,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,/yle4   ,by      
,h]b]t ,sp5c]     ,,"p ,i4 ,,causes ,,( 
,,=ce ,,9 ,,language ,,:i* ,,dep5d ,,^u 
,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,en]gies4    
i4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,economy4  ,sec4 #a4  
,comm5t+ on ! seem+ incongruity betwe5 8
 fa!r's argum5tative p[]s & 8 ignorance 
( =mal logic1 ,tri/ram ,%&y says3--,x 0 
a matt] ( j wond] ) my wor?y tutor1 &   
two or ?ree fell[s ( t le>n$ society1 t 
a man :o knew n s mu* z ! names ( 8     
tools1 %\ld be able to "w aft] t fa%ion 
) !m4 ,/]ne's int5d$ implication t a k (
 ! pr9ciples ( reason+ nei!r makes1 nor 
is ess5tial to1 a good reason]1 is      
d\btless true4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) gramm>4
 ,z ,dr4 ,la?am1 condemn+ ! usual       
s*ool-drill 9 ,l9dley ,murray1 rightly  
rem>ks3 ,gross vulg>ity is a fault to be
 prev5t$2 b ! prop] prev5tion is to be  
got f habit--n rules4 ,simil>ly1 !re c  
be little "q t good composition is f>   
less dep5d5t ^u acqua9tance ) its laws1 
?an ^u practice & natural aptitude4 ,a  
cle> head1 a quick imag9ation1 & a      

s5sitive e>1 w g f> t[>ds mak+ all      
rhetorical precepts ne$less4 ,he :o     
daily he>s & reads well-fram$ s5t5ces1 w
 naturally m or less t5d to use simil>  
ones4 ,& :]e !re exi/s any m5tal        
idiosyncrasy--:]e !re is a defici5t     
v]bal memory1 or an inadequate s5se (   
logical dep5d5ce1 or b little p]ception 
( ord]1 or a lack ( con/ructive +5uity2 
no am\nt ( in/ruction w rem$y ! defect4 
,nev]!less1 "s practical result may be  
expect$ f a famili>ity ) ! pr9ciples (  
/yle4 ,! endeav\r to con=m to laws may  
tell1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,& if 9 no o!r way1   
yet1 z facilitat+ revision1 a k ( ! ?+  
to be a*iev$--a cle> idea ( :at         
con/itutes a beauty1 & :at a blemi%--_c 
fail to be ( s]vice4  ,sec4 #b4 ,no     
g5]al !ory ( expression seems yet to h  
be5 enunciat$4 ,! maxims conta9$ 9 works
 on composition & rhetoric1 are pres5t$ 
9 an unorganiz$ =m4 ,/&+ z isolat$      
dogmas--z empirical g5]alizations1 !y   
are nei!r s cle>ly appreh5d$1 nor s mu* 
respect$1 z !y w\ld be 7 !y d$uc$ f "s  

simple fir/ pr9ciple4 ,we are told t    
brevity is ! s\l ( wit4 ,we he> /yles   
condemn$ z v]bose or involv$4 ,blair    
says t e ne$less "p ( a s5t5ce int]rupts
 ! description & clogs ! image2 & aga91 
t long s5t5ces fatigue ! read]'s        
att5tion4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,"l ,kaimes1 t
 to give ! utmo/ =ce to a p]iod1 x      
ought1 if possible1 to be clos$ ) t ^w  
:i* makes ! greate/ figure4 ,t p>5!ses  
%\ld be avoid$ & t ,saxon words %\ld be 
us$ 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( ,lat9 orig91 are 
e/abli%$ precepts4 ,b1 h[ev] influ5tial 
! tru?s ?us dogmatically embodi$1 !y    
w\ld be mu* m influ5tial if r$uc$ to    
some?+ l sci5tific ord9ation4 ,9 ?is1 z 
9 o!r cases1 conviction w be greatly    
/r5g!n$ :5 we und]/& ! :y4 ,& we may be 
sure t a compreh5sion ( ! g5]al pr9ciple
 f :i* ! rules ( composition result1 w n
 only br+ !m home to u ) great] =ce1 b w
 discov] to u o!r rules ( l orig94      
,sec4 #c4 ,on seek+ = "s clue to ! law  
und]ly+ ^! curr5t maxims1 we may see    
%ad[$ =? 9 _m ( !m1 ! importance (      

economiz+ ! read]'s or he>]'s att5tion1 
,to s pres5t ideas t !y may be appreh5d$
 ) ! lea/ possible m5tal ef=t1 is !     
desid]atum t[>ds :i* mo/ ( ! rules above
 quot$ po9t4 ,:5 we condemn writ+ t is  
wordy1 or confus$1 or intricate--:5 we  
praise ?is /yle z easy1 & blame t z     
fatigu+1 we consci\sly or unconsci\sly  
assume ?is desid]atum z our /&>d (      
judgm5t4 ,reg>d+ language z an app>atus 
( symbols = ! conveyance ( ?\ght1 we may
 say t1 z 9 a me*anical app>atus1 ! m   
simple & ! bett] arrang$ its p>ts1 !    
great] w be ! effect produc$4 ,9 ei!r   
case1 :atev] =ce is absorb$ by ! ma*9e  
is d$uct$ f ! result4 ,a read] or li/5] 
has at ea* mom5t b a limit$ am\nt (     
m5tal p[] available4 ,to recognize &    
int]pret ! symbols pres5t$ to him1      
requires "p ( ?is p[]2 to arrange &     
comb9e ! images sugge/$ requires a fur!r
 "p2 & only t "p :i* rema9s c be us$ =  
realiz+ ! ?\ght convey$4 ,h5ce1 ! m "t &
 att5tion x takes to receive & und]/&   
ea* s5t5ce1 ! less "t & att5tion c be   

giv5 to ! conta9$ idea2 & ! less vividly
 w t idea be conceiv$4  ,sec4 #d4 ,h[   
truly language mu/ be reg>d$ z a        
h9drance to ?\ght1 ?\gh ! necess>y      
in/rum5t ( x1 we %all cle>ly p]ceive on 
rememb]+ ! comp>ative =ce ) :i* simple  
ideas are communicat$ by signs4 ,to say1
 ,leave ! room1 is less expressive ?an  
to po9t to ! door4 ,plac+ a f+] on !    
lips is m =cible ?an :isp]+1 ,d n speak4
 ,a beck ( ! h& is bett] ?an1 ,come "h4 
,no phrase c convey ! idea ( surprise s 
vividly z op5+ ! eyes & rais+ ! eyebr[s4
 ,a %rug ( ! %\ld]s w\ld lose mu* by    
translation into words4 ,aga91 x may be 
rem>k$ t :5 oral language is employ$1 ! 
/ronge/ effects are produc$ by          
int]jections1 :i* cond5se entire s5t5ces
 into syllables4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 :]e    
cu/om all[s u to express ?\ghts by s+le 
words1 z 9 ,bew>e1 ,heigho1 ,fudge1 mu* 
=ce w\ld be lo/ by exp&+ !m into        
specific propositions4 ,h5ce1 c>ry+ out 
! metaphor t language is ! vehicle (    
?\ght1 !re seems reason to ?9k t 9 all  

cases ! friction & in]tia ( ! vehicle   
d$uct f its effici5cy2 & t 9            
composition1 ! *ief1 if n ! sole ?+ to  
be done1 is1 to r$uce ?is friction &    
in]tia to ! smalle/ possible am\nt4 ,let
 u !n inquire :e!r economy ( !          
recipi5t's att5tion is n ! secret (     
effect1 alike 9 ! "r *oice & collocation
 ( words1 9 ! be/ arrangem5t ( clauses 9
 a s5t5ce1 9 ! prop] ord] ( its pr9cipal
 & subord9ate propositions1 9 ! judici\s
 use ( simile1 metaphor1 & o!r figures (
 spee*1 & ev5 9 ! rhy?mical sequ5ce (   
syllables4     ii4 ,economy 9 ! ,use (  
,words4  ,sec4 #e4 ,! great] =cibl5ess (
 ,saxon ,engli%1 or r non-,lat9 ,engli%1
 fir/ claims our att5tion4 ,! sev]al    
special reasons assignable = ?is may all
 be r$uc$ to ! g5]al reason--economy4 ,!
 mo/ important ( !m is e>ly association4
 ,a *ild's vocabul>y is almo/ :olly     
,saxon4 ,he says1 ,i h1 n ,i            
possess---,i wi%1 n ,i desire2 he does n
 reflect1 he ?9ks2 he does n beg =      
amusem5t1 b = play2 he calls ?+s nice or

 na/y1 n pleasant or disagreeable4 ,!   
synonyms :i* he le>ns 9 aft] ye>s1 nev] 
become s closely1 s organically connect$
 ) ! ideas signifi$1 z d ^! orig9al     
words us$ 9 *ildhood2 & h5ce !          
association rema9s less /rong4 ,b 9 :at 
does a /rong association betwe5 a ^w &  
an idea diff] f a weak "o8 ,simply 9 !  
great] ease & rapidity ( ! sugge/ive    
action4 ,x c be 9 no?+ else4 ,bo? ( two 
words1 if !y be /rictly synonym\s1      
ev5tually call up ! same image4 ,!      
expression--,x is acid1 mu/ 9 ! end give
 rise to ! same ?\ght z--,x is s\r2 b   
because ! t]m acid 0 le>nt lat] 9 life1 
& has n be5 s (t5 foll[$ by ! ?\ght     
symboliz$1 x does n s readily ar\se t   
?\ght z ! t]m s\r4 ,if we rememb] h[    
sl[ly & ) :at lab\r ! appropriate ideas 
foll[ unfamili> words 9 ano!r language1 
& h[ increas+ famili>ity ) su* words    
br+s great] rapidity & ease (           
compreh5sion2 & if we consid] t ! same  
process mu/ h gone on ) ! words ( our "m
 tongue f *ildhood upw>ds1 we %all      

cle>ly see t ! e>lie/ le>nt & (t5e/ us$ 
words1 w1 o!r ?+s equal1 call up images 
) less loss ( "t & en]gy ?an _! lat]    
le>nt synonyms4  ,sec4 #f4 ,! fur!r     
sup]iority possess$ by ,saxon ,engli% 9 
its comp>ative brevity1 obvi\sly comes  
"u ! same g5]alization4 ,if x be an     
advantage to express an idea 9 ! smalle/
 numb] ( words1 !n w x be an advantage  
to express x 9 ! smalle/ numb] (        
syllables4 ,if circuit\s phrases &      
ne$less expletives di/ract ! att5tion & 
dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! impression produc$1  
!n d surplus articulations d s4 ,a c]ta9
 ef=t1 ?\gh commonly an inappreciable   
"o1 mu/ be requir$ to recognize e v[el &
 consonant4 ,if1 z all "k1 x is tiresome
 to li/5 to an indi/9ct speak]1 or read 
a badly-writt5 manuscript2 & if1 z we _c
 d\bt1 ! fatigue is a cumulative result 
( ! att5tion ne$$ to cat* successive    
syllables2 x foll[s t att5tion is 9 su* 
cases absorb$ by ea* syllable4 ,& if ?is
 be true :5 ! syllables are difficult ( 
recognition1 x w also be true1 ?\gh 9 a 

