,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words 9 italics 9
 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ ) und]scores4 ,9
 ! ma9 body ( ! text1 words 9 mix$ case 
& all cap small caps are 9 capital      
lett]s4  ,a ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5   
add$ by ! transcrib]4    ,synopsis4     
,introduction4   ,plut>* on ! ,delay ( !
 ,div9e ,ju/ice4   ,index4  ,a complete 
li/ ( corrections z well z o!r notes    
foll[s ! text4                          
,,plut>*                                
,,on ,,!                       ,,delay  
,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,ju/ice4               
,,translat$                             
,,)                        ,,an         
,,introduction ,,& ,,notes4             
,,by                            ,,&rew  
,p4 ,,peabody4                          
,,bo/on3                       ,,little1
 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company4                 
#ahhe4         ,copyright1 #ahhe1       
,by ,&rew ,p4 ,peabody4       ,univ]sity
 ,press3     ,john ,wilson & ,son1      
,cambridge4     ,,synopsis4        #a4  
,! dialogue op5s ) comm5ts on ! cavils  

aga9/         ! ,div9e ,provid5ce by a  
p]son :o is suppos$ to h         j      
dep>t$4      #b4 ,! alleg$ enc\ragem5t  
to ! guilty by ! delay (                
puni%m5t1 :ile ! suff]]s by ! guilt (   
o!rs         are di%e>t5$ by fail+ to   
see ! wrong-do]s duly         puni%$4   
#c4 ,! guilty !mselves1 x is said1 d n  
recognize         puni%m5t :5 x comes   
late1 b ?9k x m]e mis=tune4      #d4    
,plut>* answ]s ! objections to ! c\rse (
         ,provid5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1   
man mu/ n be too         confid5t ( 8   
ability to pass judgm5t on ?+s div9e4   
,!re are _m ?+s 9 human legislation     
und\bt$ly         reasonable1 yet ) no  
obvi\s reason4 ,h[ mu* m 9         !    
adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se by ! ,supreme  
,be+6      #e4 ,god by ! delay (        
puni%m5t gives man ! example (          
=be>ance1 & rebukes 8 yield+ to ! fir/  
impulses         ( ang] & ( a v9dictive 
temp]4      #f4 ,god has ref]5ce1 9 !   
delay ( puni%m5t1 to !         possible 
re=mation ( ! guilty1 & to ! s]vices    

:i*1 :5 re=m$1 !y may r5d] to _! c\ntry 
or         _! race4 ,in/ances cit$4     
#g4 ,! wick$ (t5 h _! puni%m5t po/pon$  
till aft]         !y h r5d]$ "s         
important s]vice 9 :i* !y         are   
ess5tial ag5ts1 & sometimes t1 be=e _!  
own         puni%m5t1 !y may s]ve z     
execution]s = o!r guilty         p]sons 
or communities4      #h4 ,!re is        
frequ5tly a peculi> timel9ess &         
appropriat5ess 9 delay$ puni%m5t4       
#i4 ,puni%m5t is delay$ only 9          
appe>ance1 b comm5ces         :5 ! guilt
 is incurr$1 s t x seems sl[ because    
x is long4      #aj4 ,in/ances (        
puni%m5t 9 visions1 appreh5sions1 &     
inw>d wret*$ness1 :ile !re 0 no outw>d  
infliction         ( p5alty4      #aa4  
,!re is really no ne$ t puni%m5t be     
inflict$2 guilt         is 9 !          
consci\sness ( ! guilty its own adequate
         puni%m5t4      #ab4 ,objection 
is made by "o ( ! int]locutors to !     
ju/ice ( puni%+ *ildr5 or po/]ity = !   
guilt         ( fa!rs or ance/ors1 & he 

heaps up an incongru\s                  
collection ( cases 9 :i* he m+les       
confus$ly !         action ( ! ,div9e   
,provid5ce & t ( human caprice          
or malignity4      #ac4 ,9 answ] to !   
objection1 ,plut>* fir/ adduces z a     
precisely p>allel ord] ( ?+s1 ) :i* no  
"o f9ds         fault1 t by :i* *ildr5  
or po/]ity d]ive endur+         b5efit &
 honor f a p>5t's or ance/or's virtues &
         s]vices4      #ad4 ,!re are    
alike 9 outw>d & 9 human nature occult &
         subtle transmissions (         
qualities & prop]ties1 bo? 9         "t 
& 9 space4 ,^? 9 space are s famili> t  
!y         excite no wond]2 ^? 9 "t1    
?\gh less liable to         attract     
notice1 are no m wond]ful4      #ae4 ,a 
city has a cont9u\s life1 a def9ite &   
p]man5t         "*1 & an individual     
unity1 s t its moral                    
responsibility may long outla/ ! lives (
 ^? :o         fir/ contract$ a specific
 =m ( guilt4      #af4 ,! same is to be 
said ( a family or a race2 &1           

moreov]1 ! puni%m5t = inh]it$ guilt may 
(t5 h         a curative1 or ev5 a      
prev5tive efficacy1 s t *ildr5          
or po/]ity may refra9 f guilt because ! 
ance/ral         p5alty falls ^u !m be=e
 !y become guilty4      #ag4 ,!         
immortality ( ! s\l ass]t$1 on ! gr\nd t
         ,god w\ld n h deem$ a race     
doom$ to p]i% aft] a         brief e>?ly
 life wor? rew>d+ or puni%+4      #ah4  
,puni%m5ts 9 a future /ate ( be+ are out
 ( sight1         & are liable to be    
disbeliev$4 ,!re=e x is                 
necess>y1 9 ord] to det] m5 f guilt1 t  
!re         %\ld be visible puni%m5ts 9 
?is life4      #ai4 ,! rem$ial efficacy 
( ! p5al consequ5ces ( p>5tal         or
 ance/ral guilt reaffirm$1 & illu/rat$  
by analogies         9 ! treatm5t (     
disease4      #bj4 ,god (t5 puni%es     
lat5t & pot5tial vice1 visible only     
to ,omnisci5ce4      #ba4 ,if a *ild has
 no ta9t ( a fa!r's vices1 he rema9s    
unpuni%$4 ,b moral qualities1 equally ) 
physical         traits1 (t5 lapse 9 !  

fir/ g5]ation1 & reappe>         9 !    
second or ?ird1 & ev5 lat]4      #bb4 ,!
 /ory ( ,!spesius1 :o--app>5tly kill$1 b
 really         9 a trance1 9 consequ5ce
 ( a fall--w5t into !         inf]nal   
regions1 beheld ! puni%m5ts !re         
inflict$1         & came back to ! body 
& its life1 conv]t$ f a                 
pr(ligate into a man ( pre-em95t virtue 
& excell5ce4     ,,introduction4vii3#a  
,plut>*vii3#b 0 born1 ab\t ! middle ( ! 
fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 at ,*]oneia 9     
,boeotia1 :]e he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8   
life1 & :]e he probably di$4 ,! precise 
dates ( 8 bir? & dea? are unkn[n2 b he c
 h>dly h be5 born e>li] ?an ,a4 ,d4 #de1
 & he mu/ h liv$ ne>ly or q till ,a4 ,d4
 #abj1 z "s ( 8 works conta9 ref]5ces to
 ev5ts t _c h tak5 place e>li] ?an !    
second decade ( ! second c5tury4 ,we "k 
little ( him f o!r s\rces1 mu* f 8 own  
writ+s4 ,!re may h be5 _m su* m5 9 8 "t2
 b antiquity has transmitt$ to u no     
record l 84 ,he rem9ds "o ( su* m5 z 7  
to be f\nd half a c5tury ago 9 _m ( our 

,am]ican c\ntry t[ns4 ,^? pot5tially l  
!m h n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 emigrat$ to ! l>ge 
cities1 & h become v unlike _!          
prototypes4 ,*]oneia1 ) its great       
memories1 0 a small & insignificant t[n1
 & ,plut>* 0 a c\ntry g5tleman1 sup]ior1
 z 9 culture s 9 s]viceabl5ess1 to all 8
 fell[ citiz5s1 hold+ ! =emo/ place 9   
municipal affairs1 lib]al1 g5]\s1 *os5  
to all local (fices ( honor1 &          
especially ( tru/ & responsibility1     
associat+ on ! mo/ pleasant t]ms ) !    
common p1 always ready to give !m 8     
advice & aid1 & evid5tly respect$ &     
belov$ by all4 ,he belong$ to an old &  
di/+ui%$ family1 & seems always to h    
possess$ a compet5cy = an afflu5t1 ?\gh 
sob]1 dome/ic e/abli%m5t & /yle ( liv+1 
& = an un/9t$ hospitality4 ,he 0        
probably ! ri*e/ man 9 8 native city2 = 
he assigns z a reason = n leav+ x & liv+
 at "s c5tre ( intellectual activity1 t 
,*]oneia c\ld n af=d to lose ! prop]ty  
:i* he w\ld take ) him 9 case ( 8       
removal4  ,he _h :at corresponds to our 

univ]sity education1 at ,a!ns1 "u !     
,p]ipatetic philosoph] ,ammonius4 ,he   
also visit$ ,alex&ria1 !n a r5[n$ seat (
 le>n+2 b h[ long he /ay$ !re1 or :e!r  
he ext5d$ 8 ,egyptian travel beyond t   
city1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,!re is no  
pro( ( 8 hav+ be5 9 ,rome or 9 ,italy m 
?an once1 & t 0 :5 he 0 ab\t =ty ye>s ( 
age4 ,he w5t to ,rome on public bus9ess1
 probably 9 behalf ( 8 native city1 &   
rema9$ !re long en\gh to become acqua9t$
 ) "s em95t m51 to make himself kn[n z a
 s*ol> & an e?ical philosoph]1 & to     
deliv] lectures t attract$ no little    
public notice4 ,?is visit seems to h be5
 ! great ev5t ( 8 life1 z a w9t] sp5t 9 
,bo/on or ,new ,york us$ to be 9 ! life 
( "o ( our c\ntry g5tlem5 be=e ! "t (   
railways4  ,he _h a wife1 :o appe>s to h
 be5 ( a "* k9dr$ to 8 own2 at lea/ five
 *ildr51 ( :om two sons1 if n m1 liv$ to
 be !mselves sub/antial citiz5s & wor?y 
memb]s ( society2 & two bro!rs1 :o seem 
to h possess$ 8 full confid5ce & w>m    
affection4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly happy 9 8      

relations to a l>ge circle ( fri5ds1    
especially 9 ,a!ns1 = :i* he _h !       
lifelong love t /ud5ts 9 our "t acquire 
= a univ]sity t[n4 ,he 0 ar*on1 or      
mayor1 ( ,*]oneia1 probably m ?an       
once1--! (fice hav+ d\btless be5 annual 
& elective1--& 9 ?is capacity he ent]$1 
l a v]itable c\ntry magi/rate1 into     
mat]ial details ( ! public s]vice1      
sup]9t5d+1 z he says1 ! measur+ ( tiles 
& ! deliv]y ( /one & mort> = municipal  
uses4 ,he (ficiat$ = _m ye>s z prie/ (  
,apollo at ,delphi1 & z su* gave sev]al 
sumptu\s ent]ta9m5ts4 ,inde$1           
hospitality ( ?is sort appe>s1 s f> z we
 c see1 to h be5 ! sole or *ief duty ( 8
 prie/ly (fice4 ,z an adopt$ citiz5 ( "o
 ( ! ,a!nian tribes1 he 0 n infrequ5tly 
a gue/ at civic banquets & semi-civic   
fe/ivals4  ,z reg>ds ,plut>*'s          
philosophy1 x is easi] to say to :i* ( !
 great s*ools he did n belong ?an to    
det]m9e by :at "n he w\ld h pref]r$ to  
be call$4 ,he probably w\ld h t]m$      
himself a ,platoni/1 b n1 l ,cic]o1 ( ! 

,new ,academy1 :i* _h incorporat$       
,pyrrhonism ) ! provisional acceptance (
 ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,at ! same "t1 
he 0 a clos] foll[] & a m lit]al        
int]pret] ( ,plato ?an 7 !              
,neo-,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria1 :o _h n yet
 become a di/9ctly recogniz$ sect1 & :o 
9 _m respects 7 ! precursors ( !        
my/icism ( ! ,re=mation era4 ,plut>*1 ) 
,plato1 recogniz$ two et]nities3 t ( !  
,div9e ,be+1 supremely good & purely    
spiritual2 & t ( matt]1 z1 if n         
intr9sically evil1 ! cause1 condition1 &
 seat ( all evil1 & z at lea/ oppos+ su*
 ob/acles to its own be/ ideal          
manipulation t ! ,div9e ,be+ c\ld n     
embody 8 pure & p]fect goodness1        
unalloy$ by evil1 9 any mat]ial =m4     
,h]e9 ! ,platoni/s 7 at v>iance ) bo? ! 
,/oics & ! ,epicureans4 ,! ,/oics reg>d$
 matt] z virtually an emanation f !     
,supreme ,be+1 :o is n only ! univ]sal  
s\l & reason1 b ! creative fire1 :i*1   
trans=m$ into air & wat]1--"p ( ! wat]  
becom+ e>?1--is ! s\rce ( ! mat]ial     

univ]se1 :i* mu/ at ! end ( a c]ta9     
cosmical cycle be re-absorb$ into !     
div9e ess5ce1 :5ce w emanate 9 endless  
succession new univ]ses to replace ^? t 
pass away4 ,! ,epicureans1 on ! o!r h&1 
believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( matt] only1 &     
reg>d$ m9d & s\l z ! ultimate product ( 
mat]ial organization4  ,9 "o respect    
,plut>* transc5ds ,plato1 &1 s f> z ,i  
"k1 all pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]s4       
,plato's !ism be>s a close k9dr$ to     
pan!ism4 ,8 ,god1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ !
 phrase1 is only semi-deta*$4 ,he       
becomes ! creator r by bl5d+ 8 ess5ce ) 
et]nal matt]1 ?an by %ap+ t matt] to 8  
w4 ,he is r 9 all ?+s ?an above all ?+s1
 r ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se ?an its sov]eign  
,"l4 ,b 9 ,plut>*'s writ+s ! ,supreme   
,be+ is reg>d$ z exi/+ indep5d5tly (    
mat]ial ?+s2 !y1 z subject to 8 w1 n z a
 "p ( 8 ess5ce4  ,plut>* 01 l ,plato1 a 
reali/4 ,he reg>d$ ! ideas or patt]ns ( 
mat]ial ?+s1 t is1 g5]a1 or k9ds (      
objects1 z hav+ an actual exi/5ce 7:]e  
or h[ x is h>d to say71 z project$ f !  

,div9e ,m9d1 float+ some:]e 9 e!real    
spaces betwe5 ! ,deity & ! mat]ial      
univ]se1--! models by :i* all ?+s 9 !   
univ]se are made4  ,z to ,plut>*'s      
!ology1 he 0 c]ta9ly a mono!i/4 ,he     
probably _h "s vague belief 9 inf]ior   
deities 7daemons he w\ld h call$ !m71 z 
hold+ a place l t fill$ by angels & by  
evil spirits 9 ! cre$ ( mo/ ,*ri/ians2  
yet x is entirely conceivable t 8       
occasional ref]5ces to ^! deities are   
due m]ely to ! conv5tional rhetoric ( 8 
age4 ,8 prie/hood ( ! ,delphian ,apollo 
c h>dly be said to h be5 a religi\s     
(fice4 ,x 0 r a po/ ( dignity & honor1  
:i* a g5tleman ( respectable /&+1       
c\rte\s mann]s1 & hospitable habits     
might cr$itably fill1 ev5 ?\gh he _h no 
fai? 9 ,apollo4 ,b t ,plut>* _h a s]i\s1
 e>ne/1 & effici5t fai? 9 ! "o ,supreme 
,god1 9 ! wise & et]nal ,provid5ce1 & 9 
! ,div9e wisdom1 purity1 & hol9ess1 we h
 9 8 writ+s an absolute c]ta9ty4 ,nor c 
we f9d1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 !     
record ( a firm] belief ?an 8 9 human   

immortality1 & 9 a righte\s retribution 
beg9n+ 9 ?is _w & rea*+ on into ! _w    
beyond dea?4  ,b ,plut>* 01 mo/ ( all1  
an e?ical philosoph]4 ,yet "h aga9 he _c
 be class$ z belong+ to any s*ool4 ,=   
,epicureanism he has an int5se          
abhorr5ce1 & reg>ds ! doctr9es ( t sect 
z !oretically absurd & practically      
demoraliz+4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! disciples ( 
,epicurus1 z su*1 utt]ly fail 9 ! que/ (
 pleasure1 or :at accord+ to _! ma/] is 
/ill bett]1 pa9lessness3 = ! condition (
 ^? :o1 z he says1 8swill ! m9d ) !     
pleasures ( ! body1 z hogh]ds d _!      
sw9e10 _c entirely smo!r ! s5se (       
vacuity & ne$2 nor is x possible by any 
appliances ( luxury to cut (f ev5 s\rces
 ( bodily disquietude1 :i* are only ! m 
fatal to ! happ9ess ( him :o seeks      
bodily well-be+ alone2 :ile ! prospect (
 annihilation at dea? deprives ^?       
necess>ily unhappy 9 ?is life ( _! only 
solace1 & gives ^? :o live happily "h ! 
discom=t ( anticipat+ ! spe$y & entire  
loss ( all t has m9i/]$ to _! enjoym5t4 

,9 ,plut>*'s mod]ation1 8 avoidance (   
extreme views1 & 8 j e/imate ( happ9ess 
z an end1 ?\gh n ! supreme end1 ( be+1  
he is 9 h>mony ) ! ,p]ipatetics1 among  
:om 8 ,a!nian preceptor 0 ! %9+ light ( 
8 age2 b 8 e?ical sy/em 0 mu* m /rict & 
uncompromis+ ?an !irs1 & ,i _c f9d t he 
quotes !m or ref]s to !m z a di/9ct     
s*ool ( philosophy4 ,9 matt]s app]ta9+  
to physical sci5ce he inde$ (t5 cites   
,ari/otle1 b n1 ,i ?9k1 9 a s+le        
in/ance1 z to any "q 9 morals4  ,z      
reg>ds ! ,/oics1 ,plut>* writes aga9/   
!m1 b *iefly aga9/ dogmas :i* 9 8 "t _h 
become ne>ly obsolete1--namely1 t all   
acts n 9 accordance ) ! absolute "r are 
equally bad2 t all virtu\s acts are     
equally good2 t !re is no int]m$iate    
moral condition betwe5 t ( ! wise or    
p]fectly good man & t ( ! utt]ly vici\s2
 & t outw>d circum/ances nei!r enhance  
nor dim9i% ! happ9ess ( ! truly wise    
man4 ,^! extravagances d n appe> 9 !    
writ+s ( ,s5eca1 nor 9 ,epictetus z     
report$ by ,arrian1 & ,plut>* 9 reason+ 

aga9/ !m is controv]t+ ,z5o r ?an 8 lat]
 disciples4 ,he is 9 full sympa?y ) !   
,/oics z to _! elevat$ moral /&>d1 ?\gh 
)\t ! /]nness & rigidness :i* _h (t5    
*>act]iz$ _! pr(ess$ beliefs & _! public
 tea*+1 yet ( :i* !re rema9$ few ve/iges
 among 8 contempor>ies4 ,) ! utmo/      
mildness & g5tl5ess1 he manife/s ev]y:]e
 an inflexibility ( pr9ciple & a settl$ 
conviction z to ! rightfulness or       
wrongfulness ( specific acts :i* might  
satisfy ! mo/ rigid ,/oic1 & 9 :i* he   
plants himself z firmly on ! gr\nd ( !  
et]nal ,"r z if 8 philosophy _h be5     
f\nd$ on a di/9ctively ,*ri/ian basis4  
,inde$1 ,plut>* is s (t5 decid$ly       
,*ri/ian 9 _s1 & 9 _m passages ( 8      
writ+s !re is su* an almo/ manife/      
transcript ( ! ?\ght ( ! ,div9e ,f\nd] (
 our religion1 t x has be5 frequ5tly    
ma9ta9$ t he drew f ,*ri/ian s\rces4    
,?is1 ,i mu/ believe1 is utt]ly false 9 
! s5se 9 :i* x is commonly ass]t$1 yet 9
 a m recondite s5se true4 ,if ,plut>* _h
 kn[n any?+ ab\t ,*ri/ians or ! ,*ri/ian

 ,scriptures1 he c\ld n h fail$ to ref] 
to !m2 = he is con/antly mak+ ref]5ces  
to contempor>y p]sons & objects1 sects &
 op9ions4 ,we "k ( no ,*ri/ian *ur* at  
,*]oneia 9 t age1 & inde$ x is exce$+ly 
improbable t !re %\ld h be5 "o 9 s small
 a t[n4 ,! circulation ( ?\ght1 &       
consequ5tly ! diffusion ( a new religion
 f ! great c5tres ( population to outly+
 di/ricts or villages1 0 inf9itesimally 
sl[4 ,our ^w pagan is an endur+ witness 
( ?is t>d9ess ( transmission4 ,x _h its 
bir? 79 its pres5t s5se7 aft]           
,*ri/ianity _h become ! legally e/abli%$
 religion ( ! ,empire1 & _h supplant$   
hea!n temples & rites 9 ! cities1 :ile 9
 ! pagi1 or villages1 ! old gods 7 /ill 
9 ! asc5dant4 ,!re 7 inde$ ,*ri/ian     
*ur*es 9 ,a!ns & 9 ,rome2 b !y w\ld mo/ 
probably h elud$ ! curiosity & escap$ ! 
k ( a tempor>y resid5t1 especially z mo/
 ( _! *ief memb]s 7 ei!r ,jews or       
slaves4 ,yet ,i _c d\bt t an infusion ( 
,*ri/ianity _h someh[ infiltrat$ itself 
into ,plut>*'s e?ical op9ions &         

s5tim5ts1 z into ^? ( ,s5eca1 :o has be5
 repres5t$ z an acqua9tance &           
correspond5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 ?\gh x is     
hi/orically almo/ impossible t ! two m5 
ev] saw or he>d ( ea* o!r4  ,9 "o       
respect1 ! metaphor by :i* we call !    
,au?or ( our religion ! ,sun (          
,righte\sness has a special aptness4 ,! 
sun1 unlike less] lum9>ies1 lights up   
%elt]$ groves & grottos t are completely
 d>k "u ! full moon1 & s5ds its rays    
?r\gh e *9k & cranny ( ro( or wall4 ,9 l
 mann] !re seems to h be5 an indirect & 
tortu\s transmission ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght   
into regions :]e its s\rce 0 :olly      
unkn[n4 ,9 ! e?ical writ+s ( !          
po/-,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 ( ,plut>*1    
,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 
!re may be trac$ a l(t9ess1 precision1  
delicacy1 t5d]ness1 bread? ( human      
sympa?y1 & recognition ( hol9ess 9 !    
,div9e ,be+ z ! ar*etype ( human purity1
 transc5d+ all t is mo/ admirable 9     
pre-,*ri/ian morali/s4 ,?us1 :ile ,i _c 
b reg>d ,cic]o's 8,de ,(ficiis0 z 9 _m  

respects ! _w's ma/]-"w 9 e?ical        
philosophy1 conta9+ few] un*ri/ian      
s5t5ces ?an ,i c\ld numb] on ! f+]s ( "o
 h&1 !re is no?+ 9 x t rem9ds me ( !    
,gospels2 :ile ^! o!rs (t5 %ape _!      
?\ghts 9 :at seem to be evangelic m\lds4
  ,n[ ,i ?9k t we may acc\nt = ! l>ge   
diffusion ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & s5tim5t    
among p]sons :o knew n ,*ri/ianity ev5  
by "n4 ,! new religion 0 v ext5sively   
embrac$ among slaves 9 all p>ts ( !     
,roman ,empire1 & slave !n meant some?+ 
v diff]5t f :at x means n[4 ,x is an op5
 "q :e!r !re 0 n1 at lea/ out ( ,greece1
 m ( le>n+1 culture1 & ref9em5t 9 !     
slave ?an 9 ! free population ( !       
,empire4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ _m illu/ri\s
 names 9 ,greek & ,roman lit]ature--su* 
names z ^? ( ,aesop1 ,t]5ce1            
,epictetus--belong$ to slaves4 ,tiro1   
,cic]o's slave1 0 n only "o ( 8 de>e/   
fri5ds1 b =emo/ among 8 lit]>y          
confidants & advis]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ri* m5 :o
 _h any love ( lit]ature own$ _!        
libr>ians & _! copyi/s1 & ! tea*]s ( !  

