %\ld be s\?-ea/ to nor?-ea/4 ,/ore-rooms1 dairies1 l>d]s1 %\ld h a nor!rly aspect4 ,x is pref]able1 z a rule1 = ! h\se n to face 9 ! direction ( ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 b diagonally to ^!4 ,surr\nd+ ,objects ( an objectionable "*1 z factories1 noisy or (f5sive trades are to be avoid$4 ,! possibility ( neighb\r+ cesspools contam9at+ ! wat] supply mu/ be consid]$4 ,trees close to a h\se are objectionable1 r5d]+ x damp1 & prev5t+ ! free access ( sun & air4 ,m remote f ! h\se !y =m a useful %elt]1 especially :5 to ! nor? or ea/4 ,! banks ( wat] c\rses are to be avoid$ = simil> reasons4 ,if !re is a *oice1 ! slope ( a hill %\ld be select$2 & x is ess5tial t no "p ( ! dwell+ %\ld re/ aga9/ slop+ gr\nd at a high] level4 ,rank vegetation indicates a damp clayey soil4 ,! ma9 po9t is to secure t ! h\se %all receive ample light & v5tilation4 ,9 calculat+ ! am\nt & int5sity ( sun%9e :i* a h\se built on a giv5 site w secure ! v>iations accord+ to season mu/ be rememb]$4 ,! direction 7ori5tation7 ( ! sun is ! same all ! ye> ?r\gh2 b ! altitude ( ! sun v>ies ) ! latitude4 ,?us 9 a h\se fac+ directly s\? 9 ! latitude ( ! s\? ( ,engl& ! sun's altitude at noon on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] is #ae #d1 on ! #ba/ ( ,june #fb #d4 ,a ray ( light ent]+ ! highe/ po9t ( a w9d[ fac+ s\? at ea* ( ^! seasons w illum9ate a mu* l>g] "p ( ! room 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,n only s1 b inasmu* z x ent]s ! room m ne>ly v]tically x is m p[]ful ?an :5 ent]+ at an angle m ne>ly approximat+ a horizontal direction1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al law t ! int5sity ( illum9ation fall+ on a horizontal surface 7z ! floor ( a room7 is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! wid? ( ! area embrac$ )9 ! same angle ( incid5ce ( light4 ,9 h\ses 9 a /reet ! angul> ap]ture ?r\gh :i* light ent]s is greate/ 9 ! upp] /ories4 ,x may be increas$ 7a7 by increas+ ! height ( rooms2 7b7 by c>ry+ ! w9d[ heads ne>ly to ! level ( ! ceil+2 & 7c7 by avoid+ ! proximity ( o!r build+s :i* w\ld imp$e ! access ( light4 ,fig4 #cf %[s ! importance ( ! la/ consid]ation4 ,?is repres5ts a ?ree-/ori$ h\se 9 a /reet1 ( :i* ! opposite h\se ,l is ( ! same height4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ea* room is divid$ into two regions ( diff]5t degrees ( illum9ation by a plane ,lm1 =m$ by a l9e connect+ ! ridge ( ! ro(s ( ! h\ses on ! opposite side ( ! /reet ) ! int]ior surface ( ! rooms & t\*+ ! upp]mo/ po9t ( ! w9d[ 9 transit4 ,bel[ ?is l9e !re is 8sky-light0 suffici5t 9 quantity2 above ?is l9e light is insuffici5t 9 am\nt & is diffus$ & reflect$4 ,! area receiv+ suffici5t light increases f ! gr\nd floor upw>ds4 ,we h already se5 t its int5sity simil>ly increases 9 ! high] /ories1 ! rays ( light be+ m ne>ly v]tical 9 ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,%[+ ,,v>iations ,,( ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ories4 ,! am\nt ( sky-light visible c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! angle ( ap]ture1 i4e4 ! arc ( sky visible at any giv5 po9t a 9 ! room4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #cf ! triangle ( ap]ture bac is great] ?an bac1 & ?is great] ?an bac4 ,! sides ( ! angle ( ap]ture1 x w be se51 are =m$ by draw+ "o l9e f ! po9t a to c1 :i*1 if prolong$1 w\ld t\* ,l1 & ano!r l9e to b1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! highe/ po9t ( ! w9d[4 ,! am\nt ( light receiv$ 9 a dwell+-h\se is l>gely det]m9$ by ! wid? ( ! /reet & ! di/ance betwe5 ! backs ( ! h\ses 9 adjac5t /reets4 ,! model ,bye-laws ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d insi/ t no new /reet %all be less ?an #cf feet wide if x exce$s #ajj y>ds 9 l5g? or is int5d$ to be a c>riage road1 n less ?an #bd feet 9 any case4 ,fur!rmore1 a new h\se mu/ h 9 ! re> an op5 space exclusively belong+ to ! h\se1 at lea/ #aej squ>e feet 9 area1 & free f any erection above ! gr\nd level4 ,?is mu/ ext5d along ! entire wid? ( ! h\se1 & mu/ nev] measure less ?an #aj feet f e "p ( ! back wall ( ! h\se2 ! di/ance mu/ be at lea/ #ae feet1 if ! h\se is #ae feet high2 #bj feet if #be feet high1 & #be feet if #ce feet high or m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,necess>y ,,requirem5ts ,,z ,,to ,,op5 ,,space ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,re> ,,( ,,dwell+-,,h\ses4 ,/reets %\ld nev] be less 9 wid? ?an ! height ( ! h\ses 9 !m2 & a l9e drawn f ! ridge ( ! ro( to ! foot ( ! wall ( ! opposite h\ses 7,fig4 #cg7 or 9 ! re> to ! foot ( ! wall or f5ce divid+ ! back y>ds ( contigu\s h\ses1 %\ld n make an angle ( m ?an #de ) ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #cg74 ,?is is ! angle requir$ = new build+s 9 ! resid5tial p>ts ( ,liv]pool1 & 0 propos$ = ,london1 b un=tunately n made obligatory4 ,! size ( w9d[s is discuss$ on page #baf4 ,! light receiv$ 9 a giv5 h\se is (t5 dim9i%$ at corn]s ( /reets by contigu\s h\ses4 ,! ,soil has an important influ5ce on ! heal?9ess ( a site4 ,! relative m]its ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( soil are discuss$ on page #bai4 ,undra9$ soils ( :atev] k9d are bad1 & made-soils are always to be reg>d$ ) pr(\nd di/ru/4 ,! plann+ ( a h\se %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,! pr9ciple is t ! sun %\ld ent] e liv+ room at "s "t ( ! day4 ,! relative positions ( fire-place1 w9d[1 & door 9 ea* room are important4 ,) ! sole w9d[ ( a room 9 ! same wall z ! fire-place ! area v5tilat$ is ! lea/1 ) x situat$ on ! opposite wall ! area v5tilat$ is ! greate/4 ,! door %\ld be z remote f ! w9d[ z possible1 9 ord] to secure occasional p]flation ( air2 ! two be+ pref]ably on opposite walls4 ,/aircase w9d[s are indisp5sable to secure ?r\gh v5tilation ( a dwell+4 ,h\ses con/ruct$ 8back to back0 _c be prop]ly v5tilat$ z no ?r\gh curr5t ( air is possible4 ,h5ce ! necessity = op5 y>ds at ! area1 z well z air-space 9 front ( ! h\se4 7,fig4 #cg74 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a h\se1 ap>t f access ( light & air1 ! ma9 problems are to secure dryness & equability ( temp]ature4 ,we %all consid] 9 ?is connection ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( walls1 floors1 & ro(s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,h\se4 ,9 ?is c\ntry walls ( h\ses are usually built ( brick1 /one1 timb]1 or concrete1 ( :i* ! fir/ two are ! mo/ important4 ,timb] is1 ow+ to its inflammability1 only all[$ to be us$ 9 t[ns "u special re/rictions4 ,bricks & /ones are bond$ toge!r & imb$d$ 9 mort> or cem5t4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( bonds 9 brickwork1 ( :i* ! /ronge/ is ! ,engli%4 ,?is consi/s ( alt]nate c\rses ( 8head]s0 & 8/ret*]s10 ! =m] be+ bricks c>ri$ ?r\gh ! wall f face to back1 ! %ort end %[+ on ! face1 & ! latt] bricks laid l5g?wise along ! face ( ! wall4 ,h5ce ! wall is held toge!r 9 e direction4 ,a ,flemi% bond consi/s ( alt]nate head]s & /ret*]s 9 ! same c\rse4 ,x is us$ :]e a specially smoo? wall is desir$1 b is n s /rong z ! ,engli% bond4 ,bricks are g5]ally ( a uni=m size1 ( #i in*es 9 l5g? by #d 9 wid? & #b-cd in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,^? bricks :i* are heavie/ & h>de/ are g5]ally ! mo/ durable2 bricks ( good quality :5 knock$ toge!r give a cle> r++ s\nd4 ,! relative conductivity = heat ( brick z comp>$ ) o!r mat]ials1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 f ,galton1 :i* gives ! units ( heat transmitt$ p] squ>e foot p] h\r by a plate #a in* ?ick1 ! two surfaces diff]+ 9 temp]ature #a ,fahr43-- ,/one--ord9>y free /one #acfh ,glass #ff ,brickwork #dhc ,pla/] #chf ,fir planks #acg ,brick du/ #acc ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is respect1 brick walls comp>e v fav\rably ) /one walls1 & are mu* m economical ( heat4 ,increas$ conductivity ( a mat]ial may be c\nt]act$ by increas$ ?ickness4 ,brick is v por\s1 z %ewn by its p[] to absorb moi/ure4 ,a good brick c absorb f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( wat]2 :ile good granite only takes up #ab p] c5t41 s&/one usually f #h to #aj p] c5t41 m>ble only a trace1 & ,portl& lime/one #ac p] c5t4 ,be+ por\s1 brick all[s ! passage ( a consid]able am\nt ( air1 unless its pores are occupi$ by moi/ure4 ,! foll[+ table1 f ,galton1 %ews ! numb] ( cubic feet ( air :i* e h\r pass ?r\gh a squ>e y>d ( wall-surface ( equal ?icknesses1 built ( ! foll[+ mat]ials1 !re be+ a temp]ature ( #gb ,fahr4 on "o side ! wall1 & ( #dj on ! o!r3-- ,wall built ( brick #gi cubic feet4 qu>ri$ lime/one #fe 8 s&/one #dg 8 lime/one #aja 8 mud #add 8 ,mort> %\ld consi/ ( clean %>p s& & slak$ lime1 usually 9 ! proportion ( ?ree ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,gr\t+1 or liquid mort>1 is m]ely ord9>y mort> to :i* a l>g] quantity ( wat] has be5 add$4 ,x is us$ = fill+ up ! crevices betwe5 ! brickwork ab\t e f\r? c\rse1 & is requir$ to a great] ext5t 9 /one "w1 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 fill+ up spaces left by inequalities 9 ! /one4 ,! s& us$ 9 mort> %\ld be free f small /ones4 ,x %\ld n conta9 any e>?y or clayey matt]s1 z ^! greatly dim9i% ! adhesive quality ( ! mort>1 :i* dep5ds on ! comb9ation ( ! s& & lime4 ,all ! s& us$ 9 a build+ %\ld be wa%$1 unless x is p]fectly clean1 9 ord] to remove impurities4 ,_m build]s use an inf]ior mort>1 9 :i* o!r mat]ials1 su* z 8road scrap+s10 are sub/itut$ = s&4 ,s& tak5 f ! sea-%ore is unfit = mak+ mort>1 z ! salt conta9$ 9 x is apt to deliquesce & weak5 ! mort>4 ,lime is obta9$ by burn+ *alk or lime/one 9 a kiln4 ,?us ,ca,c,o ,ca,o ,,co4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( lime3 7#a7 ,fat or quicklime1 us$ = int]nal pla/]+1 7#b7 /one lime1 us$ = ord9>y build+ "w1 & 7#c7 hydraulic lime1 us$ = build+ 9 damp situations4 ,! la/ nam$ conta9s a quantity ( silicates1 & sets "u wat]4 ,common mort> crumbles away1 if laid "u wat] be=e x has _h "t to h>d54 ,portl& cem5t is an artificial cem5t1 ( a d>k grey col\r4 ,x is made by gr9d+ *alk1 mix+ x ) blue clay or riv]-mud 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & !n burn+ x 9 a kiln & aft]w>ds gr9d+ x to a f9e p[d]4 ,x is us$1 mix$ ) s&1 = ext]nal pla/]+ 78compo+07 ( walls1 = mak+ concrete1 or in/ead ( lime = mak+ mort> if extra /r5g? is requir$4 ,compo consi/s ( ,portl& cem5t & s&1 & is us$ = cov]+ walls :5 an imp]vi\s smoo? surface is requir$1 & = keep+ out ra94 ,x is laid on 9 two coats4 ,! fir/ or r\gh coat #cd in* ?ick1 is compos$ ( "o "p cem5t to #e p>ts compo s&1 i4e4 co>se s& mix$ ) f9e bea*4 ,! out] or f9e coat is compos$ ( two p>ts f9e or wa%$ s& to "o "p cem5t4 ,to 8r5d]0 or 8compo0 a wall is to cov] x ) ?is mat]ial4 ,! int]nal pla/]+ ( a *imney flue is call$ 8p>gett+40 ,concrete is ( two k9ds1 lime or cem5t concrete4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts brok5 balla/ or l>ge bea*1 two p>ts ( s&1 & "o "p ( lime or cem5t4 ,lime concrete has no resi/+ /r5g?1 & is only us$ = surr\nd+ dra9-pipes1 or :]e no great /r5g? is requir$4 ,/one v>ies v greatly 9 "*4 ,x is uncommon = ! :ole ?ickness ( ! walls ( a h\se to be built ( /one2 usually !re is m]ely a fac+ ( /one & a back+ ( brickwork4 ,if good /one is n available1 ! less x is us$ ! bett]4 ,! /one *os5 %\ld be durable1 & able to resi/ ! action ( ! sulphuric1 sulphur\s1 & c>bonic acids absorb$ f ! atmosph]e1 & br\ght 9 contact ) x by means ( ra94 ,! /one ( :i* a consid]able "p ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t consi/s is dolomite1 a d\ble c>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 ,! acid fumes 9 ! air produce on its surface sulphate ( magnesium1 :i* is wa%$ away 9 successive lay]s4 ,if ! /one pres5ts any /ratification1 x %\ld be laid 9 ! wall 9 ! same position z t 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally deposit$ 9 ! qu>ry4 ,?us1 any planes ( /ratification w be horizontal1 & ! scal+ (f by ! action ( fro/ & ra9 is m9imis$4 ,comp>atively homog5e\s /ones1 su* z granite & mill/one-grit1 c be laid 9 any position4 ,9 te/+ ! "* ( any /one1 ! lea/ por\s1 d5se/1 & mo/ resi/5t to cru%+1 w z a rule be ! mo/ durable4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! use ( /one = ! walls ( h\ses1 is t ( keep+ out ! wet4 ,to obviate ?is1 /one-h\ses are (t5 built ( great ?ickness1 & are consequ5tly cool] 9 summ] & w>m] 9 w9t]4 ,9 & ne> l>ge t[ns brick is *iefly us$ = walls ( h\ses1 & /one employ$ only = w9d[-sills1 columns1 /eps1 etc4 ,x is ev5 m important 9 ^! cases to c>efully select ! /one1 z ! p>ts :]e x is plac$ are ^? mo/ expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,if a s(t1 friable free/one is us$1 aft] a %>p fro/ l>ge scales are se5 fall+ (f 9 flakes1 ow+ to ! freez+ & subsequ5t ?aw+ ( ! moi/ure 9 ! /one4 ,portl& /one is ! be/-we>+ /one to be _h 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,ba? /one is also consid]ably us$1 b x v>ies greatly 9 quality1 & %\ld be v c>efully select$4 ,= l&+-/eps & pav+1 ,york%ire /one is ext5sively us$1 b artificial cem5t pav+s are replac+ x to "s ext5t4 ,mo/ k9ds ( /one c only be economically us$ ne> ! qu>ries f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! ,slate us$ = ro(s is an alt]$ =m ( clay1 possess+ a lam9at$ /ructure4 ,! ease ) :i* x splits along ! planes1 r5d]s x peculi>ly suitable = ?is purpose4 ,! ,wel% slates are consid]$ ! be/4 ,t]ra-cotta is made f c]ta9 k9ds ( clay1 mix$ ) glass1 pott]y or s&2 !n gr\nd up1 /ra9$1 & knead$2 & la/ly ?r[n into m\lds & bak$ 9 a kiln4 ,iron & ,wood h occasionally be5 employ$ alone 9 build+ h\ses4 ,! =m]1 ow+ to its good conduct+ p[]s = heat1 is cold 9 w9t] & hot 9 summ]2 :ile ! latt] becomes rott5 f exposure to wet1 & is also v combu/ible4 ,corrugat$ iron build+s l9$ ) wood are also employ$1 b are n v satisfactory4 ,= ro(s1 slates or tiles are ! mat]ials mo/ frequ5tly employ$2 b occasionally lead & corrugat$ iron are us$1 also ?at* 9 c\ntry places1 & t>r$ felt = tempor>y build+s4 ,lead is ! mo/ suitable metallic cov]+ = ro(s1 z x is durable & easily work$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 heavy & dem&s consid]able /r5g? 9 ! timb]s by :i* x is support$4 ,galvaniz$ iron has also be5 l>gely us$4 ,x is *eap] & light] ?an lead4 ,bo? lead & z9c require v c>eful lay+ if !y are to be wea!r-tight4 ,?at* protects ! int]ior ( a h\se well f extremes ( heat & cold4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,h\se4 ,9 prep>+ to build a h\se1 or 9 ent]+ into a h\se already built1 ! foll[+ requisites %\ld ea* receive c>eful att5tion3-- #a4 ,! site ( ! h\se %\ld be heal?y1 & its relation to surr\nd+ objects 9 accordance ) ! laws ( heal?4 7,see page #bja74 #b4 ,! h\se %\ld be w>m 9 w9t]1 & cool 9 summ]4 #c4 ,x %\ld be always dry4 #d4 ,!re %\ld be an abundant & un9t]rupt$ supply ( air4 #e4 ,! wat] supply %\ld be abundant1 conv5i5tly arrang$1 & pure4 #f4 ,! excreta & wa/e-wat] %\ld be imm$iately remov$ f ! h\se & its annexa4 ,! ?ree la/ requisites h already receiv$ consid]ation4 ,( ^? /ill to be consid]$1 dryness is ! mo/ important4 ,a damp h\se is c]ta9 to be an unheal?y "o4 ,x is ?is = two reasons3--#a/1 x is a cold h\se1 z damp walls1 l damp clo!s1 conduct ! heat ( ! body away mu* m rapidly ?an dry walls2 #bnd1 if ! pores ( ! bricks are occupi$ by wat]1 air _c pass ?r\gh1 & ?us ! v5tilation & purification ( ! h\se are greatly imp$$4 ,damp may arise f ! gr\nd on :i* a h\se /&s1 or f ! ra9 beat+ aga9/ ! walls1 or f a defective ro(4 ,unless special means are tak5 to prev5t x1 moi/ure rises by capill>y attraction ?r\gh brick aft] brick4 ,! ,f\ndation requires to be solid & sub/antial1 o!rwise s9k+ occurs1 ) crack+ ( ! walls1 result+ 9 an unsafe condition1 & an exposure to ra9 & w9d4 ,9 mak+ ! f\ndation = a h\se1 ! gr\nd %\ld be excavat$1 s z to secure a solid b$ ( e>? or rock n liable to be affect$ by ! wea!r4 ,a cont9u\s b$ ( ! be/ cem5t concrete %\ld !n be laid1 n only "u ! walls1 b cov]+ ! entire site ( ! h\se1 & ext5d+ on e side at lea/ #f in*es beyond ! foot+s ( ! wall2 & = foot+s x %\ld nev] be less ?an #ah in*es ?ick4 ,! concrete s]ves two purposes3 x1 to a l>ge ext5t1 cuts (f ! entrance ( ! gr\nd-air ?r\gh ! basem5t floor into ! h\se2 & prev5ts ! entrance ( damp into ! h\se f bel[4 ,to fur!r ensure dryness :]e ! floor is bel[ ! level ( ! adjac5t gr\nd1 a dry area is frequ5tly provid$1 t is1 a clos$ *amb] l9$ ) /one or cem5t bel[ ! gr\nd level ( ! h\se1 & surr\nd+ ! und]gr\nd "p ( its f\r walls1 or a holl[ wall is built bel[ ! gr\nd-level1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,nei!r a dry area nor a holl[ wall con/itutes ! be/ arrangem5t1 z ! cavity is usually inaccessible1 & r aids ?an h9d]s ! entry ( ! gr\nd air into ! h\se4 ,! be/ plan is to provide a solid wall1 imp]vi\s to bo? moi/ure & air4 ,a v]tical lay] ( ro(+ slates is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose2 or1 /ill bett]1 a n>r[ cavity ab\t #ab to #cd-;in* wide is provid$ 9 ! body ( ! wall1 & ?is is run full ) molt5 asphalte4 ,! ,walls ( ! h\se mu/ be provid$ ) a 8damp-pro( c\rse0 c>ri$ ?r\gh _! :ole ?ickness1 slightly above ! highe/ po9t at :i* ! gr\nd is t\*$4 ,x may be =m$ by 7#a7 %eet lead1 :i* possesses ! disadvantage ( be+ co/ly2 7#b7 two lay]s ( ord9>y ro(+ slate1 set 9 cem5t1 ) brok5 jo9ts10 i4e4 ! jo9ts ( ! upp] lay] ov] ! c5tre ( ! slates bel[ !m2 7#c7 a lay] ( good asphalte1 ab\t -in* ?ick2 7#d7 p]=at$ glaz$ /onew>e slabs2 or 7#e7 two or ?ree c\rses ( h>d blue ,/af=d%ire bricks1 laid )\t mort>4 ,! use ( asphalte is an excell5t plan1 & is n[ commonly adopt$ 9 good build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,d\ble ,,damp-,,pro( ,,c\rse ,,& ,,holl[ ,,wall4 a1 a--,damp-pro( c\rses4 b--,level ( neighb\r+ gr\nd4 c--,floor-bo>ds4 d--,floor joi/4 f--,v]tical space 9 wall4 g--,concrete "u f\ndation & ov] site ( h\se4 ,?is suffices :5 !re is no basem5t4 ,if !re is a basem5t an op5 area ar\nd ! h\se is desirable4 ,:]e = a giv5 wall ?is _c be secur$1 ! v]tical damp-pro( c\rse already describ$ mu/ be made to ext5d f ! f\ndations well above ! gr\nd level4 ,! op5 area1 h[ev]1 %\ld be insi/$ on :5ev] practicable4 ,! damp-pro( c\rse protects ! walls f damp proce$+ f ! soil ar\nd or b5ea? ! h\se4 ,x is necess>y also t ! walls above ! level ( ! gr\nd %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be kept free f damp4 ,damp walls1 n due to asc5t ( moi/ure1 may be caus$ by 7#a7 ,ra9 fall+ on w9d[-sills :i* d n project beyond ! walls1 & consequ5tly d n ?r[ ! wat] cle> ( !m4 ,?is is rem$i$ by con/ruct+ ! w9d[-sills s z to project beyond ! walls1 & 8?roat+0 !m to prev5t ra9 f runn+ along ! bottom ( ! sill4 ,! ?roat is %[n at a1 ,fig4 #ci4 7#b7 ,ra9 fall+ on cornices & o!r project+ portions ( ! wall itself4 ,! evil f ?is s\rce may be dim9i%$ by slop+ ! top ( ! projection1 d[nw>ds f ! face ( ! wall4 7#c7 ,p>apet walls1 gables1 etc41 n be+ prop]ly cov]$ ) cop+4 ,all su* walls %\ld be topp$ ) a project+ slab ( /one1 or ) a damp-pro( c\rse "u ! top c\rse ( bricks1 :i* %\ld be laid on edge4 7#d7 ,ov]fl[ f defective ro(-gutt]s or ra9-wat] pipes4 ,9 ?is case1 ei!r cle>+ out1 repair+1 or r5ew+ is requir$4 7#e7 ,ra9 beat+ aga9/ ! walls4 ,?is z a rule produces no great h>m1 if ! walls are well con/ruct$4 ,mo/ ( ! wat] runs (f z x falls on ! surface4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 to protect a mu* expos$ wall by a coat+ ( ,portl& cem5t1 or 9 extreme cases ) slate4 ,v>i\s imp]vi\s pa9ts h also be5 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,w9d[4 ,%[+ /one sill 8wea!r$0 at i1 & 8?roat$0 at a4 b--,wall4 c--,inside pla/] ( room4 d--,w9d[-bo>d4 e--,oak sill4 f--,bead+ & g--bottom rail ( w9d[-sa%4 h--,w9d[4 j--,iron tongue let into slot 9 i & e to prev5t ra9 driv+ 94 ,if x is n propos$ to coat expos$ surfaces ( brickwork1 ! wall may be =m$ ( two p>allel walls1 two in*es ap>t1 & ti$ toge!r by a suffici5t numb] ( bond+-ties ( iron or glaz$ /onew>e1 or "s o!r non-absorb5t mat]ial4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,an excell5t plan is to fill 9 ! n>r[ space betwe5 two su* walls1 z ! build+ proce$s1 ) asphalte or slab slate1 ?us =m+ a v]tical damp c\rse1 9 ! same way z bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,! evils aris+ f damp c be avoid$ 9 e new h\se by prop] me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,9 an old h\se1 h[ev]1 !y are mu* m difficult to remove4 ,! dampness is indicat$ on ent]+1 by a peculi> m\ldy smell1 & by ! discol\ration & de/ruction ( wall-pap]s1 & dry rott+ ( floor timb]s4 ,9 su* a case a damp c\rse may1 ) c>e & pati5ce1 be ins]t$ 9 ! wall1 & ! soil "u ! basem5t may be cov]$ ) concrete1 & a dry-area excavat$ ar\nd ! basem5t4 ,free v5tilation "u ! floor-bo>ds ( ! l[] floors also helps 9 keep+ ! h\se dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,%[+ ,,holl[ ,,wall ,,& ,,bond+-,,ties ,,( ,,glaz$ ,,/onew>e4 a--,cavity4 b--,tie4 c--,floor-joi/4 d--,wall-plate4 e--,concrete f\ndation ( wall4 ,! ?ickness ( ! walls ( a h\se requires to be suffici5t to ensure /ability1 to keep out ! damp1 & to prev5t a too rapid loss ( heat f ! walls4 ,! relative m]its ( ! diff]5t mat]ials employ$ = ^! purposes h be5 already consid]$4 ,a ?9-wall$ h\se is hot 9 summ]1 & cold 9 w9t]4 ,! upp] /ories ( h\ses are (t5 built ) too ?9 walls1 ! result be+ *illy b$rooms4 ,a s+le-brick wall 7#i in*es ?ick7 w r>ely keep out ! wea!r effectually1 & frequ5tly a brick-&-a-half wall 7#ad in*es ?ick7 is insuffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,! bricks %\ld be s int]lac$ z to 8bond0 or tie ! wall toge!r 9 all directions4 ,! /r5g? ( walls may be increas$ by ! introduction ( hoop-iron betwe5 ! c\rses ( brickwork4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( fire-places & *imneys1 x is important to avoid ! proximity ( timb] & wood-"w to ! inside ( flues1 z ?is is a common cause ( fires4 ,inside ,cov]+s ( ,walls4 ,pla/] is made ( lime mort>1 or cem5t mort>2 ! =m] is g5]ally pref]r$ = dome/ic dwell+s because x rema9s por\s & moi/ure does n cond5se on x4 ,9 h\ses built by speculative build]s1 ! pla/] commonly us$ consi/s ( a mixture ( lime ) road scrap+s4 ,! result is a composition :i* unless support$ by ! wall-pap]+1 is soon damag$4 ,ord9>y pla/] consi/s usually ( ?ree lay]s4 ,! fir/ is laid on ) a mixture ( ab\t equal p>ts ( lime & s& ) long ox-hairs if requir$ = ceil+s4 ,! second coat consi/s ( slak$ lime1 mix$ to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,! la/ or sett+ coat consi/s ( a ?9 lay] ( slak$ lime call$ pla/]]s' putty4 ,"s pla/] ( ,p>is 7gypsum7 may be add$1 to ensure rapid sett+1 b x %\ld only be us$ 9 small quantities4 ,= ! int]nal pla/]+ ( rooms s]apite 7a =m ( cem5t7 is n[ commonly employ$4 ,?is is n s absorb5t z mort>1 b is suffici5tly s to prev5t cond5sation ( moi/ure on ! walls4 ,its *ief advantage ov] pla/] is t x h>d5s quick] & is smoo!r1 & c be us$ 9 a s+le ?9 lay]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es ! imp]meability ( ceil+s = s\nd4 ,ke5e's cem5t & ,p>ian cem5t are mixtures ( calc9$ gypsum & o!r sub/ances2 ,ke5e's cem5t be+ ! h>de/1 & capable ( receiv+ a high poli%4 ,sel5itic cem5t conta9s a small proportion ( pla/] ( ,p>is gr\nd along ) lime4 ,lime may also be sel5is$ by ! addition ( any o!r sulphate1 or ( sulphuric acid4 ,! pres5ce ( ! sulphate causes ! lime to set rapidly4 ,sel5itic cem5t is useful 9 pla/]+1 z a back+ ( cem5ts1 su* z ,p>ian4 ,! treatm5t ( ! int]nal wall-surface ( a room diff]s accord+ to circum/ances4 ,lime-wa%+ is suitable only = /ables & o!r outbuild+s4 ,x is made by ! addition ( wat] to quicklime1 no size be+ add$4 ,x is an excell5t g]micide & insecticide4 ,:itewa%+ is q diff]5t f limewa%+4 8,:it+10 i4e4 f9ely-gr\nd *alk1 to :i* a c]ta9 proportion ( size & alum _h be5 add$ is mix$ ) wat]4 ,! size & alum are add$ to prev5t ! :itewa% f be+ rubb$ (f4 ,di/emp]+ is id5tical ) :itewa%+1 except t pigm5ts are add$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f pa9t+ 9 oils1 by ! fact t ! pigm5ts are mix$ ) size1 in/ead ( ) l9se$-oil & turp5t9e4 ,pa9t+ 9 di/emp] is practically limit$ to pla/]1 :i* %\ld fir/ receive a coat ( :itewa% to dim9i% its porosity4 ,oil-pa9ts are imp]vi\s1 di/emp] is z absorb5t z pla/] or :itewa%4 ,v>i\s wa%able di/emp]s1 z duresco1 are made1 :i* are m durable & non-absorb5t4 ,wat]-glass consi/s ( silicate ( pota%1 :i* 9 ! gelat9\s =m is soluble l size 9 hot-wat]1 b :5 all[$ to dry =ms an imp]vi\s film4 ,x c be us$ = protect+ por\s /one f ! effects ( wea!r2 & r5d]s int]nal surfaces ( walls non-absorb5t & wa%able4 ,oil-pa9t+ r5d]s wall-surfaces imp]vi\s1 & enables !m to be easily wa%$4 ,! importance ( ?is 9 ! ev5t ( any infecti\s disease occurr+1 is obvi\s4 ,! "q arises :e!r di/emp]$ or pap]$ walls1 :i* are por\s1 or pa9t$ walls1 :i* are non-por\s1 are pref]able f ! /&po9t ( heal?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is se5 dur+ damp wea!r1 :5 moi/ure cond5ses & runs d[n ! latt] & is invisible 9 ! =m]4 ,9 practice 9 dome/ic dwell+s ! =m] are pref]r$2 b al?\gh "s advantage is ?us secur$ 9 v5tilation ?r\gh ! wall-sub/ance1 !re is ! s]i\s disadvantage t p>ticles ( dirt accumulate & may s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! purity ( ! air ( a room4 ,h5ce ! importance ( rubb+ d[n ! int]nal surface ( a room1 :e!r di/emp]$ or pap]$1 at int]vals ) bread crumb or d\gh 7see page #ccb74 ,?is effectually removes all accumulations ( dirt4 ,a pa9t$ wall pres5ts ! enorm\s advantage t x c be frequ5tly wa%$2 :ile ! loss ( v5tilation may be ignor$1 if w9d[s & doors be prop]ly utilis$ = ?is purpose4 ,! pres5ce ( poison\s pigm5ts 9 oil-pa9ts is ( importance to ! workman1 b n to ! h\sehold] except dur+ ! pa9t+1 z pa9t1 unlike di/emp]1 does n rub (f ! wall4 ,lead is ! *ief poison pres5t1 z :ite lead 7c>bonate ( lead74 ,v>i\s sub/itutes = lead pa9ts h be5 introduc$4 ,pa9t+ wood or iron-"w is valuable1 n only z a pres]vative f ! effects ( ! wea!r & ! oxidis+ action ( ! air1 b also because x t5ds1 to a l>ge ext5t1 to prev5t ! absorption ( organic matt]s2 & its surface c be frequ5tly cleans$4 ,pap] is ! mat]ial mo/ commonly employ$ = cov]+ walls4 ,x is m absorb5t & ret5tive ( moi/ure ?an di/emp]4 ,light-col\r$ pap]s %\ld be *os51 z !y are m *e]ful1 & are n s likely to h>b\r du/4 ,gl>+ patt]ns are objectionable1 z !y tire ! eyes4 ,! pap] %\ld n pres5t any surface-projection = ! lodgm5t ( du/4 ,9 ba?rooms & wat]-closets1 ! wall-surface %\ld be non-absorb5t4 ,pap]1 unless v>ni%$1 %\ld !re=e be avoid$4 ,! be/ cov]+ = ^! places is glaz$ til+1 or pa9t$ cem5t4 ,n uncommonly1 a new pap] is pa/$ ov] an old "o2 & ?is may be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,"u ^! circum/ances dang]\s dirt accumulates4 ,be=e new pap]+ is put on1 ! walls %\ld be cle>$ ( all ve/iges ( ! old1 ?or\ghly wa%$ d[n1 & subsequ5tly coat$ ) size 7t is1 8cle> col\r$074 ,! siz+ dim9i%es ! absorptive p[] ( ! wall1 & gives a good surface = apply+ ! pap]4 ,b$-room pap]s require to be m frequ5tly *ang$ ?an ^? ( o!r rooms4 ,b$-rooms 9 regul> use %\ld be re-pap]$ at lea/ e two ye>s4 ,x is /ill bett] to use di/emp] = su* rooms1 z ?is c be wa%$ (f 9 a few h\rs ) comp>atively little exp5se1 & c be made ( any t9t desir$4 ,rooms 9 ! basem5t %\ld n be pap]$1 z ! walls require frequ5t wa%+ d[n & clean+4 ,"h also a wa%able di/emp] col\r c be us$4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( sanit>y pap] are n[ sold :i* are wa%able1 & relatively non-absorb5t4 ,"s ( !m require v>ni%+2 o!rs d n4 ,su* pap]s are c]ta9ly clean] ?an ord9>y pap]2 b x w\ld n be safe to tru/ to _! non-absorptive "*4 ,l9cru/a ,walton is non-absorb5t1 & c be scrubb$ ) soap & wat]2 b x is exp5sive4 ,o!r *eap] mat]ials possess+ ! same prop]ties c n[ be b\ght4 ,ars5ic 9 ,wall-,pap]s & ,pa9ts has until a few ye>s ago be5 a n uncommon s\rce ( prolong$ ill-heal?--! cause ( :i* has possibly n be5 detect$ until ! illness disappe>s1 :5 ! (f5d+ room is vacat$ = a p]iod4 ,ars5ical pigm5ts are n[ only r>ely us$ = wall-pap]s4 ,! symptoms produc$ v>y greatly1 & may closely simulate ^? ( diff]5t diseases4 ,9 "s cases repeat$ attacks ( di>rha & abdom9al pa9 occur4 ,or !re may be nausea1 heada*e1 frequ5t grip+ pa9s1 & loss ( appetite4 ,9 o!r cases re/lessness1 loss ( sleep1 & g5]al malaise are ! *ief symptoms1 ) ! occasional addition ( conjunctivitis 7sup]ficial inflammation ( ! eye74 ,out ( #ajj cases collect$ & report$ on by a ,committee ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london1 di>rha1 nausea1 & inte/9al mis*ief occurr$ 9 #he2 sev]e depression 9 #af2 conjunctivitis 9 #ai2 & c\gh1 a/hma1 etc41 9 #i4 ,! sev]ity ( ! symptoms produc$ w v>y ) ! am\nt ( ars5ic conta9$ 9 ! pap]1 & ! l5g? ( "t daily t ! pati5t is expos$ to ! fumes4 ,"s p]sons aga9 are mu* less susceptible to ! influ5ce ( ars5ic ?an o!rs4 ,?is w expla9 :y "s escape :ile occupy+ ! same room 9 :i* o!rs suff] sev]ely4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! exemption is due to %ort] exposure4 ,! mo/ dang]\s prep>ation occasionally employ$ 9 wall pap] pr9t+ is ,s*eele's gre5 7ars5ite ( copp]74 ,em]ald-gre5--an aceto-ars5ite ( copp]--is sometimes us$ to produce m delicate t9ts4 ,anil9e dyes1 especially ! r$1 may conta9 mu* ars5i\s acid 7:ite ars5ic74 ,! ars5ic comp\nd is made to adh]e to ! pap] by size or "s o!r mat]ial4 ,:5 dry1 x cracks & peels (f1 & m9ute p>ticles get into ! air z du/4 ,9 addition1 ars5ic comp\nds easily volatilise1 & become diffus$ 9 a gase\s condition ?r\gh\t ! atmosph]e ( a room1 ev5 :5 its temp]ature is n greatly rais$4 ,! virul5ce ( ! ars5ical col\r+ is 9 proportion to its volatility4 ,ars5ic seems to be mu* m dang]\s :5 associat$ ) size4 ,x has be5 %[n t a mixture ( :ite ars5ic & />* pa/e1 or o!r organic sub/ance1 leads to ! =mation ( gase\s ars5iurett$ hydrog51 :ile ?is does n occur :5 no organic matt] is pres5t 7,dr4 ,fleck74 ,di/emp] frequ5tly conta9s ars5ic1 & z x also conta9s size1 ars5iurrett$ hydrog5 is liable to be giv5 (f at any "t4 ,size is l>gely us$ = fix+ col\r2 ?us1 ! prop] conditions = ! developm5t ( ars5iurrett$ hydrog5--! mo/ dang]\s comp\nd ( ars5ic--are pres5t4 ,z mu* z #ag gra9s ( ars5ic h be5 discov]$ 9 ea* squ>e foot ( a wall-pap]4 ,n[1 ars5ic is sometimes giv5 int]nally = c]ta9 sk9 & o!r diseases1 b ! dose is only f #afj to #aab gra92 ! capacity = poison+ ( su* a pap] z ! above w !re=e be evid5t4 ,pap]s ( o!r col\rs ?an gre5 h be5 f\nd to conta9 dang]\s quantities ( ars5ic2 ?us blue1 mauve1 r$1 & br[n may conta9 l>ge quantities2 ! delicate greys (t5 yield a consid]able am\nt1 & "s :ite pap]s are heavily load$ ) x4 ,ars5ic is occasionally pres5t 9 /ock+s & o!r we>+ app>el1 artificial fl[]s1 toys1 etc4 ,9 ^! cases1 x may produce irritation ( ! sk91 & ev5 eczema4 ,! pres5ce ( ars5ic may be detect$ by ! foll[+ te/s3-- 7a7 ,re9s*'s te/4 ,a portion ( ! suspect$ pap] 7two or ?ree in*es squ>e7 is cut into small pieces1 & plac$ 9 a good-siz$ te/ tube2 wat] is add$ until ! tube is ab\t a ?ird full & !n "o or two teaspoonfuls ( pure hydro*loric acid1 & a small piece ( pure copp] foil4 ,if ! te/ tube is n[ heat$ = a few m9utes ov] a _s lamp1 ars5ic1 if pres5t1 w be deposit$ z a black or d>k /eel-col\r$ coat+ on ! copp]4 ,a m]e t>ni% ( ! copp] mu/ n be accept$ z evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ars5ic1 b an almo/ complete oblit]ation ( ! col\r ( ! copp]4 7b7 ,take ! copp] cov]$ ) ars5ic1 dry x1 & !n heat x 9 a p]fectly dry te/ tube4 ,cry/als ( :ite ars5ic1 :i* may be id5tifi$ "u ! microscope1 w be deposit$ high] up 9 ! tube4 7c7 ,m>%'s te/4 ,! ord9>y app>atus = develop+ hydrog5 by ! action ( dilut$ sulphuric acid on z9c is employ$1 ! suspect$ pap] be+ ins]t$ 9 ! bottle4 ,! hydrog5 com+ (f is burnt1 & a clean porcela9 surface is appli$ to ! flame4 ,if !re is ars5ic 9 x1 x is deposit$ on ! porcela9 9 a black pat*4 ,w9d[s are requir$ to op5 directly into ! ext]nal air 9 e habitable room4 ,! w9d[ area accord+ to ! model bye-laws ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d & ! ,london ,build+s ,act ( #ahid1 mu/ be at lea/ "o-t5? ( ! floor area1 & half ( ?is at lea/ mu/ be made to op54 ,! foll[+ rules h also be5 giv54 7,b bread?1 ,l l5g? & ,h height ( room47 ,area ( w9d[ 7,b ,l7_/#aj ,london ,build+ ,act 7,b ,l ,h7_/#ajj ,gwilt 7,b ,l ,h7 ,morris ,9 a room measur+ #ae #bj #ab feet1 ! prec$+ rules w\ld give a sup]ficial area ( w9d[ space ( #cj1 #cf1 & #fj squ>e feet respectively4 ,plate glass dissipates heat less quickly ?an %eet glass4 ,objection may be tak5 to plate glass w9d[s1 9 pass+1 especially = %ops1 banks1 etc41 9 view ( ! fact t !y are commonly made )\t any arrangem5t = v5tilation 7see also page #adh74 ,! hygi5ic necessities ( ,floors are t !y %all be imp]vi\s to moi/ure & to du/4 ,on ! gr\nd floor ! ord9>y arrangem5t is to provide a joi/$ & bo>d$ floor rais$ ab\t a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,dry rot is "o ( ! dang]s 9 connection ) su* bo>d$ floors on ! gr\nd floor4 ,! *ief causes :i* t5d to induce rott+1 are damp walls1 lack ( v5tilation1 contact ) mort>1 damp e>?1 or vegetable m\ld1 & wor/ ( all1 alt]nations ( damp & dryness1 or wet along ) heat4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! dang]s 9 connection ) bo>d$ floors1 ! ends ( all timb]s re/+ on walls %\ld h a cle> air-space ar\nd !m1 & communicate ) ! ext]nal air by means ( p]=at$ bricks4 ,! l>g] timb]s1 gird]s1 etc41 %\ld re/ on /one templates1 & ! small] joi/s on hoop-iron bonds4 ,9 all cases1 ! timb] us$ %\ld be well season$1 & prop]ly v5tilat$4 ,! ends ( oak po/s1 :i* are to be driv5 into ! gr\nd1 %\ld be *>r$1 if ! timb] is old1 or /eep$ 9 a solution ( *loride ( z9c4 ,! ends ( ! joi/s %\ld be trimm$1 s z n to come too ne> to *imney flues4 ,! be/ plan = floor+ is to place an imp]vi\s floor+ re/+ on ! solid gr\nd4 ,?is is m secure aga9/ rot ?an ! bo>d$ floor1 & af=ds no space = dirt & v]m9 to lodge4 ,su* an imp]vi\s floor may be =m$ ( concrete ov] a lay] ( asphalte1 z 9 ! well-kn[n t]razzo floor+4 ,?is is v suitable = corridors1 pantries1 etc4 ,= liv+-rooms wood-block floor+ is plac$ ov] ! cem5t1 molt5 pit* connect+ ! two4 ,! blocks are #b to #c in*es ?ick4 ,if ! wood is s(t1 z deal1 x mu/ be kept clean by wa%+2 if h>d1 z oak or teak1 x c be wax-poli%$4 ,p>quetry consi/s ( small pieces ( h>d woods c>efully fix$ & poli%$4 ,= upp] floors ! ord9>y floor+ is ( floor-bo>ds support$ on wood joi/s1 b5ea? :i* are wood la?s & pla/]4 ,! floor-bo>ds %\ld be ?or\ghly season$1 o!rwise !y w %r9k1 & ! jo9ts be fill$ ) dirt4 ,?is dirt may accumulate = ye>s betwe5 ! floor & ! ceil+ ( ! room bel[1 vitiat+ ! air & help+ to increase ! /uff9ess *>act]i/ic ( dirty h\ses4 ,v>i\s plans are adopt$ = unit+ ! edges ( floor-bo>ds & prev5t+ du/ f dropp+ betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,tongu$ ,,floor4 ,! "o mo/ commonly employ$ is ! pl\gh$ & tongu$ floor 7,fig4 #da74 ,9 ?is1 bo? edges ( ! floor are groov$ s z to receive /rips or tongues ( iron or wood1 an equal half ( ea* /rip be+ 9 ! groove ( ea* ( two bo>ds :5 !y are 9 place4 ,a less exp5sive me?od ?an ! above is to splay ! ends ( ! bo>ds s t !y slightly ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,?is is n s effici5t z ! above1 b is mu* bett] ?an simply plac+ ! bo>ds side to side z is commonly done4 ,solid wood floors re/+ on a b$ ( concrete are free f ! risk ( h>b\r+ du/1 & are relatively fire-pro(4 ,oak or teak 9 n>r[ bo>ds1 made ) close jo9ts1 & !n oil$ & beeswax$ & rubb$ to a poli%1 makes a good & almo/ non-absorptive floor4 ,"o ( ! be/ floors is made ( concrete1 ) iron joi/s1 & oak bo>ds laid above ?is4 ,c>pets are commonly made to cov] ! entire floor ( rooms4 ,?is _c be too mu* deprecat$4 ,c>pets1 l curta9s1 are m]e dirt-traps1 :i* become load$ ) fil? ( e description4 ,?is is abundantly prov$ :5 a c>pet is swept1 & ! du/ all[$ to settle on all ! articles 9 ! room4 ,su* du/1 if exam9$1 w be f\nd to consi/ n only ( m9]al matt]1 b also ( e description ( vegetable & animal impurities4 ,! inhalation ( su* du/1 :i* may conta9 p>ticles ( fcal matt]1 z well z ! dri$ expectoration f consumptive or o!r infecti\s pati5ts1 is a n infrequ5t cause ( infection to heal?y p]sons4 ,! sub/itution ( a c5tral c>pet1 = "o cov]+ ! entire floor1 is a great improvem5t4 ,! c>pet %\ld be easily removable1 9 ord] t x & ! floor may be ?or\ghly clean$ at int]vals4 ,9 b$rooms1 ! less c>pet ! bett]4 ,good ,*9ese or ,indian matt+ is s]viceable1 z x does n reta9 ! du/ & o!r impurities :i* are apt to become fix$ 9 ! woolly texture ( ! c>pet4 ,oil-clo?1 l9oleum1 & simil> mat]ials are 9 common use = cov]+ halls1 passages1 etc4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly useful 9 prev5t+ du/ f ga9+ access to ! spaces betwe5 floor-bo>ds4 ,! prev5tion ( du/ %\ld be ! great aim ( ! h\sehold]1 z dirt frequ5tly c>ries infection4 ,sweep+ z ord9>ily done scatt]s dirt ov] ! room1 & du/+ ) a dry clo? fails to remove x4 ,me*anical sweep]s1 9 :i* ! dirt is collect$ 9 a box are valuable4 ,! be/ plan is to h movable c>pets1 roll !m up = %ak+ or beat+ at a di/ance f any h\se1 & wipe ! bo>ds ) damp clo?s4 ,all wood5 & lea!r furniture1 picture frames1 etc41 %\ld be wip$ d[n ) clo?s rung out ( wat] s z to be j damp4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,soil4--,! foll[+ facts summ>ise :at is reg>d$ z ! relative heal?9ess ( v>i\s sites = dwell+s4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t sites may1 h[ev]1 be r$uc$ to a m9imum by hav+ ! dwell+ well above ! gr\nd-level & by protect+ x f dampness4 #a4 ,granitic1 ,metamorphic1 & ,trap ,rocks usually =m heal?y sites = h\ses4 ,! slope is g5]ally great1 & ! gr\nd consequ5tly dry4 #b4 ,clay ,slate resembles ! la/ 9 its effects on heal?4 ,wat] is1 h[ev]1 (t5 sc>ce1 ow+ to ! imp]meability ( ! rocks1 & = ! same reason occasional floods occur4 #c4 ,lime/one & ,magnesian ,lime/one ,rocks resemble ! la/ 9 possess+ consid]able slope1 s t ! wat] passes away quickly4 ,! h>d oolite is ! be/ =mation "u ?is head1 & magnesian lime/one ! wor/4 #d4 ,*alk is a heal?y soil :5 unmix$ ) clay1 & p]meable4 ,goitre is n s common z 9 lime/one di/ricts4 ,if ! *alk be mix$ ) clay1 x is (t5 damp & cold4 #e4 ,! ,s&/ones are heal?y1 soil & air be+ dry4 ,if mix$ ) clay1 or if clay lie "u a %all[ lay] ( s&-rock1 ! site may be damp4 ,! h>d mill/one grit is a heal?y =mation4 #f4 ,gravels ( any dep? are heal?y1 unless !y are wat]-logg$1 z ne> riv]s4 ,!n a h\se on imp]vi\s clay may be dri] ?an "o on gravel4 #g4 ,s&s are heal?y :5 ( consid]able dep?2 !y may be unheal?y :5 %all[1 & ly+ on a clay basis2 or :5 ! gr\nd wat] rises ?r\gh !m f gr\nd at a high] level4 #h4 ,clay1 ,d5se ,m>ls1 & ,alluvial ,soils g5]ally1 are apt to be cold & damp4 ,wat] is reta9$ 9 !m1 & is (t5 v impure4 ,?or\gh dra9age improves a clay soil1 & a h\se on a clay soil may be s con/ruct$1 z n to be damp4 #i4 ,cultivat$ ,soils are n necess>ily unheal?y2 b #aj4 ,made ,soils are always to be c>efully avoid$1 z sites = h\ses4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* inequalities h be5 fill$ up are commonly ! cont5ts ( du/-b9s1 or "s o!r refuse4 ,! gradual putrefaction ( organic matt]s r5d]s ! air ab\t ! h\ses impure4 ,su* soils require free subsoil dra9age1 9 ord] to keep !m dry4 ,x appe>s t ! organic matt]s 9 soil are gradually remov$ by oxidation & bact]ial purification4 ,at lea/ ?ree ye>s %\ld be all[$ be=e any su* site is built on4 ,! foll[+ table places diff]5t geological =mations 9 _! ord] ( heal?9ess = ! purposes ( a site 7,p>kes73-- ,,p]meability ,,emanations ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,into ,,air4 #a4 ,primitive rocks1 clay slate1 mill/one grit ,slight4 ,none4 #b4 ,gravel & loose s&s1 ) p]meable subsoils ,great4 ,slight4 #c4 ,s&/ones ,v>iable4 ,slight4 #d4 ,lime/ones ,mod]ate4 #e4 ,s&s ) imp]meable subsoil ,arre/$ by ,consid]able4 subsoils4 #f4 ,clays1 m>ls1 alluvial soils ,slight4 ,consid]able4 #g4 ,m>%es1 :5 n peaty ,slight4 ,consid]able4 ,! g5]al geological conditions h an important be>+ on ! *oice ( a site = a h\se 9 s f> z !y affect ! local climate1 & ! difficulty ( keep+ ! h\se w>m & dry4 ,pett5k(] express$ ?is 9 8 dictum1 t we take holiday = *ange ( soil1 r ?an = *ange ( air4 ,! "* ( a soil has an important influ5ce on humidity1 radiation1 evaporation1 & 9 fact mo/ ( ! factors go+ to make up 8climate40 ,! imm$iate local surr\nd+s ( a h\se 7page #bja7 h an ev5 great] influ5ce on its salubrity ?an ! und]ly+ geological =mation4 ,! soil consi/s ( m9]al & organic matt]s4 ,on ! am\nt & "* ( ! animal & vegetable matt]s 7along ) ! condition ( moi/ure & a]ation71 ! heal?9ess ( a giv5 soil dep5ds4 ,! pres5ce ( vegetable matt]1 subject to alt]nate wett+s & dry+s1 & to heat1 has until rec5tly be5 reg>d$ z ! condition on :i* mal>ia dep5ds2 b x is n[ kn[n t mal>ial places owe _! "* to _! be+ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ! l>v ( c]ta9 mosquitoes 7page #cjg72 & t dra9age ( ! soil cures mal>ia by remov+ ! ponds 9 :i* ^! develop4 ,! two *ief ag5cies at "w to rid ! soil ( organic impurities1 are nitrification & ! influ5ce ( gr[+ plants4 ,! organic matt]s become oxidis$ into ammonia1 nitrites1 & nitrates1 & ^! are eag]ly assimilat$ by vegetation4 ,nitrification is effect$ by micro-organisms 9 ! soil4 ,ord9>y g>d5 m\ld & agricultural humus conta9 l>ge numb]s ( micro-organisms4 ,_! numb] dim9i%es ) ! dep? ( ! soil1 & bel[ #ab to #ae feet !re are few4 ,ap>t f ! occasional pres5ce ( pa?og5ic 7disease-produc+7 micro-organisms1 ! mo/ important are ^? produc+ oxidation ( organic matt]1 especially nitrification4 ,?is occurs at a less dep? ?an #d feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! op]ation ( ^! micro-organisms is necess>y to conv]t sewage & o!r impurities into h>mless nitrites & nitrates1 & x is regul>ly go+ on 9 all normal soils4 ,t ! p[] ( purification ( sewage by soil is due to ! micro-organisms 9 ! latt]1 c be prov$ by ! fact t :5 ! soil is bak$1 x loses = a "t its purify+ p[]4 ,! ,air conta9$ 9 ! ,soil v>ies greatly 9 am\nt ) ! "* ( ! soil1 & ) ! level ( ! gr\nd-wat]4 ,z ! gr\nd-wat] rises1 ! gr\nd-air is driv5 out4 ,?us1 aft] a heavy ra9fall a l>ge proportion ( ?is air w be displac$4 ,v>iations 9 b>ometric pressure1 & a rise or fall ( temp]ature1 cause movem5ts 9 gr\nd-air4 ,a h\se artificially w>m$ is liable to receive air f und]gr\nd1 unless means are adopt$ to make ! floors imp]vi\s4 ,! w>m? ( ! h\se acts z an air-pump1 aspirat+ ! cold] air into its int]ior4 ,! air f cesspools or defective dra9s may be simil>ly aspirat$ into ! h\se2 & ! same cause p>ticul>ly expla9s ! unheal?9ess ( h\ses built on 8made soils04 ,coal gas has occasionally made its way into h\ses :5 n laid on to !m1 by ! gas escap+ f leaky pipes 9 ! /reet (t5 foll[+ ! track ( wat] or dra9-pipes until x is aspirat$ f b5ea? ! h\se into its int]ior4 ,?is has result$ 9 "o in/ance 9 an explosion1 & 9 o!rs 9 poison+ by ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,! occurr5ce ( curr5ts ( air 9 soil may be illu/rat$ by a simple exp]im5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #db ,b is fill$ ) f9e s& 9 :i* is imb$d$ ! tube ,a ) its op5 end ,f at ! bottom ( ! s& ,c4 ,! upp] end ( ,a is connect$ by ! rubb] tub+ ,d ) ! ,u-%ap$ tube ,e1 9 :i* is ins]t$ "s col\r$ wat]4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t] bl[s on ! surface ( ! s& at ,a1 ! impulse passes ?r\gh ! s& up ! tube f ,f1 & deflects ! wat] 9 ! syphon b5d at ,e4 ,! am\nt ( gr\nd-air v>ies greatly4 ,loose s&s (t5 conta9 #dj to #ej p] c5t41 s(t s&/one #bj to #dj p] c5t41 & loose surface-soil _m times its own volume4 ,! nature ( ! air is n accurately kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely ri* 9 c>bonic acid1 ( :i* x conta9s f #a to #aj p] c5t4 or ev5 m4 ,! c>bonic acid is d]iv$ f ! organic matt] 9 ! soil1 by ! action ( bact]ia1 9 a mann] analog\s to nitrification4 ,! ,wat] conta9$ 9 ! ,soil is divid$ into moi/ure & gr\nd or subsoil-wat]4 ,:5 air is pres5t 9 ! soil z well z wat]1 ! soil is m]ely moi/4 ,pett5k(] def9es ! gr\nd-wat] z t condition 9 :i* all ! int]/ices are fill$ ) wat]1 s t1 except 9 s f> z its p>ticles are sep>at$ by solid portions ( soil1 !re is a cont9u\s %eet ( wat]4 ,! ,moi/ure 9 ! soil v>ies 9 am\nt4 ,op5 gravel w absorb f #i to #ac p] c5t4 by weight ( wat]2 gravelly surface soil #dh p] c5t42 light s&y soils f #bc to #cf p] c5t42 loamy soil #dc p] c5t42 /iff l& & clay soils f #dcc to #egf p] c5t42 s&y & peaty soils f #fae to #hj p] c5t42 peat #ajc p] c5t4 7,b4 ,la?am74 ,! moi/ure be+ d]iv$ f ! ra9fall on "o side1 & ! gr\nd-wat] on ! o!r1 w v>y ) ! am\nt ( ^!4 ,"s soils are practically imp]meable to wat]1 su* z trap or metamorphic rocks1 unwea!r$ granite1 h>d lime/one1 & d5se clay2 :ile o!rs1 su* z *alk1 s&1 s&/one1 vegetable soils are p]meable4 ,commonly ! metamorphic rocks & h>d lime/ones pres5t fissures1 :i* r5d] !m p]vi\s4 ,! ra9fall :i* does n p5etrate ! soil fl[s into ! /reams & riv]s at once1 or is re-evaporat$4 ,! am\nt ( p]colation ( ra9fall is e/imat$ by an artificial soil-gauge4 ,mo/ p]colation & lea/ evaporation ( ra9fall occurs f ,octob] to ,m>* inclusive4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]colation & ra9fall is ! loss caus$ by evaporation & vegetation4 ,! ,gr\nd-wat] =ms a subt]ranean %eet ( wat]1 :i* is 9 con/ant motion4 ,!re is fir/ ( all1 an irregul> rise & fall ( ! wat]1 accord+ z x receives new additions f ! ra9fall1 or loses a c]ta9 am\nt ( its sub/ance by p]colation & evaporation2 & !re is1 secondly1 a con/ant movem5t t[>ds ! ne>e/ wat]-c\rse or ! sea4 ,_m t[ns d]ive _! dr9k+-wat] f ! gr\nd-wat]1 especially t 9 ! *alk4 ,?us 9 ,brighton !re are no /reams2 b wells are dug 9 ! ,s\? ,d[ns ab\t #aej to #ahj feet deep d[n to ! level ( ! subt]ranean wat]4 ,!n long adits are tunnell$1 p>allel to ! coa/ at or ne> ! level ( ?is wat]1 :i* is ?us int]cept$ on its way t[>ds ! sea1 & pump$ up to supply ! t[n4 ,9 ,muni*1 ,pett5k(] reckon$ ! rate ( movem5t ( ! gr\nd wat] t[>ds ! outlet z #ae feet daily4 ,x is imp$$ by imp]meability1 or a defici5t slope ( ! soil4 ,! roots ( trees also greatly imp$e its fl[4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd-wat] is con/antly *ang+ 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,! alt]ation 9 level may be only a few in*es ei!r way1 :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ,india x is z mu* z #af feet4 ,! level is g5]ally l[e/ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 highe/ 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,a fall 9 ! level ( ! gr\nd-wat] may be due to a dry season1 or to improv$ subsoil dra9age4 ,a rise 9 its level is due to an increase 9 ! ra9fall1 or "s ob/ruction 9 ! outfl[1 z f a swoll5 riv]4 ,! tide may influ5ce ! level ( ! gr\nd-wat] at a great di/ance4 ,a sudd5 alt]ation 9 ! level ( ! gr\nd-wat] is a common cause ( floods 9 m9es4 ,! di/ance ( ! gr\nd-wat] f ! surface may be only two or ?ree feet1 or sev]al hundr$ feet1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to ! v>y+ level ( ! ne>e/ imp]vi\s /ratum ( soil4 ,its di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! soil c easily be measur$ by asc]ta9+ t ( ! wat] ( a %all[ well 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x %\ld pref]ably n be ne>] ! surface ?an five or six feet4 ,sudd5 *anges 9 ! level ( ! gr\nd-wat] f inundations r5d] any soil unheal?y1 & are ev5 m objectionable ?an a p]si/5tly high level4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! case ( p]meable soils4 ,a sudd5 ris+ ( gr\nd-wat] expels ! air 9 ! soil1 toge!r possibly ) p>ticles :i* may comprise infecti\s mat]ial2 x also wa%es simil> impurities out ( ! subsoil1 & c>ries !m into neighb\r+ wells4 ,num]\s epidemics h be5 trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,! ,temp]ature ( ! ,soil v>ies greatly ) its geological "*1 z well z ) ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! daily *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e d n affect ! soil beyond a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,! annual *anges 9 ! atmosph]e w affect ! soil 9 a v>y+ degree1 ! am\nt be+ dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! soil z reg>ds conductivity & ret5tiv5ess = heat4 ,su* annual v>iations d n p5etrate bel[ =ty feet1 & are v small bel[ tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,! temp]ature ( ! e>? increases ) its dep?1 ! rate ( increase 9 ,engl& be+ /at$ to be ab\t #a ,fahr4 = e #ed feet4 ,9 ,engl& ! wat] ( p]man5t spr+s has a fairly con/ant temp]ature ( #di to #ea ,fahr41 :i* is ! temp]ature ( ! deep] "p ( ! subsoil4 ,! me?od ( tak+ ! daily temp]ature ( ! subsoil at a dep? ( #d feet is describ$ on page #bdj4 ,al?