less degree1 :5 ! recognition ( !m is   
easy4 ,h5ce1 ! %ortness ( ,saxon words  
becomes a reason = _! great] =ce4 ,"o   
qualification1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be ov]look$4
 ,a ^w :i* 9 itself embodies ! mo/      
important "p ( ! idea to be convey$1    
especially :5 t idea is an emotional "o1
 may (t5 ) advantage be a polysyllabic  
^w4 ,?us x seems m =cible to say1 ,x is 
magnific5t1 ?an ,x is gr&4 ,! ^w va/ is 
n s p[]ful a "o z /up5d\s4 ,call+ a ?+  
na/y is n s effective z call+ x disgu/+4
  ,sec4 #g4 ,!re seem to be sev]al      
causes = ?is exceptional sup]iority (   
c]ta9 long words4 ,we may ascribe x     
p>tly to ! fact t a volum9\s1 m\?-fill+ 
epi!t is1 by its v size1 sugge/ive (    
l>g5ess or /r5g?2 witness ! imm5se      
pomposity ( sesquip$alian v]biage3 & :5 
great p[] or int5sity has to be sugge/$1
 ?is association ( ideas aids ! effect4 
,a fur!r cause may be t a ^w ( sev]al   
syllables admits ( m emphatic           
articulation2 & z emphatic articulation 
is a sign ( emotion1 ! unusual          

impressiv5ess ( ! ?+ nam$ is impli$ by  
x4 ,yet ano!r cause is t a long ^w 7(   
:i* ! latt] syllables are g5]ally inf]r$
 z soon z ! fir/ are spok57 all[s !     
he>]'s consci\sness a long] "t to dwell 
^u ! quality pr$icat$2 & :]e1 z 9 !     
above cases1 x is to ?is pr$icat$       
quality t ! entire att5tion is call$1 an
 advantage results f keep+ x be=e ! m9d 
= an appreciable "t4 ,! reasons :i* we h
 giv5 = pref]r+ %ort words evid5tly d n 
hold "h4 ,s t to make our g5]alization q
 correct we mu/ say1 t :ile 9 c]ta9     
s5t5ces express+ /rong feel+1 ! ^w :i* m
 especially implies t feel+ may (t5 )   
advantage be a _m-syllabl$ or ,lat9 "o2 
9 ! imm5se majority ( cases1 ea* ^w s]v+
 b z a /ep to ! idea embodi$ by ! :ole  
s5t5ce1 %\ld1 if possible1 be a         
"o-syllabl$ or ,saxon "o4  ,sec4 #h4    
,once m1 t frequ5t cause ( /r5g? 9      
,saxon & o!r primitive words-_!         
imitative "* may be simil>ly resolv$    
into ! m g5]al cause4 ,bo? ^? directly  
imitative1 z spla%1 bang1 :iz1 ro>1 c41 

& ^? analogically imitative1 z r\gh1    
smoo?1 ke51 blunt1 ?91 h>d1 crag1 c41 h 
a great] or less lik5ess to ! ?+s       
symboliz$2 & by mak+ on ! s5ses         
impressions alli$ to ! ideas to be call$
 up1 !y save "p ( ! ef=t ne$$ to call up
 su* ideas1 & leave m att5tion = ! ideas
 !mselves4  ,sec4 #i4 ,! economy ( !    
recipi5t's m5tal en]gy1 into :i* are ?us
 resolvable ! sev]al causes ( ! /r5g? ( 
,saxon ,engli%1 may equally be trac$ 9 !
 sup]iority ( specific ov] g5]ic words4 
,t concrete t]ms produce m vivid        
impressions ?an ab/ract ones1 & %\ld1 :5
 possible1 be us$ in/ead1 is a ?or\gh   
maxim ( composition4 ,z ,dr4 ,campbell  
says1 ,! m g5]al ! t]ms are1 ! picture  
is ! fa9t]2 ! m special !y are1 'tis !  
bright]4 ,we %\ld avoid su* a s5t5ce    
z3--,9 proportion z ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & 
amusem5ts ( a nation are cruel & b>b>\s1
 ! regulations ( _! p5al code w be      
sev]e4 ,& 9 place ( x we %\ld write3--,9
 proportion z m5 delight 9 battles1     
bull-fights1 & combats ( gladiators1 w  

!y puni% by hang+1 burn+1 & ! rack4     
,sec4 #aj4 ,?is sup]iority ( specific   
expressions is cle>ly due to a sav+ ( ! 
ef=t requir$ to translate words into    
?\ghts4 ,z we d n ?9k 9 g5]als b 9      
p>ticul>s--z1 :5ev] any class ( ?+s is  
ref]r$ to1 we repres5t x to ourselves by
 call+ to m9d individual memb]s ( x2 x  
foll[s t :5 an ab/ract ^w is us$1 ! be>]
 or read] has to *oose f 8 /ock (       
images1 "o or m1 by :i* he may figure to
 himself ! g5us m5tion$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 "s 
delay mu/ arise "s =ce be exp5d$2 & if1 
by employ+ a specific t]m1 an           
appropriate image c be at once sugge/$1 
an economy is a*iev$1 & a m vivid       
impression produc$4     iii4 ,!         
,pr9ciple ( ,economy appli$ to ,s5t5ces4
  ,sec4 #aa4 ,turn+ n[ f ! *oice ( words
 to _! sequ5ce1 we %all f9d ! same g5]al
 pr9ciple hold good4 ,we h a priori     
reasons = believ+ t 9 e s5t5ce !re is "s
 "o ord] ( words m effective ?an any    
o!r2 & t ?is ord] is ! "o :i* pres5ts ! 
elem5ts ( ! proposition 9 ! succession 9

 :i* !y may be mo/ readily put toge!r4  
,z 9 a n>rative1 ! ev5ts %\ld be /at$ 9 
su* sequ5ce t ! m9d may n h to g        
backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ord] to rightly      
connect !m2 z 9 a gr\p ( s5t5ces1 !     
arrangem5t %\ld be su*1 t ea* ( !m may  
be und]/ood z x comes1 )\t wait+ =      
subsequ5t ones2 s 9 e s5t5ce1 ! sequ5ce 
( words %\ld be t :i* sugge/s !         
con/itu5ts ( ! ?\ght 9 ! ord] mo/       
conv5i5t = ! build+ up t ?\ght4 ,duly to
 en=ce ?is tru?1 & to prep>e ! way =    
applications ( x1 we mu/ briefly inquire
 into ! m5tal act by :i* ! mean+ ( a    
s]ies ( words is appreh5d$4  ,sec4 #ab4 
,we _c m simply d ?is ?an by consid]+ ! 
prop] collocation ( ! sub/antive &      
adjective4 ,is x bett] to place !       
adjective be=e ! sub/antive1 or !       
sub/antive be=e ! adjective8 ,ought we  
to say ) ! ,fr5*--un *eval noir2 or to  
say z we d--a black horse8 ,probably1   
mo/ p]sons ( culture w\ld decide t "o   
ord] is z good z ! o!r4 ,alive to ! bias
 produc$ by habit1 !y w\ld ascribe to t 

! pref]5ce !y feel = our own =m (       
expression4 ,!y w\ld expect ^? educat$ 9
 ! use ( ! opposite =m to h an equal    
pref]5ce = t4 ,& ?us !y w\ld conclude t 
nei!r ( ^! in/9ctive judgm5ts is ( any  
wor?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a philosophical   
gr\nd = decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! ,engli%      
cu/om4 ,if a horse black be !           
arrangem5t1 imm$iately on ! utt]ance ( !
 ^w horse1 !re arises1 or t5ds to arise1
 9 ! m9d1 a picture answ]+ to t ^w2 & z 
!re has1 be5 no?+ to indicate :at k9d ( 
horse1 any image ( a horse sugge/s      
itself4 ,v likely1 h[ev]1 ! image w be t
 ( a br[n horse1 br[n horses be+ ! mo/  
famili>4 ,! result is t :5 ! ^w black is
 add$1 a *eck is giv5 to ! process (    
?\ght4 ,ei!r ! picture ( a br[n horse   
already pres5t to ! imag9ation has to be
 suppress$1 & ! picture ( a black "o    
summon$ 9 its place2 or else1 if !      
picture ( a br[n horse be yet un=m$1 !  
t5d5cy to =m x has to be /opp$4 ,:i*ev] 
is ! case1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( h9drance     
results4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 a black    

horse be ! expression us$1 no su* mi/ake
 c be made4 ,! ^w black1 indicat+ an    
ab/ract quality1 ar\ses no def9ite idea4
 ,x simply prep>es ! m9d = conceiv+ "s  
object ( t col\r2 & ! att5tion is kept  
susp5d$ until t object is kn[n4 ,if1 !n1
 by ! prec$5ce ( ! adjective1 ! idea is 
convey$ )\t liability to error1 :]eas ! 
prec$5ce ( ! sub/antive is apt to       
produce a misconception1 x foll[s t ! "o
 gives ! m9d less tr\ble ?an ! o!r1 & is
 !re=e m =cible4  ,sec4 #ac4 ,possibly x
 w be object$ t ! adjective & sub/antive
 come s close toge!r1 t practically !y  
may be consid]$ z utt]$ at ! same mom5t2
 & t on he>+ ! phrase1 a horse black1   
!re is n "t to imag9e a wrongly-col\r$  
horse be=e ! ^w black foll[s to prev5t  
x4 ,x mu/ be own$ t x is n easy to      
decide by introspection :e!r ?is is s or
 n4 ,b !re are facts collat]ally imply+ 
t x is n4 ,our ability to anticipate !  
words yet unspok5 is "o ( !m ,if ! ideas
 ( ! he>] kept consid]ably beh9d !1     
expressions ( ! speak]1 z ! objection   

assumes1 he c\ld h>dly =esee ! end ( a  
s5t5ce by ! "t x 0 half deliv]$3 yet ?is
 con/antly happ5s4 ,7 ! supposition     
true1 ! m9d1 in/ead ( anticipat+1 w\ld  
be cont9ually fall+ m & m 9 arre>4 ,if !
 mean+s ( words are n realiz$ z fa/ z ! 
words are utt]$1 !n ! loss ( "t ov] ea* 
^w mu/ entail su* an accumulation (     
delays z to leave a he>] entirely beh9d4
 ,b :e!r ! =ce ( ^! replies be or be n  
admitt$1 x w sc>cely be d5i$ t ! "r     
=mation ( a picture w be facilitat$ by  
pres5t+ its elem5ts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y   
are want$2 ev5 ?\gh ! m9d %\ld d no?+   
until x has receiv$ !m all4  ,sec4 #ad4 
,:at is "h said respect+ ! succession ( 
! adjective & sub/antive is obvi\sly    
applicable1 by *ange ( t]ms1 to ! adv]b 
& v]b4 ,& )\t fur!r explanation1 x w be 
manife/1 t 9 ! use ( prepositions & o!r 
p>ticles1 mo/ languages spontane\sly    
con=m ) m or less complet5ess to ?is    
law4  ,sec4 #ae4 ,on apply+ a l analysis
 to ! l>g] divisions ( a s5t5ce1 we f9d 
n only t ! same pr9ciple holds good1 b t