*ildr5 7 g5]ally ! prop]ty ( ! fa!r4    
,among ,*ri/ian slaves !re 7 und\bt$ly  
_m :o felt no call to m>tyrdom1 7:i* c h
 be5 incumb5t on !m only :5 ! alt]native
 0 apo/asy & d5ial ( _! fai?17 :o !re=e 
made no op5 pr(ession ( _! religion1    
:ile 9 precept1 conv]sation1 & life !y 7
 imbu$ ) its _s1--a _s z subtile 9 its  
p5etrat+ p[] z x is ref9+ & purify+ 9   
its influ5ce4 ,f ! lips ( ,*ri/ian      
slaves _m *ildr51 no d\bt1 receiv$ 9    
classic =ms moral precepts r$ol5t ( !   
aroma brea!d f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,if 
! social m$ium :i* ,plut>* repres5ts is 
a fair specim5 ( ! be/ rural society ( !
 ,empire 9 8 "t1 !re mu/ h be5 a ready  
receptivity = ! highe/ /yle ( e?ical    
tea*+1--a g5ial soil = ! g]m9ation ( a  
truly evangelic righte\sness ( moral    
conception1 maxim1 & pr9ciple4          
,probably no book except ! ,bible has _h
 m read]s ?an ,plut>*'s ,lives4 ,^!     
biographies h be5 translat$ into e      
language ( ! civiliz$ _w2 !y h be5 among
 ! e>lie/ & mo/ fasc9at+ books = *ildr5 

& y\? ( _m successive g5]ations2 & d[n  
to ! pres5t "t1 :5 fiction seems to h   
almo/ sup]s$$ hi/ory & biography1 & to h
 de/roy$ ! once univ]sal appet5cy = !m  
among "y p1 !y h ex]cis$ to a m>vell\s  
degree a %ap+ p[] ov] "*4 ,!y are1      
inde$1 und]rat$ by ! exact hi/orian1    
because mod]n rese>* has discov]$ "h &  
!re "s mi/ake 9 ! details ( ev5ts4 ,b   
su* mi/akes 7 9 t age inevitable4       
,hi/orical criticism 0 !n an unkn[n     
sci5ce4 ,docum5ts & traditions cov]+ !  
same gr\nd 7 deem$ ( equal value :5 !y 7
 9 h>mony1 & :5 !y diff]$ an au?or      
foll[$ ! "o :i* be/ suit$ 8 ta/e1 or 8  
purpose = ! "t be+4 ,?us ,cic]o1 9 "o   
case1 9 ! same treatise gives ?ree      
diff]5t v]sions ( ! same /ory4 ,?us1    
too1 !re 7 sev]al /ories afloat ab\t !  
fate ( ,regulus2 b ,roman writ]s took t 
:i* ,niebuhr ?9ks f>!/ f ! tru?1 yet :i*
 ?rew ! greate/ odium on ! hat$ "n (    
,c>?age4 ,n[ ,i h no d\bt t1 :5ev] !re 7
 two or m v]sions ( ! same act or ev5t1 
,plut>* *ose t :i* w\ld be/ po9t 8      

moral4 ,b x is only 9 few & unimportant 
p>ticul>s t he has be5 prov$ to be      
inaccurate4  ,x has be5 also object$ to 
,plut>*1 t he atta*es less importance to
 ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 h]oes 9 w> & 9 civic  
life1 ?an to traits & anecdotes         
illu/rative ( _! *>act]s4 ,?is seems to 
me a feature :i* adds n only to ! *>m ( 
^! ,lives1 b ev5 m to _! hi/orical      
value4 ,! ev5ts ( hi/ory are at once !  
outcome & ! procreant cradle ( "*1 & we 
"k no?+ ( any p]iod or portion ( hi/ory 
except z we "k ! m5 :o made x & ! m5 :om
 x made4 ,biography is ! s\l2 hi/ory !  
body1 :i* x t5ants & animates1 & :i*1 :5
 n ?us t5ant$1 is a heap ( v dry bones4 
,! mo/ ?or\gh k ( ! topography ( ,julius
 ,caes>'s battles 9 ,gaul1 ! m9ute/     
description ( ! campaign t t]m9at$ 9    
,ph>salia1 ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,s5ate  
dur+ 8 dictator%ip1 w\ld tell u v little
 ab\t him & 8 "t4 ,b a vivid sket* ( 8  
"*1 ) well-*os5 *>act]i/ic anecdotes1   
w\ld give u a v di/9ct & realiz+        
conception ( ! antec$5t condition ( ?+s 

t made a life l 8 possible1 & ( 8 actual
 influ5ce = good & = evil on 8 c\ntry & 
8 age4  ,nor is ! value ( su* a         
biography affect$ 9 ! lea/ by any d\bts 
t we may ent]ta9 z to ! au!nticity (    
incid5ts1 trivial except z illu/rative (
 "*1 :i* occupy a l>ge space 9 ,plut>*'s
 ,lives4 ,inde$1 ! lea/ au!ntic may be (
 ! greate/ hi/orical value4 ,an anecdote
 may be lit]ally true1 & yet "s peculi> 
comb9ation ( circum/ances may h l$ him (
 :om x is told to speak or act out ( "*4
 ,b a my?ical anecdote ( a man1 com+ d[n
 f 8 own "t & p1 mu/ ne$s owe its orig9 
& complexion to 8 kn[n "*4  ,x is       
p]fectly easy to see ?r\gh\t ^!         
biographies ! au?or's didactic aim4 ,if 
,i may use sacr$ words1 "h by no means  
misappli$1 8 prime object 0 8repro(1    
correction1 & in/ruction 9              
righte\sness40 ,he evid5tly felt & m\rn$
 ! deg5]acy ( 8 age1 0 pr(\ndly aw>e ( !
 wor? ( tea*+ by example1 & 0 solicit\s 
to br+ f ! pa/ su* elem5ts ( e?ical     
wisdom z ! records ( illu/ri\s m5 c\ld  

be made to r5d] up4 ,true to ?is        
purpose1 he measures ! moral "* ( su*   
transactions z he relates by ! highe/   
/&>d ( "r :i* he kn[s1 & !re is n a     
p]son or de$ t fails to be> ! /amp1     
cle>-cut1 yet seldom obtrusive1 ( 8     
approval or c5sure4  ,! ,lives1 ?\gh !  
be/ kn[n ( ,plut>*'s writ+s1 are b a    
small "p ( !m1 & h>dly half ( ^? /ill   
extant4 ,8 o!r works are g5]ally gr\p$  
"u ! title ( 8,moralia10xx3#a or        
,morals1 ?\gh among !m !re are _m       
treatises t belong to ! dep>tm5t (      
hi/ory or biography1 "s to t ( physics4 
,mo/ ( ^! works are %ort2 a few1 (      
consid]able l5g?4 ,"s ( !m may h be5    
lectures2 "s are lett]s ( advice or (   
consolation2 "s are 9 a n>rative =m2 _m 
are 9 ! =m ( dialogue1 :i*1 sanction$ by
 ! pre/ige ( ,plato's pre-em95ce1 0 v   
l>gely employ$ by philosoph]s ( lat]    
times1 possess+1 z x does1 ! great      
advantage ( putt+ opposite & div]se     
op9ions 9 ! m\?s ( int]locutors1 & ?us  
giv+ to ! treatise ! vivacity & !       

dramatic int]e/ ( oral discussion4 ,"s (
 ^! dialogues h a symposium1 or supp]   
p>ty1 = _! sc5e1 & introduce a num]\s   
corps ( speak]s4 ,9 ^! ,plut>* himself  
commonly su/a9s a prom95t "p1 & ! memb]s
 ( 8 family (t5 h _! %>e 9 !            
conv]sation1 or are ! subjects ( k9dly  
m5tion4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! occasion1  
circum/ances1 & conv]sation are describ$
 s naturally z to make x almo/ c]ta9 t !
 au?or simply wrote out f memory :at 0  
actually said4 ,at any rate1 ^! fe/ive  
dialogues pres5t v cle>ly 8 idea ( :at a
 symposium ought to be1 & 9 its entire  
fre$om f excess & extravagance ( any k9d
 x w\ld be> ! /ricte/ ordeal ) all mod]n
 morali/s1 ! extreme ascetics alone     
except$4  ,_h n ! ,lives be5 writt51 ,i 
am incl9$ to believe t ! ,moralia alone 
w\ld h giv5 ,plut>* z high a place z he 
n[ holds1 n only 9 ! e/eem ( s*ol>s1 b 9
 ! int]e/ & delight ( all read]s ( good 
books2 & ,i am sure t !re is no lov+    
read] ( ! ,lives :o w n be ?ankful to h 
8 att5tion drawn to ! ,moralia4 ,!y     

exhibit ?r\gh\t ! same moral traits :i* 
_! au?or %[s z a biograph]4 ,he treats1 
inde$1 incid5tally1 ( "s subjects :i* a 
pur] e?ical ta/e 9 ! public m9d might h 
exclud$4 ,he recognizes ! exi/5ce (     
immoralities1 :i*1 n discr$itable 9 !   
be/ society ( unevangeliz$ ,greece &    
,rome1 h almo/ lo/ _! place & "n 9      
,*ri/5dom4 ,"s ( 8 dialogues h among !  
int]locutors ^? ) :om z good a man z he 
w\ld 9 our "t associate only 9 ! hope ( 
conv]t+ !m4 ,b 8 own op9ion & feel+ on  
all moral que/ions are uni=mly &        
explicitly 9 behalf ( all t is pure1 &  
true1 & "r1 & rev]5t4  ,_m ( ^! ,moralia
 are on :at are commonly1 yet wrongly1  
call$ ! m9or morals1 t is1 on ! evils t 
mo/ ( all infe/ & de/roy ! happ9ess (   
families & ! peace ( society1 & on !    
opposite virtues1--on su* subjects1 =   
in/ance1 z 8,idle ,talk+10 8,curiosity10
 8,self-,praise10 & ! l4 ,o!rs are on   
su* grave topics z 8,! ,b5efits t a ,man
 may d]ive f 8 ,enemies10 & 8,! ,be/    
,means ( ,self-,k40 ,!re is 9 all ^!    

treatises a l>ge am\nt ( bl5d$ common   
s5se & ke5 e?ical insight2 & s little   
does human nature *ange ) its surr\nd+s 
t ! great] "p ( ,plut>*'s cautions1     
c\nsels1 & precepts are z closely       
applicable to our own "t z if !y _h be5 
writt5 ye/]day4  ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable  
writ+s 9 ?is collection is ,plut>*'s    
lett] to 8 wife on ! dea? ( a daught]   
two ye>s old1 dur+ 8 abs5ce f home4 ,x n
 only expresses sweetly & lov+ly !      
topics ( consolation :i* w\ld mo/       
readily occur to a ,*ri/ian fa!r2 x     
gives u also a *>m+ picture ( a h\sehold
 unit$ by ties ( spiritual aff9ity1 &   
liv+ 9 a pur]1 high] m$ium ?an t (      
afflu5ce & luxury4 ,a few s5t5ces may   
convey some?+ ( ! tone & _s ( ?is       
epi/le4 8,s9ce our little daught] af=d$ 
u ! sweete/ & mo/ *>m+ pleasure1 s ought
 we to *]i% h] memory1 :i* w conduce 9  
_m ways1 or r _m fold1 m to our joy ?an 
our grief40 8,!y :o 7 pres5t at ! fun]al
 report ?is ) admiration1 t y nei!r put 
on m\rn+1 nor disfigur$ y\rself or any (

 y\r maids1 nei!r 7 !re any co/ly       
prep>ations nor magnific5t pomp2 b all  
?+s 7 manag$ ) sil5ce & mod]ation1 9 !  
pres5ce ( our relatives alone40 8,s long
 z %e is gone to a place :]e %e feels no
 pa91 :y %\ld we grieve = h]80 8,?is is 
! mo/ tr\blesome ?+ 9 old age1 t x makes
 ! s\l weak 9 its remembrance ( div9e   
?+s1 & too e>ne/ = ?+s relat+ to !      
body40 8,b t :i* is tak5 away 9 y\?1 be+
 m s(t & tractable1 soon returns to its 
native vigor & beauty40 8,x is good to  
pass ! gates ( dea? be=e too great a    
love ( bodily & e>?ly ?+s be eng5d]$ 9 !
 s\l40 8,x is an impi\s ?+ to lam5t = ^?
 ^: s\ls pass imm$iately into a bett] & 
m div9e /ate40 8,:]e=e let u comply )   
cu/om 9 our outw>d & public behavior1 & 
let our int]ior be m unpollut$1 pure &  
holy40  ,n[1 :5 ,i rememb] t 9 !        
pre-,*ri/ian ,greek & ,roman _w !       
/ronge/ utt]ances ab\t immortality _h   
be5 by ,socrates1 if ,plato report$ him 
aright1 :5 he express$ /rong hope ( life
 beyond dea?1 yet w>n$ 8 fri5ds n to be 

too confid5t ab\t a matt] s wrapp$ 9    
unc]ta9ty1--& by ,cic]o1 :o1 :5 8       
daught] di$1 confess$ t 8 reason+s _h   
left no conviction 9 8 own m9d1--,i _c  
d\bt t "s ,ea/] morn+ rays _h pi]c$ !   
d5se ,boeotian atmosph]e1 & t ! ris5    
,savi\r _h 9 t lovely ,*]oneian h\sehold
 ^? :om he designates z 8o!r %eep1 n (  
?is fold40  ,!re is among ! ,moralia    
ano!r lett] ( consolation1 to           
,apollonius on ! dea? ( 8 son1 long]1 m 
elaborate1 & evid5tly int5d$ z a lit]>y 
composition1 to be pres]v$ ) ! au?or's  
o!r works1 :i* brea!s ! same _s (       
submission & tru/4  ,ano!r ( ! ,moralia1
 :i* has a special int]e/ z reg>ds !    
au?or's own family1 is on ! 8,tra9+ (   
,*ildr510--a s]ies ( c\nsels--includ+ ! 
c>eful he$ ( ! p>5ts to _! own moral    
condition & habits--to :i* ! exp]i5ce ( 
^! int]v5+ c5turies has little to add1  
:ile x c\ld f9d no?+ to take away4  ,9  
"o s5se1 ! miscellanies br\ght toge!r "u
 ! "n ( 8,moralia0 be> t title n        
inappropriately2 =1 z ,i h intimat$1    

,plut>* c\ld n b be didactic 9 :atev] he
 wrote1 & ! e?ical feel+1 _s1 & purpose 
are p]petually1 yet nev] o/5tati\sly or 
inappropriately1 com+ to ! surface on   
all k9ds ( subjects4 ,b !re is a great  
deal 9 ! collection n pr(ess$ly or      
directly e?ical4 ,!re are _m scraps (   
hi/ory & biography1 & a v l>ge numb] &  
v>iety ( *>act]i/ic anecdotes1 bo? (    
well-kn[n p]sonages1 & ( o!rs :o are    
made kn[n to u almo/ z vividly by a s+le
 trait1 de$1 or say+ z if we _h _!      
entire life-record4 ,!re is an          
invaluable s]ies ( 8,apoph!gms0xxv3#a ( 
k+s & great comm&]s1xxv3#b & ano!r (    
8,laconic or ,sp>tan ,apoph!gms10 :i*   
are mu* m ?an _! "n implies1 "s ( !m be+
 cond5s$ memoirs4 ,!re are1 also1 sev]al
 pap]s t give u m def9ite notions ?an c 
be f\nd any:]e else ( ! sci5ce & natural
 hi/ory ( ! au?or's "t4 ,)al1 we h "h s 
_m ref]5ces to mann]s1 cu/oms1 & habits1
 su* pictures ( home ) all t c\ld give x
 ! sweetness & grace t belong to x1 su* 
views ( society1 bo? 9 city & 9 c\ntry1 

9 ord9>y int]c\rse & on fe/ive          
occasions1 t "o c le>n m ( life 9 t age 
9 ! ,roman ,empire f ^! volumes ?an f   
any o!r s+le au?or2 & ! writ] ( a book l
 ,beck]'s 8,gallus0 might f9d "h almo/  
all ! mat]ials t he w\ld ne$1 except = !
 del9eation ( ! night-side ( ,roman     
extravagance1 gluttony1 drunk5ness1     
debau*]y1 & depravity1 :i* came n )9    
,plut>*'s exp]i5ce4  ,! mo/ rem>kable ( 
all ,plut>*'s writ+s1 ! mo/ valuable    
equally 9 a philosophical & an e?ical   
po9t ( view1 & ! mo/ r$ol5t ( :at we    
almo/ involunt>ily call ,*ri/ian        
s5tim5t1 is t 8,on ! ,delay ( ! ,div9e  
,ju/ice10 or1 to give a m lit]al        
translation ( ! orig9al title1 8,conc]n+
 ^? :o are puni%$ sl[ly by ! ,div9e     
,be+40xxvi3#a ,x treats ( :at f ! e>lie/
 "t has be5 a my/]y to s]i\s m9ds1 & has
 be5 urg$ equally by malignant          
irreligion & by hone/ scepticism aga9/ !
 supremacy ( ! ,div9e ju/ice 9 !        
gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 namely1 ! po/ponem5t ( 
! p5al consequ5ces ( guilt1 sometimes   

till !re are no witnesses ( ! crime left
 to behold ! puni%m5t1 sometimes till ! 
(f5d] himself has lo/ ! ?read betwe5 !  
evil t he did & its retribution1        
sometimes till ! s9n] has gone to !     
grave 9 peace1 & left innoc5t po/]ity to
 suff] = 8 s9s4 ,plut>*1 ) 8 unque/ion+ 
fai? 9 immortality1 d\bts n t guilt1    
unpuni%$ 9 ?is life1 w be ov]tak5 by j  
retribution 9 ! life to come4 ,b1 z he  
says1 retribution1 ?\gh x may be        
consummat$ only 9 ! future life1 is n   
delay$ till !n4 ,x seems late1 because x
 la/s long4 ,! s5t5ce is pass$ ^u !     
guilt :5 x is committ$2 &1 h[ev] its    
visible execution may be po/pon$1 ! s9n]
 is f t mom5t a prison] ( ! ,div9e      
ju/ice1 await+ execution4 ,he may give  
spl5did supp]s1 & live luxuri\sly2 yet  
/ill he is )9 prison walls f :i* !re is 
no escape4  ,?is is und\bt$ly true1 &   
yet !re are _m cases1 & ^? ( ! wor/ k9d1
 9 :i* x seems to be n true4 ,a         
mod]ately bad man1 9 mo/ in/ances1 feels
 pr(\ndly ! %ame & mis]y t he has br\ght

 ^u himself4 ,b a ?or\ghly wick$ man    
takes cont5t$ly a position :i* we may   
fitly t]m sub-human4 ,if we suppose a   
man possess$ ( a magnific5t h\se1       
luxuri\sly & ta/efully furni%$1 :o yet  
*ooses nev] to asc5d a /air1 & lives 9 !
 basem5t %abbily & meanly1 ) ! co>se/   
appliances ( physical com=t1 we might   
take him z ! type ( n a few bad m5 :o   
seem entirely at _! ease4 ,!y live 9 !  
basem5t4 ,!y h ?r[n away ! key to ! upp]
 rooms4 ,!y h lo/ all appreciation ( !  
high]1 bett] modes ( human liv+1 & !y   
are cont5t$ & satisfi$ z a well-f$ bea/ 
is1 9 ! abs5ce ( all spiritual crav+s & 
ambitions4 ,b ?is life1 poor & mean z x 
is at ! be/1 becomes /ill m n>r[ &      
sordid ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,_m h look$ )    
envy on prosp]\s guilt e>ly or midway 9 
its c>e]2 none c h witness$ its l5g!n$  
age )\t pity & loa?+4 ,especially is ?is
 ! case ) ! sev]al =ms ( s5sual vice4 ,z
 age advances1 ! p[] ( enjoym5t wanes1  
:ile ! morbid crav+ gr[s1 ev5 "u !      
consci\sness ( add$ mis]y ) its cont9u$ 

indulg5ce4 ,! body becomes ! s\l's      
dungeon1 & its walls ?ick5 inw>d & close
 up ! wont$ entrances ( enjoym5t4 ,!    
s5ses1 dead5$ on ! side ( pleasure1 no  
long] av5ues ( beauty or ( h>mony1 seem 
to s]ve only z means ( prolong+ a dea? 9
 life1 & z op5 inlets ( discom=t & pa94 
,b ! susp5se ( s5t5ce has 9 n a few     
cases1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 a directly   
m]ciful purpose4 ,z ! mo/ f]tile soil   
may be=e tillage produce ! ranke/ we$s1 
s 9 ! s\l mo/ capable ( good !re may be1
 prior to culture1 a noisome crop (     
evil1 & yet ,god may sp>e ! s9n] = !    
good t is 9 him1 & = ! signal s]vice    
:i*1 :5 reclaim$1 he may r5d] to mank9d4
 ,!n1 too1 by ! delay ( visible judgm5t 
,god gives m5 9 8 own example ! lesson (
 long-suff]+1 & rebukes _! promptness 9 
res5tm5t & rev5ge4 ,/ill fur!r1 :5      
p5alty appe>s to fall on ! po/]ity or   
successors ( ! guilty1 & a race1 a p1 a 
city1 or a family seems puni%$ = !      
iniquity ( its prog5itors1 ,plut>* br+s 
out v fully & cle>ly ! absolutely       

ess5tial & necess>y solid>ity ( ! family
 or ! community1 :i* c h>dly fail s to  
inh]it ( its ance/ors 9 disposition & "*
 z to invite ^u itself1 to m]it =       
itself1 or at be/ to ne$ z prev5tive or 
cure1 ! p5al consequ5ces ( ance/ral     
guilt4  ,?is essay is all ! m valuable  
because n writt5 by a ,*ri/ian4 ,x %[s t
 ! int5se /ress laid by ,*ri/ian tea*+  
on a righte\s retribution la/+ on beyond
 ! dea?-*ange is n a m]e dogma ( ! sacr$
 records ( our religion1 b equally !    
po/ulate ( ! unsophi/icat$ reason &     
consci5ce ( develop$ humanity4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,my translation is n lit]al1 9 ! common 
mean+ ( t t]m4 ,if x 7 s1 x w\ld be     
un9telligible2 = ,plut>*'s /yle lacks   
simplicity1 & 8 s5t5ces1 ?\gh seldom    
obscure1 are (t5 involv$ & intricate1   
sometimes elliptical4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 giv5 
a fai?ful transcript 9 ,engli% ( :at ,i 
und]/& ,plut>* to h writt51 omitt+ no   
?\ght or %ade ( ?\ght t ,i suppose to be
 81 & ins]t+ none ( my own4         99  

99       99       99       99  ,i h us$ 
,wytt5ba*'s edition ( ! ,moralia1 dep>t+
 f 8 text 9 b a s+le in/ance1 & t1 "o 9 
:i* he pron\nces ! read+ 9 ! text       
impossible1 & sugge/s a conjectural     
read+ z necess>y to ! s5se ( ! passage4 
,i h also made con/ant ref]5ce to ! late
 ,pr(essor ,hackett's edition ( ?is     
treatise1 :i* x is sup]flu\s to comm5d  
:]e he 0 kn[n2 = n only 0 he confess$ly 
among ! =emo/ s*ol>s ( 8 "t1 b 8 exact+ 
consci5ti\sness w\ld n suff] him to put 
less ?an 8 be/ & mo/ ?or\gh "w into     
:atev] came f 8 h&s4   ,,footnotes3     
vii3#a ,a l>ge "p ( ?is ,introduction is
 repr9t$1 by p]mission ( ! editors1 f an
 article ( m9e on 8,plut>* & 8 ,times10 
9 ! ,&ov] ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahhd4     
vii3#b 4  xx3#a  4  xxv3#a 4  xxv3#b ,! 
g5u95ess ( ?is s]ies has be5 call$ 9 "q2
 b ! int]nal evid5ce seems decisive 9   
its favor4 ,x is1 ?r\gh\t1 s entirely 9 
,plut>*'s ve91 t "o is tempt$ to ask1   
,:o else c\ld h writt5 x8  xxvi3#a      
4     ,,plut>*  ,,on ,,! ,,delay ,,( ,,!

