,compiled by ,david ,widger             
,,contents   ,,the ,,contest ,,in       
,,america    ,,considerations ,,on      
,,representative ,,government           
,,autobiography    ,,utilitarianism     
,,some ,,unsettled ,,questions ,,of     
,,political ,,economy  ,,august ,,comte 
,,and ,,positivism  ,,the ,,subjection  
,,of ,,women    ,,principles ,,of       
,,political ,,economy  ,,on ,,liberty   
#gth ,,ed4 ,,vol #a3 ,a ,,system ,,of   
,,logic ,,ratiocinative ,,and           
,,inductive    #gth ,,ed1 ,vol4 ,,ii3 ,a
 ,,system ,,of ,,logic ,,ratiocinative  
,,and ,,inductive    #hth ,,ed3 ,a      
,,system ,,of ,,logic ,,ratiocinative   
,,and ,,inductive  ,,socialism          
,,phenomena ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,mind   
,,tables ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,volumes 
,,considerations ,,on ,,representative  
,,government ,by ,john ,stuart ,mill    
,,contents ,preface ,chapter ,i  ,to    
,what ,extent ,forms of ,government are 
a ,matter of ,choice4 ,chapter ,,ii     
,the ,criterion of a ,good ,form of     

,government4 ,chapter ,,iii  ,that the  
ideally best ,form of ,government is    
,representative ,government4 ,chapter   
,,iv  ,under what ,social ,conditions   
,representative ,government is          
,inapplicable4 ,chapter ,v  ,of the     
,proper ,functions of ,representative   
,bodies4 ,chapter ,,vi  ,of the         
,infirmities and ,dangers to which      
,representative ,government is ,liable4 
,chapter ,,vii  ,of ,true and ,false    
,democracy2 ,representation of ,all1 and
 ,representation of the ,majority only4 
,chapter ,,viii  ,of the ,extension of  
the ,suffrage4 ,chapter ,,ix  ,should   
there be ,two ,stages of ,election8     
,chapter ,x  ,of the ,mode of ,voting4  
,chapter ,,xi  ,of the ,duration of     
,parliaments4 ,chapter ,,xii  ,ought    
,pledges to be ,required from ,members  
of ,parliament8 ,chapter ,,xiii  ,of a  
,second ,chamber4 ,chapter ,,xiv  ,of   
the ,executive in a ,representative     
,government4 ,chapter ,,xv  ,of ,local  
,representative ,bodies4 ,chapter ,,xvi 

,of ,nationality1 as connected with     
,representative ,government4 ,chapter   
,,xvii  ,of ,federal ,representative    
,governments4 ,chapter ,,xviii  ,of the 
,government of ,dependencies by a ,free 
,state4 ,footnotes      ,,autobiography 
,by ,john ,stuart ,mill    ,,contents   
,,chapter ,i  #ahjf-ahai -- ,,childhood 
,,and ,,early ,,education ,,chapter ,,ii
  #ahac-ahba -- ,,moral ,,influences    
,,in ,,early ,,youth -- ,,my ,,father',s
 ,,character ,,and ,,opinions ,,chapter 
,,iii  #ahba-ahbc -- ,,last ,,stage ,,of
 ,,education1 ,,and ,,first ,,of        
,,self-,,education ,,chapter ,,iv       
#ahbc-ahbh -- ,,youthful ,,propagandism4
 ,,the ,,westminster ,,review ,,chapter 
,v  #ahbf-ahcb -- ,,crisis ,,in ,,my    
,,mental ,,history4 ,,one ,,stage       
,,onward ,,chapter ,,vi4  #ahcj-ahdj -- 
,,commencement ,,of ,,the ,,most        
,,valuable ,,friendship ,,of ,,my       
,,life--,,my ,,father',s                
,,death--,,writings ,,and ,,other       
,,proceedings ,,up ,,to #ahdj ,,chapter 

,,vii4  #ahdj-ahgj -- ,,general ,,view  
,,of ,,the ,,remainder ,,of ,,my        
,,life4--,,completion ,,of ,,the        
,,system ,,of ,,logic--,,publication    
,,of ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,political
 ,,economy --,,marriage--,,retirement   
,,from ,,the ,,india                    
,,house--,,publication ,,of ,,liberty   
--,,considerations ,,on ,,representative
 ,,government--,,civil ,,war ,,in       
,,america --,,examination ,,of ,,sir    
,,william ,,hamilton',s                 
,,philosophy--,,parliamentary ,,life    
--,,remainder ,,of ,,my ,,life ,,notes3 
,,utilitarianism ,by ,john ,stuart ,mill
     ,,contents ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i
  ,,general ,,remarks ,,chapter ,,ii    
,,what ,,utilitarianism ,,is ,,chapter  
,,iii  ,,of ,,the ,,ultimate ,,sanction 
,,of ,,the ,,principle ,,of ,,utility   
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,of ,,what ,,sort ,,of 
,,proof ,,the ,,principle ,,of ,,utility
 ,,is ,,susceptible ,,chapter ,v  ,,of  
,,the ,,connexion ,,between ,,justice   
,,and ,,utility      ,,essays ,,on      

,,some ,,unsettled ,,questions ,,of     
,,political ,,economy ,by ,john ,stuart 
,mill    ,,contents ,,preface4          
,,contents4 ,,essay ,i4  ,of the ,laws  
of ,interchange between ,nations2 and   
the ,distribution of the ,gains of      
,commerce among the ,countries of the   
,commercial ,world ,,essay ,,ii4  ,of   
the ,influence of ,consumption upon     
,production ,,essay ,,iii4  ,on the     
,words ,productive and ,unproductive    
,,essay ,,iv4  ,on ,profits1 and        
,interest ,,essay ,v4  ,on the          
,definition of ,political ,economy2 and 
on the ,method of ,investigation proper 
to it      ,,principles ,,of ,,political
 ,,economy ,by ,john ,stuart ,mill      
,contents ,preface4 ,introductory4 ,a   
,sketch ,of ,the ,history ,of ,political
 ,economy4 ,books ,for ,consultation    
7,from ,english1 ,french1 ,and ,german  
,authors74 ,preliminary ,remarks4 ,book 
,i4 ,production4 ,chapter ,i4 ,of ,the  
,requisites ,of ,production4  #a4 ,the  
requisites of production4  #b4 ,the     

,second ,requisite of ,production1      
,labor4  #c4 ,of ,capital as a          
,requisite of ,production4 ,chapter     
,,ii4 ,of ,unproductive ,labor4  #a4    
,definition of ,productive and          
,unproductive ,labor4  #b4 ,productive  
and ,unproductive ,consumption4  #c4    
,distinction ,between ,labor for the    
,supply of ,productive ,consumption and 
,labor for the ,supply of ,unproductive 
,consumption4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,of       
,capital4  #a4 ,capital is ,wealth      
,appropriated to ,reproductive          
,employment4  #b4 ,more ,capital        
,devoted to ,production than ,actually  
,employed in it4  #c4 ,examination of   
,cases ,illustrative of the ,idea of    
,capital4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,fundamental   
,propositions ,respecting ,capital4  #a4
 ,industry is ,limited by ,capital4  #b4
 ,increase of ,capital gives ,increased 
,employment to ,labor1 ,without         
,assignable ,bounds4  #c4 ,capital is   
the result of ,saving1 and all ,capital 
is ,consumed4  #d4 ,capital is kept up  

by ,perpetual ,reproduction1 as shown by
 the ,recovery of ,countries from       
,devastation4  #e4 ,effects of          
,defraying ,government ,expenditure by  
,loans4  #f4 ,demand for ,commodities is
 not ,demand for ,labor4 ,chapter ,v4   
,on ,circulating ,and ,fixed ,capital4  
#a4 ,fixed and ,circulating ,capital4   
#b4 ,increase of ,fixed ,capital1 when1 
at the ,expense of ,circulating1 might  
be ,detrimental to the ,laborers4  #c4  
-,this seldom1 if ever1 occurs4 ,chapter
 ,,vi4 ,of ,causes ,affecting ,the      
,efficiency ,of ,production4  #a4       
,general ,causes of ,superior           
,productiveness4  #b4 ,combination and  
,division of ,labor ,increase           
,productiveness4  #c4 ,advantages of    
,division of ,labor4  #d4 ,production on
 a ,large and ,production on a ,small   
,scale4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,the ,law   
,of ,the ,increase ,of ,labor4  #a4 ,the
 ,law of the ,increase of ,production   
,depends on those of ,three             
,elements-,labor4 ,capital1 and ,land4  

#b4 ,the ,law of ,population4  #c4 ,by  
what ,checks the ,increase of           
,population is ,practically ,limited4   
,chapter ,,viii4 ,of ,the ,law ,of ,the 
,increase ,of ,capital4  #a4 ,means for 
,saving in the ,surplus above           
,necessaries4  #b4 ,motive for ,saving  
in the ,surplus above ,necessaries4  #c4
 ,examples of ,deficiency in the        
,strength of this ,desire4  #d4         
,examples of ,excess of this ,desire4   
,chapter ,,ix4 ,of ,the ,law ,of ,the   
,increase ,of ,production ,from ,land4  
#a4 ,the ,law of ,production from the   
,soil1 a ,law of ,diminishing ,return in
 ,proportion to the ,increased          
,application of ,labor and ,capital4    
#b4 ,antagonist ,principle to the ,law  
of ,diminishing ,return2 the ,progress  
of ,improvements in ,production4  #c4   
-,in ,railways4  #d4 -,in ,manufactures4
  #e4 ,law ,holds ,true of ,mining4     
,chapter ,x4 ,consequences ,of ,the     
,foregoing ,laws4  #a4 ,remedies for    
,weakness of the ,principle of          