 ! advantage ( respect+ x becomes m>k$4 
,9 ! arrangem5t ( pr$icate & subject1 = 
example1 we are at once %[n t z !       
pr$icate det]m9es ! aspect "u :i* !     
subject is to be conceiv$1 x %\ld be    
plac$ fir/2 & ! /rik+ effect produc$ by 
s plac+ x becomes compreh5sible4 ,take !
 (t5-quot$ contra/ betwe5 ,great is     
,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 & ,diana ( !     
,ephesians is great4 ,:5 ! fir/         
arrangem5t is us$1 ! utt]ance ( ! ^w    
great ar\ses ^? vague associations ( an 
impressive nature ) :i* x has be5       
habitually connect$2 ! imag9ation is    
prep>$ to clo! ) high attributes :atev] 
foll[s2 & :5 ! words1 ,diana ( !        
,ephesians1 are he>d1 all ! appropriate 
imag]y :i* c1 on ! in/ant1 be summon$1  
is us$ 9 ! =mation ( ! picture3 ! m9d   
be+ ?us l$ directly1 & )\t error1 to !  
int5d$ impression4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! 
rev]se ord] is foll[$1 ! idea1 ,diana ( 
! ,ephesians is conceiv$ ) no special   
ref]5ce to greatness2 & :5 ! words is   
great are add$1 ! conception has to be  

remodel$3 :5ce arises a loss ( m5tal    
en]gy & a correspond+ dim9ution (       
effect4 ,! foll[+ v]se f ,col]idge's    
',anci5t ,m>9]1' ?\gh some:at irregul> 9
 /ructure1 well illu/rates ! same tru?3 
,alone1 alone1 all1 all alone1          
,alone on a wide1 wide sea     ,& nev] a
 sa9t took pity on     ,my s\l 9 agony4 
,sec4 #af4 ,( c\rse ! pr9ciple equally  
applies :5 ! pr$icate is a v]b or a     
p>ticiple4 ,& z effect is ga9$ by plac+ 
fir/ all words indicat+ ! quality1      
conduct or condition ( ! subject1 x     
foll[s t ! copula also %\ld h prec$5ce4 
,x is true t ! g5]al habit ( our        
language resi/s ?is arrangem5t (        
pr$icate1 copula & subject2 b we may    
readily f9d in/ances ( ! additional =ce 
ga9$ by con=m+ to x4 ,?us1 9 ! l9e f    
',julius ,caes>'      ,!n bur/ 8 mighty 
he>t1  priority is giv5 to a ^w embody+ 
bo? pr$icate & copula4 ,9 a passage     
conta9$ 9 ',! ,battle ( ,flodd5 ,field1'
 ! l ord] is sy/ematically employ$ )    
great effect3      ,! ,bord] slogan r5t 

! sky6      ,a ,home6 a ,gordon6  0 !   
cry2      ,l\d 7 ! clang+ bl[s3         
,advanc$--=c$ back---n[ l[1 n[ high1    
,! p5non sunk & rose2      ,z b5ds !    
b>k's ma/ 9 ! gale      ,:5 r5t are     
rigg+1 %r\ds & sail1      ,x wav]$ 'mid 
! foes4  ,sec4 #ag4 ,pursu+ ! pr9ciple  
yet fur!r1 x is obvi\s t = produc+ !    
greate/ effect1 n only %\ld ! ma9       
divisions ( a s5t5ce obs]ve ?is sequ5ce1
 b ! subdivisions ( ^! %\ld be simil>ly 
arrang$4 ,9 ne>ly all cases1 ! pr$icate 
is accompani$ by "s limit or            
qualification1 call$ its complem5t4     
,commonly1 also1 ! circum/ances ( !     
subject1 :i* =m its complem5t1 h to be  
specifi$4 ,& z ^! qualifications &      
circum/ances mu/ det]m9e ! mode 9 :i* ! 
acts & ?+s !y belong to are conceiv$1   
prec$5ce %\ld be giv5 to !m4 ,"l ,kaimes
 notices ! fact t ?is ord] is pref]able2
 ?\gh )\t giv+ ! reason4 ,he says3--,:5 
a circum/ance is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( !  
p]iod1 or ne> ! beg9n+1 ! transition f x
 to ! pr9cipal subject is agreeable3 x  

is l asc5d+ or go+ upw>d4 ,a s5t5ce     
arrang$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is w be        
desirable4 ,"h is "o3--,:atev] x may be 
9 !ory1 x is cle> t 9 practice ! ,fr5*  
idea ( lib]ty is--! "r ( e man to be    
ma/] ( ! re/4  ,sec4 #ah4 ,9 ?is case1 7
 ! fir/ two clauses1 up to ! ^w ,i      
practice inclusive1 :i* qualify !       
subject1 to be plac$ at ! end in/ead ( !
 beg9n+1 mu* ( ! =ce w\ld be lo/2 z     
?us3--,! ,fr5* idea ( lib]ty is--! "r ( 
e man to be ma/] ( ! re/2 9 practice at 
lea/1 if n 9 !ory4  ,sec4 #ai4 ,simil>ly
 ) respect to ! conditions "u :i* any   
fact is pr$icat$4 ,obs]ve 9 ! foll[+    
example ! effect ( putt+ !m la/3--,h[   
imm5se w\ld be ! /imulus to progress1 7 
! hon\r n[ giv5 to weal? & title giv5   
exclusively to high a*ievem5ts &        
intr9sic wor?6  ,sec4 #bj4 ,& !n obs]ve 
! sup]ior effect ( putt+ !m fir/3--,7 ! 
hon\r n[ giv5 to weal? & title giv5     
exclusively to high a*ievem5ts &        
intr9sic wor?1 h[ imm5se w\ld be !      
/imulus to progress6  ,sec4 #ba4 ,!     

effect ( giv+ priority to ! complem5t ( 
! pr$icate1 z well z ! pr$icate itself1 
is f9ely display$ 9 ! op5+ ( ',hyp]ion'3
      ,deep 9 ! %ady sadness ( a vale   
,f> sunk5 f ! heal?y brea? ( morn1      
,f> f ! fi]y noon & eve's "o />     ,sat
 gray-hair$ ,saturn1 quiet z a /one4    
,"h x w be obs]v$1 n only t ! pr$icate  
sat prec$es ! subject ,saturn1 & t !    
?ree l9es 9 italics1 con/itut+ !        
complem5t ( ! pr$icate1 come be=e x2 b t
 9 ! /ructure ( t complem5t also1 ! same
 ord] is foll[$3 ea* l9e be+ s arrang$ t
 ! qualify+ words are plac$ be=e ! words
 sugge/+ concrete images4  ,sec4 #bb4 ,!
 "r succession ( ! pr9cipal & subord9ate
 propositions 9 a s5t5ce manife/ly      
dep5ds on ! same law4 ,reg>d = economy (
 ! recipi5t's att5tion1 :i*1 z we f9d1  
det]m9es ! be/ ord] = ! subject1 copula1
 pr$icate & _! complem5ts1 dictates t ! 
subord9ate proposition %all prec$e !    
pr9cipal "o :5 ! s5t5ce includes two4   
,conta9+1 z ! subord9ate proposition    
does1 "s qualify+ or explanatory idea1  

its priority prev5ts misconception ( !  
pr9cipal "o2 & !re=e saves ! m5tal ef=t 
ne$$ to correct su* misconception4 ,?is 
w be se5 9 ! annex$ example3 ,! secrecy 
once ma9ta9$ 9 respect to ! p>liam5t>y  
debates1 is /ill ?\ght ne$ful 9         
diplomacy2 & 9 virtue ( ?is secret      
diplomacy1 ,engl& may any day be unaw>es
 betray$ by its m9i/]s into a w> co/+ a1
 hundr$ ?\s& lives1 & hundr$s ( millions
 ( treasure3 yet ! ,engli% pique        
!mselves on be+ a self-gov]n$ p4 ,! two 
subord9ate propositions1 end+ ) !       
semicolon & colon respectively1 almo/   
:olly det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! pr9cipal      
proposition ) :i* x concludes2 & !      
effect w\ld be lo/ 7 !y plac$ la/ in/ead
 ( fir/4  ,sec4 #bc4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple (
 "r arrangem5t 9 s5t5ces1 :i* we h trac$
 9 its application to ! lead+ divisions 
( !m1 equally det]m9es ! prop] ord] ( _!
 m9or divisions4 ,9 e s5t5ce ( any      
complexity ! complem5t to ! subject     
conta9s sev]al clauses1 & t to !        
pr$icate sev]al o!rs2 & ^! may be       

arrang$ 9 great] or less con=mity to !  
law ( easy appreh5sion4 ,( c\rse ) ^!1 z
 ) ! l>g] memb]s1 ! succession %\ld be f
 ! less specific to ! m specific--f !   
ab/ract to ! concrete4  ,sec4 #bd4 ,n[1 
h[ev]1 we mu/ notice a fur!r condition  
to be fulfill$ 9 ! prop] con/ruction ( a
 s5t5ce2 b /ill a condition dictat$ by !
 same g5]al pr9ciple ) ! o!r3 !         
condition1 namely1 t ! words &          
expressions mo/ ne>ly relat$ 9 ?\ght    
%all be br\ght ! close/ toge!r4         
,evid5tly ! s+le words1 ! m9or clauses1 
& ! lead+ divisions ( e proposition1    
sev]ally qualify ea* o!r4 ,! long] ! "t 
t elapses betwe5 ! m5tion ( any qualify+
 memb] & ! memb] qualifi$1 ! long] mu/ !
 m9d be ex]t$ 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! qualify+   
memb] ready = use4 ,& ! m num]\s !      
qualifications to be simultane\sly      
rememb]$ & rightly appli$1 ! great] w be
 ! m5tal p[] exp5d$1 & ! small] ! effect
 produc$4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s equal1 =ce w be
 ga9$ by s arrang+ ! memb]s ( a s5t5ce t
 ^! susp5sions %all at any mom5t be !   

fewe/ 9 numb]2 & %all also be ( ! %orte/
 duration4 ,! foll[+ is an in/ance (    
defective comb9ation3--,a mod]n         
newspap]-/atem5t1 ?\gh probably true1   
w\ld be laugh$ at if quot$ 9 a book z   
te/imony2 b ! lett] ( a c\rt gossip is  
?\ght good hi/orical evid5ce1 if writt5 
"s c5turies ago4 ,a re>rangem5t ( ?is1 9
 accordance ) ! pr9ciple indicat$ above1
 w be f\nd to increase ! effect4        
,?us3--,?\gh probably true1 a mod]n     
newspap]-/atem5t quot$ 9 a book z       
te/imony1 w\ld be laugh$ at2 b ! lett] (
 a c\rt gossip1 if writt5 "s c5turies   
ago1 is ?\ght good hi/orical evid5ce4   
,sec4 #be4 ,by mak+ ?is *ange1 "s ( !   
susp5sions are avoid$ & o!rs %ort5$2    
:ile !re is less liability to produce   
premature conceptions4 ,! passage quot$ 
bel[ f ',p>adise ,lo/' af=ds a f9e      
in/ance ( a s5t5ce well arrang$2 alike 9
 ! priority ( ! subord9ate memb]s1 9 !  
avoidance ( long & num]\s susp5sions1 & 
9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ord] ( !     
clauses & ! sequ5ce ( ! ph5om5a         

describ$1 :i*1 by ! way1 is a fur!r     
pr]equisite to easy compreh5sion1 &     
!re=e to effect4      ,z :5 a pr[l+     
wolf1      ,:om hung] drives to seek new
 haunt = prey1      ,wat*+ :]e %eph]ds  
p5 _! flocks at eye1      ,9 hurdl$     
cotes amid ! field secure1      ,leaps  
o'er ! f5ce ) ease into ! fold2      ,or
 z a ?ief1 b5t to unho>d ! ca%      ,(  
"s ri* burgh]1 ^: sub/antial doors1     
,cross-b>r'd1 & bolt$ fa/1 fe> no       
assault1      ,9 at ! w9d[ climbs1 or   
o'er ! tiles2      ,s clomb ?is fir/ gr&
 ?ief into ,god's fold2      ,s s9ce    
into 8 *ur* lewd hirel+s climb4  ,sec4  
#bf4 ,! habitual use ( s5t5ces 9 :i* all
 or mo/ ( ! descriptive & limit+ elem5ts
 prec$e ^? describ$ & limit$1 gives rise
 to :at is call$ ! inv]t$ /yle3 a title 
:i* is1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ?is
 /ructure1 b is (t5 us$ :]e ! ord] ( !  
words is simply unusual4 ,a m           
appropriate title w\ld be ! direct /yle1
 z contra/$ ) ! o!r1 or indirect /yle3 !
 peculi>ity ( ! "o be+1 t x conveys ea* 

