,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,adam ,,smi? ,,essays ,,on ,i4 ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts2 ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,inquiries2 ,,iii4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,languages2 ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,physics2 ,v4 ,,anci5t ,,logic ,,& ,,metaphysics2 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,imitative ,,arts2 ,,vii4 ,,music1 ,,danc+1 ,,poetry2 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s5ses2 ,,ix4 ,,engli% ,,& ,,italian ,,v]ses4 ,,by ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s41 ,au?or ( ! ',inquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations4' ----- ,,london3 ,,alex4 ,,murray ,,co41 #cj1 ,,que5 ,,squ>e1 ,w4,c4 #ahgb4 ,,london3 ,,bradbury1 ,,evans1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,:itefri>s4 ,,biographical ,,notice4 ----- ,,adam ,,smi?1 ! au?or ( ^! ,essays & ( ! ',inquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations1' 0 born at ,kirkaldy1 ,june #e1 #agbc1 a few mon?s aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,he 0 a sickly *ild1 & indulg$ by 8 "m1 :o 0 ! object ( 8 filial gratitude = sixty ye>s4 ,:5 ab\t ?ree ye>s old1 & at ! h\se ( ,d\glass ( ,/ra!nry1 8 "m's bro!r1 he 0 c>ri$ (f by t9k]s or gipsies1 b soon recov]$ f !m4 ,at ! burgh s*ool ( 8 native t[n he made rapid progress1 & soon attract$ notice by 8 passion = books1 & by ! extraord9>y p[]s ( 8 memory4 ,8 weakness ( body prev5t$ him jo9+ 9 a?letic sports1 b 8 g5]\s & fri5dly temp]am5t made him a fav\rite ) 8 s*oolmates2 & he 0 not$ !n1 z ?r\gh aft] life1 = abs5ce 9 company & a habit ( speak+ to himself :5 alone4 ,f ! gramm> s*ool ( ,kirkaldy1 he 0 s5t1 9 #agcg1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 :5ce1 9 #agdj1 he w5t to ,baliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 enjoy+ an exhibition on ! ,snell f\ndation4 ,:5 at ,glasg[ ,college1 8 fav\rite /udies 7 ma!matics & natural philosophy1 b t did n long div]t 8 m9d f pursuits m cong5ial to him1 m p>ticul>ly ! political hi/ory ( mank9d1 :i* gave scope to ! p[] ( 8 compreh5sive g5ius1 & gratifi$ 8 rul+ passion ( contribut+ to ! happ9ess & ! improvem5t ( society4 ,to 8 e>ly ta/e = ,greek g5]ally1 may be due ! cle>ness & fulness ) :i* he /ates 8 political reason+s4 ,at ,ox=d he employ$ himself frequ5tly 9 ! practice ( translation1 ) a view to ! improvem5t ( 8 own /yle1 & us$ to comm5d su* ex]cises to all :o cultivate ! art ( composition4 ,he also cultivat$ ) ! greate/ c>e ! /udy ( languages2 & 8 k ( !m l$ him to a peculi> exp]i5ce 9 ev]y?+ t c\ld illu/rate ! in/itutions1 ! mann]s1 & ! ideas ( diff]5t ages & nations4 ,aft] a resid5ce at ,ox=d ( sev5 ye>s1 he return$ to ,kirkaldy1 & liv$ two ye>s ) 8 "m1 engag$ 9 /udies1 b )\t any fix$ plan = 8 future life4 ,he _h be5 orig9ally de/9$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 b n f9d+ ! ecclesia/ical pr(ession suitable to 8 ta/e1 he took *ance ( obta9+ "s ( ^? mod]ate pref]m5ts1 to :i* lit]>y atta9m5ts lead 9 ,scotl&4 ,remov+ to ,ed9burgh 9 #agdh1 he read lectures on rhetoric & belles lettres1 "u ! patronage ( ,"l ,kames2 & :5 9 ,ed9burgh became intimate ) ,david ,hume4 ,9 #agea he 0 elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 &1 ! ye> foll[+1 he became ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy !re2 a situation he held = ?irte5 ye>s1 & us$ to look back on z ! mo/ useful & happy ( 8 life2 &1 ?\gh b a n>r[ sc5e = 8 ambition1 may h l$ to ! future em95ce ( 8 lit]>y "*4 ,9 deliv]+ 8 lectures1 ,mr4 ,smi? tru/$ #b almo/ entirely to extempor>y elocution4 ,8 mann]1 ?\gh n graceful1 0 pla9 & unaffect$1 & he nev] fail$ to int]e/ 8 he>]s4 ,ea* disc\rse consi/$ commonly ( sev]al di/9ct propositions1 :i* he successively endeav\r$ to prove & illu/rate4 ,at fir/ he (t5 appe>$ to speak ) hesitation2 b1 z he advanc$1 ! matt] seem$ to cr[d ^u him1 8 mann] became w>m & animat$1 & 8 expression easy & flu5t4 ,8 reputation z a philosoph] attract$ a multitude ( /ud5ts f a great di/ance to ! ,univ]sity2 & ^? bran*es ( sci5ce :i* he taught became fa%ionable1 & 8 op9ions 7 ! *ief topics ( discussion 9 ! clubs & lit]>y societies ( ,glasg[4 ,:ile ,adam ,smi? became ?us em95t z a public lectur]1 he 0 gradually lay+ ! f\ndation ( a m ext5sive reputation by prep>+ = ! press 8 ,sy/em ( ,morals2 & ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,essays appe>$ 9 9999#agei1 "u ! title ( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts4 ,( ?is essay1 ,dugald ,/ew>t rem>ks1 't :atev] op9ion we may ent]ta9 ( ! ju/ness ( its conclusions1 x mu/ be all[$ to be a s+ul> ef=t ( inv5tion1 +5uity1 & subtilty2 t x conta9s a l>ge mixture ( important tru?1 & has _h ! m]it ( direct+ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s to a view ( human nature1 :i* _h =m]ly 9 a great measure escap$ _! notice2 & no "w1 und\bt$ly1 c be m5tion$1 anci5t or mod]n1 :i* exhibits s complete a view ( ^? facts ) respect to our moral p]ceptions1 :i* x is "o great object ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce to ref] to _! g5]al laws2 & well des]ves ! c>eful /udy ( all ^: ta/e leads !m to prosecute simil> enquiries4 ,^! facts are pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ happy & beautiful lights2 & :5 ! subject leads him to address ! imag9ation & ! he>t1 ! v>iety & felicity ( 8 illu/rations1 ! ri*ness & flu5cy ( 8 eloqu5ce2 & ! skill ) :i* he w9s ! att5tion & comm&s ! passions ( 8 read]s1 leave him1 among our ,engli% morali/s1 )\t a rival4 ,t[>ds ! close ( #agfc1 ,mr4 ,smi? arrang$ to visit ! cont95t ) ! ,duke ( ,buccleugh1 return+ to ,london 9 #agff4 ,= ! next t5 ye>s he liv$ quietly ) 8 "m at ,kirkaldy2 & 9 #aggf1 acc\nt$ to ! _w = 8 long retreat1 by ! publication ( 8 ',,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,weal? ,,( ,,nations4' ,9 #aggh1 ,mr4 ,smi? 0 appo9t$ a ,commission] ( ,cu/oms 9 ,scotl&1 ! pecuni>y emolum5ts ( :i* 7 consid]able4 ,9 #aghd1 he lo/ 8 "m4 ,9 #aghh1 8 c\s91 ,miss ,d\glass1 di$1 to :om he _h be5 /rongly atta*$2 & 9 ,july1 #agij1 he di$1 hav+1 a %ort :ile be=e1 9 conv]sation ) 8 fri5d ,riddell1 regrett$ t ',,he ,,_h ,,done ,,s ,,little4' ,above biographic notes & lit]>y op9ions h be5 abridg$ f a pap] on ',! ,life & ,writ+s ( ,adam ,smi?1' by ,pr(essor ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ( ,ed9burgh1 #agic--;,a4 ,m4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,edition4 ----- ,,s9ce ! fir/ publication ( ! ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts1 :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #agei1 sev]al corrections1 & a good _m illu/rations ( ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 x1 h occurr$ to me4 ,b ! v>i\s occupations 9 :i* ! diff]5t accid5ts ( my life necess>ily involv$ me1 h till n[ prev5t$ me f revis+ ?is "w ) ! c>e & att5tion :i* ,i always int5d$4 ,! read] w f9d ! pr9cipal alt]ations :i* ,i h made 9 ?is ,new ,edition1 9 ! la/ ,*apt] ( ! ?ird ,section ( ,"p ,fir/2 & 9 ! f\r fir/ ,*apt]s ( ,"p ,?ird4 ,"p ,six?1 z x /&s 9 ?is ,new ,edition1 is altoge!r new4 ,9 ,"p ,sev5?1 ,i h br\ght toge!r ! great] "p ( ! diff]5t passages conc]n+ ! ,/oical ,philosophy1 :i*1 9 ! =m] ,editions1 _h be5 scatt]$ ab\t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! "w4 ,i h likewise endeav\r$ to expla9 m fully1 & exam9e m di/9ctly1 "s ( ! doctr9es ( t fam\s sect4 ,9 ! f\r? & la/ ,section ( ! same ,"p1 ,i h ?r[n toge!r a few additional obs]vations conc]n+ ! duty & ! pr9ciple ( v]acity4 ,!re are1 besides1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w1 a few o!r alt]ations & corrections ( no great mom5t4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ! fir/ ,edition ( ! pres5t "w1 ,i said t ,i %\ld 9 ano!r disc\rse endeav\r to give an acc\nt ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t1 & ( ! diff]5t revolutions :i* !y _h und]gone 9 ! diff]5t ages & p]iods ( society2 n only 9 :at conc]ns ju/ice1 b 9 :at conc]ns police1 rev5ue1 & arms1 & :atev] else is ! object ( law4 ,9 ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i h p>tly execut$ ?is promise2 at lea/ s f> z conc]ns police1 rev5ue1 & arms4 ,:at rema9s1 ! !ory ( jurisprud5ce1 :i* ,i h long project$1 ,i h hi!rto be5 h9d]$ f execut+1 by ! same occupations :i* _h till n[ prev5t$ me f revis+ ! pres5t "w4 ,?\gh my v advanc$ age leaves me1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 v little expectation ( ev] be+ able to execute ?is great "w to my own satisfaction2 yet1 z ,i h n altoge!r ab&on$ ! design1 & z ,i wi% /ill to cont9ue "u ! obligation ( do+ :at ,i c1 ,i h all[$ ! p>agraph to rema9 z x 0 publi%$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i ent]ta9$ no d\bt ( be+ able to execute e ?+ :i* x ann\nc$4 ,,essays ,,by ,,adam ,,smi? ,,on ,,philosophical ,,subjects ----- ,,adv]tisem5t ,,by ,,! ,,editors4 ,,! mu* lam5t$ au?or ( ^! ,essays left !m 9 ! h&s ( 8 fri5ds to be dispos$ ( z !y ?\ght prop]1 hav+ imm$iately be=e 8 dea? de/roy$ _m o!r manuscripts :i* he ?\ght unfit = be+ made public4 ,:5 ^! 7 inspect$1 ! great] numb] ( !m appe>$ to be p>ts ( a plan he once _h =m$1 = giv+ a connect$ hi/ory ( ! lib]al sci5ces & elegant arts4 ,x is long s9ce he f\nd x necess>y to ab&on t plan z f> too ext5sive2 & ^! p>ts ( x lay beside him neglect$ until 8 dea?4 ,8 fri5ds are p]suad$1 h[ev]1 t ! read] w f9d 9 !m t happy connection1 t full & accurate expression1 & t cle> illu/ration :i* are conspicu\s 9 ! re/ ( 8 works2 & t ?\gh x is difficult to add mu* to ! great fame he s ju/ly acquir$ by 8 o!r writ+s1 ^! w be read ) satisfaction & pleasure4 ,,joseph ,,black4 ,,james ,,hutton4 ,,cont5ts4 ----- ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,propriety ,,( ,,actions4 ,,page ,,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,propriety 4 4 4 4 #i ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ,sympa?y 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i-ac ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,pleasure ( ,mutual ,sympa?y 4 4 #ac-af ,,*4 ,,iii41 ,,iv4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* we judge ( ! ,propriety or ,impropriety ( ! ,affections ( o!r ,m51 by _! ,concord or ,dissonance ) our own 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #af-bc ,,*4 ,v4 ,( ! amiable & respectable ,virtues 4 #bc-bf ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,degrees ( ! diff]5t ,passions :i* are consi/5t ) ,propriety 4 4 #bf ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,passions :i* take _! ,orig9 f ! ,body 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bf-cj ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? ,passions :i* take _! ,orig9 f a p>ticul> ,turn or ,habit ( ! ,imag9ation 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cj-cb ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ! unsocial ,passions 4 4 4 #cb-cg ,,*4 ,,iv4 ,( ! social ,passions 4 4 4 4 #cg-ci ,,*4 ,v4 ,( ! selfi% ,passions 4 4 4 4 #ci-da ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,prosp]ity & ,adv]sity ^u ! ,judgm5t ( ,mank9d ) reg>d to ! ,propriety ( ,action2 & :y x is m easy to obta9 _! ,approbation 9 ! "o ,/ate ?an 9 ! o!r 4 4 4 4 4 4 #db ,,*4 ,i4 ,t ?\gh our ,sympa?y ) ,sorr[ is g5]ally a m lively ,s5sation ?an our ,sympa?y ) ,joy1 x commonly falls mu* m %ort ( ! ,viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! ,p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ 4 4 #db-dg ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,ambition1 & ( ! ,di/9ction ( ,ranks 4 4 4 4 #dg-ef ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,corruption ( our ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 :i* is occasion$ by ?is ,disposition to admire ! ,ri* & ! ,great1 & to despise or neglect ,p]sons ( poor & mean ,condition 4 4 #ef-fj ----- ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,m]it ,,& ,,dem]it2 ,,or1 ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,rew>d ,,& ,,puni%m5t4 ,,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,m]it & ,dem]it--,introduction #fa ,,*4 ,i4 ,t :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] ,object ( ,gratitude1 appe>s to des]ve ,rew>d2 & t1 9 ! same ,mann]1 :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] ,object ( ,res5tm5t1 appe>s to des]ve ,puni%m5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fa-fc #f ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! prop] ,objects ( ,gratitude & ,res5tm5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fc-fe ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,t :]e !re is no ,approbation ( ! ,conduct ( ! ,p]son :o conf]s ! ,b5efit1 !re is little ,sympa?y ) ! ,gratitude ( him :o receives x3 & t1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !re is no ,disapprobation ( ! ,motives ( ! ,p]son :o does ! ,mis*ief1 !re is no sort ( ,sympa?y ) ! ,res5tm5t ( him :o suff]s x 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fe-fg ,,*4 ,,iv4 ,recapitulation ( ! =ego+ ,*apt]s 4 #fg-fh ,,*4 ,v4 ,! ,analysis ( ! ,s5se ( ,m]it & ,dem]it #fh-gj ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce ,,*4 ,i4 ,comp>ison ( ^? two ,virtues 4 4 #gj-ge ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! s5se ( ,ju/ice1 ( ,remorse1 & ( ! ,consci\sness ( ,m]it 4 4 4 4 #ge-gh ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,utility ( ?is ,con/itution ( ,nature #gh-hd ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,=tune ^u ! ,s5tim5ts ( ,mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! ,m]it or ,dem]it ( ,actions--,introduction 4 4 4 4 #hd-he ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,causes ( ?is ,influ5ce ( ,=tune 4 #he-hh ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,ext5t ( ?is ,influ5ce ( ,=tune #hh-ie ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ! f9al ,cause ( ?is ,irregul>ity ( ,s5tim5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 #if-ii ----- ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,our ,,judgm5ts ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,own ,,s5tim5ts ,,& ,,conduct1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,duty4 ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,self-approbation & ( ,self-disapprobation 4 4 4 4 4 #ii-ajb ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,love ( ,praise1 & ( t ( ,praise-wor?9ess2 & ( ! ,dread ( ,blame1 & ( t ( ,blame-wor?9ess4 4 4 4 #ajb-aah ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aah-acg ,,*4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,nature ( ,self-deceit1 & ( ! ,orig9 & ,use ( g5]al ,rules 4 4 4 #acg-adb ,,*4 ,v4 ,( ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ! g5]al ,rules ( ,morality1 & t !y are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! ,laws ( ! ,deity 4 4 #adb-aej ,,*4 ,,vi4 ,9 :at ,cases ! ,s5se ( ,duty ought to be ! sole ,pr9ciple ( our ,conduct2 & 9 :at ,cases x ought to concur ) o!r ,motives 4 #aej-aeh ----- ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,utility ,,^u ,,! ,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,approbation4 ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,beauty :i* ! ,appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u all ! ,productions ( ,art1 & ( ! ext5sive ,influ5ce ( ?is ,species ( ,beauty 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aeh-afe ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,beauty :i* ! ,appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u ! ,*>act]s & ,actions ( ,m52 & h[ f> ! ,p]ception ( ?is ,beauty may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! orig9al ,pr9ciples ( ,approbation 4 4 4 4 #afe-aga #g ----- ,,"p ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,cu/om ,,& ,,fa%ion ,,^u ,,! ,,s5tim5ts ,,( ,,moral ,,approbation ,,& ,,disapprobation4 ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u our ,notions ( ,beauty & ,de=mity 4 4 #aga-agf ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u ,moral ,s5tim5ts 4 4 4 4 4 #agf-ahg ----- ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,virtue4--,,introduction1 #ahg4 ,,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,"* ( ! ,individual1 s f> z x affects 8 own ,happ9ess2 or ( ,prud5ce 4 #ahg-aib ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,"* ( ! ,individual1 s f> z x c affect ! ,happ9ess ( o!r ,p--,introduction 4 4 4 4 #aib-aic ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ! ,ord] 9 :i* ,individuals are recomm5d$ by ,nature to our ,c>e & ,att5tion #aic-bja ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,ord] 9 :i* ,societies are by ,nature recomm5d$ to our ,b5efic5ce 4 4 #bja-bjh ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( univ]sal ,b5evol5ce 4 4 4 #bjh-baj ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,self-comm& 4 4 4 4 #baj-bcc ,conclusion ( ! ,six? ,"p 4 4 4 4 #bcc-bcf ----- ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,( ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,que/ions :i* ought to be exam9$ 9 a ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts 4 4 4 #bcf-bcg ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ! diff]5t ,acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! ,nature ( ,virtue--,introduction 4 #bcg ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,propriety 4 4 4 4 4 #bcg-bfj ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,prud5ce 4 4 4 4 4 #bfj-bfe ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,b5evol5ce 4 4 4 4 4 #bfe-bga ,,*4 ,,iv4 ,( lic5ti\s ,sy/ems 4 4 4 #bga-bgh ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! diff]5t ,sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation--,introduction 4 4 4 #bgi ,,*4 ,i4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* d$uce ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation f ,self-love 4 4 4 #bgi-bha ,,*4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation 4 4 4 #bhb-bhd ,,*4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,s5tim5t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation 4 4 4 #bhe-bij ,,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,mann] 9 :i* diff]5t ,au?ors h treat$ ( ! practical ,rules ( ,morality #bij-cjd #h ----- ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,languages4 #cje-cbe ----- ,,essays ,,on ,,philosophical ,,subjects4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,inquiries1 ,,z ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,a/ronomy #cbe-cbf ,,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,unexpect$ness1 or ( ,surprise 4 4 4 4 4 #cbf-cbi ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,wond]1 or ! ,effects ( ,novelty 4 #cbi-ccg ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,philosophy 4 4 #cch-cdb ,,sec4 ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 4 4 4 #cdb-chd ----- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,inquiries1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,physics 4 4 4 4 4 #che-cie ----- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,inquiries1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,logics ,,& ,,metaphysics 4 4 4 4 #cie-dje ----- ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,t ,,imitation ,,:i* ,,takes ,,place ,,9 ,,:at ,,are ,,call$ ,,! ,,imitative ,,arts 4 4 4 #dje ,"p ,i41 #dje-dae4 ,"p ,,ii41 #dae-dcb4 ,"p ,,iii 4 #dcb-dcd ----- ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ity ,,betwe5 ,,music1 ,,danc+1 ,,& ,,poetry #dce-dch ----- ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s5ses 4 4 4 4 #dch-dci ,( ! ,s5se ( ,t\*+1 #dci-ddd4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,ta/+1 #ddd-dde4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,smell+1 #dde4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,he>+1 #dde-dej4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,see+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dej-dfh ----- ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ity ,,betwe5 ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,& ,,italian ,,v]ses 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dfh-dgc ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts ----- ,"p ,i4--,( ! ,propriety ( ,action4 ,,sec4 ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,propriety4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ,sympa?y4 ,,h[ selfi% soev] man may be suppos$1 !re are evid5tly "s pr9ciples 9 8 nature1 :i* int]e/ him 9 ! =tune ( o!rs1 & r5d] _! happ9ess necess>y to him1 ?\gh he d]ives no?+ f x except ! pleasure ( see+ x4 ,( ?is k9d is pity or compassion1 ! emotion :i* we feel = ! mis]y ( o!rs1 :5 we ei!r see x1 or are made to conceive x 9 a v lively mann]4 ,t we (t5 d]ive sorr[ f ! sorr[ ( o!rs1 is a matt] ( fact too obvi\s to require any in/ances to prove x2 = ?is s5tim5t1 l all ! o!r orig9al passions ( human nature1 is by no means conf9$ to ! virtu\s & humane1 ?\gh !y p]haps may feel x ) ! mo/ exquisite s5sibility4 ,! greate/ ruffian1 ! mo/ h>d5$ violator ( ! laws ( society1 is n altoge!r )\t x4 ,z we h no imm$iate exp]i5ce ( :at o!r m5 feel1 we c =m no idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are affect$1 b by conceiv+ :at we ourselves %\ld feel 9 ! l situation4 ,?\gh our bro!r is ^u ! rack1 z long z we ourselves are at our ease1 our s5ses w nev] in=m u ( :at he suff]s4 ,!y nev] did1 & nev] c1 c>ry u beyond our own p]son1 & x is by ! imag9ation only t we c =m any conception ( :at are 8 s5sations4 ,nei!r c t faculty help u to ?is any o!r way1 ?an by repres5t+ to u :at w\ld be our own1 if we 7 9 8 case4 ,x is ! impressions ( our own s5ses only1 n ^? ( 81 :i* our imag9ations copy4 ,by ! imag9ation we place ourselves 9 8 situation1 we conceive ourselves endur+ all ! same torm5ts1 we ent] z x 7 into 8 body1 & become 9 "s measure ! same p]son ) him1 & !nce =m "s idea ( 8 s5sations1 & ev5 feel some?+ :i*1 ?\gh weak] 9 degree1 is n altoge!r unlike !m4 ,8 agonies1 :5 !y are ?us br\ght home to ourselves1 :5 we h ?us adopt$ & made !m our own1 beg9 at la/ to affect u1 #aj & we !n tremble & %udd] at ! ?\ght ( :at he feels4 ,= z to be 9 pa9 or di/ress ( any k9d excites ! mo/ excessive sorr[1 s to conceive or to imag9e t we are 9 x1 excites "s degree ( ! same emotion1 9 proportion to ! vivacity or dulness ( ! conception4 ,t ?is is ! s\rce ( our fell[-feel+ = ! mis]y ( o!rs1 t x is by *ang+ places 9 fancy ) ! suff]]1 t we come ei!r to conceive or to be affect$ by :at he feels1 may be demon/rat$ by _m obvi\s obs]vations1 if x %\ld n be ?\ght suffici5tly evid5t ( itself4 ,:5 we see a /roke aim$ & j ready to fall ^u ! leg or arm ( ano!r p]son1 we naturally %r9k & draw back our own leg or our own arm2 & :5 x does fall1 we feel x 9 "s measure1 & are hurt by x z well z ! suff]]4 ,! mob1 :5 !y are gaz+ at a danc] on ! slack rope1 naturally wri! & twi/ & balance _! own bodies1 z !y see him d1 & z !y feel t !y !mselves mu/ d if 9 8 situation4 ,p]sons ( delicate fibres & a weak con/itution ( body compla91 t 9 look+ on ! sores & ulc]s :i* are expos$ by begg>s 9 ! /reets1 !y are apt to feel an it*+ or uneasy s5sation 9 ! correspond+ "p ( _! own bodies4 ,! horror :i* !y conceive at ! mis]y ( ^? wret*es affects t p>ticul> "p 9 !mselves m ?an any o!r2 because t horror arises f conceiv+ :at !y !mselves w\ld suff]1 if !y really 7 ! wret*es :om !y are look+ ^u1 & if t p>ticul> "p 9 !mselves 0 actually affect$ 9 ! same mis]able mann]4 ,! v =ce ( ?is conception is suffici5t1 9 _! feeble frames1 to produce t it*+ or uneasy s5sation compla9$ (4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ robu/ make1 obs]ve t 9 look+ ^u sore eyes !y (t5 feel a v s5sible sor5ess 9 _! own1 :i* proce$s f ! same reason2 t organ be+ 9 ! /ronge/ man m delicate1 ?an any o!r "p ( ! body is 9 ! weake/4 ,nei!r is x ^? circum/ances only1 :i* create pa9 or sorr[1 t call =? our fell[-feel+4 ,:atev] is ! passion :i* arises f any object 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 an analog\s emotion spr+s up1 at ! ?\ght ( 8 situation1 9 ! brea/ ( e att5tive spectator4 ,our joy = ! deliv]ance ( ^? h]oes ( trag$y or romance :o int]e/ u1 is z s9c]e z our grief = _! di/ress1 & our fell[-feel+ ) _! mis]y is n m real ?an t ) _! happ9ess4 ,we ent] into _! gratitude t[>ds ^? fai?ful fri5ds :o did n des]t !m 9 _! difficulties2 & we he>tily g along ) _! res5tm5t aga9/ ^? p]fidi\s traitors :o injur$1 ab&on$1 or deceiv$ !m4 ,9 e passion ( :i* ! m9d ( man is susceptible1 ! emotions ( ! by-/&] always correspond to :at1 by br++ ! case home to himself1 he imag9es %\ld be ! s5tim5ts ( ! suff]]4 #aa ,pity & compassion are words appropriat$ to signify our fell[-feel+ ) ! sorr[ ( o!rs4 ,sympa?y1 ?\gh its mean+ 01 p]haps1 orig9ally ! same1 may n[1 h[ev]1 )\t mu* impropriety1 be made use ( to d5ote our fell[-feel+ ) any passion :atev]4 ,^u "s occasions sympa?y may seem to arise m]ely f ! view ( a c]ta9 emotion 9 ano!r p]son4 ,! passions1 ^u "s occasions1 may seem to be transfus$ f "o man to ano!r1 in/antane\sly1 & antec$5t to any k ( :at excit$ !m 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,grief & joy1 = example1 /rongly express$ 9 ! look & ge/ures ( any "o1 at once affect ! spectator ) "s degree ( a l pa9ful or agreeable emotion4 ,a smil+ face is1 to ev]ybody t sees x1 a *e]ful object2 z a sorr[ful c\nt5ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is a melan*oly "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n hold univ]sally1 or ) reg>d to e passion4 ,!re are "s passions ( :i* ! expressions excite no sort ( sympa?y1 b be=e we are acqua9t$ ) :at gave occasion to !m1 s]ve r to disgu/ & provoke u aga9/ !m4 ,! furi\s behavi\r ( an angry man is m likely to exasp]ate u aga9/ himself ?an aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,z we are unacqua9t$ ) 8 provocation1 we _c br+ 8 case home to ourselves1 nor conceive any?+ l ! passions :i* x excites4 ,b we pla9ly see :at is ! situation ( ^? ) :om he is angry1 & to :at viol5ce !y may be expos$ f s enrag$ an adv]s>y4 ,we readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ise ) _! fe> or res5tm5t1 & are imm$iately dispos$ to take "p aga9/ ! man f :om !y appe> to be 9 s mu* dang]4 ,if ! v appe>ances ( grief & joy inspire u ) "s degree ( ! l emotions1 x is because !y sugge/ to u ! g5]al idea ( "s good or bad =tune t has befall5 ! p]son 9 :om we obs]ve !m3 & 9 ^! passions ?is is suffici5t to h "s little influ5ce ^u u4 ,! effects ( grief & joy t]m9ate 9 ! p]son :o feels ^? emotions1 ( :i* ! expressions d n1 l ^? ( res5tm5t1 sugge/ to u ! idea ( any o!r p]son = :om we are conc]n$1 & ^: int]e/s are opposite to 84 ,! g5]al idea ( good or bad =tune1 !re=e1 creates "s conc]n = ! p]son :o has met ) x1 b ! g5]al idea ( provocation excites no sympa?y ) ! ang] ( ! man :o has receiv$ x4 ,nature1 x seems1 tea*es u to be m av]se to ent] into ?is passion1 &1 till in=m$ ( its cause1 to be dispos$ r to take "p aga9/ x4 ,ev5 our sympa?y ) ! grief or joy ( ano!r1 be=e we are in=m$ ( ! cause ( ei!r1 is always extremely imp]fect4 ,g5]al lam5tations1 :i* express no?+ b ! angui% ( ! suff]]1 create r a curiosity to inquire into 8 situation1 along ) "s #ab disposition to sympa?ize ) him1 ?an any actual sympa?y t is v s5sible4 ,! fir/ "q :i* we ask is1 ,:at has befall5 y8 ,till ?is be answ]$1 ?\gh we are uneasy bo? f ! vague idea ( 8 mis=tune1 & /ill m f tortur+ ourselves ) conjectures ab\t :at x may be1 yet our fell[-feel+ is n v consid]able4 ,sympa?y1 !re=e1 does n arise s mu* f ! view ( ! passion1 z f t ( ! situation :i* excites x4 ,we sometimes feel = ano!r1 a passion ( :i* he himself seems to be altoge!r incapable2 because1 :5 we put ourselves 9 8 case1 t passion arises 9 our brea/ f ! imag9ation1 ?\gh x does n 9 8 f ! reality4 ,we blu% = ! impud5ce & rud5ess ( ano!r1 ?\gh he himself appe>s to h no s5se ( ! impropriety ( 8 own behavi\r2 because we _c help feel+ ) :at confusion we ourselves %\ld be cov]$1 _h we behav$ 9 s absurd a mann]4 ,( all ! calamities to :i* ! condition ( mortality exposes mank9d1 ! loss ( reason appe>s1 to ^? :o h ! lea/ sp>k ( humanity1 by f> ! mo/ dreadful1 & !y behold t la/ /age ( human wret*$ness1 ) deep] commis]ation ?an any o!r4 ,b ! poor wret*1 :o is 9 x1 laughs & s+s p]haps1 & is altoge!r ins5sible ( 8 own mis]y4 ,! angui% :i* humanity feels1 !re=e1 at ! sight ( su* an object _c be ! reflection ( any s5tim5t ( ! suff]]4 ,! compassion ( ! spectator mu/ arise altoge!r f ! consid]ation ( :at he himself w\ld feel if he 0 r$uc$ to ! same unhappy situation1 &1 :at p]haps is impossible1 0 at ! same "t able to reg>d x ) 8 pres5t reason & judgm5t4 ,:at are ! pangs ( a "m1 :5 %e he>s ! moan+s ( h] infant t dur+ ! agony ( disease _c express :at x feels8 ,9 h] idea ( :at x suff]s1 %e jo9s1 to its real helplessness1 h] own consci\sness ( t helplessness1 & h] own t]rors = ! unkn[n consequ5ces ( its disord]2 & out ( all ^!1 =ms1 = h] own sorr[1 ! mo/ complete image ( mis]y & di/ress4 ,! infant1 h[ev]1 feels only ! uneas9ess ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :i* c nev] be great4 ,) reg>d to ! future1 x is p]fectly secure1 & 9 its ?\ghtlessness & want ( =esight1 possesses an antidote aga9/ fe> & anxiety1 ! great torm5tors ( ! human brea/1 f :i*1 reason & philosophy w1 9 va91 attempt to def5d x :5 x gr[s up to a man4 ,we sympa?ize ev5 ) ! dead1 & ov]look+ :at is ( real importance 9 _! situation1 t awful futurity :i* awaits !m1 we are *iefly affect$ by ^? circum/ances :i* /rike our s5ses1 b c h no influ5ce ^u _! happ9ess4 ,x is mis]able1 we ?9k1 to be depriv$ ( ! light ( ! sun2 to be %ut out f life & #ac conv]sation2 to be laid 9 ! cold grave1 a prey to corruption & ! reptiles ( ! e>?2 to be no m ?\ght ( 9 ?is _w1 b to be oblit]at$1 9 a little "t1 f ! affections1 & almo/ f ! memory1 ( _! de>e/ fri5ds & relations4 ,surely1 we imag9e1 we c nev] feel too mu* = ^? :o h suff]$ s dreadful a calamity4 ,! tribute ( our fell[-feel+ seems d\bly due to !m n[1 :5 !y are 9 dang] ( be+ =got by e body2 &1 by ! va9 hon\rs :i* we pay to _! memory1 we endeav\r1 = our own mis]y1 artificially to keep alive our melan*oly remembrance ( _! mis=tune4 ,t our sympa?y c af=d !m no consolation seems to be an addition to _! calamity2 & to ?9k t all we c d is unavail+1 & t1 :at alleviates all o!r di/ress1 ! regret1 ! love1 & ! lam5tations ( _! fri5ds1 c yield no com=t to !m1 s]ves only to exasp]ate our s5se ( _! mis]y4 ,! happ9ess ( ! dead1 h[ev]1 mo/ assur$ly1 is affect$ by none ( ^! circum/ances2 nor is x ! ?\ght ( ^! ?+s :i* c ev] di/urb ! pr(\nd security ( _! repose4 ,! idea ( t dre>y & endless melan*oly1 :i* ! fancy naturally ascribes to _! condition1 arises altoge!r f our jo9+ to ! *ange :i* has be5 produc$ ^u !m1 our own consci\sness ( t *ange1 f our putt+ ourselves 9 _! situation1 & f our lodg+1 if ,i may be all[$ to say s1 our own liv+ s\ls 9 _! inanimat$ bodies1 & !nce conceiv+ :at w\ld be our emotions 9 ?is case4 ,x is f ?is v illusion ( ! imag9ation1 t ! =esight ( our own dissolution is s t]rible to u1 & t ! idea ( ^? circum/ances1 :i* und\bt$ly c give u no pa9 :5 we are dead1 makes u mis]able :ile we are alive4 ,& f !nce arises "o ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples 9 human nature1 ! dread ( dea?1 ! great poison to ! happ9ess1 b ! great re/ra9t ^u ! inju/ice ( mank9d1 :i*1 :ile x afflicts & mortifies ! individual1 gu>ds & protects ! society4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,pleasure ( mutual ,sympa?y4 ,,b :atev] may be ! cause ( sympa?y1 or h[ev] x may be excit$1 no?+ pleases u m ?an to obs]ve 9 o!r m5 a fell[-feel+ ) all ! emotions ( our own brea/2 nor are we ev] s mu* %ock$ z by ! appe>ance ( ! contr>y4 ,^? :o are fond ( d$uc+ all our s5tim5ts f c]ta9 ref9em5ts ( self-love1 ?9k !mselves at no loss to acc\nt1 accord+ to _! own pr9ciples1 bo? = ?is pleasure & ?is pa94 ,man1 say !y1 consci\s ( 8 own weakness1 & ( ! ne$ :i* he has = ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 rejoices :5ev] he obs]ves t !y adopt 8 own passions1 because he is !n assur$ ( t assi/ance2 & #ad grieves :5ev] he obs]ves ! contr>y1 because he is !n assur$ ( _! opposition4 ,b bo? ! pleasure & ! pa9 are always felt s in/antane\sly1 & (t5 ^u su* frivol\s occasions1 t x seems evid5t t nei!r ( !m c be d]iv$ f any su* self-int]e/$ consid]ation4 ,a man is mortifi$ :51 aft] hav+ endeav\r$ to div]t ! company1 he looks r\nd & sees t nobody laughs at 8 je/s b himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mir? ( ! company is highly agreeable to him1 & he reg>ds ?is correspond5ce ( _! s5tim5ts ) 8 own z ! greate/ applause4 ,nei!r does 8 pleasure seem to arise altoge!r f ! additional vivacity :i* 8 mir? may receive f sympa?y ) !irs1 nor 8 pa9 f ! disappo9tm5t he meets ) :5 he misses ?is pleasure2 ?\gh bo? ! "o & ! o!r1 no d\bt1 d 9 "s measure4 ,:5 we h read a book or poem s (t5 t we c no long] f9d any amusem5t 9 read+ x by ourselves1 we c /ill take pleasure 9 read+ x to a companion4 ,to him x has all ! graces ( novelty2 we ent] into ! surprise & admiration :i* x naturally excites 9 him1 b :i* x is no long] capable ( excit+ 9 u2 we consid] all ! ideas :i* x pres5ts r 9 ! light 9 :i* !y appe> to him1 ?an 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to ourselves1 & we are amus$ by sympa?y ) 8 amusem5t :i* ?us enliv5s our own4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld be vex$ if he did n seem to be ent]ta9$ ) x1 & we c\ld no long] take any pleasure 9 read+ x to him4 ,x is ! same case "h4 ,! mir? ( ! company1 no d\bt1 enliv5s our own mir?1 & _! sil5ce1 no d\bt1 disappo9ts u4 ,b ?\gh ?is may contribute bo? to ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f ! "o1 & to ! pa9 :i* we feel f ! o!r1 x is by no means ! sole cause ( ei!r2 & ?is correspond5ce ( ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs ) our own appe>s to be a cause ( pleasure1 & ! want ( x a cause ( pa91 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is mann]4 ,! sympa?y1 :i* my fri5ds express ) my joy1 might1 inde$1 give me pleasure by enliv5+ t joy3 b t :i* !y express ) my grief c\ld give me none1 if x s]v$ only to enliv5 t grief4 ,sympa?y1 h[ev]1 enliv5s joy & alleviates grief4 ,x enliv5s joy by pres5t+ ano!r s\rce ( satisfaction2 & x alleviates grief by ins9uat+ into ! he>t almo/ ! only agreeable s5sation :i* x is at t "t capable ( receiv+4 ,x is to be obs]v$ accord+ly1 t we are /ill m anxi\s to communicate to our fri5ds our disagreeable ?an our agreeable passions1 t we d]ive /ill m satisfaction f _! sympa?y ) ! =m] ?an f t ) ! latt]1 & t we are /ill m %ock$ by ! want ( x4 ,h[ are ! un=tunate reliev$ :5 !y h f\nd out a p]son to :om !y c communicate ! cause ( _! sorr[8 ,^u 8 sympa?y !y seem to disbur!n !mselves ( a "p ( _! #ae di/ress3 he is n improp]ly said to %>e x ) !m4 ,he n only feels a sorr[ ( ! same k9d ) t :i* !y feel1 b1 z if he _h d]iv$ a "p ( x to himself1 :at he feels seems to alleviate ! weight ( :at !y feel4 ,yet by relat+ _! mis=tunes !y 9 "s measure r5ew _! grief4 ,!y awak5 9 _! memory ! remembrance ( ^? circum/ances :i* occasion _! affliction4 ,_! te>s accord+ly fl[ fa/] ?an be=e1 & !y are apt to ab&on !mselves to all ! weakness ( sorr[4 ,!y take pleasure1 h[ev]1 9 all ?is1 &1 x is evid5t1 are s5sibly reliev$ by x2 because ! sweetness ( 8 sympa?y m ?an comp5sates ! bitt]ness ( t sorr[1 :i*1 9 ord] to excite ?is sympa?y1 !y _h ?us enliv5$ & r5ew$4 ,! cruelle/ insult1 on ! contr>y1 :i* c be (f]$ to ! un=tunate1 is to appe> to make light ( _! calamities4 ,to seem n to be affect$ ) ! joy ( our companions is b want ( polit5ess2 b n to we> a s]i\s c\nt5ance :5 !y tell u _! afflictions1 is real & gross inhumanity4 ,love is an agreeable1 res5tm5t a disagreeable1 passion2 & accord+ly we are n half s anxi\s t our fri5ds %\ld adopt our fri5d%ips1 z t !y %\ld ent] into our res5tm5ts4 ,we c =give !m ?\gh !y seem to be little affect$ ) ! fav\rs :i* we may h receiv$1 b lose all pati5ce if !y seem indiff]5t ab\t ! injuries :i* may h be5 done to u3 nor are we half s angry ) !m = n ent]+ into our gratitude1 z = n sympa?iz+ ) our res5tm5t4 ,!y c easily avoid be+ fri5ds to our fri5ds1 b c h>dly avoid be+ enemies to ^? ) :om we are at v>iance4 ,we seldom res5t _! be+ at enmity ) ! fir/1 ?\gh ^u t acc\nt we may sometimes affect to make an awkw>d qu>rel ) !m2 b we qu>rel ) !m 9 good e>ne/ if !y live 9 fri5d%ip ) ! la/4 ,! agreeable passions ( love & joy c satisfy & support ! he>t )\t any auxili>y pleasure4 ,! bitt] & pa9ful emotions ( grief & res5tm5t m /rongly require ! heal+ consolation ( sympa?y4 ,z ! p]son :o is pr9cipally int]e/$ 9 any ev5t is pleas$ ) our sympa?y1 & hurt by ! want ( x1 s we1 too1 seem to be pleas$ :5 we are able to sympa?ize ) him1 & to be hurt :5 we are unable to d s4 ,we run n only to congratulate ! successful1 b to condole ) ! afflict$2 & ! pleasure :i* we f9d 9 ! conv]sation ( "o :om 9 all ! passions ( 8 he>t we c entirely sympa?ize )1 seems to d m ?an comp5sate ! pa9fulness ( t sorr[ ) :i* ! view ( 8 situation affects u4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is always disagreeable to feel t we _c sympa?ize ) him1 & in/ead ( be+ pleas$ ) ?is exemption f sympa!tic pa91 x hurts u to f9d t we _c %>e 8 uneas9ess4 ,if we he> a p]son l\dly lam5t+ 8 mis=tunes1 :i* h[ev]1 ^u br++ ! case home to ourselves1 we feel1 c produce #af no su* viol5t effect ^u u1 we are %ock$ at 8 grief2 &1 because we _c ent] into x1 call x pusillanimity & weakness4 ,x gives u ! sple51 on ! o!r h&1 to see ano!r too happy or too mu* elevat$1 z we call x1 ) any little piece ( good =tune4 ,we are disoblig$ ev5 ) 8 joy2 &1 because we _c g along ) x1 call x levity & folly4 ,we are ev5 put out ( hum\r if our companion laughs l\d] or long] at a joke ?an we ?9k x des]ves2 t is1 ?an we feel t we ourselves c\ld laugh at x4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ! ,mann] 9 :i* we judge ( ! ,propriety or ,impropriety ( ! ,affections ( o!r ,m51 by _! ,concord or ,dissonance ) our own4 ,,:5 ! orig9al passions ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ are 9 p]fect concord ) ! sympa!tic emotions ( ! spectator1 !y necess>ily appe> to ?is la/ j & prop]1 & suitable to _! objects2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :51 ^u br++ ! case home to himself1 he f9ds t !y d n co9cide ) :at he feels1 !y necess>ily appe> to him unju/ & improp]1 & unsuitable to ! causes :i* excite !m4 ,to approve ( ! passions ( ano!r1 !re=e1 z suitable to _! objects1 is ! same ?+ z to obs]ve t we entirely sympa?ize ) !m2 & n to approve ( !m z su*1 is ! same ?+ z to obs]ve t we d n entirely sympa?ize ) !m4 ,! man :o res5ts ! injuries t h be5 done to me1 & obs]ves t ,i res5t !m precisely z he does1 necess>ily approves ( my res5tm5t4 ,! man ^: sympa?y keeps "t to my grief1 _c b admit ! reasonabl5ess ( my sorr[4 ,he :o admires ! same poem1 or ! same picture1 & admires !m exactly z ,i d1 mu/ surely all[ ! ju/ness ( my admiration4 ,he :o laughs at ! same joke1 & laughs along ) me1 _c well d5y ! propriety ( my laught]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! p]son :o1 ^u ^! diff]5t occasions1 ei!r feels no su* emotion z t :i* ,i feel1 or feels none t be>s any proportion to m9e1 _c avoid disapprov+ my s5tim5ts on acc\nt ( _! dissonance ) 8 own4 ,if my animosity goes beyond :at ! indignation ( my fri5d c correspond to2 if my grief exce$s :at 8 mo/ t5d] compassion c g along )2 if my admiration is ei!r too high or too l[ to tally ) 8 own2 if ,i laugh l\d & he>tily :5 he only smiles1 or1 on ! contr>y1 only smile :5 he laughs l\d & he>tily2 9 all ^! cases1 z soon z he comes f consid]+ ! object1 to obs]ve h[ ,i am affect$ by x1 accord+ z !re is m or less disproportion betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & m9e1 ,i mu/ incur a great] or less degree ( 8 disapprobation3 & ^u all occasions 8 own s5tim5ts are ! /&>ds & measures by :i* he judges ( m9e4 #ag ,to approve ( ano!r man's op9ions is to adopt ^? op9ions1 & to adopt !m is to approve ( !m4 ,if ! same argum5ts :i* conv9ce y conv9ce me likewise1 ,i necess>ily approve ( y\r conviction2 & if !y d n1 ,i necess>ily disapprove ( x3 nei!r c ,i possibly conceive t ,i %\ld d ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,to approve or disapprove1 !re=e1 ( ! op9ions ( o!rs is ackn[l$g$1 by e body1 to mean no m ?an to obs]ve _! agreem5t or disagreem5t ) our own4 ,b ?is is equally ! case ) reg>d to our approbation or disapprobation ( ! s5tim5ts or passions ( o!rs4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s cases 9 :i* we seem to approve )\t any sympa?y or correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts1 & 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ! s5tim5t ( approbation w\ld seem to be diff]5t f ! p]ception ( ?is co9cid5ce4 ,a little att5tion1 h[ev]1 w conv9ce u t ev5 9 ^! cases our approbation is ultimately f\nd$ ^u a sympa?y or correspond5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,i %all give an in/ance 9 ?+s ( a v frivol\s nature1 because 9 !m ! judgm5ts ( mank9d are less apt to be p]v]t$ by wrong sy/ems4 ,we may (t5 approve ( a je/1 & ?9k ! laught] ( ! company q j & prop]1 ?\gh we ourselves d n laugh1 because1 p]haps1 we are 9 a grave hum\r1 or happ5 to h our att5tion engag$ ) o!r objects4 ,we h le>n$1 h[ev]1 f exp]i5ce1 :at sort ( pleasantry is ^u mo/ occasions capable ( mak+ u laugh1 & we obs]ve t ?is is "o ( t k9d4 ,we approve1 !re=e1 ( ! laught] ( ! company1 & feel t x is natural & suitable to its object2 because1 ?\gh 9 our pres5t mode we _c easily ent] into x1 we are s5sible t ^u mo/ occasions we %\ld v he>tily jo9 9 x4 ,! same ?+ (t5 happ5s ) reg>d to all ! o!r passions4 ,a /rang] passes by u 9 ! /reet ) all ! m>ks ( ! deepe/ affliction2 & we are imm$iately told t he has j receiv$ ! news ( ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,x is impossible t1 9 ?is case1 we %\ld n approve ( 8 grief4 ,yet x may (t5 happ51 )\t any defect ( humanity on our "p1 t1 s f> f ent]+ into ! viol5ce ( 8 sorr[1 we %\ld sc>ce conceive ! fir/ movem5ts ( conc]n ^u 8 acc\nt4 ,bo? he & 8 fa!r1 p]haps1 are entirely unkn[n to u1 or we happ5 to be employ$ ab\t o!r ?+s1 & d n take "t to picture out 9 our imag9ation ! diff]5t circum/ances ( di/ress :i* mu/ occur to him4 ,we h le>n$1 h[ev]1 f exp]i5ce1 t su* a mis=tune naturally excites su* a degree ( sorr[1 & we "k t if we took "t to consid] 8 situation1 fully 9 all its p>ts1 we %\ld1 )\t d\bt1 mo/ s9c]ely sympa?ize ) him4 ,x is ^u ! consci\sness ( ?is conditional sympa?y1 t our approbation ( 8 sorr[ is f\nd$1 ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* t sympa?y does n actually take place2 #ah & ! g5]al rules d]iv$ f our prec$+ exp]i5ce ( :at our s5tim5ts w\ld commonly correspond )1 correct ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 ! impropriety ( our pres5t emotions4 ,! s5tim5t or affection ( ! he>t f :i* any action proce$s1 & ^u :i* its :ole virtue or vice mu/ ultimately dep5d1 may be consid]$ "u two diff]5t aspects1 or 9 two diff]5t relations2 fir/1 9 relation to ! cause :i* excites x1 or ! motive :i* gives occasion to x2 & secondly1 9 relation to ! end :i* x proposes1 or ! effect :i* x t5ds to produce4 ,9 ! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess1 9 ! proportion or disproportion :i* ! affection seems to be> to ! cause or object :i* excites x1 consi/s ! propriety or impropriety1 ! dec5cy or ungracefulness ( ! consequ5t action4 ,9 ! b5eficial or hurtful nature ( ! effects :i* ! affection aims at1 or t5ds to produce1 consi/s ! m]it or dem]it ( ! action1 ! qualities by :i* x is entitl$ to rew>d1 or is des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,philosoph]s h1 ( late ye>s1 consid]$ *iefly ! t5d5cy ( affections1 & h giv5 little att5tion to ! relation :i* !y /& 9 to ! cause :i* excites !m4 ,9 common life1 h[ev]1 :5 we judge ( any p]son's conduct1 & ( ! s5tim5ts :i* direct$ x1 we con/antly consid] !m "u bo? ^! aspects4 ,:5 we blame 9 ano!r man ! excesses ( love1 ( grief1 ( res5tm5t1 we n only consid] ! ru9\s effect :i* !y t5d to produce1 b ! little occasion :i* 0 giv5 = !m4 ,! m]it ( 8 fav\rite1 we say1 is n s great1 8 mis=tune is n s dreadful1 8 provocation is n s extraord9>y1 z to ju/ify s viol5t a passion4 ,we %\ld h indulg$1 we say1 p]haps1 h approv$ ( ! viol5ce ( 8 emotion1 _h ! cause be5 9 any respect proportion$ to x4 ,:5 we judge 9 ?is mann] ( any affection z proportion$ or disproportion$ to ! cause :i* excites x1 x is sc>ce possible t we %\ld make use ( any o!r rule or canon b ! correspond5t affection 9 ourselves4 ,if1 ^u br++ ! case home to our own brea/1 we f9d t ! s5tim5ts :i* x gives occasion to1 co9cide & tally ) our own1 we necess>ily approve ( !m z proportion$ & suitable to _! objects2 if o!rwise1 we necess>ily disapprove ( !m1 z extravagant & out ( proportion4 ,e faculty 9 "o man is ! measure by :i* he judges ( ! l faculty 9 ano!r4 ,i judge ( y\r sight by my sight1 ( y\r e> by my e>1 ( y\r reason by my reason1 ( y\r res5tm5t by my res5tm5t1 ( y\r love by my love4 ,i nei!r h1 nor c h1 any o!r way ( judg+ ab\t !m4 #ai ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,! same ,subject cont9u$4 ,,we may judge ( ! propriety or impropriety ( ! s5tim5ts ( ano!r p]son by _! correspond5ce or disagreem5t ) our own1 ^u two diff]5t occasions2 ei!r1 fir/1 :5 ! objects :i* excite !m are consid]$ )\t any peculi> relation1 ei!r to ourselves or to ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (2 or1 secondly1 :5 !y are consid]$ z peculi>ly affect+ "o or o!r ( u4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ^? objects :i* are consid]$ )\t any peculi> relation ei!r to ourselves or to ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (2 :]ev] 8 s5tim5ts entirely correspond ) our own1 we ascribe to him ! qualities ( ta/e & good judgm5t4 ,! beauty ( a pla91 ! greatness ( a m\nta91 ! ornam5ts ( a build+1 ! expression ( a picture1 ! composition ( a disc\rse1 ! conduct ( a ?ird p]son1 ! proportions ( diff]5t quantities & numb]s1 ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* ! great ma*9e ( ! univ]se is p]petually exhibit+1 ) ! secret :eels & spr+s :i* produce !m2 all ! g5]al subjects ( sci5ce & ta/e1 are :at we & our companions reg>d z hav+ no peculi> relation to ei!r ( u4 ,we bo? look at !m f ! same po9t ( view1 & we h no occasion = sympa?y1 or = t imag9>y *ange ( situations f :i* x arises1 9 ord] to produce1 ) reg>d to ^!1 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony ( s5tim5ts & affections4 ,if1 not)/&+1 we are (t5 diff]5tly affect$1 x arises ei!r f ! diff]5t degrees ( att5tion1 :i* our diff]5t habits ( life all[ u to give easily to ! sev]al p>ts ( ^? complex objects1 or f ! diff]5t degrees ( natural acut5ess 9 ! faculty ( ! m9d to :i* !y are address$4 ,:5 ! s5tim5ts ( our companion co9cide ) our own 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* are obvi\s & easy1 & 9 :i*1 p]haps1 we nev] f\nd a s+le p]son :o diff]$ f u1 ?\gh we1 no d\bt1 mu/ approve ( !m1 yet he seems to des]ve no praise or admiration on acc\nt ( !m4 ,b :5 !y n only co9cide ) our own1 b lead & direct our own2 :5 9 =m+ !m he appe>s to h att5d$ to _m ?+s :i* we _h ov]look$1 & to h adju/$ !m to all ! v>i\s circum/ances ( _! objects2 we n only approve ( !m1 b wond] & are surpris$ at _! uncommon & unexpect$ acut5ess & compreh5siv5ess1 & he appe>s to des]ve a v high degree ( admiration & applause4 ,= approbation height5$ by wond] & surprise1 con/itutes ! s5tim5t :i* is prop]ly call$ admiration1 & ( :i* applause is ! natural expression4 ,! decision ( ! man :o judges t exquisite beauty is pref]able to ! grosse/ de=mity1 or t twice two are equal to f\r1 mu/ c]ta9ly be approv$ ( by #bj all ! _w1 b w n1 surely1 be mu* admir$4 ,x is ! acute & delicate disc]nm5t ( ! man ( ta/e1 :o di/+ui%es ! m9ute1 & sc>ce p]ceptible diff]5ces ( beauty & de=mity2 x is ! compreh5sive accuracy ( ! exp]i5c$ ma!matician1 :o unravels1 ) ease1 ! mo/ intricate & p]plex$ proportions2 x is ! great lead] 9 sci5ce & ta/e1 ! man :o directs & conducts our own s5tim5ts1 ! ext5t & sup]ior ju/ness ( ^: tal5ts a/oni% u ) wond] & surprise1 :o excites our admiration1 & seems to des]ve our applause2 & ^u ?is f\ndation is gr\nd$ ! great] "p ( ! praise :i* is be/[$ ^u :at are call$ ! intellectual virtues4 ,! utility ( ^? qualities1 x may be ?\ght1 is :at fir/ recomm5ds !m to u2 &1 no d\bt1 ! consid]ation ( ?is1 :5 we come to att5d to x1 gives !m a new value4 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 we approve ( ano!r man's judgm5t1 n z some?+ useful1 b z "r1 z accurate1 z agreeable to tru? & reality3 & x is evid5t we attribute ^? qualities to x = no o!r reason b because we f9d t x agrees ) our own4 ,ta/e1 9 ! same mann]1 is orig9ally approv$ (1 n z useful1 b z j1 z delicate1 & z precisely suit$ to its object4 ,! idea ( ! utility ( all qualities ( ?is k9d1 is pla9ly an aft]?\ght1 & n :at fir/ recomm5ds !m to our approbation4 #b4 ,) reg>d to ^? objects1 :i* affect 9 a p>ticul> mann] ei!r ourselves or ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (1 x is at once m difficult to pres]ve ?is h>mony & correspond5ce1 & at ! same "t1 va/ly m important4 ,my companion does n naturally look at ! mis=tune t has befall5 me1 or ! injury t has be5 done me1 f ! same po9t ( view 9 :i* ,i consid] !m4 ,!y affect me mu* m ne>ly4 ,we d n view !m f ! same /ation1 z we d a picture1 or a poem1 or a sy/em ( philosophy1 & are1 !re=e1 apt to be v diff]5tly affect$ by !m4 ,b ,i c mu* m easily ov]look ! want ( ?is correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts ) reg>d to su* indiff]5t objects z conc]n nei!r me nor my companion1 ?an ) reg>d to :at int]e/s me s mu* z ! mis=tune t has befall5 me1 or ! injury t has be5 done me4 ,?\gh y despise t picture1 or t poem1 or ev5 t sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* ,i admire1 !re is little dang] ( our qu>rell+ ^u t acc\nt4 ,nei!r ( u c reasonably be mu* int]e/$ ab\t !m4 ,!y ought all ( !m to be matt]s ( great indiff]5ce to u bo?2 s t1 ?\gh our op9ions may be opposite1 our affections may /ill be v ne>ly ! same4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) reg>d to ^? objects by :i* ei!r y or ,i are p>ticul>ly affect$4 ,?\gh y\r judgm5ts 9 matt]s ( speculation1 ?\gh y\r s5tim5ts 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 are q opposite to m9e1 ,i c easily ov]look ?is opposition2 & if ,i #ba h any degree ( temp]1 ,i may /ill f9d "s ent]ta9m5t 9 y\r conv]sation1 ev5 ^u ^? v subjects4 ,b if y h ei!r no fell[-feel+ = ! mis=tunes ,i h met )1 or none t be>s any proportion to ! grief :i* di/racts me2 or if y h ei!r no indignation at ! injuries ,i h suff]$1 or none t be>s any proportion to ! res5tm5t :i* transports me1 we c no long] conv]se ^u ^! subjects4 ,we become intol]able to "o ano!r4 ,i c nei!r support y\r company1 nor y m9e4 ,y are conf\nd$ at my viol5ce & passion1 & ,i am enrag$ at y\r cold ins5sibility & want ( feel+4 ,9 all su* cases1 t !re may be "s correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts betwe5 ! spectator & ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 ! spectator mu/1 fir/ ( all1 endeav\r1 z mu* z he c1 to put himself 9 ! situation ( ! o!r1 & to br+ home to himself e little circum/ance ( di/ress :i* c possibly occur to ! suff]]4 ,he mu/ adopt ! :ole case ( 8 companion ) all its m9ute/ incid5ts2 & /rive to r5d] z p]fect z possible1 t imag9>y *ange ( situation ^u :i* 8 sympa?y is f\nd$4 ,aft] all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! emotions ( ! spectator w /ill be v apt to fall %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is felt by ! suff]]4 ,mank9d1 ?\gh naturally sympa!tic1 nev] conceive1 = :at has befall5 ano!r1 t degree ( passion :i* naturally animates ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,t imag9>y *ange ( situation1 ^u :i* _! sympa?y is f\nd$1 is b mom5t>y4 ,! ?\ght ( _! own safety1 ! ?\ght t !y !mselves are n really ! suff]]s1 cont9ually intrudes itself ^u !m2 & ?\gh x does n h9d] !m f conceiv+ a passion some:at analog\s to :at is felt by ! suff]]1 h9d]s !m f conceiv+ any ?+ t approa*es to ! same degree ( viol5ce4 ,! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is s5sible ( ?is1 & at ! same "t passionately desires a m complete sympa?y4 ,he longs = t relief :i* no?+ c af=d him b ! entire concord ( ! affections ( ! spectators ) 8 own4 ,to see ! emotions ( _! he>ts1 9 e respect1 beat "t to 8 own1 9 ! viol5t & disagreeable passions1 con/itutes 8 sole consolation4 ,b he c only hope to obta9 ?is by l[]+ 8 passion to t pit*1 9 :i* ! spectators are capable ( go+ along ) him4 ,he mu/ flatt51 if ,i may be all[$ to say s1 ! %>pness ( its natural tone1 9 ord] to r$uce x to h>mony & concord ) ! emotions ( ^? :o are ab\t him4 ,:at !y feel1 w1 inde$1 always be1 9 "s respects1 diff]5t f :at he feels1 & compassion c nev] be exactly ! same ) orig9al sorr[2 because ! secret consci\sness t ! *ange ( situations1 f :i* ! sympa!tic s5tim5t arises1 is b imag9>y1 n only l[]s x 9 degree1 b1 9 "s measure1 v>ies x 9 k9d1 & gives x a q diff]5t modification4 ,^! two #bb s5tim5ts1 h[ev]1 may1 x is evid5t1 h su* a correspond5ce ) "o ano!r1 z is suffici5t = ! h>mony ( society4 ,?\gh !y w nev] be unisons1 !y may be concords1 & ?is is all t is want$ or requir$4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is concord1 z nature tea*es ! spectators to assume ! circum/ance ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 s %e tea*es ?is la/ 9 "s measure to assume ^? ( ! spectators4 ,z !y are cont9ually plac+ !mselves 9 8 situation1 & !nce conceiv+ emotions simil> to :at he feels2 s he is z con/antly plac+ himself 9 !irs1 & !nce conceiv+ "s degree ( t coolness ab\t 8 own =tune1 ) :i* he is s5sible t !y w view x4 ,z !y are con/antly consid]+ :at !y !mselves w\ld feel1 if !y actually 7 ! suff]]s1 s he is z con/antly l$ to imag9e 9 :at mann] he w\ld be affect$ if he 0 only "o ( ! spectators ( 8 own situation4 ,z _! sympa?y makes !m look at x1 9 "s measure1 ) 8 eyes1 s 8 sympa?y makes him look at x1 9 "s measure1 ) !irs1 especially :5 9 _! pres5ce & act+ "u _! obs]vation3 & z ! reflect$ passion1 :i* he ?us conceives1 is mu* weak] ?an ! orig9al "o1 x necess>ily abates ! viol5ce ( :at he felt be=e he came into _! pres5ce1 be=e he began to recollect 9 :at mann] !y w\ld be affect$ by x1 & to view 8 situation 9 ?is c&id & imp>tial light4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 is r>ely s di/urb$1 b t ! company ( a fri5d w re/ore x to "s degree ( tranquillity & s$at5ess4 ,! brea/ is1 9 "s measure1 calm$ & compos$ ! mom5t we come into 8 pres5ce4 ,we are imm$iately put 9 m9d ( ! light 9 :i* he w view our situation1 & we beg9 to view x ourselves 9 ! same light2 = ! effect ( sympa?y is in/antane\s4 ,we expect less sympa?y f a common acqua9tance ?an f a fri5d3 we _c op5 to ! =m] all ^? little circum/ances :i* we c unfold to ! latt]3 we assume1 !re=e1 m tranquillity be=e him1 & endeav\r to fix our ?\ghts ^u ^? g5]al outl9es ( our situation :i* he is will+ to consid]4 ,we expect /ill less sympa?y f an assembly ( /rang]s1 & we assume1 !re=e1 /ill m tranquillity be=e !m1 & always endeav\r to br+ d[n our passion to t pit*1 :i* ! p>ticul> company we are 9 may be expect$ to g along )4 ,nor is ?is only an assum$ appe>ance3 = if we are at all ma/]s ( ourselves1 ! pres5ce ( a m]e acqua9tance w really compose u1 /ill m ?an t ( a fri5d2 & t ( an assembly ( /rang]s /ill m ?an t ( an acqua9tance4 ,society & conv]sation1 !re=e1 are ! mo/ p[]ful rem$ies = re/or+ ! m9d to its tranquillity1 if1 at any "t1 x has un=tunately lo/ x2 z well z ! be/ pres]vatives ( t equal & #bc happy temp]1 :i* is s necess>y to self-satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,m5 ( retirem5t & speculation1 :o are apt to sit brood+ at home ov] ei!r grief or res5tm5t1 ?\gh !y may (t5 h m humanity1 m g5]osity1 & a nic] s5se ( hon\r1 yet seldom possess t equality ( temp] :i* is s common among m5 ( ! _w4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,v4--,( ! amiable & respectable ,virtues4 ,,^u ^! two diff]5t ef=ts1 ^u t ( ! spectator to ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & ^u t ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ to br+ d[n 8 emotions to :at ! spectator c g along )1 are f\nd$ two diff]5t sets ( virtues4 ,! s(t1 ! g5tle1 ! amiable virtues1 ! virtues ( c&id condesc5sion & indulg5t humanity1 are f\nd$ ^u ! "o3 ! great1 ! awful & respectable1 ! virtues ( self-d5ial1 ( self-gov]nm5t1 ( t comm& ( ! passions :i* subjects all ! movem5ts ( our nature to :at our own dignity & hon\r1 & ! propriety ( our own conduct require1 take _! orig9 f ! o!r4 ,h[ amiable does he appe> to be1 ^: sympa!tic he>t seems to re-e*o all ! s5tim5ts ( ^? ) :om he conv]ses1 :o grieves = _! calamities1 :o res5ts _! injuries1 & :o rejoices at _! good =tune6 ,:5 we br+ home to ourselves ! situation ( 8 companions1 we ent] into _! gratitude1 & feel :at consolation !y mu/ d]ive f ! t5d] sympa?y ( s affectionate a fri5d4 ,& = a contr>y reason1 h[ disagreeable does he appe> to be1 ^: h>d & obdurate he>t feels = himself only1 b is altoge!r ins5sible to ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs6 ,we ent]1 9 ?is case1 too1 into ! pa9 :i* 8 pres5ce mu/ give to e mortal ) :om he conv]ses1 to ^? especially ) :om we are mo/ apt to sympa?ize1 ! un=tunate & ! injur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at noble propriety & grace d we feel 9 ! conduct ( ^? :o1 9 _! own case1 ex]t t recollection & self-comm& :i* con/itute ! dignity ( e passion1 & :i* br+ x d[n to :at o!rs c ent] into8 ,we are disgu/$ ) t clamor\s grief1 :i*1 )\t any delicacy1 calls ^u our compassion ) sighs & te>s & importunate lam5tations4 ,b we rev]5ce t res]v$1 t sil5t & maje/ic sorr[1 :i* discov]s itself only 9 ! swell+ ( ! eyes1 9 ! quiv]+ ( ! lips & *eeks1 & 9 ! di/ant1 b affect+1 coldness ( ! :ole behavi\r4 ,x imposes ! l sil5ce ^u u4 ,we reg>d x ) respectful att5tion1 & wat* ) anxi\s conc]n ov] our :ole behavi\r1 le/ by any impropriety we %\ld di/urb t conc]t$ tranquillity1 :i* x requires s great an ef=t to support4 ,! insol5ce & brutality ( ang]1 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we #bd indulge its fury )\t *eck or re/ra9t1 is ( all objects ! mo/ dete/able4 ,b we admire t noble & g5]\s res5tm5t :i* gov]ns its pursuit ( ! greate/ injuries1 n by ! rage :i* !y are apt to excite 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]1 b by ! indignation :i* !y naturally call =? 9 t "p ( ! imp>tial spectator2 :i* all[s no ^w1 no ge/ure1 to escape x beyond :at ?is m equitable s5tim5t w\ld dictate2 :i* nev]1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 attempts any great] v5geance1 nor desires to inflict any great] puni%m5t1 ?an :at e indiff]5t p]son w\ld rejoice to see execut$4 ,& h5ce x is1 t to feel mu* = o!rs & little = ourselves1 t to re/ra9 our selfi%1 & to indulge our b5evol5t affections1 con/itutes ! p]fection ( human nature2 & c alone produce among mank9d t h>mony ( s5tim5ts & passions 9 :i* consi/s _! :ole grace & propriety4 ,z to love our neighb\r z we love ourselves is ! great law ( ,*ri/ianity1 s x is ! great precept ( nature to love ourselves only z we love our neighb\r1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 z our neighb\r is f\nd capable ( lov+ u4 ,z ta/e & good judgm5t1 :5 !y are consid]$ z qualities :i* des]ve praise & admiration1 are suppos$ to imply a delicacy ( s5tim5t & an acut5ess ( und]/&+ n commonly to be met )2 s ! virtues ( s5sibility & self-comm& are n appreh5d$ to consi/ 9 ! ord9>y1 b 9 ! uncommon degrees ( ^? qualities4 ,! amiable virtue ( humanity requires1 surely1 a s5sibility mu* beyond :at is possess$ by ! rude vulg> ( mank9d4 ,! great & exalt$ virtue ( magnanimity und\bt$ly dem&s mu* m ?an t degree ( self-comm&1 :i* ! weake/ ( mortals is capable ( ex]t+4 ,z 9 ! common degree ( ! intellectual qualities1 !re is no ability2 s 9 ! common degree ( ! moral1 !re is no virtue4 ,virtue is excell5ce1 some?+ uncommonly great & beautiful1 :i* rises f> above :at is vulg> & ord9>y4 ,! amiable virtues consi/ 9 t degree ( s5sibility :i* surprises by its exquisite & unexpect$ delicacy & t5d]ness4 ,! awful & respectable1 9 t degree ( self-comm& :i* a/oni%es by its amaz+ sup]iority ov] ! mo/ ungov]nable passions ( human nature4 ,!re is1 9 ?is respect1 a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 virtue & m]e propriety2 betwe5 ^? qualities & actions :i* des]ve to be admir$ & celebrat$1 & ^? :i* simply des]ve to be approv$ (4 ,^u _m occasions1 to act ) ! mo/ p]fect propriety1 requires no m ?an t common & ord9>y degree ( s5sibility or self-comm& :i* ! mo/ wor?less ( mank9d are posse/ (1 & sometimes ev5 t degree is n necess>y4 ,?us1 to give a v l[ in/ance1 to eat :5 we are hungry1 is c]ta9ly1 ^u #be ord9>y occasions1 p]fectly "r & prop]1 & _c miss be+ approv$ ( z su* by e body4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be m absurd ?an to say x 0 virtu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re may frequ5tly be a consid]able degree ( virtue 9 ^? actions :i* fall %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect propriety2 because !y may /ill approa* ne>] to p]fection ?an c\ld well be expect$ ^u occasions 9 :i* x 0 s extremely difficult to atta9 x3 & ?is is v (t5 ! case ^u ^? occasions :i* require ! greate/ ex]tions ( self-comm&4 ,!re are "s situations :i* be> s h>d ^u human nature1 t ! greate/ degree ( self-gov]nm5t1 :i* c belong to s imp]fect a creature z man1 is n able to /ifle altoge!r ! voice ( human weakness1 or r$uce ! viol5ce ( ! passions to t pit* ( mod]ation1 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator c entirely ent] into !m4 ,?\gh 9 ^? cases1 !re=e1 ! behavi\r ( ! suff]] fall %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect propriety1 x may /ill des]ve "s applause1 & ev5 9 a c]ta9 s5se may be d5om9at$ virtu\s4 ,x may /ill manife/ an ef=t ( g5]osity & magnanimity ( :i* ! great] "p ( m5 are :olly incapable2 & ?\gh x fails ( absolute p]fection1 x may be a mu* ne>] approximation t[>ds p]fection1 ?an :at1 ^u su* try+ occasions1 is commonly ei!r to be f\nd or to be expect$4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 :5 we are det]m9+ ! degree ( blame or applause :i* seems due to any action1 we v frequ5tly make use ( two diff]5t /&>ds4 ,! fir/ is ! idea ( complete propriety & p]fection1 :i*1 9 ^? difficult situations1 no human conduct ev] did1 or ev] c come up to2 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! actions ( all m5 mu/ = ev] appe> blamable & imp]fect4 ,! second is ! idea ( t degree ( proximity or di/ance f ?is complete p]fection1 :i* ! actions ( ! great] "p ( m5 commonly arrive at4 ,:atev] goes beyond ?is degree1 h[ f> soev] x may be remov$ f absolute p]fection1 seems to des]ve applause2 & :atev] falls %ort ( x1 to des]ve blame4 ,x is 9 ! same mann] t we judge ( ! productions ( all ! arts :i* address !mselves to ! imag9ation4 ,:5 a critic exam9es ! "w ( any ( ! great ma/]s 9 poetry or pa9t+1 he may sometimes exam9e x by an idea ( p]fection1 9 8 own m9d1 :i* nei!r t nor any o!r human "w w ev] come up to2 & z long z he comp>es x ) ?is /&>d1 he c see no?+ 9 x b faults & imp]fections4 ,b :5 he comes to consid] ! rank :i* x ought to hold among o!r works ( ! same k9d1 he necess>ily comp>es x ) a v diff]5t /&>d1 ! common degree ( excell5ce :i* is usually atta9$ 9 ?is p>ticul> art2 & :5 he judges ( x by ?is new measure1 x may (t5 appe> to des]ve ! highe/ applause1 ^u acc\nt ( its approa*+ #bf mu* ne>] to p]fection ?an ! great] "p ( ^? works :i* c be br\ght into competition ) x4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,passions ,,:i* ,,are ,,consi/5t ,,) ,,propriety4 ,,introduction4--,! propriety ( e passion excit$ by objects peculi>ly relat$ to ourselves1 ! pit* :i* ! spectator c g along )1 mu/ lie1 x is evid5t1 9 a c]ta9 m$iocrity4 ,if ! passion is too high1 or if x is too l[1 he _c ent] into x4 ,grief & res5tm5t = private mis=tunes & injuries may easily1 = example1 be too high1 & 9 ! great] "p ( mank9d !y are s4 ,!y may likewise1 ?\gh ?is m r>ely happ5s1 be too l[4 ,we d5om9ate ! excess weakness & fury3 & we call ! defect /upidity1 ins5sibility1 & want ( _s4 ,we c ent] into nei!r ( !m1 b are a/oni%$ & conf\nd$ to see !m4 ,?is m$iocrity1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! po9t ( propriety consi/s1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t passions4 ,x is high 9 "s1 & l[ 9 o!rs4 ,!re are "s passions :i* x is indec5t to express v /rongly1 ev5 ^u ^? occasions1 9 :i* x is ackn[l$g$ t we _c avoid feel+ !m 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,& !re are o!rs ( :i* ! /ronge/ expressions are ^u _m occasions extremely graceful1 ev5 ?\gh ! passions !mselves d n1 p]haps1 arise s necess>ily4 ,! fir/ are ^? passions ) :i*1 = c]ta9 reasons1 !re is little or no sympa?y3 ! second are ^? ) :i*1 = o!r reasons1 !re is ! greate/4 ,& if we consid] all ! diff]5t passions ( human nature1 we %all f9d t !y are reg>d$ z dec5t1 or indec5t1 j 9 proportion z mank9d are m or less dispos$ to sympa?ize ) !m4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ! ,passions :i* take _! ,orig9 f ! ,body4 #a4 ,,x is indec5t to express any /rong degree ( ^? passions :i* arise f a c]ta9 situation or disposition ( ! body2 because ! company1 n be+ 9 ! same disposition1 _c be expect$ to sympa?ize ) !m4 ,viol5t hung]1 = example1 ?\gh ^u _m occasions n only natural1 b unavoidable1 is always indec5t1 & to eat voraci\sly is univ]sally reg>d$ z a piece ( ill mann]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s degree ( sympa?y1 ev5 ) hung]4 ,x is agreeable to see our companions eat ) a good appetite1 & all expressions ( loa?+ are (f5sive4 ,! disposition ( body :i* is habitual to a man 9 heal?1 makes 8 /oma* easily keep "t1 if ,i may be all[$ s co>se an expression1 ) ! "o1 & n ) ! o!r4 #bg ,we c sympa?ize ) ! di/ress :i* excessive hung] occasions :5 we read ! description ( x 9 ! j\rnal ( a siege1 or ( a sea voyage4 ,we imag9e ourselves 9 ! situation ( ! suff]]s1 & !nce readily conceive ! grief1 ! fe>1 & con/]nation1 :i* mu/ necess>ily di/ract !m4 ,we feel1 ourselves1 "s degree ( ^? passions1 & !re=e sympa?ize ) !m3 b z we d n gr[ hungry by read+ ! description1 we _c prop]ly1 ev5 9 ?is case1 be said to sympa?ize ) _! hung]4 ,x is ! same case ) ! passion by :i* ,nature unites ! two sexes4 ,?\gh naturally ! mo/ furi\s ( all ! passions1 all /rong expressions ( x are ^u e occasion indec5t1 ev5 betwe5 p]sons 9 :om its mo/ complete indulg5ce is ackn[l$g$ by all laws1 bo? human & div9e1 to be p]fectly innoc5t4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be "s degree ( sympa?y ev5 ) ?is passion4 ,to talk to a woman z we %\ld to a man is improp]3 x is expect$ t _! company %\ld inspire u ) m gaiety1 m pleasantry1 & m att5tion2 & an entire ins5sibility to ! fair sex1 r5d]s a man contemptible 9 "s measure ev5 to ! m54 ,su* is our av]sion = all ! appetites :i* take _! orig9 f ! body2 all /rong expressions ( !m are loa?some & disagreeable4 ,accord+ to "s anci5t philosoph]s1 ^! are ! passions :i* we %>e 9 common ) ! brutes1 & :i*1 hav+ no connexion ) ! *>act]i/ical qualities ( human nature1 are ^u t acc\nt b5ea? its dignity4 ,b !re are _m o!r passions :i* we %>e 9 common ) ! brutes1 su* z res5tm5t1 natural affection1 ev5 gratitude1 :i* d n1 ^u t acc\nt1 appe> to be s brutal4 ,! true cause ( ! peculi> disgu/ :i* we conceive = ! appetites ( ! body :5 we see !m 9 o!r m51 is t we _c ent] into !m4 ,to ! p]son himself :o feels !m1 z soon z !y are gratifi$1 ! object t excit$ !m ceases to be agreeable3 ev5 its pres5ce (t5 becomes (f5sive to him2 he looks r\nd to no purpose = ! *>m :i* transport$ him ! mom5t be=e1 & he c n[ z little ent] into 8 own passion z ano!r p]son4 ,:5 we h d9$1 we ord] ! cov]s to be remov$2 & we %\ld treat 9 ! same mann] ! objects ( ! mo/ ard5t & passionate desires1 if !y 7 ! objects ( no o!r passions b ^? :i* take _! orig9 f ! body4 ,9 ! comm& ( ^? appetites ( ! body consi/s t virtue :i* is prop]ly call$ temp]ance4 ,to re/ra9 !m )9 ^? b\nds :i* reg>d to heal? & =tune prescribes1 is ! "p ( prud5ce4 ,b to conf9e !m )9 ^? limits :i* grace1 :i* propriety1 :i* delicacy1 & :i* mode/y1 require1 is ! (fice ( temp]ance4 #b4 ,x is = ! same reason t to cry out ) bodily pa91 h[ intol]able soev]1 appe>s always unmanly & unbecom+4 ,!re #bh is1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( sympa?y ev5 ) bodily pa94 ,if1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 ,i see a /roke aim$1 & j ready to fall ^u ! leg1 or arm1 ( ano!r p]son1 ,i naturally %r9k & draw back my own leg1 or my own arm3 & :5 x does fall1 ,i feel x 9 "s measure1 & am hurt by x z well z ! suff]]4 ,my hurt1 h[ev]1 is1 no d\bt1 excessively slight1 &1 ^u t acc\nt1 if he makes any viol5t outcry1 z ,i _c g along ) him1 ,i nev] fail to despise him4 ,& ?is is ! case ( all ! passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! body3 !y excite ei!r no sympa?y at all1 or su* a degree ( x1 z is altoge!r disproportion$ to ! viol5ce ( :at is felt by ! suff]]4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ^? passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! imag9ation4 ,! frame ( my body c be b little affect$ by ! alt]ations :i* are br\ght ab\t ^u t ( my companion3 b my imag9ation is m ductile1 & m readily assumes1 if ,i may say s1 ! %ape & configuration ( ! imag9ations ( ^? ) :om ,i am famili>4 ,a disappo9tm5t 9 love1 or ambition1 w1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 call =? m sympa?y ?an ! greate/ bodily evil4 ,^? passions arise altoge!r f ! imag9ation4 ,! p]son :o has lo/ 8 :ole =tune1 if he is 9 heal?1 feels no?+ 9 8 body4 ,:at he suff]s is f ! imag9ation only1 :i* repres5ts to him ! loss ( 8 dignity1 neglect f 8 fri5ds1 contempt f 8 enemies1 dep5d5ce1 want1 & mis]y1 com+ fa/ ^u him2 & we sympa?ize ) him ! m /rongly ^u ?is acc\nt1 because our imag9ations c ! m readily m\ld !mselves ^u 8 imag9ation1 ?an our bodies c m\ld !mselves ^u 8 body4 ,! loss ( a leg may g5]ally be reg>d$ z a m real calamity ?an ! loss ( a mi/ress4 ,x w\ld be a ridicul\s trag$y1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ! cata/rophe 0 to turn ^u a loss ( t k9d4 ,a mis=tune ( ! o!r k9d1 h[ frivol\s soev] x may appe> to be1 has giv5 occasion to _m a f9e "o4 ,no?+ is s soon =got z pa94 ,! mom5t x is gone ! :ole agony ( x is ov]1 & ! ?\ght ( x c no long] give u any sort ( di/urbance4 ,we ourselves _c !n ent] into ! anxiety & angui% :i* we _h be=e conceiv$4 ,an ungu>d$ ^w f a fri5d w occasion a m durable uneas9ess4 ,! agony :i* ?is creates is by no means ov] ) ! ^w4 ,:at at fir/ di/urbs u is n ! object ( ! s5ses1 b ! idea ( ! imag9ation4 ,z x is an idea1 !re=e1 :i* occasions our uneas9ess1 till "t & o!r accid5ts h 9 "s measure effac$ x f our memory1 ! imag9ation cont9ues to fret & rankle )91 f ! ?\ght ( x4 ,pa9 nev] calls =? any v lively sympa?y unless x is accompani$ ) dang]4 ,we sympa?ize ) ! fe>1 ?\gh n ) ! agony ( ! suff]]4 ,fe>1 h[ev]1 is a passion d]iv$ altoge!r #bi f ! imag9ation1 :i* repres5ts1 ) an unc]ta9ty & fluctuation t increases our anxiety1 n :at we really feel1 b :at we may h]eaft] possibly suff]4 ,! g\t or ! too?-a*e1 ?\gh exquisitely pa9ful1 excite v little sympa?y2 m dang]\s diseases1 ?\gh accompani$ ) v little pa91 excite ! highe/4 ,"s p fa9t & gr[ sick at ! sight ( a *irurgical op]ation1 & t bodily pa9 :i* is occasion$ by te>+ ! fle%1 seems1 9 !m1 to excite ! mo/ excessive sympa?y4 ,we conceive 9 a mu* m lively & di/9ct mann] ! pa9 :i* proce$s f an ext]nal cause1 ?an we d t :i* arises f an int]nal disord]4 ,i c sc>ce =m an idea ( ! agonies ( my neighb\r :5 he is tortur$ ) ! g\t1 or ! /one2 b ,i h ! cle>e/ conception ( :at he mu/ suff] f an incision1 a w\nd1 or a fracture4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 :y su* objects produce su* viol5t effects ^u u1 is _! novelty4 ,"o :o has be5 witness to a doz5 dissections1 & z _m amputations1 sees1 ev] aft]1 all op]ations ( ?is k9d ) great indiff]5ce1 & (t5 ) p]fect ins5sibility4 ,?\gh we h read or se5 repres5t$ m ?an five hundr$ trag$ies1 we %all seldom feel s entire an abatem5t ( our s5sibility to ! objects :i* !y repres5t to u4 ,9 "s ( ! ,greek trag$ies !re is an attempt to excite compassion1 by ! repres5tation ( ! agonies ( bodily pa94 ,philoctetes cries out & fa9ts f ! extremity ( 8 suff]+s4 ,hippolytus & ,h]cules are bo? introduc$ z expir+ "u ! sev]e/ tortures1 :i*1 x seems1 ev5 ! =titude ( ,h]cules 0 incapable ( support+4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 x is n ! pa9 :i* int]e/s u1 b "s o!r circum/ance4 ,x is n ! sore foot1 b ! solitude1 ( ,philoctetes :i* affects u1 & diffuses ov] t *>m+ trag$y1 t romantic wildness1 :i* is s agreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,! agonies ( ,h]cules & ,hippolytus are int]e/+ only because we =esee t dea? is to be ! consequ5ce4 ,if ^? h]oes 7 to recov]1 we %\ld ?9k ! repres5tation ( _! suff]+s p]fectly ridicul\s4 ,:at a trag$y w\ld t be ( :i* ! di/ress consi/$ 9 a colic6 ,yet no pa9 is m exquisite4 ,^! attempts to excite compassion by ! repres5tation ( bodily pa91 may be reg>d$ z among ! greate/ brea*es ( decorum ( :i* ! ,greek !atre has set ! example4 ,! little sympa?y :i* we feel ) bodily pa91 is ! f\ndation ( ! propriety ( con/ancy & pati5ce 9 endur+ x4 ,! man1 :o "u ! sev]e/ tortures all[s no weakness to escape him1 v5ts no groan1 gives way to no passion :i* we d n entirely ent] into1 comm&s our highe/ admiration4 ,8 firmness enables him to keep "t ) our indiff]5ce & ins5sibility4 ,we admire & entirely g along ) ! magnanim\s ef=t :i* he makes = ?is purpose4 ,we approve ( 8 behavi\r1 & f our exp]i5ce ( ! common #cj weakness ( human nature1 we are surpris$1 & wond] h[ he %\ld be able to act s z to des]ve approbation4 ,approbation1 mix$ & animat$ by wond] & surprise1 con/itutes ! s5tim5t :i* is prop]ly call$ admiration1 ( :i*1 applause is ! natural expression1 z has already be5 obs]v$4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ^? ,passions :i* take _! ,orig9 f a p>ticul> ,turn or ,habit ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,,ev5 ( ! passions d]iv$ f ! imag9ation1 ^? :i* take _! orig9 f a peculi> turn or habit x has acquir$1 ?\gh !y may be ackn[l$g$ to be p]fectly natural1 are1 h[ev]1 b little sympa?iz$ )4 ,! imag9ations ( mank9d1 n hav+ acquir$ t p>ticul> turn1 _c ent] into !m2 & su* passions1 ?\gh !y may be all[$ to be almo/ unavoidable 9 "s "p ( life1 are always1 9 "s measure1 ridicul\s4 ,?is is ! case ) t /rong atta*m5t :i* naturally gr[s up betwe5 two p]sons ( diff]5t sexes1 :o h long fix$ _! ?\ghts ^u "o ano!r4 ,our imag9ation n hav+ run 9 ! same *annel ) t ( ! lov]1 we _c ent] into ! eag]ness ( 8 emotions4 ,if our fri5d has be5 injur$1 we readily sympa?ize ) 8 res5tm5t1 & gr[ angry ) ! v p]son ) :om he is angry4 ,if he has receiv$ a b5efit1 we readily ent] into 8 gratitude1 & h a v high s5se ( ! m]it ( 8 b5efactor4 ,b if he is 9 love1 ?\gh we may ?9k 8 passion j z reasonable z any ( ! k9d1 yet we nev] ?9k ourselves b\nd to conceive a passion ( ! same k9d1 & = ! same p]son = :om he has conceiv$ x4 ,! passion appe>s to e body1 b ! man :o feels x1 entirely disproportion$ to ! value ( ! object2 & love1 ?\gh x is p>don$ 9 a c]ta9 age because we "k x is natural1 is always laugh$ at1 because we _c ent] into x4 ,all s]i\s & /rong expressions ( x appe> ridicul\s to a ?ird p]son2 & ?\gh a lov] may be good company to 8 mi/ress1 he is s to nobody else4 ,he himself is s5sible ( ?is2 & z long z he cont9ues 9 8 sob] s5ses1 endeav\rs to treat 8 own passion ) raill]y & ridicule4 ,x is ! only /yle 9 :i* we c>e to he> ( x2 because x is ! only /yle 9 :i* we ourselves are dispos$ to talk ( x4 ,we gr[ we>y ( ! grave1 p$antic1 & long-s5t5c$ love ( ,c[ley & ,petr>ca1 :o nev] h done ) exagg]at+ ! viol5ce ( _! atta*m5ts2 b ! gaiety ( ,ovid1 & ! gallantry ( ,horace1 are always agreeable4 ,b ?\gh we feel no prop] sympa?y ) an atta*m5t ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh we nev] approa* ev5 9 imag9ation t[>ds conceiv+ a passion = t p>ticul> p]son1 yet z we ei!r h conceiv$1 or may be dispos$ to conceive1 passions ( ! same k9d1 we readily #ca ent] into ^? high hopes ( happ9ess :i* are propos$ f its gratification1 z well z into t exquisite di/ress :i* is fe>$ f its disappo9tm5t4 ,x int]e/s u n z a passion1 b z a situation t gives occasion to o!r passions :i* int]e/ u2 to hope1 to fe>1 & to di/ress ( e k9d3 9 ! same mann] z 9 a description ( a sea voyage1 x is n ! hung] :i* int]e/s u1 b ! di/ress :i* t hung] occasions4 ,?\gh we d n prop]ly ent] into ! atta*m5t ( ! lov]1 we readily g along ) ^? expectations ( romantic happ9ess :i* he d]ives f x4 ,we feel h[ natural x is = ! m9d1 9 a c]ta9 situation1 relax$ ) indol5ce1 & fatigu$ ) ! viol5ce ( desire1 to long = s]5ity & quiet1 to hope to f9d !m 9 ! gratification ( t passion :i* di/racts x1 & to frame to itself ! idea ( t life ( pa/oral tranquillity & retirem5t :i* ! elegant1 ! t5d]1 & ! passionate ,tibullus takes s mu* pleasure 9 describ+2 a life l :at ! poets describe 9 ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 a life ( fri5d%ip1 lib]ty1 & repose2 free f lab\r1 & f c>e1 & f all ! turbul5t passions :i* att5d !m4 ,ev5 sc5es ( ?is k9d int]e/ u mo/1 :5 !y are pa9t$ r z :at is hop$1 ?an z :at is enjoy$4 ,! grossness ( t passion1 :i* mixes )1 & is1 p]haps1 ! f\ndation ( love1 disappe>s :5 its gratification is f> (f & at a di/ance2 b r5d]s ! :ole (f5sive1 :5 describ$ z :at is imm$iately possess$4 ,! happy passion1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 int]e/s u mu* less ?an ! fe>ful & ! melan*oly4 ,we tremble = :atev] c disappo9t su* natural & agreeable hopes3 & ?us ent] into all ! anxiety1 & conc]n1 & di/ress ( ! lov]4 ,h5ce x is1 t1 9 "s mod]n trag$ies & romances1 ?is passion appe>s s wond]fully int]e/+4 ,x is n s mu* ! love ( ,ca/alio & ,monimia :i* atta*es u 9 ! orphan1 z ! di/ress :i* t love occasions4 ,! au?or :o %\ld introduce two lov]s1 9 a sc5e ( p]fect security1 express+ _! mutual fondness = "o ano!r1 w\ld excite laught]1 & n sympa?y4 ,if a sc5e ( ?is k9d is ev] admitt$ into a trag$y1 x is always1 9 "s measure1 improp]1 & is endur$1 n f any sympa?y ) ! passion t is express$ 9 x1 b f conc]n = ! dang]s & difficulties ) :i* ! audi5ce =esee t its gratification is likely to be att5d$4 ,! res]ve :i* ! laws ( society impose ^u ! fair sex1 ) reg>d to ?is weakness1 r5d]s x m peculi>ly di/ressful 9 !m1 &1 ^u t v acc\nt1 m deeply int]e/+4 ,we are *>m$ ) ! love ( ,phdra1 z x is express$ 9 ! ,fr5* trag$y ( t "n1 not)/&+ all ! extravagance & guilt :i* att5d x4 ,t v extravagance & guilt may be said1 9 "s measure1 to recomm5d x to u4 ,h] fe>1 h] %ame1 h] remorse1 h] horror1 h] despair1 become !reby m natural & int]e/+4 ,all ! #cb second>y passions1 if ,i may be all[$ to call !m s1 :i* arise f ! situation ( love1 become necess>ily m furi\s & viol5t2 & x is ) ^! second>y passions only t we c prop]ly be said to sympa?ize4 ,( all ! passions1 h[ev]1 :i* are s extravagantly disproportion$ to ! value ( _! objects1 love is ! only "o t appe>s1 ev5 to ! weake/ m9ds1 to h any ?+ 9 x t is ei!r graceful or agreeable4 ,9 itself1 fir/ ( all1 ?\gh x may be ridicul\s1 x is n naturally odi\s2 & ?\gh its consequ5ces are (t5 fatal & dreadful1 its int5tions are seldom mis*iev\s4 ,& !n1 ?\gh !re is little propriety 9 ! passion itself1 !re is a good deal 9 "s ( ^? :i* always accompany x4 ,!re is 9 love a /rong mixture ( humanity1 g5]osity1 k9dness1 fri5d%ip1 e/eem2 passions ) :i*1 ( all o!rs1 = reasons :i* %all be expla9$ imm$iately1 we h ! greate/ prop5sity to sympa?ize1 ev5 not)/&+ we are s5sible t !y are1 9 "s measure1 excessive4 ,! sympa?y :i* we feel ) !m1 r5d]s ! passion :i* !y accompany less disagreeable1 & supports x 9 our imag9ation1 not)/&+ all ! vices :i* commonly g along ) x2 ?\gh 9 ! "o sex x necess>ily leads to ! la/ ru9 & infamy2 & ?\gh 9 ! o!r1 :]e x is appreh5d$ to be lea/ fatal1 x is almo/ always att5d$ ) an incapacity = lab\r1 a neglect ( duty1 a contempt ( fame1 & ev5 ( common reputation4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ! degree ( s5sibility & g5]osity ) :i* x is suppos$ to be accompani$1 r5d]s x to _m ! object ( vanity2 & !y are fond ( appe>+ capable ( feel+ :at w\ld d !m no hon\r if !y _h really felt x4 ,x is = a reason ( ! same k9d1 t a c]ta9 res]ve is necess>y :5 we talk ( our own fri5ds1 our own /udies1 our own pr(essions4 ,all ^! are objects :i* we _c expect %\ld int]e/ our companions 9 ! same degree 9 :i* !y int]e/ u4 ,& x is = want ( ?is res]ve1 t ! "o half ( mank9d make bad company to ! o!r4 ,a philosoph] is company to a philosoph] only2 ! memb] ( a club1 to 8 own little knot ( companions4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ! unsocial ,passions4 ,,!re is ano!r set ( passions1 :i*1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ! imag9ation1 yet be=e we c ent] into !m1 or reg>d !m z graceful or becom+1 mu/ always be br\ght d[n to a pit* mu* l[] ?an t to :i* undiscipl9$ nature w\ld raise !m4 ,^! are1 hatr$ & res5tm5t1 ) all _! diff]5t modifications4 ,) reg>d to all su* passions1 our sympa?y is divid$ betwe5 ! p]son :o feels !m1 & ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,! #cc int]e/s ( ^! two are directly opposite4 ,:at our sympa?y ) ! p]son :o feels !m w\ld prompt u to wi% =1 our fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r w\ld lead u to fe>4 ,z !y are bo? m51 we are conc]n$ = bo?1 & our fe> = :at ! "o may suff]1 damps our res5tm5t = :at ! o!r has suff]$4 ,our sympa?y1 !re=e1 ) ! man :o has receiv$ ! provocation1 necess>ily falls %ort ( ! passion :i* naturally animates him1 n only ^u acc\nt ( ^? g5]al causes :i* r5d] all sympa!tic passions inf]ior to ! orig9al ones1 b ^u acc\nt ( t p>ticul> cause :i* is peculi> to itself1 our opposite sympa?y ) ano!r p]son4 ,be=e res5tm5t1 !re=e1 c become graceful & agreeable1 x mu/ be m humbl$ & br\ght d[n bel[ t pit* to :i* x w\ld naturally rise1 ?an almo/ any o!r passion4 ,mank9d1 at ! same "t1 h a v /rong s5se ( ! injuries t are done to ano!r4 ,! villa91 9 a trag$y or romance1 is z mu* ! object ( our indignation1 z ! h]o is t ( our sympa?y & affection4 ,we dete/ ,iago z mu* z we e/eem ,o!llo2 & delight z mu* 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! "o1 z we are griev$ at ! di/ress ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh mank9d h s /rong a fell[-feel+ ) ! injuries t are done to _! bre?r51 !y d n always res5t !m ! m t ! suff]] appe>s to res5t !m4 ,^u mo/ occasions1 ! great] 8 pati5ce1 8 mildness1 8 humanity1 provid$ x does n appe> t he wants _s1 or t fe> 0 ! motive ( 8 =be>ance1 ! high] ! res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o injur$ him4 ,! amiabl5ess ( ! "* exasp]ates _! s5se ( ! atrocity ( ! injury4 ,^! passions1 h[ev]1 are reg>d$ z necess>y p>ts ( ! "* ( human nature4 ,a p]son becomes contemptible :o tamely sits /ill1 & submits to insults1 )\t attempt+ ei!r to repel or to rev5ge !m4 ,we _c ent] into 8 indiff]5ce & ins5sibility3 we call 8 behavi\r mean-spirit$ness1 & are z really provok$ by x z by ! insol5ce ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,ev5 ! mob are enrag$ to see any man submit pati5tly to affronts & ill usage4 ,!y desire to see ?is insol5ce res5t$1 & res5t$ by ! p]son :o suff]s f x4 ,!y cry to him ) fury1 to def5d or to rev5ge himself4 ,if 8 indignation r\ses at la/1 !y he>tily applaud1 & sympa?ize ) x4 ,x enliv5s _! own indignation aga9/ 8 enemy1 :om !y rejoice to see him attack 9 turn1 & are z really gratifi$ by 8 rev5ge1 provid$ x is n immod]ate1 z if ! injury _h be5 done to !mselves4 ,b ?\gh ! utility ( ^? passions to ! individual1 by r5d]+ x dang]\s to insult or to injure him1 be ackn[l$g$2 & ?\gh _! utility to ! public1 z ! gu>dians ( ju/ice1 & ( ! equality ( its adm9i/ration1 be n less consid]able1 z %all be %ewn h]eaft]2 yet !re is /ill some?+ disagreeable 9 ! #cd passions !mselves1 :i* makes ! appe>ance ( !m 9 o!r m5 ! natural object ( our av]sion4 ,! expression ( ang] t[>ds any body pres5t1 if x exce$s a b>e intimation t we are s5sible ( 8 ill usage1 is reg>d$ n only z an insult to t p>ticul> p]son1 b z a rud5ess to ! :ole company4 ,respect = !m ought to h re/ra9$ u f giv+ way to s boi/]\s & (f5sive an emotion4 ,x is ! remote effects ( ^! passions :i* are agreeable2 ! imm$iate effects are mis*ief to ! p]son aga9/ :om !y are direct$4 ,b x is ! imm$iate1 & n ! remote effects ( objects :i* r5d] !m agreeable or disagreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,a prison is c]ta9ly m useful to ! public ?an a palace2 & ! p]son :o f\nds ! "o is g5]ally direct$ by a mu* ju/] _s ( patriotism1 ?an he :o builds ! o!r4 ,b ! imm$iate effects ( a prison1 ! conf9em5t ( ! wret*es %ut up 9 x1 are disagreeable2 & ! imag9ation ei!r does n take "t to trace out ! remote ones1 or sees !m at too great a di/ance to be mu* affect$ by !m4 ,a prison1 !re=e1 w always be a disagreeable object2 & ! fitt] x is = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 x w be ! m s4 ,a palace1 on ! contr>y1 w always be agreeable2 yet its remote effects may (t5 be inconv5i5t to ! public4 ,x may s]ve to promote luxury1 & set ! example ( ! dissolution ( mann]s4 ,its imm$iate effects1 h[ev]1 ! conv5i5cy1 ! pleasure1 & ! gaiety ( ! p :o live 9 x1 be+ all agreeable1 & sugge/+ to ! imag9ation a ?\s& agreeable ideas1 t faculty g5]ally re/s ^u !m1 & seldom goes fur!r 9 trac+ its m di/ant consequ5ces4 ,trophies ( ! in/rum5ts ( music or ( agriculture1 imitat$ 9 pa9t+ or 9 /ucco1 make a common & an agreeable ornam5t ( our halls & d9+ rooms4 ,a trophy ( ! same k9d1 compos$ ( ! in/rum5ts ( surg]y1 ( dissect+ & amputation-knives1 ( saws = cutt+ ! bones1 ( trepann+ in/rum5ts1 c41 w\ld be absurd & %ock+4 ,in/rum5ts ( surg]y1 h[ev]1 are always m f9ely poli%$1 & g5]ally m nicely adapt$ to ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$1 ?an in/rum5ts ( agriculture4 ,! remote effects ( !m too1 ! heal? ( ! pati5t1 is agreeable2 yet z ! imm$iate effect ( !m is pa9 & suff]+1 ! sight ( !m always displeases u4 ,in/rum5ts ( w> are agreeable1 ?\gh _! imm$iate effect may seem to be 9 ! same mann] pa9 & suff]+4 ,b !n x is ! pa9 & suff]+ ( our enemies1 ) :om we h no sympa?y4 ,) reg>d to u1 !y are imm$iately connect$ ) ! agreeable ideas ( c\rage1 victory1 & hon\r4 ,!y are !mselves1 !re=e1 suppos$ to make "o ( ! noble/ p>ts ( dress1 & ! imitation ( !m "o ( ! f9e/ ornam5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,x is ! same case ) ! qualities ( ! m9d4 ,! anci5t /oics 7 ( op9ion1 t z ! _w 0 gov]n$ by ! #ce all-rul+ provid5ce ( a wise1 p[]ful1 & good ,god1 e s+le ev5t ought to be reg>d$1 z mak+ a necess>y "p ( ! plan ( ! univ]se1 & z t5d+ to promote ! g5]al ord] & happ9ess ( ! :ole3 t ! vices & follies ( mank9d1 !re=e1 made z necess>y a "p ( ?is plan z _! wisdom or _! virtue2 & by t et]nal art :i* educes good f ill1 7 made to t5d equally to ! prosp]ity & p]fection ( ! great sy/em ( nature4 ,no speculation ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 h[ deeply soev] x might be root$ 9 ! m9d1 c\ld dim9i% our natural abhorr5ce = vice1 ^: imm$iate effects are s de/ructive1 & ^: remote ones are too di/ant to be trac$ by ! imag9ation4 ,x is ! same case ) ^? passions we h be5 j n[ consid]+4 ,_! imm$iate effects are s disagreeable1 t ev5 :5 !y are mo/ ju/ly provok$1 !re is /ill some?+ ab\t !m :i* disgu/s u4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are ! only passions ( :i* ! expressions1 z ,i =m]ly obs]v$1 d n dispose & prep>e u to sympa?ize ) !m1 be=e we are in=m$ ( ! cause :i* excites !m4 ,! pla9tive voice ( mis]y1 :5 he>d at a di/ance1 w n all[ u to be indiff]5t ab\t ! p]son f :om x comes4 ,z soon z x /rikes our e>1 x int]e/s u 9 8 =tune1 &1 if cont9u$1 =ces u almo/ involunt>ily to fly to 8 assi/ance4 ,! sight ( a smil+ c\nt5ance1 9 ! same mann]1 elevates ev5 ! p5sive into t gay & airy mood1 :i* disposes him to sympa?ize )1 & %>e ! joy :i* x expresses2 & he feels 8 he>t1 :i* ) ?\ght & c>e 0 be=e t %runk & depress$1 in/antly exp&$ & elat$4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! expressions ( hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,! ho>se1 boi/]\s1 & discordant voice ( ang]1 :5 he>d at a di/ance1 inspires u ei!r ) fe> or av]sion4 ,we d n fly t[>ds x1 z to "o :o cries out ) pa9 & agony4 ,wom51 & m5 ( weak n]ves1 tremble & are ov]come ) fe>1 ?\gh s5sible t !mselves are n ! objects ( ! ang]4 ,!y conceive fe>1 h[ev]1 by putt+ !mselves 9 ! situation ( ! p]son :o is s4 ,ev5 ^? ( /\t] he>ts are di/urb$2 n inde$ en\gh to make !m afraid1 b en\gh to make !m angry2 = ang] is ! passion :i* !y w\ld feel 9 ! situation ( ! o!r p]son4 ,x is ! same case ) hatr$4 ,m]e expressions ( spite inspire x aga9/ nobody1 b ! man :o uses !m4 ,bo? ^! passions are by nature ! objects ( our av]sion4 ,_! disagreeable & boi/]\s appe>ance nev] excites1 nev] prep>es1 & (t5 di/urbs our sympa?y4 ,grief does n m p[]fully engage & attract u to ! p]son 9 :om we obs]ve x1 ?an ^!1 :ile we are ignorant ( _! cause1 disgu/ & deta* u f him4 ,x 01 x seems1 ! int5tion ( ,nature1 t ^? r\gh] & m unamiable emotions1 :i* drive m5 f "o ano!r1 %\ld be less easily & m r>ely communicat$4 #cf ,:5 music imitates ! modulations ( grief or joy1 x ei!r actually inspires u ) ^? passions1 or at lea/ puts u 9 ! mood :i* disposes u to conceive !m4 ,b :5 x imitates ! notes ( ang]1 x inspires u ) fe>4 ,joy1 grief1 love1 admiration1 devotion1 are all ( !m passions :i* are naturally musical4 ,_! natural tones are all s(t1 cle>1 & melodi\s2 & !y naturally express !mselves 9 p]iods :i* are di/+ui%$ by regul> pauses1 & :i* ^u t acc\nt are easily adapt$ to ! regul> returns ( ! correspond5t airs ( a tune4 ,! voice ( ang]1 on ! contr>y1 & ( all ! passions :i* are ak9 to x1 is h>% & discordant4 ,its p]iods too are all irregul>1 sometimes v long1 & sometimes v %ort1 & di/+ui%$ by no regul> pauses4 ,x is ) difficulty !re=e1 t music c imitate any ( ^? passions2 & ! music :i* does imitate !m is n ! mo/ agreeable4 ,a :ole ent]ta9m5t may consi/1 )\t any impropriety1 ( ! imitation ( ! social & agreeable passions4 ,x w\ld be a /range ent]ta9m5t :i* consi/$ altoge!r ( ! imitations ( hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,if ^? passions are disagreeable to ! spectator1 !y are n less s to ! p]son :o feels !m4 ,hatr$ & ang] are ! greate/ poison to ! happ9ess ( a good m9d4 ,!re is1 9 ! v feel+ ( ^? passions1 some?+ h>%1 j>r+1 & convulsive1 some?+ t te>s & di/racts ! brea/1 & is altoge!r de/ructive ( t composure & tranquillity ( m9d :i* is s necess>y to happ9ess1 & :i* is be/ promot$ by ! contr>y passions ( gratitude & love4 ,x is n ! value ( :at !y lose by ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( ^? !y live )1 :i* ! g5]\s & humane are mo/ apt to regret4 ,:atev] !y may h lo/1 !y c g5]ally be v happy )\t x4 ,:at mo/ di/urbs !m is ! idea ( p]fidy & +ratitude ex]cis$ t[>ds !mselves2 & ! discordant & disagreeable passions :i* ?is excites1 con/itute1 9 _! own op9ion1 ! *ief "p ( ! injury :i* !y suff]4 ,h[ _m ?+s are requisite to r5d] ! gratification ( res5tm5t completely agreeable1 & to make ! spectator ?or\ghly sympa?ize ) our rev5ge8 ,! provocation mu/ fir/ ( all be su* t we %\ld become contemptible1 & be expos$ to p]petual insults1 if we did n1 9 "s measure1 res5t x4 ,small] (f5ces are always bett] neglect$2 nor is !re any?+ m despicable ?an t fr[>d & capti\s hum\r :i* takes fire ^u e slight occasion ( qu>rel4 ,we %\ld res5t m f a s5se ( ! propriety ( res5tm5t1 f a s5se1 t mank9d expect & require x ( u1 ?an because we feel 9 ourselves ! furies ( t disagreeable passion4 ,!re is no passion1 ( :i* ! human m9d is capable1 conc]n+ ^: ju/ness we ought to be s d\btful1 conc]n+ ^: indulg5ce we ought s c>efully to consult our natural s5se ( #cg propriety1 or s dilig5tly to consid] :at w be ! s5tim5ts ( ! cool & imp>tial spectator4 ,magnanimity1 or a reg>d to ma9ta9 our own rank & dignity 9 society1 is ! only motive :i* c ennoble ! expressions ( ?is disagreeable passion4 ,?is motive mu/ *>act]ize our :ole /yle & deportm5t4 ,^! mu/ be pla91 op51 & direct2 det]m9$ )\t positiv5ess1 & elevat$ )\t insol5ce2 n only free f petulance & l[ scurrility1 b g5]\s1 c&id1 & full ( all prop] reg>ds1 ev5 = ! p]son :o has (f5d$ u4 ,x mu/ appe>1 9 %ort1 f our :ole mann]1 )\t our lab\r+ affect$ly to express x1 t passion has n ext+ui%$ our humanity2 & t if we yield to ! dictates ( rev5ge1 x is ) reluctance1 f necessity1 & 9 consequ5ce ( great & repeat$ provocations4 ,:5 res5tm5t is gu>d$ & qualifi$ 9 ?is mann]1 x may be admitt$ to be ev5 g5]\s & noble4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,( ! ,social ,passions4 ,,z x is a divid$ sympa?y :i* r5d]s ! :ole set ( passions j n[ m5tion$1 ^u mo/ occasions1 s ungraceful & disagreeable3 s !re is ano!r set opposite to ^!1 :i* a r$\bl$ sympa?y r5d]s almo/ always peculi>ly agreeable & becom+4 ,g5]osity1 humanity1 k9dness1 compassion1 mutual fri5d%ip & e/eem1 all ! social & b5evol5t affections1 :5 express$ 9 ! c\nt5ance or behavi\r1 ev5 t[>ds ^? :o are n peculi>ly connect$ ) ourselves1 please ! indiff]5t spectator ^u almo/ e occasion4 ,8 sympa?y ) ! p]son :o feels ^? passions1 exactly co9cides ) 8 conc]n = ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,! int]e/1 :i*1 z a man1 he is oblig$ to take 9 ! happ9ess ( ?is la/1 enliv5s 8 fell[-feel+ ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! o!r1 ^: emotions are employ$ ab\t ! same object4 ,we h always1 !re=e1 ! /ronge/ disposition to sympa?ize ) ! b5evol5t affections4 ,!y appe> 9 e respect agreeable to u4 ,we ent] into ! satisfaction bo? ( ! p]son :o feels !m1 & ( ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,= z to be ! object ( hatr$ & indignation gives m pa9 ?an all ! evil :i* a brave man c fe> f 8 enemies3 s !re is a satisfaction 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ belov$1 :i*1 to a p]son ( delicacy & s5sibility1 is ( m importance to happ9ess1 ?an all ! advantage :i* he c expect to d]ive f x4 ,:at "* is s dete/able z t ( "o :o takes pleasure to s[ diss5tion among fri5ds1 & to turn _! mo/ t5d] love into mortal hatr$8 ,yet :]e9 does ! atrocity ( ?is s mu* abhorr$ injury consi/8 ,is x 9 depriv+ !m ( ! frivol\s good (fices1 :i*1 _h _! fri5d%ip cont9u$1 !y might h expect$ f "o ano!r8 ,x is 9 #ch depriv+ !m ( t fri5d%ip itself1 9 robb+ !m ( ea* o!r's affections1 f :i* bo? d]iv$ s mu* satisfaction2 x is 9 di/urb+ ! h>mony ( _! he>ts1 & putt+ an end to t happy comm]ce :i* _h be=e subsi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! affections1 t h>mony1 ?is comm]ce1 are felt1 n only by ! t5d] & ! delicate1 b by ! rude/ vulg> ( mank9d1 to be ( m importance to happ9ess ?an all ! little s]vices :i* c\ld be expect$ to fl[ f !m4 ,! s5tim5t ( love is1 9 itself1 agreeable to ! p]son :o feels x4 ,x soo!s & composes ! brea/1 seems to fav\r ! vital motions1 & to promote ! heal?ful /ate ( ! human con/itution2 & x is r5d]$ /ill m delightful by ! consci\sness ( ! gratitude & satisfaction :i* x mu/ excite 9 him :o is ! object ( x4 ,_! mutual reg>d r5d]s !m happy 9 "o ano!r1 & sympa?y1 ) ?is mutual reg>d1 makes !m agreeable to e o!r p]son4 ,) :at pleasure d we look ^u a family1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( :i* reign mutual love & e/eem1 :]e ! p>5ts & *ildr5 are companions = "o ano!r1 )\t any o!r diff]5ce ?an :at is made by respectful affection on ! "o side1 & k9d indulg5ce on ! o!r2 :]e fre$om & fondness1 mutual raill]y & mutual k9dness1 %[ t no opposition ( int]e/ divides ! bro!rs1 nor any rival%ip ( fav\r sets ! si/]s at v>iance1 & :]e e ?+ pres5ts u ) ! idea ( peace1 *e]fulness1 h>mony1 & cont5tm5t8 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ uneasy are we made :5 we g into a h\se 9 :i* j>r+ cont5tion sets "o half ( ^? :o dwell 9 x aga9/ ! o!r2 :]e1 amid/ affect$ smoo?ness & complaisance1 suspici\s looks & sudd5 />ts ( passion betray ! mutual jeal\sies :i* burn )9 !m1 & :i* are e mom5t ready to bur/ out ?r\gh all ! re/ra9ts :i* ! pres5ce ( ! company imposes8 ,^? amiable passions1 ev5 :5 !y are ackn[l$g$ to be excessive1 are nev] reg>d$ ) av]sion4 ,!re is some?+ agreeable ev5 9 ! weakness ( fri5d%ip & humanity4 ,! too t5d] "m1 ! too indulg5t fa!r1 ! too g5]\s & affectionate fri5d1 may sometimes1 p]haps1 on acc\nt ( ! s(tness ( _! natures1 be look$ ^u ) a species ( pity1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is a mixture ( love1 b c nev] be reg>d$ ) hatr$ & av]sion1 nor ev5 ) contempt1 unless by ! mo/ brutal & wor?less ( mank9d4 ,x is always ) conc]n1 ) sympa?y & k9dness1 t we blame !m = ! extravagance ( _! atta*m5t4 ,!re is a helplessness 9 ! "* ( extreme humanity :i* m ?an any ?+ int]e/s our pity4 ,!re is no?+ 9 itself :i* r5d]s x ei!r ungraceful or disagreeable4 ,we only regret t x is unfit = ! _w1 because ! _w is unwor?y ( x1 & because x mu/ expose ! p]son :o is end[$ ) x z a prey to ! p]fidy #ci & +ratitude ( ins9uat+ falsehood1 & to a ?\s& pa9s & uneas9esses1 :i*1 ( all m51 he ! lea/ des]ves to feel1 & :i* g5]ally too he is1 ( all m51 ! lea/ capable ( support+4 ,x is q o!rwise ) hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,too viol5t a prop5sity to ^? dete/able passions1 r5d]s a p]son ! object ( univ]sal dread & abhorr5ce1 :o1 l a wild bea/1 ought1 we ?9k1 to be hunt$ out ( all civil society4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,v4--,( ! ,selfi% ,passions4 ,,besides ^? two opposite sets ( passions1 ! social & unsocial1 !re is ano!r :i* holds a sort ( middle place betwe5 !m2 is nev] ei!r s graceful z is sometimes ! "o set1 nor is ev] s odi\s z is sometimes ! o!r4 ,grief & joy1 :5 conceiv$ ^u acc\nt ( our own private good or bad =tune1 con/itute ?is ?ird set ( passions4 ,ev5 :5 excessive1 !y are nev] s disagreeable z excessive res5tm5t1 because no opposite sympa?y c ev] int]e/ u aga9/ !m3 & :5 mo/ suitable to _! objects1 !y are nev] s agreeable z imp>tial humanity & j b5evol5ce2 because no d\ble sympa?y c ev] int]e/ u = !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 grief & joy1 t we are g5]ally mo/ dispos$ to sympa?ize ) small joys & great sorr[s4 ,! man :o1 by "s sudd5 revolution ( =tune1 is lift$ up all at once into a condition ( life1 greatly above :at he _h =m]ly liv$ 91 may be assur$ t ! congratulations ( 8 be/ fri5ds are n all ( !m p]fectly s9c]e4 ,an up/>t1 ?\gh ( ! greate/ m]it1 is g5]ally disagreeable1 & a s5tim5t ( envy commonly prev5ts u f he>tily sympa?iz+ ) 8 joy4 ,if he has any judgm5t1 he is s5sible ( ?is1 & in/ead ( appe>+ to be elat$ ) 8 good =tune1 he endeav\rs1 z mu* z he c1 to smo!r 8 joy1 & keep d[n t elevation ( m9d ) :i* 8 new circum/ances naturally inspire him4 ,he affects ! same pla9ness ( dress1 & ! same mode/y ( behavi\r1 :i* became him 9 8 =m] /ation4 ,he r$\bles 8 att5tion to 8 old fri5ds1 & endeav\rs m ?an ev] to be humble1 assidu\s1 & complaisant4 ,& ?is is ! behavi\r :i* 9 8 situation we mo/ approve (2 because we expect1 x seems1 t he %\ld h m sympa?y ) our envy & av]sion to 8 happ9ess1 ?an we h ) 8 happ9ess4 ,x is seldom t ) all ?is he succe$s4 ,we suspect ! s9c]ity ( 8 humility1 & he gr[s we>y ( ?is con/ra9t4 ,9 a little "t1 !re=e1 he g5]ally leaves all 8 old fri5ds beh9d him1 "s ( ! meane/ ( !m except$1 :o may1 p]haps1 condesc5d to become 8 dep5d5ts3 nor does he always acquire any new ones2 ! #dj pride ( 8 new connections is z mu* affront$ at f9d+ him _! equal1 z t ( 8 old ones _h be5 by 8 becom+ _! sup]ior2 & x requires ! mo/ ob/9ate & p]sev]+ mode/y to atone = ?is modification to ei!r4 ,he g5]ally gr[s we>y too soon1 & is provok$1 by ! sull5 & suspici\s pride ( ! "o1 & by ! saucy contempt ( ! o!r1 to treat ! fir/ ) neglect1 & ! second ) petulance1 till at la/ he gr[s habitually insol5t1 & =feits ! e/eem ( all4 ,if ! *ief "p ( human happ9ess arises f ! consci\sness ( be+ belov$1 z ,i believe x does1 ^? sudd5 *anges ( =tune seldom contribute mu* to happ9ess4 ,he is happie/ :o advances m gradually to greatness1 :om ! public de/9es to e /ep ( 8 pref]m5t long be=e he arrives at x1 9 :om1 ^u t acc\nt1 :5 x comes1 x c excite no extravagant joy1 & ) reg>d to :om x _c reasonably create ei!r any jeal\sy 9 ^? he ov]takes1 or envy 9 ^? he leaves beh9d4 ,mank9d1 h[ev]1 m readily sympa?ize ) ^? small] joys :i* fl[ f less important causes4 ,x is dec5t to be humble amid/ great prosp]ity2 b we c sc>ce express too mu* satisfaction 9 all ! little occurr5ces ( common life1 9 ! company ) :i* we sp5t ! ev5+ la/ night1 9 ! ent]ta9m5t t 0 set be=e u1 9 :at 0 said & :at 0 done1 9 all ! little incid5ts ( ! pres5t conv]sation1 & 9 all ^? frivol\s no?+s :i* fill up ! void ( human life4 ,no?+ is m graceful ?an habitual *e]fulness1 :i* is always f\nd$ ^u a peculi> reli% = all ! little pleasures :i* common occurr5ces af=d4 ,we readily sympa?ize ) x3 x inspires u ) ! same joy1 & makes e trifle turn up to u 9 ! same agreeable aspect 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! p]son end[$ ) ?is happy disposition4 ,h5ce x is t y\?1 ! season ( gaiety1 s easily engages our affections4 ,t prop5sity to joy :i* seems ev5 to animate ! bloom1 & to sp>kle f ! eyes ( y\? & beauty1 ?\gh 9 a p]son ( ! same sex1 exalts1 ev5 ! ag$1 to a m joy\s mood ?an ord9>y4 ,!y =get1 = a "t1 _! infirmities1 & ab&on !mselves to ^? agreeable ideas & emotions to :i* !y h long be5 /rang]s1 b :i*1 :5 ! pres5ce ( s mu* happ9ess recalls !m to _! brea/1 take _! place !re1 l old acqua9tance1 f :om !y are sorry to h ev] be5 p>t$1 & :om !y embrace m he>tily ^u acc\nt ( ?is long sep>ation4 ,x is q o!rwise ) grief4 ,small vexations excite no sympa?y1 b deep affliction calls =? ! greate/4 ,! man :o is made uneasy by e little disagreeable incid5t1 :o is hurt if ei!r ! cook or ! butl] h fail$ 9 ! lea/ article ( _! duty1 :o feels e defect 9 ! highe/ c]emonial ( polit5ess1 :e!r x be %[n to himself or to any o!r p]son1 :o takes x amiss t 8 intimate fri5d did n bid him good-morr[ :5 !y met 9 ! #da =5oon1 & t 8 bro!r humm$ a tune all ! "t he himself 0 tell+ a /ory2 :o is put out ( hum\r by ! badness ( ! wea!r :5 9 ! c\ntry1 by ! badness ( ! roads :5 ^u a j\rney1 & by ! want ( company & dulness ( all public div]sions :5 9 t[n2 su* a p]son1 ,i say1 ?\gh he %\ld h "s reason1 w seldom meet ) mu* sympa?y4 ,joy is a pleasant emotion1 & we gladly ab&on ourselves to x ^u ! slighte/ occasion4 ,we readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ize ) x 9 o!rs1 :5ev] we are n prejudic$ by envy4 ,b grief is pa9ful1 & ! m9d1 ev5 :5 x is our own mis=tune1 naturally resi/s & recoils f x4 ,we w\ld endeav\r ei!r n to conceive x at all1 or to %ake x (f z soon z we h conceiv$ x4 ,our av]sion to grief w n1 inde$1 always h9d] u f conceiv+ x 9 our own case ^u v trifl+ occasions1 b x con/antly prev5ts u f sympa?iz+ ) x 9 o!rs :5 excit$ by ! l frivol\s causes3 = our sympa!tic passions are always less irresi/ible ?an our orig9al ones4 ,!re is1 besides1 a malice 9 mank9d1 :i* n only prev5ts all sympa?y ) little uneas9esses1 b r5d]s !m 9 "s measure div]t+4 ,h5ce ! delight :i* we all take 9 raill]y1 & 9 ! small vexation :i* we obs]ve 9 our companion1 :5 he is pu%$1 & urg$1 & teas$ ^u all sides4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ ord9>y good-bre$+ dissemble ! pa9 :i* any little incid5t may give !m2 & ^? :o are m ?or\ghly =m$ to society1 turn ( _! own accord1 all su* incid5ts into raill]y1 z !y "k _! companions w d = !m4 ,! habit :i* a man1 :o lives 9 ! _w1 has acquir$ ( consid]+ h[ e ?+ t conc]ns himself w appe> to o!rs1 makes ^? frivol\s calamities turn up 9 ! same ridicul\s light to him1 9 :i* he kn[s !y w c]ta9ly be consid]$ by !m4 ,our sympa?y1 on ! contr>y1 ) deep di/ress1 is v /rong & v s9c]e4 ,x is unnecess>y to give an in/ance4 ,we weep ev5 at ! feign$ repres5tation ( a trag$y4 ,if y lab\r1 !re=e1 "u any signal calamity1 if by "s extraord9>y mis=tune y are fall5 into pov]ty1 into diseases1 into disgrace & disappo9tm5t2 ev5 ?\gh y\r own fault may h be51 9 "p1 ! occasion1 yet y may g5]ally dep5d ^u ! s9c]e/ sympa?y ( all y\r fri5ds1 &1 z f> z int]e/ & hon\r w p]mit1 ^u _! k9de/ assi/ance too4 ,b if y\r mis=tune is n ( ?is dreadful k9d1 if y h only be5 a little baulk$ 9 y\r ambition1 if y h only be5 jilt$ by y\r mi/ress1 or are only h5-peck$ by y\r wife1 lay y\r acc\nt ) ! raill]y ( all y\r acqua9tance4 ----- #db ,,sec4 ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,prosp]ity ,,& ,,adv]sity ,,^u ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,mank9d ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,propriety ,,( ,,action2 ,,& ,,:y ,,x ,,is ,,m ,,easy ,,to ,,obta9 ,,_! ,,approbation ,,9 ,,! ,,"o ,,/ate ,,?an ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,t ?\gh our ,sympa?y ) ,sorr[ is g5]ally a m lively ,s5sation ?an our ,sympa?y ) ,joy1 x commonly falls mu* m ,%ort ( ! ,viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! ,p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,,our sympa?y ) sorr[1 ?\gh n m real1 has be5 m tak5 notice ( ?an our sympa?y ) joy4 ,! ^w sympa?y1 9 its mo/ prop] & primitive signification1 d5otes our fell[-feel+ ) ! suff]+s1 n t ) ! enjoym5ts1 ( o!rs4 ,a late +5i\s & subtile philosoph] ?\ght x necess>y to prove1 by argum5ts1 t we _h a real sympa?y ) joy1 & t congratulation 0 a pr9ciple ( human nature4 ,nobody1 ,i believe1 ev] ?\ght x necess>y to prove t compassion 0 su*4 ,fir/ ( all1 our sympa?y ) sorr[ is1 9 "s s5se1 m univ]sal ?an t ) joy4 ,?\gh sorr[ is excessive1 we may /ill h "s fell[-feel+ ) x4 ,:at we feel does n1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 am\nt to t complete sympa?y1 to t p]fect h>mony & correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts1 :i* con/itutes approbation4 ,we d n weep1 & exclaim1 & lam5t1 ) ! suff]]4 ,we are s5sible1 on ! contr>y1 ( 8 weakness & ( ! extravagance ( 8 passion1 & yet (t5 feel a v s5sible conc]n ^u 8 acc\nt4 ,b if we d n entirely ent] into1 & g along )1 ! joy ( ano!r1 we h no sort ( reg>d or fell[ feel+ = x4 ,! man :o skips & dances ab\t ) t intemp]ate & s5seless joy :i* we _c accompany him 91 is ! object ( our contempt & indignation4 ,pa9 besides1 :e!r ( m9d or body1 is a m pung5t s5sation ?an pleasure1 & our sympa?y ) pa91 ?\gh x falls greatly %ort ( :at is naturally felt by ! suff]]1 is g5]ally a m lively & di/9ct p]ception ?an our sympa?y ) pleasure1 ?\gh ?is la/ (t5 approa*es m ne>ly1 z ,i %all %[ imm$iately1 to ! natural vivacity ( ! orig9al passion4 ,ov] & above all ?is1 we (t5 /ruggle to keep d[n our sympa?y ) ! sorr[ ( o!rs4 ,:5ev] we are n "u ! obs]vation ( ! suff]]1 we endeav\r1 = our own sake1 to suppress x z mu* z we c1 & we are n always successful4 ,! opposition :i* we make to x1 & ! reluctance ) :i* we yield to x1 necess>ily oblige u to take m p>ticul> notice ( x4 ,b we nev] h occasion to make ?is opposition to our sympa?y ) joy4 #dc ,if !re is any envy 9 ! case1 we nev] feel ! lea/ prop5sity t[>ds x2 & if !re is none1 we give way to x )\t any reluctance4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we are always a%am$ ( our own envy1 we (t5 pret5d1 & sometimes really wi% to sympa?ize ) ! joy ( o!rs1 :5 by t disagreeable s5tim5t we are disqualifi$ f do+ s4 ,we are glad1 we say1 on acc\nt ( our neighb\r's good =tune1 :5 9 our he>ts1 p]haps1 we are really sorry4 ,we (t5 feel a sympa?y ) sorr[ :5 we w\ld wi% to be rid ( x2 & we (t5 miss t ) joy :5 we w\ld be glad to h x4 ,! obvi\s obs]vation1 !re=e1 :i* x naturally falls 9 our way to make1 is1 t our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) sorr[ mu/ be v /rong1 & our incl9ation to sympa?ize ) joy v weak4 ,not)/&+ ?is prejudice1 h[ev]1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t1 :5 !re is no envy 9 ! case1 our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) joy is mu* /rong] ?an our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) sorr[2 & t our fell[-feel+ = ! agreeable emotion approa*es mu* m ne>ly to ! vivacity ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$1 ?an t :i* we conceive = ! pa9ful "o4 ,we h "s indulg5ce = t excessive grief :i* we _c entirely g along )4 ,we "k :at a prodigi\s ef=t is requisite be=e ! suff]] c br+ d[n 8 emotions to complete h>mony & concord ) ^? ( ! spectator4 ,?\gh he fails1 !re=e1 we easily p>don him4 ,b we h no su* indulg5ce = ! intemp]ance ( joy2 because we are n consci\s t any su* va/ ef=t is requisite to br+ x d[n to :at we c entirely ent] into4 ,! man :o1 "u ! greate/ calamities1 c comm& 8 sorr[1 seems wor?y ( ! highe/ admiration2 b he :o1 9 ! fulness ( prosp]ity1 c 9 ! same mann] ma/] 8 joy1 seems h>dly to des]ve any praise4 ,we are s5sible t !re is a mu* wid] int]val 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 betwe5 :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & :at ! spectator c entirely g along )4 ,:at c be add$ to ! happ9ess ( ! man :o is 9 heal?1 :o is out ( debt1 & has a cle> consci5ce8 ,to "o 9 ?is situation1 all accessions ( =tune may prop]ly be said to be sup]flu\s2 & if he is mu* elevat$ on acc\nt ( !m1 x mu/ be ! effect ( ! mo/ frivol\s levity4 ,?is situation1 h[ev]1 may v well be call$ ! natural & ord9>y /ate ( mank9d4 ,not)/&+ ! pres5t mis]y & depravity ( ! _w1 s ju/ly lam5t$1 ?is really is ! /ate ( ! great] "p ( m54 ,! great] "p ( m51 !re=e1 _c f9d any great difficulty 9 elevat+ !mselves to all ! joy :i* any accession to ?is situation c well excite 9 _! companion4 ,b ?\gh little c be add$ to ?is /ate1 mu* may be tak5 f #dd x4 ,?\gh betwe5 ?is condition & ! highe/ pit* ( human prosp]ity1 ! int]val is b a trifle2 betwe5 x & ! l[e/ dep? ( mis]y ! di/ance is imm5se & prodigi\s4 ,adv]sity1 on ?is acc\nt1 necess>ily depresses ! m9d ( ! suff]] mu* m bel[ its natural /ate1 ?an prosp]ity c elevate him above x4 ,! spectator1 !re=e1 mu/ f9d x mu* m difficult to sympa?ize entirely1 & keep p]fect "t1 ) 8 sorr[1 ?an ?or\ghly to ent] into 8 joy1 & mu/ dep>t mu* fur!r f 8 own natural & ord9>y temp] ( m9d 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt1 t ?\gh our sympa?y ) sorr[ is (t5 a m pung5t s5sation ?an our sympa?y ) joy1 x always falls mu* m %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,x is agreeable to sympa?ize ) joy2 & :]ev] envy does n oppose x1 our he>t ab&ons itself ) satisfaction to ! highe/ transports ( t delightful s5tim5t4 ,b x is pa9ful to g along ) grief1 & we always ent] into x ) reluctance4#a ,:5 we att5d to ! repres5tation ( a trag$y1 we /ruggle aga9/ t sympa!tic sorr[ :i* ! ent]ta9m5t inspires z long z we c1 & we give way to x at la/ only :5 we c no long] avoid x2 we ev5 !n endeav\r to cov] our conc]n f ! company4 ,if we %$ any te>s1 we c>efully conceal !m1 & are afraid1 le/ ! spectators1 n ent]+ into ?is excessive t5d]ness1 %\ld reg>d x z effem9acy & weakness4 ,! wret* ^: mis=tunes call ^u our compassion feels ) :at reluctance we are likely to ent] into 8 sorr[1 & !re=e proposes 8 grief to u ) fe> & hesitation3 he ev5 smo!rs ! half ( x1 & is a%am$1 ^u acc\nt ( ?is h>d-he>t$ness ( mank9d1 to give v5t to ! fulness ( 8 affliction4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! man :o riots 9 joy & success4 ,:]ev] envy does n int]e/ u aga9/ him1 he expects our complete/ sympa?y4 ,he does n fe>1 !re=e1 to ann\nce himself ) %\ts ( exultation1 9 full confid5ce t we are he>tily dispos$ to g along ) him4 ,footnote #a3 ,x has be5 object$ to me t z ,i f\nd ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 :i* is always agreeable1 ^u sympa?y1 x is inconsi/5t ) my sy/em to admit any disagreeable sympa?y4 ,i answ]1 t 9 ! s5tim5t ( approbation !re are two ?+s to be tak5 notice (2 fir/1 ! sympa!tic passion ( ! spectator2 & secondly1 ! emotion :i* arises f 8 obs]v+ ! p]fect co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is sympa!tic passion 9 himself1 & ! orig9al passion 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,?is la/ emotion1 9 :i* ! s5tim5t ( approbation prop]ly consi/s1 is always agreeable & delightful4 ,! o!r may ei!r be agreeable or disagreeable1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! orig9al passion1 ^: features x mu/ always1 9 "s measure1 reta94 ,:y %\ld we be m a%am$ to weep ?an to laugh be=e company8 ,we may (t5 h z real occasion to d ! "o z to d ! o!r2 b we always feel t ! spectators are m likely to g along ) u 9 ! agreeable1 ?an 9 ! pa9ful emotion4 ,x is #de always mis]able to compla91 ev5 :5 we are oppress$ by ! mo/ dreadful calamities4 ,b ! triumph ( victory is n always ungraceful4 ,prud5ce1 inde$1 w\ld (t5 advise u to be> our prosp]ity ) m mod]ation2 because prud5ce w\ld tea* u to avoid t envy :i* ?is v triumph is1 m ?an any ?+1 apt to excite4 ,h[ he>ty are ! acclamations ( ! mob1 :o nev] be> any envy to _! sup]iors1 at a triumph or a public entry8 ,& h[ s$ate & mod]ate is commonly _! grief at an execution8 ,our sorr[ at a fun]al g5]ally am\nts to no m ?an an affect$ gravity2 b our mir? at a *ri/5+ or a m>riage1 is always f ! he>t1 & )\t any affectation4 ,^u ^!1 & all su* joy\s occasions1 our satisfaction1 ?\gh n s durable1 is (t5 z lively z t ( ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,:5ev] we cordially congratulate our fri5ds1 :i*1 h[ev]1 to ! disgrace ( human nature1 we d b seldom1 _! joy lit]ally becomes our joy3 we are1 = ! mom5t1 z happy z !y are3 our he>t swells & ov]fl[s ) real pleasure3 joy & complac5cy sp>kle f our eyes1 & animate e feature ( our c\nt5ance1 & e ge/ure ( our body4 ,b on ! contr>y1 :5 we condole ) our fri5ds 9 _! afflictions1 h[ little d we feel1 9 comp>ison ( :at !y feel8 ,we sit d[n by !m1 we look at !m1 & :ile !y relate to u ! circum/ances ( _! mis=tune1 we li/5 to !m ) gravity & att5tion4 ,b :ile _! n>ration is e mom5t int]rupt$ by ^? natural bur/s ( passion :i* (t5 seem almo/ to *oke !m 9 ! mid/ ( x2 h[ f> are ! languid emotions ( our he>ts f keep+ "t to ! transports ( !irs8 ,we may be s5sible1 at ! same "t1 t _! passion is natural1 & no great] ?an :at we ourselves might feel ^u ! l occasion4 ,we may ev5 inw>dly reproa* ourselves ) our own want ( s5sibility1 & p]haps1 on t acc\nt1 "w ourselves up into an artificial sympa?y1 :i* h[ev]1 :5 x is rais$1 is always ! slighte/ & mo/ transitory imag9able2 & g5]ally1 z soon z we h left ! room1 vani%es1 & is gone = ev]4 ,nature1 x seems1 :5 %e load$ u ) our own sorr[s1 ?\ght !y 7 en\gh1 & !re=e did n comm& u to take any fur!r %>e 9 ^? ( o!rs1 ?an :at 0 necess>y to prompt u to relieve !m4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is dull s5sibility to ! afflictions ( o!rs1 t magnanimity amid/ great di/ress appe>s always s div9ely graceful4 ,8 behavi\r is g5teel & agreeable :o c ma9ta9 8 *e]fulness amid/ a numb] ( frivol\s disa/]s4 ,b he appe>s to be m ?an mortal :o c support 9 ! same mann] ! mo/ dreadful calamities4 ,we feel :at an imm5se ef=t is requisite to sil5ce ^? viol5t emotions :i* naturally agitate & di/ract ^? 9 8 situation4 ,we are amaz$ to f9d t he c comm& himself s entirely4 ,8 firmness at ! same "t1 p]fectly #df co9cides ) our ins5sibility4 ,he makes no dem& ^u u = t m exquisite degree ( s5sibility :i* we f9d1 & :i* we are mortifi$ to f9d1 t we d n possess4 ,!re is ! mo/ p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & ours1 & on t acc\nt ! mo/ p]fect propriety 9 8 behavi\r4 ,x is a propriety too1 :i*1 f our exp]i5ce ( ! usual weakness ( human nature1 we c\ld n reasonably h expect$ he %\ld be able to ma9ta94 ,we wond] ) surprise & a/oni%m5t at t /r5g? ( m9d :i* is capable ( s noble & g5]\s an ef=t4 ,! s5tim5t ( complete sympa?y & approbation1 mix$ & animat$ ) wond] & surprise1 con/itutes :at is prop]ly call$ admiration1 z has already be5 m ?an once take notice (4 ,cato1 surr\nd$ on all sides by 8 enemies1 unable to resi/ !m1 disda9+ to submit to !m1 & r$uc$1 by ! pr\d maxims ( t age1 to ! necessity ( de/roy+ himself2 yet nev] %r9k+ f 8 mis=tunes1 nev] supplicat+ ) ! lam5table voice ( wret*$ness1 ^? mis]able sympa!tic te>s :i* we are always s unwill+ to give2 b on ! contr>y1 arm+ himself ) manly =titude1 & ! mom5t be=e he executes 8 fatal resolution1 giv+1 ) 8 usual tranquillity1 all necess>y ord]s = ! safety ( 8 fri5ds2 appe>s to ,s5eca1 t great prea*] ( ins5sibility1 a spectacle :i* ev5 ! gods !mselves might behold ) pleasure & admiration4 ,:5ev] we meet1 9 common life1 ) any examples ( su* h]oic magnanimity1 we are always extremely affect$4 ,we are m apt to weep & %$ te>s = su* z1 9 ?is mann]1 seem to feel no?+ = !mselves1 ?an = ^? :o give way to all ! weakness ( sorr[ & 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! sympa!tic grief ( ! spectator appe>s to g beyond ! orig9al passion 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,! fri5ds ( ,socrates all wept :5 he drank ! la/ potion1 :ile he himself express$ ! gaye/ & mo/ *e]ful tranquillity4 ,^u all su* occasions ! spectator makes no ef=t1 & has no occasion to make any1 9 ord] to conqu] 8 sympa!tic sorr[4 ,he is "u no fe> t x w transport him to any ?+ t is extravagant & improp]2 he is r pleas$ ) ! s5sibility ( 8 own he>t1 & gives way to x ) complac5ce & self-approbation4 ,he gladly indulges1 !re=e1 ! mo/ melan*oly views :i* c naturally occur to him1 conc]n+ ! calamity ( 8 fri5d1 = :om1 p]haps1 he nev] felt s exquisitely be=e1 ! t5d] & te>ful passion ( love4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,he is oblig$1 z mu* z possible1 to turn away 8 eyes f :atev] is ei!r naturally t]rible or disagreeable 9 8 situation4 ,too s]i\s an att5tion to ^? circum/ances1 he fe>s1 might make s viol5t an impression ^u him1 t he c\ld no long] keep )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation1 or r5d] himself ! object ( ! complete sympa?y & approbation ( ! spectators4 #dg ,he fixes 8 ?\ghts1 !re=e1 ^u ^? only :i* are agreeable1 ! applause & admiration :i* he is ab\t to des]ve by ! h]oic magnanimity ( 8 behavi\r4 ,to feel t he is capable ( s noble & g5]\s an ef=t1 to feel t 9 ?is dreadful situation he c /ill act z he w\ld desire to act1 animates & transports him ) joy1 & enables him to support t triumphant gaiety :i* seems to exult 9 ! victory he ?us ga9s ov] 8 mis=tunes4 ,on ! contr>y1 he always appe>s1 9 "s measure1 mean & despicable1 :o is sunk 9 sorr[ & dejection ^u acc\nt ( any calamity ( 8 own4 ,we _c br+ ourselves to feel = him :at he feels = himself1 & :at1 p]haps1 we %\ld feel = ourselves if 9 8 situation3 we1 !re=e1 despise him2 unju/ly p]haps1 if any s5tim5t c\ld be reg>d$ z unju/1 to :i* we are by nature irresi/ibly det]m9$4 ,! weakness ( sorr[ nev] appe>s 9 any respect agreeable1 except :5 x arises f :at we feel = ourselves4 ,a son1 ^u ! dea? ( an indulg5t & respectable fa!r1 may give way to x )\t mu* blame4 ,8 sorr[ is *iefly f\nd$ ^u a sort ( sympa?y ) 8 dep>t$ p>5t2 & we readily ent] into 8 humane emotion4 ,b if he %\ld indulge ! same weakness ^u acc\nt ( any mis=tune :i* affect$ himself only1 he w\ld no long] meet ) any su* indulg5ce4 ,if he %\ld be r$uc$ to begg>y & ru91 if he %\ld be expos$ to ! mo/ dreadful dang]s1 if he %\ld ev5 be l$ out to a public execution1 & !re %$ "o s+le te> ^u ! scaffold1 he w\ld disgrace himself = ev] 9 ! op9ion ( all ! gallant & g5]\s "p ( mank9d4 ,_! compassion = him1 h[ev]1 w\ld be v /rong1 & v s9c]e2 b z x w\ld /ill fall %ort ( ?is excessive weakness1 !y w\ld h no p>don = ! man :o c\ld ?us expose himself 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,8 behavi\r w\ld affect !m ) %ame r ?an ) sorr[2 & ! di%on\r :i* he _h ?us br\ght ^u himself w\ld appe> to !m ! mo/ lam5table circum/ance 9 8 mis=tune4 ,h[ did x disgrace ! memory ( ! intrepid ,duke ( ,biron1 :o _h s (t5 brav$ dea? 9 ! field1 t he wept ^u ! scaffold1 :5 he beheld ! /ate to :i* he 0 fall51 & rememb]$ ! fav\r & ! glory f :i* 8 own ra%ness _h s un=tunately ?r[n him8 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,orig9 ( ,ambition1 & ( ! ,di/9ction ( ,ranks4 ,,x is because mank9d are dispos$ to sympa?ize m entirely ) our joy ?an ) our sorr[1 t we make p>ade ( our ri*es1 & conceal our pov]ty4 ,no?+ is s mortify+ z to be oblig$ to expose our di/ress to ! view ( ! public1 & to feel1 t ?\gh #dh our situation is op5 to ! eyes ( all mank9d1 no mortal conceives = u ! half ( :at we suff]4 ,nay1 x is *iefly f ?is reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 t we pursue ri*es & avoid pov]ty4 ,= to :at purpose is all ! toil & bu/le ( ?is _w8 :at is ! end ( av>ice & ambition1 ( ! pursuit ( weal?1 ( p[]1 & pre-em95ce8 ,is x to supply ! necessities ( nature8 ,! wages ( ! meane/ lab\r] c supply !m4 ,we see t !y c af=d him food & clo?+1 ! com=t ( a h\se & ( a family4 ,if we exam9e 8 oeconomy ) rig\r1 we %\ld f9d t he sp5ds a great "p ( !m ^u conv5i5ces1 :i* may be reg>d$ z sup]fluities1 & t1 ^u extraord9>y occasions1 he c give some?+ ev5 to vanity & di/9ction4 ,:at !n is ! cause ( our av]sion to 8 situation1 & :y %\ld ^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 ! high] ranks ( life1 reg>d x z worse ?an dea?1 to be r$uc$ to live1 ev5 )\t lab\r1 ^u ! same simple f>e ) him1 to dwell "u ! same l[ly ro(1 & to be clo!d 9 ! same humble attire8 ,d !y imag9e t _! /oma* is bett] or _! sleep s\nd] 9 a palace ?an 9 a cottage8 ,! contr>y has be5 s (t5 obs]v$1 &1 inde$1 is s v obvi\s1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 obs]v$1 t !re is nobody ignorant ( x4 ,f :5ce1 !n arises t emulation :i* runs ?r\gh all ! diff]5t ranks ( m51 & :at are ! advantages :i* we propose by ! great purpose ( human life :i* we call bett]+ our condition8 ,to be obs]v$1 to be att5d$ to1 to be tak5 notice ( ) sympa?y1 complac5cy1 & approbation1 arc all ! advantages :i* we c propose to d]ive f x4 ,x is ! vanity1 n ! ease or ! pleasure1 :i* int]e/s u4 ,b vanity is always f\nd$ ^u ! belief ( our be+ ! object ( att5tion & approbation4 ,! ri* man glories 9 8 ri*es1 because he feels t !y naturally draw ^u him ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & t mank9d are dispos$ to g along ) him 9 all ^? agreeable emotions ) :i* ! advantages ( 8 situation s readily inspire him4 ,at ! ?\ght ( ?is1 8 he>t seems to swell & dilate itself )9 him1 & he is fond] ( 8 weal? ^u ?is acc\nt1 ?an = all ! o!r advantages x procures him4 ,! poor man1 on ! contr>y1 is a%am$ ( 8 pov]ty4 ,he feels t x ei!r places him out ( ! sight ( mank9d1 or1 t if !y take any notice ( him1 !y h1 h[ev]1 sc>ce any fell[-feel+ ) ! mis]y & di/ress :i* he suff]s4 ,he is mortifi$ ^u bo? acc\nts2 = ?\gh to be ov]look$1 & to be disapprov$ (1 are ?+s entirely diff]5t1 yet z obscurity cov]s u f ! daylight ( hon\r & approbation1 to feel t we are tak5 no notice (1 necess>ily damps ! mo/ agreeable hope1 & disappo9ts ! mo/ ard5t desire1 ( human nature4 ,! poor man goes out & comes 9 unhe$$1 & :5 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d is 9 ! same obscurity z if %ut up 9 8 own hovel4 ,^? humble #di c>es & pa9ful att5tions :i* occupy ^? 9 8 situation1 af=d no amusem5t to ! dissipat$ & ! gay4 ,!y turn away _! _! eyes f him1 if ! extremity ( 8 di/ress =ces !m to look at him1 x is only to spurn s disagreeable an object f among !m4 ,! =tunate & ! pr\d wond] at ! insol5ce ( human wret*$ness1 t x %\ld d>e to pres5t itself be=e !m1 & ) ! loa?some aspect ( its mis]y presume to di/urb ! s]5ity ( _! happ9ess4 ,! man ( rank & di/9ction1 on ! contr>y1 is obs]v$ by all ! _w4 ,e body is eag] to look at him1 & to conceive1 at lea/ by sympa?y1 t joy & exultation ) :i* 8 circum/ances naturally inspire him4 ,8 actions are ! objects ( ! public c>e4 ,sc>ce a ^w1 sc>ce a ge/ure1 c fall f him t is altoge!r neglect$4 ,9 a great assembly he is ! p]son ^u :om all direct _! eyes2 x is ^u him t _! passions seem to wait ) expectation1 9 ord] to receive t movem5t & direction :i* he %all impress ^u !m2 & if 8 behavi\r is n altoge!r absurd1 he has1 e mom5t1 an opportunity ( int]e/+ mank9d1 & ( r5d]+ himself ! object ( ! obs]vation & fell[ feel+ ( e body ab\t him4 ,x is ?is1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! re/ra9t x imposes1 not)/&+ ! loss ( lib]ty ) :i* x is att5d$1 r5d]s greatness ! object ( envy1 & comp5sates1 9 ! op9ion ( mank9d1 all t toil1 all t anxiety1 all ^? mortifications :i* mu/ be und]gone 9 ! pursuit ( x2 & :at is ( yet m consequ5ce1 all t leisure1 all t ease1 all t c>eless security1 :i* are =feit$ = ev] by ! acquisition4 ,:5 we consid] ! condition ( ! great1 9 ^? delusive col\rs 9 :i* ! imag9ation is apt to pa9t x1 x seems to be almo/ ! ab/ract idea ( a p]fect & happy /ate4 ,x is ! v /ate :i*1 9 all our wak+ dreams & idle rev]ies1 we _h sket*$ out to ourselves z ! f9al object ( our desires4 ,we feel1 !re=e1 a peculi> sympa?y ) ! satisfaction ( ^? :o are 9 x4 ,we fav\r all _! incl9ations1 & =w>d all _! wi%es4 ,:at pity1 we ?9k1 t any ?+ %\ld spoil & corrupt s agreeable a situation4 ,we c\ld ev5 wi% !m immortal2 & x seems h>d to u1 t dea? %\ld at la/ put an end to su* p]fect enjoym5t4 ,x is cruel1 we ?9k1 9 ,nature to compel !m f _! exalt$ /ations to t humble1 b hospitable home1 :i* %e has provid$ = all h] *ildr54 ,great k+1 live = ev]6 is ! complim5t :i*1 aft] ! mann] ( ea/]n adulation1 we %\ld readily make !m1 if exp]i5ce did n tea* u its absurdity4 ,e calamity t befals !m1 e injury t is done !m1 excites 9 ! brea/ ( ! spectator t5 times m compassion & res5tm5t ?an he w\ld h felt1 _h ! same ?+s happ5$ to o!r m54 ,x is ! mis=tune ( k+s only :i* af=d ! prop] subjects = trag$y4 ,!y resemble #ej 9 ?is respect1 ! mis=tunes ( lov]s4 ,^? two situations are ! *ief :i* int]e/ u ^u ! !atre2 because1 9 spite ( all t reason & exp]i5ce c tell u to ! contr>y1 ! prejudices ( ! imag9ation atta* to ^! two /ates a happ9ess sup]ior to any o!r4 ,to di/urb1 or to put an end to su* p]fect enjoym5t1 seems to be ! mo/ atroci\s ( all injuries4 ,! traitor :o conspires aga9/ ! life ( 8 mon>*1 is ?\ght a great] mon/] ?an any o!r murd]]4 ,all ! innoc5t blood t 0 %$ 9 ! civil w>s provok$ less indignation ?an ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 ,a /rang] to human nature1 :o saw ! indiff]5ce ( m5 ab\t ! mis]y ( _! inf]iors1 & ! regret & indignation :i* !y feel = ! mis=tunes & suff]+s ( ^? above !m1 w\ld be apt to imag9e1 t pa9 mu/ be m agoniz+1 & ! convulsions ( dea? m t]rible to p]sons ( high] rank1 ?an !y are to ^? ( mean] /ations4 ,^u ?is disposition ( mank9d1 to g along ) all ! passions ( ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 is f\nd$ ! di/9ction ( ranks1 & ! ord] ( society4 ,our obsequi\sness to our sup]iors m frequ5tly arises f our admiration = ! advantages ( _! situation1 ?an f any private expectations ( b5efit f _! goodwill4 ,_! b5efits c ext5d b to a few2 b _! =tunes int]e/ almo/ e body4 ,we are eag] to assi/ !m 9 complet+ a sy/em ( happ9ess t approa*es s ne> to p]fection2 & we desire to s]ve !m = _! own sake1 )\t any recomp5se b ! vanity or ! hon\r ( oblig+ !m4 ,nei!r is our def]5ce to ! incl9ations f\nd$ *iefly1 or altoge!r1 ^u a reg>d to ! utility ( su* submission1 & to ! ord] ( society1 :i* is be/ support$ by x4 ,ev5 :5 ! ord] ( society seems to require t we %\ld oppose !m1 we c h>dly br+ ourselves to d x4 ,t k+s are s]vants ( ! p1 to be obey$1 resi/$1 depos$1 or puni%$1 z ! public conv5i5cy may require1 is ! doctr9e ( reason & philosophy2 b x is n ! doctr9e ( nature4 ,nature w\ld tea* u to submit to !m = _! own sake1 to tremble & b[ d[n be=e _! exalt$ /ation1 to reg>d _! smile z a rew>d suffici5t to comp5sate any s]vices1 & to dread _! displeasure1 ?\gh no o!r evil 7 to foll[ f x1 z ! sev]e/ ( all mortifications4 ,to treat !m 9 any respect z m51 to reason & dispute ) !m ^u ord9>y occasions1 requires su* resolution1 t !re are few m5 ^: magnanimity c support !m 9 x1 unless !y are likewise assi/$ by simil>ity & acqua9tance4 ,! /ronge/ motives1 ! mo/ furi\s passions1 fe>1 hatr$1 & res5tm5t1 are sc>ce suffici5t to balance ?is natural disposition to respect !m3 & _! conduct mu/1 ei!r ju/ly or unju/ly1 h excit$ ! highe/ degree ( ^? passions1 be=e ! bulk ( ! p c be br\ght to oppose !m ) viol5ce1 or to desire to see !m #ea ei!r puni%$ or depos$4 ,ev5 :5 ! p h be5 br\ght ?is l5g?1 !y are apt to rel5t e mom5t1 & easily relapse into _! habitual /ate ( def]5ce to ^? :om !y h be5 accu/om$ to look ^u z _! natural sup]iors4 ,!y _c /& ! mortification ( _! mon>*4 ,compassion soon takes ! place ( res5tm5t1 !y =get all pa/ provocations1 _! old pr9ciples ( loyalty revive1 & !y run to re-e/abli% ! ru9$ au?ority ( _! old ma/]s1 ) ! same viol5ce ) :i* !y _h oppos$ x4 ,! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 br\ght ab\t ! re/oration ( ! royal family4 ,compassion = ,james ,,ii41 :5 he 0 seiz$ by ! populace 9 mak+ 8 escape on %ip-bo>d1 _h almo/ prev5t$ ! ,revolution1 & made x g on m heavily ?an be=e4 ,d ! great seem ins5sible ( ! easy price at :i* !y may acquire ! public admiration2 or d !y seem to imag9e t to !m1 z to o!r m51 x mu/ be ! pur*ase ei!r ( sweat or ( blood8 ,by :at important accompli%m5ts is ! "y nobleman in/ruct$ to support ! dignity ( 8 rank1 & to r5d] himself wor?y ( t sup]iority ov] 8 fell[ citiz5s1 to :i* ! virtue ( 8 ance/ors _h rais$ !m3 ,is x by k1 by indu/ry1 by pati5ce1 by self-d5ial1 or by virtue ( any k9d8 ,z all 8 words1 z all 8 motions are att5d$ to1 he le>ns an habitual reg>d to e circum/ance ( ord9>y behavi\r1 & /udies to p]=m all ^? small duties ) ! mo/ exact propriety4 ,z he is consci\s h[ mu* he is obs]v$1 & h[ mu* mank9d are dispos$ to fav\r all 8 incl9ations1 he acts1 ^u ! mo/ indiff]5t occasions1 ) t fre$om & elevation :i* ! ?\ght ( ?is naturally inspires4 ,8 air1 8 mann]1 8 deportm5t1 all m>k t elegant & graceful s5se ( 8 own sup]iority1 :i* ^? :o are born to inf]ior /ations c h>dly ev] arrive at4 ,^! are ! arts by :i* he proposes to make mank9d m easily submit to 8 au?ority1 & to gov]n _! incl9ations accord+ to 8 own pleasure3 & 9 ?is he is seldom disappo9t$4 ,^! arts1 support$ by rank & pre-em95ce1 are1 ^u ord9>y occasions1 suffici5t to gov]n ! _w4 ,lewis ,,xiv4 dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 reign1 0 reg>d$1 n only 9 ,france1 b ov] all ,europe1 z ! mo/ p]fect model ( a great pr9ce4 ,b :at 7 ! tal5ts & virtues by :i* he acquir$ ?is great reputation8 ,0 x by ! scrupul\s & inflexible ju/ice ( all 8 und]tak+s1 by ! imm5se dang]s & difficulties ) :i* !y 7 att5d$1 or by ! unwe>i$ & unrel5t+ application ) :i* he pursu$ !m8 ,0 x by 8 ext5sive k1 by 8 exquisite judgm5t1 or by 8 h]oic val\r8 ,x 0 by none ( ^! qualities4 ,b he 01 fir/ ( all1 ! mo/ p[]ful pr9ce 9 ,europe1 & consequ5tly held ! highe/ rank among k+s2 & !n says 8 hi/orian1 'he surpass$ all 8 c\rti]s 9 ! gracefulness ( 8 %ape1 & ! maje/ic beauty ( 8 features4 ,! #eb s\nd ( 8 voice1 noble & affect+1 ga9$ ^? he>ts :i* 8 pres5ce intimidat$4 ,he _h a /ep & a deportm5t :i* c\ld suit only him & 8 rank1 & :i* w\ld h be5 ridicul\s 9 any o!r p]son4 ,! emb>rassm5t :i* he occasion$ to ^? :o spoke to him1 flatt]$ t secret satisfaction ) :i* he felt 8 own sup]iority4 ,! old (fic]1 :o 0 conf\nd$ & falt]$ 9 ask+ him a fav\r1 & n be+ able to conclude 8 disc\rse1 said to him3 ,sir1 y\r maje/y1 ,i hope1 w believe t ,i d n tremble ?us be=e y\r enemies3 _h no difficulty to obta9 :at he dem&$4' ,^! frivol\s accompli%m5ts1 support$ by 8 rank1 &1 no d\bt too1 by a degree ( o!r tal5ts & virtues1 :i* seems1 h[ev]1 n to h be5 mu* above m$iocrity1 e/abli%$ ?is pr9ce 9 ! e/eem ( 8 own age1 & h drawn1 ev5 f po/]ity1 a good deal ( respect = 8 memory4 ,comp>$ ) ^!1 9 8 own times1 & 9 8 own pres5ce1 no o!r virtue1 x seems1 appe>$ to h any m]it4 ,k1 indu/ry1 val\r1 & b5efic5ce trembl$1 7 aba%$1 & lo/ all dignity be=e !m4 ,b x is n by accompli%m5ts ( ?is k9d1 t ! man ( inf]ior rank mu/ hope to di/+ui% himself4 ,polit5ess is s mu* ! virtue ( ! great1 t x w d little hon\r to any body b !mselves4 ,! coxcomb1 :o imitates _! mann]1 & affects to be em95t by ! sup]ior propriety ( 8 ord9>y behavi\r1 is rew>d$ ) a d\ble %>e ( contempt = 8 folly & presumption4 ,:y %\ld ! man1 :om nobody ?9ks x wor? :ile to look at1 be v anxi\s ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* he holds up 8 head1 or disposes ( 8 arms :ile he walks ?r\gh a room8 ,he is occupi$ surely ) a v sup]flu\s att5tion1 & ) an att5tion too t m>ks a s5se ( 8 own importance1 :i* no o!r mortal c g along )4 ,! mo/ p]fect mode/y & pla9ness1 jo9$ to z mu* neglig5ce z is consi/5t ) ! respect due to ! company1 ought to be ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! behavi\r ( a private man4 ,if ev] he hopes to di/+ui% himself1 x mu/ be by m important virtues4 ,he mu/ acquire dep5dants to balance ! dep5dants ( ! great1 & he has no o!r fund to pay !m f1 b ! lab\r ( 8 body & ! activity ( 8 m9d4 ,he mu/ cultivate ^! !re=e3 he mu/ acquire sup]ior k 9 8 pr(ession & sup]ior indu/ry 9 ! ex]cise ( x4 ,he mu/ be pati5t 9 lab\r1 resolute 9 dang]1 & firm 9 di/ress4 ,^! tal5ts he mu/ br+ into public view1 by ! difficulty1 importance1 & at ! same "t1 good judgm5t ( 8 und]tak+s1 & by ! sev]e & unrel5t+ application1 ) :i* he pursues !m4 ,probity & prud5ce1 g5]osity & frankness1 mu/ *>act]ize 8 behavi\r ^u all ord9>y occasions2 & he mu/1 at ! same "t1 be =w>d to engage 9 all ^? situations1 9 :i* x requires ! greate/ tal5ts & virtues to act ) propriety1 b 9 :i* ! greate/ applause is to be acquir$ by ^? :o c #ec acquit !mselves ) hon\r4 ,) :at impati5ce does ! man ( _s & ambition1 :o is depress$ by 8 situation1 look r\nd = "s great opportunity to di/+ui% himself8 ,no circum/ances1 :i* c af=d ?is1 appe> to him undesirable4 ,he ev5 looks =w>d ) satisfaction to ! prospect ( =eign w> or civil diss5sion2 &1 ) secret transport & delight1 sees ?r\gh all ! confusion & blood%$ :i* att5d !m1 ! probability ( ^? wi%$-= occasions pres5t+ !mselves1 9 :i* he may draw ^u himself ! att5tion & admiration ( mank9d4 ,! man ( rank & di/9ction1 on ! contr>y1 ^: :ole glory consi/s 9 ! propriety ( 8 ord9>y behavi\r1 :o is cont5t$ ) ! humble r5[n :i* ?is c af=d him1 & has no tal5ts to acquire any o!r1 is unwill+ to emb>rass himself ) :at c be att5d$ ei!r ) difficulty or di/ress4 ,to figure at a ball is 8 great triumph1 & to succe$ 9 an intrigue ( gallantry1 8 highe/ exploit4 ,he has an av]sion to all public confusions1 n f ! love ( mank9d1 = ! great nev] look ^u _! inf]iors z _! fell[-creatures2 nor yet f want ( c\rage1 = 9 t he is seldom defective2 b f a consci\sness t he possesses none ( ! virtues :i* are requir$ 9 su* situations1 & t ! public att5tion w c]ta9ly be drawn away f him by o!rs4 ,he may be will+ to expose himself to "s little dang]1 & to make a campaign :5 x happ5s to be ! fa%ion4 ,b he %udd]s ) horror at ! ?\ght ( any situation :i* dem&s ! cont9ual & long ex]tion ( pati5ce1 indu/ry1 =titude1 & application ( ?\ght4 ,^! virtues are h>dly ev] to be met ) 9 m5 :o are born to ^? high /ations4 ,9 all gov]nm5ts1 accord+ly1 ev5 9 mon>*ies1 ! highe/ (fices are g5]ally possess$1 & ! :ole detail ( ! adm9i/ration conduct$1 by m5 :o 7 educat$ 9 ! middle & inf]ior ranks ( life1 :o h be5 c>ri$ =w>d by _! own indu/ry & abilities1 ?\gh load$ ) ! jeal\sy1 & oppos$ by ! res5tm5t1 ( all ^? :o 7 born _! sup]iors1 & to :om ! great1 aft] hav+ reg>d$ !m fir/ ) contempt1 & aft]w>ds ) envy1 are at la/ cont5t$ to truckle ) ! same abject meanness ) :i* !y desire t ! re/ ( mank9d %\ld behave to !mselves4 ,x is ! loss ( ?is easy empire ov] ! affections ( mank9d :i* r5d]s ! fall f greatness s insupportable4 ,:5 ! family ( ! k+ ( ,mac$on 0 l$ 9 triumph by ,paulus milius1 _! mis=tunes1 x is said1 made !m divide ) _! conqu]or ! att5tion ( ! ,roman p4 ,! sight ( ! royal *ildr51 ^: t5d] age r5d]$ !m ins5sible ( _! situation1 /ruck ! spectators1 amid/ ! public rejoic+s & prosp]ity1 ) ! t5d]e/ sorr[ & compassion4 ,! k+ appe>$ next 9 ! procession2 & seem$ l "o conf\nd$ & a/oni%$1 & b]eft ( all #ed s5tim5t1 by ! greatness ( 8 calamities4 ,8 fri5ds & m9i/]s foll[$ aft] him4 ,z !y mov$ along1 !y (t5 ca/ _! eyes ^u _! fall5 sov]eign1 & always bur/ into te>s at ! sight2 _! :ole behavi\r demon/rat+ t !y ?\ght n ( _! own mis=tunes1 b 7 occupi$ entirely by ! sup]ior greatness ( 84 ,! g5]\s ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 beheld him ) disda9 & indignation1 & reg>d$ z unwor?y ( all compassion ! man :o c\ld be s mean-spirit$ z to be> to live "u su* calamities4 ,yet :at did ^? calamities am\nt to8 ,accord+ to ! great] "p ( hi/orians1 he 0 to sp5d ! rema9d] ( 8 days1 "u ! protection ( a p[]ful & humane p1 9 a /ate :i* 9 itself %\ld seem wor?y ( envy1 a /ate ( pl5ty1 ease1 leisure1 & security1 f :i* x 0 impossible = him ev5 by 8 own folly to fall4 ,b he 0 no long] to be surr\nd$ by t admir+ mob ( fools1 flatt]]s1 & dep5dants1 :o _h =m]ly be5 accu/om$ to att5d ^u all 8 motions4 ,he 0 no long] to be gaz$ ^u by multitudes1 nor to h x 9 8 p[] to r5d] himself ! object ( _! respect1 _! gratitude1 _! love1 _! admiration4 ,! passions ( nations 7 no long] to m\ld !mselves ^u 8 incl9ations4 ,?is 0 t insupportable calamity :i* b]eav$ ! k+ ( all s5tim5t2 :i* made 8 fri5ds =get _! own mis=tunes2 & :i* ! ,roman magnanimity c\ld sc>ce conceive h[ any man c\ld be s mean-spirit$ z to be> to survive4 ',love1' says my ,"l ,ro*efaucault1 'is commonly succe$$ by ambition2 b ambition is h>dly ev] succe$$ by love4' ,t passion1 :5 once x has got entire possession ( ! brea/1 w admit nei!r a rival nor a successor4 ,to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! possession1 or ev5 to ! hope ( public admiration1 all o!r pleasures sick5 & decay4 ,( all ! disc>d$ /atesm5 :o = _! own ease h /udi$ to get ! bett] ( ambition1 & to despise ^? hon\rs :i* !y c\ld no long] arrive at1 h[ few h be5 able to succe$8 ,! great] "p h sp5t _! "t 9 ! mo/ li/less & insipid indol5ce1 *agr9$ at ! ?\ghts ( _! own insignificancy1 incapable ( be+ int]e/$ 9 ! occupations ( private life1 )\t enjoym5t except :5 !y talk$ ( _! =m] greatness1 & )\t satisfaction except :5 !y 7 employ$ 9 "s va9 project to recov] x4 ,are y 9 e>ne/ resolv$ nev] to b>t] y\r lib]ty = ! lordly s]vitude ( a c\rt1 b to live free1 fe>less1 & indep5d5t8 ,!re seems to be "o way to cont9ue 9 t virtu\s resolution2 & p]haps b "o4 ,nev] ent] ! place f :5ce s few h be5 able to return2 nev] come )9 ! circle ( ambition2 nor ev] br+ y\rself into comp>ison ) ^? ma/]s ( ! e>? :o h already engross$ ! att5tion ( half mank9d be=e y4 ,( su* mighty importance does x appe> to be1 9 ! imag9ations #ee ( m51 to /& 9 t situation :i* sets !m mo/ 9 ! view ( g5]al sympa?y & att5tion4 ,& ?us1 place1 t great object :i* divides ! wives ( ald]m51 is ! end ( half ! lab\rs ( human life2 & is ! cause ( all ! tumult & bu/le1 all ! rap9e & inju/ice1 :i* av>ice & ambition h introduc$ into ?is _w4 ,p ( s5se1 x is said1 inde$ despise place2 t is1 !y despise sitt+ at ! head ( ! table1 & are indiff]5t :o x is t is po9t$ out to ! company by t frivol\s circum/ance1 :i* ! smalle/ 9999advantage is capable ( ov]balanc+4 ,b rank1 di/9ction1 pre-em95ce1 no man despises1 unless he is ei!r rais$ v mu* above1 or sunk v mu* bel[1 ! ord9>y /&>d ( human nature2 unless he is ei!r s confirm$ 9 wisdom & real philosophy1 z to be satisfi$ t1 :ile ! propriety ( 8 conduct r5d]s him ! j object ( approbation1 x is ( little consequ5ce ?\gh he be nei!r att5d$ to1 nor approv$ (2 or s habituat$ to ! idea ( 8 own meanness1 s sunk 9 slo?ful & sotti% indiff]5ce1 z entirely to h =got ! desire & almo/ ! v wi% = sup]iority ov] 8 fell[s4 ,z to become ! natural object ( ! joy\s congratulations & sympa!tic att5tions ( mank9d is1 9 ?is mann]1 ! circum/ance :i* gives to prosp]ity all its dazzl+ spl5d\r2 s no?+ d>k5s s mu* ! gloom ( adv]sity z to feel t our mis=tunes are ! objects1 n ( ! fell[-feel+1 b ( ! contempt & av]sion ( our bre?r54 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt t ! mo/ dreadful calamities are n always ^? :i* x is mo/ difficult to support4 ,x is (t5 m mortify+ to appe> 9 public "u small disa/]s1 ?an "u great mis=tunes4 ,! fir/ excite no sympa?y2 b ! second1 ?\gh !y may excite none t approa*es to ! angui% ( ! suff]]1 call =?1 h[ev]1 a v lively compassion4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ! spectators are1 9 ?is la/ case1 less wide ( ^? ( ! suff]]1 & _! imp]fect fell[-feel+ l5ds him "s assi/ance 9 support+ 8 mis]y4 ,be=e a gay assembly1 a g5tleman w\ld be m mortifi$ to appe> cov]$ ) fil? & rags ?an ) blood & w\nds4 ,?is la/ situation w\ld int]e/ _! pity2 ! o!r w\ld provoke _! laught]4 ,! judge :o ord]s a crim9al to be set 9 ! pillory1 di%on\rs him m ?an if he _h condemn$ him to ! scaffold4 ,! great pr9ce1 :o1 "s ye>s ago1 can$ a g5]al (fic] at ! head ( 8 army1 disgrac$ him irrecov]ably4 ,! puni%m5t w\ld h be5 mu* less _h he %ot him ?r\gh 8 body4 ,by ! laws ( hon\r1 to /rike ) a cane di%on\rs1 to /rike ) a sword does n1 = an obvi\s reason4 ,^? slight] puni%m5ts1 :5 inflict$ on a g5tleman1 to :om di%on\r is ! greate/ ( all evils1 come to be reg>d$ among a humane & g5]\s p1 z ! mo/ dreadful ( any4 ,) reg>d to p]sons ( t rank1 !re=e1 !y are univ]sally laid aside1 & ! law1 :ile #ef x takes _! life ^u _m occasions1 respects _! hon\r ^u almo/ all4 ,to sc\rge a p]son ( quality1 or to set him 9 ! pillory1 ^u acc\nt ( any crime :atev]1 is a brutality ( :i* no ,european gov]nm5t1 except t ( ,russia1 is capable4 ,a brave man is n r5d]$ contemptible by be+ br\ght to ! scaffold2 he is1 by be+ set 9 ! pillory4 ,8 behavi\r 9 ! "o situation may ga9 him univ]sal e/eem & admiration4 ,no behavi\r 9 ! o!r c r5d] him agreeable4 ,! sympa?y ( ! spectators supports him 9 ! "o case1 & saves him f t %ame1 t consci\sness t 8 mis]y is felt by himself only1 :i* is ( all s5tim5ts ! mo/ unsupportable4 ,!re is no sympa?y 9 ! o!r2 or1 if !re is any1 x is n ) 8 pa91 :i* is a trifle1 b ) 8 consci\sness ( ! want ( sympa?y ) :i* ?is pa9 is att5d$4 ,x is ) 8 %ame1 n ) 8 sorr[4 ,^? :o pity him1 blu% & hang d[n _! heads = him4 ,he droops 9 ! same mann]1 & feels himself irrecov]ably degrad$ by ! puni%m5t1 ?\gh n by ! crime4 ,! man1 on ! contr>y1 :o dies ) resolution1 z he is naturally reg>d$ ) ! erect aspect ( e/eem & approbation1 s he we>s himself ! same undaunt$ c\nt5ance2 &1 if ! crime does n deprive him ( ! respect ( o!rs1 ! puni%m5t nev] w4 ,he has no suspicion t 8 situation is ! object ( contempt or d]ision to any body1 & he c1 ) propriety1 assume ! air1 n only ( p]fect s]5ity1 b ( triumph & exultation4 ',great dang]s4' says ! ,c>d9al de ,retz1 'h _! *>ms1 because !re is "s glory to be got1 ev5 :5 we misc>ry4 ,b mod]ate dang]s h no?+ b :at is horrible1 because ! loss ( reputation always att5ds ! want ( success4' ,8 maxim has ! same f\ndation ) :at we h be5 j n[ obs]v+ ) reg>d to puni%m5ts4 ,human virtue is sup]ior to pa91 to pov]ty1 to dang]1 & to dea?2 nor does x ev5 require its utmo/ ef=ts to despise !m4 ,b to h its mis]y expos$ to insult & d]ision1 to be l$ 9 triumph1 to be set up = ! h& ( scorn to po9t at1 is a situation 9 :i* its con/ancy is mu* m apt to fail4 ,comp>$ ) ! contempt ( mank9d1 all o!r ext]nal evils are easily support$4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4-- ,( ! ,corruption ( our ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 :i* is occasion$ by ?is ,disposition to admire ! ,ri* & ! ,great1 & to despise or neglect ,p]sons ( poor & mean ,condition4 ,,?is disposition to admire1 & almo/ to wor%ip1 ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 & to despise or1 at lea/1 to neglect p]sons ( poor & mean condition1 ?\gh necess>y bo? to e/abli% & to ma9ta9 ! #eg di/9ction ( ranks & ! ord] ( society1 is1 at ! same "t1 ! great & mo/ univ]sal cause ( ! corruption ( our moral s5tim5ts4 ,t weal? & greatness are (t5 reg>d$ ) ! respect & admiration :i* are due only to wisdom & virtue2 & t ! contempt1 ( :i* vice & folly are ! only prop] objects1 is (t5 mo/ unju/ly be/[$ ^u pov]ty & weakness1 has be5 ! compla9t ( morali/s 9 all ages4 ,we desire bo? to be respectable & to be respect$4 ,we dread bo? to be contemptible & to be contemn$4 ,b1 ^u com+ into ! _w1 we soon f9d t wisdom & virtue are by no means ! sole objects ( respect2 nor vice & folly1 ( contempt4 ,we frequ5tly see ! respectful att5tions ( ! _w m /rongly direct$ t[>ds ! ri* & ! great1 ?an t[>ds ! wise & ! virtu\s4 ,we see frequ5tly ! vices & follies ( ! p[]ful mu* less despis$ ?an ! pov]ty & weakness ( ! innoc5t4 ,to des]ve1 to acquire1 & to enjoy ! respect & admiration ( mank9d1 are ! great objects ( ambition & emulation4 ,two diff]5t roads are pres5t$ to u1 equally lead+ to ! atta9m5t ( ?is s mu* desir$ object2 ! "o1 by ! /udy ( wisdom & ! practice ( virtue2 ! o!r1 by ! acquisition ( weal? & greatness4 ,two diff]5t *>act]s are pres5t$ to our emulation2 ! "o1 ( pr\d ambition & o/5tati\s avidity2 ! o!r1 ( humble mode/y & equitable ju/ice4 ,two diff]5t models1 two diff]5t pictures1 are held out to u1 accord+ to :i* we may fa%ion our own "* & behavi\r2 ! "o m gaudy & glitt]+ 9 its col\r+2 ! o!r m correct & m exquisitely beautiful 9 its outl9e3 ! "o =c+ itself ^u ! notice ( e w&]+ eye2 ! o!r1 attract+ ! att5tion ( sc>ce any body b ! mo/ /udi\s & c>eful obs]v]4 ,!y are ! wise & ! virtu\s *iefly1 a select1 ?\gh1 ,i am afraid1 b a small p>ty1 :o are ! real & /eady admir]s ( wisdom & virtue4 ,! great mob ( mank9d are ! admir]s & wor%ipp]s1 &1 :at may seem m extraord9>y1 mo/ frequ5tly ! dis9t]e/$ admir]s & wor%ipp]s1 ( weal? & greatness4 ,! respect :i* we feel = wisdom & virtue is1 no d\bt1 diff]5t f t :i* we conceive = weal? & greatness2 & x requires no v nice disc]nm5t to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is diff]5ce1 ^? s5tim5ts be> a v consid]able resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,9 "s p>ticul> features !y are1 no d\bt1 diff]5t1 b1 9 ! g5]al air ( ! c\nt5ance1 !y seem to be s v ne>ly ! same1 t inatt5tive obs]v]s are v apt to mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r4 ,9 equal degrees ( m]it !re is sc>ce any man :o does n respect m ! ri* & ! great1 ?an ! poor & ! humble4 ,) mo/ m5 ! presumption & vanity ( ! =m] are mu* m admir$1 ?an ! real & solid m]it ( ! latt]4 ,x is sc>ce #eh agreeable to good morals1 or ev5 to good language1 p]haps1 to say1 t m]e weal? & greatness1 ab/ract$ f m]it & virtue1 des]ve our respect4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t !y almo/ con/antly obta9 x2 & t !y may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z1 9 "s respects1 ! natural objects ( x4 ,^? exalt$ /ations may1 no d\bt1 be completely degrad$ by vice & folly4 ,b1 ! vice & folly mu/ be v great1 be=e !y c op]ate ?is complete degradation4 ,! pr(ligacy ( a man ( fa%ion is look$ ^u ) mu* less contempt & av]sion1 ?an t ( a man ( mean] condition4 ,9 ! latt]1 a s+le transgression ( ! rules ( temp]ance & propriety1 is commonly m res5t$1 ?an ! con/ant & av[$ contempt ( !m ev] is 9 ! =m]4 ,9 ! middl+ & inf]ior /ations ( life1 ! road to virtue & t to =tune1 to su* =tune1 at lea/1 z m5 9 su* /ations c reasonably expect to acquire1 are1 happily1 9 mo/ cases1 v ne>ly ! same4 ,9 all ! middl+ & inf]ior pr(essions1 real & solid pr(essional abilities1 jo9$ to prud5t1 j1 firm1 & temp]ate conduct1 c v seldom fail ( success4 ,abilities w ev5 sometimes prevail :]e ! conduct is by no means correct4 ,ei!r habitual imprud5ce1 h[ev]1 or inju/ice1 or weakness1 or pr(ligacy1 w always cl\d1 & sometimes depress altoge!r1 ! mo/ spl5did pr(essional abilities4 ,m5 9 ! inf]ior & middl+ /ations ( life1 besides1 c nev] be great en\gh to be above ! law1 :i* mu/ g5]ally ov]awe !m into "s sort ( respect =1 at lea/1 ! m important rules ( ju/ice4 ,! success ( su* p1 too1 almo/ always dep5ds ^u ! fav\r & good op9ion ( _! neighb\rs & equals2 & )\t a tol]ably regul> conduct ^! c v seldom be obta9$4 ,! good old prov]b1 !re=e1 t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 holds1 9 su* situations1 almo/ always p]fectly true4 ,9 su* situations1 !re=e1 we may g5]ally expect a consid]able degree ( virtue2 &1 =tunately = ! good morals ( society1 ^! are ! situations ( ! great] "p ( mank9d4 ,9 ! sup]ior /ations ( life ! case is unhappily n always ! same4 ,9 ! c\rts ( pr9ces1 9 ! draw+-rooms ( ! great1 :]e success & pref]m5t dep5d1 n ^u ! e/eem ( intellig5t & well-in=m$ equals1 b ^u ! fanciful & fooli% fav\r ( ignorant1 presumptu\s1 & pr\d sup]iors2 flatt]y & falsehood too (t5 prevail ov] m]it & abilities4 ,9 su* societies ! abilities to please1 are m reg>d$ ?an ! abilities to s]ve4 ,9 quiet & peaceable times1 :5 ! /orm is at a di/ance1 ! pr9ce1 or great man1 wi%es only to be amus$1 & is ev5 apt to fancy t he has sc>ce any occasion = ! s]vice ( any body1 or t ^? :o amuse him are suffici5tly able to s]ve him4 ,! ext]nal graces1 ! frivol\s accompli%m5ts ( t imp]t95t & fooli% ?+ call$ a man ( fa%ion1 are commonly m admir$ ?an ! solid & #ei mascul9e virtues ( a w>rior1 a /atesman1 a philosoph]1 or a legislator4 ,all ! great & awful virtues1 all ! virtues :i* c fit1 ei!r = ! c\ncil1 ! s5ate1 or ! field1 are1 by ! insol5t & insignificant flatt]]s1 :o commonly figure ! mo/ 9 su* corrupt$ societies1 held 9 ! utmo/ contempt & d]ision4 ,:5 ! ,duke ( ,sully 0 call$ ^u by ,l\is ! ,?irte5?1 to give 8 advice 9 "s great em]g5cy1 he obs]v$ ! fav\rites & c\rti]s :isp]+ to "o ano!r1 & smil+ at 8 unfa%ionable appe>ance4 ',:5ev] y\r ,maje/y's fa!r1' said ! old w>rior & /atesman1 'did me ! hon\r to consult me1 he ord]$ ! buffoons ( ! c\rt to retire into ! ante*amb]4' ,x is f our disposition to admire1 & consequ5tly to imitate1 ! ri* & ! great1 t !y are enabl$ to set1 or to lead1 :at is call$ ! fa%ion4 ,_! dress is ! fa%ionable dress2 ! language ( _! conv]sation1 ! fa%ionable /yle2 _! air & deportm5t1 ! fa%ionable behavi\r4 ,ev5 _! vices & follies are fa%ionable2 & ! great] "p ( m5 are pr\d to imitate & resemble !m 9 ! v qualities :i* di%on\r & degrade !m4 ,va9 m5 (t5 give !mselves airs ( a fa%ionable pr(ligacy1 :i*1 9 _! he>ts1 !y d n approve (1 & ( :i*1 p]haps1 !y are really n guilty4 ,!y desire to be prais$ = :at !y !mselves d n ?9k praisewor?y1 & are a%am$ ( unfa%ionable virtues :i* !y sometimes practise 9 secret1 & = :i* !y h secretly "s degree ( real v5]ation4 ,!re are hypocrites ( weal? & greatness1 z well z ( religion & virtue2 & a va9 man is z apt to pret5d to be :at he is n1 9 ! "o way1 z a cunn+ man is 9 ! o!r4 ,he assumes ! equipage & spl5did way ( liv+ ( 8 sup]iors1 )\t consid]+ t :atev] may be praisewor?y 9 any ( ^!1 d]ives its :ole m]it & propriety f its suitabl5ess to t situation & =tune :i* bo? require & c easily support ! exp5se4 ,_m a poor man places 8 glory 9 be+ ?\ght ri*1 )\t consid]+ t ! duties 7if "o may call su* follies by s v5]able a "n7 :i* t reputation imposes ^u him1 mu/ soon r$uce him to begg>y1 & r5d] 8 situation /ill m unlike t ( ^? :om he admires & imitates1 ?an x _h be5 orig9ally4 ,to atta9 to ?is envi$ situation1 ! c&idates = =tune too frequ5tly ab&on ! pa?s ( virtue2 = unhappily1 ! road :i* leads to ! "o1 & t :i* leads to ! o!r1 lie sometimes 9 v opposite directions4 ,b ! ambiti\s man flatt]s himself t1 9 ! spl5did situation to :i* he advances1 he w h s _m means ( comm&+ ! respect & admiration ( mank9d1 & w be enabl$ to act ) su* sup]ior propriety & grace1 t ! lu/re ( 8 future conduct w entirely cov]1 or efface1 ! f\lness ( ! /eps by :i* he arriv$ at t elevation4 ,9 _m gov]nm5ts ! c&idates = ! highe/ /ations are above ! law2 &1 if !y #fj c atta9 ! object ( _! ambition1 !y h no fe> ( be+ call$ to acc\nt = ! means by :i* !y acquir$ x4 ,!y (t5 endeav\r1 !re=e1 n only by fraud & falsehood1 ! ord9>y & vulg> arts ( intrigue & cabal2 b sometimes by ! p]petration ( ! mo/ enorm\s crimes1 by murd] & assass9ation1 by rebellion & civil w>1 to supplant & de/roy ^? :o oppose or /& 9 ! way ( _! greatness4 ,!y m frequ5tly misc>ry ?an succe$2 & commonly ga9 no?+ b ! disgraceful puni%m5t :i* is due to _! crimes4 ,b1 ?\gh !y %\ld be s lucky z to atta9 t wi%$-= greatness1 !y are always mo/ mis]ably disappo9t$ 9 ! happ9ess :i* !y expect to enjoy 9 x4 ,x is n ease or pleasure1 b always hon\r1 ( "o k9d or ano!r1 ?\gh frequ5tly an hon\r v ill und]/ood1 t ! ambiti\s man really pursues4 ,b ! hon\r ( 8 exalt$ /ation appe>s1 bo? 9 8 own eyes & 9 ^? ( o!r p1 pollut$ & d5i$ by ! bas5ess ( ! means ?r\gh :i* he rose to x4 ,?\gh by ! pr(usion ( e lib]al exp5se2 ?\gh by excessive indulg5ce 9 e pr(ligate pleasure1 ! wret*$1 b usual1 res\rce ( ru9$ *>act]s2 ?\gh by ! hurry ( public bus9ess1 or by ! pr\d] & m dazzl+ tumult ( w>1 he may endeav\r to efface1 bo? f 8 own memory & f t ( o!r p1 ! remembrance ( :at he has done2 t remembrance nev] fails to pursue him4 ,he invokes 9 va9 ! d>k & dismal p[]s ( =getfulness & oblivion4 ,he rememb]s himself :at he has done1 & t remembrance tells him t o!r p mu/ likewise rememb] x4 ,amid/ all ! gaudy pomp ( ! mo/ o/5tati\s greatness2 amid/ ! v5al & vile adulation ( ! great & ( ! le>n$2 amid/ ! m innoc5t1 ?\gh m fooli%1 acclamations ( ! common p2 amid/ all ! pride ( conque/ & ! triumph ( successful w>1 he is /ill secretly pursu$ by ! av5g+ furies ( %ame & remorse2 &1 :ile glory seems to surr\nd him on all sides1 he himself1 9 8 own imag9ation1 sees black & f\l infamy fa/ pursu+ him1 & e mom5t ready to ov]take him f beh9d4 ,ev5 ! great ,cs>1 ?\gh he _h ! magnanimity to dismiss 8 gu>ds1 c\ld n dismiss 8 suspicions4 ,! remembrance ( ,ph>salia /ill haunt$ & pursu$ him4 ,:51 at ! reque/ ( ! s5ate1 he _h ! g5]osity to p>don ,m>cellus1 he told t assembly1 t he 0 n unaw>e ( ! designs :i* 7 c>ry+ on aga9/ 8 life2 b t1 z he _h liv$ long en\gh bo? = nature & = glory1 he 0 cont5t$ to die1 & !re=e despis$ all conspiracies4 ,he _h1 p]haps1 liv$ long en\gh = nature4 ,b ! man :o felt himself ! object ( su* deadly res5tm5t f ^? ^: fav\r he wi%$ to ga91 & :om he /ill wi%$ to consid] z 8 fri5ds1 _h c]ta9ly liv$ too long = real glory2 or = all ! happ9ess :i* he c\ld ev] hope to enjoy 9 ! love & e/eem ( 8 equals4 #fa ,"p ,,ii4--,( ,m]it & ,dem]it2 or1 ( ! ,objects ( ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,,sec4 ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,m]it ,,& ,,dem]it4 ,,introduction4--,!re is ano!r set ( qualities ascrib$ to ! actions & conduct ( mank9d1 di/9ct f _! propriety or impropriety1 _! dec5cy or ungracefulness1 & :i* are ! objects ( a di/9ct species ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,^! are ,m]it & ,dem]it1 ! qualities ( des]v+ rew>d & ( des]v+ puni%m5t4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t ! s5tim5t or affection ( ! he>t1 f :i* any action proce$s1 & ^u :i* its :ole virtue or vice dep5ds1 may be consid]$ "u two diff]5t aspects1 or 9 two diff]5t relations3 fir/1 9 relation to ! cause or object :i* excites x2 &1 secondly1 9 relation to ! end :i* x proposes1 or to ! effect :i* x t5ds to produce3 t ^u ! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess1 ^u ! proportion or disproportion1 :i* ! affection seems to be> to ! cause or object :i* excites x1 dep5ds ! propriety or impropriety1 ! dec5cy or ungracefulness ( ! consequ5t action2 & t ^u ! b5eficial or hurtful effects :i* ! affection proposes or t5ds to produce1 dep5ds ! m]it or dem]it1 ! good or ill des]t ( ! action to :i* x gives occasion4 ,:]e9 consi/s our s5se ( ! propriety or impropriety ( actions1 has be5 expla9$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is disc\rse4 ,we come n[ to consid]1 :]e9 consi/s t ( _! good or ill des]t4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,i4--,t :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] ,object ( ,gratitude1 appe>s to des]ve ,rew>d2 & t1 9 ! same ,mann]1 :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] ,object ( ,res5tm5t1 appe>s to des]ve ,puni%m5t4 ,,to u1 !re=e1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( t s5tim5t1 :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to rew>d1 or to d good to ano!r4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( t s5tim5t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to puni%1 or to inflict evil ^u ano!r4 ,! s5tim5t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to rew>d1 is gratitude2 t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to puni%1 is res5tm5t4 #fb ,to u1 !re=e1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( gratitude2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( res5tm5t4 ,to rew>d1 is to recomp5se1 to remun]ate1 to return good = good receiv$4 ,to puni%1 too1 is to recomp5se1 to remun]ate1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]2 x is to return evil = evil t has be5 done4 ,!re are "s o!r passions1 besides gratitude & res5tm5t1 :i* int]e/ u 9 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs2 b !re are none :i* s directly excite u z to be in/rum5ts ( ei!r4 ,! love & e/eem :i* gr[ ^u acqua9tance & habitual approbation1 necess>ily lead u to be pleas$ ) ! good =tune ( ! man :o is ! object ( su* agreeable emotions1 & consequ5tly to be will+ to l5d a h& to promote x4 ,our love1 h[ev]1 is fully satisfi$1 ?