,,com5ius ,! ,great ,educators ,,edit$ ,,by ,,ni*olas ,,murray ,,butl] ,,com5ius ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,educational ,,re=m ,,by ,,w ,s4 ,,monroe1 ,a4,b4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,at ,,we/field1 ,,mass4 ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,! pres5t volume is an ef=t to trace ! re=m movem5t 9 education f ,vives1 ,bacon1 & ,ratke to ,com5ius1 :o gave ! movem5t its mo/ significant =ce & direction2 & f him to ! lat] re=m]s1--,francke1 ,r\sseau1 ,bas$[1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,frbel1 & ,h]b>t4 ,a v>iety ( ideas1 int]e/s1 & adaptations1 all di/9ctly mod]n1 are repres5t$ 9 ! life-cre$s ( ^! re=m]s2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( a m satisfactory t]m1 ! progressive movem5t :i* !y repres5t has be5 /yl$ realism1--sometimes call$ ! 8new education40 ,x has be5 well said t 8! dead h& ( spiritual ance/ry lays no m sacr$ duty on po/]ity ?an t ( realiz+ "u happi] circum/ances ideas :i* ! /ress ( age or ! %ortness ( life has depriv$ ( _! accompli%m5t40 ,_m ( ! re=ms repres5t$ by ! reali/s occupy no inconsid]able place 9 ! plat=ms ( mod]n practition]s ( education2 & 9 ! belief t a hi/ory ( ! movem5t might contribute t[>d ! ultimate re=ms :i* realism repres5ts1 x has seem$ exp$i5t to focus su* a survey on ! life & tea*+s ( ! /ronge/ p]sonality & *ief expon5t ( ! movem5t4 ,! condition ( education 9 ,europe dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury is briefly told 9 ! op5+ *apt]2 foll[+ are giv5 ! traces ( ! educational developm5t ( ,com5ius 9 ! writ+s ( ,vives1 ,bacon1 & ,ratke2 ?ree *apt]s are devot$ to ! life ( ,com5ius & ! re=ms 9 :i* he actively p>ticipat$2 an exposition ( 8 educational writ+s has ?ree *apt]s2 a *apt] is giv5 to ! influ5ce ( ,com5ius on ,francke1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & o!r mod]n re=m]s2 & ! clos+ *apt] sums up 8 p]man5t influ5ce4 ,! volume has two app5dices1--"o giv+ tables ( dates relat+ to ! life & writ+s ( ,com5ius1 & ! o!r a select annotat$ bibliography4 ,9 ! exposition ( ! writ+s ( ,com5ius1 ! au?or has made lib]al use ( ,engli% & ,g]man translations f ,lat9 & ,cze* orig9als4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,great didactic1 ! s*ol>ly translation by ,mr4 ,keat+e has1 9 ! ma91 be5 foll[$4 ,free translations ( portions ( ?is "w _h be5 made by ! au?or be=e ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,keat+e's book2 & 9 "s in/ances ^! h be5 reta9$4 ,z reg>ds ! acc\nt ( ,com5ius' views on ! e>lie/ education ( ! *ild1 ! au?or's edition ( ! ,s*ool ( infancy has be5 foll[$2 & 9 ! discussion ( re=ms 9 language tea*+1 he is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,b>de5's edition ( ! ,orbis pictus1 & to ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris = ! use ( ! h&some ,elzevir edition ( ! ,janua1 :i* is ! prop]ty ( ! ,bureau ( ,education4 ,,w ,s4 ,,monroe4 ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool1 ,,we/field1 ,,mass4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,european ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,page ,humanism1 realism1 & naturalism *>act]iz$--,devotion ( ! sixte5? c5tury to ! humani/ic ideal--,/udy ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce--,/yle ! *ief aim--,neglect ( ! "m-tongue--,views ( ,john ,/urm & ! ,jesuits--,devotion to ,cic]o--,decad5ce ( ! lat] humani/s--,erasmus & ,melan*?on on ! enri*m5t ( ! c\rse ( /udy--,satires ( ,rabelais direct$ aga9/ ! humani/s--,prote/s ( ,montaigne--,attitude ( ,as*am & ,mulca/]--,transition f humanism to realism #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,com5ius ,traces ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ,com5ius4 ,vives a reali/--,8 e>ly tra9+ 9 ,spa9 & ,france--,educational activity 9 ,belgium & ,engl&--,views on ! education ( wom5--,!ory ( education--,comp>ison ( ,com5ius & ,vives4 ,bacon ! f\nd] ( mod]n realism--,views on ! education ( 8 day--,attacks m$ivalism--,/udy ( nature & ! inductive me?od--,individual diff]5ces among *ildr54 ,ratke--,/udies at ,hamburg & ,ro/ock--,visits ,engl& & becomes acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( ,bacon--,8 plan ( education--,its reception by ! univ]sities at ,j5a & ,giess5--,organization ( ! s*ools at ,go?a--,call to ,sw$5--,summ>y ( ,ratke's views--,h>mony ( 8 tea*+s ) ^? ( ,com5ius4 ,campanella1 ,&re1 & ,bateus--,_! influ5ce on ! life & tea*+s ( ,com5ius #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,boyhood ,,& ,,e>ly ,,life ,,( ,,com5ius3 #aeib-afbh ,ance/ry ( ,com5ius--,att5ds ! village s*ool at ,/rasnitz--,/udies ,lat9 9 ! gymnasium at ,pr]au--,"* ( ! ,lat9 s*ools ( 8 day--,ent]s ! college at ,h]born--,/udies !ology & philosophy--,inspir$ by ! tea*+s ( ,al/$--,makes ! acqua9tance ( ! writ+s ( ,ratke--,cont9ues 8 /udies at ,heidelb]g--,beg9s 8 c>e] z a tea*] at ,pr]au--,orda9$ z a cl]gyman--,in/all$ z pa/or & s*ool sup]9t5d5t at ,fulneck--,p]secution #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,c>e] ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,re=m]3 #afbh-afef ,flight to ,pol&--,appo9t$ director ( ! gymnasium at ,lissa--,re=ms introduc$--,lit]>y projects--,ne$ ( a patron--,call to ,engl&--,fri5d%ip ) ,h>tlib--,int]e/ ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t--,discont5t ) exi/+ educational in/itutions--,lewis de ,ge]1 8 ,dut* patron--,call to ,sw$5--,int]view ) ,ox5/i]n--,locat$ at ,elb+--,re=m ( ! ,sw$i% s*ools--,return to ,pol&--,consecration z s5ior bi%op--,consequ5ces ( ! treaty ( ,we/phalia--,ecclesia/ical m9i/rations--,call to ,hung>y--,re=m ( ! s*ools at ,s>os-,patak--,plan ( a pansophic s*ool--,return to ,lissa--,! city burn$--,flight ( ,com5ius f ,pol& #dg ,,*apt] ,v ,,clos+ ,,ye>s3 #afef-afgj ,flight to ,am/]dam--,reception by ,lawr5ce de ,ge]--,religi\s fre$om 9 ,holl&--,publication ( ! complete edition ( 8 writ+s--,o!r educational activities--,! 8"o ?+ ne$ful0--,dea? at ,am/]dam & burial at ,nard5--,family hi/ory ( ,com5ius--,alleg$ call to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d ,college--,portraits--,p]sonal *>act]i/ics #ga ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education ,! ,great didactic--,conditions "u :i* produc$--,aim ( ! book--,purpose ( education--,man's crav+ = k--,y\? ! "t = tra9+--,private in/ruction undesirable--,education = girls z well z boys--,uni=m me?ods4 ,education accord+ to nature--,h[ nature tea*es--,selection & adaptation ( mat]ials--,organization ( pupils into classes--,correlation ( /udies4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction--,sci5ce--,arts--,language--, morals--,religion4 ,types ( educational in/itutions--,! "m's s*ool--,s*ool ( ! "m-tongue--,lat9 s*ool--,univ]sity4 ,s*ool discipl9e--,"* & purpose ( discipl9e--,corporal puni%m5t only 9 cases ( moral p]v]sity #hc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,e>lie/ ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,s*ool ( infancy--,circum/ances "u :i* writt5--,view ( *ildhood--,conception ( infant education4 ,physical tra9+--,c>e ( ! body--,! *ild's natural nurse--,food--,sleep--,play & ex]cise4 ,m5tal tra9+--,/udies :i* furni% ! symbols ( ?\ght--,nature /udy--,geography--,hi/ory--,h\sehold economy--,/ories & fables--,pr9ciple ( activity--,draw+--,ari?metic--,geometry- -,music--,language--,poetry4 ,moral & religi\s tra9+--,examples--,in/ruction--,discipl9 e--,"s virtues to be taught--,"* ( =mal religi\s in/ruction #aji ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,/udy ,,( ,,language ,dom9ance ( ,lat9 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--,me?ods ( /udy *>act]iz$ by ,com5ius4 ,! ,janua--,purpose & plan--,its success4 ,atrium & ,ve/ibulum--,_! relation to ! ,janua4 ,! ,orbis pictus--,its popul>ity--,use ( pictures4 ,me?odus novissima--,pr9ciples ( language tea*+--,function ( examples--,place ( oral & writt5 language 9 education #abc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,com5ius ,,on ,,mod]n ,,educators ,francke--,e>ly educational und]tak+s--,! in/itution at ,halle--,"* ( ! ,pdagogium--,impulse giv5 to mod]n education4 ,r\sseau--,! *ild ! c5tre ( educational s*emes--,s5se tra9+ fundam5tal--,ord] & me?od ( nature to be foll[$4 ,bas$[--,prote/s aga9/ traditional me?ods--,influ5c$ by ! mile--,8 educational writ+s--,! ,philan?rop9um4 ,pe/alozzi--,love ! key-note ( 8 sy/em--,dome/ic education--,education ( all classes & sexes--,! /udy ( nature--,impulse giv5 to ! /udy ( geography4 ,frbel--,8 relations to ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi--,educational value ( play & pr9ciple ( self-activity--,wom5 z factors 9 education4 ,h]b>t--,assimilation ( s5se-exp]i5ce--,tra9+ 9 "*--,doctr9e ( int]e/ #adb ,,*apt] ,x ,,p]man5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,com5ius ,g5]al neglect ( ,com5ius dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury--,causes--,intr5*m5t ( humanism--,summ>y ( ! p]man5t re=ms ( ,com5ius--,reviv$ int]e/ 9 8 tea*+s--,national ,com5ian p$agogical libr>y at ,leipzig--,! ,com5ius ,society--,reviews publi%$ = ! dissem9ation ( ! doctr9es ( ,com5ius--,conque/ ( 8 ideas #afe ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,table ,,( ,,dates #agc ,,ii4 ,,select ,,bibliography #age ,,index #aha ,,com5ius ,,*apt] ,i ,,european ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,humanism1 realism1 & naturalism *>act]iz$--,devotion ( ! sixte5? c5tury to ! humani/ic ideal--,/udy ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce--,/yle ! *ief aim--,neglect ( ! "m-tongue--,views ( ,john ,/urm & ! ,jesuits--,devotion to ,cic]o--,decad5ce ( ! lat] humani/s--,erasmus & ,melan*?on on ! enri*m5t ( ! c\rse ( /udy--,satires ( ,rabelais direct$ aga9/ ! humani/s--,prote/s ( ,montaigne--,attitude ( ,as*am & ,mulca/]--,transition f humanism to realism4 8,education 9 ,europe10 says ,osc> ,br[n+1#a 8has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree phases1 :i* may conv5i5tly be call$ humanism1 realism1 & naturalism4 ,! fir/ is gr\nd$ ^u ! /udy ( language1 & especially ( ! two dead languages1 ,greek & ,lat94 ,! second is bas$ ^u ! /udy ( ?+s in/ead ( words1 ! education ( ! m9d ?r\gh ! eye & ! h&4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is is ! /udy ( ^? ?+s :i* may be ( direct influ5ce ^u & direct importance to life4 ,! ?ird is n 9 ! fir/ in/ance /udy at all4 ,x is an attempt to build up ! :ole nature ( man1--to educate fir/ 8 body1 !n 8 "*1 & la/ly 8 m9d40 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 w$d$ to ! humani/ic ideal ( education4 ,)\t reg>d = ! div]sity ( avocations1 classical culture 0 held to be ! safe/ & be/ tra9+ = ! manifold duties ( life4 ,ari/otle's ,politics 0 consid]$ ! wise/ utt]ance on ! direction ( affairs ( /ate2 ,cs>'s ,comm5t>ies ! safe/ guides to milit>y em95ce2 ! practical ,/oicism ( ! ,lat9 au?ors ! mo/ infallible basis = e?ics & ! regulation ( conduct2 & z = agriculture1 _h n ,virgil writt5 a treatise on t subject8 ,x 0 cle> 9 ! m9ds ( ! sixte5?-c5tury humani/s t classical culture furni%$ ! be/ prep>ation1 alike = !ologians & artisans4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose1 z soon z ! *ild 0 consid]$ suffici5tly matur$ = l+ui/ic discipl9e1 & ?is v>i$ f ! six? to ! n9? ye>s1 he 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce4 ,8 prelim9>y tra9+ consi/$ 9 a v]bal /udy ( ! ,lat9 gramm> = purposes ( precision 9 spee* & successful imitation2 b1 z ! gramm> 0 pr9t$ 9 ,lat91 ) its hundr$s ( incompreh5sible rules & exceptions1 all ( :i* _h to be 8le>n$ by he>t10 ! way ( ! "y le>n] 01 inde$1 a ?orny "o4 ,true1 ! classical au?ors 7 lat] read1 b *iefly = ! purpose ( glean+ f !m *oice phrases to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,lat9 s5t5ces1 or = purposes ( disputations 9 dialectics4 ,logic & hi/ory 7 giv5 mo/ subord9ate places 9 ! c\rse ( /udy1 ! =m] m]ely t x might give great] precision 9 writ+ & speak+1 & ! latt] t x might furni% illu/rations 9 rhetorical ex]cises4 ,?is conception ( education 0 almo/ univ]sally held 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ,prote/ants l ,trotz5dorf & ,/urm1 z well z by ,ca?olics l ,aquaviva & ! memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,nor 0 x conf9$ to elem5t>y & second>y education2 =1 z ,pr(essor ,pauls5#b has %[n1 ! conque/ ( ,european univ]sities by ! humani/s 0 complete by ! second decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! /atutes ( mo/ ( ! univ]sities at ?is "t make ! speak+ ( ! ,lat9 compulsory4 ,t at ,+ol/adt reads3 8,a ma/] 9 a burs>y %all induce to ! cont9ual use ( ,lat9 by v]bal exhortations & by 8 own example2 & %all also appo9t ^? :o %all m>k su* z speak ! vulg> tongue & %all receive f !m an irremissible p5alty40 ,aga93 8,t ! /ud5ts 9 _! academical ex]cises may le>n by ! habit ( speak+ ,lat9 to speak & express !mselves bett]1 ! faculty orda9s t no p]son plac$ by ! faculty ^u a common or o!r burs>y %all d>e to speak ,g]man4 ,any "o he>d by "o ( ! ov]se]s to speak ,g]man %all pay "o kreutz]40 ,!re grew out ( ?is prohibition a widespread sy/em ( spy+4 ,! spies report$ to ! univ]sity au?orities on su* /ud5ts 7vulg>isantes !y 7 call$7 :o p]si/$ 9 speak+ 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( /atutes1 spies1 f9es1 & flogg+s1 ! boys 9 ! sixte5? c5tury spoke little ,lat9 :5 !y 7 alone by !mselves4 ,cordi]1#c writ+ 9 #aecj1 says1 8,our boys always *att] ,fr5* ) _! companions2 or if !y try to talk ,lat91 _c keep x up40 ,! old ecclesia/ical ,lat9 ( ! ,middle ,ages _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! classical ,lat9 ( ! ,roman poets1 & all ! en]gies ( ! educational in/itutions 7 ?r[n into ! acquisition & practice ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce4 ,! classics 7 read = ! phrases t might be cull$ = use 9 ! con/ruction ( ,lat9 s5t5ces2 ^!1 ) disputations1 declamations1 & ,lat9 plays1 7 ! ord] ( ! c5tury4 ,s9ce education consi/$ 9 ! acquisition ( a graceful & elegant /yle1 ! "y le>n]1 f ! fir/1 appli$ himself to ! grammatical /udy ( ,lat9 au?ors1 reg>d+ solely ! language ( ! classics1 & tak+ subject-matt] into acc\nt only :5 ?is 0 necess>y to und]/& ! words4 ,!re 0 no /udy ( ! "m-tongue prelim9>y to ! /udy ( ! classics4 ,*ildr5 began at once ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 gramm>1 & !y _h to write ,lat9 v]ses be=e !y _h be5 ex]cis$ 9 compositions1 9 ! v]nacul>1 or1 = t matt]1 be=e !y _h be5 tra9$ to express _! ?\ghts 9 ,lat9 prose4 ,& /ill m rem>kable1 z ,osc> ,br[n+ po9ts out1 8! ,lat9 taught 0 n ! mascul9e language ( ,lucretius & ,cs>1 b ! ornate & artificial diction ( ,horace & ,virgil1 &1 above all1 ( ,cic]o40 8,!re is no d\bt10 he adds1 8t n>r[ & faulty z x 01 x gave a good education s long z p believ$ 9 x4 ,to "k ,horace & ,virgil by he>t became ! fir/ duty ( ! s*ol>4 ,spee*es 9 ,p>liam5t 7 consid]$ incomplete if !y did n conta9 at lea/ "o ,lat9 quotation4 ,a false quantity 0 held to be a great] crime ?an a slip 9 logical argum5t4 ,cic]o n only influ5c$ ! education ( ,engli% /atesm51 b _h no inconsid]able effect on _! conduct40 ,! humani/ educators ( ! sixte5? c5tury n only neglect$ ! /udy ( ! "m-tongue--!y proscrib$ x4 ,! ,ratio#d ( ! ,jesuits =bids its use except on holidays1 & ,/urm at ,/rasburg abbreviat$ ! recreation p]iods ( 8 pupils because ( risks ( speak+ 9 ! "m-tongue on ! playgr\nd4 ,& all ?is proscription ( ! v]nacul> t /ud5ts might acquire eloqu5ce 9 a =eign tongue4 ,well does ,raum]#e ask1 8,:y did !y cont9ue1 l a second ,sisyphus1 _! fruitless endeavors to metamorphose ,g]man into ,roman y\?s1 & to imp>t to !m1 9 defiance ( ! laws ( human nature1 ano!r tongue80 ,!y 7 !mselves deceiv$ 9 assum+ t !y c\ld call to life ! anci5t culture ( ,rome & ,greece4 ,inde$1 !y believ$ t !y _h discov]$ ways ( tra9+ :i* w\ld develop s*ol>s capable ( produc+ ,lat9 works equal to ! ma/]pieces t !y _h /udi$ 9 _! s*ools4 ,john ,/urm1 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t ( ! humani/s1 said3 8,! ,romans _h two advantages ov] u2 ! "o consi/$ 9 le>n+ ,lat9 )\t go+ to s*ool1 & ! o!r 9 frequ5tly see+ ,lat9 com$ies & trag$ies act$1 & 9 he>+ ,lat9 orators speak4 ,c\ld we recall ^! advantages 9 our s*ools1 :y c\ld we n1 by p]sev]+ dilig5ce1 ga9 :at !y possess$ by accid5t & habit--namely1 ! p[] ( speak+ ,lat9 to p]fection8 ,i hope to see ! m5 ( ! pres5t age1 9 _! writ+ & speak+1 n m]ely foll[]s ( ! old ma/]s1 b equal to ^? :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! noble/ age ( ,a!ns & ,rome40 ,b h[ misguid$ & mi/ak56 ,n only did ,lat9 monopolize ! curriculum ( ! sixte5?-c5tury s*ool1 b ! /udy 0 prim>ily philological1 = grammatical /ructure1 & only second>ily = ! cont5t ( ! lit]ature1 = a correct und]/&+ ( ! au?or4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! me?od ( /udy 0 su* z to make intellig5t compreh5sion ( ! au?or's ?\ght next to impossible1 s9ce ! humani/s simply cull$ out phrases :i* might be imitat$ & us$ 9 ! ex]cises ( /yle4 ,raum] says ( ?is k9d ( tea*+3 8,! au?or 0 n an end1 b only a means to an end--! cultivation ( deifi$ ,roman eloqu5ce 9 boys4 ,& :y8 ,precisely z ! peacock 0 us$ by ! jackdaw4 ,!y borr[$ ! au?or's words & phrases1 gr\p$ !m toge!r1 & le>n$ !m by he>t1 9 ord] subsequ5tly to apply !m 9 spee* or writ+4 ,borr[ is too feeble an expression2 = ! jackdaw design$ n m]ely to borr[ ! peacock's fea!rs1 b to repres5t !m z 8 own4 ,! doctr9e ( imitation1 z set =? by ,/urm & ! o!rs1 01 aft] all1 a m]e jackdaw !ory4 ,! pupil 0 taught h[1 by a slight alt]ation1 to disguise phrases f ,cic]o1 & !n to use !m 9 writ+ or spee*1 exactly z if !y 7 8 own productions1 s adroitly smuggl+ !m 9 t ! read]s or he>]s might n suspect f :5ce !y 7 tak54 ,says ,/urm3 #8,:5 ! tea*] gives out !mes = composition1 he %\ld draw att5tion to ^? po9ts :]e imitation is desirable1 & %[ h[ simil>ity may be conceal$ by a sup]add$ v>iation4' ,aga93 #8,we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 take c>e t ! simil>ity %all n be manife/4 ,its concealm5t may be accompli%$ 9 ?ree ways--by add+1 by tak+ away1 & by alt]ation4'0 ,9 ?is mad race = ,lat9 eloqu5ce1 ! sixte5?-c5tury humani/s became m & m circumscrib$ 9 ! *oice ( au?ors4 ,/urm1 = example1 plac$ ,cic]o at ! head ( ! li/1 because ( ! faultless models ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,! ,jesuits likewise held ,cic]o 9 high e/eem4 ,said "o ( _! writ]s1 8,/yle %\ld be drawn almo/ exclusively f ,cic]o1 al?\gh ! mo/ approv$ ( ! hi/orians ne$ n on t acc\nt be ov]look$40 ,aga93 8,! patt]n we %\ld foll[ 9 /yle is compreh5d$ 9 ! words ( ! rule1 #8imitate ,cic]o4' ,z 9 ! /udy ( !ology we foll[ ! div9e ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & 9 philosophy ,ari/otle1 s 9 ! humanities ,cic]o mu/ be reg>d$ z our peculi> & prem95t lead]4 ,= he has be5 cr[n$ by ! palm ( sup]ior praise by ! common cons5t ( ! _w4 ,b "s1 misguid$ by a wilful & self-=m$ ta/e1 h gone a/ray1 pref]r+ a /yle totally diff]5t f t ( ,cic]o2 su* an erratic c\rse is q at v>iance ) ! g5ius ( our in/itutions & ho/ile to ! _s ( prompt ob$i5ce40 ,?is s]vile devotion to ,cic]o1 x %\ld be recall$1 0 a m>k$ dep>ture f ! m v>i$ & ri*] curricula ( ! fifte5?-c5tury humani/s1#f :5 m5 ( ! /amp ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 ,leon>do ,bruni1 ,v]g>ius1 ,sylvius1 & ,gu>9o 7 ! /&>d-be>]s ( humanism4 ,_m causes _h conspir$ to br+ ab\t ?is decad5ce2 & p]haps ! mo/ fundam5tal cause 0 ! s5seless wor%ip ( =ms ( expression4 ,! lat] humani/s wor%ipp$ ! =ms ( ?\ght4 8,beauty ( expression10 says ,pr(essor ,laurie1#g 80 reg>d$ z insep>able f tru? & elevation ( ?\ght4 ,! movem5t soon %>$ ! fate ( all en?usiasms4 ,! new =m 0 wor%ipp$1 & to x ! _s & sub/ance 7 subord9at$4 ,/yle became ! supreme object ( ! educat$ classes1 & successful imitation1 & !reaft] labori\s criticism1 became m>ks ( ! highe/ culture40 ,?is use ( ! classics z in/rum5ts 9 grammatical drill & vehicles ( communication _h become well-nigh univ]sal by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,erasmus1 himself "o ( ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( classical le>n+1 p]ceiv$ app>5tly ! n>r[+ t5d5cies ( humani/ic tra9+1 & urg$ t /ud5ts be taught to "k _m ?+s besides ,lat9 & ,greek 9 ord] t !y might ! bett] compreh5d ! classics4 ,he recomm5d$ ! addition ( geography1 ari?metic1 & natural sci5ce to ! s*ool c\rse4 ,& ,melan*?on1 ) all 8 en?usiasm = classical le>n+1 ?\ght ! humanities insuffici5t to satisfy all ! ne$s ( culture4 ,he advis$ ! incorporation ( physics1 ma!matics1 & a/ronomy into ! curriculum4 8,al?\gh ! nature ( ?+s _c be absolutely kn[n1 nor ! m>vell\s works ( ,god trac$ to _! orig9al1 until1 9 ! future life1 we %all li/5 to ! et]nal c\nsel ( ! ,fa!r10 he writes1 8nev]!less1 ev5 amid ?is our pres5t d>kness1 e gleam & e h9t ( h>mony ( ?is fair creation =ms a /ep t[>d ! k ( ,god & t[>d virtue1 :]eby we ourselves %all also le>n to love & ma9ta9 ord] & mod]ation 9 all our acts4 ,s9ce x is evid5t t m5 are end[$ by _! ,creator ) faculties fitt$ = ! contemplation ( nature1 !y mu/1 ( necessity1 take delight 9 inve/igat+ ! elem5ts1 ! laws1 ! qualities1 & ! =ces ( ! v>i\s bodies by :i* !y are surr\nd$40 ,z has already be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 ! humani/s took little int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( subjects n discuss$ by classical au?ors4 ,absorb$ 9 a _w ( books1 z ,mr4 ,quick#h sugge/s1 !y ov]look$ ! _w ( nature4 ,galileo _h 9 va9 tri$ to p]suade !m to look ?r\gh 8 telescope1 b !y held t tru? c\ld n be discov]$ by any su* contrivances--t x c\ld be arriv$ at only by ! comp>ison ( manuscripts4 8,no wond]10 rem>ks ,mr4 ,quick1 8t !y _h s little sympa?y ) *ildr51 & did n "k h[ to tea* !m40 ,=tunately = ! hi/ory ( education1 !re 7 critics 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :o did n con=m to ! dogma ( l+ui/ic discipl9e1 & :o call$ att5tion to ! ne$ ( educational re=m4 ,:atev] ! m]its ( ! classical languages1 prote/$ ^! critics1 !y mu/ d]ive _! value ultimately f ! rank !y take z lit]ature4 ,! prote/ ( ,rabelais e>ly 9 ! c5tury 0 n only "o ( ! fir/ b "o ( ! mo/ effective *>ges aga9/ contempor>y practices4 ,9 8 fam\s satire he intru/$ ! "y giant ,g>gantua to ! c>e & tra9+ ( ! humani/ educator ,tubal ,hol(]nes1 :o sp5t five ye>s & a qu>t] 9 tea*+ him to say 8 ,a ,b ,c's backw>d2 ?irte5 ye>s on ,donatus' ,lat9 gramm> & ! composition ( ,lat9 v]ses & s5t5ces2 ?irty-f\r ye>s m 9 ! /udy ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce1 aft] :i* ! s*oolma/] dies1 :51 z ,rabelais conclud$1 ,g>gantua _h gr[n m ignorant1 heavy1 & l\ti%4 8,9 ?is confus$ & ribald allegory10 says ,mr4 ,james ,p4 ,munroe1#i 8,rabelais l$ ! way out ( anci5t sup]/ition into mod]n sci5ce4 ,m ?an ?is1 he taught 9 x t ! /udy ( ,nature1 obs]vation ( h] laws1 imitation ( h] me?ods1 mu/ be at ! root ( e true sy/em ( education4 ,he %[$ t ! ,nature _s is ! true _s ( good tea*+4 ,ev] s9ce 8 day civiliz$ mank9d has be5 try+ to le>n ?is lesson ( 8 & to apply x 9 ! s*ools4 ,= ?ree c5turies ! lead]s 9 education1 "u 8 direct inspiration1 h be5 sl[ly & pa9fully trans=m+ ! false p$agogy ( ! cloi/] into ! true p$agogy ( out-(-doors4 ,writ]s & tea*]s1 s*ools & univ]sities1 h be5 engag$ 9 a halt+ & irregul> /ruggle to transf] education f a metaphysical to a physical basis1 to lead x away f ! habit ( d$uctive speculation into "o ( inductive rese>*4 ,?is transf] ,rabelais made boldly & at once4 ,he did n1 ( c\rse1 elaborate ! educational ideal ( to-day1 b he pla9ly m>k$ out ! l9es ^u :i* t ideal is fram$4 ,he taught tru? & simplicity1 he ridicul$ hypocrisy & =malism1 he d5\nc$ ! wor%ip ( words1 he dem&$ ! /udy ( ?+s1 he %[$ ! beauty ( intellectual heal?1 ( moral discipl9e1 ( real piety4 ,be/ ( all1 he enunciat$ ! supreme pr9ciple ( ,nature1 :i* is ord]$ fre$om40 ,montaigne1#aj also1 9 ,france1 0 equally sev]e 9 8 criticisms on ! humani/s4 ,he d5\nc$ 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms ! me?ods ( introduc+ ,lat9 to beg9n]s & ! h>% & sev]e discipl9e s common 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 8,education ought to be c>ri$ on ) a sev]e sweetness10 he wrote1 8q contr>y to ! practice ( our p$ants1 :o1 in/ead ( tempt+ & allur+ *ildr5 to a /udy ( language by apt & g5tle ways1 d1 9 tru?1 pres5t no?+ be=e !m b rods & f]ules1 horror & cruelty4 ,away ) ?is viol5ce6 ,away ) ?is compulsion6 ,!re is no?+ :i* m completely dulls & deg5]ates ! nature ( a bright *ild40 ,aga93 8,our s*ools are h\ses ( correction = imprison$ y\?s2 & *ildr5 are made incorrigible by puni%m5t4 ,visit !m :5 ! *ildr5 are gett+ _! lessons1 & y w he> no?+ b ! outcries ( boys "u execution & ! ?und]+ noises ( _! tea*]s1 drunk ) fury4 ,x is a p]nici\s way to tempt "y & timor\s s\ls to love _! books :ile we>+ a f]oci\s c\nt5ance & ) a rod 9 h&40 ,montaigne 0 equally conv9c$ ( ! p$agogic error ( ! humani/s 9 reg>d+ classical k z synonym\s ) wisdom4 8,we may become le>n$ f ! le>n+ ( o!rs10 he said1 8b we nev] become wise except by our own wisdom4444 ,we are truly le>n$ f kn[+ ! pres5t1 n f kn[+ ! pa/ any m ?an ! future4444 ,yet we toil only to /uff ! memory & leave ! consci5ce & und]/&+ void4 ,& l birds abroad to =age = gra91 br+ x home 9 _! beak1 )\t ta/+ x !mselves1 to fe$ _! "y1 s our p$ants g pick+ k "h & !re out ( sev]al au?ors1 & hold x at _! tongue's end1 only to spit x out & di/ribute x among _! pupils40 ,rog] ,as*am1#aa 9 ! qua9t preface ( 8 ,s*olema/]1 also be>s te/imony aga9/ ! h>% discipl9e ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! great plague 9 ,london1 9 #aefc1 ,as*am & "s fri5ds 7 d9+ at ,w9dsor ) ,sir ,william ,cecil4 ,:ile !re he le>n$ t _m ( ! /ud5ts at ,eton _h run away because ( ! sev]e puni%m5ts adm9i/]$ at ?is fam\s public s*ool4 8,:]eupon10 says ,as*am1 8,sir ,william took occasion to wi% t "s discretion 7 9 _m s*oolma/]s 9 us+ correction ?an commonly !re is1 :o _m times puni% r ! weakness ( nature ?an ! fault ( ! s*ol>1 :]eby _m s*ol>s t might else prove well1 be driv5 to hate le>n+ be=e !y "k :at le>n+ meane?2 & s are made will+ to =sake _! book1 & to be will+ to put to any o!r k9d ( liv+40 ,?is incid5t l$ to ! composition ( ! ,s*olema/]1 :i* 0 a guide = 8! br++ up ( y\?10 9 :i* g5tl5ess r ?an sev]ity is recomm5d$1 & 8a ready way to ! ,lat9 tongue10 9 :i* an hone/ ef=t is made to simplify language tea*+ & adapt x to ! ta/es & int]e/s ( "y le>n]s4 ,ri*>d ,mulca/]1#ab ano!r ,engli%man & humani/ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 que/ion$ s]i\sly ! wisdom ( 8 associates & contempor>ies 9 _! exclusion ( ! "m-tongue f ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,9 8 ,elem5t>ie he ask$3 8,is x n a m>vell\s bondage to become s]vants to "o tongue1 = le>n+'s sake1 ! mo/ "p ( our "t1 ) loss ( mo/ "t1 :]eas we may h ! v same treasure 9 our own tongue ) ! ga9 ( mo/ "t8 our own be>+ ! joyful title ( our lib]ty & fre$om1 ! ,lat9 tongue rememb]+ u ( our ?raldom & bondage4 ,i love ,rome1 b ,london bett]2 ,i favor ,italy1 b ,engl& m3 ,i honor ! ,lat91 b ,i wor%ip ! ,engli%40 ,mr4 ,quick is "r 9 ma9ta9+ t 8x w\ld h be5 a va/ ga9 to all ,europe if ,mulca/] _h be5 foll[$ in/ead ( ,/urm4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ advocates ( ! use ( ,engli% in/ead ( ,lat91 & good read+ & writ+ 9 ,engli% 7 to be secur$ be=e ,lat9 0 begun40 ,^! 7 "s ( ! voices rais$ aga9/ ! booki% classical le>n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b x rema9$ = ,vives1 ,bacon1 & ,ratke to conv9ce ,europe ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! humani/ic ideal1 & = ,com5ius1 ! evangeli/ ( mod]n p$agogy1 to br+ ab\t ! necess>y re=ms4 ,! "p play$ by ea* 9 ! transition f humanism to realism1 f classical le>n+ & philology to mod]n ?\ght & ! natural sci5ces1 w be briefly trac$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,com5ius ,traces ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ,com5ius4 ,vives a reali/--,8 e>ly tra9+ 9 ,spa9 & ,france--,educational activity 9 ,belgium & ,engl&--,views on ! education ( wom5--,!ory ( education--,comp>ison ( ,vives & ,com5ius4 ,bacon ! f\nd] ( mod]n realism--,views on ! education ( 8 day--,attacks m$ivalism--,/udy ( nature & ! inductive me?od--,individual diff]5ces among *ildr54 ,ratke--,/udies at ,hamburg & ,ro/ock--,visits ,engl& & becomes acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( ,bacon--,8 plan ( education--,its reception by ! univ]sities at ,j5a & ,giess5--,organization ( ! s*ools at ,go?a--,call to ,sw$5--,summ>y ( ,ratke's views--,h>mony ( 8 tea*+s ) ^? ( ,com5ius4 ,campanella1 ,&re1 & ,bateus--,_! influ5ce on ! life & tea*+s ( ,com5ius4 ,e educational re=m] owes mu*1 9 ! way ( inspiration & sugge/ion1 to 8 pr$ecessors1 & ( none is ?is m true ?an ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius4 ,ev]y:]e 9 8 writ+s are to be f\nd traces ( ! movem5t he *ampion$1 9 ! writ+s ( ,vives1 ,bacon1 ,ratke1 ,bateus1 ,campanella1 & o!rs4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl] rem>ks3 8,f ,ratke he le>n$ some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* language tea*+1 ! :ole curriculum ( ! "t1 might be re=m$2 & f ,bateus he d]iv$ bo? ! title & ! plan ( 8 ,janua4 ,campanella sugge/$ to him ! necessity ( ! direct int]rogation ( nature if k 0 to progress1 & ,vives emphasiz$ = him f ! same po9t ( view ! defects ( contempor>y s*ool practice4 ,b x 0 ,bacon's ,in/auratio ,magna t op5$ 8 eyes to ! possibilities ( our k ( nature & its place 9 ! educational s*eme40#ac ,?is obligation to 8 pr$ecessors ,com5ius 0 ! fir/ to recognize4 ,& he recogniz$ x (t5 & specifically by 8 will+ tributes to ! help receiv$ by him f ,vives1 ,bacon1 ,ratke1 & o!rs4 ,vives 8,com5ius receiv$ 8 fir/ impulse z a s5se-reali/10 says ,raum]1 8f ! well-kn[n ,spani% p$agogue ,john ,lewis ,vives1 :o _h come out aga9/ ,ari/otle & disputation 9 favor ( a ,*ri/ian mode ( philosophiz+ & ! sil5t contemplation ( nature40 8,x is bett] = ! pupils to ask1 to inve/igate1 ?an to be =ev] disput+ ) "o ano!r10 said ,vives4 8,yet10 adds ,com5ius1 8,vives und]/ood bett] :]e ! fault 0 ?an :at 0 ! rem$y40 ,9 ! preface to ! ,janua1 ,com5ius quotes ,vives among o!rs z oppos$ to ! curr5t me?ods ( language tea*+4 ,! ,spani% educator 0 born a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,com5ius1 ( poor1 b noble p>5tage4 ,:5 fifte5 ye>s old he 0 consid]$ ! mo/ brilliant pupil 9 ! academy at ,val5cia4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 matriculat$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :]e1 z 8 biograph]s tell u1 he 0 surr\nd$ by ! ,dialecticians1 ^: !ology 0 ! mo/ ab/ruse & ^: ,lat9 0 ! mo/ b>b>\s4 ,?is condition ( affairs turn$ ! "y ,spani>d's ?\ghts t[>d educational re=m4 ,he realiz$ 9 ,p>is1 z he _h n be=e1 ! uselessness ( ! empty disputations :i* occupi$ s mu* "t 9 ! s*ools4 ,?ree ye>s 7 sp5t 9 /udy at ,p>is1 aft] :i* ,vives travell$ ?r\gh portions ( ,spa9 & ,france1 &1 9 #aeag1 he settl$ ) ! ,valdura family 9 ,bruges & m>ri$ ! daught] ( 8 ho/4 ,"h he wrote 8 allegory ,*ri/i triumphus1 9 :i* he holds up to ridicule ! me?ods ( tea*+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,a ye> lat] he 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 z ! in/ructor ( ! "y ,c>d9al de ,croy4 ,:ile "h he wrote a hi/ory ( philosophy2 made ! acqua9tance ( ,erasmus2 & op5$ correspond5ce ) ,?omas ,m & o!r re=m]s4 ,9 #aeai he visit$ ,p>is ) ,c>d9al de ,croy2 &1 9 spite ( 8 late criticisms1 he 0 cordially receiv$ by ! univ]sity1 8 s*ol>%ip & ability n[ be+ record$ facts4 ,two ye>s lat] ,de ,croy di$ )\t hav+ made any provision = ! support ( 8 tutor4 ,vives began at once a comm5t>y on ,/4 ,augu/9e2 b 8 heal? giv+ way1 he return$ to ,bruges1 :]e1 9 ,july1 he _h a p]sonal int]view ) ,?omas ,m1 ,wolsey1 & o!rs1 :o 7 9 favor ) ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&4 ,he taught at ,l\va9 dur+ ! w9t] seme/] ( #aebb-aebc1 aft] :i*1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% dignit>ies already m5tion$1 he 0 call$ to ,engl&4 ,9 :at capacity he w5t to ,engl& is h>dly kn[n4 ,"s say z ! tutor ( ,k+ ,h5ry's daught] ,m>y2 o!rs z a lectur] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,c]ta9 x is t he gave two lectures at ,ox=d1 :i* 7 att5d$ by ! k+ & que51 & t he receiv$ ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l41 9 #aebc4 ,9 #aebf appe>$ 8 treatise on ! c>e ( ! poor1 :i* he d$icat$ to ! municipal c\ncil ( ,bruges4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ sci5tific treatm5ts ( paup]ism4 ,he ma9ta9$ t x 0 incumb5t ^u ,/ate1 & n ^u ! ,*ur* to c>e = ! poor4 ,buisson says ( x1 8,its sugge/ions are z attractive z !y are wise2 & ev5 to-day !y cont9ue 9 full =ce40 ,9 #aebh he publi%$ 8 p$agogic classic on ! ,*ri/ian education ( wom54 ,! "m1 says ,vives1 l ,cornelia1 %\ld reg>d h] *ildr5 z h] mo/ preci\s jewels4 ,%e %\ld nurse h] own *ildr5 because ( possible physical influ5ces on ! *ild4 ,! "m %\ld in/ruct h] girl 9 all t p]ta9s to ! h\sehold2 & e>ly tea* h] to read4 ,%e %\ld relate to h] /ories1 n empty fables1 b su* z w in/ruct & edify h] & tea* h] to love virtue & hate vice4 ,! "m %\ld tea* h] daught] t ri*es1 p[]1 praise1 titles1 & beauty are va9 & empty ?