?\ght into ! m9d /ep by /ep ) little    
liability to error2 & ( ! o!r1 t x gets 
! "r ?\ght conceiv$ by a s]ies (        
approximations4  ,sec4 #bg4 ,!          
sup]iority ( ! direct ov] ! indirect =m 
( s5t5ce1 impli$ by ! sev]al conclusions
 t h be5 drawn1 mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be affirm$
 )\t res]vation4 ,?\gh1 up to a c]ta9   
po9t1 x is well = ! qualify+ clauses ( a
 p]iod to prec$e ^? qualifi$2 yet1 z    
c>ry+ =w>d ea* qualify+ clause co/s "s  
m5tal ef=t1 x foll[s t :5 ! numb] ( !m &
 ! "t !y are c>ri$ become great1 we rea*
 a limit beyond :i* m is lo/ ?an is     
ga9$4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! arrangem5t %\ld 
be su* t no concrete image %all be      
sugge/$ until ! mat]ials out ( :i* x is 
to be made h be5 pres5t$4 ,& yet1 z     
lately po9t$ out1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! few] 
! mat]ials to be held at once1 & ! %ort]
 ! di/ance !y h to be borne1 ! bett]4   
,h5ce 9 "s cases x becomes a "q :e!r mo/
 m5tal ef=t w be entail$ by ! _m & long 
susp5sions1 or by ! correction (        
successive misconceptions4  ,sec4 #bh4  

,?is "q may sometimes be decid$ by      
consid]+ ! capacity ( ! p]sons address$4
 ,a great] grasp ( m9d is requir$ = !   
ready compreh5sion ( ?\ghts express$ 9 !
 direct mann]1 :]e ! s5t5ces are anywise
 intricate4 ,to recollect a numb] (     
prelim9>ies /at$ 9 elucidation ( a com+ 
idea1 & to apply !m all to ! =mation ( x
 :5 sugge/$1 dem&s a good memory &      
consid]able p[] ( conc5tration4 ,to "o  
possess+ ^!1 ! direct me?od w mo/ly seem
 ! be/2 :ile to "o defici5t 9 !m x w    
seem ! wor/4 ,j z x may co/ a /rong man 
less ef=t to c>ry a hundr$-weight f     
place to place at once1 ?an by a /one at
 a "t2 s1 to an active m9d x may be     
easi] to be> along all ! qualifications 
( an idea & at once rightly =m x :5     
nam$1 ?an to fir/ imp]fectly conceive   
su* idea & !n c>ry back to x1 "o by "o1 
! details & limitations aft]w>ds        
m5tion$4 ,:ile conv]sely1 z = a boy1 !  
only possible mode ( transf]r+ a        
hundr$-weight1 is t ( tak+ x 9 portions2
 s1 = a weak m9d1 ! only possible mode (

 =m+ a comp\nd conception may be t (    
build+ x up by c>ry+ sep>ately its      
sev]al p>ts4  ,sec4 #bi4 ,t ! indirect  
me?od--! me?od ( convey+ ! mean+ by a   
s]ies ( approximations--is be/ fitt$ = !
 uncultivat$1 may inde$ be inf]r$ f _!  
habitual use ( x4 ,! =m ( expression    
adopt$ by ! savage1 z 9 ,wat]1 give me1 
is ! simple/ type ( ! approximate       
arrangem5t4 ,9 pleonasms1 :i* are       
comp>atively preval5t among ! un$ucat$1 
! same ess5tial /ructure is se52 z1 =   
in/ance1 9--,! m51 !y 7 !re4 ,aga91 !   
old possessive case--,! k+1 8 cr[n1     
con=ms to ! l ord] ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 ! 
fact t ! indirect mode is call$ !       
natural "o1 implies t x is ! "o         
spontane\sly employ$ by ! common p3 t   
is--! "o easie/ = undiscipl9$ m9ds4     
,sec4 #cj4 ,!re are _m cases1 h[ev]1 9  
:i* nei!r ! direct nor ! indirect       
/ructure is ! be/2 b :]e an int]m$iate  
/ructure is pref]able to bo?4 ,:5 !     
numb] ( circum/ances & qualifications to
 be includ$ 9 ! s5t5ce is great1 ! mo/  

judici\s c\rse is nei!r to enum]ate !m  
all be=e introduc+ ! idea to :i* !y     
belong1 nor to put ?is idea fir/ & let x
 be remodel$ to agree ) ! p>ticul>s     
aft]w>ds m5tion$2 b to d a little ( ea*4
 ,take a case4 ,x is desirable to avoid 
s extremely indirect an arrangem5t z !  
foll[+3--,we came to our j\rney's end1  
at la/1 ) no small difficulty aft] mu*  
fatigue1 ?r\gh deep roads1 & bad wea!r4 
,yet to trans=m ?is into an entirely    
direct s5t5ce w\ld n produce a          
satisfactory effect2 z witness3--,at    
la/1 ) no small difficulty1 aft] mu*    
fatigue1 ?r\gh deep roads1 & bad wea!r1 
we came to our j\rney's end4  ,sec4 #ca4
 ,dr4 ,:ately1 f :om we quote ! fir/ (  
^! two arrangem5ts1' proposes ?is       
con/ruction3--,at la/1 aft] mu* fatigue1
 ?r\gh deep roads & bad wea!r1 we came1 
) no small difficulty1 to our j\rney's  
end4 ,"h x w be obs]v$ t by introduc+ ! 
words we came a little e>li] 9 ! s5t5ce1
 ! lab\r ( c>ry+ =w>d s _m p>ticul>s is 
dim9i%$1 & ! subsequ5t qualification )  

no small difficulty entails an addition 
to ! ?\ght t is v easily made4 ,b a     
fur!r improvem5t may be produc$ by      
introduc+ ! words we came /ill e>li]2   
especially if at ! same "t !            
qualifications be re>rang$ 9 con=mity ) 
! pr9ciple already expla9$1 t ! m       
ab/ract elem5ts ( ! ?\ght %\ld come be=e
 ! m concrete4 ,obs]ve ! bett] effect   
obta9$ by mak+ ^! two *anges3--,at la/1 
) no small difficulty1 & aft] mu*       
fatigue1 we came1 ?r\gh deep roads & bad
 wea!r1 to our j\rney's end4 ,?is reads 
) comp>ative smoo?ness2 t is1 ) less    
h9drance f susp5sions & recon/ructions (
 ?\ght--) less m5tal ef=t4  ,sec4 #cb4  
,be=e dismiss+ ?is bran* ( our subject1 
x %\ld be fur!r rem>k$1 t ev5 :5        
address+ ! mo/ vigor\s intellects1 !    
direct /yle is unfit = communicat+ ideas
 ( a complex or ab/ract "*4 ,s long z ! 
m9d has n mu* to d1 x may be well able  
to grasp all ! prep>atory clauses ( a   
s5t5ce1 & to use !m effectively2 b if "s
 subtlety 9 ! argum5t absorb !          

att5tion--if e faculty be /ra9$ 9       
endeav\r+ to cat* ! speak]'s or writ]'s 
drift1 x may happ5 t ! m9d1 unable to   
c>ry on bo? processes at once1 w break  
d[n1 & all[ ! elem5ts ( ! ?\ght to lapse
 into confusion4     iv4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( 
,economy appli$ to ,figures4  ,sec4 #cc4
 ,turn+ n[ to consid] figures ( spee*1  
we may equally disc]n ! same g5]al law (
 effect4 ,und]ly+ all ! rules giv5 = !  
*oice & "r use ( !m1 we %all f9d ! same 
fundam5tal requirem5t--economy (        
att5tion4 ,x is inde$ *iefly because !y 
s well subs]ve ?is requirem5t1 t figures
 ( spee* are employ$4 ,to br+ ! m9d m   
easily to ! desir$ conception1 is 9 _m  
cases solely1 & 9 all cases ma9ly1 _!   
object4  ,sec4 #cd4 ,let u beg9 ) !     
figure call$ ,synecdo*e4 ,! advantage   
sometimes ga9$ by putt+ a "p = ! :ole1  
is due to ! m conv5i5t1 or m accurate1  
pres5tation ( ! idea4 ,if1 in/ead ( say+
 a fleet ( t5 %ips1 we say a fleet ( t5 
sail1 ! picture ( a gr\p ( vessels at   
sea is m readily sugge/$2 & is s because

