,essays ( an ,am]icani/4 ,i4 ,,e?nologic ,,& ,,ar*,,ologic4 ,,ii4 ,,my?ology ,,& ,,folk ,,lore4 ,,iii4 ,,graphic ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,,iv4 ,,l+ui/ic4 ,,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton4 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,am]ican ,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,l+ui/ics ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,numismatic ,,& ,,antiqu>ian ,,society ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,folk-,,lore ,,society1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,antiqu>ian ,,society1 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,philosophical ,,society1 ,,! ,,soci,t ,,royale ,,des ,,antiquaires ,,du ,,nord1 ,,! ,,soci,t ,,am,,rica9e ,,de ,,france1 ,,! ,,b]l9] ,,an?ropologis*e ,,gesells*aft1 ,,! ,,real ,,academia ,,de ,,hi/oria1 ,,madrid1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,port] ,,coates4 #ahij4 ,,copyright ,,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,br9ton4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,! ^w 8,essays0 appe>s on ! title ( ?is book 9 ! s5se 9 :i* old ,montaigne employ$ x--attempts1 endeavors4 ,! articles :i* make up ! volume h be5 collect$ f _m scatt]$ s\rces1 to :i* ,i h f "t to "t contribut$ !m1 = ! def9ite purpose ( endeavor+ to v9dicate c]ta9 op9ions ab\t debat$ subjects conc]n+ ! anci5t population ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,9 a numb] ( po9ts1 z = example 9 ! antiquity ( man ^u ?is cont95t1 9 ! specific di/9ction ( an ,am]ican race1 9 ! g5]ic simil>ity ( its languages1 9 recogniz+ its my?ology z (t5 ab/ract & symbolic1 9 ! phonetic "* ( "s ( its graphic me?ods1 9 believ+ t its tribes possess$ consid]able poetic feel+1 9 ma9ta9+ ! absolute auto*?ony ( _! culture--9 ^! & 9 _m o!r po9ts ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ pages ,i am at v>iance ) mo/ mod]n an?ropologi/s2 & ^! essays are to %[ m fully & connect$ly ?an c\ld _! sep>ate publication1 :at are my gr\nds = su* op9ions4 ,!re is a prevail+ t5d5cy among e?nologi/s ( to-day to und]rate ! psy*ology ( savage life4 ,?is error arises p>tly f an unwill+ness to g beyond m]ely physical inve/igations1 p>tly f judg+ ( ! anci5t condition ( a tribe by t ( its mod]n & deg5]ate repres5tatives1 p>tly f inability to speak its tongue & to ga9 ! real s5se ( its expressions1 p>tly f preconceiv$ !ories z to :at a savage might be expect$ to "k & feel4 ,z aga9/ ?is error ,i h essay$ to %[ t among v rude tribes we f9d s5tim5ts ( a high "*1 prov+ a m5tal nature ( excell5t capacity 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,sev]al ( ! ,essays h n previ\sly appe>$ 9 pr9t1 & o!rs h be5 sub/antially re-writt51 s z to br+ !m up to ! late/ rese>*es 9 _! special fields4 ,nev]!less1 ! read] w f9d a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition 9 sev]al ( !m1 a defect :i* ,i hope is comp5sat$ by ! great] cle>ness :i* ?is repetition gives to ! special subject discuss$4 ,philadelphia1 ,febru>y1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface iii1 iv ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts v-xii ,,"p ,i4 ,,e?nologic ,,& ,,ar*,,ologic4 ,,introductory #ag-ai ,a ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,data ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,*ronology ,,( ,,am]ica #bj-dg ,classification ( ,data4 ,i4 ,leg5d>y3 ( nor!rn tribes2 ( ,p]uvians1 ,mexicans & ,mayas2 limit$ range4 ,,ii4 ,monum5tal3 pueblos ( ,new ,mexico2 /one & brick /ructures ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u2 ru9s ( ,tiahuanaco2 artificial %ell heaps2 ! sambaquis ( ,brazil4 ,,iii4 ,indu/rial3 paloli?ic implem5ts2 e>ly poli%$ /one implem5ts2 dissem9ation ( cultivat$ food plants4 ,,iv4 ,l+ui/ic3 multitude & ext5sion ( l+ui/ic /ocks2 t5acity ( l+ui/ic =m2 simil>ities ( int]nal =m2 /udy ( int]nal =m4 ,v4 ,physical3 racial classifications2 traits ( ! ,am]ican type2 p]man5ce ( ! type4 ,,vi4 ,geologic3 date ( ! glacial epo*s 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica2 ! e>lie/ ,am]icans immigrants2 l9es ( migrations4 ,importance ( ar*ological /udies4 ,,on ,,pal,,oli?s1 ,,am]ican ,,& ,,o!r #dh-ee ,! cutt+ in/rum5t z ! /&>d ( culture2 ! ?ree 8,ages0 ( ,/one1 ,bronze & ,iron2 subdivisions ( ! ,age ( ,/one into ,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic2 a true 8,paloli?02 subdivision ( ! ,paloli?ic p]iod into ! epo*s ( 8simple0 & 8comp\nd0 implem5ts2 paloli?ic f9ds along ! ,delaw>e riv]2 ! glacial p]iod 9 ,am]ica2 e>lie/ appe>ance ( man 9 ,am]ica4 ,,on ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,mongolian ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,race #ef-ff ,a practical "q2 ,cuvi]'s triple division ( ! human species2 alleg$ ,mongolian aff9ities 9 language2 suppos$ aff9ities 9 culture2 imag9$ physical resemblances1 z color1 cranial analogies1 ! oblique or 8,mongoloid0 eye1 etc4 ,insuffici5cy ( all ^!4 ,,! ,,probable ,,nationality ,,( ,,! 8,,m\nd-,,build]s40 #fg-hb ,:o 7 ! 8,m\nd-build]s08 ,kn[n tribes z con/ructors ( m\nds1 ! ,iroquois1 ,algonk9s1 ,*]okees & ,*ahta-,muskoki family4 ,descriptions f ,de ,soto's exp$ition2 f ,hugu5ots 9 ,florida2 f ,fr5* writ]s on ,l\isiana2 great size ( ! s\!rn m\nds2 probable build]s ( ,ohio m\nds4 ,,! ,,toltecs ,,& ,,_! ,,fabul\s ,,empire #hc-ajj ,/atem5t ( ! "q2 ! curr5t op9ion2 ! adv]se op9ion2 ,tula z an hi/oric site2 ! ,s]p5t-,hill2 ! ,aztec leg5ds ab\t ,tula2 date ( ! des]tion ( ,tula2 mean+ ( ! "n ,tula or ,tollan2 ! my?ical cyclus ( ,tula2 bir? ( ,huitzilopo*tli2 my? ( ,quetzalcoatl at ,tula2 8 subjects1 ! ,toltecs2 purely fabul\s n>ratives conc]n+ !m4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,my?ology ,,& ,,folk-,,lore4 ,,introductory #aja-ajc ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,names ,,9 ,,qui*e ,,my?ology #ajd-abi ,! ,qui*es ( ,guatemala1 & _! relation%ip2 s\rces ( in=mation4 ,_! ,sacr$ ,book1 ! ,popol ,vuh2 its op5+ words2 ,! "n ,hun-,ahpu-,vu*1 ! ,god ( ,light2 ,hun-,ahpu-,utiu2 ,nim-ak1 ! ,great ,hog2 ,nim-tzyiz2 ,tepeu2 ,gucumatz2 ,qux-*o & ,qux-palo2 ,ah-raxa-lak & ,ah-raxa-sel2 ,xpiyacoc & ,xmucane1 ! primal pair2 ,cakulha2 ,huracan & ,cabrakan2 ,*irakan1 ! god ( ! ,/orm & ! ,e>?quake2 ,xbalanque & 8 j\rney to ,xibalba1 or ! ,desc5t into ,hell4 ,,! ,,h]o-,,god ,,( ,,! ,,algonk9s ,,z ,a ,,*eat ,,& ,,li> #acj-acd ,micmac /ory ( ,gluskap1 ! ,li>2 ! ,cree god1 ! ,deceiv]2 ,mi*abo & 8 tricks2 psy*ological significance ( su* /ories4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,( ,,! ,,s\l #ace-adg ,g5]al belief 9 a s\l2 ,egyptian !ory ( its fate2 x s9ks & rises ) ! sun2 invocation to ,osiris2 symbols ( ! riv]1 ! boat1 ! dog1 & ! sacr$ numb]s2 recurr5ce ( ^! symbols 9 ,greek1 ,v$antic & ,norse beliefs2 ! ,aztec acc\nt ( ! s\l's j\rney to ,p>adise4 ,orig9 ( ^! symbolic n>ratives f ! app>5t daily c\rse ( ! ,sun4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,symbols ,,9 ,,am]ica #adh-afb ,! f\r symbols ( ! ,ta ,ki1 ! ,triskeles1 ! ,sva/ika & ! ,cross2 ! preval5ce ( ! ,triskeles 9 ! ,old ,_w2 ! mean+ ( ! ,ta ,ki 9 ,*9ese philosophy2 ! ,y9 & ,yang2 ! ,sva/ika2 orig9 illu/rat$ f n picture-writ+2 ! ,copan /one2 ! e>?-pla92 ! :eel-cross2 w9t]-c\nts & ye> cycles2 "t-:eels & sun-motions2 ! ,f\r ,ages & ,tree ( ,life4 ,,! ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,yucatan #afc-ahj ,m5tal activity ( ! ,mayas2 ! div9]s2 ! 8field mass02 invocation to ! ra9-gods2 fire-wor%ip2 progno/ics2 trans=mations ( sorc]]s2 nagualism2 a ,maya wit* /ory2 ! ,balams2 ! ,man ( ! ,woods2 /ories ( dw>fs & imps2 female deceiv]s2 fabul\s birds & snakes4 ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,l5ape #aha-aib ,s\rce ( in=mation2 rem9isc5ces ( ! tribe2 ,messianic hopes2 relics ( ! ,/one ,age2 me?ods ( hunt+ & fi%+2 ut5sils1 boats & h\ses2 ! native games2 ! sweat-lodge2 _! canticos1 & ! d]ivation ( ! t]m2 m$ical k2 cure = rattlesnake bites2 native treph9+2 position ( ! ,l5p z 8gr&fa!rs02 wampum belts2 totemic divisions2 peculi>ities ( ! dialect2 ,l5p gramm>4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,graphic ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,,introductory #aic-aid ,,! ,,phonetic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,graphic ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,! ,,mayas ,,& ,,mexicans #aie-bab ,mat]ial = ! /udy2 7 ! native hi]oglyphs phonetic8 ,"* & arrangem5t ( phonetic symbols2 ! failure ( ,l&a's alphabet2 phonetic signs 9 ,maya ,,mss42 hi]oglyph ( ! firmam5t2 phonetic t]m9als2 signs ( c>d9al po9ts2 ,mexican phonetic elem5ts2 pr9ciple ( ! rebus2 examples2 ! ikonomatic sy/em4 ,,! ,,ikonomatic ,,me?od ,,( ,,phonetic ,,writ+ #bac-bbi ,?\ght-,writ+ & ,s\nd-,writ+2 ! ikonomatic me?od expla9$2 illu/rations f ,egyptian inscriptions2 f ! cant+ arms 9 h]aldry2 f ! ,mexican picture-writ+2 values ( position & colors2 det]m9atives & ideograms 9 ,aztec ,,mss42 fur!r illu/rations f ,maya hi]oglyphs2 ,*ipeway pictography4 ,,! ,,writ+ ,,& ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,mayas #bcj-bed #a4 ,introductory--,phoneticism 9 ,maya & ,aztec writ+4 #b4 ,descriptions by ,spani% writ]s2 by ,pet] ,m>tyr2 by ,las ,casas2 by ,alonso ,ponce2 by ,lizana2 by ,aguil>2 by ,bu5a ,v5tura2 by ,cogolludo2 by ,soto-,mayor2 by ,l&a2 facsimile ( ,l&a's alphabet2 critiques on x2 conclusions4 #c4 ,ref]5ces f native s\rces2 ,maya words = 8writ+10 8book10 8cal5d>10 etc42 a prophecy ( ,ahkul ,*el translat$4 #d4 ,! exi/+ ,codices2 ! ,dresd5 ,codex2 ! ,codex ,p]esianus2 ! ,codex ,troano2 ! ,codex ,cortesianus2 ! mural pa9t+s & inscriptions4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,*ilan ,,balam #bee-bgc ,high civilization ( anci5t ,mayas2 de/ruction ( _! lit]ature2 mod]n ,books ( ,*ilan ,balam2 signification ( ?is "n2 cont5ts ( ! ,books2 specim5 ( ! prophecies2 l+ui/ic value2 op9ion ( ,pio ,p]ez2 l5g? ( ! ,maya ye>-cycles2 hi]oglyphs ( ! mon?s & days2 ! #ac ahau katuns2 m$ical cont5ts ( ! books4 ,,on ,,! 8,,/one ,,( ,,! ,,giants40 #bgd-bhc ,location ( ! ,/one ne> ,orizaba2 its figures2 ref] to a date 9 ,febru>y1 #aejb2 translation ( ! hi]oglyphs1 & id5tification ( ! date z t ( ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,ahuitzotz92 ! /one a sepul*ral tablet4 ,,native ,,am]ican ,,poetry #bhd-cjd ,nature ( poetry2 pr9ciple ( repetition2 ,eskimo ni? songs2 o!r ,eskimo songs2 a ,pawnee song2 ,ki[ay love songs2 a ,*ipeway s]5ade2 ,aztec love songs2 w>-songs ( ! ,otomis2 ( ! ,aztecs2 ( ! ,qqui*uas2 prophetic *ants ( ! ,mayas4 ,faculty ( poetry univ]sal4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,l+ui/ic4 ,,introductory #cje-cjg ,,am]ican ,,languages1 ,,& ,,:y ,,we ,,%\ld ,,/udy ,,!m4 #cjh-cbg ,indian geographic names2 language a guide to e?nology2 reveals ! gr[? ( arts & ! psy*ologic processes ( a p2 illu/ration f ! ,l5p tongue2 /ructure ( language be/ /udi$ 9 savage tongues2 rank ( ,am]ican tongues2 *>act]i/ic traits2 pronom9al =ms2 idea ( p]sonality2 polysyn!sis2 incorporation2 holophrasis2 orig9 ( ^!2 lucidity ( ,am]ican tongues2 _! vocabul>ies2 p[] ( express+ ab/ract ideas2 conclusion4 ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,humboldt',s ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,languages #cbh-cdh ,:at l$ ,humboldt t[>d ! ,am]ican tongues2 progress ( 8 /udies2 fundam5tal doctr9e ( 8 philosophy ( language2 8 !ory ( ! evolution ( languages2 op9ion on ,am]ican languages2 8 crit]ion ( ! relative p]fection ( languages2 n abundance ( =ms1 nor v]bal ri*ness2 ,am]ican tongues n deg5]ations2 ,humboldt's classification ( languages2 psy*ological orig9 ( ,incorporation 9 language2 its %ortcom+s2 9 simple s5t5ces2 9 comp\nd s5t5ces2 abs5ce ( true =mal elem5ts2 ! nature ( ! ,am]ican v]b4 ,,"s ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,am]ican ,,languages #cdi-chi ,/udy ( ! human species on ! geographic sy/em2 h ,am]ican languages any common trait8 ,duponceau's !ory ( polysyn!sis2 ,humboldt on ,polysyn!sis & ,incorporation2 ,francis ,lieb] on ,holophrasis2 ,pr(4 ,/e9?al on ! incorporative plan2 ,luci5 ,adam's criticism ( x2 ,pr(4 ,mll]'s inadequate /atem5t2 ,major ,p[ell's omission to consid] x2 def9itions ( polysyn!sis1 incorporation & holophrasis2 illu/rations2 critical application ( ! !ory to ! ,o?omi language2 to ! ,bri-bri language2 to ! ,tupi-,gu>ani dialects2 to ! ,mutsun2 conclusions2 add5dum2 critique by ,m4 ,adam on ?is essay4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,=m ,,( ,,human ,,spee* ,,z ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,am]ican ,,tongues #cij-dji ,! ,homo alalus or spee*less man1 a romance2 l+ui/ic /ocks2 ! phonetic elem5ts significant2 examples2 b n ( same significance 9 diff]5t /ocks2 notion ( self & o!r2 pron\ns a late developm5t2 alt]nat+ consonants & p]mutable v[els2 examples2 phoneticism inadequate2 difficulties ?us creat$2 c\nt]-s5se 9 language2 notion ( ,be+ & ,n-,be+2 incorporation2 s5t5ce-words2 no dep5d5t clauses2 no t5ses2 no adjectives2 no num]als2 notion ( ,animate & ,inanimate2 classificatory p>ticles2 primitive man a visuaire4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,love ,,9 ,,"s ,,am]ican ,,languages #daj-dcb ,significance ( love-words2 v>i\s orig9s4 ,i4 ,algonk9 love-words2 v>i\s s5ses2 highe/ =ms4 ,,ii4 ,nahuatl love-words2 pov]ty ( ! tongue2 made up by t]m9ations2 words = fri5d%ip4 ,,iii4 ,maya love-words2 s+ul> d]ivations2 ! ,hua/eca dialect2 ! ,cak*iquel dialect2 comp>isons4 ,,iv4 ,qqui*ua love-words2 abundant2 v>i\s mean+s4 ,v4 ,tupi-,gu>ani love-words2 mean+ (4 ,conclusions4 ,,! ,,l9eal ,,measures ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,civiliz$ ,,nations ,,( ,,mexico ,,& ,,c5tral ,,am]ica #dcc-dea ,metrical /&>ds a crit]ion ( progress2 ^? ( ! ,mayas2 ( ! ,cak*iquels2 ( ! ,mexicans or ,aztecs2 ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s ( ,ohio4 ,conclusions4 ,,! ,,curi\s ,,hoax ,,( ,,! ,,ta5sa ,,language #deb-dfg ,h[ x began2 ! deception expos$2 absurdities ( ! inv5tion2 a wond]ful cal5d>2 a yet m wond]ful m>riage-song2 a second ,psalmanaz>2 rejo9d] ( ! editor2 reply to t2 f9al v]dict4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,& ,,au?orities #dfi-dgd ,,index ,,( ,,subjects #dge-dhi ,,"p ,i4 ,,e?nologic ,,& ,,ar*,,ologic4 ,,introductory4 ,ev] s9ce ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 ! "q ab\t x :i* has excit$ ! mo/ g5]al int]e/ has be51 ,:5ce came its inhabitants8 ,! inquiry1 ,:o are ! ,am]ican ,indians8 has be5 ! !me ( _m a pond]\s folio & labor$ diss]tation1 ) answ]s ne>ly z v>i\s z ! numb] ( debat]s4 ,few or none ( !m h reflect$ on ! unphilosophical "* ( ! inquiry z ?us crudely put4 ,take a precisely analog\s "q1 & ?is w be app>5t--,:5ce came ! ,african ,negroes8 ,all w reply--,f ,africa1 ( c\rse4 ,orig9ally8 ,yes1 orig9ally2 !y con/itute ! ,african or ,negro sub-species ( ,man4 ,! answ] 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican ,indians is entirely p>allel--_! orig9 is ,am]ican2 ! racial type 0 creat$ & fix$ on ! ,am]ican cont95t2 !y con/itute z true & di/9ct a sub-species z d ! ,african or ! ,:ite ,race4 ,ea* ( ! great cont95tal areas m\ld$ ! pla/ic1 primitive man into a con=mation ( body & m9d peculi> to itself1 9 "s special h>mony ) its own geographic features1 ?us produc+ a race or sub-species1 subtly correlat$ 9 a ?\s& ways to its environm5t1 b nev] =feit+ its claim to humanity1 nev] fail+ 9 its p>allel & progressive developm5t ) all o!r v>ieties ( ! species4 ,am]ica 0 no exception to ?is rule1 & x is "t to dismiss z trivial all attempts to connect ! ,am]ican race g5ealogically ) any o!r1 or to trace ! typical culture ( ?is cont95t to ! hi/oric =ms ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,my e>ly /udies incl9$ me to ^! op9ions1 & !y h be5 con/antly /r5g!n$ by fur!r rese>*4 ,yet !y are n popul>ly accept$2 ! v late/ writ] ( compet5ce on ! pre-hi/ory ( ,am]ica says1 8,x is n[ g5]ally held t ! e>lie/ population 7( ! cont95t7 0 intrud$ ^u by o!r races1 com+ ei!r f ,asia or f ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 f :om 7 desc5d$ ! v>i\s tribes :i* h occupi$ ! soil d[n to ! pres5t "t40#a ,x is true t ?is op9ion is t g5]ally held1 & = ?is reason ,i h select$ = repr9t+ "s articles int5d$ to %[ t x is utt]ly fallaci\s--devoid ( any respectable f\ndation4 ,! fir/ two pap]s treat ( ! ar*ologic mat]ial1 & its value = asc]ta9+ ! pre-hi/oric life ( ! ,am]ican race2 ! ?ird1 on its pret5d$ aff9ities to ,asiatic peoples4 ,^! are foll[$ by two pap]s respectively on ! ,toltecs & ,m\nd-,build]s1 sett+ aright1 ,i hope1 ! position ( ^! semi-my?ical %apes 9 ! culture-hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ma9ta9+ t = nei!r d we h to call 9 z explanation migrations f ,asia1 ,europe1 ,oceanica or ,africa1 z has s (t5 be5 attempt$4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,data ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,*ronology ,,( ,,am]ica4#b ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ! d\bt 0 express$ by ,alex&] von ,humboldt#c :e!r x is philosophical to inquire into ! orig9 ( any ( ! human races or sub-species4 ,al?\gh he express$ ?is d\bt ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican race1 ,i believe ,i am "r 9 assum+ t ! hesitancy he felt 9 pu%+ inquiry s f> %\ld n[ dim9i% 9 view ( new me?ods ( rese>* & a wid] range ( obs]vations4 ,we may n1 9 fact we %all n1 be able to trace ! ,am]ican or any o!r sub-species directly back to its orig9 9 place or "t2 b by review+ all ! data :i* h be5 (f]$ 9 solution ( su* a problem1 we may p]ceptibly n>r[ ! "q1 & also e/imate ! relative value ( ! means propos$4 ,x is to su* a review1 appli$ to ! ,am]ican race1 t ,i n[ invite y\r att5tion4 ,! data ^u :i* !ories ( ! antiquity1 ! g5ealogy & ! aff9ities ( ?is race h be5 con/ruct$ are v>i$4 ,= conv5i5ce ( treatm5t ,i %all class !m "u six heads4 ,!y are3 ,i4 ,leg5d>y1 includ+ ! traditions ( ! native tribes & _! own /atem5ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,,ii4 ,monum5tal1 :]e we h to d ) ^? /ructures ^: age or "* seems to ?r[ light on ! "q4 ,,iii4 ,indu/rial1 "u :i* head+ we may inquire z to ! orig9 ( bo? ! useful & ! decorative arts 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,,iv4 ,l+ui/ic1 broa*+ ! imm5se & important que/ions z to ! div]sity & aff9ities ( languages4 ,v4 ,physical1 :i* takes into consid]ation ! anatomic & morphologic peculi>ities ( ! ,am]ican race2 & f9ally1 ,,vi4 ,geologic1 :]e its position 9 ! geologic horizons is to be det]m9$1 & ! influ5ce ^u x ( ! physical geography ( ! cont95t4 ,leg5d>y4 ,turn+ to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! leg5d>y data1 ,i confess to a feel+ ( surprise t le>n$ s*ol>s %\ld /ill hold to ! op9ion t ! native tribes1 ev5 "s ( ! mo/ savage ( !m1 reta9 to ?is day traditions :i* !y _h br\ght f _! suppos$ ,asiatic homes4 ,?us ! mission>ies1 ,bi%op ,h5ry ,f>aud & ! ,abb ,emile ,petitot1 bo? entirely famili> ) ! ,cree & ! ,a?apaskan languages & lore1 insi/ t ! my?s & leg5ds ( ^! tribes be> su* /rong resemblances to ! ,semitic traditions t bo? mu/ h _h a common orig94#d ,no "o c d5y ! resemblance2 b ! sci5tific /ud5t ( my?ology discov]s su* id5tities too frequ5tly1 & at po9ts too remote1 to ask any o!r explanation = !m ?an ! common nature ( ! human m9d4 ,! "q has be5 (t5 rais$ h[ long a savage tribe1 ignorant ( writ+1 is likely to reta9 ! memory ( pa/ de$s4 ,f a great _m examples 9 ,am]ica & else:]e1 x is probable t ! lapse ( five g5]ations1 or say two c5turies1 completely oblit]ates all recollection ( hi/oric occurr5ces4 ,( c\rse1 !re are c]ta9 ev5ts ( cont9u\s influ5ce :i* may be reta9$ 9 memory long]--= example1 ! f$]ation ( prom95t tribes2 & p]haps a g5ealogy may run back f>!r4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 in=ms me t "s tribes on ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& pret5d to pres]ve _! g5ealogies = twelve or fifte5 g5]ations back2 b he adds t ! remot] names are cle>ly ( my?ical purport4 ,x appe>s obvi\s t all ef=ts to e/abli% a pre-hi/oric *ronology by means ( ! leg5ds ( savage tribes1 are & mu/ be va94 ,! case is n mu* bett] ) ^? semi-civiliz$ ,am]ican nations1 ! ,mayas & ,nahuas1 :o possess$ a p>tially phonetic alphabet1 or ) ! ,qui*uas1 :o pres]v$ _! records by ! +5i\s device ( ! quipu4 ,manco ,capac1 ! alleg$ f\nd] ( ! ,p]uvian /ate1 floats be=e u z a vague & my?ical figure1 ?\gh he is plac$ 9 "t n e>li] ?an ! date :5 ,leif1 ! son ( ,erik1 an*or$ 8 w>-%ip on ! ,nova ,scotian coa/4#e ,hi/orians are agre$ t ! long li/s ( ,incas 9 ! pages ( ,montes9os1 ext5d+ ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ant]ior to ! ,conque/1 are spuri\s1 due to ! imag9ation or ! easy cr$ulity ( t writ]4 ,! annals ( ,mexico f>e no bett] be=e ! fire ( criticism4 ,x is extremely d\btful t _! e>lie/ rem9isc5ces ref] to any ev5t outside ! n>r[ valley p>cell$ out betwe5 ! petty /ates ( ,t5o*titlan1 ,tezcuco1 & ,tlacopan4#f ,! only fact t be>s out ! long & my/]i\s j\rney f ! l& ( ! ,sev5 ,caves1 ,*icomoztoc1 9 ! di/ant nor?we/1 by ! great wat]1 is t ! le>n$ & indefatigable ,bus*mann has conclusively %[n t ! f\r languages ( ,sonora & all ! dialects ( ! ,%o%onian family reveal m>ks ( cont9u$ & deep impressions ( ! ,nahuatl tongue4#g ,b ! *ronicles ( ,mexico prop] conta9 no fix$ date prior to t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! city ( ,t5o*titlan1 9 ! ye> #acbe ( our era4 ,i am aw>e t !re are /ill "s writ]s :o ma9ta9 t bo? ! ,mexican & ! ,maya a/ronomic cycles assume a comm5cem5t = _! records c5turies1 ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,^! op9ions1 h[ev]1 h n obta9$ ! ass5t ( o!r /ud5ts4 ,we are too ignorant bo? ( ! a/ronomy & ! me?ods ( writ+ ( ^! nations to admit su* claims2 & ! facts advanc$ are capable ( q o!r int]pretation4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 r>e = ! ,am]ican tribes to decl>e !mselves auto*?on\s4 ,! ,mayas1 on ! p59sula ( ,yucatan1 /at$ t _! e>lie/ ance/ors came !re f beyond ! seas1 "s f ! f> ea/1 o!rs f ! we/4 ,s ! ,toltecs1 "u ,quetzalcoatl1 7 fabl$ to h ent]$ ,mexico f beyond ! ,ea/]n ,ocean4 ,! ,creeks & ,*octaws po9t$ to ! we/1 ! ,algonk9s g5]ally to ! ea/1 z _! primal home4#h ,^! leg5ds are *iefly my?ical1 n mu* tru] ?an ^? ( o!r tribes :o claim$ to h climb$ up f "s "u-_w4 ,sift+ !m all1 we %all f9d 9 !m little to enlight5 u z to ! pre-hi/oric *ronology ( ! tribes1 ?\gh !y may furni% int]e/+ vi/as 9 comp>ative my?ology4 ,t 9 :i* we may expect ! leg5ds ( tribes to be ( mo/ avail is _! lat] hi/ory1 ! record ( _! w>s1 migrations & social developm5t )9 a few g5]ations4 ,! _s ( ! unciviliz$ man is1 h[ev]1 v c>eless ( ! pa/4 ,we h means ( te/+ ! exactness ( su* traditions 9 "s in/ances1 & ! result is r>ely su* z to inspire confid5ce 9 v]bal records4 ,^? ( y :o 7 pres5t at ! la/ meet+ w rememb] h[ div]sely two able /ud5ts ( ,iroquois tradition e/imat$ its value4 ,ev5 :5 rem>kable ev5ts are n =gott51 ! dates ( _! occurr5ce are g5]ally vague4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is t v few data1 dep5d5t on leg5d>y evid5ce alone1 c be accept$4 ,monum5tal4 ,:5 we turn to ! monum5tal data1 to ! ar*itecture & /ructural relics ( ! anci5t ,am]icans1 we naturally ?9k fir/ ( ! impos+ /one-built =tresses ( ,p]u1 ! massive pyramids & temples ( ,yucatan & ,mexico1 & ! va/ brick-piles ( ! ,pueblo ,indians4 ,x is d\btful if any ( ^! notable monum5ts supply pre-hi/oric dates ( excessive antiquity4 ,! pueblos1 bo? ^? n[ occupi$ & ! va/ly great] numb] ^: ru9s lie scatt]$ ov] ! valleys & mesas ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 7 con/ruct$ by ! ance/ors ( ! tribes :o /ill inhabit t region1 & ?is at no di/ant day4 ,?\gh we _c assign exact dates to ! developm5t ( ?is peculi> civilization1 !re are abundant reasons1 drawn f language1 physical geography & ! "* ( ! ar*itecture1 to include all ^! /ructures )9 ! p]iod s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( our era4#i ,!re is e reason to suppose t ! same is true ( all ! /one & brick edifices ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! majority ( !m 7 occupi$ at ! p]iod ( ! ,conque/2 o!rs 7 9 process ( build+2 & ( o!rs ! record ( ! date ( _! con/ruction 0 cle>ly 9 memory & 0 n di/ant4 ,?us1 ! fam\s temple ( ,huitzilopo*tli at ,t5o*titlan1 & ! spaci\s palace--or1 if y pref] ! ^w1 8communal h\se0--( ! rul] ( ,tezcuco1 _h be5 complet$ )9 ! lifetime ( _m :o met ! ,spani>ds4 ,to be sure1 ev5 !n !re 7 once fam\s cities fall5 to ru9 & sunk to oblivion 9 ! tropical =e/s4 ,su* 0 ,pal5que1 :i* c\ld n h fail$ to attract ! att5tion ( ,cortes _h x be5 inhabit$4 ,su* also 0 ,t',ho1 on ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,mrida1 ,yucatan1 :]e ! e>lie/ explor]s f\nd l(ty /one m\nds & temples cov]$ ) a =e/ z heavy z ! primitive gr[? ar\nd x4#aj ,b tradition & ! pres5t condition ( su* ( ^! old cities z h be5 exam9$1 unite 9 ! probability t !y d n ant$ate ! ,conque/ m ?an a few c5turies4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s obs]v]s1 ! enigmatical ru9s on ! pla9 ( ,tiahuanaco1 a few leagues f ! %ore ( ,lake ,titicaca1 9 ,p]u1 c>ry u f>1 v f>1 beyond any su* mod]n date4 8,ev5 ! memory ( _! build]s10 says "o ( ! m rec5t visitors to ^! m>vell\s relics1 ,g5]al ,b>tolom ,mitre1 8ev5 _! memory 0 lo/ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica40#aa ,su* a /atem5t is nei!r m nor less ?an a confession ( ignorance4 ,we h n discov]$ ! p]iod nor ! p conc]n$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,tiahuanaco4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are n ! rema9s ( a popul\s city1 b m]ely ! f\ndations & beg9n+s ( "s va/ religi\s edifice :i* 0 left incomplete1 probably ow+ to ! dea? ( ! projector or to un=ese5 difficulties4 ,if ?is is borne 9 m9d1 mu* ( ! obscurity ab\t ! orig91 ! purpose & ! position ( ^! /ructures w be remov$4 ,!y d n ju/ify a claim to an age ( ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! ,conque/2 hundr$s w suffice4 ,nor is x necess>y to ass5t to ! op9ion advanc$ by ,g5]al ,mitre1 & support$ by "s o!r ar*ologi/s1 t ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts 9 ,am]ica are ^? ( mo/ p]fect con/ruction1 &1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is cont95t !re has be51 9 civilization1 n progress b failure1 n advance b retrogression4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* re/s ov] ! age ( ! /ructures at ,tiahuanaco is sc>cely great] ?an t :i* /ill %r\ds ! orig9 ( ! m\nds & e>?works ( ! ,ohio & ,upp] ,mississippi valleys4 ,yet ,i v5ture to say t ! op9ion is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd t ^! int]e/+ memorials ( vani%$ nations are n old] ?an ! m$ival p]iod ( ,european hi/ory4 ,! condition ( ! arts :i* !y reveal indicates a date t we mu/ place among ! m rec5t 9 ,am]ican *ronology4 ,! simple fact t tobacco & maize 7 cultivat$ plants is evid5ce en\gh = ?is4#ab ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a class ( monum5ts ( mu* great] antiquity ?an any ,i h m5tion$4 ,^! are ! artificial %ell-heaps :i* are f\nd along ! %ores ( bo? oceans & ( _m riv]s 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!y correspond to ! kit*5-midd5s ( ,european ar*ology4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! cont95t !y h be5 exam9$ by compet5t obs]v]s & ! "q ( _! date approximately asc]ta9$4 ,i ne$ n say ?is diff]s widely1 = ^! refuse heaps ( anci5t villages or /ations 7 ( c\rse begun at wide int]vals4 ,long ago ,i call$ att5tion to ! s+ul> size & antiquity ( ^? ,i f\nd 9 ,florida & along ! ,t5nessee ,riv]2#ac & ! lat] rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,jeffries ,wyman w\ld1 9 8 op9ion1 measure ! age ( "s ( ! =m] by t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4#ad ,fur!r to ! s\?1 9 ,co/a ,rica1 ,dr4 ,e>l ,fl9t has exam9$ ! ext5sive artificial %ell deposits :i* are f\nd along ! %ores ( t republic4 ,!y are _m feet 9 height1 cov]$ by a d5se =e/ ( primeval appe>ance1 & are und\bt$ly ( human orig94 ,9 ,brazil su* %ell-heaps are call$ sambaquis1 & !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce along ! bays & inlets ( ! coa/4 ,"s ( !m are ( extraord9>y dim5sions1 ris+ occasionally to m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,! l[] lay]s h be5 consolidat$ into a firm1 /ony breccia ( %ells & bones1 :ile ! surface /ratum1 f six to t5 feet ?ick1 is compos$ ( s& & vegetable loam support+ a gr[? ( ! l>ge/ trees4 ,yet ev5 ! l[e/ lay]s ( ?is breccia1 or %ell-conglom]ate1 yield tok5s ( human indu/ry1 z /one axes1 fl9t arr[-heads1 *isels1 & fragm5ts ( v rude pott]y1 z well z human bones1 sometimes split to extract ! m>r[4 ,! %ells are by no means all ( mod]n type4 ,_m are ( species n[ :olly ext9ct1 or ext9ct 9 ! locality4 ,?is fact alone c>ries u back to an antiquity :i* probably %\ld be c\nt$ by ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e our era4 ,at t remote p]iod n only did a fi%+ & hunt+ race dwell along ! ,brazilian coa/1 b ?is race 0 fairly advanc$ on ! pa? to culture2 x 0 acqua9t$ ) pott]y1 ) comp\nd implem5ts1 & ) ! poli%+ ( /one4 ,we fur!r "k t ?is race 0 n t :i* occupi$ ! l& :5 ! :ites discov]$ x2 = ! human skulls dis9t]r$ f ! sambaquis are1 craniologically1 almo/ diametrically opposite ^? ( ! ,botocudos & ! ,tupis4 ,yet if we c tru/ ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,lund 9 ! cav]ns ( ,brazil1 ! olde/ skulls 9 ^! deposits1 f\nd 9 imm$iate connection ) ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia1 belong$ to ! ance/ors ( ^! tribes4 ,m>k$ly doli*ocephalic1 !y pres5t an entire contra/ to ! bra*ycephalic type f ! sambaquis4#ae ,?is class ( monum5ts1 !re=e1 supply u data :i* prove man's exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica 9 :at "s call ! 8diluvial10 o!rs ! 8quat]n>y10 & o!rs aga9 ! 