 ,,div9e ,,ju/ice4   #a4 ,,epicurus1#a3a
 hav+ said su* ?+s1 ,o ,c9ius1#a3b be=e 
any "o c\ld reply1 :ile we 7 at ! f>!r  
end ( ! por*1 w5t ha/ily away4 ,b we1   
some:at amaz$ at ! man's rud5ess1 /ood  
/ill1 look+ at "o ano!r )\t speak+1 & !n
 turn$ & resum$ our walk4  ,!n          
,,patrocleas#b3a comm5c$ ! conv]sation1 
say+1--,:at !n8 ,d y see fit to drop !  
discussion8 or w y answ] 8 argum5t z if 
he 7 pres5t1 ?\gh he has tak5 himself   
away8  ,,timon#b3b !n said1--,if he ?rew
 a javel9#b3c at u z he w5t away1 x     
c]ta9ly w\ld n be well = u to take no   
notice ( ! weapon /ill /ick+ 9 our      
sides4 ,brasidas1#b3d inde$1 z we are   
told1 drew out ! spe> f 8 own body1 &   
kill$ ) x ! man :o _h hurl$ x at him4 ,b
 x is no conc]n ( ours to retaliate on  
^? :o fl+ at u misplac$ & false reason+2
 x is en\gh = !m if we reject _!        
argum5ts be=e !y affect our belief4  ,!n
 ,i said1--,:i* ( ! argum5ts t he urg$  
mov$ y ! mo/8 ,= ! man1 z if inspir$ bo?
 by wra? & by scorn1 br\ght toge!r aga9/

 ! ,div9e ,provid5ce _m ?+s heap$ up 9  
confusion1 yet no well-ord]$ reasons1 b 
su* miscellane\s cavils z c\ld be ga!r$ 
"h & !re4  #b4 ,,patrocleas !n said1--,!
 sl[ness & procra/9ation ( ! ,deity 9 ! 
puni%m5t ( ! wick$ seem to me ! mo/     
my/]i\s ( all ?+s2 & n[1 "u ^! argum5ts1
 ,i f9d myself a new & fre% adh]5t to ! 
doctr9e 9 behalf ( :i* !y are urg$4     
,inde$1 ,i us$ a long "t ago to be vex$ 
by t say+ ( ,euripides3--      8,he     
l+]s2 su* ! nature ( ! gods40#c3a  ,:ile
 9 no respect1 lea/ ( all t[>d wick$ m51
 is x fitt+ t ,god %\ld be dilatory2 =  
!y are 9 no wise dilatory or sl[ 9      
ill-do+1 b are hurri$ on to evil by _!  
passions ) ! utmo/ impetuosity4 ,inde$1 
z ,?ucydides says1#c3b puni%m5t close at
 h& b>s ! way to ^? :o mo/ hope to ga9  
by guilt4 ,moreov]1 no debt ov]due1     
equally ) ! delay ( due puni%m5t1 r5d]s 
! p]son wrong$ utt]ly hopeless &        
depress$1 :ile x confirms ! evil-do] 9  
boldness & audacity4 ,on ! o!r h&1      
puni%m5ts directly inflict$ on ^? :o are

 bold 9 evil are at once prev5tive (    
future crimes1 & a s\rce ( great        
consolation to ^? :o h suff]$ wrong4 ,i 
am !re=e tr\bl$ by ! say+ ( ,bias1#d3a  
:i* (t5 recurs to me1 :5 he told a man (
 bad "* t he _h no fe> t he w\ld g      
unpuni%$1 b fe>$ t he himself might n   
live to see him puni%$4 ,:at good1      
inde$1 did ! puni%m5t ( ,ari/ocrates#d3b
 d to ! ,mess5ians :o 7 sla9 be=e x came
 ^u him8 ,he betray$ !m 9 ! battle (    
,taphrus1 yet1 n be+ f\nd out = tw5ty   
ye>s1 he reign$ ov] ! ,arcadians all t  
"t1 till at l5g? 8 trea*]y 0 discov]$ & 
met ) its due p5alty2 b ! victims ( 8   
crime _h ceas$ to be4 ,aga91 :at com=t  
did any ( ! ,or*om5ians#d3c :o lo/      
*ildr51 fri5ds1 & k9dr$ by ! trea*]y (  
,lyciscus d]ive f ! disease t _m ye>s   
aft]w>d seiz$ him & consum$ 8 body1 :ile
 he1 :5 he dipp$ & wa%$ 8 feet 9 ! riv]1
 always pray$1 ) oa?s & curses1 t 8     
limbs might rot if he _h ev] be5 guilty 
( treason & inju/ice8 ,inde$1 n ev5 !   
*ildr5's *ildr5 ( ^? :o 7 !n murd]$ c\ld

 h witness$ at ,a!ns ! snat*+ ( !       
contam9at$ bodies ( ! murd]]s f _!      
graves1 & _! transportation beyond !    
b\nd>ies ( ! /ate4#e3a ,h5ce1 ,euripides
 is absurd1 :51 to dissuade f crime1 he 
says3--      8,no ha/e has ,ju/ice2     
dread n h] approa*2      ,%e /rikes no  
mortal he>t ) sudd5 bl[2      ,b        
noiseless1 ) sl[ /ep1 %e glides along1  
,to smite ! guilty :5 _! h\r has        
come40#e3b  ,x seems to me t x is no o!r
 consid]ations ?an ^! t lead bad m5 to  
enc\rage !mselves1 & to give !mselves   
free scope = guilty ent]prise1 inasmu* z
 ! fruit ( wrong-do+ is quickly ripe & 9
 full sight1 :ile puni%m5t is late1 &   
l+]s f> beh9d ! enjoym5t d]iv$ f !      
guilt4  #c4 ,:5 ,patrocleas _h ?us      
spok51 ,,olympicus1#f3a tak+ up ! ?read 
( 8 disc\rse1 said1--,x %\ld also be    
obs]v$1 ,patrocleas1 h[ exce$+ly great  
is ! mis*ief result+ f ! delay &        
procra/9ation ( ! ,deity ab\t ^! matt]s1
 s9ce ! t>d9ess ( retribution takes away
 fai? 9 ,provid5ce2 & because *a/isem5t 

= ! wick$ does n ensue imm$iately ^u !  
p]=mance ( an evil de$1 b comes ^u !m   
aft]w>d1 !y place x to ! acc\nt (       
mis=tune1 call x ill-luck & n puni%m5t1 
& s are 9 no wise pr(it$ by x1--be+     
griev$ inde$ = :at befalls !m1 b n l$ to
 rep5tance = _! ill-do+4 ,= z ! puni%m5t
 ( ! :ip & ! spur imm$iately on a       
horse's /umbl+ or %y+ corrects him &    
puts him on "r behavior1 :ile beat+ &   
twit*+ ( ! re9s & %\t+ at him at a lat] 
p]iod seem to him = "s o!r purpose ?an  
discipl9e1 & ?us annoy him )\t tea*+    
him1 s guilt rebuk$ & *eck$ by puni%m5t 
aft] ea* ( its wrong-do+s &             
transgressions might gradually become   
consci5ce-/rick51 & be br\ght to ! fe> (
 ,god1 z presid+ ov] ! affairs &        
exp]i5ces ( m5 ) a ju/ice t does n l+]2 
b ju/ice hesitat+ & sl[-pac$1 z         
,euripides describes x1 & fall+ ^u !    
wick$ z if by *ance1 be+ vague1         
untimely1 & out ( due ord]1 seems l a   
m]ely =tuit\s ev5t r ?an orda9$ by      
,provid5ce4 ,?us1 ,i d n see :at use !re

 is 9 ^? mills ( ! gods said to gr9d s  
late#g3a z to r5d] puni%m5t h>d to be   
recogniz$1 & to make wick$ness fe>less4 
#d4 ,^! ?+s hav+ be5 utt]$1 & ,i be+    
wrapp$ 9 ?\ght1 ,,timon said1--,%all ,i 
n[ put ! climax to ?is reason+ on ! side
 ( scepticism1 or %all ,i r suff]       
,plut>*#g3b to argue aga9/ :at has      
already be5 br\ght =w>d8  ,!n ,i        
said1--,:at ne$ is !re ( br++ on ! ?ird 
wave1#g3c & utt]ly :elm+ ! subject 9    
d\bt & difficulty1 if "o is n able to   
refute :at 0 urg$ at ! outset1 & to set 
aside ! objections already (f]$8 ,fir/1 
!n1 tak+ our />t f ! home-alt> ( rev]5ce
 = all t is div9e1--! h]itage ( !       
philosoph]s ( ! ,academy1--we %all      
pi\sly refra9 f speak+ ab\t ^! ?+s z if 
we _h c]ta9 k ( !m4 ,= x is less        
presumptu\s = "o unskill$ 9 music to    
disc\rse ab\t x1 or = "o n v]s$ 9       
milit>y sci5ce to give 8 judgm5t 9      
matt]s relat+ to ! conduct ( w>1 ?an = u
 to pret5d to look ?r\gh ! ?+s t app]ta9
 to ,god & to sup]ior spirits1 m]e m5 z 

we are1 l unskill$ obs]v]s :o %\ld      
und]take to pass s5t5ce on ! skill (    
arti/s by _! own conjectures & surmises4
 ,x is n easy1 inde$1 = a common p]son  
to compreh5d a physician's reasons = us+
 ! knife lat]1 & n e>li]1 or = ord]+ a  
ba?1 n ye/]day1 b to-day2 & /ill less is
 x easy or safe = a mortal to say ( ,god
 any?+ except t he1 be/ kn[+ ! fit "t = 
! cur+ ( wick$ness1 applies to e        
evil-do] puni%m5t z ! appropriate       
m$ic9e1 & ?is n ( ! same int5sity1 nor  
at "o & ! same int]val ( "t1 = all4 ,n[ 
t ! m$ical treatm5t ( s\ls1 t]m$        
puni%m5t & ju/ice1 is ! greate/ ( all   
arts1 ,p9d>1#h3a ) myriads ( o!rs1      
te/ifies1 call+ ,god1 ! *ief & "l ( all1
 ! supremely good artific]1 z be+ !     
au?or ( ju/ice1 to :om x belongs to     
allot to ea* ( ! guilty ! "t1 mode1 &   
measure ( 8 puni%m5t4 ,moreov]1 ,plato  
says t ,m9os1 al?\gh ! son ( ,zeus1     
became 8 disciple 9 ?is art1 s t x is n 
possible = "o :o has n be5 a le>n] 9 x &
 acquir$ skill 9 x1 to proce$ aright 9 !

 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 or to pass an   
intellig5t judgm5t on its adm9i/ration  
by ano!r4 ,ev5 ! laws :i* m5 make d n   
always h a ju/ify+ reason t is simple & 
g5]ally manife/2 b "s ( _! enactm5ts    
seem v ridicul\s4 ,?us1 9 ,lac$aemon1 ! 
,ephori :5 !y come into (fice make      
imm$iate proclamation t no man %all let 
! be>d on ! upp] lip gr[1#i3a & t ! laws
 mu/ be s obey$ t !y %all nev] be annoy+
 to ! citiz5s4 ,?us too1 ! ,romans /rike
 ! slaves :om !y are go+ to emancipate )
 a sl5d] twig4#i3b ,!y also1 :5 !y make 
_! wills1 appo9t c]ta9 p]sons _! heirs1 
& sell _! prop]ty to o!r p]sons1#i3c :i*
 appe>s absurd4 ,b ! mo/ absurd ( all   
seems t enactm5t ( ,solon1 t1 9 case (  
an insurrection 9 ! city1 he :o does n  
atta* himself to ei!r p>ty1 or act on   
ei!r side1 %all be br&$ ) civic         
infamy4#aj3a ,9 f9e1 "o :o und]/ood n ! 
purpose ( ! lawgiv]1 nor compreh5d$ !   
reasons = ! individual /atutes1 might   
enum]ate _m in/ances ( fooli%           
legislation4 ,:at wond] is x !n1 if1    

:ile human affairs are s difficult to be
 und]/ood1 x is n easy to say conc]n+ ! 
gods :y !y puni% "s transgressors lat]1 
"s e>li]8  #e4 ,^! ?+s ,i say1 n z a    
pret5ce = gett+ rid ( ! subject1 b z an 
apology = ! lib]ty :i* ,i crave 9       
discuss+ x1 t my disc\rse1 z if look+ to
 "s ultimate h>bor or refuge1#aj3b may  
proce$ ) ! great] assurance to resolve !
 d\bt4 ,b fir/ see h[1 z ,plato says1   
,god1 mak+ himself conspicu\s z !       
example ( all ?+s good1 be/[s human     
virtue1 9 "s sort 8 own lik5ess1 on ^?  
:o are able to be foll[]s ( ,god4 ,=    
nature ?r\gh\t1 be+ fir/ 9 a /ate (     
*aos1 _h ! beg9n+ ( its *ange1 & ( its  
becom+ an ord]ly univ]se1 by means ( a  
resemblance to & a p>ticipation 9 !     
,div9e idea & ! ,div9e virtue4 ,! same  
au?or says t nature k9dl$ sight 9 u1 t !
 s\l by see+ & admir+ ! heav5ly bodies1 
accu/om+ itself to behold & admire :at  
is becom+ & ord]ly1 might hate unseemly 
& vagrant passions1 & might %un ra% &   
haphaz>d conduct1 z ! s\rce ( all       

wick$ness & vice4 ,= x has fall5 to     
man's lot to enjoy f ,god no great] gift
 ?an ! capacity ( be+ =m$ to virtue by !
 imitation ( ^? ?+s 9 ,god t are        
beautiful & good4 ,?us also to bad m5 he
 appo9ts puni%m5t ) a l+]+ & leisurely  
/roke1 n because he fe>s mi/ake or      
reason = rep5tance 7 he to puni% m      
promptly1 b 9 ord] to expel f u ! bruti%
 & impetu\s elem5t t !re is 9 puni%m5t1 
& to tea* u n to fall ^u ^? :o h injur$ 
u ) ang]1 nor :5      8,rev5ge1 outleap+
 all re/ra9t ( reason10#aa3a  blazes &  
rages1 z if we 7 b5t on appeas+ ?ir/ or 
hung]1 b1 imitat+ 8 clem5cy &           
long-suff]+1 to proce$ to *a/isem5t     
delib]ately & cauti\sly1 *oos+1 z help+ 
u to take ! wis] c\nsel1 ! "t t %all    
give u ! lea/ reason = rep5tance4 ,z    
,socrates said1 x is n s bad to dr9k    
turbid wat] to excess z = a temp]       
agitat$ & ov]:elm$ by ang] & rage1 be=e 
x c be settl$ & cl>ifi$1 to satiate     
itself 9 ! puni%m5t ( a k9sman or a     
neighbor4 ,= x is n1 z ,?ucydides says1 

! retribution ne>e/ 9 "t to ! injury    
receiv$1 b t :i* lies ! f>!/ f x1 t     
obeys ! law ( fitness4 ,z ang]1 accord+ 
to ,melan?ius1#ab3a      8,by de$s      
deprav$ & dire ca/s reason out10  s     
reason p]=ms "r & mod]ate de$s1 putt+   
ang] & res5tm5t to flight4 ,h5ce x is t 
m5 are made meek by ! examples ( o!r m52
 z :5 !y he> h[ ,plato1 hav+ lift$ 8    
/aff ov] 8 s]vant's head1 /ood /ill = a 
long "t1 puni%+ 8 own ang]1 z he said2 &
 h[ ,ar*ytas1 le>n+ ( "s misconduct &   
disord] ( 8 labor]s 9 ! field1 consci\s 
t he 0 becom+ res5tful & bitt] 9 8 feel+
 t[>d !m1 did no?+ except to say1 z he  
left !m1 8,x is =tunate = y t ,i am     
angry40 ,b if ! report$ say+s & do+s (  
m5 c tone d[n ! h>%ness & sev]ity (     
ang]1 h[ mu* m fitt+ is x t we--see+ t  
,god1 to :om !re is no ne$ ( delay nor  
possibility ( rep5tance1 yet puts (f    
puni%m5t into ! future1 & awaits its    
fitt+ "t--%\ld ourselves be circumspect 
9 ^! matt]s1 & %\ld reg>d z a ,div9e "p 
( virtue ! clem5cy & long-suff]+ :i*    

,god manife/s1 re=m+ few inde$ by       
puni%m5t1 b by ! sl[ness ( puni%m5t     
b5efit+ & admoni%+ _m6#ab3b  #f4 ,let u 
next consid]1 9 ! second place1 t       
puni%m5ts inflict$ by m5 h no purpose b 
retaliation1 t]m9at+ 9 ! suff]+ ( !     
wrong-do]1 & go+ no f>!r4 ,!y ?us foll[ 
h>d ^u ! (f5ces1 z a dog b>k+ at !      
(f5d]'s heels1 & pursue evil de$s close 
9 _! re>4 ,b ,god probably sees ?r\gh ! 
dispositions ( ! diseas$ s\ls to :i* he 
draws nigh 9 judgm5t1 kn[s :e!r !y %[ an
 incl9ation to rep5tance1 & grants "t = 
re=mation to ^? ^: guilt has n be5      
excessive or irreclaimable4 ,=1 aw>e :at
 end[m5t ( virtue s\ls br+ f him :5 !y  
come into ! _w1 & h[ /rong & imp]i%able 
9 !m is ?is native nobl5ess1 :i*1       
?\gh--corrupt$ by bad association &     
nurture--x may blossom into evil contr>y
 to nature1 yet :5 cur$ re/ores "s m5   
entirely to prop] habits ( life1 he     
!re=e does n puni% all alike2 b !       
incurable he spe$ily takes out ( be+1 & 
cuts !m (f1 inasmu* z x is n only h>mful

 to o!rs1 b1 mo/ ( all1 injuri\s to !   
s9n]'s own self1 to be always conv]sant 
) wick$ness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ^? ^: s9s 
probably proce$$ r f ignorance ( ! good 
?an f pref]5ce = :at is vile1 he gives  
"t = a *ange ( "*2 b if !y cont9ue z !y 
are1 he executes ju/ice on !m too1 & !re
 is no dang] ( _! escap+4 ,n[ see :at   
*anges h tak5 place 9 ! habits & lives (
 m54 ,!re=e ! *angeable "p ( ! life or  
"* is designat$ by a ^w d5ot+ turn1#ad3a
 & also by a ^w d5ot+ habit1#ad3b       
because habit con/itutes a l>ge "p ( !  
"*1 &1 :5 adopt$1 has comm&+ influ5ce4  
,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 inde$1 t ! anci5ts 
ascrib$ to ,cecrops#ad3c a d\ble nature1
 n1 z "s say1 because f a good k+ he    
became a fi]ce & dragon-l tyrant1 b1 on 
! o!r h&1 because1 hav+ be5 9 ! beg9n+  
p]v]se & an object ( t]ror1 he aft]w>d  
rul$ ) meekness & k9dness4 ,b if ?is is 
an op5 "q1 we "k conc]n+ ,gelon#ad3d &  
,hi]on#ad3e ( ,sicily1 &                
,peisi/ratus1#ae3a ! son ( ,hippocrates1
 t1 gett+ possession ( absolute p[] by  

f\l means1 !y us$ x to good purpose4    
,ga9+ ! asc5d5cy unlawfully1 !y gov]n$ )
 mod]ation & = ! public welf>e4 ,inde$1 
!y made excell5t laws1 gave great       
enc\ragem5t to agriculture1 & conv]t$ _!
 subjects f sc(f]s & babbl]s into sob]  
citiz5s & indu/ri\s m54 ,gelon also1 be+
 an excell5t milit>y comm&] & conqu]+ ! 
,c>?ag9ians 9 a great battle1 refus$ to 
conclude ! peace :i* !y s\ght1 till he  
_h procur$ ! ins]tion 9 ! treaty ( a    
promise on _! "p to cease (f]+ *ildr5 to
 ,cronus4#ae3b ,lydiades#ae3c at fir/   
ex]cis$ a tyrannical sway 9             
,megalopolis2 b dur+ 8 reign becom+ a   
diff]5t man1 & inspir$ ) hatr$ =        
inju/ice1 he re/or$ laws to ! citiz5s1 &
 !n1 fight+ ) _! enemies1 fell glori\sly
 9 8 c\ntry's cause4 ,if "o _h kill$    
,miltiades#af3a :5 he 0 a tyrant 9      
,*]sonesus1 or _h prosecut$ & sla9      
,cimon :5 he 0 liv+ ) 8 si/] z 8        
wife1#af3b or _h ! p bani%$             
,!mi/ocles#af3c f ! city :5 he w5t ab\t 
mak+ riot & do+ mis*ief1 & %[$ 8        

insol5ce 9 ! m>ket-place1 s5t5c+ him to 
exile z ,alcibiades 0 aft]w>d s5t5c$1   
w\ld n ! ,m>a?ons h be5 lo/ to u8 & !   
,eurym$ons8 & ! beautiful      8,euboean
 headl&1#ag3a :]e ! sons ( ,a!ns        
,laid ! fair corn]-/one ( lib]ty80#ag3b 
,great natures1 inde$1 produce no?+     
small4 ,because ( ! int5sity ( _!       
impulses1 :at is /rong & effici5t 9 !m  
does n rema9 idle2 b !y are toss$ to &  
fro z on an ocean be=e atta9+ to a fix$ 
& e/abli%$ "*4 ,!re=e1 z "o unskill$ 9  
husb&ry1 see+ a tract ( c\ntry full (   
prickly %rubs & we$s1 ab\nd+ 9 v]m91 &  
hav+ mu* /agnant wat] & a great deal (  
mud1 w\ld n make *oice ( x1 :ile to "o  
:o has le>n$ to discrim9ate & judge1 ^! 
v ?+s indicate /r5g? & all o!r good     
qualities 9 ! soil1 & %[ t x c be pl\gh$
 )\t resi/ance1 s 9 l mann] !re are     
great natures t br+ =? _m ?+s annoy+ &  
blamewor?y1 ! r\ghness & ?orn9ess ( :i* 
s put u out ( pati5ce t we might ?9k x  
be/ to cut !m (f & to prev5t all fur!r  
gr[?2 :ile ! bett] ,judge1 disc]n+ f ^! 

v tok5s ! excell5ce & nobl5ess t lie    
b5ea? !m1 awaits maturity z ! coadjutor 
( reason & virtue1 & ! p]iod :5 ! nature
 once s wild %all yield fruit t is n    
wild4  #g4 ,en\gh has be5 said on ?is   
po9t4 ,to pass to ano!r consid]ation1 d 
y n ?9k t x 0 wise 9 "s ( ! ,greek /ates
 to copy ! ,egyptian law1 t a woman )   
*ild "u s5t5ce ( dea? %all h h] s5t5ce  
susp5d$ till h] *ild is born8  ,we ?9k  
s1--!y all said4  ,!n ,i cont9u$1--,if  
"o _c be> *ildr51 yet w be able 9       
process ( "t to br+ =? into ! light "s  
cl&e/9e transaction or conspiracy1 or w 
disclose "s lurk+ evil1 or w become !   
au?or ( "s salut>y c\nsel1 or w inv5t a 
supply = "s urg5t ne$1 is n he :o awaits
 ! b5efit t w accrue f delay 9 puni%+   
su* a man wis] ?an he :o w\ld put !     
(f5d] out ( ! way at once8 ,s ,i ?9k4   
,& s d we1 said ,,patrocleas4  ,y are   
"r1 said ,i4 ,= consid] t1 if           
,dionysius#ah3a _h be5 puni%$ 9 ! beg9n+
 ( 8 tyrannical reign1 none ( ,greek    
desc5t w\ld ev] h liv$ aga9 9 ,sicily   

aft] its deva/ation by ! ,c>?ag9ians4   
,nor1 if ,p]i&]#ai3a _h be5 spe$ily     
puni%$1 w\ld ,greeks h aga9 inhabit$    
,apollonia1 or ,anactorium1 or ! p59sula
 ( ! ,leucadians4#ai3b ,i ?9k1 too1 t   
,cass&]'s puni%m5t 0 delay$1 t ,!bes    
might be repeopl$4#ai3c ,! l>g] "p ( !  
/rang]s t _h plund]$ ! temple1#ai3d &   
aft]w>ds w5t to ,sicily ) ,timoleon1    
p]i%$ wret*$ly 9 _! guilt1 b n till !y  
_h conqu]$ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & put an end  
to _! oppressive rule4#bj3a ,inde$1 !   
,deity uses "s bad m5 z public          
execution]s to puni% o!rs1 & !n de/roys 
! execution]s !mselves4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1   
has be5 ! case ) mo/ tyrants4 ,= z !    
gall ( ! hy5a1 & ! saliva ( ! sea-calf1 
& o!r p>ts ( loa?some bea/s1 h a c]ta9  
virtue 9 ! cure ( diseases1 s ^u "s :o  
ne$ sev]e *a/isem5t ,god inflicts !     
implacable bitt]ness ( a tyrant or !    
annoy+ oppression ( a *iefta91 & removes
 n :at pa9s & tr\bles !m till ! disease 
is cur$ & purg$ away4 ,su* a m$ic9e 0   
,phal>is#bj3b to ! p ( ,agrig5tum1 &    

,m>ius to ! ,romans4#bj3c ,god inde$    
expressly =etold to ! p ( ,sicyon t !y  
w\ld ( necessity be sev]ely sc\rg$1 =   
seiz+ z ( _! own city ,teletias1 a      
,cleonaean y\?1 :o _h be5 cr[n$ 9 !     
,py?ian games1 & !n te>+ him 9          
pieces4#ba3a ,accord+ly ,or?agoras1 &   
aft] him ,myron & ,clei/h5es & _!       
satellites1 put an end to _!            
lawlessness4 ,b ! ,cleonaeans1 n *anc+  
to h ! same curative treatm5t1 came to  
naught4#ba3b ,he> also ,hom]1 :5 he     
says1      8,a son end[$ ) e virtue     
sprang      ,f p>5tage t gave no sign ( 
virtue40  ,?is son ( ,copreus1 ( :om he 
?us speaks1 a*iev$ inde$ no spl5did or  
noble de$s2 b ! po/]ity ( ,sisyphus1 & t
 ( ,autolycus1 & t ( ,phlegyas1 bloom$  
=? 9 ! glories & virtues t belong to    
great k+s4 ,p]icles sprang f an infam\s 
,a!nian family1#ba3c & ,pompey ! ,great 
9 ,rome 0 ! son ( ,/rabo1#ba3d :om !    
,roman p s hat$ t !y ca/ 8 dead body out
 ( doors & trod x "u foot4 ,:at wond] is
 x !n1 if1 z ! f>m] does n cut d[n !    

