,,bird ,,h\ses ,,ba?s ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,%elt]s ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,place ,,!m ,,edmund ,j4 ,,sawy] ,illu/ration3 ,wr5 ,,cranbrook ,,in/itute ,,( ,,sci5ce ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 ,fif? ,edition ,fif? ,edition ,copyright #aiee by ,! ,cranbrook ,in/itute ( ,sci5ce ,bloomfield ,hills1 ,mi*igan ,fir/ pr9t$ z ,bird ,h\ses ,fir/ ,edition1 ,m>*1 #aica1 #bjjj copies ,second ,edition1 ,febru>y1 #aich1 #aejj copies ,revis$ & enl>g$ to include we/]n species1 ba?s1 & %elt]s ,?ird ,edition1 ,decemb]1 #aidj1 #cjjj copies ,f\r? ,edition1 ,june1 #aidd1 #ejjj copies ,june1 #aiea1 #djjj copies ,fif? ,edition1 ,july1 #aiee1 #fjjj copies ,septemb]1 #aifc1 #ejjj copies ,pr9t$ by ,li?o-,art1 ,inc41 f type set & pr9t$ by ! ,cranbrook ,press ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,=eword #e ,bird ,h\ses & ,common ,s5se #g ,"s ,curr5t ,notions ,correct$ #g ,g5]al & ,miscellane\s #aa ,mat]ial #aa ,entrance #aa ,nails #ac ,slabs #ac ,facilities = ,h\se ,clean+ #ac ,position ( ,boxes #ac ,undesir$ ,t5ants #ad ,?ickets #ae ,dim5sions = ,v>i\s ,h\ses #af ,h\se ,wr5 #ah ,o!r ,wr5s #ah ,black-capp$ ,*ickadee #ah ,o!r ,*ickadees #ai ,:ite-brea/$ ,nu?at* #bj ,o!r ,nu?at*es #bj ,tuft$ ,titm\se #bj ,tree ,swall[ #ba ,o!r ,swall[s #ba ,ea/]n ,bluebird #ba ,o!r ,bluebirds #bb ,cre/$ ,flycat*] #bb ,flick]s #bc ,purple ,m>t9 #be ,tree-ne/+ ,ducks #bg ,hawks & ,owls #bh ,common ,h\se ,f9* #bi ,rob9 & ,phoebe #bi ,bird ,ba?s #cc ,food ,/ations #ce ,,illu/rations ,bluebirds #d ,ne/+ ,sites1 ,natural & ,artificial #i ,! ,be/ & ,mo/ ,simple ,=m ( ,artificial ,ne/+ ,site #ab ,disc\rag+ ! ,un9vit$ ,gue/ #ad ,a ,simple & ,effective ,box ,bird ,h\se #ag ,a ,*ickadee ,family #ai ,! ,m>t9 ,h\se #bd ,ne/+ ,h\se = ,ducks #bf ,an ,easy-to-make ,box #bg ,ne/ ,boxes = ! ,h\se ,f9* #cj ,ne/+ ,%elves = ,rob9s & ,phoebes #cj1 #ca ,bird ,ba?s #cb ,types ( ,fe$+ ,/ations #cd ,dr9k+ & ,ba?+ ,/ation = ,w9t] ,use #cf ,wood ,ducks ,back ,cov] ,illu/ration3 ,bluebirds ,=eword ,mo/ species ( ! small] birds :i* ne/ 9 holl[ trees1 & !re=e 9 bird h\ses1 suff] s]i\sly f intrusion by ,engli% ,sp>r[s & ,european ,/>l+s4 ,^! two species1 ne/+ 9 simil> locations & be+ prolific1 t5d to take up all available ne/+ cavities1 ev5 eject+ native birds :i* h built or begun to build4 ,?is condition1 already s]i\s1 may become f> m baneful ?an we are z yet able to realize4 ,x may ev5 contribute to ! ev5tual ext9ction ( ,bluebirds1 ,cre/$ ,flycat*]s1 & ,purple ,m>t9s unless we provide ne/+ sites suffici5t 9 numb] & suitable 9 k9d = all4 ,! numb] ( natural ne/+ sites is already f> bel[ t requir$ by ^! birds1 & yet ! ,/>l+s 9 p>ticul> are increas+ al>m+ly4 ,!re is no way to det]m9e :5 a f9al adju/m5t or balance w be rea*$ or :at ! num]ical /atus ( our native bird-h\se dwell]s w be :5 su* balance %all h be5 atta9$4 ,9 ! case ( ! native species nam$ above1 we c at lea/ help by provid+ prop] ne/+ boxes :i* w induce ! birds to conc5trate ab\t our h\ses1 :]e ! ,european ,/>l+ & ! ,engli% ,sp>r[ m5ace may be m easily & effectively met ?an else:]e4 ,! read] %\ld note t ! import$ ,engli% ,sp>r[1 :i* is 9 reality a weav] f9* & unrelat$ to our tuneful native sp>r[s1 is ! only sp>r[ ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s t ne/s 9 holes or bird h\ses4 ,! %y]1 m desirable1 native species are inv>iably h>mless & %\ld be bo? protect$ & enc\rag$4 ,! small] ( ! bird-h\se species1 su* z ! ,h\se ,wr51 ,tree ,swall[1 ,black-capp$ ,*ickadee1 ,:ite-brea/$ ,nu?at*1 & ,tuft$ ,titm\se are less affect$ by ! intrud]s4 ,^! small] birds c use1 & usually select1 cavities ) op5+s too small = ei!r ,/>l+ or ,engli% ,sp>r[ to ent]4 ,h[ev]1 !re is /ill a di/9ct practical advantage 9 provid+ prop] boxes = ,h\se ,wr5s & o!r small species4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! birds fail to f9d places safe f ! ubiquit\s ,engli% ,sp>r[ & ,european ,/>l+1 :i* !n proce$ 9 _! well-kn[n mann] to "w de/ruction4 ,a prop]ly made wr5 h\se1 *ickadee h\se1 or swall[ h\se c be absolutely safe f ! =eign invad]s4 ,m ne/+ sites1 prop]ly made & situat$1 are desirable1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( birds' traditional ne/+ sites ov] wide acreages ab\t cities & o!r settl$ areas1 b ! provid+ ( suitable bird h\ses ne$s no def5se or excuse4 ,:e!r x be ! beautiful & demure bluebird1 bird ( happ9ess1 ! sleek & immaculate swall[1 ! songful wr51 saucy & impud5t1 ! bu/l+ & indu/ri\s *ickadee1 or ! al]t & noisy flycat*]1 ! native t5ant ( ! bird h\se w be an int]e/+ & ent]ta9+ neighbor1 always prompt to pay 8 r5t 9 "o =m or ano!r or 9 _m =ms & ) int]e/4 ,does "o ne$ any special excuse = (f]+ hospitality to su* a neighbor8 ,:5 birds ne/ on our home gr\nds1 _! de/ruction ( g>d5 pe/s1 mosquitos1 gnats1 & o!r undesirable insects is conc5trat$ :]e we c mo/ directly pr(it f ! results--our own great] com=t & safety1 bett] g>d5s1 m productive or*>ds1 m v]dure 9 %ade trees & 9 ornam5tal trees & %rubs4 ,bird ,h\ses & ,common ,s5se ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,a ,al?