+s2 & t piety1 virtue1 brav]y1 meekness1 & culture are imp]i%able virtues4 ,/rong discipl9e 9 ! home is urg$4 ,lax discipl9e1 says ,vives1 makes a man bad1 b x makes a woman a crim9al4 ,dolls %\ld be bani%$ f ! nurs]y because !y enc\rage vanity & love ( dress4 ,boys & girls %\ld n be in/ruct$ toge!r1 n ev5 dur+ ! e>lie/ ye>s ( *ildhood4 ,b wom5 require to be educat$ z well z m54 ,?is "w1 :i* pres5t$ 9 /rong] t]ms ?an hi!rto ! claims ( ! education ( wom51 0 d$icat$ to ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon4 ,x 0 widely republi%$ & _h l>ge influ5ce4 ,= five ye>s ,vives _h be5 a di/+ui%$ figure at ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 b ) ! k+'s application = divorce1 9 #aebh1 came a rupture ( ^! pleasant relations4 ,9 a lett] to a fri5d he says3 8,y mu/ h he>d ( ! tr\bles betwe5 ! k+ & ! que51 z x is n[ talk$ ( ev]y:]e4 ,i h tak5 ! side ( ! que51 ^: cause has seem$ to me j1 & h def5d$ h] by ^w & p54 ,?is (f5d$ 8 ,maje/y to su* degree t ,i 0 imprison$ = six weeks1 & only releas$ ^u condition t ,i w\ld nev] appe> 9 ! palace aga94 ,i !n conclud$ x safe/ to return home to ,bruges2 &1 inde$1 ! que5 advis$ me to 9 a secret lett]4 ,%ortly aft] ,c>d9al ,campeggio 0 s5t to ,brita9 to judge ! cause4 ,! k+ 0 v solicit\s t ! que5 appo9t c\nsel to def5d h] side be=e ,campeggio & ,wolsey4 ,%e1 !re=e1 call$ me to h] aid2 b ,i told h] pla9ly t any def5ce be=e su* a c\rt 0 useless1 & t x w\ld be mu* bett] to be condemn$ unhe>d1 ?an ) ! appe>ance ( def5ce4 ,! k+ s\ght only to save appe>ances ) 8 p1 t ! que5 might n appe> to h be5 unju/ly treat$2 b he _h little reg>d = ! re/4 ,at ?is ! que5 0 inc5s$ t ,i did n obey h] call in/ead ( foll[+ my own good judgm5t1 :i* is wor? m to me ?an all ! pr9ces ( ! _w toge!r4 ,s x has come ab\t t ! k+ reg>ds me z 8 adv]s>y1 & ! que5 reg>ds me z disob$i5t & op9ionat$2 & bo? ( !m h )drawn my p5sion40 ,8 clos+ ye>s 7 pass$ at ,bruges ) 8 wife's family2 at ,br$a ) ! ,du*ess ( ,nassau1 a ,spani% lady :o _h =m]ly be5 8 pupil2 & at ,p>is1 :]e he gave "s c\rses ( lectures4 ,he _h /ruggl$ aga9/ a weak con/itution all 8 life1 & aft] 8 return f ,engl& o!r diseases develop$4 ,he di$ on ,may #f1 #aedj1 9 8 =ty-eigh? ye>1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,donat at ,bruges4 ,8 mo/ consid]able contribution to ! philosophy ( education appe>$ aft] 8 return f ,engl&4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,de discipl9is2 0 publi%$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 9 #aeca2 & 0 d$icat$ to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,z ,dr4 ,lange rem>ks1 ?is "w alone entitles ,vives to l>ge consid]ation z an educational re=m]4 ,vives ju/ifies1 9 ! introduction1 ! position he assumes 9 reg>d to ,ari/otle2 :ile he reg>ds ! ,greek z a great philosoph]1 he decl>es t ! _w has ga9$ 9 exp]i5ce s9ce ,ari/otle wrote1 & he sees no reason :y 8 tea*+s %\ld n be set aside if f\nd to be incorrect4 ,he has no d\bt b t lat] g5]ations w f9d !ories bett] adapt$ to _! ends ?an ^? he himself advocates1 b he greets z a fri5d ! "o :o %all po9t out 8 errors4 ,9 ! fir/ "p he treats ( ! decl9e ( ! sci5ces4 ,! causes ( ?is decl9e he consid]s tw(old3 7#a7 ,moral2 & "h he notes an unwill+ness to se>* = tru? = tru?'s sake4 ,pride is ! root ( ?is evil4 ,a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is _h rem>k$ to him1 8,soon] ?an n di/+ui% myself by f\nd+ "s new doctr9e1 ,i w\ld def5d "o ( ^: falsity ,i 0 conv9c$40 ,?is moral weakness he ?\ght altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces4 7#b7 ,hi/orical & mat]ial1 includ+ z causes ! migration ( nations by :i* exi/+ ord]s ( civilization h be5 annihilat$2 ! obscurity ( anci5t manuscripts1 requir+ m "t to deciph] _! mean+ ?an x w\ld take to discov] f nature _! mean+2 ! ev] increas+ use ( comm5t>ies 9 ! /udy ( orig9als1 9 :i* ! div]se op9ions ( ! comm5tators lead f>!r f ! orig9al s5se2 ! practice ( s*ola/ic disputation :i* is taught ! pupils be=e !y "k :at !y are disput+ ab\t2 & ! practice ( reg>d+ tea*+ z a trade r ?an a pr(ession1 ?us caus+ _m bright m9ds to select o!r vocations1 & to br+ to ! "w incompet5t & co>se m9ds4 ,! second "p treats ( ! decl9e ( gramm>1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! art ( tea*+1 9 :i* he gives "s mo/ sane directions4 ,s*ools %\ld be locat$ 9 ! mo/ heal?y "p ( ! community4 ,!y %\ld n be too ne> comm]cial c5tres2 at ! same "t1 !y %\ld n be too di/ant f ! c5tre ( population4 ,z to tea*]s1 !y %\ld h good academic tra9+2 !y %\ld be skill$ 9 ! art ( imp>t+ k2 & _! morals %\ld be su* z w\ld furni% examples to _! pupils4 ,covet\sness & ambition1 above all ?+s1 %\ld be unkn[n to !m4 ,tea*]s :o h ambition & reputation 9 _! m9ds are !reby unfitt$ = ! "w ( tea*+4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! /ate %\ld fix ! sal>ies1 & ! comp5sation %\ld be ! wage ( hone/ m54 ,!re %\ld be a s*ool 9 e community4 ,be=e pupils %\ld be assign$ tasks1 tea*]s %\ld asc]ta9 _! m5tal capacities & *>act]i/ics4 ,!y %\ld also be privately te/$ f\r times a ye>2 & :5 *ildr5 are f\nd :o possess no ta/e = /udy !y %\ld be dismiss$ f ! s*ool4 ,corporal puni%m5t %\ld seldom be appli$1 & nev] to su* a degree z to humiliate ! pupils4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( play "t2 & he>ty1 romp+ games are especially recomm5d$4 ,9 ! matt] ( me?od1 ,vives he>tily comm5ds ! inductive1--f p>ticul>s to g5]als1--& he urges su* a gr\p+ ( /udies t ea* new subject /udi$ may naturally gr[ out ( ! prec$+ lesson4 ,:ile he /rongly advises ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces1 he is less en?usia/ic "h ?an ,bacon1 fe>+1 z he admits1 t a contemplation ( nature may prove dang]\s to ^? n deeply gr\nd$ 9 fai?4 ,b ,vives 0 ess5tially a reali/ 9 8 doctr9es ( education2 & :5 8 views are comp>$ ) ^? ( ,com5ius1 community ( ideas is at once app>5t4 ,bo? w\ld beg9 education 9 ! home & make ! "m ! fir/ tea*]4 ,bo? realiz$ ! ne$ ( bett] organization & classification ( ! s*ools4 ,bo? urg$ re=ms 9 ! matt] ( language tea*+4 ,bo? consid]$ education a matt] ( /ate conc]n1 & urg$ p$agogical tra9+ = tea*]s4 ,bo? pres5t$ ! claims ( sci5ce & urg$ ! cord9ation & correlation ( ! diff]5t subjects ( /udy4 ,bo? emphasiz$ ! value ( play & ! ne$ ( physical tra9+4 ,bo? advocat$ education = all classes ( bo? sexes1 & bo? exagg]at$ ! ne$ & importance ( ! religi\s tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,bacon 8,?\gh !re 7 _m be=e ,bacon1 & especially arti/s & craftsm510 says ,raum]1 8:o liv$ 9 communion ) nature1 & :o1 9 manifold ways1 transfigur$ & idealiz$ h]1 & unveil$ h] glory2 &1 ?\gh _! s5se = nature 0 s highly cultivat$ t !y atta9$ to a practical und]/&+ ( h] ways1 yet ?is und]/&+ 0 at be/ m]ely in/9ctive3 = x l$ !m to no sci5tific d$uctions & yield$ !m no ?\ghtful & legitimate dom9ion ov] h]40 ,! f\nd] ( mod]n realism 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bb;d ( ,janu>y 9 ! ye> #aefa4 ,:5 sixte5 ye>s ( age he ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he /udi$ "u ,dr4 ,john ,:itgift1 a not$ pr(essor ( !ology1 & aft]w>d ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,he /udi$ dilig5tly ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 b 0 conv9c$ ( _! inadequacy4 ,writ+ ( ?is p]iod he says3 8,amid m5 ( %>p & /rong wits1 & abundance ( leisure1 & small v>iety ( read+1 _! wits be+ %ut up 9 ! cells ( a few au?ors1 *iefly ,ari/otle1 _! dictator1 z _! p]sons are %ut up 9 ! cells ( mona/]ies & colleges2 & :o kn[+ little hi/ory1 ei!r ( nature or "t1 did out ( no great quantity ( matt]1 & inf9ite agitation ( wit1 sp9 cobwebs ( le>n+1 admirable = ! f95ess ( ! ?read & "w1 b ( no sub/ance or pr(it40 ,! *eck]$ c>e] ( ,bacon is extrane\s to 8 writ+s & may be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,z not$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! educational in/itutions ( ! sixte5? c5tury conc]n$ !mselves :olly ) ! acquisition & display ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce4 ,gramm> 0 /udi$ ) inf9ite labor & sorr[ = ye>s t /ud5ts might acquire correct =ms ( spee*2 logic t !y might express !mselves ) precision2 & a m9imum ( hi/ory 0 taught t anci5t records might furni% ornate illu/rations 9 speak+ & writ+4 ,erasmus & ,melan*?on _h disput$ ?is ideal ( culture1 b x rema9$ = ,bacon to demoli% ?is idol ( m$ivalism4 8,=soo?10 he says1 8we suff] ! p5alty ( our fir/ p>5ts' s91 & yet foll[ 9 _! foot/eps4 ,!y desir$ to be l ,god1 & we1 _! po/]ity1 w\ld be s 9 a high] degree4 ,= we create worlds1 direct & control nature1 &1 9 %ort1 squ>e all ?+s by ! measure ( our own folly1 n by ! plummet ( div9e wisdom1 nor z we f9d !m 9 reality4 ,i "k n :e!r1 = ?is result we are =c$ to d viol5ce to nature or to our own intellig5ce ! mo/2 b x nev]!less rema9s true1 t we /amp ! seal ( our own image ^u ! creatures & works ( ,god1 in/ead ( c>efully se>*+ =1 & ackn[l$g+1 ! seal ( ! ,creator manife/ 9 !m4 ,!re=e h we lo/1 ! second "t1 & t des]v$ly1 our empire ov] ! creatures1 yea1 :5 aft] & not)/&+ ! fall1 !re 0 left to u "s title to dom9ion ov] ! unwill+ creatures1 s t !y c\ld be subject$ & controll$1 ev5 ?is we h lo/1 9 great "p ?r\gh our pride1 9 t we h desir$ to be l ,god1 & to foll[ ! dictates ( our own reason alone4 ,n[ !n1 if !re be any humility 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,creator1 if !re be any rev]5ce = & exaltation ( 8 h&iwork1 if !re be any *>ity t[>d m51 any desires to relieve ! woes & suff]+s ( humanity1 any love = ! light ( tru?1 & hatr$ t[>d ! d>kness ( error1--,i w\ld besee* m5 aga9 & aga91 to dismiss altoge!r1 or at lea/ = a mom5t to put away _! absurd & intractable !ories1 :i* give to assumptions ! dignity ( hypo!ses1 disp5se ) exp]im5t1 & turn !m away f ! works ( ,god4 ,let !m ) a tea*able _s approa* ! great volume ( creation1 pati5tly deciph] its secret *>act]s1 & conv]se ) its l(ty tru?s2 s %all !y leave beh9d ! delusive e*oes ( prejudice1 & dwell )9 ! p]petual outgo+s ( div9e wisdom4 ,?is is t spee* & language ^: l9es h gone out into all ! e>?1 & no confusion ( tongues has ev] befall5 x4 ,?is language we %\ld all /rive to und]/&1 fir/ condesc5d+1 l little *ildr51 to ma/] its alphabet40 ,in/ead ( tra9+ *ildr5 to int]rogate nature = !mselves1 & to int]pret ! answ]s to ^! int]rogations1 in/ead ( go+ /raight to nature h]self1 ! s*ools are =ev] tea*+ :at o!rs h ?\ght & writt5 on ! subject4 ,?is proc$ure1 accord+ to ,bacon1 n only displays lack ( p$agogic s5se1 b gives evid5ce ( ignorance & self-conceit1 & inflicts ! greate/ injury on philosophy & le>n+4 ,su* me?ods ( in/ruction1 moreov]1 t5d to /ifle & int]rupt all inquiry4 ,we mu/1 says ,bacon1 8come z new-born *ildr51 ) op5 & fre% m9ds1 to ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,= x is no less true 9 ?is human k+dom ( k ?an 9 ,god's k+dom ( heav51 t no man %all ent] into x except z he becomes fir/ z a little *ild40 ,bacon's notion1 z summ>iz$ by ,raum]1 0 t 8man mu/ put himself aga9 9 direct1 close1 & p]sonal contact ) nature1 & no long] tru/ to ! confus$1 unc]ta91 & arbitr>y acc\nts & descriptions ( h] hi/orians & w\ld-be int]pret]s4 ,f a cle> & correct obs]vation & p]ception ( objects1 _! qualities1 p[]s1 etc41 ! inve/igator mu/ proce$1 /ep by /ep1 till he arrives at laws1 & to t degree ( insight t w enable him to int]pret ! laws & to analyze ! processes ( nature4 ,to ?is end ,bacon pr(f]s to u 8 new me?od--! me?od ( induction4 ,) ! aid ( ?is me?od we atta9 to an insight into ! connection & natural relation ( ! laws ( matt]1 & ?us1 accord+ to him1 we are enabl$ ?r\gh ?is k to make nature subs]vi5t to our w40 ,?is 01 accord+ to ,com5ius1 ! true key to ! human intellect4 ,b he lam5ts t ,bacon %\ld h giv5 u ! key & fail$ to unlock ! door to ! treasure-h\se4 ,b ,bacon did m ?an =mulate ! laws ( sci5tific induction = p$agogic purposes3 he made possible ! enri*m5t ( ! c\rses ( /udy by ! addition ( a wide range ( s*ool /udies4 ,8 ?ru/s at ! ,lat9 & ,greek1 z ! sole expon5ts ( culture1 7 tell+ 9 _! effect & made possible ! recognition ( ! v]nacul> !mes 9 ,com5ius' day4 8,! wisdom ( ! ,greeks10 he says1 80 rhetorical2 x exp5d$ itself ^u words1 & x _h little to d ) ! se>* aft] tru?40 ,speak+ aga9 ( classical culture1 he says3 8,^! old] g5]ations fell %ort ( _m ( our pres5t kn[l$ges2 !y "k b a small "p ( ! _w1 & b a brief p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 are acqua9t$ ) a f> great] ext5t ( ! _w1 besides hav+ discov]$ a new hemisph]e1 & we look back & survey long p]iods ( hi/ory40 ,bacon recogniz$ great individual diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal capacities ( *ildr51 & he urg$ t ^! diff]5ces & special ta/es be tak5 into acc\nt by ! tea*]s4 ,he says3 8,! natural b5t ( ! individual m9ds %\ld be s f> enc\rag$ t a /ud5t :o %all le>n all t is requir$ ( him may be all[$ "t 9 :i* to pursue a favorite /udy4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 x is wor? :ile to consid]1 & ,i ?9k ?is po9t has n hi!rto receiv$ ! att5tion :i* its importance dem&s1 t !re are two di/9ct modes ( tra9+ ! m9d to a free & appropriate use ( its faculties4 ,! "o beg9s ) ! easie/1 & s proce$s to ! m difficult2 ! o!r1 at ! outset1 presses ! pupil ) ! m difficult tasks1 &1 aft] he has ma/]$ ^!1 turns him to pleasant] & easi] ones3 = x is "o me?od to practise swimm+ ) bladd]s1 & ano!r to practise danc+ ) heavy %oes4 ,x is beyond all e/imate h[ a judici\s bl5d+ ( ^! two me?ods w pr(it bo? ! m5tal & ! bodily p[]s4 ,& s to select & assign topics ( in/ruction z to adapt !m to ! individual capabilities ( ! pupils1--?is1 too1 requires a special exp]i5ce & judgm5t4 ,a close obs]vation & an accurate k ( ! diff]5t natures ( ! pupils are due f tea*]s to ! p>5ts ( ^! pupils1 t !y may *oose an occupation 9 life = _! sons accord+ly4 ,& note fur!r1 t n only does e "o make m rapid progress 9 ^? /udies to :i* 8 nature incl9es him1 b1 aga91 t a natural dis9cl9ation1 9 :atev] direction1 may be ov]come by ! help ( special /udies4 ,= in/ance1 if a boy has a light1 inatt5tive1 incon/ant _s1 s t he is easily div]t$1 & 8 att5tion _c be readily fix$1 he w f9d advantage 9 ! ma!matics1 9 :i* a demon/ration mu/ be comm5c$ anew :5ev] ! ?\ght w&]s ev5 = a mom5t40 ,^! citations w sugge/ p>allels 9 ! aims ( ! two great re=m]s4 ,bo? s\ght to introduce ! /ud5t to nature at fir/ h&4 ,bo? aim$ to reorganize ! sci5ces into "o great body ( cord9at$ k4 ,bo? emphasiz$ ! value ( ! inductive me?od 9 ! developm5t ( subjects ( /udy4 ,bacon said3 8,a good me?od w solve all problems4 ,a cripple on ! "r pa? w beat a rac] on ! wrong pa?40 ,said ,com5ius3 8,! secret ( education lies 9 me?od40 ,aga93 8,!re is no difficulty 9 le>n+ ,lat93 :at we want is a good me?od40 ,ratke ,al?\gh b little m ?an tw5ty ye>s ! s5ior ( ,com5ius1 ,ratke's m5tal developm5t 0 less t>dy1 s t :5 ! ,moravian 0 a "y collegian at ,h]born1 ,ratke 0 enjoy+ ! full flu% ( popul>ity z an educational re=m]4 ,born at ,wil/] 9 ,hol/e9 7,g]many71 9 #aega1 he tra9$ 9 ! gymnasium at ,hamburg1 & lat] /udi$ philosophy at ,ro/ock4 ,lat] he travell$ 9 ,engl& & ,holl&2 /udi$ ,hebrew & ,arabic1 & =mulat$ ! plan ( education :i* made him fam\s z a re=m]4 ,he atta*$ great value to 8 plan & express$ great unwill+ness to divulge x )\t adequate remun]ation4 ,he made kn[n 8 contemplat$ re=ms at a diet ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 held at ,frank=t on ! #ab? ( ,may1 #afab4 ,!y 7 ?reefold3 7#a7 ,to tea* ,lat91 ,greek1 or ,hebrew1 or any o!r language1 to "y or old 9 a v %ort "t2 7#b7 to e/abli% s*ools 9 :i* ! arts & sci5ces %\ld be taught & ext5d$2 7#c7 to introduce a uni=m spee* ?r\gh\t ! empire1 &1 at ! same "t1 uni=m gov]nm5t & religion4 ,he propos$ to foll[ ! ord] & c\rse ( nature1 & tea* fir/ ! "m-tongue1 aft] ?is ,hebrew & ,greek1 z be+ ! tongues ( ! orig9al text ( ! ,bible1 &1 la/ly1 ,lat94 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ces 7& m especially by ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,du*ess ,doro!a ( ,weim>71 ! plans ( ,ratke 7 submitt$ to a commission select$ f ! faculties ( ! univ]sities at ,j5a & ,giess51--,pr(essors ,graw]1 ,br5del1 ,wal!r1 & ,wolf repres5t+ ,j5a & ,pr(essors ,helwig & ,jung1 ,giess54 ,! report 0 favorable to ,ratke4 ,pr(essor ,helwig1 :o 0 "o ( ! be/ l+ui/s ( 8 day1 0 ! spokesman = ,giess51 & he accept$ ,ratke's views ) great en?usiasm4 8,by dilig5t reflection & long practice10 he says1 8,ratke has discov]$ a valuable me?od by :i* good arts & languages c be taught & /udi$ m easily1 quickly1 & correctly ?an has be5 usual 9 ! s*ools4 ,ratke's me?od is m practicable 9 ! arts ?an 9 ! sci5ces1 s9ce arts & sci5ces are by _! nature consi/5t ) !mselves1 :ile ! languages1 on ! contr>y1 by long use h acquir$ _m inaccuracies40 ,pr(essor ,helwig comm5ds especially ! me?odology 9 ,ratke's plan1 & urges t we mu/ consid] n only ! k to be imp>t$1 b z well ! me?od ( imp>t+ k4 ,he says3 8,nature does mu*1 x is true1 b :5 art assi/s h]1 h] "w is mu* m c]ta9 & complete4 ,!re=e x is necess>y t !re %\ld be an especial art to :i* any "o :o desires to tea* c adh]e1 s t he %all n tea* by m]e op9ion & guess1 nor by native in/9ct alone1 b by ! rules ( 8 art2 j z he :o w\ld speak correctly by ! rules ( gramm>1 & he :o w\ld s+ correctly by ! rules ( music4 ,?is art ( tea*+1 l ! art ( logic1 applies to all languages1 arts1 & sci5ces4 ,x discusses among o!r ?+s h[ to di/+ui% among m9ds & gifts1 s t ! quick] may n be delay$1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ^? :o are by nature n s quick may n rema9 beh9d2 h[ & 9 :at ord] to arrange ! ex]cises2 h[ to assi/ ! und]/&+2 h[ to /r5g!n ! memory2 h[ to %>p5 ! intellect )\t viol5ce & aft] ! true c\rse ( nature4 ,?is art ( tea*+1 no less ?an o!r arts1 has its fix$ laws & rules1 f\nd$ n only ^u ! nature & und]/&+ ( man1 b ^u ! peculi>ities ( languages1 arts1 & sci5ces2 & x admits ( no ways ( tea*+ :i* are n d$uc$ f sure gr\nds & f\nd$ ^u pro(40 ,! ,j5a pr(essors 7 no less favorable ) reg>d to ?is new art ( tea*+4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is report on ! fame ( ,ratke 0 f>-rea*+4 ,! foll[+ ye> 7#afad7 he 0 invit$ to ,augsburg to re=m ! s*ools ( t city4 ,?is invitation 0 ! outgr[? ( a /udy ( 8 plan by ,david ,hs*el1 ! pr9cipal ( ,/4 ,anne's ,s*ool1 & two o!r tea*]s appo9t$ by ! city to accompany him to ,frank=t & aid him 9 ! inve/igation4 ,!y report$ t ,ratke _h s f> expla9$ 8 me?od to !m t !y 7 satisfi$ & pleas$ ) x2 & ! invitation to ,ratke promptly foll[$4 ,beyond a few monographs by ! ,augsburg disciples1 bas$ on 8 me?od1 & inspir$ d\btless by 8 soj\rn !re1 we are altoge!r )\t evid5ce ( ! success or failure ( ! re=ms at ,augsburg4 ,e>ly 9 #afaf1 ,pr9ce ,ludwig ( ,anhalt-,go?a yield$ to ! p]suasions ( 8 si/]1 ! ,du*ess ,doro!a ( ,weim>1 & invit$ ,ratke to ,go?a to organize ! s*ools !re 9 accordance ) 8 views4 ,he engag$ to organize & sup]vise ! s*ools & to in/ruct & tra9 ! tea*]s1 b he b\nd ! pr9ce to exact f ea* tea*] a promise n to divulge 8 me?od to any "o4 ,a pr9t+-(fice 0 e/abli%$ at ,go?a to supply ! books requir$ by ! new ord]4 ,fonts ( type 9 six languages 7 import$ f ,holl&1 & f\r compositors & two pressm5 7 br\ght f ,ro/ock & ,j5a4 ,! p ( ,go?a 7 requir$ by ! pr9ce to s5d _! *ildr5 to ! s*ools organiz$ by ,ratke4 ,two hundr$ & ?irty-"o boys & two hundr$ & two girls 7 enroll$4 ,! s*ool 0 grad$ into six classes4 ,! "m-tongue 0 taught 9 ! l[e/ classes2 ,lat9 0 begun 9 ! f\r?1 & ,greek 9 ! six?4 ,he requir$ t ! tea*] 9 ! l[e/ class %\ld be a man ( k9d mann]s1 & t he ne$ "k no language b ! ,g]man4 ,?is sc&aliz$ ! :ole ,g]man nation4 ,a s*oolma/] ignorant ( ,lat96 ,critics appe>$ f ! fir/ ) ! mo/ cog5t reasons = di/ru/+ ! 8new me?ods40 ,b ,ratke _h ! confid5ce ( ! pr9ce1 & all w5t m]rily = a "t4 ,! in/ruction 0 simplifi$2 &1 besides ! "m-tongue1 ari?metic1 s++1 & religion 7 taught4 ,b he enc\nt]$ num]\s ob/acles at ,go?a3 ! tea*]s ( ! t[n1 x w\ld appe>1 did n fully %>e 8 views2 ! t[n adh]$ to ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* & ,ratke 0 a ,lu!ran1--a fact :i* caus$ no end ( tr\ble2 & ! pr9ce 0 n altoge!r satisfi$ ) ! fulfilm5t ( ,ratke's promises ( re=m4 ,! pa/or ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,go?a pref]r$ =mal *>ges ( het]odoxy aga9/ him1 & ma9ta9$1 besides1 t ,ratke made too little provision = ! /udy ( music & ! cate*ism2 t too mu* "t 0 giv5 to recreation2 t ! discipl9e 0 altoge!r too mild2 & t ! *ildr5 7 p]mitt$ to pass f "o /udy to ano!r too rapidly4 ,s+ul> *>ges1 ^!6 ,& ! m s+ul> :5 "o recalls ! long h\rs & ! h>% discipl9e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! opposition 0 /rong1 & at ! end ( eighte5 mon?s ! ,go?a exp]im5t 0 br\ght to an abrupt close4 ,ratke 0 n only dismiss$1 b 0 imprison$ on ! *>ge t he 8_h claim$ & promis$ m ?an he knew t he c\ld br+ to pass40 ,aft] sp5d+ ! be/ ( a ye> 9 prison1 he sign$ a decl>ation 9 :i* he ass5t$ to ! *>ges4 ,!n ! pr9ce releas$ him4 ,he w5t to ,magdeburg1 :]e he 0 well receiv$ by ! s*ool au?orities2 b ! ecclesia/ical dignit>ies ( ! city 7 soon at w> ) him1 & he mov$ on to ,rudol/adt1 :]e he 0 cordially receiv$ by ! ,pr9cess ,anna ,sophia1 wife ( ,pr9ce ,gun!r ( ,sw>zburg-,rudol/adt4 ,subsequ5tly ,ox5/i]n1 ! *ancellor ( ,sw$51 s\ght 8 s]vices 9 ! re=mation ( ! ,sw$i% s*ools2 b in/ead ( ! reque/$ int]view1 he s5t ! *ancellor a ?ick qu>to4 8,i accompli%$ ?is we>isome labor10 says ,ox5/i]n2 8& aft] ,i _h read ! :ole book ?r\gh1 ,i f\nd t he _h n ill display$ ! faults ( ! s*ools1 b 8 rem$ies did n seem to me adequate40 ,ratke di$ %ortly aft]w>d at ! age ( sixty-f\r ye>s4 ,ratke's contribution to education 0 *iefly 9 ! matt] ( me?odology4 ,8 lead+ pr9ciples 73 7#a7 ,9 ev]y?+ we %\ld foll[ ! ord] ( nature4 ,!re is a c]ta9 natural sequ5ce along :i* ! human intellig5ce moves 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,?is sequ5ce mu/ be /udi$1 & in/ruction mu/ be bas$ on a k ( x4 7#b7 ,"o ?+ at a "t4 ,ea* subject ( /udy %\ld be ord]ly develop$ & ?or\ghly dealt ) be=e proce$+ to ! next4 7#c7 ,!re %\ld be frequ5t repetition4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at may be accompli%$ by ! frequ5t repetition ( "o ?+4 7#d7 ,ev]y?+ fir/ 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,! fir/ ?9k+ %\ld always be 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,:atev] ! vocation1 ! pupil %\ld le>n to express himself 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,aft] ! "m-tongue has be5 ma/]$1 ! o!r languages may be /udi$4 7#e7 ,ev]y?+ )\t compulsion4 ,*ildr5 _c be :ipp$ into le>n+ or wi%+ to le>n2 by compulsion & bl[s !y are s disgu/$ ) _! /udies t /udy becomes hateful to !m4 ,moreov]1 x is contr>y to nature to flog *ildr5 = n rememb]+ :at has be5 taught !m4 ,if !y _h be5 prop]ly taught !y w\ld h rememb]$1 & bl[s w\ld h be5 unnecess>y4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught to love & rev]5ce--n to fe> _! tea*]s4 7#f7 ,no?+ %\ld be le>n$ by rote4 ,le>n+ by he>t weak5s ! und]/&+4 ,if a subject has be5 well develop$1 & has be5 impress$ ^u ! m9d by frequ5t repetition1 ! memory ( x w foll[ )\t any pa9s4 ,frequ5t h\rs ( recreation are advis$2 9 fact1 no two lessons %\ld come imm$iately toge!r4 7#g7 ,a def9ite me?od 7& a uni=m me?od7 = all /udies4 ,9 ! languages1 arts1 & sci5ces1 !re mu/ be a con=mity 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+1 text-books us$1 & precepts giv54 ,! ,g]man gramm>1 = in/ance1 mu/ agree ) ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek z f> z ! idioms ( ! language w p]mit4 7#h7 ,! ?+ itself %\ld fir/ be /udi$1 & !n :atev] expla9s x4 ,/udy fir/ ! lit]ature ( a language & !n its gramm>4 ,a basis ( mat]ial mu/ fir/ be laid 9 ! m9d be=e rules c be appli$4 ,he admits t _m ( ! gramm>s furni% examples ) ! rules2 b ^! examples 8come toge!r f all sorts ( au?ors1 l mix$ fodd] 9 a mang]40 7#i7 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be le>n$ by exp]i5ce & exam9ation4 ,no?+ is to be tak5 on au?ority4 ,x w be recall$ t ,ratke visit$ ,engl& aft] ! completion ( 8 /udies at ,ro/ock2 & x is altoge!r likely t :ile !re he became a conv]t to induction & ! philosophy ( ,bacon4 ,9 mo/ p>ticul>s ,ratke & ,com5ius 7 9 h>mony4 ,bo? urg$ t ! /udy ( ?+s %\ld prec$e or be unit$ ) ! /udy ( words2 t k %\ld be communicat$ ?r\gh appeals to ! s5ses2 t all l+ui/ic /udy %\ld beg9 ) ! "m-tongue2 t me?ods ( tea*+ %\ld be 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature2 & t progress 9 /udies %\ld be bas$ n on compulsion1 b on ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 ! pupils4 ,campanella1 ,&re1 & ,bateus ,com5ius d]iv$ _m ( 8 philosophic concepts f ! ,dom9ican re=m]1 ,?omas ,campanella1 ^: writ+s influ5c$ him p[]fully1 at lea/ dur+ 8 /ud5t ye>s at ,h]born & ,heidelb]g4 ,! writ+s ( ,campanella conv9c$ him ( ! unwisdom ( ! /udy ( nature f ! works ( ,ari/otle4 ,books1 ,campanella _h decl>$1 are b dead copies ( life1 & are full ( error & deception4 ,we mu/ ourselves explore nature & write d[n our own ?\ghts1 ! liv+ mirror :i* %[s ! reflection ( ,god's c\nt5ance4 ,^! prote/s aga9/ s*ola/icism f\nd a responsive *ord 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! "y ,com5ius4 ,9 ! preface to ! ,prodromus ,com5ius is unres]v$ 9 8 expression ( obligations to 8 pr$ecessors4 8,:o1 inde$1 %\ld h ! fir/ place10 he says1 8b ,john ,val5t9e ,&re1 a man ( nimble & cle> bra940 ,! c\rt prea*] ( ,/uttg>t _h /rongly impress$ ,com5ius by 8 deep love = ,*ri/ian ideals & 8 w>m en?usiasm = _! realization 9 practical life1 z well z by 8 humor\s polemics aga9/ ! dead s*ola/icism ( 8 day4 ,com5ius incorporates 9 8 ,great didactic a brief by ,&re on 8! use ( ! art ( tea*+10 9 :i* he ma9ta9s 7#a7 t p>5ts up to ?is "t h be5 unc]ta9 h[ mu* to expect f _! *ildr52 7#b7 t s*oolma/]s1 ! great] numb] ( :om h be5 ignorant ( _! art1 h exhau/$ _! en]gies & worn !mselves out 9 _! ef=ts to fulfil _! duty2 7#c7 t /ud5ts %\ld ma/] ! sci5ces )\t difficulty1 t$ium1 or bl[s1 z if 9 sport & 9 m]rim5t2 7#d7 t s*ools %\ld become places ( amusem5t1 h\ses ( delight & attraction1 & ! "w s adju/$ t /ud5ts ( :atev] capacity might atta9 a high /&>d ( developm5t2 7#e7 t /ates %\ld exi/ = ! developm5t ( ! "y2 7#f7 t s*ools %\ld be s effici5t t ! ,*ur* may nev] lack le>n$ doctors1 & ! le>n$ doctors lack suitable he>]s2 & 7#g7 t ! s*ools may be s re=m$ t !y may give a m exact & univ]sal culture ( ! intellect1 & t ,*ri/ian y\?s may be m f]v5tly /irr$ up to vigor ( m9d & love ( heav5ly ?+s4 8,let none1 !re=e10 says ,&re1 8)draw 8 ?\ghts1 desires1 /r5g?1 & res\rces f su* a sacr$ und]tak+4 ,x is +lori\s to despair ( progress & wrong to despise ! c\nsel ( o!rs40 ,! obligation ( ,com5ius to ,william ,bateus1 ! ,iri% ,jesuit1 0 n great1 al?\gh he makes free ackn[l$gm5t ( ! same 9 ! ,janua4 ,inde$1 ! plan ( ! ,janua 0 well =mulat$ be=e he knew ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jesuit fa!r's book4 ,he made kn[n ! plan ( 8 ,janua to "s fri5ds1 :o told him t ,bateus _h already publi%$ a simil> "w4 ,he 0 n cont5t until he _h procur$ a copy ( ! book4 8,! idea10 says ,com5ius1 80 bett] ?an ! execution4 ,nev]!less1 z he 0 ! prime inv5tor1 ,i ?ankfully ackn[l$ge x1 nor w ,i upbraid him = ^? errors he has committ$40 ,?is will+ recognition ( 8 obligation to a wide range ( educational writ]s is pro( ( ! decl>ation he (t5 made1 8,i c>e n :e!r ,i act ! "p ( tea*] or le>n]40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,boyhood ,,& ,,e>ly ,,life ,,( ,,com5ius3 #aeib-afbh ,ance/ry ( ,com5ius--,att5ds ! village s*ool at ,/rasnitz--,/udies ,lat9 9 ! gymnasium at ,pr]au--,"* ( ! ,lat9 s*ools ( 8 day--,ent]s ! college at ,h]born--,/udies !ology & philosophy--,inspir$ by ! tea*+s ( ,al/$--,makes ! acqua9tance ( ! writ+s ( ,ratke--,cont9ues 8 /udies at ,heidelb]g--,beg9s 8 c>e] z a tea*] at ,pr]au--,orda9$ z a cl]gyman--,in/all$ z pa/or & s*ool sup]9t5d5t at ,fulneck--,p]secution4 ,_m ( ! facts conc]n+ ! e>ly life ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius are %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t he 0 born 9 ! village ( ,nivnitz 9 ,moravia 7n[ a prov9ce ( ,au/ria7 on ! #bh? day ( ,m>*1 9 ! ye> #aeib4 ,nivnitz !n1 z n[1 0 little m ?an a c\ntry m>ket t[n & settl$ q l>gely by memb]s ( ! religi\s organization kn[n z ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,! fa!r & "m ( ,com5ius1 ,m>t9 & ,anna ,kom5sky1 7 influ5tial memb]s ( ! bro!rhood1 :o _h settl$ "h "s ye>s previ\s ) o!r foll[]s ( ,john ,hus1 ! ,bohemian re=m] & m>tyr4 ,! tradition t ,m>t9 ,kom5sky 0 a mill] by trade does n seem to be well au!nticat$4 ,besides ,john ,amos1 ?ree daught]s 7 born to ,m>t9 & ,anna ,kom5sky1--,ludmilla1 ,susanna1 & ,m>g>et1--b ! ?ree girls di$ 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,m>t9 ,kom5sky di$ 9 #afjd1ad & 8 wife surviv$ him less ?an a ye>4 ,left an orphan at ! e>ly age ( twelve ye>s1 ,com5ius 0 intru/$ to ! c>e & tra9+ ( an improvid5t aunt1 :o soon made way ) 8 inh]itance4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! neglect ( 8 s*ool tra9+1 ! incompet5ce ( ! fo/] p>5t is cle>ly app>5t4 ,= some?+ m ?an f\r ye>s ! lad att5d$ ! village s*ool at ,/rasnitz4 ,b1 z he himself tells u1 ! curriculum 0 n>r[ & ! tea*+ poor4 ,:ile "h ,com5ius =m$ ! acqua9tance ( a s*oolfell[ nam$ ,ni*olas ,drabik1 ?r\gh ^: prophetic visions he 0 s ignom9i\sly l$ a/ray 9 8 lat] life1 & s bitt]ly reproa*$ by 8 contempor>ies4 8,x 0 a /range irony ( fate10 rem>ks ,mr4 ,keat+e1 8t a w&]] l ,com5ius1 :5 only elev5 ye>s old & 9 8 native l&1 %\ld comm5ce ! intimacy t 0 to embitt] 8 old age 9 ,am/]dam40 ,b1 z ,b5ham notes1 ! fact t ! matt] 0 s soon =gott5 %[s t ! "* ( ,com5ius receiv$ no indelible /a9 by ! un=tunate alliance1 ev5 ?\gh he excit$ ! ridicule & disrespect1 & ev5 ! contempt1 ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,at ! advanc$ age ( sixte5 ye>s1 he 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( classical le>n+ 9 ! ,lat9 s*ool at ,pr]au1 :]e he /udi$ = two ye>s4 ,a fairly accurate notion ( 8 /udies dur+ ?is p]iod may be ga9$ f a glance at ! c\rse ( /udy 9 a contempor>y ,lat9 s*ool h]e) reproduc$ 9 translation f ! ,bohemian4#ae ,! s*$ule ( h\rs 9 ! second grade ( ?is s*ool 0 z foll[s3 ,9 ! morn+1 dur+ ! fir/ h\r1 repetition ( gramm> lesson f memory & explanation ( ! next day's gramm> lesson4 ,dur+ ! second h\r1 ! dialogues ( ,ca/alio2 & ! ?ird h\r1 ! recitation ( ,ca/alio's dialogues 9 ! ,bohemian1 & ! grammatical analysis ( ! words & conv]sation ( ! lesson4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 dur+ ! fir/ h\r1 writ+ & s++2 ! second h\r1 explanation ( ! writ+s ( ,cic]o accord+ to ,/urm's edition1 & grammatical analysis2 & ! ?ird h\r1 ex]cises 9 words & say+s4 ,?is 0 ! programme = ,mondays1 ,tuesdays1 ,?ursdays1 & ,saturdays4 ,on ,w$nesdays !re 0 b "o lesson 9 ! morn+ & "o 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ! morn+ ! cate*ism 0 recit$2 9 addition1 imitative ex]cises = ! =mation ( /yle4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 ! writ+ ( %ort words & a recapitulation ( ! week's lessons4 ,! programme = ! ?ird grade 0 z foll[s3 ,9 ! =5oon ( ,mondays1 ,tuesdays1 ,?ursdays1 & ,fridays3-- ,fir/ h\r4--,repetition ( ,lat9 rules 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,second h\r4--,exposition ( ! conv]sations ( ,john ,lewis ,vives4 ,?ird h\r4--,repetition ( ! above1 & ,bohemian ex]cises f ! text4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! same days1 fir/ h\r1 writ+ & s++2 second h\r1 ,greek gramm> & ! collect$ writ+s ( ,john ,/urm2 & ?ird h\r1 exposition ( ,greek prov]bs f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 toge!r ) grammatical analysis ( ! same4 ,?is class _h = its =5oon lesson on ,w$nesdays ! cate*ism & ex]cises 9 ! ,bohemian1 & 9 ! aft]noon s++ & writ+4 ,9 ! summ] ! m indu/ri\s pupils 7 excus$ f ! lessons on ,w$nesday aft]noons4 ,"o p]iod on ,saturday 0 devot$ to a weekly review2 & on ,sunday morn+ a *apt] 0 read f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! same expla9$ 9 ,greek 7to all grades above ! second71 & all ! /ud5ts att5d$ *ur*4 ,9 ! aft]noon !re 0 prea*+ aga9 & m read+ f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,su* we may suppose to h be5 ! "* ( 8 /udies at ,pr]au dur+ ! two ye>s f #afjh to #afaj4 ,because ( 8 maturity1 he appreciat$ mo/ ke5ly ! faults ( curr5t humani/ic me?ods ( tea*+4 ,z "o ( 8 biograph]s rem>ks3 8,! defects ( ?is e>ly education 7 ! se$s f :i* sprang ! :ole ( 8 didactic ef=ts4 ,consid]ably old] ?an 8 s*ool-fell[s1 he 0 able to criticise ! me?ods & spe$ily arrive at ! conclusion t ! lack ( progress 0 due m to ! ineffici5cy ( ! tea*]s ?an to ! idl5ess ( _! pupils4 ,f ?is "t onw>d1 he began to devise new me?ods ( class in/ruction & bett] s*emes ( /udy4 ,f ! vivid memory ( ! horrors ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$1 ( ! ?\s& & "o rules t _h to be le>n$ by rote be=e !y 7 und]/ood1 ( ! monoton\s /udy ( gramm>1 only div]sifi$ by ! madd5+ ef=t to translate ,lat9 au?ors )\t ! assi/ance ( suitable diction>ies or comm5t>ies1 sprang t int5se sympa?y ) beg9n]s :i* *>act]izes 8 :ole life & gives practical wor? to e precept t he enunciat$40 ,aft] two ye>s 9 ! ,lat9 s*ool at ,pr]au1 he ent]$ ! college at ,h]born on ! #cj? ( ,m>*1 #afaa4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,prague 0 at ?is "t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,utraqui/s1 ^: unfri5dly attitude t[>d ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 l$ to ! selection ( a ,g]man univ]sity = 8 high] c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,he _h det]m9$ to qualify = ! m9i/ry1 & ! in/itution at ,h]born at ?is "t af=d$ unusual opportunities = ! /udy ( !ology4 ,d\btless ano!r factor 9 ! selection ( ,h]born 0 ! fact t ,john ,h5ry ,al/$1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ !ological & philosophical pr(essors ( ! day1 0 lectur+ !re1 & aspir+ y\?s ( ! temp]am5t ( ,com5ius naturally gravitat$ t[>d ?is c5tre ( fre% ?\ght4 ,al?\gh b f\r ye>s old] ?an ,com5ius1 ,al/$ 0 ! mo/ comm&+ figure 9 ! academic circles ( ,europe at ?is "t4 ,he _h travell$ ext5sively2 _h made ! acqua9tance ( mo/ ( ! le>n$ m5 9 ,europe wor? kn[+2 & _h advocat$ views ( education :i* 7 new & />tl+4 ,= tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ,h]born _h enjoy$ unprec$5t$ academic prosp]ity4 ,opportunities = ! /udy ( education 7 unexcell$2 =1 connect$ ) ! college1 !re 0 a prep>atory dep>tm5t :i* s]v$ z a laboratory = ! /udy ( p$agogic problems1 9 :i*1 = example1 ! l[] classes 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! "m-tongue--a proc$ure t 0 reg>d$ z ultra-het]odox at ?is "t4 ,com5ius 0 mo/ help$ by ! in/ruction ( ! di/+ui%$ !ologian & philosoph]1 ,pr(essor ,john ,h5ry ,al/$4 ,! tea*+s ( ,al/$ 7 ( a "* calculat$ to deep5 ! convictions ( ! "y /ud5t f ,moravia1 = ! ,h]born pr(essor taught among o!r ?