 ! sails con/itute ! mo/ conspicu\s p>ts
 ( vessels s circum/anc$3 :]eas ! ^w    
%ips w\ld v likely rem9d u ( vessels 9  
dock4 ,aga91 to say1 ,all h&s to !      
pumps1 is bett] ?an to say1 ,all m5 to !
 pumps1 z x sugge/s ! m5 9 ! special    
attitude int5d$1 & s saves ef=t4 ,br++  
gray hairs ) sorr[ to ! grave1 is ano!r 
expression1 ! effect ( :i* has ! same   
cause4  ,sec4 #ce4 ,! occasional        
increase ( =ce produc$ by ,metonymy may 
be simil>ly acc\nt$ =4 ,! l[ morality ( 
! b>1 is a phrase bo? m brief &         
significant ?an ! lit]al "o x /&s =4 ,a 
belief 9 ! ultimate supremacy (         
intellig5ce ov] brute =ce1 is convey$ 9 
a m concrete1 & !re=e m realizable =m1  
if we sub/itute ! p5 & ! sword = ! two  
ab/ract t]ms4 ,to say1 ,bew>e ( dr9k+6  
is less effective ?an to say1 ,bew>e ( !
 bottle6 & is s1 cle>ly because x calls 
up a less specific image4  ,sec4 #cf4 ,!
 ,simile is 9 _m cases us$ *iefly ) a   
view to ornam5t1 b :5ev] x increases !  
=ce ( a passage1 x does s by be+ an     

economy4 ,"h 9 an in/ance3 ,! illusion t
 great m5 & great ev5ts came (t5] 9 e>ly
 times ?an n[1 is p>tly due to hi/orical
 p]spective4 ,z 9 a range ( equidi/ant  
columns1 ! fur!/ (f look ! close/2 s1 ! 
conspicu\s objects ( ! pa/ seem m ?ickly
 clu/]$ ! m remote !y are4  ,sec4 #cg4  
,to con/ruct by a process ( lit]al      
explanation1 ! ?\ght ?us convey$ w\ld   
take _m s5t5ces1 & ! fir/ elem5ts ( !   
picture w\ld become fa9t :ile !         
imag9ation 0 busy 9 add+ ! o!rs4 ,b by !
 help ( a comp>ison all ef=t is sav$2 ! 
picture is in/antly realiz$1 & its full 
effect produc$4  ,sec4 #ch4 ,( !        
position ( ! ,simile1 x ne$s only to    
rem>k1 t :at has be5 said respect+ !    
ord] ( ! adjective & sub/antive1        
pr$icate & subject1 pr9cipal &          
subord9ate propositions1 c41 is         
applicable "h4 ,z :atev] qualifies %\ld 
prec$e :atev] is qualifi$1 =ce w g5]ally
 be ga9$ by plac+ ! simile be=e ! object
 to :i* x is appli$4 ,t ?is arrangem5t  
is ! be/1 may be se5 9 ! foll[+ passage 

f ! ',lady ( ! ,lake'2      ,z wrea? (  
sn[1 on m\nta9 brea/1      ,slides f !  
rock t gave x re/1      ,poor ,ell5     
glid$ f h] /ay1      ,& at ! mon>*'s    
feet %e lay4  ,inv]t+ ^! c\plets w be   
f\nd to dim9i% ! effect consid]ably4    
,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 ev5 :]e ! simile 
is a simple "o1 9 :i* x may ) advantage 
be plac$ la/1 z 9 ^! l9es f ,alex&]     
,smi?'s ',life ,drama'3      ,i see !   
future /ret*      ,all d>k & b>r5 z a   
ra9y sea4  ,! reason = ?is seems to be1 
t s ab/ract an idea z t atta*+ to ! ^w  
future1 does n pres5t itself to ! m9d 9 
any def9ite =m1 & h5ce ! subsequ5t      
arrival at ! simile entails no          
recon/ruction ( ! ?\ght4  ,sec4 #ci4    
,su*1 h[ev]1 are n ! only cases 9 :i*   
?is ord] is ! mo/ =cible4 ,z ! advantage
 ( putt+ ! simile be=e ! object dep5ds  
on its be+ c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! m9d to assi/ 9
 =m+ an image ( ! object1 x mu/ happ5 t 
if1 f l5g? or complexity1 x _c be s     
c>ri$ =w>d1 ! advantage is n ga9$4 ,!   
annex$ sonnet1 by ,col]idge1 is         

defective f ?is cause3      ,z :5 a     
*ild1 on "s long w9t]'s night1          
,affright$1 cl++ to its gr&am's knees1  
,) eag] wond'r+ & p]turb'd delight      
,li/5s /range tales ( fe>ful d>k        
decrees1     ,mutt]'d to wret* by       
necromantic spell2     ,or ( ^? hags :o 
at ! wit*+ "t     ,( murky midnight1    
ride ! air sublime1     ,& m+le f\l     
embrace ) fi5ds ( hell2     ,cold horror
 dr9ks its blood6 ,anon ! te>     ,m    
g5tle />ts1 to he> ! beldame tell     ,(
 pretty babes1 t lov'd ea* o!r de>1     
,murd]'d by cruel uncle's m&ate fell3   
,ev'n su* ! %iv'r+ joys ?y tones imp>t1 
,ev'n s1 ?\1 ,siddons1 melte/ my sad    
he>t4  ,sec4 #dj4 ,"h1 f ! lapse ( "t & 
accumulation ( circum/ances1 ! fir/ "p (
 ! comp>ison is =gott5 be=e its         
application is rea*$1 & requires        
re-read+4 ,_h ! ma9 idea be5 fir/       
m5tion$1 less ef=t w\ld h be5 requir$ to
 reta9 x1 & to modify ! conception ( x  
into h>mony ) ! comp>ison1 ?an to       
rememb] ! comp>ison1 & ref] back to its 

successive features = help 9 =m+ ! f9al 
image4  ,sec4 #da4 ,! sup]iority ( !    
,metaphor to ! ,simile is ascrib$ by    
,dr4 ,:ately to ! fact t all m5 are m   
gratifi$ at cat*+ ! resemblance =       
!mselves1 ?an 9 hav+ x po9t$ out to !m4 
,b aft] :at has be5 said1 ! great       
economy x a*ieves w seem ! m probable   
cause4 ,le>'s exclamation--             
,+ratitude6 ?\ m>ble-he>t$ fi5d1  w\ld  
lose "p ( its effect 7 x *ang$ into--   
,+ratitude6 ?\ fi5d ) he>t l m>ble2  & !
 loss w\ld result p>tly f ! position ( !
 simile & p>tly f ! extra numb] ( words 
requir$4 ,:5 ! comp>ison is an involv$  
"o1 ! great] =ce ( ! metaphor1 consequ5t
 on its great] brevity1 becomes mu* m   
conspicu\s4 ,if1 draw+ an analogy betwe5
 m5tal & physical ph5om5a1 we say1 ,z1 9
 pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/al1 beams ( :ite     
light are decompos$ into ! col\rs ( !   
ra9b[2 s1 9 trav]s+ ! s\l ( ! poet1 !   
col\rless rays ( tru? are trans=m$ into 
brightly t9t$ poetry2 x is cle> t 9     
receiv+ ! d\ble set ( words express+ !  

two halves ( ! comp>ison1 & 9 c>ry+ ! "o
 half to ! o!r1 consid]able att5tion is 
absorb$4 ,mo/ ( ?is is sav$1 h[ev]1 by  
putt+ ! comp>ison 9 a metaphorical =m1  
?us3 ,! :ite light ( tru?1 9 trav]s+ !  
_m sid$ transp>5t s\l ( ! poet1 is      
refract$ into iris-hu$ poetry4  ,sec4   
#db4 ,h[ mu* is convey$ 9 a few words by
 ! help ( ! ,metaphor1 & h[ vivid !     
effect consequ5tly produc$1 may be      
abundantly exemplifi$4 ,f ',a ,life     
,drama' may be quot$ ! phrase--      ,i 
spe>'d him ) a je/1  z a f9e in/ance    
among ! _m :i* t poem conta9s4 ,a       
passage 9 ! ',prome!us ,unb\nd1' (      
,%elley1 displays ! p[] ( ! metaphor to 
great advantage3      ,me?\ght among !  
lawns toge!r      ,we w&]$1 und]nea? !  
"y gray dawn1      ,& multitudes ( d5se 
:ite fleecy cl\ds      ,7 w&]+1 9 ?ick  
flocks along ! m\nta9s      ,%eph]d$ by 
! sl[ unwill+ w9d4  ,?is la/ expression 
is rem>kable = ! di/9ctness ) :i* x     
realizes ! features ( ! sc5e3 br++ !    
m9d1 z x 71 by a b\nd to ! desir$       

conception4  ,sec4 #dc4 ,b a limit is   
put to ! advantage\s use ( ! ,metaphor1 
by ! condition t x mu/ be suffici5tly   
simple to be und]/ood f a h9t4          
,evid5tly1 if !re be any obscurity 9 !  
mean+ or application ( x1 no economy (  
att5tion w be ga9$2 b r ! rev]se4 ,h5ce1
 :5 ! comp>ison is complex1 x is usual  
to h rec\rse to ! ,simile4 ,!re is1     
h[ev]1 a species ( figure1 sometimes    
class$ "u ,allegory1 b :i* might1       
p]haps1 be bett] call$ ,comp\nd         
,metaphor1 t enables u to reta9 !       
brevity ( ! metaphorical =m ev5 :]e !   
analogy is intricate4 ,?is is done by   
indicat+ ! application ( ! figure at !  
outset1 & !n leav+ ! m9d to cont9ue !   
p>allel4' ,em]son has employ$ x ) great 
effect 9 ! fir/ ( 8 ,i ,lectures on !   
,times'3--,! ma9 int]e/ :i* any aspects 
( ! ,times c h = u is ! great _s :i*    
gazes ?r\gh !m1 ! light :i* !y c %$ on !
 wond]ful que/ions1 ,:at are we1 & ,:i!r
 we t5d8 ,we d n wi% to be deceiv$4 ,"h 
we drift1 l :ite sail across ! wild     

ocean1 n[ bright on ! wave1 n[ d>kl+ 9 !
 tr\gh ( ! sea2 b f :at port did we     
sail8 ,:o kn[s8 ,or to :at port are we  
b\nd8 ,:o kn[s8 ,!re is no "o to tell u 
b su* poor wea!r-toss$ m>9]s z          
ourselves1 :om we speak z we pass1 or :o
 h hoi/$ "s signal1 or float$ to u "s   
lett] 9 a bottle f f>4 ,b :at "k !y m   
?an we8 ,!y also f\nd !mselves on ?is   
wondr\s sea4 ,no2 f ! old] sailors no?+4
 ,ov] all _! speak+ trumpets ! gray sea 
& ! l\d w9ds answ]1 ,n 9 u2 n 9 ,"t4    
,sec4 #dd4 ,! division ( ! ,simile f !  
,metaphor is by no means a def9ite "o4  
,betwe5 ! "o extreme 9 :i* ! two elem5ts
 ( ! comp>ison are detail$ at full l5g? 
& ! analogy po9t$ out1 & ! o!r extreme 9
 :i* ! comp>ison is impli$ in/ead (     
/at$1 come int]m$iate =ms1 9 :i* !      
comp>ison is p>tly /at$ & p>tly impli$4 
,= in/ance3--,a/oni%$ at ! p]=mances ( !
 ,engli% pl[1 ! ,h9doos pa9t x1 set x   
up1 & wor%ip x2 ?us turn+ a tool into an
 idol3 l+ui/s d ! same ) language4 ,!re 
is an evid5t advantage 9 leav+ ! read]  

or he>] to complete ! figure4 ,& g5]ally
 ^! int]m$iate =ms are good 9 proportion
 z !y d ?is2 provid$ ! mode ( complet+ x
 be obvi\s4  ,sec4 #de4 ,pass+ ov] mu* t
 may be said ( l purport ^u ,hyp]bole1  
,p]sonification1 ,apo/rophe1 c41 let u  
close our rem>ks ^u con/ruction by a    
typical example4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i*  
has be5 enunciat$ is1 t o!r ?+s equal1 !
 =ce ( all v]bal =ms & arrangem5ts is   
great1 9 proportion z ! "t & m5tal ef=t 
!y dem& f ! recipi5t is small4 ,!       
coroll>ies f ?is g5]al pr9ciple h be5   
sev]ally illu/rat$2 & x has be5 %[n t ! 
relative goodness ( any two modes (     
express+ an idea1 may be det]m9$ by     
obs]v+ :i* requires ! %orte/ process (  
?\ght = its compreh5sion4 ,b ?\gh       
con=mity 9 p>ticul> po9ts has be5       
exemplifi$1 no cases ( complete con=mity
 h yet be5 quot$4 ,x is inde$ difficult 
to f9d !m2 = ! ,engli% idiom does n     
commonly p]mit ! ord] :i* !ory dictates4
 ,a few1 h[ev]1 occur 9 ,ossian4 ,"h is 
"o3--,z autumn's d>k /orms p\r f two    

