,,works ,,of ,,fr,d,,ric ,,bastiat ,compiled by ,david ,widger ,,contents ,,essays ,,on ,,political ,,economy ,,what ,,is ,,free ,,trade ,,sophisms ,,of ,,the ,,protectionists ,,economic ,,sophisms ,,the ,,law ,,harmonies ,,of ,,political ,,economy ,,protection ,,and ,,communism ,,tables ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,volumes ,,essays ,,on ,,political ,,economy ,by ,m4 ,frederic ,bastiat ,member of ,the ,institute of ,france4 ,,contents ,,capital ,,and ,,interest4 ,introduction ,capital and ,interest ,the ,sack of ,corn ,the ,house ,the ,plane ,,that ,,which ,,is ,,seen1 ,,and ,,that ,,which ,,is ,,not ,,seen4 ,introduction ,the ,broken ,window ,the ,disbanding of ,troops ,taxes ,theatres1 ,fine ,arts ,public ,works ,the ,intermediates ,restrictions ,machinery ,credit ,algeria ,frugality and ,luxury ,work and ,profit ,government ,what ,is ,money8 ,the ,law ,,what ,,is ,,free ,,trade8 ,an ,adaptation ,of ,frederick ,bastiat's ,sophismes conomiques4 ,,designed ,,for ,,the ,,american ,,reader4 ,,by ,,emile ,,walter ,,contents ,,introduction4 vii ,,chapter ,i4 ,plenty and ,scarcity #aa ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,obstacles to ,wealth and ,causes of ,wealth #af ,,chapter ,,iii4,effort--,result #bj ,,chapter ,,iv4,equalizing of the ,facilities of ,production #bg ,,chapter ,v4 ,our ,productions are ,overloaded with ,internal ,taxes #dh ,,chapter ,,vi4,balance of ,trade #ee ,,chapter ,,vii4,a ,petition #gb ,,chapter ,,viii4,discriminating ,duties #gi ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,a ,wonderful ,discovery #ha ,,chapter ,x4 ,reciprocity #hf ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,absolute ,prices #ij ,,chapter ,,xii4,does ,protection raise the ,rate of ,wages8 #ie ,,chapter ,,xiii4,theory and ,practice #ajb ,,chapter ,,xiv4,conflict of ,principles #aaj ,,chapter ,,xv4,reciprocity ,again #aae ,,chapter ,,xvi4,obstructed ,rivers plead for the ,prohibitionists #aah ,,chapter ,,xvii4,a ,negative ,railroad #abj ,,chapter ,,xviii4,there are no ,absolute ,principles #abb ,,chapter ,,xix4,national ,independence #abf ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,human ,labor--,national ,labor #abi ,,chapter ,,xxi4,raw ,material #acf ,,chapter ,,xxii4,metaphors #adg ,,chapter ,,xxii4,conclusion #aeb ,,sophisms ,,of ,,the ,,protectionists4 ,by ,m4 ,frederic ,bastiat ,,contents ,part ,i4 ,sophisms of ,protection--,first ,series4 ,part ,,ii4 ,sophisms of ,protection--,second ,series4 ,part ,,iii4 ,spoliation and ,law4 ,part ,,iv4 ,capital and ,interest4 ,,economic ,,sophisms ,by ,frederic ,bastiat ,,contents ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,,economic ,,sophisms4 ,,first ,,series4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,,abundance1 ,,scarcity4 ,,ii4 ,,obstacle1 ,,cause4 ,,iii4 ,,effort1 ,,result4 ,,iv4 ,,to ,,equalize ,,the ,,conditions ,,of ,,production4 ,v4 ,,our ,,products ,,are ,,burdened ,,with ,,taxes4 ,,vi4 ,,balance ,,of ,,trade4 ,,vii4 ,,of ,,the ,,manufacturers ,,viii4 ,,differential ,,duties4 ,,ix4 ,,immense ,,discovery4 ,x4 ,,reciprocity4 ,,xi4 ,,nominal ,,prices4 ,,xii4 ,,does ,,protection ,,raise ,,the ,,rate ,,of ,,wages8 ,,xiii4 ,,theory1 ,,practice4 ,,xiv4 ,,conflict ,,of ,,principles4 ,,xv4 ,,reciprocity ,,again4 ,,xvi4 ,,obstructed ,,navigation ,,pleading ,,for ,,the ,,prohibitionists4 ,,xvii4 ,a ,,negative ,,railway4 ,,xviii4 ,,there ,,are ,,no ,,absolute ,,principles4 ,,xix4 ,,national ,,independence4 ,,xx4 ,,human ,,labour1 ,,national ,,labour4 ,,xxi4 ,,raw ,,materials4 ,,xxii4 ,,metaphors4 ,,conclusion4 ,,second ,,series4 ,i4 ,,physiology ,,of ,,spoliation4 ,,ii4 ,,two ,,principles ,,of ,,morality4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,two ,,hatchets4 ,,iv4 ,,lower ,,council ,,of ,,labour4 ,v4 ,,dearness-,,cheapness4 ,,vi4 ,,to ,,artisans ,,and ,,workmen4 ,,vii4 ,a ,,chinese ,,story4 ,,viii4 ,,post ,,hoc1 ,,ergo ,,propter ,,hoc4 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,premium ,,theft4 ,x4 ,,the ,,taxgatherer4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,utopian ,,free-,,trader4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,salt-,,tax1 ,,rates ,,of ,,postage1 ,,and ,,customhouse ,,duties4 ,,xiii4 ,,protection2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,three ,,city ,,magistrates4 ,demonstration in ,four ,,xiv4 ,,something ,,else4 ,,xv4 ,,the ,,little ,,arsenal ,,of ,,the ,,free-,,trader4 ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,right ,,hand ,,and ,,the ,,left4 ,,xvii4 ,,domination ,,by ,,labour4 ,,the ,,law ,by ,frdric ,bastiat ,,foreword ,,the ,,law ,,footnotes3 ,,index ,,index ,action1 human4 ,see ,individualism2 ,mankind ,agriculture analogy to society1 #ce ,persian1 #bf ,antiquity4 ,see ,greece2 ,rome ,authority4 ,see ,government ,beggars1 #aa ,billaud-,varennes1 ,jean ,nicolas1 #ch ,blanc1 ,louis competition1 #de doctrine1 #db1 #dc force of society1 #dg1 #dh labor1 #db law1 #ej1 #eb ,bonaparte1 ,napoleon1 #da ,bossuet1 ,jacques ,bnigne1 #be1 #bf ,cabetists1 #df1 #dg ,capital displacement1 #b ,carlier1 ,pierre1 #ac ,carthage1 #cb ,charity1 vii1 #e1 #ag ,see also ,wealth1 equality of2 ,welfare ,classical studies1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch ,collectivism1 #b1 #c ,see also ,government ,communism1 #ah ,competition meaning1 #de results1 #de ,condillac1 tienne ,bonnot de1 #ce1 #ch ,constituent ,assembly1 #bd ,conventionality1 #cg ,crete1 #bh ,defense right of1 #b1 #c1 #cg1 #di1 #ej ,democracy1 vi1 #dc1 #dd ,democrats1 #dc ,dictatorship1 vii1 #ci1 #dj ,disposition1 fatal1 #e1 #cg1 #ch ,distribution1 #cc1 #cd ,dole1 #aj1 #aa ,see also ,welfare ,dupin1 ,charles1 #ac ,education classical1 #bf1 #ch controlled1 #cc ,greek1 #bf liberty in1 #dd free1 #ba1 #bb government provided1 #bb1 #dh ,egypt1 #be1 #bf1 #bg ,elections1 #dc1 #dd ,see also ,voting ,employment assigned1 #bf ,see also ,labor ,equality of wealth1 #aa1 #bj1 #bi1 #cf ,fnelon1 ,franois de ,salignac de ,la ,mothe antiquity1 #bg1 #bi ,telemachus1 #bg ,force common or collective1 #b1 #c individual1 #b1 #c motive1 of society1 #dj1 #dc ,see also ,government2 ,law ,forced conformity1 viii ,fourier1 ,franois ,marie ,charles1 #da ,fourierists1 #df ,france revolutions1 #dg ,fraternity legally enforced1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb ,fraud1 #ac1 #ad ,freedom4 ,see ,liberty ,french ,revolution1 #ch public services1 #aj1 #aa purpose of1 v relaxed1 #ce republican1 #cj1 #ci responsibility and1 #c1 #dg1 #dh1 #ea results1 #bh stability1 #ca virtue1 #ci ,see also ,communism1 ,socialism ,greece education1 #bf law1 #bf1 #bg republic1 #bi1 #cj ,sparta1 #cb1 #cf1 #ch ,greed1 #e ,happiness of the governed1 #bh ,history1 #e ,humanity lost1 #ai1 #bj ,imports4 ,see ,trade ,individualism1 #c ,industry1 protected4 ,see ,protectionism ,jobs4 ,see ,employment ,justice and injustice1 distinction between1 #g generalized1 #g immutable1 #di1 #ej intentions and1 #ag1 #ah law and1 #c1 #f1 #di reigning1 #ai ,general welfare1 #ai ,government ,american ideal of1 v corrupting education by1 vi democratic1 #bi1 #dc1 #dd education1 #bc1 #dh force1 #b1 #c function1 #ch monopoly1 #de morality1 #ci motive force1 #dj1 #dc power1 v1 #dg ,labor displaced1 #d ,land4 ,see ,property ,law ,cretan1 #bh defined1 #b1 #af ,egyptian1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh fraternity and1 #ag functions1 #af1 #ca1 #cc1 #di1 #ej ,greek1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi justice and1 #c1 #d1 #af1 #ea morality and1 #g1 #ba motive force1 #be object of1 #ai omnipotence1 #dd1 #di ,persian1 #bf perverted1 v1 #a1 #e philanthropic1 #ag plunder and1 #e1 #ac posterior and inferior1 #b1 #c respect for1 #g1 #i ,rousseau's views1 #ca1 #cc1 #ch spirit of1 #cb study of1 #be ,united ,states1 #ab ,see also ,legislation ,lamartine1 ,alphonse ,marie ,louis de1 fraternity1 #ag government power1 #dh1 #di ,lawgiver1 #ch1 #dc ,legislation conflict in1 #cb monopoly on1 #e struggle for control of1 #aa1 #ab universal right of1 #g ,see also ,law ,legislator4 ,see ,lawgiver2 ,politicians ,lepletier1 ,louis ,michel de ,saint ,fargeau1 #ci ,liberty competition and1 #dd1 #de defined1 #db denied1 #dd1 #de described1 #ec education and1 #dd1 #de individual1 #c as power1 #dc returned to1 #ee seeking1 #ch ,life1 faculties of1 #a ,louis ,,xiv #bg ,lycurgus government1 #cj1 #ce1 #cf influence1 #cc1 #dj ,mably1 ,abb ,gabriel ,bonnot de1 #ce1 #ci ,mankind assimilation1 #b concern for1 #ed degraded1 #be divided1 #bc inert1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg inertia1 #dd as machine1 #ca nature of1 #cc violation of1 #eb ,melun1 ,armand de1 #eb ,mentor1 #bh1 #bi ,mimerel de ,roubaix1 ,pierre ,auguste ,remi1 #eb ,monopoly1 #e1 #de ,montalembert1 ,charles1 ,comte de1 #ac1 #ae ,montesquieu1 ,charles ,louis de ,secondt1 ,baron de1 #bi1 #ca ,morality law and1 #ba1 #bb ,morelly1 #da ,napoleon1 #da ,natural rights1 v ,nature1 gifts of1 #a ,oliver de ,serres1 ,guillaume ,antoine1 #bi ,order1 #c ,owen1 ,robert1 #da ,ownership4 ,see ,property ,paraguay1 #cj ,persia1 #bf ,personality1 #b ,phalansteries1 #ee ,philanthropy4 ,see ,charity ,plato republic1 #cj ,plunder absence of1 #af burdens of1 #e1 #f defined1 #ag general welfare and1 #ai extralegal1 #ac kinds1 #ac legal1 v1 ix1 #f1 #ac1 #bb organized1 #ad origin of1 #f partial1 #ae1 #af socialistic1 #ac universal1 #ae1 #af ,politicians dreams of1 #cf genius of1 #cj goodness of1 #be importance of1 #bb1 #bc responsibility of1 #bg social engineers1 #bb1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #de superior1 #df1 #ed ,politics exaggerated importance of1 #h and favors1 vi plunder through1 vi ,poor relief4 ,see ,charity2 ,welfare ,power4 ,see ,government ,property man and1 #b origin of1 #e ,protectionism1 #ah ,united ,states1 #ab ,proudhonians1 #df ,providence1 #ee ,public relief1 #aj1 #bj1 #bi ,raynal1 ,abb ,guillaume1 #cc1 #ce ,religion1 ,state1 #bb ,rent seeking1 vi1 vii ,republic kinds of1 #bi virtues of1 #ci ,revolt1 #f ,revolution1 #dg ,french1 #ch ,rhodes1 #cb ,rights individual1 v1 #b1 #c ,roberspierre1 ,jean ,jacques government1 #ch lawgiver1 #dj ,rome virtue1 #cb ,rousseau1 ,jean ,jacques disciples1 #h1 #i on the lawgiver1 #ca1 #cc ,saint-,cricq1 ,barthlmy1 ,pierre ,laurent1 ,comte de1 #ej ,saint-,just1 ,louis ,antoine ,lon de1 #ch ,saint-,simon1 ,claude ,henri1 ,comte de doctrine1 #da ,salentum1 #bg1 #bi ,security consequences1 #c ,self-defense1 #b1 #cg1 #di1 #ej ,selfishness1 #e ,serres1 ,oliver de1 #bi ,slavery1 ,united ,states1 viii1 #ab universality1 #e ,socialism confused1 ix1 #bb defined1 #ad1 #ae disguised1 #bb experiments1 #bc1 #bd legal plunder1 #ac sincerely believed1 #ah social engineers1 #bb1 #bd refutation of1 #ae ,socialists1 vii ,society enlightened1 #cg experiments1 #bc motive force1 #dj1 #dc object of1 #cf1 #cg parable of the traveler1 #ed1 #ee ,solon1 #cc1 #ce ,sparta1 #cb1 #cf ,spoliation4 ,see ,plunder ,state4 ,see ,government ,suffrage4 ,see ,universal suffrage ,tariffs1 vi1 viii ,telemachus1 #bg ,terror as means of republican government1 #ci1 #dj ,theirs1 ,louis ,adolphe doctrine1 #eb education1 #de ,tyre1 #cb ,united ,states1 viii1 #ab ,declaration of ,independence1 v ,universal suffrage demand for1 #i1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dg importance of1 #aj incapacity and1 #i objections1 #i ,vaucanson1 ,jacques de1 #ed ,vested interests1 #ac1 #ad ,virtue and vice1 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj ,voting responsibility and1 #i1 #aj right of1 #aj ,see also ,universal suffrage ,want satisfaction1 #d ,wealth equality of1 #aa1 #ba1 #bi1 #cf transfer of1 vii ,welfare1 #aj1 #bj1 #bh ,,protection and ,,communism ,by ,frederic ,bastiat ,,contents ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,,protection ,,and ,,communism4 ,,harmonies ,,of ,,political ,,economy ,by ,frdric ,bastiat ,,contents ,page ,notice of the ,life and ,writings of ,frdric ,bastiat1 #i ,to the ,youth of ,france1 #cc ,chapter ,i4 ,natural and ,artificial ,organization1 #dg ,,ii4 ,wants1 ,efforts1 ,satisfactions1 #fc ,,iii4 ,wants of ,man1 #ge ,,iv4 ,exchange1 #ig ,v4 ,of ,value1 #aca ,,vi4 ,wealth1 #ahj ,,vii4 ,capital1 #aif ,,viii4 ,property-,community1 #bah ,,ix4 ,landed ,property1 #bdi ,x4 ,competition1 #bhh ,,xi4 ,producer-,consumer1 #cbc ,,xii4 ,the ,two ,aphorisms1 #cci ,,xiii4 ,rent1 #cdg ,,xiv4 ,wages1 #ceb ,,xv4 ,saving1 #cic ,,xvi4 ,population1 #cig ,,xvii4 ,private and ,public ,services1 #dbe ,,xviii4 ,disturbing ,causes1 #ddf ,,xix4 ,war1 #ded ,,xx4 ,responsibility1 #dfe ,,xxi4 ,solidarity1 #dhh ,,xxii4 ,social ,motive ,force1 #die ,,xxiii4 ,existence of ,evil1 #ejd ,,xxiv4 ,perfectibility1 #ejh ,,xxv4 ,relations of ,political ,economy with ,religion1 #eac ,index1 #eah ,,index ,a4 ,accumulation1 a circumstance of no account in ,political ,economy1 page #afi1 note4 ,air1 ,atmospheric1 has utility without having value1 #acg2 but if pumped into a diving-bell1 the service has value1 #ach4 ,algeria1 usual rate of interest in1 said to be #aj per cent41 #cjb4 ,aphorisms1 the ,two1 ,each for all1 all for each-,each for himself1 each by himself1 #cci-cdf4 ,opposed to each other if we regard the motive1 not so if we look to results1 #cci4 ,no incompatibility in this last view between individualism and association1 #cdj4 ,men associate in obedience to self-interest1 ib4 ,difficulties attending a state of isolation lead naturally to association1 #cda4 ,as regards labour and exchanges1 the principle ,each for himself must be predominant1 #cdb4 ,by following the rule each for himself1 individual efforts act in the direction of each for all1 #cdc4 ,icarian expedition proceeded on the principle of all for each1 #cdd1 note4 ,principles of ,socialism and ,communism refuted1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,all desire monopolies and privileges1 even the working classes1 at their own expense1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,b4 ,barter1 primitive form of exchange1 direct or roundabout1 #ajh4 ,when barter is effected by means of an intermediate commodity1 it is called sale and purchase1 #aji4 ,barter of two factors1 #aaj4 ,value resolves itself into a barter of services1 #acg4 ,bastiat1 ,frdric1 his birth1 parentage1 and education1 p4 #i4 ,his early friendship with ,m4 ,calmtes1 ib4 ,begins the study of ,political ,economy1 #aj4 ,gives up commerce as a profession1 ib4 ,his friendship with ,m4 ,coudroy1 ib4 ,they study ,philosophy and ,political ,economy together1 ib4 ,takes part in the ,revolution of #ahcj1 #aa4 ,bastiat publishes his first brochure in #ahcd1 ib4 ,becomes ,juge de ,paix1 and a ,member of the ,council-,general1 ib4 ,visits ,spain1 ,portugal1 and ,england1 #ab4 ,writes ,le ,fisc et la ,vigne1 ib4 ,publishes two other brochures in #ahdc and #ahdd1 ib4 ,anecdote regarding unfounded ,anglophobia1 ib4 ,sends his first contribution to the ,journal des conomistes1 #ac4 ,publishes ,cobden et la ,ligue in #ahde1 ib4 ,letter to ,mr ,cobden quoted1 ib4 ,named a corresponding member of the ,institute1 #ad4 ,letter to ,m4 ,calmtes quoted1 ib4 ,visits ,paris1 and introduced to leading economists1 #ae4 ,visits ,england in #ahde1 and makes the acquaintance of ,cobden1 ,bright1 and the other ,corn-,law ,leaguers1 ib4 ,letter to ,m4 ,coudroy quoted1 #ae1 #af4 ,bastiat complains of the hatred to ,england then prevalent in ,france1 #af4 ,settles in ,paris1 ib4 ,his appearance1 as described by ,m4 de ,molinari and ,m4 ,reybaud1 #ag4 ,letters to ,cobden and ,coudroy quoted1 ib4 ,conducts the ,libre-change newspaper1 #ah4 ,his mode of life in ,paris1 ib4 ,publishes the ,sophismes conomiques1 great success of that work1 and extract from it1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,delivers a course of lectures on ,political ,economy1 #ba4 ,is returned as a member of the ,legislative ,assembly1 ib4 ,his daily occupations1 #bb4 ,his pamphlets against the ,socialists1 ,proprit et ,loi2 ,proprit et ,spoliation2 ,justice et ,fraternit2 ,capital et ,rente2 ,gratuit du ,credit2 ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 etc41 published in #ahdh-di1 ib4 ,publishes ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 and ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 in #ahej1 #bc4 ,extract from the latter1 #bd1 #be4 ,projects ,harmonies conomiques1 and letter to ,mr ,cobden on that subject quoted1 #be4 ,letter to ,m4 ,coudroy on the same subjects1 ib4 ,his health begins to