+s--z is indicat$ by 8 ,encyclopdia ( ! sci5ces1 publi%$ a few ye>s lat]--! foll[+3 7#a7 ,n m ?an "o ?+ %\ld be taught at a "t2 7#b7 n m ?an "o book %\ld be us$ on "o subject1 & n m ?an "o subject %\ld be taught on "o day2 7#c7 ev]y?+ %\ld be taught ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :at is m famili>2 7#d7 all sup]fluity %\ld be avoid$2 7#e7 all /udy %\ld be mapp$ out 9 fix$ p]iods2 7#f7 all rules %\ld be z %ort z possible2 7#g7 ev]y?+ %\ld be taught )\t sev]ity1 ?\gh discipl9e mu/ be ma9ta9$2 7#h7 corporal puni%m5t %\ld be res]v$ = moral (f5ces1 & nev] inflict$ = lack ( indu/ry2 7#i7 au?ority %\ld n be all[$ to prejudice ! m9d aga9/ ! facts glean$ f exp]i5ce1 nor %\ld cu/om or preconceiv$ op9ion prevail2 7#aj7 ! con/ruction ( a new language %\ld fir/ be expla9$ 9 ! v]nacul>2 7#aa7 no language %\ld be taught by means ( gramm>2 7#ab7 grammatical t]ms %\ld be ! same 9 all languages4 8,! tea*]10 said ,al/$1 8%\ld be a skill$ read] ( "*1 s t he may be able to classify ! dispositions ( 8 pupils4 ,unless he pays great att5tion to diff]5ces ( disposition1 he w b wa/e all ! ef=ts he exp5ds 9 tea*+40 ,ano!r pr(essor ( philosophy at ,h]born at ! "t 0 ,he9ri* ,gutb]le?1 :o 0 likewise deeply int]e/$ 9 p$agogy & ^: lectures seem to h influ5c$ ,com5ius1 ) special ref]5ce to 8 advocacy ( ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 !ology he he>d lectures by ,piscator1 ,h]mannus1 & ,pasor4 ,s9ce #aecj ! s*ools ( ,nassau _h be5 m>k$ by great improvem5t1 & ?is improvem5t 0 9 no small measure due to ! intellig5t int]e/ ( ! pr(essors ( !ology at ,h]born 9 ! s*ools ( ! prov9ce4 ,h]mannus1 ) :om ,com5ius /udi$ practical !ology1 0 especially active 9 s*ool re=m4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 /ud5t life at ,h]born t ,com5ius became acqua9t$ ) ,ratke's plan ( in/ruction1 !n mu* discuss$ at univ]sity c5tres1 & especially at ,j5a1 ,giess51 & ,h]born4 ,h[ev] mu* he may h be5 /imulat$ to educational re=m by 8 own belat$ classical tra9+ & by ! p$agogic "* ( ! "w at ,h]born1 ! writ+s ( ,ratke1 z he himself tells u1 play$ ! l>ge/ "p 9 mak+ him an educational re=m]4 ,:ile at ,h]born he gave special att5tion to ! ,bohemian language1 & plann$ a diction>y :i* 0 nev] publi%$4 ,com5ius left ,h]born 9 ! spr+ ( #afac2 & aft] a few weeks' soj\rn at ,am/]dam he repair$ to ,heidelb]g1 :]e he matriculat$ z a /ud5t ( philosophy & !ology on ! #ac? ( ,june4 ,beyond ! fact t he pur*as$ a manuscript ( ,cop]nicus1 & t at ! end ( a ye>1 8 funds becom+ exhau/$1 he 0 =c$ to make ! return j\rney to ,prague on foot1 no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life at ,heidelb]g4 ,back 9 8 native c\ntry aft] ^! ye>s ( /udy & travel 9 ,g]many1 he 0 /ill too "y by two ye>s = ord9ation 9 ! bro!rhood4 ,mean:ile he turn$ 8 att5tion to education1 & engag$ himself z a tea*] 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool at ,pr]au conduct$ by ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,?is exp]i5ce br\ght him face to face ) problems ( me?odology & discipl9e1 & gave him an opportunity to apply "s ( ! !ories he _h =mulat$ :ile a /ud5t at ,h]born4 ,8 att5tion 0 at once call$ to ! ineffective me?ods employ$ 9 tea*+ ,lat91 = ! rem$y ( :i* he prep>$ an easy ,lat9 book = beg9n]s4 ,8 ord9ation took place at ,z]wick on ! #bi? day ( ,april1 #afaf1 al?\gh he cont9u$ tea*+ at ,pr]au = two ye>s long]1 :5 he 0 call$ to ! pa/orate ( ! fl\ri%+ ,moravian *ur* at ,fulneck4 ,at ! same "t1 or %ortly !reaft]1 he 0 elect$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! s*ools ( ! t[n4 ,9 ?is tw(old capacity he m9i/]$ to ! spiritual & educational ne$s ( ,fulneck = ?ree ye>s1 & pass$ ! only tranquil & happy ye>s ( 8 life4 ,b ! ye> t u%]$ 9 ?is prosp]\s c>e] witness$ ! outbreak ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,9 #afba ,fulneck 0 sack$ by ! ,spani>ds1 & ! conqu]+ =ce gave itself up to de/ruction t baffles description4 ,h\ses 7 pillag$1 includ+ ! resid5ce ( ,com5ius1 & he lo/ all 8 prop]ty1 includ+ 8 libr>y & ! manuscripts ( sev]al educational treatises1 on ! composition ( :i* he _h sp5t ye>s ( labor4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 7 expos$ to ! mo/ rel5tless p]secutions4 ,_m 7 execut$1 & o!rs took refuge 9 caves 9 ! wild]ness or on ! seclud$ e/ates ( weal?y sympa?iz]s4 ,= ?ree ye>s ,com5ius f\nd an asylum on ! e/ate ( ,k>l von ,z]ot94 ,! dea? ( 8 wife & *ildr5 7= he _h m>ri$ :ile at ,fulneck7 add$ to ! afflictions ( 8 exile2 b he s\ght relief f 8 sorr[ 9 lit]>y "w--! composition ( a metrical translation ( ! ,psalms1 an allegorical description ( life1 & ! con/ruction ( a highly m]itori\s map ( ,moravia4 ,! p]secution ( ! enemies r5d]$ concealm5t no long] possible2 &1 al?\gh ,k>l von ,z]ot9 0 held 9 high reg>d by ,f]d9& ,,ii1 9 #afbd ! imp]ial m&ate 0 issu$ :i* bani%$ ! evangelical cl]gy f ! c\ntry4 ,= a "t ,com5ius & sev]al ( 8 bre?r5 secret$ !mselves f _! m]ciless pursu]s on ! ,bohemian m\nta9s1 9 ! citadel ( ,b>on ,sad[sky1 ne> ,slaupna4 ,b ! edict ( #afbg put an end to fur!r protection ( ! ,moravian cl]gy by ! nobles2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #afbh1 ,com5ius & _m ( 8 compatriots1 includ+ 8 late protector1 ,b>on ,sad[sky1 set out = ,pol&4 ,on ! m\nta9 fronti] :i* sep>ates ,moravia f ,silesia1 "o gets an excell5t view ( ,fulneck & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,"h ! b& ( exiles knelt & ,com5ius (f]$ up an impassion$ pray] = 8 belov$ ,moravia & ,bohemia4 ,?is 0 8 la/ sad look on 8 devot$ c\ntry4 ,he nev] aft]w>d beheld ! l& ( 8 fa!rs1 b = m ?an half a c5tury he liv$ an exile 9 =eign regions4 ,well might he1 9 8 old age1 exclaim3 8,my :ole life 0 m]ely ! visit ( a gue/2 ,i _h no fa!rl&40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,c>e] ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,re=m]3 #afbh-afef ,flight to ,pol&--,appo9t$ director ( ! gymnasium at ,lissa--,re=ms introduc$--,lit]>y projects--,ne$ ( a patron--,call to ,engl&--,fri5d%ip ) ,h>tlib--,int]e/ ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t--,discont5t ) exi/+ educational in/itutions--,lewis de ,ge]1 8 ,dut* patron--,call to ,sw$5--,int]view ) ,ox5/i]n--,locat$ at ,elb+--,re=m ( ! ,sw$i% s*ools--,return to ,pol&--,consecration z s5ior bi%op--,consequ5ces ( ! treaty ( ,we/phalia--,ecclesia/ical m9i/rations--,call to ,hung>y--,re=m ( ! s*ools at ,s>os-,patak--,plan ( a pansophic s*ool--,return to ,lissa--,! city burn$--,flight ( ,com5ius f ,pol&4 ,aft] ! flight f ,bohemia1 ,com5ius & 8 compatriots f\nd a refuge at ,lissa1 ,pol&1 ) ,c\nt ,raphael1 a p[]ful pr9ce ( ! fai? ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 to ^: e/ate hundr$s ( p]secut$ ,bohemians _h already fl$4 ,twelve ye>s 7 pass$ 9 ,lissa1 dur+ :i* "t ,com5ius 0 actively engag$ 9 educational re=m4 ,besides ! composition ( ?ree ( 8 mo/ important books--! ,janua1 9 #afca1 ! ,great didactic1 probably 9 #afcb1 & ! ,s*ool ( infancy1 9 #afcc--;he engag$ actively 9 ! "w ( tea*+4 ,a second>y s*ool ( ackn[l$g$ repute _h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ,lissa by ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 s9ce #aeee1 & "h ,com5ius f\nd ! opportunity ( putt+ into practice "s ( 8 educational !ories4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 f 8 writ+s1 t he read widely be=e und]tak+ ! reorganization ( ! gymnasium at ,lissa1 & t he s\ght aid f all ! writ]s on education1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,8 correspond5ts at ?is p]iod includ$ su* di/+ui%$ names z ,lub91 ,&re1 ,ritt]1 ,vogel1 ,ratke1 ,frey1 ,m5cel1 ,h>tlib1 ,ev5ius1 ,john/one1 & ,mo*+]4 ,to ^! di/+ui%$ contempor>ies he expresses 8 dissatisfaction ) curr5t educational practices1 & seeks guidance 9 ! re=m movem5t he has in/itut$ 9 ,pol&4 8,:5 our p att5d s*ool = ! sake ( ! le>n$ languages1 :at d !y br+ ) !m on return+ home80 he asks4 8,:at beyond t :i* !y obta9 !re--! t9kl+ ( human eloqu5ce1 ! love ( disputation1 & ! k t puffe? up in/ead ( ! *>ity t builde? up4 ,moreov]1 "s acquire corrupt morals2 "s1 a desire to make !mselves agreeable by a %[ ( ext]nal civility2 "s1 habits ( intemp]ance & a di/a/e or hatr$ ( firm discipl9e4 ,& yet ^! v m5 7 tra9$ = ! lights ( ! ,*ur* & ! pill>s ( ! ,/ate4 ,o t1 in/ead ( su* an education1 we _h reta9$ ! simplicity ( *ildhood4 ,o t we might br+ back ! anci5t cu/om ( ! ,sp>tans1 :o1 m ?an all ! o!r ,greeks1 7 int5t ^u ! rational education ( _! y\?40 ,a notewor?y feature ( 8 "w z a re=m] at ,lissa consi/$ 9 a c>eful grad+ ( ! s*ools1 & ! =mulation ( a c\rse ( /udy = ! successive grades4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple 9 ?is s*ematization ( s*ool "w 0 t ea* grade %\ld pave ! way = ! "o next high]1--! elem5ts ( all subjects ( /udy be+ comp>atively simple1 ^! elem5ts %\ld be gradually introduc$ & elaborat$ f grade to grade4 ,^! re=ms 7 n only f>-rea*+1 !y 7 revolution>y2 & !y made possible ! mod]n grad$ s*ool4 ,civiliz$ ,europe did n long rema9 9 ignorance ( ^! re=ms4 ,!y 7 discuss$ ) approval 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,sw$52 & sev]al =eign gov]nm5ts s\ght 8 s]vices 9 ! "w ( educational re=m4 ,sw$51 9 #afch1 t5d]$ him a remun]ative position & unlimit$ opportunities ( re=m+ ! s*ools ( ! k+dom along ! l9es laid d[n 9 8 writ+s4 ,he repli$ t he 0 will+ to recomm5d a compet5t p]son to und]take ! "w1 b t he 0 n 9 position to sev] 8 relations ) ! ,moravian ,*ur* 9 ,pol& & to leave unf9i%$ "s important educational writ+s4 ,8 own pov]ty1 z well z t ( 8 bre?r51 made him realize ke5ly ! ne$ ( a weal?y patron to aid him 9 ! realization ( 8 educational ideals4 8,! va/ness ( ! labors ,i contemplate10 he wrote1 8dem&s t ,i %\ld h a weal?y patron1 :e!r we look at _! ext5t1 or at ! necessity ( secur+ assi/ants1 or at ! exp5se g5]ally4 ,i propose to r5d] ! /udy ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 & !ology m accessible to all p>ties1 & ( great] usefulness 9 ! regulation ( human affairs ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 two k9ds ( books are necess>y--7#a7 = philosophical rese>* & 7#b7 = elem5t>y tra9+4 8,books ( ! fir/ class w\ld prim>ily h ref]5ce to ! ,lat9 language1 & ( ?is class ,i w\ld adopt eight3-- 8#a4 ,! ,ve/ibulum1 or introduction to ! ,lat9 tongue4 8#b4 ,! ,janua1 or gate ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 8#c4 ,! ,palace1 or ess5tials ( ! ,lat9 language4 8#d4 ,a diction>y giv+ ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 words 9 ! "m-tongue4 8#e4 ,a diction>y giv+ all ! words ( ! native language 9 ,lat91 & m especially supply+ phrases ( ! =m] language ) correspond+ phrases 9 ! latt]4 8#f4 ,a ,lat9 diction>y expla9+ all ! peculi> idioms ( ! language4 8#g4 ,an elem5t>y gramm> conta9+ all ! decl5sions & conjugations1 & to be us$ 9 connection ) ! ,ve/ibulum4 8#h4 ,a m compreh5sive gramm>1 to be us$ 9 connection ) ! ,janua4 8,! books to be us$ 9 connection ) elem5t>y tra9+ are ?ree3-- 8#a4 ,pansophia1 or univ]sal wisdom4 ,?is book %\ld comprise ! sum total ( human wisdom1 & be s express$ z to meet ! requirem5ts ( bo? ! pres5t & future ages4 ,! me?od to be foll[$ 9 su* a book w\ld be to r$uce x to c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 beyond ! compass ( :i* no "p ( human k c rea*4 ,su* fir/ pr9ciples are ,god1 ! _w1 & common s5se4 8#b4 ,panhi/oria1 or univ]sal hi/ory4 ,?is "w mu/ compreh5d ! mo/ vital facts ( all ages4 ,univ]sal hi/ory is a mo/ excell5t h&maid ( ! und]/&+1 se>*+ into ! causes ( all ?+s1 & inquir+ into ! laws ( cause & effect4 ,in/ruction 9 hi/ory mu/ be grad$4 ,x might be arrang$ 9 six classes--,bible hi/ory1 natural hi/ory1 hi/ory ( inv5tions1 hi/ory ( morals1 hi/ory ( ! v>i\s religi\s rites1 & g5]al hi/ory4 8#c4 ,g5]al dogmatics4 ,^! h to treat ( ! diff]5t !ories tak5 by human +5uity1 ! false z well z ! true1 !reby prev5t+ a relapse into va9 speculations & dang]\s errors4 8,"o man is n able to accompli% an und]tak+ ( su* magnitude4 ,!re ought to be "s clev] l+ui/s1 p]haps ?ree well v]s$ 9 philosophy1 an able hi/orian1 & a man ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ,biblical lit]ature4 ,z reg>ds ! philological labors1 ,i h already met ) an excell5t assi/ant 9 ,mr4 ,we*n]4 ,nor are clev] coadjutors want+ = ! ,pansophia1 :o h n only (f]$ ! treasures ( _! libr>ies1 b :o h (f]$ !mselves 9 _! cop]ation 9 ?is "w4 ,among ^! my fri5d ,h>tlib f> excels4 ,i d n "k 8 equal 9 ! ext5t ( 8 k1 8 acut5ess ( reason+1 8 zeal to become useful to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 8 f]v5t love = a philosophy unmix$ ) errors & fanciful speculations1 & 8 self-d5ial 9 ord] to fur!r ! objects 9 view40 ,su* a patron1 h[ev]1 0 n at once =?com+1 al?\gh x w\ld appe> f 8 lett]s t ,c\nt ,bohulslaw ( ,lissa1 :om he /yles 8! *ief 9 ! k+dom ( ,pol&10 0 ( "s pecuni>y assi/ance to him at ?is "t 9 ! developm5t ( 8 !ories4 ,! wide publication ( 8 writ+s ar\s$ a ke5 int]e/ 9 8 re=ms1 & especially 9 ,engl&4 ,samuel ,h>tlib1 :o correspond$ ext5sively ) ! le>n$ m5 ( ,europe1 _h already translat$ into ,engli% sev]al ( ! educational writ+s ( ,com5ius1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways _h int]e/$ ! ,engli% public 9 ! "w ( ! ,moravian re=m]4 ,! ke5 p]sonal int]e/ ( ,h>tlib 9 ! "w ( ,com5ius _h important tempor>y consequ5ces on ! direction ( ! re=m]'s activities dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,h>tlib at ?is "t 0 ! mo/ int]e/+ figure 9 ,engli% educational hi/ory4 8,ev]ybody knew him10 says ,pr(essor ,masson4#af 8,he 0 a =eign] by bir?1 be+ ! son ( a ,poli% m]*ant :o _h left ,pol& :5 ! c\ntry fell "u ,jesuit rule1 & _h settl$ 9 ,elb+ 9 ,prussia1 9 v good circum/ances4 ,twice m>ri$ be=e to ,poli% ladies1 ?is m]*ant _h m>ri$ 9 ,prussia = 8 ?ird wife ! daught] ( a weal?y ,engli% m]*ant at ,dantzig2 & ?us our ,h>tlib1 _! son1 ?\gh ,prussian born & ) ,poli% connections1 c\ld reckon himself half ,engli%4 ,! date ( 8 bir? 0 probably ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,he appe>s to h fir/ visit$ ,engl& 9 or ab\t #afbh1 & f t "t1 ?\gh he made frequ5t j\rneys to ! cont95t1 ,london _h be5 8 headqu>t]s4 ,"h1 ) a resid5ce 9 ! city1 he c>ri$ on bus9ess z a m]*ant1 ) ext5sive =eign correspond5ce1 & v respectable family connections4 ,b x did n require su* family connections to make ,h>tlib at home 9 ,engli% society4 ,! "* ( ! man w\ld h made him at home any:]e4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? p]sons n[ /yl$ philan?ropi/s1 or fri5ds ( progress1 :o take an int]e/ 9 e "q or project ( _! "t promis+ social improvem5t1 h always "s irons 9 ! fire1 are con/antly =m+ committees1 or writ+ lett]s to p]sons ( influ5ce1 & live altoge!r = ! public4 ,by ! common cons5t ( all :o h explor$ ! intellectual & social hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 he is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & memorable figures ( t :ole p]iod4 ,he is int]e/+ bo? = :at he did himself & on acc\nt ( ! numb] & intimacy ( 8 contacts ) o!r int]e/+ p40 ,?r\gh ,h>tlib's influ5ce ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t invit$ ,com5ius to ,engl&4 ,?is 0 9 ! summ] ( #afda4 ,com5ius himself may be p]mitt$ to tell h[ all ?is came ab\t3 8,aft] my ,pansophia _h be5 publi%$ & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 _m le>n$ m5 approv$ ( ! object & plan ( ! "w1 b despair$ ( its ev] be+ accompli%$ by "o man alone1 & !re=e advis$ t a college ( le>n$ m5 %\ld be in/itut$ to c>ry x into effect4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,h>tlib1 :o _h =w>d$ its publication 9 ,engl&1 labor$ e>ne/ly 9 ?is matt]1 & endeavor$ by e possible means to br+ toge!r = ?is purpose a numb] ( intellectual m54 ,& at l5g?1 hav+ f\nd "o or two1 he invit$ me ) _m /rong entreaties4 ,z my fri5ds cons5t$ to my dep>ture1 ,i proce$$ to ,london1 & arriv$ !re on ! autumnal equ9ox 7,septemb] ! #bb;d7 9 ! ye> #afda1 & !n le>n$ t ,i _h be5 call$ ?i!r by an ord] ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! k+ hav+ gone to ,scotl&1 ! ,p>liam5t _h be5 dismiss$ = ?ree mon?s1 &1 consequ5tly1 ,i _h to w9t] 9 ,london40 ,8 fri5ds mean:ile exam9$ ) m detail 8 educational views & enc\rag$ him to elaborate 8 views 9 a tract1 :i* he nam$ ,via lucis1 or ! way ( light4 ,?is1 z he himself says1 0 8a national disquisition z to ! mann] 9 :i* wisdom--! intellectual law ( m9ds--may at l5g? t[>d ! ev5+ ( ! _w be felicit\sly diffus$ ?r\gh all m9ds 9 all nations40 ,ar\nd ,com5ius ,h>tlib soon collect$ a gr\p ( ?\ghtful m5 int]e/$ 9 ! ,moravian re=m]'s views2 & toge!r we may suppose !y discuss$ at l5g? ! l>g] educational problems already =mulat$ by ,com5ius 9 8 publi%$ writ+s4 ,! gr\p includ$1 besides ,h>tlib1 ,mr4 ,john ,pell1 a ma!matician ( ackn[l$g$ repute2 ,john ,milton1 ! poet & educational writ]2 ,!odor ,haak1 ! expositor ( philosophic sy/ems2 ,john ,wilk9s1 ! agricultural en?usia/2 ,john ,durie1 ! advocate ( evangelical unity2 ,?omas ,f>naby1 ! s*oolma/] at ,sev5oaks & "o ( ! ,engli% editors ( ,com5ius' ,janua2 & probably ! ,am]ican ,w9?rop1 lat] gov]nor ( ,connecticut1 :o 0 w9t]+ 9 ,london4 ,he 0 delight$ ) ,london & ! p he met4 ,writ+ to fri5ds 9 ,lissa1 he says3 8,i live z a fri5d among fri5ds2 ?\gh n s _m visit me z w\ld if !y knew t ,i c\ld speak ,engli%1 or if !y _h m confid5ce 9 _! own ,lat940 ,:5 ,p>liam5t f9ally conv5$ 8& my pres5ce be+ kn[n10 writes ,com5ius1 8,i 0 comm&$ to wait until aft] "s important bus9ess hav+ be5 transact$1 a commission %\ld be issu$ to c]ta9 wise & le>n$ ,engli%m5 to he> me & be in=m$ ( my plan4 ,z an e>ne/1 moreov]1 ( _! int5tions1 !y communicat$ to me _! purpose to assign to u a college ) rev5ues1 :5ce "s m5 ( le>n+ & indu/ry select$ f any nation might be honorably su/a9$ ei!r = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s or 9 p]petuity4 ,! ,savoy 9 ,london1 & beyond ,london1 ,w9*e/]1 & aga9 ne> ! city1 ,*elsea1 7 sev]ally m5tion$1 & inv5tories ( ! latt] & its rev5ues 7 communicat$ to me2 s t no?+ seem$ m c]ta9 ?an t ! designs ( ,"l ,bacon to op5 a univ]sal college ( all nations1 devot$ solely to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 7 n[ 9 way ( be+ c>ri$ into effect40 ,com5ius _h assum$ t :5 ! call to ,engl& came to him at ,lissa1 x simply repres5t$ a private movem5t back$ by ,h>tlib & o!r influ5tial ,engli%m52 & he expresses himself 9 t]ms ( delight$ surprise ^u arriv+ 9 ,london to f9d t he _h be5 summon$ ?i!r by ! ,p>liam5t ( ! realm4 ,! p>liam5t>y sanction ( ?is summons has nev] be5 corroborat$4 ,pr(essor ,masson made ! attempt1 b 0 unable to f9d 9 ! ,lords' or ,commons' ,j\rnal = ! ye>s #afda & #afdb any traces ( communication betwe5 ,com5ius & ! ,p>liam5t ( :i* he speaks4 ,he admits t !re may be su* corroborative evid5ce1 s9ce ! indexes = ^! ye>s are incomplete4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no good & suffici5t reasons = d\bt+ ! ^w ( ,com5ius 9 ?is matt]4 ,!re are traces at ?is p]iod ( p>liam5t>y dissatisfaction ) curr5t ,engli% education1 & m p>ticul>ly ) univ]sity education 9 ,engl&4 ,pr(essor ,masson ?us /ates ! matt]3 8,!re _h = "s "t be5 a tradition ( dissatisfaction ) ! exi/+ /ate ( ! univ]sities & ! great public s*ools4 ,9 especial1 ,bacon's compla9ts & sugge/ions 9 ! second book ( 8 ,de ,augm5tis _h sunk into ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,t ! univ]sities1 by p]si/5ce 9 old & outworn me?ods1 7 n 9 full accord ) ! dem&s & ne$s ( ! age2 t _! aims 7 too pr(essional & p>ticul>1 & n suffici5tly sci5tific & g5]al2 t ! ord] ( /udies 9 !m 0 bad1 & "s ( ! /udies b>r52 t !re ought to be a bold direction ( _! end[m5ts & app>atus 9 ! l9e ( exp]im5tal k1 s z to extract f nature new secrets & sci5ces = :i* humanity 0 pant+2 t1 moreov]1 !re ought to be m frat]nity & correspond5ce among ! univ]sities ( ,europe & "s organization ( _! labors1 ) a view to mutual illum9ation & collective advancem5t3--all ^! ,v]ulamian speculations1 fir/ submitt$ to ,k+ ,james1 7 ly+ "h & !re 9 ,engli% intellects 9 wat* = an opportunity40 ,b ! "t 0 n yet come = ! re=m movem5t 9 ,engli% education4 ,irel& 0 9 a /ate ( commotion2 two hundr$ ?\s& ,engli%m5 _h be5 massacr$2#ag ! sudd5 dep>ture ( ! k+ f ,london on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 #afdb1 & ! prospect ( a prolong$ civil w> conv9c$ ,com5ius t x w\ld be useless to t>ry long] 9 ,engl&4 ,he in=m$ 8 fri5ds ( 8 disappo9tm5t ( 8 plans4 ,h>tlib 0 hopeful & urg$ delay1 b a call to ,sw$51 made f\r ye>s previ\s1 0 r5ew$ at ?is "t1 & he left ,london on ! #aj? ( ,june1 9 ! ye> #afdb4 ,lewis de ,ge]1 a ri* ,dut* m]*ant & philan?ropi/1 resid+ at ,nordkp+1 ,sw$51 _h (f]$ to r5d] him f9ancial aid 9 work+ out 8 educational re=ms 9 ,sw$54 ,b de ,ge]'s notions ( re=m diff]$ widely f ^? ( ! ,engli% fri5ds4 ,he 0 less int]e/$ 9 univ]sal rese>*1 ! f\nd+ ( pansophic colleges1 & ! results ( orig9al inve/igation ?an ,h>tlib & ! ,engli%m54 ,:at he want$ 0 bett] s*ool-books = ! *ildr51 rational me?ods ( tea*+ = ! tea*]s1 & "s intellig5t grad+ ( ! s*ools4 ,! ,engli% fri5ds 7 satisfi$ ) ! broad g5]alities ( pansophic le>n+1 ! unrealiz$ dreams t 7 s v ne> ! re=m]'s he>t2 ! ,dut* m]*ant w\ld be satisfi$ ) no?+ less ?an concrete applications ( !ories4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,com5ius w\ld h pref]r$ l+]+ 9 ,engl& or go+ to "s place :]e 8 *]i%$ pansophic s*emes might be giv5 a he>+4 ,b he 0 human & _h organic ne$s1 & he knew t ! lib]al remun]ation (f]$ him by de ,ge] w\ld av]t pov]ty ev5 ?\gh ! realization ( 8 pure & exalt$ pansophic dream 0 def]r$4 8,9 ! hi/ory ( great r5unciations10 says ,mr4 ,keat+e1#ah 8surely none is /rang] ?an ?is4 ,we h a man little pa/ ! prime ( life1 8 bra9 teem+ ) magnific5t1 if some:at vision>y1 plans = social re=m1 a mighty p[] 9 ! community t %av$ 8 religi\s ideas1 & an object ( int]e/ ev5 to ^? :o may h %rugg$ _! %\ld]s at 8 occasional want ( balance4 ,sudd5ly he fl+s 8 projects to ! w9ds1 consigns 8 d>l+ plans to ! du/heap ( unrealizable ideas1 & retires to a small seaside t[n--n to m$itate1 n to give def9ite =m to lat5t conceptions or to evolve new ones1 n to make prep>ation = ! dazzl+ ( intellectual ,europe ) an octavo ( fanta/ic philan?ropy or ( philosophic my/icism1 b--to write s*ool-books = ! little boys 9 ,sw$i% s*ools40 ,com5ius w5t f ,london to ,nordkp+1 :]e he sp5t "s days 9 conf]5ce ) 8 new patron1 ,lewis de ,ge]4 ,he 0 n to receive a /ipulat$ sal>y1 b to be paid c]ta9 sums ^u ! completion ( def9ite texts1 ! numb] & "* ( ! same to be det]m9$ by ! educational au?orities at ,/ockholm1 :i!r de ,ge] direct$ ,com5ius to g = fur!r ord]s4 ,9 ,/ockholm he met ) ,"l ,axel ,ox5/i]n1 gr& *ancellor ( ! k+dom ( ,sw$51 & ,dr4 ,john ,skyte1 pr(essor ( canon & civil law 7z well z *ancellor7 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,( ?is conf]5ce ,com5ius says3 8,^! two ex]cis$ me 9 debate = f\r days1 & *iefly ,ox5/i]n1 t eagle ( ! nor?4 ,he inquir$ into ! f\ndations ( bo? my s*emes1 ! didactic & ! pansophic1 s se>*+ly t x 0 unlike any?+ t _h be5 done be=e by any ( my le>n$ critics4 ,9 ! fir/ two days he exam9$ ! didactics1 )1 at l5g?1 ?is conclusion3 #8,f an e>ly age1' said he1 #8,i p]ceiv$ t our me?od ( /udies g5]ally 9 use is a h>% & crude "o1 b :]e ! root ( ! tr\ble 0 ,i c\ldn't f9d out4 ,at l5g? hav+ be5 s5t by my k+ ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ( glori\s memory1 z ambassador into ,g]many1 ,i conv]s$ on ! subject ) v>i\s le>n$ m54 ,& :5 ,i he>d t ,wolfgang ,ratke 0 toil+ at a re=m$ me?od1 ,i _h no re/ ( m9d until ,i _h got t g5tleman into my pres5ce2 b1 in/ead ( a talk on ! subject1 he (f]$ me a big volume 9 qu>to to read4 ,i swall[$ t tr\ble2 &1 hav+ gone ?r\gh ! book1 ,i not$ t he detect$ n badly ! maladies ( ! s*ools2 b ! rem$ies he propos$ did n seem to me suffici5t4 ,y\rs1 ,mr4 ,com5ius1 re/ on firm] f\ndations4'0#ai ,! consultation ) ,ox5/i]n & ,skyte cont9u$ f\r days1 at ! conclusion ( :i* !y r5d]$ _! decision on 8 v>i\s !ories4 ,) ref]5ce to 8 pansophic notions1 !y saw little ( imm$iate utility to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b 8 didactics !y reg>d$ ) favor4 ,!y urg$ him to give 8 att5tion to ! re=mation ( tea*+ & ! prep>ation ( suitable text-books4 ,:ile some:at *agr9$ at ?is unsympa!tic attitude t[>d 8 pansophic !ories1 & a little surpris$ to le>n t de ,ge] %\ld be ( ! same m9d1 he 0 =c$ to acquiesce1 n1 h[ev]1 )\t ! e>ne/ solicitations ( ,h>tlib & 8 ,engli% fri5ds n to =sake ! *]i%$ pansophic pr9ciples4#bj ,! t[n ( ,elb+1 on ! ,baltic ,sea1 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 0 designat$ by de ,ge] z a suitable resid5ce = ,com5ius dur+ ! "t t he %\ld be 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,sw$i% educational dep>tm5t4 ,"h he settl$1 ) 8 family & ! assi/ants de ,ge] _h p]mitt$ him to employ at ! patron's exp5se1 9 ,octob]1 #afdb4 ,! *ief task impos$ ^u him 0 ! compilation ( a s]ies ( text-books = use 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 ,b progress 0 sl[2 ! ,sw$es became impati5t1 & de ,ge] grew re/ive4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! relations ) 8 patron soon became /ra9$1 & cont9u$ s dur+ mo/ ( ! ,elb+ p]iod4 ,9 reply to a compla9t f de ,ge]1 ,com5ius wrote him 9 ,septemb]1 #afdc3 8,i compose books & d n m]ely copy ^? ( o!rs4 ,our propos$ "w is n m]ely a book1 b a real treasure = ! aid+ ( ^: production my patron w assur$ly h no cause = regret40 ,he admits t he has be5 div]t$ f ! completion ( a "w on language tea*+ by a philosophic treatise :i* he consid]s ( f> great] importance ?an ! details ( me?odology4 ,9 addition to ! philosophic /udies1 9 :i* de ,ge] & ! ,sw$es _h little or no int]e/1 ,com5ius dissipat$ 8 en]gies 9 o!r ways4 ,:5 x became g5]ally kn[n t he _h locat$ 9 ,elb+1 ! weal?y patrons ( ! local high s*ool petition$ ! t[n c\ncil to secure him to give weekly lectures to ! pupils4 ,9 o!r ways he id5tifi$ himself ) local int]e/s1 :i* div]t$ 8 "t f 8 assign$ tasks4 ,moreov]1 8 connection ) ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 compell$ him to make frequ5t trips to ,pol& to att5d ecclesia/ical conv5tions & m9i/] to ! ne$s ( ! scatt]$ bre?r54 ,de ,ge]'s pati5ce mu/ h be5 sorely tri$1 = he s5t to ,elb+1 ) annoy+ frequ5cy1 to inquire conc]n+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,9 reply1 ,com5ius begg$ 8 patron h pati5ce2 he expla9$ ! difficult nature ( 8 labors1 & assur$ him t he 0 mak+ z mu* progress z 0 consi/5t ) ! nature ( 8 und]tak+4 ,t[>d ! close ( #afdf he w5t to ,sw$5 & made a p]sonal report to 8 patron1 cov]+ ! f\r ye>s ( 8 employm5t4 ,a gov]nm5t committee 0 appo9t$ to review 8 "w2 its report 0 mo/ favorable to ,com5ius2 & he 0 urg$ to get ! "w 9 %ape = imm$iate publication4 ,he _h prep>$ dur+ ?is "t1 9 spite ( di/ractions1 a "w on language tea*+1 :i* treat$ ( its nature1 function1 & ! laws to be obs]v$ 9 language tea*+2 a lexicon bas$ on ^! laws2 & a s]ies ( grad$ read+ books4 ,at ! dea? ( ,ju/9us1 ! s5ior bi%op ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 9 #afdh1 ,com5ius 0 elect$ 8 successor4 ,8 new duties made 8 removal to ,lissa necess>y1 & he took ) him ! unf9i%$ treatises = ! ,sw$es1 & s5t !m to de ,ge] z rapidly z he 0 able to complete !m4 ,x caus$ him no pang ( sorr[ to sev] 8 connection ) ! ,dut* m]*ant & ! ,sw$es4 ,= he 0 isolat$ at ,elb+2 8 labors 7 uncong5ial1 & ! remun]ation :i* he receiv$ 0 small4 ,x is app>5t f 8 lett]s1 subsequ5tly writt51 t x 0 n m]ely ! ,dut*man's gold t held him to tasks s ardu\s & uncong5ial4 ,he hop$ by ?is connection to secure ! moral support ( ! ,sw$es 9 remov+ f ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 ! ban :i* exil$ !m f _! belov$ fa!rl&4 ,! treaty ( ,we/phalia1 h[ev]1 %att]$ ?is hope4 ,!re 0 n a s+le /ipulation 9 favor ( ! exil$ bre?r54 ,! promises ,sw$5 _h made to ,com5ius 9 ?is matt] 7 disreg>d$4 ,9 va9 he implor$ ,ox5/i]n n to =sake 8 p4 8,my p h aid$ y\r arms ) _! weapons1 ! unceas+ (f]+s ( _! te>s & supplications to ,god2 & n[1 :5 !y see y\r success & may rejoice 9 ! hope = a m favorable issue ( affairs1 !y are tr\bl$ ) dread appreh5sion le/ !y %\ld be =sak540 ,lat] he wrote him3 8,( :at use is x to u1 :o are n[ depriv$ ( e hope ( peace1 to h assi/$ y ) our te>s 9 obta9+ victory2 :51 al?\gh x lay )9 y\r p[] to release u f our prison-h\se1 y surr5d] u anew into ! h&s ( our oppressors8 ,( :at avail n[ all ^? holy evangelical alliances =m$ by our ance/ors1 & consecrat$ ) _! sacr$ m>tyr-blood80#ba ,b ^! importunities 7 ( no avail2 =1 :ile equal privileges 7 grant$ to ! ,re=m$1 ,lu!ran1 & ,ca?olic *ur*es 9 ,g]many1 9 ,bohemia1 & ,moravia1 ! ritual ( ! latt] alone 0 e/abli%$4 ,x 0 a sev]e bl[ to ,com5ius1 z well z to ! :ole bro!rhood ( ! ,moravian ,*ur*4 ,! ye>s #afdh to #afej 7 pass$ 9 m9i/rations to ! disp]s$ bre?r52#bb he 0 especially consci5ti\s 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! duties ( 8 episcopal (fice2 he e/abli%$ m intimate relations betwe5 ! ,poli% & ,hung>ian bran*es ( ! ,moravian *ur*es2 he s\ght & secur$ important f9ancial aid = ! bro!rhood 9 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & ,sw$52 he secur$ positions z tea*]s = _m ( 8 exil$ c\ntrym52 & induc$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d to create /ip5ds = ,bohemian /ud5ts4 ,g9dely rem>ks t at ?is p]iod !re 7 few ,european c\ntries 9 :i* ! protgs ( ,com5ius c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! capacity ( private tutors1 public s*ool-tea*]s1 arti/s1 or cl]gym54 ,! impov]i%$ condition ( ! ,moravian ,*ur* caus$ ,com5ius no little conc]n1 & induc$ him to look ) "s favor on ! num]\s calls to important educational po/s :i* came to him f =eign c\ntries4 ,t f ! wid[ ( ,pr9ce ,rakoczy & h] son ,sigismund 0 especially tempt+4 ,!y want$ him to come to ,transylvania1 ,hung>y1 & re=m ! s*ool sy/em4 ,a lib]al sal>y 0 (f]$1 toge!r ) complete facilities = ! organization ( a s*ool sy/em 9 accordance ) 8 own views--includ+ a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t = ! publication ( requir$ books4 ,x 0 fur!r /ipulat$ t he might br+ ) him t5 or a doz5 ,bohemian y\?s to be educat$ at ! exp5se ( ! pr9ce & 8 "m4 ,! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! ,moravian ,*ur* 9 ,hung>y1 9 ! belief t ! pres5ce ( ! bi%op 9 t c\ntry w\ld unify ! int]e/s ( ! bro!rhood1 also urg$ him to accept ! ,transylvanian call1 at ! same "t petition+ ! g5]al synod to relieve ,com5ius ( 8 cl]ical functions at ,lissa = a few ye>s4 ,! ,*ur* grant$ ! petition1 & ,com5ius settl$ 9 ,s>os-,patak1 9 ,may1 #afej4 ,he at once drew up a sket* ( a sev5-grade s*ool1 :i* he publi%$ a ye> lat] "u ! title ,plan ( a pansophic s*ool4 8,9 scope & bread? ( view10 rem>ks a mod]n hi/orian1 8! s*eme 0 c5turies 9 advance ( its "t1 :ile _m ( ! sugge/ions :i* x conta9$ are b imp]fectly c>ri$ into effect at ! pres5t day40 ,! ,plan is a detail$ c\rse ( /udy ) specific directions = ! application ( ! c\rse = ! use ( tea*]s4 ,9 ^! directions he expla9s ! great dang] ( ov]work+ ! *ildr52 & to avoid ?is1 a re/-pause ( a half-h\r is provid$ aft] ea* h\r's in/ruction = free1 spontane\s play4 ,aft] ea* meal a full h\r's re/ is grant$4 ,! pupils are to h eight h\rs ( sleep2 !y are grant$ a half-holiday on ,sundays & ,w$nesdays1 ) =tnight vacations at ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,:itsuntide1 & a mon?'s vacation 9 ! summ]4 ,?is gave a s*ool ye> ( =ty-two weeks1 ) ?irty h\rs = s*ool "w 9 ea* week4 ,! =5oon in/ruction 0 z foll[s3 ,f #f to #g o'clock1 religi\s in/ruction1 includ+ hymns1 pray]s1 & ,bible read+s4 ,f #g4cj to #h4cj1 !oretical exposition ( ! new subject-matt] ( ! day's lesson2 & f #i to #aj1 a practical treatm5t & review ( ! same4 ,!re 0 music 7& ma!matics7 9 ! aft]noon f #a to #b2 hi/ory f #b4cj to #c4cj2 & composition1 ) ex]cises 9 /yle1 f #d to #e4 ,! ,plan requires t ! sev5 grades ( ! s*ool meet 9 sep>ate rooms1 & t a tea*] be provid$ = ea* grade4 ,9 ea* class1 ! text-books mu/ be adapt$ to ! capacities ( ! *ildr54 ,! ,ve/ibulum is ! l[e/ class4 ,ov] ! door ( ?is room is ! motto1 8,let no "o ent] :o _c read40 ,! room is s decorat$ t ! pictures illu/rate ! subjects taught 9 ?is grade2 &1 by means ( ^! illu/rations1 ! s5ses are tra9$4 ,! pupils are taught %ort maxims conta9+ ! mo/ important rules ( conduct1 a few common ,lat9 words1 ! elem5ts ( ari?metic1 ! scales 9 music1 & "s %ort hymns & pray]s4 ,writ+ & draw+ are also taught1 & special att5tion is giv5 to ! games ( ! *ildr54 ,! ,janual is ! second class4 ,! motto ov] ! class-room door ( ?is grade is1 8,let no "o ent] :o is ignorant ( ma!matics40 ,provid$ ! m common objects m5tion$ 9 ! ,janua _c be readily obta9$1 pictures ( ^! objects are hung on ! wall4 ,! text-books us$ are1 besides ! ,janua1 ! ,lat9 v]nacul> diction>y & ! ,janual gramm>4 ,9 composition1 ! pupils are ex]cis$ 9 ! /ructure ( phrases1 s5t5ces1 & p]iods2 9 religion1 !y le>n ! cate*ism2 9 ma!matics1 addition & subtraction & plane figures 9 geometry4 ,!re are m advanc$ ex]cises 9 music2 &1 z 9 ! prec$+ grade1 ! tea*]s are urg$ to enc\rage ! plays & games ( ! *ildr54 ,! ,atrial is ! ?ird class4 ,its motto is1 8,let no "o ent] :o _c speak40 ,"h ,bible read+s1 9 abridg$ =m & suit$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! *ildr51 are begun4 ,! text-book is ! ,atrium1 toge!r ) a gramm> ( eloqu5ce & a ,lat9-,lat9 diction>y4 ,9 ari?metic1 ! pupils ma/] multiplication & division1 & 9 geometry1 solid figures4 ,! musical in/ruction includes h>mony & ! rudim5ts ( ,lat9 v]se4 ,fam\s de$s 9 ,biblical n>rative furni% ! basis ( ! hi/oric in/ruction4 ,9 composition !re are ex]cises 9 /yle1 consi/+ ( p>aphras+ & ! transposition ( s5t5ces4 ,be=e ! pupils are p]mitt$ to pass f ?is grade !y mu/ be able to read ! ,lat9 au?ors readily & to conv]se 9 ! ,lat9 flu5tly4 ,! ,philosophical is ! f\r? class1 ) ! motto1 8,let no "o :o is ignorant ( hi/ory ent] "h40 ,! walls are decorat$ ) pictures illu/rative ( ari?metic1 geometry1 & physics1 & connect$ ) ?is class-room are a *emical laboratory & a dissect+-room4 ,! religi\s in/ruction includes hymns1 ,psalms1 an epitome ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & a life ( ,*ri/4 ,! text-book is call$ ! ,palace ( wisdom2 9 x ! g5esis ( natural ph5om5a are describ$4 ,9 ma!matics1 ! pupils le>n ! rules ( proportion2 !y beg9 ! /udy ( trigonometry2 also /atics1 & in/ruction on musical in/rum5ts4 ,greek is begun1 & ! pupils /udy natural hi/ory ?r\gh ,pl9y & lian4 ,com5ius m5tions t he does n consid] ,greek a difficult /udy2 & he ?9ks x ne$ cause ! pupils no al>m1 s9ce an exhau/ive k ( ,greek is n requir$1 & ! difficulties ( ! /udy w be l>gely ov]come by ! use ( rational me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! fif? class is ! ,logical4 ,ov] ! door is ! inscription1 8,let no "o ent] :o is ignorant ( natural philosophy10 & ! walls are cov]$ ) ! rules ( logic4 ,! pupils h a ,bible manual & a class-book on problems 9 philosophy4 ,! problems include a survey ( ?