?orn-bu% till he has tak5 f x ! gre5    
%oots :i* he uses z salad1 nor d !      
,libyans burn ! ci/us till !y h collect$
 ! balsam :i* x yields1 s ,god does n   
de/roy ! evil & ?orny root ( an         
honorable & royal race till !           
appropriate fruit spr+s f x8 ,= x 0     
bett] = ! ,phocians to h lo/ t5 ?\s& ( !
 cattle & horses ( ,iphitus1 & a l>g]   
am\nt ( gold & silv] ?an 0 ev] ab/ract$ 
f ,delphi1 ?an t ,odysseus#bb3a or      
,aesculapius#bb3b %\ld n h be5 born1 or 
t ! _w %\ld h fail$ ( ! good & em95tly  
useful m5 :o h be5 ! sons ( wick$ &     
deprav$ fa!rs4  #h4 ,b mu/ we n ?9k x   
bett] t puni%m5ts %\ld take place 9     
fitt+ "t & way1 ?an t !y %\ld be        
inflict$ spe$ily & promptly8 ,!re 0 a   
fitness 9 ! case ( ,callippus1 :o ) ! v 
same dagg] ) :i* he _h procur$ ! dea? ( 
,dion :ile feign+ to be 8 fri5d 0       
himself kill$ by ! fri5ds ( ,dion2#bc3a 
& 9 t ( ! murd]] ( ,mitius ( ,argos1 :o 
0 kill$ 9 a riot1 & ^: braz5 /atue 9 !  
m>ket-place fell ) fatal issue on ! man 

:o _h kill$ him4 ,y1 ,patrocleas1 mu/1  
,i am sure1 "k ab\t ,bessus ! ,paeonian1
 & ,ari/o ! ,oetaean1 ! comm&] ( ! =eign
 soldi]s4  ,no1 by ,zeus1 said          
,,patrocleas1 ,i d n "k1 b ,i want to "k
 ab\t !m4  ,ari/o1#bc3b said ,i1 by     
leave ( ! tyrants1#bc3c took away !     
ornam5ts ( ,eriphyle deposit$ "h1#bc3d &
 c>ri$ !m z a pres5t to 8 wife2 b 8 son1
 be+ = "s reason angry ) 8 "m1 set !    
h\se on fire1 & burn$ all t 7 9 x4      
,bessus1 x is said1 kill$ 8 fa!r1 &     
escap$ detection = a long "t4 ,b at     
l5g?1 go+ to supp] among /rang]s1 he    
%ook d[n a swall['s ne/ ) 8 spe>1 &     
kill$ ! "y birds2 & :5 ^? pres5t ask$1 z
 0 natural1 :at _h provok$ him to d s   
/range a ?+1 he said1 8,d !y n1 ev5 (   
old1 be> false witness aga9/ me1 & cry  
out t ,i kill$ my fa!r80 ,^? :o he>d    
him1 m>vell+ at :at he said1 told ! k+1 
&1 on inve/igation1 ,bessus suff]$ due  
puni%m5t4  #i4 ,:at ,i h said ?us f> has
 be5 said on ! supposition t1 z is      
g5]ally ?\ght1 !re is an actual delay 9 

! puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,b z to :at may   
yet be said on ?is po9t1 x may be well =
 u to li/5 to ,hesiod1 :o ma9ta9s1 n1 ) 
,plato1 t puni%m5t is a suff]+ t foll[s 
wrong-do+1 b t x is a tw9 bir? )        
wrong-do+1 spr++ f ! same soil & ! same 
root2 = he says1      8,bad c\nsel does 
mo/ h>m to him :o gives x10  &1         
8,:o does ano!r wrong himself mo/       
wrongs40  ,! can?>is1#bd3a by a c]ta9   
contra/ 9 ! elem5ts ( its physical      
/ructure1 is said to conta9 )9 itself ! 
antidote = ! w\nd :i* x makes4 ,b--!    
conv]se ( ?is--guilt1 br++ ) itself into
 be+ its own pa9 & puni%m5t1 n          
subsequ5tly to1 b 9 ! v act ( wrong-do+ 
receives its p5alty4 ,! malefactor :o is
 to be crucifi$ c>ries 8 cross ) 8 own  
body2 & 9 l mann] wick$ness creates f   
itself1 to be borne by itself1 ea*      
sev]al =m ( *a/isem5t1 be+1 s to speak1 
an exp]t artific] ( a wret*$ life1      
att5d$ by ?rong+ fe>s & di/ress+        
emotions1 by ceaseless remorse & con/ant
 p]turbation4 ,b "s p]sons are l *ildr51

 :o1 (t5 see+ 9 ! !atres malefactors 9  
gold-embroid]$ tunics & purple mantles1 
cr[n$ & danc+1 admire & applaud !m z    
happy be+s1 until !y appe> on ! /age    
goad$ & sc\rg$1 & ) fire /ream+ f _! gay
 & f9ely wr\ght app>el4#be3a ,= _m ( !  
wick$1 surr\nd$ by l>ge families1 &     
possess$ ( places ( high comm& & ext5d$ 
au?ority1 are n visibly puni%$ till !y  
are se5 sla9 or hurl$ d[n a precipice1  
:i* ought to be call$1 n puni%m5t1 b !  
end or consummation ( puni%m5t4 ,z      
,plato says t ,h]odicus1 ! ,selymbrian1 
be+ attack$ ) ph?isis1 an incurable     
disease1 & be+ ! fir/ to unite gymna/ics
 ) ! heal+ art1 made dea? long = himself
 & = ^? simil>ly affect$2 s too su* ( ! 
wick$ z seem to escape imm$iate puni%m5t
 receive1 n aft] a long "t1 b dur+ a    
long "t1 n a sl[]1 b a long] puni%m5t2  
nor are !y puni%$ :5 !y gr[ old1 b !y   
gr[ old 9 a /ate ( puni%m5t4 ,yet x is  
only to y t ,i speak ( a long "t2 = to !
 gods any p]iod ( human life is z no?+1 
& 8n[1 n ?irty ye>s h5ce10 is to !m z x 

w\ld be to u = a malefactor to be put to
 torture or hang$ ?is ev5+1 & n to-morr[
 morn+4 ,besides1 "o is kept 9 life z 9 
a prison t has no outlet or mode (      
escape2 yet he may enjoy frequ5t fea/s1 
may transact bus9ess1 may receive       
pres5ts & k9dnesses1 l ! m5 :o play )   
dice or at draughts 9 prison1 ) ! rope  
hang+ ov] _! heads4  #aj4 ,inde$1 :y may
 ,i n say t ^? "u s5t5ce ( dea? are n   
puni%$ till _! heads are cut (f1--& t he
 :o has be5 condemn$ to dr9k hemlock1 & 
!n goes ab\t & rema9s unaffect$ till 8  
legs gr[ heavy1 is n puni%$ until he is 
ov]p[]$ by ! dead5+ ( ! muscles & !     
congeal+ ( ! blood1 comb9$ ) ! loss (   
consci\sness1--if we conf9e ! "n (      
puni%m5t to ! la/ /age ( puni%m5t1 &    
leave out ( ! acc\nt ! suff]+s1 &       
t]rors1 & appreh5sion1 & remorse1 :i* 9 
! mean :ile prey ^u e guilty s\l8 ,z    
well might we ma9ta9 t a fi% t has      
swall[$ ! hook is n caught till we see x
 roa/$ by ! cook or cut up on ! table4  
,= e wrong-do] is 9 ! grasp ( ju/ice s  

soon z he has swall[$ z a bait !        
pleasure connect$ ) 8 s91 hav+ a        
consci5ce re/+ heavily ^u him1 & driv5  
hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! endeavor to expiate 8   
guilt1      8,z ! impetu\s tunny pl\ghs 
! sea40  ,up to ! "t :5 ! crime is      
committ$1 ! well-kn[n assurance &       
audacity ( guilt are /rong & effici5t2 b
 aft]w>d ! excitem5t subsides l a w9d t 
dies away1 & ! m9d1 enfeebl$ &          
dispirit$1 becomes subject to fe>s &    
sup]/itions1--s t ,clytemne/ra's dream1 
z relat$ by ,/esi*orus1 is 9 con=mity ) 
exp]i5ce & tru?4 ,! v]ses are3      8,a 
dragon seem$ to come ) blood-sme>$ head1
      ,& took ! =m ( ,k+                
,plei/h5ides40#bg3a  ,inde$1 visions 9  
sleep1 noonday app>itions1 oracles1     
peals ( ?und]1 & :atev] ev5ts c seem to 
take place by ! ag5cy ( ,god1 are       
fraught ) tempe/s & t]rors = ^? :o are 9
 ?is condition4 ,?us1 x is said t       
,apollodorus#bh3a once 9 8 sleep saw    
himself flay$ by ,scy?ians1 !n boil$1 & 
8 own he>t speak+ out ( ! caldron1 &    

say+1 8,i h br\ght all ?is ^u !e02 &    
aga91 t he saw 8 daught]s on fire1 _!   
bodies 9 flames1 runn+ r\nd him 9 a     
circle4 ,x is said1 too1 t              
,hipp>*us1#bh3b ! son ( ,peisi/ratus1   
%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 saw ,aphrodite      
spr9kl+ blood ^u 8 face f a vial4 ,!    
fri5ds ( ,ptolemy surnam$ ,c]aunus#bh3c 
saw him summon$ to ! tribunal by        
,seleucus1 ) vultures & wolves = 8      
judges1 :ile he 0 di/ribut+ l>ge        
portions ( fle% to 8 enemies4           
,pausanias1#bh3d hav+ s5t to seize by   
=ce ,cleonice1 a free-born maid5 9      
,byzantium1 t he might h h] company by  
night1 & !n1 9 consequ5ce ( "s          
unacc\ntable m5tal di/urbance or        
suspicion1 kill+ h] :5 %e arriv$1 (t5   
saw h] 9 8 dreams1 say+ to him1         
8,come quick to judgm5t2 lu/ works woe  
to man40  ,! vision n be+ discont9u$1 x 
is said1 he set sail = ! oracle ( ! dead
 at ,h]acleia1 & !re1 by fitt+          
propitiatory sacrifices & libations1 he 
call$ up ! maid5's s\l2#bi3a & %e1 com+ 

into 8 pres5ce1 told him t he %\ld re/ f
 ^! tr\bles on 8 arrival at ,lac$aemon4 
,z soon z he arriv$ !re1 he di$4  #aa4  
,?us1 if !re is no?+ = ! s\l aft] dea?1 
t is1 if dea? is ! end ( all rew>d &    
puni%m5t1 "o might be dispos$ to say t !
 ,deity deals indulg5tly & l5i5tly ) ^? 
( ! wick$ :o are soon puni%$ & die e>ly4
 ,= 7 x ma9ta9$ t 9 _! lifetime ! wick$ 
incur no o!r evil ?an ! conviction t    
wrong-do+ is utt]ly fruitless &         
graceless1 & = ! _m & great conflicts ( 
m9d t x co/s conf]s no b5efit nor any?+ 
wor?y ( endeavor1 ! p]ception ( ?is     
alone is fatal to ! s\l's happ9ess4 ,x  
is ) ! evil-do] z ) ,lysima*us1#cj3a :o1
 compell$ by ?ir/ to surr5d] 8 p]son & 8
 comm& to ! ,getae1 hav+ qu5*$ 8 ?ir/ & 
be+ at ! same "t made a prison]1        
exclaim$1 8,alas = my guilt 9 suff]+    
myself to be depriv$ ( s great a k+dom =
 s brief a pleasure60 ,x is1 inde$1 9 a 
case l ?is1 exce$+ly difficult to resi/ 
! necessity creat$ by a natural         
appetite4 ,b :5 a man1 ei!r f inord9ate 

desire = weal?1 or f envy ( ^? possess$ 
( civic honor & p[]1 or = ! sake ( "s   
s5sual gratification1 commits an        
unlawful & abom9able de$1 &1 aft] ! ?ir/
 & madness ( passion h subsid$1 sees 9  
due "t ! vile & fe>ful traits ( "* :i*  
lead to crime e/abli%$ p]man5tly )9 him1
 :ile he c disc]n 9 himself no?+ useful1
 or s]viceable1 or pr(itable1 is x n    
probable t ! ?\ght (t5 occurs to him t =
 va+lory or = slavi% & fruitless        
pleasure1 he has set at naught ! greate/
 & be/ ?+s t are acc\nt$ "r among m51 & 
?us :elm$ 8 life 9 %ame & tr\ble8 ,= z  
,simonides#cj3b said 9 je/ t he f\nd !  
*e/ ( money always full1 t ( ?anks      
empty1 s ! wick$1 hav+ a cle> view ( _! 
own guilt1 f9d x--aft] ! indulg5ce :i*  
yields = ! mom5t an empty               
pleasure--utt]ly devoid ( hope1 & always
 lad5 ) fe>s & griefs1 ) *e]less        
memories1 suspicion ( :at ! future may  
br+1 & di/ru/ ( ! pres5t4 ,?us1 z we he>
 ,ino say on ! /age1 rep5t+ ( :at %e has
 done1--      8,de> wom51 tell me h[1 z 

at ! fir/1      ,z if ?is de$ ( m9e 7   
uncommitt$1      ,! h\se ( ,a?amas may  
be my home10#ca3a--  s x is probable t !
 s\l ( e evil-do] discusses ^! ?+s )9   
itself1 & consid]s h[ x c by any        
possibility evade ! memory ( its        
misde$s1 ca/ out f itself ! consci\sness
 ( !m1 &1 becom+ pure1 />t z if f !     
beg9n+ on a new life4 ,= wick$ness      
manife/s nei!r c\rage1 nor mode/y1 nor  
consi/5cy1 nor /eadfa/ness 9 ! objects (
 its pref]5ce1--unless1 by ,zeus1 we    
admit t evil-do]s are wise2 b :]e       
av>ice1 & eag] voluptu\sness1 &         
implacable envy1 are associat$ ) malice 
& depravity1 !re also1 on exam9ation1 y 
may see b5ea? ! surface sup]/ition1 &   
effem9ate indol5ce1 & dread ( dea?1 & an
 abrupt vacillation ( impulses1 & an    
arrogant pret5ce to undes]v$ honor4 ,m5 
( ?is "* fe> ^? :o blame !m1 & at ! same
 "t dread ^? :o praise !m1 z ^? :om !y h
 wrong$ by _! hypocrisy1 & z p]sons     
especially ho/ile to ! wick$1 z is ev9c$
 9 _! cordial comm5dation ( ^? :o seem  

to be good4 ,inde$1 ! h>dness 9         
depravity1 z 9 bad iron1 is brittle1 &  
:at seems 9 x to h ! greate/ p[] (      
resi/ance is easily brok5 9 pieces4     
,h5ce1 9 process ( "t1 z bad m5 come to 
! k ( !mselves1 !y are depress$1 & gr[  
peevi%1 & hold _! own mann] ( life 9    
abhorr5ce4 ,:5 a mean man re/ores a     
deposit intru/$ to 8 c>e1 or gives      
security = a fri5d1 or ) honorable      
ambition conf]s gifts & s]vices on 8    
c\ntry1 & imm$iately rep5ts & is 9      
tr\ble = :at he has done1 because ( !   
utt] in/ability & vacillation ( 8       
m9d1--& :5 "s :o are applaud$ 9 ! !atre 
= _! g5]osity groan z _! love ( glory is
 m]g$ 9 _! love ( money1--c x be t ^?   
:o1 l ,apollodorus1#cb3a sacrifice m5 9 
! int]e/ ( _! tyrannies & conspiracies1 
or l ,glaucus1#cc3a ! son ( ,epicydes1  
plund] ! prop]ty ( _! fri5ds1 d n feel  
remorse1 nor hate !mselves1 nor suff]   
grief1 = ! crimes t !y h committ$8 ,i1  
inde$1 if x is n irrev]5t ?us to speak1 
d n ?9k t ^? :o "w iniquity ne$ any     

av5g] among gods or m52 b _! own life   
suffices = _! puni%m5t1 be+ utt]ly      
corrupt$ & kept 9 con/ant agitation by  
_! guilt4  #ab4 ,consid] n[ :e!r our    
discussion has exce$$ a reasonable "t4  
,,timon repli$1#cc3b--,p]haps s1 )      
ref]5ce to ! "t t w yet be requir$2 = ,i
 am go+ to br+ =w>d ! la/ d\bt z a      
combatant held 9 res]ve1 s9ce ! o!rs h  
be5 fairly conqu]$4 ,:at ,euripides ) ! 
utmo/ boldness ( spee* inveighs aga9/ ! 
gods = do+1 namely1 visit+ ! s9s ( !    
fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 acc\nt u z tacitly   
*>g+ ^u !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ^? :o h done   
wrong 7 !mselves puni%$1 !re is no      
ju/ice 9 *a/is+ ^? :o h done no wrong2 =
 x is n "r to puni% ev5 ! evil-do]s 9 _!
 own p]son twice = ! same (f5ce2 & if ! 
gods1 9 _! remissness fail+ to puni% !  
guilty1 aft]w>d inflict p5alties on !   
innoc5t1 !y d n fitt+ly make am5ds = _! 
sl[ do+ by unrighte\s do+4 ,take ! case 
( ,aesop4#cd3a ,x is said t he came hi!r
 ) money furni%$ by ,croesus1 int5d+ to 
(f] a magnific5t sacrifice to ! god ( ! 

temple1 & to di/ribute among ! citiz5s (
 ,delphi f\r m9as#cd3b apiece4 ,b1 z x  
is report$1 hav+ become disaffect$ t[>d 
! p "h on acc\nt ( "s affront or qu>rel1
 he made ! sacrifice inde$1 b s5t ! re/ 
( ! money back to ,s>dis1 n ?9k+ ! m5 ( 
,delphi wor?y ( ! gift4 ,!y !n rais$    
aga9/ him ! *>ge ( sacrilege1 & put him 
to dea? by ?r[+ him f yond] cliff1 :i*  
!y call ,hyampeia4 ,f t "t x is said t !
 god 0 angry ) !m1 & made _! soil       
unfruitful1 & s5t among !m all k9ds (   
/range diseases1 s t !y w5t r\nd among !
 public assemblies ( ! ,grecian cities1 
proclaim+ ) e>ne/ entreaty t :oev] w\ld 
dem& ju/ice ( !m 9 behalf ( ,aesop %\ld 
receive full satisfaction4 ,b n until ! 
?ird g5]ation came ,idmon1 ! ,samian1 n 
relat$ to ,aesop1 except z ! desc5dant (
 ^? :o _h b\ght him at ,samos1 & to him 
! ,delphians made satisfaction 9 ! ways 
prescrib$1 & 7 fre$ f _! calamities4 ,x 
0 on t acc\nt1 x is said1 t ! p *ang$ ! 
place ( puni%m5t = sacrilege f ,hyampeia
 to ! cliff call$ ,nauplia4 ,n[ ^? :o   

hold ! memory ( ,alex&] 9 ! fonde/      
reg>d1 ( :om ,i am "o1 d n approve ( 8  
sack+ ! city ( ,bran*idae1#ce3a &       
de/roy+ its inhabitants ( all ages1     
because _! great-gr&fa!rs _h trea*]\sly 
deliv]$ up ! temple ( ,miletus4 ,s      
,aga?ocles1 ! tyrant ( ,syracuse1 d]id$ 
& teas$ ! ,corcyraeans1#cf3a :5 !y ask$ 
him :y he ravag$ _! isl&1 say+1 8,by    
,zeus1 because y\r fa!rs %[$ hospitality
 to ,odysseus40 ,aga91 :5 ! p ( ,i?aca  
compla9$ t 8 soldi]s 7 /eal+ _! %eep1 he
 repli$1 8,y\r k+ n only did ! l1 b put 
out ! %eph]d's#cf3b eye40 ,b is n       
,apollo m unreasonable ?an ^! m5 :om ,i 
h nam$1 if he is n[ ru9+ ! ,ph5eatae by 
/opp+ up ! outlet ( _! /reams1 & putt+  
_! :ole c\ntry "u wat]1#cf3c because    
,h]cules is said a ?\s& ye>s ago to h   
/ol5 ! oracul> tripod & c>ri$ x to      
,ph5eus8 ,& 0 he less unreasonable 9    
ann\nc+ to ! ,syb>ites t !y %\ld see !  
end ( _! calamities1 :5 by ?ree         
de/ructive visitations !y %\ld h appeas$
 ! wra? ( ! ,leucadian ,h]a8#cg3a ,nor  

is x s v long a "t s9ce ! ,locrians     
ceas$ s5d+ virg9s to ,troy4      8,)    
nak$ limbs1 b>e feet1 & s]vile guise1   
,at e>ly dawn !y sweep ,a!ne's temple1  
,unveil$1 :ile age remorseless /eals ^u 
!m40  ,& all ?is because ( !            
lic5ti\sness ( ,ajax4#cg3b ,n[ :]e is ! 
reasonabl5ess or rightfulness ( ^! ?+s8 
,equally little c we comm5d !           
,?racians#ch3a = /ill tattoo+ _! wives1 
to av5ge ,orpheus2 or ! b>b>ians ab\t ! 
,po1 :o we> black1 z !y say1 9 m\rn+ =  
,phae?on1 :i* seems all ! m ridicul\s :5
 we consid] t1 :ile ^? :o liv$ :5       
,phae?on p]i%$ c>$ no?+ at all ab\t !   
matt]1 _! po/]ity ( ! fif? or ! t5?     
g5]ation are *ang+ _! g>m5ts & m\rn+ =  
him4#ch3b ,yet ?is is m]ely fooli%1 n   
atroci\s or intol]able4 ,b on :at       
ju/ifiable gr\nd does ! ang] ( ! gods1  
sudd5ly disappe>+1 z "s riv]s d1 break  
out aga9 9 a diff]5t place1 on o!r p ?an
 ! evil-do]s1 t]m9at+ only 9 extreme    
calamity8  #ac4 ,z soon z ,timon came to
 a pause1 fe>+ t ) a fre% />t he might  

br+ =? m & great] absurdities1 ,i       
in/antly ask$ him1--,d y really ?9k t   
all ^! ?+s are true8  ,if n all1 said   
he1 yet if "s ( !m be true1 d y n ?9k t 
! discussion labors "u ! same           
difficulty8  ,p]haps1 said ,i2 & s to   
p]sons 9 a high fev]1 :e!r !y *ance to  
we> "o g>m5t1 or to be wrapp$ 9 _m1 !   
burn+ heat is ne>ly or q ! same1 & yet x
 contributes to _! relief to remove !   
multitude ( cov]+s4 ,b if ! pati5t is   
unwill+ to h ?is done1 let him h 8 own  
way4 ,yet mo/ ( ^! /ories seem l my?s & 
fictions4 ,b recall to m9d ! religi\s   
fe/ival lately held "h1 :5 y saw !      
magnific5t portion ( ! vi&s#ci3a :i* !  
h]alds took f ! table1 proclaim+ t x 0  
due to ! po/]ity ( ,p9d>1 & rememb] h[  
solemn & sweet ?is tok5 ( honor seem$ to
 y4  ,b1 said he1 :o w\ld n be delight$ 
by ! gracefulness ( a commemoration s   
entirely ,grecian & s simply ar*aic8    
unless he _h1 to borr[ ,p9d>'s own      
words1 a black he>t =g$ 9 a cold fire4  
,!re is !n no ne$1 said ,i1 ( my cit+ a 

simil> proclamation made 9 ,sp>ta1      
8,aft] ! ,lesbian s+]10#ci3b 9 honor &  
remembrance ( ! anci5t ,t]p&]2 = !      
pr9ciple is ! same4 ,b y1#dj3a ,i       
suppose1 ?9k y\rselves sup]ior to o!r   
,boeotians1 z be+ ( ! race ( !          
,opheltiadae2#dj3b y make simil> claims 
among ! ,phocians#dj3c by virtue ( y\r  
desc5t f ,daiphantus2#dj3d & y1 inde$1 7
 ! fir/ to /& by me & help me 9 pres]v+ 
= ! ,lycormaeans & ! ,satilaeans#dj3e _!
 h]$it>y honor1 & ! "r to we> cr[ns 9   
public :i* belongs to ! po/]ity (       
,h]cules1--ma9ta9+ t la/+ honors &      
favors are due to ^? desc5d$ f ,h]cules1
 because he1 ?\gh a great b5efactor to !
 ,greeks1 nev] receiv$ 8 due (          
gratitude1 or any fitt+ recomp5se4  ,y  
rem9d u1 said ,,timon1 ( a truly noble  
conte/1 & ( "o 9 :i* x 0 especially     
becom+ = a philosoph] to take "p4       
,relax !n1 my fri5d1 said ,i1 ! sev]ity 
( y\r accusation1 & d n take x s h>d if 
"s ( ! desc5dants ( wick$ & deprav$ p   
are puni%$2 or else d n welcome or      

comm5d ! honor r5d]$ to wor?y p>5tage4  
,= if we w\ld reta9 ! rew>d ( virtue 9 !
 po/]ity ( ! virtu\s1 we _c reasonably  
?9k t puni%m5ts = misdo+s ought to fail 
& cease1 b mu/ suppose t !y w run on at 
ev5 pace ) ! rew>ds1 giv+ retribution 9 
ea* case 9 proportion to des]t4 ,b he :o
 gladly sees ! po/]ity ( ,cimon honor$ 9
 ,a!ns1 yet is vex$ & angry at ! exile (
 ! desc5dants ( ,la*>es#da3a or (       
,ari/on1#da3b is v /upid & feeble-m9d$1 
or r has ! presumption to take ! place (
 a wrangl] & rail] aga9/ ! ,div9e       
,be+1--accus+ him1 =soo?1 if ! *ildr5's 
*ildr5 ( an unrighte\s & wick$ man seem 
to prosp]1 & aga9 accus+ him if !       
po/]ity ( bad ance/ors are suff]$ to    
decl9e & to become ext9ct1--inde$1 f9d+ 
equal fault ) ,god :5 ! *ildr5 ( a good 
fa!r or ^? ( a bad fa!r f>e ill4  #ad4  
,let ^! consid]ations s]ve y z def5ces  
aga9/ ^? :o are s excessively bitt] &   
objurgatory4 ,b tak+ up aga9 ! beg9n+ ( 
! ?read 9 our discussion conc]n+        
,god1--obscure1 inde$1 & ) _m turn+s &  

w9d+s1--let u direct our way discreetly 
& delib]ately t[>d :at is probable &    
cr$ible4 ,= n ev5 9 ! ?+s :i* we        
ourselves d c we always /ate ) confid5ce
 ! actual & true mean+4 ,?us we _c tell 
:y we ord] ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o die (       
ph?isis or ( dropsy to sit ) _! feet 9  
wat] till ! corpse is buri$1 ?\gh x is  
believ$ t 9 ?is case !y nei!r contract !
 disease at ! "t nor are liable to x    
aft]w>d4 ,nor1 aga91 c we tell ! reason 
:y1 :5 a goat takes into 8 m\? a piece (
 snak]oot1#db3a ! :ole flock /& /ill    
till ! goa!rd comes & takes x out ( 8   
m\?4 ,!re are prop]ties ( v>i\s objects 
t are transfus$ or transmitt$ 9 ways    
incr$ible z to velocity & di/ance4 ,9 ^!
 cases we are inde$ m surpris$ at       
remot5ess ( "t ?an ( space4 ,yet x is   
really m amaz+ t ,a!ns %\ld h be5       
infect$ ?r\gh\t ) a pe/il5ce#db3b t     
began 9 ,ae?iopia1 & t ,p]icles %\ld h  
di$ ( x1 & ,?ucydides %\ld h be5 attack$
 by x1 ?an t1 if ! ,delphians & !       
,syb>ites h be5 wick$1 protract$        

puni%m5t %\ld come ^u _! po/]ity4 ,= all
 prop]ties ( objects h mutual action &  
reaction f _! v beg9n+ till n[1 & be>   
relations to "o ano!r ( :i*1 ?\gh we are
 ignorant ( ! cause1 x none ! less      
produces its appropriate effect4  #ae4  
,nev]!less1 ! public calamities ( cities
 h obvi\sly _! reason 9 ju/ice4 ,= a    
city has unity & cont9uity l a liv+     
creature1 n deve/+ itself ( id5tity by !
 *anges t occur at successive p]iods (  
its life1 nor becom+ a diff]5t be+ f its
 =m] self by ! lapse ( "t1 b always     
reta9+ a consci\s selfhood ) !          
peculi>ities t belong to x1 & receiv+ ! 
entire blame or praise ( :atev] x does  
or has done 9 its collective capacity1 s
 long z ! community :i* con/itutes x &  
b9ds x toge!r rema9s a unit4 ,b divid+ x
 by successive p]iods ( "t s z to make (
 a s+le city _m cities1 or r an inf9ite 
numb] ( cities1 is l mak+ ( "o man _m   
m51 because he is n[ eld]ly1 yet once 0 
y\ng]1 & /ill e>li] 0 a m]e /ripl+4 ,?is
 might rem9d "o ( ! ,epi*>mians1 f :om !