\gh ! av]age temp]ature ( any soil dep5ds on ! climate1 soils conduct heat 9 a v v>y+ degree1 & !re=e absorb unequal quantities4 ,?is has an important be>+ on ! com=t ( ^? liv+ on a p>ticul> soil4 ,s*bl]'s exp]im5ts give ! absorb+ p[] ( ! *ief k9ds ( soil1 #ajj be+ tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,s&1 ) "s lime #ajjj ,pure s& #ief ,light clay #gfi ,gypsum #gcb ,heavy clay #gaa ,clayey e>? #fhd ,pure clay #ffg ,f9e *alk #fah ,humus #dij ,x is evid5t f ?is table t s& is v ret5tive ( heat1 :ile clays & humus are v cold4 ,gre5 vegetation less5s ! absorb+ p[] ( ! soil1 & radiation ( heat is m rapid1 evaporation occurr+ con/antly f ! h]bage4 ,! influ5ce ( trees on ! temp]ature ( ! soil is consid]$ on page #bbh4 ,damp soils are cold] ?an dry soils because ( ! evaporation go+ on4 ,bu*an f9ds z ! result ( dra9age ( ! soil1 t 7#a7 ! mean temp]ature ( arable l& is rais$ #jh ,fahr42 7#b7 cold is propagat$ m quickly ?r\gh undra9$ l&2 7#c7 dra9$ l& loses less heat by evaporation2 7#d7 ! temp]ature ( dra9$ l& is m equable1 & 7#e7 9 summ] is (t5 #ae to #c above t ( undra9$ l&4 ,,diseases ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,soil4--,! soil may be a cause ( disease3 7a7 indirectly & 7b7 directly4 ,indirectly a damp soil may cause disease by act+ z a means ( l[]+ ! vitality ( man & dim9i%+ 8 resi/ance to disease4 ,x is 9 ?is way t x has be5 cr$it$ ) caus+ su* diseases z neuralgia1 cat>rhs1 & rheumatism4 ,x is "o ( ! elem5ts 9 produc+ a climate unfav\rable to heal?4 ,z to rheumatism1 see page #bbe4 ,directly ! soil may transmit ! actual contagia 7micro-organisms7 ( disease ei!r by means ( ! subsoil wat] or its air4 ,9 ! =m] case ! disease-caus+ mat]ial ga9s access to ! dr9k+ wat] ( wells1 spr+s1 or riv]s2 9 ! latt] case x may be borne to ! surface ( ! soil by curr5ts ( ! gr\nd-air or by insects1 & !n inhal$ z du/1 or ga9 access to food4 ,c]ta9 disease-produc+ micro-organisms h be5 prov$ to be capable ( liv+ = "s "t 9 ! soil4 ,! *ief ( ^! f\nd 9 ! soil are ! bacilli ( tetanus 7lockjaw71 ( an?rax1 ( malignant o$ema1 & ( ent]ic 7typhoid7 fev]4 ,!re are reasons = ?9k+ also t ! micro-organisms caus+ diph!ria1 rheumatic fev]1 & epidemic di>rha1 & possibly "s o!r diseases1 may occasionally live 9 ! soil4 ,9 "s diseases z ent]ic fev]1 *ol]a1 dys5t]y & an?rax1 ! contam9ation ( ! soil c be %[n to be d]iv$ f a pati5t suff]+ f ! same diseases4 ,9 o!rs1 & p>ticul>ly 9 tetanus1 ! same *a9 ( evid5ce is obta9able4 7#a7 ,! conditions fav\rable to ! production ( mal>ial diseases h be5 g5]ally consid]$ to be ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 proportion ( dead organic matt]1 ! exposure ( ! soil to alt]nations ( heat & moi/ure1 ) a limit$ access ( air1 & a temp]ature ( at lea/ #fe;,f4 ,?\gh mo/ common 9 m>%y di/ricts1 & 9 rec5t alluvial soils1 mal>ia may develop 9 connection ) any geological =mation4 ,t x may be remov$ by dra9age ( ! subsoil1 is well kn[n4 ,! true nature ( ! connection betwe5 soil & mal>ia is /at$ on page #bbj4 7#b7 ,accord+ to obs]vations made by ,pett5k(] 9 ,muni*1 attacks ( ent]ic 7typhoid7 fev] are connect$ ) fluctuations ( ! subsoil-wat]4 ,he /ates 8 conclusions z foll[s3-- 8,betwe5 ! fluctuations ( subsoil wat] & ! am\nt & sev]ity ( ent]ic fev] !re is an unmi/akable connection 9 ?is wise1 t ! total numb] ( cases ( & dea?s f ent]ic fev] falls ) a rise ( ! subsoil wat]1 & rises ) fall ( x2 t ! level rea*$ by ! disease is n 9 proportion1 h[ev]1 to ! !n level ( ! subsoil wat]1 b only to ! v>iation 9 x on ea* occasion2 or 9 o!r words1 t x is n ! high or l[ level ( ! subsoil wat] t is decisive1 b only ! range ( fluctuation40 ,8 obs]vations h n be5 confirm$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! co9cid5ce betwe5 excess ( ent]ic fev] & l[ness ( gr\nd-wat] has be5 expla9$ by ! fact t "u ^! circum/ances ! wat] 9 wells is l[1 & ! area ( dra9age & ! consequ5t risk ( contam9ation are proportionately increas$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! mo/ common orig9 ( ent]ic fev] is f ! infection ( wat] or milk by infective matt] f a rec5t case ( ! disease4 ,?is does n exclude ! fact t ent]ic fev] 9 ?is c\ntry is m preval5t 9 hot dry autumns1 9 :i* ! gr\nd-wat] is l[4 ,probably "u su* conditions ! contagium ( ! disease multiples m rapidly 9 ! soil1 9 privies & o!r pollut$ places1 & consequ5tly ! risks ( infection ( wat] & food z well ( infection by du/ c>ri$ f ! contam9at$ spot are greatly increas$4 7#c7 ,9 reg>d to *ol]a1 ,pett5k(] holds simil> views4 ,he believes t ! contagium ( *ol]a c only be develop$ :5 !re is a damp por\s subsoil to receive ! infect$ /ools f a *ol]a pati5t2 ! damp por\s subsoil =m+ a second ho/ 9 :i* ! poison ( *ol]a mu/ pass ?r\gh "o /age ( its exi/5ce1 be=e x is aga9 capable ( produc+ ! disease4 ,su* an ess5tial relation%ip ( ! soil is n borne out by obs]vations 9 ,india2 & 9 ,engl& *ol]a has be5 repeat$ly %[n to be due to contam9ation ( food 7e4g4 oy/]s7 or wat] by ! /ools ( prec$+ *ol]a pati5ts1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ag5cy ( ! soil4 7#d7 ,x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ t a damp soil fav\rs ! preval5ce ( diph!ria4 ,i h %[n else:]e1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n true1 & t ! greate/ epidemics ( diph!ria h occurr$ 9 exceptionally dry ye>s1 especially :5 sev]al ye>s ( exceptionally small ra9fall h succe$$ ea* o!r2 & h sugge/$ t ?is may be associat$ ) an int]m$iate /age 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! diph!ria-bacillus 9 ! soil4 ,a l[ gr\nd-wat] & a comp>atively high temp]ature ( ! soil g along ) defici5t ra9fall1 & w\ld probably fav\r ! multiplication ( ?is bacillus 9 ! soil4 7#e7 ,9 rheumatic fev] ,i h simil>ly %[n t ! suppos$ connection betwe5 damp soil & ?is disease is errone\s1 ! disease be+ mo/ preval5t1 bo? 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 9 ye>s ( exceptional dr\ght4 7#f7 ,epidemic or ,summ] ,di>rha has be5 suppos$ to h a special relation%ip ) soil-temp]ature1 ,ball>d hav+ f\nd t ! summ] rise 9 ! mortality f ?is disease does n comm5ce until ! mean temp]ature record$ by ! f\r-foot e>? !rmomet] has atta9$ some:]e ab\t #ef;,f4 ,! soil-temp]ature may be accept$ z a conv5i5t index ( ! conditions caus+ ?is disease4 ,! disease ,i h else:]e %[n occurs mo/ sev]ely ) a high temp]ature ( ! air & a defici5t ra9fall1 & its fundam5tal cause is an unclean soil1 ! p>ticulate poison f :i* infects ! air1 & is swall[$ mo/ commonly ) food1 especially milk4 7#g7 ,! close connection ( consumption 7ph?isis7 ) a damp soil has be5 indep5d5tly /at$ by ,drs4 ,bu*anan & ,b[dit*4 ,bu*anan f\nd t 9 ! di/ricts :]e improv$ sanit>y arrangem5ts _h l$ to a dry+ ( ! soil1 ! dea?-rate f ph?isis dim9i%$2 b :]e ) sanit>y improvem5ts ! soil 0 n dri$1 ! dea?-rate f ph?isis rema9$ 9 "o or two in/ances almo/ /ation>y4 ,9 ,salisbury1 ,ely1 ,rugby1 & ,banbury1 ! dea?-rate f ph?isis fell f #ada to #di p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( r$uction 9 ! dea?-rate f ph?isis did n appe> to be consi/5tly proportional to ! am\nt ( dry+ ( ! subsoil4 ,9 a lat] inve/igation into ! incid5ce ( dea?s f ph?isis 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 ,bu*anan came to ! fur!r conclusions t 7a7 !re 0 less ph?isis among populations liv+ on p]vi\s soils ?an among populations liv+ 9 imp]vi\s soils2 7b7 less ph?isis among populations liv+ on high-ly+ p]vi\s soils ?an among populations liv+ on l[-ly+ p]vi\s soils2 & 7c7 less ph?isis among populations liv+ on slop+ imp]vi\s soils ?an among populations liv+ on flat imp]vi\s soils4 ,he1 !re=e1 conclud$ t wetness ( soil is a cause ( ph?isis to ! population liv+ ^u x4 7,see also page #cac74 ,dra9age ( ! ,soil4--,!re are two *ief plans = r5d]+ ! soil dri]--deep dra9age & op5+ ! outfl[4 ,subsoil ,dra9age %\ld always be c>ri$ out by dra9s1 sep>ate f ^? = sewage4 ,if ! sew]s are utilis$ = ?is purpose1 _! cont5ts :5 full contam9ate ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,! subsoil dra9s %\ld be compos$ ( agricultural1 i4e4 unglaz$1 dra9-pipes laid 9 t[ns 9 ! same tr5*1 b above ! sew]s1 & !y %\ld dis*>ge into ! ne>e/ wat]-c\rse4 ,if x is necess>y to jo9 !m ) a sew]1 !y %\ld n pass directly into x1 b into a disconnect+ man-hole4 ,op5+ ! ,outfl[1 9 ord] t wat] may n rema9 /agnant 9 ! soil1 is occasionally requir$4 ,?is may be done by cle>+ wat]-c\rses1 remov+ ob/ructions1 & =m+ fre% *annels4 ,! provision ( suffici5t surface-dra9s to c>ry (f ord9>y wat] & /orm-wat] helps 9 dry+ ! soil ( urban di/ricts4 ,vegetation t5ds to dim9i% dampness ( soil by caus+ rapid evaporation1 & at ! same "t uses up ! organic matt] 9 ! soil4 ,c]ta9 plants are m active 9 produc+ ^! effects ?an o!rs3 ! ,eucalyptus g5us1 includ+ _m species1 & repres5t$ by ! well-kn[n blue-gum tree ( ,au/ralia1 is not$ = its p[] 9 ?is respect2 & ! common sun-fl[]1 :i* is v easy ( cultivation1 has a p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! same direction4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r4 ,! ,climate ( a c\ntry has an important influ5ce on ! heal? & "* ( its inhabitants4 ,! "* ( a climate dep5ds on f\r ma9 conditions3-- #a4 ,! di/ance f ! equator4 #b4 ,! height above ! sea4 #c4 ,! di/ance f ! sea4 #d4 ,! prevail+ w9ds4 ,!re are o!r conditions :i* are ( subsidi>y importance1 b :i* h great influ5ce 9 modify+ ! climate ( any giv5 locality4 ,?us3-- #e4 ,! nature ( a surface--its aspect1 %elt]1 slope2 ! col\r ( ! soil or rock1 ! reflection f rocks or %eets ( wat]1 & ! influ5ce ( vegetation4 #f4 ,! cultivation ( ! soil4 #g4 ,! dra9age ( m>%es & damp soils4 #h4 ,! plant+ & cle>+ away ( =e/s4 ,! ,di/ance f ! ,equator is ! mo/ important factor 9 relation to climate4 ,! sun's rays become less p[]ful z !y fall m obliquely1 9 travell+ f ! equator4 ,?is prim>y factor 9 produc+ climate is l>gely modifi$1 h[ev]1 by ! relative di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 & by ! "* ( ! prevail+ w9ds ( a di/rict4 ,! ,elevation ( a locality affects ! temp]ature & ! b>ometric pressure1 bo? fall+ z ! height is increas$4 ,! am\nt ( fall v>ies ) ! latitude ( ! place1 ) its situation 9 reg>d to surr\nd+ di/ricts1 ! degree ( moi/ure ( ! air1 ! pres5ce ( w9ds1 ! h\r ( day1 & ! season ( ! ye>4 ,x is usual to all[ #a ,fahr4 = e #cjj feet ( asc5t above ! level ( ! sea1 & "o-?\s&? "p ( an in* depression ( ! b>omet] = e increase ( "o foot 9 height4 ,hills1 ,pla9 & ,valley4--,! law ( decrease ( temp]ature ) increase ( altitude1 is liable to great modifications1 & ev5 subv]sions1 f v>i\s causes4 ,! *ief cause produc+ su* modification ( ! law is ! elevation 9 relation to ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ris+ gr\nd1 ! high] p>ts become rapidly cool$ by radiation4 ,! air "h is likewise cool$ by contact1 & becom+ heavi] 9 consequ5ce1 fl[s d[n to l[-ly+ gr\nd4 ,h5ce places on ris+ gr\nd are n s fully expos$ to ! int5sity ( fro/s at night z places 9 ! valley4 ,valleys surr\nd$ by hills & high gr\nds1 n only reta9 _! own cold & heavy air1 b s]ve z res]voirs = ! cold air fall+ f neighb\r+ heights4 ,"o f9ds1 9 consequ5ce1 mi/s 9 l[ situations1 :ile adjo9+ em95ces are q cle>4 ,! air ( m\nta9s is 7#a7 cool] ?an t ( l[] di/ricts ) ! exception already nam$4 7#b7 ,x is less d5se 9 proportion to ! altitude2 its pressure at ! height ( #af1jjj feet be+ only half t at ! sea level4 7#c7 ,its absolute humidity is decid$ly dim9i%$2 !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! relative humidity4 7#d7 ,! air is z a rule pur]4 ,x is g5]ally free f du/1 & to a l>ge ext5t aseptic 7t is1 free f microbes74 7#e7 ,! am\nt ( ozone is commonly great] ?an 9 l[] regions4 ,9 addition to ^! *>act]s1 7#f7 ! light is int5se1 & 7#g7 ! direct heat ( ! sun is great]1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 sun & %ade great] ?an 9 l[] regions4 ,ow+ to ^! peculi>ities ( m\nta9 air1 x is ( great value z a re/orative4 ,! circulation ( blood is increas$1 nutrition is improv$1 ! *e/ exp&s1 & ! increase 9 its size may be p]man5t4 ,! pres5ce ( =e/s & %eets ( wat] c\nt]acts ! effects ( radiation f ! e>?4 ,?us if a deep lake fills ! bas9 ( a valley1 ! cold air desc5d+ f high] levels cools ! surface wat]1 :i* s9ks & is replac$ by w>m] wat] f bel[4 ,9 ?is way deep lakes are s\rces ( heat 9 w9t]1 & places on _! %ores are free f ! sev]e fro/s :i* are peculi> to o!r l[-ly+ situations4 ,if ! slopes ( a hill are cov]$ ) trees ! temp]ature ( its sides & base are consid]ably increas$1 z ! trees ob/ruct ! desc5d+ curr5ts ( cold air4 ,! fro/s ( w9t] are felt mo/ sev]ely 9 localities :]e ! slopes above !m are de/itute ( vegetation1 & especially ( trees4 ,x foll[s t 9 any giv5 locality1 ! be/ protection aga9/ ! w9t] cold is ensur$ by a dwell+ situat$ on a slope a little above ! pla9 or valley f :i* x rises1 ) a s\!rn exposure1 & %elt]$ by trees plant$ above x4 ,su* local conditions %\ld always be c>efully enquir$ into1 :5 a *oice ( site is possible1 z ! temp]ature ( "o "p ( a neighb\rhood may diff] by sev]al degrees f t ( ano!r "p ne> at h&4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly important 9 ! case ( invalids4 ,=e/s t5d to modify a climate1 & mitigate its extremes1 :e!r situat$ on ! slopes ( m\nta9s or on pla9s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z else:]e1 ! effect ( de/ruction ( =e/s has be5 to produce great] v>iation 9 ! annual ra9fall1 to l5g!n p]iods ( dr\ght1 & to increase ! p[] ( floods & cl\d bur/s4 ,trees are heat$ & cool$ by radiation l o!r bodies1 b f _! sl[ conduct+ p[]1 ! p]iods ( _! maximum & m9imum temp]atures are n rea*$ = "s h\rs aft] ! same phases ( ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! effects ( radiation are n conf9$ to a small surface on ! soil1 b di/ribut$ to ! level ( ! tree-tops4 ,= ^! reasons1 trees make night w>m] & day cool]1 ?us giv+ to =e/ di/ricts some?+ ( ! "* ( an isl& climate4 ,evaporation occurs sl[ly f ! damp soil b5ea? trees1 z x is scre5$ f ! sun1 & ! trees prev5t a free circulation ( w9d4 ,h5ce ! relative humidity & ra9fall are increas$4 ,at ! same "t =e/s mitigate ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( ! ra9fall on ! soil4 ,gr\nd cov]$ ) ,vegetation has a m uni=m temp]ature ?an b>e soil1 ! effect be+ mu* ! same z t ( =e/s1 ?\gh on a small] scale4 ,all gr[+ vegetation evaporates a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,a plant evaporates #bjj p\nds ( wat] :ile x =ms "o p\nd ( woody fibre2 ! effect ( a =e/ mu/1 !re=e1 be enorm\s4 ,at ! same "t1 vegetation1 & especially trees1 reta9 moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,! wat]-supply ( b>r5 regions may be greatly increas$ by plant+ trees4 ,! abs5ce ( vegetation leads to extreme fluctuations ( temp]ature4 ,an ext5t ( s&1 = in/ance1 raises ! temp]ature ( ! air greatly dur+ ! day1 z x is a bad conductor2 b at night1 radiation is v great1 & ! temp]ature falls accord+ly4 ,relation ( ,sea to ,climate4--,wat] has ! greate/ specific heat ( any kn[n sub/ance1 be+ f\r times great] ?an t ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,on ?is acc\nt x takes long] to heat & to cool ?an ! e>?4 ,unlike ! e>?1 likewise1 x all[s free p5etration ( ! sun's rays1--9 cle> wat] probably to a dep? ( at lea/ #fjj feet2 consequ5tly1 ! surface ( ! wat] becomes less rapidly heat$4 ,! freez+ po9t ( fre% wat] is #cb1 :ile t ( sea-wat] is #bge-bhd4 ,?us1 ! sea rema9s op5 at a temp]ature at :i* inl& lakes freeze1 & has1 !re=e1 a great] influ5ce 9 mod]at+ w9t] cold & summ] heat4 ,ano!r factor r5d]+ x m compet5t to mitigate extremes ( temp]ature ?an lakes1 is ! pres5ce ( curr5ts1 caus+ admixture ( ! wat] ( diff]5t climates4 ,( ^! curr5ts ! mo/ important = ?is c\ntry is ! ,gulf ,/ream1 an imm5se /ream ( wat] :i*1 :5 x leaves ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is travell+ at ! rate ( f\r to five miles an h\r1 & has a surface temp]ature ( #hh ,f4 ,x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! surface temp]ature & ! deep-sea temp]ature1 ! latt] be+ fairly con/ant4 ,! :ole ( ! dep?s ( ! sea is fill$ ) wat] at or ne> #cb ,fahr41 :i* 9 ! tropics is #dj-ej bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! surface-wat]4 ,! influ5ce ( seas on climate is s great z to lead to a classification ( climates into oceanic1 insul>1 & cont95tal4 ,an oceanic climate is lea/ liable to viol5t *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x c only be obta9$ by a sea-voyage4 ,an insul> climate pres5ts small] diff]5ces betwe5 ! temp]ature ( summ] & w9t] ?an ! int]ior ( great cont95ts1 especially :5 ! isl& is small & 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ! prevail+ w9ds be+ we/]ly1 places on ! ea/ coa/ are less truly insul> ?an simil>ly situat$ ones on ! we/ coa/2 & _! climate approa*es m ne>ly t ( inl& c\ntries4 ,a cont95tal climate is dri] & m subject to extreme alt]nations ( temp]ature ?an insul> & oceanic climates4 ,iso!rmal l9es 7l9es ( equal mean temp]ature7 ar\nd ! _w b5d up & d[n1 ! b5d+s be+ det]m9$ by ! relative position ( cont95ts & oceans4 ,new ,york has ! same mean temp]ature z ,london1 ?\gh ,new ,york is z f> s\? ( ,london z ,madrid4 ,?is fact illu/rates ! fallacy 9 judg+ ( ! climate ( a locality by ! annual mean temp]ature4 ,means1 x has be5 well said1 are g5]al tru?s b p>ticul> fallacies4 ,"o %\ld "k ! extremes ( temp]ature1 & ! extremes = ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 z well z ! am\nt & di/ribution ( ! ra9fall1 & ! am\nt ( sun%9e1 be=e judg+ ( a local climate4 ,w9ds are due to diff]5ces 9 atmosph]ic pressure caus$ by *anges 9 temp]ature & moi/ure4 ,inasmu* z ! temp]ature & degree ( moi/ure ( air v>y ) ! prevail+ w9ds1 _! consid]ation becomes v important4 ,w9ds br+ ) !m ! temp]ature ( ! air !y h trav]s$3 ?us1 9 ,engl&1 s\? w9ds are w>m1 :ile nor? w9ds are cold4 ,w9ds com+ ov] an ocean cause less v>iation 9 temp]ature ?an ^? :i* h pass$ ov] an ext5sive tract ( c\ntry4 ,?us1 moi/ ocean w9ds are accompani$ by a mild w9t] & cool summ]1 :ile dry cont95tal w9ds cause ! rev]se conditions4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure capable ( be+ c>ri$ by a curr5t ( air increases ) its temp]ature2 !re=e1 equatorial w9ds become moi/] z !y proce$1 :ile nor? w9ds become dri]4 ,! s\?-we/ w9ds1 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 be+ bo? oceanic & equatorial1 are v moi/1 :ile ! nor?-ea/ w9ds1 be+ bo? nor!rly & cont95tal1 are peculi>ly dry & p>*+4 ,ow+ to ! atmosph]ic pressure dim9i%+ f ! s\? ( ,europe nor?w>ds to ,icel&1 s\?-we/ w9ds are ! mo/ preval5t 9 ,great ,brita92 & z ?is dim9ution ( atmosph]ic pressure is greate/ 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 s\?-we/ w9ds are mo/ common at ?is season4 ,! result is t ! temp]ature ( ^! isl&s is high] ?an t due to m]e latitude1 & ! temp]ature on ! we/ coa/ is fairly uni=m f ,%etl& to ,wales4 ,m\nta9 ranges h an important be>+ 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,if ! range is p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( ! w9ds1 ! latt] lose ! great] "p ( _! moi/ure1 & ! places to leew>d be+ expos$ m completely to sol> & t]re/rial radiation 7f comp>ative abs5ce ( aque\s vap\r71 w9t] becomes cold] & summ] hott]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! climates ( ! we/ & ea/ p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 is l>gely due to ?is cause4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! m\nta9s are n gr\p$ 9 ranges runn+ nor? & s\?1 b 9 isolat$ masses1 & ! diff]5ce 9 climate betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ coa/s is consequ5tly less m>k$4 ,! prevail+ w9ds h a great influ5ce on ! ra9fall4 7#a7 ,?us if ! w9d has trav]s$ a consid]able ext5t ( ocean1 ! ra9fall is mod]ately l>ge4 7#b7 ,if a w9d rea*es into a cold] region1 its saturation po9t is l[]$1 & ! ra9fall is greatly increas$2 & if a range ( m\nta9s lies across its pa?1 ! ra9fall on ! side fac+ ! w9d is greatly increas$1 b dim9i%$ on ! opposite side ( ! range4 7#c7 ,if a w9d aft] rea*+ l& proce$s into l[] latitudes or w>m] regions1 ! ra9fall is small1 or abs5t4 ,?is acc\nts = ! ra9less summ]s ( ,cali=nia1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,s\? ,europe4 ,! ,b>ometric ,pressure v>ies daily1 be+ at its maximum at ab\t #i a4m4 & #i p4m4 ,! av]age range 9 ! tropics am\nts to #ja in*1 b 9 ?is c\ntry does n usually exce$ #jjb in*es4 ,dur+ ! ye> ! m9imum b>ometric pressure usually occurs ab\t ! end ( ,octob]1 :ile ! maximum is usually at ! end ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june4 ,! ord9>y v>iations 9 b>ometric pressure ) *anges ( wea!r h little app>5t effect on heal?2 b m extreme *anges produce m>k$ effect4 ,9 m\nta9-climb+ fa9tness & nausea may be caus$ at great altitudes4 ,at ! opposite extreme1 9 pi]-driv+ & lay+ ! f\ndations ( bridges1 m5 h to "w 9 air-*amb]s at a pressure ( f ?ree to f\r atmosph]es4 ,!n :at is kn[n z 8caisson disease0 may be produc$4 ,! usual symptoms are discom=t or pa9 9 ! e>s1 gidd9ess1 ble$+ at ! nose1 vomit+1 or ev5 tempor>y p>alysis4 ,9 su* occupations x is mo/ important t on leav+ ! air-*amb]s ! atmosph]ic pressure %\ld be gradually l[]$4 ,! use ( ! b>omet] z a wea!r indicator is bas$ on ! fact t moi/ air is light] ?an dry air4 ,h5ce1 if ! air is moi/ & ra9 imm95t1 ! b>omet] falls rapidly4 ,! maximum daily range 9 ?is c\ntry is r>ely great] ?an #c in*es4 ,wea!r obs]vations c be bas$ on records kept at "o spot4 ,_! value is greatly enhanc$1 :5 su* obs]vations are comp>$ ) o!rs di/ribut$ ov] a wide area4 ,! wid] ! area f :i* su* obs]vations are collat$1 ! m accurate ! d$uctions t c be secur$4 ,if obs]vations ( places at :i* ! b>ometrical pressure is id5tical be record$ on a map1 we h a synoptic map1 & ! l9es ( equal b>ometrical pressure connect+ ^! po9ts are call$ isob>s4 ,! mod]n developm5t ( meteorology1 enabl+ =eca/s ( wea!r to be made ) approximate accuracy1 is bas$ *iefly on telegraphic communication ( in=mation1 enabl+ isob>s to be con/ruct$4 ,x is f\nd t isob>s arrange !mselves into sev5 *ief =ms 7#a7 ,cyclones4 7#b7 ,second>y cyclones4 7#c7 ,v-%ap$ depressions4 7#d7 ,anti-cyclones4 7#e7 ,w$ge-%ap$ isob>s4 7#f7 ,cols4 7#g7 ,/raight isob>s4 ,ea* ( ^! v>ieties is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 :i* embraces ! conditions 9 ,europe1 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ov] ! ,nor? ,atlantic on a c]ta9 day4 ,! clos5ess ( ! isob>s1 i4e4 ! rapidity ( *anges 9 atmosph]ic pressure det]m9es ! b>ometric gradi5t4 ,! /eep] ?is gradi5t1 ! great] ! velocity ( ! w9d 9 any giv5 place4 ,! di/ance betwe5 two isob>s is equal to a *ange ( a t5? ( an in* 9 ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet]4 ,! direction ( ! w9d 9 a giv5 place is f ! high] to ! l[] isob>s4 ,?is is express$ 9 ,buys ,ballot's law1 :i* /ates t 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 if y /& ) y\r back to ! w9d1 ! l[e/ pressure is to y\r left & 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,fundam5tal ,,%apes ,,( ,,isob>s 7aft] ,ab]crombie74 ,cyclones or depressions are areas ( l[ b>ometric pressure4 ,a cyclonic sy/em 7,fig4 #dc7 is =m$ by circles ( conc5tric isob>s4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 cyclones & anti-cyclones are z foll[s3-- ,cyclones4 ,anti-cyclones4 ,w9d moves 9 ! opposite ,w9d moves 9 same direction z direction to ! h&s ( a wat*4 ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,b>omet] is l[e/ 9 ! c5tre4 ,b>omet] is highe/ 9 ! c5tre4 ,area comp>atively small4 ,area comp>atively l>ge4 ,gradi5t f c5tre to ,gradi5t n /eep4 circumf]5ce /eep4 ,%ort duration4 ,long duration4 ,velocity ( w9d great4 ,air comp>atively quiet4 ,wea!r bad2 mu* ra9fall4 ,wea!r f9e4 ,cool 9 summ]2 w>m 9 w9t]4 ,hot 9 summ]2 cold & fro/y 9 w9t]4 ,cyclones usually travel f we/ to ea/1 & are always associat$ ) bad wea!r4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! wea!r1 bo? 9 cyclones & anti-cyclones1 is ! b>ometric gradi5t4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! gradi5t1 a cyclone may mean mild wet wea!r1 a gale1 or a hurricane4 ,! turn+ po9t ( a cyclone1 j be=e ! b>omet] beg9s to rise aga91 is call$ ! tr\gh4 ,cyclones are usually oval 9 %ape1 except 9 ! tropics1 :]e !y are small] & circul>4 ,! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts 9 a cyclone is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 read+ x f left to "r4 ,9 ,second>y ,cyclones1 bad wea!r is usually associat$ ) a /ation>y b>omet] & no w9d4 ,!y are incompletely circul> loop$ conc5tric isob>s1 ) ! l[e/ pressure 9 ! c5tre4 ,!y frequ5tly foll[ prim>y cyclones4 ,v-%ap$ ,depressions are angul> areas1 ) ! l[e/ pressure 9 ! c5tre1 frequ5tly =m+ betwe5 adjo9+ anti-cyclones 7,fig4 #dc74 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! tip usually po9ts s\?4 ,!y usually move ) great rapidity f ea/ to we/1 & are always associat$ ) squalls or ?und]/orms4 ,_! movem5t is v unc]ta91 & _! =eca/ !re=e m difficult ?an t ( cyclones & anti-cyclones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,wea!r ,,sequ5ce ,,9 ,a ,,cyclone 7aft] ,ab]crombie74 ,! trac+ indicates ! l9e :i* a self-record+ b>omet] w\ld h m>k$4 ,! arr[s m>k ! %ift ( ! w9d1 & ! numb] ( b>bs d5ote ! v>y+ =ce ( ! w9d4 ,anti-cyclones are associat$ ) calm & cold 9 ! c5tre1 :ile on ! bord]s ! w9d bl[s ar\nd ! c5tre1 spirally outw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a clock4 ,an anti-cyclone is usually accompani$ by a blue sky1 dry cold air1 a hot sun1 a hazy horizon1 & little or no w9d4 ,w$ge-%ap$ ,isob>s1 unlike ,v's1 usually po9t nor?4 ,!y are areas ( high pressure mov+ along betwe5 two cyclones1 be+ really project+ p>ts ( an anti-cyclone4 ,! f9e wea!r accompany+ !m is only tempor>y1 because !y are nev] /ation>y1 & are g5]ally foll[$ by cyclonic di/urbances4 ,at ! n>r[ end ( ! w$ge ?und]/orms or %[]s (t5 occur1 & at ! wide end fog is common4 ,cols or necks ( relatively l[ b>ometric pressure occur betwe5 two anticyclonic areas4 ,l /raight isob>s !y are int]m$iate sy/ems4 ,ov] cols ! wea!r is dull & gloomy2 9 summ] !y may be associat$ ) ?und]/orms4 ,/raight ,isob>s obvi\sly d n enclose any area ( high or l[ pressure4 ,!y =m an int]m$iate condition1 prec$+ ! =mation ( a cyclone2 & are usually associat$ ) a blu/]+ w9d & h>d sky4 ,wea!r =eca/+ is necess>ily some:at difficult & unc]ta94 ,if "o is dep5d5t on obs]vations at a s+le po9t ! foll[+ rules are useful3-- 7a7 ,if ! b>omet] falls sl[ly & /eadily bad wea!r w foll[4 7b7 ,! b>omet] falls = ra9 ) ,s4,w41 ,s4,e41 & ,w4 w9ds4 7c7 ,:5 ! b>omet] falls rapidly1 heavy /orms may be expect$4 7d7 ,! b>omet] rises rapidly = unsettl$ wea!r4 7e7 ,! b>omet] rises gradually = f9e1 settl$ wea!r4 ,! ,!rmomet] also is ( great value z a wea!r indicator1 especially if "o kn[s :at is ! av]age temp]ature at ! place ( obs]vation = ea* day ( ! ye>4 ,?us3-- 7a7 ,a temp]ature cont9u$ = "s "t above or bel[ ! av]age1 indicates a probable *ange4 7b7 ,electric /orms foll[ unusual w>m? 9 summ]4 7c7 ,a l[ !rmomet] & almo/ /eady b>omet] are succe$$ 9 w9t] by gales f ,n4,n4,w4 or ,n4,e4 ,! ve]+ ( ! w9d 9 ,engl& is also useful z an indicator4 ,?us3-- 7a7 ,:5 ! w9d1 9 %ift+1 goes r\nd 9 ! same direction z ! h&s ( a clock--i4e41 f ,n4 by ,e4 to ,s41 or f ,s4 by ,w4 to ,n41--fav\rable *anges ( wea!r may be look$ =4 7b7 ,:5 ! w9d backs--t is1 ve]s r\nd 9 ! opposite direction--bad wea!r g5]ally foll[s4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is an important factor4 ,?us3 7a7 ,settl$ ,n4,w4 w9ds br+ cold & f9e wea!r4 7b7 ,cont9u$ ,w4 & ,s4,w4 w9ds are foll[$ by ra94 ,cl\ds give useful indications4 ,?us3-- ,a mack]el sky1 t is1 "o cov]$ ) l9es ( cirrus cl\ds1 caus+ halos ar\nd ! sun & moon1 presages ra9 9 summ] & ?aw 9 w9t]4 ,by degrees ! light cl\ds desc5d & pass into ei!r masses ( cumulus1 or into d5se1 horizontal /ratus1 :i* =m at sunset & disappe> at sunrise4 ,bo? ^! k9ds pass into ! grey1 %apeless nimbus1 :i* soon cov]s ! entire sky & is foll[$ by ra94 ,:5 num]\s obs]vations c be synoptically /udi$1 =eca/+ becomes mu* m ne>ly c]ta94 ,= ?is purpose telegraphic communications are indisp5sable4 ,! cont95t ( ,europe is bett] plac$ ?an ,engl& = accurate =eca/+4 ,areas ( high pressure co9cide usually ) l>ge areas ( l&1 ( l[ pressure ) l>ge surfaces ( wat]4 ,?us ,engl& is plac$ ne> ! b\nd>y ( ! usual anticyclonic & cyclonic sy/ems1 & its *ief di/urbances come f ! ,atlantic f :i* e>ly communication is impracticable4 ,fur!rmore cyclonic di/urbances may be div]t$ f _! c\rse by a coa/l9e or m\nta9s or by ! =mation ( an anticyclonic area4 ,9 view ( ^! unc]ta9ties1 ! l>ge proportion ( correct =eca/s is some:at surpris+4 ,! ,moi/ure ( ! ,air dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( vap\r pres5t 9 x1 & ! ratio ( ?is to ! am\nt :i* w\ld saturate ! air at ! actual temp]ature4 ,! =m] is call$ ! absolute humidity1 ! latt] ! relative humidity4 ,! dew po9t is ! po9t at :i* cond5sation ( "s ( ! vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e occurs1 ei!r z dew1 ra91 sn[1 or ho>-fro/4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* ! atmosph]e c reta9 be=e su* cond5sation occurs1 v>ies ) ! temp]ature 7see page #aja74 ,?us ! air is dri] at noon ?an at midnight1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( vap\r pres5t 9 ! two cases be ! same2 & x is = ! mo/ "p dri] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,?is ref]s to ! relative humidity1 :i* is highe/ 9 cold wea!r4 ,! absolute humidity is high] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 x v>ies m 9 cont95tal ?an 9 m>itime & insul> climates2 & !re are daily v>iations accord+ to ! /ate ( ! sky1 ! movem5ts ( air1 etc4 ,! relative humidity is express$ z a p]c5tage ( :at w\ld be requir$ to produce saturation at ! giv5 temp]ature4 ,! usual relative humidity is #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ,a moi/ air prev5ts excessive *anges ( temp]ature due to radiation4 ,x protects ! e>? f too great int5sity ( ! sol> rays by day & f too rapid loss ( heat by radiation at night4 ,! inhalation ( a dry air plays an important "p 9 ! cure ( consumption4 ,:5 ! air is almo/ saturat$ ) moi/ure1 evaporation f ! sk9 & lungs is dim9i%$1 & !re is a feel+ ( oppression & dis9cl9ation to "w caus$ by ! int]f]5ce ) ! tissue *anges ( ! sy/em4 ,ra9fall is caus$ by ov]-saturation ( a column ( moi/ air4 ,?is may be due to ! contact ( ! air ) a cold surface1 z ! ridge ( a m\nta9 or a l>ge surface ( wat]1 or to ! impact ( a cold] w9d4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall v>ies greatly4 ,9 "s p>ts !re is no ra91 z 9 ! des]t ( ,sah>a2 :ile on ! s\?-ea/ slopes ( ! ,himalayas1 :i* are expos$ to w9ds lad5 ) moi/ure1 x may be sev]al hundr$ in*es4 ,! latitude ( a place has a great influ5ce4 ,z a rule ! ra9fall decreases ) increas+ di/ance f ! equator2 b local conditions may produce great modification1 or ev5 alt]ations ( ?is law4 ,! elevation above ! sea-level has a v>y+ influ5ce4 ,9 ! ,swiss ,alps x is said t ! ra9fall increases ) ! elevation2 b ?is rule does n hold good 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ne>ness ( l>ge surfaces ( wat] 9 summ] t5ds to increase ! ra9fall1 :5 wat] is cold] ?an its surr\nd+s1 :ile 9 w9t] x has ! opposite effect4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ! sea is = ! we/ ( ,engl& & isl&s adjac5t1 a cause ( increas$ ra9fall4 ,! influ5ce ( w9ds on ! ra9fall has be5 already consid]$4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 s\?-we/ w9ds m especially increase ! ra9fall4 ,9 _! c\rse !y h travell$ ov] ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! g5]al equatorial curr5t1 & h ?us receiv$ w>m? & moi/ure4 ,! cond5sation ( _! moi/ure lib]ates a l>ge am\nt ( lat5t heat1 ?us rais+ ! temp]ature ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 summ]1 h[ev]1 s\?-we/ w9ds are cool & moi/1 z ! ,atlantic is n s hot z ! cont95ts ( ,asia & ,europe ov] :i* o!r w9ds h travell$4 ,9 ,engl& ! av]age ra9fall is ab\t #cc in*es1 9 ,scotl& #df1 & 9 ,irel& #ch in*es4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ,great ,brita91 ! ra9fall is f tw5ty to tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,on ! we/ coa/s ( ,scotl& & ,irel& x is f #fj to #hj in*es2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,cumb]l& may be ab\t #aej in*es p] annum4 ,! annual ra9fall v>ies greatly f ! av]age = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x has be5 e/imat$ t ! maximum annual ra9fall exce$s by "o-?ird1 & ! m9imum annual ra9fall is less by "o-?ird ?an ! av]age ra9fall ( a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,! numb] ( ra9y days by no means corresponds ) ! am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,!re are fewe/ ra9y days at ! equator1 :]e ! ra9fall is greate/4 ,! ra9 dim9i%es ! relative humidity ( ! air1 & purifies x f du/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,meteorological ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,royal ,meteorological ,society recognises /ations = ! mak+ & record+ ( obs]vations ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ,second ,ord] ,/ations1 at :i* obs]vations are tak5 twice daily at #i a4m4 & #i p4m42 7#b7 ,climatological ,/ations1 at :i* ! obs]vations are tak5 once daily1 at #i a4m42 7#c7 ,/ations at :i* "o or m elem5ts only1 e4g4 ra9fall1 are obs]v$4 ,all in/rum5ts us$ %\ld h be5 previ\sly v]ifi$ at ,kew ,obs]vatory1 s t ! corrections = index error may be kn[n4 ,! ,b>omet] us$ %\ld be ( a /&>d k9d4 ,five *ief k9ds ( b>omet] are 9 use1 only ! la/ two ( :i* are suffici5tly accurate = sci5tific purposes4 #a4 ,! ,dial or :eel b>omet] consi/s ( a b5t tube ,a ,b1 ! op5 end ( :i* supports an ivory float ,b4 ,?is1 z x rises & falls ) ! m]cury1 by means ( ! rack ,c turns a :eel1 9 ! axle ( :i* a ne$le is fix$4 ,! ne$le turns 9 "o direction1 or ! o!r z ! m]cury rises or falls 7,fig4 #de72 ! dial is divid$ by comp>+ x ) a /&>d b>omet]4 ,z ! ord9>y v>iations ( ! b>omet] are f #bh to #ca in*es1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel is made exactly #a in*es1 & ?us ! float ,b w rise or fall #a in*es = a rise or fall ( #c in*es 9 ! b>omet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 #b4 ,! ord9>y syphon b>omet] 7,fig4 #df7 consi/s ( a b5t tube atta*$ to a piece ( wood1 & furni%$ ) a screw v4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure acts on ! m]cury at d1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! two arms ( ! syphon is ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,to f9d ! true height ( ! b>omet] ! screw is turn$ till ! %ort] column /&s at a opposite z]o4 #c4 ,! an]oid b>omet] is made by exhau/+ ! air f a small r\nd metal box4 ,?is box is clos$ by a flexible lid ( metal :i*1 be+ ela/ic1 yields to *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,to ! l[] end ( ! lid a spr+ is atta*$ :i* runs d[nw>ds to ! floor ( ! box & resi/s ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! movem5ts ?us produc$ by v>iations 9 pressure are magnifi$ by a rack & p9ion1 & s communicat$ to a long index :i* moves ov] a graduat$ scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,! /&>d ,kew & ,=t9 b>omet]s are bo? ci/]n b>omet]s1 ! m]cury 9 ! inv]t$ tube communicat+ ) ! m]cury 9 a ci/]n bel[4 #d4 ,! ,kew patt]n b>omet] has a clos$ ci/]n bel[1 ! area ( :i* be+ accurately kn[n1 ! in*es on ! scale are n real in*es1 b in*es ( pressure1 i4e4 in*es s %ort5$ z to comp5sate = ! rise ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,?is comp5sation is necess>y inasmu* z *anges 9 atmosph]ic pressure affect ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n z well z ( t 9 ! tube4 #e4 ,9 ! ,=t9 b>omet] 7,fig4 #dg7 ! ci/]n has a pliable base ( lea!r1 :i* c be rais$ or l[]$ by means ( a screw4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ci/]n is made ( glass1 a piece ( ivory indicat+ ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,be=e tak+ a read+1 ! level ( ! m]cury mu/ always be set exactly to ?is po9t by means ( ! screw4 ,! ,=t9 is ! mo/ s5sitive =m ( b>omet]1 & ! adju/m5t requir$ 9 ord] to take a read+ is easily p]=m$4 ,to ensure m accurate read+ ( ! b>omet]1 a second>y scale or v]ni] is us$1 :i* slides ^u ! pr9cipal scale4 ,?is v]ni] is s graduat$ t #be ( its divisions correspond to #bd ( ! divisions on ! fix$ scale4 ,! fix$ scale is divid$ into in*es1 t5?s 7#a71 & half-t5?s 7#je74 ,ea* division ( ! movable scale or v]ni] is !re=e %ort] ?an ea* division ( ! scale by #abe ( #je1 i4e4 #jjb in*4 ,consequ5tly ! v]ni] %[s diff]5ces ( two ?\s&s ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,=t9 ,,b>omet]4 a--,atta*$ !rmomet]4 b--,screw ( v]ni]4 c--,screw = sett+ level ( ci/]n4 ,me?od ( read+ ,=t9's ,b>omet]4--,fir/ note ! read+ ( ! atta*$ !rmomet]2 next turn ! screw at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n1 s t ! ivory po9t j t\*es ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,next adju/ ! v]ni] by means ( ! rack & p9ion at ! side ( ! b>omet] 7,fig4 #dg7 s z to br+ its two l[] edges exactly on a level ) ! convex surface ( ! m]cury4 ,9 read+ ! b>omet]1 fir/ read (f ! division next bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! v]ni]4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh ?is is #bije4 ,!n ! true read+ is #bije plus ! v]ni] indication4 ,next look along ! v]ni] until "o ( its l9es is f\nd to agree ) a l9e on ! scale4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh ?is is at ! f\r? division on ! v]ni]4 ,b ea* ( ! figures m>k$ on ! v]ni] c\nts z #aajj 7#ja71 & ea* int]m$iate division z #bajjj 7#jjb72 h5ce ! read+ ( ! v]ni] w be #jjh in*1 & ! read+ ( ! b>omet] #bije #jjh #bijeh in*4 ,if two l9es on ! v]ni] are 9 equally ne> agreem5t ) two on ! scale1 ! int]m$iate value %\ld be adopt$4 ,c]ta9 corrections are requir$ 9 ! actual read+ = 7#a7 index error2 7#b7 temp]ature2 & 7#c7 height above sea-level4 ,! index error is f\nd by comp>ison ) a recognis$ /&>d at ,kew4 ,correction = temp]ature is requir$4 ,e b>omet] has a !rmomet] atta*$1 & ! read+ is r$uc$ to ! /&>d temp]ature ( #cb ,f1 by means ( tables su* z are giv5 on page #cb ( ,m>riott's ,h9ts to ,meteorological ,obs]v]s4 ,! height ( ! ci/]n ( ! b>omet] above sea-level %\ld always be exactly obta9$4 ,! correction necess>y to r$uce obs]vations to sea-level 7i4e4 mean half-tide level at ,liv]pool71 dep5ds on ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! air1 z well z on ! altitude4 ,! data = ?is correction are giv5 9 ,table ,,iii4 ( ,m>riott's ,h9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,scale ,,( ,,b>omet] 7,,to ,,"r7 ,,& ,,( ,,v]ni] 7,,to ,,left74 ,!rmomet]s4--,! maximum !rmomet] may be on ,negretti & ,zambra's1 or on ,phillips' pr9ciple4 ,9 ! =m] 7,fig4 #di7 ! bore ( ! tube is r$uc$ 9 section ne> ! bulb 7,a7 9 su* a way t :ile ! exp&+ m]cury =ces its way into ! tube1 ! column ( m]cury breaks (f on contraction1 s t its upp] limit %[s ! highe/ temp]ature t has be5 rea*$4 ,! !rmomet] is set by hold+ x bulb d[nw>ds & %ak+ to make ! m]curial column cont9u\s4 ,x is m\nt$ 9 ! scre5 horizontally 7,fig4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,maximum ,,!rmomet]4 ,! m9imum !rmomet] *iefly us$ is ,ru!r=d's4 ,x conta9s _s 9 :i* is an imm]s$ index 7,a1 ,fig4 #ej74 ,) a fall+ temp]ature ! _s draws ! index along ) x2 b on ris+ aga91 ! _s passes ! index1 leav+ x at ! l[e/ po9t to :i* x has be5 drawn4 ,?us ! end f>!/ f ! bulb regi/]s ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,! in/rum5t is set by rais+ ! bulb & all[+ ! index to slide to ! end ( ! column ( _s4 ,! !rmomet] mu/ be firmly fix$ & m\nt$ q horizontally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 ,!rmomet] ,scre54--,! above !rmomet]s1 z well z ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s are m\nt$ 9 a ,/ev5son's scre5 7,fig4 #ea74 ,?is is a d\bl$-l\vr$ box ?r\gh :i* ! air c pass freely1 b ! sun _c ent]4 ,! horizontal position ( ! maximum & m9imum & ! v]tical position ( ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,?ree additional !rmomet]s are usually includ$ 9 a well-organis$ meteorological /ation4 ,a m9imum !rmomet] plac$ on ! grass gives ! l[e/ temp]ature on ! grass1 :i* is (t5 consid]ably l[] ?an t ( ! neighb\r+ gravel walk4 ,?is record is *iefly useful = agricultural purposes4 ,! e>? !rmomet] *iefly us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,x consi/s ( a sluggi% !rmomet] m\nt$ 9 a %ort weight$ /ick atta*$ to a /rong *a91 & ( a /\t iron pipe :i* is drawn out at ! bottom to a po9t & driv5 into ! e>?1 usually to a dep? ( #d feet4 ,sol> radiation is measur$ by black-bulb & light-bulb !rmomet]s 9 vacuo1 :i* are m\nt$ on a po/ #d feet above ! gr\nd & record ! maximum temp]ature4 ,humidity 9 ! air is measur$ by direct or indirect hygromet]s4 ,( ! =m] ,d9es'1 ,daniell's1 & ,regnault's are ! be/ kn[n1 b z !y are n us$ 9 obs]vations ackn[l$g$ by ! ,royal ,meteorological ,society1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to _! description 9 books on physics4 ,! indirect hygromet] :i* is univ]sally employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry is t furni%$ by ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s4 ,9 fro/y wea!r !y require mu* att5tion1 & !n a ,saussure's hair hygromet] may be us$ z supplem5t>y4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,!rmomet] ,,scre54 ,! wet bulb is cov]$ ) a s+le lay] ( s(t musl91 :ile a noose ( six to eight /r&s ( d>n+ cotton connects ! neck ( ! wet bulb ) a cov]$ wat] receptacle #b to #c in*es di/ant1 bel[ & at its side4 ,?is receptacle is kept fill$ ) ra9-wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,symons' ,,e>? ,,!rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,f ! read+s ( ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s ?ree d$uctions c be made3 #a4 ,! temp]ature ( ! dew po9t4 #b4 ,! ela/ic =ce ( aque\s vap\r4 #c4 ,! relative humidity4 ,! dew po9t temp]ature is t temp]ature at :i* ! outside air at ! "t ! obs]vation is tak5 w deposit ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is ! temp]ature at :i* ! air is saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,x is calculat$ f ! read+s ( ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]s 7a7 by ,glai%]'s tables2 7b7 by ,apjohn's =mula4 ,glai%]'s tables are bas$ on a s]ies ( numb]s call$ ,gre5wi* or ,glai%]'s factors1 :i* he det]m9$ by comp>ison betwe5 obs]vations made ) ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s & ) ,daniell's hygromet]4 ,! =mula = us+ ! factors is z foll[s3-- d ,d - 7,d - ,w7 f :]e d dew po9t1 ,d dry bulb temp]atures1 ,w wet bulb temp]ature1 & f factor4 ,! foll[+ examples are f ,glai%]'s table ( factors4 ,,read+ ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb,,factor4 ,,!rmomet] ,,fahr4 #ee #aif #ef #aid #eg #aib #eh #aij #ei #ahi #fj #ahh ,?us1 if ,d #fj1 ,w #ee1 !n dew po9t #fj - 7#fj - #ee7 #aif #ejb4 ,! dew-po9t may also be obta9$ by ,apjohn's =mula2 :i* = a pressure ( ab\t #cj in*es is ,f f-7,d-,w7_/#hg ,d be+ dry & ,w wet bulb temp]ature1 ,f ela/ic =ce ( vap\r correspond+ to dew-po9t1 & f1 ela/ic =ce correspond+ to wet bulb temp]ature 7asc]ta9$ f a table ( t5sions74 ,! ela/ic =ce ( aque\s vap\r1 i4e4 ! am\nt ( b>ometric pressure due to ! vap\r pres5t 9 ! air is dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature ( ! dew-po9t4 ,x is giv5 = e t5? ( a degree ( temp]ature 9 ,table ,,vi4 7p4 #db7 ( ,m>riott's ,h9ts4 ,! relative humidity is a t]m express+ ! p]c5tage ( saturation ( ! air ) wat] vap\r4 ,x is obta9$ f ,table ,,vi4 7above7 z foll[s3-- ,ela/ic =ce ( wat] vap\r at ! temp]ature ( ! ,relative dew-po9t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,humidity ,ela/ic =ce ( wat] vap\r at ! temp]ature ( ! air 7i4e4 ! dry-bulb read+47 ,?us ela/ic =ce ) dry bulb #ee is #dcc 94 9 ! table4 dew-po9t #dfe is #cag 94 #cag_/dcc #gc4 ,if saturation #ajj1 relative humidity is #gc4 ,9 ,table ,,vii4 ( ,m>riott's ,h9ts1 a table is giv5 :i* enables ! relative humidity to be f\nd by m]e inspection4 ,?us if ! dry bulb temp]ature is #ehe1 wet-bulb #eag1 & ! diff]5ce #fh1 ! relative humidity giv5 9 ! table is #fb4 ,! ,ra9-,gauge is be/ made ( copp] 9 ! %ape ( a circul> funnel1 usually #e or #h in*es 9 diamet]1 lead+ into a bottle und]nea?4 ,x mu/ always be set 9 an op5 situation away f trees1 walls1 & build+s4 ,accord+ to ,scott no object ought to subt5d a great] angle ) ! horizon ?an #bj 9 any direction f ! gauge4 ,! ra9 is measur$ by p\r+ ! cont5ts ( ! bottle into a glass measure1 :i* is graduat$ to repres5t t5?s & hundr$?s ( an in* on ! area ( ! gauge1 ! measure hold+ half an in* ( ra9 on ?is area4 ,sn[ is melt$ be=e be+ measur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,sn[don ,,patt]n ,,ra9-,,gauge4 ,a4 ,copp] ,upp] ,"p ( ,gauge4 ,b4 ,funnel4 ,c4 ,bottle4 ,to ! "r is %[n ! glass measure inv]t$4 ,obs]vations ( w9d %\ld include its direction & =ce4 ,! direction is obs]v$ by means ( a well-oil$ & freely expos$ vane4 ,!re are #cb po9ts to ! compass1 b a read+ to eight po9ts suffices4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d %\ld be e/imat$ by ,beau=t's scale1 f #j to #ab4 ,?us3-- ,,=ce4 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 #j4 ,calm #c #a4 ,light air #h #b4 ,light breeze #ac #c4 ,g5tle #ah #d4 ,mod]ate #bc #e4 ,fre% #bh #f4 ,/rong #cd #g4 ,mod]ate gale #dj #h4 ,fre% #dh #i4 ,/rong #ef #aj4 ,:ole #fe #aa4 ,/orm #eg #ab4 ,hurricane #ij ,rob9son's anemomet] is also employ$1 b x is n altoge!r tru/wor?y4 ,sun%9e is record$ by ! ,campbell-,/okes burn+ record]1 & ! ,jordan photographic record]4 ,( ^! ! =m] is ! m easily work$ & gives m uni=m results4 ,x consi/s ( a sph]e ( glass #d in*es 9 diamet]1 support$ on a p$e/al 9 a metal zodiacal frame 7,fig4 #ee74 ,! sett+ ( ! record] %\ld be due s\?1 level f ea/ to we/1 & ) ! axis ( ! r+ incl9$ to ! horizon at an angle equal to ! latitude ( ! place1 & s t ! image ( ! sun1 :5 ! sun is due s\?1 %all fall on ! m]idian l9e m>k$ on ! r+4 ,! sun burns away or *>s ! surface ( ! c>ds ins]t$ 9 ! prop] groove1 & s gives a record ( ! duration ( bright sun%9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,campbell-,,/okes ,,sun%9e ,,record]4 ,! am\nt ( ,cl\d %\ld be e/imat$ daily1 accord+ to a scale rang+ f #j to #aj1 i4e4 cle> sky up to completely ov]ca/4 ,! =m ( cl\d %\ld also be /at$1 z cirrus1 cirro-cumulus1 cirro-/ratus1 cumulus1 cumulo-/ratus1 /ratus1 & nimbus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e4 ,c]ta9 p]sonal factors are v important 9 relation to heal?4 ,! *ief ( ^! are con/itution1 temp]am5t1 h]$ity1 idiosyncrasy1 age1 sex1 & habits4 ,con/itution4--,heal? may v>y 9 degree )\t ! pres5ce ( actual disease4 ,?is fact is express$ by ! use ( su* t]ms z 8p]fect10 8/rong10 8feeble10 8delicate10 9 speak+ ( ! heal? ( ! same p]son at diff]5t times1 & also z di/+ui%+ "o p]son f ano!r4 ,! con/itution is an important factor 9 resi/+ disease1 & a robu/ con/itution may det]m9e recov]y f a sev]e illness1 :ile ! pati5t ) a feeble con/itution falls a victim to x4 ,! con/itution ( an individual is p>tly acquir$1 p>tly inh]it$4 ,a feeble or delicate con/itution may be acquir$ by unhygi5ic conditions1 su* z defici5t ex]cise1 ! prolong$ brea?