+s t h be5 & may be discov]$ by man2 a =mal logic expla9+ ! processes ( reason+1 & a rep]tory ( su* philosophical problems z pres5t !mselves to ! human m9d4 ,9 ari?metic1 ! rules ( p>tn]%ip & allegation are /udi$2 9 geometry1 m5suration ( heights & di/ances & plane surfaces2 9 geography1 a description ( ! e>?2 9 a/ronomy1 an acc\nt ( ! heav5s2 9 hi/ory1 a survey ( me*anical inv5tions4 ,= ! =mation ( a lit]>y /yle1 su* hi/orians z ,curtius1 ,cs>1 & ,ju/9 are read4 ,! /udy ( ,greek is cont9u$1 & ,isocrates & ,plut>* are recomm5d$ = read+4 ,dramatic p]=mances are introduc$ 9 ! fif? class4 ,gramm>1 logic1 & metaphysics are repres5t$ 9 conflict1 b a reconciliation is f9ally effect$ ?r\gh /udy4 ,! six? is ! ,political class4 ,its motto1 8,let no "o ent] :o _c reason40 ,sallu/1 ,cic]o1 ,virgil1 & ,horace are read = /yle2 provision is made = v]se writ+2 att5tion is giv5 to geography & ! p>ts ( a/ronomy deal+ ) ! planets & ! laws ( ! eclipses2 ! ,bible is read ?r\gh2 m advanc$ topics 9 ari?metic & geometry are tak5 up2 ! special class-book /udi$ deals ) human society & ! laws ( economics2 9 ,greek ! pupils read f ,?ucydides & ,hesiod4 ,dramatic p]=mances are cont9u$1 ! deg5]ation & moral d[nfall ( ,solomon be+ r5d]$4 ,! sev5? & la/ grade ( ! c\rse is ! ,philosophic4 ,its motto is1 8,let no "o ent] :o is irreligi\s40 ,! in/ruction is ( an ess5tially !ological "*4 ,on ! walls are inscrib$ num]\s my/ic symbols illu/rative ( ! hidd5 wisdom ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! mo/ devotional ,psalms & *ur* hymns are us$ 9 ! s*ool ex]cises4 ,!re are read+s f ! ,scriptures1 ! works ( ! mo/ inspir$ !ologians & m>tyrs1 & a rsum ( ,*ri/ian beliefs1 duties1 & aspirations1 all writt5 9 ! phraseology ( ! ,bible4 ,! text-book ( ! grade is ultra-religi\s 9 "*4 ,x includes 7#a7 an acc\nt ( ! e>?ly & heav5ly revelations ( ,god2 7#b7 a comm5t>y = ,scriptural read+2 & 7#c7 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! my/]ies ( salvation4 ,9 ari?metic1 ! sacr$ & my/ic numb]s t occur 9 ! ,scriptures2 9 ar*itecture1 ! sacr$ /ructures z exemplifi$ by ,noah's ark1 ! tab]nacle1 & ! ,temple2 9 hi/ory1 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 & 9 anci5t language1 ,hebrew takes ! place ( ,greek--?is1 t ! /ud5ts may be able to read & und]/& ! ,scriptures 9 ! orig9al text4 ,oratory is /udi$ t ^? :o become prea*]s may "k h[ to address a congregation1 & t ^? :o engage 9 politics may "k h[ to reason ) _! he>]s4 ,su* is a cond5s$ survey ( ! c\rse ( /udy :i* ,com5ius devis$ = ! s*ools at ,s>os-,patak2 & 9 no small degree 8 reputation z a re=m] re/s ^u ?is piece ( "w4 ,= ! ,s>os-,patak ,plan became a model = educators 9 _m l&s1 & ! prog5itor ( a long l9e ( grad$ s*emes ( in/ruction :i* con/itute su* an ess5tial feature ( ! educational economy ( to-day4 ,n only 7 subjects ( /udy grad$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! developm5t ( *ild-m9d1 b text-books 7 grad$ z well4 ,moreov]1 ! s*eme made necess>y ! employm5t ( tea*]s :o compreh5d$ ! "* ( ! "w1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ^? ) "s appreciation ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! *ild & ! causes :i* condition its gr[?4 ,little z ,com5ius und]/ood psy*ology1 at lea/ 9 ! mod]n use ( t t]m1 he 0 alive to ! fact t 9 *ildhood ! s5ses are ke5e/1 & t ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 9 ! acquisition ( new impressions is ?r\gh 7#a7 objects1 7#b7 pictures1 & 7#c7 int]e/+ v]bal descriptions 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,8 labors at ,s>os-,patak t]m9at$ at ! close ( ! f\r? ye>1 dur+ :i* "t ! fir/ ?ree grades ( ! ,plan 7 organiz$4 ,all contempor>y evid5ce confirms ! success ( ! s*eme4 ,al?\gh s m>k$ a dep>ture f traditional educational practices1 x succe$$ to a degree t mu/ h be5 surpris+ ev5 to ,com5ius himself4 ,! fact t ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools 7 tra9$ "u ,com5ius at ,lissa did mu*1 d\btless1 to remove o!rwise possible frictions4 ,b c>eful gradation 0 n ! only m>k$ re=m c>ri$ out at ,s>os-,patak dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,pictures 7 introduc$ z aids 9 tea*+1 & ! fir/ *ild's picture book1 ! fir/ ( a long l9e ( books s popul> 9 our own day1 0 writt54 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,orbis pictus1 to be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,com5ius return$ to ,lissa 9 #afed1 to resume 8 ecclesia/ical labors4 ,b 8 soj\rn 0 brief2 =1 ) ! invasion ( ,pol& by ! ,sw$es1 came ! fall & conflagration ( ! city4 ,com5ius escap$1 8almo/ 9 a /ate ( nudity10 to use 8 own words4 ,he _h n only lo/ 8 prop]ty & 8 libr>y 9 ! conflagration1 b he _h su/a9$ a yet great] loss 9 ! burn+ ( 8 num]\s manuscripts1 &1 m important 7to him7 ?an all ! o!rs1 8 entire pansophic "w1 on ! composition ( :i* he _h labor$ s ardu\sly = _m ye>s4 ,writ+ to ,montanus1 he says1 8,! loss ( ?is "w ,i %all cease to lam5t only :5 ,i cease to brea!40 ,he escap$ f ,lissa to ,silesia1 :]e he f\nd refuge = a "t 9 ! home ( a nobleman4 ,he %ortly aft]w>d pu%$ on to ,frank=t1 b n feel+ secure "h he mov$ to ,hamburg1 :]e = two mon?s he 0 pro/rat$ by a sev]e illness4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,clos+ ,,ye>s3 #afef-afgj ,flight to ,am/]dam--,reception by ,lawr5ce de ,ge]--,religi\s fre$om 9 ,holl&--,publication ( ! complete edition ( 8 writ+s--,o!r educational activities--,! 8,"o ?+ ne$ful0--,dea? at ,am/]dam & burial at ,nard5--,family hi/ory ( ,com5ius--,alleg$ call to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d ,college--,portraits--,p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,dur+ 8 la/ ye>'s resid5ce at ,s>os-,patak1 ,com5ius _h su/a9$ a great loss 9 ! dea? ( 8 fri5d & =m] patron1 ,lewis de ,ge]4 ,9 a fun]al oration :i* he compos$1 he *>act]iz$ 8 b5efactor z 8a man pi\s t[>d ,god1 j t[>d m51 m]ciful to ! di/ress$1 & m]itori\sly great & illu/ri\s among all m540 ,! ri* ,dut* m]*ant bequea!d 8 e/ates to 8 son1 ,lawr5ce de ,ge] ( ,am/]dam2 & n only 8 e/ates1 b also 8 deep int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! ,moravian re=m]4 ,le>n+ ( ! sev]e illness ( ,com5ius1 ,lawr5ce de ,ge] wrote him to leave ,hamburg & come directly to ,am/]dam1 :]e all ! ne$s ( 8 clos+ ye>s w\ld be provid$4 ,! y\ng] de ,ge]1 x w\ld seem1 _h n only a real & pr(\nd affection = ! ag$ ,com5ius1 b also a ke5 & intellig5t int]e/ 9 all 8 s*emes = educational re=m4 ,am/]dam prov$1 inde$1 a hav5 ( re/ to ! we>y w&]]4 ,at ?is "t ! city enjoy$ great] religi\s fre$om ?an p]haps any o!r city 9 ,europe4 ,says ,b5ham3 8,com5ius f\nd himself 9 ! mid/ ( a community !n enjoy+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( religi\s tol]ation to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,europe1 & ) x a great div]sity ( religi\s op9ions4 ,unit>ians expell$ f _! own c\ntries "h unit$ !mselves to ! fri5ds ( speculative philosophy among ! ,remon/rants & ,arm9ians2 & ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes "h f\nd admir]s ev5 among ! memb]s ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,! truly evangelical ,com5ius _h become kn[n to _m ?r\gh 8 writ+s1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! influ5ce ( 8 patron's son1 ,lawr5ce de ,ge]1 :o cont9u$ 8 fa!r's b5evol5ce1 induc$ ri* m]*ants to intru/ him ) ! education ( _! sons2 s t1 ) ! additions accru+ f 8 lit]>y labors1 ,com5ius f\nd a supply ( food & raim5t1 & 0 !reby cont5t40 ,9 spite ( 8 advanc$ age1 ^! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life at ,am/]dam 7 busy ones2 = besides m9i/]+ to ! ne$s ( ! scatt]$ & di%e>t5$ ecclesia/ics ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 he engag$ some:at 9 private tea*+1 & saw ?r\gh ! press a complete edition ( 8 educational writ+s4 ,x 0 a magnific5t volume ( m ?an a ?\s& pages1 & 0 pr9t$ by ,*ri/oph] ,cun>d & ,gabriel ,roy "u ! title ,all ! didactical works ( ,j4 ,a4 ,com5ius4 ,! publication ( ?is h&some folio1 conta9+ all 8 educational writ+s1 0 made possible by ! g5]osity ( ,lawr5ce de ,ge]4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! folio1 writt5 betwe5 #afbg & #afdb1 conta9s 7#a7 a brief n>ration ( ! circum/ances :i* l$ ! au?or to write ^! /udies2 7#b7 ! ,great didactic1 %[+ ! me?od ( tea*+ all ?+s2 7#c7 ! ,s*ool ( infancy1 be+ an essay on ! education ( y\? dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s2 7#d7 an acc\nt ( a six-class v]nacul> s*ool2 7#e7 ! ,janua2 7#f7 ! ,ve/ibulum2 7#g7 ,david ,ve*n]'s ,model ( a temple ( ,lat9ity2 7#h7 a didactic diss]tation on ! quadrip>tite /udy ( ! ,lat9 language2 7#i7 ! circle ( all ! sci5ces2 7#aj7 v>i\s criticisms on ! same2 7#aa7 explanations ( attempts at pansophy4 ,! second "p ( ! folio1 writt5 betwe5 #afdb & #afej1 conta9s 7#a7 new reasons = cont9u+ to devote att5tion to didactic /udies2 7#b7 new me?ods ( /udy+ languages1 built ^u didactic f\ndations2 7#c7 ve/ibule ( ! ,lat9 language adapt$ to ! laws ( ! mo/ rec5t me?ods ( language tea*+2 7#d7 new gate ( ! ,lat9 language exhibit+ ! /ructure ( ?+s & words 9 _! natural ord]2 7#e7 a ,lat9 & ,g]man introductory lexicon expla9+ a multitude ( d]iv$ words2 7#f7 a gramm> ( ! ,lat9 & v]nacul>1 ) %ort comm5t>ies2 7#g7 treatise on ! ,lat9 language ( ! ,atrium2 7#h7 c]ta9 op9ions ( ! le>n$ on ^! new views ( language tea*+4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! "w1 writt5 betwe5 #afej & #afed1 conta9s 7#a7 a brief acc\nt ( 8 call to ,hung>y2 7#b7 a sket* ( ! sev5-class pansophic s*ool2 7#c7 an oration on ! culture ( innate capacities2 7#d7 an oration on books z ! prim>y in/rum5ts 9 ! cultivation ( innate capacities2 7#e7 on ! ob/acles to ! acquisition ( encyclopdic culture & "s means ( remov+ ^! ob/acles2 7#f7 a %ort & pleasant way ( le>n+ to read & und]/& ! ,lat9 au?ors2 7#g7 on s*ola/ic erudition2 7#h7 on driv+ idl5ess f ! s*ools2 7#i7 laws = a well-regulat$ s*ool2 7#aj7 ! ,orbis pictus2 7#aa7 on s*ola/ic play2 7#ab7 val$ictory oration deliv]$ on ! occasion ( ! completion ( 8 labors at ,s>os-,patak2 7#ac7 fun]al oration on ! life & "* ( ,lewis de ,ge]4 ,! f\r? "p ( ! "w repres5ts ! ye>s f #afed to #afeg4 ,x conta9s 7#a7 an acc\nt ( ! au?or's didactic /udies2 7#b7 a little boy to little boys1 or all ?+s to all2 7#c7 apology = ! ,lat9ity ( ,com5ius2 7#d7 ! art ( wisely review+ "o's own op9ions2 7#e7 exits f s*ola/ic labyr9?s into ! op5 pla92 7#f7 ! =mation ( a ,lat9 college2 7#g7 ! liv+ pr9t+-press1 or ! art ( impress+ wisdom comp5di\sly1 copi\sly1 & elegantly1 n on pap]1 b on ! m9d2 7#h7 ! be/ condition ( ! m9d2 7#i7 a dev\t comm5dation ( ! /udy ( wisdom4 ,9 addition to 8 lit]>y labors1 he gave mu* "t to ! adm9i/ration ( *ur* affairs2 = ,lissa _h ris5 f h] a%es & 0 m prosp]\s ?an be=e ! w>4 ,"h congregat$ aga9 _m adh]5ts ( ! ,moravian bro!rhood1 & ! college 0 rebuilt & resum$ its b5efic5t p$agogic influ5ce4 ,f ?is c5tre ! ,moravian influ5ce spread anew to _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,engl&1 ,prussia1 & o!r ,prote/ant c\ntries 7 g5]\s 9 _! contributions t[>d ! re/oration ( ,moravian *ur*es4 ,all ?is money 0 s5t to ,com5ius at ,am/]dam1 & by him apportion$ to ! scatt]$ bre?r54 ,he receiv$ ?irty ?\s& doll>s f ,engl& alone dur+ ! ye>s #afeh & #afei2 ! only /ipulation made 9 ! disposition ( ! money 0 t a portion ( x %\ld be us$ = ! pr9t+ ( ,poli% & ,bohemian ,bibles4 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 occupi$ almo/ :olly 9 su* m9i/rations4 ,he publi%$ 9 #affh 8 swan song1 ! ,"o ?+ ne$ful4 ,?is is 8 f>ewell address to ! _w4 ,x del9eates 9 a =ceful yet mode/ way 8 aspirations = educational re=m1 gives expression ( ! deep fai? :i* su/a9$ him dur+ ! long ye>s ( 8 we>y pilgrimage1 & burns ) en?usia/ic zeal = ! welf>e ( mank9d--! burn+ passion ( 8 life4 ,he 0 well prep>$ at ! advanc$ age ( sev5ty-six ye>s to sum up ! exp]i5ce ( a long & afflict$ life4 ,a few citations f ?is t\*+ bit ( rem9isc5ce w h9t at ! motives :i* actuat$ him 9 8 life-"w z an educational re=m]4 8,i ?ank ,god t ,i h be5 all my life a man ( aspirations2 & al?\gh ,he has br\ght me into _m labyr9?s1 yet ,he has s protect$ me t ei!r ,i h soon work$ my way out ( !m1 or ,he has br\ght me by ,8 own h& to ! enjoym5t ( holy re/4 ,= ! desire aft] good1 if x is always 9 ! he>t1 is a liv+ /ream t fl[s f ,god1 ! f\nta9 ( all good4 ,! blame is ours if we d n foll[ ! /ream to its s\rce or to its ov]fl[ into ! sea1 :]e !re is fulness & satiety ( good40 8,"o ( my *ief employm5ts has be5 ! improvem5t ( s*ools1 :i* ,i und]took & cont9u$ = _m ye>s f ! desire to deliv] ! y\? 9 ! s*ools f ! labyr9? 9 :i* !y are entangl$4 ,"s h held ?is bus9ess =eign to a !ologian1 z if ,*ri/ _h n connect$ toge!r & giv5 to 8 belov$ disciple ,pet] at ! same "t ! two comm&s1 #8,fe$ my %eep' & #8,fe$ my lambs4' ,i ?ank ,*ri/ = inspir+ me ) su* affection t[>d 8 lambs1 & = regulat+ my ex]tions 9 ! =m ( educational works4 ,i tru/ t :5 ! w9t] ( indiff]5ce has pass$ t my endeavors w br+ =? "s fruit40 8,my life "h 0 n my native c\ntry1 b a pilgrimage2 my home 0 ev] *ang+1 & ,i f\nd n[h]e an abid+ re/+ place4 ,b n[ ,i see my heav5ly c\ntry ne> at h&1 to ^: gates my ,savi\r has gone be=e me to prep>e ! way4 ,aft] ye>s ( w&]+ & /ray+ f ! direction ( my j\rney1 delay$ by a ?\s& extrane\s div]sions1 ,i am at la/ )9 ! b\nds ( ! promis$ l&40 ,! re/ & peace & glory :i* he s hopefully anticipat$ came to him at ,am/]dam on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 9 ! ye> #afgj4 ,8 rema9s 7 convey$ to ,nard51 a small t[n on ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 twelve miles ea/ ( ,am/]dam1 :]e !y 7 int]r$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 on ! #bb;d ( ,novemb]4 ,! figure #h 0 ! only epitaph plac$ on 8 tomb4 ,m ?an a c5tury aft]w>d ! *ur* 0 trans=m$ into a milit>y b>racks1 & = _m ye>s ! date ( 8 dea?1 ! *ur* 9 :i* he 0 buri$1 & ! grave inclos+ 8 rema9s 7 unkn[n4 ,b 9 #ahga ,mr4 de ,rp]1 a lawy] resid+ 9 ,nard51 f\nd among 8 fa!r's pap]s ! *ur* regi/]1 ! sexton's acc\nt book1 & o!r docum5ts relat+ to ! old ,fr5* ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! figure #h1 9 ! *ur* regi/]1 0 ?is entry3 8,john ,amos ,com5ius1 ! fam\s au?or ( ! ,janua ,l+u>um2 int]r$ ! #bb;d ( ,novemb]1 #afgj40 ,a dilig5t se>* 0 in/itut$1 & ! grave 0 f\nd4 ,an ag$ woman resid+ 9 ,nard5 recall$ ! location ( ! ,fr5* ,re=m$ ,*ur* z ! pres5t site ( ! b>racks4 ,by p]mission ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 an exam9ation 0 made & ! tomb/one m>k$ #h 0 f\nd4 ,! rema9s 7 subsequ5tly remov$ to a little p>k 9 ,nard51 :]e !re 0 erect$ to 8 memory1 9 #ahib1 by fri5ds ( education 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 a h&some monum5t4 ,?is consi/s ( a pyramid ( r\gh /ones ) two :ite m>ble slabs conta9+ gold-furr[$ inscriptions 9 ,lat91 ,dut*1 & ,cze* 7,bohemian73 8,a grateful po/]ity to ! memory ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius1 born at ,nivnitz on ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 #aeib2 di$ at ,am/]dam on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #afgj2 buri$ at ,nard5 on ! #bb;d ( ,novemb]1 #afgj4 ,he f\ght a good fight40 ,a room 9 ! t[n hall at ,nard5 has be5 set aside z a p]man5t ,com5ius museum1 :]e w be f\nd a collection ( 8 portraits1 sets ( ! diff]5t editions ( 8 writ+s1 & ! old /one slab conta9+ ! figure #h4 ,! pres5t "w be+ an educational r ?an a p]sonal life ( ,com5ius1 no ref]5ce has ?us f> be5 made to 8 family life4 ,x may be not$ briefly t he m>ri$1 9 #afbd1 ,elizabe? ,cyrrill1 ) :om he _h five *ildr51 a son 7,daniel7 & f\r daught]s4 ,elizabe? di$ 9 #afdh & he m>ri$ aga9 on ! #ag? ( ,may1 #afdi1 ,elizabe? ,ga9s[a1 ) :om he appe>s to h _h no *ildr54 ,a ?ird m>riage is m5tion$ by "s ( 8 biograph]s1 b ! /atem5t lacks corroboration4 ,"o daught]1 ,elizabe?1 m>ri$ ,pet] ,figulus ,jablonsky1 :o 0 bi%op ( ! ,*ur* f ,novemb]1 #affb1 until 8 dea?1 ,janu>y ! #ab?1 #afgj4 ,_! son ,daniel ,ern/ ,jablonsky 0 consecrat$ a bi%op ( ! ,poli% bran* ( ! ,moravian ,*ur* at ,lissa ,m>* ! #aj?1 #afii4 ,he s]v$ ! ,*ur* until 8 dea?1 ,may ! #be?1 #agda4 ,an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,com5ius w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to 8 alleg$ call to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,?is re/s ^u an unconfirm$ /atem5t by ,cotton ,ma!r4 ,9 8 ,magnalia#bc he says3 8,mr4 ,h5ry ,dun/] cont9u$ ! ,praesid5t ( ,h>v>d-,college until 8 unhappy ,entanglem5t 9 ! ,sn>es ( ,anabaptism fill'd ! ,ov]se]s ) uneasie ,fe>s1 le/ ! ,/ud5ts by 8 means %\ld come to be ,ensn>$3 ,:i* ,uneas9ess 0 at l5g? s signifi$ unto him1 t on ,octob] #bd1 #afed1 he pres5t$ unto ! ,ov]se]s1 an ,in/rum5t "u 8 ,h&s1 :]e9 he ,resign$ 8 ,presid5t%ip & !y accept$ 8 ,resignation4 ,t brave ,old ,man ,johannes ,amos ,comm5ius1 ! ,fame ( ^: ,wor? has be5 ,trumpett$ z f> z m ?an ,?ree ,languages 7:]e( e "o is ,endebt$ unto 8 ,janua7 c\ld c>ry x1 0 agre$ )all1 by our ,mr4 ,w9?rop 9 8 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,l[ ,c\ntries to come ov] into ,new ,engl& & ,illum9ate ?is ,college & ,c\ntry 9 ! ,quality ( a ,presid5t4 ,b ! ,solicitations ( ! ,sw$i% ,ambassador1 div]t+ him ano!r way1 t ,incomp>able ,moravian became n an ,am]ican40 ,! foll[+ evid5ce makes improbable ?is call3-- #a4 ,"s ye>s ago ! writ] ask$ ,pr(essor ,paul ,h4 ,hanus to asc]ta9 = him if ! records ( ,h>v>d ,college corroborat$ ,ma!r's /atem5t4 ,aft] exam9+ ! proce$+s ( ! ov]se]s & all o!r records ( ! college dur+ its e>ly hi/ory1 he report$ t he c\ld n f9d ! slighte/ corroboration ( ,ma!r's /atem5t1 & t he s]i\sly d\bt$ its accuracy4 #b4 ,! hi/orians ( ! college--,peirce1 ,qu9cy1 & ,eliot--d n allude to ! matt]4 ,& ,presid5t ,josiah ,qu9cy1#bd 9 8 complete & /&>d hi/ory ( ! in/itution1 ref]s to ! 8loose & exagg]at$ t]ms 9 :i* ,ma!r & ,johnson1 & o!r writ]s ( t p]iod1 speak ( ! e>ly donations to ! college1 & ! obscurity1 & n to say confusion1 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! fir/ records ( ! sem9>y40 #c4 ,c>eful exam9ation has be5 made ( ! num]\s lives ( ,com5ius pr9t$ 9 ! ,g]man language1 z well z ^? pr9t$ 9 ! ,cze*2 &1 al?\gh less notewor?y di/9ctions are record$1 !re is no m5tion ( a call to ,h>v>d ,college or ,am]ica4 #d4 ,9 ! ,j\rnals ( ,gov]nor ,john ,w9?rop ( ,massa*usetts1 !re are no allusions to ,com5ius4 ,gov]nor ,w9?rop di$ 9 #afdi2 & x 0 n until #afec t ,presid5t ,dun/] fell 8into ! bri]s ( ,antpd-baptism10 :5 he bore 8public te/imony 9 ! *ur* at ,cambridge aga9/ ! adm9i/ration ( baptism to any infant :atsoev]40 ,& ! hi/orians ( ! college report t up to ?is "t 7#afec7 ,dun/]'s adm9i/ration _h be5 s+ul>ly satisfactory1 s t !re c\ld h be5 no ?\ght ( provid+ 8 successor be=e ! dea? ( ,gov]nor ,w9?rop4 ,ma!r is ei!r 9 error or he does n ref] to ,gov]nor ,w9?rop ( ,massa*usetts4 ,he may ref] to ,gov]nor ,w9?rop ( ,connecticut1 ! elde/ son ( ! ,massa*usetts gov]nor1 al?\gh evid5ce is want+ to %[ t ! ,connecticut gov]nor _h any?+ to d ) ! managem5t ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,"y ,w9?rop 0 9 ,engl& f ,augu/ ! #c;d1 #afda1 until ! e>ly "p ( #afdc4 ,x w be recall$ t ,com5ius sp5t ! w9t] ( #afda-afdb 9 ,london1 & ! fact t bo? knew ,h>tlib mo/ intimately w\ld sugge/ t !y mu/ h met4 ,9 a lett] :i* ,h>tlib wrote to ,w9?rop aft] ! latt]'s return to ,am]ica1 he says1 8,mr4 ,com5ius is cont9ually div]t$ by p>ticul> controv]sies ( ,soc9ians & o!rs f 8 ma9 ,pansophical ,worke40#be #e4 ,ma!r is cle>ly 9 error 9 reg>d to ! date ( ! call ( ,com5ius to ,sw$54 ,! negotiations 7 begun 9 #afda & 7 complet$ 9 ,augu/ ( ! next ye>1 s t ! 8solicitations ( ! ,sw$i% ,ambassador div]t+ him ano!r way0 took place m ?an twelve ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! tr\bles at ,cambridge :i* l$ to ! resignation ( ,dun/]4 ,) s _m flaws 9 ,ma!r's /atem5t1 & ! abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce1 x seems altoge!r improbable t ,com5ius 0 ev] call$ to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d ,college4#bf ,9 clos+1 brief m5tion may be made ( 8 mo/ dom9ant physical & p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,sev]al excell5t portraits ( ,com5ius are 9 exi/5ce1 ! be/ p]haps be+ by ,holl> & ,glov]4 ,f ^! x is app>5t t he 0 a man ( impos+ figure1 ) high =ehead1 long *91 & s(t1 pa!tic eyes4 ,x is n difficult to read into 8 sad1 expressive c\nt5ance ! =ce ( ! expression 9 8 la/ publi%$ utt]ance1 8,my :ole life 0 m]ely ! visit ( a gue/2 ,i _h no fa!rl&40 ,!re is no conflict+ evid5ce on ! p]sonal life ( ! re=m]2 b r unanim\s agreem5t on ! sweetness & beauty ( 8 "*4 ,says ,palacky3 8,9 8 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 ,com5ius 0 9 an extraord9>y degree fri5dly1 conciliatory1 & humble2 always ready to s]ve 8 neighbor & sacrifice himself4 ,8 writ+s1 z well z 8 walk & conv]sation1 %[ ! dep? ( 8 feel+1 8 goodness1 8 uprightness1 & 8 fe> ( ,god4 ,he nev] ca/ back ^u 8 oppon5ts :at !y met$ out to him4 ,he nev] condemn$1 no matt] h[ great ! inju/ice :i* he 0 made to suff]4 ,at all times1 ) fulle/ resignation1 :e!r joy or sorr[ 0 8 portion1 he honor$ & prais$ ! ,"l40 ,raum] says ( him3 8,com5ius is a gr& & v5]able figure ( sorr[4 ,w&]+1 p]secut$1 & homeless dur+ ! t]rible & desolat+ ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 he nev] despair$1 b1 ) endur+ & fai?ful tru?1 labor$ unceas+ly to prep>e y\? by a bett] education = a bett] future4 ,8 unfail+ aspirations lift$ up 9 a l>ge "p ( ,europe _m good m5 pro/rat$ by ! t]rors ( ! times & inspir$ !m ) ! hope t by pi\s & wise sy/ems ( education !re might be re>$ up a race ( m5 m pleas+ to ,god40 ,well might ,h]d] say3 8,com5ius 0 a noble prie/ ( humanity1 ^: s+le end & aim 9 life 0 ! welf>e ( all mank9d40 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education ,! ,great didactic--,conditions "u :i* produc$--,aim ( ! book4 ,purpose ( education--,man's crav+ = k--,y\? ! "t = tra9+--,private in/ruction undesirable--,education = girls z well z boys--,uni=m me?ods4 ,education accord+ to nature--,h[ nature tea*es--,selection & adaptation ( mat]ials--,organization ( pupils into classes--,correlation ( /udies4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction--,sci5ce--,arts--,language--, morals--,religion4 ,types ( educational in/itutions--,! "m's s*ool--,s*ool ( ! "m-tongue--,lat9 s*ool--,univ]sity4 ,s*ool discipl9e--,"* & purpose ( discipl9e--,corporal puni%m5t only 9 cases ( moral p]v]sity4 ,! ,great ,didactic ,mo/ compreh5sive ( all ( ! educational writ+s ( ,com5ius is ! ,great didactic4 ,x 0 plann$ 9 #afbh1 :ile yet 9 ! full possession ( 8 vigor1 be=e mis=tune _h hamp]$ 8 usefulness & p]secution _h made him a w&]]4 ,writt5 orig9ally 9 ! ,cze*1 x 0 translat$ into ! ,lat9 & publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #afeg4 ,! orig9al ,cze* manuscript 0 discov]$ at ,lissa 9 #ahda1 & pres5t$ to ! museum at ,prague2 b ! ,au/rian c5sors ( ! press =bade its publication because ,com5ius 0 a ,bohemian exile 7674 ,?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ! museum au?orities1 h[ev]1 x 0 all[$ to be pr9t$ 9 #ahdi4 ,pr(essor ,laurie gave ,engli% read]s a summ>y ( ! ,great didactic 9 8 ,life & educational works ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius 7,london1 #ahhc72 b ! fir/ complete translation 0 made by ,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,keat+e ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahif4 ,! full title is3 ,! great didactic sett+ =? ! :ole art ( tea*+ all ?+s to all m52 or a c]ta9 inducem5t to f\nd su* s*ools 9 all p>i%es1 t[ns1 & villages ( e ,*ri/ian k+dom t ! entire y\? ( bo? sexes1 none be+ except$1 %all quickly1 pleasantly1 & ?or\ghly become le>n$ 9 ! sci5ces1 pure 9 morals1 tra9$ 9 piety1 & 9 ?is mann] in/ruct$ 9 all ?+s necess>y = ! pres5t & future life1 9 :i*1 ) respect to ev]y?+ t is sugge/$1 its fundam5tal pr9ciples are set =? f ! ess5tial nature ( ! matt]1 its tru? is prov$ by examples1 f ! sev]al me*anical arts its ord] is cle>ly set =? 9 ye>s1 mon?s1 days1 & h\rs2 & f9ally an easy & sure me?od is %[n by :i* x c be pleasantly br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,! purpose ( ! ,great didactic1 z ann\nc$ by ,com5ius 9 ! preface1 is to seek & f9d a me?od ( in/ruction by :i* tea*]s may tea* less1 b le>n]s may le>n m2 s*ools may be ! sc5e ( less noise1 av]sion1 & useless labor1 b ( m leisure1 enjoym5t1 & solid progress2 ! ,*ri/ian community h less d>kness1 p]plexity1 & diss5sion1 b m light1 peace1 & re/4 ,he promises 9 8 8greet+0 an 8art ( tea*+ all ?+s to all m51 & ( tea*+ !m ) c]ta9ty1 s t ! result _c fail40 ,among ! uses ( su* an art he notes ! advantage 7#a7 to p>5ts1 t !y may "k t if correct me?ods h be5 employ$ ) un]r+ accuracy1 x is impossible t ! desir$ result %\ld n foll[2 7#b7 to tea*]s1 :o1 )\t a k ( ?is art1 try 9 turn fir/ "o plan & !n ano!r--a c\rse :i* involves a t$i\s wa/e ( "t & en]gy2 & 7#c7 to s*ools1 t !y may become places ( amusem5t1 h\ses ( delight & attraction1 & t !y may cause le>n+ to fl\ri%4 ,su*1 9 brief1 are fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a philosophy ( education4 ,h[ well ^? pr9ciples 7 elaborat$ & appli$ w be se5 9 ! exposition ( 8 writ+s :i* foll[s4 ,purpose ( ,education ,! op5+ *apt]s ( ! ,great didactic treat ( man z ! highe/1 ! mo/ absolute1 & ! mo/ excell5t ( creat$ be+s3 ( ! life beyond z man's ultimate end1 & ( ?is life z m]ely a prep>ation = et]nity4 ,! human be+ passes ?r\gh ?ree /ages 9 8 prep>ation = et]nity--he le>ns to "k himself1 to rule himself1 & to direct himself to ,god4 ,man's natural crav+ is = k1--le>n+1 virtue1 piety1--& ! se$s ( k are implant$ 9 e rational creature4 ,! m9d ( man is unlimit$ 9 its aspirations4 8,! body is enclos$ by small b\nd>ies2 ! voice roams )9 wid] limits2 ! sight is b\nd$ only by ! vault ( heav52 b = ! m9d1 nei!r 9 heav5 nor any:]e outside ( heav5 c a b\nd>y be fix$ = x40 ,man delights 9 h>mony2 &1 z respects bo? 8 m9d & 8 body1 he is a h>mony4 ,j z ! great _w itself is l an imm5se piece ( clockwork1 put toge!r ) _m :eels & bells1 & arrang$ ) su* art t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ructure1 "o "p dep5ds ^u ano!r ?r\gh ! h>mony & p]fection ( ! movem5ts--s x is ) man4 ,all ?is h>mony & p]fection is made possible ?r\gh education4 ,he gave no bad def9ition1 rem>ks ,com5ius1 :o said t man 0 a 8tea*able animal40 ,b he mu/ be taught1 s9ce he is born only ) aptitudes4 ,be=e he c sit1 /&1 walk1 or use 8 h&s1 he requires in/ruction4 ,x is ! law ( all creat$ ?+s t !y develop gradually & ultimately rea* a /ate ( p]fection4 ,plato 0 "r :5 he said1 8,if prop]ly educat$1 man is ! g5tle/ & mo/ div9e ( creat$ be+s2 b if left un$ucat$ or subject$ to a false tra9+1 he is ! mo/ intractable ?+ 9 ! _w40 ,education is necess>y = all classes ( society2 & ?is is ! m app>5t :5 we consid] ! m>k$ individual diff]5ces to be f\nd among human be+s4 ,no "o d\bts t ! /upid ne$ in/ruction t !y may outgr[ _! /upidity4 ,b clev] & precoci\s m9ds require m c>eful in/ruction ?an dull & backw>d m9ds2 s9ce ^? :o are m5tally active1 if n occupi$ ) useful ?+s1 w busy !mselves ) :at is useless1 curi\s1 & p]nici\s4 ,j z a mill/one gr9ds itself away ) noise if :eat is n suppli$1 s an active m9d1 if void ( s]i\s ?+s1 entangles itself ) va91 curi\s1 & noxi\s ?\ghts1 & becomes ! cause ( its own de/ruction4 ,! "t = education is 9 e>ly y\?4#bg ,god has1 accord+ly1 made ! ye>s ( *ildhood unsuitable = any?+ b education2 & ?is matt] 0 int]pos$ by ! delib]ate int5t ( a wise ,provid5ce4 ,y\? is a p]iod ( great pla/icity4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ev]y?+ t comes into be+ to b5d & =m easily :ile t5d]2 b :5 ! pla/ic p]iod has pass$ to alt] only ) great difficulty4 ,if "o wi%es to become a good tailor1 writ]1 or musician1 he mu/ apply himself to 8 art f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 8 imag9ation is mo/ active & :5 8 f+]s are mo/ flexible4 ,only dur+ ! ye>s ( *ildhood is x possible to tra9 ! muscles to d skill$ "w4 ,if1 !n1 p>5ts h ! welf>e ( _! *ildr5 at he>t1 & if ! good ( ! human race be de> to ! civil & ecclesia/ical gu>dians ( society1 let !m ha/5 to make provision = ! timely plant+1 prun+1 & wat]+ ( ! plants ( heav5 t ^! may be prud5tly =m$ 9 lett]s1 virtue1 & piety4 ,private education is n desirable4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 common1 s9ce bett] results & m pleasures are to be obta9$ :5 !y are taught toge!r 9 classes4 ,n only is class tea*+ a sav+ ( labor ov] private in/ruction1 b x introduces a rivalry t is bo? ne$ful & helpful4 ,moreov]1 "y *ildr5 le>n mu* t is useful by imitation ?r\gh association ) s*ool-fell[s4 ,com5ius1 x may be rem>k$1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! educational re=m]s to see cle>ly ! value ( class tea*+ & grad$ in/ruction4 ,8 re=ms 9 ?is direction h already be5 not$4 ,s*ool tra9+ is necess>y = ! *ildr5 ( all grades ( society1 n ( ! ri* & p[]ful only1 b ! poor & l[ly z well4 ,let none be neglect$1 unless ,god has d5i$ him s5se & intellig5ce4 ,:5 x is urg$ t ! labor+ classes ne$ no s*ool education1 let x be also recall$ t !y are expect$ to ?9k1 obey1 & d good4 ,girls %\ld be educat$ z well z boys4 ,no satisfactory reason c be giv5 :y wom5 %\ld be exclud$ f ! pursuits ( k1 :e!r 9 ! ,lat9 or 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,!y are =m$ 9 ! image ( ,god z well z m52 & !y are end[$ ) equal %>pness ( m9d & capacity = le>n+1 (t51 inde$1 ) m ?an ! opposite sex4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we admit !m to ! alphabet1 & aft]w>ds drive !m away f books8 ,com5ius takes issue ) mo/ writ]s on education t /udy w make wom5 blue-/ock+s & *att]boxes4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ma9ta9s1 ! m _! m9ds are occupi$ ) ! fruits ( le>n+1 ! less room & temptation !re w be = gossip & folly4 ,n only %\ld education be common to all classes ( society1 b ! subjects ( in/ruction %\ld be common to ! :ole range ( k4 ,com5ius holds t x is ! bus9ess ( educators to take /rong & vigor\s measures t no man 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh life may enc\nt] any?+ s unkn[n to him t he w be unable to pass s\nd judgm5t ^u x & turn x to its prop] use )\t s]i\s error4 ,?is desire = encyclopdic le>n+1 z already not$1 dom9at$ 8 life & writ+s4 ,b ev5 ,com5ius recogniz$ ! futility ( ?or\ghness 9 a wide range ( in/ruction1 & he expresses will+ness to be satisfi$ if m5 "k ! pr9ciples1 ! causes1 & ! uses ( all ?+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is g5]al culture--some?+ ab\t a great _m ?+s--t he dem&s4 ,com5ius cle>ly saw t ! conditions ( educational in/itutions 7 :olly inadequate = ! realization ( ^! purposes--7#a7 because ( an insuffici5t numb] ( s*ools1 & 7#b7 because ( ! unsci5tific "* ( curr5t me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,! exhortations ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 he obs]ves1 rem$i$ ! =m] %ortcom+1 b x rema9s = ! future to improve ! latt]4 ,! be/ intellects are ru9$ by unsympa!tic & unp$agogic me?ods4 ,su* great sev]ity *>act]izes ! s*ools t !y are look$ ^u z t]rors = ! boys & %ambles = _! intellects4 ,mo/ ( ! /ud5ts contract a dislike = le>n+1 & _m leave s*ool altoge!r4 ,! few :o are =c$ by p>5ts & gu>dians to rema9 acquire a mo/ prepo/]\s & wret*$ sort ( education1 s t in/ead ( tractable lambs1 ! s*ools produce wild asses & re/ive mules4 ,no?+ c\ld be m wret*$ ?an ! discipl9e ( ! s*ools4 8,:at %\ld be g5tly in/ill$ into ! intellect is viol5tly impress$ ^u x1 nay1 r flogg$ into x4 ,h[ _m1 inde$1 leave ! s*ools & univ]sities ) sc>cely a notion ( true le>n+40 ,com5ius lam5ts t he & _m ?\s&s ( 8 contempor>ies h mis]ably lo/ ! sweet spr+-"t ( life & wa/$ ! fre% ye>s ( y\? on s*ola/ic trifles4 ,education accord+ to ,nature ,com5ius proposes to s recon/ruct sy/ems ( education t 7#a7 all %all be educat$1 except ^? to :om ,god has d5i$ und]/&+1 9 all ^? subjects calculat$ to make m5 wise1 virtu\s1 & pi\s2 7#b7 ! c\rse ( tra9+1 be+ a prep>ation = life1 %all be complet$ be=e maturity is atta9$2 7#c7 & s*ools %all be conduct$ )\t bl[s1 g5tly & pleasantly1 9 ! mo/ natural mann]4 ,bold innovator6 ,h[ cle>ly he p]ceiv$ ! faults ( ! s*ools ( 8 day2 ) :at ke5 insight he =mulat$ me?ods = _! improvem5t2 & ) :at hope 9 ! re=m :i* has gone =w>d /eadily = ^! two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s1 b :i* ev5 n[ is f> f be+ an accompli%$ fact6 ,! basis ( ! re=m :i* he advocates is an application ( ! pr9ciple ( ord]--ord] 9 ! managem5t ( "t1 9 ! arrangem5t ( subjects taught1 & 9 ! me?ods employ$4 ,nature furni%es u a crit]ion = ord] 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! improvem5t ( human society4 ,c]ta9 univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i* are fundam5tal to 8 philosophy ( education1 are d$uc$ f nature4 ,^!1 /ripp$ ( _! t$i\s examples & details1 are3-- #a4 ,nature obs]ves a suitable "t4 #b4 ,%e prep>es ! mat]ial be=e %e attempts to give x =m4 #c4 ,%e *ooses a fit subject to act ^u1 or fir/ submits h] subject to a suitable treatm5t 9 ord] to make x fit4 #d4 ,%e is n confus$ 9 h] op]ations2 b1 9 h] onw>d m>*1 advances ) precision f "o po9t to ano!r4 #e4 ,9 all ! op]ations ( nature1 developm5t is f )94 #f4 ,9 h] =mative processes1 %e beg9s ) ! univ]sal & ends ) ! p>ticul>4 #g4 ,nature makes no leaps1 b proce$s /ep by /ep4 #h4 ,:5 %e beg9s a ?