\gh !re are a numb] ( po9ts :i* %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! prop] design+ & plac+ ( a bird h\se1 !re is "o simple idea :i* practically cov]s ! :ole subject4 ,e species ( our small native birds t ne/s 9 a bird h\se ne/$ orig9ally 9 a holl[ tree1 by pref]5ce 9 a holl[ ( "o unv>y+ type--! burr[ made by a woodpeck]4 ,?us we ne$ only "k :at ! burr[ ( a woodpeck] is l & we h automatically solv$ 9 a g5]al way ! que/ions ( mat]ial2 size & %ape ( entrance2 diamet]1 dep? & =m ( cavity2 height above gr\nd2 & situation4 ,! nature ( ne/+ mat]ial & its :]eab\ts %\ld play absolutely no "p 9 human plans = ! prospective t5ants4 ,unfurni%$ rooms are ! only k9d = :i* birds are look+4 ,!re is solid gr\nd = assum+ a woodpeck]'s burr[ to be ! ideal patt]n = a bird h\se4 ,! woodpeck]1 :atev] its species1 free to excavate any =m ( *amb] t x might wi%1 inv>iably uses "o type ( burr[4 ,! birds :i* by pref]5ce habitually adopt = _! own use ! woodpeck]'s ab&on$ home h likewise ?us plac$ _! own age-old /amp ( approval on t type4 ,x is logical to assume1 !re=e1 t ! artificial bird h\se %\ld foll[ at lea/ ! g5]al plan ( t long-tri$ & preem95tly successful ne/+ site4 ,s9ce a !ory may be plausible :ile yet utt]ly unt5able 9 actual application1 x rema9s to add t abundance ( exp]i5ce 9 build+ & plac+ bird h\ses all goes to prove ! =ego+ basic pr9ciple s\ndly correct 9 practice4 ,) or )\t b5efit ( ! plans & specifications 9 su* a bullet9 z ?is1 a p]son :o takes 8 cue f a woodpeck] w n g f> wrong4 ,9 plann+ a bird h\se1 we mu/ cont9ually h>k back to ! idea ( ! woodpeck]'s burr[--or r1 we %\ld nev] q lose sight ( x4 ,"s ,curr5t ,notions ,correct$ ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to "s common misconceptions4 ,! colony bird h\se1 or any bird h\se ) m ?an "o comp>tm5t1 is always a mi/ake unless x has be5 design$ = ,purple ,m>t9s4 ,yet c]ta9 firms h = ye>s be5 adv]tis+ wr5 h\ses ( f\r or m *amb]s4 ,"o :o kn[s ?is pugnaci\s little bird tries 9 va9 to imag9e two pairs ( wr5s liv+ peaceably "u "o small ro(6 ,e bird h\se %\ld consi/ ( "o1 & only "o1 *amb]--) ! s+le exception ( a h\se int5d$ = ! ,purple ,m>t91 :i* ne/s 9 colonies4 ,! cubic capacity ( ! bird h\ses "o sees is ne>ly always mu* too great--(t5 sev]al times too great4 ,build]s seem to believe t ! diamet] ( ! ne/+ *amb] %\ld at lea/ equal ! total l5g? ( ! bird--a !ory z errone\s z x is plausible4 ,plate ,i illu/rates ! fact t ! sitt+ bird normally occupies a space measur+ mu* less f side to side ?an ! out/ret*$ l5g? ( ! bird4 ,figure ,no4 #d1 ,plate ,i1 %[s h[ mu* "w is (t5 made = ! ,h\se ,wr51 :ile figure ,no4 #e1 on ! same plate1 %[s h[ greatly ?is "w may be r$uc$--) ! great] inducem5t to ! prospective occupant4 ,! squ>e or rectangul> door is ano!r frequ5t mi/ake--a projection ( ! design]'s own plantigrade & v]tical p]sonality4 ,to place ! entrance at or ne> floor level is also an error4 ,rememb] t birds close no doors aga9/ drafts1 t _! b$s are laid on ! floor & consi/ ( light /raws1 fea!rs1 or o!r flimsy mat]ials4 ,_m a wr5 h\se ) entrance 7z x %\ld be7 too small = any ,engli% ,sp>r[ to ent]1 is hung sw++ f a bran* z a fur!r protection aga9/ ! unwant$ sp>r[4 ,t is l behead+ a crim9al & !n1 j to be on ! safe side1 %oot+ him into ! b>ga96 ,x is said t wr5s d n hesitate to use ^! sw++ ne/+ sites1 b we h our s]i\s d\bts4 ,we h p]sonally se5 "o in/ance ( a wr5 ne/+ 9 ! p5sile home ( a ,baltimore ,oriole1 b x is significant t 9 ?is case we fail$ to f9d any bett] site ne>by4 ,"s p]sons report success ) ?is type ( h\se & pref] x because ( ! ease ( putt+ x up & tak+ x d[n )\t injury to a liv+ tree4 ,two doors1 presumably entrance & exit1 to a bird h\se ( "o comp>tm5t is ne>ly z ridicul\s an innovation z ! two doors said to h be5 provid$ by a fam\s sci5ti/ = ! use ( 8 old cat & h] kitt5s1 respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,ne/+ ,sites1 ,natural & ,artificial #a1 #b1 #c1 ,a ne/+ woodpeck]1 a ,*ickadee1 & a pair ( bluebirds1 respectively4 ,comp>e l5g? ( bird ) diamet] ( ne/+ *amb]4 #d1 ,a wr5 h\se1 z frequ5tly made1 ( eight to t5 times ! necess>y cubic capacity4 #e1 ,a wr5 h\se ( prop] & ample size4 ,ov]cr[d+ is a preval5t fault4 ,on an area insuffici5t prop]ly to h>bor two pairs ( wr5s or bluebirds !re w (t5 be a half-doz5 or m bird h\ses4 ,tree ,swall[s are social birds & w occupy boxes plac$ ne> to "o ano!r1 b ord9>ily1 birds1 especially ^? ( ! same species1 d n build ne> ea* o!r4 ,x is a l>ge t[n lot :i* w prop]ly accommodate m ?an "o pair ( ne/+ wr5s4 ,ev5 ! demure bluebirds d n l to build )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ea* o!r4 ,:ile ! m>t9 colony may numb] upw>d ( a doz5 pairs 9 ! same h\se1 !re may n be o!r m>t9s )9 a mile4 ,!re is _m a small village ^: s+le m>t9 h\se accommodates all ! m>t9s to be f\nd )9 a radius ( sev]al miles4 ,! size ( entrance seems (t5 to be a /umbl+ block4 ,"o sees wr5 h\ses ) p]fect bluebird entrances1 & bluebird h\ses ) doorways be/ suit$ to wr5s or *ickadees or1 at ! o!r extreme1 to doves6 ,al?