give way1 #bf1 #bg4 ,his account of the reception of the ,harmonies1 #bg4 ,notice of that work1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,list of chapters intended to complete the second volume of the ,harmonies1 #cj1 note4 ,goes to ,italy on account of his health1 #cj4 ,his letter to ,m4 ,coudroy from ,rome1 #ca4 ,his last illness and death1 #ca1 #cb4 ,bell1 ,sir ,charles1 his work on the ,hand quoted1 #bi1 note4 ,blanqui1 his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bee4 ,bonald1 ,m4 de1 quoted1 #aeb4 ,brazil1 usual rate of interest in1 said to be #bj per cent41 #cjb4 ,buchanan1 ,d41 his opinions on landed property quoted1 #beb4 ,buret1 ,m41 his false theory on the relations of capitalist and labourer1 #chd4 ,butler1 ,bishop1 his ,sermons on ,human ,nature quoted1 #dgh1 note4 ,byron1 ,lord1 quoted1 #cb4 ,c4 ,cairnes1 ,professor1 quoted1 #ah4 ,caisses de ,retraite1 friendly accumulation societies to provide for old age1 #cgb1 note4 ,such institutions satisfy the natural desire for stability and fixity1 ib4 ,to succeed must proceed from the working classes themselves1 without ,government support or interference1 #cgc4 ,future of the working classes1 #cgd4 ,calmtes1 ,m41 the early friend of ,bastiat1 #i4 ,letter to1 quoted1 #ad4 ,candlemakers' ,petition quoted1 #ai4 ,capital et ,rente1 pamphlet by ,bastiat against the ,socialists1 #bb4 ,capital1 in the beginning formed very slowly1 #aig4 ,consists of tools1 materials1 and provisions1 #aih4 ,the man who furnishes capital renders a service1 and is paid for that service1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,the man who accords delay renders a service1 and hence the legitimacy of interest1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,principle which governs the returns for capital1 #bjf-baa4 ,progress of mankind coincides with rapid accumulation of capital1 #baj4 ,capital has in itself a power of progression1 #baa4 ,increase of capital is followed by increase of general prosperity1 #bab4 ,by increase of capital1 the capitalist's absolute share of product increased1 his relative share diminished1 while labourer's share is increased both absolutely and relatively1 ib4 ,illustrations of this1 #bac-baf4 ,progress of civilisation tends to lower rate of interest1 #cjb4 ,rates in ,brazil1 ,algeria1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,england1 and ,holland1 ib4 ,relations of capitalist and labourer1 #chc4 ,erroneous notions on this subject most dangerous1 #chd4 ,falsest theories abroad1 ib4 ,due to ,m4 de ,sismondi and ,m4 ,buret1 ib4 ,labourer's share of product has a tendency to increase as capital increases1 #che4 ,when exchange takes place between capital1 or anterior labour1 and present labour1 it is not on the footing of their duration or intensity1 but of their value1 #chg4 ,anterior labour has a general tendency to become depreciated1 #chh1 #chi4 ,presence of capital always beneficial to labourer1 #cij4 ,groundless outcry against tyranny of capital1 #cia1 #cib4 ,carey1 ,mr1 his theory of rent referred to1 #bgd1 note by ,translator4 ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 or ,political ,economy in one ,lesson1 pamphlet by ,bastiat1 quoted1 #bd4 ,referred to1 #dgh1 note4 ,chteaubriand1 represents civilisation and corruption of morals as marching abreast1 #eaa1 #eab4 ,his ,mmoires d',outre ,tombe quoted1 #eab4 ,civil law terms explained1 #agb1 and note4 ,cobden1 ,mr1 letter from1 on the subject of ,bastiat's merits as an economist and writer1 #d4 ,triumph of free trade due to him rather than to ,sir ,robert ,peel1 #cgd4 ,his efforts for the suppression of war1 #cge4 ,communists1 their erroneous views of landed property controverted1 #aee4 ,competition1 no organization or form of association can be substituted for1 #bhh4 ,implies freedom from all constraint1 #bhi4 ,levels all factitious inequalities1 #bij4 ,misunderstood by the ,socialists1 ib4 ,value diminishes through the co-operation of natural forces1 not of its own accord1 but by the pressure exerted by competition1 #bia1 #bib4 ,in the absence of competition1 society would be constituted on the principle of universal monopoly1 ib4 ,competition enables one country to participate in the natural advantages of another1 #bic4 ,examples of this1 #bid1 #bii4 ,inventions and discoveries become1 through competition1 the common and gratuitous patrimony of all1 #bii4 ,mode in which this takes place1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,competition among capitalists reduces the price of commodities1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,progress of civilisation tends to lower the rate of interest1 and this effected by competition1 #cjb4 ,if wages are sometimes reduced by competition1 the labourers1 as consumers1 profit by it1 #cjc-cjg4 ,competition tends to render services proportional to efforts1 #cjf4 ,laws of modern society too often cramp competition1 #cji1 #caj4 ,competition essential to progress1 and allied with human perfectibility1 #cac4 ,it approximates ranks1 fortunes1 and intelligence1 #caf4 ,advantages from inventions1 or from local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly from hands of producers1 and go to enlarge enjoyments of consumers1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same thing holds of disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,condillac quoted1 #aad1 #ajg4 ,considrant1 ,m41 his work on ,socialism quoted1 #fb1 note4 ,his opinions on landed property1 #beg-bfj4 ,consumer1 every man may in turn be both producer and consumer1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,the wishes and desires of consumers are those which are in harmony with the public interest1 #cbe4 ,consumers and producers should be left free to take care of their own interests1 #cbf4 ,the effect of inventions and discoveries on the interests of consumers and producers represented by diagrams1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,advantages from inventions1 or from local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly from the hands of producers1 and go to enlarge the enjoyments of consumers1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same thing holds of disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,all great economic effects must be regarded from the consumer's point of view1 ib4 ,subordination of producer's interests to those of consumer confirmed when viewed in connexion with morals1 #cce4 ,consumer is alone responsible for morality or utility of production1 #cch4 ,producer looks only to value1 ib4 ,consumer represents society1 ib4 ,consumption1 a term employed to designate the enjoyment to which utility gives rise1 #cbc4 ,general prosperity is measured by consumption1 and not by labour1 #cbe4 ,consumption the great end of ,political ,economy1 #cch4 ,coudroy1 ,felix1 studies ,philosophy and ,political ,economy along with ,bastiat1 #aj4 ,letter to1 quoted1 #ae4 ,another letter to1 quoted1 #bf4 ,d4 ,defoe1 ,d41 his ,robinson ,crusoe referred to1 #aja4 ,illustration drawn from1 #aig4 ,demand determines all in connexion with production1 #cce4 ,diamond1 has great value without appreciable utility1 #aci4 ,value of one found accidentally and exchanged arises1 not from the effort of the person who renders the service1 but the effort saved to the one who receives it1 #ada1 #adb4 ,this a new principle not to be found in the works of economists1 #ada4 ,disturbing ,causes4 ,political ,economy sets out by assuming transactions to be free and voluntary1 #ddf4 ,liberty is harmony1 #ddg4 ,economists not optimists1 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,errors of judgment one disturbing cause1 #deb1 #dec4 ,division of ,labour admits of being viewed in a more general light than hitherto1 #aje4 ,dunoyer1 ,m41 his work ,sur la ,libert du ,travail referred to and commended1 #ib4 ,e4 ,economists differ from the ,socialists at the starting-point1 #ce1 #cf4 ,efforts4 ,wants1 efforts1 and satisfactions1 #fc-gd4 ,effort saved to the person who receives a service imparts value to the service rendered1 #ada1 #adb4 ,england1 population of1 doubles in #dc years1 #djd4 ,l'tat1 pamphlet by ,bastiat defining the proper