 sophi/s d]iv$ ! cumulative             
argum5t1#dc3a accord+ to :i* he :o us$  
to be 9 debt n[ owes no?+1 hav+ become a
 diff]5t man1 & he :o 0 ye/]day invit$  
to supp] to-day comes un9vit$1 be+ ano!r
 p]son4 ,h[ev]1 diff]5t p]iods ( life   
make great] *anges 9 e "o ( u ?an !y    
ord9>ily make 9 cities4 ,"o :o sees     
,a!ns w\ld recognize x ?irty ye>s       
aft]w>d2 = ! pres5t mann]s1 sports1     
indu/ries1 lik+s1 & res5tm5ts ( ! p     
closely resemble ^? ( =m] days4 ,b aft] 
a consid]able "t1 sc>ce a k9sman or     
fri5d w\ld recognize a man's c\nt5ance &
 =m2 :ile ! *ange ( mann]s readily      
br\ght ab\t 9 a p]son by diff]+ fa%ions 
( int]c\rse1 employm5t1 exp]i5ce1 &     
legal obligation look /range & new ev5  
to "o :o has always kn[n him4 ,b yet !  
man is said to be "o & ! same man f !   
beg9n+ to ! end4 ,! city 9 l mann]      
rema9+ ! same1 we reg>d x z involv$ 9 ! 
disgrace ( its ance/ry by ! v "r by :i* 
x %>es _! glory & _! p[]4 ,else we %all 
?r[ ev]y?+ into ! riv] ( ,h]acleitus1   

into :i*1 he says1 no "o c ent] twice1  
because *ang+ nature is transpos+ &     
alt]+ all ?+s4  #af4 ,b if a city is "o 
cont9u\s entity1 equally s is a race t  
spr+s f "o orig9al /ock & c>ries along )
 x c]ta9 common t5d5cies d]iv$ f t /ock2
 & t :i* is born is n1 l a manufactur$  
article1 sep>at$ f him :o produc$ x2 = x
 exi/s f him1 n m]ely by him1 s t x     
possesses & be>s )9 itself "s "p ( him1 
:i* is prop]ly ! object ( *a/isem5t or (
 comm5dation4 ,n 9 m]e sport ,i w\ld say
 t x 0 m unju/ = ! ,a!nians to de/roy ! 
braz5 /atue ( ,cass&]1#de3a & = ! p (   
,syracuse to ca/ beyond _! bord]s ! body
 ( ,dionysius1#de3b ?an = ! po/]ity ( ^?
 m5 to suff] puni%m5t4 ,= !re 0 no?+ ( !
 nature ( ,cass&] 9 ! /atue1 & ! s\l (  
,dionysius _h already left ! corpse2 b 9
 ,nisaeus1#de3c & ,apollocrates1#de3d & 
,antipat] & ,philip1#de3e & equally 9   
o!r sons ( wick$ p>5ts1 !re 0 implant$1 
& rema9s cont9u\sly1 ! "p ( _! p>5ts t  
_h ! ma/]y ov] _! lives1 & 9 ! *ildr5   
?is is n quiesc5t or inactive1 b !y live

 by x1 & are n\ri%$ by x1 & ord] _!     
conduct by x1 & ?9k z x prompts4 ,nor is
 x at all m>vell\s or absurd t1 be+ !   
*ildr5 ( su* m51 !y %\ld possess _!     
qualities4 ,9 f9e1 ,i w\ld say t1 z 9 ! 
heal+ art1 :atev] is b5eficial is !re=e 
"r1 & z he w\ld be ridicul\s :o %\ld ?9k
 x wrong 9 a case ( hip-disease to      
caut]ize ! ?umb1 & :5 ! liv] is ulc]at$ 
to sc>ify ! upp] "p ( ! abdom51 & :5 !  
ho(s ( ox5 are t5d] to ano9t ! tips ( _!
 horns1#df3a equally is he ridicul\s :o 
?9ks 9 ! matt] ( puni%m5t t any?+ else  
?an ! cure ( wick$ness is "r1 & :o is   
vex$ :5 ! rem$y is appli$ to "s p>ts r  
?an to o!rs1 aft] ! mann] ( ^? :o op5 a 
ve9 to cure oph?almia4 ,nor does su* a  
p]son seem to look beyond ! range ( 8   
bodily s5ses2 nor does he be> x 9 m9d t 
a tea*] 9 :ipp+ "o boy admoni%es all1 & 
t a g5]al 9 ! capital puni%m5t ( "o out 
( t5 br+s all ! guilty m5 "u 8 comm&    
back to _! duty4 ,9 tru? n only is "o "p
 ( ! body cur$ ?r\gh ano!r "p1 b !re are
 c]ta9 dispositions ( m9d & conduct1    

equally ^? t are evil & ^? t t5d to     
re=mation1 z to :i* s\l is influ5c$ by  
s\l m ?an body is affect$ by body4 ,= f 
body to body ! same affection & ! same  
*ange seem to be transmitt$2 :ile 9 !   
case "u consid]ation ! s\l1 ?r\gh !     
influ5ce ( ! imag9ation1 becomes worse  
or bett] 9 a degree correspond+ to !    
int5sity ( hope or fe>4  #ag4 ,:ile ,i 0
 /ill speak+1 ,,olympicus int]rupt$ me1 
say+1--,y seem to h1 und]ly+ ?is reason+
 ( y\rs1 an hypo!sis ( prime            
importance1--! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 
,yes1 said ,i1 inasmu* z y y\rselves    
admit x1 or r did admit x2 = ! argum5t f
 ! v beg9n+ proce$$ f ! supposition t   
,god deals ) m5 accord+ to _! m]its4    
,,olympicus repli$1--,d y ?9k t x foll[s
 f ,god's deal+ ) u accord+ to our      
m]its1 t s\ls are ei!r absolutely       
incorruptible1 or de/9$ at lea/ to      
cont9ue 9 be+ = a c]ta9 p]iod aft]      
dea?8#dh3a  ,i repli$1--,no1 my good    
fri5d4 ,god1 =soo?1 is s petty & s      
trifl+1#dh3b t--z if we _h no?+ ( !     

div9e 9 u1 nor any?+ closely resembl+   
him1 & /able & firm1 b 71 z ,hom] says1 
m]e leaves1 l ^? t )] & p]i%            
altoge!r--he makes su* acc\nt ( u z !   
wom5 d ( _! g>d5s ( ,adonis1#dh3c :i* !y
 t5d & cultivate 9 e>!n pots1--s\ls la/+
 = a day1 bloom+ 9 a frail fle% t has no
 /rong root ( life1 !n at once ext+ui%$ 
by any casualty t may *ance to occur4 ,b
 if y *oose1 mak+ no m5tion ( o!r gods1 
look at ?is "o ( ours "h1 & say :e!r y  
suppose t he1 kn[+ t ! s\ls ( ! dy+ are 
in/antly de/roy$ :5 !y are exhal$ f _!  
bodies1 l cl\ds or smoke-wrea?s1 %\ld   
dem& s _m propitiations = ^? :o die1 &  
su* tok5s ( great rev]5ce & honor = !   
dead1 ?us deceiv+ & delud+ ^? :o believe
 9 him4 ,i !re=e w\ld n d5y ! cont9u$   
exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 unless "s "o1 l        
,h]cules1 %\ld c>ry (f ! tripod ( !     
,py?ian prie/ess1 & aboli% & de/roy !   
oracle4 ,= :ile ev5 d[n to our own "t _m
 su* ?+s are =etold by ! oracle z are   
said to h be5 ann\nc$ to ,corax (       
,naxos1#di3a x is unholy to deem ! s\l  

capable ( dy+4  ,!n ,,patrocleas        
said1--,:at 0 t pr$iction1 & :o 0 t     
,corax8 ,bo? ! /ory & ! "n are unfamili>
 to me4  ,by no means1 said ,i2 b ,i 0  
to blame 9 us+ a by-"n in/ead ( ! real  
"n4 ,= he :o kill$ ,ar*ilo*us 9 battle 0
 nam$ ,calondas1 z !y say1 & _h ,corax =
 a surname4 ,he1 hav+ be5 fir/ driv5 out
 ( ! temple by ! ,py?ian prie/ess       
because he _h kill$ a man sacr$ to !    
,muses1 !n employ+ pray]s & entreaties )
 a /atem5t ( ! case 9 8 own             
ju/ification1 0 ord]$ to g to ! resid5ce
 ( ,tettix1#ej3a 9 ord] to propitiate ! 
s\l ( ,ar*ilo*us4 ,?is place 0          
,ta5>us2#ej3b = !re x is said t ,tettix 
! ,cretan arriv$ ) a fleet1 built a     
city1 & e/abli%$ himself h>d by ! oracle
 ( ! dead4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,sp>tans 7     
ord]$ by ! oracle to propitiate ! s\l ( 
,pausanias1 & !y s5t = necromanc]s f    
,italy1 :o by _! sacrifices drove !     
app>ition ( ,pausanias f ! temple4#ej3c 
#ah4 ,!re is !n1 said ,i1 "o c\rse (    
reason+ :i* confirms equally ! provid5ce

 ( ,god & ! cont9u$ life ( ! human s\l1 
& nei!r c rema9 cr$ible if ! o!r is tak5
 away4 ,b to ! s\l exi/+ aft] dea? !re  
is a /rong] probability t rew>ds &      
puni%m5ts are r5d]$1 ?an !re is t !y    
%\ld be fully r5d]$ 9 ?is life4#ea3a ,= 
dur+ ?is life ! s\l is1 l an a?lete1 9  
p]petual conflict2 b :5 ! conflict is   
ov]1 !n :at ! s\l has des]v$ is allott$ 
to x4 ,yet :atev] favors or :atev]      
*a/isem5ts ! s\l1 be+ !re by itself1    
receives1 are ( no conc]n to u liv+ "h1 
nay1 !y are disbeliev$ & !y are out ( ! 
field ( our k2 b ^! p5alties t pass on  
?r\gh *ildr5 & remot] po/]ity1 be+      
manife/ to m5 liv+ "h1 *eck & re/ra9 _m 
( ! wick$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no puni%m5t m
 %ameful or m sorr[ful ?an = m5 to see  
_! po/]ity suff]+ on _! acc\nt4 ,7 ! s\l
 ( an impi\s & lawless man to behold    
aft] dea?1 n 8 /atues ov]?r[n1 or any   
honors t he _h receiv$ cancell$1 b 8    
*ildr51 or fri5ds1 or k9dr$1 or family1 
suff]+ great mis=tunes & receiv+        
puni%m5t on 8 acc\nt1 su* a s\l w\ld n  

*oose aga9 to be deprav$ &              
pr(ligate1--no1 n ev5 to obta9 honors l 
^? :i* belong to ,zeus4 ,to %[ ?is ,i h 
a /ory to tell1 :i* ,i lately he>d2 b ,i
 hesitate1 le/ y may ?9k x a my?1 :ile  
,i want to conf9e myself to :at is      
reasonable4  ,d n hesitate by any means1
 said ,,olympicus1 b tell ! /ory4  ,!   
o!rs made ! same reque/4  ,!n1 said ,i1 
p]mit me to f9i% my reason+1 & aft]w>d  
we w take up ! my?1 if inde$ x be a my?4
  #ai4 ,bion#eb3a says t ,god 9 puni%+ !
 *ildr5 ( ! wick$ is m ridicul\s ?an a  
physician :o %\ld adm9i/] m$ic9e to a   
gr&son or a son = 8 gr&fa!r's or 8      
fa!r's illness4 ,b ! two ?+s are 9 "s   
respects unlike1 ?\gh 9 o!rs alike &    
simil>4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t "o p]son's 
be+ m$ically treat$ does n remove       
ano!r's illness1 nor is "o :o is suff]+ 
f oph?almia or f fev] reliev$ by see+   
ano!r p]son ano9t$ or pla/]$2 b !       
puni%m5ts ( ! wick$ are inflict$ 9 !    
sight ( all1 because x is ! (fice (     
ju/ice reasonably adm9i/]$ to re/ra9 "s 

by means ( ! p5alties endur$ by o!rs4 ,b
 ! po9t 9 :i* ,bion's comp>ison really  
applies to ! subject "u discussion      
escap$ 8 disc]nm5t4 ,:5 a man seiz$ ) a 
/ubborn1 b n necess>ily incurable       
illness1 yields up 8 body to ! disease  
by intemp]ance & effem9acy1 & dies 9    
consequ5ce1 if 8 son1 ?\gh n seem+ to be
 ill1 yet b>ely has a t5d5cy to ! same  
disease1 8 physician1 or k9sman1 or     
apo!c>y1 or judici\s ma/]1 putt+ him ^u 
a rigid diet1 tak+ f him /imulants1     
delicacies1 /rong dr9ks1 & opportunities
 = s5sual indulg5ce1 employ+ m$icam5ts  
cont9ually1 & discipl9+ 8 body by       
gymna/ic ex]cises1 excludes & expels !  
disease1 n suff]+ ! m9ute se$ ( a       
griev\s bodily affection to gr[ into an 
appreciable magnitude4 ,d we n ?us give 
our advice1 ?9k+ x fitt+ = ! *ildr5 (   
diseas$ fa!rs & mo!rs to take c>e (     
!mselves1 to be on _! gu>d1 & n to lose 
?\ght ( _! inh]it$ liability to disease1
 b promptly tak+ ! inborn malady 9 h&1  
to expel x at ! beg9n+1 :ile x is easily

 remov$ & has no fix$ seat8  ,?is is    
p]fectly true1 !y say4  ,y grant !n1 ,i 
cont9ue1 t we d1 n :at is absurd1 b :at 
is necess>y1--n :at is ridicul\s1 b :at 
is b5eficial1--:5 we prescribe gymna/ic 
ex]cises1 diet1 & m$ic9e = ! *ildr5 (   
epileptics1 or ( hypo*ondriacs1 or (    
suff]]s f ! g\t1 n because !y are ill1 b
 to prev5t !m f be+ ill4 ,= a body born 
( a diseas$ body is des]v+1 n inde$ (   
puni%m5t1 b ( m$ical treatm5t & (       
vigilance1 :i* if any "o sees fit to    
call ! puni%m5t ( timidity & feebl5ess1 
8 op9ion is ( no acc\nt4 ,if !n x is    
wor? our :ile to *]i% & to pres]ve !    
body born ( a diseas$ body1 ought we to 
p]mit ! cong5ital lik5ess ( wick$ness to
 spr+ up & come to gr[? 9 a "y "*1 & to 
wait till1 hav+ its issue 9 vici\s      
passions1 x becomes op5ly manife/1 &1 z 
,p9d> says1 displays ! malignant fruit (
 ! inmo/ s\l8  #bj4 ,9 ?is matt] ,god 9 
8 wisdom does n ev5 transc5d ! s5tim5t  
express$ by ,hesiod1#ed3a      8,f      
supp]s ( ! gods ! m>riage-b$            

,approa*1 & n f rites fun]eal10  imply+ 
t n only wick$ness or virtue1 b sadness1
 & happ9ess1 & all o!r prop]ties        
:atsoev]1 are transmitt$ f p>5ts1 s t ^?
 :o w\ld be responsible = br++ *ildr5   
into ! _w %\ld be *e]ful1 &             
sweet-temp]$1 & g5ial4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ! 
result ( ,hesiod's maxim nor ! "w (     
human wisdom1 b ( ,god1 to disc]n &     
discrim9ate lik5esses & diff]5ces1 be=e 
!y become conspicu\s by m5's fall+ ?r\gh
 ! =ce ( passion into great             
transgressions4 ,! "y ( be>s & wolves & 
monkeys1 inde$1 %[ at once _! inborn    
disposition1 )\t cov] or concealm5t4 ,b 
a man's nature1 con=m+ to cu/oms1       
op9ions1 & laws1 conceals :at 9 x is    
evil1 & (t5 imitates ! good1 9 su* a way
 z ei!r altoge!r to wipe (f & get rid ( 
! native plague-spot ( wick$ness1 or    
else to keep x long conceal$1 craftily  
veil+ itself & escap+ our notice1 s t we
 are sc>cely aw>e ( 8 depravity :5      
assail$ z ) a bl[ or /+ by successive   
in/ances ( 8 wrong-do+1--imag9+1 z is   

our wont1 t m5 become :olly unrighte\s  
:5 !y fir/ p]=m an unrighte\s act1 or   
lic5ti\s :5 !y fir/ gratify lu/         
unlawfully1 or c[>ds :5 !y fir/ flee f  
dang]1--a simplicity t may be comp>$ to 
"o's ?9k+ t ! /+s ( scorpions gr[ :5 !y 
fir/ use !m1 or t ! poison is g5]at$ 9  
vip]s at ! mom5t :5 !y bite4 ,no bad man
 becomes & fir/ appe>s bad at ! same "t2
 b "o has ! evil 9 him f ! beg9n+1 &    
puts x into practice1 avail+ himself (  
opportunity & ability1 ! ?ief 9 /eal+1 !
 tyrant 9 ex]cis+ despotic rule4 ,b ,god
 is n ignorant ( any man's disposition &
 nature1 inasmu* z he disc]ns ! s\l ev5 
m ?an ! body2 nor does he wait to puni% 
till viol5ce has be5 committ$ by ! h&s1 
effront]y utt]$ by ! voice1 or          
lascivi\sness actualiz$ 9 fle%ly de$4 ,=
 he does n av5ge himself on ! wrong-do] 
z himself suff]+ wrong1 nor is he angry 
) ! robb] z hav+ be5 himself robb$1 nor 
does he hate ! adult]] z injur$ 9 8 own 
honor2 b he (t5 puni%es be=eh& !        
adult]]s1 & ! av>ici\s1 & ! unrighte\s1 

to cure !m1 ?us remov+ guilt1 z         
physicians attempt to cure epilepsy1    
be=e ! fit seizes ! pati5t4  #ba4 ,we 7 
sc&aliz$ a little :ile ago because !    
puni%m5t ( ! wick$ is late & sl[2 yet n[
 we equally call ! ,div9e ,provid5ce 9  
"q1 because = "s x *ecks ! vici\s       
temp]am5t & disposition be=e !y become  
guilty2 leav+ x out ( m9d t ! pot5tial  
evil might be worse & m fe>ful ?an !    
crimes t are actually committ$1 & t :i* 
is conceal$1 ?an t :i* is 9 op5 view2 & 
unable to compreh5d ! reasons :y x is   
bett] to suff] "s to d wrong1 & to      
=e/all o!rs :o are also evilly          
dispos$1--j z m$ic9es are unsuitable =  
"s sick p]sons1 :ile !y are b5eficial to
 "s ev5 :o are n ill1 yet 9 a m p]il\s  
condition ?an ^? :o are4 ,nor d ! gods  
visit all ! transgressions ( ! fa!rs on 
! *ildr52 b if a good man is ! son ( a  
bad man1 z "o 9 s\nd heal? may be ! son 
( an invalid1 he is releas$ f ! p5alty  
due to 8 race1 z "o tak5 by adoption out
 ( a guilty family4 ,b = a y\? :o       

becomes con=m$ to ! lik5ess ( a deprav$ 
race1 x is c]ta9ly fitt+ t he %\ld      
receive ! puni%m5t ( guilt z a due      
h]itage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,antigonus 0 n   
puni%$ = ! s9s ( ,demetrius1#eg3a nor1  
to cite o!r cases ( bad m51 0 ,phyleus  
made to pay ! p5alty = ,augeas1#eg3b nor
 ,ne/or = ,neleus2#eg3c = !y1 ?\gh !    
*ildr5 ( bad m51 7 good m54 ,b z = ^? ^:
 nature loves & *]i%es ! inborn evil1   
ju/ice has its c\rse1 pursu+ ) p5alty ! 
s9ful lik5ess t is 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 z !  
w>ts & bir?-/a9s & freckles ( fa!rs1 n  
appe>+ 9 _! own *ildr51 crop out aga9 9 
! *ildr5 ( _! sons & daught]s2 z a c]ta9
 ,greek woman1 giv+ bir? to a black     
*ild1 :5 accus$ ( adult]y1 discov]$ t %e
 0 desc5d$ 9 ! f\r? g5]ation f an       
,ae?iopian2 z among ! *ildr5 ( ,py?o !  
,nisibian1 said to belong to !          
,sp>ti1#eh3a ! "o :o di$ lately bore !  
impress ( a spe> on 8 body1--a race-m>k 
aft] s _m ages ris+ & em]g+ z f ! dep?s 
( ! sea1--s n infrequ5tly e>li]         
g5]ations conceal & m]ge ance/ral habits

 & dispositions1 :ile aft]w>d & ?r\gh   
lat] g5]ations ! inh]it$ nature comes to
 fl[]1 & reproduces ! family t5d5cy to  
vice or to virtue4#eh3b  #bb4 ,aft] say+
 ^! ?+s1 ,i 0 sil5t4 ,b ,,olympicus1    
smil+1 said1--,we are n ready to express
 our p>t+ comm5dation ( y\r reason+1 le/
 we may seem fully satisfi$ ) y\r       
argum5ts1 & lose ! /ory4 ,:5 we h he>d  
t1 we w pron\nce our f9al s5t5ce4  ,!n  
,i spoke z foll[s3#ei3a--,!             
,solian1#ei3b ,!spesius1 an associate & 
fri5d ( t ,protog5es :o 0 "h ) u1#ei3c  
hav+ l$ a v dissipat$ life 9 8 y\?1 & 9 
a %ort "t squ&]+ 8 prop]ty1 = a :ile on 
acc\nt ( 8 impov]i%$ condition became   
desp]ately wick$1 &1 rep5t+ ( 8         
wa/efulness1 s\ght 9 evil ways to become
 ri* aga91 l ^? pr(ligates :o1 :5 !y h  
wives1 d n keep !m1 b aft] divorc+ !m   
endeavor to corrupt !m :5 !y are m>ri$  
to o!r m54 ,ab/a9+ f no?+ vile t promis$
 pleasure or pr(it1 he got toge!r 9 a   
%ort "t a prop]ty by no means l>ge1 & ! 
mo/ ample reputation = depravity4 ,b he 