8plei/oc5e0 epo*--t *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( "s ext9ct species4 ,indu/rial4 ,let u n[ turn to ! indu/rial activity ( ! ,am]ican race1 & see :e!r x w furni% u o!r data conc]n+ ! pre-hi/oric life ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,we may reasonably look 9 ?is direction = aid1 s9ce x is n[ univ]sally conc$$ t at no "t did man spr+ into be+ fully arm$ & equipp$ = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b ev]y:]e foll[$ ! same pa? ( pa9ful ef=t f absolute ignorance & utt] feebl5ess to k & p[]4 ,at fir/1 8 only weapons or tools 7 su* z he possess$ 9 common ) ! an?ropoid apes3 to wit1 an un%ap5 /one & a brok5 /ick4 ,little by little1 he le>n$ to fit 8 /one to 8 h& & to *ip x to an edge1 & ) ?is he c\ld %>p5 ! end ( 8 /ick1 ?us provid+ himself ) a spe> & an axe4 ,x 0 long be=e he le>n$ to %ape & adju/ ! /one to ! end ( ! /ick1 & to hurl ?is by means ( a cord atta*$ to a second & ela/ic /ick--9 o!r words1 a b[2 /ill long] be=e he discov]$ ! art ( fa%ion+ clay into vessels & ( poli%+ & bor+ /ones4 ,^! simple arts are l&m>ks 9 ! progress ( ! race3 ! latt] divides ! hi/ory ( culture into ! paloli?ic or r\gh /one p]iod1 & ! neoli?ic or poli%$ /one p]iod2 :ile ! %ap+ ( a /one = atta*m5t to a h&le or %aft m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! epo* ( comp\nd implem5ts & ! e>li] epo* ( simple implem5ts1 bo? includ$ 9 ! old] or paloli?ic age4#af ,) ^! pr9ciples z guides1 we may ask h[ f> back on ?is scale d ! indu/rial relics 9 ,am]ica c>ry u8 ,i h spok5 ( ! great antiquity ( "s ( ! ,am]ican %ell-heaps1 h[ !y c>ry u back to ! diluvial epo*1 & t ( num]\s ext9ct species4 ,yet x is g5]ally true t 9 ! olde/ hi!rto exam9$ 9 ,brazil1 ,guiana1 ,co/a ,rica & ,florida1 fragm5ts ( pott]y1 ( poli%$ /one1 & comp\nd implem5ts1 occur ev5 9 ! l[e/ /rata4#ag ,v5]able ?\gh !y are1 !y supply no date old] ?an :at 9 ,europe we %\ld call ! neoli?ic p]iod4 ,! arr[-heads :i* h be5 exhum$ f ! loess ( ! anci5t lake-b$s ( ,nebraska1 ! net-s9k]s & celts :i* h be5 recov]$ f ! aurif]\s gravels ( ,cali=nia1 prove by _! =m & f9i% t ! tribes :o fa%ion$ !m _h already tak5 long /rides beyond ! culture ( ! e>li] paloli?ic age4 ,! same is true1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 ( ! *ipp$ /ones & bones :i* ,amegh9o exhum$ f ! lacru/9e deposits ( ! ,pampas1 al?\gh he proves t ^! relics 7 ! products ( tribes contempor>y ) ! ext9ct glyptodon & mylodon1 z well z ! fossil horse & dog4 ,9 ! v olde/ /ation :i* he exam9$1 !re appe>s to h be5 f\nd a qu>tz arr[-head2 yet he argues t ?is /ation dat$ f ! plioc5e division ( ! t]ti>y1 long ant]ior to ! au/ral glacial epo*4#ah ,?is leaves ano!r su* op5 conflict betwe5 geology & ! hi/ory ( culture1 z ,pr(essor ,rau has already po9t$ out z exi/+ 9 ,cali=nian ar*ology4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o /ation 9 ,am]ica :i* has furni%$ an ample l9e ( specim5s1 & among !m n "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 indicat+ a k ( comp\nd implem5ts4 ,?is is t ( ! 8,tr5ton gravels10 ,new ,j]sey4 ,!re we appe> to be 9 face ( a /age ( culture z primitive z t ( ! /ations ( ,*elles & ,/4 ,a*eul 9 ,france1 absolutely )\t pott]y1 )\t poli%$ /one1 )\t comp\nd implem5ts4#ai ,assum+ t ^! po/-glacial gravels ab\t ,tr5ton supply "o ( ! e>lie/ au!ntic />t+ po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( culture on ?is cont95t1 ! lat] developm5ts ( indu/ry w furni% a numb] ( o!r data4 ,?is fir/ date 0 long be=e ! ext9ction ( ! native ,am]ican horse1 ! elephant1 ! mammo?1 & o!r animals important to e>ly man4 ,!re is no?+ unlikely !re=e 9 ! report$ discov]ies ( 8 po9t$ fl9ts or 8 bones 9 place along ) ! rema9s ( ^! quadrup$s4 ,n only ! =m b ! mat]ial ( implem5ts supplies u data4 ,if man 9 8 e>lie/ /age 01 z "s ma9ta91 q migratory1 x is c]ta9 t he did n c>ry 8 /one implem5ts ) him1 nor did he obta9 by b>t] or capture ^? ( o!r tribes4 ,all ! olde/ implem5ts are manufactur$ f ! rocks ( ! locality4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d a weapon ( a mat]ial n obta9able 9 ! vic9ity1 we h a sure indication t x belongs to a p]iod ( developm5t consid]ably lat] ?an ! e>lie/4 ,:5 ! obsidian ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k is f\nd 9 ,ohio1 :5 ! black slate ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& is exhum$ 9 ,delaw>e1 x is obvi\s we mu/ assume = su* ext5sive transits a v noticeable /hetic & comm]cial developm5t4 ,i c b t\* 9 ! lighte/ mann] on ! data (f]$ by ! va/ realm ( indu/rial activity4 ,! return x (f]s is abundant1 b ! h>ve/+ delicate4 ,9 ! dissem9ation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( arts1 c]ta9 inv5tions1 c]ta9 decorative designs & /hetic conceptions f "o tribe to ano!r1 we h a mo/ valuable means ( trac+ ! pre-hi/oric int]c\rse ( nations3 b we mu/ s$ul\sly discrim9ate su* borr[+ f ! syn*ron\s & simil> developm5t ( indep5d5t culture "u l conditions4 ,9 "o dep>tm5t ( indu/ry we %all be l>gely free f ?is dang]1 t is1 9 ! ext5sion ( agriculture4 ,"o ( ,am]ica's able/ e?nologi/s1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,pick]+1 z ! result ( a lifetime devot$ to 8 sci5ce1 f9ally settl$ ^u ! ext5sion ( cultivat$ plants z ! safe/ guide 9 ! labyr9? ( pre-hi/oric migrations4 ,its value is easily se5 9 ,am]ica :5 we reflect t ! two tropical plants1 maize & tobacco1 ext5d$ _! area 9 mo/ remote times f _! limit$ local habitat ab\t ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec to ! nor? z f> z ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] & to ! s\? q to ! ,ar*ipelago ( ,*iloe4 ,_! pres5ce is easily trac$ by ! /one or e>!n-w>e implem5ts requir$ = _! use4 ,h[ _m ages x mu/ h requir$ = ^! plants to h ?us ext5d$ _! doma91 amid ho/ile & savage tribes1 ?r\gh five ?\s& miles ( space6 ,! squa%1 ! bean1 ! potato & ! m&ioca1 are native food-plants (f]+ 9 a less degree simil> mat]ial = trac+ anci5t comm]ce & migration4 ,humboldt & o!rs h claim$ z mu* = ! banana 7,musa p>adisiaca71 b ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 h remov$ t valu$ fruit f ! li/ ( native ,am]ican plants4 ,bo? species ( banana 7,m4 p>adisiaca & ,m4 sapi5tium7 7 und\bt$ly introduc$ into ! ,new ,_w aft] ! discov]y4#bj ,inde$1 summ+ up ! reply to an inquiry :i* has (t5 be5 address$ to ! indu/rial evolution ( ! indig5es ( our cont95t1 ,i %\ld say t !y did n borr[ a s+le art or inv5tion nor a s+le cultivat$ plant f any "p ( ! ,old ,_w previ\s to ! arrival ( ,columbus4 ,:at !y _h 0 _! own1 develop$ f _! own soil1 ! outgr[? ( _! own lives & ne$s4 ,l+ui/ic4 ,?is individuality ( ! race is /ill m /rongly express$ 9 _! languages4 ,y are all aw>e t x is ^u l+ui/ic data almo/ exclusively t ,am]ican e?nology has be5 & mu/ be bas$4 ,! /udy ( ! native tongues becomes !re=e ( transc5d5t importance 9 ! pre-hi/oric *ronology ( ! ,cont95t4 ,b to obta9 its be/ results1 ?is /udy mu/ be conduct$ 9 a mu* m ?or\gh mann] ?an has hi!rto be5 ! cu/om4 ,9 ,am]ica we are confront$ ) an a/oni%+ multiplicity ( l+ui/ic /ocks4 ,!y h be5 plac$ at ab\t eighty 9 ,nor? & "o hundr$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is /at$ t !re are t _m radically div]se 9 elem5ts & /ructure4 ,to appreciate ! vi/a 9 "t t ?is fact op5s to our ?\ghts1 we mu/ recognize ! t5acity ( life manife/$ by ^! tongues4 ,"s ( !m h scores ( dialects1 spok5 by tribes w&]+ ov] ! wide/ areas4 ,take ! ,a?apascan or ,t9n1 = example1 f\nd 9 its greate/ purity amid ! tribes :o dwell on ! ,arctic sea1 & along ! ,mack5zie riv]1 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 b :i* is also ! tongue ( ! ,apa*es :o c>ri$ x almo/ to ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,! ,algonk9 0 spok5 f ,hudson ,bay to ! ,savannah riv] & f ,newf\ndl& to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,gu>ani ( ! ,rio de la ,plata und]lies dialects :i* 7 curr5t z f> nor? z ,florida4 ,h[1 !n1 9 spite ( su* t5acity ( ,am]ican languages1 h s _m /ocks come into exi/5ce8 ,?is 0 ! "q :i* my pr$ecessor 9 ?is *air la/ ye> und]took to answ]4 ,8 sugge/ions appe> to me extremely valuable1 & only 9 "o po9t d ,i widely diff] f him1 & t is1 9 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ^! num]\s tongues to orig9ate1 to sev] into dialects & to be c>ri$ to di/ant regions4#ba ,accord+ to ! able l+ui/1 ,dr4 ,/oll1 ! diff]5ce :i* is pres5t$ betwe5 ! ,cak*iquel & ,maya dialects c\ld n h aris5 9 less ?an two ?\s& ye>s2#bb & any "o :o has c>efully comp>$ ! e>lie/ gramm>s ( an ,am]ican tongue ) its pres5t condition w ackn[l$ge t ! *anges are surpris+ly few4 ,to me ! exce$+ div]sity ( languages 9 ,am]ica & ! _m dialects into :i* ^! h split1 are cog5t pro(s ( ! va/ antiquity ( ! race1 an antiquity /ret*+ back t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,no?+ less c expla9 ^! multitud9\s =ms ( spee*4 ,und]ly+ all ^! v>i$ =ms ( expression1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k future inve/igation w demon/rate "s curi\s id5tities ( int]nal =m1 traits almo/ or entirely peculi> to ,am]ican languages1 & nev] q abs5t f any ( !m4 ,su* 0 ! op9ion ( ! two e>lie/ philosophical inve/igators ( ^! tongues1 ,p4 ,s4 ,duponceau & ,wilhelm von ,humboldt4 ,!y call$ ^! traits polysyn!sis & incorporation1 & x 0 propos$ to apply ! t]m incorporative z a di/+ui%+ adjective to all ,am]ican languages4 ,( late ye>s ?is op9ion has be5 e>ne/ly combatt$ by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam & o!rs2 b my own /udies h l$ me to adopt ! views ( ! old] analy/s aga9/ ^! mod]n critics4 ,i d n ?9k t ! /ud5t c comp>e any two /ocks on ! cont95t )\t be+ impress$ ) ! resemblance ( _! expression ( ! relations ( ,be+1 ?r\gh ! incorporative plan4 ,along ) ?is id5tity ( plan1 !re coxi/s ! utmo/ indep5d5ce ( expression4 ,an ,am]ican language is usually p]fectly transp>5t4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to r$uce x to its ultimate elem5ts1 its fundam5tal radicals4 ,^! are few 9 numb]s & int]jectional 9 "*4 ,! ,a?apascan1 ! ,algonk91 ^: wide ext5sion ,i h ref]r$ to1 h be5 r$uc$ to half a doz5 p>ticles or s\nds expressive ( ! simple/ conceptions4#bc ,^u ^!1 by comb9ation1 repetition1 imitation & o!r su* processes1 ! a/oni%+ /ructure ( ! tongue has be5 erect$1 e portion ( x display+ ! me*anism ( its orig94 ,x is ?is transp>5cy :i* r5d]s ^! tongues s attractive to ! philosophic /ud5t ( human expression1 & s valuable to him :o w\ld obta9 f !m ! record ( ! progress ( ! nation4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( su* a language w\ld embrace its mat]ial1 its =mal & its psy*ologic cont5ts4 ,its mat]ial elem5ts include ! peculi>ities ( its vocabul>y3 = example1 its num]als & ! sy/em !y indicate1 its words = weights & measures1 = color & direction1 = relations ( consangu9ity & aff9ity1 = articles ( use & ornam5t1 = social & dome/ic conditions1 & ! l4 ,few /udies ( ,am]ican languages g beyond ?is mat]ial or lexicographic limit2 b 9 tru? ^! are m]ely ! ext]nalities ( a tongue1 & h no?+ to d ) l+ui/ic sci5ce prop]4 ,?is conc]ns itself ) ! =ms ( ! language1 ) ! relation ( p>ts ( spee* to ea* o!r & to ! s5t5ce1 & ) ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! grammatical categories4 ,beyond ?is1 aga91 is ! det]m9ation ( ! psy*ical "* ( ! tribe ?r\gh ! =ms in/9ctively adopt$ = ! expression ( its ?\ghts1 & reciprocally ! reaction ex]t$ by ^! =ms on ! lat] intellectual gr[? ( ^? :o 7 taught !m z _! only means ( articulate expression4 ,^! are data ( ! highe/ value 9 ! /udy ( prehi/oric "t2 b s f> z ,am]ica is conc]n$1 ,i c\ld "n v few s*ol>s :o h pursu$ ?is promis+ l9e ( rese>*4 ,physical4 ,mu* m att5tion has be5 paid to ! physical ?an ! l+ui/ic data ( ! native ,am]icans1 b x may freely be said1 ) n m satisfactory results4 ,?is failure is p>tly ow+ to ! preconceiv$ notions :i* /ill gov]n ! /udy ( e?nology4 ,l9nu (f]$ ! cauti\s division ( ! human species into races nam$ f ! five great geographical areas x inhabit$2 ,blum5ba* po9t$ out t ?is r\ghly correspond$ ) ! division into five colors1 ! :ite1 black1 yell[1 br[n & r$ races1 occupy+ respectively ,europe1 ,africa1 ,asia1 ,polynesia & ,am]ica4 ,un=tunately1 ,cuvi] *ose to simplify ?is s*eme1 by m]g+ ! br[n & r$ races1 ! ,polynesian or ,malayan & ! ,am]ican1 into ! yell[ or ,mongolian4 ,! late/ writ]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 & ,i am sorry to add v>i\s ,am]icans1 s]vilely foll[ ?is gr\ndless rejection ( ! old] s*eme1 & speak ( ,malayans & ,am]icans alike z ,mongolians or ,mongoloids4 ,nei!r 9 language nor e?nic anatomy is !re any m resemblance ?an betwe5 :ites & ,mongolians4 ,x is gratify+ to see t ! m accurate ,g]man inve/igators decid$ly reject ! blund] ( ,cuvi]1 & decl>e t ! ,am]ican race is z indep5d5t z any o!r ( ^? nam$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,paul ,ehr5rei*1 :o has lately publi%$ an admirable monograph on ! ,botocudos ( ,brazil1 a tribe (t5 quot$ = its s-call$ 8,mongoloid0 aspect1 decl>es t any su* ass]tion mu/ be contradict$ 9 positive t]ms4 ,bo? 9 o/eology & anatomy1 9 =mation ( ! hair & %ape ( ! skull1 ! diff]5ces are m>k$1 p]man5t & radical4 ,:at is true ( ! ,botocudos is n less s ( ! o!r ,am]ican tribes :i* are claim$ to pres5t ,mongolian traits4 ,su* ass]tions are bas$ on ! sup]ficial obs]vations ( travell]s1 mo/ ( :om d n "k ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?nic anatomy4 ,?is is suffici5tly %[n by ! importance !y atta* to ! oblique eye1 a slight mal=mation ( ! sk9 ( sc>cely any weight4#bd ,! anatomy & physiology ( ! v>i\s ,am]ican tribes pres5t1 inde$1 great div]sity1 & yet1 b5ea? x all is a really rem>kable fix$ness ( type4 ,we obs]ve ?is div]sity 9 ! %ape ( ! skull1 :i* may be1 z among ! ,botocudos1 /rictly doli*ocephalic1 :ile ! ,araucanians are bra*ycephalic2 ! nasal index v>ies m ?an 9 ! extreme/ memb]s ( ! :ite race2 ! t9t ( ! sk9 may be a d>k br[n ) an "u-color ( r$1 or ( s light a hue t a blu% is easily p]ceptible4 ,! be>d is usually abs5t1 b ,d',orbigny visit$ a tribe :o wore x full & long4#be ,! height v>ies f an av]age ( six feet f\r in*es = adult males 9 ,patagonia to less ?an five feet among ! ,w>raus ( ,guiana2 & s x is ) all ! o!r traits ( ! race4 ,!re is n "o :i* is n subject to ext5sive v>iation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! v>iations are n great] ?an c be adduc$ 9 v>i\s memb]s ( ! :ite or black race4 ,9 spite ( !m all1 !re is a wond]ful family lik5ess among tribes ( ,am]ican orig94 ,no obs]v] well acqua9t$ ) ! type w\ld err 9 tak+ x = ano!r4 ,d>w9 says t ! ,fuegians s closely resemble ! ,botocudos t !y seem memb]s ( ! same tribe4 ,i h se5 ,arawacks f ,guiana :o 9 ! nor?we/ w\ld h pass$ = ,si\x4 ,9 spite ( ! total dissimil>ity ( climate & o!r physical surr\nd+s1 ! tribes ( ! tropics diff] no m f ^? ne> ! ,arctic circle ?an !y d among !mselves4 ,?is is a /rik+ lesson h[ indep5d5t ( environm5t are ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a race1 & x is a sweep+ refutation ( ^? !ories :i* make su* *>act]i/ics dep5d5t ^u ext]nal ag5cies4 ,a /ill m rem>kable fact has be5 demon/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,kollmann ( ,ble3 to wit1 t ! ess5tial physical id5tity ( ! ,am]ican race is z ext5d$ 9 "t z x is 9 space4 ,?is accurate /ud5t has analyz$ ! cranioscopic =mulas ( ! mo/ anci5t ,am]ican skulls1 ^? f ! alleg$ t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,pampas1 ^? f ! cav]ns ( ,lagoa ,santa 9 ,brazil1 t obta9$ f ,rock ,bluff1 ,ill9ois1 ! celebrat$ ,calav]as skull f ,cali=nia1 & "o f ,pontemelo 9 ,bu5os ,ayres ( geologic antiquity4 ,8 results are mo/ int]e/+4 ,^! v anci5t rema9s prove t 9 all important craniologic indicia ! e>lie/ ,am]icans1 ^? :o 7 contempor>ies ( ! fossil horse & o!r long s9ce ext9ct quadrup$s1 possess$ ! same racial "* z ! natives ( ! pres5t day1 ) simil> skulls & a l physiognomy4#bf ,we rea* !re=e ! mom5t\s conclusion t ! ,am]ican race ?r\gh\t ! :ole cont95t1 & f its e>lie/ appe>ance 9 "t1 is & has be5 "o1 z di/9ct 9 type z any o!r race1 & f its isolation probably ! pure/ ( all 9 its racial traits4 ,?is is a fact ( ! fir/ ord] 9 e/abli%+ its prehi/oric *ronology4 ,geologic4 ,i h left ! geologic data to ! la/1 z x is ^! :i* c>ry u ) reasonable safety to ! remote/ p]iods4 ,no "o :o exam9es ! evid5ce w n[ d5y t man liv$ 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica dur+ & aft] ! glacial epo*s1 & t he 0 ! contempor>y ( _m species ( animals n[ ext9ct4 ,z y are aw>e1 ! attempt has sev]al times be5 made to fix ! date = ! f9al retrocession ( ! glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! e/imates h v>i$ f ab\t #ab1jjj ye>s ago up to #ej1jjj1 ) a majority 9 favor ( ab\t #ce1jjj ye>s4 ,!re h also be5 v>i\s discov]ies :i* are said to place ! human species 9 ,am]ica previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! glaci]s4 ,"s rema9s ( man's indu/ry or ( 8 skeleton h be5 report$ f int]glacial1 o!rs f t]ti>y deposits4#bg ,un=tunately1 ^! f9ds h n always be5 suffici5t1 or n ( a "* to conv9ce ! ar*ologi/4 ,i h be=e adv]t$ to ! impossibility1 = in/ance1 ( an ar*ologi/ accept+ ! discov]y ( a f9ely-poli%$ /one implem5t 9 a t]ti>y gravel1 except z an intrusive deposit4 ,x is a viol5t ana*ronism1 :i* is )\t a p>allel 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,ev5 ! discov]y ( a comp\nd implem5t1 z a /emm$ arr[head1 9 /rata ( t]ti>y date1 is1 ) our pres5t k1 q out ( ! "q4 ,al?\gh !re are well recogniz$ signs ( glacial action 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 x is n c]ta9 t ! glacial epo* co9cid$ 9 "t 9 ! two cont95ts4 ,t !re 0 a reasonable approximation is probable f ! appe>ance ( lat] deposits4 ,we may suppose !re=e t ! habitable area ( ! ,new ,_w 0 notably less at t p]iod1 & t ! exi/+ tribes 7 conf9$ to a mu* n>r[] space4 ,?is w\ld =ce !m into clos] relations1 & t5d p[]fully to ! production ( t uni=mity ( type to :i* ,i h be=e ref]r$4 ,we might also expect to discov] 9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica m frequ5t evid5ce ( ! primitive ,am]icans ?an 9 ei!r temp]ate zone4 ,?is has n be5 ! case1 probably because ! geologic deposits ( ! tropics h be5 less inve/igat$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,indies !re is an entire abs5ce ( paloli?ic rema9s4 ,^? isl&s 7 fir/ peopl$ by tribes 9 ! poli%$ /one /age ( culture4 ,9 ! valley ( ,mexico human rema9s h be5 dis9t]r$ f a volcanic deposit ( suppos$ t]ti>y age1 & y h all he>d ( ^? human footpr9ts :i* ,dr4 ,e>l ,fl9t has une>!d 9 ,nic>agua4 ,^! are f\nd "u lay]s ( compact volcanic tufas1 sep>at$ by /rata ( s& & vegetable loam4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( _! human orig9 or ( _! great antiquity2 b no geologi/ ne$ be in=m$ ( ! difficulty ( assign+ an age to volcanic /rata1 especially 9 a tropical c\ntry1 subject to e>?quakes1 subsid5ce & floods4#bh ,x w\ld n be 9 accordance ) my pres5t purpose to exam9e ! num]\s alleg$ f9ds ( human rema9s 9 ! /rata ( ! t]ti>y & quat]n>y4 ,all su* furni% data = ! pre-hi/oric *ronology ( ,am]ica1 & %\ld be c>efully scrut9iz$ by him :o w\ld obta9 fur!r light ^u t *ronology4 ,i mu/ ha/5 to "s o!r consid]ations :i* t\* ! remote ev5ts to :i* ,i am n[ allud+4 ,s9ce a comp>ison ( ! fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa1 & a survey ( ! sea-bottom betwe5 ^? cont95ts1 h dispell$ ! dream ( ! anci5t ,atlantis1 & relegat$ t l& connection at lea/ to ! eoc5e p]iod ( ! t]ti>y1 no "o c suppose ! ,am]ican man to h migrat$ f ,africa or s\?we/]n ,europe4 ,= o!r & equally solid reasons1 no immigration ( ,polynesians c be assum$4 ,yet zologi/s1 p]fectly will+ to d]ive man f an an?ropoid1 & polyg5i/s to ! utmo/1 hesitate to consid] man an auto*?on 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,!re is too wide a gap betwe5 ! highe/ monkeys & ! human species 9 ?is cont95t4#bi ,discov]ies ( fossil apes might bridge ?is1 b none su* has be5 report$4 ,if we accept ! !ory t man z a species spread f "o primal c5tre1 & 9 ! high] pla/icity ( 8 e>ly life sep>at$ into well def9$ races1 :i* became unalt]ably fix$ n mu* lat] ?an ! close ( ! glacial epo*--& ?is !ory appe>s to be t n[ mo/ agreeable to an?ropologi/s--!n ! e>lie/ ,am]icans made _! adv5t on ?is cont95t z immigrants4 ,?is is our fir/ fact 9 _! pre-hi/oric *ronology2 b be=e we c assign x an accurate position on ! scale ( geologic "t1 we mu/ await m complete discov]ies ?an we n[ h at our comm&4 ,we mu/ also wait until our fri5ds ! geologi/s h come to "s bett] und]/&+ among !mselves z to :at took place 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,y h he>d me talk+ freely ab\t ! glacial epo* & its ext5sion 9 ,am]ica2 b geologi/s are by no means ( "o m9d z to ?is ext5sion1 & a respectable m9ority ( !m1 l$ by ,sir ,j4 ,william ,dawson1 d5y ! exi/5ce or ev5 possibility ( any cont95tal glaci]4 ,:at o!rs po9t out z a t]m9al mora9e !y expla9 to be 8no?+ b ! s\!rn limit ( ! ice-drift ( a p]iod ( subm]g5ce40#cj ,x is cle> t :5 we speak ab\t ! migration ( ! ,am]icans at a "t :5 ! pol> half ( ea* cont95t 0 ei!r cov]$ ) a glaci] ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 or subm]g$ to t dep? b5ea? an arctic sea1 we h to d ) geographical conditions totally unlike ^? ( to-day4 ,i call att5tion to ?is obvi\s fact because x has n be5 obvi\s to all writ]s4 ,9 y\r ar*ological read+ y w r>ely come across a pretti] piece ( !oretical hi/ory ?an ,mr4 ,lewis ,a4 ,morgan's description ( ! gradual peopl+ ( ! two ,am]icas by trac+ ! l9es ( easie/ subsi/5ce4 ,he beg9s at ! fi%y riv]s ( ! nor?we/ coa/1 & foll[s ! orig9al colony :i* he assumes l&$ at t po9t1 all ! way to ,patagonia & ,florida4#ca ,b h[ baseless becomes ?is vision :5 we consid] ! geography ( ,am]ica z x is %[n by geology to h be5 at a p]iod contempor>y ) ! e>lie/ rema9s ( man6 ,we "k to a c]ta9ty t ! human race _h already spread f> & wide ov] bo? its cont95tal areas be=e ,mr4 ,morgan's l9es ( easie/ nutrition _h come into exi/5ce4 ,prop]ly employ$1 a /udy ( ^? geologic features ( a c\ntry :i* det]m9e its geography w prove ( va/ advantage 9 asc]ta9+ ! ev5ts ( pre-hi/oric "t4 ,^! features und\bt$ly fix$ ! l9es ( migration & ( e>ly comm]ce4 ,man 9 8 w&]+s has always be5 guid$ by ! c\rse ( riv]s1 ! tr5d ( m\nta9 *a9s1 ! direction ( ocean curr5ts1 ! position ( des]ts1 passes & swamps4 ,! railroad ( to-day foll[s ! trail ( ! primitive man1 & ! riv]s h ev] be5 ! natural highways ( nations4 ,! !ories ( ,morgan !re=e rema9 true z !ories2 only 9 _! application he fell into an error :i* 0 natural en\gh to ! sci5ce ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,p]haps :5 tw5ty ye>s m %all h elaps$1 ! po/-t]ti>y geology ( our cont95t w h be5 s cle>ly def9$ t ! geography ( its diff]5t epo*s w be kn[n suffici5tly to trace ^! l9es ( migration at ! v>i\s epo*s ( man's resid5ce 9 ! we/]n _w1 f 8 fir/ arrival4 ,i h n[ set be=e y1 9 a sup]ficial mann] x is true1 ! v>i\s s\rces f :i* we may d]ive aid 9 e/abli%+ ! pre-hi/oric *ronology ( ,am]ica4 ,i h also endeavor$1 to a limit$ ext5t1 to express myself z to ! relative value ( ^! s\rces4 ,none ( !m c be neglect$1 & x w be only f an exhau/ive /udy ( !m all t we c expect to solve ! num]\s knotty problems1 & lift ! veil :i* hangs s d>kly on all t conc]ns ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican race be=e ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we are m]ely beg9n+ ! enorm\s labor :i* is be=e u2 we h yet to discov] ! me?ods by :i* we c analyze fruitfully ! facts we already "k4 ,b ,i look =w>d ) ! utmo/ confid5ce to a ri* return f su* inve/igations4 ,! day is com+1 & t rapidly1 :5 ! pre-hi/oric life ( man 9 bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w w be reveal$ to u 9 a ?\s& unexpect$ details4 ,we h b to turn backw>d ab\t ?irty ye>s to rea* a "t :5 ! sci5ce ( pre-hi/oric ar*ology 0 unkn[n1 & its e>ly grop+s 7 je]$ at z absurdities4 ,already x has e/abli%$ = itself a position 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! sci5ces :i* h to d ) ! highe/ ( problems4 ,x has ca/ a light ^u ! pa?way ( ! human race f ! "t t man fir/ des]v$ 8 "n d[n to ! comm5cem5t ( record$ hi/ory4 ,its conque/s are b beg9n+4 ,ye> by ye> masses ( new facts are br\ght to k f unexpect$ qu>t]s1 curr5t errors are correct$1 & novel me?ods ( exploration devis$4 ,z ,am]icans by adoption1 x %\ld be our fir/ int]e/ & duty to /udy ! ,am]icans by race1 9 bo? _! pres5t & pa/ developm5t4 ,! task is long & ! opportunity is fleet+4 ,a c5tury m1 & ! an?ropologi/ w sc>cely f9d a native ( pure blood2 ! tribes & languages ( to-day w h be5 ext+ui%$ or corrupt$4 ,nor w ! ar*ologi/ be 9 bett] case4 ,e day ! progress ( civilization1 ru?less ( ! monum5ts ( b>b>ism1 is de/roy+ ! feeble ve/iges ( ! anci5t race2 m\nds are levell$1 embankm5ts disappe>1 ! /ones ( temples are built into factories1 ! holy places desecrat$4 ,we h assembl$ "h to aid 9 recov]+ some?+ f ?is wreck ( a race & its monum5ts3 let me urge ^u y all ! ne$ ( prompt action & e>ne/ "w1 inasmu* z ! opportunities we enjoy w nev] aga9 pres5t !mselves 9 su* fulness4 ,,on ,,pal,,oli?s1 ,,am]ican ,,& ,,o!r4#cb ,!re has be5 mu* talk 9 sci5tific circles lately ab\t ,paloli?s1 & mu* misund]/&+ ab\t !m4 ,let me try to expla9 9 a few words :at !y are1 :at !y tell1 & :at mi/akes p make ab\t !m4 ,s9ce man fir/ appe>$ on ?is planet1 8 hi/ory has be5 a sl[ progress f ! mo/ rudim5t>y arts up to ^? :i* he n[ possesses4 ,we "k ?is1 because 9 a giv5 locality ^? rema9s ( 8 art :i* are f\nd undi/urb$ 9 /rata geologically ! olde/ are always ! rude/4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are 9 appe>ance only1 z = in/ance :5 a giv5 locality 0 n occupi$ by m5 until !y _h already acquir$ consid]able k ( arts1 or :5 a cultivat$ nation 0 ov]run by a b>b>\s "o4 ,! g5]al l9e ( advance ,i h indicat$ %[s1 :]ev] we c trace x1 _m simil>ities--simil>ities n necess>ily dep5d5t on an anci5t int]c\rse1 b simply because primitive man felt ev]y:]e ! same wants1 & satisfi$ !m 9 pretty mu* ! same mann]4 ,he felt ! ne$ ( def5ce & attack1 & ev]y:]e a /ick & a /one (f]$ !mselves z ! h&ie/ & mo/ effective weapons2 he us$ bo? :]ev] he 01 & adapt$ !m to l %apes4 ,9 ca/+ ab\t = "s /&>d :]e) to measure ! long progress f ?is simple beg9n+ to ! pres5t day1 antiqu>ies h hit ^u a v excell5t "o--! *oice ( a mat]ial employ$ at any giv5 epo* = obta9+ a cutt+ edge--= manufactur+ l'in/rum5t tran*ant4 ,man conqu]s nature z he does 8 enemy--by cutt+ h] d[n4 ,! _w at pres5t uses iron1 or its next product /eel1 = t purpose2 be=e x came into vogue _m nations employ$ bronze2 b 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( man's hi/ory1 & to-day 9 "s savage tribes1 /one 0 ! sub/ance almo/ exclusively wr\ght = ?is purpose4 ,^! di/9ctions divide ! progress ( man into ! ?ree great p]iods2 ! ,age ( ,iron1 ! ,age ( ,bronze1 & ! ,age ( ,/one4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ! rema9s ( human art reveal ?is sequ5ce 9 e locality2 ,i h already h9t$ t ?is is n ! case4 ,& d n make t o!r mi/ake ( suppos+ t all ?ree are f\nd 9 *ronologic sequ5ce ov] ! :ole _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are syn*ron\s ev5 to-day1 z !re are n[ tribes 9 ,brazil 9 ! ,age ( ,/one & nations 9 ,asia 9 ! ,age ( ,bronze4 ,! ^w 8,age0 9 ?is connection does n mean a def9ite p]iod ( "t1 b a recogniz$ condition ( art4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe1 h[ev]1 :]e ^! t]ms orig9at$1 ! ?ree ,ages 7 *ronologic4 ,previ\s to ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 all ! nations 9 t region employ$ /one exclusively to manufacture _! cutt+ implem5ts2 lat]1 bronze 0 pref]r$ = ! same purpose2 & /ill lat]1 iron4 ,i say 8pref]r$10 = d n imag9e t ! implem5t ( /one or ( bronze 0 /raightway disc>d$ :5 ! bett] mat]ial 0 le>n$4 ,we "k t /one battle-axes 7 us$ 9 ,irel& & ,g]many d[n to ! t5? c5tury1 & bronze 0 employ$ by ,romans & ,egyptians long aft] !y became acqua9t$ ) iron4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree ,ages has v>i\s subdivisions4 ,^? ( ! ,age ( ,/one are p>ticul>ly important4 ,!y are two1 bas$ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! /one 0 br\ght to an edge4 ,all ! specim5s 9 geologically ! olde/ deposits h be5 br\ght to an edge by a process ( *ipp+ (f small pieces1 s z to produce a %>p l9e or cre/ on a "p or ! :ole ( ! bord] ( ! /one4 ,?is artificial process leaves su* peculi> traces t a practic$ eye _c conf\nd x ) any accid5tal *ipp+ :i* natural means effect4 ,! lat] deposits ( ! ,age ( ,/one %[ t ! e>ly workm5 _h acquir$ ano!r mann] ( dress+ _! mat]ial2 !y rubb$ "o /one aga9/ ano!r1 ?us gr9d+ x d[n to a %>p poli%$ edge4 ,^! two me?ods give ! names to ! two p]iods ( ! ,age ( ,/one1 ! ,p]iod ( ,*ipp$ ,/one & ! ,p]iod ( ,poli%$ ,/one4 ,d n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! workm5 9 poli%$ /one =got ! art ( *ipp+ /one4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y cont9u$ x side by side ) _! new le>n+1 & y w f9d on ! sites ( _! work%ops pl5ty ( /one implem5ts 9 =m & te*nical production l ! *ipp$ implem5ts ( ! old] p]iod4 ,we "k t ! poli%$ or gr\nd-/one implem5ts came into use lat] ?an ! e>lie/ *ipp$ implem5ts1 = 9 ! olde/ b$s ! latt] are f\nd exclusively4 ,h5ce ! "t :5 !y 7 us$ exclusively is call$ ! old] /one implem5t p]iod or ! ,paloli?ic p]iod2 :ile1 ! "t :5 bo? *ipp$ & poli%$ /ones 7 us$1 metals 7 yet unkn[n1 is nam$ ! new] /one implem5t p]iod1 or ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,a true 8,paloli?0 is a typical *ipp$ /one implem5t1 ! position ( :i* :5 f\nd leads u to believe t x 0 manufactur$ 9 ! old] ( ^! p]iods4 ,we are n entirely dep5d5t on its position to decide its antiquity4 ,! k9d ( /one x is1 ! am\nt ( wea!r-we>+ or pat9e x %[s1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( %ape & size1 ! indication t ! *ipp+ 0 done 9 a peculi> mann]1 all ^! aid ! skill$ obs]v] 9 pron\nc+ def9itely z to :e!r x is a true ,paloli?4 ,nor is position always a gu>antee ( antiquity4 ,a g5u9e ,paloli? may h be5 wa%$ into new] /rata1 or be expos$ by natural ag5cies on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 su* cases x may n be possible to di/+ui% x f ! products ( ,neoli?ic indu/ry4 ,a rec5t product ( art may h sunk or be5 buri$ 9 an anci5t /ratum1 & ?us become :at is t]m$ an 8intrusive deposit40 ,! ,paloli?ic p]iod itself is advantage\sly subdivid$ fur!r into two ,epo*s1 an e>li] "o 9 :i* m5 made 8simple0 implem5ts only1 & a lat] "o 9 :i* !y manufactur$ 8comp\nd0 implem5ts z well4 ,i 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ?is di/9ction1 & z ,i h f\nd x really useful1 & z o!rs h also express$ to me ! value :i* x has be5 to !m 9 ?is l9e ( rese>*1 ,i w expla9 x fur!r4#cc ,a 8comp\nd0 implem5t is "o compos$ ( sev]al p>ts adapt$ to ea* o!r1 z ! b[ & ! arr[1 ! spe> ) its %aft & blade1 or ! axe ) its head & helve & ! means ( fa/5+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,^! 