province of ,government1 #bc4 ,euler1 his calculation of the period in which population doubles itself1 #djg4 ,applying this calculation to the facts stated by ,moses1 ,hebrews who entered ,egypt must have doubled in #ad years1 ib4 ,evil1 ,existence of4 ,science has been retarded by being called on to deny the existence of evil1 #ejd4 ,socialists1 while admitting individual suffering1 deny social suffering1 ib4 ,their contradictions exposed1 #ejd-ejg4 ,exchange1 impossible to conceive society as existing without1 #ig4 ,a phenomenon peculiar to man1 #aja4 ,has two manifestations1 union of forces1 and separation of occupations1 #ajd4 ,consists in exchange of services1 ib4 ,its influence on labour1 #aje4 ,upon the co-operation of natural agents1 #aje4 ,upon human powers and faculties1 #ajg4 ,upon capital1 ib4 ,progress of exchange1 #ajh-aaa4 ,primitive form of1 barter1 #ajh4 ,barter direct and roundabout1 #aji4 ,limits of exchange1 #aaa4 ,an element in the problem of population which ,malthus has neglected1 #aac4 ,moral force of exchange1 #aaf4 ,in consequence of exchange1 our powers exceed our wants1 ib42 and the gain of each is the gain of all1 #aag4 ,illusions to which exchange gives rise1 #abh-acj4 ,exchange imparts the idea of value1 #ace4 ,f4 ,fnlon quoted1 #gg4 ,final ,causes1 faith in1 not unattended with danger to the mind of an inquirer1 #cig4 ,fisc1 le1 et la ,vigne1 pamphlet written by ,bastiat in #ahdj1 #ab4 ,florez ,estrada1 his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bed4 ,florian's ,fables quoted1 #ace4 ,force1 ,public1 should be confined to ensuring justice1 liberty1 and security1 #aba1 #abb4 ,france1 youth of1 address to1 #cc4 ,usual rate of interest in1 said to be #d per cent41 #cjb4 ,population of1 doubles in #ach years1 #dja4 ,friendly ,societies1 have conferred immense benefits on the working classes1 #cfh4 ,admirable means of providing against sickness and old age1 ib4 ,liberty and non-interference of ,government essential to ensure their success1 #cfi4 ,this secures reciprocal surveillance1 #cfi-cgc4 ,marked success of these societies in ,england1 #cgj-cgc4 ,this due to the non-interference of ,government1 #cga4 ,g4 ,garnier1 ,m4 ,joseph1 his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bef4 ,germany1 usual rate of interest in said to be #e per cent41 #cjb4 ,population of1 doubles in #gf years1 #djd4 ,girardin1 ,m4 ,saint-,marc1 quoted as to the influence of employments on the condition of nations1 #dee4 ,gratuit du ,credit1 pamphlet by ,bastiat against ,proudhon's doctrine1 in #ahej1 #bb4 ,h4 ,habit1 force of1 as changing man's wants1 an essential element to be taken into account1 #hd4 ,transforms desire into want1 #he4 ,harmonies conomiques projected1 and letters to ,mr ,cobden and ,m4 ,coudroy on that subject quoted1 #be4 ,bastiat's account of the reception of that work1 #bg4 ,notice of the ,harmonies1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,list of chapters intended to complete #b;d vol4 of1 #cj1 note4 ,holland1 usual rate of interest in1 said to be under #c per cent41 #cjb4 ,population of1 doubles in #ajj years1 #djd4 ,i4 ,icarie1 voyage en1 ,socialist work referred to1 #bje4 ,institute1 ,bastiat named a member of1 #ad4 ,interest of ,capital1 ,proudhon's error regarding1 #aeh4 ,all the power of the ,church unable to enforce prohibition of1 #dhj4 ,isolation1 in the state of1 our wants exceed our powers1 #ih2 and the gain of one may be the loss of another1 #aag4 ,italy1 usual rate of interest in1 said to be #f per cent41 #cjb4 ,j4 ,johnson1 ,dr1 his opinions on free will and necessity quoted1 #dgc1 note4 ,journal des conomistes1 ,bastiat's first contribution to1 #ac4 ,justice et ,fraternit1 pamphlet by ,bastiat against the ,socialists1 #bb4 ,k4 ,kepler referred to1 #fh4 ,l4 ,labour1 the assertion that all wealth comes from labour combated1 #hh4 ,utility communicated by nature1 by labour1 and oftener by a combination of both1 ib4 ,to produce utility1 action of labour in an inverse ratio to that of nature1 ib4 ,as used by ,economists1 a vague term1 and more extended meaning given to it in this work1 #ib4 ,distinction between productive and unproductive1 has led to error1 ib4 ,distinction between productive and unproductive labour rejected1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,effort a better term than labour1 #aeh4 ,labour cannot serve as a measure of value1 #aga4 ,unskilled labour the best for making a comparison1 ib4 ,in exchanging present for anterior labour1 the advantage is on the side of present labour1 #agh4 ,the opposite phenomenon sometimes manifests itself1 #agi4 ,laissez-faire1 doctrine of1 explained1 #dh1 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,lamennais1 ,m4 de1 his opinions on the principle of population combated1 #djh1 #dji4 ,landed ,property4 ,the idea of value gives rise to that of property1 #bdi4 ,confusion caused by ,economists mistaking utility for value1 #bej4 ,property represented as monopoly1 #bej1 #bea4 ,is not a monopoly1 #bea4 ,opinions of ,english ,economists on this subject-,adam ,smith quoted1 #beb2 ,buchanan quoted1 #beb1 #bec2 ,ricardo's opinion1 ib42 ,m',culloch's views1 #bec2 ,scrope and ,senior quoted1 ib42 opinions of ,mill and ,malthus referred to1 #bed2 ,scialoja and ,florez ,estrada quoted1 ib4 ,french ,economists-,m4 ,say quoted1 ib42 ,blanqui and ,j4 ,garnier quoted1 #bee1 #bef4 ,opinions of ,socialists and ,communists-,m4 ,considrant quoted1 #beg2 ,proudhon quoted1 #bfj4 ,these opinions controverted1 #bfj-bgc4 ,recapitulation1 #bgc4 ,bastiat has adopted the theory of ,mr ,carey on this subject1 which should be taken with some modification1 #bgd1 note by ,translator4 ,land which has not been subjected to human action1 destitute of value1 #bgd4 ,value resolves itself into the remuneration of anterior labour or capital1 ib4 ,m4 ,considrant's views reverted to1 #bgh-bhj4 ,productive powers of the soil have no independent value1 #bhe4 ,case of the ,south ,australian ,association referred to1 ib4 ,ameliorations which increase the value of land generally diminish the price of its produce1 #cdg4 ,explanation of this1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,theory of the progressive dearness of means of subsistence erroneous1 #cea1 note4 ,lauderdale1 ,lord1 his ,inquiry into the ,nature and ,origin of ,public ,wealth quoted1 #ahg1 note4 ,legislation1 relations of ,political ,economy with1 #eac1 note4 ,liberty1 solution of social problem to be found in1 #cd4 ,libre-change1 newspaper1 conducted by ,bastiat1 #ah4 ,m4 ,m',culloch1 his opinion on landed property quoted1 #bec4 ,machiavel quoted1 #ef4 ,malthus on population1 referred to1 #aac4 ,vindicated from violent attacks made on him1 #cig4 ,authors of those attacks writers of no reputation and grossly ignorant1 ib4 ,malthus feared that1 with so great a power of reproduction1 mankind would come to exceed what the earth could maintain but for prudence and foresight1 #cih4 ,an expression which occurred in the first edition of his ,essay on ,population1 to the effect that population increases in a geometrical1 and food in an arithmetical progression1 gave rise to misrepresentation1 ib4 ,made a handle of by ,godwin and ,sismondi1 and was suppressed in all subsequent editions1 #cii4 ,attacks continued notwithstanding1 the fiercest proceeding from men who confessed they had not read ,malthus's work1 ib4 ,the laws of population cannot be comprised in a brief aphorism or formula1 #djj4 ,were known before ,malthus wrote1 #djb4 ,objections to his theory illogical1 #dje4 ,arguments against his geometrical progression not conclusive1 ib4 ,wrong in adopting the limit of twenty-five years1 although that holds good in ,america1 #djf1 #djg4 ,malthus attributes more force to repressive than preventive check1 #daj4 ,his true formula is1 not that population tends to keep on a level with1 but to go beyond1 the means of subsistence1 #daf4 ,maudit ,argent6 pamphlet by ,bastiat exposing popular errors arising from confounding capital with money1 and money with inconvertible paper1 #bc4 ,measure of ,value1 the quadrature of ,political ,economy1 #agj4 ,absolute measure a chimera1 ib4 ,labour cannot serve as a measure1 #aga4 ,mmoire sur la question ,vinicole1 pamphlet published by ,bastiat in #ahdc1 #ab4 ,mmoire sur la rpartition de l'impt foncier1 pamphlet by ,bastiat1 written in #ahdd1 #ab4 ,metals1 ,precious1 not a perfect standard of value1 their own value fluctuating1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,mtayage1 system of1 explained1 #fa1 note4 ,molire1 his ,malade ,imaginaire quoted1 #ajd4 ,molinari1 ,m4 de1 his description of ,bastiat's appearance quoted1 #ag4 ,money1 an intermediate commodity which facilitates the exchange of services1 but does not change the principle of value1 #adb4 ,montaigne quoted1 #ig4 ,moral qualities must be taken into account with reference to production of wealth1 #ic1 #id4 ,morality of ,wealth1 considerations on1 #aic1 #aid4 ,morals1 relations of ,political ,economy with1 #eac1 note4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 his calculations of the period of doubling the population in various countries1 #djc4 ,moses1 his account of the multiplication of ,hebrews who entered ,egypt1 #djg4 ,n4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 referred to1 #fb4 ,o4 ,organization1 natural and artificial1 #dg4 ,p4 ,paix et ,libert1 pamphlet by ,bastiat against excessive taxation and overgrown military and naval armaments1 #bb4 ,pamphlets by ,bastiat1 ,rflexions concernant les ,douanes1 and ,le ,fisc et la ,vigne1 published #ahdj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,mmoire sur la question ,vinicole appeared in #ahdc1 and ,mmoire sur la rpartition de l'impt foncier in #ahdd1 ib4 ,pamphlets against the ,socialists1 ,proprit et ,loi1 ,proprit et ,spoliation1 ,justice et ,fraternit1 ,capital et ,rente1 ,gratuit du ,credit1 ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 etc41 published in #ahdh-i1 #bb4 ,maudit ,argent6 extract from1 #bc4 ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 and ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 published in #ahej1 ib42 extracts from the latter1 #bd1 #be4 ,peel1 ,sir ,r41 triumph of ,free ,trade due not so much to him as to ,mr ,cobden1 #cgd4 ,perfectibility1 means of realizing1 to be found in law of ,responsibility1 #eji4 ,liberty the essence of progress1 ib4 ,formidable obstacles to progress1 #eji1 #eaj4 ,but no ground for despair1 #eaj4 ,chteaubriand represents civilisation and corruption of morals as marching abreast1 #eaa1 #eab4 ,petty1 ,sir ,w41 cited1 #ahf4 ,phalanstre1 a ,socialist work1 referred to1 #fd1 #bje1 note4 ,physiocrates1 ,french ,economists of the school of ,quesnay1 #aec1 note4 ,represented all labour not worked up in a material commodity as sterile1 ib4 ,political ,economy1 limits of the science marked out1 #gj1 #ga4 ,may be defined the theory of exchange1 #gc2 or the theory of value1 ib4 ,takes for granted the existence of evil and suffering1 #gf4 ,many errors in1 arise from regarding human wants as a fixed quantity1 #gi4 ,not one of the exact sciences1 #hb1 #hc4 ,first principles of1 involved in difficulties by erroneous definitions of value1 #acf4 ,a science of observation and exposition1 #ejb4 ,contrast between ,political ,economy and ,socialism1 ib4 ,relations of ,political ,economy with ,morals1 ,politics1 and ,legislation1 #eac1 note4 ,population1 laws of1 cannot be comprised in a brief formula1 #djj4 ,vindication of ,malthus1 and of the general doctrine of his ,essay on ,population1 #cig1 #djj4 ,if1 as wealth increases1 the number among whom it is to be divided increases more rapidly1 absolute wealth may be greater1 but individual wealth will be less1 #dja4 ,malthus has reduced the principle to the formula that population tends to keep on a level with the means of subsistence1 #djb4 ,this principle not new2 every writer on such subjects since ,aristotle has proclaimed it1 ib4 ,enunciated by ,sir ,james ,steuart thirty years before the appearance of the ,essay on ,population1 ib41 note4 ,nature has taken greater care of species than of individuals1 in order to insure the perpetuity of races1 #djb4 ,instances of this in the vegetable kingdom1 ib42 and in animals whose life is of a type more akin to vegetables1 #djb1 #djc4 ,advancing in scale of social life1 means of reproduction bestowed with greater parsimony1 ib4 ,in the human species1 reproductive faculty less powerful than in any other1 ib4 ,but1 physically1 man does not escape the law of a tendency to multiplication beyond the limits of space and nourishment1 ib4 ,difference between the physiological power of multiplying and actual multiplication1 ib4 ,malthus inquired in what period of time mankind would double1 if space and food were unlimited1 #djd4 ,but as this hypothesis is never realized1 theoretical must be shorter than actual period1 ib4 ,different rates of increase in different countries according to estimate of ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 #djc4 ,such differences not the result of physiological causes1 but of external obstacles1 #djd4 ,new sources of local wealth lead invariably to increase of population1 ib4 ,objections made to the theory of ,malthus very illogical1 ib4 ,nor are the arguments against his geometrical progression more conclusive1 ib4 ,fixed on twenty-five years as the minimum period in which population may double itself1 because this actually takes place in ,america1 #dje4 ,malthus merely asserts that it has a tendency to increase in a geometrical progression1 ib4 ,that this virtual power of multiplication will be restrained is just what ,malthus contends for1 ib4 ,restrained by preventive and repressive checks1 #djf4 ,he was wrong in adopting the limit of twenty-five years1 although it holds good in ,america1 #djf1 #djg4 ,this mixing up of the virtual and the real has exposed him to be misunderstood and misrepresented1 #djf4 ,calculation by ,euler of period of doubling1 #djg4 ,applying ,euler's calculation to the facts stated by ,moses1 ,hebrews who entered ,egypt must have doubled in #ad years1 ib4 ,absolute power of multiplication limited by obstacles1 #djh4 ,vegetable life limited by want of space and territorial fertility-animals destitute of foresight1 by want of food1 #dji4 ,opinions of ,m4 de ,lamennais on this subject combated1 ib4 ,law of limitation as regards man manifests itself by the double action of foresight and destruction1 #daj4 ,the term moral restraint1 used by ,malthus1 does not give us a just idea of the domain of foresight1 ib4 ,other obstacles besides fear of poverty aid the action of the law of limitation in its preventive shape1 #daj1 #daa4 ,marriages on an average are probably later than they otherwise would be by eight years in consequence of these preventive obstacles1 #daa4 ,supposed advice of an old clergyman regarding too early marriages1 #daa1 #dab4 ,man's perfectibility an important element in resolving the problem of population1 #dac4 ,malthus1 by neglecting this1 has attributed less force to the preventive than to the repressive check1 ib4 ,for the expression1 means of subsistence1 ,say has substituted one more exact1 namely1 means of existence1 ib4 ,man's constant effort to better his condition exercises control over increase of numbers1 #dad4 ,better circumstances induce greater foresight1 ib4 ,in countries like ,china or ,ireland1 when rice and potatoes fail1 there is nothing to fall back on1 and repressive check comes into operation1 #daf4 ,the true formula of ,malthus is1 not that population tends to keep on a level with1 but to go beyond1 the means of subsistence1 ib4 ,foresight prevents this in the human race1 ib4 ,recapitulation1 #daf1 #dag4 ,population tends to redundancy most among unskilled labourers1 #dbj4 ,marriages are less improvident among the higher classes1 #dba4 ,fermage less efficacious in interposing a preventive obstacle to increase of population than ,mtayage1 #dba1 #dbb4 ,these terms explained1 #dba4 note4 ,almsgiving tends to destroy foresight1 ib4 ,improvement in labourers' cottages in ,england1 #dbb4 ,rate1 of wages in one country influences the rate in others1 #dbc4 ,population is in itself a force1 for increase of productive power results from density of population1 #dbd1 note4 ,producer1 every member of society may in turn be both producer and