\gh 8 good =tune %\ld be br\ght ab\t )\t our assi/ance4 ,all t ?is passion desires is to see him happy1 )\t reg>d+ :o 0 ! au?or ( 8 prosp]ity4 ,b gratitude is n to be satisfi$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,if ! p]son to :om we owe _m obligations1 is made happy )\t our assi/ance1 ?\gh x pleases our love1 x does n cont5t our gratitude4 ,till we h recomp5s$ him1 till we ourselves h be5 in/rum5tal 9 promot+ 8 happ9ess1 we feel ourselves /ill load$ ) t debt :i* 8 pa/ s]vices h laid ^u u4 ,! hatr$ & dislike1 9 ! same mann]1 :i* gr[ ^u ! habitual disapprobation1 w\ld (t5 lead u to take a malici\s pleasure 9 ! mis=tune ( ! man ^: conduct & "* excite s pa9ful a passion4 ,b ?\gh dislike & hatr$ h>d5 u aga9/ all sympa?y1 & sometimes dispose u ev5 to rejoice at ! di/ress ( ano!r1 yet1 if !re is no res5tm5t 9 ! case1 if nei!r we nor our fri5ds h receiv$ any great p]sonal provocation1 ^! passions w\ld n naturally lead u to wi% to be in/rum5tal 9 br++ x ab\t4 ,?\gh we c\ld fe> no puni%m5t 9 consequ5ce ( our hav+ _h "s h& 9 x1 we w\ld r t x %\ld happ5 by o!r means4 ,to "o "u ! dom9ion ( viol5t hatr$ x w\ld be agreeable1 p]haps1 to he>1 t ! p]son :om he abhorr$ & dete/$ 0 kill$ by "s accid5t4 ,b if he _h ! lea/ sp>k ( ju/ice1 :i*1 ?\gh ?is passion is n v fav\rable to virtue1 he might /ill h1 x w\ld hurt him excessively to h be5 himself1 ev5 )\t design1 ! occasion ( ?is mis=tune4 ,mu* m w\ld ! v ?\ght ( volunt>ily contribut+ to x %ock him beyond all measure4 ,he w\ld reject ) horror ev5 ! imag9ation ( s execrable a design2 & if he c\ld imag9e himself capable ( su* an enormity1 he w\ld beg9 to reg>d to himself 9 ! same odi\s light 9 :i* he _h consid]$ ! p]son :o 0 ! object ( 8 dislike4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) res5tm5t3 if ! p]son #fc :o _h done u "s great injury1 :o _h murd]$ our fa!r or our bro!r1 = example1 %\ld soon aft]w>ds die ( a fev]1 or ev5 be br\ght to ! scaffold ^u acc\nt ( "s o!r crime1 ?\gh x might soo! our hatr$1 x w\ld n fully gratify our res5tm5t4 ,res5tm5t w\ld prompt u to desire1 n only t he %\ld be puni%$1 b t he %\ld be puni%$ by our means1 & ^u acc\nt ( t p>ticul> injury :i* he _h done to u4 ,res5tm5t _c be fully gratifi$1 unless ! (f5d] is n only made to grieve 9 8 turn1 b to grieve = t p>ticul> wrong :i* we h suff]$ f him4 ,he mu/ be made to rep5t & be sorry = ?is v action1 t o!rs1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! l puni%m5t1 may be t]rifi$ f be+ guilty ( ! l (f5ce4 ,! natural gratification ( ?is passion t5ds1 ( its own accord1 to produce all ! political ends ( puni%m5t2 ! correction ( ! crim9al1 & example to ! public4 ,gratitude & res5tm5t1 !re=e1 are ! s5tim5ts :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompt to rew>d & to puni%4 ,to u1 !re=e1 he mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :o appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( gratitude2 & he to des]ve puni%m5t1 :o appe>s to be t ( res5tm5t4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! prop] ,objects ( ,gratitude & ,res5tm5t4 ,to be ! prop] & approv$ object ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 c mean no?+ b to be ! object ( t gratitude & ( t res5tm5t :i* naturally seems prop]1 & is approv$ (4 ,b ^!1 z well z all ! o!r passions ( human nature1 seem prop] & are approv$ (1 :5 ! he>t ( e imp>tial spectator entirely sympa?izes ) !m1 :5 e indiff]5t by-/&] entirely ent]s into & goes along ) !m4 ,he1 !re=e1 appe>s to des]ve rew>d1 :o1 to "s p]son or p]sons1 is ! natural object ( a gratitude :i* e human he>t is dispos$ to beat "t to1 & !reby applaud3 & he1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to des]ve puni%m5t1 :o 9 ! same mann] is to "s p]son or p]sons ! natural object ( a res5tm5t :i* ! brea/ ( e reasonable man is ready to adopt & sympa?ize )4 ,to u1 surely1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* e body :o kn[s ( x w\ld wi% to rew>d1 & !re=e delights to see rew>d$3 & t action mu/ z surely appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* e body :o he>s ( x is angry )1 & ^u t acc\nt rejoices to see puni%$4 #a4 ,z we sympa?ize ) ! joy ( our companions1 :5 9 prosp]ity1 s we jo9 ) !m 9 ! complac5cy & satisfaction ) :i* !y naturally reg>d :atev] is ! cause ( _! good =tune4 #fd ,we ent] into ! love & affection :i* !y conceive = x1 & beg9 to love x too4 ,we %\ld be sorry = _! sakes if x 0 de/roy$1 or ev5 if x 0 plac$ at too great a di/ance f !m1 & out ( ! rea* ( _! c>e & protection1 ?\gh !y %\ld lose no?+ by its abs5ce except ! pleasure ( see+ x4 ,if x is man :o has ?us be5 ! =tunate in/rum5t ( ! happ9ess ( 8 bre?r51 ?is is /ill m peculi>ly ! case4 ,:5 we see "o man assi/$1 protect$1 reliev$ by ano!r1 our sympa?y ) ! joy ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit s]ves only to animate our fell[-feel+ ) 8 gratitude t[>ds him :o be/[s x4 ,:5 we look ^u ! p]son :o is ! cause ( 8 pleasure ) ! eyes ) :i* we imag9e he mu/ look ^u him1 8 b5efactor seems to /& be=e u 9 ! mo/ engag+ & amiable light4 ,we readily !re=e sympa?ize ) ! grateful affection :i* he conceives = a p]son to :om he has be5 s mu* oblig$2 & consequ5tly applaud ! returns :i* he is dispos$ to make = ! good (fices conf]r$ ^u him4 ,z we entirely ent] into ! affection f :i* ^! returns proce$1 !y necess>ily seem e way prop] & suitable to _! object4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z we sympa?ize ) ! sorr[ ( our fell[-creature :5ev] we see 8 di/ress1 s we likewise ent] into 8 abhorr5ce & av]sion = :atev] has giv5 occasion to x4 ,our he>t1 z x adopts & beats "t to 8 grief1 s is x likewise animat$ ) t _s by :i* he endeav\rs to drive away or de/roy ! cause ( x4 ,! indol5t & passive fell[-feel+1 by :i* we accompany him 9 8 suff]+s1 readily gives way to t m vigor\s & active s5tim5t by :i* we g along ) him 9 ! ef=t he makes1 ei!r to repeal !m1 or to gratify 8 av]sion to :at has giv5 occasion to !m4 ,?is is /ill m peculi>ly ! case1 :5 x is man :o has caus$ !m4 ,:5 we see "o man oppress$ or injur$ by ano!r1 ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! di/ress ( ! suff]] seems to s]ve only to animate our fell[-feel+ ) 8 res5tm5t aga9/ ! (f5d]4 ,we are rejoic$ to see him attack 8 adv]s>y 9 8 turn1 & are eag] & ready to assi/ him :5ev] he ex]ts himself = def5ce1 or ev5 = v5geance )9 a c]ta9 degree4 ,if ! injur$ %\ld p]i% 9 ! qu>rel1 we n only sympa?ize ) ! real res5tm5t ( 8 fri5ds & relations1 b ) ! imag9>y res5tm5t :i* 9 fancy we l5d to ! dead1 :o is no long] capable ( feel+ t or any o!r human s5tim5t4 ,b z we put ourselves 9 8 situation1 z we ent]1 z x 71 into 8 body1 & 9 our imag9ations1 9 "s measure1 animate anew ! de=m$ & mangl$ c>cass ( ! sla91 :5 we br+ home 9 ?is mann] 8 case to our own bosoms1 we feel ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 an emotion :i* ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is incapable ( feel+1 & :i* yet we feel by an illusive #fe sympa?y ) him4 ,! sympa!tic te>s :i* we %$ = t imm5se & irretrievable loss1 :i* 9 our fancy he appe>s to h su/a9$1 seem to be b a small "p ( ! duty :i* we owe him4 ,! injury :i* he has suff]$ dem&s1 we ?9k1 a pr9cipal "p ( our att5tion4 ,we feel t res5tm5t :i* we imag9e he ought to feel1 & :i* he w\ld feel1 if 9 8 cold & lifeless body !re rema9$ any consci\sness ( :at passes ^u e>?4 ,8 blood1 we ?9k1 calls al\d = v5geance4 ,! v a%es ( ! dead seem to be di/urb$ at ! ?\ght t 8 injuries are to pass unrev5g$4 ,! horrors :i* are suppos$ to haunt ! b$ ( ! murd]]1 ! gho/s :i* sup]/ition imag9es rise f _! graves to dem& v5geance ^u ^? :o br\ght !m to an untimely end1 all take _! orig9 f ?is natural sympa?y ) ! imag9>y res5tm5t ( ! sla94 ,& ) reg>d1 at lea/1 to ?is mo/ dreadful ( all crimes1 ,nature1 antec$5t to all reflection ^u ! utility ( puni%m5t1 has 9 ?is mann] /amp$ ^u ! human he>t1 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ indelible *>act]s1 an imm$iate & in/9ctive approbation ( ! sacr$ & necess>y law ( retaliation4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,t :]e !re is no ,approbation ( ! ,conduct ( ! ,p]son :o conf]s ! ,b5efit1 !re is little ,sympa?y ) ! ,gratitude ( him :o receives x3 & t1 on ! ,contr>y1 :]e !re is no ,disapprobation ( ! ,motives ( ! ,p]son :o does ! ,mis*ief1 !re is no ,sort ( ,sympa?y ) ! ,res5tm5t ( him :o suff]s x4 ,,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t1 h[ b5eficial soev] on ! "o h&1 or hurtful soev] on ! o!r1 ! actions or int5tions ( ! p]son :o acts may h be5 to ! p]son :o is1 if ,i may say s1 act$ ^u1 yet if 9 ! "o case !re appe>s to h be5 no propriety 9 ! motives ( ! ag5t1 if we _c ent] into ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 we h little sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit3 or if1 9 ! o!r case1 !re appe>s to h be5 no impropriety 9 ! motives ( ! ag5t1 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct are su* z we mu/ necess>ily ent] into1 we c h no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! p]son :o suff]s4 ,little gratitude seems due 9 ! "o case1 & all sort ( res5tm5t seems unju/ 9 ! o!r4 ,! "o action seems to m]it little rew>d1 ! o!r to des]ve no puni%m5t4 #a4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 t :]ev] we _c sympa?ize ) ! affections ( ! ag5t1 :]ev] !re seems to be no propriety 9 ! motives :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 we are less dispos$ to ent] into ! #ff gratitude ( ! p]son :o receiv$ ! b5efit ( 8 actions4 ,a v small return seems due to t fooli% & pr(use g5]osity :i* conf]s ! greate/ b5efits f ! mo/ trivial motives1 & gives an e/ate to a man m]ely because 8 "n & surname happ5 to be ! same ) ^? ( ! giv]4 ,su* s]vices d n seem to dem& any proportionable recomp5se4 ,our contempt = ! folly ( ! ag5t h9d]s u f ?or\ghly ent]+ into ! gratitude ( ! p]son to :om ! good (fice has be5 done4 ,8 b5efactor seems unwor?y ( x4 ,z :5 we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ! p]son oblig$1 we feel t we c\ld conceive no great rev]5ce = su* a b5efactor1 we easily absolve him f a great deal ( t submissive v5]ation & e/eem :i* we %\ld ?9k due to a m respectable "*2 & provid$ he always treats 8 weak fri5d ) k9dness & humanity1 we are will+ to excuse him f _m att5tions & reg>ds :i* we %\ld dem& to a wor?i] patron4 ,^? pr9ces :o h heap$1 ) ! greate/ pr(usion1 weal?1 p[] & hon\rs1 ^u _! fav\rites1 h seldom excit$ t degree ( atta*m5t to _! p]sons :i* has (t5 be5 exp]i5c$ by ^? :o 7 m frugal ( _! fav\rs4 ,! well-natur$1 b injudici\s prodigality ( ,james ! ,fir/ ( ,great ,brita9 seems to h atta*$ nobody to 8 p]son2 & t pr9ce1 not)/&+ 8 social & h>mless disposition1 appe>s to h liv$ & di$ )\t a fri5d4 ,! :ole g5try & nobility ( ,engl& expos$ _! lives & =tunes 9 ! cause ( ,*>les ,i41 8 m frugal & di/+ui%+ son1 not)/&+ ! coldness & di/ant sev]ity ( 8 ord9>y deportm5t4 #b4 ,secondly1 ,i say1 ,t :]ev] ! conduct ( ! ag5t appe>s to h be5 entirely direct$ by motives & affections :i* we ?or\ghly ent] into & approve (1 we c h no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 h[ great soev] ! mis*ief :i* may h be5 done to him4 ,:5 two p qu>rel1 if we take "p )1 & entirely adopt ! res5tm5t ( "o ( !m1 x is impossible t we %\ld ent] into t ( ! o!r4 ,our sympa?y ) ! p]son ^: motives we g along )1 & :om !re=e we look ^u z 9 ! "r1 _c b h>d5 u aga9/ all fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r1 :om we necess>ily reg>d z 9 ! wrong4 ,:atev] ?is la/1 !re=e1 may h suff]$1 :ile x is no m ?an :at we ourselves %\ld h wi%$ him to suff]1 :ile x is no m ?an :at our own sympa!tic indignation w\ld h prompt$ u to inflict ^u him1 x _c ei!r displease or provoke u4 ,:5 an inhuman murd]] is br\ght to ! scaffold1 ?\gh we h "s compassion = 8 mis]y1 we c h no sort ( fell[-feel+ ) 8 res5tm5t1 if he %\ld be s absurd z to express any aga9/ ei!r 8 prosecutor or 8 judge4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( _! j indignation aga9/ s vile a crim9al is inde$ ! mo/ fatal & #fg ru9\s to him4 ,b x is impossible t we %\ld be displeas$ ) ! t5d5cy ( a s5tim5t1 :i*1 :5 we br+ ! case home to ourselves1 we feel t we _c avoid adopt+4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,recapitulation ( ! =ego+ ,*apt]s4 #a4 ,,we d n !re=e ?or\ghly & he>tily sympa?ize ) ! gratitude ( "o man t[>ds ano!r1 m]ely because ?is o!r has be5 ! cause ( 8 good =tune1 unless he has be5 ! cause ( x f motives :i* we entirely g along )4 ,our he>t mu/ adopt ! pr9ciples ( ! ag5t1 & g along ) all ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 be=e x c entirely sympa?ize ) & beat "t to1 ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o has be5 b5efit$ by 8 actions4 ,if 9 ! conduct ( ! b5efactor !re appe>s to h be5 no propriety1 h[ b5eficial soev] its effects1 x does n seem to dem&1 or necess>ily to require1 any proportionable recomp5se4 ,b :5 to ! b5efic5t t5d5cy ( ! action is jo9$ ! propriety ( ! affection f :i* x proce$s1 :5 we entirely sympa?ize & g along ) ! motives ( ! ag5t1 ! love :i* we conceive = him ^u 8 own acc\nt enhances & enliv5s our fell[-feel+ ) ! gratitude ( ^? :o owe _! prosp]ity to 8 good conduct4 ,8 actions seem !n to dem&1 &1 if ,i may say s1 to call al\d = a proportionable recomp5se4 ,we !n entirely ent] into t gratitude :i* prompts to be/[ x4 ,! b5efactor seems !n to be ! prop] object ( rew>d1 :5 we ?us entirely sympa?ize )1 & approve (1 t s5tim5t :i* prompts to rew>d him4 ,:5 we approve (1 & g along )1 ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 we mu/ necess>ily approve ( ! action1 & reg>d ! p]son t[>ds :om x is direct$1 z its prop] & suitable object4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we _c at all sympa?ize ) ! res5tm5t ( "o man aga9/ ano!r1 m]ely because ?is o!r has be5 ! cause ( 8 mis=tune1 unless he has be5 ! cause ( x f motives :i* we _c ent] into4 ,be=e we c adopt ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 we mu/ disapprove ( ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & feel t our he>t r5\nces all sympa?y ) ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct4 ,if !re appe>s to h be5 no impropriety 9 ^!1 h[ fatal soev] ! t5d5cy ( ! action :i* proce$s f !m to ^? aga9/ :om x is direct$1 x does n seem to des]ve any puni%m5t1 or to be ! prop] object ( any res5tm5t4 ,b :5 to ! hurtfulness ( ! action is jo9$ ! impropriety ( ! affection f :5ce x proce$s1 :5 our he>t rejects ) #fh abhorr5ce all fell[-feel+ ) ! motives ( ! ag5t1 we !n he>tily & entirely sympa?ize ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,su* actions seem !n to des]ve1 &1 if ,i may say s1 to call al\d =1 a proportionable puni%m5t2 & we entirely ent] into1 & !reby approve (1 t res5tm5t :i* prompts to inflict x4 ,! (f5d] necess>ily seems !n to be ! prop] object ( puni%m5t1 :5 we ?us entirely sympa?ize )1 & !reby approve (1 t s5tim5t :i* prompts to puni%4 ,9 ?is case too1 :5 we approve1 & g along )1 ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 we mu/ necess>ily approve ! action1 & reg>d ! p]son aga9/ :om x is direct$1 z its prop] & suitable object4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,v4--,! ,analysis ( ! ,s5se ( ,m]it & ,dem]it4 #a4 ,z our s5se1 !re=e1 ( ! propriety ( conduct arises f :at ,i %all call a direct sympa?y ) ! affections & motives ( ! p]son :o acts1 s our s5se ( its m]it arises f :at ,i %all call an indirect sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o is1 if ,i may say s1 act$ ^u4 ,z we _c inde$ ent] ?or\ghly into ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit1 unless we be=eh& approve ( ! motives ( ! b5efactor1 s1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 ! s5se ( m]it seems to be a comp\nd$ s5tim5t1 & to be made up ( two di/9ct emotions2 a direct sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! ag5ts1 & an indirect sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( 8 actions4 ,we may1 ^u _m diff]5t occasions1 pla9ly di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t emotions comb9+ & unit+ toge!r 9 our s5se ( ! good des]t ( a p>ticul> "* or action4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory conc]n+ actions ( prop] & b5efic5t greatness ( m9d1 h[ eag]ly d we ent] into su* designs8 ,h[ mu* are we animat$ by t high-spirit$ g5]osity :i* directs !m8 ,h[ ke5 are we = _! success8 ,h[ griev$ at _! disappo9tm5t8 ,9 imag9ation we become ! v p]son ^: actions are repres5t$ to u3 we transport ourselves 9 fancy to ! sc5es ( ^? di/ant & =gott5 adv5tures1 & imag9e ourselves act+ ! "p ( a ,scipio or a ,camillus1 a ,timoleon or an ,ari/ides4 ,s f> our s5tim5ts are f\nd$ ^u ! direct sympa?y ) ! p]son :o acts4 ,nor is ! indirect sympa?y ) ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( su* actions less s5sibly felt4 ,:5ev] we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ^! la/1 ) :at w>m & affectionate fell[-feel+ d we ent] into _! gratitude t[>ds ^? :o s]v$ !m s ess5tially8 ,we embrace1 z x 71 _! b5efactor along ) !m4 ,our he>t #fi readily sympa?izes ) ! highe/ transports ( _! grateful affection4 ,no hon\rs1 no rew>ds1 we ?9k1 c be too great = !m to be/[ ^u him4 ,:5 !y make ?is prop] return = 8 s]vices1 we he>tily applaud & g along ) !m2 b are %ock$ beyond1 all measure1 if by _! conduct !y appe> to h little s5se ( ! obligations conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,our :ole s5se1 9 %ort1 ( ! m]it & good des]t ( su* actions1 ( ! propriety & fitness ( recomp5s+ !m1 & mak+ ! p]son :o p]=m$ !m rejoice 9 8 turn1 arises f ! sympa!tic emotions ( gratitude & love1 ) :i*1 :5 we br+ home to our own brea/ ! situation ( ^? pr9cipally conc]n$1 we feel ourselves naturally transport$ t[>ds ! man :o c\ld act ) su* prop] & noble b5efic5ce4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann] z our s5se ( ! impropriety ( conduct arises f a want ( sympa?y1 or f a direct antipa?y to ! affections & motives ( ! ag5t1 s our s5se ( its dem]it arises f :at ,i %all "h too call an indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,z we _c inde$ ent] into ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 unless our he>t be=eh& disapproves ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & r5\nces all fell[-feel+ ) !m2 s ^u ?is acc\nt ! s5se ( dem]it1 z well z t ( m]it1 seems to be a comp\nd$ s5tim5t1 & to be made up ( two di/9ct emotions2 a direct antipa?y to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ag5t1 & an indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,we may "h too1 ^u _m diff]5t occasions1 pla9ly di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t emotions comb9+ & unit+ toge!r 9 our s5se ( ! ill des]t ( a p>ticul> "* or action4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory conc]n+ ! p]fidy & cruelty ( a ,borgia or a ,n]o1 our he>t rises up aga9/ ! dete/able s5tim5ts :i* influ5c$ _! conduct1 & r5\nces ) horror & abom9ation all fell[-feel+ ) su* execrable motives4 ,s f> our s5tim5ts are f\nd$ ^u ! direct antipa?y to ! affections ( ! ag5t3 & ! indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]s is /ill m s5sibly felt4 ,:5 we br+ home to ourselves ! situation ( ! p]sons :om ^? sc\rges ( mank9d insult$1 murd]$1 or betray$1 :at indignation d we n feel aga9/ su* insol5t & inhuman oppressors ( ! e>?8 ,our sympa?y ) ! unavoidable di/ress ( ! innoc5t suff]]s is n m real nor m lively1 ?an our fell[-feel+ ) _! j & natural res5tm5t4 ,! =m] s5tim5t only height5s ! latt]1 & ! idea ( _! di/ress s]ves only to inflame & bl[ up our animosity aga9/ ^? :o occasion$ x4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! angui% ( ! suff]]s1 we take "p ) !m m e>ne/ly aga9/ _! oppressors2 we ent] ) m eag]ness into all _! s*emes ( v5geance1 & feel ourselves e #gj mom5t wreak+1 9 imag9ation1 ^u su* violators ( ! laws ( society1 t puni%m5t :i* our sympa!tic indignation tells u is due to _! crimes4 ,our s5se ( ! horror & dreadful atrocity ( su* conduct1 ! delight :i* we take 9 he>+ t x 0 prop]ly puni%$1 ! indignation :i* we feel :5 x escapes ?is due retaliation1 our :ole s5se & feel+1 9 %ort1 ( its ill des]t1 ( ! propriety & fitness ( inflict+ evil ^u ! p]son :o is guilty ( x1 & ( mak+ him grieve 9 8 turn1 arises f ! sympa!tic indignation :i* naturally boils up 9 ! brea/ ( ! spectator1 :5ev] he ?or\ghly br+s home to himself ! case ( ! suff]]4#b ,footnote #b3 ,to ascribe 9 ?is mann] our natural s5se ( ! ill des]t ( human actions to a sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 may seem1 to ! great] "p ( ! p1 to be a degradation ( t s5tim5t4 ,res5tm5t is commonly reg>d$ z s odi\s a passion1 t !y w be apt to ?9k x impossible t s laudable a pr9ciple1 z ! s5se ( ! ill des]t ( vice1 %\ld 9 any respect be f\nd$ ^u x4 ,!y w be m will+1 p]haps1 to admit t our s5se ( ! m]it ( good actions is f\nd$ ^u a sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]sons :o receive ! b5efit ( !m2 because gratitude1 z well z all ! o!r b5evol5t passions1 is reg>d$ z an amiable pr9ciple1 :i* c take no?+ f ! wor? ( :atev] is f\nd$ ^u x4 ,gratitude & res5tm5t1 h[ev]1 are 9 e respect1 x is evid5t1 c\nt]p>ts to "o ano!r2 & if our s5se ( m]it arises f a sympa?y ) ! "o1 our s5se ( dem]it c sc>ce miss to proce$ f a fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r4 ,let x be consid]$1 too1 t res5tm5t1 ?\gh 9 ! degree 9 :i* we too (t5 see x1 ! mo/ odi\s1 p]haps1 ( all ! passions1 is n disapprov$ ( :5 prop]ly humbl$ & entirely br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! sympa!tic indignation ( ! spectator4 ,:5 we :o are ! by/&]s1 feel t our own animosity entirely corresponds ) t ( ! suff]]1 :5 ! res5tm5t ( ?is la/ does n 9 any respect g beyond our own1 :5 no ^w1 no ge/ure1 escapes him t d5otes an emotion m viol5t ?an :at we c keep "t to1 & :5 he nev] aims at inflict+ any puni%m5t beyond :at we %\ld rejoice to see inflict$1 or :at we ourselves w\ld ^u ?is acc\nt ev5 desire to be ! in/rum5ts ( inflict+1 x is impossible t we %\ld n entirely approve ( 8 s5tim5t4 ,our own emotion 9 ?is case mu/1 9 our eyes1 und\bt$ly ju/ify 84 ,& z exp]i5ce tea*es u h[ mu* ! great] "p ( mank9d are incapable ( ?is mod]ation1 & h[ great an ef=t mu/ be made 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! rude & undiscipl9$ impulse ( res5tm5t to ?is suitable temp]1 we _c avoid conceiv+ a consid]able degree ( e/eem & admiration = "o :o appe>s capable ( ex]t+ s mu* self-comm& ov] "o ( ! mo/ ungov]nable passions ( 8 nature4 ,:5 inde$ ! animosity ( ! suff]] exce$s1 z x almo/ always does1 t we c g along )1 z we _c ent] into x1 we necess>ily disapprove ( x4 ,we ev5 disapprove ( x m ?an we %\ld ( an equal excess ( almo/ any o!r passion d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,& ?is too viol5t res5tm5t1 in/ead ( c>ry+ u along ) x becomes itself ! object ( our res5tm5t & indignation4 ,we ent] into ! opposite res5tm5t ( ! p]son :o is ! object ( ?is unju/ emotion1 & :o is 9 dang] ( suff]+ f x4 ,rev5ge1 !re=e1 ! excess ( res5tm5t1 appe>s to be ! mo/ dete/able ( all ! passions1 & is ! object ( ! horror & indignation ( e body4 ,& z 9 ! way 9 :i* ?is passion commonly discov]s itself among mank9d1 x is excessive a hundr$ times = once t x is immod]ate1 we are v apt to consid] x z altoge!r odi\s & dete/able1 because 9 its mo/ ord9>y appe>ances x is s4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! pres5t deprav$ /ate ( mank9d1 does n seem to h dealt s unk9dly ) u1 z to h end[$ u ) any pr9ciple :i* is :olly & 9 e respect evil1 or :i*1 9 no degree & 9 no direction1 c be ! prop] object ( praise & approbation4 ,^u "s occasions we are s5sible t ?is passion1 :i* is g5]ally too /rong1 may likewise be too weak4 ,we sometimes compla9 t a p>ticul> p]son %[s too little _s1 & has too little s5se ( ! injuries t h be5 done to him2 & we are z ready to despise him = ! defect1 z to hate him = ! excess ( ?is passion4 ,! inspir$ writ]s w\ld n surely h talk$ s frequ5tly or s /rongly ( ! wra? & ang] ( ,god1 if !y _h reg>d$ e degree ( ^? passions z vici\s & evil1 ev5 9 s weak & imp]fect a creature z man4 ,let x be consid]$ too1 t ! pres5t inquiry is n conc]n+ a matt] ( "r1 if ,i may say s1 b conc]n+ a matt] ( fact4 ,we are n at pres5t exam9+ ^u :at pr9ciples a p]fect be+ w\ld approve ( ! puni%m5t ( bad actions2 b ^u :at pr9ciples s weak & imp]fect a creature z man actually & 9 fact approves ( x4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 x is evid5t1 h a v great effect ^u 8 s5tim5ts2 & x seems wisely ord]$ t x %\ld be s4 ,! v exi/5ce ( society requires t unm]it$ & unprovok$ malice %\ld be re/ra9$ by prop] puni%m5ts2 & consequ5tly1 t to inflict ^? puni%m5ts %\ld be reg>d$ z a prop] & laudable action4 ,?\gh man1 !re=e1 be naturally end[$ ) a desire ( ! welf>e & pres]vation ( society1 yet ! ,au?or ( nature has n entru/$ x to 8 reason to f9d out t a c]ta9 application ( puni%m5ts is ! prop] means ( atta9+ ?is end2 b has end[$ him ) an imm$iate & in/9ctive approbation ( t v application :i* is mo/ prop] to atta9 x4 ,! oeconomy ( nature is 9 ?is respect exactly ( a piece ) :at x is ^u _m o!r occasions4 ,) reg>d to all ^? ends :i*1 ^u acc\nt ( _! peculi> importance1 may be reg>d$1 if su* an expression is all[able1 z ! fav\rite ends ( nature1 %e has con/antly 9 ?is mann] n only end[$ mank9d ) an appetite = ! end :i* %e proposes1 b likewise ) an appetite = ! means by :i* alone ?is end c be br\ght ab\t1 = _! own sakes1 & indep5d5t ( _! t5d5cy to produce x4 ,?us self-pres]vation1 & ! propagation ( ! species1 are ! great ends :i* ,nature seems to h propos$ 9 ! =mation ( all animals4 ,mank9d are end[$ ) a desire ( ^? ends1 & an av]sion to ! contr>y2 ) a love ( life1 & a dread ( dissolution2 ) a desire ( ! cont9uance & p]petuity ( ! species1 & ) an av]sion to ! ?\ghts ( its entire ext9ction4 ,b ?\gh we are 9 ?is mann] end[$ ) a v /rong desire ( ^? ends1 x has n be5 intru/$ to ! sl[ & unc]ta9 det]m9ations ( our reason to f9d out ! prop] means ( br++ !m ab\t4 ,nature has direct$ u to ! great] "p ( ^! by orig9al & imm$iate in/9cts4 ,hung]1 ?ir/1 ! passion :i* unites ! two sexes1 ! love ( pleasure1 & ! dread ( pa91 prompt u to apply ^? means = _! own sakes1 & )\t any consid]ation ( _! t5d5cy to ^? b5efic5t ends :i* ! great ,director ( nature int5d$ to produce by !m4 ,be=e ,i conclude ?is note1 ,i mu/ take notice ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! approbation ( propriety & t ( m]it or b5efic5ce4 ,be=e we approve ( ! s5tim5ts ( any p]son z prop] & suitable to _! objects1 we mu/ n only be affect$ 9 ! same mann] z he is1 b we mu/ p]ceive ?is h>mony & correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts betwe5 him & ourselves4 ,?us1 ?\gh ^u he>+ ( a mis=tune t _h befall5 my fri5d1 ,i %\ld conceive precisely t degree ( conc]n :i* he gives way to2 yet till ,i am in=m$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* he behaves1 till ,i p]ceive ! h>mony betwe5 8 emotions & m9e1 ,i _c be said to approve ( ! s5tim5ts :i* influ5ce 8 behavi\r4 ,! approbation ( propriety !re=e requires1 n only t we %\ld entirely sympa?ize ) ! p]son :o acts1 b t we %\ld p]ceive ?is p]fect concord betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ,i he> ( a b5efit t has be5 be/[$ ^u ano!r p]son1 let him :o has receiv$ x be affect$ 9 :at mann] he pleases1 if1 by br++ 8 case home to myself1 ,i feel gratitude arise 9 my own brea/1 ,i necess>ily approve ( ! conduct ( 8 b5efactor1 & reg>d x z m]itori\s1 & ! prop] object ( rew>d4 ,:e!r ! p]son :o has receiv$ ! b5efit conceives gratitude or n1 _c1 x is evid5t1 9 any degree alt] our s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! m]it ( him :o has be/[$ x4 ,no actual correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 is "h requir$4 ,x is suffici5t t if he 0 grateful1 !y w\ld correspond2 & our s5se ( m]it is (t5 f\nd$ ^u "o ( ^? illusive sympa?ies1 by :i*1 :5 we br+ home to ourselves ! case ( ano!r1 we are (t5 affect$ 9 a mann] 9 :i* ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is incapable ( be+ affect$4 ,!re is a simil> diff]5ce betwe5 our disapprobation ( dem]it1 & t ( impropriety4 ----- ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,b5efic5ce4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,comp>ison ( ^? two ,virtues4 ,,actions ( a b5efic5t t5d5cy1 :i* proce$ f prop] motives1 seem alone to require rew>d2 because su* alone are ! approv$ objects ( gratitude1 or excite ! sympa!tic gratitude ( ! spectator4 ,actions ( a hurtful t5d5cy1 :i* proce$ f improp] motives1 seem alone to des]ve puni%m5t2 because su* alone are ! approv$ objects ( res5tm5t1 or excite ! sympa!tic res5tm5t ( ! spectator4 ,b5efic5ce is always free1 x _c be extort$ by =ce1 ! m]e #ga want ( x exposes to no puni%m5t2 because ! m]e want ( b5efic5ce t5ds to d no real positive evil4 ,x may disappo9t ( ! #gb good :i* might reasonably h be5 expect$1 & ^u t acc\nt x may ju/ly excite dislike & disapprobation3 x _c1 h[ev]1 provoke any res5tm5t :i* mank9d w g along )4 ,! man :o does n recomp5se 8 b5efactor1 :5 he has x 9 8 p[]1 & :5 8 b5efactor ne$s 8 assi/ance1 is1 no d\bt1 guilty ( ! blacke/ +ratitude4 ,! he>t ( e imp>tial spectator rejects all fell[-feel+ ) ! selfi%ness ( 8 motives1 & he is ! prop] object ( ! highe/ disapprobation4 ,b /ill he does no positive hurt to any body4 ,he only does n d t good :i* 9 propriety he ought to h done4 ,he is ! object ( hatr$1 a passion :i* is naturally excit$ by impropriety ( s5tim5t & behavi\r2 n ( res5tm5t1 a passion :i* is nev] prop]ly call$ =? b by actions :i* t5d to d real & positive hurt to "s p>ticul> p]sons4 ,8 want ( gratitude1 !re=e1 _c be puni%$4 ,to oblige him by =ce to p]=m1 :at 9 gratitude he ought to p]=m1 & :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve ( him = p]=m+1 w\ld1 if possible1 be /ill m improp] ?an 8 neglect+ to p]=m x4 ,8 b5efactor w\ld di%on\r himself if he attempt$ by viol5ce to con/ra9 him to gratitude1 & x w\ld be imp]t95t = any ?ird p]son1 :o 0 n ! sup]ior ( ei!r1 to int]m$dle4 ,b ( all ! duties ( b5efic5ce1 ^? :i* gratitude recomm5ds to u approa* ne>e/ to :at is call$ a p]fect & complete obligation4 ,:at fri5d%ip1 :at g5]osity1 :at *>ity1 w\ld prompt u to d ) univ]sal approbation1 is /ill m free1 & c /ill less be extort$ by =ce ?an ! duties ( gratitude4 ,we talk ( ! debt ( gratitude1 n ( *>ity1 or g5]osity1 nor ev5 ( fri5d%ip1 :5 fri5d%ip is m]e e/eem1 & has n be5 enhanc$ & complicat$ ) gratitude = good (fices4 ,res5tm5t seems to h be5 giv5 u by nature = def5ce1 & = def5ce only4 ,x is ! safegu>d ( ju/ice & ! security ( innoc5ce4 ,x prompts u to beat (f ! mis*ief :i* is attempt$ to be done to u1 & to retaliate t :i* is already done2 t ! #gc (f5d] may be made to rep5t ( 8 inju/ice1 & t o!rs1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! l puni%m5t1 may be t]rifi$ f be+ guilty ( ! l (f5ce4 ,x mu/ be res]v$ !re=e = ^! purposes1 nor c ! spectator ev] g along ) x :5 x is ex]t$ = any o!r4 ,b ! m]e want ( ! b5efic5t virtues1 ?\gh x may disappo9t u ( ! good :i* might reasonably be expect$1 nei!r does1 nor attempts to d1 any mis*ief f :i* we c h occasion to def5d ourselves4 ,!re is h[ev] ano!r virtue1 ( :i* ! obs]vance is n left to ! fre$om ( our own wills1 :i* may be extort$ by =ce1 & ( :i* ! violation exposes to res5tm5t1 & consequ5tly to puni%m5t4 ,?is virtue is ju/ice3 ! violation ( ju/ice is injury3 x does real & positive hurt to "s p>ticul> p]sons1 f motives :i* are naturally disapprov$ (4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! prop] object ( res5tm5t1 & ( puni%m5t1 :i* is ! natural consequ5ce ( res5tm5t4 ,z mank9d g along ) & approve ( ! viol5ce employ$ to av5ge ! hurt :i* is done by inju/ice1 s !y mu* m g along )1 & approve (1 t :i* is employ$ to prev5t & beat (f ! injury1 & to re/ra9 ! (f5d] f hurt+ 8 neighb\rs4 ,! p]son himself :o m$itates an inju/ice is s5sible ( ?is1 & feels t =ce may1 ) ! utmo/ propriety1 be made use (1 bo? by ! p]son :om he is ab\t to injure1 & by o!rs1 ei!r to ob/ruct ! execution ( 8 crime1 or to puni% him :5 he has execut$ x4 ,& ^u ?is is f\nd$ t rem>kable di/9ction betwe5 ju/ice & all ! o!r social virtues1 :i* has ( late be5 p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u by an au?or ( v great & orig9al g5ius1 t we feel ourselves to be "u a /rict] obligation to act accord+ to ju/ice1 ?an agreeably to fri5d%ip1 *>ity1 or g5]osity2 t ! practice ( ^! la/ m5tion$ virtues seems to be left 9 "s measure to our own *oice1 b t1 someh[ or o!r1 we feel ourselves to be 9 a peculi> mann] ti$1 b\nd1 & oblig$ to ! obs]vation ( ju/ice4 ,we feel1 t is to say1 t =ce may1 ) ! utmo/ propriety1 & ) ! approbation ( all mank9d1 be made use ( to con/ra9 u to obs]ve ! rules ( ! "o1 b n to foll[ ! precepts ( ! o!r4 ,we mu/ always1 h[ev]1 c>efully di/+ui% :at is only blamable1 or ! prop] object ( disapprobation1 f :at =ce may be employ$ ei!r to puni% or to prev5t4 ,t seems blamable :i* falls %ort ( t ord9>y degree ( prop] b5efic5ce :i* exp]i5ce tea*es u to expect ( e body2 & on ! contr>y1 t seems praise-wor?y :i* goes beyond x4 ,! ord9>y degree itself seems nei!r blamable nor praise-wor?y4 ,a fa!r1 a son1 a bro!r1 :o behaves to ! correspond5t relation nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! great] "p ( m5 commonly d1 seems prop]ly to des]ve nei!r praise nor blame4 ,he :o surprises u by extraord9>y & #gd unexpect$1 ?\gh /ill prop] & suitable k9dness1 or on ! contr>y1 by extraord9>y & unexpect$ z well z unsuitable unk9dness1 seems praise-wor?y 9 ! "o case1 & blamable 9 ! o!r4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ord9>y degree ( k9dness or b5efic5ce1 h[ev]1 _c among equals1 be extort$ by =ce4 ,among equals ea* individual is naturally1 & antec$5t to ! in/itution ( civil gov]nm5t1 reg>d$ z hav+ a "r bo? to def5d himself f injuries1 & to exact a c]ta9 degree ( puni%m5t = ^? :i* h be5 done to him4 ,e g5]\s spectator n only approves ( 8 conduct :5 he does ?is1 b ent]s s f> into 8 s5tim5ts z (t5 to be will+ to assi/ him4 ,:5 "o man attacks1 or robs1 or attempts to murd] ano!r1 all ! neighb\rs take ! al>m1 & ?9k t !y d "r :5 !y run1 ei!r to rev5ge ! p]son :o has be5 injur$1 or to def5d him :o is 9 dang] ( be+ s4 ,b :5 a fa!r fails 9 ! ord9>y degree ( p>5tal affection t[>ds a son2 :5 a son seems to want t filial rev]5ce :i* might be expect$ to 8 fa!r2 :5 bro!rs are )\t ! usual degree ( bro!rly affection2 :5 a man %uts 8 brea/ aga9/ compassion1 & refuses to relieve ! mis]y ( 8 fell[-creatures1 :5 he c ) ! greate/ ease2 9 all ^! cases1 ?\gh e body blames ! conduct1 nobody imag9es t ^? :o might h reason1 p]haps1 to expect m k9dness1 h any "r to extort x by =ce4 ,! suff]] c only compla91 & ! spectator c int]m$dle no o!r way ?an by advice & p]suasion4 ,^u all su* occasions1 = equals to use =ce aga9/ "o ano!r1 w\ld be ?\ght ! highe/ degree ( insol5ce & presumption4 ,a sup]ior may1 inde$1 sometimes1 ) univ]sal approbation1 oblige ^? "u 8 jurisdiction to behave1 9 ?is respect1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( propriety to "o ano!r4 ,! laws ( all civiliz$ nations oblige p>5ts to ma9ta9 _! *ildr51 & *ildr5 to ma9ta9 _! p>5ts1 & impose ^u m5 _m o!r duties ( b5efic5ce4 ,! civil magi/rate is entru/$ ) ! p[] n only ( pres]v+ ! public peace by re/ra9+ inju/ice1 b ( promot+ ! prosp]ity ( ! commonweal?1 by e/abli%+ good discipl9e1 & by disc\rag+ e sort ( vice & impropriety2 he may prescribe rules1 !re=e1 :i* n only prohibit mutual injuries among fell[-citiz5s1 b comm& mutual good (fices to a c]ta9 degree4 ,:5 ! sov]eign comm&s :at is m]ely indiff]5t1 & :at1 antec$5t to 8 ord]s1 might h be5 omitt$ )\t any blame1 x becomes n only blamable b puni%able to disobey him4 ,:5 he comm&s1 !re=e1 :at1 antec$5t to any su* ord]1 c\ld n h be5 omitt$ )\t ! greate/ blame1 x surely becomes mu* m puni%able to be want+ 9 ob$i5ce4 ,( all ! duties ( a lawgiv]1 h[ev]1 ?is p]haps is t :i* x requires ! greate/ delicacy & res]ve to execute ) propriety & judgm5t4 ,to #ge neglect x altoge!r exposes ! commonweal? to _m gross disord]s & %ock+ enormities1 & to pu% x too f> is de/ructive ( all lib]ty1 security1 & ju/ice4 ,?\gh ! m]e want ( b5efic5ce seems to m]it no puni%m5t f equals1 ! great] ex]tions ( t virtue appe> to des]ve ! highe/ rew>d4 ,by be+ productive ( ! greate/ good1 !y are ! natural & approv$ objects ( ! livelie/ gratitude4 ,?\gh ! brea* ( ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 exposes to puni%m5t1 ! obs]vance ( ! rules ( t virtue seems sc>ce to des]ve any rew>d4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a propriety 9 ! practice ( ju/ice1 & x m]its1 ^u t acc\nt1 all ! approbation :i* is due to propriety4 ,b z x does no real positive good1 x is entitl$ to v little gratitude4 ,m]e ju/ice is1 ^u mo/ occasions1 b a negative virtue1 & only h9d]s u f hurt+ our neighb\r4 ,! man :o b>ely ab/a9s f violat+ ei!r ! p]son1 or ! e/ate1 or ! reputation ( 8 neighb\rs1 has surely v little positive m]it4 ,he fulfils1 h[ev]1 all ! rules ( :at is peculi>ly call$ ju/ice1 & does e ?+ :i* 8 equals c ) propriety =ce him to d1 or :i* !y c puni% him = n do+4 ,we may (t5 fulfil all ! rules ( ju/ice by sitt+ /ill & do+ no?+4 ,z e man do?1 s %all x be done to him1 & retaliation seems to be ! great law :i* is dictat$ to u by ,nature4 ,b5efic5ce & g5]osity we ?9k due to ! g5]\s & b5efic5t4 ,^? ^: he>ts nev] op5 to ! feel+s ( humanity1 %\ld1 we ?9k1 be %ut out 9 ! same mann]1 f ! affections ( all _! fell[-creatures1 & be all[$ to live 9 ! mid/ ( society1 z 9 a great des]t :]e !re is nobody to c>e = !m1 or to inquire aft] !m4 ,! violator ( ! laws ( ju/ice ought to be made to feel himself t evil :i* he has done to ano!r2 & s9ce no reg>d to ! suff]+s ( 8 bre?r5 is capable ( re/ra9+ him1 he ought to be ov]-aw$ by ! fe> ( 8 own4 ,! man :o is b>ely innoc5t1 :o only obs]ves ! laws ( ju/ice ) reg>d to o!rs1 & m]ely ab/a9s f hurt+ 8 neighb\rs1 c m]it only t 8 neighb\rs 9 _! turn %\ld respect 8 innoc5ce1 & t ! same laws %\ld be religi\sly obs]v$ ) reg>d to him4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,s5se ( ,ju/ice1 ( ,remorse1 & ( ! ,consci\sness ( ,m]it4 ,,!re c be no prop] motive = hurt+ our neighb\r1 !re c be no incitem5t to d evil to ano!r1 :i* mank9d w g along )1 except j indignation = evil :i* t o!r has done to u4 ,to di/urb 8 happ9ess m]ely because x /&s 9 ! way ( our own1 to take f him :at is ( real use to him m]ely because x #gf may be ( equal or ( m use to u1 or to indulge1 9 ?is mann]1 at ! exp5se ( o!r p1 ! natural pref]5ce :i* e man has = 8 own happ9ess above t ( o!r p1 is :at no imp>tial spectator c g along )4 ,e man is1 no d\bt1 by nature1 fir/ & pr9cipally recomm5d$ to 8 own c>e2 & z he is fitt] to take c>e ( himself ?an ( any o!r p]son1 x is fit & "r t x %\ld be s4 ,e man1 !re=e1 is mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 :atev] imm$iately conc]ns himself1 ?an 9 :at conc]ns any o!r man3 & to he>1 p]haps1 ( ! dea? ( ano!r p]son1 ) :om we h no p>ticul> connexion1 w give u less conc]n1 w spoil our /oma* or break our re/ mu* less1 ?an a v insignificant disa/] :i* has befall5 ourselves4 ,b ?\gh ! ru9 ( our neighb\r may affect u mu* less ?an a v small mis=tune ( our own1 we mu/ n ru9 him to prev5t t small mis=tune1 nor ev5 to prev5t our own ru94 ,we mu/1 "h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 view ourselves n s mu* accord+ to t light 9 :i* we may naturally appe> to ourselves1 z accord+ to t 9 :i* we naturally appe> to o!rs4 ,?\gh e man may1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 be ! :ole _w to himself1 to ! re/ ( mank9d he is a mo/ insignificant "p ( x4 ,?\gh 8 own happ9ess may be ( m importance to him ?an t ( all ! _w besides1 to e o!r p]son x is ( no m consequ5ce ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,?\gh x may be true1 !re=e1 t e individual1 9 8 own brea/1 naturally pref]s himself to all mank9d1 yet he d>es n look mank9d 9 ! face1 & av[ t he acts accord+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,he feels t 9 ?is pref]5ce !y c nev] g along ) him1 & t h[ natural soev] x may be to him1 x mu/ always appe> excessive & extravagant to !m4 ,:5 he views himself 9 ! light 9 :i* he is consci\s t o!rs w view him1 he sees t to !m he is b "o ( ! multitude 9 no respect bett] ?an any o!r 9 x4 ,if he w\ld act s z t ! imp>tial spectator may ent] into ! pr9ciples ( 8 conduct1 :i* is :at ( all ?+s he has ! greate/ desire to d1 he mu/1 ^u ?is1 z ^u all o!r occasions1 humble ! arrogance ( 8 self-love1 & br+ x d[n to some?+ :i* o!r m5 c g along )4 ,!y w indulge x s f> z to all[ him to be m anxi\s ab\t1 & to pursue ) m e>ne/ assiduity1 8 own happ9ess ?an t ( any o!r p]son4 ,?us f>1 :5ev] !y place !mselves 9 8 situation1 !y w readily g along ) him4 ,9 ! race = weal?1 = hon\rs1 & pref]m5ts1 he may run z h>d z he c1 & /ra9 e n]ve & e muscle1 9 ord] to out/rip all 8 competitors4 ,b if he %\ld ju/le1 or ?r[ d[n any ( !m1 ! indulg5ce ( ! spectators is entirely at an end4 ,x is a violation ( fair play1 :i* !y _c admit (4 ,?is man is to !m1 9 e respect1 z good z he3 !y d n ent] into t self-love by :i* he pref]s himself s #gg mu* to ?is o!r1 & _c g along ) ! motive f :i* he hurt him4 ,!y readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ize ) ! natural res5tm5t ( ! injur$1 & ! (f5d] becomes ! object ( _! hatr$ & indignation4 ,he is s5sible t he becomes s1 & feels t ^? s5tim5ts are ready to bur/ out aga9/ him4 ,z ! great] & m irrep>able ! evil t is done1 ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]] runs naturally ! high]2 s does likewise ! sympa!tic indignation ( ! spectator1 z well z ! s5se ( guilt 9 ! ag5t4 ,dea? is ! greate/ evil :i* "o man c inflict ^u ano!r1 & excites ! highe/ degree ( res5tm5t 9 ^? :o are imm$iately connect$ ) ! sla94 ,murd]1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ atroci\s ( all crimes :i* affect individuals only1 9 ! sight bo? ( mank9d1 & ( ! p]son :o has committ$ x4 ,to be depriv$ ( t :i* we are possess$ (1 is a great] evil ?an to be disappo9t$ ( :at we h only ! expectation4 ,brea* ( prop]ty1 !re=e1 !ft & robb]y1 :i* take f u :at we are possess$ (1 are great] crimes ?an brea* ( contract1 :i* only disappo9ts u ( :at we expect$4 ,! mo/ sacr$ laws ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ^? ^: violation seems to call l\de/ = v5geance & puni%m5t1 are ! laws :i* gu>d ! life & p]son ( our neighb\r2 ! next are ^? :i* gu>d 8 prop]ty & possessions2 & la/ ( all come ^? :i* gu>d :at are call$ 8 p]sonal rights1 or :at is due to him f ! promises ( o!rs4 ,! violator ( ! m sacr$ laws ( ju/ice c nev] reflect on ! s5tim5ts :i* mank9d mu/ ent]ta9 ) reg>d to him1 )\t see+ all ! agonies ( %ame1 & horror1 & con/]nation4 ,:5 8 passion is gratifi$1 & he beg9s coolly to reflect on 8 pa/ conduct1 he c ent] into none ( ! motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,!y appe> n[ z dete/able to him z !y did always to o!r p4 ,by sympa?iz+ ) ! hatr$ & abhorr5ce :i* o!r m5 mu/ ent]ta9 = him1 he becomes 9 "s measure ! object ( 8 own hatr$ & abhorr5ce4 ,! situation ( ! p]son1 :o suff]$ by 8 inju/ice1 n[ calls ^u 8 pity4 ,he is griev$ at ! ?\ght ( x2 regrets ! unhappy effects ( 8 own conduct1 & feels at ! same "t t !y h r5d]$ him ! prop] object ( ! res5tm5t & indignation ( mank9d1 & ( :at is ! natural consequ5ce ( res5tm5t1 v5geance & puni%m5t4 ,! ?\ght ( ?is p]petually haunts him1 & fills him ) t]ror & amazem5t4 ,he d>es no long] look society 9 ! face1 b imag9es himself z x 7 reject$1 & ?r[n out f ! affections ( all mank9d4 ,he _c hope = ! consolation ( sympa?y 9 ?is 8 greate/ & mo/ dreadful di/ress4 ,! remembrance ( 8 crimes has %ut out all fell[-feel+ ) him f ! he>ts ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* !y ent]ta9 ) reg>d to him1 are ! v ?+ :i* he is mo/ afraid (4 ,e ?+ seems #gh ho/ile1 & he w\ld be glad to fly to "s inhospitable des]t1 :]e he might nev] m behold ! face ( a human creature1 nor read 9 ! c\nt5ance ( mank9d ! condemnation ( 8 crimes4 ,b solitude is /ill m dreadful ?an society4 ,8 own ?\ghts c pres5t him ) no?+ b :at is black1 un=tunate1 & disa/r\s1 ! melan*oly =ebod+s ( incompreh5sible mis]y & ru94 ,! horror ( solitude drives him back into society1 & he comes aga9 into ! pres5ce ( mank9d1 a/oni%$ to appe> be=e !m1 load$ ) %ame & di/ract$ ) fe>1 9 ord] to supplicate "s little protection f ! c\nt5ance ( ^? v judges1 :o he kn[s h already all unanim\sly condemn$ him4 ,su* is ! nature ( t s5tim5t1 :i* is prop]ly call$ remorse2 ( all ! s5tim5ts :i* c ent] ! human he>t ! mo/ dreadful4 ,x is made up ( %ame f ! s5se ( ! impropriety ( pa/ conduct2 ( grief = ! effects ( x2 ( pity = ^? :o suff] by x2 & ( ! dread & t]ror ( puni%m5t f ! consci\sness ( ! ju/ly provok$ res5tm5t ( all rational creatures4 ,! opposite behavi\r naturally inspires ! opposite s5tim5t4 ,! man :o1 n f frivol\s fancy1 b f prop] motives1 has p]=m$ a g5]\s action1 :5 he looks =w>d to ^? :om he has s]v$1 feels himself to be ! natural object ( _! love & gratitude1 &1 by sympa?y ) !m1 ( ! e/eem & approbation ( all mank9d4 ,& :5 he looks backw>d to ! motive f :i* he act$1 & surveys x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! indiff]5t spectator w survey x1 he /ill cont9ues to ent] into x1 & applauds himself by sympa?y ) ! approbation ( ?is suppos$ imp>tial judge4 ,9 bo? ^! po9ts ( view 8 own conduct appe>s to him e way agreeable4 ,8 m9d1 at ! ?\ght ( x1 is fill$ ) *e]fulness1 s]5ity1 & composure4 ,he is 9 fri5d%ip & h>mony ) all mank9d1 & looks ^u 8 fell[-creatures ) confid5ce & b5evol5t satisfaction1 secure t he has r5d]$ himself wor?y ( _! mo/ fav\rable reg>ds4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( all ^! s5tim5ts consi/s ! consci\sness ( m]it1 or ( des]v$ rew>d4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ! ,utility ( ?is ,con/itution ( ,nature4 ,,x is ?us t man1 :o c subsi/ only 9 society1 0 fitt$ by nature to t situation = :i* he 0 made4 ,all ! memb]s ( human society /& 9 ne$ ( ea* o!rs assi/ance1 & are likewise expos$ to mutual injuries4 ,:]e ! necess>y assi/ance is reciprocally af=d$ f love1 f gratitude1 f fri5d%ip1 & e/eem1 ! society fl\ri%es & is happy4 ,all ! diff]5t memb]s ( x are b\nd toge!r by ! agreeable b&s ( love & affection1 #gi & are1 z x 71 !reby drawn to "o common c5tre ( mutual good (fices4 ,b ?\gh ! necess>y assi/ance %\ld n be af=d$ f su* g5]\s & dis9t]e/$ motives1 ?\gh among ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! society !re %\ld be no mutual love & affection1 ! society1 ?\gh less happy & agreeable1 w n necess>ily be dissolv$4 ,society may subsi/ among diff]5t m51 z among diff]5t m]*ants1 f a s5se ( its utility1 )\t any mutual love or affection2 & ?\gh no man 9 x %\ld owe any obligation1 or be b\nd 9 gratitude to any o!r1 x may /ill be upheld by a m]c5>y ex*ange ( good (fices accord+ to an agre$ valuation4 ,society1 h[ev]1 _c subsi/ among ^? :o are at all times ready to hurt & injure "o ano!r4 ,! mom5t t injury beg9s1 ! mom5t t mutual res5tm5t & animosity take place1 all ! b&s ( x are broke asund]1 & ! diff]5t memb]s ( :i* x consi/$ are1 z x 71 dissipat$ & scatt]$ abroad by ! viol5ce & opposition ( _! discordant affections4 ,if !re is any society among robb]s & murd]]s1 !y mu/ at lea/1 accord+ to ! trite obs]vation1 ab/a9 f robb+ & murd]+ "o ano!r4 ,b5efic5ce1 !re=e1 is less ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( society ?an ju/ice4 ,society may subsi/1 ?\gh n 9 ! mo/ com=table /ate1 )\t b5efic5ce2 b ! preval5ce ( inju/ice mu/ utt]ly de/roy x4 ,?\gh ,nature1 !re=e1 exhorts mank9d to acts ( b5efic5ce1 by ! pleas+ consci\sness ( des]v$ rew>d1 %e has n ?\ght x necess>y to gu>d & en=ce ! practice ( x by ! t]rors ( m]it$ puni%m5t 9 case x %\ld be neglect$4 ,x is ! ornam5t :i* embelli%es1 n ! f\ndation :i* supports1 ! build+1 & :i* x 01 !re=e1 suffici5t to recomm5d1 b by no means necess>y to impose4 ,ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 is ! ma9 pill> t upholds ! :ole edifice4 ,if x is remov$1 ! great1 ! imm5se fabric ( human society1 t fabric :i* to raise & support seems 9 ?is _w1 if ,i may say s1 to h be5 ! peculi> & d>l+ c>e ( ,nature1 mu/ 9 a mom5t crumble into atoms4 ,9 ord] to en=ce ! obs]vation ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ,nature has implant$ 9 ! human brea/ t consci\sness ( ill-des]t1 ^? t]rors ( m]it$ puni%m5t :i* att5d ^u its violation1 z ! great safegu>ds ( ! association ( mank9d1 to protect ! weak1 to curb ! viol5t1 & to *a/ise ! guilty4 ,m51 ?\gh naturally sympa!tic1 feel s little = ano!r1 ) :om !y h no p>ticul> connexion1 9 comp>ison ( :at !y feel = !mselves2 ! mis]y ( "o1 :o is m]ely _! fell[-creature1 is ( s little importance to !m 9 comp>ison ev5 ( a small conv5i5cy ( _! own2 !y h x s mu* 9 _! p[] to hurt him1 & may h s _m temptations to d s1 t if ?is pr9ciple did n /& up )9 !m 9 8 #hj def5ce1 & ov]awe !m into a respect = 8 innoc5ce1 !y w\ld1 l wild bea/s1 be at all times ready to fly ^u him2 & a man w\ld ent] an assembly ( m5 z he ent]s a d5 ( lions4 ,9 e "p ( ! univ]se we obs]ve means adju/$ ) ! nice/ artifice to ! ends :i* !y are int5d$ to produce2 & 9 ! me*anism ( a plant1 or animal body1 admire h[ e ?+ is contriv$ = advanc+ ! two great purposes ( nature1 ! support ( ! individual1 & ! propagation ( ! species4 ,b 9 ^!1 & 9 all su* objects1 we /ill di/+ui% ! effici5t f ! f9al cause ( _! sev]al motions & organizations4 ,! dige/ion ( ! food1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! secretion ( ! sev]al juices :i* are drawn f x1 are op]ations all ( !m necess>y = ! great purposes ( animal life4 ,yet we nev] endeav\r to acc\nt = !m f ^? purposes z f _! effici5t causes1 nor imag9e t ! blood circulates1 or t ! food dige/s ( its own accord1 & ) a view or int5tion to ! purposes ( circulation or dige/ion4 ,! :eels ( ! wat* are all admirably adju/$ to ! end = :i* x 0 made1 ! po9t+ ( ! h\r4 ,all _! v>i\s motions conspire 9 ! nice/ mann] to produce ?is effect4 ,if !y 7 end[$ ) a desire & int5tion to produce x1 !y c\ld n d x bett]4 ,yet we nev] ascribe any su* desire or int5tion to !m1 b to ! wat*-mak]1 & we "k t !y are put into motion by a spr+1 :i* int5ds ! effect x produces z little z !y d4 ,b ?\gh1 9 acc\nt+ = ! op]ations ( bodies1 we nev] fail to di/+ui% 9 ?is mann] ! effici5t f ! f9al cause1 9 acc\nt+ = ^? ( ! m9d we are v apt to conf\nd ^! two diff]5t ?+s ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 by natural pr9ciples we are l$ to advance ^? ends :i* a ref9$ & enlight5$ reason w\ld recomm5d to u1 we are v apt to impute to t reason1 z to _! effici5t cause1 ! s5tim5ts & actions by :i* we advance ^? ends1 & to imag9e t to be ! wisdom ( man1 :i* 9 reality is ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,^u a sup]ficial view1 ?is cause seems suffici5t to produce ! effects :i* are ascrib$ to x2 & ! sy/em ( human nature seems to be m simple & agreeable :5 all its diff]5t op]ations are ?us d$uc$ f a s+le pr9ciple4 ,z society _c subsi/ unless ! laws ( ju/ice are tol]ably obs]v$1 z no social int]c\rse c take place among m5 :o d n g5]ally ab/a9 f injur+ "o ano!r2 ! consid]ation ( ?is necessity1 x has be5 ?\ght1 0 ! gr\nd ^u :i* we approv$ ( ! en=cem5t ( ! laws ( ju/ice by ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o violat$ !m4 ,man1 x has be5 said1 has a natural love = society1 & desires t ! union ( mank9d %\ld be pres]v$ = its own sake1 & ?\gh he himself 0 to d]ive no b5efit f x4 ,! ord]ly & fl\ri%+ /ate ( society is agreeable to him1 & he takes delight 9 contemplat+ x4 ,its disord] & confusion1 on ! #ha contr>y1 is ! object ( 8 av]sion1 & he is *agr9$ at :atev] t5ds to produce x4 ,he is s5sible too t 8 own int]e/ is connect$ ) ! prosp]ity ( society1 & t ! happ9ess1 p]haps ! pres]vation ( 8 exi/5ce1 dep5ds ^u its pres]vation4 ,^u e acc\nt1 !re=e1 he has an abhorr5ce at :atev] c t5d to de/roy society1 & is will+ to make use ( e means1 :i* c h9d] s hat$ & s dreadful an ev5t4 ,inju/ice necess>ily t5ds to de/roy x4 ,e appe>ance ( inju/ice1 !re=e1 al>ms him1 & he runs 7if ,i may say s71 to /op ! progress ( :at1 if all[$ to g on1 w\ld quickly put an end to e ?+ t is de> to him4 ,if he _c re/ra9 x by g5tle & fair means1 he mu/ be> x d[n by =ce & viol5ce1 & at any rate mu/ put a /op to its fur!r progress4 ,h5ce x is1 !y say1 t he (t5 approves ( ! en=cem5t ( ! laws ( ju/ice ev5 by ! capital puni%m5t ( ^? :o violate !m4 ,! di/urb] ( ! public peace is h]eby remov$ out ( ! _w1 & o!rs are t]rifi$ by 8 fate f imitat+ 8 example4 ,su* is ! acc\nt commonly giv5 ( our approbation ( ! puni%m5t ( inju/ice4 ,& s f> ?is acc\nt is und\bt$ly true1 t we frequ5tly h occasion to confirm our natural s5se ( ! propriety & fitness ( puni%m5t1 by reflect+ h[ necess>y x is = pres]v+ ! ord] ( society4 ,:5 ! guilty is ab\t to suff] t j retaliation1 :i* ! natural indignation ( mank9d tells !m is due to 8 crimes2 :5 ! insol5ce ( 8 inju/ice is brok5 & humbl$ by ! t]ror ( 8 approa*+ puni%m5t2 :5 he ceases to be an object ( fe>1 ) ! g5]\s & humane he beg9s to be an object ( pity4 ,! ?\ght ( :at he is ab\t to suff] ext+ui%es _! res5tm5t = ! suff]+s ( o!rs to :i* he has giv5 occasion4 ,!y are dispos$ to p>don & =give him1 & to save him f t puni%m5t1 :i* 9 all _! cool h\rs !y _h consid]$ z ! retribution due to su* crimes4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !y h occasion to call to _! assi/ance ! consid]ation ( ! g5]al int]e/ ( society4 ,!y c\nt]balance ! impulse ( ?is weak & p>tial humanity by ! dictates ( a humanity t is m g5]\s & compreh5sive4 ,!y reflect t m]cy to ! guilty is cruelty to ! innoc5t1 & oppose to ! emotions ( compassion :i* !y feel = a p>ticul> p]son1 a m enl>g$ compassion :i* !y feel = mank9d4 ,sometimes too we h occasion to def5d ! propriety ( obs]v+ ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice by ! consid]ation ( _! necessity to ! support ( society4 ,we frequ5tly he> ! "y & ! lic5ti\s ridicul+ ! mo/ sacr$ rules ( morality1 & pr(ess+1 sometimes f ! corruption1 b m frequ5tly f ! vanity ( _! he>ts1 ! mo/ abom9able maxims ( conduct4 ,our indignation r\ses1 & we are eag] to refute & expose su* dete/able #hb pr9ciples4 ,b ?\gh x is _! intr9sic hatefulness & dete/abl5ess1 :i* orig9ally inflames u aga9/ !m1 we are unwill+ to assign ?is z ! sole reason :y we condemn !m1 or to pret5d t x is m]ely because we ourselves hate & dete/ !m4 ,! reason1 we ?9k1 w\ld n appe> to be conclusive4 ,yet :y %\ld x n1 if we hate & dete/ !m because !y are ! natural & prop] objects ( hatr$ & dete/ation8 ,b :5 !y are ask$ :y we %\ld n act 9 su* or su* a mann]1 ! v "q seems to suppose t1 to ^? :o ask x1 ?is mann] ( act+ does n appe> to be = its own sake ! natural & prop] object ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,we mu/ %[ !m1 !re=e1 t x ought to be s = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,^u ?is acc\nt we g5]ally ca/ ab\t = o!r argum5ts1 & ! consid]ation :i* fir/ occurs to u1 is ! disord] & confusion ( society :i* w\ld result f ! univ]sal preval5ce ( su* practices4 ,we seldom fail1 !re=e1 to insi/ ^u ?is topic4 ,b ?\gh x commonly requires no great disc]nm5t to see ! de/ructive t5d5cy ( all lic5ti\s practices to ! welf>e ( society1 x is seldom ?is consid]ation :i* fir/ animates u aga9/ !m4 ,all m51 ev5 ! mo/ /upid & un?9k+1 abhor fraud1 p]fidy & inju/ice1 & delight to see !m puni%$4 ,b few m5 h reflect$ ^u ! necessity ( ju/ice to ! exi/5ce ( society1 h[ obvi\s soev] t necessity may appe> to be4 ,t x is n a reg>d to ! pres]vation ( society1 :i* orig9ally int]e/s u 9 ! puni%m5t ( crimes committ$ aga9/ individuals1 may be demon/rat$ by _m obvi\s consid]ations4 ,! conc]n :i* we take 9 ! =tune & happ9ess ( individuals does n1 9 common cases1 arise f t :i* we take 9 ! =tune & happ9ess ( society4 ,we are no m conc]n$ = ! de/ruction or loss ( a s+le man1 because ?is man is a memb] or "p ( society1 & because we %\ld be conc]n$ = ! de/ruction ( society1 ?an we are conc]n$ = ! loss ( a s+le gu9ea1 because ?is gu9ea is a "p ( a ?\s& gu9eas1 & because we %\ld be conc]n$ = ! loss ( ! :ole sum4 ,9 nei!r case does our reg>d = ! individuals arise f our reg>d = ! multitude3 b 9 bo? cases our reg>d = ! multitude is comp\nd$ & made up ( ! p>ticul> reg>ds :i* we feel = ! diff]5t individuals ( :i* x is compos$4 ,z :5 a small sum is unju/ly tak5 f u1 we d n s mu* prosecute ! injury f a reg>d to ! pres]vation ( our :ole =tune1 z f a reg>d to t p>ticul> sum :i* we h lo/2 s :5 a s+le man is injur$ or de/roy$1 we dem& ! puni%m5t ( ! wrong t has be5 done to him1 n s mu* f a conc]n = ! g5]al int]e/ ( society1 z f a conc]n = t v individual :o has be5 injur$4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is conc]n does n necess>ily include #hc 9 x any degree ( ^? exquisite s5tim5ts :i* are commonly call$ love1 e/eem1 & affection1 & by :i* we di/+ui% our p>ticul> fri5ds & acqua9tance4 ,! conc]n :i* is requisite = ?is1 is no m ?an ! g5]al fell[-feel+ :i* we h ) e man m]ely because he is our fell[-creature4 ,we ent] into ! res5tm5t ev5 ( an odi\s p]son1 :5 he is injur$ by ^? to :om he has giv5 no provocation4 ,our disapprobation ( 8 ord9>y "* & conduct does n 9 ?is case altoge!r prev5t our fell[-feel+ ) 8 natural indignation2 ?\gh ) ^? :o are n ei!r extremely c&id1 or :o h n be5 accu/om$ to correct & regulate _! natural s5tim5ts by g5]al rules1 x is v apt to damp x4 ,^u "s occasions1 inde$1 we bo? puni% & approve ( puni%m5t1 m]ely f a view to ! g5]al int]e/ ( society1 :i*1 we imag9e1 _c o!rwise be secur$4 ,( ?is k9d are all ! puni%m5ts inflict$ = brea*es ( :at is call$ ei!r civil police1 or milit>y discipl9e4 ,su* crimes d n imm$iately or directly hurt any p>ticul> p]son2 b _! remote consequ5ces1 x is suppos$1 d produce1 or might produce1 ei!r a consid]able inconv5i5cy1 or a great disord] 9 ! society4 ,a s5t9el1 = example1 :o falls asleep ^u 8 wat*1 suff]s dea? by ! laws ( w>1 because su* c>elessness might endang] ! :ole army4 ,?is sev]ity may1 ^u _m occasions1 appe> necess>y1 &1 = t reason1 j & prop]4 ,:5 ! pres]vation ( an individual is inconsi/5t ) ! safety ( a multitude1 no?+ c be m j ?an t ! _m %\ld be pref]r$ to ! "o4 ,yet ?is puni%m5t1 h[ necess>y soev]1 always appe>s to be excessively sev]e4 ,! natural atrocity ( ! crime seems to be s little1 & ! puni%m5t s great1 t x is ) great difficulty t our he>t c reconcile itself to x4 ,?\gh su* c>elessness appe>s v blamable1 yet ! ?\ght ( ?is crime does n naturally excite any su* res5tm5t z w\ld prompt u to take su* dreadful rev5ge4 ,a man ( humanity mu/ recollect himself1 mu/ make an ef=t1 & ex]t 8 :ole firmness & resolution1 be=e he c br+ himself ei!r to inflict x1 or to g along ) x :5 x is inflict$ by o!rs4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is mann]1 t he looks ^u ! j puni%m5t ( an ungrateful murd]] or p>ricide4 ,8 he>t1 9 ?is case1 applauds ) ard\r1 & ev5 ) transport1 ! j retaliation :i* seems due to su* dete/able crimes1 & :i*1 if1 by any accid5t1 !y %\ld happ5 to escape1 he w\ld be highly enrag$ & disappo9t$4 ,! v diff]5t s5tim5ts ) :i* ! spectator views ^? diff]5t puni%m5ts1 is a pro( t 8 approbation ( ! "o is f> f be+ f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciples ) t ( ! o!r4 ,he looks ^u ! s5t9el z an un=tunate victim1 :o1 inde$1 mu/1 & ought to be1 devot$ to ! safety ( numb]s1 b :om /ill1 9 8 he>t1 he w\ld #hd be glad to save2 & he is only sorry1 t ! int]e/ ( ! _m %\ld oppose x4 ,b if ! murd]] %\ld escape f puni%m5t1 x w\ld excite 8 highe/ indignation1 & he w\ld call ^u ,god to av5ge1 9 ano!r _w1 t crime :i* ! inju/ice ( mank9d _h neglect$ to *a/ise ^u e>?4 ,= x well des]ves to be tak5 notice (1 t we are s f> f imag9+ t inju/ice ought to be puni%$ 9 ?is life1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! ord] ( society1 :i* _c o!rwise be ma9ta9$1 t ,nature tea*es u to hope1 & religion1 we suppose1 au?orises u to expect1 t x w be puni%$1 ev5 9 a life to come4 ,our s5se ( its ill des]t pursues x1 if ,i may say s1 ev5 beyond ! grave1 ?\gh ! example ( its puni%m5t !re _c s]ve to det] ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o see x n1 :o "k x n1 f be+ guilty ( ! l practices "h4 ,! ju/ice ( ,god1 h[ev]1 we ?9k1 /ill requires1 t he %\ld h]eaft] av5ge ! injuries ( ! wid[ & ! fa!rless1 :o are "h s (t5 insult$ ) impunity4 ,9 e religion1 & 9 e sup]/ition t ! _w has ev] beheld1 accord+ly1 !re has be5 a ,t>t>us z well z an ,elysium2 a place provid$ = ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 z well z "o = ! rew>d ( ! j4 ----- ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,=tune ,,^u ,,! ,,s5tim5ts ,,( ,,mank9d1 ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,m]it ,,or ,,dem]it ,,( ,,_! ,,actions4 ,,introduction4--,:atev] praise or blame c be due to any action1 mu/ belong ei!r1 fir/1 to ! int5tion or affection ( ! he>t1 f :i* x proce$s1 or1 secondly1 to ! ext]nal action or movem5t ( ! body1 :i* ?is affection gives occasion to2 or1 la/ly1 to ! good or bad consequ5ces1 :i* actually1 & 9 fact1 proce$ f x4 ,^! ?ree diff]5t ?+s con/itute ! :ole nature & circum/ances ( ! action1 & mu/ be ! f\ndation ( :atev] quality c belong to x4 ,t ! two la/ ( ^! ?ree circum/ances _c be ! f\ndation ( any praise or blame1 is abundantly evid5t2 nor has ! contr>y ev] be5 ass]t$ by any body4 ,! ext]nal action or movem5t ( ! body is (t5 ! same 9 ! mo/ innoc5t & 9 ! mo/ blamable actions4 ,he :o %oots a bird1 & he :o %oots a man1 bo? ( !m p]=m ! same ext]nal movem5t3 ea* ( !m draws ! trigg] ( a gun4 ,! consequ5ces :i* actually1 & 9 fact1 happ5 to proce$ f any action1 are1 if possible1 /ill m indiff]5t ei!r to praise or blame1 ?an ev5 ! ext]nal movem5t ( ! body4 ,z !y dep5d1 n ^u ! ag5t1 b ^u =tune1 !y _c be #he ! prop] f\ndation = any s5tim5t1 ( :i* 8 "* & conduct are ! objects4 ,! only consequ5ces = :i* he c be answ]able1 or by :i* he c des]ve ei!r approbation or disapprobation ( any k9d1 are ^? :i* 7 "s way or o!r int5d$1 or ^? :i*1 at lea/1 %[ "s agreeable or disagreeable quality 9 ! int5tion ( ! he>t1 f :i* he act$4 ,to ! int5tion or affection ( ! he>t1 !re=e1 to ! propriety or impropriety1 to ! b5efic5ce or hurtfulness ( ! design1 all praise or blame1 all approbation or disapprobation1 ( any k9d1 :i* c ju/ly be be/[$ ^u any action mu/ ultimately belong4 ,:5 ?is maxim is ?us propos$1 9 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms1 !re is nobody :o does n agree to x4 ,its self-evid5t ju/ice is ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w1 & !re is n a diss5t+ voice among all mank9d4 ,e body all[s1 t h[ diff]5t soev] ! accid5tal1 ! un9t5d$ & un=ese5 consequ5ces ( diff]5t actions1 yet1 if ! int5tions or affections f :i* !y arose 71 on ! "o h&1 equally prop] & equally b5efic5t1 or1 on ! o!r1 equally improp] & equally malevol5t1 ! m]it or dem]it ( ! actions is /ill ! same1 & ! ag5t is equally ! suitable object ei!r ( gratitude or ( res5tm5t4 ,b h[ well soev] we may seem to be p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ?is equitable maxim1 :5 we consid] x aft] ?is mann]1 9 ab/ract1 yet :5 we come to p>ticul> cases1 ! actual consequ5ces :i* happ5 to proce$ f any action1 h a v great effect ^u our s5tim5ts conc]n+ its m]it or dem]it1 & almo/ always ei!r enhance or dim9i% our s5se ( bo?4 ,sc>ce1 9 any "o in/ance1 p]haps1 w our s5tim5ts be f\nd1 aft] exam9ation1 to be entirely regulat$ by ?is rule1 :i* we all ackn[l$ge ought entirely to regulate !m4 ,?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5t1 :i* e body feels1 :i* sc>ce any body is suffici5tly aw>e (1 & :i* nobody is will+ to ackn[l$ge1 ,i proce$ n[ to expla92 & ,i %all consid]1 fir/1 ! cause :i* gives occasion to x1 or ! me*anism by :i* ,nature produces x2 secondly1 ! ext5t ( its influ5ce2 &1 la/ ( all1 ! end :i* x answ]s1 or ! purpose :i* ! ,au?or ( nature seems to h int5d$ by x4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ! ,causes ( ?is ,influ5ce ( ,=tune4 ,,! causes ( pa9 & pleasure1 :atev] !y are1 or h[ev] !y op]ate1 seem to be ! objects1 :i*1 9 all animals1 imm$iately excite ^? two passions ( gratitude & res5tm5t4 ,!y are excit$ by inanimat$1 z well z by animat$ objects4 ,we are angry1 = a #hf mom5t1 ev5 at ! /one t hurts u4 ,a *ild beats x1 a dog b>ks at x1 a *ol]ic man is apt to curse x4 ,! lea/ reflection1 inde$1 corrects ?is s5tim5t1 & we soon become s5sible1 t :at has no feel+ is a v improp] object ( rev5ge4 ,:5 ! mis*ief1 h[ev]1 is v great1 ! object :i* caus$ x becomes disagreeable to u ev] aft]1 & we take pleasure to burn or de/roy x4 ,we %\ld treat1 9 ?is mann]1 ! in/rum5t :i* _h accid5tally be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & we %\ld (t5 ?9k ourselves guilty ( a sort ( inhumanity1 if we neglect$ to v5t ?is absurd sort ( v5geance ^u x4 ,we conceive1 9 ! same mann]1 a sort ( gratitude = ^? inanimat$ objects1 :i* h be5 ! causes ( great or frequ5t pleasure to u4 ,! sailor1 :o1 z soon z he got a%ore1 %\ld m5d 8 fire ) ! plank ^u :i* he _h j escap$ f a %ipwreck1 w\ld seem to be guilty ( an unnatural action4 ,we %\ld expect t he w\ld r pres]ve x ) c>e & affection1 z a monum5t t 01 9 "s measure1 de> to him4 ,a man gr[s fond ( a snuffbox1 ( a p5-knife1 ( a /aff :i* he has long made use (1 & conceives some?+ l a real love & affection = !m4 ,if he breaks or loses !m1 he is vex$ out ( all proportion to ! value ( ! damage4 ,! h\se :i* we h long liv$ 91 ! tree1 ^: v]dure & %ade we h long enjoy$1 are bo? look$ ^u ) a sort ( respect t seems due to su* b5efactors4 ,! decay ( ! "o1 or ! ru9 ( ! o!r1 affects u ) a k9d ( melan*oly1 ?\gh we %\ld su/a9 no loss by x4 ,! ,dryads & ! ,l>es ( ! anci5ts1 a sort ( g5ii ( trees & h\ses1 7 probably fir/ sugge/$ by ?is sort ( affection1 :i* ! au?ors ( ^? sup]/itions felt = su* objects1 & :i* seem$ unreasonable1 if !re 0 no?+ animat$ ab\t !m4 ,b1 be=e any ?+ c be ! prop] object ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 x mu/ n only be ! cause ( pleasure or pa91 x mu/ likewise be capable ( feel+ !m4 ,)\t ?is o!r quality1 ^? passions _c v5t !mselves ) any sort ( satisfaction ^u x4 ,z !y are excit$ by ! causes ( pleasure & pa91 s _! gratification consi/s 9 retaliat+ ^? s5sations ^u :at gave occasion to !m2 :i* x is to no purpose to attempt ^u :at has no s5sibility4 ,animals1 !re=e1 are less improp] objects ( gratitude & res5tm5t ?an animat$ objects4 ,! dog t bites1 ! ox t gores1 are bo? ( !m puni%$4 ,if !y h be5 ! causes ( ! dea? ( any p]son1 nei!r ! public1 nor ! relations ( ! sla91 c be satisfi$1 unless !y are put to dea? 9 _! turn3 nor is ?is m]ely = ! security ( ! liv+1 b1 9 "s measure1 to rev5ge ! injury ( ! dead4 ,^? animals1 on ! contr>y1 t h be5 rem>kably s]viceable to _! ma/]s1 become ! objects ( a v lively gratitude4 ,we are %ock$ at ! brutality ( t (fic]1 #hg m5tion$ 9 ! ,turki% ,spy1 :o /abb$ ! horse t _h c>ri$ him across an arm ( ! sea1 le/ t animal %\ld aft]w>ds di/+ui% "s o!r p]son by a simil> adv5ture4 ,b1 ?\gh animals are n only ! causes ( pleasure & pa91 b are also capable ( feel+ ^? s5sations1 !y are /ill f> f be+ complete & p]fect objects1 ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t2 & ^? passions /ill feel1 t !re is some?+ want+ to _! entire gratification4 ,:at gratitude *iefly desires1 is n only to make ! b5efactor feel pleasure 9 8 turn1 b to make him consci\s t he meets ) ?is rew>d on acc\nt ( 8 pa/ conduct1 to make him pleas$ ) t conduct1 & to satisfy him t ! p]son ^u :om he be/[$ 8 good (fices 0 n unwor?y ( !m4 ,:at mo/ ( all *>ms u 9 our b5efactor1 is ! concord betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own1 ) reg>d to :at int]e/s u s ne>ly z ! wor? ( our own "*1 & ! e/eem t is due to u4 ,we are delight$ to f9d a p]son :o values u z we value ourselves1 & di/+ui%es u f ! re/ ( mank9d1 ) an att5tion n unlike t ) :i* we di/+ui% ourselves4 ,to ma9ta9 9 him ^! agreeable & flatt]+ s5tim5ts1 is "o ( ! *ief ends propos$ by ! returns we are dispos$ to make to him4 ,a g5]\s m9d (t5 disda9s ! int]e/$ ?\ght ( extort+ new fav\rs f its b5efactor1 by :at may be call$ ! importunities ( its gratitude4 ,b to pres]ve & to increase 8 e/eem1 is an int]e/ :i* ! greate/ m9d does n ?9k unwor?y ( its att5tion4 ,& ?is is ! f\ndation ( :at ,i =m]ly obs]v$1 & :5 we _c ent] into ! motives ( our b5efactor1 :5 8 conduct & "* appe> unwor?y ( our approbation1 let 8 s]vices h be5 ev] s great1 our gratitude is always s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,we are less flatt]$ by ! di/9ction2 & to pres]ve ! e/eem ( s weak1 or s wor?less a patron1 seems to be an object :i* does n des]ve to be pursu$ = its own sake4 ,! object1 on ! contr>y1 :i* res5tm5t is *iefly int5t ^u1 is n s mu* to make our enemy feel pa9 9 8 turn1 z to make him consci\s t he feels x ^u acc\nt ( 8 pa/ conduct1 to make him rep5t ( t conduct1 & to make him s5sible1 t ! p]son :om he injur$ did n des]ve to be treat$ 9 t mann]4 ,:at *iefly enrages u aga9/ ! man :o injures or insults u1 is ! little acc\nt :i* he seems to make ( u1 ! unreasonable pref]5ce :i* he gives to himself above u1 & t absurd self-love1 by :i* he seems to imag9e1 t o!r p may be sacrific$ at any "t1 to 8 conv5i5cy or 8 hum\r4 ,! gl>+ impropriety ( 8 conduct1 ! gross insol5ce & inju/ice :i* x seems to involve 9 x1 (t5 %ock & exasp]ate u m ?an all ! mis*ief :i* we h suff]$4 ,to br+ him back to a m j s5se ( :at is due to o!r p1 to make him s5sible ( :at he owes u1 & ( ! wrong t he has #hh done to u1 is frequ5tly ! pr9cipal end propos$ 9 our rev5ge1 :i* is always imp]fect :5 x _c 9999accompli% ?is4 ,:5 our enemy appe>s to h done u no injury1 :5 we are s5sible t he act$ q prop]ly1 t1 9 8 situation1 we %\ld h done ! same ?+1 & t we des]v$ f him all ! mis*ief we met )2 9 t case1 if we h ! lea/ sp>k ei!r ( c&\r or ju/ice1 we c ent]ta9 no sort ( res5tm5t4 ,be=e any ?+1 !re=e1 c be ! complete & prop] object1 ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 x mu/ possess ?ree diff]5t qualifications4 ,fir/1 x mu/ be ! cause ( pleasure 9 ! "o case1 & ( pa9 9 ! o!r4 ,secondly1 x mu/ be capable ( feel+ ^? s5sations4 ,&1 ?irdly1 x mu/ n only h produc$ ^? s5sations1 b x mu/ h produc$ !m f design1 & f a design t is approv$ ( 9 ! "o case1 & disapprov$ ( 9 ! o!r4 ,x is by ! fir/ qualification1 t any object is capable ( excit+ ^? passions3 x is by ! second1 t x is 9 any respect capable ( gratify+ !m3 ! ?ird qualification is n only necess>y = _! complete satisfaction1 b z x gives a pleasure or pa9 t is bo? exquisite & peculi>1 x is likewise an additional excit+ cause ( ^? passions4 ,z :at gives pleasure or pa91 !re=e1 ei!r 9 "o way or ano!r1 is ! sole excit+ cause ( gratitude & res5tm5t2 ?\gh ! int5tions ( any p]son %\ld be ev] s prop] & b5efic5t1 on ! "o h&1 or ev] s improp] & malevol5t on ! o!r2 yet1 if he has fail$ 9 produc+ ei!r ! good or ! evil :i* he int5d$1 z "o ( ! excit+ causes is want+ 9 bo? cases1 less gratitude seems due to him 9 ! "o1 & less res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh 9 ! int5tions ( any p]son1 !re 0 ei!r no laudable degree ( b5evol5ce on ! "o h&1 or no blamable degree ( malice on ! o!r2 yet1 if 8 actions %\ld produce ei!r great good or great evil1 z "o ( ! excit+ causes takes place ^u bo? ^! occasions1 "s gratitude is apt to arise t[>ds him 9 ! "o1 & "s res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,a %ad[ ( m]it seems to fall ^u him 9 ! fir/1 a %ad[ ( dem]it 9 ! second4 ,&1 z ! consequ5ces ( actions are altoge!r "u ! empire ( ,=tune1 h5ce arises h] influ5ce ^u ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d ) reg>d to m]it & dem]it4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,ext5t ( ?is ,influ5ce ( ,=tune4 ,,! effect ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune is1 fir/1 to dim9i% our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( ^? actions :i* arose f ! mo/ laudable or blamable int5tions1 :5 !y fail ( produc+ _! propos$ effects3 &1 secondly1 to increase our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( #hi actions1 beyond :at is due to ! motives or affections f :i* !y proce$1 :5 !y accid5tally give occasion ei!r to extraord9>y pleasure or pa94 #a4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 ?\gh ! int5tions ( any p]son %\ld be ev] s prop] & b5efic5t1 on ! "o h&1 or ev] s improp] & malevol5t1 on ! o!r1 yet1 if !y fail 9 produc+ _! effects1 8 m]it seems imp]fect 9 ! "o case1 & 8 dem]it incomplete 9 ! o!r4 ,nor is ?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5t felt only by ^? :o are imm$iately affect$ by ! consequ5ce ( any action4 ,x is felt1 9 "s measure1 ev5 by ! imp>tial spectator4 ,! man :o solicits an (fice = ano!r1 )\t obta9+ x1 is reg>d$ z 8 fri5d1 & seems to des]ve 8 love & affection4 ,b ! man :o n only solicits1 b procures x1 is m peculi>ly consid]$ z 8 patron & b5efactor1 & is entitl$ to 8 respect & gratitude4 ,! p]son oblig$1 we are apt to ?9k1 may1 ) "s ju/ice1 imag9e himself on a level ) ! fir/3 b we _c ent] into 8 s5tim5ts1 if he does n feel himself inf]ior to ! second4 ,x is common inde$ to say1 t we are equally oblig$ to ! man :o has endeav\r$ to s]ve1 z to him :o actually did s4 ,x is ! spee* :i* we con/antly make ^u e unsuccessful attempt ( ?is k9d2 b :i*1 l all o!r f9e spee*es1 mu/ be und]/ood ) a gra9 ( all[ance4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* a man ( g5]osity ent]ta9s = ! fri5d :o fails1 may (t5 inde$ be ne>ly ! same ) ^? :i* he conceives = him :o succe$s3 & ! m g5]\s he is1 ! m ne>ly w ^? s5tim5ts approa* to an exact level4 ,) ! truly g5]\s1 to be belov$1 to be e/eem$ by ^? :om !y !mselves ?9k wor?y ( e/eem1 gives m pleasure1 & !reby excites m gratitude1 ?an all ! advantages :i* !y c ev] expect f ^? s5tim5ts4 ,:5 !y lose ^? advantages !re=e1 !y seem to lose b a trifle1 :i* is sc>ce wor? reg>d+4 ,!y /ill h[ev] lose some?+4 ,_! pleasure !re=e1 & consequ5tly _! gratitude1 is n p]fectly complete3 & accord+ly if1 betwe5 ! fri5d :o fails & ! fri5d :o succe$s1 all o!r circum/ances are equal1 !re w1 ev5 9 ! noble/ & be/ m9d1 be "s little diff]5ce ( affection 9 fav\r ( him :o succe$s4 ,nay1 s unju/ are mank9d 9 ?is respect1 t ?\gh ! int5d$ b5efit %\ld be procur$1 yet if x is n procur$ by ! means ( a p>ticul> b5efactor1 !y are apt to ?9k t less gratitude is due to ! man1 :o ) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w c\ld d no m ?an help x a little =w>d4 ,z _! gratitude is 9 ?is case divid$ among ! diff]5t p]sons :o contribut$ to _! pleasure1 a small] %>e ( x seems due to any "o4 ,su* a p]son1 we he> m5 commonly say1 int5d$ no d\bt to s]ve u2 & we really believe ex]t$ himself to ! utmo/ ( 8 abilities = t purpose4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 oblig$ to him = ?is b5efit2 #ij s9ce1 _h x n be5 = ! concurr5ce ( o!rs1 all t he c\ld h done w\ld nev] h br\ght x ab\t4 ,?is consid]ation1 !y imag9e1 %\ld1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! imp>tial spectator1 dim9i% ! debt :i* !y owe to him4 ,! p]son himself :o has unsuccessfully endeav\r$ to conf] a b5efit1 has by no means ! same dep5d5cy ^u ! gratitude ( ! man :om he meant to oblige1 nor ! same s5se ( 8 own m]it t[>ds him1 :i* he w\ld h _h 9 ! case ( success4 ,ev5 ! m]it ( tal5ts & abilities :i* "s accid5t has h9d]$ f produc+ _! effects1 seems 9 "s measure imp]fect1 ev5 to ^? :o are fully conv9c$ ( _! capacity to produce !m4 ,! g5]al :o has be5 h9d]$ by ! envy ( m9i/]s f ga9+ "s great advantage ov] ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry1 regrets ! loss ( ! opportunity = ev] aft]4 ,nor is x only ^u acc\nt ( ! public t he regrets x4 ,he lam5ts t he 0 h9d]$ f p]=m+ an action :i* w\ld h add$ a new lu/re to 8 "* 9 8 own eyes1 z well z 9 ^? ( e o!r p]son4 ,x satisfies nei!r himself nor o!rs to reflect t ! plan or design 0 all t dep5d$ on him1 t no great] capacity 0 requir$ to execute x ?an :at 0 necess>y to conc]t x3 t he 0 all[$ to be e way capable ( execut+ x1 & t _h he be5 p]mitt$ to g on1 success 0 infallible4 ,he /ill did n execute x2 & ?\gh he might des]ve all ! approbation :i* is due to a magnanim\s & great design1 he /ill want$ ! actual m]it ( hav+ p]=m$ a great action4 ,to take ! managem5t ( any affair ( public conc]n f ! man :o has almo/ br\ght x to a conclusion1 is reg>d$ z ! mo/ invidi\s inju/ice4 ,z he _h done s mu*1 he %\ld1 we ?9k1 h be5 all[$ to acquire ! complete m]it ( putt+ an end to x4 ,x 0 object$ to ,pompey1 t he came 9 ^u ! victories ( ,lucullus1 & ga!r$ ^? laurels :i* 7 due to ! =tune & val\r ( ano!r4 ,! glory ( ,lucullus1 x seems1 0 less complete ev5 9 ! op9ion ( 8 own fri5ds1 :5 he 0 n p]mitt$ to f9i% t conque/ :i* 8 conduct & c\rage _h put 9 ! p[] ( almo/ any man to f9i%4 ,x mortifies an ar*itect :5 8 plans are ei!r n execut$ at all1 or :5 !y are s f> alt]$ z to spoil ! effect ( ! build+4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 is all t dep5ds ^u ! ar*itect4 ,! :ole ( 8 g5ius is1 to good judges1 z completely discov]$ 9 t z 9 ! actual execution4 ,b a plan does n1 ev5 to ! mo/ intellig5t1 give ! same pleasure z a noble & magnific5t build+4 ,!y may discov] z mu* bo? ( ta/e & g5ius 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,b _! effects are /ill va/ly diff]5t1 & ! amusem5t d]iv$ f ! fir/1 nev] approa*es to ! wond] & admiration :i* are sometimes excit$ by ! second4 ,we may believe ( _m m51 t _! tal5ts are #ia sup]ior to ^? ( ,cs> & ,alex&]2 & t 9 ! same situations !y w\ld p]=m /ill great] actions4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 we d n behold !m ) t a/oni%m5t & admiration ) :i* ^? two h]oes h be5 reg>d$ 9 all ages & nations4 ,! calm judgm5ts ( ! m9d may approve ( !m m1 b !y want ! spl5d\r ( great actions to dazzle & transport x4 ,! sup]iority ( virtues & tal5ts has n1 ev5 ^u ^? :o ackn[l$ge t sup]iority1 ! same effect ) ! sup]iority ( a*ievem5ts4 ,z ! m]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to d good seems ?us1 9 ! eyes ( ungrateful mank9d1 to be dim9i%$ by ! misc>riage1 s does likewise ! dem]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to d evil4 ,! design to commit a crime1 h[ cle>ly soev] x may be prov$1 is sc>ce ev] puni%$ ) ! same sev]ity z ! actual commission ( x4 ,! case ( treason is p]haps ! only exception4 ,t crime imm$iately affect+ ! be+ ( ! gov]nm5t itself1 ! gov]nm5t is naturally m jeal\s ( x ?an ( any o!r4 ,9 ! puni%m5t ( treason1 ! sov]eign res5ts ! injuries :i* are imm$iately done to himself3 9 ! puni%m5t ( o!r crimes he res5ts ^? :i* are done to o!r m54 ,x is 8 own res5tm5t :i* he indulges 9 ! "o case2 x is t ( 8 subjects :i* by sympa?y he ent]s into 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !re=e1 z he judges 9 8 own cause1 he is v apt to be m viol5t & sangu9>y 9 8 puni%m5ts ?an ! imp>tial spectator c approve (4 ,8 res5tm5t too rises "h ^u small] occasions1 & does n always1 z 9 o!r cases1 wait = ! p]petration ( ! crime1 or ev5 = ! attempt to commit x4 ,a treasonable conc]t1 ?\gh no?+ has be5 done1 or ev5 attempt$ 9 consequ5ce ( x1 nay1 a treasonable conv]sation1 is 9 _m c\ntries puni%$ 9 ! same mann] z ! actual commission ( treason4 ,) reg>d to all o!r crimes1 ! m]e design1 ^u :i* no attempt has foll[$1 is seldom puni%$ at all1 & is nev] puni%$ sev]ely4 ,a crim9al design1 & a crim9al action1 x may be said inde$1 d n necess>ily suppose ! same degree ( depravity1 & ought n !re=e to be subject$ to ! same puni%m5t4 ,we are capable1 x may be said1 ( resolv+1 & ev5 ( tak+ measures to execute1 _m ?+s :i*1 :5 x comes to ! po9t1 we feel ourselves altoge!r incapable ( execut+4 ,b ?is reason c h no place :5 ! design has be5 c>ri$ ! l5g? ( ! la/ attempt4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 :o fires a pi/ol at 8 enemy b misses him1 is puni%$ ) dea? by ! laws ( sc>ce any c\ntry4 ,by ! old law ( ,scotl&1 ?\gh he %\ld w\nd him1 yet1 unless dea? ensues )9 a c]ta9 "t1 ! assass9 is n liable to ! la/ puni%m5t4 ,! res5tm5t ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 runs s high aga9/ ?is crime1 _! t]ror = ! man :o %[s himself capable ( committ+ x is s great1 t ! m]e attempt to #ib commit x ought 9 all c\ntries to be capital4 ,! attempt to commit small] crimes is almo/ always puni%$ v lightly1 & sometimes is n puni%$ at all4 ,! ?ief1 ^: h& has be5 caught 9 8 neighb\r's pocket be=e he _h tak5 any ?+ out ( x1 is puni%$ ) ignom9y only4 ,if he _h got "t to take away an h&k]*ief1 he might h be5 put to dea?4 ,! h\se-break]1 :o has be5 f\nd sett+ a ladd] to 8 neighb\r's w9d[1 b _h n got into x1 is n expos$ to ! capital puni%m5t4 ,! attempt to ravi% is n puni%$ z a rape4 ,! attempt to s$uce a m>ri$ woman is n puni%$ at all1 ?\gh s$uction is puni%$ sev]ely4 ,our res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o only attempt$ to d a mis*ief1 is seldom s /rong z to be> u out 9 inflict+ ! same puni%m5t ^u him1 :i* we %\ld h ?\ght due if he _h actually done x4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! joy ( our deliv]ance alleviates our s5se ( ! atrocity ( 8 conduct2 9 ! o!r1 ! grief ( our mis=tune increases x4 ,8 real dem]it1 h[ev]1 is und\bt$ly ! same 9 bo? cases1 s9ce 8 int5tions 7 equally crim9al2 & !re is 9 ?is respect1 !re=e an irregul>ity 9 ! s5tim5ts ( all m51 & a consequ5t relaxation ( discipl9e 9 ! laws (1 ,i believe1 all nations ( ! mo/ civiliz$1 z well z ( ! mo/ b>b>\s4 ,! humanity ( a civiliz$ p disposes !m ei!r to disp5se )1 or to mitigate puni%m5ts1 :]ev] _! natural indignation is n goad$ on by ! consequ5ces ( ! crime4 ,b>b>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 no actual consequ5ce has happ5$ f any action1 are n apt to be v delicate or inquisitive ab\t ! motives4 ,! p]son himself :o ei!r f passion1 or f ! influ5ce ( bad company1 has resolv$1 & p]haps tak5 measures to p]petrate "s crime1 b :o has =tunately be5 prev5t$ by an accid5t :i* put x out ( 8 p[]1 is sure1 if he has any rema9s ( consci5ce1 to reg>d ?is ev5t all 8 life aft] z a great & signal deliv]ance4 ,he c nev] ?9k ( x )\t return+ ?anks to ,heav51 = hav+ be5 ?us graci\sly pleas$ to save him f ! guilt 9 :i* he 0 j ready to plunge himself1 & to h9d] him f r5d]+ all ! re/ ( 8 life a sc5e ( horror1 remorse1 & rep5tance4 ,b ?\gh 8 h&s are innoc5t1 he is consci\s t 8 he>t is equally guilty z if he _h actually execut$ :at he 0 s fully resolv$ ^u4 ,x gives great ease to 8 consci5ce1 h[ev]1 to consid] t ! crime 0 n execut$1 ?\gh he kn[s t ! failure arose f no virtue 9 him4 ,he /ill consid]s himself z less des]v+ ( puni%m5t & res5tm5t2 & ?is good =tune ei!r dim9i%es1 or takes away altoge!r1 all s5se ( guilt4 ,to rememb] h[ mu* he 0 resolv$ ^u x1 has no o!r effect ?an to make him reg>d 8 escape z ! great] & m miracul\s3 = he /ill fancies t he has escap$1 & he looks back ^u ! dang] to :i* 8 peace ( m9d 0 expos$1 ) t t]ror1 ) :i* "o #ic :o is 9 safety may sometimes rememb] ! haz>d he 0 9 ( fall+ ov] a precipice1 & %udd] ) horror at ! ?\ght4 #b4 ,! second effect ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune1 is to increase our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( actions beyond :at is due to ! motives or affection f :i* !y proce$1 :5 !y happ5 to give occasion to extraord9>y pleasure or pa94 ,! agreeable or disagreeable effects ( ! action (t5 ?r[ a %ad[ ( m]it or dem]it ^u ! ag5t1 ?\gh 9 8 int5tion !re 0 no?+ t des]v$ ei!r praise or blame1 or at lea/ t des]v$ !m 9 ! degree 9 :i* we are apt to be/[ !m4 ,?us1 ev5 ! mess5g] ( bad news is disagreeable to u1 &1 on ! contr>y1 we feel a sort ( gratitude = ! man :o br+s u good tid+s4 ,= a mom5t we look ^u !m bo? z ! au?ors1 ! "o ( our good1 ! o!r ( our bad =tune1 & reg>d !m 9 "s measure z if !y _h really br\ght ab\t ! ev5ts :i* !y only give an acc\nt (4 ,! fir/ au?or ( our joy is naturally ! object ( a transitory gratitude3 we embrace him ) w>m? & affection1 & %\ld be glad1 dur+ ! in/ant ( our prosp]ity1 to rew>d him z = "s signal s]vice4 ,by ! cu/om ( all c\rts1 ! (fic]1 :o br+s ! news ( a victory1 is entitl$ to consid]able pref]m5ts1 & ! g5]al always *ooses "o ( 8 pr9cipal fav\rites to g ^u s agreeable an err&4 ,! fir/ au?or ( our sorr[ is1 on ! contr>y1 j z naturally ! object ( a transitory res5tm5t4 ,we c sc>ce avoid look+ ^u him ) *agr9 & uneas9ess2 & ! rude & brutal are apt to v5t ^u him t sple5 :i* 8 intellig5ce gives occasion to4 ,tigranes1 ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 /ruck (f ! head ( ! man :o br\ght him ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! approa* ( a =midable enemy4 ,to puni% 9 ?is mann] ! au?or ( bad tid+s1 seems b>b>\s & inhuman3 yet1 to rew>d ! mess5g] ( good news1 is n disagreeable to u2 we ?9k x suitable to ! b\nty ( k+s4 ,b :y d we make ?is diff]5ce1 s9ce1 if !re is no fault 9 ! "o1 nei!r is !re any m]it 9 ! o!r8 ,x is because any sort ( reason seems suffici5t to au?orize ! ex]tion ( ! social & b5evol5t affections2 b x requires ! mo/ solid & sub/antial to make u ent] into t ( ! unsocial & malevol5t4 ,b ?\gh 9 g5]al we are av]se to ent] into ! unsocial & malevol5t affections1 ?\gh we lay x d[n = a rule t we ought nev] to approve ( _! gratification1 unless s f> z ! malici\s & unju/ int5tion ( ! p]son1 aga9/ :om !y are direct$1 r5d]s him _! prop] object2 yet1 ^u "s occasions1 we relax ( ?is sev]ity4 ,:5 ! neglig5ce ( "o man has occasion$ "s un9t5d$ damage to ano!r1 we g5]ally ent] s f> into ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 z to approve ( 8 inflict+ a puni%m5t ^u ! (f5d] mu* beyond :at ! (f5ce w\ld h appe>$ to des]ve1 _h no su* unlucky consequ5ce foll[$ f x4 #id ,!re is a degree ( neglig5ce1 :i* w\ld appe> to des]ve "s *a/isem5t ?\gh x %\ld occasion no damage to any body4 ,?us1 if a p]son %\ld ?r[ a l>ge /one ov] a wall into a public /reet )\t giv+ w>n+ to ^? :o might be pass+ by1 & )\t reg>d+ :]e x 0 likely to fall1 he w\ld und\bt$ly des]ve "s *a/isem5t4 ,a v accurate police w\ld puni% s absurd an action1 ev5 ?\gh x _h done no mis*ief4 ,! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x1 %[s an insol5t contempt ( ! happ9ess & safety ( o!rs4 ,!re is real inju/ice 9 8 conduct4 ,he wantonly exposes 8 neighb\r to :at no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld *oose to expose himself1 & evid5tly wants t s5se ( :at is due to 8 fell[-creatures1 :i* is ! basis ( ju/ice & ( society4 ,gross neglig5ce !re=e is1 9 ! law1 said to be almo/ equal to malici\s design4 7,lata culpa prope dolum e/47 ,:5 any unlucky consequ5ces happ5 f su* c>elessness1 ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x1 is (t5 puni%$ z if he _h really int5d$ ^? consequ5ces2 & 8 conduct1 :i* 0 only ?\ghtless & insol5t1 & :at des]v$ "s *a/isem5t1 is consid]$ z atroci\s1 & z liable to ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,?us if1 by ! imprud5t action above-m5tion$1 he %\ld accid5tally kill a man1 he is1 by ! laws ( _m c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly by ! old law ( ,scotl&1 liable to ! la/ puni%m5t4 ,& ?\gh ?is is no d\bt excessively sev]e1 x is n altoge!r inconsi/5t ) our natural s5tim5ts4 ,our j indignation aga9/ ! folly & inhumanity ( 8 conduct is exasp]at$ by our sympa?y ) ! un=tunate suff]]4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 w\ld appe> m %ock+ to our natural s5se ( equity1 ?an to br+ a man to ! scaffold m]ely = hav+ ?r[n a /one c>elessly into ! /reet )\t hurt+ any body4 ,! folly & inhumanity ( 8 conduct1 h[ev]1 w\ld 9 ?is case be ! same2 b /ill our s5tim5ts w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is diff]5ce may satisfy u h[ mu* ! indignation1 ev5 ( ! spectator1 is apt to be animat$ by ! actual consequ5ces ( ! action4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d !re w1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 be f\nd a great degree ( sev]ity 9 ! laws ( almo/ all nations2 z ,i h already obs]v$ t 9 ^? ( an opposite k9d !re 0 a v g5]al relaxation ( discipl9e4 ,!re is ano!r degree ( neglig5ce :i* does n involve 9 x any sort ( inju/ice4 ,! p]son :o is guilty ( x treats 8 neighb\r z he treats himself1 means no h>m to any body1 & is f> f ent]ta9+ any insol5t contempt = ! safety & happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 s c>eful & circumspect 9 8 conduct z he ought to be1 & des]ves ^u ?is acc\nt "s degree ( blame & c5sure1 b no sort ( puni%m5t4 ,yet if1 by a neglig5ce 7,culpa levis7 ( ?is k9d he %\ld occasion "s damage to ano!r p]son1 he is by ! laws (1 ,i believe1 all c\ntries1 oblig$ to comp5sate x4 #ie ,& ?\gh ?is is1 no d\bt1 a real puni%m5t1 & :at no mortal w\ld h ?\ght ( inflict+ ^u him1 _h x n be5 = ! unlucky accid5t :i* 8 conduct gave occasion to2 yet ?is decision ( ! law is approv$ ( by ! natural s5tim5ts ( all mank9d4 ,no?+1 we ?9k1 c be m j ?an t "o man %\ld n suff] by ! c>elessness ( ano!r2 & t ! damage occasion$ by blamable neglig5ce1 %\ld be made up by ! p]son :o 0 guilty ( x4 ,!re is ano!r species ( neglig5ce 7,culpa levissima71 :i* consi/s m]ely 9 a want ( ! mo/ anxi\s timidity & circumspection1 ) reg>d to all ! possible consequ5ces ( our actions4 ,! want ( ?is pa9ful att5tion1 :5 no bad consequ5ces foll[ f x1 is s f> f be+ reg>d$ z blamable1 t ! contr>y quality is r consid]$ z su*4 ,t timid circumspection :i* is afraid ( e ?+1 is nev] reg>d$ z a virtue1 b z a quality :i* m ?an any o!r incapacitates = action & bus9ess4 ,yet :51 f a want ( ?is excessive c>e1 a p]son happ5s to occasion "s damage to ano!r1 he is (t5 by ! law oblig$ to comp5sate x4 ,?us1 by ! ,aquilian law1 ! man1 :o n be+ able to manage a horse t _h accid5tally tak5 fright1 %\ld happ5 to ride d[n 8 neighb\r's slave1 is oblig$ to comp5sate ! damage4 ,:5 an accid5t ( ?is k9d happ5s1 we are apt to ?9k t he ought n to h rode su* a horse1 & to reg>d 8 attempt+ x z an unp>donable levity2 ?\gh )\t ?is accid5t we %\ld n only h made no su* reflection1 b %\ld h reg>d$ 8 refus+ x z ! effect ( timid weakness1 & ( an anxiety ab\t m]ely possible ev5ts1 :i* x is to no purpose to be aw>e (4 ,! p]son himself1 :o by an accid5t ev5 ( ?is k9d has involunt>ily hurt ano!r1 seems to h "s s5se ( 8 own ill des]t1 ) reg>d to him4 ,he naturally runs up to ! suff]] to express 8 conc]n = :at has happ5$1 & to make e ackn[l$gm5t 9 8 p[]4 ,if he has any s5sibility1 he necess>ily desires to comp5sate ! damage1 & to d e ?+ he c to appease t animal res5tm5t :i* he is s5sible w be apt to arise 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]4 ,to make no apology1 to (f] no atonem5t1 is reg>d$ z ! highe/ brutality4 ,yet :y %\ld he make an apology m ?an any o!r p]son8 ,:y %\ld he1 s9ce he 0 equally innoc5t ) any o!r by-/&]1 be ?us s+l$ out f among all mank9d1 to make up = ! bad =tune ( ano!r8 ,?is task w\ld surely nev] be impos$ ^u him1 did n ev5 ! imp>tial spectator feel "s indulg5ce = :at may be reg>d$ z ! unju/ res5tm5t ( t o!r4 ----- #if ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ! f9al ,cause ( ?is ,irregul>ity ( ,s5tim5ts4 ,,su* is ! effect ( ! good or bad consequ5ce ( actions ^u ! s5tim5ts bo? ( ! p]son :o p]=ms !m1 & ( o!rs2 & ?us1 ,=tune1 :i* gov]ns ! _w1 has "s influ5ce :]e we %\ld be lea/ will+ to all[ h] any1 & directs 9 "s measure ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! "* & conduct bo? ( !mselves & o!rs4 ,t ! _w judges by ! ev5t1 & n by ! design1 has be5 9 all ages ! compla9t1 & is ! great disc\ragem5t ( virtue4 ,e body agrees to ! g5]al maxim1 t z ! ev5t does n dep5d on ! ag5t1 x ought to h no influ5ce ^u our s5tim5ts1 ) reg>d to ! m]it or propriety ( 8 conduct4 ,b :5 we come to p>ticul>s1 we f9d t our s5tim5ts are sc>ce 9 any "o in/ance exactly con=mable to :at ?is equitable maxim w\ld direct4 ,! happy or unprosp]\s ev5t ( any action1 is n only apt to give u a good or bad op9ion ( ! prud5ce ) :i* x 0 conduct$1 b almo/ always too animates our gratitude or res5tm5t1 our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( ! design4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 :5 %e implant$ ! se$s ( ?is irregul>ity 9 ! human brea/1 seems1 z ^u all o!r occasions1 to h int5d$ ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! species4 ,if ! hurtfulness ( ! design1 if ! malevol5ce ( ! affection1 7 alone ! causes :i* excit$ our res5tm5t1 we %\ld feel all ! furies ( t passion aga9/ any p]son 9 ^: brea/ we suspect$ or believ$ su* designs or affections 7 h>b\r$1 ?\gh !y _h nev] broke out into any actions4 ,s5tim5ts1 ?\ghts1 int5tions1 w\ld become ! objects ( puni%m5t2 & if ! indignation ( mank9d run z high aga9/ !m z aga9/ actions2 if ! bas5ess ( ! ?\ght :i* _h giv5 bir? to no action1 seem$ 9 ! eyes ( ! _w z mu* to call al\d = v5geance z ! bas5ess ( ! action1 e c\rt ( judicature w\ld become a real inquisition4 ,!re w\ld be no safety = ! mo/ innoc5t & circumspect conduct4 ,bad wi%es1 bad views1 bad designs1 might /ill be suspect$3 & :ile ^! excit$ ! same indignation ) bad conduct1 :ile bad int5tions 7 z mu* res5t$ z bad actions1 !y w\ld equally expose ! p]son to puni%m5t & res5tm5t4 ,actions1 !re=e1 :i* ei!r produce actual evil1 or attempt to produce x1 & !reby put u 9 ! imm$iate fe> ( x1 are by ! ,au?or ( nature r5d]$ ! only prop] & approv$ objects ( human puni%m5t & res5tm5t4 ,s5tim5ts1 designs1 affections1 ?\gh x is f ^! t accord+ to cool reason human actions d]ive _! :ole m]it or dem]it1 are plac$ by ! great ,judge ( he>ts beyond ! limits ( e human jurisdiction1 & are res]v$ = ! cognisance ( 8 own un]r+ tribunal4 ,t necess>y rule ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 t #ig m5 9 ?is life are liable to puni%m5t = _! actions only1 n = _! designs & int5tions1 is f\nd$ ^u ?is salut>y & useful irregul>ity 9 human s5tim5ts conc]n+ m]it or dem]it1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s s absurd & unacc\ntable4 ,b e "p ( nature1 :5 att5tively survey$1 equally demon/rates ! provid5tial c>e ( its ,au?or1 & we may admire ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god ev5 9 ! weakness & folly ( m54 ,nor is t irregul>ity ( s5tim5ts altoge!r )\t its utility1 by :i* ! m]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to s]ve1 & mu* m t ( m]e good incl9ations & k9d wi%es1 appe>s to be imp]fect4 ,man 0 made = action1 & to promote by ! ex]tion ( 8 faculties su* *anges 9 ! ext]nal circum/ances bo? ( himself & o!rs1 z may seem mo/ fav\rable to ! happ9ess ( all4 ,he mu/ n be satisfi$ ) indol5t b5evol5ce1 nor fancy himself ! fri5d ( mank9d1 because 9 8 he>t he wi%es well to ! prosp]ity ( ! _w4 ,t he may call =? ! :ole vig\r ( 8 s\l1 & /ra9 e n]ve1 9 ord] to produce ^? ends :i* x is ! purpose ( 8 be+ to advance1 ,nature has taught him1 t nei!r himself nor mank9d c be fully satisfi$ ) 8 conduct1 nor be/[ ^u x ! full measure ( applause1 unless he has actually produc$ !m4 ,he is made to "k1 t ! praise ( good int5tions1 )\t ! m]it ( good (fices1 w be b ( little avail to excite ei!r ! l\de/ acclamations ( ! _w1 or ev5 ! highe/ degree ( self applause4 ,! man :o has p]=m$ no s+le action ( importance1 b ^: :ole conv]sation & deportm5t express ! ju/e/1 ! noble/1 & mo/ g5]\s s5tim5ts1 c be entitl$ to dem& no v high rew>d1 ev5 ?\gh 8 inutility %\ld be ow+ to no?+ b ! want ( an opportunity to s]ve4 ,we c /ill refuse x him )\t blame4 ,we c /ill ask him1 ,:at h y done8 ,:at actual s]vice c y produce1 to entitle y to s great a recomp5se8 ,we e/eem y1 & love y2 b we owe y no?+4 ,to rew>d inde$ t lat5t virtue :i* has be5 useless only = want ( an opportunity to s]ve1 to be/[ ^u x ^? hon\rs & pref]m5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 "s measure x may be said to des]ve !m1 x c\ld n ) propriety h insi/$ ^u1 is ! effect ( ! mo/ div9e b5evol5ce4 ,to puni%1 on ! contr>y1 = ! affections ( ! he>t only1 :]e no crime has be5 committ$1 is ! mo/ insol5t & b>b>\s tyranny4 ,! b5evol5t affections seem to des]ve mo/ praise1 :5 !y d n wait till x becomes almo/ a crime = !m n to ex]t !mselves4 ,! malevol5t1 on ! contr>y1 c sc>ce be too t>dy1 too sl[1 or delib]ate4 ,x is ev5 ( consid]able importance1 t ! evil :i* is done )\t design %\ld be reg>d$ z a mis=tune to ! do] z well z to ! suff]]4 ,man is !reby taught to rev]5ce ! happ9ess ( 8 bre?r51 to tremble le/ he %\ld1 ev5 unkn[+ly1 d any ?+ #ih t c hurt !m1 & to dread t animal res5tm5t :i*1 he feels1 is ready to bur/ out aga9/ him1 if he %\ld1 )\t design1 be ! unhappy in/rum5t ( _! calamity4 ,z 9 ! anci5t hea!n religion1 t holy gr\nd :i* _h be5 consecrat$ to "s god1 0 n to be trod ^u b ^u solemn & necess>y occasions1 & ! man :o _h ev5 ignorantly violat$ x1 became piacul> f t mom5t1 &1 until prop] atonem5t %\ld be made1 incurr$ ! v5geance ( t p[]ful & invisible be+ to :om x _h be5 set ap>t2 s by ! wisdom ( nature1 ! happ9ess ( e innoc5t man is1 9 ! same mann]1 r5d]$ holy1 consecrat$1 & h$g$ r\nd aga9/ ! approa* ( e o!r man2 n to be wantonly trod ^u1 n ev5 to be1 9 any respect1 ignorantly & involunt>ily violat$1 )\t requir+ "s expiation1 "s atonem5t 9 proportion to ! greatness ( su* undesign$ violation4 ,a man ( humanity1 :o accid5tally1 & )\t ! smalle/ degree ( blamable neglig5ce1 has be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( ano!r man1 feels himself piacul>1 ?\gh n guilty4 ,dur+ 8 :ole life he consid]s ?is accid5t z "o ( ! greate/ mis=tunes t c\ld h befall5 him4 ,if ! family ( ! sla9 is poor1 & he himself 9 tol]able circum/ances1 he imm$iately takes !m "u 8 protection1 &1 )\t any o!r m]it1 ?9ks !m entitl$ to e degree ( fav\r & k9dness4 ,if !y are 9 bett] circum/ances1 he endeav\rs by e submission1 by e expression ( sorr[1 by r5d]+ !m e good (fice :i* he c devise or !y accept (1 to atone = :at has happ5$1 & to propitiate1 z mu* z possible1 _!1 p]haps natural1 ?\gh no d\bt mo/ unju/ res5tm5t1 = ! great1 ?\gh involunt>y1 (f5ce :i* he has giv5 unto !m4 ,! di/ress :i* an innoc5t p]son feels1 :o1 by "s accid5t1 has be5 l$ to d some?+ :i*1 if x _h be5 done ) k & design1 w\ld h ju/ly expos$ him to ! deepe/ reproa*1 has giv5 occasion to "s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ int]e/+ sc5es bo? ( ! anci5t & ( ! mod]n drama4 ,x is ?is fallaci\s s5se ( guilt1 if ,i may call x s1 :i* con/itutes ! :ole di/ress ( ,o$ipus & ,joca/a ^u ! ,greek1 ( ,monimia & ,isabella ^u ! ,engli%1 !atre4 ,!y are all 9 ! highe/ degree piacul>1 ?\gh n "o ( !m is 9 ! smalle/ degree guilty4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 all ^! seem+ irregul>ities ( s5tim5t1 if man %\ld un=tunately ei!r give occasion to ^? evils :i* he did n int5d1 or fail 9 produc+ t good :i* he int5d$1 ,nature has n left 8 innoc5ce altoge!r )\t consolation1 nor 8 virtue altoge!r )\t rew>d4 ,he !n calls to 8 assi/ance t j & equitable maxim1 ,t ^? ev5ts :i* did n dep5d ^u our conduct1 ought n to dim9i% ! e/eem t is due to u4 ,he summons up 8 :ole magnanimity & firmness ( #ii s\l1 & /rives to reg>d himself1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* he at pres5t appe>s1 b 9 t 9 :i* he ought to appe>1 9 :i* he w\ld h appe>$ _h 8 g5]\s designs be5 cr[n$ ) success1 & 9 :i* he w\ld /ill appe>1 not)/&+ _! misc>riage1 if ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d 7 ei!r altoge!r c&id & equitable1 or ev5 p]fectly consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,! m c&id & humane "p ( mank9d entirely g along ) ! ef=ts :i* he ?us makes to support himself 9 8 own op9ion4 ,!y ex]t _! :ole g5]osity & greatness ( m9d1 to correct 9 !mselves ?is irregul>ity ( human nature1 & endeav\r to reg>d 8 un=tunate magnanimity 9 ! same light 9 :i*1 _h x be5 successful1 !y w\ld1 )\t any su* g5]\s ex]tion1 h naturally be5 dispos$ to consid] x4 ----- ,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! ,f\ndation ( our ,judgm5ts conc]n+ our own ,s5tim5ts & ,conduct1 & ( ! ,s5se ( ,duty4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,self-approbation & ( ,self -disapprobation4 ,,9 ! two =ego+ p>ts ( ?is disc\rse1 ,i h *iefly consid]$ ! orig9 & f\ndation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ ! s5tim5ts & conduct ( o!rs4 ,i come n[ to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! orig9 ( ^? conc]n+ our own4 ,! pr9ciple by :i* we naturally ei!r approve or disapprove ( our own conduct1 seems to be altoge!r ! same ) t by :i* we ex]cise ! l judgm5ts conc]n+ ! conduct ( o!r p4 ,we ei!r approve or disapprove ( ! conduct ( ano!r man accord+ z we feel t1 :5 we br+ 8 case home to ourselves1 we ei!r c or _c entirely sympa?ize ) ! s5tim5ts & motives :i* direct$ x4 ,&1 9 ! same mann]1 we ei!r approve or disapprove ( our own conduct1 accord+ z we feel t1 :5 we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ano!r man1 & view x1 z x 71 ) 8 eyes & f 8 /ation1 we ei!r c or _c entirely ent] into & sympa?ize ) ! s5tim5ts & motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,we c nev] survey our own s5tim5ts & motives1 we c nev] =m any judgm5t conc]n+ !m2 unless we remove ourselves1 z x 71 f our own natural /ation1 & endeav\r to view !m z at a c]ta9 di/ance f u4 ,b we c d ?is 9 no o!r way ?an by endeav\r+ to view !m ) ! eyes ( o!r p1 or z o!r p are likely to view !m4 ,:atev] judgm5t we c =m conc]n+ !m1 accord+ly1 mu/ always be> "s secret ref]5ce1 ei!r to :at are1 or to :at1 ^u a c]ta9 condition1 #ajj w\ld be1 or to :at1 we imag9e1 ought to be ! judgm5t ( o!rs4 ,we endeav\r to exam9e our own conduct z we imag9e any o!r fair & imp>tial spectator w\ld exam9e x4 ,if1 ^u plac+ ourselves 9 8 situation1 we ?or\ghly ent] into all ! passions & motives :i* influ5c$ x1 we approve ( x1 by sympa?y ) ! approbation ( ?is suppos$ equitable judge4 ,if o!rwise1 we ent] into 8 disapprobation1 & condemn x4 ,7 x possible t a human creature c\ld gr[ up to manhood 9 "s solit>y place1 )\t any communication ) 8 own species1 he c\ld no m ?9k ( 8 own "*1 ( ! propriety or dem]it ( 8 own s5tim5ts & conduct1 ( ! beauty or de=mity ( 8 own m9d1 ?an ( ! beauty or de=mity ( 8 own face4 ,all ^! are objects :i* he _c easily see1 :i* naturally he does n look at1 & ) reg>d to :i* he is provid$ ) no mirror :i* c pres5t !m to 8 view4 ,br+ him into society1 & he is imm$iately provid$ ) ! mirror :i* he want$ be=e4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! c\nt5ance & behavi\r ( ^? he lives )1 :i* always m>k :5 !y ent] into1 & :5 !y disapprove ( 8 s5tim5ts2 & x is "h t he fir/ views ! propriety & impropriety ( 8 own passions1 ! beauty & de=mity ( 8 own m9d4 ,to a man :o f 8 bir? 0 a /rang] to society1 ! objects ( 8 passions1 ! ext]nal bodies :i* ei!r pleas$ or hurt him1 w\ld occupy 8 :ole att5tion4 ,! passions !mselves1 ! desires or av]sions1 ! joys or sorr[s1 :i* ^? objects excit$1 ?\gh ( all ?+s ! mo/ imm$iately pres5t to him1 c\ld sc>ce ev] be ! objects ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,! idea ( !m c\ld nev] int]e/ him s mu* z to call ^u 8 att5tive consid]ation4 ,! consid]ation ( 8 joy c\ld 9 him excite no new joy1 nor t ( 8 sorr[ any new sorr[1 ?\gh ! consid]ation ( ! causes ( ^? passions might (t5 excite bo?4 ,br+ him into society & all 8 own passions w imm$iately become ! causes ( new passions4 ,he w obs]ve t mank9d approve ( "s ( !m1 & are disgu/$ by o!rs4 ,he w be elevat$ 9 ! "o case1 & ca/ d[n 9 ! o!r2 8 desires & av]sions1 8 joys & sorr[s1 w n[ (t5 become ! causes ( new desires & new av]sions1 new joys & new sorr[s3 !y w n[1 !re=e1 int]e/ him deeply1 & (t5 call ^u 8 mo/ att5tive consid]ation4 ,our fir/ ideas ( p]sonal beauty & de=mity1 are drawn f ! %ape & appe>ance ( o!rs1 n f our own4 ,we soon become s5sible1 h[ev]1 t o!rs ex]cise ! same criticism ^u u4 ,we are pleas$ :5 !y approve ( our figure1 & are disoblig$ :5 !y seem to be disgu/$4 ,we become anxi\s to "k h[ f> our appe>ance des]ves ei!r _! blame or approbation4 ,we exam9e our p]sons limb by limb1 & by plac+ ourselves be=e a look+-glass1 or by "s su* exp$i5t1 endeav\r z mu* z #aja possible1 to view ourselves at ! di/ance & ) ! eyes ( o!r p4 ,if1 aft] ?is exam9ation1 we are satisfi$ ) our own appe>ance1 we c m easily support ! mo/ disadvantage\s judgm5ts ( o!rs4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we are s5sible t we are ! natural objects ( di/a/e1 e appe>ance ( _! disapprobation mortifies u beyond all measure4 ,a man :o is tol]ably h&some1 w all[ y to laugh at any little irregul>ity 9 8 p]son2 b all su* jokes are commonly unsupportable to "o :o is really de=m$4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t we are anxi\s ab\t our own beauty & de=mity1 only ^u acc\nt ( its effect ^u o!rs4 ,if we _h no connexion ) society1 we %\ld be altoge!r indiff]5t ab\t ei!r4 ,9 ! same mann] our fir/ moral criticisms are ex]cis$ ^u ! *>act]s & conduct ( o!r p2 & we are all v =w>d to obs]ve h[ ea* ( ^! affects u4 ,b we soon le>n1 t o!r p are equally frank ) reg>d to our own4 ,we become anxi\s to "k h[ f> we des]ve _! c5sure or applause1 & :e!r to !m we mu/ necess>ily appe> ^? agreeable or disagreeable creatures :i* !y repres5t u4 ,we beg91 ^u ?is acc\nt1 to exam9e our own passions & conduct1 & to consid] h[ ^! mu/ appe> to !m2 by consid]+ h[ !y w\ld appe> to u if 9 _! situation4 ,we suppose ourselves ! spectators ( our own behavi\r1 & endeav\r to imag9e :at effect x w\ld1 9 ?is light1 produce ^u u4 ,?is is ! only look+-glass by :i* we c1 9 "s measure1 ) ! eyes ( o!r p1 scrut9ize ! propriety ( our own conduct4 ,if 9 ?is view x pleases u1 we are tol]ably satisfi$4 ,we c be m indiff]5t ab\t ! applause1 &1 9 "s measure1 despise ! c5sure ( ! _w2 secure t1 h[ev] misund]/ood or misrepres5t$1 we are ! natural & prop] objects ( approbation4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we are d\btful ab\t x1 we are (t51 ^u t v acc\nt1 m anxi\s to ga9 _! approbation1 &1 provid$ we h n already1 z !y say1 %ak5 h&s ) infamy1 we are altoge!r di/ract$ at ! ?\ghts ( _! c5sure1 :i* !n /rikes u ) d\ble sev]ity4 ,:5 ,i endeav\r to exam9e my own conduct1 :5 ,i endeav\r to pass s5t5ce ^u x1 & ei!r to approve or condemn x1 x is evid5t t1 9 all su* cases1 ,i divide myself1 z x 71 into two p]sons2 & t ,i1 ! exam9] & judge1 repres5t a diff]5t "* f t o!r ,i1 ! p]son ^: conduct is exam9$ into & judg$ (4 ,! fir/ is ! spectator1 ^: s5tim5ts ) reg>d to my own conduct ,i endeav\r to ent] into1 by plac+ myself 9 8 situation1 & by consid]+ h[ x w\ld appe> to me1 :5 se5 f t p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,! second is ! ag5t1 ! p]son :om ,i prop]ly call myself1 & ( ^: conduct1 "u ! "* ( a spectator1 ,i 0 endeav\r+ to =m "s op9ion4 ,! fir/ is ! judge2 ! second ! p]son judg$ (4 ,b t ! #ajb judge %\ld1 9 e respect1 be ! same ) ! p]son judg$ (1 is z impossible1 z t ! cause %\ld1 9 e respect1 be ! same ) ! effect4 ,to be amiable & to be m]itori\s2 t is1 to des]ve love & to des]ve rew>d1 are ! great *>act]s ( virtue2 & to be odi\s & puni%able1 ( vice4 ,b all ^! *>act]s h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,virtue is n said to be amiable1 or to be m]itori\s1 because x is ! object ( its own love1 or ( its own gratitude2 b because x excites ^? s5tim5ts 9 o!r m54 ,! consci\sness t x is ! object ( su* fav\rable reg>ds1 is ! s\rce ( t inw>d tranquillity & self-satisfaction ) :i* x is naturally att5d$1 z ! suspicion ( ! contr>y gives occasion to ! torm5ts ( vice4 ,:at s great happ9ess z to be belov$1 & to "k t we des]ve to be belov$8 ,:at s great mis]y z to be hat$1 & to "k t we des]ve to be hat$8 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,love ( ,praise1 & ( t ( ,praise-wor?9ess2 & ( ! dread ( ,blame1 & ( t ( ,blame-wor?9ess4 ,,man naturally desires1 n only to be lov$1 b to be lovely2 or to be t ?+ :i* is ! natural & prop] object ( love4 ,he naturally dreads1 n only to be hat$1 b to be hateful2 or to be t ?+ :i* is ! natural & prop] object ( hatr$4 ,he desires1 n only praise1 b praise-wor?9ess2 or to be t ?+ :i*1 ?\gh x %\ld be prais$ by nobody1 is1 h[ev]1 ! natural & prop] object ( praise4 ,he dreads1 n only blame1 b blame-wor?9ess2 or to be t ?+ :i*1 ?\gh x %\ld be blam$ by nobody1 is1 h[ev]1 ! natural & prop] object ( blame4 ,! love ( praise-wor?9ess is by no means d]iv$ altoge!r f ! love ( praise4 ,^? two pr9ciples1 ?\gh !y resemble "o ano!r1 ?\gh !y are connect$1 & (t5 bl5d$ ) "o ano!r1 are yet1 9 _m respects1 di/9ct & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,! love & admiration :i* we naturally conceive = ^? ^: "* & conduct we approve (1 necess>ily dispose u to desire to become ourselves ! objects ( ! l agreeable s5tim5ts1 & to be z amiable & z admirable z ^? :om we love & admire ! mo/4 ,emulation1 ! anxi\s desire t we ourselves %\ld excel1 is orig9ally f\nd$ 9 our admiration ( ! excell5ce ( o!rs4 ,nei!r c we be satisfi$ ) be+ m]ely admir$ = :at o!r p are admir$4 ,we mu/ at lea/ believe ourselves to be admirable = :at !y are admirable4 ,b1 9 ord] to atta9 ?is satisfaction1 we mu/ become ! imp>tial spectators ( our own "* & conduct4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to view !m ) ! eyes ( o!r #ajc p1 or z o!r p are likely to view !m4 ,:5 se5 9 ?is light1 if !y appe> to u z we wi%1 we are happy & cont5t$4 ,b x greatly confirms ?is happ9ess & cont5tm5t :5 we f9d t o!r p1 view+ !m ) ^? v eyes ) :i* we1 9 imag9ation only1 7 endeav\r+ to view !m1 see !m precisely 9 ! same light 9 :i* we ourselves _h se5 !m4 ,_! approbation necess>ily confirms our own self-approbation4 ,_! praise necess>ily /r5g!ns our own s5se ( our own praise-wor?9ess4 ,9 ?is case1 s f> is ! love ( praise-wor?9ess f be+ d]iv$ altoge!r f t ( praise2 t ! love ( praise seems1 at lea/ 9 a great measure1 to be d]iv$ f t ( praise-wor?9ess4 ,! mo/ s9c]e praise c give little pleasure :5 x _c be consid]$ z "s sort ( pro( ( praise-wor?9ess4 ,x is by no means suffici5t t1 f ignorance or mi/ake1 e/eem & admiration %\ld1 9 "s way or o!r1 be be/[$ ^u u4 ,if we are consci\s t we d n des]ve to be s fav\rably ?\ght (1 & t if ! tru? 7 kn[n1 we %\ld be reg>d$ ) v diff]5t s5tim5ts1 our satisfaction is f> f be+ complete4 ,! man :o applauds u ei!r = actions :i* we did n p]=m1 or = motives :i* _h no sort ( influ5ce ^u our conduct1 applauds n u1 b ano!r p]son4 ,we c d]ive no sort ( satisfaction f 8 praises4 ,to u !y %\ld be m mortify+ ?an any c5sure1 & %\ld p]petually call to our m9ds1 ! mo/ humbl+ ( all reflections1 ! reflection ( :at we ought to be1 b :at we are n4 ,a woman :o pa9ts1 c\ld d]ive1 "o %\ld imag9e1 b little vanity f ! complim5ts t are paid to h] complexion4 ,^!1 we %\ld expect1 ought r to put h] 9 m9d ( ! s5tim5ts :i* h] real complexion w\ld excite1 & mortify h] ! m by ! contra/4 ,to be pleas$ ) su* gr\ndless applause is a pro( ( ! mo/ sup]ficial levity & weakness4 ,x is :at is prop]ly call$ vanity1 & is ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ ridicul\s & contemptible vices1 ! vices ( affectation & common ly+2 follies :i*1 if exp]i5ce did n tea* u h[ common !y are1 "o %\ld imag9e ! lea/ sp>k ( common s5se w\ld save u f4 ,! fooli% li>1 :o endeav\rs to excite ! admiration ( ! company by ! relation ( adv5tures :i* nev] _h any exi/5ce2 ! important coxcomb1 :o gives himself airs ( rank & di/9ction :i* he well kn[s he has no j pret5sions to2 are bo? ( !m1 no d\bt1 pleas$ ) ! applause :i* !y fancy !y meet )4 ,b _! vanity arises f s gross an illusion ( ! imag9ation1 t x is difficult to conceive h[ any rational creature %\ld be impos$ ^u by x4 ,:5 !y place !mselves 9 ! situation ( ^? :om !y fancy !y h deceiv$1 !y are /ruck ) ! highe/ admiration = _! own p]sons4 ,!y look ^u !mselves1 n 9 t light 9 :i*1 !y "k1 !y ought to appe> to _! companions1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y believe _! #ajd companions actually look ^u !m4 ,_! sup]ficial weakness & trivial folly h9d] !m f ev] turn+ _! eyes inw>ds1 or f see+ !mselves 9 t despicable po9t ( view 9 :i* _! own consci5ces mu/ tell !m t !y w\ld appe> to e body1 if ! real tru? %\ld ev] come to be kn[n4 ,z ignorant & gr\ndless praise c give no solid joy1 no satisfaction t w be> any s]i\s exam9ation1 s1 on ! contr>y1 x (t5 gives real com=t to reflect1 t ?\gh no praise %\ld actually be be/[$ ^u u1 our conduct1 h[ev]1 has be5 su* z to des]ve x1 & has be5 9 e respect suitable to ^? measures & rules by :i* praise & approbation are naturally & commonly be/[$4 ,we are pleas$1 n only ) praise1 b ) hav+ done :at is praise-wor?y4 ,we are pleas$ to ?9k t we h r5d]$ ourselves ! natural objects ( approbation1 ?\gh no approbation %\ld ev] actually be be/[$ ^u u3 & we are mortifi$ to reflect t we h ju/ly m]it$ ! blame ( ^? we live )1 ?\gh t s5tim5t %\ld nev] actually be ex]t$ aga9/ u4 ,! man :o is consci\s to himself t he has exactly obs]v$ ^? measures ( conduct :i* exp]i5ce in=ms him are g5]ally agreeable1 reflects ) satisfaction on ! propriety ( 8 own behavi\r4 ,:5 he views x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x1 he ?or\ghly ent]s into all ! motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,he looks back ^u e "p ( x ) pleasure & approbation1 & ?\gh mank9d %\ld nev] be acqua9t$ ) :at he has done1 he reg>ds himself1 n s mu* accord+ to ! light 9 :i* !y actually reg>d him1 z accord+ to t 9 :i* !y w\ld reg>d him if !y 7 bett] in=m$4 ,he anticipates ! applause & admiration :i* 9 ?is case w\ld be be/[$ ^u him1 & he applauds & admires himself by sympa?y ) s5tim5ts1 :i* d n inde$ actually take place1 b :i* ! ignorance ( ! public alone h9d]s f tak+ place1 :i* he kn[s are ! natural & ord9>y effects ( su* conduct1 :i* 8 imag9ation /rongly connects ) x1 & :i* he has acquir$ a habit ( conceiv+ z some?+ t naturally & 9 propriety ought to foll[ f x4 ,m5 h volunt>ily ?r[n away life to acquire aft] dea? a r5[n :i* !y c\ld no long] enjoy4 ,_! imag9ation1 9 ! mean "t1 anticipat$ t fame :i* 0 9 future times to be be/[$ ^u !m4 ,^? applauses :i* !y 7 nev] to he> rung 9 _! e>s2 ! ?\ghts ( t admiration1 ^: effects !y 7 nev] to feel1 play$ ab\t _! he>ts1 bani%$ f _! brea/s ! /ronge/ ( all natural fe>s1 & transport$ !m to p]=m actions :i* seem almo/ beyond ! rea* ( human nature4 ,b 9 po9t ( reality !re is surely no great diff]5ce betwe5 t approbation :i* is n to be be/[$ till we c no long] enjoy x1 & t :i*1 inde$1 is nev] to be be/[$1 b :i* w\ld be be/[$1 if ! _w 0 ev] made to #aje und]/& prop]ly ! real circum/ances ( our behavi\r4 ,if ! "o (t5 produces su* viol5t effects1 we _c wond] t ! o!r %\ld always be highly reg>d$4 ,nature1 :5 %e =m$ man = society1 end[$ him ) an orig9al desire to please1 & an orig9al av]sion to (f5d 8 bre?r54 ,%e taught him to feel pleasure 9 _! fav\rable1 & pa9 9 _! unfav\rable reg>d4 ,%e r5d]$ _! approbation mo/ flatt]+ & mo/ agreeable to him = its own sake2 & _! disapprobation mo/ mortify+ & mo/ (f5sive4 ,b ?is desire ( ! approbation1 & ?is av]sion to ! disapprobation ( 8 bre?r51 w\ld n alone h r5d]$ him fit = t society = :i* he 0 made4 ,nature1 accord+ly1 has end[$ him1 n only ) a desire ( be+ approv$ (1 b ) a desire ( be+ :at ought to be approv$ (2 or ( be+ :at he himself approves ( 9 o!r m54 ,! fir/ desire c\ld only h made him wi% to appe> to be fit = society4 ,! second 0 necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] him anxi\s to be really fit4 ,! fir/ c\ld only h prompt$ him to ! affectation ( virtue1 & to ! concealm5t ( vice4 ,! second 0 necess>y 9 ord] to inspire him ) ! real love ( virtue1 & ) ! real abhorr5ce ( vice4 ,9 e well-=m$ m9d ?is second desire seems to be ! /ronge/ ( ! two4 ,x is only ! weake/ & mo/ sup]ficial ( mank9d :o c be mu* delight$ ) t praise :i* !y !mselves "k to be altoge!r unm]it$4 ,a weak man may sometimes be pleas$ ) x1 b a wise man rejects x ^u all occasions4 ,b1 ?\gh a wise man feels little pleasure f praise :]e he kn[s !re is no praise-wor?9ess1 he (t5 feels ! highe/ 9 do+ :at he kn[s to be praise-wor?y1 ?\gh he kn[s equally well t no praise is ev] to be be/[$ ^u x4 ,to obta9 ! approbation ( mank9d1 :]e no approbation is due1 c nev] be an object ( any importance to him4 ,to obta9 t approbation :]e x is really due1 may sometimes be an object ( no great importance to him4 ,b to be t ?+ :i* des]ves approbation1 mu/ always be an object ( ! highe/4 ,to desire1 or ev5 to accept ( praise1 :]e no praise is due1 c be ! effect only ( ! mo/ contemptible vanity4 ,to desire x :]e x is really due is to desire no m ?an t a mo/ ess5tial act ( ju/ice %\ld be done to u4 ,! love ( j fame1 ( true glory1 ev5 = its own sake1 & indep5d5t ( any advantage :i* he c d]ive f x1 is n unwor?y ev5 ( a wise man4 ,he sometimes1 h[ev]1 neglects1 & ev5 despises x2 & he is nev] m apt to d s ?an :5 he has ! mo/ p]fect assurance ( ! p]fect propriety ( e "p ( 8 own conduct4 ,8 self-approbation1 9 ?is case1 /&s 9 ne$ ( no confirmation f ! approbation ( o!r m54 ,x is alone suffici5t1 & he is cont5t$ ) x4 ,?is self-approbation1 if n ! only1 is at lea/ ! pr9cipal object1 #ajf ab\t :i* he c or ought to be anxi\s4 ,! love ( x is ! love ( virtue4 ,z ! love & admiration :i* we naturally conceive = "s *>act]s1 dispose u to wi% to become ourselves ! prop] objects ( su* agreeable s5tim5ts2 s ! hatr$ & contempt :i* we z naturally conceive = o!rs1 dispose u1 p]haps /ill m /rongly1 to dread ! v ?\ght ( resembl+ !m 9 any respect4 ,nei!r is x1 9 ?is case1 too1 s mu* ! ?\ght ( be+ hat$ & despis$ t we are afraid (1 z t ( be+ hateful & despicable4 ,we dread ! ?\ght ( do+ any ?+ :i* c r5d] u ! j & prop] objects ( ! hatr$ & contempt ( our fell[-creatures2 ev5 ?\gh we _h ! mo/ p]fect security t ^? s5tim5ts 7 nev] actually to be ex]t$ aga9/ u4 ,! man :o has broke ?r\gh all ^? measures ( conduct1 :i* c alone r5d] him agreeable to mank9d1 ?\gh he %\ld h ! mo/ p]fect assurance t :at he _h done 0 = ev] to be conceal$ f e human eye1 x is all to no purpose4 ,:5 he looks back ^u x1 & views x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x1 he f9ds t he c ent] into none ( ! motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,he is aba%$ & conf\nd$ at ! ?\ghts ( x1 & necess>ily feels a v high degree ( t %ame :i* he w\ld be expos$ to1 if 8 actions %\ld ev] come to be g5]ally kn[n4 ,8 imag9ation1 9 ?is case too1 anticipates ! contempt & d]ision f :i* no?+ saves him b ! ignorance ( ^? he lives )4 ,he /ill feels t he is ! natural object ( ^! s5tim5ts1 & /ill trembles at ! ?\ght ( :at he w\ld suff]1 if !y 7 ev] actually ex]t$ aga9/ him4 ,b if :at he _h be5 guilty ( 0 n m]ely "o ( ^? improprieties :i* are ! objects ( simple disapprobation1 b "o ( ^? enorm\s crimes :i* excite dete/ation & res5tm5t1 he c\ld nev] ?9k ( x1 z long z he _h any s5sibility left1 )\t feel+ all ! agony ( horror & remorse2 & ?\gh he c\ld be assur$ t no man 0 ev] to "k x1 & c\ld ev5 br+ himself to believe t !re 0 no ,god to rev5ge x1 he w\ld /ill feel en\gh ( bo? ^! s5tim5ts to embitt] ! :ole ( 8 life3 he w\ld /ill reg>d himself z ! natural object ( ! hatr$ & indignation ( all 8 fell[-creatures2 &1 if 8 he>t 0 n gr[n call\s by ! habit ( crimes1 he c\ld n ?9k )\t t]ror & a/oni%m5t ev5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* mank9d w\ld look ^u him1 ( :at w\ld be ! expression ( _! c\nt5ance & ( _! eyes1 if ! dreadful tru? %\ld ev] come to be kn[n4 ,^! natural pangs ( an affright$ consci5ce are ! dmons1 ! av5g+ furies1 :i*1 9 ?is life1 haunt ! guilty1 :i* all[ !m nei!r quiet nor repose1 :i* (t5 drive !m to despair & di/raction1 f :i* no assurance ( secrecy c protect !m1 f :i* no pr9ciples ( irreligion c entirely deliv] !m1 & f :i* #ajg no?+ c free !m b ! vile/ & mo/ abject ( all /ates1 a complete ins5sibility to hon\r & infamy1 to vice & virtue4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ dete/able *>act]s1 :o1 9 ! execution ( ! mo/ dreadful crimes1 _h tak5 _! measures s coolly z to avoid ev5 ! suspicion ( guilt1 h sometimes be5 driv51 by ! horror ( _! situation1 to discov]1 ( _! own accord1 :at no human sagacity c\ld ev] h inve/igat$4 ,by ackn[l$g+ _! guilt1 by submitt+ !mselves to ! res5tm5t ( _! (f5d$ fell[-citiz5s1 &1 by ?us satiat+ t v5geance ( :i* !y 7 s5sible t !y _h become ! prop] objects1 !y hop$1 by _! dea? to reconcile !mselves1 at lea/ 9 _! own imag9ation1 to ! natural s5tim5ts ( mank9d2 to be able to consid] !mselves z less wor?y ( hatr$ & res5tm5t2 to atone1 9 "s measure1 = _! crimes1 &1 by ?us becom+ ! objects r ( compassion ?an ( horror1 if possible1 to die 9 peace & ) ! =giv5ess ( all _! fell[-creatures4 ,comp>$ to :at !y felt be=e ! discov]y1 ev5 ! ?\ght ( ?is1 x seems 0 happ9ess4 ,9 su* cases1 ! horror ( blame-wor?9ess seems1 ev5 9 p]sons :o _c be suspect$ ( any extraord9>y delicacy or s5sibility ( "*1 completely to conqu] ! dread ( blame4 ,9 ord] to allay t horror1 9 ord] to pacify1 9 "s degree1 ! remorse ( _! own consci5ces1 !y volunt>ily submitt$ !mselves bo? to ! reproa* & to ! puni%m5t :i* !y knew 7 due to _! crimes1 b :i*1 at ! same "t1 !y might easily h avoid$4 ,!y are ! mo/ frivol\s & sup]ficial ( mank9d only :o c be mu* delight$ ) t praise :i* !y !mselves "k to be altoge!r unm]it$4 ,unm]it$ reproa*1 h[ev]1 is frequ5tly capable ( mortify+ v sev]ely ev5 m5 ( m ?an ord9>y con/ancy4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ ord9>y con/ancy1 inde$1 easily le>n to despise ^? fooli% tales :i* are s frequ5tly circulat$ 9 society1 & :i*1 f _! own absurdity & falsehood1 nev] fail to die away 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 or ( a few days4 ,b an innoc5t man1 ?\gh ( m ?an ord9>y con/ancy1 is (t51 n only %ock$1 b mo/ sev]ely mortifi$ by ! s]i\s1 ?\gh false1 imputation ( a crime2 especially :5 t imputation happ5s un=tunately to be support$ by "s circum/ances :i* gave x an air ( probability4 ,he is humbl$ to f9d t any body %\ld ?9k s meanly ( 8 "* z to suppose him capable ( be+ guilty ( x4 ,?\gh p]fectly consci\s ( 8 own innoc5ce1 ! v imputation seems (t51 ev5 9 8 own imag9ation1 to ?r[ a %ad[ ( disgrace & di%on\r ^u 8 "*4 ,8 j indignation1 too1 at s v gross an injury1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x may frequ5tly be improp] & sometimes ev5 impossible to rev5ge1 is itself a v pa9ful s5sation4 ,!re is no great] torm5tor ( ! human brea/ ?an viol5t res5tm5t :i* _c be gratifi$4 ,an innoc5t man1 br\ght to #ajh ! scaffold by ! false imputation ( an infam\s or odi\s crime1 suff]s ! mo/ cruel mis=tune :i* x is possible = innoc5ce to suff]4 ,! agony ( 8 m9d may1 9 ?is case1 frequ5tly be great] ?an t ( ^? :o suff] = ! l crimes1 ( :i* !y h be5 actually guilty4 ,pr(ligate crim9als1 su* z common ?ieves & highwaym51 h frequ5tly little s5se ( ! bas5ess ( _! own conduct1 & consequ5tly no remorse4 ,)\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ! puni%m5t1 !y h always be5 accu/om$ to look ^u ! gibbet z a lot v likely to fall to !m4 ,:5 x does fall to !m1 !re=e1 !y consid] !mselves only z n q s lucky z "s ( _! companions1 & submit to _! =tune1 )\t any o!r uneas9ess ?an :at may arise f ! fe> ( dea?2 a fe> :i*1 ev5 by su* wor?less wret*es1 we frequ5tly see1 c be s easily1 & s v completely conqu]$4 ,! innoc5t man1 on ! contr>y1 ov] & above ! uneas9ess :i* ?is fe> may occasion1 is torm5t$ by 8 own indignation at ! inju/ice :i* has be5 done to him4 ,he is /ruck ) horror at ! ?\ghts ( ! infamy :i* ! puni%m5t may %$ ^u 8 memory1 & =esees1 ) ! mo/ exquisite angui%1 t he is h]eaft] to be rememb]$ by 8 de>e/ fri5ds & relations1 n ) regret & affection1 b ) %ame1 & ev5 ) horror = 8 suppos$ disgraceful conduct3 & ! %ades ( dea? appe> to close r\nd him ) a d>k] & m melan*oly gloom ?an naturally belongs to !m4 ,su* fatal accid5ts1 = ! tranquillity ( mank9d1 x is to be hop$1 happ5 v r>ely 9 any c\ntry2 b !y happ5 sometimes 9 all c\ntries1 ev5 9 ^? :]e ju/ice is 9 g5]al v well adm9i/]$4 ,! un=tunate ,calas1 a man ( mu* m ?an ord9>y con/ancy 7broke ^u ! :eel & burnt at ,?ol\se = ! suppos$ murd] ( 8 own son1 ( :i* he 0 p]fectly innoc5t71 seem$1 ) 8 la/ brea?1 to deprecate1 n s mu* ! cruelty ( ! puni%m5t1 z ! disgrace :i* ! imputation might br+ ^u 8 memory4 ,aft] he _h be5 broke1 & 0 j go+ to be ?r[n into ! fire1 ! monk1 :o att5d$ ! execution1 exhort$ him to confess ! crime = :i* he _h be5 condemn$4 ',my fa!r1' said ,calas1 'c y y\rself br+ y\rself to believe t ,i am guilty8' ,to p]sons 9 su* un=tunate circum/ances1 t humble philosophy :i* conf9es its views to ?is life1 c af=d1 p]haps1 b little consolation4 ,e ?+ t c\ld r5d] ei!r life or dea? respectable is tak5 f !m4 ,!y are condemn$ to dea? & to ev]la/+ infamy4 ,religion c alone af=d !m any effectual com=t4 ,%e alone c tell !m t x is ( little importance :at man may ?9k ( _! conduct1 :ile ! all-see+ ,judge ( ! _w approves ( x4 ,%e alone c pres5t to !m ! view ( ano!r _w2 a _w ( m c&\r1 humanity1 & ju/ice1 ?an ! pres5t2 :]e _! #aji innoc5ce is 9 due "t to be decl>$1 & _! virtue to be f9ally rew>d$3 & ! same great pr9ciple :i* c alone /rike t]ror into triumphant vice1 af=ds ! only effectual consolation to disgrac$ & insult$ innoc5ce4 ,9 small] (f5ces1 z well z 9 great] crimes1 x frequ5tly happ5s t a p]son ( s5sibility is mu* m hurt by ! unju/ imputation1 ?an ! real crim9al is by ! actual guilt4 ,a woman ( gallantry laughs ev5 at ! well-f\nd$ surmises :i* are circulat$ conc]n+ h] conduct4 ,! wor/ f\nd$ surmise ( ! same k9d is a mortal /ab to an innoc5t virg94 ,! p]son :o is delib]ately guilty ( a disgraceful action1 we may lay x d[n1 ,i believe1 z a g5]al rule1 c seldom h mu* s5se ( ! disgrace2 & ! p]son :o is habitually guilty ( x1 c sc>ce ev] h any4 ,:5 e man1 ev5 ( middl+ und]/&+1 s readily despises unm]it$ applause1 h[ x comes to pass t unm]it$ reproa* %\ld (t5 be capable ( mortify+ s sev]ely m5 ( ! s\nde/ & be/ judgm5t1 may1 p]haps1 des]ve "s consid]ation4 ,pa91 ,i h already _h occasion to obs]ve1 is1 9 almo/ all cases1 a m pung5t s5sation ?an ! opposite & correspond5t pleasure4 ,! "o1 almo/ always1 depresses u mu* m bel[ ! ord9>y1 or :at may be call$ ! natural1 /ate ( our happ9ess1 ?an ! o!r ev] raises u above x4 ,a man ( s5sibility is apt to be m humiliat$ by j c5sure ?an he is ev] elevat$ by j applause4 ,unm]it$ applause a wise man rejects ) contempt ^u all occasions2 b he (t5 feels v sev]ely ! inju/ice ( unm]it$ c5sure4 ,by suff]+ himself to be applaud$ = :at he has n p]=m$1 by assum+ a m]it :i* does n belong to him1 he feels t he is guilty ( a mean falsehood1 & des]ves1 n ! admiration1 b ! contempt ( ^? v p]sons :o1 by mi/ake1 _h be5 l$ to admire him4 ,x may1 p]haps1 give him "s well-f\nd$ pleasure to f9d t he has be51 by _m p1 ?\ght capable ( p]=m+ :at he did n p]=m4 ,b1 ?\gh he may be oblig$ to 8 fri5ds = _! good op9ion1 he w\ld ?9k himself guilty ( ! greate/ bas5ess if he did n imm$iately undeceive !m4 ,x gives him little pleasure to look ^u himself 9 ! light 9 :i* o!r p actually look ^u him1 :5 he is consci\s t1 if !y knew ! tru?1 !y w\ld look ^u him 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,a weak man1 h[ev]1 is (t5 mu* delight$ ) view+ himself 9 ?is false & delusive light4 ,he assumes ! m]it ( e laudable action t is ascrib$ to him1 & pret5ds to t ( _m :i* nobody ev] ?\ght ( ascrib+ to him4 ,he pret5ds to h done :at he nev] did1 to h writt5 :at ano!r wrote1 to h inv5t$ :at ano!r discov]$2 & is l$ into all ! mis]able vices ( plagi>ism & common ly+4 ,b ?\gh no man ( #aaj middl+ good s5se c d]ive mu* pleasure f ! imputation ( a laudable action :i* he nev] p]=m$1 yet a wise man may suff] great pa9 f ! s]i\s imputation ( a crime :i* he nev] committ$4 ,nature1 9 ?is case1 has r5d]$ ! pa91 n only m pung5t ?an ! opposite & correspond5t pleasure1 b %e has r5d]$ x s 9 a mu* great] ?an ! ord9>y degree4 ,a d5ial rids a man at once ( ! fooli% & ridicul\s pleasure2 b x w n always rid him ( ! pa94 ,:5 he refuses ! m]it :i* is ascrib$ to him1 nobody d\bts 8 v]acity4 ,x may be d\bt$ :5 he d5ies ! crime :i* he is accus$ (4 ,he is at once enrag$ at ! falsehood ( ! imputation1 & mortifi$ to f9d t any cr$it %\ld be giv5 to x4 ,he feels t 8 "* is n suffici5t to protect him4 ,he feels t 8 bre?r51 f> f look+ ^u him 9 t light 9 :i* he anxi\sly desires to be view$ by !m1 ?9k him capable ( be+ guilty ( :at he is accus$ (4 ,he kn[s p]fectly t he has n be5 guilty4 ,he kn[s p]fectly :at he has done2 b1 p]haps1 sc>ce any man c "k p]fectly :at he himself is capable ( do+4 ,:at ! peculi> con/itution ( 8 own m9d may or may n admit (1 is1 p]haps1 m or less a matt] ( d\bt to e man4 ,! tru/ & good op9ion ( 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs1 t5ds m ?an any ?+ to relieve him f ?is mo/ disagreeable d\bt2 _! di/ru/ & unfav\rable op9ion to increase x4 ,he may ?9k himself v confid5t t _! unfav\rable judgm5t is wrong3 b ?is confid5ce c seldom be s great z to h9d] t judgm5t f mak+ "s impression ^u him2 & ! great] 8 s5sibility1 ! great] 8 delicacy1 ! great] 8 wor? 9 %ort1 ?is impression is likely to be ! great]4 ,! agreem5t or disagreem5t bo? ( ! s5tim5ts & judgm5ts ( o!r p ) our own1 is1 9 all cases1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 ( m or less importance to u1 exactly 9 proportion z we ourselves are m or less unc]ta9 ab\t ! propriety ( our own s5tim5ts1 ab\t ! accuracy ( our own judgm5ts4 ,a man ( s5sibility may sometimes feel great uneas9ess le/ he %\ld h yield$ too mu* ev5 to :at may be call$ an hon\rable passion2 to 8 j indignation1 p]haps1 at ! injury :i* may h be5 done ei!r to himself or to 8 fri5d4 ,he is anxi\sly afraid le/1 mean+ only to act ) _s1 & to d ju/ice1 he may1 f ! too great vehem5ce ( 8 emotion1 h done a real injury to "s o!r p]son2 :o1 ?\gh n innoc5t1 may n h be5 altoge!r s guilty z he at fir/ appreh5d$4 ,! op9ion ( o!r p becomes1 9 ?is case1 ( ! utmo/ importance to him4 ,_! approbation is ! mo/ heal+ balsam2 _! disapprobation1 ! bitt]e/ & mo/ torm5t+ poison t c be p\r$ into 8 uneasy m9d4 ,:5 he is p]fectly satisfi$ ) e "p ( 8 own conduct1 ! judgm5t ( o!r p is (t5 ( less importance to him4 #aaa ,!re are "s v noble & beautiful arts1 9 :i* ! degree ( excell5ce c be det]m9$ only by a c]ta9 nicety ( ta/e1 ( :i* ! decisions1 h[ev]1 appe> always1 9 "s measure1 unc]ta94 ,!re are o!rs1 9 :i* ! success admits1 ei!r ( cle> demon/ration1 or v satisfactory pro(4 ,among ! c&idates = excell5ce 9 ^? diff]5t arts1 ! anxiety ab\t ! public op9ion is always mu* great] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! beauty ( poetry is a matt] ( su* nicety1 t a "y beg9n] c sc>ce ev] be c]ta9 t he has atta9$ x4 ,no?+ delights him s mu*1 !re=e1 z ! fav\rable judgm5ts ( 8 fri5ds & ( ! public2 & no?+ mortifies him s sev]ely z ! contr>y4 ,! "o e/abli%es1 ! o!r %akes1 ! good op9ion :i* he is anxi\s to ent]ta9 conc]n+ 8 own p]=mances4 ,exp]i5ce & success may 9 "t give him a little m confid5ce 9 8 own judgm5t4 ,he is at all times1 h[ev]1 liable to be mo/ sev]ely mortifi$ by ! unfav\rable judgm5ts ( ! public4 ,rac9e 0 s disgu/$ by ! indiff]5t success ( 8 ,phdra1 ! f9e/ trag$y1 p]haps1 t is extant 9 any language1 t1 ?\gh 9 ! vig\r ( 8 life1 & at ! height ( 8 abilities1 he resolv$ to write no m = ! /age4 ,t great poet us$ frequ5tly to tell 8 son1 t ! mo/ paltry & imp]t95t criticism _h always giv5 him m pa9 ?an ! highe/ & ju/e/ eulogy _h ev] giv5 him pleasure4 ,! extreme s5sibility ( ,voltaire to ! slighte/ c5sure ( ! same k9d is well kn[n to e body4 ,! ,dunciad ( ,mr4 ,pope is an ev]la/+ monum5t ( h[ mu* ! mo/ correct1 z well z ! mo/ elegant & h>moni\s ( all ! ,engli% poets1 _h be5 hurt by ! criticisms ( ! l[e/ & mo/ contemptible au?ors4 ,gray 7:o jo9s to ! sublimity ( ,milton ! elegance & h>mony ( ,pope1 & to :om no?+ is want+ to r5d] him1 p]haps1 ! fir/ poet 9 ! ,engli% language1 b to h writt5 a little m7 is said to h be5 s mu* hurt by a fooli% & imp]t95t p>ody ( two ( 8 f9e/ odes1 t he nev] aft]w>ds attempt$ any consid]able "w4 ,^? m5 ( lett]s :o value !mselves ^u :at is call$ f9e writ+ 9 prose1 approa* some:at to ! s5sibility ( poets4 ,ma!maticians1 on ! contr>y1 :o may h ! mo/ p]fect assurance1 bo? ( ! tru? & ( ! importance ( _! discov]ies1 are frequ5tly v indiff]5t ab\t ! reception :i* !y may meet ) f ! public4 ,! two greate/ ma!maticians t ,i ev] _h ! hon\r to be kn[n to1 & ,i believe1 ! two greate/ t h liv$ 9 my "t1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,simpson ( ,glasg[1 & ,dr4 ,mat!w ,/ew>t ( ,ed9burgh1 nev] seem$ to feel ev5 ! slighte/ uneas9ess f ! neglect ) :i* ! ignorance ( ! public receiv$ "s ( _! mo/ valuable works4 ,! great "w ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 8 ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,i #aab h be5 told1 0 = sev]al ye>s neglect$ by ! public4 ,! tranquillity ( t great man1 x is probable1 nev] suff]$1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! int]ruption ( a s+le qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,natural philosoph]s1 9 _! indep5d5cy ^u ! public op9ion1 approa* ne>ly to ma!maticians1 &1 9 _! judgm5ts conc]n+ ! m]it ( _! own discov]ies & obs]vations1 enjoy "s degree ( ! same security & tranquillity4 ,! morals ( ^? diff]5t classes ( m5 ( lett]s are1 p]haps1 sometimes some:at affect$ by ?is v great diff]5ce 9 _! situation ) reg>d to ! public4 ,ma!maticians & natural philosoph]s1 f _! indep5d5cy ^u ! public op9ion1 h little temptation to =m !mselves into factions & cabals1 ei!r = ! support ( _! own reputation1 or = ! depression ( t ( _! rivals4 ,!y are almo/ always m5 ( ! mo/ amiable simplicity ( mann]s1 :o live 9 good h>mony ) "o ano!r1 are ! fri5ds ( "o ano!r's reputation1 ent] into no intrigue 9 ord] to secure ! public applause1 b are pleas$ :5 _! works are approv$ (1 )\t be+ ei!r mu* vex$ or v angry :5 !y are neglect$4 ,x is n always ! same case ) poets1 or ) ^? :o value !mselves ^u :at is call$ f9e writ+4 ,!y are v apt to divide !mselves into a sort ( lit]>y faction2 ea* cabal be+ (t5 av[$ly1 & almo/ always secretly1 ! mortal enemy ( ! reputation ( e o!r1 & employ+ all ! mean arts ( intrigue & solicitation to pre-occupy ! public op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! works ( its own memb]s1 & aga9/ ^? ( its enemies & rivals4 ,9 ,france1 ,despreaux & ,rac9e did n ?9k x bel[ !m to set !mselves at ! head ( a lit]>y cabal1 9 ord] to depress ! reputation1 fir/ ( ,qu9ault & ,p]reault1 & aft]w>ds ( ,font5elle & ,la ,motte1 & ev5 to treat ! good ,la ,fonta9e ) a species ( mo/ disrespectful k9dness4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! amiable ,mr4 ,addison did n ?9k x unwor?y ( 8 g5tle & mode/ "* to set himself at ! head ( a little cabal ( ! same k9d1 9 ord] to keep d[n ! ris+ reputation ( ,mr4 ,pope4 ,mr4 ,font5elle1 9 writ+ ! lives & *>act]s ( ! memb]s ( ! academy ( sci5ces1 a society ( ma!maticians & natural philosoph]s1 has frequ5t opportunities ( celebrat+ ! amiable simplicity ( _! mann]s2 a quality :i*1 he obs]ves1 0 s univ]sal among !m z to be *>act]i/ical1 r ( t :ole class ( m5 ( lett]s1 ?an ( any individual4 ,mr4 ,d',alemb]t1 9 writ+ ! lives & *>act]s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 a society ( poets & f9e writ]s1 or ( ^? :o are suppos$ to be su*1 seems n to h _h su* frequ5t opportunities ( mak+ any rem>k ( ?is k9d1 & no :]e pret5ds to repres5t ?is amiable quality z *>act]i/ical ( t class ( m5 ( lett]s :om he celebrates4 #aac ,our unc]ta9ty conc]n+ our own m]it1 & our anxiety to ?9k fav\rably ( x1 %\ld toge!r naturally en\gh make u desir\s to "k ! op9ion ( o!r p conc]n+ x2 to be m ?an ord9>ily elevat$ :5 t op9ion is fav\rable1 & to be m ?an ord9>ily mortifi$ :5 x is o!rwise3 b !y %\ld n make u desir\s ei!r ( obta9+ ! fav\rable1 or ( avoid+ ! unfav\rable op9ion1 by intrigue & cabal4 ,:5 a man has brib$ all ! judges1 ! mo/ unanim\s decision ( ! c\rt1 ?\gh x may ga9 him 8 law-suit1 _c give him any assurance t he 0 9 ! "r3 & _h he c>ri$ on 8 law-suit m]ely to satisfy himself t he 0 9 ! "r1 he nev] w\ld h brib$ ! judges4 ,b ?\gh he wi%$ to f9d himself 9 ! "r1 he wi%$ likewise to ga9 8 law-suit2 & !re=e he brib$ ! judges4 ,if praise 7 ( no consequ5ce to u1 b z a pro( ( our own praise-wor?9ess1 we nev] %\ld endeav\r to obta9 x by unfair means4 ,b1 ?\gh to wise m5 x is1 at lea/ 9 d\btful cases1 ( pr9cipal consequ5ce ^u ?is acc\nt2 x is likewise ( "s consequ5ce ^u its own acc\nt3 & !re=e 7we _c1 inde$1 ^u su* occasions1 call !m wise m571 b m5 v mu* above ! common level h sometimes attempt$ bo? to obta9 praise1 & to avoid blame1 by v unfair means4 ,praise & blame express :at actually are1 praise-wor?9ess & blame-wor?9ess :at naturally ought to be1 ! s5tim5ts ( o!r p ) reg>d to our "* & conduct4 ,! love ( praise is ! desire ( obta9+ ! fav\rable s5tim5ts ( our bre?r54 ,! love ( praise-wor?9ess is ! desire ( r5d]+ ourselves ! prop] objects ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,s f> ^? two pr9ciples resemble & are ak9 to "o ano!r4 ,! l aff9ity & resemblance take place betwe5 dread ( blame & t ( blame-wor?9ess4 ,! man :o desires to d1 or :o actually does1 a praise-wor?y action1 may likewise desire ! praise :i* is due to x1 & sometimes1 p]haps1 m ?an is due to x4 ,! two pr9ciples are 9 ?is case bl5d$ toge!r4 ,h[ f> 8 conduct may h be5 influ5c$ by ! "o1 & h[ f> by ! o!r1 may frequ5tly be unkn[n ev5 to himself4 ,x mu/ almo/ always be s to o!r p4 ,!y :o are dispos$ to less5 ! m]it ( 8 conduct1 impute x *iefly or altoge!r to ! m]e love ( praise1 or to :at !y call m]e vanity4 ,!y :o are dispos$ to ?9k m fav\rably ( x1 impute x *iefly or altoge!r to ! love ( praise-wor?9ess2 to ! love ( :at is really hon\rable & noble 9 human conduct2 to ! desire1 n m]ely ( obta9+1 b ( des]v+ ! approbation & applause ( 8 bre?r54 ,! imag9ation ( ! spectator ?r[s ^u x ei!r ! "o col\r or ! o!r1 accord+ ei!r to 8 habits ( ?9k+1 or to ! fav\r or dislike :i* he may be> to ! p]son ^: conduct he is consid]+4 #aad ,"s spl5etic philosoph]s1 9 judg+ ( human nature1 h done z peevi% individuals are apt to d 9 judg+ ( ! conduct ( "o ano!r1 & h imput$ to ! love ( praise1 or to :at !y call vanity1 e action :i* ought to be ascrib$ to t ( praise-wor?9ess4 ,i %all h]eaft] h occasion to give an acc\nt ( "s ( _! sy/ems1 & %all n at pres5t /op to exam9e !m4 ,v few m5 c be satisfi$ ) _! own private consci\sness t !y h atta9$ ^? qualities1 or p]=m$ ^? actions1 :i* !y admire & ?9k praise-wor?y 9 o!r p2 unless x is1 at ! same "t1 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t !y possess ! "o1 or h p]=m$ ! o!r2 or1 9 o!r words1 unless !y h actually obta9$ t praise :i* !y ?9k due bo? to ! "o & to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 m5 diff] consid]ably f "o ano!r4 ,"s seem indiff]5t ab\t ! praise1 :51 9 _! own m9ds1 !y are p]fectly satisfi$ t !y h atta9$ ! praise-wor?9ess4 ,o!rs appe> mu* less anxi\s ab\t ! praise-wor?9ess ?an ab\t ! praise4 ,no man c be completely1 or ev5 tol]ably satisfi$1 ) hav+ avoid$ e ?+ blame-wor?y 9 8 conduct1 unless he has likewise avoid$ ! blame or ! reproa*4 ,a wise man may frequ5tly neglect praise1 ev5 :5 he has be/ des]v$ x2 b1 9 all matt]s ( s]i\s consequ5ce1 he w mo/ c>efully endeav\r s to regulate 8 conduct z to avoid1 n only blame-wor?9ess1 b1 z mu* z possible1 e probable imputation ( blame4 ,he w nev]1 inde$1 avoid blame by do+ any ?+ :i* he judges blame-wor?y2 by omitt+ any "p ( 8 duty1 or by neglect+ any opportunity ( do+ any ?+ :i* he judges to be really & greatly praise-wor?y4 ,b1 ) ^! modifications1 he w mo/ anxi\sly & c>efully avoid x4 ,to %[ mu* anxiety ab\t praise1 ev5 = praise-wor?y actions1 is seldom a m>k ( great wisdom1 b g5]ally ( "s degree ( weakness4 ,b1 9 be+ anxi\s to avoid ! %ad[ ( blame or reproa*1 !re may be no weakness1 b frequ5tly !re may be ! mo/ praise-wor?y prud5ce4 ',_m p1' says ,cic]o1 'despise glory1 :o are yet mo/ sev]ely mortifi$ by unju/ reproa*2 & t mo/ inconsi/5tly4' ,?is inconsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 seems to be f\nd$ 9 ! unalt]able pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,! all-wise ,au?or ( ,nature has1 9 ?is mann]1 taught man to respect ! s5tim5ts & judgm5ts ( 8 bre?r52 to be m or less pleas$ :5 !y approve ( 8 conduct1 & to be m or less hurt :5 !y disapprove ( x4 ,he has made man1 if ,i may say s1 ! imm$iate judge ( mank9d2 & has1 9 ?is respect1 z 9 _m o!rs1 creat$ him aft] 8 own image1 & appo9t$ him 8 viceg]5t ^u e>?1 to sup]9t5d ! behavi\r ( 8 bre?r54 ,!y are taught by nature1 to ackn[l$ge t p[] & jurisdiction :i* #aae has ?us be5 conf]r$ ^u him1 to be m or less humbl$ & mortifi$ :5 !y h incurr$ 8 c5sure1 & to be m or less elat$ :5 !y h obta9$ 8 applause4 ,b ?\gh man has1 9 ?is mann]1 be5 r5d]$ ! imm$iate judge ( mank9d1 he has be5 r5d]$ s only 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & an appeal lies f 8 s5t5ce to a mu* high] tribunal1 to ! tribunal ( _! own consci5ces1 to t ( ! suppos$ imp>tial & well-in=m$ spectator1 to t ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 ! great judge & arbit] ( _! conduct ,! jurisdictions ( ^? two tribunals are f\nd$ ^u pr9ciples :i*1 ?\gh 9 "s respects resembl+ & ak91 are1 h[ev]1 9 reality diff]5t & di/9ct4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! man )\t1 is f\nd$ altoge!r 9 ! desire ( actual praise1 & 9 ! av]sion to actual blame4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! man )91 is f\nd$ altoge!r 9 ! desire ( praise-wor?9ess1 & 9 ! av]sion to blame-wor?9ess2 9 ! desire ( possess+ ^? qualities1 & p]=m+ ^? actions1 :i* we love & admire 9 o!r p2 & 9 ! dread ( possess+ ^? qualities1 & p]=m+ ^? actions1 :i* we hate & despise 9 o!r p4 ,if ! man )\t %\ld applaud u1 ei!r = actions :i* we h n p]=m$1 or = motives :i* _h no influ5ce ^u u2 ! man )9 c imm$iately humble t pride & elevation ( m9d :i* su* gr\ndless acclamations might o!rwise occasion1 by tell+ u1 t z we "k t we d n des]ve !m1 we r5d] ourselves despicable by accept+ !m4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! man )\t %\ld reproa* u1 ei!r = actions :i* we nev] p]=m$1 or = motives :i* _h no influ5ce ^u ^? :i* we may h p]=m$1 ! man )9 may imm$iately correct ?is false judgm5t1 & assure u1 t we are by no means ! prop] objects ( t c5sure :i* has s unju/ly be5 be/[$ ^u u4 ,b 9 ?is & 9 "s o!r cases1 ! man )9 seems sometimes1 z x 71 a/oni%$ & conf\nd$ by ! vehem5ce & clam\r ( ! man )\t4 ,! viol5ce & l\dness ) :i* blame is sometimes p\r$ out ^u u1 seems to /upify & b5umb our natural s5se ( praise-wor?9ess & blame-wor?9ess2 & ! judgm5ts ( ! man )91 ?\gh n1 p]haps1 absolutely alt]$ or p]v]t$1 are1 h[ev]1 s mu* %ak5 9 ! /ead9ess & firmness ( _! decision1 t _! natural effect1 9 secur+ ! tranquillity ( ! m9d1 is frequ5tly 9 a great measure de/roy$4 ,we sc>ce d>e to absolve ourselves1 :5 all our bre?r5 appe> l\dly to condemn u4 ,! suppos$ imp>tial spectator ( our conduct seems to give 8 op9ion 9 our fav\r ) fe> & hesitation2 :5 t ( all ! real spectators1 :5 t ( all ^? ) ^: eyes & f ^: /ation he endeav\rs to consid] x1 is unanim\sly & viol5tly aga9/ u4 ,9 su* cases1 ?is demigod )9 ! brea/ appe>s1 l ! demigods ( ! poets1 ?\gh #aaf p>tly ( immortal1 yet p>tly too ( mortal extraction4 ,:5 8 judgm5ts are /eadily & firmly direct$ by ! s5se ( praise-wor?9ess & blame-wor?9ess1 he seems to act suitably to 8 div9e extraction3 b :5 he suff]s himself to be a/oni%$ & conf\nd$ by ! judgm5ts ( ignorant & weak man1 he discov]s 8 connexion ) mortality1 & appe>s to act suitably1 r to ! human1 ?an to ! div9e1 "p ( 8 orig94 ,9 su* cases1 ! only effectual consolation ( humbl$ & afflict$ man lies 9 an appeal to a /ill high] tribunal1 to t ( ! all-see+ ,judge ( ! _w1 ^: eye c nev] be deceiv$1 & ^: judgm5ts c nev] be p]v]t$4 ,a firm confid5ce 9 ! un]r+ rectitude ( ?is great tribunal1 be=e :i* 8 innoc5ce is 9 due "t to be decl>$1 & 8 virtue to be f9ally rew>d$1 c alone support him "u ! weakness & despond5cy ( 8 own m9d1 "u ! p]turbation & a/oni%m5t ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 :om nature has set up z1 9 ?is life1 ! great gu>dian1 n only ( 8 innoc5ce1 b ( 8 tranquillity4 ,our happ9ess 9 ?is life is ?us1 ^u _m occasions1 dep5d5t ^u ! humble hope & expectation ( a life to come3 a hope & expectation deeply root$ 9 human nature2 :i* c alone support its l(ty ideas ( its own dignity2 c alone illum9e ! dre>y prospect ( its cont9ually approa*+ mortality1 & ma9ta9 its *e]fulness "u all ! heavie/ calamities to :i*1 f ! disord]s ( ?is life1 x may sometimes be expos$4 ,t !re is a _w to come1 :]e exact ju/ice w be done to e man1 :]e e man w be rank$ ) ^? :o1 9 ! moral & intellectual qualities1 are really 8 equals2 :]e ! own] ( ^? humble tal5ts & virtues :i*1 f be+ depress$ by =tunes1 _h1 9 ?is life1 no opportunity ( display+ !mselves2 :i* 7 unkn[n1 n only to ! public1 b :i* he himself c\ld sc>ce be sure t he possess$1 & = :i* ev5 ! man )9 ! brea/ c\ld sc>ce v5ture to af=d him any di/9ct & cle> te/imony2 :]e t mode/1 sil5t1 & unkn[n m]it1 w be plac$ ^u a level1 & sometimes above ^? :o1 9 ?is _w1 _h enjoy$ ! highe/ reputation1 & :o1 f ! advantage ( _! situation1 _h be5 enabl$ to p]=m ! mo/ spl5did & dazzl+ actions2 is a doctr9e1 9 e respect s v5]able1 s com=table to ! weakness1 s flatt]+ to ! gr&eur ( human nature1 t ! virtu\s man :o has ! mis=tune to d\bt ( x1 _c possibly avoid wi%+ mo/ e>ne/ly & anxi\sly to believe x4 ,x c\ld nev] h be5 expos$ to ! d]ision ( ! sc(f]1 _h n ! di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i* "s ( its mo/ zeal\s ass]tors h taught u 0 to be made 9 t _w to come1 be5 too frequ5tly 9 direct opposition to all our moral s5tim5ts4 ,t ! assidu\s c\rti] is (t5 m fav\r$ ?an ! fai?ful & active s]vant2 t att5dance & adulation are (t5 %ort] #aag & sur] roads to pref]m5t ?an m]it or s]vice2 & t a campaign at ,v]sailles or ,/4 ,james's is (t5 wor? two ei!r 9 ,g]many or ,fl&]s1 is a compla9t :i* we h all he>d f _m a v5]able1 b discont5t$1 old (fic]4 ,b :at is consid]$ z ! greate/ reproa* ev5 to ! weakness ( e>?ly sov]eigns1 has be5 ascrib$1 z an act ( ju/ice1 to div9e p]fection2 & ! duties ( devotion1 ! public & private wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 h be5 repres5t$1 ev5 by m5 ( virtue & abilities1 z ! sole virtues :i* c ei!r entitle to rew>d or exempt f puni%m5t 9 ! life to come4 ,!y 7 ! virtues p]haps1 mo/ suitable to _! /ation1 & 9 :i* !y !mselves *iefly excell$2 & we are all naturally dispos$ to ov]-rate ! excell5cies ( our own *>act]s4 ,9 ! disc\rse :i* ! eloqu5t & philosophical ,massillon pron\nc$1 on giv+ 8 b5$iction to ! /&>ds ( ! regim5t ( ,cat9at1 !re is ! foll[+ address to ! (fic]s3 ',:at is mo/ deplorable 9 y\r situation1 g5tlem51 is1 t 9 a life h>d & pa9ful1 9 :i* ! s]vices & ! duties sometimes g beyond ! rig\r & sev]ity ( ! mo/ au/]e cloi/]s2 y suff] always 9 va9 = ! life to come1 & frequ5tly ev5 = ?is life4 ,alas6 ! solit>y monk 9 8 cell1 oblig$ to mortify ! fle% & to subject x to ! _s1 is support$ by ! hope ( an assur$ recomp5se1 & by ! secret unction ( t grace :i* s(t5s ! yoke ( ! ,"l4 ,b y1 on ! b$ ( dea?1 c y d>e to repres5t to ,him y\r fatigues & ! daily h>d%ips ( y\r employm5t8 c y d>e to solicit ,him = any recomp5se8 & 9 all ! ex]tions t y h made1 9 all ! viol5ces t y h done to y\rselves1 :at is !re t ,he ought to place to ,8 own acc\nt8 ,! be/ days ( y\r life1 h[ev]1 h be5 sacrific$ to y\r pr(ession1 & t5 ye>s' s]vice has m worn out y\r body1 ?an w\ld1 p]haps1 h done a :ole life ( rep5tance & mortification4 ,alas6 my bro!r1 "o s+le day ( ^? suff]+s1 consecrat$ to ! ,"l1 w\ld1 p]haps1 h obta9$ y an et]nal happ9ess4 ,"o s+le action1 pa9ful to nature1 & (f]$ up to ,him1 w\ld1 p]haps1 h secur$ to y ! inh]itance ( ! sa9ts4 ,& y h done all ?is1 & 9 va91 = ?is _w4' ,to comp>e1 9 ?is mann]1 ! futile mortifications ( a mona/]y1 to ! ennobl+ h>d%ips & haz>ds ( w>2 to suppose t "o day1 or "o h\r1 employ$ 9 ! =m] %\ld1 9 ! eye ( ! great ,judge ( ! _w1 h m m]it ?an a :ole life sp5t hon\rably 9 ! latt]1 is surely contr>y to all our moral s5tim5ts3 to all ! pr9ciples by :i* nature has taught u to regulate our contempt or admiration4 ,x is ?is _s1 h[ev]1 :i*1 :ile x has res]v$ ! cele/ial regions = monks & fri>s1 or = ^? ^: conduct & conv]sation resembl$ ^? ( monks & fri>s1 has condemn$ to ! inf]nal all ! h]oes1 all ! /atesm5 & lawgiv]s1 all ! poets #aah & philosoph]s ( =m] ages2 all ^? :o h inv5t$1 improv$1 or excell$ 9 ! arts1 :i* contribute to ! subsi/5ce1 to ! conv5i5cy1 or to ! ornam5t ( human life2 all ! great protectors1 in/ructors1 & b5efactors ( mank9d2 all ^? to :om our natural s5se ( praise-wor?9ess =ces u to ascribe ! highe/ m]it & mo/ exalt$ virtue4 ,c we wond] t s /range an application ( ?is mo/ respectable doctr9e %\ld sometimes h expos$ x to contempt & d]ision2 ) ^? at lea/ :o _h !mselves1 p]haps1 no great ta/e or turn = ! dev\t & contemplative virtues8#c ,footnote #c3 ,v\s y grillez sage et docte ,platon1 ,div9 ,hom]e1 eloqu5t ,cic]on1 etc4 ,see ,voltaire4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce4 ,,b ?\gh ! approbation ( 8 own consci5ce c sc>ce1 ^u "s extraord9>y occasions1 cont5t ! weakness ( man2 ?\gh ! te/imony ( ! suppos$ imp>tial spectator ( ! great inmate ( ! brea/1 _c always alone support him2 yet ! influ5ce & au?ority ( ?is pr9ciple is1 ^u all occasions1 v great2 & x is only by consult+ ?is judge )91 t we c ev] see :at relates to ourselves 9 its prop] %ape & dim5sions2 or t we c ev] make any prop] comp>ison betwe5 our own int]e/s & ^? ( o!r p4 ,z to ! eye ( ! body1 objects appe> great or small1 n s mu* accord+ to _! real dim5sions1 z accord+ to ! ne>ness or di/ance ( _! situation2 s d !y likewise to :at may be call$ ! natural eye ( ! m9d3 & we rem$y ! defects ( bo? ^! organs pretty mu* 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 my pres5t situation an imm5se l&scape ( lawns1 & woods1 & di/ant m\nta9s1 seems to d no m ?an cov] ! little w9d[ :i* ,i write by1 & to be out ( all proportion less ?an ! *amb] 9 :i* ,i am sitt+4 ,i c =m a j comp>ison betwe5 ^? great objects & ! little objects ar\nd me1 9 no o!r way1 ?an by transport+ myself1 at lea/ 9 fancy1 to a diff]5t /ation1 f :5ce ,i c survey bo? at ne>ly equal di/ances1 & !reby =m "s judgm5t ( _! real proportions4 ,habit & exp]i5ce h taught me to d ?is s easily & s readily1 t ,i am sc>ce s5sible t ,i d x2 & a man mu/ be1 9 "s measure1 acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( vision1 be=e he c be ?or\ghly conv9c$1 h[ little ^? di/ant objects w\ld appe> to ! eye1 if ! imag9ation1 f a k ( _! real magnitudes1 did n swell & dilate !m4 ,9 ! same mann]1 to ! selfi% & orig9al passions ( human nature1 ! loss or ga9 ( a v small int]e/ ( our own1 appe>s to be ( va/ly m importance1 excites a mu* m passionate joy or #aai sorr[1 a mu* m ard5t desire or av]sion1 ?an ! greate/ conc]n ( ano!r )1 :om we h no p>ticul> connexion4 ,8 int]e/s1 z long z !y are survey$ f ?is /ation1 c nev] be put into ! balance ) our own1 c nev] re/ra9 u f do+ :atev] may t5d to promote our own1 h[ ru9\s s ev] to him4 ,be=e we c make any prop] comp>ison ( ^? opposite int]e/s1 we mu/ *ange our position4 ,we mu/ view !m1 nei!r f our own place nor yet f 81 nei!r ) our own eyes nor yet ) 81 b f ! place & ) ! eyes ( a ?ird p]son1 :o has no p>ticul> connexion ) ei!r1 & :o judges ) imp>tiality betwe5 u4 ,"h1 too1 habit & exp]i5ce h taught u to d ?is s easily & s readily1 t we are sc>ce s5sible t we d x2 & x requires1 9 ?is case too1 "s degree ( reflection1 & ev5 ( philosophy1 to conv9ce u1 h[ little int]e/ we %\ld take 9 ! greate/ conc]ns ( our neighb\r1 h[ little we %\ld be affect$ by :atev] relates to him1 if ! s5se ( propriety & ju/ice did n correct ! o!rwise natural inequality ( our s5tim5ts4 ,let u suppose t ! great empire ( ,*9a1 ) all its myriads ( inhabitants1 0 sudd5ly swall[$ up by an e>?quake1 & let u consid] h[ a man ( humanity 9 ,europe1 :o _h no sort ( connexion ) t "p ( ! _w1 w\ld be affect$ ^u receiv+ intellig5ce ( ?is dreadful calamity4 ,he w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 fir/ ( all1 express v /rongly 8 sorr[ = ! mis=tune ( t unhappy p1 he w\ld make _m melan*oly reflections ^u ! prec>i\sness ( human life1 & ! vanity ( all ! lab\rs ( man1 :i* c\ld ?us be annihilat$ 9 a mom5t4 ,he w\ld1 too1 p]haps1 if he 0 a man ( speculation1 ent] into _m reason+s conc]n+ ! effects :i* ?is disa/] might produce ^u ! comm]ce ( ,europe1 & ! trade & bus9ess ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,& :5 all ?is f9e philosophy 0 ov]1 :5 all ^! humane s5tim5ts _h be5 once fairly express$1 he w\ld pursue 8 bus9ess or 8 pleasure1 take 8 repose or 8 div]sion1 ) ! same ease & tranquillity1 z if no su* accid5t _h happ5$4 ,! mo/ frivol\s disa/] :i* c\ld befal himself w\ld occasion a m real di/urbance4 ,if he 0 to lose 8 little f+] to-morr[1 he w\ld n sleep to-night2 b1 provid$ he nev] saw !m1 he w snore ) ! mo/ pr(\nd security ov] ! ru9 ( a hundr$ millions ( 8 bre?r51 & ! de/ruction ( t imm5se multitude seems pla9ly an object less int]e/+ to him1 ?an ?is paltry mis=tune ( 8 own4 ,to prev5t1 !re=e1 ?is paltry mis=tune to himself1 w\ld a man ( humanity be will+ to sacrifice ! lives ( a hundr$ millions ( 8 bre?r51 provid$ he _h nev] se5 !m8 ,human nature />tles ) horror at ! ?\ght1 & ! _w1 9 its greate/ depravity & corruption1 nev] produc$ su* a villa9 z c\ld be capable ( ent]ta9+ x4 ,b :at makes ?is #abj diff]5ce8 ,:5 our passive feel+s are almo/ always s sordid & s selfi%1 h[ comes x t our active pr9ciples %\ld (t5 be s g5]\s & s noble8 ,:5 we are always s mu* m deeply affect$ by :atev] conc]ns ourselves ?an by :atev] conc]ns o!r m51 :at is x :i* prompts ! g5]\s1 ^u all occasions1 & ! mean ^u _m1 to sacrifice _! own int]e/s to ! great] int]e/s ( o!rs8 ,x is n ! s(t p[] ( humanity1 x is n t feeble sp>k ( b5evol5ce :i* ,nature has light$ up 9 ! human he>t1 t is ?us capable ( c\nt]act+ ! /ronge/ impulses ( self-love4 ,x is a /rong] p[]1 a m =cible motive1 :i* ex]ts itself ^u su* occasions4 ,x is reason1 pr9ciple1 consci5ce1 ! inhabitant ( ! brea/1 ! man )91 ! great judge & arbit] ( our conduct4 ,x is he :o1 :5ev] we are ab\t to act s z to affect ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 calls to u1 ) a voice capable ( a/oni%+ ! mo/ presumptu\s ( our passions1 t we are b "o ( ! multitude1 9 no respect bett] ?an any o!r 9 x2 & :5 we pref] ourselves s %amefully & s bl9dly to o!rs1 we become ! prop] objects ( res5tm5t1 abhorr5ce1 & execration4 ,x is f him only t we le>n ! real littl5ess ( ourselves1 & ( :atev] relates to ourselves1 & ! natural misrepres5tations ( self-love c be correct$ only by ! eye ( ?is imp>tial spectator4 ,x is he :o %[s u ! propriety ( g5]osity & ! de=mity ( inju/ice2 ! propriety ( resign+ ! greate/ int]e/s ( our own1 = ! yet great] int]e/s ( o!rs1 & ! de=mity ( do+ ! smalle/ injury to ano!r1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ b5efit to ourselves4 ,x is n ! love ( our neighb\r1 x is n ! love ( mank9d1 :i* ^u _m occasions prompts u to ! practice ( ^? div9e virtues4 ,x is a /rong] love1 a m p[]ful affection1 :i* g5]ally takes place ^u su* occasions2 ! love ( :at is hon\rable & noble1 ( ! gr&eur1 & dignity1 & sup]iority ( our own *>act]s4 ,:5 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs dep5ds 9 any respect ^u our conduct1 we d>e n1 z self-love might sugge/ to u1 pref] ! int]e/ ( "o to t ( _m4 ,! man )9 imm$iately calls to u1 t we value ourselves too mu* & o!r p too little1 & t1 by do+ s1 we r5d] ourselves ! prop] object ( ! contempt & indignation ( our bre?r54 ,nei!r is ?is s5tim5t conf9$ to m5 ( extraord9>y magnanimity & virtue4 ,x is deeply impress$ ^u e tol]ably good soldi]1 :o feels t he w\ld become ! scorn ( 8 companions1 if he c\ld be suppos$ capable ( %r9k+ f dang]1 or ( hesitat+1 ei!r to expose or to ?r[ away 8 life1 :5 ! good ( ! s]vice requir$ x4 ,"o individual mu/ nev] pref] himself s mu* ev5 to any o!r individual1 z to hurt or injure t o!r1 9 ord] to b5efit himself1 ?