7 n e>ly acquisitions4 ,dur+ long ages man cont5t$ himself ) su* tools or weapons z he c\ld frame ( a s+le piece ( wood or /one1 simply hold+ x 9 8 h&4 ,:5 he f\nd he c\ld increase its effectiv5ess by fitt+ x to a h&le1 ! discov]y m>k$ an era 9 8 culture4 ,he may inde$ 9 8 rude/ ages h la%$ a /one to ! end ( 8 club1 or h ins]t$ a spall ( fl9t 9 ! split end ( a /ick2 b ^! are n comp\nd implem5ts 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! expression means an art-product :i* cle>ly %[s t x 0 b "o "p ( a me*anical app>atus4 ,! arr[-head ) its /em1 b>bs & body1 ! /one axe ) its grooves or drill$ p]=ation = ! h&le1 are incomplete 9 !mselves1 !y disclose a preconceiv$ plan = ! adju/m5t ( p>ts :i* man 9 8 e>lie/ & rude/ condition does n seem to h possess$4 ,! mo/ anci5t /rata 9 :i* ! rema9s ( human art h be5 f\nd1 ei!r 9 ,europe or ,am]ica1 yield 8simple0 implem5ts only2 8comp\nd0 implem5ts are a conque/ ( 8 inv5tive faculty at a lat] date4 ,s f> z ,am]ica is conc]n$ x is probable t ! olde/ rema9s ( man yet discov]$ on ! nor!rn cont95t h be5 ^? exhum$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 9 ! /ates ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ c>eful geological obs]v]s t l>ge deposit ( gravel cov]+ ab\t five ?\s& acres on bo? banks ( ! riv] bel[ ,tr5ton is a po/-glacial deposit n less ?an twelve or fifte5 ?\s& ye>s old4 ,imb$d$ 9 ?is at v>i\s dep?s a l>ge numb] ( true paloli?s h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,putnam1 myself & o!rs4 ,e "o ( !m s f> z ,i am aw>e belongs to ! class ( 8simple0 implem5ts1 n an arr[head nor groov$ axe nor /emm$ scrap] hav+ be5 report$4 ,ano!r deposit ( gravel fur!r d[n ! ,delaw>e ,riv] is mu* old]3 ,! be/ au?orities 9 su* matt]s believe t x 0 deposit$1 n aft] ! recession ( ! great glaci] :i* once cov]$ ,canada & ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b :ile t trem5d\s ph5om5a 0 at its height1 & :5 all ! /reams ( ! c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates 7 p]iodically *ok$ ) va/ masses ( ice & sn[4 ,9 ?is1 :i* is call$ ! ,columbian gravel1 *ipp$ /one implem5ts h be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,cresson1 all ( ! 8simple0 v>iety1 & at su* dep?s z to preclude ! !ory ( an intrusive deposit4 ,^! discov]ies c>ry ! age ( ! appe>ance ( man 9 ! ,delaw>e valley back to a date :i* is possibly ov] a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! great glaci] left its mass ( b\ld]s1 pebbles & brok5 /one1 :i* x pu%$ be=e x1 or c>ri$ ) x1 9 a long l9e ( s-call$ 8mora9es10 ext5d+1 r\ghly speak+1 f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 ?is mass1 at its edges :]e ! great wa% f ! melt+ ice p\r$ d[n1 paloli?s h be5 f\nd 9 undi/urb$ position1 prov+ t also !re man _h /ruggl$ ) ! inclem5cy ( ! ice-age1 &1 poorly provid$ z he 01 _h come out victori\s4 ,"h too all ! implem5ts he left are ( ! 8simple0 type1 indicat+ at once ! va/ antiquity ( ! p]iod & ! pres5ce ( a race sub/antially ! same z t to ! ea/ at ! same date4 ,no tribe has be5 kn[n to hi/ory :i* 0 conf9$ to ! k ( 8simple0 implem5ts1 or :i* manufactur$ /one implem5ts exclusively 9 ! ,paloli?ic =ms4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 ^! are f\nd )\t ! admixture ( artificially gr\nd or poli%$ /ones we may be sure we face ! rema9s ( a "t ^: antiquity _c be measur$ by any *ronology appli$ to ! hi/oric records ( humanity4 ,?is enables u 9 a measure to def9e ! limits ( ! region kn[n to ! human race at ?is1 its e>lie/ epo*2 ) our pres5t defici5t k we c d s only p>tially & by exclusion4 ,x is safe to /ate t 9 ,europe ,paloli?ic man did n occupy ! c5tral alp9e area ( ,switz]l& & its surr\nd+s1 nor ! pla9s ( ,russia1 nor any "p ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 nor ,icel&4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica he _h no habitations nor? ( ! =ty-fir/ p>allel ( latitude except p]haps close to ! %ores ( ! two great oceans2#cd x is n probable t 8 foot press$ ! soil ( any ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s2 b :5 ! great ,au/ral ,glaci] 0 9 its recession deposit+ ! f]tile loam ( ! pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres human be+s ) _! rude ,paloli?s 7 foll[+ up ! retreat+ l9e ( ice1 z 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,ages unc\nt$ & unc\ntable h pass$ s9ce !n1 b man has left inde/ructible evid5ces t ev5 9 t e>ly morn ( 8 exi/5ce he _h explor$ & conqu]$ t cont95t :i* a late g5]ation has *os5 to call 8! ,new ,_w40 ,,on ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,mongolian ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,race4#ce ,7 ! "q ,i am ab\t to discuss "o ( m]ely !oretical be>+s1 ,i %\ld n approa* x2 b ! widespread belief t ! ,am]ican tribes are g5ealogically connect$ ) ! ,mongolians is con/antly direct+ & color+ ! /udies ( _m ,am]icani/s1 v mu* z did at "o "t ! belief t ! r$ m5 are ! pres5t repres5tatives ( ! t5 lo/ tribes ( ,israel4 ,x is practically wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! gr\nds on :i* ! ,am]ican race is class$ by ^! an?ropologi/s z a bran* ( ! ,mongolian1 & to inquire :e!r ! anci5t culture ( ,am]ica betray$ any positive signs ( ,mongolian influ5ce4 ,y w p]mit me to avoid ! discussion z to :at con/itutes races 9 an?ropology4 ,to me !y are zological sub-species1 m>k$ by fix$ & correlat$ *>act]i/ics1 impress$ s firmly t !y h suff]$ no appreciable alt]ation )9 ! hi/oric p]iod ei!r ?r\gh "t or environm5t4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,blum5ba*1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 recogniz$ five races1 correspond+ to ! five great l&-areas ( ! globe1 & to _! *>act]i/ic faunal & floral c5tres4 ,?is division 0 an em95tly sci5tific "o1 & /ill rema9s ! mo/ 9 accord ) anatomical & l+ui/ic rese>*4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,blum5ba*'s "w1 h[ev]1 ! em95t naturali/ ,cuvi] publi%$ 8 great "w on 8,! ,animal ,k+dom10 9 :i* he reject$ ,blum5ba*'s classification1 & propos$ "o divid+ ! human species into ?ree races1--! :ite or ,caucasian1 ! black or ,e?iopian1 & ! yell[ or ,mongolian4 ,9 ! latt] he includ$ ! ,malays & ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?is triple division has be5 v popul> 9 ,france1 & to "s ext5t 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x is n1 & x 0 n 9 its inception1 a sci5tific d$uction f obs]v$ facts1 b 0 a sort ( a priori hypo!sis bas$ on ! physiological !ories ( ,bi*at1 & at a lat] day d]iv$ support f ! philosophic dreams ( ,augu/e ,comte4 ,bi*at1 = in/ance1 _h recogniz$ ?ree fundam5tal physiological sy/ems 9 man--! vegetative or visc]al1 ! osso-muscul>1 & ! c]ebro-sp9al4 ,! an?ropologi/s1 9 turn1 consid]$ x a happy ?\ght to divide ! human species into ?ree races1 ea* ( :i* %\ld %[ ! pr$om9ance ( "o or o!r ( ^! sy/ems4 ,?us ! black race 0 to %[ ! pr$om9ance ( ! vegetative sy/em2 ! yell[ race1 ! osso-muscul> sy/em2 ! :ite race1 ! n]v\s sy/em4#cf ,z ,bi*at _h n discov]$ any m physiological sy/ems1 s !re c\ld be no m human races on ! e>?3 & ?us ! sacr$ triplets ( ! ,comtian philosophy c\ld be v9dicat$4 ,h[ little value atta*es to any su* g5]alizations y w readily p]ceive1 & y w be prep>$1 ) me1 to dismiss !m all1 & to turn to ! facts ( ! case1 inquir+ :e!r !re are any traits ( ! r$ race :i* ju/ify _! be+ call$ 8,mongolian0 or 8,mongoloid40 ,su* aff9ities h be5 ass]t$ to exi/ 9 language1 9 culture1 & 9 physical peculi>ities1 & ,i %all take ^! up s]iatim = exam9ation4 ,fir/1 z to language4 ,! great ,mongolian /ock is divid$ into ! s\!rn bran*1 speak+ monosyllabic1 isolat+ languages1 & ! nor!rn bran*1 ^: dialects are polysyllabic & agglut9at+4 ,! latt] are sometimes call$ ,turanian or ,ural-,altaic2 & z !y are geographically contigu\s to ! ,eskimo1 & almo/ to ! ,a?abascans1 we might reasonably expect ! l+ui/ic k9%ip1 if any exi/s1 to be %[n 9 ?is bran* ( ,mongol spee*4 ,is su* ! case8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,to prove x1 ,i ?9k x en\gh to quote ! positive /atem5t ( ! be/ ,european au?ority on ! ,ural-,altaic languages1 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,w9kl]4 ,he emphatically says1 t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( l+ui/ic sci5ce1 n only is !re no connection app>5t betwe5 any ,ural-,altaic & any ,am]ican language1 b t su* connection is %[n to be highly improbable4 ,! evid5ce is all ! o!r way4#cg ,i ne$ n1 !re=e1 delay ov] ?is "p ( my subject1 b w proce$ to inquire :e!r !re are any ,am]ican aff9ities to ! monosyllabic1 isolat+ languages ( ,asia4 ,!re is "o prom95t example1 :i* has (t5 be5 put =w>d1 ( a suppos$ monosyllabic ,am]ican language2 & its relation%ip to ! ,*9ese has frequ5tly be5 ass]t$--a relation%ip1 x has be5 said1 ext5d+ bo? to its vocabul>y & its gramm>4 ,?is is ! ,otomi1 spok5 9 & ne> ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 b a brief analysis ( ! ,otomi to see t x is n a monosyllabic language 9 ! l+ui/ic s5se1 & t 9 its s5t5ce-build+ x is incorporative & polysyn!tic1 l ! great majority ( ,am]ican tongues1 & totally unlike ! ,*9ese4 ,i may ref] to my own publi%$ /udy ( ! ,otomi1 & to t ( ! ,c\nt de ,*>5cey1 z prov+ :at ,i say4#ch ,"s h ?\ght t ! ,maya ( ,yucatan has 9 its vocabul>y a c]ta9 numb] ( ,*9ese elem5ts2 b all ^! c readily be expla9$ on ! doctr9e ( co9cid5ces4 ,! ,mexican antiqu>y ,m5doza has m>%all$ f> m co9cid5ces ( l "* & equal wor? to %[ t ! ,nahuatl is an ,aryan dialect desc5d$ f ! ,sanscrit4#ci ,9 f9e1 any1 ev5 ! remote/1 l+ui/ic connection betwe5 ,am]ican & ,mongolian languages has yet to be %[n2 & any l+ui/ :o consid]s ! radically div]se g5ius ( ! two gr\ps ( tongues w n expect to f9d su* relation%ip4 ,i %all n deta9 y long ) argum5ts t\*+ suppos$ ,mongolian elem5ts ( culture 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,any "o at all intimately conv]sant ) ! progress ( ,am]ican ar*ology 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s mu/ see h[ rapidly has gr[n ! conviction t ,am]ican culture 0 homebr$1 to ! manor born3 t x 0 :olly indig5\s & _h borr[$ no?+--no?+1 f ei!r ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa4 ,! peculi>ities ( native ,am]ican culture are typical1 & ext5d ?r\gh\t ! cont95t4 ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan 0 p]fectly "r 9 ! g5]al outl9e ( 8 !ory to ?is effect1 ?\gh1 l all p]sons enamor$ ( a !ory1 he c>ri$ x too f>4 ,?is typical1 racial ,am]ican culture is z f> z possible1 9 _s & =m1 f ! ,mongolian4 ,comp>e ! ri* !ology ( ,mexico or ,p]u ) ! b>r5 my?s ( ,*9a4 ,! !ory ( gov]nm5ts1 ! me?od ( h\se-con/ruction1 ! position ( woman1 ! art ( w>1#dj are all equally div]se1 equally un-,mongolian4 ,x is useless to br+ up s+le art-products or devices1 su* z ! cal5d>1 & lay /ress on c]ta9 simil>ities4 ,! doctr9e ( ! p>allelism ( human developm5t expla9s f> m satisfactorily all ^! co9cid5ces4 ,! soon] t ,am]icani/s g5]ally1 & especially ^? 9 ,europe1 recognize ! absolute auto*?ony ( native ,am]ican culture1 ! m valuable w _! /udies become4 ,x is no long] 9 season to quote ! op9ions ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt & 8 contempor>ies on ?is subject1 z ,i see is done 9 "s rec5t works4 ,! sci5ce ( ar*ology has virtually come into be+ s9ce !y wrote1 & we n[ "k t ! developm5t ( human culture is gov]n$ by laws ) :i* !y 7 unacqua9t$4 ,civilization sprang up 9 c]ta9 c5tres 9 bo? cont95ts1 widely remote f ea* o!r2 b1 z ! conditions ( its orig9 7 ev]y:]e ! same1 its e>ly products 7 mu* alike4 ,x is evid5t f :at ,i h said1 t ! ass]t$ ,mongolian or ,mongoloid connection ( ! ,am]ican race f9ds no support ei!r f l+ui/ics or ! hi/ory ( culture4 ,if any:]e1 x mu/ be 9 physical resemblances4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 ma9ly f ^! t ! argum5ts h be5 drawn4 ,let u exam9e !m4 ,cuvi]1 :o1 z ,i h said1 is responsible = ! confusion ( ! ,am]ican ) ! ,mongolian race1 bas$ 8 racial s*eme on ! color ( ! sk91 & includ$ ! ,am]ican )9 ! limits ( ! yell[ race4 ,cuvi] _h se5 v few pure ,mongolians1 & p]haps no pure-blood$ ,am]icans2 o!rwise he w\ld n h ma9ta9$ t ! hue ( ! latt] is yell[4 ,c]ta9ly x is n4 ,y may call x r$di%1 or copp]y1 or c9namon1 or burnt sug>1 b y _c call x yell[4 ,"s individuals or small tribes may approa* ! peculi> dusky olive ( ! ,*9aman1 b s d "s ( ! ,european peoples ( ,aryan desc5t2 & !re are n want+ an?ropologi/s :o ma9ta9 t ! ,aryans are also ,mongoloid4 ,! "o position is j z def5sible z ! o!r on ! gr\nd ( color4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ prom95t classifications ( mank9d are bas$ ^u ! "* ( ! hair2 ! ?ree great divisions be+1 z y "k1 into ! /raight1 ! curly1 & ! woolly hair$ v>ieties4 ,^! ext]nal features ( ! hair dep5d ^u ! =m ( ! individual hairs z se5 9 cross-section4 ,! ne>] ?is approa*es a circle1 ! /raight] is ! hair4 ,x is true t bo? ,mongolians & ,am]icans belong to ! /raight hair$ v>ieties2 b ( ! two1 ! ,am]ican has ! /raight] hair1 t ^: cross-section comes ne>] to a p]fect circle4 ,s t by all ! rules ( t]m9ology & logic1 if we are to call ei!r bran* a v>iation f ! o!r1 we %\ld say t ! ,mongol is a v>iety ( ! ,am]ican race1 & call x 8,am]icanoid10 in/ead ( vice v]sa4 ,! color ( ! hair ( ! two races is1 moreov]1 di/9ctly diff]5t4 ,al?\gh sup]ficially bo? seem black1 yet1 obs]v$ c>efully by reflect$ light1 x is se5 t ! gr\nd-tone ( ! ,mongolian is blui%1 :ile t ( ! ,am]ican is r$di%4 ,( positive cranial *>act]i/ics ( ! r$ race1 ,i call att5tion to ! int]p>ietal bone 7! os ,inc71 :i* is f\nd 9 its extreme developm5t 9 ! ,am]ican1 9 its greate/ r>ity among ! ,mongolians2 also to ! =m ( ! glabella1 f\nd mo/ prom95t 9 ,am]ican crania1 lea/ prom95t 9 ,altaic or nor!rn ,mongoloid crania2 & ! peculi> ,am]ican *>act]i/ics ( ! occipital bone1 flatt5$ ext]nally1 & int]nally pres5t+ 9 ne>ly =ty p] c5t4 ( cases ! 8,aym>ian depression10 z x has be5 t]m$1 in/ead ( ! int]nal occipital protub]ance4#da ,! %ape ( ! skull has be5 made ano!r gr\nd ( race-di/9ction2 &1 al?\gh we h le>n$ ( late ye>s t its value 0 greatly ov]-e/imat$ by ! e>li] craniologi/s1 we h also le>n$ t 9 ! av]age1 & ?r\gh\t l>ge numb]s ( peoples1 x is a v p]si/5t *>act]i/ic1 & "o pot5tly indicative ( desc5t or relation%ip4 ,n[1 ( all ! peoples ( ! _w1 ! ,mongols1 especially ! ,turanian bran*1 are ! mo/ bra*ycephalic2 !y h ! r\nde/ heads2 & x is 9 a high degree notewor?y t precisely ! ,am]ican nation dwell+ ne>e/ to ^!1 hav+ und\bt$ contact ) !m = unnumb]$ g5]ations1 are long-head$1 or doli*ocephalic1 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,i mean ! ,eskimo1 & ,i _c b be surpris$ t su* an em95t an?ropologi/ z ,vir*[1#db 9 spite ( ?is anatomical fact1 & 9 defiance ( ! l+ui/ic evid5ce1 %\ld h repeat$ ! ass]tion t ! ,eskimo are ( ,mongolian desc5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican cont95t g5]ally1 ! natives 7 n m>k$ly bra*ycephalic4 ,?is 0 abundantly illu/rat$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago by ! late ,pr(4 ,james ,aitk9s ,meigs1 9 8 8,obs]vations on ! ,cranial ,=ms ( ! ,am]ican ,aborig9es40 ,!y c]ta9ly1 9 ?is respect1 %[ no great] ,mongoloid aff9ities ?an d _! :ite successors on ! soil ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if color1 hair1 & crania are ?us %[n to pres5t su* feeble simil>ities1 :at is x t has giv5 rise to a notion ( ! ,mongoloid orig9 ( ! ,am]ican ,indian8 ,is x ! s-call$ ,mongolian eye1 ! oblique eye1 ) a seem+ droop at its inn] can?us8 ,yes1 a good deal has be5 made ( ?is by c]ta9 writ]s1 especially by travell]s :o are n anatomi/s4 ,! di/+ui%$ e?nologi/ ,top9>d says ! ,*9ese are v (t5 f\nd )\t x1 & ,i c confirm ?is op9ion by ^? ,i h se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is1 inde$1 a slight de=mity1 affect+ ! sk9 ( ! eyebr[ only1 & is n at all infrequ5t 9 ! :ite race4 ,surgeons "k x "u ! "n epican?us1 &1 z ) u x is consid]$ a disfigurem5t1 x is usually remov$ 9 infancy by a slight op]ation4 ,9 a few ,am]ican tribes x is r preval5t1 b 9 mo/ ( ! pure ,indians ,i h se51 no trace ( x 0 visible4 ,x c]ta9ly does n rank z a racial *>act]i/ic4#dc ,! nasal index has be5 recomm5d$ by "s anatomi/s z "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t & tru/wor?y ( racial indications4 ,! ,mongolian orig9 ( ! r$ race d]ives fa9t support f ?is qu>t]4 ,f ! measurem5ts giv5 9 ! la/ edition ( ,top9>d's "w#dd ! ,mongolian index is #hj1 :ile t ( ! ,eskimo & tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 z f> z obs]v$1 is #gj1 t ( ! av]age ,p>isian ( to-day be+ #fi 7omitt+ fractions74 ,accord+ to ?is te/1 ! ,am]ican is mu* clos] to ! :ite ?an to ! yell[ race4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s 7= in/ance1 ,av-,lallemant1 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,pes*el1 & ,vir*[7 :o h argu$ = ! ,mongoloid "* ( ! ,am]icans1 h quot$ "s "o tribe :i*1 x is ass]t$1 %[s m>k$ ,*9ese traits4 ,?is has especially be5 said ( ! natives ( ?ree localities1--! ,eskimo1 ! tribes ( ! ,nor? ,pacific coa/1 & ! ,botocudos ( ,brazil4 ,s f> z ! la/-m5tion$ are conc]n$1 ! ,botocudos1 any su* simil>ity has be5 categorically d5i$ by ! late/ & mo/ sci5tific travell] :o has visit$ !m1 ,dr4 ,paul ,ehr5rei*4 ,x is en\gh if ,i ref] y to 8 pap] 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie = #ahhg1 :]e he dismisses1 ,i %\ld say once = all1 ! notion ( any su* resemblance exi/+4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! ,eskimo are totally un-,mongolian 9 cranial %ape1 9 nasal index1 & 9 l+ui/ic "*4 ,!y d possess 9 "s in/ances a g5]al physiognomical simil>ity1 & ?is is all2 & ?is is n wor? mu*1 z aga9/ ! dissimil>ities m5tion$4 ,! same is true ( ! diff]5ces & simil>ities ( "s tribes ( ! nor?-we/ coa/4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( resemblances obs]v$ 9 ?is "p ( our cont95t1 we %\ld rememb] t we h suffici5t evid5ce to believe t = _m g5]ations "s slight int]c\rse has be5 go+ on betwe5 ! adjac5t ma9l&s & isl&s ( ! two cont95ts 9 ! regions ( _! ne>e/ proximity4 ,! same tra9 ( ev5ts l$ to a bl5d+ ( ! negro & ! :ite races along ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 b any "o :o recognizes ! di/9ction ( races at all--& ,i am aw>e t c]ta9 ecc5tric an?ropologi/s d n--w n1 on t acc\nt1 claim t ! :ite race is negroid4 ,) j z little reason1 x seems to me1 has x be5 argu$ t ! native ,am]icans z a race are ,mongoloid4#de ,an acute philosophical writ] has /at$ t ! sup]ficial obs]v] is apt to be impress$ ) ! simil>ities ( objects2 :ile ! pr(\nd] /ud5t f9ds 8 att5tion m pr(itably attract$ to _! diff]5ces4 ,by ?is maxim we may expla9 ?is !ory ( ! aff9ities ( ! ,am]ican race z well z _m ano!r :i* has be5 broa*$4 ,,! ,,probable ,,nationality ,,( ,,! 8,,m\nd-,,build]s40 ,! foll[+ ,essay is repr9t$ )\t alt]ation4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian = ,octob]1 #ahha1 & has a c]ta9 degree ( hi/oric value z illu/rat+ ! progress ( ar*ologic /udy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ reason$ argum5t t ! con/ructors ( ! m\nds ( ! ,ohio ,valley 7 ! ance/ors ( tribes kn[n & resid5t n remote f ! sites ( ^! anci5t works4 ,?\gh ?is op9ion has n yet be5 fully accept$1 ! t5d5cy ( lat] /udies is unque/ionably 9 its favor4 ,! "q1 ,:o 7 ! ,m\nd-build]s8 is "o t /ill rema9s op5 9 ,am]ican ar*ology4 ,among ! mo/ rec5t expressions ( op9ion ,i may quote ,pr(4 ,john ,t4 ,%ort1 :o ?9ks t "o or two ?\s& ye>s may h elaps$ s9ce !y des]t$ ! ,ohio valley1 & probably eight hundr$ s9ce !y f9ally retir$ f ! ,gulf coa/4#df ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mac,lean cont9ues to believe !m to h be5 someh[ relat$ to ! 8,toltecs40#dg ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/]1 mak+ a trem5d\s leap1 connects !m ) a tribe 8:o1 9 times f> remote1 fl\ri%$ 9 ,brazil10 & adds3 8a broad *asm is to be spann$ be=e we c l9k ! ,m\nd-build]s to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,!y 7 ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 _! habits & _! daily pursuits4 ,! latt] 7 nev] kn[n to erect /ructures :i* %\ld survive ! lapse ( a g5]ation40#dh ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! rec5t utt]ance ( s able an e?nologi/ z ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell to ! effect t1 8,) reg>d to ! m\nds s widely scatt]$ betwe5 ! two oceans1 x may be said t m\nd-build+ tribes 7 kn[n 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( discov]y ( ?is cont95t1 & t ! ve/iges ( art discov]$ d n excel 9 any respect ! arts ( ! ,indian tribes kn[n to hi/ory4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason = u to se>* = an extralimital orig9 ?r\gh lo/ tribes = ! arts discov]$ 9 ! m\nds ( ,nor? ,am]ica40#di ,betwe5 op9ions s discrepant ! /ud5t 9 ar*ology may well be at a loss1 & x w !re=e be wor? :ile to inquire j h[ f> ! tribes :o inhabit$ ! ,mississippi valley & ! ,atlantic slope at ! "t ( ! discov]y 7 accu/om$ to heap up m\nds1 excavate tr5*es1 or 9 o!r ways leave ^u ! soil p]man5t m>ks ( _! occupancy4 ,beg9n+ ) ! w>like nor!rn invad]s1 ! ,iroquois1 x cle>ly appe>s t !y 7 accu/om$ to con/ruct burial m\nds4 ,cold5 /ates t ! corpse 0 plac$ 9 a l>ge r\nd hole & t 8!y !n raise ! ,e>? 9 a r\nd ,hill ov] x40#ej ,fur!r p>ticul>s are giv5 by ,lafitau3 ! grave 0 l9$ ) b>k1 & ! body ro($ 9 ) b>k & bran*es 9 ! %ape ( an ar*1 :i* 0 !n cov]$ ) e>? & /ones s z to =m an agg] or tumulus4#ea ,9 ^! in/ances ! m\nd 0 erect$ ov] a s+le corpse2 b x 0 also ! cu/om among ! ,hurons & ,iroquois1 z we are in=m$ by ,*>levoix1 to collect ! bones ( _! dead e t5 ye>s1 & int] !m 9 "o mass toge!r4#eb ,! sla9 9 a battle 7 also collect$ into "o place & a l>ge m\nd heap$ ov] !m1 z is /at$ by ,mr4 ,paul ,kane1#ec & t su* 0 an anci5t cu/om ( ! ,iroquois tribes1 is fur!r %[n by a tradition h&$ d[n f ! la/ c5tury1 accord+ to :i* ! ,iroquois believ$ t ! ,ohio m\nds 7 ! memorials ( a w> :i* 9 anci5t times !y wag$ ) ! ,*]okees4#ed ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,squi]1 :o c>efully exam9$ _m ( ! e>?works 9 ! c\ntry ( ! anci5t ,iroquois1 0 incl9$ at fir/ to suppose ! rema9s he f\nd !re 7 p>ts ( 8a sy/em ( def5ce ext5d+ f ! s\rce ( ! ,allegh5y & ,susquehanna 9 ,new ,york1 diagonally across ! c\ntry ?r\gh c5tral & nor!rn ,ohio to ! ,waba%10 & h5ce drew ! inf]5ce t 8! pressure ( ho/ilities ^u ! m\nd-build]s 0 f ! nor?-ea/40#ee ,?is op9ion has be5 repeat$ by "s rec5t writ]s2 b ,mr4 ,squi] himself sub/antially retract$ x 9 a lat] "w1 & rea*$ ! conviction t :atev] anci5t rema9s !re are 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania are to be attribut$ to ! lat] ,indian tribes & n to ! ,m\nd-build]s4#ef ,! neighbors ( ! ,iroquois1 ! v>i\s ,algonk9 tribes1 7 occasionally con/ructors ( m\nds4 ,9 comp>atively rec5t times we h a description ( a 8victory m\nd0 rais$ by ! ,*ippeways aft] a successful enc\nt] ) ! ,si\x4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 ?rew up ! adjac5t surface soil into a heap ab\t five feet high & eight or t5 feet 9 diamet]1 ^u :i* a pole 0 erect$1 & to x tufts ( grass 7 hung1 "o = ea* scalp tak54#eg ,rob]t ,bev]ly1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agje1 describes "s curi\s con/ructions by ! tribes !re locat$4 ,he tells u t !y erect$ 8pyramids & columns0 ( /one1 :i* !y pa9t$ & decorat$ ) wampum1 & paid !m a sort ( wor%ip4 ,!y also con/ruct$ /one alt>s on :i* to (f] sacrifices4#eh ,?is adoration ( /ones & masses ( rocks--or r ( ! g5ius :i* 0 suppos$ to reside 9 !m--prevail$ also 9 ,massa*usetts & o!r ,algonk9 localities1 & easily l$ to erect+ su* piles4#ei ,ano!r occasion = m\nd-build+ among ! ,virg9ian ,indians 0 to celebrate or make a memorial ( a solemn treaty4 ,on su* an occasion !y p]=m$ ! "t honor$ c]emony ( 8bury+ ! hat*et10 a tomahawk be+ lit]ally put 9 ! gr\nd1 8& !y raise a pile ( /ones ov] x1 z ! ,jews did ov] ! body ( ,absalom40#fj ,i am n aw>e ( any evid5ce t ! ,*]okees 7 m\nd-build]s3 b !y appreciat$ ! conv5i5ces ( su* /ructures1 & 9 "o ( _! villages ,william ,b>tram f\nd _! c\ncil h\se situat$ on a l>ge m\nd4 ,he adds3 8,b x may be prop] to obs]ve t ?is m\nt on :i* ! rotunda /&s is ( a mu* anci5t] date ?an ! build+1 & p]haps 0 rais$ = ano!r purpose40#fa ,lieut5ant ,timb]lake is ab\t our be/ e>ly au?ority on ! ,*]okees1 & ,i believe he n[h]e m5tions t !y built ^u m\nds ( artificial con/ruction4 ,adair1 h[ev]1 /ates t !y 7 accu/om$ to heap up & add to piles ( loose /ones 9 memory ( a dep>t$ *ief1 or z monum5ts ( important ev5ts4#fb ,! tribes :o inhabit$ :at we n[ call ! ,gulf ,/ates1 embrac+ ! region betwe5 ! ea/]n bord] ( ,texas & ! ,atlantic ,ocean s\? ( ! ,savannah ,riv]1 belong$1 ) few & small exceptions1 to ! great ,*ahta-,muskokee family1 embrac+ ! tribes kn[n z ,*octaws1 ,*ikasaws1 ,muskokees or ,creeks1 ,sem9oles1 ,allibamons1 ,nat*ez & o!rs4 ,! languages ( all ^! h num]\s & unmi/akable aff9ities1 ! ,*octaw or ,*ahta pres5t+ probably ! mo/ ar*aic =m4 ,x is among !m1 if any:]e )9 our limits1 t we mu/ look = ! desc5dants ( ! my/]i\s 8,m\nd-build]s40 ,no o!r tribes c approa* !m 9 claims = ?is di/9ction4 ,_! own traditions1 x is true1 d n po9t to a migration f ! nor?1 b f ! we/2 nor d !y conta9 any ref]5ce to ! con/ruction ( ! great works 9 "q2 b ^! p seem to h be5 a build+ race1 & to h re>$ tumuli n contemptible 9 comp>ison ev5 ) ! mightie/ ( ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,! fir/ explor] :o has left u an acc\nt ( 8 j\rney 9 ?is region 0 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 :o accompani$ ! exposition ( ,pamfilo de ,n>vaez 9 #aebg4 ,he1 h[ev]1 kept close to ! coa/ = fe> ( los+ 8 way1 & saw = ! mo/ "p only ! inf]ior fi%+ tribes4 ,^! he describes z g5]ally 9 a mis]able condition4 ,_! huts 7 ( mats erect$ on piles ( oy/] %ells 7! %ell heaps n[ s frequ5t along ! s\!rn coa/74 ,yet he m5tions t 9 "o "p1 :i* ,i judge to be some:]e 9 ,l\isiana1 ! natives 7 accu/om$ to erect _! dwell+s on /eep hills & ar\nd _! base to dig a dit*1 z a means ( def5ce4#fc ,our next au?orities are v important4 ,!y are ! n>rators ( ,capta9 ,h]n&o de ,soto's fam\s & ill />r$ exp$ition4 ,( ?is we h ! brief acc\nt ( ,bi$ma1 ! long] /ory ( 8! g5tleman ( ,elvas10 a ,portuguese soldi] ( =tune1 intellig5t & cle>-head$1 & ! poetical & brilliant composition ( ,g>cilasso de la ,vega4 ,9 all ( ^! we f9d ! s\!rn tribes describ$ z con/ruct+ artificial m\nds1 us+ e>?works = def5ce1 excavat+ dit*es & canals1 etc4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passage 9 illu/ration3 8,! t[n & ! h\se ( ! ,cacique ,ossa*ile are l ^? ( ! o!r caciques 9 ,florida4 99 99 99 ,! ,indians try to place _! villages on elevat$ sites2 b inasmu* z 9 ,florida !re are n _m sites ( ?is k9d :]e !y c conv5i5tly build1 !y erect elevations !mselves 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y select ! spot & c>ry !re a quantity ( e>? :i* !y =m into a k9d ( plat=m two or ?ree pikes 9 height1 ! summit ( :i* is l>ge en\gh to give room = twelve1 fifte5 or tw5ty h\ses1 to lodge ! cacique & 8 att5dants4 ,at ! foot ( ?is elevation !y m>k out a squ>e place accord+ to ! size ( ! village1 ar\nd :i* ! lead+ m5 h _! h\ses4 99 99 99 ,to asc5d ! elevation !y h a /raight passage way f bottom to top1 fifte5 or tw5ty feet wide4 ,"h /eps are made by massive beams1 & o!rs are plant$ firmly 9 ! gr\nd to s]ve z walls4 ,on all o!r sides ( ! plat=m1 ! sides are cut /eep40#fd ,lat] on ,la ,vega describes ! village ( ,capaha3 8,?is village is situat$ on a small hill1 & x has ab\t five hundr$ good h\ses1 surr\nd$ ) a dit* t5 or twelve cubits 7brazas7 deep1 & a wid? ( fifty paces 9 mo/ places1 9 o!rs =ty4 ,! dit* is fill$ ) wat] f a canal :i* has be5 cut f ! t[n to ,*icagua4 ,! canal is ?ree leagues 9 l5g?1 at lea/ a pike 9 dep?1 & s wide t two l>ge boats c\ld easily asc5d or desc5d x1 side by side4 ,! dit* :i* is fill$ ) wat] f ?is canal surr\nds ! t[n except 9 "o spot1 :i* is clos$ by heavy beams plant$ 9 ! e>?40#fe ,bi$ma rem>ks 9 "o passage1 speak+ ( ! prov9ces ( ,ycasqui & ,pacaha3 8,! caciques ( ?is region 7 accu/om$ to erect ne> ! h\se :]e !y liv$ v high m\nds 7t]tres trs-eleves71 & !re 7 "s :o plac$ _! h\ses on ! top ( ^! m\nds40#ff ,i _c /ate precisely :]e ^! prov9ces & t[ns 7 situat$2 ! successful trac+ ( ,de ,soto's j\rney has nev] yet be5 accompli%$1 b rema9s z an int]e/+ problem = future antiqu>ies to solve4 ,"o ?+ ,i ?9k is c]ta92 t until he cross$ ! ,mississippi he at no "t 0 outside ! limits ( ! wide spread ,*ahta-,muskokee tribes4 ,! prop] names pres]v$1 & ! c\rses & di/ances giv51 bo? confirm ?is op9ion4 ,we f9d !m !re=e 9 8 "t accu/om$ to erect l(ty m\nds1 t]races & plat=ms1 & to protect _! villages by ext5sive circumvallations4 ,i %all proce$ to inquire :e!r su* /atem5ts are support$ by lat] writ]s4 ,our next au?orities 9 po9t ( "t are ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 :o und]took to make a settlem5t on ! ,/4 ,john ,riv] ne> :]e ,/4 ,augu/9e n[ /&s 9 ,florida4 ,! %ort & sad hi/ory ( ?is colony is famili> to all4 ,! coloni/s h1 h[ev]1 left u "s int]e/+ descriptions ( ! aborig9es4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ^! belong$ to ! ,timuquana tribe1 specim5s ( ^: language h be5 pres]v$ to u1 b :i*1 accord+ to ! c>eful analysis rec5tly publi%$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1#fg has no relation%ip ) ! ,*ahta-,muskokee1 nor1 = t matt]1 ) any o!r kn[n tongue4 ,?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! p59sula a ,muskokee dialect probably prevail$4 ,! 8,portuguese g5tleman0 tells u t at ! v spot :]e ,de ,soto l&$1 g5]ally suppos$ to be some:]e ab\t ,tampa ,bay1 at a t[n call$ ,ucita1 ! h\se ( ! *ief 8/ood ne> ! %ore ^u a v high m\nd made by h& = /r5g?40 ,su* m\nds are also spok5 ( by ! ,hugu5ot explor]s4 ,!y s]v$ z ! site ( ! *iefta9's h\se 9 ! villages1 & f !m l$ a broad1 smoo? road ?r\gh ! village to ! wat]4#fh ,^! descriptions correspond closely to ^? ( ! rema9s :i* ! botani/s1 ,john & ,william ,b>tram1 discov]$ & report$ ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,x w\ld also appe> t ! natives ( ! p59sula erect$ m\nds ov] _! dead1 z memorials4 ,?us ! arti/ ,le ,moyne de ,morgues1 writes3 8,defuncto aliquo rege ejus provici1 magna solemnitate sepelitur1 et ejus tumulo crat]1 e quo bib]e solebat1 imponitur1 defixis circum ipsum tumulum multis sagittis40#fi ,! picture he gives ( ! 