+1 %e does n leave (f until ! op]ation is complet$4 #i4 ,%e avoids all ob/acles t are likely to int]f]e ) h] op]ations4 ,) nature z our guide1 ,com5ius believes t ! process ( education w be easy1 7#a7 if x is begun be=e ! m9d is corrupt$2 7#b7 if ! m9d is prep>$ to receive x2 7#c7 if we proce$ f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 f :at is easy to :at is m complex2 7#d7 if ! pupils are n ov]burd5$ ) too _m diff]5t /udies2 7#e7 if ! in/ruction is grad$ to ! /ages ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! le>n]s2 7#f7 if ! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 are consult$ & _! intellects are n =c$ along l9es = :i* !y h no natural b5t2 7#g7 if ev]y?+ is taught ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses2 7#h7 if ! utility ( in/ruction is emphasiz$2 & 7#i7 if ev]y?+ is taught by "o & ! same me?od4 ,nature beg9s by a c>eful selection ( mat]ials1 !re=e education %\ld comm5ce e>ly2 ! pupils %\ld n h m ?an "o tea*] 9 ea* subject1 & be=e any?+ else is done1 ! morals %\ld be r5d]$ h>moni\s by ! tea*]'s influ5ce4 ,nature always makes prep>ation = ea* advance /ep2 !re=e1 ! desire to "k & to le>n %\ld be excit$ 9 *ildr5 9 e way possible1 & ! me?od ( in/ruction %\ld light5 ! drudg]y1 t !re may be no?+ to h9d] progress 9 s*ool /udies4 ,nature develops ev]y?+ f beg9n+s :i*1 ?\gh insignificant 9 appe>ance1 possess great pot5tial /r5g?2 :]eas1 ! practice ( mo/ tea*]s is 9 direct opposition to ?is pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( />t+ ) fundam5tal facts1 !y beg9 ) a *aos ( div]se conclusions4 ,nature advances f :at is easy to :at is m difficult4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wrong to tea* ! unkn[n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( t :i* is equally unkn[n4 ,su* errors may be avoid$ if pupils & tea*]s talk 9 ! same language & explanations are giv5 9 ! language t ! pupil und]/&s2 if gramm>s & diction>ies are adapt$ 9 ! language & to ! und]/&+ ( ! pupils2 if1 9 ! /udy ( a =eign language1 ! pupils fir/ le>n to und]/& x1 !n to write x1 & la/ly to speak x2 if 9 su* /udy ! pupils get to "k fir/ t :i* is ne>e/ to _! m5tal vision1 !n t :i* lies mod]ately ne>1 !n t :i* is m remote1 & la/ly t :i* is f>!/ (f2 & if *ildr5 be made to ex]cise fir/ _! s5ses1 !n _! memory1 & f9ally _! und]/&+4 ,nature does n ov]burd5 h]self1 b is cont5t ) a little at a "t2 !re=e ! m5tal en]gies ( ! pupils %\ld n be dissipat$ ov] a wide range ( subject-matt]4 ,nature advances sl[ly2 !re=e s*ool sessions %\ld be %ort5$ to f\r h\rs2 pupils %\ld be =c$ to memorize z little z possible2 s*ool in/ruction %\ld be grad$ to ! ages & capacities ( ! *ildr54 ,nature compels no?+ to advance t is n driv5 =w>d by its own mature /r5g?2 !re=e x foll[s t no?+ %\ld be taught to *ildr5 n dem&$ by _! age1 int]e/s1 & m5tal ability4 ,nature assi/s h] op]ations 9 e possible mann]2 !re=e *ildr5 %\ld n be puni%$ = inability to le>n4 ,r1 in/ruction %\ld be giv5 ?r\gh ! s5ses t x may be reta9$ 9 ! memory ) less ef=t4 ,no?+ is produc$ by nature ! practical application ( :i* is n evid5t2 !re=e ^? ?+s only %\ld be taught ^: application c be easily demon/rat$4 ,nature is uni=m 9 all h] op]ations2 h5ce ! same me?od ( in/ruction %\ld be adapt$ to all subjects ( /udy1 & ! text-books 9 ea* subject %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be ( ! same editions4 ,com5ius obs]ves t !re is a v g5]al compla9t t few leave s*ool ) a ?or\gh education1 & t mo/ ( ! in/ruction reta9$ 9 aft] life is little m ?an a m]e %ad[ ( true k4 ,he consid]s t ! compla9t is well corroborat$ by facts1 & attributes ! cause to ! insignificant & unimportant /udies ) :i* ! s*ools occupy !mselves4 ,if we w\ld correct ?is evil1 we mu/ g to ! s*ool ( nature & inve/igate ! me?ods %e adopts to give endurance to ! be+s :i* %e has creat$4 ,a me?od %\ld be f\nd by means ( :i* ea* p]son w be able n only to br+ into 8 m5tal consci\sness t :i* he has le>n$1 b at ! same "t to pass s\nd judgm5t on ! objective facts to :i* 8 in=mation ref]s4 ,?is w be possible if only ^? subjects are /udi$ :i* w be ( real s]vice 9 ! lat] life2 if su* subjects be taught )\t digression or int]ruption2 if a ?or\gh gr\nd+ prec$e ! detail$ in/ruction2 if all t comes lat] be bas$ ^u :at has gone be=e2 if great /ress be laid on ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 cognate subjects2 if ! /udies be arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! pupils' pres5t m5tal developm5t1 & if k be fix$ 9 ! memory by con/ant use4 ,9 support ( 8 pr9ciple ( ?or\ghness1 ,com5ius adduces ! foll[+ pro(s f nature3 ,no?+ is produc$ by nature t is useless4 ,:5 %e =ms a body1 %e omits no?+ t is necess>y4 ,%e does n op]ate on any?+ unless x possesses f\ndations1 & %e /rikes h] roots deep & develops ev]y?+ f !m4 ,%e nev] rema9s at re/1 b advances cont9ually2 nev] beg9s any?+ fre% at ! exp5se ( "w already begun1 b proce$s ) :at %e has />t$ & br+s x to completion4 ,%e knits ev]y?+ toge!r 9 cont9u\s comb9ation1 pres]v+ due proportion ) respect to bo? quality & quantity4 ,?r\gh con/ant ex]cise %e becomes /rong & fruitful4 ,progress is less a "q ( /r5g? ?an ( skill4 ,hi!rto little has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! s*ool-life ( ! *ild1 because no set l&m>ks h be5 set up z goals to be rea*$ by ! pupils2 ?+s naturally associat$ are n taught toge!r2 ! arts & sci5ces are sc>cely ev] ?\ght ( z an encyclopdic :ole2 ! me?ods employ$ are z num]\s & div]se z ! s*ools & tea*]s2 in/ruction is individual & private1 & n public & g5]al1 & books are select$ ) too little reg>d = ! value ( _! cont5ts4 ,if ^! matt]s c\ld be re=m$1 !re is no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ,com5ius t ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces might be cov]$ dur+ ! p]iod ( s*ool tra9+4 ,t[>d ! solution ( ?is problem he answ]s ! foll[+ que/ions3-- #a4 ,h[ c a s+le tea*] in/ruct a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 at ! same "t8 ,9 answ]1 he ma9ta9s t x is n only possible = "o tea*] to in/ruct sev]al hundr$ *ildr5 767 at once1 b t x is ess5tial = ! be/ int]e/s ( bo? ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 76674 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( pupils1 ! great] w be ! tea*]'s int]e/ 9 8 "w2 & ! ke5] 8 int]e/1 ! great] ! en?usiasm ( 8 pupils4 ,9 ! same way1 to ! *ildr51 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( companions w be productive n only ( utility1 b also ( enjoym5t1 s9ce !y w mutually /imulate & assi/ "o ano!r4 ,= *ildr5 ( ?is age1 emulation & rivalry are ! be/ inc5tives to /udy4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ?is s*eme ( ,com5ius contemplates "s adaptation ( ! sy/em ( pupil tea*+1 & t x int]dicts all ef=ts at individual in/ruction4 #b4 ,h[ f> is x possible = pupils to be taught f ! same book8 ,x is an undisput$ fact1 says ,com5ius1 t too _m facts pres5t$ to ! m9d at ! same "t di/ract ! att5tion4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be ( great advantage if ! pupils be p]mitt$ to use no books except ^? :i* h be5 expressly compos$ = ! class 9 :i* !y are4 ,su* books %\ld conta9 a complete1 ?or\gh1 & accurate epitome ( all ! subjects ( in/ruction4 ,!y %\ld give a true repres5tation ( ! entire univ]se2 %\ld be writt5 simply & cle>ly--pref]ably 9 ! =m ( a dialogue2 & %\ld give ! pupils suffici5t assi/ance to enable !m1 if necess>y1 to pursue _! /udies )\t ! help ( a ma/]4 #c4 ,h[ is x possible = all ! pupils 9 a s*ool to d ! same ?+ at "o "t8 ,?is may be accompli%$ by hav+ a c\rse ( in/ruction comm5ce at a def9ite "t ( ea* ye>2 & by & by s divid+ ! c\rse ( in/ruction t ea* ye>1 ea* mon?1 ea* week1 ea* day1 ea* h\r may h a def9ite appo9t$ task = x4 #d4 ,h[ is x possible to tea* ev]y?+ accord+ to "o & ! same me?od8 ,t !re is only "o natural me?od has already be5 satisfactorily demon/rat$ 7to ! m9d ( ,com5ius71 & ! univ]sal adoption ( ?is natural me?od w be z great a boon to pupils z a pla9 & undeviat+ road is to travell]s4 #e4 ,h[ c _m ?+s be expla9$ 9 a few words8 ,! purpose ( education is n to fill ! m9d ) a dre>y wa/e ( words f books4 ,rightly says ,s5eca ( in/ruction3 8,its adm9i/ration %\ld resemble ! s[+ ( se$1 9 :i* /ress is laid n on ! quantity1 b on ! quality40 #f4 ,h[ is x possible to d two or ?ree ?+s by a s+le op]ation8 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule t ea* subject %\ld be taught 9 comb9ation ) ^? :i* are correlative to x4 ,read+1 p5man%ip1 spell+1 language1 & nature /udy %\ld "w toge!r 9 ! acquisition & expression ( ideas4 ,z ,pr(essor ,hanus#bh has po9t$ out1 ,com5ius cle>ly =e%ad[$ ! correlation & cord9ation ( s*ool /udies at lea/ two c5turies be=e ,h]b>t4 ,inde$1 he w5t s f> z to urge ! correlation ( s*ool in/ruction ) ! plays & games ( *ildr54 ,he urg$ t *ildr5 be giv5 tools & all[$ to imitate ! diff]5t h&icrafts1 by play+ at f>m+1 at politics1 at be+ soldi]s or ar*itects4 ,9 ! game ( w> !y may be all[$ to take ! "p ( field-m>%als1 g5]als1 capta9s1 & /&>d-be>]s4 ,9 t ( politics !y may be k+s1 m9i/]s1 *ancellors1 secret>ies1 & ambassadors1 z well z s5ators1 consuls1 & lawy]s2 s9ce su* pleasantries (t5 lead to s]i\s ?+s4 ,?us1 ma9ta9s ,com5ius1 w\ld be fulfill$ ,lu!r's wi% t ! /udies ( ! "y at s*ool might be s organiz$ t ! pupils w\ld take z mu* pleasure 9 !m z play+ at ball all day4 ,9 ?is way1 ! s*ools might become a real prelude to ! m s]i\s duties ( practical life4 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction ,a correct me?od ( in/ruction 0 to ,com5ius1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! panacea = mo/ ( ! ills ( tea*+4 ,he made re=m 9 me?odology ! />t+ po9t ( all 8 s*emes = educational improvem5t4 ,9 ! ,great didactic he consid]s re=m 9 me?ods ( in/ruct+ 9 ! sci5ces1 arts1 language1 morals1 & religion4 #a4 ,sci5ce4 ,k ( nature or sci5ce requires objects to be p]ceiv$ & suffici5t att5tion = ! p]ception ( ! objects4 ,! y\? :o w\ld compreh5d ! sci5ces mu/ obs]ve f\r rules3 7#a7 he mu/ keep ! eye ( 8 m9d pure2 7#b7 he mu/ see t ! prop] relation%ip is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object2 7#c7 he mu/ att5d to ! object2 7#d7 he mu/ proce$ f "o object to ano!r 9 accordance ) a suitable me?od4 ,! beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 ! sci5ces consi/s1 n 9 ! m]e le>n+ ( ! names ( ?+s1 b 9 ! actual p]ception ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,x is aft] ! ?+ has be5 grasp$ by ! s5ses t language %\ld fulfil its function ( /ill fur!r expla9+ x4 ,! s5ses are ! tru/y s]vants ( ! memory1 lead+ to ! p]man5t ret5tion ( ! k t has be5 acquir$4 ,reason+1 also1 is condition$ & m$iat$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$ ?r\gh s5se-p]ception4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if we wi% to develop a true love & k ( sci5ce1 we mu/ take special c>e to see t ev]y?+ is le>n$ by actual obs]vation ?r\gh s5se-p]ception4 ,?is %\ld be ! gold5 rule ( tea*]s3 ,ev]y?+ %\ld z f> z possible be plac$ be=e ! s5ses4 ,:5 ! objects !mselves _c be procur$1 repres5tations ( !m may be us$2 models may be con/ruct$ or ! objects may be repres5t$ by means ( engrav+s4 ,?is is especially ne$ful 9 su* /udies z geography1 geometry1 botany1 zology1 physiology1 & physics4 ,x requires bo? labor & exp5se to produce models1 b ! results ( su* aids w m ?an repay ! ef=ts4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( bo? objects & models1 ! ?+s may be repres5t$ by means ( pictures4#bi #b4 ,arts4 8,!ory10 says ,vives1 8is easy & %ort1 b has no result o!r ?an ! gratification t x af=ds4 ,practice1 on ! o!r h&1 is difficult & prolix1 b ( imm5se utility40 ,s9ce ?is is s1 rem>ks ,com5ius1 we %\ld dilig5tly seek out a me?od by :i* ! "y may be easily l$ to ! application ( su* natural =ces z "o f9ds 9 ! arts4 ,9 ! acquisition ( an art1 ?ree ?+s are requir$3 7#a7 a model :i* ! pupil may exam9e & !n try to imitate2 7#b7 mat]ial on :i* ! new =m is to be impress$2 & 7#c7 in/rum5ts by ! aid ( :i* ! "w is accompli%$4 ,aft] ^! h be5 provid$1 ?ree ?+s m are necess>y be=e an art c be le>n$--a prop] use ( ! mat]ials1 skill$ guidance1 & frequ5t practice4 ,progress 9 ! art /udies is prim>ily ?r\gh practice4 ,let ! pupils le>n to write by writ+1 to talk by talk+1 & to s+ by s++4 ,s9ce imitation is su* an important factor 9 ! ma/]y ( an art1 x is %e] cruelty to try to =ce a pupil to d t :i* y wi% done1 :ile ! pupil is ignorant ( y\r wi%es4 ,! use ( in/rum5ts %\ld be %[n 9 practice1 & n by words2 by example1 r ?an by precept4 ,x is _m ye>s s9ce ,qu9tilian wrote1 8,?r\gh precepts ! way is long & difficult1 :ile ?r\gh examples x is %ort & practicable40 ,b alas6 rem>ks ,com5ius1 h[ little he$ ! s*ools pay to ?is advice4 ,man is ess5tially an imitative animal1 & x is by imitation t *ildr5 le>n to walk1 to run1 to talk1 & to play4#cj ,rules are l ?orns to ! und]/&+1 s9ce to grasp !m requires a degree ( m5tal developm5t n common dur+ ! elem5t>y s*ool life ( ! *ild4 ,com5ius w\ld h ! fir/ attempts at imitation z accurate z possible1 s9ce :atev] comes fir/ is ! f\ndation ( t :i* is to foll[4 ,all ha/e 9 ! fir/ /eps %\ld be avoid$1 le/ we proce$ to ! advanc$ "w be=e ! elem5ts h be5 ma/]$4 ,p]fect in/ruction 9 ! arts is bas$ on bo? syn!sis & analysis4 ,! syn!tic /eps %\ld g5]ally come fir/1 s9ce we %\ld comm5ce ) :at is easy1 & our own ef=ts are always easie/ to und]/&4 ,b ! accurate analysis ( ! "w ( o!rs mu/ n be neglect$4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is practice1 no?+ b fai?ful practice1 t makes an arti/4 #c4 ,language4 ,we le>n languages1 n m]ely = ! erudition & wisdom :i* !y hold1 b because languages are ! in/rum5ts by :i* we acquire k & by :i* we imp>t our k to o!rs4 ,! /udy ( languages1 p>ticul>ly 9 y\?1 %\ld be jo9$ to ! /udy ( objects4 ,! intellig5ce %\ld ?us be ex]cis$ on matt]s :i* appeal to ! int]e/s & compreh5sion ( *ildr54 ,!y wa/e _! "t :o place be=e *ildr5 ,cic]o & ! o!r great writ]s2 =1 if /ud5ts d n und]/& ! subject-matt]1 h[ c !y ma/] ! v>i\s devices = express+ x =cibly8 ,! "t w\ld be m usefully sp5t on less ambiti\s ef=ts1 s correlat$ t ! languages & ! g5]al intellig5ce might advance toge!r /ep by /ep4 ,nature makes no leaps1 nei!r does art1 s9ce art imitates nature4 ,ea* language %\ld be le>n$ sep>ately4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! "m-tongue %\ld be le>n$2 !n a mod]n language--t ( a neighbor+ nation2 aft] ?is1 ,lat92 &1 la/ly1 ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,! "m-tongue1 because ( its intimate connection ) ! gradual unfold+ ( ! objective _w to ! s5ses1 w require f eight to t5 ye>s2 a mod]n language may be ma/]$ 9 "o ye>2 ,lat9 9 two ye>s2 ,greek 9 "o ye>2 & ,hebrew 9 six mon?s4 ,!re are f\r /ages 9 ! /udy ( a language4 ,! fir/ is ! age ( babbl+ infancy1 dur+ :i* "t language is indi/9ctly spok52 ! second is ! age ( rip5+ boyhood1 9 :i* ! language is correctly spok52 ! ?ird is ! age ( mature y\?1 9 :i* ! language is elegantly spok52 & ! f\r? is ! age ( vigor\s manhood1 9 :i* ! language is =cibly spok54 #d4 ,morals4 ,if ! s*ools are to become =g+ places ( humanity1 ! art ( moral in/ruction mu/ be m def9itely elaborat$4 ,to ?is end ,com5ius =mulates ! foll[+ p$agogic rules3-- ,all ! virtues may be implant$ 9 m54 ,^? virtues :i* are call$ c>d9al virtues--prud5ce1 temp]ance1 =titude1 & ju/ice--%\ld fir/ be implant$4 ,prud5ce may be acquir$ ?r\gh good in/ruction1 & by le>n+ ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ?+s & ! relative value ( ^? ?+s4 ,com5ius expresses agreem5t ) ,vives1 t s\nd judgm5t mu/ be acquir$ 9 e>ly y\?4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught to obs]ve temp]ance 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 ex]cis+1 & play+4 ,=titude is to be le>n$ by ! suppression ( excessive desires--play+ at ! wrong "t or beyond ! prop] "t--& by avoid+ manife/ations ( ang]1 discont5t1 & impati5ce4 ,x is ne$ful = ! "y to le>n =titude 9 ! matt] ( frankness & endurance 9 toil4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be taught to "w1 & moral education mu/ prea* ! gospel ( "w4 ,la/ly1 examples ( well-ord]$ lives 9 ! p]sons ( p>5ts1 tea*]s1 nurses1 & s*oolmates mu/ cont9ually be set be=e ! *ildr51 & !y mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ bad associations4 #e4 ,religion4 ,9 ! s*eme ( education :i* ,com5ius outl9es 9 ! ,great didactic1 religion occupies ! mo/ exalt$ place2 & :ile tra9+ 9 morals is accessory to religion1 *ildr5 mu/ 9 addition be giv5 specific in/ruction 9 piety4 ,= ?is purpose def9ite me?ods ( in/ruction are outl9$4 ,in/ruction 9 piety mu/ be ( su* a "* z to lead *ildr5 to foll[ ,god1 by giv+ !mselves completely up to ,8 w1 by acquiesc+ 9 ,8 love1 & by s++ ,8 praises4 ,! *ild's he>t may ?us be jo9$ to ,8 9 love ?r\gh m$itation1 pray]1 & exam9ation4 ,*ildr5 %\ld e>ly be habituat$ to ! outw>d works :i* ,he comm&s1 t !y may be tra9$ to express _! fai? by works4 ,at fir/ !y w n und]/& ! true nature ( :at !y are do+1 s9ce _! intellig5ce is n yet suffici5tly develop$2 b x is important t !y le>n to d :at subsequ5t exp]i5ce w tea* !m to be "r4#ca ,:ile ,com5ius 0 n will+ to g z f> z ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! e>ly *ur* fa!rs 9 ! matt] ( aboli%+ altoge!r ! :ole body ( pagan lit]ature f ! s*ool1 nev]!less1 he ?\ght t ! be/ int]e/s ( ! religi\s education ( ! *ild requir$ unusual precaution 9 ! read+ ( pagan books4 ,he rem9ds 8 read]s t x is ! bus9ess ( ,*ri/ian s*ools to =m citiz5s1 n m]ely = ?is _w1 b also = heav51 & t accord+ly *ildr5 %\ld read ma9ly ^? au?ors :o are well acqua9t$ ) heav5ly z well z ) e>?ly ?+s4 ,types ( ,educational ,in/itutions ,! mod]n f\rfold division ( education into k9d]g>t51 elem5t>y s*ools1 second>y s*ools1 colleges or univ]sities 0 cle>ly =e%ad[$ by ,com5ius 9 ! ,great didactic4 ,8 philosophy ( education compreh5ds a s*ool ( infancy1 a s*ool ( ! "m-tongue1 a ,lat9 s*ool1 & a univ]sity4 ,^! diff]5t in/itutions1 he notes1 are n m]ely to deal ) diff]5t subjects1 b !y are to treat ! same subjects 9 diff]5t ways1 giv+ su* in/ruction 9 all ( !m z w make true m51 true ,*ri/ians1 & true s*ol>s1 al?\gh grad+ ! in/ruction ?r\gh\t to ! age1 capabilities1 & previ\s tra9+ ( ! le>n]s4 #a4 ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,com5ius w\ld h a "m's s*ool 9 e home1 :]e *ildr5 may be giv5 su* tra9+ z w fit !m at ! age ( six ye>s to beg9 regul> /udies 9 ! v]nacul> s*ool4 ,he prep>$ = ! use ( mo!rs dur+ ?is p]iod a detail$ outl9e1 :i* he publi%$ "u ! title1 ,in=mation = mo!rs1 or ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,an analysis ( ?is book is giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on ! e>lie/ tra9+ ( ! *ild4 #b4 ,s*ool ( ! "m-tongue4 ,?is cov]s ! ye>s f six to twelve1 & includes all *ildr5 ( bo? sexes4 ,! aim ( ?is s*ool is to tea* ! "y su* ?+s z w be ( practical utility 9 lat] life--to read ) ease bo? pr9t+ & writ+ 9 ! "m-tongue2 to write fir/ ) accuracy1 & f9ally ) confid5ce 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ! "m-tongue2 to compute numb]s z f> z may be necess>y = practical purposes2 to measure spaces1 su* z l5g?s1 bread?s & di/ances2 to s+ well-kn[n melodies1 & to le>n by he>t ! great] numb] ( psalms & hymns commonly us$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 addition1 ! *ildr5 /udy ! pr9ciples ( morality1 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! geography ( ! e>? & pr9cipal k+doms ( ,europe1 elem5t>y economics & politics1 & ! rudim5ts ( ! me*anical arts4 ,! six ye>s ( ! s*ool ( ! "m-tongue are grad$ into six classes1 ) a detail$ c\rse ( /udy = ea* class4 ,provision is made = f\r lessons daily1 two 9 ! =5oon & two 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! rema9+ h\rs ( ! day are to be sp5t 9 dome/ic "w or 9 "s =m ( recreation4 ,! morn+ h\rs are devot$ to su* /udies z tra9 ! intellect2 ! aft]noons to su* z give manual skill4 ,no new "w is to be introduc$ 9 ! aft]noon2 b ! pupils may review & discuss ! lessons develop$ dur+ ! morn+ sessions4 ,if x is desir$ t a =eign language be introduc$1 x %\ld n be begun be=e ! t5? ye>4 #c4 ,! ,lat9 s*ool4 ,! purpose ( ! ,lat9 s*ool is to give a m ?or\gh & compreh5sive tra9+ to ^? aspir+ to call+s high] ?an ! indu/rial pursuits4 ,x cov]s ! ye>s f twelve to eighte51 & 0 also divid$ into six classes1--! gramm>1 natural philosophy1 ma!matical1 e?ics1 dialectic1 & rhetorical classes4 ,s9ce ,com5ius' views on ,lat9 are s fully set =? 9 a lat] *apt] on language tea*+ & ! ,janua1 x is only necess>y "h to recall t 8 curriculum = ! ,lat9 s*ool includes a wide range ( culture subjects4 ,! mo/ important ( ! culture /udies ( ! ,lat9 s*ool is hi/ory1 includ+ an epitome ( ,biblical hi/ory1 natural hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( arts1 inv5tions & cu/oms1 hi/ory ( morals1 & a g5]al hi/orical survey ( ! lead+ mod]n nations ( ! _w4 #d4 ,univ]sity4 ,:ile ,com5ius frankly admits t 8 exp]i5ce has be5 *iefly limit$ to "w 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools1 /ill he sees no reason :y he %\ld n /ate 8 views & wi%es ) reg>d to sup]ior in/ruction4 ,! curriculum ( ! univ]sity conceiv$ 9 ! ,great didactic is univ]sal 9 "*1 mak+ provision = a wide range ( /udies 9 e bran* ( human k4 ,! univ]sity mu/ possess le>n$ & able pr(essors 9 ! languages1 sci5ces1 & arts1 z well z a libr>y ( well-select$ books = ! common use ( all4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal aims ( ! univ]sity is to wid5 ! doma9 ( k ?r\gh orig9al inve/igation2 9 consequ5ce1 its equipm5t mu/ fit x = rese>* "w4 ,h[ fully ^! s*emes h be5 realiz$1 ! read] may appreciate by comp>+ ! types ( educational in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many ) ^? ( ! ,great didactic1 :i* 7 outl9$ by ,com5ius m ?an two c5turies ago4 ,s*ool ,discipl9e ,! ,great didactic is an eloqu5t prote/ aga9/ ! sev]e & inhuman discipl9e ( ,com5ius' day4 ,s*ools :i* ab\nd ) %rieks & bl[s1 he says1 are n well discipl9$4 ,discipl9e is q ano!r ?+2 x is an unfail+ me?od by :i* we may make our pupils pupils 9 reality4 ,?is makes x necess>y = ! tea*] to "k ! *ild1 ! be+ to be discipl9$1 ! subjects ( /udy :i* s]ve z m5tal /imulants1 & ! relations :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! *ild & ! subjects to be taught4 ,discipl9e mu/ be free f p]sonal elem5ts1 su* z ang] or dislike1 & %\ld be ex]cis$ ) frankness & s9c]ity4 ,tea*]s %\ld adm9i/] puni%m5ts j z physicians prescribe m$ic9es--) a view to improv+ ! condition ( ! individual4 ,nor %\ld sev]e =ms ( discipl9e be ex]cis$ 9 connection ) /udies or lit]>y ex]cises4 ,/udies1 if !y are prop]ly taught1 =m 9 !mselves a suffici5t attraction4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 ! fault lies n ) ! pupil1 b ) ! tea*]2 if 8 skill is unable to make an impression on ! und]/&+1 8 bl[s w h no effect4 ,inde$1 he is m likely to produce a di/a/e = lett]s ?an a love = !m by ! application ( =ce4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we see a m9d t is diseas$ or dislikes /udy1 we %\ld try to remove its disposition by g5tle rem$ies2 b on no acc\nt %\ld we employ viol5t ones4 ,! sun gives u an excell5t lesson on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! spr+-"t1 :5 ! plants are "y & t5d]1 x does n scor* !m1 b w>ms & invigorates !m2 x does n put =? its full heat until !y are full gr[n4 ,! g>d5] proce$s on ! same pr9ciple1 & does n apply ! prun+ knife to plants t are immature4 ,9 ! same way ! musician does n /rike 8 in/rum5t a bl[ ) 8 fi/ or ?r[ x aga9/ ! wall because x produces a discordant s\nd2 b sett+ to "w on sci5tific pr9ciples1 he tunes x & gets x into ord]4 ,j su* a skilful & sympa!tic treatm5t is necess>y to in/il a love ( le>n+ into ! m9ds ( pupils2 & any o!r proc$ure w only conv]t _! idl5ess into antipa?y & _! int]e/ into d[nright /upidity4 ,sev]e =ms ( discipl9e %\ld be us$ only 9 cases ( moral del9qu5cies1 z 7#a7 impiety ( any k9d1 su* z blasphemy1 obsc5ity1 & o!r (f5ces aga9/ ,god's law2 7#b7 /ubbornness & prem$itat$ misbehavior1 su* z disobey+ ord]s & consci\s neglect ( duty2 & 7#c7 pride1 disda91 envy1 & idl5ess4 ,(f5ces ( ! fir/ k9d are an insult aga9/ ! maje/y ( ,god2 ^? ( ! second k9d und]m9e ! f\ndations ( virtue2 & ^? ( ! ?ird prev5t any rapid progress 9 /udies4 ,an (f5ce aga9/ ,god is a crime1 & %\ld be expiat$ by an extremely sev]e puni%m5t2 an (f5ce aga9/ man is iniquit\s1 & %\ld be promptly correct$2 b an (f5ce aga9/ ,priscian is a /a9 t may be wip$ out by ! sponge ( blame4 ,9 a ^w1 ! object ( discipl9e %\ld be to /ir ! pupils to rev]e ,god1 to assi/ _! fell[s1 & to p]=m ! labors & duties ( life ) alacrity4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,e>lie/ ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,s*ool ( infancy--,circum/ances "u :i* writt5--,view ( *ildhood--,conception ( infant education4 ,physical tra9+--,c>e ( ! body--,! *ild's natural nurse--,foods--,sleep--,play & ex]cise4 ,m5tal tra9+--,/udies :i* furni% ! mat]ials ( ?\ght1 & /udies :i* furni% ! symbols ( ?\ght--,nature /udy--,geography--,hi/ory--,h\sehold economy--,/ories & fables--,pr9ciple ( activity--,draw+--,ari?metic--,geometry- -,music--,language--,poetry4 ,moral & religi\s tra9+--,examples--,in/ruction--,discipl9 e--,"s virtues to be taught--,"* ( =mal religi\s in/ruction4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,infancy ,plato1 ,qu9tilian1 ,plut>*1 & o!r writ]s on education h discuss$ ! e>lie/ tra9+ ( ! *ild1 b none ( ^! e>ly writ]s h compreh5d$ ! significance ( infancy ) any su* p$agogic insight z ,com5ius2 & 8 ,s*ool ( infancy has tak5 a p]man5t place among ! classics :i* deal ) ! p]iod ( *ildhood4 ,x 0 writt5 dur+ ! ye>s #afbh to #afcj1 :5 he 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,moravian s*ool at ,lissa4 ,a ,g]man edition 7x 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ! ,sclavic tongue7 appe>$ at ,lissa 9 #afcc1 a second edition at ,leipzig 9 #afcd1 & a ?ird ,g]man edition at ,nuremb]g 9 #afcf4 ,subsequ5tly ,poli%1 ,bohemian1 & ,lat9 translations appe>$2 & ,joseph ,mll]1#cb a mo/ pa9/ak+ ,com5ius bibliograph]1 m5tions an ,engli% translation 9 #afda4 ,i h f\nd no o!r ref]5ce to an ,engli% translation s e>ly4 ,z already not$1 h[ev]1 ,com5ius 0 well & favorably kn[n to ,milton1 ,h>tlib1 & o!rs high 9 educational au?ority 9 ,engl&2 & ! fact t mo/ ( 8 o!r writ+s 7 translat$ !re gives cr$5ce to ,mr4 ,mll]'s /atem5t4 ,9 ! ye> #aheh1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,b5ham#cc publi%$ 9 ,london an ,engli% translation1 to :i* he prefix$ a well-writt5 acc\nt ( ! life ( ,com5ius4 ,b 8 translation 0 soon out ( pr9t2 & ?is excell5t treatise 9 consequ5ce rema9$ inaccessible to ,engli% read]s until ! appe>ance ( my own translation4 7,bo/on1 #ahif4 ,republi%$ 9 ,london1 #ahig47 ,! ,s*ool ( infancy 0 writt5 z a guide = mo!rs dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s ( ! *ild's life1 & 0 d$icat$ to 8pi\s ,*ri/ian p>5ts1 gu>dians1 tea*]s1 & all ^u :om ! *>ge ( *ildr5 is incumb5t40 ,s9ce ! education ( ! *ild mu/ beg9 at its bir?1 mo!rs mu/ assume ! tea*]'s rle2 & ! mo!rs ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,com5ius1 7 altoge!r unfitt$ because ( lack ( tra9+ to und]take ?is high & holy mission4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,s*ool ( infancy outl9es def9ite in/ructions = mo!rs4 ,com5ius 0 too deeply gr\nd$ 9 ! religi\s dogmas ( 8 day to ab&on altoge!r ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 !n s g5]ally held2 b he ma9ta9$ t suitable e>ly tra9+ w\ld ov]come mo/ ( ! orig9al p]v]sity 9 ! human he>t4 ,no "o1 he urges1 %\ld be a "m or a tea*] :o does n hold unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! possibilities ( *ildhood4 ,! *ild is n to be reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to its y\?ful disabilities1 b r ) a view to ! purposes ( ! ,div9e m9d1 z ,frbel w\ld say1 reg>d ! *ild z a pl$ge ( ! pres5ce1 goodness1 & love ( ,god4 ,:at high] tribute to *ildhood ?an ?is3 8,! "m t has "u h] c>e ! tra9+ ( a little *ild possesses a g>d5 9 :i* cele/ial plantlets are s[n1 wat]$1 bloom1 & fl\ri%4 ,h[ inexpressibly bless$ is a "m 9 su* a p>adise60 ,) ,qu9tilian he asks3 8,has a son be5 born to y8 ,f ! fir/1 conceive only ! highe/ hopes = him40 ,! purpose 9 ! education ( ! *ild is ?reefold3 7#a7 fai? & piety1 7#b7 uprightness 9 respect to morals1 & 7#c7 k ( languages & arts2 & ?is ord] mu/ n be inv]t$4 ,p>5ts1 !re=e1 d n fully p]=m _! duty :5 !y m]ely tea* _! (fspr+ to eat1 dr9k1 walk1 & talk4 ,^! ?+s are m]ely subs]vi5t to ! body1 :i* is n ! man1 b 8 tab]nacle only2 ! rational s\l dwells )91 & rightly claims great] c>e ?an its outw>d t5em5t4 ,9 ! education ( ! *ild1 c>e especially = ! s\l1 :i* is ! highe/ "p ( its nature2 & next1 att5d to ! body1 t x may be made a fit & wor?y habitation = ! s\l4 ,aim to tra9 ! *ild to a cle> & true k ( ,god & all 8 wond]ful works1 & a k ( himself1 s t he may wisely & prud5tly regulate 8 actions4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t to prop]ly tra9 *ildr5 requires cle> insight & assidu\s labor4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s _m p>5ts are too incompet5t to in/ruct _! *ildr5 & t o!rs1 by reason ( ! p]=mance ( family & social duties1 are unable to dis*>ge ?is high & holy mission4 ,all su*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h& _! *ildr5 ov] to "s "o else to in/ruct4 ,b !y %\ld intru/ _! little ones to ! c>e & tra9+ ( su* in/ructors only :o w make ! act ( le>n+ pleas+ & agreeable--a m]e amusem5t & m5tal delight4 ,s*ools %\ld be retreats ( ease1 places ( lit]>y amusem5t1 & n h\ses ( torture4 ,a musician does n da% 8 in/rum5t aga9/ ! wall1 or give x bl[s & cuffs because he _c draw music f x1 b cont9ues to apply 8 skill until he is able to extract a melody4 ,s by y\r skill y %\ld br+ ! m9d ( ! "y *ild into h>mony ) 8 /udies4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! education ( ! *ild is ! mo/ important4 ,e "o kn[s t :atev] =m ! bran*es ( an old tree may h1 t !y mu/ necess>ily h be5 s =m$ f ! fir/ gr[?4 ,! animal born bl9d1 lame1 defective1 or de=m$ rema9s s4 ,! tra9+ ( ! *ild's body1 m9d1 & s\l %\ld1 !re=e1 be a matt] ( e>ne/ ?\ght f ! v fir/4 ,:ile x is possible = ,god to completely trans=m an invet]ately bad man1 yet1 9 ! regul> c\rse ( nature1 x sc>cely ev] happ5s o!rwise ?an t z a be+ is =m$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 s x matures1 & s x rema9s4 ,:atev] se$ is s[n 9 y\?1 su* fruit is reap$ 9 old age4 ,nor is x wise to delay su* tra9+ until ! *ild is old en\gh to be in/ruct$ 9 a s*ool1 s9ce t5d5cies are acquir$ :i* are difficult to ov]come4 ,x is impossible to make a tree /raight t has gr[n crook$1 or to produce an or*>d f a =e/ ev]y:]e surr\nd$ ) bri]s & ?orns4 ,?is makes x necess>y = p>5ts to "k some?+ ab\t ! managem5t ( *ildr51 t !y may be able to lay ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! tea*]s are to build :5 ! *ild ent]s s*ool at ! age ( six ye>s4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ ) ref]5ce to ! me?ods adopt$ ) *ildr5 s "y4 ,! in/ruction ne$ n be apportion$ to ! same degree t x is apportion$ 9 s*ools1 s9ce at ?is e>ly age all *ildr5 are n end[$ ) equal ability1 "s beg9n+ to speak 9 ! fir/ ye>1 "s 9 ! second1 & "s n until ! ?ird ye>4 ,physical ,tra9+ ,! fir/ c>e ( ! "m mu/ be = ! heal? ( h] *ild1 s9ce bodily vigor s l>gely conditions normal m5tal developm5t4 8,a c]ta9 au?or10 says ,com5ius1 8advises t p>5ts ought #8to pray = a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body1' b !y ought to labor z well z pray40 ,s9ce ! e>ly c>e ( ! *ild devolves l>gely on ! "m1 ,com5ius c\nsels wom5 ) ref]5ce to ! hygi5e ( *ildhood4 ,pr5atal conditions are no less important ?an po/natal2 & prospective mo!rs %\ld obs]ve temp]ance 9 diet1 avoid viol5t movem5ts1 control ! emotions1 & indulge 9 no excessive sleep or indol5ce4 ,= good & suffici5t reasons ! "m %\ld nurse h] own *ild4 8,h[ griev\s1 h[ hurtful1 h[ repreh5sible10 he exclaims1 8is ! conduct ( "s mo!rs1 especially among ! upp] classes1 :o1 feel+ x irksome to n\ri% _! own (fspr+1 delegate ! duty to o!r wom540 ,?is cruel ali5ation ( mo!rs f _! *ildr51 he ma9ta9s1 is ! greate/ ob/acle to ! e>ly tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,su* conduct is cle>ly oppos$ to nature3 ! wolf & be>1 ! lion & pan!r1 n\ri% _! (fspr+ ) _! own milk2 & %all ! mo!rs ( ! human race be less affectionate ?an ! wild bea/s8 ,moreov]1 x contributes to ! heal? ( ! *ild to be n\ri%$ by its natural "m4 ,com5ius has "s s\nd advice = mo!rs on ! k9ds ( food = "y *ildr54 ,at ! fir/ x mu/ z ne>ly z possible approximate to _! natural alim5t2 x mu/ be s(t1 sweet1 & easily dige/ible4 ,milk is an excell5t food2 & aft] milk1 bread1 butt]1 & vegetables4 ,all highly season$ foods are to be avoid$2 & ,com5ius urges mo!rs to reg>d m$ic9es z !y w\ld poisons1 & avoid !m altoge!r4 ,*ildr5 accu/om$ to m$ic9e f _! e>lie/ ye>s are c]ta9 to become 8feeble1 sickly1 infirm1 pale-fac$1 imbecile1 canc]\s40 ,*ildr5 dur+ ! e>lie/ ye>s require an abundance ( sleep1 fre% air1 & ex]cise4 ,!y ne$ n only to be ex]cis$1 b _! ex]cises %\ld be 9 ! nature ( amusem5ts4 8,a joyful m9d10 he rem>ks1 8is half heal?1 & ! joy ( ! he>t is ! v life-spr+ ( ! *ild40 ,^! ex]cises = ! amusem5t ( ! *ild may provide = ! pleasure ( its eyes1 e>s1 & o!r s5ses1 z well z contribute to ! vigor ( its body & m9d4 ,play n only conduces to ! heal? ( ! *ild1 b x lays ! basis = lat] developm5t4#cd ,m5tal ,tra9+ ,= ! m5tal tra9+ ( ! *ild dur+ its fir/ six ye>s ,com5ius has outl9$ two classes ( /udies3 7#a7 ^? :i* furni% ! mat]ials ( ?