\gh ! b5efit to ! "o %\ld be mu* great] ?an ! hurt or #aba injury to ! o!r4 ,! poor man mu/ nei!r defraud nor /eal f ! ri*1 ?\gh ! acquisition might be mu* m b5eficial to ! "o ?an ! loss c\ld be hurtful to ! o!r4 ,! man )9 imm$iately calls to him 9 ?is case too1 t he is no bett] ?an 8 neighb\r1 & t by 8 unju/ pref]5ce he r5d]s himself ! prop] object ( ! contempt & indignation ( mank9d2 z well z ( ! puni%m5t :i* t contempt & indignation mu/ naturally dispose !m to inflict1 = hav+ ?us violat$ "o ( ^? sacr$ rules1 ^u ! tol]able obs]vation ( :i* dep5d ! :ole security & peace ( human society4 ,!re is no commonly hone/ man :o does n m dread ! inw>d disgrace ( su* an action1 ! indelible /a9 :i* x w\ld = ev] /amp ^u 8 own m9d1 ?an ! greate/ ext]nal calamity :i*1 )\t any fault ( 8 own1 c\ld possibly befal him2 & :o does n inw>dly feel ! tru? ( t great /oical maxim1 t = "o man to deprive ano!r unju/ly ( any ?+1 or unju/ly to promote 8 own advantage by ! loss or disadvantage ( ano!r1 is m contr>y to nature1 ?an dea?1 ?an pov]ty1 ?an pa91 ?an all ! mis=tunes :i* c affect him1 ei!r 9 8 body1 or 9 8 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,:5 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs1 inde$1 9 no respect dep5ds ^u our conduct1 :5 our int]e/s are altoge!r sep>at$ & deta*$ f !irs1 s t !re is nei!r connexion nor competition betwe5 !m1 we d n always ?9k x s necess>y to re/ra91 ei!r our natural &1 p]haps1 improp] anxiety ab\t our own affairs1 or our natural &1 p]haps1 equally improp] indiff]5ce ab\t ^? ( o!r m54 ,! mo/ vulg> education tea*es u to act1 ^u all important occasions1 ) "s sort ( imp>tiality betwe5 ourselves & o!rs1 & ev5 ! ord9>y comm]ce ( ! _w is capable ( adju/+ our active pr9ciples to "s degree ( propriety4 ,b x is ! mo/ artificial & ref9$ education only1 x has be5 said1 :i* c correct ! inequalities ( our passive feel+s2 & we mu/ = ?is purpose1 x has be5 pret5d$1 h rec\rse to ! sev]e/1 z well z to ! pr(\nde/ philosophy4 ,two diff]5t sets ( philosoph]s h attempt$ to tea* u ?is h>de/ ( all ! lessons ( morality4 ,"o set h lab\r$ to increase our s5sibility to ! int]e/s ( o!rs2 ano!r1 to dim9i% t to our own4 ,! fir/ w\ld h u feel = o!rs z we naturally feel = ourselves4 ,! second w\ld h u feel = ourselves z we naturally feel = o!rs4 ,bo?1 p]haps1 h c>ri$ _! doctr9es a good deal beyond ! j /&>d ( nature & propriety4 ,! fir/ are ^? :9+ & melan*oly morali/s1 :o are p]petually reproa*+ u ) our happ9ess1 :ile s _m ( our bre?r5 are 9 mis]y1#a99 :o reg>d z impi\s ! natural joy ( #abb prosp]ity1 :i* does n ?9k ( ! _m wret*es t are at e in/ant lab\r+ "u all sorts ( calamities1 9 ! languor ( pov]ty1 9 ! agony ( disease1 9 ! horrors ( dea?1 "u ! insults & oppressions ( _! enemies4 ,commis]ation = ^? mis]ies :i* we nev] saw1 :i* we nev] he>d (1 b :i* we may be assur$ are at all times infe/+ su* numb]s ( our fell[-creatures1 ought1 !y ?9k1 to damp ! pleasures ( ! =tunate1 & to r5d] a c]ta9 melan*oly dejection habitual to all m54 ,b fir/ ( all1 ?is extreme sympa?y ) mis=tunes :i* we "k no?+ ab\t1 seems altoge!r absurd & unreasonable4 ,take ! :ole e>? at an av]age1 = "o man :o suff]s pa9 or mis]y1 y w f9d tw5ty 9 prosp]ity & joy1 or at lea/ 9 tol]able circum/ances4 ,no reason1 surely1 c be assign$ :y we %\ld r weep ) ! "o ?an rejoice ) ! tw5ty4 ,?is artificial commis]ation1 besides1 is n only absurd1 b seems altoge!r unatta9able2 & ^? :o affect ?is "* h commonly no?+ b a c]ta9 affect$ & s5tim5tal sadness1 :i*1 )\t rea*+ ! he>t1 s]ves only to r5d] ! c\nt5ance & conv]sation imp]t95tly dismal & disagreeable4 ,& la/ ( all1 ?is disposition ( m9d1 ?\gh x c\ld be atta9$1 w\ld be p]fectly useless1 & c\ld s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to r5d] mis]able ! p]son :o possess$ x4 ,:atev] int]e/ we take 9 ! =tune ( ^? ) :om we h no acqua9tance or connexion1 & :o are plac$ altoge!r out ( ! sph]e ( our activity1 c produce only anxiety to ourselves )\t any mann] ( advantage to !m4 ,to :at purpose %\ld we tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! _w 9 ! moon8 ,all m51 ev5 ^? at ! greate/ di/ance1 are no d\bt entitl$ to our good wi%es1 & our good wi%es we naturally give !m4 ,b if1 not)/&+1 !y %\ld be un=tunate1 to give ourselves any anxiety ^u t acc\nt1 seems to be no "p ( our duty4 ,t we %\ld be b little int]e/$1 !re=e1 9 ! =tune ( ^? :om we c nei!r s]ve nor hurt1 & :o are 9 e respect s v remote f u1 seems wisely ord]$ by nature2 & if x 7 possible to alt] 9 ?is respect ! orig9al con/itution ( our frame1 we c\ld yet ga9 no?+ by ! *ange4 ,footnote #a993 ,ah6 little ?9k ! gay lic5ti\s pr\d1 c4 ,see ,?omson's ,seasons1 ,w9t]4 ,see also ,pascal4 ,x is nev] object$ to u t we h too little fell[-feel+ ) ! joy ( success4 ,:]ev] envy does n prev5t x1 ! fav\r :i* we be> to prosp]ity is r apt to be too great2 & ! same morali/s :o blame u = want ( suffici5t sympa?y ) ! mis]able1 reproa* u = ! levity ) :i* we are too apt to admire & almo/ to wor%ip ! =tunate & ! p[]ful4 ,among ! morali/s :o endeav\r to correct ! natural inequality ( our passive feel+s by dim9i%+ our s5sibility to :at peculi>ly conc]ns ourselves1 we may c\nt all ! anci5t sects ( philosoph]s1 b p>ticul>ly ! anci5t ,/oics4 ,man1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 #abc ought to reg>d himself1 n z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 b z a citiz5 ( ! _w1 a memb] ( ! va/ commonweal? ( nature4 ,to ! int]e/ ( ?is great community1 he ought at all times to be will+ t 8 own little int]e/ %\ld be sacrific$4 ,:atev] conc]ns himself1 ought to affect him no m ?an :atev] conc]ns any o!r equally important "p ( ?is imm5se sy/em4 ,we %\ld view ourselves1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* our own selfi% passions are apt to place u1 b 9 ! light 9 :i* any o!r citiz5 ( ! _w w\ld view u4 ,:at befalls ourselves we %\ld reg>d z :at befalls our neighb\r1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 z our neighb\r reg>ds :at befalls u4 ',:5 our neighb\r1' says ,epictetus1 'loses 8 wife1 or 8 son1 !re is nobody :o is n s5sible t ?is is a human calamity1 a natural ev5t altoge!r accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 b :5 ! same ?+ happ5s to ourselves1 !n we cry out1 z if we _h suff]$ ! mo/ dreadful mis=tune4 ,we ought1 h[ev]1 to rememb] h[ we 7 affect$ :5 ?is accid5t happ5$ to ano!r1 & su* z we 7 9 8 case1 su* ought we to be 9 our own4' ,^? private mis=tunes1 = :i* our feel+s are apt to g beyond ! b\nds ( propriety1 are ( two diff]5t k9ds4 ,!y are ei!r su* z affect u only indirectly1 by affect+1 9 ! fir/ place1 "s o!r p]sons :o are p>ticul>ly de> to u2 su* z our p>5ts1 our *ildr51 our bro!rs & si/]s1 our intimate fri5ds2 or !y are su* z affect ourselves imm$iately & directly1 ei!r 9 our body1 9 our =tune1 or 9 our reputation2 su* z pa91 sickness1 approa*+ dea?1 pov]ty1 disgrace1 etc4 ,9 mis=tunes ( ! fir/ k9d1 our emotions may1 no d\bt1 g v mu* beyond :at exact propriety w admit (2 b !y may likewise fall %ort ( x1 & !y frequ5tly d s4 ,! man :o %\ld feel no m = ! dea? or di/ress ( 8 own fa!r1 or son1 ?an = ^? ( any o!r man's fa!r or son1 w\ld appe> nei!r a good son nor a good fa!r4 ,su* unnatural indiff]5ce1 f> f excit+ our applause1 w\ld incur our highe/ disapprobation4 ,( ^! dome/ic affections1 h[ev]1 "s are mo/ apt to (f5d by _! excess1 & o!rs by _! defect4 ,nature1 = ! wise/ purposes1 has r5d]$1 9 mo/ m51 p]haps 9 all m51 p>5tal t5d]ness a mu* /rong] affection ?an filial piety4 ,! cont9uance & propagation ( ! species dep5d altoge!r ^u ! =m]1 & n ^u ! latt]4 ,9 ord9>y cases1 ! exi/5ce & pres]vation ( ! *ild dep5d altoge!r ^u ! c>e ( ! p>5ts4 ,^? ( ! p>5ts seldom dep5d ^u t ( ! *ild4 ,nature1 !re=e1 has r5d]$ ! =m] affection s /rong1 t x g5]ally requires n to be excit$1 b to be mod]at$2 & morali/s seldom endeav\r to tea* u h[ to indulge1 b g5]ally h[ to re/ra9 our fondness1 our excessive atta*m5t1 ! unju/ pref]5ce :i* we #abd are dispos$ to give to our own *ildr5 above ^? ( o!r p4 ,!y exhort u1 on ! contr>y1 to an affectionate att5tion to our p>5ts1 & to make a prop] return to !m1 9 _! old age1 = ! k9dness :i* !y _h %[n to u 9 our infancy & y\?4 ,9 ! ,decalogue we are comm&$ to hon\r our fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! love ( our *ildr54 ,nature has suffici5tly prep>$ u = ! p]=mance ( ?is latt] duty4 ,m5 are seldom accus$ ( affect+ to be fond] ( _! *ildr5 ?an !y really are4 ,!y h sometimes be5 suspect$ ( display+ _! piety to _! p>5ts ) too mu* o/5tation4 ,! o/5tati\s sorr[ ( wid[s has1 = a l reason1 be5 suspect$ ( ins9c]ity4 ,we %\ld respect1 c\ld we believe x s9c]e1 ev5 ! excess ( su* k9d affections2 & ?\gh we might n p]fectly approve1 we %\ld n sev]ely condemn x4 ,t x appe>s praise-wor?y1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o affect x1 ! v affectation is a pro(4 ,ev5 ! excess ( ^? k9d affections :i* are mo/ apt to (f5d by _! excess1 ?\gh x may appe> blamable1 nev] appe>s odi\s4 ,we blame ! excessive fondness & anxiety ( a p>5t1 z some?+ :i* may1 9 ! end1 prove hurtful to ! *ild1 & :i*1 9 ! mean "t1 is excessively inconv5i5t to ! p>5t2 b we easily p>don x1 & nev] reg>d x ) hatr$ & dete/ation4 ,b ! defect ( ?is usually excessive affection appe>s always peculi>ly odi\s4 ,! man :o appe>s to feel no?+ = 8 own *ildr51 b :o treats !m ^u all occasions ) unm]it$ sev]ity & h>%ness1 seems ( all brutes ! mo/ dete/able4 ,! s5se ( propriety1 s f> f requir+ u to eradicate altoge!r t extraord9>y s5sibility :i* we naturally feel = ! mis=tunes ( our ne>e/ connections1 is always mu* m (f5d$ by ! defect1 ?an x ev] is by ! excess ( t s5sibility4 ,! /oical apa?y is1 9 su* cases1 nev] agreeable1 & all ! metaphysical sophism by :i* x is support$ c seldom s]ve any o!r purpose ?an to bl[ up ! h>d ins5sibility ( a coxcomb to t5 times its native imp]t95ce4 ,! poets & romance writ]s1 :o be/ pa9t ! ref9em5ts & delicacies ( love & fri5d%ip1 & ( all o!r private & dome/ic affections1 ,rac9e & ,voltaire2 ,ri*>dson1 ,maurivaux1 & ,riccoboni2 are1 9 su* cases1 mu* bett] in/ructors ?an ! philosoph]s ,z5o1 ,*rysippus1 or ,epictetus4 ,t mod]at$ s5sibility to ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 :i* does n disqualify u = ! p]=mance ( any duty2 ! melan*oly & affectionate remembrance ( our dep>t$ fri5ds2 ! pang1 z ,gray says1 to secret sorr[ de>2 are by no means undelici\s s5sations4 ,?\gh !y outw>dly we> ! features ( pa9 & grief1 !y are all inw>dly /amp$ ) ! ennobl+ *>act]s ( virtue & ( self-approbation4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ! mis=tunes :i* affect ourselves imm$iately #abe & directly1 ei!r 9 our body1 9 our =tune1 or 9 our reputation4 ,! s5se ( propriety is mu* m apt to be (f5d$ by ! excess1 ?an by ! defect ( our s5sibility1 & !re are b few cases 9 :i* we c approa* too ne> to ! /oical apa?y & indiff]5ce4 ,t we h v little fell[-feel+ ) any ( ! passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! body1 has already be5 obs]v$4 ,t pa9 :i* is occasion$ by an evid5t cause2 su* z1 ! cutt+ or te>+ ( ! fle%2 is1 p]haps1 ! affection ( ! body ) :i* ! spectator feels ! mo/ lively sympa?y4 ,! approa*+ dea? ( 8 neighb\r1 too1 seldom fails to affect him a good deal4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 he feels s v little 9 comp>ison ( :at ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ feels1 t ! latt] c sc>ce ev] (f5d ! =m] by appe>+ to suff] ) too mu* ease4 ,! m]e want ( =tune1 m]e pov]ty1 excites little compassion4 ,its compla9ts are too apt to be ! objects r ( contempt ?an ( fell[-feel+4 ,we despise a begg>2 &1 ?\gh 8 importunities may extort an alms f u1 he is sc>ce ev] ! object ( any s]i\s commis]ation4 ,! fall f ri*es to pov]ty1 z x commonly occasions ! mo/ real di/ress to ! suff]]1 s x seldom fails to excite ! mo/ s9c]e commis]ation 9 ! spectator4 ,?\gh1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 ?is mis=tune c seldom happ5 )\t "s misconduct1 & "s v consid]able misconduct too1 9 ! suff]]2 yet he is almo/ always s mu* piti$ t he is sc>ce ev] all[$ to fall into ! l[e/ /ate ( pov]ty2 b by ! means ( 8 fri5ds1 frequ5tly by ! indulg5ce ( ^? v cr$itors :o h mu* reason to compla9 ( 8 imprud5ce1 is almo/ always support$ 9 "s degree ( dec5t1 ?\gh humble1 m$iocrity4 ,to p]sons "u su* mis=tunes1 we c\ld1 p]haps1 easily p>don "s degree ( weakness2 b at ! same "t1 !y :o c>ry ! firme/ c\nt5ance1 :o accommodate !mselves ) ! greate/ ease to _! new situation1 :o seem to feel no humiliation f ! *ange1 b to re/ _! rank 9 ! society1 n ^u _! =tune1 b ^u _! "* & conduct1 are always ! mo/ approv$ (1 & comm& our highe/ & mo/ affectionate admiration4 ,z1 ( all ! ext]nal mis=tunes :i* c affect an innoc5t man imm$iately & directly1 ! undes]v$ loss ( reputation is c]ta9ly ! greate/2 s a consid]able degree ( s5sibility to :atev] c br+ on s great a calamity1 does n always appe> ungraceful or disagreeable4 ,we (t5 e/eem a "y man ! m1 :5 he res5ts1 ?\gh ) "s degree ( viol5ce1 any unju/ reproa* t may h be5 ?r[n ^u 8 "* or 8 hon\r4 ,! affliction ( an innoc5t "y lady1 on acc\nt ( ! gr\ndless surmises :i* may h be5 circulat$ conc]n+ h] conduct1 appe>s (t5 p]fectly amiable4 ,p]sons ( an advanc$ age1 :om long exp]i5ce ( ! folly & inju/ice ( ! _w has taught to pay little reg>d1 #abf ei!r to its c5sure or to its applause1 neglect & despise obloquy1 & d n ev5 deign to hon\r its futile au?ors ) any s]i\s res5tm5t4 ,?is indiff]5ce1 :i* is f\nd$ altoge!r on a firm confid5ce 9 _! own well-tri$ & well-e/abli%$ *>act]s1 w\ld be disagreeable 9 "y p1 :o nei!r c nor ought to h any su* confid5ce4 ,x might 9 !m be suppos$ to =ebode1 9 _! advanc+ ye>s1 a mo/ improp] ins5sibility to real hon\r & infamy ( "*4 ,9 all o!r private mis=tunes :i* affect ourselves imm$iately & directly1 we c v seldom (f5d by appe>+ to be too little affect$4 ,we frequ5tly rememb] our s5sibility to ! mis=tunes ( o!rs ) pleasure & satisfaction4 ,we c seldom rememb] t to our own1 )\t "s degree ( %ame & humiliation4 ,if we exam9e ! diff]5t %ades & gradations ( weakness & self-comm&1 z we meet ) !m 9 common life1 we %all v easily satisfy ourselves t ?is control ( our passive feel+ mu/ be acquir$1 n f ! ab/ruse syllogisms ( a quibbl+ dialectic1 b f t great discipl9e :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ = ! acquisition ( ?is & ( e o!r virtue2 a reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( ! real or suppos$ spectator ( our conduct4 ,a v "y *ild has no self-comm&2 b1 :atev] are its emotions1 :e!r fe>1 or grief1 or ang]1 x endeav\rs always1 by ! viol5ce ( 8 outcries1 to al>m1 z mu* z x c1 ! att5tion ( its nurse or ( its p>5ts4 ,:ile x rema9s "u ! cu/ody ( su* p>tial protectors1 its ang] is ! fir/ &1 p]haps1 ! only passion :i* x is taught to mod]ate4 ,by noise & ?reat5+ !y are1 = _! own ease1 (t5 oblig$ to fright5 x into good temp]2 & ! passion :i* incites x to attack1 is re/ra9$ by t :i* tea*es x to att5d to its own safety4 ,:5 x is old en\gh to g to s*ool1 or to mix ) its equals1 x soon f9ds t !y h no su* indulg5t p>tiality4 ,x naturally wi%es to ga9 _! fav\r1 & to avoid _! hatr$ or contempt4 ,reg>d ev5 to its own safety tea*es x to d s2 & x soon f9ds t x c d s 9 no o!r way ?an by mod]at+ n only its ang]1 b all its o!r passions1 to ! degree :i* its play-fell[s & companions are likely to be pleas$ )4 ,x ?us ent]s into ! great s*ool ( self-comm&1 x /udies to be m & m ma/] ( itself1 & beg9s to ex]cise ov] its own feel+s a discipl9e :i* ! practice ( ! longe/ life is v seldom suffici5t to br+ to complete p]fection4 ,9 all private mis=tunes1 9 pa91 9 sickness1 9 sorr[1 ! weake/ man1 :5 8 fri5d1 & /ill m :5 a /rang] visits him1 is imm$iately impress$ ) ! view 9 :i* !y are likely to look ^u 8 situation4 ,_! view calls (f 8 att5tion f 8 own view2 & 8 brea/ is1 9 "s measure1 becalm$ ! mom5t !y come into 8 pres5ce4 ,?is effect is produc$ in/antane\sly &1 #abg z x 71 me*anically2 b1 ) a weak man1 x is n ( long cont9uance4 ,8 own view ( 8 situation imm$iately recurs ^u him4 ,he ab&ons himself1 z be=e1 to sighs & te>s & lam5tations2 & endeav\rs1 l a *ild t has n yet gone to s*ool1 to produce "s sort ( h>mony betwe5 8 own grief & ! compassion ( ! spectator1 n by mod]at+ ! =m]1 b by importunately call+ ^u ! latt]4 ,) a man ( a little m firmness1 ! effect is some:at m p]man5t4 ,he endeav\rs1 z mu* z he c1 to fix 8 att5tion ^u ! view :i* ! company are likely to take ( 8 situation4 ,he feels1 at ! same "t1 ! e/eem & approbation :i* !y naturally conceive = him :5 he ?us pres]ves 8 tranquillity2 &1 ?\gh "u ! pressure ( "s rec5t & great calamity1 appe>s to feel = himself no m ?an :at !y really feel = him4 ,he approves & applauds himself by sympa?y ) _! approbation1 & ! pleasure :i* he d]ives f ?is s5tim5t supports & enables him m easily to cont9ue ?is g5]\s ef=t4 ,9 mo/ cases he avoids m5tion+ 8 own mis=tune2 & 8 company1 if !y are tol]ably well br$1 are c>eful to say no?+ :i* c put him 9 m9d ( x4 ,he endeav\rs to ent]ta9 !m1 9 8 usual way1 ^u indiff]5t subjects1 or1 if he feels himself /rong en\gh to v5ture to m5tion 8 mis=tune1 he endeav\rs to talk ( x z1 he ?9ks1 !y are capable ( talk+ ( x1 & ev5 to feel x no fur!r ?an !y are capable ( feel+ x4 ,if he has n1 h[ev]1 be5 well inur$ to ! h>d discipl9e ( self-comm&1 he soon gr[s we>y ( ?is re/ra9t4 ,a long visit fatigues him2 &1 t[>ds ! end ( x1 he is con/antly 9 dang] ( do+1 :at he nev] fails to d ! mom5t x is ov]1 ( ab&on+ himself to all ! weakness ( excessive sorr[4 ,mod]n good mann]s1 :i* are extremely indulg5t to human weakness1 =bid1 = "s "t1 ! visits ( /rang]s to p]sons "u great family di/ress1 & p]mit ^? only ( ! ne>e/ relations & mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt]1 x is ?\ght1 w impose less re/ra9t ?an t ( ! =m]2 & ! suff]]s c m easily accommodate !mselves to ! feel+s ( ^?1 f :om !y h reason to expect a m indulg5t sympa?y4 ,secret enemies1 :o fancy t !y are n kn[n to be su*1 are frequ5tly fond ( mak+ ^? *>itable visits z e>ly z ! mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,! weake/ man 9 ! _w1 9 ?is case1 endeav\rs to support 8 manly c\nt5ance1 &1 f indignation & contempt ( _! malice to behave ) z mu* gaiety & ease z he c4 ,! man ( real con/ancy & firmness1 ! wise & j man :o has be5 ?or\ghly br$ 9 ! great s*ool ( self-comm&1 9 ! bu/le & bus9ess ( ! _w1 expos$1 p]haps1 to ! viol5ce & inju/ice ( faction1 & to ! h>d%ips & haz>ds ( w>1 ma9ta9s ?is control ( 8 passive feel+s ^u all occasions2 & :e!r 9 #abh solitude or 9 society1 we>s ne>ly ! same c\nt5ance1 & is affect$ v ne>ly 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 success & 9 disappo9tm5t1 9 prosp]ity & 9 adv]sity1 be=e fri5ds & be=e enemies1 he has (t5 be5 "u ! necessity ( support+ ?is manhood4 ,he has nev] d>$ to =get = "o mom5t ! judgm5t :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld pass ^u 8 s5tim5ts & conduct4 ,he has nev] d>$ to suff] ! man )9 8 brea/ to be abs5t "o mom5t f 8 att5tion4 ,) ! eyes ( ?is great inmate he has always be5 accu/om$ to reg>d :atev] relates to himself4 ,?is habit has become p]fectly famili> to him4 ,he has be5 9 ! con/ant practice1 &1 inde$1 "u ! con/ant necessity1 ( modell+1 or ( endeav\r+ to model1 n only 8 outw>d conduct & behavi\r1 b1 z mu* z he c1 ev5 8 inw>d s5tim5ts & feel+s1 accord+ to ^? ( ?is awful & respectable judge4 ,he does n m]ely affect ! s5tim5ts ( ! imp>tial spectator4 ,he really adopts !m4 ,he almo/ id5tifies himself )1 he almo/ becomes himself t imp>tial spectator1 & sc>ce ev5 feels b z t great arbit] ( 8 conduct directs him to feel4 ,! degree ( ! self-approbation ) :i* e man1 ^u su* occasions1 surveys 8 own conduct1 is high] or l[]1 exactly 9 proportion to ! degree ( self-comm& :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 t self-approbation4 ,:]e little self-comm& is necess>y1 little self-approbation is due4 ,! man :o has only scrat*$ 8 f+]1 _c mu* applaud himself1 ?\gh he %\ld imm$iately appe> to h =got ?is paltry mis=tune4 ,! man :o has lo/ 8 leg by a cannon %ot1 & :o1 ! mom5t aft]1 speaks & acts ) 8 usual coolness & tranquillity1 z he ex]ts a mu* high] degree ( self-comm&1 s he naturally feels a mu* high] degree ( self-approbation4 ,) mo/ m51 ^u su* an accid5t1 _! own natural view ( _! own mis=tune w\ld =ce itself ^u !m ) su* a vivacity & /r5g? ( col\r+1 z w\ld entirely efface all ?\ght ( e o!r view4 ,!y w\ld feel no?+1 !y c\ld att5d to no?+1 b _! own pa9 & _! own fe>2 & n only ! judgm5t ( ! ideal man )9 ! brea/1 b t ( ! real spectators :o might happ5 to be pres5t1 w\ld be entirely ov]look$ & disreg>d$4 ,! rew>d :i* ,nature be/[s ^u good behavi\r "u mis=tune1 is ?us exactly proportion$ to ! degree ( t good behavi\r4 ,! only comp5sation %e c\ld possibly make = ! bitt]ness ( pa9 & di/ress is ?us1 too1 9 equal degrees ( good behavi\r1 exactly proportion$ to ! degree ( t pa9 & di/ress4 ,9 proportion to ! degree ( self-comm& :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to conqu] our natural s5sibility1 ! pleasure & pride ( ! conque/ are s mu* ! great]2 & ?is pleasure & pride are s great t no man c be altoge!r unhappy :o completely enjoys !m4 ,mis]y #abi & wret*$ness c nev] ent] ! brea/ 9 :i* dwells complete self-satisfaction2 & ?\gh x may be too mu*1 p]haps1 to say1 ) ! ,/oics1 t1 "u su* an accid5t z t above m5tion$1 ! happ9ess ( a wise man is 9 e respect equal to :at x c\ld h be5 "u any o!r circum/ances2 yet x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 at lea/1 t ?is complete enjoym5t ( 8 own self-applause1 ?\gh x may n altoge!r ext+ui%1 mu/ c]ta9ly v mu* alleviate 8 s5se ( 8 own suff]+s4 ,9 su* p>oxysms ( di/ress1 if ,i may be all[$ to call !m s1 ! wise/ & firme/ man1 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 equanimity1 is oblig$1 ,i imag9e1 to make a consid]able1 & ev5 a pa9ful ex]tion4 ,8 own natural feel+ ( 8 own di/ress1 8 own natural view ( 8 own situation1 presses h>d ^u him1 & he _c1 )\t a v great ef=t1 fix 8 att5tion ^u t ( ! imp>tial spectator4 ,bo? views pres5t !mselves to him at ! same "t4 ,8 s5se ( hon\r1 8 reg>d to 8 own dignity1 directs him to fix 8 :ole att5tion ^u ! "o view4 ,8 natural1 8 untaught1 & undiscipl9$ feel+s1 are cont9ually call+ x (f to ! o!r4 ,he does n1 9 ?is case1 p]fectly id5tify himself ) ! ideal man )9 ! brea/1 he does n become himself ! imp>tial spectator ( 8 own conduct4 ,! diff]5t views ( bo? *>act]s exi/ 9 8 m9d sep>ate & di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & ea* direct+ him to a behavi\r diff]5t f t to :i* ! o!r directs him4 ,:5 he foll[s t view :i* hon\r & dignity po9t out to him1 ,nature does n1 inde$1 leave him )\t a recomp5se4 ,he enjoys 8 own complete self-approbation1 & ! applause ( e c&id & imp>tial spectator4 ,by h] unalt]able laws1 h[ev]1 he /ill suff]s2 & ! recomp5se :i* %e be/[s1 ?\gh v consid]able1 is n suffici5t completely to comp5sate ! suff]+s :i* ^? laws inflict4 ,nei!r is x fit t x %\ld4 ,if x did completely comp5sate !m1 he c\ld1 f self-int]e/1 h no motive = avoid+ an accid5t :i* mu/ necess>ily dim9i% 8 utility bo? to himself & to society2 & ,nature1 f h] p>5tal c>e ( bo?1 meant t he %\ld anxi\sly avoid all su* accid5ts4 ,he suff]s1 !re=e2 & ?\gh 9 ! agony ( ! p>oxysm1 he ma9ta9s1 n only ! manhood ( 8 c\nt5ance1 b s$at5ess & sobriety ( judgm5t1 x requires 8 utmo/ & mo/ fatigu+ ex]tions to d s4 ,by ! con/itution ( human nature1 h[ev]1 agony c nev] be p]man5t2 &1 if he survives ! p>oxysm1 he soon comes1 )\t any ef=t1 to enjoy 8 ord9>y tranquillity4 ,a man ) a wood5 leg suff]s1 no d\bt1 & =esees t he mu/ cont9ue to suff] dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 a v consid]able inconv5i5cy4 ,he soon comes to view x1 h[ev]1 exactly z e imp>tial spectator views x2 z an inconv5i5cy "u :i* he c enjoy all ! ord9>y pleasures bo? ( solitude & ( society4 ,he soon id5tifies #acj himself ) ! ideal man )9 ! brea/1 he soon becomes himself ! imp>tial spectator ( 8 own situation4 ,he no long] weeps1 he no long] lam5ts1 he no long] grieves ov] x1 z a weak man may sometimes d 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! view ( ! imp>tial spectator becomes s p]fectly habitual to him1 t1 )\t ef=t1 )\t ex]tion1 he nev] ?9ks ( survey+ 8 mis=tune 9 any o!r view4 ,! nev]-fail+ c]ta9ty ) :i* all m51 soon] or lat]1 accommodate !mselves to :atev] becomes _! p]man5t situation1 may1 p]haps1 induce u to ?9k t ! ,/oics 71 at lea/1 ?us f> v ne>ly 9 ! "r2 t1 betwe5 "o p]man5t situation & ano!r1 !re 01 ) reg>d to real happ9ess1 no ess5tial diff]5ce3 or t1 if !re 7 any diff]5ce1 x 0 no m ?an j suffici5t to r5d] "s ( !m ! objects ( simple *oice or pref]5ce2 b n ( any e>ne/ or anxi\s desire3 & o!rs1 ( simple rejection1 z be+ fit to be set aside or avoid$2 b n ( any e>ne/ or anxi\s av]sion4 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 tranquillity & enjoym5t4 ,)\t tranquillity !re c be no enjoym5t2 & :]e !re is p]fect tranquillity !re is sc>ce any ?+ :i* is n capable ( amus+4 ,b 9 e p]man5t situation1 :]e !re is no expectation ( *ange1 ! m9d ( e man1 9 a long] or %ort] "t1 returns to its natural & usual /ate ( tranquillity4 ,9 prosp]ity1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 x falls back to t /ate2 9 adv]sity1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 x rises up to x4 ,9 ! conf9em5t & solitude ( ! ,ba/ile1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 ! fa%ionable & frivol\s ,c\nt de ,lauzun recov]$ tranquillity en\gh to be capable ( amus+ himself ) fe$+ a spid]4 ,a m9d bett] furni%$ w\ld1 p]haps1 h bo? soon] recov]$ its tranquillity1 & soon] f\nd1 9 its own ?\ghts1 a mu* bett] amusem5t4 ,! great s\rce ( bo? ! mis]y & disord]s ( human life1 seems to arise f ov]-rat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o p]man5t situation & ano!r4 ,av>ice ov]-rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 pov]ty & ri*es3 ambition1 t betwe5 a private & a public /ation3 va9-glory1 t betwe5 obscurity & ext5sive reputation4 ,! p]son "u ! influ5ce ( any ( ^? extravagant passions1 is n only mis]able 9 8 actual situation1 b is (t5 dispos$ to di/urb ! peace ( society1 9 ord] to arrive at t :i* he s fooli%ly admires4 ,! slighte/ obs]vation1 h[ev]1 might satisfy him1 t1 9 all ! ord9>y situations ( human life1 a well-dispos$ m9d may be equally calm1 equally *e]ful1 & equally cont5t$4 ,"s ( ^? situations may1 no d\bt1 des]ve to be pref]r$ to o!rs3 b none ( !m c des]ve to be pursu$ ) t passionate ard\r :i* drives u to violate ! rules ei!r ( prud5ce or ( ju/ice2 or to corrupt ! future tranquillity ( our m9ds1 ei!r by %ame f ! remembrance ( our own folly1 or by remorse f ! horror ( our own inju/ice4 ,:]ev] prud5ce does n direct1 #aca :]ev] ju/ice does n p]mit1 ! attempt to *ange our situation1 ! man :o does attempt x1 plays at ! mo/ unequal ( all games ( haz>d1 & /akes e ?+ aga9/ sc>ce any ?+4 ,:at ! fav\rite ( ! ,k+ ( ,epirus said to 8 ma/]1 may be appli$ to m5 9 all ! ord9>y situations ( human life4 ,:5 ! k+ _h rec\nt$ to him1 9 _! prop] ord]1 all ! conque/s :i* he propos$ to make1 & _h come to ! la/ ( !m2 ,& :at does y\r ,maje/y propose to d !n8 said ! fav\rite3--,i propose !n1 said ! k+1 to enjoy myself ) my fri5ds1 & endeav\r to be good company ov] a bottle4--,& :at h9d]s y\r ,maje/y f do+ s n[8 repli$ ! fav\rite4 ,9 ! mo/ glitt]+ & exalt$ situation t our idle fancy c hold out to u1 ! pleasures f :i* we propose to d]ive our real happ9ess1 are almo/ always ! same ) ^? :i*1 9 our actual1 ?\gh humble /ation1 we h at all times at h&1 & 9 our p[]4 ,except ! frivol\s pleasures ( vanity & sup]iority1 we may f9d1 9 ! mo/ humble /ation1 :]e !re is only p]sonal lib]ty1 e o!r :i* ! mo/ exalt$ c af=d2 & ! pleasures ( vanity & sup]iority are seldom consi/5t ) p]fect tranquillity1 ! pr9ciple & f\ndation ( all real & satisfactory enjoym5t4 ,nei!r is x always c]ta9 t1 9 ! spl5did situation :i* we aim at1 ^? real & satisfactory pleasures c be enjoy$ ) ! same security z 9 ! humble "o :i* we are s v eag] to ab&on4 ,exam9e ! records ( hi/ory1 recollect :at has happ5$ )9 ! circle ( y\r own exp]i5ce1 consid] ) att5tion :at has be5 ! conduct ( almo/ all ! greatly un=tunate1 ei!r 9 private or public life1 :om y may h ei!r read (1 or he>d (1 or rememb]2 & y w f9d t ! mis=tunes ( by f> ! great] "p ( !m h aris5 f _! n kn[+ :5 !y 7 well1 :5 x 0 prop] = !m to sit /ill & to be cont5t$4 ,! inscription ^u ! tomb-/one ( ! man :o _h endeav\r$ to m5d a tol]able con/itution by tak+ physic2 ',i 0 well2 ,i wi%$ to be bett]2 "h ,i am2' may g5]ally be appli$ ) great ju/ness to ! di/ress ( disappo9t$ av>ice & ambition4 ,x may be ?\ght a s+ul>1 b ,i believe x to be a j1 obs]vation1 t1 9 ! mis=tunes :i* admit ( "s rem$y1 ! great] "p ( m5 d n ei!r s readily or s univ]sally recov] _! natural & usual tranquillity1 z 9 ^? :i* pla9ly admit ( none4 ,9 mis=tunes ( ! latt] k9d1 x is *iefly 9 :at may be call$ ! p>oxysm1 or 9 ! fir/ attack1 t we c discov] any s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5tim5ts & behavi\r ( ! wise & ^? ( ! weak man4 ,9 ! end1 ,"t1 ! great & univ]sal com=t]1 gradually composes ! weak man to ! same degree ( tranquillity :i* a reg>d to 8 own dignity1 :i* manhood tea*es ! wise man to assume 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! case ( ! man ) ! wood5 #acb leg is an obvi\s example ( ?is4 ,9 ! irrep>able mis=tunes occasion$ by ! dea? ( *ildr51 or ( fri5ds & relations1 ev5 a wise man may = "s "t indulge himself 9 "s degree ( mod]at$ sorr[4 ,an affectionate1 b weak woman1 is (t51 ^u su* occasions1 almo/ p]fectly di/ract$4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 9 a long] or %ort] p]iod1 nev] fails to compose ! weake/ woman to ! same degree ( tranquillity z ! /ronge/ man4 ,9 all ! irrep>able calamities :i* affect himself imm$iately & directly1 a wise man endeav\rs1 f ! beg9n+1 to anticipate & to enjoy be=e-h&1 t tranquillity :i* he =esees ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 or a few ye>s1 w c]ta9ly re/ore to him 9 ! end4 ,9 ! mis=tunes = :i* ! nature ( ?+s admits1 or seems to admit1 ( a rem$y1 b 9 :i* ! means ( apply+ t rem$y are n )9 ! rea* ( ! suff]]1 8 va9 & fruitless attempts to re/ore himself to 8 =m] situation1 8 cont9ual anxiety = _! success1 8 repeat$ disappo9tm5ts ^u _! misc>riage1 are :at *iefly h9d] him f resum+ 8 natural tranquillity1 & frequ5tly r5d] mis]able1 dur+ ! :ole ( 8 life1 a man to :om a great] mis=tune1 b :i* pla9ly admitt$ ( no rem$y1 w\ld n h giv5 a =tnight's di/urbance4 ,9 ! fall f royal fav\r to disgrace1 f p[] to insignificancy1 f ri*es to pov]ty1 f lib]ty to conf9em5t1 f /rong heal? to "s1 l+]+1 *ronical1 & p]haps incurable disease1 ! man :o /ruggles ! lea/1 :o mo/ easily & readily acquiesces 9 ! =tune :i* has fall5 to him1 v soon recov]s 8 usual & natural tranquillity1 & surveys ! mo/ disagreeable circum/ances ( 8 actual situation 9 ! same light1 or1 p]haps1 9 a mu* less unfav\rable light1 ?an t 9 :i* ! mo/ indiff]5t spectator is dispos$ to survey !m4 ,faction1 intrigue1 & cabal1 di/urb ! quiet ( ! un=tunate /atesman4 ,extravagant projects1 visions ( gold m9es1 int]rupt ! repose ( ! ru9$ bankrupt4 ,! prison]1 :o is cont9ually plott+ to escape f 8 conf9em5t1 _c enjoy t c>eless security :i* ev5 a prison c af=d him4 ,! m$ic9es ( ! physician are (t5 ! greate/ torm5t ( ! incurable pati5t4 ,! monk :o1 9 ord] to com=t ,joanna ( ,ca/ile1 ^u ! dea? ( h] husb& ,philip1 told h] ( a k+1 :o1 f\rte5 ye>s aft] 8 decease1 _h be5 re/or$ to life aga91 by ! pray]s ( 8 afflict$ que51 0 n likely1 by 8 leg5d>y tale1 to re/ore s$at5ess to ! di/emp]$ m9d ( t unhappy pr9cess4 ,%e endeav\r$ to repeat ! same exp]im5t 9 hopes ( ! same success2 resi/$ = a long "t ! burial ( h] husb&1 soon aft] rais$ 8 body f ! grave1 att5d$ x almo/ con/antly h]self1 & wat*$1 ) all ! impati5t anxiety ( frantic expectation1 ! happy mom5t :5 h] wi%es 7 to be gratifi$ by ! revival ( h] belov$ ,philip4#d ,footnote #d3 ,see ,rob]tson's ,*>les ,v4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ad & #ae1 fir/ edit4 #acc ,our s5sibility to ! feel+s ( o!rs1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) ! manhood ( self-comm&1 is ! v pr9ciple ^u :i* t manhood is f\nd$4 ,! v same pr9ciple or in/9ct :i*1 9 ! mis=tune ( our neighb\r1 prompts u to compassionate 8 sorr[2 9 our own mis=tune1 prompts u to re/ra9 ! abject & mis]able lam5tations ( our own sorr[4 ,! same pr9ciple or in/9ct :i*1 9 8 prosp]ity & success1 prompts u to congratulate 8 joy2 9 our own prosp]ity & success1 prompts u to re/ra9 ! levity & intemp]ance ( our own joy4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! propriety ( our own s5tim5ts & feel+s seems to be exactly 9 proportion to ! vivacity & =ce ) :i* we ent] into & conceive 8 s5tim5ts & feel+s4 ,! man ( ! mo/ p]fect virtue1 ! man :om we naturally love & rev]e ! mo/1 is he :o jo9s1 to ! mo/ p]fect comm& ( 8 own orig9al & selfi% feel+s1 ! mo/ exquisite s5sibility bo? to ! orig9al & sympa!tic feel+s ( o!rs4 ,! man :o1 to all ! s(t1 ! amiable1 & ! g5tle virtues1 jo9s all ! great1 ! awful1 & ! respectable1 mu/ surely be ! natural & prop] object ( our highe/ love & admiration4 ,! p]son be/ fitt$ by nature = acquir+ ! =m] ( ^? two sets ( virtues1 is likewise necess>ily be/ fitt$ = acquir+ ! latt]4 ,! man :o feels ! mo/ = ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs1 is be/ fitt$ = acquir+ ! mo/ complete control ( 8 own joys & sorr[s4 ,! man ( ! mo/ exquisite humanity1 is naturally ! mo/ capable ( acquir+ ! highe/ degree ( self-comm&4 ,he may n1 h[ev]1 always h acquir$ x2 & x v frequ5tly happ5s t he has n4 ,he may h liv$ too mu* 9 ease & tranquillity4 ,he may h nev] be5 expos$ to ! viol5ce ( faction1 or to ! h>d%ips & haz>ds ( w>4 ,he may h nev] exp]i5c$ ! insol5ce ( 8 sup]iors1 ! jeal\s & malignant envy ( 8 equals1 or ! pilf]+ inju/ice ( 8 inf]iors4 ,:51 9 an advanc$ age1 "s accid5tal *ange ( =tune exposes him to all ^!1 !y all make too great an impression ^u him4 ,he has ! disposition :i* fits him = acquir+ ! mo/ p]fect self-comm&2 b he has nev] _h ! opportunity ( acquir+ x4 ,ex]cise & practice h be5 want+2 & )\t ^! no habit c ev] be tol]ably e/abli%$4 ,h>d%ips1 dang]s1 injuries1 mis=tunes1 are ! only ma/]s "u :om we c le>n ! ex]cise ( ?is virtue4 ,b ^! are all ma/]s to :om nobody will+ly puts himself to s*ool4 ,! situations 9 :i* ! g5tle virtue ( humanity c be mo/ happily cultivat$1 are by no means ! same ) ^? :i* are be/ fitt$ = =m+ ! au/]e virtue ( self-comm&4 ,! man :o is himself at ease c be/ att5d to ! di/ress ( o!rs4 ,! man :o is himself expos$ to h>d%ips is mo/ imm$iately call$ #acd ^u to att5d to1 & to control 8 own feel+s4 ,9 ! mild sun%9e ( undi/urb$ tranquillity1 9 ! calm retirem5t ( undissipat$ & philosophical leisure1 ! s(t virtue ( humanity fl\ri%es ! mo/1 & is capable ( ! highe/ improvem5t4 ,b1 9 su* situations1 ! greate/ & noble/ ex]tions ( self-comm& h little ex]cise4 ,"u ! boi/]\s & /ormy sky ( w> & faction1 ( public tumult & confusion1 ! /urdy sev]ity ( self-comm& prosp]s ! mo/1 & c be ! mo/ successfully cultivat$4 ,b1 9 su* situations1 ! /ronge/ sugge/ions ( humanity mu/ frequ5tly be /ifl$ or neglect$2 & e su* neglect necess>ily t5ds to weak5 ! pr9ciple ( humanity4 ,z x may frequ5tly be ! duty ( a soldi] n to take1 s x may sometimes be 8 duty n to give qu>t]2 & ! humanity ( ! man :o has be5 sev]al times "u ! necessity ( submitt+ to ?is disagreeable duty1 c sc>ce fail to suff] a consid]able dim9ution4 ,= 8 own ease1 he is too apt to le>n to make light ( ! mis=tunes :i* he is s (t5 "u ! necessity ( occasion+2 & ! situations :i* call =? ! noble/ ex]tions ( self-comm&1 by impos+ ! necessity ( violat+ sometimes ! prop]ty1 & sometimes ! life ( our neighb\r1 always t5d to dim9i%1 & too (t5 to ext+ui% altoge!r1 t sacr$ reg>d to bo?1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt1 t we s frequ5tly f9d 9 ! _w m5 ( great humanity :o h little self-comm&1 b :o are indol5t & irresolute1 & easily di%e>t5$1 ei!r by difficulty or dang]1 f ! mo/ hon\rable pursuits2 &1 on ! contr>y1 m5 ( ! mo/ p]fect self-comm&1 :om no difficulty c disc\rage1 no dang] appal1 & :o are at all times ready = ! mo/ d>+ & desp]ate ent]prises1 b :o1 at ! same "t1 seem to be h>d5$ aga9/ all s5se ei!r ( ju/ice or humanity4 ,9 solitude1 we are apt to feel too /rongly :atev] relates to ourselves3 we are apt to ov]-rate ! good (fices we may h done1 & ! injuries we may h suff]$3 we are apt to be too mu* elat$ by our own good1 & too mu* deject$ by our own bad =tune4 ,! conv]sation ( a fri5d br+s u to a bett]1 t ( a /rang] to a /ill bett]1 temp]4 ,! man )9 ! brea/1 ! ab/ract & ideal spectator ( our s5tim5ts & conduct1 requires (t5 to be awak5$ & put 9 m9d ( 8 duty1 by ! pres5ce ( ! real spectator3 & x is always f t spectator1 f :om we c expect ! lea/ sympa?y & indulg5ce1 t we are likely to le>n ! mo/ complete lesson ( self-comm&4 ,are y 9 adv]sity8 ,d n m\rn 9 ! d>kness ( solitude1 d n regulate y\r sorr[ accord+ to ! indulg5t sympa?y ( y\r intimate fri5ds2 return1 z soon z possible1 to ! daylight ( ! _w & ( society4 ,live ) /rang]s1 ) ^? :o "k no?+1 or c>e no?+ ab\t y\r mis=tune2 d n ev5 %un ! #ace company ( enemies2 b give y\rself ! pleasure ( mortify+ _! malignant joy1 by mak+ !m feel h[ little y are affect$ by y\r calamity1 & h[ mu* y are above x4 ,are y 9 prosp]ity8 ,d n conf9e ! enjoym5t ( y\r good =tune to y\r own h\se1 to ! company ( y\r own fri5ds1 p]haps ( y\r flatt]]s1 ( ^? :o build ^u y\r =tune ! hopes ( m5d+ _! own2 frequ5t ^? :o are indep5d5t ( y1 :o c value y only = y\r "* & conduct1 & n = y\r =tune4 ,nei!r seek nor %un1 nei!r intrude y\rself into nor run away f ! society ( ^? :o 7 once y\r sup]iors1 & :o may be hurt at f9d+ y _! equal1 or1 p]haps1 ev5 _! sup]ior4 ,! imp]t95ce ( _! pride may1 p]haps1 r5d] _! company too disagreeable3 b if x %\ld n1 be assur$ t x is ! be/ company y c possibly keep2 & if1 by ! simplicity ( y\r unassum+ demean\r1 y c ga9 _! fav\r & k9dness1 y may re/ satisfi$ t y are mode/ en\gh1 & t y\r head has be5 9 no respect turn$ by y\r good =tune4 ,! propriety ( our moral s5tim5ts is nev] s apt to be corrupt$1 z :5 ! indulg5t & p>tial spectator is at h&1 :ile ! indiff]5t & imp>tial "o is at a great di/ance4 ,( ! conduct ( "o indep5d5t nation t[>ds ano!r1 neutral nations are ! only indiff]5t & imp>tial spectators4 ,b !y are plac$ at s great a di/ance t !y are almo/ q out ( sight4 ,:5 two nations are at v>iance1 ! citiz5 ( ea* pays little reg>d to ! s5tim5ts :i* =eign nations may ent]ta9 conc]n+ 8 conduct4 ,8 :ole ambition is to obta9 ! approbation ( 8 own fell[-citiz5s2 & z !y are all animat$ by ! same ho/ile passions :i* animate himself1 he c nev] please !m s mu* z by enrag+ & (f5d+ _! enemies4 ,! p>tial spectator is at h&3 ! imp>tial "o at a great di/ance4 ,9 w> & negotiation1 !re=e1 ! laws ( ju/ice are v seldom obs]v$4 ,tru? & fair deal+ are almo/ totally disreg>d$4 ,treaties are violat$2 & ! violation1 if "s advantage is ga9$ by x1 %$s sc>ce any di%on\r ^u ! violator4 ,! ambassador :o dupes ! m9i/] ( a =eign nation1 is admir$ & applaud$4 ,! j man :o disda9s ei!r to take or to give any advantage1 b :o w\ld ?9k x less di%on\rable to give ?an to take "o2 ! man :o1 9 all private transactions1 w\ld be ! mo/ belov$ & ! mo/ e/eem$2 9 ^? public transactions is reg>d$ z a fool & an idiot1 :o does n und]/& 8 bus9ess2 & he incurs always ! contempt1 & sometimes ev5 ! dete/ation ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,9 w>1 n only :at are call$ ! laws ( nations1 are frequ5tly violat$1 )\t br++ 7among 8 own fell[-citiz5s1 ^: judgm5ts he only reg>ds7 any consid]able di%on\r ^u ! violator2 b ^? laws !mselves are1 ! great] "p ( !m1 laid d[n ) #acf v little reg>d to ! pla9e/ & mo/ obvi\s rules ( ju/ice4 ,t ! innoc5t1 ?\gh !y may h "s connexion or dep5d5cy ^u ! guilty 7:i*1 p]haps1 !y !mselves _c help71 %\ld n1 ^u t acc\nt1 suff] or be puni%$ = ! guilty1 is "o ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ obvi\s rules ( ju/ice4 ,9 ! mo/ unju/ w>1 h[ev]1 x is commonly ! sov]eign or ! rul]s only :o are guilty4 ,! subjects are almo/ always p]fectly innoc5t4 ,:5ev] x suits ! conv5i5cy ( a public enemy1 h[ev]1 ! goods ( ! peaceable citiz5s are seiz$ bo? at l& & at sea2 _! l&s are laid wa/e1 _! h\ses are burnt1 & !y !mselves1 if !y presume to make any resi/ance1 are murd]$ or l$ into captivity2 & all ?is 9 ! mo/ p]fect con=mity to :at are call$ ! laws ( nations4 ,! animosity ( ho/ile factions1 :e!r civil or ecclesia/ical1 is (t5 /ill m furi\s ?an t ( ho/ile nations2 & _! conduct t[>ds "o ano!r is (t5 /ill m atroci\s4 ,:at may be call$ ! laws ( faction h (t5 be5 laid d[n by grave au?ors ) /ill less reg>d to ! rules ( ju/ice ?an :at are call$ ! laws ( nations4 ,! mo/ f]oci\s patriot nev] /at$ x z a s]i\s "q1 ,:e!r fai? ought to be kept ) public enemies8--,:e!r fai? ought to be kept ) rebels8 ,:e!r fai? ought to be kept ) h]etics8 are que/ions :i* h be5 (t5 furi\sly agitat$ by celebrat$ doctors bo? civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve1 ,i presume1 t bo? rebels & h]etics are ^? unlucky p]sons1 :o1 :5 ?+s h come to a c]ta9 degree ( viol5ce1 h ! mis=tune to be ( ! weak] p>ty4 ,9 a nation di/ract$ by faction1 !re are1 no d\bt1 always a few1 ?\gh commonly b a v few1 :o pres]ve _! judgm5t unta9t$ by ! g5]al contagion4 ,!y seldom am\nt to m ?an1 "h & !re1 a solit>y individual1 )\t any influ5ce1 exclud$1 by 8 own c&\r1 f ! confid5ce ( ei!r p>ty1 & :o1 ?\gh he may be "o ( ! wise/1 is necess>ily1 ^u t v acc\nt1 "o ( ! mo/ insignificant m5 9 ! society4 ,all su* p are held 9 contempt & d]ision1 frequ5tly 9 dete/ation1 by ! zealots ( bo? p>ties4 ,a true p>ty-man hates & despises c&\r2 &1 9 reality1 !re is no vice :i* c\ld s effectually disqualify him = ! trade ( a p>ty-man z t s+le virtue4 ,! real1 rev]$1 & imp>tial spectator1 !re=e1 is1 ^u no occasion1 at a great] di/ance ?an amid/ ! viol5ce & rage ( cont5d+ p>ties4 ,to !m1 x may be said1 t su* a spectator sc>ce exi/s any :]e 9 ! univ]se4 ,ev5 to ! great ,judge ( ! univ]se1 !y impute all _! own prejudices1 & (t5 view t ,div9e ,be+ z animat$ by all _! own v9dictive & implacable passions4 ,( all ! corrupt]s ( moral s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 faction & fanaticism h always be5 by f> ! greate/4 #acg ,conc]n+ ! subject ( self-comm&1 ,i %all only obs]ve fur!r1 t our admiration = ! man :o1 "u ! heavie/ & mo/ unexpect$ mis=tunes1 cont9ues to behave ) =titude & firmness1 always supposes t 8 s5sibility to ^? mis=tunes is v great1 & su* z x requires a v great ef=t to conqu] or comm&4 ,! man :o 0 altoge!r ins5sible to bodily pa91 c\ld des]ve no applause f endur+ ! torture ) ! mo/ p]fect pati5ce & equanimity4 ,! man :o _h be5 creat$ )\t ! natural fe> ( dea?1 c\ld claim no m]it f pres]v+ 8 coolness & pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ dreadful dang]s4 ,x is "o ( ! extravagancies ( ,s5eca1 t ! ,/oical wise man 01 9 ?is respect1 sup]ior ev5 to a god2 t ! security ( ! god 0 altoge!r ! b5efit ( nature1 :i* _h exempt$ him f suff]+2 b t ! security ( ! wise man 0 8 own b5efit1 & d]iv$ altoge!r f himself & f 8 own ex]tions4 ,! s5sibility ( "s m51 h[ev]1 to "s ( ! objects :i* imm$iately affect !mselves1 is sometimes s /rong z to r5d] all self-comm& impossible4 ,no s5se ( hon\r c control ! fe>s ( ! man :o is weak en\gh to fa9t1 or to fall into convulsions1 ^u ! approa* ( dang]4 ,:e!r su* weakness ( n]ves1 z x has be5 call$1 may n1 by gradual ex]cise & prop] discipl9e1 admit ( "s cure1 may1 p]haps1 be d\btful4 ,x seems c]ta9 t x ought nev] to be tru/$ or employ$4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,( ! ,nature ( ,self-deceit1 & ( ! ,orig9 & ,use ( g5]al ,rules4 ,,9 ord] to p]v]t ! rectitude ( our own judgm5ts conc]n+ ! propriety ( our own conduct1 x is n always necess>y t ! real & imp>tial spectator %\ld be at a great di/ance4 ,:5 he is at h&1 :5 he is pres5t1 ! viol5ce & inju/ice ( our own selfi% passions are sometimes suffici5t to induce ! man )9 ! brea/ to make a report v diff]5t f :at ! real circum/ances ( ! case are capable ( au?oris+4 ,!re are two diff]5t occasions ^u :i* we exam9e our own conduct1 & endeav\r to view x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x3 fir/1 :5 we are ab\t to act2 & secondly1 aft] we h act$4 ,our views are apt to be v p>tial 9 bo? cases2 b !y are apt to be mo/ p>tial :5 x is ( mo/ importance t !y %\ld be o!rwise4 ,:5 we are ab\t to act1 ! eag]ness ( passion w seldom all[ u to consid] :at we are do+1 ) ! c&\r ( an indiff]5t p]son4 ,! viol5t emotions :i* at t "t agitate u1 discol\r our views ( ?+s1 ev5 :5 we are endeav\r+ to place ourselves #ach 9 ! situation ( ano!r1 & to reg>d ! objects t int]e/ u 9 ! light 9 :i* !y w naturally appe> to him4 ,! fury ( our own passions con/antly calls u back to our own place1 :]e e ?+ appe>s magnifi$ & misrepres5t$ by self-love4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* ^? objects w\ld appe> to ano!r1 ( ! view :i* he w\ld take ( !m1 we c obta91 if ,i may say s1 b in/antane\s glimpses1 :i* vani% 9 a mom5t1 & :i*1 ev5 :ile !y la/1 are n altoge!r j4 ,we _c ev5 = t mom5t dive/ ourselves entirely ( ! heat & ke5ness ) :i* our peculi> situation inspires u1 nor consid] :at we are ab\t to d ) ! complete imp>tiality ( an equitable judge4 ,! passions1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 z ,fa!r ,malebran*e says1 all ju/ify !mselves1 & seem reasonable & proportion$ to _! objects1 z long z we cont9ue to feel !m4 ,:5 ! action is ov]1 inde$1 & ! passions :i* prompt$ x h subsid$1 we c ent] m coolly into ! s5tim5ts ( ! indiff]5t spectator4 ,:at be=e int]e/$ u is n[ become almo/ z indiff]5t to u z x always 0 to him1 & we c n[ exam9e our own conduct ) 8 c&\r & imp>tiality4 ,! man ( today is no long] agitat$ by ! same passions :i* di/ract$ ! man ( ye/]day3 & :5 ! p>oxysm ( emotion1 9 ! same mann] z :5 ! p>oxysm ( di/ress1 is fairly ov]1 we c id5tify ourselves1 z x 71 ) ! ideal man )9 ! brea/1 &1 9 our own "*1 view1 z 9 ! "o case1 our own situation1 s 9 ! o!r1 our own conduct1 ) ! sev]e eyes ( ! mo/ imp>tial spectator4 ,b our judgm5ts n[ are (t5 ( little importance 9 comp>ison ( :at !y 7 be=e2 & c frequ5tly produce no?+ b va9 regret & unavail+ rep5tance2 )\t always secur+ u f ! l errors 9 "t to come4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t !y are q c&id ev5 9 ?is case4 ,! op9ion :i* we ent]ta9 ( our own "* dep5ds entirely on our judgm5t conc]n+ our pa/ conduct4 ,x is s disagreeable to ?9k ill ( ourselves1 t we (t5 purposely turn away our view f ^? circum/ances :i* might r5d] t judgm5t unfav\rable4 ,he is a bold surgeon1 !y say1 ^: h& does n tremble :5 he p]=ms an op]ation ^u 8 own p]son2 & he is (t5 equally bold :o does n hesitate to pull (f ! my/]i\s veil ( self-delusion1 :i* cov]s f 8 view ! de=mities ( 8 own conduct4 ,r ?an see our own behavi\r "u s disagreeable an aspect1 we too (t51 fooli%ly & weakly1 endeav\r to exasp]ate anew ^? unju/ passions :i* _h =m]ly misl$ u2 we endeav\r by artifice to awak5 our old hatr$s1 & irritate afre% our almo/ =gott5 res5tm5ts3 we ev5 ex]t ourselves = ?is mis]able purpose1 & ?us p]sev]e 9 inju/ice1 m]ely because we once 7 unju/1 & because we are a%am$ & afraid to see t we 7 s4 #aci ,s p>tial are ! views ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! propriety ( _! own conduct1 bo? at ! "t ( action & aft] x2 & s difficult is x = !m to view x 9 ! light 9 :i* any indiff]5t spectator w\ld consid] x4 ,b if x 0 by a peculi> faculty1 su* z ! moral s5se is suppos$ to be1 t !y judg$ ( _! own conduct1 if !y 7 endu$ ) a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception :i* di/+ui%$ ! beauty or de=mity ( passions & affections2 z !n passions w\ld be m imm$iately expos$ to ! view ( ?is faculty1 x w\ld judge m accurately conc]n+ !m1 ?an conc]n+ ^? ( o!r m51 ( :i* x _h only a m di/ant prospect4 ,?is self-deceit1 ?is fatal weakness ( mank9d1 is ! s\rce ( half ! disord]s ( human life4 ,if we saw ourselves 9 ! light 9 :i* o!rs see u1 or 9 :i* !y w\ld see u if !y knew all1 a re=mation w\ld g5]ally be unavoidable4 ,we c\ld n o!rwise endure ! sight expos$ to u4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has n left ?is weakness1 :i* is ( s mu* importance1 altoge!r )\t a rem$y2 nor has %e ab&on$ u entirely to ! delusions ( self-love4 ,our cont9ual obs]vations ^u ! conduct ( o!rs1 ins5sibly lead u to =m to ourselves c]ta9 g5]al rules conc]n+ :at is fit & prop] ei!r to be done or to be avoid$4 ,"s ( _! actions %ock all our natural s5tim5ts4 ,we he> e body ab\t u express ! l dete/ation aga9/ !m4 ,?is /ill fur!r confirms1 & ev5 exasp]ates our natural s5se ( _! de=mity4 ,x satisfies u t we view !m 9 ! prop] light1 :5 we see o!r p view !m 9 ! same light4 ,we resolve nev] to be guilty ( ! l1 nor ev]1 ^u any acc\nt1 to r5d] ourselves 9 ?is mann] ! objects ( univ]sal disapprobation4 ,we ?us naturally lay d[n to ourselves a g5]al rule1 t all su* actions are to be avoid$1 z t5d+ to r5d] u odi\s1 contemptible1 or puni%able1 ! objects ( all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* we h ! greate/ dread & av]sion4 ,o!r actions1 on ! contr>y1 call =? our approbation1 & we he> e body ar\nd u express ! same fav\rable op9ion conc]n+ !m4 ,e body is eag] to hon\r & rew>d !m4 ,!y excite all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* we h by nature ! /ronge/ desire2 ! love1 ! gratitude1 ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,we become ambiti\s ( p]=m+ ! l2 & ?us naturally lay d[n to ourselves a rule ( ano!r k9d1 t e opportunity ( act+ 9 ?is mann] is to be s\ght aft]4 ,x is ?us t ! g5]al rules ( morality are =m$4 ,!y are ultimately f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce ( :at1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 our moral faculties1 our natural s5se ( m]it & propriety1 approve1 or disapprove (4 ,we d n orig9ally approve or condemn p>ticul> actions2 because1 ^u exam9ation1 !y appe> to be agreeable or inconsi/5t ) a c]ta9 g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule1 on ! contr>y1 is =m$1 by f9d+ f exp]i5ce1 t all actions ( a #adj c]ta9 k9d1 or circum/anc$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 are approv$ or disapprov$ (4 ,to ! man :o fir/ saw an inhuman murd]1 committ$ f av>ice1 envy1 or unju/ res5tm5t1 & ^u "o too t lov$ & tru/$ ! murd]]1 :o beheld ! la/ agonies ( ! dy+ p]son1 :o he>d him1 ) 8 expir+ brea?1 compla9 m ( ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( 8 false fri5d1 ?an ( ! viol5ce :i* _h be5 done to him1 !re c\ld be no occasion1 9 ord] to conceive h[ horrible su* an action 01 t he %\ld reflect1 t "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ rules ( conduct 0 :at prohibit$ ! tak+ away ! life ( an innoc5t p]son1 t ?is 0 a pla9 violation ( t rule1 & consequ5tly a v blamable action4 ,8 dete/ation ( ?is crime1 x is evid5t1 w\ld arise in/antane\sly & antec$5t to 8 hav+ =m$ to himself any su* g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule1 on ! contr>y1 :i* he might aft]w>ds =m1 w\ld be f\nd$ ^u ! dete/ation :i* he felt necess>ily arise 9 8 own brea/1 at ! ?\ght ( ?is & e o!r p>ticul> action ( ! same k9d4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory or romance1 ! acc\nt ( actions ei!r ( g5]osity or ( bas5ess1 ! admiration :i* we conceive = ! "o1 & ! contempt :i* we feel = ! o!r1 nei!r ( !m arise f reflect+ t !re are c]ta9 g5]al rules :i* decl>e all actions ( ! "o k9d admirable1 & all actions ( ! o!r contemptible4 ,^? g5]al rules1 on ! contr>y1 are all =m$ f ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! effects :i* actions ( all diff]5t k9ds naturally produce ^u u4 ,an amiable action1 a respectable action1 an horrid action1 are all ( !m actions :i* naturally excite = ! p]son :o p]=ms !m1 ! love1 ! respect1 or ! horror ( ! spectator4 ,! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e :at actions are1 & :at are n1 ! objects ( ea* ( ^? s5tim5ts1 c be =m$ no o!r way ?an by obs]v+ :at actions actually & 9 fact excite !m4 ,:5 ^! g5]al rules1 inde$1 h be5 =m$1 :5 !y are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & e/abli%$1 by ! concurr+ s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 we frequ5tly appeal to !m z to ! /&>ds ( judgm5t1 9 debat+ conc]n+ ! degree ( praise or blame t is due to c]ta9 actions ( a complicat$ & dubi\s nature4 ,!y are ^u ^! occasions commonly cit$ z ! ultimate f\ndations ( :at is j & unju/ 9 human conduct2 & ?is circum/ance seems to h misl$ sev]al v em95t au?ors1 to draw up _! sy/ems 9 su* a mann]1 z if !y _h suppos$ t ! orig9al judgm5ts ( mank9d ) reg>d to "r & wrong1 7 =m$ l ! decisions ( a c\rt ( judicatory1 by consid]+ fir/ ! g5]al rule1 & !n1 secondly1 :e!r ! p>ticul> action "u consid]ation fell prop]ly )9 its compreh5sion4 ,^? g5]al rules ( conduct1 :5 !y h be5 fix$ 9 our m9d by habitual reflection1 are ( great use 9 correct+ ! #ada misrepres5tations ( self-love conc]n+ :at is fit & prop] to be done 9 our p>ticul> situation4 ,! man ( furi\s res5tm5t1 if he 0 to li/5 to ! dictates ( t passion1 w\ld p]haps reg>d ! dea? ( 8 enemy1 z b a small comp5sation = ! wrong1 he imag9es1 he has receiv$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be no m ?an a v slight provocation4 ,b 8 obs]vations ^u ! conduct ( o!rs1 h taught him h[ horrible all su* sangu9>y rev5ges appe>4 ,unless 8 education has be5 v s+ul>1 he has laid x d[n to himself z an inviolable rule1 to ab/a9 f !m ^u all occasions4 ,?is rule pres]ves its au?ority ) him1 & r5d]s him incapable ( be+ guilty ( su* a viol5ce4 ,yet ! fury ( 8 own temp] may be su*1 t _h ?is be5 ! fir/ "t 9 :i* he consid]$ su* an action1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h det]m9$ x to be q j & prop]1 & :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve (4 ,b t rev]5ce = ! rule :i* pa/ exp]i5ce has impress$ ^u him1 *ecks ! impetuosity ( 8 passion1 & helps him to correct ! too p>tial views :i* self-love might o!rwise sugge/1 ( :at 0 prop] to be done 9 8 situation4 ,if he %\ld all[ himself to be s f> transport$ by passion z to violate ?is rule1 yet1 ev5 9 ?is case1 he _c ?r[ (f altoge!r ! awe & respect ) :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to reg>d x4 ,at ! v "t ( act+1 at ! mom5t 9 :i* passion m\nts ! highe/1 he hesitates & trembles at ! ?\ght ( :at he is ab\t to d3 he is secretly consci\s to himself t he is break+ ?r\gh ^? measures ( conduct :i*1 9 all 8 cool h\rs1 he _h resolv$ nev] to infr+e1 :i* he _h nev] se5 infr+$ by o!rs )\t ! highe/ disapprobation1 & ( :i* ! infr+em5t1 8 own m9d =ebodes1 mu/ soon r5d] him ! object ( ! same disagreeable s5tim5ts4 ,be=e he c take ! la/ fatal resolution1 he is torm5t$ ) all ! agonies ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty2 he is t]rifi$ at ! ?\ght ( violat+ s sacr$ a rule1 & at ! same "t is urg$ & goad$ on by ! fury ( 8 desires to violate x4 ,he *anges 8 purpose e mom5t2 sometimes he resolves to adh]e to 8 pr9ciple1 & n indulge a passion :i* may corrupt ! rema9+ "p ( 8 life ) ! horrors ( %ame & rep5tance2 & a mom5t>y calm takes possession ( 8 brea/1 f ! prospect ( t security & tranquillity :i* he w enjoy :5 he ?us det]m9es n to expose himself to ! haz>d ( a contr>y conduct4 ,b imm$iately ! passion r\ses anew1 & ) fre% fury drives him on to commit :at he _h ! in/ant be=e resolv$ to ab/a9 f4 ,we>i$ & di/ract$ ) ^? cont9ual irresolutions1 he at l5g?1 f a sort ( despair1 makes ! la/ fatal & irrecov]able /ep2 b ) t t]ror & amazem5t ) :i* "o fly+ f an enemy1 ?r[s himself ov] a precipice1 :]e he is sure ( meet+ ) m c]ta9 de/ruction ?an f any ?+ t pursues him f beh9d4 ,su* #adb are 8 s5tim5ts ev5 at ! "t ( act+2 ?\gh he is !n1 no d\bt1 less s5sible ( ! impropriety ( 8 own conduct ?an aft]w>ds1 :5 8 passion be+ gratifi$ & pall$1 he beg9s to view :at he has done 9 ! light 9 :i* o!rs are apt to view x2 & actually feels1 :at he _h only =ese5 v imp]fectly be=e1 ! /+s ( remorse & rep5tance beg9 to agitate & torm5t him4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,v4--,( ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ! g5]al ,rules ( ,morality1 & t !y are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! ,laws ( ! ,deity4 ,,! reg>d ( ^? g5]al rules ( conduct1 is :at is prop]ly call$ a s5se ( duty1 a pr9ciple ( ! greate/ consequ5ce 9 human life1 & ! only pr9ciple by :i* ! bulk ( mank9d are capable ( direct+ _! actions4 ,_m m5 behave v dec5tly1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! lives avoid any consid]able degree ( blame1 :o yet1 p]haps1 nev] felt ! s5tim5t ^u ! propriety ( :i* we f\nd our approbation ( _! conduct1 b act$ m]ely f a reg>d to :at !y saw 7 ! e/abli%$ rules ( behavi\r4 ,! man :o has receiv$ great b5efits f ano!r p]son1 may1 by ! natural coldness ( 8 temp]1 feel b a v small degree ( ! s5tim5t ( gratitude4 ,if he has be5 virtu\sly educat$1 h[ev]1 he w (t5 h be5 made to obs]ve h[ odi\s ^? actions appe> :i* d5ote a want ( ?is s5tim5t1 & h[ amiable ! contr>y4 ,?\gh 8 he>t !re=e is n w>m$ ) any grateful affection1 he w /rive to act z if x 01 & w endeav\r to pay all ^? reg>ds & att5tions to 8 patron :i* ! livelie/ gratitude c\ld sugge/4 ,he w visit him regul>ly2 he w behave to him respectfully2 he w nev] talk ( him b ) expressions ( ! highe/ e/eem1 & ( ! _m obligations :i* he owes to him4 ,& :at is m1 he w c>efully embrace e opportunity ( mak+ a prop] return = pa/ s]vices4 ,he may d all ?is too )\t any hypocrisy or blamable dissimulation1 )\t any selfi% int5tion ( obta9+ new fav\rs1 & )\t any design ( impos+ ei!r ^u 8 b5efactor or ! public4 ,! motive ( 8 actions may be no o!r ?an a rev]5ce = ! e/abli%$ rule ( duty1 a s]i\s & e>ne/ desire ( act+1 9 e respect1 accord+ to ! law ( gratitude4 ,a wife1 9 ! same mann]1 may sometimes n feel t t5d] reg>d = h] husb& :i* is suitable to ! relation t subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,if %e has be5 virtu\sly educat$1 h[ev]1 %e w endeav\r to act z if %e felt x1 to be c>eful1 (fici\s1 fai?ful1 & s9c]e1 & to be defici5t 9 none ( ^? att5tions :i* ! s5tim5t ( conjugal affection c\ld h prompt$ h] to p]=m4 ,su* a fri5d1 & su* a wife1 are nei!r ( !m1 und\bt$ly1 ! v be/ ( _! #adc k9ds2 & ?\gh bo? ( !m may h ! mo/ s]i\s & e>ne/ desire to fulfil e "p ( _! duty1 yet !y w fail 9 _m nice & delicate reg>ds1 !y w miss _m opportunities ( oblig+1 :i* !y c\ld nev] h ov]look$ if !y _h possess$ ! s5tim5t t is prop] to _! situation4 ,?\gh n ! v fir/ ( _! k9ds1 h[ev]1 !y are p]haps ! second2 & if ! reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( conduct has be5 v /rongly impress$ ^u !m1 nei!r ( !m w fail 9 any v ess5tial "p ( _! duty4 ,none b ^? ( ! happie/ m\ld are capable ( suit+1 ) exact ju/ness1 _! s5tim5ts & behavi\r to ! smalle/ diff]5ce ( situation1 & ( act+ ^u all occasions ) ! mo/ delicate & accurate propriety4 ,! co>se clay ( :i* ! bulk ( mank9d are =m$1 _c be wr\ght up to su* p]fection4 ,!re is sc>ce any man1 h[ev]1 :o by discipl9e1 education1 & example1 may n be s impress$ ) a reg>d to g5]al rules1 z to act ^u almo/ e occasion ) tol]able dec5cy1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life to avoid any consid]able degree ( blame4 ,)\t ?is sacr$ reg>d to g5]al rules1 !re is no man ^: conduct c be mu* dep5d$ ^u4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! mo/ ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a man ( pr9ciple & hon\r & a wor?less fell[4 ,! "o adh]es1 on all occasions1 /eadily & resolutely to 8 maxims1 & pres]ves ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life "o ev5 t5or ( conduct4 ,! o!r1 acts v>i\sly & accid5tally1 z hum\r1 incl9ation1 or int]e/ *ance to be upp]mo/4 ,nay1 su* are ! inequalities ( hum\r to :i* all m5 are subject1 t )\t ?is pr9ciple1 ! man :o1 9 all 8 cool h\rs1 _h ! mo/ delicate s5sibility to ! propriety ( conduct1 might (t5 be l$ to act absurdly ^u ! mo/ frivol\s occasions1 & :5 x 0 sc>ce possible to assign any s]i\s motive = 8 behav+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,y\r fri5d makes y a visit :5 y happ5 to be 9 a hum\r :i* makes x disagreeable to receive him3 9 y\r pres5t mood 8 civility is v apt to appe> an imp]t95t intrusion2 & if y 7 to give way to ! views ( ?+s :i* at ?is "t occur1 ?\gh civil 9 y\r temp]1 y w\ld behave to him ) coldness & contempt4 ,:at r5d]s y incapable ( su* a rud5ess1 is no?+ b a reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( civility & hospitality1 :i* prohibit x4 ,t habitual rev]5ce :i* y\r =m] exp]i5ce has taught y = ^!1 enables y to act1 ^u all su* occasions1 ) ne>ly equal propriety1 & h9d]s ^? inequalities ( temp]1 to :i* all m5 are subject1 f influ5c+ y\r conduct 9 any v s5sible degree4 ,b if )\t reg>d to ^! g5]al rules1 ev5 ! duties ( polit5ess1 :i* are s easily obs]v$1 & :i* "o c sc>ce h any s]i\s motive to violate1 w\ld yet be s frequ5tly violat$1 :at w\ld become ( ! duties ( ju/ice1 ( tru?1 ( *a/ity1 ( fidelity1 :i* x is (t5 s difficult to obs]ve1 & :i* !re may be s #add _m /rong motives to violate8 ,b ^u ! tol]able obs]vance ( ^! duties dep5ds ! v exi/5ce ( human society1 :i* w\ld crumble into no?+ if mank9d 7 n g5]ally impress$ ) a rev]5ce = ^? important rules ( conduct4 ,?is rev]5ce is /ill fur!r enhanc$ by an op9ion :i* is fir/ impress$ by nature1 & aft]w>ds confirm$ by reason+ & philosophy1 t ^? important rules ( morality are ! comm&s & laws ( ! ,deity1 :o w f9ally rew>d ! ob$i5t & puni% ! transgressors ( _! duty4 ,?is op9ion or appreh5sion1 ,i say1 seems fir/ to be impress$ by nature4 ,m5 are naturally l$ to ascribe to ^? my/]i\s be+s1 :atev] !y are1 :i* happ51 9 any c\ntry to be ! objects ( religi\s fe>1 all _! own s5tim5ts & passions4 ,!y h no o!r1 !y c conceive no o!r to ascribe to !m4 ,^? unkn[n intellig5ces :i* !y imag9e b see n1 mu/ necess>ily be =m$ ) "s sort ( resemblance to ^? intellig5ces ( :i* !y h exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! ignorance & d>kness ( pagan sup]/ition1 mank9d seem to h =m$ ! ideas ( _! div9ities ) s little delicacy1 t !y ascrib$ to !m1 indiscrim9ately1 all ! passions ( human nature1 ^? n except$ :i* d ! lea/ hon\r to our species1 su* z lu/1 hung]1 av>ice1 envy1 rev5ge4 ,!y c\ld n fail1 !re=e1 to ascribe to ^? be+s1 = ! excell5ce ( ^: nature !y /ill conceiv$ ! highe/ admiration1 ^? s5tim5ts & qualities :i* are ! great ornam5ts ( humanity1 & :i* seem to raise x to a resemblance ( div9e p]fection1 ! love ( virtue & b5efic5ce1 & ! abhorr5ce ( vice & inju/ice4 ,! man :o 0 injur$1 call$ ^u ,jupit] to be witness ( ! wrong t 0 done to him1 & c\ld n d\bt1 b t div9e be+ w\ld behold x ) ! same indignation :i* w\ld animate ! meane/ ( mank9d1 :o look$ on :5 inju/ice 0 committ$4 ,! man :o did ! injury1 felt himself to be ! prop] object ( ! dete/ation & res5tm5t ( mank9d2 & 8 natural fe>s l$ him to impute ! same s5tim5ts to ^? awful be+s1 ^: pres5ce he c\ld n avoid1 & ^: p[] he c\ld n resi/4 ,^! natural hopes1 & fe>s1 & suspicions1 7 propagat$ by sympa?y1 & confirm$ by education2 & ! gods 7 univ]sally repres5t$ & believ$ to be ! rew>d]s ( humanity & m]cy1 & ! av5g]s ( p]fidy & inju/ice4 ,& ?us religion1 ev5 9 its rude/ =m1 gave a sanction to ! rules ( morality1 long be=e ! age ( artificial reason+ & philosophy4 ,t ! t]rors ( religion %\ld ?us en=ce ! natural s5se ( duty1 0 ( too mu* importance to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 = nature to leave x dep5d5t ^u ! sl[ness & unc]ta9ty ( philosophical rese>*es4 ,^! rese>*es1 h[ev]1 :5 !y came to take place1 confirm$ ^? orig9al anticipations ( nature4 ,^u :atev] we suppose t #ade moral faculties are f\nd$1 :e!r ^u a c]ta9 modification ( reason1 ^u an orig9al in/9ct1 call$ a moral s5se1 or ^u "s o!r pr9ciple ( our nature1 x _c be d\bt$1 t !y 7 giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct 9 ?is life4 ,!y c>ry along ) !m ! mo/ evid5t badges ( ?is au?ority1 :i* d5ote t !y 7 set up )9 u to be ! supreme arbit]s ( all our actions1 to sup]9t5d all our s5ses1 passions1 & appetites1 & to judge h[ ea* ( !m 0 ei!r to be indulg$ or re/ra9$4 ,our moral faculties are by no means1 z "s h pret5d$1 ^u a level 9 ?is respect ) ! o!r faculties & appetites ( our nature1 end[$ ) no m "r to re/ra9 ^! la/1 ?an ^! la/ are to re/ra9 !m4 ,no o!r faculty or pr9ciple ( action judges ( any o!r4 ,love does n judge ( res5tm5t1 nor res5tm5t ( love4 ,^? two passions may be opposite to "o ano!r1 b _c1 ) any propriety1 be said to approve or disapprove ( "o ano!r4 ,b x is ! peculi> (fice ( ^? faculties n[ "u our consid]ation to judge1 to be/[ c5sure or applause ^u all ! o!r pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,!y may be consid]$ z a sort ( s5ses ( :i* ^? pr9ciples are ! objects4 ,e s5se is supreme ov] its own objects4 ,!re is no appeal f ! eye ) reg>d to ! beauty ( col\rs1 nor f ! e> ) reg>d to ! h>mony ( s\nds1 nor f ! ta/e ) reg>d to ! agreeabl5ess ( flav\rs4 ,ea* ( ^? s5ses judges 9 ! la/ resort ( its own objects4 ,:atev] gratifies ! ta/e is sweet1 :atev] pleases ! eye is beautiful1 :atev] soo!s ! e> is h>moni\s4 ,! v ess5ce ( ea* ( ^? qualities consi/s 9 its be+ fitt$ to please ! s5se to :i* x is address$4 ,x belongs to our moral faculties1 9 ! same mann] to det]m9e :5 ! e> ought to be soo!d1 :5 ! eye ought to be indulg$1 :5 ! ta/e ought to be gratifi$1 :5 & h[ f> e o!r pr9ciple ( our nature ought ei!r to be indulg$ or re/ra9$4 ,:at is agreeable to our moral faculties1 is fit1 & "r1 & prop] to be done2 ! contr>y wrong1 unfit1 & improp]4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* !y approve (1 are graceful & becom+3 ! contr>y1 ungraceful & unbecom+4 ,! v words1 "r1 wrong1 fit1 improp]1 graceful1 unbecom+1 mean only :at pleases or displeases ^? faculties4 ,s9ce ^!1 !re=e1 7 pla9ly int5d$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( human nature1 ! rules :i* !y prescribe are to be reg>d$ z ! comm&s & laws ( ! ,deity1 promulgat$ by ^? viceg]5ts :i* he has ?us set up )9 u4 ,all g5]al rules are commonly d5om9at$ laws3 ?us ! g5]al rules :i* bodies obs]ve 9 ! communication ( motion1 are call$ ! laws ( motion4 ,b ^? g5]al rules :i* our moral faculties obs]ve 9 approv+ or condemn+ :atev] s5tim5t or action is subject$ to _! exam9ation1 may mu* m ju/ly be d5om9at$ su*4 ,!y h a mu* great] resemblance to :at are prop]ly call$ laws1 ^? #adf g5]al rules :i* ! sov]eign lays d[n to direct ! conduct ( 8 subjects4 ,l !m !y are rules to direct ! free actions ( m53 !y are prescrib$ mo/ surely by a lawful sup]ior1 & are att5d$ too ) ! sanction ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,^? viceg]5ts ( ,god )9 u1 nev] fail to puni% ! violation ( !m1 by ! torm5ts ( inw>d %ame1 & self-condemnation2 & on ! contr>y1 always rew>d ob$i5ce ) tranquillity ( m9d1 ) full cont5tm5t & self-satisfaction4 ,!re are innum]able o!r consid]ations :i* s]ve to confirm ! same conclusion4 ,! happ9ess ( mank9d1 z well z ( all o!r rational creatures1 seems to h be5 ! orig9al purpose int5d$ by ! ,au?or ( nature1 :5 he br\ght !m into exi/5ce4 ,no o!r end seems wor?y ( t supreme wisdom & div9e b5ignity :i* we necess>ily ascribe to him2 & ?is op9ion1 :i* we are l$ to by ! ab/ract consid]ation ( 8 inf9ite p]fections1 is /ill m confirm$ by ! exam9ation ( ! works ( nature1 :i* seem all int5d$ to promote happ9ess1 & to gu>d aga9/ mis]y4 ,b by act+ accord+ly to ! dictates ( our moral faculties1 we necess>ily pursue ! mo/ effectual means = promot+ ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & may !re=e be said1 9 "s s5se1 to co-op]ate ) ! ,deity1 & to advance z f> z 9 our p[] ! plan ( ,provid5ce4 ,by act+ o!rwise1 on ! contr>y1 we seem to ob/ruct1 9 "s measure1 ! s*eme :i* ! ,au?or ( nature has e/abli%$ = ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! _w1 & to decl>e ourselves1 if ,i may say s1 9 "s measure ! enemies ( ,god4 ,h5ce we are naturally enc\rag$ to hope = 8 extraord9>y fav\r & rew>d 9 ! "o case1 & to dread 8 sure v5geance & puni%m5t 9 ! o!r4 ,!re are besides _m o!r reasons1 & _m o!r natural pr9ciples1 :i* all t5d to confirm & inculcate ! same salut>y doctr9e4 ,if we consid] ! g5]al rules by :i* ext]nal prosp]ity & adv]sity are commonly di/ribut$ 9 ?is life1 we %all f9d1 t not)/&+ ! disord] 9 :i* all ?+s appe> to be 9 ?is _w1 yet ev5 "h e virtue naturally meets ) its prop] rew>d1 ) ! recomp5se :i* is mo/ fit to enc\rage & promote x2 & ?is too s surely1 t x requires a v extraord9>y concurr5ce ( circum/ances entirely to disappo9t x4 ,:at is ! rew>d mo/ prop] = enc\rag+ indu/ry1 prud5ce1 & circumspection8 ,success 9 e sort ( bus9ess4 ,& is x possible t 9 ! :ole ( life ^! virtues %\ld fail ( atta9+ x8 ,weal? & ext]nal hon\rs are _! prop] recomp5se1 & ! recomp5se :i* !y c seldom fail ( acquir+4 ,:at rew>d is mo/ prop] = promot+ ! practice ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & humanity8 ,! confid5ce1 ! e/eem1 ! love ( ^? we live )4 ,humanity does n desire to be great1 b to be belov$4 ,x is n 9 be+ ri* t tru? #adg & ju/ice w\ld rejoice1 b 9 be+ tru/$ & believ$1 recomp5ses :i* ^? virtues mu/ almo/ always acquire4 ,by "s v extraord9>y & unlucky circum/ance1 a good man may come to be suspect$ ( a crime ( :i* he 0 altoge!r incapable1 & ^u t acc\nt be mo/ unju/ly expos$ = ! rema9+ "p ( 8 life to ! horror & av]sion ( mank9d4 ,by an accid5t ( ?is k9d he may be said to lose 8 all1 not)/&+ 8 integrity & ju/ice2 9 ! same mann] z a cauti\s man1 not)/&+ 8 utmo/ circumspection1 may be ru9$ by an e>?quake or an inundation4 ,accid5ts ( ! fir/ k9d1 h[ev]1 are p]haps /ill m r>e1 & /ill m contr>y to ! common c\rse ( ?+s ?an ^? ( ! second2 & x /ill rema9s true1 t ! practice ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & humanity is a c]ta9 & almo/ infallible me?od ( acquir+ :at ^! virtues *iefly aim at1 ! confid5ce & love ( ^? we live )4 ,a p]son may be v easily misrepres5t$ ) reg>d to a p>ticul> action2 b x is sc>ce possible t he %\ld be s ) reg>d to ! g5]al t5or ( 8 conduct4 ,an innoc5t man may be believ$ to h done wrong3 ?is1 h[ev]1 w r>ely happ54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! e/abli%$ op9ion ( ! innoc5ce ( 8 mann]s1 w (t5 lead u to absolve him :]e he has really be5 9 ! fault1 not)/&+ v /rong presumptions4 ,a knave1 9 ! same mann]1 may escape c5sure1 or ev5 meet ) applause1 = a p>ticul> knav]y1 9 :i* 8 conduct is n und]/ood4 ,b no man 0 ev] habitually su*1 )\t be+ almo/ univ]sally kn[n to be s1 & )\t be+ ev5 frequ5tly suspect$ ( guilt1 :5 he 0 9 reality p]fectly innoc5t4 ,& s f> z vice & virtue c be ei!r puni%$ or rew>d$ by ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( mank9d1 !y bo?1 accord+ to ! common c\rse ( ?+s meet ev5 "h ) some?+ m ?an exact & imp>tial ju/ice4 ,b ?\gh ! g5]al rules by :i* prosp]ity & adv]sity are commonly di/ribut$1 :5 consid]$ 9 ?is cool & philosophical light1 appe> to be p]fectly suit$ to ! situation ( mank9d 9 ?is life1 yet !y are by no means suit$ to "s ( our natural s5tim5ts4 ,our natural love & admiration = "s virtues is su*1 t we %\ld wi% to be/[ on !m all sorts ( hon\rs & rew>ds1 ev5 ^? :i* we mu/ ackn[l$ge to be ! prop] recomp5ses ( o!r qualities1 ) :i* ^? virtues are n always accompani$4 ,our dete/ation1 on ! contr>y1 = "s vices is su*1 t we %\ld desire to heap ^u !m e sort ( disgrace & disa/]1 ^? n except$ :i* are ! natural consequ5ces ( v diff]5t qualities4 ,magnanimity1 g5]osity1 & ju/ice1 comm& s high a degree ( admiration1 t we desire to see !m cr[n$ ) weal?1 & p[]1 & hon\rs ( e k9d1 ! natural consequ5ces ( prud5ce1 indu/ry1 & application2 qualities ) :i* ^? virtues are n insep>ably connect$4 ,fraud1 falsehood1 brutality1 & #adh viol5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 excite 9 e human brea/ su* scorn & abhorr5ce1 t our indignation r\ses to see !m possess ^? advantages :i* !y may 9 "s s5se be said to h m]it$1 by ! dilig5ce & indu/ry ) :i* !y are sometimes att5d$4 ,! indu/ri\s knave cultivates ! soil1 ! indol5t man leaves x uncultivat$4 ,:o ought to reap ! h>ve/8 ,:o />ve1 & :o live 9 pl5ty8 ,! natural c\rse ( ?+s decides x 9 fav\r ( ! knave3 ! natural s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 fav\r ( ! man ( virtue4 ,man judges1 t ! good qualities ( ! "o are greatly ov]-recomp5s$ by ^? advantages :i* !y t5d to procure him1 & t ! omissions ( ! o!r are by f> too sev]ely puni%$ by ! di/ress :i* !y naturally br+ ^u him2 & human laws1 ! consequ5ces ( human s5tim5ts1 =feit ! life & ! e/ate ( ! indu/ri\s & cauti\s traitor1 & rew>d1 by extraord9>y recomp5ses1 ! fidelity & public _s ( ! improvid5t & c>eless good citiz54 ,?us man is by ,nature direct$ to correct1 9 "s measure1 t di/ribution ( ?+s :i* %e h]self w\ld o!rwise h made4 ,! rules :i* = ?is purpose %e prompts him to foll[1 are diff]5t f ^? :i* %e h]self obs]ves4 ,%e be/[s ^u e virtue1 & ^u e vice1 t precise rew>d or puni%m5t :i* is be/ fitt$ to enc\rage ! "o1 or to re/ra9 ! o!r4 ,%e is direct$ by ?is sole consid]ation1 & pays little reg>d to ! diff]5t degrees ( m]it & dem]it1 :i* !y may seem to possess 9 ! s5tim5ts & passions ( man4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 pays reg>d to ?is only1 & w\ld endeav\r to r5d] ! /ate ( e virtue precisely proportion$ to t degree ( love & e/eem1 & ( e vice to t degree ( contempt & abhorr5ce1 :i* he himself conceives = x4 ,! rules :i* %e foll[s are fit = h]1 z1 ^? :i* he foll[s are = him3 b bo? are calculat$ to promote ! same great end1 ! ord] ( ! _w1 & ! p]fection & happ9ess ( human nature4 ,b ?\gh man is ?us employ$ to alt] t di/ribution ( ?+s :i* natural ev5ts w\ld make1 if left to !mselves2 ?\gh1 l ! gods ( ! poets1 he is p]petually int]pos+1 by extraord9>y means1 9 fav\r ( virtue1 & 9 opposition to vice1 &1 l !m1 endeav\rs to turn away ! arr[ t is aim$ at ! head ( ! righte\s1 b to accel]ate ! sword ( de/ruction t is lift$ up aga9/ ! wick$2 yet he is by no means able to r5d] ! =tune ( ei!r q suitable to 8 own s5tim5ts & wi%es4 ,! natural c\rse ( ?+s _c be entirely controll$ by ! impot5t endeav\rs ( man3 ! curr5t is too rapid & too /rong = him to /op x2 & ?\gh ! rules :i* direct x appe> to h be5 e/abli%$ = ! wise/ & be/ purposes1 !y sometimes produce effects :i* %ock all 8 natural s5tim5ts4 ,t a great comb9ation ( m5 %\ld prevail ov] a small "o2 t ^? :o engage 9 an #adi ent]prise ) =e?\ght & all necess>y prep>ation1 %\ld prevail ov] su* z oppose !m )\t any2 & t e end %\ld be acquir$ by ^? means only :i* nature has e/abli%$ = acquir+ x1 seems to be a rule n only necess>y & unavoidable 9 itself1 b ev5 useful & prop] = r\s+ ! indu/ry & att5tion ( mank9d4 ,yet1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ?is rule1 viol5ce & artifice prevail ov] s9c]ity & ju/ice1 :at indignation does x n excite 9 ! brea/ ( e human spectator8 ,:at sorr[ & compassion = ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 & :at furi\s res5tm5t aga9/ ! success ( ! oppressor8 ,we are equally griev$ & enrag$ at ! wrong t is done1 b (t5 f9d x altoge!r out ( our p[] to r$ress x4 ,:5 we ?us despair ( f9d+ any =ce ^u e>? :i* c *eck ! triumph ( inju/ice1 we naturally appeal to heav51 & hope t ! great ,au?or ( our nature w himself execute h]eaft] :at all ! pr9ciples :i* he has giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct prompt u to attempt ev5 "h2 t he w complete ! plan :i* he himself has ?us taught u to beg92 & w1 9 a life to come1 r5d] to e "o accord+ to ! works :i* he has p]=m$ 9 ?is _w4 ,& ?us we are l$ to ! belief ( a future /ate1 n only by ! weaknesses1 by ! hopes & fe>s ( human nature1 b by ! noble/ & be/ pr9ciples :i* belong to x1 by ! love ( virtue1 & by ! abhorr5ce ( vice & inju/ice4 ',does x suit ! greatness ( ,god1' says ! eloqu5t & philosophical bi%op ( ,cl]mont1 ) t passionate & exagg]at+ =ce ( imag9ation1 :i* seems sometimes to exce$ ! b\nds ( decorum2 'does x suit ! greatness ( ,god1 to leave ! _w :i* he has creat$ 9 s univ]sal a disord]8 ,to see ! wick$ prevail almo/ always ov] ! j2 ! innoc5t de?ron$ by ! usurp]2 ! fa!r become ! victim ( ! ambition ( an unnatural son2 ! husb& expir+ "u ! /roke ( a b>b>\s & fai?less wife8 ,f ! height ( 8 greatness ought ,god to behold ^? melan*oly ev5ts z a fanta/ical amusem5t1 )\t tak+ any %>e 9 !m8 ,because he is great1 %\ld he be weak1 or unju/1 or b>b>\s8 ,because m5 are little1 ought !y to be all[$ ei!r to be dissolute )\t puni%m5t or virtu\s )\t rew>d8 ,o ,god6 if ?is is ! "* ( y\r ,supreme ,be+2 if x is y :om we adore "u su* dreadful ideas2 ,i c no long] ackn[l$ge y = my fa!r1 = my protector1 = ! com=t] ( my sorr[1 ! support ( my weakness1 ! rew>d] ( my fidelity4 ,y w\ld !n be no m ?an an indol5t & fanta/ical tyrant1 :o sacrifices mank9d to 8 vanity1 & :o has br\ght !m out ( no?+ only to make !m s]ve = ! sport ( 8 leisure & ( 8 caprice4' ,:5 ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e ! m]it & dem]it ( actions1 come ?us to be reg>d$ z ! laws ( an all-p[]ful ,be+1 :o wat*es ov] our conduct &1 :o1 9 a life to come1 w rew>d #aej ! obs]vance1 & puni% ! brea* ( !m2 !y necess>ily acquire a new sacr$ness f ?is consid]ation4 ,t our reg>d to ! w ( ! ,deity ought to be ! supreme rule ( our conduct1 c be d\bt$ ( by nobody :o believes 8 exi/5ce4 ,! v ?\ght ( disob$i5ce appe>s to involve 9 x ! mo/ %ock+ impropriety4 ,h[ va91 h[ absurd w\ld x be = man1 ei!r to oppose or to neglect ! comm&s t 7 laid ^u him by ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 & ,inf9ite ,p[]6 ,h[ unnatural1 h[ impi\sly ungrateful1 n to rev]5ce ! precepts t 7 prescrib$ to him by ! inf9ite goodness ( 8 ,creator1 ev5 ?\gh no puni%m5t 0 to foll[ _! violation4 ,! s5se ( propriety too is "h well support$ by ! /ronge/ motives ( self-int]e/4 ,! idea t1 h[ev] we may escape ! obs]vation ( man1 or be plac$ above ! rea* ( human puni%m5t1 yet we are always act+ "u ! eye1 & expos$ to ! puni%m5t ( ,god1 ! great av5g] ( inju/ice1 is a motive capable ( re/ra9+ ! mo/ head/rong passions1 ) ^? at lea/ :o1 by con/ant reflection1 h r5d]$ x famili> to !m4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t religion en=ces ! natural s5se ( duty3 & h5ce x is1 t mank9d are g5]ally dispos$ to place great confid5ce 9 ! probity ( ^? :o seem deeply impress$ ) religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,su* p]sons1 !y imag9e1 act "u an additional tie1 besides ^? :i* regulate ! conduct ( o!r m54 ,! reg>d to ! propriety ( action1 z well z to reputation1 ! reg>d to ! applause ( 8 own brea/1 z well z to t ( o!rs1 are motives :i* !y suppose h ! influ5ce ov] ! religi\s man1 z ov] ! man ( ! _w4 ,b ! =m] lies "u ano!r re/ra9t1 & nev] acts delib]ately b z 9 ! pres5ce ( t ,great ,sup]ior :o is f9ally to recomp5se him accord+ to 8 de$s4 ,a great] tru/ is repos$1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 9 ! regul>ity & exactness ( 8 conduct4 ,& :]ev] ! natural pr9ciples ( religion are n corrupt$ by ! facti\s & p>ty zeal ( "s wor?less cabal2 :]ev] ! fir/ duty :i* x requires1 is to fulfil all ! obligations ( morality2 :]ev] m5 are n taught to reg>d frivol\s obs]vances1 z m imm$iate duties ( religion ?an acts ( ju/ice & b5efic5ce2 & to imag9e1 t by sacrifices1 & c]emonies1 & va9 supplications1 !y c b>ga9 ) ! ,deity = fraud1 & p]fidy1 & viol5ce1 ! _w und\bt$ly judges "r 9 ?is respect1 & ju/ly places a d\ble confid5ce 9 ! rectitude ( ! religi\s man's behavi\r4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,vi4--,9 :at ,cases ! ,s5se ( ,duty ought to be ! sole ,pr9ciple ( our ,conduct2 & 9 :at ,cases x ought to concur ) o!r ,motives4 ,,religion af=ds su* /rong motives to ! practice ( virtue1 & #aea gu>ds u by su* p[]ful re/ra9ts f ! temptations ( vice1 t _m h be5 l$ to suppose1 t religi\s pr9ciples 7 ! sole laudable motives ( action4 ,we ought nei!r1 !y said1 to rew>d f gratitude1 nor puni% f res5tm5t2 we ought nei!r to protect ! helplessness ( our *ildr51 nor af=d support to ! infirmities ( our p>5ts1 f natural affection4 ,all affections = p>ticul> objects1 ought to be ext+ui%$ 9 our brea/1 & "o great affection take ! place ( all o!rs1 ! love ( ! ,deity1 ! desire ( r5d]+ ourselves agreeable to him1 & ( direct+ our conduct1 9 e respect1 accord+ to 8 w4 ,we ought n to be grateful f gratitude1 we ought n to be *>itable f humanity1 we ought n to be public-spirit$ f ! love ( our c\ntry1 nor g5]\s & j f ! love ( mank9d4 ,! sole pr9ciple & motive ( our conduct 9 ! p]=mance ( all ^? diff]5t duties1 ought to be a s5se t ,god has comm&$ u to p]=m !m4 ,i %all n at pres5t take "t to exam9e ?is op9ion p>ticul>ly2 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t we %\ld n h expect$ to h f\nd x ent]ta9$ by any sect1 :o pr(ess$ !mselves ( a religion 9 :i*1 z x is ! fir/ precept to love ! ,"l our ,god ) all our he>t1 ) all our s\l1 & ) all our /r5g?1 s x is ! second to love our neighb\r z we love ourselves2 & we love ourselves surely = our own sakes1 & n m]ely because we are comm&$ to d s4 ,t ! s5se ( duty %\ld be ! sole pr9ciple ( our conduct1 is no :]e ! precept ( ,*ri/ianity2 b t x %\ld be ! rul+ & ! gov]n+ "o1 z philosophy1 & z1 inde$1 common s5se directs4 ,x may be a "q1 h[ev]1 9 :at cases our actions ought to arise *iefly or entirely f a s5se ( duty1 or f a reg>d to g5]al rules2 & 9 :at cases "s o!r s5tim5t or affection ought to concur1 & h a pr9cipal influ5ce on our conduct4 ,! decision ( ?is "q1 :i* _c1 p]haps1 be giv5 ) any v great accuracy1 w dep5d ^u two diff]5t circum/ances2 fir/1 ^u ! natural agreeabl5ess or de=mity ( ! s5tim5t or affection :i* w\ld prompt u to any action indep5d5t ( all reg>d to g5]al rules2 &1 secondly1 ^u ! precision & exactness1 or ! loos5ess & inaccuracy1 ( ! rules !mselves4 ,i4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 x w dep5d ^u ! natural agreeabl5ess or de=mity ( ! affection itself1 h[ f> our actions ought to arise f x1 or entirely proce$ f a reg>d to ! g5]al rule4 ,all ^? graceful & admir$ actions1 to :i* ! b5evol5t affections w\ld prompt u1 ought to proce$ z mu* f ! passions !mselves1 z f any reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( conduct4 ,a b5efactor ?9ks himself b ill requit$1 if ! p]son ^u :om he has be/[$ 8 good (fices1 repays !m m]ely f a cold s5se ( duty1 & )\t any affection to 8 p]son4 ,a husb& is dissatisfi$ ) ! mo/ ob$i5t wife1 :5 he imag9es h] conduct is animat$ #aeb by no o!r pr9ciple besides h] reg>d to :at ! relation %e /&s 9 requires4 ,?\gh a son %\ld fail 9 none ( ! (fices ( filial duty1 yet if he wants t affectionate rev]5ce :i* x s well becomes him to feel1 ! p>5t may ju/ly compla9 ( 8 indiff]5ce4 ,nor c\ld a son be q satisfi$ ) a p>5t :o1 ?\gh he p]=m$ all ! duties ( 8 situation1 _h no?+ ( t fa!rly fondness :i* might h be5 expect$ f him4 ,) reg>d to all su* b5evol5t & social affections1 x is agreeable to see ! s5se ( duty employ$ r to re/ra9 ?an to enliv5 !m1 r to h9d] u f do+ too mu*1 ?an to prompt u to d :at we ought4 ,x gives u pleasure to see a fa!r oblig$ to *eck 8 own fondness = 8 *ildr51 a fri5d oblig$ to set b\nds to 8 natural g5]osity1 a p]son :o has receiv$ a b5efit1 oblig$ to re/ra9 ! too sangu9e gratitude ( 8 own temp]4 ,! contr>y maxim takes place ) reg>d to ! malevol5t & unsocial passions4 ,we ought to rew>d f ! gratitude & g5]osity ( our own he>ts1 )\t any reluctance1 & )\t be+ oblig$ to reflect h[ great ! propriety ( rew>d+3 b we ought always to puni% ) reluctance1 & m f a s5se ( ! propriety ( puni%+1 ?an f any savage disposition to rev5ge4 ,no?+ is m graceful ?an ! behavi\r ( ! man :o appe>s to res5t ! greate/ injuries1 m f a s5se t !y des]ve1 & are ! prop] objects ( res5tm5t1 ?an f feel+ himself ! furies ( t disagreeable passion2 :o1 l a judge1 consid]s only ! g5]al rule1 :i* det]m9es :at v5geance is due = ea* p>ticul> (f5ce2 :o1 9 execut+ t rule1 feels less = :at himself has suff]$1 ?an = :at ! (f5d] is ab\t to suff]2 :o1 ?\gh 9 wra?1 does ev] rememb] m]cy1 & is dispos$ to int]pret ! rule 9 ! mo/ g5tle & fav\rable mann]1 & to all[ all ! alleviations :i* ! mo/ c&id humanity c\ld1 consi/5tly ) good s5se1 admit (4 ,z ! selfi% passions1 accord+ to :at has =m]ly be5 obs]v$1 hold1 9 o!r respects1 a sort ( middle place1 betwe5 ! social & unsocial affections1 s d !y likewise 9 ?is4 ,! pursuit ( ! objects ( private int]e/1 9 all common1 little1 & ord9>y cases1 ought to fl[ r f a reg>d to ! g5]al rules :i* prescribe su* conduct1 ?an f any passion = ! objects !mselves2 b ^u m important & extraord9>y occasions1 we %\ld be awkw>d1 insipid1 & ungraceful1 if ! objects !mselves did n appe> to animate u ) a consid]able degree ( passion4 ,to be anxi\s1 or to be lay+ a plot ei!r to ga9 or to save a s+le %ill+1 w\ld degrade ! mo/ vulg> tradesman 9 ! op9ion ( all 8 neighb\rs4 ,let 8 circum/ances be ev] s mean1 no att5tion to any su* small matt]s1 = ! sake ( ! ?+s !mselves1 mu/ appe> 9 8 conduct4 ,8 situation may require ! mo/ sev]e oeconomy & ! #aec mo/ exact assiduity3 b ea* p>ticul> ex]tion ( t oeconomy & assiduity mu/ proce$1 n s mu* f a reg>d = t p>ticul> sav+ or ga91 z = ! g5]al rule :i* to him prescribes1 ) ! utmo/ rig\r1 su* a t5or ( conduct4 ,8 p>simony to-day mu/ n arise f a desire ( ! p>ticul> ?ree-p5ce :i* he w save by x1 nor 8 att5dance 9 8 %op f a passion = ! p>ticul> t5-p5ce :i* he w acquire by x3 bo? ! "o & ! o!r ought to proce$ solely f a reg>d to ! g5]al rule1 :i* prescribes1 ) ! mo/ unrel5t+ sev]ity1 ?is plan ( conduct to all p]sons 9 8 way ( life4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( a mis] & t ( a p]son ( exact oeconomy & assiduity4 ,! "o is anxi\s ab\t small matt]s = _! own sake2 ! o!r att5ds to !m only 9 consequ5ce ( ! s*eme ( life :i* he has laid d[n to himself4 ,x is q o!rwise ) reg>d to ! m extraord9>y & important objects ( self-int]e/4 ,a p]son appe>s mean-spirit$1 :o does n pursue ^! ) "s degree ( e>ne/ness = _! own sake4 ,we %\ld despise a pr9ce :o 0 n anxi\s ab\t conqu]+ or def5d+ a prov9ce4 ,we %\ld h little respect = a private g5tleman :o did n ex]t himself to ga9 an e/ate1 or ev5 a consid]able (fice1 :5 he c\ld acquire !m )\t ei!r meanness or inju/ice4 ,a memb] ( p>liam5t :o %ews no ke5ness ab\t 8 own election1 is ab&on$ by 8 fri5ds1 z altoge!r unwor?y ( _! atta*m5t4 ,ev5 a tradesman is ?\ght a poor-spirit$ fell[ among 8 neighb\rs1 :o does n be/ir himself to get :at !y call an extraord9>y job1 or "s uncommon advantage4 ,?is _s & ke5ness con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man ( ent]prise & ! man ( dull regul>ity4 ,^? great objects ( self-int]e/1 ( :i* ! loss or acquisition q *anges ! rank ( ! p]son1 are ! objects ( ! passion prop]ly call$ ambition2 a passion1 :i* :5 x keeps )9 ! b\nds ( prud5ce & ju/ice1 is always admir$ 9 ! _w1 & has ev5 sometimes a c]ta9 irregul> greatness1 :i* dazzles ! imag9ation1 :5 x passes ! limits ( bo? ^! virtues1 & is n only unju/ b extravagant4 ,h5ce ! g5]al admiration = h]oes & conqu]ors1 & ev5 = /atesm51 ^: projects h be5 v d>+ & ext5sive ?\gh altoge!r devoid ( ju/ice1 su* z ^? ( ! ,c>d9als ( ,ri*lieu & ( ,retz4 ,! objects ( av>ice & ambition diff] only 9 _! greatness4 ,a mis] is z furi\s ab\t a halfp5ny1 z a man ( ambition ab\t ! conque/ ( a k+dom4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,i say1 x w dep5d p>tly ^u ! precision & ^u ! exactness1 or ! loos5ess & ! inaccuracy ( ! g5]al rules !mselves1 h[ f> our conduct ought to proce$ entirely f a reg>d to !m4 ,! g5]al rules ( almo/ all ! virtues1 ! g5]al rules :i* #aed det]m9e :at are ! (fices ( prud5ce1 ( *>ity1 ( g5]osity1 ( gratitude1 ( fri5d%ip1 are 9 _m respects loose & inaccurate1 admit ( _m exceptions1 & require s _m modifications1 t x is sc>ce possible to regulate our conduct entirely by a reg>d to !m4 ,! common prov]bial maxims ( prud5ce1 be+ f\nd$ 9 univ]sal exp]i5ce1 are p]haps ! be/ g5]al rules :i* c be giv5 ab\t x4 ,to affect1 h[ev]1 a v /rict & lit]al adh]5ce to !m w\ld evid5tly be ! mo/ absurd & ridicul\s p$antry4 ,( all ! virtues ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 gratitude is t1 p]haps1 ( :i* ! rules are ! mo/ precise1 & admit ( ! fewe/ exceptions4 ,t z soon z we c we %\ld make a return ( equal1 & if possible ( sup]ior1 value to ! s]vices we h receiv$1 w\ld seem to be a pretty pla9 rule1 & "o :i* admitt$ ( sc>ce any exceptions4 ,^u ! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ?is rule w appe> to be 9 ! highe/ degree loose & inaccurate1 & to admit ( t5 ?\s& exceptions4 ,if y\r b5efactor att5d$ y 9 y\r sickness1 ought y to att5d him 9 88 or c y fulfil ! obligation ( gratitude1 by mak+ a return ( a diff]5t k9d8 ,if y ought to att5d him1 h[ long ought y to att5d him8 ,! same "t :i* he att5d$ y1 or long]1 & h[ mu* long]8 ,if y\r fri5d l5t y money 9 y\r di/ress1 ought y to l5d him money 9 88 ,h[ mu* ought y to l5d him8 ,:5 ought y to l5d him8 ,n[1 or to-morr[1 or next mon?8 ,& = h[ long a "t8 ,x is evid5t1 t no g5]al rule c be laid d[n1 by :i* a precise answ] c1 9 all cases1 be giv5 to any ( ^! que/ions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8 "* & y\rs1 betwe5 8 circum/ances & y\rs1 may be su*1 t y may be p]fectly grateful1 & ju/ly refuse to l5d him a half-p5ny3 &1 on ! contr>y1 y may be will+ to l5d1 or ev5 to give him t5 times ! sum :i* he l5t y1 & yet ju/ly be accus$ ( ! blacke/ +ratitude1 & ( n hav+ fulfill$ ! hundr$? "p ( ! obligation y lie "u4 ,z ! duties ( gratitude1 h[ev]1 are p]haps ! mo/ sacr$ ( all ^? :i* ! b5efic5t virtues prescribe to u1 s ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e !m are1 z ,i said be=e1 ! mo/ accurate4 ,^? :i* asc]ta9 ! actions requir$ by fri5d%ip1 humanity1 hospitality1 g5]osity1 are /ill m vague & indet]m9ate4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o virtue ( :i* ! g5]al rules det]m9e ) ! greate/ exactness e ext]nal action :i* x requires4 ,?is virtue is ju/ice4 ,! rules ( ju/ice are accurate 9 ! highe/ degree1 & admit ( no exceptions or modifications1 b su* z may be asc]ta9$ z accurately z ! rules !mselves1 & :i* g5]ally1 inde$1 fl[ f ! v same pr9ciples ) !m4 ,if ,i owe a man t5 p\nds1 ju/ice requires t ,i %\ld precisely pay him t5 p\nds1 ei!r at ! "t agre$ ^u1 or :5 he dem&s x4 ,:at ,i ought to p]=m1 h[ mu* ,i ought to p]=m1 :5 & :]e ,i #aee ought to p]=m x1 ! :ole nature & circum/ances ( ! action prescrib$1 are all ( !m precisely fix$ & det]m9$4 ,?\gh x may be awkw>d & p$antic1 !re=e1 to affect too /rict an adh]5ce to ! common rules ( prud5ce or g5]osity1 !re is no p$antry 9 /ick+ fa/ by ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ sacr$ reg>d is due to !m2 & ! actions :i* ?is virtue requires are nev] s prop]ly p]=m$1 z :5 ! *ief motive = p]=m+ !m is a rev]5tial & religi\s reg>d to ^? g5]al rules :i* require !m4 ,9 ! practice ( ! o!r virtues1 our conduct %\ld r be direct$ by a c]ta9 idea ( propriety1 by a c]ta9 ta/e = a p>ticul> t5or ( conduct1 ?an by any reg>d to a precise maxim or rule2 & we %\ld consid] ! end & f\ndation ( ! rule1 m ?an ! rule itself4 ,b x is o!rwise ) reg>d to ju/ice3 ! man :o 9 t ref9es ! lea/1 & adh]es ) ! mo/ ob/9ate /eadfa/ness to ! g5]al rules !mselves1 is ! mo/ comm5dable1 & ! mo/ to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,?\gh ! end ( ! rules ( ju/ice be1 to h9d] u f hurt+ our neighb\r1 x may frequ5tly be a crime to violate !m1 ?\gh we c\ld pret5d ) "s pretext ( reason1 t ?is p>ticul> violation c\ld d no hurt4 ,a man (t5 becomes a villa9 ! mom5t he beg9s1 ev5 9 8 own he>t1 to *icane 9 ?is mann]4 ,! mom5t he ?9ks ( dep>t+ f ! mo/ /aun* & positive adh]5ce to :at ^? inviolable precepts prescribe to him1 he is no long] to be tru/$1 & no man c say :at degree ( guilt he may n arrive at4 ,! ?ief imag9es he does no evil1 :5 he /eals f ! ri*1 :at he supposes !y may easily want1 & :at possibly !y may nev] ev5 "k has be5 /ol5 f !m4 ,! adult]] imag9es he does no evil1 :5 he corrupts ! wife ( 8 fri5d1 provid$ he cov]s 8 intrigue f ! suspicion ( ! husb&1 & does n di/urb ! peace ( ! family4 ,:5 once we beg9 to give way to su* ref9em5ts1 !re is no enormity s gross ( :i* we may n be capable4 ,! rules ( ju/ice may be comp>$ to ! rules ( gramm>2 ! rules ( ! o!r virtues1 to ! rules :i* critics lay d[n = ! atta9m5t ( :at is sublime & elegant 9 composition4 ,! "o1 are precise1 accurate1 & indisp5sable4 ,! o!r1 are loose1 vague1 & indet]m9ate1 & pres5t u r ) a g5]al idea ( ! p]fection we ought to aim at1 ?an af=d u any c]ta9 & infallible directions = acquir+ x4 ,a man may le>n to write grammatically by rule1 ) ! mo/ absolute infallibility2 & s1 p]haps1 he may be taught to act ju/ly4 ,b !re are no rules ^: obs]vance w infallibly lead u to ! atta9m5t ( elegance or sublimity 9 writ+2 ?\gh !re are "s :i* may help u1 9 "s measure1 to correct1 & asc]ta9 ! vague ideas :i* we might o!rwise h ent]ta9$ ( ^? p]fections4 ,& !re are no rules by ! k ( :i* we c infallibly be taught to act ^u all occasions ) #aef prud5ce1 ) j magnanimity1 or prop] b5efic5ce3 ?\gh !re are "s :i* may enable u to correct & asc]ta91 9 sev]al respects1 ! imp]fect ideas :i* we might o!rwise h ent]ta9$ ( ^? virtues--! rules ( ju/ice4 ,x may sometimes happ51 t ) ! mo/ s]i\s & e>ne/ desire ( act+ s z to des]ve approbation1 we may mi/ake ! prop] rules ( conduct1 & ?us be misl$ by t v pr9ciple :i* ought to direct u4 ,x is 9 va9 to expect1 t 9 ?is case mank9d %\ld entirely approve ( our behavi\r4 ,!y _c ent] into t absurd idea ( duty :i* influ5c$ u1 nor g along ) any ( ! actions :i* foll[ f x4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 some?+ respectable 9 ! "* & behavi\r ( "o :o is ?us betray$ into vice1 by a wrong s5se ( duty1 or by :at is call$ an errone\s consci5ce4 ,h[ fatally soev] he maybe misl$ by x1 he is /ill1 ) ! g5]\s & humane1 m ! object ( commis]ation ?an ( hatr$ or res5tm5t4 ,!y lam5t ! weakness ( human nature1 :i* exposes u to su* unhappy delusions1 ev5 :ile we are mo/ s9c]ely lab\r+ aft] p]fection1 & endeav\r+ to act accord+ to ! be/ pr9ciple :i* c possibly direct u4 ,false notions ( religion are almo/ ! only causes :i* c occasion any v gross p]v]sion ( our natural s5tim5ts 9 ?is way2 & t pr9ciple :i* gives ! greate/ au?ority to ! rules ( duty1 is alone capable ( di/ort+ our ideas ( !m 9 any consid]able degree4 ,9 all o!r cases1 common s5se is suffici5t to direct u1 if n to ! mo/ exquisite propriety ( conduct1 yet to some?+ :i* is n v f> f x2 & provid$ we are 9 e>ne/ desir\s to d well1 our behavi\r w always1 ^u ! :ole1 be praisewor?y4 ,t to obey ! w ( ! ,deity1 is ! fir/ rule ( duty1 all m5 are agre$4 ,b conc]n+ ! p>ticul> comm&m5ts :i* t w may impose ^u u1 !y diff] widely f "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 ! greate/ mutual =be>ance & tol]ation is due2 & ?\gh ! def5ce ( society requires t crimes %\ld be puni%$1 f :atev] motives !y proce$1 yet a good man w always puni% !m ) reluctance1 :5 !y evid5tly proce$ f false notions ( religi\s duty4 ,he w nev] feel aga9/ ^? :o commit !m t indignation :i* he feels aga9/ o!r crim9als1 b w r regret1 & sometimes ev5 admire _! un=tunate firmness & magnanimity1 at ! v "t t he puni%es _! crime4 ,9 ! trag$y ( ,mahomet1 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,mr4 ,voltaire's1 x is well repres5t$1 :at ought to be our s5tim5ts = crimes :i* proce$ f su* motives4 ,9 t trag$y1 two "y p ( diff]5t sexes1 ( ! mo/ innoc5t & virtu\s dispositions1 & )\t any o!r weakness except :at ende>s !m ! m to u1 a mutual fondness = "o ano!r1 are in/igat$ by ! /ronge/ motives ( a false religion1 to commit a horrid murd]1 t %ocks all ! pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,a #aeg v5]able old man1 :o _h express$ ! mo/ t5d] affection = !m bo?1 = :om1 not)/&+ he 0 ! av[$ enemy ( _! religion1 !y _h bo? conceiv$ ! highe/ rev]5ce & e/eem1 & :o 0 9 reality _! fa!r1 ?\gh !y did n "k him to be su*1 is po9t$ out to !m z a sacrifice :i* ,god _h expressly requir$ at _! h&s1 & !y are comm&$ to kill him4 ,:ile ab\t execut+ ?is crime1 !y are tortur$ ) all ! agonies :i* c arise f ! /ruggle betwe5 ! idea ( ! indisp5sabl5ess ( religi\s duty on ! "o side1 & compassion1 gratitude1 rev]5ce = ! age1 & love = ! humanity & virtue ( ! p]son :om !y are go+ to de/roy1 on ! o!r4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is exhibits "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 & p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive spectacle t 0 ev] introduc$ ^u any !atre4 ,! s5se ( duty1 h[ev]1 at la/ prevails ov] all ! amiable weaknesses ( human nature4 ,!y execute ! crime impos$ ^u !m2 b imm$iately discov] _! error1 & ! fraud :i* _h deceiv$ !m1 & are di/ract$ ) horror1 remorse1 & res5tm5t4 ,su* z are our s5tim5ts = ! unhappy ,seid & ,palmira1 su* ought we to feel = e p]son :o is 9 ?is mann] misl$ by religion1 :5 we are sure t x is really religion :i* misleads him1 & n ! pret5ce ( x1 :i* is made too (t5 a cov] to "s ( ! wor/ ( human passions4 ,z a p]son may act wrong by foll[+ a wrong s5se ( duty1 s nature may sometimes prevail1 & lead him to act "r 9 opposition to x4 ,we _c 9 ?is case be displeas$ to see t motive prevail1 :i* we ?9k ought to prevail ?\gh ! p]son himself is s weak z to ?9k o!rwise4 ,z 8 conduct1 h[ev]1 is ! effect ( weakness1 n pr9ciple1 we are f> f be/[+ ^u x any ?+ t approa*es to complete approbation4 ,a bigot$ ,roman ,ca?olic1 :o1 dur+ ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 _h be5 s ov]come by compassion1 z to save "s unhappy ,prote/ants1 :om he ?\ght x 8 duty to de/roy1 w\ld n seem to be entitl$ to t high applause :i* we %\ld h be/[$ ^u him1 _h he ex]t$ ! same g5]osity ) complete self-approbation4 ,we might be pleas$ ) ! humanity ( 8 temp]1 b we %\ld /ill reg>d him ) a sort ( pity :i* is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! admiration t is due to p]fect virtue4 ,x is ! same case ) all ! o!r passions4 ,we d n dislike to see !m ex]t !mselves prop]ly1 ev5 :5 a false notion ( duty w\ld direct ! p]son to re/ra9 !m4 ,a v dev\t ,quak]1 :o ^u be+ /ruck ^u "o *eek1 in/ead ( turn+ up ! o!r1 %\ld s f> =get 8 lit]al int]pretation ( our ,savi\r's precept1 z to be/[ "s good discipl9e ^u ! brute t insult$ him1 w\ld n be disagreeable to u4 ,we %\ld laugh & be div]t$ ) 8 _s1 & r l him ! bett] = x4 ,b we %\ld by no means reg>d him ) t respect & e/eem :i* w\ld seem due to "o #aeh :o1 ^u a l occasion1 _h act$ prop]ly f a j s5se ( :at 0 prop] to be done4 ,no action c prop]ly be call$ virtu\s1 :i* is n accompani$ ) ! s5tim5t ( self-approbation4 ----- ,"p ,,iv4 ,( ! ,effect ( ,utility ^u ! ,s5tim5t ( ,approbation4 ,,*ap4 ,i4-- ,( ! ,beauty :i* ! ,appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u all ! ,productions ( ,art1 & ( ! ext5sive ,influ5ce ( ?is ,species ( ,beauty4 ,,t utility is "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( beauty has be5 obs]v$ by e body1 :o has consid]$ ) any att5tion :at con/itutes ! nature ( beauty4 ,! conv5i5cy ( a h\se gives pleasure to ! spectator z well z its regul>ity1 & he is z mu* hurt :5 he obs]ves ! contr>y defect1 z :5 he sees ! correspond5t w9d[s ( diff]5t =ms1 or ! door n plac$ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! build+4 ,t ! fitness ( any sy/em or ma*9e to produce ! end = :i* x 0 int5d$1 be/[s a c]ta9 propriety & beauty ^u ! :ole1 & r5d]s ! v ?\ght & contemplation ( x agreeable1 is s obvi\s t nobody has ov]-look$ x4 ,! cause too1 :y utility pleases1 has ( late be5 assign$ by an +5i\s & agreeable philosoph]1 :o jo9s ! greate/ dep? ( ?\ght to ! greate/ elegance ( expression1 & possesses ! s+ul> & happy tal5t ( treat+ ! ab/ruse/ subjects n only ) ! mo/ p]fect p]spicuity1 b ) ! mo/ lively eloqu5ce4 ,! utility ( any object1 accord+ to him1 pleases ! ma/] by p]petually sugge/+ to him ! pleasure or conv5i5cy :i* x is fitt$ to promote4 ,e "t he looks at x1 he is put 9 m9d ( ?is pleasure2 & ! object 9 ?is mann] becomes a s\rce ( p]petual satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,! spectator ent]s by sympa?y into ! s5tim5ts ( ! ma/]1 & necess>ily views ! object "u ! same agreeable aspect4 ,:5 we visit ! palaces ( ! great1 we _c help conceiv+ ! satisfaction we %\ld enjoy if we ourselves 7 ! ma/]s1 & 7 possess$ ( s mu* artful & +5i\sly contriv$ accommodation4 ,a simil> acc\nt is giv5 :y ! appe>ance ( inconv5i5cy %\ld r5d] any object disagreeable bo? to ! own] & to ! spectator4 ,b t ?is fitness1 ?is happy contrivance ( any production ( art1 %\ld (t5 be m valu$1 ?an ! v end = :i* x 0 int5d$2 & t ! exact adju/m5t ( ! means = atta9+ any conv5i5cy or pleasure1 %\ld frequ5tly be m reg>d$1 ?an t v conv5i5cy or pleasure1 9 ! atta9m5t ( :i* _! :ole m]it w\ld seem to consi/1 has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 yet tak5 #aei notice ( by any body4 ,t ?is1 h[ev]1 is v frequ5tly ! case1 may be obs]v$ 9 a ?\s& in/ances1 bo? 9 ! mo/ frivol\s & 9 ! mo/ important conc]ns ( human life4 ,:5 a p]son comes into 8 *amb]1 & f9ds ! *airs all /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! room1 he is angry ) 8 s]vant1 & r ?an see !m cont9ue 9 t disord]1 p]haps takes ! tr\ble himself to set !m all 9 _! places ) _! backs to ! wall4 ,! :ole propriety ( ?is new situation arises f its sup]ior conv5i5cy 9 leav+ ! floor free & dis5gag$4 ,to atta9 ?is conv5i5cy he volunt>ily puts himself to m tr\ble ?an all he c\ld h suff]$ f ! want ( x2 s9ce no?+ 0 m easy1 ?an to h set himself d[n ^u "o ( !m1 :i* is probably :at he does :5 8 lab\r is ov]4 ,:at he want$1 !re=e1 x seems1 0 n s mu* ?is conv5i5cy1 z t arrangem5t ( ?+s :i* promotes x4 ,yet x is ?is conv5i5cy alone :i* may ultimately recomm5d t arrangem5t1 & be/[s ^u x ! :ole ( its propriety & beauty4 ,a wat*1 9 ! same mann]1 t falls beh9d above two m9utes 9 a day1 is despis$ by "o curi\s 9 wat*es4 ,he sells x p]haps = a c\ple ( gu9eas1 & pur*ases ano!r at fifty1 :i* w n lose above a m9ute 9 a =tnight4 ,! sole use ( wat*es1 h[ev]1 is to tell u :at o'clock x is1 & to h9d] u f break+ any engagem5t1 or suff]+ any o!r inconv5i5cy by our ignorance 9 t p>ticul> po9t4 ,b ! p]son s nice ) reg>d to ?is ma*9e1 w n always be f\nd ei!r m scrupul\sly punctual ?an o!r m51 or m anxi\sly conc]n$ ^u any o!r acc\nt1 to "k precisely :at "t ( day x is4 ,:at int]e/s him is n s mu* ! atta9m5t ( ?is piece ( k1 z ! p]fection ( ! ma*9e :i* enables him to atta9 x4 ,h[ _m p ru9 !mselves by lay+ out money on tr9kets ( frivol\s utility8 ,:at pleases ^! lov]s ( toys is n s mu* ! utility1 z ! aptness ( ! ma*9es :i* are fitt$ to promote x4 ,all _! pockets are /uff$ ) little conv5i5ces4 ,!y contrive new pockets1 unkn[n 9 ! clo!s ( o!r p1 9 ord] to c>ry a great] numb]4 ,!y walk ab\t load$ ) a multitude ( baubles1 9 weight & sometimes 9 value n inf]ior to an ord9>y ,jew's-box1 "s ( :i* may sometimes be ( "s little use1 b all ( :i* might at all times be v well sp>$1 & ( :i* ! :ole utility is n wor? ! fatigue ( be>+ ! burd54 ,nor is x only ) reg>d to su* frivol\s objects t our conduct is influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple2 x is (t5 ! secret motive ( ! mo/ s]i\s & important pursuits ( bo? private & public life4 ,! poor man's son1 :om ,heav5 9 its ang] has visit$ ) ambition1 :5 he beg9s to look ar\nd him1 admires ! condition ( ! ri*4 ,he f9ds ! cottage ( 8 fa!r too small = 8 #afj accommodation1 & fancies he %\ld be lodg$ m at 8 ease 9 a palace4 ,he is displeas$ ) be+ oblig$ to walk a-foot1 or to endure ! fatigue ( rid+ on horseback4 ,he sees 8 sup]iors c>ri$ ab\t 9 ma*9es1 & imag9es t 9 "o ( ^! he c\ld travel ) less inconv5i5cy4 ,he feels himself naturally indol5t1 & will+ to s]ve himself ) 8 own h&s z little z possible2 & judges1 t a num]\s ret9ue ( s]vants w\ld save him f a great deal ( tr\ble4 ,he ?9ks if he _h atta9$ all ^!1 he w\ld sit /ill cont5t$ly1 & be quiet1 enjoy+ himself 9 ! ?\ght ( ! happ9ess & tranquillity ( 8 situation4 ,he is en*ant$ ) ! di/ant idea ( ?is felicity4 ,x appe>s 9 8 fancy l ! life ( "s sup]ior rank ( be+s1 &1 9 ord] to arrive at x1 he devotes himself = ev] to ! pursuit ( weal? & greatness4 ,to obta9 ! conv5i5ces :i* ^! af=d1 he submits 9 ! fir/ ye>1 nay1 9 ! fir/ mon? ( 8 application1 to m fatigue ( body & m uneas9ess ( m9d ?an he c\ld h suff]$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life f ! want ( !m4 ,he /udies to di/+ui% himself 9 "s labori\s pr(ession4 ,) ! mo/ unrel5t+ indu/ry he lab\rs night & day to acquire tal5ts sup]ior to all 8 competitors4 ,he endeav\rs next to br+ ^? tal5ts into public view1 & ) equal assiduity solicits e opportunity ( employm5t4 ,= ?is purpose he makes 8 c\rt to all mank9d2 he s]ves ^? :om he hates1 & is obsequi\s to ^? :om he despises4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life he pursues ! idea ( a c]ta9 artificial & elegant repose :i* he may nev] arrive at1 = :i* he sacrifices a real tranquillity t is at all times 9 8 p[]1 & :i*1 if 9 ! extremity ( old age he %\ld at la/ atta9 to x1 he w f9d to be 9 no respect pref]able to t humble security & cont5tm5t :i* he _h ab&on$ = x4 ,x is !n1 9 ! la/ dregs ( life1 8 body wa/$ ) toil & diseases1 8 m9d gall$ & ruffl$ by ! memory ( a ?\s& injuries & disappo9tm5ts :i* he imag9es he has met ) f ! inju/ice ( 8 enemies1 or f ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( 8 fri5ds1 t he beg9s at la/ to f9d t weal? & greatness are m]e tr9kets ( frivol\s utility1 no m adapt$ = procur+ ease ( body or tranquillity ( m9d ?an ! tweez]-cases ( ! lov] ( toys2 &1 l !m too1 m tr\blesome to ! p]son :o c>ries !m ab\t ) him ?an all ! advantages !y c af=d him are commodi\s4 ,!re is no o!r real diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 except t ! conv5i5ces ( ! "o are some:at m obs]vable ?an ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! palaces1 ! g>d5s1 ! equipage1 ! ret9ue ( ! great1 are objects ( :i* ! obvi\s conv5i5cy /rikes e body4 ,!y d n require t _! ma/]s %\ld po9t out to u :]e9 consi/s _! utility4 ,( our own accord we readily ent] into x1 & by sympa?y enjoy & !reby applaud ! satisfaction :i* !y are fitt$ to af=d him4 ,b ! #afa curiosity ( a too?-pick1 ( an e>-pick]1 ( a ma*9e = cutt+ ! nails1 or ( any o!r tr9ket ( ! same k9d1 is n s obvi\s4 ,_! conv5i5cy may p]haps be equally great1 b x is n s /rik+1 & we d n s readily ent] into ! satisfaction ( ! man :o possesses !m4 ,!y are !re=e less reasonable subjects ( vanity ?an ! magnific5ce ( weal? & greatness2 & 9 ?is consi/s ! sole advantage ( ^! la/4 ,!y m effectually gratify t love ( di/9ction s natural to man4 ,to "o :o 0 to live alone 9 a desolate isl& x might be a matt] ( d\bt1 p]haps1 :e!r a palace1 or a collection ( su* small conv5i5cies z are commonly conta9$ 9 a tweez]-case1 w\ld contribute mo/ to 8 happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,if he is to live 9 society1 inde$1 !re c be no comp>ison1 because 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r cases1 we con/antly pay m reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator1 ?an to ^? ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & consid] r h[ 8 situation w appe> to o!r p1 ?an h[ x w appe> to himself4 ,if we exam9e1 h[ev]1 :y ! spectator di/+ui%es ) su* admiration ! condition ( ! ri* & ! great1 we %all f9d t is is n s mu* ^u acc\nt ( ! sup]ior ease or pleasure :i* !y are suppos$ to enjoy1 z ( ! numb]less artificial & elegant contrivances = promot+ ?is ease or pleasure4 ,he does n ev5 imag9e t !y are really happi] ?an o!r p3 b he imag9es t !y possess m means ( happ9ess4 ,& x is ! +5i\s & artful adju/m5t ( ^? means to ! end = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 t is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( 8 admiration4 ,b 9 ! languor ( disease & ! we>9ess ( old age1 ! pleasures ( ! va9 & empty di/9ctions ( greatness disappe>4 ,to "o1 9 ?is situation1 !y are no long] capable ( recomm5d+ ^? toilsome pursuits 9 :i* !y _h =m]ly engag$ him4 ,9 8 he>t he curses ambition1 & va9ly regrets ! ease & ! indol5ce ( y\?1 pleasures :i* are fl$ = ev]1 & :i* he has fooli%ly sacrific$ = :at1 :5 he has got x1 c af=d him no real satisfaction4 ,9 ?is mis]able aspect does greatness appe> to e man :5 r$uc$ ei!r by sple5 or disease to obs]ve ) att5tion 8 own situation1 & to consid] :at x is t is really want+ to 8 happ9ess4 ,p[] & ri*es appe> !n to be1 :at !y are1 enorm\s & op]ose ma*9es contriv$ to produce a few trifl+ conv5i5cies to ! body1 consi/+ ( spr+s ! mo/ nice & delicate1 :i* mu/ be kept 9 ord] ) ! mo/ anxi\s att5tion1 & :i* 9 spite ( all our c>e are ready e mom5t to bur/ into pieces1 & to cru% 9 _! ru9s _! un=tunate possessor4 ,!y are imm5se fabrics1 :i* x requires ! lab\r ( a life to raise1 :i* ?reat5 e mom5t to ov]:elm ! p]son t dwells 9 !m1 & :i* :ile !y /&1 ?\gh !y may save him f "s small] inconv5i5cies1 c protect him f none ( ! sev]] #afb inclem5cies ( ! season4 ,!y keep (f ! summ] %[]1 n ! w9t] /orm1 b leave him always z mu*1 & sometimes m1 expos$ ?an be=e1 to anxiety1 to fe>1 & to sorr[2 to diseases1 to dang]1 & to dea?4 ,b ?\gh ?is spl5etic philosophy1 :i* 9 "t ( sickness or l[ spirits is famili> to e man1 ?us entirely depreciates ^? great objects ( human desire1 :5 9 bett] heal? & 9 bett] hum\r1 we nev] fail to reg>d !m "u a m agreeable aspect4 ,our imag9ation1 :i* 9 pa9 & sorr[ seems to be conf9$ & coop$ up )9 our own p]sons1 9 times ( ease & prosp]ity exp&s itself to e ?+ ar\nd u4 ,we are !n *>m$ ) ! beauty ( t accommodation :i* reigns 9 ! palaces & oeconomy ( ! great3 & admire h[ e ?+ is adapt$ to promote _! ease1 to prev5t _! wants1 to gratify _! wi%es1 & to amuse & ent]ta9 _! mo/ frivol\s desires4 ,if we consid] ! real satisfaction :i* all ^! ?+s are capable ( af=d+1 by itself & sep>at$ f ! beauty ( t arrangem5t :i* is fitt$ to promote x1 x w always appe> 9 ! highe/ degree contemptible & trifl+4 ,b we r>ely view x 9 ?is ab/ract & philosophical light4 ,we naturally conf\nd x 9 our imag9ation ) ! ord]1 ! regul> & h>moni\s movem5t ( ! sy/em1 ! ma*9e or oeconomy by means ( :i* x is produc$4 ,! pleasures ( weal? & greatness1 :5 consid]$ 9 ?is complex view1 /rike ! imag9ation z some?+ gr& & beautiful & noble1 ( :i* ! atta9m5t is well wor? all ! toil & anxiety :i* we are s apt to be/[ ^u x4 ,& x is well t nature imposes ^u u 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is ?is deception :i* r\ses & keeps 9 cont9ual motion ! indu/ry ( mank9d4 ,x is ?is :i* fir/ prompt$ !m to cultivate ! gr\nd1 to build h\ses1 to f\nd cities & commonweal?s1 & to inv5t & improve all ! sci5ces & arts1 :i* ennoble & embelli% human life2 :i* h entirely *ang$ ! :ole face ( ! globe1 h turn$ ! rude =e/s ( nature into agreeable & f]tile pla9s1 & made ! trackless & b>r5 ocean a new fund ( subsi/5ce1 & ! great high road ( communication to ! diff]5t nations ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? by ^! lab\rs ( mank9d has be5 oblig$ to r$\ble h] natural f]tility1 & to ma9ta9 a great] multitude ( inhabitants4 ,x is to no purpose1 t ! pr\d & unfeel+ l&lord views 8 ext5sive fields1 & )\t a ?\ght = ! wants ( 8 bre?r51 9 imag9ation consumes himself ! :ole h>ve/ t gr[s ^u !m4 ,! homely & vulg> prov]b1 t ! eye is l>g] ?an ! belly1 nev] 0 m fully v]ifi$ ?an ) reg>d to him4 ,! capacity ( 8 /oma* be>s no proportion to ! imm5sity ( 8 desires1 & w receive no m ?an t ( ! meane/ peasant4 ,! re/ he is oblig$ to di/ribute among ^?1 #afc :o prep>e1 9 ! nice/ mann]1 t little :i* he himself makes use (1 among ^? :o fit up ! palace 9 :i* ?is little is to be consum$1 among ^? :o provide & keep 9 ord] all ! diff]5t baubles & tr9kets :i* are employ$ 9 ! oeconomy ( greatness2 all ( :om ?us d]ive f 8 luxury & caprice1 t %>e ( ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* !y w\ld 9 va9 h expect$ f 8 humanity or 8 ju/ice4 ,! produce ( ! soil ma9ta9s at all times ne>ly t numb] ( inhabitants :i* x is capable ( ma9ta9+4 ,! ri* only select f ! heap :at is mo/ preci\s & agreeable4 ,!y consume little m ?an ! poor1 & 9 spite ( _! natural selfi%ness & rapacity1 ?\gh !y mean only _! own conv5i5cy1 ?\gh ! sole end :i* !y propose f ! lab\rs ( all ! ?\s&s :om !y employ1 be ! gratification ( _! own va9 & insatiable desires1 !y divide ) ! poor ! produce ( all _! improvem5ts4 ,!y are l$ by an invisible h& to make ne>ly ! same di/ribution ( ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* w\ld h be5 made1 _h ! e>? be5 divid$ into equal portions among all its inhabitants1 & ?us )\t int5d+ x1 )\t kn[+ x1 advance ! int]e/ ( ! society1 & af=d means to ! multiplication ( ! species4 ,:5 ,provid5ce divid$ ! e>? among a few lordly ma/]s1 x nei!r =got nor ab&on$ ^? :o seem$ to h be5 left out 9 ! p>tition4 ,^! la/1 too1 enjoy _! %>e ( all t x produces4 ,9 :at con/itutes ! real happ9ess ( human life1 !y are 9 no respect inf]ior to ^? :o w\ld seem s mu* above !m4 ,9 ease ( ! body & peace ( ! m9d1 all ! diff]5t ranks ( life are ne>ly ^u a level1 & ! begg>1 :o suns himself by ! side ( ! highway1 possesses t security :i* k+s are fight+ =4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ! same love ( sy/em1 ! same reg>d to ! beauty ( ord]1 ( art & contrivance1 frequ5tly s]ves to recomm5d ^? in/itutions :i* t5d to promote ! public welf>e4 ,:5 a patriot ex]ts himself = ! improvem5t ( any "p ( ! public police1 8 conduct does n always arise f pure sympa?y ) ! happ9ess ( ^? :o are to reap ! b5efit ( x4 ,x is n commonly f a fell[-feel+ ) c>ri]s & waggon]s t a public-spirit$ man enc\rages ! m5d+ ( high roads4 ,:5 ! legislature e/abli%es premiums & o!r enc\ragem5ts to advance ! l95 or wooll5 manufactures1 its conduct seldom proce$s f pure sympa?y ) ! we>] ( *eap or f9e clo?1 & mu* less f t ) ! manufactur] or m]*ant4 ,! p]fection ( police1 ! ext5sion ( trade & manufactures1 are noble & magnific5t objects4 ,! contemplation ( !m pleases u1 & we are int]e/$ 9 :atev] c t5d to advance !m4 ,!y make "p ( ! great sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & ! :eels ( ! political ma*9e seem to move ) m h>mony & ease by means ( !m4 ,we #afd take pleasure 9 behold+ ! p]fection ( s beautiful & gr& a sy/em1 & we are uneasy till we remove any ob/ruction t c 9 ! lea/ di/urb or encumb] ! regul>ity ( its motions4 ,all con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 are valu$ only 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote ! happ9ess ( ^? :o live "u !m4 ,?is is _! sole use & end4 ,f a c]ta9 _s ( sy/em1 h[ev]1 f a c]ta9 love ( art & contrivance1 we sometimes seem to value ! means m ?an ! end1 & to be eag] to promote ! happ9ess ( our fell[-creatures1 r f a view to p]fect & improve a c]ta9 beautiful & ord]ly sy/em1 ?an f any imm$iate s5se or feel+ ( :at !y ei!r suff] or enjoy4 ,!re h be5 m5 ( ! greate/ public _s1 :o h %[n !mselves 9 o!r respects n v s5sible to ! feel+s ( humanity4 ,& on ! contr>y1 !re h be5 m5 ( ! greate/ humanity1 :o seem to h be5 entirely devoid ( public _s4 ,e man may f9d 9 ! circle ( 8 acqua9tance in/ances bo? ( ! "o k9d & ! o!r4 ,:o _h ev] less humanity1 or m public _s1 ?an ! celebrat$ legislator ( ,muscovy8 ,! social & well-natur$ ,james ! ,fir/ ( ,great ,brita9 seems1 on ! contr>y1 to h _h sc>ce any passion1 ei!r = ! glory or ! int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry4 ,w\ld y awak5 ! indu/ry ( ! man :o seems almo/ dead to ambition1 x w (t5 be to no purpose to describe to him ! happ9ess ( ! ri* & ! great2 to tell him t !y are g5]ally %elt]$ f ! sun & ! ra91 t !y are seldom hungry1 t !y are seldom cold1 & t !y are r>ely expos$ to we>9ess1 or to want ( any k9d4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t exhortation ( ?is k9d w h little effect ^u him4 ,if y w\ld hope to succe$1 y mu/ describe to him ! conv5i5cy & arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t ap>tm5ts 9 _! palaces2 y mu/ expla9 to him ! propriety ( _! equipages1 & po9t out to him ! numb]1 ! ord]1 & ! diff]5t (fices ( all _! att5dants4 ,if any ?+ is capable ( mak+ impression ^u him1 ?is w4 ,yet all ^! ?+s t5d only to keep (f ! sun & ! ra91 & save !m f hung] & cold1 f want & we>9ess4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if y w\ld implant public virtue 9 ! brea/ ( him :o seems he$less ( ! int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry1 x w (t5 be to no purpose to tell him1 :at sup]ior advantages ! subjects ( a well-gov]n$ /ate enjoy2 t !y are bett] lodg$1 t !y are bett] clo!d1 t !y are bett] f$4 ,^! consid]ations w commonly make no great impression4 ,y w be m likely to p]suade1 if y describe ! great sy/em ( public police :i* procures ^! advantages1 if y expla9 ! connexions & dep5d5cies ( its sev]al p>ts1 _! mutual subord9ation to "o ano!r1 & _! g5]al subs]vi5cy to ! happ9ess ( ! society2 if y %[ h[ ?is sy/em might be introduc$ into 8 own c\ntry1 :at x is t h9d]s x f tak+ place !re at pres5t1 h[ ^? #afe ob/ructions might be remov$1 & all ! sev]al :eels ( ! ma*9e ( gov]nm5t be made to move ) m h>mony & smoo?ness1 )\t grat+ ^u "o ano!r1 or mutually ret>d+ "o ano!r's motions4 ,x is sc>ce possible t a man %\ld li/5 to a disc\rse ( ?is k9d1 & n feel himself animat$ to "s degree ( public _s4 ,he w1 at lea/ = a mom5t1 feel "s desire to remove ^? ob/ructions1 & to put into motion s beautiful & s ord]ly a ma*9e4 ,no?+ t5ds s mu* to promote public _s z ! /udy ( politics1 ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( civil gov]nm5t1 _! advantages & disadvantages1 ( ! con/itution ( our own c\ntry1 its situation1 & int]e/ ) reg>d to =eign nations1 its comm]ce1 its def5ce1 ! disadvantages x lab\rs "u1 ! dang]s to :i* x may be expos$1 h[ to remove ! "o1 & h[ to gu>d aga9/ ! o!r4 ,^u ?is acc\nt political disquisition1 if j & reasonable & practicable1 are ( all ! works ( speculation ! mo/ useful4 ,ev5 ! weake/ & ! wor/ ( !m are n altoge!r )\t _! utility4 ,!y s]ve at lea/ to animate ! public passions ( m51 & r\se !m to seek out ! means ( promot+ ! happ9ess ( ! society4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,beauty :i* ! ,appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u ! ,*>act]s & ! ,actions ( ,m52 & h[ f> ! ,p]ception ( ?is ,beauty may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! orig9al ,pr9ciples ( ,approbation4 ,,! *>act]s ( m51 z well z ! contrivances ( art1 or ! in/itutions ( civil gov]nm5t1 may be fitt$ ei!r to promote or to di/urb ! happ9ess bo? ( ! individual & ( ! society4 ,! prud5t1 ! equitable1 ! active1 resolute1 & sob] "* promises prosp]ity & satisfaction1 bo? to ! p]son himself & to e "o connect$ ) him4 ,! ra%1 ! insol5t1 ! slo?ful1 effem9ate1 & voluptu\s1 on ! contr>y1 =ebodes ru9 to ! individual1 & mis=tune to all :o h any ?+ to d ) him4 ,! fir/ turn ( m9d has at lea/ all ! beauty :i* c belong to ! mo/ p]fect ma*9e t 0 ev] inv5t$ = promot+ ! mo/ agreeable purpose3 & ! second1 all ! de=mity ( ! mo/ awkw>d & clumsy contrivance4 ,:at in/itution ( gov]nm5t c\ld t5d s mu* to promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d z ! g5]al preval5ce ( wisdom & virtue8 ,all gov]nm5t is b an imp]fect rem$y = ! defici5cy ( ^!4 ,:atev] beauty1 !re=e1 c belong to civil gov]nm5t ^u acc\nt ( its utility1 mu/ 9 a f> sup]ior degree belong to ^!4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at civil policy c be s ru9\s & de/ructive z ! vices ( m58 ,! fatal effects ( bad gov]nm5t arise f no?+1 b t x does n #aff suffici5tly gu>d aga9/ ! mis*iefs :i* human wick$ness s (t5 gives occasion to4 ,?is beauty & de=mity :i* *>act]s appe> to d]ive f _! usefulness or inconv5i5cy1 are apt to /rike1 9 a peculi> mann]1 ^? :o consid]1 9 an ab/ract & philosophical light1 ! actions & conduct ( mank9d4 ,:5 a philosoph] goes to exam9e :y humanity is approv$ (1 or cruelty condemn$1 he does n always =m to himself1 9 a v cle> & di/9ct mann]1 ! conception ( any "o p>ticul> action ei!r ( cruelty or ( humanity1 b is commonly cont5t$ ) ! vague & indet]m9ate idea :i* ! g5]al names ( ^? qualities sugge/ to him4 ,b x is 9 p>ticul> in/ances only t ! propriety or impropriety1 ! m]it or dem]it ( actions is v obvi\s & disc]nible4 ,x is only :5 p>ticul> examples are giv5 t we p]ceive di/9ctly ei!r ! concord or disagreem5t betwe5 our two affections & ^? ( ! ag5t1 or feel a social gratitude arise t[>ds him 9 ! "o case1 or a sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 we consid] virtue & vice 9 an ab/ract & g5]al mann]1 ! qualities by :i* !y excite ^! sev]al s5tim5ts seem 9 a great measure to disappe>1 & ! s5tim5ts !mselves become less obvi\s & disc]nible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! happy effects ( ! "o & ! fatal consequ5ces ( ! o!r seem !n to rise up to ! view1 & z x 7 to /& out & di/+ui% !mselves f all ! o!r qualities ( ei!r4 ,! same +5i\s & agreeable au?or :o fir/ expla9$ :y utility pleases1 has be5 s /ruck ) ?is view ( ?+s1 z to resolve our :ole approbation ( virtue into a p]ception ( ?is species ( beauty :i* results f ! appe>ance ( utility4 ,no qualities ( ! m9d1 he obs]ves1 are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 b su* z are useful or agreeable ei!r to ! p]son himself or to o!rs2 & no qualities are disapprov$ ( z vici\s b su* z h a contr>y t5d5cy4 ,& ,nature1 inde$1 seems to h s happily adju/$ our s5tim5ts ( approbation & disapprobation1 to ! conv5i5cy bo? ( ! individual & ( ! society1 t aft] ! /ricte/ exam9ation x w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 t ?is is univ]sally ! case4 ,b /ill ,i affirm1 t x is n ! view ( ?is utility or hurtfulness :i* is ei!r ! fir/ or pr9cipal s\rce ( our approbation & disapprobation4 ,^! s5tim5ts are no d\bt enhanc$ & enliv5$ by ! p]ception ( ! beauty or de=mity :i* results f ?is utility or hurtfulness4 ,b /ill1 ,i say1 t !y 7 orig9ally & ess5tially diff]5t f ?is p]ception4 ,= fir/ ( all1 x seems impossible t ! approbation ( virtue %\ld be a s5tim5t ( ! same k9d ) t by :i* we approve ( a conv5i5t & well-contriv$ build+2 or t we %\ld h no o!r reason = prais+ a man ?an t = :i* we comm5d a *e/ ( draw]s4 #afg ,& secondly1 x w be f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! usefulness ( any disposition ( m9d is seldom ! fir/ gr\nd ( our approbation2 & t ! s5tim5t ( approbation always involves 9 x a s5se ( propriety q di/9ct f ! p]ception ( utility4 ,we may obs]ve ?is ) reg>d to all ! qualities :i* are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 bo? ^? :i*1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 are orig9ally valu$ z useful to ourselves1 z well z ^? :i* are e/eem$ on acc\nt ( _! usefulness to o!rs4 ,! qualities mo/ useful to ourselves are1 fir/ ( all1 sup]ior reason & und]/&+1 by :i* we are capable ( disc]n+ ! remote consequ5ces ( all our actions1 & ( =e-see+ ! advantage or detrim5t :i* is likely to result f !m3 & secondly1 self-comm&1 by :i* we are enabl$ to ab/a9 f pres5t pleasure or to endure pres5t pa91 9 ord] to obta9 a great] pleasure1 or to avoid a great] pa9 9 "s future "t4 ,9 ! union ( ^? two qualities consi/s ! virtue ( prud5ce1 ( all ! virtues t :i* is ! mo/ useful to ! individual4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^? qualities1 x has be5 obs]v$ on a =m] occasion1 t sup]ior reason & und]/&+ are orig9ally approv$ ( z j & "r & accurate1 & n m]ely z useful or advantage\s4 ,x is 9 ! ab/rus] sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! high] p>ts ( ma!matics1 t ! greate/ & mo/ admir$ ex]tions ( human reason h be5 display$4 ,b ! utility ( ^? sci5ces1 ei!r to ! individual or to ! public1 is n v obvi\s1 & to prove x1 requires a discussion :i* is n always v easily compreh5d$4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 _! utility :i* fir/ recomm5d$ !m to ! public admiration4 ,?is quality 0 b little insi/$ ^u1 till x became necess>y to make "s reply to ! reproa*es ( ^?1 :o1 hav+ !mselves no ta/e = su* sublime discov]ies1 endeav\r$ to depreciate !m z useless4 ,t self-comm&1 9 ! same mann]1 by :i* we re/ra9 our pres5t appetites1 9 ord] to gratify !m m fully ^u ano!r occasion1 is approv$ (1 z mu* "u ! aspect ( propriety1 z "u t ( utility4 ,:5 we act 9 ?is mann]1 ! s5tim5ts :i* influ5ce our conduct seem exactly to co9cide ) ^? ( ! spectator4 ,! spectator1 h[ev]1 does n feel ! solicitations ( our pres5t appetites4 ,to him ! pleasure :i* we are to enjoy a week h5ce1 or a ye> h5ce1 is j z int]e/+ z t :i* we are to enjoy ?is mom5t4 ,:5 = ! sake ( ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we sacrifice ! future1 our conduct appe>s to him absurd & extravagant 9 ! highe/ degree1 & he _c ent] into ! pr9ciples :i* influ5ce x4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we ab/a9 f pres5t pleasure1 9 ord] to secure great] pleasure to come1 :5 we act z if ! remote object int]e/$ u z mu* z t :i* imm$iately presses ^u ! s5ses1 z our #afh affections exactly correspond ) 8 own1 he _c fail to approve ( our behavi\r3 & z he kn[s f exp]i5ce1 h[ few are capable ( ?is self-comm&1 he looks ^u our conduct ) a consid]able degree ( wond] & admiration4 ,h5ce arises t em95t e/eem ) :i* all m5 naturally reg>d a /eady p]sev]ance 9 ! practice ( frugality1 indu/ry1 & application1 ?\gh direct$ to no o!r purpose ?an ! acquisition ( =tune4 ,! resolute firmness ( ! p]son :o acts 9 ?is mann]1 & 9 ord] to obta9 a great ?\gh remote advantage1 n only gives up all pres5t pleasures1 b endures ! greate/ lab\r bo? ( m9d & body1 necess>ily comm&s our approbation4 ,t view ( 8 int]e/ & happ9ess :i* appe>s to regulate 8 conduct1 exactly tallies ) ! idea :i* we naturally =m ( x4 ,!re is ! mo/ p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own1 & at ! same "t1 f our exp]i5ce ( ! common weakness ( human nature1 x is a correspond5ce :i* we c\ld n reasonably h expect$4 ,we n only approve1 !re=e1 b 9 "s measure admire 8 conduct1 & ?9k x wor?y ( a consid]able degree ( applause4 ,x is ! consci\sness ( ?is m]it$ approbation & e/eem :i* is alone capable ( support+ ! ag5t 9 ?is t5or ( conduct4 ,! pleasure :i* we are to enjoy t5 ye>s h5ce int]e/s u s little 9 comp>ison ) t :i* we may enjoy today1 ! passion :i* ! fir/ excites1 is naturally s weak 9 comp>ison ) t viol5t emotion :i* ! second is apt to give occasion to1 t ! "o c\ld nev] be any balance to ! o!r1 unless x 0 support$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 by ! consci\sness t we m]it$ ! e/eem & approbation ( e body1 by act+ 9 ! "o way1 & t we became ! prop] objects ( _! contempt & d]ision by behav+ 9 ! o!r4 ,humanity1 ju/ice1 g5]osity1 & public _s1 are ! qualities mo/ useful to o!rs4 ,:]e9 consi/s ! propriety ( humanity & ju/ice has be5 expla9$ ^u a =m] occasion1 :]e x 0 %[n h[ mu* our e/eem & approbation ( ^? qualities dep5d$ ^u ! concord betwe5 ! affections ( ! ag5t & ^? ( ! spectators4 ,! propriety ( g5]osity & public _s is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ) t ( ju/ice4 ,g5]osity is diff]5t f humanity4 ,^? two qualities1 :i* at fir/ sight seem s ne>ly alli$1 d n always belong to ! same p]son4 ,humanity is ! virtue ( a woman1 g5]osity ( a man4 ,! fair sex1 :o h commonly mu* m t5d]ness ?an ours1 h seldom s mu* g5]osity4 ,t wom5 r>ely make consid]able donations1 is an obs]vation ( ! civil law4 7,r>o muli]es don>e sol5t47 ,humanity consi/s m]ely 9 ! exquisite fell[-feel+ :i* ! spectator ent]ta9s ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$1 s z to grieve = _! suff]+s1 to res5t _! injuries1 & to rejoice at _! good #afi =tune4 ,! mo/ humane actions require no self-d5ial1 no self-comm&1 no great ex]tion ( ! s5se ( propriety4 ,!y consi/ only 9 do+ :at ?is exquisite sympa?y w\ld ( its own accord prompt u to d4 ,b x is o!rwise ) g5]osity4 ,we nev] are g5]\s except :5 9 "s respect we pref] "s o!r p]son to ourselves1 & sacrifice "s great & important int]e/ ( our own to an equal int]e/ ( a fri5d or ( a sup]ior4 ,! man :o gives up 8 pret5sions to an (fice t 0 ! great object ( 8 ambition1 because he imag9es t ! s]vices ( ano!r are bett] entitl$ to x2 ! man :o exposes 8 life to def5d t ( 8 fri5d1 :i* he judges to be ( m importance1 nei!r ( !m act f humanity1 or because !y feel m exquisitely :at conc]ns t o!r p]son t :at conc]ns !mselves4 ,!y bo? consid] ^? opposite int]e/s1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* !y naturally appe> to !mselves1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to o!rs4 ,to e by/&]1 ! success or pres]vation ( ?is o!r p]son may ju/ly be m int]e/+ ?an _! own2 b x _c be s to !mselves4 ,:5 to ! int]e/ ( ?is o!r p]son1 !re=e1 !y sacrifice _! own1 !y accommodate !mselves to ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator1 & by an ef=t ( magnanimity act accord+ to ^? views ( ?+s :i* !y feel mu/ naturally occur to any ?ird p]son4 ,! soldi] :o ?r[s away 8 life 9 ord] to def5d t ( 8 (fic]1 w\ld p]haps be b little affect$ by ! dea? ( t (fic]1 if x %\ld happ5 )\t any fault ( 8 own2 & a v small disa/] :i* _h befall5 himself might excite a mu* m lively sorr[4 ,b :5 he endeav\rs to act s z to des]ve applause1 & to make ! imp>tial spectator ent] into ! pr9ciples ( 8 conduct1 he feels1 t to e body b himself1 8 own life is a trifle comp>$ ) t ( 8 (fic]1 & t :5 he sacrifices ! "o to ! o!r1 he acts q prop]ly & agreeably to :at w\ld be ! natural appreh5sions ( e imp>tial by/&]4 ,x is ! same case ) ! great] ex]tions ( public _s4 ,:5 a "y (fic] exposes 8 life to acquire "s inconsid]able addition to ! dom9ions ( 8 sov]eign1 x is n because ! acquisition ( ! new t]ritory is1 to himself1 an object m desirable ?an ! pres]vation ( 8 own life4 ,to him 8 own life is ( inf9itely m value ?an ! conque/ ( a :ole k+dom = ! /ate :i* he s]ves4 ,b :5 he comp>es ^? two objects ) "o ano!r1 he does n view !m 9 ! light 9 :i* !y naturally appe> to himself1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to ! nation he fights =4 ,to !m ! success ( ! w> is ( ! highe/ importance2 ! life ( a private p]son ( sc>ce any consequ5ce4 ,:5 he puts himself 9 _! situation1 he imm$iately feels t he _c be too prodigal ( 8 blood1 if1 by %$d+ x1 he c promote s valuable a purpose4 ,9 ?us ?w>t+1 f a s5se ( duty & propriety1 ! /ronge/ ( #agj all natural prop5sities1 consi/s ! h]oism ( 8 conduct4 ,!re is _m an hone/ ,engli%man1 :o1 9 8 private /ation1 w\ld be m s]i\sly di/urb$ by ! loss ( a gu9ea1 ?an by ! national loss ( ,m9orca1 :o yet1 _h x be5 9 8 p[] to def5d t =tress1 w\ld h sacrific$ 8 life a ?\s& times r ?an1 ?r\gh 8 fault1 h let x fall into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,brutus l$ =? 8 own sons to a capital puni%m5t1 because !y _h conspir$ aga9/ ! ris+ lib]ty ( ,rome1 he sacrific$ :at1 if he _h consult$ 8 own brea/ only1 w\ld appe> to be ! /rong] to ! weak] affection4 ,brutus ought naturally to h felt mu* m = ! dea? ( 8 own sons1 ?an = all t probably ,rome c\ld h suff]$ f ! want ( s great an example4 ,b he view$ !m1 n ) ! eyes ( a fa!r1 b ) ^? ( a ,roman citiz54 ,he ent]$ s ?or\ghly into ! s5tim5ts ( ?is la/ "*1 t he paid no reg>d to t tie1 by :i* he himself 0 connect$ ) !m2 & to a ,roman citiz51 ! sons ev5 ( ,brutus seem$ contemptible1 :5 put into ! balance ) ! smalle/ int]e/ ( ,rome4 ,9 ^! & 9 all o!r cases ( ?is k9d1 our admiration is n s mu* f\nd$ ^u ! utility1 z ^u ! unexpect$1 & on t acc\nt ! great1 ! noble1 & exalt$ propriety ( su* actions4 ,?is utility1 :5 we come to view x1 be/[s ^u !m1 und\bt$ly a new beauty1 & ^u t acc\nt /ill fur!r recomm5ds !m to our approbation4 ,?is new beauty1 h[ev]1 is *iefly p]ceiv$ by m5 ( reflection & speculation1 & x is by no means ! quality :i* fir/ recomm5ds su* actions to ! natural s5tim5ts ( ! bulk ( mank9d4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t s f> z ! s5tim5t ( approbation arises f ! p]ception ( ?is beauty ( utility1 x has no ref]5ce ( any k9d to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,if x 0 possible1 !re=e1 t a p]son %\ld gr[ up to manhood )\t any communication ) society1 8 own actions might1 not)/&+1 be agreeable or disagreeable to him on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to 8 happ9ess or disadvantage4 ,he might p]ceive a beauty ( ?is k9d 9 prud5ce1 temp]ance1 & good conduct1 & a de=mity 9 ! opposite behavi\r3 he might view 8 own temp] & "* ) t sort ( satisfaction ) :i* we consid] a well-contriv$ ma*9e1 9 ! "o case3 or ) t sort ( di/a/e & dissatisfaction ) :i* we reg>d a v awkw>d & clumsy contrivance1 9 ! o!r4 ,z ^! p]ceptions1 h[ev]1 are m]ely a matt] ( ta/e1 & h all ! feebl5ess & delicacy ( t species ( p]ceptions1 ^u ! ju/ness ( :i* :at is prop]ly call$ ta/e is f\nd$1 !y probably w\ld n be mu* att5d$ to by "o 9 8 solit>y & mis]able condition4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld occur to him1 !y w\ld by no means h ! same effect ^u him1 antec$5t to 8 connexion ) society1 :i* !y w\ld h 9 consequ5ce ( t connexion4 ,he #aga w\ld n be ca/ d[n ) inw>d %ame at ! ?\ght ( ?is de=mity2 nor w\ld he be elevat$ ) secret triumph ( m9d f ! consci\sness ( ! contr>y beauty4 ,he w\ld n exult f ! notion ( des]v+ rew>d 9 ! "o case1 nor tremble f ! suspicion ( m]it+ puni%m5t 9 ! o!r4 ,all su* s5tim5ts suppose ! idea ( "s o!r be+1 :o is ! natural judge ( ! p]son t feels !m2 & x is only by sympa?y ) ! decisions ( ?is arbit] ( 8 conduct1 t he c conceive1 ei!r ! triumph ( self-applause1 or ! %ame ( self-condemnation4 ----- ,"p ,v4--,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u ! ,s5tim5ts ( ,moral ,approbation & ,disapprobation4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u our notions ( ,beauty & ,de=mity4 ,,!re are o!r pr9ciples besides ^? already enum]at$1 :i* h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 & are ! *ief causes ( ! _m irregul> & discordant op9ions :i* prevail 9 diff]5t ages & nations conc]n+ :at is blamable or praise-wor?y4 ,^! pr9ciples are cu/om & fa%ion1 pr9ciples :i* ext5d _! dom9ion ov] our judgm5ts conc]n+ beauty ( e k9d4 ,:5 two objects h frequ5tly be5 se5 toge!r1 ! imag9ation acquires a habit ( pass+ easily f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,if ! fir/ appe>1 we lay our acc\nt t ! second is to foll[4 ,( _! own accord !y put u 9 m9d ( "o ano!r1 & ! att5tion glides easily along !m4 ,?\gh1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re %\ld be no real beauty 9 _! union1 yet :5 cu/om has ?us connect$ !m toge!r1 we feel an impropriety 9 _! sep>ation4 ,! "o we ?9k is awkw>d :5 x appe>s )\t its usual companion4 ,we miss some?+ :i* we expect$ to f9d1 & ! habitual arrangem5t ( our ideas is di/urb$ by ! disappo9tm5t4 ,a suit ( clo!s1 = example1 seems to want some?+ if !y are )\t ! mo/ insignificant ornam5t :i* usually accompanies !m1 & we f9d a meanness or awkw>dness 9 ! abs5ce ev5 ( a haun* button4 ,:5 !re is any natural propriety 9 ! union1 cu/om increases our s5se ( x1 & makes a diff]5t arrangem5t appe> /ill m disagreeable ?an x w\ld o!rwise seem to be4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to see ?+s 9 a good ta/e1 are m disgu/$ by :atev] is clumsy or awkw>d4 ,:]e ! conjunction is improp]1 cu/om ei!r dim9i%es1 or takes away altoge!r1 our s5se ( ! impropriety4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to slov5ly disord] lose all s5se ( neatness or elegance4 ,! modes ( furniture or dress :i* #agb seem ridicul\s to /rang]s1 give no (f5ce to ! p :o h be5 us$ to !m4 ,fa%ion is diff]5t f cu/om1 or r is a p>ticul> species ( x4 ,t is n ! fa%ion :i* e body we>s1 b :i* ^? we> :o are ( a high rank1 or "*4 ,! graceful1 ! easy1 & comm&+ mann]s ( ! great1 jo9$ to ! usual ri*ness & magnific5ce ( _! dress1 give a grace to ! v =m :i* !y happ5 to be/[ ^u x4 ,z long z !y cont9ue to use ?is =m1 x is connect$ 9 our imag9ations ) ! idea ( some?+ t is g5teel & magnific5t1 & ?\gh 9 itself x %\ld be indiff]5t1 x seems1 on acc\nt ( ?is relation1 to h some?+ ab\t x t is g5teel & magnific5t too4 ,z soon z !y drop x1 x loses all ! grace1 :i* x _h appe>$ to possess be=e1 & be+ n[ us$ only by ! inf]ior ranks ( p1 seems to h some?+ ( _! meanness & _! awkw>dness4 ,dress & furniture are all[$ by all ! _w to be entirely "u ! dom9ion ( cu/om & fa%ion4 ,! influ5ce ( ^? pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 is by no means conf9$ to s n>r[ a sph]e1 b ext5ds itself to :atev] is 9 any respect ! object ( ta/e1 to music1 to poetry1 to ar*itecture4 ,! modes ( dress & furniture are cont9ually *ang+1 & t fa%ion appe>+ ridicul\s to-day :i* 0 admir$ five ye>s ago1 we are exp]im5tally conv9c$ t x ow$ its vogue *iefly or entirely to cu/om & fa%ion4 ,clo!s & furniture are n made ( v durable mat]ials4 ,a well-fanci$ coat is done 9 a twelve-mon?1 & _c cont9ue long] to propagate1 z ! fa%ion1 t =m accord+ to :i* x 0 made4 ,! modes ( furniture *ange less rapidly ?an ^? ( dress2 because furniture is commonly m durable4 ,9 five or six ye>s1 h[ev]1 x g5]ally und]goes an entire revolution1 & e man 9 8 own "t sees ! fa%ion 9 ?is respect *ange _m diff]5t ways4 ,! productions ( ! o!r arts are mu* m la/+1 &1 :5 happily imag9$1 may cont9ue to propagate ! fa%ion ( _! make = a mu* long] "t4 ,a well-contriv$ build+ may endure _m c5turies3 a beautiful air may be deliv]$ d[n by a sort ( tradition1 ?r\gh _m successive g5]ations3 a well-writt5 poem may la/ z long z ! _w2 & all ( !m cont9ue = ages toge!r1 to give ! vogue to t p>ticul> /yle1 to t p>ticul> ta/e or mann]1 accord+ to :i* ea* ( !m 0 compos$4 ,few m5 h an opportunity ( see+ 9 _! own times ! fa%ion 9 any ( ^! arts *ange v consid]ably4 ,few m5 h s mu* exp]i5ce & acqua9tance ) ! diff]5t modes :i* h obta9$ 9 remote ages & nations1 z to be ?or\ghly reconcil$ to !m1 or to judge ) imp>tiality betwe5 !m & :at takes place 9 _! own age & c\ntry4 ,few m5 !re=e are will+ to all[1 t cu/om or fa%ion h mu* influ5ce ^u _! judgm5ts conc]n+ :at is beautiful #agc or o!rwise1 9 ! productions ( any ( ^? arts2 b imag9e t all ! rules1 :i* !y ?9k ought to be obs]v$ 9 ea* ( !m1 are f\nd$ ^u reason & nature1 n ^u habit or prejudice4 ,a v little att5tion may conv9ce !m ( ! contr>y1 & satisfy !m1 t ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ov] dress & furniture1 is n m absolute ?an ov] ar*itecture1 poetry1 & music4 ,c any reason1 = example1 be assign$ :y ! ,doric capital %\ld be appropriat$ to a pill>1 ^: height is equal to eight diamet]s2 ! ,ionic volute to "o ( n9e2 & ! ,cor9?ian foliage to "o ( t58 ,! propriety ( ea* ( ^? appropriations c be f\nd$ ^u no?+ b habit & cu/om4 ,! eye hav+ be5 us$ to see a p>ticul> proportion connect$ ) a p>ticul> ornam5t1 w\ld be (f5d$ if !y 7 n jo9$ toge!r4 ,ea* ( ! five ord]s has its peculi> ornam5ts1 :i* _c be *ang$ = any o!r1 )\t giv+ (f5ce to all ^? :o "k any ?+ ( ! rules ( ar*itecture4 ,accord+ to "s ar*itects1 inde$1 su* is ! exquisite judgm5t ) :i* ! anci5ts h assign$ to ea* ord] its prop] ornam5ts1 t no o!rs c be f\nd :i* are equally suitable4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 a little difficult to be conceiv$ t ^! =ms1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 extremely agreeable1 %\ld be ! only =ms :i* c suit ^? proportions1 or t !re %\ld n be five hundr$ o!rs :i*1 antec$5t to e/abli%$ cu/om1 w\ld h fitt$ !m equally well4 ,:5 cu/om1 h[ev]1 has e/abli%$ p>ticul> rules ( build+1 provid$ !y are n absolutely unreasonable1 x is absurd to ?9k ( alt]+ !m = o!rs :i* are only equally good1 or ev5 = o!rs :i*1 9 po9t ( elegance & beauty1 h naturally "s little advantage ov] !m4 ,a man w\ld be ridicul\s :o %\ld appe> 9 public ) a suit ( clo!s q diff]5t f ^? :i* are commonly worn1 ?\gh ! new dress %\ld 9 itself be ev] s graceful or conv5i5t4 ,& !re seems to be an absurdity ( ! same k9d 9 ornam5t+ a h\se aft] a q diff]5t mann] f t :i* cu/om & fa%ion h prescrib$2 ?\gh ! new ornam5ts %\ld 9 !mselves be some:at sup]ior to ! common ones 9 use4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t rhetoricians1 a c]ta9 measure or v]se 0 by nature appropriat$ to ea* p>ticul> species ( writ+1 z be+ naturally expressive ( t "*1 s5tim5t1 or passion1 :i* ought to pr$om9ate 9 x4 ,"o v]se1 !y said1 0 fit = grave & ano!r = gay works1 :i* c\ld n1 !y ?\ght1 be int]*ang$ )\t ! greate/ impropriety4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mod]n times1 h[ev]1 seems to contradict ?is pr9ciple1 ?\gh 9 itself x w\ld appe> to be extremely probable4 ,:at is ! burlesque v]se 9 ,engli%1 is ! h]oic v]se 9 ,fr5*4 ,! trag$ies ( ,rac9e & ! ,h5riad ( ,voltaire1 are ne>ly 9 ! same v]se )1 ,let me h y\r advice 9 a weighty affair4 #agd ,! burlesque v]se 9 ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 is pretty mu* ! same ) ! h]oic v]se ( t5 syllables 9 ,engli%4 ,cu/om has made ! "o nation associate ! ideas ( gravity1 sublimity1 & s]i\sness1 to t measure :i* ! o!r has connect$ ) :atev] is gay1 flippant1 & ludicr\s4 ,no?+ w\ld appe> m absurd 9 ,engli%1 ?an a trag$y writt5 9 ! ,alex&r9e v]ses ( ! ,fr5*2 or 9 ,fr5*1 ?an a "w ( ! same k9d 9 hexamet]y1 or v]ses ( t5 syllables4 ,an em95t arti/ w br+ ab\t a consid]able *ange 9 ! e/abli%$ modes ( ea* ( ^? arts1 & introduce a new fa%ion ( writ+1 music1 or ar*itecture4 ,z ! dress ( an agreeable man ( high rank recomm5ds itself1 & h[ peculi> & fanta/ical soev]1 comes soon to be admir$ & imitat$2 s ! excell5cies ( an em95t ma/] recomm5d 8 peculi>ities1 & 8 mann] becomes ! fa%ionable /yle 9 ! art :i* he practises4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,italians 9 music & ar*itecture has1 )9 ^! fifty ye>s1 und]gone a consid]able *ange1 f imitat+ ! peculi>ities ( "s em95t ma/]s 9 ea* ( ^? arts4 ,s5eca is accus$ by ,qu9tilian ( hav+ corrupt$ ! ta/e ( ! ,romans1 & ( hav+ introduc$ a frivol\s prett9ess 9 ! room ( maje/ic reason & mascul9e eloqu5ce4 ,sallu/ & ,tacitus h by o!rs be5 *>g$ ) ! same accusation1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,!y gave reputation1 x is pret5d$1 to a /yle1 :i* ?\gh 9 ! highe/ degree concise1 elegant1 expressive1 & ev5 poetical1 want$1 h[ev]1 ease1 simplicity1 & nature1 & 0 evid5tly ! production ( ! mo/ lab\r$ & /udi$ affectation4 ,h[ _m great qualities mu/ t writ] possess1 :o c ?us r5d] 8 v faults agreeable8 ,aft] ! praise ( ref9+ ! ta/e ( a nation1 ! highe/ eulogy1 p]haps1 :i* c be be/[$ ^u any au?or1 is to say1 t he corrupt$ x4 ,9 our own language1 ,mr4 ,pope & ,dr4 ,swift h ea* ( !m introduc$ a mann] diff]5t f :at 0 practis$ be=e1 into all works t are writt5 9 rhyme1 ! "o 9 long v]ses1 ! o!r 9 %ort4 ,! qua9tness ( ,butl] has giv5 place to ! pla9ness ( ,swift4 ,! rambl+ fre$om ( ,dryd51 & ! correct b (t5 t$i\s & prosaic languor ( ,addison1 are no long] ! objects ( imitation1 b all long v]ses are n[ writt5 aft] ! mann] ( ! n]v\s precision ( ,mr4 ,pope4 ,nei!r is x only ov] ! productions ( ! arts1 t cu/om & fa%ion ex]t _! dom9ion4 ,!y influ5ce our judgm5ts1 9 ! same mann]1 ) reg>d to ! beauty ( natural objects4 ,:at v>i\s & opposite =ms are deem$ beautiful 9 diff]5t species ( ?+s8 ,! proportions :i* are admir$ 9 "o animal1 are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* are e/eem$ 9 ano!r4 ,e class ( ?+s has its own peculi> con=mation1 :i* is approv$ (1 & has a beauty ( its own1 di/9ct f t ( e o!r species4 #age ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt t a le>n$ ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,buffi]1 has det]m9$ t ! beauty ( e object consi/s 9 t =m & col\r1 :i* is mo/ usual among ?+s ( t p>ticul> sort to :i* x belongs4 ,?us1 9 ! human =m1 ! beauty ( ea* feature lies 9 a c]ta9 middle1 equally remov$ f a v>iety ( o!r =ms t are ugly4 ,a beautiful nose1 = example1 is "o t is nei!r v long1 nor v %ort1 nei!r v /raight1 nor v crook$1 b a sort ( middle among all ^! extremes1 & less diff]5t f any "o ( !m1 ?an all ( !m are f "o ano!r4 ,x is ! =m :i* nature seems to h aim$ at 9 !m all1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %e deviates f 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 & v seldom hits exactly2 b to :i* all ^? deviations /ill be> a v /rong resemblance4 ,:5 a numb] ( draw+s are made aft] "o patt]n1 ?\gh !y may all miss x 9 "s respects1 yet !y w all resemble x m ?an !y resemble "o ano!r2 ! g5]al "* ( ! patt]n w run ?r\gh !m all2 ! mo/ s+ul> & odd w be ^? :i* are mo/ wide ( x2 & ?\gh v few w copy x exactly1 yet ! mo/ accurate del9eations w be> a great] resemblance to ! mo/ c>eless1 ?an ! c>eless ones w be> to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 ea* species ( creatures1 :at is mo/ beautiful be>s ! /ronge/ *>act]s ( ! g5]al fabric ( ! species1 & has ! /ronge/ resemblance to ! great] "p ( ! individuals ) :i* x is class$4 ,mon/]s1 on ! contr>y1 or :at is p]fectly de=m$1 are always mo/ s+ul> & odd1 & h ! lea/ resemblance to ! g5]ality ( t species to :i* !y belong4 ,& ?us ! beauty ( ea* species1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se ! r>e/ ( all ?+s1 because few individuals hit ?is middle =m exactly1 yet 9 ano!r1 is ! mo/ common1 because all ! deviations f x resemble x m ?an !y resemble "o ano!r4 ,! mo/ cu/om>y =m1 !re=e1 is 9 ea* species ( ?+s1 accord+ to him1 ! mo/ beautiful4 ,& h5ce x is t a c]ta9 practice & exp]i5ce 9 contemplat+ ea* species ( objects is requisite be=e we c judge ( its beauty1 or "k :]e9 ! middle & mo/ usual =m consi/s4 ,! nice/ judgm5t conc]n+ ! beauty ( ! human species w n help u to judge ( t ( fl[]s1 or horses1 or any o!r species ( ?+s4 ,x is = ! same reason t 9 diff]5t climates1 & :]e diff]5t cu/oms & ways ( liv+ take place1 z ! g5]ality ( any species receives a diff]5t con=mation f ^? circum/ances1 s diff]5t ideas ( its beauty prevail4 ,! beauty ( a ,moori% is n exactly ! same ) t ( an ,engli% horse4 ,:at diff]5t ideas are =m$ 9 diff]5t nations conc]n+ ! beauty ( ! human %ape & c\nt5ance8 ,a fair complexion is a %ock+ de=mity ^u ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,?ick lips & a flat nose are a beauty4 ,9 "s nations long e>s t hang d[n ^u ! %\ld]s are ! objects ( univ]sal admiration4 ,9 ,*9a if a lady's foot is s #agf l>ge z to be fit to walk ^u1 %e is reg>d$ z a mon/] ( ugl9ess4 ,"s ( ! savage nations 9 ,nor? ,am]ica tie f\r bo>ds r\nd ! heads ( _! *ildr51 & ?us squeeze !m1 :ile ! bones are t5d] & gri/ly1 into a =m t is almo/ p]fectly squ>e4 ,europeans are a/oni%$ at ! absurd b>b>ity ( ?is practice1 to :i* "s mission>ies h imput$ ! s+ul> /upidity ( ^? nations among :om x prevails4 ,b :5 !y condemn ^? savages1 !y d n reflect t ! ladies 9 ,europe _h1 till )9 ^! v few ye>s1 be5 endeav\r+1 = ne> a c5tury pa/1 to squeeze ! beautiful r\ndness ( _! natural %ape into a squ>e =m ( ! same k9d4 ,& t1 not)/&+ ! _m di/ortions & diseases :i* ?is practice 0 kn[n to occasion1 cu/om _h r5d]$ x agreeable among "s ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations :i*1 p]haps1 ! _w has ev] beheld4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ?is le>n$ & +5i\s fa!r1 conc]n+ ! nature ( beauty2 ( :i* ! :ole *>m1 accord+ to him1 w\ld ?us seem to arise f its fall+ 9 ) ! habits :i* cu/om _h impress$ ^u ! imag9ation1 ) reg>d to ?+s ( ea* p>ticul> k9d4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 be induc$ to believe t our s5se ev5 ( ext]nal beauty is f\nd$ altoge!r on cu/om4 ,! utility ( any =m1 its fitness = ! useful purposes = :i* x 0 int5d$ evid5tly recomm5ds x1 & r5d]s x agreeable to u1 indep5d5t ( cu/om4 ,c]ta9 col\rs are m agreeable ?an o!rs1 & give m delight to ! eye ! fir/ "t x ev] beholds !m4 ,a smoo? surface is m agreeable ?an a r\gh "o4 ,v>iety is m pleas+ ?an a t$i\s undiv]sifi$ uni=mity4 ,connect$ v>iety1 9 :i* ea* new appe>ance seems to be introduc$ by :at w5t be=e x1 & 9 :i* all ! adjo9+ p>ts seem to h "s natural relation to "o ano!r1 is m agreeable ?an a disjo9t$ & disord]ly assemblage ( unconnect$ objects4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c admit t cu/om is ! sole pr9ciple ( beauty1 yet ,i c s f> all[ ! tru? ( ?is +5i\s sy/em z to grant1 t !re is sc>ce any "o ext]nal =m s beautiful z to please1 if q contr>y to cu/om & unlike :atev] we h ev] be5 us$ to 9 t p>ticul> species ( ?+s3 or s de=m$ z n to be agreeable1 if cu/om uni=mly supports x1 & habituates u to see x 9 e s+le individual ( ! k9d4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,,s9ce our s5tim5ts conc]n+ beauty ( e k9d1 are s mu* influ5c$ by cu/om & fa%ion1 x _c be expect$1 t ^?1 conc]n+ ! beauty ( conduct1 %\ld be entirely exempt$ f #agg ! dom9ion ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,_! influ5ce "h1 h[ev]1 seems to be mu* less ?an x is e :]e else4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no =m ( ext]nal objects1 h[ absurd & fanta/ical soev]1 to :i* cu/om w n reconcile u1 or :i* fa%ion w n r5d] ev5 agreeable4 ,b ! *>act]s & conduct ( a ,n]o1 or a ,claudius1 are :at no cu/om w ev] reconcile u to1 :at no fa%ion w ev] r5d] agreeable2 b ! "o w always be ! object ( dread & hatr$2 ! o!r ( scorn & d]ision4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation1 ^u :i* our s5se ( beauty dep5ds1 are ( a v nice & delicate nature1 & may easily be alt]$ by habit & education3 b ! s5tim5ts ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 are f\nd$ on ! /ronge/ & mo/ vigor\s passions ( human nature2 & ?\gh !y may be w>p$1 _c be entirely p]v]t$4 ,b ?\gh ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u moral s5tim5ts1 is n altoge!r s great1 x is h[ev] p]fectly simil> to :at x is e :]e else4 ,:5 cu/om & fa%ion co9cide ) ! natural pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 !y height5 ! delicacy ( our s5tim5ts1 & increase our abhorr5ce = e ?+ :i* approa*es to evil4 ,^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 :at is really good company1 n 9 :at is commonly call$ su*1 :o h be5 accu/om$ to see no?+ 9 ! p]sons :om !y e/eem$ & liv$ )1 b ju/ice1 mode/y1 humanity1 & good ord]2 are m %ock$ ) :atev] seems to be inconsi/5t ) ! rules :i* ^? virtues prescribe4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :o h _h ! mis=tune to be br\ght up amid/ viol5ce1 lic5ti\sness1 falsehood1 & inju/ice1 lose1 ?\gh n all s5se ( ! impropriety ( su* conduct1 yet all s5se ( its dreadful enormity1 or ( ! v5geance & puni%m5t due to x4 ,!y h be5 famili>iz$ ) x f _! infancy1 cu/om has r5d]$ x habitual to !m1 & !y are v apt to reg>d x z1 :at is call$1 ! way ( ! _w1 some?+ :i* ei!r may1 or mu/ be practis$1 to h9d] u f be+ made ! dupes ( our own integrity4 ,fa%ion1 too1 w sometimes give reputation to a c]ta9 degree ( disord]1 &1 on ! contr>y1 disc\nt5ance qualities :i* des]ve e/eem4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 a degree ( lic5ti\sness 0 deem$ ! *>act]i/ic ( a lib]al education4 ,x 0 connect$1 accord+ to ! notions ( ^? times1 ) g5]osity1 s9c]ity1 magnanimity1 loyalty1 & prov$ t ! p]son :o act$ 9 ?is mann]1 0 a g5tleman1 & n a puritan4 ,sev]ity ( mann]s1 & regul>ity ( conduct1 on ! o!r h&1 7 altoge!r unfa%ionable1 & 7 connect$1 9 ! imag9ation ( t age1 ) cant1 cunn+1 hypocrisy1 & l[ mann]s4 ,to sup]ficial m9ds1 ! vices ( ! great seem at all times agreeable4 ,!y connect !m1 n only ) ! spl5d\r ( =tune1 b ) _m sup]ior virtues1 :i* !y ascribe to _! sup]iors2 ) ! _s ( fre$om & #agh indep5d5cy1 ) frankness1 g5]osity1 humanity1 & polit5ess4 ,! virtues ( ! inf]ior ranks ( p1 on ! contr>y1 _! p>simoni\s frugality1 _! pa9ful indu/ry1 & rigid adh]5ce to rules1 seems to !m mean & disagreeable4 ,!y connect !m1 bo? ) ! meanness ( ! /ation to :i* ^? qualities d commonly belong1 & ) _m great vices :i*1 !y suppose1 v usually accompany !m2 su* z an abject1 c[>dly1 ill-natur$1 ly+1 & pilf]+ disposition4 ,! objects ) :i* m5 9 ! diff]5t pr(essions & /ates ( life are conv]sant1 be+ v diff]5t1 & habituat+ !m to v diff]5t passions1 naturally =m 9 !m v diff]5t *>act]s & mann]s4 ,we expect 9 ea* rank & pr(ession1 a degree ( ^? mann]s1 :i*1 exp]i5ce has taught u1 belong to x4 ,b z 9 ea* species ( ?+s1 we are p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) ! middle con=mation1 :i*1 9 e "p & feature1 agrees mo/ exactly ) ! g5]al /&>d :i* nature seems to h e/abli%$ = ?+s ( t k9d2 s 9 ea* rank1 or1 if ,i may say s1 9 ea* species ( m51 we are p>ticul>ly pleas$1 if !y h nei!r too mu*1 nor too little ( ! "* :i* usually accompanies _! p>ticul> condition & situation4 ,a man1 we say1 %\ld look l 8 trade & pr(ession2 yet ! p$antry ( e pr(ession is disagreeable4 ,! diff]5t p]iods ( life h1 = ! same reason1 diff]5t mann]s assign$ to !m4 ,we expect 9 old age1 t gravity & s$at5ess :i* its infirmities1 its long exp]i5ce1 & its worn-out s5sibility seem to r5d] bo? natural & respectable2 & we lay our acc\nt to f9d 9 y\? t s5sibility1 t gaiety & sprightly vivacity :i* exp]i5ce tea*es u to expect f ! lively impressions t all int]e/+ objects are apt to make ^u ! t5d] & unpractis$ s5ses ( t e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,ea* ( ^? two ages1 h[ev]1 may easily h too mu* ( ^! peculi>ities :i* belong to x4 ,! flirt+ levity ( y\?1 & ! immovable ins5sibility ( old age1 are equally disagreeable4 ,! "y1 accord+ to ! common say+1 are mo/ agreeable :5 9 _! behavi\r !re is some?+ ( ! mann]s ( ! old1 & ! old1 :5 !y reta9 some?+ ( ! gaiety ( ! "y4 ,ei!r ( !m1 h[ev]1 may easily h too mu* ( ! mann]s ( ! o!r4 ,! extreme coldness1 & ! dull =mality1 :i* are p>don$ 9 old age1 make y\? ridicul\s4 ,! levity1 ! c>elessness1 & ! vanity1 :i* are indulg$ 9 y\?1 w r5d] old age contemptible4 ,! peculi> "* & mann]s :i* we are l$ by cu/om to appropriate to ea* rank & pr(ession1 h sometimes p]haps a propriety indep5d5t ( cu/om2 & are :at we %\ld approve ( = _! own sakes1 if we took into consid]ation all ! diff]5t circum/ances :i* naturally affect ^? 9 ea* diff]5t /ate ( life4 ,! propriety ( a p]son's behavi\r1 dep5ds n ^u its #agi suitabl5ess to any "o circum/ance ( 8 situation1 b to all ! circum/ances1 :i*1 :5 we br+ 8 case home to ourselves1 we feel1 %\ld naturally call ^u 8 att5tion4 ,if he appe>s to be s mu* occupi$ by any "o ( !m1 z entirely to neglect ! re/1 we disapprove ( 8 conduct1 z some?+ :i* we _c entirely g along )1 because n prop]ly adju/$ to all ! circum/ances ( 8 situation3 yet1 p]haps1 ! emotion he expresses = ! object :i* pr9cipally int]e/s him1 does n exce$ :at we %\ld entirely sympa?ize )1 & approve (1 9 "o ^: att5tion 0 n requir$ by any o!r ?+4 ,a p>5t 9 private life might1 ^u ! loss ( an only son1 express )\t blame a degree ( grief & t5d]ness1 :i* w\ld be unp>donable 9 a g5]al at ! head ( an army1 :5 glory1 & ! public safety1 dem&$ s great a "p ( 8 att5tion4 ,z diff]5t objects ought1 ^u common occasions1 to occupy ! att5tion ( m5 ( diff]5t pr(essions1 s diff]5t passions ought naturally to become habitual to !m2 & :5 we br+ home to ourselves _! situation 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 we mu/ be s5sible1 t e occurr5ce %\ld naturally affect !m m or less1 accord+ z ! emotion :i* x excites1 co9cides or disagrees ) ! fix$ habit & temp] ( _! m9ds4 ,we _c expect ! same s5sibility to ! gay pleasures & amusem5ts ( life 9 a cl]gyman1 :i* we lay our acc\nt ) 9 an (fic]4 ,! man ^: peculi> occupation x is to keep ! _w 9 m9d ( t awful futurity :i* awaits him1 :o is to ann\nce :at may be ! fatal consequ5ces ( e deviation f ! rules ( duty1 & :o is himself to set ! example ( ! mo/ exact con=mity1 seems to be ! mess5g] ( tid+s1 :i* _c1 9 propriety1 be deliv]$ ei!r ) levity or indiff]5ce4 ,8 m9d is suppos$ to be cont9ually occupi$ ) :at is too gr& & solemn1 to leave any room = ! impressions ( ^? frivol\s objects1 :i* fill up ! att5tion ( ! dissipat$ & ! gay4 ,we readily feel !re=e1 t1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re is a propriety 9 ! mann]s :i* cu/om has allott$ to ?is pr(ession2 & t no?+ c be m suitable to ! "* ( a cl]gyman1 ?an t grave1 t au/]e & ab/ract$ sev]ity1 :i* we are habituat$ to expect 9 8 behavi\r4 ,^! reflections are s v obvi\s1 t !re is sc>ce any man s inconsid]ate1 z n1 at "s "t1 to h made !m1 & to h acc\nt$ to himself 9 ?is mann] = 8 approbation ( ! useful "* ( ! cl]ical ord]4 ,! f\ndation ( ! cu/om>y "* ( "s o!r pr(essions is n s obvi\s1 & our approbation ( x is f\nd$ entirely 9 ! habit1 )\t be+ ei!r confirm$ or enliv5$ by any reflections ( ?is k9d4 ,we are l$ by cu/om1 = example1 to annex ! "* ( gaiety1 levity1 & sprightly fre$om1 z well z ( "s degree ( dissipation1 to ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,yet1 if we 7 #ahj to consid] :at mood or tone ( temp] w\ld be mo/ suitable to ?is situation1 we %\ld be apt to det]m9e1 p]haps1 t ! mo/ s]i\s & ?