8tumulus0 does n repres5t x z m ?an ?ree or f\r feet 9 height2 s t if ?is 0 int5d$ z an accurate repres5tation1 ! /ructure sc>cely rises to ! dignity ( a m\nd4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,hugu5ot colony 9 #aefe1 ! ,spani% prie/s at once w5t to "w to plant _! missions4 ,! ,jesuit fa!rs e/abli%$ !mselves at v>i\s po9ts s\? ( ! ,savannah ,riv]1 b _! n>ratives1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 full 9 a hi/oric "w ( great r>ity1 describe ! natives z brok5 up into small clans1 wag+ con/ant w>s1 lead+ vagrant lives1 & )\t fix$ habitations4#gj ,( ^! same tribes1 h[ev]1 ,ri*>d ,blomes1 an ,engli% travel]1 :o visit$ !m ab\t a c5tury lat]1 says t !y erect$ piles or pyramids ( /ones1 on ! occasion ( a successful conflict1 or :5 !y f\nd$ a new village1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! fact 9 long remembrance4#ga ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r ,engli% travel]1 by "n ,bri/ock1 claim$ to h visit$ ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & to h f\nd 9 8,apala*a0 a half-civiliz$ nation1 :o con/ruct$ /one walls & _h a develop$ sun wor%ip2 b 9 a discussion ( ! au!nticity ( 8 alleg$ n>rative ,i h else:]e %[n t x _c be reli$ ^u1 & is l>gely a fabrication4#gb ,a correct e/imate ( ! con/ructive p[]s ( ! ,creeks is giv5 by ! botani/1 ,william ,b>tram1 :o visit$ !m twice 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he f\nd !y _h 8*unk y>ds0 surr\nd$ by l[ walls ( e>?1 at "o end ( :i*1 sometimes on a mod]ate artificial elevation1 0 ! *ief's dwell+ & at ! o!r end ! public c\ncil h\se4#gc ,8 descriptions resemble s closely ^? 9 ,la ,vega t evid5tly ! latt] 0 describ+ ! same objects on a l>g] scale--or f magnifi$ reports4 ,)9 ! pres5t c5tury ! ,sem9oles ( ,florida are said to h reta9$ ! cu/om ( collect+ ! sla9 aft] a battle & int]r+ !m 9 "o l>ge m\nd4 ,! writ] on ^: au?ority ,i /ate ?is1 adds t he 8obs]v$ on ! road f ,/4 ,augu/9e to ,tomaka1 "o m\nd :i* mu/ h cov]$ two acres ( gr\nd10#gd b ?is mu/ surely h be5 a communal burial m\nd4 ,pass+ to ! tribes ne>] ! ,mississippi1 mo/ ( !m ( ,*octaw affiliation1 we f9d consid]able te/imony 9 ! ,fr5* writ]s to _! use ( m\nds4 ,?us ,m4 de la ,h>pe says3 8,! cab9s ( ! ,yas\s1 ,c\r\s1 ,(fog\la & ,ouspie are disp]s$ ov] ! c\ntry on m\nds ( e>? made ) _! own h&s40#ge ,! ,nat*ez 7 mo/ly ( ,*octaw l9eage4 ,9 "o ( _! villages ,dumont notes t ! cab9 ( ! *ief 0 elevat$ on a m\nd4#gf ,fa!r ,le ,petit1 a mission>y :o labor$ among !m1 gives ! p>ticul>s t ! resid5ce ( ! great *ief or 8,bro!r ( ! ,sun10 z he 0 call$1 0 erect$ on a m\nd 7butte7 ( e>? c>ri$ = t purpose4 ,:5 ! *ief di$1 ! h\se 0 de/roy$1 & ! same m\nd 0 n us$ z ! site ( ! mansion ( 8 successor1 b 0 left vacant & a new "o 0 con/ruct$4#gg ,?is int]e/+ fact goes to expla9 ! great numb] ( m\nds 9 "s localities2 & x also tea*es u ! important tru? t we _c =m any correct e/imate ( ! date :5 a m\nd-build+ tribe left a locality by c\nt+ ! r+s 9 trees1 etc41 because long be=e !y dep>t$1 c]ta9 tumuli or e>?works may h be5 des]t$ & taboo$ f sup]/iti\s notions1 j z _m 7 among ! ,nat*ez4 ,we h ! size ( ! ,nat*ez m\nds giv5 approximately by ,m4 ,le ,page du ,pratz4 ,he obs]ves t ! "o on :i* 0 ! h\se ( ! ,great ,sun 0 8ab\t eight feet high & tw5ty feet ov] on ! surface40#gh ,he adds t _! temple1 9 :i* ! p]petual fire 0 kept burn+1 0 on a m\nd ab\t ! same height4 ,! cu/om ( communal burial has be5 adv]t$ to4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y x appe>s to h prevail$ 9 mo/ ( ! tribes f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf4 ,! bones ( ea* phratry or g5s--! =m]1 probably--7 collect$ e eight or t5 ye>s & convey$ to ! spot :]e !y 7 to be f9ally int]r$4 ,a m\nd 0 rais$ ov] !m :i* gradually increas$ 9 size ) ea* additional int]m5t4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ?is me?od ( burial h (t5 be5 describ$1 & x is en\gh t ,i ref] to a few au?orities 9 ! note4#gi ,inde$ x has n be5 pret5d$ t su* m\nds necess>ily date back to a race ant]ior to t :i* occupi$ ! soil at ! adv5t ( ! :ite man4 ,i h n includ$ 9 ! above survey ! important ,dakota /ock :o once occupi$ an ext5d$ t]ritory on ! upp] ,mississippi & its afflu5ts1 & scatt]$ clans ( :om 7 resid5t on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ 9 ,virg9ia & ,c>ol9a4 ,b1 9 fact1 ,i h n[h]e f\nd t !y erect$ e>?works ( any pret5tions :atev]4 ,f :at ,i h collect$1 !re=e1 x w\ld appe> t ! only resid5t ,indians at ! "t ( ! discov]y :o %[$ any evid5ce ( m\nd-build+ comp>able to t f\nd 9 ! ,ohio valley 7 ! ,*ahta-,muskokees4 ,i believe t ! evid5ce is suffici5t to ju/ify u 9 accept+ ?is race z ! con/ructors ( all ^? ext5sive m\nds1 t]races1 plat=ms1 artificial lakes & circumvallations :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! ,gulf ,/ates1 ,georgia & ,florida4 ,! e>lie/ explor]s di/9ctly /ate t su* 7 us$ & con/ruct$ by ^! nations 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & probably _h be5 = _m g5]ations4 ,su* too1 is ! op9ion arriv$ at by ,col4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones1 ?an :om no "o is m compet5t to speak ) au?ority on ?is po9t4 ,ref]r+ to ! e>?works f\nd 9 ,georgia he writes3 8,we d n concur 9 ! op9ion s (t5 express$ t ! m\nd-build]s 7 a race di/9ct f & sup]ior 9 art1 gov]nm5t1 & religion1 to ! ,s\!rn ,indians ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies40 ,x is a ,baconian rule :i* holds good 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce t ! simple/ explanation ( a giv5 fact or s]ies ( facts %\ld always be accept$2 !re=e if we c po9t out a well kn[n race ( ,indians :o1 at ! "t ( ! discov]y1 rais$ m\nds & o!r e>?works1 n :olly dissimil> 9 "* & n mu* inf]ior 9 size to ^? 9 ! ,ohio valley1 & :o resid$ n v f> away f t region & directly 9 ! l9e :i* ! ,m\nd-,build]s are believ$ by all to h foll[$ 9 _! emigration1 !n ?is rule con/ra9s u to accept = ! pres5t ?is race z ! mo/ probable desc5dants ( ! ,m\nd ,tribes1 & seek no fur!r = ,toltecs1 ,asiatics or ,brazilians4 ,all ^! conditions are fill$ by ! ,*ahta tribes4#hj ,x is true1 z ,i h already said1 t ! traditions ( _! own orig9 d n po9t to ! nor? b r to ! we/ or nor?we/2 b 9 "o ( ^! traditions x is noticeable t !y claim _! orig9 to h be5 f a l>ge artificial m\nd1 ! celebrat$ ,nanih ,waiya1 ! ,slop+ ,hill1 an imm5se pile 9 ! valley ( ! ,big ,black ,riv]2#ha & x may be t ?is is a vague rem9isc5ce ( _! remote migration f _! maje/ic works 9 ! nor?4 ,! size ( ! s\!rn m\nds is (t5 wor?y ( ! desc5dants ( ^? :o rais$ ! va/ piles 9 ! nor!rn valleys4 ,?us "o 9 ! ,et[ah ,valley1 ,georgia1 has a cubical capacity ( #a1jjj1jjj1 cubic feet4#hb ,! ,messi] ,m\nd1 ne> ! ,*atahoo*ee ,riv]1 conta9s ab\t #gjj1jjj cubic feet4#hc ,:olly artificial m\nds #ej to #gj feet 9 height1 ) base areas ( ab\t #bjj by #djj feet1 are by no means unusual 9 ! riv] valleys ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,) ^! figures we may comp>e ! dim5sions ( ! nor!rn m\nds4 ,! massive "o ne> ,miamisburg1 ,ohio1 #fh feet high1 has be5 calculat$ to conta9 #caa1cej cubic feet--ab\t half ! size ( ! ,messi] ,m\nd4 ,at ,cl>k's ,works1 ,ohio1 ! embankm5ts & m\nds toge!r conta9 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj cubic feet2#hd b z ! embankm5t is ?ree miles long1 mo/ ( ?is is n 9 ! m\nds !mselves4 ,great] ?an any ( ^! is ! truncat$ pyramid at ,cahokia1 ,ill9ois1 :i* has an altitude ( #ij feet & a base area ( #gjj by #ejj feet4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ?is is :olly an artificial con/ruction4 ,pr(essor ,sp5c] ,smi? has %[n t ! once fam\s 8big m\nd0 ( ,/4 ,l\is 0 l>gely a natural =mation2 & he expresses ! op9ion t _m ( ! m\nds 9 ,miss\ri & ,ill9ois1 popul>ly suppos$ to be artificial con/ructions1 are :olly1 or 9 great "p1 ( geologic orig94#he ,!re is app>5tly !re=e no su* great diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>? /ructures ( ! ,*ahta tribes1 & ^? left u by ! m nor!rn m\nd-build]s1 t we ne$ suppose = ! latt] any mat]ial sup]iority 9 culture ov] ! =m] :5 fir/ !y became kn[n to ! :ites2 nor is !re any improbability 9 assum+ t ! ,m\nd-build]s ( ! ,ohio 7 9 fact ! prog5itors ( ! ,*ahta tribes1 & 7 driv5 s\? probably ab\t ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! discov]y4 ,su* is ! conviction to :i* ! above reason+ leads u4 ,9 ! c\rse ( x1 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! condition ( ! arts ( ! ,m\nd-build]s comp>$ ) t ( ! e>ly s\!rn ,indians2 nor h ,i spok5 ( _! suppos$ peculi> religi\s beliefs :i* a rec5t writ] ?9ks to po9t to 8,toltec0 connections2#hf nor h ,i discuss$ ! comp>ative craniology ( ! ,m\nd-build]s1 ^u :i* "s v rem>kable hypo!ses h be5 erect$2 nor d ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to d s1 = 9 ! pres5t /ate ( an?ropologic sci5ce1 all ! facts ( ^! k9ds relat+ to ! ,m\nd-build]s :i* we h z yet le>n$1 c h no appreciable weight to ! inve/igator4 ,inve/igations conduct$ s9ce ! above ,essay 0 pr9t$ require "s modifications 9 its /atem5ts4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas r5d] x likely t ! ,*]okees 7 also ,m\nd-build]s1 & t !y occupi$ portions ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania & ,we/]n ,virg9ia less ?an two c5turies ago4 7,see also my "w ,! ,l5p & _! ,leg5ds1 pp4 #af-ah4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe47 ,probably ! ,ohio ,valley ,m\nd-build]s 7 ! ance/ors ( "s ( ! ,*]okees z well z ( ! ,*ahta-,muskoki tribes4 ,craniologic data f ! ,ohio m\nds are /ill too vague to p]mit inf]5ces f !m4 ,,! ,,toltecs ,,& ,,_! ,,fabul\s ,,empire4 ,9 ! fir/ addition ( my ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w#hg publi%$ 9 #ahfh1 ,i ass]t$ t ! /ory ( ! city ( ,tula & its inhabitants1 ! ,toltecs1 z curr5tly relat$ 9 anci5t ,mexican hi/ory1 is a my?1 & n hi/ory4 ,?is op9ion ,i h s9ce repeat$ 9 v>i\s publications1#hh b writ]s on pre-,columbian ,am]ican civilization h be5 v unwill+ to give up _! ,toltecs1 & lately ,m4 ,*>nay has compos$ a labori\s monograph to def5d !m4#hi ,let me /ate ! "q squ>ely4 ,! or?odox op9ion is t ! ,toltecs1 com+ f ! nor? 7-we/ or -ea/71 f\nd$ ! city ( ,tula 7ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ! pres5t city ( ,mexico7 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d42 t _! ,/ate fl\ri%$ = ab\t five hundr$ ye>s1 until x numb]$ ne>ly f\r millions ( inhabitants1 & ext5d$ its sway f ocean to ocean ov] ! :ole ( c5tral ,mexico2#ij t x rea*$ a rem>kably high /age ( culture 9 ! arts2 t 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury x 0 almo/ totally de/roy$ by w> & fam9e2#ia & t its fragm5ts1 escap+ 9 sep>ate colonies1 c>ri$ ! civilization ( ,tula to ! s\?1 to ,tabasco 7,pal5que71 ,yucatan1 ,guatemala & ,nic>agua4 ,quetzalcoatl1 ! la/ rul] ( ,tula1 himself w5t to ! s\?-ea/1 & reappe>s 9 ,yucatan z ! culture-h]o ,cukulkan1 ! traditional f\nd] ( ! ,maya civilization4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! curr5t op9ion ab\t ! ,toltecs4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,veitia1 ,clavig]o1 ,prescott1 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 & scores ( o!r reputable writ]s4 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,toltecs has be5 (f]$ z ! easy solution ( ! orig9 ( ! civilization n only ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 b ( ,new ,mexico & ! ,mississippi valley4#ib ,! op9ion t ,i oppose to ?is1 & :i* ,i hope to e/abli% 9 ?is article1 is z foll[s3 ,tula 0 m]ely "o ( ! t[ns built & occupi$ by t tribe ( ! ,nahuas kn[n z ,azteca or ,mexica1 ^: tribal god 0 ,huitzilopo*tli1 & :o f9ally settl$ at ,mexico-,t5o*titlan 7! pres5t city ( ,mexico72 its inhabitants 7 call$ ,toltecs1 b !re 0 nev] any su* di/9ct tribe or nationality2 !y 7 m]ely ! ance/ors ( ?is bran* ( ! ,azteca1 & :5 ,tula 0 de/roy$ by civil & =eign w>s1 ^! survivors remov$ to ! valley ( ,mexico & became m]g$ ) _! k9dr$2 !y enjoy$ no supremacy1 ei!r 9 p[] or 9 ! arts2 & ! ,toltec 8empire0 is a baseless fable4 ,:at gave !m _! s+ul> fame 9 lat] leg5d 0 p>tly ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to glorify ! 8good old times0 & to m]ge ance/ors into div9ities1 & especially ! significance ( ! "n ,tula1 8! ,place ( ! ,sun10 lead+ to ! conf\nd+ & id5tification ( a half-=gott5 leg5d ) ! ev]-liv+ light-&-d>kness my? ( ! gods ,quetzalcoatl & ,tezcatlipoca4 ,to support ?is view1 let u inquire :at we "k ab\t ,tula z an hi/oric site4 ,its location is on "o ( ! great anci5t trails lead+ f ! nor? into ! ,valley ( ,mexico4#ic ,! ru9s ( ! old t[n are ^u an elevation ab\t #ajj feet 9 height1 ^: summit pres5ts a level surface 9 ! %ape ( an irregul> triangle "s #hjj y>ds long1 ) a c5tral wid? ( #cjj y>ds1 ! apex to ! s\?-ea/1 :]e ! face ( ! hill is =tifi$ by a r\gh /one wall4#id ,x is a natural hill1 ov]look+ a small muddy creek1 call$ ! ,rio de ,tula4#ie ,yet ?is unpret5d+ m\nd is ! celebrat$ ,coatepetl1 ,s]p5t-,m\nt1 or ,snake-,hill1 fam\s 9 ,nahuatl leg5d1 & ! c5tral figure 9 all ! wond]ful /ories ab\t ! ,toltecs4#if ,! rema9s ( ! artificial tumuli & walls1 :i* are abundantly scatt]$ ov] ! summit1 %[ t1 l ! pueblos ( ,new ,mexico1 !y 7 built ( l>ge sun-bak$ bricks m+l$ ) /ones1 r\gh or trimm$1 & bo? walls & floors 7 laid 9 a firm cem5t1 :i* 0 usually pa9t$ ( diff]5t colors4 ,h5ce probably ! "n ,palpan1 8amid ! colors10 :i* tradition says 0 appli$ to ^! /ructures on ! ,coatepetl4#ig ,! /one-"w1 repres5t$ by a few brok5 fragm5ts1 appe>s equal1 b n sup]ior1 to t ( ! ,valley ( ,mexico4 ,bo? ! free & ! atta*$ column occur1 & figure-c>v+ 0 kn[n1 z a few wea!r-beat5 relics te/ify4 ,! h\ses conta9$ _m rooms1 on diff]5t levels1 & ! ro(s 7 flat4 ,!y 7 no d\bt mo/ly communal /ructures4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,s]p5t-,hill is a level pla91 b little above ! riv]1 on :i* is ! mod]n village ) its corn-fields4 ,^! geographical p>ticul>s are necess>y to und]/& ! anci5t leg5d1 & ) !m 9 m9d its real purport is evid5t4#ih ,t leg5d is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! ,azteca or ,mexica--= ^! names 7 appli$ to ! same tribe#ii--left _! e>ly home 9 ,aztlan--:i* ,ramirez locates 9 ,lake ,*alco 9 ! ,valley ( ,mexico1 & ,orozco y ,b]ra 9 ,lake ,*apallan 9 ,mi*oacan#ajj--!y pursu$ _! c\rse = "s g5]ations 9 h>mony2 b at a c]ta9 "t1 some:]e betwe5 ! eigh? & ! elev5? c5tury ( our era1 !y fell out & sep>at$4 ,! leg5d ref]s to ?is z a dispute betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! tribal god ,huitzilopo*tli & ^? ( 8 si/] ,mal9alxo*itl4 ,we may und]/& x to h be5 ! sep>ation ( two 8totems40 ,! latt] ent]$ at once ! ,valley ( ,mexico1 :ile ! foll[]s ( ,huitzilopo*tli pass$ on to ! pla9 ( ,tula & settl$ on ! ,coatepetl4 ,"h1 says ! n>rative1 !y con/ruct$ h\ses ( /ones & ( ru%es1 built a temple = ! wor%ip ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 set up 8 image & ^? ( ! fifte5 div9ities 7g5tes87 :o 7 subject to him1 & erect$ a l>ge alt> ( sculptur$ /one & a c\rt = _! ball play4#aja ,! level gr\nd at ! foot ( ! hill !y p>tly flood$ by damm+ ! riv]1 & us$ ! rema9d] = plant+ _! crops4 ,aft] an indet]m9ate "t !y ab&on$ ,tula & ! ,coatepetl1 driv5 out by civil /rife & w>like neighbors1 & j\rney$ s\?w>d into ! ,valley ( ,mexico1 !re to f\nd ! fam\s city ( t "n4 ,?is is ! simple n>rative ( ,tulan1 /ripp$ ( its contradictions1 metaphors & confusion1 z h&$ d[n by ^? highe/ au?orities ! ,codex ,ramirez1 ,tezozomoc & ,fa!r ,duran4#ajb ,x is a pla9 /atem5t t ,tula & its ,snake-,hill 7 m]ely "o ( ! /ations ( ! ,azteca 9 _! migrations--an important /ation1 inde$1 ) natural /r5g?1 & "o t !y =tifi$ ) c>e1 :]e = "s g5]ations1 probably1 !y ma9ta9$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & :i* ! /ory-tell]s ( ! tribe recall$ ) pride & exagg]ation4 ,h[ long !y occupi$ ! site is unc]ta94#ajc ,ixtlilxo*itl gives a li/ ( eight successive rul]s ( ! 8,toltecs10 ea* ( :om 0 comput$ to reign at lea/ fifty-two ye>s1 or "o cycle2 b x is notewor?y t he /ates ^! rul]s 7 n ( 8,toltec0 blood1 b impos$ ^u !m by ! 8,*i*imecs40 ,?is does n reflect cr$itably on ! suppos$ s+ul> cultivation ( ! ,toltecs4 ,probably ! w>rior ,aztecs subject$ a numb] ( neighbor+ tribes & impos$ ^u !m rul]s4#ajd ,if we accept ! date giv5 by ! ,codex ,ramirez = ! dep>ture ( ! ,aztecs f ! ,coatepetl--,a4 ,d4 #aafh--!n x is q possible t !y might h controll$ ! site = a c\ple ( c5turies or long]1 & t ! numb] ( successive *iefta9s nam$ by ,ixtlilxo*itl %\ld n be f> wrong4 ,! de/ructive battles ( :i* he speaks z prec$+ _! dep>ture--battles result+ 9 ! slaught] ( m ?an five million s\ls--we may reg>d z ! grossly ov]/at$ acc\nt ( "s really desp]ate conflicts4 ,t ! w>riors ( ! ,azteca1 on leav+ ,tula1 scatt]$ ov] ,mexico1 ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 is directly contr>y to ! ass]tion ( ! high au?orities ,i h quot$1 & also to mo/ ( ! my?ical descriptions ( ! ev5t1 :i* decl>e !y 7 all1 or ne>ly all1 massacr$4#aje ,! above ,i claim to be ! real hi/ory ( ,tula & its ,s]p5t-,hill1 ( ! ,toltecs & _! dyna/y4 ,n[ comes ! "q1 if we accept ?is view1 h[ did ?is anci5t t[n & its inhabitants come to h s wide a celebrity1 n m]ely 9 ! my?s ( ! ,nahuas ( ,mexico1 b 9 ! sacr$ /ories ( ,yucatan & ,guatemala z well--:i* 0 unque/ionably ! case8 ,to expla9 ?is1 ,i mu/ h rec\rse to "s ( ^? curi\s pr9ciples ( language :i* h _h su* influ5ce 9 build+ ! fabric ( my?ology4 ,9 su* inquiries we h m to d ) words ?an ) ?+s1 ) names ?an ) p]sons1 ) phrases ?an ) facts4 ,fir/ ab\t ^! names1 ,tula1 ,tollan1 ,toltec--:at d !y mean8 ,!y are evid5tly f ! same root4 ,:at idea did x convey8 ,we are fir/ /ruck ) ! fact t ! ,tula ,i h be5 describ+ 0 n ! only "o 9 ! ,nahuatl di/rict ( ,mexico4 ,!re are o!r ,tulas & ,tollans1 "o ne> ,ococ+o1 ano!r1 n[ ,san ,p$ro ,tula1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mexico1 "o 9 ,gu]r]o1 ,san ,antonio ,tula 9 ,potosi1#ajf etc4 ,! "n mu/ h be5 "o ( common import4 ,h]r]a1 :o spells x ,tulo1 by an error1 is j z errone\s 9 8 sugge/ion ( a mean+4 ,he says x means 8place ( ! tuna10 ?is be+ a t]m us$ = ! prickly pe>4#ajg ,b tuna 0 n a ,nahuatl ^w2 x belongs to ! dialect ( ,haiti1 & 0 introduc$ into ,mexico by ! ,spani>ds4 ,!re=e ,h]r]a's d]ivation mu/ be rul$ out4 ,ixtlilxo*itl pret5ds t ! "n ,tollan 0 t ( ! fir/ *iefta9 ( ! ,toltecs1 & t !y 7 nam$ aft] him2 b else:]e himself contradicts ?is ass]tion4#ajh ,mo/ writ]s foll[ ! ,codex ,ramirez1 & ma9ta9 t ,tollan--( :i* ,tula is b an abbreviation--is f tol91 ! ,nahuatl ^w = ru%1 ! k9d ( :i* !y made mats1 & means 8! place ( ru%es10 or :]e !y gr[4 ,! respectable au?ority ( ,bus*mann is 9 favor ( ?is d]ivation2 b accord+ to ! analogy ( ! ,nahuatl language1 ! 8place ( ru%es0 %\ld be ,toltitlan or ,tol9an1 & !re are localities ) ^! names4#aji ,)\t d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 we mu/ accept ! d]ivation ( ,tollan giv5 by ,tezozomoc1 9 8 ,cronica ,mexicana4 ,?is writ]1 ?or\ghly famili> ) 8 native tongue1 conveys to u its anci5t =m & real s5se4 ,speak+ ( ! e>ly ,aztecs1 he says3 8,!y arriv$ at ! spot call$ ,coatepec1 on ! bord]s ( ,tonalan1 ! place ( ! sun40#aaj ,?is "n1 ,tonallan1 is /ill n unusual 9 ,mexico4 ,bus*mann enum]ates f\r villages s call$1 besides a m9+ t[n1 ,tonatlan4#aaa 8,place ( ! sun0 is a lit]al r5d]+1 & x w\ld be equally accurate to translate x 8sunny-spot10 or 8w>m place10 or 8summ]-place40 ,!re is no?+ v peculi> or di/9ctive ab\t ^! mean+s4 ,! w>m1 sunny pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,snake-,hill 0 call$1 naturally en\gh1 ,tonallan1 syncopat$ to ,tollan1 & ?us to ,tula4#aab ,b ! lit]al mean+ ( ,tollan--8,place ( ! ,sun0--br\ght x 9 lat] days into intimate connection ) _m a my? ( light & ( sol> div9ities1 until ?is anci5t ,aztec pueblo became apo!osiz$1 its inhabitants trans=m$ into magicians & demigods1 & ! corn-fields ( ,tula /& =? z fruitful pla9s ( ,p>adise4 ,9 ! hi/oric fragm5ts to :i* ,i h allud$ !re is scant ref]5ce to miracul\s ev5ts1 & ! gods play no "p 9 ! sob] *ronicle4 ,b 9 ! my?ical cyclus we are at once translat$ into ! sph]e ( ! sup]nal4 ,! ,snake-,hill ,coatepetl becomes ! ,aztec ,olympus4 ,on x dwells ! great goddess 8,our ,"m amid ! ,s]p5ts10 ,coatlan ,tonan1#aac o!rwise call$ 8,! ,s]p5t-skirt$10 ,coatlicue1 ) h] *ildr51 ,! ,myriad ,sages1 ! ,c5tzon ,huitznahua4#aad ,x 0 h] duty to sweep ! ,snake-,hill e day1 t x might be kept clean = h] *ildr54 ,"o day :ile ?us engag$1 a little bun* ( fea!rs fell ^u h]1 & %e hid x "u h] robe4 ,x 0 ! desc5t ( ! _s1 ! div9e ,annunciation4 ,:5 ! ,myriad ,sages saw t _! "m 0 pregnant1 !y 7 enrag$1 & set ab\t to kill h]4 ,b ! unborn babe spake f h] womb1 & provid$ = h] safety1 until 9 due "t he came =? arm$ ) a blue javel91 8 fle% pa9t$ blue1 & ) a blue %ield4 ,8 left leg 0 ?9 & cov]$ ) ! plumage ( ! humm+-bird4 ,h5ce ! "n 0 giv5 to him 8,on ! left1 a humm+-bird10 ,huitzilopo*tli4#aae ,f\r times ar\nd ! ,s]p5t-,m\nta9 did he drive ! ,myriad ,sages1 until ne>ly all _h fall5 dead be=e 8 d>t1 & ! rema9d] fl$ f> to ! s\?4 ,!n all ! ,mexica *ose ,huitzilopo*tli = _! god1 & paid honors to ! ,s]p5t-,hill by ,tula z 8 bir?place4#aaf ,an equally anci5t & au!ntic my? makes ,huitzilopo*tli "o ( f\r bro!rs1 born at "o "t ( ! uncreat$1 bi-sexual div9ity1 ! ,god ( our ,life1 ,tonacatecutli1 :o looms dimly at ! head ( ! ,aztec ,pan!on4 ,8 bro!rs 7 ! black & :ite ,tezcatlipoca & ! fair-sk9n$1 be>d$ ,quetzalcoatl4 ,yet a ?ird my? places ! bir?place ( ,quetzalcoatl directly 9 ,tula1 & names 8 "m1 ,*imalman1 a virg91 div9ely impregnat$1 l ,coatlicue1 by ! desc5d+ _s ( ! ,fa!r ( ,all4#aag ,tula 0 n only ! bir?place1 b ! sc5e ( ! highe/ activity ( all ^! greate/ div9ities ( ! anci5t ,nahuas4 ,ar\nd ! ,coatepetl & on ! %ores ( ! ,tollanatl--8! ,wat] ( ,tula0--z ! /ream is call$ :i* laves ! base ( ! hill1 ! mighty /ruggles ( ! gods took place :i* =m ! !mes ( almo/ all ,aztec my?ology4 ,tulan itself is no long] ! hamlet ( ru% h\ses at ! foot ( ! ,coatepec1 surm\nt$ by its pueblo ( r\gh /one & bak$ brick2 x is a glori\s city1 f\nd$ & gov]n$ by ,quetzalcoatl himself1 9 8 fir/ avat> z ,hueman1 ! /rong-h&$4 8,all its /ructures 7 /ately & graci\s1 ab\nd+ 9 ornam5ts4 ,! walls )9 7 incru/$ ) preci\s /ones or f9i%$ 9 beautiful /ucco1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a ri* mosaic4 ,mo/ wond]ful ( all 0 ! temple ( ,quetzalcoatl4 ,x _h f\r *amb]s1 "o t[>d ! ea/ f9i%$ 9 pure gold1 ano!r t[>d ! we/ l9$ ) turquoise & em]alds1 a ?ird t[>d ! s\? decorat$ ) all mann] ( delicate sea-%ells1 & a f\r? t[>d ! nor? respl5d5t ) r$ jasp] & %ells40#aah ,! descriptions ( o!r build+s1 equally wondr\s1 h be5 lov+ly pres]v$ by ! anci5t songs4#aai ,:at a grief t our wor?y fri5d1 ,m4 ,*>nay1 digg+ away 9 #ahhj on ! ,coatepec1 at ! head ( a gang ( =ty-five m51 z he tells u1#abj une>!d no sign ( ^! anci5t glories1 9 :i*1 = "o1 he fully believ$6 ,b1 alas6 ,i fe> t !y are to be s\ght n[h]e out ( ! gold5 realm ( fancy & my?ical dream+4 ,nor1 9 t happy age1 0 ! l& unwor?y su* a glori\s city4 ,:]e n[ ! neglect$ corn-pat*es surr\nd ! %abby huts ( ,tula1 9 ! good old "t 8! crops ( maize nev] fail$1 & ea* e> 0 z long z a man's arm2 ! cotton bur/ its pods1 n :ite only1 b spontane\sly ready dy$ to ! h& 9 brilliant sc>let1 gre51 blue & yell[2 ! g\rds 7 s l>ge t !y c\ld n be clasp$ 9 ! arms2 & birds ( brilliant plumage ne/$ on e tree60 ,! subjects ( ,quetzalcoatl1 ! ,toltecs1 7 n less m>vel\sly qualifi$4 ,!y knew ! virtues ( plants & c\ld read ! =eca/ ( ! />s2 !y c\ld trace ! ve9s ( metals 9 ! m\nta9s1 & disc]n ! deposits ( preci\s /ones by ! f9e vapor :i* !y emit2 !y 7 orators1 poets & magicians2 s swift 7 !y t !y c\ld at once be 9 ! place !y wi%$ to rea*2 z artisans _! skill 0 unmat*$1 & !y 7 n subject to ! attacks ( disease4 ,! failure & end ( all ?is goodly "t came ab\t by a battle ( ! gods1 by a conte/ betwe5 ,tezcatlipoca & ,huitzilopo*tli on ! "o h&1 & ,quetzalcoatl on ! o!r4 ,quetzalcoatl refus$ to make ! sacrifices ( human be+s z requir$ by ,huitzilopo*tli1 & ! latt]1 ) ,tezcatlipoca1 set ab\t ! de/ruction ( ,tula & its p4 ,?is 0 ! *os5 !me ( ! lat] ,aztec b>ds4 ,:at ! siege ( ,troy 0 to ! ,grecian poets1 ! fall ( ,tula 0 to ! s+]s & /ory-tell]s ( ,anahuac--an inexhau/ible field = imag9ation1 = glorification1 = lam5tation4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 ! remote pa/--accord+ to ,sahagun1 p]haps ! be/ au?ority1 ab\t ! ye> #cai be=e ,*ri/4#aba ,all arts & sci5ces1 all k & culture1 7 ascrib$ to ?is wond]ful my?ical p2 & :]ev] ! natives 7 ask$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( anci5t & unkn[n /ructures1 !y w\ld reply2 8,! ,toltecs built !m40#abb ,!y fix$ly believ$ t "s day ! immortal ,quetzalcoatl w\ld appe> 9 ano!r avat>1 & w\ld br+ aga9 to ! fields ( ,mexico ! exub]ant f]tility ( ,tula1 ! peace & happ9ess ( 8 =m] reign1 & t ! dep>t$ glories ( ! pa/ %\ld surr\nd anew ! homes ( 8 vot>ies4#abc ,:at ,i wi% to po9t out 9 all ?is is ! contra/ betwe5 ! dry & scanty hi/oric n>rative :i* %[s ,tula ) its ,snake-,hill to h be5 an e>ly /ation ( ! ,azteca1 occupi$ 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5tury by "o ( _! clans1 & ! mon/r\s my? ( ! lat] prie/s & poets1 :i* makes ( x a bir?place & abode ( ! gods1 & its inhabitants ! semi-div9e conqu]ors & civiliz]s ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,= ?is latt] fable !re is n a ve/ige ( solid f\ndation4 ,! ref]5ces to ,tula & ! ,toltecs 9 ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,mayas & ! ,annals ( ! ,kak*iquels are loans f ! lat] my?ology ( ! ,nahuas4 ,x is high "t = ?is talk ab\t ! ,toltecs z a mighty p1 precursors ( ! ,azteca1 & _! in/ructors 9 ! arts ( civilization1 to disappe> f ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,! resid5ts ( anci5t ,tula1 ! ,tolteca1 7 no?+ m ?an a sept ( ! ,nahuas !mselves1 ! ance/ors ( ^? ,mexica :o built ,t5o*titlan 9 #acbe4 ,?is is /at$ z pla9ly z c be 9 ! ,aztec records1 & %\ld n[ be conc$$ by all4 ,! my?ical ,tula1 & all its rul]s & inhabitants1 are ! baseless dreams ( poetic fancy1 :i* we pr9cipally owe to ! ,tezcucan poets4#abd ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,my?ology ,,& ,,folk-,,lore4 ,,introductory4 ,fa%ions 9 ! /udy ( my?ology come & g ) some?+ l ! rapidity ( *ange 9 co/ume fem99e1 subject to ! autocracy ( a ,p>isian man-modi/e4 ,my?s h be5 held 9 turn to be ( "s deep hi/orical1 or moral1 or physical purport1 & _! cont5t has be5 s\ght ?r\gh psy*ologic or philologic analysis4 ,j n[1 all ^! me?ods are out ( fa%ion4 ,! newe/ !ory is t my?s g5]ally mean no?+ at all2 t !y are m]ely funny or fe>some /ories & nev] 7 mu* m2 & t at fir/ !y 7 n told ( anybody 9 p>ticul> nor ab\t any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,z = philologic analysis1 x is accus$ ( failures & contradictory results2 ! names :i* x makes its mat]ial are alleg$ n to h belong$ to ! orig9al /ory2 & _! etymology ca/s no m light on ! mean+ or ! s\rce ( ! my? ?an if !y 7 ,smi? or ,br[n4 ,accord+ to ?is facile me?od1 ! secret ( all my?ology is an op5 "o1 because !re is no secret at all4 ,no pa9ful prelim9>y /udy ( language is necess>y to ! sci5ce1 no labori\s trac+ ( names ?r\gh _! v>i\s dialectic =ms & phonetic *anges to _! fir/ & orig9al s5se1 = nei!r _! e>li] nor lat] s5se is to ! purpose4 ,?is new me?od goes /ill fur!r4 ,"s =m] my?ologi/s _h suppos$ t ev5 9 ! savage /ate man feels a s5se ( awe be=e ! mighty =ces ( nature & ! t]rible my/]ies ( life2 t joy 9 light & exi/5ce1 dread ( dea? & d>kness1 love ( family & c\ntry1 are emotions s intimate1 s native to ! s\l1 z n[h]e to be abs5t--s pot5t z to f9d expressions 9 ! highe/ imag9ative =ms ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,n s ! late/ tea*]s4 ,!y sne] at ! possibility ( su* inspiration ev5 9 ! div9e leg5ds ( cultivat$ nations1 & are ready to br& !m all z b ! lat] gr[?s ( 8my?s1 cruel1 pu]ile & obsc5e1 l ! fancies ( ! savage my?-mak]s f :i* !y sprang40#abe ,l o!r fa%ions1 ?is late/ w also pass away1 because x is a fa%ion only1 & n gr\nd$ on ! p]man5t1 ! v]ifiable facts ( human nature4 ,etymology is z yet f> f an exact sci5ce1 & comp>ative my?ologi/s 9 apply+ x h made _m blund]s3 !y h (t5 err$ 9 ass]t+ hi/orical connections :]e none exi/$2 !y h be5 sl[ 9 recogniz+ t primitive man works ) v limit$ mat]ials1 bo? physical & m5tal1 & z ev]y:]e he has ! same problems to solve1 8 physical & m5tal productions are necess>ily v simil>4 ,^! are objections1 n aga9/ ! me?od1 b aga9/ ! mann] ( its application4 ,^? :o h /udi$ savage races mo/ intimately & ) mo/ unbias$ m9ds h nev] f\nd _! religi\s fancies m]ely 8pu]ile & obsc5e10 z "s writ]s suppose1 b significant & didactic4 ,savage symbolism is ri* & is express$ bo? 9 object & ^w2 & :at appe>s cruelty1 pu]ility or obsc5ity assumes a v diff]5t aspect :5 reg>d$ f ! correct1 ! native1 po9t ( view1 ) a full k ( ! surr\nd+s & ! int5tions ( ! my?-mak]s !mselves4 ,9 ! sections :i* foll[ ,i h endeavor$ to illu/rate ^! op9ions by "s /udies f ,am]ican my?ology4 ,i h *os5 a s]ies ( unpromis+ names f ! sacr$ books ( ! ,qui*es ( ,guatemala1 & endeavor$ to asc]ta9 _! exact def9ition & orig9al purport4 ,i h tak5 up ! mo/ unfavorable aspect ( ! ,algonk9 h]o-god1 & %[n h[ p>allel x is to ! t5d5cies ( ! human m9d ev]y:]e2 9 ! ,j\rney ( ! ,s\l1 ! /rik+ analogies ( ,egyptian1 ,aryan & ,aztec my? h be5 br\ght toge!r & an explanation (f]$1 :i* ,i believe w n be ga9said by any compet5t /ud5t ( ,egyptian symbolism4 ,! ,sacr$ ,symbols f\nd 9 all cont95ts are expla9$ by a simil> tra9 ( reason+2 :ile ! mod]n folk-lore ( two tribes ( semi-,*ri/ianiz$ ,indians ( to-day reveals "s relics ( ! anci5t usages4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,names ,,9 ,,qui*e ,,my?ology4#abf ,cont5ts4--,! ,qui*es ( ,guatemala1 & _! relation%ip--,_! ,sacr$ ,book1 ! ,popol ,vuh--,its op5+ words--,! "n ,hun-,ahpu-,vu*--,hun-,ahpu-,utiu--,nim- ak--,nim-tzyiz--,tepeu--,gucumatz--,qux- *o & ,qux-palo--,ah-raxa-lak & ,ah-raxa-sel--,xpiyacoc & ,xmucane--,cakulha--,huracan--,*irakan-- ,xbalanque & 8 ,j\rney to ,xibalba4 ,( ! anci5t races ( ,am]ica1 ^? :i* approa*$ ! ne>e/ to a civiliz$ condition spoke relat$ dialects ( a tongue1 :i* f its pr9cipal memb]s has be5 call$ ! 8,maya-,qui*e0 l+ui/ic /ock4 ,ev5 to-day1 x is e/imat$ t ab\t half a million p]sons use ^! dialects4 ,!y are scatt]$ ov] ,yucatan1 ,guatemala & ! adjac5t t]ritory1 & "o bran* =m]ly occupi$ ! hot l[l&s on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 nor? ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,! s-call$ 8metropolitan0 dialects are ^? spok5 relatively ne> ! city ( ,guatemala1 & include ! ,cak*iquel1 ! ,qui*e1 ! ,pokon*i & ! ,tzutuhil4 ,!y are q closely alli$1 & are mutually intelligible1 resembl+ ea* o!r ab\t z mu* z did 9 anci5t ,greece ! ,attic1 ,ionic & ,doric dialects4 ,^! closely relat$ memb]s ( ! ,maya-,qui*e family w be ref]r$ to "u ! sub-title ( ! ,qui*e-,cak*iquel dialects4 ,! civilization ( ^! p 0 su* t !y us$ v>i\s mnemonic signs1 approa*+ our alphabet1 to record & recall _! my?ology & hi/ory4 ,fragm5ts1 m or less complete1 ( ^! traditions h be5 pres]v$4 ,! mo/ notable ( !m is ! ,national ,leg5d ( ! ,qui*es ( ,guatemala1 ! s-call$ ,popol ,vuh4 ,x 0 writt5 at an unkn[n date 9 ! ,qui*e dialect1 by a native :o 0 famili> ) ! anci5t records4 ,a ,spani% translation ( x 0 made e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury by a ,spani% prie/1 ,fa!r ,francisco ,xim5ez1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,vi5na1 #aheg4abg ,9 #ahfa ! orig9al text 0 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is1 ) a ,fr5* translation by ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg74 ,?is orig9al cov]s ab\t #age octavo pages1 & is !re=e highly important z a l+ui/ic z well z an ar*ologic monum5t4 ,bo? ^! translations are op5 to c5sure4 ,x ne$s b little /udy to see t !y are bo? /rongly color$ by ! views :i* ! respective translators ent]ta9$ ( ! purpose ( ! orig9al4 ,xim5ez ?\ght x 0 pr9cipally a satire ( ! devil on ,*ri/ianity1 & a sn>e spread by him to entrap s\ls2 ,brasseur believ$ x to be a hi/ory ( ! anci5t w>s ( ! ,qui*es1 & frequ5tly c>ries 8 euhem]ism s f> z to di/ort ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,:at has add$ to ! difficulty ( correct+ ^! errone\s impressions is ! extreme paucity ( mat]ial = /udy+ ! ,qui*e4 ,a gramm> writt5 by ,xim5ez has inde$ be5 publi%$1 b no diction>y is available1 if we except a brief 8,vocabul>y ( ! ,pr9cipal ,roots0 ( ^! dialects by ! same au?or1 :i* is almo/ useless = critical purposes4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t "s writ]s h reg>d$ ?is leg5d ) suspicion1 & h spok5 ( x z b little bett] ?an a late romance concoct$ by a %rewd native1 :o borr[$ _m ( 8 incid5ts f ,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,su* an op9ion w pass away :5 ! orig9al is accurately translat$4 ,to "o famili> ) native ,am]ican my?s1 ?is "o be>s und5iable m>ks ( its aborig9al orig94 ,its frequ5t obscurities & inanities1 its g5]ally l[ & n>r[ range ( ?\ght & expression1 its occasional l(t9ess ( bo?1 its /range metaphors1 & ! prom95ce ( /rictly hea!n names & pot5cies1 br+ x into unmi/akable relation%ip to ! true native my?4 ,?is especially holds good ( ! fir/ two-?irds ( x1 :i* are entirely my?ological4 ,z a contribution to ! /udy ( ?is int]e/+ monum5t1 ,i %all und]take to analyze "s ( ! prop] names ( ! div9ities :i* appe> 9 its pages4 ,! especial facilities t ,i h = do+ s are furni%$ by two ,,ms4 ,vocabul>ies ( ! ,cak*iquel dialect1 pres5t$ to ! libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society by ! ,gov]nor ( ,guatemala 9 #ahcf4 ,"o ( ^! 0 writt5 9 #afea1 by ,fa!r ,?omas ,coto1 & 0 bas$ on ! previ\s "w ( ,fa!r ,francisco ,v>ea4 ,x is ,spani%-,cak*iquel only1 & ! f9al pages1 toge!r ) a gramm> & an essay on ! native cal5d>1 promis$ 9 a body ( ! "w1 are un=tunately miss+4 ,:at rema9s1 h[ev]1 makes a folio volume ( #igb d\ble column$ pages1 & conta9s a mass ( in=mation ab\t ! language4 ,! second ,,ms4 is a copy ( ! ,cak*iquel-,spani% ,vocabul>y ( ,v>ea1 made by ,fray ,francisco ,c]on 9 #afii4 ,x is a qu>to ( #dic pages4 ,i h also 9 my possession copies ( ! ,comp5dio de ,nombres en ,l5gua ,cak*iquel1 by ,p4 ,f4 ,pantaleon de ,guzman 7#agjd71 & ( ! ,arte y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,cak*iquel1 by ! ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,b5ito de ,villacaz1 compos$ ab\t #aehj4 ,fa!r ,coto obs]ves t ! natives lov$ to tell long /ories1 & to repeat *ants1 keep+ "t to !m 9 _! dances4 ,^! *ants 7 call$ nugum tzih1 g>l&s ( words1 f tzih1 ^w1 & nug1 to fa/5 fl[]s into wrea?s1 to set 9 ord] a dance1 to arrange ! heads ( a disc\rse1 etc4 ,z pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 ! rhy?mical =m is mo/ly lo/1 b "h & !re "o f9ds passages1 reta9$ intact by memory no d\bt1 :]e a di/9ct balance 9 diction1 & an ef=t at h>mony are not$4 ,! "n ,popol ,vuh giv5 to ?is "w is t appli$ by ! natives !mselves4 ,x is translat$ by ,xim5ez 8libro del comun10 by ,brasseur 8livre national40 ,! ^w popol is appli$ to some?+ held 9 common own]%ip by a numb]2 ?us food belong+ to a numb] is popol naim2 a task to be work$ out by _m1 popol zamah2 ! native c\ncil :]e ! eld]s met to discuss public affairs 0 popol tzih1 ! common spee* or talk4 ,! ^w pop means ! mat or rug ( wov5 ru%es or b>k on :i* ! family or company sat1 & f ! community ( int]e/s ?us typifi$1 ! ^w came to mean any?+ 9 common4 ,vuh or uuh is 9 ,qui*e & ,cak*iquel ! ^w = pap] & book4 ,x is an orig9al t]m 9 ^! & connect$ dialects1 ! ,maya hav+ nooh1 a lett]1 writ+2 uo*1 to write4 ,!re is a s*ool ( writ]s :o deprecate su* rese>*es z ,i am ab\t to make4 ,!y are ( op9ion t ! appellations ( ! native gods 7 d]iv$ f trivial or accid5tal circum/ances1 & _h no recondite or symbolic mean+4 ,9 fact1 ?is ass]tion has be5 made ) ref]5ce to ! v names :i* ,i am ab\t to discuss4 ,i d n %>e ?is op9ion4 ,_m ( ! sacr$ names among ! ,am]ican tribes ,i feel sure _h occult & metaphorical significance4 ,?is is prov$ by ! pr(\nd rese>*es ( ,cu%+ among ! ,zuis2 ( ,dorsey among ! ,dakotas2 & o!rs4 ,b to rea* ?is hidd5 purport1 "o mu/ /udy all ! ideas :i* ! "n connotes1 especially ^? :i* are ar*aic4 ,i beg9 ) ! my/]i\s op5+ words ( ! ,popol ,vuh4 ,!y introduce u at once to ! mighty & manifold div9ity :o is ! s\rce & cause ( all ?+s1 & to ! orig9al c\ple1 male & female1 :o 9 _! p]sons & _! p[]s typify ! sexual & reproductive pr9ciples ( organic life4 ,^! words are z foll[s3 8,"h beg9s ! record ( :at happ5$ 9 old times 9 ! l& ( ! ,qui*es4 8,"h w we beg9 & set =? ! /ory ( pa/ "t1 ! outset & />t+ po9t ( all t took place 9 ! city ( ,qui*e1 9 ! dwell+ ( ! ,qui*e p4 8,"h we %all br+ to k ! explanation & ! disclosure ( ! ,disappe>ance & ! ,reappe>ance ?r\gh ! might ( ! build]s & creators1 ! be>]s ( *ildr5 & ! begett]s ( *ildr51 ^: names are ,hun-ahpu-vu*1 ,hun-ahpu-utiu1 ,zaki-nima-tzyiz1 ,tepeu1 ,gucumatz1 u ,qux-*o1 u ,qux-palo1 ,ah-raxa-lak1 ,ah-raxa-tzel4 8,& along ) ^! x is sung & relat$ ( ! gr&mo!r-gr&fa!r1 ^: "n is ,xpiyacoc & ,xmucane1 ! ,conceal] & ,protector2 two-fold gr&mo!r & two-fold gr&fa!r are !y call$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,qui*es40#abh ,x w be "h obs]v$ t ! decl>ation ( ! attributes ( ! highe/ div9ity sets =? di/9ctly sexual ideas1 &1 z 0 (t5 ! case 9 ,grecian1 ,egyptian & ,ori5tal my?ology1 ?is div9ity is repres5t$ z embrac+ ! p[]s & functions ( bo? sexes 9 8 own p]son2 & x is curi\s t bo? "h & 9 ! second p>agraph1 ! female attributes are nam$ fir/4 ,fir/ 9 ! specific names ( div9ity giv5 is ,hun-ahpu-vu*4 ,to d]ive any appropriate signification = ?is has baffl$ /ud5ts ( ?is my?ology4 ,hun is ! num]al "o1 b :i* also1 z 9 mo/ tongues1 has ! o!r mean+s ( fir/1 =emo/1 self1 unique1 mo/ prom95t1 8! "o10 etc4 ,ah pu is d]iv$ bo? by ,xim5ez & ,brasseur f ! prefix ah1 :i* is us$ to signify k or possession (1 or control ov]1 ma/]%ip or skill 91 orig9 f or practice 9 t to :i* x is prefix$2 & ub1 or pub1 ! s>bacana or bl[pipe1 :i* ^! ,indians us$ to employ z a weapon 9 w> & ! *ase4 ,ah pu1 !re=e1 !y take to mean1 ,he :o uses ! s>bacane1 a hunt]4 ,vu*1 ! la/ memb] ( ?is comp\nd "n1 is und]/ood by bo? to mean ! opossum4 ,9 accordance ) ^! d]ivations ! "n is translat$ 8an opossum hunt]40 ,su* a "n be>s little mean+ 9 ?is relation2 little relevancy to ! nature & functions ( deity2 & if a m appropriate & n less plausible composition c\ld be sugge/$1 x w\ld h intr9sic claims = adoption4 ,!re is su* a composition1 & x is ?is3 ,! d]ivation ( ,ahpu f ah-pub is n only unnecess>y b h>dly def5sible4 ,9 ,cak*iquel ! s>bacane is pub1 b 9 ,qui*e ! initial p is dropp$1 z c be se5 9 _m passages ( ! ,popol ,vuh4 ,! true composition ( ?is ^w ,i take to be ah-puz1 = puz has a signification associat$ ) ! my/]ies ( religion2 x express$ ! div9e p[] :i* ! native prie/s & prophets claim$ to h receiv$ f ! gods1 & ! ess5tially sup]natural attributes ( div9ity itself4 ,x 0 ! ^w :i* at fir/ ! natives appli$ to ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s claim$ by ! ,ca?olic mission>ies2 b z x 0 associat$ ) s _m hea!n notions1 ! cl]gy decid$ to drop x altoge!r f religi\s language1 & to leave x ! mean+ ( necromancy & unholy p[]4 ,?us ,coto gives x z ! ,cak*iquel ^w = magic or necromancy4#abi ,! ^w puz is us$ 9 v>i\s passages ( ! ,popol ,vuh to express ! sup]natural p[] ( ! gods & prie/s2 b probably by ! "t t ,xim5ez wrote1 x _h1 9 ! curr5t dialect ( 8 p>i%1 lo/ its highe/ signification1 & h5ce x did n sugge/ itself to him z ! true d]ivation ( ! "n ,i am discuss+4 ,! ?ird t]m1 ,vu* or ,vugh1 0 *os5 accord+ to ,xim5ez because ?is animal is notori\sly cunn+1 8por su a/ucia40 ,?is may be correct1 & we may h "h a rem9isc5ce ( an animal my?4 ,b ! ^w has sev]al o!r significations :i* %\ld be consid]$4 ,x 0 ! "n ( a sacr$ dance2 x express$ ! trembl+ 9 ! ague *ill2 ! w>m? ( wat]2 & ! d>kness :i* comes be=e ! dawn4#acj ,( ^! v>i\s mean+s "o is tempt$ to take ! la/1 & connect ,hun-ahpu-vu* ) ! auroral gods1 ! =]unn]s ( ! light1 l ! 8,ki*ig\ai1 ^? :o make ! day10 ( ,algonk9 my?ology4 ,!re is a curi\s passage 9 ! ,popol ,vuh :i* is 9 support ( su* an op9ion4 ,x occurs at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! my?ical h]o ,hunahpu4 ,! text reads3 8,are cut ta *i r'ah zakiric1 8,& n[ x 0 ab\t to become :ite1 8,*i zakt>91 ,& ! dawn came1 8,u xecah ca xaqu9u*ic4 ,! day op5$4 8,ama x-u *'ux ri ,vu*8 #8,is ! ,vu* ab\t to be8' 8,ve1 x-*a ri mama4 ,yes1 answ]$ ! old man4 8,ta *i xaqu9ic2 ,!n he spread ap>t 8 legs2 8,quate ta *i gekum> *ic2 ,aga9 ! d>kness appe>$2 8,cahmul xaqu9 ri mama4 ,f\r times ! old man spread 8 legs4 8,ca xaqu9-,vu*10 ca *a v9ak 8,n[ ! opossum 7,vu*7 spreads vacamic4 8 legs10 say ! p yet 7mean+ t ! day approa*es74 ,z ! same ^w ,vu* meant bo? ! opossum & ! atmosph]ic *ange :i* 9 t climate prec$es ! dawn1 ! text may be translat$ ei!r way1 & ! homophony w\ld give rise to a d\ble mean+ ( ! "n4 ,?is homophony conta9s1 inde$1 ri* mat]ial = ! developm5t ( an animal my?1 id5tify+ ! ,vu* ) ! ,god ( ,light1 j z ! simil>ity ( ! ,algonk9 waubis*1 ! dawn1 & waubos1 ! rabbit1 gave occasion to a :ole cycle ( curi\s my?s 9 :i* ! ,great ,h>e or ! ,mighty ,rabbit figures z ! ,creator ( ! _w1 ! ,day ,mak]1 & ! *ief ,god ( ! widely spread ,algonk9 tribes4#aca ,9 ! second "n1 ,hun-ahpu-utiu1 ! la/ memb] utiu means ! coyote1 ! native wolf1 an animal :i* plays an important symbolic "p 9 ! cosmogonical my?s ( ,cali=nian1 ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican tribes4 ,x appe>s g5]ally to repres5t ! night1 & ,i w\ld r5d] ! esot]ic s5se ( ! two names by 8,ma/] ( ! ,night10 & 8,ma/] ( ! ,approa*+ ,dawn40 ,! same conceal$ s5se seems to lurk 9 ! next "n1 ,zaki-nima-tzyiz1 lit]ally1 8,! ,great ,:ite ,pisote10 ! pisote be+ ! proboscidian kn[n z ,nasua n>ica1 ,l4 ,^! names are repeat$ 9 a lat] passage ( ! ,popol ,vuh 7p4 #bj74 8,make kn[n y\r "n1 ,hun-ahpu-vu*1 ,hun-ahpu-utiu1 tw(old be>] ( *ildr51 tw(old begett] ( *ildr51 ,nim-ak1 ,nim-tzyiz1 ma/] ( ! em]ald1 etc40 ,! "n ,nim-ak is else:]e giv5 ,zaki-nim-ak4 ,! =m] means 8,great ,hog10 ! latt] 8,:ite1 ,great ,hog40 ,brasseur translates ak z wild bo> 7sangli]71 b x is ! common "n = ! native hog1 )\t di/9ction ( sex4 ,9 a lat] passage1#acb we are in=m$ t x 0 ! "n ( an old man ) :ite hair1 & t ,zaki-nima-tzyiz 0 ! "n ( an old woman1 8 wife1 all b5t & d\bl$ up ) age1 b bo? be+s ( m>vel\s magic p[]4 ,?us we f9d "h an almo/ unique example ( ! deification ( ! hog2 = once1 ?is useful animal1 g5]ally despis$ 9 my?ology & ana!matiz$ 9 religion1 is giv5 ! highe/ p$e/al 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,p]haps we %\ld und]/& ^! & ne>ly all simil> brute gods to be relics ( a primitive =m ( totemic wor%ip1 su* z 0 f\nd 9 vigor among "s ( ! nor!rn tribes4 ,v>i\s o!r indications ( ?is c be discov]$ among ! bran*es ( ! ,maya family4 ,! ,cak*iquels 7 call$ 8! p ( ! bat0 7zoq'71 t animal be+ _! national sign or tok51 & also ! symbol ( _! god4#acc ,! tucur owl1 *an or cumatz s]p5t1 balam tig]1 & geh de]1 are o!r animals ^: names are appli$ to prom95t families or tribes 9 ^! ne>ly relat$ my?s4 ,! prie/s & rul]s also assum$ frequ5tly ! names ( animals1 & "s pret5d$ to be able to trans=m !mselves into !m at w4 ,?us x is said ( ,gucumatz ,cotuha1 fif? k+ ( ! ,qui*es1 t he trans=m$ himself into an eagle1 into a tig]1 into a s]p5t1 & into coagulat$ blood4#acd ,9 _! dances & o!r sacr$ c]emonies !y us$ hide\s masks1 c>v$1 pa9t$ & ornam5t$ to repres5t ! heads ( eagles1 tig]s1 etc4 ,^! 7 call$ coh1 z cohbal ruvi cot1 ! mask ( an eagle2 cohbal ruvi balam1 ! mask ( a tig]1 etc4 ,9 ,maya ! same ^w is f\nd1 koh1 & 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 "o ( few orig9al ,maya manuscripts we h left1 ^! masks are easily di/+ui%$ on ! heads ( _m ( ! p]sons repres5t$4 ,rec5t obs]v]s tell u t 9 ! m remote p>i%es 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica ^! brute-fac$ masks are /ill worn by ! ,indians :o dance 9 accompany+ ! processions ( ! ,*ur*6#ace ,ev5 yet1 e new-born *ild among ! ,qui*es is solemnly nam$ aft] "s bea/ by ! native 8m$ic9e man0 be=e he is baptiz$ by ! padre4#acf ,?is br+s me to a "n :i* has v curi\s mean+s1 to wit1 ,tepeu4 ,x is ! ord9>y ^w 9 ^! dialects = "l1 rul]1 *ief or k+4 ,its =m 9 ,cak*iquel is ,tepex1 9 ,maya ,tepal1 & x is probably f ! adjective root tep1 fill$ up1 suppli$ 9 abundance1 satisfi$4 ,9 ,qui*e & ,cak*iquel x is us$ synonym\sly ) galel or gagal & ahau1 z a translation ( ,seor or ,cacique4 ,b x has ano!r def9ite mean+1 & t is1 ! disease syphilis2 & :at is n less curi\s1 ?is mean+ ext5ds also 9 a measure to gagal & ahau4 ,?is extraord9>y collocation ( ideas did n escape ! notice ( ,xim5ez1 & he und]takes to expla9 x by sugge/ion t z syphilis arises f cohabitation ) _m diff]5t wom51 & ?is is a privilege only ( ! great & p[]ful1 s ! "n came to be appli$ to ! *iefs & nobles1 & to _! god4#acg ,( c\rse1 syphilis has no su* orig92 b if ! ,indians ?\ght x _h1 & consid]$ x a pro( ( extraord9>y g5etic p[]1 x w\ld be a plausible supposition t !y appli$ ?is t]m to _! div9ity z be+ ! type ( ! fecundat+ pr9ciple4 ,b ! orig9al s5se ( ! adjective tep does n seem to be> ?is out1 & x w\ld r appe> t ! employm5t ( ! ^w z ! "n ( ! disease 0 a lat] & second>y s5se4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,fa!r ,coto1 :o says t ! t]m 0 appli$ je/+ly to ^? suff]+ f syphilitic sores1 because1 l a *iefta9 or a noble1 !y did no "w1 b _h to sit /ill ) _! h&s 9 _! laps1 z x 71 wait+ to get well4#ach ,! same /range connection occurs 9 o!r ,am]ican my?ologies4 ,?us 9 ! ,aztec tongue nanahuatl means a p]son suff]+ f syphilis2 x is also1 9 a my? pres]v$ by ,sahagun1 ! "n ( ! ,sun-,god1 & x is relat$ ( him t z a sacrifice1 be=e becom+ ! sun1 he ?rew into ! sacrificial flames1 n preci\s gifts1 z ! cu/om 01 b ! scabs f 8 sores4#aci ,s also ,c>ac>acol1 a prom95t figure 9 ,haytian my?ology1 is repres5t$ z suff]+ f sores or buboes4 ,! "n ,gucumatz is correctly /at$ by ,xim5ez to be capable ( two d]ivations4 ,! fir/ takes x f gugum1 a fea!r2 t9 gugumah1 ,i embroid] or cov] ) fea!rs4 ,! second d]ivation is f gug1 fea!r1 & cumatz1 ! g5]ic "n = s]p5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t :i* ! writ] ( ! ,popol ,vuh pref]r$1 z appe>s f 8 expression2 8,!y are fold$ 9 ! fea!rs 7gug71 ! gre5 ones2 !re=e _! "n is ,gugumatz2 v wise inde$ are !y0 7p4 #f74 ,! brilliant plumage ( ! tropical birds 0 con/antly us$ by ^! tribes z an ornam5t = _! clo?+ & _! idols1 & ! possession ( _m ( ^! exquisite fea!rs 0 a matt] ( pride4 ,! names u ,qux *o1 ,qux palo1 mean 8! ,he>t ( ! ,lake1 ! ,he>t ( ! ,sea40 ,to !m may be add$ u ,qux cah1 8! ,he>t ( ! ,sky10 & u ,qux uleu1 8! ,he>t ( ! ,e>?10 f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 & appli$ to div9ity4 ,! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w he>t 01 h[ev]1 n t :i* 0 int5d$2 9 ^? dialects ?is ^w _h a mu* ri*] metaphorical mean+ ?an 9 our tongue2 9 !m x /ood = all ! psy*ical p[]s1 ! memory1 w & reason+ faculties1 ! life1 ! _s1 ! s\l4#adj ,x w\ld be m correct1 !re=e1 to r5d] ^! names ! 8_s0 or 8s\l0 ( ! lake1 etc41 ?an ! 8he>t40 ,!y repres5t broadly ! doctr9e ( 8animism0 z held by ^! p1 & g5]ally by man 9 8 e>ly /ages ( religi\s developm5t4 ,!y indicate also a dimly und]/ood s5se ( ! unity ( _s or en]gy 9 ! diff]5t manife/ations ( organic & inorganic exi/5ce4 ,?is 0 n peculi> to ! tribes "u consid]ation4 ,! he>t 0 v g5]ally look$ ^u1 n only z ! seat ( life1 b z ! s\rce ( ! feel+s1 intellect & passions1 ! v s\l itself4#ada ,h5ce1 9 sacrific+ victims x 0 torn out & (f]$ to ! god z repres5t+ ! immat]ial "p ( ! individual1 t :i* surviv$ ! dea? ( ! body4 ,! two names ,ah-raxa-lak & ,ah-raxa-sel lit]ally mean1 8,he ( ! gre5 di%10 8,he ( ! gre5 cup40 ,?us ,xim5ez gives !m1 & adds t =ms ( spee* ) rax signify ?+s ( beauty1 fit = k+s & lords1 z are brightly color$ cups & di%es4 ,rax is ! "n ( ! colors blue & gre51 :i* x is said by _m writ]s _c be di/+ui%$ ap>t by ^! ,indians2 or at lea/ t !y h no ^w to express ! diff]5ce4 ,rax1 by ext5sion1 means new1 /rong1 r\gh1 viol5t1 etc4#adb ,com+ imm$iately aft] ! names 8,s\l ( ! ,lake10 8,s\l ( ! ,sea10 x is possible t ! 8blue plate0 is ! azure surface ( ! tropical sea4 ,9 ! second p>agraph ,i h quot$1 ! n>rator introduces u to 8! ance/ress 7iyom71 ! ance/or 7mamom71 by "n ,xpiyacoc1 ,xmucane40 ,^! 7 prom95t figures 9 ,qui*e my?ology2 !y 7 ! embodim5ts ( ! pat]nal & mat]nal p[]s ( organic life2 !y 7 invok$ else:]e 9 ! ,popol ,vuh to favor ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 & ! creation ( mank9d2 !y are address$ z 8ance/ress ( ! sun1 ance/ress ( ! light40 ,! old man1 ,xpiyacoc1 is spok5 ( z ! ma/] ( div9ation by ! tzite1 or sacr$ beans2 ! old woman1 ,xmucane1 z %e :o c\ld =eca/ days & seasons 7ahgih72 !y 7 ! p>5ts ( ^? mighty ones 8^: "n 0 ,ahpu10 ma/]s ( magic4#adc ,f ?is anci5t c\ple1 ,xim5ez tells u ! native magicians & m$ic9e m5 ( 8 day claim$ to draw _! inspiration1 & !y 7 especially consult$ t\*+ ! bir? ( infants1 9 :i* !y 7 /ill call$ ^u to assi/ 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! padres4 ,x is cle> ?r\gh\t t !y repres5t$ ma9ly ! peculi> functions ( ! two sexes4 ,_! names p]haps belong$ to an ar*aic dialect1 & ! ,qui*es ei!r c\ld n or w\ld n expla9 !m4 ,all t ,xim5ez says is t ,xmucane means tomb or grave1 d]iv+ x f ! v]b t9 muk1 ,i bury4 ,9 mo/ or all ( ! languages ( ?is /ock ! root muk or muc means to cov] or cov] up4 ,9 ,maya ! passive =m ( ! v]bal n\n is mucaan1 ( :i* ! ,diccion>io de ,motul#add gives ! translation 8some?+ cov]$ or buri$10 ! second mean+ aris+ naturally f ! cu/om ( cov]+ ! dead body ) e>?1 & indicat$ t ! mortu>y rites among !m 7 by means ( int]m5t2 z1 inde$1 we are def9itely in=m$ by ,bi%op ,l&a4#ade ,! fem99e prefix & ! t]m9al euphonic e give precisely ,x-mucaan-e1 mean+ 8,%e :o is cov]$ up10 or buri$4 ,b :ile etymologically satisfactory1 ! appropriat5ess ( ?is d]ivation is n at once app>5t4 ,c x h ref]5ce to ! se$ cov]$ by ! soil1 ! *ild buri$ 9 ! womb1 ! egg hidd5 9 ! ne/1 etc41 & ?us typify "o ( ! pr9ciples or phases ( reproduction8 ,= !re is no d\bt1 b t x is 9 ! category ( div9ities presid+ ov] reproduction ?is deity belongs4 ,n only is %e call$ 8primal "m ( ! sun & ! light10#adf b x is %e :o cooks ! p\nd$ maize f :i* ! fir/ ( m5 7 =m$4 ,bo? names may be int]pret$ ) appropriat5ess to ! sph]e & functions ( _! suppos$ p[]s1 f radicals common to ! ,maya & ,qui*e dialects4 ,xmucane may be compos$ ( ! fem99e prefix x 7! same 9 s\nd & mean+ z ! ,engli% pronom9al adjective %e 9 su* t]ms z %e-be>1 %e-cat73 & mukanil1 vigor1 =ce1 p[]4 ,xpiyacoc is n s easy ( solution1 b ,i believe x to be a d]ivative f ! root xib1 ! male1 :5ce xipbil1 mascul9ity1#adg & oc or ococ1 to ent]1 to acc\ple 9 ! act ( g5]ation4#adh ,we c readily see1 ) ^! mean+s hidd5 9 !m1 ! subtl] s5se ( :i* ! natives _h probably lo/1 t ^! names w\ld be difficult ( satisfactory explanation to ! mission>ies1 & t !y w\ld be left by !m z ( undet]m9$ orig94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second fragm5t ( ,qui*e my?ology :i* ,i %all analyze is "o t relates to ! ,gods ( ! ,/orm4 ,^! are introduc$ z ! ?ree manife/ations ( ,qux-*a1 ! ,s\l ( ! ,sky1 & collectively 8_! "n is ,hurakan30 8,cakulha ,hurakan is ! fir/2 ,*ipi-cakulha is ! second2 ! ?ird is ,raxa-cakulha2 & ^! ?ree are ! ,s\l ( ! ,sky40 ,else:]e we read3 8,speak !re=e our "n1 honor y\r "m1 y\r fa!r2 call ye ^u ,hurakan1 ,*ipi-cakulha1 ,raxa-cakulha1 ,s\l ( ! ,e>?1 ,s\l ( ! ,sky1 ,creator1 ,mak]1 ,h] :o br+s =?1 ,him :o begets2 speak1 call ^u u1 salute u40#adi ,cakulha 7,cak*iquel1 cokolhay7 is ! ord9>y ^w = ! lightn+2 ,raxa-cakulha1 is r5d]$ by ,coto z 8! fla% ( ! lightn+0 7el respl&or del rayo72 ,*ipi-cakulha is /at$ by ,brasseur to mean 8le sillonnem5t de l'eclair20 *ip is us$ to designate ! late/1 y\nge/ or lea/ ( *ildr51 or f+]s1 etc41 & ! expression !re=e is 8! track ( ! lightn+40 ,!re rema9s ! "n ,hurakan1 & x is confess$ly difficult4 ,brasseur says t no explanation ( x c be f\nd 9 ! ,qui*e or ,cak*iqel diction>ies1 & t x mu/ h be5 br\ght f ! ,antilles1 :]e x 0 ! "n appli$ to ! t]rible tornado ( ! ,we/ ,indian latitudes1 &1 borr[$ f ! ,haytians by e>ly navigators1 has "u ! =ms ouragan1 huracan1 hurricane1 pass$ into ,european languages4 ,i am conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w ,hurakan belongs 9 its etymology to ! ,maya gr\p ( dialects1 & mu/ be analyz$ by !m4 ,"o su* etymology is inde$ (f]$ by ,xim5ez1 b an absurd "o4 ,he suppos$ ! ^w 0 comp\nd$ ( hun1 "o2 ru 82 & rakan1 foot1 & translates x 8( "o foot40 ,?is has v prop]ly be5 reject$4 ,on collat+ ! prop] names 9 ! ,popol ,vuh !re are sev]al ( !m :i* are evid5tly alli$ to ,hurakan4 ,?us we h ,cabrakan1 :o is repres5t$ z ! god ( ! e>?quake1 he :o %akes ! solid e>? 9 8 might & topples ov] ! l(ty m\nta9s4 ,8 "n is ! common ^w = e>?quake 9 ^! dialects4 ,aga91 "o ( ! titles ( ,xmucane is ,*irakan ,xmucane4 ,! t]m9al rakan 9 ^! names is a ^w us$ to express greatness 9 size1 height or bigness4 ,_m examples are f\nd 9 ,coto's ,vocabul>io4#aej ,= a p]son tall 9 /ature he gives ! expression togam rakan3 = l>ge 9 body1 ! ,cak*iqel is naht rakan1 & = gigantic1 or a giant1 hu rakan4 ,?is idea ( /r5g? & might is ( c\rse v appropriate to ! deity :o presides ov] ! appall+ =ces ( ! tropical ?und]/orm1 :o fla%es ! lightn+ & hurls ! ?und]bolt4 ,x is also g]mane to ! conception ( ! e>?quake god4 ,! fir/ syllable1 cab1 means twice1 or two1 or second2 & app>5tly has ref]5ce to hun1 "o or fir/1 9 hurakan4 ,z ! ?und]/orm 0 ! mo/ t]rify+ display ( p[]1 s next 9 ord] came ! e>?quake4 ,! "n ,*irakan z appli$ to ,xmucane may h _m mean+s2 *i 9 all ^! dialects means prim>ily m\?2 b x has a va/ numb] ( second>y mean+s1 z 9 all languages4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,coto1 x is curr5tly us$ to designate ! m\? ( a j>1 ! crat] ( a volcano1 ! eye ( a ne$le1 ! door ( a h\se1 a w9d[1 a gate to a field1 9 fact1 almo/ any op5+ :atev]4 ,i suspect t z "h us$ z "p ( ! "n ( ! my?ical "m ( ! race & ! repres5tation ( ! female pr9ciple1 x is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! o/ium vag91 f :i*1 z f an immeasurable vag9a g5tium1 all animate life 0 believ$ to h drawn its exi/5ce4 ,if ! d]ivation ( ,hurakan "h pres5t$ is correct1 we c h>dly refuse to expla9 ! ^w z x occurs else:]e ) ! same mean+ z an evid5ce ( ! e>ly influ5ce ( ! ,maya race on o!r tribes4 ,x w\ld appe> to h be5 ?r\gh ! ,c>ibs t x 0 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 :]e x 0 fir/ he>d by ! ,european navigators4 ,?us ! ,dictionaire ,galibi 7,p>is1 #agdc17 gives = 8diable10 ir\can1 j]\can1 hyorokan1 precisely z ,coto gives ! ,cak*iquel equival5t ( 8diablo0 z hurakan4 ,?is god 0 said by ! ,c>ibs to h torn ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indian ar*ipelago f ! ma9l&1 & to h heap$ up ! s& hills & bluffs along ! %ores4#aea ,z an associate or 8capta90 ( ! hurricane1 !y spoke ( a huge bird :o makes ! w9ds1 by "n ,savacon1 9 ! middle syllable ( :i* x is possible we may recognize ! bird vaku1 :i* ! ,qui*es spoke ( z ! mess5g] ( ,hurakan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i n[ pass to ! my? ( ! desc5t ( ! h]o-god1 ,xbalanque1 into ! und]world1 ,xibalba1 8 victory ov] ! inhabitants1 & triumphant return to ! realm ( light4 ,! exploits ( ?is demigod are ! pr9cipal !me ( ! e>li] portion ( ! ,popol ,vuh4 ,x 0 ! vague simil>ity ( ?is my? to ! n>rative ( ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ into hell1 & 8 asc5t into heav51 to :i* we owe ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ^! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,guatemalan tribes2 & x is a gratify+ pro( ( _! g5u9e antiquity t we h ?is ref]5ce4 ,our au?ority is ! ,bi%op ( ,*iapas1 ,b>tolome de las ,casas1 ) o!r contempor>y writ]s4 ,! ,bi%op writes t ! natives ( ,guatemala alleg$ t ,xbalanque 0 born at ,utlatlan1 ! anci5t ,qui*e capital1 & hav+ gov]n$ x a c]ta9 "t ) success1 w5t d[n to hell to fight ! devils4 ,hav+ conqu]$ !m1 he return$ to ! upp] _w1 b ! ,qui*es refus$ to receive him1 s he pass$ on into ano!r prov9ce4#aeb ,z relat$ 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 ! my? runs ?us3 ,! div9e pair1 ,xpiyacoc & ,xmucane _h z sons ,hunhun-,ahpu & ,vukub-,hun-,ahpu 7,ea*-"o-a-,magician & ,sev5-times-a-,magician74 ,!y 7 invit$ to visit ,xibalba1 ! ,und]world1 by its lords1 ,hun-,came & ,vukub-,came 7,"o-,dea? & ,sev5-,dea?s71 & accept+ ! invitation1 7 trea*]\sly murd]$4 ,! head ( ,hunhun-,ahpu 0 cut (f & susp5d$ on a tree4 ,a maid51 by "n ,xquiq1 7,blood17 pass$ t way1 & look+ at ! tree1 long$ = its fruit2 !n ! head ( ,hunhun-,ahpu ca/ =? spittle into ! out/ret*$ palm ( ! maid51 & =?) %e became pregnant4 ,ang]$ at h] condition1 h] fa!r set ab\t to slay h]1 b %e escap$ to ! upp] _w & !re br\ght =? ! tw9s ,hun-,ahpu & ,xbalanque4 ,!y grew 9 /r5g?1 & p]=m$ v>i\s de$s ( pr[ess1 :i* are relat$ at l5g? 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 & 7 at la/ invit$ by ! lords ( ! ,und]world to visit !m4 ,x 0 ! int5tion ( ! rul]s ( ?is d>k l& t ! y\?s %\ld meet ! same fate z _! fa!r & uncle4 ,b1 prep>$ by w>n+s1 & skill$ 9 magic p[]1 ,xbalanque & 8 bro!r foil$ ! murd]\s designs ( ! lords ( ,xibalba2 pret5d+ to be burn$1 & _! a%es ca/ into ! riv]1 !y rose f its waves unh>m$1 & by a /ratagem slew ,hun-,came & ,vukub-,came4 ,!n ! inhabitants ( ! ,und]world 7 t]rifi$ & fl$1 & ,hun-,ahpu & ,xbalanque releas$ ! prison]s & re/or$ to life ^? :o _h be5 sla94 ,! latt] rose to ! sky to become its c\ntless />s1 :ile ,hunhun-,ahpu & ,vukub-,hun-,ahpu asc5d$ to dwell ! "o 9 ! sun1 ! o!r 9 ! moon4 ,! portion ( ! leg5d :i* n>rates ! return ( ,xbalanque to ! upp] _w1 & :at befell him !re1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! my? pres]v$ by ,las ,casas1 is n pres]v$ 9 ! ,popol ,vuh4 ,! fa9t resemblance :i* ! e>ly mission>ies notic$ 9 ?is religi\s tradition to t ( ,*ri/ w\ld n lead any "o :o has at all closely /udi$ my?ology to assume t ?is is an e*o ( ,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,bo? 9 ,am]ica & ! ,ori5t ! my?s ( ! h]o god1 born ( a virg91 & t ( ! desc5t into ,hades1 are among ! mo/ common4 ,_! explanation re/s on ! univ]sality & prom95ce ( ! processes ( nature :i* are typifi$ "u ^! n>ratives4 ,x is unsci5tific to attempt to d]ive "o f ! o!r1 & x is n less s to endeavor to inve/ !m ) ! "* ( hi/ory1 z has be5 done 9 ?is in/ance by ! ,abb ,brasseur & v>i\s o!r writ]s4 ,! ,abb ma9ta9$ t ,xibalba 0 ! "n ( an anci5t ,/ate 9 ! valley ( ! ,usumas9ta 9 ,tabasco1 ! capital ( :i* 0 ,pal5que4#aec ,he incl9$ to ! belief t ! orig9al =m 0 tzibalba1 :i* w\ld mean pa9t$ mole1 9 ! ,tz5dal dialect & might h ref]5ce to a cu/om ( pa9t+ ! face4 ,?is f>-fet*$ d]ivation is unnecess>y4 ,! ^w ,xibalba1 7,cak*iquel ,xibalbay1 ,maya ,xibalba1 ,xabalba1 or ,xubalba7 0 ! common t]m ?r\gh\t ! ,maya /ock ( languages to d5ote ! abode ( ! spirits ( ! dead1 or ,hades1 :i* ) !m 0 held to be "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & n1 z ! ,mexicans (t5 suppos$1 9 ! f> nor?4 ,h5ce ! ,cak*iquels us$ z synonym\s ) x ! expression 8! c5tre or he>t ( ! e>?40#aed ,aft] ! conque/ ! ^w 0 & is 9 common use 9 ,guatemalan dialects to mean hell1 & 9 ,maya = ! devil4 ,cogolludo /ates t x 0 ! orig9al ,maya t]m = ! ,evil ,_s1 & t x means 8,he :o disappe>s1 or vani%es40#aee ,he evid5tly d]iv$ x f ! ,maya v]b1 xibil1 & ,i believe ?is d]ivation is correct2 b ! signification he gives is incomplete4 ,! orig9al s5se ( ! ^w 0 8to melt10 h5ce 8to disappe>40#aef ,?is became connect$ ) ! idea ( disappe>ance 9 dea?1 & ( gho/s & spect]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! m5tal processes ( ^! seclud$ & semi-b>b>\s tribes l$ !m to ! same association ( ideas :i* our greate/ dramati/ expresses 9 ,hamlet's soliloquy3 8,o1 t ?is too1 too solid fle% w\ld melt1 ,?aw1 & resolve itself into a dew20 & :i* ,cic]o records 9 ! phrase dissolutio natur1 9 ! s5se ( dea?4#aeg ,! natural t]ror & fright ) :i* dea? & gho/s are ev]y:]e reg>d$1 & especially1 z ,l&a rem>ks1 by ?is p1 expla9 h[ ?is second>y mean+ became pr$om9ant 9 ! ^w4 ,! t]m9ation ba means 9 ! ,guatemalan dialects1 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 bey1 a pa? or road2 ,xibilbay ?us signifies1 9 ! locative s5se1 8! place :]e !y 7i4 e4 ! dead7 disappe>10 ! ,hades1 ! ,invisible ,realm1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be "u ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 a common belief among _m tribes 9 ,am]ica1 t _! e>lie/ ance/ors em]g$ f a _w :i* und]lies ?is "o on :i* we live1 & 9 anci5t ,cak*iquel leg5d1 ! same or a simil> notion seems to h prevail$4 ,! "n ( ! h]o-god ,xbalanque is expla9$ by ! ,abb ,brasseur z a comp\nd ( ! dim9utive prefix x1 balam1 a tig]1 & ! plural t]m9ation que4#aeh ,l s _m ( 8 d]ivations1 ?is is q incorrect4 ,!re is no plural t]m9ation que1 ei!r 9 ! ,qui*e or 9 any relat$ dialect2 & ! signification 8tig]0 7jagu>1 ,felix unca ,l94 9 ,mexican ocelotl71 :i* he assigns to ! ^w balam1 is only "o ( sev]al :i* belong to x4 ,! "n is comp\nd$ ( ! prefix1 ei!r fem99e or dim9utive1 x2 balam1 or1 z giv5 by ,guzman1 balan2#aei & queh1 de]4 ,?is is ! composition giv5 by ,xim5ez1 :o translates x lit]ally z 8a dim9utive =m ( tig] & de]40#afj ,! "n balam1 0 also t ( a class ( w>riors3 ( a congregation ( prie/s or div9]s2 & ( "o ( ! inf]ior ord]s ( deities4 ,9 composition x 0 appli$ to a spott$ butt]fly1 z x is 9 our tongue to ! 