consumer1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,producers and consumers should be left free to take care of their own interests1 #cbg4 ,the effect of inventions and discoveries on the interest of producers and consumers illustrated by diagrams1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,advantages1 from inventions1 or from local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly from the hands of producers1 and go to enlarge enjoyments of consumers1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same thing holds of disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,producer has nothing to do with the utility of what is produced1 only with its value1 #ccf4 ,the utility concerns the demander1 ib4 ,it is in the intention of the consumer that moral or immoral enjoyment is to be discovered1 #cch4 ,production is to modify and combine substances1 not to create1 them1 #ajj4 ,production and consumption not the best terms to designate services rendered and received1 #cbc4 ,production is employed to designate whatever confers utility1 ib4 ,progress annihilates value by substituting gratuitous for onerous utility1 #gc4 ,proltaire1 definition of the term as used by ,bastiat1 #ce1 note4 ,property and ,community1 two ideas correlative to ideas of onerosity and gratuitousness1 #bbc4 ,gifts of nature1 the domain of community-human efforts1 domain of property1 ib4 ,principle of property1 #bbf-bbi4 ,illustrations of this1 #bbi-bcb4 ,as society advances1 property tends to recede1 and community to advance1 #bcb4 ,illustrations of this1 #bcc-bcf4 ,vindication of property1 #bch-bdj4 ,distinction between community and communism1 #bde-bdh4 ,property4 ,see ,landed ,property4 ,proprit et ,loi1 pamphlet by ,bastiat against the ,socialists1 #bb4 ,proprit et ,spoliation1 pamphlet by ,bastiat1 #bb4 ,protection1 a phase of communism1 #cbc4 ,this demonstrated by ,bastiat in pamphlet entitled ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 #bb4 ,proudhon1 his erroneous view of landed property1 #aee1 #bcc1 #bfj4 ,error as to interest of capital1 #aeh4 ,his view of wealth and value confuted1 #ahh-aij4 ,doctrine of mutuality of services1 #bbd4 ,providence1 laws of1 harmonious1 #dc4 ,q4 ,quesnay1 ,french ,economists of his school known as the ,physiocrates1 #aec1 note4 ,represented all labour not worked up in a material commodity as sterile1 ib4 ,r4 ,rflexions concernant les ,douanes1 pamphlet written by ,bastiat in #ahdj1 #aa4 ,religion derived from religare1 to bind1 #dfh4 ,false religions may be known from their obstructing progress1 #dhj4 ,no form of religion ought to be repressed by law1 #dha1 #dhb4 ,human mind generally begins by discovery of final causes1 #ead4 ,habit blinds us to final causes1 ib4 ,when we discover efficient1 we are too apt to deny final causes1 #eae-eag4 ,rent4 ,see ,landed ,property4 ,ameliorations which increase the value of land generally diminish the price of its produce1 #cdg4 ,explanation of this1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,author intended to adopt the theory of ,mr ,carey in opposition to that of ,ricardo1 #cdg1 note4 ,theory of the progressive dearness of means of subsistence erroneous1 #cea1 note4 ,responsibility1 belief in ,god the leading idea of this work1 #dfe4 ,differs from the writings of ,socialists1 ib4 ,the author's proposed introduction continued by editor1 #dfe1 #dff1 note4 ,laws of ,responsibility and ,solidarity act together1 #dff2 and should be viewed in their ensemble1 but for the method required by science1 ib4 ,evil and suffering exist everywhere1 in the individual and in society1 #dfg1 #dfh4 ,the social body not subject to inevitable decline1 #dfh4 ,de ,custine's remarks on this subject quoted1 ib41 note4 ,society1 like the human body1 has a vis medicatrix1 #dfi4 ,men approximate to a common level which is constantly rising1 ib4 ,liberty implies possible error1 and error possible evil1 ib4 ,socialists' errors on this subject combated1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,political ,economy is not concerned to explain origin of evil1 #dga4 ,sufficient that evil and suffering exist1 and have their mission1 #dgb4 ,existence of free will proved by our consciousness of possessing it1 #dgb1 #dgc4 ,dr ,johnson's opinion on this subject quoted1 #dgc1 note4 ,every action gives rise to consequences1 of which some fall back on the agent1 and others on his family or on society1 hence responsibility and solidarity1 #dgd4 ,responsibility applies to the person who acts1 ib4 ,we cannot even conceive of man as exempt from suffering1 #dgd1 #dge4 ,our notions of sensibility and existence are inseparable1 #dge4 ,faith the necessary complement of our destinies1 ib4 ,without sensibility we should be constantly exposed to death1 ib4 ,if1 of the consequences following on action1 the majority are bad and hurtful1 such action tends to limit and restrain itself1 #dgf4 ,ignorance gives rise to bad habits and bad laws1 knowledge and experience to the reverse1 ib4 ,mission of evil is to destroy its own cause and stimulate progress1 #dgg4 ,responsibility has three sanctions1-natural1 religious1 and legal1 #dgh4 ,the first of these is fundamental1 ib4 ,is an act vicious because revelation declares it so1 or does revelation declare it so because its consequences are bad8 ib4 ,bishop ,butler's ,sermons on ,human ,nature quoted1 #dgh1 note4 ,if we had a religion which forbade acts proved to be useful1 it could not be maintained1 #dgi4 ,all the power of the ,church insufficient to enforce prohibition of interest1 #dhj4 ,false religions known from their obstructing advancement and progress1 ib4 ,legal sanction should only give force and efficacy to natural sanction1 ib4 ,where natural repression sufficient1 legal repression should be avoided1 #dha4 ,law acts by means of force1 and should not be applied to repress any particular form of religion1 #dha1 #dhb4 ,other instances of the hurtful interposition of law1 #dhb-dhe4 ,evils to which foundling hospitals have given rise1 #dhe-dhg4 ,sense of responsibility capable of improvement1 #dhg4 ,its development may be aided by female intervention1 ib4 ,revolution of ,february1 remarks on its consequences1 #abc-abh4 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes quoted1 #af4 ,reybaud1 ,m4 ,louis1 his notice of ,bastiat referred to1 #af4 ,his description of ,bastiat's appearance quoted1 #ag4 ,ricardo1 his theory referred to1 #ch4 ,wrong in representing the principle of value as residing in labour1 #acf4 ,gave to the word wealth the sense of utility2 ,say1 that of value1 #aha4 ,his opinions on landed property quoted1 #beb1 #bec4 ,robinson ,crusoe1 illustrations drawn from1 #aja1 #aig1 #aih4 ,rousseau1 ,j4 ,j41 quoted1 #dh4 ,his ,contrat ,social commented on1 #ef2 quoted1 #eg-fj2 referred to1 #gg4 ,recognises the elasticity of human wants1 #ha4 ,admits existence of evil1 #he1 note2 referred to1 #id4 ,his doctrine controverted1 #ig4 ,to exalt the state of nature1 makes happiness to consist in privation1 #ajb4 ,represents solidarity as of legislative creation1 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,russia1 population of1 doubles in #dc years1 #djd4 ,de ,custine's work on ,russia quoted1 #dfh1 note4 ,s4 ,saint-,chamans1 ,m4 de1 referred to and quoted1 #ahd4 ,his doctrine confuted1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,sale and ,purchase is barter by means of an intermediate commodity1 #aji4 ,both resolve themselves into an exchange of services1 #aaj4 ,satisfaction of ,consumers1 the sole end of production1 #id1 #ie1 #if4 ,the term satisfaction preferred to the word consumption1 as more general1 ib4 ,saving is not to accumulate commodities1 but to interpose an interval between time of rendering and receiving services1 #cic4 ,the demand for labour and the rise of wages depend on augmentation of capital1 ib4 ,difficulties on the subject of saving removed by reference to the principle of value1 #cia4 ,to interpose delay between services rendered and received is itself to render a service2 it has value1 and hence the origin of interest1 #cie4 ,to give credit is to render a service1 which also has value1 #cif4 ,saving not necessarily injurious to industry1 ib4 ,it does not