\ght1 su* z nature /udy1 geography1 & h\sehold economy1 & 7#b7 ^? :i* furni% ! symbols ( ?\ght1 su* z draw+1 writ+1 & language4 ,?is gr\p+ ( =m & cont5t /udies1 x %\ld be not$1 has be5 foll[$ by ! disciples ( ,h]b>t 9 _! s*emes ( classification4 ,! fir/ & second ye>s ( ! *ild's life mu/ be entirely giv5 ov] to ! developm5t ( organic functions2 b1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>1 ! *ild has acquir$ a vocabul>y1 & he %\ld be taught to compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! words he uses4 ,?is e>ly k %\ld be ( natural ?+s--plants1 fl[]s1 trees1 s&1 clay1 ! c[1 horse1 & dog4 ,he may be taught to compreh5d "s ( ! m important obs]vable *>act]s ( ^! objects & to "k _! uses4 ,special ex]cises %\ld be provid$ = ! tra9+ ( ! eye2 excessive lights mu/ be avoid$1 & also ov]/ra9+4 ,*ildr5 may be mod]ately introduc$ to objects ( color1 & ?us taught to enjoy ! beauty ( ! heav5s1 trees1 fl[]s1 & runn+ wat]4 ,9 ! f\r? & foll[+ ye>s !y %\ld be tak5 into fields & along ! riv]s1 & tra9$ to obs]ve plants1 animals1 runn+ wat]1 & ! turn+ ( w9dmills4 ,9 bo? nature /udy & geography ,com5ius anticipat$ ! ,heimatskunde ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,*ildr5 %\ld also dur+ _! fir/ six ye>s be taught to "k ! heav5s1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 sun1 moon1 & />s2 to und]/& t ! sun & moon rise & set2 to recognize t ! days are %orte/ 9 w9t] & longe/ 9 summ]2 to di/+ui% "t--morn+1 noonday1 ev5+1 & :5 to eat1 sleep1 & pray4 ,! /udy ( geography %\ld be begun at ! cradle1 & ! location1 di/ance1 & direction ( ! nurs]y1 kit*51 b$-*amb]1 & or*>d %\ld e>ly be le>n$4 ,!y %\ld h out-door lessons 9 geography1 & be taught to f9d _! way ?r\gh ! /reets1 to ! m>ket-place1 & to ! homes ( _! fri5ds & relatives4 ,9 ! fif? ye> !y %\ld /udy a city1 field1 or*>d1 =e/1 hill1 & riv]1 & fix :at !y le>n ab\t ^! ?+s 9 ! memory4 ,! e>ly hi/oric in/ruction %\ld beg9 ) a developm5t ( ! s5se ( "t--! work+ days & ! ,sabba? days1 :5 to att5d & engage 9 div9e s]vices1 ! occurr5ce ( su* solemn fe/ivals z ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,:itsuntide1 & ! significance ( ^! holy occasions4 ,! *ild may also be tra9$ to recall :]e he 0 & :at he did ye/]day1 ! day be=e1 a week ago4 ,h\sehold economy %\ld receive important in/ruction dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s ( ! *ild's life4 ,he mu/ be tra9$ to "k ! relation :i* he is to su/a9 to 8 fa!r & "m1 & to obey ea*2 :]e to place & h[ to c>e = 8 clo!s2 ! use ( toys & play?+s2 ! economy ( ! home1 & 8 place 9 t economy4 ,com5ius also comm5ds /ories & fables1 p>ticul>ly ^? ab\t animals :i* conta9 "s moral pr9ciple4 8,/ories10 says ,com5ius1 8greatly %>p5 ! innate capacity ( *ildr540 ,+5i\sly con/ruct$ /ories s]ve a tw(old purpose 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! *ild3 !y occupy _! m9ds1 & !y in/il k :i* w aft]w>d be ( use4 ,! greate/ s]vice :i* p>5ts c r5d] _! *ildr5 dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s is to enc\rage play4 ,?is mu/ n be left to *ance1 b mu/ be provid$ =2 & *ildr5 ne$1 mo/ ( all1 to play ) o!r *ildr5 ne> _! own age4 ,9 su* social plays ) _! companions !re is nei!r ! assumption ( au?ority nor ! dread ( fe>1 b ! free int]c\rse :i* calls =? all _! p[]s ( inv5tion1 %>p5s _! wits1 & cultivates _! mann]s & habits4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! =m /udies1 su* z draw+1 writ+1 & language1 ,com5ius rem>ks t no?+ delights *ildr5 m ?an to be do+ some?+4 ,y\?ful vigor w n long p]mit !m to be at re/2 & ?is spontane\s activity requires wise regulation1 9 ord] t *ildr5 may acquire ! habit ( do+ ?+s t !y w be requir$ to d lat]4#ce ,?is is ! "t :5 *ildr5 are mo/ imag9ative & imitative2 !y delight 9 do+ ! ?+s t !y h se5 done by _! eld]s4 ,all ^! imitative ex]cises give heal? to _! bodies1 agility to _! movem5ts1 & vigor to _! muscles4 ,at ?is p]iod *ildr5 delight 9 con/ruction2 supply !m ) mat]ial ) :i* !y may ex]cise :atev] ar*itectural g5ius !y may h--clay1 wood1 blocks1 & /ones1 ) :i* to con/ruct h\ses1 walls1 etc4 ,!y %\ld also h toy c>riages1 h\ses1 mills1 pl[s1 swords1 & knives4 ,*ildr5 delight 9 activity1 & p>5ts %\ld realize t re/ra9t is alike h>mful to ! developm5t ( ! m9d & ! body4 ,aft] *ildr5 h be5 taught to walk1 run1 jump1 roll hoop1 ?r[ balls1 & to con/ruct ) blocks & clay1 supply !m ) *alk or *>coal1 & all[ !m to draw accord+ z _! incl9ation may be excit$4 ,9 ari?metic ,com5ius recognizes ! difficulty 9 lead+ *ildr5 to see quantitative relations4 ,by ! f\r? ye>1 h[ev]1 he ?9ks t !y may be taught to c\nt to t5 & to note resemblances & diff]5ces 9 quantity4 ,to proce$ fur!r ?an ?is w\ld be unpr(itable1 nay1 hurtful1 he says1 s9ce no?+ is s difficult to fix 9 ! m9d ( ! "y *ild z numb]s4 ,com5ius1 x w\ld seem1 valu$ ! /udy ( ari?metic mu* less highly ?an mod]n educators4 ,he ?\ght t "s geometry might be taught dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s2 *ildr5 may easily be tra9$ to p]ceive ! common geometric =ms2 & ! measurem5ts & comp>isons involv$ 9 ! p]ception ( su* =ms tra9 ! und]/&+ ( ! *ild4 ,music is in/9ctive & natural to ! *ild4 ,compla9ts & wail+s are 8 fir/ lessons 9 music4 ,x is impossible to re/ra9 su* compla9ts & wails2 & ev5 if x 7 possible1 x w\ld n be exp$i5t1 s9ce all su* vocalizations ex]cise ! muscles involv$ 9 ! production ( spee*1 develop ! *e/1 & contribute to ! *ild's g5]al heal?4 ,*ildr5 %\ld he> music 9 _! e>lie/ infancy1 t _! e>s & m9ds may be soo!d by concord & h>mony4 ,he ev5 c\nt5ances ! bang+ & rattl+ noises :i* *ildr5 are fond ( mak+1 on ! gr\nd t su* noises repres5t legitimate /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild's musical s5se4 ,give !m horns1 :i/les1 drums1 & rattles1 & all[ !m to acquire p]ceptions ( rhy?m & melody4 ,9 ! matt] ( in/ruction 9 language1 ,com5ius _h "o fundam5tal pr9ciple--t ideas ( ?+s mu/ accompany or prec$e ! words :i* symboliz$ ! ?+s4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ^w tra9+1 z su*1 _h no place 9 8 s*emes ( education4 ,:5 *ildr5 beg9 to talk1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t !y articulate di/9ctly & correctly4 ,! />t mu/ always be 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,com5ius1 x w be recall$1 0 at v>iance ) 8 contempor>ies 9 def]r+ in/ruction 9 ,lat9 until ! *ild 0 twelve ye>s old4 ,dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s he believes t poetry--& especially j+les & nurs]y rhymes--may be us$ ) great pr(it 9 aid+ *ildr5 to acquire language4 ,!y may n always und]/& ! rhymes1 b !y are c]ta9 to be pleas$ mu* m by ! rhy?m ( v]se ?an by prose4 ,moral & ,religi\s ,tra9+ ,h[ev] mu* ,com5ius may h valu$ m5tal & physical tra9+1 ! fundam5tal aim & end ( all education he reg>d$ z moral & religi\s4 ,! ag5cies :i* he w\ld h employ$ 9 ! e>ly moral tra9+ ( ! *ild are 7#a7 a p]petual example ( virtu\s conduct2 7#b7 prop]ly tim$ & prud5t in/ruction & ex]cise2 & 7#c7 well-regulat$ discipl9e4 ,*ildr5 are exceptionally imitative1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re %\ld be great circumspection 9 ! home 9 matt]s ( temp]ance1 cleanl9ess1 neatness1 tru?fulness1 complaisance1 & respect = sup]iors4 ,:ile l5g!n$ disc\rses & admonitions are n exp$i5t1 prud5t in/ruction may (t5 accompany examples ) pr(it4 ,z to discipl9e1 ,com5ius ?9ks t occasionally !re is ne$ ( *a/isem5t 9 ord] t *ildr5 may att5d to examples ( virtue & admonition4 ,:5 o!r means ( discipl9e h be5 ineffectual1 ! rod may be us$1 b only = (f5ces aga9/ morals--nev] = /upidity4 ,com5ius gives ! impression t *ildr5 may be :ipp$ into be+ good4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ill-tim$ advice ( ,solomon is cle>ly app>5t "h4 ,temp]ance & frugality1 he ?9ks1 claim ! fir/ place 9 ! moral tra9+ ( ! *ild1 inasmu* z !y are ! f\ndations ( heal? & life1 & ! "m ( all ! virtues4 ,neatness & cleanl9ess %\ld be exact$ f ! fir/2 s %\ld respect ( sup]iors & eld]s4 ,bold & =w>d *ildr5 are n g5]ally lov$4 ,ob$i5ce1 l ! plant1 does n spr+ up spontane\sly1 b requires ye>s ( pati5t c>e & tra9+ to develop into a ?+ ( beauty4 ,tru?fulness likewise is no less important2 s also ju/ice1 respect = ! rights ( o!rs1 b5evol5ce1 pati5ce1 & civility4 ,& mo/ important ( ! virtues to be acquir$ by ! "y *ild is indu/ry4 ,no?+ h9d]s moral gr[? m ?an indol5ce4 ,com5ius agrees ) ! *ur* fa!rs t ,satan's be/ allies are ! idle4 ,*ildr5 mu/ n be idle4 ,tea* !m to play1 to make ?+s1 to d ?+s1 to be helpful to !mselves & useful to o!rs4 ,com5ius exagg]at$ ! importance ( religi\s tra9+ dur+ ! *ild's e>lie/ ye>s4 ,:ile recogniz+ t reason+ 0 necess>y = ! be/ results 9 religi\s in/ruction1 he nev]!less ov]burd5s ! memory ) =mal religi\s in/ructions4 ,be=e ! *ild is six ye>s old he is to be taught ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & num]\s hymns4 ,9 spite ( 8 unreasonable dem&s on ! memory1 mo/ ( ,com5ius' c\nsels to mo!rs on ! religi\s in/ruction ( _! little ones are sane & helpful4 ,! _s ( ! p>5ts1 he rightly sugge/s1 is all important 9 religi\s in/ruction2 outw>d piety is n en\gh4 ,! religi\s nature unfolds sl[ly1 & unusual pati5ce & =esight are requir$ 9 its nurture & developm5t4 ,all ?is tra9+--physical1 m5tal1 moral1 & religi\s--has be5 prelim9>y to ! =mal tra9+ 9 ! s*ool1 :i* is to beg9 9 ! six? or sev5? ye> ( ! *ild's life4 ,! transition /ep f ! home to ! s*ool is n[ to be made2 = j 8z little plants aft] !y h gr[n up f _! se$ are transplant$ into or*>ds1 = _! m successful gr[?1 s x is exp$i5t t *ildr51 *]i%$ & nurtur$ 9 ! home1 hav+ acquir$ /r5g? ( m9d & body1 %\ld be deliv]$ to ! c>e ( tea*]s40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,/udy ,,( ,,language ,dom9ance ( ,lat9 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--,me?ods ( /udy *>act]iz$ by ,com5ius4 ,! ,janua--,purpose & plan--,its success4 ,atrium & ,ve/ibulum--,_! relation to ! ,janua4 ,! ,orbis pictus--,h[ conceiv$--,its popul>ity--,use ( pictures4 ,me?odus novissima--,pr9ciples ( language tea*+--,function ( examples--,place ( oral & writt5 language 9 education4 ,recall+ t ,lat9 occupi$ su* an exalt$ place 9 ! s*ools ( ,com5ius' day1 x is n at all surpris+ t he gave s mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( language4 ,lat9 absorb$ practically all ! en]gies ( ! pupils1 & ) results t 7 f> f satisfactory4 ,a hi/orian ( ! p]iod says1 8,boys & tea*]s 7 alike unhappy2 great sev]ity ( discipl9e 0 practis$1 & aft] all 0 done1 & all ! ye>s ( y\? _h be5 sp5t 9 ! /udy ma9ly ( ! ,lat91 ! results 7 contemptible40 ,! /udy ( ,lat9 is ?us *>act]iz$ by ,com5ius3 #a4 ,! ,lat9 language is taught ab/ractly )\t a k ( ! ?+s :i* ! words d5ote4 ,words %\ld be le>n$ 9 connection ) ?+s already kn[n2 x is false to conclude t1 because *ildr5 "k h[ to utt] words1 !y !re=e und]/& !m4 #b4 ,! second evil 9 ! /udy ( language is driv+ *ildr5 into ! manifold intricacies ( gramm> f ! v fir/4 ,x is a blund] to plunge !m into ! =mal /atem5ts ( gramm> on _! fir/ beg9n+ ,lat94 ,to make matt]s worse1 ! ,lat9 gramm> is writt5 9 ,lat94 ,h[ %\ld we adults l x1 if1 9 ! /udy ( ,arabic1 we _h a gramm> writt5 9 ! ,arabic fir/ put into our h&s8 #c4 ,! ?ird evil 9 ! /udy ( language is ! practice ( compell+ *ildr5 to make impossible leaps in/ead ( c>ry+ !m =w>d /ep by /ep4 ,we introduce !m f ! gramm> into ,virgil & ,cic]o4 ,! sublimity ( poetic /yle is beyond ! conception ( boys1 & ! subject-matt] ( ,cic]o's epi/les n easy = gr[n m54 ,x w be said t ! object is to place be=e *ildr5 a p]fect model to :i* !y may atta94 ,x is "r to aim at a p]fect model1 :5 ! aim is practicable1 & if we proce$ gradually to ! highe/4 ,b l>g] ?+s are ) advantage po/pon$ to less] ?+s2 & less] ?+s1 if accommodat$ to ! age ( ! le>n]s1 yield great] fruits ?an l>ge ?+s4 ,if ,cic]o himself 7 to ent] our s*ools & f9d boys engag$ ) 8 works1 ,com5ius believes t he w\ld be ei!r amus$ or indignant4 ,pr(essor ,laurie rem>ks t 8:5 we be> 9 m9d ! con/ruction ( ! ,lat9 gramm>s !n 9 use1--t ( ,alv>us1 = example1 hav+ five hundr$ rules & z _m exceptions1--we _c be surpris$ at ! unanim\s condemnation ( ! !n curr5t me?ods ( tea*+1 & ! almo/ univ]sal lam5tation ov] ! wa/$ ye>s ( y\?40 ,! ,janua ,we are n[ to see h[ ,com5ius propos$ to re=m ^! evils4 8,i plann$ a book10 he says1 89 :i* all ?+s1 ! prop]ties ( ?+s1 & ! actions & passions ( ?+s %\ld be pres5t$1 & to ea* %\ld be assign$ its prop] "w1 believ+ t 9 "o & ! same book ! :ole connect$ s]ies ( ?+s might be survey$ hi/orically1 & ! :ole fabric ( ?+s & words r$uc$ to "o cont9u\s context4 ,on m5tion+ my purpose to "s fri5ds1 "o ( !m direct$ my att5tion to ! ,jesuit fa!r's ,janua l+u>um1 & gave me a copy4 ,i leap$ = joy2 b on exam9ation1 ,i f\nd t x did n fulfil my plan40 ,! ,janua ref]r$ to by ,com5ius 0 t writt5 by ,william ,bateus1 an ,iri% ,jesuit1 :o 0 spiritual fa!r at ,salamanca1 ,spa94 ,8 ,janua appe>$ 9 ,spa9 prior to #afje4 ,x conta9$ twelve hundr$ %ort ,lat9 s5t5ces ) accompany+ ,spani% translations4 ,! s5t5ces 7 made up ( common ,lat9 root-words1 & no ^w 0 repeat$4 ,9 #afae an ,engli%-,lat9 edition appe>$2 & subsequ5tly editions 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,italian4 ,! object ( ,bateus 9 ! publication ( 8 ,janua 0 to promote ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity by enabl+ ! hea!n ! m easily to le>n to read ! ,lat94 ,x w ?us appe> t ! plan ( ! ,janua l+u>um res]ata ( ,com5ius1 ! book t 0 de/9$ to make 8 "n kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w1 0 n :olly orig9al ) ! ,moravian re=m]4 ,! "n & to "s ext5t ! plan ( ! book _h be5 sugge/$ by ! publication ( ! ,jesuit4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,com5ius' ,janua appe>$ 9 #afca4cf ,9 ! num]\s subsequ5t editions ! au?or made important *anges & additions4 ,9 subject-matt]1 ! ,janua compreh5ds ! elem5ts ( all ! sci5ces & arts4 ,!re are a hundr$ *apt] head+s ) a ?\s& ,lat9 s5t5ces & _! ,g]man equival5ts arrang$ 9 p>allel columns4 ,! subjects treat$ cov] a wide range--f ! orig9 ( ! _w to ! m9d & its faculties4 ,! fir/ *apt] is an introduction1 9 :i* ! read] is salut$1 & in=m$ t le>n+ consi/s 9 ?is3 to "k di/9ctions & names ( ?+s4 ,he is assur$ t he w f9d expla9$ 9 ?is little book ! :ole _w & ! ,lat9 language4 ,if he %\ld le>n f\r pages ( x by rote1 he w\ld f9d 8 eyes op5$ to all ! lib]al arts4 ,! second *apt] treats ( ! creation ( ! _w1 ! ?ird ( ! elem5ts1 & ! f\r? ( ! firmam5t4 ,9 *apt]s five to ?irte5 inclusive1 fire1 meteors1 wat]1 e>?1 /ones1 metals1 trees1 fruits1 h]bs1 & %rubs are treat$4 ,animals occupy ! next five *apt]s2 & man--8 body1 ext]nal memb]s1 int]nal memb]s1 qualities & accid5ts ( ! body1 ulc]s & w\nds1 ext]nal & int]nal s5ses1 ! intellect1 affections1 & ! w--! elev5 foll[+ *apt]s4 ,n9ete5 *apt]s are giv5 to ! me*anic arts4 ,tw5ty-"o *apt]s deal ) ! h\se & its p>ts1 m>riage1 ! family1 civic & /ate economy4 ,twelve *apt]s are assign$ to gramm>1 dialectics1 rhetoric1 ari?metic1 geometry1 & ! o!r bran*es ( k1 describ+ briefly :at !y are2 & e?ics gets twelve *apt]s1 a *apt] be+ devot$ to ea* ( ! twelve virtues4 ,9 ! f\r succe$+ *apt]s1 games1 dea?1 burial1 & ! provid5ce ( ,god & ! angels are treat$4 ,*apt] n9ety-n9e treats ( ! end ( ! _w2 & 9 ! "o-hundr$? *apt] ,com5ius gives "s f>ewell advice1 & takes leave ( 8 read]4 ,ea* *apt] ( ! ,janua is to be read t5 times4 ,9 ! fir/ read+ !re is to be an accurate translation into ! v]nacul>2 at ! second read+ ! :ole is to be writt5 out1 ,lat9 & v]nacul>1 & ! tea*] is to beg9 conv]sation 9 ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,at ! ?ird read+ ! tea*] is to read ! ,lat9 al\d1 & ! pupils are to translate into ! v]nacul> )\t see+ ! pr9t$ page4 ,at ! f\r? read+ ! gramm> is to be writt5 out & ! words p>s$4 ,special att5tion is to be giv5 to ! d]ivation ( words at ! fif? read+2 ! synonyms to be expla9$ at ! six?2 & ! grammatical rules appli$ at ! sev5?4 ,at ! eigh? read+ ! pupils are to le>n ! text by he>t4 ,! n9? read+ is to be devot$ to a logical analysis ( ! subject-matt]2 & ! t5? & la/ read+ is to be conduct$ by ! pupils !mselves4 ,!y are to *all5ge "o ano!r to repeat portions ( ! text4 ,9 ?is +5i\s mann] ,com5ius applies 8 long-*]i%$ pansophic !ories to language tea*+1 ! ,janua be+ an application ( ideas =mulat$ 9 ! ,great didactic4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m ?an an application ( pansophic notions--x is an attempt to realize 8 (t-enunciat$ educational maxim t words & ?+s %\ld nev] be divorc$1 t k ( ! language %\ld g h& 9 h& ) ! k ( ! ?+s expla9$4 ,! success ( ! ,janua 0 mo/ unexpect$1 & no "o 0 m surpris$ at its sudd5 popul>ity ?an ,com5ius himself4 8,t happ5$10 he writes1 8:i* ,i c\ld n h imag9$1 namely1 t ?is *ildi% book 0 receiv$ ) univ]sal approbation by ! le>n$ _w4 ,?is 0 %[n me by ! numb] ( m5 :o wi%$ me he>ty success ) my new discov]y2 & by ! numb] ( translations into =eign languages4 ,=1 n only 0 ! book translat$ into twelve ,european languages1 s9ce ,i myself h se5 ^! translations 7,lat91 ,greek1 ,bohemian1 ,poli%1 ,g]man1 ,sw$i%1 ,dut*1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & ,hung>ian71 b also into ! ,asiatic languages--,arabic1 ,turki%1 & ,p]sian--& ev5 into ! ,mongolian1 :i* is und]/ood by all ! ,ea/ ,indies40 ,! ,janua1 m ?an any o!r book t he wrote1 made ,com5ius' "n famili> to s*ol>s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & = m ?an a c5tury x 0 ! mo/ popul> second>y-s*ool text-book 9 use4 ,h[ came ?is book to conf] on its au?or su* _w-wide fame8 8,p>tly10 answ]s ,raum]1 8f ! pleasure f\nd 9 ! survey ( ! :ole _w1 adapt$ bo? to "y & old1 & at a day :5 no great sci5tific requirem5ts 7 made4 ,_m 7 amus$ by ! motley v>iety ( ! imag9ations & inve/igations ( ! book2 by its old-fa%ion$ grammatical1 didactic1 & rhetorical discussions1 & its spiritual extravagances4 ,! greate/ influ5ce 01 h[ev]1 ex]t$ by ! fundam5tal maxim ( ! book--t ! k ( a language1 & especially ( ! ,lat91 %\ld g h& 9 h& ) a k ( ! ?+s expla9$ 9 x40#cg ,atrium & ,ve/ibulum ,! ,janua 0 foll[$ 9 #afcc by ! ,atrium4 ,x conta9s #dbg %ort s5t5ces some:at m amplifi$ ?an 9 ! ,janua4 ,9 ! introduction ! tea*] promises to initiate ! pupil into ! my/]ies ( wisdom1 ! k ( all ?+s1 ! ability to d "r always1 & to speak correctly ( ev]y?+1 especially 9 ,lat91 :i*1 z a common language to all nations1 is indisp5sable to a complete education4 ,! f\ndation ( ?+s is laid 9 ! ,ve/ibulum 7subsequ5tly publi%$72 ! ,janua furni%es ! mat]ials = ! build+2 & ! ,atrium provides ! decorations4 ,) ! completion ( ^!1 pupils may conf] ) ! wise/ au?ors ?r\gh _! books1 & ?r\gh ?is read+ !y may become le>n$1 wise1 & eloqu5t4 ,! second "p treats ( sub/antives1 z ! classification ( ?+s2 ! ?ird "p ( adjectives1 z ! modification ( ?+s2 ! f\r? "p expla9s pron\ns2 9 ! fif? "p v]bs are introduc$2 ! six? "p discusses adv]bs1 ! sev5? "p prepositions1 ! eigh? "p conjunctions1 & ! n9? "p int]jections4 ,! t5? "p conta9s examples ( ! d]ivation ( words4 ,! ,atrium 0 int5d$ z a simplifi$ ,lat9 gramm> to be us$ ) ! grad$ sy/em ( language tea*+ outl9$ by ,com5ius4 ,! ,ve/ibulum1 al?\gh writt5 & publi%$ aft] ! ,janua & ,atrium1 0 int5d$ z a fir/ book or ,lat9 prim]4 ,! ,janua 0 f\nd to be too difficult = ! y\ng] le>n]s1 & s ?is simple book 0 compos$ dur+ 8 soj\rn at ,s>os-,patak4 ,! s5t5ces 7 abbreviat$1 & !y deal ) simple ?+s4 ,! foll[+ are ! *apt] head+s3 7#a7 ,conc]n+ ! accid5ts or qualities ( ?+s2 7#b7 ,conc]n+ ! actions & passions ( ?+s2 7#c7 ,! circum/ances ( ?+s2 7#d7 ,?+s 9 ! s*ool2 7#e7 ,?+s at home2 7#f7 ,?+s 9 ! city2 7#g7 ,conc]n+ ! virtues4 ,he expresses regret t he is unable to illu/rate ! text ( ! ,ve/ibulum ) cuts to amuse ! pupils & enable !m ! bett] to rememb]1 b says t he c\ld f9d no arti/s compet5t to d ! requir$ illu/rative "w4 ,he urges ! tea*]s to supply ! want ( su* cuts by explanations ( ! ?+s1 or by %[+ ! ?+s !mselves4 ,)\t "s su* devices1 ! in/ruction mu/ necess>ily be lifeless4 8,! p>allelism ( ! k ( words & ?+s is ! deepe/ secret ( ! me?od40 ,orbis ,pictus ,! idea ( ! use ( pictures 9 elem5t>y s*ool "w 0 sugge/$ to ,com5ius by ,pr(essor ,lub9us1 ( ,ro/ock1 :o edit$ 9 #afad a ,greek te/am5t 9 ?ree languages4 ,he sugge/$ re=ms 9 ! simplification ( language in/ruction1 & advis$ ! con/ruction ( a book conta9+ pictures ( ?+s1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( brief s5t5ces atta*$ to ea*1 until all ! words & phrases ( ,lat9 7 exhau/$4 ,:ile at ,s>os-,patak1 he c>ri$ into effect ! desires set =? 9 ! ,ve/ibulum ) ref]5ce to an illu/rat$ *ild's fir/ ,lat9 read]1 al?\gh ! book 0 n pr9t$ until "s ye>s lat]1 because ( unexpect$ difficulty 9 f9d+ a skilful engrav] 9 copp]4 ,9 a lett] to ,mi*el ,endt]1 ( ,nuremb]g1 :o subsequ5tly publi%$ ! ,orbis pictus1 ,com5ius wrote 9 #afee3 8,x may be obs]v$ t _m ( our *ildr5 gr[ we>y ( _! books1 because !y are ov]fill$ ) ?+s :i* h to be expla9$ by ! help ( words4 ,! pupils1 & (t5 ! tea*]s !mselves1 "k next to no?+ ab\t ! ?+s40 ,! ,orbis pictus 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #afeg2 &1 al?\gh ! ,janua _h be5 receiv$ ) well-nigh univ]sal favor1 its popul>ity 0 surpass$ by ! illu/rat$ book4 ,i h no means ( kn[+ h[ _m editions ( ! ,orbis pictus h appe>$ dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,i h myself se5 twelve diff]5t editions 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,com5ius-,/iftung1 libr>y ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & else:]e4 ,^! are3 ,nuremb]g1 #afeg1 ,lat9-,g]man2 ,london1 #afeh1 ,lat9-,engli%2 ,am/]dam1 #afgc1 ,lat9-,dut*-,g]man2 ,nuremb]g1 #afgi1 ,lat9-,g]man-,italian-,fr5*2 ,london1 #agbg1 ,lat9-,engli%2 ,nuremb]g1 #agdf1 ,lat9-,g]man2 ,london1 #aggg1 ,lat9-,g]man2 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahjh1 ,lat9-,russian-,g]man2 ,new ,york1 #ahaj1 ,lat9-,engli%2 ,wroctaw91 #ahah1 ,lat9-,poli%-,fr5*-,g]man2 ,knigsgratz1 #ahhc1 ,lat9-,bohemian-,g]man-,fr5*2 ,syracuse1 #ahhg1 ,lat9-,engli%4 ,! purpose ( ! ,orbis pictus1 z indicat$ by ,com5ius 9 ! preface1 03 #a4 ,to entice witty *ildr5 to le>n2 = x is app>5t t *ildr51 ev5 f _! infancy1 are delight$ ) pictures & will+ly please _! eyes ) !m4 ,& x w be v well wor? ! pa9s to h once br\ght x to pass t sc>ecr[s may be tak5 away out ( wisdom's g>d5s4 #b4 ,?is same little book w s]ve to /ir up ! att5tion1 :i* is to be fa/5$ ^u ?+s1 & ev5 to be %>p5$ m & m1 :i* is also an important matt]4 ,= ! s5ses be+ ! ma9 guides ( *ildhood 7because !re9 ! m9d does n z yet rise to an ab/ract contemplation ( ?+s71 !y mu/ ev]more seek _! own objects2 if ! objects are n pres5t1 ! s5ses gr[ dull & flit hi!r & ?i!r out ( we>9ess4 ,b :5 ! objects are pres5t1 !y gr[ m]ry1 wax lively1 & will+ly suff] !mselves to be fa/5$ ^u !m till ! ?+s be suffici5tly disc]n$4 ,?is book1 !n1 w d a good piece ( s]vice 9 tak+ flick]+ wits & prep>+ !m = deep] /udies4 #c4 ,*ildr5 be+ ?us int]e/$ & ! att5tion attract$1 !y may be furni%$ ) ! k ( ! mo/ important ?+s by sport & m]ry pa/ime4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is book w add pleasure to ! use ( ! ,ve/ibulum & ,janua1 = :i* end x 0 at ! fir/ *iefly int5d$4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ?+s be+ giv5 9 ! "m-tongue1 ! book promises ?ree good ?+s3 7#a7 ,x w af=d a device = le>n+ to read m easily ?an hi!rto1 especially hav+ a symbolical alphabet set be=e x1 ) pictures ( ! voices creatures to be imitat$4 ,! "y ,,abc pupils w easily rememb] ! =ce ( e "* by look+ at ! creatures1 & ! imag9ation w be /r5g!n$4 ,hav+ look$ ov] a table ( ! *ief syllables1 ! *ildr5 may proce$ to view ! pictures & ! inscriptions set "u !m4 ,simply look+ ^u ! object pictur$ w sugge/ ! "n ( ! object & tell h[ ! picture is to be read4 ,?us ! :ole book be+ gone ov] by ! b>e use ( ! pictures1 read+ _c b be le>n$4 7#b7 ,! book be+ us$ 9 ! v]nacul> w s]ve = ! p]fect le>n+ ( ! "m-tongue4 7#c7 ,! le>n+ ( ! v]nacul> words w s]ve z a pleasant introduction to ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! ,orbis pictus 0 translat$ = use 9 ,engli% s*ools 9 #afeh by ,*>les ,hoole1 a ,london s*oolma/]4 ,he obs]ves 9 8 introduction3 8,!re are few ( y 7,i ?9k7 b h se51 & ) great will+ness h made use ( 7or at lea/ pursu$71 _m ( ! books ( ?is well-des]v+ au?or1 ,mr4 ,john ,com5ius1 :i*1 = _! pr(itabl5ess to ! spe$y atta9m5t ( a language1 h be5 translat$ into sev]al c\ntries1 out ( ,lat9 into _! native tongue4 ,n[ ! g5]al v]dict 7aft] trial made7 t ha? pass$1 t\*+ ^? =m]ly extant1 is ?is1 t !y are inde$ ( s+ul> use1 & v advantage\s to ^? ( m discretion 7especially ( su* z already h a smatt]+ ( ,lat97 to help _! memories to reta9 :at !y h scatt]+ly gott5 "h & !re1 to furni% !m ) _m words1 :i* 7p]haps7 !y h n =m]ly read1 or s well obs]v$2 b to "y *ildr5 7:om we h *iefly to in/ruct71 z to ^? t are ignorant altoge!r ( ?+s & words1 & prove r a m]e toil & burd51 ?an a delight & fur!rance4 ,= to pack up _m words 9 memory ( ?+s n conceiv$ 9 ! m9d1 is to fill ! head ) empty imag9ations1 & to make ! le>n] m to admire ! multitude & v>iety 7& !reby to become disc\rag$7 ?an to c>e to treasure !m up 9 hopes to ga9 m k ( :at !y mean40 ,! fir/ lesson 9 ! ,orbis pictus is a dialogue betwe5 a tea*] & a pupil4 ,! =m] says1 8,come1 boy1 le>n to be wise40 ,:]eupon ! latt] asks1 8,:at do? ?is mean80 ,! ma/] makes reply1 8,to und]/& rightly1 to d rightly1 & to speak rightly all t are necess>y40 ,! boy asks :o w tea* him ^! ?+s1 to :i* ! ma/] makes reply1 8,i1 by ,god's help1 w guide !e ?r\gh all4 ,i w %[ !e all2 ,i w "n !e all40 ,to all ?is ! boy makes eag] response3 8,see1 "h ,i am4 ,lead me 9 ! "n ( ,god40 ,! ma/] concludes ! dialogue ) ?is injunction3 8,be=e all ?+s ?\ oughte/ to le>n ! pla9 s\nds ( :i* man's spee* consi/e?1 :i* liv+ creatures "k h[ to make1 & ?y tongue kn[e? h[ to imitate1 & ?y h& c picture out4 ,aft]w>d we w g into ! _w1 & we w view all ?+s40 ,mr4 ,maxwell#ch ?us *>act]izes ?is introduction & ! picture t illu/rates x3 8,! boy1 a plump b n a pleas+ p]son1 & ! ma/]1 a man #8sev]e' & #8/]n to view1' :o has evid5tly all ! fr[ns & none ( ! jokes ( ,goldsmi?'s s*oolma/]4 ,!y are conv]s+ on a b>r5 pla91 ! only o!r liv+ ?+ 9 sight be+ a wild animal app>5tly ( "s ext9ct species4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are a village *ur*1 ( ! regulation patt]n1 ! ro(s ( h\ses1 & a c\ple ( pyramids :i* are int5d$ = m\nta9s40 ,! introduction is foll[$ by an illu/rat$ lesson on ! s\nds ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ) a picture & /atem5t 79 ! v]nacul> & ,lat97 ( ! s\nds made by animals4 ,! cr[ illu/rates ! s\nd ( a1 ! /atem5t 9 ! ,engli% be+1 8,! cr[ crie?02 9 ! ,lat91 ,cornix cornicatur4 ,a lamb illu/rates ! s\nd ( b1 ! /atem5t be+1 8,! lamb bleate?0 7,lat91 ,agnus balat74 ,& s on ?r\gh ! alphabet4 ,?is is :at ,com5ius calls 8a lively & vocal alphabet40 ,l ! ,janua1 ! subjects treat$ 9 ! ,orbis pictus cov] a wide range ( topics4 ,_! "* may be indicat$ by ! foll[+ citations ( *apt] head+s3 ,god1 ! _w1 ! heav5s1 fire1 ! air1 ! wat]1 ! cl\ds1 ! e>?1 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 metals1 /ones1 trees1 fruits ( trees1 fl[]s1 po!rbs1 corn1 %rubs1 birds1 tame f[ls1 s++ birds1 birds t haunt ! fields & woods1 rav5\s birds1 wat]f[ls1 rav5\s v]m91 animals ab\t ! h\se1 h]d-cattle1 labor+ bea/s1 wild cattle1 wild bea/s1 s]p5ts & creep+ ?+s1 crawl+ v]m91 creatures t live z well by wat] z by l&1 riv]-fi% & pond-fi%1 sea-fi% & %ell-fi%1 man1 ! sev5 ages ( man1 ! outw>d p>ts ( man1 ! head & ! h&1 ! fle% & b[els1 ! *>nels & bones1 ! outw>d & inw>d s5ses1 ! s\l ( man1 de=m$ & mon/r\s p1 dress+ ( g>d5s1 husb&ry1 graz+1 gr9d+1 bread-mak+1 fi%+1 f[l+1 hunt+1 but*]y1 cook]y1 ! v9tage1 brew+1 a fea/1 & s on to ! "o hundr$ & fifty-fir/ *apt]1 9 :i* ! fir/ illu/ration is reproduc$ ) ?is b5$iction by ! ma/]3 8,?us ?\ ha/ se5 9 %ort all ?+s t c be %ew$1 & ha/ le>n$ ! *ief words ( ! ,lat9 & "m-tongue4 ,g on n[ & read o!r good books dilig5tly1 & ?\ %alt become le>n$1 wise & godly4 ,rememb] ^! ?+s3 ,fe> ,god & call ^u him t he may be/[ ^u !e ! _s ( wisdom4 ,f>ewell40 ,"u ! pictures illu/rat+ ea* *apt] foll[s ! descriptions 9 ! v]nacul> & ! ,lat94 ,! foll[+ on ! s*ool may be tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( ! book3-- ,a s*ool 7#a7 ,s*ola 7#a7 is a %op 9 :i* "y wits e/ (fic9a 9 qu novelli animi are fa%ion$ to virtue1 & x =mantur ad virtutem is di/+ui%$ into classes4 di/+uitur 9 classes4 ,! ma/] 7#b7 ,prceptor 7#b7 sits 9 a *air 7#c7 s$et 9 ca!dra 7#c7 ! s*ol>s 7#d7 discipuli 7#d7 9 =ms 7#e7 9 subsells 7#e7 he tea*es1 !y le>n4 ille docet1 hi discunt4 ,"s ?+s are writ d[n ,qudam pr scribuntur illis be=e !m ) *alk on a cret 9 tabella4 7#f7 table4 7#f7 ,"s sit ,quidam s$5t at a table & write 7#g7 ad m5sam scribunt 7#g71 he m5de? _! faults 7#h74 ipse corrigit m5das 7#h74 ,"s /& & rehe>se ,quidam /ant recitant ?+s committ$ to memory m&ata memori 7#i74 7#i74 ,"s talk toge!r 7#aj7 & ,quidam confabulantur 7#aj7 behave !mselves wantonly ac g]unt se petulantes & c>elessly2 ^! are *a/is$ neglig5tes2 hi ca/igantur ) a f]rula 7#aa7 f]ul 7baculo7 7#aa7 & a rod 7#ab74 virg 7#ab74 ,! brac$ figures ref] to ! objects numb]$ 9 ! cut2 = example1 a gr\p ( /ud5ts conv]s+ toge!r 9 ! illu/ration is m>k$ #aj 9 ! cut & 9 ! text4 ,! purpose ( ,com5ius1 x %\ld be not$ 9 pass+1 0 prim>ily to tea* ! v]nacul> ?r\gh ?+s & ! repres5tation ( ?+s2 al?\gh he _h no objection to ! le>n+ ( ! ,lat9 ) ! v]nacul>4 ,8 aim1 z /at$ by himself1 8,t in/ruction may progress )\t h9drance1 & nei!r le>n+ nor tea*+ delay1 s9ce :at is pr9t$ 9 words may be br\ght be=e ! eyes by sight1 & ?us ! m9d may be in/ruct$ )\t error40 8,prim] ?\gh x be10 says ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 8! ,orbis pictus %$s a broad light ov] ! :ole field ( education40 ,compayr rem>ks1 8,x 0 ! fir/ practical application ( ! intuitive me?od1 & has s]v$ z a model = ! innum]able illu/rat$ books :i* = ?ree c5turies h invad$ ! s*ools40 ,& ,raum]1 :o is little giv5 to praise ( ,com5ius & 8 s*emes1 adds1 8,! ,orbis pictus 0 ! =]unn] ( future developm5t1 & _h = its object1 n m]ely ! introduction ( an indi/9ct pa9t$ _w into ! s*ool1 b1 z mu* z possible1 a k ( ! orig9al _w itself1 by actual int]c\rse ) x40 ,pr(essor ,laurie is d\btless "r :5 he says t ,com5ius knew little psy*ology--sc>cely m ?an ! g5]alizations ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ^! n /rictly inve/igat$ by himself4 ,yet :o c read ^! l9es 9 ! preface ( ! ,orbis pictus1 8,?is little book w s]ve to /ir up ! att5tion1 :i* is to be fa/5$ ^u ?+s1 & ev] to be %>p5$ m & m2 = ! s5ses ev] m seek _! own objects1 & :5 ! objects are pres5t1 !y gr[ m]ry1 wax lively1 & will+ly suff] !mselves to be fa/5$ ^u !m1 until ! ?+s are suffici5tly disc]n$0--:o c read ^! l9es1 & reflect ^u ! mann] 9 :i* volitional att5tion op]ates 9 ! high] sph]es ( ?\ght & emotion1 & say t ,com5ius 0 altoge!r ignorant ( ! psy*ological law t ! p[] ( ! w ov] ! att5tion ( little *ildr5 is l>gely a matt] ( automatic fixation1 dep5d+ ^u ! attractiv5ess ( ! objects t affect ! s5ses4 ,me?odus ,novissima ,:ile resid+ at ,elb+1 ,com5ius wrote ! ,me?odus novissima = ! use ( ! tea*]s ( ,sw$54 ,?is he int5d$ z a plan ( /udies1 & x conta9s ! pr9ciples :i* mu/ lie at ! basis ( e rational c\rse ( /udy4 ,! ?ree pr9ciples ( 8 me?od are ! p>allelism ( ?+s & words1 prop] /ages ( succession1 & easy natural progress4 ,9 ,god are ! ideas1 ! orig9al types :i* he impresses ^u ?+s2 ?+s1 aga91 impress _! repres5tation ^u ! s5ses1 ! s5ses imp>t !m to ! m9d1 ! m9d to ! tongue1 & ! tongue to ! e>s ( o!rs2 = s\ls %ut up 9 bodies _c und]/& ea* o!r 9 a purely intellectual way4 ,any language is complete 9 s f> z x possesses a full nom5clature1 has words = ev]y?+1--& ^! significant & consi/5t1--& is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) fix$ grammatical laws4 ,x is a s\rce ( error :5 ?+s accommodate !mselves to words1 in/ead ( words to ?+s4 ,! same classification prevails = words z = ?+s2 & :oev] und]/&s ! relation ( words among !mselves w1 ! m easily1 /udy ! analog\s relations among ?+s4 ,vives ?\ght t ! mo/ complete language w\ld be t 9 :i* ! words express ! nature ( ?+s1 & ,com5ius believ$ t !re c\ld be compos$ a real language 9 :i* ea* ^w %\ld be a def9ition4 ,to be able to repres5t a ?+ by ! m9d1 h&1 or tongue is to und]/& x4 ,! m5tal process involv$ consi/s ( repres5tations & images ( ! pictures ( ?+s4 ,if1 says ,com5ius1 ,i p]ceive a ?+ by ! s5ses1 its image is impress$ ^u my bra92 if ,i repres5t a ?+1 ,i impress its image ^u ! mat]ial2 b if ,i express 9 words ! ?+ :i* ,i h ?\ght ( or repres5t$1 ,i impress x ^u ! atmosph]e1 & ?r\gh x ^u ! e>1 bra91 & m9d ( ano!r4 ,?