+ ( impure air1 unheal?y occupations1 "s imp]fection 9 diet1 or dissipation4 ,b :ile _m a robu/ con/itution is enfeebl$ by su* conditions1 a weak con/itution may happily be /r5g!n$ by c>eful & prolong$ att5tion to ! laws ( heal?4 ,?is is especially well se5 9 ! case ( ^? :o /r5g!n _! muscul> sy/em by c>efully-graduat$ & n excessive ex]cise4 ,h]$ity has a great influ5ce on heal?4 ,z a rule ! *ildr5 ( heal?y p>5ts are robu/1 & on ! contr>y1 any 8weak po9t0 9 ! p>5ts' con/itutions is liable to be p>ticipat$ 9 by _! *ildr54 ,bo? m5tal & physical conditions may be inh]it$4 ,a peculi> habit ( m9d1 z well z ! same expression ( features1 may be inh]it$4 ,z reg>ds physical diseases1 ! influ5ce ( p>5ts is n less rem>kable4 ,! son ( a g\ty fa!r requires to be p>ticul>ly ab/emi\s 9 ord] to avoid 8 fa!r's disease4 ,c]ta9 specific febrile diseases1 e4g41 ent]ic fev]1 diph!ria1 & /ill m rheumatic fev]1 are h]$it>y 9 ! s5se t ! memb]s ( c]ta9 families are m prone to !m ?an o!rs4 ,insanity1 epilepsy1 a/hma1 neuralgia1 & hy/]ia are also h]$it>y 9 ! same s5se1 & x is notic$ t !y occasionally alt]nate 9 diff]5t g5]ations4 ,canc]1 consumption1 c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 & a t5d5cy to ! e>ly onset ( deg5]ative diseases1 appe> also to occur m (t5 9 c]ta9 families ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 mo/ cases x is ! t5d5cy to disease :i* is transmitt$1 & n ! disease itself4 ,:5 an actual disease is inh]it$1 z happ5s v r>ely 9 tub]culosis & (t5 9 syphilis1 ! actual infection is transmitt$ be=e bir? f ! p>5t4 ,a peculi>ity ( =m1 "*1 or t5d5cy to disease has be5 kn[n to disappe> 9 "o g5]ation & re-appe> 9 ! next2 ?is v>iety ( h]$ity is t]m$ atavism4 ,! evid5ce %[+ ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 i4e4 ^? :i* arise 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect ( ext]nal =ces on ! organism is n conclusive4 ,weismann believes t only ^? =ces t influ5ce ! g]m-plasm are inh]it$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! in/ances ( inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s c be bett] expla9$ o!rwise4 ,?us ! long neck ( ! giraffe 0 =m]ly expla9$ on ! supposition t ! neck became gradually l5g!n$ ow+ to ! ef=ts made g5]ation aft] g5]ation 9 rea*+ food2 b is bett] expla9$ by ,weismann on ! supposition t ^? giraffes :i*1 dur+ times ( fam9e 7 able to rea* high] & obta9 food f ! twigs ( trees w\ld survive & pass on _! *>act]i/ics to _! "y1 :ile %ort] neck$ giraffes w\ld be ext]m9at$4 ,! inh]itance ( proclivity to or immunity f attacks ( infecti\s diseases is a problem ( great difficulty2 b !re is no sub/antial reason = ?9k+ t ! ef=ts be+ made to dim9i% ! preval5ce ( ^! diseases 7includ+ consumption7 are likely to produce a weak] race or "o m likely to suff] ) excessive sev]ity f ^! diseases %\ld !y be introduc$ aft] a long abs5ce4 7,see also page #cji74 ,temp]am5t indicates a peculi>ity 9 con/itution1 caus+ a liability to p>ticul> diseases1 or to a special "* 9 any disease to :i* a p]son becomes subject4 ,f\r temp]am5ts are usually recogniz$--! sangu9e1 phlegmatic1 bili\s1 & n]v\s1 b unmix$ specim5s ( ^! temp]am5ts are r>ely se54 ,by idiosyncrasy is und]/ood a peculi>ity limit$ to a comp>atively small numb] ( individuals4 ,f\r v>ieties ( idiosyncrasy may be describ$4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 an extreme susceptibility to ! action ( c]ta9 ?+s1 or an extreme lack ( susceptibility4 ,?us mo/ p at "s "t or o!r inhale ! poll5 ( grasses1 b only 9 a few cases does x produce t tr\blesome & di/ress+ compla9t--hay a/hma4 ,9 c]ta9 p]sons a v m9ute dose ( iodide ( potassium produces di/ress+ symptoms2 9 mo/ cases ^! symptoms arise if ! drug is tak5 = a prolong$ p]iod2 b 9 a few cases x may be tak5 = an indef9ite p]iod )\t tr\blesome result4 ,! case ( a physician at ,ba? is v curi\s4 ,! smell ( hyac9?s 9 bloom always made him fa9t away2 s con/ant 0 ?is result1 t be=e ent]+ a room dur+ ! hyac9? season1 he always ask$ ! s]vant if !re 7 any hyac9?s 9 x4 ,! second =m ( idiosyncrasy consi/s 9 ! production ( poison\s results by common articles ( diet4 ,?us "s p _c p>take ( %ell-fi% or lob/]s )\t hav+ sev]e nettl]a%4 ,9 r>e in/ances ! smalle/ am\nt ( egg1 or 9 o!r cases mutton1 or pepp]1 or "s o!r sub/ance w produce sev]e indige/ion or nettl]a%4 ,! ?ird =m consi/s 9 an inv]sion ( ! usual effects ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 especially drugs4 ,?us opium 9 r>e cases produces convulsions2 :ile ! ap]i5t ,epsom salts h be5 kn[n to produce con/ipation4 ,a f\r? =m1 t ( m5tal idiosyncrasies1 may be add$1 z :]e !re is a /range pref]5ce or av]sion = objects usually reg>d$ z indiff]5t4 ,_m cases ( m5tal peculi>ity1 %ort ( actual insanity1 w come "u ?is head2 z w in/ances ( deprav$ appetite = food1 etc4 ,age & ,sex4--,accord+ to ! p]iod ( life1 dang] arises f diff]5t s\rces4 ,9 infancy & old age extreme *anges ( temp]ature are especially dang]\s1 & additional protection is requir$ 7see also page #bga74 ,?\s&s ( dea?s occur 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life1 f sub/itut+ />*y foods = milk1 ! natural food = infancy & *ildhood 7see page #cjc74 ,9 *ildhood ! dang] f bad fe$+ is /ill pres5t1 & is evid5c$ by ! frequ5cy ( rickets 7page #bh72 infecti\s diseases claim _! ?\s&s2 & ! disord]s associat$ ) d5tition are common4 ,9 y\? rapid gr[? is proce$+1 & s ! food mu/ be abundant & nutriti\s4 ,a proportionately l>g] am\nt is requir$ ?an by an adult1 z ! functions ( ! body n only require to be c>ri$ on1 b mat]ial is necess>y to build up ! gr[+ tissues4 ,manhood is ! p]iod ( greate/ /ability ( heal?4 ,! heal? n[ dep5ds on ! use made ( ! previ\s p]iods ( life1 & on ! habits acquir$4 ,) ! onset ( old age come v>i\s deg5]ative diseases4 ,! t5d5cy is to dea? by gradual decay--a eu?anasia or easy dea?1 :i* is too seldom se54 ,commonly1 bron*itis or apoplexy or kidney diseases br+ ! sc5e to a some:at premature end4 ,! mortality ( man is great] ?an t ( woman at all ages except #e--bj4 ,habits4--,! imm5se p[] ( habits 9 ! =mation ( "* is p]haps duly appreciat$2 b _! influ5ce on physical heal? is n s well appreciat$2 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate x4 ,! laws ( heal? are z inexorable & unalt]+ z all o!r laws ( nature2 & :e!r brok5 ?r\gh c>elessness or ignorance1 ! ,nemesis ( disease inevitably foll[s4 ,:atev] a man s[s he reaps1 9 heal? z 9 o!r matt]s4 ,habits are easily =m$2 b1 :5 once =m$1 n s easily brok54 ,!y ought to be our s]vants2 v commonly !y become our ma/]s4 ,9 ref]5ce to eat+ & dr9k+1 habits regul> z to "t & mod]ate z to quantity are especially important4 ,! habit ( eat+ ha/ily & ma/icat+ ! food imp]fectly1 is c]ta91 soon] or lat]1 to produce disease4 ,ov]-eat+1 aga91 is a f]tile s\rce ( disease1 especially :5 ! excess is 9 animal food4 ,! am\nt ( /imulation produc$ by a giv5 dose ( alcohol1 gradually dim9i%es ) its repetition2 ! consequ5ce is1 t 9 ord] to produce ! am\nt ( /imulation to :i* ! sy/em has become habituat$1 ! /imulant requires to be gradually increas$4 ,! crav+ = /imulants is (t5 a sign ( ill-heal?1 ow+ to disreg>d ( hygi5ic laws or actual disease4 ,n infrequ5tly x is due to badly-v5tilat$ rooms or long h\rs ( "w )\t food1 produc+ a s5se ( depression :i* food does n imm$iately allay4 ,:5 ! cause is unkn[n1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to compet5t m$ical advice1 & n to ! br&y bottle4 ,att5tion to ! ,action ( ! ,b[els is a matt] :i* is commonly neglect$4 ,! importance ( a regul> habit 9 ?is respect _c be exagg]at$2 ! b[els %\ld always be reliev$ at a p>ticul> "t ea* day4 ,:]e ?is does n occur ! condition ( con/ipation results4 ,ow+ to ! ret5tion ( ! fces 9 ! inte/9es beyond ! normal p]iod1 ! /oma* & high] p>ts ( ! inte/9es d n p]=m _! functions normally2 indige/ion & 8dyspepsia10 accompani$ by heada*e1 flatul5ce1 & o!r symptoms foll[4 ,hmorrhoids 7piles7 are ano!r frequ5t consequ5ce4 ,at ! junction ( ! small & l>ge inte/9es is a dilat$ sac 79 ! ccum74 ,?is becomes di/5d$ :5 con/ipation occurs2 inflammation may be set up1 & an op]ation requir$1 or ! condition is fatal4 ,p[]ful purgative m$ic9es are injuri\s to ! b[els1 & !y t5d aft]w>ds to increase con/ipation4 ,x is bett] to take sl[-act+ ap]i5t rem$ies1 & bett] /ill n to take any at all1 b relieve ! condition by means ( su* articles ( diet z /ew$ fruit1 pe>s1 figs1 olive oil1 or br[n bread4 ,z a rule m ex]cise is requir$ 9 ?is condition1 & always a prompt att5tion to ! calls ( nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e--,,ex]cise4 ,physiological ,consid]ations4--,9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ex]cise signifies ! p]=mance ( its functions by any "p ( ! body2 ?us1 dige/ion is ex]cise ( ! /oma*1 respiration is ex]cise ( ! lungs1 ?9k+ is an ex]cise ( ! bra94 ,b ! t]m is usually appli$ *iefly to muscul> contraction1 & re/rict$ to contraction ( volunt>y muscles4 ,involunt>y muscles1 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ! unconsci\s organic functions ( life1 are n directly controllable1 & s _! gr[? & /ate ( nutrition _c be regulat$4 ,!re are two sets ( involunt>y muscle1 :i* are ( special importance--! he>t & ! muscles ( respiration4 ,! he>t contracts at lea/ sixty times p] m9ute2 ! respiratory muscles contract ab\t sev5te5 times p] m9ute2 & ?is am\nt ( ex]cise goes on ?r\gh\t ! :ole day4 ,b al?\gh we _c make our he>ts beat quick] by a direct volition1 & _c brea! m rapidly ?an usual beyond a few seconds1 yet a brisk walk w cause increas$ action ( ! he>t & respiratory muscles1 z well z a vigor\s contraction ( ! muscles directly conc]n$ 9 walk+4 ,go+ uphill is a valuable ex]cise = ! he>t4 ,! v]micul> contractions ( ! inte/9es are to "s ext5t also increas$ by volunt>y ex]cise1 ?r\gh ! indirect excitation ( ! :ole sy/em2 ?us1 ex]cise is an important elem5t 9 ! treatm5t ( con/ipation4 ,! muscles conta9 ab\t a f\r? ( ! :ole blood ( ! body1 & a v l>ge %>e ( ! metabolism 7page #d7 ( ! body occurs 9 !m4 ,h5ce ! importance ( keep+ !m 9 a heal?y condition by ex]cise4 ,! great dang] is ( n equilibrat+ ! muscul> & n]v\s functions4 ,! ideal condition is :]e nei!r m5tal nor muscul> culture is neglect$1 b bo? are co-ord9at$ to ! production ( a heal?y man4 ,effects ( ,heal?y ,ex]cise4--#a4 ,! ,nutrition ( ! ,muscles is improv$4 ,! volume1 d5sity1 & en]gy ( ! muscles are increas$4 #b4 ,! action ( ! lungs is increas$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,smi? f\nd t if ! air inspir$ :ile ly+ d[n be repres5t$ by unity1 ! am\nt inspir$ :5 erect is #acc2 :5 walk+ at ! rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 #ai2 at f\r miles p] h\r1 #e2 at six miles p] h\r1 #g2 rid+ on horseback1 #dje2 swimm+1 #dcc4 ,or1 putt+ x 9 ano!r way1 "u ord9>y circum/ances a man inspires #dhj cubic in*es p] m9ute2 if he walks f\r miles p] h\r1 he inspires #b1djj cubic in*es2 if six miles an h\r1 #c1bfj cubic in*es4 ,at ! same "t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid expir$ is increas$4 ,its am\nt be>s a ne>ly con/ant relation to ! am\nt ( muscul> ex]cise1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid elim9at$ 9 v>i\s =ms ( ex]cise af=ds a j e/imate ( _! relative value4 ,! increas$ elim9ation ( c>bonic acid1 ! correspond+ increas$ absorption ( oxyg51 & ! abs5ce ( increase ( elim9ation ( urea are %[n 9 ! foll[+ summ>y ( obs]vations by ,pett5k(] & ,voit3-- ,,absorption ,,( ,,elim9ation ,,9 ,,grammes ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,9 ,,grammes4,,c>bonic ,,acid4,,wat]4,,urea4 ,"w day #iee #abhd #bjdb #cgj ,re/ day #gji #iab #hbh #cgb ,! above am\nts are = ! entire day4 ,dur+ actual ex]cise ! excess ( elim9ation ( c>bonic acid is mu* great]4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,smi? exp]im5tally f\nd t if ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid elim9at$ dur+ re/ be repres5t$ by "o1 ! am\nt walk+ at two miles an h\r & c>ry+ #g lbs #ahe1 ! am\nt walk+ at ?ree miles an h\r #bfd4 ,alcohol dim9i%es ! excretion ( c>bonic acid1 & %\ld !re=e be avoid$ dur+ muscul> tra9+4 ,by muscul> ex]cise ! size ( ! lungs is increas$1 & _! vital capacity1 t is1 ! am\nt ( air capable ( be+ expir$ aft] a =c$ inspiration1 is consid]ably increas$4 ,correspond+ ) ?is increase ( vital capacity1 ex]cise1 especially t 9 :i* ! arm & *e/ muscles are sy/ematically develop$1 increases ! size ( ! *e/4 ,a p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! *e/ may be notic$ aft] only a few weeks' me?odical ex]cise4 #c4 ,! action ( ! sk9 is increas$4--,s5sible p]spiration is commonly induc$1 b less readily 9 ^? habituat$ to h>d "w4 ,ins5sible p]spiration is always increas$4 #d4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body is n increas$1 s long z p]spiration occurs4 ,e muscul> contraction involves ! production ( heat2 b ?is is c\nt]act$ by increas$ evaporation f ! sk91 & by ! circulatory curr5t c>ry+ ! hott] blood to e "p ( ! body1 & s rapidly equalis+ its temp]ature4 ,*ilbla9s are due to ! defective circulation ( ! blood1 & c 9 mo/ cases be cur$ by active ex]cise aid$ by w>m] clo?+ & an abundant supply ( oxidisable food4 #e4 ,! ,he>t & ,blood-vessels4--,by ex]cise ! he>t's action is increas$ 9 frequ5cy & =ce4 ,! pulse usually increases f t5 to ?irty beats p] m9ute above ! rate :ile at re/4 ,aft] prolong$ ex]cise x may tempor>ily fall bel[ ! normal /&>d4 #f4 ,! ,dige/ion & assimilation ( food are aid$ by ex]cise1 especially :5 tak5 9 ! op5 air4 #g4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is improv$ 9 nutrition & p[] by a mod]ate am\nt ( ex]cise4 ,9 fact1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( muscul> ex]cise is ess5tial = a heal?y m9d4 #h4 ,! elim9ation ( urea is n increas$ by ex]cise4 ,evid5tly !n x is n ! metabolism ( ! nitrog5\s sub/ance ( ! muscles :i* supplies ! en]gy = muscul> contraction2 b ( ! o!r oxidisable & non-nitrog5\s sub/ances 7su* z glycog5 & sug>7 conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t ) ex]cise m nitrog5\s & non-nitrog5\s food are bo? requir$4 ,effects ( ,excessive ,ex]cise4--,aft] prolong$ ex]tion muscles become exhau/$4 ,?is is associat$ ) an accumulation 9 ! muscles ( ! products ( _! action 7especially s>colactic acid74 ,!n re/ becomes necess>y1 9 ord] t ! effete products may be remov$1 & ! nutrition ( ! muscles re/or$4 ,long-cont9u$ ov]-ex]tion produces *ronic exhau/ion1 :i* may1 if excessive1 cause wa/+ ( muscles4 ,exhau/ion is mu* m liable to occur :5 a small gr\p ( muscles are ex]cis$ out ( all proportion to o!rs4 ,?us1 9 cl]ks1 we h :at is kn[n z ! writ]'s or scriv5]'s palsy4 ,! muscles ( ! h&1 & especially ( ! ?umb1 cease to respond to ! volition ( ! writ]1 b are seiz$ ) spasm e "t writ+ is attempt$2 & ! muscles ( ! ?umb t5d to wa/e4 ,a simil> condition sometimes arises 9 viol9i/s1 tailors1 etc4 ,! practical inf]5ce f ^! facts is1 t "o gr\p ( muscles %\ld n be ex]cis$ disproportionately to ! muscles ( ! re/ ( ! body1 & t prop] int]vals ( re/ %\ld be all[$4 ,excessive ex]cise ( ! :ole muscul> sy/em is v apt to h>m ^? ( previ\sly s$5t>y habits4 ,a walk+ t\r ent]$ on ) m zeal ?an discretion1 & n tak5 by easy /ages = ! fir/ few days1 is (t5 productive ( m h>m ?an good4 ,9 ! int]vals ( great m5tal lab\r1 z ) /ud5ts1 ! am\nt ( ex]cise %\ld n be sudd5ly increas$1 b %\ld be regul> & mod]ate 9 am\nt4 ,competitive ex]cise %\ld be /rictly regulat$4 ,! ,ox=d & ,cambridge crews h be5 said to acquire he>t-disease m commonly ?an ! av]age1 b ?is is n correct4 ,hyp]trophy ( ! he>t may occur z ! result ( sev]e ex]cise1 & ?is )9 c]ta9 limits is n an abnormal condition4 ,occasionally dilatation ( ! he>t has be5 produc$ 9 weakly lads4 ,am\nt ( ,ex]cise ,desirable4--,accord+ to ,p>kes1 ! av]age daily "w ( a man engag$ 9 manual lab\r 9 ! op5 air is equival5t to ! "w involv$ 9 lift+ #bej to #cej tons "o foot high2 ?is is a mod]ate am\nt1 #djj tons be+ a heavy day's "w4 ,! am\nt ( muscul> ex]cise involv$ 9 ?is may be easily kn[n by rememb]+ t a walk ( #bj miles on a level road is equival5t to ab\t #cec-bc tons lift$ #a foot2 & t a walk ( #aj miles :ile c>ry+ #fj lbs4 is equival5t to #bdg tons lift$ #a foot4 7,haughton74 ,! am\nt ( "w done by a heal?y adult p] diem is /at$ by ,m4 ,fo/] to be ab\t #aej1jjj metre-kilogrammes 7i4e41 #aej1jjj kilogrammes lift$ #a metre74 ,metre-kilogrammes c be conv]t$ into foot-p\nds by multiply+ by #gbcc2 into foot-tons by multiply+ by #jjcbbi2 #aej1jjj metre-kilogrammes !re=e equal #dhdce foot-tons4 ,?is is consid]ably 9 excess ( ,p>kes' e/imate1 b 9 c]ta9 labori\s occupations ?is high am\nt is rea*$4 ,9 addition to ?is am\nt ( ext]nal "w1 !re is ! int]nal "w ( ! he>t1 muscles ( respiration1 dige/ion1 etc4 ,?is is e/imat$ by ,p>kes at ab\t #bfj foot-tons4 ,! int]nal & ext]nal muscul> "w ( ! body toge!r am\nt to ab\t #ag? to #ah? ( ! total =ce obta9able f ! food4 ,e heal?y man probably ought to take an am\nt ( ex]cise repres5t$ by #aej tons rais$ #a foot1 :i* is equal to ! "w done 9 walk+ #h to #i miles on a level road4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is ex]cise is tak5 9 p]=m+ "o's daily "w2 b ap>t f ?is1 out-door ex]cise %\ld be tak5 equival5t 9 am\nt to a walk ( five or six miles4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n rules to suit all cases1 b a less am\nt ( ex]cise ?an t nam$ is probably incompatible ) p]fect heal?4 ,effects ( ,defici5t ,ex]cise4--,! muscles !mselves become enfeebl$ & wa/$4 ,"s wa/+ ( muscle occurs aft] a few days' conf9em5t to b$2 & a limb conf9$ 9 a spl9t spe$ily loses its heal?y1 r\nd$ cont\r4 ,oxidation processes are dim9i%$2 less c>bonic acid is elim9at$1 & x t5ds to accumulate 9 ! sy/em1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ activity ( respiration4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9i%$ oxidation1 ! temp]ature ( ! body is n well ma9ta9$1 & ! heat is n uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,cold feet are a common compla9t ( ^? :o lead s$5t>y lives1 ?\gh seldom compla9$ ( by o!rs4 ,along ) ! o!r muscles1 ! he>t becomes enfeebl$ & ! circulation less p]fect4 ,dige/ion is enfeebl$2 ! appetite is poor4 ,! n]v\s sy/em also suff]s2 n]v\s irritability is a common result1 :ile sleeplessness--a ?+ almo/ unkn[n among ^? :o live by ! sweat ( _! br[--is becom+ mu* m common among ! worri$ & ill-ex]cis$ inhabitants ( our t[ns4 ,_m diseases are fav\r$ by defici5t ex]cise1 & c be av]t$ by sy/ematic ex]cises & ! concomitant increas$ supply ( pure air4 ,x is (t5 difficult to appraise ! relative m]its ( ex]cise & pure air2 b !re c be no d\bt t bo? are ( extreme importance4 ,! prev5tion ( consumption1 ev5 9 ^? ) a /rong h]$it>y t5d5cy1 is greatly help$ by sy/ematic ex]cises1 especially ^? direct$ to ! expansion ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,9 cases ( consumption !re is commonly a hi/ory ( defici5t ex]cise or an occupation involv+ a cramp$ position1 z well z ( liv+ 9 an impure air4 ,v>i\s de=mities are induc$ by defective ex]cise ( p>ticul> gr\ps ( muscles4 ,?us droop+ %\ld]s may be caus$ by %\ld]-/raps conf9+ ! action ( ! %\ld]-muscles 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( life4 ,/oop+ is fav\r$ by sitt+ 9 cramp$ positions 9 s*ool1 & by ! use ( desks n incl9$ at ! prop] angle4 ,lat]al curvature ( ! sp9e is due to weakness ( ! muscles ( ! back1 & is be/ treat$ 9 its e>li] /ages by gymna/ic ex]cises specially direct$ to /r5g!n+ ^! muscles4 ,! t5d5cy to su* curvatures is greatly increas$ 9 girls by ! fact t _! trunks are imprison$ 9 corsets z if 9 spl9ts1 & s ex]cise ( ! trunk muscles is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,rules respect+ ,ex]cise4 #a4 ,! clo?+ dur+ ex]cise %\ld n be excessive1 & %\ld n int]f]e ) ! free play ( ! limbs1 nor ) full expansion ( ! *e/4 ,flannel is ! be/ mat]ial to we> next ! sk91 z x absorbs p]spiration )\t becom+ non-por\s4 #b4 ,avoid *ill aft] ex]cise4 ,x is well1 if !re has be5 any p]spiration dur+ ex]cise1 to /rip & scrub ! sk91 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! *e/ & arm-pits1 ) a r\gh t[el4 #c4 ,ex]cise %\ld be sy/ematic & regul>4 ,x is important to avoid sudd51 viol5t1 & competitive ex]cise4 ,no sev]e ex]cise ought to be und]tak5 )\t a gradual tra9+4 #d4 ,! am\nt ( ex]cise mu/ be regulat$ by individual fitness4 ,a *a9 is no /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k4 ,! muscles may be /rong] ?an ! he>t or lungs1 & ! latt] may be fatally injur$ by an am\nt ( ex]cise :i* ! muscles c well be>4 ,h5ce ! importance ( asc]ta9+ ! condition ( ! vital organs be=e ent]+ on a c\rse ( tra9+4 ,ano!r important be>+ ( ?is rule is 9 relation to ! ex]cise ( gr[+ boys & girls4 ,:5 we rememb] t a boy at s*ool w sometimes gr[ six to eight in*es 9 a ye>1 x is evid5t t mu* en]gy is be+ exp5d$ 9 ?is direction1 & t excessive gymna/ic ex]cise c only d h>m4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & sev5te5 !re is usually ! greate/ am\nt ( physical developm5t1 & if !re is great muscul> /ra9 at ?is p]iod1 gr[? is int]f]$ )1 & ! p[] ( resi/ance to disease may be s]i\sly l[]$4 #e4 ,e "p ( ! body ought to be ex]cis$4 ,?is is done spontane\sly by ! infant4 ,e muscle ( 8 body acts 9 %e] delight4 ,! evils ( ex]cise conf9$ to p>ticul> gr\ps ( muscles h be5 already describ$4 ,lawn t5nis is v valuable z af=d+ ex]cise = bo? limb & trunk muscles4 #f4 ,ex]cise %\ld n be tak5 imm$iately aft] meals1 z ?us dige/ion is int]f]$ )4 #g4 ,ex]cise %\ld be tak51 z f> z possible1 9 ! op5 air4 ,a small am\nt ( ex]cise out ( doors is mu* m invigorat+ ?an a l>ge am\nt indoors4 ,! ,=ms ( ,ex]cise tak5 may be divid$ into recreative & educational1 ?\gh bo? ( c\rse may be recreative "u _m circum/ances4 ,! prim>ily recreative ex]cises1 su* z r[+1 cricket1 football1 t5nis1 hockey1 w1 x may be hop$1 be nev] replac$ by educational gymna/ics1 ?\gh ! latt] possess a high value4 ,! recreative influ5ce z well z ! influ5ce on ! p[] ( self-control ( su* games z cricket & football r5d] !m ( national importance4 ,educational gymna/ics c be appli$ to ex]cise ! muscles ( any "p ( ! body1 & c be exactly graduat$ to individual requirem5ts4 ,s++1 speak+1 & read+ al\d1 are =ms ( muscul> ex]cise v mu* neglect$1 & !y are p>ticul>ly important1 z ! lungs & voice are by ^! means greatly /r5g!n$1 & r5d]$ mu* less liable to ! inroads ( disease4 ,pr(essor ,haughton has %[n t ! "w done by a man walk+ on a level surface at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r is equival5t to rais+ 8 own weight1 plus ! weight he c>ries ?r\gh #abj ( ! di/ance walk$4 ,?us1 if ,w weight ( ! man1 ,w#a weight c>ri$ by him1 ,d di/ance walk$ 9 feet1 ,c co-effici5t ( traction 7#abj1 at ?ree miles an h\r71 !n we obta9 by ! foll[+ =mula ! am\nt ( "w done1 ! co-effici5t ( traction be+ multipli$ by #b1bdj 7! numb] ( p\nds 9 a ton7 to obta9 ! result 9 foot-tons4 7,w ,w#a7 ,d_/7,c #b1bdj7 ,9 asc5d+ a height1 a man raises 8 :ole weight ?r\gh ! height asc5d$4 ,a regim5t ( soldi]s m>*es t5 miles1 ea* c>ry+ a weight ( #fj lbs4 ,:at am\nt ( "w is p]=m$ by ea* soldi]8 ,if we assume ! av]age weight ( ea* soldi] to be #aej lbs41 & t ! m>* 0 at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r1 !n-- 7#aej #fj7 #aj #e1bhj_/7bj #b1bdj7 #bdge foot-tons4 ,9 ?is example x is assum$ t ! m>* is on entirely level gr\nd t all weights are c>ri$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]1 & t ! rate ( travel is ?ree miles an h\r4 ,velocity is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( c>ry+ p[]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! am\nt ( "w is g5]ally inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,haughton has det]m9$ f ,web]'s calculations ! co-effici5t ( resi/ance = ?ree velocities4 ,,velocity4 ,,co-,,effici5t ,,( ,,traction ,,or ,,resi/ance4 #ahah miles p] h\r #abhbg #dcec #aacgj #ajegg #agea ,p>kes has ext5d$ ^! calculations to %[ ! di/ance 9 miles requir$ to be travell$ at v>i\s velocities to d "w equal to #cjj foot-tons1 & ! "t requir$ 9 ea* in/ance4 ,,di/ance ,,= ,,m5 ,,( ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,velocity ,,9 ,,co-,,effici5t ,,( #aef ,,lbs4 ,,to ,,equal ,,9 ,,h\rs ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,,resi/ance4 #cjj ,,foot-,,tons4 ,,& ,,m9utes4 hrs4 m9s4 #b #abfgd #abb #aj #cf #c #abjei #afc #e #bd #d #aafgd #acc #c #ah #f #aabah #if #a #cf #h #aifj #gf #j #eg #aj #aghi #fc #j #ch ,! co-effici5t #abj1 corresponds v ne>ly to #ca miles p] h\r1 & x appe>s t at ?is rate ( travel ! greate/ am\nt ( "w c be done ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,h[ mu* "w is done by a man weigh+ #aej lbs4 :o walks #ae miles up an incl9e #a 9 #bjj8 ,! numb] ( feet asc5d$ 9 #ae miles #e1bhj #aebjj #cif4 ,! am\nt ( "w done by ! man 9 rais+ 8 own weight #cif feet high #cif #aejb1bdj #bfe foot-tons4 ,! am\nt ( "w done 9 walk+ #ae horizontal miles at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r #aej #ae #e1bhj_/7bj #b1bdj7 #bfe4b foot-tons4 ,total am\nt ( "w done #bfe4b #bf4e #bia4g foot-tons4 ,eight palanqu9 be>]s c>ry an (fic] weigh+ #ahj lbs4 & a palanqu9 weigh+ #bej lbs41 a di/ance ( #be miles4 ,assum+ t ea* man weighs #aej lbs41 :at am\nt ( "w 0 done by ea* man8 7,p>kes47 #bej #ahj #dcj #aej #h #a1bjj --------- ,w ,w#a #a1fcj #a1fcj #be #e1bhj_/7bj #b1bdj7 #d1hjbg foot-tons4 ,?is be+ ! total "w done1 ! "w p] man ne>ly #fjj4c foot-tons4 ,a hill-coolie weigh+ #aej lbs4 goes #cj miles ) an asc5t ( #e1ejj feet 9 ?ree days1 c>ry+ #hj lbs4 9 weight4 ,:at is ! "w p] day8 7,p>kes47 ,"w ( ! asc5t 7#aej #hj7 #e1ejjb1bdj #efdg foot-tons4 ,"w ( #cj miles walk #bcj #cj #e1bhj_/7bj #b1bdj7 #hacb foot-tons4 ,total "w #efdg #hacb #a1cggi4 ,total "w p] day #a1cggic #deic foot-tons4 ,suppose a man weigh+ #aej lbs4 9 8 clo!s1 c>ries a load ( bricks weigh+ #ce lbs4 up a p]p5dicul> ladd] #cj feet high1 #ajj times daily1 :at am\nt ( "w does he d2 & :at w x equal 9 miles walk$ ^u a flat road at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r8 77#aej #ce7 #cj #ajj7 _/ #b1bdj #bdgh foot-tons 7#ahe ,d7 _/ 7#bj #b1bdj7 #bdgh4 ,!re=e ,d #fj1jef feet ab\t #aad miles4 ,suppose a man /rikes #ab1jjj /rokes 9 #e h\rs ) a #ad-lb4 hamm]1 rais+ x at ea* /roke #d feet1 h[ mu* "w does he d8 ,comp>e ?is ) a walk ( #ae miles on a level gr\nd at #c miles an h\r1 ! weight ( ! man & :at he c>ries be+ #ahj lbs4 7a7 #ab1jjj #ad #d #fgb1jjj foot-lbs4 ( "w #cjj foot-tons4 7b7 7#ahj #ae #e1bhj7 _/ 7#bj #b1bdj7 #cahb foot-tons4 ,! two am\nts ( "w are relat$ z #cjj3 #cahb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e 7cont9u$7--,,re/ ,,& ,,sleep4 ,physiological ,consid]ations4--,life is made up ( alt]nations ( re/ & action4 ,! ex]cise ( any organ is foll[$ by a necess>y p]iod ( repose1 dur+ :i* ! oxidis$ mat]ials produc$ by functional activity are remov$ by ! blood1 & c>ri$ to ! excretory organs2 :ile at ! same "t fre% nutritive mat]ial is suppli$ by ! blood to make good ! losses ?us su/a9$4 ,! only app>5t exceptions to ?is rule ( alt]nation ( re/ & ex]cise are ! he>t & lungs1 & "s less important organs act+ out ( ! control ( p]sonal volition4 ,b ev5 ^! organs obey ! univ]sal law4 ,! diff]5ce is t _! re/ is v frequ5t & mom5t>y2 ! he>t hav+ to contract sixty or sev5ty times p] m9ute1 re/s #faa ( a second ea* second1 or m ?an ?irte5 h\rs 9 ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,! lungs & respiratory muscles re/ a %ort] "t ?an ?is1 b probably ab\t ?ree h\rs p] day4 ,! necessity = re/ is well %[n by ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,if salt is kept 9 ! m\? = a consid]able "t1 ! p[] ( ta/+ x disappe>s1 & only returns 9 its orig9al /r5g? aft] sev]al h\rs4 ,! gu/atory n]ve has be5 exhau/$4 ,! o!r s5se-organs illu/rate ! same pr9ciple4 ,p]sons are n uncommonly made deaf by ! s\nds ( ma*9]y4 ,aft] look+ at a p>ticul> col\r = "s "t1 ! n]ves receiv+ impressions f ?is col\r are exhau/$1 & only its complem5t>y col\r is visible4 ,re/ may be ei!r p>tial or g5]al4 ,! pr9ciple ( p>tial re/ has v useful practical be>+s4 ,su* re/ is illu/rat$ by ! /ud5t :o takes a walk1 or uses me?odical gymna/ic ex]cises2 a conc]t may provide agreeable ex]cise = ! auditory n]ves & ! "p ( ! bra9 connect$ ) !m1 :ile all[+ ! ov]-tir$ intellectual "p ( ! bra9 to re/ 9 peace2 simil>ly1 light lit]ature may prove a pleas+ re/ aft] sev]] /udies4 ,walk+ is m especially ! ex]cise ( ! bra9-work]4 ,p>tial re/ is ! same ?+ z *ange ( occupation1 & by a c>eful regulation ( ! relative am\nt ( c]ebral & muscul> "w1 en]gy c be l>gely economis$4 ,! horse1 :i* ex]cises *iefly 8 muscles1 requires only five or six h\rs to recup]ate 8 en]gy2 & our muscles require less sleep ?an our bra94 ,sleep is ! only =m ( complete & g5]al re/4 ,9 atta9+ ?is condition1 ! muscles sleep fir/1 !n ! eyes close 7ow+ to muscul> re/71 & ! ?\ghts w&]2 he>+ is ! la/ s5se to lose cognizance ( ! surr\nd+ _w2 dream+ succe$s w&]+ ?\ghts1 & ev5 dream+ may cease if ! bra9 repose is complete4 ,dur+ sleep ! bra9 dim9i%es 9 size1 & becomes pal]2 ! am\nt ( blood 9 ! bra9 be+ dim9i%$4 ,probably ! c]ebral anmia is r a consequ5ce ( ! functional inactivity ( ! bra9 dur+ sleep ?an a cause ( ! sleep4 ,dur+ sleep ! he>t & lungs cont9ue _! "w2 ! blood is circulat$ & purifi$1 ! inte/9es cont9ue _! v]micul> contractions1 & absorb food f ! alim5t>y canal1 & ! organs n\ri% !mselves at leisure4 ,two facts relat+ to sleep h important practical be>+s4 ,fir/1 dur+ sleep metabolism is less active1 & s ! temp]ature ( ! body t5ds to be some:at l[]$4 ,secondly1 assimilation is m en]getic2 ?is fav\rs ! absorption ( noxi\s vap\rs1 if any are pres5t4 ,!re is probably1 !re=e1 slightly less dang] ( rema9+ 9 a /uffy1 impure atmosph]e dur+ ! day ?an at night4 ,practical ,rules ,conc]n+ ,sleep4--#a4 ,am\nt ( sleep requir$4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n any fix$ rule applicable to all p]sons & circum/ances4 ,! am\nt ( sleep requir$1 l ! am\nt ( food1 v>ies greatly4 ,habitual defici5cy ( sleep produces a condition ( wret*$ness & pro/ration1 ) great re/lessness4 ,prolong$ wat*+ inevitably breaks d[n ! con/itution4 ,n ! lea/ evil consequ5ce ( irregul> & defici5t sleep is1 t sleep1 :5 desir$1 is (t5 c\rt$ 9 va94 ,habitual excess ( sleep produces a condition ( bra9 less active ?an usual1 & less fav\rable = ?\ght & action4 ,impressions are receiv$ less readily1 & ! p[] ( w is correspond+ly dim9i%$4 ,! am\nt ( sleep requir$ v>ies )-- 7#a7 ,age4--,! infant1 if heal?y1 sp5ds ! l>g] "p ( 8 exi/5ce 9 sleep2 gradually ! am\nt requir$ dim9i%es until1 = ! adult1 sev5 or eight h\rs suffice4 ,*ildr5 ov] two or ?ree ye>s old require sleep only dur+ ! night4 ,9 advanc$ life !re is a t5d5cy to rev]t to infantile habits1 sleep occurr+ 9 frequ5t %ort snat*es4 7#b7 ,sex4--,wom5 h be5 /at$ to require r m sleep ?an m51 b ?is is d\btful4 ,! h\rs ( sleep requir$ h 9 accordance ) ?is view be5 /at$ to be1 8,six = a man1 sev5 = a woman1 & eight = a fool40 ,a rev]sal ( ?is ord] w\ld m ne>ly approximate to ! requirem5ts ( t[n life4 7#c7 ,temp]am5t4--,^? ( a cold lymphatic temp]am5t require m sleep ?an sangu9e or n]v\s p1 ?\gh ! latt] sleep m deeply4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,john ,hunt]1 & ,napoleon ,i4 are said to h requir$ only five h\rs' sleep p] day2 b ! la/ ( ^! _h ! faculty ( tak+ %ort naps at a few mom5ts' notice4 7#d7 ,! sick & convalesc5t require mu* m sleep ?an ^? :o are heal?y4 7#e7 ,habit has a v important influ5ce4 ,_m p appe> to sleep too mu*1 & ?us dull to "s ext5t _! m5tal faculties2 b on ! o!r h&1 mod]n life1 ) its n]v\s /ra91 ke5 competition1 & con/ant hurry & worry may make a l>g] am\nt ( sleep necess>y ?an t requir$ by our =efa!rs1 :o inv5t$ ! =ego+ prov]b4 7#f7 ,occupation4--,m5tal "w requires m repose ?an physical4 #b4 ,relation ( sleep to food4--,! molecul> life ( ! tissues--t is1 ! processes ( nutrition--ought to be undi/urb$4 ,^! g on mo/ p]fectly :5 no active function1 su* z t ( dige/ion1 is be+ p]=m$4 ,b :ile ! /oma* c>ries on ! dige/ive functions to only a small ext5t dur+ sleep1 ! inte/9es cont9ue /ill to dige/ & absorb food4 ,9 accordance ) ^! facts1 x is advisable to all[ at lea/ two h\rs betwe5 ! la/ meal ( ! day & sleep1 especially if animal food has be5 tak54 #c4 ,z absorption is increas$ & ! temp]ature is l[]$ dur+ sleep1 x is important to sleep 9 pure air1 & to h w>m cov]+s1 especially ab\t ! %\ld]s & arms4 ,_m an ob/9ate c\gh might be cur$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( we>+ a flannel jacket at night4 #d4 ,sleep dur+ ! night & n dur+ ! day4 ,x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to say ?is1 z ! univ]sal in/9ct ( animals %[s its advisability2 b1 un=tunately1 ! habits ( mank9d h commonly l$ to a p>tial rev]sal ( ! natural arrangem5t4 #e4 ,! room %\ld be d>k2 light1 l s\nd1 is inimical to sleep4 ,! head %\ld be mod]ately rais$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room = robu/ p]sons ne$ n be artificially rais$4 ,sleeplessness1 z a rule1 occurs only :5 "s physiological law has be5 brok54 ,to relieve x1 x is ess5tial to equilibrate muscul> & m5tal functions4 ,increase ( muscul> ex]cise is an important elem5t 9 its treatm5t4 ,9 addition x is advisable n to h any sev]e m5tal "w dur+ ! ev5+1 nor to indulge 9 late supp]s4 ,sleeplessness is ! bane ( _m m5 ( a n]v\s temp]am5t1 & *iefly attacks ^? ( s$5t>y habits4 ,x is apt to recur1 & = ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 n>cotics ought to be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,! habit ( tak+ su* soporifics is un=tunately becom+ mu* m common1 & is productive ( _m evils4 ,dea? f accid5tal ov]dose is a frequ5t calamity2 &1 ap>t f ?is possibility1 ! invalid's n]v\s sy/em is completely ru9$ by p]si/5ce 9 ! habit1 8 p[] ( w is annihilat$1 & he becomes ! mis]able slave ( an evil habit1 ^: end is dea? 7see also page #ed74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e 7cont9u$7--,,cleanl9ess4 ,physiological ,consid]ations4--,! sk9 consi/s ( a sup]ficial "p or epid]mis1 & a deep] "p call$ ! d]mis or cutis4 ,tubes ( two k9ds op5 on ! surface ( ! sk91 p5etrat+ at _! deep] ends into ! cutis1 viz4 sweat or sudorip>\s gl&s & sebace\s gl&s4 ,! sudorip>\s gl&s are simple tubes1 ! l[] ends ( :i* lie coil$ up 9 ! d]mis4 ,ea* tube :5 /raight5$ out is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ! palm ( ! h& !re are #c1ebh orifices ( sudorip>\s & sebace\s gl&s on a squ>e in* ( surface2 reckon+ ea* gl& at #ad in* long1 ?is means #gc feet ( tubes 9 ?is small space4 ,assum+ t !re are #b1hjj tubes to e squ>e in*1 & t ! am\nt ( surface 9 a man ( ord9>y height & bulk is #b1ejj squ>e in*es1 x foll[s t !re are sev5 million pores 9 a man--t is1 #a1gej1jjj in*es1 or ne>ly tw5ty-eight miles4 ,! p]spiration secret$ by ! sudorip>\s gl&s is con/antly evaporat+ f ! surface ( ! body4 ,x is v important t ! orifices ( ^! gl&s %\ld be kept op5 9 ord] t ! secretion may n be int]f]$ )4 ,animals h be5 kill$ by cov]+ _! sk9 ) gelat9e1 & s prev5t+ ! escape ( p]spiration4 ,! sebace\s gl&s are %ort] ?an ! sudorip>\s1 & commonly end alongside ! hairs be=e ! latt] issue f ! sk94 ,!y secrete an oily mat]ial :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a natural pomade4 ,! sebace\s secretion also keeps ! g5]al surface ( ! sk9 unctu\s & supple4 ,! smell ( ! sebace\s secretion may be unpleasant1 especially 9 ! arm-pits & "s o!r p>ts4 ,frequ5t wa%+ is !re=e desirable4 ,! ,conditions ,due to ,uncleanl9ess are due to ob/ruction ( ! excretory ducts1 to accumulation ( dbris on ! g5]al surface ( ! sk91 & to ! consequ5t int]f]5ce ) ! circulation4 #a4 ,! ob/ruction ( ! sudorip>\s pores ( ! sk9 int]f]es ) ! elim9ation ( wa/e products by ! p]spiration2 ^! are re-absorb$ or reta9$ 9 ! sy/em2 consequ5tly m "w is ?r[n on ! lungs & kidneys1 & ! equilibrium ( heal? is de/roy$4 ,sebace\s ob/ruction causes an accumulation ( oily secretion 9 ! ducts4 ,! black spots s commonly se5 ab\t ! nose1 are ! block$ up orifices ( sebace\s gl&s1 & by squeez+ ! nose t9y ?reads ( fatty matt] are =c$ out f ! int]ior ( ^! gl&s4 ,pimples on ! face are usually due to ob/ruction ( ! sebace\s gl&s2 sometimes ! ob/ruction leads to inflammation ar\nd ! sebace\s gl& 7acne7 :i* (t5 p]man5tly injures ! sk94 #b4 ,accumulation ( effete matt] on ! sk9 occurs1 unless frequ5t ablutions are p]=m$4 ,! epid]mis is con/antly %$d+ its old] & m sup]ficial p>ts1 9 ! =m ( m9ute scales or 8scurf40 ,9 ! abs5ce ( frequ5t wa%+1 ! scales ( epi!lium t5d to accumulate1 ! sebace\s secretion matt+ ! scales toge!r1 & r5d]+ !m m adhesive4 ,! sal9e matt]s ( ! p]spiration also accumulate along ) ! scales & sebace\s secretion1 & 9 virtue ( _! hygroscopic prop]ties t5d to keep ! sk9 clammy & cold4 ,! ob/ruction ( excretions & ! accumulation ( dbris lead to o!r consequ5ces4 ,?us3--#c4 ,! s5sibility ( ! sk9 is dull$ :5 ! s5sory papill are cov]$ ) dirt4 ,! s5sations receiv$ by ! sk9 are important 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,a cold ext]nal temp]ature %\ld cause a reflex contraction ( ! small art]ies br++ blood to ! sk91 ?us dim9i%+ ! fl[ ( blood & prev5t+ undue loss ( heat4 ,simil>ly1 if ! ext]nal temp]ature is high1 or ! int]nal developm5t ( heat is too great1 ^! art]ies dilate1 & s5d+ m blood to ! sk91 cause a great] loss ( heat by radiation & conduction4 ,impair$ s5sibility ( ! sk9 leads to imp]fect action ( ! reflex n]v\s me*anism to :i* ! above effects are due1 & consequ5tly ! dang]s result+ f sudd5 alt]ations ( temp]ature are greatly increas$4 #d4 ,! t5d5cy to *ills is increas$1 n only by defici5cy ( ! n]v\s tone ( ! sk91 b also by ob/ruction ( ! pores ( ! sk91 & by ! hygrometric action ( ! sal9e matt] collect$ on x4 #e4 ,cutane\s diseases are due to1 or fav\r$ by1 uncleanl9ess4 ,^! are ( two k9ds--p>asitic & non-p>asitic4 ,acne1 :i* is ! *ief non-p>asitic disease fav\r$ by uncleanl9ess1 has be5 already m5tion$4 ,p>asitic sk9 diseases are greatly fav\r$ by ! pres5ce ( a dirty sk91 :i* af=ds a suitable soil = ! developm5t ( ! p>asites4 7,see also page #bge74 ,uses ( ,soap4--,soap is produc$ by an action ( an alkali on an oil4 ,! alkali displaces glyc]9e f ! oil1 & =ms an alkal9e /e>ate1 :i* is soap4 ,s(t soap is *iefly /e>ate ( potassium2 h>d soap is /e>ate ( sodium4 ,!re may also be pres5t ! alkal9e salts ( oleic & palmitic acid4 ,s(t soap is n us$ = wa%+ ! sk91 z x is too irritat+4 ,all soaps conta9 a slight excess ( soda2 ! great] ?is excess1 ! m irritat+ is ! soap to delicate sk9s4 ,h>d soaps may be also made ) pota%1 if ! fat employ$ be a solid "o2 b su* soaps are r s(t] ?an ord9>y h>d soaps1 & m cau/ic4 ,cocoa-nut oil is us$ 9 mak+ m>9e soaps1 because1 unlike all o!r k9ds1 x is n r5d]$ insoluble by br9e1 & s w =m a la!r ) sea-wat]4 ,normal soaps conta9 f #ae to #ce p] c5t4 ( wat]4 8,liquor+0 a soap consi/s 9 add+ #e to #be p] c5t4 ( soluble silicates4 ,by ?is means ! soap may be made to hold #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* is obvi\sly v wa/eful4 ,9 wa%+ ! sk91 ! wat] wa%es away a consid]able am\nt ( epid]mis1 & ! sal9e matt]s :i* h collect$4 ,= ! oily sebace\s secretion soap is requir$4 ,! alkali 9 soap comb9es ) ! oily matt]1 =m+ an emulsion :i* c>ries away ) x a quantity ( ! dirt :i* previ\sly block$ ! orifices ( ! sebace\s & sweat ducts4 ,:5 ! sk9 is rubb$ by ! t[el aft] wa%+1 ! s(t5$ epi!lium1 & ) x any rema9+ dirt1 are rubb$ (f1 leav+ ! sk9 clean1 & able to p]=m its normal functions4 ,! ,use ( ,ba?s4--,! prim>y object ( ba?+ is cleanl9ess4 ,a second>y consid]ation is ! pleasure d]iv$ f ba?+4 ,ba?s are especially necess>y = ^? p]sons :o lead s$5t>y lives4 ,:5 ! sk9 is kept 9 an active condition by ex]cise1 x to "s ext5t cleanses itself4 ,?us1 a f>m lab\r] :o has a weekly ba?1 may be really clean] ?an a p]son ( s$5t>y habits1 :o has two ba?s p] week4 ,ba?s are classifi$ accord+ to temp]ature z foll[s3--,bel[ #gj ,fahr4 !y are describ$ z cold2 tepid up to #he2 w>m up to #ig2 & hot ov] ?is temp]ature4 ,x is important 9 decid+ ! temp]ature ( a ba? n to tru/ to "o's s5sations2 ! only accurate measure is by ! !rmomet]4 ,a cold morn+ tub 9 ! summ] w commonly conta9 wat] at #ee to #fj2 :ile ! same 9 w9t] w be d[n to #dj1 or occasionally to #cb4 ,= purposes ( cleanl9ess ! w>m ba? is ! mo/ effici5t1 comb9$ ) ! free use ( soap4 ,! *ief objection to x is t x produces an increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! sk91 by relax+ ! cutane\s blood-vessels1 ?us increas+ ! dang] ( *ills if !re is subsequ5t exposure4 ,! increas$ s5sibility to cold result+ f a w>m ba? may be obviat$ by aft]w>ds rapidly spong+ ! body all ov] ) cold wat]1 & !n dry+ ! body quickly1 & us+ ! friction ( a mod]ately r\gh t[el4 ,x is desirable = bo? cold & w>m ba?s to h a 8ba?-%eet10 9 :i* ! p]son may be completely enclos$ on com+ out ( ! ba?4 ,dry+ is ?us mu* m quickly accompli%$1 & ! dang] ( *ill is m9imis$4 ,a daily morn+ cold ba? is a mo/ important ag5t 9 ! ma9t5ance ( robu/ heal?4 ,! fir/ s5sation on ent]+ a cold ba? is ( %ock1 due to ! cool+ ( ! surface ( ! body4 ,?is is foll[$ 9 a few seconds by a gl[1 due to ! blood return+ ) consid]able =ce to ! sk94 ,a cold ba? ought to be tak5 z rapidly z possible4 ,if soap+ ! body is desir$1 x %\ld be done be=e ent]+ ! ba?1 & ! /ay 9 ! latt] %\ld be little m ?an mom5t>y4 ,9 ?is way ! be/ reaction or 8gl[0 is obta9$4 ,if a feel+ ( cold & *ill9ess rema9s aft] a cold ba?1 x has done m h>m ?an good4 ,?is condition may (t5 be avoid$ by quick dry+ & brisk friction2 if aft] ?is a good reaction is n obta9$1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld be increas$4 ,= ^? :o are n v robu/1 ! 8cold tub0 9 w9t] is to be deprecat$4 ,if ! wat] be rais$ to #fj by ! addition ( w>m wat]1 or 9 "s cases ev5 to #gj1 a good reaction may be obta9$4 ,9 o!r cases1 9 :i* a reaction is n exp]i5c$ ev5 aft] a ba? ( ! latt] temp]ature1 a tepid ba? may be tak51 & !n ! body rapidly spong$ ) cold] wat]4 ,cold ba?s increase ! tone ( ! sk91 r5d]+ x less susceptible to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! t5d5cy to 8cat* cold0 is dim9i%$1 ! blood-vessels & n]ves ( ! sk9 bo? respond+ m readily to any /imuli4 ,swimm+ is a valuable comb9ation ( ba?