,accumulation4  #b4 ,even where the     
,desire to ,accumulate is ,strong1      
,population must be ,kept within the    
,limits of ,population from ,land4  #c4 
,necessity of ,restraining ,population  
not superseded by ,free ,trade in ,food4
  #d4 -,nor by ,emigration4 ,book ,,ii4 
,distribution4 ,chapter ,i4 ,of         
,property4  #a4 ,individual ,property   
and its opponents4  #b4 ,the case for   
,communism against private property     
presented4  #c4 ,the ,socialists who    
appeal to state-help4  #d4 ,of various  
minor schemes1 ,communistic and         
,socialistic4  #e4 ,the ,socialist      
objections to the present order of      
,society examined4  #f4 ,property in    
land different from property in         
,movables4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,wages4   
#a4 ,of ,competition and ,custom4  #b4  
,the ,wages-fund1 and the ,objections to
 it ,considered4  #c4 ,examination of   
some popular ,opinions respecting       
,wages4  #d4 ,certain rare              
,circumstances excepted1 ,high ,wages   

imply ,restraints on ,population4  #e4  
,due ,restriction of ,population the    
only ,safeguard of a ,laboring-,class4  
,chapter ,,iii4 ,of ,remedies ,for ,low 
,wages4  #a4 ,a ,legal or ,customary    
,minimum of ,wages1 with a ,guarantee of
 ,employment4  #b4 -,would ,require as a
 ,condition ,legal ,measures for        
,repression of ,population4  #c4        
,allowances in ,aid of ,wages and the   
,standard of ,living4  #d4 ,grounds for 
,expecting ,improvement in ,public      
,opinion on the ,subject of ,population4
  #e4 ,twofold means of ,elevating the  
,habits of the ,laboring-,people2 by    
,education1 and by ,foreign and ,home   
,colonization4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,of ,the  
,differences ,of ,wages ,in ,different  
,employments4  #a4 ,differences of      
,wages ,arising from ,different ,degrees
 of ,attractiveness in ,different       
,employments4  #b4 ,differences arising 
from ,natural ,monopolies4  #c4 ,effect 
on ,wages of the ,competition of        
,persons having other ,means of         

,support4  #d4 ,wages of ,women1 why    
,lower than those of ,men4  #e4         
,differences of ,wages ,arising from    
,laws1 ,combinations1 or ,customs4      
,chapter ,v4 ,of ,profits4  #a4 ,profits
 include ,interest and ,risk2 but1      
correctly speaking1 do not include      
,wages of ,superintendence4  #b4 ,the   
,minimum of ,profits2 what produces     
,variations in the ,amount of ,profits4 
#c4 ,general ,tendency of ,profits to an
 ,equality4  #d4 ,the ,cause of the     
,existence of any ,profit2 the ,advances
 of ,capitalists consist of ,wages of   
,labor4  #e4 ,the ,rate of ,profit      
depends on the ,cost of ,labor4 ,chapter
 ,,vi4 ,of ,rent4  #a4 ,rent the ,effect
 of a ,natural ,monopoly4  #b4 ,no ,land
 can pay ,rent except ,land of such     
,quality or ,situation as exists in less
 ,quantity than the ,demand4  #c4 ,the  
,rent of ,land is the ,excess of its    
,return above the ,return to the worst  
,land in ,cultivation4  #d4 -,or to the 
,capital employed in the least          

advantageous ,circumstances4  #e4       
,opposing ,views of the ,law of ,rent4  
#f4 ,rent does not enter into the ,cost 
of ,production of ,agricultural         
,produce4 ,book ,,iii4 ,exchange4       
,chapter ,i4 ,of ,value4  #a4           
,definitions of ,value in ,use1         
,exchange ,value1 and ,price4  #b4      
,conditions of ,value3 ,utility1        
,difficulty of ,attainment1 and         
,transferableness4  #c4 ,commodities    
limited in ,quantity by the law of      
,demand and ,supply3 ,general working of
 this ,law4  #d4 ,miscellaneous ,cases  
falling under this ,law4  #e4           
,commodities which are ,susceptible of  
,indefinite ,multiplication without     
,increase of ,cost4 ,law of their ,value
 ,cost of ,production4  #f4 ,the ,value 
of these ,commodities confirm1 in the   
long run1 to their ,cost of ,production 
through the operation of ,demand and    
,supply4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,ultimate       
,analysis ,of ,cost ,of ,production4    
#a4 ,of ,labor1 the principal ,element  

in ,cost of ,production4  #b4 ,wages    
affect ,values1 only if different in    
different employments2 non-competing    
groups4  #c4 ,profits an element in     
,cost of ,production4  #d4 ,cost of     
,production properly represented by     
sacrifice1 or cost1 to the ,laborer as  
well as to the ,capitalist2 the relation
 of this conception to the ,cost of     
,labor4  #e4 ,when profits vary from    
,employment to ,employment1 or are      
spread over unequal lengths of ,time1   
they affect ,values accordingly4  #f4   
,occasional ,elements in ,cost of       
,production2 taxes and ground-rent4     
,chapter ,,iii4 ,of ,rent1 ,in ,its     
,relation ,to ,value4  #a4 ,commodities 
which are susceptible of indefinite     
,multiplication1 but not without        
increase of ,cost4 ,law of their ,value1
 ,cost of ,production in the most       
unfavorable existing circumstances4  #b4
 ,such commodities1 when ,produced in   
circumstances more favorable1 yield a   
,rent equal to the difference of ,cost4 

#c4 ,rent of ,mines and ,fisheries and  
ground-rent of ,buildings1 and cases of 
gain analogous to ,rent4  #d4 ,rsum of  
the laws of value of each of the three  
classes of commodities4 ,chapter ,,iv4  
,of ,money4  #a4 ,the three functions of
 ,money-a ,common ,denominator of       
,value1 a ,medium of ,exchange1 a       
,standard of ,value4  #b4 ,gold and     
,silver1 why fitted for those purposes4 
#c4 ,money a mere contrivance for       
facilitating exchanges1 which does not  
affect the laws of value4 ,chapter ,v4  
,of ,the ,value ,of ,money1 ,as         
,dependent ,on ,demand ,and ,supply4    
#a4 ,value of ,money1 an ambiguous      
expression4  #b4 ,the ,value of ,money  
depends on its quantity4  #c4 -,together
 with the ,rapidity of ,circulation4    
#d4 ,explanations and ,limitations of   
this ,principle4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,of ,the
 ,value ,of ,money1 ,as ,dependent ,on  
,cost ,of ,production4  #a4 ,the value  
of ,money1 in a state of ,freedom1      
conforms to the value of the ,bullion   

contained in it4  #b4 -,which is        
determined by the cost of production4   
#c4 ,this law1 how related to the       
principle laid down in the preceding    
chapter4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,a ,double 
,standard ,and ,subsidiary ,coins4  #a4 
,objections to a ,double ,standard4  #b4
 ,the use of the two metals as money1   
and the management of ,subsidiary       
,coins4  #c4 ,the experience of the     
,united ,states with a double standard  
from #agib to #ahhc4 ,chapter ,,viii4   
,of ,credit1 ,as ,a ,substitute ,for    
,money4  #a4 ,credit not a creation but 
a ,transfer of the means of ,production4
  #b4 ,in what manner it assists        
,production4  #c4 ,function of ,credit  
in economizing the use of ,money4  #d4  
,bills of ,exchange4  #e4 ,promissory   
,notes4  #f4 ,deposits and ,checks4     
,chapter ,,ix4 ,influence ,of ,credit   
,on ,prices4  #a4 ,what acts on prices  
is ,credit1 in whatever shape given4    
#b4 ,credit a purchasing ,power1 similar
 to ,money4  #c4 ,great extensions and  

contractions of ,credit4 ,phenomena of a
 commercial crisis analyzed4  #d4       
,influence of the different forms of    
,credit on ,prices4  #e4 ,on what the   
use of ,credit depends4  #f4 ,what is   
essential to the idea of ,money8        
,chapter ,x4 ,of ,an ,inconvertible     
,paper ,currency4  #a4 ,what determines 
the value of an inconvertible paper     
money8  #b4 ,if regulated by the price  
of ,bullion1 as inconvertible ,currency 
might be safe1 but not ,expedient4  #c4 
,examination of the doctrine that an    
inconvertible ,current is safe1 if      
representing actual ,property4  #d4     
,experiments with paper ,money in the   
,united ,states4  #e4 ,examination of   
the gain arising from the increase and  
issue of paper ,currency4  #f4 ,rsum of 
the subject of money4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,of
 ,excess ,of ,supply4  #a4 ,the theory  
of a general ,over-,supply of           
,commodities stated4  #b4 ,the supply of
 commodities in general can not exceed  
the power of ,purchase4  #c4 ,there can 