0 mo/ widely kn[n 9 connection ) a c]ta9
 response t 0 br\ght f ! oracle (       
,amphilo*us4#fj3a ,he s5t ?i!r1 x is    
said1 to ask ! god :e!r he %\ld be bett]
 (f#fj3b = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,! reply 0 t 
he w\ld d bett] aft] he di$4 ,& ?is ev5t
 9 "s sort happ5$ to him n long aft]w>d4
 ,fall+ f a precipice & /rik+ 8 neck on 
! gr\nd1 receiv+ no w\nd1 b only a %ock1
 he became z "o dead1 & ! ?ird day _h   
already arriv$ = 8 fun]al4 ,b !n1 be+   
sudd5ly ar\s$ f 8 swoon & return+ to    
himself1 he made an incr$ible *ange 9 8 
mann] ( life2 = ! ,cilicians "k ( no o!r
 p]son 9 8 "t m hone/ ?an he 9 keep+ 8  
engagem5ts1 m religi\sly dev\t1 m       
resolutely ho/ile to 8 enemies1#fj3c or 
m loyal to 8 fri5ds1 s t ^? ab\t him    
want$ to "k ! cause ( ! *ange1 ?9k+ t   
su* a revolution 9 "o's habits c\ld n h 
tak5 place by *ance4 ,& !y 7 "r1 z he   
told 8 /ory to ,protog5es & to o!r      
equally intimate fri5ds4 ,:5 8 body     
became unconsci\s1 ! feel+ at fir/ 0 su*
 z a pilot w\ld h if he 7 hurl$ f 8 %ip 

into ! sea4 ,!n1 be+ some:at recov]$1 he
 seem$ to brea! ) entire fre$om1 & to   
look r\nd 9 e direction1 z if 8 s\l _h  
be5 a s+le op5 eye4 ,he saw no?+ t he _h
 ev] se5 be=e2 b he beheld imm5sely l>ge
 />s1 at va/ di/ances f "o ano!r1 emitt+
 a lu/re m>vell\s 9 t9t1 & %oot+ =?     
rays1 on :i* ! s\l 0 borne on ! light z 
9 a *>iot1 9 p]fect quietness1 easily & 
swiftly4  ,b--omitt+ ! great] "p ( :at  
he saw--he said t ! s\ls ( ! dy+ rose f 
b5ea? l fi]y bubbles ?r\gh ! p>t$ air4  
,!n1 ! bubbles gradually bur/+1 !y came 
=?1 hav+ a human =m1 b ( dim9utive size4
 ,b !y did n move alike2 = "s sprang =? 
) wond]ful agility1 & m\nt$ /raight     
upw>d1 :ile o!rs1 :irl+ r\nd 9 a circle 
l sp9dles1 t5d+ n[ d[nw>d & !n aga9     
upw>d1 7 borne ) a complicat$ & confus$ 
movem5t t c\ld h>dly be arre/$ ev5 9 a v
 long "t4 ,he did n1 inde$1 "k :o _m (  
^! s\ls 72 b see+ two or ?ree :om he    
recogniz$1 he tri$ to jo9 !m & talk )   
!m4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 nei!r he>d him1 nor 7 9 
possession ( _! "r m9d2 b1 dem5t$ & %y1 

%r9k+ f sight & t\*1 !y at fir/ flitt$  
r\nd by !mselves2 !n1 meet+ _m s\ls 9 ! 
same condition & m+l+ ) !m1 !y mov$ 9   
all directions )\t aim or purpose1 &    
gave utt]ance to in>ticulate s\nds l    
battle-cries m+l$ ) /ra9s ( lam5tation &
 t]ror4 ,o!rs f above1 9 ! z5i? ( !     
circumambi5t heav5s1 appe>$ refulg5t1 & 
(t5 approa*$ "o ano!r 9 a k9dly way1 yet
 avoid+ ^? tr\bl$ s\ls2 & !y seem$ to   
signify annoyance by %r9k+ )9 !mselves1 
& pleasure & approval by ! expansion &  
enl>gem5t ( ! =ms 9 :i* !y mov$4  ,among
 ^! he said t he saw ! s\l ( a k9sman ( 
81 yet at fir/ 0 n sure ( 8 id5tity1 z  
he himself 0 b a boy :5 ?is man di$2 b !
 s\l1 draw+ ne> him1 said1 8,hail1      
,!spesius40 ,:5 he m>vell$ at ?is1 &    
repli$ t 8 "n 0 n ,!spesius1 b          
,aridaeus1 ! s\l said1 8,x 0 ,aridaeus1 
b f h5ce=? x is ,!spesius2#fb3a = y are 
n yet dead2 b by a c]ta9 allotm5t ( !   
gods y come hi!r ) y\r p]ceptive        
faculties1 :ile y h left ! re/ ( y\r    
s\l1 l an an*or1 9 y\r body4 ,let x be a

 tok5 ( ?is to y1 bo? n[ & h]eaft]1 t ! 
s\ls ( ! dead nei!r ca/ a %ad[ nor      
w9k40#fc3a  ,!spesius on he>+ ?is became
 m self-collect$ 9 m9d1 &1 tak+ a clos] 
look1 he saw t !re mov$ along ) him a   
c]ta9 dim & %ad[y l9e1 :ile ^? ab\t him 
7 surr\nd$ ) light1 & transp>5t )94     
,h[ev]1 !y 7 n all equally s4 ,"s1      
inde$1 l ! cle>e/ full moon1 emitt$     
cont9u\sly a uni=m & unflick]+ light2 b 
( ! o!rs1 "s _h _! bodies /reak$ ) :at  
look$ l scales & flabby sc\rge-m>ks2 "s 
7 v mu* discolor$1 & disgu/+ to ! sight1
 l snakes br&$ all ov] ) black spots2 & 
o!rs1 /ill1 _h slight sc>s4 ,! k9sman ( 
,!spesius 7= !re is no?+ to =bid "o's   
giv+ human titles to disembodi$ s\ls71  
expla9+ ^! appe>ances "o by "o1 told him
 t ,adra/eia1 daught] ( ,necessity#fc3b 
& ,zeus1 holds ! highe/ place ( all1    
orda9+ puni%m5t = wrong-do+s ( e k9d1 & 
t ( ! guilty !re 0 nev] ei!r great or   
small t c\ld escape h]1 :e!r by craft or
 by =ce4 ,b a diff]5t mode ( puni%m5t is
 assign$ to ea* ( ! ?ree cu/odians &    

executive m9i/]s t h ! guilty 9 *>ge4 ,!
 fir/ ( ^!1 swift ,po5a1#fd3a takes 9 h&
 ^? :o are puni%$ at once :ile 9 ! body 
& by means ( _! bodies1 yet 9 a some:at 
mild way1 & pass+ ov] _m ?+s t ne$      
cleans+4 ,^? ! cure ( ^: guilt is a     
heavi] task ! ,deity gives ov] aft] dea?
 to ,dice4#fd3b ,b z = ^? :om %e rejects
 z utt]ly incurable1 ,er9nys1#fd3c !    
?ird & /]ne/ ( ,adra/eia's subord9ate   
m9i/]s1 *as+ !m z !y w&] & flee 9       
diff]5t directions1 removes !m all f    
sight 9 mis]y & wret*$ness1 & plunges !m
 into a de/9y too horrible to be told or
 se54 ,( ! o!r *a/isem5ts1 he comp>$ t (
 ,po5a 9 ! e>?ly life to c]ta9 modes (  
puni%m5t practis$ by b>b>ians4 ,= z     
among ! ,p]sians !y /rip (f & beat !    
clo!s & ! turbans ( ^? t are            
puni%$1#fd3d :ile ! culprits beg ) te>s 
t ! sc\rge may be laid aside1--s        
puni%m5t by loss ( weal? or by bodily   
suff]+ has n an int5sely p5etrat+ p[]1  
nor does x lay hold on ! guilt 9 its own
 int]ior seat1 b is inflict$ g5]ally =  

appe>ance's sake1 & to make an          
impression on ! bodily s5ses4#fe3a ,b   
him :o comes hi!r f ^! puni%m5ts        
uncorrect$ & uncleans$ ,dice takes 9 h&1
 op5 & nak$ z he is 9 s\l1 hav+ no?+    
:]eby to conceal or hide or cov] 8      
depravity1 b beheld 9 e direction & by  
all & 9 8 entire selfhood1 & %[s him    
fir/ to 8 good p>5ts1 if good !y are1 z 
be+ despicable to 8 prog5itors & unwor?y
 ( !m4 ,if !y too are bad1 he1 see+ !m  
puni%$1 & be+ se5 by !m1 is releas$ only
 aft] hav+ long expiat$ e "o ( 8 crimes 
by pa9s & suff]+s :i* 9 magnitude &     
sev]ity exce$ ^? :i* come ?r\gh ! body  
alone1 z mu* z reality is m sub/antial  
?an a dream4 ,b ! sc>s & sc\rge-m>ks    
aft] puni%m5t rema9 9 "s m conspicu\s2 9
 o!rs1 less s4 8,see10 said he1 8^?     
motley colors ( e k9d 9 ! s\ls1--t d>k &
 squalid dye1 ! pigm5t ( meanness &     
av>ice1--t blood-r$ & fi]y hue1 (       
cruelty & bitt]ness2 :]e !re is a blui% 
t9t1 intemp]ate indulg5ce 9 s5sual      
pleasure has z yet h>dly be5 rubb$ (f2  

:ile ! malevol5ce t is unit$ ) envy     
dis*>ges t violet-color$ & ulc]\s       
secretion1 z ! cuttle-fi% emits 8 ink4  
,=1 z on ! e>? ! wick$ness ( ! s\l      
controll$ by ! passions1 :ile ! s\l     
controls ! body1 produces c]ta9 %ades ( 
complexion1 s "h su* t9ts m>k ! la/ /age
 ( ! process ( cleans+ & correction1 by 
:i*1 ! evil affections be+ altoge!r     
expell$1 ! s\l becomes ( cle> complexion
 & ( a uni=m color4 ,b s long z ^! evil 
affections rema9 9 a man1 c]ta9 revivals
 ( ! passions take place1 accompani$ by 
palpitation & excitem5t1 9 "s s\ls      
slight & soon qu5*$1 9 o!rs int5sely    
/rong4 ,( ^! la/ "s1 puni%$ aga9 & aga91
 at l5g? atta9 a suitable habit &       
disposition2 b o!rs by ! =ce ( ignorance
 & ! fasc9ation ( s5sual pleasure are   
c>ri$ back e>?w>d into ! bodies ( bea/s4
 ,= !y are incl9$ to seek ?is new & l[] 
bir? by ! pr$om9ance ( ! physical       
t5d5cy1 :ile reason is feeble1 & _!     
m5tal vision dull4 ,hav+ 9 _! spiritual 
/ate no long] ! organs requisite =      

vici\s indulg5ce1 !y /ill crave to      
satisfy _! desires by s5sual pleasure1 &
 to give !m full play by means ( a      
body4#ff3a ,"h1 inde$1 !re is no?+ b a  
c]ta9 fruitless %ad[ & dream ( s5sual   
pleasure :i* has no realization40  ,:5 !
 fri5d ( ,!spesius _h ?us spok51 he l$  
him rapidly to a c]ta9 place t appe>$   
imm5se1 t[>d :i* he mov$ directly &     
easily1 transport$ on light-beams z on  
w+s1--until1 com+ to a l>ge & deep      
cav]n1 he 0 des]t$ by ! =ce t _h borne  
him1 & he saw o!r s\ls !re 9 a l        
condition4 ,clu/]+ toge!r l birds1 !y   
flew r\nd ! *asm 9 a circle1 b did n d>e
 to cross x4 ,)91 x resembl$ ! caves (  
,bac*us1#fg3a l !m div]sifi$ ) b\ghs (  
trees1 & liv+ gre51 & fl[]s ( e hue2 & x
 exhal$ a s(t & mild breeze1 waft+ up   
odors ( wond]ful sweetness1 & produc+ an
 effect simil> to t :i* w9e has on ^? :o
 dr9k x freely4 ,! s\ls fill$ ) ^! sweet
 p]fumes 7 dissolv$ 9 mir?1 & kept      
embrac+ "o ano!r1 & jollity & laught]1 &
 e ,muse ( sport & gladness1 _h         

possession ( ! place all ar\nd4 ,! _s   
said t by ?is op5+ ,dionysus#fg3b w5t up
 to ! gods1 & aft]w>d l$ ,semele up by !
 same way1 & t ! place is call$         
,le!4#fh3a ,he did n suff] ,!spesius to 
rema9 !re1 ?\gh he want$ to /ay1 b took 
him away by =ce1 tea*+ him at ! same "t1
 & tell+ him h[ ! m9d is melt$ & soak$  
by s5sual pleasure1 :ile ! unreason+ &  
body-l "p ( ! s\l1 be+ ?us n\ri%$ & made
 fle%ly1 calls up ! remembrance ( !     
body1 & f t remembrance wakes a desire &
 long+ t draw x t[>d ano!r bir?1 or     
g5esis1#fh3b :i* is s call$ z be+ an    
incl9ation t[>d ! e>? 9 ! s\l t is ?us  
weigh$ d[n & wat]-logg$4 ,!n1 pass+ 9   
ano!r direction by z long a r\te z t    
previ\sly trav]s$1 ,!spesius seem$ to   
see f af> a va/ bas91 & riv]s p\r+ into 
x1 "o :it] ?an ! sea-foam or sn[1 ano!r 
purple l t :i* ,iris pa9ts on ! ra9b[1  
o!rs /ill ) v>i\s t9ts1 :i*1 z beheld f 
a di/ance1 _h ea* its own peculi> lu/re4
 ,b :5 he drew ne>1 ! circumambi5t air  
be+ m r>efi$ & ! colors fad+1 ! bas9 lo/

 all ( its surpass+ beauty except its   
:it5ess4 ,he !n saw ?ree daemons sitt+  
toge!r 9 a triangle1 mix+ ! riv]s ) "o  
ano!r 9 c]ta9 proportions4  ,! _s-guide 
( ,!spesius told him1 t ,orpheus advanc$
 ?us f> :5 he 0 seek+ 8 wife's s\l1 &1  
fail+ 9 memory1 c>ri$ back to m5 a false
 report t !re 0 9 ,delphi an oracle t 0 
! common prop]ty ( ,apollo & ,night1    
:ile 9 fact ,night has no?+ 9 common )  
,apollo4 8,b ! oracle "h10 said ! _s1   
8is common to ,night & ! ,moon1 hav+ no 
e>?ly limits1 b w&]+ ev]y:]e among m5 9 
visions & spectres4 ,f ?is are disp]s$  
dreams1 m+l$1 z y see1 bl5d+ ! simple & 
! true ) ! false & ! grotesque4 ,b y d n
 see10 said he1 8! oracle ( ,apollo1 nor
 c y see x2 = ! e>?ly "p ( y\r s\l _c   
release or loose itself = an upw>d      
flight1 b t5ds d[nw>d z n yet :olly     
undeta*$ f ! body40 ,at ! same "t1 8    
guide1 lead+ him on1 attempt$ to %[ him 
! tripod1 %9+ ^u ,p>nassus ?r\gh ! bosom
 ( ,!mis2#fi3a yet1 ?\gh he want$ to see
 x1 he c\ld get no di/9ct view ( x      

because ( its int5se brilliancy4 ,b1 9  
pass+1 he he>d ! %rill voice ( a woman1 
utt]+ 9 rhy?m among o!r ?+s :at s\nd$ to
 him l ! pr$iction ( ! "t ( 8 own dea?4 
,! _s said t x 0 ! voice ( a            
,sibyl1#fi3b :o1 borne r\nd on ! face ( 
! moon1 sang ( ?+s to come4 ,!n he1 :ile
 he wi%$ to he> m1 0 =cibly driv51 z on 
successive eddies1 9 a direction        
opposite to t 9 :i* ! moon 0 ru%+ on h] 
c\rse4 ,b among ! pr$ictions :i* he     
caught 9 pass+ 0 "o ab\t ,vesuvius1#gj3a
 & ab\t ! de/ruction ( ,dicae>*ia#gj3b  
by fire1 & also a scrap ( v]se ab\t ! !n
 reign+ ,emp]or1#gj3c--      8,good ?\gh
 he be1 disease %all soon de?rone him40 
,aft] ?is1 !y turn$ to ! inspection ( ^?
 und]go+ puni%m5t1 & inde$ f ! v outset 
!y _h only m\rnful & pitiable           
spectacles4 ,!spesius1 )\t expect+ x1   
happ5$ among fri5ds & k9sm5 & associates
 "u puni%m5t1 :o 9 horrible suff]+1 & "u
 p5alties equally %ameful & pa9ful1     
address$ to him _! lam5tations & wail+s4
  ,at l5g? 8 eyes fell on 8 own fa!r1   

com+ up f an abyss1 cov]$ ) sc>s &      
sc\rge-m>ks1 /ret*+ out 8 h&s to him1 & 
n p]mitt$ to keep sil5ce1 b =c$ by ^?   
presid+ ov] 8 puni%m5t to confess 8     
blood-guilt9ess 9 ! case ( c]ta9 gue/s (
 8 :o _h money1 & :om he _h kill$ by    
poison4 ,!re1 on e>?1 he _h conceal$ !  
de$ f all2 b be+ "h convict$1 he 0 n[   
endur+ su* suff]+s z 8 son saw1 & !y 7  
lead+ him :]e he w\ld suff] /ill m4 ,f  
amazem5t & dread1 ,!spesius d>$ n (f]   
supplication or int]cession = 8 fa!r2 & 
desir+ to return & flee1 he no long] saw
 8 g5tle & famili> guide4 ,b1 =c$ =w>d  
by c]ta9 fe>ful-look+ be+s1 z if x 7    
necess>y = him to advance1 he saw t !   
%ades ( ^? :o _h be5 op5ly wick$ or :o  
_h be5 puni%$ 9 ?is _w 7 n s sev]ely    
dealt ) z o!rs1 nor 9 ! same way1 hav+  
be5 made aimlessly & slavi%ly vici\s by 
! unreason+ & passion-driv5 elem5t ( !  
s\l2 :ile z = su* z _h liv$ all _! days 
9 secret vice1 disguis$ "u ! pret5ce &  
reputation ( virtue1 o!rs /&+ r\nd !m1 z
 m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 compell$ !m ) toil &  

pa9 to make ! s\l's int]ior out]mo/1 :i*
 !y did1 wriggl+ & twi/+ !mselves 9     
unnatural ways1 z ! sea-polyps1 :5 !y h 
swall[$ ! hook1 turn !mselves inside    
out4 ,"s ( !m ! torm5tors flay$1 & !n   
laid !m op51 %[+ !m inw>dly ulc]at$ &   
sc>r$ ) ! depravity 9 _! m9ds & 9 !     
gov]n+ pr9ciples ( _! lives4 ,!spesius  
said t he saw o!r s\ls int]wrea!d l     
vip]s1 two1 ?ree1 or m toge!r1 & dev\r+ 
"o ano!r f rememb]$ enmity & ill w = :at
 !y _h suff]$ or done 9 life4  ,!re 7   
also lakes ly+ side by side1 "o ( boil+ 
gold1 "o ( lead int5sely cold1 ano!r (  
r\gh iron2 & c]ta9 daemons1 l           
metal-work]s1 ) _! in/rum5ts took up &  
?ru/ 9 ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h be5 guilty     
?r\gh gre$ & cupidity4 ,:5 9 ! gold !y  
_h become fi]y & transp>5t by burn+1 ^! 
daemons plung$ !m into ! lake ( lead2 & 
:5 !y _h !re become froz5 l hail1 !y 7  
transf]r$ to ! lake ( iron4 ,!re !y 7   
made horribly black1 & 7 s fractur$ &   
bruis$ by ! h>dness ( ! iron1 z to look 
l diff]5t be+s2 & !n 9 ?is de=m$        

condition !y 7 c>ri$ aga9 to ! lake (   
gold1 endur+ int5se torm5t 9 ^!         
successive transportations4 ,b ^? suff]$
 mo/ horribly ( all :o ?\ght t !y _h be5
 at l5g? releas$ f ! h&s ( ju/ice1 yet  
:o 7 aga9 appreh5d$ = fre% puni%m5t4 ,^!
 7 !y ! puni%m5t ( ^: guilt pass$ on to 
"s ( _! *ildr5 or desc5dants4 ,:5 "o (  
^! comes & meets !m1 he falls ^u !m )   
ang]1 & cries out aga9/ !m1 %[+ ! tok5s 
( 8 suff]+s1 revil+ & pursu+ ! s\ls t   
long to escape & hide1 yet are unable s 
to d2 = ! m9i/]s ( ju/ice run aft] !m to
 subject !m to fre% *a/isem5t1 & pu% !m 
on1 :ile !y f ! beg9n+ lam5t bitt]ly1   
well kn[+ ! puni%m5t t awaits !m4 ,he   
said too t "s1 inde$ _m1 ( ! s\ls ( !   
desc5dants ( bad m5 clu/]$ toge!r1      
su/a9$ 9 ?is po/ure l bees or bats1 &   
v5t+ 9 %rieks _! indignation at !       
remembrance ( :at !y _h suff]$ on acc\nt
 ( _! p>5ts or ance/ors4  ,la/ ( all1 he
 saw ! s\ls de/9$ to a second bir?1 by  
ma9 =ce1 b5t & trans=m$ into all sorts (
 bea/s by artific]s :o fa%ion$ !m by    

appropriate tools & by bl[s z ^u an     
anvil1 compress+ all _! p>ts1 rev]s+ "s1
 plan+ d[n "s1 & utt]ly de/roy+ "s1 s z 
to fit !m = habits & modes ( life o!r   
?an human4 ,among ^! appe>$ ! s\l (     
,n]o1 hav+ already endur$ o!r torm5ts1 &
 n[ pi]c$ ) r$-hot nails4 ,! artific]s  
_h tak5 ?is s\l 9 h&1 & giv5 x ! =m (   
,p9d>'s vip]1#gc3a a =m 9 :i* ! creature
 aft] be+ conceiv$ eats its way to life 
?r\gh its "m's b[els2 :51 z ,!spesius   
said1 a light sudd5ly %one =?1 & f !    
light came a voice comm&+ t he %\ld be  
trans=m$ into ano!r m g5tle brute1--"o (
 ^? croak+ creatures t burr[ ab\t swamps
 & ponds2#gc3b = ?\gh he _h be5 puni%$ =
 8 wrong-do+s1 yet some?+ ( m]cy 0 due  
to him f ! gods1 because he _h          
emancipat$ ! ,greeks1#gd3a ( all 8      
subjects ! be/ race & de>e/ to ! gods4  
,?us f> ,!spesius saw2 b :5 he 0 ab\t to
 return to ! e>?1 he 0 9 utt] desp]ation
 ?r\gh t]ror4 ,= a c]ta9 woman1 (       
m>vell\s =m & /ature1 lay+ hold ( him1  
said1 8,come hi!r1 t y may rememb] ^!   