e*o+ hills1 s t[>ds ea* o!r approa*$ !  
h]oes4 ,z two d>k /reams f high rocks   
meet & mix1 & ro> on ! pla93 l\d1 r\gh1 
& d>k 9 battle meet ,lo*l9 &            
,inisfail444,z ! tr\bl$ noise ( ! ocean 
:5 roll ! waves on high2 z ! la/ peal ( 
! ?und] ( heav52 su* is noise ( !       
battle4  ,sec4 #df4 ,except 9 ! position
 ( ! v]b 9 ! fir/ two similes1 !        
!oretically be/ arrangem5t is fully     
c>ri$ out 9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces4 ,! simile 
comes be=e ! qualifi$ image1 !          
adjectives be=e ! sub/antives1 !        
pr$icate & copula be=e ! subject1 & _!  
respective complem5ts be=e !m4 ,t !     
passage is op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ bomba/ic 
proves no?+2 or r1 proves our case4 ,=  
:at is bomba/ b a =ce ( expression too  
great = ! magnitude ( ! ideas embodi$8  
,all t may rightly be inf]r$ is1 t only 
9 v r>e cases1 & !n only to produce a   
climax1 %\ld all ! conditions (         
effective expression be fulfill$4     v4
 ,sugge/ion z a ,means ( ,economy4      
,sec4 #dg4 ,pass+ on to a m complex     

application ( ! doctr9e ) :i* we set    
out1 x mu/ n[ be rem>k$1 t n only 9 !   
/ructure ( s5t5ces1 & ! use ( figures ( 
spee*1 may economy ( ! recipi5t's m5tal 
en]gy be assign$ z ! cause ( =ce2 b t 9 
! *oice & arrangem5t ( ! m9or images1   
out ( :i* "s l>ge ?\ght is to be built  
up1 we may trace ! same condition to    
effect4 ,to select f ! s5tim5t1 sc5e1 or
 ev5t describ$ ^? typical elem5ts :i*   
c>ry _m o!rs along ) !m2 & s1 by say+ a 
few ?+s b sugge/+  _m1 to abridge !     
description2 is ! secret ( produc+ a    
vivid impression4 ,an extract f         
,t5nyson's ',m>iana' w well illu/rate   
?is3      ,all day )9 ! dreamy h\se1    
,! door ^u ! h+es creak$1      ,! blue  
fly sung i' ! pane2 ! m\se      ,beh9d !
 m\ld]+ wa9scot %riek$1      ,or f !    
crevice pe]$ ab\t4  ,sec4 #dh4 ,! sev]al
 circum/ances "h specifi$ br+ ) !m _m   
appropriate associations4 ,our att5tion 
is r>ely drawn by ! buzz+ ( a fly 9 !   
w9d[1 save :5 ev]y?+ is /ill4 ,:ile !   
inmates are mov+ ab\t ! h\se1 mice      

usually keep sil5ce2 & x is only :5     
extreme quietness reigns t !y peep f _! 
retreats4 ,h5ce ea* ( ! facts m5tion$1  
presuppos+ num]\s o!rs1 calls up ^! ) m 
or less di/9ctness2 & revives ! feel+ ( 
dull solitude ) :i* !y are connect$ 9   
our exp]i5ce4 ,7 all ^! facts detail$   
in/ead ( sugge/$1 ! att5tion w\ld be s  
fritt]$ away t little impression (      
dre>9ess w\ld be produc$4 ,simil>ly 9   
o!r cases4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! ?\ght to
 be convey$1 ?is skilful selection ( a  
few p>ticul>s :i* imply ! re/1 is ! key 
to success4 ,9 ! *oice ( compon5t ideas1
 z 9 ! *oice ( expressions1 ! aim mu/ be
 to convey ! greate/ quantity ( ?\ghts )
 ! smalle/ quantity ( words4  ,sec4 #di4
 ,! same pr9ciple may 9 "s cases be     
advantage\sly c>ri$ yet fur!r1 by       
indirectly sugge/+ "s entirely di/9ct   
?\ght 9 addition to ! "o express$4 ,?us1
 if we say1 ,! head ( a good classic is 
z full ( anci5t my?s1 z t ( a           
s]vant-girl ( gho/ /ories2 x is manife/ 
t besides ! fact ass]t$1 !re is an      

impli$ op9ion respect+ ! small value (  
classical k3 & z ?is impli$ op9ion is   
recogniz$ mu* soon] ?an x c be put into 
words1 !re is ga9 9 omitt+ x4 ,9 o!r    
cases1 aga91 great effect is produc$ by 
an ov]t omission2 provid$ ! nature ( !  
idea left out is obvi\s4 ,a good in/ance
 ( ?is occurs 9 ',h]oes & ,h][or%ip4'   
,aft] describ+ ! way 9 :i* ,burns 0     
sacrific$ to ! idle curiosity (         
,lion-hunt]s--p :o came n out ( sympa?y1
 b m]ely to see him--p :o s\ght a little
 amusem5t1 & :o got _! amusem5t :ile !  
,h]o's life w5t = x6 ,c>lyle sugge/s a  
p>allel ?us3 ,ri*t] says1 9 ! ,isl& (   
,sumatra !re is a k9d ( ',light-*af]s1' 
l>ge ,fire-flies1 :i* p /ick ^u spits1 &
 illum9ate ! ways ) at night4 ,p]sons ( 
condition c ?us travel ) a pleasant     
radiance1 :i* !y mu* admire4 ,great     
hon\r to ! ,fire-flies6 ,b--6--     vi4 
,! ,effect ( ,poetry expla9$4  ,sec4    
#ej4 ,be=e inquir+ :e!r ! law ( effect1 
?us f> trac$1 expla9s ! sup]iority (    
poetry to prose1 x w be ne$ful to notice

 "s supplem5t>y causes ( =ce 9          
expression1 t h n yet be5 m5tion$4 ,^!  
are n1 prop]ly speak+1 additional       
causes2 b r second>y ones1 orig9at+ f ^?
 already specifi$ reflex results ( !m4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we may rem>k t     
m5tal excitem5t spontane\sly prompts !  
use ( ^? =ms ( spee* :i* h be5 po9t$ out
 z ! mo/ effective4 ,out ) him6 ,away ) 
him6 are ! natural utt]ances ( angry    
citiz5s at a di/urb$ meet+4 ,a voyag]1  
describ+ a t]rible /orm he _h witness$1 
w\ld rise to "s su* climax z--,crack w5t
 ! ropes & d[n came ! ma/4 ,a/oni%m5t   
may be he>d express$ 9 ! phrase--,nev] 0
 !re su* a sight6 ,all ( :i* s5t5ces    
are1 x w be obs]v$1 con/ruct$ aft] !    
direct type4 ,aga91 e "o kn[s t excit$  
p]sons are giv5 to figures ( spee*4 ,!  
vitup]ation ( ! vulg> ab\nds ) !m3 (t51 
inde$1 consi/s ( little else4 ,bea/1    
brute1 gall[s rogue1 cut-?roat villa91  
^!1 & o!r l metaphors & metaphorical    
epi!ts1 at once call to m9d a /reet     
qu>rel4 ,fur!r1 x may be notic$ t       

extreme brevity is ano!r *>act]i/ic (   
passionate language4 ,! s5t5ces are     
g5]ally incomplete2 ! p>ticles are      
omitt$2 & frequ5tly important words are 
left to be ga!r$ f ! context4 ,great    
admiration does n v5t itself 9 a precise
 proposition1 z--,x is beautiful2 b 9 ! 
simple exclamation--,beautiful6 ,he :o1 
:5 read+ a lawy]'s lett]1 %\ld say1     
,vile rascal6 w\ld be ?\ght angry2 :ile1
 ,he is a vile rascal6 w\ld imply       
comp>ative coolness4 ,?us we see t alike
 9 ! ord] ( ! words1 9 ! frequ5t use (  
figures1 & 9 extreme concis5ess1 !      
natural utt]ances ( excitem5t con=m to !
 !oretical conditions ( =cible          
expression4  ,sec4 #ea4 ,h5ce1 !n1 !    
high] =ms ( spee* acquire a second>y    
/r5g? f association4 ,hav+1 9 actual    
life1 habitually he>d !m 9 connection ) 
vivid m5tal impressions1 & hav+ be5     
accu/om$ to meet ) !m 9 ! mo/ p[]ful    
writ+1 !y come to h 9 !mselves a species
 ( =ce4 ,! emotions t h f "t to "t be5  
produc$ by ! /rong ?\ghts wrapp$ up 9 ^!

 =ms1 are p>tially ar\s$ by ! =ms       
!mselves4 ,!y create a c]ta9 degree (   
animation2 !y induce a prep>atory       
sympa?y1 & :5 ! /rik+ ideas look$ = are 
rea*$1 !y are ! m vividly realiz$4      
,sec4 #eb4 ,! cont9u\s use ( ^! modes ( 
expression t are alike =cible 9 !mselves
 & =cible f _! associations1 produces ! 
peculi>ly impressive species (          
composition :i* we call poetry4 ,poetry1
 we %all f9d1 habitually adopts ^?      
symbols ( ?\ght1 & ^? me?ods ( us+ !m1  
:i* in/9ct & analysis agree 9 *oos+ z   
mo/ effective1 & becomes poetry by      
virtue ( do+ ?is4 ,on turn+ back to !   
v>i\s specim5s t h be5 quot$1 x w be se5
 t ! direct or inv]t$ =m ( s5t5ce       
pr$om9ates 9 !m2 & t to a degree q      
inadmissible 9 prose4 ,& n only 9 !     
frequ5cy1 b 9 :at is t]m$ ! viol5ce ( ! 
inv]sions1 w ?is di/9ction be rem>k$4 ,9
 ! abundant use ( figures1 aga91 we may 
recognize ! same tru?4 ,metaphors1      
similes1 hyp]boles1 & p]sonifications1  
are ! poet's col\rs1 :i* he has lib]ty  

to employ almo/ )\t limit4 ,we *>act]ize
 z poetical ! prose :i* uses ^!         
appliances ( language ) any frequ5cy1 & 
condemn x z ov] florid or affect$ long  
be=e !y occur ) ! pr(usion all[$ 9 v]se4
 ,fur!r1 let x be rem>k$ t 9 brevity--! 
o!r requisite ( =cible expression :i*   
!ory po9ts out1 & emotion spontane\sly  
fulfils--poetical phraseology simil>ly  
diff]s f ord9>y phraseology4 ,imp]fect  
p]iods are frequ5t2 elisions are        
p]petual2 & _m ( ! m9or words1 :i* w\ld 
be deem$ ess5tial 9 prose1 are disp5s$  
)4  ,sec4 #ec4 ,?us poetry1 reg>d$ z a  
vehicle ( ?\ght1 is especially          
impressive p>tly because x obeys all !  
laws ( effective spee*1 & p>tly because 
9 s do+ x imitates ! natural utt]ances (
 excitem5t4 ,:ile ! matt] embodi$ is    
idealiz$ emotion1 ! vehicle is !        
idealiz$ language ( emotion4 ,z !       
musical compos] cat*es ! cad5ces 9 :i*  
our feel+s ( joy & sympa?y1 grief &     
despair1 v5t !mselves1 & out ( ^! g]ms  
evolves melodies sugge/+ high] phases ( 