+s are le>n$ by examples1 rules1 & practice4 ,be=e ! und]/&+1 tru? mu/ be held up z an example2 be=e ! w1 ! good2 be=e ! =m+ p[]s1 ! ideal2 & to ^! mu/ be add$ practice regulat$ by suitable rules4 ,b rules %\ld n be giv5 be=e ! examples4 ,?is is well und]/ood by artisans2 !y d n beg9 by lectur+ to _! appr5tices ^u trades1 b by %[+ !m h[ ma/]s "w & !n by putt+ tools 9 _! h&s & tra9+ !m to imitate _! ma/]s4 ,we le>n to d by do+1 to write by writ+1 & to pa9t by pa9t+4 ,! second /ep mu/ nev] be tak5 until ! fir/ is le>n$2 & ! fir/ /ep %\ld be repeat$ & assimilat$ ) ! second /ep4 ,we %\ld advance f ! easy to ! m difficult1 f ! ne> to ! m di/ant1 & f ! simple to ! complex4 ,proce$ t[>d k by ! p]ception & und]/&+ ( objects pres5t to ! s5ses1 & lat] to ! in=mation ( o!rs ab\t ! objects4 ,! att5tion %\ld be fix$ ^u "o object at a "t2 fir/ ^u ! :ole1 !n ^u ! p>ts4 ,! und]/&+ %\ld comp>e ! objects be+ p]ceiv$ ) simil> objects previ\sly obs]v$4 ,! memory has ?ree (fices3 to receive impressions1 to reta9 impressions1 & to recall impressions4 ,ret5tion w be made easi] by repetition1 & recollection by ! association ( p]ceiv$ relations4 ,! y\nge/ *ildr5 %\ld be in/ruct$ by means ( visible objects1 & pictures impress !mselves mo/ firmly ^u ! memory4 ,tea*]s :o are !mselves intellectually quick mu/ avoid impati5ce4 ,! pupils :o le>n ! quicke/ are n always ! be/2 & ! dulness ( ! pupils mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! tea*]'s indu/ry4 ,le>n+ w be easy to pupils if tea*]s manage !m 9 a fri5dly way & /udy ! disposition ( ea* *ild4 ,*ildr5 mu/ n only be made to look at _! lessons1 b to ent] into ! _s ( ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,we %\ld rememb] t s*ools are ! work%ops ( humanity2 & t !y %\ld "w _! pupils into ! "r & skilful use ( _! reason1 spee*1 & tal5ts--into wisdom1 eloqu5ce1 read9ess1 & %rewdness4 ,?us w ! tea*]s %ape ^! little images ( ,god1 or1 r1 fill up ! outl9es ( goodness1 p[]1 & wisdom impress$ ^u !m by div9e p[]4 ,! art ( tea*+ is no %all[ affair1 b "o ( ! deepe/ my/]ies ( nature & salvation4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,com5ius ,,on ,,mod]n ,,educators ,francke--,e>ly educational und]tak+s--,! in/itution at ,halle--,"* ( ! pdagogium--,impulse giv5 to mod]n le>n+4 ,r\sseau--,! *ild ! c5tre ( educational s*emes--,s5se tra9+ fundam5tal--,ord] & me?od ( nature to be foll[$4 ,bas$[--,prote/s aga9/ traditional me?ods--,influ5c$ by ! mile--,8 educational writ+s--,! ,philan?rop9um4 ,pe/alozzi--,love ! key-note ( 8 sy/em--,dome/ic education--,education = all classes & sexes--,! /udy ( nature--,impulse giv5 to ! /udy ( geography4 ,frbel--,8 relations to ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi--,educational value ( play & pr9ciple ( self-activity--,wom5 z factors 9 education4 ,h]b>t--,assimilation ( s5se-exp]i5ce--,tra9+ ( "*--,doctr9e ( int]e/4 ,x is less easy to trace ! influ5ce ( ,com5ius on mod]n educational re=m]s ?an to indicate ! traces ( 8 p$agogic developm5t1 s9ce he read widely & cr$it$ *e]fully ! pat]nity ( 8 educational ideals4 ,he says 9 ?is connection3 8,i gave my m9d to ! p]usal ( div]s au?ors1 & light$ ^u _m :i* at ?is age h made a beg9n+ 9 re=m+ ! me?od ( /udies1 z ,ratke1 ,helwig1 ,rhe9us1 ,ritt]1 ,glaum1 ,ccil1 &1 :o inde$ %\ld h ! fir/ place1 ,john ,val5t9e ,&re1 a man ( noble & cle> bra92 z also ,campanella & ! ,"l ,v]ulam1 ^? fam\s re/or]s ( philosophy2 by read+ ( :om ,i 0 rais$ 9 good hope1 t at la/ ^? s _m v>i\s sp>ks w\ld conspire into a flame2 yet obs]v+ "h & !re "s defects & gaps1 ,i c\ld n conta9 myself f attempt+ some?+ t might re/ ^u an immovable f\ndation1 & :i*1 if x c\ld be once f\nd out1 %\ld n be subject to any ru94 ,!re=e1 aft] _m work+s & toss+s ( my ?\ghts1 by r$uc+ ev]y?+ to ! immovable laws ( nature1 ,i light$ ^u my ,great didactic1 :i* %[s ! art ( tea*+ all ?+s to all m540 ,su* comm5dable frankness is n always f\nd 9 ! re=m]s t foll[ ,com5ius2 b 9 _! writ+s x is n difficult to disc]n community ( ideas fir/ def9itely =mulat$ by ,com5ius4 ,?is holds true 9 a degree ( all re=m]s s9ce ,com5ius' day1 b 9 a measure suffici5tly l>ge to require pass+ note 9 ,francke1 ,r\sseau1 ,bas$[ ,pe/alozzi1 ,frbel1 & ,h]b>t4 ,francke#ci ,( a pr(\ndly religi\s nature l ,com5ius1 ,francke appli$ himself to ! /udy ( !ology at ! ,univ]sities ( ,kiel & ,leipzig1 aft] hav+ /udi$ at ,erfurt4 ,! li/less & he>tless "* ( ! tea*+ & /udy at ^! in/itutions impress$ him pr(\ndly1 & direct$ 8 att5tion to ! ne$ ( educational re=m4 ,f\r ye>s aft] tak+ 8 degree at ,leipzig 7#afhh71 he e/abli%$ an infant s*ool at ,hamburg1 :i*1 ?\gh brief1 01 z he tells u1 ! ri*e/ & happie/ exp]i5ce ( 8 long & v>i$ c>e]4 ,x taught him ! lesson :i* he ?\ght 0 ne$$ alike by himself & 8 contempor>ies-- t tea*]s ( little *ildr5 ent]$ ^u _! "w ) altoge!r too little prep>ation4 ,he says1 8,^u ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is s*ool1 ,i le>n$ h[ de/ructive is ! usual s*ool managem5t1 & h[ exce$+ly difficult is ! discipl9e ( *ildr52 & ?is reflection made me desire t ,god w\ld make me wor?y to d some?+ = ! improvem5t ( s*ools & in/ruction40 ,he receiv$ an ecclesia/ical call to ,erfurt1 :i* he accept$1 b 8 or?odoxy 0 que/ion$ & he 0 n p]mitt$ to fill ! (fice to :i* he _h be5 appo9t$4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 9 #afia1 made an op5+ = him 9 ! *air ( ,greek & ,ori5tal languages4 ,:ile s]v+ 9 ?is capacity1 he organiz$ ! philan?ropic in/itution :i* has made ,halle fam\s4 ,x began z a *>ity "w among ! poor1 & grew to su* proportions t at 8 dea?1 9 #agbg1--?irty-?ree ye>s aft] its inception1--x includ$ 7#a7 ! pdagogium ) eighty-two /ud5ts & sev5ty tea*]s & pupil-tea*]s2 7#b7 ! ,lat9 s*ool ( ! orphanage ) ?ree inspectors1 ?irty-two tea*]s1 f\r hundr$ pupils1 & t5 s]vants2 7#c7 elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,halle = ! *ildr5 ( citiz5s1 employ+ f\r inspectors1 n9ety-eight male & eight female tea*]s1 & hav+ an enrollm5t ( "o ?\s& & tw5ty-five *ildr52 7#d7 apo!c>y %ops & book/ores4 ,z a *>ity s*ool1 ,francke's in/itution became ! model ( hundr$s organiz$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! next c5tury4 ,! pdagogium1 :i* 0 a "p ( ! great philan?ropic in/itution1 0 op5$ 9 #afif1 z a select s*ool = ! sons ( noblem54 ,x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ tra9+ s*ools = tea*]s1 & ! =]unn] ( univ]sity p$agogical sem9>ies1 :i*1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 s]ve z tra9+ s*ools = tea*]s 9 second>y s*ools4 ,francke aim$ to fit "y m51 & p>ticul>ly univ]sity /ud5ts1 9 ! faculties ( philosophy & !ology1 = great] usefulness z tea*]s4 ,inde$1 mu* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! pdagogium 0 done by ! univ]sity /ud5ts :o contemplat$ tea*+ c>e]s4 ,besides ! practice "w1 in/ruction 0 giv5 9 ! hi/ory & !ory ( education1 me?ods ( tea*+1 & s*ool organization & gov]nm5t4 ,francke's pdagogium 0 a wor?y prog5itor ( ! long l9e ( r5[n$ univ]sity sem9>ies :i* are n[ integral factors ( ! ,g]man univ]sities1 su*1 = example1 z ! des]v$ly not$ p$agogical sem9>y at ,j5a "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,re91 & ! n less not$ p$agogical sem9>ies at ,leipzig "u ,pr(essors ,volkelt1 ,s*ill]1 & ,ri*t]4 ,l ,com5ius1 ,francke valu$ less ! classical culture1 b m ! mod]n le>n+ :i* fitt$ = ! duties ( life4 8,x is a common evil10 he says1 8t we d n tea* :at we use 9 our occupations e day40 ,?is l$ him to give l>ge consid]ation to ! /udy ( ! "m-tongue4 8,i f9d few univ]sity /ud5ts10 he says1 8:o c write a ,g]man lett] correctly spell$4 ,!y violate or?ography 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,i "k ( _m examples :]e1 aft] !y h ent]$ ^u ! m9i/ry & h _h occasion to h some?+ pr9t$1 x has be5 necess>y to h _! manuscripts fir/ correct$ 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,! reason = ?is defect is usually 9 ! s*ools1 :]e only ! ,lat9 translation ( _! ex]cises is correct$1 b n ! ,g]man40 ,9 _m ways he labor$ to actualize ! l>g] idea ( education :i* ,com5ius _h outl9$ 9 ! ,great didactic4 ,r\sseau ,:ile he does n m5tion ,com5ius by "n1 ev5 a cursory read+ ( ! mile#dj furni%es abundant evid5ce ( ,r\sseau's famili>ity ) ! writ+s ( ! ,moravian re=m]1 if n at fir/ h&1 !n ?r\gh ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,at any rate1 "s /rik+ p>allels are sugge/$ 9 a comp>ative /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! two re=m]s4 ,z summ>iz$ by ,mr4 ,davidson1#da ,r\sseau's educational dem&s are ?reefold3 7#a7 ! dem& t *ildr5 %\ld1 f ! mom5t ( _! bir?1 be all[$ complete fre$om ( movem5t2 7#b7 t !y %\ld be educat$ ?r\gh direct exp]i5ce1 & n ?r\gh m]e in=mation d]iv$ f books2 7#c7 t !y %\ld be taught to use _! h&s 9 ! production ( useful articles4 ,^! dem&s1 x w be recall$1 7 also made by ,com5ius 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,com5ius & ,r\sseau bo? emphasiz$ ! fact t s*ool sy/ems mu/ be made = *ildr51 & n *ildr5 = s*ool sy/ems4 ,nei!r re=m] %>$ ! s*oolma/]'s cu/om>y contempt = *ildhood1 b bo? urg$ t *ildhood mu/ be /udi$ & lov$ to be und]/ood & tra9$1 & bo?1 if !y _h liv$ 9 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies1 w\ld h be5 en?usia/ic advocates ( *ild /udy4 ,says ,r\sseau3 8,we d n und]/& *ildhood1 & pursu+ false ideas ( x1 our e /ep takes u f>!r a/ray4 ,! wise/ among u fix ^u :at x conc]ns m5 to "k1 )\t ev] consid]+ :at *ildr5 are capable ( le>n+4 ,!y always expect to f9d ! man 9 ! *ild1 )\t ?9k+ ( :at ! *ild is be=e x is a man4444 ,we nev] "k h[ to put ourselves 9 ! place ( *ildr52 we d n ent] into _! ideas2 we attribute to !m our own2 & foll[+ always our own tra9 ( ?\ght1 ev5 ) syllogisms1 we manage to fill _! heads ) no?+ b extravagance & error4444 ,i wi% "s discreet p]son w\ld give u a treatise on ! art ( obs]v+ *ildr5--an art :i* w\ld be ( imm5se value to u1 b ( :i* p>5ts & tea*]s h n z yet le>nt ! v rudim5ts40 ,s5se tra9+ 0 fundam5tal 9 ,com5ius' s*eme ( prim>y education4 ,nature /udies--plants1 animals1 & m9]als--7 introduc$ f ! fir/1 t ! *ild might e>ly cultivate 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 & =m ! habit ( acquir+ k at fir/ h&4 ,r\sseau likewise lays great /ress on s5se tra9+4 8,! faculties :i* become /rong 9 u10 he says1 8are our s5ses4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! fir/ t %\ld be cultivat$2 !y are1 9 fact1 ! only faculties we =get1 or at lea/ ^? :i* we neglect mo/ completely4 ,! *ild wants to t\* & h&le ev]y?+4 ,by no means *eck ?is re/lessness2 x po9ts to a v necess>y appr5tice%ip4 ,?us x is t ! *ild gets to be consci\s ( ! hotness or coldness1 ! h>dness or s(tness1 ! heav9ess or lightness ( bodies1 to judge ( _! size & %ape & all _! s5sible prop]ties by look+1 feel+1 li/5+1 especially by comp>+ sight & t\*1 & comb9+ ! s5sations ( ! eye ) ^? ( ! f+]s40 ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 &1 9 fact1 all ! reali/s f ,bacon to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 h emphasiz$ ! ?\ght t education %\ld foll[ ! ord] & me?od ( nature2 ?\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,payne sugge/s1 x is n always easy to =m a cle> notion ( :at !y mean by nature1 :5 !y say t education %\ld be natural1 & t tea*]s %\ld foll[ ! me?od ( nature4 ,! key-note ( ,r\sseau's !ory1 z express$ 9 ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! mile1 is t 8ev]y?+ is good z x comes f ! h&s ( ! au?or ( nature1 b ev]y?+ deg5]ates 9 ! h&s ( man40 ,mr4 ,davidson po9ts out 9 8 /udy ( ,r\sseau t ! air 0 full ( nature panaceas dur+ ! middle ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t ^! 7 appli$ alike to social1 political1 & educational in/itutions4 ,he says3 8,! *ief ( ^! notions 7 7#a7 a /ate ( nature z man's orig9al condition--a /ate conceiv$ sometimes z "o ( goodness1 peace1 fre$om1 equality1 & happ9ess1 sometimes z "o ( badness1 w>1 slav]y1 inequality1 & mis]y2 7#b7 a law ( nature indep5d5t ( all human enactm5t1 & yet b9d+ ^u all m52 7#c7 a social contract1 volunt>ily & consci\sly made1 z ! basis ( ju/ification = civil society & au?ority--a contract by :i* m5 unit$ = ! protection ( rights & ! en=cem5t ( laws :i* _h exi/$ already 9 ! /ate ( nature2 7#d7 false inequality among m51 z due to private prop]ty1 or ! usurpation by "s ( :at1 by natural "r1 belong$ to all2 7#e7 a peaceful1 untr\bl$1 un5t]pris+1 un/ruggl+ exi/5ce z ! normal =m ( human life40 ,:ile less sane1 less practical1 less compreh5sive 9 8 educational views ?an ,com5ius1 x c sc>cely be said t he 0 less influ5tial4 ,diff]+ 9 _m important p>ticul>s1 a common ideal p]meates ! writ+s ( ! two re=m]s--an unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! possibilities ( y\?1 & a deep conviction t x is ! bus9ess ( tea*]s to view ! _w & nature f ! /&po9t ( "y & gr[+ *ildr51 & to cl+ ) less t5acity to po9ts ( view e/abli%$ by antiquity & conv5tion4 ,bas$[#db ,:ile resembl+ ,r\sseau m ?an ,com5ius 9 temp]am5t & "*1 z well z 9 educational ideals1 !re is yet mu* 9 ,bas$['s educational s*eme t recalls ! ,moravian re=m]4 ,born at ,hamburg1 9 #agbg1 he exp]i5c$1 l ,r\sseau1 an unhappy *ildhood1 &1 l ,com5ius1 receiv$ a belat$ education4 ,he prep>$ = ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig at ! ,hamburg gymnasium2 b at bo? in/itutions he rebell$ aga9/ ! traditional me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,aft] complet+ ! c\rse 9 !ology at ,leipzig1 x 0 f\nd t he _h gr[n too het]odox = ord9ation1 & he engag$ himself z a private tutor to a g5tleman 9 ,hol/e94 ,rem>kable success att5d$ 8 labors z a tea*]4 ,he /udi$ 8 *ildr51 adapt$ subject-matt] to _! capacities1 & made ext5sive use ( conv]sational me?ods4 ,?is exp]i5ce secur$ him an appo9tm5t 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e he taught = eight ye>s4 ,b 8 essays on ,me?odical in/ruction 9 natural & ,biblical religion di/urb$ alike ! s]5ity ( ! ,dani% cl]gy & s*oolma/]s1 & he 0 releas$ & call$ to ! gymnasium at ,altoona1 :]e he enc\nt]$ opposition no less pron\nc$4 ,r\sseau's mile appe>$ at ?is "t1 & x influ5c$ him p[]fully4 ,he r5ew$ 8 attacks on contempor>y educational practices2 *>g$ univ]sal neglect ( physical education & ! "m-tongue2 criticis$ ! s*ools = devot+ s mu* "t to ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 & = ! me*anical & un9t]e/+ me?ods employ$ 9 tea*+ ^! languages2 & admoni%$ society = neglect+ to in/ruct ! *ildr5 ( ! poor & middle classes4 ,raum]1 :o is no admir] ( ,bas$[1 admits ! ju/ice ( ! *>ges4 ,he says3 8,y\? 0 9 ^? days = mo/ *ildr5 a sadly h>ass$ p]iod4 ,in/ruction 0 h>d & he>tlessly sev]e4 ,gramm> 0 can$ into ! memory2 s 7 portions ( ,scripture & poetry4 ,a common =m ( s*ool puni%m5t 0 to le>n by he>t ! ,"o ,hundr$ & ,n9ete5? ,psalm4 ,s*oolrooms 7 dismally d>k4 ,no "o conceiv$ x possible t ! "y c\ld f9d pleasure 9 any k9d ( "w1 or t !y _h eyes = aught b read+ & writ+4 ,! p]nici\s age ( ,l\is ,,xiv _h inflict$ on ! *ildr5 ( ! upp] class hair curl$ by ! b>b] & mess$ ) p[d] & pomade1 braid$ coats1 knee bree*es1 silk /ock+s1 & a dagg] by ! side--= active1 lively *ildr5 a p]fect torture40 ,! publication1 9 #aggd1 ( 8 ,elem5t>y book ) plates & 8 ,book ( me?ods = p>5ts & tea*]s1 =mulat$ & br\ght to public notice 8 views on education4 ,! ,elem5t>y book ) plates foll[$ closely ! l9es ( ,com5ius1 & x has (t5 be5 call$ ! ,orbis pictus ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! purpose ( ! book 0 cle>ly encyclopdic4 ,z /at$ by himself1 8 aims 73 7#a7 elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ! k ( words & ?+s2 7#b7 an incomp>able me?od1 f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce1 ( tea*+ *ildr5 to read )\t we>9ess or loss ( "t2 7#c7 natural k2 7#d7 k ( morals1 ! m9d1 & reason+2 7#e7 a ?or\gh & impressive me?od ( in/ruct+ 9 natural religion1 & = a description ( beliefs s imp>tial t x %all n appe> ( :at belief is ! writ] himself2 7#f7 k ( social duties & comm]ce4 ,! "w 0 publi%$ 9 f\r volumes & illu/rat$ by "o hundr$ plates4 ,! ,book ( me?ods pres5ts ! root-ideas ( ,com5ius & ,r\sseau4 ,9 x he says3 8,y %\ld att5d to nature 9 y\r *ildr5 f> m ?an to art4 ,! elegant mann]s & usages ( ! _w are1 = ! mo/ "p1 unnatural4 ,^! come ( !mselves 9 lat] ye>s4 ,treat *ildr5 l *ildr51 t !y may rema9 ! long] uncorrupt$4 ,a boy ^: acute/ faculties are 8 s5ses1 & :o has no p]ception ( any?+ ab/ract1 mu/ fir/ ( all be made acqua9t$ ) ! _w z x pres5ts itself to ! s5ses4 ,let ?is be %[n him 9 nature h]self1 or1 :]e ?is is impossible1 9 fai?ful draw+s or models4 ,!reby c he1 ev5 9 play1 le>n h[ ! v>i\s objects are to be nam$4 ,com5ius alone has po9t$ out ! "r road 9 ?is matt]4 ,by all means r$uce ! wret*$ ex]cises ( ! memory40 ,! in/itution :i* c>ri$ ,bas$['s educational !ories into practice 0 ! ,philan?rop9um at ,dessau1 :i* became bo? fam\s & notori\s 9 ! days ( ! f\nd]1 & ex]cis$1 )al1 a p[]ful influ5ce on ! p$agogy ( ,g]many & ,switz]l& dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? & ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:atev] may h be5 its faults1 x _h ! m]it ( look+ at education f a m mod]n /&po9t4 ,) ! conviction t ! f9al ^w _h n be5 spok5 on p$agogy1 ,bas$[ boldly det]m9$ to f9d new me?ods ( approa* to ! *ild's m9d4 ,z an exp]im5t ! ,philan?rop9um 0 bo? int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,kant1 :o recognizes ?is aspect ( its utility1 says3 8,x 0 imag9$ t exp]im5ts 9 education 7 n necess>y2 b ?is 0 a great mi/ake4 ,exp]i5ce %[s v (t5 t results are produc$ precisely ! opposite to ^? :i* _h be5 expect$4 ,we also see f exp]im5ts t "o g5]ation _c "w out a complete plan ( education4 ,! only exp]im5tal s*ool :i* has made a beg9n+ t[>d break+ ! pa? is ! in/itution at ,dessau4 ,:atev] its faults1 ?is praise mu/ be giv5 x3 ,x is ! only s*ool 9 :i* tea*]s h _h ! lib]ty to "w out _! own me?ods & plans1 & :]e !y /ood 9 connection1 n only ) ea* o!r1 b ) m5 ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t all ,g]many40 ,9 subjects taught1 z well z 9 me?ods ( tea*+1 ,bas$[ foll[$ ,com5ius 9 ! ma94 ,words 7 taught 9 connection ) ?+s2 object tea*+ occupi$ an important place2 pictures 7 ext5sively us$2 *ildr5 7 fir/ taught to speak & lat] to write 9 =eign languages2 ,g]man & ,fr5* held positions ( honor2 ari?metic1 geometry1 geography1 & natural hi/ory 7 all taught2 great att5tion 0 giv5 to ! physical developm5t ( ! *ildr51 & play 0 consid]$ z important z ,lat92 s*ool h\rs 7 %ort5$2 ! discipl9e 0 mu* less sev]e2 & ! *ildr5 7 all[$ & p]mitt$ to take degrees ( fre$om altoge!r unhe>d ( be=e ,bas$['s day4 ,pe/alozzi#dc ,pe/alozzi 0 n widely read 9 ! lit]ature ( education2 9 fact1 ! mile 0 ab\t ! only su* book he ev] read1 z he himself tells u4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 app>5t t he 0 q z mu* influ5c$ by ,com5ius z by ,r\sseau4 ,! vital pr9ciple ( 8 re=ms--love ( & sympa?y = ! *ild--_h be5 z =cefully enunciat$ by ,com5ius z by ,r\sseau2 & ! san] & m practical "* ( ,pe/alozzi's en?usiasm w\ld lead "o to suppose t he 0 less influ5c$ by ! au?or ( ! mile ?an by ! ,moravian re=m]4 8,! fir/ qualification = ! task ( tea*+10 says ,pe/alozzi1 9 a lett] to ,greaves1#dd 8is ?9k+ love40 ,& ?is _s dom9at$ all 8 ef=ts 9 behalf ( educational re=m4 ,he says3 8,x is record$ t ,god op5$ ! heav5s to ! patri>* ( old1 & %[$ him a ladd] lead+ ?i!r4 ,?is ladd] is let d[n to e desc5dant ( ,adam2 x is (f]$ to y\r *ild4 ,b he mu/ be taught to climb x--n by ! cold calculations ( ! head1 or by ! m]e impulses ( ! he>t1 b by a comb9ation ( bo?40 ,bo? re=m]s />t$ ) ! *ild at bir?1 & made dome/ic education fundam5tal to _! s*emes4 8,mat]nal love10 says ,pe/alozzi1 8is ! fir/ ag5t 9 education4 ,nature has qualifi$ ! "m to be ! *ief factor 9 ! education ( ! *ild40 ,9 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] *ildr5#de he tells u1 8,x is ! ma9 design ( my me?od to make home in/ruction aga9 possible to our neglect$ p1 & to induce e "m ^: he>t beats = h] *ild to make use ( my elem5t>y ex]cises40 ,aga91 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 s*ool at ,/anz1 he says3 8,my aim 0 to simplify tea*+ s t ! common p might be induc$ to beg9 ! in/ruction ( _! *ildr51 & ?us r5d] sup]flu\s ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts 9 ! s*ools4 ,z ! "m is ! fir/ to n\ri% h] *ild physically1 s also1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god1 %e mu/ be ! fir/ to give x spiritual & m5tal n\ri%m5t4 ,i consid] t v great evils h be5 occasion$ by s5d+ *ildr5 too e>ly to s*ool2 & by adopt+ s _m artificial means ( educat+ !m away f home4 ,! "t w come1 s soon z we %all h simplifi$ in/ruction1 :5 e "m w be able to tea*1 )\t ! help ( o!rs1 & !reby1 at ! same "t1 g on h]self always le>n+40 ,?is1 x w be recall$1 0 also ,com5ius' *]i%$ desire 9 ! ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi /& almo/ alone among ! great educational re=m]s 9 proclaim+ ! doctr9e ( univ]sal education--tra9+ = ! poor z well z ! ri*1 = ! l[ly born z well z = ! privileg$ classes1 = girls z well z boys4 8,popul> education10 says ,pe/alozzi1 8once lay be=e me l an imm5se m>%1 9 ! mire ( :i* ,i wad$ ab\t1 until ,i _h discov]$ ! s\rce f :i* its wat]s sprang1 z well z ! causes by :i* _! free c\rse is ob/ruct$1 & made myself acqua9t$ ) ^? po9ts f :i* a hope ( dra9+ its pools might be conceiv$4 ,ev] s9ce my y\?ful days1 ! c\rse ( my feel+s1 :i* roll$ on l a mighty /ream1 0 direct$ to ?is "o po9t1--to /op ! s\rces ( t mis]y 9 :i* ,i saw ! p ar\nd me imm]s$40 ,su* reg5]ation he ?\ght c\ld be br\ght ab\t by consecrat$ & intellig5t s*oolma/]s1 & p>ticul>ly1 z ,g4 ,/anley ,hall notes 9 8 admirable introduction to ! ,am]ican translation ( ,leon>d & ,g]trude1#df 8by ! love & devotion ( noble wom5 ov]fl[+ f ! dome/ic circle into ! community1 by ! good ,g]trudes ( all /ations 9 life1 ! born educators ( ! race1 ^: "w & ^: #8key-words' we m5 p$agogues mu/ pond] well if our tea*+ is to be e?ically inspir$40 ,! /udy ( nature1 & ?is at fir/ h&1 0 likewise an inh]itance f ,com5ius4 ,pe/alozzi makes obs]vation ! basis ( all k4 8,if ,i look back & ask myself :at ,i h really done t[>d ! improvem5t ( me?ods ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 ,i f9d t 9 recogniz+ obs]vation z ! absolute basis ( all k1 ,i h e/abli%$ ! fir/ & mo/ important pr9ciple ( in/ruction4 ,i h endeavor$ to discov] :at ought to be ! "* ( ! in/ruction itself1 & :at are ! fundam5tal laws accord+ to :i* ! education ( ! human race mu/ be det]m9$ by nature40 ,com5ius 0 ! fir/ ( ! educational re=m]s to recognize ! importance ( geography z a subject ( s*ool /udy2 & al?\gh he _h x taught 9 ! s*ools he conduct$1 & gave x important consid]ation 9 8 educational s*emes1 ! /udy receiv$ no fre% recognition until ! "t ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,at ,/anz1 at ,burgdorf1 & at ,yv]don1 geography rank$ z "o ( ! =emo/ elem5t>y s*ool /udies4 ,& n only 0 geography taught 9 ! s*oolrooms1 b bett] ?an t1 x 0 taught 9 ! op5 air4 ,vulliem91 :o 0 two ye>s a /ud5t "u ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]don1 writes3 8,! fir/ elem5ts ( geography 7 taught u on ! gr\nd4 ,we began ! /udy by tak+ a walk along a n>r[ valley on ! outskirts ( ,yv]don4 ,we 7 l$ to obs]ve all its details1 & !n to help ourselves to "s clay we f\nd !re4 ,?is we c>ri$ back 9 our baskets1 &1 on our return home1 we _h to make a model ( ! gr\nd walk$ ov]1 & ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 ?is we did on long tables4 ,our walks 7 ext5d$1 f "t to "t1 &1 on our return1 we add$ new features z we le>n$ !m40 ,pe/alozzi 0 =tunate 9 hav+ ) him at ,yv]don two em95tly successful ,g]man tea*]s1 :o compreh5d$ 8 aims1 & :o subsequ5tly appli$ 8 me?ods 9 ! fa!rl&4 ,"o 0 ,h5nig1 ! au?or ( a popul> p$agogic "w on home geography1 & ! o!r 0 ,k>l ,ritt]1 ! des]v$ly r5[n$ ,g]man geograph]4 ,ritt] br\ght ) him to ,yv]don two "y m5 f ,frank=t :om he 0 tutor+1 & he s]v$ ,pe/alozzi 9 ! capacity ( a pupil-tea*]2 &1 :ile a develop$ man :5 he ent]$ ! in/itution1 9 #ahjg1 he came to ,yv]don1 z s _m o!r en?usia/ic ,g]mans _h done1 to /udy p$agogy ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma/] ( ! c5tury4 ,ye>s lat]1 :5 ,ritt] _h become ! be/-kn[n geograph] ( 8 age1 he wrote3 8,pe/alozzi knew less geography ?an a *ild 9 "o ( our prim>y s*ools1 yet x 0 f him t ,i ga9$ my *ief k ( ?is sci5ce2 = x 0 9 li/5+ to him t ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! natural me?od4 ,x 0 he :o op5$ ! way to me1 & ,i take pleasure 9 attribut+ :atev] value my "w may h entirely to him40 ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi _h mu* 9 common 9 _! aims z educational re=m]s2 & !y toge!r %>e1 z ,dr4 ,h(fmei/]#dg po9ts out1 ! honor ( hav+ orig9at$ & c>efully elaborat$ "o ( ! mo/ effici5t elem5t>y s*ool sy/ems 9 ,europe--! ,volkss*ule 9 ,g]many4 ,pe/alozzi gave himself to education1 or1 to use 8 own significant *>act]ization1 8,i h liv$ all my days l a begg>1 t ,i might tea* begg>s h[ to live l m540 ,com5ius gave himself1 also1 & he gave besides a half-doz5 books1 :i* take classic rank 9 ! p]man5t lit]ature ( education4 ,frbel ,! l>ge obligations ( ! f\nd] ( ! k9d]g>t5 to bo? ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi _c be ga9said4 ,frbel's att5tion 0 call$ to ! writ+s ( ! ,moravian re=m] e>ly 9 8 educational c>e] by ,pr(essor ,krause1 ,h]d]1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 8 s*emes4 8,com5ius proposes an entirely new basis ( education10 ,pr(essor ,krause wrote to ,frbel4 8,he attempts to f9d a me?od ( education1 consci\sly bas$ ^u sci5ce1 :]eby tea*]s w tea* less1 & le>n]s w le>n m2 :]eby !re w be less noise 9 ! s*ools1 less di/a/e1 few] idle pupils1 m happ9ess & progress2 :]eby confusion1 division1 & d>kness w give place to ord]1 intellig5ce1 & peace40 ,he adds1 8,com5ius 0 ! fir/ to advocate ,pe/alozzi's doctr9e ( obs]vation 7,ans*auung740 ,mr4 ,haus*mann1#dh "o ( ,frbel's biograph]s1 rem>ks3 8,krause look$ ^u ,frbel z ! educational successor ( ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi4 ,frbel1 he ?\ght1 might %[1 z x _h nev] be5 %[n be=e1 h[ ! ,pe/alozzian doctr9e ( ,ans*auung 0 to be appli$ to ! education ( e *ild40 ,! weeks sp5t ) ,pe/alozzi 9 ! autumn ( #ahje & ! two subsequ5t ye>s 7#ahjh-ahaj7 pass$ ) him at ,yv]don1 gave ,frbel ample opportunity to /udy ?or\ghly ! ,swiss re=m]'s !ories & practices2 & ^! he subsequ5tly appli$ ) ev5 great] skill ?an 8 ma/] _h done4 ,s*mid1 ! ,g]man hi/orian ( education1 says1 8,frbel1 ! pupil ( ,pe/alozzi1 & a g5ius l 8 ma/]1 complet$ ! re=m]'s sy/em2 tak+ ! results at :i* ,pe/alozzi _h arriv$ ?r\gh ! necessities ( 8 position1 ,frbel develop$ ! ideas involv$ 9 !m1 n by fur!r exp]i5ce1 b by d$uction f ! nature ( man1 & ?us he atta9$ to ! conception ( true human developm5t & to ! requirem5ts ( true education40 ,he 0 ?us1 9 a s5se1 ! comb9$ product ( ! philosophy ( ,com5ius & ! zeal ( ,pe/alozzi1 al?\gh work+ along l9es c>efully m>k$ out by himself4 ,x does n detract f ! fame ( ,frbel to say t mo/ ( ! root-ideas ( 8 k9d]g>t5 are to be f\nd 9 ! ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,mr4 ,b[51 :o has giv5 u "o ( ! be/ expositions#di ( ,frbel's ideas1 pays a j tribute ( ! obligation ( 8 ma/] to ! writ+s ( ,pe/alozzi & ,com5ius4 ,he says3 8,) all 8 en?usiasm = education & 8 desire to f\nd x on a sci5tific basis1 ,com5ius _h b little sci5tific k ( *ild-nature1 & tr\bl$ himself n at all to acquire x4 ,he con/antly insi/$1 x is true1 ^u ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 & an education 9 accordance ) nature2 b 8 ex]cise ( ! s5ses soon r$uc$ itself1 9 ! ma91 to ! use ( pictures1 ) a view to a readi] & m intellig5t acquirem5t ( language2 &1 ev5 9 8 erga/ula lit]>ia1 or lit]>y work%op1 ! manual & o!r "w introduc$ 0 int5d$ to aid poor *ildr5 9 p>tly gett+ _! own liv+ :ile at s*ool1 r ?an to ex]cise faculty2 :ile 8 #8nature' 0 z qua9t & conv5tional z t 9 a pre-,raphaelite picture4 ,none ! less1 h[ev]1 ,com5ius 0 ! true f\nd] ( educational me?od40 ,!re is entire agreem5t 9 a few ( ! mo/ fundam5tal aims ( ! two re=m]s4 ,com5ius1 no less ?an ,frbel1 prea*$ ! gospel ( self-activity1 & dem&$ t play be giv5 important consid]ation 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,:at ,com5ius says on ^! subjects has already be5 giv5 9 ! exposition ( ! ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,9 8 ,education ( man1#ej ,frbel says3 8,play is ! pure/1 mo/ spiritual activity ( ! *ild at ?is p]iod2 &1 at ! same "t1 typical ( human life z a :ole--( ! hidd5 natural life 9 man & all ?+s4 ,x gives1 !re=e1 joy1 fre$om1 cont5tm5t1 inn] & out] re/1 peace ) ! _w4 ,a *ild t plays ?or\ghly1 ) self-active det]m9ation1 p]sev]+ly1 until physical fatigue =bids1 w surely be a ?or\gh1 det]m9$ man1 capable ( self-sacrifice = ! promotion ( ! welf>e ( himself & o!rs4 ,is n ! mo/ beautiful expression ( *ild-life at ?is "t a play+ *ild8--a *ild :olly absorb$ 9 8 play8--a *ild t has fall5 asleep :ile s absorb$8444 ,! plays ( ! *ild conta9 ! g]m ( ! :ole life t is to foll[2 = ! man develops & manife/s himself 9 play1 & reveals ! noble/ aptitudes & ! deepe/ elem5ts ( 8 be+40 ,frbel jo9$ ) ,com5ius 9 dem&+ t wom5 %all take a responsible "p 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,mr4 ,james ,l4 ,hughes#ea says 9 ?is connection3 8,! greate/ /ep made t[>d ! full recognition ( woman's individuality & responsibility s9ce ! "t ( ,*ri/ 0 made :5 ,frbel f\nd$ 8 k9d]g>t5s & made wom5 educators outside ! home--educators by pr(ession4 ,?is mom5t\s re=m gave ! fir/ great impetus to ! movem5t 9 favor ( wom5's fre$om1 & provid$ = ! g5]al advance ( humanity to a high] plane by giv+ *ildhood m consid]ate1 m sympa!tic1 & m /imulat+ tea*]s40 ,frbel 0 conv9c$ t wom5 7 bett] adapt$ ?an m5 = ! e>ly /ages ( in/ruction4 ,he says3 8,all agree t1 comp>$ ) ! true "m1 ! =mal educator is b a bungl]4 ,b %e mu/ become consci\s ( h] own aim1 & mu/ le>n intellig5tly ! means to rea* x4 ,%e c no long] af=d to squ&] or neglect ! e>lie/ ye>s ( h] *ild4 ,z ! _w gr[s old]1 we become ri*] 9 k & art4 ,b *ildhood rema9s %ort z be=e40 ,9 o!r important p>ticul>s ,frbel ow$ mu* to ,com5ius1 z well z to ,pe/alozzi4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! ,s*ool ( infancy ) ! aims ( ! k9d]g>t51 & ! beque/s ( ! ,moravian re=m] w at once be app>5t4 ,! exagg]at$ & unp$agogic symbolism1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ,frbel burd5$ 8 o!rwise excell5t k9d]g>t5 sy/em1 =m$ no "p ( 8 h]itage f ,com5ius4 ,h]b>t ,pr(essor ,de ,g>mo1#eb :o has giv5 u a mo/ succ9ct /atem5t ( ,h]b>t's educational views1 rem>ks1 8t "o ( ! ma9 results ( ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 & ,pe/alozzi is ! firmly fix$ conviction t obs]vation1 or ! use ( ! s5ses1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! consid]ation ( simple concrete facts 9 e field ( k1 is ! sure f\ndation ^u :i* all "r elem5t>y education re/s4 ,?is tru? is n[ ! ackn[l$g$ />t+-po9t ( all sci5tific me?ods ( tea*+4 ,yet ! fact ( importance ( obs]vation 9 in/ruction does n c>ry ) x any in=mation %[+ h[ ! k s obta9$ c be utiliz$1 or :at its nature1 "t1 am\nt1 & ord] ( pres5tation %\ld be4 ,9 %ort1 x does n %[ h[ m5tal assimilation c be/ take place1 or h[ ! result+ acquisitions c be made mo/ effici5tly to influ5ce ! emotional & volitional sides ( our nature4 ,p]ception is1 inde$1 ! fir/ /age ( cognition1 b its equally important correlative is app]ception & assimilation4 ,x is ,h]b>t & 8 successors :o h made u di/9ctly consci\s ( ?is fact40 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt b t ,h]b>t did give a p[]ful impulse to ! judici\s assimilation ( acquir$ s5se-exp]i5ce2 & yet ev5 "h x is q possible to und]e/imate ! "* & value ( ! nature /udies ( ,com5ius & ! object lessons ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,h]b>t1 l ,com5ius1 emphasiz$ ! necess>y effect ( all in/ruction on "*4 8,! circle ( ?\ght10 says ,h]b>t1 8conta9s ! /ore ( t :i* by degrees c m\nt by ! /eps ( int]e/ to desire1 & !n1 by means ( action1 to volition4 ,fur!r1 x conta9s ! /ore ^u :i* all ! work+s ( prud5ce are f\nd$--9 x are ! k & c>e1 )\t :i* man _c pursue 8 aims ?r\gh means4 ,! :ole inn] activity1 inde$1 has its abode 9 ! circle ( ?\ght4 ,"h is f\nd ! initiative life1 ! primal en]gy2 "h all mu/ circulate easily & freely1 ev]y?+ mu/ be 9 its place1 ready to be f\nd & us$ at any mom5t2 no?+ mu/ lie 9 ! way1 & no?+ l a heavy load imp$e useful activity40 ,inde$1 z ,k]n sugge/s1 9 ,h]b>t's s*eme int]e/ is ! moral monitor & protector aga9/ ! s]vitude t spr+s f passions & desires4 ,! doctr9e ( int]e/1 b vaguely sugge/$ by ,com5ius1 is p]haps ! mo/ notewor?y contribution ( ,h]b>t to mod]n p$agogy2 b to summ>ize ,h]b>t's views on int]e/ w\ld be to summ>ize 8 :ole !ory ( education4 ,he recognizes two gr\ps ( int]e/s--intellectual & social4 ,two phases ( intellectual int]e/s are di/+ui%$3 7#a7 empirical int]e/s1 or ! pleasures occasion$ by dis9t]e/$ curiosity2 7#b7 speculative int]e/s occasion$ by ! impulse to se>* out causal relations2 & 7#c7 /hetic int]e/s ar\s$ ?r\gh beauties 9 nature1 art1 & "*4 ,! social int]e/s are likewise ?reefold3 7#a7 sympa!tic or altrui/ic2 7#b7 social & frat]nal2 & 7#c7 religi\s4 ,h]b>t's contribution to empirical psy*ology1 al?