\gh argum5ts1 support$ by "s exp]i5ce1 h be5 advanc$ = l>g] entrances1 we nev]!less sugge/ entrances ( ne>ly m9imum size--a sugge/ion bas$ on p]sonal exp]i5ce & long famili>ity ) ! pref]5ces %[n by ! species conc]n$4 ,app>5tly ,john ,burr\ghs 0 fir/ to po9t out t :5 birds hesitate to ent] a small op5+ x is evid5tly because _! bodies1 completely fill+ ! entrance1 r5d] ! cavity totally d>k & !re=e al>m+4 ,cut a few small aug] holes to admit light1 & ! bird ent]s ! n[ some:at less my/]i\s *amb]4 ,! holes also provide ne$$ v5tilation1 b !y %\ld be small & well above ! entrance-level1 = drafts mu/ be avoid$4 ,! entrance to ! h\se = wr51 *ickadee1 or ,tree ,swall[ %\ld be1 s9ce x easily may be1 too small to admit ,engli% ,sp>r[s4 ,x is n possible to exclude ,engli% ,sp>r[s f h\ses ( o!r birds 9 t way4 ,f9ally1 ! mi/ake is (t5 made ( provid+ simply a bird h\se in/ead ( a m>t9 h\se1 a wr5 h\se1 a bluebird h\se1 or a h\se = "s o!r def9ite species4 ,! result is t su* h\ses usually g unoccupi$ or else are promptly claim$ by ! fir/ ,engli% ,sp>r[s t spy !m4 ,any bird h\se w suit ! ,engli% ,sp>r[ if only he c get into x1 & he usually c get into a bird h\se4 ,s avoid type a--! too common v>iety4 ,g5]al & ,miscellane\s ,mat]ial ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,w ,wood is ! mat]ial p> excell5ce = ! bird h\se1 ! only mat]ial :i* c be unres]v$ly recomm5d$4 ,sub/itutes h be5 us$ ) v>y+ degrees ( success or failure4 ,:at glass is = ! w9d[1 wood is = ! bird h\se4 ,fir/1 ! birds are habituat$ to x4 ,x is a good nonconductor ( heat1 x resi/s ra9 & extremes ( temp]ature1 & x c be made to h>monize ) its sett+4 ,ov] a long p]iod ( "t x improves1 r ?an suff]s1 f exposure to ! wea!r4 ,s(t wood ) /raight gra91 su* z p9e or spruce1 is pref]able4 ,x is easily work$1 may be nail$ ) little dang] ( s]i\s splitt+1 & is suffici5tly durable4 ,slab wood1 ) or )\t ! b>k1 & old f5ce-bo>ds make ! mo/ g5]ally effective bird h\ses4 ,if new lumb] is us$1 x %\ld be r\gh1 n plan$2 :e!r r\gh or plan$1 x %\ld be treat$ ) gray1 olive1 or dull br[n /a9 ( a m$ium %ade4 ,!re are numb]s ( suitable oil /a9s on ! m>ket4 ,! /a9 %\ld p]meate ! gra9 ( ! wood1 )\t actually coat+ x z pa9t does4 ,?ickness ( ! bo>ds %\ld n be f> f #a in*4 ,if slab wood is us$1 x may be any:]e f #c_/h in* at ! edge1 up to ab\t #b in*es 9 ! ?icke/ "p4 ,leave ! matt] ( mat]ials = ! ne/ itself entirely to ! birds4 ,n only is x q unnecess>y to place twigs1 /raws1 /r+s1 or ev5 *oice fea!rs or o!r fluffy bits on or ne> ! bird h\se1 b su* action t5ds actually to defeat its own purpose4 ,! prospective t5ants (t5 seem to reg>d ^! well-meant ef=ts z evid5ce ( a competitor :o has ! advantage ( priority4 ,?is is especially apt to be ! case :5 ! mat]ials are plac$ inside ! h\se4 ,birds w sometimes /eal ne/+ sites & ev5 ! raw mat]ials ( o!rs b may *oose to avoid ! cla% :i* su* piracy entails1 provid$ !re are o!r sites & mat]ials n too f> to seek4 ,entrance ,!re is always dang] ( ! wood splitt+ :5 too l>ge an aug] hole is attempt$4 ,be=e assembl+ ! bird h\se1 make an entrance 9 ! front bo>d4 ,/>t by draw+ a circle ! exact size ( ! doorway-to-be4 ,!n1 j inside ?is circle1 bore f\r holes at equal int]vals1 us+ a bit n l>g] ?an #c_/h in* = ! small] entrances2 n l>g] ?an in* = ! l>g] entrances4 ,x w n[ be n too difficult1 by use ( a keyhole saw or pocketknife & wood-rasp1 to remove ! wood /ill rema9+ inside ! drawn circle4 ,plac+ ! bo>d horizontally 9 a vice w fur!r insure aga9/ splitt+ :ile ! holes are be+ bor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,! ,be/ & ,mo/ ,simple ,=m ( ,artificial ,ne/+ ,site ,) dim5sions appropriate to ! species1 ?is is ! mo/ g5]ally attractive type ( h\se = all species except+ ! ,purple ,m>t94 ,x is ! type especially suit$ = ! *ickadee1 nu?at*1 & ,tuft$ ,titm\se4 #a ,,! ,,block ,,saw$ ,,ar\nd 7,,to ,,dott$ ,,l9e7 ,,& ,,split ,,9 ,,two4 #b ,,holl[$ ,,out ,,holes ,,drill$ ,,= ,,entrance ,,& ,,= ,,fa/5+ ,,pegs4 #c1 #d1 ,,& #e ,,%[ ,,t ,a ,,ne/ ,,is ,,n ,,di/urb$ ,,by ,,op5+ ,,h\se ,,to ,,inspect4 #f ,,! ,,artificial ,,woodpeck] ,,hole ,,9 ,,place4 ,,note ,,fa/5+s ,,= ,,front1--,,wood ,,pegs4 #g ,,tools ,,= ,,obta9+ ,,& ,,work+ ,,! ,,mat]ial4 ,nails ,:5 a bird h\se is fa/5$ to a support by ! toe-nail me?od 7by driv+ nails at a slant ?r\gh ! sides & bottom71 x is a good po9t fir/ to drill holes ( ! "r diamet] to fit ! nails tightly2 o!rwise splitt+ ( ! sides or bottom ( ! h\se may result4 ,use flat-head$ nails4 ,slabs ,:5 slabs are us$ 9 h\se-build+1 ! upright pieces may be fa/5$ to ea* o!r1 at int]vals ( sev]al in*es1 ) a wire /aple hav+ -in* prongs "o in* ap>t4 ,^! %\ld be on ! outside ( ! h\se1 :]e ru/ w color !m to con=m ) ! ru/ic wood4 ,facilities = ,h\se ,clean+ ,= inspect+ ! ne/ &1 at ! end ( ! season1 = clean+ out ! old ne/ mat]ial1 ! top or "s o!r section ( ! h\se %\ld always be easily removable4 ,exceptions to ?is rule are h\ses = ducks & o!r l>g] birds1 = :i* ! entrance may be l>ge en\gh & ! dep? n too great = all su* purposes4 ,d n op5 a h\se 9 ! own]'s pres5ce4 ,! m brief & infrequ5t y\r inspections1 ! less !y w di/urb ! birds4 ,position ( ,boxes ,bird h\ses erect$ on poles are saf] f pr$ators ?an ^? plac$ 9 trees4 ,h\ses = ,purple ,m>t9s1 9 p>ticul>1 ne$ to be at a di/ance f trees & build+s1 & if possible ne> wat]4 ,place y\r bird h\se :]e ! sun w rea* x dur+ "p ( ! day1 & turn ! entrance away f ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to emphasize t1 if possible1 ! bird h\se1 z well z ! bird ba? & fe$+ /ation1 %\ld be plac$ 9 full view ( a conv5i5t w9d[4 ,to wat* birds 9 _! build+ & o!r activities w prove a fasc9at+ pleasure4 ,undesir$ ,t5ants ,! au?or once ) complete success contriv$ & op]at$ a me*anical b\nc] to meet a p>ticul> & aggravat$ in/ance ( bird trespass]s4 ,9 case ( int]f]5ce ) any desir$ t5ant or prospective t5ant by rivals = ! same bird h\se1 ! int]f]+ birds may be driv5 away by ?is device4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,disc\rag+ ! ,un9vit$ ,gue/4 ,"o end ( a /\t cord is atta*$ at "s po9t close bel[ ! bird h\se4 ,to ?is cord a rag or a piece ( wax$ pap] ab\t man's-h&k]*ief size is ti$ z conspicu\sly z possible at a di/ance f ! fa/5$ end ( ! cord ab\t equal to ! height ( ! bird h\se4 ,! cord's free end is !n c>ri$ ?r\gh a w9d[ ( y\r own h\se f :i* !re is a conv5i5t view ( ! bird box4 ,! end ( ! cord is fa/5$ inside ! w9d[ :]e x c be easily rea*$ & j]k$1 en\gh slack be+ all[$ to let ! rag at ! o!r end hang d[n4 ,if ! unwant$ birds appe> on or too close to ! bird h\se1 ! cord is giv5 a %>p pull :i* w cause ! rag to j]k upw>d & fright5 ! intrud] away4 ,repeat z (t5 z occasion requires4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to "w ! b\nc] :5 only ! undesir$ birds are )9 effective di/ance4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld ! cont5d+ birds actually come to bodily grips on or beside ! ne/+ site1 ! fight may be brok5 up by vigor\s op]ation ( ! al>m4 ,! au?or f\nd t ?is device1 ex]cis$ z occasion requir$1 9 two days end$ a week-old cont9u\s /ruggle betwe5 a ,bluebird & a pair ( ,tree ,swall[s 9 :i* ! ,bluebird _h entirely defeat$ ! daily ef=ts ( ! ,swall[s to />t a ne/4 ,! ,swall[s 7 left 9 possession1 quickly built _! ne/1 & duly rais$ _! brood4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is device & proc$ure may be appli$ aga9/ ,/>l+s1 ,engli% ,sp>r[s1 or o!r birds1 reg>dless ( species1 :i* = any reason "o desires to disc\rage f build+ 9 a giv5 bird h\se or o!r ne/+-site4 ,! use ( a rag or simil> object1 in/ead ( a bell or o!r noisemak]1 is advis$ because ! range ( al>m is !reby limit$ to ! imm$iate location ( ! bird h\se1 s t ! desir$ t5ants w n be fright5$ by ! op]ation ( ! al>m :5 !y are )9 he>+4 ,?ickets ,res]ves ( ! favorite environm5t are z mu* a ne$ = "s species z bird h\ses are = o!rs4 ,widespread improvem5t & beautification along roadsides is de/roy+ ! ?icket1 ! favor$ haunt ( ,song ,sp>r[s1 ,catbirds1 c]ta9 w>bl]s1 quail1 & o!r desirable species4 ,a res]ve ?icket may be locat$ 9 a seclud$ "p ( ! home gr\nds1 hidd5 by a h$ge if consid]$ unsightly4 ,x may be almo/ any %ape1 b n less ?an #bj feet 9 av]age diamet] or mu* less ?an #djj squ>e feet 9 area4 ,"h we$s1 tall grass1 bri>s1 & d5se bu%es are all[$ to gr[ wild1 =m+ a tangle z !y w4 ,if ! bu%es include su* k9ds z hackb]ry1 haw?orn1 sumac1 eld]b]ry1 & *oke*]ry1 ! ?icket's annual p]iod ( usefulness w be ext5d$4 ,includ+ su* a w9t] food tree z ! m\nta9 a% w invite ,purple ,f9*es1 ,p9e ,sisk9s1 grosbeaks1 waxw+s1 & p]haps crossbills4 ,dim5sions = ,v>i\s ,h\ses ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,f ,foll[+ are specifications & rem>ks on ! h\s+ requirem5ts ( ! birds by species4 ,= relat$ =ms n includ$ 9 ! table see text4 ,table ,i ,diamet] ,dep? ,diamet] ,di/ance ( f ( f int]ior entrance entrance gr\nd to 7in*es7 7in*es7 7in*es7 entrance 7feet7 ,h\se ,wr5 #d-e #g-i #a #h-ah ,black-capp$ ,*ickadee #c-d #g-i #a-a_/h #h-ae ,:ite-brea/$ ,nu?at*1 #c-d #h-aj #a #ab-be ,tuft$ ,titm\se ,tree ,swall[ #d-e #f-h #a-c_/h #h-cj ,ea/]n ,bluebird #d-e #h-aj #a-e_/h #h-bj ,cre/$ ,flycat*] #e-f #i-ab #b-a_/h #ae-dj ,flick] #f-g #ab-af #b #aj-ce ,purple ,m>t9 #f-g #f-h #b-a_/h-b #ab-ad ,wood ,duck1 ,hood$ ,m]gans] #g #ab-ae #d #aj-bj ,sp>r[ ,hawk #f-g #ad-af #c #bj-ej ,saw-:et ,owl #f-g #ad-af #b-g_/h #ae-de ,scree* ,owl #g-h #ad-af #c #ae-cj ,ne/+ ,box ,common ,h\se ,f9* #d-f ,op5 #aj-cj ,ne/+ ,%elves ,wid? ,l5g? ,height 7in*es7 7in*es7 f gr\nd 7feet7 ,rob9 #e-f #h or m #h-cj ,phoebe #c-d #g or m #h-bj ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,a ,simple & ,effective ,box ,bird ,h\se ,= ,h\se ,wr5s1 ,bluebirds1 & ,tree ,swall[s1 especially4 ,= ^! ! h\se may be ( wea!r$ f5ce-bo>ds or ev51 if ne$ be1 ( new lumb] /a9$ "s dull t9t4 ,= *ickadees1 nu?at*es1 & ,tuft$ ,titmice1 r\gh slab mat]ial is pref]able4 ,dim5sions giv5 are = ! ,h\se ,wr54 ,= o!r species1 see ,table ,i4 ,,top 7,,inside73 #g;,,94 x #g;,,94 ,,edge3 ,,94 x #i;,,94 ,,side3 x #d;,,94 ,,front 7,,inside73 x #e;,,94 ,,hole ,,diamet]3 ,,94 ,,back 7,,outside73 #g;,,94 x #e;,,94 ,,bottom3 #d;,,94 x #d;,,94 ,,con/ruction ,,! ,,fa/5+ ,,on ,,front ,,( ,,lid ,,! ,,h+e ,,on ,,back ,,( ,,lid ,! ,h\se ,wr5 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,n ,ne/+ 9 all sorts ( nooks & crannies1 ! ,h\se ,wr5 is easily satisfi$4 ,moreov]1 ?is is (t5 ! only desirable species :i* c be induc$ to build 9 s civiliz$ & re/rict$ a place z a small city lot4 ,slab con/ruction may be employ$ or old wea!r$ bo>ds us$1 b new lumb] seems ne>ly or q z welcome to ! wr54 ,plate ,,iii illu/rates a wr5 h\se & gives directions = build+4 ,di/ance f ! gr\nd to ! entrance ( ! h\se %\ld be f #h to #ah feet4 ,! place safe/ f cats is on ! side ( a build+4 ,if ! box is on a tree or wood5 po/1 protection is af=d$ by a b& ( smoo? %eet metal su* z z9c1 #b feet high1 />t+ n less ?an #d feet f ! gr\nd or o!r po9t t is )9 rea* ( cats4 ,two or ?ree wr5 h\ses spac$ z f> ap>t z ! y>d or g>d5 all[s w provide = ! duplicate1 unus$1 ne/s :i* ^! birds (t5 build1 or = a possible second brood4 ,o!r ,wr5s ,= ! ,bewick's ,wr51 :i* commonly ne/s ar\nd g>d5s1 b>ns1 & dwell+s1 ! build+ directions are ! same z = ! ,h\se ,wr54 ,! ,c>ol9a ,wr5 ( ! s\?1 m incl9$ to seek woods & ?ickets ?an to c\rt man's society1 is n ord9>ily a bird h\se t5ant4 ,/ill1 a home l t describ$ = ! ,h\se ,wr51 b ) ! entrance hav+ a diamet] ( #a in*1 is n unlikely to be select$ by ! ,c>ol9a if plac$ 9 a bru%y area frequ5t$ by him & n mu* frequ5t$ by humans4 ,! ,black-capp$ ,*ickadee ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,l ,lack+ ! semi-dome/ic /atus ( wr5 & m>t91 ! ,black-capp$ ,*ickadee is n a regul> bird-h\se addict4 ,he pref]s ! seclusion ( "s unfrequ5t$ wood4 ,yet1 n uncommonly1 he is entic$ by a bird h\se4 ,! specifications & illu/rations = ! wr5 h\se w d = ! *ickadee4 ,h[ev]1 a cyl9drical & small] *amb] ) some:at l>g] entrance 7#a-a_/h in*7 is m likely to appeal to 8 un$ucat$ ta/e4 ,he is /ill a bird ) ! b>k on1 & 8 h\se %\ld be q lit]ally 9 keep+4 ,! au?or p]sonally mu* pref]s to select a holl[ bran*1 f :i* he cuts a foot-long section4 ,he !n drills an entrance hole ne> "o end1 nails a piece ( slab 9 place = ! bottom1 provides a removable lid ( ! same mat]ial1 & ?us con/itutes himself a proxy = ! ,d[ny ,woodpeck] 9 provid+ ! *ickadee ) a home4 7,see ,plate ,,ii47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,a ,*ickadee ,family4 ,a wood lot or a neglect$ old or*>d bord]+ a wood is ! place = ! *ickadee h\se4 ,see ,table ,i = measurem5ts4 ,o!r ,*ickadees ,! ,m\nta9 & o!r *ickadees %>e ! natural ne/+ habits ( ! ,black-cap4 ,s9ce ?is gr\p is compos$ ( birds ( practically uni=m size1 a h\se = any species %\ld be ! same z t describ$ = ! ,black-cap4 ,h[ev]1 *ickadees are 9 g5]al birds ( ! woods4 ,few or none come s ne> to be+ birds ( home gr\nds z d ! ,black-caps4 ,h\ses = !m1 !re=e1 w be appropriate *iefly ab\t woods homes or camps4 ,! ,:ite-brea/$ ,nu?at* ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,a ,all t has be5 writt5 ( ! *ickadee & 8 h\s+ problem applies also 9 a g5]al way to ! ,nu?at*1 except t a slightly l>g] entrance is ne$$ = ! latt] bird 7see measurem5ts 9 ,table ,i74 ,! ,nu?at*1 some:at m ?an 8 second c\s9s1 ! *ickadees1 is giv5 to natural knot-holes 9 liv+ trees4 ,?is prop5sity may well be humor$ by giv+ him a h\se ( ! holl[$-out trunk v>iety4 ,if ! trunk or bran* s holl[$ out has a knot :i* c be made ( prop] size to s]ve = ! entrance1 !n t is to add ! ultimate arti/ic f9i%1 ! f9al delicate t\* ( nature4 ,see ,plate ,,ii4 ,o!r ,nu?at*es ,! we/]n subspecies ( ! ,:ite-brea/$ ,nu?at* occur *iefly 9 less settl$ or m re/rict$ ranges1 & !y are apt to be less accu/om$ to1 z well z less accessible =1 bird h\ses4 ,! ,r$-brea/$1 ,br[n-head$1 & o!r small nu?at*es %>e ! holl[-tree ne/+ habit common to ! family4 ,!y pref] locations ( ! wild] k9d1 s t ! usual bird h\se is n likely to entice !m away f less sophi/icat$ haunts4 ,yet x appe>s likely t any ( ! species might select an imitation ( its natural ne/+ site4 ,build z = ! ,:ite-brea/$1 except t ! entrance %\ld be b #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! ,tuft$ ,titm\se ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,! ,tuft$ ,titm\se is common 9 ! s\?1 :]e its di/ribution is also mu* m uni=m ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,9 "s places x has pu%$ f> t[>d our nor!rn bord]1 b !re x is incl9$ to be ( only local & irregul> occurr5ce4 ,9 g5]al x becomes m & m a bird ( ! wild] areas z x advances nor?w>d4 ,usually a wood or woodside location w be ! "o mo/ likely to entice ?is species to a bird h\se4 ,:5 & :]e ! bird is f\nd to l+] ab\t resid5ces t[>d ! ne/+ season1 ! h\ses may be plac$ mu* z = ! bluebird or wr51 b 9 a v quiet corn] ( ! y>d4 ,dim5sions are giv5 9 ,table ,i 7page #af74 ,see also ,plates ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,! ,tree ,swall[ ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,! ,tree ,swall[ is (t5 a bird ( ! small city1 b may be expect$ m dep5dably 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! rural community4 ,he is easily satisfi$ z to a ne/+ place b x is sometimes difficult or impossible = him to f9d a nook ab\t our dwell+s :i* is safe f ! ,engli% ,sp>r['s intrusion4 ,:5 ne/+ ab\t inhabit$ build+s he _c well af=d to disp5se ) ! vigilance ( 8 human l&lords4 ,small1 quiet1 & peace-lov+1 he is a p>ticul>ly poor mat* = ! pugnaci\s sp>r[4 ,specifications = ! ,tree ,swall[ h\se are giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,see also ,plate ,,iii4 ,! inn] wall1 betwe5 floor & entrance1 mu/ be r\gh or provid$ ) cleats1 9 ord] to give ! "y a sure foo?old4 ,sev]al pairs ( ,tree ,swall[s w will+ly ne/ ne> "o ano!r4 ,o!r ,swall[s ,= ! beautiful ,violet-gre5 ,swall[ build exactly z = ! ,tree ,swall[4 ,:]e1 9 ! we/1 bo? species occur1 !re is ! *ance t a h\se int5d$ = ! ,violet-gre5 w be tak5 by ! ,tree ,swall[4 ,?is *ance1 o!rwise m ?an an ev5 "o1 may be less5$ by cat]+ to ! ,violet-gre5's obs]v$ *oice ( local haunts4 ,b>n ,swall[s w sometimes use l$ges1 su* z ^? describ$ = ! ,rob9 7page #bi71 :5 ^! are %elt]$4 ,! ,ea/]n ,bluebird ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,b ,beautiful1 *e]ful1 demure1 rais+ two or m broods 9 ! season1 always a picture ( cont5t 9 a cottage1 ! ,bluebird is ! all-r\nd ideal t5ant = ! simple bird h\se4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 n a bird ( ! city1 nor always a bird ( ! village g>d54 ,! suburbs1 especially ! m seclud$ spots !re91 suit him mu* bett]4 ,he t5ds1 & t ) ample reason1 to %r9k f ! society ( ,engli% ,sp>r[s ^: r\gh1 aggressive mann]s & h>% notes introduce discord into 8 naturally calm & peaceful exi/5ce4 ,by all means provide a h\se = ?is pe]less t5ant2 also be prep>$ to l5d him all possible assi/ance 9 polic+ 8 prop]ty until ! eggs are laid4 ,once ! preci\s eggs are deposit$1 tru/ ! prospective p>5ts to def5d _! treasure2 = ev5 ! ,bluebird is no exception to ! g5]al rule t a brood+ bird w readily put an er/:ile successful bully to spe$y & +lori\s flight4 ,see ,plate ,,iii & ,table ,i = h\s+ ! ,bluebird4 ,to provide = a second ne/+ & possibly a ?ird1 ! proc$ure %\ld be ! same z t describ$ = ! ,h\se ,wr54 ,see1 !re=e1 directions giv5 = t species4 ,o!r ,bluebirds ,! ,we/]n ,bluebird fills ! same role on ! ranges & ran*es t is tak5 on ! small] f>ms ( ! ea/ by 8 ea/]n namesake4 ,build & place ! h\se = ! "o precisely z = ! o!r4 ,! we/]n bird seems mu* m incl9$ ?an ! ea/]n to adopt ne/+ sites 9 or close to human dwell+s4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,bluebird w use ! same type ( h\se2 its location1 ( c\rse1 %\ld correspond ) ! local haunts ( ! species4 ,! ,cre/$ ,flycat*] ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,!re is a peculi> satisfaction 9 successfully provid+ a h\se = ^? species1 su* z ! ,cre/$ ,flycat*]1 :i* d n ord9>ily resort to artificial ne/+ sites4 ,x is some?