8tig]-lily20 to ! k+-bee2 to c]ta9 rapaci\s birds ( prey1 etc4 ,none ( ! significations conc]ns u "h2 b we d see our way :5 we le>n t bo? balam & queh are names ( days 9 ! ,qui*e-,cak*iquel cal5d>4 ,! =m] /ood = ! twelf?1 ! latt] = ! sev5? 9 _! week ( tw5ty days4#afa ,ea* ( ! days 0 sacr$ to a p>ticul> div9ity1 b ow+ to ! inadequate mat]ial pres]v$ = ! /udy ( ! anci5t cal5d>s ( ,guatemala1 we are mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! relation%ip ( ^! div9ities4 ,suffice x to say t ! h]o-god ^: "n is ?us comp\nd$ ( two signs 9 ! cal5d>1 :o is born ( a virg91 :o p]=ms _m surpris+ feats ( pr[ess on ! e>?1 :o desc5ds into ! _w ( d>kness & sets free ! sun1 moon & />s to p]=m _! daily & nightly j\rneys ?r\gh ! heav5s1 pres5ts 9 ^! & o!r traits su* num]\s resemblances to ! ,div9ity ( ,light1 reappe>+ 9 s _m ,am]ican my?s1 ! ,day-mak] ( ! nor!rn hunt+ tribes1 t ,i d n hesitate to id5tify ! n>rative ( ,xbalanque & 8 de$s z "o ( ! pres5tations ( ?is widespread1 ?is well-nigh univ]sal my?--gu>d+ my words by ! di/9ct /atem5t1 h[ev]1 t ! id5tity may be solely a psy*ological1 n a hi/orical "o4 ,,! ,,h]o-,,god ,,( ,,! ,,algonk9s ,,z ,a ,,*eat ,,& ,,li>4#afb ,9 ! pleasant volume :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,g4 ,lel& has writt5 on ! surviv+ aborig9al folk-lore ( ,new ,engl&1#afc ! *ief div9ity ( ! ,micmacs & ,p5obscots appe>s "u :at seems at fir/ ! outrage\sly incongru\s "n ( ,gluskap1 ! ,li>6 ,?is is ! translation ( ! "n z giv5 by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,t4 ,r&1 late mission>y among ! ,micmacs1 & ! be/ au?ority on t language4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! radicals ( ! "n 9 relat$ dialects ( ! ,algonk9 /ock1 ,i %\ld say t a m /rictly lit]al r5d]+ w\ld be 8^w-break]10 or 8deceiv] ) words40 ,9 ! ,p5obscot dialect ! ^w is divid$ ?us1--,glus-,gahb1 :]e ! compon5t p>ts are m di/9ctly visible4#afd ,! explanation ( ?is epi!t1 z quot$ f native s\rces by ,mr4 ,lel&1 is t he 0 call$ ! li> because 8:5 he left e>?1 l ,k+ ,ar?ur1 = fairy l&1 he promis$ to return1 & has nev] done s40 ,x is true t ! ,algonkian ,h]o-,god1 l all ! ,am]ican culture-h]oes1 ,ioskeha1 ,quetzalcoatl1 ,zamna1 ,bo*ica1 ,viraco*a1 & ! re/1 disappe>$ 9 "s my/]i\s way1 promis+ aga9 to visit 8 p1 & has long delay$ 8 com+4 ,b x 0 n = t reason t he 0 call$ ! 8deceiv] 9 words40 ,_h ,mr4 ,lel& made himself acqua9t$ ) ,algonk9 my?ology 9 g5]al1 he w\ld h f\nd t ?is is b "o ( sev]al1 to our ?9k+1 opprobri\s names !y appli$ to _! highe/ div9ity1 _! national h]o1 & ! reput$ savi\r & b5efactor ( _! race4 ,! ,crees1 liv+ nor?we/ ( ! ,micmacs1 call ?is div9e p]sonage1 :om1 z ,fa!r ,lacombe tells u1 !y reg>d z 8,! pr9cipal deity & ! f\nd] ( ^! nations10 by ! "n ,wisakketjk1 :i* means 8! trick/]10 8! deceiv]40#afe ,! ,*ipeways apply to him a simil> t]m1 ,n5aboj1 or z x is usually writt51 ,nanabojoo1 & ,nanabo%oo1 8! ,*eat10 p]haps alli$ to ,nanabanisi1 he is *eat$4#aff ,?is is ! same deity t reappe>s "u ! names ,manabozho1 ,mi*abo1 & ,mess\1 among ! ,*ipeway tribes2 z ,napiw among ! ,blackfeet2 & z ,wetucks among ! ,new ,engl& ,indians :]e he is m5tion$ by ,rog] ,williams z 8,a man t wr\ght great miracles among !m1 ) "s k9d ( brok5 resemblance to ! ,sonne ( ,god40#afg ,^! appellations h v>i\s significations4 ,! la/ m5tion$ is app>5tly f ock or ogh1 fa!r1 ) ! prefix wit1 :i* conveys ! s5se 89 common0 or 8g5]al40 ,h5ce x w\ld be 8! common fa!r40 ,mi*abo1 con/antly translat$ by writ]s 8! ,great ,h>e10 z if d]iv$ f mi*i1 great1 & wabos1 h>e1 is really a v]bal =m f mi*i & wabi1 :ite1 & %\ld be translat$1 8! ,great ,:ite ,"o40 ,! ref]5ce is to ! :ite light ( ! dawn1 he1 l mo/ ( ! o!r ,am]ican h]o-gods1 be+ an imp]sonation ( ! light4 ,! "n ,wisakketjk1 ?\gh entirely ,algonk9 9 aspect1 (f]s s]i\s etymological difficulties1 s unmanageable inde$ t "o ( ! be/ au?orities1 ,m4 ,cuoq1 ab&ons ! attempt4#afh ,its mo/ app>5t root is wisak1 :i* conveys ! s5se ( annoyance1 hurt or bitt]ness1 & ! "n w\ld ?us seem to be appli$ to "o :o causes ^! disagreeable s5sations4 ,9 all ! pure & anci5t ,algonk9 cosmogonical leg5ds1 ?is div9ity creates ! _w by 8 magic p[]s1 peoples x ) game & animals1 places man ^u x1 tea*es 8 favorite p ! arts ( ! *ase1 & gives !m ! corn & beans4 ,8 "w is di/urb$ by enemies ( v>i\s k9ds1 sometimes 8 own bro!rs1 sometimes by a =midable s]p5t & 8 m9ions4 ,^! my?s1 :5 analyz$ ?r\gh ! prop] names !y conta91 & comp>$ ) ^? ( ! bett] kn[n my?ologies ( ! old _w1 %[ pla9ly t _! orig9al purport 0 to rec\nt1 "u metaphorical language1 on ! "o h& ! unceas+ /ruggle ( day ) night1 light ) d>kness1 & on ! o!r1 t no less important conflict :i* is ev] wag+ betwe5 ! /orm & sun%9e1 ! w9t] & summ]1 ! ra9 & ! cle> sky4 ,writ]s ^: k ( religions 0 conf9$ to t ( ! ,semitic race1 z repres5t$ 9 our ,bible1 h ma9ta9$ t ! /ory ( ,mi*abo's battles ) ! s]p5t1 :o is c]ta9ly repres5t$ z a ma/] ( magic & subtlety1 & h5ce dang]\s to ! human race1 mu/ h come f contact ) ! mission>ies4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! my? w dispel all d\bts on ?is po9t4 ,ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,squi] %[$ t ?is leg5d 0 unque/ionably ( aborig9al s\rce2 b he fail$ to p]ceive its significance4#afi ,! s]p5t1 typical ( ! s9u\s lightn+1 symbolizes ! /orm1 ! ra9s & ! wat]4 ,b to return to ! class ( names ) :i* we began4 ,! /ruggles ( ,mi*abo ) ^! v>i\s p[]ful enemies ,i h j nam$1 con/itute ! pr9cipal !me ( ! c\ntless tales :i* are told ( him by ! native /ory-tell]s1 only a small "p ( :i*1 & ^? mu* disfigur$1 came "u ! notice ( ,mr4 ,lel&1 among ! long civiliz$ ea/]n tribes4 ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft frequ5tly ref]s to ^! 8innum]able tales ( p]sonal a*ievem5t1 sagacity1 endurance1 miracle & trick :i* place him 9 almo/ e sc5e ( deep int]e/ :i* c be imag9$40#agj ,^! words express ! _s ( ! great] numb] ( ^! leg5ds4 ,mi*abo does n conqu] 8 enemies by brute =ce1 nor by sup]ior /r5g?1 b by craft & ruses1 by trans=m+ himself into unsuspect$ %apes1 by cunn+ & /rategy4 ,he ?us comes to be repres5t$ z ! ar*-deceiv]2 b 9 a good s5se1 z 8 enemies on :om he practices ^! wiles are also ^? ( ! human race1 & he ex]cises 8 p[]s ) a b5evol5t int5tion4 ,?us x comes to pass t ?is highe/ div9ity ( ^! nations1 _! *ief god & culture-h]o1 be>s 9 famili> n>rative ! surpris+ titles1 8! li>10 8! *eat10 & 8! deceiv]40 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ lit]>y & psy*ological /udy to comp>e ?is =m ( ! ,mi*abo my? ) "s 9 ! old _w1 :i* closely resemble x 9 :at arti/s call motive4 ,i w\ld "n p>ticul>ly ! /ory ( ! 8wily ,ulysses0 ( ! ,greeks1 ! 8trans=mations ( ,ebu ,seid ( ,s]ug0 & ! l 9 ,arabic1 & ! fam\s tale ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 m$ieval lit]ature4 ,! same _s brea!s 9 all ( !m2 all m9i/] to ! delight ) :i* ! m9d contemplates m]e physical /r5g? beat5 9 ! /ruggle ) intellig5ce4 ,!y are all peans sung = ! victory ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,9 none ( !m is !re mu* nicety ab\t ! means us$ to accompli% ! ends4 ,deceit by ^w & action is ! g5]al res\rce ( ! h]oes4 ,!y all act on ! ,italian maxim3 8,o p] =tuna1 o p] +ano1 ,il v5c] sempre e laudabil cosa40 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4#aga ,i am ab\t to invite y\r att5tion to "o ( ! _m curi\s results ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,?is sci5ce1 :i* is /ill 9 its infancy1 may be reg>d$ by "s ( y1 z x is by ! _w at l>ge1 z "o ( little practical importance1 & q remote f ! int]e/s ( daily life & ?\ght4 ,b "s ( ! results x atta9s are s />tl+1 & ?r[ su* a s+ul> light on v>i\s famili> cu/oms & popul> beliefs1 t ! "t is n f> (f :5 x w be recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ pot5t solv5ts 9 ! crucible ( intellig5ce4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i %all address myself to-night is ! op9ion ent]ta9$ by ?ree anci5t nations1 v wide ap>t 9 space1 "t & blood1 conc]n+ ! j\rney ( ! s\l :5 x leaves ! body4 ,^! nations are ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ! anci5t ,aryans1 & ! ,aztecs or ,nahua ( ,c5tral ,mexico4 ,all ^! p believ$1 ) equal fai?1 9 ! exi/5ce ( a s\l or _s 9 man1 & 9 its cont9u+ life aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,h[ !y came by ?is belief does n conc]n my pres5t !sis2 t !y held x 9 unque/ion+ fai? none c d5y :o has /udi$ ev5 sup]ficially _! surviv+ monum5ts4 ,!y suppos$ ?is assum$ aft]-life 0 cont9u$ "u v>y+ conditions 9 "s o!r locality ?an ?is pres5t _w1 & t x requir$ a j\rney ( "s l5g? = ! disembodi$ _s to rea* its de/9$ abode4 ,x is ! ev5ts :i* 7 suppos$ to take place on ?is j\rney1 & ! goals to :i* x l$1 t ,i am ab\t to n>rate4 ,x w be se5 t !re are sev]al curi\s simil>ities 9 ! op9ions ( ^! widely div]se peoples1 :i* c only be expla9$ by ! supposition t !y bas$ _! !ories ( ! s\l's j\rney & goal on "s analogy famili> to !m all4 ,i beg9 ) ! ,egyptian !ory4 ,x appe>s 9 its mo/ complete =m 9 ! sepul*ral records ( ! ,new ,k+dom1 aft] ! long p]iod ( an>*y ( ! ,%eph]d ,k+s _h pass$1 & :5 "u ! #ah?1 #ai? & #bj? dyna/ies1 ,egypt may be said to h ris5 to ! v p9nacle ( h] greatness4 ,! collection ( ! sacr$ fun]>y texts into ! fam\s ritual kn[n z 8,! ,book ( ! ,dead10 dates f ?is "t4 ,_m ( its *apt]s are1 inde$1 v mu* old]2 b ,egyptian religion1 :i* 0 n /ation>y1 b con/antly progressive t[>d high] intellectual =ms & pur] e?ical /&>ds1 c be/ be judg$ z x 0 9 ?is p]iod1 t ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies ( ! ,new ,k+dom4 ,to assign a date1 we may say 9 r\nd numb]s1 two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f t invaluable docum5t1 !re=e1 ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 we le>n :at ?is anci5t p expect$ to happ5 to ! s\l :5 x left ! body4 ,( ! millions ( mummies :i* 7 zeal\sly prep>$ 9 ^? ages1 none 0 complete unless x _h fold$ ) x "o or a numb] ( *apt]s ( ?is holy book1 ! =mulas 9 :i* 7 safegu>ds & passwords to ! _s on its p]il\s j\rney4 ,! g5]al /atem5t is t ! s\l on leav+ ! corpse passes t[>d ! ,we/1 :]e x desc5ds into ! div9e inf]ior region call$ ,am5ti1 ov] :i* presides ,osiris1 8*ief ( *iefs div9e10 :o repres5ts ! ,sun-god 9 8 abs5ce1 9 o!r words ! sun at night1 ! sun :i* has sunk 9 ! we/ & /ays some:]e all night4 ,9 ?is place ( d>kness ! s\l und]goes its v>i\s te/s4 ,! de$s done 9 ! fle%1 ! words spok5 9 life1 ! ?\ghts ( ! he>t1 are br\ght up aga9/ x by diff]5t accus]s1 :o appe> 9 ! =m ( mon/]s ( ! deep4 ,z ! sun has to combat ! d>kness ( ! night & to ov]come x be=e x c aga9 rise1 s ! s\l has to combat ! record ( its s9s1 & conqu] ! frightful images :i* repres5t !m4 ,?is 0 to be done 9 ! ,egyptian1 z 9 almo/ all religions1 by ! p[] ( magic =mulas1 9 o!r words by pray]s1 & ! invocation ( holy names4 ,hav+ succe$$1 ! s\l saw ! nightly con/ellations & ! heav5ly />s1 & rea*$ ! great cele/ial riv]1 ^: "n 0 ,nun4 ,?is 0 ! self-creat$1 primordial elem5t4 ,f its gre5 dep?s all creat$ ?+s1 ev5 ! gods !mselves1 took _! orig94 ,x is call$ 9 ! texts1 8fa!r ( all gods40 ,f x rose ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 9 8 brightness4 ,9 its d>k dep?s lies b\nd 9 *a9s ( iron ! s]p5t ,refref1 ! symbol ( evil1 o!rwise call$ ,apap4 ,b1 ?\gh b\nd1 ?is mon/] endeavors to seize ea* s\l t crosses ! riv]4 ,! =tunate s\l repels ! s]p5t by bl[s & incantations :i* de/roy its p[]1 b ! un=tunate "o is swall[$ up & annihilat$4 ,?is dang] pass$1 ! s\l rea*es ! f>!r /r&1 & rises f ! wat]s1 z ,horus1 :o repres5ts ! sun at dawn1 rises f ! ea/]n waves4 ,?is is ! purpose ( all ! rites & pray]s--to h ! s\l1 z ! expression is1 8rise at day0 or 8rise 9 ! daytime40 ,9 o!r words1 to rise z ! sun & ) ! sun1 or1 to use aga9 ! con/ant =mula ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 to 8ent] ! boat ( ! ,sun20 = ! ,sun 0 suppos$ to sail ?r\gh cele/ial & transluc5t wat]s on its gr& j\rney f horizon to z5i? & z5i? to horizon4 ,/>t+ at dawn z ! *ild ,horus1 son ( ! sla9 & lo/ ,osiris1 ! orb ( light became at midday ! mighty ,ra1 & z ev5+ approa*$1 0 trans=m$ into ,khep-,ra or ,h>ma*is1 aga9 to become ,osiris :5 x _h sunk b5ea? ! we/]n v]ge4 ,s /rict & absolute 0 ! analogy suppos$ by ! ,egyptians to exi/ betwe5 ! c\rse ( ! sun & ! de/9y ( ! s\l1 t e s\l 0 said to become ,osiris at ! mom5t ( dea?1 & 9 ! copies ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 enclos$ 9 a mummy1 ! prop] "n ( ! defunct is always prec$$ by ! "n 8,osiris10 z we might say 8,osiris ,rameses0 or 8,osiris ,seso/ris40 ,to illu/rate fur!r :at ,i h said1 ,i w translate a few passages f ! mo/ rec5t & correct v]sion ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 t publi%$ at ,p>is a few mon?s ago1 & made by ,pr(4 ,paul ,pi]ret1 ( ! ,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is ,ritual3 8,o ye :o op5 ! roads6 ,o ye :o make smoo? ! pa?s to ! s\ls 9 ! abode ( ,osiris6 ,make smoo? ! pa?s1 op5 ! roads to ,osiris ,su*-a-"o t he may ent]1 by ! aid ( ?is *apt]1 into ! abode ( ,osiris2 t he may ent] ) zeal & em]ge ) joy2 t ?is ,osiris ,su*-a-"o be n repuls$1 nor miss 8 way1 t he may ent] z he wi%es & leave :5 he wills4 ,let 8 words be made true & 8 ord]s execut$ 9 ! abode ( ,osiris4 8,?is ,osiris ,su*-a-"o is j\rney+ t[>d ! we/ ) good =tune4 ,:5 weigh$ 9 ! balance he is f\nd to be )\t s92 ( num]\s m\?s1 none has condemn$ him2 8 s\l /&s erect be=e ,osiris2 out ( 8 m\? :5 on e>? no impurity proce$$40 7,"h ! s\l speaks37 8,i place myself be=e ! ma/] ( ! gods2 ,i rea* ! div9e abode2 ,i raise myself z a liv+ god2 ,i %9e among ! gods ( heav52 ,i am become z "o ( y1 ,o ye gods4 ,i witness ! progress ( ! holy />s4 ,i cross ! riv] ,nun4 ,i am n f> remov$ f ! fell[%ip ( ! gods4 ,i eat ( ! food ( ! gods4 ,i sit among !m4 ,i am invok$ z a div9e be+2 ,i he> ! pray]s (f]$ to me2 ,i ent] ! boat ( ! sun2 my s\l is n f> f its "l4 ,hail to !e1 ,osiris6 ,grant t ,i sail joy\sly to ! we/1 t ,i be receiv$ by ! lords ( ! we/2 t !y say to me1 #8,adoration1 adoration & peace be ?9e2' & t !y prep>e a place = me ne> to ! *ief ( *iefs div9e40 ,?r\gh ! rhetoric ( ?is my/ic rhapsody we see t ! s\l goes to ! abode ( ,osiris1 is judg$ & te/$ z to its m]its1 & if approv$ crosses 9 safety ! riv] ,nun & becomes z "o ( ! gods !mselves2 a companion ( ,osiris & ,ra4 ,su*1 9 broad outl9e1 0 ! or?odox ,egyptian doctr9e4 ,!re 0 a va/ am\nt ( accessory matt] & my/icism add$ to ?is simple /atem5t1 b ! f\ndation is always ! same4 ,to "o or two po9ts ,i w call att5tion = lat] ref]5ce 9 ?is pap]4 ,9 ! #ac? ,*apt] ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 ! defunct is suppos$ to repeat ! foll[+ =mula3 8,i arrive z a hawk1 ,i dep>t z a ph5ix4 ,i am ! ,god ( ! morn+4 ,i h f9i%$ ! j\rney & wor%ipp$ ! sun 9 ! l[] _w4 ,heavily braid$ is ! hair ( ,osiris4 ,i am "o ( ! dogs ( ,horus4 ,i h f9i%$ ! j\rney & wor%ipp$ ,osiris40 ,! ref]5ce to ! hair ( ,osiris & ! trans=mation ( ! s\l into a dog1 are incid5ts to :i* ,i %all ref] 9 ano!r connection4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact is ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! numb]s f\r & eight 9 ! ,egyptian !ories ( ! spiritual _w4 ,9 ! #af? ,*apt] ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 x is prescrib$ t f\r pictures z set =? %\ld be pa9t$ on ! s>cophagus1 9 ord] t ! s\l may pass ?r\gh ! f\r ap]tures ( ! sky4 ,! *apt] id5tifies ^! ) ! c>d9al po9ts f :i* bl[ ! f\r w9ds4 ,9 *apt] #ag1 :i* is "o ( ! olde/ texts 9 ! book1 ref]5ce is made to ! eight gods ( ,h]mapolis2 else:]e ! numb] is m5tion$4 ,?is illu/rates ! easy transf] ( ! plan ( t]re/rial geography to t ( ! spiritual _w4 ,pass+ n[ to ! my?ology ( ! ,aryan nations1 we f9d t ! ?ree great cycles ( its poetry1 ! ,indian1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,norse1 agree closely 9 _! op9ions ( ! de/9ation ( ! s\l4 ,aft] dea?1 accord+ to _! belief1 ! s\l desc5d$ into a _w bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! ,greeks call$ x ! realm ( ,hades1 f ! "n ( its rul]1 o!rwise kn[n z ,pluto4 ,! latt] "n signifies ! weal?y1 because soon] or lat] all ! *ildr5 ( m5 & all _! possessions come "u 8 p[]4 ,! mean+ ( ,hades is unkn[n1 z its d]ivation f idos1 unse51 is n[ g5]ally d\bt$ by ! be/ ,greek s*ol>s4 ,! entrance to ?is realm 0 suppos$ to be gu>d$ by two dogs1 ! m fam\s ( :i*1 ,c]b]us 9 ,greek1 is 9 ! ,v$as spok5 ( by ! same "n1 ,c>v>a4 ,! s\l mu/ pacify ^! dogs & pass !m )\t injury if x w\ld enjoy ! delights t lay beyond4 ,)9 ! gates /ret*$ a broad des]t ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! riv] ,a*]on1 :i* 9 lat] my?s came to h v>i\s bran*es1 ! ,/yx1 ,le!1 ,polyphegmon1 etc4 ,?is 0 to be cross$ 9 ! boat ( ,*>on1 ! sil5t f]ryman1 :o spake no ^w b exact$ ( ea* gho/ a toll4 ,! d>k riv] cross$1 ! _s appe>$ be=e ! judges1 & by !m its future fate 0 decid$4 ,an adv]se decision condemn$ x to w&] lonely 9 ! d>kness1 b a favorable v]dict au?oriz$ its entrance into ! happy fields ( ,elysium4 ,?is joy\s abode 0 9 ! f> we/1 9 t l& beyond ! %9+ wat]s & ! purple sunset sea1 :]e ! orb ( light goes to re/ himself at night4 ,its light is et]nal1 its joys p]5nial1 its happ9ess p]fect4 ,) little diff]5ce1 ?is fai? 0 %>$ by anci5t ,indians & anci5t ,norsem54 ,! latt] (t5 buri$ ) ! dead a canoe or boat1 de/9$ to convey ! s\l across ! waves to ! happy l& beyond4 ,ev5 ! anci5t ,kelt ( ,cornwall or ,brittany _h ?is same my? ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 ly+ some:]e f> out 9 ! ,we/]n ,sea4 ,:at to ! ,greek 0 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides ) its fruit ( gold5 qu9ces1 0 to ! ,kelt ! ,isle ( ,avalon1 ) its or*>ds ( apples4 ,?i!r 0 convey$ ! noble ,ar?ur :5 sla9 on ! field ( ,lyoness4 ,he 0 borne away 9 a royal boat by ! fairy wom5 ( ! /r&4 ,!re ,ogi] ! ,dane1 worn by ! w>s ( a hundr$ ye>s1 0 c>ri$ by 8 div9e godmo!r to be re/or$ to y\? & /r5g?1 & to return aga9 to wield 8 battle-axe "u ! ,oriflamme ( ,france4 ,:]ev] we turn1 :e!r 9 ! mo/ anci5t *ants ( ! ,v$as1 9 ! graceful =ms ( ! ,greek religi\s fancy1 9 ! gaunt & weird imag9+s ( ! ,norse poets1 or 9 ! complex b brilliant pictures ( m$ival romance1 we f9d ! same di/9ct plan ( ?is j\rney ( ! s\l4 ,i pass n[ to ! ,new ,_w1 almo/ to ! antipodes ( ,india1 & take up ! doctr9es ( ! ,aztecs4 ,we h suffici5tly ample acc\nts ( _! notions1 pres]v$ by v>i\s e>ly writ]s1 especially by ,fa!r ,sahagun1 :o took d[n ! words ( ! prie/s 9 _! own tongue1 & at a date :5 _! k 0 n dimm$ or di/ort$ by ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,some?+ may also be le>n$ f ,tezozomoc1 a native *ronicl]1 & o!rs4 ,f ^! x appe> t ! ,aztecs held t aft] dea? ! s\ls ( all p pass d[nw>d into ! "u-_w1 to ! place call$ ,mictlan4 ,?is is translat$ by ! mission>ies z 8hell0 or 8inf]no10 b by d]ivation x means simply 8! place ( ! sla910 f an active v]b mean+ 8to kill40 ,to expla9 ?is fur!r1 ,i add t 9 all primitive ,am]ican tribes1 !re is no notion ( natural dea?4 ,no man 8dies10 he is always 8kill$40 ,dea? z a necess>y incid5t 9 ! c\rse ( nature is entirely unkn[n to !m4 ,:5 a p]son dies by disease1 !y suppose he has be5 kill$ by "s sorc]y1 or "s unkn[n v5om\s creature4 ,! j\rney to ,mictlan 0 long & p]il\s4 ,! s\l fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a n>r[ defile betwe5 two m\nta9s :i* t\*$ ea* o!r1 :]e x 0 liable to be cru%$2 x !n rea*$ a pa? by :i* lay 9 wait a s]p5t2 next 0 a spot :]e a huge gre5 liz>d ^: "n 0 8,! ,fl[] ( ,heat10 0 conceal$4 ,aft] ?is1 eight des]ts /ret*$ _! wild wa/es1 & beyond ^!1 eight /eep hills re>$ _! toilsome sides into ! region ( sn[4 ,ov] _! summits blew a w9d s ke5 t x 0 call$ 8,! ,w9d ( ,knives40 ,mu* did ! poor s\l suff]1 expos$ to ?is bitt] cold1 unless _m coats ( cotton & o!r clo?+ 7 burnt ^u 8 tomb = use at ?is l(ty pass4 ,^! hills desc5d$1 ! %iv]+ gho/ rea*$ ! riv] call$ 8,by ! ,n9e ,wat]s40 ,x 0 broad1 & deep1 & swift4 ,little *ance _h ! s\l ( cross+ its d>k curr5t1 0 ! aid = ?is purpose =gott5 dur+ life1 or by ! m\rn]s4 ,?is aid 0 a dog1 ( ! species tra9$ by ! ,aztecs & held 9 high e/eem by !m4 ,b ! dog mu/ be ( a p>ticul> color2 :ite w\ld n answ]1 else he w\ld say1 :5 br\ght to ! br9k1 8,z = me1 ,i am already wa%$40 ,black w\ld fail z mu*1 = ! animal w\ld say1 8,i am too black myself to help ano!r wa%40 ,! only color 0 r$1 & = ?is reason great numb]s ( r$di% curs 7 fo/]$ by ! ,aztecs1 & "o 0 sacrific$ at ea* fun]al4 ,cl++ to x1 ! s\l cross$ ! riv] & rea*$ ! fur!r br9k 9 safety1 be+ purg$ & cleans$ 9 ! transit ( all t w\ld make x unfit = ! worlds beyond4 ,^! worlds 7 ?reefold4 ,"o 0 call$ 8,! n9e ,abodes ( ! ,dead10 :]e ! ord9>y mass ( mank9d 7 said to g & =ev] abide4 ,! second 0 p>adise1 ,tlalocan1 ! dwell+-place ( ! ,tlalocs1 ! gods ( f]tility & ra94 ,x 0 full ( roses & fruits4 ,no pa9 0 !re1 & no sorr[4 ,scor*+ heat & cold 7 alike unkn[n4 ,gre5 fields1 rippl+ brooks1 balmy airs & p]petual joy1 fill$ ! immortal days ( ! happy s\ls 9 ,tlalocan4 ,^? :o 7 de/9$ = its ,elysian ye>s 7 div9ely designat$ by ! diseases or accid5ts ( :i* !y di$4 ,^! 7 ( s+ul> v>iety4 ,all /ruck by lightn+ or w\nd$1 ! lepr\s1 ! g\ty1 ! dropsical1 & :at at fir/ sight seems curi\s1 all ^? :o di$ ( ! =ms ( v5]eal diseases1 7 believ$ to pass directly to ?is ,p>adise4 ,! ?ird & highe/ rew>d 0 res]v$ = ! brave :o di$ ^u ! field ( battle1 or1 z captives1 p]i%$ by ! malice ( public enemies1 & = wom5 :o di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,^! w5t to ! sun 9 ! sky1 & dwelt up 9 ! bright heav5s4 ,aft] f\r ye>s !y return$ to e>?1 & "u ! =m ( bright-plumag$ s++ birds rejoic$ ! he>ts ( m51 & 7 aga9 spectators ( human life4 ,9 ?is ,aztec doctr9e ! rul] ( ! und]world is spok5 ( z ,mictlantecutli1 :i* ! obtuse mission>ies p]si/5tly r5d] z ! devil4 ,! "n means simply 8,"l ( ! ,abode ( ! ,sla910 or ( ! dead4 ,9 sev]al ( my?s he is br\ght into close relation ) ! ,aztec national h]o-god1 ,quetzalcoatl4 ,l ,osiris1 ,quetzalcoatl 0 said to be abs5t1 to h gone away to ! home ( ! sun1 t home :]e ! sun re/s at night4 ,m specifically1 ?is 0 said to be "u ! e>?1 & x 0 spok5 ( z a place ( delights1 l ,tlalocan4 ,its "n 0 ,c9calco1 :i* means ! ,h\se ( ,abundance2 = no want1 no de>?1 no hung] & no suff]+1 7 kn[n !re4 ,) him dwelt ! s\ls ( 8 disciples & ! ,toltecs1 8 p1 & at "s day or o!r he & !y w\ld return to claim ! l& & to re/ore x to its pri/9e /ate ( p]fection4 ,! ?\ghts 9 ^! fai?s :i* ,i h describ$ are ! same4 ,9 ea* ( !m ! suppos$ hi/ory ( ! de/9y ( ! s\l foll[s t ( ! sun & ! />s4 ,9 all ( !m ! spirits are believ$ to desc5d into or "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & !n1 aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t1 "s =tunate ones are releas$ to rise l ! orbs ( light into ! heav5s above4 ,/rik+ analogies exi/ among !m all4 ,! riv] :i* 9 ea* fl[s ?r\gh ! und]world1 is no?+ else ?an ! great _w-/ream :i* 9 ! primitive geography ( e nation is believ$ to surr\nd ! habitable l&1 & beyond :i* ! sun s9ks at night4 ,to rea* ! abode ( ! sun 9 ! we/ ?is riv] mu/ be cross$4 ,! numb]s #d & #h :i* occur 9 ! ,egyptian & ,aztec geography ( ! und]world1 are relics ( ! sacr$ness atta*$ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! rul] ( ! realm ( %ad[s is n a malevol5t be+4 ,osiris1 ,hades or ,pluto1 ,mictlantecutli1 ,quetzalcoatl1 all orig9ally repres5t$ ! sun 9 its abs5ce1 & none ( !m 9 any way corresponds to ! m$ival or mod]n notion ( ! devil4 ,z ,osiris1 :o is unque/ionably ! dep>t$ ,sun-god1 0 repres5t$ ) heavy & braid$ hair1 s 8 ,aztec correlative 0 also nam$ ,tzontemoc1 :i* means1 he ( ! abundant fall+ hair4 ,9 ea* case ! analogy 0 to ! long slant+ rays ( ! sett+ sun4 ,! role ( ! dog 9 ^! my?s is a curi\s "o4 ,he appe>s z a gu>dian & pres]v]4 ,ev5 ,c]b]us is good to ! good s\l4 ,x has be5 argu$ by ! em95t ,sanscrit antiqu>y ,raj5dalala1 9 8 late volume on ! ,indo-,aryans1 t ?is is a rem9isc5ce ( an anci5t cu/om ( ?r[+ ! dead bodies to ! dogs to be consum$1 r ?an h !m decay4 ,?is to me is n a v satisfactory explanation1 b ,i h none o!r to (f] 9 its place1 & ,i !re=e m]ely call att5tion to ?is s+ul> simil>ity ( notions4 ,?\gh ,i h conf9$ my comp>ison to ^! ?ree anci5t nations1 y w\ld err widely if y imag9e t x is = lack ( mat]ial to ext5d x4 ,i c\ld easily summon numb]less o!r analogies f classic1 f ,p]sian1 f ,turanian1 f ,semitic s\rces1 to %[ t ^! notions 7 almo/ univ]sal to ! race ( man4 ,!y c>ri$ !mselves into e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*+s1 & to-day ! word+ ( ?is anci5t ,sun-my? is repeat$ 9 mo/ ( ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,we h b to m5tion ! 8riv] ( dea?0 :i* is suppos$ to limit human life2 we h b to look at ! phraseology ( ! ,nic5e ,symbol1 :]e x is said t ,*ri/ 8desc5d$ into hell 7,hades710 & aft] ?ree days rose f ! dead & asc5d$ into heav51 to see h[ p]si/5tly ! old ideas h reta9$ _! sway ov] ! religi\s s5tim5ts & expressions ( man4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,symbols ,,9 ,,am]ica4#agb ,:at ,i am ab\t to say is1 to a c]ta9 degree1 polemical4 ,my int5tion is to combat ! op9ions ( ^? writ]s :o1 l ,dr4 ,hamy1 ,m4 ,beauvois & _m o!rs1#agc ass]t t because c]ta9 well-kn[n ,ori5tal symbols1 z ! ,ta ,ki1 ! ,triskeles1 ! ,sva/ika & ! ,cross1 are f\nd among ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 !y are evid5ce ( ,mongolian1 ,buddhi/ic1 ,*ri/ian or ,aryan immigrations1 previ\s to ! discov]y by ,columbus2 & ,i %all also try to %[ t ! position is errone\s ( ^? :o1 l ,william ,h4 ,holmes1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ma9ta9 t 8x is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! religi\s significance ( ! cross z a religi\s symbol 9 ,am]ica40#agd ,9 opposition to bo? ^! views ,i propose to %[ t ! prim>y significance ( all ^! widely ext5d$ symbols is q cle>2 & t !y c be %[n to h aris5 f c]ta9 fix$ relations ( man to 8 environm5t1 ! same ev]y:]e1 & h5ce sugge/+ ! same graphic repres5tations among tribes mo/ div]g5t 9 location & race2 &1 !re=e1 t su* symbols are ( little value 9 trac+ e?nic aff9ities or ! curr5ts ( civilization2 b ( mu* import 9 inve/igat+ ! expressions ( ! religi\s feel+s4 ,_! wide preval5ce 9 ! ,old ,_w is famili> to all /ud5ts4 ,! ?ree legs div]g+ f "o c5tre1 :i* is n[ ! well-kn[n arms ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 is ! anci5t ,triquetrum1 or1 z ,ol%aus5 m prop]ly t]ms x1 ! ,triskeles1#age se5 on ! olde/ ,sicilian co9s & on ^? ( ,lycia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 /ruck m ?an five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,yet1 su* is ! p]si/5ce ( symbolic =ms1 ! travel] 9 ! latt] region /ill f9ds x recurr+ on ! mod]n felt wraps us$ by ! native inhabitants4#agf ,z a decorative motive1 or p]haps ) a deep] significance1 x is repeat$ly f\nd on anci5t ,slavic & ,teutonic vases1 dis9t]r$ f m\nds ( ! bronze age1 or e>li]1 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,frequ5tly ! figure is simply t ( ?ree /raight or curv$ l9es spr++ f a c5tral po9t & surr\nd$ by a circle1 z3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! latt] we h ! precise =m ( ! ,*9ese ,ta ,ki1 a symbolic figure :i* plays a prom95t "p 9 ! my/ical writ+1 ! div9ation & ! decorative art ( ,*9a4#agg ,z x is ?is symbol :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hamy1 ! di/+ui%$ e?nologi/ & ,director ( ! ,museum ( ! ,trocad]o1 ,p>is1 indicates ! prea*+ ( ,buddhi/ic doctr9es 9 ,am]ica1 x m]its close att5tion4 ,! ,ta ,ki1 express$ by ! signs3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 is prop]ly translat$1 8,! ,great ,unit]0 7ta1 great2 ki1 to jo9 toge!r1 to make "o1 to unite72 z 9 mod]n ,*9ese philosophy1 express$ 9 ,platonic language1 ! ,"o is di/+ui%$ f ! ,_m1 & is reg>d$ z ! basis ( ! num]ical sy/em4 ,b z ! ,*9ese believe 9 ! my/ic p[]s ( numb]s1 & z t :i* r$uces all multiplicity to unity naturally controls or is ! summit ( all ?+s1 !re=e ! ,ta ,ki expresses ! complete/ & highe/ creative =ce4 ,9 ,*9ese philosophy1 ! ,univ]se is made up ( opposites1 heav5 & e>?1 light & d>kness1 day & night1 l& & wat]1 concave & convex1 male & female1 etc41 ! highe/ t]ms = :i* are ,y9 & ,yang4 ,^! are held to be br\ght into fructify+ union by ,ta ,ki4 ,ab/ractly1 ! latt] w\ld be reg>d$ z ! syn!sis ( ! two univ]sal anti!ses :i* make up all ph5om5a4#agh ,! symbolic repres5tation ( ,y9 & ,yang is a circle divid$ by two arcs ) opposite c5tres1 :ile ! symbol ( ,ta ,ki adds a ?ird arc f above unit+ ^! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,x is possible t ^! symbols are ( late orig91 devis$ to express ! ideas above nam$4 ,"o ,*9ese s*ol> 7,mr4 ,s4 ,cul97 tells me t x is d\btful if !y occur e>li] ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d41 & t !y 7 probably introduc$ = purposes ( div9ation4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i believe t !y 7 introduc$ f ! ,s\?1 & t !y orig9ally _h ano!r & concrete significance1 z ,i %all expla9 lat]4 ,o!rs consid] ^! symbols z ess5tially ,mongolian4 ,! ,ta ,ki or ,triskeles is to !m ! ,mongolian1 :ile ! ,sva/ika is ! e?nic ,aryan symbol4 ,su* writ]s suspect ,indo-,european immigration :]e !y discov] ! latt]1 ,*9ese immigration 7 !y f9d ! =m] emblem4 ,! ,sva/ika1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is ! hook$ cross or gammat$ cross1 usually repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ! f\r arms ( equal l5g?1 ! hook usually po9t+ f left to "r4 ,9 ?is =m x occurs 9 ,india & on v e>ly 7neoli?ic7 ,greco-,italic & ,ib]ian rema9s4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ! ,sva/ika1 h[ev]1 t ,i ne$ n ent] ^u its ar*ological di/ribution4 ,its prim>y significance has be5 v>i\sly expla9$4 ,"s h reg>d$ x z a graphic repres5tation ( ! lightn+1 o!rs z ( ! two fire-/icks us$ 9 obta9+ fire by friction1 & s on4 ,:atev] its significance1 we are safe 9 consid]+ x a =m ( ! ,cross1 & 9 its special =m obta9+ its symbolic or sacr$ association f ?is orig94 ,! widely-spread my/ic purport ( ! ,cross symbol has long be5 matt] ( comm5t4 ,und\bt$ly 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica ! natives reg>d$ x ) rev]5ce ant]ior to ! arrival ( ,europeans2 z 9 ! ,old ,_w x 0 long a sacr$ symbol be=e x became ! di/9ctive emblem ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,z 9 previ\s writ+s ,i h br\ght toge!r ! evid5ce ( ! v5]ation 9 :i* x 0 held 9 ,am]ica1 ,i %all n repeat ! ref]5ces "h4 ,i believe we may g a /ep fur!r & reg>d all ?ree ( ^! symbols1 ! ,ta ,ki or ,triskeles1 ! ,sva/ika1 & ! ,cross z orig9ally ! same 9 signification1 or1 at lea/1 closely alli$ 9 mean+4 ,i believe1 fur!r1 t ?is c be %[n f ! relics ( anci5t ,am]ican art s cle>ly t no "o1 free f prejudice1 & ^: m9d is op5 to conviction1 w d5y its correctness4 ,my !ory is t all ( ! symbols are graphic repres5tations ( ! movem5ts ( ! sun ) ref]5ce to ! figure ( ! e>?1 z und]/ood by primitive man ev]y:]e1 & h5ce t ^! symbols are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe )\t necess>ily imply+ any hi/oric connections ( ! peoples us+ !m4 ,?is explanation ( !m is n entirely new4 ,x has previ\sly be5 p>tly sugge/$ by ,pr(essors ,worsaae & ,vir*[2 b ! demon/ration ,i %all (f] has n h]et(ore be5 submitt$ to ! sci5tific _w1 & its mat]ial is novel4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,ta ,ki1 we f9d its prim>y elem5ts 9 ! symbolic picture-writ+ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,9 t ( ! ,ojibways1 = example1 we h ! foll[+ ?ree *>act]s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,( ^!1 ! ,fig4 #g repres5ts ! sunrise2 ,fig4 #i1 sunset2 ,fig4 #h1 noonday4 ,! la/-m5tion$ is ! full day at its height4#agi ,:]e1 9 rock-writ+ or scrat*+ on wood1 ! curve c\ld n conv5i5tly be us$1 /raight l9es w\ld be adopt$3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ?us giv+ ! ord9>y =m ( ! ,triskeles4 ,b ! id5tical =m ( ! ,ta ,ki is f\nd 9 ! cal5d> scroll atta*$ to ! ,codex-,po9sett1 an unpubli%$ orig9al ,mexican ,,ms41 on agave pap]1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,a l9e f ?is scroll is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,"h ea* circle means a day1 & ^? ) ! ,triskeles1 culm9at+ days4#ahj ,ano!r =m ( repres5t+ days is se5 9 ! ,vatican ,mexican ,codex1 publi%$ 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexico1 ,vol4 iii3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,?is is n f> f ! figure on ! /one at ,copan1 describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,hamy's pap]1 :]e ! design is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,?is does n resemble ! ,ta ,ki1 z ,dr4 ,hamy supposes1 b r ! ,y9-,yang2 yet diff]s f ?is 9 hav+ a c5tral circle 7app>5tly a cup-%ap$ depression74 ,?is c5tral circul> figure1 :e!r a boss or nave1 or a cup-%ap$ pit1 has be5 expla9$ by ,worsaae z a conv5tionaliz$ =m ( ! sun1 & 9 ?is he is borne out by primitive ,am]ican art1 z we %all see4 ,! tw5ty elevations :i* surr\nd ! /one1 correspond+ 9 numb] to ! tw5ty days ( ! ,maya mon?1 indicate at once t we h "h to d ) a monum5t relat+ to ! cal5d>4 ,turn+ n[ to ! developm5t ( ?is class ( figures 9 primitive ,am]ican art1 ,i give fir/ ! simple/ repres5tations ( ! sun1 su* z ^? pa9t$ on buffalo sk9s by ! ,indians ( ! ,pla9s1 & scrat*$ on ! surface ( rocks4 ,! examples are select$ f _m ( ! k9d publi%$ by ,col4 ,g>rick ,mall]y4#aha ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! design is m]ely a rude device ( ! human face1 ) f\r rays proce$+ f x at "r angles4 ,^! f\r rays repres5t1 accord+ to ! unanim\s int]pretation ( ! ,indians1 ! f\r directions def9$ by ! app>5t motions ( ! sun1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ! ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,by ^! directions all travel & all alignm5ts ( build+s1 corpses1 etc41 7 def9$2 & h5ce ! e>? 0 reg>d$ z f\r-sid$ or f\r-corn]$2 or1 :5 x 0 express$ z a circle1 9 accordance ) ! appe>ance ( ! visible horizon1 ! f\r radia 7 drawn z imp++ on its f\r sides3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ae is a design on a vase f ,m>aja1 ,brazil1 & is ( common occurr5ce on ! pott]y ( t region4#ahb ,fig4 #af repres5ts ! circle ( ! visible horizon1 or ! e>?-pla91 ) ! f\r w9ds ru%+ into x :5 summon$ by a magician4 ,x is a figure f ! ,m$ay ,magic ( ! ,ojibways4#ahc ,dr4 ,f]raz de ,mac$o has claim$ t su* devices z ,fig4 #af 8%[ ,*9ese or ,egyptian inspiration40#ahd ,x is c]ta9ly unnecess>y to accept ?is alt]native :5 bo? ! orig9 & significance ( ! symbol are s pla9 9 native ,am]ican art4 ,:5 ! symbol ( ! sun & ! f\r directions 0 inscrib$ )9 ! circle ( ! visible horizon1 we obta9 ! figure repres5t+ ! motions pf ! sun ) ref]5ce to ! e>?1 z 93 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,?is is :at ,g]man ar*ologi/s call ! :eel-cross1 ,radkreuz1 di/+ui%$1 z ,worsaae po9t$ out1 by ! pres5ce ( ! c5tral boss1 cup or nave1 f ! r+-cross1 ,r+kreuz1 ,fig4 #ah3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 9 :i*1 also1 ! arms ( ! cross d n rea* to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel4 ,worsaae v ju/ly laid mu* /ress on ! pres5ce ( ! c5tral boss or cup1 & correctly expla9$ x z indicative ( ! sun2 b bo? he & ,vir*[1 :o foll[$ him 9 ?is explanation1 are1 ,i ?9k1 9 error 9 suppos+ t ! circle or :eel repres5ts ! roll+ sun1 die roll5de ,sonne4 ,my pro( ( ?is is t ?is same figure 0 a famili> symbol1 ) ! signification /at$1 9 tribes :o did n "k ! me*anical device ( ! :eel1 & c\ld h _h1 !re=e1 no notion ( su* an analogy z ! roll+ :eel ( ! sun4#ahe ,:5 appli$ to "t1 ! symbol ( ! circle 9 primitive art ref]r$ to ! return ( ! seasons1 n to an idea ( motion 9 space4 ,?is is v pla9ly se5 bo? 9 art & language4 ,9 ! ye>-c\nts or w9t]-c\nts ( ! ,am]ican tribes1 ! ye>s 7 v g5]ally signifi$ by circles arrang$ 9 r[s or spirals4 ,fig4 #bj %[s ! ,dakota w9t]-c\nt1 z depict$ on _! buffalo robes4#ahf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,?is c\nt is to be read f "r to left1 because x is writt5 f left to "r1 & h5ce ! ye> la/ record$ is at ! end ( ! l9e4 ,precisely simil> s]ies ( circles occur on ! ,aztec & ,maya codices1 ) ! same signification4 ,moreov]1 ! ye>-cycles ( bo? ^! nations 7 repres5t$ by a circle on ! bord] ( :i* ! ye>s 7 inscrib$4 ,9 ,maya ?is 0 call$ uazlazon katun1 ! turn+ ab\t aga91 or revolution ( ! katuns4#ahg ,! ,aztec figure ( ! ye>-cycle is s in/ructive t ,i give a sket* ( its pr9cipal elem5ts 7,fig4 #ba71 z portray$ 9 ! atlas to ,duran's ,hi/ory ( ,mexico4#ahh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,9 ?is rem>kable figure we obs]ve ! developm5t & prim>y signification ( ^? _w-wide symbols1 ! squ>e1 ! cross1 ! :eel1 ! circle1 & ! sva/ika4 ,! la/-m5tion$ is se5 9 ! elem5ts ( ! brok5 circle1 :i* are3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,^!1 conv5tionaliz$ into rectil9e> figures = scrat*+ on /one or wood1 became3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ! ,mexican "t-:eel1 ! ye>s are to be read f "r to left1 z 9 ! ,dakota w9t]-c\nts2 ea* ( ! qu>t] circles repres5ts ?irte5 ye>s2 & ^!1 also1 are to be read f "r to left1 beg9n+ ) ! top ( ! figure1 :i* is ! ,ea/1 & proce$+ to ! ,nor?1 ,s\? & ,we/1 z indicat$4 ,! full analysis ( ?is sugge/ive & au!ntic a/ronomical figure w reveal ! secret ( mo/ ( ! ri* symbolism & my?ology ( ! ,am]ican nations4 ,x is easy to see h[ f x 0 d]iv$ ! ,nahuatl doctr9e ( ! nahua oll91 or ,f\r ,motions ( ! ,sun1 ) its accessories ( ! ,f\r ,ages ( ! _w4 ,! ,tree ( ,life1 s con/antly recurr+ z a design 9 ,maya & ,mexican art1 is b ano!r outgr[? ( ! same symbolic expression = ! same ideas4 ,t we f9d ! same figurative symbolism 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,lycia1 ,assyria & ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & on anci5t urns f ,etruria1 ,ib]ia1 ,gallia1 ,sicilia & ,scy?ia1 ne$s n surprise u1 & ought n to prompt u to ass]t any hi/oric connection on ?is acc\nt betwe5 ! e>ly developm5t ( man 9 ! ,new & ,old ,_w4 ,! pa? ( culture is n>r[1 especially 9 its e>ly /ages1 & m5 ev]y:]e h trodd5 unconsci\sly 9 ea* o!r's foot/eps 9 advanc+ f ! d>kness ( b>b>ism to ! light ( civilization4 ,,! ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,yucatan4#ahi ,yucatan pres5ts a /range spectacle to ! e?nologi/4 ,! native race1 :i* 9 ne>ly e o!r "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t has disappe>$ be=e ! :ite invad]s or else become _! ackn[l$g$ inf]ior1 has !re ga9$ ! upp] h&4 ,! native language has ou/$ ! ,spani% to t ext5t t :ole villages ( :ites speak ,maya only1 & ! =tunes ( w> 9 ! la/ g5]ation h sid$ s mu* ) ! native braves t !y h rega9$ undisput$ possession ( by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! p59sula4 ,is !re to be recogniz$ 9 ?is a revival ( t inh]5t en]gy :i* prompt$ _! ance/ors to ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( native ar*itecture on ! cont95t1 & to ! developm5t ( a ripe social & political fabric8 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$2 b1 h[ev] t may be1 su* consid]ations _c fail to excite our int]e/ 9 all t relates to a race ( su* plucky p]si/5ce4 ,z ?r[+ a side-light on _! m5tal con/itution1 _! sup]/itions & folk-lore m]it att5tion4 ,i happ5 to h "s mat]ial on ?is :i* has nev] be5 publi%$1 & "s m :i* has only appe>$ 9 m$iums q inaccessible ev5 to dilig5t /ud5ts4 ,( ! =m] are a manuscript by ! ,lic5tiate ,zet9a ( ,tabasco1 a native ( ,tihosuco1 & "s notes on ! subject by ,don ,jose ,m>ia ,lopez1 ( ,m]ida1 & ! late ,dr4 ,c>l ,h]mann ,b]5dt2 :ile ( ! latt] a report by ,don ,b>?olom ,granado de ,baeza1 cura ( ,yaxcab1 writt5 9 #ahac1 & an article ( lat] date by ! le>n$ cura1 ,e/anislao ,c>rillo1 are p>ticul>ly notewor?y4#aij ,f ^! s\rces ,i h ga!r$ :at ,i "h pres5t1 arrang+ & /udy+ ! facts !y give ) ! aid ( sev]al diction>ies ( ! tongue 9 my possession4 ,^! ,mayas1 z ! natives call$ !mselves1 7 conv]t$ at ! epo* ( ! conque/ 7ab\t #aeej7 to ,*ri/ianity 9 t summ>y way :i* ! ,spani>ds delight$ 94 ,if !y w\ld n be baptiz$ !y 7 hang$ or dr[n$2 &1 once baptiz$1 !y 7 flogg$ if !y did n att5d mass1 & burn$ if !y slid back to idol-wor%ip4 ,!y 7 kept 9 ! d5se/ ignorance1 = fe> !y %\ld le>n en\gh to d\bt4 ,_! alleg$ ,*ri/ianity 0 !re=e _! anci5t hea!nism "u a new "n1 & br\ght nei!r spiritual enlight5m5t nor intellectual progress4 ,z a rec5t & able hi/orian ( ,yucatan has said1 8! only diff]5ce 0 t ! natives 7 *ang$ f pagan idolat]s to ,*ri/ian idolat]s40#aia ,to ?is day ! belief 9 sorc]]s1 wit*craft & magic is z /rong z x ev] 01 & 9 v>i\s in/ances ! v same rites are obs]v$ z ^? :i* we "k f e>ly au?ors obta9$ be=e ! conque/4 ,! div9] is call$ h'm51 a male p]sonal =m ( ! v]b m51 to und]/&1 to d4 ,he is "o :o kn[s1 & :o accompli%es4 ,8 ma9 in/rum5t is ! zaztun1 8! cle> /one0 7zaz1 cle>1 transp>5t2 tun1 /one74 ,?is is a qu>tz cry/al or o!r transluc5t /one1 :i* has be5 duly sanctifi$ by burn+ be=e x gum copal z an inc5se1 & by ! solemn recital ( c]ta9 magic =mulas 9 an ar*aic dialect pass$ d[n f ! wise anci5ts4 ,x is ?us end[$ ) ! p[] ( reflect+ ! pa/ & future1 & ! soo?say] gazes into its cle> dep?s & sees :]e lo/ articles may be recov]$1 le>ns :at is happ5+ to ! abs5t1 & by ^: wit*]y sickness & disa/] h come ^u ^? :o call 9 8 skill4 ,!re is sc>cely a village 9 ,yucatan )\t "o ( ^! wondr\s /ones4 ,! wise m5 h also great influ5ce ov] ! gr[+ crops1 & 9 ?is direction _! *iefe/ p[] is ex]cis$4 ,by a /range mixture ( ,*ri/ian & pagan sup]/ition1 !y are call$ 9 to celebrate ! misa milp]a1 ! 8field mass0 7misa1 ,spani%1 8mass02 milp]a1 a ^w ( ,aztec d]ivation1 f milpa1 8cornfield074 ,9 ! native tongue ?is is call$ ! ti*1 :i* means ! (f]+ or sacrifice4 ,x is a di/9ct survival ( a rite m5tion$ by ,diego de ,l&a1 "o ( ! e>lie/ bi%ops ( ! diocese ( ,yucatan4#aib ,! c]emony is z foll[s3 ,on a sort ( alt> con/ruct$ ( /icks ( equal l5g? ! native prie/ places a f[l1 &1 hav+ ?r[n on its beak "s ( ! f]m5t$ liquor ( ! c\ntry1 ! pit>rilla1 he kills x1 & 8 assi/ants cook & s]ve x ) c]ta9 maize cakes ( l>ge size & special prep>ation4 ,:5 ! fea/ is ready1 ! prie/ approa*es ! table1 dips a bran* ( gre5 leaves into a j> ( pit>rilla1 & asp]ges ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 at ! same "t call+ on ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 & ! sacr$ f\r ( 8 own anci5t religion1 ! ,pah ah tun4 ,^! my/]i\s be+s 7 be=e ! conque/ & to ?is day rema9 9 ! native belief ! gods ( ra91 & h5ce ( f]tility4 ,!y are id5tical ) ! w9ds1 & ! f\r c>d9al po9ts f :i* !y bl[4 ,to ea* is sacr$ a p>ticul> color1 & 9 mod]n times ea* has be5 id5tifi$ ) a sa9t 9 ! ,ca?olic cal5d>4 ,?us ,fa!r ,baeza tells u t ! r$ ,pahahtun is plac$ at ! ,ea/1 & is kn[n z ,sa9t ,dom9ic2 to ! ,nor? ! :ite "o1 :o is ,sa9t ,gabriel2 ! black1 t[>d ! ,we/1 is ,sa9t ,james2 ! yell[ is t[>d ! ,s\?1 & is a female1 call$ 9 ! ,maya tongue ,x',kanleox1 8! yell[ goddess10 & be>s ! ,*ri/ian "n ( ,m>y ,magdal54 ,! "n ,pahahtun is ( difficult d]ivation1 b x probably means 8/one1 or pill>1 set up or erect$10 & ?is tallies q exactly ) a long description ( ! anci5t rites connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ^! important div9ities 9 ! old times4 ,!re are "s discrepancies 9 ! colors assign$ ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! compass1 b ?is appe>s to h v>i$ consid]ably among ! ,c5tral ,am]ican nations1 ?\gh _m ( !m unit$ 9 hav+ "s su* symbolism4 ,a curi\s /udy ( x has be5 made by ! well-kn[n ar*ologi/1 ! ,c\nt de ,*>5cey4#aic ,! invocation to ^! f\r po9ts ( ! compass 9 its mod]n =m 0 =tunately obta9$ & pres]v$ 9 ! orig9al tongue by t indefatigable /ud5t1 ! late ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 :ile on a visit to ! plantation ( ,xcan*akan1 9 ! int]ior ( ,yucatan4#aid ,! translation ( x runs z foll[s3-- 8,at ! ris+ ( ! ,sun1 ,"l ( ! ,ea/1 my ^w goes =? to ! f\r corn]s ( ! heav51 to ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,god ! ,son1 & ,god ! ,holy ,gho/4 8,:5 ! cl\ds rise 9 ! ea/1 :5 he comes :o sets 9 ord] ! ?irte5 =ms ( ! cl\ds1 ! yell[ "l ( ! hurricane1 ! hope ( ! lords to come1 he :o rules ! prep>ation ( ! div9e liquor1 he :o loves ! gu>dian spirits ( ! fields1 !n ,i pray to him = 8 preci\s favor2 = ,i tru/ all 9 ! h&s ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,god ! ,son1 & ,god ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,su* is an example ( ! /range mixture ( hea!n & ,*ri/ian sup]/ition :i* has be5 ! outcome ( ?ree c5turies ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian in/ruction6 ,!re /ill cont9ue to be relics ( an anci5t =m ( fire-wor%ip :i* once prevail$ commonly ?r\gh\t ! p59sula4 ,! mission>ies ref] to x z 8! fe/ival ( fire10#aie b ! exact rites p]=m$ 7 s c>efully conceal$ t we h no description ( !m4 ,t !y are n yet out ( date is app>5t f a copy ( a native cal5d> = #ahda-b1 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5s :5 9 ,yucatan4 ,9 x ! days are m>k$ z lucky or unlucky1 & aga9/ c]ta9 ones su* entries are made z 8n[ ! burn] lights 8 fire10 8! burn] gives 8 fire scope10 8! burn] takes 8 fire10 8! burn] puts out 8 fire40 ,?is burn]1 ah toc1 is ! mod]n repres5tative ( ! anci5t prie/ ( ! fire1 & we f9d a few obscure ref]5ces to an important rite1 ! tupp kak1 ext9ction ( ! fire1 :i* 0 kept up long aft] ! conque/1 & probably is /ill celebrat$ 9 ! remot] villages4 ,! sacr$ fire 9 anci5t ,maya l& is said to h be5 gu>d$ by *os5 virg9s1 & x appe>s 9 "s way to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! =ce :i* gives life to ! animal & vegetable _w4 ,ano!r ( ! mod]n c]emonies :i* is imbu$ ) ! old notion1 common to !m z to all primitive p1 ( a s\l ) mat]ial wants1 is t call$ 8! fea/ ( ! food ( ! s\l40 ,small cakes are made ( ! fle% ( h5s & p\nd$ maize1 & are bak$ 9 an und]gr\nd ov54 ,( ^! z _m are plac$ on ! alt> ( ! *ur* z ! p]son mak+ ! (f]+ has deceas$ relatives = ^: well-be+ he is solicit\s4 ,^! cakes are call$ hanal pixan1 8! food ( ! s\l40 ,evid5tly !y are int5d$ to repres5t ! n\ri%m5t de/9$ = ! s\l on its j\rney ?r\gh ! %ad[y l&s ( dea?4 ,along ) ^! !re are _m m9or sup]/itions connect$ especially ) ! gr[? ( crops & fruits4 ,?us x is widely believ$ t ! fruit kn[n z ! :ite zapote 7,sapota a*ras1 9 ,maya1 *o*7 w n rip5 ( itself4 ,"o mu/ tap x lightly sev]al times z x approa*es maturity1 repeat+ ! =mula3 ,hok51 *e*2 oc51 takan3 ,dep>t1 gre5ness3 ent]1 rip5ess4 ,! owl is look$ ^u z an uncanny bird1 presag+ dea? or disease1 if x alights on or ev5 flies ov] a h\se4 ,ano!r bird1 ! cox1 a species ( pheasant1 is said to pr$ict ! approa* ( high nor!rly w9ds1 :5 x calls l\dly & frequ5tly 9 ! woods2 ?\gh ?is1 accord+ to "o writ]1 is n s mu* a sup]/ition z an obs]vation ( nature1 & is usually correct4 ,a s+ul> c]emony is at times p]=m$ to prev5t ! dea? ( ^? :o are sick4 ,! dread be+ :o 9 m$ival symbolism 0 repres5t$ by a skeleton1 is kn[n to ! ,mayas z ,yum ,cimil1 ,"l ( ,dea?4 ,he is suppos$ to lurk ar\nd a h\se :]e a p]son is ill1 ready to ent] & c>ry (f 8 life :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 will+ to accept some?+ 9 lieu !re(1 & to br+ ab\t ?is result ! natives p]=m ! rite call$ kex1 or 8b>t]40 ,!y hang j>s & nets conta9+ food & dr9k on ! trees ar\nd ! h\se1 repeat+ c]ta9 invocations1 & !y believe t (t5 ! ,"l ( ,dea? w be satisfi$ ) ^!1 & ?us all[ ! invalid to recov]4 ,^? div9]s to :om ,i h allud$ are famili>ly kn[n z ,tat ,i*1 ,daddy ,face1 & ,tata ,pol91 ,daddy ,head1 a ref]5ce1 ,i suspect1 to a once famili> "n ( a *ief div9ity1 ,k9 i*1 ! face 7or eye7 ( ! day1 i4 e4 ! ,sun4 ,a p[] univ]sally ascrib$ to ^! magicians is t ( trans=m+ !mselves into bea/s4 ,7 x n = s _m examples ( delusions 9 enlight5$ l&s1 x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ! unque/ion+ belief :i* prevails on ?is subject ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,fa!r ,baeza relates t "o ( ^! old sorc]]s decl>$ 9 a dy+ confession t he _h repeat$ly *ang$ himself into v>i\s wild bea/s4 ,! ,engli% prie/1 ,?omas ,gage1 :o _h a cure 9 ,guatemala ab\t #afcj1 tells ) all s]i\sness a numb] ( su* in/ances4 ,ev5 9 our own days ! le>n$ ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg is n entirely satisfi$ t animal magnetism1 v5triloquism1 & su* trick]y1 c expla9 ! my/]ies ( nagualism1 z ! ,c5tral ,am]ican sy/em ( ! black arts is t]m$4 ,he is n c]ta9 t we ought to exclude ! assi/ance ( ! invisible diabolic ag5cies6#aif ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,qui*es1 a tribe liv+ 9 ,guatemala relat$ to ! ,mayas1 ascribe ?is p[] to "o ( _! mo/ celebrat$ k+s4 ,z an illu/ration ! passage is wor? quot+3 8,truly ?is ,gucumatz became a wond]ful k+4 ,e sev5 days he asc5d$ to ! sky1 & e sev5 days he foll[$ ! pa? to ! abode ( ! dead2 e sev5 days he put on ! nature ( a s]p5t & he became truly a s]p5t2 e sev5 days he put on ! nature ( an eagle & aga9 ( a tig]1 & he became truly an eagle & a tig]2 e sev5 days also he put on ! nature ( coagulat$ blood1 & !n he 0 no?+ else b coagulat$ blood40#aig ,m5 & wom5 alike might possess ?is magic p[]4 ,?is is %[n 9 a curi\s little native /ory he>d by ,dr4 ,b]5dt 9 ! wilds ( ,yucatan f a ,maya woman1 :o told x to prove ! value ( salt z a c\nt]-*>m to ! ma*9ations ( ^! my/]i\s be+s4 ,! doctor wrote x d[n ) scrupul\s fidelity1 & add$ a v]bal translation4 ,z x has nev] be5 publi%$1 & z x is at once an int]e/+ bit ( au!ntic folk-lore & a valuable example ( ! ,maya language1 ,i give x "h 9 ! orig9al tongue ) a lit]al1 int]l9e> translation3-- ,a ,,maya ,,wit* ,,/ory4 ,huntu hxib tsoocubel yetel huntul x*up2 ma tu yoheltah uaix ,a man m>ri$ ) a woman2 n did he "k 7h]7 z uay4 ,hunpe k9 tu yalahti3 8,hu*e capel mut tabb40 ,tu a wit*4 ,"o day he said to h]3 8,mix two measures 7(7 salt40 ,%e hu*ah paibe1 ca tu katah3 8,baax tial te*80 ,hunpel akab mix'd 7!m7 fir/1 !n %e ask$3 8,:y ?is 7wi%e/7 ?\80 ,"o night pixaan hxibe ca tu yilah u hokol u yatan4 ,ca tu *aah u mazcabe woke ! man & he saw g out 8 wife4 ,!n he took 8 axe ca tu mucul ?ulbelah tu pa* ti kax4 ,ca ku*ioob ti *i*an & secretly foll[$ beh9d 7h]7 to ! wood4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at a little *akan1 yau u zazil uh1 ca tu mucuba hxib tu booy noho* mead[1 !re be+ a bright moon1 !n hid himself ! man 9 ! %ade ( a great yax*e4 ,ca tu pucah u nok x*up tu pa*1 uaan xmabuc tu seiba tree4 ,!n ?rew h] g>m5ts ! woman beh9d 7h]71 /&+ nak$ 9 ! tan uh3 ca tu sipah u yo!l1 ca culhi *embac4 ,ca face ( ! moon3 !n %e /ripp$ (f h] sk91 & rema9$ m]e bones4 ,!n naci ti caan4 ,ca emi tucat51 ca tu yalahi3 8,zazaba %e rose to ! sky4 ,:5 %e came d[n aga91 !n %e said to him3 8,w\ld/ ?\ xtac caan80 ,hemac ma u*uc u nacal tucat51 tum5 tu ?ootal rea* to ! sky80 ,b n c\ld %e asc5d aga91 because ( ! ?r[+ taab4 7(7 salt4 ,to ! ,maya1 ! woods1 ! air1 & ! d>kness are fill$ ) my/]i\s be+s :o are ev] ready to d him injury or s]vice1 b g5]ally injury1 z ! great] numb] ( ^! creations ( 8 fancy are malevol5t sprites4 ,( ^? :i* are well dispos$1 ! mo/ famili> are ! ,balams 7,maya1 ,hbalamob1 mascul9e plural =m ( balam74 ,?is ^w is ! common "n ( ! ,am]ican tig]1 & z a title ( di/9ction 0 appli$ to a class ( prie/s & to k+s4 ,! mod]n notions ( ! ,balams are reveal$ to u by ! ,lic5tiate ,zet9a ( ,tihosuco1 9 8 manuscripts to :i* ,i h previ\sly ref]r$4 ,he tells u t ^! be+s are suppos$ to be c]ta9 v anci5t m5 :o take *>ge ( & gu>d ! t[ns4 ,"o /&s nor? ( ! t[n1 a second s\?1 a ?ird ea/1 & ! f\r? to ! we/4 ,!y are usually n visible dur+ ! day1 & if "o does see !m x is a sign ( approa*+ illness1 :i* sugge/s t x is ! disord]$ vision ( "s imp5d+ tropical fev] :i* may occasionally lead to ! belief 9 _! app>ition4 ,at night ! ,balams are awake & vigilant1 & prev5t _m an accid5t f befall+ ! village1 su* z viol5t ra9s1 tornadoes1 & pe/il5tial diseases4 ,!y summon ea* o!r by a l\d1 %rill :i/le2 &1 ?\gh )\t w+s1 !y fly ?r\gh ! air ) ! swiftness ( a bird4 ,occasionally !y h desp]ate conflicts ) ! evil p[]s :o w\ld assail ! t[n4 ,! signs ( ^! nocturnal /ruggles are se5 ! next day 9 trees brok5 d[n & uproot$1 ! gr\nd torn up1 & l>ge /ones split & ?r[n ar\nd4 ,ano!r ( _! duties is to protect ! corn-fields or milpas4 ,x seems probable1 f comp>+ ! au?orities be=e me1 t ! ,balams 9 ?is capacity are id5tical ) ! ,pa ahtuns1 :om ,i h ref]r$ to above1 & t bo? are l9eal desc5dants ( ^? agricultural deities ( ! anci5t ,mayas1 ! ,*ac or ,bacab1 :i* are describ$ by ,bi%op ,l&a & o!rs4 ,no ,indian on ! p59sula neglects to propitiate ! ,balam ) a suitable (f]+ at ! "t ( corn-plant+4 ,7 he s neglig5t z to =get x1 ! crop w\ld )] = lack ( ra9 or o!rwise be ru9$4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is told by ,seor ,zet9a4 ,an ,indian ne> ,tihosuco _h paid no att5tion to ! usual (f]+1 p]haps be+ infect$ ) evil mod]n skeptical views4 ,8 crop grew fairly2 & z ! e>s 7 ab\t rip5+ he visit$ 8 field to exam9e !m4 ,z he approa*$ he saw ) "s dismay a tall man among ! /alks ) a l>ge basket ov] 8 %\ld]s1 9 :i* he ?rew ! rip5+ e>s z fa/ z he c\ld pluck !m4 ,! ,indian salut$ him hesitat+ly4 ,! /rang] repli$1 8,i am "h ga!r+ 9 t :i* ,i s5t40 ,re/+ f 8 "w1 he drew f 8 pocket an imm5se cig>1 &1 tak+ out a fl9t & /eel1 began to /rike a light4 ,b ! sp>ks he /ruck 7 fla%es ( lightn+1 & ! s\nd ( 8 bl[s 0 t]rible ?und]claps :i* %ook ! v e>?4 ,! poor ,indian fell to ! gr\nd unconsci\s ) fright2 & :5 he came to himself a hail-/orm _h de/roy$ 8 corn1 & z soon z he rea*$ home he himself 0 seiz$ ) a fev] :i* nigh co/ him 8 life4 ,! ,balams are great smok]s1 & x is a g5]al belief among ! ,indians t ! %oot+ />s are no?+ else ?an ! /umps ( ! huge cig>s ?r[n d[n ! sky by ^! giant be+s4 ,sometimes !y c>ry (f *ildr5 = purposes ( _! own4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,b]5dt 0 explor+ ! ea/ coa/ ( ,yucatan he 0 told ( su* an occurr5ce on ! ,isl& ( ,san ,p$ro1 nor? ( ,belize4 ,a little boy ( f\r ye>s w&]$ to "s cacao bu%es n m ?an fifty y>ds f ! h\se1 & !re all trace ( him 0 lo/4 ,!re 0 no sign ( wolf or tig]1 no footpr9t ( kidnapp]4 ,!y s\ght him ! :ole day 9 va91 & !n gave up ! se>*1 = !y knew :at _h happ5$--! ,balam _h tak5 him6 ,! ,balams h also ! reputation ( inculcat+ a respect = ! proprieties ( life4 ,zet9a tells ?is /ory :i* he he>d among 8 native fri5ds3 ,"o day an ,indian & 8 wife w5t to _! corn-pat* to ga!r e>s4 ,! man left ! field to get "s wat]1 & 8 wife ?rew (f ! g[n %e wore le/ x %\ld be torn1 & 0 nak$4 ,sudd5ly %e he>d "s "o call to h] 9 a l\d voice1 ,pixe avito1 xnoh ciz91 :i* ,zet9a translates lit]ally into ,spani%1 ,tapa ta culo1 gran diablo6 ,at ! same "t %e receiv$ two sm>t bl[s ) a cane4 ,%e turn$ & beheld a tall man ) a long be>d1 & a g[n :i* rea*$ to 8 feet4 ,?is 0 ! ,balam4 ,he gave h] two m sm>t bl[s on ! "p ( ! p]son to :i* he _h ref]r$1 & !n disappe>$2 b ! m>ks ( ! f\r bl[s rema9$ z long z %e liv$4 ,x is va9 to attempt to p]suade ! ,indian t su* notions are false & _c be facts4 ,he w n try to reason ) y4 ,he cont5ts himself ) a pati5t ge/ure & ! despair+ exclamation1 ,bix ma hahal8 8,h[ c x be o!rwise ?an true80 7,bix1 h[1 ma1 n1 hahal1 true47 ,^! ,balams are 9 fact ! gods ( ! c>d9al po9ts & ( ! w9ds & ra9s :i* proce$ f !m1 & are ?us a survival ( "s ( ! c5tral figures ( ! anci5t my?ology4 ,! w9d /ill holds its pre-em95ce z a sup]natural occurr5ce 9 ! native m9d4 ,"o day ,dr4 ,b]5dt 0 travel+ ) "s natives ?r\gh ! =e/s :5 ! s\nd ( a tropical tornado 0 he>d approa*+ ) its =midable ro> ?r\gh ! trees4 ,9 awe-/ruck acc5ts "o ( 8 guides said1 8,he catal noho* yikal noho* tat3 ,"h comes ! mighty w9d ( ! ,great ,fa!r40 ,b x is only 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t t 9 ! pres5ce ( a :ite man ! ,indian betrays 8 beliefs1 & no que/ion+ c\ld elicit fur!r in=mation4 ,a h9t is suppli$ by ,seor ,zet9a4 ,he m5tions t ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d is call$1 or attribut$ to1 tat acmo1 words :i* mean ,fa!r ,/rong-bird4 ,?is sugge/s _m analogies f ! my?ologies ( o!r races2 = ! notion ( ! primeval bird1 at once "l ( ! w9ds & fa!r ( ! race1 is f\nd 9 num]\s ,am]ican tribes1 & is di/9ctly conta9$ 9 ! metaphors ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! balam1 z ,i h said1 is e/eem$ a k9dly & protective be+2 he is affectionately ref]r$ to z yum balam1 ,fa!r ,balam4 ,he is said to h a human =m1 t ( an old man ) a long be>d & ample fl[+ robes4 ,b !re are o!r gigantic spectres ( t]rible aspect & trucul5t humor4 ,"o ( ^! is s tall t a man _c rea* 8 knees4 ,he /alks into ! t[ns at midnight1 & plant+ 8 feet l a huge ,colossus1 "o on ea* side ( ! roadway1 he seizes "s incauti\s pass]-by & breaks 8 legs ) 8 tee?1 or conqu]s him ) a sudd5 fa9tness4 ,! "n ( ?is t]ror ( late walk]s is ,giant ,grab1 ,ua ua pa*4 ,ano!r is ! ,*e ,v9ic1 ! ,man ( ! ,woods1 call$ by ! ,spani% population ! ,salonge4 ,he is a huge fell[ )\t bones or jo9ts4 ,= t reason if he lies d[n he _c rise )\t extreme difficulty2 h5ce he sleeps lean+ aga9/ a tree4 ,8 feet are rev]s$1 ! heels 9 front1 ! toes beh9d4 ,he is l>g] & /rong] ?an a bull1 & 8 color is r$4 ,9 8 long arms he c>ries a /ick ! size ( a tree-trunk4 ,he is on ! wat* = ^? :o /ray ?r\gh ! woods1 &1 if he c1 w seize & dev\r !m4 ,b a ready-witt$ man has always a means ( escape4 ,all he has to d is to pluck a gre5 bran* f a tree1 & wav+ x be=e him1 beg9 a lively dance4 ,?is inv>iably ?r[s ! ,wood ,man into convulsions ( mir?4 ,he laughs & laughs until he falls to ! gr\nd1 & once d[n1 hav+ no jo9ts1 he _c rise1 & ! hunt] c proce$ leisurely on 8 j\rney4 ,x is s+ul>1 says ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 h[ widely di/ribut$ is ! belief 9 ?is /range fancy4 ,x recurs 9 precisely ! same =m 9 ,yucatan1 9 ,pet51 9 ,tabasco1 ar\nd ,pal5que1 etc4 ,ano!r ugly cu/om] is ! ,culcalk94 ,?is ^w means 8! prie/ )\t a neck10 & ! hobgobl9 s nam$ is describ$ z a be+ ) head cut (f ev5 ) ! %\ld]s1 :o w&]s ar\nd ! villages at night1 fright5+ m5 & *ildr54 ,9 contra/ to ! giants are ! dw>fs & imps :i* are ready 9 _! malici\s ways to s\r ! pleasures ( life4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! are ! h'lox1 or m fully1 h'loxkatob1 :i* means 8! /rong clay images40#aih ,!y are1 inde$1 believ$ to be ! actual idols & figures 9 clay :i* are f\nd ab\t ! old temples & tombs1 & h5ce an ,indian breaks ^! 9 pieces :5ev] he f9ds !m1 to ! great detrim5t ( ar*ological rese>*4 ,!y only appe> aft] sunset1 & !n 9 ! %ape ( a *ild ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 or sometimes n ov] a span 9 height1 nak$ except we>+ a l>ge hat4 ,!y are swift ( foot1 & c run backw>ds z fa/ z =w>ds4 ,among o!r pranks1 !y ?r[ /ones at ! dogs & cause !m to h[l4 ,_! t\* produces sickness1 especially *ills & fev]4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 n to attempt to cat* !m4 ,( simil> malevol5t disposition is ! ,*an ,pal1 ,little ,boy1 :o lurks 9 ! woods & is alleg$ to br+ ! small-pox into ! villages4 ,o!rs are m]ely teas+ 9 "*1 & n positively h>mful4 ,?us !re is ! ,x bolon ?oro* :o lives 9 ! h\se ) ! family1 & repeats at night ! v>i\s s\nds ( dome/ic labor :i* h be5 made dur+ ! day4 ,! ^w ?oro* is appli$ to ! s\nd caus$ by ! native sp9dle revolv+ 9 its %aft2 bolon is 8n9e10 a numb] us$ to express ! sup]lative degree 9 c]ta9 phrases2 :ile ! initial ,x %[s t ! imp is ( ! fem99e g5d]4 ,! "n !re=e signifies 8! female imp :o magnifies ! s\nd ( ! sp9dle40 ,o!r su* h\sehold imps are ! ,bokol h'oto*1 ,/ir-!-,h\se1 :o creeps "u ! floors & makes a noise l beat+ a cake to sc>e ! inmates2 ! ,yancopek1 ,pit*]-,imp1 :o crawls into j>s & jugs2 & ! ,way cot1 ,wit*-bird1 :o lurks on or beh9d walls & drops /ones on pass]s by4 ,! female sex is fur!r repres5t$ 9 ! ,maya folk-lore by a p]sonage :o has a curi\s simil>ity to leg5d>y ladies ( ! old _w1 sir5s1 m]maids1 ! ,lorelei1 & o!rs4 ,%e is call$ ,x tabai1 ! 7female7 ,deceiv]4 ,h] home is "u %ady b[]s 9 ! =e/s1 & !re ! ard5t hunt] sudd5ly espies h]1 clo!d1 & comb+ ) a l>ge comb 7x a*e7 h] long & beautiful hair4 ,z he approa*es %e turns & flees1 b n ) disc\rag+ ha/e1 r 9 su* a mann] & ) su* backw>d glances z to invite pursuit4 ,he soon ov]takes h]1 b j z he clasps h] beaute\s =m 9 8 /rong embrace1 h] body *anges into a ?orny bu%1 & h] feet become claws l ^? ( a wild f[l4 ,tom & ble$+ he turns sadly homew>d1 & soon succumbs to an attack ( fev] ) delirium4 ,ano!r v simil> creature is ,x ,?oh ,*altun1 ,miss ,p\nd-!