\ghtful turn ( m9d w\ld be/ become ^? ^: lives are cont9ually expos$ to uncommon dang]1 & :o %\ld !re=e be m con/antly occupi$ ) ! ?\ghts ( dea? & its consequ5ces ?an o!r m54 ,x is ?is v circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* is n improbably ! occasion :y ! contr>y turn ( m9d prevails s mu* among m5 ( ?is pr(ession4 ,x requires s great an ef=t to conqu] ! fe> ( dea?1 :5 we survey x ) /ead9ess & att5tion1 t ^? :o are con/antly expos$ to x1 f9d x easi] to turn away _! ?\ghts f x altoge!r1 to wrap !mselves up 9 c>eless security & indiff]5ce1 & to plunge !mselves1 = ?is purpose1 into e sort ( amusem5t & dissipation4 ,a camp is n ! elem5t ( a ?\ghtful or a melan*oly man3 p]sons ( t ca/1 inde$1 are (t5 abundantly det]m9$1 & are capable1 by a great ef=t1 ( go+ on ) inflexible resolution to ! mo/ unavoidable dea?4 ,b to be expos$ to cont9ual1 ?\gh less imm95t dang]1 to be oblig$ to ex]t1 = a long "t1 a degree ( ?is ef=t1 exhau/s & depresses ! m9d1 & r5d]s x incapable ( all happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,! gay & c>eless1 :o h occasion to make no ef=t at all1 :o fairly resolve nev] to look be=e !m1 b to lose 9 cont9ual pleasures & amusem5ts all anxiety ab\t _! situation1 m easily support su* circum/ances4 ,:5ev]1 by any peculi> circum/ances1 an (fic] has no reason to lay 8 acc\nt ) be+ expos$ to any uncommon dang]1 he is v apt to lose ! gaiety & dissipat$ ?\ghtlessness ( 8 "*4 ,! capta9 ( a city gu>d is commonly z sob]1 c>eful1 & p5uri\s an animal z ! re/ ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,a long peace is1 = ! same reason1 v apt to dim9i% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civil & ! milit>y "*4 ,! ord9>y situation1 h[ev]1 ( m5 ( ?is pr(ession1 r5d]s gaiety1 & a degree ( dissipation1 s mu* _! usual "*2 & cu/om has1 9 our imag9ation1 s /rongly connect$ ?is "* ) ?is /ate ( life1 t we are v apt to despise any man1 ^: peculi> hum\r or situation r5d]s him incapable ( acquir+ x4 ,we laugh at ! grave & c>eful faces ( a city gu>d1 :i* s little resemble ^? ( _! pr(ession4 ,!y !mselves seem (t5 to be a%am$ ( ! regul>ity ( _! own mann]s1 &1 n to be out ( ! fa%ion ( _! trade1 are fond ( affect+ t levity1 :i* is by no means natural to !m4 ,:atev] is ! deportm5t :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to see 9 a respectable ord] ( m51 x comes to be s associat$ 9 our imag9ation ) t ord]1 t :5ev] we see ! "o1 we lay our acc\nt t we are to meet ) ! o!r1 & :5 disappo9t$1 miss some?+ :i* we expect$ to f9d4 ,we are emb>rass$1 & put to a /&1 & "k n h[ to address ourselves to a "*1 :i* pla9ly #aha affects to be ( a diff]5t species f ^? ) :i* we %\ld h be5 dispos$ to class x4 ,! diff]5t situations ( diff]5t ages & c\ntries are apt1 9 ! same mann]1 to give diff]5t *>act]s to ! g5]ality ( ^? :o live 9 !m1 & _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! p>ticul> degree ( ea* quality1 t is ei!r blamable or praise-wor?y1 v>y accord+ to t degree :i* is usual 9 _! own c\ntry1 & 9 _! own times4 ,t degree ( polit5ess :i* w\ld be highly e/eem$1 p]haps w\ld be ?\ght effem9ate adulation1 9 ,russia1 w\ld be reg>d$ z rud5ess & b>b>ism at ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,t degree ( ord] & frugality1 :i*1 9 a ,poli% nobleman1 w\ld be consid]$ z excessive p>simony1 w\ld be reg>d$ z extravagance 9 a citiz5 ( ,am/]dam4 ,e age & c\ntry look ^u t degree ( ea* quality1 :i* is commonly to be met ) 9 ^? :o are e/eem$ among !mselves1 z ! gold5 mean ( t p>ticul> tal5t or virtue4 ,& z ?is v>ies1 accord+ z _! diff]5t circum/ances r5d] diff]5t qualities m or less habitual to !m1 _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! exact propriety ( "* & behavi\r v>y accord+ly4 ,among civiliz$ nations1 ! virtues :i* are f\nd$ ^u humanity1 are m cultivat$ ?an ^? :i* are f\nd$ ^u self-d5ial & ! comm& ( ! passions4 ,among rude & b>b>\s nations1 x is q o!rwise1 ! virtues ( self-d5ial are m cultivat$ ?an ^? ( humanity4 ,! g5]al security & happ9ess :i* prevail 9 ages ( civility & polit5ess1 af=d little ex]cise to ! contempt ( dang]1 to pati5ce 9 endur+ lab\r1 hung]1 & pa94 ,pov]ty may easily be avoid$1 & ! contempt ( x !re=e almo/ ceases to be a virtue4 ,! ab/95ce f pleasure becomes less necess>y1 & ! m9d is m at lib]ty to unb5d & to indulge its natural incl9ations 9 all ^? p>ticul> respects4 ,among savages & b>b>ians x is q o!rwise4 ,e savage und]goes a sort ( ,sp>tan discipl9e1 & by ! necessity ( 8 situation is inur$ to e sort ( h>d%ip4 ,he is 9 cont9ual dang]3 he is (t5 expos$ to ! greate/ extremities ( hung]1 & frequ5tly dies ( pure want4 ,8 circum/ances n only habituate him to e sort ( di/ress1 b tea* him to give way to none ( ! passions :i* t di/ress is apt to excite4 ,he c expect f 8 c\ntrym5 no sympa?y or indulg5ce = su* weakness4 ,be=e we c feel mu* = o!rs1 we mu/ 9 "s measure be at ease ourselves4 ,if our own mis]y p9*es u v sev]ely1 we h no leisure to att5d to t ( our neighb\r3 & all savages are too mu* occupi$ ) _! own wants & necessities1 to give mu* att5tion to ^? ( ano!r p]son4 ,a savage1 !re=e1 :atev] be ! nature ( 8 di/ress1 expects no sympa?y f ^? ab\t him1 & disda9s1 ^u t acc\nt1 to expose himself1 by all[+ ! lea/ weakness to escape #ahb him4 ,8 passions1 h[ furi\s & viol5t soev]1 are nev] p]mitt$ to di/urb ! s]5ity ( 8 c\nt5ance or ! composure ( 8 conduct & behavi\r4 ,! savages 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 we are told1 assume ^u all occasions ! greate/ indiff]5ce1 & w\ld ?9k !mselves degrad$ if !y %\ld ev] appe> 9 any respect to be ov]come1 ei!r by love1 or grief1 or res5tm5t4 ,_! magnanimity & self-comm&1 9 ?is respect1 are almo/ beyond ! conception ( ,europeans4 ,9 a c\ntry 9 :i* all m5 are ^u a level1 ) reg>d to rank & =tune1 x might be expect$ t ! mutual incl9ations ( ! two p>ties %\ld be ! only ?+ consid]$ 9 m>riages1 & %\ld be indulg$ )\t any sort ( control4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! c\ntry 9 :i* all m>riages1 )\t exception1 are made up by ! p>5ts1 & 9 :i* a "y man w\ld ?9k himself disgrac$ = ev]1 if he %[$ ! lea/ pref]5ce ( "o woman above ano!r1 or did n express ! mo/ complete indiff]5ce1 bo? ab\t ! "t :51 & ! p]son to :om1 he 0 to be m>ri$4 ,! weakness ( love1 :i* is s indulg$ 9 ages ( humanity & polit5ess1 is reg>d$ among savages z ! mo/ unp>donable effem9acy4 ,ev5 aft] ! m>riage1 ! two p>ties seem to be a%am$ ( a connexion :i* is f\nd$ ^u s sordid a necessity4 ,!y d n live toge!r4 ,!y see "o ano!r by /eal? only4 ,!y bo? cont9ue to dwell 9 ! h\ses ( _! respective fa!rs1 & ! op5 cohabitation ( ! two sexes1 :i* is p]mitt$ )\t blame 9 all o!r c\ntries1 is "h consid]$ z ! mo/ indec5t & unmanly s5suality4 ,nor is x only ov] ?is agreeable passion t !y ex]t ?is absolute self-comm&4 ,!y (t5 be>1 9 ! sight ( all _! c\ntrym51 ) injuries1 reproa*1 & ! grosse/ insults1 ) ! appe>ance ( ! greate/ ins5sibility1 & )\t express+ ! smalle/ res5tm5t4 ,:5 a savage is made prison] ( w>1 & receives1 z is usual1 ! s5t5ce ( dea? f 8 conqu]ors1 he he>s x )\t express+ any emotion1 & aft]w>ds submits to ! mo/ dreadful torm5ts1 )\t ev] bemoan+ himself1 or discov]+ any o!r passion b contempt ( 8 enemies4 ,:ile he is hung by ! %\ld]s ov] a sl[ fire1 he d]ides 8 torm5tors1 & tells !m ) h[ mu* m +5uity he himself _h torm5t$ su* ( _! c\ntrym5 z _h fall5 into 8 h&s4 ,aft] he has be5 scor*$ & burnt1 & lac]at$ 9 all ! mo/ t5d] & s5sible p>ts ( 8 body = sev]al h\rs toge!r1 he is (t5 all[$1 9 ord] to prolong 8 mis]y1 a %ort respite1 & is tak5 d[n f ! /ake3 he employs ?is int]val 9 talk+ ^u all indiff]5t subjects1 inquires aft] ! news ( ! c\ntry1 & seems indiff]5t ab\t no?+ b 8 own situation4 ,! spectators express ! same ins5sibility2 ! sight ( s horrible an object seems to make no impression ^u !m2 !y sc>ce look at ! prison]1 except :5 !y l5d a h& to torm5t him4 ,at o!r times !y smoke tobacco1 & amuse !mselves #ahc ) any common object1 z if no su* matt] 0 go+ on4 ,e savage is said to prep>e himself f 8 e>lie/ y\? = ?is dreadful end4 ,he composes1 = ?is purpose1 :at !y call ! song ( dea?1 a song :i* he is to s+ :5 he has fall5 into ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 & is expir+ "u ! tortures :i* !y inflict ^u him4 ,x consi/s ( insults ^u 8 torm5tors1 & expresses ! highe/ contempt ( dea? & pa94 ,he s+s ?is song ^u all extraord9>y occasions1 :5 he goes out to w>1 :5 he meets 8 enemies 9 ! field1 or :5ev] he has a m9d to %[ t he has famili>is$ 8 imag9ation to ! mo/ dreadful mis=tunes1 & t no human ev5t c daunt 8 resolution or alt] 8 purpose4 ,! same contempt ( dea? & torture prevails among all o!r savage nations4 ,!re is n a negro f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 :o does n 9 ?is respect1 possess a degree ( magnanimity :i* ! s\l ( 8 sordid ma/] is too (t5 sc>ce capable ( conceiv+4 ,=tune nev] ex]t$ m cruelly h] empire ov] mank9d1 ?an :5 %e subject$ ^? nations ( h]oes to ! refuse ( ! jails ( ,europe1 to wret*es :o possess ! virtues nei!r ( ! c\ntries :i* !y come f1 nor ( ^? :i* !y g to1 & ^: levity1 brutality1 & bas5ess1 expose !m to ! contempt ( ! vanqui%$4 ,?is h]oic & unconqu]able firmness1 :i* ! cu/om & education ( 8 c\ntry dem& ( e savage1 is n requir$ ( ^? :o are br\ght up to live 9 civiliz$ societies4 ,if ^! la/ compla9 :5 !y are 9 pa91 if !y grieve :5 !y are 9 di/ress1 if !y all[ !mselves ei!r to be ov]come by love1 or to be discompos$ by ang]1 !y are easily p>don$4 ,su* weaknesses are n appreh5d$ to affect ! ess5tial p>ts ( _! "*4 ,z long z !y d n all[ !mselves to be transport$ to d any?+ contr>y to ju/ice or humanity1 !y lose b little reputation1 ?\gh ! s]5ity ( _! c\nt5ance1 or ! composure ( _! disc\rse & behavi\r %\ld be some:at ruffl$ & di/urb$4 ,a humane & poli%$ p1 :o h m s5sibility to ! passions ( o!rs1 c m readily ent] into an animat$ & passionate behavi\r1 & c m easily p>don "s little excess4 ,! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is s5sible ( ?is2 & be+ assur$ ( ! equity ( 8 judges1 indulges himself 9 /rong] expressions ( passion1 & is less afraid ( expos+ himself to _! contempt by ! viol5ce ( 8 emotions4 ,we c v5ture to express m emotion 9 ! pres5ce ( a fri5d ?an 9 t ( a /rang]1 because we expect m indulg5ce f ! "o ?an f ! o!r4 ,& 9 ! same mann] ! rules ( decorum among/ civiliz$ nations1 admit ( a m animat$ behavi\r1 ?an is approv$ ( among b>b>ians4 ,! fir/ conv]se toge!r ) ! op5ness ( fri5ds2 ! second ) ! res]ve ( /rang]s4 ,! emotion & vivacity ) :i* ! ,fr5* & ! ,italians1 ! two mo/ poli%$ nations ^u ! cont95t1 express #ahd !mselves on occasions t are at all int]e/+1 surprise at fir/ ^? /rang]s :o happ5 to be travell+ among !m1 & :o1 hav+ be5 educat$ among a p ( dull] s5sibility1 _c ent] into ?is passionate behavi\r1 ( :i* !y h nev] se5 any example 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,a "y ,fr5* nobleman w weep 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole c\rt ^u be+ refus$ a regim5t4 ,an ,italian1 says ! ,abbot ,du ,bos1 expresses m emotion on be+ condemn$ 9 a f9e ( tw5ty %ill+s1 ?an an ,engli%man on receiv+ ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,cic]o1 9 ! times ( ! highe/ ,roman polit5ess1 c\ld1 )\t degrad+ himself1 weep ) all ! bitt]ness ( sorr[ 9 ! sight ( ! :ole s5ate & ! :ole p2 z x is evid5t he mu/ h done 9 ! end ( almo/ e oration4 ,! orators ( ! e>li] & rud] ages ( ,rome c\ld n probably1 consi/5t ) ! mann]s ( ! times1 h express$ !mselves ) s mu* emotion4 ,x w\ld h be5 reg>d$1 ,i suppose1 z a violation ( nature & propriety 9 ! ,scipios1 9 ! ,leliuses1 & 9 ! eld] ,cato1 to h expos$ s mu* t5d]ness to ! view ( ! public4 ,^? anci5t w>riors c\ld express !mselves ) ord]1 gravity1 & good judgm5t3 b are said to h be5 /rang]s to t sublime & passionate eloqu5ce :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,rome1 n _m ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,cic]o1 by ! two ,grac*i1 by ,crassus1 & by ,sulpitius4 ,?is animat$ eloqu5ce1 :i* has be5 long practis$1 ) or )\t success1 bo? 9 ,france & ,italy1 is b j beg9n+ to be introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,s wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! degrees ( self-comm& :i* are requir$ 9 civiliz$ & 9 b>b>\s nations1 & by su* diff]5t /&>ds d !y judge ( ! propriety ( behavi\r4 ,?is diff]5ce gives occasion to _m o!rs t are n less ess5tial4 ,a poli%$ p be+ accu/om$ to give way1 9 "s measure1 to ! movem5ts ( nature1 become frank1 op51 & s9c]e4 ,b>b>ians1 on ! contr>y1 be+ oblig$ to smo!r & conceal ! appe>ance ( e passion1 necess>ily acquire ! habits ( falsehood & dissimulation4 ,x is obs]v$ by all ^? :o h be5 conv]sant ) savage nations1 :e!r 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,am]ica1 t !y are equally imp5etrable1 & t1 :5 !y h a m9d to conceal ! tru?1 no exam9ation is capable ( draw+ x f !m4 ,!y _c be trepann$ by ! mo/ artful que/ions4 ,! torture itself is incapable ( mak+ !m confess any ?+ :i* !y h no m9d to tell4 ,! passions ( a savage too1 ?\gh !y nev] express !mselves by an outw>d emotion1 b lie conceal$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]1 are1 not)/&+1 all m\nt$ to ! highe/ pit* ( fury4 ,?\gh he seldom %[s any symptoms ( ang]1 yet 8 v5geance1 :5 he comes to give way to x1 is always sangu9>y & dreadful4 ,! lea/ affront drives him to despair4 ,8 c\nt5ance & disc\rse inde$1 are /ill sob] & compos$1 & express no?+ #ahe b ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity ( m9d3 b 8 actions are (t5 ! mo/ furi\s & viol5t4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]icans x is n uncommon = p]sons ( ! t5d]e/ age & m fe>ful sex to dr[n !mselves ^u receiv+ only a slight reprim& f _! mo!rs1 & ?is too )\t express+ any passion1 or say+ any ?+1 except1 y %all no long] h a daught]4 ,9 civiliz$ nations ! passions ( m5 are n commonly s furi\s or s desp]ate4 ,!y are (t5 clamor\s & noisy1 b are seldom v hurtful2 & seem frequ5tly to aim at no o!r satisfaction1 b t ( conv9c+ ! spectator1 t !y are 9 ! "r to be s mu* mov$1 & ( procur+ 8 sympa?y & approbation4 ,all ^! effects ( cu/om & fa%ion1 h[ev]1 ^u ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 are inconsid]able1 9 comp>ison ( ^? :i* !y give occasion to 9 "s o!r cases2 & x is n conc]n+ ! g5]al /yle ( "* & behavi\r1 t ^? pr9ciples produce ! greate/ p]v]sion ( judgm5t1 b conc]n+ ! propriety or impropriety ( p>ticul> usages4 ,! diff]5t mann]s :i* cu/om tea*es u to approve ( 9 ! diff]5t pr(essions & /ates ( life1 d n conc]n ?+s ( ! greate/ importance4 ,we expect tru? & ju/ice f an old man z well z f a "y1 f a cl]gyman z well z f an (fic]2 & x is 9 matt]s ( small mom5t only t we look = ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( _! respective *>act]s4 ,) reg>d to ^!1 too1 !re is (t5 "s unobs]v$ circum/ance :i*1 if x 0 att5d$ to1 w\ld %[ u1 t1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re 0 a propriety 9 ! "* :i* cu/om _h taught u to allot to ea* pr(ession4 ,we _c compla91 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 t ! p]v]sion ( natural s5tim5t is v great4 ,?\gh ! mann]s ( diff]5t nations require diff]5t degrees ( ! same quality1 9 ! "* :i* !y ?9k wor?y ( e/eem1 yet ! wor/ t c be said to happ5 ev5 "h1 is t ! duties ( "o virtue are sometimes ext5d$ s z to encroa* a little ^u ! prec9cts ( "s o!r4 ,! ru/ic hospitality t is 9 fa%ion among ! ,poles encroa*es1 p]haps1 a little ^u oeconomy & good ord]2 & ! frugality t is e/eem$ 9 ,holl&1 ^u g5]osity & good-fell[%ip4 ,! h>d9ess dem&$ ( savages dim9i%es _! humanity2 &1 p]haps1 ! delicate s5sibility requir$ 9 civiliz$ nations1 sometimes de/roys ! mascul9e firmness ( ! "*4 ,9 g5]al1 ! /yle ( mann]s :i* takes place 9 any nation1 may commonly ^u ! :ole be said to be t :i* is mo/ suitable to its situation4 ,h>d9ess is ! "* mo/ suitable to ! circum/ances ( a savage2 s5sibility to ^? ( "o :o lives 9 a v civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,ev5 "h1 !re=e1 we _c compla9 t ! moral s5tim5ts ( m51 z display$ by !m1 are v grossly p]v]t$4 ,x is n !re=e 9 ! g5]al /yle ( conduct or behavi\r t #ahf cu/om au?orises ! wide/ dep>ture f :at is ! natural propriety ( action4 ,) reg>d to p>ticul> usages1 its influ5ce is (t5 mu* m de/ructive ( good morals1 & x is capable ( e/abli%+1 z lawful & blameless1 p>ticul> actions1 :i* %ock ! v pla9e/ pr9ciples ( "r & wrong4 ,c !re be great] b>b>ity1 = example1 ?an to hurt an infant8 ,its helplessness1 its innoc5ce1 its amiabl5ess1 call =? ! compassion1 ev5 ( an enemy1 & n to sp>e t t5d] age is reg>d$ z ! mo/ furi\s ef=t ( an enrag$ & cruel conqu]or4 ,:at !n %\ld we imag9e mu/ be ! he>t ( a p>5t :o c\ld injure t weakness :i* ev5 a furi\s enemy is afraid to violate8 ,yet ! exposition1 t is1 ! murd] ( new-born infants1 0 a practice all[$ ( 9 almo/ all ! /ates ( ,greece1 ev5 among ! polite & civiliz$ ,a!nians2 & :5ev] ! circum/ances ( ! p>5t r5d]$ x inconv5i5t to br+ up ! *ild1 to ab&on x to hung] or to wild bea/s 0 reg>d$ )\t blame or c5sure4 ,?is practice _h probably begun 9 times ( ! mo/ savage b>b>ity4 ,! imag9ations ( m5 _h be5 fir/ made famili> ) x 9 t e>lie/ p]iod ( society1 & ! uni=m cont9uance ( ! cu/om _h h9d]$ !m aft]w>ds f p]ceiv+ its enormity4 ,we f9d1 at ?is day1 t ?is practice prevails among all savage nations2 & 9 t rude/ & l[e/ /ate ( society x is und\bt$ly m p>donable ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! extreme indig5ce ( a savage is (t5 su* t he himself is frequ5tly expos$ to ! greate/ extremity ( hung]1 he (t5 dies ( pure want1 & x is frequ5tly impossible = him to support bo? himself & 8 *ild4 ,we _c wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is case he %\ld ab&on x4 ,"o :o1 9 fly+ f an enemy1 :om x 0 impossible to resi/1 %\ld ?r[ d[n 8 infant1 because x ret>d$ 8 flight1 w\ld surely be excusable2 s9ce1 by attempt+ to save x1 he c\ld only hope = ! consolation ( dy+ ) x4 ,t 9 ?is /ate ( society1 !re=e1 a p>5t %\ld be all[$ to judge :e!r he c br+ up 8 *ild1 ought n to surprise u s greatly4 ,9 ! latt] ages ( ,greece1 h[ev]1 ! same ?+ 0 p]mitt$ f views ( remote int]e/ or conv5i5cy1 :i* c\ld by no means excuse x4 ,un9t]rupt$ cu/om _h by ?is "t s ?or\ghly au?oris$ ! practice1 t n only ! loose maxims ( ! _w tol]at$ ?is b>b>\s pr]ogative1 b ev5 ! doctr9e ( philosoph]s1 :i* ought to h be5 m j & accurate1 0 l$ away by ! e/abli%$ cu/om1 & ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 in/ead ( c5sur+1 support$ ! horrible abuse1 by f>-fet*$ consid]ations ( public utility4 ,ari/otle talks ( x z ( :at ! magi/rate ought ^u _m occasions to enc\rage4 ,! humane ,plato is ( ! same op9ion1 &1 ) all t love ( mank9d :i* seems to animate all 8 writ+s1 no :]e m>ks ?is practice ) disapprobation4 ,:5 cu/om c give sanction to s dreadful a violation ( humanity2 we #ahg may well imag9e t !re is sc>ce any p>ticul> practice s gross :i* x _c au?orise4 ,su* a ?+1 we he> m5 e day say+1 is commonly done1 & !y seem to ?9k ?is a suffici5t apology = :at1 9 itself1 is ! mo/ unju/ & unreasonable conduct4 ,!re is an obvi\s reason :y cu/om %\ld nev] p]v]t our s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! g5]al /yle & "* ( conduct & behavi\r1 9 ! same degree z ) reg>d to ! propriety or unlawfulness ( p>ticul> usages4 ,!re nev] c be any su* cu/om4 ,no society c\ld subsi/ a mom5t1 9 :i* ! usual /ra9 ( m5's conduct & behavi\r 0 ( a piece ) ! horrible practice ,i h j n[ m5tion$4 ----- ,"p ,,vi4--,( ! ,"* ( ,virtue4 ,,introduction4--,:5 we consid] ! "* ( any individual1 we naturally view x "u two diff]5t aspects2 fir/1 z x may affect 8 own happ9ess2 & secondly1 z x may affect t ( o!r p4 ----- ,,sec4 ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,individual1 ,,s ,,f> ,,z ,,x ,,affects ,,8 ,,own ,,happ9ess2 ,,or ,,( ,,prud5ce4 ,,! pres]vation & heal?ful /ate ( ! body seem to be ! objects :i* ,nature fir/ recomm5ds to ! c>e ( e individual4 ,! appetites ( hung] & ?ir/1 ! agreeable or disagreeable s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 ( heat & cold1 c41 may be consid]$ z lessons deliv]$ by ! voice ( ,nature h]self1 direct+ him :at he ought to *oose1 & :at he ought to avoid1 = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/ lessons :i* he is taught by ^? to :om 8 *ildhood is entru/$1 t5d1 ! great] "p ( !m1 to ! same purpose4 ,_! pr9cipal object is to tea* him h[ to keep out ( h>m's way4 ,z he gr[s up1 he soon le>ns t "s c>e & =esight are necess>y = provid+ ! means ( gratify+ ^? natural appetites1 ( procur+ pleasure & avoid+ pa91 ( procur+ ! agreeable & avoid+ ! disagreeable temp]ature ( heat & cold4 ,9 ! prop] direction ( ?is c>e & =esight consi/s ! art ( pres]v+ & increas+ :at is call$ 8 ext]nal =tune4 ,?\gh x is 9 ord] to supply ! necessities & conv5i5cies ( ! body1 t ! advantages ( ext]nal =tune are orig9ally recomm5d$ to u1 yet we _c live long 9 ! _w )\t p]ceiv+ t ! respect ( our equals1 our cr$it & rank 9 ! society we live 91 dep5d v mu* ^u ! degree 9 :i* we possess1 or are suppos$ to possess1 ^? advantages4 ,! desire ( becom+ ! #ahh prop] objects ( ?is respect1 ( des]v+ & obta9+ ?is cr$it & rank among our equals1 is1 p]haps1 ! /ronge/ ( all our desires1 & our anxiety to obta9 ! advantages ( =tune is accord+ly mu* m excit$ & irritat$ by ?is desire1 ?an by t ( supply+ all ! necessities & conv5i5cies ( ! body1 :i* are always v easily suppli$ to u4 ,our rank & cr$it among our equals1 too1 dep5d v mu* ^u1 :at1 p]haps1 a virtu\s man w\ld wi% !m to dep5d entirely1 our "* & conduct1 or ^u ! confid5ce1 e/eem1 & good-w1 :i* ^! naturally excite 9 ! p we live )4 ,! c>e ( ! heal?1 ( ! =tune1 ( ! rank & reputation ( ! individual1 ! objects ^u :i* 8 com=t & happ9ess 9 ?is life are suppos$ pr9cipally to dep5d1 is consid]$ z ! prop] bus9ess ( t virtue :i* is commonly call$ ,prud5ce4 ,we suff] m1 x has already be5 obs]v$1 :5 we fall f a bett] to a worse situation1 ?an we ev] enjoy :5 we rise f a worse to a bett]4 ,security1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ & ! pr9cipal object ( prud5ce4 ,x is av]se to expose our heal?1 our =tune1 our rank1 or reputation1 to any sort ( haz>d4 ,x is r cauti\s ?an ent]pris+1 & m anxi\s to pres]ve ! advantages :i* we already possess1 ?an =w>d to prompt u to ! acquisition ( /ill great] advantages4 ,! me?ods ( improv+ our =tune1 :i* x pr9cipally recomm5ds to u1 are ^? :i* expose to no loss or haz>d2 real k & skill 9 our trade or pr(ession1 assiduity & indu/ry 9 ! ex]cise ( x1 frugality1 & ev5 "s degree ( p>simony1 9 all our exp5ses4 ,! prud5t man always /udies s]i\sly & e>ne/ly to und]/& :atev] he pr(esses to und]/&1 & n m]ely to p]suade o!r p t he und]/&s x2 & ?\gh 8 tal5ts may n always be v brilliant1 !y are always p]fectly g5u9e4 ,he nei!r endeav\rs to impose ^u y by ! cunn+ devices ( an artful impo/or1 nor by ! arrogant airs ( an assum+ p$ant1 nor by ! confid5t ass]tions ( a sup]ficial & impud5t pret5d]4 ,he is n o/5tati\s ev5 ( ! abilities :i* he really possesses4 ,8 conv]sation is simple & mode/1 & he is av]se to all ! quacki% arts by :i* o!r p s frequ5tly ?ru/ !mselves into public notice & reputation4 ,= reputation 9 8 pr(ession he is naturally dispos$ to rely a good deal ^u ! solidity ( 8 k & abilities2 & he does n always ?9k ( cultivat+ ! fav\r ( ^? little clubs & cabals1 :o1 9 ! sup]ior arts & sci5ces1 s (t5 erect !mselves into ! supreme judges ( m]it2 & :o make x _! bus9ess to celebrate ! tal5ts & virtues ( "o ano!r1 & to decry :atev] c come into competition ) !m4 ,if he ev] connects himself ) any society ( ?is k9d1 x is m]ely 9 self-def5ce1 n ) a view to impose ^u ! public1 b to #ahi h9d] ! public f be+ impos$ ^u1 to 8 disadvantage1 by ! clam\rs1 ! :isp]s1 or ! intrigues1 ei!r ( t p>ticul> society1 or ( "s o!r ( ! same k9d4 ,! prud5t man is always s9c]e1 & feels horror at ! v ?\ght ( expos+ himself to ! disgrace :i* att5ds ^u ! detection ( falsehood4 ,b ?\gh always s9c]e1 he is n always frank & op52 & ?\gh he nev] tells any ?+ b ! tru?1 he does n always ?9k himself b\nd1 :5 n prop]ly call$ ^u1 to tell ! :ole tru?4 ,z he is cauti\s 9 8 actions1 s he is res]v$ 9 8 spee*2 & nev] ra%ly or unnecess>ily obtrudes 8 op9ion conc]n+ ei!r ?+s or p]sons4 ,! prud5t man1 ?\gh n always di/+ui%$ by ! mo/ exquisite s5sibility1 is always v capable ( fri5d%ip4 ,b 8 fri5d%ip is n t ard5t & passionate1 b too (t5 transitory affection1 :i* appe>s s delici\s to ! g5]osity ( y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,x is a s$ate1 b /eady & fai?ful atta*m5t to a few well-tri$ & well-*os5 companions2 9 ! *oice ( :om he is n guid$ by ! giddy admiration ( %9+ accompli%m5ts1 b by ! sob] e/eem ( mode/y1 discretion1 & good conduct4 ,b ?\gh capable ( fri5d%ip1 he is n always mu* dispos$ to g5]al sociality4 ,he r>ely frequ5ts1 & m r>ely figures 9 ^? convivial societies :i* are di/+ui%$ = ! jollity & gaiety ( _! conv]sation4 ,_! way ( life might too (t5 int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( 8 temp]ance1 might int]rupt ! /ead9ess ( 8 indu/ry1 or break 9 ^u ! /rictness ( 8 frugality4 ,b ?\gh 8 conv]sation may n always be v sprightly or div]t+1 x is always p]fectly in(f5sive4 ,he hates ! ?\ght ( be+ guilty ( any petulance or rud5ess4 ,he nev] assumes imp]t95tly ov] any body1 &1 ^u all common occasions1 is will+ to place himself r bel[ ?an above 8 equals4 ,bo? 9 8 conduct & conv]sation1 he is an exact obs]v] ( dec5cy1 & respects ) an almo/ religi\s scrupulosity1 all ! e/abli%$ decorums & c]emonials ( society4 ,&1 9 ?is respect1 he sets a mu* bett] example ?an has frequ5tly be5 done by m5 ( mu* m spl5did tal5ts & virtues1 :o1 9 all ages1 f t ( ,socrates & ,ari/ippus1 d[n to t ( ,dr4 ,swift & ,voltaire1 & f t ( ,philip & ,alex&] ! ,great1 d[n to t ( ! great ,cz> ,pet] ( ,muscovy1 h too (t5 di/+ui%$ !mselves by ! mo/ improp] & ev5 insol5t contempt ( all ! ord9>y decorums ( life & conv]sation1 & :o h !reby set ! mo/ p]nici\s example to ^? :o wi% to resemble !m1 & :o too (t5 cont5t !mselves ) imitat+ _! follies1 )\t ev5 attempt+ to atta9 _! p]fections4 ,9 ! /ead9ess ( 8 indu/ry & frugality1 9 8 /eadily sacrific+ ! ease & enjoym5t ( ! pres5t mom5t = ! probable #aij expectation ( ! /ill great] ease & enjoym5t ( a m di/ant b m la/+ p]iod ( "t1 ! prud5t man is always bo? support$ & rew>d$ by ! entire approbation ( ! imp>tial spectator1 & ( ! repres5tative ( ! imp>tial spectator1 ! man )9 ! brea/4 ,! imp>tial spectator does n feel himself worn out by ! pres5t lab\r ( ^? ^: conduct he surveys2 nor does he feel himself solicit$ by ! importunate calls ( _! pres5t appetites4 ,to him _! pres5t1 & :at is likely to be _! future1 situation1 are v ne>ly ! same3 he sees !m ne>ly at ! same di/ance1 & is affect$ by !m v ne>ly 9 ! same mann]4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev]1 t to ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$1 !y are v f> f be+ ! same1 & t !y naturally affect !m 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,he _c !re=e b approve1 & ev5 applaud1 t prop] ex]tion ( self-comm&1 :i* enables !m to act z if _! pres5t & _! future situation affect$ !m ne>ly 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* !y affect him4 ,! man :o lives )9 8 income1 is naturally cont5t$ ) 8 situation1 :i*1 by cont9ual1 ?\gh small accumulations1 is gr[+ bett] & bett] e day4 ,he is enabl$ gradually to relax1 bo? 9 ! rig\r ( 8 p>simony & 9 ! sev]ity ( 8 application2 & he feels ) d\ble satisfaction ?is gradual increase ( ease & enjoym5t1 f hav+ felt be=e ! h>d%ip :i* att5d$ ! want ( !m4 ,he has no anxiety to *ange s com=table a situation & does n g 9 que/ ( new ent]prises & adv5tures1 :i* might endang]1 b c\ld n well increase ! secure tranquillity :i* he actually enjoys4 ,if he ent]s into any new projects or ent]prises1 !y are likely to be well conc]t$ & well prep>$4 ,he c nev] be hurri$ or driv5 into !m by any necessity1 b has always "t & leisure to delib]ate sob]ly & coolly conc]n+ :at are likely to be _! consequ5ces4 ,! prud5t man is n will+ to subject himself to any responsibility :i* 8 duty does n impose ^u him4 ,he is n a bu/l] 9 bus9ess :]e he has no conc]n2 is n a m$dl] 9 o!r p's affairs2 is n a pr(ess$ c\nsellor or advis]1 :o obtrudes 8 advice :]e nobody is ask+ x4 ,he conf9es himself1 z mu* z 8 duty w p]mit1 to 8 own affairs1 & has no ta/e = t fooli% importance :i* _m p wi% to d]ive f appe>+ to h "s influ5ce 9 ! managem5t ( ^? ( o!r p4 ,he is av]se to ent] into any p>ty disputes1 hates faction1 & is n always v =w>d to li/5 to ! voice ev5 ( noble & great ambition4 ,:5 di/9ctly call$ ^u1 he w n decl9e ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry1 b he w n cabal 9 ord] to =ce himself into x1 & w\ld be mu* bett] pleas$ t ! public bus9ess 7 well manag$ by "s o!r p]son1 ?an t he himself %\ld h ! tr\ble1 & incur ! 9999responsibility1 ( manag+ x4 ,9 ! bottom ( 8 he>t he #aia w\ld pref] ! undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( secure tranquillity1 n only to all ! va9 spl5d\r ( successful ambition1 b to ! real & solid glory ( p]=m+ ! greate/ & mo/ magnanim\s actions4 ,prud5ce1 9 %ort1 :5 direct$ m]ely to ! c>e ( ! heal?1 ( ! =tune1 & ! rank & reputation ( ! individual1 ?\gh x is reg>d$ z a mo/ respectable1 & ev5 9 "s degree1 z an amiable & agreeable quality1 yet x nev] is consid]$ z "o1 ei!r ( ! mo/ ende>+1 or ( ! mo/ ennobl+ ( ! virtues4 ,x comm&s a c]ta9 cold e/eem1 b does n seem entitl$ to any v ard5t love or admiration4 ,wise & judici\s conduct1 :5 direct$ to great] & nobl] purposes ?an ! c>e ( ! heal?1 ! =tune1 ! rank & reputation ( ! individual1 is frequ5tly & v prop]ly call$ prud5ce4 ,we talk ( ! prud5ce ( ! great g5]al1 ( ! great /atesman1 ( ! great legislator4 ,prud5ce is1 9 all ^! cases1 comb9$ ) _m great] & m spl5did virtues1 ) val\r1 ) ext5sive & /rong b5evol5ce1 ) a sacr$ reg>d to ! rules ( ju/ice1 & all ^! support$ by a prop] degree ( self-comm&4 ,?is sup]ior prud5ce1 :5 c>ri$ to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 necess>ily supposes ! art1 ! tal5t1 & ! habit or disposition ( act+ ) ! mo/ p]fect propriety 9 e possible circum/ance & situation4 ,x necess>ily supposes ! utmo/ p]fection ( all ! intellectual & ( all ! moral virtues4 ,x is ! be/ head jo9$ to ! be/ he>t4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fect wisdom comb9$ ) ! mo/ p]fect virtue4 ,x con/itutes v ne>ly ! "* ( ! ,academical or ,p]ipatetic sage1 z ! sup]ior prud5ce does t ( ! ,epicurean4 ,m]e imprud5ce1 or ! m]e want ( ! capacity to take c>e ( "o's-self1 is1 ) ! g5]\s & humane1 ! object ( compassion2 ) ^? ( less delicate s5tim5ts1 ( neglect1 or1 at wor/1 ( contempt1 b nev] ( hatr$ or indignation4 ,:5 comb9$ ) o!r vices1 h[ev]1 x aggravates 9 ! highe/ degree ! infamy & disgrace :i* w\ld o!rwise att5d !m4 ,! artful knave1 ^: dext]ity & address exempt him1 ?\gh n f /rong suspicions1 yet f puni%m5t or di/9ct detection1 is too (t5 receiv$ 9 ! _w ) an indulg5ce :i* he by no means des]ves4 ,! awkw>d & fooli% "o1 :o1 = want ( ?is dext]ity & address1 is convict$ & br\ght to puni%m5t1 is ! object ( univ]sal hatr$1 contempt1 & d]ision4 ,9 c\ntries :]e great crimes frequ5tly pass unpuni%$1 ! mo/ atroci\s actions become almo/ famili>1 & cease to impress ! p ) t horror :i* is univ]sally felt 9 c\ntries :]e an exact adm9i/ration ( ju/ice takes place4 ,! inju/ice is ! same 9 bo? c\ntries2 b ! imprud5ce is (t5 v diff]5t4 ,9 ! latt]1 great crimes are evid5tly great follies4 ,9 ! =m]1 !y are n always consid]$ z #aib su*4 ,9 ,italy1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 assass9ations1 murd]s1 & ev5 murd]s "u tru/1 seem to h be5 almo/ famili> among ! sup]ior ranks ( p4 ,cs> ,borgia invit$ f\r ( ! little pr9ces 9 8 neighb\rhood1 :o all possess$ little sov]eignties1 & comm&$ little armies ( _! own1 to a fri5dly conf]5ce at ,s5igaglia1 :]e1 z soon z !y arriv$1 he put !m all to dea?4 ,?is infam\s action1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n approv$ ( ev5 9 t age ( crimes1 seems to h contribut$ v little to ! discr$it1 & n 9 ! lea/ to ! ru9 ( ! p]petrator4 ,t ru9 happ5$ a few ye>s aft] f causes altoge!r disconnect$ ) ?is crime4 ,ma*iavel1 n inde$ a man ( ! nice/ morality ev5 = 8 own times1 0 resid5t1 z m9i/] f ! republic ( ,flor5ce1 at ! c\rt ( ,cs> ,borgia :5 ?is crime 0 committ$4 ,he gives a v p>ticul> acc\nt ( x1 & 9 t pure1 elegant1 & simple language :i* di/+ui%es all 8 writ+s4 ,he talks ( x v coolly2 is pleas$ ) ! address ) :i* ,cs> ,borgia conduct$ x2 has mu* contempt = ! dup]y & weakness ( ! suff]]s2 b no compassion = _! mis]able & untimely dea?1 & no sort ( indignation at ! cruelty & falsehood ( _! murd]]4 ,! viol5ce & inju/ice ( great conqu]ors are (t5 reg>d$ ) fooli% wond] & admiration2 ^? ( petty ?ieves1 robb]s1 & murd]]s1 ) contempt1 hatr$1 & ev5 horror ^u all occasions4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh !y are a hundr$ times m mis*iev\s & de/ructive1 yet :5 successful1 !y (t5 pass = de$s ( ! mo/ h]oic magnanimity4 ,! latt] are always view$ ) hatr$ & av]sion1 z ! follies1 z well z ! crimes1 ( ! l[e/ & mo/ wor?less ( mank9d4 ,! inju/ice ( ! =m] is c]ta9ly1 at lea/1 z great z t ( ! latt]2 b ! folly & imprud5ce are n ne> s great4 ,a wick$ & wor?less man ( p>ts (t5 goes ?r\gh ! _w ) mu* m cr$it ?an he des]ves4 ,a wick$ & wor?less fool appe>s always1 ( all mortals1 ! mo/ hateful1 z well z ! mo/ contemptible4 ,z prud5ce comb9$ ) o!r virtues1 con/itutes ! noble/2 s imprud5ce comb9$ ) o!r vices1 con/itutes ! vile/ ( all *>act]s4 ----- ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,individual1 ,,s ,,f> ,,z ,,x ,,c ,,affect ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,( ,,o!r ,,p4 ,,introduction4--,! "* ( e individual1 s f> z x c affect ! happ9ess ( o!r p1 mu/ d s by its disposition ei!r to hurt or to b5efit !m4 ,prop] res5tm5t = inju/ice attempt$1 or actually committ$1 is ! only motive :i*1 9 ! eyes ( ! imp>tial spectator1 c ju/ify our hurt+ or di/urb+ 9 any respect ! happ9ess ( our neighb\r4 #aic ,to d s f any o!r motive is itself a violation ( ! laws ( ju/ice1 :i* =ce ought to be employ$ ei!r to re/ra9 or to puni%4 ,! wisdom ( e /ate or commonweal? endeav\rs1 z well z x c1 to employ ! =ce ( ! society to re/ra9 ^? :o are subject to its au?ority f hurt+ or di/urb+ ! happ9ess ( "o ano!r4 ,! rules :i* x e/abli%es = ?is purpose1 con/itute ! civil & crim9al law ( ea* p>ticul> /ate or c\ntry4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ^? rules ei!r are1 or ought to be f\nd$1 are ! subject ( a p>ticul> sci5ce1 ( all sci5ces by f> ! mo/ important1 b hi!rto1 p]haps1 ! lea/ cultivat$1 t ( natural jurisprud5ce2 conc]n+ :i* x belongs n to our pres5t subject to ent] into any detail4 ,a sacr$ & religi\s reg>d n to hurt or di/urb 9 any respect ! happ9ess ( our neighb\r1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e no law c prop]ly protect him1 con/itutes ! "* ( ! p]fectly innoc5t & j man2 a "* :i*1 :5 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 delicacy ( att5tion1 is always highly respectable & ev5 v5]able = its own sake1 & c sc>ce ev] fail to be accompani$ ) _m o!r virtues1 ) great feel+ = o!r p1 ) great humanity & great b5evol5ce4 ,x is a "* suffici5tly und]/ood1 & requires no fur!r explanation4 ,9 ! pres5t section ,i %all only endeav\r to expla9 ! f\ndation ( t ord] :i* nature seems to h trac$ out = ! di/ribution ( our good (fices1 or = ! direction & employm5t ( our v limit$ p[]s ( b5efic5ce3 fir/1 t[>ds individuals2 & secondly1 t[>ds societies4 ,! same un]r+ wisdom1 x w be f\nd1 :i* regulates e o!r "p ( h] conduct1 directs1 9 ?is respect too1 ! ord] ( h] recomm5dations2 :i* are always /rong] or weak] 9 proportion z our b5efic5ce is m or less necess>y1 or c be m or less useful4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ! ,ord] 9 :i* ,individuals are recomm5d$ by ,nature to our ,c>e & ,att5tion4 ,,e man1 z ! ,/oics us$ to say1 is fir/ & pr9cipally recomm5d$ to 8 own c>e2 & e man is c]ta9ly1 9 e respect1 fitt] & abl] to take c>e ( himself ?an ( any o!r p]son4 ,e man feels 8 own pleasures & 8 own pa9s m s5sibly ?an ^? ( o!r p4 ,! =m] are ! orig9al s5sations2 ! latt] ! reflect$ or sympa!tic images ( ^? s5sations4 ,! =m] may be said to be ! sub/ance2 ! latt] ! %ad[4 ,aft] himself1 ! memb]s ( 8 own family1 ^? :o usually live 9 ! same h\se ) him1 8 p>5ts1 8 *ildr51 8 bro!rs & si/]s1 are naturally ! objects ( 8 w>me/ affections4 ,!y are naturally & usually ! p]sons ^u ^: happ9ess or mis]y 8 conduct mu/ h ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,he is m habituat$ to #aid sympa?ize ) !m4 ,he kn[s bett] h[ e ?+ is likely to affect !m1 & 8 sympa?y ) !m is m precise & det]m9ate1 ?an x c be ) ! great] "p ( o!r p4 ,x approa*es ne>]1 9 %ort1 to :at he feels = himself4 ,?is sympa?y too1 & ! affections :i* are f\nd$ on x1 are by nature m /rongly direct$ t[>ds 8 *ildr5 ?an t[>ds 8 p>5ts1 & 8 t5d]ness = ! =m] seems g5]ally a m active pr9ciple1 ?an 8 rev]5ce & gratitude t[>ds ! latt]4 ,9 ! natural /ate ( ?+s1 x has already be5 obs]v$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! *ild1 = "s "t aft] x comes into ! _w1 dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! c>e ( ! p>5t2 t ( ! p>5t does n naturally dep5d ^u ! c>e ( ! *ild4 ,9 ! eye ( nature1 x w\ld seem1 a *ild is a m important object ?an an old man2 & excites a mu* m lively1 z well z a mu* m univ]sal sympa?y4 ,x ought to d s4 ,e ?+ may be expect$1 or at lea/ hop$1 f ! *ild4 ,9 ord9>y cases1 v little c be ei!r expect$ or hop$ f ! old man4 ,! weakness ( *ildhood int]e/s ! affections ( ! mo/ brutal & h>d-he>t$4 ,x is only to ! virtu\s & humane1 t ! infirmities ( old age are n ! objects ( contempt & av]sion4 ,9 ord9>y cases1 an old man dies )\t be+ mu* regrett$ by any body4 ,sc>ce a *ild c die )\t r5d+ asund] ! he>t ( somebody4 ,! e>lie/ fri5d%ips1 ! fri5d%ips :i* are naturally contract$ :5 ! he>t is mo/ susceptible ( t feel+1 are ^? among bro!rs & si/]s4 ,_! good agreem5t1 :ile !y rema9 9 ! same family1 is necess>y = its tranquillity & happ9ess4 ,!y are capable ( giv+ m pleasure or pa9 to "o ano!r ?an to ! great] "p ( o!r p4 ,_! situation r5d]s _! mutual sympa?y ( ! utmo/ importance to _! common happ9ess2 &1 by ! wisdom ( nature1 ! same situation1 by oblig+ !m to accommodate to "o ano!r1 r5d]s t sympa?y m habitual1 & !reby m lively1 m di/9ct1 & m det]m9ate4 ,! *ildr5 ( bro!rs & si/]s are naturally connect$ by ! fri5d%ip :i*1 aft] sep>at+ into diff]5t families1 cont9ues to take place betwe5 _! p>5ts4 ,_! good agreem5t improves ! enjoym5t ( t fri5d%ip2 _! discord w\ld di/urb x4 ,z !y seldom live 9 ! same family1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ( m importance to "o ano!r ?an to ! great] "p ( o!r p1 !y are ( mu* less ?an bro!rs & si/]s4 ,z _! mutual sympa?y is less necess>y1 s x is less habitual1 & !re=e proportionally weak]4 ,! *ildr5 ( c\s9s1 be+ /ill less connect$1 are ( /ill less importance to "o ano!r2 & ! affection gradually dim9i%es z ! relation gr[s m & m remote4 ,:at is call$ affection1 is 9 reality no?+ b habitual sympa?y4 ,our conc]n 9 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ^? :o are ! objects ( #aie :at we call our affections2 our desire to promote ! "o1 & to prev5t ! o!r2 are ei!r ! actual feel+ ( t habitual sympa?y1 or ! necess>y consequ5ces ( t feel+4 ,relations be+ usually plac$ 9 situations :i* naturally create ?is habitual sympa?y1 x is expect$ t a suitable degree ( affection %\ld take place among !m4 ,we g5]ally f9d t x actually does take place2 we !re=e naturally expect t x %\ld2 & we are1 ^u t acc\nt1 m %ock$ :51 ^u any occasion1 we f9d t x does n4 ,! g5]al rule is e/abli%$1 t p]sons relat$ to "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ought always to be affect$ t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t !re is always ! highe/ impropriety1 & sometimes ev5 a sort ( impiety1 9 _! be+ affect$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,a p>5t )\t p>5tal t5d]ness1 a *ild devoid ( all filial rev]5ce1 appe> mon/]s1 ! objects1 n ( hatr$ only1 b ( horror to _! neighb\rs4 ,?\gh 9 a p>ticul> in/ance1 ! circum/ances :i* usually produce ^? natural affections1 z !y are call$1 may1 by "s accid5t1 n h tak5 place1 yet respect = ! g5]al rule w frequ5tly1 9 "s measure1 supply _! place1 & produce some?+ :i*1 ?\gh n altoge!r ! same1 may be>1 h[ev]1 a v consid]able resemblance to ^? affections4 ,a fa!r is apt to be less atta*$ to a *ild1 :o1 by "s accid5t1 has be5 sep>at$ f him 9 its infancy1 & :o does n return to him till x is gr[n up to manhood4 ,! fa!r is apt to feel less pat]nal t5d]ness = ! *ild2 ! *ild1 less filial rev]5ce = ! fa!r4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 :5 !y h be5 educat$ 9 di/ant c\ntries1 are apt to feel a simil> dim9ution ( affection4 ,) ! dutiful & ! virtu\s1 h[ev]1 respect = ! g5]al rule w frequ5tly produce some?+ :i*1 ?\gh by no means ! same1 yet may v mu* resemble ^? natural affections4 ,ev5 dur+ ! sep>ation1 ! fa!r & ! *ild1 ! bro!rs or ! si/]s1 are by no means indiff]5t to "o ano!r4 ,!y all consid] "o ano!r z p]sons to & f :om c]ta9 affections are due1 & !y live 9 ! hopes ( be+ "s "t or ano!r 9 a situation to enjoy t fri5d%ip :i* ought naturally to h tak5 place among p]sons s ne>ly connect$4 ,till !y meet1 ! abs5t son1 ! abs5t bro!r1 are frequ5tly ! fav\rite son1 ! fav\rite bro!r4 ,!y h nev] (f5d$1 or1 if !y h1 x is s long ago1 t ! (f5ce is =gott51 z "s *ildi% trick n wor? ! rememb]+4 ,e acc\nt !y h he>d ( "o ano!r1 if convey$ by p ( any tol]able good nature1 has be51 9 ! highe/ degree1 flatt]+ & fav\rable4 ,! abs5t son1 ! abs5t bro!r1 is n l o!r ord9>y sons & bro!rs2 b an all-p]fect son1 an all-p]fect bro!r2 & ! mo/ romantic hopes are ent]ta9$ ( ! happ9ess to be enjoy$ 9 ! fri5d%ip & conv]sation ( su* p]sons4 ,:5 !y meet1 x is #aif (t5 ) s /rong a disposition to conceive t habitual sympa?y :i* con/itutes ! family affection1 t !y are v apt to fancy !y h actually conceiv$ x1 & to behave to "o ano!r z if !y _h4 ,"t & exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ,i am afraid1 too frequ5tly undeceive !m4 ,^u a m famili> acqua9tance1 !y frequ5tly discov] 9 "o ano!r habits1 hum\rs1 & incl9ations1 diff]5t f :at !y expect$1 to :i*1 f want ( habitual sympa?y1 f want ( ! real pr9ciple & f\ndation ( :at is prop]ly call$ family-affection1 !y _c n[ easily accommodate !mselves4 ,!y h nev] liv$ 9 ! situation :i* almo/ necess>ily =ces t easy accommodation1 & ?\gh !y may n[ be s9c]ely desir\s to assume x1 !y h really become incapable ( do+ s4 ,_! famili> conv]sation & int]c\rse soon become less pleas+ to !m1 &1 ^u t acc\nt1 less frequ5t4 ,!y may cont9ue to live ) "o ano!r 9 ! mutual ex*ange ( all ess5tial good (fices1 & ) e o!r ext]nal appe>ance ( dec5t reg>d4 ,b t cordial satisfaction1 t delici\s sympa?y1 t confid5tial op5ness & ease1 :i* naturally take place 9 ! conv]sation ( ^? :o h liv$ long & famili>ly ) "o ano!r1 x seldom happ5s t !y c completely enjoy4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 ) ! dutiful & ! virtu\s1 t ! g5]al rule has ev5 ?is sl5d] au?ority4 ,) ! dissipat$1 ! pr(ligate1 & ! va91 x is entirely disreg>d$4 ,!y are s f> f respect+ x1 t !y seldom talk ( x b ) ! mo/ indec5t d]ision2 & an e>ly & long sep>ation ( ?is k9d nev] fails to e/range !m mo/ completely f "o ano!r4 ,) su* p]sons1 respect = ! g5]al rule c at be/ produce only a cold & affect$ civility 7a v sl5d] semblance ( real reg>d72 & ev5 ?is1 ! slighte/ (f5ce1 ! smalle/ opposition ( int]e/1 commonly puts an end to altoge!r4 ,! education ( boys at di/ant great s*ools1 ( "y m5 at di/ant colleges1 ( "y ladies 9 di/ant nunn]ies & bo>d+-s*ools1 seems1 9 ! high] ranks ( life1 to h hurt mo/ ess5tially ! dome/ic morals1 & consequ5tly ! dome/ic happ9ess1 bo? ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,d y wi% to educate y\r *ildr5 to be dutiful to _! p>5ts1 to be k9d & affectionate to _! bro!rs & si/]s8 put !m "u ! necessity ( be+ dutiful *ildr51 ( be+ k9d & affectionate bro!rs & si/]s3 educate !m 9 y\r own h\se4 ,f _! p>5t's h\se1 !y may1 ) propriety & advantage1 g out e day to att5d public s*ools3 b let _! dwell+ be always at home4 ,respect = y mu/ always impose a v useful re/ra9t ^u _! conduct2 & respect = !m may frequ5tly impose no useless re/ra9t ^u y\r own4 ,surely no acquirem5t1 :i* c possibly be d]iv$ f :at is call$ a public education1 c make any sort ( comp5sation = :at #aig is almo/ c]ta9ly & necess>ily lo/ by x4 ,dome/ic education is ! in/itution ( nature2 public education1 ! contrivance ( man4 ,x is surely unnecess>y to say1 :i* is likely to be ! wise/4 ,9 "s trag$ies & romances1 we meet ) _m beautiful & int]e/+ sc5es1 f\nd$ ^u :at is call$1 ! =ce ( blood1 or ^u ! wond]ful affection :i* ne> relations are suppos$ to conceive = "o ano!r1 ev5 be=e !y "k t !y h any su* connection4 ,?is =ce ( blood1 h[ev]1 ,i am afraid1 exi/s no :]e b 9 trag$ies & romances4 ,ev5 9 trag$ies & romances1 x is nev] suppos$ to take place betwe5 any relations1 b ^? :o are naturally br$ up 9 ! same h\se2 betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,to imag9e any su* my/]i\s affection betwe5 c\s9s1 or ev5 betwe5 aunts or uncles1 & nephews or nieces1 w\ld be too ridicul\s4 ,9 pa/oral c\ntries1 & 9 all c\ntries :]e ! au?ority ( law is n alone suffici5t to give p]fect security to e memb] ( ! /ate1 all ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! same family commonly *oose to live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "o ano!r4 ,_! association is frequ5tly necess>y = _! common def5ce4 ,!y are all1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 ( m or less importance to "o ano!r4 ,_! concord /r5g!ns _! necess>y association3 _! discord always weak5s1 & might de/roy x4 ,!y h m int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 ?an ) ! memb]s ( any o!r tribe4 ,! remote/ memb]s ( ! same tribe claim "s connection ) "o ano!r2 &1 :]e all o!r circum/ances are equal1 expect to be treat$ ) m di/+ui%$ att5tion ?an is due to ^? :o h no su* pret5sions4 ,x is n _m ye>s ago t1 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ! *iefta9 us$ to consid] ! poore/ man ( 8 clan1 z 8 c\s9 & relation4 ,! same ext5sive reg>d to k9dr$ is said to take place among ! ,t>t>s1 ! ,arabs1 ! ,turkomans1 &1 ,i believe1 among all o!r nations :o are ne>ly 9 ! same /ate ( society 9 :i* ! ,scots ,highl&]s 7 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 comm]cial c\ntries1 :]e ! au?ority ( law is always p]fectly suffici5t to protect ! meane/ man 9 ! /ate1 ! desc5dants ( ! same family1 hav+ no su* motive = keep+ toge!r1 naturally sep>ate & disp]se1 z int]e/ or incl9ation may direct4 ,!y soon cease to be ( importance to "o ano!r2 &1 9 a few g5]ations1 n only lose all c>e ab\t "o ano!r1 b all remembrance ( _! common orig91 & ( ! connection :i* took place among _! ance/ors4 ,reg>d = remote relations becomes1 9 e c\ntry1 less & less1 accord+ z ?is /ate ( civilization has be5 long] & m completely e/abli%$4 ,x has be5 long] & m completely e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,scotl&2 & remote relations are1 accord+ly1 m consid]$ 9 ! latt] c\ntry ?an 9 ! #aih =m]1 ?\gh1 9 ?is respect1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries is gr[+ less & less e day4 ,great lords1 inde$1 are1 9 e c\ntry1 pr\d ( rememb]+ & ackn[l$g+ _! connection ) "o ano!r1 h[ev] remote4 ,! remembrance ( su* illu/ri\s relations flatt]s n a little ! family pride ( !m all2 & x is nei!r f affection1 nor f any ?+ :i* resembles affection1 b f ! mo/ frivol\s & *ildi% ( all vanities1 t ?is remembrance is s c>efully kept up4 ,%\ld "s m humble1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 mu* ne>] k9sman1 presume to put su* great m5 9 m9d ( 8 relation to _! family1 !y seldom fail to tell him t !y are bad g5ealogi/s1 & mis]ably ill-in=m$ conc]n+ _! own family hi/ory4 ,x is n 9 t ord] t we are to expect any extraord9>y ext5sion (1 :at is call$1 natural affection4 ,i consid] :at is call$ natural affection z m ! effect ( ! moral ?an ( ! suppos$ physical connection betwe5 ! p>5t & ! *ild4 ,a jeal\s husb&1 inde$1 not)/&+ ! moral connection1 not)/&+ ! *ild's hav+ be5 educat$ 9 8 own h\se1 (t5 reg>ds1 ) hatr$ & av]sion1 t unhappy *ild :i* he supposes to be ! (fspr+ ( 8 wife's infidelity4 ,x is ! la/+ monum5t ( a mo/ disagreeable adv5ture2 ( 8 own di%on\r1 & ( ! disgrace ( 8 family4 ,among well-dispos$ p1 ! necessity or conv5i5cy ( mutual accommodation1 v frequ5tly produces a fri5d%ip n unlike t :i* takes place among ^? :o are born to live 9 ! same family4 ,colleagues 9 (fice1 p>tn]s 9 trade1 call "o ano!r bro!rs2 & frequ5tly feel t[>ds "o ano!r z if !y really 7 s4 ,_! good agreem5t is an advantage to all2 &1 if !y are tol]ably reasonable p1 !y are naturally dispos$ to agree4 ,we expect t !y %\ld d s2 & _! disagreem5t is a sort ( a small sc&al4 ,! ,romans express$ ?is sort ( atta*m5t by ! ^w necessitudo1 :i*1 f ! etymology1 seems to d5ote t x 0 impos$ by ! necessity ( ! situation4 ,ev5 ! trifl+ circum/ance ( liv+ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 has "s effect ( ! same k9d4 ,we respect ! face ( a man :om we see e day1 provid$ he has nev] (f5d$ u4 ,neighb\rs c be v conv5i5t1 & !y c be v tr\blesome1 to "o ano!r4 ,if !y are good sort ( p1 !y are naturally dispos$ to agree4 ,we expect _! good agreem5t2 & to be a bad neighb\r is a v bad "*4 ,!re are c]ta9 small good (fices1 accord+ly1 :i* are univ]sally all[$ to be due to a neighb\r 9 pref]5ce to any o!r p]son :o has no su* connection4 ,?is natural disposition to accommodate & to assimilate1 z mu* z we c1 our own s5tim5ts1 pr9ciples1 & feel+s1 to ^? :i* we see fix$ & root$ 9 ! p]sons :om we are oblig$ to live & conv]se a great deal )1 is ! cause ( ! contagi\s effects ( bo? #aii good & bad company4 ,! man :o associates *iefly ) ! wise & ! virtu\s1 ?\gh he may n himself become ei!r wise or virtu\s1 _c help conceiv+ a c]ta9 respect at lea/ = wisdom & virtue2 & ! man :o associates *iefly ) ! pr(ligate & ! dissolute1 ?\gh he may n himself become pr(ligate & dissolute1 mu/ soon lose1 at lea/1 all 8 orig9al abhorr5ce ( pr(ligacy & dissolution ( mann]s4 ,! simil>ity ( family *>act]s1 :i* we s frequ5tly see transmitt$ ?r\gh sev]al successive g5]ations1 may1 p]haps1 be p>tly ow+ to ?is disposition to assimilate ourselves to ^? :om we are oblig$ to live & conv]se a great deal )4 ,! family "*1 h[ev]1 l ! family c\nt5ance1 seems to be ow+1 n altoge!r to ! moral1 b p>tly too to ! physical connection4 ,! family c\nt5ance is c]ta9ly altoge!r ow+ to ! latt]4 ,b ( all atta*m5ts to an individual1 t :i* is f\nd$ altoge!r ^u e/eem & approbation ( 8 good conduct & behavi\r1 confirm$ by mu* exp]i5ce & long acqua9tance1 is1 by f>1 ! mo/ respectable4 ,su* fri5d%ips1 aris+ n f a con/ra9$ sympa?y1 n f a sympa?y :i* has be5 assum$ & r5d]$ habitual = ! sake ( conv5i5ce & accommodation2 b f a natural sympa?y1 f an involunt>y feel+ t ! p]sons to :om we atta* ourselves are ! natural & prop] objects ( e/eem & approbation2 c exi/ only among m5 ( virtue4 ,m5 ( virtue only c feel t entire confid5ce 9 ! conduct & behavi\r ( "o ano!r1 :i* c1 at all times1 assure !m t !y c nev] ei!r (f5d or be (f5d$ by "o ano!r4 ,vice is always caprici\s3 virtue only is regul> & ord]ly4 ,! atta*m5t :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! love ( virtue1 z x is c]ta9ly1 ( all atta*m5ts1 ! mo/ virtu\s2 s x is likewise ! happie/1 z well z ! mo/ p]man5t & secure4 ,su* fri5d%ips ne$ n be conf9$ to a s+le p]son1 b may safely embrace all ! wise & virtu\s1 ) :om we h be5 long & intimately acqua9t$1 & ^u ^: wisdom & virtue we c1 ^u t acc\nt1 entirely dep5d4 ,!y :o w\ld conf9e fri5d%ip to two p]sons1 seem to conf\nd ! wise security ( fri5d%ip ) ! jeal\sy & folly ( love4 ,! ha/y1 fond1 & fooli% intimacies ( "y p1 f\nd$1 commonly1 ^u "s slight simil>ity ( "*1 altoge!r unconnect$ ) good conduct1 ^u a ta/e1 p]haps1 = ! same /udies1 ! same amusem5ts1 ! same div]sions1 or ^u _! agreem5t 9 "s s+ul> pr9ciple or op9ion1 n commonly adopt$2 ^? intimacies :i* a freak beg9s1 & :i* a freak puts an end to1 h[ agreeable soev] !y may appe> :ile !y la/1 c by no means des]ve ! sacr$ & ! v5]able "n ( fri5d%ip4 ,( all ! p]sons1 h[ev]1 :om nature po9ts out = our peculi> b5efic5ce1 !re are none to :om x seems m prop]ly direct$ #bjj ?an to ^? ^: b5efic5ce we h ourselves already exp]i5c$4 ,nature1 :i* =m$ m5 = t mutual k9dness s necess>y = _! happ9ess1 r5d]s e man ! peculi> object ( k9dness to ! p]sons to :om he himself has be5 k9d4 ,?\gh _! gratitude %\ld n always correspond to 8 b5efic5ce1 yet ! s5se ( 8 m]it1 ! sympa!tic gratitude ( ! imp>tial spectator1 w always correspond to x4 ,! g5]al indignation ( o!r p aga9/ ! bas5ess ( _! +ratitude w ev51 sometimes1 increase ! g5]al s5se ( 8 m]it4 ,no b5evol5t man ev] lo/ altoge!r ! fruits ( 8 b5evol5ce4 ,if he does n always ga!r !m f ! p]sons f :om he ought to h ga!r$ !m1 he seldom fails to ga!r !m1 & ) a t5fold increase1 f o!r p4 ,k9dness is ! p>5t ( k9dness2 & if to be belov$ by our bre?r5 be ! great object ( our ambition1 ! sure/ way ( obta9+ x is1 by our conduct to %[ t we really love !m4 ,aft] ! p]sons :o are recomm5d$ to our b5efic5ce1 ei!r _! connection ) ourselves1 by _! p]sonal qualities1 or by _! pa/ s]vices1 come ^? :o are po9t$ out1 n inde$ to1 :at is call$1 our fri5d%ip1 b to our b5evol5t att5tion & good (fices2 ^? :o are di/+ui%$ by _! extraord9>y situation2 ! greatly =tunate & ! greatly un=tunate1 ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 ! poor & ! wret*$4 ,! di/9ction ( ranks1 ! peace & ord] ( society1 are1 9 a great measure1 f\nd$ ^u ! respect :i* we naturally conceive = ! =m]4 ,! relief & consolation ( human mis]y dep5d altoge!r ^u our compassion = ! latt]4 ,! peace & ord] ( society1 is ( m importance ?an ev5 ! relief ( ! mis]able4 ,our respect = ! great1 accord+ly1 is mo/ apt to (f5d by its excess2 our fell[-feel+ = ! mis]able1 by its defect4 ,morali/s exhort u to *>ity & compassion4 ,!y w>n u aga9/ ! fasc9ation ( greatness4 ,?is fasc9ation1 inde$1 is s p[]ful1 t ! ri* & ! great are too (t5 pref]r$ to ! wise & ! virtu\s4 ,nature has wisely judg$ t ! di/9ction ( ranks1 ! peace & ord] ( society1 w\ld re/ m securely ^u ! pla9 & palpable diff]5ce ( bir? & =tune1 ?an ^u ! invisible & (t5 unc]ta9 diff]5ce ( wisdom & virtue4 ,! undi/+ui%+ eyes ( ! great mob ( mank9d c well en\gh p]ceive ! =m]3 x is ) difficulty t ! nice disc]nm5t ( ! wise & ! virtu\s c sometimes di/+ui% ! latt]4 ,9 ! ord] ( all ^? recomm5dations to virtue1 ! b5evol5t wisdom ( nature is equally evid5t4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t ! comb9ation ( two or m ( ^? excit+ causes ( k9dness1 increases ! k9dness4 ,! fav\r & p>tiality :i*1 :5 !re is no envy 9 ! case1 we naturally be> to greatness1 are mu* increas$ :5 x is jo9$ ) wisdom & virtue4 ,if1 not)/&+ t wisdom & #bja virtue1 ! great man %\ld fall into ^? mis=tunes1 ^? dang]s & di/resses1 to :i* ! mo/ exalt$ /ations are (t5 ! mo/ expos$1 we are mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 8 =tune ?an we %\ld be 9 t ( a p]son equally virtu\s1 b 9 a m humble situation4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ subjects ( trag$ies & romances are ! mis=tunes ( virtu\s & magnanim\s k+s & pr9ces4 ,if1 by ! wisdom & manhood ( _! ex]tions1 !y %\ld extricate !mselves f ^? mis=tunes1 & recov] completely _! =m] sup]iority & security1 we _c help view+ !m ) ! mo/ en?usia/ic & ev5 extravagant admiration4 ,! grief :i* we felt = _! di/ress1 ! joy :i* we feel = _! prosp]ity1 seem to comb9e toge!r 9 enhanc+ t p>tial admiration :i* we naturally conceive bo? = ! /ation & ! "*4 ,:5 ^? diff]5t b5efic5t affections happ5 to draw diff]5t ways1 to det]m9e by any precise rules 9 :at cases we ought to comply ) ! "o1 & 9 :at ) ! o!r1 is1 p]haps1 altoge!r impossible4 ,9 :at cases fri5d%ip ought to yield to gratitude1 or gratitude to fri5d%ip2 9 :at cases ! /ronge/ ( all natural affections ought to yield to a reg>d = ! safety ( ^? sup]iors ^u ^: safety (t5 dep5ds t ( ! :ole society2 & 9 :at cases natural affection may1 )\t impropriety1 prevail ov] t reg>d2 mu/ be left altoge!r to ! decision ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 ! suppos$ imp>tial spectator1 ! great judge & arbit] ( our conduct4 ,if we place ourselves completely 9 8 situation1 if we really view ourselves ) 8 eyes1 & z he views u1 & li/5 ) dilig5t & rev]5tial att5tion to :at he sugge/s to u1 8 voice w nev] deceive u4 ,we %all /& 9 ne$ ( no casui/ic rules to direct our conduct4 ,^! x is (t5 impossible to accommodate to all ! diff]5t %ades & gradations ( circum/ance1 "*1 & situation1 to diff]5ces & di/9ctions :i*1 ?\gh n imp]ceptible1 are1 by _! nicety & delicacy1 (t5 altoge!r undef9able4 ,9 t beautiful trag$y ( ,voltaire1 ! ,orphan ( ,*9a1 :ile we admire ! magnanimity ( ,zamti1 :o is will+ to sacrifice ! life ( 8 own *ild1 9 ord] to pres]ve t ( ! only feeble remnant ( 8 anci5t sov]eigns & ma/]s2 we n only p>don1 b love ! mat]nal t5d]ness ( ,idame1 :o1 at ! risk ( discov]+ ! important secret ( h] husb&1 reclaims h] infant f ! cruel h&s ( ! ,t>t>s1 into :i* x _h be5 deliv]$4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ! ,ord] 9 :i* ,societies are by ,nature recomm5d$ to our ,b5efic5ce4 ,,! same pr9ciples t direct ! ord] 9 :i* individuals are recomm5d$ to our b5efic5ce1 direct t likewise 9 :i* societies #bjb are recomm5d$ to x4 ,^? to :i* x is1 or may be ( mo/ importance1 are fir/ & pr9cipally recomm5d$ to x4 ,! /ate or sov]eignty 9 :i* we h be5 born & educat$1 & "u ! protection ( :i* we cont9ue to live1 is1 9 ord9>y cases1 ! greate/ society ^u ^: happ9ess or mis]y our good or bad conduct c h mu* influ5ce4 ,x is accord+ly1 by nature1 mo/ /rongly recomm5d$ to u4 ,n only we ourselves1 b all ! objects ( our k9de/ affections1 our *ildr51 our p>5ts1 our relations1 our fri5ds1 our b5efactors1 all ^? :om we naturally love & rev]e ! mo/1 are commonly compreh5d$ )9 x2 & _! prosp]ity & safety dep5d 9 "s measure ^u its prosp]ity & safety4 ,x is by nature1 !re=e1 ende>$ to u1 n only by all our selfi%1 b by all our private b5evol5t affections4 ,^u acc\nt ( our own connexion ) x1 its prosp]ity & glory seem to reflect "s sort ( hon\r ^u ourselves4 ,:5 we comp>e x ) o!r societies ( ! same k9d1 we are pr\d ( its sup]iority1 & mortifi$ 9 "s degree if x appe>s 9 any respect bel[ !m4 ,all ! illu/ri\s *>act]s :i* x has produc$ 9 =m] times 7= aga9/ ^? ( our own times envy may sometimes prejudice u a little71 its w>riors1 its /atesm51 its poets1 its philosoph]s1 & m5 ( lett]s ( all k9ds2 we are dispos$ to view ) ! mo/ p>tial admiration1 & to rank !m 7sometimes mo/ unju/ly7 above ^? ( all o!r nations4 ,! patriot :o lays d[n 8 life = ! safety1 or ev5 = ! va9-glory ( ?is society1 appe>s to act ) ! mo/ exact propriety4 ,he appe>s to view himself 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator naturally & necess>ily views him1 z b "o ( ! multitude1 9 ! eye ( t equitable judge1 ( no m consequ5ce ?an any o!r 9 x1 b b\nd at all times to sacrifice & devote himself to ! safety1 to ! s]vice1 & ev5 to ! glory ( ! great] numb]4 ,b ?\gh ?is sacrifice appe>s to be p]fectly j & prop]1 we "k h[ difficult x is to make x1 & h[ few p are capable ( mak+ x4 ,8 conduct1 !re=e1 excites n only our entire approbation1 b our highe/ wond] & admiration1 & seems to m]it all ! applause :i* c be due to ! mo/ h]oic virtue4 ,! traitor1 on ! contr>y1 :o1 9 "s peculi> situation1 fancies he c promote 8 own little int]e/ by betray+ to ! public enemy t ( 8 native c\ntry2 :o1 reg>dless ( ! judgm5t ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 pref]s himself1 9 ?is respect s %amefully & s basely1 to all ^? ) :om he has any connexion2 appe>s to be ( all villa9s ! mo/ dete/able4 ,! love ( our own nation (t5 disposes u to view1 ) ! mo/ malignant jeal\sy & envy1 ! prosp]ity & aggr&isem5t ( any o!r neighb\r+ nation4 ,indep5d5t & neighb\r+ nations1 hav+ no common sup]ior to decide _! disputes1 all live 9 cont9ual dread & suspicion ( "o ano!r4 ,ea* sov]eign1 expect+ #bjc little ju/ice f 8 neighb\rs1 is dispos$ to treat !m ) z little z he expects f !m4 ,! reg>d = ! laws ( nations1 or = ^? rules :i* indep5d5t /ates pr(ess or pret5d to ?9k !mselves b\nd to obs]ve 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r1 is (t5 v little m ?an m]e pret5ce & pr(ession4 ,f ! smalle/ int]e/1 ^u ! slighte/ provocation1 we see ^? rules e day1 ei!r evad$ or directly violat$ )\t %ame or remorse4 ,ea* nation =esees1 or imag9es x =esees1 its own subjugation 9 ! increas+ p[] & aggr&isem5t ( any ( its neighb\rs2 & ! mean pr9ciple ( national prejudice is (t5 f\nd$ ^u ! noble "o ( ! love ( our own c\ntry4 ,! s5t5ce ) :i* ! eld] ,cato is said to h conclud$ e spee* :i* he made 9 ! s5ate1 :atev] might be ! subject1 ',x is my op9ion likewise t ,c>?age ought to be de/roy$1' 0 ! natural expression ( ! savage patriotism ( a /rong b co>se m9d1 enrag$ almo/ to madness aga9/ a =eign nation f :i* 8 own _h suff]$ s mu*4 ,! m humane s5t5ce ) :i* ,scipio ,nasica is said to h conclud$ all 8 spee*es1 ',x is my op9ion likewise t ,c>?age ought n to be de/roy$1' 0 ! lib]al expression ( a m enl>g$ & enlight5$ m9d1 :o felt no av]sion to ! prosp]ity ev5 ( an old enemy1 :5 r$uc$ to a /ate :i* c\ld no long] be =midable to ,rome4 ,france & ,engl& may ea* ( !m h "s reason to dread ! increase ( ! naval & milit>y p[] ( ! o!r2 b = ei!r ( !m to envy ! int]nal happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! o!r1 ! cultivation ( its l&s1 ! advancem5t ( its manufactures1 ! increase ( its comm]ce1 ! security & numb] ( its ports & h>b\rs1 its pr(ici5cy 9 all ! lib]al arts & sci5ces1 is surely b5ea? ! dignity ( two su* great nations4 ,^! are all real improvem5ts ( ! _w we live 94 ,mank9d are b5efit$1 human nature is ennobl$ by !m4 ,9 su* improvem5ts ea* nation ought1 n only to endeav\r itself to excel1 b f ! love ( mank9d1 to promote1 in/ead ( ob/ruct+ ! excell5ce ( its neighb\rs4 ,^! are all prop] objects ( national emulation1 n ( national prejudice or envy4 ,! love ( our own c\ntry seems n to be d]iv$ f ! love ( mank9d4 ,! =m] s5tim5t is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! latt]1 & seems sometimes ev5 to dispose u to act inconsi/5tly ) x4 ,france may conta91 p]haps1 ne> ?ree times ! numb] ( inhabitants :i* ,great ,brita9 conta9s4 ,9 ! great society ( mank9d1 !re=e1 ! prosp]ity ( ,france %\ld appe> to be an object ( mu* great] importance ?an t ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,briti% subject1 h[ev]1 :o1 ^u t acc\nt1 %\ld pref] ^u all occasions ! prosp]ity ( ! =m] to t ( ! latt] c\ntry1 w\ld n be ?\ght a good citiz5 ( ,great ,brita94 ,we d n love our c\ntry m]ely z a "p ( ! great society ( mank9d3 we love #bjd x = its own sake1 & indep5d5tly ( any su* consid]ation4 ,t wisdom :i* contriv$ ! sy/em ( human affections1 z well z t ( e o!r "p ( nature1 seems to h judg$ t ! int]e/ ( ! great society ( mank9d w\ld be be/ promot$ by direct+ ! pr9cipal att5tion ( ea* individual to t p>ticul> portion ( x1 :i* 0 mo/ )9 ! sph]e bo? ( 8 abilities & ( 8 und]/&+4 ,national prejudices & hatr$s seldom ext5d beyond neighb\r+ nations4 ,we v weakly & fooli%ly1 p]haps1 call ! ,fr5* our natural enemies2 & !y p]haps1 z weakly & fooli%ly1 consid] u 9 ! same mann]4 ,nei!r !y nor we be> any sort ( envy to ! prosp]ity ( ,*9a or ,japan4 ,x v r>ely happ5s1 h[ev]1 t our good-w t[>ds su* di/ant c\ntries c be ex]t$ ) mu* effect4 ,! mo/ ext5sive public b5evol5ce :i* c commonly be ex]t$ ) any consid]able effect1 is t ( ! /atesm51 :o project & =m alliances among neighb\r+ or n v di/ant nations1 = ! pres]vation ei!r (1 :at is call$1 ! balance ( p[]1 or ( ! g5]al peace & tranquillity ( ! /ates )9 ! circle ( _! negotiations4 ,! /atesm51 h[ev]1 :o plan & execute su* treaties1 h seldom any?+ 9 view1 b ! int]e/ ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 _! views are m ext5sive4 ,! ,c\nt d',avaux1 ! pl5ipot5ti>y ( ,france1 at ! treaty ( ,mun/]1 w\ld h be5 will+ to sacrifice 8 life 7accord+ to ! ,c>d9al de ,retz1 a man n ov]-cr$ul\s 9 ! virtue ( o!r p7 9 ord] to h re/or$1 by t treaty1 ! g5]al tranquillity ( ,europe4 ,k+ ,william seems to h _h a zeal = ! lib]ty & indep5d5cy ( ! great] "p ( ! sov]eign /ates ( ,europe2 :i*1 p]haps1 might be a good deal /imulat$ by 8 p>ticul> av]sion to ,france1 ! /ate f :i*1 dur+ 8 "t1 t lib]ty & indep5d5cy 7 pr9cipally 9 dang]4 ,"s %>e ( ! same _s seems to h desc5d$ to ! fir/ m9i/ry ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,e indep5d5t /ate is divid$ into _m diff]5t ord]s & societies1 ea* ( :i* has its own p>ticul> p[]s1 privileges1 & immunities4 ,e individual is naturally m atta*$ to 8 own p>ticul> ord] or society1 ?an to any o!r4 ,8 own int]e/1 8 own vanity1 ! int]e/ & vanity ( _m ( 8 fri5ds & companions1 are commonly a good deal connect$ ) x4 ,he is ambiti\s to ext5d its privileges & immunities4 ,he is zeal\s to def5d !m aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( e o!r ord] ( society4 ,^u ! mann] 9 :i* any /ate is divid$ into ! diff]5t ord]s & societies :i* compose x1 & ^u ! p>ticul> di/ribution :i* has be5 made ( _! respective p[]s1 privileges1 & immunities1 dep5ds1 :at is call$1 ! con/itution ( t p>ticul> /ate4 #bje ,^u ! ability ( ea* p>ticul> ord] or society to ma9ta9 its own p[]s1 privileges1 & immunities1 aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( e o!r1 dep5ds ! /ability ( t p>ticul> con/itution4 ,t p>ticul> con/itution is necess>ily m or less alt]$1 :5ev] any ( its subord9ate p>ts is ei!r rais$ above or depress$ bel[ :atev] _h be5 its =m] rank & condition4 ,all ^? diff]5t ord]s & societies are dep5d5t ^u ! /ate to :i* !y owe _! security & protection4 ,t !y are all subord9ate to t /ate1 & e/abli%$ only 9 subs]vi5cy to its prosp]ity & pres]vation1 is a tru? ackn[l$g$ by ! mo/ p>tial memb] ( e "o ( !m4 ,x may (t51 h[ev]1 be h>d to conv9ce him t ! prosp]ity & pres]vation ( ! /ate requires any dim9ution ( ! p[]s1 privileges1 & immunities ( 8 own p>ticul> ord] ( society4 ,?is p>tiality1 ?\gh x may sometimes be unju/1 may n1 ^u t acc\nt1 be useless4 ,x *ecks ! _s ( innovation4 ,x t5ds to pres]ve :atev] is ! e/abli%$ balance among ! diff]5t ord]s & societies into :i* ! /ate is divid$2 & :ile x sometimes appe>s to ob/ruct "s alt]ations ( gov]nm5t :i* may be fa%ionable & popul> at ! "t1 x contributes 9 reality to ! /ability & p]man5cy ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! love ( our c\ntry seems1 9 ord9>y cases1 to involve 9 x two diff]5t pr9ciples2 fir/1 a c]ta9 respect & rev]5ce = t con/itution or =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is actually e/abli%$2 & secondly1 an e>ne/ desire to r5d] ! condition ( our fell[-citiz5s z safe1 respectable1 & happy z we c4 ,he is n a citiz5 :o is n dispos$ to respect ! laws & to obey ! civil magi/rate2 & he is c]ta9ly n a good citiz5 :o does n wi% to promote1 by e means 9 8 p[]1 ! welf>e ( ! :ole society ( 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,9 peaceable & quiet times1 ^? two pr9ciples g5]ally co9cide & lead to ! same conduct4 ,! support ( ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t seems evid5tly ! be/ exp$i5t = ma9ta9+ ! safe1 respectable1 & happy situation ( our fell[-citiz5s2 :5 we see t ?is gov]nm5t actually ma9ta9s !m 9 t situation4 ,b 9 times ( public discont5t1 faction1 & disord]1 ^? two diff]5t pr9ciples may draw diff]5t ways1 & ev5 a wise man may be dispos$ to ?9k "s alt]ation necess>y 9 t con/itution or =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 9 its actual condition1 appe>s pla9ly unable to ma9ta9 ! public tranquillity4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x (t5 requires1 p]haps1 ! highe/ ef=t ( political wisdom to det]m9e :5 a real patriot ought to support & endeav\r to re-e/abli% ! au?ority ( ! old sy/em1 & :5 we ought to give way to ! m d>+1 b (t5 dang]\s1 _s ( innovation4 ,=eign w> & civil faction are ! two situations :i* af=d ! mo/ spl5did opportunities = ! display ( public _s4 ,! h]o #bjf :o s]ves 8 c\ntry successfully 9 =eign w> gratifies ! wi%es ( ! :ole nation1 & is1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! object ( univ]sal gratitude & admiration4 ,9 times ( civil discord1 ! lead]s ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 ?\gh !y may be admir$ by "o half ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 are commonly execrat$ by ! o!r4 ,_! *>act]s & ! m]it ( _! respective s]vices appe> commonly m d\btful4 ,! glory :i* is acquir$ by =eign w> is1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 almo/ always m pure & m spl5did ?an t :i* c be acquir$ 9 civil faction4 ,! lead] ( ! successful p>ty1 h[ev]1 if he has au?ority en\gh to prevail ^u 8 own fri5ds to act ) prop] temp] & mod]ation 7:i* he frequ5tly has n71 may sometimes r5d] to 8 c\ntry a s]vice mu* m ess5tial & important ?an ! greate/ victories & ! mo/ ext5sive conque/s4 ,he may re-e/abli% & improve ! con/itution1 & f ! v d\btful & ambigu\s "* ( ! lead] ( a p>ty1 he may assume ! greate/ & noble/ ( all *>act]s1 t ( ! re=m] & legislator ( a great /ate2 &1 by ! wisdom ( 8 in/itutions1 secure ! int]nal tranquillity & happ9ess ( 8 fell[-citiz5s = _m succe$+ g5]ations4 ,amid/ ! turbul5ce & disord] ( faction1 a c]ta9 _s ( sy/em is apt to mix itself ) t public _s :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! love ( humanity1 ^u a real fell[-feel+ ) ! inconv5i5cies & di/resses to :i* "s ( our fell[-citiz5s may be expos$4 ,?is _s ( sy/em commonly takes ! direction ( t m g5tle public _s1 always animates x1 & (t5 inflames x ev5 to ! madness ( fanaticism4 ,! lead]s ( ! discont5t$ p>ty seldom fail to hold out "s plausible plan ( re=mation :i*1 !y pret5d1 w n only remove ! inconv5i5cies & relieve ! di/resses imm$iately compla9$ (1 b w prev5t1 9 all "t com+1 any return ( ! l inconv5i5cies & di/resses4 ,!y (t5 propose1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 to new model ! con/itution1 & to alt]1 9 "s ( its mo/ ess5tial p>ts1 t sy/em ( gov]nm5t "u :i* ! subjects ( a great empire h enjoy$1 p]haps1 peace1 security1 & ev5 glory1 dur+ ! c\rse ( sev]al c5turies toge!r4 ,! great body ( ! p>ty are commonly intoxicat$ ) ! imag9>y beauty ( ?is ideal sy/em1 ( :i* !y h no exp]i5ce1 b :i* has be5 repres5t$ to !m 9 all ! mo/ dazzl+ col\rs 9 :i* ! eloqu5ce ( _! lead]s c\ld pa9t x4 ,^? lead]s !mselves1 ?\gh !y orig9ally may h meant no?+ b _! own aggr&isem5t1 become _m ( !m 9 "t ! dupes ( _! own sophi/ry1 & are z eag] = ?is great re=mation z ! weake/ & mo/ fooli% ( _! foll[]s4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! lead]s %\ld h pres]v$ _! own heads1 z inde$ !y commonly d1 free f ?is fanaticism1 yet !y d>e n always disappo9t ! expectation ( _! #bjg foll[]s2 b are (t5 oblig$1 ?\gh contr>y to _! pr9ciple & _! consci5ce1 to act z if !y 7 "u ! common delusion4 ,! viol5ce ( ! p>ty1 refus+ all palliatives1 all temp]am5ts1 all reasonable accommodations1 by requir+ too mu* frequ5tly obta9s no?+2 & ^? inconv5i5cies & di/resses :i*1 ) a little mod]ation1 might 9 a great measure h be5 remov$ & reliev$1 are left altoge!r )\t ! hope ( a rem$y4 ,! man ^: public _s is prompt$ altoge!r by humanity & b5evol5ce1 w respect ! e/abli%$ p[]s & privileges ev5 ( individuals1 & /ill m ^? ( ! great ord]s & societies1 into :i* ! /ate is divid$4 ,?\gh he %\ld consid] "s ( !m z 9 "s measure abusive1 he w cont5t himself ) mod]at+ :at he (t5 _c annihilate )\t great viol5ce4 ,:5 he _c conqu] ! root$ prejudices ( ! p by reason & p]suasion1 he w n attempt to subdue !m by =ce2 b w religi\sly obs]ve :at1 by ,cic]o1 is ju/ly call$ ! div9e maxim ( ,plato1 nev] to use viol5ce to 8 c\ntry no m ?an to 8 p>5ts4 ,he w accommodate1 z well z he c1 8 public arrangem5ts to ! confirm$ habits & prejudices ( ! p2 & w rem$y1 z well z he c1 ! inconv5i5cies :i* may fl[ f ! want ( ^? regulations :i* ! p are av]se to submit to4 ,:5 he _c e/abli% ! "r1 he w n disda9 to ameliorate ! wrong2 b l ,solon1 :5 he _c e/abli% ! be/ sy/em ( laws1 he w try to e/abli% ! be/ t ! p c be>4 ,! man ( sy/em1 on ! contr>y1 is apt to be v wise 9 8 own conceit3 & is (t5 s enam\r$ ) ! suppos$ beauty ( 8 own ideal plan ( gov]nm5t1 t he _c suff] ! smalle/ deviation f any "p ( x4 ,he goes on to e/abli% x completely & 9 all its p>ts1 )\t any reg>d ei!r to ! great int]e/s1 or to ! /rong prejudices :i* may oppose x4 ,he seems to imag9e t he c arrange ! diff]5t memb]s ( a great society ) z mu* ease z ! h& arranges ! diff]5t pieces ^u a *ess-bo>d4 ,he does n consid] t ! pieces ^u ! *ess-bo>d h no o!r pr9ciple ( motion besides t :i* ! h& impresses ^u !m2 b t1 9 ! great *ess-bo>d ( human society1 e s+le piece has a pr9ciple ( motion ( its own1 altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* ! legislature might *oose to impress ^u x4 ,if ^? two pr9ciples co9cide & act 9 ! same direction1 ! game ( human society w g on easily & h>moni\sly1 & is v likely to be happy & successful4 ,if !y are opposite or diff]5t1 ! game w g on mis]ably1 & human society mu/ be at all times 9 ! highe/ degree ( disord]4 ,"s g5]al1 & ev5 sy/ematical1 idea ( ! p]fection ( policy & law1 may no d\bt be necess>y = direct+ ! views ( ! /atesman4 ,b to insi/ ^u e/abli%+1 & ^u e/abli%+ all #bjh at once1 & 9 spite ( all opposition1 e ?+ :i* t idea may seem to require1 mu/ (t5 be ! highe/ degree ( arrogance4 ,x is to erect 8 own judgm5t into ! supreme /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,x is to fancy himself ! only wise & wor?y man 9 ! commonweal?1 & t 8 fell[-citiz5s %\ld accommodate !mselves to him & n he to !m4 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt1 t ( all political speculators1 sov]eign pr9ces are by f> ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,?is arrogance is p]fectly famili> to !m4 ,!y ent]ta9 no d\bt ( ! imm5se sup]iority ( _! own judgm5t4 ,:5 su* imp]ial & royal re=m]s1 !re=e1 condesc5d to contemplate ! con/itution ( ! c\ntry :i* is committ$ to _! gov]nm5t1 !y seldom see any ?+ s wrong 9 x z ! ob/ructions :i* x may sometimes oppose to ! execution ( _! own w4 ,!y hold 9 contempt ! div9e maxim ( ,plato1 & consid] ! /ate z made = !mselves1 n !mselves = ! /ate4 ,! great object ( _! re=mation1 !re=e1 is to remove ^? ob/ructions2 to r$uce ! au?ority ( ! nobility2 to take away ! privileges ( cities & prov9ces1 & to r5d] bo? ! greate/ individuals & ! greate/ ord]s ( ! /ate1 z incapable ( oppos+ _! comm&s1 z ! weake/ & mo/ insignificant4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce4 ,,?\gh our effectual good (fices c v seldom be ext5d$ to any wid] society ?an t ( our c\ntry2 our good-w is circumscrib$ by no b\nd>y1 b may embrace ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se4 ,we _c =m ! idea ( any innoc5t & s5sible be+1 ^: happ9ess we %\ld n desire1 or to ^: mis]y1 :5 di/9ctly br\ght home to ! imag9ation1 we %\ld n h "s degree ( av]sion4 ,! idea ( a mis*iev\s1 ?\gh s5sible1 be+1 inde$1 naturally provokes our hatr$3 b ! ill-w :i*1 9 ?is case1 we be> to x1 is really ! effect ( our univ]sal b5evol5ce4 ,x is ! effect ( ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! mis]y & res5tm5t ( ^? o!r innoc5t & s5sible be+s1 ^: happ9ess is di/urb$ by its malice4 ,?is univ]sal b5evol5ce1 h[ noble & g5]\s soev]1 c be ! s\rce ( no solid happ9ess to any man :o is n ?or\ghly conv9c$ t all ! inhabitants ( ! univ]se1 ! meane/ z well z ! greate/1 are "u ! imm$iate c>e & protection ( t great1 b5evol5t1 & all-wise ,be+1 :o directs all ! movem5ts ( nature2 & :o is det]m9$1 by 8 own unalt]able p]fections1 to ma9ta9 9 x1 at all times1 ! greate/ possible quantity ( happ9ess4 ,to ?is univ]sal b5evol5ce1 on ! contr>y1 ! v suspicion ( a fa!rless _w1 mu/ be ! mo/ melan*oly ( all reflections2 f ! #bji ?\ght t all ! unkn[n regions ( inf9ite & incompreh5sible space may be fill$ ) no?+ b endless mis]y & wret*$ness4 ,all ! spl5d\r ( ! highe/ prosp]ity c nev] enlight5 ! gloom ) :i* s dreadful an idea mu/ necess>ily ov]%ad[ ! imag9ation2 nor1 9 a wise & virtu\s man1 c all ! sorr[ ( ! mo/ afflict+ adv]sity ev] dry up ! joy :i* necess>ily spr+s f ! habitual & ?or\gh conviction ( ! tru? ( ! contr>y sy/em4 ,! wise & virtu\s man is at all times will+ t 8 own private int]e/ %\ld be sacrific$ to ! public int]e/ ( 8 own p>ticul> ord] or society4 ,he is at all times will+1 too1 t ! int]e/ ( ?is ord] or society %\ld be sacrific$ to ! great] int]e/ ( ! /ate or sov]eignty1 ( :i* x is only a subord9ate "p4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 be equally will+ t all ^? inf]ior int]e/s %\ld be sacrific$ to ! great] int]e/ ( ! univ]se1 to ! int]e/ ( t great society ( all s5sible & intellig5t be+s1 ( :i* ,god himself is ! imm$iate adm9i/rator & director4 ,if he is deeply impress$ ) ! habitual & ?or\gh conviction t ?is b5evol5t & all-wise ,be+ c admit into ! sy/em ( 8 gov]nm5t1 no p>tial evil :i* is n necess>y = ! univ]sal good1 he mu/ consid] all ! mis=tunes :i* may befal himself1 8 fri5ds1 8 society1 or 8 c\ntry1 z necess>y = ! prosp]ity ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e z :at he ought1 n only to submit to ) resignation1 b z :at he himself1 if he _h kn[n all ! connexions & dep5d5cies ( ?+s1 ought s9c]ely & dev\tly to h wi%$ =4 ,nor does ?is magnanim\s resignation to ! w ( ! great ,director ( ! univ]se1 seem 9 any respect beyond ! rea* ( human nature4 ,good soldi]s1 :o bo? love & tru/ _! g5]al1 frequ5tly m>* ) m gaiety & alacrity to ! =lorn /ation1 f :i* !y nev] expect to return1 ?an !y w\ld to "o :]e !re 0 nei!r difficulty nor dang]4 ,9 m>*+ to ! latt]1 !y c\ld feel no o!r s5tim5t ?an t ( ! dulness ( ord9>y duty2 9 m>*+ to ! =m]1 !y feel t !y are mak+ ! noble/ ex]tion :i* x is possible = man to make4 ,!y "k t _! g5]al w\ld n h ord]$ !m ^u ?is /ation1 _h x n be5 necess>y = ! safety ( ! army1 = ! success ( ! w>4 ,!y *e]fully sacrifice _! own little sy/ems to ! prosp]ity ( a great] sy/em4 ,!y take an affectionate leave ( _! comrades1 to :om !y wi% all happ9ess & success2 & m>* out1 n only ) submissive ob$i5ce1 b (t5 ) %\ts ( ! mo/ joyful exultation1 to t fatal1 b spl5did & hon\rable /ation to :i* !y are appo9t$4 ,no conductor ( an army c des]ve m unlimit$ tru/1 m ard5t & zeal\s affection1 ?an ! great ,conductor ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! greate/ public z well z private disa/]s1 a wise man ought to consid] t he himself1 8 fri5ds & c\ntrym51 #baj h only be5 ord]$ ^u ! =lorn /ation ( ! univ]se2 t _h x n be5 necess>y = ! good ( ! :ole1 !y w\ld n h be5 s ord]$2 & t x is _! duty1 n only ) humble resignation to submit to ?is allotm5t1 b to endeav\r to embrace x ) alacrity & joy4 ,a wise man %\ld surely be capable ( do+ :at a good soldi] holds himself at all times 9 read9ess to d4 ,! idea ( t div9e ,be+1 ^: b5evol5ce & wisdom h1 f all et]nity1 contriv$ & conduct$ ! imm5se ma*9e ( ! univ]se1 s z at all times to produce ! greate/ possible quantity ( happ9ess1 is c]ta9ly ( all ! objects ( human contemplation by f> ! mo/ sublime4 ,e o!r ?\ght necess>ily appe>s mean 9 ! comp>ison4 ,! man :om we believe to be pr9cipally occupi$ 9 ?is sublime contemplation1 seldom fails to be ! object ( our highe/ v5]ation2 & ?\gh 8 life %\ld be altoge!r contemplative1 we (t5 reg>d him ) a sort ( religi\s respect mu* sup]ior to t ) :i* we look ^u ! mo/ active & useful s]vant ( ! commonweal?4 ,! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,anton9us1 :i* turn pr9cipally ^u ?is subject1 h contribut$ m1 p]haps1 to ! g5]al admiration ( 8 "*1 ?an all ! diff]5t transactions ( 8 j1 m]ciful1 & b5efic5t reign4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se1 h[ev]1 ! c>e ( ! univ]sal happ9ess ( all rational & s5sible be+s1 is ! bus9ess ( ,god & n ( man4 ,to man is allott$ a mu* humbl] dep>tm5t1 b "o mu* m suitable to ! weakness ( 8 p[]s1 & to ! n>r[ness ( 8 compreh5sion2 ! c>e ( 8 own happ9ess1 ( t ( 8 family1 8 fri5ds1 8 c\ntry3 t he is occupi$ 9 contemplat+ ! m sublime1 c nev] be an excuse = 8 neglect+ ! m humble dep>tm5t2 & he mu/ n expose himself to ! *>ge :i* ,avidius ,cassius is said to h br\ght1 p]haps unju/ly1 aga9/ ,m>cus ,anton9us2 t :ile he employ$ himself 9 philosophical speculations1 & contemplat$ ! prosp]ity ( ! univ]se1 he neglect$ t ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! mo/ sublime speculation ( ! contemplative philosoph] c sc>ce comp5sate ! neglect ( ! smalle/ active duty4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,iii4--,,( ,,self-,,comm&4 ,,! man :o acts accord+ to ! rules ( p]fect prud5ce1 ( /rict ju/ice1 & ( prop] b5evol5ce1 may be said to be p]fectly virtu\s4 ,b ! mo/ p]fect k ( ^? rules w n alone enable him to act 9 ?is mann]3 8 own passions are v apt to mislead him3 sometimes to drive him & sometimes to s$uce him to violate all ! rules :i* he himself1 9 all 8 sob] & cool h\rs1 approves (4 ,! mo/ p]fect k1 if x is n support$ by ! mo/ p]fect self-comm&1 w n always enable him to d 8 duty4 #baa ,"s ( ! be/ ( ! anci5t morali/s seem to h consid]$ ^? passions z divid$ into two diff]5t classes3 fir/1 into ^? :i* x requires a consid]able ex]tion ( self-comm& to re/ra9 ev5 = a s+le mom5t2 & secondly1 into ^? :i* x is easy to re/ra9 = a s+le mom5t1 or ev5 = a %ort p]iod ( "t2 b :i*1 by _! cont9ual & almo/ incessant solicitations1 are1 9 ! c\rse ( a life1 v apt to mislead into great deviations4 ,fe> & ang]1 toge!r ) "s o!r passions :i* are mix$ or connect$ ) !m1 con/itute ! fir/ class4 ,! love ( ease1 ( pleasure1 ( applause1 & ( _m o!r selfi% gratifications1 con/itute ! second4 ,extravagant fe> & furi\s ang]1 x is (t5 difficult to re/ra9 ev5 = a s+le mom5t4 ,! love ( ease1 ( pleasure1 ( applause1 & o!r selfi% gratifications1 x is always easy to re/ra9 = a s+le mom5t1 or ev5 = a %ort p]iod ( "t2 b1 by _! cont9ual solicitations1 !y (t5 mislead u into _m weaknesses :i* we h aft]w>ds mu* reason to be a%am$ (4 ,! =m] set ( passions may (t5 be said to drive1 ! latt] to s$uce u1 f our duty4 ,! comm& ( ! =m] 01 by ! anci5t morali/s above allud$ to1 d5om9at$ =titude1 manhood1 & /r5g? ( m9d2 t ( ! latt]1 temp]ance1 dec5cy1 mode/y1 & mod]ation4 ,! comm& ( ea* ( ^? two sets ( passions1 indep5d5t ( ! beauty :i* x d]ives f its utility2 f its enabl+ u ^u all occasions to act accord+ to ! dictates ( prud5ce1 ( ju/ice1 & ( prop] b5evol5ce2 has a beauty ( its own1 & seems to des]ve = its own sake a c]ta9 degree ( e/eem & admiration4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! /r5g? & greatness ( ! ex]tion excites "s degree ( t e/eem & admiration4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! uni=mity1 ! equality & unremitt+ /ead9ess ( t ex]tion4 ,! man :o1 9 dang]1 9 torture1 ^u ! approa* ( dea?1 pres]ves 8 tranquillity unalt]$1 & suff]s no ^w1 no ge/ure to escape him :i* does n p]fectly accord ) ! feel+s ( ! mo/ indiff]5t spectator1 necess>ily comm&s a v high degree ( admiration4 ,if he suff]s 9 ! cause ( lib]ty & ju/ice1 = ! sake ( humanity & ! love ( 8 c\ntry1 ! mo/ t5d] compassion = 8 suff]+s1 ! /ronge/ indignation aga9/ ! inju/ice ( 8 p]secutors1 ! w>me/ sympa!tic gratitude = 8 b5efic5t int5tions1 ! highe/ s5se ( 8 m]it1 all jo9 & mix !mselves ) ! admiration ( 8 magnanimity1 & (t5 inflame t s5tim5t into ! mo/ en?usia/ic & raptur\s v5]ation4 ,! h]oes ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 :o are rememb]$ ) ! mo/ peculi> fav\r & affection1 are _m ( !m ^? :o1 9 ! cause ( tru?1 lib]ty1 & ju/ice1 h p]i%$ ^u ! scaffold1 & :o behav$ !re ) t ease & dignity :i* became !m4 ,_h ! enemies ( ,socrates suff]$ him to die quietly 9 8 b$1 ! #bab glory ev5 ( t great philosoph] might possibly nev] h acquir$ t dazzl+ spl5d\r 9 :i* x has be5 beheld 9 all succe$+ ages4 ,9 ! ,engli% hi/ory1 :5 we look ov] ! illu/ri\s heads :i* h be5 engrav5 by ,v]tue & ,h[brak51 !re is sc>ce any body1 ,i imag9e1 :o does n feel t ! axe1 ! emblem ( hav+ be5 behead$1 :i* is engrav$ "u "s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( !m1 "u ^? ( ! ,sir ,?omas ,mores1 ( ! ,raleighs1 ! ,russels1 ! ,sydneys1 c41 %$s a real dignity & dep? ( int]e/ ov] ! *>act]s to :i* x is affix$1 mu* sup]ior to :at !y c d]ive f all ! futile ornam5ts ( h]aldry1 ) :i* !y are sometimes accompani$4 ,nor does ?is magnanimity give lu/re only to ! *>act]s ( innoc5t & virtu\s m54 ,x draws "s degree ( fav\rable reg>d ev5 ^u ^? ( ! greate/ crim9als2 & :5 a robb] or highwayman is br\ght to ! scaffold1 & behaves !re ) dec5cy & firmness1 ?\gh we p]fectly approve ( 8 puni%m5t1 we (t5 _c help regrett+ t a man :o possess$ su* great & noble p[]s %\ld h be5 capable ( su* mean enormities4 ,w> is ! great s*ool bo? = acquir+ & ex]cis+ ?is species ( magnanimity4 ,dea?1 z we say1 is ! k+ ( t]rors2 & ! man :o has conqu]$ ! fe> ( dea?1 is n likely to lose 8 pres5ce ( m9d at ! approa* ( any o!r natural evil4 ,9 w>1 m5 become famili> ) dea?1 & are !reby necess>ily cur$ ( t sup]/iti\s horror ) :i* x is view$ by ! weak & inexp]i5c$4 ,!y consid] x m]ely z ! loss ( life1 & z no fur!r ! object ( av]sion ?an z life may happ5 to be t ( desire4 ,!y le>n f exp]i5ce1 too1 t _m seem+ly great dang]s are n s great z !y appe>2 & t1 ) c\rage1 activity1 & pres5ce ( m9d1 !re is (t5 a good probability ( extricat+ !mselves ) hon\r f situations :]e at fir/ !y c\ld see no hope4 ,! dread ( dea? is ?us greatly dim9i%$2 & ! confid5ce or hope ( escap+ x1 augm5t$4 ,!y le>n to expose !mselves to dang] ) less reluctance4 ,!y are less anxi\s to get out ( x1 & less apt to lose _! pres5ce ( m9d :ile !y are 9 x4 ,x is ?is habitual contempt ( dang] & dea? :i* ennobles ! pr(ession ( a soldi]1 & be/[s ^u x1 9 ! natural appreh5sions ( mank9d1 a rank & dignity sup]ior to t ( any o!r pr(ession2 & ! skilful & successful ex]cise ( ?is pr(ession1 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 seems to h con/itut$ ! mo/ di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! "* ( ! fav\rite h]oes ( all ages4 ,great w>like exploit1 ?\gh und]tak5 contr>y to e pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 & c>ri$ on )\t any reg>d to humanity1 sometimes int]e/s u1 & comm&s ev5 "s degree ( a c]ta9 sort ( e/eem = ! v wor?less *>act]s :i* conduct x4 ,we are #bac int]e/$ ev5 9 ! exploits ( ! buccane]s2 & read ) "s sort ( e/eem & admiration1 ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ wor?less m51 :o1 9 pursuit ( ! mo/ crim9al purposes1 endur$ great] h>d%ips1 surm\nt$ great] difficulties1 & enc\nt]$ great] dang]s1 ?an p]haps any :i* ! c\rse ( hi/ory gives an acc\nt (4 ,! comm& ( ang] appe>s ^u _m occasions n less g5]\s & noble ?an t ( fe>4 ,! prop] expression ( j indignation composes _m ( ! mo/ spl5did & admir$ passages bo? ( anci5t & mod]n eloqu5ce4 ,! ,philippics ( ,demo/h5es1 ! ,catal9>ians ( ,cic]o1 d]ive _! :ole beauty f ! noble propriety ) :i* ?is passion is express$4 ,b ?is j indignation is no?+ b ang] re/ra9$ & prop]ly attemp]$ to :at ! imp>tial spectator c ent] into4 ,! blu/]+ & noisy passion :i* goes beyond ?is1 is always odi\s & (f5sive1 & int]e/s u1 n = ! angry man1 b = ! man ) :om he is angry4 ,! nobl5ess ( p>don+ appe>s1 ^u _m occasions1 sup]ior ev5 to ! mo/ p]fect propriety ( res5t+4 ,:5 ei!r prop] ackn[l$gm5ts h be5 made by ! (f5d+ p>ty1 or ev5 )\t any su* ackn[l$gm5ts1 :5 ! public int]e/ requires t ! mo/ mortal enemies %\ld unite = ! dis*>ge ( "s important duty1 ! man :o c ca/ away all animosity1 & act ) confid5ce & cordiality t[>ds ! p]son :o _h mo/ griev\sly (f5d$ him1 does seem mo/ ju/ly to m]it our highe/ admiration4 ,! comm& ( ang]1 h[ev]1 does n always appe> 9 su* spl5did col\rs4 ,fe> is contr>y to ang]1 & is (t5 ! motive :i* re/ra9s x2 & 9 su* cases ! meanness ( ! motive takes away all ! nobl5ess ( ! re/ra9t4 ,ang] prompts to attack1 & ! indulg5ce ( x seems sometimes to %[ a sort ( c\rage & sup]iority to fe>4 ,! indulg5ce ( ang] is sometimes an object ( vanity4 ,t ( fe> nev] is4 ,va9 & weak m51 among _! inf]iors1 or ^? :o d>e n resi/ !m1 (t5 affect to be o/5tati\sly passionate1 & fancy t !y %[1 :at is call$1 _s 9 be+ s4 ,a bully tells _m /ories ( 8 own insol5ce1 :i* are n true1 & imag9es t he !reby r5d]s himself1 if n m amiable & respectable1 at lea/ m =midable to 8 audi5ce4 ,mod]n mann]s1 :i*1 by fav\r+ ! practice ( duell+1 may be said1 9 "s cases1 to enc\rage private rev5ge1 contribute1 p]haps1 a good deal to r5d]1 9 mod]n times1 ! re/ra9t ( ang] by fe> /ill m contemptible ?an x might o!rwise appe> to be4 ,!re is always some?+ dignifi$ 9 ! comm& ( fe>1 :atev] may be ! motive ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,x is n s ) ! comm& ( ang]4 ,unless x is f\nd$ altoge!r 9 ! s5se ( dec5cy1 ( dignity1 & propriety1 x nev] is p]fectly agreeable4 ,to act accord+ to ! dictates ( prud5ce1 ( ju/ice1 & prop] #bad b5efic5ce1 seems to h no great m]it :]e !re is no temptation to d o!rwise4 ,b to act ) cool delib]ation 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ dang]s & difficulties2 to obs]ve religi\sly ! sacr$ rules ( ju/ice 9 spite bo? ( ! greate/ int]e/s :i* might tempt1 & ! greate/ injuries :i* might provoke u to violate !m2 nev] to suff] ! b5evol5ce ( our temp] to be damp$ or disc\rag$ by ! malignity & +ratitude ( ! individuals t[>ds :om x may h be5 ex]cis$2 is ! "* ( ! mo/ exalt$ wisdom & virtue4 ,self-comm& is n only itself a great virtue1 b f x all ! o!r virtues seem to d]ive _! pr9cipal lu/re4 ,! comm& ( fe>1 ! comm& ( ang]1 are always great & noble p[]s4 ,:5 !y are direct$ by ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 !y are n only great virtues1 b increase ! spl5d\r ( ^? o!r virtues4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 sometimes be direct$ by v diff]5t motives2 & 9 ?is case1 ?\gh /ill great & respectable1 !y may be excessively dang]\s4 ,! mo/ intrepid val\r may be employ$ 9 ! cause ( ! greate/ inju/ice4 ,amid/ great provocations1 app>5t tranquillity & good hum\r may sometimes conceal ! mo/ det]m9$ & cruel resolution to rev5ge4 ,! /r5g? ( m9d requisite = su* dissimulation1 ?\gh always & necess>ily contam9at$ by ! bas5ess ( falsehood1 has1 h[ev]1 be5 (t5 mu* admir$ by _m p ( no contemptible judgm5t4 ,! dissimulation ( ,ca!r9e ( ,m$icis is (t5 celebrat$ by ! pr(\nd hi/orian ,davila2 t ( ,"l ,digby1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,bri/ol1 by ! grave & consci5ti\s ,"l ,cl>5don2 t ( ! fir/ ,a%ley ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 by ! judici\s ,mr4 ,locke4 ,ev5 ,cic]o seems to consid] ?is deceitful "*1 n inde$ z ( ! highe/ dignity1 b z n unsuitable to a c]ta9 flexibility ( mann]s1 :i*1 he ?9ks may1 not)/&+1 be1 ^u ! :ole1 bo? agreeable & respectable4 ,he exemplifies x by ! *>act]s ( ,hom]'s ,ulysses1 ( ! ,a!nian ,!mi/ocles1 ( ! ,sp>tan ,lys&]1 & ( ! ,roman ,m>cus ,crassus4 ,?is "* ( d>k & deep dissimulation occurs mo/ commonly 9 times ( great public disord]2 amid/ ! viol5ce ( faction & civil w>4 ,:5 law has become 9 a great measure impot5t1 :5 ! mo/ p]fect innoc5ce _c alone insure safety1 reg>d to self-def5ce obliges ! greate/ "p ( m5 to h rec\rse to dext]ity1 to address1 & to app>5t accommodation to :atev] happ5s to be1 at ! mom5t1 ! prevail+ p>ty4 ,?is false "*1 too1 is frequ5tly accompani$ ) ! coole/ & mo/ det]m9$ c\rage4 ,! prop] ex]cise ( x supposes t c\rage1 z dea? is commonly ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( detection4 ,x may be employ$ indiff]5tly1 ei!r to exasp]ate or to allay ^? furi\s animosities ( adv]se factions :i* impose ! necessity ( assum+ x2 & ?\gh x may sometimes be useful1 x is at lea/ equally liable to be excessively p]nici\s4 #bae ,! comm& ( ! less viol5t & turbul5t passions seems mu* less liable to be abus$ to any p]nici\s purpose4 ,temp]ance1 dec5cy1 mode/y1 & mod]ation1 are always amiable1 & c seldom be direct$ to any bad end4 ,x is f ! unremitt+ /ead9ess ( ^? g5tl] ex]tions ( self-comm&1 t ! amiable virtue ( *a/ity1 t ! respectable virtues ( indu/ry & frugality1 d]ive all t sob] lu/re :i* att5ds !m4 ,! conduct ( all ^? :o are cont5t$ to walk 9 ! humble pa?s ( private & peaceable life1 d]ives f ! same pr9ciple ! great] "p ( ! beauty & grace :i* belong to x2 a beauty & grace1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* less dazzl+1 is n always less pleas+ ?an ^? :i* accompany ! m spl5did actions ( ! h]o1 ! /atesman1 or ! legislator4 ,aft] :at has already be5 said1 9 sev]al diff]5t p>ts ( ?is disc\rse1 conc]n+ ! nature ( self-comm&1 ,i judge x unnecess>y to ent] into any fur!r detail conc]n+ ^? virtues4 ,i %all only obs]ve at pres5t1 t ! po9t ( propriety1 ! degree ( any passion :i* ! imp>tial spectator approves (1 is diff]5tly situat$ 9 diff]5t passions4 ,9 "s passions ! excess is less disagreeable ?an ! defect2 & 9 su* passions ! po9t ( propriety seems to /& high1 or ne>] to ! excess ?an to ! defect4 ,9 o!r passions1 ! defect is less disagreeable ?an ! excess2 & 9 su* passions ! po9t ( propriety seems to /& l[1 or ne>] to ! defect ?an to ! excess4 ,! =m] are ! passions :i* ! spectator is mo/1 ! latt]1 ^? :i* he is lea/ dispos$ to sympa?ize )4 ,! =m]1 too1 are ! passions ( :i* ! imm$iate feel+ or s5sation is agreeable to ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$2 ! latt]1 ^? ( :i* x is disagreeable4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t ! passions :i* ! spectator is mo/ dispos$ to sympa?ize )1 & 9 :i*1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! po9t ( propriety may be said to /& high1 are ^? ( :i* ! imm$iate feel+ or s5sation is m or less agreeable to ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$3 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ! passions :i* ! spectator is lea/ dispos$ to sympa?ize )1 & 9 :i*1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! po9t ( propriety may be said to /& l[1 are ^? ( :i* ! imm$iate feel+ or s5sation is m or less disagreeable1 or ev5 pa9ful1 to ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,?is g5]al rule1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 admits n ( a s+le exception4 ,a few examples w at once bo? suffici5tly expla9 x & demon/rate ! tru? ( x4 ,! disposition to ! affections :i* t5d to unite m5 9 society to humanity1 k9dness1 natural affection1 fri5d%ip1 e/eem1 may sometimes be excessive4 ,ev5 ! excess ( ?is disposition1 h[ev]1 r5d]s a man int]e/+ to e body4 ,?\gh we blame x1 we /ill reg>d x ) compassion1 & ev5 ) k9dness1 & nev] ) dislike4 ,we are m sorry = x ?an angry at x4 ,to ! p]son #baf himself1 ! indulg5ce ev5 ( su* excessive affections is1 ^u _m occasions1 n only agreeable1 b delici\s4 ,^u "s occasions1 inde$1 especially :5 direct$1 z is too (t5 ! case1 t[>ds unwor?y objects1 x exposes him to mu* real & he>tfelt di/ress4 ,ev5 ^u su* occasions1 h[ev]1 a well-dispos$ m9d reg>ds him ) ! mo/ exquisite pity1 & feels ! highe/ indignation aga9/ ^? :o affect to despise him = 8 weakness & imprud5ce4 ,! defect ( ?is disposition1 on ! contr>y1 :at is call$ h>dness ( he>t1 :ile x r5d]s a man ins5sible to ! feel+s & di/resses ( o!r p1 r5d]s o!r p equally ins5sible to 82 &1 by exclud+ him f ! fri5d%ip ( all ! _w1 excludes him f ! be/ & mo/ com=table ( all social enjoym5ts4 ,! disposition to ! affections :i* drive m5 f "o ano!r1 & :i* t5d1 z x 71 to break ! b&s ( human society2 ! disposition to ang]1 hatr$1 envy1 malice1 rev5ge2 is1 on ! contr>y1 mu* m apt to (f5d by its excess ?an by its defect4 ,! excess r5d]s a man wret*$ & mis]able 9 8 own m9d1 & ! object ( hatr$1 & sometimes ev5 ( horror1 to o!r p4 ,! defect is v seldom compla9$ (4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be defective4 ,! want ( prop] indignation is a mo/ ess5tial defect 9 ! manly "*1 &1 ^u _m occasions1 r5d]s a man incapable ( protect+ ei!r himself or 8 fri5ds f insult & inju/ice4 ,ev5 t pr9ciple1 9 ! excess & improp] direction ( :i* consi/s ! odi\s & dete/able passion ( envy1 may be defective4 ,envy is t passion :i* views ) malignant dislike ! sup]iority ( ^? :o are really entitl$ to all ! sup]iority !y possess4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 :o1 9 matt]s ( consequ5ce1 tamely suff]s o!r p1 :o are entitl$ to no su* sup]iority1 to rise above him or get be=e him1 is ju/ly condemn$ z mean-spirit$4 ,?is weakness is commonly f\nd$ 9 indol5ce1 sometimes 9 good nature1 9 an av]sion to opposition1 to bu/le & solicitation1 & sometimes1 too1 9 a sort ( ill-judg$ magnanimity1 :i* fancies t x c always cont9ue to despise ! advantage :i* x !n despises1 &1 !re=e1 s easily gives up4 ,su* weakness1 h[ev]1 is commonly foll[$ by mu* regret & rep5tance2 & :at _h "s appe>ance ( magnanimity 9 ! beg9n+ frequ5tly gives place to a mo/ malignant envy 9 ! end1 & to a hatr$ ( t sup]iority1 :i* ^? :o h once atta9$ x1 may (t5 become really entitl$ to1 by ! v circum/ance ( hav+ atta9$ x4 ,9 ord] to live com=tably 9 ! _w1 x is1 ^u all occasions1 z necess>y to def5d our dignity & rank1 z x is to def5d our life or our =tune4 ,our s5sibility to p]sonal dang] & di/ress1 l t to p]sonal provocation1 is mu* m apt to (f5d by its excess ?an by its defect4 ,no "* is m contemptible ?an t ( a c[>d2 no "* is m admir$ ?an t ( ! man :o faces dea? ) intrepidity1 #bag & ma9ta9s 8 tranquillity & pres5ce ( m9d amid/ ! mo/ dreadful dang]s4 ,we e/eem ! man :o supports pa9 & ev5 torture ) manhood & firmness2 & we c h little reg>d = him :o s9ks "u !m1 & ab&ons himself to useless outcries & womani% lam5tations4 ,a fretful temp]1 :i* feels1 ) too mu* s5sibility1 e little cross accid5t1 r5d]s a man mis]able 9 himself & (f5sive to o!r p4 ,a calm "o1 :i* does n all[ its tranquillity to be di/urb$1 ei!r by ! small injuries1 or by ! little disa/]s incid5t to ! usual c\rse ( human affairs2 b :i*1 amid/ ! natural & moral evils infe/+ ! _w1 lays its acc\nt & is cont5t$ to suff] a little f bo?1 is a bless+ to ! man himself1 & gives ease & security to all 8 companions4 ,our s5sibility1 h[ev]1 bo? to our own injuries & to our own mis=tunes1 ?\gh g5]ally too /rong1 may likewise be too weak4 ,! man :o feels little = 8 own mis=tunes1 mu/ always feel less = ^? ( o!r p1 & be less dispos$ to relieve !m4 ,! man :o has little res5tm5t = ! injuries :i* are done to himself1 mu/ always h less = ^? :i* are done to o!r p1 & be less dispos$ ei!r to protect or to av5ge !m4 ,a /upid ins5sibility to ! ev5ts ( human life necess>ily ext+ui%es all t ke5 & e>ne/ att5tion to ! propriety ( our own conduct1 :i* con/itutes ! real ess5ce ( virtue4 ,we c feel little anxiety ab\t ! propriety ( our own actions1 :5 we are indiff]5t ab\t ! ev5ts :i* may result f !m4 ,! man :o feels ! full di/ress ( ! calamity :i* has befall5 him1 :o feels ! :ole bas5ess ( ! inju/ice :i* has be5 done to him1 b :o feels /ill m /rongly :at ! dignity ( 8 own "* requires2 :o does n ab&on himself to ! guidance ( ! undiscipl9$ passions :i* 8 situation might naturally inspire2 b :o gov]ns 8 :ole behavi\r & conduct accord+ to ^? re/ra9$ & correct$ emotions :i* ! great inmate1 ! great demi-god )9 ! brea/ prescribes & approves (2 is alone ! real man ( virtue1 ! only real & prop] object ( love1 respect1 & admiration4 ,ins5sibility & t noble firmness1 t exalt$ self-comm&1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! s5se ( dignity & propriety1 are s f> f be+ altoge!r ! same1 t 9 proportion z ! =m] takes place1 ! m]it ( ! latt] is1 9 _m cases1 entirely tak5 away4 ,b ?\gh ! total want ( s5sibility to p]sonal injury1 to p]sonal dang] & di/ress1 w\ld1 9 su* situations1 take away ! :ole m]it ( self-comm&1 t s5sibility1 h[ev]1 may v easily be too exquisite1 & x frequ5tly is s4 ,:5 ! s5se ( propriety1 :5 ! au?ority ( ! judge )9 ! brea/1 c control ?is extreme s5sibility1 t au?ority mu/ no d\bt appe> v noble & v great4 ,b ! ex]tion ( x may be too fatigu+2 x may h too mu* to d4 ,! individual1 by a great ef=t1 may behave p]fectly #bah well4 ,b ! conte/ betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 ! w>f>e )9 ! brea/1 may be too viol5t to be at all consi/5t ) int]nal tranquillity & happ9ess4 ,! wise man :om ,nature has end[$ ) ?is too exquisite s5sibility1 & ^: too lively feel+s h n be5 suffici5tly blunt$ & h>d5$ by e>ly education & prop] ex]cise1 w avoid1 z mu* z duty & propriety w p]mit1 ! situations = :i* he is n p]fectly fitt$4 ,! man ^: feeble & delicate con/itution r5d]s him too s5sible to pa91 to h>d%ip1 & to e sort ( bodily di/ress1 %\ld n wantonly embrace ! pr(ession ( a soldi]4 ,! man ( too mu* s5sibility to injury1 %\ld n ra%ly engage 9 ! conte/s ( faction4 ,?\gh ! s5se ( propriety %\ld be /rong en\gh to comm& all ^? s5sibilities1 ! composure ( ! m9d mu/ always be di/urb$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,9 ?is disord] ! judgm5t _c always ma9ta9 its ord9>y acut5ess & precision2 & ?\gh he may always mean to act prop]ly1 he may (t5 act ra%ly & imprud5tly1 & 9 a mann] :i* he himself w1 9 ! succe$+ "p ( 8 life1 be = ev] a%am$ (4 ,a c]ta9 intrepidity1 a c]ta9 firmness ( n]ves & h>d9ess ( con/itution1 :e!r natural or acquir$1 are und\bt$ly ! be/ prep>atives = all ! great ex]tions ( self-comm&4 ,?\gh w> & faction are c]ta9ly ! be/ s*ools = =m+ e man to ?is h>d9ess & firmness ( temp]1 ?\gh !y are ! be/ rem$ies = cur+ him ( ! opposite weaknesses1 yet1 if ! day ( trial %\ld happ5 to come be=e he has completely le>n$ 8 lesson1 be=e ! rem$y has _h "t to produce its prop] effect1 ! consequ5ces might n be agreeable4 ,our s5sibility to ! pleasures1 to ! amusem5ts1 & enjoym5ts ( human life1 may (f5d1 9 ! same mann]1 ei!r by its excess or by its defect4 ,( ! two1 h[ev]1 ! excess seems less disagreeable ?an ! defect4 ,bo? to ! spectator & to ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 a /rong prop5sity to joy is c]ta9ly m pleas+ ?an a dull ins5sibility to ! objects ( amusem5t & div]sion4 ,we are *>m$ ) ! gaiety ( y\?1 & ev5 ) ! playfulness ( *ildhood3 b we soon gr[ we>y ( ! flat & ta/eless gravity :i* too frequ5tly accompanies old age4 ,:5 ?is prop5sity1 inde$1 is n re/ra9$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 :5 x is unsuitable to ! "t or to ! place1 to ! age or to ! situation ( ! p]son1 :51 to indulge x1 he neglects ei!r 8 int]e/ or 8 duty2 x is ju/ly blam$ z excessive1 & z hurtful bo? to ! individual & to ! society4 ,9 ! great] "p ( su* cases1 h[ev]1 :at is *iefly to be f\nd fault ) is1 n s mu* ! /r5g? ( ! prop5sity to joy1 z ! weakness ( ! s5se ( propriety & duty4 ,a "y man :o has no reli% = ! div]sions & amusem5ts t are natural & suitable to 8 age1 :o talks ( no?+ b 8 book or 8 bus9ess1 is dislik$ z =mal & p$antic2 & we give him no cr$it #bai = 8 ab/95ce ev5 f improp] indulg5ces1 to :i* he seems to h s little incl9ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( self-e/imation may be too high1 & x may likewise be too l[4 ,x is s v agreeable to ?9k highly1 & s v disagreeable to ?9k meanly ( ourselves1 t1 to ! p]son himself1 x _c well be d\bt$1 b t "s degree ( excess mu/ be mu* less disagreeable ?an any degree ( defect4 ,b to ! imp>tial spectator1 x may p]haps be ?\ght1 ?+s mu/ appe> q diff]5tly1 & t to him1 ! defect mu/ always be less disagreeable ?an ! excess4 ,& 9 our companions1 no d\bt1 we mu* m frequ5tly compla9 ( ! latt] ?an ( ! =m]4 ,:5 !y assume ^u u1 or set !mselves be=e u1 _! self-e/imation mortifies our own4 ,our own pride & vanity prompt u to accuse !m ( pride & vanity1 & we cease to be ! imp>tial spectators ( _! conduct4 ,:5 ! same companions1 h[ev]1 suff] any o!r man to assume ov] !m a sup]iority :i* does n belong to him1 we n only blame !m1 b (t5 despise !m z mean-spirit$4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 among o!r p1 !y pu% !mselves a little m =w>d1 & scramble to an elevation disproportion$1 z we ?9k1 to _! m]it1 ?\gh we may n p]fectly approve ( _! conduct1 we are (t51 ^u ! :ole1 div]t$ ) x2 &1 :]e !re is no envy 9 ! case1 we are almo/ always mu* less displeas$ ) !m1 ?an we %\ld h be51 _h !y only suff]$ !mselves to s9k bel[ _! prop] /ation4 ,9 e/imat+ our own m]it1 9 judg+ ( our own "* & conduct1 !re are two diff]5t /&>ds to :i* we naturally comp>e !m4 ,! "o is ! idea ( exact propriety & p]fection1 s f> z we are ea* ( u capable ( compreh5d+ t idea4 ,! o!r is t degree ( approximation to ?is idea :i* is commonly atta9$ 9 ! _w1 & :i* ! great] "p ( our fri5ds & companions1 ( our rivals & competitors1 may h actually arriv$ at4 ,we v seldom 7,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 we nev]7 attempt to judge ( ourselves )\t giv+ m or less att5tion to bo? ^! diff]5t /&>ds4 ,b ! att5tion ( diff]5t m51 & ev5 ( ! same man at diff]5t times1 is (t5 v unequally divid$ betwe5 !m2 & is sometimes pr9cipally direct$ t[>ds ! "o1 & sometimes t[>ds ! o!r4 ,s f> z our att5tion is direct$ t[>ds ! fir/ /&>d1 ! wise/ & be/ ( u all1 c1 9 8 own "* & conduct1 see no?+ b weakness & imp]fection2 c discov] no gr\nd = arrogance & presumption1 b a great deal = humility1 regret1 & rep5tance4 ,s f> z our att5tion is direct$ t[>ds ! second1 we may be affect$ ei!r 9 ! "o way or 9 ! o!r1 & feel ourselves1 ei!r really above1 or really bel[1 ! /&>d ) :i* we seek to comp>e ourselves4 #bbj ,! wise & virtu\s man directs 8 pr9cipal att5tion to ! fir/ /&>d2 ! idea ( exact propriety & p]fection4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! m9d ( e man1 an idea ( ?is k9d1 gradually =m$ f 8 obs]vations ^u ! "* & conduct bo? ( himself & ( o!r p4 ,x is ! sl[1 gradual1 & progressive "w ( ! great demigod )9 ! brea/1 ! great judge & arbit] ( conduct4 ,?is idea is 9 e man m or less accurately drawn1 its col\r+ is m or less j1 its outl9es are m or less exactly design$1 accord+ to ! delicacy & acut5ess ( t s5sibility1 ) :i* ^? obs]vations 7 made1 & accord+ to ! c>e & att5tion employ$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,9 ! wise & virtu\s man !y h be5 made ) ! mo/ acute & delicate s5sibility1 & ! utmo/ c>e & att5tion h be5 employ$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,e day "s feature is improv$2 e day "s blemi% is correct$4 ,he has /udi$ ?is idea m ?an o!r p1 he compreh5ds x m di/9ctly1 he has =m$ a mu* m correct image ( x1 & is mu* m deeply enam\r$ ( its exquisite & div9e beauty4 ,he endeav\rs1 z well z he c1 to assimilate 8 own "* to ?is ar*etype ( p]fection4 ,b he imitates ! "w ( a div9e arti/1 :i* c nev] be equall$4 ,he feels ! imp]fect success ( all 8 be/ endeav\rs1 & sees1 ) grief & affliction1 9 h[ _m diff]5t features ! mortal copy falls %ort ( ! immortal orig9al4 ,he rememb]s1 ) conc]n & humiliation1 h[ (t51 f want ( att5tion1 f want ( judgm5t1 f want ( temp]1 he has1 bo? 9 words & actions1 bo? 9 conduct & conv]sation1 violat$ ! exact rules ( p]fect propriety2 & has s f> dep>t$ f t model1 accord+ to :i* he wi%$ to fa%ion 8 own "* & conduct4 ,:5 he directs 8 att5tion t[>ds ! second /&>d1 inde$1 t degree ( excell5ce :i* 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances h commonly arriv$ at1 he may be s5sible ( 8 own sup]iority4 ,b1 z 8 pr9cipal att5tion is always direct$ t[>ds ! fir/ /&>d1 he is necess>ily mu* m humbl$ by ! "o comp>ison1 ?an he ev] c be elevat$ by ! o!r4 ,he is nev] s elat$ z to look d[n ) insol5ce ev5 ^u ^? :o are really bel[ him4 ,he feels s well 8 own imp]fection1 he kn[s s well ! difficulty ) :i* he atta9$ 8 own di/ant approximation to rectitude1 t he _c reg>d ) contempt ! /ill great] imp]fections ( o!r p4 ,f> f insult+ ov] _! inf]iority1 he views x ) ! mo/ indulg5t commis]ation1 &1 by 8 advice z well z example1 is at all times will+ to promote _! fur!r advancem5t4 ,if1 9 any p>ticul> qualification1 !y happ5 to be sup]ior to him 7= :o is s p]fect z n to h _m sup]iors 9 _m diff]5t qualifications871 f> f envy+ _! sup]iority1 he1 :o kn[s h[ difficult x is to excel1 e/eems & hon\rs _! excell5ce1 & nev] fails to be/[ ^u x ! full measure ( applause #bba :i* x des]ves4 ,8 :ole m9d1 9 %ort1 is deeply impress$1 8 :ole behavi\r & deportm5t are di/9ctly /amp$ ) ! "* ( real mode/y2 ) t ( a v mod]ate e/imation ( 8 own m]it1 &1 at ! same "t1 ) a v full s5se ( ! m]it ( o!r p4 ,9 all ! lib]al & +5i\s arts1 9 pa9t+1 9 poetry1 9 music1 9 eloqu5ce1 9 philosophy1 ! great arti/ feels always ! real imp]fection ( 8 own be/ works1 & is m s5sible ?an any man h[ mu* !y fall %ort ( t ideal p]fection ( :i* he has =m$ "s conception1 :i* he imitates z well z he c1 b :i* he despairs ( ev] equall+4 ,x is ! inf]ior arti/ only1 :o is ev] p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 own p]=mances4 ,he has little conception ( ?is ideal p]fection1 ab\t :i* he has little employ$ 8 ?\ghts2 & x is *iefly to ! works ( o!r arti/s1 (1 p]haps1 a /ill l[] ord]1 t he deigns to comp>e 8 own works4 ,boileau1 ! great ,fr5* poet 79 "s ( 8 works1 p]haps n inf]ior to ! greate/ poet ( ! same k9d1 ei!r anci5t or mod]n71 us$ to say1 t no great man 0 ev] completely satisfi$ ) 8 own works4 ,8 acqua9tance ,santeuil 7a writ] ( ,lat9 v]ses1 & :o1 on acc\nt ( t s*ool-boy accompli%m5t1 _h ! weakness to fancy himself a poet71 assur$ him t he himself 0 always completely satisfi$ ) 8 own4 ,boileau repli$1 )1 p]haps1 an ar* ambiguity1 t he c]ta9ly 0 ! only great man t ev] 0 s4 ,boileau1 9 judg+ ( 8 own works1 comp>$ !m ) ! /&>d ( ideal p]fection1 :i*1 9 8 own p>ticul> bran* ( ! poetic art1 he _h1 ,i presume1 m$itat$ z deeply1 & conceiv$ z di/9ctly1 z x is possible = man to conceive x4 ,santeuil1 9 judg+ ( 8 own works1 comp>$ !m1 ,i suppose1 *iefly to ^? ( ! o!r ,lat9 poets ( 8 own "t1 to ! great "p ( :om he 0 c]ta9ly v f> f be+ inf]ior4 ,b to support & f9i% (f1 if ,i may say s1 ! conduct & conv]sation ( a :ole life to "s resemblance ( ?is ideal p]fection1 is surely mu* m difficult ?an to "w up to an equal resemblance any ( ! productions ( any ( ! +5i\s arts4 ,! arti/ sits d[n to 8 "w undi/urb$1 at leisure1 9 ! full possession & recollection ( all 8 skill1 exp]i5ce1 & k4 ,! wise man mu/ support ! propriety ( 8 own conduct 9 heal? & sickness1 9 success & 9 disappo9tm5t1 9 ! h\r ( fatigue & dr[sy indol5ce1 z well z 9 t ( ! mo/ awak5$ att5tion4 ,! mo/ sudd5 & unexpect$ assaults ( difficulty & di/ress mu/ nev] surprise him4 ,! inju/ice ( o!r p mu/ nev] provoke him to inju/ice4 ,! viol5ce ( faction mu/ nev] conf\nd him4 ,all ! h>d%ips & haz>ds ( w> mu/ nev] ei!r di%e>t5 or appal him4 ,( ! p]sons :o1 9 e/imat+ _! own m]it1 9 judg+ ( _! own "* & conduct1 direct by f> ! great] "p ( _! #bbb att5tion to ! second /&>d1 to t ord9>y degree ( excell5ce :i* is commonly atta9$ by o!r p1 !re are "s :o really & ju/ly feel !mselves v mu* above x1 & :o1 by e intellig5t & imp>tial spectator1 are ackn[l$g$ to be s4 ,! att5tion ( su* p]sons1 h[ev]1 be+ always pr9cipally direct$1 n to ! /&>d ( ideal1 b to t ( ord9>y p]fection1 !y h little s5se ( _! own weaknesses & imp]fections2 !y h little mode/y2 & are (t5 assum+1 arrogant1 & presumptu\s2 great admir]s ( !mselves1 & great contemn]s ( o!r p4 ,?\gh _! *>act]s are 9 g5]al mu* less correct1 & _! m]it mu* inf]ior to t ( ! man ( real & mode/ virtue2 yet _! excessive presumption1 f\nd$ ^u _! own excessive self-admiration1 dazzles ! multitude1 & (t5 imposes ev5 ^u ^? :o are mu* sup]ior to ! multitude4 ,! frequ5t1 & (t5 wond]ful1 success ( ! mo/ ignorant quacks & impo/ors1 bo? civil & religi\s1 suffici5tly demon/rate h[ easily ! multitude are impos$ ^u by ! mo/ extravagant & gr\ndless pret5sions4 ,b :5 ^? pret5sions are support$ by a v high degree ( real & solid m]it1 :5 !y are display$ ) all ! spl5d\r :i* o/5tation c be/[ ^u !m1 :5 !y are support$ by high rank & great p[]1 :5 !y h (t5 be5 successfully ex]t$1 & are1 ^u t acc\nt1 att5d$ by ! l\d acclamations ( ! multitude2 ev5 ! man ( sob] judgm5t (t5 ab&ons himself to ! g5]al admiration4 ,! v noise ( ^? fooli% acclamations (t5 contributes to conf\nd 8 und]/&+1 & :ile he sees ^? great m5 only at a c]ta9 di/ance1 he is (t5 dispos$ to wor%ip !m ) a s9c]e admiration1 sup]ior ev5 to t ) :i* !y appe> to wor%ip !mselves4 ,:5 !re is no envy 9 ! case1 we all take pleasure 9 admir+1 & are1 ^u t acc\nt1 naturally dispos$1 9 our own fancies1 to r5d] complete & p]fect 9 e respect ! *>act]s :i*1 9 _m respects1 are s v wor?y ( admiration4 ,! excessive self-admiration ( ^? great m5 is well und]/ood1 p]haps1 & ev5 se5 ?r\gh1 ) "s degree ( d]ision1 by ^? wise m5 :o are mu* 9 _! famili>ity1 & :o secretly smile at ^? l(ty pret5sions1 :i*1 by p at a di/ance1 are (t5 reg>d$ ) rev]5ce1 & almo/ ) adoration4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 h be51 9 all ages1 ! great] "p ( ^? m5 :o h procur$ to !mselves ! mo/ noisy fame1 ! mo/ ext5sive reputation2 a fame & reputation1 too1 :i* h too (t5 desc5d$ to ! remote/ po/]ity4 ,great success 9 ! _w1 great au?ority ov] ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( mank9d1 h v seldom be5 acquir$ )\t "s degree ( ?is excessive self-admiration4 ,! mo/ spl5did *>act]s1 ! m5 :o h p]=m$ ! mo/ illu/ri\s actions1 :o h br\ght ab\t ! greate/ revolutions1 bo? 9 ! situations & #bbc op9ions ( mank9d2 ! mo/ successful w>riors1 ! greate/ /atesm5 & legislators1 ! eloqu5t f\nd]s & lead]s ( ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ successful sects & p>ties2 h _m ( !m be51 n m di/+ui%$ = _! v great m]it1 ?an = a degree ( presumption & self-admiration altoge!r disproportion$ ev5 to t v great m]it4 ,?is presumption 01 p]haps1 necess>y1 n only to prompt !m to und]tak+s :i* a m sob] m9d w\ld nev] h ?\ght (1 b to comm& ! submission & ob$i5ce ( _! foll[]s to support !m 9 su* und]tak+s4 ,:5 cr[n$ ) success1 accord+ly1 ?is presumption has (t5 betray$ !m into a vanity t approa*$ almo/ to insanity & folly4 ,alex&] ! ,great appe>s1 n only to h wi%$ t o!r p %\ld ?9k him a god1 b to h be5 at lea/ v well-dispos$ to fancy himself su*4 ,^u 8 dea?b$1 ! mo/ ungodlike ( all situations1 he reque/$ ( 8 fri5ds t1 to ! respectable li/ ( deities1 into :i* himself _h long be=e be5 ins]t$1 8 old "m ,olympia might likewise h ! hon\r ( be+ add$4 ,amid/ ! respectful admiration ( 8 foll[]s & disciples1 amid/ ! univ]sal applause ( ! public1 aft] ! oracle1 :i* probably _h foll[$ ! voice ( t applause1 _h pron\nc$ him ! wise/ ( m51 ! great wisdom ( ,socrates1 ?\gh x did n suff] him to fancy himself a god1 yet 0 n great en\gh to h9d] him f fancy+ t he _h secret & frequ5t intimations f "s invisible & div9e be+4 ,! s\nd head ( ,cs> 0 n s p]fectly s\nd z to h9d] him f be+ mu* pleas$ ) 8 div9e g5ealogy f ! goddess ,v5us2 &1 be=e ! temple ( ?is pret5d$ great-gr&mo!r1 to receive1 )\t ris+ f 8 seat1 ! ,roman s5ate1 :5 t illu/ri\s body came to pres5t him ) "s decrees conf]r+ ^u him ! mo/ extravagant hon\rs4 ,?is insol5ce1 jo9$ to "s o!r acts ( an almo/ *ildi% vanity1 little to be expect$ f an und]/&+ at once s v acute & compreh5sive1 seems1 by exasp]at+ ! public jeal\sy1 to h embold5$ 8 assass9s1 & to h ha/5$ ! execution ( _! conspiracy4 ,! religion & mann]s ( mod]n times give our great m5 little enc\ragem5t to fancy !mselves ei!r gods or ev5 prophets4 ,success1 h[ev]1 jo9$ to great popul> fav\r1 has (t5 s f> turn$ ! heads ( ! greate/ ( !m1 z to make !m ascribe to !mselves bo? an importance & an ability mu* beyond :at !y really possess$2 &1 by ?is presumption1 to precipitate !mselves into _m ra% & sometimes ru9\s adv5tures4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic almo/ peculi> to ! great ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 t t5 ye>s ( su* un9t]rupt$ & su* spl5did success z sc>ce any o!r g5]al c\ld boa/ (1 nev] betray$ him into a a s+le ra% action1 sc>ce into a s+le ra% ^w or expression4 ,! same temp]ate coolness & self-comm& _c1 ,i ?9k1 be ascrib$ to any o!r great w>rior ( lat] times2 n to ,pr9ce ,eug5e1 n to #bbd ! late ,k+ ( ,prussia1 n 9999! great ,pr9ce ( ,cond1 n ev5 to ,gu/avus ,adolphus4 ,tur5ne seems to h approa*$ ! ne>e/ to x2 b sev]al diff]5t transactions ( 8 life suffici5tly demon/rate t x 0 9 him by no means s p]fect z x 0 9 ! great ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,9 ! humble projects ( private life1 z well z 9 ! ambiti\s & pr\d pursuits ( high /ations1 great abilities & successful ent]prise1 9 ! beg9n+1 h frequ5tly enc\rag$ to und]tak+s :i* necess>ily l$ to bankruptcy & ru9 9 ! end4 ,! e/eem & admiration :i* e imp>tial spectator conceives = ! real m]it ( ^? spirit$1 magnanim\s1 & high-m9d$ p]sons1 z x is a j & well-f\nd$ s5tim5t1 s x is a /eady & p]man5t "o1 & altoge!r indep5d5t ( _! good or bad =tune4 ,x is o!rwise ) t admiration :i* he is apt to conceive = _! excessive self-e/imation & presumption4 ,:ile !y are successful1 inde$1 he is (t5 p]fectly conqu]$ & ov]borne by !m4 ,success cov]s f 8 eyes1 n only ! great imprud5ce1 b frequ5tly ! great inju/ice ( _! ent]prises2 & f> f blam+ ?is defective "p ( _! "*1 he (t5 views x ) ! mo/ en?usia/ic admiration4 ,:5 !y are un=tunate1 h[ev]1 ?+s *ange _! col\rs & _! names4 ,:at 0 be=e h]oic magnanimity1 resumes its prop] appellation ( extravagant ra%ness & folly2 & ! blackness ( t avidity & inju/ice1 :i* 0 be=e hid "u ! spl5d\r ( prosp]ity1 comes full into view1 & blots ! :ole lu/re ( _! ent]prise4 ,_h ,cs>1 in/ead ( ga9+1 lo/ ! battle ( ,ph>salia1 8 "* w\ld1 at ?is h\r1 h rank$ a little above t ( ,catal9e1 & ! weake/ man w\ld h view$ 8 ent]prise aga9/ ! laws ( 8 c\ntry 9 black] col\rs1 ?an1 p]haps ev5 ,cato1 ) all ! animosity ( a p>ty-man1 ev] view$ x at ! "t4 ,8 real m]it1 ! ju/ness ( 8 ta/e1 ! simplicity & elegance ( 8 writ+s1 ! propriety ( 8 eloqu5ce1 8 skill 9 w>1 8 res\rces 9 di/ress1 8 cool & s$ate judgm5t 9 dang]1 8 fai?ful atta*m5t to 8 fri5ds1 8 unexampl$ g5]osity to 8 enemies1 w\ld all h be5 ackn[l$g$2 z ! real m]it ( ,catal9e1 :o _h _m great qualities1 is ackn[l$g$ at ?is day4 ,b ! insol5ce & inju/ice ( 8 all-grasp+ ambition w\ld h d>k5$ & ext+ui%$ ! glory ( all t real m]it4 ,=tune has 9 ?is1 z well z 9 "s o!r respects already m5tion$1 great influ5ce ov] ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 &1 accord+ z %e is ei!r fav\rable or adv]se1 c r5d] ! same "* ! object1 ei!r ( g5]al love & admiration1 or ( univ]sal hatr$ & contempt4 ,?is great disord] 9 our moral s5tim5ts is by no means1 h[ev]1 )\t its utility2 & we may on ?is1 z well z on _m o!r occasions1 admire ! wisdom ( ,god ev5 9 ! weakness & folly ( man4 ,our admiration ( #bbe success is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ) our respect = weal? & greatness1 & is equally necess>y = e/abli%+ ! di/9ction ( ranks & ! ord] ( society4 ,by ?is admiration ( success we are taught to submit m easily to ^? sup]iors1 :om ! c\rse ( human affairs may assign to u2 to reg>d ) rev]5ce1 & sometimes ev5 ) a sort ( respectful affection1 t =tunate viol5ce :i* we are no long] capable ( resi/+2 n only ! viol5ce ( su* spl5did *>act]s z ^? ( a ,cs> or an ,alex&]1 b (t5 t ( ! mo/ brutal & savage b>b>ians1 ( an ,attila1 a ,g5gis1 or a ,tam]lane4 ,to all su* mighty conqu]ors ! great mob ( mank9d are naturally dispos$ to look up ) a wond]+1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 ) a v weak & fooli% admiration4 ,by ?is admiration1 h[ev]1 !y are taught to acquiesce ) less reluctance "u t gov]nm5t :i* an irresi/ible =ce imposes ^u !m1 & f :i* no reluctance c\ld deliv] !m4 ,?\gh 9 prosp]ity1 h[ev]1 ! man ( excessive self-e/imation may sometimes appe> to h "s advantage ov] ! man ( correct & mode/ virtue2 ?\gh ! applause ( ! multitude1 & ( ^? :o see !m bo? only at a di/ance1 is (t5 mu* l\d] 9 fav\r ( ! "o ?an x ev] is 9 fav\r ( ! o!r2 yet1 all ?+s fairly comput$1 ! real balance ( advantage is1 p]haps 9 all cases1 greatly 9 fav\r ( ! latt] & aga9/ ! =m]4 ,! man :o nei!r ascribes to himself1 nor wi%es t o!r p %\ld ascribe to him1 any o!r m]it besides t :i* really belongs to him1 fe>s no humiliation1 dreads no detection2 b re/s cont5t$ & secure ^u ! g5u9e tru? & solidity ( 8 own "*4 ,8 admir]s may nei!r be v num]\s nor v l\d 9 _! applauses2 b ! wise/ man :o sees him ! ne>e/ & :o kn[s him ! be/1 admires him ! mo/4 ,to a real wise man ! judici\s & well-weigh$ approbation ( a s+le wise man1 gives m he>tfelt satisfaction ?an all ! noisy applauses ( t5 ?\s& ignorant ?\gh en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,he may say ) ,p>m5ides1 :o1 ^u read+ a philosophical disc\rse be=e a public assembly at ,a!ns1 & obs]v+1 t1 except ,plato1 ! :ole company _h left him1 cont9u$1 not)/&+1 to read on1 & said t ,plato alone 0 audi5ce suffici5t = him4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! man ( excessive self-e/imation4 ,! wise m5 :o see him ! ne>e/1 admire him ! lea/4 ,amid/ ! intoxication ( prosp]ity1 _! sob] & j e/eem falls s f> %ort ( ! extravagance ( 8 own self-admiration1 t he reg>ds x z m]e malignity & envy4 ,he suspects 8 be/ fri5ds4 ,_! company becomes (f5sive to him4 ,he drives !m f 8 pres5ce1 & (t5 rew>ds _! s]vices1 n only ) +ratitude1 b ) cruelty & inju/ice4 ,he ab&ons 8 confid5ce to flatt]]s & traitors1 :o pret5d to idolize 8 vanity & presumption2 & t #bbf "* :i* 9 ! beg9n+1 ?\gh 9 "s respects defective1 01 ^u ! :ole1 bo? amiable & respectable1 becomes contemptible & odi\s 9 ! end4 ,amid/ ! intoxication ( prosp]ity1 ,alex&] kill$ ,clytus1 = hav+ pref]r$ ! exploits ( 8 fa!r ,philip to 8 own2 put ,cali/h5es to dea? 9 torture1 = hav+ refus$ to adore him 9 ! ,p]sian mann]2 & murd]$ ! great fri5d ( 8 fa!r1 ! v5]able ,p>m5io1 aft] hav+1 ^u ! mo/ gr\ndless suspicions1 s5t fir/ to ! torture & aft]w>ds to ! scaffold ! only rema9+ son ( t old man1 ! re/ hav+ all be=e di$ 9 8 own s]vice4 ,?is 0 t ,p>m5io ( :om ,philip us$ to say1 t ! ,a!nians 7 v =tunate :o c\ld f9d t5 g5]als e ye>1 :ile he himself1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 c\ld nev] f9d "o b ,p>m5io4 ,x 0 ^u ! vigilance & att5tion ( ?is ,p>m5io t he repos$ at all times ) confid5ce & security1 &1 9 8 h\rs ( mir? & jollity1 us$ to say1 ',let u dr9k1 my fri5ds3 we may d x ) safety1 = ,p>m5io nev] dr9ks4' ,x 0 ?is same ,p>m5io1 ) ^: pres5ce & c\nsel1 x _h be5 said1 ,alex&] _h ga9$ all 8 victories2 & )\t 8 pres5ce & c\nsel1 he _h nev] ga9$ a s+le victory4 ,! humble1 admir+1 & flatt]+ fri5ds1 :om ,alex&] left 9 p[] & au?ority beh9d him1 divid$ 8 empire among !mselves1 & aft] hav+ ?us robb$ 8 family & k9dr$ ( _! inh]itance1 put1 "o aft] ano!r1 e s+le surviv+ individual ( !m1 :e!r male or female1 to dea?4 ,we frequ5tly1 n only p>don1 b ?or\ghly ent] into & sympa?ize ) ! excessive self-e/imation ( ^? spl5did *>act]s 9 :i* we obs]ve a great & di/+ui%$ sup]iority above ! common level ( mank9d4 ,we call !m spirit$1 magnanim\s1 & high-m9d$2 words :i* all involve 9 _! mean+ a consid]able degree ( praise & admiration4 ,b we _c ent] into & sympa?ize ) ! excessive self-e/imation ( ^? *>act]s 9 :i* we c disc]n no su* di/+ui%$ sup]iority4 ,we are disgu/$ & revolt$ by x2 & x is ) "s difficulty t we c ei!r p>don or suff] x4 ,we call x pride or vanity2 two words1 ( :i* ! latt] always1 & ! =m] = ! mo/ "p1 involve 9 _! mean+ a consid]able degree ( blame4 ,^? two vices1 h[ev]1 ?\gh resembl+1 9 "s respects1 z be+ bo? modifications ( excessive self-e/imation1 are yet1 9 _m respects1 v diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,! pr\d man is s9c]e1 &1 9 ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 is conv9c$ ( 8 own sup]iority2 ?\gh x may sometimes be difficult to guess ^u :at t conviction is f\nd$4 ,he wi%es y to view him 9 no o!r light ?an t 9 :i*1 :5 he places himself 9 y\r situation1 he really views himself4 ,he dem&s no m ( y ?an1 :at he ?9ks1 ju/ice4 ,if y appe> n to respect him z he #bbg respects himself1 he is m (f5d$ ?an mortifi$1 & feels ! same indignant res5tm5t z if he _h suff]$ a real injury4 ,he does n ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 deign to expla9 ! gr\nds ( 8 own pret5sions4 ,he disda9s to c\rt y\r e/eem4 ,he affects ev5 to despise x1 & endeav\rs to ma9ta9 8 assum$ /ation1 n s mu* by mak+ y s5sible ( 8 sup]iority1 z ( y\r own meanness4 ,he seems to wi% n s mu* to excite y\r e/eem = himself1 z to mortify t = y\rself4 ,! va9 man is n s9c]e1 &1 9 ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 is v seldom conv9c$ ( t sup]iority :i* he wi%es y to ascribe to him4 ,he wi%es y to view him 9 mu* m spl5did col\rs ?an ^? 9 :i*1 :5 he places himself 9 y\r situation1 & supposes y to "k all t he kn[s1 he c really view himself4 ,:5 y appe> to view him1 !re=e1 9 diff]5t col\rs1 p]haps 9 8 prop] col\rs1 he is mu* m mortifi$ ?an (f5d$4 ,! gr\nds ( 8 claim to t "* :i* he wi%es y to ascribe to him1 he takes e opportunity ( display+1 bo? by ! mo/ o/5tati\s & unnecess>y exhibition ( ! good qualities & accompli%m5ts :i* he possesses 9 "s tol]able degree1 & sometimes ev5 by false pret5sions to ^? :i* he ei!r possesses 9 no degree1 or 9 s v sl5d] a degree t he may well en\gh be said to possess !m 9 no degree4 ,f> f despis+ y\r e/eem1 he c\rts x ) ! mo/ anxi\s assiduity4 ,f> f wi%+ to mortify y\r self-e/imation1 he is happy to *]i% x1 9 hopes t 9 return y w *]i% 8 own4 ,he flatt]s 9 ord] to be flatt]$4 ,he /udies to please1 & endeav\rs to bribe y into a good op9ion ( him by polit5ess & complaisance1 & sometimes ev5 by real & ess5tial good (fices1 ?\gh (t5 display$1 p]haps1 ) unnecess>y o/5tation4 ,! va9 man sees ! respect :i* is paid to rank & =tune1 & wi%es to usurp ?is respect1 z well z t = tal5ts & virtues4 ,8 dress1 8 equipage1 8 way ( liv+1 accord+ly1 all ann\nce bo? a high] rank & a great] =tune ?an really belong to him2 & 9 ord] to support ?is fooli% imposition = a few ye>s 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 life1 he (t5 r$uces himself to pov]ty & di/ress long be=e ! end ( x4 ,z long z he c cont9ue 8 exp5se1 h[ev]1 8 vanity is delight$ ) view+ himself1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* y w\ld view him if y knew all t he kn[s2 b 9 t 9 :i*1 he imag9es1 he has1 by 8 own address1 induc$ y actually to view him4 ,( all ! illusions ( vanity t is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ common4 ,obscure /rang]s :o visit =eign c\ntries1 or :o1 f a remote prov9ce1 come to visit1 = a %ort "t1 ! capital ( _! own c\ntry1 mo/ frequ5tly attempt to practise x4 ,! folly ( ! attempt1 ?\gh always v great & mo/ unwor?y ( a man ( s5se1 may n be altoge!r s great ^u su* z ^u mo/ o!r #bbh occasions4 ,if _! /ay is %ort1 !y may escape any disgraceful detection2 &1 aft] indulg+ _! vanity = a few mon?s or a few ye>s1 !y may return to _! own homes1 & repair1 by future p>simony1 ! wa/e ( _! pa/ pr(usion4 ,! pr\d man c v seldom be accus$ ( ?is folly4 ,8 s5se ( 8 own dignity r5d]s him c>eful to pres]ve 8 indep5d5cy1 &1 :5 8 =tune happ5s n to be l>ge1 ?\gh he wi%es to be dec5t1 he /udies to be frugal & att5tive 9 all 8 exp5ses4 ,! o/5tati\s exp5se ( ! va9 man is highly (f5sive to him4 ,x out%9es1 p]haps1 8 own4 ,x provokes 8 indignation z an insol5t assumption ( a rank :i* is by no means due2 & he nev] talks ( x )\t load+ x ) ! h>%e/ & sev]e/ reproa*es4 ,! pr\d man does n always feel himself at 8 ease 9 ! company ( 8 equals1 & /ill less 9 t ( 8 sup]iors4 ,he _c lay d[n 8 l(ty pret5sions1 & ! c\nt5ance & conv]sation ( su* company ov]awe him s mu* t he d>e n display !m4 ,he has rec\rse to humbl] company1 = :i* he has little respect1 :i* he w\ld n will+ly *oose1 & :i* is by no means agreeable to him2 t ( 8 inf]iors1 8 flatt]]s1 & dep5dants4 ,he seldom visits 8 sup]iors1 or1 if he does1 x is r to %[ t he is entitl$ to live 9 su* company1 ?an = any real satisfaction t he enjoys 9 x4 ,x is z ,"l ,cl>5don says ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 t he sometimes w5t to c\rt1 because he c\ld !re only f9d a great] man ?an himself2 b t he w5t v seldom1 because he f\nd !re a great] man ?an himself4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! va9 man4 ,he c\rts ! company ( 8 sup]iors z mu* z ! pr\d man %uns x4 ,_! spl5d\r1 he seems to ?9k1 reflects a spl5d\r ^u ^? :o are mu* ab\t !m4 ,he haunts ! c\rts ( k+s & ! levees ( m9i/]s1 & gives himself ! air ( be+ a c&idate = =tune & pref]m5t1 :5 9 reality he possesses ! mu* m preci\s happ9ess1 if he knew h[ to enjoy x1 ( n be+ "o4 ,he is fond ( be+ admitt$ to ! tables ( ! great1 & /ill m fond ( magnify+ to o!r p ! famili>ity ) :i* he is hon\r$ !re4 ,he associates himself1 z mu* z he c1 ) fa%ionable p1 ) ^? :o are suppos$ to direct ! public op9ion1 ) ! witty1 ) ! le>n$1 ) ! popul>2 & he %uns ! company ( 8 be/ fri5ds :5ev] ! v unc]ta9 curr5t ( public fav\r happ5s to run 9 any respect aga9/ !m4 ,) ! p to :om he wi%es to recomm5d himself1 he is n always v delicate ab\t ! means :i* he employs = t purpose2 unnecess>y o/5tation1 gr\ndless pret5sions1 con/ant ass5tation1 frequ5tly flatt]y1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p a pleasant & sprightly flatt]y1 & v seldom ! gross & fulsome flatt]y ( a p>asite4 ,! pr\d man1 on ! contr>y1 nev] flatt]s1 & is frequ5tly sc>ce civil to any body4 #bbi ,not)/&+ all its gr\ndless pret5sions1 h[ev]1 vanity is almo/ always a sprightly & a gay1 & v (t5 a good-natur$ passion4 ,pride is always a grave1 a sull51 & a sev]e "o4 ,ev5 ! falsehoods ( ! va9 man are all innoc5t falsehoods1 meant to raise himself1 n to l[] o!r p4 ,to d ! pr\d man ju/ice he v seldom /oops to ! bas5ess ( falsehood4 ,:5 he does1 h[ev]1 8 falsehoods are by no means s innoc5t4 ,!y are all mis*iev\s1 & meant to l[] o!r p4 ,he is full ( indignation at ! unju/ sup]iority1 z he ?9ks x1 :i* is giv5 to !m4 ,he views !m ) malignity & envy1 &1 9 talk+ ( !m1 (t5 endeav\rs1 z mu* z he c1 to ext5uate & less5 :atev] are ! gr\nds ^u :i* _! sup]iority is suppos$ to be f\nd$4 ,:atev] tales are circulat$ to _! disadvantage1 ?\gh he seldom =ges !m himself1 yet he (t5 takes pleasure 9 believ+ !m1 is by no means unwill+ to repeat !m1 & ev5 sometimes ) "s degree ( exagg]ation4 ,! wor/ falsehoods ( vanity are :at we call :ite lies3 ^? ( pride1 :5ev] x condesc5ds to falsehood1 are all ( ! opposite complexion4 ,our dislike to pride & vanity g5]ally disposes u to rank ! p]sons :om we accuse ( ^? vices r bel[ ?an above ! common level4 ,9 ?is judgm5t h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 we are mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! wrong1 & t bo? ! pr\d & ! va9 man are (t5 7p]haps = ! mo/ "p7 a good deal above x2 ?\gh n ne> s mu* z ei!r ! "o really ?9ks himself1 or z ! o!r wi%es y to ?9k him4 ,if we comp>e !m ) _! own pret5sions1 !y may appe> ! j objects ( contempt4 ,b :5 we comp>e !m ) :at ! great] "p ( _! rivals & competitors really are1 !y may appe> q o!rwise1 & v mu* above ! common level4 ,:]e !re is ?is real sup]iority1 pride is frequ5tly att5d$ ) _m respectable virtues2 ) tru?1 ) integrity1 ) a high s5se ( hon\r1 ) cordial & /eady fri5d%ip1 ) ! mo/ inflexible firmness & resolution4 ,vanity1 ) _m amiable ones2 ) humanity1 ) polit5ess1 ) a desire to oblige 9 all little matt]s1 & sometimes ) a real g5]osity 9 great ones2 a g5]osity1 h[ev]1 :i* x (t5 wi%es to display 9 ! mo/ spl5did col\rs t x c4 ,by _! rivals & enemies1 ! ,fr5*1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 7 accus$ ( vanity2 ! ,spani>ds1 ( pride2 & =eign nations 7 dispos$ to consid] ! "o z ! m amiable2 ! o!r1 z ! m respectable p4 ,! words va9 & vanity are nev] tak5 9 a good s5se4 ,we sometimes say ( a man1 :5 we are talk+ ( him 9 good hum\r1 t he is ! bett] = 8 vanity1 or t 8 vanity is m div]t+ ?an (f5sive2 b we /ill consid] x z a foible & a ridicul\s feature 9 8 "*4 ,! words pr\d & pride1 on ! contr>y1 are sometimes tak5 9 #bcj a good s5se4 ,we frequ5tly say ( a man1 t he is too pr\d1 or t he has too mu* noble pride1 ev] to suff] himself to d a mean ?+4 ,pride is1 9 ?is case1 conf\nd$ ) magnanimity4 ,ari/otle1 a philosoph] :o c]ta9ly knew ! _w1 9 draw+ ! "* ( ! magnanim\s man1 pa9ts him ) _m features :i*1 9 ! two la/ c5turies1 7 commonly ascrib$ to ! ,spani% "*3 t he 0 delib]ate 9 all 8 resolutions2 sl[1 & ev5 t>dy1 9 all 8 actions2 t 8 voice 0 grave1 8 spee* delib]ate1 8 /ep & motion sl[2 t he appe>$ indol5t & ev5 slo?ful1 n at all dispos$ to bu/le ab\t little matt]s1 b to act ) ! mo/ det]m9$ & vigor\s resolution ^u all great & illu/ri\s occasions3 t he 0 n a lov] ( dang]1 or =w>d to expose himself to little dang]s1 b to great dang]s2 & t1 :5 he expos$ himself to dang]1 he 0 altoge!r reg>dless ( 8 life4 ,! pr\d man is commonly too well cont5t$ ) himself to ?9k t 8 "* requires any am5dm5t4 ,! man :o feels himself all-p]fect1 naturally en\gh despises all fur!r improvem5t4 ,8 self-suffici5cy & absurd conceit ( 8 own sup]iority1 commonly att5d him f 8 y\? to 8 mo/ advanc$ age2 & he dies1 z ,hamlet says1 ') all 8 s9s ^u 8 head1 unano9t$1 unaneal$4' ,x is frequ5tly q o!rwise ) ! va9 man4 ,! desire ( ! e/eem & admiration ( o!r p1 :5 = qualities & tal5ts :i* are ! natural & prop] objects ( e/eem & admiration1 is ! real love ( true glory2 a passion :i*1 if n ! v be/ passion ( human nature1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/4 ,vanity is v frequ5tly no m ?an an attempt prematurely to usurp t glory be=e x is due4 ,?\gh y\r son1 "u five-&-tw5ty ye>s ( age1 %\ld be b a coxcomb2 d n1 ^u t acc\nt1 despair ( 8 becom+1 be=e he is =ty1 a v wise & wor?y man1 & a real pr(ici5t 9 all ^? tal5ts & virtues to :i*1 at pres5t1 he may only be an o/5tati\s & empty pret5d]4 ,! great secret ( education is to direct vanity to prop] objects4 ,nev] suff] him to value himself ^u trivial accompli%m5ts4 ,b d n always disc\rage 8 pret5sions to ^? t are ( real importance4 ,he w\ld n pret5d to !m if he did n e>ne/ly desire to possess !m4 ,enc\rage ?is desire2 af=d him e means to facilitate ! acquisition2 & d n take too mu* (f5ce1 al?\gh he %\ld sometimes assume ! air ( hav+ atta9$ x a little be=e ! "t4 ,su*1 ,i say1 are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( pride & vanity1 :5 ea* ( !m acts accord+ to its prop] "*4 ,b ! pr\d man is (t5 va92 & ! va9 man is (t5 pr\d4 ,no?+ c be m natural ?an t ! man1 :o ?9ks mu* m highly ( himself ?an he des]ves1 %\ld wi% t o!r p %\ld ?9k /ill m highly ( him3 or t ! man1 :o wi%es t o!r p #bca %\ld ?9k m highly ( him ?an he ?9ks ( himself1 %\ld1 at ! same "t1 ?9k mu* m highly ( himself ?an he des]ves4 ,^? two vices be+ frequ5tly bl5d$ 9 ! same "*1 ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? are necess>ily conf\nd$2 & we sometimes f9d ! sup]ficial & imp]t95t o/5tation ( vanity jo9$ to ! mo/ malignant & d]isive insol5ce ( pride4 ,we are sometimes1 ^u t acc\nt1 at a loss h[ to rank a p>ticul> "*1 or :e!r to place x among ! pr\d or among ! va94 ,m5 ( m]it consid]ably above ! common level1 sometimes und]rate z well z ov]-rate !mselves4 ,su* *>act]s1 ?\gh n v dignifi$1 are (t51 9 private society1 f> f be+ disagreeable4 ,8 companions all feel !mselves mu* at _! ease 9 ! society ( a man s p]fectly mode/ & unassum+4 ,if ^? companions1 h[ev]1 h n bo? m disc]nm5t & m g5]osity ?an ord9>y1 ?\gh !y may h "s k9dness = him1 !y h seldom mu* respect2 & ! w>m? ( _! k9dness is v seldom suffici5t to comp5sate ! coldness ( _! respect4 ,m5 ( no m ?an ord9>y disc]nm5t nev] rate any p]son high] ?an he appe>s to rate himself4 ,he seems d\btful himself1 !y say1 :e!r he is p]fectly fit = su* a situation or su* an (fice2 & imm$iately give ! pref]5ce to "s impud5t blockhead :o ent]ta9s no d\bt ab\t 8 own qualifications4 ,?\gh !y %\ld h disc]nm5t1 yet1 if !y want g5]osity1 !y nev] fail to take advantage ( 8 simplicity1 & to assume ov] him an imp]t95t sup]iority :i* !y are by no means entitl$ to4 ,8 good nature may enable him to be> ?is = "s "t2 b he gr[s we>y at la/1 & frequ5tly :5 x is too late1 & :5 t rank1 :i* he ought to h assum$1 is lo/ irrecov]ably1 & usurp$1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own backw>dness1 by "s ( 8 m =w>d1 ?\gh mu* less m]itori\s companions4 ,a man ( ?is "* mu/ h be5 v =tunate 9 ! e>ly *oice ( 8 companions1 if1 9 go+ ?r\gh ! _w1 he meets always ) fair ju/ice1 ev5 f ^? :om1 f 8 own pa/ k9dness1 he might h "s reason to consid] z 8 be/ fri5ds2 & a y\?1 :o may be too unassum+ & too unambiti\s1 is frequ5tly foll[$ by an insignificant1 compla9+1 & discont5t$ old age4 ,^? un=tunate p]sons :om nature has =m$ a good deal bel[ ! common level1 seem (t5times to rate !mselves /ill m bel[ x ?an !y really are4 ,?is humility appe>s sometimes to s9k !m into idiotism4 ,:oev] has tak5 ! tr\ble to exam9e idiots ) att5tion1 w f9d t1 9 _m ( !m1 ! faculties ( ! und]/&+ are by no means weak] ?an 9 sev]al o!r p1 :o1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ to be dull & /upid1 are n1 by any body1 acc\nt$ idiots4 ,_m idiots1 ) no m ?an ord9>y education1 h be5 taught to read1 write1 & acc\nt tol]ably well4 ,_m #bcb p]sons1 nev] acc\nt$ idiots1 not)/&+ ! mo/ c>eful education1 & not)/&+ t1 9 _! advanc$ age1 !y h _h _s en\gh to attempt to le>n :at _! e>ly education _h n taught !m1 h nev] be5 able to acquire1 9 any tol]able degree1 any "o ( ^? ?ree accompli%m5ts4 ,by an in/9ct ( pride1 h[ev]1 !y set !mselves ^u a level ) _! equals 9 age & situation2 &1 ) c\rage & firmness1 ma9ta9 _! prop] /ation among _! companions4 ,by an opposite in/9ct1 ! idiot feels himself bel[ e company into :i* y c introduce him4 ,ill-usage1 to :i* he is extremely liable1 is capable ( ?r[+ him into ! mo/ viol5t fits ( rage & fury4 ,b no good usage1 no k9dness or indulg5ce1 c ev] raise him to conv]se ) y z y\r equal4 ,if y c br+ him to conv]se ) y at all1 h[ev]1 y w frequ5tly f9d 8 answ]s suffici5tly p]t95t1 & ev5 s5sible4 ,b !y are always /amp$ ) a di/9ct consci\sness ( 8 own great inf]iority4 ,he seems to %r9k &1 z x 71 to retire f y\r look & conv]sation2 & to feel1 :5 he places himself 9 y\r situation1 t1 not)/&+ y\r app>5t condesc5sion1 y _c help consid]+ him z imm5sely bel[ y4 ,"s idiots1 p]haps ! great] "p1 seem to be s1 *iefly or altoge!r1 f a c]ta9 numbness or torpidity 9 ! faculties ( ! und]/&+4 ,b !re are o!rs1 9 :om ^? faculties d n appe> m torpid or b5umb$ ?an 9 _m o!r p :o are n acc\nt$ idiots4 ,b t in/9ct ( pride1 necess>y to support !m ^u an equality ) _! bre?r51 seems to be totally want+ 9 ! =m] & n 9 ! latt]4 ,t degree ( self-e/imation1 !re=e1 :i* contributes mo/ to ! happ9ess & cont5tm5t ( ! p]son himself1 seems likewise mo/ agreeable to ! imp>tial spectator4 ,! man :o e/eems himself z he ought1 & no m ?an he ought1 seldom fails to obta9 f o!r p all ! e/eem t he himself ?9ks due4 ,he desires no m ?an is due to him1 & he re/s ^u x ) complete satisfaction4 ,! pr\d & ! va9 man1 on ! contr>y1 are con/antly dissatisfi$4 ,! "o is torm5t$ ) indignation at ! unju/ sup]iority1 z he ?9ks x1 ( o!r p4 ,! o!r is 9 cont9ual dread ( ! %ame1 :i*1 he =esees1 w\ld att5d ^u ! detection ( 8 gr\ndless pret5sions4 ,ev5 ! extravagant pret5sions ( ! man ( real magnanimity1 ?\gh1 :5 support$ by spl5did abilities & virtues1 &1 above all1 by good =tune1 !y impose ^u ! multitude1 ^: applauses he little reg>ds1 d n impose ^u ^? wise m5 ^: approbation he c only value1 & ^: e/eem he is mo/ anxi\s to acquire4 ,he feels t !y see ?r\gh1 & suspects t !y despise 8 excessive presumption2 & he (t5 suff]s ! cruel mis=tune ( becom+1 fir/ ! jeal\s #bcc & secret1 & at la/ ! op51 furi\s1 & v9dictive enemy ( ^? v p]sons1 ^: fri5d%ip x w\ld h giv5 him ! greate/ happ9ess to enjoy ) unsuspici\s security4 ,?\gh our dislike to ! pr\d & ! va9 (t5 disposes u to rank !m r bel[ ?an above _! prop] /ation1 yet1 unless we are provok$ by "s p>ticul> & p]sonal imp]t95ce1 we v seldom v5ture to use !m ill4 ,9 common cases1 we endeav\r1 = our own ease1 r to acquiesce1 &1 z well z we c1 to accommodate ourselves to _! folly4 ,b1 to ! man :o "u-rates himself1 unless we h bo? m disc]nm5t & m g5]osity ?an belong to ! great] "p ( m51 we seldom fail to d1 at lea/1 all ! inju/ice :i* he does to himself1 & frequ5tly a great deal m4 ,he is n only m unhappy 9 8 own feel+s ?an ei!r ! pr\d or ! va91 b he is mu* m liable to e sort ( ill-usage f o!r p4 ,9 almo/ all cases1 x is bett] to be a little too pr\d1 ?an1 9 any respect1 too humble2 &1 9 ! s5tim5t ( self-e/imation1 "s degree ( excess seems1 bo? to ! p]son himself & to ! imp>tial spectator1 to be less disagreeable ?an any degree ( defect ( t feel+4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 z well z 9 e o!r emotion1 passion1 & habit1 ! degree t is mo/ agreeable to ! imp>tial spectator is likewise mo/ agreeable to ! p]son himself2 & accord+ z ei!r ! excess or ! defect is lea/ (f5sive to ! =m]1 s1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r is 9 proportion lea/ disagreeable to ! latt]4 ----- ,,conclusion ,,( ,,! ,,six? ,,"p4 ,,conc]n = our own happ9ess recomm5ds to u ! virtue ( prud5ce3 conc]n = t ( o!r p1 ! virtues ( ju/ice & b5efic5ce2 ( :i*1 ! "o re/ra9s u f hurt+1 ! o!r prompts u to promote t happ9ess4 ,indep5d5t ( any reg>d ei!r to :at are1 or to :at ought to be1 or to :at ^u a c]ta9 condition w\ld be1 ! s5tim5ts ( o!r p1 ! fir/ ( ^? ?ree virtues is orig9ally recomm5d$ to u by our selfi%1 ! o!r two by our b5evol5t affections4 ,reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( o!r p1 h[ev]1 comes aft]w>ds bo? to en=ce & to direct ! practice ( all ^? virtues2 & no man dur+1 ei!r ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 or t ( any consid]able "p ( x1 ev] trod /eadily & uni=mly 9 ! pa?s ( prud5ce1 ( ju/ice1 or ( prop] b5efic5ce1 ^: conduct 0 n pr9cipally direct$ by a reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( ! suppos$ imp>tial spectator1 ( ! great inmate ( ! brea/1 ! great judge & arbit] ( conduct4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( ! day we h sw]v$ 9 any respect f ! rules :i* he prescribes to u2 if we h ei!r exce$$ or relax$ 9 our frugality2 #bcd if we h ei!r exce$$ or relax$ 9 our indu/ry2 if ?r\gh passion or inadv]t5cy1 we h hurt 9 any respect ! int]e/ or happ9ess ( our neighb\r2 if we h neglect$ a pla9 & prop] opportunity ( promot+ t int]e/ & happ9ess2 x is ?is inmate :o1 9 ! ev5+1 calls u to an acc\nt = all ^? omissions & violations1 & 8 reproa*es (t5 make u blu% inw>dly bo? = our folly & inatt5tion to our own happ9ess1 & = our /ill great] indiff]5ce & inatt5tion1 p]haps1 to t ( o!r p4 ,b ?\gh ! virtues ( prud5ce1 ju/ice1 & b5efic5ce1 may1 ^u diff]5t occasions1 be recomm5d$ to u almo/ equally by two diff]5t pr9ciples2 ^? ( self-comm& are1 ^u mo/ occasions1 pr9cipally & almo/ entirely recomm5d$ to u by "o2 by ! s5se ( propriety1 by reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( ! suppos$ imp>tial spectator4 ,)\t ! re/ra9t :i* ?is pr9ciple imposes1 e passion w\ld1 ^u mo/ occasions1 ru% headlong1 if ,i may say s1 to its own gratification4 ,ang] w\ld foll[ ! sugge/ions ( its own fury2 fe> ^? ( its own viol5t agitations4 ,reg>d to no "t or place w\ld induce vanity to refra9 f ! l\de/ & mo/ imp]t95t o/5tation2 or voluptu\sness f ! mo/ op51 indec5t1 & sc&al\s indulg5ce4 ,respect = :at are1 or = :at ought to be1 or = :at ^u a c]ta9 condition w\ld be1 ! s5tim5ts ( o!r p1 is ! sole pr9ciple :i*1 ^u mo/ occasions1 ov]-awes all ^? mut9\s & turbul5t passions into t tone & temp] :i* ! imp>tial spectator c ent] into & cordially sympa?ize )4 ,^u "s occasions1 inde$1 ^? passions are re/ra9$1 n s mu* by a s5se ( _! impropriety1 z by prud5tial consid]ations ( ! bad consequ5ces :i* might foll[ f _! indulg5ce4 ,9 su* cases1 ! passions1 ?\gh re/ra9$1 are n always subdu$1 b (t5 rema9 lurk+ 9 ! brea/ ) all _! orig9al fury4 ,! man ^: ang] is re/ra9$ by fe>1 does n always lay aside 8 ang]1 b only res]ves its gratification = a m safe opportunity4 ,b ! man :o1 9 relat+ to "s o!r p]son ! injury :i* has be5 done to him1 feels at once ! fury ( 8 passion cool$ & becalm$ by sympa?y ) ! m mod]ate s5tim5ts ( 8 companion1 :o at once adopts ^? m mod]ate s5tim5ts1 & comes to view t injury1 n 9 ! black & atroci\s col\rs 9 :i* he _h orig9ally beheld x1 b 9 ! mu* mild] & fair] light 9 :i* 8 companion naturally views x2 n only re/ra9s1 b 9 "s measure subdues1 8 ang]4 ,! passion becomes really less ?an x 0 be=e1 & less capable ( excit+ him to ! viol5t & bloody rev5ge :i* at fir/1 p]haps1 he might h ?\ght ( inflict+ on 8 enemy4 ,^? passions :i* are re/ra9$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 are all 9 "s degree mod]at$ & subdu$ by x4 ,b ^? :i* are #bce re/ra9$ only by prud5tial consid]ations ( any k9d1 are1 on ! contr>y1 frequ5tly inflam$ by ! re/ra9t1 & sometimes 7long aft] ! provocation giv51 & :5 nobody is ?9k+ ab\t x7 bur/ out absurdly & unexpect$ly1 & t ) t5fold fury & viol5ce4 ,ang]1 h[ev]1 z well z e o!r passion1 may1 ^u _m occasions1 be v prop]ly re/ra9$ by prud5tial consid]ations4 ,"s ex]tion ( manhood & self-comm& is ev5 necess>y = ?is sort ( re/ra9t2 & ! imp>tial spectator may sometimes view x ) t sort ( cold e/eem due to t species ( conduct :i* he consid]s z a m]e matt] ( vulg> prud5ce2 b nev] ) t affectionate admiration ) :i* he surveys ! same passions1 :51 by ! s5se ( propriety1 !y are mod]at$ & subdu$ to :at he himself c readily ent] into4 ,9 ! =m] species ( re/ra9t1 he may frequ5tly disc]n "s degree ( propriety1 &1 if y w1 ev5 ( virtue2 b x is a propriety & virtue ( a mu* inf]ior ord] to ^? :i* he always feels ) transport & admiration 9 ! latt]4 ,! virtues ( prud5ce1 ju/ice1 & b5efic5ce1 h no t5d5cy to produce any b ! mo/ agreeable effects4 ,reg>d to ^? effects1 z x orig9ally recomm5ds !m to ! actor1 s does x aft]w>ds to ! imp>tial spectator4 ,9 our approbation ( ! "* ( ! prud5t man1 we feel1 ) peculi> complac5cy1 ! security :i* he mu/ enjoy :ile he walks "u ! safegu>d ( t s$ate & delib]ate virtue4 ,9 our approbation ( ! "* ( ! j man1 we feel1 ) equal complac5cy1 ! security :i* all ^? connect$ ) him1 :e!r 9 neighb\rhood1 society1 or bus9ess mu/ d]ive f 8 scrupul\s anxiety nev] ei!r to hurt or (f5d4 ,9 our approbation ( ! "* ( ! b5efic5t man1 we ent] into ! gratitude ( all ^? :o are )9 ! sph]e ( 8 good (fices1 & conceive ) !m ! highe/ s5se ( 8 m]it4 ,9 our approbation ( all ^? virtues1 our s5se ( _! agreeable effects1 ( _! utility1 ei!r to ! p]son :o ex]cises !m1 or to "s o!r p]sons1 jo9s ) our s5se ( _! propriety1 & con/itutes always a consid]able1 frequ5tly ! great] "p ( t approbation4 ,b 9 our approbation ( ! virtues ( self-comm&1 complac5cy ) _! effects sometimes con/itutes no "p1 & frequ5tly b a small "p1 ( t approbation4 ,^? effects may sometimes be agreeable1 & sometimes disagreeable2 & ?\gh our approbation is no d\bt /rong] 9 ! =m] case1 x is by no means altoge!r de/roy$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! mo/ h]oic val\r may be employ$ indiff]5tly 9 ! cause ei!r ( ju/ice or ( inju/ice2 & ?\gh x is no d\bt mu* m lov$ & admir$ 9 ! =m] case1 x /ill appe>s a great & respectable quality ev5 9 ! latt]4 ,9 t1 & 9 all ! o!r ,virtues ( self-comm&1 ! spl5did & dazzl+ #bcf quality seems always to be ! greatness & /ead9ess ( ! ex]tion1 & ! /rong s5se ( propriety :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to make & to ma9ta9 t ex]tion4 ,! effects are too (t5 b too little reg>d$4 ----- ,"p ,,vii4--,( ,sy/ems ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,,sec4 ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,que/ions ,,:i* ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,exam9$ ,,9 ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts4 ,,if we exam9e ! mo/ celebrat$ & rem>kable ( ! diff]5t !ories :i* h be5 giv5 conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts1 we %all f9d t almo/ all ( !m co9cide ) "s "p or o!r ( t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to give an acc\nt (2 & t if e ?+ :i* has already be5 said be fully consid]$1 we %all be at no loss to expla9 :at 0 ! view or aspect ( nature :i* l$ ea* p>ticul> au?or to =m 8 p>ticul> sy/em4 ,f "s "o or o!r ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to unfold1 e sy/em ( morality t ev] _h any reputation 9 ! _w has1 p]haps1 ultimately be5 d]iv$4 ,z !y are all ( !m1 9 ?is respect1 f\nd$ ^u natural pr9ciples1 !y are all ( !m 9 "s measure 9 ! "r4 ,b z _m ( !m are d]iv$ f a p>tial & imp]fect view ( nature1 !re are _m ( !m too 9 "s respects 9 ! wrong4 ,9 treat+ ( ! pr9ciples ( morals !re are two que/ions to be consid]$4 ,fir/1 :]e9 does virtue consi/8 ,or :at is ! tone ( temp]1 & t5or ( conduct1 :i* con/itutes ! excell5t & praise-wor?y "*1 ! "* :i* is ! natural object ( e/eem1 hon\r1 & approbation8 ,&1 secondly1 by :at p[] or faculty 9 ! m9d is x1 t ?is "*1 :atev] x be1 is recomm5d$ to u8 ,or 9 o!r words1 h[ & by :at means does x come to pass1 t ! m9d pref]s "o t5or ( conduct to ano!r1 d5om9ates ! "o "r & ! o!r wrong2 consid]s ! "o z ! object ( approbation1 hon\r1 & rew>d1 & ! o!r ( blame1 c5sure1 & puni%m5t8 ,we exam9e ! fir/ "q :5 we consid] :e!r virtue consi/s 9 b5evol5ce1 z ,dr4 ,hut*eson imag9es2 or 9 act+ suitably to ! diff]5t relations we /& 91 z ,dr4 ,cl>k supposes2 or 9 ! wise & prud5t pursuit ( our own real & solid happ9ess1 z has be5 ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,we exam9e ! second "q1 :5 we consid]1 :e!r ! virtu\s "*1 :atev] x consi/s 91 be recomm5d$ to u by self-love1 :i* makes u p]ceive t ?is "*1 bo? 9 ourselves & o!rs1 t5ds mo/ to promote our own private int]e/2 or by reason1 :i* po9ts out to u ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o "* & #bcg ano!r1 9 ! same mann] z x does t betwe5 tru? & falsehood2 or by a peculi> p[] ( p]ception1 call$ a moral s5se1 :i* ?is virtu\s "* gratifies & pleases1 z ! contr>y disgu/s & displeases x2 or la/ ( all1 by "s o!r pr9ciple 9 human nature1 su* z a modification ( sympa?y1 or ! l4 ,i %all beg9 ) consid]+ ! sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 & %all proce$ aft]w>ds to exam9e ^? conc]n+ ! second4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,acc\nts ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,giv5 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,virtue4 ,,introduction4 ,! diff]5t acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue1 or ( ! temp] ( m9d :i* con/itutes ! excell5t & praise-wor?y "*1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree diff]5t classes4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! virtu\s temp] ( m9d does n consi/ 9 any "o species ( affections1 b 9 ! prop] gov]nm5t & direction ( all our affections1 :i* may be ei!r virtu\s or vici\s accord+ to ! objects :i* !y pursue1 & ! degree ( vehem5ce ) :i* !y pursue !m4 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors1 !re=e1 virtue consi/s 9 propriety4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 virtue consi/s 9 ! judici\s pursuit ( our own private int]e/ & happ9ess1 or 9 ! prop] gov]nm5t & direction ( ^? selfi% affections :i* aim solely at ?is end4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ^!1 !re=e1 virtue consi/s 9 prud5ce4 ,ano!r set ( au?ors make virtue consi/ 9 ^? affections only :i* aim at ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 n 9 ^? :i* aim at our own4 ,accord+ to !m1 !re=e1 dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce is ! only motive :i* c /amp ^u actions ! "* ( virtue4 ,! "* ( virtue1 x is evid5t1 mu/ ei!r be ascrib$ indiff]5tly to all our affections1 :5 "u prop] gov]nm5t & direction2 or be conf9$ to "s "o class or division ( !m4 ,! great division ( our affections is into ! selfi% & ! b5evol5t4 ,if ! "* ( virtue1 !re=e1 _c be ascrib$ indiff]5tly to all our affections1 :5 "u prop] gov]nm5t & direction1 x mu/ be conf9$ ei!r to ^? :i* aim directly at our own private happ9ess1 or to ^? :i* aim directly at t ( o!rs4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 does n consi/ 9 propriety1 x mu/ consi/ ei!r 9 prud5ce or 9 b5evol5ce4 ,besides ^! ?ree1 x is sc>ce possible to imag9e t any o!r acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue4 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ h]eaft] h[ all ! o!r acc\nts1 :i* are seem+ly diff]5t f any ( ^!1 co9cide at bottom ) "s "o or o!r ( !m4 #bch ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,propriety4 ,,accord+ to ,plato1 to ,ari/otle1 & to ,z5o1 virtue consi/s 9 ! propriety ( conduct1 or 9 ! suitabl5ess ( ! affection f :i* we act to ! object :i* excites x4 ,i4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,plato 7,see ,plato de ,rep4 lib4 iv47 ! s\l is consid]$ z some?+ l a little /ate or republic1 compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t faculties or ord]s4 ,! fir/ is ! judg+ faculty1 ! faculty :i* det]m9es n only :at are ! prop] means = atta9+ any end1 b also :at ends are fit to be pursu$1 & :at degree ( relative value we ought to put ^u ea*4 ,?is faculty ,plato call$1 z x is v prop]ly call$1 reason1 & consid]$ x z :at _h a "r to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,"u ?is appellation1 x is evid5t1 he compreh5d$ n only t faculty by :i* we judge ( tru? & falsehood1 b t by :i* we judge ( ! propriety or ! impropriety ( our desires & affections4 ,! diff]5t passions & appetites1 ! natural subjects ( ?is rul+ pr9ciple1 b :i* are s apt to rebel aga9/ _! ma/]1 he r$uc$ to two diff]5t classes or ord]s4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( ^? passions1 :i* are f\nd$ 9 pride & res5tm5t1 or 9 :at ! s*oolm5 call$ ! irascible "p ( ! s\l2 ambition1 animosity1 ! love ( hon\r1 & ! dread ( %ame1 ! desire ( victory1 sup]iority1 & rev5ge2 all ^? passions1 9 %ort1 :i* are suppos$ ei!r to rise f1 or to d5ote :at1 by a metaphor 9 our language1 we commonly call _s or natural fire4 ,! second consi/$ ( ^? passions :i* are f\nd$ 9 ! love ( pleasure1 or 9 :at ! s*oolm5 call$ ! concupiscible "p ( ! s\l4 ,x compreh5d$ all ! appetites ( ! body1 ! love ( ease & ( security1 & ( all ! s5sual gratifications4 ,x r>ely happ5s t we break 9 ^u t plan ( conduct1 :i* ! gov]n+ pr9ciple prescribes1 & :i* 9 all our cool h\rs we _h laid d[n to ourselves z :at 0 mo/ prop] = u to pursue1 b :5 prompt$ by "o or o!r ( ^? two diff]5t sets ( passions2 ei!r by ungov]nable ambition & res5tm5t1 or by ! importunate solicitations ( pres5t ease & pleasure4 ,b ?\gh ^! two ord]s ( passions are s apt to mislead u1 !y are /ill consid]$ z necess>y p>ts ( human nature3 ! fir/ hav+ be5 giv5 to def5d u aga9/ injuries1 to ass]t our rank & dignity 9 ! _w1 to make u aim at :at is noble & hon\rable1 & to make u di/+ui% ^? :o act 9 ! same mann]2 ! second1 to provide = ! support & necessities ( ! body4 ,9 ! /r5g?1 acut5ess1 & p]fection ( ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 0 plac$ ! ess5tial virtue ( prud5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to ,plato1 #bci consi/$ 9 a j & cle> disc]nm5t1 f\nd$ ^u g5]al & sci5tific ideas1 ( ! ends :i* 7 prop] to be pursu$1 & ( ! means :i* 7 prop] = atta9+ !m4 ,:5 ! fir/ set ( passions1 ^? ( ! irascible "p ( ! s\l1 _h t degree ( /r5g? & firmness1 :i* enabl$ !m1 "u ! direction ( reason1 to despise all dang]s 9 ! pursuit ( :at 0 hon\rable & noble2 x con/itut$ ! virtue ( =titude & magnanimity4 ,?is ord] ( passions1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 0 ( a m g5]\s & noble nature ?an ! o!r4 ,!y 7 consid]$ ^u _m occasions z ! auxili>ies ( reason1 to *eck & re/ra9 ! inf]ior & brutal appetites4 ,we are (t5 angry at ourselves1 x 0 obs]v$1 we (t5 become ! objects ( our own res5tm5t & indignation1 :5 ! love ( pleasure prompts to d :at we disapprove (2 & ! irascible "p ( our nature is 9 ?is mann] call$ 9 to assi/ ! rational aga9/ ! concupiscible4 ,:5 all ^? ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( our nature 7 9 p]fect concord ) "o ano!r1 :5 nei!r ! irascible nor concupiscible passions ev] aim$ at any gratification :i* reason did n approve (1 & :5 reason nev] comm&$ any ?