never be a lack of ,demand arising from 
lack of ,desire to ,consume4  #d4       
,origin and ,explanation of the notion  
of general ,over-,supply4 ,chapter      
,,xii4 ,of ,some ,peculiar ,cases ,of   
,value4  #a4 ,values of commodities     
which have a joint cost of production4  
#b4 ,values of the different kinds of   
agricultural produce4 ,chapter ,,xiii4  
,of ,international ,trade4  #a4 ,cost of
 ,production not a regulator of         
international values4 ,extension of the 
word international4  #b4 ,interchange of
 commodities between distance places    
determined by differences not in their  
absolute1 but in the comparative1 costs 
of production4  #c4 ,the direct benefits
 of commerce consist in increased       
,efficiency of the productive powers of 
the ,world4  #d4 -,not in a ,vent for   
exports1 nor in the gains of ,merchants4
  #e4 ,indirect benefits of ,commerce1  
,economical and ,moral2 still greater   
than the ,direct4 ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,of   
,international ,values4  #a4 ,the values

 of imported commodities depend on the  
,terms of international interchange4    
#b4 ,the values of foreign commodities  
depend1 not upon ,cost of ,production1  
but upon ,reciprocal ,demand and        
,supply4  #c4 -,as illustrated by trade 
in cloth and linen between ,england and 
,germany4  #d4 ,the conclusion states in
 the ,equation of ,international        
,demand4  #e4 ,the cost to a country of 
its imports depends not only on the     
ratio of exchange1 but on the efficiency
 of its labor4 ,chapter ,,xv4 ,of ,money
 ,considered ,as ,an ,imported          
,commodity4  #a4 ,money imported on two 
modes2 as a ,commodity1 and as a medium 
of ,exchange4  #b4 ,as a commodity1 it  
obeys the same laws of ,value as other  
imported ,commodities4 ,chapter ,,xvi4  
,of ,the ,foreign ,exchanges4  #a4      
,money passes from country to country as
 a ,medium of ,exchange1 through the    
,exchanges4  #b4 ,distinction between   
,variations in the ,exchanges which are 
self-adjusting and those which can only 

be rectified through ,prices4 ,chapter  
,,xvii4 ,of ,the ,distribution ,of ,the 
,precious ,metals ,through ,the         
,commercial ,world4  #a4 ,the           
substitution of money for barter makes  
no difference in exports and imports1   
nor in the ,law of international        
,values4  #b4 ,the preceding ,theorem   
further illustrated4  #c4 ,the precious 
metals1 as money1 are of the same       
,value1 and distribute themselves       
according to the same ,law1 with the    
precious metals as a ,commodity4  #d4   
,international payments entering into   
the financial account4 ,chapter ,,xviii4
 ,influence ,of ,the ,currency ,on ,the 
,exchanges ,and ,on ,foreign ,trade4    
#a4 ,variations in the exchange1 which  
originate in the ,currency4  #b4 ,effect
 of a sudden increase of a metallic     
,currency1 or of the sudden creation of 
,bank-,notes or other substitutes for   
,money4  #c4 ,effect of the increase of 
an inconvertible paper ,currency4 ,real 
and nominal exchange4 ,chapter ,,xix4   

,of ,the ,rate ,of ,interest4  #a4 ,the 
,rate of ,interest depends on the       
,demand and ,supply of ,loans4  #b4     
,circumstances which ,determine the     
,permanent ,demand and ,supply of       
,loans4  #c4 ,circumstances which       
,determine the ,fluctuations4  #d4 ,the 
,rate of ,interest not really ,connected
 with the value of ,money1 but often    
confounded with it4  #e4 ,the ,rate of  
,interest determines the price of land  
and of ,securities4 ,chapter ,,xx4 ,of  
,the ,competition ,of ,different        
,countries ,in ,the ,same ,market4  #a4 
,causes which enable one ,country to    
undersell another4  #b4 ,high wages do  
not prevent one ,country from           
underselling another4  #c4 ,low wages   
enable a ,country to undersell another1 
when ,peculiar to certain branches of   
,industry4  #d4 -,but not when common to
 ,all4  #e4 ,low profits as affecting   
the carrying ,trade4 ,chapter ,,xxi4 ,of
 ,distribution1 ,as ,affected ,by       
,exchange4  #a4 ,exchange and money make

 no ,difference in the law of ,wages4   
#b4 ,in the law of ,rent4  #c4 -,nor in 
the law of ,profits4 ,book ,,iv4        
,influence ,of ,the ,progress ,of       
,society ,on ,production ,and           
,distribution4 ,chapter ,i4 ,influence  
,of ,the ,progress ,of ,industry ,and   
,population ,on ,values ,and ,prices4   
#a4 ,tendency of the progress of society
 toward increased ,command over the     
powers of ,nature2 increased ,security1 
and increased ,capacity of              
,co-,operation4  #b4 ,tendency to a     
,decline of the ,value and ,cost of     
,production of all ,commodities4  #c4   
-except the products of ,agriculture and
 ,mining1 which have a tendency to      
,rise4  #d4 -that tendency from time to 
time ,counteracted by ,improvements in  
,production4  #e4 ,effect of the        
,progress of ,society in moderating     
fluctuations of ,value4 ,chapter ,,ii4  
,influence ,of ,the ,progress ,of       
,industry ,and ,population ,on ,rents1  
,profits1 ,and ,wages4  #a4             

,characteristic features of industrial  
,progress4  #b4 ,first two cases1       
,population and ,capital increasing1 the
 arts of production stationary4  #c4    
,the arts of production advancing1      
capital and population stationary4  #d4 
,theoretical results1 if all three      
,elements progressive4  #e4 ,practical  
,results4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,of ,the      
,tendency ,of ,profits ,to ,a ,minimum4 
#a4 ,different ,theories as to the fall 
of ,profits4  #b4 ,what determines the  
minimum rate of ,profit8  #c4 ,in old   
and opulent countries1 profits          
habitually near to the minimum4  #d4    
-prevented from reaching it by          
commercial revulsions4  #e4 -by         
improvements in ,production4  #f4 -by   
the importation of cheap ,necessaries   
and ,implements4  #g4 -by the emigration
 of ,capital4 ,chapter ,,iv4            
,consequences ,of ,the ,tendency ,of    
,profits ,to ,a ,minimum1 ,and ,the     
,stationary ,state4  #a4 ,abstraction of
 ,capital not necessarily a national    

loss4  #b4 ,in opulent countries1 the   
extension of machinery not detrimental  
but beneficial to ,laborers4  #c4       
,stationary state of wealth and         
population dreaded by some writers1 but 
not in itself undesirable4 ,chapter ,v4 
,on ,the ,possible ,futurity ,of ,the   
,laboring-,classes4  #a4 ,the           
possibility of improvement while        
,laborers remain merely receivers of    
,wages4  #b4-through small holdings1 by 
which the landlord's gain is shared4    
#c4 -through co-operation1 by which the 
manager's wages are shared4  #d4        
,distributive ,co-operation4  #e4       
,productive ,co-,operation4  #f4        
,industrial ,partnership4  #g4 ,people's
 ,banks4 ,book ,v4 ,on ,the ,influence  
,of ,government4 ,chapter ,i4 ,on ,the  
,general ,principles ,of ,taxation4  #a4
 ,four fundamental rules of ,taxation4  
#b4 ,grounds of the principle of        
,equality of ,taxation4  #c4 ,should the
 same percentage be levied on all       
amounts of ,income8  #d4 ,should the    

same percentage be levied on ,perpetual 
and on ,terminable ,incomes8  #e4 ,the  
increase of the rent of land from       
natural causes a fit subject of peculiar
 ,taxation4  #f4 ,taxes falling on      
,capital not necessarily objectionable4 
,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,direct ,taxes4  #a4 
,direct taxes either on income or       
expenditure4  #b4 ,taxes on rent4  #c4  
-on profits4  #d4 -on ,wages4  #e4 -on  
,income4  #f4 ,a ,house-,tax4 ,chapter  
,,iii4 ,of ,taxes ,on ,commodities1 ,or 
,indirect ,taxes4  #a4 ,a ,tax on all   
commodities would fall on ,profits4  #b4
 ,taxes on particular commodities fall  
on the consumer4  #c4 ,peculiar effects 
of taxes on ,necessaries4  #d4 -how     
modified by the tendency of profits to a
 minimum4  #e4 ,effects of              
discriminating ,duties4  #f4 ,effects   
produced on international ,exchange by  
,duties on ,exports and on ,imports4    
,chapter ,,iv4 ,comparison ,between     
,direct ,and ,indirect ,taxation4  #a4  
,arguments for and against direct       