imply actual hoarding1 ib4 ,say1 ,j4 ,b41 quoted1 #ij4 ,referred to1 #ajj4 ,judicious observation on barter-troc deux facteurs1 #aaj4 ,wrong in representing value as residing in utility1 #acf4 ,quoted1 #adb4 ,erroneous view of landed property1 #aed4 ,is wrong in representing value as founded on utility1 #afa-afd4 ,discards ,smith's distinction between productive and unproductive labour1 #agc4 ,gave to the word ,wealth the sense of ,value2 ,ricardo that of ,utility1 #aha4 ,his definition of natural wealth quoted1 #aij4 ,his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bee4 ,has substituted the more exact expression means of existence for the expression means of subsistence1 used by ,malthus in his ,essay on ,population1 #dac4 ,wrong in representing taxation as in all cases an evil1 #dbf1 notes4 ,scialoja1 his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bed4 ,scrope1 his erroneous view of landed property1 #bec4 ,senior1 his erroneous view of rent1 #aed4 ,founds value on rarity1 remarks on this doctrine1 #afg4 ,his opinions on landed property quoted1 #bec4 ,on the relations of ,political ,economy with ,morals1 ,politics1 and ,legislation1 #eac1 note4 ,services1 human transactions1 when free1 resolve themselves into exchange of1 #dc4 ,value consists in comparative appreciation of1 #gc4 ,service is effort in one man1 while the want and satisfaction are in another1 #gd4 ,exchange of1 forms the subject of ,political ,economy1 #acc4 ,effort saved to the person who receives a service imparts value to the service rendered1 #adj-adb4 ,service a better term than ,labour1 #aeh4 ,every product which has value implies a service1 but every service does not imply a product2 value1 therefore1 is in service1 #agd4 ,when value passes from service to product1 it undergoes1 in product1 all the risks and chances to which the service itself is subject1 #agf4 ,service is rendered by the man who furnishes capital1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,private and ,public service1 #dbe4 ,where want so general as to be a public want1 may be provided for by the community at large1 #dbf4 ,this does not alter essential principles of exchange1 ib42 but modifies them1 #dbi4 ,process explained1 ib4 ,sophism that money paid to public functionaries comes back like rain on the citizens exposed1 #dcj4 ,public services always extinguish private services of the same kind1 ib4 ,public services leave no discretion to individuals1 #dcb4 ,example of this1 ib41 note4 ,take away control over services both rendered and received1 #dcc4 ,extinguish sense of responsibility1 #dcd4 ,give rise to public discontent1 #dcd1 #dce4 ,exclude competition1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,question is1 what services should remain in the domain of private exertion1 what in that of public8 #dcf4 ,government action is legitimate only where intervention of force legitimate1 #dcg2 and legitimate only in the case of defence of liberty and property1 ib42 and to ensure the predominance of justice1 #dch1 #dci4 ,when the ,state goes beyond this1 it destroys liberty and property1 which are placed under its safeguard1 ib4 ,province of ,government confined to what involves public security1 taking care of common property1 and levying contributions for public service1 #ddj4 ,circumscribing the province of ,government does not enfeeble1 but strengthen it1 #dda4 ,example of the ,united ,states1 #ddb4 ,slavery and protection in ,america active causes of revolution1 ib4 ,revolution of ,february1 remarks on1 #ddd4 ,sismondi1 ,m4 de1 referred to1 #ahd4 ,his doctrine on wealth and value controverted1 #ahg4 ,his false theory on the relations of capitalist and labourer1 #chd4 ,smith1 ,adam1 wrong in representing value as residing only in material substances1 #ia4 ,his distinction between roductive and unproductive labour has led to errors1 ib4 ,his account of the influence of exchange on labour commended1 #aje4 ,wrong in representing the principle of value as residing in materiality and durability1 #acf4 ,quoted and controverted on the subject of value1 #aef4 ,opinions on landed property quoted1 #beb4 ,social ,motive ,force described and explained1 #die-ejc4 ,personal interest is the social motive force which leads us to shun evil and seek after good1 #die4 ,attraction towards happiness and repulsion from pain1 the mainspring of the social mechanism1 #dif4 ,this impulsive force is under direction of our intelligence1 and intelligence may err1 ib4 ,the laws of responsibility and solidarity lend assistance to repress error and injustice1 #dig4 ,attempts of the ,socialists to substitute devotion and self-sacrifice for personal interest1 as the social motive force1 combated1 #dih1 #dii4 ,socialist works and writers referred to1 #ejj-ejc4 ,social ,problem1 demands solution1 #cc1 #cd4 ,solution to be found in liberty1 not in constraint1 #ce4 ,the man who demonstrates that the good of each tends to the good of all1 as the good of all tends to the good of each1 will have resolved the social problem1 #aah4 ,socialists differ from ,economists in regarding man's interests as antagonistic1 #ce4 ,socialist works referred to1 #fd1 and note4 ,society1 mechanism of1 #dh4 ,gives the humblest mechanic more in one day than he could himself produce in many ages1 ib4 ,study of1 the business of ,political ,economy1 #ea4 ,in social state our powers exceed our wants1 #ih4 ,solidarity is collective responsibility1 #dhh4 ,not of legislative creation1 as represented by ,rousseau1 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,the philosophers of the last century did not believe in it1 #dhi4 ,instances in which individuals suffer from the errors or faults of others-this is the law of solidarity1 #dhi1 #dij4 ,responsibility is not exclusively personal1 but is shared and divided1 #dij4 ,society1 in turn1 suffers from the errors or faults of individuals1 and the law of solidarity comes to check such actions1 #dia4 ,solidarity1 like responsibility1 is a progressive force1 and resolves itself into repercussive or reflected responsibility1 ib4 ,to enable those who suffer from another's acts to react against them1 connexion between cause and effect should be known1 #dib4 ,not always known1 from the circumstance that the first effect may seem good1 though all the subsequent consequences are bad1 ib4 ,example of this in case of war1 ib4 ,in the case of slavery1 of religious errors1 and of prohibition1 ib4 ,human law should coincide with the natural law1 and organize reaction1 #dic4 ,example of this in case of violence1 which provokes vengeance1 law steps in to repress it with regularity and certainty1 #dic1 #did4 ,economic view of the law of solidarity not indicated by the author in this chapter1 #did1 note4 ,sophismes conomiques1 great success of that work1 and extract from it1 #ah2 referred to1 #abd1 note1 and #cbe4 ,spain1 usual rate of interest in1 said to be #h per cent41 #cjb4 ,population of1 doubles in #ajf years1 #djd4 ,spoliation and oppression1 the sources of all social dissonances1 #cah-cbb4 ,statistics1 ,experimental1 what meant by1 #cec-cfj4 ,stewart1 ,sir ,james1 took the same view of the principle of population which ,malthus more formally enunciated1 thirty years before the appearance of the ,essay on ,population1 #djb1 note4 ,storch1 his erroneous view of the principle of value1 #acf4 ,his doctrine that value depends on the judgment we form of utility confuted1 #afh2 quoted1 #aia4 ,supply often virtually precedes demand1 #cce4 ,this arises from foresight of producer1 ib4 ,intensity of demand pre-existent1 #cce4 ,switzerland1 population of1 doubles in #bbg years1 #djd4 ,t4 ,taxation1 not necessarily a loss1 as represented by ,say1 #dbf1 #dbg1 note4 ,tracy1 ,m4 de1 quoted1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,turkey1 population of1 doubles in #eee years1 #djc4 ,u4 ,utility1 onerous and gratuitous1 #fi4 ,by substituting gratuitous for onerous utility1 progress annihilates value1 ib4 ,gratuitous1 tends to take the place of onerous utility1 #ij1 #ia4 ,mode in which this is effected1 #ia1 #ib4 ,attributing value to utility has led to many errors1 #afd-afg4 ,the term ,production employed to designate whatever confers