+1 b :at ^! ( _! own accord 7 will+ to p]=m3 ?is happy composure1 ?is p]fect & complete h>mony ( s\l1 con/itut$ t virtue :i* 9 _! language is express$ by a ^w :i* we commonly translate temp]ance1 b :i* might m prop]ly be translat$ good temp]1 or sobriety & mod]ation ( m9d4 ,ju/ice1 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 took place1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 :5 ea* ( ^? ?ree faculties ( ! m9d conf9$ itself to its prop] (fice1 )\t attempt+ to encroa* ^u t ( any o!r2 :5 reason direct$ & passion obey$1 & :5 ea* passion p]=m$ its prop] duty1 & ex]t$ itself t[>ds its prop] object easily & )\t reluctance1 & ) t degree ( =ce & en]gy1 :i* 0 suitable to ! value ( :at x pursu$4 ,9 ?is consi/$ t complete virtue1 t p]fect propriety ( conduct1 :i* ,plato1 aft] "s ( ! anci5t ,py?agoreans1 has well d5om9at$ ,ju/ice4 ,! ^w1 x is to be obs]v$1 :i* expresses ju/ice 9 ! ,greek language1 has sev]al diff]5t mean+s2 & z ! correspond5t ^w 9 all o!r languages1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ! same1 !re mu/ be "s natural aff9ity among ^? v>i\s significations4 ,9 "o s5se we are said to d ju/ice to our neighb\r :5 we ab/a9 f do+ him any positive h>m1 & d n directly hurt him1 ei!r 9 8 p]son1 or 9 8 e/ate1 or 9 8 reputation4 ,?is is t ju/ice :i* ,i h treat$ ( above1 ! obs]vance ( :i* may be extort$ by =ce1 & ! violation ( :i* exposes to puni%m5t4 ,9 ano!r s5se we are said n to d ju/ice to our neighb\r unless we conceive = him all t love1 respect1 & e/eem1 :i* 8 "*1 8 #bdj situation1 & 8 connexion ) ourselves1 r5d] suitable & prop] = u to feel1 & unless we act accord+ly4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we are said to d inju/ice to a man ( m]it :o is connect$ ) u1 ?\gh we ab/a9 f hurt+ him 9 e respect1 if we d n ex]t ourselves to s]ve him & to place him 9 t situation 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld be pleas$ to see him4 ,! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w co9cides ) :at ,ari/otle & ! ,s*oolm5 call commutative ju/ice1 & ) :at ,grotius calls ! ju/itia expletrix1 :i* consi/s 9 ab/a9+ f :at is ano!r's1 & 9 do+ volunt>ily :atev] we c ) propriety be =c$ to d4 ,! second s5se ( ! ^w co9cides ) :at "s h call$ di/ributive ju/ice1#e & ) ! ju/itia attributrix ( ,grotius1 :i* consi/s 9 prop] b5efic5ce1 9 ! becom+ use ( :at is our own1 & 9 ! apply+ x to ^? purposes1 ei!r ( *>ity or g5]osity1 to :i* x is mo/ suitable1 9 our situation1 t x %\ld be appli$4 ,9 ?is s5se ju/ice compreh5ds all ! social virtues4 ,!re is yet ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! ^w ju/ice is sometimes tak51 /ill m ext5sive ?an ei!r ( ! =m]1 ?\gh v mu* ak9 to ! la/2 & :i* runs too1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?r\gh all languages4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ s5se t we are said to be unju/1 :5 we d n seem to value any p>ticul> object ) t degree ( e/eem1 or to pursue x ) t degree ( ard\r :i* to ! imp>tial spectator x may appe> to des]ve or to be naturally fitt$ = excit+4 ,?us we are said to d inju/ice to a poem or a picture1 :5 we d n admire !m en\gh1 & we are said to d !m m ?an ju/ice :5 we admire !m too mu*4 ,9 ! same mann] we are said to d inju/ice to ourselves :5 we appe> n to give suffici5t att5tion to any p>ticul> object ( self-int]e/4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se1 :at is call$ ju/ice means ! same ?+ ) exact & p]fect propriety ( conduct & behavi\r1 & compreh5ds 9 x1 n only ! (fices ( bo? commutative & di/ributive ju/ice1 b ( e o!r virtue1 ( prud5ce1 ( =titude1 ( temp]ance4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ s5se t ,plato evid5tly und]/&s :at he calls ju/ice1 & :i*1 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 compreh5ds 9 x ! p]fection ( e sort ( virtue4 ,footnote #e3 ,! di/ributive ju/ice ( ,ari/otle is some:at diff]5t4 ,x consi/s 9 ! prop] di/ribution ( rew>ds f ! public /ock ( a community4 ,see ,ari/otle ,e?ic4 ,nic4 #a4 #e4 c4 #b4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,plato ( ! nature ( virtue1 or ( t temp] ( m9d :i* is ! prop] object ( praise & approbation4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ to him1 9 t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* e faculty conf9es itself )9 its prop] sph]e )\t encroa*+ ^u t ( any o!r1 & p]=ms its prop] (fice ) t precise degree ( /r5g? & vig\r :i* belongs to x4 ,8 acc\nt1 x is evid5t1 co9cides 9 e respect ) :at we h said above conc]n+ ! propriety ( conduct4 ,,ii4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 ,nic4 #a4 #b4 c4 #e4 et seq4 et #a4 #c4 #bda c4 #d4 et seq471 consi/s 9 ! habit ( m$iocrity accord+ to "r reason4 ,e p>ticul> virtue1 accord+ to him1 lies 9 a k9d ( middle betwe5 two opposite vices1 ( :i* ! "o (f5ds f be+ too mu*1 ! o!r f be+ too little affect$ by a p>ticul> species ( objects4 ,?us ! virtue ( =titude or c\rage lies 9 ! middle betwe5 ! opposite vices ( c[>dice & ( presumptu\s ra%ness1 ( :i* ! "o (f5ds f be+ too mu*1 & ! o!r f be+ too little affect$ by ! objects ( fe>4 ,?us too ! virtue ( frugality lies 9 a middle betwe5 av>ice & pr(usion1 ( :i* ! "o consi/s 9 an excess1 ! o!r 9 a defect ( ! prop] att5tion to ! objects ( self-int]e/4 ,magnanimity1 9 ! same mann]1 lies 9 a middle betwe5 ! excess ( arrogance & ! defect ( pusillanimity1 ( :i* ! "o consi/s 9 too extravagant1 ! o!r 9 too weak a s5tim5t ( our own wor? & dignity4 ,x is unnecess>y to obs]ve t ?is acc\nt ( virtue corresponds1 too1 pretty exactly ) :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ! propriety & impropriety ( conduct4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 ,nic4 lib4 ii4 *4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d471 inde$1 virtue did n s mu* consi/ 9 ^? mod]ate & "r affections1 z 9 ! habit ( ?is mod]ation4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 x is to be obs]v$1 t virtue may be consid]$ ei!r z ! quality ( an action1 or ! quality ( a p]son4 ,consid]$ z ! quality ( an action1 x consi/s1 ev5 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 9 ! reasonable mod]ation ( ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 :e!r ?is disposition be habitual to ! p]son or n4 ,consid]$ z ! quality ( a p]son1 x consi/s 9 ! habit ( ?is reasonable mod]ation1 9 its hav+ become ! cu/om>y & usual disposition ( ! m9d4 ,?us ! action :i* proce$s f an occasional fit ( g5]osity is und\bt$ly a g5]\s action1 b ! man :o p]=ms x1 is n necess>ily a g5]\s p]son1 because x may be ! s+le action ( ! k9d :i* he ev] p]=m$4 ,! motive & disposition ( he>t1 f :i* ?is action 0 p]=m$1 may h be5 q j & prop]3 b z ?is happy mood seems to h be5 ! effect r ( accid5tal hum\r ?an ( any ?+ /eady or p]man5t 9 ! "*1 x c reflect no great hon\r on ! p]=m]4 ,:5 we d5om9ate a "* g5]\s or *>itable1 or virtu\s 9 any respect1 we mean to signify t ! disposition express$ by ea* ( ^? appellations is ! usual & cu/om>y disposition ( ! p]son4 ,b s+le actions ( any k9d1 h[ prop] & suitable soev]1 are ( little consequ5ce to %[ t ?is is ! case4 ,if a s+le action 0 suffici5t to /amp ! "* ( any virtue ^u ! p]son :o p]=m$ x1 ! mo/ wor?less ( mank9d might lay claim to all ! virtues2 s9ce !re is no man :o has n1 ^u "s occasions1 act$ ) prud5ce1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & =titude4 ,b ?\gh s+le actions1 h[ laudable soev]1 reflect v little praise ^u ! #bdb p]son :o p]=ms !m1 a s+le vici\s action p]=m$ by "o ^: conduct is usually pretty regul>1 greatly dim9i%es & sometimes de/roys altoge!r our op9ion ( 8 virtue4 ,a s+le action ( ?is k9d suffici5tly %[s t 8 habits are n p]fect1 & t he is less to be dep5d$ ^u1 ?an1 f ! usual tra9 ( 8 behavi\r1 we might h be5 apt to imag9e4 ,ari/otle too 7,mag4 ,mor4 lib4 i4 *4 #a47 :5 he made virtue to consi/ 9 practical habits1 _h x probably 9 8 view to oppose ! doctr9e ( ,plato1 :o seems to h be5 ( op9ion t j s5tim5ts & reasonable judgm5ts conc]n+ :at 0 fit to be done or to be avoid$1 7 alone suffici5t to con/itute ! mo/ p]fect virtue4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,plato1 might be consid]$ z a species ( sci5ce1 & no man1 he ?\ght1 c\ld see cle>ly & demon/ratively :at 0 "r & :at 0 wrong1 & n act accord+ly4 ,passion might make u act contr>y to d\btful & unc]ta9 op9ions1 n to pla9 & evid5t judgm5ts4 ,ari/otle1 on ! contr>y1 0 ( op9ion t no conviction ( ! und]/&+ 0 capable ( gett+ ! bett] ( invet]ate habits1 & t our good morals arose n f k b f action4 ,,iii4 ,accord+ to ,z5o1#f ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oical doctr9e1 e animal 0 by nature recomm5d$ to its own c>e1 & 0 end[$ ) ! pr9ciple ( self-love1 t x might endeav\r to pres]ve1 n only its exi/5ce1 b all ! diff]5t p>ts ( its nature1 9 ! be/ & mo/ p]fect /ate ( :i* !y 7 capable4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,cic]o de f9ibus1 lib4 iii42 also ,diog5es ,la]tius 9 ,z5one1 lib4 vii4 segm5t #hd4 ,! self-love ( man embrac$1 if ,i may say s1 8 body & all its diff]5t memb]s1 8 m9d & all its diff]5t faculties & p[]s1 & desir$ ! pres]vation & ma9t5ance ( !m all 9 _! be/ & mo/ p]fect condition4 ,:atev] t5d$ to support ?is /ate ( exi/5ce 01 !re=e1 by nature po9t$ out to him z fit to be *os52 & :atev] t5d$ to de/roy x1 z fit to be reject$4 ,?us heal?1 /r5g?1 agility1 & ease ( body z well z ! ext]nal conv5i5ces :i* c\ld promote ^!2 weal?1 p[]1 hon\rs1 ! respect & e/eem ( ^? we live )2 7 naturally po9t$ out to u z ?+s eligible1 & ( :i* ! possession 0 pref]able to ! want4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sickness1 infirmity1 unwield9ess1 pa9 ( body1 z well z all ! ext]nal inconv5i5ces :i* t5d to occasion or br+ on any ( !m2 pov]ty1 ! want ( au?ority1 ! contempt or hatr$ ( ^? we live )2 71 9 ! same mann]1 po9t$ out to u z ?+s to be %unn$ & avoid$4 ,9 ea* ( ^? two opposite classes ( objects1 !re 7 "s :i* appe>$ to be m ! objects ei!r ( *oice or rejection1 ?an o!rs 9 ! same class4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ class1 heal? appe>$ evid5tly pref]able to /r5g?1 & /r5g? to agility2 reputation to p[]1 & p[] to ri*es4 ,& ?us too1 9 ! second class1 sickness 0 m to be avoid$ ?an #bdc unwield9ess ( body1 ignom9y ?an pov]ty1 & pov]ty ?an ! loss ( p[]4 ,virtue & ! propriety ( conduct consi/$ 9 *oos+ & reject+ all diff]5t objects & circum/ances accord+ z !y 7 by nature r5d]$ m or less ! objects ( *oice or rejection2 9 select+ always f among ! sev]al objects ( *oice pres5t$ to u1 t :i* mu/ be *os51 :5 we c\ld n obta9 !m all2 & 9 select+1 too1 out ( ! sev]al objects ( rejection (f]$ to u1 t :i* 0 lea/ to be avoid$1 :5 x 0 n 9 our p[] to avoid !m all4 ,by *oos+ & reject+ ) ?is j & accurate disc]nm5t1 by ?us be/[+ ^u e object ! precise degree ( att5tion x des]v$1 accord+ to ! place :i* x held 9 ?is natural scale ( ?+s1 we ma9ta9$1 9999accord+ to ! ,/oics1 t p]fect rectitude ( conduct :i* con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( virtue4 ,?is 0 :at !y call$ to live consi/5tly1 to live accord+ to nature1 & to obey ^? laws & directions :i* nature1 or ! ,au?or ( nature1 _h prescrib$ = our conduct4 ,s f> ! ,/oical idea ( propriety & virtue is n v diff]5t f t ( ,ari/otle & ! anci5t ,p]ipatetics4 ,among ^? prim>y objects :i* nature _h recomm5d$ to u z eligible1 0 ! prosp]ity ( our family1 ( our relations1 ( our fri5ds1 ( our c\ntry1 ( mank9d1 & ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,nature too1 _h taught u1 t z ! prosp]ity ( two 0 pref]able to t ( "o1 t ( _m1 or ( all1 mu/ be inf9itely m s4 ,t we ourselves 7 b "o1 & t consequ5tly :]ev] our prosp]ity 0 inconsi/5t ) t1 ei!r ( ! :ole1 or ( any consid]able "p ( ! :ole1 x ought1 ev5 9 our own *oice1 to yield to :at 0 s va/ly pref]able4 ,z all ! ev5ts 9 ?is _w 7 conduct$ by ! provid5ce ( a wise1 p[]ful1 & good ,god1 we might be assur$ t :atev] happ5$ t5d$ to ! prosp]ity & p]fection ( ! :ole4 ,if we ourselves1 !re=e1 7 9 pov]ty1 9 sickness1 or 9 any o!r calamity1 we ought1 fir/ ( all1 to use our utmo/ endeav\rs1 s f> z ju/ice & our duty to o!rs w all[1 to rescue ourselves f ?is disagreeable circum/ance4 ,b if1 aft] all we c\ld d1 we f\nd ?is impossible1 we ought to re/ satisfi$ t ! ord] & p]fection ( ! univ]se requir$ t we %\ld 9 ! mean "t cont9ue 9 ?is situation4 ,& z ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole %\ld1 ev5 to u1 appe> pref]able to s insignificant a "p z ourselves1 our situation1 :atev] x 01 ought f t mom5t to become ! object ( our lik+1 if we w\ld ma9ta9 t complete propriety & rectitude ( s5tim5t & conduct 9 :i* consi/$ ! p]fection ( our nature4 ,if1 inde$1 any opportunity ( extricat+ ourselves %\ld (f]1 x became our duty to embrace x4 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se1 x 0 evid5t1 no long] requir$ our cont9uance 9 ?is situation1 & ! great ,director ( ! _w pla9ly call$ ^u u to leave x1 by s cle>ly po9t+ out #bdd ! road :i* we 7 to foll[4 ,x 0 ! same case ) ! adv]sity ( our relations1 our fri5ds1 our c\ntry4 ,if1 )\t violat+ any m sacr$ obligation1 x 0 9 our p[] to prev5t or put an end to _! calamity1 x und\bt$ly 0 our duty to d s4 ,! propriety ( action1 ! rule :i* ,jupit] _h giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct1 evid5tly requir$ ?is ( u4 ,b if x 0 altoge!r out ( our p[] to d ei!r1 we ought !n to consid] ?is ev5t z ! mo/ =tunate :i* c\ld possibly h happ5$3 because we might be assur$ t x t5d$ mo/ to ! prosp]ity & ord] ( ! :ole1 :i* 0 t we ourselves1 if we 7 wise & equitable1 ought mo/ ( all to desire4 ,x 0 our own f9al int]e/ consid]$ z a "p ( t :ole1 ( :i* ! prosp]ity ought to be1 n only ! pr9cipal1 b ! sole object ( our desire4 ',9 :at s5se1' says ,epictetus1 'are "s ?+s said to be accord+ to our nature1 & o!rs contr>y to x8 ,x is 9 t s5se 9 :i* we consid] ourselves z sep>at$ & deta*$ f all o!r ?+s4 ,= ?us x may be said to be accord+ to ! nature ( ! foot to be always clean4 ,b if y consid] x z a foot1 & n z some?+ deta*$ f ! re/ ( ! body1 x mu/ behove x "s times to trample 9 ! dirt1 & sometimes to tread ^u ?orns1 & sometimes1 too1 to be cut (f = ! sake ( ! :ole body2 & if x refuses ?is1 x is no long] a foot4 ,?us1 too1 ought we to conceive ) reg>d to ourselves4 ,:at are y8 ,a man4 ,if y consid] y\rself z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 x is agreeable to y\r nature to live to old age1 to be ri*1 to be 9 heal?4 ,b if y consid] y\rself z a man1 & z a "p ( a :ole1 ^u acc\nt ( t :ole1 x w behove y sometimes to be 9 sickness1 sometimes to be expos$ to ! inconv5i5cy ( a sea voyage1 sometimes to be 9 want1 & at la/ p]haps to die be=e y\r "t4 ,:y !n d y compla98 ,d n y "k t by do+ s1 z ! foot ceases to be a foot1 s y cease to be man8' ,a wise man nev] compla9s ( ! de/9y ( ,provid5ce1 nor ?9ks ! univ]se 9 confusion :5 he is out ( ord]4 ,he does n look ^u himself z a :ole1 sep>at$ & deta*$ f e o!r "p ( nature1 to be tak5 c>e ( by itself & = itself4 ,he reg>ds himself 9 ! light 9 :i* he imag9es ! great g5ius ( human nature1 & ( ! _w1 reg>ds him4 ,he ent]s1 if ,i may say s1 into ! s5tim5ts ( t div9e ,be+1 & consid]s himself z an atom1 a p>ticle1 ( an imm5se & inf9ite sy/em1 :i* mu/ & ought to be dispos$ ( accord+ to ! conv5i5cy ( ! :ole4 ,assur$ ( ! wisdom :i* directs all ! ev5ts ( human life1 :atev] lot befalls him1 he accepts x ) joy1 satisfi$ t1 if he _h kn[n all ! connections & dep5d5cies ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se1 x is ! v lot :i* he himself w\ld h wi%$ =4 ,if x is life1 he is cont5t$ to live2 & if x is dea?1 z nature mu/ h no fur!r #bde occasion = 8 pres5ce "h1 he will+ly goes :]e he is appo9t$4 ,i accept1 said a cynical philosoph]1 ^: doctr9es 7 9 ?is respect ! same z ^? ( ! ,/oics1 ,i accept1 ) equal joy & satisfaction1 :atev] =tune c befall me4 ,ri*es or pov]ty1 pleasure or pa91 heal? or sickness1 all is alike3 nor w\ld ,i desire t ! gods %\ld 9 any respect *ange my de/9ation4 ,if ,i 0 to ask ( !m any ?+ beyond :at _! b\nty has already be/[$1 x %\ld be t !y w\ld in=m me be=eh& :at x 0 _! pleasure %\ld be done ) me1 t ,i might ( my own accord place myself 9 ?is situation1 & demon/rate ! *e]fulness ) :i* ,i embrac$ _! allotm5t4 ,if ,i am go+ to sail1 says ,epictetus1 ,i *oose ! be/ %ip & ! be/ pilot1 & ,i wait = ! faire/ wea!r t my circum/ances & duty w all[4 ,prud5ce & propriety1 ! pr9ciples :i* ! gods h giv5 me = ! direction ( my conduct1 require ?is ( me2 b !y require no m3 & if1 not)/&+1 a /orm arises1 :i* nei!r ! /r5g? ( ! vessel nor ! skill ( ! pilot are likely to )/&1 ,i give myself no tr\ble ab\t ! consequ5ce4 ,all t ,i _h to d is done already4 ,! directors ( my conduct nev] comm& me to be mis]able1 to be anxi\s1 despond+1 or afraid4 ,:e!r we are to be dr[n$1 or to come to a h>b\r1 is ! bus9ess ( ,jupit]1 n m9e4 ,i leave x entirely to 8 det]m9ation1 nor ev] break my re/ ) consid]+ :i* way he is likely to decide x1 b receive :atev] may come ) equal indiff]5ce & security4 ,f ?is p]fect confid5ce 9 t b5evol5t wisdom :i* gov]ns ! univ]se1 & f ?is entire resignation to :atev] ord] t wisdom might ?9k prop] to e/abli%1 x necess>ily foll[$1 t to ! ,/oical wise man1 all ! ev5ts ( human life mu/ be 9 a great measure indiff]5t4 ,8 happ9ess consi/$ altoge!r1 fir/1 9 ! contemplation ( ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se1 ( ! good gov]nm5t ( ! great republic ( gods & m51 ( all rational & s5sible be+s2 &1 secondly1 9 dis*>g+ 8 duty1 9 act+ prop]ly 9 ! affairs ( ?is great republic :atev] little "p t wisdom _h assign$ to him4 ,! propriety or impropriety ( 8 endeav\rs might be ( great consequ5ce to him4 ,_! success or disappo9tm5t c\ld be ( none at all2 c\ld excite no passionate joy or sorr[1 no passionate desire or av]sion4 ,if he pref]r$ "s ev5ts to o!rs1 if "s situations 7 ! objects ( 8 *oice & o!rs ( 8 rejection1 x 0 n because he reg>d$ ! "o z 9 !mselves 9 any respect bett] ?an ! o!r1 or ?\ght t 8 own happ9ess w\ld be m complete 9 :at is call$ ! =tunate ?an 9 :at is reg>d$ z ! di/ressful situation2 b because ! propriety ( action1 ! rule :i* ! gods _h giv5 him = ! direction ( 8 conduct1 requir$ him to *oose & reject 9 ?is mann]4 ,all 8 affections 7 absorb$ & swall[$ up 9 #bdf two great affections2 9 t = ! dis*>ge ( 8 own duty1 & 9 t = ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( all rational & s5sible be+s4 ,= ! gratification ( ?is latt] affection1 he re/$ ) ! mo/ p]fect security ^u ! wisdom & p[] ( ! great ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se4 ,8 sole anxiety 0 ab\t ! gratification ( ! =m]2 n ab\t ! ev5t1 b ab\t ! propriety ( 8 own endeav\rs4 ,:atev] ! ev5t might be1 he tru/$ to a sup]ior p[] & wisdom = turn+ x to promote t great end :i* he himself 0 mo/ desir\s ( promot+4 ,?is propriety ( *oos+ & reject+1 ?\gh orig9ally po9t$ out to u1 & z x 7 recomm5d$ & introduc$ to our acqua9tance by ! ?+s1 & = ! sake ( ! ?+s1 *os5 & reject$2 yet :5 we _h once become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) x1 ! ord]1 ! grace1 ! beauty :i* we disc]n$ 9 ?is conduct1 ! happ9ess :i* we felt result$ f x1 necess>ily appe>$ to u ( mu* great] value ?an ! actual obta9+ ( all ! diff]5t objects ( *oice1 or ! actual avoid+ ( all ^? ( rejection4 ,f ! obs]vation ( ?is propriety arose ! happ9ess & ! glory2 f ! neglect ( x1 ! mis]y & ! disgrace ( human nature4 ,b to a wise man1 to "o ^: passions 7 br\ght "u p]fect subjection to ! rul+ pr9ciples ( 8 nature1 ! exact obs]vation ( ?is propriety 0 equally easy ^u all occasions4 ,0 he 9 prosp]ity1 he return$ ?anks to ,jupit] = hav+ jo9$ him ) circum/ances :i* 7 easily ma/]$1 & 9 :i* !re 0 little temptation to d wrong4 ,0 he 9 adv]sity1 he equally return$ ?anks to ! director ( ?is spectacle ( human life1 = hav+ oppos$ to him a vigor\s a?lete1 ov] :om1 ?\gh ! conte/ 0 likely to be m viol5t1 ! victory 0 m glori\s1 & equally c]ta94 ,c !re be any %ame 9 t di/ress :i* is br\ght ^u u )\t any fault ( our own1 & 9 :i* we behave ) p]fect propriety8 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no evil1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! greate/ good & advantage4 ,a brave man exults 9 ^? dang]s 9 :i*1 f no ra%ness ( 8 own1 8 =tune has involv$ him4 ,!y af=d an opportunity ( ex]cis+ t h]oic intrepidity1 ^: ex]tion gives ! exalt$ delight :i* fl[s f ! consci\sness ( sup]ior propriety & des]v$ admiration4 ,"o :o is ma/] ( all 8 ex]cises has no av]sion to measure 8 /r5g? & activity ) ! /ronge/4 ,&1 9 ! same mann]1 "o :o is ma/] ( all 8 passions1 does n dread any circum/ance 9 :i* ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se may ?9k prop] to place him4 ,! b\nty ( t div9e ,be+ has provid$ him ) virtues :i* r5d] him sup]ior to e situation4 ,if x is pleasure1 he has temp]ance to refra9 f x2 if x is pa91 he has con/ancy to be> x2 if x is dang] or dea?1 he has magnanimity & =titude to despise x4 ,! ev5ts ( human life c nev] f9d him unprep>$1 or at a loss h[ to ma9ta9 t #bdg propriety ( s5tim5t & conduct :i*1 9 8 own appreh5sion1 con/itutes at once 8 glory & 8 happ9ess4 ,human life ! ,/oics appe> to h consid]$ z a game ( great skill2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a mixture ( *ance1 or ( :at is vulg>ly und]/ood to be *ance4 ,9 su* games ! /ake is commonly a trifle1 & ! :ole pleasure ( ! game arises f play+ well1 f play+ fairly1 & play+ skilfully4 ,if not)/&+ all 8 skill1 h[ev]1 ! good play] %\ld1 by ! influ5ce ( *ance1 happ5 to lose1 ! loss ought to be a matt]1 r ( m]rim5t1 ?an ( s]i\s sorr[4 ,he has made no false /roke2 he has done no?+ :i* he ought to be a%am$ (2 he has enjoy$ completely ! :ole pleasure ( ! game4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! bad play] not)/&+ all 8 blund]s1 %\ld1 9 ! same mann]1 happ5 to w91 8 success c give him b little satisfaction4 ,he is mortifi$ by ! remembrance ( all ! faults :i* he committ$4 ,ev5 dur+ ! play he c enjoy no "p ( ! pleasure :i* x is capable ( af=d+4 ,f ignorance ( ! rules ( ! game1 fe> & d\bt & hesitation are ! disagreeable s5tim5ts t prec$e almo/ e /roke :i* he plays2 & :5 he has play$ x1 ! mortification ( f9d+ x a gross blund]1 commonly completes ! unpleas+ circle ( 8 s5sations4 ,human life1 ) all ! advantages :i* c possibly att5d x1 ought1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 to be reg>d$ b z a m]e twop5ny /ake2 a matt] by f> too insignificant to m]it any anxi\s conc]n4 ,our only anxi\s conc]n ought to be1 n ab\t ! /ake1 b ab\t ! prop] me?od ( play+4 ,if we plac$ our happ9ess 9 w9n+ ! /ake1 we plac$ x 9 :at dep5d$ ^u causes beyond our p[] & out ( our direction4 ,we necess>ily expos$ ourselves to p]petual fe> & uneas9ess1 & frequ5tly to griev\s & mortify+ disappo9tm5ts4 ,if we plac$ x 9 play+ well1 9 play+ fairly1 9 play+ wisely & skilfully2 9 ! propriety ( our own conduct 9 %ort2 we plac$ x 9 :at1 by prop] discipl9e1 education1 & att5tion1 might be altoge!r 9 our own p[]1 & "u our own direction4 ,our happ9ess 0 p]fectly secure1 & beyond ! rea* ( =tune4 ,! ev5t ( our actions1 if x 0 out ( our p[]1 0 equally out ( our conc]n1 & we c\ld nev] feel ei!r fe> or anxiety ab\t x2 nor ev] suff] any griev\s1 or ev5 any s]i\s disappo9tm5t4 ,human life itself1 z well z e diff]5t advantage or disadvantage :i* c att5d x1 might1 !y said1 accord+ to diff]5t circum/ances1 be ! prop] object ei!r ( our *oice or ( our rejection4 ,if1 9 our actual situation1 !re 7 m circum/ances agreeable to nature ?an contr>y to x2 m circum/ances :i* 7 ! objects ( *oice ?an ( rejection2 life1 9 ?is case1 01 ^u ! :ole1 ! prop] object ( *oice1 & ! propriety ( conduct requir$ t we %\ld rema9 9 x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re #bdh 71 9 our actual situation1 )\t any probable hope ( am5dm5t1 m circum/ances contr>y to nature ?an agreeable to x2 m circum/ances :i* 7 ! objects ( rejection ?an ( *oice2 life itself1 9 ?is case1 became1 to a wise man1 ! object ( rejection1 & he 0 n only at lib]ty to remove out ( x1 b ! propriety ( conduct1 ! rule :i* ! gods _h giv5 him = ! direction ( 8 conduct1 requir$ him to d s4 ,i am ord]$1 says ,epictetus1 n to dwell at ,nicopolis4 ,i d n dwell !re4 ,i am ord]$ n to dwell at ,a!ns4 ,i d n dwell at ,a!ns4 ,i am ord]$ n to dwell 9 ,rome4 ,i d n dwell 9 ,rome4 ,i am ord]$ to dwell 9 ! little & rocky isl& ( ,gy>4 ,i g & dwell !re4 ,b ! h\se smokes 9 ,gy>4 ,if ! smoke is mod]ate1 ,i w be> x1 & /ay !re4 ,if x is excessive1 ,i w g to a h\se f :5ce no tyrant c remove me4 ,i keep 9 m9d always t ! door is op51 t ,i c walk out :5 ,i please1 & retire to t hospitable h\se :i* is at all times op5 to all ! _w2 = beyond my und]mo/ g>m5t1 beyond my body1 no man liv+ has any p[] ov] me4 ,if y\r situation is ^u ! :ole disagreeable2 if y\r h\se smokes too mu* = y1 said ! ,/oics1 walk =? by all means4 ,b walk =? )\t rep9+2 )\t murmur+ or compla9+4 ,walk =? calm1 cont5t$1 rejoic+1 return+ ?anks to ! gods1 :o1 f _! inf9ite b\nty1 h op5$ ! safe & quiet h>b\r ( dea?1 at all times ready to receive u f ! /ormy ocean ( human life2 :o h prep>$ ?is sacr$1 ?is inviolable1 ?is great asylum1 always op51 always accessible2 altoge!r beyond ! rea* ( human rage & inju/ice2 & l>ge en\gh to conta9 bo? all ^? :o wi%1 & all ^? :o d n wi% to retire to x3 an asylum :i* takes away f e man e pret5ce ( compla9+1 or ev5 ( fancy+ t !re c be any evil 9 human life1 except su* z he may suff] f 8 own folly & weakness4 ,! ,/oics1 9 ! few fragm5ts ( _! philosophy :i* h come d[n to u1 sometimes talk ( leav+ life ) a gaiety1 & ev5 ) a levity1 :i*1 7 we to consid] ^? passages by !mselves1 might induce u to believe t !y imag9$ we c\ld ) propriety leave x :5ev] we _h a m9d1 wantonly & caprici\sly1 ^u ! slighte/ disgu/ or uneas9ess4 ',:5 y sup ) su* a p]son1' says ,epictetus1 'y compla9 ( ! long /ories :i* he tells y ab\t 8 ,mysian w>s4 ,n[ my fri5d1 says he1 hav+ told y h[ ,i took possession ( an em95ce at su* a place1 ,i w tell y h[ ,i 0 besieg$ 9 su* ano!r place4 ,b if y h a m9d n to be tr\bl$ ) 8 long /ories1 d n accept ( 8 supp]4 ,if y accept ( 8 supp]1 y h n ! lea/ pret5ce to compla9 ( 8 long /ories4 ,x is ! same case ) :at y call ! evils ( human life4 ,nev] compla9 ( t ( :i* x is at all times 9 y\r p[] to rid y\rself4' ,not)/&+ ?is gaiety & ev5 #bdi levity ( expression1 h[ev]1 ! alt]native ( leav+ life1 or ( rema9+ 9 x1 01 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 a matt] ( ! mo/ s]i\s & important delib]ation4 ,we ought nev] to leave x till we 7 di/9ctly call$ ^u to d s by t sup]9t5d+ ,p[] :i* _h orig9ally plac$ u 9 x4 ,b we 7 to consid] ourselves z call$ ^u to d s1 n m]ely at ! appo9t$ & unavoidable t]m ( human life4 ,:5ev] ! provid5ce ( t sup]9t5d+ ,p[] _h r5d]$ our condition 9 life ^u ! :ole ! prop] object r ( rejection ?an ( *oice2 ! great rule :i* he _h giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct1 !n requir$ u to leave x4 ,we might !n be said to he> ! awful & b5evol5t voice ( t div9e ,be+ di/9ctly call+ ^u u to d s4 ,x 0 ^u ?is acc\nt t1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 x might be ! duty ( a wise man to remove out ( life ?\gh he 0 p]fectly happy2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 x might be ! duty ( a weak man to rema9 9 x1 ?\gh he 0 necess>ily mis]able4 ,if1 9 ! situation ( ! wise man1 !re 7 m circum/ances :i* 7 ! natural objects ( rejection ?an ( *oice1 ! :ole situation became ! object ( rejection1 & ! rule :i* ! gods _h giv5 him = ! direction ( 8 conduct1 requir$ t he %\ld remove out ( x z spe$ily z p>ticul> circum/ances might r5d] conv5i5t4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 p]fectly happy ev5 dur+ ! "t t he might ?9k prop] to rema9 9 x4 ,he _h plac$ 8 happ9ess1 n 9 obta9+ ! objects ( 8 *oice1 or 9 avoid+ ^? ( 8 rejection2 b 9 always *oos+ & reject+ ) exact propriety2 n 9 ! success1 b 9 ! fitness ( 8 endeav\rs & ex]tions4 ,if1 9 ! situation ( ! weak man1 on ! contr>y1 !re 7 m circum/ances :i* 7 ! natural objects ( *oice ?an ( rejection2 8 :ole situation became ! prop] object ( *oice1 & x 0 8 duty to rema9 9 x4 ,he 0 unhappy1 h[ev]1 f n kn[+ h[ to use ^? circum/ances4 ,let 8 c>ds be ev] s good1 he did n "k h[ to play !m1 & c\ld enjoy no sort ( real satisfaction1 ei!r 9 ! progress1 or 9 ! ev5t ( ! game1 9 :atev] mann] x might happ5 to turn out4 7,cic]o de f9ibus1 lib4 #c4 c4 #ac47 ,! propriety1 ^u "s occasions1 ( volunt>y dea?1 ?\gh x 01 p]haps1 m insi/$ ^u by ! ,/oics1 ?an by any o!r sect ( anci5t philosoph]s1 01 h[ev]1 a doctr9e common to !m all1 ev5 to ! peaceable & indol5t ,epicureans4 ,dur+ ! age 9 :i* fl\ri%$ ! f\nd]s ( all ! pr9cipal sects ( anci5t philosophy2 dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w> & = _m ye>s aft] its conclusion1 all ! diff]5t republics ( ,greece 71 at home1 almo/ always di/ract$ by ! mo/ furi\s factions2 & abroad1 involv$ 9 ! mo/ sangu9>y w>s1 9 :i* ea* f\ght1 n m]ely = sup]iority or dom9ion1 b ei!r completely to extirpate all its enemies1 or1 :at 0 n less cruel1 to r$uce !m into ! vile/ ( #bej all /ates1 t ( dome/ic slav]y1 & to sell !m1 man1 woman1 & *ild1 l s _m h]ds ( cattle1 to ! highe/ bidd] 9 ! m>ket4 ,! smallness ( ! great] "p ( ^? /ates1 too1 r5d]$ x1 to ea* ( !m1 no v improbable ev5t1 t x might itself fall into t v calamity :i* x _h s frequ5tly1 ei!r1 p]haps1 actually inflict$1 or at lea/ attempt$ to inflict ^u "s ( its neighb\rs4 ,9 ?is disord]ly /ate ( ?+s1 ! mo/ p]fect innoc5ce1 jo9$ to bo? ! highe/ rank & ! greate/ public s]vices1 c\ld give no security to any man t1 ev5 at home & among 8 own relations & fell[-citiz5s1 he 0 n1 at "s "t or ano!r1 f ! preval5ce ( "s ho/ile & furi\s faction1 to be condemn$ to ! mo/ cruel & ignom9i\s puni%m5t4 ,if he 0 tak5 prison] 9 w>1 or if ! city ( :i* he 0 a memb] 0 conqu]$1 he 0 expos$1 if possible1 to /ill great] injuries & insults4 ,b e man naturally1 or r necess>ily1 famili>izes 8 imag9ation ) ! di/resses to :i* he =esees t 8 situation may frequ5tly expose him4 ,x is impossible t a sailor %\ld n frequ5tly ?9k ( /orms & %ipwrecks & f\nd]+ at sea1 & ( h[ he himself is likely bo? to feel & to act ^u su* occasions4 ,x 0 impossible1 9 ! same mann]1 t a ,grecian patriot or h]o %\ld n famili>ize 8 imag9ation ) all ! diff]5t calamities to :i* he 0 s5sible 8 situation mu/ frequ5tly1 or r con/antly1 expose him4 ,z an ,am]ican savage prep>es 8 dea?-song1 & consid]s h[ he %\ld act :5 he has fall5 into ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 & is by !m put to dea? 9 ! mo/ l+]+ tortures1 & amid/ ! insults & d]ision ( all ! spectators2 s a ,grecian patriot or h]o c\ld n avoid frequ5tly employ+ 8 ?\ghts 9 consid]+ :at he ought bo? to suff] & to d 9 bani%m5t1 9 captivity1 :5 r$uc$ to slav]y1 :5 put to ! torture1 :5 br\ght to ! scaffold4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( all ! diff]5t sects v ju/ly repres5t$ virtue2 t is1 wise1 j1 firm & temp]ate conduct2 n only z ! mo/ probable1 b z ! c]ta9 & infallible road to happ9ess ev5 9 ?is life4 ,?is conduct1 h[ev]1 c\ld n always exempt1 & might ev5 sometimes expose ! p]son :o foll[$ x to all ! calamities :i* 7 incid5t to t unsettl$ situation ( public affairs4 ,!y endeav\r$1 !re=e1 to %[ t happ9ess 0 ei!r altoge!r1 or at lea/ 9 a great measure1 indep5d5t ( =tune2 ! ,/oics1 t x 0 s altoge!r2 ! ,academic & ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s1 t x 0 s 9 a great measure4 ,wise1 prud5t1 & good conduct 01 9 ! fir/ place1 ! conduct mo/ likely to ensure success 9 e species ( und]tak+2 & secondly1 ?\gh x %\ld fail ( success1 yet ! m9d 0 n left )\t consolation4 ,! virtu\s man might /ill enjoy ! complete approbation ( 8 own brea/2 & might /ill feel t1 h[ unt[>d soev] ?+s might be )\t1 all 0 calm & peace & #bea concord )94 ,he might g5]ally com=t himself1 too1 ) ! assurance t he possess$ ! love & e/eem ( e intellig5t & imp>tial spectator1 :o c\ld n fail bo? to admire 8 conduct1 & to regret 8 mis=tune4 ,^? philosoph]s endeav\r$1 at ! same "t1 to %[1 t ! greate/ mis=tunes to :i* human life 0 liable1 might be support$ m easily ?an 0 commonly imag9$4 ,!y endeav\r$ to po9t out ! com=ts :i* a man might /ill enjoy :5 r$uc$ to pov]ty1 :5 driv5 into bani%m5t1 :5 expos$ to ! inju/ice ( popul> clam\r1 :5 lab\r+ "u bl9dness1 "u deafness1 9 ! extremity ( old age1 ^u ! approa* ( dea?4 ,!y po9t$ out1 too1 ! consid]ations :i* might contribute to support 8 con/ancy "u ! agonies ( pa9 & ev5 ( torture1 9 sickness1 9 sorr[ = ! loss ( *ildr51 = ! dea? ( fri5ds & relations1 etc4 ,! few fragm5ts :i* h come d[n to u ( :at ! anci5t philosoph]s _h writt5 ^u ^! subjects1 =m1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rema9s ( antiquity4 ,! _s & manhood ( _! doctr9es make a wond]ful contra/ ) ! despond+1 pla9tive1 & :9+ tone ( "s mod]n sy/ems4 ,b :ile ^? anci5t philosoph]s endeav\r$ 9 ?is mann] to sugge/ e consid]ation :i* c\ld1 z ,milton says1 arm ! obdur$ brea/ ) /ubborn pati5ce1 z ) triple /eel2 !y1 at ! same "t1 lab\r$ above all to conv9ce _! foll[]s t !re nei!r 0 nor c\ld be any evil 9 dea?2 & t1 if _! situation became at any "t too h>d = _! con/ancy to support1 ! rem$y 0 at h&1 ! door 0 op51 & !y might1 )\t fe>1 walk out :5 !y pleas$4 ,if !re 0 no _w beyond ! pres5t1 dea?1 !y said1 c\ld be no evil2 & if !re 0 ano!r _w1 ! gods mu/ likewise be 9 t o!r1 & a j man c\ld fe> no evil :ile "u _! protection4 ,^? philosoph]s1 9 %ort1 prep>$ a dea?-song1 if ,i may say s1 :i* ! ,grecian patriots & h]oes might make use ( ^u ! prop] occasions2 &1 ( all ! diff]5t sects1 ! ,/oics1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 _h prep>$ by f> ! mo/ animat$ & mo/ spirit$ song4 ,suicide1 h[ev]1 nev] seems to h be5 v common among ! ,greeks4 ,except+ ,cleom5es1 ,i _c at pres5t recollect any v illu/ri\s ei!r patriot or h]o ( ,greece1 :o di$ by 8 own h&4 ,! dea? ( ,ari/om5es is z mu* beyond ! p]iod ( true hi/ory z t ( ,ajax4 ,! common /ory ( ! dea? ( ,!mi/ocles1 ?\gh )9 t p]iod1 be>s ^u its face all ! m>ks ( a mo/ romantic fable4 ,( all ! ,greek h]oes ^: lives h be5 writt5 by ,plut>*1 ,cleom5es appe>s to h be5 ! only "o :o p]i%$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!ram9es1 ,socrates1 & ,phocion1 :o c]ta9ly did n want c\rage1 suff]$ !mselves to be s5t to prison1 & #beb submitt$ pati5tly to t dea? to :i* ! inju/ice ( _! fell[-citiz5s _h condemn$ !m4 ,! brave ,eum5es all[$ himself to be deliv]$ up1 by 8 own mut9\s soldi]s1 to 8 enemy ,antigonus1 & 0 />v$ to dea?1 )\t attempt+ any viol5ce4 ,! gallant ,philopoe m5 suff]$ himself to be tak5 prison] by ! ,mess5ians1 0 ?r[n into a dungeon1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 privately poison$4 ,sev]al ( ! philosoph]s1 inde$1 are said to h di$ 9 ?is mann]2 b _! lives h be5 s v fooli%ly writt51 t v little cr$it is due to ! great] "p ( ! tales :i* are told ( !m4 ,?ree diff]5t acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ! dea? ( ,z5o ! ,/oic4 ,"o is1 t aft] enjoy+1 = n9ety-eight ye>s1 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( heal?1 he happ5$1 9 go+ out ( 8 s*ool1 to fall2 & ?\gh he suff]$ no o!r damage ?an t ( break+ or dislocat+ "o ( 8 f+]s1 he /ruck ! gr\nd ) 8 h&1 &1 9 ! words ( ! ,niobe ( ,euripides1 said1 ,i come1 :y doe/ ?\ call me8 & imm$iately w5t home & hang$ himself4 ,at t great age1 "o %\ld ?9k1 he might h _h a little m pati5ce4 ,ano!r acc\nt is1 t1 at ! same age1 & 9 consequ5ce ( a l accid5t1 he />v$ himself to dea?4 ,! ?ird acc\nt is1 t1 at sev5ty-two ye>s ( age1 he di$ 9 ! natural way2 by f> ! mo/ probable acc\nt ( ! ?ree1 & support$ too by ! au?ority ( a cotempor>y1 :o mu/ h _h e opportunity ( be+ well-in=m$2 ( ,p]su1 orig9ally ! slave1 & aft]w>ds ! fri5d & disciple ( ,z5o4 ,! fir/ acc\nt is giv5 by ,apollonius ( ,tyre1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,z5o4 ,i "k n :o is ! au?or ( ! second acc\nt4 ,apollonius1 :o 0 himself a ,/oic1 _h probably ?\ght x w\ld d hon\r to ! f\nd] ( a sect :i* talk$ s mu* ab\t volunt>y dea?1 to die 9 ?is mann] by 8 own h&4 ,m5 ( lett]s1 ?\gh1 aft] _! dea?1 !y are frequ5tly m talk$ ( ?an ! greate/ pr9ces or /atesm5 ( _! times1 are g5]ally1 dur+ _! life1 s obscure & insignificant t _! adv5tures are seldom record$ by cotempor>y hi/orians4 ,^? ( aft]-ages1 9 ord] to satisfy ! public curiosity1 & hav+ no au!ntic docum5ts ei!r to support or to contradict _! n>ratives1 seem frequ5tly to h fa%ion$ !m accord+ to _! own fancy2 & almo/ always ) a great mixture ( ! m>vell\s4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! m>vell\s1 ?\gh support$ by no au?ority1 seems to h prevail$ ov] ! probable1 ?\gh support$ by ! be/4 ,diog5es ,la]tius pla9ly gives ! pref]5ce to ! /ory ( ,apollonius4 ,lucian & ,lactantius appe> bo? to h giv5 cr$it to t ( ! great age & ( ! viol5t dea?4 ,?is fa%ion ( volunt>y dea? appe>s to h be5 mu* m preval5t among ! pr\d ,romans1 ?an x ev] 0 among ! lively1 +5i\s1 & accommodat+ ,greeks4 ,ev5 among ! ,romans1 ! #bec fa%ion seems n to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! e>ly &1 :at are call$1 ! virtu\s ages ( ! republic4 ,! common /ory ( ! dea? ( ,regulus1 ?\gh probably a fable1 c\ld nev] h be5 inv5t$1 _h x be5 suppos$ t any di%on\r c\ld fall ^u t h]o1 f pati5tly submitt+ to ! tortures :i* ! ,c>?ag9ians are said to h inflict$ ^u him4 ,9 ! lat] ages ( ! republic1 "s di%on\r1 ,i appreh5d1 w\ld h att5d$ ?is submission4 ,9 ! diff]5t civil w>s :i* prec$$ ! fall ( ! commonweal?1 _m ( ! em95t m5 ( all ! cont5d+ p>ties *ose r to p]i% by _! own h&s1 ?an to fall into ^? ( _! enemies4 ,! dea? ( ,cato1 celebrat$ by ,cic]o1 & c5sur$ by ,cs>1 & become ! subject ( a v s]i\s controv]sy betwe51 p]haps1 ! two mo/ illu/ri\s advocates t ! _w _h ev] beheld1 /amp$ a "* ( spl5d\r ^u ?is me?od ( dy+ :i* x seems to h reta9$ = sev]al ages aft]4 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,cic]o 0 sup]ior to t ( ,cs>4 ,! admir+ prevail$ greatly ov] ! c5sur+ p>ty1 & ! lov]s ( lib]ty1 = _m ages aft]w>ds1 look$ up to ,cato z to ! mo/ v5]able m>tyr ( ! republican p>ty4 ,! head ( a p>ty1 ! ,c>d9al de ,retz obs]ves1 may d :at he pleases2 z long z he reta9s ! confid5ce ( 8 own fri5ds1 he c nev] d wrong2 a maxim ( :i* 8 em95ce _h himself1 ^u sev]al occasions1 an opportunity ( exp]i5c+ ! tru?4 ,cato1 x seems1 jo9$ to 8 o!r virtues t ( an excell5t bottle companion4 ,8 enemies accus$ him ( drunk5ness1 b1 says ,s5eca1 :oev] object$ ?is vice to ,cato1 w f9d x easi] to prove t drunk5ness is a virtue1 ?an t ,cato c\ld be addict$ to any vice4 ,"u ! ,emp]ors ?is me?od ( dy+ seems to h be51 = a long "t1 p]fectly fa%ionable4 ,9 ! epi/les ( ,pl9y we f9d an acc\nt ( sev]al p]sons :o *ose to die 9 ?is mann]1 r f vanity & o/5tation1 x w\ld seem1 ?an f :at w\ld appe>1 ev5 to a sob] & judici\s ,/oic1 any prop] or necess>y reason4 ,ev5 ! ladies1 :o are seldom beh9d 9 foll[+ ! fa%ion1 seem frequ5tly to h *os51 mo/ unnecess>ily1 to die 9 ?is mann]2 &1 l ! ladies 9 ,b5gal1 to accompany1 ^u "s occasions1 _! husb&s to ! tomb4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is fa%ion c]ta9ly occasion$ _m dea?s :i* w\ld n o!rwise h happ5$4 ,all ! havoc1 h[ev]1 :i* ?is1 p]haps ! highe/ ex]tion ( human vanity & imp]t95ce1 c\ld occasion1 w\ld1 probably1 at no "t1 be v great4 ,! pr9ciple ( suicide1 ! pr9ciple :i* w\ld tea* u1 ^u "s occasions1 to consid] t viol5t action z an object ( applause & approbation1 seems to be altoge!r a ref9em5t ( philosophy4 ,nature1 9 h] s\nd & heal?ful /ate1 seems nev] to prompt u to suicide4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a species ( melan*oly 7a disease to :i* human nature1 among its o!r calamities1 is unhappily subject7 :i* #bed seems to be accompani$ )1 :at "o may call1 an irresi/ible appetite = self-de/ruction4 ,9 circum/ances (t5 ( ! highe/ ext]nal prosp]ity1 & sometimes too1 9 spite ev5 ( ! mo/ s]i\s & deeply impress$ s5tim5ts ( religion1 ?is disease has frequ5tly be5 kn[n to drive its wret*$ victims to ?is fatal extremity4 ,! un=tunate p]sons :o p]i% 9 ?is mis]able mann]1 are ! prop] objects1 n ( c5sure1 b ( commis]ation4 ,to attempt to puni% !m1 :5 !y are beyond ! rea* ( all human puni%m5t1 is n m absurd ?an x is unju/4 ,t puni%m5t c fall only on _! surviv+ fri5ds & relations1 :o are always p]fectly innoc5t1 & to :om ! loss ( _! fri5d1 9 ?is disgraceful mann]1 mu/ always be alone a v heavy calamity4 ,nature1 9 h] s\nd & heal?ful /ate1 prompts u to avoid di/ress ^u all occasions2 ^u _m occasions to def5d ourselves aga9/ x1 ?\gh at ! haz>d1 or ev5 ) ! c]ta9ty ( p]i%+ 9 t def5ce4 ,b1 :5 we h nei!r be5 able to def5d ourselves f x1 nor h p]i%$ 9 t def5ce1 no natural pr9ciple1 no reg>d to ! approbation ( ! suppos$ imp>tial spectator1 to ! judgm5t ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 seems to call ^u u to escape f x by de/roy+ ourselves4 ,x is only ! consci\sness ( our own weakness1 ( our own incapacity to support ! calamity ) prop] manhood & firmness1 :i* c drive u to ?is resolution4 ,i d n rememb] to h ei!r read or he>d ( any ,am]ican savage1 :o1 ^u be+ tak5 prison] by "s ho/ile tribe1 put himself to dea?1 9 ord] to avoid be+ aft]w>ds put to dea? 9 torture1 & amid/ ! insults & mock]y ( 8 enemies4 ,he places 8 glory 9 support+ ^? torm5ts ) manhood1 & 9 retort+ ^? insults ) t5fold contempt & d]ision4 ,?is contempt ( life & dea?1 h[ev]1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ entire submission to ! ord] ( ,provid5ce2 ! mo/ complete cont5tm5t ) e ev5t :i* ! curr5t ( human affairs c\ld possibly ca/ up1 may be consid]$ z ! two fundam5tal doctr9es ^u :i* re/$ ! :ole fabric ( ,/oical morality4 ,! indep5d5t & spirit$1 b (t5 h>% ,epictetus1 may be consid]$ z ! great apo/le ( ! fir/ ( ^? doctr9es3 ! mild1 ! humane1 ! b5evol5t ,anton9us1 ( ! second4 ,! emancipat$ slave ( ,epaphroditus1 :o1 9 8 y\?1 _h be5 subject$ to ! insol5ce ( a brutal ma/]1 :o1 9 8 rip] ye>s1 01 by ! jeal\sy & caprice ( ,domitian1 bani%$ f ,rome & ,a!ns1 & oblig$ to dwell at ,nicopolis1 & :o1 by ! same tyrant1 might expect e mom5t to be s5t to ,gy>1 or1 p]haps1 to be put to dea?2 c\ld pres]ve 8 own tranquillity only by fo/]+ 9 8 m9d ! mo/ sov]eign contempt ( human life4 ,he nev] exults s mu*1 accord+ly2 8 eloqu5ce is nev] s animat$ z :5 he repres5ts ! futility & no?+ness ( all its pleasures & all its pa9s4 #bee ,! good-natur$ emp]or1 ! absolute sov]eign ( ! :ole civiliz$ "p ( ! _w1 :o c]ta9ly _h no peculi> reason to compla9 ( 8 own allotm5t1 delights 9 express+ 8 cont5tm5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 & 9 po9t+ out beauties ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( x :]e vulg> obs]v]s are n apt to see any4 ,!re is a propriety & ev5 an engag+ grace1 he obs]ves1 9 old age z well z 9 y\?2 & ! weakness & decrepitude ( ! "o /ate are z suitable to nature z ! bloom & vig\r ( ! o!r4 ,dea?1 too1 is j z prop] a t]m9ation ( old age1 z y\? is ( *ildhood1 or manhood ( y\?4 ',z we frequ5tly say1' he rem>ks ^u ano!r occasion1 't ! physician has ord]$ to su* a man to ride on horseback1 or to use ! cold ba?1 or to walk b>efoot$2 s ought we to say1 t ,nature1 ! great conductor & physician ( ! univ]se1 has ord]$ to su* a man a disease1 or ! amputation ( a limb1 or ! loss ( a *ild4' ,by ! prescriptions ( ord9>y physicians ! pati5t swall[s _m a bitt] potion1 und]goes _m a pa9ful op]ation4 ,f ! v unc]ta9 hope1 h[ev]1 t heal? may be ! consequ5ce1 he gladly submits to all4 ,! h>%e/ prescriptions ( ! great ,physician ( nature1 ! pati5t may1 9 ! same mann]1 hope w contribute to 8 own heal?1 to 8 own f9al prosp]ity & happ9ess3 & he may be p]fectly assur$ t !y n only contribute1 b are indisp5sably necess>y to ! heal?1 to ! prosp]ity & happ9ess ( ! univ]se1 to ! fur!rance & advancem5t ( ! great plan ( ,jupit]4 ,_h !y n be5 s1 ! univ]se w\ld nev] h produc$ !m2 its all-wise ,ar*itect & ,conductor w\ld nev] h suff]$ !m to happ54 ,z all1 ev5 ! smalle/ ( ! co-exi/5t p>ts ( ! univ]se1 are exactly fitt$ to "o ano!r1 & all contribute to compose "o imm5se & connect$ sy/em1 s all1 ev5 app>5tly ! mo/ insignificant ( ! successive ev5ts :i* foll[ "o ano!r1 make p>ts1 & necess>y p>ts1 ( t great *a9 ( causes & effects :i* _h no beg9n+1 & :i* w h no end2 & :i*1 z !y all necess>ily result f ! orig9al arrangem5t & contrivance ( ! :ole2 s !y are all ess5tially necess>y1 n only to its prosp]ity1 b to its cont9uance & pres]vation4 ,:oev] does n cordially embrace :atev] befalls him1 :oev] is sorry t x has befall5 him1 :oev] wi%es t x _h n befall5 him1 wi%es1 s f> z 9 him lies1 to /op ! motion ( ! univ]se1 to break t great *a9 ( succession1 by ! progress ( :i* t sy/em c alone be cont9u$ & pres]v$1 &1 = "s little conv5i5cy ( 8 own1 to disord] & discompose ! :ole ma*9e ( ! _w4 ',o _w1' says he1 9 ano!r place1 'all ?+s are suitable to me :i* are suitable to !e4 ,no?+ is too e>ly or too late to me :i* is seasonable = !e4 ,all is fruit to me :i* ?y seasons br+ =?4 ,f !e are all ?+s2 9 !e are all ?+s2 = !e are all ?+s4 ,"o man #bef says1 ,o belov$ city ( ,cecrops4 ,wilt n ?\ say1 ,o belov$ city ( ,god8' ,f ^! v sublime doctr9es ! ,/oics1 or at lea/ "s ( ! ,/oics1 attempt$ to d$uce all _! p>adoxes4 ,! ,/oical wise man endeav\r$ to ent] into ! views ( ! great ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se1 & to see ?+s 9 ! same light 9 :i* t div9e ,be+ beheld !m4 ,b1 to ! great ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se1 all ! diff]5t ev5ts :i* ! c\rse ( 8 provid5ce may br+ =?1 :at to u appe> ! smalle/ & ! greate/1 ! bur/+ ( a bubble1 z ,mr4 ,pope says1 & t ( a _w1 = example1 7 p]fectly equal1 7 equally p>ts ( t great *a9 :i* he _h pr$e/9$ f all et]nity1 7 equally ! effects ( ! same un]r+ wisdom1 ( ! same univ]sal & b\ndless b5evol5ce4 ,to ! ,/oical wise man1 9 ! same mann]1 all ^? diff]5t ev5ts 7 p]fectly equal4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^? ev5ts1 inde$1 a little dep>tm5t1 9 :i* he _h himself "s little managem5t & direction1 _h be5 assign$ to him4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t he endeav\r$ to act z prop]ly z he c\ld1 & to conduct himself accord+ to ^? ord]s :i*1 he und]/ood1 _h be5 prescrib$ to him4 ,b he took no anxi\s or passionate conc]n ei!r 9 ! success1 or 9 ! disappo9tm5t ( 8 own mo/ fai?ful endeav\rs4 ,! highe/ prosp]ity & ! total de/ruction ( t little dep>tm5t1 ( t little sy/em :i* _h be5 9 "s measure committ$ to 8 *>ge1 7 p]fectly indiff]5t to him4 ,if ^? ev5ts _h dep5d$ ^u him1 he w\ld h *os5 ! "o1 & he w\ld h reject$ ! o!r4 ,b z !y did n dep5d ^u him1 he tru/$ to a sup]ior wisdom1 & 0 p]fectly satisfi$ t ! ev5t :i* happ5$1 :atev] x might be1 0 ! v ev5t :i* he himself1 _h he kn[n all ! connections & dep5d5cies ( ?+s1 w\ld mo/ e>ne/ly & dev\tly h wi%$ =4 ,:atev] he did "u ! influ5ce & direction ( ^? pr9ciples 0 equally p]fect2 & :5 he /ret*$ out 8 f+]1 to give ! example :i* !y commonly made use (1 he p]=m$ an action 9 e respect z m]itori\s1 z wor?y ( praise & admiration1 z :5 he laid d[n 8 life = ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,z1 to ! great ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se1 ! greate/ & ! smalle/ ex]tions ( 8 p[]1 ! =mation & dissolution ( a _w1 ! =mation & dissolution ( a bubble1 7 equally easy1 7 equally admirable1 & equally ! effects ( ! same div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce2 s1 to ! ,/oical wise man1 :at we w\ld call ! great action requir$ no m ex]tion ?an ! little "o1 0 equally easy1 proce$$ f exactly ! same pr9ciples1 0 9 no respect m m]itori\s1 nor wor?y ( any high] degree ( praise & admiration4 ,z all ^? :o _h arriv$ at ?is /ate ( p]fection 7 equally #beg happy1 s all ^? :o fell 9 ! smalle/ degree %ort ( x1 h[ ne>ly soev] !y might approa* to x1 7 equally mis]able4 ,z ! man1 !y said1 :o 0 b an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 c\ld no m brea! ?an he :o 0 an hundr$ y>ds bel[ x2 s ! man :o _h n completely subdu$ all 8 private1 p>tial1 & selfi% passions1 :o _h any o!r e>ne/ desire b t = ! univ]sal happ9ess1 :o _h n completely em]g$ f t abyss ( mis]y & disord] into :i* 8 anxiety = ! gratification ( ^? private1 p>tial1 & selfi% passions _h involv$ him1 c\ld no m brea! ! free air ( lib]ty & indep5d5cy1 c\ld no m enjoy ! security & happ9ess ( ! wise man1 ?an he :o 0 mo/ remote f t situation4 ,z all ! actions ( ! wise man 7 p]fect & equally p]fect2 s all ^? ( ! man :o _h n arriv$ at ?is supreme wisdom 7 faulty1 &1 z "s ,/oics pret5d$1 equally faulty4 ,z "o tru?1 !y said1 c\ld n be m true1 nor "o falsehood m false ?an ano!r2 s an hon\rable action c\ld n be m hon\rable1 nor a %ameful "o m %ameful ?an ano!r4 ,z 9 %oot+ at a m>k1 ! man :o miss$ x by an in* _h equally miss$ x ) him :o _h done s by a hundr$ y>ds2 s ! man :o1 9 :at to u appe>s ! mo/ insignificant action1 _h act$ improp]ly & )\t a suffici5t reason1 0 equally faulty ) him :o _h done s 91 :at to u appe>s1 ! mo/ important2 ! man :o has kill$ a cock1 = example1 improp]ly & )\t a suffici5t reason1 0 z crim9al z he :o _h murd]$ 8 fa!r4 ,if ! fir/ ( ^? two p>adoxes %\ld appe> suffici5tly viol5t1 ! second is evid5tly too absurd to des]ve any s]i\s consid]ation4 ,x is1 inde$1 s v absurd t "o c sc>ce help suspect+ t x mu/ h be5 9 "s measure misund]/ood or misrepres5t$4 ,at any rate1 ,i _c all[ myself to believe t su* m5 z ,z5o or ,clean!s1 m51 x is said1 ( ! mo/ simple z well z ( ! mo/ sublime eloqu5ce1 c\ld be ! au?ors1 ei!r ( ^!1 or ( ! great] "p ( ! o!r ,/oical p>adoxes1 :i* are 9 g5]al m]e imp]t95t quibbles1 & d s little hon\r to _! sy/em t ,i %all give no fur!r acc\nt ( !m4 ,i am dispos$ to impute !m r to ,*rysippus1 ! disciple & foll[]1 inde$1 ( ,z5o & ,clean!s1 b :o1 f all t has be5 deliv]$ d[n to u conc]n+ him1 seems to h be5 a m]e dialectical p$ant1 )\t ta/e or elegance ( any k9d4 ,he may h be5 ! fir/ :o r$uc$ _! doctr9es into a s*ola/ic or te*nical sy/em ( artificial def9itions1 divisions1 & subdivisions2 "o ( ! mo/ effectual exp$i5ts1 p]haps1 = ext+ui%+ :atev] degree ( good s5se !re may be 9 any moral or metaphysical doctr9e4 ,su* a man may v easily be suppos$ to h und]/ood too lit]ally "s animat$ expressions ( 8 ma/]s 9 describ+ ! happ9ess ( ! man ( #beh p]fect virtue1 & ! unhapp9ess ( :oev] might fall %ort ( t "*4 ,! ,/oics 9 g5]al seem to h admitt$ t !re might be a degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 ^? :o _h n advanc$ to p]fect virtue & happ9ess4 ,!y di/ribut$ ^? pr(ici5ts into diff]5t classes1 accord+ to ! degree ( _! advancem5t2 & !y call$ ! imp]fect virtues :i* !y suppos$ !m capable ( ex]cis+1 n rectitudes1 b proprieties1 fitnesses1 dec5t & becom+ actions1 = :i* a plausible or probable reason c\ld be assign$1 :at ,cic]o expresses by ! ,lat9 ^w (ficia1 & ,s5eca1 ,i ?9k m exactly1 by t ( conv5i5tia4 ,! doctr9e ( ^? imp]fect1 b atta9able virtues1 seems to h con/itut$ :at we may call ! practical morality ( ! ,/oics4 ,x is ! subject ( ,cic]o's ,(fices2 & is said to h be5 t ( ano!r book writt5 by ,m>cus ,brutus1 b :i* is n[ lo/4 ,! plan & sy/em :i* ,nature has sket*$ out = our conduct1 seems to u to be altoge!r diff]5t f t ( ! ,/oical philosophy4 ,by ,nature ! ev5ts :i* imm$iately affect t little dep>tm5t 9 :i* we ourselves h "s little managem5t & direction1 :i* imm$iately affect ourselves1 our fri5ds1 our c\ntry1 are ! ev5ts :i* int]e/ u ! mo/1 & :i* *iefly excite our desires & av]sions1 our hopes & fe>s1 our joys & sorr[s4 ,%\ld ^? passions be1 :at !y are v apt to be1 too vehem5t1 ,nature has provid$ a prop] rem$y & correction4 ,! real or ev5 ! imag9>y pres5ce ( ! imp>tial spectator1 ! au?ority ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 is always at h& to ov]awe !m into ! prop] tone & temp] ( mod]ation4 ,if1 not)/&+ our mo/ fai?ful ex]tions1 all ! ev5ts :i* c affect ?is little dep>tm5t1 %\ld turn out ! mo/ un=tunate & disa/r\s1 ,nature has by no means left u )\t consolation4 ,t consolation may be drawn1 n only f ! complete approbation ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 b1 if possible1 f a /ill nobl] & m g5]\s pr9ciple1 f a firm reliance ^u1 & a rev]5tial submission to1 t b5evol5t wisdom :i* directs all ! ev5ts ( human life1 & :i*1 we may be assur$1 w\ld nev] h suff]$ ^? mis=tunes to happ51 _h !y n be5 indisp5sably necess>y = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,nature has n prescrib$ to u ?is sublime contemplation z ! great bus9ess & occupation ( our lives4 ,%e only po9ts x out to u z ! consolation ( our mis=tunes4 ,! ,/oical philosophy prescribes x z ! great bus9ess & occupation ( our lives4 ,t philosophy tea*es u to int]e/ ourselves e>ne/ly & anxi\sly 9 no ev5ts1 ext]nal to ! good ord] ( our own m9ds1 to ! propriety ( our own *oos+ & reject+1 except 9 ^? :i* conc]n a #bei dep>tm5t :]e we nei!r h nor ought to h any sort ( managem5t or direction1 ! dep>tm5t ( ! great ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! univ]se4 ,by ! p]fect apa?y :i* x prescribes to u1 by endeav\r+1 n m]ely to mod]ate1 b to eradicate all our private1 p>tial1 & selfi% affections1 by suff]+ u to feel = :atev] c befall ourselves1 our fri5ds1 our c\ntry1 n ev5 ! sympa!tic & r$uc$ passions ( ! imp>tial spectator1 x endeav\rs to r5d] u altoge!r indiff]5t & unconc]n$ 9 ! success or misc>riage ( e ?+ :i* ,nature has prescrib$ to u z ! prop] bus9ess & occupation ( our lives4 ,! reason+s ( philosophy1 x may be said1 ?\gh !y may conf\nd & p]plex ! und]/&+1 c nev] break d[n ! necess>y connection :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ betwe5 causes & _! effects4 ,! causes :i* naturally excite our desires & av]sions1 our hopes & fe>s1 our joys & sorr[s1 w\ld no d\bt1 not)/&+ all ! reason+s ( ,/oicism1 produce ^u ea* individual1 accord+ to ! degree ( 8 actual s5sibility1 _! prop] & necess>y effects4 ,! judgm5ts ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 h[ev]1 might be a good deal affect$ by ^? reason+s1 & t great inmate might be taught by !m to attempt to ov]awe all our private1 p>tial1 & selfi% affections into a m or less p]fect tranquillity4 ,to direct ! judgm5ts ( ?is inmate is ! great purpose ( all sy/ems ( morality4 ,t ! ,/oical philosophy _h v great influ5ce ^u ! "* & conduct ( its foll[]s1 _c be d\bt$2 & t1 ?\gh x might sometimes incite !m to unnecess>y viol5ce1 its g5]al t5d5cy 0 to animate !m to actions ( ! mo/ h]oic magnanimity & mo/ ext5sive b5evol5ce4 ,,iv4 ,besides ^! anci5t1 !re are "s mod]n sy/ems1 accord+ to :i* virtue consi/s 9 propriety2 or 9 ! suitabl5ess ( ! affection f :i* we act1 to ! cause or object :i* excites x4 ,! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,cl>k1 :i* places virtue 9 act+ accord+ to ! relation ( ?+s1 9 regulat+ our conduct accord+ to ! fitness or incongruity :i* !re may be 9 ! application ( c]ta9 actions to c]ta9 ?+s1 or to c]ta9 relations3 t ( ,mr4 ,wolla/on1 :i* places x 9 act+ accord+ to ! tru? ( ?+s1 accord+ to _! prop] nature & ess5ce1 or 9 treat+ !m z :at !y really are1 & n z :at !y are n3 t ( my ,"l ,%aftesbury1 :i* places x 9 ma9ta9+ a prop] balance ( ! affections1 & 9 all[+ no passion to g beyond its prop] sph]e2 are all ( !m m or less inaccurate descriptions ( ! same fundam5tal idea4 ,none ( ^? sy/ems ei!r give1 or ev5 pret5d to give1 any precise or di/9ct measure by :i* ?is fitness or propriety ( affection c be asc]ta9$ or judg$ (4 ,t precise & di/9ct measure c be f\nd no :]e b 9 ! sympa!tic feel+s ( ! imp>tial & well-in=m$ spectator4 #bfj ,! description ( virtue1 besides1 :i* is ei!r giv51 or at lea/ meant & int5d$ to be giv5 9 ea* ( ^? sy/ems1 = "s ( ! mod]n au?ors are n v =tunate 9 _! mann] ( express+ !mselves1 is no d\bt q j1 s f> z x goes4 ,!re is no virtue )\t propriety1 & :]ev] !re is propriety "s degree ( approbation is due4 ,b /ill ?is description is imp]fect4 ,= ?\gh propriety is an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 e virtu\s action1 x is n always ! sole +r$i5t4 ,b5efic5t actions h 9 !m ano!r quality by :i* !y appe> n only to des]ve approbation b recomp5se4 ,none ( ^? sy/ems acc\nt ei!r easily or suffici5tly = t sup]ior degree ( e/eem :i* seems due to su* actions1 or = t div]sity ( s5tim5t :i* !y naturally excite4 ,nei!r is ! description ( vice m complete4 ,=1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh impropriety is a necess>y +r$i5t 9 e vici\s action1 x is n always ! sole +r$i5t2 & !re is (t5 ! highe/ degree ( absurdity & impropriety 9 v h>mless & insignificant actions4 ,delib]ate actions1 ( a p]nici\s t5d5cy to ^? we live )1 h1 besides _! impropriety1 a peculi> quality ( _! own by :i* !y appe> to des]ve1 n only disapprobation1 b puni%m5t2 & to be ! objects1 n ( dislike m]ely1 b ( res5tm5t & rev5ge3 & none ( ^? sy/ems easily & suffici5tly acc\nt = t sup]ior degree ( dete/ation :i* we feel = su* actions4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,prud5ce4 ,,! mo/ anci5t ( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce1 & ( :i* any consid]able rema9s h come d[n to u1 is t ( ,epicurus1 :o is said1 h[ev]1 to h borr[$ all ! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy f "s ( ^? :o _h gone be=e him1 p>ticul>ly f ,ari/ippus2 ?\gh x is v probable1 not)/&+ ?is allegation ( 8 enemies1 t at lea/ 8 mann] ( apply+ ^? pr9ciples 0 altoge!r 8 own4 ,accord+ to ,epicurus 7,cic]o de f9ibus1 lib4 i4 ,diog5es ,la]t4 #a4 x47 bodily pleasure & pa9 7 ! sole ultimate objects ( natural desire & av]sion4 ,t !y 7 always ! natural objects ( ^? passions1 he ?\ght requir$ no pro(4 ,pleasure might1 inde$1 appe> sometimes to be avoid$2 n1 h[ev]1 because x 0 pleasure1 b because1 by ! enjoym5t ( x1 we %\ld ei!r =feit "s great] pleasure1 or expose ourselves to "s pa9 t 0 m to be avoid$ ?an ?is pleasure 0 to be desir$4 ,pa91 9 ! same mann]1 might appe> sometimes to be eligible2 n1 h[ev]1 because x 0 pa91 b because by endur+ x we might ei!r avoid a /ill #bfa great] pa91 or acquire "s pleasure ( mu* m importance4 ,t bodily pa9 & pleasure1 !re=e1 7 always ! natural objects ( desire & av]sion1 01 he ?\ght1 abundantly evid5t4 ,nor 0 x less s1 he imag9$1 t !y 7 ! sole ultimate objects ( ^? passions4 ,:atev] else 0 ei!r desir$ or avoid$1 0 s1 accord+ to him1 ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to produce "o or o!r ( ^? s5sations4 ,! t5d5cy to procure pleasure r5d]$ p[] & ri*es desirable1 z ! contr>y t5d5cy to produce pa9 made pov]ty & insignificancy ! objects ( av]sion4 ,hon\r & reputation 7 valu$1 because ! e/eem & love ( ^? we live ) 7 ( ! greate/ consequ5ce bo? to procure pleasure & to def5d u f pa94 ,ignom9y & bad fame1 on ! contr>y1 7 to be avoid$1 because ! hatr$1 contempt1 & res5tm5t ( ^? we liv$ )1 de/roy$ all security1 & necess>ily expos$ u to ! greate/ bodily evils4 ,all ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d 71 accord+ to ,epicurus1 ultimately d]iv$ f ^? ( ! body4 ,! m9d 0 happy :5 x ?\ght ( ! pa/ pleasures ( ! body1 & hop$ = o!rs to come3 & x 0 mis]able :5 x ?\ght ( ! pa9s :i* ! body _h =m]ly endur$1 & dread$ ! same or great] !reaft]4 ,b ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d1 ?\gh ultimately d]iv$ f ^? ( ! body1 7 va/ly great] ?an _! orig9als4 ,! body felt only ! s5sation ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :]eas ! m9d felt also ! pa/ & ! future1 ! "o by remembrance1 ! o!r by anticipation1 & consequ5tly bo? suff]$ & enjoy$ mu* m4 ,:5 we are "u ! greate/ bodily pa91 he obs]v$1 we %all always f9d1 if we att5d to x1 t x is n ! suff]+ ( ! pres5t in/ant :i* *iefly torm5ts u1 b ei!r ! agoniz+ remembrance ( ! pa/1 or ! yet m horrible dread ( ! future4 ,! pa9 ( ea* in/ant1 consid]$ by itself1 & cut (f f all t goes be=e & all t comes aft] x1 is a trifle1 n wor? ! reg>d+4 ,yet ?is is all :i* ! body c ev] be said to suff]4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 we enjoy ! greate/ pleasure1 we %all always f9d t ! bodily s5sation1 ! s5sation ( ! pres5t in/ant1 makes b a small "p ( our happ9ess1 t our enjoym5t *iefly arises ei!r f ! *e]ful recollection ( ! pa/1 or ! /ill m joy\s anticipation ( ! future1 & t ! m9d always contributes by mu* ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,s9ce our happ9ess & mis]y1 !re=e1 dep5d$ *iefly on ! m9d1 if ?is "p ( our nature 0 well dispos$1 if our ?\ghts & op9ions 7 z !y %\ld be1 x 0 ( little importance 9 :at mann] our body 0 affect$4 ,?\gh "u great bodily pa91 we might /ill enjoy a consid]able %>e ( happ9ess1 if our reason & judgm5t ma9ta9$ _! sup]iority4 ,we might ent]ta9 ourselves #bfb ) ! remembrance ( pa/1 & ) ! hopes ( future pleasure2 we might s(t5 ! rig\r ( our pa9s1 by recollect+ :at x 0 :i*1 ev5 9 ?is situation1 we 7 "u any necessity ( suff]+4 ,t ?is 0 m]ely ! bodily s5sation1 ! pa9 ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :i* by itself c\ld nev] be v great4 ,t :atev] agony we suff]$ f ! dread ( its cont9uance1 0 ! effect ( an op9ion ( ! m9d1 :i* might be correct$ by ju/] s5tim5ts2 by consid]+ t1 if our pa9s 7 viol5t1 !y w\ld probably be ( %ort duration2 & t if !y 7 ( long cont9uance1 !y w\ld probably be mod]ate1 & admit ( _m int]vals ( ease2 & t1 at any rate1 dea? 0 always at h& & )9 call to deliv] u1 :i* z1 accord+ to him1 x put an end to all s5sation1 ei!r ( pa9 or pleasure1 c\ld n be reg>d$ z an evil4 ,:5 we are1 said he1 dea? is n2 & :5 dea? is1 we are n2 dea? !re=e c be no?+ to u4 ,if ! actual s5sation ( positive pa9 0 9 itself s little to be fe>$1 t ( pleasure 0 /ill less to be desir$4 ,naturally ! s5sation ( pleasure 0 mu* less pung5t ?an t ( pa94 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is la/ c\ld take s v little f ! happ9ess ( a well-dispos$ m9d1 ! o!r c\ld add sc>ce any ?+ to x4 ,:5 ! body 0 free f pa9 & ! m9d f fe> & anxiety1 ! sup]add$ s5sation ( bodily pleasure c\ld be ( v little importance2 & ?\gh x might div]sify1 c\ld n prop]ly be said to increase ! happ9ess ( ?is situation4 ,9 ease ( body1 !re=e1 & 9 security ( tranquillity ( m9d1 consi/$1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( human nature1 ! mo/ complete happ9ess :i* man 0 capable ( enjoy+4 ,to obta9 ?is great end ( natural desire 0 ! sole object ( all ! virtues1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 7 n desirable ^u _! own acc\nt1 b *iefly ^u acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to br+ ab\t ?is situation4 ,prud5ce1 = example1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( all ! virtues1 0 n desirable ^u its own acc\nt4 ,t c>eful & labori\s & circumspect /ate ( m9d1 ev] wat*ful & ev] att5tive to ! mo/ di/ant consequ5ces ( e action1 c\ld n be a ?+ pleasant or agreeable = its own sake1 b ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to procure ! greate/ goods & to keep (f ! greate/ evils4 ,to ab/a9 f pleasure too1 to curb & re/ra9 our natural passions = enjoym5t1 :i* 0 ! (fice ( temp]ance1 c\ld nev] be desirable = its own sake4 ,! :ole value ( ?is virtue arose f its utility1 f its enabl+ u to po/pone ! pres5t enjoym5t = ! sake ( a great] to come1 or to avoid a great] pa9 t might ensue f x4 ,temp]ance1 9 %ort1 01 accord+ to ! ,epicureans1 no?+ b prud5ce ) reg>d to pleasure4 #bfc ,to support lab\r1 to endure pa91 to be expos$ to dang] or to dea?1 ! situations :i* =titude w\ld (t5 lead u into1 7 surely /ill less ! objects ( natural desire4 ,!y 7 *os5 only to avoid great] evils4 ,we submitt$ to lab\r1 9 ord] to avoid ! great] %ame & pa9 ( pov]ty1 & we expos$ ourselves to dang] & to dea? 9 def5ce ( our lib]ty & prop]ty1 ! means & in/rum5ts ( pleasure & happ9ess2 or 9 def5ce ( our c\ntry1 9 ! safety ( :i* our own 0 necess>ily compreh5d$4 ,=titude enabl$ u to d all ?is *e]fully1 z ! be/ :i*1 9 our pres5t situation1 c\ld possibly be done1 & 0 9 reality no m ?an prud5ce1 good judgm5t1 & pres5ce ( m9d 9 prop]ly appreciat+ pa91 lab\r1 & dang]1 always *oos+ ! less 9 ord] to avoid ! great] evil4 ,x is ! same case ) ju/ice4 ,to ab/a9 f :at is ano!r's 0 n desirable on its own acc\nt1 & x c\ld n surely be bett] = y1 t ,i %\ld possess :at is my own1 ?an t y %\ld possess x4 ,y ought1 h[ev]1 to ab/a9 f :atev] belongs to me1 because by do+ o!rwise y w provoke ! res5tm5t & indignation ( mank9d4 ,! security & tranquillity ( y\r m9d w be entirely de/roy$4 ,y w be fill$ ) fe> & con/]nation at ! ?\ght ( t puni%m5t :i* y w imag9e t m5 are at all times ready to inflict ^u y1 & f :i* no p[]1 no art1 no concealm5t1 w ev]1 9 y\r own fancy1 be suffici5t to protect y4 ,! o!r species ( ju/ice :i* consi/s 9 do+ prop] good (fices to diff]5t p]sons1 accord+ to ! v>i\s relations ( neighb\rs1 k9sm51 fri5ds1 b5efactors1 sup]iors1 or equals1 :i* !y may /& 9 to u1 is recomm5d$ by ! same reasons4 ,to act prop]ly 9 all ^! diff]5t relations procures u ! e/eem & love ( ^? we live )2 z to d o!rwise excites _! contempt & hatr$4 ,by ! "o we naturally secure1 by ! o!r we necess>ily endang] our own ease & tranquillity1 ! great & ultimate objects ( all our desires4 ,! :ole virtue ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ! mo/ important ( all ! virtues1 is no m ?an discreet & prud5t conduct ) reg>d to our neighb\rs4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue4 ,x may seem extraord9>y t ?is philosoph]1 :o is describ$ z a p]son ( ! mo/ amiable mann]s1 %\ld nev] h obs]v$1 t1 :atev] may be ! t5d5cy ( ^? virtues1 or ( ! contr>y vices1 ) reg>d to our bodily ease & security1 ! s5tim5ts :i* !y naturally excite 9 o!rs are ! objects ( a mu* m passionate desire or av]sion ?an all _! o!r consequ5ces2 t to be amiable1 to be respectable1 to be ! prop] object ( e/eem1 is by e well-dispos$ m9d m valu$ ?an all ! ease & security :i* love1 respect1 & e/eem c procure u2 t1 on ! contr>y1 to be odi\s1 to be contemptible1 to be ! prop] object ( indignation1 is #bfd m dreadful ?an all t we c suff] 9 our body f hatr$1 contempt1 or indignation2 & t consequ5tly our desire ( ! "o "*1 & our av]sion to ! o!r1 _c arise f any reg>d to ! effects :i* ei!r ( !m may produce ^u ! body4 ,?is sy/em is1 no d\bt1 altoge!r inconsi/5t ) t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%4 ,x is n difficult1 h[ev]1 to discov] f :at phasis1 if ,i may say s1 f :at p>ticul> view or aspect ( nature1 ?is acc\nt ( ?+s d]ives its probability4 ,by ! wise contrivance ( ! ,au?or ( nature1 virtue is ^u all ord9>y occasions1 ev5 ) reg>d to ?is life1 real wisdom1 & ! sure/ & readie/ means ( obta9+ bo? safety & advantage4 ,our success or disappo9tm5t 9 our und]tak+s mu/ v mu* dep5d ^u ! good or bad op9ion :i* is commonly ent]ta9$ ( u1 & ^u ! g5]al disposition ( ^? we live )1 ei!r to assi/ or to oppose u4 ,b ! be/1 ! sure/1 ! easie/1 & ! readie/ way ( obta9+ ! advantage\s1 & ( avoid+ ! unfav\rable judgm5ts ( o!rs1 is und\bt$ly to r5d] ourselves ! prop] objects ( ! =m] & n ( ! latt]4 ',d y desire1' said ,socrates1 '! reputation ( a good musician8 ,! only sure way ( obta9+ x1 is to become a good musician4 ,w\ld y desire 9 ! same mann] to be ?\ght capable ( s]v+ y\r c\ntry ei!r z a g5]al or z a /atesman8 ,! be/ way 9 ?is case too is really to acquire ! art & exp]i5ce ( w> & gov]nm5t1 & to become really fit to be a g5]al or a /atesman4 ,& 9 ! same mann] if y w\ld be reckon$ sob]1 temp]ate1 j1 & equitable1 ! be/ way ( acquir+ ?is reputation is to become sob]1 temp]ate1 j1 & equitable4 ,if y c really r5d] y\rself amiable1 respectable1 & ! prop] object ( e/eem1 !re is no fe> ( y\r n soon acquir+ ! love1 ! respect1 & e/eem ( ^? y live )4' ,s9ce ! practice ( virtue1 !re=e1 is 9 g5]al s advantage\s1 & t ( vice s contr>y to our int]e/1 ! consid]ation ( ^? opposite t5d5cies und\bt$ly /amps an additional beauty & propriety ^u ! "o1 & a new de=mity & impropriety ^u ! o!r4 ,temp]ance1 magnanimity1 ju/ice1 & b5efic5ce1 come ?us to be approv$ (1 n only "u _! prop] *>act]s1 b "u ! additional "* ( ! highe/ wisdom & mo/ real prud5ce4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 ! contr>y vices ( intemp]ance1 pusillanimity1 inju/ice1 & ei!r malevol5ce or sordid selfi%ness1 come to be disapprov$ (1 n only "u _! prop] *>act]s1 b "u ! additional "* ( ! mo/ %ort-sight$ folly & weakness4 ,epicurus appe>s 9 e virtue to h att5d$ to ?is species ( propriety only4 ,x is t :i* is mo/ apt to occur to ^? :o are endeav\r+ to p]suade o!rs to regul>ity ( conduct4 ,:5 m5 by _! practice1 & p]haps too by _! maxims1 manife/ly %[ t ! natural beauty ( virtue is n l to h mu* effect ^u #bfe !m1 h[ is x possible to move !m b by repres5t+ ! folly ( _! conduct1 & h[ mu* !y !mselves are 9 ! end likely to suff] by x8 ,by runn+ up all ! diff]5t virtues too to ?is "o species ( propriety1 ,epicurus indulg$ a prop5sity1 :i* is natural to all m51 b :i* philosoph]s 9 p>ticul> are apt to cultivate ) a peculi> fondness1 z ! great means ( display+ _! +5uity1 ! prop5sity to acc\nt = all appe>ances f z few pr9ciples z possible4 ,& he1 no d\bt1 indulg$ ?is prop5sity /ill fur!r1 :5 he ref]r$ all ! prim>y objects ( natural desire & av]sion to ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! body4 ,! great patron ( ! atomical philosophy1 :o took s mu* pleasure 9 d$uc+ all ! p[]s & qualities ( bodies f ! mo/ obvi\s & famili>1 ! figure1 motion1 & arrangem5t ( ! small p>ts ( matt]1 felt no d\bt a simil> satisfaction1 :5 he acc\nt$1 9 ! same mann]1 = all ! s5tim5ts & passions ( ! m9d f ^? :i* are mo/ obvi\s & famili>4 ,! sy/em ( ,epicurus agre$ ) ^? ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,z5o1 9 mak+ virtue consi/ 9 act+ 9 ! mo/ suitable mann] to obta9 7,prima natur7 prim>y objects ( natural desire4 ,x diff]$ f all ( !m 9 two o!r respects2 fir/1 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gave ( ^? prim>y objects ( natural desire2 & secondly1 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gave ( ! excell5ce ( virtue1 or ( ! reason :y t quality ought to be e/eem$4 ,! prim>y objects ( natural desire consi/$1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 9 bodily pleasure & pa91 & 9 no?+ else3 :]eas1 accord+ to ! o!r ?ree philosoph]s1 !re 7 _m o!r objects1 su* z k1 su* z ! happ9ess ( our relations1 ( our fri5ds1 & ( our c\ntry1 :i* 7 ultimately desirable = _! own sakes4 ,virtue too1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 did n des]ve to be pursu$ = its own sake1 nor 0 itself "o ( ! ultimate objects ( natural appetite1 b 0 eligible only ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to prev5t pa9 & to procure ease & pleasure4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! o!r ?ree1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 desirable1 n m]ely z ! means ( procur+ ! o!r prim>y objects ( natural desire1 b z some?+ :i* 0 9 itself m valuable ?an !m all4 ,man1 !y ?\ght1 be+ born = action1 8 happ9ess mu/ consi/1 n m]ely 9 ! agreeabl5ess ( 8 passive s5sations1 b also 9 ! propriety ( 8 active ex]tions4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 ,b5evol5ce4 ,,! sy/em :i* makes virtue consi/ 9 b5evol5ce1 ?\gh ,i ?9k #bff n s anci5t z all ^? :i* ,i h already giv5 an acc\nt (1 is1 h[ev]1 ( v great antiquity4 ,x seems to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ! great] "p ( ^? philosoph]s :o1 ab\t & aft] ! age ( ,augu/us1 call$ !mselves ,eclectics1 :o pret5d$ to foll[ *iefly ! op9ions ( ,plato & ,py?agoras1 & :o ^u t acc\nt are commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ! lat] ,platoni/s4 ,9 ! div9e nature1 accord+ to ^! au?ors1 b5evol5ce or love 0 ! sole pr9ciple ( action1 & direct$ ! ex]tion ( all ! o!r attributes4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,deity 0 employ$ 9 f9d+ out ! means = br++ ab\t ^? ends :i* 8 goodness sugge/$1 & 8 inf9ite p[] 0 ex]t$ to execute !m4 ,b5evol5ce1 h[ev]1 0 /ill ! supreme & gov]n+ attribute1 to :i* ! o!rs 7 subs]vi5t1 & f :i* ! :ole excell5cy1 or ! :ole morality1 if ,i may be all[$ su* an expression1 ( ! div9e op]ations1 0 ultimately d]iv$4 ,! :ole p]fection & virtue ( ! human m9d consi/$ 9 "s resemblance or p>ticipation ( ! div9e p]fections1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 be+ fill$ ) ! same pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce & love :i* influ5c$ all ! actions ( ! ,deity4 ,! actions ( m5 :i* fl[$ f ?is motive 7 alone truly praise-wor?y1 or c\ld claim any m]it 9 ! sight ( ! ,deity4 ,x 0 by actions ( *>ity & love only t we c\ld imitate1 z became u1 ! conduct ( ,god1 t we c\ld express our humble & dev\t admiration ( 8 inf9ite p]fections1 t by fo/]+ 9 our own m9ds ! same div9e pr9ciple1 we c\ld br+ our own affections to a great] resemblance ) 8 holy attributes1 & !reby become m prop] objects ( 8 love & e/eem2 till we arriv$ at t imm$iate conv]se & communication ) ! ,deity to :i* x 0 ! great object ( ?is philosophy to raise u4 ,?is sy/em1 z x 0 mu* e/eem$ by _m anci5t fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 s aft] ! ,re=mation x 0 adopt$ by sev]al div9es ( ! mo/ em95t piety & le>n+ & ( ! mo/ amiable mann]s2 p>ticul>ly1 by ,dr4 ,ralph ,cudwor?1 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m1 & by ,mr4 ,john ,smi? ( ,cambridge4 ,b ( all ! patrons ( ?is sy/em1 anci5t or mod]n1 ! late ,dr4 ,hut*eson 0 und\bt$ly1 beyond all comp>ison1 ! mo/ acute1 ! mo/ di/9ct1 ! mo/ philosophical1 & :at is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce ( all1 ! sob]e/ & mo/ judici\s4 ,t virtue consi/s 9 b5evol5ce is a notion support$ by _m appe>ances 9 human nature4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ already1 t prop] b5evol5ce is ! mo/ graceful & agreeable ( all ! affections1 t x is recomm5d$ to u by a d\ble sympa?y1 t z its t5d5cy is necess>ily b5efic5t1 x is ! prop] object ( gratitude & rew>d1 & t ^u all ^! acc\nts x appe>s to our natural s5tim5ts to possess a m]it sup]ior to any o!r4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 too1 t ev5 ! weaknesses ( b5evol5ce are n v #bfg disagreeable to u1 :]eas ^? ( e o!r passion are always extremely disgu/+4 ,:o does n abhor excessive malice1 excessive selfi%ness1 or excessive res5tm5t8 ,b ! mo/ excessive indulg5ce ev5 ( p>tial fri5d%ip is n s (f5sive4 ,x is ! b5evol5t passions only :i* c ex]t !mselves )\t any reg>d or att5tion to propriety1 & yet reta9 some?+ ab\t !m :i* is engag+4 ,!re is some?+ pleas+ ev5 9 m]e in/9ctive good-w1 :i* goes on to d good (fices )\t once reflect+ :e!r by ?is conduct x is ! prop] object ei!r ( blame or approbation4 ,x is n s ) ! o!r passions4 ,! mom5t !y are des]t$1 ! mom5t !y are unaccompani$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 !y cease to be agreeable4 ,z b5evol5ce be/[s ^u ^? actions :i* proce$ f x1 a beauty sup]ior to all o!rs1 s ! want ( x1 & mu* m ! contr>y incl9ation1 communicates a peculi> de=mity to :atev] evid5ces su* a disposition4 ,p]nici\s actions are (t5 puni%able = no o!r reason ?an because !y %[ a want ( suffici5t att5tion to ! happ9ess ( our neighb\r4 ,besides all ?is1 ,dr4 ,hut*eson 7,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1 sect4 #a4 & #b47 obs]v$1 t :5ev] 9 any action1 suppos$ to proce$ f b5evol5t affections1 "s o!r motive _h be5 discov]$1 our s5se ( ! m]it ( ?is action 0 j s f> dim9i%$ z ?is motive 0 believ$ to h influ5c$ x4 ,if an action1 suppos$ to proce$ f gratitude1 %\ld be discov]$ to h aris5 f an expectation ( "s new fav\r1 or if :at 0 appreh5d$ to proce$ f public _s1 %\ld be f\nd out to h tak5 its orig9 f ! hope ( a pecuni>y rew>d1 su* a discov]y w\ld entirely de/roy all notion ( m]it or praise-wor?9ess 9 ei!r ( ^! actions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! mixture ( any selfi% motive1 l t ( a bas] alloy1 dim9i%$ or took away altoge!r ! m]it :i* w\ld o!rwise h belong$ to any action1 x 0 evid5t1 he imag9$1 t virtue mu/ consi/ 9 pure & dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce alone4 ,:5 ^? actions1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are commonly suppos$ to proce$ f a selfi% motive1 are discov]$ to h aris5 f a b5evol5t "o1 x greatly enhances our s5se ( _! m]it4 ,if we believ$ ( any p]son t he endeav\r$ to advance 8 =tune f no o!r view b t ( do+ fri5dly (fices1 & ( mak+ prop] returns to 8 b5efactors1 we %\ld only love & e/eem him ! m4 ,& ?is obs]vation seem$ /ill m to confirm ! conclusion1 t x 0 b5evol5ce only :i* c\ld /amp ^u any action ! "* ( virtue4 ,la/ ( all1 :at1 he imag9$1 0 an evid5t pro( ( ! ju/ness ( ?is acc\nt ( virtue1 9 all ! disputes ( casui/s conc]n+ ! rectitude ( conduct1 ! public good1 he obs]v$1 0 ! /&>d to :i* !y con/antly ref]r$2 !reby univ]sally ackn[l$g+ #bfh t :atev] t5d$ to promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d 0 "r & laudable & virtu\s1 & ! contr>y1 wrong1 blamable1 & vici\s4 ,9 ! late debates ab\t passive ob$i5ce & ! "r ( resi/ance1 ! sole po9t 9 controv]sy among m5 ( s5se 0 :e!r univ]sal submission w\ld probably be att5d$ ) great] evils ?an tempor>y insurrections :5 privileges 7 invad$4 ,:e!r :at1 ^u ! :ole1 t5d$ mo/ to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 0 n also morally good1 0 nev] once1 he said1 made a "q by !m4 ,s9ce b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 0 ! only motive :i* c\ld be/[ ^u any action ! "* ( virtue1 ! great] ! b5evol5ce :i* 0 evid5c$ by any action1 ! great] ! praise :i* mu/ belong to x4 ,^? actions :i* aim$ at ! happ9ess ( a great community1 z !y demon/rat$ a m enl>g$ b5evol5ce ?an ^? :i* aim$ only at t ( a small] sy/em1 s 7 !y1 likewise1 proportionally ! m virtu\s4 ,! mo/ virtu\s ( all affections1 !re=e1 0 t :i* embrac$ z its object ! happ9ess ( all intellig5t be+s4 ,! lea/ virtu\s1 on ! contr>y1 ( ^? to :i* ! "* ( virtue c\ld 9 any respect belong1 0 t :i* aim$ no fur!r ?an at ! happ9ess ( an individual1 su* z a son1 a bro!r1 a fri5d4 ,9 direct+ all our actions to promote ! greate/ possible good1 9 submitt+ all inf]ior affections to ! desire ( ! g5]al happ9ess ( mank9d1 9 reg>d+ "o's self b z "o ( ! _m1 ^: prosp]ity 0 to be pursu$ no fur!r ?an x 0 consi/5t )1 or conducive to t ( ! :ole1 consi/$ ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,self-love 0 a pr9ciple :i* c\ld nev] be virtu\s 9 any degree ( 9 any direction4 ,x 0 vici\s :5ev] x ob/ruct$ ! g5]al good4 ,:5 x _h no o!r effect ?an to make ! individual take c>e ( 8 own happ9ess1 x 0 m]ely innoc5t1 & ?\gh x des]v$ no praise1 nei!r ought x to incur any blame4 ,^? b5evol5t actions :i* 7 p]=m$1 not)/&+ "s /rong motive f self-int]e/1 7 ! m virtu\s ^u t acc\nt4 ,!y demon/rat$ ! /r5g? & vig\r ( ! b5evol5t pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson#g 0 s f> f all[+ self-love to be 9 any case a motive ( virtu\s actions1 t ev5 a reg>d to ! pleasure ( self-approbation1 to ! com=table applause ( our own consci5ces1 accord+ to him1 dim9i%$ ! m]it ( a b5evol5t action4 ,?is 0 a selfi% motive1 he ?\ght1 :i*1 s f> z x contribut$ to any action1 demon/rat$ ! weakness ( t pure & dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce :i* c\ld alone /amp ^u ! conduct ( man ! "* ( virtue4 ,9 ! common judgm5ts ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 ?is reg>d #bfi to ! approbation ( our own m9ds is s f> f be+ consid]$ z :at c 9 any respect dim9i% ! virtue ( any action1 t x is (t5 r look$ ^u z ! sole motive :i* des]ves ! appellation ( virtu\s4 ,footnote #g3 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1 sect4 #b4 art4 #d42 also ,illu/rations on ! ,moral ,s5se1 sect4 #e1 la/ p>agraph4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue 9 ?is amiable sy/em1 a sy/em :i* has a peculi> t5d5cy to n\ri% & support 9 ! human he>t ! noble/ & ! mo/ agreeable ( all affections1 & n only to *eck ! inju/ice ( self-love1 b 9 "s measure to disc\rage t pr9ciple altoge!r1 by repres5t+ x z :at c\ld nev] reflect any hon\r ^u ^? :o 7 influ5c$ by x4 ,z "s ( ! o!r sy/ems :i* ,i h already giv5 an acc\nt (1 d n suffici5tly expla9 f :5ce arises ! peculi> excell5cy ( ! supreme virtue ( b5efic5ce1 s ?is sy/em seems to h ! contr>y defect1 ( n suffici5tly expla9+ f :5ce arises our approbation ( ! inf]ior virtues ( prud5ce1 vigilance1 circumspection1 temp]ance1 con/ancy1 firmness4 ,! view & aim ( our affections1 ! b5efic5t & hurtful effects :i* !y t5d to produce1 are ! only qualities at all att5d$ to 9 ?is sy/em4 ,_! propriety & impropriety1 _! suitabl5ess & unsuitabl5ess1 to ! cause :i* excites !m1 are disreg>d$ altoge!r4 ,reg>d to our own private happ9ess & int]e/1 too1 appe> ^u _m occasions v laudable pr9ciples ( action4 ,! habits ( oeconomy1 indu/ry1 discretion1 att5tion1 & application ( ?\ght1 are g5]ally suppos$ to be cultivat$ f self-int]e/$ motives1 & at ! same "t are appreh5d$ to be v praise-wor?y qualities1 :i* des]ve ! e/eem & approbation ( e body4 ,! mixture ( a selfi% motive1 x is true1 seems (t5 to sully ! beauty ( ^? actions :i* ought to arise f a b5evol5t affection4 ,! cause ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is n t self-love c nev] be ! motive ( a virtu\s action1 b t ! b5evol5t pr9ciple appe>s 9 ?is p>ticul> case to want its due degree ( /r5g?1 & to be altoge!r unsuitable to its object4 ,! "*1 !re=e1 seems evid5tly imp]fect1 & ^u ! :ole to des]ve blame r ?an praise4 ,! mixture ( a b5evol5t motive 9 an action to :i* self-love alone ought to be suffici5t to prompt u1 is n s apt inde$ to dim9i% our s5se ( its propriety1 or ( ! virtue ( ! p]son :o p]=ms x4 ,we are n ready to suspect any p]son ( be+ defective 9 selfi%ness4 ,?is is by no means ! weak side ( human nature1 or ! fail+ ( :i* we are apt to be suspici\s4 ,if we c\ld really believe1 h[ev]1 ( any man1 t1 0 x n f a reg>d to 8 family & fri5ds1 he w\ld n take t prop] c>e ( 8 heal?1 8 life1 or 8 =tune1 to :i* self-pres]vation alone ought to be suffici5t to prompt him1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be a fail+1 ?\gh "o ( ^? amiable fail+s :i* r5d] a p]son r ! object ( pity ?an ( contempt or hatr$4 ,x w\ld /ill1 h[ev]1 some:at dim9i% ! #bgj dignity & respectabl5ess ( 8 "*4 ,c>elessness & want ( oeconomy are univ]sally disapprov$ (1 n1 h[ev]1 z proce$+ f a want ( b5evol5ce1 b f a want ( prop] att5tion to ! objects ( self-int]e/4 ,?\gh ! /&>d by :i* casui/s frequ5tly det]m9e :at is "r or wrong 9 human conduct1 be its t5d5cy to ! welf>e or disord] ( society1 x does n foll[ t a reg>d to ! welf>e ( society %\ld be ! sole virtu\s motive ( action1 b only t1 9 competition1 x ought to ca/ ! balance aga9/ all o!r motives4 ,b5evol5ce may1 p]haps1 be ! sole pr9ciple ( action 9 ! ,deity1 & !re are sev]al n improbable argum5ts :i* t5d to p]suade u t x is s4 ,x is n easy to conceive :at o!r motive an indep5d5t & all-p]fect ,be+1 :o /&s 9 ne$ ( no?+ ext]nal1 & ^: happ9ess is complete 9 himself1 c act f4 ,b :atev] may be ! case ) ! ,deity1 s imp]fect a creature z man1 ! support ( ^: exi/5ce requires s _m ?+s ext]nal to him1 mu/ (t5 act f _m o!r motives4 ,! condition ( human nature 7 peculi>ly h>d1 if ^? affections1 :i*1 by ! v nature ( our be+1 ought frequ5tly to influ5ce our conduct1 c\ld ^u no occasion appe> virtu\s1 or des]ve e/eem & comm5dation f any body4 ,^? ?ree sy/ems1 t :i* places virtue 9 propriety1 t :i* places x 9 prud5ce1 & t :i* makes x consi/ 9 b5evol5ce1 are ! pr9cipal acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue4 ,to "o or o!r ( !m1 all ! o!r descriptions ( virtue1 h[ diff]5t soev] !y may appe>1 are easily r$ucible4 ,t sy/em :i* places virtue 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ! ,deity1 may be acc\nt$ ei!r among ^? :i* make x consi/ 9 prud5ce1 or among ^? :i* make x consi/ 9 propriety4 ,:5 x is ask$1 :y we ought to obey ! w ( ! ,deity1 ?is "q1 :i* w\ld be impi\s & absurd 9 ! highe/ degree1 if ask$ f any d\bt t we ought to obey him1 c admit b ( two diff]5t answ]s4 ,x mu/ ei!r be said t we ought to obey ! w ( ! ,deity because he is a ,be+ ( inf9ite p[]1 :o w rew>d u et]nally if we d s1 & puni% u et]nally if we d o!rwise3 or x mu/ be said1 t indep5d5t ( any reg>d to our own happ9ess1 or to rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( any k9d1 !re is a congruity & fitness t a creature %\ld obey its creator1 t a limit$ & imp]fect be+ %\ld submit to "o ( inf9ite & incompreh5sible p]fections4 ,besides "o or o!r ( ^! two1 x is impossible to conceive t any o!r answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,if ! fir/ answ] be ! prop] "o1 virtue consi/s 9 prud5ce1 or 9 ! prop] pursuit ( our own f9al int]e/ & happ9ess2 s9ce x is ^u ?is acc\nt t we are oblig$ to obey ! w ( ! ,deity4 ,if ! second answ] be ! prop] "o1 virtue mu/ consi/ 9 propriety1 s9ce ! gr\nd ( our #bga obligation to ob$i5ce is ! suitabl5ess or congruity ( ! s5tim5ts ( humility & submission to ! sup]iority ( ! object :i* excites !m4 ,t sy/em :i* places virtue 9 utility1 co9cides too ) t :i* makes x consi/ 9 propriety4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 all ^? qualities ( ! m9d :i* are agreeable or advantage\s1 ei!r to ! p]son himself or to o!rs1 are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 & ! contr>y are disapprov$ ( z vici\s4 ,b ! agreeabl5ess or utility ( any affection dep5ds ^u ! degree :i* x is all[$ to subsi/ 94 ,e affection is useful :5 x is conf9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( mod]ation2 & e affection is disadvantage\s :5 x exce$s ! prop] b\nds4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em !re=e1 virtue consi/s n 9 any "o affection1 b 9 ! prop] degree ( all ! affections4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 x & t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 is1 t x makes utility1 & n sympa?y1 or ! correspond5t affection ( ! spectator1 ! natural & orig9al measure ( ?is prop] degree4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,( ,lic5ti\s ,sy/ems4 ,,all ^? sy/ems1 :i* ,i h hi!rto giv5 an acc\nt (1 suppose t t !re is a real & ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue1 :atev] ^! qualities may consi/ 94 ,!re is a real & ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! propriety & impropriety ( any affection1 betwe5 b5evol5ce & any o!r pr9ciple ( action1 betwe5 real prud5ce & %ort-sight$ folly or precipitate ra%ness4 ,9 ! ma91 too1 all ( !m contribute to enc\rage ! praisewor?y1 & to disc\rage ! blameable disposition4 ,x may be true1 p]haps1 ( "s ( !m1 t !y t5d1 9 "s measure1 to break ! balance ( ! affections1 & to give ! m9d a p>ticul> bias to "s pr9ciples ( action1 beyond ! proportion t is due to !m4 ,! anci5t sy/ems1 :i* place virtue 9 propriety1 seem *iefly to recomm5d ! great1 ! awful1 & ! respectable virtues1 ! virtues ( self-gov]nm5t & self-comm&2 =titude1 magnanimity1 indep5d5cy ^u =tune1 ! contempt ( all outw>d accid5ts1 ( pa91 pov]ty1 exile & dea?4 ,x is 9 ^! great ex]tions t ! noble/ propriety ( conduct is display$4 ,! s(t1 ! amiable1 ! g5tle virtues1 all ! virtues ( indulg5t humanity are1 9 comp>ison1 b little insi/$ ^u1 & seem1 on ! contr>y1 by ! ,/oics 9 p>ticul>1 to h be5 (t5 reg>d$ z weaknesses1 :i* x behov$ a wise man n to h>b\r 9 8 brea/4 ,! b5evol5t sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile x fo/]s & enc\rages all ^? mild] virtues 9 ! highe/ degree1 seems entirely to neglect ! m awful & respectable qualities ( ! m9d4 ,x #bgb ev5 d5ies !m ! appellation ( virtues4 ,x calls !m moral abilities1 & treats !m z qualities :i* d n des]ve ! same sort ( e/eem & approbation1 t is due to :at is prop]ly d5om9at$ virtue4 ,all ^? pr9ciples ( action :i* aim only at our own int]e/1 x treats1 if t be possible1 /ill worse4 ,s f> f hav+ any m]it ( _! own1 !y dim9i%1 x pret5ds1 ! m]it ( b5evol5ce1 :5 !y co-op]ate ) x2 & prud5ce1 x is ass]t$1 :5 employ$ only 9 promot+ private int]e/1 c nev] ev5 be imag9$ a virtue4 ,t sy/em1 aga91 :i* makes virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce only1 :ile x gives ! highe/ enc\ragem5t to ! habits ( caution1 vigilance1 sobriety1 & judici\s mod]ation1 seems to degrade equally bo? ! amiable & respectable virtues1 & to /rip ! =m] ( all _! beauty1 & ! latt] ( all _! gr&eur4 ,b not)/&+ ^! defects1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ea* ( ^? ?ree sy/ems is to enc\rage ! be/ & mo/ laudable habits ( ! human m9d1 & x 7 well = society1 if1 ei!r mank9d 9 g5]al1 or ev5 ^? few :o pret5d to live accord+ to any philosophical rule1 7 to regulate _! conduct by ! precepts ( any "o ( !m4 ,we may le>n f ea* ( !m some?+ t is bo? valuable & peculi>4 ,if x 0 possible1 by precept & exhortation1 to inspire ! m9d ) =titude & magnanimity1 ! anci5t sy/ems ( propriety w\ld seem suffici5t to d ?is4 ,or if x 0 possible1 by ! same means1 to s(t5 x into humanity1 & to awak5 ! affections ( k9dness & g5]al love t[>ds ^? we live )1 "s ( ! pictures :i* ! b5evol5t sy/em pres5ts u1 might seem capable ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,we may le>n f ! sy/em ( ,epicurus1 ?\gh und\bt$ly ! mo/ imp]fect ( all ! ?ree1 h[ mu* ! practice ( bo? ! amiable & respectable virtues is conducive to our own int]e/1 to our own ease & safety & quiet ev5 9 ?is life4 ,z ,epicurus plac$ happ9ess 9 ! atta9m5t ( ease & security1 he ex]t$ himself 9 a p>ticul> mann] to %[ t virtue 01 n m]ely ! be/ & ! sure/1 b ! only means ( acquir+ ^? invaluable possessions4 ,! good effects ( virtue ^u our inw>d tranquillity & peace ( m9d1 are :at o!r philosoph]s h *iefly celebrat$4 ,epicurus1 )\t neglect+ ?is topic1 has *iefly insi/$ 9999^u ! influ5ce ( t amiable quality on our outw>d prosp]ity & safety4 ,x 0 ^u ?is acc\nt t 8 writ+s 7 s mu* /udi$ 9 ! anci5t _w by m5 ( all diff]5t philosophical p>ties4 ,x is f him t ,cic]o1 ! great enemy ( ! ,epicurean sy/em1 borr[s 8 mo/ agreeable pro(s t virtue alone is suffici5t to secure happ9ess4 ,s5eca1 ?\gh a ,/oic1 ! sect mo/ opposite to t ( ,epicurus1 yet quotes ?is philosoph] m frequ5tly ?an any o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r sy/em :i* seems to take away altoge!r ! di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue1 & ( :i* ! #bgc t5d5cy is1 ^u t acc\nt1 :olly p]nici\s3 ,i mean ! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,m&eville4 ,?\gh ! notions ( ?is au?or are 9 almo/ e respect errone\s1 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s appe>ances 9 human nature1 :i*1 :5 view$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 seem at fir/ sight to fav\r !m4 ,^! describ$ & exagg]at$ by ! lively & humor\s1 ?\gh co>se & ru/ic eloqu5ce ( ,dr4 ,m&eville1 h ?r[n ^u 8 doctr9es an air ( tru? & probability :i* is v apt to impose ^u ! unskilful4 ,dr4 ,m&eville consid]s :atev] is done f a s5se ( propriety1 f a reg>d to :at is comm5dable & praisewor?y1 z be+ done f a love ( praise & comm5dation1 or z he calls x f vanity4 ,man1 he obs]ves1 is naturally mu* m int]e/$ 9 8 own happ9ess ?an 9 t ( o!rs1 & x is impossible t 9 8 he>t he c ev] really pref] _! prosp]ity to 8 own4 ,:5ev] he appe>s to d s1 we may be assur$ t he imposes ^u u1 & t he is !n act+ f ! same selfi% motives z at all o!r times4 ,among 8 o!r selfi% passions1 vanity is "o ( ! /ronge/1 & he is always easily flatt]$ & greatly delight$ ) ! applauses ( ^? ab\t him4 ,:5 he appe>s to sacrifice 8 own int]e/ to t ( 8 companions1 he kn[s t ?is conduct w be highly agreeable to _! self-love1 & t !y w n fail to express _! satisfaction by be/[+ ^u him ! mo/ extravagant praises4 ,! pleasure :i* he expects f ?is1 ov]-balances1 9 8 op9ion1 ! int]e/ :i* he ab&ons 9 ord] to procure x4 ,8 conduct1 !re=e1 ^u ?is occasion1 is 9 reality j z selfi%1 & arises f j z mean a motive z ^u any o!r4 ,he is flatt]$1 h[ev]1 & he flatt]s himself ) ! belief t x is entirely dis9t]e/$2 s9ce1 unless ?is 0 suppos$1 x w\ld n seem to m]it any comm5dation ei!r 9 8 own eyes or 9 ^? ( o!rs4 ,all public _s1 !re=e1 all pref]5ce ( public to private int]e/1 is1 accord+ to him1 a m]e *eat & imposition ^u mank9d2 & t human virtue :i* is s mu* boa/$ (1 & :i* is ! occasion ( s mu* emulation among m51 is ! m]e (fspr+ ( flatt]y begot ^u pride4 ,:e!r ! mo/ g5]\s & public-spirit$ actions may n1 9 "s s5se1 be reg>d$ z proce$+ f self-love1 ,i %all n at pres5t exam9e4 ,! decision ( ?is "q is n1 ,i appreh5d1 ( any importance t[>ds e/abli%+ ! reality ( virtue1 s9ce self-love may frequ5tly be a virtu\s motive ( action4 ,i %all only endeav\r to %[ t ! desire ( do+ :at is hon\rable & noble1 ( r5d]+ ourselves ! prop] objects ( e/eem & approbation1 _c ) any propriety be call$ vanity4 ,ev5 ! love ( well-gr\nd$ fame & reputation1 ! desire ( acquir+ e/eem by :at is really e/imable1 does n des]ve t "n4 ,! fir/ is ! love ( virtue1 ! noble/ & ! be/ passion ( human nature4 ,! second #bgd is ! love ( true glory1 a passion inf]ior no d\bt to ! =m]1 b :i* 9 dignity appe>s to come imm$iately aft] x4 ,he is guilty ( vanity :o desires praise = qualities :i* are ei!r n praise-wor?y 9 any degree1 or n 9 t degree 9 :i* he expects to be prais$ = !m2 :o sets 8 "* ^u ! frivol\s ornam5ts ( dress & equipage1 or ^u ! equally frivol\s accompli%m5ts ( ord9>y behavi\r4 ,he is guilty ( vanity :o desires praise = :at inde$ v well des]ves x1 b :at he p]fectly kn[s does n belong to him4 ,! empty coxcomb :o gives himself airs ( importance :i* he has no title to1 ! silly li> :o assumes ! m]it ( adv5tures :i* nev] happ5$1 ! fooli% plagi>y :o gives himself out = ! au?or ( :at he has no pret5sions to1 are prop]ly accus$ ( ?is passion4 ,he too is said to be guilty ( vanity :o is n cont5t$ ) ! sil5t s5tim5ts ( e/eem & approbation1 :o seems to be fond] ( _! noisy expressions & acclamations ?an ( ! s5tim5ts !mselves1 :o is nev] satisfi$ b :5 8 own praises are r++ 9 8 e>s1 & :o solicits ) ! mo/ anxi\s importunity all ext]nal m>ks ( respect1 is fond ( titles1 ( complim5ts1 ( be+ visit$1 ( be+ att5d$1 ( be+ tak5 notice ( 9 public places ) ! appe>ance ( def]5ce & att5tion4 ,?is frivol\s passion is altoge!r diff]5t f ei!r ( ! two =m]1 & is ! passion ( ! l[e/ & ! lea/ ( mank9d1 z !y are ( ! noble/ & ! greate/4 ,b ?\gh ^! ?ree passions1 ! desire ( r5d]+ ourselves ! prop] objects ( hon\r & e/eem1 or ( becom+ :at is hon\rable & e/imable2 ! desire ( acquir+ hon\r & e/eem by really des]v+ ^? s5tim5ts2 & ! frivol\s desire ( praise at any rate1 are widely diff]5t2 ?\gh ! two =m] are always approv$ (1 :ile ! latt] nev] fails to be despis$2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 remote aff9ity among !m1 :i*1 exagg]at$ by ! humor\s & div]t+ eloqu5ce ( ?is lively au?or1 has enabl$ him to impose ^u 8 read]s4 ,!re is an aff9ity betwe5 vanity & ! love ( true glory1 z bo? ^! passions aim at acquir+ e/eem & approbation4 ,b !y are diff]5t 9 ?is1 t ! "o is a j1 reasonable1 & equitable passion1 :ile ! o!r is unju/1 absurd1 & ridicul\s4 ,! man :o desires e/eem = :at is really e/imable1 desires no?+ b :at he is ju/ly entitl$ to1 & :at _c be refus$ him )\t "s sort ( injury4 ,he1 on ! contr>y1 :o desires x ^u any o!r t]ms1 dem&s :at he has no j claim to4 ,! fir/ is easily satisfi$1 is n apt to be jeal\s or suspici\s t we d n e/eem him en\gh1 & is seldom solicit\s ab\t receiv+ _m ext]nal m>ks ( our reg>d4 ,! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is nev] to be satisfi$1 is full ( jeal\sy & suspicion t we d n e/eem him s mu* z he desires1 because he has "s secret consci\sness t he desires m ?an he des]ves4 ,! lea/ #bge neglect ( c]emony1 he consid]s z a mortal affront1 & z an expression ( ! mo/ det]m9$ contempt4 ,he is re/less & impati5t1 & p]petually afraid t we h lo/ all respect = him1 & is ^u ?is acc\nt always anxi\s to obta9 new expressions ( our e/eem1 & _c be kept 9 temp] b by cont9ual att5dance & adulation4 ,!re is an aff9ity1 too1 betwe5 ! desire ( becom+ :at is hon\rable & e/imable & ! desire ( hon\r & e/eem1 betwe5 ! love ( virtue & ! love ( true glory4 ,!y resemble "o ano!r n only 9 ?is respect1 t bo? aim at really be+ :at is hon\rable & noble1 b ev5 9 t respect 9 :i* ! love ( true glory resembles :at is prop]ly call$ vanity1 "s ref]5ce to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,! man ( ! greate/ magnanimity1 :o desires virtue = its own sake1 & is mo/ indiff]5t ab\t :at actually are ! op9ions ( mank9d ) reg>d to him1 is /ill1 h[ev]1 delight$ ) ! ?\ghts ( :at !y %\ld be1 ) ! consci\sness t ?\gh he may nei!r be hon\r$ nor applaud$1 he is /ill ! prop] object ( hon\r & applause1 & t if mank9d 7 cool & c&id & consi/5t ) !mselves1 & prop]ly in=m$ ( ! motives & circum/ances ( 8 conduct1 !y w\ld n fail to hon\r & applaud him4 ,?\gh he despises ! op9ions :i* are actually ent]ta9$ ( him1 he has ! highe/ value = ^? :i* ought to be ent]ta9$ ( him4 ,t he might ?9k himself wor?y ( ^? hon\rable s5tim5ts1 &1 :atev] 0 ! idea :i* o!r m5 might conceive ( 8 "*1 t :5 he %\ld put himself 9 _! situation1 & consid]1 n :at 01 b :at ought to be _! op9ion1 he %\ld always h ! highe/ idea ( x himself1 0 ! great & exalt$ motive ( 8 conduct4 ,z ev5 9 ! love ( virtue1 !re=e1 !re is /ill "s ref]5ce1 ?\gh n to :at is1 yet to :at 9 reason & propriety ought to be1 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 !re is ev5 9 ?is respect "s aff9ity betwe5 x & ! love ( true glory4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 a v great diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! man :o acts solely f a reg>d to :at is "r & fit to be done1 f a reg>d to :at is ! prop] object ( e/eem & approbation1 ?\gh ^! s5tim5ts %\ld nev] be be/[$ ^u him1 acts f ! mo/ sublime & godlike motive :i* human nature is ev5 capable ( conceiv+4 ,! man1 on ! o!r h&1 :o :ile he desires to m]it approbation1 is at ! same "t anxi\s to obta9 x1 ?\gh he1 too1 is laudable 9 ! ma91 yet 8 motives h a great] mixture ( human infirmity4 ,he is 9 dang] ( be+ mortifi$ by ! ignorance & inju/ice ( mank9d1 & 8 happ9ess is expos$ to ! envy ( 8 rivals & ! folly ( ! public4 ,! happ9ess ( ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is altoge!r secure & indep5d5t ( =tune1 & ( ! caprice ( ^? he lives )4 ,! contempt & hatr$ :i* #bgf may be ?r[n ^u him by ! ignorance ( mank9d1 he consid]s z n belong+ to him1 & is n at all mortifi$ by x4 ,mank9d despise & hate him f a false notion ( 8 "* & conduct4 ,if !y knew him bett]1 !y w\ld e/eem & love him4 ,x is n him :om1 prop]ly speak+1 !y hate & despise1 b ano!r p]son :om !y mi/ake him to be4 ,our fri5d1 :om we %\ld meet at a masqu]ade 9 ! g>b ( our enemy1 w\ld be m div]t$ ?an mortifi$1 if "u t disguise we %\ld v5t our indignation aga9/ him4 ,su* are ! s5tim5ts ( a man ( real magnanimity1 :5 expos$ to unju/ c5sure4 ,x seldom happ5s1 h[ev]1 t human nature arrives at ?is degree ( firmness4 ,?\gh none b ! weake/ & mo/ wor?less ( mank9d are mu* delight$ ) false glory1 yet1 by a /range inconsi/5cy1 false ignom9y is capable ( mortify+ ^? :o appe> ! mo/ resolute & det]m9$4 ,dr4 ,m&eville is n satisfi$ ) repres5t+ ! frivol\s motive ( vanity1 z ! s\rce ( all ^? actions :i* are commonly acc\nt$ virtu\s4 ,he endeav\rs to po9t out ! imp]fection ( human virtue 9 _m o!r respects4 ,9 e case1 he pret5ds1 x falls %ort ( t complete self-d5ial :i* x pret5ds to1 &1 in/ead ( a conque/1 is commonly no m ?an a conceal$ indulg5ce ( our passions4 ,:]ev] our res]ve ) reg>d to pleasure falls %ort ( ! mo/ ascetic ab/95ce1 he treats x z gross luxury & s5suality4 ,e ?+1 accord+ to him1 is luxury :i* exce$s :at is absolutely necess>y = ! support ( human nature1 s t !re is vice ev5 9 ! use ( a clean %irt or ( a conv5i5t habitation4 ,! indulg5ce ( ! incl9ation to sex1 9 ! mo/ lawful union1 he consid]s z ! same s5suality ) ! mo/ hurtful gratification ( t passion1 & d]ides t temp]ance & t *a/ity :i* c be practis$ at s *eap a rate4 ,! +5i\s sophi/ry ( 8 reason+1 is "h1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 cov]$ by ! ambiguity ( language4 ,!re are "s ( our passions :i* h no o!r names except ^? :i* m>k ! disagreeable & (f5sive degree4 ,! spectator is m apt to take notice ( !m 9 ?is degree ?an 9 any o!r4 ,:5 !y %ock 8 own s5tim5ts1 :5 !y give him "s sort ( antipa?y & uneas9ess1 he is necess>ily oblig$ to att5d to !m1 & is f !nce naturally l$ to give !m a "n4 ,:5 !y fall 9 ) ! natural /ate ( 8 own m9d1 he is v apt to ov]look !m altoge!r1 & ei!r gives !m no "n at all1 or1 if he gives !m any1 x is "o :i* m>ks r ! subjection & re/ra9t ( ! passion1 ?an ! degree :i* x /ill is all[$ to subsi/ 91 aft] x is s subject$ & re/ra9$4 ,?us ! common names 7luxury & lu/7 ( ! love ( pleasure1 & ( ! love ( sex1 d5ote a vici\s & (f5sive degree ( ^? passions4 ,! words temp]ance & *a/ity1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to m>k r ! re/ra9t & subjection :i* !y are kept "u1 ?an ! degree #bgg :i* !y are /ill all[$ to subsi/ 94 ,:5 he c %[1 !re=e1 t !y /ill subsi/ 9 "s degree1 he imag9es1 he has entirely demoli%$ ! reality ( ! virtues ( temp]ance & *a/ity1 & %[n !m to be m]e impositions ^u ! inatt5tion & simplicity ( mank9d4 ,^? virtues1 h[ev]1 d n require an entire ins5sibility to ! objects ( ! passions :i* !y mean to gov]n4 ,!y only aim at re/ra9+ ! viol5ce ( ^? passions s f> z n to hurt ! individual1 & nei!r di/urb nor (f5d society4 ,x is ! great fallacy ( ,dr4 ,m&eville's book 7,fable ( ! ,bees7 to repres5t e passion z :olly vici\s1 :i* is s 9 any degree & 9 any direction4 ,x is ?us t he treats e ?+ z vanity :i* has any ref]5ce1 ei!r to :at are1 or to :at ought to be ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs2 & x is by means ( ?is sophi/ry1 t he e/abli%es 8 fav\rite conclusion1 t private vices are public b5efits4 ,if ! love ( magnific5ce1 a ta/e = ! elegant arts & improvem5ts ( human life1 = :atev] is agreeable 9 dress1 furniture1 or equipage1 = ar*itecture1 /atu>y1 pa9t+1 & music1 is to be reg>d$ z luxury1 s5suality1 & o/5tation1 ev5 9 ^? ^: situation all[s1 )\t any inconv5i5cy1 ! indulg5ce ( ^? passions1 x is c]ta9 t luxury1 s5suality1 & o/5tation are public b5efits3 s9ce )\t ! qualities ^u :i* he ?9ks prop] to be/[ su* opprobri\s names1 ! arts ( ref9em5t c\ld nev] f9d enc\ragem5t1 & mu/ langui% = want ( employm5t4 ,"s popul> ascetic doctr9es :i* _h be5 curr5t be=e 8 "t1 & :i* plac$ virtue 9 ! entire extirpation & annihilation ( all our passions1 7 ! real f\ndation ( ?is lic5ti\s sy/em4 ,x 0 easy = ,dr4 ,m&eville to prove1 fir/1 t ?is entire conque/ nev] actually took place among m52 & secondly1 t if x 0 to take place univ]sally1 x w\ld be p]nici\s to society1 by putt+ an end to all indu/ry & comm]ce1 & 9 a mann] to ! :ole bus9ess ( human life4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! propositions1 he seem$ to prove t !re 0 no real virtue1 & t :at pret5d$ to be su*1 0 a m]e *eat & imposition ^u mank9d2 & by ! second1 t our private vices 7 public b5efits1 s9ce )\t !m no society c\ld prosp] or fl\ri%4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,m&eville1 :i* once made s mu* noise 9 ! _w1 & :i*1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x nev] gave occasion to m vice ?an :at w\ld h be5 )\t x1 at lea/ taught t vice1 :i* arose f o!r causes1 to appe> ) m effront]y1 & to av[ ! corruption ( its motives ) a pr(ligate audaci\sness :i* _h nev] be5 he>d ( be=e4 ,b h[ de/ructive soev] ?is sy/em may appe>1 x c\ld nev] h impos$ ^u s great a numb] ( p]sons1 nor h occasion$ s g5]al an al>m among ^? :o are ! fri5ds ( bett] pr9ciples1 _h x n 9 "s respects bord]$ ^u ! tru?4 ,a sy/em ( #bgh natural philosophy may appe> v plausible1 & be = a long "t v g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! _w1 & yet h no f\ndation 9 nature1 nor any sort ( resemblance to ! tru?4 ,! vortices ( ,des ,c>tes 7 reg>d$ by a v +5i\s nation1 = ne> a c5tury toge!r1 z a mo/ satisfactory acc\nt ( ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,yet x has be5 demon/rat$1 to ! conviction ( all mank9d1 t ^! pret5d$ causes ( ^? wond]ful effects1 n only d n actually exi/1 b are utt]ly impossible1 & if !y did exi/1 c\ld produce no su* effects z are ascrib$ to !m4 ,b x is o!rwise ) sy/ems ( moral philosophy1 & an au?or :o pret5ds to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts1 _c deceive u s grossly1 nor dep>t s v f> f all resemblance to ! tru?4 ,:5 a travell] gives an acc\nt ( "s di/ant c\ntry1 he may impose ^u our cr$ulity1 ! mo/ gr\ndless & absurd fictions z ! mo/ c]ta9 matt]s ( fact4 ,b :5 a p]son pret5ds to in=m u ( :at passes 9 our neighb\rhood1 & ( ! affairs ( ! v p>i% :i* we live 91 ?\gh "h too1 if we are s c>eless z n to exam9e ?+s ) our own eyes1 he may deceive u 9 _m respects1 yet ! greate/ falsehoods :i* he imposes ^u u mu/ be> "s resemblance to ! tru?1 & mu/ ev5 h a consid]able mixture ( tru? 9 !m4 ,an au?or :o treats ( natural philosophy1 & pret5ds to assign ! causes ( ! great ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 pret5ds to give an acc\nt ( ! affairs ( a v di/ant c\ntry1 conc]n+ :i* he may tell u :at he pleases1 & z long z 8 n>ration keeps )9 ! b\nds ( seem+ possibility1 he ne$ n despair ( ga9+ ( belief4 ,b :5 he proposes to expla9 ! orig9 ( our desires & affections1 ( our s5tim5ts ( approbation & disapprobation1 he pret5ds to give an acc\nt1 n only ( ! affairs ( ! v p>i% t we live 91 b ( our own dome/ic conc]ns4 ,?\gh "h too1 l indol5t ma/]s :o put _! tru/ 9 a /ew>d :o deceives !m1 we are v liable to be impos$ ^u1 yet we are incapable ( pass+ any acc\nt :i* does n pres]ve "s little reg>d to ! tru?4 ,"s ( ! articles1 at lea/1 mu/ be j1 & ev5 ^? :i* are mo/ ov]*>g$ mu/ h _h "s f\ndation1 o!rwise ! fraud w\ld be detect$ ev5 by t c>eless inspection :i* we are dispos$ to give4 ,! au?or :o %\ld assign1 z ! cause ( any natural s5tim5t1 "s pr9ciple :i* nei!r _h any connection ) x1 nor resembl$ any o!r pr9ciple :i* _h "s su* connection1 w\ld appe> absurd & ridicul\s to ! mo/ injudici\s & unexp]i5c$ read]4 ----- #bgi ,,sec4 ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,sy/ems ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,=m$ ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,approbation4 ,,introduction4--,aft] ! inquiry conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue1 ! next "q ( importance 9 ,moral ,philosophy1 is conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 conc]n+ ! p[] or faculty ( ! m9d :i* r5d]s c]ta9 *>act]s agreeable or disagreeable to u1 makes u pref] "o t5or ( conduct to ano!r1 d5om9ate ! "o "r & ! o!r wrong1 & consid] ! "o z ! object ( approbation1 hon\r1 & rew>d1 or ! o!r z t ( blame1 c5sure1 & puni%m5t4 ,?ree diff]5t acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ?is pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,accord+ to "s1 we approve & disapprove bo? ( our own actions & ( ^? ( o!rs1 f self-love only1 or f "s view ( _! t5d5cy to our own happ9ess or disadvantage3 accord+ to o!rs1 reason1 ! same faculty by :i* we di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 enables u to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is fit & unfit bo? 9 actions & affections3 accord+ to o!rs1 ?is di/9ction is altoge!r ! effect ( imm$iate s5tim5t & feel+1 & arises f ! satisfaction or disgu/ ) :i* ! view ( c]ta9 actions or affections inspires u4 ,self-love1 reason & s5tim5t1 !re=e1 are ! ?ree diff]5t s\rces :i* h be5 assign$ = ! pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,be=e ,i proce$ to give an acc\nt ( ^? diff]5t sy/ems1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ! det]m9ation ( ?is second "q1 ?\gh ( ! greate/ importance 9 speculation1 is ( none 9 practice4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue necess>ily has "s influ5ce ^u our notions ( "r & wrong 9 _m p>ticul> cases4 ,t conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation c possibly h no su* effect4 ,to exam9e f :at contrivance or me*anism )91 ^? diff]5t notions or s5tim5ts arise1 is a m]e matt] ( philosophical curiosity4 ----- ,,*ap4 ,i4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* d$uce ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation f ,self-love4 ,,^? :o acc\nt = ! pr9ciple ( approbation f self-love1 d n all acc\nt = x 9 ! same mann]1 & !re is a good deal ( confusion & inaccuracy 9 all _! diff]5t sy/ems4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobbes1 & _m ( 8 foll[]s 7,puff5dorff1 ,m&eville71 man is driv5 to take refuge 9 society1 n by any natural love :i* he be>s to 8 own k9d1 b because )\t ! assi/ance ( o!rs he is incapable ( subsi/+ ) ease or safety4 ,society1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 becomes necess>y to him1 & :atev] t5ds to its support & welf>e1 he consid]s z hav+ a remote t5d5cy to 8 own #bhj int]e/2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :atev] is likely to di/urb or de/roy x1 he reg>ds z 9 "s measure hurtful or p]nici\s to himself4 ,virtue is ! great support1 & vice ! great di/urb] ( human society4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 is agreeable1 & ! latt] (f5sive to e man2 z f ! "o he =esees ! prosp]ity1 & f ! o!r ! ru9 & disord] ( :at is s necess>y = ! com=t & ! security ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,t ! t5d5cy ( virtue to promote1 & ( vice to di/urb ! ord] ( society1 :5 we consid] x coolly & philosophically1 reflects a v great beauty ^u ! "o1 & a v great de=mity ^u ! o!r1 _c1 z ,i h obs]v$ ^u a =m] occasion1 be call$ 9 "q4 ,human society1 :5 we contemplate x 9 a c]ta9 ab/ract & philosophical light1 appe>s l a great1 an imm5se ma*9e1 ^: regul> & h>moni\s movem5ts produce a ?\s& agreeable effects4 ,z 9 any o!r beautiful & noble ma*9e t 0 ! production ( human art1 :atev] t5d$ to r5d] its movem5ts m smoo? & easy1 w\ld d]ive a beauty f ?is effect1 &1 on ! contr>y1 :atev] t5d$ to ob/ruct !m w\ld displease ^u t acc\nt3 s virtue1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! f9e poli% to ! :eels ( society1 necess>ily pleases2 :ile vice1 l ! vile ru/1 :i* makes !m j> & grate ^u "o ano!r1 is z necess>ily (f5sive4 ,?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 ( ! orig9 ( approbation & disapprobation1 s f> z x d]ives !m f a reg>d to ! ord] ( society1 runs into t pr9ciple :i* gives beauty to utility1 & :i* ,i h expla9$ ^u a =m] occasion2 & x is f !nce t ?is sy/em d]ives all t appe>ance ( probability :i* x possesses4 ,:5 ^? au?ors describe ! innum]able advantages ( a cultivat$ & social1 above a savage & solit>y life2 :5 !y expatiate ^u ! necessity ( virtue & good ord] = ! ma9t5ance ( ! "o1 & demon/rate h[ infallibly ! preval5ce ( vice & disob$i5ce to ! laws t5d to br+ back ! o!r1 ! read] is *>m$ ) ! novelty & gr&eur ( ^? views :i* !y op5 to him3 he sees pla9ly a new beauty 9 virtue1 & a new de=mity 9 vice1 :i* he _h nev] tak5 notice ( be=e1 & is commonly s delight$ ) ! discov]y1 t he seldom takes "t to reflect1 t ?is political view hav+ nev] occurr$ to him 9 8 life be=e1 _c possibly be ! gr\nd ( t approbation & disapprobation ) :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to consid] ^? diff]5t qualities4 ,:5 ^? au?ors1 on ! o!r h&1 d$uce f self-love ! int]e/ :i* we take 9 ! welf>e ( society1 & ! e/eem :i* ^u t acc\nt we be/[ ^u virtue1 !y d n mean1 t :5 we 9 ?is age applaud ! virtue ( ,cato1 & dete/ ! villany ( ,catal9e1 our s5tim5ts are influ5c$ by ! notion ( any b5efit we receive f ! "o1 or ( any detrim5t we suff] f ! o!r4 ,x 0 n because ! prosp]ity or subv]sion ( society1 9 ^? remote #bha ages & nations1 0 appreh5d$ to h any influ5ce ^u our happ9ess or mis]y 9 ! pres5t times2 t accord+ to ^? philosoph]s1 we e/eem$ ! virtu\s & blam$ ! disord]ly "*4 ,!y nev] imag9$ t our s5tim5ts 7 influ5c$ by any b5efit or damage :i* we 9999suppos$ actually to r$\nd to u1 f ei!r2 b by t :i* might h r$\nd$ to u1 _h we liv$ 9 ^? di/ant ages & c\ntries2 or by t :i* might /ill r$\nd to u1 if 9 our own times we %\ld meet ) *>act]s ( ! same k9d4 ,! idea1 9 %ort1 :i* ^? au?ors 7 grop+ ab\t1 b :i* !y 7 nev] able to unfold di/9ctly1 0 t indirect sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! gratitude or res5tm5t ( ^? :o receiv$ ! b5efit or suff]$ ! damage result+ f su* opposite *>act]s3 & x 0 ?is :i* !y 7 indi/9ctly po9t+ at1 :5 !y said1 t x 0 n ! ?\ght ( :at we _h ga9$ or suff]$ :i* prompt$ our applause or indignation1 b ! conception or imag9ation ( :at we might ga9 or suff] if we 7 to act 9 society ) su* associates4 ,sympa?y1 h[ev]1 _c1 9 any s5se1 be reg>d$ z a selfi% pr9ciple4 ,:5 ,i sympa?ize ) y\r sorr[ or y\r indignation1 x may be pret5d$1 inde$1 t my emotion is f\nd$ 9 self-love1 because x arises f br++ y\r case home to myself1 f putt+ myself 9 y\r situation1 & !nce conceiv+ :at ,i %\ld feel 9 ! l circum/ances4 ,b ?\gh sympa?y is v prop]ly said to arise f an imag9>y *ange ( situations ) ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 yet ?is imag9>y *ange is n suppos$ to happ5 to me 9 my own p]son & "*1 b 9 t ( ! p]son ) :om ,i sympa?ize4 ,:5 ,i condole ) y = ! loss ( y\r only son1 9 ord] to ent] into y\r grief ,i d n consid] :at ,i1 a p]son ( su* a "* & pr(ession1 %\ld suff]1 if ,i _h a son1 & if t son 0 un=tunately to die2 b ,i consid] :at ,i %\ld suff] if ,i 0 really y1 & ,i n only *ange circum/ances ) y1 b ,i *ange p]sons & *>act]s4 ,my grief1 !re=e1 is entirely ^u y\r acc\nt1 & n 9 ! lea/ ^u my own4 ,x is n1 !re=e 9 ! lea/ selfi%4 ,h[ c t be reg>d$ z a selfi% passion1 :i* does n arise ev5 f ! imag9ation ( any ?+ t has befall51 or t relates to myself1 9 my own prop] p]son & "*1 b :i* is entirely occupi$ ab\t :at relates to y8 ,a man may sympa?ize ) a woman 9 *ild-b$2 ?\gh x is impossible t he %\ld conceive himself z suff]+ h] pa9s 9 8 own prop] p]son & "*4 ,t :ole acc\nt ( human nature1 h[ev]1 :i* d$uces all s5tim5ts & affections f self-love1 :i* has made s mu* noise 9 ! _w1 b :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 has nev] yet be5 fully & di/9ctly expla9$1 seems to me to h aris5 f "s confus$ misappreh5sion ( ! sy/em ( sympa?y4 #bhb ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation4 ,,x is well kn[n to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1 t a /ate ( nature is a /ate ( w>2 & t antec$5t to ! in/itution ( civil gov]nm5t1 !re c\ld be no safe or peaceable society among m54 ,to pres]ve society1 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 0 to support civil gov]nm5t1 & to de/roy civil gov]nm5t 0 ! same ?+ z to put an end to society4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( civil gov]nm5t dep5ds ^u ! ob$i5ce t is paid to ! supreme magi/rate4 ,! mom5t he loses 8 au?ority1 all gov]nm5t is at an end4 ,z self-pres]vation1 !re=e1 tea*es m5 to applaud :atev] t5ds to promote ! welf>e ( society1 & to blame :atev] is likely to hurt x2 s ! same pr9ciple1 if !y w\ld ?9k & speak consi/5tly1 ought to tea* !m to applaud ^u all occasions ob$i5ce to ! civil magi/rate1 & to blame all disob$i5ce & rebellion4 ,! v ideas ( laudable & blamable1 ought to be ! same ) ^? ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,! laws ( ! civil magi/rate1 !re=e1 ought to be reg>d$ z ! sole ultimate /&>ds ( :at 0 j & unju/1 ( :at 0 "r & wrong4 ,x 0 ! av[$ int5tion ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1 by propagat+ ^! notions1 to subject ! consci5ces ( m5 imm$iately to ! civil1 & n to ! ecclesia/ical p[]s1 ^: turbul5ce & ambition1 he _h be5 taught1 by ! example ( 8 own times1 to reg>d z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! disord]s ( society4 ,8 doctr9e1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 0 peculi>ly (f5sive to !ologians1 :o accord+ly did n fail to v5t _! indignation aga9/ him ) great asp]ity & bitt]ness4 ,x 0 likewise (f5sive to all s\nd morali/s1 z x suppos$ t !re 0 no natural di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 t ^! 7 mutable & *angeable1 & dep5d$ ^u ! m]e arbitr>y w ( ! civil magi/rate4 ,?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 !re=e1 0 attack$ f all qu>t]s1 & by all sorts ( weapons1 by sob] reason z well z by furi\s declamation4 ,9 ord] to confute s odi\s a doctr9e1 x 0 necess>y to prove1 t antec$5t to all law or positive in/itution1 ! m9d 0 naturally end[$ ) a faculty1 by :i* x di/+ui%$ 9 c]ta9 actions & affections1 ! qualities ( "r1 laudable1 & virtu\s1 & 9 o!rs ^? ( wrong1 blamable1 & vici\s4 ,law1 x 0 ju/ly obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,cudwor? 7,immutable ,morality1 #a4 #a71 c\ld n be ! orig9al s\rce ( ^? di/9ctions2 s9ce ^u ! supposition ( su* a law1 x mu/ ei!r be "r to obey x1 & wrong to disobey x1 or indiff]5t :e!r we obey$ x or disobey$ x4 ,t law :i* x 0 indiff]5t :e!r we obey$ or disobey$1 c\ld n1 x 0 evid5t1 be ! s\rce ( ^? di/9ctions2 nei!r #bhc c\ld t :i* x 0 "r to obey & wrong to disobey1 s9ce ev5 ?is /ill suppos$ ! antec$5t notions or ideas ( "r & wrong1 & t ob$i5ce to ! law 0 con=mable to ! idea ( "r1 & disob$i5ce to t ( wrong4 ,s9ce ! m9d1 !re=e1 _h a notion ( ^? di/9ctions antec$5t to all law1 x seem$ necess>ily to foll[1 t x d]iv$ ?is notion f reason1 :i* po9t$ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* x did t betwe5 tru? & falsehood3 & ?is conclusion1 :i*1 ?\gh true 9 "s respects1 is r ha/y 9 o!rs1 0 m easily receiv$ at a "t :5 ! ab/ract sci5ce ( human nature 0 b 9 its infancy1 & be=e ! di/9ct (fices & p[]s ( ! diff]5t faculties ( ! human m9d _h be5 c>efully exam9$ & di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,:5 ?is controv]sy ) ,mr4 ,hobbes 0 c>ri$ on ) ! greate/ w>m? & ke5ness1 no o!r faculty _h be5 ?\ght ( f :i* any su* ideas c\ld possibly be suppos$ to arise4 ,x became at ?is "t1 !re=e1 ! popul> doctr9e1 t ! ess5ce ( virtue & vice did n consi/ 9 ! con=mity or disagreem5t ( human actions ) ! law ( a sup]ior1 b 9 _! con=mity or disagreem5t ) reason1 :i* 0 ?us consid]$ z ! orig9al s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,t virtue consi/s 9 con=mity to reason1 is true 9 "s respects1 & ?is faculty may v ju/ly be consid]$ z1 9 "s s5se1 ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation1 & ( all solid judgm5ts conc]n+ "r & wrong4 ,x is by reason t we discov] ^? g5]al rules ( ju/ice by :i* we ought to regulate our actions3 & x is by ! same faculty t we =m ^? m vague & indet]m9ate ideas ( :at is prud5t1 ( :at is dec5t1 ( :at is g5]\s or noble1 :i* we c>ry con/antly ab\t ) u1 & accord+ to :i* we endeav\r1 z well z we c1 to model ! t5or ( our conduct4 ,! g5]al maxims ( morality are =m$1 l all o!r g5]al maxims1 f exp]i5ce & induction4 ,we obs]ve 9 a great v>iety ( p>ticul> cases :at pleases or displeases our moral faculties1 :at ^! approve or disapprove (1 &1 by induction f ?is exp]i5ce1 we e/abli% ^? g5]al rules4 ,b induction is always reg>d$ z "o ( ! op]ations ( reason4 ,f reason1 !re=e1 we are v prop]ly said to d]ive all ^? g5]al maxims & ideas4 ,x is by ^!1 h[ev]1 t we regulate ! great] "p ( our moral judgm5ts1 :i* w\ld be extremely unc]ta9 & prec>i\s if !y dep5d$ altoge!r ^u :at is liable to s _m v>iations z imm$iate s5tim5t & feel+1 :i* ! diff]5t /ates ( heal? & hum\r are capable ( alt]+ s ess5tially4 ,z our mo/ solid judgm5ts1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to "r & wrong1 are regulat$ by maxims & ideas d]iv$ f an induction ( reason1 virtue may v prop]ly be said to consi/ 9 a con=mity to #bhd reason1 & s f> ?is faculty may be consid]$ z ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,b ?\gh reason is und\bt$ly ! s\rce ( ! g5]al rules ( morality1 & ( all ! moral judgm5ts :i* we =m by means ( !m2 x is altoge!r absurd & un9telligible to suppose t ! fir/ p]ceptions ( "r & wrong c be d]iv$ f reason1 ev5 9 ^? p>ticul> cases ^u ! exp]i5ce ( :i* ! g5]al rules are =m$4 ,^! fir/ p]ceptions1 z well z all o!r exp]im5ts ^u :i* any g5]al rules are f\nd$1 _c be ! object ( reason1 b ( imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,x is by f9d+ 9 a va/ v>iety ( in/ances t "o t5or ( conduct con/antly pleases 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t ano!r z con/antly displeases ! m9d1 t we =m ! g5]al rules ( morality4 ,b reason _c r5d] any p>ticul> object ei!r agreeable or disagreeable to ! m9d = its own sake4 ,reason may %[ t ?is object is ! means ( obta9+ "s o!r :i* is naturally ei!r pleas+ or displeas+1 & 9 ?is mann] may r5d] x ei!r agreeable or disagreeable = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,b no?+ c be agreeable or disagreeable = its own sake1 :i* is n r5d]$ su* by imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 necess>ily pleases = its own sake1 & if vice z c]ta9ly displeases ! m9d1 x _c be reason1 b imm$iate s5se & feel+1 :i* ?us reconciles u to ! "o1 & ali5ates u f ! o!r4 ,pleasure & pa9 are ! great objects ( desire & av]sion3 b ^! are di/+ui%$1 n by reason1 b by imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 be desirable = its own sake1 & if vice be1 9 ! same mann]1 ! object ( av]sion1 x _c be reason :i* orig9ally di/+ui%es ^? diff]5t qualities1 b imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,z reason1 h[ev]1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation1 ^! s5tim5ts 71 ?r\gh inatt5tion1 long reg>d$ z orig9ally fl[+ f ! op]ations ( ?is faculty4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson _h ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ :o di/+ui%$ ) any degree ( precision 9 :at respect all moral di/9ctions may be said to arise f reason1 & 9 :at respect !y are f\nd$ ^u imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,9 8 illu/rations ^u ! moral s5se he has expla9$ ?is s fully1 &1 9 my op9ion1 s unansw]ably1 t1 if any controv]sy is /ill kept up ab\t ?is subject1 ,i c impute x to no?+1 b ei!r to inatt5tion to :at t g5tleman has writt51 or to a sup]/iti\s atta*m5t to c]ta9 =ms ( expression1 a weakness n v uncommon among ! le>n$1 especially 9 subjects s deeply int]e/+ z ! pres5t1 9 :i* a man ( virtue is (t5 loa? to ab&on ev5 ! propriety ( a s+le phrase :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to4 #bhe ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,( ^? ,sy/ems :i* make ,s5tim5t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approbation4 ,,^? sy/ems :i* make s5tim5t ! pr9ciple ( approbation may be divid$ into two diff]5t classes4 ,i4 ,accord+ to "s ! pr9ciple ( approbation is f\nd$ ^u a s5tim5t ( a peculi> nature1 ^u a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception ex]t$ by ! m9d at ! view ( c]ta9 actions or affections2 "s ( :i* affect+ ?is faculty 9 an agreeable & o!rs 9 a disagreeable mann]1 ! =m] are /amp$ ) ! *>act]s ( "r1 laudable1 & virtu\s2 ! latt] ) ^? ( wrong1 blamable1 & vici\s4 ,?is s5tim5t be+ ( a peculi> nature di/9ct f e o!r1 & ! effect ( a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception1 !y give x a p>ticul> "n1 & call x a moral s5se4 ,,ii4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 !re is no occasion = suppos+ any new p[] ( p]ception :i* _h nev] be5 he>d ( be=e3 ,nature1 !y imag9e acts "h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 ) ! /ricte/ oeconomy1 & produces a multitude ( effects f "o & ! same cause2 & sympa?y1 a p[] :i* has always be5 tak5 notice (1 & ) :i* ! m9d is manife/ly end[$1 is1 !y ?9k1 suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! effects ascrib$ to ?is peculi> faculty4 ,i4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson 7,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue7 _h be5 at great pa9s to prove t ! pr9ciple ( approbation 0 n f\nd$ on self-love4 ,he _h demon/rat$1 too1 t x c\ld n arise f any op]ation ( reason4 ,no?+ rema9$1 he ?\ght1 b to suppose x a faculty ( a peculi> k9d1 ) :i* ,nature _h end[$ ! human m9d1 9 ord] to produce ?is "o p>ticul> & important effect4 ,:5 self-love & reason 7 bo? exclud$1 x did n occur to him t !re 0 any o!r kn[n faculty ( ! m9d :i* c\ld 9 any respect answ] ?is purpose4 ,?is new p[] ( p]ception he call$ a moral s5se1 & suppos$ x to be some:at analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,z ! bodies ar\nd u1 by affect+ ^! 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 appe> to possess ! diff]5t qualities ( s\nd1 ta/e1 od\r1 col\r2 s ! v>i\s affections ( ! human m9d1 by t\*+ ?is p>ticul> faculty 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 appe> to possess ! diff]5t qualities ( amiable & odi\s1 ( virtu\s & vici\s1 ( "r & wrong4 ,! v>i\s s5ses or p[]s ( p]ception 7,treatise ( ! ,passions7 f :i* ! human m9d d]ives all its simple ideas1 71 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ( two diff]5t k9ds1 ( :i* ! "o 7 call$ ! direct or antec$5t1 ! o!r1 ! reflex or consequ5t s5ses4 ,! direct s5ses 7 ^? faculties f :i* ! m9d d]iv$ ! p]ception ( su* species ( ?+s z did n presuppose #bhf ! antec$5t p]ception ( any o!r4 ,?us s\nds & col\rs 7 objects ( ! direct s5ses4 ,to he> a s\nd or to see a col\r does n presuppose ! antec$5t p]ception ( any o!r quality or object4 ,! reflex or consequ5t s5ses1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ^? faculties f :i* ! m9d d]iv$ ! p]ception ( su* species ( ?+s z presuppos$ ! antec$5t p]ception ( "s o!r4 ,?us h>mony & beauty 7 objects ( ! reflex s5ses4 ,9 ord] to p]ceive ! h>mony ( a s\nd1 or ! beauty ( a col\r1 we mu/ fir/ p]ceive ! s\nd or ! col\r4 ,! moral s5se 0 consid]$ z a faculty ( ?is k9d4 ,t faculty1 :i* ,mr4 ,locke calls reflection1 & f :i* he d]iv$ ! simple ideas ( ! diff]5t passions & emotions ( ! human m9d1 01 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 a direct int]nal s5se4 ,t faculty aga9 by :i* we p]ceiv$ ! beauty or de=mity1 ! virtue or vice1 ( ^? diff]5t passions & emotions1 0 a reflex1 int]nal s5se4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson endeav\r$ /ill fur!r to support ?is doctr9e1 by %[+ t x 0 agreeable to ! analogy ( nature1 & t ! m9d 0 end[$ ) a v>iety ( o!r reflex s5ses exactly simil> to ! moral s5se2 su* z a s5se ( beauty & de=mity 9 ext]nal objects2 a public s5se1 by :i* we sympa?ize ) ! happ9ess or mis]y ( our fell[-creatures2 a s5se ( %ame & hon\r1 & a s5se ( ridicule4 ,b not)/&+ all ! pa9s :i* ?is +5i\s philosoph] has tak5 to prove t ! pr9ciple ( approbation is f\nd$ 9 a peculi> p[] ( p]ception1 some:at analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses1 !re are "s consequ5ces1 :i* he ackn[l$ges to foll[ f ?is doctr9e1 t w1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ by _m z a suffici5t confutation ( x4 ,! qualities1 he all[s1#h :i* belong to ! objects ( any s5se1 _c1 )\t ! greate/ absurdity1 be ascrib$ to ! s5se itself4 ,:o ev] ?\ght ( call+ ! s5se ( see+ black or :ite1 ! s5se ( he>+ l\d or l[1 or ! s5se ( ta/+ sweet or bitt]8 ,&1 accord+ to him1 x is equally absurd to call our moral faculties virtu\s or vici\s1 morally good or evil4 ,^! qualities belong to ! objects ( ^? faculties1 n to ! faculties !mselves4 ,if any man1 !re=e1 0 s absurdly con/itut$ z to approve ( cruelty & inju/ice z ! highe/ virtues1 & to disapprove ( equity & humanity z ! mo/ pitiful vices1 su* a con/itution ( m9d might inde$ be reg>d$ z inconv5i5t bo? to ! individual & to ! society1 & likewise z /range1 surpris+1 & unnatural 9 itself2 b x c\ld n1 )\t ! greate/ absurdity1 be d5om9at$ vici\s or morally evil4 ,footnote #h3 ,illu/rations ^u ! ,moral ,s5se1 sect4 i4 p4 #bcg1 et seq42 ?ird edition4 ,yet surely if we saw any man %\t+ ) admiration & applause at a b>b>\s & unm]it$ execution1 :i* "s insol5t tyrant _h ord]$1 we %\ld n ?9k we 7 guilty ( any great absurdity #bhg 9 d5om9at+ ?is behavi\r vici\s & morally evil 9 ! highe/ degree1 ?\gh x express$ no?+ b deprav$ moral faculties1 or an absurd approbation ( ?is horrid action1 z ( :at 0 noble1 magnanim\s1 & great4 ,our he>t1 ,i imag9e1 at ! sight ( su* a spectator1 w\ld =get = a :ile its sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 & feel no?+ b horror & dete/ation1 at ! ?\ght ( s execrable a wret*4 ,we %\ld abom9ate him ev5 m ?an ! tyrant :o might be goad$ on by ! /rong passions ( jeal\sy1 fe>1 & res5tm5t1 & ^u t acc\nt be m excusable4 ,b ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator w\ld appe> altoge!r )\t cause or motive1 & !re=e mo/ p]fectly & completely dete/able4 ,!re is no p]v]sion ( s5tim5t or affection :i* our he>t w\ld be m av]se to ent] into1 or :i* x w\ld reject ) great] hatr$ & indignation ?an "o ( ?is k9d2 & s f> f reg>d+ su* a con/itution ( m9d z be+ m]ely some?+ /range or inconv5i5t1 & n 9 any respect vici\s or morally evil1 we %\ld r consid] x z ! v la/ & mo/ dreadful /age ( depravity4 ,correct moral s5tim5ts1 on ! contr>y1 naturally appe> 9 "s degree laudable & morally good4 ,! man1 ^: c5sure & applause are ^u all occasions suit$ ) ! greate/ accuracy to ! value or unwor?9ess ( ! object1 seems to des]ve a degree ev5 ( moral approbation4 ,we admire ! delicate precision ( 8 moral s5tim5ts3 !y lead our own judgm5ts1 &1 ^u acc\nt ( _! uncommon & surpris+ ju/ness1 !y ev5 excite our wond] & applause4 ,we _c inde$ be always sure t ! conduct ( su* a p]son w\ld be 9 any respect correspond5t to ! precision & accuracy ( 8 judgm5t conc]n+ ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,virtue requires habit & resolution ( m9d1 z well z delicacy ( s5tim5t2 & un=tunately ! =m] qualities are sometimes want+1 :]e ! latt] is 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,?is disposition ( m9d1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x may sometimes be att5d$ ) imp]fections1 is incompatible ) any ?+ t is grossly crim9al1 & is ! happie/ f\ndation ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure ( p]fect virtue c be built4 ,!re are _m m5 :o mean v well1 & s]i\sly purpose to d :at !y ?9k _! duty1 :o not)/&+ are disagreeable because ( ! co>s5ess ( _! moral s5tim5ts4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( approbation is n f\nd$ ^u any p]ception t is 9 any respect analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses1 x may /ill be f\nd$ ^u a peculi> s5tim5t :i* answ]s ?is "o p>ticul> purpose & no o!r4 ,approbation & disapprobation1 x may be pret5d$1 are c]ta9 feel+s or emotions :i* arise 9 ! m9d ^u ! view ( diff]5t *>act]s & actions2 & z res5tm5t might be call$ a s5se ( injuries1 or gratitude a s5se ( b5efits1 s ^! may v prop]ly receive ! "n ( a s5se ( "r & wrong1 or ( a moral s5se4 #bhh ,b ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 ?\gh x may n be liable to ! same objections ) ! =ego+1 is expos$ to o!rs :i* may be equally unansw]able4 ,fir/ ( all1 :atev] v>iations any p>ticul> emotion may und]go1 x /ill pres]ves ! g5]al features :i* di/+ui% x to be an emotion ( su* a k9d1 & ^! g5]al features are always m /rik+ & rem>kable ?an any v>iation :i* x may und]go 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,?us ang] is an emotion ( a p>ticul> k9d3 & accord+ly its g5]al features are always m di/+ui%able ?an all ! v>iations x und]goes 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,ang] aga9/ a man is1 no d\bt1 some:at diff]5t f ang] aga9/ a woman1 & t aga9 f ang] aga9/ a *ild4 ,9 ea* ( ^? ?ree cases1 ! g5]al passion ( ang] receives a diff]5t modification f ! p>ticul> "* ( its object1 z may easily be obs]v$ by ! att5tive4 ,b /ill ! g5]al features ( ! passion pr$om9ate 9 all ^! cases4 ,to di/+ui% ^!1 requires no nice obs]vation3 a v delicate att5tion1 on ! contr>y1 is necess>y to discov] _! v>iations3 e body takes notice ( ! =m]2 sc>ce any body obs]ves ! latt]4 ,if approbation & disapprobation1 !re=e1 71 l gratitude & res5tm5t1 emotions ( a p>ticul> k9d1 di/9ct f e o!r1 we %\ld expect t 9 all ! v>iations :i* ei!r ( !m might und]go1 x w\ld /ill reta9 ! g5]al features :i* m>k x to be an emotion ( su* a p>ticul> k9d1 cle>1 pla9 & easily di/+ui%able4 ,b 9 fact x happ5s q o!rwise4 ,if we att5d to :at we really feel :5 ^u diff]5t occasions we ei!r approve or disapprove1 we %all f9d t our emotion 9 "o case is (t5 totally diff]5t f t 9 ano!r1 & t no common features c possibly be discov]$ betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! approbation ) :i* we view a t5d]1 delicate1 & humane s5tim5t1 is q diff]5t f t ) :i* we are /ruck by "o t appe>s great1 d>+1 & magnanim\s4 ,our approbation ( bo? may1 ^u diff]5t occasions1 be p]fect & entire2 b we are s(t5$ by ! "o1 & we are elevat$ by ! o!r1 & !re is no sort ( resemblance betwe5 ! emotions :i* !y excite 9 u4 ,b1 accord+ to t sy/em :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 ?is mu/ necess>ily be ! case4 ,z ! emotions ( ! p]son :om we approve (1 are1 9 ^? two cases1 q opposite to "o ano!r1 & z our approbation arises f sympa?y ) ^? opposite emotions1 :at we feel ^u ! "o occasion1 c h no sort ( resemblance to :at we feel ^u ! o!r4 ,b ?is c\ld n happ5 if approbation consi/$ 9 a peculi> emotion :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! s5tim5ts we approv$ (1 b :i* arose at ! view ( ^? s5tim5ts1 l any o!r passion at ! view ( its prop] object4 ,! same ?+ holds true ) reg>d to disapprobation4 ,our horror = cruelty has no sort ( resemblance to our contempt = #bhi mean-spirit$ness4 ,x is q a diff]5t species ( discord :i* we feel at ! view ( ^? two diff]5t vices1 betwe5 our own m9ds & ^? ( ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts & behavi\r we consid]4 ,secondly1 ,i h already obs]v$1 t n only ! diff]5t passions or affections ( ! human m9d :i* are approv$ or disapprov$ (1 appe> morally good or evil1 b t prop] & improp] approbation appe>1 to our natural s5tim5ts1 to be /amp$ ) ! same *>act]s4 ,i w\ld ask1 !re=e1 h[ x is1 t1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 we approve or disapprove ( prop] or improp] approbation8 ,to ?is "q !re is1 ,i imag9e1 b "o reasonable answ] :i* c possibly be giv54 ,x mu/ be said1 t :5 ! approbation ) :i* our neighb\r reg>ds ! conduct ( a ?ird p]son co9cides ) our own1 we approve ( 8 approbation1 & consid] x z1 9 "s measure1 morally good2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 :5 x does n co9cide ) our own s5tim5ts1 we disapprove ( x1 & consid] x z1 9 "s measure1 morally evil4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 !re=e1 t1 at lea/ 9 ?is "o case1 ! co9cid5ce or opposition ( s5tim5t1 betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! p]son obs]v$1 con/itutes moral approbation or disapprobation4 ,& if x does s 9 ?is "o case1 ,i w\ld ask1 :y n 9 e o!r8 to :at purpose imag9e a new p[] ( p]ception 9 ord] to acc\nt = ^? s5tim5ts8 ,aga9/ e acc\nt ( ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 :i* makes x dep5d ^u a peculi> s5tim5t1 di/9ct f e o!r1 ,i w\ld object t x is /range t ?is s5tim5t1 :i* ,provid5ce und\bt$ly int5d$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( human nature1 %\ld hi!rto h be5 s little tak5 notice (1 z n to h got a "n 9 any language4 ,! ^w ,moral ,s5se is ( v late =mation1 & _c yet be consid]$ z mak+ "p ( ! ,engli% tongue4 ,! ^w ,approbation has b )9 ^! few ye>s be5 appropriat$ to d5ote peculi>ly any ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,9 propriety ( language we approve ( :atev] is entirely to our satisfaction1 ( ! =m ( a build+1 ( ! contrivance ( a ma*9e1 ( ! flav\r ( a di% ( meat4 ,! ^w ,consci5ce does n imm$iately d5ote any moral faculty by :i* we approve or disapprove4 ,consci5ce supposes1 inde$1 ! exi/5ce ( "s su* faculty1 & prop]ly signifies our consci\sness ( hav+ act$ agreeably or contr>y to its directions4 ,:5 love1 hatr$1 joy1 sorr[1 gratitude1 res5tm5t1 ) s _m o!r passions :i* are all suppos$ to be ! subjects ( ?is pr9ciple1 h made !mselves consid]able en\gh to get titles to "k !m by1 is x n surpris+ t ! sov]eign ( !m all %\ld hi!rto h be5 s little he$$1 t1 a few philosoph]s except$1 nobody has yet ?\ght x wor? :ile to be/[ a "n ^u t pr9ciple4 ,:5 we approve ( any "* or action1 ! s5tim5ts :i* we feel1 are1 accord+ to ! =ego+ sy/em1 d]iv$ f f\r #bij s\rces1 :i* are 9 "s respects diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,fir/1 we sympa?ize ) ! motives ( ! ag5t2 secondly1 we ent] into ! gratitude ( ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( 8 actions2 ?irdly1 we obs]ve t 8 conduct has be5 agreeable to ! g5]al rules by :i* ^? two sympa?ies g5]ally act2 &1 la/ ( all1 :5 we consid] su* actions z mak+ a "p ( a sy/em ( behavi\r :i* t5ds to promote ! happ9ess ei!r ( ! individual or ( ! society1 !y appe> to d]ive a beauty f ?is utility1 n unlike t :i* we ascribe to any well-contriv$ ma*9e4 ,aft] d$uct+1 9 any "o p>ticul> case1 all t mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to proce$ f "s "o or o!r ( ^! f\r pr9ciples1 ,i %\ld be glad to "k :at rema9s1 & ,i %all freely all[ ?is ov]plus to be ascrib$ to a moral s5se1 or to any o!r peculi> faculty1 provid$ any body w asc]ta9 precisely :at ?is ov]plus is4 ,x might be expect$1 p]haps1 t if !re 0 any su* peculi> pr9ciple1 su* z ?is moral s5se is suppos$ to be1 we %\ld feel x1 9 "s p>ticul> cases1 sep>at$ & deta*$ f e o!r1 z we (t5 feel joy1 sorr[1 hope1 & fe>1 pure & unmix$ ) any o!r emotion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i imag9e1 _c ev5 be pret5d$4 ,i h nev] he>d any in/ance alleg$ 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple c\ld be said to ex]t itself alone & unmix$ ) sympa?y or antipa?y1 ) gratitude or res5tm5t1 ) ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any action to an e/abli%$ rule1 or la/ ( all1 ) t g5]al ta/e = beauty & ord] :i* is excit$ by inanimat$ z well z by animat$ objects4 ,,ii4 ,!re is ano!r sy/em :i* attempts to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts f sympa?y1 di/9ct f t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%4 ,x is t :i* places virtue 9 utility1 & acc\nts = ! pleasure ) :i* ! spectator surveys ! utility ( any quality f sympa?y ) ! happ9ess ( ^? :o are affect$ by x4 ,?is sympa?y is diff]5t bo? f t by :i* we ent] into ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & f t by :i* we g along ) ! gratitude ( ! p]sons :o are b5efit$ by 8 actions4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple ) t by :i* we approve ( a well-contriv$ ma*9e4 ,b no ma*9e c be ! object ( ei!r ( ^? two la/-m5tion$ sympa?ies4 ,i h already1 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is disc\rse1 giv5 "s acc\nt ( ?is sy/em4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,iv4--,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,diff]5t ,,au?ors ,,h ,,treat$ ,,( ,,! ,,practical ,,rules ,,( ,,morality4 ,,x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ?is disc\rse1 t ! rules ( ju/ice are ! only rules ( morality :i* are precise & accurate2 t ^? ( all ! o!r virtues are loose1 vague1 & indet]m9ate2 #bia t ! fir/ may be comp>$ to ! rules ( gramm>2 ! o!rs to ^? :i* critics lay d[n = ! atta9m5t ( :at is sublime & elegant 9 composition1 & :i* pres5t u r ) a g5]al idea ( ! p]fection we ought to aim at1 ?an af=d u any c]ta9 & infallible directions = acquir+ x4 ,z ! diff]5t rules ( morality admit su* diff]5t degrees ( accuracy1 ^? au?ors :o h endeav\r$ to collect & dige/ !m into sy/ems h done x 9 two diff]5t mann]s2 & "o set has foll[$ ?r\gh ! :ole t loose me?od to :i* !y 7 naturally direct$ by ! consid]ation ( "o species ( virtues2 :ile ano!r has z univ]sally endeav\r$ to introduce into _! precepts t sort ( accuracy ( :i* only "s ( !m are susceptible4 ,! fir/ h writt5 l critics1 ! second l gramm>ians4 ,i4 ,! fir/1 among :om we may c\nt all ! anci5t morali/s1 h cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+ 9 a g5]al mann] ! diff]5t vices & virtues1 & ) po9t+ out ! de=mity & mis]y ( ! "o disposition1 z well z ! propriety & happ9ess ( ! o!r1 b h n affect$ to lay d[n _m precise rules t are to hold good unexceptionally 9 all p>ticul> cases4 ,!y h only endeav\r$ to asc]ta91 z f> z language is capable ( asc]ta9+1 fir/1 :]e9 consi/s ! s5tim5t ( ! he>t1 ^u :i* ea* p>ticul> virtue is f\nd$1 :at sort ( int]nal feel+ or emotion x is :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( fri5d%ip1 ( humanity1 ( g5]osity1 ( ju/ice1 ( magnanimity1 & ( all ! o!r virtues1 z well z ( ! vices :i* are oppos$ to !m3 &1 secondly1 :at is ! g5]al way ( act+1 ! ord9>y tone & t5or ( conduct to :i* ea* ( ^? s5tim5ts w\ld direct u1 or h[ x is t a fri5dly1 a g5]\s1 a brave1 a j1 & a humane man1 w\ld ^u ord9>y occasions1 *oose to act4 ,to *>act]ize ! s5tim5t ( ! he>t1 ^u :i* ea* p>ticul> virtue is f\nd$1 ?\gh x requires bo? a delicate & an accurate p5cil1 is a task1 h[ev]1 :i* may be execut$ ) "s degree ( exactness4 ,x is impossible1 inde$1 to express all ! v>iations :i* ea* s5tim5t ei!r does or ought to und]go1 accord+ to e possible v>iation ( circum/ances4 ,!y are endless1 & language wants names to m>k !m by4 ,! s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip1 = example1 :i* we feel = an old man is diff]5t f t :i* we feel = a "y3 t :i* we ent]ta9 = an au/]e man diff]5t f t :i* we feel = "o ( s(t] & g5tl] mann]s3 & t aga9 f :at we feel = "o ( gay vivacity & _s4 ,! fri5d%ip :i* we conceive = a man is diff]5t f t ) :i* a woman affects u1 ev5 :]e !re is no mixture ( any gross] passion4 ,:at au?or c\ld enum]ate & asc]ta9 ^! & all ! o!r inf9ite v>ieties :i* ?is s5tim5t is capable ( und]go+8 ,b /ill ! g5]al s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip & famili> #bib atta*m5t :i* is common to !m all1 may be asc]ta9$ ) a suffici5t degree ( accuracy4 ,! picture :i* is drawn ( x1 ?\gh x w always be 9 _m respects incomplete1 may1 h[ev]1 h su* a resemblance z to make u "k ! orig9al :5 we meet ) x1 & ev5 di/+ui% x f o!r s5tim5ts to :i* x has a consid]able resemblance1 su* z good-w1 respect1 admiration4 ,to describe1 9 a g5]al mann]1 :at is ! ord9>y way ( act+ to :i* ea* virtue w\ld prompt u1 is /ill m easy4 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>ce possible to describe ! int]nal s5tim5t or emotion ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 )\t do+ some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,x is impossible by language to express1 if ,i may say s1 ! invisible features ( all ! diff]5t modifications ( passion z !y %[ !mselves )94 ,!re is no o!r way ( m>k+ & di/+ui%+ !m f "o ano!r1 b by describ+ ! effects :i* !y produce )\t1 ! alt]ations :i* !y occasion 9 ! c\nt5ance1 9 ! air & ext]nal behavi\r1 ! resolutions !y sugge/1 ! actions !y prompt to4 ,x is ?us t ,cic]o1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,(fices1 endeav\rs to direct u to ! practice ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 & t ,ari/otle 9 ! practical p>ts ( 8 ,e?ics1 po9ts out to u ! diff]5t habits by :i* he w\ld h u regulate our behavi\r1 su* z lib]ality1 magnific5ce1 magnanimity1 & ev5 jocul>ity & good hum\r1 qualities :i* t indulg5t philosoph] has ?\ght wor?y ( a place 9 ! catalogue ( ! virtues1 ?\gh ! lightness ( t approbation :i* we naturally be/[ ^u !m1 %\ld n seem to entitle !m to s v5]able a "n4 ,su* works pres5t u ) agreeable & lively pictures ( mann]s4 ,by ! vivacity ( _! descriptions !y inflame our natural love ( virtue1 & increase our abhorr5ce ( vice3 by ! ju/ness z well z delicacy ( _! obs]vations !y may (t5 help bo? to correct & to asc]ta9 our natural s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! propriety ( conduct1 & sugge/+ _m nice & delicate att5tions1 =m u to a m exact ju/ness ( behavi\r1 ?an :at1 )\t su* in/ruction1 we %\ld h be5 apt to ?9k (4 ,9 treat+ ( ! rules ( morality1 9 ?is mann]1 consi/s ! sci5ce :i* is prop]ly call$ ,e?ics1 a sci5ce :i*1 ?\gh l criticism1 x does n admit ( ! mo/ accurate precision1 is1 h[ev]1 bo? highly useful & agreeable4 ,x is ( all o!rs ! mo/ susceptible ( ! embelli%m5ts ( eloqu5ce1 & by means ( !m ( be/[+1 if t be possible1 a new importance ^u ! smalle/ rules ( duty4 ,its precepts1 :5 ?us dress$ & adorn$1 are capable ( produc+ ^u ! flexibility ( y\?1 ! noble/ & mo/ la/+ impressions1 & z !y fall 9 ) ! natural magnanimity ( t g5]\s age1 !y are able to inspire1 = a "t at lea/1 ! mo/ h]oic resolutions1 & ?us t5d bo? to e/abli% & confirm ! be/ & mo/ useful habits ( :i* ! m9d ( man is susceptible4 ,:atev] precept & exhortation c d to #bic animate u to ! practice ( virtue1 is done by ?is sci5ce deliv]$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,ii4 ,! second set ( morali/s1 among :om we may c\nt all ! casui/s ( ! middle & latt] ages ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 z well z all ^? :o 9 ?is & 9 ! prec$+ c5tury h treat$ ( :at is call$ natural jurisprud5ce1 d n cont5t !mselves ) *>act]iz+ 9 ?is g5]al mann] t t5or ( conduct :i* !y w\ld recomm5d to u1 b endeav\r to lay d[n exact & precise rules = ! direction ( e circum/ance ( our behavi\r4 ,z ju/ice is ! only virtue ) reg>d to :i* su* exact rules c prop]ly be giv52 x is ?is virtue1 t has *iefly fall5 "u ! consid]ation ( ^? two diff]5t sets ( writ]s4 ,!y treat ( x1 h[ev]1 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,^? :o write ^u ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce1 consid] only :at ! p]son to :om ! obligation is due1 ought to ?9k himself entitl$ to exact by =ce2 :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve ( him = exact+1 or :at a judge or arbit]1 to :om he _h submitt$ 8 case1 & :o _h und]tak5 to d him ju/ice1 ought to oblige ! o!r p]son to suff] or to p]=m4 ,! casui/s1 on ! o!r h&1 d n s mu* exam9e :at x is1 t might prop]ly be exact$ by =ce1 z :at x is1 t ! p]son :o owes ! obligation ought to ?9k himself b\nd to p]=m f ! mo/ sacr$ & scrupul\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice1 & f ! mo/ consci5ti\s dread1 ei!r ( wrong+ 8 neighb\r1 or ( violat+ ! integrity ( 8 own "*4 ,x is ! end ( jurisprud5ce to prescribe rules = ! decisions ( judges & arbit]s4 ,x is ! end ( casui/ry to prescribe rules = ! conduct ( a good man4 ,by obs]v+ all ! rules ( jurisprud5ce1 suppos+ !m ev] s p]fect1 we %\ld des]ve no?+ b to be free f ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,by obs]v+ ^? ( casui/ry1 suppos+ !m su* z !y ought to be1 we %\ld be entitl$ to consid]able praise by ! exact & scrupul\s delicacy ( our behavi\r4 ,x may frequ5tly happ5 t a good man ought to ?9k himself b\nd1 f a sacr$ & consci5ti\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice1 to p]=m _m ?+s :i* x w\ld be ! highe/ inju/ice to extort f him1 or = any judge or arbit] to impose ^u him by =ce4 ,to give a trite example2 a highwayman1 by ! fe> ( dea?1 obliges a travell] to promise him a c]ta9 sum money4 ,:e!r su* a promise1 extort$ 9 ?is mann] by =ce1 ought to be reg>d$ z obligatory1 is a "q t has be5 mu* debat$4 ,if we consid] x m]ely z a "q ( jurisprud5ce1 ! decision c admit ( no d\bt4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! highwayman c be entitl$ to use =ce to con/ra9 ! o!r to p]=m4 ,to extort ! promise 0 a crime :i* des]v$ ! highe/ puni%m5t1 & to extort ! p]=mance w\ld only be add+ a new crime #bid to ! =m]4 ,he c compla9 ( no injury :o has be5 only deceiv$ by ! p]son by :om he might ju/ly h be5 kill$4 ,to suppose t a judge ought to en=ce ! obligation ( su* promises1 or t ! magi/rate ought to all[ !m to su/a9 action at law1 w\ld be ! mo/ ridicul\s ( all absurdities4 ,if we consid] ?is "q1 !re=e1 z a "q ( jurisprud5ce1 we c be at no loss ab\t ! decision4 ,b if we consid] x z a "q ( casui/ry1 x w n be s easily det]m9$4 ,:e!r a good man1 f a consci5ti\s reg>d to t mo/ sacr$ rule ( ju/ice1 :i* comm&s ! obs]vance ( all s]i\s promises1 w\ld n ?9k himself b\nd to p]=m1 is at lea/ mu* m d\btful4 ,t no reg>d is due to ! disappo9tm5t ( ! wret* :o br+s him into ?is situation1 t no injury is done to ! robb]1 & consequ5tly t no?+ c be extort$ by =ce1 w admit ( no sort ( dispute4 ,b :e!r "s reg>d is n1 9 ?is case1 due to 8 own dignity & hon\r1 to ! inviolable sacr$ness ( t "p ( 8 "* :i* makes him rev]5ce ! law ( tru? & abhor e ?+ t approa*es to trea*]y & falsehood1 may1 p]haps1 m reasonably be made a "q4 ,! casui/s accord+ly are greatly divid$ ab\t x4 ,"o p>ty1 ) :om we may c\nt ,cic]o among ! anci5ts1 among ! mod]ns1 ,puff5dorf1 ,b>beyrac 8 comm5tator1 & above all ! late ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 "o :o 9 mo/ cases 0 by no means a loose casui/1 det]m9e1 )\t any hesitation1 t no sort ( reg>d is due to any su* promise1 & t to ?9k o!rwise is m]e weakness & sup]/ition4 ,ano!r p>ty1 among :om we may reckon 7,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,la ,placette7 "s ( ! anci5t fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 z well z "s v em95t mod]n casui/s1 h be5 ( ano!r op9ion1 & h judg$ all su* promises obligatory4 ,if we consid] ! matt] accord+ to ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 we %all f9d t "s reg>d w\ld be ?\ght due ev5 to a promise ( ?is k9d2 b t x is impossible to det]m9e h[ mu*1 by any g5]al rule t w apply to all cases )\t exception4 ,! man :o 0 q frank & easy 9 mak+ promises ( ?is k9d1 & :o violat$ !m ) z little c]emony1 we %\ld n *oose = our fri5d & companion4 ,a g5tleman :o %\ld promise a highwayman five p\nds & n p]=m1 w\ld incur "s blame4 ,if ! sum promis$1 h[ev]1 0 v great1 x might be m d\btful :at 0 prop] to be done4 ,if x 0 su*1 = example1 t ! paym5t ( x w\ld entirely ru9 ! family ( ! promis]1 if x 0 s great z to be suffici5t = promot+ ! mo/ useful purposes1 x w\ld appe> 9 "s measure crim9al1 at lea/ extremely improp]1 to ?r[ x = ! sake ( a punctilio into su* wor?less h&s4 ,! man :o %\ld begg> himself1 or :o %\ld ?r[ away an hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 ?\gh he c\ld af=d t #bie va/ sum1 = ! sake ( obs]v+ su* a p>ole ) a ?ief1 w\ld appe> to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 absurd & extravagant 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,su* pr(usion w\ld seem inconsi/5t ) 8 duty1 ) :at he ow$ bo? to himself & o!rs1 & :at1 !re=e1 reg>d to a promise extort$ 9 ?is mann]1 c\ld by no means au?orise4 ,to fix1 h[ev]1 by any precise rule1 :at degree ( reg>d ought to be paid to x1 or :at might be ! greate/ sum :i* c\ld be due f x1 is evid5tly impossible4 ,?is w\ld v>y accord+ to ! *>act]s ( ! p]sons1 accord+ to _! circum/ances1 accord+ to ! solemnity ( ! promise1 & ev5 accord+ to ! incid5ts ( ! r5c\nt]3 & if ! promis] _h be5 treat$ ) a great deal ( t sort ( gallantry1 :i* is sometimes to be met ) 9 p]sons ( ! mo/ ab&on$ *>act]s1 m w\ld seem due ?an ^u o!r occasions4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al1 t exact propriety requires ! obs]vance ( all su* promises1 :]ev] x is n inconsi/5t ) "s o!r duties t are m sacr$2 su* z reg>d to ! public int]e/1 to ^? :om gratitude1 :om natural affection1 or :om ! laws ( prop] b5efic5ce %\ld prompt u to provide =4 ,b1 z 0 =m]ly tak5 notice (1 we h no precise rules to det]m9e :at ext]nal actions are due f a reg>d to su* motives1 nor1 consequ5tly1 :5 x is t ^? virtues are inconsi/5t ) ! obs]vance ( su* promises4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :5ev] su* promises are violat$1 ?\gh = ! mo/ necess>y reasons1 x is always ) "s degree ( di%on\r to ! p]son :o made !m4 ,aft] !y are made1 we may be conv9c$ ( ! impropriety ( obs]v+ !m4 ,b /ill !re is "s fault 9 hav+ made !m4 ,x is at lea/ a dep>ture f ! highe/ & noble/ maxims ( magnanimity & hon\r4 ,a brave man ought to die1 r ?an make a promise :i* he c nei!r keep )\t folly1 nor violate )\t ignom9y4 ,= "s degree ( ignom9y always att5ds a situation ( ?is k9d4 ,trea*]y & falsehood are vices s dang]\s1 s dreadful1 &1 at ! same "t1 su* z may s easily1 &1 ^u _m occasions1 s safely be indulg$1 t we are m jeal\s ( !m ?an ( almo/ any o!r4 ,our imag9ation !re=e atta*es ! idea ( %ame to all violations ( fai?1 9 e circum/ance & 9 e situation4 ,!y resemble1 9 ?is respect1 ! violations ( *a/ity 9 ! fair sex1 a virtue ( :i*1 = ! l reasons1 we are excessively jeal\s2 & our s5tim5ts are n m delicate ) reg>d to ! "o1 ?an ) reg>d to ! o!r4 ,brea* ( *a/ity di%on\rs irretrievably4 ,no circum/ances1 no solicitation c excuse x2 no sorr[1 no rep5tance atone = x4 ,we are s nice 9 ?is respect t ev5 a rape di%on\rs1 & ! innoc5ce ( ! m9d _c1 9 our imag9ation1 wa% out ! pollution ( ! body4 ,x is ! same case ) ! violation ( fai?1 :5 x has be5 solemnly pl$g$1 ev5 to ! mo/ #bif wor?less ( mank9d4 ,fidelity is s necess>y a virtue1 t we appreh5d x 9 g5]al to be due ev5 to ^? to :om no?+ else is due1 & :om we ?9k x lawful to kill & de/roy4 ,x is to no purpose t ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( ! brea* ( x1 urges t he promis$ 9 ord] to save 8 life1 & t he broke 8 promise because x 0 inconsi/5t ) "s o!r respectable duty to keep x4 ,^! circum/ances may alleviate1 b _c entirely wipe out 8 di%on\r4 ,he appe>s to h be5 guilty ( an action ) :i*1 9 ! imag9ations ( m51 "s degree ( %ame is insep>ably connect$4 ,he has brok5 a promise :i* he _h solemnly av]r$ he w\ld ma9ta92 & 8 "*1 if n irretrievably /a9$ & pollut$1 has at lea/ a ridicule affix$ to x1 :i* x w be v difficult entirely to efface2 & no man1 ,i imag9e1 :o _h gone ?r\gh an adv5ture ( ?is k9d w\ld be fond ( tell+ ! /ory4 ,?is in/ance may s]ve to %[ :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 casui/ry & jurisprud5ce1 ev5 :5 bo? ( !m consid] ! obligations ( ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice4 ,b ?\gh ?is diff]5ce be real & ess5tial1 ?\gh ^? two sci5ces propose q diff]5t ends1 ! sam5ess ( ! subject has made su* a simil>ity betwe5 !m1 t ! great] "p ( au?ors ^: pr(ess$ design 0 to treat ( jurisprud5ce1 h det]m9$ ! diff]5t que/ions !y exam9e1 sometimes accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce1 & sometimes accord+ to ^? ( casui/ry1 )\t di/+ui%+1 &1 p]haps1 )\t be+ !mselves aw>e1 :5 !y did ! "o1 & :5 ! o!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ! casui/s1 h[ev]1 is by no means conf9$ to ! consid]ation ( :at a consci5ti\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice w\ld dem& ( u4 ,x embraces _m o!r p>ts ( ,*ri/ian & moral duty4 ,:at seems pr9cipally to h giv5 occasion to ! cultivation ( ?is species ( sci5ce 0 ! cu/om ( auricul> confession1 introduc$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic sup]/ition1 9 times ( b>b>ism & ignorance4 ,by t in/itution1 ! mo/ secret actions1 & ev5 ! ?\ghts ( e p]son1 :i* c\ld be suspect$ ( rec$+ 9 ! smalle/ degree f ! rules ( ,*ri/ian purity1 7 to be reveal$ to ! confessor4 ,! confessor in=m$ 8 p5it5ts :e!r1 & 9 :at respect1 !y _h violat$ _! duty1 & :at p5ance x behov$ !m to und]go1 be=e he c\ld absolve !m 9 ! "n ( ! (f5d$ ,deity4 ,! consci\sness1 or ev5 ! suspicion ( hav+ done wrong1 is a load ^u e m9d1 & is accompani$ ) anxiety & t]ror 9 all ^? :o are n h>d5$ by long habits ( iniquity4 ,m51 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r di/resses1 are naturally eag] to disbur!n !mselves ( ! oppression :i* !y feel ^u _! ?\ghts1 by unbosom+ ! agony ( _! m9d to "s p]son ^: secrecy & discretion !y c confide 94 ,! %ame1 :i* !y suff] f ?is #big ackn[l$gm5t1 is fully comp5sat$ by t alleviation ( _! uneas9ess :i* ! sympa?y ( _! confid5ce seldom fails to occasion4 ,x relieves !m to f9d t !y are n altoge!r unwor?y ( reg>d1 & t h[ev] _! pa/ conduct may be c5sur$1 _! pres5t disposition is at lea/ approv$ (1 & is p]haps suffici5t to comp5sate ! o!r1 at lea/ to ma9ta9 !m 9 "s degree ( e/eem ) _! fri5d4 ,a num]\s & artful cl]gy _h1 9 ^? times ( sup]/ition1 ins9uat$ !mselves into ! confid5ce ( almo/ e private family4 ,!y possess$ all ! little le>n+ :i* ! times c\ld af=d1 & _! mann]s1 ?\gh 9 _m respects rude & disord]ly1 7 poli%$ & regul> comp>$ ) ^? ( ! age !y liv$ 94 ,!y 7 reg>d$1 !re=e1 n only z ! great directors ( all religi\s1 b ( all moral duties4 ,_! famili>ity gave reputation to :oev] 0 s happy z to possess x1 & e m>k ( _! disapprobation /amp$ ! deepe/ ignom9y ^u all :o _h ! mis=tune to fall "u x4 ,be+ consid]$ z ! great judges ( "r & wrong1 !y 7 naturally consult$ ab\t all scruples t occurr$1 & x 0 reputable = any p]son to h x kn[n t he made ^? holy m5 ! confidants ( all su* secrets1 & took no important or delicate /ep 9 8 conduct )\t _! advice & approbation4 ,x 0 n difficult = ! cl]gy1 !re=e1 to get x e/abli%$ z a g5]al rule1 t !y %\ld be entru/$ ) :at x _h already become fa%ionable to entru/ !m1 & ) :at !y g5]ally w\ld h be5 entru/$1 ?\gh no su* rule _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,to qualify !mselves = confessors became ?us a necess>y "p ( ! /udy ( *ur*m5 & div9es1 & !y 7 !nce l$ to collect :at are call$ cases ( consci5ce1 nice & delicate situations 9 :i* x is h>d to det]m9e :]eab\ts ! propriety ( conduct may lie4 ,su* works1 !y imag9$1 might be ( use bo? to ! directors ( consci5ces & to ^? :o 7 to be direct$2 & h5ce ! orig9 ( books ( casui/ry4 ,! moral duties :i* fell "u ! consid]ation ( ! casui/s 7 *iefly ^? :i* c1 9 "s measure at lea/1 be circumscrib$ )9 g5]al rules1 & ( :i* ! violation is naturally att5d$ ) "s degree ( remorse & "s dread ( suff]+ puni%m5t4 ,! design ( t in/itution :i* gave occasion to _! works1 0 to appease ^? t]rors ( consci5ce :i* att5d ^u ! infr+em5t ( su* duties4 ,b x is n e virtue ( :i* ! defect is accompani$ ) any v sev]e compunctions ( ?is k9d1 & no man applies to 8 confessor = absolution1 because he did n p]=m ! mo/ g5]\s1 ! mo/ fri5dly1 or ! mo/ magnanim\s action :i*1 9 8 circum/ances1 x 0 possible to p]=m4 ,9 failures ( ?is k9d1 ! rule t is violat$ is commonly n v det]m9ate1 & is g5]ally ( su* a nature too1 t ?\gh ! obs]vance ( x might entitle to hon\r & rew>d1 ! violation #bih seems to expose to no positive blame1 c5sure1 or puni%m5t4 ,! ex]cise ( su* virtues ! casui/s seem to h reg>d$ z a sort ( works ( sup]]ogation1 :i* c\ld n be v /rictly exact$1 & :i* x 0 !re=e unnecess>y = !m to treat (4 ,! brea*es ( moral duty1 !re=e1 :i* came be=e ! tribunal ( ! confessor1 & ^u t acc\nt fell "u ! cognisance ( ! casui/s1 7 *iefly ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,fir/ & pr9cipally1 brea*es ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,! rules "h are all express & positive1 & ! violation ( !m is naturally att5d$ ) ! consci\sness ( des]v+1 & ! dread ( suff]+ puni%m5t bo? f ,god & man4 ,secondly1 brea*es ( ! rules ( *a/ity4 ,^! 