,taxation4  #b4 ,what forms of indirect 
taxation are most eligible8  #c4        
,practical rules for indirect taxation4 
#d4 ,taxation systems of the ,united    
,states and other ,countries4  #e4 ,a   
,rsum of the general principles of      
taxation4 ,chapter ,v4 ,of ,a ,national 
,debt4  #a4 ,is it desirable to defray  
extraordinary public expenses by loans8 
#b4 ,not desirable to redeem a national 
,debt by a general ,contribution4  #c4  
,in what cases desirable to maintain a  
surplus revenue for the redemption of   
,debt4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,of ,an           
,interference ,of ,government ,grounded 
,on ,erroneous ,theories4  #a4 ,the     
doctrine of ,protection to ,native      
,industry4  #b4 -had its origin in the  
,mercantile ,system4  #c4 -supported by 
pleas of national subsistence and       
national defense4  #d4 -on the ground of
 encouraging young industries2 colonial 
policy4  #e4 -on the ground of high     
wages4  #f4 -on the ground of creating a
 diversity of industries4  #g4 -on the  

ground that it lowers prices4 ,appendix 
,i4 ,bibliographies4 ,appendix ,,ii4    
,examination ,questions4 ,footnotes     
,a ,,system ,,of ,,logic ,,ratiocinative
 ,,and ,,inductive--,,volume ,i4 ,,being
 ,a ,,connected ,,view ,,of ,,the       
,,principles ,,of ,,evidence ,,and ,,the
 ,,methods ,,of ,,scientific            
,,investigation ,,in ,,two ,,volumes    
,,vol4 ,i4 ,,seventh ,,edition ,by ,john
 ,stuart ,mill    ,,contents ,,of ,,the 
,,first ,,volume  ,,introduction4  #a4  
,a definition at the commencement of a  
subject must be provisional  #a #b4  ,is
 logic the art and science of reasoning8
  #b #c4  ,or the art and science of the
 pursuit of truth8  #c #d4  ,logic is   
concerned with inferences1 not with     
intuitive truths  #e #e4  ,relation of  
logic to the other sciences  #h #f4     
,its utility1 how shown  #aj #g4        
,definition of logic stated and         
illustrated  #aa  ,,book ,i4 ,,of       
,,names ,,and ,,propositions4  ,chapter 
,i4 ,of the ,necessity of commencing    

with an ,analysis of ,language4  #a4    
,theory of names1 why a necessary part  
of logic  #ag #b4  ,first step in the   
analysis of ,propositions  #ah #c4      
,names must be studied before ,things   
#ba  ,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,names4  #a4    
,names are names of things1 not of our  
ideas  #bc #b4  ,words which are not    
names1 but parts of names  #bd #c4      
,general and ,singular names  #bf #d4   
,concrete and ,abstract  #bi #e4        
,connotative and ,non-connotative  #ca  
#f4  ,positive and ,negative  #db #g4   
,relative and ,absolute  #dd #h4        
,univocal and quivocal  #dg  ,pg xii    
,chapter ,,iii4 ,of the ,things denoted 
by ,names4  #a4  ,necessity of an       
enumeration of ,nameable ,things4 ,the  
,categories of ,aristotle  #di #b4      
,ambiguity of the most general names    
#ea #c4  ,feelings1 or states of        
consciousness  #ed #d4  ,feelings must  
be distinguished from their physical    
antecedents4 ,perceptions1 what  #ef #e4
  ,volitions1 and ,actions1 what  #eh   

#f4  ,substance and ,attribute  #ei #g4 
,body  #fa #h4  ,mind  #fg #i4          
,qualities  #fi #aj4  ,relations  #gb   
#aa4  ,resemblance  #gd #ab4  ,quantity 
#gh #ac4  ,all attributes of bodies are 
grounded on states of consciousness  #gi
 #ad4  ,so also all attributes of mind  
#hj #ae4  ,recapitulation  #ha  ,chapter
 ,,iv4 ,of ,propositions4  #a4  ,nature 
and office of the copula  #he #b4       
,affirmative and ,negative propositions 
#hg #c4  ,simple and ,complex  #hi #d4  
,universal1 ,particular1 and ,singular  
#ic  ,chapter ,v4 ,of the ,import of    
,propositions4  #a4  ,doctrine that a   
proposition is the expression of a      
relation between two ideas  #if #b4     
,doctrine that it is the expression of a
 relation between the meanings of two   
names  #ii #c4  ,doctrine that it       
consists in referring something to1 or  
excluding something from1 a class  #ajc 
#d4  ,what it really is  #ajg #e4  ,it  
asserts 7or denies7 a sequence1 a       
coexistence1 a simple existence1 a      

causation  #aaj #f4  --or a resemblance 
#aab #g4  ,propositions of which the    
terms are abstract  #aae  ,pg xiii      
,chapter ,,vi4 ,of ,propositions merely 
,verbal4  #a4  ,essential and           
,accidental propositions  #aai #b4  ,all
 essential propositions are identical   
propositions  #abj #c4  ,individuals    
have no essences  #abd #d4  ,real       
propositions1 how distinguished from    
verbal  #abf #e4  ,two modes of         
representing the import of a ,real      
proposition  #abg  ,chapter ,,vii4 ,of  
the ,nature of ,classification1 and the 
,five ,predicables4  #a4                
,classification1 how connected with     
,naming  #abi #b4  ,the ,predicables1   
what  #aca #c4  ,genus and ,species     
#aca #d4  ,kinds have a real existence  
in nature  #acd #e4  ,differentia  #aci 
#f4  ,differenti for general purposes1  
and differenti for special or technical 
purposes  #ada #g4  ,proprium  #add #h4 
,accidens  #adf  ,chapter ,,viii4 ,of   
,definition4  #a4  ,a definition1 what  

#adh #b4  ,every name can be defined1   
whose meaning is susceptible of analysis
  #aej #c4  ,complete1 how distinguished
 from incomplete definitions  #aeb #d4  
--and from descriptions  #aed #e4  ,what
 are called definitions of ,things1 are 
definitions of ,names with an implied   
assumption of the existence of ,things  
corresponding to them  #aeg #f4  --even 
when such things do not in reality exist
  #afe #g4  ,definitions1 though of     
names only1 must be grounded on         
knowledge of the corresponding ,things  
#afg ,pg xiv ,,book ,,ii4 ,,of          
,,reasoning4  ,chapter ,i4 ,of          
,inference1 or ,reasoning1 in general4  
#a4  ,retrospect of the preceding book  
#age #b4  ,inferences improperly so     
called  #agg #c4  ,inferences proper1   
distinguished into inductions and       
ratiocinations  #aha  ,chapter ,,ii4 ,of
 ,ratiocination1 or ,syllogism4  #a4    
,analysis of the ,syllogism  #ahd #b4   
,the dictum de omni not the foundation  
of reasoning1 but a mere identical      

proposition  #aia #c4  ,what is the     
really fundamental axiom of             
,ratiocination  #aif #d4  ,the other    
form of the axiom  #aii  ,chapter ,,iii4
 ,of the ,functions1 and ,logical       
,value1 of the ,syllogism4  #a4  ,is the
 syllogism a petitio principii8  #bjb   
#b4  ,insufficiency of the common theory
  #bjc #c4  ,all inference is from      
particulars to particulars  #bje #d4    
,general propositions are a record of   
such inferences1 and the rules of the   
syllogism are rules for the             
interpretation of the record  #bad #e4  
,the syllogism not the type of          
reasoning1 but a test of it  #bah #f4   
,the true type1 what  #bbb #g4          
,relation between ,induction and        
,deduction  #bbf #h4  ,objections       
answered  #bbg #i4  ,of ,formal ,logic1 
and its relation to the ,logic of ,truth
  #bca  ,chapter ,,iv4 ,of ,trains of   
,reasoning1 and ,deductive ,sciences4   
#a4  ,for what purpose trains of        
reasoning exist  #bcd #b4  ,a train of  

reasoning is a series of inductive      
inferences  #bcd #c4  --from particulars
 to particulars through marks of marks  
#bcg #d4  ,why there are deductive      
sciences  #bdj #e4  ,why other sciences 
still remain experimental  #bdd #f4     
,experimental sciences may become       
deductive by the progress of experiment 
#bdf #g4  ,in what manner this usually  
takes place  #bdg  ,pg xv ,chapter ,v4  
,of ,demonstration1 and ,necessary      
,truths4  #a4  ,the ,theorems of        
geometry are necessary truths only in   
the sense of necessarily following from 
hypotheses  #bea #b4  ,those hypotheses 
are real facts with some of their       
circumstances exaggerated or omitted    
#bee #c4  ,some of the first principles 
of geometry are axioms1 and these are   
not hypothetical  #bef #d4  --but are   
experimental truths  #beh #e4  ,an      
objection answered  #bfa #f4  ,dr4      
,whewell's opinions on axioms examined  
#bfd  ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the same ,subject 
continued4  #a4  ,all deductive sciences

 are inductive  #bha #b4  ,the          
propositions of the science of number   
are not verbal1 but generalizations from
 experience  #bhd #c4  ,in what sense   
hypothetical  #bhi #d4  ,the            
characteristic property of demonstrative
 science is to be hypothetical  #bij #e4
  ,definition of demonstrative evidence 
#bib  ,chapter ,,vii4 ,examination of   
some ,opinions opposed to the preceding 
doctrines4  #a4  ,doctrine of the       
,universal ,postulate  #bid #b4  ,the   
test of inconceivability does not       
represent the aggregate of past         
experience  #bif #c4  --nor is implied  
in every process of thought  #bii #d4   
,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's opinion on the     
,principles of ,contradiction and       
,excluded ,middle  #cjf  ,,book ,,iii4  
,,of ,,induction4  ,chapter ,i4         
,preliminary ,observations on ,induction
 in general4  #a4  ,importance of an    
,inductive ,logic  #cac #b4  ,the logic 
of science is also that of business and 
life  #cad  ,chapter ,,ii4 ,of          