+ & ex]cise4 ,a sudd5 plunge into cold wat] = swimm+ purposes is dang]\s to ^? :o are n h>d5$ to x1 & especially s 9 ! case ( runn+ wat]1 z 9 riv]s or ! sea4 ,"h ! wat] ar\nd ! swimm] is con/antly be+ *ang$1 & ea* lay] ( wat] com+ 9 contact ) him ab/racts a consid]able am\nt ( heat4 ,_m ( ! cases ( s-call$ dea? f 8cramp0 are really due to ! b5umb+ & depress+ influ5ce ( cont9u$ cold on ! vital organs4 ,swimm+1 "u prop] sup]9t5d5ce1 ought to be univ]sally en=c$4 ,! ex]cise accompany+ x s]ves 9 mo/ cases to c\nt]act ! depress+ action ( ! cold wat]2 b x is important 9 all cases to att5d to c]ta9 rules4 ,! imm]sion %\ld n be prolong$2 ! body %\ld be w>m at ! "t ( ent]+ ! wat]2 & ! ba? %\ld n be tak5 until ab\t two h\rs aft] a meal2 nor aft] prolong$ fa/+1 z be=e breakfa/4 ,p]sonal ,cleanl9ess4--,p]sonal cleanl9ess involves n only att5tion to ! sk91 :i* we h already consid]$1 b to ! hair1 nails1 m\?1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! hair ought to be c>efully bru%$ & comb$1 b x is n desirable to use soap to x z (t5 z to ! sk94 ,soap removes ! sebace\s secretion f ! hairs1 & r5d]s !m dry & brittle4 ,artificial pomades are1 z a rule1 unnecess>y4 ,! nails %\ld be cut squ>e1 & n d[n at ! sides4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t !y %\ld be kept clean3 !y may convey s]i\s infection4 ,! m\? & all muc\s orifices %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean4 ,a ftid brea? is n uncommonly due to ! dis*>ges f c>i\s tee?1 or to ! decomposition ( food :i* has be5 all[$ to accumulate 9 ! cavities ( tee?4 ,su* decompos+ matt]s :5 swall[$1 are apt to produce indige/ion2 & ?is also occurs f imp]fect ma/ication ( food by ! bad tee?4 ,x is important t ! tee? %\ld be frequ5tly cleans$1 & t all c>i\s tee? %\ld be 8/opp$0 at an e>ly p]iod1 & t>t> & o!r accumulations remov$4 ,:e!r bad tee?1 :i* are s extremely common1 are due to ! dr9k+ ( v hot liquids1 or to ! fact t ! m p]fect cook+ ( food gives less heal?y friction to ! tee?1 is d\btful4 ,:atev] ! cause1 by keep+ ! m\? ?or\ghly sweet & clean1 & by hav+ ! c>i\s tee? /opp$ z soon z discov]$1 _! vitality may be greatly prolong$4 ,tee? %\ld be p]iodically inspect$ by a compet5t d5ti/4 ,irregul>ities ( ! tee? may be correct$1 if !y receive e>ly att5tion4 ,c>i\s 8milk-tee?0 %\ld receive att5tion f a d5ti/1 z well z ! p]man5t tee?4 ,g5]al ,cleanl9ess4--,next to cleanl9ess ( ! sk91 t ( ! app>el is mo/ important4 ,!re is a g5]al pref]5ce = col\rs 8t d n %[ ! dirt02 ! fact t x is /ill !re1 ?\gh n se51 be+ p>tially ignor$4 ,*ang+ ( app>el is commonly conf9$ to und]clo?+4 ,x is =gott5 t ve/s1 tr\s]s1 dresses1 etc41 acquire a l>ge am\nt ( dirt & organic matt]1 & ought to be *ang$ & well air$ at int]vals4 ,cleanl9ess 9 respect to b$clo!s is v important4 ,organic matt]s evolv$ f ! sk91 lungs1 etc41 hang ab\t ! b$-l951 & give ! b$room ! 8close smell0 :i* c be p]ceiv$ on ent]+ x 9 ! morn+ /raight f ! fre% air4 ,! b$s %\ld n be made directly aft] be+ evacuat$1 b ! clo!s %\ld be ?r[n ov] ! bottom ( ! b$1 ! bol/]s & mattress well %ak51 & e "p expos$ to a free curr5t ( air dur+ ! great] "p ( ! morn+1 be=e re-arrang+ ! clo!s4 ,eid]-d[n quilts1 unless frequ5tly v5tilat$ by exposure to outside air1 are un:olesome4 ,sup]flu\s b$room furniture %\ld be avoid$1 z x all takes away f ! brea?+-space4 ,b$-hang+s %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & all excretory matt]s cov]$ up dur+ _! /ay 9 ! room1 & remov$ z e>ly z possible4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! h\se is also v important z a means ( heal?4 ,du/1 9 h[ev] obscure a corn] x re/s1 attracts to itself organic matt]s1 & =ms a soil 9 :i* disease g]ms may gr[4 ,besides ?is1 x devitalises ! air1 depriv+ x ( its active oxyg54 7,see also page #aja74 ,du/ 9 ! /reets s]ves to c>ry ab\t v>i\s diseases1 besides me*anically irritat+ any "p x comes 9 contact )1 produc+ bron*itis1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,clo?+4 ,physiological ,consid]ations4--,! av]age temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! body 9 man is #ihd to #ihf4 ,! ma9t5ance ( a tol]ably uni=m temp]ature is an ess5tial condition ( life4 ,! factors gov]n+ ! temp]ature ( ! body are ! am\nt ( heat produc$ & ! am\nt lo/4 ,if m heat escapes1 m has to be g5]at$2 & ! s\rce ( all ! heat produc$ 9 ! body is ! food tak54 ,?is becomes *ang$ by ! metabolic processes occurr+ 9 ! body :i* produce heat4 ,heat is lo/1 7#a7 by ! sk92 7#b7 9 respiration1 ! expir$ air hav+ be5 heat$ dur+ its /ay 9 ! lungs2 7#c7 ) ! food & dr9k tak51 if n at ! temp]ature ( ! body2 7#d7 ) ! excreta2 & 7#e7 by trans=mation ( heat into me*anical en]gy4 ,( ! :ole loss by ^! diff]5t *annels1 probably eighty to n9ety p] c5t4 is ?r\gh ! sk94 ,! ,loss ( ,heat by ! ,sk9 is 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,fir/1 by conduction1 :5 ! sk9 comes 9 contact ) any?+ cool] ?an itself2 secondly1 by radiation into space2 & ?irdly1 by evaporation ( ! p]spiration4 ,! la/ cause produces a consid]able r$uction ( temp]ature1 ev5 :5 ! p]spiration is n s abundant z to be visible1 b is 9 ! =m ( ins5sible p]spiration4 ,! losses by ^! diff]5t s\rces v>y 9 am\nt2 :5 "o is increas$1 ano!r is dim9i%$1 by way ( comp5sation4 ,?us1 9 v cold wea!r1 ! am\nt ( radiation & conduction ( heat are increas$2 b evaporation greatly decreases1 & ! dim9i%$ loss ( heat 9 ?is respect c\nt]-balances 9 "s degree ! increas$ loss by radiation & conduction4 ,:5 ! ext]nal w>m? is consid]able1 increas$ evaporation occurs2 :ile :5 ! wea!r is cold1 ! cutane\s art]ies contract1 & less blood goes to ! sk91 & s ! loss ( heat is dim9i%$4 ,9 mo/ climates1 h[ev]1 ?is action ( ! sk9 requires to be supplem5t$ by "s k9d ( clo?+4 ,requisites ( ,dress4--#a4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important requirem5t is t clo?+ %\ld ma9ta9 a uni=m & equable temp]ature 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 hot climates clo!s are requir$ 9 ord] to protect ! body f ext]nal heat4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !y are requir$ to prev5t ! too rapid escape ( heat f ! body4 ,= bo? ^! purposes1 dress mu/ be ( a non-conduct+ mat]ial1 9 ord] n to enc\rage transf] ( heat into or f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! loss ( heat by ! sk9 may be prev5t$ by int]f]+ ) radiation or conduction ( heat1 or ) evaporation f its surface4 ,radiation ( heat f ! sk9 is prev5t$ by clo?+1 ! dress tak+ ! place ( ! sk9 z a radiat+ surface4 ,! am\nt ( radiation f ! dress w dep5d on ! rapidity ( conduction ( heat f ! sk94 ,! am\nt ( conduction & ( radiation ( heat w v>y consid]ably ) ! mat]ial & col\r ( ! dress4 ,z reg>ds conductivity1 ! two extremes are repres5t$ by l95 & fur4 ,x is f\nd t if ! conduct+ p[] = heat ( l95 #ajj1 !n t ( wool #ej to #gj4 ,?is p>tly expla9s :y wooll5 goods are s mu* w>m] ?an l954 ,we %all f9d t !re is ano!r explanation 9 ! relative hygroscopic prop]ties ( ! two mat]ials4 ,z reg>ds radiation ( heat1 9 "o exp]im5t x 0 f\nd t :ile a piece ( l95 took #aj m9utes to cool1 a correspond+ piece ( flannel took #aa m9utes4 ,ap>t f ! mat]ial1 ! col\r ( dress has "s influ5ce 9 regulat+ ! loss ( heat4 ,d>k-col\r$ mat]ials absorb m light & heat ?an light] col\r$ mat]ials2 !y may be good or bad conductors ( heat1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,:ite reflects ! rays ( light & heat2 h5ce x is a poor absorb]4 ,9 summ] x prev5ts ! passage ( heat inw>ds1 &1 9 w9t]1 may prev5t its passage f ! body4 ,x is ?us well adapt$ = bo? w9t] & summ] clo?+1 & has ! additional advantage ( be+ ! cleane/ col\r4 ,frankl9 plac$ a numb] ( squ>es ( diff]5t col\r$ clo?s ( ! same mat]ial on sn[1 & f\nd aft] a "t t ! sn[ cov]$ by ! black piece 0 mo/1 & by ! :ite piece lea/ melt$4 ,9 ano!r set ( exp]im5ts1 %irt+ mat]ials dy$ v>i\s col\rs 7 tak51 & x 0 f\nd t if ! rays ( heat receiv$ by :ite 7 repres5t$ z #ajj1 pale /raw receiv$ #ajb1 d>k yell[ #adj1 light gre5 #aee1 ,turkey r$ #afe1 d>k gre5 #afh1 light blue #aih1 black #bjh4 ,! influ5ce ( col\r is antagonis$ to a l>ge ext5t by ! nature ( ! mat]ial2 ! increas$ heat absorb$ by a d>k mat]ial may be c\nt]balanc$ by ! mat]ial be+ a good conductor4 ,also ! influ5ce ( col\r is only ex]t$ sup]ficially2 h5ce1 al?\gh x produces consid]able effect 9 ?9 textures1 z gauze1 x has little influ5ce on ?ick mat]ials4 #b4 ,! dress %\ld n int]f]e ) p]spiration4 ,9 ord] t x may n d ?is1 x %\ld be compet5t to absorb moi/ure easily1 )\t its surface becom+ wett$4 ,mat]ials l l95 :i* lose _! porosity & rapidly become wett$ by p]spiration1 cause rapid loss ( heat f ! body1 inasmu* z wat] is a bett] conductor ( heat ?an air4 ,pett5k(] f\nd t :ile ! maximum hygroscopic p[] ( wool 7flannel7 is #agd & ! m9imum #aaa2 ! maximum ( l95 is #ge & ! m9imum #da4 ,h5ce1 ) a flannel ve/ next ! sk91 ! liability to *ill is mu* less ?an ) a l95 "o4 ,!re is "o slightly c\nt]balanc+ drawback2 hygroscopic mat]ials absorb moi/ure f ! air1 z well z f ! sk94 ,a wooll5 coat dur+ a damp day1 )\t ra91 increases consid]ably 9 weight4 ,wat]pro( clo?+ is injuri\s :5 worn beyond a %ort p]iod1 on acc\nt ( its be+ non-por\s & consequ5tly keep+ ! body envelop$ 9 a vap\r ba? compos$ ( its own p]spiration4 ,= a simil> reason ,india-rubb] boots are objectionable1 except = %ort p]iods2 !y make ! feet damp1 & ev5 sodd54 ,sealsk9 jackets are objectionable = walk+1 n only because ( _! weight1 b because !y are n por\s4 #c4 ,! w>m? ( clo?+ %\ld be uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,?is pr9ciple is v frequ5tly dep>t$ f2 & consequ5tly "o "p may be *ill$ :ile ano!r is ov]-heat$4 ,?is is se5 especially 9 female app>el4 ,! same evil is se5 9 ! %ort sleeves1 & %ort & l[-neck$ dresses ( "y *ildr54 8,comb9ation0 g>m5ts = wom51 & sleeves & legg+s = "y *ildr5 are happily becom+ m g5]ally adopt$1 & w dim9i% ! diseases due to exposure to cold4 #d4 ,! clo?+ %\ld n be tight2 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because loose clo?+ is w>m] ?an tight2 ?is ev]yone has exp]i5c$ 9 ! case ( gloves4 ,! ret5tion ( air 9 ! me%es ( clo?+ is "o ( ! ma9 causes ( its w>m?1 air be+ a bad conductor ( heat4 ,! imprisonm5t ( air 9 ! me%es ( ! mat]ial l>gely expla9s ! w>m? ( eid]-d[n quilts1 furs1 & flannels z contra/$ ) l954 ,secondly1 clo?+ %\ld n be tight1 9 ord] to avoid int]f]5ce ) ! action ( ! muscles4 ,tight sleeves prev5t ! muscles ( ! arms & *e/ f be+ ex]cis$4 ,tightly lac$ corsets imprison ! trunk muscles1 prev5t _! contractions1 & s lead to muscul> weakness & occasionally sp9al curvature4 ,tight skirts simil>ly prev5t free play ( ! l[] limbs1 lead+ to a halt+ gait1 a dim9i%$ am\nt ( ex]cise1 ) all ! evils foll[+ defici5t ex]cise4 ,tight clo?+ is n conf9$ to "o sex1 & 9 all cases leads to hamp]$ movem5ts & defici5t muscul>ity4 ,?irdly1 tight clo?+ t5ds to imp$e ! functions ( circulation1 respiration1 & dige/ion4 ,! fa%ion :i* m ?an any o!r int]f]es ) important functions is tight-lac+4 ,?is produces 7#a7 compression & displacem5t ( ! visc]a2 ! liv] & ! /oma* especially suff]4 7#b7 ,respiration & circulation are imp$$1 ! action ( ! diaphragm be+ imp$$4 7#c7 ,! muscles ( ! trunk be+ tightly encas$1 are incapable ( movem5t1 & consequ5tly t5d to wa/e & atrophy4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! body is alt]$4 ,in/ead ( ! wai/ be+ elliptical1 z x naturally is1 x becomes ne>ly circul>2 & in/ead ( its circumf]5ce av]ag+ tw5ty-six to tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 x may be eighte5 to tw5ty-"o in*es4 ,tight g>t]s t5d to produce v>icose ve9s4 ,tight boots are injuri\s1 z !y t5d to de/roy ! natural ela/icity ( ! movem5ts1 & conf9e !m )9 n>r[ limits4 ,!y act to "s ext5t ! "p ( spl9ts4 ,by int]f]+ ) ! circulation ( blood ?r\gh ! feet1 !y cause cold feet1 & n uncommonly *ilbla9s4 ,high-heel$ boots d n all[ ! natural ela/icity ( ! foot to come into action4 ,!y di/ort ! movem5ts ( ! body & cause corns & bunions4 ,simil> effects are produc$ by boots :i* are too n>r[ & h po9t$ toes1 ?us n all[+ free movem5t ( ! toes4 #e4 ,! weight ( ! clo?+ %\ld be ! smalle/ am\nt consi/5t ) w>m?1 & x %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! *ief weight %\ld n be susp5d$ f ! wai/1 z "h ! p>ts are n well support$ by bones4 ,! %\ld]s & hips %\ld %>e 9 ! susp5sion ( clo?+1 ?us dim9i%+ ! dang] ( compression & displacem5t ( int]nal organs4 ,9 ord] t g>m5ts may be z light z possible1 !y %\ld be made to fit to ea* limb sep>ately1 ?us dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( mat]ial requir$4 #f4 ,! mat]ials ( dress %\ld be z f> z possible non-inflammable4 ,?is may sometimes be disreg>d$1 b is (t5 important1 z 9 ! nurs]y4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 _m o!rs1 wool possesses great advantages4 ,wooll5 fabrics sm\ld] r ?an bur/ into flames1 & ?us ! injury result+ f any accid5t is limit$4 ,cotton is m inflammable ?an l951 l95 ?an silk1 & silk ?an wool4 ,a closely wov5 clo? is less inflammable ?an "o ) op5 me%es4 ,dress mat]ials1 & m p>ticul>ly musl91 h be5 r5d]$ non-inflammable by treat+ ) a solution ( ammonic phosphate1 or ammonic phosphate & ammonic *loride mix$4 ,! be/ mat]ial1 h[ev]1 is sodic tung/ate1 :i*1 unlike ! o!rs1 is n affect$ by iron+4 ,sodic molybdate is us$ 9 ars5als to r5d] ! workm5's clo?+ non-inflammable4 ,all ! above plans are objectionable1 z ! weight ( ! mat]ial is increas$ #ah to #bi p] c5t41 & !y all wa% out4 ,to rem$y ?is1 a 8fire-pro( />*10 conta9+ sodic tung/ate has be5 devis$4 ,p]fect non-inflammability is only requir$ 9 c]ta9 dang]\s occupations4 ,! plans hi!rto m5tion$ simply prev5t ! fabric break+ out into flame4 ,! only clo? absolutely unaffect$ by fire is asbe/os clo?4 #g4 ,elegance ( dress1 al?\gh n s important z utility1 is n to be neglect$1 & ! two are p]fectly compatible4 ,9 fact1 elegance is indirectly associat$ ) utility1 = no?+ :i* is awkw>d1 or leads to ob/ruct$ movem5ts or di/ortions ( ! body1 is really elegant4 ,a sudd5 con/riction1 z 9 a v tight wai/1 is n only bad f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 b is also ugly4 ,mat]ials = ,clo?+4--,! mat]ials us$ are d]iv$ p>tly f ! vegetable _w1 z hemp1 flax1 cotton2 & p>tly f ! animal _w1 z silk1 wool1 hair1 fea!rs4 ,! mo/ important mat]ials are wool1 silk1 cotton1 & flax4 #a4 ,wool v>ies some:at 9 "*1 accord+ to ! animal f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,9 all its v>ieties1 h[ev]1 x pres]ves ! "* ( a bad conduct+ & por\s sub/ance1 ! two mo/ important requisites 9 a dress mat]ial4 7#a7 ,wool f ! %eep is really a s(t & ela/ic hair1 compos$ ( fibres ?ree to eight in*es long1 & ab\t #aajjj in* ?ick4 ,! f9] & %ort] wools are us$ = f9e clo?1 ! long] & co>s] = 8popl9s10 8wor/$ pieces10 etc4 ,flannel is a wooll5 /uff ( r op5 & slight fabric4 ,wool is irritat+ to delicate sk9s1 & may be s mu* s1 t x _c be worn next ! sk91 :e!r z flannel1 wor/$1 or m]9o4 ,9 ^! cases1 x may be worn outside a l95 or gauze ve/1 & s all its advantages secur$4 ,x is "o ( ! wor/ conductors ( heat1 & ought always to be worn 9 w9t]2 :ile ev5 9 summ]1 x ensures a great] immunity f *ill aft] p]spiration ?an any o!r mat]ial4 7#b7 ,ca%m]e is made f ! d[n f\nd ab\t ! roots ( ! hair ( ! ,?ibet goat4 ,imitation ca%m]e is made ( v>i\s mat]ials mix$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,microscopical ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,fibres ,,( ,a--,,cotton4 ,b--,,silk4 ,c--,,l954 ,d--,,wool4 7#c7 ,alpaca is obta9$ f ! fleece ( ! llama1 alpaca1 & vicuna4 ,x is long] ?an ! fleece ( ! %eep1 ! fibres1 :i* are s(t & /rong1 av]ag+ six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is commonly made up ) cotton or silk4 7#d7 ,mohair is ! hair ( a goat inhabit+ ! m\nta9s ne> ,angora4 ,x is wov5 into an almo/ wat]pro( clo?1 & us$ 9 mak+ plu%1 braid1 etc4 #b4 ,hair d]iv$ f ! horse or c[ diff]s f ! hair usually call$ wool1 9 ! great] solidity ( its /ructure1 :i* makes x ill adapt$ = clo?+4 ,its *ief use is 9 ! manufacture ( felts1 ( :i* hats are made4 #c4 ,lea!r is a k9d ( natural felt1 v close & firm 9 its texture4 ,x is us$ 9 ?is c\ntry *iefly = boots1 b 9 "s cold] climates also = coats1 etc4 ,x is imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 l sealsk91 & is consequ5tly n v heal?y4 ,! same objection applies to *amois-lea!r und]clo?+1 :i* is non-por\s1 & consequ5tly keeps ! sk9 hot & clammy2 also1 x _c be wa%$ )\t becom+ /iff on dry+4 ,?is necessitates we>+ ! mat]ial aft] x has become impregnat$ ) p]spiration4 #d4 ,silk4 ,! ?read spun by ! silk-worm is compos$ ( filam5ts #abjjj in* wide1 & is ! /ronge/ & mo/ t5aci\s ( textile fabrics4 ,its ?read is ?ree times z /rong z a ?read ( flax ( ! same ?ickness1 & twice z /rong z a ?read ( hemp4 ,its fibres are r\nd l ^? ( l951 b s(t] & small]2 x gives an agreeable s5sation ( fre%ness to ! sk9 ev5 m ?an l954 ,x is a worse conductor ( heat ?an cotton or l954 ,its great disadvantage = we>+ next ! sk91 ap>t f its exp5se1 is t x irritates delicate sk9s4 ,sat9 is silk s prep>$ z to =m a smoo?1 poli%$ surface4 ,velvet is a silk fabric ( :i* ! pile is due to ! ins]tion ( %ort pieces ( silk ?read "u ! weft or cross-?read4 ,*eap] k9ds are made1 conta9+ a c]ta9 proportion ( cotton4 ,crape is made ( raw silk gumm$ & twi/$ to =m a gauze-l fabric4 ,taffety1 moire1 brocade1 & plu% are made ( silk alone or comb9$ ) cotton4 #e4 ,cotton consi/s ( ! d[ny hairs inve/+ ! se$s ( ! gossypium plant4 ,! ?reads ( :i* x is compos$ are flat1 ribbon-l1 & twi/$1 ab\t #ahjj to #abjjj in* wide4 ,ow+ to its flat fibres ) %>p edges1 x is apt to irritate delicate sk9s2 l95 is pref]able = dress+ w\nds = a simil> reason4 ,cotton is w>m] ?an l951 be+ a worse conductor ( heat4 ,x also absorbs moi/ure bett]1 n becom+ wet s soon2 b x lacks ! 8fre%ness0 :i* makes l95 mat]ials pleasant to we>4 ,calico1 fu/ian1 jean1 velvete51 & musl9 are ! *ief cotton fabrics4 #f4 ,flax is =m$ f ! fibres ( ! flax plant4 ,l95 is made f x4 ,cambric & lawn are v f9e & ?9 l95 mat]ials4 ,! fibres ( l95 are r\nd & pliable2 ?us x is smoo? & s(t1 & peculi>ly agreeable to ! sk94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a good conductor ( heat1 & consequ5tly 8x feels cold0 to ! sk94 ,fur!rmore its pores quickly become fill$ ) p]spiration1 :i* escapes rapidly1 ?us *ill+ ! body4 #g4 ,mack9to%es are valuable z a tempor>y protection aga9/ ext]nal wet4 ,worn = m ?an a %ort p]iod1 !y produce great heat & a s5se ( clos5ess1 ow+ to ret5tion ( ! p]spiration4 ,! be/ =m ( mack9to% is "o hav+ a cape1 ) a space = evaporation betwe5 x & ! re/ ( ! g>m5t4 ,! ,am\nt ( ,clo?+ requir$ v>ies ) circum/ances4 #a4 ,heal?2 ^? ( robu/ con/itution require less ?an ! feeble4 ,! m active are dige/ion & assimilation1 ! less is ! am\nt ( clo?+ requir$4 ,if heat is pres]v$ by clo?+1 less food is requir$4 ,?us a di/9ct sav+ ( food is effect$ by w>m clo!s4 ,w>m clo!s are ! equival5t ( s mu* food t w\ld h be5 requir$ to keep up ! temp]ature ( ! body1 if ! clo!s _h n be5 worn4 ,?9ly clad p]sons "u conditions ( />vation die m quickly ?an ^? :o are bett] protect$4 #b4 ,clo?+ requires to be adapt$ to climate & season4 ,9 w9t] & 9 cold climates ! am\nt ( clo?+ mu/ be increas$1 & w>m] mat]ials *os54 ,9 ! *angeable climate ( ,great ,brita91 x is difficult to adapt ! "* ( "o's dress to ! requirem5ts ( ! wea!r4 ,clo?+ ought1 h[ev]1 n to be *ang$ accord+ to ! cal5d>1 b accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,! t5d5cy is to assume summ] clo?+ too e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & to cont9ue x too f> into ! autumn4 ,accord+ to ,borhave1 w9t] clo?+ %\ld be put (f on ,midsumm] day1 & resum$ ! day aft]4 ,?is1 al?\gh r exagg]at$1 may s]ve to impress ! caution requir$4 ,! same au?ority says t only fools & begg>s suff] f cold1 ! latt] n be+ able to procure suffici5t clo!s1 ! =m] n hav+ ! s5se to we> !m4 #c4 ,age4 ,^? at ! two extremes ( life are specially susceptible to cold4 ,! mortality ( infants dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( life is ne>ly d\bl$ 9 w9t]4 ,bron*itis & pneumonia prove fatal *iefly at ! two extremes ( age4 ,! y\ng] a *ild ! l>g] is its surface z comp>$ ) its bulk1 inasmu* z ! area ( a body v>ies z ! squ>e ( its dim5sions1 :ile its mass v>ies z _! cube4 ,?us a cube #a in* ea* side has #f squ>e in*es ( surface to #a cubic in* ( bulk1 :ile a cube #aj in*es ea* side has #fjj squ>e in*es ( surface to #ajjj cubic in*es 9 bulk4 ,simil>ly a *ild #aaj ! size ( its "m1 besides its feebl] p[]s ( produc+ heat1 has t5 times z mu* surface 9 proportion to its size by :i* heat is lo/4 ,aft] ! age ( ?irty-five1 x is bett] to exce$ ?an to be defici5t 9 clo?+4 ,a degree ( cold t w\ld act z a useful tonic to ! robu/ & middle-ag$1 produces s]i\s & ev5 fatal depression ( ! vital p[]s 9 *ildr5 or ag$ p4 ,= ! same reason x is advisable to discont9ue cold ba?s z age advances4 ,a v p]nici\s delusion is preval5t1 t *ildr5 ought to be 8h>d5$0 to ! influ5ces ( cold1 & t too mu* clo?+ 8makes !m t5d]40 ,excessive clo?+ may possibly increase ! t5d5cy to 8cat* cold10 ow+ to its excit+ p]spiration1 or ow+ to ! fact t ! extra clo?+ is commonly ?r[n (f at irregul> int]vals--witness ! effects ( we>+ a sc>f r\nd ! neck occasionally4 ,b to suppose t *ildr5 c be h>d5$ by exposure ( arms & legs1 & o!r p>ts ( _! bodies1 is irrational4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( heat is lo/ f ^! b>e surfaces1 & ap>t altoge!r f ! dang] ( *ill1 m food mu/ be tak5 to comp5sate = ?is loss ( heat1 & keep up an equable temp]ature4 ,also if ! food tak5 is exp5d$ 9 pres]v+ ! w>m? ( ! unprotect$ body1 less mat]ial is left = ! purpose ( gr[?4 ,f ^! causes x frequ5tly happ5s t *ildr5 rema9 /unt$ 9 gr[?1 ev5 if lat5t disease is n actually develop$ by ! extra /ra9 on _! res\rces4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! v poor are (t5 po9t$ to z demon/rat+ ! p[] ( h>d5+4 ,x is =gott5 h[ _m ( ^! poor *ildr5 h p]i%$ "u ! h>d5+ sy/em1 & t ! good heal? ( ^? rema9+ is 9 spite ( ! h>d5+4 ,poison\s ,dyes 9 ,clo?+4--,^!1 l poison\s wall-pap]s1 7 =m]ly mu* m common ?an at pres5t1 &1 z 9 wall-pap]s1 ! poison\s ag5t has mo/ frequ5tly be5 ars5ic1 l>ge quantities ( :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 dyes4 ,occasionally su* poison\s pigm5ts are /ill employ$4 ,! means ( detect+ ars5ic 9 any fabric or wall-pap] are giv5 on page #baf4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,p>asites4 ,p>asites 7,greek1 p>a1 ^u1 & siteo1 ,i fe$71 9 ! broade/ s5se ( ! ^w1 are liv+ organisms1 :i* d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f o!r liv+ organisms4 ,!y may belong to ! vegetable or animal k+doms1 & may live on ! sk91 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 or 9 "s "o ( ! int]nal organs4 ,"s1 l ! fungus caus+ r+worm1 fe$ on ! liv+ tissues ( ! animal infe/$2 o!rs1 l tape-worms1 on ! p>tly dige/$ food2 :ile o!r p>asites1 l fleas1 only pay tempor>y visits to ! surface ( ! body1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ food4 ,vegetable ,p>asites4--,vegetable p>asites all belong to ! class ( fungi1 & m accurately to ! two l[e/ divisions ( ?is class :i* h be5 provisionally =m$1 viz4--,s*izophyta1 & ,zygophyta4 ,! ,s*izophyta include two ord]s1 ,s*izomycetes & ,sac*>omycetes4 ,,bact]ia4 ,bact]ium is ! g5]ic "n giv5 to ! micro-organisms belong+ to ! s*izomycetes1 :e!r a bacillus 7rod-%ap$71 coccus 7r\nd$71 spiral-=m$ 7spirillum or vibrio71 or filam5t\s 7lepto?rix & spiro*ta74 ,all ^! are de/itute ( *lorophyll & multiply by fission4#i ,!y are all extremely small1 ! wid? usually n exce$+ #a #abejjj in*4 ,v>i\s names are giv5 to !m1 :i* are synonym\s1 ?us3 g]ms1 microbes1 micro-organisms1 microzymes1 bact]ia 7s+ul> bact]ium74 ,:5 !y cause disease !y are call$ contagia4 ,!y multiply rapidly1 & may rea* maturity 9 #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,"o bact]ium may1 "u fav\rable conditions1 become #af1jjj1jjj 9 #bd h\rs4 ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation4--,until ,ko* discov]$ ! me?od ( cultivat+ bact]ia on solid m$ia1 ! sci5ce ( bact]iology rema9$ 9 its infancy1 z x 0 impracticable to obta9 pure1 i4e4 unmix$ cultures ( a giv5 bact]ium4 ,ko* hit on ! idea ( mix+ m9ute portions ( cultivations ( bact]ia :i* 7 gr[+ 9 liquid bro? ) liquefi$ gelat9e1 & !n spread+ ! mixture on glass plates1 & all[+ x to solidify "u cov]1 s t no atmosph]ic bact]ia c\ld contam9ate ! gr[?4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 individual bact]ia =m$ individual 8colonies0 scatt]$ ov] ! gelat9e1 & ^! c\ld be id5tifi$ by sub-cultur+ & o!r me?ods1 = ! details ( :i* books on bact]iology mu/ be consult$4 ,! food supply ( mo/ bact]ia is vegetable or animal refuse4 ,"s ( !m h a mo/ useful purpose 9 nature1 t ( break+ d[n complex organic sub/ances & r$uc+ !m to a simpl] =m4 ,?us bact]ia play an ess5tial "p 9 purify+ ! soil1 & 9 ! op]ations 9 sewage tanks & on sewage f>ms 7pages #aib1 #aie & #bbj74 ,a ?imbleful ( ord9>y g>d5 soil :i* has receiv$ a p]iodical manurial dress+ conta9s "o to ?ree million bact]ia4 ,c]ta9 bact]ia h be5 f\nd to be capable ( ex]cis+ an opposite effect1 i4e4 fix+ ! atmosph]ic nitrog5 & build+ x up into ! nitrog5\s tissues ( plants4 ,?us ! nodules on ! roots ( legum9\s plants consi/ ( bact]ia liv+ 9 symbiosis ) ! protoplasm ( ! plant & supply+ x ) nitrog5 9 an assimilable condition4 ,pure cultures ( ^! bact]ia h be5 put on ! m>ket z nitrag91 = enri*+ l& poor 9 nitrog54 ,?us a fairly complete cycle ( nature is secur$1 & by rotation ( plants 7legumes alt]nat+ ) o!r se$s71 manures1 especially nitrog5\s manures1 may be p>tially sav$4 ,! s\r+ ( milk is caus$ by ! bacillus lactis4 ,?is s\r+ is an indisp5sable prelim9>y to ! mak+ ( *eese1 & ! bacillus c n[ be us$ 9 pure culture to ha/5 ! natural process4 ,! peculi> aroma ( good butt] is due to a bact]ium :i* has be5 isolat$2 & x c n[ be suppli$ 9 pure culture = butt]-mak+1 ?us obviat+ bad butt]4 ,c]ta9 bact]ia are disease-produc+ or pa?og5ic4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! ,bacillus ( ,an?rax1 a disease common 9 %eep & ox51 & sometimes communicat$ to man4 ,?is bacillus is #ab ?ick & #f to #h long4 ,:5 an animal dies ( ?is disease x %\ld be buri$ )\t cutt+ ! sk94 ,:5 expos$ to ! air ?is bacillus =ms m9ute spores1 v difficult to de/roy4 ,!y may live = sev]al ye>s 9 pits 9 :i* animals dy+ f an?rax h be5 buri$4 ,but*]s h di$ :5 inoculat$ ?r\gh crack$ f+]s :5 dress+ ! c>case ( a c[ :i* has _h an?rax4 ,simil>ly m5 h&l+ ! hides ( su* animals may be inoculat$1 ei!r ) a =m ( disease 9 :i* rapid blood-poison+ is produc$1 or ) a malignant c>buncle1 f :i* recov]y is possible if x be treat$ promptly4 ,wool sort]s ( mohair wool are v liable to suff] f a fatal =m ( pneumonia due to ! du/ f wool d]iv$ f animals :i* h di$ f an?rax 7page #ajg74 ,?is disease gives a good in/ance ( possible att5uation ( virus1 ( :i* ano!r example is se5 9 small pox 7page #bic74 ,pa/eur grew an?rax bacilli 9 bro? at a temp]ature ( #aaj ,fahr4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! bacilli multipli$ by division1 & no spores 7 =m$4 ,by repeat$ly sub-cultur+ aft] ! bacilli _h become old 7i4e4 by putt+ m9ute quantities ( ! gr[? into fre% bro?7 & expos+ to air1 he obta9$ an?rax bacilli :i* 7 only slightly virul5t1 only produc+ slight con/itutional di/urbance :5 inoculat$1 i4e4 inject$ "u ! sk9 ( %eep1 & yet protect$ !m aga9/ ord9>y infection by an?rax4 ,o!r me?ods ( att5uation ( virus h be5 discov]$4 ,= in/ance ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! pres5ce ( a feeble antiseptic1 or pass+ x ?r\gh ! circulation ( an animal :i* is relatively insusceptible to ! p>ticul> bacillus has ?is effect4 ,o!r important pa?og5ic bact]ia w be consid]$ lat] 7pages #bih to #cih74 ,x is only necess>y "h to m5tion t suppuration1 erysipelas1 pu]p]al fev]1 & a numb] ( =ms ( blood-poison+ are due to ! invasion ( ! sy/em by cocci4 ,a s+le r\nd cell 7commonly n m ?an #abejjj in* 9 diamet]7 is call$ a micrococcus4 ,:5 9 pairs z 9 ! micro-organism caus+ pneumonia !y are call$ diplococci2 :5 9 *a9s1 /reptococci 7i4e4 twi/$72 :5 9 masses1 /aphylococci4 ,:5 cocci & o!r micro-organisms are kept out ( w\nds1 heal+ occurs )\t suppuration2 ?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! antiseptic & aseptic me?ods ( treat+ w\nds 7pages #ajf & #aaj74 ,! "q ( immunity is discuss$ on page #bhh4 ,sac*>omycetes occur 9 f]m5t+ sub/ances1 z 9 ! f]m5tation ( sac*>9e solutions4 ,! only organism belong+ to ?is ord]1 :i* is associat$ ) diseas$ conditions1 is ! ,s>c9a ,v5triculi4 ,?is is f\nd occasionally 9 ! vomit or ev5 9 ! ur9e ( "s p]sons4 ,! ,zygophyta occur z ?read-l gr[?s1 =m+ a mycelium4 ,?is is compos$ ( jo9t$ bran*+ tubul> cells1 9 :i* m9ute spores are produc$4 ,ea* spore1 :5 lib]at$ f its tube1 is capable ( produc+ ano!r mycelium1 & ?us ! gr[? spreads4 ,! spores may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 ?us produc+ infection at a di/ance4 ,!y h an av]age diamet] ( #f ab\t #adjjj in*4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief ,zygophyt\s p>asitic diseases3--,?ru% is associat$ ) ! gr[? ( a m9ute filam5t\s fungus1 ! oidium albicans4 ,x is common 9 babies1 :o are improp]ly f$1 & 9 old p1 or 9 p]sons exhau/$ by any *ronic disease4 ,small :ite pat*es collect on ! tongue & neighb\r+ p>ts1 & ^! are (t5 foll[$ by ! =mation ( m9ute ulc]s4 ,:5 x occurs 9 *ildr51 ! food mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to1 & fe$+ bottles frequ5tly scald$1 etc4 ,r+worm is due to ! gr[? ( a l>ge spor$ or a small spor$ fungus 7kn[n "u ! names ( ,microsporon ,aud\9i2 ,tri*ophyton megalosporon endo?rix1 ,tri*ophyton megalosporon ecto?rix7 :i* attacks ! sk94 ,x is mo/ difficult to eradicate :5 x occurs 9 hairy p>ts1 z ! gr[? p5etrates to ! roots ( ! hairs1 & cont9ues to live "h long aft] x has be5 de/roy$ on ! g5]al surface ( ! sk94 ,! fungus spreads on ! sk9 9 gradually enl>g+ circles1 =m+ r+s ) a slightly rais$ m>g94 ,x is extremely contagi\s1 be+ especially apt to spread 9 s*ools4 ,! spores may be c>ri$ ab\t by means ( hats or bonnets1 by gloves1 t[els1 razors1 & o!r means4 ,! disease (t5 rema9s undetect$ = "s "t2 & _m cases1 especially :]e ! scalp is affect$1 rema9 contagi\s aft] !y h be5 app>5tly cur$4 ,! removal ( r+worm1 z ( all o!r sk9 p>asites1 is effect$ by "s local p>asiticide4 ,prolong$ treatm5t1 includ+ ! pull+ out ( diseas$ hairs1 is requir$ = r+worm ( ! scalp4 ,a special cap %\ld be worn1 :5 ! pati5t mixes ) o!rs4 ,favus1 or 8scald-head10 is due to ! gr[? 9 ! sk9 ( a m9ute fungus call$ ! ,a*orion ,s*nle9ii1 :i* invades ! same p>ts z ^? affect$ by r+worm1 b diff]s 9 its mode ( =mation ( spores2 yell[ cupp$ discs f #ad to #ac in* 9 diamet] be+ produc$4 ,x is v r>e 9 ,engl&1 & almo/ conf9$ to p]sons 7especially *ildr57 :o are kept 9 a fil?y condition4 ,x is a common & fatal disease 9 mice4 ,! treatm5t is simil> to t ( r+worm4 ,t9ea v]sicolor is caus$ by ! gr[? 9 ! epi!lial cells ( ! sk91 ( a fungus call$ ! microsporon furfur1 :i*1 unlike ! two la/1 does n invade ! hair or nails4 ,x =ms light br[n pat*es cov]$ ) a horny scurf1 :i* gradually spread1 until ne>ly ! :ole trunk may be cov]$4 ,x does n attack *ildr51 & nev] affects uncov]$ p>ts ( ! body4 ,x *iefly occurs 9 ^? :o d n take frequ5t ba?s1 & :o p]spire freely4 ,x c be remov$ by daily wa%+ ) soap & wat] & rubb+ ) a r\gh t[el1 foll[$ by ! application ( a weak c>bolic lotion4 ,animal ,p>asites4--,animal p>asites are f\nd on ! sk9 or 9 int]nal organs or 9 ! blood or lymphatic vessels4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common3-- ,! ,ac>us ,scabiei is a m9ute animal n unlike a *eese mite1 :i* causes ! disease kn[n z scabies or ! it*4 ,x is probably nev] m ?an #agg ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! female has eight legs1 ) t]m9al suck]s on ! f\r front legs & hairs on ! h9d legs4 ,! male is small] ?an ! female1 & 9 ! adult condition ! two h9dmo/ legs h suck]s1 z well z ! f\r ant]ior4 ,x rema9s on ! surface ( ! sk91 :ile ! female burr[s deeply 9 ! sub/ance ( ! epid]mis4 ,at ! bottom ( ! oblique burr[ x deposits t5 to fifte5 or m eggs1 :i* hat* 9 a =tnight & !n comm5ce simil> op]ations on _! own acc\nt4 ,scabies g5]ally />ts betwe5 ! f+]s1 :5ce x rapidly spreads4 ,! disease is acquir$ f "s pati5t suff]+ f ! disease1 or by contact ) 8 app>el4 ,x may become v sev]e :5 suspicion z to its p>asitic "* has n be5 ent]ta9$4 ,=m]ly x 0 call$ 8! sev5 ye>s' it*10 f ! great difficulty 9 cur+ x be=e its true cause 0 discov]$4 ,! irritation caus$ by ! insect produces eczema1 & ?is may be ?\ght to be ! only disease pres5t1 unless c>eful exam9ation is made = ! burr[s ( ! insect4 ,to remove ?is p>asite1 fir/ ! sk9 is s(t5$1 ! sup]ficial epid]mis is remov$1 & ! burr[s are laid b>e1 by ! daily use ( hot ba?s ) s(t soap1 & subsequ5t rubb+ ) fle% t[els4 ,!n "s p>asiticide1 su* z ! well kn[n sulphur o9tm5t1 is rubb$ into all ! affect$ p>ts ( ! sk94 ,a few days' p]sev]ance 9 ?is treatm5t usually suffices = a cure4 ,! pati5t's clo!s & b$ clo!s ought also to be ?or\ghly purifi$ by boil+ or by /eam dis9fection or by bak+ 9 an ov52 o!rwise he may become re-infect$4 ,! ,l>v ( sev]al insects h be5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! sk94 ,9 ! ox1 ! l>va or bot ( ! gadfly produces a tr\blesome disease1 a l>ge boil be+ =m$ "u ! sk9 z ! l>va gr[s4 ,?is l>va has1 on r>e occasions1 attack$ human be+s4 ,r>e cases are record$ :]e o!r l>v h become develop$ 9 m51 9 all upw>ds ( tw5ty sep>ate k9ds ( insects hav+ be5 recogniz$4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 remov+ ! p>asite4 ,! ,*igoe1 commonly kn[n z ! jigg] or s&-flea1 is a m9ute p>asitic insect1 f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & nor!rn p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is s small z to be sc>cely visible2 b ! impregnat$ female possesses a proboscis1 by means ( :i* x p5etrates ! sk9 g5]ally ne> ! nails & !re develops a bladd] ! size ( a pea1 :i* sets up sev]e inflammation4 ,to get rid ( ! intrud]1 ! orifice by :i* x ent]$ mu/ be dilat$ ) a ne$le1 until l>ge en\gh to admit ( its extraction1 )\t ruptur+ ! cy/4 ,sev]al species ( ,fleas infe/ ! human frame4 ,!y are propagat$ by means ( eggs1 ! worms f :i* enclose !mselves 9 a t9y cocoon be=e assum+ ! adult =m4 ,?ree v>ieties ( ,lice occur on ! human sk94 ,! fir/ 7p$iculus capitis7 infe/s ! head1 especially ( *ildr51 & multiplies ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 ! female lay+ altoge!r ab\t fifty eggs4 ,! o!r two v>ieties are ! body l\se 7p$iculus corporis7 & ! crab l\se 7p$iculus pubis74 ,/rict att5tion to cleanl9ess is ! be/ means ( gett+ rid ( fleas & bugs4 ,a wa% made ( c>bolic acid & v9eg> pa9t$ ov] b$ crevices is v effici5t4 ,lice may be remov$ f ! head by cutt+ ! hair %ort1 & c>efully cutt+ out any hairs to :i* nits are atta*$4 ,! nits are cem5t$ to ! %afts ( hairs4 ,wa%+ ! hair ) me?ylat$ _s or p>aff9 is also helpful 9 remov+ !m4 ,aft]w>ds ! use ( :ite precipitate o9tm5t w prev5t _! re-appe>ance4 ,! ,trematoda or ,flukes furni% two human p>asites1 viz4 ! liv]-fluke 7,di/oma hepatis71 & ! ,bilh>zia hmatobia4 ,! liv]-fluke occasionally produces jaundice 9 man4 ,9 %eep x is ! cause ( ! disease kn[n z ! 8rot40 ,! ,bilh>zia hmatobia is *iefly f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & ! ,cape ,colony4 ,x is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 & infe/s ! blood vessels1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! kidneys2 sett+ up sev]e irritation & ! dis*>ge ( blood4 ,x is probable t ! eggs ( ?is p>asite are receiv$ 9 dr9k+ wat] or on salads1 ?\gh occasionally inoculation may occur ?r\gh ! sk9 :5 ba?+4 ,! family ( ,nematoda possesses num]\s p>asitic memb]s4 ,! common ?read worm 7,oxyuris ,v]micul>is7 is "o ( ! mo/ common ( ^!4 ,! female is #ac to #ab in* 9 l5g?1 & inhabits *iefly ! l[] b[el4 ,! ova1 :i* are f #adij to #aaajj in* 9 diamet]1 (t5 ga9 access to dr9k+ wat]1 or are c>ri$ by flies1 or receiv$ on salads1 etc4 ,! injection ( salt & wat] into ! b[el1 & treatm5t t5d+ to improve ! g5]al heal?1 are ! prop] rem$ies4 ,! r\nd worm 7,asc>is ,lumbricoides7 inhabits *iefly ! small inte/9e2 h5ce m$ic9es = its removal require to be giv5 by ! m\?4 ,! female is f #aj to #ad in*es long2 ! ova1 ( :i* ea* female dis*>ges on an av]age #afj1jjj daily1 are f #acdj to #addj in* 9 diamet]4 ,! :ip-worm 7,tri*ocephalus ,disp>7 is a small] nematode1 :i* is r>ely met ) 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,do*mius ,duod5alis is met ) *iefly 9 ,italy & ,egypt4 ,x sucks ! blood 9 ! inte/9e1 caus+ dang]\s anmia4 ,! ,/rongylus ,gigas is *iefly f\nd 9 ! kidneys ( ! ox1 dog1 etc41 & is v r>e 9 man4 ,x resembles a v l>ge r\nd worm4 ,9 ! kidney x produces sev]e disord]s4 ,h[ x gets !re is n kn[n4 ,! ,tri*9a ,spiralis has be5 already describ$ 7page #bc74 ,! ,fil>ia ,dracunculus 7,gu9ea ,worm7 seems to ga9 access into ! /oma* along ) wat]1 or possibly 9 "s cases1 by p]=at+ ! sk94 ,x burr[s among ! tissues1 especially ( ! legs1 & atta9s a l5g? ( sev]al feet4 ,x causes l>ge boils & sores1 & ?r\gh ^! ! eggs escape & pass into wat]4 ,"h ! embryo :i* has escap$ f ! egg meets ) a fre% wat] cru/acean 7cyclops71 ent]s its body1 und]goes l>val gr[?1 & is swall[$ ) its ho/ by a man1 9 :om x burr[s & und]goes its next /age ( life4 ,! embryos ( ?ree species ( ,fil>ia infe/ ! blood ( man1 *iefly 9 ! tropics4 ,"o embryonic species is f\nd 9 ! blood ( infe/$ pati5ts by day1 "o by night1 & "o dur+ bo? day & night4 ,! l5g? ( ! embryos v>ies f #age to #aabe in*1 & its wid? f #acjjj to #acejj in*4 ,! night embryo1 :i* is ! mo/ common1 is produc$ by ! ,fil>ia ,bancr(ti4 ,?is adult worm infe/s ! lymphatic sy/em ( man1 sometimes rea*+ a l5g? ( ?ree to f\r in*es4 ,its embryos may ob/ruct lymphatic vessels1 caus+ ob/ruction ( ! fl[ ( *yle 7h5ce orig9ates *yluria71 & elephantiasis1 9 :i* enorm\s swell+ ( ! legs & o!r p>ts ensues4 ,! nocturnal migration into ! lymphatic vessels1 & !nce into ! blood ( ! embryo ( ! ,f4 ,bancr(ti1 is an adaptation to ! nocturnal habits ( a p>ticul> mosquito 7culex pipi5s or cili>is74 ,:5 ! mosquito bites an infe/$ p]son1 8 proboscis removes "s embryo fil>i1 :i* are quickly transf]r$ to its /oma*4 ,"s ( ^! escape dige/ion1 develop )9 ! mosquito1 & :5 ! mosquito dies 9 wat] !y bore _! way out1 & are subsequ5tly swall[$ by man4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is disease to boil or effici5tly filt] all dr9k+ wat]1 & to prev5t ! access ( mosquitoes to wat]4 ,p]sons infe/$ ) fil>i %\ld sleep inside mosquito nets1 9 ord] t !y may n1 :5 bitt5 by mosquitoes1 spread ! disease4 ,tape-worms are f\nd infe/+ ! alim5t>y canal ( man4 ,ea* has a d\ble phase ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! *>act]i/ic head1 or scolex1 along ) a bladd]-l body1 lies emb$d$ 9 ! solid tissues ( an animal2 9 ! second1 ! /robilus or tape-worm1 occupies ! alim5t>y canal ( ano!r animal4 ,! tape-worm consi/s ( a numb] ( flat segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is capable ( produc+ a l>ge numb] ( eggs1 f ea* ( :i* a six-hook$ embryo is develop$4 ,! segm5ts escape f ! alim5t>y canal1 & _! ova are dis*>g$ & scatt]$ broad-ca/4 ,^! eggs are swall[$ by ano!r animal1 ! hook$ embryo escapes f its case1 migrates into ! solid tissues1 & !re produces a scolex4 ,:5 ! ho/ is eat5 by ano!r animal or by man1 ! scolex ent]s ! alim5t>y canal1 loses its bladd]-l body1 & developes a *a9 ( segm5ts4 ,x foll[s f ! above t two di/9ct ho/s are necess>y to complete ! cycle ( exi/5ce ( ^! creatures1 "o be+ commonly a h]bivor\s1 & ! o!r a c>nivor\s animal4 ,?us3-- ,cy/ic ,=m4 ,tape-worm ,=m4 ,cy/ic]cus ,cellulos 9 becomes ,tnia ,soluim 9 ! alim5t>y ! muscles ( ! pig canal ( man4 ,cy/ic]cus ,bovis 9 ! ,tnia ,m$iocanellata 9 ! muscles ( ! ox alim5t>y canal ( man4 ,cnurus ,c]ebralis ( ! ,tnia ,cnurus 9 ! alim5t>y %eep's bra9 canal ( ! dog4 ,e*9ococcus ( man1 etc4 ,tnia ,e*9ococcus 9 ! alim5t>y canal ( ! dog4 ,! cy/ic]cus cellulos has be5 already describ$ 7page #bc74 ,! cy/ic =m ( ! dog's tape-worm 7e*9ococcus7 is a mo/ dang]\s p>asite = man4 ,:5 ! egg ( ! dog's tape-worm is swall[$ by man1 ! embryo escap+ f ?is egg burr[s f ! alim5t>y canal1 & =ms l>ge cy/s1 *iefly 9 ! liv]1 b occasionally 9 ! lungs1 bra91 & o!r organs4 ,= ! removal ( ^!1 surgical int]f]5ce is requir$4 ,?is =m ( cy/ is commonly kn[n z a hydatid4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 ,icel& & ,au/ralia1 ?\gh n uncommon 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its frequ5cy dep5ds l>gely on ! numb] ( dogs1 & on ! facility ) :i* ! ova ( _! tape-worms c ga9 access to wat]4 ,! adult ,tape-worms are usually d]iv$ 9 man f eat+ meat conta9+ ! cy/ic =m4 ,! cy/ic]cus ( ! pig produces ,tnia ,solium2 t ( ! ox1 ! ,tnia ,m$iocanellata4 ,^! are ! two mo/ common =ms ( tape-worm 9 man4 ,! m9ute head ( ,t4 ,solium has f\r suck]s & a d\ble r[ ( hooklets1 #bh 9 numb]2 :ile ! head ( ,t4 ,m$iocanellata has f\r suck]s b no hooklets4 ,! segm5ts ( ,t4 ,solium are small] ?an ( ,t4 ,m$ioc41 & ! /ructure ( ! segm5ts ( ! two is some:at diff]5t4 ,prev5tive ,measures4--,9 avoid+ ! v>i\s ,entozoa describ$1 x is important 7#a7 to c>efully avoid all und]done meat4 ,! eat+ ( smok$ sausages1 or ( meat :i* is n cook$ ?r\gh\t1 is a common s\rce ( tape-worm & ( tri*9osis4 7#b7 ,all vegetables %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$3 ?is is especially important 9 ! case ( wat]-cress1 lettuce1 etc41 :i* are eat5 raw4 7#c7 ,if ! purity ( ! wat] is n ensur$1 x %\ld be boil$ or filt]$ ?r\gh a ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt] 7page #ih71 especially 9 tropical climates1 & :]e _m dogs are kept4 ,dogs %\ld be kept out ( ! kit*51 le/ ova accid5tally ga9 access to articles ( food4 7#d7 ,! possibility ( flies & mosquitoes act+ z c>ri]s ( p>asitic disease mu/ be rememb]$1 & precautions tak54 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,spread+ ,,disease4 ,insects are n[ kn[n to be important ag5ts1 7a7 z c>ri]s & 7b7 z int]m$iate ho/s ( disease-ag5ts4 ,! common dome/ic fly 7,musca dome/ica7 is ! unwelcome companion ( man 9 ne>ly e c\ntry4 ,! eggs are usually laid & ! l>v und]go _! developm5t 9 excrem5t1 b ! female sometimes selects meal1 bread1 or fruit = ! purpose4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! be/ means ( dim9i%+ ! numb] ( dome/ic flies is to insi/ on ! daily removal ( all manure1 especially horse manure1 & to spr9kle ! manure receptacle 9 ! int]val ) lime4 ,! fly may obvi\sly be ! means ( convey+ infect$ mat]ial f place to place4 ,an?rax has be5 ascrib$ to ?is cause4 ,nuttall has prov$ exp]im5tally t flies are able to c>ry ! infection ( plague1 & t !y die ( ! disease4 ,! pres5ce ( enorm\s numb]s ( flies 9 *ol]a times has be5 not$4 ,exp]im5tally1 flies caught 9 *ol]a w>ds h be5 f\nd to h>b\r ! *ol]a spirillum4 ,x is probable t !y play a s]i\s rle 9 spread+ ! infection ( *ol]a4 ,h5ce all infecti\s dejecta 7/ools & ur9e7 %\ld be cov]$ until f9ally dispos$ (1 & food %\ld be protect$ aga9/ flies4 ,! same rem>ks apply = ent]ic fev]4 ,flies f$ ) pure cultures ( ! bacillus ( ent]ic fev] pass ^! bacilli 9 _! dejecta 9 a /ill virul5t condition4 ,9 camps1 especially 9 connection ) l>ge armies1 !re is ! /ronge/ reason = believ+ t flies c>ry infection f latr9es to food4 ,flies h be5 kn[n to fe$ on ! expectoration ( consumptive pati5ts & x is possible !re=e t !y may ?us infect food4 ,! b$ bug 7,cimex lectul>ius7 has be5 /at$ to be capable ( convey+ by its bite ! infection ( plague & o!r diseases f an infect$ to a heal?y p]son2 b ,nuttall's exp]im5tal results 7 entirely negative4 ,fleas 7pulex7 probably d n play any "p 9 spread+ an?rax4 ,exp]im5tally1 an?rax bacilli die (f rapidly 9 fleas4 ,9 ,india1 p]sons :o _h h&l$ rats dead ( plague frequ5tly acquir$ ! disease4 ,?is 0 expla9$ by ,simond on ! supposition t ! fleas ab&on$ ! dead rat = ! human subject4 ,! rats :i* appe>$ to h caus$ plague 9 man 7 /at$ to h di$ b a %ort "t be=e2 & ! h&l+ on ! day aft] _! dea? ( rats dead ( plague 0 /at$ to be safe because ! rats' fleas _h !n des]t$ ! dead rat4 ,x is assum$ t ! flea injects ! poison ( plague "u ! sk94 ,on ! contr>y x is to be rememb]$ t ! fleas infe/+ rats & mice belong to a diff]5t family f t :i* attacks man4 ,:e!r ?is is a usual means ( convey+ plague may !re=e be reg>d$ z /ill d\btful4 ,t rats convey plague to man is c]ta92 :e!r fleas act z an int]m$i>y rema9s some:at unc]ta94 ,! ,mosquito family 7,culicid7 has be5 f\nd to be an important if n ! sole means ( spread+ c]ta9 s]i\s diseases to man4 ,to ?is family belong all true gnats or mosquitoes2 b ! only two g5]a :i* h be5 prov$ to be able to cause disease are ,culex & ,anopheles4 ,! culex may usually be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t :5 alive & at re/ its head is bel[ ! level ( ! ?orax & abdom51 ?us giv+ ! insect a hump-back$ appe>ance1 :ile ! body ( ! anopheles "u ! same circum/ances is all 9 a l9e4#aj ,! anopheles is m sl5d] & its head small] ?an t ( ! culex4 ,! anopheles usually conf9es its blood-suck+ op]ations to ! ev5+ & night4 ,dur+ ! day x rema9s 9 d>k corn]s4 ,x lays its eggs usually 9 a natural pool or pond on ! gr\nd1 on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 ab\t two days a m9ute l>va is hat*$ out4 ,?is gr[s rapidly1 assumes ! pupa =m1 f :i* ! p]fect insect em]ges4 ,! female insect alone is blood-suck+4 ,9 ab\t #bj days aft] bir?1 x lays f #aej to #bjj eggs4 ,its relation to mal>ia may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ hi/orical sket*4 ,9 #ahhj ,lav]an f\nd 9 ! r$ blood corpuscles ( mal>i\s pati5ts m9ute bodies :i* he reg>d$ z n bact]ia1 b a v l[ =m ( animal life1 possess+ amboid movem5ts4 ,^! grew at ! exp5se ( ! blood corpuscles1 deposit$ a d>k pigm5t1 & (t5 assum$ ! appe>ance ( a 8rosace10 a r\nd$ body ) little sph]ules at its circumf]5ce4 ,golgi 9 #ahhi obs]v$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! rosaces ( t]tian & qu>tan fev]1 & f\nd t ! p]iods ( occurr5ces ( ! fev] correspond$ ) ! times ( maturation ( ! rosaces4 ,x 0 conclud$ !re=e1 t ! rosaces caus$ ! fev] by %$d+ _! sporules into ! blood4 ,^! sporules :5 ?us %$ 7 f\nd to atta* !mselves to1 & gr[ 91 o!r r$ blood corpuscles4 ,x is n[ kn[n t !re are ?ree species ( ! p>asite1 9 "o ( :i* ! p>asites are cresc5tic 9 %ape4 ,! exam9ation ( a drop ( blood f a pati5t n[ enables a doctor to recognise :i* ( ^! ?ree =ms ( mal>ia he is deal+ )4 ,lav]an obs]v$ t c]ta9 =ms ( ! p>asite pres5t$ 8flagella10 i4e4 filam5ts exhibit+ v active movem5ts4 ,manson hav+ obs]v$ t flagella 7 n f\nd 9 blood fir/ drawn1 b only appe>$ aft] a little "t _h elaps$1 conceiv$ ! idea t ! function ( ^! mu/ be t ( spores4 ,hav+ previ\sly obs]v$ t a microscopic worm1 fil>ia1 is drawn ) ! blood into ! /oma* ( a k9d ( mosquito 7page #bgh71 & f9ds 9 ! latt] a second>y ho/1 he conclud$ t a simil> cycle ( ev5ts might occur 9 mal>ia4 ,ross te/$ ?is !ory1 & by caus+ mosquitoes br$ 9 bottles f ! l>va to bite p]sons affect$ ) ! cresc5t =m ( mal>ia1 aft] repeat$ unsuccessful attempts1 0 ev5tually able to f9d 9 comp>atively r>e mosquitoes :i* _h ?us bitt5 a mal>i\s pati5t1 small r\nd$ bodies emb$d$ 9 ! wall ( ! /oma*4 ,^! 