+ ( a fea!r 9 ! cap4 ,select a dilapidat$ or*>d or an out-(-!-way woodside z a location = ! ,flycat*]'s h\se2 place ! h\se & await ! results ) expectations n too sangu9e4 ,%\ld =tune favor y ) an opportunity to wat* ^! birds build+1 rememb] to look = ! fam\s dri$ snake sk9 almo/ inv>iably work$ into ! ne/ by ?is species1 n =gett+ t ! reason = its use is /ill "o ( ! my/]ies4 ,measurem5ts = ! ,flycat*]'s h\se w be f\nd 9 ,table ,i4 ,see ,plates ,plate ,,ii & ,plate ,,iii = /yles ( h\se recomm5d$4 ,! ,flick] ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,i ,9 g5]al ! woodpeck]s *oose to build _! own h\ses4 ,b z ! ,flick] is s unlike o!r woodpeck]s 9 appe>ance & 9 c]ta9 ( 8 well-kn[n ways1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t he w readily take possession ( an artificial bird h\se4 ,naturally1 a woodpeck] 7& ! ,flick] is t7 is sc>cely an exception to ! rule t bird-h\se t5ants pref] some?+ along ! g5]al l9es ( a woodpeck]'s "w4 ,a section ( a holl[ trunk or bran* ( ! prop] dim5sions inside may easily be trans=m$ into an ideal ,flick] h\se4 ,next be/ is ! dug\t type illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,f9ally1 ! semi-cyl9drical or ev5 rectangul> h\se w d v well if ! o!r specifications are ab\t ^? giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,! c\ntry or ! suburbs1 n too ne> to a resid5ce1 is ! "r environm5t = ! ,flick]4 ,a ,flick] :i* took possession ( a h\se ,i _h plac$ = ,cre/$ ,flycat*]s sp5t days 9 audibly wid5+ ! rectangul> *amb] until a s(t b$ ( *ips 0 provid$ to receive ! eggs4 ,! moral is--make ! sides ( ?ick1 s(t wood1 & let ev5 a woodpeck] furni% 8 own b$d+4 ,h[ev]1 "o or two h&fuls ( co>se sawdu/ ?r[n into ! ,flick] h\se w be q welcome to ?is bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,m>t9 ,h\se ,! f\ndation1 ea* /ory1 & ! ro( are built z units ( uni=m lat]al dim5sions4 ,?is p]mits add+ m /ories z ! colony gr[s1 & all[s = easy clean+4 ,! c5tral air %aft & elevat$ ro( provide cool+ by air circulation4 ,a mold+ atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! ro( section & to ! floor ( ea* o!r section holds ! section 9 place1 aid$ by hooks & screw eyes z %[n4 ,a1 ,ro( & upp] /ories assembl$4 ,b1 ,int]ior ( "o /ory4 ,! bottom is cut out ( ! c5tral *amb] = ! air %aft4 ,c1 ,f\ndation or base4 ,its c5tral cross-pieces are d\ble ?icknesses ( -in* oak2 ! re/ ( ! frame is ( p9e in* ?ick4 ,f\r heavy angle irons 7z %[n7 atta* ! base to ! pole4 ,d1 ,int]ior ( ro( section expos$ to %[ outlet ( air %aft & ! scre5-cov]$ gable-end air v5ts 7#a_/h- to -in* me% scre574 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,details ( por*es & rail+s4 ,! rail+s & _! support+ po/s are ( /&>d h>dwood d[el /ock4 ,! ,purple ,m>t9 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,?is is ! only desirable colony-=m+ bird-h\se t5ant4 ,!re=e ! ap>tm5t type ( h\se is a wa/e ( mat]ial unless int5d$ = ,purple ,m>t9s & design$ accord+ly4 ,( ! desirable bird-h\se cli5tele1 none is q s sophi/icat$ z ! ,m>t9s 9 ! matt] ( a satisfactory location4 ,if x is only s mu* z a biscuit-toss f ! gr\nd1 ! m>t9 h\se may grace a b&/&1 a village railroad /ation1 or a busy village squ>e4 ,! h\se itself may be "o ( ^? adapt$ doll h\ses1 complete ) *imneys1 w9d[s1 fancy doorways1 & :atnots1 ornate 9 flut$ columns1 biz>re 9 lightn+ rods & wea!rcocks1 pret5ti\s ) elaborate por*es & o!r gewgaws1 & gaudy ) ra9b[ t9ts4 ,g z f> z y l1 ! ,m>t9 w pace y4 ,h[ev]1 = ^? :o w\ld consid] ! bird's po9t ( view to be ( great] importance ?an _! own1 appropriate sugge/ions are (f]$ 9 ,table ,i & 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,if pa9t$ :ite ! h\se w be cool] & may be pref]r$ by ! birds4 ,! read] %\ld be advis$ t ,m>t9s are temp]am5tal & w sometimes refuse to occupy a suitable h\se because ( "s dislike = its situation4 ,fur!rmore1 ,m>t9s sometimes inexplicably ab&on a locality :]e !y h previ\sly be5 abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,ne/+ ,h\se = ,ducks ,! ,wood ,duck & 79 prop] places7 ! ,hood$ ,m]gans] & ,gold5-eye are ! duck species = :i* we may provide ^! h\ses4 ,! location %\ld be seclud$ & ne> ! wat]2 ! exact site1 #aj to #bj feet up on a /ub or tree4 ,build pref]ably ( r\gh slab mat]ial4 ,see text4 ,! ,tree-ne/+ ,ducks ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,i ,9 suitable locations artificial sites may be provid$ = any ( ! sev]al wild ducks :i* ord9>ily ne/ 9 holl[ trees4 ,^! ducks1 z bre$+ species1 are mo/ly nor!rn1 ! ,wood ,duck be+ almo/ ! only "o :i* regul>ly ne/s1 except at ! high] elevations1 v mu* s\? ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates bord]4 ,! ,hood$ ,m]gans] may appropriate ! h\se int5d$ = ! ,wood ,duck1 & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,an easy-to-make box1 especially suitable = ducks4 ,front & top are slab wood1 ! re/ wea!r$ bo>ds4 ,a close-fitt+ cleat screw$ to "u side ( top1 z %[n1 keeps top 9 place ) help ( "o easily removable #b-;in* screw4 ,see ,table ,i1 page #af1 = dim5sions4 ,! location is ( fir/ importance4 ,?is %\ld be a seclud$ wood$ /ream or body ( wat]4 ,! /ump or tree :i* is to =m ! support = ! h\se1 & also ! entrance to ! h\se itself1 %\ld be 9 pla9 sight f ! wat]4 ,x may be a hundr$ feet f ! ne>e/ %ore1 b ! ne>] ! %ore ! bett]4 ,a lone trunk1 or "o ( sev]al on ! edge ( a wood1 w d4 ,avoid plac+ ! h\se too ne> ! gr\nd4 ,fur!r specifications are giv5 9 ,table ,i & ,plate ,v4 ,hawks & ,owls ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,w ,we h allud$ to undesirable t5ants1 mean+ usually1 or 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,engli% ,sp>r[ & ,european ,/>l+4 ,!re is also ano!r class ( possible bird-h\se occupants to be dealt )--! owls & ! ,sp>r[ ,hawk4 ,! owls & ! hawks are usually consid]$ taboo on acc\nt ( _! fondness = ! small] birds :i* mo/ p]sons wi% to enc\rage4 ,"o does n ord9>ily keep cats & can>ies 9 ! same re/rict$ & common area & expect pleas+ results4 ,yet1 x may be q ano!r ?+ if an e/ate is l>ge en\gh to provide suffici5t wild cov]4 ,owls & hawks are z int]e/+ z o!r birds1 & a wood1 suitable 9 size & "*1 :i* lacks ! quota ( owls or hawks natural to x w always be lack+ 9 "o ( its mo/ prop] assets & *>act]i/ics4 ,to ! true nature lov] a great wild =e/ f :i* owls are exclud$ might seem1 at be/1 an arboretum :]e !re might z well be a "n tag on ea* tree-trunk4 ,an occasional ne/+ site = owls 9 a wood ( _m acres1 an appropriate box or two = ,sp>r[ ,hawks 9 a wa/e tract or along a few hundr$ y>ds ( woodside w invite u to visit ^! places m (t5 & w provide a new ze/ to ! visits4 ,at ! same "t1 we are b foll[+ nature's way ( balanc+ ! wildlife4 ,nor w ! small] birds be s]i\sly affect$2 !re may be a t5d5cy = _m ( !m to move 9 a little clos] t[>d our dwell+s = increas$ safety4 ,a h\se = small owls & ! ,sp>r[ ,hawk %\ld foll[ ! l9es ( ! h\se illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v1 size ( entrance & o!r dim5sions be+ giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,! ,common ,h\se ,f9* ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,! sev]al we/]n & extreme s\?we/]n =ms ( ! native ,h\se ,f9* may1 = our pres5t purposes1 be gr\p$ ) birds l ! ,rob9 & ,phoebe :i* f9d su* a numb] & v>iety ( *ance b suitable ne/+ sites t to provide /ill o!rs may seem sup]flu\s ef=t4 ,& yet1 to see ! bright r$ ( ! ,common ,h\se ,f9* & to he> 8 *e]y song1 say1 9 ! he>t ( a city l ,d5v] :]e "o looks only = ,engli% ,sp>r[s1 is to be tempt$ to (f] ?is citiz5 a m desirable prop]ty ?an ! wat]-sp\t or o!r *ance nook or cranny 9 :i* he may o!rwise elect to build4 ,! mo/ successful is ! op5 or semi-op5 type ( ne/+ box1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi1 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,rob9 & ,phoebe ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,^! birds are n class$ z bird-h\se t5ants4 ,:5 !y ne/ 9 a build+1 x is ne>ly always a des]t$ human dwell+ or "s o!r /ructure made orig9ally = man's own use4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only sort ( bird h\se at all likely to attract ,rob9 or ,phoebe w\ld be "o ( cav]n-l proportions 9 keep+ ) "o type ( natural site :i* bo? species favor1 especially ! ,phoebe4 ,! ar*itecture ( mo/ human dwell+s is su* t ei!r ,rob9 or ,phoebe w\ld f9d ne/+-sites1 z !y (t5 d1 ov] w9d[s1 "u por*es1 or ab\t eaves4 ,b birds are n v consid]ate ( ! human lik+ = cleanl9ess1 & _! ne/s !re=e are (t5 plac$ :]e we lea/ desire !m4 ,to less5 t *ance & to furni% ne/+-sites :5 !y d n o!rwise occur on a giv5 dwell+ or outbuild+1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions = ne/+ %elves are (f]$4 ,! idea ( ne/+ %elves is n a new "o1 & exp]i5ce %[s t an effective ne/+ %elf may be ( almo/ any description4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,= ! ,h\se ,f9*1 ,rob91 & ,phoebe #a & #b1 ,ne/ box = ,h\se ,f9*4 ,! front is left entirely op51 except = a cleat to hold ! ne/ 9 place4 ,dra9age holes may be bor$ 9 ! bottom ( ! cleat1 or ! cleat may be rais$ a qu>t] ( an in* above ! floor level4 #c1 ,ne/+ %elves = ,rob9 & ,phoebe4 ,see text = directions4 ,! rais$ rim %[n "h is n always ess5tial1 b x may aid ! birds to get a />t1 s9ce high w9ds are incl9$ to bl[ away ! fir/ /raws f expos$ sites4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations w fully expla9 !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 x is well to emphasize "h t ! simple/ possible %elf1 if only a m]e cleat1 is all t is really requir$--#e to #f in*es wide = ! ,rob91 #c to #d in*es wide = ! ,phoebe2 any l5g? ( #h in*es or ov] = ei!r bird4 ,! ,rob9 (t5 ne/s m ?an #be feet up1 ! ,phoebe seldom s high4 ,place ! ,phoebe's %elf #h to #bj feet up1 ! ,rob9's #h to #cj feet4 ,%\ld ! locality be 9 ! c\ntry1 "o mu/ *ance a ,phoebe claim+ a %elf int5d$ = ,rob9s2 ei!r species %\ld prove desirable z a t5ant4 ,c]ta9ly cultivators ( *]ries1 currants1 & o!r small fruits may well console !mselves %\ld ,phoebes become _! un9vit$ gue/s6 ,! ,phoebe is a true flycat*] & has none ( ! ,rob9's special fondness = g>d5 fruits4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,a ro($ ne/+-%elf = ,rob9s & ,phoebes4 ,l5g? may be #h1 or any multiple ( #h1 in*es4 ,sev]al - or #c_/h-;in* holes may be bor$ ?r\gh ! floor = dra9age1 in/ead ( 9 ! rim z %[n "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,bird ,ba?s #a1 ,natural b\ld] ba?2 #b1 natural flat /one ba?2 #c1 cem5t ba? on a /one f\ndation2 #d1 a gr\nd-pool ba? ( cem5t ) a bord] ( small b\ld]s4 ,bird ,ba?s ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,b ,birds are invet]ate ba!rs4 ,ba?