9 all gross] in/ances are real brea*es ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 & no p]son c be guilty ( !m )\t do+ ! mo/ unp>donable injury to "s o!r4 ,9 small] in/ances1 :5 !y am\nt only to a violation ( ^? exact decorums :i* ought to be obs]v$ 9 ! conv]sation ( ! two sexes1 !y _c inde$ ju/ly be consid]$ z violations ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,!y are g5]ally1 h[ev]1 violations ( a pretty pla9 rule1 &1 at lea/ 9 "o ( ! sexes1 t5d to br+ ignom9y ^u ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( !m1 & consequ5tly to be att5d$ 9 ! scrupul\s ) "s degree ( %ame & contrition ( m9d4 ,?irdly1 brea*es ( ! rules ( v]acity4 ,! violation ( tru?1 x is to be obs]v$1 is n always a brea* ( ju/ice1 ?\gh x is s ^u _m occasions1 & consequ5tly _c always expose to any ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,! vice ( common ly+1 ?\gh a mo/ mis]able meanness1 may frequ5tly d hurt to nobody1 & 9 ?is case no claim ( v5geance or satisfaction c be due ei!r to ! p]sons impos$ ^u1 or to o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! violation ( tru? is n always a brea* ( ju/ice1 x is always a brea* ( a v pla9 rule1 & :at does naturally t5d to cov] ) %ame ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x4 ,!re seems to be 9 "y *ildr5 an in/9ctive disposition to believe :atev] !y are told4 ,nature seems to h judg$ x necess>y = _! pres]vation t !y %\ld1 = "s "t at lea/1 put implicit confid5ce 9 ^? to :om ! c>e ( _! *ildhood1 & ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ necess>y p>ts ( _! education1 is intru/$4 ,_! cr$ulity1 accord+ly1 is excessive1 & x requires long & mu* exp]i5ce ( ! falsehood ( mank9d to r$uce !m to a reasonable degree ( diffid5ce & di/ru/4 ,9 gr[n-up p ! degrees ( cr$ulity are1 no d\bt1 v diff]5t4 ,! wise/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ are g5]ally ! lea/ cr$ul\s4 ,b ! man sc>ce lives :o is n m cr$ul\s ?an he ought to be1 & :o does n1 ^u _m occasions1 give cr$it to tales1 :i* n only turn out to be p]fectly false1 b :i* a v mod]ate degree ( reflection & #bii att5tion might h taught him c\ld n well be true4 ,! natural disposition is always to believe4 ,x is acquir$ wisdom & exp]i5ce only t tea* incr$ulity1 & !y v seldom tea* x en\gh4 ,! wise/ & mo/ cauti\s ( u all frequ5tly gives cr$it to /ories :i* he himself is aft]w>ds bo? a%am$ & a/oni%$ t he c\ld possibly ?9k ( believ+4 ,! man :om we believe is necess>ily1 9 ! ?+s conc]n+ :i* we believe him1 our lead] & director1 & we look up to him ) a c]ta9 degree ( e/eem & respect4 ,b z f admir+ o!r p we come to wi% to be admir$ ourselves2 s f be+ l$ & direct$ by o!r p we le>n to wi% to become ourselves lead]s & directors4 ,& z we _c always be satisfi$ m]ely ) be+ admir$1 unless we c at ! same "t p]suade ourselves t we are 9 "s degree really wor?y ( admiration2 s we _c always be satisfi$ m]ely ) be+ believ$1 unless we are at ! same "t consci\s t we are really wor?y ( belief4 ,z ! desire ( praise & t ( praise-wor?9ess1 ?\gh v mu* ak91 are yet di/9ct & sep>ate desires2 s ! desire ( be+ believ$ & t ( be+ wor?y ( belief1 ?\gh v mu* ak9 too1 are equally di/9ct & sep>ate desires4 ,! desire ( be+ believ$1 ! desire ( p]suad+1 ( lead+ & direct+ o!r p1 seems to be "o ( ! /ronge/ ( all our natural desires4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! in/9ct ^u :i* is f\nd$ ! faculty ( spee*1 ! *>act]i/ical faculty ( human nature4 ,no o!r animal possesses ?is faculty1 & we _c discov] 9 any o!r animal any desire to lead & direct ! judgm5t & conduct ( its fell[s4 ,great ambition1 ! desire ( real1 sup]iority1 ( lead+ & direct+1 seems to be altoge!r peculi> to man1 & spee* is ! great in/rum5t ( ambition1 ( real sup]iority1 ( lead+ & direct+ ! judgm5ts & conduct ( o!r p4 ,x is always mortify+ n to be believ$1 & x is d\bly s :5 we suspect t x is because we are suppos$ to be unwor?y ( belief & capable ( s]i\sly & wilfully deceiv+4 ,to tell a man t he lies1 is ( all affronts ! mo/ mortal4 ,b :oev] s]i\sly & wilfully deceives is necess>ily consci\s to himself t he m]its ?is affront1 t he does n des]ve to be believ$1 & t he =feits all title to t sort ( cr$it f :i* alone he c d]ive any sort ( ease1 com=t1 or satisfaction 9 ! society ( 8 equals4 ,! man :o _h ! mis=tune to imag9e t nobody believ$ a s+le ^w he said1 w\ld feel himself ! outca/ ( human society1 w\ld dread ! v ?\ght ( go+ into x1 or ( pres5t+ himself be=e x1 & c\ld sc>ce fail1 ,i ?9k1 to die ( despair4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t no man ev] _h j reason to ent]ta9 ?is humiliat+ op9ion ( himself4 ,! mo/ notori\s li>1 ,i am dispos$ to believe1 tells ! fair tru? at lea/ tw5ty times = once t he s]i\sly & #cjj delib]ately lies2 &1 z 9 ! mo/ cauti\s ! disposition to believe is apt to prevail ov] t to d\bt & di/ru/2 s 9 ^? :o are ! mo/ reg>dless ( tru?1 ! natural disposition to tell x prevails ^u mo/ occasions ov] t to deceive1 or 9 any respect to alt] or to disguise x4 ,we are mortifi$ :5 we happ5 to deceive o!r p1 ?\gh un9t5tionally1 & f hav+ be5 ourselves deceiv$4 ,?\gh ?is involunt>y falsehood may frequ5tly be no m>k ( any want ( v]acity1 ( any want ( ! mo/ p]fect love ( tru?1 x is always 9 "s degree a m>k ( want ( judgm5t1 ( want ( memory1 ( improp] cr$ulity1 ( "s degree ( precipitancy & ra%ness4 ,x always dim9i%es our au?ority to p]suade1 & always br+s "s degree ( suspicion ^u our fitness to lead & direct4 ,! man :o sometimes misleads f mi/ake1 h[ev]1 is widely diff]5t f him :o is capable ( wilfully deceiv+4 ,! =m] may be tru/$ ^u _m occasions2 ! latt] v seldom ^u any4 ,frankness & op5ness conciliate confid5ce4 ,we tru/ ! man1 :o seems will+ to tru/ u4 ,we see cle>ly1 we ?9k1 ! road by :i* he means to conduct u1 & we ab&on ourselves ) pleasure to 8 guidance & direction4 ,res]ve & concealm5t1 on ! contr>y1 call =? diffid5ce4 ,we are afraid to foll[ ! man :o is go+ we d n "k :]e4 ,! great pleasure ( conv]sation & society1 besides1 arises f a c]ta9 correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts & op9ions1 f a c]ta9 h>mony ( m9ds1 :i* l s _m musical in/rum5ts co9cide & keep "t ) "o ano!r4 ,b ?is mo/ delightful h>mony _c be obta9$ unless !re is a free communication ( s5tim5ts & op9ions4 ,we all desire1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 to feel h[ ea* o!r is affect$1 to p5etrate into ea* o!r's bosoms1 & to obs]ve ! s5tim5ts & affections :i* really subsi/ !re4 ,! man :o indulges u 9 ?is natural passion1 :o invites u into 8 he>t1 :o1 z x 71 sets op5 ! gates ( 8 brea/ to u1 seems to ex]cise a species ( hospitality m delightful ?an any o!r4 ,no man1 :o is 9 ord9>y good temp]1 c fail ( pleas+1 if he has ! c\rage to utt] 8 real s5tim5ts z he feels !m1 & because he feels !m4 ,x is ?is unres]v$ s9c]ity :i* r5d]s ev5 ! prattle ( a *ild agreeable4 ,h[ weak & imp]fect soev] ! views ( ! op5-he>t$1 we take pleasure to ent] into !m1 & endeav\r1 z mu* z we c1 to br+ d[n our own und]/&+ to ! level ( _! capacities1 & to reg>d e subject 9 ! p>ticul> light 9 :i* !y appe> to h consid]$ x4 ,?is passion to discov] ! real s5tim5ts ( o!rs is naturally s /rong1 t x (t5 deg5]ates into a tr\blesome & imp]t95t curiosity to pry into ^? secrets ( our neighb\rs :i* !y h v ju/ifiable reasons = conceal+2 &1 ^u _m occasions1 x requires prud5ce & a /rong s5se ( propriety to gov]n ?is1 z #cja well z all ! o!r passions ( human nature1 & to r$uce x to t pit* :i* any imp>tial spectator c approve (4 ,to disappo9t ?is curiosity1 h[ev]1 :5 x is kept )9 prop] b\nds1 & aims at no?+ :i* !re c be any j reason = conceal+1 is equally disagreeable 9 its turn4 ,! man :o eludes our mo/ innoc5t que/ions1 :o gives no satisfaction to our mo/ in(f5sive inquiries1 :o pla9ly wraps himself up 9 imp5etrable obscurity1 seems1 z x 71 to build a wall ab\t 8 brea/4 ,we run =w>d to get )9 x1 ) all ! eag]ness ( h>mless curiosity2 & feel ourselves all at once pu%$ back ) rude & (f5sive viol5ce4 ,! man ( res]ve & concealm5t1 ?\gh seldom a v amiable "*1 is n disrespect$ or despis$4 ,he seems to feel coldly t[>ds u1 & we feel z coldly t[>ds him4 ,he is n mu* prais$ or belov$1 b he is z little hat$ or blam$4 ,he v seldom1 h[ev]1 has occasion to rep5t ( 8 caution1 & is g5]ally dispos$ r to value himself ^u ! prud5ce ( 8 res]ve4 ,?\gh 8 conduct1 !re=e1 may h be5 v faulty1 & sometimes ev5 hurtful1 he c v seldom be dispos$ to lay 8 case be=e ! casui/s1 or to fancy t he has any occasion = _! acquittal or = _! approbation4 ,x is n always s ) ! man1 :o1 f false in=mation1 f inadv]t5cy1 f precipitancy & ra%ness1 has involunt>ily deceiv$4 ,?\gh x %\ld be 9 a matt] ( little consequ5ce1 9 tell+ a piece ( common news1 = example1 if he is a real lov] ( tru?1 he is a%am$ ( 8 own c>elessness1 & nev] fails to embrace ! fir/ opportunity ( mak+ ! fulle/ ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,if x is 9 a matt] ( "s consequ5ce1 8 contrition is /ill great]2 & if any unlucky or fatal consequ5ce has foll[$ f 8 mis9=mation1 he c sc>ce ev] =give himself4 ,?\gh n guilty1 he feels himself to be 9 ! highe/ degree1 :at ! anci5ts call$1 piacul>1 & is anxi\s & eag] to make e sort ( atonem5t 9 8 p[]4 ,su* a p]son might frequ5tly be dispos$ to lay 8 case be=e ! casui/s1 :o h 9 g5]al be5 v fav\rable to him1 & ?\gh !y h sometimes ju/ly condemn$ him = ra%ness1 !y h univ]sally acquitt$ him ( ! ignom9y ( falsehood4 ,b ! man :o _h ! mo/ frequ5t occasion to consult !m1 0 ! man ( equivocation & m5tal res]vation1 ! man :o s]i\sly & delib]ately meant to deceive1 b :o1 at ! same "t1 wi%$ to flatt] himself t he _h really told ! tru?4 ,) him !y h dealt v>i\sly4 ,:5 !y approv$ v mu* ( ! motives ( 8 deceit1 !y h sometimes acquitt$ him1 ?\gh1 to d ! casui/s ju/ice1 !y h 9 g5]al & mu* m frequ5tly condemn$ him4 ,! *ief subjects ( ! works ( ! casui/s1 !re=e1 7 ! consci5ti\s reg>d t is due to ! rules ( ju/ice2 h[ f> we #cjb ought to respect ! life & prop]ty ( our neighb\r2 ! duty ( re/itution2 ! laws ( *a/ity & mode/y1 & :]e9 consi/$ :at1 9 ! language ( ! casui/s1 7 call$ ! s9s ( concupisc5ce2 ! rules ( v]acity1 & ! obligation ( oa?s1 promises1 & contracts ( all k9ds4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al ( ! works ( ! casui/s t !y attempt$1 to no purpose1 to direct by precise rules :at x belongs to feel+ & s5tim5t only to judge (4 ,h[ is x possible to asc]ta9 by rules ! exact po9t at :i*1 9 e case1 a delicate s5se ( ju/ice beg9s to run into a frivol\s & weak scrupulosity ( consci5ce8 ,:5 is x t secrecy & res]ve beg9 to gr[ into dissimulation8 ,h[ f> may an agreeable irony be c>ri$1 & at :at precise po9t x beg9s to deg5]ate into a dete/able lie8 ,:at is ! highe/ pit* ( fre$om & ease ( behavi\r :i* c be reg>d$ z graceful & becom+1 & :5 is x t x fir/ beg9s to run into a neglig5t & ?\ghtless lic5ti\sness8 ,) reg>d to all su* matt]s1 :at w\ld hold good 9 any "o case w\ld sc>ce d s exactly 9 any o!r1 & :at con/itutes ! propriety & happ9ess ( behavi\r v>ies 9 e case ) ! smalle/ v>iety ( situation4 ,books ( casui/ry1 !re=e1 are g5]ally z useless z !y are commonly tiresome4 ,!y c\ld be ( little use to "o :o %\ld consult !m ^u occasion1 ev5 suppos+ _! decisions to be j2 because1 not)/&+ ! multitude ( cases collect$ 9 !m1 yet ^u acc\nt ( ! /ill great] v>iety ( possible circum/ances1 x is a *ance1 if among all ^? cases !re be f\nd "o exactly p>allel to t "u consid]ation4 ,"o1 :o is really anxi\s to d 8 duty1 mu/ be v weak1 if he c imag9e t he has mu* occasion = !m2 & ) reg>d to "o :o is neglig5t ( x1 ! v /yle ( ^? writ+s is n su* z is likely to awak5 him to m att5tion4 ,none ( !m t5d to animate u to :at is g5]\s & noble4 ,none ( !m d t5d to s(t5 u to :at is g5tle & humane4 ,_m ( !m1 on ! contr>y1 t5d r to tea* u to *icane ) our own consci5ces1 & by _! va9 subtilties s]ve to au?orise innum]able evasive ref9em5ts ) reg>d to ! mo/ ess5tial articles ( our duty4 ,t frivol\s accuracy :i* !y attempt$ to introduce into subjects :i* d n admit ( x1 almo/ necess>ily betray$ !m into ^? dang]\s errors1 & at ! same "t r5d]$ _! works dry & disagreeable1 ab\nd+ 9 ab/ruse & metaphysical di/9ctions1 b incapable ( excit+ 9 ! he>t any ( ^? emotions :i* x is ! pr9cipal use ( books ( morality to excite 9 ! read]s4 ,! two useful p>ts ( moral philosophy1 !re=e1 are ,e?ics & ,jurisprud5ce3 casui/ry ought to be reject$ altoge!r2 & ! anci5t morali/s appe> to h judg$ mu* bett]1 :o1 9 treat+ ( ! same subjects1 did n affect any su* nice exactness1 b #cjc cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+1 9 a g5]al mann]1 :at is ! s5tim5t ^u :i* ju/ice1 mode/y1 & v]acity are f\nd$1 & :at is ! ord9>y way ( act+ to :i* ^? great virtues w\ld commonly prompt u4 ,some?+ inde$1 n unlike ! doctr9e ( ! casui/s1 seems to h be5 attempt$ by sev]al philosoph]s4 ,!re is some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! ?ird book ( ,cic]o's ,(fices1 :]e he endeav\rs l a casui/1 to give rules = our conduct 9 _m nice cases1 9 :i* x is difficult to det]m9e :]eab\ts ! po9t ( propriety may lie4 ,x appe>s too1 f _m passages 9 ! same book1 t sev]al o!r philosoph]s _h attempt$ some?+ ( ! same k9d be=e him4 ,nei!r he nor !y1 h[ev]1 appe> to h aim$ at giv+ a complete sy/em ( ?is sort1 b only meant to %[ h[ situations may occur1 9 :i* x is d\btful1 :e!r ! highe/ propriety ( conduct consi/s 9 obs]v+ or 9 rec$+ f :at1 9 ord9>y cases1 are ! rules ( our duty4 ,e sy/em ( positive law may be reg>d$ z a m or less imp]fect attempt t[>ds a sy/em ( natural jurisprud5ce1 or t[>ds an enum]ation ( ! p>ticul> rules ( ju/ice4 ,z ! violation ( ju/ice is :at m5 w nev] submit to f "o ano!r1 ! public magi/rate is "u a necessity ( employ+ ! p[] ( ! commonweal? to en=ce ! practice ( ?is virtue4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 civil society w\ld become a sc5e ( blood%$ & disord]1 e man rev5g+ himself at 8 own h& :5ev] he fanci$ he 0 injur$4 ,to prev5t ! confusion :i* w\ld att5d ^u e man's do+ ju/ice to himself1 ! magi/rate1 9 all gov]nm5ts t h acquir$ any consid]able au?ority1 und]takes to d ju/ice to all1 & promises to he> & to r$ress e compla9t ( injury4 ,9 all well-gov]n$ /ates1 too1 n only judges are appo9t$ = det]m9+ ! controv]sies ( individuals1 b rules are prescrib$ = regulat+ ! decisions ( ^? judges2 & ^! rules are1 9 g5]al1 int5d$ to co9cide ) ^? ( natural ju/ice4 ,x does n1 inde$1 always happ5 t !y d s 9 e in/ance4 ,sometimes :at is call$ ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 t is1 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t2 sometimes ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> ord]s ( m5 :o tyrannize ! gov]nm5t1 w>p ! positive laws ( ! c\ntry f :at natural ju/ice w\ld prescribe4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! rud5ess & b>b>ism ( ! p h9d] ! natural s5tim5ts ( ju/ice f arriv+ at t accuracy & precision :i*1 9 m civiliz$ nations1 !y naturally atta9 to4 ,_! laws are1 l _! mann]s1 gross & rude & undi/+ui%+4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! un=tunate con/itution ( _! c\rts ( judicature h9d]s any regul> sy/em ( jurisprud5ce f ev] e/abli%+ itself among !m1 ?\gh ! improv$ mann]s ( ! p may be su* z w\ld admit ( ! mo/ accurate4 ,9 no c\ntry d ! decisions ( positive #cjd law co9cide exactly1 9 e case1 ) ! rules :i* ! natural s5se ( ju/ice w\ld dictate4 ,sy/ems ( positive law1 !re=e1 ?\gh !y des]ve ! greate/ au?ority1 z ! records ( ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 diff]5t ages & nations1 yet c nev] be reg>d$ z accurate sy/ems ( ! rules ( natural ju/ice4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ! reason+s ( lawy]s1 ^u ! diff]5t imp]fections & improvem5ts ( ! laws ( diff]5t c\ntries1 %\ld h giv5 occasion to an inquiry into :at 7 ! natural rules ( ju/ice indep5d5t ( all positive in/itution4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ^! reason+s %\ld h l$ !m to aim at e/abli%+ a sy/em ( :at might prop]ly be call$ natural jurisprud5ce1 or a !ory ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* ought to run ?r\gh & be ! f\ndation ( ! laws ( all nations4 ,b ?\gh ! reason+s ( lawy]s did produce some?+ ( ?is k9d1 & ?\gh no man has treat$ sy/ematically ( ! laws ( any p>ticul> c\ntry1 )\t int]mix+ 9 8 "w _m obs]vations ( ?is sort2 x 0 v late 9 ! _w be=e any su* g5]al sy/em 0 ?\ght (1 or be=e ! philosophy ( law 0 treat$ ( by itself1 & )\t reg>d to ! p>ticul> in/itutions ( any "o nation4 ,9 none ( ! anci5t morali/s1 d we f9d any attempt t[>ds a p>ticul> enum]ation ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,cic]o 9 8 ,(fices1 & ,ari/otle 9 8 ,e?ics1 treat ( ju/ice 9 ! same g5]al mann] 9 :i* !y treat ( all ! o!r virtues4 ,9 ! laws ( ,cic]o & ,plato1 :]e we might naturally h expect$ "s attempts t[>ds an enum]ation ( ^? rules ( natural equity1 :i* ought to be en=c$ by ! positive laws ( e c\ntry1 !re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,_! laws are laws ( police1 n ( ju/ice4 ,grotius seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o attempt$ to give ! _w any ?+ l a sy/em ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ought to run ?r\gh1 & be ! f\ndation ( ! laws ( all nations2 & 8 treatise ( ! laws ( w> & peace1 ) all its imp]fections1 is p]haps at ?is day ! mo/ complete "w t has yet be5 giv5 ^u ?is subject4 ,i %all 9 ano!r disc\rse endeav\r to give an acc\nt ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t1 & ( ! diff]5t revolutions !y h und]gone 9 ! diff]5t ages & p]iods ( society1 n only 9 :at conc]ns ju/ice1 b 9 :at conc]ns police1 rev5ue1 & arms1 & :atev] else is ! object ( law4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 at pres5t1 ent] into any fur!r detail conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( jurisprud5ce4 ----- ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,=mation ,,( ,,languages1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,! assignation ( p>ticul> names to d5ote p>ticul> objects1 t is1 ! in/itution ( n\ns sub/antive1 w\ld1 probably1 be "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>ds ! =mation ( language4 ,two savages1 :o _h nev] be5 taught to speak1 b _h be5 br$ up remote f ! societies ( m51 w\ld naturally beg9 to =m t language by :i* !y w\ld endeav\r to make _! mutual wants intelligible to ea* o!r1 by utt]+ c]ta9 s\nds1 :5ev] !y meant to d5ote c]ta9 objects4 ,^? objects only :i* 7 mo/ famili> to !m1 & :i* !y _h mo/ frequ5t occasion to m5tion w\ld h p>ticul> names assign$ to !m4 ,! p>ticul> cave ^: cov]+ %elt]$ !m f ! wea!r1 ! p>ticul> tree ^: fruit reliev$ _! hung]1 ! p>ticul> f\nta9 ^: wat] allay$ _! ?ir/1 w\ld fir/ be d5om9at$ by ! words cave1 tree1 f\nta91 or by :atev] o!r appellations !y might ?9k prop]1 9 t primitive j>gon1 to m>k !m4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! m enl>g$ exp]i5ce ( ^! savages _h l$ !m to obs]ve1 & _! necess>y occasions oblig$ !m to make m5tion ( o!r caves1 & o!r trees1 & o!r f\nta9s1 !y w\ld naturally be/[1 ^u ea* ( ^? new objects1 ! same "n1 by :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to express ! simil> objects !y 7 fir/ acqua9t$ )4 ,! new objects _h none ( !m any "n ( its own1 b ea* ( !m exactly resembl$ ano!r object1 :i* _h su* an appellation4 ,x 0 impossible t ^? savages c\ld behold ! new objects1 )\t recollect+ ! old ones2 & ! "n ( ! old ones1 to :i* ! new bore s close a resemblance4 ,:5 !y _h occasion1 !re=e1 to m5tion or to po9t out to ea* o!r1 any ( ! new objects1 !y w\ld naturally utt] ! "n ( ! correspond5t old "o1 ( :i* ! idea c\ld n fail1 at t in/ant1 to pres5t itself to _! memory 9 ! /ronge/ & livelie/ mann]4 ,& ?us1 ^? words1 :i* 7 orig9ally ! prop] names ( individuals1 w\ld ea* ( !m ins5sibly become ! common "n ( a multitude4 ,a *ild t is j le>n+ to speak1 calls e p]son :o comes to ! h\se its papa or its mamma2 & ?us be/[s ^u ! :ole species ^? names :i* x _h be5 taught to apply to two individuals4 ,i h #cjf kn[n a cl[n1 :o did n "k ! prop] "n ( ! riv] :i* ran by 8 own door4 ,x 0 ! riv]1 he said1 & he nev] he>d any o!r "n = x4 ,8 exp]i5ce1 x seems1 _h n l$ him to obs]ve any o!r riv]4 ,! g5]al ^w riv]1 !re=e1 01 x is evid5t1 9 8 acceptance ( x1 a prop] "n1 signify+ an individual object4 ,if ?is p]son _h be5 c>ri$ to ano!r riv]1 w\ld he n readily h call$ x a riv]8 ,c\ld we suppose any p]son liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,?ames s ignorant z n to "k ! g5]al ^w riv] b to be acqua9t$ only ) ! p>ticul> ^w ,?ames1 if he 0 br\ght to any o!r riv]1 w\ld he n readily call x a ,?ames8 ,?is1 9 reality1 is no m ?an :at !y1 :o are well acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al ^w1 are v apt to d4 ,an ,engli%man1 describ+ any great riv] :i* he may h se5 9 "s =eign c\ntry1 naturally says1 t x is ano!r ,?ames4 ,! ,spani>ds1 :5 !y fir/ arriv$ ^u ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 & obs]v$ ! weal?1 popul\sness1 & habitations ( t f9e c\ntry1 s mu* sup]ior to ! savage nations :i* !y _h be5 visit+ = "s "t be=e1 cri$ out1 t x 0 ano!r ,spa94 ,h5ce x 0 call$ ,new ,spa92 & ?is "n has /uck to t un=tunate c\ntry ev] s9ce4 ,we say1 9 ! same mann]1 ( a h]o1 t he is an ,alex&]2 ( an orator1 t he is a ,cic]o2 ( a philosoph]1 t he is a ,newton4 ,?is way ( speak+1 :i* ! gramm>ians call an ,antonomasia1 & :i* is /ill extremely common1 ?\gh n[ n at all necess>y1 demon/rates h[ mank9d are dispos$ to give to "o object ! "n ( any o!r1 :i* ne>ly resembles x1 & ?us to d5om9ate a multitude1 by :at orig9ally 0 int5d$ to express an individual4 ,x is ?is application ( ! "n ( an individual to a great multitude ( objects1 ^: resemblance naturally recalls ! idea ( t individual1 & ( ! "n :i* expresses x1 t seems orig9ally to h giv5 occasion to ! =mation ( ^? classes & assortm5ts1 :i*1 9 ! s*ools1 are call$ g5]a & species1 & ( :i* ! +5i\s & eloqu5t ,m4 ,r\sseau ( ,g5eva f9ds himself s mu* at a loss to acc\nt = ! orig94 ,:at con/itutes a species is m]ely a numb] ( objects1 be>+ a c]ta9 degree ( resemblance to "o ano!r1 & on t acc\nt d5om9at$ by a s+le appellation1 :i* may be appli$ to express any "o ( !m4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( objects _h ?us be5 arrang$ "u _! prop] classes & assortm5ts1 di/+ui%$ by su* g5]al names1 x 0 impossible t ! great] "p ( t almo/ inf9ite numb] ( individuals1 compreh5d$ "u ea* p>ticul> assortm5t or species1 c\ld h any peculi> or prop] names ( _! own1 di/9ct f ! g5]al "n ( ! species4 ,:5 !re 0 occasion1 !re=e1 to m5tion any p>ticul> object1 x (t5 became necess>y to di/+ui% x f ! o!r objects compreh5d$ "u ! same g5]al "n1 ei!r1 fir/1 by its peculi> qualities2 or1 secondly1 by ! #cjg peculi> relation :i* x /ood 9 to "s o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce ! necess>y orig9 ( two o!r sets ( words1 ( :i* ! "o %\ld express quality2 ! o!r1 relation4 ,n\ns adjective are ! words :i* express quality consid]$ z qualify+1 or1 z ! s*oolm5 say1 9 concrete )1 "s p>ticul> subject4 ,?us ! ^w gre5 expresses a c]ta9 quality consid]$ z qualify+1 or z 9 concrete )1 ! p>ticul> subject to :i* x may be appli$4 ,words ( ?is k9d1 x is evid5t1 may s]ve to di/+ui% p>ticul> objects f o!rs compreh5d$ "u ! same g5]al appellation4 ,! words gre5 tree1 = example1 might s]ve to di/+ui% a p>ticul> tree f o!rs t 7 )]$ or t 7 bla/$4 ,prepositions are ! words :i* express relation consid]$1 9 ! same mann]1 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,?us ! prepositions (1 to1 =1 )1 by1 above1 bel[1 c41 d5ote "s relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! objects express$ by ! words betwe5 :i* ! prepositions are plac$2 & !y d5ote t ?is relation is consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,words ( ?is k9d s]ve to di/+ui% p>ticul> objects f o!rs ( ! same species1 :5 ^? p>ticul> objects _c be s prop]ly m>k$ out by any peculi> qualities ( _! own4 ,:5 we say1 ! gre5 tree ( ! mead[1 = example1 we di/+ui% a p>ticul> tree1 n only by ! quality :i* belongs to x1 b by ! relation :i* x /&s 9 to ano!r object4 ,z nei!r quality nor relation c exi/ 9 ab/ract1 x is natural to suppose t ! words :i* d5ote !m consid]$ 9 concrete1 ! way 9 :i* we always see !m subsi/1 w\ld be ( mu* e>li] inv5tion ?an ^? :i* express !m consid]$ 9 ab/ract1 ! way 9 :i* we nev] see !m subsi/4 ,! words gre5 & blue w\ld1 9 all probability1 be soon] inv5t$ ?an ! words gre5ness & blu5ess2 ! words above & bel[1 ?an ! words sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,to inv5t words ( ! latt] k9d requires a mu* great] ef=t ( ab/raction ?an to inv5t ^? ( ! =m]4 ,x is probable !re=e1 t su* ab/ract t]ms w\ld be ( mu* lat] in/itution4 ,accord+ly1 _! etymologies g5]ally %[ t !y are s1 !y be+ g5]ally d]iv$ f o!rs t are concrete4 ,b ?\gh ! inv5tion ( n\ns adjective be mu* m natural ?an t ( ! ab/ract n\ns sub/antive d]iv$ f !m1 x w\ld /ill1 h[ev]1 require a consid]able degree ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,^?1 = example1 :o fir/ inv5t$ ! words gre51 blue1 r$1 & ! o!r names ( col\rs1 mu/ h obs]v$ & comp>$ toge!r a great numb] ( objects1 mu/ h rem>k$ _! resemblances & dissimilitudes 9 respect ( ! quality ( col\r1 & mu/ h arrang$ !m1 9 _! own m9ds1 into diff]5t classes & assortm5ts1 accord+ to ^? resemblances & #cjh dissimilitudes4 ,an adjective is by nature a g5]al1 & 9 "s measure an ab/ract ^w1 & necess>ily pre-supposes ! idea ( a c]ta9 species or assortm5t ( ?+s1 to all ( :i* x is equally applicable4 ,! ^w gre5 c\ld n1 z we 7 suppos+ might be ! case ( ! ^w cave1 h be5 orig9ally ! "n ( an individual1 & aft]w>ds h become1 by :at gramm>ians call an ,antonomasia1 ! "n ( a species4 ,! ^w gre5 d5ot+1 n ! "n ( a sub/ance1 b ! peculi> quality ( a sub/ance1 mu/ f ! v fir/ h be5 a g5]al ^w1 & consid]$ z equally applicable to any o!r sub/ance possess$ ( ! same quality4 ,! man :o fir/ di/+ui%$ a p>ticul> object by ! epi!t ( gre51 mu/ h obs]v$ o!r objects t 7 n gre51 f :i* he meant to sep>ate x by ?is appellation4 ,! in/itution ( ?is "n1 !re=e1 supposes comp>ison4 ,x likewise supposes "s degree ( ab/raction4 ,! p]son :o fir/ inv5t$ ?is appellation mu/ h di/+ui%$ ! quality f ! object to :i* x belong$1 & mu/ h conceiv$ ! object z capable ( subsi/+ )\t ! quality4 ,! inv5tion1 !re=e1 ev5 ( ! simple/ n\ns adjective mu/ h requir$ m metaphysics ?an we are apt to be aw>e (4 ,! diff]5t m5tal op]ations1 ( arrangem5t or class+1 ( comp>ison1 & ( ab/raction1 mu/ all h be5 employ$1 be=e ev5 ! names ( ! diff]5t col\rs1 ! lea/ metaphysical ( all n\ns adjective1 c\ld be in/itut$4 ,f all :i* ,i inf]1 t :5 languages 7 beg9n+ to be =m$1 n\ns adjective w\ld by no means be ! words ( ! e>lie/ inv5tion4 ,!re is no?+ exp$i5t = d5ot+ ! diff]5t qualities ( diff]5t sub/ance1 :i* z x requires no ab/raction1 nor any conceiv$ sep>ation ( ! quality f ! subject1 seems m natural ?an ! inv5tion ( n\ns adjective1 & :i*1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 c\ld h>dly fail1 9 ! fir/ =mation ( language1 to be ?\ght ( be=e !m4 ,?is exp$i5t is to make "s v>iation ^u ! n\n sub/antive itself1 accord+ to ! diff]5t qualities :i* x is end[$ )4 ,?us 9 _m languages1 ! qualities bo? ( sex & ( ! want ( sex are express$ by diff]5t t]m9ations 9 ! n\ns sub/antive1 :i* d5ote objects s qualifi$4 ,9 ,lat91 = example1 lupus1 lupa2 equus1 equa2 juv5cus1 juv5ca2 ,julius1 ,julia2 ,lucretius1 ,lucretia1 c41 d5ote ! qualities ( male & female 9 ! animals & p]sons to :om su* appellations belong1 )\t ne$+ ! addition ( any adjective = ?is purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! words1 =um1 pratum1 plau/rum1 d5ote by _! peculi> t]m9ation ! total abs5ce ( sex 9 ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* !y /& =4 ,bo? sex1 & ! want ( all sex1 be+ naturally consid]$ z qualities modify+ & insep>able f ! p>ticul> sub/ances to :i* !y belong1 x 0 natural to express !m r by a modification 9 ! n\n sub/antive1 ?an by any g5]al & ab/ract ^w #cji expressive ( ?is p>ticul> species ( quality4 ,! expression be>s1 x is evid5t1 9 ?is way1 a mu* m exact analogy to ! idea or object :i* x d5otes ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! quality appe>s1 9 nature1 z a modification ( ! sub/ance1 & z x is ?us express$ 9 language1 by a modification ( ! n\n sub/antive1 :i* d5otes t sub/ance1 ! quality & ! subject are1 9 ?is case1 bl5d$ toge!r1 if ,i may say s1 9 ! expression1 9 ! same mann] z !y appe> to be 9 ! object & 9 ! idea4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neutral g5d]s1 9 all ! anci5t languages4 ,by means ( ^!1 ! mo/ important ( all di/9ctions1 t ( sub/ances into animat$ & inanimat$1 & t ( animals into male & female1 seem to h be5 suffici5tly m>k$ )\t ! assi/ance ( adjectives1 or ( any g5]al names d5ot+ ?is mo/ ext5sive species ( qualifications4 ,!re are no m ?an ^! ?ree g5d]s 9 any ( ! languages ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 t is to say1 ! =mation ( n\ns sub/antive c1 by itself1 & )\t ! accompanim5t ( adjectives1 express no o!r qualities b ^? ?ree above m5tion$1 ! qualities ( male1 ( female1 ( nei!r male nor female4 ,i %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be surpris$1 if1 9 o!r languages ) :i* ,i am unacqua9t$1 ! diff]5t =mations ( n\ns sub/antive %\ld be capable ( express+ _m o!r diff]5t qualities4 ,! diff]5t dim9utives ( ! ,italian1 & ( "s o!r languages1 d1 9 reality1 sometimes express a great v>iety ( diff]5t modifications 9 ! sub/ances d5ot$ by ^? n\ns :i* und]go su* v>iations4 ,x 0 impossible1 h[ev]1 t n\ns sub/antive c\ld1 )\t los+ altoge!r _! orig9al =m1 und]go s great a numb] ( v>iations1 z w\ld be suffici5t to express t almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( qualities1 by :i* x might1 ^u diff]5t occasions1 be necess>y to specify & di/+ui% !m4 ,?\gh ! diff]5t =mation ( n\ns sub/antive1 !re=e1 might1 = "s "t1 =e/all ! necessity ( inv5t+ n\ns adjective1 x 0 impossible t ?is necessity c\ld be =e/all$ altoge!r4 ,:5 n\ns adjective came to be inv5t$1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld be =m$ ) "s simil>ity to ! sub/antives to :i* !y 7 to s]ve z epi!ts or qualifications4 ,m5 w\ld naturally give !m ! same t]m9ations ) ! sub/antives to :i* !y 7 fir/ appli$1 & f t love ( simil>ity ( s\nd1 f t delight 9 ! returns ( ! same syllables1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( analogy 9 all languages1 !y w\ld be apt to v>y ! t]m9ation ( ! same adjective1 accord+ z !y _h occasion to apply x to a mascul9e1 to a fem99e1 or to a neutral sub/antive4 ,!y w\ld say1 magnus lupus1 magna lupa1 magnum pratum1 :5 !y meant to express a great he wolf1 a great %e wolf1 or a great mead[4 ,?is v>iation1 9 ! t]m9ation ( ! n\n adjective1 accord+ to #caj ! g5d] ( ! sub/antive1 :i* takes place 9 all ! anci5t languages1 seems to h be5 introduc$ *iefly = ! sake ( a c]ta9 simil>ity ( s\nd1 ( a c]ta9 species ( rhyme1 :i* is naturally s v agreeable to ! human e>4 ,g5d]1 x is to obs]v$1 _c prop]ly belong to a n\n adjective1 ! signification ( :i* is always precisely ! same1 to :atev] species ( sub/antives x is appli$4 ,:5 we say1 a great man1 a great woman1 ! ^w great has precisely ! same mean+ 9 bo? cases1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! sex 9 ! subjects to :i* x may be appli$1 makes no sort ( diff]5ce 9 its signification4 ,magnus1 magna1 magnum1 9 ! same mann]1 are words :i* express precisely ! same quality1 & ! *ange ( ! t]m9ation is accompani$ ) no sort ( v>iation 9 ! mean+4 ,sex & g5d] are qualities :i* belong to sub/ances1 b _c belong to ! qualities ( sub/ances4 ,9 g5]al1 no quality1 :5 consid]$ 9 concrete1 or z qualify+ "s p>ticul> subject1 c itself be conceiv$ z ! subject ( any o!r quality2 ?\gh :5 consid]$ 9 ab/ract x may4 ,no adjective !re=e c qualify any o!r adjective4 ,a great good man1 means a man :o is bo? great & good4 ,bo? ! adjectives qualify ! sub/antive2 !y d n qualify "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we say1 ! great goodness ( ! man1 ! ^w goodness d5ot+ a quality consid]$ 9 ab/ract1 :i* may itself be ! subject ( o!r qualities1 is ^u t acc\nt capable ( be+ qualifi$ by ! ^w great4 ,if ! orig9al inv5tion ( n\ns adjective w\ld be att5d$ ) s mu* difficulty1 t ( prepositions w\ld be accompani$ ) yet m4 ,e preposition1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 d5otes "s relation consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,! preposition above1 = example1 d5otes ! relation ( sup]iority1 n 9 ab/ract1 z x is express$ by ! ^w sup]iority1 b 9 concrete ) "s co-relative object4 ,9 ?is phrase1 = example1 ! tree above ! cave1 ! ^w above expresses a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! tree & ! cave1 & x expresses ?is relation 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object1 ! cave4 ,a preposition always requires1 9 ord] to complete ! s5se1 "s o!r ^w to come aft] x2 z may be obs]v$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,n[1 ,i say1 ! orig9al inv5tion ( su* words w\ld require a yet great] ef=t ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 ?an t ( n\ns adjective4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! relation is1 9 itself1 a m metaphysical object ?an a quality4 ,nobody c be at a loss to expla9 :at is meant by a quality2 b few p w f9d !mselves able to express1 v di/9ctly1 :at is und]/ood by a relation4 ,qualities are almo/ always ! objects ( our ext]nal s5ses2 relations nev] are4 ,no wond] !re=e1 t ! "o set ( objects %\ld be s mu* m compreh5sible ?an ! o!r4 ,secondly1 ?\gh prepositions always express ! relation :i* !y /& =1 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object1 !y c\ld n h #caa orig9ally be5 =m$ )\t a consid]able ef=t ( ab/raction4 ,a preposition d5otes a relation1 & no?+ b a relation4 ,b be=e m5 c\ld in/itute a ^w1 :i* signifi$ a relation1 & no?+ b a relation1 !y mu/ h be5 able1 9 "s measure1 to consid] ?is relation ab/ract$ly f ! relat$ objects2 s9ce ! idea ( ^? objects does n1 9 any respect1 ent] into ! signification ( ! preposition4 ,! inv5tion ( su* a ^w1 !re=e1 mu/ h requir$ a consid]able degree ( ab/raction4 ,?irdly1 a preposition is f its nature a g5]al ^w1 :i*1 f its v fir/ in/itution1 mu/ h be5 consid]$ z equally applicable to d5ote any o!r simil> relation4 ,! man :o fir/ inv5t$ ! ^w above1 mu/ n only h di/+ui%$1 9 "s measure1 ! relation ( sup]iority f ! objects :i* 7 s relat$1 b he mu/ also h di/+ui%$ ?is relation f o!r relations1 su* z1 f ! relation ( inf]iority d5ot$ by ! ^w bel[1 f ! relation ( juxta-position1 express$ by ! ^w beside1 & ! l4 ,he mu/ h conceiv$ ?is ^w1 !re=e1 z expressive ( a p>ticul> sort or species ( relation di/9ct f e o!r1 :i* c\ld n be done )\t a consid]able ef=t ( comp>ison & g5]alization4 ,:atev] 7 ! difficulties1 !re=e1 :i* emb>rass$ ! fir/ inv5tion ( n\ns adjective1 ! same1 & _m m1 mu/ h emb>rass$ t ( prepositions4 ,if mank9d1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ =mation ( languages1 seem to h1 = "s "t1 evad$ ! necessity ( n\ns adjective1 by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! names ( sub/ances1 accord+ z ^! v>i$ 9 "s ( _! mo/ important qualities1 !y w\ld mu* m f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( evad+1 by "s simil> contrivance1 ! yet m difficult inv5tion ( prepositions4 ,! diff]5t cases 9 ! anci5t languages is a contrivance ( precisely ! same k9d4 ,! g5itive & dative cases1 9 ,greek & ,lat91 evid5tly supply ! place ( ! prepositions2 & by a v>iation 9 ! n\n sub/antive1 :i* /&s = ! co-relative t]m1 express ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 :at is d5ot$ by t n\n sub/antive1 & :at is express$ by "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ^! expressions1 = example1 fructus arboris1 ! fruit ( ! tree2 sac] ,h]culi1 sacr$ to ,h]cules2 ! v>iations made 9 ! co-relative words1 arbor & ,h]cules1 express ! same relations :i* are express$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions ( & to4 ,to express a relation 9 ?is mann]1 did n require any ef=t ( ab/raction4 ,x 0 n "h express$ by a peculi> ^w d5ot+ relation & no?+ b relation1 b by a v>iation ^u ! co-relative t]m4 ,x 0 express$ "h1 z x appe>s 9 nature1 n z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 b z ?or\ghly mix$ & bl5d$ ) ! co-relative object4 ,to express relation 9 ?is mann]1 did n require any ef=t ( g5]alization4 ,! words arboris & ,h]culi1 :ile !y involve 9 #cab _! signification ! same relation express$ by ! ,engli% prepositions ( & to1 are n1 l ^? prepositions1 g5]al words1 :i* c be appli$ to express ! same relation betwe5 :atev] o!r objects x might be obs]v$ to subsi/4 ,to express relation 9 ?is mann] did n require any ef=t ( comp>ison4 ,! words arboris & ,h]culi are n g5]al words int5d$ to d5ote a p>ticul> species ( relations :i* ! inv5tors ( ^? expressions meant1 9 consequ5ce ( "s sort ( comp>ison1 to sep>ate & di/+ui% f e o!r sort ( relation4 ,! example1 inde$1 ( ?is contrivance w\ld soon probably be foll[$1 & :oev] _h occasion to express a simil> relation betwe5 any o!r objects w\ld be v apt to d x by mak+ a simil> v>iation on ! "n ( ! co-relative object4 ,?is1 ,i say1 w\ld probably1 or r c]ta9ly happ52 b x w\ld happ5 )\t any int5tion or =esight 9 ^? :o fir/ set ! example1 & :o nev] meant to e/abli% any g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule w\ld e/abli% itself ins5sibly1 & by sl[ degrees1 9 consequ5ce ( t love ( analogy & simil>ity ( s\nd1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( by f> ! great] "p ( ! rules ( gramm>4 ,to express relation1 !re=e1 by a v>iation 9 ! "n ( ! co-relative object1 requir+ nei!r ab/raction1 nor g5]alization1 nor comp>ison ( any k9d1 w\ld1 at fir/1 be mu* m natural & easy1 ?an to express x by ^? g5]al words call$ prepositions1 ( ( :i* ! fir/ inv5tion mu/ h dem&$ "s degree ( all ^? op]ations4 ,! numb] ( cases is diff]5t 9 diff]5t languages4 ,!re are five 9 ! ,greek1 six 9 ! ,lat91 & !re are said to be t5 9 ! ,arm5ian language4 ,x mu/ h naturally happ5$ t !re %\ld be a great] or a small] numb] ( cases1 accord+ z 9 ! t]m9ations ( n\ns sub/antive ! fir/ =m]s ( any language happ5$ to h e/abli%$ a great] or a small] numb] ( v>iations1 9 ord] to express ! diff]5t relations !y _h occasion to take notice (1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ^? m g5]al & ab/ract prepositions :i* c\ld supply _! place4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? :ile to obs]ve t ^? prepositions1 :i* 9 mod]n languages hold ! place ( ! anci5t cases1 are1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ g5]al1 & ab/ract1 & metaphysical2 & ( consequ5ce1 w\ld probably be ! la/ inv5t$4 ,ask any man ( common acut5ess1 ,:at relation is express$ by ! preposition above8 ,he w readily answ]1 t ( sup]iority4 ,by ! preposition bel[8 ,he w z quickly reply t ( inf]iority4 ,b ask him1 :at relation is express$ by ! preposition (1 &1 if he has n be=eh& employ$ 8 ?\ghts a good deal ^u ^! subjects1 y may safely all[ him a week to consid] ( 8 answ]4 ,! prepositions above & bel[ d n d5ote any ( ! relations express$ by ! cases 9 ! #cac anci5t languages4 ,b ! preposition (1 d5otes ! same relation1 :i* is 9 !m express$ by ! g5itive case2 & :i*1 x is easy to obs]ve1 is ( a v metaphysical nature4 ,! preposition (1 d5otes relation 9 g5]al1 consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,x m>ks t ! n\n sub/antive :i* goes be=e x1 is someh[ or o!r relat$ to t :i* comes aft] x1 b )\t 9 any respect asc]ta9+1 z is done by ! preposition above1 :at is ! peculi> nature ( t relation4 ,we (t5 apply x1 !re=e1 to express ! mo/ opposite relations2 because1 ! mo/ opposite relations agree s f> t ea* ( !m compreh5ds 9 x ! g5]al idea or nature ( a relation4 ,we say1 ! fa!r ( ! son1 & ! son ( ! fa!r2 ! fir-trees ( ! =e/1 & ! =e/ ( ! fir-trees4 ,! relation 9 :i* ! fa!r /&s to ! son is1 x is evid5t1 a q opposite relation to t 9 :i* ! son /&s to ! fa!r2 t 9 :i* ! p>ts /& to ! :ole1 is q opposite to t 9 :i* ! :ole /&s to ! p>ts4 ,! ^w (1 h[ev]1 s]ves v well to d5ote all ^? relations1 because 9 itself x d5otes no p>ticul> relation1 b only relation 9 g5]al2 & s f> z any p>ticul> relation is collect$ f su* expressions1 x is inf]r$ by ! m9d1 n f ! preposition itself1 b f ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! sub/antives1 betwe5 :i* ! preposition is plac$4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! preposition (1 may 9 "s measure be appli$ to ! prepositions to1 =1 )1 by1 & to :atev] o!r prepositions are made use ( 9 mod]n languages1 to supply ! place ( ! anci5t cases4 ,!y all ( !m express v ab/ract & metaphysical relations1 :i* any man1 :o takes ! tr\ble to try x1 w f9d x extremely difficult to express by n\ns sub/antive1 9 ! same mann] z we may express ! relation d5ot$ by ! preposition above1 by ! n\n sub/antive sup]iority4 ,!y all ( !m1 h[ev]1 express "s specific relation1 & are1 consequ5tly1 none ( !m s ab/ract z ! preposition (1 :i* may be reg>d$ z by f> ! mo/ metaphysical ( all prepositions4 ,! prepositions1 !re=e1 :i* are capable ( supply+ ! place ( ! anci5t cases1 be+ m ab/ract ?an ! o!r prepositions1 w\ld naturally be ( m difficult inv5tion4 ,! relations at ! same "t :i* ^? prepositions express1 are1 ( all o!rs1 ^? :i* we h mo/ frequ5t occasion to m5tion4 ,! prepositions above1 bel[1 ne>1 )91 )\t1 aga9/1 c41 are mu* m r>ely made use (1 9 mod]n languages1 ?an ! prepositions (1 to1 =1 )1 f1 by4 ,a preposition ( ! =m] k9d w n occur twice 9 a page2 we c sc>ce compose a s+le s5t5ce )\t ! assi/ance ( "o or two ( ! latt]4 ,if ^! latt] prepositions1 !re=e1 :i* supply ! place ( ! cases1 w\ld be ( su* difficult inv5tion on acc\nt ( _! ab/ract$ness1 "s exp$i5t to supply _! place mu/ h be5 ( indisp5sable necessity1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t occasion #cad :i* m5 h to take notice ( ! relations :i* !y d5ote4 ,b !re is no exp$i5t s obvi\s1 z t ( v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( "o ( ! pr9cipal words4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t !re are "s ( ! cases 9 ! anci5t languages1 :i*1 = p>ticul> reasons1 _c be repres5t$ by any prepositions4 ,^! are ! nom9ative1 accusative1 & vocative cases4 ,9 ^? mod]n languages1 :i* d n admit ( any su* v>iety 9 ! t]m9ations ( _! n\ns sub/antive1 ! correspond5t relations are express$ by ! place ( ! words1 & by ! ord] & con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,z m5 h frequ5tly occasion to make m5tion ( multitudes z well z ( s+le objects1 x became necess>y t !y %\ld h "s me?od ( express+ numb]4 ,numb] may be express$ ei!r by a p>ticul> ^w1 express+ numb] 9 g5]al1 su* z ! words _m1 m1 c41 or by "s v>iation ^u ! words :i* express ! ?+s numb]$4 ,x is ?is la/ exp$i5t :i* mank9d w\ld probably h rec\rse to1 9 ! infancy ( language4 ,numb]1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 )\t relation to any p>ticul> set ( objects numb]$1 is "o ( ! mo/ ab/ract & metaphysical ideas1 :i* ! m9d ( man is capable ( =m+2 &1 consequ5tly1 is n an idea1 :i* w\ld readily occur to rude mortals1 :o 7 j beg9n+ to =m a language4 ,!y w\ld naturally1 !re=e1 di/+ui% :5 !y talk$ ( a s+le1 & :5 !y talk$ ( a multitude ( objects1 n by any metaphysical adjectives1 su* z ! ,engli% a1 an1 _m1 b by a v>iation ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! ^w :i* signifi$ ! objects numb]$4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! s+ul> & plural numb]s1 9 all ! anci5t languages2 & ! same di/9ction has likewise be5 reta9$ 9 all ! mod]n languages1 at lea/1 9 ! great] "p ( ! words4 ,all primitive & uncomp\nd$ languages seem to h a dual1 z well z a plural numb]4 ,?is is ! case ( ! ,greek1 & ,i am told ( ! ,hebrew1 ( ! ,go?ic1 & ( _m o!r languages4 ,9 ! rude beg9n+s ( society1 "o1 two1 & m1 might possibly be all ! num]al di/9ctions :i* mank9d w\ld h any occasion to take notice (4 ,^! !y w\ld f9d x m natural to express1 by a v>iation ^u e p>ticul> n\n sub/antive1 ?an by su* g5]al & ab/ract words z "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 c4 ,^! words1 ?\gh cu/om has r5d]$ !m famili> to u1 express1 p]haps1 ! mo/ subtile & ref9$ ab/ractions1 :i* ! m9d ( man is capable ( =m+4 ,let any "o consid] )9 himself1 = example1 :at he means by ! ^w ?ree1 :i* signifies nei!r ?ree %ill+s1 nor ?ree p5ce1 nor ?ree m51 nor ?ree horses1 b ?ree 9 g5]al2 & he w easily satisfy himself t a ^w1 :i* d5otes s v metaphysical an ab/raction1 c\ld n be ei!r a v obvi\s or a v e>ly inv5tion4 ,i h read ( "s savage nations1 ^: language #cae 0 capable ( express+ no m ?an ! ?ree fir/ num]al di/9ctions4 ,b :e!r x express$ ^? di/9ctions by ?ree g5]al words1 or by v>iations ^u ! n\ns sub/antive1 d5ot+ ! ?+s numb]$1 ,i d n rememb] to h met ) any ?+ :i* c\ld cle>ly det]m9e4 ,z all ! same relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 s+le1 may likewise subsi/ betwe5 num]\s objects1 x is evid5t !re w\ld be occasion = ! same numb] ( cases 9 ! dual & 9 ! plural1 z 9 ! s+ul> numb]4 ,h5ce ! intricacy & complexness ( ! decl5sions 9 all ! anci5t languages4 ,9 ! ,greek !re are five cases 9 ea* ( ! ?ree numb]s1 consequ5tly fifte5 9 all4 ,z n\ns adjective1 9 ! anci5t languages1 v>i$ _! t]m9ations accord+ to ! g5d] ( ! sub/antive to :i* !y 7 appli$1 s did !y likewise accord+ to ! case & ! numb]4 ,e n\n adjective 9 ! ,greek language1 !re=e1 hav+ ?ree g5d]s1 & ?ree numb]s1 & five cases 9 ea* numb]1 may be consid]$ z hav+ five & =ty diff]5t v>iations4 ,! fir/ =m]s ( language seem to h v>i$ ! t]m9ation ( ! adjective1 accord+ to ! case & ! numb] ( ! sub/antive1 = ! same reason :i* made !m v>y x accord+ to ! g5d]2 ! love ( analogy1 & ( a c]ta9 regul>ity ( s\nd4 ,9 ! signification ( adjectives !re is nei!r case nor numb]1 & ! mean+ ( su* words is always precisely ! same1 not)/&+ all ! v>iety ( t]m9ation "u :i* !y appe>4 ,magnus vir1 magni viri1 magnorum virorum2 a great man1 ( a great man1 ( great m52 9 all ^! expressions ! words1 magnus1 magni1 magnorum1 z well z ! ^w great1 h precisely "o & ! same signification1 ?\gh ! sub/antives to :i* !y are appli$ h n4 ,! diff]5ce ( t]m9ation 9 ! n\n adjective is accompani$ ) no sort ( diff]5ce 9 ! mean+4 ,an adjective d5otes ! qualification ( a n\n sub/antive4 ,b ! diff]5t relations 9 :i* t n\n sub/antive may occasionally /&1 c make no sort ( diff]5ce ^u its qualification4 ,if ! decl5sions ( ! anci5t languages are s v complex1 _! conjugations are inf9itely m s4 ,& ! complexness ( ! "o is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ) t ( ! o!r1 ! difficulty ( =m+1 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms4 ,v]bs mu/ necess>ily h be5 coval ) ! v fir/ attempts t[>ds ! =mation ( language4 ,no affirmation c be express$ )\t ! assi/ance ( "s v]b4 ,we nev] speak b 9 ord] to express our op9ion t some?+ ei!r is or is n4 ,b ! ^w d5ot+ ?is ev5t1 or ?is matt] ( fact1 :i* is ! subject ( our affirmation1 mu/ always be a v]b4 ,imp]sonal v]bs1 :i* express 9 "o ^w a complete ev5t1 :i* pres]ve 9 ! expression t p]fect simplicity & unity1 #caf :i* !re always is 9 ! object & 9 ! idea1 & :i* suppose no ab/raction1 or metaphysical division ( ! ev5t into its sev]al con/itu5t memb]s ( subject & attribute1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 be ! species ( v]bs fir/ inv5t$4 ,! v]bs pluit1 x ra9s2 n+it1 x sn[s2 tonat1 x ?und]s2 lucet1 x is day2 turbatur1 !re is a confusion1 c41 ea* ( !m express a complete affirmation1 ! :ole ( an ev5t1 ) t p]fect simplicity & unity ) :i* ! m9d conceives x 9 nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! phrases1 ,alex&] ambulat1 ,alex&] walks2 ,petrus s$et1 ,pet] sits1 divide ! ev5t1 z x 71 into two p>ts1 ! p]son or subject1 & ! attribute1 or matt] ( fact1 affirm$ ( t subject4 ,b 9 nature1 ! idea or conception ( ,alex&] walk+1 is z p]fectly & completely "o simple conception1 z t ( ,alex&] n walk+4 ,! division ( ?is ev5t1 !re=e1 into two p>ts1 is altoge!r artificial1 & is ! effect ( ! imp]fection ( language1 :i*1 ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 supplies1 by a numb] ( words1 ! want ( "o1 :i* c\ld express at once ! :ole matt] ( fact t 0 meant to be affirm$4 ,e body mu/ obs]ve h[ mu* m simplicity !re is 9 ! natural expression1 pluit1 ?an 9 ! m artificial expressions1 imb] decidit1 ! ra9 falls2 or tempe/as e/ pluvia1 ! wea!r is ra9y4 ,9 ^! two la/ expressions1 ! simple ev5t1 or matt] ( fact1 is artificially split & divid$ 9 ! "o1 into two2 9 ! o!r1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,9 ea* ( !m x is express$ by a sort ( grammatical circumlocution1 ( :i* ! significancy is f\nd$ ^u a c]ta9 metaphysical analysis ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! idea express$ by ! ^w pluit4 ,! fir/ v]bs1 !re=e1 p]haps ev5 ! fir/ words1 made use ( 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 w\ld 9 all probability be su* imp]sonal v]bs4 ,x is obs]v$ accord+ly1 ,i am told1 by ! ,hebrew gramm>ians1 t ! radical words ( _! language1 f :i* all ! o!rs are d]iv$1 are all ( !m v]bs1 & imp]sonal v]bs4 ,x is easy to conceive h[1 9 ! progress ( language1 ^? imp]sonal v]bs %\ld become p]sonal4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t ! ^w v5it1 x comes1 0 orig9ally an imp]sonal v]b1 & t x d5ot$1 n ! com+ ( some?+ 9 g5]al1 z at pres5t1 b ! com+ ( a p>ticul> object1 su* z ! lion4 ,! fir/ savage inv5tors ( language1 we %all suppose1 :5 !y obs]v$ ! approa* ( ?is t]rible animal1 7 accu/om$ to cry out to "o ano!r1 v5it1 t is1 ! lion comes2 & t ?is ^w ?us express$ a complete ev5t1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any o!r4 ,aft]w>ds1 :51 on ! fur!r progress ( language1 !y _h begun to give names to p>ticul> sub/ances1 :5ev] !y obs]v$ ! approa* ( any o!r t]rible object1 !y w\ld naturally jo9 ! "n ( t object to ! ^w v5it1 & cry out1 v5it ursus1 v5it lupus4 ,by degrees ! ^w v5it w\ld ?us come to signify ! com+ ( any #cag t]rible object1 & n m]ely ! com+ ( ! lion4 ,x w\ld1 n[1 !re=e1 express1 n ! com+ ( a p>ticul> object1 b ! com+ ( an object ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,hav+ become m g5]al 9 its signification1 x c\ld no long] repres5t any p>ticul> di/9ct ev5t by itself1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( a n\n sub/antive1 :i* might s]ve to asc]ta9 & det]m9e its signification4 ,x w\ld n[1 !re=e1 h become a p]sonal1 in/ead ( an imp]sonal v]b4 ,we may easily conceive h[1 9 ! fur!r progress ( society1 x might /ill gr[ m g5]al 9 its signification1 & come to signify1 z at pres5t1 ! approa* ( any ?+ :atev]1 :e!r x 7 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,x is probably 9 "s su* mann] z ?is1 t almo/ all v]bs h become p]sonal1 & t mank9d h le>n$ by degrees to split & divide almo/ e ev5t into a great numb] ( metaphysical p>ts1 express$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*1 v>i\sly comb9$ 9 ! diff]5t memb]s ( e phrase & s5t5ce4#a ,! same sort ( progress seems to h be5 made 9 ! art ( speak+ z 9 ! art ( writ+4 ,:5 mank9d fir/ began to attempt to express _! ideas by writ+1 e "* repres5t$ a :ole ^w4 ,b ! numb] ( words be+ almo/ inf9ite1 ! memory f\nd itself q load$ & oppress$ by ! multitude ( *>act]s :i* x 0 oblig$ to reta94 ,necessity taught !m1 !re=e1 to divide words into _! elem5ts1 & to inv5t *>act]s :i* %\ld repres5t1 n ! words !mselves1 b ! elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is inv5tion1 e p>ticul> ^w came to be repres5t$1 n by "o "*1 b by a multitude ( *>act]s2 & ! expression ( x 9 writ+ became mu* m intricate & complex ?an be=e4 ,b ?\gh p>ticul> words 7 ?us repres5t$ by a great] numb] ( *>act]s1 ! :ole language 0 express$ by a mu* small]1 & ab\t f\r & tw5ty lett]s 7 f\nd capable ( supply+ ! place ( t imm5se multitude ( *>act]s1 :i* 7 requisite be=e4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 m5 seem to h attempt$ to express e p>ticul> ev5t1 :i* !y _h occasion to take notice (1 by a p>ticul> ^w1 :i* express$ at once ! :ole ( t ev5t4 ,b z ! numb] ( words mu/1 9 ?is case1 h become really inf9ite 9 consequ5ce ( ! really inf9ite v>iety ( ev5ts1 m5 f\nd !mselves p>tly compell$ by necessity1 & p>tly conduct$ by nature1 to divide #cah e ev5t into :at may be call$ its metaphysical elem5ts1 & to in/itute words1 :i* %\ld d5ote n s mu* ! ev5ts1 z ! elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,! expression ( e p>ticul> ev5t1 became 9 ?is mann] m intricate & complex1 b ! :ole sy/em ( ! language became m coh]5t1 m connect$1 m easily reta9$ & compreh5d$4 ,footnote #a3 ,z ! f> great] "p ( v]bs express1 at pres5t1 n an ev5t1 b ! attribute ( an ev5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 require a subject1 or nom9ative case1 to complete _! signification1 "s gramm>ians1 n hav+ att5d$ to ?is progress ( nature1 & be+ desir\s to make _! common rules q univ]sal1 & )\t any exception1 h insi/$ t all v]bs requir$ a nom9ative1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood2 & h1 accord+ly1 put !mselves to ! torture to f9d "s awkw>d nom9atives to ^? few v]bs :i* /ill express+ a complete ev5t1 pla9ly admit ( none4 ,pluit1 = example1 accord+ to ,sanctius1 means pluvia pluit1 9 ,engli%1 ! ra9 ra9s4 ,see ,sanctii ,m9]va1 #a4 #c4 c4 #a4 ,:5 v]bs1 f be+ orig9ally imp]sonal1 _h ?us1 by ! division ( ! ev5t into its metaphysical elem5ts1 become p]sonal x is natural to suppose t !y w\ld fir/ be made use ( 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,no v]b is ev] us$ imp]sonally 9 our language nor1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 any o!r mod]n tongue4 ,b 9 ! anci5t languages1 :5ev] any v]b is us$ imp]sonally1 x is always 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^? v]bs1 :i* are /ill always imp]sonal1 is con/antly ! same ) t ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( p]sonal v]bs4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! circum/ances1 jo9$ to ! naturalness ( ! ?+ itself1 may !re=e s]ve to conv9ce u t v]bs fir/ became p]sonal 9 :at is n[ call$ ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,b z ! ev5t1 or matt] ( fact1 :i* is express$ by a v]b1 may be affirm$ ei!r ( ! p]son :o speaks1 or ( ! p]son :o is spok5 to1 z well z (1 "s ?ird p]son or object1 x becomes necess>y to fall ^u "s me?od ( express+ ^! two peculi> relations ( ! ev5t4 ,9 ! ,engli% language ?is is commonly done1 by prefix+1 :at are call$ ! p]sonal pron\ns1 to ! g5]al ^w :i* expresses ! ev5t affirm$4 ,i came1 y came1 he or x came2 9 ^! phrases ! ev5t ( hav+ come is1 9 ! fir/1 affirm$ ( ! speak]2 9 ! second1 ( ! p]son spok5 to2 9 ! ?ird1 ( "s o!r p]son or object4 ,! fir/ =m]s ( language1 x may be imag9$1 might h done ! same ?+1 & prefix+ 9 ! same mann] ! two fir/ p]sonal pron\ns1 to ! same t]m9ation ( ! v]b1 :i* express$ ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 might h said ego v5it1 tu v5it1 z well z ille or illud v5it4 ,& ,i make no d\bt b !y w\ld h done s1 if at ! "t :5 !y _h fir/ occasion to express ^! relations ( ! v]b !re _h be5 any su* words z ei!r ego or tu 9 _! language4 ,b 9 ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! language1 :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to describe1 x is extremely improbable t any su* words w\ld be kn[n4 ,?\gh cu/om has n[ r5d]$ !m famili> to u1 !y1 bo? ( !m1 express ideas extremely metaphysical & ab/ract4 ,! ^w ,i1 = example1 is a ^w ( a v p>ticul> species4 ,:atev] speaks may d5ote itself by ?is p]sonal pron\n4 ,! ^w ,i1 !re=e1 is a g5]al ^w1 capable ( be+ pr$icat$1 z ! logicians say1 ( an inf9ite v>iety ( objects4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f all o!r g5]al words 9 ?is respect2 t ! 9999objects ( :i* x may be pr$icat$1 d n =m any p>ticul> species ( objects di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,! #cai ^w ,i1 does n1 l ! ^w man1 d5ote a p>ticul> class ( objects sep>at$ f all o!rs by peculi> qualities ( _! own4 ,x is f> f be+ ! "n ( a species1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] x is made use (1 x always d5otes a precise individual1 ! p>ticul> p]son :o !n speaks4 ,x may be said to be1 at once1 bo? :at ! logicians call1 a s+ul>1 & :at !y call1 a common t]m2 & to jo91 9 its signification ! seem+ly opposite qualities ( ! mo/ precise individuality & ! mo/ ext5sive g5]alization4 ,?is ^w1 !re=e1 express+ s v ab/ract & metaphysical an idea1 w\ld n easily or readily occur to ! fir/ =m]s ( language4 ,:at are call$ ! p]sonal pron\ns1 x may be obs]v$1 are among ! la/ words ( :i* *ildr5 le>n to make use4 ,a *ild1 speak+ ( itself1 says1 ,billy walks1 ,billy sits1 9999in/ead ( ,i walk1 ,i sit4 ,z 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 !re=e1 mank9d seem to h evad$ ! inv5tion ( at lea/ ! m ab/ract prepositions1 & to h express$ ! same relations :i* ^! n[ /& =1 by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! co-relative t]m1 s !y likewise w\ld naturally attempt to evade ! necessity ( inv5t+ ^? m ab/ract pron\ns by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! v]b1 accord+ z ! ev5t :i* x express$ 0 int5d$ to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son4 ,?is seems1 accord+ly1 to be ! univ]sal practice ( all ! anci5t languages4 ,9 ,lat91 v5i1 v5i/i1 v5it1 suffici5tly d5ote1 )\t any o!r addition1 ! diff]5t ev5ts express$ by ! ,engli% phrases1 ,i came1 y came1 he or x came4 ,! v]b w\ld1 = ! same reason1 v>y its t]m9ation1 accord+ z ! ev5t 0 int5d$ to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]sons plural2 & :at is express$ by ! ,engli% phrases1 we came1 ye came1 !y came1 w\ld be d5ot$ by ! ,lat9 words1 v5imus1 9999v5i/is1 v5eunt4 ,^? primitive languages1 too1 :i* ^u acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( inv5t+ num]al names1 _h introduc$ a dual1 z well z a plural numb]1 into ! decl5sion ( _! n\ns sub/antive1 w\ld probably1 f analogy1 d ! same ?+ 9 ! conjugations ( _! v]bs4 ,& ?us 9 all orig9al languages1 we might expect to f9d1 at lea/ six1 if n eight or n9e v>iations1 9 ! t]m9ation ( e v]b1 accord+ z ! ev5t :i* x d5ot$ 0 meant to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]sons s+ul>1 dual1 or plural4 ,^! v>iations aga9 be+ repeat$1 along ) o!rs1 ?r\gh all its diff]5t t5ses1 ?r\gh all its diff]5t modes1 & ?r\gh all its diff]5t voices1 mu/ necess>ily h r5d]$ _! conjugations /ill m intricate & complex ?an _! decl5sions4 ,language w\ld probably h cont9u$ ^u ?is foot+ 9 all c\ntries1 nor w\ld ev] h gr[n m simple 9 its decl5sions & conjugations1 _h x n become m complex 9 its composition1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mixture ( sev]al languages ) "o ano!r1 occasion$ by ! mixture ( diff]5t nations4 ,z long z any #cbj language 0 spoke by ^? only :o le>n$ x 9 _! infancy1 ! intricacy ( its decl5sions & conjugations c\ld occasion no great emb>rassm5t4 ,! f> great] "p ( ^? :o _h occasion to speak x1 _h acquir$ x at s v e>ly a p]iod ( _! lives1 s ins5sibly & by su* sl[ degrees1 t !y 7 sc>ce ev] s5sible ( ! difficulty4 ,b :5 two nations came to be mix$ ) "o ano!r1 ei!r by conque/ or migration1 ! case w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,ea* nation1 9 ord] to make itself intelligible to ^? ) :om x 0 "u ! necessity ( conv]s+1 w\ld be oblig$ to le>n ! language ( ! o!r4 ,! great] "p ( individuals too1 le>n+ ! new language1 n by art1 or by rem\nt+ to its rudim5ts & fir/ pr9ciple1 b by rote1 & by :at !y commonly he>d 9 conv]sation1 w\ld be extremely p]plex$ by ! intricacy ( its decl5sions & conjugations4 ,!y w\ld endeav\r1 !re=e1 to supply _! ignorance ( ^!1 by :atev] %ift ! language c\ld af=d !m4 ,_! ignorance ( ! decl5sions !y w\ld naturally supply by ! use ( prepositions2 & a ,lomb>d1 :o 0 attempt+ to speak ,lat91 & want$ to express t su* a p]son 0 a citiz5 ( ,rome1 or a b5efactor to ,rome1 if he happ5$ n to be acqua9t$ ) ! g5itive & dative cases ( ! ^w ,roma1 w\ld naturally express himself by prefix+ ! prepositions ad & de to ! nom9ative2 & in/ead ( ,rom1 w\ld say1 ad ,roma1 & de ,roma4 ,al ,roma & di ,roma1 accord+ly1 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! pres5t ,italians1 ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,lomb>ds & ,romans1 express ?is & all o!r simil> relations4 ,& 9 ?is mann] prepositions seem to h be5 introduc$1 9 ! room ( ! anci5t decl5sions4 ,! same alt]ation has1 ,i am in=m$1 be5 produc$ ^u ! ,greek language1 s9ce ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks4 ,! words are1 9 a great measure1 ! same z be=e2 b ! gramm> is entirely lo/1 prepositions hav+ come 9 ! place ( ! old decl5sions4 ,?is *ange is und\bt$ly a simplification ( ! language1 9 po9t ( rudim5ts & pr9ciple4 ,x introduces1 in/ead ( a great v>iety ( decl5sions1 "o univ]sal decl5sion1 :i* is ! same 9 e ^w1 ( :atev] g5d]1 numb]1 or t]m9ation4 ,a simil> exp$i5t enables m51 9 ! situation above m5tion$1 to get rid ( almo/ ! :ole intricacy ( _! conjugations4 ,!re is 9 e language a v]b1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! sub/antive v]b2 9 ,lat91 sum2 9 ,engli%1 ,i am4 ,?is v]b d5otes n ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> ev5t1 b exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,x is1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! mo/ ab/ract & metaphysical ( all v]bs2 &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld by no means be a ^w ( e>ly inv5tion4 ,:5 x came to be inv5t$1 h[ev]1 z x _h all ! t5ses & modes ( any o!r v]b1 by be+ jo9$ ) ! passive p>ticiple1 x 0 capable ( supply+ ! place ( ! :ole passive voice1 & ( r5d]+ ?is "p ( _! conjugations z simple & uni=m z ! #cba use ( prepositions _h r5d]$ _! decl5sions4 ,a ,lomb>d1 :o want$ to say1 ,i am lov$1 b c\ld n recollect ! ^w amor1 naturally endeav\r$ to supply 8 ignorance1 by say+ ego sum amatus4 ,io sono amato1 is at ?is day ! ,italian expression1 :i* corresponds to ! ,engli% phrase above m5tion$4 ,!re is ano!r v]b1 :i*1 9 ! same mann]1 runs ?r\gh all languages1 & :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! possessive v]b2 9 ,lat91 habeo2 9 ,engli%1 ,i h4 ,?is v]b1 likewise1 d5otes an ev5t ( an extremely ab/ract & metaphysical nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 _c be suppos$ to h be5 a ^w ( ! e>lie/ inv5tion4 ,:5 x came to be inv5t$1 h[ev]1 by be+ appli$ to ! passive p>ticiple1 x 0 capable ( supply+ a great "p ( ! active voice1 z ! sub/antive v]b _h suppli$ ! :ole ( ! passive4 ,a ,lomb>d1 :o want$ to say1 ,i _h lov$1 b c\ld n recollect ! ^w amav]am1 w\ld endeav\r to supply ! place ( x1 by say+ ei!r ego habebam amatum or ego habui amatum4 ,io avev amato1 or ,io ebbi amato1 are ! correspond5t ,italian expressions at ?is day4 ,& ?us ^u ! int]mixture ( diff]5t nations ) "o ano!r1 ! conjugations1 by means ( diff]5t auxili>y v]bs1 7 made to approa* ! simplicity & uni=mity ( ! decl5sions4 ,9 g5]al x may be laid d[n = a maxim1 t ! m simple any language is 9 its composition1 ! m complex x mu/ be 9 its decl5sions & its conjugations2 & on ! contr>y1 ! m simple x is 9 its decl5sions & its conjugations1 ! m complex x mu/ be 9 its composition4 ,! ,greek seems to be1 9 a great measure1 a simple1 uncomp\nd$ language1 =m$ f ! primitive j>gon ( ^? w&]+ savages1 ! anci5t ,hell5ians & ,pelasgians1 f :om ! ,greek nation is said to h be5 desc5d$4 ,all ! words 9 ! ,greek language are d]iv$ f ab\t ?ree hundr$ primitives1 a pla9 evid5ce t ! ,greeks =m$ _! language almo/ entirely among !mselves1 & t :5 !y _h occasion = a new ^w1 !y 7 n accu/om$1 z we are1 to borr[ x f "s =eign language1 b to =m x1 ei!r by composition or d]ivation1 f "s o!r ^w or words1 9 _! own4 ,! decl5sions & conjugations1 !re=e1 ( ! ,greek are mu* m complex ?an ^? ( any o!r ,european language ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! ,lat9 is a composition ( ! ,greek & ( ! anci5t ,tuscan languages4 ,its decl5sions & conjugations accord+ly are mu* less complex ?an ^? ( ! ,greek2 x has dropp$ ! dual numb] 9 bo?4 ,its v]bs h no optative mood di/+ui%$ by any peculi> t]m9ation4 ,!y h b "o future4 ,!y h no aori/ di/9ct f ! pret]it-p]fect2 !y h no middle voice2 & ev5 _m ( _! t5ses 9 ! passive voice are ek$ out1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! mod]n languages1 by ! help ( ! sub/antive v]b jo9$ to #cbb ! passive p>ticiple4 ,9 bo? ! voices1 ! numb] ( inf9itives & p>ticiples is mu* small] 9 ! ,lat9 ?an 9 ! ,greek4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian languages are ea* ( !m comp\nd$1 ! "o ( ! ,lat9 & ! language ( ! anci5t ,franks1 ! o!r ( ! same ,lat9 & ! language ( ! anci5t ,lomb>ds4 ,z !y are bo? ( !m1 !re=e1 m complex 9 _! composition ?an ! ,lat91 s are !y likewise m simple 9 _! decl5sions & conjugations4 ,) reg>d to _! decl5sions1 !y h bo? ( !m lo/ _! cases altoge!r2 & ) reg>d to _! conjugations1 !y h bo? ( !m lo/ ! :ole ( ! passive1 & "s "p ( ! active voices ( _! v]bs4 ,! want ( ! passive voice !y supply entirely by ! sub/antive v]b jo9$ to ! passive p>ticiple2 & !y make out "p ( ! active1 9 ! same mann]1 by ! help ( ! possessive v]b & ! same passive p>ticiple4 ,! ,engli% is comp\nd$ ( ! ,fr5* & ! anci5t ,saxon languages4 ,! ,fr5* 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 by ! ,norman conque/1 & cont9u$1 till ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 to be ! sole language ( ! law z well z ! pr9cipal language ( ! c\rt4 ,! ,engli%1 :i* came to be spok5 aft]w>ds1 & :i* cont9ues to be spok5 n[1 is a mixture ( ! anci5t ,saxon & ?is ,norman ,fr5*4 ,z ! ,engli% language1 !re=e1 is m complex 9 its composition ?an ei!r ! ,fr5* or ! ,italian1 s is x likewise m simple 9 its decl5sions & conjugations4 ,^? two languages reta91 at lea/1 a "p ( ! di/9ction ( g5d]s1 & _! adjectives v>y _! t]m9ation accord+ z !y are appli$ to a mascul9e or to a fem99e sub/antive4 ,b !re is no su* di/9ction 9 ! ,engli% language1 ^: adjectives admit ( no v>iety ( t]m9ation4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian languages h1 bo? ( !m1 ! rema9s ( a conjugation2 & all ^? t5ses ( ! active voice1 :i* _c be express$ by ! possessive v]b jo9$ to ! passive p>ticiple1 z well z _m ( ^? :i* c1 are1 9 ^? languages1 m>k$ by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,b almo/ all ^? o!r t5ses are 9 ! ,engli% ek$ out by o!r auxili>y v]bs1 s t !re is 9 ?is language sc>ce ev5 ! rema9s ( a conjugation4 ,i love1 ,i lov$1 lov+1 are all ! v>ieties ( t]m9ation :i* ! great] "p ( ! ,engli% v]bs admit (4 ,all ! diff]5t modifications ( mean+1 :i* _c be express$ by any ( ^? ?ree t]m9ations1 mu/ be made out by diff]5t auxili>y v]bs jo9$ to "s "o or o!r ( !m4 ,two auxili>y v]bs supply all ! defici5cies ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian conjugations2 x requires m ?an half a doz5 to supply ^? ( ! ,engli%1 :i*1 besides ! sub/antive & possessive v]bs1 makes use ( d1 did2 w1 w\ld2 %all1 %\ld2 c1 c\ld2 may1 might4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t language becomes m simple 9 its rudim5ts & pr9ciples1 j 9 proportion z x gr[s m complex 9 #cbc its composition1 & ! same ?+ has happ5$ 9 x1 :i* commonly happ5s ) reg>d to me*anical eng9es4 ,all ma*9es are g5]ally1 :5 fir/ inv5t$1 extremely complex 9 _! pr9ciples1 & !re is (t5 a p>ticul> pr9ciple ( motion = e p>ticul> movem5t :i* x is int5d$ !y %\ld p]=m4 ,succe$+ improv]s obs]ve1 t "o pr9ciple may be s appli$ z to produce sev]al ( ^? movem5ts2 & ?us ! ma*9e becomes gradually m & m simple1 & produces its effects ) few] :eels1 & few] pr9ciples ( motion4 ,9 language1 9 ! same mann]1 e case ( e n\n1 & e t5se ( e v]b1 0 orig9ally express$ by a p>ticul> di/9ct ^w1 :i* s]v$ = ?is purpose & = no o!r4 ,b succe$+ obs]vations discov]$1 t "o set ( words 0 capable ( supply+ ! place ( all t inf9ite numb]1 & t f\r or five prepositions1 & half a doz5 auxili>y v]bs1 7 capable ( answ]+ ! end ( all ! decl5sions1 & ( all ! conjugations 9 ! anci5t languages4 ,b ?is simplification ( languages1 ?\gh x arises1 p]haps1 f simil> causes1 has by no means simil> effects ) ! correspond5t simplification ( ma*9es4 ,! simplification ( ma*9es r5d]s !m m & m p]fect1 b ?is simplification ( ! rudim5ts ( languages r5d]s !m m & m imp]fect1 & less prop] = _m ( ! purposes ( language2 & ?is = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,fir/ ( all1 languages are by ?is simplification r5d]$ m prolix1 sev]al words hav+ become necess>y to express :at c\ld h be5 express$ by a s+le ^w be=e4 ,?us ! words1 ,dei & ,deo1 9 ! ,lat91 suffici5tly %[1 )\t any addition1 :at relation ! object signifi$ is und]/ood to /& 9 to ! objects express$ by ! o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,b to express ! same relation 9 ,engli%1 & 9 all o!r mod]n languages1 we mu/ make use (1 at lea/1 two words1 & say1 ( ,god1 to ,god4 ,s f> z ! decl5sions are conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! mod]n languages are mu* m prolix ?an ! anci5t4 ,! diff]5ce is /ill great] ) reg>d to ! conjugations4 ,:at a ,roman express$ by ! s+le ^w amavissem1 an ,engli%man is oblig$ to express by f\r diff]5t words1 ,i %\ld h lov$4 ,x is unnecess>y to take any pa9s to %[ h[ mu* ?is prolixness mu/ en]vate ! eloqu5ce ( all mod]n languages4 ,h[ mu* ! beauty ( any expression dep5ds ^u its concis5ess1 is well kn[n to ^? :o h any exp]i5ce 9 composition4 ,secondly1 ?is simplification ( ! pr9ciples ( languages r5d]s !m less agreeable to ! e>4 ,! v>iety ( t]m9ation 9 ! ,greek & ,lat91 occasion$ by _! decl5sions & conjugations1 gives a sweetness to _! language altoge!r unkn[n to ours1 & a v>iety unkn[n to any o!r mod]n language4 ,9 po9t ( sweetness1 ! ,italian1 p]haps1 may surpass ! ,lat91 & almo/ equal ! ,greek2 b 9 po9t ( v>iety1 x is greatly inf]ior to bo?4 #cbd ,?irdly1 ?is simplification1 n only r5d]s ! s\nds ( our language less agreeable to ! e>1 b x also re/ra9s u f dispos+ su* s\nds z we h1 9 ! mann] t might be mo/ agreeable4 ,x ties d[n _m words to a p>ticul> situation1 ?\gh !y might (t5 be plac$ 9 ano!r ) mu* m beauty4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat91 ?\gh ! adjective & sub/antive 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 ! correspond5ce ( _! t]m9ations /ill %[$ _! mutual ref]5ce1 & ! sep>ation did n necess>ily occasion any sort ( confusion4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ,virgil1 ,tityre tu patul recubans sub tegm9e fagi2 we easily see t tu ref]s to recubans1 & patul to fagi2 ?\gh ! relat$ words are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! int]v5tion ( sev]al o!rs2 because ! t]m9ations1 %[+ ! correspond5ce ( _! cases1 det]m9e _! mutual ref]5ce4 ,b if we 7 to translate ?is l9e lit]ally into ,engli%1 & say1 ,tityrus1 ?\ ( spread+ recl9+ "u ! %ade bee*1 ,o,edipus himself c\ld n make s5se ( x2 because !re is "h no diff]5ce ( t]m9ation1 to det]m9e :i* sub/antive ea* adjective belongs to4 ,x is ! same case ) reg>d to v]bs4 ,9 ,lat9 ! v]b may (t5 be plac$1 )\t any inconv5i5cy or ambiguity1 9 any "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,b 9 ,engli% its place is almo/ always precisely det]m9$4 ,x mu/ foll[ ! subjective & prec$e ! objective memb] ( ! phrase 9 almo/ all cases4 ,?us 9 ,lat9 :e!r y say1 ,joannem v]b]avit ,rob]tas1 or ,rob]tas v]b]avit ,joannem1 ! mean+ is precisely ! same1 & ! t]m9ation fixes ,john to be ! suff]] 9 bo? cases4 ,b 9 ,engli% ,john beat ,rob]t1 & ,rob]t beat ,john1 h by no means ! same signification4 ,! place !re=e ( ! ?ree pr9cipal memb]s ( ! phrase is 9 ! ,engli%1 & = ! same reason 9 ! ,fr5* & ,italian languages1 almo/ always precisely det]m9$2 :]eas 9 ! anci5t languages a great] latitude is all[$1 & ! place ( ^? memb]s is (t51 9 a great measure1 indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to ,horace1 9 ord] to int]pret "s p>ts ( ,milton's lit]al translation2 ,:o n[ enjoys !e cr$ul\s all gold1 ,:o always vacant1 always amiable ,hopes !e2 ( flatt]+ gales ,unm9dful are v]ses :i* x is impossible to int]pret by any rules ( our language4 ,!re are no rules 9 our language1 by :i* any man c\ld discov]1 t1 9 ! fir/ l9e1 cr$ul\s ref]r$ to :o1 & n to !e2 or t all gold ref]r$ to any ?+2 or1 t 9 ! f\r? l9e1 unm9dful1 ref]r$ to :o1 9 ! second1 & n to !e 9 ! ?ird2 or1 on ! contr>y1 t1 9 ! second l9e1 always vacant1 always amiable1 ref]r$ to !e 9 ! ?ird1 & n to :o 9 ! same l9e ) x4 ,9 ! ,lat91 inde$1 all ?is is abundantly pla94 #cbe ,qui nunc te fruitur cr$ulus aure1 ,qui semp] vacuam1 semp] amabilem ,sp]at te2 nescius aur fallacis4 ,because ! t]m9ations 9 ! ,lat9 det]m9e ! ref]5ce ( ea* adjective to its prop] sub/antive1 :i* x is impossible = any ?+ 9 ! ,engli% to d4 ,h[ mu* ?is p[] ( transpos+ ! ord] ( _! words mu/ h facilitat$ ! compositions ( ! anci5ts1 bo? 9 v]se & prose1 c h>dly be imag9$4 ,t x mu/ greatly h facilitat$ _! v]sification x is ne$less to obs]ve2 & 9 prose1 :atev] beauty dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t & con/ruction ( ! sev]al memb]s ( ! p]iod1 mu/ to !m h be5 acquirable ) mu* m ease1 & to mu* great] p]fection ?an x c be to ^? ^: expression is con/antly conf9$ by ! prolixness1 con/ra9t1 & monotony ( mod]n languages4 ---------- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,enquiries2 ,,z ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ----- ,,wond]1 surprise1 & admiration1 are words :i*1 ?\gh (t5 conf\nd$1 d5ote1 9 our language1 s5tim5ts t are inde$ alli$1 b t are 9 "s respects diff]5t also1 & di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,:at is new & s+ul>1 excites t s5tim5t :i*1 9 /rict propriety1 is call$ ,wond]2 :at is unexpect$1 ,surprise2 & :at is great or beautiful1 ,admiration4 ,we wond] at all extraord9>y & uncommon objects1 at all ! r>] ph5om5a ( nature1 at meteors1 comets1 eclipses1 at s+ul> plants & animals1 & at e ?+1 9 %ort1 ) :i* we h be=e be5 ei!r little or n at all acqua9t$2 & we /ill wond]1 ?\gh =ew>n$ ( :at we are to see4 ,we are surpris$ at ^? ?+s :i* we h se5 (t51 b :i* we lea/ ( all expect$ to meet ) 9 ! place :]e we f9d !m2 we are surpris$ at ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a fri5d1 :om we h se5 a ?\s& times1 b :om we did n at all imag9e we 7 to see !n4 ,we admire ! beauty ( a pla9 or ! greatness ( a m\nta91 #cbf ?\gh we h se5 bo? (t5 be=e1 & ?\gh no?+ appe>s to u 9 ei!r1 b :at we _h expect$ ) c]ta9ty to see4 ,:e!r ?is criticism ^u ! precise mean+ ( ^! words be j1 is ( little importance4 ,i imag9e x is j1 ?\gh ,i ackn[l$ge1 t ! be/ writ]s 9 our language h n always made use ( !m accord+ to x4 ,milton1 ^u ! appe>ance ( ,dea? to ,satan1 says1 t ,! ,fi5d :at ?is might be admir'd1 ,admir'd1 n fe>'d4------ ,b if ?is criticism be j1 ! prop] expression %\ld h be5 wond]'d4 ,dryd51 ^u ! discov]y ( ,iphig5ia sleep+1 says t ,! fool ( nature /ood ) /upid eyes1 ,& gap+ m\?1 t te/ifi$ surprise4 ,b :at ,cimon mu/ h felt ^u ?is occasion c\ld n s mu* be ,surprise1 z ,wond] & ,admiration4 ,all t ,i cont5d = is1 t ! s5tim5ts excit$ by :at is new1 by :at is unexpect$1 & by :at is great & beautiful are really diff]5t1 h[ev] ! words made use ( to express !m may sometimes be conf\nd$4 ,ev5 ! admiration :i* is excit$ by beauty1 is q diff]5t 7z w appe> m fully h]eaft]7 f t :i* is inspir$ by greatness1 ?\gh we h b "o ^w to d5ote !m4 ,^! s5tim5ts1 l all o!rs :5 inspir$ by "o & ! same object1 mutually support & enliv5 "o ano!r3 an object ) :i* we are q famili>1 & :i* we see e day1 produces1 ?\gh bo? great & beautiful1 b a small effect ^u u2 because our admiration is n support$ ei!r by ,wond] or by ,surprise3 & if we h he>d a v accurate description ( a mon/]1 our ,wond] w be ! less :5 we see x2 because our previ\s k ( x w 9 a great measure prev5t our ,surprise4 ,x is ! design ( ?is essay to consid] p>ticul>ly ! nature & causes ( ea* ( ^! s5tim5ts1 ^: influ5ce is ( f> wid] ext5t ?an we %\ld be apt ^u a c>eless view to imag9e4 ,i %all beg9 ) ,surprise4 ----- ,,sec4 ,i4--,( ! ,effect ( ,unexpect$ness1 or ( ,surprise4 ,,:5 an object ( any k9d1 :i* has be5 = "s "t expect$ & =ese51 pres5ts itself1 :atev] be ! emotion :i* x is by nature fitt$ to excite1 ! m9d mu/ h be5 prep>$ = x1 & mu/ ev5 9 "s measure h conceiv$ x be=e-h&2 because ! idea ( ! object hav+ be5 s long pres5t to x1 mu/ h be=e-h& excit$ "s degree ( ! same emotion :i* ! object itself w\ld excite3 ! *ange1 !re=e1 :i* its pres5ce produces comes ?us to be less consid]able1 & ! emotion or passion :i* x excites glides gradually & easily into ! he>t1 )\t viol5ce1 pa9 or difficulty4 #cbg ,b ! contr>y ( all ?is happ5s :5 ! object is unexpect$2 ! passion is !n p\r$ 9 all at once ^u ! he>t1 :i* is ?r[n1 if x is a /rong passion1 into ! mo/ viol5t & convulsive emotions1 su* z sometimes cause imm$iate dea?2 sometimes1 by ! sudd5ness ( ! ec/acy1 s entirely disjo9t ! :ole frame ( ! imag9ation1 t x nev] aft] returns to its =m] tone & composure1 b falls ei!r into a fr5zy or habitual lunacy2 & su* z almo/ always occasion a mom5t>y loss ( reason1 or ( t att5tion to o!r ?+s :i* our situation or our duty requires4 ,h[ mu* we dread ! effects ( ! m viol5t passions1 :5 !y come sudd5ly ^u ! m9d1 appe>s f ^? prep>ations :i* all m5 ?9k necess>y :5 go+ to in=m any "o ( :at is capable ( excit+ !m4 ,:o w\ld *oose all at once to in=m 8 fri5d ( an extraord9>y calamity t _h befall5 him1 )\t tak+ c>e be=e-h&1 by al>m+ him ) an unc]ta9 fe>1 to ann\nce1 if "o may say s1 8 mis=tune1 & !reby prep>e & dispose him = receiv+ ! tid+s8 ,^? panic t]rors :i* sometimes seize armies 9 ! field1 or great cities1 :5 an enemy is 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & :i* deprive = a "t ! mo/ det]m9$ ( all delib]ate judgm5ts1 are nev] excit$ b by ! sudd5 appreh5sion ( unexpect$ dang]4 ,su* viol5t con/]nations1 :i* at once conf\nd :ole multitudes1 b5umb _! und]/&+s1 & agitate _! he>ts1 ) all ! agony ( extravagant fe>1 c nev] be produc$ by any =ese5 dang]1 h[ great soev]4 ,fe>1 ?\gh naturally a v /rong passion1 nev] rises to su* excesses1 unless exasp]at$ bo? by wond]1 f ! unc]ta9 nature ( ! dang]1 & by surprise1 f ! sudd5ness ( ! appreh5sion4 ,surprise1 !re=e1 is n to be reg>d$ z an orig9al emotion ( a species di/9ct f all o!rs4 ,! viol5t & sudd5 *ange produc$ ^u ! m9d1 :5 an emotion ( any k9d is br\ght sudd5ly ^u x1 con/itutes ! :ole nature ( ,surprise4 ,b :5 n only a passion & a great passion comes all at once ^u ! m9d1 b :5 x comes ^u x :ile ! m9d is 9 ! mood mo/ unfit = conceiv+ x1 ! ,surprise is !n ! greate/4 ,surprises ( joy :5 ! m9d is sunk into grief1 or ( grief :5 x is elat$ ) joy1 are !re=e ! mo/ unsupportable4 ,! *ange is 9 ?is case ! greate/ possible4 ,n only a /rong passion is conceiv$ all at once1 b a /rong passion ! direct opposite ( t :i* 0 be=e 9 possession ( ! s\l4 ,:5 a load ( sorr[ comes d[n ^u ! he>t t is exp&$ & elat$ ) gaiety & joy1 x seems n only to damp & oppress x1 b almo/ to cru% & bruise x1 z a real weight w\ld cru% & bruise ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 f an unexpect$ *ange ( =tune1 a tide ( gladness seems1 if ,i may say s1 to spr+ up all at once )9 x1 :5 #cbh depress$ & contract$ ) grief & sorr[1 x feels z if sudd5ly ext5d$ & heav$ up ) viol5t & irresi/ible =ce1 & is torn ) pangs ( all o!rs mo/ exquisite1 & :i* almo/ always occasion fa9t+s1 deliriums1 & sometimes in/ant dea?4 ,= x may be wor? :ile to obs]ve1 t ?\gh grief be a m viol5t passion ?an joy1 z inde$ all uneasy s5sations seem naturally m pung5t ?an ! opposite agreeable ones1 yet ( ! two1 ,surprises ( joy are /ill m insupportable ?an ,surprises ( grief4 ,we are told t aft] ! battle ( ,?rasim5us1 :ile a ,roman lady1 :o _h be5 in=m$ t h] son 0 sla9 9 ! action1 0 sitt+ alone bemoan+ h] mis=tunes1 ! "y man :o escap$ came sudd5ly into ! room to h]1 & t %e cri$ out & expir$ in/antly 9 a transport ( joy4 ,let u suppose ! contr>y ( ?is to h happ5$1 & t 9 ! mid/ ( dome/ic fe/ivity & mir?1 he _h sudd5ly fall5 d[n dead at h] feet1 is x likely t ! effects w\ld h be5 equally viol5t8 ,i imag9e n4 ,! he>t spr+s to joy ) a sort ( natural ela/icity1 x ab&ons itself to s agreeable an emotion1 z soon z ! object is pres5t$2 x seems to pant & leap =w>d to meet x1 & ! passion 9 its full =ce takes at once entire & complete possession ( ! s\l4 ,b x is o!rwise ) grief2 ! he>t recoils f1 & resi/s ! fir/ approa*es ( t disagreeable passion1 & x requires "s "t be=e ! melan*oly object c produce its full effect4 ,grief comes on sl[ly & gradually1 nor ev] rises at once to t height ( agony to :i* x is increas$ aft] a little "t4 ,b joy comes ru%+ ^u u all at once l a torr5t4 ,! *ange produc$1 !re=e1 by a surprise ( joy is m sudd51 & ^u t acc\nt m viol5t & apt to h m fatal effects1 ?an t :i* is occasion$ by a surprise ( grief2 !re seems1 too1 to be some?+ 9 ! nature ( surprise1 :i* makes x unite m easily ) ! brisk & quick motion ( joy1 ?an ) ! sl[] & heavi] movem5t ( grief4 ,mo/ m5 :o c take ! tr\ble to recollect1 w f9d t !y h he>d ( m p :o di$ or became di/ract$ ) sudd5 joy1 ?an ) sudd5 grief4 ,yet f ! nature ( human affairs1 ! latt] mu/ be mu* m frequ5t ?an ! =m]4 ,a man may break 8 leg1 or lose 8 son1 ?\gh he has _h no w>n+ ( ei!r ( ^! ev5ts1 b he c h>dly meet ) an extraord9>y piece ( good =tune1 )\t hav+ _h "s =esight ( :at 0 to happ54 ,n only grief & joy1 b all ! o!r passions1 are m viol5t1 :5 opposite extremes succe$ ea* o!r4 ,is any res5tm5t s ke5 z :at foll[s ! qu>rels ( lov]s1 or any love s passionate z :at att5ds _! reconcilem5t8 ,ev5 ! objects ( ! ext]nal s5ses affect u 9 a m lively mann]1 :5 opposite extremes succe$ to or are plac$ beside ea* o!r4 ,mod]ate w>m? seems intol]able heat if felt aft] extreme #cbi cold4 ,:at is bitt] w seem m s :5 ta/$ aft] :at is v sweet2 a dirty :ite w seem bright & pure :5 plac$ by a jet black4 ,! vivacity 9 %ort ( e s5sation1 z well z ( e s5tim5t1 seems to be great] or less 9 proportion to ! *ange made by ! impression ( ei!r ^u ! situation ( ! m9d or organ2 b ?is *ange mu/ necess>ily be ! greate/ :5 opposite s5tim5ts & s5sations are contra/$1 or succe$ imm$iately to "o ano!r4 ,bo? s5tim5ts & s5sations are !n ! livelie/2 & ?is sup]ior vivacity proce$s f no?+ b _! be+ br\ght ^u ! m9d or organ :5 9 a /ate mo/ unfit = conceiv+ !m4 ,z ! opposition ( contra/$ s5tim5ts height5s _! vivacity1 s ! resemblance ( ^? :i* imm$iately succe$ ea* o!r r5d]s !m m fa9t & languid4 ,a p>5t :o has lo/ sev]al *ildr5 imm$iately aft] "o ano!r1 w be less affect$ ) ! dea? ( ! la/ ?an ) t ( ! fir/1 ?\gh ! loss 9 itself be1 9 ?is case1 und\bt$ly great]2 b 8 m9d be+ already sunk into sorr[1 ! new mis=tune seems to produce no o!r effect ?an a cont9uance ( ! same melan*oly1 & is by no means apt to occasion su* transports ( grief z are ord9>ily excit$ by ! fir/ calamity ( ! k9d2 he receives x1 ?\gh ) great dejection1 yet ) "s degree ( calmness & composure1 & )\t any?+ ( t angui% & agitation ( m9d :i* ! novelty ( ! mis=tune is apt to occasion4 ,^? :o h be5 un=tunate ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( _! lives are (t5 inde$ habitually melan*oly1 & sometimes peevi% & spl5etic1 yet ^u any fre% disappo9tm5t1 ?\gh !y are vex$ & compla9 a little1 !y seldom fly out into any m viol5t passion1 & nev] fall into ^? transports ( rage or grief :i* (t51 ^u l occasions1 di/ract ! =tunate & successful4 ,^u ?is are f\nd$1 9 a great measure1 "s ( ! effects ( habit & cu/om4 ,x is well kn[n t cu/om dead5s ! vivacity ( bo? pa9 & pleasure1 abates ! grief we %\ld feel = ! "o1 & weak5s ! joy we %\ld d]ive f ! o!r4 ,! pa9 is support$ )\t agony1 & ! pleasure enjoy$ )\t rapture3 because cu/om & ! frequ5t repetition ( any object comes at la/ to =m & b5d ! m9d or organ to t habitual mood & disposition :i* fits !m to receive its impression1 )\t und]go+ any v viol5t *ange4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,ii4--,( ,wond]1 or ( ! ,effects ( ,novelty4 ,,x is evid5t t ! m9d takes pleasure 9 obs]v+ ! resemblances t are discov]able betwixt diff]5t objects4 ,x is by means ( su* obs]vations t x endeav\rs to arrange & me?odise all its ideas1 & to r$uce !m into prop] classes & assortm5ts4 ,:]e x c obs]ve b "o s+le quality t is common to a great #ccj v>iety ( o!rwise widely diff]5t objects1 t s+le circum/ance w be suffici5t = x to connect !m all toge!r1 to r$uce !m to "o common class1 & to call !m by "o g5]al "n4 ,x is ?us t all ?+s end[$ ) a p[] ( self-motion1 bea/s1 birds1 fi%es1 insects1 are class$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,animal2 & t ^! aga91 along ) ^? :i* want t p[]1 are arrang$ "u ! /ill m g5]al ^w1 ,sub/ance3 & ?is is ! orig9 ( ^? assortm5ts ( objects & ideas :i* 9 ! s*ools are call$ ,g5]a & ,species1 & ( ^? ab/ract & g5]al names1 :i* 9 all languages are made use ( to express !m4 ,! fur!r we advance 9 k & exp]i5ce1 ! great] numb] ( divisions & subdivisions ( ^? ,g5]a & ,species we are bo? incl9$ & oblig$ to make4 ,we obs]ve a great] v>iety ( p>ticul>ities among/ ^? ?+s :i* h a gross resemblance2 & hav+ made new divisions ( !m1 accord+ to ^? newly-obs]v$ p>ticul>ities1 we are !n no long] to be satisfi$ ) be+ able to ref] an object to a remote g5us1 or v g5]al class ( ?+s1 to _m ( :i* x has b a loose & imp]fect resemblance4 ,a p]son1 inde$1 unacqua9t$ ) botany may expect to satisfy y\r curiosity1 by tell+ y1 t su* a vegetable is a we$1 or1 p]haps 9 /ill m g5]al t]ms1 t x is a plant4 ,b a botani/ w nei!r give nor accept ( su* an answ]4 ,he has broke & divid$ t great class ( objects into a numb] ( inf]ior assortm5ts1 accord to ^? v>ieties :i* 8 exp]i5ce has discov]$ among !m2 & he wants to ref] ea* individual plant to "s tribe ( vegetables1 ) all ( :i* x may h a m exact resemblance1 ?an ) _m ?+s compreh5d$ "u ! ext5sive g5us ( plants4 ,a *ild imag9es t x gives a satisfactory answ] :5 x tells y1 t an object ^: "n x kn[s n is a ?+1 & fancies t x in=ms y ( some?+1 :5 x ?us asc]ta9s to :i* ( ! two mo/ obvi\s & compreh5sive classes ( objects a p>ticul> impression ought to be ref]r$2 to ! class ( realities or solid sub/ances :i* x calls ?+s1 or to t ( appe>ances :i* x calls no?+s4 ,:atev]1 9 %ort1 occurs to u we are fond ( ref]r+ to "s species or class ( ?+s1 ) all ( :i* x has a ne>ly exact resemblance3 & ?\gh we (t5 "k no m ab\t !m ?an ab\t x1 yet we are apt to fancy t by be+ able to d s1 we %[ ourselves to be bett] acqua9t$ ) x1 & to h a m ?or\gh insight into its nature4 ,b :5 some?+ q new & s+ul> is pres5t$1 we feel ourselves incapable ( do+ ?is4 ,! memory _c1 f all its /ores1 ca/ up any image t ne>ly resembles ?is /range appe>ance4 ,if by "s ( its qualities x seems to resemble1 & to be connect$ ) a species :i* we h be=e be5 acqua9t$ )1 x is by o!rs sep>at$ & deta*$ f t1 & f all ! #cca o!r assortm5ts ( ?+s we h hi!rto be5 able to make4 ,x /&s alone & by itself 9 ! imag9ation1 & refuses to be gr\p$ or conf\nd$ ) any set ( objects :atev]4 ,! imag9ation & memory ex]t !mselves to no purpose1 & 9 va9 look ar\nd all _! classes ( ideas 9 ord] to f9d "o "u :i* x may be arrang$4 ,!y fluctuate to no purpose f ?\ght to ?\ght1 & we rema9 /ill unc]ta9 & undet]m9$ :]e to place x1 or :at to ?9k ( x4 ,x is ?is fluctuation & va9 recollection1 toge!r ) ! emotion or movem5t ( ! spirits t !y excite1 :i* con/itute ! s5tim5t prop]ly call$ ,wond]1 & :i* occasion t />+1 & sometimes t roll+ ( ! eyes1 t susp5sion ( ! brea?1 & t swell+ ( ! he>t1 :i* we may all obs]ve1 bo? 9 ourselves & o!rs1 :5 wond]+ at "s new object1 & :i* are ! natural symptoms ( unc]ta9 & undet]m9$ ?\ght4 ,:at sort ( a ?+ c t be8 ,:at is t l8 are ! que/ions :i*1 ^u su* an occasion1 we are all naturally dispos$ to ask4 ,if we c recollect _m su* objects :i* exactly resemble ?is new appe>ance1 & :i* pres5t !mselves to ! imag9ation naturally1 & z x 7 ( _! own accord1 our ,wond] is entirely at an end4 ,if we c recollect b a few1 & :i* x requires too "s tr\ble to be able to call up1 our ,wond] is inde$ dim9i%$1 b n q de/roy$4 ,if we c recollect none1 b are q at a loss1 x is ! greate/ possible4 ,) :at curi\s att5tion does a naturali/ exam9e a s+ul> plant1 or a s+ul> fossil1 t is pres5t$ to him8 ,he is at no loss to ref] x to ! g5]al g5us ( plants or fossils2 b ?is does n satisfy him1 & :5 he consid]s all ! diff]5t tribes or species ( ei!r ) :i* he has hi!rto be5 acqua9t$1 !y all1 he ?9ks1 refuse to admit ! new object among !m4 ,x /&s alone 9 8 imag9ation1 & z x 7 deta*$ f all ! o!r species ( t g5us to :i* x belongs4 ,he lab\rs1 h[ev]1 to connect x ) "s "o or o!r ( !m4 ,sometimes he ?9ks x may be plac$ 9 ?is1 & sometimes 9 t o!r assortm5t2 nor is he ev] satisfi$1 till he has fall5 ^u "o :i*1 9 mo/ ( its qualities1 x resembles4 ,:5 he _c d ?is1 r ?an x %\ld /& q by itself1 he w enl>ge ! prec9cts1 if ,i may say s1 ( "s species1 9 ord] to make room = x2 or he w create a new species on purpose to receive x1 & call x a ,play ( ,nature1 or give x "s o!r appellation1 "u :i* he arranges all ! oddities t he kn[s n :at else to d )4 ,b to "s class or o!r ( kn[n objects he mu/ ref] x1 & betwixt x & !m he mu/ f9d out "s resemblance or e!r1 be=e he c get rid ( t ,wond]1 t unc]ta9ty & anxi\s curiosity excit$ by its s+ul> appe>ance1 & by its dissimilitude ) all ! objects he _h hi!rto obs]v$4 ,z s+le & individual objects ?us excite our ,wond] :51 by #ccb _! uncommon qualities & s+ul> appe>ance1 !y make u unc]ta9 to :at species ( ?+s we ought to ref] !m2 s a succession ( objects :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 an uncommon tra9 or ord]1 w produce ! same effect1 ?\gh !re be no?+ p>ticul> 9 any "o ( !m tak5 by itself4 ,:5 "o accu/om$ object appe>s aft] ano!r1 :i* x does n usually foll[1 x fir/ excites1 by its unexpect$ness1 ! s5tim5t prop]ly call$ ,surprise1 & aft]w>ds1 by ! s+ul>ity ( ! succession1 or ord] ( its appe>ance1 ! s5tim5t prop]ly call$ ,wond]4 ,we />t & are surpris$ at see+ x !re1 & !n wond] h[ x came !re4 ,! motion ( a small piece ( iron along a pla9 table is 9 itself no extraord9>y object1 yet ! p]son :o fir/ saw x beg91 )\t any visible impulse1 9 consequ5ce ( ! motion ( a load/one at "s little di/ance f x1 c\ld n behold x )\t ! mo/ extreme ,surprise2 & :5 t mom5t>y emotion 0 ov]1 he w\ld /ill wond] h[ x came to be conjo9$ to an ev5t ) :i*1 accord+ to ! ord9>y tra9 ( ?+s1 he c\ld h s little suspect$ x to h any connection4 ,:5 two objects1 h[ev] unlike1 h (t5 be5 obs]v$ to foll[ ea* o!r1 & h con/antly pres5t$ !mselves to ! s5ses 9 t ord]1 !y come to be connect$ toge!r 9 ! fancy1 t ! idea ( ! "o seems1 ( its own accord1 to call up & introduce t ( ! o!r4 ,if ! objects are /ill obs]v$ to succe$ ea* o!r z be=e1 ?is connection1 or1 z x has be5 call$1 ?is association ( _! ideas1 becomes /rict] & /rict]1 & ! habit ( ! imag9ation to pass f ! conception ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r1 gr[s m & m rivett$ & confirm$4 ,z its ideas move m rapidly ?an ext]nal objects1 x is cont9ually runn+ be=e !m1 & !re=e anticipates1 be=e x happ5s1 e ev5t :i* falls out accord+ to ?is ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,:5 objects succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! same tra9 9 :i* ! ideas ( ! imag9ation h ?us be5 accu/om$ to move1 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh n conduct$ by t *a9 ( ev5ts pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 !y h acquir$ a t5d5cy to g on ( _! own accord1 su* objects appe> all closely connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & ! ?\ght glides easily along !m1 )\t ef=t & )\t int]ruption4 ,!y fall 9 ) ! natural c>e] ( ! imag9ation2 & z ! ideas :i* repres5t$ su* a tra9 ( ?+s w\ld seem all mutually to introduce ea* o!r1 e la/ ?\ght to be call$ up by ! =ego+1 & to call up ! succe$+2 s :5 ! objects !mselves occur1 e la/ ev5t seems1 9 ! same mann]1 to be introduc$ by ! =ego+1 & to introduce ! succe$+4 ,!re is no break1 no /op1 no gap1 no int]val4 ,! ideas excit$ by s coh]5t a *a9 ( ?+s seem1 z x 71 to float ?r\gh ! m9d ( _! own accord1 )\t oblig+ x to ex]t itself1 or to make any ef=t 9 ord] to pass f "o ( !m to ano!r4 #ccc ,b if ?is cu/om>y connection be int]rupt$1 if "o or m objects appe> 9 an ord] q diff]5t f t to :i* ! imag9ation has be5 accu/om$1 & = :i* x is prep>$1 ! contr>y ( all ?is happ5s4 ,we are at fir/ surpris$ by ! unexpect$ness ( ! new appe>ance1 & :5 t mom5t>y emotion is ov]1 we /ill wond] h[ x came to occur 9 t place4 ,! imag9ation no long] feels ! usual facility ( pass+ f ! ev5t :i* goes be=e to t :i* comes aft]4 ,x is an ord] or law ( succession to :i* x has n be5 accu/om$1 & :i* x !re=e f9ds "s difficulty 9 foll[+1 or 9 att5d+ to4 ,! fancy is /opp$ & int]rupt$ 9 t natural movem5t or c>e]1 accord+ to :i* x 0 proce$+4 ,^? two ev5ts seem to /& at a di/ance f ea* o!r2 x endeav\rs to br+ !m toge!r1 b !y refuse to unite2 & x feels1 or imag9es x feels1 some?+ l a gap or int]val betwixt !m4 ,x naturally hesitates1 &1 z x 71 pauses ^u ! br9k ( ?is int]val2 x endeav\rs to f9d out some?+ :i* may fill up ! gap1 :i*1 l a bridge1 may s f> at lea/ unite ^? seem+ly di/ant objects1 z to r5d] ! passage ( ! ?\ght betwixt !m smoo?1 & natural1 & easy4 ,! supposition ( a *a9 ( int]m$iate1 ?\gh invisible1 ev5ts1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 a tra9 simil> to t 9 :i* ! imag9ation has be5 accu/om$ to move1 & :i* l9ks toge!r ^? two disjo9t$ appe>ances1 is ! only means by :i* ! imag9ation c fill up ?is int]val1 is ! only bridge :i*1 if "o may say s1 c smoo? its passage f ! "o object to ! o!r4 ,?us1 :5 we obs]ve ! motion ( ! iron1 9 consequ5ce ( t ( ! load/one1 we gaze & hesitate1 & feel a want ( connection betwixt two ev5ts :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 s unusual a tra94 ,b :51 ) ,des ,c>tes1 we imag9e c]ta9 invisible effluvia to circulate r\nd "o ( !m1 & by _! repeat$ impulses to impel ! o!r1 bo? to move t[>ds x1 & to foll[ its motion1 we fill up ! int]val betwixt !m1 we jo9 !m toge!r by a sort ( bridge1 & ?us take (f t hesitation & difficulty :i* ! imag9ation felt 9 pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,t ! iron %\ld move aft] ! load/one seems1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 9 "s measure accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,motion aft] impulse is an ord] ( succession ) :i* ( all ?+s we are ! mo/ famili>4 ,two objects :i* are s connect$ seem1 to our m9d1 no long] to be disjo9t$1 & ! imag9ation fl[s smoo?ly & easily along !m4 ,su* is ! nature ( ?is second species ( ,wond]1 :i* arises f an unusual succession ( ?+s4 ,! /op :i* is !reby giv5 to ! c>e] ( ! imag9ation1 ! difficulty :i* x f9ds 9 pass+ along su* disjo9t$ objects1 & ! feel+ ( some?+ l a gap or int]val betwixt !m1 con/itute ! :ole ess5ce ( ?is emotion4 ,^u ! cle> discov]y ( a connect+ *a9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 #ccd x vani%es altoge!r4 ,:at ob/ruct$ ! movem5t ( ! imag9ation is !n remov$4 ,:o wond]s at ! ma*9]y ( ! op]a-h\se :o has once be5 admitt$ beh9d ! sc5es8 ,9 ! wond]s ( nature1 h[ev]1 x r>ely happ5s t we c discov] s cle>ly ?is connect+ *a94 ,) reg>d to a few ev5 ( !m1 inde$1 we seem to h be5 really admitt$ beh9d ! sc5es1 & our wond] accord+ly is entirely at an end4 ,?us ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 :i* once1 m ?an all ! o!r appe>ances 9 ! heav5s1 excit$ ! t]ror & amazem5t ( mank9d1 seem n[ no long] to be wond]ful1 s9ce ! connect+ *a9 has be5 f\nd out :i* jo9s !m to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,nay1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* we h be5 less successful1 ev5 ! vague hypo!sis ( ,des ,c>tes1 & ! yet m indet]m9$ notions ( ,ari/otle1 h1 ) _! foll[]s1 contribut$ to give "s coh]5ce to ! appe>ances ( nature1 & might dim9i%1 ?\gh !y c\ld n de/roy1 _! wond]4 ,if !y did n completely fill up ! int]val betwixt ! two disjo9t$ objects1 !y be/[$ ^u !m1 h[ev]1 "s sort ( loose connection :i* !y want$ be=e4 ,t ! imag9ation feels a real difficulty 9 pass+ along two ev5ts :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 an uncommon ord]1 may be confirm$ by _m obvi\s obs]vations4 ,if x attempts to att5d beyond a c]ta9 "t to a long s]ies ( ?is k9d1 ! cont9ual ef=ts x is oblig$ to make1 9 ord] to pass f "o object to ano!r1 & ?us foll[ ! progress ( ! succession1 soon fatigue x1 & if repeat$ too (t51 disord] & disjo9t its :ole frame4 ,x is ?us t too sev]e an application to /udy sometimes br+s on lunacy & fr5zy1 9 ^? especially :o are some:at advanc$ 9 life1 b ^: imag9ations1 f be+ too late 9 apply+1 h n got ^? habits :i* dispose !m to foll[ easily ! reason+s 9 ! ab/ract sci5ces4 ,e /ep ( a demon/ration1 :i* to an old practition] is q natural & easy1 requires f !m ! mo/ int5se application ( ?\ght4 ,spurr$ on1 h[ev]1 ei!r by ambition or by admiration = ! subject1 !y /ill cont9ue till !y become1 fir/ confus$1 !n giddy1 & at la/ di/ract$4 ,c\ld we conceive a p]son ( ! s\nde/ judgm5t1 :o _h gr[n up to maturity1 & ^: imag9ation _h acquir$ ^? habits1 & t m\ld1 :i* ! con/itution ( ?+s 9 ?is _w necess>ily impresses ^u x1 to be all at once transport$ alive to "s o!r planet1 :]e nature 0 gov]n$ by laws q diff]5t f ^? :i* take place "h2 z he w\ld be cont9ually oblig$ to att5d to ev5ts1 :i* mu/ to him appe> 9 ! highe/ degree j>r+1 irregul>1 & discordant1 he w\ld soon feel ! same confusion & gidd9ess beg9 to come ^u him1 :i* w\ld at la/ end 9 ! same mann]1 9 lunacy & di/raction4 ,nei!r1 to produce ?is effect1 is x necess>y t ! objects %\ld be ei!r #cce great or int]e/+1 or ev5 uncommon1 9 !mselves4 ,x is suffici5t t !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 an uncommon ord]4 ,let any "o attempt to look ov] ev5 a game ( c>ds1 & to att5d p>ticul>ly to e s+le /roke1 & if he is unacqua9t$ ) ! nature & rules ( ! games2 t is1 ) ! laws :i* regulate ! succession ( ! c>ds2 he w soon feel ! same confusion & gidd9ess beg9 to come ^u him1 :i*1 7 x to be cont9u$ = days & mon?s1 w\ld end 9 ! same mann]1 9 lunacy & di/raction4 ,b if ! m9d be ?us ?r[n into ! mo/ viol5t disord]1 :5 x att5ds to a long s]ies ( ev5ts :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 an uncommon tra91 x mu/ feel "s degree ( ! same disord]1 :5 x obs]ves ev5 a s+le ev5t fall out 9 ?is unusual mann]3 = ! viol5t disord] c arise f no?+ b ! too frequ5t repetition ( ?is small] uneas9ess4 ,t x is ! unusualness alone ( ! succession :i* occasions ?is /op & int]ruption 9 ! progress ( ! imag9ation z well z ! notion ( an int]val betwixt ! two imm$iately succe$+ objects1 to be fill$ up by "s *a9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 is n less evid5t4 ,! same ord]s ( succession1 :i* to "o set ( m5 seem q accord+ to ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 & su* z require no int]m$iate ev5ts to jo9 !m1 %all to ano!r appe> altoge!r incoh]5t & disjo9t$1 unless "s su* ev5ts be suppos$3 & ?is = no o!r reason1 b because su* ord]s ( succession are famili> to ! "o1 & /range to ! o!r4 ,:5 we ent] ! "w-h\ses ( ! mo/ common artizans2 su* z dy]s1 brew]s1 di/ill]s2 we obs]ve a numb] ( appe>ances1 :i* pres5t !mselves 9 an ord] t seems to u v /range & wond]ful4 ,our ?\ght _c easily foll[ x1 we feel an int]val betwixt e two ( !m1 & require "s *a9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 to fill x up1 & l9k !m toge!r4 ,b ! artizan himself1 :o has be5 = _m ye>s famili> ) ! consequ5ces ( all ! op]ations ( 8 art1 feels no su* int]val4 ,!y fall 9 ) :at cu/om has made ! natural movem5t ( 8 imag9ation3 !y no long] excite 8 ,wond]1 & if he is n a g5ius sup]ior to 8 pr(ession1 s z to be capable ( mak+ ! v easy reflection1 t ^? ?+s1 ?\gh famili> to him1 may be /range to u1 he w be 9999dispos$ r to laugh at1 ?an sympa?ize ) our ,wond]4 ,he _c conceive :at occasion !re is = any connect+ ev5ts to unite ^? appe>ances1 :i* seem to him to succe$ ea* o!r v naturally4 ,x is _! nature1 he tells u1 to foll[ "o ano!r 9 ?is ord]1 & t accord+ly !y always d s4 ,9 ! same mann] bread has1 s9ce ! _w begun be5 ! common n\ri%m5t ( ! human body1 & m5 h s long se5 x1 e day1 conv]t$ into fle% & bones1 sub/ances 9 all respects s unlike x1 t !y h seldom _h ! curiosity to inquire by :at process ( #ccf int]m$iate ev5ts ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t4 ,because ! passage ( ! ?\ght f ! "o object to ! o!r is by cu/om become q smoo? & easy1 almo/ )\t ! supposition ( any su* process4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 :o (t5 look = a *a9 ( invisible objects to jo9 toge!r two ev5ts t occur 9 an ord] famili> to all ! _w1 h endeav\r$ to f9d out a *a9 ( ?is k9d betwixt ! two ev5ts ,i h j n[ m5tion$2 9 ! same mann] z !y h endeav\r$1 by a l int]m$iate *a91 to connect ! gravity1 ! ela/icity1 & ev5 ! cohesion ( natural bodies1 ) "s ( _! o!r qualities4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are all ( !m su* comb9ations ( ev5ts z give no /op to ! imag9ations ( ! bulk ( mank9d1 z excite no ,wond]1 nor any appreh5sion t !re is want+ ! /ricte/ connection betwe5 !m4 ,b z 9 ^? s\nds1 :i* to ! great] "p ( m5 seem p]fectly agreeable to measure & h>mony1 ! nic] e> ( a musician w discov] a want1 bo? ( ! mo/ exact "t1 & ( ! mo/ p]fect co9cid5ce2 s ! m practis$ ?\ght ( a philosoph]1 :o has sp5t 8 :ole life 9 ! /udy ( ! connect+ pr9ciples ( nature1 w (t5 feel an int]val betwixt two objects1 :i*1 to m c>eless obs]v]s1 seem v /rictly conjo9$4 ,by long att5tion to all ! connections :i* h ev] be5 pres5t$ to 8 obs]vation1 by hav+ (t5 comp>$ !m ) "o ano!r1 he has1 l ! musician1 acquir$1 if "o may s1 a nic] e>1 & a m delicate feel+ ) reg>d to ?+s ( ?is nature4 ,& z to ! "o1 t music seems dissonance :i* falls %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect h>mony2 s to ! o!r1 ^? ev5ts seem altoge!r sep>at$ & disjo9$1 :i* may fall %ort ( ! /ricte/ & mo/ p]fect connection4 ,philosophy is ! sci5ce ( ! connect+ pr9ciples ( nature4 ,nature1 aft] ! l>ge/ exp]i5ce t common obs]vation c acquire1 seems to ab\nd ) ev5ts :i* appe> solit>y & incoh]5t ) all t g be=e !m1 :i* !re=e di/urb ! easy movem5t ( ! imag9ation2 :i* makes its ideas succe$ ea* o!r1 if "o may say s1 by irregul> />ts & sallies2 & :i* ?us t5d1 9 "s measure1 to introduce ^? confusions & di/ractions we =m]ly m5tion$4 ,philosophy1 by repres5t+ ! invisible *a9s :i* b9d toge!r all ^! disjo9t$ objects1 endeav\rs to introduce ord] into ?is *aos ( j>r+ & discordant appe>ances1 to allay ?is tumult ( ! imag9ation1 & to re/ore x1 :5 x surveys ! great revolutions ( ! univ]se1 to t tone ( tranquillity & composure1 :i* is bo? mo/ agreeable 9 itself1 & mo/ suitable to its nature4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? arts :i* address !mselves to ! imag9ation2 & ^: !ory & hi/ory1 ^u t acc\nt1 fall prop]ly )9 ! circumf]5ce ( our subject4 ,let u endeav\r to trace x1 f its fir/ orig91 up to t summit ( p]fection to :i* x is at pres5t #ccg suppos$ to h arriv$1 & to :i*1 inde$1 x has equally be5 suppos$ to h arriv$ 9 almo/ all =m] times4 ,x is ! mo/ sublime ( all ! agreeable arts1 & its revolutions h be5 ! greate/1 ! mo/ frequ5t1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ^? t h happ5$ 9 ! lit]>y _w4 ,its hi/ory1 !re=e1 mu/1 ^u all acc\nts1 be ! mo/ ent]ta9+ & ! mo/ in/ructive4 ,let u exam9e1 !re=e1 all ! diff]5t sy/ems ( nature1 :i*1 9 ^! we/]n p>ts ( ! _w1 ! only p>ts ( ^: hi/ory we "k any?+1 h successively be5 adopt$ by ! le>n$ & +5i\s2 &1 )\t reg>d+ _! absurdity or probability1 _! agreem5t or inconsi/5cy ) tru? & reality1 let u consid] !m only 9 t p>ticul> po9t ( view :i* belongs to our subject2 & cont5t ourselves ) inquir+ h[ f> ea* ( !m 0 fitt$ to soo! ! imag9ation1 & to r5d] ! !atre ( nature a m coh]5t1 & !re=e a m magnific5t spectacle1 ?an o!rwise x w\ld h appe>$ to be4 ,accord+ z !y h fail$ or succe$$ 9 ?is1 !y h con/antly fail$ or succe$$ 9 ga9+ reputation & r5[n to _! au?ors2 & ?is w be f\nd to be ! clue t is mo/ capable ( conduct+ u ?r\gh all ! labyr9?s ( philosophical hi/ory3 = 9 ! mean "t1 x w s]ve to confirm :at has gone be=e1 & to ?r[ light ^u :at is to come aft]1 t we obs]ve1 9 g5]al1 t no sy/em1 h[ well soev] 9 o!r respects support$1 has ev] be5 able to ga9 any g5]al cr$it on ! _w1 ^: connect+ pr9ciples 7 n su* z 7 famili> to all mank9d4 ,:y has ! *emical philosophy 9 all ages crept along 9 obscurity1 & be5 s disreg>d$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :ile o!r sy/ems1 less useful1 & n m agreeable to exp]i5ce1 h possess$ univ]sal admiration = :ole c5turies toge!r8 ,! connect+ pr9ciples ( ! *emical philosophy are su* z ! g5]ality ( mank9d "k no?+ ab\t1 h r>ely se51 & h nev] be5 acqua9t$ )2 & :i* to !m1 !re=e1 are incapable ( smoo?+ ! passage ( ! imag9ation betwixt any two seem+ly disjo9t$ objects4 ,salts1 sulphurs1 & m]curies1 acids & alkalis1 are pr9ciples :i* c smoo? ?+s to ^? only :o live ab\t ! furnace2 b ^: mo/ common op]ations seem1 to ! bulk ( mank9d1 z disjo9t$ z any two ev5ts :i* ! *emi/s w\ld connect toge!r by !m4 ,^? arti/s1 h[ev]1 naturally expla9$ ?+s to !mselves by pr9ciples t 7 famili> to !mselves4 ,z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 t ! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 :o fir/ /udi$ ari?metic1 expla9$ all ?+s by ! prop]ties ( numb]s2 & ,cic]o tells u1 t ,ari/ox5us1 ! musician1 f\nd ! nature ( ! s\l to consi/ 9 h>mony4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a le>n$ physician lately gave a sy/em ( moral philosophy ^u ! pr9ciples ( 8 own art1 9 :i* wisdom & virtue 7 ! heal?ful /ate ( ! s\l2 ! diff]5t vices & follies1 ! diff]5t diseases #cch to :i* x 0 subject2 9 :i* ! causes & symptoms ( ^? diseases 7 asc]ta9$2 &1 9 ! same m$ical /ra91 a prop] me?od ( cure prescrib$4 ,9 ! same mann] also1 o!rs h writt5 p>allels ( pa9t+ & poetry1 ( poetry & music1 ( music & ar*itecture1 ( beauty & virtue1 ( all ! f9e arts2 sy/ems :i* h univ]sally ow$ _! orig9 to ! lucubrations ( ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! "o art1 b ignorant ( ! o!r2 :o !re=e expla9$ to !mselves ! ph5om5a1 9 t :i* 0 /range to !m1 by ^? 9 t :i* 0 famili>2 & ) :om1 ^u t acc\nt1 ! analogy1 :i* 9 o!r writ]s gives occasion to a few +5i\s similitudes1 became ! great h+e ^u :i* e ?+ turn$4 ----- ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,( ! ,orig9 ( ,philosophy4 ,,mank9d1 9 ! fir/ ages ( society1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( law1 ord]1 & security1 h little curiosity to f9d out ^? hidd5 *a9s ( ev5ts :i* b9d toge!r ! seem+ly disjo9t$ appe>ances ( nature4 ,a savage1 ^: subsi/5ce is prec>i\s1 ^: life is e day expos$ to ! rude/ dang]s1 has no incl9ation to amuse himself ) se>*+ out :at1 :5 discov]$1 seems to s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to r5d] ! !atre ( nature a m connect$ spectacle to 8 imag9ation4 ,_m ( ^! small] incoh]5ces1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s p]plex philosoph]s1 entirely escape 8 att5tion4 ,^? m magnific5t irregul>ities1 ^: gr&eur he _c ov]look1 call =? 8 amazem5t4 ,comets1 eclipses1 ?und]1 lightn+1 & o!r meteors1 by _! greatness1 naturally ov]awe him1 & he views !m ) a rev]5ce t approa*es to fe>4 ,8 inexp]i5ce & unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to e ?+ ab\t !m1 h[ !y came1 h[ !y are to g1 :at w5t be=e1 :at is to come aft] !m1 exasp]ate 8 s5tim5t into t]ror & con/]nation4 ,b our passions1 z ,fa!r ,malbran*e obs]ves1 all ju/ify !mselves2 t is1 sugge/ to u op9ions :i* ju/ify !m4 ,z ^? appe>ances t]rify him1 !re=e1 he is dispos$ to believe e ?+ ab\t !m :i* c r5d] !m /ill m ! objects ( 8 t]ror4 ,t !y proce$ f "s intellig5t1 ?\gh invisible causes1 ( ^: v5geance & displeasure !y are ei!r ! signs or ! effects1 is ! notion ( all o!rs mo/ capable ( enhanc+ ?is passion1 & is t1 !re=e1 :i* he is mo/ apt to ent]ta94 ,to ?is1 too1 t c[>dice & pusillanimity1 s natural to man 9 8 unciviliz$ /ate1 /ill m disposes him2 unprotect$ by ! laws ( society1 expos$1 def5celess1 he feels 8 weakness ^u all occasions2 8 /r5g? & security ^u none4 ,b all ! irregul>ities ( nature are n ( ?is awful or t]rible k9d4 ,"s ( !m are p]fectly beautiful & agreeable4 ,^!1 #cci !re=e1 f ! same impot5ce ( m9d1 w\ld be beheld ) love & complac5cy1 & ev5 ) transports ( gratitude2 = :atev] is ! cause ( pleasure naturally excites our gratitude4 ,a *ild c>esses ! fruit t is agreeable to x1 z x beats ! /one t hurts x4 ,! notions ( a savage are n v diff]5t4 ,! anci5t ,a!nians1 :o solemnly puni%$ ! axe :i* _h accid5tally be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( a man1 erect$ alt>s1 & (f]$ sacrifices to ! ra9b[4 ,s5tim5ts n unlike ^!1 may sometimes1 ^u su* occasions1 beg9 to be felt ev5 9 ! brea/s ( ! mo/ civiliz$1 b are pres5tly *eck$ by ! reflection1 t ! ?+s are n _! prop] objects4 ,b a savage1 ^: notions are guid$ altoge!r by wild nature & passion1 waits = no o!r pro( t a ?+ is ! prop] object ( any s5tim5t1 ?an t x excites x4 ,! rev]5ce & gratitude1 ) :i* "s ( ! appe>ances ( nature inspire him1 conv9ce him t !y are ! prop] objects ( rev]5ce & gratitude1 & !re=e proce$ f "s intellig5t be+s1 :o take pleasure 9 ! expressions ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,) him1 !re=e1 e object ( nature1 :i* by its beauty or greatness1 its utility or hurtfulness1 is consid]able en\gh to attract 8 att5tion1 & ^: op]ations are n p]fectly regul>1 is suppos$ to act by ! direction ( "s invisible & design+ p[]4 ,! sea is spread out into a calm1 or heav$ into a /orm1 accord+ to ! good pleasure ( ,neptune4 ,does ! e>? p\r =? an exub]ant h>ve/8 ,x is ow+ to ! indulg5ce ( ,c]es4 ,does ! v9e yield a pl5tiful v9tage8 ,x fl[s f ! b\nty ( ,bac*us4 ,d ei!r refuse _! pres5ts8 ,x is ascrib$ to ! displeasure ( ^? (f5d$ deities4 ,! tree :i* n[ fl\ri%es & n[ decays1 is inhabit$ by a ,dryad1 ^u ^: heal? or sickness its v>i\s appe>ances dep5d4 ,! f\nta91 :i* sometimes fl[s 9 a copi\s1 & sometimes 9 a scanty /ream1 :i* appe>s sometimes cle> & limpid1 & at o!r times muddy & di/urb$1 is affect$ 9 all its *anges by ! ,naiad :o dwells )9 x4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ,poly!ism1 & ( t vulg> sup]/ition :i* ascribes all ! irregul> ev5ts ( nature to ! fav\r or displeasure ( intellig5t1 ?\gh invisible be+s1 to gods1 demons1 wit*es1 g5ii1 fairies4 ,= x may be obs]v$1 t 9 all poly!i/ic religions1 among savages1 z well z 9 ! e>ly ages ( hea!n antiquity1 x is ! irregul> ev5ts ( nature only t are ascrib$ to ! ag5cy & p[] ( _! gods4 ,fire burns1 & wat] refre%es2 heavy bodies desc5d1 & light] sub/ances fly upw>ds1 by ! necessity ( _! own nature2 nor 0 ! invisible h& ( ,jupit] ev] appreh5d$ to be employ$ 9 ^? matt]s4 ,b ?und] & lightn+1 /orms & sun%9e1 ^? m irregul> ev5ts1 7 ascrib$ to 8 fav\r1 or 8 ang]4 ,man1 ! only design+ p[] ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 nev] acts b ei!r to /op or to alt] ! c\rse :i* natural ev5ts w\ld take1 if left to !mselves4 #cdj ,^? o!r intellig5t be+s1 :om !y imag9$1 b knew n1 7 naturally suppos$ to act 9 ! same mann]2 n to employ !mselves 9 support+ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 :i* w5t on ( its own accord1 b to /op1 to ?w>t1 & to di/urb x4 ,& ?us1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! _w1 ! l[e/ & mo/ pusillanim\s sup]/ition suppli$ ! place ( philosophy4 ,b :5 law has e/abli%$ ord] & security1 & subsi/5ce ceases to be prec>i\s1 ! curiosity ( mank9d is increas$1 & _! fe>s are dim9i%$4 ,! leisure :i* !y !n enjoy r5d]s !m m att5tive to ! appe>ances ( nature1 m obs]vant ( h] smalle/ irregul>ities1 & m desir\s to "k :at is ! *a9 :i* l9ks !m toge!r4 ,t "s su* *a9 subsi/s betwixt all h] seem+ly disjo9t$ ph5om5a1 !y are necess>ily l$ to conceive2 & t magnanimity & *e]fulness :i* all g5]\s natures acquire :o are br$ 9 civiliz$ societies1 :]e !y h s few occasions to feel _! weakness1 & s _m to be consci\s ( _! /r5g? & security1 r5d]s !m less dispos$ to employ1 = ?is connect+ *a91 ^? invisible be+s :om ! fe> & ignorance ( _! rude =efa!rs _h eng5d]$4 ,^? ( lib]al =tunes1 ^: att5tion is n mu* occupi$ ei!r ) bus9ess or ) pleasure1 c fill up ! void ( _! imag9ation1 :i* is ?us dis5gag$ f ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 no o!r way ?an by att5d+ to t tra9 ( ev5ts :i* passes ar\nd !m4 ,:ile ! great objects ( nature ?us pass 9 review be=e !m1 _m ?+s occur 9 an ord] to :i* !y h n be5 accu/om$4 ,_! imag9ation1 :i* accompanies ) ease & delight ! regul> progress ( nature1 is /opp$ & emb>rass$ by ^? seem+ incoh]5ces2 !y excite _! wond]1 & seem to require "s *a9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 :i*1 by connect+ !m ) some?+ t has gone be=e1 may ?us r5d] ! :ole c\rse ( ! univ]se consi/5t & ( a piece4 ,wond]1 !re=e1 & n any expectation ( advantage f its discov]ies1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple :i* prompts mank9d to ! /udy ( ,philosophy1 ( t sci5ce :i* pret5ds to lay op5 ! conceal$ connections t unite ! v>i\s appe>ances ( nature2 & !y pursue ?is /udy = its own sake1 z an orig9al pleasure or good 9 itself1 )\t reg>d+ its t5d5cy to procure !m ! means ( _m o!r pleasures4 ,greece1 & ! ,greek colonies 9 ,sicily1 ,italy1 & ! ,less] ,asia1 7 ! fir/ c\ntries :i*1 9 ^! we/]n p>ts ( ! _w1 arriv$ at a /ate ( civiliz$ society4 ,x 0 9 !m1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ philosoph]s1 ( ^: doctr9e we h any di/9ct acc\nt1 appe>$4 ,law & ord] seem inde$ to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! great mon>*ies ( ,asia & ,egypt1 long be=e !y _h any foot+ 9 ,greece3 yet1 aft] all t has be5 said conc]n+ ! le>n+ ( ! ,*aldeans & ,egyptians1 :e!r !re ev] 0 9 ^? nations #cda any ?+ :i* des]v$ ! "n ( sci5ce1 or :e!r t despotism :i* is m de/ructive ( security & leisure ?an an>*y itself1 & :i* prevail$ ov] all ! ,ea/1 prev5t$ ! gr[? ( ,philosophy1 is a "q :i*1 = want ( monum5ts1 _c be det]m9$ ) any degree ( precision4 ,! ,greek colonies hav+ be5 settl$ amid nations ei!r altoge!r b>b>\s1 or altoge!r unw>like1 ov] :om1 !re=e1 !y soon acquir$ a v great au?ority1 seem1 ^u t acc\nt1 to h arriv$ at a consid]able degree ( empire & opul5ce be=e any /ate 9 ! p>5t c\ntry _h surm\nt$ t extreme pov]ty1 :i*1 by leav+ no room = any evid5t di/9ction ( ranks1 is necess>ily att5d$ ) ! confusion & misrule :i* fl[s f a want ( all regul> subord9ation4 ,! ,greek isl&s be+ secure f ! invasion ( l& armies1 or f naval =ces1 :i* 7 9 ^? days b little kn[n1 seem1 ^u t acc\nt too1 to h got be=e ! cont95t 9 all sorts ( civility & improvem5t4 ,! fir/ philosoph]s1 !re=e1 z well z ! fir/ poets1 seem all to h be5 natives1 ei!r ( _! colonies1 or ( _! isl&s4 ,x 0 f !nce t ,hom]1 ,ar*ilo*us1 ,/esi*orus1 ,simonides1 ,sappho1 ,anacreon1 d]iv$ _! bir?4 ,?ales & ,py?agoras1 ! f\nd]s ( ! two e>lie/ sects ( philosophy1 arose1 ! "o 9 an ,asiatic colony1 ! o!r 9 an isl&2 & nei!r ( !m e/abli%$ 8 s*ool 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,:at 0 ! p>ticul> sy/em ( ei!r ( ^? two philosoph]s1 or :e!r _! doctr9e 0 s me?odiz$ z to des]ve ! "n ( a sy/em1 ! imp]fection1 z well z ! unc]ta9ty ( all ! traditions t h come d[n to u conc]n+ !m1 make x impossible to det]m9e4 ,! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 h[ev]1 seems to h advanc$ fur!r 9 ! /udy ( ! connect+ pr9ciples ( nature1 ?an t ( ! ,ionian philosoph]4 ,! acc\nts :i* are giv5 ( ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxim5es1 ,anaxagoras1 ,ar*elaus1 ! successors ( ,?ales1 repres5t ! doctr9es ( ^? sages z full ( ! mo/ inextricable confusion4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 t approa*es to a compos$ & ord]ly sy/em1 may be trac$ 9 :at is deliv]$ d[n to u conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,emp$ocles1 ( ,ar*ytas1 ( ,timu1 & ( ,ocellus ! ,lucanian1 ! mo/ r5[n$ philosoph]s ( ! ,italian s*ool4 ,! op9ions ( ! two la/ co9cide pretty mu*2 ! "o1 ) ^? ( ,plato2 ! o!r1 ) ^? ( ,ari/otle2 nor d ^? ( ! two fir/ seem to h be5 v diff]5t1 ( :om ! "o 0 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1 ! o!r ! inv5tor ( ! ,categories2 :o1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd]s1 ! "o1 ( ! anci5t ,physics2 ! o!r1 ( ! anci5t ,dialectic2 &1 h[ closely ^! 7 connect$ w appe> h]eaft]4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ool ( ,socrates1 h[ev]1 f ,plato & ,ari/otle1 t ,philosophy fir/ receiv$ t =m1 :i* introduc$ h]1 if "o #cdb may say s1 to ! g5]al acqua9tance ( ! _w4 ,x is f !m1 !re=e1 t we %all beg9 to give h] hi/ory 9 any detail4 ,:atev] 0 valuable 9 ! =m] sy/ems1 :i* 0 at all consi/5t ) _! g5]al pr9ciples1 !y seem to h consolidat$ into _! own4 ,f ! ,ionian philosophy1 ,i h n be5 able to discov] t !y d]iv$ any?+4 ,f ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle seem to h d]iv$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( almo/ all _! doctr9es4 ,plato1 too1 appe>s to h borr[$ some?+ f two o!r sects ( philosoph]s1 ^: extreme obscurity seems to h prev5t$ !m f acquir+ !mselves any ext5sive reputation2 ! "o 0 t ( ,cratylus & ,h]aclitus2 ! o!r 0 ,x5ophanes1 ,p>m5ides1 ,melissus1 & ,z5o4 ,to pret5d to rescue ! sy/em ( any ( ^? ante-,socratic sages1 f t oblivion :i* at pres5t cov]s !m all1 w\ld be a va9 & useless attempt4 ,:at seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 borr[$ f !m1 %all sometimes be m>k$ z we g along4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r s*ool ( philosophy1 e>li] ?an ,plato1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 s f> f borr[+ any ?+1 t he seems to h b5t ! :ole =ce ( 8 reason to discr$it & expose its pr9ciples4 ,?is 0 ! philosophy ( ,leucippus1 9999,democritus1 & ,protagoras1 :i* accord+ly seems to h submitt$ to 8 eloqu5ce1 to h la9 dormant1 & to h be5 almo/ =gott5 = "s g5]ations1 till x 0 aft]w>ds m successfully reviv$ by ,epicurus4 ----- ,,sec4 ,,iv4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,( all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 ! cele/ial appe>ances are1 by _! greatness & beauty1 ! mo/ univ]sal objects ( ! curiosity ( mank9d4 ,^? :o survey$ ! heav5s ) ! mo/ c>eless att5tion1 necess>ily di/+ui%$ 9 !m ?ree diff]5t sorts ( objects2 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,/>s4 ,^! la/1 appe>+ always 9 ! same situation1 & at ! same di/ance ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 & seem+ to revolve e day r\nd ! e>? 9 p>allel circles1 :i* wid5$ gradually f ! poles to ! equator1 7 naturally ?\ght to h all ! m>ks ( be+ fix$1 l s _m gems1 9 ! concave side ( ! firmam5t1 & ( be+ c>ri$ r\nd by ! diurnal revolutions ( t solid body3 = ! azure sky1 9 :i* ! />s seem to float1 0 readily appreh5d$1 ^u acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( _! app>5t motions1 to be a solid body1 ! ro( or out] wall ( ! univ]se1 to ^: inside all ^? little sp>kl+ objects 7 atta*$4 ,! ,sun & ,moon1 (t5 *ang+ _! di/ance & situation1 9 reg>d to ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 c\ld n be appreh5d$ to be atta*$ to ! same sph]e ) !m4 ,!y assign$1 !re=e1 to #cdc ea* ( !m1 a sph]e ( its own2 t is1 suppos$ ea* ( !m to be atta*$ to ! concave side ( a solid & transp>5t body1 by ^: revolutions !y 7 c>ri$ r\nd ! e>?4 ,!re 0 n1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 ! same gr\nd = ! supposition ( su* 9999a sph]e z 9 t ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s2 = nei!r ! ,sun nor ! ,moon appe> to keep always at ! same di/ance ) reg>d to any "o ( ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,b z ! motion ( ! ,/>s _h be5 acc\nt$ = by an hypo!sis ( ?is k9d1 x r5d]$ ! !ory ( ! heav5s m uni=m1 to acc\nt = t ( ! ,sun & ,moon 9 ! same mann]4 ,! sph]e ( ! sun !y plac$ above t ( ! ,moon2 z ! ,moon 0 evid5tly se5 9 eclipses to pass betwixt ! ,sun & ! ,e>?4 ,ea* ( !m 0 suppos$ to revolve by a motion ( its own1 & at ! same "t to be affect$ by ! motion ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s4 ,?us1 ! ,sun 0 c>ri$ r\nd f ea/ to we/ by ! communicat$ movem5t ( ?is out] sph]e1 :i* produc$ 8 diurnal revolutions1 & ! vicissitudes ( day & night2 b at ! same "t he _h a motion ( 8 own1 contr>y to ?is1 f we/ to ea/1 :i* occasion$ 8 annual revolution1 & ! cont9ual %ift+ ( 8 place ) reg>d to ! ,fix$ ,/>s4 ,?is motion 0 m easy1 !y ?\ght1 :5 c>ri$ on edgeways1 & n 9 direct opposition to ! motion ( ! out] sph]e1 :i* occasion$ ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! sph]e ( ! ,sun1 to t ( ! sph]e ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s2 ?is aga9 produc$ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & ! consequ5t *anges ( ! seasons4 ,! moon1 be+ plac$ bel[ ! sph]e ( ! ,sun1 _h bo? a %ort] c\rse to f9i%1 & 0 less ob/ruct$ by ! contr>y movem5t ( ! sph]e ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 f :i* %e 0 f>!r remov$4 ,%e f9i%$ h] p]iod1 !re=e1 9 a %ort] "t1 & requir$ b a mon?1 in/ead ( a ye>1 to complete x4 ,! ,/>s1 :5 m att5tively survey$1 7 "s ( !m obs]v$ to be less con/ant & uni=m 9 _! motions ?an ! re/1 & to *ange _! situations ) reg>d to ! o!r heav5ly bodies2 mov+ g5]ally ea/w>d1 yet appe>+ sometimes to /& /ill1 & sometimes ev51 to move we/w>ds4 ,^!1 to ! numb] ( five1 7 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,planets1 or ,w&]+ ,/>s1 & m>k$ ) ! p>ticul> appellations ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury4 ,z1 l ! ,sun & ,moon1 !y seem to accompany ! motion ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s f ea/ to we/1 b at ! same "t to h a motion ( _! own1 :i* is g5]ally f we/ to ea/2 !y 7 ea* ( !m1 z well z ^? two great lamps ( heav51 appreh5d$ to be atta*$ to ! inside ( a solid concave & transp>5t sph]e1 :i* _h a revolution ( its own1 t 0 almo/ directly contr>y to ! revolution ( ! out] heav51 b :i*1 at ! same "t1 0 hurri$ along by ! sup]ior viol5ce & great] rapidity ( ?is la/4 ,?is is ! sy/em ( conc5tric ,sph]es1 ! fir/ regul> sy/em ( #cdd ,a/ronomy1 :i* ! _w beheld1 z x 0 taught 9 ! ,italian s*ool be=e ,ari/otle1 & 8 two contempor>y philosoph]s1 ,eudoxus & ,callippus1 _h giv5 x all ! p]fection :i* x is capable ( receiv+4 ,?\gh rude & in>tificial1 x is capable ( connect+ toge!r1 9 ! imag9ation1 ! gr&e/ & ! mo/ seem+ly disjo9t$ appe>ances 9 ! heav5s4 ,! motions ( ! mo/ rem>kable objects 9 ! cele/ial regions1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 are suffici5tly connect$ ) "o ano!r by ?is hypo!sis4 ,! eclipses ( ^! two great lum9>ies are1 ?\gh n s easily calculat$1 z easily expla9$1 ^u ?is anci5t1 z ^u ! mod]n sy/em4 ,:5 ^! e>ly philosoph]s expla9$ to _! disciples ! v simple causes ( ^? dreadful ph5om5a1 x 0 "u ! seal ( ! mo/ sacr$ secrecy1 t !y might avoid ! fury ( ! p1 & n incur ! imputation ( impiety1 :5 !y ?us took f ! gods ! direction ( ^? ev5ts1 :i* 7 appreh5d$ to be ! mo/ t]rible tok5s ( _! imp5d+ v5geance4 ,! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 ! consequ5t *anges ( ! seasons1 ! vicissitudes ( day & night1 & ! diff]5t l5g?s ( bo? days & nights 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 correspond too1 pretty exactly1 ) ?is anci5t doctr9e4 ,& if !re _h be5 no o!r bodies discov]able 9 ! heav5s1 besides ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 ?is hypo!sis might h /ood ! exam9ations ( all ages & gone d[n triumphant to ! remote/ po/]ity4 ,if x ga9$ ! belief ( mank9d by its plausibility1 x attract$ _! wond] & admiration2 s5tim5ts t /ill m confirm$ _! belief1 by ! novelty & beauty ( t view ( nature :i* x pres5t$ to ! imag9ation4 ,be=e ?is sy/em 0 taught 9 ! _w1 ! e>? 0 reg>d$ z1 :at x appe>s to ! eye1 a va/1 r\gh1 & irregul> pla91 ! basis & f\ndation ( ! univ]se1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! ocean1 & ^: roots ext5d$ !mselves ?r\gh ! :ole ( t inf9ite dep? :i* is bel[ x4 ,! sky 0 consid]$ z a solid hemisph]e1 :i* cov]$ ! e>?1 & unit$ ) ! ocean at ! extremity ( ! horizon4 ,! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & all ! heav5ly bodies rose out ( ! ea/]n1 climb$ up ! convex side ( ! heav5s1 & desc5d$ aga9 into ! we/]n ocean1 & f !nce1 by "s subt]rane\s passages1 return$ to _! fir/ *amb]s 9 ! ea/4 ,nor 0 ?is notion conf9$ to ! p1 or to ! poets :o pa9t$ ! op9ions ( ! p2 x 0 held by ,x5ophanes1 f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic philosophy1 aft] t ( ! ,ionian & ,italian s*ools1 ! e>lie/ t appe>$ 9 ,greece4 ,?ales ( ,miletus too1 :o1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 repres5t$ ! ,e>? z float+ ^u an imm5se ocean ( wat]1 may h be5 ne>ly ( ! same op9ion2 not)/&+ :at we are told by ,plut>* & ,apuleius conc]n+ 8 a/ronomical discov]ies1 all ( :i* mu/ pla9ly h be5 ( a mu* lat] date4 ,to ^? #cde :o _h no o!r idea ( nature1 besides :at !y d]iv$ f s confus$ an acc\nt ( ?+s1 h[ agreeable mu/ t sy/em h appe>$1 :i* repres5t$ ! ,e>? z di/+ui%$ into l& & wat]1 self-balanc$ & susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 surr\nd$ by ! elem5ts ( ,air & ,e!r1 & cov]$ by eight poli%$ & cry/all9e ,sph]es1 ea* ( :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by "o or m beautiful & lum9\s bodies1 & all ( :i* revolv$ r\nd _! common c5tre1 by v>i$1 b by equable & proportionable motions4 ,x seems to h be5 ! beauty ( ?is sy/em t gave ,plato ! notion ( some?+ l an h>monic proportion1 to be discov]$ 9 ! motions & di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & :i* sugge/$ to ! e>li] ,py?agoreans1 ! celebrat$ fancy ( ! ,music ( ! ,sph]es2 a wild & romantic idea1 yet su* z does n ill correspond ) t admiration1 :i* s beautiful a sy/em1 recomm5d$ too by ! graces ( novelty1 is apt to inspire4 ,:atev] are ! defects :i* ?is acc\nt ( ?+s lab\rs "u1 !y are su*1 z to ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! heav5s c\ld n readily occur4 ,if all ! motions ( ! ,five ,planets _c1 ! great] "p ( !m may1 be easily connect$ by x2 !y & all _! motions are ! lea/ rem>kable objects 9 ! heav5s2 ! great] "p ( mank9d take no notice ( !m at all2 & a sy/em1 ^: only defect lies 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gives ( !m1 _c !reby be mu* disgrac$ 9 _! op9ion4 ,if "s ( ! appe>ances too ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 ! sometimes accel]at$ & aga9 ret>d$ motions ( ^? lum9>ies b ill correspond ) x2 ^!1 too1 are su* z _c be discov]$ b by ! mo/ att5tive obs]vation1 & su* z we _c wond] t ! imag9ations ( ! fir/ enquir]s %\ld slur ov]1 if "o may say s1 & take little notice (4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 to rem$y ^? defects1 t ,eudoxus1 ! fri5d & auditor ( ,plato1 f\nd x necess>y to increase ! numb] ( ! ,cele/ial ,sph]es4 ,ea* ,planet is sometimes obs]v$ to advance =w>d 9 t ea/]n c\rse :i* is peculi> to itself1 sometimes to retire backw>ds1 & sometimes aga9 to /& /ill4 ,to suppose t ! sph]e ( ! planet %\ld by its own motion1 if "o may say s1 sometimes roll =w>ds1 sometimes roll backw>ds1 & sometimes d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 is contr>y to all ! natural prop5sities ( ! imag9ation1 :i* accompanies ) ease & delight any regul> & ord]ly motion1 b feels itself p]petually /opp$ & int]rupt$1 :5 x endeav\rs to att5d to "o s desultory & unc]ta94 ,x w\ld pursue1 naturally & ( its own accord1 ! direct or progressive movem5t ( ! ,sph]e1 b is e n[ & !n %ock$1 if "o may say s1 & turn$ viol5tly out ( its natural c>e] by ! retrograde & /ation>y appe>ances ( ! ,planet1 betwixt :i* & its m usual motion1 ! fancy feels a want ( connection1 a gap or int]val1 :i* x _c fill up1 b by suppos+ #cdf "s *a9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts to jo9 !m4 ,! hypo!sis ( a numb] ( o!r sph]es revolv+ 9 ! heav5s1 besides ^? 9 :i* ! lum9\s bodies !mselves 7 infix$1 0 ! *a9 ) :i* ,eudoxus endeav\r$ to supply x4 ,he be/[$ f\r ( ^! ,sph]es ^u ea* ( ! five ,planets2 "o 9 :i* ! lum9\s body itself revolv$1 & ?ree o!rs above x4 ,ea* ( ^! _h a regul> & con/ant1 b a peculi> movem5t ( its own1 :i* x communicat$ to :at 0 prop]ly ! ,sph]e ( ! ,planet1 & ?us occasion$ t div]sity ( motions obs]vable 9 ^? bodies4 ,"o ( ^! ,sph]es1 = example1 _h an oscillatory motion1 l ! circul> p5dulum ( a wat*4 ,z :5 y turn r\nd a wat*1 l a ,sph]e ^u its axis1 ! p5dulum w1 :ile turn$ r\nd along ) x1 /ill cont9ue to oscillate1 & communicate to :atev] body is compreh5d$ )9 x1 bo? its own oscillations & ! circul> motion ( ! wat*2 s ?is oscillat+ ,sph]e1 be+ itself turn$ r\nd by ! motion ( ! ,sph]e above x1 communicat$ to ! ,sph]e bel[ x1 t circul>1 z well z its own oscillatory motions2 produc$ by ! "o1 ! daily revolutions3 by ! o!r1 ! direct1 /ation>y1 & retrograde appe>ances ( ! ,planet1 :i* d]iv$ f a ?ird ,sph]e t revolution by :i* x p]=m$ its annual p]iod4 ,! motions ( all ^! ,sph]es 7 9 !mselves con/ant & equable1 su* z ! imag9ation c\ld easily att5d to & pursue1 & :i* connect$ toge!r t o!rwise incoh]5t div]sity ( movem5ts obs]vable 9 ! ,sph]e ( ! ,planet4 ,! motions ( ! ,sun & ,moon be+ m regul> ?an ^? ( ! ,five ,planets1 by assign+ ?ree ,sph]es to ea* ( !m1 ,eudoxus imag9$ he c\ld connect toge!r all ! div]sity ( movem5ts discov]able 9 ei!r4 ,! motion ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s be+ p]fectly regul>1 "o ,sph]e he judg$ suffici5t = !m all4 ,s t1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ! :ole numb] ( ,cele/ial ,sph]es am\nt$ to tw5ty-sev54 ,callippus1 ?\gh some:at y\ng]1 ! contempor>y ( ,eudoxus1 f\nd t ev5 ?is numb] 0 n en\gh to connect toge!r ! va/ v>iety ( movem5ts :i* he discov]$ 9 ^? bodies1 & !re=e increas$ x to ?irty-f\r4 ,ari/otle1 ^u a yet m att5tive obs]vation1 f\nd t ev5 all ^! ,sph]es w\ld n be suffici5t1 & !re=e add$ tw5ty-two m1 :i* increas$ _! numb] to fifty-six4 ,lat] obs]v]s discov]$ /ill new motions1 & new inequalities1 9 ! heav5s4 ,new ,sph]es 7 !re=e /ill to be add$ to ! sy/em1 & "s ( !m to be plac$ ev5 above t ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s4 ,s t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,fraco/orio1 smit ) ! eloqu5ce ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ) ! regul>ity & h>mony ( _! sy/em1 9 itself p]fectly beautiful1 ?\gh x corresponds b inaccurately ) ! ph5om5a1 endeav\r$ to revive ?is anci5t ,a/ronomy1 :i* _h long giv5 place to t ( ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us1 he f\nd x necess>y to multiply #cdg ! numb] ( ,cele/ial ,sph]es to sev5ty-two2 nei!r 7 all ^! f\nd to be en\gh4 ,?is sy/em _h n[ become z intricate & complex z ^? appe>ances !mselves1 :i* x _h be5 inv5t$ to r5d] uni=m & coh]5t4 ,! imag9ation1 !re=e1 f\nd itself b little reliev$ f t emb>rassm5t1 into :i* ^? appe>ances _h ?r[n x1 by s p]plex$ an acc\nt ( ?+s4 ,ano!r sy/em1 = ?is reason1 n long aft] ! days ( ,ari/otle1 0 inv5t$ by ,apollonius1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,hipp>*us1 & has s9ce be5 deliv]$ d[n to u by ,ptolemy1 ! m artificial sy/em ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es & ,epicycles4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 !y fir/ di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! real & app>5t motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,^!1 !y obs]v$1 ^u acc\nt ( _! imm5se di/ance1 mu/ necess>ily appe> to revolve 9 circles conc5tric ) ! globe ( ! ,e>?1 & ) "o ano!r3 b t we _c1 !re=e1 be c]ta9 t !y really revolve 9 su* circles1 s9ce1 ?\gh !y did n1 !y w\ld /ill h ! same appe>ance4 ,by suppos+1 !re=e1 t ! ,sun & ! o!r ,planets revolv$ 9 circles1 ^: c5tres 7 v di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?2 t consequ5tly1 9 ! progress ( _! revolution1 !y mu/ sometimes approa* ne>]1 & sometimes rec$e fur!r f x1 & mu/ to its inhabitants appe> to move fa/] 9 ! "o case1 & sl[] 9 ! o!r1 ^? philosoph]s imag9$ !y c\ld acc\nt = ! app>5tly unequal velocities ( all ^? bodies4 ,by suppos+1 t 9 ! solidity ( ! ,sph]e ( ea* ( ! ,five ,planets !re 0 =m$ ano!r little ,sph]e1 call$ an ,epicycle1 :i* revolv$ r\nd its own c5tre1 at ! same "t t x 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? by ! revolution ( ! great ,sph]e1 betwixt ^: concave & convex sides x 0 inclos$2 9 ! same mann] z we might suppose a little :eel inclos$ )9 ! out] circle ( a great :eel1 & :i* :irl$ ab\t sev]al times ^u its own axis1 :ile its c5tre 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! axis ( ! great :eel1 !y imag9$ !y c\ld acc\nt = ! retrograde & /ation>y appe>ances ( ^? mo/ irregul> objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ,planet1 !y suppos$1 0 atta*$ to ! circumf]5ce1 & :irl$ r\nd ! c5tre ( ?is little ,sph]e1 at ! same "t t x 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! e>? by ! movem5t ( ! great ,sph]e4 ,! revolution ( ?is little ,sph]e1 or ,epicycle1 0 su*1 t ! ,planet1 :5 9 ! upp] "p ( x2 t is1 :5 fur!/ (f & lea/ s5sible to ! eye2 0 c>ri$ r\nd 9 ! same direction ) ! c5tre ( ! ,epicycle1 or ) ! ,sph]e 9 :i* ! ,epicycle 0 inclos$3 b :5 9 ! l[] "p1 t is1 :5 ne>e/ & mo/ s5sible to ! eye2 x 0 c>ri$ r\nd a direction contr>y to t ( ! c5tre ( ! ,epicycle3 9 ! same mann] z e po9t 9 ! upp] "p ( ! out] circle ( a coa*-:eel revolves =w>d 9 ! #cdh same direction ) ! axis1 :ile e po9t1 9 ! l[] "p1 revolves backw>ds 9 a contr>y direction to ! axis4 ,! motions ( ! ,planet1 !re=e1 survey$ f ! ,e>?1 appe>$ direct1 :5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,epicycle1 & retrograde1 :5 9 ! l[]4 ,:5 aga9 x ei!r desc5d$ f ! upp] "p to ! l[]1 or asc5d$ f ! l[] to ! upp]1 x appe>$ /ation>y4 ,b1 ?\gh1 by ! ecc5tricity ( ! great ,sph]e1 !y 7 ?us able1 9 "s measure1 to connect toge!r ! unequal velocities ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & by ! revolutions ( ! little ,sph]e1 ! direct1 /ation>y1 & retrograde appe>ances ( ! ,planets1 !re 0 ano!r difficulty t /ill rema9$4 ,nei!r ! ,moon1 nor ! ?ree sup]ior ,planets1 appe> always 9 ! same "p ( ! heav5s1 :5 at _! p]iods ( mo/ ret>d$ motion1 or :5 !y are suppos$ to be at ! greate/ di/ance f ! ,e>?4 ,! apogeum !re=e1 or ! po9t ( greate/ di/ance f ! ,e>?1 9 ! ,sph]es ( ea* ( ^? bodies1 mu/ h a movem5t ( its own1 :i* may c>ry x successively ?r\gh all ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,!y suppos$1 !re=e1 t :ile ! great ecc5tric ,sph]e revolv$ ea/w>ds r\nd its c5tre1 t its c5tre too revolv$ we/w>ds 9 a circle ( its own1 r\nd ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?1 & ?us c>ri$ its apogeum ?r\gh all ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,b ) all ^? comb9$ & p]plex$ circles2 ?\gh ! patrons ( ?is sy/em 7 able to give "s degree ( uni=mity to ! real directions ( ! ,planets1 !y f\nd x impossible s to adju/ ! velocities ( ^? suppos$ ,sph]es to ! ph5om5a1 z t ! revolution ( any "o ( !m1 :5 survey$ f its own c5tre1 %\ld appe> p]fectly equable & uni=m4 ,f t po9t1 ! only po9t 9 :i* ! velocity ( :at moves 9 a circle c be truly judg$ (1 !y w\ld /ill appe> irregul> & incon/ant1 & su* z t5d$ to emb>rass & conf\nd ! imag9ation4 ,!y inv5t$1 !re=e1 = ea* ( !m1 a new ,circle1 call$ ! ,equaliz+ ,circle1 f ^: c5tre !y %\ld all appe> p]fectly equable3 t is1 !y s adju/$ ! velocities ( ^! ,sph]es1 z t1 ?\gh ! revolution ( ea* ( !m w\ld appe> irregul> :5 survey$ f its own c5tre1 !re %\ld1 h[ev]1 be a po9t compreh5d$ )9 its circumf]5ce1 f :5ce its motions %\ld appe> to cut (f1 9 equal times1 equal portions ( ! ,circle1 ( :i* t po9t 0 suppos$ to be ! c5tre4 ,no?+ c m evid5tly %[ h[ mu* ! repose & tranquillity ( ! imag9ation is ! ultimate end ( philosophy1 ?an ! inv5tion ( ?is ,equaliz+ ,circle4 ,! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies _h appe>$ incon/ant & irregul>1 bo? 9 _! velocities & 9 _! directions4 ,!y 7 su*1 !re=e1 z t5d$ to emb>rass & conf\nd ! imag9ation1 :5ev] x attempt$ to trace !m4 ,! inv5tion ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es1 ( ,epicycles1 & ( ! #cdi revolution ( ! c5tres ( ! ,ecc5tric ,sph]es1 t5d$ to allay ?is confusion1 to connect toge!r ^? disjo9t$ appe>ances1 & to introduce h>mony & ord] into ! m9d's conception ( ! movem5ts ( ^? bodies4 ,x did ?is1 h[ev]1 b imp]fectly2 x introduc$ uni=mity & coh]5ce into _! real directions4 ,b _! velocities1 :5 survey$ f ! only po9t 9 :i* ! velocity ( :at moves 9 a ,circle c be truly judg$ (1 ! c5tre ( t ,circle1 /ill rema9$1 9 "s measure1 incon/ant z be=e2 & /ill1 !re=e1 emb>rass$ ! imag9ation4 ,! m9d f\nd itself some:at reliev$ f ?is emb>rassm5t1 :5 x conceiv$1 t h[ irregul> soev] ! motions ( ea* ( ^? ,circles might appe>1 :5 survey$ f its own c5tre1 !re 01 h[ev]1 9 ea* ( !m1 a po9t1 f :5ce its revolution w\ld appe> p]fectly equable & uni=m1 & su* z ! imag9ation c\ld easily foll[4 ,^? philosoph]s transport$ !mselves1 9 fancy1 to ! c5tres ( ^! imag9>y ,circles1 & took pleasure 9 survey+ f !nce1 all ^? fanta/ical motions1 arrang$1 accord+ to t h>mony & ord]1 :i* x _h be5 ! end ( all _! rese>*es to be/[ ^u !m4 ,"h1 at la/1 !y enjoy$ t tranquillity & repose :i* !y _h pursu$ ?r\gh all ! mazes ( ?is intricate hypo!sis2 & "h !y beheld ?is1 ! mo/ beautiful & magnific5t "p ( ! great !atre ( nature1 s dispos$ & con/ruct$1 t !y c\ld att5d1 ) delight1 to all ! revolutions & *anges t occurr$ 9 x4 ,^!1 ! ,sy/em ( ,conc5tric1 & t ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es1 seem to h be5 ! two ,sy/ems ( ,a/ronomy1 t _h mo/ cr$it & reputation ) t "p ( ! anci5t _w1 :o appli$ !mselves p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( ! heav5s4 ,clean!s1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r philosoph]s ( ! ,/oical sect :o came aft] him1 appe> to h _h a sy/em ( _! own1 q diff]5t f ei!r4 ,b ?\gh ju/ly r5[n$ = _! skill 9 dialectic1 & = ! security & sublimity ( _! moral doctr9es1 ^? sages seem nev] to h _h any high reputation = _! k ( ! heav5s2 nei!r is ! "n ( any "o ( !m ev] c\nt$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! great a/ronom]s1 & /udi\s obs]v]s ( ! ,/>s among ! anci5ts4 ,!y reject$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,solid ,sph]es2 & ma9ta9$1 t ! cele/ial regions 7 fill$ ) a fluid e!r1 ( too yield+ a nature to c>ry along ) x1 by any motion ( its own1 bodies s imm5sely great z ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets4 ,^!1 !re=e1 z well z ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 did n d]ive _! motion f ! circumambi5t body1 b _h ea* ( !m1 9 itself1 & peculi> to itself1 a vital pr9ciple ( motion1 :i* direct$ x to move ) its own peculi> velocity1 & its own peculi> direction4 ,x 0 by ?is int]nal pr9ciple t ! ,fix$ ,/>s revolv$ directly f ea/ to we/ 9 circles p>allel to ! ,equator1 great] or less1 accord+ to _! di/ance or ne>ness to ! ,poles1 & ) velocities s proportion$1 #cej t ea* ( !m f9i%$ its diurnal p]iod 9 ! same "t1 9 some?+ less ?an tw5ty-?ree h\rs & fifty-six m9utes4 ,x 01 by a pr9ciple ( ! same k9d1 t ! ,sun mov$ we/w>d1 = !y all[$ ( no ea/w>d motion 9 ! heav5s1 b ) less velocity ?an ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 s z to f9i% 8 diurnal p]iod 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 &1 consequ5tly1 to fall e day beh9d !m1 by a space ( ! heav5s ne>ly equal to t :i* he passes ov] 9 f\r m9utes2 t is1 ne>ly equal to a degree4 ,?is revolution ( ! ,sun1 too1 0 nei!r directly we/w>ds1 nor exactly circul>2 b aft] ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 8 motion began gradually to decl9e a little s\?w>ds1 appe>+ 9 8 m]idian to-day1 fur!r s\? ?an ye/]day2 & to-morr[ /ill fur!r s\? ?an to-day2 & ?us cont9u+ e day to describe a spiral l9e r\nd ! ,e>?1 :i* c>ri$ him gradually fur!r & fur!r s\?w>ds1 till he arriv$ at ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice4 ,"h ?is spiral l9e began to *ange its direction1 & to br+ him gradually1 e day1 fur!r & fur!r nor?w>ds1 till x aga9 re/or$ him to ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,9 ! same mann] !y acc\nt$ = ! motion ( ! ,moon1 & t ( ! ,five ,planets1 by suppos+ t ea* ( !m revolv$ we/w>ds1 b ) directions & velocities1 t 7 bo? diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & cont9ually v>y+2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 9 sph]ical l9es1 & some:at incl9$ to ! ,equator4 ,?is sy/em seems nev] to h _h ! vogue4 ,! sy/em ( ,conc5tric z well z t ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es gives "s sort ( reason1 bo? = ! con/ancy & equability ( ! motion ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 & = ! v>iety & unc]ta9ty ( t ( ! ,planets4 ,ea* ( !m be/[s "s sort ( coh]5ce ^u ^? app>5tly disjo9t$ ph5om5a4 ,b ?is o!r sy/em seems to leave !m pretty mu* z x f\nd !m4 ,ask a ,/oic1 :y all ! ,fix$ ,/>s p]=m _! daily revolutions 9 circles p>allel to ea* o!r1 ?\gh ( v diff]5t diamet]s1 & ) velocities s proportion$ t !y all f9i% _! p]iod at ! same "t1 & ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( x pres]ve ! same di/ance & situation ) reg>d to "o ano!r8 ,he c give no o!r answ]1 b t ! peculi> nature1 or if "o may say s1 ! caprice ( ea* ,/> directs x to move 9 t peculi> mann]4 ,8 sy/em af=ds him no pr9ciple ( connection1 by :i* he c jo9 toge!r1 9 8 imag9ation1 s great a numb] ( h>moni\s revolutions4 ,b ei!r ( ! o!r two sy/ems1 by ! supposition ( ! solid firmam5t1 af=ds ?is easily4 ,he is equally at a loss to connect toge!r ! peculi>ities t are obs]v$ 9 ! motions ( ! o!r heav5ly bodies2 ! spiral motion ( !m all2 _! alt]nate progression f nor? to s\?1 & f s\? to nor?2 ! sometimes accel]at$1 & aga9 ret>d$ motions ( ! ,sun & ,moon2 ! direct retrograde & /ation>y appe>ances ( ! ,planets4 ,all ^! h1 9 8 sy/em1 #cea no bond ( union1 b rema9 z loose & incoh]5t 9 ! fancy1 z !y at fir/ appe>$ to ! s5ses1 be=e philosophy _h attempt$1 by giv+ !m a new arrangem5t1 by plac+ !m at diff]5t di/ances1 by assign+ to ea* "s peculi> b regul> pr9ciple ( motion1 to me?odize & dispose !m into an ord] t %\ld enable ! imag9ation to pass z smoo?ly1 & ) z little emb>rassm5t1 along !m1 z along ! mo/ regul>1 mo/ famili>1 & mo/ coh]5t appe>ances ( nature4 ,su* 7 ! sy/ems ( ,a/ronomy t1 9 ! anci5t _w1 appe> to h be5 adopt$ by any consid]able p>ty4 ,( all ( !m1 ! sy/em ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es 0 t :i* correspond$ mo/ exactly ) ! appe>ances ( ! heav5s4 ,x 0 n inv5t$ till aft] ^? appe>ances _h be5 obs]v$1 ) "s accuracy1 = m ?an a c5tury toge!r2 & x 0 n completely dige/$ by ,ptolemy till ! reign ( ,anton9us1 aft] a mu* long] c\rse ( obs]vations4 ,we _c wond]1 !re=e1 t x 0 adapt$ to a mu* great] numb] ( ! ph5om5a1 ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two sy/ems1 :i* _h be5 =m$ be=e ^? ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ ) any degree ( att5tion1 :i*1 !re=e1 c\ld connect !m toge!r only :ile !y 7 ?us reg>d$ 9 ! gross1 b :i*1 x c\ld n be expect$1 %\ld apply to !m :5 !y came to be consid]$ 9 ! detail4 ,f ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1 !re=e1 ?is sy/em seems to h be5 pretty g5]ally receiv$ by all ^? :o att5d$ p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( ! heav5s4 ,t a/ronom] fir/ made a catalogue ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s2 calculat$1 = six hundr$ ye>s1 ! revolutions ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets2 m>k$ ! places 9 ! heav5s1 9 :i*1 dur+ all t p]iod1 ea* ( ^? bodies %\ld appe>2 asc]ta9$ ! times ( ! eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 & ! p>ticul> places ( ! ,e>? 9 :i* !y %\ld be visible4 ,8 calculations 7 f\nd$ ^u ?is sy/em1 & z ! ev5ts correspond$ to 8 pr$ictions1 ) a degree ( accuracy :i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to :at ,a/ronomy has s9ce arriv$ at1 0 greatly sup]ior to any ?+ :i* ! _w _h !n kn[n1 !y asc]ta9$1 to all a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 ! pref]5ce ( 8 sy/em1 above all ^? :i* _h be5 curr5t be=e4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 to a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 only1 t !y asc]ta9$ ?is2 =1 not)/&+ ! evid5t sup]iority ( ?is sy/em1 to all ^? ) :i* ! _w 0 !n acqua9t$1 x 0 nev] adopt$ by "o sect ( philosoph]s4 ,philosoph]s1 long be=e ! days ( ,hipp>*us1 seem to h ab&on$ ! /udy ( nature1 to employ !mselves *iefly 9 e?ical1 rhetorical1 & dialectical que/ions4 ,ea* p>ty ( !m too1 _h by ?is "t complet$ _! peculi> sy/em or !ory ( ! univ]se1 & no human consid]ation c\ld !n h induc$ !m to give up any "p ( x4 ,t sup]cili\s & ignorant contempt too1 ) #ceb :i* at ?is "t !y reg>d$ all ma!maticians1 among :om !y c\nt$ a/ronom]s1 seems ev5 to h h9d]$ !m f enquir+ s f> into _! doctr9es z to "k :at op9ions !y held4 ,nei!r ,cic]o nor ,s5eca1 :o h s (t5 occasion to m5tion ! anci5t sy/ems ( ,a/ronomy1 takes any notice ( t ( ,hipp>*us4 ,8 "n is n to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,s5eca4 ,x is m5tion$ b once 9 ^? ( ,cic]o1 9 a lett] to ,atticus1 b )\t any note ( approbation1 z a geograph]1 & n z an a/ronom]4 ,plut>*1 :5 he c\nts up1 9 8 second book1 conc]n+ ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 all ! anci5t sy/ems ( ,a/ronomy1 nev] m5tions ?is1 ! only tol]able "o :i* 0 kn[n 9 8 "t4 ,^? ?ree au?ors1 x seems1 conv]s$ only ) ! writ+s ( philosoph]s4 ,! eld] ,pl9y1 inde$1 a man ^: curiosity ext5d$ itself equally to e "p ( le>n+1 describes ! sy/em ( ,hipp>*us1 & nev] m5tions its au?or1 :i* he has occasion to d (t51 )\t "s note ( t high admiration :i* he _h s ju/ly conceiv$ = 8 m]it4 ,su* pr(\nd ignorance 9 ^? pr(ess$ in/ructors ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to s important a "p ( ! le>n+ ( _! own times1 is s v rem>kable1 t ,i ?\ght x des]v$ to be tak5 notice (1 ev5 9 ?is %ort acc\nt ( ! revolutions ( ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts4 ,sy/ems 9 _m respects resemble ma*9es4 ,a ma*9e is a little sy/em1 creat$ to p]=m1 z well z to connect toge!r1 9 reality1 ^? diff]5t movem5ts & effects :i* ! arti/ has occasion =4 ,a sy/em is an imag9>y ma*9e inv5t$ to connect toge!r 9 ! fancy ^? diff]5t movem5ts & effects :i* are already 9 reality p]=m$4 ,! ma*9es t are fir/ inv5t$ to p]=m any p>ticul> movem5t are always ! mo/ complex1 & succe$+ arti/s g5]ally discov] t1 ) few] :eels1 ) few] pr9ciples ( motion1 ?an _h orig9ally be5 employ$1 ! same effects may be m easily produc$4 ,! fir/ sy/ems1 9 ! same mann]1 are always ! mo/ complex1 & a p>ticul> connect+ *a91 or pr9ciple1 is g5]ally ?\ght necess>y to unite e two seem+ly disjo9t$ appe>ances3 b x (t5 happ5s1 t "o great connect+ pr9ciple is aft]w>ds f\nd to be suffici5t to b9d toge!r all ! discordant ph5om5a t occur 9 a :ole species ( ?+s4 ,h[ _m :eels are necess>y to c>ry on ! movem5ts ( ?is imag9>y ma*9e1 ! sy/em ( ,ecc5tric ,sph]es6 ,! we/w>d diurnal revolution ( ! ,firmam5t1 ^: rapidity c>ries all ! o!r heav5ly bodies along ) x1 requires "o4 ,! p]iodical ea/w>d revolutions ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets1 require1 = ea* ( ^? bodies1 ano!r4 ,_! diff]5tly accel]at$ & ret>d$ motions require1 t ^? :eels1 or circles1 %\ld nei!r be conc5tric ) ! ,firmam5t1 nor ) "o ano!r2 :i*1 m ?an any ?+1 seems to di/urb ! h>mony ( ! univ]se4 ,! #cec retrograde & /ation>y appe>ance ( ! ,five ,planets1 z well z ! extreme incon/ancy ( ! ,moon's motion1 require1 = ea* ( !m1 an ,epicycle1 ano!r little :eel atta*$ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! great :eel1 :i* /ill m int]rupts ! uni=mity ( ! sy/em4 ,! motion ( ! apogeum ( ea* ( ^? bodies requires1 9 ea* ( !m1 /ill ano!r :eel1 to c>ry ! c5tres ( _! ,ecc5tric ,sph]es r\nd ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?4 ,& ?us1 ?is imag9>y ma*9e1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 m simple1 & c]ta9ly bett] adapt$ to ! ph5om5a ?an ! ,fifty-six ,planet>y ,sph]es ( ,ari/otle1 0 /ill too intricate & complex = ! imag9ation to re/ 9 x ) complete tranquillity & satisfaction4 ,x ma9ta9$ its au?ority1 h[ev]1 )\t any dim9ution ( reputation1 z long z sci5ce 0 at all reg>d$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,aft] ! reign ( ,anton9us1 &1 inde$1 aft] ! age ( ,hipp>*us1 :o liv$ almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,anton9us1 ! great reputation :i* ! e>li] philosoph]s _h acquir$1 s impos$ ^u ! imag9ations ( mank9d1 t !y seem to h despair$ ( ev] equall+ _! r5[n4 ,all human wisdom1 !y suppos$1 0 compreh5d$ 9 ! writ+s ( ^? eld] sages4 ,to abridge1 to expla91 & to comm5t ^u !m1 & ?us %[ !mselves1 at lea/1 capable ( und]/&+ "s ( _! sublime my/]ies1 became n[ ! only road to reputation4 ,proclus & ,!on wrote comm5t>ies ^u ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy2 b1 to h attempt$ to inv5t a new "o1 w\ld !n h be5 reg>d$1 n only z presumption1 b z impiety to ! memory ( _! s mu* rev]$ pr$ecessors4 ,! ru9 ( ! empire ( ! ,romans1 &1 along ) x1 ! subv]sion ( all law & ord]1 :i* happ5$ a few c5turies aft]w>ds1 produc$ ! entire neglect ( t /udy ( ! connect+ pr9ciples ( nature1 to :i* leisure & security c alone give occasion4 ,aft] ! fall ( ^? great conqu]ors & civiliz]s ( mank9d1 ! empire ( ! ,caliphs seems to h be5 ! fir/ /ate "u :i* ! _w enjoy$ t degree ( tranquillity :i* ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces requires4 ,x 0 "u ! protection ( ^? g5]\s & magnific5t pr9ces1 t ! anci5t philosophy & a/ronomy ( ! ,greeks 7 re/or$ & e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/2 t tranquillity1 :i* _! mild1 j1 & religi\s gov]nm5t diffus$ ov] _! va/ empire1 reviv$ ! curiosity ( mank9d1 to inquire into ! connect+ pr9ciples ( nature4 ,! 9999fame ( ! ,greek & ,roman le>n+1 :i* 0 !n rec5t 9 ! memories ( m51 made !m desire to "k1 conc]n+ ^! ab/ruse subjects1 :at 7 ! doctr9es ( ! s mu* r5[n$ sages ( ^? two nations4 ,!y translat$1 !re=e1 into ! ,arabian language1 & /udi$1 ) great eag]ness1 ! works ( _m ,greek philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ,ari/otle1 ,ptolemy1 ,hippocrates1 & ,gal54 ,! sup]iority :i* !y easily discov]$ 9 !m1 above ! rude essays :i* #ced _! own nation _h yet _h "t to produce1 & :i* 7 su*1 we may suppose1 z arise e :]e 9 ! fir/ infancy ( sci5ce1 necess>ily det]m9$ !m to embrace _! sy/ems1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,a/ronomy3 nei!r 7 !y ev] aft]w>ds able to ?r[ (f _! au?ority4 ,=1 ?\gh ! munific5ce ( ! ,abassides1 ! second race ( ! ,caliphs1 is said to h suppli$ ! ,arabian a/ronom]s ) l>g] & bett] in/rum5ts ?an any t 7 kn[n to ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us1 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces seems1 9 t mighty empire1 to h be5 ei!r ( too %ort1 or too int]rupt$ a cont9uance1 to all[ !m to make any consid]able correction 9 ! doctr9es ( ^? old ma!maticians4 ,! imag9ations ( mank9d _h n yet got "t to gr[ s famili> ) ! anci5t sy/ems1 z to reg>d !m )\t "s degree ( t a/oni%m5t :i* _! gr&eur & novelty excit$2 a novelty ( a peculi> k9d1 :i* _h at once ! grace ( :at 0 new1 & ! au?ority ( :at 0 anci5t4 ,!y 7 /ill1 !re=e1 too mu* enslav$ to ^? sy/ems1 to d>e to dep>t f !m1 :5 ^? confusions :i* %ook1 & at la/ ov]turn$ ! peaceful ?rone ( ! ,caliphs1 bani%$ ! /udy ( ! sci5ces f t empire4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 be=e ?is1 made "s consid]able improvem5ts3 !y _h measur$ ! obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic1 ) m accuracy ?an _h be5 done be=e4 ,! tables ( ,ptolemy _h1 by ! l5g? ( "t1 & by ! inaccuracy ( ! obs]vations ^u :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 become altoge!r wide ( :at 0 ! real situation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z he himself inde$ _h =etold !y w\ld d4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to =m new ones1 :i* 0 accord+ly execut$ by ! ord]s ( ! ,caliph ,almamon1 "u :om1 too1 0 made ! fir/ m5suration ( ! ,e>? t we "k (f1 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 by two ,arabian a/ronom]s1 :o1 9 ! pla9 ( ,s5na>1 measur$ two degrees ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! victori\s arms ( ! ,s>ac5s c>ri$ into ,spa9 ! le>n+1 z well z ! gallantry1 ( ! ,ea/2 & along ) x1 ! tables ( ,almamon1 & ! ,arabian translations ( ,ptolemy & ,ari/otle2 & ?us ,europe receiv$ a second "t1 f ,babylon1 ! rudim5ts ( ! sci5ce ( ! heav5s4 ,! writ+s ( ,ptolemy 7 translat$ f ,arabic into ,lat92 & ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy 0 /udi$ 9 ,av]roes & ,avic5na ) z mu* eag]ness & z mu* submission to its doctr9es 9 ! ,we/1 z x _h be5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,solid ,sph]es _h1 orig9ally1 be5 inv5t$1 9 ord] to give a physical acc\nt ( ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,conc5tric ,circles1 to :i* t doctr9e 0 v easily accommodat$4 ,^? ma!maticians :o inv5t$ ! doctr9e ( ,ecc5tric ,circles & ,epicycles1 cont5t$ !mselves ) %[+1 h[1 by suppos+ ! heav5ly bodies to revolve 9 su* orbits1 ! ph5om5a might be connect$ toge!r1 #cee & "s sort ( uni=mity & coh]5ce be be/[$ ^u _! real motions4 ,! physical causes ( ^? motions !y left to ! consid]ation ( ! philosoph]s2 ?\gh1 z appe>s f "s passages ( ,ptolemy1 !y _h "s g5]al appreh5sion1 t !y 7 to be expla9$ by a l hypo!sis4 ,b1 ?\gh ! sy/em ( ,hipp>*us 0 adopt$ by all a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 x nev] 0 receiv$1 z we h already obs]v$1 by any "o sect ( philosoph]s among ! anci5ts4 ,no attempt1 !re=e1 seems to h be5 made among/ !m1 to accommodate to x any su* hypo!sis4 ,! s*oolm51 :o receiv$1 at once1 f ! ,arabians1 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 & ! a/ronomy ( ,hipp>*us1 7 necess>ily oblig$ to reconcile !m to "o ano!r1 & to connect toge!r ! revolutions ( ! ,ecc5tric ,circles & ,epicycles ( ! "o1 by ! solid ,sph]es ( ! o!r4 ,_m diff]5t attempts ( ?is k9d 7 made by _m diff]5t philosoph]s3 b1 ( !m all1 t ( ,purba*1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! happie/ & ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,?\gh 8 hypo!sis is ! simple/ ( any ( !m1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to describe x )\t a s*eme2 nei!r is x easily intelligible ) "o2 =1 if ! sy/em ( ,ecc5tric ,circles & ,epicycles 0 be=e too p]plex$ & intricate = ! imag9ation to re/ 9 x ) complete tranquillity & satisfaction1 x became mu* m s1 :5 ?is addition _h be5 made to x4 ,! _w1 ju/ly inde$1 applaud$ ! +5uity ( t philosoph]1 :o c\ld unite1 s happily1 two su* seem+ly inconsi/5t sy/ems4 ,8 lab\rs1 h[ev]1 seem r to h increas$ ?an to h dim9i%$ ! causes ( t dissatisfaction1 :i* ! le>n$ soon began to feel ) ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy4 ,he1 z well z all ^? :o _h work$ ^u ! same plan be=e1 by r5d]+ ?is acc\nt ( ?+s m complex1 r5d]$ x m emb>rass+ ?an x _h be5 be=e4 ,nei!r 0 ! complexness ( ?is sy/em ! sole cause ( ! dissatisfaction1 :i* ! _w 9 g5]al began1 soon aft] ! days ( ,purba*1 to express = x4 ,! tables ( ,ptolemy hav+1 ^u acc\nt ( ! inaccuracy ( ! obs]vations on :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 become altoge!r wide ( ! real situation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ^? ( ,almamon1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 71 ^u ! same hypo!sis1 compos$ to correct _! deviations4 ,^! aga91 a few ages aft]w>ds1 became1 = ! same reason1 equally useless4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,alphonsus1 ! philosophical ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 f\nd x necess>y to give ord]s = ! composition ( ^? tables1 :i* be> 8 "n4 ,x is he1 :o is s well kn[n = ! :imsical impiety ( us+ to say1 t1 _h he be5 consult$ at ! creation ( ! univ]se1 he c\ld h giv5 good advice2 an apoph!gm :i* is suppos$ to h proce$$ f 8 dislike to ! intricate sy/em ( ,ptolemy4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! deviation ( ! ,alphons9e tables began to be z s5sible1 z ^? ( ,ptolemy & #cef ,almamon _h be5 be=e4 ,x appe>$ evid5t1 !re=e1 t1 ?\gh ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy might1 9 ! ma91 be true1 c]ta9 corrections 7 necess>y to be made 9 x be=e x c\ld be br\ght to correspond ) exact precision to ! ph5om5a4 ,= ! revolution ( 8 ,ecc5tric ,circles & ,epicycles1 suppos+ !m to exi/1 c\ld n1 x 0 evid5t1 be precisely su* z he repres5t$ !m2 s9ce ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies deviat$1 9 a %ort "t1 s widely f :at ! mo/ exact calculations1 t 7 f\nd$ ^u 8 hypo!sis1 repres5t$ !m4 ,x _h pla9ly1 !re=e1 become necess>y to correct1 by m accurate obs]vations1 bo? ! velocities & directions ( all ! :eels & circles ( :i* 8 hypo!sis is compos$4 ,?is1 accord+ly1 0 begun by ,purba*1 & c>ri$ on by ,regiomontanus1 ! disciple1 ! cont9uator1 & ! 