7 wat*$ & f\nd to pres5t appe>ances id5tical ) ^? ( ! p>asite ( mal>ia4 ,simil> pigm5t$ bodies 7 subsequ5tly f\nd 9 o!r mosquitoes4 ,! mal>ial p>asite belongs to ! ,protozoa1 ( :i* x is "o ( ! smalle/ memb]s4 ,man is its int]m$iate ho/1 & ! anopheles its def9itive or f9al ho/4 ,9 ! r$ blood corpuscle ( man x is a unicell> organism1 f #a to #h 9 diamet]4 ,x has two me?ods ( reproduction1 endog5\s by spore =mation & exog5\s or sexual4 ,! =m] occurs 9 man2 ! latt] 9 ! mosquito4 ,)\t ! latt]1 ! p>asite be+ unable to pass f man to man1 w\ld die ) its ho/4 ,9 endog5\s multiplication spores are =m$ :i* sep>ate f ! orig9al p>asite & ga9 access to o!r r$ blood corpuscles4 ,! l>ge pigm5t$ sph]es & ! cresc5t bodies require to ent] ! /oma* ( ! anopheles to atta9 full developm5t4 ,9 ! anopheles ! cresc5ts become sph]ical1 flagella are %ot out1 hav+ a l5g? ( #d to #e times ! diamet] ( a r$ blood corpuscle4 ,^! repres5t ! male elem5t1 :ile o!r sph]es )\t flagella are ! females4 ,by ! fusion ( ^! two a f]tilis$ cell is produc$ 7! travell+ v]micule71 :i* n[ assumes ! %ape ( a spe>-head & is actively mobile4 ,! travell+ v]micule pi]ces ! /oma* wall ( ! mosquito & develops into a zygote4 ,if an infect$ mosquito is exam9$ on a succession ( days "u ! microscope1 ! foll[+ /ages c be trac$4 ,! zygote consi/s ( pigm5t$ sph]es #g to #h 9 diamet]1 ly+ 9 ! muscul> fibres ( ! mosquito4 ,^! gr[1 & become surr\nd$ by a capsule4 ,small] sph]es =m & subdivide1 bud-l processes develop on _! surfaces2 ^! gradually become sickle-%ap$ & protrude into ! body cavity4 ,!y increase 9 size4 until !y atta9 dim5sions ( f #dj1 to #fj 4 ,ev5tually !y rupture1 & ! sickle-%ap$ bodies 7sporozooites7 escape & are c>ri$ 9 ! body fluid ( ! mosquito to its saliv>y gl&s4 ,^! sporozooites are ab\t #ad long1 & human infection is caus$ by !m4 ,!y h be5 trac$ z f> z ! end ( ! proboscis ( ! mosquito4 7,see also page #cjg74 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,infective ,,diseases4 ,! prev5tion ( disease dep5ds l>gely on a k ( its causes4 ,disease may be due to a p]sonal life n 9 accordance ) physiological laws2 or to "s cause or causes act+ ab extra4 ,) advance ( k ! numb] ( diseases :i* c be prov$ to be caus$ by a contagium vivum introduc$ f )\t is /eadily increas+4 ,we h already discuss$ ! influ5ce ( habits1 ( clo?+1 ex]cise1 sleep1 & food on heal?1 & h %[n h[ errors 9 ^! respects may lead to disease4 ,x n[ rema9s to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! prev5tion ( diseases1 due to ! introduction into ! sy/em ( contagia4 ,9 ! /udy ( su* diseases ?ree *ief factors require consid]ation3 7#a7 ! contagium itself2 7#b7 conditions ( environm5t1 z climate1 soil1 season1 wea!r1 etc41 :i* may fav\r or imp$e its spread2 & 7#c7 p]sonal conditions :i* simil>ly influ5ce x4 ,( ^! age1 h]$ity1 fatigue1 injury1 diet1 & race are specially important4 ,! fir/ two gr\ps ( diseases giv5 9 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's classification ( causes ( dea? are 7#a7 ,specific ,febrile or ,zymotic ,diseases1 & 7#b7 ,p>asitic ,diseases4 ,! objection to ! ^w 8specific0 is t1 al?\gh 9 mo/ in/ances diseases 9 ?is gr\p are 8specific0 9 ! s5se t !y are caus$ by a p>ticul> microbe1 e4g4 tetanus1 an?rax1 tub]culosis1 9 a few in/ances ! same lesions may be caus$ by sev]al microbes1 e4g4 septicaemia 7blood-poison+71 pneumonia4 8,zymotic0 0 ! "n giv5 by ,f>r1 9 view ( ! analogy ( ! febrile process to t ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,9 bo? !re is ! introduction ( a liv+ g]m or g]ms2 9 bo? a p]iod ( 8incubation0 9 :i* no?+ c be obs]v$2 !n foll[s ! active di/urbance2 & 9 ! disease1 z well z 9 ! f]m5t+ liquid1 ! process is /opp$1 :5 ! microbes h multipli$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a tempor>y or p]man5t protection be+ ! result4 ,! be/ "n = ! diseases 9 ?is gr\p is 8,infective40 ,p>asitic diseases1 l r+worm1 scabies1 or tri*9osis1 are also infective2 b = conv5i5ce may be describ$ sep>ately z 8p>asitic40 ,! relation betwe5 ! words 8infecti\s0 & 8contagi\s0 requires explanation4 ,a disease l measles or small-pox1 :i* c be transmitt$ f p]son to p]son1 )\t imm$iate contact betwe5 ! two1 is t]m$ infecti\s4 ,9 ^! cases ! infection is convey$ by mucus expectorat$ or by du/ bl[n ab\t1 or c>ri$ 9 app>el1 etc41 f ! fir/ pati5t4 ,su* diseases may also1 ( c\rse1 be communicat$ by direct contact4 ,if direct contact betwe5 ! sick & well is indisp5sable = ! transmission ( a disease x is call$ contagi\s4 ,!re is no su* h>d l9e 9 nature1 al?\gh "s diseases c be m easily communicat$ ?an o!rs4 ,! t]m contagi\s is usually appli$ to p>asitic diseases l r+worm & scabies1 b ev5 ^! c be communicat$ by means ( infect$ articles z well z p]sons4 ,! ^w contagi\s %\ld be ab&on$ = all ! acute febrile diseases4 ,! ^w infective is us$ to include all specific febrile diseases1 h[ev] spread4 ,?is ^w1 !re=e1 includes n only infecti\s & contagi\s diseases1 b also diseases spread by inoculation1 i4e4 injection ( ! infection "u ! sk94 ,?us mal>ia is n infecti\s f pati5t to pati5t2 b c be inoculat$ by ! mosquito4 ,infective ,diseases are ei!r acute or *ronic4 ,( acute infective diseases small-pox & ent]ic fev] are typical examples2 ( *ronic1 tub]culosis & syphilis4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t 9 c]ta9 diseases ! contagium or infective ag5t grew 9 ext]nal noxi\s matt]1 a miasm be+ produc$2 :ile 9 o!r diseases contagion 0 only produc$ direct f pati5t to pati5t2 & o!rs orig9at$ 9 ei!r way4 ,h5ce ! classification ( infective diseases into 7a7 miasmatic1 7b7 contagi\s1 & 7c7 miasmatico-contagi\s diseases4 ,?is classification has n[ be5 ab&on$4 ,?us influ5za & ague 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be miasmatic2 b ! =m] is spread by p]sonal infection2 ! latt] by inoculation ( ! contagium by an infect$ mosquito4 ,bact]iology has ?r[n an imm5se light on ! causation ( infective diseases4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! h be5 prov$ to be caus$ by bact]ia1 & by analogy we inf] ! same ?+ = _m o!rs4 ,ko* has laid d[n ! foll[+ po/ulates z necess>y be=e x c be /at$ t a p>ticul> disease is directly caus$ by a giv5 microbe3-- 7#a7 ,! microbe %all be demon/rat$ 9 ! diseas$ tissues or blood ( man or an animal suff]+ or dead f ! disease4 7#b7 ,! microbes %all be isolat$ f ^! & cultivat$ 9 suitable m$ia until obta9$ 9 pure culture4 ,t is to say1 matt] conta9+ ! microbe1 tak5 f ! infect$ s\rce1 mu/ be cultivat$ 9 artificial m$ia outside ! animal body1 "u conditions exclud+ ! possibility ( ! introduction ( o!r microbes1 until pure cultures ( ^! microbes are obta9$1 & ^! microbes mu/ be transplant$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 until x is c]ta9 t no trace ( non-liv+ matt] d]iv$ f ! orig9al animal body rema9s 9 ! culture4 7#c7 ,a pure culture ( ! microbe1 ?us obta9$1 %all1 :5 introduc$ into ! body ( a heal?y susceptible animal1 reproduce ! disease 9 "q4 7#d7 ,! microbe 9 "q %all be f\nd 9 ! animal s affect$4 ,kan?ack adds a fur!r condition1 t 7#e7 ,! tox9s & poison\s sub/ances obta9$ f ! artificial cultivations %all agree *emically & physiologically ) ^? obta9$ f ! diseas$ animal4 ,all ! prec$+ conditions h be5 fulfill$ = an?rax1 diph!ria1 & tetanus2 & ! fir/ f\r conditions h be5 fulfill$ 9 reg>d to tub]culosis1 gl&]s1 gonorrha1 malignant dema1 & act9omycosis4 ,9 ent]ic fev] & influ5za ! fir/ two conditions h be5 met2 b inoculation exp]im5ts 7#c7 h fail$4 ,9 leprosy & relaps+ fev] ! fir/ condition is met1 b 7#b7 has fail$4 ,9 ! foll[+ diseases ! specific microbe has n be5 isolat$1 ?\gh f analogy x is believ$ t ea* ( !m is caus$ by su* a microbe3-- ,measles4 ,rubella 7,g]man measles74 ,typhus fev]4 ,sc>let fev]4 ,v>icella 7*ick5 pox74 ,v>iola 7small-pox74 ,:oop+ ,c\gh4 ,mumps4 ,hydrophobia1 etc4 ,erysipelas occupies a special position4 ,x is a specific disease due to a microbe1 :i*1 :5 x attacks o!r p>ts ?an ! sk91 may produce abscesses1 boils1 or blood-poison+4 ,bact]ia are ei!r saprophytes1 i4e4 !y c gr[ on dead organic or ev5 inorganic matt]2 or p>asites1 i4e4 !y are dep5d5t = _! exi/5ce on a liv+ plant or animal :i* !y invade4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ea* ( ^!1 obligate & facultative4 ,an obligate p>asite c develop only )9 a liv+ ho/2 :ile a facultative p>asite c1 accord+ to circum/ances1 lead ei!r a p>asitic or saprophytic =m ( exi/5ce4 ,! fact t c]ta9 contagia are completely1 & o!rs only p>tially1 p>asitic br+s out important diff]5ces 9 _! life-hi/ory4 ,?us1 s f> z we "k1 ! contagia ( sc>let fev]1 measles1 small-pox & hydrophobia d n multiply outside ! body4 ,h5ce !re is a reasonable prospect ( annihilat+ !m by measures ( dis9fection & isolation4 ,! position ( diph!ria is d\btful4 ,x may h a saprophytic phase ( life4 ,! contagium ( tub]culosis1 z well z ( erysipelas1 may h a life outside ! ho/1 ?\gh to :at ext5t is d\btful4 ,*ol]a & ent]ic fev]1 al?\gh g5]ally communicat$ by infection1 appe> sometimes to be communicat$ by contagia gr[n 9 saprophytic life1 remote f prec$+ cases4 ,! infection caus$ by bact]ia may be local or g5]al4 ,?us 9 tetanus & 9 diph!ria ! invad+ bact]ia usually rema9 at _! orig9al po9t ( invasion 7"u ! sk9 9 tetanus1 9 ! ?roat 9 diph!ria74 ,9 an?rax always1 & (t5 9 ent]ic fev]1 !y are pres5t 9 ! g5]al circulation4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! symptoms ( disease are due *iefly to ! toxic products or tox9s =m$ by ! bact]ia4 ,^! tox9s are enzymes1 ptoma9es1 tox-album9s1 etc4 ,! specific tox9s ( an?rax1 diph!ria1 & tetanus h be5 id5tifi$2 & by ?is means ! possibility ( neutralis+ !m is creat$4 ,! *annels ( infection1 i4e4 ( invasion ( contagia1 are ! sk9 & ! muc\s membranes1 p>ticul>ly ( ! dige/ive & respiratory tracts4 ,! ,incubation ,p]iod ( an infecti\s disease is ! int]val elaps+ betwe5 ! receipt ( infection & ! e>lie/ developm5t ( symptoms4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ( ! *ief infecti\s diseases is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,disease4 ,,beg9s ,,usually ,,b ,,may ,,possibly ,,be ,,at ,,on ,,! ,,any ,,p]iod ,,betwe5 ,sc>let fev] #d? day4 #a & #g days4 ,diph!ria #bnd #b #e ,small-pox #ab? #a #ad ,*ick5 pox #ad? #aj #ah ,typhus fev] #ab? #a #ba ,ent]ic fev] #ad?-#ba/ #a #bh ,*ol]a #a/-#crd ,a few h\rs & #aj days4 ,measles #ab?-#ad? #aj & #ad days4 ,r!ln 7,g]man measles7 #ad? #ab #ah ,mumps #ai? #af #bd ,:oop+ c\gh #ad? #g #ad ,influ5za #bnd #b #f ,! p]iod ( incubation is sev]al weeks 9 hydrophobia & syphilis1 & may be sev]al ye>s 9 leprosy4 ,foll[+ ! p]iod ( incubation1 come ! premonitory symptoms1 :i* usually are some:at sudd5 9 onset4 ,= ! *ief symptoms ( onset see page #cah4 ,p]sons v>y 9 susceptibility to attack by diff]5t infective diseases4 ,! int5sity ( an attack dep5ds on ! condition ( ! pati5t1 & on ! numb] & ! virul5ce ( ! p>ticul> microbes infect+ ! pati5t4 ,9 c]ta9 families attacks ( p>ticul> diseases are m sev]e1 & attacks are m liable to occur ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 c]ta9 diseases t ! cells & ! fluids ( ! body h a protective effect aga9/ infection4 ,?is protective action v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons1 & 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,! cells ( ! body 7phagocytes7 swall[ up & de/roy a c]ta9 numb] ( bact]ia4 ,?is action is call$ phagocytosis4 ,x is ov]come :5 ! dose ( contagium is excessive1 or :5 ! vitality ( ! individual is l[]$1 especially ! local vitality at ! "p attack$4 ,?us *ildr5 ) 8weak ?roats0 are p>ticul>ly prone to sc>let fev] & diph!ria4 ,! protection af=d$ by "o attack ( an infective disease aga9/ its recurr5ce v>ies greatly4 ,a second attack ( small-pox is v r>e1 ( sc>let fev] less uncommon1 ( diph!ria common4 ,9 erysipelas1 influ5za1 pneumonia1 & rheumatic fev]1 second or ev5 m num]\s attacks are common4 ,immunity aga9/ an infective disease may be natural1 b is m (t5 acquir$ by an attack ( ! disease 9 "q4 ,?is latt] immunity is active1 & is due to ! =mation 9 ! tissues ( ! immunis$ p]son or animal ( sub/ances produc$ by ! reaction ( ^! tissues to ! /imulus ( ! contagium4 ,?us a pig :5 x has recov]$ f an attack ( sw9e-plague has produc$ :at are call$ 9 ,g]man antikrp]s1 & its tissues are n[ a m$ium unfav\rable to ! gr[? ( ! bacillus ( sw9e-plague4 ,if ! s]um ( ! protect$ pig is inject$ "u ! sk9 ( ano!r pig1 ! latt] acquires passive immunity aga9/ sw9e-plague1 :i* is n s p]si/5t z active immunity4 ,active ,immunity c be produc$ 7#a7 by an attack ( an infective disease1 or 7#b7 by artificial inoculation 7"u ! sk97 ( ! contagium ( ! disease1 produc+ a mild] attack ( ! disease4 ,?is may be done 7a7 by inoculat+ small doses ( a virul5t contagium1 z 9 ! inoculation ( small-pox f a previ\s pati5t2 or 7b7 by inoculat+ an att5uat$ virus1 z 9 vacc9ation4 ,inoculation ( small-pox virus usually produc$ a mild] attack ?an infection by ord9>y means2 b pati5ts ?us inoculat$ 7 a great s\rce ( dang] to o!r p]sons4 ,9 vacc9ation ! virus ( small-pox is employ$1 :i* has become att5uat$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! calf4 ,9 its passage1 x has lo/ ! p[] ( produc+ any?+ beyond a vesicle at ! po9t ( inoculation4 ,! pr9ciple ( protect+ by att5uat$ virus 0 ext5d$ by ,pa/eur1 :o 0 able to r5d] animals resi/ant aga9/ an?rax1 sw9e-fev]1 & qu>t]-evil1 & h5s aga9/ f[l-*ol]a1 by inoculat+ !m ) att5uat$ cultures ( ! contagia ( ^! diseases4 ,haffk9e has appli$ ! same me?od on a l>ge scale = *ol]a4 ,! above are me?ods ( bact]ial vacc9ation4 ,salmon & ,smi? h %[n t artificial active immunity c be produc$ also by 7#c7 tox9-injection4 ,!y artificially cultivat$ ! hog-*ol]a bacillus 9 bro?4 ,?is bro? 0 !n /]iliz$1 ! bacilli be+ kill$1 b _! products rema9+4 ,by inject+ pigeons ) ?is /]iliz$ bro? !y made !m resi/ant to subsequ5t infection by ! bacillus itself1 ?us prov+ t immunity c be produc$ by *emical z well z by biological means4 ,! immunity 0 proportional to ! dose ( ! tox9 absorb$4 ,by gradually increas+ ! dose1 x 0 f\nd practicable to conf] immunity1 n only aga9/ doses ( tox9 t w\ld o!rwise h be5 fatal1 b also aga9/ bact]ial infection by ! p>ticul> bacillus us$ 9 manufactur+ ! tox94 ,passive ,immunity4--,behr+ & ,kitasato f\nd t if ! tox9 7free f ! bacilli7 ( tetanus be inject$ into an animal 9 increas+ doses until x becomes immune aga9/ infection by ! bacilli ( tetanus1 ! blood s]um ( ! animal 9 "q inject$ into :ite mice conf]s ! same immunity on !m4 ,! protection ?us conf]r$ is only tempor>y4 ,exactly ! same proc$ure has be5 adopt$ = diph!ria1 & x is n[ f\nd t by inject+ anti-diph!ritic s]um into *ildr5 :o are expos$ to ! infection ( diph!ria1 !y c = sev]al weeks be prev5t$ f develop+ ! disease4 ,?is is ( great practical importance1 z mean:ile ! s\rce ( infection c h be5 remov$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! protective s]um is also curative1 & by its means diph!ria1 if e>ly treat$1 c be r$uc$ f a dang]\s to an insignificant disease4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to expla9 immunity4 ,pa/eur suppos$ t ! special pabulum or food ( ! bacillus ( ! giv5 disease became exhau/$2 b ?is does n fit 9 ) ! immunity t c be produc$ by tox9s & anti-tox9s4 ,*auveau suppos$ t c]ta9 bact]ial products are reta9$ 9 ! body1 r5d]+ x unsuitable = fur!r gr[? ( ! p>ticul> bacillus2 j z m ?an #ad p] c5t4 ( alcohol 9 a sac*>9e solution prev5ts fur!r f]m5tation4 ,?is does n expla9 all ! facts4 ,mets*nik(f conclud$ t ! fight ( ! leucocytes & phagocytes ( ! body aga9/ weak] bacilli1 gave ! p[] ( fight+ & ov]com+ a m virul5t bacilli1 & t ^! prop]ties ( ! cells 7 transmitt$ to lat] g5]ations ( body cells4 ,?is !ory fails to expla9 ! acquir$ immunity aga9/ tox9s z well z aga9/ bact]ia :i* occurs4 ,! discov]y t ! blood & o!r normal tissue fluids possess "s p[] ( de/roy+ bacilli has relegat$ ! phagocytal !ory to a second>y position4 ,natural ,immunity v>ies 9 diff]5t animals4 ,?us ent]ic fev]1 sc>let fev]1 & measles are n kn[n to occur except 9 man4 ,tub]culosis1 an?rax1 hydrophobia 7call$ rabies 9 ! dog71 gl&]s & tetanus are common to man & c]ta9 o!r animals4 ,man1 cattle & pigs frequ5tly suff] f tub]culosis2 goats1 %eep1 horses1 & dogs are practically immune to x4 ,epidemic & ,endemic ,diseases4--,infective diseases may occur sporadically1 9 epidemics1 or 9 p&emics1 i4e4 epidemics spread ov] a numb] ( c\ntries4 ,! ^w epidemic is us$ "h to mean specially preval5t1 & n to apply only to infective diseases4 ,?us !re may be an epidemic ( ars5ical poison+ f contam9at$ be]4 ,c]ta9 infective diseases are endemic or topical1 i4e4 !y h special homes or c5tres1 f :i* !y occasionally spread z epidemics4 ,yell[ fev]1 *ol]a1 & mal>ia belong to ?is gr\p4 ,9 a m9or degree ent]ic fev]1 epidemic di>rha1 & tub]culosis may be describ$ z endemic4 ,ea* infective disease has a special seasonal incid5ce4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are ! autumnal gr\p1 viz4 ,epidemic ,di>rha1 maximum preval5ce 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,ent]ic ,fev] ,novemb]1 b excessive1 ,aug4 to ,dec4 ,erysipelas ,nov4 to ,dec4 ,diph!ria ,nov4 & ,dec41 excessive1 ,sept4 to ,dec4 ,sc>let ,fev] ,oct41 excessive 9 ,aug4 to ,dec4 ,( o!r infective diseases ,small-pox has its maximum preval5ce 9 ,may1 b is excessive ,jan4 to ,june4 ,:oop+ ,c\gh ,dec4 to ,may4 ,measles commonly has two seasonal maxima1 9 ,june & ,decemb] ) int]v5+ m9ima4 ,causes ( ,epidemics4--,measles recurs 9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,engl& e alt]nate ye>4 ,o!r infective diseases occur at less regul> int]vals4 ,! recurr5ce ( epidemics is n solely due to p]sonal infection & ! accumulation ( a population at susceptible ages4 ,!re are long] cycles ( ! causes ( :i* b little is kn[n4 ,?us sc>let fev] has be5 %[n by ,long/aff & ,gresswell to become epidemic *iefly 9 dry ye>s2 & ,i h %[n t diph!ria & rheumatic fev] become widely epidemic "u ! same conditions1 diph!ria becom+ s only :5 a s]ies ( dry ye>s occur 9 imm$iate succession4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,acute ,,infective ,,diseases4 ,acute ,infecti\s ,diseases are *>act]is$ by c]ta9 def9ite *>act]s4 #a4--,!y are usually infecti\s or contagi\s4 ,x is pref]able to use ^! two t]ms z int]*angeable4 ,! modes 9 :i* infection is receiv$ v>y greatly ) diff]5t fev]s4 7#a7 ,"s c only be propagat$ by inoculation--! introduction ?r\gh an abrad$ surface ( a m9ute quantity ( ! poison2 z 9 gl&]s & hydrophobia4 ,o!rs1 aga91 may be introduc$ 9 ?is way1 b are usually acquir$ 9 ano!r mann]1 z sc>let fev]1 small-pox4 7#b7 ,"s are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,! contagium ( small-pox c be c>ri$ z f> z any1 :ile t ( typhus fev] only trav]ses a few feet4 ,! atmosph]e acts z a convey] ( infection1 & ! infecti\s matt] mu/ necess>ily1 9 mo/ in/ances1 be 9 ! condition ( du/ to enable x to be waft$ by curr5ts ( air or di/urb$ by ! movem5ts ( p]sons 9 an infect$ room4 7#c7 ,clo!s1 books1 & furniture are n uncommonly c>ri]s ( infection4 ,an old lett]1 or a lock ( hair1 has ev5 aft] _m ye>s' concealm5t 9 an enclos$ space produc$ infection on be+ br\ght to light4 ,wooll5 articles convey infection m easily ?an calico1 & d>k clo!s bett] ?an light col\r$4 ,a fev] nurse's clo!s %\ld nev] be wooll51 b "s wa%able mat]ial4 7#d7 ,dr9k+ wat] & food (t5 =m a vehicle = infection4 ,milk & wat] are ! two usual s\rces ( infection2 b uncook$ food1 especially oy/]s & mussels1 f$ 9 sewage-pollut$ e/u>ies1 may produce ! same effect4 ,*ol]a1 ent]ic fev]1 dys5t]y1 & summ] di>rha are ! *ief diseases f ?is s\rce2 b sc>let fev] & diph!ria occasionally h a simil> orig94 ,milk may be infect$ f hav+ be5 h&$ by an infecti\s pati5t2 or x may possibly convey infection ( ! disease f :i* ! c[ at ! "t is suff]+1 e4g41 tub]culosis 7see also page #cab74 ,wat] may be contam9at$ ) sewage or ! excreta ( a s+le infecti\s pati5t4 #b4 ,!y reta9 _! specific "* & orig94 ,small-pox nev] produces sc>let fev]1 nor vice v]s2 & x is f\nd univ]sally t all ! specific fev]s 8bre$ true10 ea* "o reta9+ its id5tity4 ,m ?an ?is1 a previ\s case ( ! same fev] c ne>ly always be detect$ on c>eful exam9ation4 ,ov]cr[d+ & o!r insanit>y conditions dim9i% ! resi/ance to infection1 & may increase its virul5ce4 #c4 ,! behavi\r ( contagia1 :5 receiv$ into ! sy/em1 is *>act]i/ic ( ^! diseases4 ,!re is fir/ ( all a p]iod ( lat5cy or incubation1 dur+ :i* no symptoms are manife/$ 7see page #bhg47 ,! incubation p]iod is foll[$ by ! *>act]i/ic symptoms ( ! p>ticul> fev]1 :i* disappe> 9 a v>iable p]iod1 leav+ ! pati5t1 z a rule1 m or less insusceptible to a second attack 7see page #bhh74 ,?r\gh\t ! progress ( ! disease1 except 9 ! p]iod ( incubation1 ! pati5t is able to communicate 8 disease to p]sons ab\t him :o h n be5 r5d]$ safe by a previ\s attack4 ,! way 9 :i* he ?us communicates 8 disease v>ies 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 sc>let fev]1 ! ?roat & sk9 are ! *ief s\rces ( contagion2 9 influ5za1 :oop+-c\gh1 & measles1 ! secretions f ! respiratory passages2 9 hydrophobia1 ! saliva2 9 ent]ic fev] & *ol]a1 ! vomit & /ools4 ,prev5tion ( ! ,spread ( ! ,*ief ,acute ,infecti\s ,diseases4--,we may divide ^! into ?ree classes4 7#a7 ,^? :i* are infecti\s by contact ) ! pati5t or by ! atmosph]e ar\nd him4 7#b7 ,^? 9 :i* ! inte/9al & r5al evacuations are almo/ alone infecti\s2 z ent]ic fev] & *ol]a4 7#c7 ,^? 9 :i* inoculation ?r\gh an abrad$ surface is g5]ally if n always necess>y to produce infection4 ,,small-,,pox ,,or ,,v>iola4 ,! contagium ( small-pox is v t5aci\s ( life4 ,all p>ts ( ! body1 & all secretions & excretions conta9 x4 ,z 9 typhus x adh]es to e article 9 ! room1 b unlike typhus is possess$ ( great vitality1 & if n expos$ to ! air may be active aft] _m ye>s4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce indicat+ t ! contagion ( small-pox may occasionally be convey$ a]ially = a consid]able di/ance1 = ev5 a qu>t] or half a mile f hospitals 9 :i* small-pox pati5ts are isolat$4 ,:e!r ?is is ! a]ial convection ( infection1 or 9 "p at lea/ due to c>elessness ( p]sons connect$ ) ! hospital 9 _! movem5ts to & fro1 may rema9 an op5 "q2 b su* hospitals 9 ! mid/ ( t[ns are 9 practice a mi/ake2 & 9 ,london small-pox has be5 f\nd to be m manageable s9ce its small-pox pati5ts 7 all convey$ to extra-urban hospitals4 ,! means = ! prev5tion ( small-pox are 7#a7 ,isolation ( infecti\s pati5ts4 7#b7 ,dis9fection ( all infect$ articles4 ,= p>ticul>s "u ^! two heads1 see pages #cai & #cbd4 ,!y mu/ be c>ri$ out mo/ rigidly 9 ?is disease4 7#c7 ,vacc9ation & re-vacc9ation4 ,inoculation ( small-pox virus 0 l>gely practis$ z a means ( ensur+ a comp>atively mild attack1 until x 0 made illegal 9 #ahdj4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! attack ?us produc$ 0 fatal1 & e case ( inoculat$ small-pox became a new focus ( infection1 & a s\rce ( high mortality1 especially among "y *ildr54 ,vacc9ation4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agie ,dr4 ,edw>d ,j5n] 0 in=m$ by a milk-maid t %e c\ld n take small-pox1 z %e _h already contract$ ! natural c[-pox dur+ milk+4 ,_m _h previ\sly he>d ?is same /atem5t made2 b ,j5n] 0 ! fir/ to put ! matt] to ! te/4 ,he took ! lymph or virus f a woman :o _h accid5tally acquir$ c[-pox 7vacc9ia7 f a c[1 & inoculat$ a boy ) x4 ,"s mon?s lat] he inoculat$ ! same boy ) small-pox1 & a second "t five ye>s aft]w>ds1 )\t produc+ small-pox on ei!r occasion4 ,_m o!r exp]im5ts 7 made1 all confirm+ ^! results2 & 9 #agih ,j5n] publi%$ 8 results4 ,! practice ( vacc9ation gradually became m g5]al1 & 0 foll[$ by a progressive decrease 9 ! mortality f small-pox4 ,c[-pox or vacc9ia is small-pox modifi$ & mitigat$ by its passage ?r\gh ! sy/em ( ! c[1 & n a spontane\s disease ( ! c[4 ,by its passage ?r\gh ! c[ x has become att5uat$ & alt]$4 ,in/ead ( a g5]al eruption all ov] ! body1 !re are vesicles only at ! po9t ( inoculation2 & vacc9ia1 unlike small-pox1 is n communicable f p]son to p]son except by inoculation4 ,fur!rmore x is 9 ! va/ majority ( in/ances an extremely mild ailm5t1 n involv+ m ?an a few days discom=t4 ,objection is tak5 to vacc9ation = small-pox on ! gr\nd t s]i\s diseases su* z syphilis1 erysipelas1 & tub]culosis may be inoculat$ at ! same "t4 ,) lymph obta9$ f heal?y *ildr5 ?is is impossible4 ,mo/ ( ! cases ( infection describ$ h be5 9 reality h]$it>y disease1 ! local irritation ( vacc9ation s]v+ to call into activity ! morbid t5d5cies ( ! *ild4 ,! risk ( su* infection is inf9itesimal2 x may be r$uc$ to z]o by mod]ate c>e & att5tion to detail4 ,) mod]n antiseptic me?ods1 x is v r>e = a vacc9ation sore to 8g wrong40 ,erysipelas may be inoculat$ f dirt gett+ into a vacc9ation sore1 z x may be into any o!r sore2 b ) cleanl9ess ?is ne$ n occur2 & 9 fact v seldom does occur4 ,! risks are s small z to be negligible2 & if ! protection af=d$ is "o ti! ( :at is claim$ = x1 no p>5t is ju/ifi$ 9 )hold+ ?is protection f 8 infant4 ,! law z to vacc9ation requires t e infant %all be vacc9at$ )9 six mon?s ( its bir?1 domicili>y visits = ?is purpose be+ made by ! public vacc9ator4 ,! obligation c only be avoid$ by a /atem5t on oa? be=e a magi/rate by ! p>5t ( consci5ti\s objection to vacc9ation4 ,does ,vacc9ation protect aga9/ ,small-,pox8 ,! regi/ration ( dea?s = ! :ole c\ntry only began 9 #ahcg1 & be=e ?is p]iod dea?-rates f small-pox 9 t]ms ( ! population _c be accurately /at$4 ,s9ce t "t !re has be5 less or m vacc9ation1 s t x is difficult to obta9 a true comp>ison betwe5 p]iods ) & )\t vacc9ation4 ,"s indication ( ! facts 9 ,london prior to #ahja1 :5 ! fir/ ,engli% c5sus 0 tak51 may be obta9$ f ! fact t 9 #agif 7two ye>s be=e ! date ( ,j5n]'s 8,inquiry107 small-pox rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 caus+ #ah dea?s out ( e #ajj total dea?s f all causes4 ,9 ! pr-vacc9ation p]iod small-pox 0 #i times z fatal z measles1 & #g times z fatal z :oop+-c\gh 7,mc,vail71 :ile s9ce vacc9ation has be5 practis$ x has sunk to an insignificant position1 :5 comp>$ ) ^! diseases4 ,dr4 ,guy f\nd t 9 ,london !re 7 9 #dh ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t5 epidemics1 9 ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury #ai epidemics1 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury no epidemic dur+ :i* ! dea?s f small-pox caus$ "o-t5? or m ?an "o-t5? ( ! total dea?s f all causes 9 any ye>4 ,! wor/ ye> "u obligatory vacc9ation 9 ,london 0 #ahga1 9 :i* b>ely #d p] c5t4 ( ! total dea?s 0 due to small-pox1 a proportion :i* 0 exce$$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury n9ety-?ree times4 ,9 ,sw$51 ! highe/ dea?-rate be=e vacc9ation 7#aggd-ahjj7 0 #gbc p] #a1jjj inhabitants1 ! l[e/ #jca2 "u p]missive vacc9ation 7#ahja-ahae7 ! highe/ #beg p] #a1jjj inhabitants1 ! l[e/ #jab2 "u compulsory vacc9ation 7#ahaf-he7 ! highe/ #jid p] #a1jjj inhabitants1 ! l[e/ #jjjje4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ^! results1 :i* might be ext5d$ by quotations f ! /ati/ics ( o!r c\ntries1 h be5 obta9$ n by vacc9ation1 b by improv$ sanitation1 includ+ 9 ?is t]m n only improv$ h\s+ & bett] wat] & food supply b also increas$ means ( isolat+ ! infecti\s sick4 ,improv$ h\s+ may by dim9i%+ ov]cr[d+ aid 9 dim9i%+ ! spread ( ?is disease4 ,:e!r 9 view ( ! imm5se increase 9 ! proportion ( ! population :i* lives 9 t[ns1 x c be said t ?is has occurr$ is d\btful4 ,hospital isolation und\bt$ly prev5ts ! spread ( infection :5 promptly effect$4 ,b a l>ge %>e ( ! improvem5t 9 small-pox mortality occurr$ be=e ei!r hospital or home-isolation ( small-pox pati5ts 0 g5]ally en=c$4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t impure wat] or food1 or nuisances ab\t h\ses h any connection ) ! orig9 or spread ( small-pox1 any m ?an !y h ) ! orig9 or spread ( measles or :oop+-c\gh2 :i* /ill rema9 z preval5t z 9 ! pa/4 ,fur!r light c be ?r[n on ! subject by an exam9ation ( ! age-incid5ce ( small-pox1 & ( its attack-rate & sev]ity 9 vacc9at$ & unvacc9at$ respectively4 ,! age incid5ce ( dea?s f small-pox has1 s9ce #ahdg1 :5 returns classifi$ accord+ to age became available1 und]gone a rem>kable alt]ation4 ,prior to #ahgj ! small-pox dea?s 9 infants ne>ly always =m$ #bj p] c5t4 or m ( ! total mortality f ?is disease1 betwe5 #ahgj & #ahij !y did n greatly exce$ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total1 :ile s9ce #ahij !y h aga9 begun to =m an increas+ proportion ( ! total small-pox mortality4 ,at ages #a-e ! *ange is ev5 m rem>kable4 ,be=e #ahgj dea?s at ^! ages ne>ly always exce$$ #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total2 s9ce #ahgj !y h v>i$ betwe5 #e & #ad p] c5t4 ( ! total2 & s9ce #ahij !y h1 l ! proportion ( dea?s "u "o1 aga9 increas$4 ,at ! high] ages ! proportion ( dea?s has correspond+ly increas$1 s t ! curves ( age incid5ce h become curi\sly inv]t$4 ,! l[]$ bir?-rate c only acc\nt = a small portion ( ?is transf]5ce ( ! *ief mortality due to small-pox f *ildhood to adult life4 ,fur!rmore x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! only *ange :i* has occurr$ is t ! dea?s :i* =m]ly occurr$ 9 *ildhood n[ occur 9 adult life4 ,! dea?-rate at all ages has greatly decl9$4 ,! only explanation :i* 9 my judgm5t satisfactorily expla9s ?is rem>kable *ange 9 age-incid5ce ( small-pox mortality is ! fact t vacc9ation protects *ildr5 f small-pox & t ! protection dim9i%es1 ?\gh x nev] entirely disappe>s1 ) advanc+ ye>s4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! evid5ce obta9$ z to ! proportion ( vacc9at$ & unvacc9at$ attack$1 & z to ! sev]ity ( ! attacks occurr+ :5 a community is invad$ by small-pox4 ,attack-rate among ,vacc9at$4--,if ! protective effect ( vacc9ation1 l t ( a prec$+ attack ( small-pox1 we>s (f1 x w n be expect$ t no attacks ( small-pox w occur among ! vacc9at$4 ,= evid5ce ( immunity f attacks we mu/ exam9e ! records z to revacc9at$ p]sons expos$ to infection4 ,dur+ ! six ye>s #ahij-ie1 out ( a /aff 9 ! ,london small-pox hospitals v>y+ f #fd to #cbj1 ! p]c5tage attack$ by small-pox 0 nil1 except 9 #ahib :5 x 0 #ad1 & 9 #ahic :5 x 0 #ai4 ,tak+ ! exp]i5ce ( t[ns 9 :i* dur+ rec5t ye>s epidemics ( small-pox h occurr$1 ! foll[+ attack-rates h occurr$4 ,by attack-rate is meant ! p]c5tage numb] ( attacks occurr+ among p]sons liv+ 9 infect$ h\ses4 ,by fatality is meant ! numb] dy+ out ( #ajj attack$4 ,,attack ,,rate ,,"u ,,attack ,,rate ,,ov] #aj ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age4 #aj ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age4 ,,vacc9at$4 ,,unvacc9at$4 ,,vacc9at$4 ,,unvacc9at$4 ,dewsbury #ajb #ejh #bgg #ecd ,leice/] #be #cec #bbb #dgf ,gl\ce/] #hh #dfc #cbb #ejj ,sev]ity 7,fatality7 among ,vacc9at$4--,! exp]i5ce ( ! same ?ree t[ns comes out z foll[s3-- ,,attack ,,rate ,,"u ,,attack ,,rate ,,ov] #aj ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age4 #aj ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age4 ,,vacc9at$4 ,,unvacc9at$4 ,,vacc9at$4 ,,unvacc9at$4 ,dewsbury #bb #cba #b4f #ahg ,leice/] #j4j #adj #a4j #gh ,gl\ce/] #ch #daj #ajj #cig ,9 view ( su* results z ! above x is n surpris+ t ! ,royal ,commission1 9 _! majority report1 summ$ up ! advantages ( vacc9ation z foll[s3 87#a7 ,t x dim9i%es ! liability to be attack$ by ! disease4 87#b7 ,t x modifies ! "* ( ! disease1 & r5d]s x 7a7 less fatal1 & 7b7 ( a mild] or less sev]e type4 87#c7 ,t ! protection x af=ds aga9/ attacks ( ! disease is greate/ dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ! op]ation ( vacc9ation4 ,x is impossible to fix ) precision ! l5g? ( ?is p]iod ( highe/ protection4 ,?\gh n 9 all cases ! same1 if a p]iod is to be fix$1 x might1 we ?9k1 fairly be said to cov] 9 g5]al a p]iod ( n9e or t5 ye>s4 87#d7 ,t aft] ! lapse ( ! p]iod ( highe/ protective pot5cy1 ! efficacy ( vacc9ation to protect aga9/ attack rapidly dim9i%es1 b t x is /ill consid]able 9 ! next qu9qu5nium1 & possibly nev] altoge!r ceases4 87#e7 ,t its p[] to modify ! "* ( ! disease is also greate/ 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* its p[] to protect f attack is greate/1 b t its p[] ?us to modify ! disease does n dim9i% z rapidly z its protective influ5ce aga9/ attacks1 & its efficacy dur+ ! lat] p]iods ( life to modify ! disease is /ill v consid]able4 87#f7 ,t re-vacc9ation re/ores ! protection :i* lapse ( "t has dim9i%$1 b ! evid5ce %[s t ?is protection aga9 dim9i%es1 & t1 to ensure ! highe/ degree ( protection :i* vacc9ation c give1 ! op]ation %\ld be at int]vals repeat$4 87#g7 ,t ! b5eficial effects ( vacc9ation are mo/ exp]i5c$ by ^? 9 ^: case x has be5 mo/ ?or\gh4 ,we ?9k x may fairly be conclud$ t :]e ! vacc9e matt] is ins]t$ 9 ?ree or f\r places1 x is m effectual ?an :5 introduc$ into "o or two places only--& t if ! vacc9ation m>ks are ( an area ( half a squ>e in*1 !y indicate a bett] /ate ( protection ?an if _! area be at all consid]ably bel[ ?is40 ,,sc>let ,,fev]4 ,sc>let ,fev] & ,sc>lat9a are ! same disease4 ,x is extremely infecti\s1 ! contagium reta9+ its virul5ce = protract$ p]iods4 ,x occurs 9 epidemics at irregul> int]vals4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! type ( sc>let fev] has become greatly att5uat$1 & ?is con/itutes "o ( ! difficulties ( prev5tion1 z ! mild =m ( ! disease is apt to be ov]look$4 ,! fatality p] #ajj p]sons attack$ v>ies greatly ) age4 ,x is highe/ 9 *ildr5 "u f\r1 rapidly decl9+ ) increas+ age4 ,h5ce ! importance ( protect+ *ildr5 f attack 9 e>ly life4 ,two results foll[ f ! wise precautions tak5 to prev5t attack e>ly 9 life4 7a7 ,) ea* successive ye> ( life ! liability to attack1 :5 expos$ to infection1 dim9i%es2 7b7 ! dang] ( ! attack if x occurs & its liability to be fatal becomes rapidly less ) great] age4 ,! mo/ common mode ( infection is by contact ) a previ\s pati5t4 ,outbreaks due to milk infect$ by a sc>lat9al pati5t also occur4 ,infect$ cream has also be5 kn[n to convey infection4 ,9 a milk outbreak ! pati5ts w\ld be f\nd *iefly among ! cu/om]s ( a special dairyman1 ! cases occur almo/ simultane\sly1 except second>y cases :i* may be infect$ f ! fir/4 ,! simultane\s occurr5ce ( two or m attacks 9 "o h\se1 especially if ! same ?+ happ5s 9 a numb] ( h\ses %\ld ?r[ suspicion on ! milk supply4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t sc>let fev] may orig9ate ap>t f human infection1 f a special disease ( ! c[1 b ! evid5ce on ?is po9t is inconclusive4 ,! duration ( infection is usually reckon$ until ! desquamation ( ! sk9 is complete1 i4e4 ab\t six or sev5 weeks f ! onset ( ! attack4 ,occasionally x is m protract$ ev5 ?\gh desquamation is complete1 infection appe>+ to p]si/ 9 dis*>ges f ! nose & e> & 9 sore places inside ! no/ril & possibly 9 o!r p>ts4 ,! p]iod ( greate/ infectivity is 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! disease1 :5 ! ?roat is inflam$4 ,! common notion t ! disease is mo/ infecti\s dur+ ! lat] p]iod1 t ( desquamation1 is errone\s4 ,! micro-organism caus+ sc>let fev] has n c]ta9ly be5 id5tifi$4 ,! measures ( prev5tion are ^? common to infecti\s diseases 7page #cag74 ,,measles4 ,measles is an extremely infecti\s disease1 be=e z well z aft] ! ra% appe>s on ! f\r? day ( ! disease4 ,! infectivity ( ! cat>rhal /age con/itutes "o ( ! ma9 difficulties 9 prev5t+ its spread1 z measles may be unrecognisable at ?is /age4 ,! common notion t measles & :oop+-c\gh are comp>atively h>mless infantile compla9ts w be dissipat$ by a /udy ( ! comp>ative dea?-rate = ! five ye>s #ahia-e p] million p]sons liv+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales3-- ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4--,,dea? ,,rates ,,p] ,,million ,,( ,,population4 ,small-pox #bj ,measles #djh ,sc>let fev] #ahc ,typhus fev] #d ,ent]ic fev] #agd ,:oop+-c\gh #cih ,diph!ria #bec ,di>rha #fcj ,x is a mi/ake also to suppose t measles & :oop+-c\gh are only s]i\s :5 neglect$4 ,su* neglect greatly increases ! likelihood ( dea? f bron*itis or pneumonia2 b ! diseases !mselves1 especially measles1 are frequ5tly fatal dur+ ! acute e>ly /age4 ,m *ildr5 are attack$ ) measles "u ! age ( five ?an at any o!r age1 & ! greate/ numb] betwe5 two & f\r ye>s ( age4 ,! greate/ fatality is 9 ! second ye> ( life1 :5 x may be #bd p] c5t4 ( ^? attack$1 z comp>$ ) betwe5 two & ?ree p] c5t4 9 ! f\r? ye> ( life1 & a trifl+ am\nt at high] ages4 ,^! facts expla9 ! folly ( all[+ *ildr5 to h an infecti\s compla9t :5 ano!r *ild 9 ! h\se is attack$1 8to h x ov] at "o tr\ble40 ,su* action is pregnant ) evil results4 7#a/7 ,sev]e cases occur1 9 :i* a fatal result ensues2 & ev5 :]e dea? does n occur1 ! *ild may be left weakly & v prone to become tub]cul\s4 7#bnd7 ,e additional case =ms a new c5tre ( infection4 ,x is l ! old practice ( inoculation = small-pox2 ! individual is protect$1 b becomes a s\rce ( dang] to all ar\nd him4 ,if !re is only "o case ( measles 9 a family ! risk to neighb\r+ h\seholds is mu* small] ?an :]e sev]al *ildr5 are infect$4 7#crd7 ,e ye> t a *ild's attack c be delay$1 increases 8 *ance ( recov]y if he is subsequ5tly attack$1 & dim9i%es ! likelihood ( 8 be+ attack$4 ,! duration ( infection %\ld be reckon$ z at lea/ ?ree weeks4 ,! contagium ( measles does n appe> to hang ab\t rooms ) ! p]si/5ce ( t ( sc>let fev]1 & less /r+5t dis9fection is requir$4 ,,:oop+ ,,c\gh4 ,v few p h rea*$ adult life )\t hav+ suff]$ f ?is disease1 z well z measles4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! c>elessness 9 mix+ infect$ ) heal?y *ildr54 ,"o frequ5tly he>s ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic c\gh ( a *ild ) :oop+-c\gh1 9 public assemblies1 9 railway tra9s1 or 9 ! out-pati5t rooms ( hospitals4 ,! contagium ( :oop+-c\gh is convey$ *iefly by ! expectoration1 :i* becom+ dry1 may be scatt]$ l t ( ph?isis1 z du/4 ,clo?+ conveys infection easily2 visits to infect$ *ildr5 %\ld1 !re=e1 be prohibit$ to all :o h to mix ) susceptible *ildr54 ,! duration ( infection %\ld be reckon$ z at lea/ six weeks f ! fir/ recognisable symptoms4 ,x may be long] ?an ?is4 ,,diph!ria4 ,?is disease has become increas+ly preval5t 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s aft] a p]iod ( only slight preval5ce = ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,i h %[n t epidemics ( diph!ria occur dur+ a succession ( ye>s ( protract$ dr\ght4 ,diph!ria is m common 9 girls ?an boys1 possibly ow+ to _! m affectionate habits2 & occurs *iefly "u t5 ye>s ( age1 ! fif? ye> ( life be+ t ( greate/ preval5ce4 ,unlike ! acute infections hi!rto consid]$1 ! bacillus caus+ diph!ria has be5 id5tifi$ & cultivat$ 9 ! laboratory 7call$ ! ,klebs-,loeffl] bacillus or diph!ria bacillus74 ,direct infection f pati5t to pati5t is probably m common ?an indirect infection by clo!s1 etc41 ?\gh ! latt] occurs4 ,! infection may hang p]si/5tly ab\t a h\se & its belong+s1 9 ! abs5ce ( complete purification4 ,:5 diph!ria is preval5t slight] sore ?roats occur1 sometimes be=e true diph!ria is detect$4 ,?is l$ to ! !ory t "u conditions ( ov]cr[d+1 especially 9 s*ools1 !re occurr$ 9 ! micro-organisms caus+ ^! sore-?roats 8! progressive developm5t ( ! prop]ty ( infectiv5ess40 ,possibly ^! 7 slight non-typical attacks ( diph!ria4 ,su* attacks occur also dur+ epidemics ( diph!ria1 & unless specim5s 78?roat swabs07 f ^! sore-?roats are exam9$ bact]iologically1 are likely to spread diph!ria by att5dance at s*ool1 etc4 ,aggregation 9 s*ools seems to int5sify ! contagium ( diph!ria4 ,! practices ( kiss+1 ( transf]r+ sweetmeats f m\? to m\?1 ( clean+ slates ) saliva1 are common means ( spread+ x4 ,effluvia f f\l dra9s & sew]s h be5 commonly held to cause diph!ria4 ,if !y aid 9 produc+ x1 x is r by l[]+ ! vitality & caus+ ord9>y sore ?roat4 ,sore ?roats & cat>rhs make ! subjects ( !m mu* m prone to diph!ria 7see also page #aag74 ,damp h\ses h be5 /at$ to fav\r ! developm5t ( diph!ria4 ,probably !y d s 9 ! same way z effluvia f dra9s4 ,x is likely t ! diph!ria bacillus has a saprophytic /age ( exi/5ce 9 ! soil1 z indicat$ by its excessive preval5ce 9 dry w>m ye>s4 ,besides direct infection f pati5t to pati5t & indirect infection by fomites 7i4e4 9 clo?+1 etc471 milk occasionally causes epidemics ( diph!ria4 ,! infection has be5 usually caus$ by ! h&l+ ( ! milk by an infecti\s p]son4 ,9 c]ta9 outbreaks no human contam9ation ( ! milk c\ld be discov]$2 & x has be5 surmis$ t an analog\s disease 9 ! c[ may cause diph!ria 9 man4 ,?is is /ill a moot po9t4 ,f[ls1 cats1 & o!r animals are ! occasional victims ( diph!ria1 & may convey x to man4 ,! duration ( infection 9 diph!ria is usually less ?an six weeks2 b x may be mu* m protract$4 ,9 "s in/ances long aft] all nak$-eye evid5ces ( diph!ria has disappe>$1 bact]iological exam9ation may /ill %[ ! pres5ce ( ! diph!ria bacillus = two or ?ree mon?s2 9 r>e cases ev5 long]4 ,! protection af=d$ by "o attack ( diph!ria aga9/ a second is slight & only tempor>y4 ,! means ( prev5tion are isolation & dis9fection z = o!r infecti\s diseases4 ,two additional means are available 7a7 bact]iological diagnosis2 7b7 prophylactic injection ( antitoxic s]um4 ,_m sore ?roats )\t membrane on ! ?roat are due to ! diph!ria bacillus4 ,ev5 if membrane be pres5t !re may be d\bt z to :e!r ! case is true diph!ria4 ,h5ce ! importance ( bact]iological exam9ation4 ,! pati5t's ?roat is swabb$ ) cotton-wool :i* has be5 roll$ ar\nd a metal probe & /]ilis$4 ,! wool is !n sme>$ ov] /]ilis$ & solifi$ blood s]um 9 a te/ tube4 ,x is !n incubat$ ov] night at a temp]ature ( #cg ,c4 ,next morn+ ! m9ute gr[? t has occurr$ on ! surface ( ! blood s]um is spread on a microscopic cov]-glass1 appropriately /a9$1 & exam9$ microscopically4 ,if diph!ria bacilli are pres5t1 !y c be recognis$ by _! =m & arrangem5t4 ,! same means enable u to asc]ta9 :5 a pati5t has recov]$1 :e!r he is fit to be releas$ f isolation4 ,antitoxic s]um has be5 f\nd to be a valuable prophylactic & curative ag5t4 ,! s]um is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,/]ilis$ bro? is inoculat$ ) virul5t diph!ria bacilli1 & gr[n at #cg ,c4 = a week or m4 ,! bro? is !n filt]$ ?r\gh a ,pa/eur filt]4 ,! filtrate conta9s tox9e free f bacilli4 ,"s ( ?is tox9e is inject$ "u ! sk9 ( a horse4 ,a few days lat] ! dose is repeat$1 gradually increas+ am\nts be+ inject$ until injection ( fur!r quantities ( ! tox9e is f\nd exp]im5tally n to increase ! antitoxic value ( ! horse's blood s]um4 ,next ! horse is bl$4 ,its s]um is f\nd to h acquir$ ! p[] ( protect+ a gu9ea-pig aga9/ doses ( ! tox9e ( diph!ria :i* w\ld o!rwise be fatal4 ,t5 times ! quantity ( ! horse's s]um :i* w protect a gu9ea-pig 7( #bej grammes weight7 aga9/ t5 times ! m9imum fatal dose ( ! tox9e is call$ an antitoxic unit4 ,! treatm5t ( diph!ria 9 man by ! antitoxic s]um ?us obta9$ has prov$ to be rem>kably successful4 ,fur!rmore1 if a susceptible p]son :o has be5 expos$ to ! infection ( diph!ria1 is inject$ ) a small dose ( antitoxic s]um1 he becomes tempor>ily immune1 & does n fall a victim to diph!ria4 ,?is is a mo/ important po9t especially = "y *ildr51 :o may already be incubat+ a disease :i* b = ?is prophylactic injection might occur & prove fatal4 ,,typhus ,,fev]4 ,?is disease 0 =m]ly kn[n z spott$ or jail-fev]1 & = _m ages has be5 ! sc\rge ( prisons & armies1 & all collections ( p liv+ 9 ov]cr[d$ & insanit>y di/ricts4 ,! hi/ory ( typhus is ! hi/ory ( human mis]y4 ,x is ess5tially associat$ ) fil?1 ov]cr[d+1 & de/itution2 b :5 once e/abli%$ by ^! conditions1 x c be c>ri$ by infection to o!rs :o live amid/ heal?y surr\nd+s4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 w9t]1 :5 ov]cr[d+ is greate/4 ,) free v5tilation1 ! disease _c be c>ri$ m ?an a few feet4 ,x c be transmitt$ by clo?+4 ,! micro-organism caus+ x has n be5 discov]$4 ,) ! cle>ance ( ! rook]ies ( our great t[ns1 x is rapidly decreas+1 & appe>s likely to become ext9ct4 ,! means ( prev5tion1 9 addition to ! abatem5t ( nuisances1 includ+ ov]cr[d+1 are isolation & dis9fection 7pages #cai & #cbe74 ,,relaps+ ,,fev]4 ,?is disease 0 =m]ly common 9 ?is c\ntry1 b except 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel& has entirely di$ out4 ,x is caus$ by a micro-organism 7,spirillum ,ob]mei]i7 :i* c be detect$ 9 ! blood4 ,inoculation ( ?is w produce ! disease 9 man or 9 monkeys4 ,epidemics ( relaps+ fev] commonly foll[ 9 ! track ( typhus fev]2 ov]cr[d+ & fil? be+ especially associat$ ) typhus1 & />vation ) relaps+ fev]1 h5ce its "n ( 8fam9e fev]40 ,,ent]ic ,,or ,,typhoid ,,fev]4 ,ent]ic fev] causes its highe/ dea?-rate 9 e>ly adult life1 ?\gh x is n peculi> to any age4 ,eb]? 