,inductions improperly so called4  #a4  
,inductions distinguished from verbal   
transformations  #cai #b4  --from       
inductions1 falsely so called1 in       
mathematics  #cba #c4  --and from       
descriptions  #cbc #d4  ,examination of 
,dr4 ,whewell's theory of ,induction    
#cbf #e4  ,further illustration of the  
preceding remarks  #ccf  ,pg xvi        
,chapter ,,iii4 ,on the ,ground of      
,induction4  #a4  ,axiom of the         
uniformity of the course of nature  #cda
 #b4  ,not true in every sense4         
,induction per enumerationem simplicem  
#cdf #c4  ,the question of ,inductive   
,logic stated  #cdh  ,chapter ,,iv4 ,of 
,laws of ,nature4  #a4  ,the general    
regularity in nature is a tissue of     
partial regularities1 called laws  #cea 
#b4  ,scientific induction must be      
grounded on previous spontaneous        
inductions  #cee #c4  ,are there any    
inductions fitted to be a test of all   
others8  #ceg  ,chapter ,v4 ,of the ,law
 of ,universal ,causation4  #a4  ,the   

universal law of successive phenomena is
 the ,law of ,causation  #cfj #b4       
--i4e4 the law that every consequent has
 an invariable antecedent  #cfc #c4     
,the cause of a phenomenon is the       
assemblage of its conditions  #cfe #d4  
,the distinction of agent and patient   
illusory  #cgc #e4  ,the cause is not   
the invariable antecedent1 but the      
unconditional invariable antecedent     
#cge #f4  ,can a cause be simultaneous  
with its effect8  #chj #g4  ,idea of a  
,permanent ,cause1 or original natural  
agent  #chc #h4  ,uniformities of       
coexistence between effects of different
 permanent causes1 are not laws  #chf   
#i4  ,doctrine that volition is an      
efficient cause1 examined  #chg         
,chapter ,,vi4 ,of the ,composition of  
,causes4  #a4  ,two modes of the        
conjunct action of causes1 the          
mechanical and the chemical  #dje #b4   
,the composition of causes the general  
rule2 the other case exceptional  #djh  
#c4  ,are effects proportional to their 

causes8  #dab  ,chapter ,,vii4 ,of      
,observation and ,experiment4  #a4  ,the
 first step of inductive inquiry is a   
mental analysis of complex phenomena    
into their elements  #dad #b4  ,the next
 is an actual separation of those       
elements  #daf #c4  ,advantages of      
experiment over observation  #dag #d4   
,advantages of observation over         
experiment  #dbj  ,pg xvii ,chapter     
,,viii4 ,of the ,four ,methods of       
,experimental ,inquiry4  #a4  ,method of
 ,agreement  #dbe #b4  ,method of       
,difference  #dbh #c4  ,mutual relation 
of these two methods  #dbi #d4  ,joint  
,method of ,agreement and ,difference   
#dcc #e4  ,method of ,residues  #dcf #f4
  ,method of ,concomitant ,variations   
#dcg #g4  ,limitations of this last     
method  #ddc  ,chapter ,,ix4            
,miscellaneous ,examples of the ,four   
,methods4  #a4  ,liebig's theory of     
metallic poisons  #ddi #b4  ,theory of  
induced electricity  #dec #c4  ,dr4     
,wells' theory of dew  #deg #d4  ,dr4   

,brown-,squard's theory of cadaveric    
rigidity  #dfe #e4  ,examples of the    
,method of ,residues  #dga #f4  ,dr4    
,whewell's objections to the ,four      
,methods  #dge  ,chapter ,x4 ,of        
,plurality of ,causes2 and of the       
,intermixture of ,effects4  #a4  ,one   
effect may have several causes  #dhb #b4
  --which is the source of a            
characteristic imperfection of the      
,method of ,agreement  #dhc #c4         
,plurality of ,causes1 how ascertained  
#dhg #d4  ,concurrence of ,causes which 
do not compound their effects  #dhi #e4 
,difficulties of the investigation1 when
 causes compound their effects  #did #f4
  ,three modes of investigating the laws
 of complex effects  #dii #g4  ,the     
method of simple observation            
inapplicable  #ejj #h4  ,the purely     
experimental method inapplicable  #eja  
,chapter ,,xi4 ,of the ,deductive       
,method4  #a4  ,first stage2            
ascertainment of the laws of the        
separate causes by direct induction     

#ejg #b4  ,second stage2 ratiocination  
from the simple laws of the complex     
cases  #eab #c4  ,third stage2          
verification by specific experience     
#ead  ,pg xviii ,chapter ,,xii4 ,of the 
,explanation of ,laws of ,nature4  #a4  
,explanation defined  #eah #b4  ,first  
mode of explanation1 by resolving the   
law of a complex effect into the laws of
 the concurrent causes and the fact of  
their coexistence  #eah #c4  ,second    
mode2 by the detection of an            
intermediate link in the sequence  #eai 
#d4  ,laws are always resolved into laws
 more general than themselves  #ebj #e4 
,third mode2 the subsumption of less    
general laws under a more general one   
#ebd #f4  ,what the explanation of a law
 of nature amounts to  #ebf  ,chapter   
,,xiii4 ,miscellaneous ,examples of the 
,explanation of ,laws of ,nature4  #a4  
,the general theories of the sciences   
#ebi #b4  ,examples from chemical       
speculations  #eca #c4  ,example from   
,dr4 ,brown-,squard's researches on the 

nervous system  #ecc #d4  ,examples of  
following newly-discovered laws into    
their complex manifestations  #ecd #e4  
,examples of empirical generalizations1 
afterwards confirmed and explained      
deductively  #ecf #f4  ,example from    
mental science  #ech #g4  ,tendency of  
all the sciences to become deductive    
#eci      ,a ,,system ,,of ,,logic      
,,ratiocinative ,,and ,,inductive1      
,,volume ,,ii4 ,,being ,a ,,connected   
,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principles ,,of     
,,evidence ,,and ,,the ,,methods ,,of   
,,scientific ,,investigation ,by ,john  
,stuart ,mill ,,in ,,two ,,volumes      
,,seventh ,,edition    ,,contents ,,of  
,,the ,,second ,,volume  ,,book ,,iii4  
,,on ,,induction4--7,continued47        
,chapter ,,xiv4 ,of the ,limits to the  
,explanation of ,laws of ,nature2 and of
 ,hypotheses4  #a4  ,can all the        
sequences in nature be resolvable into  
one law8  #c #b4  ,ultimate laws cannot 
be less numerous than the               
distinguishable feelings of our nature  

#d #c4  ,in what sense ultimate facts   
can be explained  #g #d4  ,the proper   
use of scientific hypotheses  #h #e4    
,their indispensableness  #af #f4       
,legitimate1 how distinguished from     
illegitimate hypotheses  #ah #g4  ,some 
inquiries apparently hypothetical are   
really inductive  #be  ,chapter ,,xv4   
,of ,progressive ,effects2 and of the   
,continued ,action of ,causes4  #a4     
,how a progressive effect results from  
the simple continuance of the cause  #bi
 #b4  --and from the progressiveness of 
the cause  #cc #c4  ,derivative laws    
generated from a single ultimate law    
#cf  ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,of ,empirical     
,laws4  #a4  ,definition of an empirical
 law  #ch #b4  ,derivative laws commonly
 depend on collocations  #ci #c4  ,the  
collocations of the permanent causes are
 not reducible to any law  #da ,pg vi#d4
  ,hence empirical laws cannot be relied
 on beyond the limits of actual         
experience  #da #e4  ,generalizations   
which rest only on the ,method of       

,agreement can only be received as      
empirical laws  #dc #f4  ,signs from    
which an observed uniformity of sequence
 may be presumed to be resolvable  #dd  
#g4  ,two kinds of empirical laws  #dg  
,chapter ,,xvii4 ,of ,chance1 and its   
,elimination4  #a4  ,the proof of       
empirical laws depends on the theory of 
chance  #di #b4  ,chance defined and    
characterized  #ej #c4  ,the elimination
 of chance  #ee #d4  ,discovery of      
residual phenomena by eliminating chance
  #eg #e4  ,the doctrine of chances  #ei
  ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,of the ,calculation
 of ,chances4  #a4  ,foundation of the  
doctrine of chances1 as taught by       
mathematics  #fa #b4  ,the doctrine     
tenable  #fc #c4  ,on what foundation it
 really rests  #fd #d4  ,its ultimate   
dependence on causation  #fh #e4        
,theorem of the doctrine of chances     
which relates to the cause of a given   
event  #gb #f4  ,how applicable to the  
elimination of chance  #gd  ,chapter    
,,xix4 ,of the ,extension of ,derivative