9999p]fect] ( ! sy/em ( ,purba*2 & "o1 ^: untimely dea?1 amid/ innum]able projects = ! recov]y ( old1 & ! inv5tion & advancem5t ( new sci5ces1 is1 ev5 at ?is day1 to be regrett$4 ,:5 y h conv9c$ ! _w1 t an e/abli%$ sy/em ought to be correct$1 x is n v difficult to p]suade !m t x %\ld be de/roy$4 ,n long1 !re=e1 aft] ! dea? ( ,regiomontanus1 ,cop]nicus began to m$itate a new sy/em1 :i* %\ld connect toge!r ! new appe>ances1 9 a m simple z well z a m accurate mann]1 ?an t ( ,ptolemy4 ,! confusion1 9 :i* ! old hypo!sis repres5t$ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 01 he tells u1 :at fir/ sugge/$ to him ! design ( =m+ a new sy/em1 t ^!1 ! noble/ works ( nature1 might no long] appe> devoid ( t h>mony & proportion :i* discov] !mselves 9 h] meane/ productions4 ,:at mo/ ( all dissatisfi$ him1 0 ! notion ( ! ,equaliz+ ,circle1 :i*1 by repres5t+ ! revolutions ( ! ,cele/ial ,sph]es1 z equable only1 :5 survey$ f a po9t t 0 diff]5t f _! c5tres1 introduc$ a real inequality into _! motions2 contr>y to t mo/ natural1 & inde$ fundam5tal idea1 ) :i* all ! au?ors ( a/ronomical sy/ems1 ,plato1 ,eudoxus1 ,ari/otle1 ev5 ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy !mselves1 _h hi!rto set out1 t ! real motions ( su* beautiful & div9e objects mu/ necess>ily be p]fectly regul>1 & g on1 9 a mann]1 z agreeable to ! imag9ation1 z ! objects !mselves are to ! s5ses4 ,he began to consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r1 by suppos+ ! heav5ly bodies to be arrang$ 9 a diff]5t ord] f t 9 :i* ,ari/otle & ,hipp>*us has plac$ !m1 ?is s mu* s\ght = uni=mity might n be be/[$ ^u _! motions4 ,to discov] ?is arrangem5t1 he exam9$ all ! obscure traditions deliv]$ d[n to u1 conc]n+ e o!r hypo!sis :i* ! anci5ts _h inv5t$1 = ! same purpose4 ,he f\nd1 9 ,plut>*1 t "s old ,py?agoreans _h repres5t$ ! ,e>? z revolv+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 l a :eel r\nd its own axis2 & t #ceg o!rs1 ( ! same sect1 _h remov$ x f ! c5tre1 & repres5t$ x z revolv+ 9 ! ,ecliptic l a /> r\nd ! c5tral fire4 ,by ?is c5tral fire1 he suppos$ !y meant ! ,sun2 & ?\gh 9 ?is he 0 v widely mi/ak51 x 01 x seems1 ^u ?is int]pretation1 t he began to consid] h[ su* an hypo!sis might be made to correspond to ! appe>ances4 ,! suppos$ au?ority ( ^! old philosoph]s1 if x did n orig9ally sugge/ to him 8 sy/em1 seems1 at lea/1 to h confirm$ him 9 an op9ion1 :i*1 x is n improbable1 t he _h be=eh& o!r reasons = embrac+1 not)/&+ :at he himself w\ld affirm to ! contr>y4 ,x !n occurr$ to him1 t1 if ! ,e>? 0 suppos$ to revolve e day r\nd its axis1 f we/ to ea/1 all ! heav5ly bodies w\ld appe> to revolve1 9 a contr>y direction1 f ea/ to we/4 ,! diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 might be only app>5t2 ! firmam5t1 :i* has no o!r s5sible motion1 might be p]fectly at re/2 :ile ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,five ,planets1 might h no o!r movem5t beside t ea/w>d revolution1 :i* is peculi> to !mselves4 ,t1 by suppos+ ! ,e>? to revolve ) ! ,planets1 r\nd ! ,sun1 9 an orbit1 :i* compreh5d$ )9 x ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 b 0 compreh5d$ )9 ^? ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 he c\ld1 )\t ! emb>rassm5t ( ,epicycles1 connect toge!r ! app>5t annual revolutions ( ! ,sun1 & ! direct1 retrograde1 & /ation>y appe>ances ( ! ,planets3 t :ile ! ,e>? really revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun on "o side ( ! heav5s1 ! ,sun w\ld appe> to revolve r\nd ! ,e>? on ! o!r2 t :ile %e really advanc$ 9 h] annual c\rse1 he w\ld appe> to advance ea/w>d 9 t movem5t :i* is peculi> to himself4 ,t1 by suppos+ ! axis ( ! ,e>? to be always p>allel to itself1 n to be q p]p5dicul>1 b some:at incl9$ to ! plane ( h] orbit1 & consequ5tly to pres5t to ! ,sun1 ! "o pole :5 on ! "o side ( him1 & ! o!r :5 on ! o!r1 he w\ld acc\nt = ! obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic2 ! ,sun's seem+ly alt]nate progression f nor? to s\?1 & f s\? to nor?1 ! consequ5t *ange ( ! seasons1 & diff]5t l5g?s ( ! days & nights 9 ! diff]5t seasons4 ,if ?is new hypo!sis ?us connect$ toge!r all ^! appe>ances z happily z t ( ,ptolemy1 !re 7 o!rs :i* x connect$ toge!r mu* bett]4 ,! ?ree sup]ior ,planets1 :5 ne>ly 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 appe> always at ! greate/ di/ance f ! ,e>?1 are smalle/1 & lea/ s5sible to ! eye1 & seem to revolve =w>d 9 _! direct motion ) ! greate/ rapidity4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 t is1 :5 9 _! m]idian ab\t midnight1 !y appe> ne>e/ ! ,e>?1 are l>ge/1 & mo/ s5sible to ! eye1 & seem to revolve backw>ds 9 _! retrograde motion4 ,to expla9 ^! appe>ances1 ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy suppos$ #ceh ea* ( ^! ,planets to be at ! upp] "p ( _! sev]al ,epicycles1 9 ! "o case2 & at ! l[]1 9 ! o!r4 ,b x af=d$ no satisfactory pr9ciple ( connection1 :i* c\ld lead ! m9d easily to conceive h[ ! ,epicycles ( ^? ,planets1 ^: sph]es 7 s di/ant f ! sph]e ( ! ,sun1 %\ld ?us1 if "o may say s1 keep "t to 8 motion4 ,! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus af=d$ ?is easily1 & l a m simple ma*9e1 )\t ! assi/ance ( ,epicycles1 connect$ toge!r1 by few] movem5ts1 ! complex appe>ances ( ! heav5s4 ,:5 ! sup]ior ,planets appe> ne>ly 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 !y are !n 9 ! side ( _! orbits1 :i* is almo/ opposite to1 & mo/ di/ant f ! ,e>?1 & !re=e appe> smalle/1 & lea/ s5sible to ! eye4 ,b1 z !y !n revolve 9 a direction :i* is almo/ contr>y to t ( ! ,e>?1 !y appe> to advance =w>d ) d\ble velocity2 z a %ip1 t sails 9 a contr>y direction to ano!r1 appe>s f t o!r1 to sail bo? ) its own velocity1 & ! velocity ( t f :i* x is se54 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ^? ,planets are 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 !y are on ! same side ( ! ,sun ) ! ,e>?1 are ne>e/ x1 mo/ s5sible to ! eye1 & revolve 9 ! same direction ) x2 b1 z _! revolutions r\nd ! ,sun are sl[] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 !y are necess>ily left beh9d by x1 & !re=e seem to revolve backw>ds2 z a %ip :i* sails sl[] ?an ano!r1 ?\gh x sails 9 ! same direction1 appe>s f t o!r to sail backw>ds4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 by ! same annual revolution ( ! ,e>?1 he connect$ toge!r ! direct & retrograde motions ( ! two inf]ior ,planets1 z well z ! /ation>y appe>ances ( all ! ,five4 ,!re are "s o!r p>ticul> ph5om5a ( ! two inf]ior ,planets1 :i* correspond /ill bett] to ?is sy/em1 & /ill worse to t ( ,ptolemy4 ,v5us & ,m]cury seem to att5d con/antly ^u ! motion ( ! ,sun1 appe>+1 sometimes on ! "o side1 & sometimes on ! o!r1 ( t great lum9>y2 ,m]cury be+ almo/ always buri$ 9 8 rays1 & ,v5us nev] rec$+ above =ty-eight degrees f him1 contr>y to :at is obs]v$ 9 ! o!r ?ree ,planets1 :i* are (t5 se5 9 ! opposite side ( ! heav5s1 at ! greate/ possible di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,! sy/em ( ,ptolemy acc\nt$ = ?is1 by suppos+ t ! c5tres ( ! ,epicycles ( ^! two ,planets 7 always 9 ! same l9e ) ^? ( ! ,sun & ! ,e>?2 t !y appe>$ !re=e 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 :5 ei!r 9 ! upp] or l[] "p ( _! ,epicycles1 & at ! greate/ di/ance f him1 :5 9 ! sides ( !m4 ,x assign$1 h[ev]1 no reason :y ! ,epicycles ( ^! two ,planets %\ld obs]ve s diff]5t a rule f t :i* takes place 9 ^? ( ! o!r ?ree1 nor = ! enorm\s ,epicycle ( ,v5us1 ^: sides mu/ h be5 =ty-eight degrees di/ant f ! ,sun1 :ile its c5tre 0 9 conjunction ) him1 & ^: diamet] mu/ h cov]$ #cei m ?an a quadrant ( ! ,great ,circle4 ,b h[ easily all ^! appe>ances co9cide ) ! hypo!sis1 :i* repres5ts ^? two inf]ior ,planets revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun 9 orbits compreh5d$ )9 ! orbit ( ! ,e>?1 is too obvi\s to require an explanation4 ,?us f> did ?is new acc\nt ( ?+s r5d] ! appe>ances ( ! heav5s m completely coh]5t ?an _h be5 done by any ( ! =m] sy/ems4 ,x did ?is1 too1 by a m simple & intelligible1 z well z m beautiful ma*9]y4 ,x repres5t$ ! ,sun1 ! great enlight5] ( ! univ]se1 ^: body 0 alone l>g] ?an all ! ,planets tak5 toge!r1 z e/abli%$ immovable 9 ! c5tre1 %$d+ light & heat on all ! worlds t circulat$ ar\nd him 9 "o uni=m direction1 b 9 long] or %ort] p]iods1 accord+ to _! diff]5t di/ances4 ,x took away ! diurnal revolution ( ! firmam5t1 ^: rapidity1 ^u ! old hypo!sis1 0 beyond :at ev5 ?\ght c\ld conceive4 ,x n only deliv]$ ! imag9ation f ! emb>rassm5t ( ,epicycles1 b f ! difficulty ( conceiv+ ^! two opposite motions go+ on at ! same "t1 :i* ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy & ,ari/otle be/[$ ^u all ! ,planets2 ,i mean1 _! diurnal we/w>d1 & p]iodical ea/w>d revolutions4 ,! ,e>?'s revolution r\nd its own axis took away ! necessity = suppos+ ! fir/1 & ! second 0 easily conceiv$ :5 by itself4 ,! ,five ,planets1 :i* seem1 ^u all o!r sy/ems1 to be objects ( a species by !mselves1 unlike to e ?+ to :i* ! imag9ation has be5 accu/om$1 :5 suppos$ to revolve along ) ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun1 7 naturally appreh5d$ to be objects ( ! same k9d ) ! ,e>?1 habitable1 opaque1 & enlight5$ only by ! rays ( ! ,sun4 ,& ?us ?is hypo!sis1 by class+ !m 9 ! same species ( ?+s1 ) an object t is ( all o!rs ! mo/ famili> to u1 took (f t wond] & t unc]ta9ty :i* ! /rang5ess & s+ul>ity ( _! appe>ance _h excit$2 & ?us f>1 too1 bett] answ]$ ! great end ( ,philosophy4 ,nei!r did ! beauty & simplicity ( ?is sy/em alone recomm5d x to ! imag9ation2 ! novelty & unexpect$ness ( t view ( nature1 :i* x op5$ to ! fancy1 excit$ m wond] & surprise ?an ! /range/ ( ^? appe>ances1 :i* x _h be5 inv5t$ to r5d] natural & famili>1 & ^! s5tim5ts /ill m ende>$ x4 ,=1 ?\gh x is ! end ( ,philosophy1 to allay t wond]1 :i* ei!r ! unusual or seem+ly disjo9t$ appe>ances ( nature excite1 yet %e nev] triumphs s mu*1 z :51 9 ord] to connect toge!r a few1 9 !mselves1 p]haps1 inconsid]able objects1 %e has1 if ,i may say s1 creat$ ano!r con/itution ( ?+s1 m natural1 inde$1 & su* z ! imag9ation c m easily att5d to1 b m new1 m contr>y to common op9ion & expectation1 ?an any ( ^? appe>ances !mselves4 ,z1 9 ! in/ance be=e u1 9 ord] to connect toge!r "s seem+ irregul>ities 9 ! motions ( #cfj ! ,planets1 ! mo/ inconsid]able objects 9 ! heav5s1 & ( :i* ! great] "p ( mank9d h no occasion to take any notice dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! lives1 %e has1 to talk 9 ! hyp]bolical language ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 mov$ ! ,e>? f its f\ndations1 /opp$ ! revolution ( ! ,firmam5t1 made ! ,sun /& /ill1 & subv]t$ ! :ole ord] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,su* 7 ! advantages ( ?is new hypo!sis1 z !y appe>$ to its au?or1 :5 he fir/ inv5t$ x4 ,b1 ?\gh t love ( p>adox1 s natural to ! le>n$1 & t pleasure1 :i* !y are s apt to take 9 excit+1 by ! novelties ( _! suppos$ discov]ies1 ! amazem5t ( mank9d1 may1 not)/&+ :at "o ( 8 disciples tells u to ! contr>y1 h _h its weight 9 prompt+ ,cop]nicus to adopt ?is sy/em2 yet1 :5 he _h complet$ 8 ,treatise ( ,revolutions1 & began coolly to consid] :at a /range doctr9e he 0 ab\t to (f] to ! _w1 he s mu* dread$ ! prejudice ( mank9d aga9/ x1 t1 by a species ( cont95ce1 ( all o!rs ! mo/ difficult to a philosoph]1 he deta9$ x 9 8 closet = ?irty ye>s toge!r4 ,at la/1 9 ! extremity ( old age1 he all[$ x to be extort$ f him1 b he di$ z soon z x 0 pr9t$1 & be=e x 0 publi%$ to ! _w4 ,:5 x appe>$ 9 ! _w1 x 0 almo/ univ]sally disapprov$ (1 by ! le>n$ z well z by ! ignorant4 ,! natural prejudices ( s5se1 confirm$ by education1 prevail$ too mu* ) bo?1 to all[ !m to give x a fair exam9ation4 ,a few disciples only1 :om he himself _h in/ruct$ 9 8 doctr9e1 receiv$ x ) e/eem & admiration4 ,"o ( !m1 ,re9holdus1 =m$1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 l>g] & m accurate a/ronomical tables1 ?an :at accompani$ ! ,treatise ( ,revolutions1 9 :i* ,cop]nicus _h be5 guilty ( "s errors 9 calculation4 ,x soon appe>$1 t ^! ,prut5ic ,tables1 z !y 7 call$1 correspond$ m exactly ) ! heav5s1 ?an ! ,tables ( ,alphonsus4 ,?is ought naturally to h =m$ a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! dilig5ce & accuracy ( ,cop]nicus 9 obs]v+ ! heav5s4 ,b x ought to h =m$ none 9 fav\r ( 8 hypo!sis2 s9ce ! same obs]vations1 & ! result ( ! same calculations1 might h be5 accommodat$ to ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 )\t mak+ any great] alt]ation 9 t sy/em ?an :at ,ptolemy _h =ese51 & _h ev5 =etold %\ld be made4 ,x =m$1 h[ev]1 a prejudice 9 fav\r ( bo?1 & ! le>n$ began to exam9e1 ) "s att5tion1 an hypo!sis :i* af=d$ ! easie/ me?ods ( calculation1 & ^u :i* ! mo/ exact pr$ictions _h be5 made4 ,! sup]ior degree ( coh]5ce1 :i* x be/[$ ^u ! cele/ial appe>ances1 ! simplicity & uni=mity :i* x introduc$ into ! real directions & velocities ( ! ,planets1 soon dispos$ _m a/ronom]s1 fir/ to fav\r1 & at la/ to embrace a sy/em1 :i* ?us connect$ toge!r s happily1 #cfa ! mo/ disjo9t$ ( ^? objects t *iefly occupi$ _! ?\ghts4 ,nor c any ?+ m evid5tly demon/rate1 h[ easily ! le>n$ give up ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses to pres]ve ! coh]5ce ( ! ideas ( _! imag9ation1 ?an ! read9ess ) :i* ?is1 ! mo/ viol5t p>adox 9 all philosophy1 0 adopt$ by _m +5i\s a/ronom]s1 not)/&+ its inconsi/5cy ) e sy/em ( physics !n kn[n 9 ! _w1 & not)/&+ ! great numb] ( o!r m real objections1 to :i*1 z ,cop]nicus left x1 ?is acc\nt ( ?+s 0 mo/ ju/ly expos$4 ,x 0 adopt$1 h[ev]1 nor c ?is be wond]$ at1 by a/ronom]s only4 ,! le>n$ 9 all o!r sci5ces1 cont9u$ to reg>d x ) ! same contempt z ! vulg>4 ,ev5 a/ronom]s 7 divid$ ab\t its m]it2 & _m ( !m reject$ a doctr9e1 :i* n only contradict$ ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy1 b :i*1 consid]$ a/ronomically only1 seem$1 to !m1 to lab\r "u sev]al difficulties4 ,"s ( ! objections aga9/ ! motion ( ! ,e>?1 t 7 drawn f ! prejudices ( s5se1 ! patrons ( ?is sy/em1 inde$1 easily en\gh got ov]4 ,!y repres5t$1 t ! ,e>? might really be 9 motion1 ?\gh1 to its inhabitants1 x seem$ to be at re/2 & t ! ,sun & ,fix$ ,/>s might really be at re/1 ?\gh f ! ,e>? !y seem$ to be 9 motion2 9 ! same mann] z a %ip1 :i* sails ?r\gh a smoo? sea1 seems to ^? :o are 9 x1 to be at re/1 ?\gh really 9 motion2 :ile ! objects :i* %e passes along1 seem to be 9 motion1 ?\gh really at re/4 ,b !re 7 "s o!r objections1 :i*1 ?\gh gr\nd$ ^u ! same natural prejudices1 !y f\nd x m difficult to get ov]4 ,! e>? _h always pres5t$ itself to ! s5ses1 n only z at re/1 b z in]t1 pond]\s1 & ev5 av]se to motion4 ,! imag9ation _h always be5 accu/om$ to conceive x z su*1 & suff]$ ! greate/ viol5ce1 :5 oblig$ to pursue1 & att5d x1 9 t rapid motion :i* ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus be/[$ ^u x4 ,to en=ce _! objection1 ! adv]s>ies ( ?is hypo!sis 7 at pa9s to calculate ! extreme rapidity ( ?is motion4 ,!y repres5t$1 t ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,e>? _h be5 comput$ to be above tw5ty-?\s& miles3 if ! ,e>?1 !re=e1 0 suppos$ to revolve e day r\nd its axis1 e po9t ( x ne> ! equator w\ld pass ov] above tw5ty-?ree ?\s& miles 9 a day2 & consequ5tly1 ne> a ?\s& miles 9 an h\r1 & ab\t sixte5 miles 9 a m9ute2 a motion m rapid ?an t ( a cannon ball1 or ev5 ?an ! swift] progress ( s\nd4 ,! rapidity ( its p]iodical revolution 0 yet m viol5t ?an t ( its diurnal rotation4 ,h[1 !re=e1 c\ld ! imag9ation ev] conceive s pond]\s a body to be naturally end[$ ) s dreadful a movem5t8 ,! ,p]ipatetic ,philosophy1 ! only philosophy !n kn[n 9 ! _w1 /ill fur!r confirm$ #cfb ?is prejudice4 ,t philosophy1 by a v natural1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 gr\ndless di/9ction1 divid$ all motion into ,natural & ,viol5t4 ,natural motion 0 t :i* fl[$ f an innate t5d5cy 9 ! body1 z :5 a /one fell d[nw>ds3 ,viol5t motion1 t :i* arose f ext]nal =ce1 & :i* 01 9 "s measure1 contr>y to ! natural t5d5cy ( ! body1 z :5 a /one 0 ?r[n upw>ds1 or horizontally4 ,no viol5t motion c\ld be la/+2 =1 be+ con/antly weak5$ by ! natural t5d5cy ( ! body1 x w\ld soon be de/roy$4 ,! natural motion ( ! ,e>?1 z 0 evid5t 9 all its p>ts1 0 d[nw>ds1 9 a /raight l9e to ! c5tre2 z t ( fire & air 0 upw>ds1 9 a /raight l9e f ! c5tre4 ,x 0 ! heav5s only t revolv$ naturally 9 a circle4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 ! suppos$ revolution ( ! ,e>? r\nd its own c5tre1 nor t r\nd ! ,sun1 c\ld be natural motions2 !y mu/ !re=e be viol5t1 & consequ5tly c\ld be ( no long cont9uance4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,cop]nicus repli$1 t gravity 01 probably1 no?+ else besides a t5d5cy 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same ,planet1 to unite !mselves to "o ano!r2 t ?is t5d5cy took place1 probably1 9 ! p>ts ( ! o!r ,planets1 z well z 9 ^? ( ! ,e>?2 t x c\ld v well be unit$ ) a circul> motion2 t x might be equally natural to ! :ole body ( ! ,planet1 & to e "p ( x2 t 8 adv]s>ies !mselves all[$1 t a circul> motion 0 natural to ! heav5s1 ^: diurnal revolution 0 inf9itely m rapid ?an ev5 t motion :i* he _h be/[$ ^u ! ,e>?2 t ?\gh a l motion 0 natural to ! ,e>?1 x w\ld /ill appe> to be at re/ to its inhabitants1 & all ! p>ts ( x to t5d 9 a /raight l9e to ! c5tre1 9 ! same mann] z at pres5t4 ,b ?is answ]1 h[ satisfactory soev] x may appe> to be n[1 nei!r did nor c\ld appe> to be satisfactory !n4 ,by admitt+ ! di/9ction betwixt natural & viol5t motions1 x 0 f\nd$ ^u ! same ignorance ( me*anical pr9ciples ) ! objection4 ,! sy/ems ( ,ari/otle & ,hipp>*us suppos$1 inde$1 ! diurnal motion ( ! heav5ly bodies to be inf9itely m rapid ?an ev5 t dreadful movem5t :i* ,cop]nicus be/[$ ^u ! ,e>?4 ,b !y suppos$1 at ! same "t1 t ^? bodies 7 objects ( a q diff]5t species1 f any we are acqua9t$ )1 ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 x 0 less difficult to conceive t any sort ( motion might be natural4 ,^? objects1 besides1 _h nev] pres5t$ !mselves to ! s5ses1 z mov+ o!rwise1 or ) less rapidity1 ?an ^! sy/ems repres5t$ !m4 ,! imag9ation1 !re=e1 c\ld feel no difficulty 9 foll[+ a repres5tation :i* ! s5ses _h r5d]$ q famili> to x4 ,b :5 ! ,planets came to be reg>d$ z s _m ,e>?s1 ! case 0 q alt]$4 ,! imag9ation _h be5 accu/om$ to conceive su* objects z t5d+ r to re/ ?an motion2 & ?is idea ( _! natural #cfc in]tness1 encumb]$1 if "o may say s1 & clogg$ its flight :5ev] x endeav\r$ to pursue !m 9 _! p]iodical c\rses1 & to conceive !m z cont9ually ru%+ ?r\gh ! cele/ial spaces1 ) su* viol5t & unremitt+ rapidity4 ,nor 7 ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,cop]nicus m =tunate 9 _! answ]s to "s o!r objections1 :i* 7 f\nd$ inde$ 9 ! same ignorance ( ! laws ( motion1 b :i*1 at ! same "t1 7 necess>ily connect$ ) t way ( conceiv+ ?+s1 :i* !n prevail$ univ]sally 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,if ! e>?1 x 0 said1 revolv$ s rapidly f we/ to ea/1 a p]petual w9d w\ld set 9 f ea/ to we/1 m viol5t ?an :at bl[s 9 ! greate/ hurricanes2 a /one1 ?r[n we/w>ds w\ld fly to a mu* great] di/ance ?an "o ?r[n ) ! same =ce ea/w>ds2 z :at mov$ 9 a direction1 contr>y to ! motion ( ! ,e>?1 w\ld necess>ily pass ov] a great] portion ( its surface1 ?an :at1 ) ! same velocity1 mov$ along ) x4 ,a ball1 x 0 said1 dropp$ f ! ma/ ( a %ip "u sail1 does n fall precisely at ! foot ( ! ma/1 b beh9d x2 & 9 ! same mann]1 a /one dropp$ f a high t[] w\ld n1 ^u ! supposition ( ! ,e>?'s motion1 fall precisely at ! bottom ( ! t[]1 b we/ ( x1 ! ,e>? be+1 9 ! mean "t1 c>ri$ away ea/w>d f bel[ x4 ,x is amus+ to obs]ve1 by :at1 subtile & metaphysical evasions ! foll[]s ( ,cop]nicus endeav\r$ to elude ?is objection1 :i* be=e ! doctr9e ( ! ,composition ( ,motion _h be5 expla9$ by ,galileo1 0 altoge!r unansw]able4 ,!y all[$1 t a ball dropp$ f ! ma/ ( a %ip "u sail w\ld n fall at ! foot ( ! ma/1 b beh9d x2 because ! ball1 !y said1 0 no "p ( ! %ip1 & because ! motion ( ! %ip 0 natural nei!r to itself nor to ! ball4 ,b ! /one 0 a "p ( ! e>?1 & ! diurnal & annual revolutions ( ! ,e>? 7 natural to ! :ole1 & to e "p ( x1 & !re=e to ! /one4 ,! /one1 !re=e1 hav+ naturally ! same motion ) ! ,e>?1 fell precisely at ! bottom ( ! t[]4 ,b ?is answ] c\ld n satisfy ! imag9ation1 :i* /ill f\nd x difficult to conceive h[ ^! motions c\ld be natural to ! e>?2 or h[ a body1 :i* _h always pres5t$ itself to ! s5ses z in]t1 pond]\s1 & av]se to motion1 %\ld naturally be cont9ually :eel+ ab\t bo? its own axis & ! ,sun1 ) su* viol5t rapidity4 ,x 01 besides1 argu$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! same philosophy :i* _h af=d$ bo? ! objection & ! answ]1 t ev5 ^u ! supposition1 t any su* motion 0 natural to ! :ole body ( ! ,e>?1 yet ! /one1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f x1 c\ld no long] be actuat$ by t motion4 ,! limb1 :i* is cut (f f an animal1 loses ^? animal motions :i* 7 natural to ! :ole4 ,! bran*1 :i* is cut (f f ! trunk1 loses t vegetative #cfd motion :i* is natural to ! :ole tree4 ,ev5 ! metals1 m9]als1 & /ones1 :i* 7 dug out f ! bosom ( ! ,e>?1 lose ^? motions :i* occasion$ _! production & increase1 & :i* 7 natural to !m 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,?\gh ! diurnal & annual motion ( ! ,e>?1 !re=e1 _h be5 natural to !m :ile !y 7 conta9$ 9 its bosom1 x c\ld no long] be s :5 !y 7 sep>at$ f x4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ! great re/or] ( ! sci5ce ( ! heav5s1 :o _h sp5t 8 life1 & wa/$ 8 =tune ^u ! advancem5t ( ,a/ronomy1 ^: obs]vations 7 bo? m num]\s & m accurate ?an ^? ( all ! a/ronom]s :o _h gone be=e him1 0 himself s mu* affect$ by ! =ce ( ?is objection1 t1 ?\gh he _h nev] m5tion$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus )\t "s note ( high admiration he _h conceiv$ = its au?or1 he c\ld nev] himself be induc$ to embrace x2 yet all 8 a/ronomical obs]vations t5d$ to confirm x4 ,!y demon/rat$1 t ,v5us & ,m]cury 7 sometimes above1 & sometimes bel[ ! ,sun2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! ,sun1 & n ! ,e>?1 0 ! c5tre ( _! p]iodical revolutions4 ,!y %[$1 t ,m>s1 :5 9 8 m]idian at midnight1 0 ne>] to ! ,e>? ?an ! ,e>? is to ! ,sun2 ?\gh1 :5 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 he 0 mu* m remote f ! ,e>? ?an t lum9>y2 a discov]y :i* 0 absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 :i* prov$1 t ! ,sun1 & n ! ,e>?1 0 ! c5tre ( ! p]iodical revolutions ( ,m>s1 z well z ( ,v5us & ,m]cury2 & :i* demon/rat$ t ! ,e>? 0 plac$ betwixt ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,v5us4 ,!y made ! same ?+ probable ) reg>d to ,jupit] & ,saturn2 t !y1 too1 revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun2 & t1 !re=e1 ! ,sun1 if n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 0 at lea/1 t ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,!y prov$ t ,comets 7 sup]ior to ! ,moon1 & mov$ ?r\gh ! heav5s 9 all possible directions2 an obs]vation incompatible ) ! ,solid ,sph]es ( ,ari/otle & ,purba*1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ov]turn$ ! physical "p1 at lea/1 ( ! e/abli%$ sy/ems ( ,a/ronomy4 ,all ^! obs]vations1 jo9$ to 8 av]sion to ! sy/em1 & p]haps1 not)/&+ ! g5]osity ( 8 "*1 "s little jeal\sy = ! fame ( ,cop]nicus1 sugge/$ to ,ty*o ! idea ( a new hypo!sis1 9 :i* ! ,e>? cont9u$ to be1 z 9 ! old acc\nt1 ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se1 r\nd :i* ! firmam5t revolv$ e day f ea/ to we/1 &1 by "s secret virtue1 c>ri$ ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,five ,planets along ) x1 not)/&+ _! imm5se di/ance1 & not)/&+ t !re 0 no?+ betwixt x & !m b ! mo/ fluid e!r4 ,b1 al?\gh all ^! sev5 bodies ?us obey$ ! diurnal revolution ( ! ,firmam5t1 !y _h ea* ( !m1 z 9 ! old sy/em1 too1 a #cfe contr>y p]iodical ea/w>d revolution ( _! own1 :i* made !m appe> to be e day1 m or less1 left beh9d by ! ,firmam5t4 ,! ,sun 0 ! c5tre ( ! p]iodical revolutions ( ! ,five ,planets2 ! ,e>?1 t ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,! ,five ,planets foll[$ ! ,sun 9 8 p]iodical revolution r\nd ! ,e>?1 z !y did ! ,firmam5t 9 its diurnal rotation4 ,! ?ree sup]ior ,planets compreh5d$ ! ,e>? )9 ! orbit 9 :i* !y revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun1 & _h ea* ( !m an ,epicycle to connect toge!r1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 _! direct1 retrograde1 & /ation>y appe>ances4 ,z1 not)/&+ _! imm5se di/ance1 !y foll[$ ! ,sun 9 8 p]iodical revolution r\nd ! ,e>?1 keep+ always at an equal di/ance f him1 !y 7 necess>ily br\ght mu* ne>] to ! ,e>? :5 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 ?an ?an :5 9 conjunction ) him4 ,m>s1 ! ne>e/ ( !m1 :5 9 8 m]idian at midnight1 came )9 ! orbit :i* ! ,sun describ$ r\nd ! ,e>?1 & consequ5tly 0 !n ne>] to ! ,e>? ?an ! ,e>? 0 to ! ,sun4 ,! appe>ances ( ! two inf]ior ,planets 7 expla9$1 9 ! same mann]1 z 9 ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 & consequ5tly requir$ no ,epicycle to connect !m4 ,! circles 9 :i* ! ,five ,planets p]=m$ _! p]iodical revolutions r\nd ! ,sun1 z well z ^? 9 :i* ! ,sun & ,moon p]=m$ !irs r\nd ! ,e>?1 71 z bo? 9 ! old & new hypo!sis1 ,ecc5tric ,circles1 to connect toge!r _! diff]5tly accel]at$ & ret>d$ motions4 ,su* 0 ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 comp\nd$1 z is evid5t1 out ( ^! ( ,ptolemy & ,cop]nicus2 happi] ?an t ( ,ptolemy1 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gives ( ! motions ( ! two inf]ior ,planets2 m complex1 by suppos+ ! diff]5t revolutions ( all ! ,five to be p]=m$ r\nd two diff]5t c5tres2 ! diurnal r\nd ! ,e>?1 ! p]iodical r\nd ! ,sun1 b1 9 e respect1 m complex & m incoh]5t ?an t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! difficulty t mank9d felt 9 conceiv+ ! motion ( ! ,e>?1 t x long balanc$ ! reputation ( t o!rwise m beautiful sy/em4 ,x may be said1 t ^? :o consid]$ ! heav5s only1 fav\r$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* connect$ s happily all ! appe>ances :i* pres5t$ !mselves !re2 b t ^? :o look$ ^u ! ,e>?1 adopt$ ! acc\nt ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i*1 leav+ x at re/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 did less viol5ce to ! usual habits ( ! imag9ation4 ,! le>n$ 71 inde$1 s5sible ( ! intricacy1 & ( ! _m incoh]5ces ( t sy/em2 t x gave no acc\nt :y ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets1 %\ld foll[ ! revolution ( ! ,firmam5t2 or :y ! ,five ,planets1 not)/&+ ! imm5se di/ance ( ! ?ree sup]ior ones1 %\ld obey ! p]iodical motion ( ! ,sun2 or :y ! ,e>?1 ?\gh plac$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 %\ld rema9 immovable 9 ! c5tre #cff ( ! ,firmam5t1 & con/antly resi/ ! influ5ce ( :atev] x 01 :i* c>ri$ bodies t 7 s mu* l>g] ?an itself1 & t 7 plac$ on all sides ( x1 p]iodically r\nd ! ,sun4 ,ty*o ,brahe di$ be=e he _h fully expla9$ 8 sy/em4 ,8 great & m]it$ r5[n dispos$ _m ( ! le>n$ to believe1 t1 _h 8 life be5 long]1 he w\ld h connect$ toge!r _m ( ^! incoh]5ces1 & knew me?ods ( adapt+ 8 sy/em to "s o!r appe>ances1 ) :i* none ( 8 foll[]s c\ld connect x4 ,! objection to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* 0 drawn f ! nature ( motion1 & t 0 mo/ insi/$ on by ,ty*o ,brahe1 0 at la/ fully answ]$ by ,galileo2 n1 h[ev]1 till ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,ty*o1 & ab\t a hundr$ aft] t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,x 0 !n t ,galileo1 by expla9+ ! nature ( ! composition ( motion1 by %[+1 bo? f reason & exp]i5ce1 t a ball dropp$ f ! ma/ ( a %ip "u sail w\ld fall precisely at ! foot ( ! ma/1 & by r5d]+ ?is doctr9e1 f a great numb] ( o!r in/ances1 q famili> to ! imag9ation1 took (f1 p]haps1 ! pr9cipal objection :i* _h be5 made to ?is hypo!sis ( ! a/ronom]s4 ,sev]al o!r a/ronomical difficulties1 :i* encumb]$ ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 7 remov$ by ! same philosoph]4 ,cop]nicus1 aft] alt]+ ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & mak+ ! ,e>?1 & all ! ,planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 0 oblig$ to leave ! ,moon to revolve r\nd ! ,e>? z be=e4 ,b no example ( any su* second>y ,planet hav+ !n be5 discov]$ 9 ! heav5s1 !re seem$ /ill to be ?is irregul>ity rema9+ 9 ! sy/em4 ,galileo1 :o fir/ appli$ telescopes to ,a/ronomy1 discov]$1 by _! assi/ance1 ! ,satellites ( ,jupit]1 :i*1 revolv+ r\nd t ,planet1 at ! same "t t !y 7 c>ri$ along ) x 9 its revolution1 r\nd ei!r ! ,e>?1 or ! ,sun1 made x seem less contr>y to ! analogy ( nature1 t ! ,moon %\ld bo? revolve r\nd ! ,e>?1 & accompany h] 9 h] revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,x _h be5 object$ to ,cop]nicus1 t1 if ,v5us & ,m]cury revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun 9 an orbit compreh5d$ )9 ! orbit ( ! ,e>?1 !y w\ld %[ all ! same phases ) ! ,moon2 pres5t1 sometimes _! d>k5$1 & sometimes _! enlight5$ sides to ! ,e>?1 & sometimes "p ( ! "o1 & "p ( ! o!r4 ,he answ]$1 t !y und\bt$ly did all ?is2 b t _! smallness & di/ance h9d]$ u f p]ceiv+ x4 ,?is v bold ass]tion ( ,cop]nicus 0 confirm$ by ,galileo4 ,8 telescopes r5d]$ ! phases ( ,v5us q s5sible1 & ?us demon/rat$1 m evid5tly ?an _h be5 done1 ev5 by ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 ! revolutions ( ^! two ,planets r\nd ! ,sun1 z well z s f> de/roy$ ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy4 ,! m\nta9s & seas1 :i*1 by ! help ( ! same in/rum5t1 #cfg he discov]$1 or imag9$ he _h discov]$ 9 ! ,moon1 r5d]+ t ,planet1 9 e respect1 simil> to ! ,e>?1 made x seem less contr>y to ! analogy ( nature1 t1 z ! ,moon revolv$ r\nd ! ,e>?1 ! ,e>? %\ld revolve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! spots :i*1 9 ! same mann]1 he discov]$ 9 ! ,sun1 demon/rat+1 by _! motion1 ! revolution ( ! ,sun r\nd 8 axis1 made x seem less improbable t ! ,e>?1 a body s mu* small] ?an ! ,sun1 %\ld likewise revolve r\nd h] axis 9 ! same mann]4 ,succe$+ telescopical obs]vations1 discov]$1 9 ea* ( ! ,five ,planets1 spots n unlike ^? :i* ,galileo _h obs]v$ 9 ! ,moon1 & !reby seem$ to demon/rate :at ,cop]nicus _h only conjectur$1 t ! ,planets 7 naturally opaque1 enlight5$ only by ! rays ( ! ,sun1 habitable1 div]sifi$ by seas & m\nta9s1 &1 9 e respect1 bodies ( ! same k9d ) ! e>?2 & ?us add$ "o o!r probability to ?is sy/em4 ,by discov]+1 too1 t ea* ( ! ,planets revolv$ r\nd its own axis1 at ! same "t t x 0 c>ri$ r\nd ei!r ! ,e>? or ! ,sun1 !y made x seem q agreeable to ! analogy ( nature1 t ! ,e>?1 :i*1 9 e o!r respect1 resembl$ ! ,planets1 %\ld1 l !m too1 revolve r\nd its own axis1 & at ! same "t p]=m its p]iodical motion r\nd ! ,sun4 ,:ile1 9 ,italy1 ! un=tunate ,galileo 0 add+ s _m probabilities to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 !re 0 ano!r philosoph] employ+ himself 9 ,g]many1 to asc]ta91 correct1 & improve x2 ,kepl]1 ) great g5ius1 b )\t ! ta/e1 or ! ord] & me?od ( ,galileo1 possess$1 l all 8 o!r c\ntrym51 ! mo/ labori\s indu/ry1 jo9$ to t passion = discov]+ proportions & resemblances betwixt ! diff]5t p>ts ( nature1 :i*1 ?\gh common to all philosoph]s1 seems1 9 him1 to h be5 excessive4 ,he _h be5 in/ruct$1 by ,m/l9us1 9 ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus2 & 8 fir/ curiosity 01 z he tells u1 to f9d out1 :y ! ,planets1 ! ,e>? be+ c\nt$ = "o1 7 ,six 9 numb]2 :y !y 7 plac$ at su* irregul> di/ances f ! ,sun2 & :e!r !re 0 any uni=m proportion betwixt _! sev]al di/ances1 & ! times employ$ 9 _! p]iodical revolutions4 ,till "s reason1 or proportion ( ?is k9d1 c\ld be discov]$1 ! sy/em did n appe> to him to be completely coh]5t4 ,he endeav\r$1 fir/1 to f9d x 9 ! proportions ( numb]s1 & pla9 figures2 aft]w>ds1 9 ^? ( ! regul> solids2 &1 la/ ( all1 9 ^? ( ! musical divisions ( ! ,octave4 ,:atev] 0 ! sci5ce :i* ,kepl] 0 /udy+1 he seems con/antly to h pleas$ himself ) f9d+ "s analogy betwixt x & ! sy/em ( ! univ]se2 & ?us1 ari?metic & music1 plane & solid geometry1 came all ( !m by turns to illu/rate ! doctr9e ( ! ,sph]e1 9 ! expla9+ ( :i* he 01 by 8 #cfh pr(ession1 pr9cipally employ$4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 to :om he _h pres5t$ "o ( 8 books1 ?\gh he c\ld n b disapprove ( 8 sy/em1 0 pleas$1 h[ev]1 ) 8 g5ius1 & ) 8 indefatigable dilig5ce 9 mak+ ! mo/ labori\s calculations4 ,t g5]\s & magnific5t ,dane invit$ ! obscure & indig5t ,kepl] to come & live ) him1 & communicat$ to him1 z soon z he arriv$1 8 obs]vations ^u ,m>s1 9 ! arrang+ & me?odiz+ ( :i* 8 disciples 7 at t "t employ$4 ,kepl]1 ^u comp>+ !m ) "o ano!r1 f\nd1 t ! orbit ( ,m>s 0 n a p]fect circle2 t "o ( its diamet]s 0 some:at long] ?an ! o!r2 & t x approa*$ to an oval1 or an ellipse1 :i* _h ! ,sun plac$ 9 "o ( its foci4 ,he f\nd1 too1 t ! motion ( ! ,planet 0 n equable2 t x 0 swifte/ :5 ne>e/ ! ,sun1 & sl[e/ :5 fur!/ f him2 & t its velocity gradually increas$1 or dim9i%$1 accord+ z x approa*$ or rec$$ f him4 ,! obs]vations ( ! same a/ronom] discov]$ to him1 ?\gh n s evid5tly1 t ! same ?+s 7 true ( all ! o!r ,planets2 t _! orbits 7 elliptical1 & t _! motions 7 swifte/ :5 ne>e/ ! ,sun1 & sl[e/ :5 fur!/ f him4 ,!y %[$ ! same ?+s1 too1 ( ! ,sun1 if suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! ,e>?2 & consequ5tly ( ! ,e>?1 if x also 0 suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,t ! motions ( all ! heav5ly bodies 7 p]fectly circul>1 _h be5 ! fundam5tal idea ^u :i* e a/ronomical hypo!sis1 except ! irregul> "o ( ! ,/oics1 _h be5 built4 ,a circle1 z ! degree ( its curvature is e :]e ! same1 is ( all curve l9es ! simple/ & ! mo/ easily conceiv$4 ,s9ce x 0 evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! heav5ly bodies did n move 9 /raight l9es1 ! indol5t imag9ation f\nd1 t x c\ld mo/ easily att5d to _! motions if !y 7 suppos$ to revolve 9 p]fect circles4 ,x _h1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 det]m9$ t a circul> motion 0 ! mo/ p]fect ( all motions1 & t none b ! mo/ p]fect motion c\ld be wor?y ( su* beautiful & div9e objects2 & x _h ^u ?is acc\nt1 s (t51 9 va91 endeav\r$ to adju/ to ! appe>ances1 s _m diff]5t sy/ems1 :i* all suppos$ !m to revolve 9 ?is p]fect mann]4 ,! equality ( _! motions 0 ano!r fundam5tal idea1 :i*1 9 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reason1 0 suppos$ by all ! f\nd]s ( a/ronomical sy/ems4 ,= an equal motion c be m easily att5d$ to1 ?an "o t is cont9ually ei!r accel]at$ or ret>d$4 ,all inconsi/5cy1 !re=e1 0 decl>$ to be unwor?y ^? bodies :i* revolv$ 9 ! cele/ial regions1 & to be fit only = inf]ior & sublun>y ?+s4 ,! calculations ( ,kepl] ov]turn$1 ) reg>d to ! ,planets1 bo? ^! natural prejudices ( ! imag9ation2 de/roy$ _! circul> orbits2 & introduc$ into _! #cfi real motions1 su* an equality z no equaliz+ circle w\ld rem$y4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 to r5d] _! motion p]fectly equable1 )\t ev5 ! assi/ance ( a equaliz+ circle1 t ,cop]nicus1 z he himself assures u1 _h orig9ally inv5t$ 8 sy/em4 ,s9ce ! calculations ( ,kepl]1 !re=e1 ov]turn$ :at ,cop]nicus _h pr9cipally 9 view 9 e/abli%+ 8 sy/em1 we _c wond] t !y %\ld at fir/ seem r to emb>rass ?an improve x4 ,x is true1 by ^! elliptical orbits & unequal motions1 ,kepl] dis5gag$ ! sy/em f ! emb>rassm5t ( ^? small ,epicycles1 :i* ,cop]nicus1 9 ord] to connect ! seem+ly accel]at$ & ret>d$ movem5ts ( ! ,planets1 ) _! suppos$ real equality1 _h be5 oblig$ to leave 9 x4 ,= x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh ,cop]nicus _h deliv]$ ! orbits ( ! ,planets f ! enorm\s ,epicycles ( ,hipp>*us1 t ?\gh 9 ?is consi/$ ! great sup]iority ( 8 sy/em above t ( ! anci5t a/ronom]s1 he 0 yet oblig$1 himself1 to ab&on1 9 "s measure1 ?is advantage1 & to make use ( "s small ,epicycles1 to jo9 toge!r ^? seem+ irregul>ities4 ,8 ,epicycles inde$1 l ! irregul>ities = ^: sake !y 7 introduc$1 7 b small ones1 & ! imag9ations ( 8 fir/ foll[]s seem1 accord+ly1 ei!r to h slurr$ !m ov] altoge!r1 or sc>cely to h obs]v$ !m4 ,nei!r ,galileo1 nor ,gass5di1 ! two mo/ eloqu5t ( 8 def5d]s1 take any notice ( !m4 ,nor does x seem to h be5 g5]ally att5d$ to1 t !re 0 any su* ?+ z ,epicycles 9 ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 till ,kepl]1 9 ord] to v9dicate 8 own elliptical orbits1 insi/$1 t ev51 accord+ to ,cop]nicus1 ! body ( ! ,planet 0 to be f\nd b at two diff]5t places 9 ! circumf]5ce ( t circle :i* ! c5tre ( its ,epicycle describ$4 ,x is true1 too1 t an ellipse is1 ( all curve l9es aft] a circle1 ! simple/ & mo/ easily conceiv$2 & x is true1 besides all ?is1 t1 :ile ,kepl] took f ! motion ( ! ,planets ! easie/ ( all proportions1 t ( equality1 he did n leave !m absolutely )\t "o1 b asc]ta9$ ! rule by :i* _! velocities cont9ually v>i$2 = a g5ius s fond ( analogies1 :5 he _h tak5 away "o1 w\ld be sure to sub/itute ano!r 9 its room4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 not)/&+ t 8 sy/em 0 bett] support$ by obs]vations ?an any sy/em _h ev] be5 be=e1 yet1 su* 0 ! atta*m5t to ! equal motions & circul> orbits ( ! ,planets1 t x seems1 = "s "t1 to h be5 9 g5]al b little att5d$ to by ! le>n$1 to h be5 altoge!r neglect$ by philosoph]s1 & n mu* reg>d$ ev5 by a/ronom]s4 ,gass5di1 :o began to figure 9 ! _w ab\t ! latt] days ( ,kepl]1 & :o 0 himself no mean a/ronom]1 seems inde$ to h conceiv$ a good deal ( e/eem = 8 dilig5ce & accuracy 9 accommodat+ ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe to ! sy/em ( #cgj ,cop]nicus4 ,b ,gass5di appe>s to h _h no compreh5sion ( ! importance ( ^? alt]ations :i* ,kepl] _h made 9 t sy/em1 z is evid5t f 8 sc>cely ev] m5tion+ !m 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 volum9\s writ+s ^u ,a/ronomy4 ,des ,c>tes1 ! contempor>y & rival ( ,gass5di1 seems to h paid no att5tion to !m at all1 b to h built 8 ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s1 )\t any reg>d to !m4 ,ev5 ^? a/ronom]s1 :om a s]i\s att5tion _h conv9c$ ( ! ju/ness ( 8 corrections1 7 /ill s enam\r$ ) ! circul> orbits & equal motion1 t !y endeav\r$ to comp\nd 8 sy/em ) ^? anci5t b natural prejudices4 ,?us1 ,w>d endeav\r$ to %[ t1 ?\gh ! ,planets mov$ 9 elliptical orbits1 :i* _h ! ,sun 9 "o ( _! foci1 & ?\gh _! velocities 9 ! elliptical l9e 7 cont9ually v>y+1 yet1 if a ray 0 suppos$ to be ext5d$ f ! c5tre ( any "o ( !m to ! o!r focus1 & to be c>ri$ along by ! p]iodical motion ( ! ,planet1 x w\ld make equal angles 9 equal times1 & consequ5tly cut (f equal portions ( ! circle ( :i* t o!r focus 0 ! c5tre4 ,to "o1 !re=e1 plac$ 9 t focus1 ! motion ( ! ,planet w\ld appe> to be p]fectly circul> & p]fectly equable1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,equaliz+ ,circles ( ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us4 ,?us ,b\illaud1 :o c5sur$ ?is hypo!sis ( ,w>d1 inv5t$ ano!r ( ! same k9d1 inf9itely m :imsical & caprici\s4 ,! ,planets1 accord+ to t a/ronom]1 always revolve 9 circles2 = t be+ ! mo/ p]fect figure1 x is impossible !y %\ld revolve 9 any o!r4 ,no "o ( !m1 h[ev]1 cont9ues to move 9 any "o circle1 b is p]petually pass+ f "o to ano!r1 ?r\gh an inf9ite numb] ( circles1 9 ! c\rse ( ea* revolution2 = an ellipse1 said he1 is an oblique section ( a cone1 & 9 a cone1 betwixt ! two vortices ( ! ellipse !re is an inf9ite numb] ( circles1 out ( ! inf9itely small portions ( :i* ! elliptical l9e is comp\nd$4 ,! ,planet1 !re=e :i* moves 9 ?is l9e1 is1 9 e po9t ( x1 mov+ 9 an inf9itely small portion ( a c]ta9 circle4 ,! motion ( ea* ,planet1 too1 accord+ to him1 0 necess>ily1 = ! same reason1 p]fectly equable4 ,an equable motion be+ ! mo/ p]fect ( all motions4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! elliptical l9e1 t x 0 equable1 b 9 any "o ( ! circles t 7 p>allel to ! base ( t cone1 by ^: section ?is elliptical l9e _h be5 =m$3 =1 if a ray 0 ext5d$ f ! ,planet to any "o ( ^? circles1 & c>ri$ along by its p]iodical motion1 x w\ld cut (f equal portions ( t circle 9 equal times2 ano!r mo/ fanta/ical equalis+ circle1 support$ by no o!r f\ndation besides ! frivol\s connection betwe5 a cone & an ellipse1 & recomm5d$ by no?+ b ! natural passion = circul> orbits & equable motions4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! la/ ef=t ( ?is passion1 & may s]ve to %[ ! =ce ( t pr9ciple :i* c\ld #cga ?us oblige ?is accurate obs]v]1 & great improv] ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s1 to adopt s /range an hypo!sis4 ,su* 0 ! difficulty & hesitation ) :i* ! foll[]s ( ,cop]nicus adopt$ ! corrections ( ,kepl]4 ,! rule1 inde$1 :i* ,kepl] asc]ta9$ = det]m9+ ! gradual accel]ation or ret>dation 9 ! movem5t ( ! ,planets1 0 intricate1 & difficult to be compreh5d$2 x c\ld !re=e b little facilitate ! progress ( ! imag9ation 9 trac+ ^? revolutions :i* 7 suppos$ to be conduct$ by x4 ,accord+ to t a/ronom]1 if a /raight l9e 0 drawn f ! c5tre ( ea* ,planet to ! ,sun1 & c>ri$ along by ! p]iodical motion ( ! ,planet1 x w\ld describe equal areas 9 equal times1 ?\gh ! ,planet did n pass ov] equal spaces2 & ! same rule he f\nd1 took place ne>ly ) reg>d to ! ,moon4 ,! imag9ation1 :5 acqua9t$ ) ! law by :i* any motion is accel]at$ or ret>d$1 c foll[ & att5d to x m easily1 ?an :5 at a loss1 &1 z x 71 w&]+ 9 unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! proportion :i* regulates its v>ieties2 ! discov]y ( ?is analogy !re=e1 no d\bt1 r5d]$ ! sy/em ( ,kepl] m agreeable to ! natural ta/e ( mank9d3 x1 01 h[ev]1 an analogy too difficult to be foll[$1 or compreh5d$1 to r5d] x completely s4 ,kepl]1 besides ?is1 introduc$ ano!r new analogy into ! sy/em1 & fir/ discov]$1 t !re 0 "o uni=m relation obs]v$ betwixt ! di/ances ( ! ,planets f ! ,sun1 & ! times employ$ 9 _! p]iodical motions4 ,he f\nd1 t _! p]iodical times 7 great] ?an 9 proportion to _! di/ances1 & less ?an 9 proportion to ! squ>es ( ^? di/ances2 b1 t !y 7 ne>ly z ! mean proportionals betwixt _! di/ances & ! squ>es ( _! di/ances2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! squ>es ( _! p]iodical times 7 ne>ly z ! cubes ( _! di/ances2 an analogy1 :i*1 ?\gh1 l all o!rs1 x no d\bt r5d]$ ! sy/em some:at m di/9ct & compreh5sible1 01 h[ev]1 z well z ! =m]1 ( too intricate a nature to facilitate v mu* ! ef=t ( ! imag9ation 9 conceiv+ x4 ,! tru? ( bo? ^! analogies1 intricate z !y 71 0 at la/ fully e/abli%$ by ! obs]vations ( ,cass9i4 ,t a/ronom] fir/ discov]$1 t ! second>y ,planets ( ,jupit] & ,saturn revolv$ r\nd _! prim>y ones1 accord+ to ! same laws :i* ,kepl] _h obs]v$ 9 ! revolutions ( ! prim>y ones r\nd ! ,sun1 & t ( ! ,moon r\nd ! e>?2 t ea* ( !m describ$ equal areas 9 equal times1 & t ! squ>es ( _! p]iodic times 7 z ! cubes ( _! di/ances4 ,:5 ^! two la/ ab/ruse analogies1 :i*1 :5 ,kepl] at fir/ obs]v$ !m1 7 b little reg>d$1 _h be5 ?us f\nd to take place 9 ! revolutions ( ! ,f\r ,satellites ( ,jupit]1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,five ( ,saturn1 !y 7 #cgb n[ ?\ght n only to confirm ! doctr9e ( ,kepl]1 b to add a new probability to ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis4 ,! obs]vations ( ,cass9i seem to e/abli% x z a law ( ! sy/em1 t1 :5 "o body revolv$ r\nd ano!r1 x describ$ equal areas 9 equal times2 & t1 :5 sev]al revolv$ r\nd ! same body1 ! squ>es ( _! p]iodic times 7 z ! cubes ( _! di/ances4 ,if ! ,e>? & ! ,five ,planets 7 suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 ^! laws1 x 0 said1 w\ld take place univ]sally4 ,b if1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets 7 suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! ,e>?1 ! p]iodical motions ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 w\ld1 inde$1 obs]ve ! fir/ ( ^! laws1 w\ld ea* ( !m describe equal areas 9 equal times2 b !y w\ld n obs]ve ! second1 ! squ>es ( _! p]iodic times w\ld n be z ! cubes ( _! di/ances3 & ! revolutions ( ! ,five ,planets w\ld obs]ve nei!r ! "o law nor ! o!r4 ,or if1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 ! ,five ,planets 7 suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 :ile ! ,sun & ,moon revolv$ r\nd ! ,e>?1 ! revolutions ( ! ,five ,planets r\nd ! ,sun1 w\ld1 inde$1 obs]ve bo? ^! laws2 b ^? ( ! ,sun & ,moon r\nd ! ,e>? w\ld obs]ve only ! fir/ ( !m4 ,! analogy ( nature1 !re=e1 c\ld be pres]v$ completely1 accord+ to no o!r sy/em b t ( ,cop]nicus1 :i*1 ^u t acc\nt1 mu/ be ! true "o4 ,?is argum5t is reg>d$ by ,voltaire1 & ! ,c>d9al ( ,polignac1 z an irrefragable demon/ration2 ev5 ,m',laur91 :o 0 m capable ( judg+1 nay1 ,newton himself1 seems to m5tion x z "o ( ! pr9cipal evid5ces = ! tru? ( t hypo!sis4 ,yet1 an analogy ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld seem1 f> f a demon/ration1 c\ld af=d1 at mo/1 b ! %ad[ ( a probability4 ,x is true1 t ?\gh ,cass9i suppos$ ! ,planets to revolve 9 an oblong curve1 x 0 9 a curve some:at diff]5t f t ( ,kepl]4 ,9 ! ellipse1 ! sum ( ! two l9es :i* are drawn f any "o po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce to ! two foci1 is always equal to t ( ^? :i* are drawn f any o!r po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce to ! same foci4 ,9 ! curve ( ,cass9i1 x is n ! sum ( ! l9es1 b ! rectangles :i* are conta9$ "u ! l9es1 t are always equal4 ,z ?is1 h[ev]1 0 a proportion m difficult to be compreh5d$ by a/ronom]s ?an ! o!r1 ! curve ( ,cass9i has nev] _h ! vogue4 ,no?+ n[ emb>rass$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 b ! difficulty :i* ! imag9ation felt 9 conceiv+ bodies s imm5sely pond]\s z ! ,e>? & ! o!r ,planets revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun ) su* incr$ible rapidity4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,cop]nicus pret5d$1 t1 not)/&+ ! prejudices ( s5se1 ?is circul> motion might be z natural to ! ,planets1 z x is to a /one to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! imag9ation _h be5 accu/om$ to conceive su* #cgc objects z t5d+ r to re/ ?an motion4 ,?is habitual idea ( _! natural in]tness 0 incompatible ) t ( _! natural motion4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,kepl]1 9 ord] to assi/ ! fancy 9 connect+ toge!r ?is natural in]tness ) _! a/oni%+ velocities1 talk$ ( "s vital & immat]ial virtue1 :i* 0 %$ by ! ,sun into ! surr\nd+ spaces1 :i* 0 :irl$ ab\t ) 8 revolution r\nd 8 own axis1 & :i*1 tak+ hold ( ! ,planets1 =c$ !m1 9 spite ( _! pond]\sness & /rong prop5sity to re/1 ?us to :irl ab\t ! c5tre ( ! sy/em4 ,! imag9ation _h no hold ( ?is immat]ial virtue1 & c\ld =m no det]m9ate idea ( :at x consi/$ 94 ,! imag9ation1 inde$1 felt a gap1 or int]val1 betwixt ! con/ant motion & ! suppos$ in]tness ( ! ,planets1 & _h 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r cases1 "s g5]al idea or appreh5sion t !re mu/ be a connect+ *a9 ( int]m$iate objects to l9k toge!r ^! discordant qualities4 ,:]e9 ?is connect+ *a9 consi/$1 x 01 inde$1 at a loss to conceive2 nor did ! doctr9e ( ,kepl] l5d x any assi/ance 9 ?is respect4 ,t doctr9e1 l almo/ all ^? ( ! philosophy 9 fa%ion dur+ 8 "t1 be/[$ a "n ^u ?is invisible *a91 call$ x an immat]ial virtue1 b af=d$ no det]m9ate idea ( :at 0 its nature4 ,des ,c>tes 0 ! fir/ :o attempt$ to asc]ta91 precisely1 :]e9 ?is invisible *a9 consi/$1 & to af=d ! imag9ation a tra9 ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 :i*1 succe$+ ea* o!r 9 an ord] t 0 ( all o!rs ! mo/ famili> to x1 %\ld unite ^? incoh]5t qualities1 ! rapid motion1 & ! natural in]tness ( ! ,planets4 ,des ,c>tes 0 ! fir/ :o expla9$ :]e9 consi/$ ! real in]tness ( matt]2 t x 0 n 9 an av]sion to motion1 or 9 a prop5sity to re/1 b 9 a p[] ( cont9u+ indiff]5tly ei!r at re/ ( 9 motion1 & ( resi/+1 ) a c]ta9 =ce1 :atev] endeav\r$ to *ange its /ate f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,accord+ to t +5i\s & fanciful philosoph]1 ! :ole ( inf9ite space 0 full ( matt]1 = ) him matt] & ext5sion 7 ! same1 & consequ5tly !re c\ld be no void4 ,?is imm5sity ( matt]1 he suppos$ to be divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( v small cubes2 all ( :i*1 be+ :irl$ ab\t ^u _! own c5tres1 necess>ily gave occasion to ! production ( two diff]5t elem5ts4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( ^? angul> p>ts1 :i*1 hav+ be5 necess>ily rubb$ (f1 & gr9d$ yet small] by _! mutual friction1 con/itut$ ! mo/ subtle & movable "p ( matt]4 ,! second consi/$ ( ^? little globules t 7 =m$ by ! rubb+ (f ( ! fir/4 ,! int]/ices betwixt ^! globules ( ! second elem5t 0 fill$ up by ! p>ticles ( ! fir/4 ,b 9 ! inf9ite collisions1 :i* mu/ occur 9 an inf9ite space fill$ ) matt]1 & all 9 motion1 x mu/ necess>ily happ5 t _m ( ! globules ( ! second elem5t %\ld be brok5 & gr9d$ d[n into ! fir/4 ,! quantity #cgd ( ! fir/ elem5t hav+ be5 ?us increas$ beyond :at 0 suffici5t to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! second1 x mu/1 9 _m places1 h be5 heap$ up toge!r1 )\t any mixture ( ! second along ) x4 ,su*1 accord+ to ,des ,c>tes1 0 ! orig9al division ( matt]4 ,^u ?is inf9itude ( matt] ?us divid$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( motion 0 orig9ally impress$ by ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 & ! laws ( motion 7 s adju/$ z always to pres]ve ! same quantity 9 x1 )\t increase1 & )\t dim9ution4 ,:atev] motion 0 lo/ by "o "p ( matt]1 0 communicat$ to "s o!r2 & :atev] 0 acquir$ by "o "p ( matt]1 0 d]iv$ f "s o!r3 & ?us1 ?r\gh an et]nal revolution1 f re/ to motion1 & f motion to re/1 9 e "p ( ! univ]se1 ! quantity ( motion 9 ! :ole 0 always ! same4 ,b1 z !re 0 no void1 no "o "p ( matt] c\ld be mov$ )\t ?ru/+ "s o!r out ( its place1 nor t )\t ?ru/+ "s o!r1 & s on4 ,to avoid1 !re=e1 an inf9ite progress1 he suppos$ t ! matt] :i* any body pu%$ be=e x1 roll$ imm$iately backw>ds1 to supply ! place ( t matt] :i* fl[$ 9 beh9d x2 & z we may obs]ve 9 ! swimm+ ( a fi%1 t ! wat] :i* x pu%es be=e x1 imm$iately rolls backw>d1 to supply ! place ( :at fl[s 9 beh9d x1 & ?us =ms a small circle or vortex r\nd ! body ( ! fi%4 ,x 01 9 ! same mann]1 t ! motion orig9ally impress$ by ! ,creator ^u ! inf9itude ( matt]1 necess>ily produc$ 9 x an inf9ity ( great] & small] vortices1 or circul> /reams3 & ! law ( motion be+ s adju/$ z always to pres]ve ! same quantity ( motion 9 ! univ]se1 ^? vortices ei!r cont9u$ = ev]1 or by _! dissolution gave bir? to o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,!re 01 ?us1 at all times1 an inf9ite numb] ( great] & small] vortices1 or circul> /reams1 revolv+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,b1 :atev] moves 9 a circle1 is con/antly endeav\r+ to fly (f f ! c5tre ( its revolution4 ,= ! natural motion ( all bodies is 9 a /raight l9e4 ,all ! p>ticles ( matt]1 !re=e1 9 ea* ( ^? great] vortices1 7 cont9ually press+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 ) m or less =ce1 accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( _! bulk & solidity4 ,! l>g] & m solid globules ( ! second elem5t =c$ !mselves upw>ds to ! circumf]5ce1 :ile ! small]1 m yield+1 & m active p>ticles ( ! fir/1 :i* c\ld fl[1 ev5 ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! second1 7 =c$ d[nw>ds to ! c5tre4 ,!y 7 =c$ d[nw>ds to ! c5tre1 not)/&+ _! natural t5d5cy 0 upw>ds to ! circumf]5ce2 = ! same reason t a piece ( wood1 :5 plung$ 9 wat]1 is =c$ upw>ds to ! surface1 not)/&+ its natural t5d5cy is d[nw>ds to ! bottom2 because its t5d5cy d[nw>ds is less /rong ?an t ( ! p>ticles ( wat]1 :i*1 !re=e1 #cge if "o may say s1 press 9 be=e x1 & ?us =ce x upw>ds4 ,b !re be+ a great] quantity ( ! fir/ elem5t ?an :at 0 necess>y to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! second1 x 0 necess>ily accumulat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^! great circul> /reams1 & =m$ !re ! fi]y & active sub/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,=1 accord+ to t philosoph]1 ! ,sol> ,sy/ems 7 inf9ite 9 numb]1 ea* ,fix$ ,/> be+ ! c5tre ( "o3 & he is among ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns1 :o ?us took away ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,univ]se2 ev5 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]1 !mselves1 hav+ conf9$ x )91 :at !y suppos$1 to be ! vault ( ! ,firmam5t4 ,! c5tre ( ea* vortex be+ ?us occupi$ by ! mo/ active & movable p>ts ( matt]1 !re 0 necess>ily among !m1 a m viol5t agitation ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! vortex1 & ?is viol5t agitation ( ! c5tre *]i%$ & support$ ! movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,b1 among ! p>ticles ( ! fir/ elem5t1 :i* fill up ! int]/ices ( ! second1 !re are _m1 :i*1 f ! pressure ( ! globules on all sides ( !m1 necess>ily receive an angul> =m1 & ?us con/itute a ?ird elem5t ( p>ticles less fit = motion ?an ^? ( ! o!r two4 ,z ! p>ticles1 h[ev]1 ( ?is ?ird elem5t 7 =m$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! second1 !y are necess>ily small] ?an ^? ( ! second1 & are1 !re=e1 along ) ^? ( ! fir/1 urg$ d[n t[>ds ! c5tre1 :]e1 :5 a numb] ( !m happ5 to take hold ( "o ano!r1 !y =m su* spots ^u ! surface ( ! accumulat$ p>ticles ( ! fir/ elem5t1 z are (t5 discov]$ by telescopes ^u ! face ( t ,sun :i* enlight5s & animates our p>ticul> sy/em4 ,^? spots are (t5 brok5 & dispell$1 by ! viol5t agitation ( ! p>ticles ( ! fir/ elem5t1 z has hi!rto happily be5 ! case ) ^? :i* h successively be5 =m$ ^u ! face ( our ,sun4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y encru/ ! :ole surface ( t fire :i* is accumulat$ 9 ! c5tre2 & ! communication betwixt ! mo/ active & ! mo/ in]t p>ts ( ! vortex be+ ?us int]rupt$1 ! rapidity ( its motion imm$iately beg9s to langui%1 & c no long] def5d x f be+ swall[$ up & c>ri$ away by ! sup]ior viol5ce ( "s o!r l circul> /ream2 & 9 ?is mann]1 :at 0 once a ,sun1 becomes a ,planet4 ,?us1 ! "t 01 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 :5 ! ,moon 0 a body ( ! same k9d ) ! ,sun1 ! fi]y c5tre ( a circul> /ream ( e!r1 :i* fl[$ cont9ually r\nd h]2 b h] face hav+ be5 cru/$ ov] by a cong]ies ( angul> p>ticles1 ! motion ( ?is circul> /ream began to langui%1 & c\ld no long] def5d itself f be+ absorb$ by ! m viol5t vortex ( ! ,e>?1 :i* 0 !n1 too1 a ,sun1 & :i* *anc$ to be plac$ 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,! ,moon1 !re=e1 became a ,planet1 & revolv$ r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,9 process ( "t1 ! same =tune1 :i* _h ?us befall5 ! ,moon1 befell also #cgf ! ,e>?2 its face 0 encru/$ by a gross & inactive sub/ance2 ! motion ( its vortex began to langui%1 & x 0 absorb$ by ! great] vortex ( ! ,sun3 b ?\gh ! vortex ( ! ,e>? _h ?us become languid1 x /ill _h =ce en\gh to occasion bo? ! diurnal revolution ( ! ,e>?1 & ! mon?ly motion ( ! ,moon4 ,= a small circul> /ream may easily be conceiv$ z fl[+ r\nd ! body ( ! ,e>?1 at ! same "t t x is c>ri$ along by t great ocean ( e!r :i* is cont9ually revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun2 9 ! same mann]1 z 9 a great :irlpool ( wat]1 "o may (t5 see sev]al small :irlpools1 :i* revolve r\nd c5tres ( _! own1 & at ! same "t are c>ri$ r\nd ! c5tre ( ! great "o4 ,su* 0 ! cause ( ! orig9al =mation & consequ5t motions ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em4 ,:5 a solid body is turn$ r\nd its c5tre1 ^? p>ts ( x1 :i* are ne>e/1 & ^? :i* are remote/ f ! c5tre1 complete _! revolutions 9 "o & ! same "t4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! revolutions ( a fluid2 ! p>ts ( x :i* are ne>e/ ! c5tre complete _! revolutions 9 a %ort] "t1 ?an ^? :i* are remot]4 ,! ,planets1 !re=e1 all float+1 9 t imm5se tide ( e!r :i* is cont9ually sett+ 9 f we/ to ea/ r\nd ! body ( ! ,sun1 complete _! revolutions 9 a long] or a %ort] "t1 accord+ to _! ne>ness or di/ance f him4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,des ,c>tes1 no v exact proportion obs]v$ betwixt ! times ( _! revolutions & _! di/ances f ! c5tre4 ,= t nice analogy1 :i* ,kepl] _h discov]$ betwixt !m1 hav+ n yet be5 confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,cass9i1 01 z ,i be=e took notice1 entirely disreg>d$ by ,des ,c>tes4 ,accord+ to him1 too1 _! orbits might n be p]fectly circul>1 b be long] ! "o way ?an ! o!r1 & ?us approa* to an ,ellipse4 ,nor yet 0 x necess>y to suppose1 t !y describ$ ?is figure ) geometrical accuracy1 or ev5 t !y describ$ always precisely ! same figure4 ,x r>ely happ5s1 t nature c be ma!matically exact ) reg>d to ! figure ( ! objects %e produces1 ^u acc\nt ( ! inf9ite comb9ations ( impulses1 :i* mu/ conspire to ! production ( ea* ( h] effects4 ,no two ,planets1 no two animals ( ! same k9d1 h exactly ! same figure1 nor is t ( any "o ( !m p]fectly regul>4 ,x 0 9 va91 !re=e1 t a/ronom]s lab\r$ to f9d t p]fect con/ancy & regul>ity 9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 no o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,^! motions1 l all o!rs1 mu/ ei!r langui% or be accel]at$1 accord+ z ! cause :i* produces !m1 ! revolution ( ! vortex ( ! ,sun1 ei!r langui%es1 or is accel]at$2 & !re are innum]able ev5ts :i* may occasion ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^? *anges4 ,x 0 ?us1 t ,des ,c>tes endeav\r$ to r5d] famili> to ! imag9ation1 ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ! rapid #cgg motion ( ! enorm\s bodies ( ! ,planets4 ,:5 ! fancy _h ?us be5 taught to conceive !m z float+ 9 an imm5se ocean ( e!r1 x 0 q agreeable to its usual habits to conceive1 t !y %\ld foll[ ! /ream ( ?is ocean1 h[ rapid soev]4 ,?is 0 an ord] ( succession to :i* x _h be5 long accu/om$1 & ) :i* x 01 !re=e1 q famili>4 ,?is acc\nt1 too1 ( ! motions ( ! ,heav5s1 0 connect$ ) a va/1 an imm5se sy/em1 :i* jo9$ toge!r a great] numb] ( ! mo/ discordant ph5om5a ( nature1 ?an _h be5 unit$ by any o!r hypo!sis2 a sy/em 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( connection1 ?\gh p]haps equally imag9>y1 71 h[ev]1 m di/9ct & det]m9ate1 ?an any t _h be5 kn[n be=e2 & :i* attempt$ to trace to ! imag9ation1 n only ! ord] ( succession by :i* ! heav5ly bodies 7 mov$1 b t by :i* !y1 & almo/ all o!r natural objects1 _h orig9ally be5 produc$4--,! ,c>tesian philosophy beg9s n[ to be almo/ univ]sally reject$1 :il/ ! ,cop]nican sy/em cont9ues to be univ]sally receiv$4 ,yet x is n easy to imag9e1 h[ mu* probability & coh]5ce ?is admir$ sy/em 0 long suppos$ to d]ive f t explod$ hypo!sis4 ,till ,des ,c>tes _h publi%$ 8 pr9ciples1 ! disjo9t$ & incoh]5t sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 ?\gh x 0 embrac$ he>tily & completely by sc>ce any body1 0 yet con/antly talk$ ( by all ! le>n$1 z1 9 po9t ( probability1 ^u a level ) ,cop]nicus4 ,!y took notice1 inde$1 ( its inf]iority ) reg>d to coh]5ce & connection1 express+ hopes1 h[ev]1 t ^! defects might be rem$i$ by "s future improvem5ts4 ,b :5 ! _w beheld t complete1 & almo/ p]fect coh]5ce1 :i* ! philosophy ( ,des ,c>tes be/[$ ^u ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 ! imag9ations ( mank9d c\ld no long] refuse !mselves ! pleasure ( go+ along ) s h>moni\s an acc\nt ( ?+s4 ,! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe 0 e day less & less talk$ (1 till at la/ x 0 =gott5 altoge!r4 ,! sy/em ( ,des ,c>tes1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x connect$ toge!r ! real motions ( ! heav5ly bodies accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 m happily ?an _h be5 done be=e1 did s only :5 !y 7 consid]$ 9 ! gross2 b did n apply to !m1 :5 !y 7 reg>d$ 9 ! detail4 ,des ,c>tes1 z 0 said be=e1 _h nev] himself obs]v$ ! ,heav5s ) any p>ticul> application4 ,?\gh he 0 n ignorant1 !re=e1 ( any ( ! obs]vations :i* _h be5 made be=e 8 "t1 he seems to h paid !m no great degree ( att5tion2 :i*1 probably1 proce$$ f 8 own inexp]i5ce 9 ! /udy ( ,a/ronomy4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f accommodat+ 8 sy/em to all ! m9ute irregul>ities1 :i* ,kepl] _h asc]ta9$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! ,planets2 or f %[+1 p>ticul>ly1 h[ ^! irregul>ities1 & no o!r1 %\ld arise f x1 he cont5t$ himself ) obs]v+1 t p]fect uni=mity c\ld n #cgh be expect$ 9 _! motions1 f ! nature ( ! causes :i* produc$ !m2 t c]ta9 irregul>ities might take place 9 !m1 = a great numb] ( successive revolutions1 & aft]w>ds gave way to o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d3 a rem>k :i*1 happily1 reliev$ him f ! necessity ( apply+ 8 sy/em to ! obs]vations ( ,kepl]1 & ! o!r ,a/ronom]s4 ,b :5 ! obs]vations ( ,cass9i _h e/abli%$ ! au?ority ( ^? laws1 :i* ,kepl] _h fir/ discov]$ 9 ! sy/em1 ! philosophy ( ,des ,c>tes1 :i* c\ld af=d no reason :y su* p>ticul> laws %\ld be obs]v$1 might cont9ue to amuse ! le>n$ 9 o!r sci5ces1 b c\ld no long] satisfy ^? t 7 skill$ 9 ,a/ronomy4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton fir/ attempt$ to give a physical acc\nt ( ! motions ( ! ,planets1 :i* %\ld accommodate itself to all ! con/ant irregul>ities :i* a/ronom]s _h ev] obs]v$ 9 _! motions4 ,! physical connection1 by :i* ,des ,c>tes _h endeav\r$ to b9d toge!r ! movem5ts ( ! ,planets1 0 ! laws ( impulse2 ( all ! ord]s ( succession1 ^? :i* are mo/ famili> to ! imag9ation2 z !y all fl[ f ! in]tness ( matt]4 ,aft] ?is quality1 !re is no o!r ) :i* we are s well acqua9t$ z t ( gravity4 ,we nev] act ^u matt]1 b we h occasion to obs]ve x4 ,! sup]ior g5ius & sagacity ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 !re=e1 made ! mo/ happy1 &1 we may n[ say1 ! greate/ & mo/ admirable improvem5t t 0 ev] made 9 philosophy1 :5 he discov]$1 t he c\ld jo9 toge!r ! movem5ts ( ! ,planets by s famili> a pr9ciple ( connection1 :i* completely remov$ all ! difficulties ! imag9ation _h hi!rto felt 9 att5d+ to !m4 ,he demon/rat$1 t1 if ! ,planets 7 suppos$ to gravitate t[>ds ! ,sun1 & to "o ano!r1 & at ! same "t to h _h a project+ =ce orig9ally impress$ ^u !m1 ! prim>y ones might all describe ellipses 9 "o ( ! foci ( :i* t great lum9>y 0 plac$2 & ! second>y ones might describe figures ( ! same k9d r\nd _! respective prim>ies1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by ! cont9ual motion ( ! c5tres ( _! revolutions4 ,t if ! =ce1 :i* reta9$ ea* ( !m 9 _! orbits1 0 l t ( gravity1 & direct$ t[>ds ! ,sun1 !y w\ld1 ea* ( !m1 describe equal areas 9 equal times4 ,t if ?is attractive p[] ( ! ,sun1 l all o!r qualities :i* are diffus$ 9 rays f a c5tre1 dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances increas$1 _! motions w\ld be swifte/ :5 ne>e/ ! ,sun1 & sl[e/ :5 f>!/ (f f him1 9 ! same proportion 9 :i*1 by obs]vation1 !y are discov]$ to be2 & t ^u ! same supposition1 ( ?is gradual dim9ution ( _! respective gravities1 _! p]iodic times w\ld be> ! same proportion to _! di/ances1 :i* ,kepl] & ,cass9i _h e/abli%$ betwixt !m4 ,hav+ ?us %[n1 t gravity might be ! #cgi connect+ pr9ciple :i* jo9$ toge!r ! movem5ts ( ! ,planets1 he endeav\r$ next to prove t x really 0 s4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u1 :at is ! p[] ( gravity ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,t x is su* z to make a body fall1 9 ! fir/ second ( its desc5t1 ?r\gh ab\t fifte5 ,p>isian feet4 ,! ,moon is ab\t sixty semidiamet]s ( ! ,e>? di/ant f its surface4 ,if gravity1 !re=e1 0 suppos$ to dim9i%1 z ! squ>es ( ! di/ance increase1 a body1 at ! ,moon1 w\ld fall t[>ds ! ,e>? 9 a m9ute2 t is1 9 sixty seconds1 ?r\gh ! same space1 :i* x falls ne> its surface 9 "o second4 ,b ! ar* :i* ! ,moon describes 9 a m9ute1 falls1 by obs]vation1 ab\t fifte5 ,p>isian feet bel[ ! tang5t drawn at ! beg9n+ ( x4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! ,moon may be conceiv$ z con/antly fall+ t[>ds ! ,e>?4 ,! sy/em ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton correspond$ to _m o!r irregul>ities :i* ,a/ronom]s _h obs]v$ 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,x assign$ a reason1 :y ! c5tres ( ! revolutions ( ! ,planets 7 n precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 b 9 ! common c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,sun & ! ,planets4 ,f ! mutual attraction ( ! ,planets1 x gave a reason = "s o!r irregul>ities 9 _! motions2 irregul>ities1 :i* are q s5sible 9 ^? ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 :5 ^? ,planets are ne>ly 9 conjunction ) "o ano!r4 ,b ( all ! irregul>ities 9 ! ,heav5s1 ^? ( ! ,moon _h hi!rto giv5 ! greate/ p]plexity to ,a/ronom]s2 & ! sy/em ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton correspond$1 if possible1 yet m accurately ) !m ?an ) any ( ! o!r ,planets4 ,! ,moon1 :5 ei!r 9 conjunction1 or 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 appe>s fur!/ f ! ,e>?1 & ne>e/ to x :5 9 h] qu>t]s4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( t philosoph]1 :5 %e is 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 %e is ne>] ! ,sun ?an ! ,e>? is2 consequ5tly1 m attract$ to him1 &1 !re=e1 m sep>at$ f ! ,e>?4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 %e is fur!r f ! ,sun ?an ! ,e>?4 ,! ,e>?1 !re=e1 is m attract$ to ! ,sun3 & consequ5tly1 9 ?is case1 too1 fur!r sep>at$ f ! ,moon4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,moon is 9 h] qu>t]s1 ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 be+ bo? at equal di/ance f ! ,sun1 are equally attract$ to him4 ,!y w\ld n1 ^u ?is acc\nt alone1 !re=e1 be br\ght ne>] to "o ano!r4 ,z x is n 9 p>allel l9es h[ev] t !y are attract$ t[>ds ! ,sun1 b 9 l9es :i* meet 9 8 c5tre1 !y are1 !reby1 /ill fur!r approa*$ to "o ano!r4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton comput$ ! diff]5ce ( ! =ces ) :i* ! ,moon & ! ,e>? ought1 9 all ^? diff]5t situations1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 to be impell$ t[>ds "o ano!r2 & f\nd1 t ! diff]5t degrees ( _! approa*es1 z !y _h be5 obs]v$ by ,a/ronom]s1 correspond$ exactly to 8 computations4 ,z ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 9 ! conjunctions & oppositions1 dim9i%es ! gravity ( #chj ! ,moon t[>ds ! ,e>?1 &1 consequ5tly1 makes h] necess>ily ext5d h] orbit1 &1 !re=e1 require a long] p]iodical "t to f9i% x4 ,b1 :5 ! ,moon & ! ,e>? are 9 t "p ( ! orbit :i* is ne>e/ ! ,sun1 ?is attraction ( ! ,sun w be ! greate/2 consequ5tly1 ! gravity ( ! ,moon t[>ds ! ,e>? w !re be mo/ dim9i%$2 h] orbit be mo/ ext5d$2 & h] p]iodic "t be1 !re=e1 ! longe/4 ,?is is1 also1 agreeable to exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! v same proportion1 9 :i*1 by computation1 f ^! pr9ciples1 x might be expect$4 ,! orbit ( ! ,moon is n precisely 9 ! same ,plane ) t ( ! ,e>?2 b makes a v small angle ) x4 ,! po9ts ( int]section ) ^? two ,planes1 are call$1 ! ,nodes ( ! ,moon4 ,^! ,nodes ( ! ,moon are 9 cont9ual motion1 & 9 eighte5 or n9ete5 ye>s1 revolve backw>ds1 f ea/ to we/1 ?r\gh all ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,= ! ,moon1 aft] hav+ f9i%$ h] p]iodical revolution1 g5]ally int]sects ! orbit ( ! ,e>? some:at beh9d ! po9t :]e %e _h int]sect$ x be=e4 ,b1 ?\gh ! motion ( ! ,nodes is ?us g5]ally retrograde1 x is n always s1 b is sometimes direct1 & sometimes !y appe> ev5 /ation>y2 ! ,moon g5]ally int]sects ! ,plane ( ! ,e>?'s orbit beh9d ! po9t :]e %e _h int]sect$ x 9 h] =m] revolution2 b %e sometimes int]sects x be=e t po9t1 & sometimes 9 ! v same po9t4 ,x is ! situation ( ^? ,nodes :i* det]m9es ! times ( ,eclipses1 & _! motions _h1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 at all times1 be5 p>ticul>ly att5d$ to by ,a/ronom]s4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 _h p]plex$ !m m1 ?an to acc\nt = ^! s inconsi/5t motions1 &1 at ! same "t1 pres]ve _! s mu* s\ght-= regul>ity 9 ! revolutions ( ! ,moon4 ,= !y _h no o!r means ( connect+ ! appe>ances toge!r ?an by suppos+ ! motions :i* produc$ !m1 to be1 9 reality1 p]fectly regul> & equable4 ,! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 !re=e1 gives an acc\nt ( a great] numb] ( !ories inv5t$ = connect+ toge!r ! motions ( ! ,moon1 ?an = connect+ toge!r ^? ( all ! o!r heav5ly bodies tak5 toge!r4 ,! !ory ( gravity1 connect$ toge!r1 9 ! mo/ accurate mann]1 by ! diff]5t actions ( ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 all ^? irregul> motions2 & x appe>s1 by calculation1 t ! "t1 ! quantity1 & ! duration ( ^? direct & retrograde motions ( ! ,nodes1 z well z ( _! /ation>y appe>ances1 might be expect$ to be exactly su*1 z ! obs]vations ( ,a/ronom]s h det]m9$ !m4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 :i* ?us acc\nts = ! motions ( ! ,nodes1 connects1 too1 ano!r v p]plex+ irregul>ity 9 ! appe>ances ( ! ,moon2 ! p]petual v>iation 9 ! incl9ation ( h] orbit to t ( ! ,e>?4 ,z ! ,moon revolves 9 an ellipse1 :i* has ! c5tre ( ! #cha ,e>? 9 "o ( its foci1 ! long] axis ( its orbit is call$ ! ,l9e ( its ,apsides4 ,?is l9e is f\nd1 by obs]vation1 n to be always direct$ t[>ds ! same po9ts ( ! ,firmam5t1 b to revolve =w>ds f we/ to ea/1 s z to pass ?r\gh all ! po9ts ( ! ,ecliptic1 & to complete its p]iod 9 ab\t n9e ye>s2 ano!r irregul>ity1 :i* _h v mu* p]plex$ ,a/ronom]s1 b :i* ! !ory ( gravity suffici5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,e>? _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z p]fectly globul>1 probably = ! same reason :i* _h made m5 imag9e1 t ! orbits ( ! ,planets mu/ necess>ily be p]fectly circul>4 ,b ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 f me*anical pr9ciples1 conclud$1 t1 z ! p>ts ( ! ,e>? mu/ be m agitat$ by h] diurnal revolution at ! ,equator1 ?an at ! ,poles1 !y mu/ necess>ily be some:at elevat$ at ! fir/1 & flatt5$ at ! second4 ,! obs]vation1 t ! oscillations ( p5dulums 7 sl[] at ! ,equator ?an at ! ,poles1 seem+ to demon/rate1 t gravity 0 /rong] at ! ,poles1 & weak] at ! ,equator1 prov$1 he ?\ght1 t ! ,equator 0 fur!r f ! c5tre ?an ! ,poles4 ,all ! measures1 h[ev]1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 made ( ! ,e>?1 seem$ to %[ ! contr>y1 t x 0 drawn out t[>ds ! ,poles1 & flatt5$ t[>ds ! ,equator4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ 8 me*anical computations to ! =m] measures ( ,geograph]s & ,a/ronom]s2 & 9 ?is he 0 confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,a/ronom]s on ! figure ( ,jupit]1 ^: diamet] at ! ,pole seems to be to 8 diamet] at ! ,equator1 z twelve to ?irte52 a mu* great] inequality ?an c\ld be suppos$ to take place betwixt ! correspond5t diamet]s ( ! ,e>?1 b :i* 0 exactly proportion$ to ! sup]ior bulk ( ,jupit]1 & ! sup]ior rapidity ) :i* he p]=ms 8 diurnal revolutions4 ,! obs]vations ( ,a/ronom]s at ,lapl& & ,p]u h fully confirm$ ,sir ,isaac's sy/em1 & h n only demon/rat$1 t ! figure ( ! ,e>? is1 9 g5]al1 su* z he suppos$ x2 b t ! proportion ( its axis to ! diamet] ( its ,equator is almo/ precisely su* z he _h comput$ x4 ,& ( all ! pro(s t h ev] be5 adduc$ ( ! diurnal revolution ( ! ,e>?1 ?is p]haps is ! mo/ solid & mo/ satisfactory4 ,hipp>*us1 by comp>+ 8 own obs]vations ) ^? ( "s =m] ,a/ronom]s1 _h f\nd t ! equ9octial po9ts 7 n always opposite to ! same "p ( ! ,heav5s1 b t !y advanc$ gradually ea/w>d by s sl[ a motion1 z to be sc>ce s5sible 9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 & :i* w\ld require ?irty-six ?\s& to make a complete revolution ( ! ,equ9oxes1 & to c>ry !m successively ?r\gh all ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,m accurate obs]vations discov]$ t ?is procession ( ! ,equ9oxes 0 n s sl[ z ,hipp>*us _h imag9$ x1 & t x requir$ some:at less ?an tw5ty-six ?\s& ye>s to give !m a complete #chb revolution4 ,:ile ! anci5t sy/em ( ,a/ronomy1 :i* repres5t$ ! ,e>? z ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se1 took place1 ?is appe>ance 0 necess>ily acc\nt$ =1 by suppos+ t ! ,firmam5t1 besides its rapid diurnal revolution r\nd ! poles ( ! ,equator1 _h likewise a sl[ p]iodical "o r\nd ^? ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,& :5 ! sy/em ( ,hipp>*us 0 by ! s*oolm5 unit$ ) ! solid ,sph]es ( ,ari/otle1 !y plac$ a new cry/all9e ,sph]e above ! ,firmam5t1 9 ord] to jo9 ?is motion to ! re/4 ,9 ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ?is appe>ance _h hi!rto be5 connect$ ) ! o!r p>ts ( t hypo!sis1 by suppos+ a small revolution 9 ! ,e>?'s axis f ea/ to we/4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton connect$ ?is motion by ! same pr9ciple ( gravity1 by :i* he _h unit$ all ! o!rs1 & %[$1 h[ ! elevation ( ! p>ts ( ! ,e>? at ! ,equator mu/1 by ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 produce ! same retrograde motion ( ! ,nodes ( ! ,ecliptic1 :i* x produc$ ( ! ,nodes ( ! ,moon4 ,he comput$ ! quantity ( motion :i* c\ld arise f ?is action ( ! ,sun1 & 8 calculations "h too correspond$ ) ! obs]vations ( ,a/ronom]s4 ,comets h hi!rto1 ( all ! appe>ances 9 ! ,heav5s1 be5 ! lea/ att5d$ to by ,a/ronom]s4 ,! r>ity & incon/ancy ( _! appe>ance1 seem$ to sep>ate !m entirely f ! con/ant1 regul>1 & uni=m objects 9 ! ,heav5s1 & to make !m resemble m ! incon/ant1 transitory1 & accid5tal ph5om5a ( ^? regions t are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,e>?4 ,ari/otle1 ,eudoxus1 ,hipp>*us1 ,ptolemy1 & ,purba*1 !re=e1 _h all degrad$ !m bel[ ! ,moon1 & rank$ !m among ! meteors ( ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe demon/rat$1 t !y asc5d$ into ! cele/ial regions1 & 7 (t5 high] ?an ,v5us or ! ,sun4 ,des ,c>tes1 at r&om1 suppos$ !m to be always high] ?an ev5 ! orbit ( ,saturn2 & seems1 by ! sup]ior elevation he ?us be/[$ ^u !m1 to h be5 will+ to comp5sate t unju/ degradation :i* !y _h suff]$ = s _m ages be=e4 ,! obs]vations ( "s lat] ,a/ronom]s demon/rat$1 t !y too revolv$ ab\t ! ,sun1 & might !re=e be p>ts ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,newton accord+ly appli$ 8 me*anical pr9ciple ( gravity to expla9 ! motions ( ^! bodies4 ,t !y describ$ equal areas 9 equal times1 _h be5 discov]$ by ! obs]vations ( "s lat] ,a/ronom]s2 & ,newton endeav\r$ to %[ h[ f ?is pr9ciple1 & ^? obs]vations1 ! nature & position ( _! sev]al orbits might be asc]ta9$1 & _! p]iodic times det]m9$4 ,8 foll[]s h1 f 8 pr9ciples1 v5tur$ ev5 to pr$ict ! returns ( sev]al ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ( "o :i* is to make its appe>ance 9 #ageh4a ,we mu/ wait = t "t #chc be=e we c det]m9e1 :e!r 8 philosophy corresponds z happily to ?is "p ( ! sy/em z to all ! o!rs4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! ductility ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* appli$ itself s happily to ^!1 ! mo/ irregul> ( all ! cele/ial appe>ances1 & :i* has introduc$ su* complete coh]5ce into ! motions ( all ! ,heav5ly ,bodies1 has s]v$ n a little to recomm5d x to ! imag9ations ( mank9d4 ,footnote #a3 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! :ole ( ?is ,essay 0 writt5 previ\s to ! date "h m5tion$2 & t ! return ( ! comet happ5$ agreeably to ! pr$iction4 ,b ( all ! attempts ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 t :i* w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ above ! rea* ( human reason & exp]i5ce1 is ! attempt to compute ! weights & d5sities ( ! ,sun1 & ( ! sev]al ,planets4 ,an attempt1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 indisp5sably necess>y to complete ! coh]5ce ( ! ,newtonian sy/em4 ,! p[] ( attraction :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory ( gravity1 ea* body possesses1 is 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 t body4 ,b ! p]iodic "t 9 :i* "o body1 at a giv5 di/ance1 revolves r\nd ano!r t attracts x1 is %ort] 9 proportion z ?is p[] is great]1 & consequ5tly z ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! attract+ body4 ,if ! d5sities ( ,jupit] & ,saturn 7 ! same ) t ( ! ,e>?1 ! p]iodic times ( _! sev]al ,satellites w\ld be %ort] ?an by obs]vation !y are f\nd to be4 ,because ! quantity ( matt]1 & consequ5tly ! attract+ p[] ( ea* ( !m1 w\ld be z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,by comp>+ ! bulks ( ^? ,planets1 & ! p]iodic times ( _! ,satellites1 x is f\nd t1 ^u ! hypo!sis ( gravity1 ! d5sity ( ,jupit] mu/ be great] ?an t ( ,saturn1 & ! d5sity ( ! ,e>? great] ?an t ( ,jupit]4 ,?is seems to e/abli% x z a law 9 ! sy/em1 t ! ne>] ! sev]al ,planets approa* to ! ,sun1 ! d5sity ( _! matt] is ! great]3 a con/itution ( ?+s :i* seems to be ! mo/ advantage\s ( any t c\ld h be5 e/abli%$2 z wat] ( ! same d5sity ) t ( our ,e>?1 w\ld freeze "u ! ,equator ( ,saturn1 & boil "u t ( ,m]cury4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 a sy/em ^: p>ts are all m /rictly connect$ toge!r1 ?an ^? ( any o!r philosophical hypo!sis4 ,all[ 8 pr9ciple1 ! univ]sality ( gravity1 & t x decreases z ! squ>es ( ! di/ance increase1 & all ! appe>ances1 :i* he jo9s toge!r by x1 necess>ily foll[4 ,nei!r is _! connection m]ely a g5]al & loose connection1 z t ( mo/ o!r sy/ems1 9 :i* ei!r ^! appe>ances1 or "s su* l appe>ances1 might indiff]5tly h be5 expect$4 ,x is ev]y:]e ! mo/ precise & p>ticul> t c be imag9$1 & asc]ta9s ! "t1 ! place1 ! quantity1 ! duration ( ea* individual ph5om5on1 to be exactly su* z1 by obs]vation1 !y h be5 det]m9$ to be4 ,nei!r are ! pr9ciples ( union1 :i* x employs1 su* z ! imag9ation c f9d any difficulty 9 go+ along )4 ,! gravity ( matt] is1 ( all its qualities1 aft] its in]tness1 #chd t :i* is mo/ famili> to u4 ,we nev] act ^u x )\t hav+ occasion to obs]ve ?is prop]ty4 ,! law too1 by :i* x is suppos$ to dim9i% z x rec$es f its c5tre1 is ! same :i* takes place 9 all o!r qualities :i* are propagat$ 9 rays f a c5tre1 9 light1 & 9 e ?+ else ( ! same k9d4 ,x is su*1 t we n only f9d t x does take place 9 all su* qualities1 b we arc necess>ily det]m9$ to conceive t1 f ! nature ( ! ?+1 x mu/ take place4 ,! opposition :i* 0 made 9 ,france1 & 9 "s o!r =eign nations1 to ! preval5ce ( ?is sy/em1 did n arise f any difficulty :i* mank9d naturally felt 9 conceiv+ gravity z an orig9al & prim>y mov] 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,c>tesian sy/em1 :i* _h prevail$ s g5]ally be=e x1 _h accu/om$ mank9d to conceive motion z nev] beg9n+1 b 9 consequ5ce ( impulse1 & _h connect$ ! desc5t ( heavy bodies1 ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & ! o!r ,planets1 by ?is m g5]al bond ( union2 & x 0 ! atta*m5t ! _w _h conceiv$ = ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 :i* indispos$ !m to t ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,8 sy/em1 h[ev]1 n[ prevails ov] all opposition1 & has advanc$ to ! acquisition ( ! mo/ univ]sal empire t 0 ev] e/abli%$ 9 philosophy4 ,8 pr9ciples1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 h a degree ( firmness & solidity t we %\ld 9 va9 look = 9 any o!r sy/em4 ,! mo/ sceptical _c avoid feel+ ?is4 ,!y n only connect toge!r mo/ p]fectly all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,heav5s1 :i* _h be5 obs]v$ be=e 8 "t2 b ^? also :i* ! p]sev]+ indu/ry & m p]fect in/rum5ts ( lat] ,a/ronom]s h made kn[n to u h be5 ei!r easily & imm$iately expla9$ by ! application ( 8 pr9ciples1 or h be5 expla9$ 9 consequ5ce ( m labori\s & accurate calculations f ^! pr9ciples1 ?an _h be5 in/itut$ be=e4 ,& ev5 we1 :ile we h be5 endeav\r+ to repres5t all philosophical sy/ems z m]e inv5tions ( ! imag9ation1 to connect toge!r ! o!rwise disjo9t$ & discordant ph5om5a ( ,nature1 h ins5sibly be5 drawn 91 to make use ( language express+ ! connect+ pr9ciples ( ?is "o1 z if !y 7 ! real *a9s :i* ,nature makes use ( to b9d toge!r h] sev]al op]ations4 ,c we wond] !n1 t x %\ld h ga9$ ! g5]al & complete approbation ( mank9d1 & t x %\ld n[ be consid]$1 n z an attempt to connect 9 ! imag9ation ! ph5om5a ( ! ,heav5s1 b z ! greate/ discov]y t ev] 0 made by man1 ! discov]y ( an imm5se *a9 ( ! mo/ important & sublime tru?s1 all closely connect$ toge!r1 by "o capital fact1 ( ! reality ( :i* we h daily exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #che ,note by ! ,editors4 ,! ,au?or1 at ! end ( ?is ,essay1 left "s ,notes & ,memor&ums1 f :i* x appe>s1 t he consid]$ ?is la/ "p ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy z imp]fect1 & ne$+ sev]al additions4 ,! ,editors1 h[ev]1 *ose r to publi% ?an suppress x4 ,x mu/ be view$1 n z a ,hi/ory or ,acc\nt ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,a/ronomy1 b *iefly z an additional illu/ration ( ^? ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,human ,m9d :i* ,mr4 ,smi? has po9t$ out to be ! univ]sal motives ( ,philosophical ,rese>*es4 ---------- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,enquiries2 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,physics4 ----- ,,f arrang+ & me?odiz+ ! ,sy/em ( ! ,heav5s1 ,philosophy desc5d$ to ! consid]ation ( ! inf]ior p>ts ( ,nature1 ( ! ,e>?1 & ( ! bodies :i* imm$iately surr\nd x4 ,if ! objects1 :i* 7 "h pres5t$ to its view1 7 inf]ior 9 greatness or beauty1 & !re=e less apt to attract ! att5tion ( ! m9d1 !y 7 m apt1 :5 !y came to be att5d$ to1 to emb>rass & p]plex x1 by ! v>iety ( _! species1 & by ! intricacy & seem+ irregul>ity ( ! laws or ord]s ( _! succession4 ,! species ( objects 9 ! ,heav5s are few 9 numb]2 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,planets1 & ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 are all :i* ^? philosoph]s c\ld di/+ui%4 ,all ! *anges too1 :i* are ev] obs]v$ 9 ^! bodies1 evid5tly arise f "s diff]5ce 9 ! velocity & direction ( _! sev]al motions2 b ! v>iety ( meteors 9 ! air1 ( cl\ds1 ra9b[s1 ?und]1 lightn+1 w9ds1 ra91 hail1 sn[1 is va/ly great]2 & ! ord] ( _! succession seems to be /ill m irregul> & incon/ant4 ,! species ( fossils1 m9]als1 plants1 animals1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,wat]s1 & ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 are /ill m intricately div]sifi$2 & if we reg>d ! #chf diff]5t mann]s ( _! production1 _! mutual influ5ce 9 alt]+1 de/roy+1 support+ "o ano!r1 ! ord]s ( _! succession seem to admit ( an almo/ inf9ite v>iety4 ,if ! imag9ation1 !re=e1 :5 x consid]$ ! appe>ances 9 ! ,heav5s1 0 (t5 p]plex$1 & driv5 out ( its natural c>e]1 x w\ld be mu* m expos$ to ! same emb>rassm5t1 :5 x direct$ its att5tion to ! objects :i* ! ,e>? pres5t$ to x1 & :5 x endeav\r$ to trace _! progress & successive revolutions4 ,to introduce ord] & coh]5ce into ! m9d's conception ( ?is seem+ *aos ( dissimil> & disjo9t$ appe>ances1 x 0 necess>y to d$uce all _! qualities1 op]ations1 & laws ( succession1 f ^? ( "s p>ticul> ?+s1 ) :i* x 0 p]fectly acqua9t$ & famili>1 & along :i* its imag9ation c\ld glide smoo?ly & easily1 & )\t int]ruption4 ,b z we w\ld 9 va9 attempt to d$uce ! heat ( a /ove f t ( an op5 *imney1 unless we c\ld %[ t ! same fire :i* 0 expos$ 9 ! "o1 lay conceal$ 9 ! o!r2 s x 0 impossible to d$uce ! qualities & laws ( succession1 obs]v$ 9 ! m uncommon appe>ances ( ,nature1 f ^? ( su* z 7 m famili>1 if ^? cu/om>y objects 7 n suppos$1 h[ev] disguis$ 9 _! appe>ance1 to ent] into ! composition ( ^? r>] & m s+ul> ph5om5a4 ,to r5d]1 !re=e1 ?is l[] "p ( ! great !atre ( nature a coh]5t spectacle to ! imag9ation1 x became necess>y to suppose1 fir/1 ,t all ! /range objects ( :i* x consi/$ 7 made up out ( a few1 ) :i* ! m9d 0 extremely famili>3 & secondly1 ,t all _! qualities1 op]ations & rules ( succession1 7 no m ?an diff]5t div]sifications ( ^? to :i* x _h long be5 accu/om$1 9 ^! prim>y & elem5t>y objects4 ,( all ! bodies ( :i* ^! inf]ior p>ts ( ! univ]se seem to be compos$1 ^? ) :i* we are mo/ famili>1 are ! ,e>?1 :i* we tread ^u2 ! ,wat]1 :i* we e day use2 ! ,air1 :i* we con/antly brea!2 & ! ,fire1 ^: b5ign influ5ce is n only requir$ = prep>+ ! common necess>ies ( life1 b = ! cont9ual support ( t vital pr9ciple :i* actuates bo? plants & animals4 ,^! !re=e1 7 by ,emp$ocles1 & ! o!r philosoph]s ( ! ,italian s*ool1 suppos$ to be ! elem5ts1 out ( :i*1 at lea/1 all ! inf]ior p>ts ( nature 7 compos$4 ,! famili>ity ( ^? bodies to ! m9d1 naturally dispos$ x to look = "s resemblance to !m 9 :atev] else 0 pres5t$ to its consid]ation4 ,! discov]y ( "s su* resemblance unit$ ! new object to an assortm5t ( ?+s1 ) :i* ! imag9ation 0 p]fectly acqua9t$4 ,& if any analogy c\ld be obs]v$ betwixt ! op]ations & laws ( succession ( ! comp\nd1 & ^? ( ! simple objects1 ! movem5t ( ! fancy1 9 trac+ _! progress1 #chg became q smoo?1 & natural1 & easy4 ,?is natural anticipation1 too1 0 /ill m confirm$ by su* a slight & inaccurate analysis ( ?+s1 z c\ld be expect$ 9 ! infancy ( sci5ce1 :5 ! curiosity ( mank9d1 grasp+ at an acc\nt ( all ?+s be=e x _h got full satisfaction ) reg>d to any "o1 hurri$ on to build1 9 imag9ation1 ! imm5se fabric ( ! univ]se4 ,! heat1 obs]v$ 9 bo? plants & animals1 seem$ to demon/rate1 t ,fire made a "p ( _! composition4 ,air 0 n less necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( bo?1 & seem$1 too1 to ent] into ! fabric ( animals by respiration1 & into t ( plants by "s o!r means4 ,! juices :i* circulat$ ?r\gh !m %[$ h[ mu* ( _! texture 0 ow+ to ,wat]4 ,& _! resolution into ,e>? by putrefaction discov]$ t ?is elem5t _h n be5 left out 9 _! orig9al =mation4 ,a simil> analysis seem$ to %[ ! same pr9ciples 9 mo/ ( ! o!r comp\nd bodies4 ,! va/ ext5t ( ^? bodies seem$ to r5d] !m1 ^u ano!r acc\nt1 prop] to be ! great /ores out ( :i* nature comp\nd$ all ! o!r species ( ?+s4 ,e>? & ,wat] divide almo/ ! :ole ( ! t]re/rial globe betwe5 !m4 ,! ?9 transp>5t cov]+ ( ! ,air surr\nds x to an imm5se height ^u all sides4 ,fire1 ) its att5dant1 light1 seems to desc5d f ! cele/ial regions1 & might1 !re=e1 ei!r be suppos$ to be diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ^? e!rial spaces1 z well z to be cond5s$ & conglobat$ 9 ^? lum9\s bodies1 :i* sp>kle across !m1 z by ! ,/oics2 or1 to be plac$ imm$iately "u ! sph]e ( ! ,moon1 9 ! region next bel[ !m1 z by ! ,p]ipatetics1 :o c\ld n reconcile ! dev\r+ nature ( ,fire ) ! suppos$ un*angeable ess5ce ( _! solid & cry/all9e sph]es4 ,! qualities1 too1 by :i* we are *iefly accu/om$ to *>act]ize & di/+ui% natural bodies1 are all ( !m f\nd1 9 ! highe/ degree 9 ^? ,f\r ,elem5ts4 ,! great divisions ( ! objects1 ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 are ^? into hot & cold1 moi/ & dry1 light & heavy4 ,^! are ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( bodies2 & x is ^u !m t _m ( _! o!r mo/ s5sible qualities & p[]s seem to dep5d4 ,( ^!1 heat & cold 7 naturally en\gh reg>d$ by ^? fir/ enquir]s into nature1 z ! active1 moi/ure & dryness1 z ! passive qualities ( matt]4 ,x 0 ! temp]ature ( heat & cold :i* seem$ to occasion ! gr[? & dissolution ( plants & animals2 z appe>$ evid5t f ! effects ( ! *ange ( ! seasons ^u bo?4 ,a prop] degree ( moi/ure & dryness 0 n less necess>y = ^! purposes2 z 0 evid5t f ! diff]5t effects & productions ( wet & dry seasons & soils4 ,x 0 ! heat & cold1 h[ev]1 :i* actuat$ & det]m9$ ^? two o!rwise in]t qualities ( ?+s1 to a /ate ei!r ( re/ or motion4 ,gravity & levity 7 reg>d$ #chh z ! two pr9ciples ( motion1 :i* direct$ all sublun>y ?+s to _! prop] place3 & all ^? six qualities1 tak5 toge!r1 71 ^u su* an inatt5tive view ( nature1 z mu/ be expect$ 9 ! beg9n+s ( philosophy1 readily en\gh appreh5d$ to be capable ( connect+ toge!r ! mo/ rem>kable revolutions1 :i* occur 9 ^! inf]ior p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,heat & dryness 7 ! qualities :i* *>act]iz$ ! elem5t ( ,fire2 heat & moi/ure t ( ,air2 moi/ure & cold t ( ,wat]2 cold & dryness t ( ,e>?4 ,! natural motion ( two ( ^! elem5ts1 ,e>? & ,wat]1 0 d[nw>ds1 ^u acc\nt ( _! gravity4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 0 /rong] 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 ^u acc\nt ( ! sup]ior gravity ( ,e>?4 ,! natural motion ( ! two o!r elem5ts1 ,fire & ,air1 0 upw>ds1 ^u acc\nt ( _! levity2 & ?is t5d5cy1 too1 0 /rong] 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 ^u acc\nt ( ! sup]ior levity ( ,fire4 ,let u n despise ^? anci5t philosoph]s1 = ?us suppos+1 t ^! two elem5ts _h a positive levity1 or a real t5d5cy upw>ds4 ,let u rememb]1 t ?is notion has an appe>ance ( be+ confirm$ by ! mo/ obvi\s obs]vations2 t ^? facts & exp]im5ts1 :i* demon/rate ! weight ( ! ,air1 & :i* no sup]ior sagacity1 b *ance alone1 pres5t$ to ! mod]ns1 7 altoge!r unkn[n to !m2 & t1 :at might1 9 "s measure1 h suppli$ ! place ( ^? exp]im5ts1 ! reason+s conc]n+ ! causes ( ! asc5t ( bodies1 9 fluids specifically heavi] ?an !mselves1 seem to h be5 unkn[n 9 ! anci5t _w1 till ,ar*im$es discov]$ !m1 long aft] _! sy/em ( physics 0 complet$1 & _h acquir$ an e/abli%$ reputation3 t ^? reason+s are f> f be+ obvi\s1 & t by _! inv5tor1 !y seem to h be5 ?\ght applicable only to ! asc5t ( ,solids 9 ,wat]1 & n ev5 to t ( ,solids 9 ,air1 mu* less to t ( "o fluid 9 ano!r4 ,b x is ?is la/ only :i* c\ld expla9 ! asc5t ( flame1 vap\rs1 & fi]y exhalations1 )\t ! supposition ( a specific levity4 ,?us1 ea* ( ^? ,f\r ,elem5ts _h1 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 a place :i* 0 peculi>ly allott$ to x1 & to :i* x naturally t5d$4 ,e>? & ,wat] roll$ d[n to ! c5tre2 ! ,air spread itself above !m2 :ile ! ,fire so>$ al(t1 ei!r to ! cele/ial region1 or to t :i* 0 imm$iately bel[ x4 ,:5 ea* ( ^? simple bodies _h ?us obta9$ its prop] sph]e1 !re 0 no?+ 9 ! nature ( any "o ( !m to make x pass into ! place ( ! o!r1 to make ! ,fire desc5d into ! ,air1 ! ,air into ! ,wat]1 or ! ,wat] into ! ,e>?2 or1 on ! contr>y1 to br+ up ! ,e>? into ! place ( ! ,wat]1 ! ,wat] into t ( ! ,air1 or ! ,air into t ( ! ,fire4 ,all sublun>y ?+s1 !re=e1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld h rema9$ 9 an et]nal repose4 ,! revolution ( ! heav5s1 ^? ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,five ,planets1 #chi by produc+ ! vicissitudes ( ,day & ,night1 & ( ! ,seasons1 prev5t$ ?is torpor & inactivity f reign+ ?r\gh ! inf]ior p>ts ( nature2 inflam$ by ! rapidity ( _! circumvolutions1 ! elem5t ( ,fire1 & =c$ x viol5tly d[nw>ds into ! ,air1 into ! ,wat]1 & into ! ,e>?1 & !reby produc$ ^? mixtures ( ! diff]5t elem5ts :i* kept up ! motion & circulation ( ! l[] p>ts ( ,nature2 occasion$1 sometimes1 ! entire transmutation ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 & sometimes ! production ( =ms & species diff]5t f !m all1 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! qualities ( !m all might be f\nd1 !y 7 s alt]$ & attemp]$ by ! mixture1 z sc>ce to be di/+ui%able4 ,?us1 if a small quantity ( ,fire 0 mix$ ) a great quantity ( ,air1 ! moi/ure & mod]ate w>m? ( ! "o entirely surm\nt$ & *ang$ into _! own ess5ce ! int5se heat & dryness ( ! o!r2 & ! :ole aggregate became ,air4 ,! contr>y ( :i* happ5$1 if a small quantity ( ,air 0 mix$ ) a great quantity ( ,fire3 ! :ole1 9 ?is case1 became ,fire4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if a small quantity ( ,fire 0 mix$ ) a great quantity ( ,wat]1 !n1 ei!r ! moi/ure & cold ( ! ,wat] might surm\nt ! heat & dryness ( ! ,fire1 s t ! :ole %\ld become ,wat]2 or1 ! moi/ure ( ! ,wat] might surm\nt ! dryness ( ! ,fire1 :ile1 9 its turn1 ! heat ( ! ,fire surm\nt$ ! coldness ( ! ,wat]1 s z t ! :ole aggregate1 its qualities be+ heat & moi/ure1 %\ld become ,air1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! m natural & easy metamorphosis ( ! two4 ,9 ! same mann] !y expla9$ h[ l *anges 7 produc$ by ! diff]5t mixtures ( ,fire & ,e>?1 ,e>? & ,wat]1 ,wat] & ,air1 ,air & ,e>?2 & ?us !y connect$ toge!r ! successive transmutations ( ! elem5ts into "o ano!r4 ,e mixture ( ! ,elem5ts1 h[ev]1 did n produce an entire transmutation4 ,!y 7 sometimes s bl5d$ toge!r1 t ! qualities ( ! "o1 n be+ able to de/roy1 s]v$ only to attemp] ^? ( ! o!r4 ,?us ,fire1 :5 mix$ ) ,wat]1 produc$ sometimes a wat]y vap\r1 ^: qualities 7 heat & moi/ure2 :i* p>took at once ( ! levity ( ! ,fire1 & ( ! gravity ( ! ,wat]1 & :i* 0 elevat$ by ! fir/ into ! ,air1 b reta9$ by ! la/ f asc5d+ into ! region ( ,fire4 ,! relative cold1 :i* !y suppos$ prevail$ 9 ! middle region ( ! ,air1 ^u acc\nt ( its equal di/ance1 bo? f ! region ( ,fire1 & f ! rays t are reflect$ by ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 cond5s$ ?is vap\r into ,wat]2 ! ,fire escap$ x1 & flew upw>ds1 & ! ,wat] fell d[n 9 ra91 or1 accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( cold t prevail$ 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 0 sometimes congeal$ into sn[1 & sometimes into hail4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ,fire1 :5 mix$ ) ,e>?1 produc$ sometimes a fi]y exhalation1 ^: qualities #cij 7 heat & dryness1 :i* be+ elevat$ by ! levity ( ! fir/ into ! ,air cond5s$ by ! cold1 s z to take fire1 & be+ at ! same "t surr\nd$ by wat]y vap\rs1 bur/ =? into ?und] & lightn+1 & o!r fi]y meteors4 ,?us !y connect$ toge!r ! diff]5t appe>ances 9 ! ,air1 by ! qualities ( _! ,f\r ,elem5ts2 & f !m1 too1 9 ! same mann]1 !y endeav\r$ to d$uce all ! o!r qualities 9 ! o!r homog5e\s bodies1 t are ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us1 to give an example1 ) reg>d to ! h>dness & s(tness ( bodies2 heat & moi/ure1 !y obs]v$1 7 ! great s(t5]s ( matt]4 ,:atev] 0 h>d1 !re=e1 ow$ t quality ei!r to ! abs5ce ( heat1 or to ! abs5ce ( moi/ure4 ,ice1 cry/al1 lead1 gold1 & almo/ all metals1 ow$ _! h>dness to ! abs5ce ( heat1 & 71 !re=e1 dissolvable by ,fire4 ,rock-salt1 nitre1 alum1 & h>d clay1 ow$ t quality to ! abs5ce ( moi/ure1 & 7 !re=e1 dissolvable 9 wat]4 ,&1 9 ! same mann]1 !y endeav\r$ to connect toge!r mo/ ( ! o!r tangible qualities ( matt]4 ,_! pr9ciples ( union1 inde$1 7 (t5 su* z _h no real exi/5ce1 & 7 always vague & undet]m9$ 9 ! highe/ degree2 !y 7 su*1 h[ev]1 z might be expect$ 9 ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce1 & su* z1 ) all _! imp]fections1 c\ld enable mank9d bo? to ?9k & to talk1 ) m coh]5ce1 conc]n+ ^? g5]al subjects1 ?an )\t !m !y w\ld h be5 capable ( do+4 ,nei!r 0 _! sy/em entirely devoid ei!r ( beauty or magnific5ce4 ,ea* ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts hav+ a p>ticul> region allott$ to x1 _h a place ( re/1 to :i* x naturally t5d$1 by its motion1 ei!r up or d[n1 9 a /raight l9e1 & :]e1 :5 x _h arriv$1 x naturally ceas$ to move4 ,e>? desc5d$1 till x arriv$ at ! place ( ,e>?2 ,wat]1 till x arriv$ at t ( ,wat]2 & ,air1 till x arriv$ at t ( ,air2 & !re ea* ( !m t5d$ to a /ate ( et]nal repose & inaction4 ,! ,sph]es consi/$ ( a ,fif? ,elem5t1 :i* 0 nei!r light nor heavy1 & ^: natural motion made x t5d1 nei!r to ! c5tre1 nor f ! c5tre1 b revolve r\nd x 9 a circle4 ,z1 by ?is motion1 !y c\ld nev] *ange _! situation ) reg>d to ! c5tre1 !y _h no place ( repose1 no place to :i* !y naturally t5d$ m ?an to any o!r1 b revolv$ r\nd & r\nd = ev]4 ,?is ,fif? ,elem5t 0 subject nei!r to g5]ation nor corruption1 nor alt]ation ( any k9d2 = :atev] *anges may happ5 9 ! ,heav5s1 ! s5ses c sc>ce p]ceive !m1 & _! appe>ance is ! same 9 "o age z 9 ano!r4 ,! beauty1 too1 ( _! suppos$ cry/all9e sph]es seem$ /ill m to entitle !m to ?is di/9ction ( un*angeable immortality4 ,x 0 ! motion ( ^? ,sph]es1 :i* occasion$ ! mixtures ( ! ,elem5ts1 & f h5ce1 ! production ( all ! =ms & species1 t div]sify ! _w4 ,x 0 ! approa* ( ! ,sun & ( ! #cia o!r ,planets1 to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 :i*1 by =c+ d[n ! elem5t ( ,fire1 occasion$ ! g5]ation ( ^? =ms4 ,x 0 ! recess ( ^? bodies1 :i*1 by all[+ ea* ,elem5t to escape to its prop] sph]e1 br\ght ab\t1 9 an equal "t1 _! corruption4 ,x 0 ! p]iods ( ^? great lights ( ,heav51 :i* measur$ out to all sublun>y ?+s1 ! t]m ( _! duration1 ( _! gr[?1 & ( _! decay1 ei!r 9 "o1 or 9 a numb] ( seasons1 accord+ z ! ,elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 7 ei!r imp]fectly or accurately bl5d$ & mix$ ) "o ano!r4 ,immortality1 !y c\ld be/[ ^u no individual =m1 because ! pr9ciples out ( :i* x 0 =m$1 all t5d+ to dis5gage !mselves1 & to return to _! prop] sph]es1 necess>ily1 at la/1 br\ght ab\t its dissolution4 ,b1 ?\gh all individuals 7 ?us p]i%able1 & con/antly decay+1 e species 0 immortal1 because ! subject-matt] out ( :i* !y 7 made1 & ! revolution ( ! ,heav5s1 ! cause ( _! successive g5]ations1 cont9u$ to be always ! same4 ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ! _w1 ! seem+ incoh]5ce ( ! appe>ances ( nature1 s conf\nd$ mank9d1 t !y despair$ ( discov]+ 9 h] op]ations any regul> sy/em4 ,_! ignorance1 & confusion ( ?\ght1 necess>ily gave bir? to t pusillanim\s sup]/ition1 :i* ascribes almo/ e unexpect$ ev5t1 to ! arbitr>y w ( "s design+1 ?\gh invisible be+s1 :o produc$ x = "s private & p>ticul> purpose4 ,! idea ( an univ]sal m9d1 ( a ,god ( all1 :o orig9ally =m$ ! :ole1 & :o gov]ns ! :ole by g5]al laws1 direct$ to ! cons]vation & prosp]ity ( ! :ole1 )\t reg>d to t ( any private individual1 0 a notion to :i* !y 7 utt]ly /rang]s4 ,_! gods1 ?\gh !y 7 appreh5d$ to int]pose1 ^u "s p>ticul> occasions1 7 s f> f be+ reg>d$ z ! creators ( ! _w1 t _! orig9 0 appreh5d$ to be po/]ior to t ( ! _w4 ,! ,e>?1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 0 ! fir/ production ( ! *aos4 ,! ,heav5s arose out ( ! ,e>?1 & f bo? toge!r1 all ! gods1 :o aft]w>ds inhabit$ !m4 ,nor 0 ?is notion conf9$ to ! vulg>1 & to ^? poets :o seem to h record$ ! vulg> !ology4 ,( all ! philosoph]s ( ! ,ionian s*ool1 ,anaxagoras1 x is well kn[n1 0 ! fir/ :o suppos$ t m9d & und]/&+ 7 requisite to acc\nt = ! fir/ orig9 ( ! _w1 & :o1 !re=e1 comp>$ ) ! o!r philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 talk$1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 l a sob] man among drunk>ds2 b ^: op9ion 01 at ! "t1 s rem>kable1 t he seems to h got a sirname f x4 ,! same notion1 ( ! spontane\s orig9 ( ! _w1 0 embrac$1 too1 z ! same au?or tells1 by ! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 a sect1 :i*1 9 ! anci5t _w1 0 nev] reg>d$ z irreligi\s4 ,m9d1 & und]/&+1 & consequ5tly ,deity1 be+ #cib ! mo/ p]fect1 7 necess>ily1 accord+ to !m1 ! la/ productions ( ,nature4 ,= 9 all o!r ?+s1 :at 0 mo/ p]fect1 !y obs]v$1 always came la/4 ,z 9 plants & animals1 x is n ! se$ t is mo/ p]fect1 b ! complete animal1 ) all its memb]s1 9 ! "o2 & ! complete plant1 ) all its bran*es1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruits1 9 ! o!r4 ,?is notion1 :i* c\ld take place only :ile ,nature 0 /ill consid]$ z1 9 "s measure1 disord]ly & inconsi/5t 9 h] op]ations1 0 necess>ily r5\nc$ by ^? philosoph]s1 :51 ^u a m att5tive survey1 !y discov]$1 or imag9$ !y _h discov]$1 m di/9ctly1 ! *a9 :i* b\nd all h] diff]5t p>ts to "o ano!r4 ,z soon z ! ,univ]se 0 reg>d$ z a complete ma*9e1 z a coh]5t sy/em1 gov]n$ by g5]al laws1 & direct$ to g5]al ends1 viz4 its own pres]vation & prosp]ity1 & t ( all ! species t are 9 x2 ! resemblance :i* x evid5tly bore to ^? ma*9es :i* are produc$ by human art1 necess>ily impress$ ^? sages ) a belief1 t 9 ! orig9al =mation ( ! _w !re mu/ h be5 employ$ an art resembl+ ! human art1 b z mu* sup]ior to x1 z ! _w is sup]ior to ! ma*9es :i* t art produces4 ,! unity ( ! sy/em1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is anci5t philosophy1 is mo/ p]fect1 sugge/$ ! idea ( ! unity ( t pr9ciple1 by ^: art x 0 =m$2 & ?us1 z ignorance begot sup]/ition1 sci5ce gave bir? to ! fir/ !ism t arose among ^? nations1 :o 7 n enlight5$ by div9e ,revelation4 ,accord+ to ,timu1 :o 0 foll[$ by ,plato1 t intellig5t ,be+ :o =m$ ! _w end[$ x ) a pr9ciple ( life & und]/&+1 :i* ext5ds f its c5tre to its remote/ circumf]5ce1 :i* is consci\s ( all its *anges1 & :i* gov]ns & directs all its motions to ! great end ( its =mation4 ,?is s\l ( ! _w 0 itself a ,god1 ! greate/ ( all ! inf]ior1 & creat$ deities2 ( an ess5ce t 0 indissoluble1 by any p[] b by t ( him :o made x1 & :i* 0 unit$ to ! body ( ! _w1 s z to be insep>able by e =ce1 b 8 :o jo9$ !m1 f ! ex]tion ( :i* 8 goodness secur$ !m4 ,! beauty ( ! cele/ial sph]es attract+ ! admiration ( mank9d1 ! con/ancy & regul>ity ( _! motions seem+ to manife/ peculi> wisdom & und]/&+1 !y 7 ea* ( !m suppos$ to be animat$ by an ,intellig5ce ( a nature t 01 9 ! same mann]1 indissoluble & immortal1 & insep>ably unit$ to t sph]e :i* x inhabit$4 ,all ! mortal & *angeable be+s :i* p ! surface ( ! e>? 7 =m$ by ^? inf]ior deities2 = ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies seem$ pla9ly to influ5ce ! g5]ation & gr[? ( bo? plants & animals1 ^: frail & fad+ =ms bore ! too evid5t m>ks ( ! weakness ( ^? inf]ior causes1 :i* jo9$ _! diff]5t p>ts to "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,plato & ,timu1 nei!r ! #cic ,univ]se1 nor ev5 ^? inf]ior deities :o gov]n ! ,univ]se1 7 et]nal1 b 7 =m$ 9 "t1 by ! great ,au?or ( all ?+s1 out ( t matt] :i* _h exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,?is at lea/ _! words seem$ to import1 & ?us !y are und]/ood by ,cic]o1 & by all ! o!r writ]s ( e>li] antiquity1 ?\gh "s ( ! lat] ,platoni/s h int]pret$ !m diff]5tly4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 :o seems to h foll[$ ! doctr9e ( ,ocellus1 ! _w 0 et]nal2 ! et]nal effect ( an et]nal cause4 ,he f\nd x difficult1 x w\ld seem1 to conceive :at c\ld h9d] ! ,fir/ ,cause f ex]t+ 8 div9e en]gy f all et]nity4 ,at :atev] "t he began to ex]t x1 he mu/ h be5 at re/ dur+ all ! inf9ite ages ( t et]nity :i* _h pass$ be=e x4 ,to :at ob/ruction1 f )9 or f )\t1 c\ld ?is be ow+8 or h[ c\ld ?is ob/ruction1 if x ev] _h subsi/$1 h ev] be5 remov$8 ,8 idea ( ! nature & mann] ( exi/5ce ( ?is ,fir/ ,cause1 z x is express$ 9 ! la/ book ( 8 ,physics1 & ! five la/ *apt]s ( 8 ,metaphysics1 is inde$ obscure & un9telligible 9 ! highe/ degree1 & has p]plex$ 8 comm5tators m ?an any o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 he seems to express himself pla9ly en\gh3 t ! ,fir/ ,heav5s1 t ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! motions ( all ! re/1 is revolv$ by an et]nal1 immovable1 un*angeable1 unext5d$ be+1 ^: ess5ce consi/s 9 intellig5ce1 z t ( a body consi/s 9 solidity & ext5sion2 & :i* is !re=e necess>ily & always intellig5t1 z a body is necess>ily & always ext5d$3 t ?is ,be+ 0 ! fir/ & supreme mov] ( ! ,univ]se3 t ! inf]ior ,planet>y ,sph]es d]iv$ ea* ( !m its peculi> revolution f an inf]ior be+ ( ! same k9d2 et]nal1 immovable1 unext5d$1 & necess>ily intellig5t3 t ! sole object ( ! intellig5ces ( ^? be+s 0 _! own ess5ce1 & ! revolution ( _! own sph]es2 all o!r inf]ior ?+s be+ unwor?y ( _! consid]ation2 & t !re=e :atev] 0 bel[ ! ,moon 0 ab&on$ by ! gods to ! direction ( ,nature1 & ,*ance1 & ,necessity4 ,= ?\gh ^? cele/ial be+s 71 by ! revolutions ( _! sev]al ,sph]es1 ! orig9al causes ( ! g5]ation & corruption ( all sublun>y =ms1 !y 7 causes :o nei!r knew nor int5d$ ! effects :i* !y produc$4 ,?is r5[n$ philosoph] seems1 9 8 !ological notions1 to h be5 direct$ by prejudices :i*1 ?\gh extremely natural1 are n v philosophical4 ,! revolutions ( ! ,heav5s1 by _! gr&eur & con/ancy1 excit$ 8 admiration1 & seem$1 ^u t acc\nt1 to be effects n unwor?y a ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,:]eas ! meanness ( _m ?+s1 ! disord] & confusion ( all ?+s bel[1 excit+ no su* agreeable emotion1 seem$ to h no m>ks ( be+ direct$ by t ,supreme ,und]/&+4 ,yet1 ?\gh ?is op9ion saps ! f\ndations ( human wor%ip1 & mu/ h ! #cid same effects ^u society z ,a!ism itself1 "o may easily trace1 9 ! ,metaphysics ^u :i* x is gr\nd$1 ! orig9 ( _m ( ! notions1 or r ( _m ( ! expressions1 9 ! s*ola/ic !ology1 to :i* no notions c be annex$4 ,! ,/oics1 ! mo/ religi\s ( all ! anci5t sects ( philosoph]s1 seem 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s1 to h alt]$ & ref9$ ^u ! doctr9e ( ,plato4 ,! ord]1 h>mony1 & coh]5ce :i* ?is philosophy be/[$ ^u ! ,univ]sal ,sy/em1 /ruck !m ) awe & v5]ation4 ,z1 9 ! rude ages ( ! _w1 :atev] p>ticul> "p ( ,nature excit$ ! admiration ( mank9d1 0 appreh5d$ to be animat$ by "s p>ticul> div9ity2 s ! :ole ( ,nature hav+1 by _! reason+s1 become equally ! object ( admiration1 0 equally appreh5d$ to be animat$ by a ,univ]sal ,deity1 to be itself a ,div9ity1 an ,animal2 a t]m :i* to our e>s seems by no means synonym\s ) ! =ego+2 ^: body 0 ! solid & s5sible p>ts ( ,nature1 & ^: s\l 0 t e!rial ,fire1 :i* p5etrat$ & actuat$ ! :ole4 ,= ( all ! f\r elem5ts1 out ( :i* all ?+s 7 compos$1 ,fire or ,e!r seem$ to be t :i* bore ! greate/ resemblance to ! ,vital ,pr9ciple :i* in=ms bo? plants & animals1 & !re=e mo/ likely to be ! ,vital ,pr9ciple :i* animat$ ! ,univ]se4 ,?is inf9ite & unb\nd$ ,e!r1 :i* ext5d$ itself f ! c5tre beyond ! remote/ circumf]5ce ( ,nature1 & 0 end[$ ) ! mo/ consummate reason & intellig5ce1 or r 0 itself ! v ess5ce ( reason & intellig5ce1 _h orig9ally =m$ ! _w1 & _h communicat$ a portion1 or ray1 ( its own ess5ce to :atev] 0 end[$ ) life & s5sation1 :i*1 ^u ! dissolution ( ^? =ms1 ei!r imm$iately or "s "t aft]1 0 aga9 absorb$ into t ocean ( ,deity f :5ce x _h orig9ally be5 deta*$4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,planets1 & ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 7 ea* ( !m also inf]ior div9ities1 animat$ by a deta*$ portion ( t e!rial ess5ce :i* 0 ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,plato1 ! ,intellig5ce :i* animat$ ! _w 0 diff]5t f t :i* orig9ally =m$ x4 ,nei!r 7 ^! :i* animat$ ! cele/ial sph]es1 nor ^? :i* in=m$ inf]ior t]re/rial animals1 reg>d$ z portions ( ?is pla/ic s\l ( ! _w4 ,^u ! dissolution ( animals1 !re=e1 _! s\ls 7 n absorb$ 9 ! s\l ( ! _w1 b _h a sep>ate & et]nal exi/5ce1 :i* gave bir? to ! notion ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,nei!r did x seem unnatural1 t1 z ! same matt] :i* _h compos$ "o animal body might be employ$ to compose ano!r1 t ! same intellig5ce :i* _h animat$ "o su* be+ %\ld aga9 animate ano!r4 ,b 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics1 ! intellig5ce :i* orig9ally =m$1 & t :i* animat$ ! _w1 7 "o & ! same1 all inf]ior intellig5ces 7 deta*$ portions #cie ( ! great "o2 & !re=e1 9 a long]1 or 9 a %ort] "t1 7 all ( !m1 ev5 ! gods !mselves1 :o animat$ ! cele/ial bodies1 to be at la/ resolv$ into ! inf9ite ess5ce ( ?is almighty ,jupit]1 :o1 at a di/ant p]iod1 %\ld1 by an univ]sal conflagration1 wrap up all ?+s1 9 t e!rial & fi]y nature1 out ( :i* !y _h orig9ally be5 d$uc$1 aga9 to br+ =? a new ,heav5 & a new ,e>?1 new animals1 new m51 new deities2 all ( :i* w\ld aga91 at a fat$ "t1 be swall[$ up 9 a l conflagration1 aga9 to be re-produc$1 & aga9 to be re-de/roy$1 & s on )\t end4 ---------- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,lead ,,& ,,direct ,,philosophical ,,enquiries2 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,logics ,,& ,,metaphysics4 ----- ,,9 e transmutation1 ei!r ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 or ( "o comp\nd body ei!r into ! elem5ts out ( :i* x 0 compos$1 or into ano!r comp\nd body1 x seem$ evid5t1 t bo? 9 ! old & 9 ! new species1 !re 0 some?+ t 0 ! same1 & some?+ t 0 diff]5t4 ,:5 ,fire 0 *ang$ into ,air1 or ,wat] into ,e>?1 ! ,/uff1 or ,subject-matt] ( ?is ,air & ?is ,e>?1 0 evid5tly ! same ) t ( ! =m] ,fire or ,wat]2 b ! ,nature or ,species ( ^? new bodies 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,:51 9 ! same mann]1 a numb] ( fre%1 gre51 & odorif]\s fl[]s 7 ?r[n toge!r 9 a heap1 !y1 9 a %ort "t1 entirely *ang$ _! nature1 became putrid & loa?some1 & dissolv$ into a confus$ mass ( ordure1 :i* bore no resemblance1 ei!r 9 s5sible qualities or 9 its effects1 to _! =m] beautiful appe>ance4 ,b h[ diff]5t soev] ! species1 ! subject-matt] ( ! fl[]s1 & ( ! ordure1 01 9 ?is case too1 evid5tly ! same4 ,9 e body !re=e1 :e!r simple or mix$1 !re 7 evid5tly two pr9ciples1 ^: comb9ation con/itut$ ! :ole nature ( t p>ticul> body4 ,! fir/ 0 ! ,/uff1 or ,subject-matt]1 out ( :i* x 0 made2 ! second 0 ! ,species1 ! ,specific ,ess5ce1 ! ,ess5tial1 or1 z ! s*oolm5 h call$ x1 ! ,sub/antial ,=m ( ! ,body4 #cif ,! fir/ seem$ to be ! same 9 all bodies1 & to h nei!r qualities nor p[]s ( any k9d1 b to be altoge!r in]t & imp]ceptible by any ( ! s5ses1 till x 0 qualifi$ & r5d]$ s5sible by its union ) "s species or ess5tial =m4 ,all ! qualities & p[]s ( bodies seem$ to dep5d ^u _! species or ess5tial =ms4 ,x 0 n ! /uff or matt] ( ,fire1 or ,air1 or ,e>?1 or ,wat]1 :i* enabl$ ^? elem5ts to produce _! sev]al effects1 b t ess5tial =m :i* 0 peculi> to ea* ( !m4 ,= x seem$ evid5t t ,fire mu/ produce ! effects ( ,fire1 by t :i* r5d]$ x ,fire2 ,air1 by t :i* r5d]$ x ,air2 & t 9 ! same mann] all o!r simple & mix$ bodies mu/ produce _! sev]al effects1 by t :i* con/itut$ !m su* or su* bodies2 t is1 by _! ,specific ,ess5ce or ess5tial =ms4 ,b x is f ! effects ( bodies ^u "o ano!r1 t all ! *anges & revolutions 9 ! mat]ial _w arise4 ,s9ce ^!1 !re=e1 dep5d ^u ! specific ess5ces ( ^? bodies1 x mu/ be ! bus9ess ( philosophy1 t sci5ce :i* endeav\rs to connect toge!r all ! diff]5t *anges t occur 9 ! _w1 to det]m9e :]e9 ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ea* object consi/s1 9 ord] to =esee :at *anges or revolutions may be expect$ f x4 ,b ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ea* individual object is n t :i* is peculi> to x z an individual1 b t :i* is common to x1 ) all o!r objects ( ! same k9d4 ,?us ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ! ,wat]1 :i* n[ /&s be=e me1 does n consi/ 9 its be+ heat$ by ! ,fire1 or cool$ by ! ,air1 9 su* a p>ticul> degree2 9 its be+ conta9$ 9 a vessel ( su* a =m1 or ( su* dim5sions4 ,^! are all accid5tal circum/ances1 :i* are altoge!r extrane\s to its g5]al nature1 & ^u :i* none ( its effects z ,wat] dep5d4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 9 consid]+ ! g5]al nature ( ,wat]1 takes no notice ( ^? p>ticul>ities :i* are peculi> to ?is wat]1 b conf9es itself to ^? ?+s :i* are common to all ,wat]4 ,if1 9 ! progress ( its inquiries1 x %\ld desc5d to consid] ! nature ( ,wat] t is modifi$ by su* p>ticul> accid5ts1 x /ill w\ld n conf9e its consid]ation to ?is wat] conta9$ 9 ?is vessel1 & ?us heat$ at ?is fire1 b w\ld ext5d its views to ,wat] 9 g5]al conta9$ 9 su* k9d ( vessels1 & heat$ to su* a degree at su* a fire4 ,9 e case1 !re=e1 ,species1 or ,univ]sals1 & n ,individuals1 are ! objects ( ,philosophy4 ,because :atev] effects are produc$ by individuals1 :atev] *anges c fl[ f !m1 mu/ all proce$ f "s univ]sal nature t is conta9$ 9 !m4 ,z x 0 ! bus9ess ( ,physics1 or ,natural ,philosophy1 to det]m9e :]e9 consi/$ ! ,nature & ,ess5ce ( e p>ticul> ,species ( ?+s1 9 ord] to connect toge!r all ! diff]5t ev5ts t occur 9 ! mat]ial _w2 s !re 7 two o!r sci5ces1 :i*1 ?\gh !y _h orig9ally aris5 out ( t sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy ,i h j #cig be5 describ+1 71 h[ev]1 appreh5d$ to g be=e x1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! k ( ,nature ought to be communicat$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,metaphysics1 consid]$ ! g5]al nature ( ,univ]sals1 & ! diff]5t sorts or species into :i* !y might be divid$4 ,! second ( ^!1 ,logics1 0 built ^u ?is doctr9e ( ,metaphysics2 & f ! g5]al nature ( ,univ]sals1 & ( ! sorts into :i* !y 7 divid$1 endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! g5]al rules by :i* we might di/ribute all p>ticul> objects into g5]al classes1 & det]m9e to :at class ea* individual object belong$2 = 9 ?is1 !y ju/ly en\gh appreh5d$1 consi/$ ! :ole art ( philosophical reason+4 ,z ! fir/ ( ^! two sci5ces1 ,metaphysics1 is altoge!r subord9ate to ! second1 ,logic1 !y seem1 be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 to h be5 reg>d$ z "o1 & to h made up betwe5 !m t anci5t ,dialectic ( :i* we he> s mu*1 & ( :i* we und]/& s little3 nei!r does ?is sep>ation seem to h be5 mu* att5d$ to1 ei!r by 8 own foll[]s1 ! anci5t ,p]ipatetics1 or by any o!r ( ! old sects ( philosoph]s4 ,! lat] s*oolm51 inde$1 h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,ontology & ,logic2 b _! ,ontology conta9s b a small "p ( :at is ! subject ( ! metaphysical books ( ,ari/otle1 ! great] "p ( :i*1 ! doctr9es ( ,univ]sals1 & ev]y?+ t is prep>atory to ! arts ( def9+ & divid+1 has1 s9ce ! days ( ,porph]y1 be5 ins]t$ into _! ,logic4 ,accord+ to ,plato & ,timu1 ! pr9ciples out ( :i* ! ,deity =m$ ! ,_w1 & :i* 7 !mselves et]nal1 7 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! ,subject-matt] ( ?+s1 ! ,species1 or ,specific ,ess5ces ( ?+s1 & :at 0 made out ( ^!1 ! s5sible objects !mselves4 ,^! la/ _h no prop] or durable exi/5ce1 b 7 9 p]petual flux & succession4 ,= z ,h]aclitus _h said t no man ev] pass$ ! same riv] twice1 because ! wat] :i* he _h pass$ ov] once 0 gone be=e he c\ld pass ov] x a second "t2 s1 9 ! same mann]1 no man ev] saw1 or he>d1 or t\*$ ! same s5sible object twice4 ,:5 ,i look at ! w9d[1 = example1 ! visible species1 :i* /rikes my eyes ?is mom5t1 ?\gh resembl+1 is diff]5t f t :i* /ruck my eyes ! imm$iately prec$+ mom5t4 ,:5 ,i r+ ! bell1 ! s\nd1 or audible species1 :i* ,i he> ?is mom5t1 ?\gh resembl+ 9 ! same mann]1 is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f t :i* ,i he>d ! mom5t be=e4 ,:5 ,i lay my h& on ! table1 ! tangible species :i* ,i feel ?is mom5t1 ?\gh resembl+1 9 ! same mann]1 is num]ically diff]5t too f t :i* ,i felt ! mom5t be=e4 ,our s5sations1 !re=e1 nev] prop]ly exi/ or endure "o mom5t2 b1 9 ! v in/ant ( _! g5]ation1 p]i% & are annihilat$ = ev]4 ,nor are ! causes ( ^? s5sations m p]man5t4 ,no corporeal sub/ance is ev] exactly ! #cih same1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 any assignable "p1 dur+ two successive1 mom5ts1 b by ! p]petual addition ( new p>ts1 z well z loss ( old ones1 is 9 cont9ual flux & succession4 ,?+s ( s fleet+ a nature c nev] be ! objects ( sci5ce1 or ( any /eady or p]man5t judgm5t4 ,:ile we look at !m1 9 ord] to consid] !m1 !y are *ang$ & gone1 & annihilat$ = ev]4 ,! objects ( sci5ce1 & ( all ! /eady judgm5ts ( ! und]/&+1 mu/ be p]man5t1 un*angeable1 always exi/5t1 & liable nei!r to g5]ation nor corruption1 nor alt]ation ( any k9d4 ,su* are ! species or specific ess5ces ( ?+s4 ,man is p]petually *ang+ e p>ticle ( 8 body2 & e ?\ght ( 8 m9d is 9 cont9ual flux & succession4 ,b humanity1 or human nature1 is always exi/5t1 is always ! same1 is nev] g5]at$1 & is nev] corrupt$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! object ( sci5ce1 reason1 & und]/&+1 z man is ! object ( s5se1 & ( ^? incon/ant op9ions :i* are f\nd$ ^u s5se4 ,z ! objects ( s5se 7 appreh5d$ to h an ext]nal exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( ! act ( s5sation1 s ^! objects ( ! und]/&+ 7 mu* m suppos$ to h an ext]nal exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! act ( und]/&+4 ,^? ext]nal ess5ces 71 accord+ to ,plato1 ! exempl>s1 accord+ to :i* ! ,deity =m$ ! _w1 & all ! s5sible objects t are 9 x4 ,! ,deity compreh5d$ )9 8 inf9ite ess5ce1 all ^! species1 or ext]nal exempl>s1 9 ! same mann] z he compreh5d$ all s5sible objects4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 seems to h reg>d$ ! fir/ ( ^? z equally di/9ct ) ! second f :at we w\ld n[ call ! ,ideas or ,?\ghts ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1#a & ev5 to h suppos$1 t !y _h a p>ticul> place ( exi/5ce1 beyond ! sph]e ( ! visible #cii corporeal _w2 ?\gh ?is has be5 mu* controv]t$1 bo? by ! lat] ,platoni/s1 & by "s v judici\s mod]n critics1 :o h foll[$ ! int]pretation ( ! lat] ,platoni/s1 z :at did mo/ #djj hon\r to ! judgm5t ( t r5[n$ philosoph]4 ,all ! objects 9 ?is _w1 cont9u$ he1 are p>ticul> & individual4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! human m9d has no opportunity ( see+ any ,species1 or ,univ]sal ,nature4 ,:atev] ideas x has1 !re=e1 ( su* be+s1 = x pla9ly has !m1 x mu/ d]ive f ! memory ( :at x has se51 9 "s =m] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 :5 x _h an opportunity ( visit+ ! place or ,sph]e ( ,univ]sals4 ,= "s "t aft] x is imm]s$ 9 ! body1 dur+ its infancy1 its *ildhood1 & a great "p ( its y\?1 ! viol5ce ( ^? passions :i* x d]ives f ! body1 & :i* are all direct$ to ! p>ticul> & individual objects ( ?is _w1 h9d] x f turn+ its att5tion to ^? ,univ]sal ,natures1 ) :i* x _h be5 conv]sant 9 ! _w f :5ce x came4 ,! ,ideas1 ( ^!1 !re=e1 seem1 9 ?is fir/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce "h1 to be ov]:elm$ 9 ! confusion ( ^? turbul5t emotions1 & to be almo/ entirely wip$ out ( its remembrance4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( ?is /ate1 x is incapable ( ,reason+1 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy1 :i* are conv]sant ab\t ,univ]sals4 ,its :ole att5tion is turn$ t[>ds p>ticul> objects1 conc]n+ :i*1 be+ direct$ by no g5]al notions1 x =ms _m va9 & false op9ions1 & is fill$ ) error1 p]plexity1 & confusion4 ,b1 :5 age has abat$ ! viol5ce ( its passions1 & compos$ ! confusion ( its ?\ghts1 x !n becomes m capable ( reflection1 & ( turn+ its att5tion to ^? almo/ =gott5 ideas ( ?+s ) :i* x _h be5 conv]sant 9 ! =m] /ate ( its exi/5ce4 ,all ! p>ticul> objects 9 ?is s5sible _w1 be+ =m$ aft] ! et]nal exempl>s 9 t intellectual _w1 awak51 ^u acc\nt ( _! resemblance1 ins5sibly1 & by sl[ degrees1 ! almo/ oblit]at$ ideas ( ^! la/4 ,! beauty1 :i* is %>$ 9 diff]5t degrees among t]re/rial objects1 revives ! same idea ( t ,univ]sal ,nature ( beauty :i* exi/s 9 ! intellectual _w3 p>ticul> acts ( ju/ice1 ( ! univ]sal nature ( ju/ice2 p>ticul> reason+s1 & p>ticul> sci5ces1 ( ! univ]sal nature ( sci5ce & reason+2 p>ticul> r\ndnesses1 ( ! univ]sal nature ( r\ndness2 p>ticul> squ>es1 ( ! univ]sal nature ( squ>5ess4 ,?us sci5ce1 :i* is conv]sant ab\t ,univ]sals1 is d]iv$ f memory2 & to in/ruct any p]son conc]n+ ! g5]al nature ( any subject1 is no m ?an to awak5 9 him ! remembrance ( :at he =m]ly knew ab\t x4 ,?is bo? ,plato & ,socrates imag9$ !y c\ld /ill fur!r confirm1 by ! fallaci\s exp]im5t1 #dja :i* %[$1 t a p]son might be l$ to discov] himself1 )\t any in=mation1 any g5]al tru?1 ( :i* he 0 be=e ignorant1 m]ely by be+ ask$ a numb] ( prop]ly arrang$ & connect$ que/ions conc]n+ x4 ,footnote #a3 ,he calls !m1 inde$1 ,ideas1 a ^w :i*1 9 him1 9 ,ari/otle1 & all ! o!r writ]s ( e>li] antiquity1 signifies a ,species1 & is p]fectly synonym\s ) t o!r ^w ,greek3 ,eidos1 m frequ5tly made use ( by ,ari/otle4 ,z1 by "s ( ! lat] sects ( philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,/oics1 all species1 or specific ess5ces1 7 reg>d$ z m]e creatures ( ! m9d1 =m$ by ab/raction1 :i* _h no real exi/5ce ext]nal to ! ?\ghts t conceiv$ !m1 ! ^w ,idea came1 by degrees1 to its pres5t signification1 to mean1 fir/1 an ab/ract ?\ght or conception2 & aft]w>ds1 a ?\ght or conception ( any k9d2 & ?us became synonym\s ) t o!r ,greek ^w1 ,greek3 ,ennoia1 f :i* x _h orig9ally a v diff]5t mean+4 ,:5 ! lat] ,platoni/s1 :o liv$ at a "t :5 ! notion ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( specific ess5ces 0 univ]sally explod$1 began to comm5t ^u ! writ+s ( ,plato1 & ^u t /range fancy t1 9 8 writ+s1 !re 0 a d\ble doctr9e2 & t !y 7 int5d$ to seem to mean "o ?+1 :ile at bottom !y meant a v diff]5t1 :i* ! writ+s ( no man 9 8 s5ses ev] 71 or ev] c\ld be int5d$ to d2 !y repres5t$ 8 doctr9e z mean+ no m1 ?an t ! ,deity =m$ ! _w aft] :at we w\ld n[ call an ,idea1 or plan conceiv$ 9 8 own m9d1 9 ! same mann] z any o!r arti/4 ,b1 if ,plato _h meant to express no m ?an ?is mo/ natural & simple ( all notions1 he might surely h express$ x m pla9ly1 & w\ld h>dly1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h talk$ ( x ) s mu* emphasis1 z ( some?+ :i* x requir$ ! utmo/ rea* ( ?\ght to compreh5d4 ,accord+ to ?is repres5tation1 ,plato's notion ( ,species1 or ,univ]sals1 0 ! same ) t ( ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 does n seem to und]/& x z su*2 he be/[s a great "p ( 8 ,metaphysics ^u confut+ x1 & opposes x 9 all 8 o!r works2 nor does he1 9 any "o ( !m1 give ! lea/ h9t1 or ins9uation1 z if x c\ld be suspect$ t1 by ! ,ideas ( ,plato1 0 meant ! ?\ghts or conceptions ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,is x possible t he1 :o 0 tw5ty ye>s 9 8 s*ool1 %\ld1 dur+ all t "t1 h misund]/ood him1 especially :5 8 mean+ 0 s v pla9 & obvi\s8 ,nei!r is ?is notion ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ,species1 di/9ct bo? f ! m9d :i* conceives !m1 & f ! s5sible objects :i* are made to resemble !m1 "o ( ^? doctr9es :i* ,plato w\ld b seldom h occasion to talk (4 ,h[ev] x may be int]pret$1 x is ! v basis ( 8 philosophy2 nei!r is !re a s+le dialogue 9 all 8 works :i* does n ref] to x4 ,%all we suppose1 t t great philosoph]1 :o appe>s to h be5 s mu* sup]ior to 8 ma/] 9 e ?+ b eloqu5ce1 wilfully1 & ^u all occasions1 misrepres5t$1 n "o ( ! deep & my/]i\s doctr9es ( ! philosophy ( ,plato1 b ! fir/ & mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all 8 reason+s2 :5 ! writ+s ( ,plato 7 9 ! h&s ( e body2 :5 8 foll[]s & disciples 7 spread all ov] ,greece2 :5 almo/ e ,a!nian ( di/9ction1 t 0 ne>ly ( ! same age ) ,ari/otle1 mu/ h be5 br$ 9 8 s*ool2 :5 ,speusippus1 ! nephew & successor ( ,plato1 z well z ,x5ocrates1 :o cont9u$ ! s*ool 9 ! ,academy1 at ! same "t t ,ari/otle held 8 9 ! ,lyceum1 mu/ h be5 ready1 at all times1 to expose & affront him = su* gross dis+5uity4 ,does n ,cic]o1 does n ,s5eca und]/& ?is doctr9e 9 ! same mann] z ,ari/otle has repres5t$ x8 ,is !re any au?or 9 all antiquity :o seems to und]/& x o!rwise1 e>li] ?an ,plut>*1 an au?or :o seems to h be5 z bad a critic 9 philosophy z 9 hi/ory1 & to h tak5 e ?+ at second-h& 9 bo?1 & :o liv$ aft] ! orig9 ( t eclectic philosophy1 f :5ce ! lat] ,platoni/s arose1 & :o seems himself to h be5 "o ( t sect8 ,is !re any "o passage 9 any ,greek au?or1 ne> ! "t ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 9 :i* ! ^w ,idea is us$ 9 its pres5t mean+1 to signify a ?\ght or conception8 ,are n ! words1 :i* 9 all languages express reality or exi/5ce1 directly oppos$ to ^? :i* express ?\ght1 or conception only8 ,or1 is !re any o!r diff]5ce betwixt a ?+ t exi/s1 & a ?+ t does n exi/1 except ?is1 t ! "o is a m]e conception1 & t ! o!r is some?+ m ?an a conception8 ,) :at propriety1 !re=e1 c\ld ,plato talk ( ^? et]nal species1 z ( ! only ?+s :i* _h any real exi/5ce1 if !y 7 no m ?an ! conceptions ( ! ,div9e ,m9d8 ,_h n ! ,deity1 accord+ to ,plato1 z well z accord+ to ! ,/oics1 f all et]nity1 ! idea ( e individual1 z well z ( e species1 & ( ! /ate 9 :i* e individual 0 to be1 9 ea* diff]5t in/ance ( its exi/5ce8 ,7 n all ! div9e ideas1 !re=e1 ( ea* individual1 or ( all ! diff]5t /ates1 :i* ea* individual 0 to be 9 dur+ ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce1 equally et]nal & unalt]able ) ^? ( ! species8 ,) :at s5se1 !re=e1 c\ld ,plato say1 t ! fir/ 7 et]nal1 because ! ,deity _h conceiv$ !m f all et]nity1 s9ce he _h conceiv$ ! o!rs f all et]nity too1 & s9ce 8 ideas ( ! ,species c\ld1 9 ?is respect1 h no advantage ( ^? ( ! individual8 ,does n ,plato1 9 _m diff]5t places1 talk ( ! ,ideas ( ,species or ,univ]sals z innate1 & hav+ be5 impress$ ^u ! m9d 9 its /ate ( pre-exi/5ce1 :5 x _h an opportunity ( view+ ^! ,species z !y are 9 !mselves1 & n z !y are express$ 9 _! copies1 or repres5tatives ^u e>?8 ,b if ! only place ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? ,species 0 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 w n ?is suppose1 t ,plato ei!r imag9$1 l ,fa!r ,malbran*e1 t 9 its /ate ( pre-exi/5ce1 ! m9d saw all ?+s 9 ,god3 or t x 0 itself an emanation ( ! ,div9ity8 ,t he ma9ta9$ ! fir/ op9ion1 w n be pret5d$ by any body :o is at all v]s$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,t en?usia/ic notion1 ?\gh x may seem to be fav\r$ by "s passages 9 ! ,fa!rs1 0 nev]1 x is well kn[n1 coolly & lit]ally ma9ta9$ by any body be=e t ,c>tesian philosoph]4 ,t ! human m9d 0 itself an emanation ( ! ,div9e1 ?\gh x 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics1 0 by no means t ( ,plato2 ?\gh1 ^u ! notion ( a pret5d$ d\ble doctr9e1 ! contr>y has lately be5 ass]t$4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! ,deity =m$ ! s\l ( ! _w out ( t sub/ance :i* is always ! same1 t is1 out ( ,species or ,univ]sals2 out ( t :i* is always diff]5t1 t is1 out ( corporeal sub/ances2 & out ( a sub/ance t 0 ( a middle nature betwe5 ^!1 :i* x is n easy to und]/& :at he meant by4 ,out ( a "p ( ! same composition1 he made ^? inf]ior intellig5ces :o animat$ ! cele/ial sph]es1 to :om he deliv]$ ! rema9+ "p ( x1 to =m f !nce ! s\ls ( m5 & animals4 ,! s\ls ( ^? inf]ior deities1 ?\gh made out ( a simil> sub/ance or composition1 7 n reg>d$ z p>ts or emanations ( t ( ! _w2 nor 7 ^? ( animals1 9 ! same mann]1 reg>d$ z p>ts or emanations ( ^? inf]ior deities3 mu* less 7 any ( !m reg>d$ z p>ts1 or emanations ( ! great ,au?or ( all ?+s4 ,! m ! s\l 0 accu/om$ to ! consid]ation ( ^? ,univ]sal ,natures1 ! less x 0 atta*$ to any p>ticul> & individual objects2 x approa*$ ! ne>] to ! orig9al p]fection ( its nature1 f :i*1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 x _h fall54 ,philosophy1 :i* accu/oms x to consid] ! g5]al ,ess5ce ( ?+s only1 & to ab/ract f all _! p>ticul> & s5sible circum/ances1 01 ^u ?is acc\nt1 reg>d$ z ! great purifi] ( ! s\l4 ,z dea? sep>at$ ! s\l f ! body1 & f ! bodily s5ses & passions1 x re/or$ x to t intellectual _w1 f :5ce x _h orig9ally desc5d$1 :]e no s5sible ,species call$ (f its att5tion f ^? g5]al ,ess5ces ( ?+s4 ,philosophy1 9 ?is life1 habituat+ x to ! same consid]ations1 br+s x1 9 "s degree1 to t /ate ( happ9ess & p]fection1 to :i* dea? re/ores ! s\ls ( j m5 9 a life to come4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e ( ,plato conc]n+ ! ,species or ,specific ,ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at 8 words seem to import1 & ?us he is und]/ood by ,ari/otle1 ! mo/ intellig5t & ! mo/ r5[n$ ( all 8 disciples4 ,x is a doctr9e1 :i*1 l _m ( ! o!r doctr9es ( ab/ract ,philosophy1 is m coh]5t 9 ! expression ?an 9 ! idea2 & :i* seems to h aris51 m f ! nature ( language1 ?an f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,) all its imp]fections x 0 excusable1 9 ! beg9n+s ( philosophy1 & is n a great deal m remote f ! tru?1 ?an _m o!rs :i* h s9ce be5 sub/itut$ 9 its room by "s ( ! greate/ pret5d]s to accuracy & precision4 ,mank9d h _h1 at all times1 a /rong prop5sity to realize _! own ab/ractions1 ( :i* we %all imm$iately see an example1 9 ! notions ( t v philosoph] :o fir/ expos$ ! ill-gr\nd$ f\ndation ( ^? ,ideas1 or ,univ]sals1 ( ,plato & ,timu4 ,to expla9 ! nature1 & to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( g5]al ,ideas1 is1 ev5 at ?is day1 ! greate/ difficulty 9 ab/ract philosophy4 ,h[ ! human m9d1 :5 x reasons conc]n+ ! g5]al nature ( triangles1 %\ld ei!r conceive1 z ,mr4 ,locke imag9es x does1 ! idea ( a triangle1 :i* is nei!r obtusangul>1 nor rectangul>1 nor acutangul>2 b :i* 0 at once bo? none & ( all ^? toge!r2 or %\ld1 z ,malbran*e ?9ks necess>y = ?is purpose1 compreh5d at once1 )9 its f9ite capacity1 all possible triangles ( all possible =ms & dim5sions1 :i* are inf9ite 9 numb]1 is a "q1 to :i* x is surely n easy to give a satisfactory answ]4 ,malbran*e1 to solve x1 _h rec\rse to ! en?usia/ic & un9telligible notion ( ! intimate union ( ! human m9d ) ! div9e1 9 ^: inf9ite #djb ess5ce ! imm5sity ( su* species c\ld alone be compreh5d$2 & 9 :i* alone1 !re=e1 all f9ite intellig5ces c\ld h an opportunity ( view+ !m4 ,if1 aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s reason+ ab\t ?is subject1 ?is +5i\s & sublime philosoph] 0 =c$ to h rec\rse to s /range a fancy1 9 ord] to expla9 x1 c we wond] t ,plato1 9 ! v fir/ dawn+s ( sci5ce1 %\ld1 = ! same purpose1 adopt an hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 ?\ght1 )\t mu* reason1 inde$1 to h "s aff9ity to t ( ,malbran*e1 & :i* is n m out ( ! way8 ,:at seems to h misl$ ^? e>ly philosoph]s1 01 ! notion1 :i* appe>s1 at fir/1 natural en\gh1 t ^? ?+s1 out ( :i* any object is compos$1 mu/ exi/ antec$5t to t object4 ,b ! ?+s out ( :i* all p>ticul> objects seem to be compos$1 are ! /uff or matt] ( ^? objects1 & ! =m or specific ,ess5ce1 :i* det]m9es !m to be ( ?is or t class ( ?+s4 ,^!1 !re=e1 x 0 ?\ght1 mu/ h exi/$ antec$5t to ! object :i* 0 made up betwe5 !m4 ,plato1 :o held1 t ! s5sible _w1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 is ! _w ( individuals1 0 made 9 "t1 necess>ily conceiv$1 t bo? ! univ]sal matt]1 ! object ( spuri\s reason1 & ! specific ess5ce1 ! object ( prop] reason & philosophy out ( :i* x 0 compos$1 mu/ h _h a sep>ate exi/5ce f all et]nity4 ,?is intellectual _w1 v diff]5t f ! intellectual _w ( ,cudwor?1 ?\gh mu* ( ! language ( ! "o has be5 borr[$ f t ( ! o!r1 0 necess>ily & always exi/5t2 :]eas ! s5sible _w ow$ its orig9 to ! free w & b\nty ( its au?or4 ,a notion ( ?is k9d1 z long z x is express$ 9 v g5]al language2 z long z x is n mu* re/$ ^u1 nor attempt$ to be v p>ticul>ly & di/9ctly expla9$1 passes easily en\gh1 ?r\gh ! indol5t imag9ation1 accu/om$ to sub/itute words 9 ! room ( ideas2 & if ! words seem to hang easily toge!r1 requir+ no great precision 9 ! ideas4 ,x vani%es1 inde$2 is discov]$ to be altoge!r incompreh5sible1 & eludes ! grasp ( ! imag9ation1 ^u an att5tive consid]ation4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 an att5tive consid]ation2 & if x _h be5 z =tunate z _m o!r op9ions ( ! same k9d1 & ab\t ! same subject1 x might1 )\t exam9ation1 h cont9u$ to be ! curr5t philosophy = a c5tury or two4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 seems imm$iately to h discov]$1 t x 0 impossible to conceive1 z actually exi/5t1 ei!r t g5]al matt]1 :i* 0 n det]m9$ by any p>ticul> species1 or ^? species :i* 7 n embodi$1 if "o may say s1 9 "s p>ticul> portion ( matt]4 ,ari/otle1 too1 held1 z we h already obs]v$ ! et]nity ( ! s5sible _w4 ,?\gh he held1 !re=e1 t all s5sible objects 7 made up ( two pr9ciples1 bo? ( :i*1 he calls1 equally1 sub/ances1 ! matt] & ! specific ess5ce1 he 0 #djc n oblig$ to hold1 l ,plato1 t ^? pr9ciples exi/$ prior 9 ! ord] ( "t to ! objects :i* !y aft]w>ds compos$4 ,!y 7 prior1 he said1 9 nature1 b n 9 "t1 accord+ to a di/9ction :i* 0 ( use to him ^u "s o!r occasion4 ,he di/+ui%$1 too1 betwixt actual & pot5tial exi/5ce4 ,by ! fir/1 he seems to h und]/ood :at is commonly meant by exi/5ce or reality2 by ! second1 ! b>e possibility ( exi/5ce4 ,8 mean+1 ,i say1 seems to am\nt to ?is2 ?\gh he does n expla9 x precisely 9 ?is mann]4 ,nei!r ! mat]ial ,ess5ce ( body c\ld1 accord+ to him1 exi/ actually )\t be+ det]m9$ by "s ,specific ,ess5ce1 to "s p>ticul> class ( ?+s1 nor any ,specific ,ess5ce )\t be+ embodi$ 9 "s p>ticul> portion ( matt]4 ,ea* ( ^! two pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 c\ld exi/ pot5tially 9 ?is sep>ate /ate4 ,t matt] exi/$ pot5tially1 :i*1 be+ end[$ ) a p>ticul> =m1 c\ld be br\ght into actual exi/5ce2 & t =m1 :i*1 by be+ embodi$ 9 a p>ticul> portion ( matt]1 c\ld1 9 ! same mann]1 be call$ =? into ! class ( complete realities4 ,?is pot5tial exi/5ce ( matt] & =m1 he sometimes talks (1 9 expressions :i* resemble ^? ( ,plato1 to ^: notion ( sep>ate ,ess5ce x be>s a v great aff9ity4 ,ari/otle1 :o seems 9 _m ?+s orig9al1 & :o endeav\r$ to seem to be s 9 all ?+s1 add$ ! pr9ciple ( privation to ^? ( matt] & =m1 :i* he _h d]iv$ f ! anci5t ,py?agorean s*ool4 ,:5 ,wat] is *ang$ into ,air1 ! transmutation is br\ght ab\t by ! mat]ial pr9ciple ( ^? two elem5ts be+ depriv$ ( ! =m ( ,wat]1 & !n assum+ ! =m ( ,air4 ,privation1 !re=e1 0 a ?ird pr9ciple opposite to =m1 :i* ent]$ into ! g5]ation ( e ,species1 :i* 0 always f "s o!r ,species4 ,x 0 a pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 b n ( composition1 z is mo/ obvi\s4 ,! ,/oics1 ^: op9ions 71 9 all ! diff]5t p>ts ( philosophy1 ei!r ! same )1 or v ne>ly alli$ to ^? ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ?\gh (t5 disguis$ 9 v diff]5t language1 held1 t all ?+s1 ev5 ! elem5ts !mselves1 7 comp\nd$ ( two pr9ciples1 ^u "o ( :i* dep5d$ all ! active1 & ^u ! o!r all ! passive1 p[]s ( ^! bodies4 ,! la/ ( ^!1 !y call$ ,matt]2 ! fir/1 ! ,cause1 by :i* !y meant ! v same ?+ :i* ,ari/otle & ,plato und]/ood1 by _! specific ,ess5ces4 ,matt]1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 c\ld h no exi/5ce sep>ate f ! cause or effici5t pr9ciple :i* det]m9$ x to "s p>ticul> class ( ?+s4 ,nei!r c\ld ! effici5t pr9ciple exi/ sep>ately f ! mat]ial1 9 :i* x 0 always necess>ily embodi$4 ,_! op9ion1 !re=e1 s f> co9cid$ ) t ( ! old ,p]ipatetics4 ,! effici5t pr9ciple1 !y said1 0 ! ,deity4 ,by :i* !y meant1 t x 0 a deta*$ portion ( ! e!rial & div9e nature1 #djd :i* p5etrat$ all ?+s1 t con/itut$ :at ,plato w\ld h call$ ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ea* individual object2 & s f> _! op9ion co9cides pretty ne>ly ) t ( ! latt] ,platoni/s1 :o held1 t ! ,specific ,ess5ces ( all ?+s 7 deta*$ portions ( _! creat$ deity1 ! s\l ( ! _w2 & ) t ( "s ( ! ,arabian & ,s*ola/ic ,comm5tators ( ,ari/otle1 :o held t ! sub/antial =ms ( all ?+s desc5d$ f ^? ,div9e ,ess5ces :i* animat$ ! ,cele/ial ,sph]es4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e ( ! f\r pr9cipal ,sects ( ! anci5t ,philosoph]s1 conc]n+ ! ,specific ,ess5ces ( ?+s1 ( ! old ,py?agoreans1 ( ! ,academical1 ! ,p]ipatetic1 & ! ,/oical ,sects4 ,z ?is doctr9e ( ,specific ,ess5ces seems naturally en\gh to h aris5 f t anci5t sy/em ( ,physics1 :i* ,i h above describ$1 & :i* is1 by no means1 devoid ( probability1 s _m ( ! doctr9es ( t sy/em1 :i* seems to u1 :o h be5 long accu/om$ to ano!r1 ! mo/ incompreh5sible1 necess>ily fl[ f ?is metaphysical notion4 ,su* are ^? ( g5]ation1 corruption1 & alt]ation2 ( mixture1 cond5sation1 & r>efaction4 ,a body 0 g5]at$ or corrupt$1 :5 x *ang$ its ,specific ,ess5ce1 & pass$ f "o d5om9ation to ano!r4 ,x 0 alt]$ :5 x *ang$ only "s ( its qualities1 b /ill reta9$ ! same ,specific ,ess5ce1 & ! same d5om9ation4 ,?us1 :5 a fl[] 0 )]$1 x 0 n corrupt$2 ?\gh "s ( its qualities 7 *ang$1 x /ill reta9$ ! ,specific ,ess5ce1 & !re=e ju/ly pass$ "u ! d5om9ation ( a fl[]4 ,b1 :51 9 ! fur!r progress ( its decay1 x crumbl$ into e>?1 x 0 corrupt$2 x lo/ ! ,specific ,ess5ce1 or sub/antial =m ( ! fl[]1 & assum$ t ( ! e>?1 & !re=e ju/ly *ang$ its d5om9ation4 ,! ,specific ,ess5ce1 or univ]sal nature t 0 lodg$ 9 ea* p>ticul> class ( bodies1 0 n itself ! object ( any ( our s5ses1 b c\ld be p]ceiv$ only by ! und]/&+4 ,x 0 by ! s5sible qualities1 h[ev]1 t we judg$ ( ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ea* object4 ,"s ( ^! s5sible qualities1 !re=e1 we reg>d$ z ess5tial1 or su* z %[$1 by _! pres5ce or abs5ce1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( t ess5tial =m f :i* !y necess>ily fl[$4 ,o!rs 7 accid5tal1 or su* ^: pres5ce or abs5ce _h no su* necess>y consequ5ces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two sorts ( qualities 0 call$ ,prop]ties2 ! second1 ,accid5ts4 ,9 ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( ea* object itself1 !y di/+ui%$ two p>ts2 "o ( :i* 0 peculi> & *>act]i/ical ( ! "o class ( ?+s ( :i* t p>ticul> object 0 an individual1 ! o!r 0 common to x ) "s o!r high] classes ( ?+s4 ,^! two p>ts 71 to ! ,specific ,ess5ce1 pretty mu* :at ! ,matt] & ! ,specific ,ess5ce 7 to ea* individual body4 ,! "o1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,g5us1 0 modifi$ & det]m9$ by ! o!r1 #dje :i* 0 call$ ! ,specific ,diff]5ce1 pretty mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! univ]sal matt] conta9$ 9 ea* body 0 modifi$ & det]m9$ by ! ,specific ,ess5ce ( t p>ticul> class ( bodies4 ,^! f\r1 ) ! ,specific ,ess5ce or ,species itself1 made up ! numb] ( ! ,five ,univ]sals1 s well kn[n 9 ! s*ools by ! names ( ,g5us1 ,species1 ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 & ,accid5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------- ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,t ,,imitation ,,:i* ,,takes ,,place ,,9 ,,:at ,,are ,,call$ ,,! ,,imitative ,,arts4 ----- ,,"p ,i4 ,,! mo/ p]fect imitation ( an object ( any k9d mu/ 9 all cases1 x is evid5t1 be ano!r object ( ! same k9d1 made z exactly z possible aft] ! same model4 ,:at1 = example1 w\ld be ! mo/ p]fect imitation ( ! c>pet :i* n[ lies be=e me8--,ano!r c>pet1 c]ta9ly1 wr\ght z exactly z possible aft] ! same patt]n4 ,b1 :atev] might be ! m]it or beauty ( ?is second c>pet1 x w\ld n be suppos$ to d]ive any f ! circum/ance ( its hav+ be5 made 9 imitation ( ! fir/4 ,?is circum/ance ( its be+ n an orig9al1 b a copy1 w\ld ev5 be consid]$ z "s dim9ution ( t m]it2 a great] or small]1 9 proportion z ! object 0 ( a nature to lay claim to a great] or small] degree ( admiration4 ,x w\ld n mu* dim9i% ! m]it ( a common c>pet1 because 9 su* trifl+ objects1 :i* at be/ c lay claim to s little beauty or m]it ( any k9d1 we d n always ?9k x wor? :ile to affect orig9ality3 x w\ld dim9i% a good deal t ( a c>pet ( v exquisite workman%ip4 ,9 objects ( /ill great] importance1 ?is exact1 or1 z x w\ld be call$1 ?is s]vile imitation1 w\ld be consid]$ z ! mo/ unp>donable blemi%4 ,to build ano!r ,/4 ,pet]'s or ,/4 ,paul's *ur*1 ( exactly ! same dim5sions1 proportions1 & ornam5ts ) ! pres5t build+s at ,rome or ,london1 w\ld be suppos$ to argue su* a mis]able b>r5ness ( g5ius & inv5tion 9 ! ar*itect z w\ld disgrace ! mo/ exp5sive magnific5ce4 ,! exact resemblance ( ! correspond5t p>ts ( ! same object #djf is frequ5tly consid]$ z a beauty1 & ! want ( x z a de=mity2 z 9 ! correspond5t memb]s ( ! human body1 9 ! opposite w+s ( ! same build+1 9 ! opposite trees ( ! same alley1 9 ! correspond5t comp>tm5ts ( ! same piece ( c>pet-"w1 or ( ! same fl[]-g>d51 9 ! *airs or tables :i* /& 9 ! correspond5t p>ts ( ! same room1 etc4 ,b 9 objects ( ! same k9d1 :i* 9 o!r respects are reg>d$ z altoge!r sep>ate & unconnect$1 ?is exact resemblance is seldom consid]$ z a beauty1 nor ! want ( x z a de=mity4 ,a man1 & 9 ! same mann] a horse1 is h&some or ugly1 ea* ( !m1 on acc\nt ( 8 own intr9sic beauty or de=mity1 )\t any reg>d to _! resembl+ or n resembl+1 ! "o1 ano!r man1 or ! o!r1 ano!r horse4 ,a set ( coa*-horses1 inde$1 is suppos$ to be h&som] :5 !y are all exactly mat*$2 b ea* horse is1 9 ?is case1 consid]$ n z a sep>at$ & unconnect$ object1 or z a :ole by himself1 b z a "p ( ano!r :ole1 to ! o!r p>ts ( :i* he ought to be> a c]ta9 correspond5ce3 sep>at$ f ! set1 he d]ives nei!r beauty f 8 resemblance1 nor de=mity f 8 unlik5ess to ! o!r horses :i* compose x4 ,ev5 9 ! correspond5t p>ts ( ! same object1 we frequ5tly require no m ?an a resemblance 9 ! g5]al outl9e4 ,if ! inf]ior memb]s ( ^? correspond5t p>ts are too m9ute to be se5 di/9ctly1 )\t a sep>ate & di/9ct exam9ation ( ea* "p by itself1 z a sep>ate & unconnect$ object1 we %\ld sometimes ev5 be displeas$ if ! resemblance 0 c>ri$ beyond ?is g5]al outl9e4 ,9 ! correspond5t p>ts ( a room we frequ5tly hang pictures ( ! same size2 ^? pictures1 h[ev]1 resemble "o ano!r 9 no?+ b ! frame1 or1 p]haps1 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! subject2 if ! "o is a l&scape1 ! o!r is a l&scape too2 if ! "o repres5ts a religi\s or a bac*analian subject1 its companion repres5ts ano!r ( ! same k9d4 ,nobody ev] ?\ght ( repeat+ ! same picture 9 ea* correspond5t frame4 ,! frame1 & ! g5]al "* ( two or ?ree pictures1 is z mu* z ! eye c compreh5d at "o view1 or f "o /ation4 ,ea* picture1 9 ord]1 to be se5 di/9ctly1 & und]/ood ?or\ghly1 mu/ be view$ f a p>ticul> /ation1 & exam9$ by itself z a sep>ate & unconnect$ object4 ,9 a hall or portico1 adorn$ ) /atues1 ! ni*es1 or p]haps ! p$e/als1 may exactly resemble "o ano!r1 b ! /atues are always diff]5t ,ev5 ! masks :i* are sometimes c>ri$ ^u ! diff]5t key-/ones ( ! same arcade1 or ( ! correspond5t doors & w9d[s ( ! same front1 ?\gh !y may all resemble "o ano!r 9 ! g5]al outl9e1 yet ea* ( !m has always its own peculi> features1 & a grimace ( its own4 ,!re are "s ,go?ic build+s 9 :i* ! correspond5t w9d[s resemble "o ano!r only 9 ! g5]al outl9e1 & n 9 ! small] #djg ornam5ts & subdivisions4 ,^! are diff]5t 9 ea*1 & ! ar*itect _h consid]$ !m z too m9ute to be se5 di/9ctly1 )\t a p>ticul> & sep>ate exam9ation ( ea* w9d[ by itself1 z a sep>ate & unconnect$ object4 ,a v>iety ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 is n agreeable4 ,9 objects :i* are susceptible only ( a c]ta9 inf]ior ord] ( beauty1 su* z ! frames ( pictures1 ! ni*es or ! p$e/als ( /atues1 c41 !re seems frequ5tly to be affectation 9 ! /udy ( v>iety1 ( :i* ! m]it is sc>cely ev] suffici5t to comp5sate ! want ( t p]spicuity & di/9ctness1 ( t eas9ess to be compreh5d$ & rememb]$1 :i* is ! natural effect ( exact uni=mity4 ,9 a portico ( ! ,cor9?ian or ,ionic ord]1 ea* column resembles e o!r1 n only 9 ! g5]al outl9e1 b 9 all ! m9ute/ ornam5ts2 ?\gh "s ( !m1 9 ord] to be se5 di/9ctly1 may require a sep>ate & di/9ct exam9ation 9 ea* column1 & 9 ! entablature ( ea* int]columnation4 ,9 ! inlaid tables1 :i*1 accord+ to ! pres5t fa%ion1 are sometimes fix$ 9 ! correspond5t p>ts ( ! same room1 ! pictures only are diff]5t 9 ea*4 ,all ! o!r m frivol\s & fanciful ornam5ts are commonly1 s f> at lea/ z ,i h obs]v$ ! fa%ion1 ! same 9 !m all4 ,^? ornam5ts1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to be se5 di/9ctly1 require a di/9ct exam9ation ( ea* table4 ,! extraord9>y resemblance ( two natural objects1 ( tw9s1 = example1 is reg>d$ z a curi\s circum/ance2 :i*1 ?\gh x does n increase1 yet does n dim9i% ! beauty ( ei!r1 consid]$ z a sep>ate & unconnect$ object4 ,b ! exact resemblance ( two productions ( art1 seems to be always consid]$ z "s dim9ution ( ! m]it ( at lea/ "o ( !m2 z x seems to prove1 t "o ( !m1 at lea/1 is a copy ei!r ( ! o!r1 or ( "s o!r orig9al4 ,"o may say1 ev5 ( ! copy ( a picture1 t x d]ives its m]it1 n s mu* f its resemblance to ! orig9al1 z f its resemblance to ! object :i* ! orig9al 0 meant to resemble4 ,! own] ( ! copy1 s f> f sett+ any high value ^u its resemblance to ! orig9al1 is (t5 anxi\s to de/roy any value or m]it :i* x might d]ive f ?is circum/ance4 ,he is (t5 anxi\s to p]suade bo? himself & o!r p t x is n a copy1 b an orig9al1 ( :i* :at passes = ! orig9al is only a copy4 ,b1 :atev] m]it a copy may d]ive f its resemblance to ! orig9al1 an orig9al c d]ive none f ! resemblance ( its copy4 ,b ?\gh a production ( art seldom d]ives any m]it f its resemblance to ano!r object ( ! same k9d1 x frequ5tly d]ives a great deal f its resemblance to an object ( a diff]5t k9d1 :e!r t object be a production ( art or ( nature4 ,a pa9t$ clo?1 ! "w ( "s labori\s ,dut* arti/1 s curi\sly %ad$ & col\r$ z to repres5t ! pile & s(tness ( a wooll5 "o1 might d]ive "s m]it f its resemblance ev5 to ! sorry c>pet :i* n[ #djh lies be=e me4 ,! copy might1 & probably w\ld1 9 ?is case1 be ( mu* great] value ?an ! orig9al4 ,b if ?is c>pet 0 repres5t$ z spread1 ei!r ^u a floor or ^u a table1 & project+ f ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 ) exact obs]vation ( p]spective1 & ( light & %ade1 ! m]it ( ! imitation w\ld be /ill ev5 great]4 ,9 ,pa9t+1 a pla9 surface ( "o k9d is made to resemble1 n only a pla9 surface ( ano!r1 b all ! ?ree dim5sions ( a solid sub/ance4 ,9 ,/atu>y & ,sculpture1 a solid sub/ance ( "o k9d1 is made to resemble a solid sub/ance ( ano!r4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 ! object imitat+1 & ! object imitat$1 is mu* great] 9 ! "o art ?an 9 ! o!r2 & ! pleasure aris+ f ! imitation seems great] 9 proportion z ?is disp>ity is great]4 ,9 ,pa9t+1 ! imitation frequ5tly pleases1 ?\gh ! orig9al object be indiff]5t1 or ev5 (f5sive4 ,9 ,/atu>y & ,sculpture x is o!rwise4 ,! imitation seldom pleases1 unless ! orig9al object be 9 a v high degree ei!r great1 or beautiful1 or int]e/+4 ,a but*]'s-/all1 or a kit*5-dress]1 ) ! objects :i* !y commonly pres5t1 are n c]ta9ly ! happie/ subjects1 ev5 = ,pa9t+4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 repres5t$ ) s mu* c>e & success by "s ,dut* ma/]s1 t x is impossible to view ! pictures )\t "s degree ( pleasure4 ,!y w\ld be mo/ absurd subjects = ,/atu>y or ,sculpture1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 capable ( repres5t+ !m4 ,! picture ( a v ugly or de=m$ man1 su* z sop1 or ,sc>ron1 might n make a disagreeable piece ( furniture4 ,! /atue c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,ev5 a vulg> ord9>y man or woman1 engag$ 9 a vulg> ord9>y action1 l :at we see ) s mu* pleasure 9 ! pictures ( ,rembr&t1 w\ld be too mean a subject = ,/atu>y4 ,jupit]1 ,h]cules1 & ,apollo1 ,v5us & ,diana1 ! ,nymphs & ! ,graces1 ,bac*us1 ,m]cury1 ,ant9\s1 & ,meleag]1 ! mis]able dea? ( ,laocoon1 ! melan*oly fate ( ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe1 ! ,wre/l]s1 ! fight+1 ! dy+ gladiator1 ! figures ( gods & goddesses1 ( h]oes & h]o9es1 ! mo/ p]fect =ms ( ! human body1 plac$ ei!r 9 ! noble/ attitudes1 or 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ situations :i* ! human imag9ation is capable ( conceiv+1 are ! prop]1 & !re=e h always be5 ! fav\rite1 subjects ( ,/atu>y3 t art _c1 )\t degrad+ itself1 /oop to repres5t any ?+ t is (f5sive1 or mean1 or ev5 indiff]5t4 ,pa9t+ is n s disda9ful2 &1 ?\gh capable ( repres5t+ ! noble/ objects1 x c1 )\t =feit+ its title to please1 submit to imitate ^? ( a mu* m humble nature4 ,! m]it ( ! imitation alone1 & )\t any m]it 9 ! imitat$ object1 is capable ( support+ ! dignity ( ,pa9t+3 x _c support t ( ,/atu>y4 ,!re w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be m m]it 9 ! "o species ( imitation ?an 9 ! o!r4 #dji ,9 ,/atu>y1 sc>cely any drap]y is agreeable4 ,! be/ ( ! anci5t /atues 7 ei!r altoge!r nak$ or almo/ nak$2 & ^? ( :i* any consid]able "p ( ! body is cov]$1 are repres5t$ z clo!d 9 wet l95--a species ( clo?+ :i* mo/ c]ta9ly nev] 0 agreeable to ! fa%ion ( any c\ntry4 ,?is drap]y too is drawn s tight1 z to express b5ea? its n>r[ fold+s ! exact =m & outl9e ( any limb1 & almo/ ( e muscle ( ! body4 ,! clo?+ :i* ?us approa*$ ! ne>e/ to no clo?+ at all1 _h1 x seems1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! great arti/s ( antiquity1 be5 t :i* 0 mo/ suitable to ,/atu>y4 ,a great pa9t] ( ! ,roman s*ool1 :o _h =m$ 8 mann] almo/ entirely ^u ! /udy ( ! anci5t /atues1 imitat$ at fir/ _! drap]y 9 8 pictures2 b he soon f\nd t 9 ,pa9t+ x _h ! air ( meanness & pov]ty1 z if ! p]sons :o wore x c\ld sc>ce af=d clo!s en\gh to cov] !m2 & t l>g] folds1 & a loos] & m fl[+ drap]y1 7 m suitable to ! nature ( 8 art4 ,9 ,pa9t+1 ! imitation ( s v inf]ior an object z a suit ( clo!s is capable ( pleas+2 &1 9 ord] to give ?is object all ! magnific5ce ( :i* x is capable1 x is necess>y t ! folds %\ld be l>ge1 loose1 & fl[+4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ,pa9t+ t ! exact =m & outl9e ( e limb1 & almo/ ( e muscle ( ! body1 %\ld be express$ b5ea? ! folds ( ! drap]y2 x is suffici5t if ^! are s dispos$ z to indicate 9 g5]al ! situation & attitude ( ! pr9cipal limbs4 ,pa9t+1 by ! m]e =ce & m]it ( its imitation1 c v5ture1 )\t ! haz>d ( displeas+1 to sub/itute1 ^u _m occasions1 ! inf]ior 9 ! room ( ! sup]ior object1 by mak+ ! "o1 9 ?is mann]1 cov] & entirely conceal a great "p ( ! o!r4 ,/atu>y c seldom v5ture to d ?is1 b ) ! utmo/ res]ve & caution2 & ! same drap]y1 :i* is noble & magnific5t 9 ! "o art1 appe>s clumsy & awkw>d 9 ! o!r4 ,"s mod]n arti/s1 h[ev]1 h attempt$ to introduce into ,/atu>y ! drap]y :i* is peculi> to ,pa9t+4 ,x may n1 p]haps1 ^u e occasion1 be q s ridicul\s z ! m>ble p]iwigs 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 b if x does n always appe> clumsy & awkw>d1 x is at be/ always insipid & un9t]e/+4 ,x is n ! want ( col\r+ :i* h9d]s _m ?+s f pleas+ 9 ,/atu>y :i* please 9 ,pa9t+2 x is ! want ( t degree ( disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object1 :i* is necess>y1 9 ord] to r5d] int]e/+ ! imitation ( an object :i* is itself n int]e/+4 ,col\r+1 :5 add$ to ,/atu>y1 s f> f increas+1 de/roys almo/ entirely ! pleasure :i* we receive f ! imitation2 because x takes away ! great s\rce ( t pleasure1 ! disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object4 ,t "o solid & col\r$ object %\ld exactly resemble ano!r solid & col\r$ object1 seems to be a matt] ( no #daj great wond] or admiration4 ,a pa9t$ /atue1 ?\gh x may resemble a human figure mu* m exactly ?an any /atue :i* is n pa9t$1 is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be a disagreeable & ev5 an (f5sive object2 & s f> are we f be+ pleas$ ) ?is sup]ior lik5ess1 t we are nev] satisfi$ ) x2 &1 aft] view+ x aga9 & aga91 we always f9d t x is n equal to :at we are dispos$ to imag9e x might h be53 ?\gh x %\ld seem to want sc>ce any ?+ b ! life1 we c\ld n p>don x = ?us want+ :at x is altoge!r impossible x %\ld h4 ,! works ( ,mrs4 ,wright1 a self-taught arti/ ( great m]it1 are p]haps m p]fect 9 ?is way ?an any ?+ ,i h ev] se54 ,!y d admirably well to be se5 n[ & !n z a %[2 b ! be/ ( !m we %all f9d1 if br\ght home to our own h\se1 & plac$ 9 a situation :]e x 0 to come (t5 into view1 w\ld make1 in/ead ( an ornam5tal1 a mo/ (f5sive piece ( h\sehold furniture4 ,pa9t$ /atues1 accord+ly1 are univ]sally reprobat$1 & we sc>ce ev] meet ) !m4 ,to col\r ! eyes ( /atues is n altoge!r s uncommon3 ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 is disapprov$ by all good judges4 ',i _c be> x1' 7a g5tleman us$ to say1 ( great k & judgm5t 9 ?is art71 ',i _c be> x2 ,i always want !m to speak to me4' ,artificial fruits & fl[]s sometimes imitate s exactly ! natural objects :i* !y repres5t1 t !y frequ5tly deceive u4 ,we soon gr[ we>y ( !m1 h[ev]2 &1 ?\gh !y seem to want no?+ b ! fre%ness & ! flav\r ( natural fruits & fl[]s1 we _c p>don !m1 9 ! same mann]1 = ?us want+ :at x is altoge!r impossible !y %\ld h4 ,b we d n gr[ we>y ( a good fl[] & fruit pa9t+4 ,we d n gr[ we>y ( ! foliage ( ! ,cor9?ian capital1 or ( ! fl[]s :i* sometimes ornam5t ! frieze ( t ord]4 ,su* imitations1 h[ev]1 nev] deceive u2 _! resemblance to ! orig9al objects is always mu* inf]ior to t ( artificial fruits & fl[]s4 ,su* z x is1 h[ev]1 we are cont5t$ ) x2 &1 :]e !re is su* disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ objects1 we f9d t x is z great z x c be1 or z we expect t x %\ld be4 ,pa9t t foliage & ^? fl[]s ) ! natural col\rs1 &1 in/ead ( pleas+ m1 !y w please mu* less4 ,! resemblance1 h[ev]1 w be mu* great]2 b ! disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ objects w be s mu* less1 t ev5 ?is sup]ior resemblance w n satisfy u4 ,:]e ! disp>ity is s v great1 on ! contr>y1 we are (t5 cont5t$ ) ! mo/ imp]fect resemblance2 ) ! v imp]fect resemblance1 = example1 bo? z to ! figure & ! col\r1 ( fruits & fl[]s 9 %ell-"w4 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh 9 ,sculpture ! imitation ( fl[]s & foliage pleases z an ornam5t ( ar*itecture1 z a "p ( ! dress :i* is to set (f ! beauty ( a diff]5t & a m #daa important object1 x w\ld n please alone1 or z a sep>ate & unconnect$ object1 9 ! same mann] z a fruit & fl[] pa9t+ pleases4 ,fl[]s & foliage1 h[ elegant & beautiful soev]1 are n suffici5tly int]e/+2 !y h n dignity en\gh1 if ,i may say s1 to be prop] subjects = a piece ( ,sculpture1 :i* is to please alone1 & n to appe> z ! ornam5tal app5dage ( "s o!r object4 ,9 ,tape/ry & ,ne$le-"w1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,pa9t+1 a pla9 surface is sometimes made to repres5t all ! ?ree dim5sions ( a solid sub/ance4 ,b bo? ! %uttle ( ! weav]1 & ! ne$le ( ! embroid]]1 are in/rum5ts ( imitation s mu* inf]ior to ! p5cil ( ! pa9t]1 t we are n surpris$ to f9d a proportionable inf]iority 9 _! productions4 ,we h all m or less exp]i5ce t !y usually are mu* inf]ior3 &1 9 appreciat+ a piece ( ,tape/ry or ,ne$le-"w1 we nev] comp>e ! imitation ( ei!r ) t ( a good picture1 = x nev] c\ld /& t comp>ison1 b ) t ( o!r pieces ( ,tape/ry or ,ne$le-"w4 ,we take into consid]ation1 n only ! disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object1 b ! awkw>dness ( ! in/rum5ts ( imitation2 & if x is z well z any ?+ t c be expect$ f ^!1 if x is bett] ?an ! great] "p ( :at actually comes f !m1 we are (t5 n only cont5t$ b highly pleas$4 ,a good pa9t] w (t5 execute 9 a few days a subject :i* w\ld employ ! be/ tape/ry-weav] = _m ye>s2 ?\gh1 9 proportion to 8 "t1 !re=e1 ! latt] is always mu* worse paid ?an ! =m]1 yet 8 "w 9 ! end comes commonly mu* de>] to m>ket4 ,! great exp5se ( good ,tape/ry1 ! circum/ance :i* conf9es x to ! palaces ( pr9ces & ( great lords1 gives x1 9 ! eyes ( ! great] "p ( ! p1 an air ( ri*es & magnific5ce1 :i* contributes /ill fur!r to comp5sate ! imp]fection ( its imitation4 ,9 arts :i* address !mselves1 n to ! prud5t & ! wise1 b to ! ri* & ! great1 to ! pr\d & ! va91 we ought n to wond] if ! appe>ances ( great exp5se1 ( be+ :at few p c pur*ase1 ( be+ "o ( ! sure/ *>act]i/ics ( great =tune1 %\ld (t5 /& 9 ! place ( exquisite beauty1 & contribute equally to recomm5d _! productions4 ,z ! idea ( exp5se seems (t5 to embelli%1 s t ( *eapness seems z frequ5tly to t>ni% ! lu/re ev5 ( v agreeable objects4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 real & false jewels is :at ev5 ! exp]i5c$ eye ( a jewell] c sometimes ) difficulty di/+ui%4 ,let an unkn[n lady1 h[ev]1 come into a public assembly1 ) a head-dress :i* appe>s to be v ri*ly adorn$ ) diamonds1 & let a jewell] only :isp] 9 our e> t !y are false /ones1 n only ! lady w imm$iately s9k 9 our imag9ation f ! rank ( a pr9cess to t ( a v ord9>y woman1 b ! #dab head-dress1 f be+ an object ( ! mo/ spl5did magnific5ce1 w at once become an imp]t95t piece ( tawdry & t9sel f9]y4 ,x 0 "s ye>s ago ! fa%ion to ornam5t a g>d5 ) yew & holly trees1 clipp$ into ! artificial %apes ( pyramids1 & columns1 & vases1 & obelisks4 ,x is n[ ! fa%ion to ridicule ?is ta/e z unnatural4 ,! figure ( a pyramid or obelisk1 h[ev]1 is n m unnatural to a yew-tree ?an to a block ( porphyry or m>ble4 ,:5 ! yew-tree is pres5t$ to ! eye 9 ?is artificial %ape1 ! g>d5] does n mean t x %\ld be und]/ood to h gr[n 9 t %ape3 he means1 fir/1 to give x ! same beauty ( regul> figure1 :i* pleases s mu* 9 porphyry & m>ble2 &1 secondly1 to imitate 9 a gr[+ tree ! ornam5ts ( ^? preci\s mat]ials3 he means to make an object ( "o k9d resembl+ ano!r object ( a v diff]5t k9d2 & to ! orig9al beauty ( figure to jo9 ! relative beauty ( imitation3 b ! disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object is ! f\ndation ( ! beauty ( imitation4 ,x is because ! "o object does n naturally resemble ! o!r1 t we are s mu* pleas$ ) x1 :5 by art x is made to d s4 ,! %e>s ( ! g>d5]1 x may be said1 inde$1 are v clumsy in/rum5ts ( ,sculpture4 ,!y are s1 no d\bt1 :5 employ$ to imitate ! figures ( m51 or ev5 ( animals4 ,b 9 ! simple & regul> =ms ( pyramids1 vases1 & obelisks1 ev5 ! %e>s ( ! g>d5] d well en\gh4 ,"s all[ance1 too1 is naturally made = ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,tape/ry & ,ne$le-"w4 ,9 %ort1 ! next "t y h an opportunity ( survey+ ^? out-(-fa%ion ornam5ts1 endeav\r only to let y\rself alone1 & to re/ra9 = a few m9utes ! fooli% passion = play+ ! critic1 & y w be s5sible t !y are n )\t "s degree ( beauty2 t !y give ! air ( neatness & correct culture at lea/ to ! :ole g>d52 & t !y are n unlike :at ! 'retir$ leisure1 t' 7z ,milton says7 '9 trim g>d5s takes 8 pleasure1' might be amus$ )4 ,:at !n1 x may be said1 has br\ght !m into su* univ]sal disrepute among u8 ,9 a pyramid or obelisk ( m>ble1 we "k t ! mat]ials are exp5sive1 & t ! lab\r :i* wr\ght !m into t %ape mu/ h be5 /ill m s4 ,9 a pyramid or obelisk ( yew1 we "k t ! mat]ials c\ld co/ v little1 & ! lab\r /ill less4 ,! =m] are ennobl$ by _! exp5se2 ! latt] degrad$ by _! *eapness4 ,9 ! cabbage-g>d5 ( a tall[-*&l] we may sometimes p]haps h se5 z _m columns & vases & o!r ornam5ts 9 yew1 z !re are 9 m>ble & porphyry at ,v]sailles3 x is ?is vulg>ity :i* has disgrac$ !m4 ,! ri* & ! great1 ! pr\d & ! va9 w n admit into _! g>d5s an ornam5t :i* ! meane/ ( ! p c h z well z !y4 ,! ta/e = ^! ornam5ts came orig9ally f ,france2 :]e1 not)/&+ t #dac incon/ancy ( fa%ion ) :i* we sometimes reproa* ! natives ( t c\ntry1 x /ill cont9ues 9 good repute4 ,9 ,france1 ! condition ( ! inf]ior ranks ( p is seldom s happy z x frequ5tly is 9 ,engl&2 & y w !re seldom f9d ev5 pyramids & obelisks ( yew 9 ! g>d5 ( a tall[-*&l]4 ,su* ornam5ts1 n hav+ 9 t c\ntry be5 degrad$ by _! vulg>ity1 h n yet be5 exclud$ f ! g>d5s ( pr9ces & lords4 ,! works ( ! great ma/]s 9 ,/atu>y & ,pa9t+1 x is to be obs]v$1 nev] produce _! effect by deception4 ,!y nev] are1 & x nev] is int5d$ t !y %\ld be1 mi/ak5 = ! real objects :i* !y repres5t4 ,pa9t$ ,/atu>y may sometimes deceive an inatt5tive eye3 prop] ,/atu>y nev] does4 ,! little pieces ( p]spective 9 ,pa9t+1 :i* x is int5d$ %\ld please by deception1 repres5t always "s v simple1 z well z insignificant1 objects3 a roll ( pap]1 = example1 or ! /eps ( a /aircase1 9 ! d>k corn] ( "s passage or gall]y4 ,!y are g5]ally ! works too ( "s v inf]ior arti/s4 ,aft] be+ se5 once1 & produc+ ! little surprise :i* x is meant !y %\ld excite1 toge!r ) ! mir? :i* commonly accompanies x1 !y nev] please m1 b appe> to be ev] aft] insipid & tiresome4 ,! prop] pleasure :i* we d]ive f ^? two imitative arts1 s f> f be+ ! effect ( deception1 is altoge!r incompatible ) x4 ,t pleasure is f\nd$ altoge!r ^u our wond] at see+ an object ( "o k9d repres5t s well an object ( a v diff]5t k9d1 & ^u our admiration ( ! art :i* surm\nts s happily t disp>ity :i* ,nature _h e/abli%$ betwe5 !m4 ,! nobl] works ( ,/atu>y & ,pa9t+ appe> to u a sort ( wond]ful ph5om5a1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( ,nature1 t !y c>ry1 z x 71 _! own explication along ) !m1 & demon/rate1 ev5 to ! eye1 ! way & mann] 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,! eye1 ev5 ( an unskilful spectator1 imm$iately disc]ns1 9 "s measure1 h[ x is t a c]ta9 modification ( figure 9 ,/atu>y1 & ( bright] & d>k] col\rs 9 ,pa9t+1 c repres5t1 ) s mu* tru? & vivacity1 ! actions1 passions1 & behavi\r ( m51 z well z a great v>iety ( o!r objects4 ,! pleas+ wond] ( ignorance is accompani$ ) ! /ill m pleas+ satisfaction ( sci5ce4 ,we wond] & are amaz$ at ! effect2 & we are pleas$ ourselves1 & happy to f9d t we c compreh5d1 9 "s measure1 h[ t wond]ful effect is produc$ ^u u4 ,a good look+-glass repres5ts ! objects :i* are set be=e x ) mu* m tru? & vivacity ?an ei!r ,/atu>y or ,pa9t+4 ,b1 ?