9 #ahhj discov]$ ! ,bacillus typhosus 9 ! sple5 & o!r organs ( ent]ic fev] pati5ts4 ,?is is commonly kn[n z ,eb]?'s bacillus1 & is ! cause ( ent]ic fev]4 ,a few ye>s lat] x 0 isolat$ & c n[ be gr[n on ag> or gelat9e 9 laboratories4 ,x closely resembles o!r bacilli :i* are normal inhabitants ( ! human inte/9e2 b c be di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 te/s4 ,x is a small rod1 r\nd$ at its ends1 & f #b to #d long & ?ree times z long z broad4 ,9 ! liv+ /ate x is freely motile1 & possesses a numb] ( m9ute cilia or flagella4 ,ap>t f o!r means ( di/9ction betwe5 x & o!r bacilli1 ,grb]'s s]um reaction enables its id5tity to be asc]ta9$4 ,! bacillus suspect$ to be ! ,bac4-typhosus is cultivat$ 9 bro? 9 ! bact]iological laboratory4 ,a small quantity ( blood is tak5 f ! f+] ( a pati5t kn[n to be suff]+ f ent]ic fev]4 ,! s]um is sep>at$ f ! blood corpuscles ( ?is blood by a c5trifugalis+ ma*9e4 ,a drop ( ! blood s]um is dilut$ ) #ajj drops ( bro? culture ( ! suspect$ bacillus4 ,if ! latt] is n ! ,bac4-typhosus1 ! individual bacilli :5 a drop ( ! mixture is exam9$ "u ! microscope1 w cont9ue to move ab\t freely2 if x is ! ,bac4-typhosus1 ! bacilli w adh]e toge!r 9 8clumps0 & become immobile4 ,conv]sely a valuable means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r a suspect$ case is really suff]+ f ent]ic fev] is secur$1 z ?is blood add$ to #cj times ! am\nt ( a pure culture ( ! ,bac4-typhosus 9 bro? w cause ! latt] to 8clump0 )9 half-an-h\r 7,widal reaction74 ,high] dilutions are usually unnecess>y4 ,! *ief means ( spread ( ent]ic fev] is by ! ur9e & fces2 & nurses :o h to empty b$-pans unless v c>eful to wa% _! h&s aft]w>ds1 us+ ! nail-bru%1 are v liable to become infect$1 probably :5 eat+ food aft]w>ds4 ,! ur9e 9 a consid]able proportion ( cases1 conta9s ! typhoid bacilli1 & x is !re=e mo/ important t c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! cleans+ ( all *amb] ut5sils1 & t ! ur9e z well z ! fces %\ld be rigidly dis9fect$ 7see page #cca74 ,! infectivity ( ent]ic fev] has be5 und]rat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,:5 pati5ts ) ?is disease are nurs$ at home by relatives :o d n appreciate ! full importance ( ! necess>y precautions1 x is r ! rule ?an ! exception = !m to fall victims to its infection4 ,probably1 sometimes ! infection has be5 scatt]$ z du/1 ow+ to small p>ticles ( fces or ( ur9e hav+ become dri$ on b$ l954 ,! mo/ absolute cleanl9ess is ess5tial 9 nurs+ ?is disease4 ,9 hot climates !re is reason to believe t infective du/ may be bl[n ab\t f privies4 ,insanit>y local circum/ances are an important means ( spread+ ent]ic fev]4 ,x is m preval5t :]e !re are privies ?an :]e !re are pail-closets2 & m preval5t :]e !re are pail-closets1 ?an :]e wat]-closets are ! rule4 ,defective dra9s or soil-pipes are frequ5tly f\nd 9 h\ses 9 :i* ent]ic fev] orig9ates1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! =m] are at lea/ p>tially responsible = ! latt]4 ,! exact l9k is d\btful4 ,probably infective du/ is bl[n or aspirat$ into ! room & is inhal$4 ,! mo/ common cause ( ent]ic fev] is infect$ food or wat]4 ,( foods milk n infrequ5tly has be5 ! means ( spread ( ent]ic fev]4 ,l>ge epidemics h be5 trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,usually ?is has aris5 by wa%+ ! milk cans ) or wilfully add+ contam9at$ wat] to ! milk4 ,wat]1 :e!r add$ to milk or tak5 indep5d5tly1 mu/ h conta9$ ! specific contagium 7! ,bac4-typhosus7 ( ent]ic fev]1 to enable x to cause ent]ic fev]4 ,h5ce wat] f a contam9at$ /ream is m likely to h produc$ ?is effect ?an well-wat]1 unless a pati5t has _h ent]ic fev] 9 ! h\se to :i* ! well is atta*$1 & 8 dejecta h contam9at$ ! wat]4 ,surface wat]s or spr+ wat]s may be contam9at$ ) sewage 7z at ,maid/one7 or deep well wat]s ?r\gh fissures 7z at ,wor?+7 & ?us widespread epidemics be produc$4 ,aft] floods1 riv]s & wells are mo/ likely to conta9 ! specific contagium ( ent]ic fev]1 z at su* times surface impurities f midd5s1 etc41 are apt to be wa%$ into ! wat]4 7,see also pages #ia & #bbd74 ,! means ( prev5tion ( ent]ic fev] are ! discov]y & removal ( ! cause ( an outbreak1 & ! isolation ( ea* pati5t & dis9fection ( all dis*>ges4 ,an e>ly means ( diagnosis is secur$ by ,widal's reaction4 ,?is is especially useful 9 cases n pres5t+ *>act]i/ic cl9ical symptoms4 ,! recognition ( a disease or at lea/ ! suspicion ( its pres5ce is an indisp5sable fir/ /ep = ! tak+ ( precaution>y measures4 ,,*ol]a4 ,*ol]a1 :i* 0 =m]ly s preval5t1 n[ seldom occurs 9 ?is c\ntry1 & at ea* successive visit to ,engl& its inroads h become less s]i\s4 ,at its la/ visit 9 #ahic x sc>cely obta9$ a foot+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?us 9 ! epidemic ( #ahed 9 ,engl& x caus$ #ajhj1 9 t ( #ahff x caus$ #fgb1 & 9 t ( #ahic only #de dea?s p] million ( population4 ,9 ?is c\ntry at lea/ x is *iefly spread by infect$ wat] & foods1 especially by infect$ wat]2 & ! prec$+ figures =m an excell5t te/imony to our improvem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,= p>ticul>s ( ! ,hamburg outbreak1 see page #ic4 ,9 its mode ( preval5ce & propagation x is v simil> to ent]ic fev]1 be+ infecti\s by means ( ! evacuations4 ,! means ( prev5tion are ! same z = ent]ic fev]4 ,*ol]a 0 %[n by ,ko* to be caus$ by :at is kn[n z ! comma bacillus or spirillum ( ,asiatic *ol]a1 s call$ because ( its curv$ %ape4 ,x is f #ae to #bf long & #e broad4 ,= ! suppos$ connection ( ent]ic fev] & *ol]a ) movem5ts ( ! gr\nd-wat]1 see page #bbe4 ,,summ] ,,or ,,epidemic ,,di>rh,a is a mo/ fatal disease among infants 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ea* ye>4 ,x is *iefly a disease ( urban life1 & occurs to a prepond]ant ext5t among ! *ildr5 ( ! artisan & /ill m ( ! unskill$ lab\r+ classes4 ,x is mu* less abundant 9 t[ns :i* h adopt$ ! wat]-c>riage sy/em ( sewage ?an 9 ^? reta9+ ! cons]vancy me?ods ( removal ( excrem5t 7page #aih74 ,t[ns ) ! mo/ p]fect dome/ic & /reet scav5g+ arrangem5ts h ! lea/ epidemic di>rha4 ,an imp]vi\s soil fav\rs a l[ di>rhal mortality2 :ile p]sons liv+ on por\s soils usually h mu* di>rha4 ,i h %ewn else:]e t giv5 two t[ns equally plac$ s f> z social & sanit>y conditions are conc]n$1 _! relative di>rhal mortality is proportional to ! height ( ! temp]ature & ! defici5cy ( ra9fall ( ea* t[n1 p>ticul>ly ! temp]ature & ra9fall ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ea* ye>4 ,9 o!r words !re is a g5]al inv]se relation%ip betwe5 ra9fall & di>rha & a direct relation%ip betwe5 temp]ature & di>rha4 ,?us wet & cool summ]s are adv]se to di>rha4 ,ball>d conclud$ t ! summ] rise ( di>rhal mortality does n comm5ce until ! mean temp]ature record$ by ! #d-;foot e>? !rmomet] has atta9$ some:]e ab\t #ef ,f41 no matt] :at may h be5 ! temp]ature previ\sly atta9$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is a conv5i5t index1 z ! summ] w>m? does n imm$iately cause di>rha4 ,all ! above facts po9t to ! conclusion t ! fundam5tal condition fav\r+ epidemic di>rha is an unclean soil1 ! p>ticulate poison f :i* infects ! air1 & is swall[$ mo/ commonly ) food1 especially milk4 ,?us1 di>rha1 l ent]ic fev]1 is a 8fil?-disease40 ,z ! contagium appe>s to ga9 entrance by food1 ! foll[+ c>d ( precautions :i* is di/ribut$ ea* ye> 9 ! poor] di/ricts ( ,brighton may be reproduc$ "h3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,di>rh,a4 ,dur+ ! summ] a l>ge numb] ( infants die f di>rha4 ,sc>cely a s+le baby :o 0 be+ suckl$ dies f ?is cause4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 9 ! prev5tion ( ?is v fatal summ] disease1 precautions z to food are mo/ important4 ,att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts w\ld save _m infants' lives3-- #a4 ,d n wean y\r infant dur+ ! hot mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,to beg9 artificial fe$+ dur+ hot wea!r is v dang]\s4 #b4 ,if fe$+ by h& is absolutely necess>y1 c>efully foll[ ^! directions3 7a7 ,all milk %\ld be boil$ be=e be+ giv5 to ! infant4 7b7 ,! infants' food mu/ be prep>$ fre% ea* "t4 7,= p>ticul>s see bel[47 ,milk & wat]1 & /ill m 8pap0 or pat5t foods1 if left two or ?ree h\rs1 8g bad10 & are !n v highly dang]\s to ! infant4 7c7 ,all jugs or o!r ut5sils us$ = /or+ milk mu/ be scald$ out & kept absolutely clean4 ,!y %\ld be cov]$ to prev5t access ( du/4 7d7 ,! fe$+ bottle mu/ be ?or\ghly scald$ aft] ea* meal1 & ! tube ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,x is be/ to use alt]nately two boat-%ap$ bottles )\t tubes4 ,if ! bottle smells s\r1 some?+ is n clean1 & ! infant w suff]4 #c4 ,decompos+ refuse1 su* z decay+ vegetables1 bones1 fi%-heads1 c41 is a f]tile s\rce ( ,di>rha4 ,x %\ld be burnt1 & n plac$ 9 ! du/-b94 #d4 ,scrupul\s cleanl9ess ( ! h\se1 especially ( ! rooms :]e food is /or$1 is mo/ important4 ,du/ 9 e =m is dang]\s to heal?1 & = remov+ x wet cleans+ is pref]able to dry4 ,?us wa%+ & scrubb+ are saf] means ( cleans+ floors1 c41 ?an sweep+4 #e4 ,report to ! ,sanit>y ,(fice1 ,t[n ,hall1 any smells or *ok$ closet or dra94 ,,directions ,,= ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,infants' ,,food4 ,= a ,*ild ag$ ,mix & !n boil ,= ea* ,meal 7#a "p fre% milk 7 ,"u #f weeks #b p>ts wat] #d tablespoonsful4 7#a teaspoonful cream 7 ,mix & !n boil 7#a "p fre% milk 7 #f weeks old #a "p wat] #h tablespoonsful4 7#b teaspoonsful cream7 ,mix & !n boil 7#b p>ts fre% milk 7 ,f #c to six mon?s old #a "p wat] #h tablespoonsful4 7#b or #c teaspoonsful 7 cream4 ,! infant %\ld be f$ at regul> int]vals only1 at fir/ e two h\rs1 ! int]val be+ gradually increas$4 ,! infant %\ld be f$ sl[ly4 ,if ! milk z prep>$ above disagrees1 fre%ly boil$ b>ley wat] %\ld be us$ in/ead ( wat]4 ,! addition ( cream is necess>y because c[s' milk is poor] 9 cream ?an mo!rs' milk1 & because x is v (t5 made poor] /ill by mix+ ) sep>at$ milk be=e sale4 ,defici5cy ( cream causes rickets4 ,a little sug> may also be add$ to ! milk1 b ?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z a sub/itute = ! cream4 ,,tetanus4 ,tetanus or lockjaw is n infecti\s1 b is convey$ to man by ! inoculation ( a w\nd by dirt or e>? :i* conta9s ! tetanus bacillus4 ,= ?is reason x is m apt to foll[ injuries to ! h&s or feet4 ,extreme cleanl9ess ( w\nds is ! only practicable prev5tive means4 ,little is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! tetanus bacillus outside ! body2 & z to :at soils conta9 x mo/ abundantly4 ,w\nds contam9at$ by horse manure appe> to be especially dang]\s4 ,,gl&]s4 ,gl&]s is common 9 horses4 ,x attacks ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 caus+ ulc]ation4 ,x is extremely infecti\s4 ,f>cy is a m *ronic =m ( ! same disease1 9 :i* ! s-call$ 8f>cy-buds0 are produc$4 ,its prev5tion c be/ be ensur$ by kill+ bo? actually diseas$ & suspect$ animals1 if ! latt] give a reaction to malle94 ,malle9 is a product alli$ to tub]cul91 obta9$ f cultivations ( ! bacillus ( gl&]s4 ,x sets up febrile reaction 9 gl&]$1 b n 9 heal?y horses4 ,fur!r prev5tive measures are ! tempor>y clos+ ( public dr9k+ f\nta9s = horses1 & ! ?or\gh cleans+ & dis9fection ( /ables4 ,m51 especially grooms1 are sometimes infect$ by ! horse1 & ! disease is commonly fatal4 ,,hydrophobia4 ,hydrophobia is ! disease 9 man :i* is caus$ by ! bite ( a dog or o!r animal suff]+ f rabies4 ,x is seldom if ev] communicat$ o!rwise ?an by inoculation4 ,! incubation p]iod 9 ! dog v>ies f ?ree to six weeks1 & 9 man is usually ab\t ! same2 b occasionally x is mu* long]1 occasionally ev5 m ?an a ye>4 ,at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is1 pati5ts :o h be5 bitt5 by rabid dogs are treat$ by ! inoculation ( an att5uat$ virus ( rabies d]iv$ f rabbits1 ) promis+ results4 ,dogs only acquire rabies f dogs or o!r animals already rabid4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 x does n arise de novo4 ,h5ce ! necessity = an ext5sive area ( muzzl+ :5 cases ( rabies occur4 ,! en=cem5t ( ?is plan has greatly r$uc$ ! am\nt ( hydrophobia 9 ?is c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!re has be5 mu* misplac$ sympa?y ) dogs on ?is score4 ,9 ! dog ! symptoms ( rabies occur 9 ?ree /ages3 a premonitory /age1 9 :i* ! dog's habits *ange1 he becomes morose & quiet1 & dribbles2 a second /age1 9 :i* he has p>oxysms ( fury1 8 voice is high-ton$ & cr\py1 & he _c swall[ wat]2 & a ?ird or p>alytic /age1 9 :i* 8 jaws drop1 he drags 8 h9d legs & soon dies4 ,,erysipelas4 ,erysipelas occurs on v>i\s p>ts ( ! sk94 ,x is caus$ by ! inoculation ?r\gh an abrad$ surface ( a virul5t =m ( ! same /reptococcus t commonly causes suppuration4 ,x occurs *iefly 9 debilitat$ subjects4 ,"s p]sons are specially prone to x1 & may h _m attacks4 ,erysipelas1 l sc>let fev]1 occurs mo/ 9 ye>s 9 :i* !re is defici5t ra9fall2 & is probably convey$ by du/4 ,x may spread1 ?\gh exceptionally1 f case to case4 ,,yell[ ,,fev]4 ,yell[ fev] nev] occurs 9 ,engl&1 except :5 import$ f ! ,we/ ,indies or o!r c\ntries 9 :i* x is endemic4 ,x cl+s to seaport t[ns 9 hot c\ntries2 & z a p]man5t disease is only f\nd :5 ! mean w9t] temp]ature is at lea/ #fh-gb ,f4 ,a fro/ always /ops an epidemic ( ?is disease4 ,! g]ms ( ?is disease are communicat$ by mosquitoes1 :i* act z an int]m$iate ho/4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,laze>1 al?\gh isolat$ f yell[ fev] cases1 di$ ( x sev5 days aft] submitt+ to ! puncture ( an infect$ mosquito1 ?us prov+ ! communicability ( ?is disease1 & entitl+ himself to an hon\r$ position among sci5tific m>tyrs4 ,,plague4 ,plague is an ,ea/]n disease1 :i* occasionally %[s a t5d5cy to become widely epidemic4 ,x is due to a rod-%ap$ bact]ium1 av]ag+ #h to #af 9 l5g?1 :i* does n =m spores4 ,9 its *>act]i/ic =m pati5ts suff]+ f ?is disease h inflammat>y swell+s 7buboes7 ( v>i\s gl&s3 h5ce ! "n ,bubonic ,plague4 ,9 o!r cases x simulates ord9>y pneumonia1 typhus or septicaemia2 or ! pati5t may be s slightly ill z to be able to walk ab\t4 ,x appe>s probable t ! bacillus ent]s ! body ?r\gh cracks or o!r lesions ( ! sk91 possibly also by inhal+ infective du/4 ,! rat is an important factor 9 ! spread ( plague4 ,v commonly plague has be5 widely preval5t & fatal among !m be=e x attacks human be+s4 ,rats also br+ x 9 %ips f infect$ ports4 ,h5ce "o ( ! mo/ important prev5tive measures is to kill all rats on bo>d %ip1 be=e ! c>go is unload$4 ,?is has be5 done by sulphur\s acid fumigation 9 ! holds4 ,! use ( c>bonic oxide gas w probably be f\nd practicable = ! same purpose4 ,manson has put ! importance ( ?is po9t t]sely z foll[s3 8,to prev5t *ol]a ! tea-kettle1 mal>ia ! mosquito net1 & plague ! rat-trap40 ,flies may c>ry ! infection 7page #bha74 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! fleas ( rats c>ry ! infection 7page #bha74 ,,an?rax4 ,an?rax is a v fatal disease 9 cattle & %eep1 occasionally 9 pigs4 ,but*]s may inoculate !mselves ) x :5 dress+ a diseas$ c>case2 ! tann]s simil>ly :5 h&l+ ! hide2 & woolsort]s may inhale x :5 sort+ wool d]iv$ f a diseas$ animal 7page #ajg74 ,to prev5t ! latt]1 suspect$ wool mu/ be dis9fect$ by /eam1 & special arrangem5ts made = c>ry+ (f ! du/ produc$ dur+ sort+4 ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] occurs aft] *ildbir?4 ,x is caus$ l erysipelas by ! inoculation ( septic mat]ial4 ,?is may be convey$ by dirty in/rum5ts 7syr+es1 etc471 or by dirty h&s4 ,h5ce ! importance ( extreme cleanl9ess ( h&s1 f+]-nails1 & all articles us$ dur+ & aft] *ildbir?4 ,,rheumatic ,,fev] has be5 commonly attribut$ to a damp condition ( ! atmosph]e & soil4 ,i h else:]e %[n t ?is is a mi/ake1 probably aris+ f ! fact t ^! conditions produce :at are call$ 8rheumatic0 pa9s1 ?\gh !y h no true relation%ip ) acute rheumatism 7rheumatic fev]74 ,i h %[n t rheumatic fev] occurs *iefly 9 v dry ye>s1 ! excess ( preval5ce 9 su* ye>s be+ suffici5t to ju/ify ! use ( ! t]m 8epidemic40 ,!re is /rong reason to believe t rheumatic fev] is an infective disease1 d]iv$1 n f o!r pati5ts suff]+ f ! same disease1 b f "s outside micro-organism :i* is ord9>ily saprophytic4 ,x foll[s ! rule t :5 ! lesion produc$ by an infective disease is deepseat$ 79 ! jo9ts 9 ?is in/ance71 no infection c be communicat$ to o!r p]sons4 ,"s families are mu* m prone to rheumatic fev] ?an o!rs4 ,,influ5za is1 l diph!ria1 a some:at my/]i\s infecti\s disease4 ,l ! latt] x almo/ disappe>$ = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & !n aga9 became epidemic 9 #ahhi4 ,! previ\s epidemics ( influ5za 9 ! #ai? c5tury _h occurr$ 9 #ahjc1 #ahcc1 #ahcg-h1 & #ahdg-h4 ,! causes ( ?is recurr5ce ( influ5za are unkn[n4 ,x is spread f p]son to p]son by direct infection1 ! infection be+ convey$ by ! muc\s dis*>ge f ! nose1 ?roat1 & lungs4 ,pocket-h&k]*iefs probably are l>gely responsible = convey+ ! infection z du/4 ,! disease is p>ticul>ly fatal to ! old2 & ^! %\ld n expose !mselves to possible s\rces ( infection1 z 9 public places ( assembly1 dur+ an epidemic4 ,e pati5t attack$ ) ! disease %\ld rema9 indoors = at lea/ t5 days4 ,?is is 9 8 own int]e/1 z he ?us m9imises ! risk ( su* dang]\s complications z pneumonia2 & x is 8 duty 9 ! int]e/ ( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,_m lives might h be5 sav$1 _h n influ5zal pati5ts 8/ruggl$ ab\t0 dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease4 ,,mal>ia4 ,mal>ia1 or ,ague1 is a g5]ic "n giv5 to a disease caus$ by ! invasion ( ! body by ! plasmodium mal>i1 discov]$ by ,lav]an 9 #ahhj4 ,x occurs 9 two *ief types1 remitt5t fev] & int]mitt5t fev]4 ,= _m g5]ations x has be5 reg>d$ z due to a m>%y condition ( ! soil1 associat$ ) decay+ vegetable matt]1 & a mod]ately high temp]ature4 ,x is n[ cle> t ^! conditions are necess>y1 only because !y are necess>y = ! life ( ! mosquito4 ,! well-kn[n dang] ( be+ out ( doors at night 9 a mal>i\s c\ntry is expla9$ by ! nocturnal habits ( ! mosquito4 ,! high] salubrity ( ! upp] /ories ( h\ses is expla9$ by ! fact t ! mosquito does n rise high f ! gr\nd2 & ( high-ly+ localities by _! great] dryness4 ,! value ( ! mosquito net1 ( smoke1 & ( fire z protections f mal>ia are due to _! keep+ mosquitos at a di/ance4 ,! mosquito cl+s to ! puddle or swamp :]e %e 0 born1 & :]e %e w deposit h] eggs4 ,h5ce ! special dang] ( ! imm$iate vic9ity ( su* collections ( wat]4 ,?us ! prev5tion ( mal>ia resolves itself *iefly into means = prev5t+ ! developm5t ( c]ta9 species ( ,anopheles 7page #bhb74 ,! conditions necess>y = ! multiplication ( ^! are 7#a71 an atmosph]ic temp]ature f #ge to #ajd ,f42 7#b7 collections ( fre% or slightly bracki% wat]2 & 7#c7 ! pres5ce 9 ^! ( l[ =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,we h already describ$ ! cycle ( life ( ! plasmodium mal>i 7page #bhb74 ,man is ! *ief1 if n ! only s\rce1 f :i* ! mosquito d]ives ?is p>asite4 ,9 native communities ! "y *ildr51 ev5 :5 app>5tly n ill ) mal>ia1 ne>ly always h>b\r ^! p>asites 9 _! blood corpuscles4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ,europeans hav+ _! dwell+s z remote z possible f native h\ses4 ,mosquitos d n travel f>4 ,in/ances ( ! preval5ce ( mal>ia 9 ! abs5ce ( mosquitos are n sub/antiat$4 ,! outbreaks ( mal>ia :]e ! soil has be5 di/urb$ aft] long ly+ uncultivat$1 probably mean ! =mation ( puddles fav\rable to ! bre$+ ( ! l>v ( mosquitos4 ,! necess>y prev5tive measures are classifi$ by ,manson z3 #a4 ,suppression ( mosquitos4 #b4 ,prev5tion ( infection ( mosquitos4 #c4 ,prev5tion ( infection by mosquitos4 ,! suppression ( mosquitos involves ! dra9+ or fill+ 9 ( swamps & ponds1 ! cleans+ & canalisation ( sluggi% /reams1 & ! af=e/ation ( hills to prev5t floods4 ,cultivation ( rice & o!r plants entail+ ! prolong$ flood+ ( l& %\ld be re/rict$ to fields remote f dwell+s4 ,subsoil dra9age is helpful4 ,! 8pa9t+0 ( /agnant wat]s ) petroleum1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ e week or two1 frees wat] = a consid]able "t f ! l>v ( mosquitos4 ,eucalyptus & o!r balsamic trees may help to dry up pools1 c4 ,! prev5tion ( infection ( mosquitos is secur$ by insi/+ on all mal>ial pati5ts us+ mosquito nets4 ,?is prev5ts ! access ( mosquitos4 ,at ! same "t pati5ts %\ld vigor\sly & p]si/5tly take qu99e1 :i* kills ! mal>ial p>asites 9 ! blood1 & ?us dim9i%es & f9ally removes ! dang] to o!r p]sons produc$ by ! int]m$iation ( ! mosquito4 ,! prev5tion ( mosquito bites is secur$ by r5d]+ ! h\se mosquito-pro( by fill+ 9 all op5+s by f9e wire gauze1 & by hav+ mosquito curta9s to all b$s2 also by fumigat+ ! rooms occasionally ) ! dri$ fl[]s ( ! *rysan!mum1 by /rict cleanl9ess ( rooms1 & by flu%+ !m ) sunlight4 ,! pro( ( ! mosquito !ory z to ! causation ( mal>ia has be5 rec5tly suppli$ by two te/ exp]im5ts4 7a7 ,9 ! fir/1 a numb] ( mosquitos :i* _h be5 f$ on ! blood ( mal>i\s pati5ts 7 s5t to ,london f ,rome4 ,^! 7 all[$ to bite ,dr4 ,manson's son1 :o _h nev] previ\sly _h mal>ia4 ,a few days lat] he _h a *>act]i/ic attack ( fev]4 ,mal>ial p>asites 7 f\nd 9 8 blood4 ,he recov]$ 9 a week's "t aft] free dosage ) qu99e1 & ! p>asites disappe>$ f 8 blood4 ,he suff]$ f a slight relapse ab\t a ye> lat]4 7b7 ,on a fev]-haunt$ spot 9 ! ,roman ,campagna a wood5 hut 0 built1 & ,drs4 ,sambon & ,l[1 & ?ree o!rs took up _! abode "h dur+ ! mal>i\s season1 ! only precautions tak5 be+ ! use ( mosquito nets & wire scre5s 9 doors & w9d[s4 ,!y w5t ab\t ! c\ntry daily1 b 7 always home be=e sunset4 ,!y all rema9$ at ! end ( ! season free f mal>ia4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,tub]culosis4 ,,consumption ,,& ,,o!r ,,tub]cul> ,,diseases4 ,consumption 7also call$ ph?isis or ph?isis pulmonalis7 9 ! ye> #ahii caus$ a record$ dea?-rate ( #a1ccf1 & tub]cul> diseases ( o!r p>ts ( ! body a dea?-rate ( #ege p] million ( ! population4 ,9 ! same ye> ! *ief infecti\s diseases1 includ+ small-pox1 measles1 sc>let fev]1 :oop+ c\gh1 typhus1 & ent]ic fev]1 & diph!ria1 7 toge!r responsible = a dea?-rate ( #a1bdh p] million4 ,9 ! five ye>s1 #ahfa-fe1 ! mean dea?-rate f consumption 0 #b1ebg p] million1 s t a r$uction ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 has app>5tly occurr$4 ,not)/&+ ?is great decl9e1 consumption & o!r consumptive diseases1 :i* may toge!r be class$ "u ! "n tub]culosis1 /ill cause m dea?s ?an all ! acute infecti\s diseases put toge!r4 ,its importance is emphasis$ by ! fact t betwe5 ! ages ( #bj & #de1 "o-?ird ( all ! dea?s ( males1 & betwe5 "o-?ird & "o-f\r? ( all ! dea?s ( females occurr+ at ^! ages are due to consumption ( ! lungs4 ,=m]ly great /ress 0 laid on ! h]$it>y "* ( consumption4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t :at is inh]it$ is simply an increas$ vuln]ability ( tissues4 ,judg+ by ! analogy ( o!r animals x may be said t infants are r>ely1 if ev]1 born tub]cul\s4 ,bang exam9$ #f1jjj head ( cattle ) ! tub]cul9 te/ 7see page #caa71 & f\nd t 9 calves "u #f mon?s old only #ajg p] c5t4 react$1 i4e4 %[$ evid5ce ( tub]culosis1 betwe5 #f & #ab mon?s old #ahg p] c5t41 #a to #b ye>s #bcb p] c5t41 & ov] ?is age #cac p] c5t4 react$2 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! infection is ne>ly always receiv$ aft] bir?4 ,! real cause ( tub]culosis 0 %ewn by ,ko*1 9 #ahha1 to be ! tub]cle bacillus4 ,?is is a m9ute bacillus1 ! l5g? ( :i* is f a qu>t] to half ! size ( a blood corpuscle4 ,^! bacilli1 obta9$ f tub]cul\s gr[?s 9 ! body1 ,ko* 0 able to cultivate on glyc]9e ag> at blood-heat outside ! body4 ,by sub-cultur+ he obta9$ pure cultures1 & aft] gr[+ ! bacilli = z long z fifty-f\r days1 he inoculat$ v>i\s animals1 produc+ tub]culosis 9 e case1 :ile 9 simil> *eck exp]im5ts 9 :i* all ! conditions 7 ! same1 b>r+ ! abs5ce ( bacilli1 no tub]culosis result$4 ,! tub]cle bacilli are easily di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!r bacilli by ! fact t aft] be+ /a9$ by anil9e dyes1 su* z c>bol-fu*s91 ! col\ration is n remov$ :5 ! prep>ation is soak$ 9 dilute acid4 ,by ?is means ! pres5ce ( tub]cle bacilli 9 ! sputum 7expectoration7 ( a ph?isical pati5t is easily discov]$1 & a valuable means ( e>ly recognition ( ! disease secur$4 ,?is is mo/ important1 z 9 its e>ly /ages consumption is an easily curable disease4 ,tub]cle bacilli are dis*>g$ f ! lungs 9 consumption ( ! lungs1 f ! b[els 9 consumption ( ! b[els1 & s on4 ,h5ce ! ess5tial necessity = dis9fect+ ^! dis*>ges4 ,su* dis*>ges :ile 9 a moi/ condition h1 unless !y are actually swall[$1 little or no capacity = evil4 ,x is :5 !y become dry t !y become dang]\s4 ,?us ! expectoration ( a consumptive pati5t spat on to ! floor or deposit$ 9 a pocket h&k]*ief is1 s long z x rema9s moi/1 p]fectly innocu\s4 ,:at is evaporat$ f ! wet surface is simply /eam1 h>mless z ! /eam escap+ f ! dome/ic tea-kettle4 ,b :5 x becomes dry1 !n comes dang]4 ,du/ is =m$1 :i* conta9s ! liv+ tub]cle bacilli1 & ) ! m]e %ak+ ( ! h&k]*ief or ! di/urbance ( ! du/ on ! floor ^! are inhal$1 & (t5 cause consumption4 ,! p]son ?us infect$ may be a new pati5t4 ,(t5 also x is ! consumptive pati5t :o is ?us re-infect$4 ,consumptive pati5ts t5d to recov]4 ,b if ! pati5t's disease is daily recruit$ by fre% doses ( ! tub]cle bacilli inhal$ ) ! du/ ( previ\s expectoration1 fre% c5tres ( disease are produc$1 & ?us ! pati5t is unwitt+ly help+ to cause 8 own dea?4 ,! infecti\s "* ( tub]culosis has be5 long suspect$4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury1 9 ,naples1 !re 7 enactm5ts insi/+ on ! isolation ( consumptive pati5ts & dis9fection ( _! furniture1 books1 etc4 ,we n[ "k1 h[ev]1 t ^! 7 c\nsels ( panic1 & t = practical purposes ! infection may be reg>d$ z conf9$ to ! sputum4 ,! expir$ brea? is free f infection except dur+ c\gh+4 ,t ! sputum is infecti\s c be easily prov$ by fe$+ gu9ea-pigs or ! dome/ic f[l on x4 ,^! rapidly become affect$ by g5]alis$ tub]culosis4 ,! simple "* ( ! precautions aga9/ infection :i* are requir$ may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ copy ( a c>d :i* is giv5 to consumptive pati5ts 9 ,brighton3-- ,precautions = ,consumptive ,p]sons4 ,consumption is1 to a limit$ ext5t1 an infecti\s disease4 ,x is spread *iefly by inhal+ ! expectoration 7spit7 ( pati5ts :i* has be5 all[$ to become dry & float ab\t ! room z du/4 ,d n spit except into receptacles1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are to be de/roy$ be=e !y become dry4 ,if ?is simple precaution is tak51 !re is practically no dang] ( infection4 ,! brea? ( consumptive p]sons is free f infection4 ,! foll[+ detail$ rules w be f\nd useful1 bo? to ! consumptive & to 8 fri5ds3-- #a4--;,expectoration indoors %\ld be receiv$ into small pap] bags & aft]w>ds burnt4 #b4--;,expectoration out ( doors %\ld be receiv$ into a suitable bottle1 to be aft]w>ds wa%$ out ) boil+ wat]2 or into a small pap] h&k]*ief1 :i* is aft]w>ds burnt4 #c4--;,if ord9>y h&k]*iefs are ev] us$ = expectoration1 !y %\ld be put into boil+ wat] be=e !y h "t to become dry2 or into a solution ( a dis9fectant1 z direct$ by ! doctor4 #d4--,wet cleans+ ( rooms1 p>ticul>ly ( b$rooms occupi$ by sick p]sons1 %\ld be sub/itut$ = 8du/+0 & sweep+4 #e4--,sunlight & fre% air are ! greate/ enemies ( infection4 ,e pati5t %\ld sleep ) 8 b$room w9d[ op5 top & bottom1 a scre5 be+ arrang$1 if necess>y1 to prev5t direct draught2 &1 if possible1 occupy a sep>ate b$room4 ,! pati5t ne$ n fe> go+ out ( doors 9 any wea!r1 if w>mly clad4 ,n4,b4--,! pati5t himself is ! greate/ ga9] by ! above precautions1 z 8 recov]y is ret>d$ & frequ5tly prev5t$ by r5ew$ infection d]iv$ f 8 own expectoration4 #f4--,p]sons 9 good heal? h little reason to fe> ! infection ( consumption4 ,ov]-fatigue1 intemp]ance1 bad air1 du/y occupations1 & dirty rooms fav\r consumption4 ,! mo/ common s\rce ( infection is und\bt$ly ! dri$ expectoration4 ,infection may1 h[ev]1 probably be d]iv$ f infect$ food1 z milk or meat4 ,! dang] f meat is mu* less ?an t f milk1 because ! =m] is m g5]ally cook$ ?an ! latt]1 & because ! diseas$ portions ( ! =m] w\ld be at lea/ p>tially remov$ be=e x 0 sold4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! meat d]iv$ f tub]cul\s cattle %\ld be de/roy$ are giv5 on page #bd4 ,! abolition ( private slaught]-h\ses1 ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( public abattoirs1 & effici5t meat inspection w\ld d mu* t[>ds aid+ 9 elim9at+ tub]cul\s cattle f h]ds2 because x w\ld no long] be f\nd remun]ative to keep tub]cul\s c[s until !y become s]i\sly diseas$4 ,! dang] f infect$ milk is probably v great4 ,?is has be5 repeat$ly prov$ exp]im5tally = bov9e tub]culosis by exp]im5t+ on calves & pigs4 ,a c[ may suff] f tub]culosis ( its udd]1 & yet g on freely secret+ milk4 ,! milk f su* an udd] readily produces tub]culosis 9 calves or pigs dr9k+ x2 b if ano!r animal be f$ dur+ ! same p]iod ) boil$ milk obta9$ f ! same udd]1 x rema9s well4 ,! pres5ce ( tub]culosis 9 cattle c be det]m9$ ) almo/ complete c]ta9ty by ! tub]cul9 te/4 ,a glyc]9e extract ( pure cultivations ( tub]cle bacilli 7filt]$ s z to be free f bacilli7 0 f\nd by ,ko* to conta9 sub/ances :i*1 :5 inject$ into gu9ea-pigs suff]+ f tub]culosis1 produc$ a febrile reaction1 & appe>$ likely to cure ! disease4 ,s f> z man & l>g] animals are conc]n$ ! hope ( cure by ?is means has n be5 realis$2 b z a means ( diagnosis1 i4e4 detection ( tub]culosis1 injection ( a small quantity ( tub]cul9 "u ! sk91 has be5 f\nd mo/ valuable4 ,if ! c[ ?us inject$ is suff]+ f ! slighte/ tub]culosis1 x becomes fev]i% = a few days2 if x is heal?y no 8febrile reaction0 occurs4 ,by us+ ?is te/ tub]cul\s cattle c be detect$1 !y c !n be kept 9 sep>ate %$s1 ! =m] %$s cleans$ & dis9fect$2 ! milk ( ^! cattle kept sep>ate f t ( ! re/ ( ! h]d1 & boil$ be=e be+ drunk1 or ! infect$ cattle s5t to ! but*]4 ,if ! disease is /rictly localis$ ! c>cases c be utilis$ = food1 aft] c>eful de/ruction ( all diseas$ portions4 ,if ^! means 7 g5]ally adopt$1 tub]culosis might gradually be elim9at$ f ! cattle ( ! entire c\ntry1 & a s]i\s s\rce ( loss to f>m]s1 z well z ( dang] to *ildr5 dr9k+ ! infect$ milk1 remov$4 ,! pres5ce ( tub]cle bacilli 9 c['s milk is detect$ by microscopic exam9ation & by injection ( small quantities ( ! suspect$ milk into gu9ea-pigs4 ,! proportion ( infect$ samples f\nd :5 exam9ations ( milk supplies h be5 made 9 diff]5t t[ns has v>i$ f #aj to ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,x is probable t tub]culosis is convey$ by c['s milk only :5 ! tub]cul\s disease affects ! udd]4 ,b inasmu* z ! udd] ( a tub]cul\s animal may become tub]cul\s v rapidly & )\t be+ detect$ = a consid]able "t1 x is evid5t t no tub]cul\s animal ( any k9d %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 any c[%$ :]e mil* c[s are kept4 ,rec5tly 7,july1 #aija7 ,ko* has ?r[n d\bt on ! id5tity ( bov9e & human tub]culosis1 :i* 0 previ\sly accept$1 because 7unlike "s o!r obs]v]s7 he has be5 unable to produce 9 #ai cattle1 on :i* he exp]im5t$1 tub]culosis by mix+ ) _! food expectoration ( consumptive p]sons1 or inoculat+ "u _! sk9s simil> mat]ial4 ,ev5 if ^! negative results %\ld subsequ5tly be confirm$1 ! conv]se proposition does n foll[1 t bov9e tub]culosis _c be communicat$ to man2 & ap>t f ?is possibility milk conta9+ ! bacilli ( bov9e tub]culosis _c be reg>d$ z :olesome4 ,! boil+ ( milk de/roys tub]cle bacilli4 ,s does a temp]ature consid]ably bel[ #bab ,f4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 :]e butt] & *eese are manufactur$ on a l>ge scale1 & ! raw milk is collect$ 9 c5tral dairies1 a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahih1 oblig+ e proprietor ( a dairy to heat all skimm$ milk1 or butt] milk1 to a temp]ature ( #he ,c4 7#ahe ,f47 be=e return+ x to ! f>ms4 ,pa/eurization1 i4e4 ! heat+ ( milk 9 a special app>atus to a temp]ature ( #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f471 & keep+ x at ?is temp]ature = #cj m9utes kills tub]cle bacilli4 ,if x is rapidly cool$1 ! nutritive value & ta/e ( ! milk are n spoilt4 ,x is saf]1 h[ev]1 to g beyond ?is po9t1 & ! use ( an app>atus l ! ,aylm] or ,s5t9el ,/]iliz] c be recomm5d$4 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts h made x d\btful :e!r tub]cle bacilli 9 milk are always kill$ 9 milk at a temp]ature ( #gj ,c41 ! pellicle =m$ on milk :5 x is heat$ appe>+ to %ield ! bacilli f ! effect ( ! heat4 ,h5ce x is desirable t 8no /]iliz] %\ld be look$ ^u z ?or\ghly effici5t = ! purpose 9 :i* a temp]ature ( at lea/ #he ,c4 7#ahe ,f47 is n atta9$40 ,! foll[+ te/ may be us$ to det]m9e :e!r milk has be5 effici5tly pa/euriz$3-- ,natural milk conta9s a f]m5t or enzyme1 :i* is de/roy$ at a temp]ature ( #agf ,f4 ,?is enzyme splits up hydrog5 p]oxide 7,h,o7 into wat] & oxyg51 b ?is effect is n produc$ 9 milk heat$ above #agf ,f4 ,take "o drop ( a dilute aque\s solution ( hydrog5 p]oxide1 add x to "o teaspoonful ( ! milk4 ,next add two drops ( a wat]y solution ( p>aph5yldiam9e4 ,a d>k indigo col\r is produc$ ) uncook$ milk1 no *ange ( col\r if ! milk has be5 pa/euriz$4 ,! same te/ c be us$ = det]m9+ :e!r butt] has be5 made ) pa/euriz$ milk4 ,infection is n ! sole det]m9+ cause ( tub]culosis4 ,c]ta9 conditions ( environm5t may det]m9e :e!r ! infection w succe$ 9 8tak+ root0 or n4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are important3 ,! nutrition ( ! individual if defective fav\rs infection4 ,probably "o *ief reason :y consumption has decl9$ ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 9 ! la/ #ej ye>s is ! bett]1 m v>i$ & m abundant food ( ! population4 ,improv$ h\s+ ( ! population has greatly help$ 9 ! same direction4 ,tub]cul> diseases increase ) d5sity ( population1 & are mo/ preval5t 9 ov]cr[d$ t5em5ts4 ,probably ov]cr[d+ *iefly acts by fav\r+ direct infection1 b x mu/ also l[] ! heal? & p[] ( resi/ance ( ! individual aga9/ infection4 ,! dry+ ( ! subsoil has be5 reg>d$ z a *ief cause ( ! r$uction ( consumption 7page #bbf74 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! wet soil m]ely pr$ispos$ to consumption1 because x 0 commonly associat$ ) cold & wet h\ses1 :i* w\ld fav\r cat>rhs1 & op5 ! way = ! infection ( consumption4 ,! dryness ( ! h\se is a mo/ important matt]4 ,if a damp soil means also a damp h\se x mu/ fav\r consumption & o!r *e/ affections4 ,damp air1 l wat]1 rapidly ab/racts heat f ! body4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! discom=t ( sitt+ clad 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #fe ,f4 ) ! com=t ( sitt+ clad 9 a dry room at ! same temp]ature6 ,! dome/ic f[l is naturally immune to an?rax2 b by be+ kept = a few h\rs ) its feet 9 cold wat]1 x c be r5d]$ susceptible to inoculation ) ?is disease4 ,! effects ( brea?+ f\l air are cle>ly %ewn by ! v>y+ dea?-rate f ph?isis 9 diff]5t occupations4 ,?us1 if ! comp>ative mortality figures ( agriculturi/s be repres5t$ z #ajj1 t ( a comm]cial cl]k #agf1 ( a drap] #bjj1 ( a tailor #baa1 ( a pr9t] #bdd1 ( a bookb9d] #bdf4 ,! effects ( brea?+ du/-lad5 air are ev5 m m>k$4 ,?us1 if ! comp>ative mortality figures f ph?isis ( agriculturi/s #ajj1 t ( a coal-m9] #aff1 ( a mason #bae1 ( a *imney-sweep #bdi1 ( a file-mak] #cgc1 ( a cutl] #djg1 ( a pott] #dec4 ,! la/ figure probably also %[s ! influ5ce ( alcoholism1 :i* greatly fav\rs tub]culosis4 ,means = ,prev5t+ ,tub]culosis4--,! means = prev5t+ tub]culosis f infect$ milk & meat h be5 already indicat$4 ,!y comprise-- 7a7 ,means ( eradicat+ tub]culosis f cattle2 7b7 ,means ( prev5t+ h>m f tub]cle bacilli 9 milk or meat2 ,"u ! fir/ head improv$ conditions ( h\s+ ( cattle1 great] air-space1 improv$ v5tilation1 a l>g] proportion ( out-door life are important4 ,! use ( ! tub]cul9 te/1 ! sep>ation ( heal?y f diseas$ cattle2 ! dis9fection ( %$s occupi$ by infect$ cattle are also ess5tial4 ,"u ! second head come effici5t /]ilization ( suspect$ food 7see p4 #ac71 & ! rejection ( diseas$ meat4 7,see p4 #bd74 ,! mo/ important measure aga9/ tub]culosis is ! prev5tion ( infection f pati5ts ) consumption4 ,"u ?is head are compris$ ! foll[+ /eps3-- ,a4 ,means ( asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( ! disease-- #a4 ,bact]iological diagnosis4 #b4 ,notification ( cases1 volunt>y or compulsory4 ,b4 ,direct prev5tive measures-- #a4 ,law aga9/ expectoration 9 places ( public resort4 #b4 ,dis9fection & cleanl9ess4 #c4 ,isolation4 #d4 ,g5]al sanit>y improvem5t4 ,c4 ,education ( ! public & ( pati5ts z to ! importance ( ! prec$+ measures4 ,! gratuit\s exam9ation ( suspect$ sputum is n[ be+ und]tak5 9 c]ta9 t[ns4 ,! e>li] ! infecti\s condition ( expectoration is detect$1 ! soon] c ! necess>y precautions be tak54 ,! notification to ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? ( all cases ( consumption ,i h repeat$ly advocat$4 ,?is is already c>ri$ out = ! *ief acute infecti\s diseases1 & al?\gh ! difficulties ( act+ on ! in=mation receiv$ 9 reg>d to a *ronic disease l consumption are consid]able1 !y c be ov]come ) tact & discretion4 ,volunt>y notification is already practis$ 9 ,brighton1 ,man*e/]1 & a few o!r t[ns4 ,notification gives increas$ & m exact opportunities ( prev5t+ ph?isis by--#a4 ,enabl+ dis9fection & cleans+ ( affect$ rooms to be effect$2 #b4 ,enabl+ in/ructions to be giv5 to ! pati5t & 8 relatives z to ! exact precautions requir$2 & by #c4 ,facilitat+ ! removal ( ! insanit>y conditions ( home & "w :i* may h caus$ ! case or fav\r$ its unt[>d progress4 ,! foll[+ s*eme ( measures ( dis9fection 0 prep>$ by ,drs4 ,niv5 & ,newman & myself = ! ,national ,association = ! ,prev5tion ( ,consumption1 & is issu$ by !m 9 pamphlet =m3-- ,9 prev5t+ a consumptive p]son f spread+ ! disease1 two sets ( prev5tive measures are requir$3--#a/1 ,! removal or de/ruction ( ! infective matt] already dissem9at$ by ! pati5t's dis*>ges1 especially by 8 phlegm2 &1 #bnd1 ! prev5tion ( future dissem9ation4 ,= ! latt] purpose ! ma9 object is n to p]mit any dis*>ge to become dry be=e be+ de/roy$4 ,be=e ! consumptive p]son has le>n$ ! p]sonal precautions :i* mu/ be tak51 & up to ! "t :5 he has be5 tra9$ to c>ry !m out c>efully1 he has probably di/ribut$ a consid]able am\nt ( infective matt]4 ,?is is especially liable to accumulate 9 a dang]\s =m at home1 :]e ! space is small1 & light & v5tilation are defective4 ,infective p>ticles w be f\nd 9 great] abundance on & ne> ! floors1 on l$ges1 & 9 room-hang+s4 ,b ! p]sonal clo?+ & b$clo!s w also h become infect$4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to dis9fect ! floor1 walls1 & ceil+ ( ! rooms occupi$ by ! pati5t1 z well z ! furniture1 c>pet1 b$clo!s1 c4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 if ! p]sonal precautions advis$ are c>ri$ out by ! consumptive1 fur!r dis9fection %\ld n be ne$$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to make sure t p]sonal precautions are fully c>ri$ out1 & rooms %\ld !re=e be subsequ5tly clean$ at lea/ once 9 six mon?s1 ! floors be+ scrubb$ ) s(t soap1 ! furniture wa%$1 ! walls clean$ d[n ) d\gh1 & ! ceil+ :itewa%$4 ,conf9$ work%ops 9 :i* a consumptive has work$ = "s "t %\ld be cleans$1 & a notice 9 ref]5ce to spitt+ %\ld be susp5d$ 9 all work%ops4 ,! latt] precaution %\ld also be obs]v$ 9 all public-h\ses & common lodg+ h\ses1 bo? ( :i* require special att5tion to cleans+4 ,dis9fection ( rooms :i* h be5 occupi$ by consumptive pati5ts may be secur$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! foll[+ are ! practical rules :i* mu/ und]lie any me?ods adopt$3-- #a4 ,gase\s ,dis9fection ( ,rooms1 or 8,fumigation10 z x is t]m$1 by :atev] me?od x is practis$1 is ineffici5t 9 su* cases4 #b4 ,9 ord] to remove & de/roy ! dri$ infective dis*>ges1 ! ,dis9fectant mu/ be appli$ directly to ! infect$ surfaces ( ! room4 #c4 ,! ,dis9fectant may be appli$ by wa%+1 bru%+1 or spray+4 #d4 ,among/ o!r *emical solutions us$ = ?is purpose a solution ( ,*loride ( ,lime 7#a to #b p] c5t47 has prov$ satisfactory & effici5t4 #e4 ,9 view ( ! well-e/abli%$ fact t x is ! du/ f dri$ dis*>ges :i* is *iefly infective1 emphasis mu/ be laid ^u ! importance ( ?or\gh & wet cleans+ ( infect$ rooms4 #f4 ,b$d+1 c>pets1 curta9s1 we>+ app>el1 & all simil> articles belong+ to or us$ by ! pati5t1 :i* _c be ?or\ghly wa%$1 %\ld be dis9fect$ 9 an effici5t /eam dis9fector4 #g4 ,aft] all necess>y measures ( ,dis9fection h be5 c>ri$ out1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple gov]n+ ! subsequ5t control ( a case ( consumption is t all dis*>ges1 ( :atev] k9d 7especially expectoration f ! lungs71 %\ld "u no circum/ances be all[$ to become dry4 _/ ,besides measures ( dis9fection & cleanl9ess1 ! pati5t mu/ be plac$ "u ! be/ conditions = ov]com+ ! disease4 ,! same measures t5d to prev5t infection4 ,?us abundant food1 an op5-air life1 sleep+ ) b$room w9d[s widely op51 avoidance ( du/1 abundance ( sun%9e1 are all important4 ,! importance ( sunlight 9 ! prev5tion ( consumption c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,ko* f\nd t tub]cle bacilli 7 kill$ 9 f a few m9utes to "s h\rs1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! lay] 9 :i* !y 7 expos$ to ! sunlight4 ,he f\nd t ev5 ord9>y daylight produc$ ! same effect1 if x la/$ long en\gh2 cultures ( tub]cle bacilli dy+ 9 f five to sev5 days if expos$ at ! w9d[ 9 compact masses4 ,^! exp]im5tal facts emphasise ! importance ( abundant op5 space ab\t dwell+-h\ses 7see p4 #bjc71 ! provision ( a l>ge w9d[-area 7see pages #bjb & #baf71 ( /aircase v5tilation1 & light+1 c4 ,scr(ula means a tub]cul> affection ( ! lymphatic gl&s4 ,x occurs mo/ commonly 9 ! neck4 ,! infection is usually receiv$ f "s neighb\r+ muc\s surface1 z f ! ?roat1 be+ d]iv$ f dri$ expectoration or diseas$ milk4 ,! same indications z = ! prev5tion ( ph?isis hold good = scr(ula4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,notification ,,& ,,isolation4 ,we are confid5t f ! actual discov]y ( ! micro-organisms caus+ c]ta9 infective diseases1 t ! o!r diseases ( an analog\s nature are simil>ly caus$ by liv+ contagia4 ,on ?is supposition1 action is tak5 = ! prev5tion ( ^! diseases4 ,?is action comes "u a numb] ( diff]5t heads1 :i* may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,means = ! e>ly recognition ( ! infecti\s "* ( a disease4 ,! bact]iological aids to recognition 9 diph!ria 7page #bii71 ent]ic fev] 7page #cja71 & ph?isis 7page #caj7 h be5 already m5tion$4 ,x is important to call 9 m$ical aid :5 any suspici\s symptoms arise1 ev5 :5 ^! symptoms d n appe> to be urg5t4 ,if an infecti\s disease is n recognis$ 9 its e>ly /age1 x may be easily ov]look$1 & ! pati5t cause a s]i\s epidemic4 ,! foll[+ h9ts = tea*]s are 9 ,brighton s5t ) ea* circul> lett] z to exclud+ infect$ *ildr5 f s*ool4 ,! li/ is n exhau/ive1 b may aid 9 draw+ att5tion to suspici\s symptoms4 ,! only safe rule :5 9 d\bt is to act z ?\gh a case is infecti\s until a skill$ op9ion c be obta9$4 ,,h9ts ,,z ,,to ,,infecti\s ,,diseases4 ,z infection is sometimes spread by means ( *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool :ile suff]+ f undetect$ infecti\s diseases1 ! foll[+ h9ts may be useful to ! tea*]3-- #a4 ,any s*ol> hav+ a sore ?roat %\ld be s5t home & reg>d$ z infecti\s until ! ?roat has be5 exam9$ by a doctor4 ,if a s*ol> has enl>g$ gl&s 9 ! neck1 & especially if he or %e is v pallid1 ! suspicion ( possible diph!ria %\ld be ent]ta9$4 ,_m slight cases ( diph!ria escape detection4 #b4 ,any s*ol> suff]+ f a sev]e cold1 ) sneez+1 r$ness ( ! eyes & runn+ at ! nose1 %\ld be s5t home4 ,x may mean an influ5za cold or ! comm5cem5t ( measles1 & bo? are infecti\s4 ,?is recomm5dation is p>ticul>ly important :5 measles is kn[n to be preval5t4 #c4 ,a *ild ) a viol5t c\gh1 especially if x is sev]e en\gh to cause vomit+ or nose-ble$+1 %\ld be suspect$ ( :oop+-c\gh1 & s5t home1 ev5 if ! *>act]i/ic 8:oop0 is n he>d4 #d4 ,slight cases ( sc>let fev] sometimes escape notice1 & ! pati5ts are s5t to s*ool ) ! sk9 on ! h&s1 etc41 freely 8peel+40 #e4 ,9 any ( ! above in/ances1 or any o!r case ( suspicion1 ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 on receiv+ a confid5tial intimation1 w be glad to make an inve/igation4 ,,symptoms ,,( ,,onset ,,( ,,sc>let ,,fev]4 ,sudd5 onset4 ,usually vomit+4 ,always heada*e4 ,fev]i%1 ) dry1 hot sk94 ,sore ?roat4 ,r$ ra% on *e/ 9 a few h\rs4 ,,measles4 ,sev]e 8cold 9 ! head0 = #gb h\rs be=e ! blot*y ra% appe>s4 ,measles is extremely infecti\s 9 ?is prelim9>y /age4 ,consid] e sev]e influ5za cold z possibly measles4 ,,diph!ria may be v indi/9ct4 ,languor & sore ?roat4 ,gl&s "u & beh9d jaw are enl>g$4 ,pati5t v pallid4 ,:ite or yell[ pat*es se5 on exam9+ inside ?roat4 ,:5ev] d\btful1 s5d ! s*ol> home4 ,,:oop+ ,,c\gh4 ,9 a *ild "u sev51 a sev]e c\gh %\ld always be reg>d$ z possibly :oop+-c\gh1 al?\gh no 8:oop0 has yet be5 he>d4 #b4 ,! notification ( all cases ( infecti\s diseases to ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 is cle>ly a means to an end1 t ( secur+ t ! prev5tive measures to be next nam$ are effectively c>ri$ out4 #c4 ,means = ! production ( an artificial immunity4 ,?is is only practicable at pres5t = two diseases ( ?is c\ntry1 small-pox by means ( vacc9ation 7page #bic71 & a tempor>y immunity aga9/ diph!ria by a dose ( antitoxic s]um 7page #bii74 ,ap>t f ^! means1 any measures = improv+ ! heal? ( a *ild t5d 9 ! same direction4 ,enl>g$ tonsils1 8ad5oids0 at ! back ( ! nose 7caus+ ! *ild to snore at night & to brea! ?r\gh 8 m\?71 dis*>ges f no/rils or e>1 & simil> conditions %\ld receive e>ly m$ical att5tion4 #d4 ,isolation3 prev5t+ ! conveyance ( ! contagium f ! sick to ! heal?y4 #e4 ,dis9fection1 i4e4 de/ruction ( ! contagium ( ! disease4 ,! ,infecti\s ,disease 7,notification7 ,act1 #ahhi1 & ! correspond+ ,london ,act ( #ahia1 impose a dual duty ( notification 7a7 on e m$ical practition] att5d+ on or call$ 9 to visit an infecti\s pati5t1 z soon z he becomes aw>e ( its nature2 & 7b7 on ! head ( ! family to :i* ! pati5t belongs or ! ne>e/ relative4 ,! intimation mu/ be s5t by ea* ( ^! to ! local m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 ! practition] be+ paid a small fee = 8 tr\ble4 ,usually notification by ! h\sehold] is only en=c$ :5 no doctor is 9 att5dance4 ,! diseases to :i* ?is ,act applies are small-pox1 *ol]a1 diph!ria1 membran\s cr\p#aa1 sc>let fev]1 erysipelas1 & ! fev]s kn[n by any ( ! foll[+ names3 typhus1 typhoid1 ent]ic1 relaps+1 cont9u$ or pu]p]al4 ,! li/ ( notifiable diseases may be ext5d$ by resolution ( ! ,local ,au?ority4 ,! en=cem5t ( notification is mo/ important = ! public heal?4 7a7 ,x enables ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? to take imm$iate /eps to prev5t ! spread ( infection1 by en=c+ prop] isolation ( ! pati5t1 effici5t dis9fection1 & by prev5t+ ! att5dance ( *ildr5 f infect$ h\ses1 at s*ool1 etc4 7b7 ,x enables ! l9ks ( evid5ce connect+ a s]ies ( cases to be id5tifi$1 e4g4 cases due to a common milk supply1 or att5dance at a p>ticul> s*ool4 7c7 ,x has a valuable educational effect on all conc]n$ 9 ! cases4 ,,isolation4 ,bo? ! pati5t & 8 att5dant ne$ to be isolat$ 9 diseases l sc>let fev]1 diph!ria & small-pox4 ,! rule is less absolute 9 ent]ic fev]4 ,9 ! foll[+ description ! /&>d ( requirem5ts tak5 is t ( ! mo/ dang]\s infecti\s disease1 small-pox4 ,! fir/ po9t to decide is :e!r ! pati5t may be safely isolat$ at home4 ,= small-pox ?is ought nev] to be all[$ 9 a t[n4 ,= o!r diseases1 ?is may be p]mitt$1 if ! foll[+ conditions c be fulfill$4 ,= ,isolation at ,home a c\ple ( rooms are requir$1 pref]ably on a high] floor or 9 a deta*$ w+ ( ! h\se4 ,! w4c4 us$ = ! dejecta ( ! pati5t mu/ n be us$ by any o!r memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,all l951 t[els1 h&k]*iefs1 etc41 %\ld be imm]s$ 9 actually boil+ wat] conta9+ "s wa%+ soda1 be=e leav+ ! sick-room4 ,o!r articles to be wa%$1 if !y w be det]iorat$ by soak+ 9 boil+ wat] or a *emical dis9fectant1 mu/ be tightly wrapp$ 9 bundles1 & cov]$ ) a clean wet %eet saturat$ ) a /rong dis9fectant solution 7page #cca74 ,solid & liquid excreta1 expectoration & o!r dis*>ges mu/ be treat$ z describ$ on page #cca4 ,! nurse %\ld n eat h] meals 9 ! pati5t's room4 ,%e %\ld we> a cotton dress to be *ang$ be=e go+ out = a walk4 ,h] h&s mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ & bru%$ aft] h&l+ or help+ ! pati5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ent]ic fev]4 ,x is advantage\s if ! nurse has previ\sly _h ! pati5t's compla9t4 ,att5tion on ! "p ( ! nurse to m9ute detail is ess5tial1 especially 9 view ( ! possibility ( receiv+ infection f infect$ articles z well z directly f ! pati5t4 ,! measures requir$ = ! subsequ5t dis9fection ( ! sick-rooms & ( clo?