 ,laws to ,adjacent ,cases4  #a4        
,derivative laws1 when not casual1 are  
almost always contingent on collocations
  #gh #b4  ,on what grounds they can be 
extended to cases beyond the bounds of  
actual experience  #hj #c4  ,those cases
 must be adjacent cases  #hb  ,chapter  
,,xx4 ,of ,analogy4  #a4  ,various      
senses of the word analogy  #hf #b4     
,nature of analogical evidence  #hg #c4 
,on what circumstances its value depends
  #ia ,pg vii ,chapter ,,xxi4 ,of the   
,evidence of the ,law of ,universal     
,causation4  #a4  ,the law of causality 
does not rest on an instinct  #ie #b4   
,but on an induction by simple          
enumeration  #ajj #c4  ,in what cases   
such induction is allowable  #ajb #d4   
,the universal prevalence of the law of 
causality1 on what grounds admissible   
#aje  ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,of ,uniformities
 of ,coexistence not dependent on       
,causation4  #a4  ,uniformities of      
coexistence which result from laws of   
sequence  #aaj #b4  ,the properties of  

,kinds are uniformities of coexistence  
#aaa #c4  ,some are derivative1 others  
ultimate  #aac #d4  ,no universal axiom 
of coexistence  #aad #e4  ,the evidence 
of uniformities of coexistence1 how     
measured  #aag #f4  ,when derivative1   
their evidence is that of empirical laws
  #aag #g4  ,so also when ultimate  #aai
 #h4  ,the evidence stronger in         
proportion as the law is more general   
#abj #i4  ,every distinct ,kind must be 
examined  #aba  ,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,of   
,approximate ,generalizations1 and      
,probable ,evidence4  #a4  ,the         
inferences called probable1 rest on     
approximate generalizations  #abd #b4   
,approximate generalizations less useful
 in science than in life  #abd #c4  ,in 
what cases they may be resorted to  #abf
 #d4  ,in what manner proved  #abg #e4  
,with what precautions employed  #acj   
#f4  ,the two modes of combining        
probabilities  #aca #g4  ,how           
approximate generalizations may be      
converted into accurate generalizations 

equivalent to them  #acf ,pg viii       
,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,of the ,remaining     
,laws of ,nature4  #a4  ,propositions   
which assert mere existence  #aci #b4   
,resemblance1 considered as a subject of
 science  #ada #c4  ,the axioms and     
theorems of mathematics comprise the    
principal laws of resemblance  #adc #d4 
--and those of order in place1 and rest 
on induction by simple enumeration  #ade
 #e4  ,the propositions of arithmetic   
affirm the modes of formation of some   
given number  #adf #f4  ,those of       
algebra affirm the equivalence of       
different modes of formation of numbers 
generally  #aea #g4  ,the propositions  
of geometry are laws of outward nature  
#aed #h4  ,why geometry is almost       
entirely deductive  #aef #i4  ,function 
of mathematical truths in the other     
sciences1 and limits of that function   
#aeh  ,chapter ,,xxv4 ,of the ,grounds  
of ,disbelief4  #a4  ,improbability and 
impossibility  #afa #b4  ,examination of
 ,hume's doctrine of miracles  #afb #c4 

,the degrees of improbability correspond
 to differences in the nature of the    
generalization with which an assertion  
conflicts  #aff #d4  ,a fact is not     
incredible because the chances are      
against it  #agj #e4  ,are coincidences 
less credible than other facts8  #agb   
#f4  ,an opinion of ,laplace examined   
#age  ,,book ,,iv4 ,,of ,,operations    
,,subsidiary ,,to ,,induction4  ,chapter
 ,i4 ,of ,observation and ,description4 
#a4  ,observation1 how far a subject of 
logic  #ahc #b4  ,a great part of what  
seems observation is really inference   
#ahd #c4  ,the description of an        
observation affirms more than is        
contained in the observation  #ahg #d4  
--namely an agreement among phenomena2  
and the comparison of phenomena to      
ascertain such agreements is a          
preliminary to induction  #aij ,pg ix   
,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,abstraction1 or the 
,formation of ,conceptions4  #a4  ,the  
comparison which is a preliminary to    
induction implies general conceptions   

#aic #b4  --but these need not be       
pre-existent  #aid #c4  ,a general      
conception1 originally the result of a  
comparison1 becomes itself the type of  
comparison  #aih #d4  ,what is meant by 
appropriate conceptions  #bjj #e4  --and
 by clear conceptions  #bjc #f4         
,further illustration of the subject    
#bje  ,chapter ,,iii4 ,of ,naming1 as   
subsidiary to ,induction4  #a4  ,the    
fundamental property of names as an     
instrument of thought  #bji #b4  ,names 
are not indispensable to induction  #baj
 #c4  ,in what manner subservient to it 
#baa #d4  ,general names not a mere     
contrivance to economize the use of     
language  #bac  ,chapter ,,iv4 ,of the  
,requisites of a ,philosophical         
,language1 and the ,principles of       
,definition4  #a4  ,first requisite of  
philosophical language1 a steady and    
determinate meaning for every general   
name  #bae #b4  ,names in common use    
have often a loose connotation  #bae #c4
  --which the logician should fix1 with 

as little alteration as possible  #bah  
#d4  ,why definition is often a question
 not of words but of things  #bbj #e4   
,how the logician should deal with the  
transitive applications of words  #bbd  
#f4  ,evil consequences of casting off  
any portion of the customary connotation
 of words  #bbi ,pg x ,chapter ,v4 ,on  
the ,natural ,history of the ,variations
 in the ,meaning of ,terms4  #a4  ,how  
circumstances originally accidental     
become incorporated into the meaning of 
words  #bcf #b4  --and sometimes become 
the whole meaning  #bch #c4  ,tendency  
of words to become generalized  #bdj #d4
  --and to become specialized  #bdc     
,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,principles of a    
,philosophical ,language further        
considered4  #a4  ,second requisite of  
philosophical language1 a name for every
 important meaning  #bdh #b4  --viz4    
first1 an accurate descriptive          
terminology  #bdh #c4  --secondly1 a    
name for each of the more important     
results of scientific abstraction  #beb 

#d4  --thirdly1 a nomenclature1 or      
system of the names of ,kinds  #bee #e4 
,peculiar nature of the connotation of  
names which belong to a nomenclature    
#beg #f4  ,in what cases language may1  
and may not1 be used mechanically  #bei 
,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,classification1 as 
subsidiary to ,induction4  #a4          
,classification as here treated of1     
wherein different from the              
classification implied in naming  #bff  
#b4  ,theory of natural groups  #bfg #c4
  ,are natural groups given by type1 or 
by definition8  #bga #d4  ,kinds are    
natural groups  #bgd #e4  ,how the names
 of ,kinds should be constructed  #bhj  
,chapter ,,viii4 ,of ,classification by 
,series4  #a4  ,natural groups should be
 arranged in a natural series  #bhd #b4 
,the arrangement should follow the      
degrees of the main phenomenon  #bhe #c4
  --which implies the assumption of a   
type-species  #bhg ,pg xi#d4  ,how the  
divisions of the series should be       
determined  #bhh #e4  ,zoology affords  

the completest type of scientific       
classification  #bhi  ,,book ,v4 ,,on   
,,fallacies4  ,chapter ,i4 ,of          
,fallacies in ,general4  #a4  ,theory of
 fallacies a necessary part of logic    
#bie #b4  ,casual mistakes are not      
fallacies  #big #c4  ,the moral sources 
of erroneous opinion1 how related to the
 intellectual  #big  ,chapter ,,ii4     
,classification of ,fallacies4  #a4  ,on
 what criteria a classification of      
fallacies should be grounded  #cja #b4  
,the five classes of fallacies  #cjb #c4
  ,the reference of a fallacy to one or 
another class is sometimes arbitrary    
#cje  ,chapter ,,iii4 ,fallacies of     
,simple ,inspection1 or  priori         
,fallacies4  #a4  ,character of this    
class of ,fallacies  #cji #b4  ,natural 
prejudice of mistaking subjective laws  
for objective1 exemplified in popular   
superstitions  #caj #c4  ,natural       
prejudices1 that things which we think  
of together must exist together1 and    
that what is inconceivable must be false

  #cad #d4  ,natural prejudice1 of      
ascribing objective existence to        
abstractions  #cba #e4  ,fallacy of the 
,sufficient ,reason  #cbb #f4  ,natural 
prejudice1 that the differences in      
nature correspond to the distinctions in
 language  #cbe #g4  ,prejudice1 that a 
phenomenon cannot have more than one    
cause  #cbi #h4  ,prejudice1 that the   
conditions of a phenomenon must resemble
 the phenomenon  #ccb ,pg xii ,chapter  
,,iv4 ,fallacies of ,observation4  #a4  
,non-observation1 and ,mal-observation  
#cda #b4  ,non-observation of instances1
 and non-observation of circumstances   
#cda #c4  ,examples of the former  #cdb 
#d4  --and of the latter  #cdg #e4      
,mal-observation characterized and      
exemplified  #ceb  ,chapter ,v4         
,fallacies of ,generalization4  #a4     
,character of the class  #cef #b4       
,certain kinds of generalization must   
always be groundless  #cef #c4          
,attempts to resolve phenomena radically
 different into the same  #ceg #d4      