?+s ! bett]10 & %e 0 ab\t to /rike him )
 a r$-hot w& su* z ! encau/ic pa9t]s    
use1 :5 ano!r woman prev5t$ h]4 ,!n he1 
z if sudd5ly =c$ ?r\gh a tube by an     
int5sely /rong & p[]ful w9d1 alight$ on 
8 own body1 & awoke h>d by 8 own tomb4  
,,footnotes3  #a3a ,a "n probably *os5 =
 ?is retreat+ collocutor because !      
dialogue is anti-,epicurean 9 its dogmas
 & its _s1 & ! suppos$ argum5ts to be   
refut$ 7 !re=e su* z an ,epicurean w\ld 
h urg$4 ,epicurus d5i$ ! ,div9e         
,provid5ce1 & ma9ta9$ t ! gods did n    
conc]n !mselves ) human affairs4  #a3b  
,"s comm5tators suppose ?is to be !     
second "p ( a dialogue1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p 
is lo/4 ,b x is m probable t ! read] is1
 = dramatic effect1 introduc$ into !    
mid/ ( a prep>$ sc5e4 ,?is 0 n an       
uncommon device 9 ! philosophical       
dialogues t h come d[n to u f e>ly "t4  
,plato1 ,cic]o1 & ,lucian furni%        
in/ances ( x1 & two o!r ( ,plut>*'s     
dialogues beg9 9 a simil> way4 ,c9ius is
 a "n t occurs n[h]e else4 ,a purely    

conjectural em5dation ( a s+le lett]    
w\ld give u ! bett] kn[n "n1 ,qu9tus4 ,!
 sc5e ( ?is dialogue is ! temple (      
,apollo at ,delphi1--! temple 9 :i*     
,plut>* (ficiat$ z prie/4  #b3a         
,plut>*'s son-9-law4  #b3b ,plut>*'s    
bro!r4  #b3c ,! figure by :i* argum5ts  
are call$ spe>s or javel9s1 & are said  
to be hurl$ :5 utt]$--9 itself n        
unnatural--occurs frequ5tly 9 ! anci5t  
classics4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ au!ntic         
d]ivation ( ! ,lat9 dic]e1 to speak1 is 
f ! ,greek 1 to hurl4 ,! ,fr5* ^w trait 
(f]s an analogy 9 po9t4  #b3d ,brasidas1
 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,sp>tan g5]al1 & ! lead]
 ( ! ,sp>tan =ces1 9 ! e>li] "p ( !     
,peloponnesian w>1 0 sla9 ne>           
,amphipolis1 at ! mom5t ( victory4      
,cleon1 ! ,a!nian g5]al1 0 kill$ at !   
same "t4 ,! incid5t ref]r$ to 9 ! text  
has no record 9 hi/ory2 b a s*olia/ on  
,ari/ophanes says t ,cleon & ,brasidas  
kill$ ea* o!r1 ref]r+ probably to !     
tradition t !y bo? 7 kill$ by ,cleon's  
spe>4  #c3a ,a v]se f ! ,ore/es1--!     

reply ( ,ore/es :5 ask$ :e!r ,apollo    
w\ld give him no assi/ance 9 8 tr\bles4 
#c3b ,9 a spee* ( ,cleon 9 favor ( !    
slaught] ( ! m5 & ! enslavem5t ( ! wom5 
& *ildr5 ( ,mytil5e1 = ! attempt to     
release !mselves f ! sway ( ! ,a!nians4 
#d3a ,"o ( ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece1 z  
also ( ! small] numb] ( f\r to :om alone
 ! possession ( pre-em95t wisdom 0      
ascrib$ by "s au?orities4 ,he is said to
 h be5 ! au?or ( ! selfi% maxim1 t "o   
%\ld love 8 fri5ds z if he 7 at "s      
future "t go+ to hate !m4  #d3b         
,ari/ocrates1 k+ ( ,or*om5us 9 ,arcadia1
 jo9$ ! ,mess5ians 9 w> aga9/ ,sp>ta1 & 
0 brib$ by ! ,lac$aemonians to betray 8 
allies 9 ! battle ( ,taphrus4 ,_m ye>s  
aft]w>d1 8 trea*]y became kn[n1 & he 0  
/on$ to dea? by 8 own subjects4  #d3c   
,!re is no hi/orical ve/ige ( ?is       
transaction1 or ( ! k+ implicat$ 9 x4 ,!
 sc5e ( ! /ory 0 probably ,or*om5us 9   
,boeotia1 & ,plut>*1 z a ,boeotian1 w\ld
 naturally h be5 famili> ) *apt]s (     
local hi/ory too remote 9 "t or too     

insignificant to h left any p]man5t     
record4  #e3a ,probably1 if n ,lyciscus1
 ^? implicat$ ) him 9 8 crime took      
refuge 9 ,a!ns1 & _m ye>s aft]w>d1 at "s
 crisis :i* creat$ sup]/iti\s al>m1 _!  
bodies 7 dis9t]r$ & transport$ beyond ! 
limits ( ! /ate1--a n unusual mode (    
lu/ration 9 ! e>ly "t4  #e3b ,?is is f a
 lo/ trag$y4  #f3a ,?is "n occurs z t ( 
an int]locutor 9 "o ( ! ,symposiacs4    
#g3a ,! ref]5ce "h is1 und\bt$ly1 to an 
hexamet] v]se f "s unkn[n poet1 quot$ by
 ,sextus ,empiricus 9 ! ?ird c5tury3--  
1   4      8,! mills ( ! gods gr9d late1
 b !y gr9d f9e40  #g3b 1 evid5tly mean+ 
,plut>*4  #g3c ,i d\bt :e!r !re is      
ref]5ce "h to e ?ird wave z hav+ a full]
 fl[4 ,timon1 ?\gh incl9$ at ! outset to
 ! o!r side1 is repres5t$ z s affect$ by
 ! argum5ts ( ,patrocleas & ,olympicus t
 he is prep>$ to make a ?ird spee* aga9/
 ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 yet is will+ to   
yield place to 8 bro!r2 & ! spee* :i*   
,plut>* sup]s$es is ! ?ird wave4  #h3a  
,9 "s poem n n[ extant4  #i3a ,we h     

evid5ce f o!r s\rces t ! ,sp>tans 7     
accu/om$ to %ave ! upp] lip1 & 9 ,sp>ta 
cu/om & law 7 id5tical4  #i3b ,slaves   
might be manumitt$ 9 ,rome by hav+ _!   
names inscrib$ on ! roll ( taxable      
citiz5s ) p]mission ( _! ma/]s1 9 :i*   
case !y mu/ h be5 possess$ ( "s         
peculium1--prop]ty ( _! own e>n+ or giv5
 !m by _! ma/]s4 ,!y might also be made 
free by w4 ,b ! olde/ mode ( manumission
 is t "h ref]r$ to4 ,! slave 0 br\ght   
be=e ! magi/rate1 ^: lictor laid a rod  
or w& on 8 head1 aft] :i* c]emony ! ma/]
 pron\nc$ him free4  #i3c ,9 ?is1 :i* 0 
"o ( sev]al modes 9 :i* wills 7 made 9  
,rome1 ! te/ator made a fictiti\s sale (
 8 prop]ty to a fri5d1 :o receiv$ 8     
in/ructions z to ! disposal ( x4 ,!     
p]son ?us made ! pur*as] fill$ v mu* !  
place t ) u is held by ! executor ( a w4
  #aj3a ,solon's !ory 01 t neutrality 9 
a di/urb$ condition ( ! /ate indicat$   
ei!r indiff]5ce to ! public well-be+ or 
! mo/ sordid selfi%ness2 :ile s$ition   
might be sometimes ju/ifiable1 & at !   

wor/ 0 n inconsi/5t ) hone/y ( purpose4 
#aj3b ,! 8h>bor or refuge0 is man's     
inevitable ignorance ( ,div9e ?+s1 :i*  
is (t5 a suffici5t answ] = d\bts or     
objections :i* man _c solve or refute4  
#aa3a ,f an unkn[n poet4  #ab3a ,a      
trag$ian1 ( :om only a few fragm5ts are 
pres]v$4  #ab3b ,?is :ole section looks 
almo/ l a p>aphrase ( ,/4 ,paul's       
exhortation3 8,be ye k9d1 t5d]-he>t$1   
=giv+ "o ano!r1 ev5 z ,god = ,*ri/'s    
sake ha? =giv5 y4 ,be ye !re=e foll[]s (
 ,god1 z de> *ildr52 & walk 9 love40    
#ad3a 1 f 1 to turn4 ,our phrase turn ( 
m9d virtually d5otes a *ange1 i4 e4 a   
direction ( m9d n native or normal4     
#ad3b 1 habit4 ,habits are n native1 b  
always imply a *ange f a previ\s /ate 9 
:i* !y _h n begun to be4  #ad3c ,a man 9
 ! upp] "p ( 8 body2 9 ! l[]1 a dragon4 
#ad3d ,gelon fir/ obta9$ ! sov]eignty ( 
,gela 9 ,sicily1 by sett+ aside ! m9or  
sons ( ! late k+1 ( :om he _h be5       
appo9t$ gu>dian4 ,he subsequ5tly avail$ 
himself ( diss5sions 9 ,syracuse1 to    

obta9 ! sov]eignty ( t city1 :i* rose to
 great prosp]ity & weal? "u 8 reign4    
#ad3e ,hi]on 0 ! bro!r & successor (    
,gelon1 :o left an infant son4 ,"s      
acc\nts say t he assum$ ! sov]eignty 9 8
 nephew's "n1 & reta9$ x z 9 8 own "r4  
,he 0 tyrannical 9 8 rule1 b 0          
successful 9 w>1 & 0 di/+ui%$ = 8       
patronage ( lit]ature & ( le>n$ m54     
,aes*ylus & ,p9d> 7 among 8 invit$ &    
p]man5t gue/s4  #ae3a ,peisi/ratus      
obta9$ supreme p[] 9 ,a!ns no less ?an  
?ree times1 & always by intrigue &      
viol5ce4 ,b 8 adm9i/ration 0 wise &     
b5efic5t4 ,he enri*$ ,a!ns ) sev]al ( ! 
mo/ co/ly & ta/eful public edifices4 ,he
 0 a lib]al patron ( lett]s4 ,he settl$ 
! poor ( ! city 9 ! outly+ di/ricts (   
,attica1 & laid ! f\ndation = !         
agricultural prosp]ity ( ! /ate4  #ae3b 
,?is treaty c\ld h _h only a tempor>y   
effect2 = at a subsequ5t p]iod we read (
 two hundr$ *ildr5 be+ burn$ at ! %r9e (
 ,cronus 9 ,c>?age1 z a propitiatory    
sacrifice :5 a successor ( ,gelon appe>$

 9 arms be=e ! city4 ,9 ! ,hebrew       
,scriptures we le>n t ?is p>ticul> =m ( 
human sacrifice 0 l>gely practis$ by !  
,canaanites1--! /ock ( :i* ! ,pho5icians
 :o settl$ ,c>?age 7 an (f%oot4  #ae3c  
,lydiades rose f an obscure condition to
 a despotic sov]eignty ov] ,megalopolis1
 & probably ) little scruple z to !     
means ( elevation2 b1 becom+ conv9c$ t x
 0 = ! int]e/ ( ! city to jo9 ! ,a*aean 
league z a free /ate1 he abdicat$ !     
cr[n1 & 0 *os5 comm&] ( ! =ces ( !      
republic ?us con/itut$4 ,he di$ 9       
battle4  #af3a ,we are rem9d$ "h ( !    
/anza 9 ,byron's song3--      8,! tyrant
 ( ! ,*]sonese        ,0 fre$om's be/ & 
brave/ fri5d2      ,t tyrant 0          
,miltiades4        ,o t ! pres5t h\r    
might s5d      ,ano!r despot ( ! k9d6   
,su* *a9s z 8 7 sure to b9d40  #af3b    
,elp9ice1 ^: fir/ husb& 0 ,cimon1 0 8   
fa!r's daught]2 b !y _h diff]5t mo!rs4  
,9 ! e>li] ages1 = obvi\s reasons1 k9dr$
 0 reckon$ only on ! "m's side1 & !     
int]m>riage ( ! *ildr5 ( ! same fa!r &  

diff]5t mo!rs 0 legal1 & n unusual4 ,we 
f9d traces ( ! lawfulness ( su* m>riages
 9 ,hebrew hi/ory z late z ! "t (       
,david4 ,cimon's m>riage 0 probably     
lawful2 b public s5tim5t _h !n advanc$ s
 f> z to r5d] su* a union discr$itable1 
if n absolutely infam\s4 ,x is wor?y (  
rem>k "h t ! ,greek names = bro!r &     
si/]1  & 1 9 _! d]ivation & orig9al use 
d5ote a relation on ! "m's side alone4  
#af3c ,! /ories t h come d[n to u ( !   
riot\s liv+1 recklessness1 & debau*]y ( 
,!mi/ocles z a "y man almo/ transc5d    
belief4 ,x is relat$ ( him t he 0 once  
drawn 9 a c>riage ?r\gh ! ?rong$        
m>ket-place by f\r %ameless wom5 h>ness$
 l horses4  #ag3a 1 ,artemisium4 ,! fir/
 naval battle betwe5 ! ,grecian =ces &  
,x]xes 0 f\ght (f ,artemisium4          
,!mi/ocles comm&$ ! ,a!nian portion ( ! 
fleet1 & ! spl5did victory 0 ascrib$1 9 
great "p1 to 8 skill & pr[ess4  #ag3b ,f
 ,p9d>1--commemorative ( ?is battle4    
#ah3a ,be=e ,dionysius ! eld] obta9$ !  
undisput$ sov]eignty ( ,syracuse1       

,sicily _h be5 deva/at$ by !            
,c>?ag9ians1 & sev]al ( its *ief cities 
de/roy$4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1 !     
,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 aft] a successful     
campaign1 (f]$ him t]ms ( peace1 solely 
because 8 own army _h suff]$ sev]ely f  
pe/il5ce4 ,b 9 subsequ5t w>s ,dionysius 
repeat$ly defeat$ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 &1     
:atev] 8 dem]its1 he rais$ 8 k+dom to a 
high degree ( prosp]ity1 & r5d]$ x      
attractive to ! emigrants :om !         
ov]-peopl$ ,greek cities 7 con/antly    
s5d+ to e region :]e ,greek ent]prise1  
g5ius1 & skill c\ld hope = recognition &
 rew>d4  #ai3a ,p]i&] 0 ! tyrant (      
,cor9? 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,8  
hi/ory is obscure2 b ! traditions )     
reg>d to him relate _m acts ( viol5ce & 
cruelty1 & also v great mis=tunes1 & 8  
dome/ic life 0 ov]%ad[$ equally by crime
 & by mis]y4 ,! ?ree places nam$ 9 ?is  
s5t5ce 7 e>ly ,cor9?ian colonies1 & !y  
may h be5 settl$ by ,p]i&]'s ent]prise1 
or may h be5 places ( refuge f 8 caprice
 & oppression4  #ai3b ,! isl& (         

,leucadia 0 a p59sula 9 ,hom]'s "t1 & 0 
probably /ill s :5 ! ,cor9?ian colony 0 
e/abli%$4  #ai3c ,alex&] de/roy$ ,!bes2 
tw5ty ye>s aft]w>d ,cass&] rebuilt x4   
,plut>* v probably ref]s to ! tradition 
t ,cass&] poison$ ,alex&]4 ,n t he 0    
free f o!r und\bt$ crimes2 = 8 :ole life
 0 m>k$ by sporadic acts ( viol5ce4 ,he 
_c be said to h receiv$ any specific    
puni%m5t2 b he 0 kept 9 p]petual        
h>assm5t by ! qu>rels among ! successors
 ( ,alex&]4  #ai3d ,t is1 ?is temple (  
,delphi1 ! sc5e ( ! dialogue4  #bj3a ,9 
! ,phocian w> two ,phocian lead]s ) _!  
associates seiz$ ! treasure deposit$ 9 !
 temple at ,delphi1 & us$ x to hire     
=eign m]c5>ies4 ,^? conc]n$ 9 ! robb]y 7
 w&]+ z outlaws 9 ,peloponnesus1 :5     
,timoleon enli/$ !m = s]vice 9 ,sicily  
aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,!y contribut$     
l>gely to 8 success2 b aft] _! disp]sion
 mo/ ( !m enc\nt]$ su* disa/]s z 7      
reg>d$ z ! normal p5alty ( sacrilege4   
#bj3b ,s little is really kn[n ab\t     
,phal>is t he is almo/ a my?ical        

p]sonage4 ,8 "n1 h[ev]1 w always rema9  
associat$ ) 8 braz5 bull1 & 8 try+ 8    
fir/ exp]im5t ) x by roa/+ 9 x its      
inv5tor1 :o c]ta9ly be/ des]v$ ! doom4  
#bj3c ,! read]s ( ,roman hi/ory may d\bt
 ! m$ic9al virtue ( ,m>ius1 :o c]ta9ly  
s]v$ z a seton on ! body politic4  #ba3a
 ,hi/ory ?r[s no light on ?is specific  
crime2 b ! ,sicyonians _h ! reputation (
 be+ a lic5ti\s & o!rwise vici\s p4 ,!  
curative process "u ,or?agoras & !      
dyna/y t he f\nd$ la/$ a full c5tury4   
#ba3b ,( ,cleonae we "k v little except 
t x 01 & n[ is n4 ,ne> its site is a    
hamlet ( half a doz5 h\ses t be>s ! "n (
 ,cl5es4 ,nemea1 :]e ! ,nemean games 7  
held1 0 9 its t]ritory4  #ba3c ,"o ( 8  
mat]nal ance/ors _h be5 curs$1 & bani%$ 
f ,a!ns1 a c5tury & a half be=e 8 bir?1 
= an insurrection>y ent]prise4  #ba3d   
,he 0 kill$ by lightn+1 :i* ! p reg>d$ z
 a retributive bolt f heav54 ,he des]v$ 
hatr$1 ,cic]o says1 = 8 cruelty1        
trea*]y1 & av>ice4  #bb3a ,"o tradition 
makes ,odysseus ! son ( ,sisyphus1 &    

only ! /ep-son ( ,la]tes1 :o1 h[ev]1    
m>ri$ ,anticleia be=e h] son 0 born4    
,autolycus 0 ! fa!r ( ,anticleia1 & x 0 
he t /ole ! cattle ( ,iphitus4  #bb3b   
,aesculapius 9 ,grecian fable 0 ! son ( 
,apollo by ,coronis1 ! daught] (        
,phlegyas1 :o1 9 :at might seem righte\s
 indignation aga9/ ! wanton god1 set    
fire to 8 ,delphian temple1 hav+ ( c\rse
 fir/ ravag$ x4  #bc3a ,dion obta9$     
supreme p[] 9 ,syracuse1 ?\gh n ! title 
( ,k+1 on ! expulsion ( ,dionysius !    
y\ng]4 ,callippus1 8 pr(ess$ fri5d1 0 ! 
lead] ( ! b& ( malcont5ts t kill$ ,dion1
 al?\gh he did n kill him ) 8 own h&1   
p]haps %r9k+ f ! act ( murd] on acc\nt (
 an oa? :i*1 :5 "u suspicion1 he _h     
sworn at ! alt> ( ,p]sephone1 t he w\ld 
rema9 fai?ful to 8 fri5d4 ,8 aim 0 !    
place :i* ,dion _h held4 ,x 0 8 b a     
little :ile1 & !n1 aft] a s]ies (       
mis=tunes & w&]+s1 he 0 kill$ at        
,rhegium ) ! same weapon t _h be5       
employ$ 9 ! murd] ( ,dion4  #bc3b       
,eriphyle receiv$ a gold5 necklace z a  

rew>d = betray+ h] husb& ,amphi>aus1 :o 
secret$ himself to avoid go+ to ! ,!ban 
w> 9 :i* x 0 pr$ict$ t he %\ld p]i%4 ,8 
son ,alcmaeon av5g$ 8 fa!r by kill+ 8   
"m1 & !n made ( ! necklace a sacr$      
deposit 9 ! temple at ,delphi4 ,ari/o 0 
! comm&] ( "o ( ! b&s ( m]c5>ies hir$ by
 ! pillage ( ! temple4  #bc3c ,!        
,phocian lead]s :o committ$ ?is         
sacrilege4  #bc3d ,9 ?is temple4  #bd3a 
,! ,spani% fly1 :i* 0 us$ = m$ic9al     
purposes 9 v e>ly times1 z x is n[4     
#be3a ,su* spectacles--nev]1 s f> z we  
"k1 witness$ 9 ,greece--7 n uncommon 9  
,rome4 ,*ri/ians 7 ?us exhibit$ & murd]$
 on ! /age 9 ! sight ( admir+ & applaud+
 multitudes2 & we h no reason to d\bt t 
o!r reput$ malefactors 7 simil>ly dealt 
)4 ,?is treatise may h be5 writt5 aft]  
,plut>* _h be5 9 ,rome2 at any rate1    
,roman cu/oms 7 well kn[n ?r\gh\t !     
empire4  #bg3a ,agamemnon1 ! husb& (    
,clytemne/ra1 :om %e murd]$ on 8 return 
f ,troy1 0 ! son ( ,plei/h5es4          
,/esi*orus wrote a trag$y entitl$       

,ore/es1 f :i*1 und\bt$ly1 ^! v]ses are 
tak54  #bh3a ,apollodorus1 k+ ( ! small 
/ate ( ,cass&reia1 0 reg>d$ z hav+ be5  
unsurpass$ 9 tyranny1 cruelty1 &        
debau*]y4 ,! m5tion ( 8 daught]s 9 ?is  
vision makes x probable t he 0 guilty ( 
"s horrible outrage ( viol5ce or lu/ (  
:i* !y 7 ! victims4  #bh3b ,! crime or  
type ( depravity ( :i* ,hipp>*us 0      
guilty c be inf]r$ only f ! vision "h   
report$4  #bh3c ,ptolemy ,c]aunus 0 !   
elde/ son ( ,ptolemy ,sot]2 b1 on acc\nt
 ( 8 viol5t passions & moral obliquity1 
8 fa!r designat$ a y\ng] son z 8        
successor4 ,c]aunus !n emigrat$ to      
,mac$onia1 became intimate ) ,seleucus1 
murd]$ him trea*]\sly1 & himself assum$ 
! sov]eignty2 b 9 less ?an a ye> he 0   
defeat$ by ! ,gauls :o !n fir/ invad$ t 
region1 0 tak5 prison]1 & 0 put to dea? 
) ! utmo/ b>b>ity4  #bh3d ,plut>* tells 
?is /ory ) full] details 9 8 life (     
,cimon4 ,! ,pausanias ref]r$ to is !    
,sp>tan vic]oy & g5]al ( t "n4          
,byzantium1 :i* _h be5 a /ronghold ( !  

,p]sians1 0 held by ! ,lac$aemonians1 "u
 ,pausanias1 at ! "t ( ! retreat ( ! ,t5
 ,?\s&4  #bi3a ,! rites diff]2 b !      
belief 9 necromancy has und]gone no     
ess5tial *ange f ! days ( ! wit* (      
,endor to ! pres5t "t1 & !re h probably 
be5 9 e age1 z n[1 c]emonies :i* h      
br\ght cr$ul\s m5 & wom5 into imag9$    
communion ) dep>t$ spirits4 ,! hi/ory ( 
necromancy %[s _m resemblances1 & /ill m
 analogies1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ages1 & 
degrees ( culture4  #cj3a ,"o (         
,alex&]'s g5]als1 & aft] ,alex&]'s dea? 
k+ ( ,?race4  #cj3b ,simonides is said  
to h be5 ! fir/ poet :o eulogiz$ !      
subjects ( 8 v]se f m]c5>y motives4 ,z 8
 panegyrics _h great poetical m]it1 & 7 
mu* s\ght & well paid =1 yet ) few      
expressions ( gratitude1 he 0 wont to   
say t 8 *e/ ( money 0 full1 ! *e/       
design$ = ?anks empty4  #ca3a ,^! v]ses 
are probably f a lo/ trag$y (           
,euripides4 ,! my?s ab\t ,ino are v>i\s1
 & mutually inconsi/5t4 ,accord+ to "s  
%e kill$1 accord+ to o!rs %e endeavor$  

to kill1 ! *ildr5 ( h] husb&1 ,a?amas1  
by a =m] wife4 ,/ill o!rs *>ge h] ) !   
murd] ( h] own son or sons4 ,%e at l5g? 
leap$ into ! sea1 & em]g$ a goddess1 "u 
! "n ( ,leuco!a1--c]ta9ly a bett] "n 9  
heav5 ?an %e c\ld h borne on e>?4  #cb3a
 ,apollodorus is said to h b\nd 8       
associates 9 "s movem5t = 8 own         
aggr&izem5t by br++ !m toge!r at a      
fe/ival1 & at its close giv+ !m evid5ce 
t !y _h be5 fe$+ on human victims4      
#cc3a ,glaucus1 a ,lac$aemonian1 _h a   
high reputation = integrity1 & on !     
gr\nd ( x receiv$ f a =eign] a deposit (
 a l>ge sum ( money4 ,:5 ! own]'s sons  
claim$ ! deposit1 he disclaim$ all k (  
x4 ,b a ?reat ( ! ,delphian oracle l$   
him to make re/itution aft]w>d4         
,nev]!less ! ?reat took effect1 & he & 8
 :ole family p]i%$4  #cc3b ,9 ?is       
section ,timon seems to cite            
indiscrim9ately ! cases ( delay$ or     
protract$ puni%m5t by m5 :i* are        
confess$ly fooli% or wick$1 & alleg$    
in/ances ( delay$ puni%m5t on ! "p ( !  

gods4 ,! gravam5 ( ! objection is1 8,h[ 
c t be j or "r = ! gods to d1 :i* :5 m5 
d !y enc\nt] ei!r ridicule or           
condemnation80  #cd3a ,t ,aesop 0 kill$ 
by ! ,delphians = ! cause "h /at$ !re   
seems to be no d\bt2 nor yet t ,idmon1 a
 desc5dant ( ! man ( ! same "n :o _h    
own$ & emancipat$ ,aesop1 receiv$ a l>ge
 sum ( money f ! ,delphians by way (    
expiation = _! crime1 to :i* !y _h      
probably 9 ! mean "t ascrib$ e bad h>ve/
 & e epidemic4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1    
be=e ! rotation ( crops became ! habit (
 agriculturi/s1 bad h>ve/s 7 v frequ5t1 
& t1 9 ! abs5ce ( sanit>y rules &       
precautions1 dang]\s epidemics prevail$ 
at %ort int]vals 9 all ! cities ( ! old 
_w4 ,x 0 n unnatural t ^! calamities    
%\ld h be5 reg>d$ z retributive judgm5ts
 :]e a gross crime _h be5 committ$4     
#cd3b ,a m9a 0 ab\t ! metallic equival5t
 ( tw5ty doll>s1 b ( c\rse ) a mu* l>g] 
pur*as+ p[]4  #ce3a ,a small t[n 9      
,c5tral ,asia1 built by ! ,bran*idae1 :o
 7 prie/s & cu/odians ( ! temple (      

,apollo ,didymeus 9 an ,ionian city be>+
 _! "n1 ne> ,miletus4 ,! temple 0 burn$ 
by ,d>ius1 0 rebuilt1 & 0 burn$ aga9 by 
,x]xes1 on 8 retreat f ,greece4 ,!      
prie/s surr5d]$ ! treasures "u _! *>ge  
to ,x]xes1 foll[$ him 9 8 flight to     
escape puni%m5t = sacrilege1 & built !  
t[n :i* ,alex&] de/roy$4 ,8 alleg$      
motive = 8 cruel treatm5t ( ! ,bran*idae
 0 rev5ge = ! sacrilege & treason ( _!  
ance/ors4  #cf3a ,x 0 at ,s*]ia1 accord+
 to ,hom]1 t ,odysseus 0 k9dly receiv$  
by ,nausicaa1 ent]ta9$ sumptu\sly by ,k+
 ,alc9\s1 h] fa!r1 & provid$ ) ! %ip on 
bo>d ( :i* he rea*$ ,i?aca4 ,!          
inhabitants ( ,corcyra ma9ta9$ t _! isl&
 0 ! ,hom]ic ,s*]ia1 :i* v probably nev]
 exi/$ except 9 ! poet's bra94  #cf3b   
,polyphemus4  #cf3c ,! t]ritory (       
,ph5eus is s situat$ at ! conflu5ce (   
two m\nta9 /reams z to be ( necessity   
liable to inundation4 ,!re 0 an old     
canal1 said to h be5 con/ruct$ by       
,h]cules1 & design$ to c>ry (f any      
abnormal excess ( wat]2 b x _h e>ly     

become ob/ruct$ & useless1 & ,pl9y says 
t !re _h be5 no less ?an five p]iods :5 
! region _h be5 entirely deva/at$ by !  
ov]fl[ ( ! riv]s4  #cg3a ,!re 7 ?ree    
occasions on :i* ! ,syb>ites incurr$ !  
special ang] ( ,h]a4 ,h] /atue 0        
ov]turn$ 9 "s civic commotion4 ,aft]w>d 
! p ( ,syb>is kill$ ?irty memb]s ( a    
delegation f _! neighbors ( ,crotona1 & 
ca/ out _! bodies to be dev\r$ by wild  
bea/s4 ,on ?is occasion1 ! goddess 0 se5
 by night ) an angry & ?reat5+ mi54 ,9 !
 ?ird place1 a slave :o _h tak5 refuge  
at h] alt> 0 pursu$ & sc\rg$ by 8 ma/]1 
:o held 8 fa!r's tomb z s mu* m sacr$   
?an h] temple t he ceas$ beat+ ! slave  
:5 he s\ght refuge !re4 ,syb>is is kn[n 
to h be5 twice de/roy$ be=e ,plut>*'s   
"t4 ,!re may h be5 a ?ird de/ruction (  
:i* we h no record2 b !re is no?+ 9 !   
text to =bid our s con/ru+ x z to leave 
! ?reat /ill hang+ ov] ! city1 & ! ?ird 
de/ruction /ill imp5d+4  #cg3b ,!       
tradition 0 t ,ajax 0 guilty ( an       
outrage on ,cass&ra1 ! prie/ess ( ,a!ne4