+1 b$d+1 books1 etc41 are giv5 on page #ccb4 ,! use ( hospital isolation has rapidly increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 ?us releas+ private families f a s]i\s burd54 ,! numb] ( b$s :i* a ,local ,au?ority %\ld supply = _! di/rict is usually /at$ z "o = e #a1jjj inhabitants1 b 9 poor] di/ricts ?is does n suffice4 ,! site ( ! hospital %\ld be well remov$ f h\ses4 ,!re mu/ be a m9imum zone ( #dj feet betwe5 all infect$ build+s & ! b\nd>y walls1 & ! same di/ance betwe5 neighb\r+ build+s4 ,a wall at lea/ #f ft4 #f 94 high %\ld enclose ! hospital site4 ,! hospital is divid$ into sep>ate deta*$ pavilions = ! treatm5t ( diff]5t infecti\s diseases4 ,a floor space ( #aef squ>e feet %\ld be all[$ = ea* b$4 ,! height ( ! w>d %\ld be ab\t #ac feet1 its wid? f #bd to #bf feet1 & ! total cubic space = ea* pati5t %\ld be #b1jjj cubic feet = sc>let fev]1 #b1ejj = diph!ria4 ,! lavatories & wat]-closets are sep>at$ f ! ma9 w>d by a cross-v5tilat$ lobby4 ,9 an isolation hospital e surface %\ld be wa%able2 all corn]s %\ld be r\nd$ (f1 & all projections on :i* du/ c lodge avoid$4 ,! proportion ( w9d[ space %\ld be ab\t #a squ>e foot to e #gj cubic feet4 ,special isolation pavilions are requir$ = cases ( d\btful diagnosis4 ,! v5tilation & w>m+ ( w>ds mu/ be c>efully regulat$4 ,cross-v5tilation by w9d[s op5 on opposite sides ( ! w>d c be ma9ta9$ 9 ne>ly all wea!rs4 ,! temp]ature ( ! w>d %\ld be ma9ta9$ at #ee-fj ,f4 ,ambulances are usually provid$ by ! ,local ,au?ority = ! removal ( infecti\s pati5ts4 ,! ambulance %\ld be cleans$ & dis9fect$ aft] ea* j\rney4 ,! use ( private conveyances = infecti\s pati5ts is =bidd51 except "u special limitations4 ,! hospital isolation ( small-pox is beset ) special difficulties4 ,!re is a consid]able body ( evid5ce indicat+ t small-pox may be a]ially c>ri$ f pati5ts 9 hospitals to p liv+ )9 a zone ( half a mile1 or possibly fur!r4 ,)\t accept+ ! view t a]ial dissem9ation ( small-pox to consid]able di/ances f ! pati5t frequ5tly occurs1 x /ill rema9s true t1 ei!r by ?is means or by errors 9 ! adm9i/ration ( small-pox hospitals1 !y d frequ5tly con/itute a s\rce ( dang] to p]sons liv+ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d recomm5d$ t a ,local ,au?ority %\ld n contemplate ! erection ( a small-pox hospital4 7a7 ,on any site :]e x w\ld h )9 a qu>t] ( a mile ( x z a c5tre ei!r a hospital1 :e!r = infecti\s diseases or n1 or a workh\se1 or any simil> e/abli%m5t1 or a population ( #aej-bjj p]sons2 7b7 on any site :]e x w\ld h )9 half a mile ( x z a c5tre a population ( #ejj-fjj p]sons1 :e!r 9 "o or m in/itutions or 9 dwell+-h\ses4 ,,qu>ant9e4 ,?is t]m has be5 *iefly employ$ to d5ote ! limitation ( ! movem5ts ( vessels com+ f infect$ ports1 = a t]m :i*1 z ! "n indicates1 0 =m]ly =ty days1 b is n[ %ort]4 ,x may be conv5i5tly employ$1 h[ev]1 to signify ! re/riction ( ! movem5ts ( all p]sons :o h be5 app>5tly expos$ to infection1 or :o cont9ue to live 9 infect$ dwell+s4 ,9 ?is s5se we may speak (3 #a4 ,dome/ic ,qu>ant9e4 #b4 ,s*ola/ic ,qu>ant9e4 #c4 ,national & ,int]national ,qu>ant9e4 ,dome/ic ,qu>ant9e1 to a v>y+ ext5t1 is desirable = ! memb]s ( a family ( :i* "o memb] has be5 attack$ by an infecti\s disease4 ,= small-pox e memb] ( a h\sehold %\ld be kept "u /rict wat* until sixte5 days h elaps$ s9ce ! la/ contact ) ! case ( small-pox1 or until successful vacc9ation has be5 secur$4 ,= ent]ic fev] ?is /rict wat* w\ld be unnecess>y1 b ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! h\sehold %\ld be w>n$ to call 9 a doctor on ! fir/ symptom ( malaise4 ,qu>ant9e is specially indicat$ = c]ta9 occupations4 ,?us if ! *ild ( an out-door lab\r] _h be5 remov$ to a hospital ) sc>let fev]1 x w\ld be unnecess>y to keep ! latt] away f "w dur+ ! foll[+ week4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he 7 a milk-c>ri]1 or a tailor1 or an assi/ant 9 a sweet-/uff %op ?is w\ld be a desirable measure4 ,! ,qu>ant9e ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 is m necess>y ?an t ( adults1 because ! =m] are m susceptible to infection4 ,*ildr5 are kept f s*ool3 7a7 ,because ! infecti\s pati5t /ill rema9s 9 ! h\se4 ,9 ?is case ! heal?y *ildr5 mu/ be kept f s*ool until ! pati5t has ceas$ to be infecti\s & dis9fection has be5 ?or\ghly c>ri$ out2 & = a fur!r p]iod long] ?an ! longe/ kn[n p]iod ( incubation ( ! disease 9 "q 7page #bhg71 a m>g9 be+ left = cont+5cies4 ,x w\ld probably be #h plus #b weeks = sc>let fev]4 7b7 ,*ildr5 are kept f s*ool = a p]iod exce$+ ! longe/ p]iod ( incubation :5 ! pati5t has be5 remov$ to hospital4 ,! table on page #cbb1 modifi$ f ! ,au?or's ,s*ool ,hygi5e1 is introduc$ z furni%+ a conv5i5t summ>y ( ! subject4 ,objection is sometimes tak5 to ! exclusion ( *ildr5 "u ! above circum/ances f s*ool1 on ! gr\nd t !y cont9ue to mix ) o!rs 9 ! /reet or 9 neighb\r+ h\ses4 ,cle>ly1 h[ev]1 9 a s*ool-room1 a suspect$ *ild may communicate infection to *ildr5 com+ f widely scatt]$ /reets1 :ile out-(-doors ! dang] is comp>atively slight1 & among neighb\rs ! dang] is v limit$ 9 area4 ,x is assum$ 9 ! foll[+ table t all infect$ articles h be5 dis9fect$ be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! p]iod ( qu>ant9e4 ,,duration ,,( ,,date ,,at ,,:i* ,,qu>ant9e ,,s*ool ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,duration ,,( ,,att5dance ,,may ,,expos$ ,,to ,,disease4 ,,infection4 ,,be ,,resum$4 ,,infection4 ,sc>let ,f #e to #h weeks2 ,n less ?an #h weeks#ad days4 fev] ceases :5 all f ! beg9n+ peel+ ( ! sk9 ( ! ra%1 & has be5 complet$1 !n only if no sore & :5 ! *ild ?roat or sore is free f places4 dis*>ge f ! nose or e> or sore places4 ,diph!ria ,at lea/ #ba days2 ,n less ?an #b #ab days4 (t5 mu* long]4 mon?s1 & n ,abs5ce ( infection !n if /r5g? n %\ld be confirm$ recov]$1 or if any by bact]iological sore ?roat or any te/s4 dis*>ge f nose1 eyes1 e>s1 etc4 ,small-pox ,ab\t #d to #e weeks ,:5 e scab has #ah days4 & ,*ick5 fall5 (f4 pox ,measles ,f #c to #d weeks2 ,n less ?an #d weeks#ba days4 :5 all c\gh & f beg9n+ ( branny %$d+ ( ra%4 sk9 has ceas$4 ,r!ln #b to #c weeks ,f #c to #d weeks #ba days4 7,g]man f beg9n+ ( measles7 ra%4 ,mumps ,ab\t #ba days f #d weeks f ! #bd days4 ! beg9n+4 beg9n+4 ,:oop+ #f weeks f ! ,9 ab\t #h weeks #ba days4 c\gh beg9n+ ( :oop+1 or :5 ! c\gh has q ceas$4 ,typhus & #d to #e weeks ,:5 /r5g? #bh days4 ent]ic suffici5t4 fev]s ,influ5za #b to #c weeks #a mon? #aj days4 ,s*ool ,closure is occasionally requir$ to prev5t ! fur!r spread ( an infecti\s disease4 ,?is c be en=c$ on ! ord] ( any two memb]s ( ! ,local ,sanit>y ,au?ority act+ on ! advice ( ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?4 ,?is ought to be only occasionally necess>y if notification ( infecti\s diseases is /rictly en=c$1 & if suspici\s individual *ildr5 are exclud$ f att5dance at s*ool4 ,9 diph!ria s*ool closure may occasionally be r5d]$ unnecess>y by sy/ematic bact]iological exam9ation ( ! ?roats ( *ildr5 :o _h be5 expos$ to infection 7see page #bii74 ,s*ool closure is m useful = c\ntry ?an = t[n s*ools1 z 9 ! =m] ! homes ( *ildr5 are m remote f ea* o!r1 b x is occasionally necess>y = bo?4 ,= measles s*ool closure is specially indicat$ 9 ,infants' ,s*ools4 ,we h already se5 t ?is disease is *iefly fatal :5 caught at a t5d] age 7page #big74 ,! e>ly closure ( ,infants' ,s*ools1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,babies' ,class is !re=e indicat$4 ,x is un=tunate t ! att5dance at s*ool ( *ildr5 "u six ye>s ( age is enc\rag$4 ,su* *ildr5 h m sev]e & m frequ5tly fatal attacks ( diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 measles1 & :oop+-c\gh2 & ^! are frequ5tly acquir$ at s*ool4 ,int]national ,qu>ant9e 0 orig9ally en=c$ aga9/ plague2 b 9 _m c\ntries has be5 ext5d$ to o!r diseases1 z *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 typhus fev]1 small-pox & leprosy4 ,9 ,engl& *ol]a is ! only disease 9 connection ) :i* x has be5 9 ! pa/ en=c$4 ,x has n[ be5 entirely ab&on$4 ,x consi/s 9 ! compulsory isolation at ! port ( entry ( all p]sons :o h come f an infect$ di/rict1 or h be5 9 contact ) a case ( ! infecti\s disease aga9/ :i* qu>ant9e is en=c$1 = a l5g? ( "t :i* w enable x to be det]m9$ :e!r ! p]sons deta9$ are or are n incubat+ ! disease4 ,if ?is measure c\ld be /rictly en=c$1 & if infecti\s diseases 7 convey$ only by infecti\s p]sons1 qu>ant9e w\ld und\bt$ly be effective4 ,b 9 practice qu>ant9e _c be en=c$ 9 ,europe2 & z x _c be effici5tly en=c$ x =ms an ineffective & irrational d]angem5t ( comm]ce4 ,?us if plague prevail$ 9 ,france x w\ld be impracticable to deta9 = t5 or twelve days e p]son ent]+ ,engl&4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ?is in/ance1 infection is br\ght by rats z well z p]sons2 & measures effective = ! latt] d n prev5t ! =m] f import+ infection4 ,because ( its impracticability & ( ! disorganization ( comm]ce :i* w\ld be associat$ ) any attempt to en=ce x1 ,engl& has ab&on$ qu>ant9e & o!r c\ntries are gradually foll[+ its example4 ,engl& bases its action on ! gr\nd t 7a7 sanitation is ! true *ief means ( def5ce1 especially aga9/ *ol]a4 ,x does n tru/ to ?is alone b to ?is along ) 7b7 m$ical inspection at ! ports1 7c7 & subsequ5t m$ical sup]vision ( p]sons l&$ f suspect$ vessels4 ,by ^! means a wat* c be kept ov] p]sons :o h be5 9 contact ) infection4 ,regulations are issu$ at int]vals by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d requir+ ! dis9fection by /eam ( all rags & simil> mat]ials import$ f t[ns 9 :i* small-pox1 *ol]a1 etc41 are preval5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,dis9fection4 ,by dis9fection is meant ! de/ruction ( ! active cause ( ea* infecti\s disease4 ,a dis9fectant is !re=e synonym\s ) a g]micide4 ,dis9fectants mu/ be di/+ui%$ f deodorants or deodoris]s1 su* z *>coal1 & f antiseptics1 :i* are antagoni/ic to ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 )\t necess>ily kill+ !m1 e4g4 common salt4 ,dis9fection may be effect$ by *emical or physical means4 ,,*emical ,,dis9fectants4 ,a *emical dis9fectant %\ld fulfil ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,x mu/ be an effici5t g]micide4 #b4 ,its g]micidal p[] %\ld n be de/roy$ by ! fcal or o!r pollut+ matt]1 ) :i* ! bact]ia ( infection are associat$4 #c4 ,= _m purposes1 x mu/ n be de/ructive to or liable to /a9 ! sk91 or fabrics1 or o!r articles to :i* x is appli$4 #d4 ,x %\ld pref]ably n be a virul5t poison2 & %\ld be mod]ately *eap4 ,! se>* = a completely non-poison\s dis9fectant is a *im]a4 ,!re are ?ree great classes ( *emical dis9fectants4 #a4 ,oxidis+ ag5ts1 z ! halog5s 7*lor9e1 etc47 & p]manganates4 #b4 ,deoxidis+ ag5ts1 z sulphur\s acid 7,,s7 & =mic aldehyde 7,,*,o74 #c4 ,o!r dis9fectants1 :i* act by coagulat+ protoplasm or o!rwise1 z c>bolic acid1 corrosive sublimate4 ,! numb] ( dis9fectants is legion4 ,only ! *ief ones c be m5tion$ & _! *ief prop]ties describ$4 ,x is a good rule to es*ew ! use ( all dis9fectants ( :i* ! exact composition is n giv52 & all dis9fectants :i* are describ$ by 8fancy0 names1 :i* are n descriptive ( _! composition4 ,a4 ,,oxidis+ ,,ag5ts4 ,*lor9e has be5 mo/ commonly us$ z *loride ( lime 7,ca,cl1 ,ca7,cl,o774 ,?is is some:at un/able 9 composition4 ,a solution ( sodium hypo*lorite conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( available *loride is pref]able4 ,*loride ( lime = spr9kl+ on decompos+ matt] %\ld conta9 at lea/ #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( available *lor9e4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & o!r (f5sive gases are decompos$ by x4 ,?us ,,% ,cl ,s #b;,h,cl4 ,its *ief action is z an oxidis+ ag5t4 ,?us ,h,o ,cl #b;,h,cl ,o4 ,a l>ge excess mu/ be us$ 9 dis9fect+1 o!rwise ! *lor9e may simply oxidise fcal or o!r organic matt]1 & n effectually de/roy contagia4 ,me?ods ( ,use--7a7 ,z a gas1 by ! action ( hydro*loric acid on /rong *loride ( lime4 ,! molecul> d5sity ( *lor9e is #cee1 ( =mic aldehyde #ae1 ( sulphur\s acid #cb2 & ! rate ( diffusion ( gases be+ inv]sely to ! squ>e-root ( _! d5sities1 cle>ly *lor9e does n comp>e fav\rably z a gas ) =mic aldehyde4 ,! blea*+ effect ( *lor9e on col\r$ articles ( app>el is a disadvantage4 7b7 ,z a liquid3 us$ ?us *lor9e is v effici5t1 appli$ ei!r z a spray or bru%$ on walls & o!r surfaces4 ,delp9e f\nd t a solution ( "o "p ( *loride ( lime 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat] appli$ to wall pap] impregnat$ ) tub]cul> matt]1 dis9fect$ x 9 a few h\rs1 or 9 a few m9utes if ! lay] ( infect$ matt] 0 n ?ick4 ,brom9e1 ,iod9e1 & ,eu*lor9e 7a mixture ( *lor9e & ,cl,o7 are effici5t dis9fectants4 ,iod9e ,tri*loride 7,i,cl7 0 f\nd by ,behr+ to %>e ) corrosive sublimate 7,hg,cl7 c>bolic acid & cresol mix$ ) acids 7see page #cbg71 ! halog5s 7,cl1 ,br1 & ,i71 & *loride ( lime a sup]iority ov] o!r dis9fectants 9 _! p[] ( kill+ an?rax spores 9 a %ort "t4 ,p]manganates h be5 l>gely us$ z dis9fectants1 b _! value is small4 ,impure sodium manganate 7,na,mn,o7 ) mu* common salt 7,na,cl7 conta9+ "s p]manganate is kn[n z 8,condy's ,gre5 ,fluid40 8,condy's ,r$ ,fluid0 consi/s ( p]manganate & sulphate ( soda4 ,to be ( any use x mu/ be employ$ 9 #e p] c5t4 solution4 ,x /a9s fabrics br[n1 & x exhau/s its feeble dis9fect+ p[] 9 fir/ oxidis+ decompos+ organic matt]4 ,b4 ,,deoxidis+ ,,ag5ts4 ,sulphur\s ,acid 7,,s7 acts *iefly z a r$uc+ ag5t on organic matt]4 ,x is us$ *iefly z a gase\s dis9fectant1 & = ?is purpose is g5]at$ 7a7 by burn+ #a lb4 ( sulphur = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( space 9 ! room 7:i* w equal #aab p] c5t4 ( ,,s74 ,! w9d[s & *imney ( ! room are fir/ clos$2 ! sulphur is plac$ 9 a saucepan support$ ov] a bucket ( wat]1 & its ignition is aid$ by a small quantity ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,! door ( ! room is !n seal$1 & ! room left until ! next morn+4 7b7 ,c>bon disulphide may be burn$ 9 a b5zol9e lamp4 7c7 ,,s liquefi$ "u pressure is suppli$ 9 cyl9d]s available = conv5i5t use4 ,! exp]im5tal results ( ! action ( ,,s on v>i\s bact]ia are some:at discrepant4 ,x probably is fairly effici5t = "s diseases1 b n 9 tub]culosis4 ,=maldehyde or ,=mic ,aldehyde 7,,*,o7 is produc$ by ! sl[ & incomplete oxidation ( me?yl alcohol 7,,*,,oh7 "u access ( air4 ,a saturat$ solution 9 wat] conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( ! =maldehyde gas is kn[n z =mal94 ,! simple evaporation or heat+ ( =mal9 is liable to produce ! polym]ic p>a=m :i* is solid & in]t4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( p>a=m :5 =mal9 is evaporat$1 ,trillat adds to x a solution ( calcium *loride 7,ca,cl71 ! mixture be+ kn[n z =mo*loral4 ,x is /at$ t :5 ! air ( a room is *>g$ ) less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ! vap\r1 rapid & complete dis9fection ( surfaces occurs1 & t x possesses a c]ta9 am\nt ( p5etrat+ p[] into loose fabrics4 ,no damage is done to textile fabrics2 & dis9fection by ?is means possesses ! advantage ov] dis9fection by sulphur\s acid or *lor9e t ! room c be ent]$ )\t s]i\s discom=t soon aft] ! dis9fection is c>ri$ out4 ,9 solution =mal9 is und\bt$ly a p[]ful dis9fectant1 & 9 ! gase\s condition x is at lea/ equal 9 value to ,,s1 probably bett]4 ,=maldehyde is us$ z a dis9fectant4 7a7 ,by evaporat+ a #fj p] c5t4 solution ( ,,*,o 9 me?yl alcohol 7trade "n holz9e7 ov] pieces ( gl[+ coke plac$ "u an asbe/os plate 7,opp]man-,ros5b]g app>atus74 7b7 ,by sublim+ tabloids ( p>a=m by ! heat ( a lamp4 ,a me?ylat$ _s lamp is employ$1 & ! moi/ure f ! combu/ion 9 ?is causes ! trans=mation ( a consid]able proportion ( p>a=m into ,,*,o vap\r4 ,x is d\btful if ! quantity ( ! latt] evolv$ is suffici5t = effici5cy4 7c7 ,9 ,trillat's app>atus =mal9 7i4e4 ! #dj p] c5t4 solution 9 wat] ( ,,*,o7 ) ,ca,cl solution is heat$ 9 an autoclave work$ at a pressure ( #dj lbs41 provid$ ) a pressure gauge & !rmomet]4 ,9 all ^! me?ods ! room mu/ be c>efully seal$1 z ! t5d5cy = ! dis9fectant to escape is great] ?an ) ,,s or ,cl4 7d7 ,! be/ me?od is to spray a solution ( =mal9 #d oz4 to "o gallon ( wat] on all ! surfaces ( ! room 7see page #ccc74 ,?is is equal to a /r5g? ( #a 9 #dj ( =mal91 or #a 9 #ajj ( =mic aldehyde4 ,c4 ,,o!r ,,dis9fectants4 ,,t> ,,acids4--,:5 coal t> is treat$ by acids & alkalies 9 succession1 x becomes sep>at$ into 7#a7 hydroc>bons1 7#b7 ph5ols or t> acids1 c>bolic1 cresylic1 etc41 7#c7 anil9e & o!r basic sub/ances4 ,! hydroc>bons are kn[n 9 comm]ce z 8neutral t> oils40 ,!y are br[n & syrupy1 turn+ milky ) wat]1 & feebly dis9fectant4 ,! two mo/ important 8t> acids0 are ph5ol or c>bolic acid 7,c,h,,oh7 & me?yl-ph5ol1 also call$ cresol or cresylic acid 7,c,h7,,*7,,oh74 ,! high] memb]s ( ?is same gr\p yield milky emulsions ) wat]1 & are less poison\s ?an ph5ol4 ,v>i\s mixtures ( !m are us$ z dis9fectants1 & sold z creol91 ,jeye's & ,lawes' fluids4 ,izal belongs to ! same s]ies4 ,c>bolic ,acid 7ph5ol7 did n kill an?rax spores until a #c p] c5t4 /r5g? ( its solution 0 us$ = #g days 7,ko*71 b sporeless an?rax bacilli 7 de/roy$ 9 a few m9utes by a #a to #b p] c5t4 solution4 ,! dis9fect+ p[] ( c>bolic acid is greatly increas$ by add+ m9]al acids4 ,c>bolic acid & lysol are sup]ior to creol9 = dis9fect+ /ools4 ,a #e p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid de/roys tub]cle bacilli 9 sputum 9 #bd h\rs4 ,c>bolic acid p[d]s are 9 common use4 ,9 my op9ion quicklime is m valuable4 ,cresol is obta9$ f 8crude c>bolic acid0 by fractional di/illation at a temp]ature betwe5 #ahe & #bje ,c4 ,a "o-half p] c5t4 solution has equal dis9fect+ p[] to a #b or #c or sometimes a #e p] c5t4 ( ph5ol 7c>bolic acid74 ,creol9 consi/s ( cresol emulsifi$ 9 a solution ( h>d soap4 ,behr+ classifies ! comp>ative g]micidal p[] ( ph5ol1 cresol1 & creol9 on bact]ia 9 bro? z #a1 #d1 & #aj respectively4 ,:5 album5 is pres5t1 creol9 loses a "p ( its dis9fectant p[]4 ,lysol conta9s #ej p] c5t4 ( cresol1 dissolv$ by means ( neutral pota% soap4 ,x is completely soluble 9 wat] & does n turn milky z creol9 does :5 wat] is add$4 ,x is m effective ?an creol91 & /ill m ?an ,hg,cl 9 album9\s liquids4 ,soap has1 ow+ to its alkal9ity1 dis9fectant z well z cleans+ action4 ,a temp]ature ( #ee-ge ,c4 greatly aids its action4 ,antiseptic soaps possess no special value z g]micides1 b c>bolic soap is a useful insecticide4 ,lime 9 a "o-t5? p] c5t4 solution de/roys typhoid & *ol]a microbes4 ,m]curic ,*loride 7,hg,cl1 corrosive sublimate7 0 f\nd by ,ko* to de/roy an?rax bacilli 9 a dilution ( #a 9 #bj1jjj4 ,o!rs h obta9$ less fav\rable results1 b x is c]ta9ly a p[]ful g]micide4 ,! g]micidal effect is greatly dim9i%$ by contact ) organic matt]1 an insoluble album9ate ( m]cury be+ produc$4 ,= ?is reason ,hg,cl is n ! be/ dis9fectant = fces unless mix$ ) acid1 z 9 ! foll[+ solution3 ,hg,cl oz41 ,h,cl #a oz41 anil9e blue #e gra9s to ?ree gallons ( wat]4 ,?is gives a solution ( #a 9 #ifj4 ,! col\r+ is add$ to avoid accid5tal poison+4 ,hg,cl is n a good dis9fectant = l954 ,/a9s are apt to be fix$ by x1 & if l95 soak$ 9 x is subsequ5tly wa%$ ) soap1 )\t fir/ c>efully wa%+ out ! ,hg,cl1 x is d>k5$ 9 col\r4 ,x attacks metals1 & mu/ n !re=e be plac$ 9 metal receptacles4 ,*loride ( ,z9c 9 a solution conta9+ #be gra9s to ! fluid dra*m is kn[n z 8,sir ,william ,burnett's solution40 ,x is a good deodorant1 b an ineffici5t dis9fectant4 ,*9osol 7,c,h,,nkso7 belongs to ! qu9ol9e gr\p4 ,x is an almo/ inodor\s p[d]1 v soluble 9 wat]1 noncorrosive1 & does n /a94 ,a solution ( #a 9 #abjj =ms an effici5t g]micide4 ,,dis9fection ,,by ,,physical ,,means4 ,natural processes t5d to ! de/ruction ( pa?og5ic microbes aft] _! elim9ation f ! pati5t4 ,( ^! desiccation1 sunlight1 & fre% air are ! mo/ pot5t4 ,heat & cold h a simil> effect4 ,filtration or me*anical sep>ation deprives a contam9at$ liquid ( its microbes4 ,desiccation att5uates ! virul5ce ( & f9ally kills mo/ microbes4 ,9 laboratory exp]im5ts ! vibrio ( ,asiatic *ol]a :5 dri$ dies 9 f ?ree h\rs to two days1 accord+ to ! degree ( desiccation4 ,! bacilli ( ent]ic fev]1 tub]culosis1 & diph!ria only die aft] dry+ = a few weeks or ev5 mon?s4 ,! an?rax bacillus may reta9 its vitality = sev]al ye>s 9 a desiccat$ /ate4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 desiccation has no adm9i/rative value 9 ! prev5tion ( disease1 & on ! contr>y x aids ! dissem9ation ( ! microbes ( tub]culosis1 small-pox1 sc>let fev]1 etc4 ,direct ,sunlight kills a l>ge proportion ( ! sporeless pa?og5ic microbes4 ,diffuse is less en]getic 9 its action ?an direct sunlight4 ,! bacillus ( diph!ria is de/roy$ by a half to "o h\r's exposure to sunlight4 ,z to tub]cle bacilli1 see page #caf4 ,d[nes & ,blunt %[$ t diffus$ sunlight ret>ds ! putrefaction ( organic infusions1 & t direct sunlight inhibits putrefaction4 ,sunlight _c1 h[ev]1 be tru/$ z an effici5t dis9fectant4 ,x only secures surface dis9fection1 & c\ld n be reli$ ^u = pill[s1 mattresses1 etc4 ,m4 ,w>d's exp]im5ts %[$ t ! act9ic rays ( ! sun are g]micidal1 indep5d5t ( ! heat4 ,fre% ,air1 l sunlight1 %\ld be employ$ z a valuable auxili>y1 n z an ag5t to be dep5d$ ^u ap>t f sy/ematic dis9fection4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,d[nes & ,blunt %[$ t light & oxyg5 toge!r accompli%$ :at nei!r alone c\ld d4 ,! pres5ce ( air 9 an?rax increases dang]4 ,! an?rax bacillus does n =m spores 9 an animal suff]+ f ?is disease1 & does n d s po/ mortem1 unless ! animal is dissect$4 ,h5ce ! importance ( keep+ ! sk9 unbrok5 9 ?is disease1 only exam9+ a drop ( blood to e/abli% ! diagnosis4 ,filtration is a means ( sep>at+ microbes f ! gases or liquids conta9+ !m4 ,= ! filtration ( wat] see page #if4 ,! c>bolic %eet outside a sick-room is suppos$ to filt] ! air leav+ ! room f microbes4 ,x is probably useless except z a rem9d] to ! nurse to *ange h] dress & adopt o!r precautions on leav+ ! sick-room4 ,settlem5t ( du/ also acts z an a]ial dis9fectant4 ,if a room be lock$ up1 its air next day is almo/ free f p>ticles1 & all t is !n requir$ is dis9fection ( ! surfaces ( ! room & ( ! articles 9 x4 ,:atev] me?od ( dis9fection is employ$1 x is n dis9fection ( ! air1 b ( ! surfaces ( a room :i* is ! end 9 view4 ,wa%+ is ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( remov+ infection4 ,x is a me*anical means ( remov+ ! p>ticul> matt] ( :i* ! contagium consi/s f ! p]son or article to :i* x adh]es into ! wat]1 :i* subsequ5tly ent]s ! dra91 9 ! same way z d ur9e & fces4 ,wa%+ is an absolutely effici5t means ( purify+ articles t c be completely submitt$ to x4 ,a consid]ation ( ! physical laws gov]n+ ! spread ( infection w make ?is cle>4 ,! contagia are passive4 ,:5 conta9$ 9 a liquid !y _c escape f x "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,?us f\l smell+ gases may escape f sewage1 b bact]ia d n escape1 except r>ely dur+ bubbl+1 or f dri$ portions ( ! inv]t ( ! sew]4 ,b>r+ r>e accid5ts 8microbes subm]g$ are imprison$40 ,contagia are h>mless until !y become du/4 ,h5ce ! dang] associat$ ) ! use ( pocket h&k]*iefs 9 su* diseases z influ5za & ph?isis2 & ! importance ( keep+ all infecti\s dis*>ges wet1 until !y c be f9ally dispos$ (4 ,,dis9fection ,,by ,,heat4 ,heat may be appli$ 9 v>i\s ways3 7#a7 ,prolong$ boil+ 9 wat] ( mat]ials :i* are n spoilt by ?is means4 7#b7 ,de/ruction by fire ( infect$ articles4 7#c7 ,dry hot air4 7#d7 ,/eam4 ,boil+ kills mo/ pa?og5ic microbes4 ,! *ol]a vibrio is kill$ 9 f\r m9utes at a temp]ature ( #eb ,c4 7#abf ,f472 ! typhoid bacillus at #ei4d ,c4 7#ach4h ,f47 9 t5 m9utes4 ,if boil+ be cont9u$ = five m9utes1 ! spores ( pa?og5ic microbes are kill$4 ,! addition ( "o to two p] c5t4 ( wa%+ soda to ! wat] ha/5s ?is effect4 ,= infect$ l95 no?+ beyond ?is is requir$4 ,de/ruction by ,fire is to be recomm5d$ = comp>atively wor?less articles1 su* z toys1 /raw f b$s1 rags1 old clo?+ & b$d+4 ,dry ,hot ,air has be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! pa/ 9 ov5s1 = ! dis9fection ( bulky b$d+4 ,x is n[ entirely sup]s$$ by /eam4 ,its disadvantages are t 7a7 heat p5etrates v sl[ly into ! int]ior ( b$d+4 ,dis9fection 9 te/ exp]im5ts 0 n accompli%$ 9 ! int]ior ( small bundles ( clo!s 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs4 7b7 ,scor*+ ( articles (t5 occurs4 ,! sole advantage ( ?is me?od is t b\nd books & lea!r goods are less liable to be damag$ by x ?an by /eam4 ,if no o!r app>atus is available a bak]'s ov5 w s]ve to kill ! non-sporif]\s microbes ( *ol]a1 ent]ic fev]1 & diph!ria1 z well z animal v]m94 ,if1 h[ev]1 we accept ! prop] te/ propos$ by ,bu*anan ( ! efficacy ( dis9fection1 ! 8de/ruction ( ! mo/ /able kn[n infective matt]10 dry heat is unsatisfactory4 ,/eam may be employ$ z a dis9fectant ei!r 7a7 sup]heat$1 or 7b7 saturat$1 i4e4 close to ! temp]ature at :i* cond5sation occurs4 ,?is temp]ature dep5ds ^u ! pressure "u :i* ! wat] has be5 boil$4 ,at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure x is #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f474 ,! temp]ature ( boil+ is rais$ by subject+ ! wat] to pressure4 ,consequ5tly boil+ wat] & ! /eam produc$ f x may be at any temp]ature4 ,?us /eam may be 7a7 ,"u pressure1 ) a temp]ature above #bab ,f4 7b7 ,n "u pressure1 at a temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,equifex ,,saturat$ ,,/eam ,,dis9fector4 ,a--,dis9fection *amb]4 ,b--,p>tition wall sep>at+ infect$ f dis9fect$ side4 ,c--,door on dis9fect$ side4 ,d--,door on infect$ side4 ,,ee--,safety-lock+ bolt = secur+ door4 ,,ff--,/iff5+ r+s on doors4 ,g--,/eam inlet f boil]4 ,h--,/eam sep>ator = arre/+ wat] cond5s$ 9 ,g4 ,i--,valve controll+ admission ( /eam to dis9fect+ *amb]4 ,k--,valve controll+ admission ( /eam to coils4 ,,lm--,safety valves regulat+ /eam pressure 9 *amb] & coils respectively4 ,,nu--,pressure guages indicat+ /eam pressure 9 *amb]s & coils respectively4 ,,oo--,objects aft] dis9fection4 ,p--,:eel$ c>riage & cradle = ,,oo4 ,q--,h+$ rails on :i* ,p runs4 ,r--,exhau/ pipe = /eam & air on fir/ admission4 ,s--,!rmomet] %[+ rise ( temp]ature 7to control complete air evacuation74 ,t--,valve = clos+ exhau/ pipe ,r :5 air is completely evacuat$4 ,v--,sluice valve to cause sudd5 escape ( /eam4 ,w--,cock to admit /eam to ejector4 ,x--,exhau/ pipe fitt$ ) ejector = escape ( /eam be=e & ( air dur+ dry+4 ,y--,valve = admission ( air = dry+ "u suction ( ejector4 ,9 "s types ( ?is ma*9e ?is valve is plac$ on ! l[] "p ( ,c4 ,/eam :5 admitt$ into a dis9fect+ /ove comes into contact ) cold objects4 ,if ! /eam is saturat$1 imm$iate cond5sation to #aafjj "p ( its orig9al volume occurs4 ,its lat5t heat is at ! same "t evolv$4 ,! cond5sation causes enorm\s %r9kage 9 bulk4 ,m /eam is ?us insuck$ into ! p>tial vacuum produc$1 & ?is is repeat$1 until 9 e "p ( ! mattress or o!r mat]ial und]go+ dis9fection equality ( temp]ature is rea*$1 :5 cond5sation ( /eam w cease1 & dis9fection is complete4 ,if ! /eam is sup]heat$ & no cond5sation all[$1 dis9fection occurs by ! relatively sl[ me?od occurr+ ) dry heat4 ,9 practice at ! e>ly /age cool+ causes "s conv]sion ( sup]heat$ into saturat$ /eam1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ! mu* sl[] process ( dis9fection by conduction ( heat goes on4 ,h5ce sup]heat$ /eam is a less effici5t dis9fect+ ag5t ?an saturat$ /eam4 ,sup]heat+ is produc$ 9 dis9fect+ /ores 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by a jacket ar\nd ! /ove1 :i* is kept at ab\t d\ble ! pressure & ab\t #bj to #cj ,f4 hott] ?an ! int]ior ( ! /ove2 z 9 ! old] patt]ns ( ! ,wa%+ton ,lyon /ove4 7#b7 ,by hav+ a jacket conta9+ a solution ( calcium *loride1 :i* is heat$ by a furnace "u ! /ove4 ,?is solution is kept at a con/ant /r5g? by an automatic supply f a ci/]n4 ,! temp]ature ( ! boil+ wat] is ?us rais$ )\t pressure to #bbe ,f4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ,?re%'s /ove4 ,! object ( sup]heat+ /eam is to assi/ 9 rapidly dry+ mat]ials2 b ?is object c equally well be secur$ by p]iodically all[+ ! sudd5 escape ( ! /eam conf9$ "u pressure1 9 pressure dis9fectors4 ,?is la/ me?od is ! be/1 z x c n only be utilis$ at ! la/ /age ( ! dis9fection = dry+ ! articles2 b at ! e>li] /age = sweep+ ! air out ( ! /ove1 & ?us remov+ :at1 ow+ to its l[ conductivity = heat is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles to rapid & effici5t dis9fection4 ,9 ! above description x has be5 assum$ t ! /eam1 :e!r saturat$ or sup]heat$1 is conf9$1 except :5 ! exhau/ is employ$ = dry+ purposes4 ,/eam may also be employ$ z curr5t /eam4 ,curr5t /eam dis9fectors are initially *eap1 b m /eam1 & !re=e m fuel1 is requir$ 9 _! use2 & unless pressure is us$ by imp$+ ! escape ( ! /eam a temp]ature ( only #bab ,f4 c be secur$4 ,accept+ ,bu*anan's dictum1 a /ove supply+ saturat$ /eam "u pressure at a temp]ature 9 ! int]ior ( ! /ove ( #bcd ,f4 is to be pref]r$4 ,?is temp]ature ) saturat$ /eam de/roys ! spores ( ! mo/ resi/ant kn[n microbe 7t ( symptomatic an?rax74 ,) sup]heat$ /eam or hot air /oves on ! same basis a temp]ature ( #bhj ,f4 w\ld be requir$1 :i* is damag+ to mo/ textiles1 except horsehair4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,dis9fection4 ,! ,managem5t ( ! ,sick-room & ,pati5t requires c>eful & consci5ti\s att5tion to detail4 ,c]ta9 details are giv5 on page #cai4 ,all unnecess>y furniture1 c>pets1 & hang+s %\ld be remov$ z soon z ! nature ( ! illness is kn[n2 b unless ^! articles h be5 conta9$ 9 close trunks or draw]s1 & n op5$ s9ce be=e ! onset ( ! illness1 !y mu/ be dis9fect$4 ,food left ov] f ! pati5t's meals mu/ be burnt1 if solid1 9 ! pati5t's room2 if liquid1 empti$ d[n ! wat]-closet4 ,dry sweep+ ( ! floors is to be avoid$1 only wet bru%+ or clo?s be+ us$4 ,volatile a]ial dis9fectants dur+ ! sickness are valueless4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,dis*>ges f ! ,pati5t is ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! managem5t ( infection4 ,! /ools %\ld be receiv$ into a b$-pan conta9+ a #e p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid1 a #c p] c5t4 solution ( cresol or lysol1 or a #e p] c5t4 solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,milk ( lime 7#bj p] c5t4 /r5g?7 is v reliable1 :5 add$ l ! prec$+ solutions 9 bulk equal to t ( ! /ool to be dis9fect$4 ,! ur9e & vomit1 if any1 %\ld be treat$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,! infection ( ent]ic fev] is (t5 spread by undis9fect$ ur9e4 ,dis*>ges f ! ?roat1 nose & m\? ( pati5ts %\ld be receiv$ into a solution ( lysol #e oz4 to #a gallon ( wat]1 or c>bolic acid #g oz4 ,! efficacy ( ! c>bolic acid solution is increas$ by add+ #b oz4 ( ,na,cl1 or #ab-ad oz4 ( ,na,cl to ea* gallon4 ,pocket-h&k]*iefs mu/ be avoid$1 l95 rags be+ employ$ in/ead1 & plac$ at once 9 "o ( ! above solutions or burnt4 ,! sk9 may scatt] infection1 especially 9 small-pox & sc>let fev]4 ,frequ5t ba?s & inunction ) vasel9e or oil are useful4 ,! dis9fection ( h&s is mo/ important = all att5dants on ! infecti\s sick4 ,a solution ( corrosive sublimate #a-ajjj1 or "o ( ! above solutions may be us$ = ?is purpose2 b ?is is to be supplem5t$ by ! free use ( ! nail-bru% & soap & wat]4 ,! treatm5t ( l95 has be5 describ$ 7page #cbi74 ,wooll5 articles ( und]clo?+1 & blankets c be dis9fect$ by /eam1 :i* %r9ks !m less ?an boil+ wat]4 ,! ord9>y laundry processes appe>1 h[ev]1 to suffice to rid !m ( infection1 )\t boil+4 ,b$d+1 curta9s1 & c>pets %\ld be dis9fect$ by /eam4 ,c]ta9 precautions are requir$ 9 remov+ ^! to ! dis9fect+ /ation4 ,surface dis9fection ( ! room mu/ h be5 fir/ effect$ 7see bel[72 & ! infect$ b$d+ %\ld be encas$ 9 canvas bags or %eets4 ,:5 a /eam dis9fector is inaccessible1 ! mattress & pill[s %\ld be tak5 to pieces1 ! cov]s wa%$1 & _! cont5ts dis9fect$ by spray+ ) =mal9 solution 7#a 9 #dj7 or ,hg,cl solution 7#a 9 #a1jjj71 & subsequ5tly expos+ to sun & air4 ,= dis9fection ( suits ( clo!s1 curr5t /eam may be improvis$ z foll[s3--,ov] two bricks at ! bottom ( ! kit*5 8copp]0 ?9 floor-bo>ds are plac$1 above ! level ( #b or #c in*es ( wat] previ\sly plac$ at ! bottom ( ! copp]4 ,! cov] ( ! copp] is put on1 & by means ( a brisk fire /eam is kept /ream+ ?r\gh ! clo!s4 ,?is is cont9u$ = an h\r1 & ! clo!s !n hung out to dry4 ,furniture1 :5 wood51 c be wa%$4 ,if uphol/]$ x c be dis9fect$ by spray+ 7see p4 #ccc71 & !n beat+ & du/+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,furs1 ,boots1 & ,%oes are spoilt by /eam4 ,= ! fir/1 spray+ freely ) =mal9 7#a 9 #dj71 or exposure ov] a =mal9 lamp 7page #cbf7 is recomm5d$4 ,boots & %oes %\ld be fill$ & wa%$ ) a solution ( ,hg,cl1 *9osol1 or =mal94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,equifex ,,spray ,,dis9fector ,,9 ,,use4 ,! sick-room c only be effici5tly dis9fect$ aft] ! pati5t has left x4 ,! aim is surface dis9fection4 ,a]ial dis9fection is suffici5tly effect$ by op5 w9d[s4 ,f\r *ief me?ods ( surface dis9fection are practis$4 7a7 ,fumigation by ,,s1 =mal91 cresol1 or o!r vap\rs 7see page #cbf74 7b7 ,spray+ ! ceil+1 walls1 floor1 & furniture ) a dis9fectant solution is probably ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( dis9fection4 ,x is m effectual ?an fumigation1 less labori\s ?an rubb+ d[n walls1 etc41 by bread or wet clo?1 & less likely to damage wall-pap]s ?an bru%+ a dis9fectant solution on !m4 ,solutions ( ,hg,cl #a 9 #a1jjj1 or *9osol #a 9 #a1bjj1 or =mal9 #a 9 #dj are effici5t4 ,a special spray app>atus 7,fig4 #eh7 is usually employ$4 ,a practical po9t is to spray ! wall f bel[ upw>ds1 to prev5t ! solution runn+ d[n ! wall & produc+ /reaks ( discol\ration4 7c7 ,wa%+ ceil+ & walls ) ! dis9fectant solution may be sub/itut$4 ,a "o p] c5t4 solution ( hypo*lorite ( lime is l>gely us$ = ?is purpose1 appli$ by a long-h&l$ :itewa% bru%4 7d7 ,attrition ( walls1 etc41 by means ( bread or d\gh /]ilises !m by me*anically remov+ microbes4 ,! bread is cut into pieces suitable = grasp+ 9 ! h&1 ! cut surface be+ appli$ to ! wall4 ,! crumbs mu/ aft]w>ds be burnt 9 ! room4 ,?is is ! (ficial me?od 9 ,g]many4 ,floors may be treat$ l walls & ceil+ aft] ! pati5t has left ! room4 ,dur+ 8 occupancy ( ! room1 tea-leaves or sawdu/ ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) lysol or cresol %\ld be spr9kl$ on ! floor be=e x is swept1 or wa%+ sub/itut$ = sweep+4 ,scrubb+ ) soap & wat] con/itutes ! be/ dis9fectant = floors & all o!r wa%able surfaces4 ,books are difficult ( dis9fection4 ,/eam damages lea!r4 ,! p5etrat+ p[] ( dry heat is d\btful4 ,*eap books %\ld be burnt4 ,abel discov]$ virul5t diph!ria bacilli on toys six mon?s aft] ! pati5t1 to :om !y belong$1 _h diph!ria4 ,=mal9 & ph5ol vap\rs h be5 us$ to dis9fect books 9 clos$ *amb]s1 ! books be+ /ood on end4 ,lett]s c be r5d]$ safe by /eam dis9fection4 ,corpses ( infecti\s pati5ts %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c(f9 & buri$ z e>ly z possible4 ,a ?ick lay] ( sawdu/ saturat$ ) lysol or cresol %\ld be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! c(f91 & ! corpse envelop$ 9 cotton wool4 ,cremation is bett] ?an burial4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,vital ,,/ati/ics4 ,vital ,/ati/ics is ! sci5ce ( numb]s appli$ to ! life-hi/ory ( communities4 ,its significance is simil> to t ( ! m rec5tly co9$ ^w--,demography--?\gh ! latt] does n necess>ily conf9e itself /rictly to /udy ( life by /ati/ical means4 ,ano!r t]m has be5 frequ5tly us$ 9 rec5t ye>s--8,vital & ,mortal ,/ati/ics40 ,! cont9u$ use ( ! ^w 8mortal0 9 ?is connection is undesirable & objectionable4 ,! t]m 8,vital ,/ati/ics0 is compreh5sive & complete1 z dea? is b ! la/ act ( life4 ,( ! problems ( life ) :i* ! sci5ce ( ,vital ,/ati/ics is conc]n$1 population1 bir?s1 m>riages1 sickness1 & dea?s1 possess ! *ief importance2 & 9 ! foll[+ sket* ( ! subject ,i %all conc]n myself *iefly ) ^!4 ,! subject naturally divides itself into two sections3 ! s\rces ( in=mation1 & ! in=mation d]iv$ f ^! s\rces1 & bo? ( ^! w require consid]ation4 ,! importance ( num]ical /&>ds ( comp>ison 9 sci5ce increases ) e increase ( k4 ,! value ( exp]i5ce1 f\nd$ on an accumulation ( individual facts1 v>ies greatly accord+ to ! "* ( ! obs]v]4 ,z ,dr4 ,guy has put x3 8,! sometimes ( ! cauti\s is ! (t5 ( ! sangu9e1 ! always ( ! empiric1 & ! nev] ( ! sceptic2 :ile ! numb]s #a1 #aj1 #ajj1 & #ajj1jjj h b "o mean+ = all mank9d40 ,h5ce ! importance ( an exact num]ical /atem5t ( facts4 ,! sne]+ /atem5t t /ati/ics _c be made to prove any?+ c only be made by "o ignorant ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 no?+ c be prov$ )\t _! aid1 ?\gh !y may be s ignorantly or unscrupul\sly manipulat$ z to appe> to prove :at is untrue4 ,in/ances ( fallaci\s use ( figures w be giv5 z we proce$4 ,an accurate /atem5t ( population =ms ! natural basis ( all vital /ati/ics4 ,?us ! comp>ison ( ! numb] ( dea?s 9 "o ) ! numb] ( dea?s 9 a second community has no significance unless we "k also ! numb] liv+ out ( :i* ^! dea?s occurr$4 ,ev5 !n our k w\ld be defective1 )\t fur!r p>ticul>s z to ! proportion 9 ea* population liv+ at diff]5t ages1 & ! numb] dy+ at ! correspond+ ages4 ,= o!r purposes we %\ld require to "k ! numb] m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 ! numb] engag$ 9 diff]5t indu/ries1 & s on2 9 ord] t ! influ5ce ( m>ital conditions1 ( occupation1 etc41 on ! prospects ( life may be calculat$4 ,! fir/ desid]atum ( accurate vital /ati/ics is a c5sus enum]ation ( ! population at su* int]vals z w n cause ! int]v5+ e/imates ( population to be v wide ( ! m>k4 ,9 ?is c\ntry a dec5nial c5sus is tak51 ! la/ occurr+ 9 #aija4 ,9 ! int]vals ! population ( ! entire c\ntry1 & ( ea* t[n or di/rict is e/imat$4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( e/imat+ ! population h be5 adopt$4 7#a7 ,if a /rict record ( emigration & immigration is kept1 !n 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* a complete regi/ration ( bir?s & dea?s is en=c$1 ! population c be easily asc]ta9$ by balanc+ ! natural increase by excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s1 & ! increase or decrease due to migration4 ,?is is done 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b is impracticable 9 ,engl&1 z no complete acc\nt ( migration c be kept4 7#b7 ,! increase ( inhabit$ h\ses 9 a di/rict be+ kn[n ye> by ye>1 ! increase ( population may be e/imat$ on ! assumption t ! numb] ( p]sons p] h\se is ! same z at ! la/ c5sus4 ,?is may n be /rictly accurate4 ,9 #aija x 0 f\nd t 9 ,engl& & ,wales ! av]age numb] ( p]sons p] h\se 0 fractionally less ?an 9 #ahia4 7#c7 ,x may be assum$ t ! annual increase dur+ ! pres5t dec5nium w be #aaj ( ! increase dur+ ! la/ dec5nium #ahia-aija4 ,if s1 ! population1 e4g4 9 #aije1 is ! enum]at$ population 9 #aija plus #d times ! annual increase occurr+ dur+ #ahha-ia4 7,! f\r? is requir$ because ! c5sus is tak5 e>ly 9 ,april1 & ! population is e/imat$ to ! middle ( ! ye>74 ,?is me?od is fallaci\s1 because x makes no all[ances = ! /eadily increas+ numb]s :o ye> by ye> atta9 m>riageable age & become p>5ts4 ,x assumes1 9 o!r words1 simple int]e/1 :5 comp\nd int]e/ is 9 op]ation4 7#d7 ,! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's me?od1 ! "o g5]ally adopt$1 assumes t ! same rate ( increase w hold good z 9 ! prec$+ int]c5sal p]iod1 i4e4 t ! population increases 9 geometrical progression1 & n 9 ari?metical progression z "u 7#c74 ,! application ( ?is me?od w be be/ und]/ood by an example4 ,if ! c5sus population ( a t[n is #cb1jjj 9 #ahia1 & #cf1jjj 9 #aija1 :at is ! mean population 9 #aije8 7a7 ,f9d ! rate ( increase 9 #ahia-aija4 ,if ,p population at c5sus #ahia1 & if ,p#a #aija1 & if ,r rate ( increase ( population1 !n ,p#a ,p - ,rn 9 ! n? ye>4 log ,p#a log ,p #aj log ,r4 #aaj7log ,p#a - log ,p7 log ,r4 7#deefcjc - #dejeaej7aj #jjeaaec log ,r4 7b7 ,apply ?is to ! increase 9 ! next #d ye>s4 ,"h ,p#aije ,p#aija ,r7#agd7 log ,p#aije #deefcjc 7#agd7 7#jjeaaec7 #deghjdc4 ,by consult+ ! table ( logs1 ! population correspond+ to ?is numb] w be f\nd to be #cg1hdh population at ! middle ( #aije4 ,e/imates made by ! la/-nam$ 8(ficial0 me?od are liable to error1 ev5 = ! entire c\ntry1 & /ill m :5 appli$ to special di/ricts4 ,?us ! dec5nial rate ( increase ( ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales 9 ! #ajj ye>s has v>i$ f #aeh p] c5t4 9 #ahba-ca to #aaf p] c5t4 9 #ahia-aija4 ,! anomalies are ev5 great] :5 ! (ficial me?od is appli$ to great t[ns4 ,9 "o dec5nium su* a t[n may1 ow+ to brisk trade1 h a rapid increase ( work+ population ) _m *ildr51 & 9 ! next dec5nium 9 consequ5ce ( emigration or transmigration !re may be little or no increase4 ,! decl9+ bir?-rate1 :i* is hav+ a great] effect on ! numb] ( population ?an ! decl9+ dea?-rate1 is ano!r cause ( di/urbance :i* increases ! difficulty 9 =m+ a correct e/imate ( ! population 9 int]c5sal p]iods4 ,a qu9qu5nial c5sus is highly desirable1 9 ord] to avoid ! d\bts necess>ily associat$ ) e/imates ( population 9 ! lat] ye>s ( a dec5nium1 & ) ! bir? & dea?-rates :i* are bas$ on ^! e/imates4 ,! ,regi/ration ( ,bir?s & ,dea?s4--,civil regi/ration ( bir?s & dea?s began 9 #ahcg1 b 0 n compulsory till #ahgj4 ,x w be go+ beyond ! scope ( ?is *apt] to give details ( ! enactm5ts z to regi/ration4 ,x suffices to /ate t x is ! duty ( ! practition] to give a c]tificate /at+ ! cause ( dea? ( 8 pati5t to ! be/ ( 8 k & belief4 ,!re is no regi/ration ( /ill-bir?s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m dea?s are regi/]$ ( :i* ! cause ( dea? is n m$ically c]tifi$1 & ! value ( our national vital /ati/ics is consid]ably dim9i%$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,mu* improvem5t is desirable 9 ! m$ical c]tification ( causes ( dea?4 ,e m$ical /ud5t ought to receive in/ruction on ?is subject be=e ! completion ( 8 /udies4 ,names ( symptoms z dropsy1 hmorrhage1 convulsions2 & obscure names1 z abdom9al disease1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! pati5t has rec5tly suff]$ f injury1 or rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh *ildbir?1 or _h a specific febrile disease1 ?is mu/ n be omitt$ f ! c]tificate4 ,! ,regi/ration & ,notification ( ,sickness =ms ano!r valuable s\rce ( in=mation4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to secure a g5]al regi/ration ( disabl+ sickness1 b ) only p>tial success4 ,di/rict & workh\se m$ical (fic]s appo9t$ s9ce ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 are requir$ to furni% ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? ) returns ( paup] sickness & dea?s4 ,?is s\rce ( in=mation might ) advantage be m fully utilis$ by m$ical (fic]s ( heal?4 ,sec4 #bi ( ! ,factory & ,work%ops ,act1 #ahie1 requires t e m$ical practition] att5d+ on or call$ 9 to visit a pati5t :om he believes to be suff]+ f lead1 phosphorus1 or ars5ical poison+1 or an?rax1 contract$ 9 any factory or work%op1 %all s5d to ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories at ! ,home ,(fice1 ,london1 a notice /at+ ! "n & full po/al address ( ! pati5t1 & ! disease f :i* he is suff]+2 a fee ( #bs4 #f;d4 be+ payable = ea* notification1 & a f9e n exce$+ #djs4 be+ incurr$ = failure to notify4 ,! ,compulsory ,notification ( ,infecti\s ,diseases is en=c$ by ! ,act ( #ahhi1 :i* n[ applies to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! li/ ( diseases to be notifi$ is z foll[s3 8,small-pox1 *ol]a1 diph!ria1 membran\s cr\p1 erysipelas1 ! disease kn[n z sc>lat9a or sc>let fev]1 & ! fev]s kn[n by any ( ! foll[+ names3 typhus1 typhoid1 ent]ic1 relaps+1 cont9u$1 or pu]p]al1 & also any infecti\s disease to :i* ! ,act has be5 appli$ by ! ,local ,au?ority 9 mann] provid$ by ! ,act40 ,x is ! duty ( ! m$ical practition] to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 8 own di/rict1 su* diseases z :oop+ c\gh & measles h be5 add$ to ! s*$ule ( notifiable diseases4 ,x is ! duty ( 7a7 ! head ( ! family to :i* ! pati5t belongs2 9 8 default1 ( 7b71 ! ne>e/ relatives 9 ! h\se2 9 _! default1 ( 7c71 e p]son 9 att5dance ^u ! pati5t2 & 9 default ( any su* p]son1 ( 7d7 ! occupi] ( ! build+1 z soon z !y become aw>e t ! pati5t is suff]+ f an infecti\s disease to :i* ?is ,act applies1 to s5d notice !re( to ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,di/rict4 7e7 ,! m =mal duty ( s5d+ to ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? a c]tificate /at+ ! "n ( ! pati5t1 ! situation ( ! build+1 & ! infecti\s disease f :i* 9 8 op9ion ! pati5t is suff]+1 is impos$ on e m$ical practition] att5d+ on1 or call$ 91 to visit ! pati5t1 on becom+ aw>e t ! pati5t is suff]+ f an infecti\s disease to :i* ?is ,act applies4 ,he is entitl$ to a fee ( #bs4 #f;d4 if ! case occurs 9 8 private practice1 & ( #as4 if ! case occurs 9 8 practice z m$ical (fic] ( any public body or in/itution4 ,he is subject to a f9e n exce$+ #djs4 if convict$ ( failure to notify4 ,! value ( returns ( infecti\s diseases z enabl+ prev5tive measures to be tak5 is increas$ by int]*ange ( notification returns ( diff]5t di/ricts4 ,?is is n[ und]tak5 weekly = a l>ge numb] ( di/ricts by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 & ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al publi%es qu>t]ly summ>ies ( su* returns1 z well z weekly returns ( infecti\s diseases = ! metropolis4 ,m>riages are usually /at$ 9 proportion to ! total population1 or ! numb] p] ?