^! feel+s2 ,i s1 ! poet develops f !    
typical expressions 9 :i* m5 utt]       
passion & s5tim5t1 ^? *oice =ms ( v]bal 
comb9ation 9 :i* conc5trat$ passion &   
s5tim5t may be fitly pres5t$4  ,sec4    
#ed4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ( poetry     
conduc+ mu* to its effect--! peculi>ity 
:i* is inde$ usually ?\ght its          
*>act]i/ic "o--/ill rema9+ to be        
consid]$3 we mean its rhy?mical         
/ructure4 ,?is1 improbable ?\gh x seems1
 w be f\nd to come "u ! same            
g5]alization ) ! o!rs4 ,l ea* ( !m1 x is
 an idealization ( ! natural language ( 
/rong emotion1 :i* is kn[n to be m or   
less metrical if ! emotion be n too     
viol5t2 & l ea* ( !m x is an economy ( !
 read]'s or he>]'s att5tion4 ,9 !       
peculi> tone & mann] we adopt 9 utt]+   
v]sifi$ language1 may be disc]n$ its    
relation%ip to ! feel+s2 & ! pleasure   
:i* its measur$ movem5t gives u1 is     
ascribable to ! comp>ative ease ) :i*   
words metrically arrang$ c be recogniz$4
  ,sec4 #ee4 ,?is la/ position w sc>cely

 be at once admitt$2 b a little         
explanation w %[ its reasonabl5ess4 ,=  
if1 z we h se51 !re is an exp5diture (  
m5tal en]gy 9 ! m]e act ( li/5+ to v]bal
 articulations1 or 9 t sil5t repetition 
( !m :i* goes on 9 read+--if ! p]ceptive
 faculties mu/ be 9 active ex]cise to   
id5tify e syllable--!n1 any mode ( s    
comb9+ words z to pres5t a regul>       
recurr5ce ( c]ta9 traits :i* ! m9d c    
anticipate1 w dim9i% t /ra9 ^u !        
att5tion requir$ by ! total irregul>ity 
( prose4 ,j z ! body1 9 receiv+ a s]ies 
( v>y+ concussions1 mu/ keep ! muscles  
ready to meet ! mo/ viol5t ( !m1 z n    
kn[+ :5 su* may come2 s1 ! m9d 9 receiv+
 un>rang$ articulations1 mu/ keep its   
p]ceptives active en\gh to recognize !  
lea/ easily caught s\nds4 ,& z1 if !    
concussions recur 9 a def9ite ord]1 !   
body may husb& its =ces by adju/+ !     
resi/ance ne$ful = ea* concussion2 s1 if
 ! syllables be rhy?mically arrang$1 !  
m9d may economize its en]gies by        
anticipat+ ! att5tion requir$ = ea*     

syllable4  ,sec4 #ef4 ,f>-fet*$ ?\gh ?is
 idea w p]haps be ?\ght1 a little       
introspection w c\nt5ance x4 ,t we d    
take advantage ( metrical language to   
adju/ our p]ceptive faculties to ! =ce (
 ! expect$ articulations1 is cle> f !   
fact t we are balk$ by halt+            
v]sification4 ,mu* z at ! bottom ( a    
flight ( /airs1 a /ep m or less ?an we  
c\nt$ ^u gives u a %ock2 s1 too1 does a 
misplac$ acc5t or a sup]num]>y syllable4
 ,9 ! "o case1 we "k t !re is an        
errone\s preadju/m5t2 & we c sc>cely    
d\bt t !re is "o 9 ! o!r4 ,b if we      
habitually preadju/ our p]ceptions to ! 
measur$ movem5t ( v]se1 ! physical      
analogy above giv5 r5d]s x probable t by
 s do+ we economize att5tion2 & h5ce t  
metrical language is m effective ?an    
prose1 because x enables u to d ?is4    
,sec4 #eg4 ,7 !re space1 x might be     
wor?:ile to inquire :e!r ! pleasure we  
take 9 rhyme1 & also t :i* we take 9    
euphony1 axe n p>tly ascribable to !    
same g5]al cause4      ,,"p ,,ii4       

,,causes ,,( ,,=ce ,,9 ,,language ,,:i* 
,,dep5d ,,^u ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal  
,,s5sibilities4     i4 ,! ,law ( ,m5tal 
,exhau/ion & ,repair4  ,sec4 #eh4 ,a few
 p>agraphs only1 c be devot$ to a second
 division ( our subject t "h pres5ts    
itself4 ,to pursue 9 detail ! laws (    
effect1 z apply+ to ! l>g] features (   
composition1 w\ld c>ry u beyond our     
limits4 ,b we may briefly indicate a    
fur!r aspect ( ! g5]al pr9ciple hi!rto  
trac$ out1 & h9t a few ( its wid]       
applications4  ,sec4 #ei4 ,?us f>1 !n1  
we h consid]$ only ^? causes ( =ce 9    
language :i* dep5d ^u economy ( ! m5tal 
en]gies3 we h n[ to glance at ^? :i*    
dep5d ^u economy ( ! m5tal s5sibilities4
 ,que/ionable ?\gh ?is division may be z
 a psy*ological "o1 x w yet s]ve r\ghly 
to indicate ! rema9+ field (            
inve/igation4 ,x w sugge/ t besides     
consid]+ ! ext5t to :i* any faculty or  
gr\p ( faculties is task$ 9 receiv+ a =m
 ( words & realiz+ its conta9$ idea1 we 
h to consid] ! /ate 9 :i* ?is faculty or

 gr\p ( faculties is left2 & h[ !       
reception ( subsequ5t s5t5ces & images w
 be influ5c$ by t /ate4 ,)\t go+ at l5g?
 into s wide a topic z ! ex]cise (      
faculties & its reactive effects1 x w be
 suffici5t "h to call to m9d t e faculty
 7:5 9 a /ate ( normal activity7 is mo/ 
capable at ! outset2 & t ! *ange 9 its  
condition1 :i* ends 9 :at we t]m        
exhau/ion1 beg9s simultane\sly ) its    
ex]cise4 ,?is g5]alization1 ) :i* we are
 all famili> 9 our bodily exp]i5ces1 &  
:i* our daily language recognizes z true
 ( ! m9d z a :ole1 is equally true ( ea*
 m5tal p[]1 f ! simple/ ( ! s5ses to !  
mo/ complex ( ! s5tim5ts4 ,if we hold a 
fl[] to ! nose = long1 we become        
ins5sible to its sc5t4 ,we say ( a v    
brilliant fla% ( lightn+ t x bl9ds u2   
:i* means t our eyes h = a "t lo/ _!    
ability to appreciate light4 ,aft] eat+ 
a quantity ( honey1 we are apt to ?9k   
our tea is )\t sug>4 ,! phrase a deaf5+ 
ro>1 implies t m5 f9d a v l\d s\nd      
tempor>ily incapacitates !m = he>+ fa9t 

ones4 ,to a h& :i* has = "s "t c>ri$ a  
heavy body1 small bodies aft]w>ds lift$ 
seem to h lo/ _! weight4 ,n[1 ! tru? at 
once recogniz$ 9 ^!1 its extreme        
manife/ations1 may be trac$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x 
may be %[n t alike 9 ! reflective       
faculties1 9 ! imag9ation1 9 !          
p]ceptions ( ! beautiful1 ! ludicr\s1 ! 
sublime1 9 ! s5tim5ts1 ! in/9cts1 9 all 
! m5tal p[]s1 h[ev] we may classify     
!m-action exhau/s2 & t 9 proportion z ! 
action is viol5t1 ! subsequ5t pro/ration
 is great4  ,sec4 #fj4 ,equally1 ?r\gh\t
 ! :ole nature1 may be trac$ ! law t    
ex]cis$ faculties are ev] t5d+ to resume
 _! orig9al /ate4 ,n only aft] cont9u$  
re/1 d !y rega9 _! full p[] n only d    
brief cessations p>tially re9vigorate   
!m2 b ev5 :ile !y are 9 action1 !       
result+ exhau/ion is ev] be+ neutraliz$4
 ,! two processes ( wa/e & repair g on  
toge!r4 ,h5ce ) faculties habitually    
ex]cis$--z ! s5ses ( all p]sons1 or !   
muscles ( any "o :o is /rong--x happ5s  
t1 dur+ mod]ate activity1 ! repair is s 

ne>ly equal to ! wa/e1 t ! dim9ution (  
p[] is sc>cely appreciable2 & x is only 
:5 ! activity has be5 long cont9u$1 or  
has be5 v viol5t1 t ! repair becomes s  
f> 9 arre> ( ! wa/e z to produce a      
p]ceptible pro/ration4 ,9 all cases1    
h[ev]1 :51 by ! action ( a faculty1 wa/e
 has be5 incurr$1 "s lapse ( "t mu/ take
 place be=e full effici5cy c be         
reacquir$2 & ?is "t mu/ be long 9       
proportion z ! wa/e has be5 great4      
ii ,explanation ( ,climax1 ,anti!sis1 & 
,anticlimax4  ,sec4 #fa4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ^!
 g5]al tru?s1 we %all be 9 a condition  
to und]/& c]ta9 causes ( effect 9       
composition n[ to be consid]$4 ,e       
p]ception receiv$1 & e conception       
realiz$1 entail+ "s am\nt ( wa/e--or1 z 
,liebig w\ld say1 "s *ange ( matt] 9 !  
bra92 & ! effici5cy ( ! faculties       
subject to ?is wa/e be+ !reby           
tempor>ily1 ?\gh (t5 b mom5t>ily1       
dim9i%$2 ! result+ p>tial inability mu/ 
affect ! acts ( p]ception & conception t
 imm$iately succe$4 ,& h5ce we may      

expect t ! vividness ) :i* images are   
realiz$ w1 9 _m cases1 dep5d on ! ord] (
 _! pres5tation3 ev5 :5 "o ord] is z    
conv5i5t to ! und]/&+ z ! o!r4  ,sec4   
#fb4 ,!re are sundry facts :i* alike    
illu/rate ?is1 & are expla9$ by x4      
,climax is "o ( !m4 ,! m>k$ effect      
obta9$ by plac+ la/ ! mo/ /rik+ ( any   
s]ies ( images1 & ! weakness--(t5 !     
ludicr\s weakness--produc$ by rev]s+ ?is
 arrangem5t1 dep5ds on ! g5]al law      
indicat$4 ,z imm$iately aft] look+ at ! 
sun we _c p]ceive ! light ( a fire1 :ile
 by look+ at ! fire fir/ & ! sun        
aft]w>ds we c p]ceive bo?2 s1 aft]      
receiv+ a brilliant1 or weighty1 or     
t]rible ?\ght1 we _c appreciate a less  
brilliant1 less weighty1 or less t]rible
 "o1 :ile1 by rev]s+ ! ord]1 we c       
appreciate ea*4 ,9 ,anti!sis1 aga91 we  
may recognize ! same g5]al tru?4 ,!     
opposition ( two ?\ghts t are ! rev]se (
 ea* o!r 9 "s prom95t trait1 insures an 
impressive effect2 & does ?is by giv+ a 
mom5t>y relaxation to ! faculties       