\gh important1 0 second to 8 application ( direct p$agogic problems to actual s*ool practice--! work+ out ( 8 doctr9e ( _m-sid$ int]e/1 ! selection & adju/m5t ( mat]ials ( in/ruction1 & ! re=m ( s*ool gov]nm5t & discipl9e4#ec ,,*apt] ,x ,,p]man5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,com5ius ,g5]al neglect ( ,com5ius dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury--,causes--,intr5*m5t ( humanism--,summ>y ( ! p]man5t re=ms ( ,com5ius--,reviv$ int]e/ 9 8 tea*+s--,national ,com5ius p$agogical libr>y at ,leipzig--,! ,com5ius ,society--,reviews publi%$ = ! dissem9ation ( ! educational doctr9es ( ,com5ius--,conque/ ( 8 ideas4 ,! p]man5t influ5ce ( ,com5ius rema9s to be not$4 ,fam\s 9 8 own day2 enjoy+ ! fri5d%ip ( great s*ol>s & ! confid5ce ( royal p]sonages2 ! f\nd] ( num]\s s*ool sy/ems2 ! au?or ( m ?an a hundr$ books & treatises1 :i* 7 translat$ into mo/ ( ! languages ( ,europe & ,asia1--! "n ( ! great ,moravian re=m] 0 q if n entirely =gott51 & 8 writ+s practically unkn[n1 = m ?an a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,pr(essor ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1#ed 9 lik5+ him unto ! /ream t loses itself 9 ! arid des]t & !n reappe>s ) ga!r$ =ce & volume to l5d its f]tiliz+ p[] to ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 says3 8,human hi/ory is ri* 9 analogies to ?is natural ph5om5on2 b 9 ,com5ius ! hi/ory ( education furni%es its example4 ,! great educational revival ( our c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly ( our g5]ation1 has %$ ! bright light ( s*ol>ly inve/igation into all ! d>k places1 & to-day1 at ! ?ree hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?1 ! f9e old ,moravian bi%op is be+ honor$ :]ev] tea*]s ga!r toge!r & :]ev] education is ! !me40 ,! _w1 :i* usually takes pause = a mom5t1 :5 a great man dies1 to s]i\sly consid] :at !re 0 9 ! dead t lift$ him above ! ord9>y level1 took no su* inv5tory :5 ! rema9s ( ,com5ius 7 laid at re/ 9 a quiet little t[n 9 ,holl&4 8,! man :om we unhesitat+ly affirm10 says ,mr4 ,keat+e1 8to be ! broade/-m9d$1 ! mo/ f>-see+1 ! mo/ compreh5sive1 & )al ! mo/ practical ( all writ]s :o h put p5 to pap] on ! subject ( education2 ! man ^: !ories h be5 put into practice 9 e s*ool t is conduct$ on rational pr9ciples2 :o embodies ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cies ( our #8mod]n side' in/ructors1 :ile avoid+ ! n>r[ness ( _! re=m+ zeal2 :o lays /ress on ! spiritual aspect ( true education1 :ile he realizes ! necessity ( equipp+ 8 pupils = ! rude /ruggle ) nature & ) fell[-m5--,com5ius1 we say1 ! pr9ce ( s*oolma/]s1 produc$1 practically1 no effect on ! s*ool organization & educational developm5t ( ! foll[+ c5tury40 ,! causes ( ?is univ]sal neglect are n easily expla9$4 ,t he liv$ mo/ ( 8 days 9 exile2 t he belong$ to a religi\s community :i* 0 num]ically insignificant & :i* suff]$ all ^? bitt] p]secutions foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 t indiscretion entangl$ him 9 c]ta9 alleg$ prophetic revelations1 :i* subsequ5tly turn$ out ! balde/ impo/ures2 &1 m important ?an all1 z ,pr(essor ,laurie po9ts out1 t s*oolma/]s did n wi% to be di/urb$ by a man ) new ideas1--^! facts help to expla9 ! univ]sal neglect into :i* 8 "n & writ+s fell4 ,9 a p]sonal lett]1 ,osc> ,br[n+ expresses ! belief t if ! tea*+s ( ,com5ius _h be5 dat$ a c5tury e>li]1 t ! reali/ic type ( education might h be5 g5]ally foll[$--at lea/ 9 ! c\ntries t _h brok5 ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,z x 01 h[ev]1 ,melan*?on1 ! s*oolma/] ( ! ,re=mation1 adopt$1 ) slight modifications1 ! humani/ic type ( education4 ,= ! "t be+1 at lea/1 ! ideas held by ,com5ius 7 pu%$ into ! backgr\nd1 & humanism1 already deeply intr5*$1 dom9at$ educational practices4 ,re=m]s 7 n want+1 h[ev]1 to *ampion ! re=ms ( ,com5ius1 m5 l ,francke1 ,r\sseau1 ,bas$[1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,frbel1 & ,h]b>t4 ,b x rema9$ = ! n9ete5? c5tury to realize1 9 consid]able measure1 ! aims & aspirations ( ! f>-rea*+ re=ms ( ! ,moravian bi%op4 8,!re is no?+ />tl+ ab\t ! educational re=ms ( ,com5ius to-day10 says ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes4 8,!y are ! commonplace talk ( all s*ool conv5tions4 ,b to see !m :5 no "o else has =mulat$ !m1 to enunciate !m be=e an audi5ce (t5 ho/ile1 & to devote a life to tea*+ !m & work+ !m out--?is requires a broad m9d & some?+ ( ! _s ( ! m>tyr1 & bo? ^! elem5ts 7 /rong 9 ,com5ius40 ,9 spite ( ! neglect into :i* ! re=ms ( ,com5ius fell1 8 influ5ce has be5 la/+ because 8 "w 0 con/ructive & 8 re=ms 7 f> rea*+4 ,among ! re=ms :i* he advocat$ 7& s9ce incorporat$ 9 ! mod]n educational movem5t71 ! foll[+ may be nam$3-- #a4 ,t ! purpose ( education is to fit = complete liv+1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* its b5efits mu/ be ext5d$ to all classes ( society4 #b4 ,t education %\ld foll[ ! c\rse & ord] ( nature1 & be adapt$ to ! /ages ( m5tal developm5t ( ! *ild4 #c4 ,t intellectual progress is condition$ at e /ep by bodily vigor1 & t to atta9 ! be/ results1 physical ex]cises mu/ accompany & condition m5tal tra9+4 #d4 ,t *ildr5 mu/ fir/ be tra9$ 9 ! "m-tongue1 & t all ! elem5t>y k %\ld be acquir$ ?r\gh t m$ium4 #e4 ,t nature /udy mu/ be made ! basis ( all prim>y in/ruction1 s t ! *ild may ex]cise 8 s5ses & be tra9$ to acquire k at fir/ h&4 #f4 ,t ! *ild mu/ be wisely tra9$ dur+ its e>lie/ ye>s1 = :i* purpose mo!rs mu/ be tra9$ = ! high & holy mission ( in/ruct+ little *ildr51 & wom5 g5]ally be giv5 m ext5d$ educational opportunities4 #g4 ,t ! s*ool c\rse mu/ be enri*$ by ! addition ( su* useful /udies z geography & hi/ory4 #h4 ,t ! subjects ( /udy mu/ be s correlat$ & cord9at$ t !y may =m a common unit ( ?\ght4 #i4 ,t tea*]s mu/ be specially tra9$4 #aj4 ,t s*ools mu/ be m rationally grad$ & bett] sup]vis$4 #aa4 ,t languages mu/ be taught z 8liv+ organic :oles fitt$ = ! purposes ( life1 & n z ! lifeless tabulations ( ! gramm>ians40 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,quick t ! mo/ hopeful sign ( ! improvem5t ( education 0 ! rapid advance 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fame ( ,com5ius1 & ! gr[? ( a l>ge lit]ature ab\t ! man & 8 ideas4 ,! revival ( ,com5ian ideas really dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,g]many1 cru%$ & dismemb]$1 look$ to h] s*ools z ! sure/ means ( rega9+ fall5 glory2 s t ! battle ( ,j5a may be giv5 z ! date ( ?is awak5$ int]e/ 9 ! re=ms ( ! ,moravian educator4 ,?is int]e/ culm9at$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! great national ,com5ius p$agogical libr>y 7,com5ius-,/iftung7 at ,leipzig1 9 #ahga4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by a b& ( en?usia/ic disciples ( ,com5ius1 ( :om ,julius ,beeg] 0 ! =emo/2 &1 al?\gh x numb]$ b #bfdb volumes at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 ! int]e/ 9 ! movem5t has be5 s great t x n[ numb]s ov] #gj1jjj volumes1 & con/itutes ! l>ge/ s+le collection ( p$agogical books 9 ! _w4 ,! books are classifi$ 9 #ef dep>tm5ts1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3 encyclopdias ( p$agogy1 complete collections ( ! writ+s ( /&>d educational writ]s1 s\rces ( hi/ory ( education1 g5]al works on ! hi/ory ( education1 hi/ories ( special p]iods 9 education1 hi/ories ( education 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 hi/ories ( individual educational in/itutions1 educational biographies1 works on sy/ematic p$agogy1 physical education1 etc4 ,! libr>y cov]s e dep>tm5t ( educational ?\ght1 & is especially /rong 9 ! lit]ature relat+ to ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,g]many4 ,! privileges ( ! libr>y are freely op5 to all /ud5ts ( education4 ,! libr>y is "u ! control ( ! ,leipzig tea*]s' association1 & is su/a9$ 9 "p by ! association & 9 "p by appropriations f ! city ( ,leipzig & ! k+dom ( ,saxony4#ee ,:at m appropriate memorial to ! long & devot$ life ( ,com5ius to ! cause ( education c\ld be desir$1 & :at /rong] evid5ce ( ! p]man5t influ5ce ( 8 "w & wor?4 ,a second rec5t manife/ation ( ! p]man5cy ( ! ,moravian educator's influ5ce is ! ,com5ius ,society 7,com5ius-,gesells*aft71 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,g]many1 & numb]+ among its memb]s mo/ ( ! lead]s 9 educational ?\ght 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 organiz$ 9 #ahia4 ,! objects ( ! society are 7#a7 to spread ! liv+ influ5ce ( ! _s ( ,com5ius & ! m5 :o h repres5t$ cognate re=ms2 7#b7 to "w t[>d an increas$ k ( ! pa/ & a heal?y developm5t ( ! future on ! pr9ciple ( mutual union & =be>ance1 by means ( ! cultivation ( ! lit]ature :i* has gr[n out ( t _s2 & 7#c7 to prep>e ! way = a re=m ( education & in/ruction on ! l9es laid d[n by ,com5ius4 ,9 ord] to realize ^! objects1 ! society fur!r proposes 7#a7 ! publication ( ! m important writ+s & lett]s ( ,com5ius & 8 associates2 7#b7 inquiry into ! hi/ory & dogmas ( ! old evangelical congregations 7,wald5ses1 ,bohemian ,bre?r51 ,swiss ,bre?r51 etc471 *iefly by publi%+ ! orig9al s\rces f _! hi/ory2 & 7#c7 ! collection ( books1 manuscripts1 & docum5ts :i* are important = ! hi/ory ( ! above objects4 ,! memb]%ip ( ! society1 :ile ov]:elm+ly ,g]man1 includes a consid]able numb] f ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,holl&1 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,greece1 ,belgium1 & ,d5m>k4 ,! society inspir$ ! num]\s celebrations 9 commemoration ( ! ?ree hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,com5ius 7,m>* #bh1 #ahib74 ,^! celebrations1 held at mo/ ( ! educational c5tres 9 ! ,old ,_w1 & at a numb] ( places 9 ! ,new1 reviv$ ! memory ( ,com5ius1 & br\ght 8 tea*+s to ?\s&s ( tea*]s :o _h kn[n him be=e only z a "n4 ,! society began 9 #ahib ! publication ( a high-grade review1--,monat%efte d] ,com5ius-,gesells*aft1--:i* is publi%$ bi-mon?ly at ,b]l91 & is edit$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,com5ius s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,ludwig ,kell]4 ,?is review has mo/ cr$itably c>ri$ out ! purposes ( ! society 9 publi%+ a weal? ( orig9al mat]ial on ,com5ius & 8 contempor>ies1 t hi!rto has be5 altoge!r inaccessible to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( education4 ,! society also publi%es a bi-mon?ly educational j\rnal = ! use ( tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,g]many especially int]e/$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ,com5ius4 ,x is entitl$ ,com5ius-,bltt] fr ,vlks]ziehung1 & is also publi%$ at ,b]l9 & edit$ by ,dr4 ,kell]4 ,! propag&a ( ! ,com5ius ,society has done mu* to re/ore ?is wor?y to ! place he s ju/ly m]its--! =emo/ educational re=m] ( mod]n times4 ,^! are "s ( ! ag5cies employ$ by ! ,com5ius ,society 9 op5+ up an appreciation ( ?is great man1 :o1 8born 9 ,moravia1 work+ among/ ,cze*s1 ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 ,sw$es1 & ,hung>ians1 ) fri5ds 9 ,france & ,italy1 has won by 8 ?\ght1 z well z by 8 life1 a univ]sal significance4 ,z philosoph] & div9e1 9 union ) ,&re1 ,dury1 ,milton1 & o!rs1 he devot$ 8 life to a "w ( peace4 ,he plac$ ! weal ( man1 z he t]m$ x1 above ! respect = languages1 p]sons1 & sects2 ?us 8 en]gies 7 direct$ t[>d re/ra9+ ! wrangl+ p1 *ur*es1 & classes f ! viol5t utt]ance ( _! diff]5ces1 & lead+ !m on ! gr\nd ( e>ly ,*ri/ian views to mutual peace & =be>ance4 ,z educationali/1 inspir$ by ,bacon1 he successfully ass]t$ ! claims ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( 8 "t1 plac$ ! "m-tongue on ! li/ ( subjects ( in/ruction1 & includ$ 9 ! conception ( ! s*ool ! idea ( physical culture4 ,by 8 dem& = education ( all *ildr51 includ+ girls1 :o till !n _h be5 neglect$1 he became "o ( ! fa!rs ( mod]n elem5t>y education40 ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,table ,,( ,,dates 7a7 ,p]ta9+ to ! ,life ( ,com5ius #aeib4 ,born at ,nivnitz1 ,moravia1 ,m>* #bh?4 #afjd4 ,dea? ( 8 fa!r & "m4 ----4 ,ent]$ ! elem5t>y s*ool at ,/rasnitz4 #afjh4 ,ent]$ ! gymnasium at ,pr]au4 #afaa4 ,matriculat$ 9 ! college at ,h]born4 #afac4 ,matriculat$ 9 ! univ]sity at ,heidelb]g4 #afad4 ,appo9t$ tea*] 9 ! ,moravian s*ool at ,pr]au4 #afaf4 ,orda9$ z a m9i/]1 ,april #bi?4 #afah4 ,call$ to ! pa/orate ( ! *ur* at ,fulneck2 also sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 #afbd4 ,m>riage to ,elizabe? ,cyrrill4 ----4 ,driv5 into ! ,bohemian m\nta9s by religi\s p]secutions4 #afbg4 ,bani%$ f 8 native c\ntry4 #afbh4 ,fl$ to ,pol&2 giv5 *>ge ( ! gymnasium at ,lissa4 #afcb4 ,consecrat$ z a bi%op1 ,octob] #f?4 #afda4 ,call$ to ,engl&1 arriv+ !re ,septemb] #bb;d4 #afdb4 ,left ,london1 ,june #aj?1 = ,sw$54 ----4 ,settl$ at ,elb+1 ,prussia1 9 ,octob]4 #afdh4 ,return$ to ,lissa2 dea? ( 8 wife2 *os5 presid5t ( ! c\ncil 7s5ior bi%op71 ( ! ,moravian ,*ur*4 #afdi4 ,re-m>ri$1 to ,elizabe? ,gaius[a4 #afej4 ,took *>ge ( ! s*ools at ,s>os-,patak1 ,hung>y1 9 ,may4 #afed4 ,return$ to ,lissa4 #afef4 ,lissa burn$2 flight to ,silesia4 ----4 ,settl$ 9 ,am/]dam4 #afgj4 ,di$ at ,am/]dam1 ,novemb] #ae?2 buri$ at ,nard5 7,holl&71 ,novemb] #bb;d4 7b7 ,pr9cipal ,writ+s ( ,com5ius #afaf4 ,grammatic facilioris prcepta 7,simple grammatical rules74 ,prague4 #afag4 ,li/[ d nebe 7,cries ( ! oppress$ poor74 ,olmtz4 #afbb4 ,de ,*ri/9a p]fectione 7,on ,*ri/ian p]fection74 ,prague4 #afbc4 ,labyr9t svta a rj srdce1 to je/ 7,labyr9? ( ! _w & p>adise ( ! he>t74 ,lissa4 #afca4 ,janua l+u>um res]ata 7,gate ( languages unlock$74 ,lissa4 #afcc4 ,in=matorium d] ,mutt]-,s*ul 7,s*ool ( infancy74 ,lissa4 ----4 ,atrium l+u ,lat9 7,on ! /udy ( ,lat9 /yle74 ,lissa4 #afcd4 ,physic ad lum5 div9um re=mat synopsis 7,physics remodell$ 9 accordance ) div9e light74 ,leipzig4 #afch4 ,prodromus pansophi 7,fragm5t ( ! ,great didactic4 ,publi%$ 9 ,london1 #afci1 by ,h>tlib74 ,lissa4 #afda4 ,via lucis 7,! way ( light74 ,am/]dam4 #afdc4 ,pansophi diatyphosis1 inconographica1 et or?ographica 7,publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #afej ) ! title3 ,a patt]n ( univ]sal k74 ,danzig4 #afdg4 ,ve/ibulum ,lat9 l+u r]um 7,ve/ibule ( ! ,lat9 language74 ,lissa4 #afdh4 ,l+u>um me?odus novissima 7,new me?od ( language /udy74 ,lissa4 #afej4 ,lux 9 t5ebris 7,light 9 d>kness--on prophetic visions74 ,am/]dam4 ----4 ,s*ol pansophic del9tio 7,plan ( a pansophic s*ool74 ,s>os-,patak4 #afef4 ,s*ola ludus 7,s*ool dramas74 ,s>os-,patak4 #afeg4 ,orbis s5sualium pictus 7,! _w illu/rat$74 ,nuremb]g4 ----4 ,op]a didactica omnia 7,complete didactic works 9 f\r volumes74 ,am/]dam4 #affj4 ,hi/oria fratrum ,bohemorum 7,hi/ory ( ! ,bohemian bre?r574 ,am/]dam4 ----4 ,c>tesius cum sua naturali philosophia a me*anicis ev]sus 7,desc>tes & 8 natural philosophy ov]?r[n by argum5ts d]iv$ f me*anical pr9ciples74 ,am/]dam4 ----4 ,de natura caloris et frigoris 7,on ! nature ( heat & cold74 ,am/]dam4 #afjh4 ,unum necess>ium 7,! "o ?+ ne$ful74 ,am/]dam4 ,,ii4 ,,select ,,bibliography 7a7 ,writ+s ( ,com5ius #a4 ,! great didactic4 ,translat$ ) introductions1 biographical & hi/orical1 by ,m4 ,w4 ,keat+e4 ,london3 ,adam & ,*>les ,black4 #ahif4 pp4 #dfh4 ,?is fir/ complete translation ( ,com5ius' mo/ philosophic "w is admirably done4 ,! biographical introduction is giv5 n9ety-eight pages1 & ! hi/orical introduction fifty pages4 ,^! are bo? int]e/+ & critical4 ,! book un=tunately is n index$4 #b4 ,! s*ool ( infancy3 an essay on ! education ( y\? dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s4 ,edit$ ) an introduction & notes by ,w ,s4 ,monroe4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #ahif4 ,london3 ,isbi/] ,co4 #ahig4 pp4 xvi #ii4 ,!re are num]\s foot-notes1 int5d$ to %[ ! orig9 ( ,com5ius' educational ideals & ! influ5ce ( 8 writ+s on lat] educators4 ,collat]al read+ ref]5ces are giv5 at ! end ( ea* *apt]1 & 9 ! app5dix !re is a reasonably complete bibliography ( ,com5ius lit]ature4 #c4 ,! orbis pictus4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,*>les ,hoole4 ,london3 ,john & ,b5j4 ,spr9t1 #agbh4 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y43 ,c4 ,w4 ,b>de54 #ahhg4 pp4 #ajj4 ,?is is a v satisfactory reproduction ( ! fam\s ,hoole translation by ! photographic process4 ,"s ( ! cuts are indi/9ct1 b ,mr4 ,b>de5 wisely refra9$ f ret\*+ !m1 pref]r+ occasional indi/9ctness to mod]n tamp]+ ) ! orig9als4 #d4 ,john ,amos ,com5ius3 8 life & educational "w4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie4 ,bo/on3 ,will>d ,small4 #ahhe4 pp4 #bbi4 ,! introduction 7pp4 #a-af7 gives ! effect ( ! ,r5aissance on education2 a brief b appreciative sket* ( ! life ( ,com5ius foll[s 7pp4 #ag-fd72 & ! rema9d] ( ! book is giv5 to an exposition ( 8 writ+s4 #e4 ,grosse ,unt]ri*tslehre4 ,aus dem ,late9is*5 b]setzt mit ,e9leitung5 und ,anm]kung5 v]seh5 von ,julius ,beeg] und ,franz ,z\bek4 ,leipzig3 ,siegismund und ,volk5+4 ,no date4 pp4 clxxvii #bhj4 ,! sket* ( ! life ( ,com5ius 7#agf pp47 is by ,z\bek1 & ! translation ( ! ,great didactic f ! ,lat9 into ,g]man by ,beeg]4 #f4 ,ausgewhlte ,s*rift54 ,aus dem ,late9is*5 b]setzt und mit ,e9leitung und ,anm]kung5 v]seh5 von ,julius ,beeg] und ,j4 ,leutbe*]4 ,leipzig3 ,siegismund und ,volk5+4 ,no date4 pp4 xvi #cei4 ,a collection ( ! miscellane\s educational writ+s ( ,com5ius1 includ+ ! ,s*ool ( infancy1 ,paneg]sia1 & fragm5ts ( ! ,pansophy4 #g4 ,grosse ,unt]ri*tslehre4 ,mit e9] ,e9leitung3 ,j4 ,com5ius1 se9 ,leb5 und ,wirk54 ,e9leitung1 b]setzung und ,comm5t> von ,gu/av ,adolph ,l9dn]4 ,wi5 und ,leipzig3 ,a4 ,pi*l]'s ,witwe und ,sohn4 #ahib4 pp4 lxxxix #caa4 ,p]haps ! be/ ,g]man edition ( ! ,great didactic4 ,! biographical sket* is less valuable ?an ! "o 9 ! edition by ,beeg] & ,z\bek2 b ! annotations on ! ,great didactic1 cov]+ ab\t =ty pages1 give x special p$agogic value4 #h4 ,ueb] 8,e9s i/ no?0 78,unum necess>ium074 ,von ,joh4 ,amos ,com5ius4 ,znaim3 ,f\rni] und ,hab]l]4 #ahib4 pp4 #bb4 ,a conv5i5t edition ( ,com5ius' pa!tic swan song1 8,! "o ?+ ne$ful40 _/ 7b7 ,biographical & ,critical #a4 ,educational ,review4 ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 editor4 ,new ,york3 ,educational ,review ,publi%+ ,co4 ,m>*1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bji-bcf4 ,! issue = ,m>*1 #ahib1 is a ,com5ius numb]4 ,x conta9s a brief on ,com5ius by ,pr(essor ,butl] 7pp4 #bji-baa72 8,! place ( ,com5ius 9 ! hi/ory ( education10 by ,pr(essor ,laurie 7pp4 #baa-bbc72 8,! text-books ( ,com5ius10 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,b>de5 7pp4 #bbc-ccf72 & 8,! p]man5t influ5ce ( ,com5ius10 by ,pr(essor ,hanus 7pp4 #bbf-bcf74 #b4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association = #ahib4 pp4 #gjc-gbh4 ,! dep>tm5t ( sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 9 connection ) ! meet+ at ,brooklyn1 ,febru>y #af-ah1 #ahib1 held ex]cises 9 commemoration ( ! ?ree-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,com5ius1 ) ! foll[+ addresses3 8,private life & p]sonal *>act]i/ics10 ,dr4 ,john ,max ,h>k 7pp4 #gjc-gaa72 8,text-books ( ,com5ius10 ,sup]9t5d5t ,william ,h4 ,maxwell 7pp4 #gab-gbc72 8,place ( ,com5ius 9 ! hi/ory ( education10 ,pr(essor ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl] 7pp4 #gbc-gbh74 #c4 ,essays on educational re=m]s4 ,by ,rob]t ,heb]t ,quick4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahic4 pp4 #aai-aga4 ,"o ( ! be/ brief critical surveys ( ! writ+s ( ,com5ius & writt5 9 ! fasc9at+ /yle ( ! g5ial ,quick4 #d4 ,hi/ory ( p$agogy4 ,by ,gabriel ,compayr4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #ahhf4 pp4 #abb-acf4 ,a brief summ>y ( ,com5ius' mo/ important contributions to prim>y in/ruction4 #e4 ,! educational ideal3 an outl9e ( its gr[? 9 mod]n times4 ,by ,james ,ph9ney ,munroe4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #ahie4 pp4 #fh-id4 ,a concise & critical survey ( ! re=ms ( ,com5ius & ! o!r reali/s4 ,aft] ,quick1 ! be/ brief survey ( ! mod]n movem5t2 & at _m po9ts x supplem5ts ,quick4 #f4 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,publi%$ at ,h>t=d by ! editor1 ,h5ry ,b>n>d4 ,june1 #aheh4 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #beg-bih4 ,dr4 ,b>n>d 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to call att5tion to ! p$agogic value ( ,com5ius' writ+s4 ,?is translation f ,k>l von ,raum]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik 01 up to ! "t ,pr(essor ,laurie's book appe>$1 ! only compreh5sive /udy ( ,com5ius 9 ,engli%4 ,raum]1 h[ev]1 is n an imp>tial critic ( ! reali/s4 #g4 ,! hi/ory ( ! unitas fratrum4 ,by ,edmund de ,s*we9itz4 ,be?lehem1 ,p5n43 ,moravian ,publication ,(fice4 #ahhe4 pp4 #fic4 ,an au?oritative acc\nt ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 & ( ,com5ius' relation to ! same4 #h4 ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius-,gesells*aft4 ,ludwig ,kell>1 editor4 ,b]l93 ,h]mann ,heyfeld]4 #ahib-aijj4 #aj volumes4 ,a high grade bi-mon?ly review publi%$ by ! ,com5ius ,society 9 ! int]e/ ( education g5]ally1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! views held by ! ,moravian re=m]4 ,! review is a m9e ( ri* mat]ial on ,com5ius & 8 contempories4 #i4 ,leb5 und ,s*icksale des ,johann ,amos ,com5ius4 ,von ,anton ,vrbka4 ,znaim3 ,f\rni] und ,hab]l]4 #ahib4 pp4 #afj4 ,! be/ brief ,g]man life ( ,com5ius4 ,x is accurate & sympa!tic1 & conta9s #ag wood-cuts4 #aj4 b] des ,johann ,amos ,com5ius ,leb5 und ,wirksamkeit4 ,von ,anton ,g9dely4 ,znaim3 ,f\rni] und ,hab]l]4 #ahic4 pp4 #aji4 ,ano!r brief ,g]man "w4 ,pr(essor ,g9dely is a ,roman ,ca?olic1 & :ile he writes ( ,com5ius ) less en?usiasm1 he pres5ts 8 life ) critical fairness4 #aa4 ,johann ,amos ,com5ius3 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,s*rift54 ,von ,johann ,kvacsala4 ,b]l93 ,julius ,kl9kh>dt4 #ahib4 pp4 #dhj #hi4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i "k1 is ! mo/ compreh5sive life ( ,com5ius to be f\nd 9 any language2 b at _m po9ts x is unnecess>ily t$i\s & diffuse4 #ab4 ,re9's ,encyclopdis*es ,h&bu* d] ,pdagogik4 ,lang5salza3 ,h]mann ,bey] und ,shne4 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #eeh-efi4 ,an excell5t brief article by ,a4 ,nebe4 ,an article on ! ,com5ius-,/iftung foll[s 7pp4 #efi-egc74 #ac4 ,d] ,ans*auungsunt]ri*t 9 d] deuts*5 ,s*ule von ,amos ,com5ius bis zur ,geg5w>t4 ,von ,gottlieb ,gu/av ,deuss+4 ,frank5b]g3 ,c4 ,c4 ,rossb]g4 #ahhd4 pp4 #ff4 ,a hi/orical & critical diss]tation on ! gr[? ( object tea*+ & nature /udy4 #ad4 ,die pdagogis*5 ,grundg$ank5 des ,amos ,com5ius4 ,von ,h]mann ,gotts*$4 ,magdeburg3 ,a4 und ,r4 ,fab]4 #ahgi4 pp4 #fd4 ,a diss]tation on ,com5ius' philosophy ( education4 #ae4 ,com5ius3 e9 ,sy/ematik] 9 d] ,pdagogik4 ,von ,walt] ,mll]4 ,dresd53 ,bleyl und ,kaemm]4 #ahhg4 pp4 #ej4 ,a diss]tation on ! contributions ( ,com5ius to sy/ematic p$agogy & s*ool sy/ems4 #af4 ,die ,pdagogik des ,spani]s ,johann ,ludwig ,vives und se9 ,e9fluss auf ,joh4 ,amos ,com5ius4 ,erlang53 ,junge und ,sohn4 #ahij4 pp4 #fi4 ,indicates traces ( ! educational !ories ( ,com5ius 9 ! writ+s ( ,vives4 #ag4 ,die ,didaktik ,bas$[s im ,v]glei*e zur ,didaktik des ,com5ius4 ,von ,petru ,g>bovicianu4 ,bu*>e/3 ,c>ol ,gbl4 #ahhg4 pp4 #hb4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,great didactic ( ,com5ius on ,bas$[ & 8 in/itution is po9t$ out4 #ah4 ,s*midt's ,encyclopdie des gesammt5 ,erziehungs und ,unt]ri*tswes54 ,go?a3 ,bess]4 #ahgf4 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ida-iea4 ,! article is by ,g4 ,baur4 ,x is less compreh5sive1 al?\gh m sympa!tic1 ?an ! article 9 ,raum]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik4 #ai4 ,buisson's ,dictionnaire de pdagogie et d'in/ruction primaire4 ,p>is3 ,han*ette et ,cie4 #ahhg4 ,vol ,i4 ,"p ,i4 pp4 #dba-dbg4 ,?ree brief b discrim9at+ articles4 ,! fir/1 on ! life ( ,com5ius1 by ,c4 ,progl] 7pp4 #dba-dbc72 ! second1 on ! p$agogical writ+s ( ,com5ius1 by ,f]d9& ,buisson 7pp4 #dbc-dbf72 ! ?ird1 on ! p]man5t influ5ces ( ,com5ius1 by ,a4 ,daguet 7pp4 #dbf-dbg74 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,aspects ( education4 ,by ,osc> ,br[n+4 ,new ,york3 ,indu/rial ,educational ,association1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,g]man univ]sities3 _! "* & hi/orical developm5t4 ,by ,fri$ri* ,pauls54 ,au?oriz$ translation by ,edw>d ,delavan ,p]ry1 ) an introduction by ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]4 ,new ,york & ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahie4 pp4 xxxi #bed4 ,footnote #c3 ,de corrupti s]monis em5datione4 ,by ,matur9 ,cordi]4 ,p>is1 #aecj4 ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,keat+e4 ,footnote #d3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits see ,loyola & ! educational sy/em ( ! ,jesuits4 ,by ,?omas ,hughes4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahib4 pp4 #cjb4 ,footnote #e3 ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik4 ,von ,k>l von ,raum]4 ,gt]sloh3 ,b]telsmann1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ! admirable sket* ( ! e>li] humani/s3 ,vittor9o da ,feltre & o!r humani/s4 ,by ,william ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,cambridge3 ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahig4 pp4 #bef4 ,footnote #g3 ,john ,amos ,com5ius3 8 life & educational "w4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie4 ,bo/on3 ,will>d ,small1 #ahhe4 pp4 #bbi4 ,footnote #h3 ,essays on educational re=m]s4 ,by ,rob]t ,heb]t ,quick4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahic4 pp4 #efj4 ,footnote #i3 ,! educational ideal3 an outl9e ( its gr[? 9 mod]n times4 ,by ,james ,ph9ny ,munroe4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #ahie4 pp4 #bfb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,montaigne's ,education ( *ildr54 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,e4 ,rector4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahii4 pp4 xxiii #aia4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! s*olema/]4 ,by ,rog] ,as*am4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,arb]4 ,bo/on3 ,will>d ,small1 #ahhh4 pp4 #cag4 ,footnote #ab3 ,positions4 ,by ,ri*>d ,mulca/]4 ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,heb]t ,quick4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #ahhh4 pp4 #cji4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! place ( ,com5ius 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,by ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association = #ahib4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i am aw>e t ,com5ius says t 8 fa!r di$ 9 #afjb2 b ! evid5ce :i* ,vrbka has adduc$ seems to me conclusive t ! s5ior ,kom5sky di$ two ye>s lat]4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rukovt ,skol/vi ,obecnho4 ,by ,k>el ,t\b5ek & ,k>el ,vorovka4 ,prague1 #ahib4 ,translat$ by ,miss ,cl>a ,vo/rovsky4 ,footnote #af3 ,! life ( ,john ,milton4 ,by ,david ,masson4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pr(essor ,masson4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ,great didactic ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius4 ,) introductions1 biographical & hi/orical4 ,by ,m4 ,w4 ,keat+e4 ,london1 #ahif4 pp4 #dfh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,mit!ilung5 b] ,wolfgang ,rati*ius4 ,von ,aga?on ,niemey]4 ,halle1 #ahdj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,9 a lett] to ,gov]nor ,w9?rop ( ,connecticut1 ,h>tlib lam5ts t ,com5ius %\ld cont9ually all[ himself to be div]t$ f 8 pansophic works4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ,com5ius & ,ox5/i]n ov] ! treaty ( ,we/phalia is giv5 by ,g9dely1 b] des ,com5ius ,leb5 und ,wirksamkeit 9 d] ,fremde4 ,vi5na1 #ahee4 ,footnote #bb3 ,= a full acc\nt ( ^! labors see ,g9dely's ,ges*i*te d] ,bhmis*5 ,brd]4 ,prague1 #aheg-h4 ,footnote #bc3 ,magnalia ,*ri/i ,am]icana1 or ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&4 ,by ! ,rev]5d & ,le>n$ ,cotton ,ma!r & ,pa/or ( ! ,nor? ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,engl&4 ,london1 #agjb4 ,book ,,iv1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! hi/ory ( ,h>v>d univ]sity4 ,by ,josiah ,qu9cy4 ,bo/on1 #ahdj4 #b vols4 ,footnote #be3 ,correspond5ce ( ,h>tlib1 ,haak1 ,old5burg1 & o!rs ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,royal ,society ) ,gov]nor ,w9?rop ( ,connecticut1 #affa-afgb4 ,) an introduction & notes by ,rob]t ,c4 ,w9?rop4 ,bo/on1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,= fur!r discussion ( ! "q see my article1 8,0 ,com5ius call$ to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d80 9 ! ,educational ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahif1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #cgh-chb1 & ! article by ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,blodgett 9 ! same ,review = ,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cij-cic2 also ! clos+ *apt] 9 ,pr(essor ,hanus' ,educational aims & educational values 7,new ,york1 #ahii71 pp4 #bjf-baa4 ,footnote #bg3 ,= an excell5t discussion ( ! mean+ ( infancy see ,pr(essor ,john ,fiske's ,excursions ( an evolutioni/ 7,bo/on1 #ahif71 pp4 #cjf-cai1 & ,pr(essor ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]'s ,mean+ ( education 7,new ,york1 #ahih71 pp4 #c-cd4 ,footnote #bh3 ,p]man5t influ5ce ( ,com5ius1 ,educational ,review1 ,m>*1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbf-bcf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,orbis pictus1 ! fir/ *ild's picture-book1 0 subsequ5tly prep>$ to meet ?is ne$4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see 9 ?is connection ,t>de's ,laws ( imitation4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ( ,com5ius' views on ! religi\s education ( *ildr5 see ! foll[+ *apt] on ! ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,footnote #cb3 ,zur ,bck]kunde des ,com5ius4 ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius-,gesells*aft4 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ai-ec4 ,footnote #cc3 ,s*ool ( infancy3 an essay on ! education ( y\? dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s1 by ,john ,amos ,com5ius4 ,to :i* is prefix$ a sket* ( ! life ( ! au?or4 ,london1 #aheh4 pp4 #afh #ge4 ,footnote #cd3 ,to except ,locke no re=m] be=e ,com5ius' "t has set =? ! ne$ ( physical tra9+ ) any?+ l ! cle>ness & fulness ( ! ,s*ool ( infancy4 ,see ,"s ?\ghts conc]n+ education by ,john ,locke4 ,edit$ ) introduction & notes by ,r4 ,h4 ,quick4 ,london1 #ahhd4 pp4 #bdj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,note ! h>mony ( ?is conception ( play ) ! mod]n !ories ( ,pr(essor ,k>l ,groos 9 8 ,play ( animals 7,new ,york1 #ahih1 pp4 #cda7 & 9 8 ,spiele d] ,m5s*5 7,j5a1 #ahii1 pp4 #ech74 ,footnote #cf3 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris = ! use ( ! copy ( ! ,janua belong+ to ! libr>y ( ! ,bureau ( ,education at ,wa%+ton4 ,x is a h&some ,elzevir1 b\nd 9 vellum1 & publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #affa4 ,x conta9s #hfc pages1 #eaa ( :i* are giv5 to ! ?\s& p>allel s5t5ces 9 ! five languages 7,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & ,g]man71 9 :i* ! book appe>s4 ,! rema9+ #ceb pages are giv5 to ! lexicon-vocabul>ies 9 ! diff]5t languages4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! ,janua has lately be5 br\ght out 9 ,france 9 inexp5sive =m by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,v]ni] ( ! ,college ( ,autun4 7,autun1 #ahii4 pp4 #cej47 ,footnote #ch3 ,! text-books ( ,com5ius4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association = #ahib4 pp4 #gab-gbc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,= a full acc\nt ( ,francke's life & "w see ,a4 ,h4 ,francke's ,pdagogis*e ,s*rift54 ,neb/ e9] ,d>/ellung se9es ,leb5s und se9] ,/iftung54 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,g4 ,kram]4 ,lang5salza1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #dj3 ,an abbreviat$ translation ( ! mile has be5 made by ,miss ,eleanor ,wor?+ton 7,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #ahia1 pp4 #aeg71 & a full] 7?\gh n complete7 translation by ,pr(essor ,william ,h4 ,payne 7,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahic4 pp4 #cee74 ,footnote #da3 ,r\sseau & education accord+ to nature4 ,by ,?omas ,davidson4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahih4 pp4 #bec4 ,also ! excell5t life by ,john ,morley1 9 two volumes 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahhh74 ,footnote #db3 ,to except ! brief sket* by ,quick 7,educational re=m]s1 pp4 #bgc-bhi7 & von ,raum]'s sket* 9 translation 9 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education 7,vol4 #e1 pp4 #dhg-ebj71 !re is de>? ( mat]ial on ,bas$[ 9 ,engli%4 ,= an excell5t acc\nt 9 ! ,g]man see ,pdagogis*e ,s*rift54 ,mit ,e9leitung51 ,anm]kung51 und ,bas$['s ,biographie4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,hugo ,gr+4 ,lang5salza1 #ahgi-hj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,!re is a weal? ( mat]ial 9 ! ,engli% language on ,pe/alozzi4 ,see3 ,pe/alozzi & ! mod]n elem5t>y s*ool1 by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,p9lo*e 7,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aijj72 ,pe/alozzi3 8 life & "w1 by ,rog] de ,guimps 7,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahig1 pp4 #dch72 ,life1 "w1 & influ5ce ( ,pe/alozzi1 by ,h]mann ,krusi 7,new ,york3 ,am]ican ,book ,co41 pp4 #bdj72 & ! ri* volume ( s\rces by ,h5ry ,b>n>d1 ,pe/alozzi & ,pe/alozzianism 7,h>t=d1 #ahei1 pp4 #bch #bcj74 ,footnote #dd3 ,lett]s on e>ly education4 ,address$ to ,j4 ,p4 ,greaves1 ,esq41 ,syracuse1 #ahih1 pp4 #ahj4 ,footnote #de3 ,translat$ by ,lucy ,e4 ,holl& & ,frances ,e4 ,turn]1 & edit$ ) introduction & notes by ,eb5ez] ,cook4 ,syracuse3 ,c4 ,w4 ,b>de51 #ahid4 pp4 xliv #bef4 ,footnote #df3 ,translat$ & abridg$ by ,eva ,*ann+4 ,) an introduction by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #ahig4 pp4 #aha4 ,footnote #dg3 ,com5ius und ,pe/alozzi als ,begrnd] d] ,volkss*ule4 ,von ,h]mann ,h(fmei/]4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,footnote #dh3 ,! k9d]g>t5 sy/em3 its orig9 & developm5t z se5 9 ! 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,ratio /udiorum (1 #e2 devotion to ,lat9 eloqu5ce1 #g4 ,ju/9us1 ,laur5tius1 bi%op ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 #fa4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 on ! labors ( ,bas$[1 #aeb4 ,keat+e1 ,m4 ,w41 quot$1 #ci1 #eg2 edition ( ! ,great didactic1 #hd1 #age4 ,kell]1 ,ludwig1 editor ( ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius ,gesells*aft1 #agj1 #agh4 ,k9d]g>t51 #aeh4 ,kom5sky1 ,m>t91 fa!r ( ,john ,amos ,com5ius1 #ch4 ,kvacsala1 ,johann1 sket* ( ,com5ius1 #agh4 ,language1 #ajj1 #abc-ada4 ,lat91 s*ools1 #aje2 /udy (1 #b4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s41 quot$1 #acg2 edition ( ! ,great didactic1 #agf2 place ( ,com5ius 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 #agg4 ,leipzig1 /udy ( p$agogy at ! univ]sity1 #ade2 national p$agogical libr>y1 #afi4 ,l9dn]1 ,g4 ,a41 edition ( ! ,great didactic1 #agf4 ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #fi4 ,magnalia ( ,cotton ,ma!r1 #gh4 ,masson1 ,david1 quot$1 #eb4 ,ma!r1 ,cotton1 call ( ,com5ius to ,h>v>d1 #gh4 ,maxwell1 ,william ,,ii41 text-books ( ,com5ius1 #acd1 #agg4 ,melan*?on1 ,philip1 on classical le>n+1 #i1 #bd4 ,m5tal tra9+1 #aae-abj4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction1 #ig-ajc4 ,me?odus novissima1 #ach-ada4 ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius-,gesells*aft1 #aga1 #agh4 ,monroe1 ,w ,s41 call ( ,com5ius to ,h>v>d ,college1 #ha2 edition ( ! 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