\s& ( population2 b a m accurate me?od w\ld be to base ! m>riage-rate = comp>ative purposes on ! numb] ( unm>ri$ p]sons liv+ at m>riageable ages4 ,9 ,engl& ! m>riage-rate is always high] 9 l>ge t[ns ?an 9 rural di/ricts4 ,?us 9 #aijj ! m>riage-rate 9 ,london 0 #agf z comp>$ ) an av]age m>riage-rate 9 #ahia-ie ( #aeb p] ?\s& ( ! e/imat$ population 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,! high] m>riage-rate 9 t[ns is *iefly ow+ to ! fact t high] wages & great] scope = remun]ative "w attract "y c\ntry p ( m>riageable ages to t[ns4 ,bir?s are usually reckon$ z a rate p] ?\s& ( population4 ,cle>ly1 h[ev]1 if "o population _h a l>g] proportion ?an ano!r ( wom5 ( *ild-be>+ ye>s ?is me?od ( comp>ison w\ld n be free f possible error4 ,ev5 7 ! proportion ( wom5 ( *ild-be>+ ages equal1 ! comp>ison might be fallaci\s if 9 "o population ! proportion ( s+le wom5 0 mu* high] ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,illegitimate bir?s d n mat]ially vitiate ?is conclusion1 z su* bir?s d n con/itute m ?an #d p] c5t4 ( ! total bir?s1 & ?is numb] is n excessive 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* !re is ! greate/ excess ( s+le wom51 viz4 9 di/ricts 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( dome/ic s]vants are employ$4 ,! only /rictly accurate me?od is to subdivide ! bir?s into legitimate & illegitimate1 /at+ ! =m] p] #a1jjj m>ri$ wom5 ( *ild-be>+ ye>s1 & ! latt] p] #a1jjj unm>ri$ wom5 ( *ild-be>+ ye>s4 ,i app5d an example ( ! relative accuracy ( ! ?ree me?ods above indicat$#ab3-- ,,bir?-,,rate ,,p] #a1jjj ,,p] #a1jjj ,,p] #a1jjj ,,m>ri$ ,,inhabitants4 ,,wom5 ,,wom5 ,,ag$ ,,ag$ #ae-de4ae-de ,,ye>s4 ,k5s+ton #ba4h #fa4f #bae4d ,:ite*apel #ci4i #agb4a #cbh4c ,p]c5tage excess #hc #agi #ec ( bir?-rate 9 ,:ite*apel ov] ,a ,b ,c t 9 ,k5s+ton ,?us1 accord+ to ! ord9>y me?od 7,a7 ( /at+ ! legitimate bir?-rate1 x is #hc high] 9 ,:ite*apel ?an 9 ,k5s+ton1 :]eas x is really only #ec high]4 ,simil>ly a /atem5t ( ! illegitimate bir?-rate 9 ! two di/ricts 8p] #a1jjj inhabitants10 %[s an excess ( only #f 9 ,:ite*apel1 :ile a /atem5t 8p] #a1jjj unm>ri$ wom5 ag$ #ae-de ye>s0 %[s ! real excess ( #add4 ,bo? 9 ?is & o!r civilis$ c\ntries !re has be5 9 ! la/ #be ye>s a /eady decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate4 ,9 ,engl& ! maximum bir?-rate 0 #cfc p] #a1jjj ( population 9 #ahgf1 & ! m9imum #bic 9 #ahii4 ,?is dim9ution is only caus$ to a m9or degree by po/ponem5t ( m>riage to m mature ye>s1 & by a l>g] proportion ( celibacy4 ,nor is !re any reasonable gr\nd = ! view t a dim9i%$ p[] ( ei!r sex to produce *ildr5 has be5 produc$ by alcohol1 syphilis1 tobacco1 or o!r causes4 ,! ma9 cause ( ! dim9ution ( ! bir?-rate is 8! delib]ate & volunt>y avoidance ( *ild-be>+ on1 ! "p ( a /eadily increas+ numb] ( m>ri$ p]sons40 ,dea?s are calculat$ 9 proportion to e #a1jjj ( ! population1 ! unit ( "t be+ a ye>4 ,?is unit is pres]v$ ev5 :5 dea?-rates = %ort] p]iods1 e4g4 a week1 are /at$4 ,?us ! dea?-rates = ! #cc great t[ns publi%$ weekly 9 ! *ief newspap]s are annual dea?-rates2 !y repres5t ! numb] :o w\ld die p] #a1jjj ( ! population1 suppos+ ! same proportion ( dea?s to population held good ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! be/ plan to obta9 ! weekly annual dea?-rate is z foll[s3 ! correct numb] ( weeks 9 a ye> be+ #ebaggdg1 if ! population ( a t[n be #adc1ief1 & ! numb] ( dea?s 9 a giv5 week are #ce1 !n ! dea?-rate is #abfhg4 ,?us3-- #adc1iefebaggdg #bgeh4 #a1jjjb1geh #jcfbe4 ,?is is ! factor by :i* ! weekly numb] ( dea?s mu/ be multipli$4 #ce #jcfbe #abfhge or #abg4 ,! above is ! crude dea?-rate4 ,v>i\s corrections are requir$1 :i* mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are = public in/itutions1 = visitors1 & = age & sex4 ,a public in/itution1 e4g4 a workh\se1 infirm>y1 or asylum1 9 a giv5 di/rict may consi/ almo/ entirely ( p]sons belong+ to ano!r di/rict4 ,! rule is to relegate to ! di/rict to :i* !y belong all dea?s ( inmates ( an in/itution1 i4e4 subtract all dea?s ( outsid]s occurr+ 9 inside in/itutions1 & add all dea?s ( inhabitants occurr+ 9 outside in/itutions4 ,! population z well z ! dea?s ( ^! in/itutions %\ld be exclud$1 9 s f> z !y are d]iv$ f ! outside di/rict1 9 ord] to make ! net dea?-rate approximately correct4 ,!oretically ! correction ought to be ext5d$ s z to apply to visitors :o d n die 9 public in/itutions4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is _c be effect$1 until a c5tral 8cle>+ h\se0 is e/abli%$4 ,! exclusion ( dea?s ( visitors f ! di/rict 9 :i* !y occur is easy2 _! inclusion 9 ! returns ( ! di/rict f :i* !y come is m difficult to secure4 ,= ! pres5t1 !y %\ld be includ$ 9 ! dea?-rate ( ! di/rict 9 :i* !y occur4 ,dea?-rate accord+ to ,age & ,sex4--,to obta9 a true conception ( ! dea?-rate 9 a community1 x is necess>y to /ate ! numb] ( dea?s 9 ea* sex 9 proportion to ! numb] liv+ at diff]5t ages4 ,! importance ( ?is is %[n by ! foll[+ extract f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's report = #ahii4 ,engl& & ,wales4--,dea?s to #a1jjj liv+ at ea* ( #ab gr\ps ( ages4 ,,all ,,ag$ ,,ages4 #j #e #aj #ae #bj #be #ce ,males #aie #fjd #ch #bb #cf #ec #ga #abc ,females #agc #ejg #ci #bc #cc #dc #fa #ajj #he ,,& #de- #ee- #fe- #ge- ,,upw>ds4 #bjj #cgb #fih #aebf #cjjc #aed #bih #fae #adbf #bgbj ,?us at ages ov] #e & "u #de = males1 & "u #ee = females1 ! dea?-rate is l[] ?an is ! total dea?-rate = all ages4 ,= females at all ages except f #e to #ae1 ! dea?-rate is l[] ?an = males4 ,f ! above /atem5t x w be cle> t a consid]able excess ( wom5 7z 9 a resid5tial di/rict ) a l>ge numb] ( dome/ic s]vants7 or a consid]able excess ( ei!r sex at ! ages ( #ae to #de 7z 9 mo/ l>ge t[ns7 9 proportion to ! numb] liv+ at o!r ages1 w\ld produce a l[] total or crude dea?-rate1 :i* does n imply any truly m heal?y condition ?an t ( ano!r di/rict1 :i* is less fav\rably con/itut$ s f> z ! proportion ( ! sexes & ! numb]s liv+ at diff]5t ages are conc]n$4 ,by a means ( correction n[ to be describ$ ?is s\rce ( error c be elim9at$4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ! factor = correction c be be/ und]/ood by an example4 ,! annual dea?-rate ( ,engl& & ,wales 9 #ahha-ij 0 #ai4ae1 & ! dea?-rate at ea* age-gr\p is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,ages4 ,,mean ,,annual ,,dea?,,rate ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales #ahhaij1 ,,p] #a1jjj ,,liv+ ,,at ,,ea* ,,gr\p ,,( ,,ages4 ,males4 ,females4 ,"u #e #fa4ei #ea4ie #e #ece #ebg #aj #bif #caa #ae #dcc #ddb #bj #egc #eed #be #ggh #gda #ce #abda #ajfa #de #aicf #aeji #ee #cdfi #bhde #fe #gjci #fjcf #ge & upw>ds #afb4fb #adg4ih ,,population ,,calculat$ ,,( ,,hudd]sfield ,,9 ,,numb] ,,( ,,dea?s #ahia4 ,,9 ,,hudd]sfield4 ,males4 ,females4 ,males4 ,females4 #d1eea #d1ghe #bhj #bdi #d1fia #e1jha #be #bg #e1aac #e1afe #ae #af #d1ije #e1edi #ba #be #d1eda #e1dfa #bf #cj #g1dff #h1hcd #eh #fe #e1egf #f1bfe #fi #ff #c1idd #d1fdi #gf #gj #b1cic #c1jag #hc #hf #a1abh #a1eij #gi #if #bej #dff #da #fi ,totals #dd1eeh #ej1hfb #ggc #gii _/ _/ #ie1dbj #a1egb ,! population ( ,hudd]sfield at ea* ( ! correspond+ p]iods z giv5 by ! c5sus ( #ahia1 is also %[n 9 ?is table1 & 9 ! la/ column ! numb] ( male & female dea?s t w\ld occur by apply+ ! dea?-rates = ,engl& & ,wales to ! population ( ,hudd]sfield are %ewn4 ,! total numb] ( dea?s ?us calculat$ is #aegb 9 a population ( #ie1dbj1 & ! total dea?-rate #afdg p] #ajjj4 ,?is is ! /&>d dea?-rate1 i4e41 ! dea?-rate at all ages calculat$ on ! hypo!sis t ! rates at ea* ( #ab age-p]iods 9 ,hudd]sfield 7 ! same z 9 ,engl& & ,wales dur+ ! t5 ye>s ( ! la/ int]c5sal p]iod1 viz4 #aiae 9 #ahha-ij4ac ,b ! /&>d dea?-rate ( ,hudd]sfield w\ld h be5 #aiae in/ead ( #afdg1 7 x n = ! fact t ! di/ribution ( age & sex 9 ! ,hudd]sfield population is m fav\rable ?an 9 ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,h5ce x mu/ be increas$ 9 ! ratio ( #aiae3 #afdg1 i4e41 multipli$ by ! factor #aiaeafdg #aafbg4 ,:5 ! crude or record$ dea?-rate = #aijj ( #afgh is multipli$ by ?is factor we obta9 ! correct$ dea?-rate ( #afgh #aafbg #aiea p] #ajjj1 :i* is ! correct figure to comp>e ) ! dea?-rate ( #ah4ca = ,engl& & ,wales 9 t ye>4 ,if ! dea?-rate ( ,engl& & ,wales be /at$ z #ajjj1 !n #ajjj #aieaahca #ajff1 is ! comp>ative mortality figure = ,hudd]sfield4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ye> #aijj ! comp>ative mortality figure ( ,london 0 #ajic1 ( ,croydon #hca1 ( ,norwi* #iai1 :ile t ( ,liv]pool 0 #aeci1 ( ,sal=d #aeda4 ,9 all ! t[ns except ,plym\? & ,norwi* ! correct$ dea?-rate is high] ?an ! crude or record$ dea?-rate4 ,?is implies t1 9 all except ^! two t[ns1 ! factor ( correction is great] ?an unity4 ,?is is a conv5i5t po9t = briefly discuss+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! bir?-rate & dea?-rate4 ,! op9ion is commonly held t a high bir?-rate is a direct cause ( a high dea?-rate1 ow+ to ! great mortality among/ infants4 ,! table on page #cdj %[s t ! dea?-rate at ages "u five is ?ree times z high z at all ages toge!r1 & x is !re=e natural to suppose t a high bir?-rate by produc+ an excessive proportion ( p]sons ( t5d] ye>s w cause a high g5]al dea?-rate4 ,?is might be s1 if ! bir?-rate 7 to rema9 high = only five ye>s4 ,b if ! high bir?-rate cont9u$ long]1 ! proportion ( ! total population at ages ( l[ mortality w\ld be increas$1 & ! g5]al dea?-rate w\ld be l[]$4 ,we h already se5 t 9 ne>ly all ! great t[ns1 9 :i* ! bir?-rate is high] ?an 9 rural di/ricts1 ! age di/ribution ( ! population is m fav\rable to a l[ dea?-rate ?an 9 rural di/ricts2 & _! high] crude dea?-rate is made /ill high] ?an t ( rural di/ricts :5 ! necess>y factor ( correction is appli$4 ,! ,infantile ,mortality %\ld be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! infantile population4 ,?is is m accurately assum$ to be equal to ! numb] ( bir?s 9 ! giv5 ye>1 ?an e/imat$ f ! numb] /at$ to be "u "o ye> ( age at ! la/ c5sus4 ,! numb] ( dea?s "u "o ye> ( age p] #ajjj bir?s 0 #afc = ,engl& & ,wales 9 #ahii1 be+ l[e/ 9 ! agricultural c\nties & highe/ 9 manufactur+ c\nties4 ,9 ! #cc great t[ns x av]ag$ #agb 9 ! ye> #aijj1 rang+ f #acb 9 ,croydon1 ,hudd]sfield & ,halifax to #bcf p] #ajjj bir?s 9 ,pre/on4 ,( #ajjj male *ildr5 born 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 #ahha-ij1 ! numb] surviv+ at ! age ( ?ree mon?s 0 #iba1 at ! age ( six mon?s #hhi1 twelve mon?s #hci1 :ile ! numb] ( female *ildr5 surviv+ "o ye> ( #ajjj born 0 #hfi4 ,9 t[ns a small] numb] survive4 ,( ! conditions caus+ ?is high infantile mortality1 ignorance & inexp]i5ce on ! "p ( p>5ts be> a consid]able "p1 especially z influ5c+ ! food & mode ( fe$+4 ,! dea?-rates at o!r age-gr\ps beyond infancy are giv5 9 ! table on page #cdj4 ,season influ5ces ! dea?-rate4 ,! ?ird qu>t] ( ! ye> has ! l[e/ dea?-rate1 unless ! am\nt ( ,epidemic ,di>rha has be5 excessive4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ye>1 ! highe/ dea?-rate usually occurs4 ,mild w9t]s & cool summ]s bo? l[] ! mortality4 ,! seasonal incid5ce ( infecti\s diseases ne$ only be m5tion$ 9 pass+4 ,d5sity ( ,population has important be>+s on ! dea?-rate4 ,?us ! urban di/ricts 9 #ahii _h a dea?-rate ( #aib & ! rural ( #afc p] #ajjj ( population4 ,f>r f\nd t ! dea?-rate increas$ ) ! d5sity ( populations1 n 9 direct proportion1 b 9 proportion to ! #f? roots ( ! contra/$ populations4 ,?is rule does n n[ hold g5]ally good4 ,x is only aft] ! d5sity has rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity t x beg9s to ex]t an appreciable effect4 ,ev5 !n x is :at is impli$ 9 aggregation r ?an ! aggregation itself t is p]nici\s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 pov]ty is usually great] 9 d5sely populat$ di/ricts ?an else:]e1 ) its accompanim5ts ( defici5t food & clo?+ & bad h\s+4 ,h5ce ! excess ( ph?isis 9 t5em5t$ h\ses1 especially 9 h\ses ) only ?ree rooms4 ,i h %[n t ! true d5sity t %\ld be consid]$ is ! numb] ( p]sons to ea* room1 n ! numb] ( p]sons on a giv5 area 78,! ,vital ,/ati/ics ( ! ,peabody ,build+s10 ,roy4 ,/ati/4 ,soc41 ,feb41 #ahia74 ,occupation & ,mortality4--,to obta9 correct /ati/ics %[+ ! influ5ce ( occupation on vitality1 "o mu/ "k ! numb] & age ( ^? engag$ 9 ea* indu/ry1 & ! correspond+ numb] ( dea?s4 ,a /atem5t ( ! mean age at dea? ( ^? engag$ 9 diff]5t occupations w\ld be mo/ fallaci\s 7page #cdd74 ,! be/ plan is to re/rict ! /ati/ics to m5 ag$ #be-fe1 & calculate = ^! dea?-rates 9 a /&>d population1 aft] ! fa%ion already describ$ 7page #cdj74 ,by ?is means a 8comp>ative mortality figure0 c be obta9$4 ,= all males x is #ajjj1 = f>m]s #efc1 tea*]s #fjc1 lawy]s #hba1 doctors #iff1 but*]s #ajif1 plumb]s #aabj1 brew]s #adbg1 innkeep]s #afei1 pott]s #agjf1 file-mak]s #ahaj4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! occupations are mo/ unheal?y 9 :i* !re is mo/ exposure to du/1 to ! brea?+ ( f\l air1 & to excessive indulg5ce 9 alcoholic dr9ks 7= fur!r details see ! au?or's ,elem5ts ( ,vital ,/ati/ics1 page #afi et seq474 ,dea?s f ,v>i\s ,causes4--,^! may be /at$ 9 proportion to total dea?s f all causes1 or 9 t]ms ( ! population4 ,! fir/ plan mu/ be adopt$ only :5 x is desir$ to asc]ta9 ! proportional %>e ( a giv5 cause ( dea? 9 ! total mortality4 ,9 #ahii1 9 ,engl& & ,wales ! diseases nam$ 9 ! fir/ column ( ! table 7page #cdd71 7 ! mo/ prolific causes ( dea?s4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales1 #ahii4 ,,dea?s ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,to #aj1jjj ,,dea?s ,,f ,,all ,,causes4 ,bron*itis #hhj ,ph?isis #gbi ,pneumonia #fhe ,old age #eda ,di>rha1 ,dys5t]y #eaa ,canc] #deb ,apoplexy #cbg ,influ5za #bac ,:oop+ c\gh #agd ,measles #agb ,diph!ria #afj ,ent]ic fev] #ajh ,sc>let fev] #fd ,small-pox #c ,! diseases 9 ! second column are giv5 9 ord] to indicate _! proportional %>e ( ! total numb] ( dea?s4 ,! prop] plan ( /at+ ! dea?-rate f a giv5 disease is 9 t]ms ( ! population1 or bett] /ill subdivid$ into dea?-rates f ! disease = diff]5t age-gr\ps z 9 ! table on page #cdj1 if ! numb] ( dea?s is n too small to admit ( ?is4 ,! importance ( /at+ ! dea?-rate = diff]5t age-gr\ps is greate/ = su* diseases z di>rha1 :oop+ c\gh1 & measles1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! dea?s occur at ages "u five4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! dea?-rates f ! causes ( dea? :i* are mo/ important1 ei!r f _! magnitude1 or because ( _! prev5tible "*3-- ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales1 #ahii4--;,,dea?-,,rate ,,p] #a1jjj ,,p]sons ,,liv+4 ,small-pox #jje ,measles #cb ,sc>let fev] #ab ,influ5za #ci ,:oop+ c\gh #cb ,diph!ria #bi ,ent]ic fev] #bj ,typhus fev] #jja ,*ol]a #jd ,di>rha1 ,dys5t]y #id ,intemp]ance #jiad ,canc] #hc ,ph?isis #acd ,o!r tub]cul> diseases #eh ,premature bir? #eh ,old age #ii ,apoplexy #fj ,convulsions #eg ,valvul> disease ( he>t #ch ,bron*itis #afa ,pneumonia #abf ,ga/ro-ent]itis #fa ,bright's disease #bi ,accid5ts #ei ,ill def9$ & n specifi$ causes #gc ---- ,all causes #ahcc ,det]m9ation ( ,longevity4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ only dea?-rates1 i4e4 ! numb] dy+ ea* ye> out ( ea* #a1jjj ( population4 ,! mean duration ( life involves ano!r aspect ( ! same problem4 ,al?\gh no?+ is m unc]ta9 ?an ! duration ( individual life1 ! duration ( life = ! entire community is subject to s little v>iation t annuities & life assurance c be made ! subject ( exact calculations4 ,( ! te/s employ$ to measure ! duration ( human life ! mo/ commonly employ$ is ! mean age at dea?4#ae sum ( ages at dea?4 ,mean age at dea? ---------------------------------------- --4 numb] ( dea?s4 ,?is is a fair me?od ( /at+ ! av]age longevity ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( p]sons1 if ! gr\p is suffici5tly l>ge to avoid ! possible error caus$ by paucity ( data 7page #cdi74 ,b x w\ld be entirely unsafe to assume t by ?is means a safe /&>d ( comp>ison betwe5 two gr\ps c be =m$4 ,?us 9 #ahij x 0 /at$ t ! mean age at dea? ( workm5 0 #bi-cj ye>s1 ( ! well-to-d classes #ee-fj ye>s4 ,?is /atem5t ?r[s no light on ! relative vitality ( ! two classes "u comp>ison4 ,! well-to-d classes consi/ l>gely ( ^? ^: work+ days are pa/2 & x is z untru/wor?y to comp>e _! mean age at dea? ) t ( workm51 z x w\ld be to base any conclusion on ! fact t mean age at dea? ( bi%ops is mu* high] ?an t ( curates4 ,! mean age at dea? is l[e/ 9 c\ntries ) a high bir?-rate4 ,h5ce x w\ld be v fallaci\s to comp>e ! mean age at dea? 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! probable duration ( life 7vie probable7 is a t]m sometimes employ$ to d5ote ! age at :i* any numb] ( *ildr5 born into ! _w w be r$uc$ to "o half4 ,9 practice x c only be asc]ta9$ f a life-table4 ,! true mean duration ( life or expectation ( life c only be asc]ta9$ f a ,life ,table1 & ?is mu/ !re=e be briefly describ$4 ,?is is ! true biomet]1 ( equal importance 9 all inquiries connect$ ) human life ) ! b>omet] or !rmomet] & simil> in/rum5ts employ$ 9 physical rese>*4 ,! ,life ,table repres5ts 8a g5]ation ( individuals pass+ ?r\gh "t40 ,! data requir$ = its con/ruction are ! numb] & ages ( ! liv+1 & ! numb] & ages ( ! dy+1 i4e4 ! data requir$ = asc]ta9+ ! dea?-rate = ea* ye> ( life4 ,!oretically ! be/ plan = =m+ a ,life ,table w\ld be to obs]ve a million *ildr51 all born on ! same day1 ?r\gh life1 ent]+ 9 a column 7head$ lx7 ! numb] :o rema9 alive at ! end ( ea* successive ye> until all h di$2 & 9 a second column 7head$ dx7 ! numb] dy+ be=e ! completion ( ea* ye> ( life4 ,?is me?od is impracticable1 & 7 x o!rwise1 ! exp]i5ce w\ld be obsolete be=e x c\ld be utilis$4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 con/ruct+ ! national ,life ,tables = ,engl& is1 )\t trac+ ! hi/ory ( individuals ?r\gh life1 to assume t ! population be+ giv5 by ! c5sus returns & ! dea?-rate = ea* age = a giv5 dec5nium be+ kn[n1 t ! same dea?-rate w cont9ue dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! lives ( ! population includ$ 9 ! c5sus returns4 ,! total mean numb] liv+ & ! total numb] dy+ = a giv5 age-p]iod are kn[n4 ,! mean *ance 7px7 ( liv+ "o ye> dur+ ?is age-p]iod is f\nd by ! fraction ,population - ,dea?s ---------------------------------------- ------ px ,population ,dea?s ,x is usual to />t ) a million or #ajj1jjj *ildr5 at bir?1 & to make a sep>ate table = ! proportionate numb] ( males & females at bir?4 ,?us 9 ,brighton 9 #ahha-ij ^! 7 9 ! proportion ( #ea1aie & #dh1hje4 ,/>t+ ) #ea1aie male infants at bir?1 & multiply+ ?is numb] by #hdfjh1 ! probability ( surviv+ = "o ye>1 we obta9 #ea1aie #hdfjh #dc1cae4 ,= ! second ye> ( life1 ! probability ( surviv+ 0 #iccih2 h5ce ! numb] ( survivors is #dc1cae #iccih #dj1deb1 & s on4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is %ewn 9 ! foll[+ example ( a ,life ,table1 :i* only gives ! data at or ne> ! two extremes ( life1 ! int]m$iate figures hav+ be5 omitt$ f consid]ations ( space4 ,,brighton ,,life ,,table4--,,males4 7,bas$ on ! mortality ( ! #aj ye>s #ahha-ij47 ,,age4 ,,dy+ ,,9 ,,born ,,& ,,sum ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,mean ,,aft] ,,ea* ,,ye> ,,surviv+ ,,liv+1 ,,or ,,ye>s ,,( ,,life-,,"t ,,( ,,life4 ,,at ,,ea* ,,life ,,liv$ ,,at ,,ea* 7,,expectation ,,( ,,age4 ,,age1 x #a1 ,,& ,,life7 ,,at ,,ea* ,,upw>ds1 ,,to ,,! ,,la/ ,,age4 ,,age ,,9 ,,! ,,table4 x dx lx lx#a ex #j #g1hhj #ea1aie #b1bjf1agd #dcei #a #b1hfc #dc1cae #b1afb1hei #ejdc #b #iif #dj1deb #b1abb1djg #ebif #c #gcc #ci1def #b1jhb1iea #ecbi #d #ddj #ch1gbc #b1jdd1bbh #ecbi #ig #ab #bi #dc #afj #ih #g #ag #bf #aec #ii #d #aj #af #adh ,! #dc1cae males surviv+ to ! end ( ! fir/ ye> ( life out ( #ea1aie born w ea* h liv$ a complete ye> 9 ! fir/ ye>1 or among !m #dc1cae ye>s4 ,simil>ly ! #dj1deb males w live among !m #dj1deb fur!r complete ye>s1 & s on1 until all ! males />t$ ) become ext9ct at ! age ( #aje4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! total numb] ( complete ye>s liv$ by ! #ea1aie males />t$ ) at bir? w be #dc1cae #dj1deb #ci1def #ch1gbc 444 #aj #f #d #c #b #a #b1bjf1agd ye>s1 ?is sum be+ obta9$ by add+ toge!r ! numb]s liv+ at ea* age beyond 7i4e4 bel[ on ?is table7 ! age 9 "q "r d[n to its la/ item4 ,?is numb] ( ye>s is liv$ by #ea1aie males4 ,h5ce ! numb] ( complete ye>s liv$ by1 i4e4 ! expectation ( life (1 ea* male #b1bjf1agd ------------------ #dcji ye>s4 #ea1aie ,?is is ! curtate expectation ( life4 ,x deals only ) ! complete ye>s ( life1 n tak+ into acc\nt t portion ( life-"t liv$ by ea* p]son 9 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 :i* may be assum$ to be on an av]age half a ye>4 ,h5ce ! complete expectation ( life accord+ to ! above table is #dcei ye>s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! expectation ( life 7complete7 = v>i\s t[ns & = ,engl& is giv53-- ,,life ,,table4--,,expectation ,,( ,,life ,,at ,,bir?4 ,male4 ,female4 ,engli% ,life ,table1 #ahch-ed 7,f>r7 #ciia #dahe #ahga-hj 7,ogle7 #dace #ddfb #ahha-ij 7,ta?am7 #dcff #dgah ,london1 #ahha-ij 7,murphy7 #djff #ddia ,brighton1 #ahha-ij 7,new%olme7 #dcei #dibe ,man*e/] ,city1 #ahha-ij 7,ta?am7 #cdga #chdd ,glasg[1 #ahha-ij 7,*amb]s7 #ceah #cggj ,=mul ( v>y+ degrees ( accuracy h be5 devis$ = giv+ 9 ! abs5ce ( a ,life ,table an approximation to ! expectation ( life4 ,willi*'s ,=mula is z foll[s3--,if x expectation ( life1 & a pres5t age1 !n x #bc 7#hj-;a74 ,?us1 at ! age ( #ej ye>s ! expectation ( life1 accord+ to ?is =mula1 is #bj ye>s4 ,by ! ,engli% life-table = #ahha-ij x 0 #ah4hb = males1 & #bjef = females4 ,f>r's =mula is bas$ on ! bir? & dea?-rates4 ,if b bir?-rate & d dea?-rate p] unit ( population1 !n ,expectation ( life 7#bc #a;d7 7#ac #a;b74 ,?us b = ,engl& & ,wales1 #ahhi-ih #cjca1jjj #jcjc4 & d #ahda1jjj #jahd4 7#bc #ajcjc7 7#ac #ajahd7 #dg4b ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ! expectation ( life = #ahha-ij %[n 9 ! above table4 ,9 a life-table ! numb] out ( :i* "o dies annually are ! mean age at dea? id5tical & ! expectation ( life 9 value :5 ! :ole duration ( life f bir? to dea? is includ$ 9 ! calculation4 ,?is is only true = a /ation>y or life-table population1 9 :i* ! numb] dy+ is assum$ to be regul>ly replac$ by a correspond+ numb] ( p]sons ( ! same age4 ,life ,capital4--,! life-tables n[ 9 use are ^? bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( #ahha-ij4 ,! ga9 9 any subsequ5t ye>1 z 9 #aijj1 may be asc]ta9$ z foll[s3 ! mean population & ! dea?-rate = ea* age-gr\p z #j-e1 #e-aj1 etc41 are calculat$4 ,!n ! mean dea?-rate ( ! same community = #ahha-ij is appli$ to ?is population4 ,by ?is means ! 8calculat$ numb]0 ( dea?s 9 #aijj is obta9$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! numb]s & ! 8actual numb]0 obta9$ f ! dea?-regi/]s1 gives ! ga9 or loss dur+ ! ye>4 ,next multiply ^! diff]5ces by ! mean expectation ( life = ! correspond+ gr\ps ( ye>s4 ,by add+ ! ga9s ?us asc]ta9$ & subtract+ any losses1 we obta9 ! net ga9 9 8life-capital0 7,ta?am7 dur+ ! ye> #aijj4 ,te/s ( ! ,heal? ( a ,community4 #a4 ,! g5]al dea?-rate is ! te/ mo/ commonly appli$1 & g5]ally tru/$4 ,x has its limitations 9 ?is respect4 ,x may usually be tru/$ 9 comp>+ a t[n or di/rict = a s+le ye> ) prec$+ ye>s1 z ! age & sex di/ribution ( a giv5 population only *anges sl[ly4 ,b :5 comp>ison ) o!r t[ns or di/ricts is made1 ! possibility t errone\s conclusions may be drawn becomes consid]able4 7a7 ,be=e ! dea?-rates ( two di/ricts c be comp>$1 ei!r ?is comp>ison mu/ be made by means ( dea?-rates = age-gr\ps 7#j-e1 #e-aj1 444 #fe-ge1 etc47 or ! factors ( correction1 ! me?od ( obta9+ :i* is describ$ on page #cda1 mu/ be appli$4 7b7 ,x mu/ be ensur$ t 9 ! two comp>$ di/ricts1 an equal am\nt ( correction has be5 made = dea?s occurr+ 9 public in/itutions & among visitors 7page #cdj74 7c7 ,ev5 :5 ! above precautions are tak51 x is conceivable t a t[n ) a dea?-rate ( #ae p] #a1jjj may really be z heal?y z ano!r ) a dea?-rate ( #ab p] #a1jjj1 ?\gh a /ati/ical ju/ification ( ?is /atem5t is a difficult task4 ,social conditions q irrespective ( ! sanit>y condition or ! natural salubrity ( a di/rict h an important influ5ce on ! dea?-rate4 ,pov]ty & all t x connotes1 necess>ily involves a high] dea?-rate ?an occurs among ! well-to-d4 ,fur!rmore1 ! dome/ic s]vants employ$ by ! latt] frequ5tly die 9 di/ricts o!r ?an ^? 9 :i* !y are employ$1 )\t any possibility ( ! requisite correction be+ made4 #b4 ,! zymotic dea?-rate is frequ5tly quot$ z a te/ ( sanit>y condition4 ,?is is a dea?-rate bas$ on ! dea?s f ! 8sev5 *ief zymotic diseases10 small-pox1 measles1 :oop+-c\gh1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 fev] 7*iefly ent]ic71 & di>rha4 ,?is dea?-rate %\ld be entirely disc>d$1 ! dea?-rate f ea* infecti\s disease be+ sep>ately /at$4 ,a high dea?-rate f ent]ic fev] w\ld be a mu* m s]i\s reflection on ! heal? ( a t[n ?an a high dea?-rate = :oop+-c\gh4 ,! dea?-rate f ea* ( ^! diseases 9 ,london & 9 ,engl& 9 #ahii 0 z foll[s3-- ,,dea?-,,rate ,,9 #ahii ,,p] #a1jjj ,,liv+4 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,london4 ,small-pox #jje nil ,measles #cb #dg ,sc>let fev] #ab #jh ,diph!ria #bi #dc ,typhus #jja nil ,ent]ic fev] #bj #ah ,:oop+ c\gh #cb #ch ,di>rha #id #ib ,a /atem5t ( ! dea?-rate f ea* ( ^! diseases = a s]ies ( ye>s is a mu* m tru/wor?y te/ ?an a simil> /atem5t = a s+le ye>1 9 :i* accid5tal causes may h caus$ a tempor>y increase1 or ?an a /atem5t ( ! av]age result = a s]ies ( ye>s1 :i* t5ds to conceal ! epidemic v>iations ( ! disease 9 "q4 ,! dang] ( su* av]ages has be5 well expos$ by ,*adwick 9 ! rem>k t 8a mean betwe5 ! condition ( ,dives & ,laz>us t5ds to make x appe> t aft] all ,laz>us has n s mu* to compla9 (40 #c4 ,! infantile mortality 7page #cdb7 is a delicate te/ ( mix$ sanit>y & social conditions1 & /ress may always be laid on x f ^! /&po9ts4 ,! importance ( comp>+ dea?-rates at o!r age-gr\ps has already be5 expla9$4 #d4 ,! mo/ delicate & exact me?od1 if all ! data are accurate & complete1 is to con/ruct a ,life ,table1 & asc]ta9 ! expectation ( life 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!r communities4 ,! prec$+ /ati/ical te/s ( ! salubrity ( a community1 & any o!rs t may be available1 %\ld all1 :5 practicable1 be utilis$2 & x %\ld always be rememb]$ t ^! te/s1 especially ! g5]al dea?-rate1 are mo/ tru/wor?y :5 contra/+ ! exp]i5ce ( a community ) its pa/ exp]i5ce1 & lea/ tru/wor?y :5 contra/+ its exp]i5ce ) t ( o!rs2 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 ! latt] case ( ensur+ ! avoidance ( error aris+ f non cet]is p>ibus4 ,/ati/ical ,fallacies4--,if 8fallacies0 be reg>d$ z synonym\s ) 8errors10 cle>ly !y may occur at e /ep4 ,!y may be classifi$ z errors ( data1 & errors ( me?ods4 ,! mo/ important errors ( data are errone\s e/imates ( population1 & errone\s returns ( dea?s1 especially 9 ! direction ( exclusion ( c]ta9 dea?s 7page #cdj74 ,dea?-rates = %ort p]iods are relatively untru/wor?y4 ,! errone\s use ( ! mean age at dea? z a te/ ( longevity has be5 m5tion$ 7page #cdd74 ,^! are 9 "p also errors ( me?ods1 & num]\s mix$ examples are giv5 bel[4 ,errors f ,paucity ( ,data frequ5tly arise1 ! 8fallacy ( small numb]s10 a too ha/y g5]alization1 be+ ! mo/ common fault 9 m$ical writ+s1 especially 9 !rapeutics4 ,! degree ( approximation to ! tru? ( a v>y+ numb] ( obs]vations is e/imat$ by means ( ,poisson's =mula4 total numb] ( cases record$ 9 two gr\ps4 m numb] 9 "o gr\p4 n numb] 9 ! o!r gr\p1 s t m n4 ,! ext5t ( v>iation 9 ! proportion ( ea* gr\p to ! :ole w v>y )9 ! proportions repres5t$ by-- m #b7bmn#c71 & n - #b7bmn#c7 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( ! total obs]vations 771 ! less w be ! value ( #b7bmn#c71 & ! less w be ! limits ( error 9 ! simple proportion m4 ,?us1 ( #adg cases ( ent]ic fev]1 #ag di$1 a fatality ( #aad p] c5t4 ,! possible error is det]m9$ by ! second half ( ! above =mula-- #b7b #ag #acjadgc7 #b7d1dbjc1agf1ebc7 #jgdf4 i4e4 ! possibility ( error #jgdf to unity or #gdf p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 9 a second s]ies ( cases ( ent]ic fev] "u ! same conditions z ! above1 ! fatality may v>y f #cid to #ahhf p] c5t41 a vague result :i* indicates t ! fir/ s]ies _c be reg>d$ z e/abli%+ m ?an a prim facie case 9 fav\r ( any special me?od ( treatm5t t may h be5 adopt$4 ,non cet]is p>ibus4--,! necessity t data to be comp>$ %all be collect$ on a uni=m plan1 & be ( a /rictly comp>able nature1 is v frequ5tly ignor$4 ,! conclusion t ! adm9i/ration ( a giv5 antiseptic is a valuable means ( treat+ ent]ic fev] is n demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! fatality 9 ! s]ies ( cases ?us treat$ is #g p] c5t41 :ile 9 ano!r s]ies treat$ )\t antiseptics x is #ad p] c5t41 unless x is %[n t ! age & o!r previ\s conditions ( ! pati5ts 9 ! two cases 7 n widely diff]5t1 & unless ! s]ies are suffici5tly long to avoid ! fallacy due to paucity ( data4 ,errors f ! ,composition ( ,rates4--,if ! dea?-rate ( ,a hav+ a population ( #aj1jjj is #aj p] #ajjj1 & ( ,b hav+ a population ( #bj1jjj is #ae p] #ajjj1 ! comb9$ dea?-rate is n 7#aj #ae7b #abe4 ,to obta9 ! correct comb9$ dea?-rate1 ! numb] ( dea?s 9 ,a 7#ajj7 & 9 ,b 7#cjj7 mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$1 & ! dea?-rate on a population ( #cj1jjj 9 :i* #djj dea?s occurr$ w !n be f\nd to be #acc p] #ajjj4 ,errors f ,/at+ ,dea?s 9 proportion to ,total ,dea?s4--,!re is no?+ errone\s p] se 9 /at+ ! proportion ( dea?s at "o age z a ratio ( ! total dea?s at all ages1 or ! dea?s f "o cause z a ratio ( ! total dea?s f all causes4 ,x is a useful & 9 fact ! only me?od practicable :5 x is requir$ to give ! proportion ( "o ( ^! to ! o!r4 ,b beyond ?is1 su* a ratio _c be tru/$4 ,= in/ance1 ! proportion ( fatal accid5ts among male infants is #abb1 & among female infants #bea p] c5t4 ( ! total fatal accid5ts 9 ! male & female sex respectively4 ,b x w\ld be errone\s1 if x 7 conclud$ f ^! figures t female are m subject to fatal accid5ts ?an male infants4 ,! only conclusion t !y ju/ify is t at high] ages females are mu* less subject to fatal accid5ts ?an males4 ,9 actual facts1 = e #ajjj infants born1 only #bi female z aga9/ #ca males die "u "o ye> ( age z ! result ( accid5t4 ,aga91 suppose ! case ( two t[ns1 ,a & ,b4 ,a ) a population ( #aj1jjj has #aej annual dea?s1 ( :i* #bj are caus$ by canc]2 ! g5]al dea?-rate !re=e be+ #ae1 & ! dea?-rate f canc] #bj p] #ajjj1 :ile ! dea?s f canc] =m #bae ( ! total dea?s4 ,b1 ) ! same population z ,a1 has #cjj dea?s1 its dea?-rate be+ #cj p] #ajjj1 & #dj dea?s f canc]1 its canc] dea?-rate be+ #dj p] #ajjj2 :ile ! proportion ( ! dea?s f canc] to ! total dea?s is #bae z be=e4 ,x is useful to "k 9 reg>d to ea* ( ^! individual communities t canc] causes #bae ( its total mortality1 b no comp>ison betwe5 ! two is practicable on ?is basis4 ,! only prop] comp>ison is betwe5 ! dea?-rate f canc] p] #ajjj ( population 9 ,a & ,b1 :i* %[s t x is twice z high 9 ,b z 9 ,a4 ,a /ill m accurate me?od is to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( dea?s f canc]1 & ! numb] liv+ at diff]5t age-gr\ps1 ?us avoid+ any errors due to v>iations 9 age & sex di/ribution ( population4 ,errors z to ,av]ages4--,! mo/ common ( ^! results f paucity ( data 7page #cdi74 ,note t ! results obta9$ f an av]age _c be appli$ to a p>ticul> case4 ,! mean duration or expectation ( life1 obta9$ f a life-table1 expresses ) almo/ ma!matical c]ta9ty1 ! numb] ( ye>s ( life ( ! memb]s ( a community tak5 "o ) ano!r1 b is (t5 n accurate :5 appli$ to a s+le individual4 ,9 ,army /ati/ics errors h aris5 by failure to compreh5d :at is meant by ! av]age /r5g? ( a =ce4 ,! /ati/ics mu/ comprise ! lives ( a giv5 numb] ( p]sons z well z ! dea?s occurr+ among !m = an entire ye>1 or all[ance mu/ be made 9 ?is respect :5 requir$4 ,hospital /ati/ics = simil> reasons are frequ5tly fallaci\s4 ,?us dea?-rates h be5 frequ5tly giv5 p] #ajj occupi$ b$s1 :i* are mo/ mislead+1 z ! frequ5cy ( succession ( pati5ts z well z ! nature ( ! pati5ts' compla9ts w v>y greatly 9 diff]5t hospitals4 ,! only prop] me?od ( /at+ hospital-returns is on ! basis ( ! aggregate annual numb] ( cases treat$ to a t]m9ation4 ,! cases %\ld be fur!r subdivid$ accord+ to age & sex & disease4 ,av]age dea?-rates = epidemic diseases :5 us$ to comp>e "o community ) ano!r may give rise to errone\s conclusions4 ,?is is insep>able f ! nature ( su* diseases4 ,dur+ ! p]iod "u comp>ison1 "o t[n may happ5 to h1 say1 ?ree epidemics1 & ! o!r f\r2 possibly if two or ?ree additional ye>s _h be5 add$ to ! s]ies1 ! place ( ! two t[ns w\ld h be5 rev]s$ z reg>ds _! av]age dea?-rate f ! disease 9 "q4 ,! prop] plan is to give ! dea?-rates f ! epidemic disease = e ye> record$1 to draw a curve ( ^! dea?-rates = ! two t[ns on ! same scale1 & to comp>e ! height1 ! v>iations ( height1 & ! tr5d ( ! curve 9 ea* in/ance4 ,,index4 ,a ,ac>us ,scabiei1 #bgf ,a*orion ,s*nle9ii1 #bgf ,acne1 #afa ,a]at$ ,wat]s1 #df ,ague 7see ,mal>ia7 ,air--,bact]ia 91 #aji1 #aba ,composition1 ,prop]ties (1 #ajj ,contagia &1 #aji1 #aad ,degree ( ,moi/ure (1 #aai1 #abh ,gase\s & ,o!r ,impurities (1 #aaa ,exam9ation (1 #abf ,moi/ure (1 #bcd ,9 ,soil1 #bba ,susp5d$ ,impurities (1 #aje ,temp]ature (1 #aai1 #abh ( ,m\nta9s1 #bbh ,purification (1 #abi ,air-space1 am\nt requir$1 #adb ,alcohol1 #ee ,am9es process1 #aia ,ammonia--9 ,air1 #aja 9 ,wat]1 #hf ,amyloids1 #g ,amylace\s ,foods1 #ai ,anopheles 7see ,mosquito7 ,an?rax1 #bgd1 #cjf ,anti-cyclones1 #bcc ,antidiph!ritic ,s]um1 #bfh1 #bii ,anti-syphonage1 #agd ,antill ,trap1 #ahj ,apjohn's ,=mula1 #bdb ,arnott's ,valve1 #adi ,arr[root1 #ai ,ars5ic--9 ,be]1 #fb 9 ,wall ,pap]s1 #bad 9 ,clo?+1 #bgb ,artesian ,wells1 #ga ,artificial ,v5tilation1 #aeb ,relative ,value1 #aed ,asc>is1 #bgh ,a%-pits1 #aii ,aspect1 #bja ,atavism1 #bdf ,b ,bact]ia1 #bgc ,bact]ial ,me?ods1 ,sewage ,treatm5t1 #aib ,ball>d's ,rese>*es1 #cjc ,b>ley1 #ah ,b>omet]s1 #bcg ,b>ometric ,pressure1 #bca ,ba?s1 #bfb ,beau=t's ,scale1 #bdc ,beef1 #aj ,be]1 #fa ,bell-trap1 #ahj ,b5ham's ,gas ,burn]s1 #aeg ,b]kefeld ,filt]1 #ih ,bev]ages1 #df ,bilh>zia ,hmatobia1 #bgg ,birds1 ,fle% (1 #aa ,bir?-rate1 #cci ,black ,dea?1 #a ,bonds1 ,engli%1 ,flemi%1 #bje ,borax & ,boric ,acid1 #dd ,boyle's ,mica ,valve1 #adi ,b[els1 ,att5tion to1 #bdh ,br&y1 #fc ,bread1 br[n & :ite1 #ag1 #da ,bricks1 #bje ,broad ,irrigation1 #aib ,burnett's ,solution1 #cbg ,butt]1 #ad ,buys ,ballot's ,law1 #bcb ,c ,caffe9e1 #dh ,calorig5 ,/ove1 #aeg ,c>bohydrates1 #f ,c>bolic ,acid z ,dis9fectant1 #cbg ,c>bon ,filt]s1 #ig ,c>bonic ,acid--9 ,air1 #ajb1 #aaa e/imation (1 #abf ,c>bonic ,oxide1 #aab ,calorie1 #cb ,c>pets1 #bah ,cem5t1 #bac ,c]eal ,foods1 #ae ,cesspools1 #ahc ,*eese1 #ac ,*icory1 #ej ,*igoe1 #bgg ,*lorides 9 ,wat]1 #ha ,*lor9e z ,dis9fectant1 #cbd ,*ol]a1 #ib1 #bbe1 #cjb ,ci/]ns1 #gf ,cl>ke's ,process1 #id ,soap ,te/1 #gi ,climate1 #bbg ,closets1 #afh ,clo?+1 #bfe ,coal ,gas1 #aae ,cocoa1 #ea ,cod ,liv] ,oil1 #ad ,c(fee1 #ej ,cols1 #bcc ,comp>ative ,mortality ,figures1 #cdb ,concrete1 #bjg ,condim5ts1 #de ,condy's ,fluid1 #cbe ,cons]vancy ,me?ods1 #aid ,con/ipation1 #bdh ,con/itution1 #bde ,consumption 7see ,tub]culosis7 ,conta9]1 #afi ,cook+1 #cci ,coop]'s ,v5tilators1 #adi ,corrosive ,sublimate z ,dis9fectant1 #cbg ,cotton1 #bgj ,cream1 #ae ,cyclones1 #bcb ,cy/ic]cus ,cellulos1 #bc1 #bgi ,d ,d-,trap1 #afi ,damp1 ,cause (1 #baa ,damp-pro( ,c\rse1 #baj ,dea?-rate1 #b ,crude1 #cdj ,correct$1 #cdb ,zymotic1 #big1 #cdh ,decompos$ ,meat1 #bd ,demography1 #cce ,d5sity ( ,population1 #cdc ,de/ructors1 #bjj ,dew ,po9t1 #bda ,di>rha1 ,epidemic1 #cjb ,diet1 #bi ,diet>ies1 #cc ,diffusion1 #abi ,diph!ria1 #bbe1 #bih ,diseas$ ,animals1 ,meat (1 #bc ,dis9fection1 #cbd ,di/illation1 #id ,dra9age1 #aff ( ,soil1 #bbf ,dra9s1 #agg ,exam9ation (1 #ahj ,drugs1 #ed ,du/ 9 ,air1 #aje ,du/-b9s1 #aii ,dyspepsia1 #bh1 #bdh ,e ,e>?-closets1 #aie ,eggs1 #aa ,ellison's ,bricks1 #aea ,endemic ,diseases1 #bhi ,ent]ic ,fev]1 #ia1 #bbd1 #cjj ,epidemic ,di>rha1 #bf1 #bbe1 #cjb ,epidemic ,diseases1 #bhi ,erysipelas1 #aaj1 #cje ,excreta1 #afe ,ex]cise1 #bdi ,expectation ( ,life1 #cdf ,f ,f>cy 7see ,gl&]s7 ,f>r's ,=mula1 #cdg ,fats1 #f ,favus1 #bgf ,f]m5t$ ,dr9ks1 #ee ,fil>ia1 #bgh ,filt]s1 #ig ,filtration1 #ie ,fire ,grates1 #aei ,fi%1 #aa ,dang]s (1 #bf ,flax1 #bgj ,fleas1 #bgg ,fle% ,food1 #i ,floors1 #bag ,fl\r1 #af ,flukes 7see ,trematoda7 ,fomites1 #bii ,food1 #d ,diseases due to1 #bc ,heat value (1 #cb ,prep>ation & ,pres]vation (1 #ch1 #dc ,relation (1 to ,me*anical ,"w1 #cf ,v>iations f ,climate1 ,age1 c1 #bi ,vegetable & ,animal1 #ca ,=e/s & ,climate1 #bbi ,=mal941 #dd & ,=maldehyde z dis9fectants1 #cbf ,=t9's ,b>omet]1 #bch ,fruits1 #ba ,fuel1 #afa ,fungi1 #bj ,g ,ga]tn]'s ,bacillus1 #be ,galton's ,/ove1 #aee ,gas ,/oves1 #aeg1 #afa ,gelat91 #i ,g91 #fc ,gl&]s1 #cjd ,glai%]'s ,tables1 #bda ,glucose1 #ba ,glut51 #ae ,g\t1 #bh1 #ei ,g\x ,sy/em1 #aid ,gravey>ds1 ,air (1 #aah ,gre5 ,vegetables1 #bj1 #db ,gr\nd-wat]1 #bbb ,gully-trap1 #afg1 #ahj ,h ,habits1 #bdg ,haffk9e's ,*ol]a ,vacc9e1 #bbh ,h>dness ( ,wat]1 #gi1 #ij ,heat1 k9ds (1 #aei ,h5don ,disease1 #bg ,h]$ity1 #bde ,h]mite ,process1 #aia ,hopp]-closets1 #agj ,hot ,wat] ,supplies1 #afc ,pipes1 #afb ,h\se ,con/ruction1 #bji ,dra9age1 #afe ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction (1 #bje ,position (1 #bja ,refuse1 #aih ,slops1 #afe ,humidity1 absolute & relative #bce ,measurem5t (1 #bdj ,hydatids1 #bgi ,hydroc>bons1 #f ,hydrophobia1 #cje ,hygromet]s1 #aja1 #bdj ,i ,idiosyncrasy1 #bdf ,illum9ants1 #aae ,immunity1 #bhg ,incubation ,p]iods1 #bhg ,infantile ,mortality1 #cdb ,infective ,diseases1 #bhd ( ,animals1 #bd ,infecti\s ,diseases1 ,hospitals =1 #cbj ,notification (1 #cch ,influ5za1 #cji ,insects & ,disease1 #bha ,int]mitt5t ,d[nw>d ,filtration1 #aib ,iron 9 ,wat]1 #hc ,isob>s1 #bca ,isolation1 #cai ,iso!rmal ,l9es1 #bcj ,j ,j5n]'s ,discov]ies1 #bic ,k ,ko*'s ,po/ulates1 #bhe ,l ,latr9es1 #agd ,lav]an1 #bhb ,lead 9 ,wat]1 #hb1 #ij ,work]s 91 #ajh ,lice 7see ,p$iculi7 ,liebig's ,extract ( ,meat1 #aj ,life ,capital1 #cdg ,tables1 #cde ,l951 #bgj ,lysol z ,dis9fectant1 #cbg ,m ,mac>oni1 #ag ,ma9 ,sew]s1 #ahc ,maize1 #ah ,mal>ia1 #ia1 #bbd1 #cjg ,malle91 #cjd ,malt1 #ah1 #fb ,malt$ ,bread1 #ag ,m>g>9e1 #ae ,mc,kinnell's ,v5tilator1 #adi ,metabolism1 #f ,measles1 #big ,meat1 #i ,diseas$1 #bd ,t9n$1 #be ,p>asites 91 #bc ,meat ,poison+1 #be ,met*nik(f's ,!ory1 #bhi ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 #bcg ,metallo-k]amic ,jo9t1 #agg ,miasm1 #bhe ,microbes 7see ,bact]ia7 ,microscoporon ,aud\9i1 #bge ,milk1 #ab & ,disease1 #bf1 #bif1 #bii1 #cja ,boric ,acid 91 #dd ,s\r+ (1 #bgd & ,tub]culosis1 #caa ,m9]al ,wat]s1 #dg ,mort>1 #bjf ,mosquito1 #bhb1 #cjh ,m\le's ,closet1 #aie ,m\nta9 ,climate1 #bbh ,mutton1 #aj ,n ,natural ,v5tilation1 #adg ,relative value1 #aed ,nematoda1 #bgh ,nitrog51 #bgd ,nitrates 9 ,wat]1 #ha ,nitrification1 #aib1 #bbj ,nitrog5\s ,foods1 #e ,notification ( ,consumption1 #cad ,infecti\s ,diseases1 #cah1 #cch ,trade ,diseases1 #ccg ,o ,oatmeal1 #ag ,obesity1 #bh ,occupation & ,mortality1 #cdc ,(f5sive ,trades1 #abj ,oidium albicans1 #bge ,oils1 #df ,onion1 #bj ,ov]-fe$+1 #bh ,oxyg5 9 ,air1 #ajj ,oxyg5 ,absorb$1 #hf ,oxyuris1 #bgh ,oy/]s & ,disease1 #bia ,ozone1 #aja ,p ,pan-closets1 #afi ,p&emics1 #bhi ,p>asites1 #bgf 9 ,meat1 #bc ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& ,filt]1 #ih ,pa/eurization ( ,milk1 #ac1 #cab ,p$iculi1 #bgg ,p]sonal ,hygi5e1 #bde1 #beg1 #bfj ,pett5k(]'s ,me?od1 #abf ,phagocytosis1 #bhg ,phosphorus1 9 ,food1 #e ,work]s )1 #ajh ,ph?isis1 #bbe1 #caj ,piles1 #bdh ,pla/]1 #bab ,plague1 #bha1 #cje ,pneumatic ,sy/em1 ,li]nur1 #ahc ,poisson's ,=mula1 #cdi ,population1 ,d5sity (1 #cdc ,e/imation (1 #ccf ,pork1 #aa ,port]-,cl>ke ,process1 #ie ,portl& ,cem5t1 #bjf ,potato1 #bj ,privy or ,midd5 ,sy/em1 #aif ,pro( ,_s1 #fd ,proteids1 #e ,propulsion1 ,v5tilation by1 #aec ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 #cjf ,q ,qu>ant9e1 #cbj ,r ,rabies 7see ,hydrophobia7 ,ra9fall1 #bce ,ra9 ,gauge1 #bdb ,wat]1 #fg ,pipes1 #aff ,rats & ,plague1 #cjf ,regi/ration ( ,bir?s & ,dea?s1 #ccg ,relaps+ ,fev]1 #bh1 #cjj ,respiration1 #ajb1 #aac ,re/1 #beg ,rheumatic ,fev]1 #bbe1 #cjf ,rickets1 #bh ,r+worm1 #bge ,riv]s1 #gb ,roa/+1 #ch ,ro(s1 #bjh ,rum1 #fc ,rye1 #ah ,s ,sac*>omycetes1 #bge ,sago1 #ai ,salts z ,food1 #g ,saprophytes1 #bhf ,sc>lat9a or ,sc>let ,fev]1 #bif ,s*ools1 ,closure (1 #cbb ,scott ,moncrieff ,process1 #aib ,scr(ula1 #caf ,scurvy1 #b1 #bg ,seasonal ,incid5ce ( ,diseases1 #bhi ,sea ,relation to ,climate1 #bbi ,sebace\s ,gl&s1 #bfj ,semol9a1 #ag ,septic-tank1 #aic ,sewage--,disposal (1 #aij ,dry & ,wet ,me?ods ( ,removal (1 #aig ,sew]s1 #ahc1 #ahd ,air (1 #aag ,problems z to fl[ 91 #ahg ,%ell-fi% & ,disease1 #bia ,%]+ham's ,valve1 #aea ,%one ,sy/em1 #ahf ,s9ks1 #afg ,silk1 #bgj ,sleep1 #beh ,slop-closets1 #agd ,small-pox1 #b1 #bib ,smoke ,nuisance1 #afj ,te/1 #aha ,soap1 #bfa ,soil1 #bai ,diseases 9 ,relation to1 #bbd ,dra9age (1 #bbf ,soil-pipe1 #agd ,spices1 #df ,spirits1 #fc ,spr+s1 #fh ,/>*1 ,detection (1 #ai ,/>vation1 #bg ,/ati/ical ,fallacies1 #cdi ,/eam z ,dis9fectant1 #cbi ,/oves1 #aeg1 #afa ,/reets1 ,wid? (1 #bjc ,sug>1 #ba ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog51 #aab ,sulphur\s ,acid 7,dis9fectant71 #cbe ,summ] ,di>rha1 #bbe ,sun%9e ,record]s1 #bdc ,sweat ,gl&s1 #bfj ,sweat+ ,sickness1 #a ,sylve/]'s ,me?od1 #aej ,synoptic ,map1 #bca ,syphonic ,closet1 #agb ,t ,tann91 #di ,tape-worms1 #bgi ,tapioca1 #ai ,tea1 #cj1 #dg ,temp]ature ( ,rooms1 #aeh ,tetanus1 #cjd ,!rmomet]s1 ,maximum & ,m9imum1 #bci ,!rmomet]s1 ,dry & ,wet ,bulb1 #bdj ,?ru%1 #bge ,tight ,lac+1 #bfg ,t9ea1 #bgf ,tobacco1 #ed ,tob9's ,tubes1 #aeb ,tox9s1 #bhf ,trades & ,disease1 #ajg1 #aah ,(f5sive1 #abj ,traps1 #agi ,trematoda1 #bgg ,tri*9a ,spiralis1 #bc ,tri*ophyton1 #bge ,tr\gh-closets1 #agd ,tub]cul9 ,te/1 #caa ,tub]culosis1 #cji ,prev5tion (1 #cad ,tub]cul\s ,meat1 #bd ,typhoid ,fev] 7see ,ent]ic ,fev]7 ,typhus ,fev]1 #cjj ,v ,v-%ap$ ,depressions1 #bcc ,vacc9ation1 #bic ,valve-closets1 #agj ,v>iola 7see ,small-pox7 ,veal1 #aj ,vegetables1 #bj ,v5tilation1 #acb ,me?ods (1 #adf ,problems z to1 #acg ,by ,propulsion1 #aec ,v5tilation by ,introduction ( ,w>m$ ,air1 #aee ,( ,m9es1 #aef ,( ,dra9s1 #agh ,v]micelli1 #ag ,v]ni]1 #bch ,v9eg>1 #df ,vital ,/ati/ics1 #cce ,w ,wall-pap]1 #bad ,walls ( ,h\se1 #baj ,wanklyn's ,ammonia ,process1 #hf ,w>m+ ( ,h\ses1 #aei ,wa%-out & ,wa%-d[n ,closets1 #agb ,wa/e-pipes1 #aff ,wat]1 #fe ,z food1 #h ,analysis (1 #hd ,classification ( supplies (1 #gc ,con/ant & ,int]mitt5t ,s]vices1 #gf ,ent]ic ,fev] &1 #gb ,h>dness (1 #gi ,impurities (1 #gh1 #hi1 #ij ,s\rces (1 #ff ,/orage & ,deliv]y (1 #gd 9 ,soil1 #bbb ,purification (1 #id ,wat]-closets1 #afh ,wat]-gas1 ,c>burett$1 #aae ,wat]-te/ ( ,dra9s1 #ahb ,wea!r ,=eca/+1 #bcd ,weissman on ,h]$ity1 #bdf ,wells1 #fi ,:iskey1 #fc ,:oop+ ,c\gh1 #bih ,widal ,reaction1 #cja ,willi*'s ,=mula1 #cdg ,w9d[s1 #baf ,w9ds1 #aca1 #bcj1 #bdc ,w9es1 #fb ,wool1 #bfi ,wool-sort]s' ,disease1 #bgd ,"w1 ,am\nt done1 #beb ,relation ( ,food to1 #cf ,wort1 #fb ,writ]s' ,palsy1 #beb ,y ,yell[ ,fev]1 #cje ,z ,zygophyta1 #bge ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,:ile ! addition ( animal fat l m>g>9e raises ! melt+ po9t1 rape-se$ oil & o!r vegetable oils l[] x4 ,footnote #b3 ,! fat to be analys$ is saponifi$ ) soda or pota%1 & !n ! fatty acid set free by hydro*loric acid4 ,if wat] be n[ add$1 #aa or #ab p] c5t4 ( ! fatty acid w be dissolv$1 if ! fat is butt]2 less ?an ?is if x is a mixture2 & n m ?an #e p] c5t4 if no butt] is pres5t 9 ! fat4 ,footnote #c3 ,fre%ly made2 ( :i* #a c4c4 #jjjja grm4 ( ,n,o ,footnote #d3 ,made by dissolv+ #cie grm4 ( ,k,mn,o 9 #a1jjj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,ea* c4c4 ( ?is solution #jjja grm4 ( oxyg5 available = oxidation4 ,footnote #e3 ,caus$ by ! lib]ation ( iod9e4 ,?us-- ,k,mn,o #h ,h,,s #aj ,,ki #f ,k,,s #b ,mn,s,o #h ,h,o #e ,i4 ,footnote #f3 ,( ! /r5g? ( #a grm4 ( cry/all9e sodium ?iosulphate to #a litre ( wat]4 ,footnote #g3 ,9 practice "o has frequ5tly to be cont5t$ if ! ,,co does n exce$ #a "p p] #ajjj ( air2 & if ! room is clean & free f du/1 ?is high] limit may be accept$4 ,footnote #h3 ,! damp-pro( c\rse %\ld h be5 %[n close "u ! plate c>ry+ ! floor joi/s4 ,footnote #i3 ,"s bact]ia =m 9 _! int]ior m9ute spores1 by means ( :i* !y are able to resi/ ord9>y de/ructive ag5ts4 ,^! spores aga9 develope into bact]ia4 ,footnote #aj3 ,fur!rmore1 x is /at$ t :5 at re/ on a plane surface ! ,culex assumes a position ) ! axis ( ! body m or less p>allel to ! surface2 :ile ! ,anopheles1 "u ! same circum/ances1 has ! axis ( its body m or less at "r angles to ! surface4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is is diph!ria attack+ ! l>ynx ,footnote #ab3 ,f 8,elem5ts ( ,vital ,/ati/ics10 by ,a ,new%olme4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! figures = ! p]iod #ahia-aijj 7 available2 b ! me?od adopt$ is ! same1 sub/itut+ ! dea?-rates1 etc41 = ! lat] p]iod4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! dea?-returns greatly und]/ate ! actual dea?-rate f ?is cause4 ,footnote #ae3 ,!re is no g5]al agreem5t z to ! exact s5se 9 :i* ! words av]age & mean %\ld be us$4 ,!y are us$ "h int]*angeably4