 ,he on 8 return voyage 0 de/roy$ by    
%ipwreck1 & ! ,locrians 7 suppos$ to h  
suff]$ on acc\nt ( 8 crime visitations (
 pe/il5ce & o!r dire calamities4 ,:5 !y 
consult$ ! oracle1 ! reply 01 t ! guilt 
( ,ajax c\ld be expiat$ only by _! s5d+ 
annually to ,troy1 = a ?\s& ye>s1 two   
virg9s to p]=m m5ial s]vice 9 ! temple (
 ,a!ne4 ,! h]o1 ! crime1 & ! expiation  
are1 m probably ?an n1 all my?ical4     
#ch3a ,! ,?racian m5 7 tattoo$ z well z 
! wom51 & x 0 probably = bo? m5 & wom5 a
 pref]r$ mode ( ornam5t4  #ch3b ,i c f9d
 n[h]e else any ref]5ce to ?is          
obs]vance2 b no?+ is m probable ?an t   
,phae?on's "n %\ld h be5 atta*$ to "s   
religi\s anniv]s>y 9 ! region 9 :i* he 0
 said to h p]i%$4  #ci3a 8,( ! vi&s0 is 
an int]polation ( my own4 ,at a fea/ a  
8portion0 0 8c>ri$ (f10 & ,i "k n :at x 
c\ld h be51 if n a "p ( ! food & w9e on 
! table4 ,if !re 7 none ( ,p9d>'s       
po/]ity at h& to receive ! portion1 !re 
7 und\bt$ly hungry (ficials ready 9 ?is 
behalf to repres5t !m4  #ci3b ,i suppose

 t ! fir/ place at a ,sp>tan civic      
fe/ival 0 =mally assign$ to ,t]p&]1 long
 dead1 & t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ liv+ gue/ 0   
made to reg>d himself z second 9 honor4 
#dj3a 4 ,plut>* is "h address+1 n ,timon
 alone1 b two or all ?ree ( 8           
int]locutors4  #dj3b ,desc5dants (      
,opheltes4 ,he came f ,!ssaly to ,!bes1 
& br\ght ) him a body ( arm$ adh]5ts4   
,he f\nd$ a royal l9e 9 ,boeotia4  #dj3c
 ,delphi be+ 9 ,phocis1 ! claims on !   
score ( ,daiphantus w\ld be avail+ 9 all
 processions & fe/ivities connect$ ) !  
temple s]vice4  #dj3d ,a victory t !    
,phocians "u ,daiphantus _h ga9$ five   
hundr$ ye>s be=e 0 /ill celebrat$ 9     
,plut>*'s "t4  #dj3e ,i c f9d else:]e no
 notice ( ^! races1 or families4  #da3a 
,la*>es 0 a demagogue :o e>ly 9 ! ?ird  
c5tury ,b4 ,c4 obta9$ virtually supreme 
p[] 9 ,a!ns1 plund]$ ! ,p>!non1 /ripp$ !
 /atue ( ,a!ne ( its ornam5ts1 committ$ 
num]\s acts ( high-h&$ tyranny1 & 0     
f9ally expell$ f ! city on ! *>ge ( hav+
 tak5 measures = betray+ x into ! h&s ( 

,antio*us4  #da3b ,ari/on 0 an          
,epicurean philosoph]1 :o rais$ himself 
to a virtual tyranny 9 ,a!ns1 b surr5d]$
 to ,sulla :5 he besieg$ ! city4  #db3a 
1 eryngium1 n[ ! "n ( a g5us conta9+    
sev]al species ( snak]oot4  #db3b ,!    
plague t rag$ 9 ,a!ns e>ly 9 !          
,peloponnesian w>1 ( :i* ,?ucydides     
gives s rem>kable an acc\nt4  #dc3a     
,plut>* gives an e>ly specim5 ( ?is     
argum5t 9 8 life ( ,!seus3 8,! %ip :]e9 
,!seus & ! y\? ( ,a!ns return$ f ,crete 
0 pres]v$ by ! ,a!nians d[n ev5 to ! "t 
( ,demetrius ,phal]eus2 = !y took away !
 old planks z !y decay$1 putt+ new &    
/rong] timb] 9 _! place1 insomu* t ?is  
%ip became a /&+ example among !        
philosoph]s = ! logical "q1 z to ?+s t  
gr[2 "o p>ty hold+ t ! %ip rema9$ !     
same1 & ! o!r cont5d+ t x 0 n ! same40  
#de3a ,a!ns _h be5 "u ! gov]nm5t ( m5 :o
 _h be5 virtually ,cass&]'s vic]oys4 ,! 
city aft] 8 dea? came "u ! rule (       
,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 & x 0 probably 
by 8 ord] t ! /atue ( ,cass&] 0 de/roy$4

  #de3b ,dionysius ! eld]4  #de3c       
,nisaeus 0 ! son ( ,dionysius ! eld]1 & 
0 sov]eign ( ,syracuse = a %ort "t :ile 
8 bro!r ,dionysius ! y\ng] 0 9 exile4   
,aelian names him 9 a *apt] specially   
devot$ to em95t 1 i4 e4 drunk>ds4  #de3d
 ,apollocrates 0 ! son ( ,dionysius !   
y\ng]1 & gr&son ( ! eld]4 ,8 fa!r 9 go+ 
into exile left him 9 comm& ( ! citadel 
( ,syracuse1 :i* he 0 soon compell$ to  
surr5d]4 ,he holds ! ?ird place1 z      
,nisaeus ! second1 9 ,aelian's li/ (    
di/+ui%$ drunk>ds4  #de3e ,^! 7 bo? sons
 ( ,cass&]4 ,philip succe$$ 8 fa!r z k+ 
( ,mac$onia1 b di$ almo/ imm$iately ^u 8
 accession to ! ?rone1 leav+ probably   
memory ( 8 vices1 ( :i* ,plut>* _h k1 b 
no record ( :i* has come d[n to our "t4 
,antipat]1 8 next y\ng] bro!r1 9 "s sort
 succe$$ him1 fir/ murd]+ 8 "m1 :o      
favor$ ! claims ( h] /ill y\ng] son4 ,he
 himself 0 murd]$ be=e he c\ld obta9    
undi/urb$ possession ( 8 k+dom4  #df3a  
,^! obsolete modes ( m$ical practice c  
n[ only provoke a smile2 b ! argum5t is 

complete1 if we w sub/itute = !m !      
treatm5t cit$ at ! close ( !            
s5t5ce1--blood-lett+ = oph?almia1 :i*1  
if n 9 rule n[1 0 s ?irty ye>s ago4     
#dh3a ,! ref]5ce 9 ?is la/ clause is to 
! op9ion l>gely held by ! ,/oics1 t !   
s\l is n immortal1 b is de/9$ to survive
 ! body1 & to live till ! consummation (
 ! exi/+ univ]se1 :i*1 aft] complet+ a  
cycle ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w be de/roy$ by
 fire4  #dh3b ,?is s5t5ce is1 z ,i      
believe1 ironical4 ,"s editors &        
translators make x int]rogative2 b !    
grammatical con/ruction1 z x seems to   
me1 is oppos$ to ?is view4  #dh3c ,?is  
t]m1 z appli$ to vessels or %all[       
e>?-b$s1 :]e :at is s[n c only spr+ up &
 )] )\t com+ to se$1 occurs 9 ,plato's  
,pha$rus4 ,! v brief life & untimely end
 ( ,adonis may p]haps acc\nt = ?is      
peculi> use ( 8 "n4  #di3a ,sev]al      
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ar*ilo*us1 ! e>lie/   
,ionian lyric poet1 fl\ri%$1 & 0 kill$ 9
 battle1 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,?is  
entire passage may be reg>d$ z an       

argum5tum de concessis1 & z su* x is    
p]fectly legitimate4 ,! inspiration ( ! 
,delphian oracle & prie/ess 0 believ$ 9 
by _m ( ^? = :om ,plut>* wrote2 & to !m 
he said1 8,c y believe t all ^! oracul> 
utt]ances ab\t expiations = ! dead &    
po/hum\s honors to be paid to !m h _h   
ref]5ce to be+s t ceas$ to exi/ :5 !y   
ceas$ to brea!80  #ej3a ,or1 8! home ( !
 gras%opp]02 = tettix 77 means          
gras%opp]4 ,! oracle1 z usual1 0        
ambigu\s4 ,calondas1 alias ,corax1 is   
repres5t$ z n und]/&+ x at fir/1 b f9d+ 
out aft]w>d t a ,cretan nam$ ,tettix _h 
settl$ at ,ta5>us1 or ,ta5>um1 he inf]r$
 t 8 home 0 designat$ by ! oracle4      
#ej3b ,?is place 0 on ! s\!rnmo/ cape ( 
,greece1 n[ ,cape ,matapan4 ,! p59sula  
:i* =ms ?is cape _h a fam\s temple (    
,poseidon1 0 sacr$ to ! inf]nal gods1 & 
0 ! site ( an av5ue1 ?r\gh a cave1 to & 
f ! inf]nal regions1--! av5ue by :i*    
,h]cules dragg$ ,c]b]us to ! light (    
day4  #ej3c ,pausanias1 ! ,sp>tan1 aft] 
a c>e] ( m+l$ glory & %ame1 be+ detect$ 

9 treasonable intrigues1 took refuge 9 !
 temple ( ,a!ne4 ,:5 he 0 ne>ly exhau/$ 
by hung] ! ,ephori dragg$ him out ( !   
temple1 & he di$ at its ?re%old4 ,= _!  
sacrilege ! ,delphian oracle ord]$ t he 
%\ld be re-int]r$ on ! spot :]e he di$1 
& t two braz5 /atues %\ld be erect$ 9   
honor ( ! goddess 9 h] temple at !      
public *>ge4 ,v naturally1 8 gho/ 0     
suppos$ to haunt ! sacr$ enclosure :5ce 
he _h be5 tak5 to die4 ,see p4 #bh1 n4  
#d4  #ea3a ,! clause1 8?an !re is t !y  
%\ld be fully r5d]$ 9 ?is life10 has    
no?+ 9 ! orig9al to correspond to x2 b x
 is necess>y 9 ord] to convey ! obvi\s  
mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4  #eb3a ,probably1 z x 
seems to me1 n ,bion ! poet1 b a        
philosoph] ( t "n1--a man ( infam\s "*1 
an a!i/ 9 8 pr(ess$ belief1 & rem>kable 
= pi?y & epigrammatic say+s1 full (     
bitt] humor & bit+ s>casm1 "s ( :i* are 
/ill extant4 ,horace speaks ( ^? :o f9d 
pleasure 9 ,bioneis s]monibus et sale   
nigro4  #ed3a ,or1 8,is n ,god wis] ?an 
,hesiod80 ,) ?is int]rogative           

con/ruction1 :i* ! s5t5ce w be>1 ! s5se 
is1--8,hesiod tea*es ! h]$it>y          
transmission ( "* z a fact2 ,god1 /ill  
m1 traces ^! inh]it$ traits be=e !y     
appe> to human view40 ,accord+ to !     
r5d]+ t ,i h giv51 ! s5se is1--8,!      
transmission ( "* f fa!r to son is      
recogniz$ n only by ,god 9 8 provid5ce1 
b equally by wise m51 z1 = in/ance1 by  
,hesiod40  #eg3a ,demetrius             
,poliorcetes1 k+ ( ,mac$onia1 :o 0      
guilty ( great crimes1 & 9 a n          
ov]-virtu\s age 0 di/+ui%$ = unb\nd$    
lic5ti\sness4 ,he di$ 9 captivity1 hav+ 
surr5d]$ to ,seleucus1 k+ ( ,syria1 aft]
 expulsion f 8 own k+dom & a s]ies (    
consequ5t disa/]s4 ,antigonus1 8 son1 0 
a man ( em95t virtue1 _h a div]sifi$1 b 
on ! :ole a prosp]\s c>e]1 & di$ at !   
age ( eighty1 aft] a reign ( ne>ly half 
a c5tury4  #eg3b ,augeas1 hav+ made a   
contract ) ,h]cules by :i* a t5? "p ( 8 
cattle 7 to be ! price = cleans+ 8      
/ables 9 a day1 refus$ to pay ! price2 &
 ,h]cules wag$ ) him a w> 9 :i* he & all

 8 sons b ,phyleus p]i%$4 ,h]cules plac$
 ,phyleus on 8 fa!r's ?rone1 z k+ ( !   
,epeians 9 ,elis4 ,! fa!r's /ory is1 (  
c\rse1 my?ical1 & ! son h>dly falls )9 !
 doma9 ( au!ntic hi/ory4  #eg3c ,! *ief 
(f5ce *>g$ 9 ,grecian my? aga9/ ,neleus 
0 8 refus+ to p]=m expiatory rites =    
,h]cules aft] he _h kill$ ,iphitus1 ^:  
fa!r 0 ! fri5d ( ,neleus4 ,h]cules1     
accord+ to "s traditions1 made w> on    
,pylos1 ! k+dom ( ,neleus1 & kill$ him1 
) all 8 sons except ,ne/or4  #eh3a      
,sp>ti1 f 1 ! s[n m51 i4 e4 ! arm$ m5 t 
sprang f ! tee? ( ! dragon s[n by       
,cadmus1 f :om ! olde/ families 9       
,!bes--a l>ge "p ( ! ,boeotian          
ari/ocracy--7 said to h desc5d$4 ,some?+
 l ?is my?ical bir?m>k _h probably made 
its appe>ance on ! body ( a memb] ( "o (
 ^! anci5t families4 ,nisibis 0 a       
,syrian city ) an ext5sive comm]ce1 ) _m
 ,greek1 & probably "s ,boeotian        
immigrants4  #eh3b ,x may be t1 9 cases 
:]e ! inh]itance ( a morbid physical    
con/itution1 or ( proclivity to moral   

evil1 seems to lapse 9 ! fir/ g5]ation &
 to reappe> 9 ! second1 ! *ildr5 ( !    
diseas$ or deprav$ fa!r h ! physical or 
moral traits ( _! fa!r1 b are made &    
kept vigilant & fai?ful 9 self-c>e &    
self-discipl9e by ! memory ( _! fa!r's  
infirmities or s9s2 :ile _! *ildr5 h !  
inh]itance )\t ! w>n+4  #ei3a ,if       
,plut>* made ?is /ory1 z he probably    
did1 x 0 und\bt$ly sugge/$ by ! /ory1   
unlike 9 its details1 yet ) n dissimil> 
purpose1 :i* ,plato tells ( ,er1 !      
,pamphilian1 9 ! t5? book ( ,!          
,republic4  #ei3b ,soli 0 a consid]able 
city 9 ,cilicia4  #ei3c ' 1 aft] u1 is !
 read+ 9 all ! manuscripts & old]       
editions2 ' 1 ) u1 is a conjectural     
em5dation :i* ! s5se seems to require4  
#fj3a ,amphilo*us 0 "o ( ! h]oes ( !    
,trojan w>4 ,he 0 ! son ( a se]1 & 0    
believ$ to be end[$ ) ! gift ( prophecy4
 ,! oracle be>+ 8 "n at ,mallos 9       
,cilicia 0 said to h be5 f\nd$ by him1 &
 x _h a wid] & m endur+ reputation =    
v]acity ?an any o!r anci5t oracle4      

#fj3b   4 ,! "q relat$ to 8 prop]ty1--to
 8 means ( com=table liv+4 ,i !re=e use 
9 translat+ x ! famili> colloquialism1  
bett] (f4 ,! answ] has a moral          
significance4  is an ambigu\s           
^w1--applicable equally to condition &  
to "*4  #fj3c 8,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor
 & hate ?9e enemy10 0 s\nd e?ical       
doctr9e1 equally ) ,g5tile & ) ,jew1    
until m5 saw 9 ! div9e humanity ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/ ! qualities ( "* :i* _h be5 mo/  
despis$1 transfigur$ & glorifi$4  #fb3a 
,!spesius means div9e4  #fc3a ,plut>*   
7,greek ,que/ions1 #ci7 writes3 8,!     
,py?agoreans say t ! s\ls ( ! dead nei!r
 give a %ad[ nor w9k40  #fc3b 4 ,?is    
my?ical p>5tage may acc\nt = ! "n (     
,adra/eia1 :i* is probably d]iv$ f 1 to 
escape1 ) !  privative1 & ?us means     
unescapable4  #fd3a ,puni%m5t4  #fd3b   
,ju/ice4  #fd3c ,"o ( ! ,er9nyes1 or    
,furies4 ,!re are diff]5t my?s z to _!  
numb]1 ?\gh !re 7 commonly said to be   
?ree4 ,_! "n is probably d]iv$ f 1 to be
 9 a rage4 ,!y 7 9 ,grecian fable ! type

 ( implacable ang] & unrel5t+ v5geance4 
#fd3d ,plut>* 9 8 ,apoph!gms1 says (    
,artax]xes ,longimanus1 :o 0 n an       
unwise1 b an ov]-indulg5t k+3 8,he fir/ 
orda9$ z a puni%m5t = 8 nobles :o _h    
(f5d$1 t !y %\ld be /ripp$ & _! g>m5ts  
sc\rg$ in/ead ( _! bodies2 & :]eas _!   
hair %\ld h be5 pluck$ out1 t ! same    
%\ld be done to _! turbans40 ,we d n    
le>n t 8 example 0 foll[$ by any ( 8    
successors1 or t he employ$ ?is me?od z 
to crim9als 9 g5]al4 ,b ! illu/ration is
 a happy "o4  #fe3a ,9 ^! =ms (         
puni%m5t1 x is ! s\l's clo!s1 i4 e4 !   
body1 n ! s\l itself1 t is puni%$4      
#ff3a ,! body ( a brute4  #fg3a ,!re 7 9
 ,naxos1 on ,p>nassus1 & else:]e v>i\s  
caves d$icat$ to ,bac*us1 i4 e4 to mir? 
& jollity2 & ! m\?s ( ^! caves 71 (     
c\rse1 deck$ ) all ( v]dure & bloom t   
c\ld make !m *>m+ & attractive4  #fg3b  
,dionysus z ! son ( ,zeus _h a "r to    
leave ! abode ( ! dead1 & to claim 8    
seat on ,olympus4 ,8 "m ,semele1 be+ a  
mortal woman1 _h no su* "r2 b he rescu$ 

h] f ! dead1 & bore h] to ,olympus1 :]e 
%e became a goddess "u ! "n ( ,?yone4   
#fh3a ,oblivion4  #fh3b 4 ,accord+ to   
?is d]ivation  comes f 1 ! e>?1 & 1 to  
incl9e t[>d1--a fanciful d]ivation1 !   
g5u95ess ( :i* !re is good reason to    
d\bt4  #fi3a ,!mis prec$$ ,apollo z !   
inspir] ( ! ,delphian oracle4  #fi3b ,! 
anci5ts imag9$1 z we easily may1 some?+ 
l ! outl9es ( a human face 9 ! disk ( ! 
moon1 & among _! my?s1 or r poetical    
fancies1 0 ?is ( a ,sibyl revolv+ ) !   
moon1 & s++1 z %e rides across !        
firmam5t1 ! fate ( m5 & nations4  #gj3a 
,! great eruption ( ,a4 ,d4 #gi4  #gj3b 
,! e>li] "n ( ,puteoli4  #gj3c          
,vespasian1 :o di$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gi4  #gc3a
 ,n]o's matricide is "h ref]r$ to4      
,plut>*1 no d\bt1 _h 9 8 m9d "s !n      
well-kn[n figure or description 9 a poem
 ( ,p9d> n[ lo/4  #gc3b ,"s int]pret]s  
suppose t ?is creature is a swan4 ,i h  
no d\bt t x is a frog4 ,ev5 _h n !      
empire pass$ entirely out ( ! possible  
rea* ( ! ,caes>s1 ,i d n believe t      

,plut>* w\ld h %[n any t5d]ness to      
,n]o's memory1 & c]ta9ly !re 0 no       
conceivable motive = x "u ! reign (     
,titus or ,domitian4 ,!re is a f9e      
satire 9 ?is f9al de/9y ( ,n]o4 ,he has 
be5 horribly puni%$1 & has be5 tortur$  
into ! lik5ess ( ! reptile reg>d$ by !  
anci5ts z ! only matricide 9 _! zology2 
& n[ = ! "o good act ( 8 reign a little 
m]cy is %[n him4 ,he _h prid$ himself & 
annoy$ 8 subjects z a s+]1 & n[ he is   
trans=m$ into ! s+] t is a p]petual     
annoyance to all dwell]s ne> swamps &   
ponds4  #gd3a ,he fre$ ! prov9ce (      
,a*aia f taxes1 & end[$ x ) c]ta9       
political rights & privileges4          
,vespasian re/or$ ! prov9ce to its      
previ\s condition4     ,,index4         
,adra/eia1 presid+ ov] ! puni%m5t (     
disembodi$ s\ls1         #fc4           
,aesculapius1 sprung f a vici\s /ock1   
#bb4      ,aesop1 murd] (1 #cd4         
,ajax1 crime (1 #cg n4      ,alex&]1    
rev5ge (1 on ! ,bran*idae = ! guilt ( _!
         ance/ors1 #ce4                 

,amphilo*us1 oracle (1 #fj n4           
,apollodorus1 ! prey ( t]rific visions1 
#bh4       s]v+ a cannibal fea/ to 8    
associates 9 crime1 #cb4      ,ar*ytas1 
=be>ance (1 #ab4      ,ari/o1 puni%$ =  
sacrilege1 #bc4      ,ari/ocrates1      
trea*]y (1 #d4      ,artax]xes          
,longimanus1 p5al discipl9e (1 #fd n4   
,bessus1 ! p>ricide1 betray+ 8 crime f  
remorse1 #bd4      ,bion1 ! philosoph]1 
cavils (1 at ! reality ( inh]it$        
puni%m5t1 #eb4       "* (1 #eb n4       
,brasidas1 dea? (1 #b4       ,callippus1
 kill$ by ! dagg] ) :i* he _h procur$   
,dion's         dea?1 #bb4              
,calondas1 expiat+ ! slaught] (         
,ar*ilo*us1 #di4      ,cass&]1 n puni%$ 
till he _h re/or$ ,!bes1 #g4      ,"*1  
h]$it>y1 #dd4      ,*ildr51 inh]it+ !   
rew>ds & puni%m5ts due to _!            
fa!rs1 #ci4      ,cimon1 infamy & fame  
(1 #af4       ,dionysius1 left unpuni%$ 
= ! good t he might d1 #ah4             
,=be>ance1 ! ,div9e1 af=d+ space =      
rep5tance1 #ac4       ,gelon1 re=mation 

(1 #ad4      ,glaucus1 fraud & puni%m5t 
(1 #cb4      ,god1 9 8 sl[ness to puni%1
 an example to man1 #aa4       ,h]$it>y 
transmission ( puni%m5t no m my/]i\s ?an
         transitions 9 space1 #db4      
,h]itage ( moral qualities laps+ 9 !    
fir/1 & reappe>+ 9         "s subsequ5t 
g5]ation1 #eh4      ,hi]on1 re=mation (1
 #ad4      ,hipp>*us1 puni%m5t (1       
anticipat$ 9 vision1 #bh4               
,immortality1 made probable by ,god's   
retributive provid5ce1 #dh4       ,laws1
 human1 (t5 un9telligible1 #i4          
,le!1 cav]n (1 #fg4      ,lyciscus1     
trea*]y (1 #e4      ,lydiades1 a tyrant1
 & aft]w>d a patriot1 #ae4              
,miltiades1 a tyrant1 yet a patriot1    
#af4      ,mitius1 ! murd]] (1 puni%$1  
#bc4      ,municipal life & "*1         
cont9u\s1 #dc4       ,n]o1 doom (1 #gc4 
,odysseus1 r$eem$ by 8 own virtues f !  
curse re/+ on 8         fa!r1 #bb4      
,pausanias1 haunt$ by ! app>ition ( a   
victim ( 8 lu/ &         cruelty1 #bi4  
haunt+ ! temple ne> :i* he di$1 #ej4    

,peisi/ratus1 a usurp]1 yet a b5efic5t  
rul]1 #ae4      ,p]i&]1 puni%m5t (1     
def]r$ t he might fir/ r5d]             
s]vice1 #ag4      ,p]icles1 ( an accurs$
 & infam\s race1 #bh4      ,plato1 quot$
 z mak+ ,god an example to man1 #aj4    
=be>ance (1 #ab4      ,plut>*1 bir?place
 & resid5ce (1 vii4       education (1  
viii4       family (1 ix4               
philosophy (1 x4       !ology (1 xi4    
e?ics (1 xii4       relation (1 to      
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