,fallacy of mistaking empirical for     
causal laws  #cei #e4  ,post hoc1 ergo  
propter hoc2 and the deductive fallacy  
corresponding to it  #cfd #f4  ,fallacy 
of ,false ,analogies  #cff #g4          
,function of metaphors in reasoning     
#cgc #h4  ,how fallacies of             
generalization grow out of bad          
classification  #cge  ,chapter ,,vi4    
,fallacies of ,ratiocination4  #a4      
,introductory ,remarks  #cgg #b4        
,fallacies in the conversion and        
quipollency of propositions  #cgg #c4   
,fallacies in the syllogistic process   
#cgi #d4  ,fallacy of changing the      
premises  #cgi  ,chapter ,,vii4         
,fallacies of ,confusion4  #a4  ,fallacy
 of ,ambiguous ,terms  #chd #b4         
,fallacy of ,petitio ,principii  #cif   
#c4  ,fallacy of ,ignoratio ,elenchi    
#dje ,pg xiii ,,book ,,vi4 ,,on ,,the   
,,logic ,,of ,,the ,,moral ,,sciences4  
,chapter ,i4 ,introductory ,remarks4    
#a4  ,the backward state of the ,moral  
,sciences can only be remedied by       

applying to them the methods of         
,physical ,science1 duly extended and   
generalized  #dac #b4  ,how far this can
 be attempted in the present work  #dae 
,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,liberty and         
,necessity4  #a4  ,are human actions    
subject to the law of causality8  #dag  
#b4  ,the doctrine commonly called      
,philosophical ,necessity1 in what sense
 true  #dah #c4  ,inappropriateness and 
pernicious effect of the term ,necessity
  #dbj #d4  ,a motive not always the    
anticipation of a pleasure or a pain    
#dbd  ,chapter ,,iii4 ,that there is1 or
 may be1 a ,science of ,human ,nature4  
#a4  ,there may be sciences which are   
not exact sciences  #dbf #b4  ,to what  
scientific type the ,science of ,human  
,nature corresponds  #dbi  ,chapter     
,,iv4 ,of the ,laws of ,mind4  #a4      
,what is meant by ,laws of ,mind  #dcb  
#b4  ,is there a science of ,psychology8
  #dcc #c4  ,the principal              
investigations of ,psychology           
characterized  #dce #d4  ,relation of   

mental facts to physical conditions     
#ddj  ,chapter ,v4 ,of ,ethology1 or the
 ,science of the ,formation of          
,character4  #a4  ,the ,empirical ,laws 
of ,human ,nature  #dde #b4  --are      
merely approximate generalizations4 ,the
 universal laws are those of the        
formation of character  #ddg ,pg xiv#c4 
,the laws of the formation of character 
cannot be ascertained by observation and
 experiment  #ddi #d4  --but must be    
studied deductively  #ded #e4  ,the     
,principles of ,ethology are the        
axiomata media of mental science  #dee  
#f4  ,ethology characterized  #dei      
,chapter ,,vi4 ,general ,considerations 
on the ,social ,science4  #a4  ,are     
,social ,phenomena a subject of         
,science8  #dfa #b4  ,of what nature the
 ,social ,science must be  #dfc         
,chapter ,,vii4 ,of the ,chemical1 or   
,experimental1 ,method in the ,social   
,science4  #a4  ,characters of the mode 
of thinking which deduces political     
doctrines from specific experience  #dff

 #b4  ,in the ,social ,science          
experiments are impossible  #dfh #c4    
--the ,method of ,difference            
inapplicable  #dfi #d4  --and the       
,methods of ,agreement1 and of          
,concomitant ,variations1 inconclusive  
#dga #e4  ,the ,method of ,residues also
 inconclusive1 and presupposes          
,deduction  #dgb  ,chapter ,,viii4 ,of  
the ,geometrical1 or ,abstract ,method4 
#a4  ,characters of this mode of        
thinking  #dgf #b4  ,examples of the    
,geometrical ,method  #dgh #c4  ,the    
interest-philosophy of the ,bentham     
school  #dgi  ,chapter ,,ix4 ,of the    
,physical1 or ,concrete ,deductive      
,method4  #a4  ,the ,direct and ,inverse
 ,deductive ,methods  #dhf #b4          
,difficulties of the ,direct ,deductive 
,method in the ,social ,science  #dhi   
#c4  ,to what extent the different      
branches of sociological speculation can
 be studied apart4 ,political ,economy  
characterized  #dib #d4  ,political     
,ethology1 or the science of national   

character  #dig #e4  ,the ,empirical    
,laws of the ,social ,science  #ejj #f4 
,the ,verification of the ,social       
,science  #ejb ,pg xv ,chapter ,x4 ,of  
the ,inverse ,deductive1 or ,historical 
,method4  #a4  ,distinction between the 
general ,science of ,society1 and       
special sociological inquiries  #ejf #b4
  ,what is meant by a ,state of         
,society8  #ejf #c4  ,the               
,progressiveness of ,man and ,society   
#ejh #d4  ,the laws of the succession of
 states of society can only be          
ascertained by the ,inverse ,deductive  
,method  #eaa #e4  ,social ,statics1 or 
the science of the ,coexistences of     
,social ,phenomena  #eac #f4  ,social   
,dynamics1 or the science of the        
,successions of ,social ,phenomena  #eba
 #g4  ,outlines of the ,historical      
,method  #ebb #h4  ,future prospects of 
,sociological ,inquiry  #ebe  ,chapter  
,,xi4 ,additional ,elucidations of the  
,science of ,history4  #a4  ,the        
subjection of historical facts to       

uniform laws is verified by statistics  
#ebi #b4  --does not imply the          
insignificance of moral causes  #ecb #c4
  --nor the inefficacy of the characters
 of individuals and of the acts of      
governments  #ece #d4  ,the historical  
importance of eminent men and of the    
policy of governments illustrated  #edj 
,chapter ,,xii4 ,of the ,logic of       
,practice1 or ,art2 including ,morality 
and ,policy4  #a4  ,morality not a      
science1 but an ,art  #edd #b4          
,relation between rules of art and the  
theorems of the corresponding science   
#edd #c4  ,what is the proper function  
of rules of art8  #edf #d4  ,art cannot 
be ,deductive  #edh #e4  ,every ,art    
consists of truths of ,science1 arranged
 in the order suitable for some         
practical use  #edi #f4  ,teleology1 or 
the ,doctrine of ,ends  #eej #g4        
,necessity of an ultimate standard1 or  
first principle of ,teleology  #eeb #h4 
,conclusion  #eed      ,a ,,system ,,of 
,,logic1 ,,ratiocinative ,,and          

,,inductive ,,being ,a ,,connected      
,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principles ,,of     
,,evidence1 ,,and ,,the ,,methods ,,of  
,,scientific ,,investigation4 ,by ,john 
,stuart ,mill ,,contents ,preface ,to   
,the ,first ,edition4 ,preface ,to ,the 
,third ,and ,fourth ,editions4          
,introduction4 ,book ,i  ,of ,names ,and
 ,propositions4 ,chapter ,i  ,of ,the   
,necessity ,of ,commencing ,with ,an    
,analysis ,of ,language4 ,chapter ,,ii  
,of ,names4 ,chapter ,,iii  ,of ,the    
,things ,denoted ,by ,names4 ,chapter   
,,iv  ,of ,propositions4 ,chapter ,v    
,of ,the ,import ,of ,propositions4     
,chapter ,,vi  ,of ,propositions ,merely
 ,verbal4 ,chapter ,,vii  ,of ,the      
,nature ,of ,classification1 ,and ,the  
,five ,predicables4 ,chapter ,,viii  ,of
 ,definition4 ,book ,,ii  ,on           
,reasoning4 ,chapter ,i  ,of ,inference1
 ,or ,reasoning1 ,in ,general4 ,chapter 
,,ii  ,of ,ratiocination1 ,or           
,syllogism4 ,chapter ,,iii  ,of ,the    
,functions ,and ,logical ,value ,of ,the

 ,syllogism4 ,chapter ,,iv  ,of ,trains 
,of ,reasoning1 ,and ,deductive         
,sciences4 ,chapter ,v  ,of             
,demonstration1 ,and ,necessary ,truths4
 ,chapter ,,vi  ,the ,same ,subject     
,continued4 ,chapter ,,vii  ,examination
 ,of ,some ,opinions ,opposed ,to ,the  
,preceding ,doctrines4 ,book ,,iii  ,of 
,induction4 ,chapter ,i  ,preliminary   
,observations ,on ,induction ,in        
,general4 ,chapter ,,ii  ,of ,inductions
 ,improperly ,so ,called4 ,chapter ,,iii
  ,of ,the ,ground ,of ,induction4      
,chapter ,,iv  ,of ,laws ,of ,nature4   
,chapter ,v  ,of ,the ,law ,of          
,universal ,causation4 ,chapter ,,vi    
,on ,the ,composition ,of ,causes4      
,chapter ,,vii  ,on ,observation ,and   
,experiment4 ,chapter ,,viii  ,of ,the  
,four ,methods ,of ,experimental        
,inquiry4 ,chapter ,,ix  ,miscellaneous 
,examples ,of ,the ,four ,methods4      
,chapter ,x  ,of ,plurality ,of ,causes1
 ,and ,of ,the ,intermixture ,of        
,effects4 ,chapter ,,xi  ,of ,the       