utility1 and ,consumption to designate the enjoyment to which that utility gives rise1 #cbc4 ,what renders service to the masses is utility alone1 and value is not the measure of it1 #cbe2 but in the case of the individual1 value is the measure of it1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,general utility and onerous utility represented by lines of unequal length2 gratuitous utility1 by indefinite lines1 #cbh4 ,utility formerly onerous1 now become gratuitous1 also represented by lines1 #ccj4 ,v4 ,value consists in the comparative appreciation of reciprocal services1 #gc4 ,does not reside in material substances1 as represented by ,smith1 #ia4 ,vague definition of1 #ajh4 ,value represents effort1 #aji4 ,theory of value1 #aca4 ,as essential to ,political ,economy as numeration is to arithmetic1 ib4 ,value has a tendency to diminish in relation to utility1 #acb4 ,does not extend to the co-operation of nature1 but is restricted exclusively to human efforts1 #acd4 ,a state of isolation excludes the idea of value1 ib4 ,exchange imparts the notion of value1 #ace4 ,value is the relation of two services exchanged1 ib4 ,not necessarily proportionate to intensity of efforts1 #ach4 ,arises in some cases1 not from the effort of the person who renders the service1 but from the effort saved to the person who receives it1 #adj1 #ada4 ,this is a new principle not to be found in any other work on ,political ,economy1 #ada4 ,intervention of money does not change the principle1 #adb1 #adc4 ,value does not reside in commodities1 but in services1 #adc4 ,examples of various kinds of services1 all possessed of value1 #adg4 ,limits within which value oscillates1 ib42 other examples1 #adh1 #adi4 ,the precious metals not a perfect standard of value1 as their own value fluctuates1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,value not an attribute of matter1 #aec4 ,this an error of the ,physiocrates and of ,adam ,smith1 and has given rise to the distinction between productive and unproductive labour1 #aec1 #aed4 ,value not a thing having independent existence1 but a relation1 #aeh4 ,value and ,labour are not proportional1 #aei1 #afj1 note4 ,measure of value the quadrature of ,political ,economy1 #agj4 ,fixity cannot be found in a mean term composed of variable elements1 ib4 ,absolute measure of1 a chimera1 ib4 ,value being supposed to be in the material product1 and not in the service1 has led to ,smith's error as to unproductive labour1 #agb4 ,when value passes from service to product1 it undergoes1 in product1 all the risks and chances to which the service itself is subject1 #agf4 ,prevailing tendency of value incorporated with a commodity is to fall1 #agh4 ,value is the measure of the utility of services rendered to the individual1 not of those rendered to the masses1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,w4 ,wages4 ,men are always in search of something fixed1 #ceb4 ,hence the great desire for government offices1 #cec4 ,fixity favoured by two circumstances1 #ced4 ,illustrations drawn from the principle of fire insurance1 #ced-ceg4 ,remuneration by wages has the principle of fixity1 so much sought after1 #ceg4 ,opinions of the ,socialists on this subject controverted1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,wages1 their origin1 form1 and effects1 #ceh4 ,labour may be remunerated either by share of its product or by fixed wages1 #cei4 ,dependence not caused by form of remuneration1 but by precarious situation of labourer1 ib4 ,no men worse off than fishermen and vine-dressers1 though they have the benefits of association1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,results of labour applied to the chase1 fishing1 or agriculture very uncertain1 ib4 ,to obviate this1 a fixed unconditional bargain preferred1 #cfj4 ,this is not to destroy1 but improve1 the principle of association1 ib4 ,risks appreciated by means of experimental statistics1 ib4 ,remuneration by share of produce characteristic of times of barbarism1 #cfa4 ,fixity of remuneration a step of progress1 ib4 ,association not thereby dissolved1 ib4 ,capital and labour both take a share of risk till it can be estimated by experience1 ib4 ,this state of things gives place to a bargain which ensure unity of direction and fixity of situation1 #cfb4 ,the capitalist may take risk1 paying fixed wages1 or labourer may take risk1 paying a fixed interest-still there is association1 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,wages have nothing degrading in them any more than interest1 #cfc4 ,the one is the remuneration of present1 the other of anterior labour1 ib4 ,such stipulations are the cause and the manifestation of progress1 ib4 ,socialist errors on this subject confuted1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,friendly ,societies admirable means of providing against sickness and old age1 #cfh4 ,have conferred immense benefits on the working classes1 ib4 ,caisses de ,retraite1 ,friendly ,accumulation ,societies1 #cga-cgh4 ,anterior labour1 or capital1 must necessarily have more security than present labour1 #cgg-cgi4 ,future of the working classes-tendency to become capitalists1 #cgi-chc4 ,progress of the working classes between #agej and #ahej1 #cha4 ,relations of the capitalist and labourer1 #chc4 ,erroneous notions on this subject most dangerous1 #chd4 ,falsest theories abroad1 ib4 ,due to ,m4 de ,sismondi and ,m4 ,buret1 ib4 ,labourer's share of product has a tendency to increase as capital increases1 #che4 ,when exchange takes place between capital1 or anterior labour1 and present labour1 it is not on the footing of their duration or intensity1 but of their value1 #chg4 ,anterior labour has a general tendency to become depreciated1 #chh1 #chi4 ,presence of capital always beneficial to labourer1 #cij4 ,groundless outcry against tyranny of capital1 #cia1 #cib4 ,wants1 efforts1 and satisfactions1 constitute the domain of ,political ,economy1 #fi-gd4 ,wants of man1 enumeration of1 #ge-gg4 ,moral and material1 #gg4 ,not a fixed quantity1 but progressive and expansive1 #gi1 #hj4 ,rousseau recognises their elasticity1 #ha4 ,in isolation1 wants exceed powers2 in the social state1 powers exceed wants1 #ih4 ,man has more wants than any other living being1 #ii4 ,war4 ,principal thing which imparts to nations their distinctive character is the manner in which they provide for their subsistence1 #ded4 ,labour1 although little noticed by historians1 held as important a place among the ancients as it does with us1 #deg4 ,war1 spoliation1 marked difference in the character of a nation which lives by1 #deh4 ,it presupposes production1 ib4 ,spoliation in the shape of war has its root in selfishness1 #dei4 ,personal interest gives rise to harmony1 but there are disturbing causes1 #dfj4 ,labour is in itself a good1 independent of its results1 but we do not desire it for its own sake1 ib4 ,man1 being placed between two evils1 want and labour1 seeks to get rid of both1 #dfa4 ,spoliation then presents itself as a solution of the problem1 ib4 ,war a waste of human power1 ib4 ,and the spoliator does not get quit of labour1 ib4 ,checks production by the insecurity it creates1 #dfb4 ,contrasts between the producer and spoliator1 ib4 ,war has been a widespread evil1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,interrupts human progress1 #dfc4 ,how the warlike spirit is propagated1 ib4 ,how war ends1 #dfd4 ,water has utility without possessing value1 #ach2 but if brought from a distance by another1 the service has value1 #ach1 #aci4 ,wealth1 natural and social1 #gc2 actual or relative1 #ahj4 ,relative wealth is measured by value1 not utility1 #aha4 ,ricardo gave to the word ,wealth the sense of utility2 ,say1 that of value1 ib4 ,effective wealth1 the aggregate utilities which labour1 aided by natural agents1 places within our reach1 #aib4 ,relative wealth1 proportional share of each in the general riches1 determined by value1 ib4 ,morality of1 #aic1 #aid4 ,motive which leads to acquisition of1 natural1 and consequently moral1 #aic4 ,desire to better our circumstances also moral1 ib42 but if we seek to become rich by injustice1 this immoral1 ib4 ,y4 ,youth of ,france1 address to1 #cc4