+ is ! daily habit ( ,rob9s1 ,catbirds1 goldf9*es1 ,song ,sp>r[s1 & mo/ o!r small species1 :5ev] facilities are available4 ,artificial ba?s are mo/ important :]e o!r ba?+ places are di/ant or inadequate4 ,9 times ( dr\ght1 birds w resort s eag]ly to ba?s z to =m an almo/ cont9u\s daily procession4 ,! bird ba? l5ds itself to endless v>iations 9 size1 %ape1 /yle1 mat]ial1 & co/4 ,(t5 "o may f9d a l>ge b\ld] :i*1 at ! exp5se ( mov+ to ! desir$ spot1 w prove a ready-made ba? if x has a %all[ly concave side4 ,or su* a wat] bas9 may be *ipp$ out ( a rock by a /one mason4 ,small] /ones1 flatt5$ & m or less scoop$1 are common along _m /reams4 ,"o ( ^! /one slabs1 m\nt$ on a pile ( support+ /ones1 makes an excell5t ba?4 ,fail+ t or z a matt] ( ta/e1 a massive %all[ bas9 may be ca/ 9 cem5t to take ! place ( ! natural slab4 ,a pool may be provid$ by l9+ ) cem5t & surr\nd+ ) /ones a prep>$ spot 9 lawn or g>d54 ,see illu/rations4 ,if desir$1 runn+ wat] may be pip$ to any /yle ( ba?4 ,:atev] type ! ba? may be1 ! foll[+ rules /rictly apply4 #a4 ,dep? ( wat] %\ld be graduat$ f no?+ at ! edge ( ba? or pool to n m ?an #b in*es at its deepe/2 except t 9 ! case ( ! l>g] gr\nd pools x may be graduat$ up to #e in*es4 #b4 ,! ba? mu/ be swept or spong$ out daily or z (t5 z x becomes mu* bef\l$4 #c4 ,inside ( ba? %\ld be r\gh to all[ ! birds a sure foo?old4 #d4 ,if ! ba? is on or ne> ! gr\nd1 no %rubb]y or o!r possible concealm5t = cats %\ld be )9 #be feet ( x4 ,x is well also to h a bran*y tree )9 a few y>ds ( ! ba? or pool1 s t ! ba!rs :5 al>m$1 may easily rea* a place ( safety1 = _! wet plumage w prove a h&icap 9 long] flights4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,types ( ,fe$+ ,/ations ,trays may be p>tition$ = diff]5t foods4 ,suet is sometimes ti$ to ! support+ po/4 ,! sw++ /ation1 %[n at ! "r1 always faces away f ! w9d1 b mu/ be c>efully balanc$ at ! po9t ( pivot+4 ,a--,,wood5 ,,peg1 ,,hold+ ,,food ,,tray ,,pivot 7,,section ,,( ,,wat]-,,pipe7 ,b--,,food ,,tray ,c--,,cleat1 ,,support+ ,,food ,,tray ,d--,,r\nd ,,p]* 7,,"o ,,at ,,ea* ,,end71 ,,s]v+ ,,to ,,hold ,,ro( ,,bo>ds ,,ap>t ,e--,,r\nd ,,po/ ,food ,/ations ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,f ,food is ! *ief problem ( w9t] birds4 ,cold alone is sc>cely a m5ace1 :ile sn[ & sleet are *iefly h>mful only :5 !y cov] up ! food4 ,giv5 prop] food1 ! only real requirem5t = a fe$+ /ation f ! birds' po9t ( view is t x %all keep ! food available1 z by provid+ a ro( to %$ sn[ & ice4 ,among ! wide v>iety ( birds :i* frequ5tly patronize food /ations1 v>i\s memb]s ( ! sp>r[ & f9* family1 :i* includes ! grosbeaks1 juncos1 & crossbills1 vie ) nu?at*es1 *ickadees1 woodpeck]s1 & blue jays z ! mo/ dep5dable bo>d]s4 ,= w9t] birds 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 x is well to h ! /ation 9 place & /ock$ ) food z e>ly z ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4 ,^! birds are !n beg9n+ to e/abli% hunt+ gr\nds & r\tes1 f :i* !y w n /ray all w9t]4 ,e>li] 9 ! fall1 z aga9 9 spr+1 gr\nd fe$+ is ! bett] me?od4 ,9 ?is1 scatt] ! food 7millet1 hemp se$1 & s on7 9 ! back y>d1 along ! f5ce l9e or at ! edge ( %rubb]y or ?icket4 ,juncos1 ,t[hees1 ,song1 ,fox1 & ,tree ,sp>r[s1 & _m o!rs w b5efit4 ,eag]ly dev\r$ by ! waxw+s are dri$ currants & dri$ rais9s4 ,ne>ly all birds are fond ( suet4 ,tie sizable *unks ( suet to trees & to po/s ( food /ations2 ?is appeals especially to woodpeck]s1 nu?at*es1 & *ickadees4 ,o!r /&>d foods are millet1 hemp se$1 sunfl[] se$1 crack$ corn1 & bread crumbs4 ,9 addition1 *aff & oats may be scatt]$ on ! gr\nd = quail1 gr\se1 pheasants1 ,horn$ ,l>ks1 ,sn[ ,bunt+s1 longspurs1 & o!rs 9 localities wild en\gh = ^! birds4 ,su* fe$+ is p>ticul>ly desirable :5 ! sn[ is cov]$ by an icy cru/4 ,! food may be scatt]$ "u bru% %elt]s1 made ( bran*y tree limbs loosely & irregul>ly /ack$ & r\ghly ?at*$ ) p9e1 fir1 spruce1 or o!r conif] to keep out excess sn[4 ,! c>e ( a food /ation consi/s mo/ly 9 keep+ up a supply ( ! prop] foods & clean+ out ! food trays z (t5 z ! condition sugge/s4 ,a small sep>ate tray ( co>se s& w provide ! grit _m birds require4 ,a hopp] arrangem5t = fe$+ gra9s aids 9 keep+ ! food supply clean & x helps prev5t ! scatt]+ ( se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,cross-section ( a dr9k+ & ba?+ /ation = w9t] use4 ,a fl[] pot ( #h-;in* diamet] at ! top is recomm5d$4 ,if a mu* l>g] pot is to be us$1 a m p[]ful light bulb may be requir$ to keep ! wat] free ( ice 9 sub-z]o wea!r4 ,if ! wat] is f\nd to be ov]heat$1 its temp]ature may be r$uc$ by plac+ w$ges betwe5 ! rims ( ! fl[] pot & di% or betwe5 ! rims ( fl[] pot & box4 ,our publications include _m useful manuals conc]n+ birds & o!r wildlife4 ,a descriptive li/ w be mail$ ^u reque/4 ,cranbrook ,in/itute ( ,sci5ce ,,bloomfield ,,hills1 ,,mi*igan ,illu/ration3 ,wood ,ducks ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,includ$ a transcription ( ! text )9 "s images4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4