,deductive ,method4 ,chapter ,,xii  ,of 
,the ,explanation ,of ,laws ,of ,nature4
 ,chapter ,,xiii  ,miscellaneous        
,examples ,of ,the ,explanation ,of     
,laws ,of ,nature4 ,chapter ,,xiv  ,of  
,the ,limits ,to ,the ,explanation ,of  
,laws ,of ,nature2 ,and ,of ,hypotheses4
 ,chapter ,,xv  ,of ,progressive        
,effects2 ,and ,of ,the ,continued      
,action ,of ,causes4 ,chapter ,,xvi  ,of
 ,empirical ,laws4 ,chapter ,,xvii  ,of 
,chance ,and ,its ,elimination4 ,chapter
 ,,xviii  ,of ,the ,calculation ,of     
,chances4 ,chapter ,,xix  ,of ,the      
,extension ,of ,derivative ,laws ,to    
,adjacent ,cases4 ,chapter ,,xx  ,of    
,analogy4 ,chapter ,,xxi  ,of ,the      
,evidence ,of ,the ,law ,of ,universal  
,causation4 ,chapter ,,xxii  ,of        
,uniformities ,of ,co-,existence ,not   
,dependent ,on ,causation4 ,chapter     
,,xxiv  ,of ,the ,remaining ,laws ,of   
,nature4 ,chapter ,,xxv  ,of ,the       
,grounds ,of ,disbelief4 ,book ,,iv  ,of
 ,operations ,subsidiary ,to ,induction4

 ,chapter ,i  ,of ,observation ,and     
,description4 ,chapter ,,ii  ,of        
,abstraction1 ,or ,the ,formation ,of   
,conceptions4 ,chapter ,,iii  ,of       
,naming1 ,as ,subsidiary ,to ,induction4
 ,chapter ,,iv  ,of ,the ,requisites ,of
 ,a ,philosophical ,language1 ,and ,the 
,principles ,of ,definition4 ,chapter ,v
  ,on ,the ,natural ,history ,of ,the   
,variations ,in ,the ,meaning ,of       
,terms4 ,chapter ,,vi  ,the ,principles 
,of ,a ,philosophical ,language ,further
 ,considered4 ,chapter ,,vii  ,of       
,classification1 ,as ,subsidiary ,to    
,induction4 ,chapter ,,viii  ,of        
,classification ,by ,series4 ,book ,v   
,on ,fallacies4 ,chapter ,i  ,of        
,fallacies ,in ,general4 ,chapter ,,ii  
,classification ,of ,fallacies4 ,chapter
 ,,iii  ,fallacies ,of ,simple          
,inspection2 ,or ,a ,priori ,fallacies4 
,chapter ,,iv  ,fallacies ,of           
,observation4 ,chapter ,v  ,fallacies   
,of ,generalization4 ,chapter ,,vi      
,fallacies ,of ,ratiocination4 ,chapter 

,,vii  ,fallacies ,of ,confusion4 ,book 
,,vi  ,on ,the ,logic ,of ,the ,moral   
,sciences4 ,chapter ,i  ,introductory   
,remarks4 ,chapter ,,ii  ,of ,liberty   
,and ,necessity4 ,chapter ,,iii  ,that  
,there ,is1 ,or ,may ,be1 ,a ,science   
,of ,human ,nature4 ,chapter ,,iv  ,of  
,the ,laws ,of ,mind4 ,chapter ,v  ,of  
,ethology1 ,or ,the ,science ,of ,the   
,formation ,of ,character4 ,chapter ,,vi
  ,general ,considerations ,on ,the     
,social ,science4 ,chapter ,,vii  ,of   
,the ,chemical1 ,or ,experimental1      
,method ,in ,the ,social ,science4      
,chapter ,,viii  ,of ,the ,geometrical1 
,or ,abstract1 ,method4 ,chapter ,,ix   
,of ,the ,physical1 ,or ,concrete       
,deductive1 ,method4 ,chapter ,x  ,of   
,the ,inverse ,deductive1 ,or           
,historical1 ,method4 ,chapter ,,xi     
,additional ,elucidations ,of ,the      
,science ,of ,history4 ,chapter ,,xii   
,of ,the ,logic ,of ,practice1 ,or ,art2
 ,including ,morality ,and ,policy4     
,footnotes      ,,analysis ,,of ,,the   

,,phenomena ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,mind   
,by ,james ,mill 7,john ,stuart ,mill7  
,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,volume  
,,page ,,introduction  #a ,,chapter ,i4 
,sensation  #b  ,,section  #a4 ,smell #g
  #b4 ,hearing  #af  #c4 ,sight  #ba    
#d4 ,taste  #be  #e4 ,touch  #bh  #f4   
,sensations of ,disorganization1 or of  
the ,approach to ,disorganization1 in   
any part of the ,body  #cg  #g4         
,muscular ,sensations1 or those         
,feelings which accompany the ,action of
 the ,muscles  #dj  #h4 ,sensations in  
the ,alimentary ,canal  #de  ,,chapter  
,,ii4 ,ideas  #ea  ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the
 ,association of ,ideas  #gj  ,,chapter 
,,iv4 ,naming  #abg  ,,section  #a4     
,nouns ,substantive #acd  #b4 ,nouns    
,adjective  #acd  #c4 ,verbs  #aea  #d4 
,predication  #aei xxiv  ,,section  #e4 
,pronouns #aid  #f4 ,adverbs  #aii  #g4 
,prepositions  #bja  #h4 ,conjunctions  
#bab  ,,chapter ,v4 ,consciousness  #bbc
  ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,conception  #bcc     
,,chapter ,,vii4 ,imagination  #bch     

,,chapter ,,viii4 ,classification  #bdg 
,,chapter ,,ix4 ,abstraction  #bid      
,,chapter ,x4 ,memory  #cah  ,,chapter  
,,xi4 ,belief  #cda  ,,chapter ,,xii4   
,ratiocination  #dbd  ,,chapter ,,xiii4 
,evidence  #dbh ,,appendix  #ddj        
,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,volume 
,,chapter ,,xiv4  ,,page ,some ,names   
which require a particular ,explanation 
#a  ,,section  #a4 ,names of ,names  #c 
#b4 ,relative ,terms  #f   ,abstract    
,relative ,terms  #gb  #c4 ,numbers  #hi
  #d4 ,privative ,terms  #ii  #e4 ,time 
#aaf  #f4 ,motion  #adb  #g4 ,identity  
#afd  ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,reflection  #agf 
,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,the ,distinction      
between the ,intellectual and ,active   
,powers of the ,human ,mind  #aha       
,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,pleasurable and      
,painful ,sensations  #ahd  ,,chapter   
,,xviii4 ,causes of the ,pleasurable and
 ,painful ,sensations  #ahg  ,,chapter  
,,xix4 ,ideas of the ,pleasurable and   
,painful ,sensations1 and of the ,causes
 of them  #ahi  ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,the    

,pleasurable and ,painful ,sensations1  
contemplated as passed1 or future  #aif 
volume #b vi ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,the      
,causes of ,pleasurable and ,painful    
,sensations1 contemplated as passed1 or 
future  #bja  ,,section  #a4 ,the       
immediate ,causes of ,pleasurable and   
,painful ,sensations1 contemplated as   
passed1 or as future  #bja  #b4 ,the    
,remote ,causes of ,pleasurable and     
,painful ,sensations contemplated as    
passed1 or future  #bjf  ,,sub-,,sect4  
#a4 ,wealth1 ,power1 and ,dignity1 and  
their ,contraries1 contemplated as      
,causes of our ,pleasures and ,pains    
#bjg  #b4 ,our ,fellow-,creatures       
contemplated as ,causes of our          
,pleasures and ,pains  #bad             
#a4--;,friendship  #baf  #b4--,kindness 
#baf  #c4--;,family  #bah               
#d4--;,country  #bbf  #e4--,party2      
,class  #bbg  #f4--,mankind  #bbi  #c4  
,the ,objects called ,sublime and       
,beautiful1 and their ,contraries1      
contemplated as ,causes of our          

,pleasures and ,pains  #bcj  ,,chapter  
,,xxii4 ,motives  #bef  ,,section  #a4  
,pleasurable or ,painful ,states1       
contemplated as the ,consequents of our 
own ,acts  #bef  #b4 ,causes of our     
,pleasurable and ,painful ,states1      
contemplated as the ,consequents of our 
own ,acts  #bfe  ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,the
 ,acts of our ,fellow-creatures1 which  
are ,causes of our ,pains and           
,pleasures1 contemplated as ,consequents
 of our own ,acts  #bhj  ,,chapter      
,,xxiv4 ,the ,will  #cbg  ,,chapter     
,,xxv4 ,intention  #cif