address$4 ,if1 aft] a s]ies ( images (  
an ord9>y "*1 appeal+ 9 a mod]ate degree
 to ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce1 or approbation1
 or beauty1 ! m9d has pres5t$ to x a v  
insignificant1 a v unwor?y1 or a v ugly 
image2 ! faculty ( rev]5ce1 or          
approbation1 or beauty1 z ! case may be1
 hav+ = ! "t no?+ to d1 t5ds to resume  
its full p[]2 & w imm$iately aft]w>ds   
appreciate a va/1 admirable1 or         
beautiful image bett] ?an x w\ld o!rwise
 d4 ,conv]sely1 :]e ! idea ( absurdity  
due to extreme insignificance is to be  
produc$1 x maybe greatly int5sifi$ by   
plac+ x aft] some?+ highly impressive3  
especially if ! =m ( phrase implies t   
some?+ /ill m impressive is com+4 ,a    
good illu/ration ( ! effect ga9$ by ?us 
pres5t+ a petty idea to a consci\sness t
 has n yet recov]$ f ! %ock ( an excit+ 
"o1 occurs 9 a sket* by ,balzac4 ,8 h]o 
writes to a mi/ress :o has cool$ t[>ds  
him ! foll[+ lett]3  ,madame1 ,votre    
conduite m'etonne autant qu'elle        
m'afflige ,non cont5te de me de*ir] le  

coeur p> vos d$a9s v\s avez             
l'indelicatesse de me ret5ir une brosse 
a d5ts1 que mes moy5s ne me p]mett5t pas
 de remplac]1 mes proprietes etant      
grevees d'hypo!ques  ,adieu1 trop1 belle
 et trop +rate a9ie6 ,puissions n\s n\s 
revoir dans un monde meilleur6  ,*>les  
,ed\>d  ,sec4 #fc4 ,?us we see t !      
ph5om5a ( ,climax1 ,anti!sis1 &         
,anticlimax1 alike result f ?is g5]al   
pr9ciple4 ,improbable z ^! mom5t>y      
v>iations 9 susceptibility may seem1 we 
_c d\bt _! occurr5ce :5 we contemplate !
 analog\s v>iations 9 ! susceptibility (
 ! s5ses4 ,ref]r+ once m to ph5om5a (   
vision1 e "o kn[s t a pat* ( black on a 
:ite gr\nd looks black]1 & a pat* ( :ite
 on a black gr\nd looks :it]1 ?an       
else:]e4 ,z ! blackness & ! :it5ess mu/ 
really be ! same1 ! only assignable     
cause = ?is is a diff]5ce 9 _! actions  
^u u1 dep5d5t ^u ! diff]5t /ates ( our  
faculties4 ,x is simply a visual        
anti!sis4     iii4 ,ne$ ( ,v>iety4      
,sec4 #fd4 ,b ?is ext5sion ( ! g5]al    

pr9ciple ( economy--?is fur!r condition 
to effective composition1 t !           
s5sitiv5ess ( ! faculties mu/ be        
cont9u\sly husb&$--includes mu* m ?an   
has be5 yet h9t$4 ,x implies n only t   
c]ta9 arrangem5ts & c]ta9 juxtapositions
 ( connect$ ideas are be/2 b t "s modes 
( divid+ & pres5t+ a subject w be m     
/rik+ ?an o!rs2 & t1 too1 irrespective (
 its logical cohesion4 ,x %[s :y we mu/ 
progress f ! less int]e/+ to ! m        
int]e/+2 & :y n only ! composition z a  
:ole1 b ea* ( its successive portions1  
%\ld t5d t[>ds a climax4 ,at ! same "t1 
x =bids long cont9uity ( ! same k9d (   
?\ght1 or repeat$ production ( l        
effects4 ,x w>ns u aga9/ ! error        
committ$ bo? by ,pope 9 8 poems & by    
,bacon 9 8 essays--! error1 namely1 (   
con/antly employ+ =cible =ms (          
expression3 & x po9ts out t z ! easie/  
po/ure by & by becomes fatigu+1 & is )  
pleasure ex*ang$ = "o less easy1 s1 !   
mo/ p]fectly-con/ruct$ s5t5ces w soon   
we>y1 & relief w be giv5 by us+ ^? ( an 

inf]ior k9d4  ,sec4 #fe4 ,fur!r1 we may 
inf] f x n only t we %\ld avoid g5]ally 
comb9+ our words 9 "o mann]1 h[ev] good1
 or work+ out our figures & illu/rations
 9 "o way1 h[ev] tell+2 b t we %\ld     
avoid any?+ l uni=m adh]5ce1 ev5 to !   
wid] conditions ( effect4 ,we %\ld n    
make e section ( our subject progress 9 
int]e/2 we %\ld n always rise to a      
climax4 ,z we saw t1 9 s+le s5t5ces1 x  
is b r>ely all[able to fulfill all !    
conditions to /r5g?2 s1 9 ! l>g]        
sections ( a composition we mu/ n (t5   
con=m entirely to ! law indicat$4 ,we   
mu/ subord9ate ! compon5t effect to !   
total effect4  ,sec4 #ff4 ,9 decid+ h[  
practically to c>ry out ! pr9ciples (   
arti/ic composition1 we may d]ive help  
by be>+ 9 m9d a fact already po9t$      
out--! fitness ( c]ta9 v]bal arrangem5ts
 = c]ta9 k9ds ( ?\ght4 ,t con/ant v>iety
 9 ! mode ( pres5t+ ideas :i* ! !ory    
dem&s1 w 9 a great degree result f a    
skilful adaptation ( ! =m to ! matt]4   
,we saw h[ ! direct or inv]t$ s5t5ce is 

spontane\sly us$ by excit$ p2 & h[ _!   
language is also *>act]iz$ by figures ( 
spee* & by extreme brevity4 ,h5ce ^! may
 ) advantage pr$om9ate 9 emotional      
passages2 & may increase z ! emotion    
rises4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = complex ideas1 ! 
indirect s5t5ce seems ! be/ vehicle4 ,9 
conv]sation1 ! excitem5t produc$ by !   
ne> approa* to a desir$ conclusion1 w   
(t5 %[ itself 9 a s]ies ( %ort1 %>p     
s5t5ces2 :ile1 9 impress+ a view already
 enunciat$1 we g5]ally make our p]iods  
volum9\s by pil+ ?\ght ^u ?\ght4 ,^!    
natural modes ( proc$ure may s]ve z     
guides 9 writ+4 ,ke5 obs]vation &       
skilful analysis w\ld1 9 l mann]1 detect
 fur!r peculi>ities ( expression produc$
 by o!r attitudes ( m9d2 & by pay+ due  
att5tion to all su* traits1 a writ]     
possess$ ( suffici5t v]satility might   
make "s approa* to a completely-organiz$
 "w4     iv4 ,! ,ideal ,writ]4  ,sec4   
#fg4 ,?is species ( composition :i* !   
law ( effect po9ts out z ! p]fect "o1 is
 ! "o :i* high g5ius t5ds naturally to  

produce4 ,z we f\nd t ! k9ds ( s5t5ces  
:i* are !oretically be/1 are ^? g5]ally 
employ$ by sup]ior m9ds1 & by inf]ior   
m9ds :5 excitem5t has rais$ !m2 s1 we   
%all f9d t ! ideal =m = a poem1 essay1  
or fiction1 is t :i* ! ideal writ] w\ld 
evolve spontane\sly4 ,"o 9 :om ! p[]s ( 
expression fully respond$ to ! /ate (   
feel+1 w\ld unconsci\sly use t v>iety 9 
! mode ( pres5t+ 8 ?\ghts1 :i* ,art     
dem&s4 ,?is con/ant employm5t ( "o      
species ( phraseology1 :i* all h n[ to  
/rive aga9/1 implies an undevelop$      
faculty ( language4 ,to h a specific    
/yle is to be poor 9 spee*4 ,if we      
rememb] t1 9 ! f> pa/1 m5 _h only n\ns &
 v]bs to convey _! ideas )1 & t f !n to 
n[ ! gr[? has be5 t[>ds a great] numb] (
 implem5ts ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly t[>ds 
a great] complexity & v>iety 9 _!       
comb9ations2 we may inf] t we are n[1 9 
our use ( s5t5ces1 mu* :at ! primitive  
man 0 9 8 use ( words2 & t a cont9uance 
( ! process t has hi!rto gone on1 mu/   
produce increas+ het]og5eity 9 our modes

 ( expression4 ,z n[1 9 a f9e nature1 ! 
play ( ! features1 ! tones ( ! voice &  
its cad5ces1 v>y 9 h>mony ) e ?\ght     
utt]$2 s1 9 "o possess$ ( a fully       
develop$ p[] ( spee*1 ! m\ld 9 :i* ea*  
comb9ation ( words is ca/ w simil>ly v>y
 )1 & be appropriate to ! s5tim5t4      
,sec4 #fh4 ,t a p]fectly end[$ man mu/  
unconsci\sly write 9 all /yles1 we may  
inf] f consid]+ h[ /yles orig9ate4 ,:y  
is ,johnson pomp\s1 ,goldsmi? simple8   
,:y is "o au?or abrupt1 ano!r rhy?mical1
 ano!r concise8 ,evid5tly 9 ea* case !  
habitual mode ( utt]ance mu/ dep5d ^u ! 
habitual balance ( ! nature4 ,!         
pr$om9ant feel+s h by use tra9$ !       
intellect to repres5t !m4 ,b :ile long1 
?\gh unconsci\s1 discipl9e has made x d 
?is effici5tly1 x rema9s f lack (       
practice1 incapable ( do+ ! same = !    
less active feel+s2 & :5 ^! are excit$1 
! usual v]bal =ms und]go b slight       
modifications4 ,let ! p[]s ( spee* be   
fully develop$1 h[ev]--let ! ability ( !
 intellect to utt] ! emotions be        

complete2 & ?is fixity ( /yle w         
disappe>4 ,! p]fect writ] w express     
himself z ,junius1 :5 9 ! ,junius frame 
( m9d2 :5 he feels z ,lamb felt1 w use a
 l famili> spee*2 & w fall into !       
rugg$ness ( ,c>lyle :5 9 a ,c>lylean    
mood4 ,n[ he w be rhy?mical & n[        
irregul>2 "h 8 language w be pla9 & !re 
ornate2 sometimes 8 s5t5ces w be balanc$
 & at o!r times unsymmetrical2 = a :ile 
!re w be consid]able sam5ess1 & !n aga9 
great v>iety4 ,8 mode ( expression      
naturally respond+ to 8 /ate ( feel+1   
!re w fl[ f 8 p5 a composition *ang+ to 
! same degree t ! aspects ( 8 subject   
*ange4 ,he w ?us )\t ef=t con=m to :at  
we h se5 to be ! laws ( effect4 ,& :ile 
8 "w pres5ts to ! read] t v>iety ne$ful 
to prev5t cont9u\s ex]tion ( ! same     
faculties1 x w also answ] to !          
description ( all highly organiz$       
products1 bo? ( man & ( nature3 x w be n
 a s]ies ( l p>ts simply plac$ 9        
juxtaposition1 b "o :ole made up (      
unlike p>ts t are mutually dep5d5t4