\gh ! sci5ce ( optics may expla9 to ! und]/&+1 ! look+-glass itself does n at all demon/rate to ! eye h[ ?is effect is br\ght ab\t4 ,x may excite ! wond] ( ignorance2 & #dad 9 a cl[n1 :o _h nev] beheld a look+-glass be=e1 ,i h se5 t wond] rise almo/ to rapture & extasy2 b x _c give ! satisfaction ( sci5ce4 ,9 all look+-glasses ! effects are produc$ by ! same means1 appli$ exactly 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 e diff]5t /atue & picture ! effects are produc$1 ?\gh by simil>1 yet n by ! same means2 & ^? means too are appli$ 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 ea*4 ,e good /atue & picture is a fre% wond]1 :i* at ! same "t c>ries1 9 "s measure1 its own explication along ) x4 ,aft] a little use & exp]i5ce1 all look+-glasses cease to be wond]s altoge!r2 & ev5 ! ignorant become s famili> ) !m1 z n to ?9k t _! effects require any explication4 ,a look+-glass1 besides1 c repres5t only pres5t objects2 &1 :5 ! wond] is once fairly ov]1 we *oose1 9 all cases1 r to contemplate ! sub/ance ?an to gaze at ! %ad[4 ,"o's own face becomes !n ! mo/ agreeable object :i* a look+-glass c repres5t to u1 & ! only object :i* we d n soon gr[ we>y ) look+ at2 x is ! only pres5t object ( :i* we c see only ! %ad[3 :e!r h&some or ugly1 :e!r old or "y1 x is ! face ( a fri5d always1 ( :i* ! features correspond exactly ) :atev] s5tim5t1 emotion1 or passion we may happ5 at t mom5t to feel4 ,9 ,/atu>y1 ! means by :i* ! wond]ful effect is br\ght ab\t appe> m simple & obvi\s ?an 9 ,pa9t+2 :]e ! disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object be+ mu* great]1 ! art :i* c conqu] t great] disp>ity appe>s evid5tly1 & almo/ to ! eye1 to be f\nd$ ^u a mu* deep] sci5ce1 or ^u pr9ciples mu* m ab/ruse & pr(\nd4 ,ev5 9 ! meane/ subjects we c (t5 trace ) pleasure ! +5i\s means by :i* ,pa9t+ surm\nts ?is disp>ity4 ,b we _c d ?is 9 ,/atu>y1 because ! disp>ity n be+ s great1 ! means d n appe> s +5i\s4 ,& x is ^u ?is acc\nt1 t 9 ,pa9t+ we are (t5 delight$ ) ! repres5tation ( _m ?+s1 :i* 9 ,/atu>y w\ld appe> insipid1 & n wor? ! look+ at4 ,x ought to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh 9 ,/atu>y ! art ( imitation appe>s1 9 _m respects1 inf]ior to :at x is 9 ,pa9t+1 yet1 9 a room ornam5t$ ) bo? /atues & pictures ( ne>ly equal m]it1 we %all g5]ally f9d t ! /atues draw (f our eye f ! pictures4 ,!re is g5]ally b "o or little m ?an "o1 po9t ( view f :i* a picture c be se5 ) advantage1 & x always pres5ts to ! eye precisely ! same object4 ,!re are _m diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* a /atue may be se5 ) equal advantage1 & f ea* x pres5ts a diff]5t object4 ,!re is m v>iety 9 ! pleasure :i* we receive f a good /atue1 ?an 9 t :i* we receive f a good picture2 & "o /atue may frequ5tly be ! subject ( _m good pictures or draw+s1 all diff]5t #dae f "o ano!r4 ,! %ad[y relief & projection ( a picture1 besides1 is mu* flatt5$1 & seems almo/ to vani% away altoge!r1 :5 br\ght into comp>ison ) ! real & solid body :i* /&s by x4 ,h[ ne>ly soev] ^! two arts may seem to be ak91 !y accord s v ill ) "o ano!r1 t _! diff]5t productions ought1 p]haps1 sc>ce ev] to be se5 toge!r4 ----- ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,aft] ! pleasures :i* arise f ! gratification ( ! bodily appetites1 !re seem to be none m natural to man ?an ,music & ,danc+4 ,9 ! progress ( art & improvem5t !y are1 p]haps1 ! fir/ & e>lie/ pleasures ( 8 own inv5tion2 = ^? :i* arise f ! gratification ( ! bodily appetites _c be said to be 8 own inv5tion4 ,no nation has yet be5 discov]$ s unciviliz$ z to be altoge!r )\t !m4 ,x seems ev5 to be among/ ! mo/ b>b>\s nations t ! use & practice ( !m is bo? mo/ frequ5t & mo/ univ]sal1 z among ! negroes ( ,africa & ! savage tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,9 civiliz$ nations1 ! inf]ior ranks ( p h v little leisure1 & ! sup]ior ranks h _m o!r amusem5ts2 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 !re=e1 c sp5d mu* ( _! "t 9 ,music & ,danc+4 ,among savage nations1 ! great body ( ! p h frequ5tly great int]vals ( leisure1 & !y h sc>ce any o!r amusem5t2 !y naturally1 !re=e1 sp5d a great "p ( _! "t 9 almo/ ! only "o !y h4 ,:at ! anci5ts call$ ,rhy?mus1 :at we call ,"t or ,measure1 is ! connect+ pr9ciple ( ^? two arts2 ,music consi/+ 9 a succession ( a c]ta9 sort ( s\nds1 & ,danc+ 9 a succession ( a c]ta9 sort ( /eps1 ge/ures1 & motions1 regulat$ accord+ to "t or measure1 & !reby =m$1 into a sort ( :ole or sy/em2 :i* 9 ! "o art is call$ a song or tune1 & 9 ! o!r a dance2 ! "t or measure ( ! dance correspond+ always exactly ) t ( ! song or tune :i* accompanies & directs x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,au?or's ,obs]vations on ! ,aff9ity betwe5 ,music1 ,danc+1 & ,poetry1 are annex$ to ! end ( ,"p ,,iii4 ( ?is ,essay4 ,! human voice1 z x is always ! be/1 s x w\ld naturally be ! fir/ & e>lie/ ( all musical in/rum5ts3 9 s++1 or 9 its fir/ attempts t[>ds s++1 x w\ld naturally employ s\nds z simil> z possible to ^? :i* x _h be5 accu/om$ to2 t is1 x w\ld employ words ( "s k9d or o!r1 pron\nc+ !m only 9 "t & measure1 & g5]ally ) a m melodi\s tone ?an _h be5 usual 9 common conv]sation4 ,^? words1 h[ev]1 might n1 & probably w\ld n1 = a long "t h any mean+1 b might resemble ! syllables :i* we make use ( 9 fol-fa+1 or ! #daf d]ry-d[n-d[n ( our common ballads2 & s]ve only to assi/ ! voice 9 =m+ s\nds prop] to be modulat$ into melody1 & to be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ accord+ to ! "t & measure ( ! tune4 ,?is rude =m ( vocal ,music1 z x is by f> ! mo/ simple & obvi\s1 s x naturally w\ld be ! fir/ & e>lie/4 ,9 ! succession ( ages x c\ld n fail to occur1 t 9 room ( ^? unmean+ or musical words1 if ,i may call !m s1 might be sub/itut$ words :i* express$ "s s5se or mean+1 & ( :i* ! pronunciation might co9cide z exactly ) ! "t & measure ( ! tune1 z t ( ! musical words _h done be=e4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ,v]se or ,poetry4 ,! ,v]se w\ld = a long "t be rude & imp]fect4 ,:5 ! mean+ words fell %ort ( ! measure requir$1 !y w\ld frequ5tly be ek$ out ) ! unmean+ ones1 z is sometimes done 9 our common ballads4 ,:5 ! public e> came to be s ref9$ z to reject1 9 all s]i\s ,poetry1 ! unmean+ words altoge!r1 !re w\ld /ill be a lib]ty assum$ ( alt]+ & corrupt+1 ^u _m occasions1 ! pronunciation ( ! mean+ ones1 = ! sake ( accommodat+ !m to ! measure4 ,! syllables :i* compos$ !m w\ld1 = ?is purpose1 sometimes be improp]ly l5g!n$1 & sometimes improp]ly %ort5$2 & ?\gh no unmean+ words 7 made use (1 yet an unmean+ syllable w\ld sometimes be /uck to ! beg9n+1 to ! end1 or into ! middle ( a ^w4 ,all ^! exp$i5ts we f9d frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! v]ses ev5 ( ,*auc]1 ! fa!r ( ! ,engli% ,poetry4 ,_m ages might pass away be=e v]se 0 commonly compos$ ) su* correctness1 t ! usual & prop] pronunciation ( ! words alone1 & )\t any o!r artifice1 subject$ ! voice to ! obs]vation ( a "t & measure1 ( ! same k9d ) ! "t & measure ( ! sci5ce ( ,music4 ,! ,v]se w\ld naturally express "s s5se :i* suit$ ! grave or gay1 ! joy\s or melan*oly hum\r ( ! tune :i* x 0 sung to2 be+ z x 7 bl5d$ & unit$ ) t tune1 x w\ld seem to give s5se & mean+ to :at o!rwise might n appe> to h any1 or at lea/ any :i* c\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 )\t ! accompanim5t ( su* an explication4 ,a pantomime dance may frequ5tly answ] ! same purpose1 &1 by repres5t+ "s adv5ture 9 love or w>1 may seem to give s5se & mean+ to a ,music1 :i* might n o!rwise appe> to h any4 ,x is m natural to mimic1 by ge/ures & motions1 ! adv5tures ( common life1 ?an to express !m 9 ,v]se or ,poetry4 ,! ?\ght itself is m obvi\s1 & ! execution is mu* m easy4 ,if ?is mimicry 0 accompani$ by ,music1 x w\ld ( its own accord1 & almo/ )\t any int5tion ( do+ s1 accommodate1 9 "s measure1 its diff]5t /eps & movem5ts to ! "t & measure ( ! tune2 especially if ! same p]son bo? sung ! tune #dag & p]=m$ ! mimicry1 z is said to be frequ5tly ! case among ! savage nations ( ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,pantomime ,danc+ might 9 ?is mann] s]ve to give a di/9ct s5se & mean+ to ,music _m ages be=e ! inv5tion1 or at lea/ be=e ! common use ( ,poetry4 ,we he> little1 accord+ly1 ( ! ,poetry ( ! savage nations :o inhabit ,africa & ,am]ica1 b a great deal ( _! pantomime dances4 ,poetry1 h[ev]1 is capable ( express+ _m ?+s fully & di/9ctly1 :i* ,danc+ ei!r _c repres5t at all1 or c repres5t b obscurely & imp]fectly2 su* z ! reason+s & judgm5ts1 ( ! und]/&+2 ! ideas1 fancies1 & suspicions ( ! imag9ation2 ! s5tim5ts1 emotions1 & passions ( ! he>t4 ,9 ! p[] ( express+ a mean+ ) cle>ness & di/9ctness1 ,danc+ is sup]ior to ,music1 & ,poetry to ,danc+4 ,( ^? ?ree ,si/] ,arts1 :i* orig9ally1 p]haps1 w5t always toge!r1 & :i* at all times g frequ5tly toge!r1 !re are two :i* c subsi/ alone1 & sep>ate f _! natural companions1 & "o :i* _c4 ,9 ! di/9ct obs]vation ( :at ! anci5ts call$ ,rhy?mus1 ( :at we call ,"t & ,measure1 consi/s ! ess5ce bo? ( ,danc+ & ( ,poetry or ,v]se2 or ! *>act]i/ical quality :i* di/+ui%es ! =m] f all o!r motion & action1 & ! latt] f all o!r disc\rse4 ,b1 conc]n+ ! proportion betwe5 ^? int]vals & divisions ( duration :i* con/itute :at is call$ "t & measure1 ! e>1 x w\ld seem1 c judge ) mu* m precision ?an ! eye2 & ,poetry1 9 ! same mann] z ,music1 addresses itself to ! e>1 :]eas ,danc+ addresses itself to ! eye4 ,9 ,danc+1 ! rhy?mus1 ! prop] proportion1 ! "t & measure ( its motions1 _c di/9ctly be p]ceiv$1 unless !y are m>k$ by ! m di/9ct "t & measure ( ,music4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ,poetry2 no accompanim5t is necess>y to m>k ! measure ( good ,v]se4 ,music & ,poetry1 !re=e1 c ea* ( !m subsi/ alone2 ,danc+ always requires ! accompanim5t ( ,music4 ,x is ,in/rum5tal ,music :i* c be/ subsi/ ap>t1 & sep>ate f bo? ,poetry & ,danc+4 ,vocal ,music1 ?\gh x may1 & frequ5tly does1 consi/ ( notes :i* h no di/9ct s5se or mean+1 yet naturally calls = ! support ( ,poetry4 ,b1 ',music1 m>ri$ to immortal ,v]se1' z ,milton says1 or ev5 to words ( any k9d :i* h a di/9ct s5se or mean+1 is necess>ily & ess5tially imitative4 ,:atev] be ! mean+ ( ^? words1 ?\gh1 l _m ( ! songs ( anci5t ,greece1 z well z "s ( ^? ( m mod]n times1 !y may express m]ely "s maxims ( prud5ce & morality1 or may conta9 m]ely ! simple n>rative ( "s important ev5t1 yet ev5 9 su* didactic & hi/orical songs !re w /ill be imitation2 !re w /ill be a ?+ ( "o k9d1 :i* by art is made to #dah resemble a ?+ ( a v diff]5t k9d2 !re w /ill be ,music imitat+ disc\rse2 !re w /ill be ,rhy?mus & ,melody1 %ap$ & fa%ion$ into ! =m ei!r ( a good moral c\nsel1 or ( an amus+ & int]e/+ /ory4 ,9 ?is fir/ species ( imitation1 :i* be+ ess5tial to1 is !re=e insep>able f1 all su* ,vocal ,music1 !re may be1 & !re commonly is1 add$ a second4 ,! words may1 & commonly d1 express ! situation ( "s p>ticul> p]son1 & all ! s5tim5ts & passions :i* he feels f t situation4 ,x is a joy\s companion :o gives v5t to ! gaiety & mir? ) :i* w9e1 fe/ivity1 & good company inspire him4 ,x is a lov] :o compla9s1 or hopes1 or fe>s1 or despairs4 ,x is a g5]\s man :o expresses ei!r 8 gratitude = ! fav\rs1 or 8 indignation at ! injuries1 :i* may h be5 done to him4 ,x is a w>rior :o prep>es himself to confront dang]1 & :o provokes or desires 8 enemy4 ,x is a p]son 9 prosp]ity :o humbly returns ?anks = ! goodness1 or "o 9 affliction :o ) contrition implores ! m]cy & =giv5ess ( t invisible ,p[] to :om he looks up z ! ,director ( all ! ev5ts ( human life4 ,! situation may compreh5d1 n only "o1 b two1 ?ree1 or m p]sons2 x may excite 9 !m all ei!r simil> or opposite s5tim5ts2 :at is a subject ( sorr[ to "o1 be+ an occasion ( joy & triumph to ano!r2 & !y may all express1 sometimes sep>ately & sometimes toge!r1 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ea* ( !m is affect$1 z 9 a duo1 trio1 or a *orus4 ,all ?is x may1 & x frequ5tly has be5 said is unnatural2 no?+ be+ m s1 ?an to s+ :5 we are anxi\s to p]suade1 or 9 e>ne/ to express any v s]i\s purpose4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$1 t to make a ?+ ( "o k9d resemble ano!r ?+ ( a v diff]5t k9d1 is ! v circum/ance :i*1 9 all ! ,imitative ,arts1 con/itutes ! m]its ( imitation2 & t to %ape1 & z x 7 to b5d1 ! measure & ! melody ( ,music1 s z to imitate ! tone & ! language ( c\nsel & conv]sation1 ! acc5t & ! /yle ( emotion & passion1 is to make a ?+ ( "o k9d resemble ano!r ?+ ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,! tone & ! movem5ts ( ,music1 ?\gh naturally v diff]5t f ^? ( conv]sation & passion1 may1 h[ev]1 be s manag$ z to seem to resemble !m4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great disp>ity betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object1 ! m9d 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 _c only be cont5t$1 b delight$1 & ev5 *>m$ & transport$1 ) su* an imp]fect resemblance z c be _h4 ,su* imitative ,music1 !re=e1 :5 sung to words :i* expla9 & det]m9e its mean+1 may frequ5tly appe> to be a v p]fect imitation4 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt1 t ev5 ! incomplete ,music ( a recitative seems to express sometimes all ! s$at5ess & composure ( s]i\s b calm disc\rse1 & sometimes all ! #dai exquisite s5sibility ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passion4 ,! m complete ,music ( an air is /ill sup]ior1 &1 9 ! imitation ( ! m animat$ passions1 has "o great advantage ov] e sort ( disc\rse1 :e!r ,prose or ,poetry1 :i* is n sung to ,music4 ,9 a p]son :o is ei!r mu* depress$ by grief or enliv5$ by joy1 :o is /rongly affect$ ei!r ) love or hatr$1 ) gratitude or res5tm5t1 ) admiration or contempt1 !re is commonly "o ?\ght or idea :i* dwells ^u 8 m9d1 :i* cont9ually haunts him1 :i*1 :5 he has *as$ x away1 imm$iately returns ^u him1 & :i* 9 company makes him abs5t & inatt5tive4 ,he c ?9k b ( "o object1 & he _c repeat to !m t object s frequ5tly z x recurs ^u him4 ,he takes refuge 9 solitude1 :]e he c ) fre$om ei!r indulge ! extasy or give way to ! agony ( ! agreeable or disagreeable passion :i* agitates him2 & :]e he c repeat to himself1 :i* he does sometimes m5tally1 & sometimes ev5 al\d1 & almo/ always 9 ! same words1 ! p>ticul> ?\ght :i* ei!r delights or di/resses him4 ,nei!r ,prose nor ,poetry c v5ture to imitate ^? almo/ endless repetitions ( passion4 ,!y may describe !m z ,i d n[1 b !y d>e n imitate !m2 !y w\ld become mo/ insuff]ably tiresome if !y did4 ,! ,music ( a passionate air1 n only may1 b frequ5tly does1 imitate !m2 & x nev] makes its way s directly or s irresi/ibly to ! he>t z :5 x does s4 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt t ! words ( an air1 especially ( a passionate "o1 ?\gh !y are seldom v long1 yet are sc>ce ev] sung /raight on to ! end1 l ^? ( a recitative2 b are almo/ always brok5 into p>ts1 :i* are transpos$ & repeat$ aga9 & aga91 accord+ to ! fancy or judgm5t ( ! compos]4 ,x is by means ( su* repetitions only1 t ,music c ex]t ^? peculi> p[]s ( imitation :i* di/+ui% x1 & 9 :i* x excels all ! o!r ,imitative ,arts4 ,poetry & ,eloqu5ce1 x has accord+ly be5 (t5 obs]v$1 produce _! effect always by a connect$ v>iety & succession ( diff]5t ?\ghts & ideas3 b ,music frequ5tly produces its effects by a repetition ( ! same idea2 & ! same s5se express$ 9 ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 comb9ation ( s\nds1 ?\gh at fir/ p]haps x may make sc>ce any impression ^u u1 yet1 by be+ repeat$ aga9 & aga91 x comes at la/ gradually1 & by little & little1 to move1 to agitate1 & to transport u4 ,to ^! p[]s ( imitat+1 ,music naturally1 or r necess>ily1 jo9s ! happie/ *oice 9 ! objects ( its imitation4 ,! s5tim5ts & passions :i* ,music c be/ imitate are ^? :i* unite & b9d m5 toge!r 9 society2 ! social1 ! dec5t1 ! virtu\s1 ! int]e/+ & affect+1 ! amiable & agreeable1 ! awful & respectable1 ! noble1 elevat+1 & comm&+ passions4 ,grief & di/ress are int]e/+ & affect+2 humanity & compassion1 joy & admiration1 are amiable & agreeable2 devotion is awful #dbj & respectable2 ! g5]\s contempt ( dang]1 ! hon\rable indignation at inju/ice1 are noble1 elevat+1 & comm&+4 ,b x is ^! & su* l passions :i* ,music is fitte/ = imitat+1 & :i* x 9 fact mo/ frequ5tly imitates4 ,!y are1 if ,i may say s1 all ,musical ,passions2 _! natural tones are all cle>1 di/9ct1 & almo/ melodi\s2 & !y naturally express !mselves 9 a language :i* is di/+ui%$ by pauses at regul>1 & almo/ equal1 int]vals2 & :i*1 ^u t acc\nt1 c m easily be adapt$ to ! regul> returns ( ! correspond5t p]iods ( a tune4 ,! passions1 on ! contr>y1 :i* drive m5 f "o ano!r1 ! unsocial1 ! hateful1 ! indec5t1 ! vici\s passions1 _c easily be imitat$ by ,music1 ,! voice ( furi\s ang]1 = example1 is h>% & discordant2 its p]iods are all irregul>1 sometimes v long & sometimes v %ort1 & di/+ui%$ by no regul> pauses4 ,! obscure & almo/ in>ticulate grumbl+s ( black malice & envy1 ! scream+ outcries ( da/>dly fe>1 ! hide\s gr[l+s ( brutal & implacable rev5ge1 are all equally discordant4 ,x is ) difficulty t ,music c imitate any ( ^? passions1 & ! ,music :i* does imitate !m is n ! mo/ agreeable4 ,a :ole ent]ta9m5t may consi/1 )\t any impropriety1 ( ! imitation ( ! social & amiable passions4 ,x w\ld be a /range ent]ta9m5t :i* consi/$ altoge!r 9 ! imitation ( ! odi\s & ! vici\s4 ,a s+le song expresses almo/ always "s social1 agreeable1 or int]e/+ passion4 ,9 an op]a ! unsocial & disagreeable are sometimes introduc$1 b x is r>ely1 & z discords are introduc$ into h>mony1 to set (f by _! contra/ ! sup]ior beauty ( ! opposite passions4 ,:at ,plato said ( ,virtue1 t x 0 ( all beauties ! brighte/1 may ) "s sort ( tru? be said ( ! prop] & natural objects ( musical imitation4 ,!y are ei!r ! s5tim5ts & passions1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* consi/ bo? ! glory & ! happ9ess ( human life1 or !y are ^? f :i* x d]ives its mo/ delici\s pleasures1 & mo/ enliv5+ joys2 or1 at ! wor/ & ! l[e/1 !y are ^? by :i* x calls ^u our indulg5ce & compassionate assi/ance to its unavoidable weaknesses1 di/resses1 & mis=tunes4 ,to ! m]it ( its imitation & to t ( its happy *oice 9 ! objects :i* x imitates1 ! great m]its ( ,/atu>y & ,pa9t+1 ,music jo9s ano!r peculi> & exquisite m]it ( its own4 ,/atu>y & ,pa9t+ _c be said to add any new beauties ( _! own to ! beauties ( ,nature :i* !y imitate2 !y may assemble a great] numb] ( ^? beauties1 & gr\p !m 9 a m agreeable mann] ?an !y are commonly1 or p]haps ev]1 to be f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,x may p]haps be true1 :at ! arti/s are s v fond ( tell+ u1 t no woman ev] equall$1 9 all ! p>ts ( h] body1 ! beauty ( ! ,v5us ( ,m$icis1 nor any man t ( ! ,apollo ( ,belvid]e4 ,b !y mu/ all[1 surely1 t !re is no p>ticul> #dba beauty 9 any "p or feature ( ^? two fam\s /atues1 :i* is n at lea/ equall$1 if n mu* excell$1 by :at is to be f\nd 9 _m liv+ subjects4 ,b ,music1 by arrang+1 & z x 7 b5d+ to its own "t & measure1 :atev] s5tim5ts & passions x expresses1 n only assembles & gr\ps1 z well z ,/atu>y & ,pa9t+1 ! diff]5t beauties ( ,nature :i* x imitates1 b x clo!s !m1 besides1 ) a new & an exquisite beauty ( its own2 x clo!s !m ) melody & h>mony1 :i*1 l a transp>5t mantle1 f> f conceal+ any beauty1 s]ve only to give a bright] col\r1 a m enliv5+ lu/re & a m engag+ grace to e beauty :i* !y infold4 ,to ^! two diff]5t sorts ( imitation1--to t g5]al "o1 by :i* ,music is made to resemble disc\rse1 & to t p>ticul> "o1 by :i* x is made to express ! s5tim5ts & feel+s ) :i* a p>ticul> situation inspires a p>ticul> p]son1--!re is frequ5tly jo9$ a ?ird4 ,! p]son :o s+s may jo9 to ?is d\ble imitation ( ! s+] ! additional imitation ( ! actor2 & express1 n only by ! modulation & cad5ce ( 8 voice1 b by 8 c\nt5ance1 by 8 attitudes1 by 8 ge/ures1 & by 8 motions1 ! s5tim5ts & feel+s ( ! p]son ^: situation is pa9t$ 9 ! song4 ,ev5 9 private company1 ?\gh a song may sometimes p]haps be said to be well sung1 x c nev] be said to be well p]=m$1 unless ! s+] does some?+ ( ?is k9d2 & !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! effect ( :at is sung coldly f a music-book at ! end ( a h>psi*ord1 & ( :at is n only sung1 b act$ ) prop] fre$om1 animation1 & boldness4 ,an op]a actor does no m ?an ?is2 & an imitation :i* is s pleas+1 & :i* appe>s ev5 s natural1 9 private society1 ought n to appe> =c$1 unnatural1 or disagreeable ^u ! /age4 ,9 a good op]a actor1 n only ! modulations & pauses ( 8 voice1 b e motion & ge/ure1 e v>iation1 ei!r 9 ! air ( 8 head1 or 9 ! attitude ( 8 body1 correspond to ! "t & measure ( ,music3 !y correspond to ! expression ( ! s5tim5t or passion :i* ! ,music imitates1 & t expression necess>ily corresponds to ?is "t & measure4 ,music is z x 7 ! s\l :i* animates him1 :i* in=ms e feature ( 8 c\nt5ance1 & ev5 directs e movem5t ( 8 eyes4 ,l ! musical expression ( a song1 8 action adds to ! natural grace ( ! s5tim5t or action :i* x imitates1 a new & peculi> grace ( its own2 ! exquisite & engag+ grace ( ^? ge/ures & motions1 ( ^? airs & attitudes :i* are direct$ by ! movem5t1 by ! "t & measure ( ,music2 ?is grace height5s & enliv5s t expression4 ,no?+ c be m deeply affect+ ?an ! int]e/+ sc5es ( ! s]i\s op]a1 :5 to good ,poetry & good ,music1 to ! ,poetry ( ,meta/asio & ! ,music ( ,p]golese1 is add$ ! #dbb execution ( a good actor4 ,9 ! s]i\s op]a1 inde$1 ! action is too (t5 sacrific$ to ! ,music2 ! ca/rati1 :o p]=m ! pr9cipal p>ts1 be+ always ! mo/ insipid & mis]able actors4 ,! sprightly airs ( ! comic op]a are1 9 ! same mann]1 9 ! highe/ degree enliv5+ & div]t+4 ,?\gh !y d n make u laugh s l\d z we sometimes d at ! sc5es ( ! common com$y1 !y make u smile m frequ5tly2 & ! agreeable gaiety1 ! temp]ate joy1 if ,i may call x s1 ) :i* !y inspire u1 is n only an elegant1 b a mo/ delici\s pleasure4 ,! deep di/ress & ! great passions ( trag$y are capable ( produc+ "s effect1 ?\gh x %\ld be b indiff]5tly act$4 ,x is n s ) ! light] mis=tunes & less affect+ situations ( com$y3 unless x is at lea/ tol]ably act$1 x is altoge!r insupportable4 ,b ! ca/rati are sc>ce ev] tol]able actors2 !y are accord+ly seldom admitt$ to play 9 ! comic op]a2 :i*1 be+ ^u t acc\nt commonly bett] p]=m$ ?an ! s]i\s1 appe>s to _m p ! bett] ent]ta9m5t ( ! two4 ,! imitative p[]s ( ,in/rum5tal are mu* inf]ior to ^? ( ,vocal ,music2 its melodi\s b unmean+ & in>ticulat$ s\nds _c1 l ! articulations ( ! human voice1 relate di/9ctly ! circum/ances ( any p>ticul> /ory1 or describe ! diff]5t situations :i* ^? circum/ances produc$2 or ev5 express cle>ly1 & s z to be und]/ood by e he>]1 ! v>i\s s5tim5ts & passions :i* ! p>ties conc]n$ felt f ^! situations3 ev5 its imitation ( o!r s\nds1 ! objects :i* x c c]ta9ly be/ imitate1 is commonly s indi/9ct1 t alone1 & )\t any explication1 x might n readily sugge/ to u :at 0 ! imitat$ object4 ,! rock+ ( a cradle is suppos$ to be imitat$ 9 t conc]to ( ,correlli1 :i* is said to h be5 compos$ = ! ,nativity3 b unless we 7 told be=eh&1 x might n readily occur to u :at x meant to imitate1 or :e!r x meant to imitate any ?+ at all2 & ?is imitation 7:i*1 ?\gh p]haps z successful z any o!r1 is by no means ! di/+ui%$ beauty ( t admir$ composition7 might only appe> to u a s+ul> & odd passage 9 ,music4 ,! r++ ( bells & ! s++ ( ! l>k & night+ale are imitat$ 9 ! symphony ( ,in/rum5tal ,music :i* ,mr4 ,h&el has compos$ = ! ,allegro & ,p5s]oso ( ,milton3 ^! are n only s\nds b musical s\nds1 & may !re=e be suppos$ to be m )9 ! compass ( ! p[]s ( musical imitation4 ,x is accord+ly univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t 9 ^! imitations ?is great ma/] has be5 rem>kably successful2 & yet1 unless ! v]ses ( ,milton expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! ,music1 x might n ev5 9 ?is case readily occur to u :at x meant to imitate1 or :e!r x meant to imitate any ?+ at all4 ,) ! explication ( ! words1 inde$1 ! imitation appe>s1 :at x c]ta9ly is1 a v f9e "o2 b )\t #dbc t explication x might p]haps appe> only a s+ul> passage1 :i* _h less connexion ei!r ) :at w5t be=e or ) :at came aft] x1 ?an any o!r 9 ! ,music4 ,in/rum5tal ,music is said sometimes to imitate motion2 b 9 reality x only ei!r imitates ! p>ticul> s\nds :i* accompany c]ta9 motions1 or x produces s\nds ( :i* ! "t & measure be> "s correspond5ce to ! v>iations1 to ! pauses & int]ruptions1 to ! successive accel]ations & ret>dations ( ! motion :i* x means to imitate3 x is 9 ?is way t x sometimes attempts to express ! m>* & array ( an army1 ! confusion & hurry ( a battle1 c4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 its imitation is s v indi/9ct1 t )\t ! accompanim5t ( "s o!r art1 to expla9 & int]pret its mean+1 x w\ld be almo/ always un9telligible2 & we c\ld sc>ce ev] "k ) c]ta9ty1 ei!r :at x meant to imitate1 or :e!r x meant to imitate any ?+ at all4 ,9 ! imitative arts1 ?\gh x is by no means necess>y t ! imitat+ %\ld s exactly resemble ! imitat$ object1 t ! "o %\ld sometimes be mi/ak5 = ! o!r1 x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y t !y %\ld resemble at lea/ s f>1 t ! "o %\ld always readily sugge/ ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be a /range picture :i* requir$ an inscription at ! foot to tell u1 n only :at p>ticul> p]son x meant to repres5t1 b :e!r x meant to repres5t a man or a horse1 or :e!r x meant to be a picture at all1 & to repres5t any ?+4 ,! imitations ( in/rum5tal ,music may1 9 "s respects1 be said to resemble su* pictures4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is v ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t ! picture w\ld n be mu* m5d$ by ! inscription2 :]eas1 by :at may be consid]$ z v little m ?an su* an inscription1 in/rum5tal ,music1 ?\gh x _c always ev5 !n1 p]haps1 be said prop]ly to imitate1 may1 h[ev]1 produce all ! effects ( ! f9e/ & mo/ p]fect imitation4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ ?is is br\ght ab\t1 x w n be necess>y to desc5d into any great dep? ( philosophical speculation4 ,t tra9 ( ?\ghts & ideas :i* is cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d does n always move on )1 ! same pace1 if ,i may say s1 or ) ! same ord] & connection4 ,:5 we are gay & *e]ful1 its motion is brisk] & m lively1 our ?\ghts succe$ "o ano!r m rapidly1 & ^? :i* imm$iately foll[ "o ano!r seem frequ5tly ei!r to h b little connection1 or to be connect$ r by _! opposition ?an by _! mutual resemblance4 ,z 9 ?is wanton & playful disposition ( m9d we hate to dwell long ^u ! same ?\ght1 s we d n mu* c>e to pursue resembl+ ?\ghts2 & ! v>iety ( contra/ is m agreeable to u ?an ! sam5ess ( resemblance4 ,x is q o!rwise :5 we are melan*oly & despond+2 we !n frequ5tly f9d ourselves haunt$1 z x 71 by "s ?\ght :i* we w\ld gladly *ase away1 b #dbd :i* con/antly pursues u1 & :i* admits no foll[]s1 att5dants1 or companions1 b su* z are ( its own k9dr$ & complexion4 ,a sl[ succession ( resembl+ or closely connect$ ?\ghts is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is disposition ( m9d2 a quick succession ( ?\ghts1 frequ5tly contra/$ & 9 g5]al v slightly connect$1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! o!r4 ,:at may be call$ ! natural /ate ( ! m9d1 ! /ate 9 :i* we are nei!r elat$ nor deject$1 ! /ate ( s$at5ess1 tranquillity1 & composure1 holds a sort ( middle place betwe5 ^? two opposite extremes2 our ?\ghts may succe$ "o ano!r m sl[ly1 & ) a m di/9ct connection1 ?an 9 ! "o2 b m quickly & ) a great] v>iety1 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,acute s\nds are naturally gay1 sprightly1 & enliv5+2 grave s\nds solemn1 awful1 & melan*oly4 ,!re seems too to be "s natural connection betwe5 acut5ess 9 tune & quickness 9 "t or succession1 z well z betwe5 gravity & sl[ness3 an acute s\nd seems to fly (f m quickly ?an a grave "o3 ! treble is m *e]ful ?an ! bass2 its notes likewise commonly succe$ "o ano!r m rapidly4 ,b in/rum5tal ,music1 by a prop] arrangem5t1 by a quick] or sl[] succession ( acute & grave1 ( resembl+ & contra/$ s\nds1 c n only accommodate itself to ! gay1 ! s$ate1 or ! melan*oly mood2 b if ! m9d is s f> vacant z n to be di/urb$ by any disord]ly passion1 x c1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 & to a c]ta9 degree1 produce e possible modification ( ea* ( ^? moods or dispositions4 ,we all readily di/+ui% ! *e]ful1 ! gay1 & ! sprightly ,music1 f ! melan*oly1 ! pla9tive1 & ! affect+2 & bo? ^! f :at holds a sort ( middle place betwe5 !m1 ! s$ate1 ! tranquil1 & ! compos+4 ,& we are all s5sible t1 9 ! natural & ord9>y /ate ( ! m9d1 ,music c1 by a sort ( incantation1 soo? & *>m u into "s degree ( t p>ticul> mood or disposition :i* accords ) its own "* & temp]4 ,9 a conc]t ( in/rum5tal ,music ! att5tion is engag$1 ) pleasure & delight1 to li/5 to a comb9ation ( ! mo/ agreeable & melodi\s s\nds1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r1 sometimes ) a quick]1 & sometimes ) a sl[] succession2 & 9 :i* ^? t imm$iately foll[ "o ano!r sometimes exactly or ne>ly resemble1 & sometimes contra/ ) "o ano!r 9 tune1 9 "t1 & 9 ord] ( arrangem5t4 ,! m9d be+ ?us successively occupi$ by a tra9 ( objects1 ( :i* ! nature1 succession1 & connection correspond1 sometimes to ! gay1 sometimes to ! tranquil1 & sometimes to ! melan*oly mood or disposition1 x is itself successively l$ into ea* ( ^? moods or dispositions2 & is ?us br\ght into a sort ( h>mony or concord ) ! ,music :i* s agreeably engages its att5tion4 #dbe ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by imitation prop]ly1 t in/rum5tal ,music produces ?is effect3 in/rum5tal ,music does n imitate1 z vocal ,music1 z ,pa9t+1 or z ,danc+ w\ld imitate1 a gay1 a s$ate1 or a melan*oly p]son2 x does n tell u1 z any ( ^? o!r arts c\ld tell u1 a pleasant1 a s]i\s1 or a melan*oly /ory4 ,x is n1 z 9 vocal ,music1 9 ,pa9t+1 or 9 ,danc+1 by sympa?y ) ! gaiety1 ! s$at5ess1 or ! melan*oly & di/ress ( "s o!r p]son1 t in/rum5tal ,music soo!s u into ea* ( ^! dispositions3 x becomes itself a gay1 a s$ate1 or a melan*oly object2 & ! m9d naturally assumes ! mood or disposition :i* at ! "t corresponds to ! object :i* engages its att5tion4 ,:atev] we feel f in/rum5tal ,music is an orig9al1 & n a sympa!tic feel+3 x is our own gaiety1 s$at5ess1 or melan*oly2 n ! ! reflect$ disposition ( ano!r p]son4 ,:5 we foll[ ! w9d+ alleys ( "s happily situat$ & well laid out g>d51 we are pres5t$ ) a succession ( l&scapes1 :i* are sometimes gay1 sometimes gloomy1 & sometimes calm & s]5e2 if ! m9d is 9 its natural /ate1 x suits itself to ! objects :i* successively pres5t !mselves1 & v>ies 9 "s degree its mood & pres5t hum\r ) e v>iation ( ! sc5e4 ,x w\ld be improp]1 h[ev]1 to say t ^? sc5es imitat$ ! gay1 ! calm1 or ! melan*oly mood ( ! m9d2 !y may produce 9 _! turn ea* ( ^? moods1 b !y _c imitate any ( !m4 ,in/rum5tal ,music1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh x c excite all ^? diff]5t dispositions1 _c imitate any ( !m4 ,!re are no two ?+s 9 nature m p]fectly disp>ate ?an s\nd & s5tim5t2 & x is impossible by any human p[] to fa%ion ! "o into any ?+ t be>s any real resemblance to ! o!r4 ,?is p[] ( excit+ & v>y+ ! diff]5t moods & dispositions ( ! m9d1 :i* in/rum5tal ,music really possesses to a v consid]able degree1 has be5 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( its reputation = ^? great imitative p[]s :i* h be5 ascrib$ to x4 ',pa9t+1' says an au?or1 m capable ( feel+ /rongly ?an ( analys+ accurately1 ,mr4 ,r\sseau ( ,g5eva1 ',pa9t+1 :i* pres5ts its imitations1 n to ! imag9ation1 b to ! s5ses1 & to only "o ( ! s5ses1 c repres5t no?+ besides ! objects ( sight4 ,music1 "o might imag9e1 %\ld be equally conf9$ to ^? ( he>+4 ,x imitates1 h[ev]1 e ?+1 ev5 ^? objects :i* are p]ceivable by sight only4 ,by a delusion t seems almo/ inconceivable1 x c1 z x 71 put ! eye into ! e>2 & ! greate/ wond]1 ( an art :i* acts only by motion & succession1 is1 t x c imitate re/ & repose4 ,night1 ,sleep1 ,solitude1 & ,sil5ce are all )9 ! compass ( musical imitation4 ,?\gh all ,nature %\ld be asleep1 ! p]son :o contemplates x is awake2 & ! art ( ! musician consi/s 9 sub/itut+1 9 ! room ( an #dbf image ( :at is n ! object ( he>+1 t ( ! movem5ts :i* its pres5ce w\ld excite 9 ! m9d ( ! spectator4'--,t is1 ( ! effects :i* x w\ld produce ^u 8 mood & disposition4 ',! musician 7cont9ues ! same au?or7 w sometimes1 n only agitate ! waves ( ! sea1 bl[ up ! flames ( a conflagration1 make ! ra9 fall1 ! rivulets fl[ & swell ! torr5ts1 b he w pa9t ! horrors ( a hide\s des]t1 d>k5 ! walls ( a subt]rane\s dungeon1 calm ! tempe/1 re/ore s]5ity & tranquillity to ! air & ! sky1 & %$ f ! or*e/ra a new fre%ness ov] ! groves & ! fields4 ,he w n directly repres5t any ( ^! objects1 b he w excite 9 ! m9d ! same movem5ts :i* x w\ld feel f see+ !m4' ,^u ?is v eloqu5t description ( ,mr4 ,r\sseau ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t )\t ! accompanim5t ( ! sc5]y & action ( ! op]a1 )\t ! assi/ance ei!r ( ! sc5e-pa9t] or ( ! poet1 or ( bo?1 ! in/rum5tal ,music ( ! or*e/ra c\ld produce none ( ! effects :i* are "h ascrib$ to x3 & we c\ld nev] "k1 we c\ld nev] ev5 guess1 :i* ( ! gay1 melan*oly1 or tranquil objects above m5tion$ x meant to repres5t to u2 or :e!r x meant to repres5t any ( !m1 & n m]ely to ent]ta9 u ) a conc]t ( gay1 melan*oly1 or tranquil ,music2 or1 z ! anci5ts call$ !m1 ( ! ,dia/altic1 ( ! ,sy/altic1 or ( ! ,middle ,music4 ,) t accompanim5t1 inde$1 ?\gh x _c always ev5 !n1 p]haps1 be said prop]ly to imitate1 yet by support+ ! imitation ( "s o!r art1 x may produce all ! same effects ^u u z if itself _h imitat$ 9 ! f9e/ & mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,:atev] be ! object or situation :i* ! sc5e-pa9t] repres5ts ^u ! !atre1 ! ,music ( ! or*e/ra1 by dispos+ ! m9d to ! same sort ( mood & temp] :i* x w\ld feel f ! pres5ce ( t object1 or f sympa?y ) ! p]son :o 0 plac$ 9 t situation1 c greatly enhance ! effect ( t imitation3 x c accommodate itself to e div]sity ( sc5e4 ,! melan*oly ( ! man :o1 ^u "s great occasion1 only f9ds himself alone 9 ! d>kness1 ! sil5ce & solitude ( ! night1 is v diff]5t f t ( "o :o1 ^u a l occasion1 f9ds himself 9 ! mid/ ( "s dre>y & inhospitable des]t2 & ev5 9 ?is situation 8 feel+s w\ld n be ! same z if he 0 %ut up 9 a subt]rane\s dungeon4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( precision ) :i* ! ,music ( ! or*e/ra c accommodate itself to ea* ( ^? div]sities1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! ta/e1 ! s5sibility1 ! fancy & imag9ation ( ! compos]3 x may sometimes1 p]haps1 contribute to ?is precision1 t x %\ld imitate1 z well z x c1 ! s\nds :i* ei!r naturally accompany1 or :i* might be suppos$ to accompany1 ! p>ticul> objects repres5t$4 ,! symphony 9 ! ,fr5* op]a ( ,alcyone1 :i* imitat$ ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds & ! da%+ ( ! waves1 9 ! #dbg tempe/ :i* 0 to dr[n ,coix1 is mu* comm5d$ by cotempor>y writ]s4 ,t 9 ! op]a ( ,isse1 :i* imitat$ t murmur+ 9 ! leaves ( ! oaks ( ,dodona1 :i* might be suppos$ to prec$e ! miracul\s pronunciation ( ! oracle3 & t 9 ! op]a ( ,amadis1 ( :i* ! dismal acc5ts imitat$ ! s\nds :i* might be suppos$ to accompany ! op5+ ( ! tomb ( ,ard>i1 be=e ! app>ition ( ! gho/ ( t w>rior1 are /ill m celebrat$4 ,in/rum5tal ,music1 h[ev]1 )\t violat+ too mu* its own melody & h>mony1 c imitate b imp]fectly ! s\nds ( natural objects1 ( :i* ! great] "p h nei!r melody nor h>mony4 ,great res]ve1 great discretion1 & a v nice disc]nm5t are requisite1 9 ord] to introduce ) propriety su* imp]fect imitations1 ei!r into ,poetry or ,music2 :5 repeat$ too (t51 :5 cont9u$ too long1 !y appe> to be :at !y really are1 m]e tricks1 9 :i* a v inf]ior arti/1 if he w only give himself ! tr\ble to att5d to !m1 c easily equal ! greate/4 ,i h se5 a ,lat9 translation ( ,mr4 ,pope's ,ode on ,/4 ,cecilia's ,day1 :i* 9 ?is respect v mu* excell$ ! orig9al4 ,su* imitations are /ill easi] 9 ,music4 ,bo? 9 ! "o art & 9 ! o!r1 ! difficulty is n 9 mak+ !m z well z !y are capable ( be+ made1 b 9 kn[+ :5 & h[ f> to make !m at all3 b to be able to accommodate ! temp] & "* ( ! ,music to e peculi>ity ( ! sc5e & situation ) su* exact precision1 t ! "o %all produce ! v same effect ^u ! m9d z ! o!r1 is n "o ( ^? tricks 9 :i* an inf]ior arti/ c easily equal ! greate/2 x is an art :i* requires all ! judgm5t1 k1 & inv5tion ( ! mo/ consummate ma/]4 ,x is ^u ?is art1 & n ^u its imp]fect imitation1 ei!r ( real or imag9>y s\nds1 t ! great effects ( in/rum5tal ,music dep5d2 su* imitations ought p]haps to be admitt$ only s f> z !y may sometimes contribute to asc]ta9 ! mean+1 & !reby to enhance ! effects ( ?is art4 ,by endeav\r+ to ext5d ! effects ( sc5]y beyond :at ! nature ( ! ?+ w admit (1 x has be5 mu* abus$2 & 9 ! common1 z well z 9 ! musical drama1 _m imitations h be5 attempt$1 :i*1 aft] ! fir/ & second "t we h se5 !m1 necess>ily appe> ridicul\s3 su* are1 ! ,?und] rumbl+ f ! ,mu/>d-b[l1 & ! ,sn[ ( ,pap] & ?ick ,hail ( ,pease1 s f9ely expos$ by ,mr4 ,pope4 ,su* imitations resemble ^? ( pa9t$ ,/atu>y2 !y may surprise at fir/1 b !y disgu/ ev] aft]1 & appe> evid5tly su* simple & easy tricks z are fit only = ! amusem5t ( *ildr5 & _! nurses at a puppet-%[4 ,! ?und] ( ei!r !atre ought c]ta9ly nev] to be l\d] ?an t :i* ! or*e/ra is capable ( produc+2 & _! mo/ dreadful tempe/s ought nev] to exce$ :at ! sc5e pa9t] is capable ( repres5t+4 ,9 su* imitations !re may be an art :i* m]its #dbh "s degree ( e/eem & admiration4 ,9 ! o!r !re c be none :i* m]its any4 ,?is abuse ( sc5]y has bo? subsi/$ mu* long]1 & be5 c>ri$ to a mu* great] degree ( extravagance1 9 ! musical ?an 9 ! common drama4 ,9 ,france x has be5 long bani%$ f ! latt]2 b x /ill cont9ues1 n only to be tol]at$1 b to be admir$ & applaud$ 9 ! =m]4 ,9 ! ,fr5* op]as1 n only ?und] & lightn+1 /orms & tempe/s1 are commonly repres5t$ 9 ! ridicul\s mann] above m5tion$1 b all ! m>vell\s1 all ! sup]natural ( ,epic ,poetry1 all ! metamorphoses ( ,my?ology1 all ! wond]s ( ,wit*craft & ,magic1 e ?+ t is mo/ unfit to be repres5t$ ^u ! /age1 are e day exhibit$ ) ! mo/ complete approbation & applause ( t +5i\s nation4 ,! music ( ! or*e/ra produc+ ^u ! audi5ce ne>ly ! same effect :i* a bett] & m artful imitation w\ld produce1 h9d]s !m f feel+1 at lea/ 9 its full =ce1 ! ridicule ( ^? *ildi% & awkw>d imitations :i* necess>ily ab\nd 9 t extravagant sc5]y4 ,& 9 reality su* imitations1 ?\gh no d\bt ridicul\s e :]e1 yet c]ta9ly appe> some:at less s 9 ! musical ?an !y w\ld 9 ! common drama4 ,! ,italian op]a1 be=e x 0 re=m$ by ,apo/olo1 ,z5o1 & ,meta/asio1 0 9 ?is respect equally extravagant1 & 0 ^u t acc\nt ! subject ( ! agreeable raill]y ( ,mr4 ,addison 9 sev]al diff]5t pap]s ( ! ,spectator4 ,ev5 s9ce t re=mation x /ill cont9ues to be a rule1 t ! sc5e %\ld *ange at lea/ ) e act2 & ! unity ( place nev] 0 a m sacr$ law 9 ! common drama1 ?an ! violation ( x has become 9 ! musical3 ! latt] seems 9 reality to require bo? a m picturesque & a m v>i$ sc5]y1 ?an is at all necess>y = ! =m]4 ,9 an op]a1 z ! ,music supports ! effect ( ! sc5]y1 s ! sc5]y (t5 s]ves to det]m9e ! "*1 & to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! ,music2 x ought to v>y !re=e z t "* v>ies4 ,! pleasure ( an op]a1 besides1 is 9 its nature m a s5sual pleasure1 ?an t ( a common com$y or trag$y2 ! latt] produce _! effect pr9cipally by means ( ! imag9ation3 9 ! closet1 accord+ly1 _! effect is n mu* inf]ior to :at x is ^u ! /age4 ,b ! effect ( an op]a is seldom v great 9 ! closet2 x addresses itself m to ! ext]nal s5ses1 & z x soo!s ! e> by its melody & h>mony1 s we feel t x ought to dazzle ! eye ) ! spl5d\r ( its sc5]y4 ,9 an op]a ! in/rum5tal ,music ( ! or*e/ra supports ! imitation bo? ( ! poet & ( ! actor1 z well z ( ! sc5e-pa9t]4 ,! ov]ture disposes ! m9d to t mood :i* fits x = ! op5+ ( ! piece4 ,! ,music betwe5 ! acts keeps up ! impression :i* ! =ego+ _h made1 & prep>es u = t :i* ! foll[+ is to make4 ,:5 ! or*e/ra int]rupts1 z x #dbi frequ5tly does1 ei!r ! recitative or ! air1 x is 9 ord] ei!r to en=ce ! effect ( :at _h gone be=e1 or to put ! m9d 9 ! mood :i* fits x = he>+ :at is to come aft]4 ,bo? 9 ! recitatives & 9 ! airs x accompanies & directs ! voice1 & (t5 br+s x back to ! prop] tone & modulation1 :5 x is ^u ! po9t ( w&]+ away f !m2 & ! correctness ( ! be/ vocal ,music is ow+ 9 a great measure to ! guidance ( in/rum5tal2 ?\gh 9 all ^! cases x supports ! imitation ( ano!r art1 yet 9 all ( !m x may be said r to dim9i% ?an to increase ! resemblance betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object4 ,no?+ c be m unlike to :at really passes 9 ! _w1 ?an t p]sons engag$ 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ situations1 bo? ( public & private life1 9 sorr[1 9 disappo9tm5t1 9 di/ress1 9 despair1 %\ld1 9 all t !y say & d1 be con/antly accompani$ ) a f9e conc]t ( in/rum5tal ,music4 ,7 we to reflect ^u x1 su* accompanim5t mu/ 9 all cases dim9i% ! probability ( ! action1 & r5d] ! repres5tation /ill less l nature ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,x is n by imitation1 !re=e1 t in/rum5tal ,music supports & en=ces ! imitations ( ! o!r arts2 b x is by produc+ ^u ! m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( o!r p[]s1 ! same sort ( effect :i* ! mo/ exact imitation ( nature1 :i* ! mo/ p]fect obs]vation ( probability1 c\ld produce4 ,to produce ?is effect is1 9 su* ent]ta9m5ts1 ! sole end & purpose ( t imitation & obs]vation4 ,if x c be equally well produc$ by o!r means1 ?is end & purpose may be equally well answ]$4 ,b if in/rum5tal ,music c seldom be said to be prop]ly imitative1 ev5 :5 x is employ$ to support ! imitation ( "s o!r art1 x is commonly /ill less s :5 x is employ$ alone4 ,:y %\ld x emb>rass its melody & h>mony1 or con/ra9 its "t & measure1 by attempt+ an imitation :i*1 )\t ! accompanim5t ( "s o!r art to expla9 & int]pret its mean+1 nobody is likely to und]/&8 ,9 ! mo/ approv$ in/rum5tal ,music1 accord+ly1 9 ! ov]tures ( ,h&el & ! conc]tos ( ,correlli1 !re is little or no imitation1 & :]e !re is any1 x is ! s\rce ( b a v small "p ( ! m]it ( ^? compositions4 ,)\t any imitation1 in/rum5tal ,music c produce v consid]able effects2 ?\gh its p[]s ov] ! he>t & affections are1 no d\bt1 mu* inf]ior to ^? ( vocal ,music1 x has1 h[ev]1 consid]able p[]s3 by ! sweetness ( its s\nds x awak5s agreeably1 & calls ^u ! att5tion2 by _! connection & aff9ity x naturally deta9s t att5tion1 :i* foll[s easily a s]ies ( agreeable s\nds1 :i* h all a c]ta9 relation bo? to a common1 fundam5tal1 or lead+ note1 call$ ! key note2 & to a c]ta9 succession or comb9ation ( notes1 call$ ! song or composition4 ,by means ( ?is relation ea* =ego+ s\nd seems to introduce1 & z x 7 prep>e ! m9d = ! foll[+3 by its #dcj rhy?mus1 by its "t & measure1 x disposes t succession ( s\nds into a c]ta9 arrangem5t1 :i* r5d]s ! :ole m easy to be compreh5d$ & rememb]$4 ,"t & measure are to in/rum5tal ,music :at ord] & me?od are to disc\rse2 !y break x into prop] p>ts & divisions1 by :i* we are enabl$ bo? to rememb] bett] :at is gone be=e1 & frequ5tly to =esee some:at ( :at is to come aft]2 we frequ5tly =esee ! return ( a p]iod :i* we "k mu/ correspond to ano!r :i* we rememb] to h gone be=e2 &1 accord+ to ! say+ ( an anci5t philosoph] & musician1 ! enjoym5t ( ,music arises p>tly f memory & p>tly f =esight4 ,:5 ! measure1 aft] hav+ be5 cont9u$ s long z to satisfy u1 *anges to ano!r1 t v>iety1 :i* ?us disappo9ts1 becomes m agreeable to u ?an ! uni=mity :i* w\ld h gratifi$ our expectation3 b )\t ?is ord] & me?od we c\ld rememb] v little ( :at _h gone be=e1 & we c\ld =esee /ill less ( :at 0 to come aft]2 & ! :ole enjoym5t ( ,music w\ld be equal to little m ?an ! effect ( ! p>ticul> s\nds :i* rung 9 our e>s at e p>ticul> in/ant4 ,by means ( ?is ord] & me?od x is1 dur+ ! progress ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 equal to ! effect ( all t we rememb]1 & ( all t we =esee2 & at ! conclusion ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 to ! comb9$ & accumulat$ effect ( all ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* ! :ole 0 compos$4 ,a well-compos$ conc]to ( in/rum5tal ,music1 by ! numb] & v>iety ( ! in/rum5ts1 by ! v>iety ( ! p>ts :i* are p]=m$ by !m1 & ! p]fect concord or correspond5ce ( all ^! diff]5t p>ts2 by ! exact h>mony or co9cid5ce ( all ! diff]5t s\nds :i* are he>d at ! same "t1 & by t happy v>iety ( measure :i* regulates ! succession ( ^? :i* are he>d at diff]5t times1 pres5ts an object s agreeable1 s great1 s v>i\s1 & s int]e/+1 t alone1 & )\t sugge/+ any o!r object1 ei!r by imitation or o!rwise1 x c occupy1 & z x 7 fill up1 completely ! :ole capacity ( ! m9d1 s z to leave no "p ( its att5tion vacant = ?9k+ ( any ?+ else4 ,9 ! contemplation ( t imm5se v>iety ( agreeable & melodi\s s\nds1 arrang$ & dige/$1 bo? 9 _! co9cid5ce & 9 _! succession1 into s complete & regul> a sy/em1 ! m9d 9 reality enjoys n only a v great s5sual1 b a v high intellectual pleasure1 n unlike t :i* x d]ives f ! contemplation ( a great sy/em 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,a full conc]to ( su* in/rum5tal ,music1 n only does n require1 b x does n admit ( any accompanim5t4 ,a song or a dance1 by dem&+ an att5tion :i* we h n to sp>e1 w\ld di/urb1 in/ead ( height5+1 ! effect ( ! ,music2 !y may (t5 v prop]ly succe$1 b !y _c accompany x4 ,t music seldom means to tell any p>ticul> /ory1 or to imitate any #dca p>ticul> ev5t1 or 9 g5]al to sugge/ any p>ticul> object1 di/9ct f t comb9ation ( s\nds ( :i* itself is compos$4 ,its mean+1 !re=e1 may be said to be complete 9 itself1 & to require no int]pret]s to expla9 x4 ,:at is call$ ! subject ( su* ,music is m]ely1 z has already be5 said1 a c]ta9 lead+ comb9ation ( notes1 to :i* x frequ5tly returns1 & to :i* all its digressions & v>iations be> a c]ta9 aff9ity4 ,x is altoge!r diff]5t f :at is call$ ! subject ( a poem or a picture1 :i* is always some?+ :i* is n ei!r 9 ! poem or 9 ! picture1 or some?+ di/9ct f t comb9ation1 ei!r ( words on ! "o h& or ( col\rs on ! o!r1 ( :i* !y are respectively compos$4 ,! subject ( a composition ( in/rum5tal ,music is "p ( t composition3 ! subject ( a poem or picture is "p ( nei!r4 ,! effect ( in/rum5tal ,music ^u ! m9d has be5 call$ its expression4 ,9 ! feel+ x is frequ5tly n unlike ! effect ( :at is call$ ! expression ( ,pa9t+1 & is sometimes equally int]e/+4 ,b ! effect ( ! expression ( ,pa9t+ arises always f ! ?\ght ( some?+ :i*1 ?\gh di/9ctly & cle>ly sugge/$ by ! draw+ & col\r+ ( ! picture1 is altoge!r diff]5t f t draw+ & col\r+4 ,x arises sometimes f sympa?y )1 sometimes f antipa?y & av]sion to1 ! s5tim5ts1 emotions1 & passions :i* ! c\nt5ance1 ! action1 ! air & attitude ( ! p]sons repres5t$ sugge/4 ,! melody & h>mony ( in/rum5tal ,music1 on ! contr>y1 d n di/9ctly & cle>ly sugge/ any ?+ t is diff]5t f t melody & h>mony4 ,:atev] effect x produces is ! imm$iate effect ( t melody & h>mony1 & n ( some?+ else :i* is signifi$ & sugge/$ by !m3 !y 9 fact signify & sugge/ no?+4 ,x may be prop] to say t ! complete art ( pa9t+1 ! complete m]it ( a picture1 is compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct arts or m]its2 t ( draw+1 t ( col\r+1 & t ( expression4 ,b to say1 z ,mr4 ,addison does1 t ! complete art ( a musician1 ! complete m]it ( a piece ( ,music1 is compos$ or made up ( ?ree di/9ct arts or m]its1 t ( melody1 t ( h>mony1 & t ( expression1 is to say1 t x is made up ( melody & h>mony1 & ( ! imm$iate & necess>y effect ( melody & h>mony3 ! division is by no means logical2 expression 9 pa9t+ is n ! necess>y effect ei!r ( good draw+ or ( good col\r+1 or ( bo? toge!r2 a picture may be bo? f9ely drawn & f9ely col\r$1 & yet h v little expression3 b t effect ^u ! m9d :i* is call$ expression 9 ,music1 is ! imm$iate & necess>y effect ( good melody4 ,9 ! p[] ( produc+ ?is effect consi/s ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es su* melody f :at is bad or indiff]5t4 ,h>mony may en=ce ! effect ( good melody1 b )\t good melody ! mo/ skilful h>mony c produce no effect :i* des]ves ! "n #dcb ( expression2 x c d little m ?an fatigue & conf\nd ! e>4 ,a pa9t] may possess1 9 a v em95t degree1 ! tal5ts ( draw+ & col\r+1 & yet possess t ( expression 9 a v inf]ior degree4 ,su* a pa9t]1 too1 may h great m]it4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ,du ,piles1 ev5 ! celebrat$ ,titian 0 a pa9t] ( ?is k9d4 ,b to say t a musician possess$ ! tal5ts ( melody & h>mony 9 a v em95t degree1 & t ( expression 9 a v inf]ior "o1 w\ld be to say1 t 9 8 works ! cause 0 n foll[$ by its necess>y & proportionable effect4 ,a musician may be a v skilful h>moni/1 & yet be defective 9 ! tal5ts ( melody1 air1 & expression2 8 songs may be dull & )\t effect4 ,su* a musician too may h a c]ta9 degree ( m]it1 n unlike t ( a man ( great le>n+1 :o wants fancy1 ta/e1 & inv5tion4 ,in/rum5tal ,music1 !re=e1 ?\gh x may1 no d\bt1 be consid]$ 9 "s respects z an imitative art1 is c]ta9ly less s ?an any o!r :i* m]its t appellation2 x c imitate b a few objects1 & ev5 ^! s imp]fectly1 t )\t ! accompanim5t ( "s o!r art1 its imitation is sc>ce ev] intelligible3 imitation is by no means ess5tial to x1 & ! pr9cipal effect x is capable ( produc+ arises f p[]s altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( imitation4 ----- ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! imitative p[]s ( ,danc+ are mu* sup]ior to ^? ( in/rum5tal ,music1 & are at lea/ equal1 p]haps sup]ior1 to ^? ( any o!r art4 ,l in/rum5tal ,music1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>ily or ess5tially imitative1 & x c produce v agreeable effects1 )\t imitat+ any ?+4 ,9 ! great] "p ( our common dances !re is little or no imitation1 & !y consi/ almo/ entirely ( a succession ( su* /eps1 ge/ures1 & motions1 regulat$ by ! "t & measure ( ,music1 z ei!r display extraord9>y grace or require extraord9>y agility4 ,ev5 "s ( our dances1 :i* are said to h be5 orig9ally imitative1 h1 9 ! way 9 :i* we practise !m1 almo/ ceas$ to be s4 ,! m9uet1 9 :i* ! woman1 aft] pass+ & repass+ ! man sev]al times1 fir/ gives him up "o h&1 !n ! o!r1 & !n bo? h&s1 is said to h be5 orig9ally a ,moori% dance1 :i* emblematically repres5t$ ! passion ( love4 ,_m ( my read]s may h frequ5tly danc$ ?is dance1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( all :o saw !m1 ) great grace & propriety1 ?\gh nei!r !y nor ! spectators once ?\ght ( ! allegorical mean+ :i* x orig9ally int5d$ to express4 ,a c]ta9 measur$1 cad5c$ /ep1 commonly call$ a danc+ /ep1 :i* keeps "t )1 & z x 7 beats ! measure (1 ! ,music :i* accompanies & directs x1 is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic :i* #dcc di/+ui%es a dance f e o!r sort ( motion4 ,:5 ! danc]1 mov+ ) a /ep ( ?is k9d1 & obs]v+ ?is "t & measure1 imitates ei!r ! ord9>y or ! m important actions ( human life1 he %apes & fa%ions1 z x 71 a ?+ ( "o k9d1 into ! resemblance ( ano!r ?+ ( a v diff]5t k9d3 8 art conqu]s ! disp>ity :i* ,nature has plac$ betwe5 ! imitat+ & ! imitat$ object1 & has ^u t acc\nt "s degree ( t sort ( m]it :i* belongs to all ! imitative arts4 ,?is disp>ity1 inde$1 is n s great z 9 "s o!r ( ^? arts1 nor consequ5tly ! m]it ( ! imitation :i* conqu]s x4 ,nobody w\ld comp>e ! m]it ( a good imitative danc] to t ( a good pa9t] or /atu>y4 ,! danc]1 h[ev]1 may h a v consid]able degree ( m]it1 & 8 imitation p]haps may sometimes be capable ( giv+ u z mu* pleasure z t ( ei!r ( ! o!r two arti/s4 ,all ! subjects1 ei!r ( ,/atu>y or ( ,hi/ory ,pa9t+1 are )9 ! compass ( 8 imitative p[]s2 & 9 repres5t+ !m1 8 art has ev5 "s advantage ov] bo? ! o!r two4 ,/atu>y & ,hi/ory ,pa9t+ c repres5t b a s+le in/ant ( ! action :i* !y mean to imitate3 ! causes :i* prep>$1 ! consequ5ces :i* foll[$1 ! situation ( t s+le in/ant are altoge!r beyond ! compass ( _! imitation4 ,a pantomime dance c repres5t di/9ctly ^? causes & consequ5ces2 x is n conf9$ to ! situation ( a s+le in/ant2 b1 l ,epic ,poetry1 x c repres5t all ! ev5ts ( a long /ory1 & exhibit a long tra9 & succession ( connect$ & int]e/+ situations4 ,x is capable !re=e ( affect+ u mu* m ?an ei!r ,/atu>y or ,pa9t+4 ,! anci5t ,romans us$ to %$ te>s at ! repres5tations ( _! pantomimes1 z we d at t ( ! mo/ int]e/+ trag$ies2 an effect :i* is altoge!r beyond ! p[]s ( ,/atu>y or ,pa9t+4 ,! anci5t ,greeks appe> to h be5 a nation ( danc]s1 & bo? _! common & _! /age dances seem to h be5 all imitative4 ,! /age dances ( ! anci5t ,romans appe> to h be5 equally s4 ,among t grave p x 0 reckon$ indec5t to dance 9 private societies2 & !y c\ld !re=e h no common dances2 & among bo? nations imitation seems to h be5 consid]$ z ess5tial to danc+4 ,x is q o!rwise 9 mod]n times3 ?\gh we h pantomime dances ^u ! /age1 yet ! great] "p ev5 ( our /age dances are n pantomime1 & _c well be said to imitate any ?+4 ,! great] "p ( our common dances ei!r nev] 7 pantomime1 or1 ) a v few exceptions1 h almo/ all ceas$ to be s4 ,?is rem>kable diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n dances seems to be ! natural effect ( a correspond5t diff]5ce 9 t ( ! music1 :i* has accompani$ & direct$ bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 #dcd ,9 mod]n times we almo/ always dance to in/rum5tal music1 :i* be+ itself n imitative1 ! great] "p ( ! dances :i* x directs1 & z x 7 inspires1 h ceas$ to be s4 ,9 anci5t times1 on ! contr>y1 !y seem to h danc$ almo/ always to vocal music2 :i* be+ necess>ily & ess5tially imitative1 _! dances became s too4 ,! anci5ts seem to h _h little or no?+ ( :at is prop]ly call$ in/rum5tal music1 or ( music compos$ n to be sung by ! voice1 b to be play$ ^u in/rum5ts1 & bo? _! w9d & /r+$ in/rum5ts seem to h s]v$ only z an accompanim5t & direction to ! voice4 ,9 ! c\ntry x frequ5tly happ5s1 t a company ( "y p take a fancy to dance1 ?\gh !y h nei!r fiddl] nor pip] to dance to4 ,a lady und]takes to s+ :ile ! re/ ( ! company dance3 9 mo/ cases %e s+s ! notes only1 )\t ! words1 & !n ! voice be+ little m ?an a musical in/rum5t1 ! dance is p]=m$ 9 ! usual way1 )\t any imitation4 ,b if %e s+s ! words1 & if 9 ^? words !re happ5s to be some:at m ?an ord9>y _s & hum\r1 imm$iately all ! company1 especially all ! be/ danc]s1 & all ^? :o dance mo/ at _! ease1 become m or less pantomimes1 & by _! ge/ures & motions express1 z well z !y c1 ! mean+ & /ory ( ! song4 ,?is w\ld be /ill m ! case1 if ! same p]son bo? danc$ & sung2 a practice v common among ! anci5ts3 x requires good lungs & a vigor\s con/itution2 b ) ^! advantages & long practice1 ! v highe/ dances may be p]=m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,i h se5 a ,negro dance to 8 own song1 ! w>-dance ( 8 own c\ntry1 ) su* vehem5ce ( action & expression1 t ! :ole company1 g5tlem5 z well z ladies1 got up ^u *airs & tables1 to be z mu* z possible out ( ! way ( 8 fury4 ,9 ! ,greek language !re are two v]bs :i* bo? signify to dance2 ea* ( :i* has its prop] d]ivatives1 signify+ a dance & a danc]4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ,greek au?ors1 ^! two sets ( words1 l all o!rs :i* are ne>ly synonym\s1 are frequ5tly conf\nd$1 & us$ promiscu\sly4 ,accord+ to ! be/ critics1 h[ev]1 9 /rict propriety1 "o ( ^! v]bs signifies to dance & s+ at ! same "t1 or to dance to "o's own music4 ,! o!r to dance )\t s++1 or to dance to ! music ( o!r p4 ,!re is said too to be a correspond5t diff]5ce 9 ! signification ( _! respective d]ivatives4 ,9 ! *oruses ( ! anci5t ,greek trag$ies1 consi/+ sometimes ( m ?an fifty p]sons1 "s pip$ & "s sung1 b all danc$1 & danc$ to _! own music4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #dce 999999 ,! foll[+ ,obs]vations 7 f\nd among ,mr4 ,,smi?',s ,manuscripts1 )\t any intimation :e!r !y 7 int5d$ z "p ( ?is1 or ( a diff]5t ,essay4 ,z !y appe>$ too valuable to be suppress$1 ! ,editors h annex$ !m to ?is ,essay4 ,( ! ,aff9ity betwe5 ,music1 ,danc+1 & ,poetry4 ,,9 ! second "p ( ! prec$+ ,essay ,i h m5tion$ ! connection betwe5 ! two arts ( ,music & ,danc+1 =m$ by ! ,rhy?mus1 z ! anci5ts t]m$ x1 or1 z we call x1 ! tune or measure t equally regulates bo?4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 e sort ( /ep1 ge/ure1 or motion1 ( :i* ! correspond5ce ) ! tune or measure ( ,music w con/itute a ,dance4 ,x mu/ be a /ep1 ge/ure1 or motion ( a p>ticul> sort4 ,9 a good op]a-actor1 n only ! modulations & pauses ( 8 voice1 b e motion & ge/ure1 e v>iation1 ei!r 9 ! air ( 8 head or 9 ! attitude ( 8 body1 correspond to ! "t & measure ( ,music4 ,! be/ op]a-actor1 h[ev]1 is n1 accord+ to ! language ( any c\ntry 9 ,europe1 und]/ood to dance1 yet 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 "p1 he makes use ( :at is call$ ! /age /ep2 b ev5 ?is /ep is n und]/ood to be a danc+ /ep4 ,?\gh ! eye ( ! mo/ ord9>y spectator readily di/+ui%es betwe5 :at is call$ a danc+ /ep & any o!r /ep1 ge/ure1 or motion1 yet x may n p]haps be v easy to express :at x is :i* con/itutes ?is di/9ction4 ,to asc]ta9 exactly ! precise limits at :i* ! "o species beg9s1 & ! o!r ends1 or to give an accurate def9ition ( ?is v frivol\s matt]1 might p]haps require m ?\ght & att5tion ?an ! v small importance ( ! subject may seem to des]ve4 ,7 ,i1 h[ev]1 to attempt to d ?is1 ,i %\ld obs]ve1 t ?\gh 9 p]=m+ any ord9>y action--9 walk+1 = example--f ! "o end ( ! room to ! o!r1 a p]son may %[ bo? grace & agility1 yet if he betrays ! lea/ int5tion ( %[+ ei!r1 he is sure ( (f5d+ m or less1 & we nev] fail to accuse him ( "s degree ( vanity & affectation4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( any su* ord9>y action1 e p]son wi%es to appe> to be solely occupi$ ab\t ! prop] purpose ( ! action3 if he means to %[ ei!r grace or agility1 he is c>eful to conceal t mean+1 & he is v seldom successful 9 do+ s3 he (f5ds1 h[ev]1 j 9 proportion z he betrays x1 & he almo/ always betrays x4 ,9 ,danc+1 on ! contr>y1 e p]son pr(esses1 & av[s1 z x 71 ! int5tion ( display+ "s degree ei!r ( grace or ( agility1 or ( bo?4 ,! display ( "o1 or o!r1 or bo? ( ^! qualities1 is 9 reality ! prop] purpose ( ! action2 & !re c nev] be any disagreeable vanity or affectation 9 foll[+ #dcf out ! prop] purpose ( any action4 ,:5 we say ( any p>ticul> p]son1 t he gives himself _m affect$ airs & graces 9 ,danc+1 we mean ei!r t he gives himself airs & graces :i* are unsuitable to ! nature ( ! ,dance1 or t he executes awkw>dly1 p]haps exagg]ates too mu*1 7! mo/ common fault 9 ,danc+17 ! airs & graces :i* are suitable to x4 ,e ,dance is 9 reality a succession ( airs & graces ( "s k9d or o!r1 & ( airs & graces :i*1 if ,i may say s1 pr(ess !mselves to be su*4 ,! /eps1 ge/ures1 & motions :i*1 z x 71 av[ ! int5tion ( exhibit+ a succession ( su* airs & graces1 are ! /eps1 ! ge/ures1 & ! motions :i* are peculi> to ,danc+1 & :5 ^! are p]=m$ to ! "t & ! measure ( ,music1 !y con/itute :at is prop]ly call$ a ,dance4 ,b ?\gh e sort ( /ep1 ge/ure1 or motion1 ev5 ?\gh p]=m$ to ! "t & measure ( ,music1 w n alone make a ,dance1 yet almo/ any sort ( s\nd1 provid$ x is repeat$ ) a di/9ct rhy?mus1 or accord+ to a di/9ct "t & measure1 ?\gh )\t any v>iation z to gravity or acut5ess1 w make a sort ( ,music1 no d\bt inde$1 an imp]fect "o4 ,drums1 cymbals1 &1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 all o!r in/rum5ts ( p]cussion1 h only "o note2 ?is note1 h[ev]1 :5 repeat$ ) a c]ta9 rhy?mus1 or accord+ to a c]ta9 "t & measure1 & sometimes1 9 ord] to m>k m di/9ctly t "t & measure1 ) "s little v>iation z to l\dness & l[ness1 ?\gh )\t any z to acut5ess & gravity1 does c]ta9ly make a sort ( ,music1 :i* is frequ5tly f> f be+ disagreeable1 & :i* ev5 sometimes produces consid]able effects4 ,! simple note ( su* in/rum5ts1 x is true1 is g5]ally a v cle>1 or :at is call$ a melodi\s1 s\nd4 ,x does n h[ev] seem indisp5sably necess>y t x %\ld be s4 ,! s\nd ( ! muffl$ drum1 :5 x beats ! dead m>*1 is f> f be+ ei!r cle> or melodi\s1 & yet x c]ta9ly produces a species ( ,music :i* is sometimes affect+4 ,ev5 9 ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ humble ( all arti/s1 ( ! man :o drums ^u ! table ) 8 f+]s1 we may sometimes di/+ui% ! measure1 & p]haps a little ( ! hum\r1 ( "s fav\rite song2 & we mu/ all[ t ev5 he makes "s sort ( ,music4 ,)\t a prop] /ep & motion1 ! obs]vation ( tune alone w n make a ,dance2 "t alone1 )\t tune1 w make "s sort ( ,music4 ,t exact obs]vation ( tune1 or ( ! prop] int]vals ( gravity & acut5ess1 :i* con/itutes ! great beauty ( all p]fect ,music1 con/itutes likewise its great difficulty4 ,! "t1 or measure ( a song are simple matt]s1 :i* ev5 a co>se & unpractis$ e> is capable ( di/+ui%+ & compreh5d+3 b to di/+ui% & compreh5d all ! v>iations ( ! tune1 & to conceive ) precision ! exact proportion ( e note1 is :at ! f9e/ & mo/ cultivat$ #dcg e> is frequ5tly no m ?an capable ( p]=m+4 ,9 ! s++ ( ! common p we may g5]ally rem>k a di/9ct en\gh obs]vation ( "t1 b a v imp]fect "o ( tune4 ,to discov] & to di/+ui% ) precision ! prop] int]vals ( tune1 mu/ h be5 a "w ( long exp]i5ce & mu* obs]vation4 ,9 ! !oretical treatises ^u ,music1 :at ! au?ors h to say ^u "t is commonly discuss$ 9 a s+le *apt] ( no great l5g? or difficulty4 ,! !ory ( tune fills commonly all ! re/ ( ! volume1 & has long ago become bo? an ext5sive & an ab/ruse sci5ce1 :i* is (t5 b imp]fectly compreh5d$1 ev5 by intellig5t arti/s4 ,9 ! fir/ rude ef=ts ( unciviliz$ nations t[>ds s++1 ! niceties ( tune c\ld be b little att5d$ to3 ,i h1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 be5 frequ5tly dispos$ to d\bt ( ! great antiquity ( ^? national songs1 :i* x is pret5d$ h be5 deliv]$ d[n f age to age by a sort ( oral tradition1 )\t hav+ be5 ev] not$ or di/9ctly record$ = _m successive g5]ations4 ,! measure1 ! hum\r ( ! song1 might p]haps h be5 deliv]$ d[n 9 ?is mann]1 b x seems sc>cely possible t ! precise notes ( ! tune %\ld h be5 s pres]v$4 ,! me?od ( s++ "s ( :at we reckon our old ,scot* songs1 has und]gone great alt]ations )9 ! compass ( my memory1 & x may h und]gone /ill great] be=e4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! s\nds or tones ( s++ & ^? ( speak+ seems to be ( ! same k9d ) t betwe5 ! /eps1 ge/ures1 & motions ( ,danc+1 & ^? ( any o!r ord9>y action2 ?\gh 9 speak+1 a p]son may %[ a v agreeable tone ( voice1 yet if he seems to int5d to %[ x1 if he appe>s to li/5 to ! s\nd ( 8 own voice1 & z x 7 to tune x into a pleas+ modulation1 he nev] fails to (f5d1 z guilty ( a mo/ disagreeable affectation4 ,9 speak+1 z 9 e o!r ord9>y action1 we expect & require t ! speak] %\ld att5d only to ! prop] purpose ( ! action1 ! cle> & di/9ct expression ( :at he has to say4 ,9 s++1 on ! contr>y1 e p]son pr(esses ! int5tion to please by ! tone & cad5ce ( 8 voice2 & he n only appe>s to be guilty ( no disagreeable affectation 9 do+ s1 b we expect & require t he %\ld d s4 ,to please by ! *oice & arrangem5t ( agreeable s\nds is ! prop] purpose ( all ,music1 vocal z well z in/rum5tal2 & we always expect & require1 t e p]son %\ld att5d to ! prop] purpose ( :atev] action he is p]=m+4 ,a p]son may appe> to s+1 z well z to dance1 affect$ly2 he may endeav\r to please by s\nds & tones :i* are unsuitable to ! nature ( ! song1 or he may dwell too mu* on ^? :i* are suitable to x1 or 9 "s o!r way he may %[ an ov]we5+ conceit ( 8 own abilities1 beyond :at seems to be w>rant$ by 8 p]=mance4 ,! disagreeable affectation appe>s #dch to consi/ always1 n 9 attempt+ to please by a prop]1 b by "s improp] modulation ( ! voice4 ,x 0 e>ly discov]$ t ! vibrations ( *ords or /r+s1 :i* ei!r 9 _! l5g?s1 or 9 _! d5sities1 or 9 _! degrees ( t5sion1 be> a c]ta9 proportion to "o ano!r1 produce s\nds :i* correspond exactly1 or1 z ! musicians say1 are ! unisons ( ^? s\nds or tones ( ! human voice :i* ! e> approves ( 9 s++4 ,?is discov]y has enabl$ musicians to speak ) di/9ctness & precision conc]n+ ! musical s\nds or tones ( ! human voice2 !y c always precisely asc]ta9 :at are ! p>ticul> s\nds or tones :i* !y mean1 by asc]ta9+ :at are ! proportions ( ! /r+s ( :i* ! vibrations produce ! unisons ( ^? s\nds or tones4 ,:at are call$ ! int]vals2 t is1 ! diff]5ces1 9 po9t ( gravity & acut5ess1 betwe5 ! s\nds or tones ( a s++ voice1 are mu* great] & m di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! speak+ voice4 ,?\gh ! =m]1 !re=e1 c be measur$ & appreciat$ by ! proportions ( *ords or /r+s1 ! latt] _c4 ,! nice/ in/rum5ts _c express ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ^! int]vals4 ,! heptam]$e ( ,mr4 ,sauveur c\ld express an int]val s small z ! sev5? "p ( :at is call$ a comma1 ! smalle/ int]val t is admitt$ 9 mod]n ,music4 ,yet ev5 ?is in/rum5t1 we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,duclos1 c\ld n express ! m9ut5ess ( ! int]vals 9 ! pronunciation ( ! ,*9ese language2 ( all ! languages 9 ! _w1 t ( :i* ! pronunciation is said to approa* ! ne>e/ to s++1 or 9 :i* ! int]vals are said to be ! greate/4 ,z ! s\nds or tones ( ! s++ voice1 !re=e1 c be asc]ta9$ or appropriat$1 :ile ^? ( ! speak+ voice _c2 ! =m] are capable ( be+ not$ or record$1 :ile ! latt] are n4 ---------- ,,adam ,,smi? ,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s5ses2 ,,! ,s5ses1 by :i* we p]ceive ext]nal objects1 are commonly reckon$ ,five 9 ,numb]2 viz4 ,see+1 ,he>+1 ,smell+1 ,ta/+1 & ,t\*+4 ,( ^!1 ! f\r fir/ m5tion$ are ea* ( !m conf9$ to p>ticul> p>ts or organs ( ! body2 ! ,s5se ( ,see+ is conf9$ to ! ,eyes2 t ( ,he>+ to ! ,e>s2 t ( ,smell+ to ! ,no/rils2 & t ( ,ta/+ to ! ,palate4 ,! ,s5se ( ,t\*+ alone #dci seems n to be conf9$ to any p>ticul> organ1 b to be diffus$ ?r\gh almo/ e "p ( ! body2 if we except ! hair & ! nails ( ! f+]s & toes1 ,i believe ?r\gh e "p ( x4 ,i %all say a few words conc]n+ ea* ( ^! ,s5ses2 beg9n+ ) ! la/1 proce$+ backw>ds 9 ! opposite ord] to t 9 :i* !y are commonly enum]at$4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,,t\*+4 ,! objects ( ,t\* always pres5t !mselves z press+ ^u1 or z resi/+ ! p>ticul> "p ( ! body :i* p]ceives !m1 or by :i* we p]ceive !m4 ,:5 ,i lay my h& ^u ! table1 ! table presses ^u my h&1 or resi/s ! fur!r motion ( my h&1 9 ! same mann] z my h& presses ^u ! table4 ,b pressure or resi/ance necess>ily supposes ext]nality 9 ! ?+ :i* presses or resi/s4 ,! table c\ld n press ^u1 or resi/ ! fur!r motion ( my h&1 if x 0 n ext]nal to my h&4 ,i feel x accord+ly z some?+ :i* is n m]ely an affection ( ! h&1 b altoge!r ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( my h&4 ,! agreeable1 indiff]5t1 or pa9ful s5sation ( pressure1 accord+ly z ,i happ5 to press h>dly or s(tly1 ,i feel1 no d\bt1 z affections ( my h&2 b ! ?+ :i* presses & :i* resi/s ,i feel z some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f ^? affections1 z ext]nal to my h&1 & z be+ altoge!r indep5d5t ( x4 ,9 mov+ my h& along ! table x soon comes1 9 e direction1 to a place :]e ?is pressure or resi/ance ceases4 ,?is place we call ! b\nd>y1 or end ( ! table2 ( :i* ! ext5t & figure are det]m9$ by ! ext5t & direction ( ! l9es or surfaces :i* con/itute ?is b\nd>y or end4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t a man born bl9d1 or :o has lo/ 8 sight s e>ly t he has no remembrance ( visible objects1 may =m ! mo/ di/9ct idea ( ! ext5t & figure ( all ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 own body1 & ( e o!r tangible object :i* he has an opportunity ( h&l+ & exam9+4 ,:5 he lays 8 h& ^u 8 foot1 z 8 h& feels ! pressure or resi/ance ( 8 foot1 s 8 foot feels t ( 8 h&4 ,!y are bo? ext]nal to "o ano!r1 b !y are1 nei!r ( !m1 altoge!r s ext]nal to him4 ,he feels 9 bo?1 & he naturally consid]s !m z p>ts ( himself1 or at lea/ z some?+ :i* belongs to him1 & :i*1 = 8 own com=t1 x is necess>y t he %\ld take "s c>e (4 ,:5 he lays 8 h& ^u ! table1 ?\gh 8 h& feels ! pressure ( ! table1 ! table does n feel1 at lea/ he does n "k t x feels1 ! pressure ( 8 h&4 ,he feels x !re=e z some?+ ext]nal1 n only to 8 h&1 b to himself1 z some?+ :i* makes no "p ( himself1 & 9 ! /ate & condition ( :i* he has n necess>ily any conc]n4 #ddj ,:5 he lays 8 h& ^u ! body ei!r ( ano!r man1 or ( any o!r animal1 ?\gh he kn[s1 or at lea/ may "k1 t !y feel ! pressure ( 8 h& z mu* z he feels t ( _! body3 yet z ?is feel+ is altoge!r ext]nal to him1 he frequ5tly gives no att5tion to x1 & at no "t takes any fur!r conc]n 9 x ?an he is oblig$ to d by t fell[-feel+ :i* ,nature has1 = ! wise/ purposes1 implant$ 9 man1 n only t[>ds all o!r m51 b 7?\gh no d\bt 9 a mu* weak] degree7 t[>ds all o!r animals4 ,hav+ de/9$ him to be ! gov]n+ animal 9 ?is _w1 x seems to h be5 h] b5evol5t int5tion to inspire him ) "s degree ( respect1 ev5 = ! meane/ & weake/ ( 8 subjects4 ,?is p[] or quality ( resi/ance we call ,solidity2 & ! ?+ :i* possesses x1 ! ,solid ,body or ,?+4 ,z we feel x z some?+ altoge!r ext]nal to u1 s we necess>ily conceive x z some?+ altoge!r indep5d5t ( u4 ,we consid] x1 !re=e1 z :at we call a ,sub/ance1 or z a ?+ t subsi/s by itself1 & indep5d5t ( any o!r ?+4 ,solid & sub/antial1 accord+ly1 are two words :i*1 9 common language1 are consid]$ ei!r z altoge!r or z ne>ly synonym\s4 ,solidity necess>ily supposes "s degree ( ext5sion1 & t 9 all ! ?ree directions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,all ! solid bodies1 ( :i* we h any exp]i5ce1 h "s degree ( su* bulk or magnitude4 ,x seems to be ess5tial to _! nature1 & )\t x1 we _c ev5 conceive h[ !y %\ld be capable ( pressure or resi/ance2 are are ! p[]s by :i* !y are made kn[n to u1 & by :i* alone !y are capable ( act+ ^u our own1 & ^u all o!r bodies4 ,ext5sion1 at lea/ any s5sible ext5sion1 supposes divisibility4 ,! body may be s h>d1 t our /r5g? is n suffici5t to break x2 we /ill suppose1 h[ev]1 t if a suffici5t =ce 7 appli$1 x might be s brok52 &1 at any rate1 we c always1 9 fancy at lea/1 imag9e x to be divid$ into two or m p>ts4 ,e solid & ext5d$ body1 if x be n inf9ite1 7z ! univ]se may be conceiv$ to be17 mu/ h "s %ape or figure1 or be b\nd$ by c]ta9 l9es & surfaces4 ,e su* body mu/ likewise be conceiv$ z capable bo? ( motion & ( re/2 bo? ( alt]+ its situation ) reg>d to o!r surr\nd+ bodies1 & ( rema9+ 9 ! same situation4 ,t bodies ( small or mod]ate bulk1 are capable ( bo? motion & re/ we h con/ant exp]i5ce4 ,great masses1 p]haps1 are accord+ to ! ord9>y habits ( ! imag9ation1 suppos$ to be m fitt$ = re/ ?an = motion4 ,provid$ a suffici5t =ce c\ld be appli$1 h[ev]1 we h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ! greate/ & mo/ unwieldy masses might be made capable ( motion4 ,philosophy tea*es u1 7& by reasons too to :i* x is sc>cely possible to #dda refuse our ass5t17 t ! e>? itself1 & bodies mu* l>g] ?an ! e>?1 are n only movable1 b are at all times actually 9 motion1 & cont9ually alt]+ _! situation1 9 respect to o!r surr\nd+ bodies1 ) a rapidity t almo/ passes all human compreh5sion4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 at lea/ accord+ to ! imp]fect notions :i* we h hi!rto be5 able to atta9 conc]n+ x1 ! great difficulty seems to be1 n to f9d ! mo/ enorm\s masses 9 motion1 b to f9d ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] t is p]fectly at re/ ) reg>d to all o!r surr\nd+ bodies4 ,^! f\r qualities1 or attributes ( ext5sion1 divisibility1 figure1 & mobility1 or ! capacity ( motion or re/1 seem necess>ily involv$ 9 ! idea or conception ( a solid sub/ance4 ,!y are1 9 reality1 insep>able f t idea or conception1 & ! solid sub/ance _c possibly be conceiv$ to exi/ )\t !m4 ,no o!r qualities or attributes seem to be involv$1 9 ! same mann]1 9 ?is our idea or conception ( solidity4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ra% f !nce to conclude t ! solid sub/ance c1 z su*1 possess no o!r qualities or attributes4 ,?is ra% conclusion1 not)/&+1 has be5 n only drawn1 b insi/$ ^u1 z an axiom ( indubitable c]ta9ty1 by philosoph]s ( v em95t reputation4 ,( ^! ext]nal & resi/+ sub/ances1 "s yield easily1 & *ange _! figure1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure ( our h&3 o!rs nei!r yield nor *ange _! figure1 9 any respect1 9 consequ5ce ( ! utmo/ pressure :i* our h& alone is capable ( giv+ !m4 ,! =m] we call s(t1 ! latt] h>d1 bodies4 ,9 "s bodies ! p>ts are s v easily sep>able1 t !y n only yield to a v mod]ate pressure1 b easily receive ! press+ body )9 !m1 & )\t mu* resi/ance all[ x to trav]se _! ext5t 9 e possible direction4 ,^! are call$ ,fluid1 9 contradi/9ction to ^? ( :i* ! p>ts n be+ s easily sep>able1 are ^u t acc\nt peculi>ly call$ ,solid ,bodies2 z if !y possess$1 9 a m di/9ct & p]ceptible mann]1 ! *>act]i/ical quality ( solidity or ! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,wat]1 h[ev] 7"o ( ! fluids ) :i* we are mo/ famili>71 :5 conf9$ on all sides 7z 9 a holl[ globe ( metal1 :i* is fir/ fill$ ) x1 & !n seal$ h]metically71 has be5 f\nd to resi/ pressure z mu* z ! v h>de/1 or :at we commonly call ! mo/ solid bodies4 ,"s fluids yield s v easily to ! slighte/ pressure1 t ^u1 ord9>y occasions we are sc>cely s5sible ( _! resi/ance2 & are ^u t acc\nt little dispos$ to conceive !m z bodies1 or z ?+s capable ( pressure & resi/ance4 ,!re 0 a "t1 z we may le>n f ,ari/otle & ,lucretius1 :5 x 0 suppos$ to require "s degree ( philosophy to demon/rate t air 0 a real solid body1 or capable ( pressure & resi/ance4 ,:at1 9 anci5t #ddb times1 & 9 vulg> appreh5sions1 0 suppos$ to be d\btful ) reg>d to air1 /ill cont9ues to be s ) reg>d to light1 ( :i* ! rays1 h[ev] cond5s$ or conc5trat$1 h nev] appe>$ capable ( mak+ ! smalle/ resi/ance to ! motion ( o!r bodies1 ! *>act]i/ical p[] or quality ( :at are call$ bodies1 or solid sub/ances4 ,"s philosoph]s accord+ly d\bt1 & "s ev5 d5y1 t light is a mat]ial or corporeal sub/ance4 ,?\gh all bodies or solid sub/ances resi/1 yet all ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$ appe> to be m or less compressible1 or capable ( hav+1 )\t any dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( _! matt]1 _! bulk m or less r$uc$ )9 a small] space ?an t :i* !y usually occupy4 ,an exp]im5t ( ! ,flor5t9e academy 0 suppos$ to h fully demon/rat$ t wat] 0 absolutely incompressible4 ,! same exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 repeat$ ) m c>e & accuracy1 x appe>s1 t wat]1 ?\gh x /rongly resi/s compression1 is1 h[ev]1 :5 a suffici5t =ce is appli$1 l all o!r bodies1 9 "s degree liable to x4 ,air1 on ! contr>y1 by ! application ( a v mod]ate =ce1 is easily r$ucible )9 a mu* small] portion ( space ?an t :i* x usually occupies4 ,! cond5s+ eng9e1 & :at is f\nd$ ^u x1 ! w9d-gun1 suffici5tly demon/rate ?is3 & ev5 )\t ! help ( su* +5i\s & exp5sive ma*9es1 we may easily satisfy ourselves ( ! tru? ( ?is proportion1 by squeez+ a full-bl[n bladd] ( :i* ! neck is well ti$4 ,! h>dness or s(tness ( bodies1 or ! great] or small] =ce ) :i* !y resi/ any *ange ( %ape1 seems to dep5d altoge!r ^u ! /rong] or weak] degree ( cohesion ) :i* _! p>ts are mutually attract$ to "o ano!r4 ,! great] or small] =ce ) :i* !y resi/ compression may1 ^u _m occasions1 be ow+ p>tly to ! same cause3 b x may likewise be ow+ to ! great] or small] proportion ( empty space compreh5d$ )9 _! dim5sions1 or int]mix$ ) ! solid p>ts :i* compose !m4 ,a body :i* compreh5d$ no empty space )9 its dim5sions1 :i*1 ?r\gh all its p>ts1 0 completely fill$ ) ! resi/+ sub/ance1 we are naturally dispos$ to conceive z some?+ :i* w\ld be absolutely incompressible1 & :i* w\ld resi/1 ) unconqu]able =ce1 e attempt to r$uce x )9 n>r[] dim5sions4 ,if ! solid & resi/+ sub/ance1 )\t mov+ out ( its place1 %\ld admit into ! same place ano!r solid & resi/+ sub/ance1 x w\ld f t mom5t1 9 our appreh5sion1 cease to be a solid & resi/+ sub/ance1 & w\ld no long] appe> to possess t quality1 by :i* alone x is made kn[n to u1 & :i* we !re=e consid] z con/itut+ its nature & ess5ce1 & z altoge!r insep>able f x4 ,h5ce our notion ( :at has be5 call$ imp5etrability ( matt]2 or ( ! absolute impossibility t two #ddc solid resi/+ sub/ances %\ld occupy ! same place at ! same "t4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* is z old z ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 & ,epicurus1 0 9 ! la/ c5tury reviv$ by ,gass5di1 & has s9ce be5 adopt$ by ,newton & ! f> great] "p ( 8 foll[]s4 ,x may at pres5t be consid]$ z ! e/abli%$ sy/em1 or z ! sy/em t is mo/ 9 fa%ion1 & mo/ approv$ ( by ! great] "p ( ! philosoph]s ( ,europe4 ,?\gh x has be5 oppos$ by sev]al puzzl+ argum5ts1 drawn f t species ( metaphysics :i* conf\nds e ?+ & expla9s no?+1 x seems ^u ! :ole to be ! mo/ simple1 ! mo/ di/9ct1 & ! mo/ compreh5sible acc\nt t has yet be5 giv5 ( ! ph5om5a :i* are meant to be expla9$ by x4 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t :atev] sy/em may be adopt$ conc]n+ ! h>dness or s(tness1 ! fluidity or solidity1 ! compressibility or incompressibility ( ! resi/+ sub/ance1 ! c]ta9ty ( our di/9ct s5se & feel+ ( its ,ext]nality1 or ( its entire indep5d5cy ^u ! organ :i* p]ceives x1 or by :i* we p]ceive x1 _c 9 ! smalle/ degree be affect$ by any su* sy/em4 ,i %all n !re=e attempt to give any fur!r acc\nt ( su* sy/ems4 ,heat & cold be+ felt by almo/ e "p ( ! human body1 h commonly be5 rank$ along ) solidity & resi/ance1 among ! qualities :i* are ! objects ( ,t\*4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 9 our language prop] to say t we t\*1 b t we feel ! qualities ( heat & cold4 ,! ^w feel+1 ?\gh 9 _m cases we use x z synonym\s to t\*+1 has1 h[ev]1 a mu* m ext5sive signification1 & is frequ5tly employ$ to d5ote our int]nal1 z well z our ext]nal1 affections4 ,we feel hung] & ?ir/1 we feel joy & sorr[1 we feel love & hatr$4 ,heat & cold1 9 reality1 ?\gh !y may frequ5tly be p]ceiv$ by ! same p>ts ( ! human body1 con/itute an ord] ( s5sations altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* are ! prop] objects ( ,t\*4 ,!y are naturally felt1 n z press+ ^u ! organ1 b z 9 ! organ4 ,:at we feel :ile we /& 9 ! sun%9e dur+ a hot1 or 9 ! %ade dur+ a fro/y1 day1 is evid5tly felt1 n z press+ ^u ! body1 b z 9 ! body4 ,x does n necess>ily sugge/ ! pres5ce ( any ext]nal object1 nor c\ld we f !nce alone inf] ! exi/5ce ( any su* object4 ,x is a s5sation :i* nei!r does nor c exi/ any :]e b ei!r 9 ! organ :i* feels x1 or 9 ! unkn[n pr9ciple ( p]ception1 :atev] t may be1 :i* feels 9 t organ1 or by means ( t organ4 ,:5 we lay our h& ^u a table1 :i* is ei!r heat$ or cool$ a good deal beyond ! actual temp]ature ( our h&1 we h two di/9ct p]ceptions3 fir/1 t ( ! solid or resi/+ table1 :i* is necess>ily felt z some?+ ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t (1 ! h& :i* feels x2 & secondly1 #ddd t ( ! heat or cold1 :i* by ! contact ( ! table is excit$ 9 our h&1 & :i* is naturally felt z n[h]e b 9 our h&1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 our h&4 ,b ?\gh ! s5sations ( heat & cold d n necess>ily sugge/ ! pres5ce ( any ext]nal object1 we soon le>n f exp]i5ce t !y are commonly excit$ by "s su* object3 sometimes by ! temp]ature ( "s ext]nal body imm$iately 9 contact ) our own body1 & sometimes by "s body at ei!r a mod]ate or a great di/ance f u2 z by ! fire 9 a *amb]1 or by ! sun 9 a summ]'s day4 ,by ! frequ5cy & uni=mity ( ?is exp]i5ce1 by ! cu/om & habit ( ?\ght :i* t frequ5cy & uni=mity necess>ily occasion1 ! ,int]nal ,s5sation1 & ! ,ext]nal ,cause ( t ,s5sation1 come 9 our conception to be s /rictly connect$1 t 9 our ord9>y & c>eless way ( ?9k+1 we are apt to consid] !m z almo/ "o & ! same ?+1 & !re=e d5ote !m by "o & ! same ^w4 ,! confusion1 h[ev]1 is 9 ?is case m 9 ! ^w ?an 9 ! ?\ght2 = 9 reality we /ill reta9 "s notion ( ! di/9ction1 ?\gh we d n always evolve x ) t accuracy :i* a v slight degree ( att5tion might enable u to d4 ,:5 we move our h&1 = example1 along ! surface ( a v hot or ( a v cold table1 ?\gh we say t ! table is hot or cold 9 e "p ( x1 we nev] mean t1 9 any "p ( x1 x feels ! s5sations ei!r ( heat or ( cold1 b t 9 e "p ( x1 x possesses ! p[] ( excit+ "o or o!r ( ^? s5sations 9 our bodies4 ,! philosoph]s :o h tak5 s mu* pa9s to prove t !re is no heat 9 ! fire1 mean+ t ! s5sation or feel+ ( heat is n 9 ! fire1 h lab\r$ to refute an op9ion :i* ! mo/ ignorant ( mank9d nev] ent]ta9$4 ,b ! same ^w be+1 9 common language1 employ$ to signify bo? ! s5sation & ! p[] ( excit+ t s5sation1 !y1 )\t kn[+ x p]haps1 or int5d+ x1 h tak5 advantage ( ?is ambiguity1 & h triumph$ 9 _! own sup]iority1 :5 by irresi/ible argum5ts !y e/abli% an op9ion :i*1 9 words inde$1 is diametrically opposite to ! mo/ obvi\s judgm5ts ( mank9d1 b :i* 9 reality is p]fectly agreeable to ^? judgm5ts4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,,ta/+4 ,,:5 we ta/e any solid or liquid sub/ance1 we h always two di/9ct p]ceptions3 fir/1 t ( ! solid or liquid body1 :i* is naturally felt z press+ ^u1 & !re=e z ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t (1 ! organ :i* feels x2 & secondly1 t ( p>ticul> ta/e1 reli%1 or sav\r :i* x excites 9 ! palate or organ ( ,ta/+1 & :i* is naturally felt1 n z press+ ^u1 z ext]nal to1 or z indep5d5t (1 t organ2 b z altoge!r 9 ! organ1 & n[h]e b 9 ! organ1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 #dde t organ4 ,:5 we say t ! food :i* we eat has an agreeable or disagreeable ta/e 9 e "p ( x1 we d n !reby mean t x has ! feel+ or s5sation ( ta/e 9 any "p ( x1 b t 9 e "p ( x1 x has ! p[] ( excit+ t feel+ or s5sation 9 our palates4 ,?\gh 9 ?is case we d5ote by ! same ^w 79 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reason1 z 9 ! case ( heat & cold7 bo? ! s5sation & ! p[] ( excit+ t s5sation1 ?is ambiguity ( language misleads ! natural judgm5ts ( mank9d 9 ! "o case z little z 9 ! o!r4 ,nobody ev] fancies t our food feels its own agreeable or disagreeable ta/e4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,,smell+4 ,,e smell or od\r is naturally felt z 9 ! no/rils2 n z press+ ^u or resi/+ ! organ1 n z 9 any respect ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! organ1 b z altoge!r 9 ! organ1 & n[h]e else b 9 ! organ1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 t organ4 ,we soon le>n f exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 t ?is s5sation is commonly excit$ by "s ext]nal body2 by a fl[]1 = example1 ( :i* ! abs5ce removes1 & ! pres5ce br+s back1 ! s5sation4 ,?is ext]nal body we consid] z ! cause ( ?is s5sation1 & we d5om9ate by ! same words bo? ! s5sation & ! p[] by :i* ! ext]nal body produces ?is s5sation4 ,b :5 we say t ! smell is 9 ! fl[]1 we d n !reby mean t ! fl[] itself has any feel+ ( ! s5sation :i* we feel2 b t x has ! p[] ( excit+ ?is s5sation 9 our no/rils1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 our no/rils4 ,?\gh ?is s5sation1 & ! p[] by :i* x is excit$1 are ?us d5ot$ by ! same ^w1 ?is ambiguity ( language misleads1 9 ?is case1 ! natural judgm5ts ( mank9d z little z 9 ! two prec$+4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,,he>+4 ,,e s\nd is naturally felt z 9 ! ,e>1 ! organ ( ,he>+4 ,s\nd is n naturally felt z resi/+ or press+ ^u ! organ1 or z 9 any respect ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! organ4 ,we naturally feel x z an affection ( our ,e>1 z some?+ :i* is altoge!r 9 our ,e>1 & n[h]e b 9 our ,e>1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 our ,e>4 ,we soon le>n f exp]i5ce1 inde$1 t ! s5sation is frequ5tly excit$ by bodies at a consid]able di/ance f u2 (t5 at a mu* great] di/ance1 ?an ^? ev] are :i* excite ! s5sation ( ,smell+4 ,we le>n too f exp]i5ce t ?is s\nd or s5sation 9 our ,e>s receives diff]5t modifications1 accord+ to ! di/ance & direction ( ! body :i* orig9ally causes x4 ,! s5sation is /rong]1 ! s\nd is l\d]1 :5 t body is ne>4 ,! s5sation is weak]1 ! s\nd is l[]1 :5 t body is at a di/ance4 ,! s\nd1 or s5sation1 too und]goes "s #ddf v>iation accord+ z ! body is plac$ on ! "r h& or on ! left1 be=e or beh9d u4 ,9 common language we frequ5tly say1 t ! s\nd seems to come f a great or f a small di/ance1 f ! "r h& or f ! left1 f be=e or f beh9d u4 ,we frequ5tly say too t we he> a s\nd at a great or small di/ance1 on our "r h& or on our left4 ,! real s\nd1 h[ev]1 ! s5sation 9 our e>1 c nev] be he>d or felt any :]e b 9 our e>1 x c nev] *ange its place1 x is incapable ( motion1 & c come1 !re=e1 nei!r f ! "r nor f ! left1 nei!r f be=e nor f beh9d u4 ,! ,e> c feel or he> n[h]e b :]e x is1 & _c /ret* out its p[]s ( p]ception1 ei!r to a great or to a small di/ance1 ei!r to ! "r or to ! left4 ,by all su* phrases we 9 reality mean no?+ b to express our op9ion conc]n+ ei!r ! di/ance or ! direction ( ! body :i* excites ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,:5 we say t ! s\nd is 9 ! bell1 we d n mean t ! bell he>s its own s\nd1 or t any ?+ l our s5sation is 9 ! bell1 b t x possesses ! p[] ( excit+ t s5sation 9 our organ ( ,he>+4 ,?\gh 9 ?is1 z well z 9 "s o!r cases1 we express by ! same ^w1 bo? ! ,s5sation1 & ! ,p[] ( excit+ t ,s5sation2 ?is ambiguity ( language occasions sc>ce any confusion 9 ! ?\ght1 & :5 ! diff]5t mean+s ( ! ^w are prop]ly di/+ui%$1 ! op9ions ( ! vulg>1 & ^? ( ! philosoph]1 ?\gh app>5tly opposite1 on exam9ation turn out to be exactly ! same4 ,^! f\r classes ( second>y qualities1 z philosoph]s h call$ !m1 or to speak m prop]ly1 ^! f\r classes ( ,s5sations2 ,heat & ,cold1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 & ,s\nd2 be+ felt1 n z resi/+ or press+ ^u ! organ1 b z 9 ! organ1 are n naturally p]ceiv$ z ext]nal & indep5d5t sub/ances2 or ev5 z qualities ( su* sub/ances2 b z m]e affections ( ! organ1 & :at c exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! organ4 ,!y d n possess1 nor c we ev5 conceive !m z capable ( possess+1 any "o ( ! qualities1 :i* we consid] z ess5tial to1 & insep>able f1 ext]nal solid & indep5d5t sub/ances4 ,fir/1 ,!y h no ext5sion4 ,!y are nei!r long nor %ort2 !y are nei!r broad nor n>r[2 !y are nei!r deep nor %all[4 ,! bodies :i* excite !m1 ! spaces )9 :i* !y may be p]ceiv$1 may possess any ( ^? dim5sions2 b ! ,s5sations !mselves c possess none ( !m4 ,:5 we say ( a ,note 9 ,music1 t x is long or %ort1 we mean t x is s 9 po9t ( duration4 ,9 po9t ( ext5sion we _c ev5 conceive1 t x %\ld be ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,secondly1 ,^? ,s5sations h no figure4 ,!y are nei!r r\nd nor squ>e1 ?\gh ! bodies :i* excite !m1 ?\gh ! spaces )9 :i* !y may be p]ceiv$1 may be ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 #ddg ,?irdly1 ,^? ,s5sations are incapable ( motion4 ,! bodies :i* excite !m may be mov$ to a great] or to a small] di/ance4 ,! ,s5sations become fa9t] 9 ! "o case1 & /rong] 9 ! o!r4 ,^? bodies may *ange _! direction ) reg>d to ! organ ( ,s5sation4 ,if ! *ange be consid]able1 ! ,s5sations und]go "s s5sible v>iation 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,b /ill we nev] ascribe motion to ! ,s5sations4 ,ev5 :5 ! p]son :o feels any ( ^? ,s5sations1 & consequ5tly ! organ by :i* he feels !m1 *anges 8 situation1 we nev]1 ev5 9 ?is case1 say1 t ! ,s5sation moves1 or is mov$4 ,x seems to exi/ always1 :]e alone x is capable ( exi/+1 9 ! organ :i* feels x4 ,we nev] ev5 ascribe to ^? ,s5sations ! attribute ( re/2 because we nev] say t any ?+ is at re/1 unless we suppose x capable ( motion4 ,we nev] say t any ?+ does n *ange its situation ) reg>d to o!r ?+s1 unless we c suppose x to be capable ( *ang+ t situation4 ,f\r?ly1 ,^? ,s5sations1 z !y h no ext5sion1 s !y c h no divisibility4 ,we _c ev5 conceive t a degree ( ,heat or ,cold1 t a ,smell1 a ,ta/e1 or a ,s\nd1 %\ld be divid$ 79 ! same mann] z ! solid & ext5d$ sub/ance may be divid$7 into two halves1 or into f\r qu>t]s1 or into any numb] ( p>ts4 ,b ?\gh all ^! ,s5sations are equally incapable ( division2 !re are ?ree ( !m1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 & ,s\nd2 :i* seem capable ( a c]ta9 composition & decomposition4 ,a skilful cook w1 by 8 ta/e1 p]haps1 sometimes di/+ui% ! diff]5t +r$i5ts1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( a new sauce1 & ( :i* ! simple ta/es make up ! comp\nd "o ( ! sauce4 ,a skilful p]fum] may1 p]haps1 sometimes be able to d ! same ?+ ) reg>d to a new sc5t4 ,9 a conc]t ( vocal & in/rum5tal music1 an acute & exp]i5c$ ,e> readily di/+ui%es all ! diff]5t s\nds :i* /rike ^u x at ! same "t1 & :i* may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z mak+ up "o comp\nd s\nd4 ,is x by nature1 or by exp]i5ce1 t we le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 simple & comp\nd ,s5sations ( ?is k9d8 ,i am dispos$ to believe t x is altoge!r by exp]i5ce2 & t naturally all ,ta/es1 ,smells1 & ,s\nds1 :i* affect ! organ ( ,s5sation at ! same "t1 are felt z simple & uncomp\nd$ ,s5sations4 ,x is altoge!r by exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k1 t we le>n to obs]ve ! diff]5t aff9ities & resemblances :i* ! comp\nd ,s5sation be>s to ! diff]5t simple ones1 :i* compose x1 & to judge t ! diff]5t causes1 :i* excite ^? diff]5t simple ,s5sations1 ent] into ! composition ( t cause :i* excites ! comp\nd$ "o4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t t ?is composition & decomposition is altoge!r diff]5t f t union & sep>ation ( p>ts1 :i* con/itutes ! divisibility ( solid ext5sion4 #ddh ,! ,s5sations ( ,heat & ,cold seem incapable ev5 ( ?is species ( composition & decomposition4 ,! ,s5sations ( ,heat & ,cold may be /rong] at "o "t & weak] at ano!r4 ,!y may diff] 9 degree1 b !y _c diff] 9 k9d4 ,! ,s5sations ( ,ta/e1 ,smell1 & ,s\nd1 frequ5tly diff]1 n only 9 degree1 b 9 k9d4 ,!y are n only /rong] & weak]1 b "s ,ta/es are sweet & "s bitt]2 "s ,smells are agreeable1 & "s (f5sive2 "s ,s\nds are acute1 & "s grave2 & ea* ( ^! diff]5t k9ds or qualities1 too1 is capable ( an imm5se v>iety ( modifications4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( su* simple ,s5sations1 z diff] n only 9 degree b 9 k9d1 :i* con/itutes ! comp\nd$ ,s5sation4 ,^! f\r classes ( ,s5sations1 !re=e1 hav+ none ( ! qualities :i* are ess5tial to1 & insep>able f1 ! solid1 ext]nal1 & indep5d5t sub/ances :i* excite !m1 _c be qualities or modifications ( ^? sub/ances4 ,9 reality we d n naturally consid] !m z su*2 ?\gh 9 ! way 9 :i* we express ourselves on ! subject1 !re is frequ5tly a good deal ( ambiguity & confusion4 ,:5 ! diff]5t mean+s ( words1 h[ev]1 are fairly di/+ui%$1 ^! ,s5sations are1 ev5 by ! mo/ ignorant & illit]ate1 und]/ood to be1 n ! qualities1 b m]ely ! effects ( ! solid1 ext]nal1 & indep5d5t sub/ances ^u ! s5sible & liv+ organ1 or ^u ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 t organ4 ,philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 h n 9 g5]al suppos$ t ^? excit+ bodies produce ^? ,s5sations imm$iately1 b by ! int]v5tion ( "o1 two1 or m int]m$iate causes4 ,9 ! ,s5sation ( ,ta/e1 = example1 ?\gh ! excit+ body presses ^u ! organ ( ,s5sation1 ?is pressure is n suppos$ to be ! imm$iate cause ( ! ,s5sation ( ,ta/e4 ,c]ta9 juices ( ! excit+ body are suppos$ to ent] ! pores ( ! palate1 & to excite1 9 ! irritable & s5sible fibres ( t organ1 c]ta9 motions or vibrations1 :i* produce !re ! ,s5sation ( ,ta/e4 ,b h[ ^? juices %\ld excite su* motions1 or h[ su* motions %\ld produce1 ei!r 9 ! organ1 or 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* feels 9 ! organ1 ! ,s5sation ( ,ta/e2 or a ,s5sation1 :i* n only does n be> ! smalle/ resemblance to any motion1 b :i* itself seems incapable ( all motion1 no philosoph] has yet attempt$1 nor probably ev] w attempt1 to expla9 to u4 ,! ,s5sations ( ,heat & ,cold1 ( ,smell & ,s\nd1 are frequ5tly excit$ by bodies at a di/ance1 sometimes at a great di/ance1 f ! organ :i* feels !m4 ,b x is a v anci5t & well-e/abli%$ axiom 9 metaphysics1 t no?+ c act :]e x is n2 & ?is axiom1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be ackn[l$g$1 is at lea/ p]fectly agreeable to our natural & usual habits ( ?9k+4 ,! ,sun1 ! great s\rce ( bo? ,heat & ,light1 is at an imm5se #ddi di/ance f u4 ,8 rays1 h[ev] 7trav]s+1 ) inconceivable rapidity1 ! imm5sity ( ! int]v5+ regions71 z !y convey ! ,s5sation ( ,light to our eyes1 s !y convey t ( ,heat to all ! s5sible p>ts ( our body4 ,!y ev5 convey ! p[] ( excit+ t ,s5sation to all ! o!r bodies t surr\nd u4 ,!y w>m ! e>? & air1 we say2 t is1 !y convey to ! e>? & ! air ! p[] ( excit+ t ,s5sation 9 our bodies4 ,a common fire produces1 9 ! same mann]1 all ! same effects2 ?\gh ! sph]e ( its action is conf9$ )9 mu* n>r[] limits4 ,! odorif]\s body1 :i* is g5]ally too at "s di/ance f u1 is suppos$ to act ^u our organs by means ( c]ta9 small p>ticles ( matt]1 call$ ,effluvia1 :i* be+ s5t =? 9 all possible directions1 & drawn into our no/rils by ! inspiration ( brea?+1 produce !re ! ,s5sation ( ,smell4 ,! m9ut5ess ( ^? small p>ticles ( matt]1 h[ev]1 mu/ surpass all human compreh5sion4 ,inclose 9 a gold box1 = a few h\rs1 a small quantity ( musk4 ,take out ! musk1 & clean ! box ) soap & wat] z c>efully z x is possible4 ,no?+ c be suppos$ to rema9 9 ! box1 b su* effluvia z1 hav+ p5etrat$ into its int]ior pores1 may h escap$ ! effects ( ?is cleans+4 ,! box1 h[ev]1 w reta9 ! smell ( musk = _m1 ,i d n "k = h[ _m ye>s2 & ^! effluvia1 h[ m9ute soev] we may suppose !m1 mu/ h _h ! p[]s ( subdivid+ !mselves1 & ( emitt+ o!r effluvia ( ! same k9d1 cont9ually1 & )\t any int]ruption1 dur+ s long a p]iod4 ,! nice/ balance1 h[ev]1 :i* human art has ev] be5 able to inv5t1 w n %[ ! smalle/ increase ( weight 9 ! gold box imm$iately aft] x has be5 ?us c>efully clean$4 ,! ,s5sation ( ,s\nd is frequ5tly felt at a mu* great] di/ance f ! s\nd+1 ?an t ( ,smell ev] is f ! odorif]\s body4 ,! vibrations ( ! s\nd+ body1 h[ev]1 are suppos$ to produce c]ta9 correspond5t vibrations & pulses 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 :i* be+ propagat$ 9 all directions1 rea* our organ ( ,he>+1 & produce !re ! ,s5sation ( ,s\nd4 ,!re are n _m philosophical doctr9es1 p]haps1 e/abli%$ ^u a m probable f\ndation1 ?an t ( ! propagation ( ,s\nd by means ( ! pulses or vibrations ( ! air4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! bell1 :i*1 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 produces no s5sible ,s\nd1 w\ld alone r5d] ?is doctr9e some:at m ?an probable4 ,b ?is great probability is /ill fur!r confirm$ by ! computations ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o has %[n t1 :at is call$ ! velocity ( ,s\nd1 or ! "t :i* passes betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! action ( ! s\nd+ body1 & t ( ! ,s5sation 9 our e>1 is p]fectly suitable to ! velocity ) :i* ! pulses & vibrations ( an ela/ic fluid ( ! same d5sity ) ! air1 are naturally propagat$4 ,dr4 #dej ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 has made objections to ?is doctr9e1 b1 ,i ?9k1 )\t success4 ,su* are ! int]m$iate causes by :i* philosoph]s h endeav\r$ to connect ! ,s5sation 9 our organs1 ) ! di/ant bodies :i* excite !m4 ,h[ ^? int]m$iate causes1 by ! diff]5t motions & vibrations :i* !y may be suppos$ to excite on our organs1 produce !re ^? diff]5t ,s5sations1 none ( :i* be> ! smalle/ resemblance to vibration or motion ( any k9d1 no philosoph] has yet attempt$ to expla9 to u4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,,see+4 ,,dr4 ,,b]kley1 9 8 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( philosophical analysis t is to be f\nd1 ei!r 9 our own1 or 9 any o!r language1 has expla9$1 s v di/9ctly1 ! nature ( ! objects ( ,sight3 _! dissimilitude to1 z well z _! correspond5ce & connection ) ^? ( ,t\*1 t ,i h sc>cely any ?+ to add to :at he has already done4 ,x is only 9 ord] to r5d] "s ?+s1 :i* ,i %all h occasion to say h]eaft]1 intelligible to su* read]s z may n h _h an opportunity ( /udy+ 8 book1 t ,i h presum$ to treat ( ! same subject1 aft] s great a ma/]4 ,:atev] ,i %all say ^u x1 if n directly borr[$ f ,dr4 ,b]kley1 has at lea/ be5 sugge/$ by :at he has already said4 ,t ! objects ( ,sight are n p]ceiv$ z resi/+ or press+ ^u ! organ :i* p]ceives !m1 is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,!y _c !re=e sugge/1 at lea/ 9 ! same mann] z ! objects ( ,t\*1 _! ext]nality & indep5d5cy ( exi/5ce4 ,we are apt1 h[ev]1 to imag9e t we see objects at a di/ance f u1 & t consequ5tly ! ext]nality ( _! exi/5ce is imm$iately p]ceiv$ by our sight4 ,b if we consid] t ! di/ance ( any object f ! eye1 is a l9e turn$ endways to x2 & t ?is l9e mu/ consequ5tly appe> to x1 b z "o po9t2 we %all be s5sible t di/ance f ! eye _c be ! imm$iate object ( ,sight1 b t all visible objects mu/ naturally be p]ceiv$ z close ^u ! organ1 or m prop]ly1 p]haps1 l all o!r ,s5sations1 z 9 ! organ :i* p]ceives !m4 ,t ! objects ( ,sight are all pa9t$ 9 ! bottom ( ! eye1 ^u a membrane call$ ! ret9a1 pretty mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! l objects are pa9t$ 9 a ,cam]a ,obscura1 is well kn[n to :oev] has ! slighte/ t9cture ( ! sci5ce ( ,optics3 & ! pr9ciple ( p]ception1 x is probable1 orig9ally p]ceives !m1 z exi/+ 9 t "p ( ! organ1 & n[h]e b 9 t "p ( ! organ4 ,no optician1 accord+ly1 no p]son :o has ev] be/[$ any mod]ate degree ( att5tion ^u ! nature ( ,vision1 has ev] pret5d$ t di/ance f ! eye 0 ! imm$iate object ( ,sight4 ,h[ x is t1 by #dea means ( our ,sight we le>n to judge ( su* di/ances ,opticians h endeav\r$ to expla9 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 at pres5t1 /op to exam9e _! sy/ems4 ,! objects ( ,t\* are solidity1 & ^? modifications ( solidity :i* we consid] z ess5tial to x1 & insep>able f x2 solid ext5sion1 figure1 divisibility1 & mobility4 ,! objects ( ,sight are col\r1 & ^? modifications ( col\r :i*1 9 ! same mann]1 we consid] z ess5tial to x1 & insep>able f x2 col\r$ ext5sion1 figure1 divisibility1 & mobility4 ,:5 we op5 our eyes1 ! s5sible col\r$ objects1 :i* pres5t !mselves to u1 mu/ all h a c]ta9 ext5sion1 or mu/ occupy a c]ta9 portion ( ! visible surface :i* appe>s be=e u4 ,!y mu/ too h all a c]ta9 figure1 or mu/ be b\nd$ by c]ta9 visible l9es1 :i* m>k ^u t surface ! ext5t ( _! respective dim5sions4 ,e s5sible portion ( ?is visible or col\r$ ext5sion mu/ be conceiv$ z divisible1 or z sep>able into two1 ?ree1 or m p>ts4 ,e portion too ( ?is visible or col\r$ surface mu/ be conceiv$ z moveable1 or z capable ( *ang+ its situation1 & ( assum+ a diff]5t arrangem5t ) reg>d to ! o!r portions ( ! same surface4 ,col\r1 ! visible1 be>s no resemblance to solidity1 ! tangible object4 ,a man born bl9d1 or :o has lo/ 8 sight s e>ly z to h no remembrance ( visible objects1 c =m no idea or conception ( col\r4 ,t\* alone c nev] help him to x4 ,i h he>d1 inde$1 ( "s p]sons :o _h lo/ _! sight aft] ! age ( manhood1 & :o _h le>n$ to di/+ui% by ! t\* alone1 ! diff]5t col\rs ( clo?s or silks1 ! goods :i* x happ5$ to be _! bus9ess to deal 94 ,! p[]s by :i* diff]5t bodies excite 9 ! organs ( ,sight ! ,s5sations ( diff]5t col\rs1 probably dep5d ^u "s diff]5ce 9 ! nature1 configuration1 & arrangem5t ( ! p>ts :i* compose _! respective surfaces4 ,?is diff]5ce may1 to a v nice & delicate t\*1 make "s diff]5ce 9 ! feel+1 suffici5t to enable a p]son1 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! case1 to make ?is di/9ction 9 "s degree1 ?\gh probably 9 a v imp]fect & inaccurate "o4 ,a man born bl9d might possibly be taught to make ! same di/9ctions4 ,b ?\gh he might ?us be able to "n ! diff]5t col\rs1 :i* ^? diff]5t surfaces reflect$1 ?\gh he might ?us h "s imp]fect notion ( ! remote causes ( ! ,s5sations1 he c\ld h no bett] idea ( ! ,s5sations !mselves1 ?an t o!r bl9d man1 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,locke1 _h1 :o said t he imag9$ ! ,col\r ( ,sc>let resembl$ ! ,s\nd ( a ,trumpet4 ,a man born deaf may1 9 ! same mann]1 be taught to speak articulately4 ,he is taught h[ to %ape & dispose ( 8 organs1 s z to pron\nce ea* lett]1 syllable1 & ^w4 ,b /ill1 ?\gh he may h "s imp]fect idea ( ! remote causes ( #deb ! ,s\nds :i* he himself utt]s1 ( ! remote causes ( ! ,s5sations :i* he himself excites 9 o!r p2 he c h none ( ^? ,s\nds or ,s5sations !mselves4 ,if x 7 possible1 9 ! same mann]1 t a man c\ld be born )\t ! ,s5se ( ,t\*+1 t ( ,see+ c\ld nev] alone sugge/ to him ! idea ( ,solidity1 or enable him to =m any notion ( ! ext]nal & resi/+ sub/ance4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 n only t no man1 b t no animal 0 ev] born )\t ! ,s5se ( ,t\*+1 :i* seems ess5tial to1 & insep>able f1 ! nature ( animal life & exi/5ce4 ,x is unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to ?r[ away any reason+1 or to haz>d any conjectures1 ab\t :at might be ! effects ( :at ,i look ^u z altoge!r an impossible supposition4 ,! eye :5 press$ ^u by any ext]nal & solid sub/ance1 feels1 no d\bt1 t pressure & resi/ance1 & sugge/s to u 79 ! same mann] z e o!r feel+ "p ( ! body7 ! ext]nal & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( t solid sub/ance4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! eye acts1 n z ! organ ( ,sight1 b z an organ ( ,t\*2 = ! eye possesses ! ,s5se ( ,t\*+ 9 common ) almo/ all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! ext5sion1 figure1 divisibility1 & mobility ( ,col\r1 ! sole object ( ,sight1 ?\gh1 on acc\nt ( _! correspond5ce & connection ) ! ext5sion1 figure1 divisibility1 & mobility ( ,solidity1 !y are call$ by ! same "n1 yet seem to be> no sort ( resemblance to _! namesakes4 ,z ,col\r & ,solidity be> no sort ( resemblance to "o ano!r1 s nei!r c _! respective modifications4 ,dr4 ,b]kley v ju/ly obs]ves1 t ?\gh we c conceive ei!r a col\r$ or a solid l9e to be prolong$ indef9itely1 yet we _c conceive ! "o to be add$ to ! o!r4 ,we _c1 ev5 9 imag9ation1 conceive an object ( ,t\* to be prolong$ into an object ( ,sight1 or an object ( ,sight into an object ( ,t\*4 ,! objects ( ,sight & ^? ( ,t\* con/itute two worlds1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h a mo/ important correspond5ce & connection ) "o ano!r1 be> no sort ( resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,! tangible _w1 z well z all ! diff]5t p>ts :i* compose x1 has ?ree dim5sions1 ,l5g?1 ,bread?1 & ,dep?4 ,! visible _w1 z well z all ! diff]5t p>ts :i* compose x1 has only two1 ,l5g? & ,bread?4 ,x pres5ts to u only a pla9 or surface1 :i*1 by c]ta9 %ades & comb9ations ( ,col\r1 sugge/s & repres5ts to u 79 ! same mann] z a picture does7 c]ta9 tangible objects :i* h no ,col\r1 & :i* !re=e c be> no resemblance to ^? %ades & comb9ations ( ,col\r4 ,^? %ades & comb9ations sugge/ ^? diff]5t tangible objects z at diff]5t di/ances1 accord+ to c]ta9 rules ( ,p]spective1 :i* x is1 p]haps1 n v easy to say h[ x is t we le>n1 :e!r by "s p>ticul> in/9ct1 or by "s application ( ei!r reason or exp]i5ce1 :i* #dec has become s p]fectly habitual to u1 t we are sc>cely s5sible :5 we make use ( x4 ,! di/9ctness ( ?is ,p]spective1 ! precision & accuracy ) :i*1 by means ( x1 we are capable ( judg+ conc]n+ ! di/ance ( diff]5t tangible objects1 is great] or less1 exactly 9 proportion z ?is di/9ctness1 z ?is precision & accuracy1 are ( m or less importance to u4 ,we c judge ( ! di/ance ( ne> objects1 ( ! *airs & tables = example1 9 ! *amb] :]e we are sitt+1 ) ! mo/ p]fect precision & accuracy2 & if 9 broad daylight we ev] /umble ov] any ( !m1 x mu/ be1 n f any error 9 ! ,sight1 b f "s defect 9 ! att5tion4 ,! precision & accuracy ( our judgm5t conc]n+ su* ne> objects are ( ! utmo/ importance to u1 & con/itute ! great advantage :i* a man :o sees has ov] "o :o is un=tunately bl9d4 ,z ! di/ance increases1 ! di/9ctness ( ?is ,p]spective1 ! precision & accuracy ( our judgm5t gradually dim9i%4 ,( ! tangible objects :i* are ev5 at ! mod]ate di/ance ( "o1 two1 or ?ree miles f ! eye1 we are frequ5tly at a loss to det]m9e :i* is ne>e/1 & :i* remote/4 ,x is seldom ( mu* importance to u to judge ) precision conc]n+ ! situation ( ! tangible objects :i* are ev5 at ?is mod]ate di/ance4 ,z ! di/ance increases1 our judgm5ts become m & m unc]ta92 & at a v great di/ance1 su* z t ( ! fix$ />s1 x becomes altoge!r unc]ta94 ,! mo/ precise k ( ! relative situation ( su* objects c\ld be ( no o!r use to ! enquir] ?an to satisfy ! mo/ unnecess>y curiosity4 ,! di/ances at :i* diff]5t m5 c by ,sight di/+ui%1 ) "s degree ( precision1 ! situation ( ! tangible objects :i* ! visible ones repres5t1 is v diff]5t2 & ?is diff]5ce1 ?\gh x1 no d\bt1 may sometimes dep5d ^u "s diff]5ce 9 ! orig9al configuration ( _! eyes1 yet seems frequ5tly to arise altoge!r f ! diff]5t cu/oms & habits :i* _! respective occupations h l$ !m to contract4 ,m5 ( lett]s1 :o live mu* 9 _! closets1 & h seldom occasion to look at v di/ant objects1 are seldom f>-sight$4 ,m>9]s1 on ! contr>y1 almo/ always are2 ^? especially :o h made _m di/ant voyages1 9 :i* !y h be5 ! great] "p ( _! "t out ( sight ( l&1 & h 9 daylight be5 con/antly look+ out t[>ds ! horizon = ! appe>ance ( "s %ip1 or ( "s di/ant %ore4 ,x (t5 a/oni%es a l&sman to obs]ve ) :at precision a sailor c di/+ui% 9 ! (f+1 n only ! appe>ance ( a %ip :i* is altoge!r invisible to ! l&sman1 b ! numb] ( h] ma/s1 ! direction ( h] c\rse1 & ! rate ( h] sail+4 ,if %e is a %ip ( 8 acqua9tance1 he frequ5tly c tell h] "n1 be=e ! l&sman has be5 able to discov] ev5 ! appe>ance ( a %ip4 #ded ,visible objects1 ,col\r1 & all its diff]5t modifications1 are 9 !mselves m]e %ad[s or pictures1 :i* seem to float1 z x 71 be=e ! organ ( ,sight4 ,9 !mselves1 & indep5d5t ( _! connection ) ! tangible objects :i* !y repres5t1 !y are ( no importance to u1 & c ess5tially nei!r b5efit u nor hurt u4 ,ev5 :ile we see !m we are seldom ?9k+ ( !m4 ,ev5 :5 we appe> to be look+ at !m ) ! greate/ e>ne/ness1 our :ole att5tion is frequ5tly employ$1 n ^u !m1 b ^u ! tangible objects repres5t$ by !m4 ,x is because almo/ our :ole att5tion is employ$1 n ^u ! visible & repres5t+1 b ^u ! tangible & repres5t$ objects1 t 9 our imag9ations we arc apt to ascribe to ! =m] a degree ( magnitude :i* does n belong to !m1 b :i* belongs altoge!r to ! latt]4 ,if y %ut "o eye1 & hold imm$iately be=e ! o!r a small circle ( pla9 glass1 ( n m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]1 y may see ?r\gh t circle ! mo/ ext5sive prospects2 lawns & woods1 & arms ( ! sea1 & di/ant m\nta9s4 ,y are apt to imag9e t ! ,l&scape :i* is ?us pres5t$ to y1 t ! visible ,picture :i* y ?us see1 is imm5sely great & ext5sive4 ,! tangible objects :i* ?is visible ,picture repres5ts1 und\bt$ly are s4 ,b ! visible ,picture :i* repres5ts !m c be no great] ?an ! little visible circle ?r\gh :i* y see x4 ,if :ile y are look+ ?r\gh ?is circle1 y c\ld conceive a fairy h& & a fairy p5cil to come betwe5 y\r eye & ! glass1 t p5cil c\ld del9eate ^u t little glass ! outl9e ( all ^? ext5sive lawns & woods1 & arms ( ! sea1 & di/ant m\nta9s1 9 ! full & ! exact dim5sions ) :i* !y are really se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,e visible object :i* cov]s f ! eye any o!r visible object1 mu/ appe> at lea/ z l>ge z t o!r visible object4 ,x mu/ occupy at lea/ an equal portion ( t visible pla9 or surface :i* is at t "t pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,opticians accord+ly tell u1 t all ! visible objects :i* are se5 "u equal angles mu/ to ! eye appe> equally l>ge4 ,b ! visible object1 :i* cov]s f ! eye any o!r visible object1 mu/ necess>ily be se5 "u angles at lea/ equally l>ge z ^? "u :i* t o!r object is se54 ,:5 ,i hold up my f+]1 h[ev]1 be=e my eye1 x appe>s to cov] ! great] "p ( ! visible *amb] 9 :i* ,i am sitt+4 ,x %\ld !re=e appe> z l>ge z ! great] "p ( t visible *amb]4 ,b because ,i "k t ! tangible f+] be>s b a v small proportion to ! great] "p ( ! tangible *amb]1 ,i am apt to fancy t ! visible f+] be>s b a l proportion to ! great] "p ( ! visible *amb]4 ,my judgm5t corrects my eyesight1 &1 9 my fancy1 r$uces ! visible object1 :i* repres5ts ! little tangible "o1 bel[ its real visible dim5sions2 &1 on ! #dee contr>y1 x augm5ts ! visible object :i* repres5ts ! great tangible "o a good deal beyond ^? dim5sions4 ,my att5tion be+ g5]ally altoge!r occupi$ ab\t ! tangible & repres5t$1 & n at all ab\t ! visible & repres5t+ objects1 my c>eless fancy be/[s ^u ! latt] a proportion :i* does n 9 ! lea/ belong to !m1 b :i* belongs altoge!r to ! =m]4 ,x is because ! visible object :i* cov]s any o!r visible object mu/ always appe> at lea/ z l>ge z t o!r object1 t opticians tell u t ! sph]e ( our vision appe>s to ! eye always equally l>ge2 & t :5 we hold our h& be=e our eye 9 su* a mann] t we see no?+ b ! inside ( ! h&1 we /ill see precisely ! same numb] ( visible po9ts1 ! sph]e ( our vision is /ill z completely fill$1 ! ret9a ( ! eye is z entirely cov]$ ) ! object :i* is ?us pres5t$ to x1 z :5 we survey ! mo/ ext5sive horizon4 ,a "y g5tleman :o 0 born ) a cat>act ^u ea* ( 8 eyes1 01 9 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight1 c\*$ by ,mr4 ,*eseld51 & by t means = ! fir/ "t made to see di/9ctly4 ',at fir/1' says ! op]ator1 'he c\ld be> b v little sight1 & ! ?+s he saw he ?\ght extremely l>ge2 b ^u see+ ?+s l>g]1 ^? fir/ se5 he conceiv$ less1 nev] be+ able to imag9e any l9es beyond ! b\nds he saw2 ! room he 0 91 he said1 he knew to be b "p ( ! h\se1 yet he c\ld n conceive t ! :ole h\se w\ld look bigg]4' ,x 0 unavoidable t he %\ld at fir/ conceive1 t no visible object c\ld be great]1 c\ld pres5t to 8 eye a great] numb] ( visible po9ts1 or c\ld m completely fill ! compreh5sion ( t organ1 ?an ! n>r[e/ sph]e ( 8 vision4 ,& :5 t sph]e came to be enl>g$1 he /ill c\ld n conceive t ! visible objects :i* x pres5t$ c\ld be l>g] ?an ^? :i* he _h fir/ se54 ,he mu/ probably by ?is "t h be5 9 "s degree habituat$ to ! connection betwe5 visible & tangible objects1 & enabl$ to conceive t visible object to be small :i* repres5t$ a small tangible object2 & t to be great1 :i* repres5t$ a great "o4 ,! great objects did n appe> to 8 sight great] ?an ! small ones _h done be=e2 b ! small ones1 :i*1 hav+ fill$ ! :ole sph]e ( 8 vision1 _h be=e appe>$ z l>ge z possible1 be+ n[ kn[n to repres5t mu* small] tangible objects1 seem$ 9 8 conception to gr[ small]4 ,he _h begun n[ to employ 8 att5tion m ab\t ! tangible & repres5t$1 ?an ab\t ! visible & repres5t+ objects2 & he 0 beg9n+ to ascribe to ! latt] ! proportions & dim5sions :i* prop]ly belong$ altoge!r to ! =m]4 ,z we frequ5tly ascribe to ! objects ( ,sight a magnitude & proportion :i* does n really belong to !m1 b to ! objects ( #def ,t\* :i* !y repres5t1 s we likewise ascribe to !m a /ead9ess ( appe>ance1 :i* z little belongs to !m1 b :i* !y d]ive altoge!r f _! connection ) ! same objects ( ,t\*4 ,! *air :i* n[ /&s at ! f>!r end ( ! room1 ,i am apt to imag9e1 appe>s to my eye z l>ge z x did :5 x /ood close by me1 :5 x 0 se5 "u angles at lea/ f\r times l>g] ?an ^? "u :i* x is se5 at pres5t1 & :5 x mu/ h occupi$1 at lea/1 sixte5 times t portion :i* x occupies at pres5t1 ( ! visible pla9 or surface :i* is n[ be=e my eyes4 ,b z ,i "k t ! magnitude ( ! tangible & repres5t$ *air1 ! pr9cipal object ( my att5tion1 is ! same 9 bo? situations1 ,i ascribe to ! visible & repres5t+ *air 7?\gh n[ r$uc$ to less ?an ! sixte5? "p ( its =m] dim5sions7 a /ead9ess ( appe>ance1 :i* c]ta9ly belongs n 9 any respect to x1 b altoge!r to ! tangible & repres5t$ "o4 ,z we approa* to1 or retire f1 ! tangible object :i* any visible "o repres5ts1 ! visible object gradually augm5ts 9 ! "o case1 & dim9i%es 9 ! o!r4 ,to speak accurately1 x is n ! same visible object :i* we see at diff]5t di/ances1 b a succession ( visible objects1 :i*1 ?\gh !y all resemble "o ano!r1 ^? especially :i* foll[ ne> aft] "o ano!r2 yet are all really diff]5t & di/9ct4 ,b z we "k t ! tangible object :i* !y repres5t rema9s always ! same1 we ascribe to !m too a sam5ess :i* belongs altoge!r to x3 & we fancy t we see ! same tree at a mile1 at half a mile1 & at a few y>ds di/ance4 ,at ^? diff]5t di/ances1 h[ev]1 ! visible objects are s v widely diff]5t1 t we are s5sible ( a *ange 9 _! appe>ance4 ,b /ill1 z ! tangible objects :i* !y repres5t rema9 inv>iably ! same1 we ascribe a sort ( sam5ess ev5 to !m too4 ,x has be5 said1 t no man ev] saw ! same visible object twice2 & ?is1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 an exagg]ation1 is1 9 reality1 mu* less s ?an at fir/ view x appe>s to be4 ,?\gh ,i am apt to fancy t all ! *airs & tables1 & o!r little pieces ( furniture 9 ! room :]e ,i am sitt+1 appe> to my eye always ! same1 yet _! appe>ance is 9 reality cont9ually v>y+1 n only accord+ to e v>iation 9 _! situation & di/ance ) reg>d to :]e ,i am sitt+1 b accord+ to e1 ev5 ! mo/ ins5sible v>iation 9 ! altitude ( my body1 9 ! movem5t ( my head1 or ev5 9 t ( my eyes4 ,! p]spective necess>ily v>ies accord+ to all ev5 ! smalle/ ( ^! v>iations2 & consequ5tly ! appe>ance ( ! objects :i* t p]spective pres5ts to me4 ,obs]ve :at difficulty a portrait pa9t] f9ds1 9 gett+ ! p]son :o sits = 8 picture to pres5t to him precisely t view ( ! c\nt5ance f :i* ! fir/ outl9e 0 drawn4 ,! pa9t] is sc>ce ev] completely satisfi$ ) ! situation ( ! face :i* is pres5t$ to #deg him1 & f9ds t x is sc>cely ev] precisely ! same ) t f :i* he rapidly sket*$ ! fir/ outl9e4 ,he endeav\rs1 z well z he c1 to correct ! diff]5ce f memory1 f fancy1 & f a sort ( art ( approximation1 by :i* he /rives to express z ne>ly z he c1 ! ord9>y effect ( ! look1 air1 & "* ( ! p]son ^: picture he is draw+4 ,! p]son :o draws f a /atue1 :i* is altoge!r immovable1 feels a difficulty1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 9 a less degree1 ( ! same k9d4 ,x arises altoge!r f ! difficulty :i* he f9ds 9 plac+ 8 own eye precisely 9 ! same situation dur+ ! :ole "t :i* he employs 9 complet+ 8 draw+4 ,?is difficulty is m ?an d\bl$ ^u ! pa9t] :o draws f a liv+ subject4 ,! /atue nev] is ! cause ( any v>iation or un/ead9ess 9 its own appe>ance4 ,! liv+ subject frequ5tly is4 ,! b5evol5t purpose ( nature 9 be/[+ ^u u ! s5se ( see+1 is evid5tly to in=m u conc]n+ ! situation & di/ance ( ! tangible objects :i* surr\nd u4 ,^u ! k ( ?is di/ance & situation dep5ds ! :ole conduct ( human life1 9 ! mo/ trifl+ z well z 9 ! mo/ important transactions4 ,ev5 animal motion dep5ds ^u x2 & )\t x we c\ld nei!r move1 nor ev5 sit /ill1 ) complete security4 ,! objects ( sight1 z ,dr4 ,b]kley f9ely obs]ves1 con/itute a sort ( language :i* ! ,au?or ( ,nature addresses to our eyes1 & by :i* he in=ms u ( _m ?+s1 :i* x is ( ! utmo/ importance to u to "k4 ,z1 9 common language1 ! words or s\nds be> no resemblance to ! ?+ :i* !y d5ote1 s1 9 ?is o!r language1 ! visible objects be> no sort ( resemblance to ! tangible object :i* !y repres5t1 & ( ^: relative situation1 ) reg>d bo? to ourselves & to "o ano!r1 !y in=m u4 ,he ackn[l$ges1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh sc>cely any ^w be by nature bett] fitt$ to express "o mean+ ?an any o!r mean+1 yet t c]ta9 visible objects are bett] fitt$ ?an o!rs to repres5t c]ta9 tangible objects4 ,a visible squ>e1 = example1 is bett] fitt$ ?an a visible circle to repres5t a tangible squ>e4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 /rictly speak+1 no su* ?+ z ei!r a visible cube1 or a visible globe1 ! objects ( sight be+ all naturally pres5t$ to ! eye z ^u "o surface4 ,b /ill !re are c]ta9 comb9ations ( col\rs :i* are fitt$ to repres5t to ! eye1 bo? ! ne> & ! di/ant1 bo? ! advanc+ & ! rec$+ l9es1 angles1 & surfaces ( ! tangible cube2 & !re are o!rs fitt$ to repres5t1 9 ! same mann]1 bo? ! ne> & ! rec$+ surface ( ! tangible globe4 ,! comb9ation :i* repres5ts ! tangible cube1 w\ld n be fit to repres5t ! tangible globe2 & t :i* repres5ts ! tangible globe1 w\ld n be fit to repres5t ! tangible cube4 ,?\gh !re may1 !re=e1 be no resemblance betwe5 visible & tangible #deh objects1 !re seems to be "s aff9ity or correspond5ce betwe5 !m suffici5t to make ea* visible object fitt] to repres5t a c]ta9 precise tangible object ?an any o!r tangible object4 ,b ! great] "p ( words seem to h no sort ( aff9ity or correspond5ce ) ! mean+s or ideas :i* !y express2 & if cu/om _h s ord]$ x1 !y might ) equal propriety h be5 made use ( to express any o!r mean+s or ideas4 ,dr4 ,b]kley1 ) t happ9ess ( illu/ration :i* sc>cely ev] des]ts him1 rem>ks1 t ?is 9 reality is no m ?an :at happ5s 9 common language2 & t ?\gh lett]s be> no sort ( resemblance to ! words :i* !y d5ote1 yet t ! same comb9ation ( lett]s :i* repres5ts "o ^w1 w\ld n always be fit to repres5t ano!r2 & t ea* ^w is always be/ repres5t$ by its own prop] comb9ation ( lett]s4 ,! comp>ison1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is "h totally *ang$4 ,! connection betwe5 visible & tangible objects 0 fir/ illu/rat$ by comp>+ x ) t betwe5 spok5 language & ! mean+s or ideas :i* spok5 language sugge/s to u2 & x is n[ illu/rat$ by ! connection betwe5 writt5 language & spok5 language1 :i* is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,ev5 ?is second illu/ration1 besides1 w n apply p]fectly to ! case4 ,:5 cu/om1 inde$ has p]fectly asc]ta9$ ! p[]s ( ea* lett]2 :5 x has asc]ta9$1 = example1 t ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet %all always repres5t su* a s\nd1 & ! second lett] su* ano!r s\nd2 ea* ^w comes !n to be m prop]ly repres5t$ by "o c]ta9 comb9ation ( writt5 lett]s or *>act]s1 ?an x c\ld be by any o!r comb9ation4 ,b /ill ! *>act]s !mselves are altoge!r arbitr>y1 & h no sort ( aff9ity or correspond5ce ) ! articulate s\nds :i* !y d5ote4 ,! "* :i* m>ks ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet1 = example1 if cu/om _h s ord]$ x1 might1 ) p]fect propriety1 h be5 made use ( to express ! s\nd :i* we n[ annex to ! second1 & ! "* ( ! second to express t :i* we n[ annex to ! fir/4 ,b ! visible *>act]s :i* repres5t to our eyes ! tangible globe1 c\ld n s well repres5t ! tangible cube2 nor c\ld ^? :i* repres5t ! tangible cube1 s prop]ly repres5t ! tangible globe4 ,!re is evid5tly1 !re=e1 a c]ta9 aff9ity & correspond5ce betwe5 ea* visible object & ! precise tangible object repres5t$ by x1 mu* sup]ior to :at takes place ei!r betwe5 writt5 & spok5 language1 or betwe5 spok5 language & ! ideas or mean+s :i* x sugge/s4 ,! language :i* nature addresses to our eyes1 has evid5tly a fitness ( repres5tation1 an aptitude = signify+ ! precise ?+s :i* x d5otes1 mu* sup]ior to t ( any ( ! artificial languages :i* human art & +5uity h ev] be5 able to inv5t4 #dei ,t ?is aff9ity & correspond5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 visible & tangible objects c\ld n alone1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 tea* u1 by any ef=t ( reason1 to inf] :at 0 ! precise tangible object :i* ea* visible "o repres5t$1 if x is n suffici5tly evid5t f :at has be5 already said1 x mu/ be completely s f ! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,*eseld5 ^u ! "y g5tleman above-m5tion$1 :om he _h c\*$ = a cat>act4 ',?\gh we say ( ?is g5tleman1 t he 0 bl9d1' obs]ves ,mr4 ,*eseld51 'z we d ( all p :o h ripe cat>acts2 yet !y are nev] s bl9d f t cause b t !y c disc]n day f night2 & = ! mo/ "p1 9 a /rong light1 di/+ui% black1 :ite1 & sc>let2 b !y _c p]ceive ! %ape ( any ?+2 = ! light by :i* ^! p]ceptions are made1 be+ let 9 obliquely ?r\gh aque\s hum\r1 or ! ant]ior surface ( ! cry/all9e1 7by :i* ! rays _c be br\ght into a focus ^u ! ret9a17 !y c disc]n 9 no o!r mann] ?an a s\nd eye c ?r\gh a glass ( brok5 jelly1 :]e a great v>iety ( surfaces s diff]5tly refract ! light1 t ! sev]al di/9ct p5cils ( rays _c be collect$ by ! eye into _! prop] foci2 :]e=e ! %ape ( an object 9 su* a case _c be at all disc]n$ ?\gh ! col\r may3 & ?us x 0 ) ?is "y g5tleman1 :o1 ?\gh he knew ^? col\rs asund] 9 a good light1 yet :5 he saw !m aft] he 0 c\*$1 ! fa9t ideas he _h ( !m be=e 7 n suffici5t = him to "k !m by aft]w>ds2 & !re=e he did n ?9k !m ! same :i* he _h be=e kn[n by ^? names4' ,?is "y g5tleman1 !re=e1 _h "s advantage ov] "o :o f a /ate ( total bl9dness _h be5 made = ! fir/ "t to see4 ,he _h "s imp]fect notion ( ! di/9ction ( col\rs2 & he mu/ h kn[n t ^? col\rs _h "s sort ( connection ) ! tangible objects :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to feel4 ,b _h he em]g$ f total bl9dness1 he c\ld h le>nt ?is connection only f a v long c\rse ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,h[ little ?is advantage avail$ him1 h[ev]1 we may le>n p>tly f ! passages ( ,mr4 ,*eseld5's n>rative1 already quot$1 & /ill m f ! foll[+3 ',:5 he fir/ saw1' says t +5i\s op]ator1 'he 0 s f> f mak+ any judgm5t ab\t di/ances1 t he ?\ght all objects :atev] t\*$ 8 eyes 7z he express$7 z :at he felt did 8 sk92 & ?\ght no objects s agreeable z ^? :i* 7 smoo? & regul>1 ?\gh he c\ld =m no judgm5t ( _! %ape1 or guess :at x 0 9 any object t 0 pleas+ to him4 ,he knew n ! %ape ( any ?+1 nor any "o ?+ f ano!r1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 %ape or magnitude2 b ^u be+ told :at ?+s 71 ^: =m he be=e knew f feel+1 he w\ld c>efully obs]ve1 t he might "k !m aga92 b hav+ too _m #dfj objects to le>n at once1 he =got _m ( !m2 & 7z he said7 at fir/ le>n$ to "k1 & aga9 =got a ?\s& ?+s 9 a day4 ,"o p>ticul> only 7?\gh x may appe> trifl+7 ,i w relate3 ,hav+ (t5 =got :i* 0 ! cat & :i* 0 ! dog1 he 0 a%am$ to ask2 b cat*+ ! cat 7:i* he knew by feel+7 he 0 obs]v$ to look at h] /eadfa/ly1 & !n sett+ h] d[n1 said1 ,s1 puss6 ,i %all "k y ano!r "t4' ,:5 ! "y g5tleman said1 t ! objects :i* he saw t\*$ 8 eyes1 he c]ta9ly c\ld n mean t !y press$ ^u or resi/$ 8 eyes2 = ! objects ( sight nev] act ^u ! organ 9 any way t resembles pressure or resi/ance4 ,he c\ld mean no m ?an t !y 7 close ^u 8 eyes1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 p]haps1 t !y 7 9 8 eyes4 ,a deaf man1 :o 0 made all at once to he>1 might 9 ! same mann] naturally en\gh say1 t ! s\nds :i* he he>d t\*$ 8 e>s1 mean+ t he felt !m z close ^u 8 e>s1 or1 to speak p]haps m prop]ly1 z 9 8 e>s4 ,mr4 ,*eseld5 adds aft]w>ds3 ',we ?\ght he soon knew :at pictures repres5t$ :i* 7 %[$ to him1 b we f\nd aft]w>ds we 7 mi/ak52 = ab\t two mon?s aft] he 0 c\*$1 he discov]$ at once !y repres5t$ solid bodies1 :5 to t "t1 he consid]$ !m only z p>ty-col\r$ planes1 or surfaces div]sifi$ ) v>iety ( pa9ts2 b ev5 !n he 0 no less surpris$1 expect+ ! pictures w\ld feel l ! ?+s !y repres5t$1 & 0 amaz$ :5 he f\nd ^? p>ts1 :i* by _! light & %ad[ appe>$ n[ r\nd & unev51 felt only flat l ! re/2 & ask$ :i* 0 ! ly+ s5se1 feel+ or see+8' ,pa9t+1 ?\gh1 by comb9ations ( light & %ade1 simil> to ^? :i* ,nature makes use ( 9 ! visible objects :i* %e pres5ts to our eyes1 x endeav\rs to imitate ^? objects2 yet x nev] has be5 able to equal ! p]spective ( ,nature1 or to give to its productions t =ce & di/9ctness ( relief & rejection :i* ,nature be/[s ^u h]s4 ,:5 ! "y g5tleman 0 j beg9n+ to und]/& ! /rong & di/9ct p]spective ( ,nature1 ! fa9t & feeble p]spective ( ,pa9t+ made no impression ^u him1 & ! picture appe>$ to him :at x really 01 a pla9 surface b$aub$ ) diff]5t col\rs4 ,:5 he became m famili> ) ! p]spective ( ,nature1 ! inf]iority ( t ( ,pa9t+ did n h9d] him f discov]+ its resemblance to t ( ,nature4 ,9 ! p]spective ( ,nature1 he _h always f\nd t ! situation & di/ance ( ! tangible & repres5t$ objects1 correspond$ exactly to :at ! visible & repres5t+ ones sugge/$ to him4 ,he expect$ to f9d ! same ?+ 9 ! simil>1 ?\gh inf]ior p]spective ( ,pa9t+1 & 0 disappo9t$ :5 he f\nd t ! visible & tangible objects _h n1 9 ?is case1 _! usual correspond5ce4 #dfa ',9 a ye> aft] see+1' adds ,mr4 ,*eseld51 '! "y g5tleman be+ c>ri$ ^u ,epsom-d[ns1 & obs]v+ a l>ge prospect1 he 0 exce$+ly delight$ ) x1 & call$ x a new k9d ( see+4' ,he _h n[1 x is evid5t1 come to und]/& completely ! language ( ,vision4 ,! visible objects :i* ?is noble prospect pres5t$ to him did n n[ appe> z t\*+1 or z close ^u 8 eye4 ,!y did n n[ appe> ( ! same magnitude ) ^? small objects to :i*1 = "s "t aft] ! op]ation1 he _h be5 accu/om$1 9 ! little *amb] :]e he 0 conf9$4 ,^? new visible objects at once1 & z x 7 ( _! own accord1 assum$ bo? ! di/ance & ! magnitude ( ! great tangible objects :i* !y repres5t$4 ,he _h n[1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem1 become completely ma/] ( ! language ( ,vision1 & he _h become s 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>2 a mu* %ort] p]iod ?an t 9 :i* any p]son1 arriv$ at ! age ( manhood1 c\ld completely acquire any =eign language4 ,x w\ld appe> too1 t he _h made v consid]able progress ev5 9 ! two fir/ mon?s4 ,he began at t e>ly p]iod to und]/& ev5 ! feeble p]spective ( ,pa9t+2 & ?\gh at fir/ he c\ld n di/+ui% x f ! /rong p]spective ( ,nature1 yet he c\ld n h be5 ?us impos$ ^u by s imp]fect an imitation1 if ! great pr9ciples ( ,vision _h n be=eh& be5 deeply impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 & if he _h n1 ei!r by ! association ( ideas1 or by "s o!r unkn[n pr9ciple1 be5 /rongly det]m9$ to expect c]ta9 tangible objects 9 consequ5ce ( ! visible ones :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to him4 ,?is rapid progress1 h[ev]1 may1 p]haps1 be acc\nt$ = f t fitness ( repres5tation1 :i* has already be5 tak5 notice (1 betwe5 visible & tangible objects4 ,9 ?is language ( ,nature1 x may be said1 ! analogies are m p]fect2 ! etymologies1 ! decl5sions1 & conjugations1 if "o may say s1 are m regul> ?an ^? ( any human language4 ,! rules are few]1 & ^? rules admit ( no exceptions4 ,b ?\gh x may h be5 altoge!r by ! sl[ paces ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce t ?is "y g5tleman acquir$ ! k ( ! connection betwe5 visible & tangible objects2 we _c f !nce ) c]ta9ty inf]1 t "y *ildr5 h n "s in/9ctive p]ception ( ! same k9d4 ,9 him ?is in/9ctive p[]1 n hav+ be5 ex]t$ at ! prop] season1 may1 f disuse1 h gone gradually to decay1 & at la/ h be5 completely oblit]at$4 ,or1 p]haps 7:at seems likewise v possible71 "s feeble & unobs]v$ rema9s ( x may h some:at facilitat$ 8 acquisition ( :at he might o!rwise h f\nd x mu* m difficult to acquire a k (4 ,t1 antec$5t to all exp]i5ce1 ! "y ( at lea/ ! great] "p ( animals possess "s in/9ctive p]ception ( ?is k9d1 seems abundantly evid5t4 ,! h5 nev] fe$s h] "y by dropp+ ! #dfb food into _! bills1 z ! l9net & ?ru% fe$ !irs4 ,almo/ z soon z h] *ick5s are hat*$1 %e does n fe$ !m1 b c>ries !m to ! field to fe$1 :]e !y walk ab\t at _! ease1 x w\ld seem1 & appe> to h ! mo/ di/9ct p]ception ( all ! tangible objects :i* surr\nd !m4 ,we may (t5 see !m1 accord+ly1 by ! /raighte/ road1 run to & pick up any little gra9s :i* %e %[s !m1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( sev]al y>ds2 & !y no soon] come into ! light ?an !y seem to und]/& ?is language ( ,vision z well z !y ev] d aft]w>ds4 ,! "y ( ! p>tridge & ( ! gr\se seem to h1 at ! same e>ly p]iod1 ! mo/ di/9ct p]ceptions ( ! same k9d4 ,! "y p>tridge1 almo/ z soon z x comes f ! %ell1 runs ab\t among long grass & corn2 ! "y gr\se among long hea?1 & w\ld bo? mo/ ess5tially hurt !mselves if !y _h n ! mo/ acute1 z well z di/9ct p]ception ( ! tangible objects :i* n only surr\nd !m b press ^u !m on all sides4 ,?is is ! case too ) ! "y ( ! goose1 ( ! duck1 &1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 ) ^? ( at lea/ ! great] "p ( ! birds :i* make _! ne/s ^u ! gr\nd1 ) ! great] "p ( ^? :i* are rank$ by ,l9nu 9 ! ord]s ( ! h5 & ! goose1 & ( _m ( ^? long-%ank$ & wad+ birds :i* he places 9 ! ord] t he di/+ui%es by ! "n ( ,grall4 ,! "y ( ^? birds t build _! ne/s 9 bu%es1 ^u trees1 9 ! holes & crevices ( high walls1 ^u high rocks & precipices1 & o!r places ( difficult access2 ( ! great] "p ( ^? rank$ by ,l9nu 9 ! ord]s ( ! hawk1 ! magpie1 & ! sp>r[1 seem to come bl9d f ! %ell1 & to cont9ue s = at lea/ "s days !reaft]4 ,till !y are able to fly !y are f$ by ! jo9t lab\r ( bo? p>5ts4 ,z soon z t p]iod arrives1 h[ev]1 & probably = "s "t be=e1 !y evid5tly enjoy all ! p[]s ( ,vision 9 ! mo/ complete p]fection1 & c di/+ui% ) mo/ exact precision ! %ape & proportion ( ! tangible objects :i* e visible "o repres5ts4 ,9 s %ort a p]iod !y _c be suppos$ to h acquir$ ^? p[]s f exp]i5ce1 & mu/ !re=e d]ive !m f "s in/9ctive sugge/ion4 ,! sight ( birds seems to be bo? m prompt & m acute ?an t ( any o!r animals4 ,)\t hurt+ !mselves !y d>t into ! ?icke/ & mo/ ?orny bu%es1 fly ) ! utmo/ rapidity ?r\gh ! mo/ intricate =e/s1 & :ile !y are so>+ al(t 9 ! air1 discov] ^u ! gr\nd ! insects & gra9s ^u :i* !y fe$4 ,! "y ( sev]al sorts ( quadrup$s seem1 l ^? ( ! great] "p ( birds :i* make _! ne/s ^u ! gr\nd1 to enjoy z soon z !y come into ! _w ! faculty ( see+ z completely z !y ev] d aft]w>ds4 ,! day1 or ! day aft] !y are dropp$1 ! calf foll[s ! c[1 & ! foal ! m>e1 to ! field2 & ?\gh #dfc f timidity !y seldom remove f> f ! "m1 yet !y seem to walk ab\t at _! ease2 :i* !y c\ld n d unless !y c\ld di/+ui%1 ) "s degree ( precision1 ! %ape & proportion ( ! tangible objects :i* ea* visible "o repres5ts4 ,! degree ( precision1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ! horse is capable ( mak+ ?is di/9ction1 seems at no p]iod ( 8 life to be v complete4 ,he is at all times apt to />tle at _m visible objects1 :i*1 if !y di/9ctly sugge/$ to him ! real %ape & proportion ( ! tangible objects :i* !y repres5t1 c\ld n be ! objects ( fe>2 at ! trunk or root ( an old tree1 = example1 :i* happ5s to be laid by ! roadside1 at a great /one1 or ! fragm5t ( a rock :i* happ5s to lie ne> ! way :]e he is go+4 ,to reconcile him1 ev5 to a s+le object ( ?is k9d1 :i* has once al>m$ him1 frequ5tly requires "s skill1 z well z mu* pati5ce & good temp] 9 ! rid]4 ,su* p[]s ( sight1 h[ev]1 z ,nature has ?\ght prop] to r5d] him capable ( acquir+1 he seems to enjoy f ! beg9n+1 9 z great p]fection z he ev] does aft]w>ds4 ,! "y ( o!r quadrup$s1 l ^? ( ! birds :i* make _! ne/s 9 places ( difficult access1 come bl9d into ! _w4 ,_! sight1 h[ev]1 soon op5s1 & z soon z x does s1 !y seem to enjoy x 9 ! mo/ complete p]fection1 z we may all obs]ve 9 ! puppy & ! kitt54 ,! same ?+1 ,i believe1 may be said ( all o!r bea/s ( prey1 at lea/ ( all ^? conc]n+ :i* ,i h be5 able to collect any di/9ct in=mation4 ,!y come bl9d into ! _w2 b z soon z _! sight op5s1 !y appe> to enjoy x 9 ! mo/ complete p]fection4 ,x seems difficult to suppose t man is ! only animal ( :i* ! "y are n end[$ ) "s in/9ctive p]ception ( ?is k9d4 ,! "y ( ! human species1 h[ev]1 cont9ue s long 9 a /ate ( entire dep5d5cy1 !y mu/ be s long c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! arms ( _! mo!rs or ( _! nurses1 t su* an in/9ctive p]ception may seem less necess>y to !m ?an to any o!r race ( animals4 ,be=e x c\ld be ( any use to !m1 obs]vation & exp]i5ce may1 by ! kn[n pr9ciple ( ! association ( ideas1 h suffici5tly connect$ 9 _! "y m9ds ea* visible object ) ! correspond+ tangible "o :i* x is fitt$ to repres5t4 ,nature1 x may be said1 nev] be/[s ^u any animal any faculty :i* is n ei!r necess>y or useful1 & an in/9ct ( ?is k9d w\ld be altoge!r useless to an animal :i* mu/ necess>ily acquire ! k :i* ! in/9ct is giv5 to supply1 long be=e t in/9ct c\ld be ( any use to x4 ,*ildr51 h[ev]1 appe> at s v e>ly a p]iod to "k ! di/ance1 ! %ape1 & magnitude ( ! diff]5t tangible objects :i* are pres5t$ to !m1 t ,i am dispos$ to believe t ev5 !y may h "s in/9ctive p]ception ( ?is k9d2 ?\gh possibly 9 a mu* weak] degree ?an ! great] "p #dfd ( o!r animals4 ,a *ild t is sc>cely a mon? old1 /ret*es out its h&s to feel any little play?+ t is pres5t$ to x4 ,x di/+ui%es its nurse1 & ! o!r p :o are mu* ab\t x1 f /rang]s4 ,x cl+s to ! =m]1 & turns away f ! latt]4 ,hold a small look+-glass be=e a *ild ( n m ?an two or ?ree mon?s old1 & x w /ret* out its little arms beh9d ! glass1 9 ord] to feel ! *ild :i* x sees1 & :i* x imag9es is at ! back ( ! glass4 ,x is deceiv$1 no d\bt2 b ev5 ?is sort ( deception suffici5tly demon/rates t x has a tol]ably di/9ct appreh5sion ( ! ord9>y p]spective ( ,vision1 :i* x _c well h le>nt f obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,d any ( our o!r s5ses1 antec$5tly to su* obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 in/9ctively sugge/ to u "s conception ( ! solid & resi/+ sub/ances :i* excite _! respective s5sations1 ?\gh ^! s5sations be> no sort ( resemblance to ^? sub/ances8 ,! s5se ( ,ta/+ c]ta9ly does n4 ,be=e we c feel ! s5sation1 ! solid & resi/+ sub/ance :i* excites x mu/ be press$ aga9/ ! organs ( ,ta/e1 & mu/ consequ5tly be p]ceiv$ by !m4 ,antec$5tly to obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 ! s5se ( ,ta/+ c nev] be said in/9ctively to sugge/ "s conception ( t sub/ance4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be o!rwise ) ! s5se ( ,smell+4 ,! "y ( all suckl+ animals1 7( ! ,mammalia ( ,l9nu17 :e!r !y are born ) sight or )\t x1 yet z soon z !y come into ! _w apply to ! nipple ( ! "m 9 ord] to suck4 ,9 do+ ?is !y are evid5tly direct$ by ! ,smell4 ,! ,smell appe>s ei!r to excite ! appetite = ! prop] food1 or at lea/ to direct ! new-born animal to ! place :]e t food is to be f\nd4 ,x may p]haps d bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 ,t :5 ! /oma* is empty1 ! ,smell ( agreeable food excites & irritates ! appetite1 is :at we all mu/ h frequ5tly exp]i5c$4 ,b ! /oma* ( e new-born animal is necess>ily empty4 ,:ile 9 ! womb x is n\ri%$1 n by ! m\?1 b by ! navel-/r+4 ,*ildr5 h be5 born app>5tly 9 ! mo/ p]fect heal? & vig\r1 & h appli$ to suck 9 ! usual mann]2 b imm$iately1 or soon aft]1 h ?r[n up ! milk1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs h di$ vomit+ & 9 convulsions4 ,^u op5+ _! bodies x has be5 f\nd t ! inte/9al tube or canal _h nev] be5 op5$ or pi]c$ 9 ! :ole ext5t ( its l5g?2 b1 l a sack1 admitt$ ( no passage beyond a p>ticul> place4 ,x c\ld n h be5 9 any respect by ! m\?1 !re=e1 b altoge!r by ! navel-/r+1 t su* *ildr5 _h be5 n\ri%$ & f$ up to ! degree ( heal? & vig\r 9 :i* !y 7 born4 ,e animal1 :ile 9 ! womb1 seems to draw its n\ri%m5t1 m l a vegetable1 f ! root1 ?an l an animal #dfe f ! m\?2 & t n\ri%m5t seems to be convey$ to all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body by tubes & canals 9 _m respects diff]5t f ^? :i* aft]w>ds p]=m ! same function4 ,z soon z x comes into ! _w1 ?is new set ( tubes & canals :i* ! provid5tial c>e ( ,nature _h = a long "t be=e be5 gradually prep>+1 is all at once & in/antane\sly op5$4 ,!y are all empty1 & !y require to be fill$4 ,an uneasy s5sation accompanies ! "o situation1 & an agreeable "o ! o!r4 ,! smell ( ! sub/ance :i* is fitt$ = fill+ !m1 increases & irritates t uneasy s5sation1 & produces 9 ! infant hung]1 or ! appetite = food4 ,b all ! appetites :i* take _! orig9 f a c]ta9 /ate ( ! body1 seem to sugge/ ! means ( _! own gratification2 &1 ev5 long be=e exp]i5ce1 "s anticipation or preconception ( ! pleasure :i* att5ds t gratification4 ,9 ! appetite = sex1 :i* frequ5tly1 ,i am dispos$ to believe almo/ always1 comes a long "t be=e ! age ( pub]ty1 ?is is p]fectly & di/9ctly evid5t4 ,! appetite = food sugge/s to ! new-born infant ! op]ation ( suck+1 ! only means by :i* x c possibly gratify+ t appetite4 ,x is cont9ually suck+4 ,x sucks :atev] is pres5t$ to its m\?4 ,x sucks ev5 :5 !re is no?+ pres5t$ to its m\?1 & "s anticipation or preconception ( ! pleasure :i* x is to enjoy 9 suck+1 seems to make x delight 9 putt+ its m\? into ! %ape & configuration by :i* x alone c enjoy t pleasure4 ,!re are o!r appetites 9 :i* ! mo/ unexp]i5c$ imag9ation produces a simil> effect ^u ! organs :i* ,nature has provid$ = _! gratification4 ,! smell n only excites ! appetite1 b directs to ! object :i* c alone gratify t appetite4 ,b by sugge/+ ! direction t[>ds t object1 ! ,smell mu/ necess>ily sugge/ "s notion ( di/ance & ext]nality1 :i* are necess>ily involv$ 9 ! idea ( direction2 9 ! idea ( ! l9e ( motion by :i* ! di/ance c be/ be ov]come1 & ! m\? br\ght into contact ) ! unkn[n sub/ance :i* is ! object ( ! appetite4 ,t ! ,smell %\ld alone sugge/ any preconception ( ! %ape or magnitude ( ! ext]nal body to :i* x directs1 seems n v probable4 ,! s5sation ( ,smell seems to h no sort ( aff9ity or correspond5ce ) %ape or magnitude2 & :atev] preconception ! infant may h ( ^!1 7& x may v probably h "s su* preconception17 is likely to be sugge/$1 n s mu* directly by ! ,smell1 & indirectly by ! appetite excit$ by t ,smell2 z by ! pr9ciple :i* tea*es ! *ild to m\ld its m\? into ! con=mation & action ( suck+1 ev5 be=e x rea*es ! object to :i* alone t con=mation & action c be usefully appli$4 ,! ,smell1 h[ev]1 z x sugge/s ! direction by :i* ! ext]nal #dff body mu/ be approa*$1 mu/ sugge/ at lea/ "s vague idea or preconception ( ! exi/5ce ( t body2 ( ! ?+ to :i* x directs1 ?\gh n p]haps ( ! precise %ape & magnitude ( t ?+4 ,! infant1 too1 feel+ its m\? attract$ & drawn z x 7 t[>ds t ext]nal body1 mu/ conceive ! ,smell :i* ?us draws & attracts x1 z some?+ belong+ to or proce$+ f t body1 or :at is aft]w>ds d5om9at$ & obscurely und]/ood to be z a sort ( quality or attribute ( t body4 ,! ,smell1 too1 may v probably sugge/ "s ev5 tol]ably di/9ct p]ception ( ! ,ta/e ( ! food to :i* x directs4 ,! respective objects ( our diff]5t ext]nal s5ses seem1 inde$1 ! great] "p ( !m1 to be> no sort ( resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,col\r be>s no sort ( resemblance to ,solidity1 nor to ,heat1 nor to ,cold1 nor to ,s\nd1 nor to ,smell1 nor to ,ta/e4 ,to ?is g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be "o1 & p]haps b "o exception4 ,! s5sations ( ,smell & ,ta/e seem evid5tly to be> "s sort ( resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,smell appe>s to h be5 giv5 to u by ,nature z ! director ( ,ta/e4 ,x ann\nces1 z x 71 be=e trial1 :at is likely to be ! ,ta/e ( ! food :i* is set be=e u4 ,?\gh p]ceiv$ by a diff]5t organ1 x seems 9 _m cases to be b a weak] s5sation ne>ly ( ! same k9d ) t ( ! ,ta/e :i* t ann\nces4 ,x is v natural to suppose1 !re=e1 t ! ,smell may sugge/ to ! infant "s tol]ably di/9ct preconception ( ! ,ta/e ( ! food :i* x ann\nces1 & may1 ev5 be=e exp]i5ce1 make its m\?1 z we say1 wat] = t food4 ,t num]\s division ( animals :i* ,l9nu ranks "u ! class ( worms1 h1 sc>cely any ( !m1 any head4 ,!y nei!r see nor he>1 h nei!r eyes nor e>s2 b _m ( !m h ! p[] ( self-motion1 & appe> to move ab\t 9 se>* ( _! food4 ,!y c be direct$ 9 ?is se>* by no o!r s5se ?an t ( ,smell+4 ,! mo/ accurate microscopical obs]vations1 h[ev]1 h nev] be5 able to discov] 9 su* animals any di/9ct organ ( ,smell4 ,!y h a m\? & a /oma*1 b no no/rils4 ,! organ ( ,ta/e1 x is probable1 has 9 !m a s5sibility ( ! same k9d ) t :i* ! olfactory n]ves h 9 m p]fect animals4 ,!y may1 z x 71 ta/e at a di/ance1 & be attract$ to _! food by an affection ( ! same organ by :i* !y aft]w>ds enjoy x2 & ,smell & ,ta/e may 9 !m be no o!rwise di/+ui%$ ?an z weak] or /rong] s5sations d]iv$ f ! same organ4 ,! s5sations ( ,heat & ,cold1 :5 excit$ by ! pressure ( "s body ei!r heat$ or cool$ beyond ! actual temp]ature ( our own organs1 _c be said1 antec$5tly to obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 in/9ctively to sugge/ any conception ( ! solid & resi/+ sub/ance :i* excites !m4 ,:at 0 said ( ! s5se ( ,ta/e may v prop]ly be said "h4 ,be=e we c feel ^? s5sations1 #dfg ! pressure ( ! ext]nal body :i* excites !m mu/ necess>ily sugge/1 n only "s conception1 b ! mo/ di/9ct conviction ( its own ext]nal & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,x may be o!rwise1 p]haps1 :5 ^? s5sations are ei!r ( !m excit$ by ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air4 ,9 a calm day :5 !re is no w9d1 we sc>cely p]ceive ! ext]nal air z a solid body2 & ! s5sations ( ,heat & ,cold1 x may be ?\ght1 are !n felt m]ely z affections ( our own body1 )\t any ref]5ce to any ?+ ext]nal4 ,sev]al cases1 h[ev]1 may be conceiv$1 9 :i* x mu/ be all[$1 ,i imag9e1 t ^? s5sations1 ev5 :5 excit$ 9 ?is mann]1 mu/ sugge/ "s vague notion ( "s ext]nal ?+ or sub/ance :i* excites !m4 ,a new-born animal1 :i* _h ! p[] ( self-motion1 & :i* felt its body1 ei!r agreeably or disagreeably1 m heat$ or m cool$ on ! "o side ?an on ! o!r1 w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 in/9ctively & antec$5tly to all obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 endeav\r to move t[>ds ! side 9 :i* x felt ! agreeable1 & to )draw f t 9 :i* x felt ! disagreeable s5sation4 ,b ! v desire ( motion supposes "s notion or preconception ( ext]nality2 & ! desire to move t[>ds ! side ( ! agreeable1 or f t ( ! disagreeable s5sation1 supposes at lea/ "s vague notion ( "s ext]nal ?+ or place :i* is ! cause ( ^? respective s5sations4 ,! degrees ( ,heat & ,cold :i* are agreeable1 x has be5 f\nd f exp]i5ce1 are likewise heal?ful2 & ^? :i* are disagreeable1 un:olesome4 ,! degree ( _! un:olesom5ess1 too1 seems to be pretty mu* 9 proportion to t ( _! disagreeabl5ess4 ,if ei!r ( !m is s disagreeable z to be pa9ful1 x is g5]ally de/ructive2 &1 t1 too1 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,^? s5sations appe> to h be5 giv5 u = ! pres]vation ( our own bodies4 ,!y necess>ily excite ! desire ( *ang+ our situation :5 x is un:olesome or de/ructive2 & :5 x is heal?y1 !y all[ u1 or r !y entice u1 to rema9 9 x4 ,b ! desire ( *ang+ our situation necess>ily supposes "s idea ( ext]nality2 or ( motion into a place diff]5t f t 9 :i* we actually are2 & ev5 ! desire ( rema9+ 9 ! same place supposes "s idea ( at lea/ ! possibility ( *ang+4 ,^? s5sations c\ld n well h answ]$ ! int5tion ( ,nature1 _h !y n ?us in/9ctively sugge/$ "s vague notion ( ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,t ,s\nd1 ! object ( ! s5se ( ,he>+1 ?\gh p]ceiv$ itself z 9 ! e>1 & n[h]e b 9 ! e>1 may likewise1 in/9ctively1 & antec$5tly to all obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 obscurely sugge/ "s vague notion ( "s ext]nal sub/ance or ?+ :i* excites x1 ,i am mu* dispos$ to believe4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t ,i h n be5 able to recollect any "o in/ance 9 :i* ?is s5se seems s di/9ctly to produce ?is effect1 z t ( ,see+1 t #dfh ( ,smell+1 & ev5 t ( ,heat & ,cold1 appe> to d 9 "s p>ticul> cases4 ,unusual & unexpect$ ,s\nd al>ms always1 & disposes u to look ab\t = "s ext]nal sub/ance or ?+ z ! cause :i* excites x1 or f :i* x proce$s4 ,s\nd1 h[ev]1 consid]$ m]ely z a s5sation1 or z an affection ( ! organ ( ,he>+1 c 9 mo/ cases nei!r b5efit nor hurt u4 ,x may be agreeable or disagreeable1 b 9 its own nature x does n seem to ann\nce any ?+ beyond ! imm$iate feel+4 ,x %\ld n !re=e excite any al>m4 ,al>m is always ! fe> ( "s unc]ta9 evil beyond :at is imm$iately felt1 & f "s unkn[n & ext]nal cause4 ,b all animals1 & m5 among ! re/1 feel "s degree ( ?is al>m1 />t1 are r\s$ & r5d]$ circumspect & att5tive by unusual & unexpect$ ,s\nd4 ,?is effect1 too1 is produc$ s readily & s in/antane\sly t x be>s e m>k ( an in/9ctive sugge/ion ( an impression imm$iately /ruck by ! h& ( ,nature1 :i* does n wait = any recollection ( pa/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! h>e1 & all ^? o!r timid animals to :om flight is ! only def5ce1 are suppos$ to possess ! s5se ( ,he>+ 9 ! highe/ degree ( activ5ess4 ,x seems to be ! s5se 9 :i* c[>ds are v likely to excel4 ,! ?ree s5ses ( ,see+1 ,he>+1 & ,smell+1 seem to be giv5 to u by ,nature1 n s mu* 9 ord] to in=m u conc]n+ ! actual situation ( our bodies1 z conc]n+ t ( ^? o!r ext]nal bodies1 :i*1 ?\gh at "s di/ance f u1 may soon] or lat] affect ! actual situation1 & ev5tually ei!r b5efit or hurt u4 ---------- ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ity ,,betwe5 ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,& ,,italian ,,v]ses4 ----- ,,! measure ( ! v]ses1 ( :i* ! octave ( ! ,italians1 _! t]zetti1 & ! great] "p ( _! sonnets1 are compos$1 seems to be z ne>ly ! same ) t ( ! ,engli% ,h]oic ,rhyme1 z ! diff]5t g5ius & pronunciation ( ! two languages w p]mit4 ,! ,engli% ,h]oic ,rhyme is suppos$ to consi/ sometimes ( t51 & sometimes ( elev5 syllables3 ( t51 :5 ! v]se ends ) a s+le1 & ( elev51 :5 x ends ) a d\ble rhyme4 ,! correspond5t ,italian v]se is suppos$ to consi/ sometimes ( #dfi t51 sometimes ( elev51 & sometimes ( twelve syllables1 accord+ z x happ5s to end ) a s+le1 a d\ble1 or a triple rhyme4 ,! rhyme ought naturally to fall ^u ! la/ syllable ( ! v]se2 x is prop] likewise t x %\ld fall ^u an acc5t$ syllable1 9 ord] to r5d] x m s5sible4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! acc5t happ5s to fall1 n ^u ! la/ syllable1 b ^u t imm$iately be=e x1 ! rhyme mu/ fall bo? ^u ! acc5t$ syllable & ^u t :i* is n acc5t$4 ,x mu/ be a d\ble rhyme4 ,9 ! ,italian language1 :5 ! acc5t falls nei!r ^u ! la/ syllable1 nor ^u t imm$iately be=e x1 b ^u ! ?ird syllable f ! end1 ! rhyme mu/ fall ^u all ! ?ree4 ,x mu/ be a triple rhyme1 & ! v]se is suppos$ to consi/ ( twelve syllables3 ,=s era v]1 non p] cr$bile1 c4 ,triple rhymes are n admitt$ into ,engli% ,h]oic ,v]se4 ,9 ! ,italian language ! acc5t falls mu* m r>ely1 ei!r ^u ! ?ird syllable f ! end ( a ^w1 or ^u ! la/ syllable1 ?an x does ^u ! "o imm$iately be=e ! la/4 ,9 reality1 ?is second syllable f ! end seems1 9 t language1 to be its mo/ common & natural place4 ,! ,italian ,h]oic ,poetry1 !re=e1 is compos$ pr9cipally ( d\ble rhymes1 or ( v]ses suppos$ to consi/ ( elev5 syllables4 ,triple rhymes occur b seldom1 & s+le rhymes /ill m seldom4 ,9 ! ,engli% language ! acc5t falls frequ5tly ^u ! la/ syllable ( ! ^w4 ,our language1 besides1 ab\nds 9 words ( "o syllable1 ! great] "p ( :i* d 7= !re are few :i* d n7 admit ( be+ acc5t$4 ,words ( "o syllable are mo/ frequ5tly ! conclud+ words ( ,engli% rhymes4 ,= bo? ^! reasons1 ,engli% ,h]oic ,rhyme is pr9cipally compos$ ( s+le rhymes1 or ( v]ses suppos$ to consi/ ( t5 syllables4 ,d\ble ,rhymes occur almo/ z r>ely 9 x1 z ei!r s+le or triple d 9 ! ,italian4 ,! r>ity ( d\ble rhymes 9 ,engli% ,h]oic ,v]se makes !m appe> odd1 & awkw>d1 & ev5 ludicr\s1 :5 !y occur4 ,by ! be/ writ]s1 !re=e1 !y are res]v$ = light & ludicr\s occasions2 :51 9 ord] to hum\r _! subject1 !y /oop to a m famili> /yle ?an usual4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,pope says2 ,wor? makes ! man1 & want ( x ! fell[2 ,! re/ is all b lea!r or prunello2 he means1 9 compliance ) 8 subject1 to condesc5d a good deal bel[ ! /atel9ess ( 8 diction on ! ,essay on ,man4 ,d\ble rhymes ab\nd m 9 ,dryd5 ?an 9 ,pope1 & 9 ,butl]'s ,hudibras m ?an 9 ,dryd54 ,! r>ity bo? ( s+le & ( triple rhyme 9 ,italian ,h]oic ,v]se1 gives !m ! same odd & ludicr\s air :i* d\ble rhymes h #dgj 9 ,engli% ,v]se4 ,9 ,italian1 triple rhymes occur m frequ5tly ?an s+le rhymes4 ,! slipp]y1 or if ,i may be all[$ to use a v l[1 b a v expressive ^w1 ! glib pronunciation ( ! triple rhyme 7v]so sotrucciolo7 seems to dep>t less f ! ord9>y movem5t ( ! d\ble rhyme1 ?an ! abrupt end+ ( ! s+le rhyme 7v]so tronco e cad5te71 ( ! v]se t appe>s to be cut (f & to fall %ort ( ! usual measure4 ,s+le rhymes accord+ly appe> 9 ,italian v]se mu* m burlesque ?an triple rhymes4 ,s+le rhymes occur v r>ely 9 ,ario/o2 b frequ5tly 9 ! m burlesque poem ( ,ricci>detto4 ,triple rhymes occur mu* (t5] 9 all ! be/ writ]s4 ,x is ?us1 t :at 9 ,engli% appe>s to be ! v]se ( ! greate/ gravity & dignity1 appe>s 9 ,italian to be ! mo/ burlesque & ludicr\s2 = no o!r reason1 ,i appreh5d1 b because 9 ! "o language x is ! ord9>y v]se1 :]eas 9 ! o!r x dep>ts mo/ f ! movem5ts ( ord9>y v]se4 ,! common ,italian ,h]oic ,poetry be+ compos$ ( d\ble rhymes1 x c admit bo? ( s+le & ( triple rhymes2 :i* seem to rec$e f ! common movem5t on opposite sides to ne>ly equal di/ances4 ,! common ,engli% ,h]oic ,poetry1 consi/+ ( s+le rhymes1 x c admit ( d\ble2 b x _c admit ( triple rhymes1 :i* w\ld rec$e s f> f ! common movem5ts z to appe> p]fectly burlesque & ridicul\s4 ,9 ,engli%1 :5 a ^w acc5t$ ^u ! ?ird syllable f ! end happ5s to make ! la/ ^w ( a v]se1 ! rhyme falls ^u ! la/ syllable only4 ,x is a s+le rhyme1 & ! v]se consi/s ( no m ?an t5 syllables3 b z ! la/ syllable is n acc5t$1 x is an imp]fect rhyme1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 conf9$ to ! second v]se ( ! c\plet1 & ev5 !re introduc$ b r>ely1 may h a v agreeable grace1 & ! l9e may ev5 seem to run m easy & natural by means ( x3 ,bt ( ?is frme1 ! ber+s1 & ! tes4 ,! /rct connctions1 nce depnd5cies1 c4 ,:5 by a well acc5t$ syllable 9 ! end ( ! fir/ l9e ( a c\plet1 x has once be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$ :at ! rhyme is to be1 a v slight allusion to x1 su* z c be made by a syllable ( ! same t]m9ation t is n acc5t$1 may (t5 be suffici5t to m>k ! co9cid5ce 9 ! second l9e2 a ^w ( ?is k9d 9 ! end ( ! fir/ l9e seldom succe$s s well3 ,?' inhabitants ( old ,j]usalem ,7 ,jebusites2 ! t[n s call$ f !m4 ,a c\plet 9 :i* bo? v]ses 7 t]m9at$ 9 ?is mann]1 w\ld be extremely disagreeable & (f5sive4 ,9 c\nt+ ! syllables1 ev5 ( v]ses :i* to ! e> appe> suffici5tly correct1 a consid]able indulg5ce mu/ frequ5tly be giv51 #dga be=e !y c1 9 ei!r language1 be r$uc$ to ! precise numb] ( t51 elev51 or twelve1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! rhyme4 ,9 ! foll[+ c\plet1 = example1 !re are1 /rictly speak+1 f\rte5 syllables 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & twelve 9 ! second4 ,& _m a h7umo7ur\s1 _m an amor\s lay1 ,0 sung by _m a b>d1 on _m a day4 ,by ! rapidity1 h[ev]1 or1 if ,i may use a v l[ ^w a second "t1 by ! glibness ( ! pronunciation1 ^? f\rte5 syllables 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & ^? twelve 9 ! second1 appe> to take up ! "t b ( t5 ord9>y syllables4 ,! words _m a1 ?\gh !y pla9ly consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct syllables1 or s\nds1 :i* are all pron\nc$ successively1 or ! "o aft] ! o!r1 yet pass z b two syllables2 z d likewise ^! words1 h7umo7uro7us1 & amor\s4 ,! words heav5 & giv51 9 ! same mann]1 consi/ ea* ( !m ( two syllables1 :i*1 h[ rapidly s ev] !y may be pron\nc$1 _c be pron\nc$ b successively1 or ! "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 v]se1 h[ev]1 !y are consid]$ z consi/+ b ( "o syllable4 ,9 c\nt+ ! syllables ( ! ,italian ,h]oic ,v]se1 /ill great] indulg5ces mu/ be all[$3 ?ree v[els mu/ !re frequ5tly be c\nt$ z mak+ b "o syllable1 ?\gh !y are all pron\nc$1 rapidly inde$1 b 9 succession1 or ! "o aft] ! o!r1 & ?\gh no two ( !m are suppos$ to make a diph?ong4 ,9 ^! lic5ses too1 ! ,italians seem n to be v regul>1 & ! same conc\rse ( v[els :i* 9 "o place makes b "o syllable1 w 9 ano!r sometimes make two4 ,!re are ev5 "s words :i* 9 ! end ( a v]se are con/antly c\nt$ = two syllables1 b :i* 9 any o!r "p ( x are nev] c\nt$ = m ?an "o2 su* z ! words suo1 tuo1 suoi1 tuoi4 ,ruscelli obs]ves1 t 9 ! ,italian ,h]oic ,v]se ! acc5t ought to fall ^u ! f\r?1 ! six?1 ! eigh?1 & ! t5? syllables2 & t if x falls ^u ! ?ird1 ! fif?1 ! sev5?1 or ! n9? syllables1 x w spoil ! v]se4 ,9 ,engli%1 if ! acc5t falls ^u any ( ! above-m5tion$ odd syllables1 x equally spoils ! v]se4 ,b['d _! /iff necks1 load5 ) /ormy bla/s1 ?\gh a l9e ( ,milton1 has n ! ord9>y movem5t ( an ,engli% ,h]oic ,v]se1 ! acc5t falls ^u ! ?ird & six? syllables4 ,9 ,italian frequ5tly1 & 9 ,engli% sometimes1 an acc5t is ) great grace ?r[n ^u ! fir/ syllable1 9 :i* case x seldom happ5s t any o!r syllable is acc5t$ be=e ! f\r?2 ,cnto l'arm pietse e'l capitno4 ,fr/ 9 ^! filds ,i tr ! slvan /rins4 ,bo? 9 ,engli% & 9 ,italian ! second syllable may be acc5t$ #dgb ) great grace1 & x g5]ally is s :5 ! fir/ syllable is n acc5t$3 ,e 9 van l' inf]no a' lui s' oppose2 e 9 vano ,s' arm d' ,asia1 e di ,libia il popol mi/o1 c4 ,let u1 s9ce life c little m supply ,?an j to look ab\t u1 & to die1 c4 ,bo? 9 ,engli% & 9 ,italian ,v]se1 an acc5t1 ?\gh x mu/ nev] be misplac$1 may sometimes be omitt$ ) great grace4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! above-quot$ ,engli% ,v]ses !re is no acc5t ^u ! eigh? syllable2 ! conjunction & n admitt+ ( any4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,italian ,v]se !re is no acc5t ^u ! six? syllable3 ,o ,musa1 tu1 *e di cadu*i allori1 c4 ,! preposition di w z little admit ( an acc5t z ! conjunction &4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ev5 syllable is n acc5t$1 nei!r ( ! odd syllables imm$iately be=e or beh9d x mu/ be acc5t$4 ,nei!r 9 ,engli% nor 9 ,italian c two acc5ts runn+ be omitt$4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t 9 ,italian !re are two acc5ts1 ! grave & ! acute3 ! grave acc5t is always m>k$ by a slight /roke ov] ! syllable to :i* x belongs2 ! acute acc5t has no m>k4 ,! ,engli% language kn[s no di/9ction betwe5 ! grave & ! acute acc5ts4 ,! same au?or obs]ves1 t 9 ! ,italian ,v]se ! ,pause1 or :at ! gramm>ians call ! ,cesura1 may ) propriety be introduc$ aft] ei!r ! ?ird1 ! f\r?1 ! fif?1 ! six?1 or ! sev5? syllables4 ,! l obs]vations h be5 made by sev]al diff]5t writ]s ^u ! ,engli% ,h]oic ,v]se4 ,dobie admires p>ticul>ly ! v]se 9 :i* !re are two pauses2 "o aft] ! fif?1 & ano!r aft] ! n9? syllable4 ,! example he gives is f ,petr>*3 ,nel dolce tempo de la prima etade1 c4 ,9 ?is v]se1 ! second pause1 :i* he says comes aft] ! n9? syllable1 9 reality comes 9 betwe5 ! two v[els1 :i*1 9 ! ,italian way ( c\nt+ syllables1 compose ! n9? syllable4 ,x may be d\btful1 !re=e1 :e!r ?is pause may n be consid]$ z com+ aft] ! eigh? syllable4 ,i d n recollect any good ,engli% ,v]se 9 :i* ! pause comes 9 aft] ! n9? syllable4 ,we h _m 9 :i* x comes 9 aft] ! eigh?3 ,yet (t1 be=e 8 infant eyes1 w\ld run1 c4 ,9 :i* v]se !re are two pauses2 "o aft] ! second1 & ! o!r aft] ! eigh? syllable4 ,i h obs]v$ _m ,italian ,v]ses 9 :i* ! pause comes aft] ! second syllable4 ,bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,italian ,h]oic ,v]se1 p]haps1 are n s #dgc prop]ly compos$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( syllables1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! rhyme2 z ( a c]ta9 numb] ( int]vals1 7( five inv>iably17 ea* ( :i* is equal 9 l5g?1 or "t1 to two ord9>y di/9ct syllables1 ?\gh x may sometimes conta9 m1 ( :i* ! extraord9>y %ortness comp5sates ! extraord9>y numb]4 ,! close frequ5tly ( ea* ( ^? int]vals1 b always ( e second int]val1 is m>k$ by a di/9ct acc5t4 ,?is acc5t may frequ5tly1 ) great grace1 fall ^u ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ int]val2 aft] :i*1 x _c1 )\t spoil+ ! v]se1 fall any :]e b ^u ! close ( an int]val4 ,! syllable or syllables :i* come aft] ! acc5t t closes ! fif? int]val are nev] acc5t$4 ,!y make no di/9ct int]val1 b are consid]$ z a sort ( excresc5ce ( ! v]se1 & are 9 a mann] c\nt$ = no?+4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,bradbury1 ,,evans1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,:itefri>s4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,page numb]s ,page numb]s pr9t$ 9 ! text are giv5 )9 4 ,footnotes ,mo/ footnotes 9 ! text are indicat$ by an a/]isk4 ,"h !y are numb]$ )9 ea* "w & plac$ at ! end ( p>agraph 9 :i* !y occur4 ,"o footnote 9 ! fir/ essay is numb]$2 x is "h giv5 z #a994 ,diacritics ,! only sign ne$+ special m5tion is ! breve us$ 9 ! la/ essay to indicate %ort syllables4 ,on a u1 x is transcrib$ 7u4 ,spell+ ,corrections ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! pr9t$ text 7usually ) ref]5ce to e>li] editions74 ,correct$ words are m>k$ ) two a/]isks prec$+4 ,page ,pr9t$ text ,correction ,biographical ,notice #ageg #agei 7by ref]5ce to ,/ew>t's full note7 #h ,! page numb]s = ! fir/ essay are out by two 7s e4g4 #cbg-cbh #cbe-cbf n m>k$ 9 text ,( ! ,aff9ity etc4 beg9s on #dce1 n #dcd z 9 pr9t$ text #ee advantange advantage #hh acompli% accompli% #aij resposibility responsibility #bbd ! ! ! #bdc acccord+ accord+ #bgb unpon ^u #bha supppos$ suppos$ #cah object objects #cai in/eads in/ead #cai v5isitis v5i/is #cce dis-dispos$ dispos$ #cdb ,democratus ,democritus #cdc su* sph]e su* a sph]e #cec same fame #cef p]fector p]fect]