-,/ones4 ,%e slily waits ar\nd ! villages1 & :5 %e sees "s attractive y\? %e awakes 8 att5tion by tapp+ on ! /ones1 or 9 default ( ^! on an empty j> :i* %e c>ries = ! purpose4 ,does ! fooli% y\? respond to ! s$uctive invitation1 %e coyly moves to ! woods1 :]e ! amor\s pursu] meets l disappo9tm5t & a simil> sad fate z ! victim ( ! ,x tabai4 ,z may be suppos$1 _m sup]/itions cl+ ar\nd ! animal _w4 ,ea* species ( brute has its k+1 :o rules & protects x4 ,ev5 ! timid native h>e may ?us ass]t its rights4 ,an ,indian told ,dr4 ,b]5dt t once ^u a "t a hunt] ) two dogs foll[$ a h>e into a cave4 ,!re he f\nd a l>ge hole1 lead+ "u ! e>?4 ,he desc5d$1 & came to ! t[n ( ! h>es4 ,!y seiz$ him & 8 dogs1 & br\ght him be=e ! k+1 & x 0 no easy matt] = him to get (f by d9t ( prote/s & promises4 ,!re are also tales ( ! ,/raw ,bird or ,phantom ,bird4 ,! hunt] unexpect$ly sees a h&some bird on a bran* be=e him4 ,he fires & misses4 ,he repeats 8 %ot 9 va94 ,aft] a :ile x falls ( itself1 & proves to be no?+ b a color$ fea!r4 ,!n he kn[s t he has be5 fool$ by ! ,zohol *i*4 ,an object ( mu* dread is ! ,black ,tail1 ,ekoneil1 an imag9>y snake ) a black1 broad1 & =k$ tail4 ,he glides into h\ses at night :]e a nurs+ "m is asleep2 &1 cov]+ h] no/rils ) 8 tail1 sucks ! milk f h] brea/s4 ,^! are probably b a small portion ( ! sup]/itions ( ! mod]n ,mayas4 ,!y are too retic5t to speak ( ^! subjects o!r ?an by accid5t to ! :ite man4 ,he is q c]ta9 ei!r to ridicule or to reprove su* confid5ces4 ,b :at is above collect$ is a mod]ately complete1 & c]ta9ly1 z f> z x goes1 an accurate notion ( _! folk-lore4 ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,l5ape4#aii ,9 ,augu/ #ahhf1 & ,septemb] #ahhg1 ,i _h _m conv]sations ) ! ,rev4 ,alb]t ,seqaqkn9d ,an?ony1 an educat$ ,delaw>e ,indian1 !n assi/ant mission>y to ! ,six ,nations1 9 ,ont>io1 ,canada4 ,our imm$iate bus9ess 0 ! revision ( ! 8,l5p-,engli% ,diction>y10 :i* has s9ce be5 publi%$ by ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania2 b 9 ! int]vals ( t r ardu\s & dry labor1 we s\ght recreation 9 broad] subjects ( ?\ght1 & our disc\rse (t5 fell on ! anci5t traditions1 folk-lore1 & cu/oms ( ! ,l5p1 n[ fa/ disappe>+4 ,mr4 ,an?ony 0 on 8 fa!r's side a ,delaw>e1 or ,l5p1 ( ! ,m9si tribe1 :ile 8 gr&mo!r 0 a ,%awnee4 ,he himself 0 born on ! ,ont>io ,res]vation1 & up to 8 ?irte5? ye> spoke no?+ b pure ,l5p4 ,8 memory c>ries him back to ! f\r? decade ( ?is c5tury4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ rem9isc5ces 0 ( ! la/ surviv+ emigrant f ! native home ( 8 ance/ors 9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania--a v5]able squaw 7o*quu1 woman1 h571 suppos$ to be a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,at ! "t h] p>5ts left ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,lehigh & ,susquehanna riv]s1 %e 0 8old en\gh to c>ry a pack0--twelve ye>s1 probably4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ab\t #agfj1 z aft] ! ,fr5* ,w> 7#agee7 ! natives rapidly des]t$ t region4 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d h[ correctly ! old m5 ( ! tribe _h pres]v$ & h&$ d[n rem9isc5ces ( _! =m] homes along ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,! flat m>%y 8,neck10 s\? ( ,philadelphia1 betwe5 ! ,delaw>e & ,s*uylkill riv]s1 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,an?ony 7:o _h nev] se5 x be=e7 z ! spot :]e ! tribe pref]r$ to ga!r ! ru%es ) :i* !y manufactur$ rugs & mats4 ,he recogniz$ v>i\s trees1 n se5 9 ,canada1 by ! descriptions he _h he>d ( !m4 ,su* n>ratives =m$ ! !mes ( _m a long tale by ! w9t] fire 9 ! old5 "t4 ,l mo/ ,indians1 ! ,l5p are1 or r 7--=1 alas6 ! good old cu/oms are ne>ly all gone--inexhau/ible raconteurs4 ,!y _h n only semi-hi/oric traditions1 b numb]less fanciful tales ( spirits & sprites1 giants & dw>fs1 ) _! ki? & k94 ,su* tales 7 call$ tomoacan1 :i* means 8tales = leisure h\rs40 ,!y relate ! de$s ( pot5t necromanc]s1 & _! p[] ov] ! ma*tanha1 8^? :o are bewit*$40 ,x greatly int]e/$ me to le>n t sev]al ( ^! tales ref]r$ di/9ctly to ! culture-h]o ( ! tribe1 t anci5t man :o taught !m ! arts ( life1 & on 8 disappe>ance--^! h]oes d n die--promis$ to return at "s future day1 & re/ore 8 favorite p to p[] & happ9ess4 ,?is ,messianic hope 0 (t5 ! c5tral idea 9 ,am]ican native religions1 z witness ! wor%ip ( ,quetzalcoatl 9 ,mexico1 ( ,kukulcan 9 ,yucatan1 ( ,viraco*a 9 ,p]u4 ,mr4 ,an?ony assur$ me t x 0 p]fectly famili> to ! old ,delaw>es1 & add$ t 9 8 op9ion _! v "n1 ,l5p1 conveys an esot]ic mean+1 to wit1 8! man comes10 ) ref]5ce to ! second adv5t ( _! culture-h]o4#bjj ,?is is s+ul> confirmation ( ! fragm5t>y my?s collect$ by ! ,sw$i% eng9e] ,l9d/rom 9 #afej1 & by ! ,moravian ,bi%op ,ettwe9 ab\t a c5tury lat]4 ,^! ,i h collect$ 9 8,! ,l5p & _! ,leg5ds0 7,philadelphia1 #ahhe71 & h discuss$ ! g5]al subject at su* l5g? 9 my 8,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s0 7,philadelphia1 #ahhb7 t ! read] w probably be satisfi$ to escape fur!r expansion ( x "h4 ,only 9 traditions does ! 8,/one ,age0 survive among ! ,delaw>es4 ,9 ,mr4 ,an?ony's y\?1 ! b[-&-arr[ 0 /ill occasionally 9 use = hunt+2 b he _h nev] se5 employ$ arr[-po9ts ( /one4 ,!y 7 ei!r ( de]'s horns or ( %>p5$ bones4 ,! "n = ! comp\nd in/rum5t 8b[-&-arr[0 is manhtaht1 ! fir/ a be+ nasal2 & f ?is ^w1 ,mr4 ,an?ony /ates1 is d]iv$ ! "n ,manhattan1 prop]ly manahah tank1 8! place :]e !y ga!r ! wood to make b[s40 ,! b[-/r+ is ts*ipan3 ! arr[1 allun?4 ,! g5]ic "n = /one weapon is /ill famili>1 a*s9hican1 & ! ^w f :i* we d]ive 8tomahawk10 t'mahican1 is /rictly appli$ to a /one hat*et4 ,w>-clubs 7 ( sev]al v>ieties1 call$ ape*'lit & mehitque?1 :i* 7 diff]5t f an ord9>y /ick or cane1 alauwan4 ,?\gh ! w>-:oop is he>d no m1 its "n rema9s1 k[a'mo1 & tradition /ill recalls _! anci5t conte/s ) ! ,iroquois1 _! cruel & hat$ enemies1 to :om !y appli$ ! opprobri\s epi!t m5gwe 7t is1 glans p5is74 ,hunt+ is sc>cely wor? ! "n any long] on ! ,canadian res]vations4 ,! debat$ "q z to :e!r ! ,l5p knew ! buffalo attract$ me4 ,mr4 ,an?ony assur$ me t !y did4 ,x 0 call$ sisiliti1 :i* he expla9$ z 8! animal t drops its excrem5t :5 9 motion10 walk+ or runn+2 ?\gh he add$ t ano!r possible d]ivation is f siselam51 to butt aga9/1 f :i* comes sisejah51 to break 9 pieces by butt+4 ,9 =m] times a favorite me?od ( hunt+ 9 ! autumn 0 = a l>ge numb] ( hunt]s to =m a l9e & drive ! game be=e !m4 ,?is 0 call$ p'mo*lap54 ,?is answ]$ well = de]1 b n[ little is left save ! muskrat1 *uaskquis1 ! gr\nd-hog1 mona*g51 ! :ite rabbit1 wapa*tques1 ! weasel1 mani'tohumis*1 & ! little *ipmunk1 po*qwapii? 7lit]ally1 8he sits upright on some?+074 ,= su* small game1 x is sc>cely wor? :ile runn+ ! risk ( ! bite ( ! bl[-add]1 pe?botalwe1 & ! mu*-fe>$ 8bloody-m\!d liz>d10 mokdomus2 ?\gh ,i suspect bo? are m t]rible 9 tale ?an 9 fact4 ,9 fi%+1 !y appe> to h kn[n n only ! bru%-net & ! spe>1 b ! hook-&-l9e z well4 ,! l9e1 w5damakan1 0 twi/$ f ! /r&s ( ! wild hemp1 a*hallap1 or ( ! milk-we$1 pi*tok5na2 & ! hook 0 arm$ ) a bait1 awau*kon1 :i* might be we*eeso1 ! gr\nd-worm1 lit]ally1 8he :o ext5ds & retracts himself10 or ! wauk*ela*ees1 gras%opp]1 lit]ally1 8"o t hops40 ,?is corresponds ) :at ! old ,sw$i% travel]1 ,pet] ,kalm1 relates 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he describes ! native hooks z made ( bone or ( ! spur ( a f[l4 ,!y /ill ga!r = food ! ptukquim1 walnut1 lit]ally1 8r\nd nut20 ! qu9okquim1 butt]nut1 lit]ally1 8oblong nut20 & v>i\s b]ries1 z ! le*lo*hille?1 ! r$ raspb]ry1 lit]ally1 8! b]ry t falls to pieces40 ,among ut5sils ( anci5t date & aborig9al inv5tion seem to h be5 wood5 di%es or b[ls1 wollakanes1 made f ! elm-tree1 wollakanahungi2 wood5 mort>s1 9 :i* corn 0 p\nd$1 taqua*hakan2 & pey9d1 cups ) h&les4 ,! art ( pott]y1 :i* !y once possess$1 has be5 entirely lo/4 ,al?\gh n[ resid5t inl&1 !y rememb] ! manufacture & use ( canoes1 amo*ol4 ,"s 7 ( bir* b>k1 wiqua1 & 7 call$ wiqua-amo*ol2 o!rs 7 dug\ts1 = :i* !y pref]r$ ! ,am]ican sycamore1 di/9ctively nam$ canoe-wood1 amo*ol-he4 ,! ord9>y ^w = h\se is /ill wikwam1 wigwam1 :ile a bru%-hut is call$ pimoakan4 ,i 0 p>ticul> to inquire if1 z f> z n[ kn[n1 ! ,l5p ev] occupi$ communal h\ses1 z did ! ,iroquois4 ,mr4 ,an?ony assur$ me t ?is 0 nev] ! cu/om ( 8 nation1 s f> z any recollection or tradition goes4 ,e family _h its own lodge4 ,i call$ 8 att5tion to ! discov]y 9 anci5t village sites 9 ,new ,j]sey ( two or ?ree fire-places 9 a r[1 & too close to belong to diff]5t lodges4 ,?is has be5 adduc$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott z evid5ce ( communal dwell+s4 ,he repli$ t ^! 7 ! sites ( ! village c\ncil-h\ses2 he himself c\ld rememb] "s ) two or ?ree fires2 b _! only p]man5t occupants 7 ! head *ief ) 8 wives & *ildr54 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! national games are no long] kn[n to ! ris+ g5]ation1 9 my in=mant's boyhood !y /ill figur$ conspicu\sly by ! native firesides1 :]e n[ 8progressive eu*re0 & ! l hold sway4 ,"o su* 0 qua'quallis4 ,9 ?is a holl[ bone is atta*$ by a /r+ to a po9t$ /ick4 ,! /ick is held ! h&1 & ! bone is ?r[n up by a rapid movem5t1 & ! game is to cat* ! bone1 :ile 9 motion1 on ! po9t$ end ( ! /ick4 ,x 0 a gambl+ game1 (t5 play$ by adults4 ,a v popul> sport 0 ) a hoop1 tautmusq1 & spe> or arr[1 allun?4 ,! play]s arrang$ !mselves 9 two p>allel l9es1 "s =ty feet ap>t1 ea* "o arm$ ) a re$ spe>4 ,a hoop 0 !n roll$ rapidly at an equal di/ance betwe5 ! l9es4 ,ea* play] hurl$ 8 spe> at x1 ! object be+ to /op ! hoop by ca/+ ! spe> )9 its rim4 ,:5 /opp$1 ! %aft mu/ lie )9 ! hoop1 or ! %ot did n c\nt4 ,a ?ird game1 occasionally se51 is maumun'di4 ,?is is play$ ) twelve flat bones1 usually ^? ( a de]1 & a b[l ( wood1 con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,"o side ( ea* bone is :ite2 ! o!r1 color$4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! b[l1 ?r[n into ! air1 & caught z !y desc5d4 ,^? ) ! :ite side upp]mo/ are ! w9n+ pieces4 ,bets usually accompany ?is game1 & x _h1 9 ! old days1 a place 9 ! native religi\s rites2 probably z a means ( tell+ =tunes4 ,! ,delaw>es on ! ,ont>io ,res]vation h long s9ce be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & !re is little trace left ( _! =m] pagan practices4 ,if !y rema9 any:]e1 x is 9 _! m$ical rites4 ,i inquir$ p>ticul>ly if !re are any remnants ( ! curi\s adoration ( ! sacr$ twelve /ones1 describ$ by ,zeisb]g] a c5tury & a qu>t] ago4 ,i f\nd t ! cu/om ( ! 8sweat-lodge10 a small hut built = tak+ sweat-ba?s1 /ill prevails4 ,! /eam is g5]at$ by p\r+ wat] on hot /ones4 ,?is is done by ! 8m$ic9e-man10 :o is kn[n z que*ksa'pict4 ,he br+s 9 "o /one aft] ano!r1 & p\rs wat] ^u x until x ceases 8to s+20 & inv>iably he uses precisely twelve /ones4 ,probably "s ( ! m b5ight$ /ill seek to insure ! success ( _! crops by (f]+ food to ! m's9k4 ,?is is a false face1 or mask1 rudely cut f wood to repres5t ! human visage1 ) a l>ge m\?4 ,! victuals are pu%$ into ! m\?1 & ! g5ius is suppos$ to be ?us f$4 ,our ^w cantico1 appli$ to a jollification1 & by "s etymologi/s1 naturally en\gh1 trac$ to ! ,lat9 cant>e1 9 reality is d]iv$ f ! ,l5p g5tkehn1 to s+ & dance at ! same "t4 ,?is 0 _! mo/ usual religi\s c]emony1 & to ?is day g5dtoma means 8to beg9 religi\s s]vices10 ei!r ,*ri/ian or hea!n2 & g5dt[5 signifies 8to be a wor%ipp]40 ,^! dances 7 (t5 connect$ ) sacr$ fea/s1 t[>d :i* ea* p>ticipant contribut$ a portion ( food4 ,to express su* a communal religi\s banquet !y us$ ! t]m w'*9d91 & = invit+ to "o1 w+9d92 & !y 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$ f an ord9>y meal 9 common1 an eat+ toge!r1 ta*quipu9 or ta*quipoagan4 ,my in=mant fully believes t !re is yet mu* m$ical k held secretly by ! old m5 & wom54 ,he has kn[n p]sons bitt5 by ! rattlesnake :o 7 promptly & pa9lessly cur$ by a specific kn[n to ^! native practition]s4 ,x is f ! vegetable mat]ia m$ica1 & is tak5 int]nally4 ,!y also h "s surgical skill4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to le>n t an op]ation simil> to treph9+ has be5 practic$ among ! ,l5p "t out ( m9d = sev]e heada*es4 ,! scalp on or ne> ! v]tex is laid op5 by a crucial incision1 & ! bone is scrap$4 ,?is p]haps expla9s ^? trepann$ skulls :i* h be5 dis9t]r$ 9 ,p]u & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! national leg5ds h mo/ly fad$ out1 b ! ,l5p p]fectly rememb] t !y are ! 8gr&fa!r0 ( all ! ,algonk9 tribes1 & ! fact is /ill recogniz$ by ! ,*ipeways & "s o!rs1 ^: orators employ ! t]m numoh'homus1 8my gr&fa!r10 9 _! =mal addresses to ! ,l5p4 ,! old m5 /ill relate ) pride t1 9 ! good old times1 be=e any :ite man _h l&$ on _! %ores1 8! ,l5p _h a /r+ ( :ite wampum beads1 wapakeekq'1 :i* /ret*$ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & on ?is :ite road _! envoys travell$ f "o great ocean to ! o!r1 safe f attack40 ,!re are /ill a few among !m :o pret5d to "s k ( ! art ( read+ ! wampum belts4 ,! beads !mselves are call$ keekq'2 a belt h&$ =? at a treaty is no*kunduwoagan1 lit]ally1 8an answ]+20 & aft] ! treaty has be5 ratifi$ ! belt is call$ aptunwoagan1 ! cov5ant4 ,! tribal & totemic divisions are b>ely rememb]$1 & ! anci5t prohibitions ab\t endogam\s m>riage h fall5 completely into desuetude4 ,mr4 ,an?ony's t]m = totem1 or sub-tribe1 is w'alo*'ke2 z1 tulp5alo*'ke1 ! ,turtle totem4 ,! "n ,m9si1 he believes1 is an abbreviation ( m9a*s99k1 ! place ( brok5 /ones1 ref]r+ to ! m\nta9s nor? ( ! ,lehigh riv]1 :]e 8 ance/ors _h _! homes4 ,! ,wonala*t'g ( ! e>ly hi/orians he id5tifies ) ! ,nanticokes1 & translates x 8p foll[+ ! waves20 t is1 liv+ ne> ! ocean4 ,! *iefta9cy ( ! tribe is /ill1 9 !ory1 h]$it>y 9 "o family1 & 9 ! female l9e4 ,! ord9>y t]m sakima1 sa*em1 is n 9 use among ! ,m9si1 :o call _! *ief kikay1 or kits*ikikay 7kits*i1 great2 kikay1 old1 or old man3 ! eld]man1 or ald]man1 ( ! ,saxons74 ,"s peculi>ities ( ! language des]ve to be not$4 ,! ,g]man alphabet1 employ$ by ! ,moravians to r$uce x to writ+1 answ]$ s well t ! ,moravian mission>y1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h>tmann1 at pres5t 9 *>ge ( ! ,new ,fairfield ,res]vation1 ,ont>io1 :o does n und]/& a ^w ( ,delaw>e1 told me he _h read ! books pr9t$ 9 ! native tongue to 8 congregation1 & !y und]/ood him p]fectly4 ,b ,i soon detect$ two or ?ree s\nds :i* _h escap$ ,zeisb]g] & 8 foll[]s4 ,!re is a s(t ? :i* ! ,g]man e> c\ld n cat*1 & a k? :i* 0 equally difficult1 bo? ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!re is also a slight brea?+ betwe5 ! possessives n'1 my1 k'1 ?y1 w'1 81 & ! names ( ! ?+s possess$1 :i* ! mission>ies sometimes disreg>d$1 & sometimes wrote z a full v[el4 ,b aft] a little practice ,i _h r>ely any difficulty 9 pron\nc+ ! words 9 an intelligible mann]4 ,?is ,i 0 oblig$ to d ) ! :ole diction>y1 = al?\gh ,mr4 ,an?ony speaks 8 language ) p]fect ease1 he does n read or write x1 & has no acqua9tance ) ,g]man or its alphabet4 ,on "o po9t ,i cross-exam9$ him c>efully4 ,x is well-kn[n to l+ui/s t 9 ,algonk9 gramm> ! v]b und]goes a v[el *ange ( a peculi> "*1 :i* usually ?r[s ! s5t5ce into an indef9ite or dubitative =m4 ,?is is a v m>k$ trait1 recogniz$ e>ly by ! mission>y ,eliot & o!rs1 & ! omission ( all ref]5ce to x by ,zeisb]g] 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,l5p has be5 comm5t$ on z a s]i\s ov]sight4 ,well1 aft] all my que/ions1 & aft] expla9+ ! po9t fully to ,mr4 ,an?ony1 he insi/$ t no su* *ange takes place 9 ,delaw>e v]bs4 ,i read to him ! =ms 9 ,zeisb]g]'s ,gramm> :i* are suppos$ to indicate x1 b he expla9$ !m all by o!r reasons1 m]e irregul>ities or errone\s expressions4 ,! intricacies ( ! ,l5p v]b h nev] yet be5 solv$1 & x is n[ d\btful if !y ev] w be1 = ! language is fa/ *ang+ & disappe>+1 at lea/ 9 bo? res]vations 9 ,canada1 & also among ! repres5tatives ( ! tribe at _! settlem5t 9 ,kansas4 ,x is n n[1 & ,mr4 ,an?ony assur$ me t1 s f> z he knew1 x nev] 01 a cu/om = p>5ts to correct _! *ildr5 9 speak+ ! language4 ,probably ?is is true ( mo/ unciviliz$ tribes4 ,! *ildr5 ( su* le>n _! exce$+ly complicat$ languages ) a facility & accuracy :i* is surpris+ to ! cultivat$ m9d4 ,i c say f exp]i5ce1 t no *ild le>ns to speak pure ,engli% )\t incessant correction f p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,! g5]al result ( my conv]sations ) ,mr4 ,an?ony on ! gramm> ( 8 language l$ me to e/imate at a l[] value ! k ( x display$ 9 ! works ( ,zeisb]g]1 ,ettwe91 & ,heckeweld]4 ,! fir/ & la/ nam$ no d\bt spoke x flu5tly 9 "s fa%ion2 b !y _h n ! p[] to analyze x1 nor to detect its f9] %ades ( mean+1 nor to appreciate _m ref9em5ts 9 its ^w-build+1 nor to cat* _m ( its semi-notes4 ,to give an example3-- ,heckeweld] gave ,duponceau a comp\nd :i* has (t5 be5 quot$ z a /rik+ in/ance ( v]bal syn!sis4 ,x is kuligats*is1 & is analyz$ by ,duponceau ?us3 k1 possessive pron\n1 second p]son s+ul>2 uli1 abbreviation ( wulit1 pretty2 gat1 la/ syllable ( wi*gat1 foot or paw2 *is1 dim9utive t]m9ation2 9 all1 8?y pretty little paw40 ,n[1 !re is no su* ^w 9 ,l5p z wi*gat4 8,8 foot0 is w'u*st1 :]e ! initial w is ! possessive1 & does n belong 9 ! ^w = foot4 ,b 9 all likelihood ?is 0 n 9 ! comp\nd he>d by ,heckeweld]4 ,:at he he>d 0 k'wul9a*kgis1 f1 k1 possessive2 wulit1 pretty2 na*k1 h&1 or paw ( an animal2 gis1 dim9utive t]m9ation4 ,he lo/ ! peculi> :i/l$ w & ! nasaliz$ n1 s\nds unkn[n to ,g]mans4 ,duponceau's /atem5t t gat is ! la/ syllable ( ! ^w = foot is totally errone\s4 ,i am conv9c$ t mu* ( ! excessive syn!sis1 s call$1 9 ! ,l5p arises f a lack ( appreciation on ! "p ( ! :ites ( delicate phonetic elem5ts4 ,if ,i _h he>d _m m ( ,mr4 ,an?ony's analyses ( comp\nds1 ,i believe ,i %\ld h rea*$ ! conclusion t syn!sis 9 ,l5p means little beyond juxtaposition ) euphonic elision4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,graphic ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,,introductory4 ,! intellectual developm5t ( a nation atta9s its fulle/ expression 9 language1 oral or writt54 ,?is 8div9e art0 z ,plato calls x1 claims !re=e f ! /ud5t ( man 9 ! aggregate a prolong$ att5tion & ! mo/ pa9/ak+ analysis4 ,too frequ5tly "o he>s among an?ropologi/s ! claims ( l+ui/ics decri$1 & ! _m blund]s & ov]-ha/y g5]alizations ( philologi/s quot$ z good reasons = ! neglect or di/ru/ ( _! bran*4 ,! real reason ( ?is attitude ,i believe to be n s mu* ! mi/akes ( ! l+ui/s1 z a /rong av]sion :i* ,i h notic$ 9 _m di/+ui%$ tea*]s ( physical sci5ce to ! /udy ( language & ! philosophy ( expression4 ,! subject is difficult & di/a/eful to !m4 ,hav+ no aptitude = x1 nor real acqua9tance ) x1 !y condemn x z ( small value & ( d\btful results4 ,i h nev] kn[n a sci5tific man :o 0 really a well-read philologi/ :o ?us "u-e/imat$ ! position ( l+ui/ics 9 ! s*eme ( an?ropology2 b ,i h kn[n _m :o1 n hav+ su* ?or\gh k1 depreciat$ its value 9 o!rs4 ,! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ?is volume are devot$ to language1 ! ?ird z x appe>s especially 9 its writt5 =ms1 ! f\r? p>ticul>ly to ! pr(\nd] que/ions ( l+ui/ic philosophy4 ,"h aga9 ,i %all be f\nd 9 opposition to ! majority :o h writt5 on ^! subjects4 ,! claim ,i make = ! l>gely phonetic "* ( ! ,mexican & ,maya hi]oglyphs is n g5]ally accept$2 & ! poetical _s :i* ,i argue exi/s 9 _m productions ( ! aborig9al muse w n be favor$ by ^? :o d5y ! high] s5tim5ts ( humanity to unciviliz$ man4 ,i h endeavor$ by frequ5t illu/ration1 & ref]5ce to ! be/ s\rces ( in=mation1 to put ! read] 9 ! position to judge = himself2 & ,i %all feel highly gratifi$ if he is prompt$ to su* inve/igations by :at ,i may say1 :e!r 8 f9al conclusions agree ) m9e or n4 ,,! ,,phonetic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,graphic ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,! ,,mayas ,,& ,,mexicans4#bja ,all :o h read ! wond]ful /ory ( ! ,spani% conque/ ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica w rememb] t ! ,european invad]s came ^u v>i\s nations :o 7 well acqua9t$ ) "s me?od ( writ+1 :o 7 skill$ 9 ! manufacture ( p>*m5t & pap]1 & :o fill$ ?\s&s ( volumes =m$ ( ^! mat]ials ) ! records ( _! hi/ory1 ! !ories ( _! sci5ces1 & ! traditions ( _! !ologies4 ,aim+ at great] p]man5ce ?an ^! p]i%able mat]ials w\ld (f]1 !y also inscrib$ on pl9?s ( /one1 on slabs ( h>d wood1 & on t]ra cotta tablets1 ! designs & figures :i* 9 ! sy/em !y adopt$ s]v$ to convey ! ideas !y wi%$ to transmit to po/]ity4 ,9 spite ( ! delib]ate & :olesale de/ruction ( ^! records at ! conque/1 & _! complete neglect = c5turies aft]w>ds1 !re /ill rema9 en\gh1 7 !y collect$1 to =m a respectably l>ge ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,am]ican>um4 ,)9 ! pres5t c5tury _m ,mexican & ,maya ,,mss4 h = ! fir/ "t be5 publi%$1 & ! inscriptions on ! temples ( s\!rn ,mexico & ,yucatan h be5 br\ght to ! tables ( /ud5ts by photography & ca/s1 me?ods :i* p]mit no d\bt z to _! fai?fulness4 ,nor h !re be5 lack+ dilig5t /ud5ts :o h avail$ !mselves ( ^! facilities to se>* = ! lo/ key to ^! my/]i\s records4 ,x is a pleasure to m5tion ! names ( ,?omas & ,hold5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ,de ,rosny1 ,aub9 & de ,*>5cey 9 ,france1 ( ,fr/emann1 ,sel] & ,s*ellhas 9 ,g]many1 ( ,ramirez & ,orozco 9 ,mexico4 ,b x mu/ frankly be confess$ t ! results obta9$ h be5 inadequate & unsatisfactory4 ,we h n yet pass$ ! ?re%old ( inve/igation4 ,! "q :i* =ces itself ^u our att5tion z dem&+ a reply at ! v outset1 is :e!r ! ,aztec & ,maya sy/ems ( writ+ 7 or 7 n1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 phonetic sy/ems8 ,did !y appeal1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 or to ! s\nd ( ! ^w8 ,if to ! latt]--if1 9 o!r words1 !y 7 phonetic1 or ev5 p>tially phonetic--!n x is va9 to attempt any int]pretation ( ^! records )\t a prelim9>y /udy ( ! languages ( ! nations :o 7 ! writ]s4 ,^! languages mu/ moreov] be /udi$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 spok5 at ! p]iod ( ! conque/1 & ! c\rse ( native ?\ght z express$ 9 ! primitive grammatical /ructure mu/ be und]/ood & tak5 into acc\nt4 ,i ha/5 to add t we h abundant mat]ials = su* /udies4 ,?is ess5tial prelim9>y "q1 z to ! ext5t ( ! phonetic elem5t 9 ! ,mexican & ,maya sy/ems ( writ+1 is t :i* ,i propose to put at pres5t1 & to answ] x1 s f> z may be4 ,hi!rto1 ! greate/ div]sity ( op9ion ab\t x has prevail$4 ,"s able writ]s1 su* z ,val5t9i & ,hold51 h que/ion$ ! exi/5ce ( any phonetic elem5ts2 b mo/ h be5 will+ to conc$e t !re are su* pres5t1 ?\gh _! quantity & quality are by no means cle>ly def9$4 ,we may assume t bo? sy/ems "u consid]ation are p>tly ideographic4 ,e sy/em ( phonetic writ+ introduces ideograms to "s ext5t1 our own among ! numb]4 ,! "q is1 to :at ext5t8 ,b be=e we are prep>$ to answ] ?is "q ab\t ! ext5t ( ! phonetic elem5t1 we mu/ seek to asc]ta9 its "*4 ,we are all aw>e t a phonetic symbol may express ! s\nd ei!r ( a :ole ^w ( sev]al syllables1 or ( a s+le syllable1 or ( a simple ac\/ic elem5t4 ,aga91 a s+le phonetic symbol may express sev]al q div]se s\nds1 z is famili>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,engli% alphabet1 :i* repres5ts ?ree v diff]5t s\nds2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we may f9d ?ree1 f\r or m symbols1 no wise alike 9 =m or orig91 be>+ "o & ! same phonetic value1 a fact especially famili> to ,egyptologi/s4 ,we mu/ fur!r be> 9 m9d t ! arrangem5t to ! eye ( phonetic symbols is altoge!r arbitr>y4 ,because a prefix is pron\nc$ fir/ 9 ! ord] ( "t & a suffix la/1 x by no means foll[s t ! ord] 9 space ( _! correspond+ symbols %all be> any analog\s relation4 ,! idea awak5$ by ! s\nd ( ! ^w is a :ole1 & "o2 & s t ?is s\nd is repres5t$1 ! disposition ( its compon5t p>ts is1 philosophically speak+1 indiff]5t4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t 9 mo/ ,am]ican languages1 & notably 9 ! ,mexican or ,nahuatl1 !re is a t5d5cy to consolidate ea* phrase into a s+le ^w1 ! importance ( ?is consid]ation is greatly increas$4 ,z ! position ( ! phonetic p>ts ( ! phrase-^w may ?us be disreg>d$1 yet m indiff]5t is ! ord] ( sequ5ce ( ! symbols4 ,!re is no a priori reason :y ?is %\ld be f left to "r z 9 ,engli%1 or f "r to left z 9 ,hebrew2 alt]nately1 z 9 ! ,b\/roph$on ( ! ,greek2 or f top to bottom1 z 9 ,*9ese4 ,9 su* an exam9ation z ! pres5t "o1 we mu/ rid our m9ds ( ! expectation ( f9d+ ! phonetic elem5ts 9 "s famili> =m1 & simply ask :e!r !y are to be f\nd 9 any =m4 ,we are n )\t a tru/wor?y guide 9 ?is que/4 ,x is agre$ among ^? :o h mo/ c>efully /udi$ ! subject t !re is b "o pa? by :i* ! human m9d c\ld h orig9ally proce$$ f picture-writ+ or ?\ght-writ+ to phonetic or s\nd-writ+4 ,?is 0 ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( homophones & homoiophones 9 a language1 ( words ) ! same or simil> s\nds1 b ) div]se significations4 ,! delib]ate analysis ( a language back to its phonetic elem5ts1 & ! con/ruction ^u ^? ( a s]ies ( symbols1 z 0 accompli%$ = ! ,*]okee by ! half-bre$ ,sequoyah1 has ev] be5 ! product ( culture1 n a process ( primitive evolution4 ,9 ?is primitive process ! s\nds :i* 7 mo/ frequ5tly repeat$1 or 7 o!rwise mo/ prom95t to ! e>1 w\ld be ^? fir/ repres5t$ by a figure2 & ! same figure w\ld come to be employ$ z an equival5t = ?is s\nd & o!rs closely ak9 to x1 ev5 :5 !y _h o!r connections & bore o!r significations4 ,h5ce affixes1 suffixes1 & monosyllabic words1 are ^? to :i* we mu/ look z (f]+ ! e>lie/ evid5ces ( a connection ( figure ) s\nd4 ,accord+ to ! !ory "h v briefly indicat$1 ,i %all exam9e ! ,maya & ,nahuatl sy/ems ( writ+1 to asc]ta9 if !y pres5t any phonetic elem5ts1 & ( :at nature ^! are4 ,turn+ fir/ to ! ,maya1 ,i may 9 pass+ ref] to ! disappo9tm5t :i* result$ f ! publication ( ,l&a's alphabet by ! ,abb ,brasseur 9 #ahfd4 ,"h 0 :at seem$ a complete phonetic alphabet1 :i* %\ld at once unlock ! my/]ies ( ! inscriptions on ! temples ( ,yucatan & ,*iapas1 & enable u to int]pret ! script ( ! ,dresd5 & o!r ,codices4 ,exp]i5ce prov$ ! utt] fallacy ( any su* hope4 ,8 "w is no key to ! ,maya script2 b x does indicate t ! ,maya scribes 7 able to assign a "* to a s\nd1 ev5 a s\nd s mean+less z t ( a s+le lett]4 ,! failure ( ! ,l&a alphabet left _m s*ol>s total skeptics z to ! phonetic values ( any ( ! ,maya *>act]s4 ,to "n a conspicu\s & rec5t example1 ,pr(4 ,leon de ,rosny1 9 8 edition ( ! ,codex ,cortesianus1 publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 app5ds a ,vocabul>y ( ! hi]atic signs z f> z kn[n2 b does n include among !m any phonetic signs o!r ?an ,l&a's4 ,b if we turn to ! mo/ rec5t & close/ /ud5ts ( ^! records1 we f9d among !m a cons5sus ( op9ion t a c]ta9 degree1 ?\gh a small degree1 ( phoneticism mu/ be accept$4 ,?us our own able repres5tative 9 ?is bran*1 ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas1 ann\nc$ 9 #ahhb1 9 8 ,/udy ( ! ,,ms4 ,troano1#bjb t sev]al ( ! day & mon? *>act]s are1 beyond d\bt1 occasionally phonetic4 ,pr(4 ,fr/emann1 ( ,dresd51 ^: "w on ! ,dresd5 ,codex has appe>$ q rec5tly1 ann\nces 8 conclusion t ! ,maya script is ess5tially ideographic2#bjc b imm$iately adds t ! num]\s small figures atta*$ to ! ma9 sign are to be consid]$ phonetic1 & no matt] 9 :at local relation !y may /& to ?is sign1 !y are to be reg>d$ ei!r z prefixes or suffixes ( ! ^w4 ,he does n attempt to "w out _! possible mean+1 b1 z he says1 leaves t to ! future4 ,almo/ id5tical is ! conclusion ( ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 ^: essay on ! ,dresd5 ,codex#bjd is a mo/ m]itori\s /udy4 ,8 f9al decision is 9 ^! words3 8,! ,maya writ+ is ideographic 9 pr9ciple1 & probably avails itself1 9 ord] to complete its ideographic hi]oglyphs1 ( a numb] ( fix$ phonetic signs40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,maya ,hi]oglyph ( ! ,firmam5t4 ,"s ( ^! signs h be5 s c>efully scrut9iz$ t _! phonetic value may be consid]$ to h be5 det]m9$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,an int]e/+ example is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 = ! analysis ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,s*ellhas4 ,! quadrilat]al figure at ! top repres5ts ! firmam5t4 ,"o ( ! squ>es into :i* x is divid$ portrays ! sky 9 ! day "t1 ! o!r1 ! />ry sky at night4 ,b5ea? ea* are :ite & black objects1 signify+ ! cl\ds1 f :i* fall+ ra9 is indicat$ by long zigzag l9es4 ,betwe5 ! cl\ds on ! left ( ! figure is ! well-kn[n ideogram ( ! sun1 on ! "r t ( ! moon4 ,9 ! ,maya language ! sun is call$ k91 ! moon u1 & ^! figures are f\nd else:]e1 n indicat+ ^! cele/ial bodies1 b m]ely ! phonetic values1 ! "o ( ! syllable k91 ! o!r ( ! lett] u4 ,! two signs giv5 9 ,l&a's alphabet = ! lett] u are really "o1 sep>at$ 9 transcription1 & a v>iant ( ! figure = ! moon ) ! wavy l9e b5ea? x4 ,! ^w u 9 ,maya is ! possessive adjective ( ! ?ird p]son1 & z su* is employ$ 9 conjugat+ v]bs1 ! ,maya v]bal be+ really a possessive4 ,a v common t]m9al syllable 9 ,maya is il4 ,x is call$ by gramm>ians 8! det]m9ative end+10 & is employ$ to indicate ! g5itive & ablative relations4 ,dr4 ,s*ellhas consid]s t ?is is repres5t$ by ! signs affix$ to ! ma9 hi]oglyphs %[n on ,fig4 #b4bje ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,maya ,phonetic ,t]m9als4 ,! upp] figure he reads k9il1 ! l[] cim-il4 ,! two signs are ! title to a picture 9 ! ,codex ,troano repres5t+ a /orm ) de/ruction ( human life4 ,! two words k9-il cim-il maybe translat$ 8,at ! "t ( ! kill+40 ,! syllable cim is express$ 9 sev]al v>iants 9 ! ,codices1 examples ( two ( :i*1 f ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 are pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,maya ,phonetic ,t]m9als4 ,! signs = ! f\r c>d9al po9ts appe> to be express$ phonetically4 ,!y are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! words are = ,nor?1 xaman1 ,ea/1 lak91 ,s\?1 nohil1 ,we/1 *ik94 ,( ^! ! syllable k9 appe>s 9 lak9 & *ik91 & is repres5t$ z above describ$4 ,! ^w = ,nor? has n be5 analyz$2 t = ,s\? has be5 translat$ by ,pr(4 ,londe ,rosny z ma ya1 ! ^w ma mean+ h&s or arms1 ! l[] z ei!r a fruit or ! mascul9e sign1 9 ei!r case ! phonetic value be+ alone int5d$4 ,bo? ! "n & ! etymology are1 h[ev]1 d\btful1 re/+ ^u late & imp]fect au?orities4 ,by pursu+ ! plan "h indicat$1 t is1 by assum+ t a figure ^: repres5tative value is kn[n1 has also a m]ely phonetic value 9 o!r comb9ations1 a c]ta9 numb] ( phonetic elem5ts ( ! ,maya tongue h be5 id5tifi$4 ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas1 9 an article publi%$ 9 "o ( our prom95t j\rnals1 /ates t he has 8int]pret$ satisfactorily to himself twelve or fifte5 comp\nd *>act]s :i* appe> to be phonetic40#bjf ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #d & #e4--,signs ( ! ,c>d9al ,po9ts 9 ,maya4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t small progress has be5 made 9 ?is direction comp>$ to ! labor exp5d$4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! fix$ symbols ( ! ,maya are yet undeciph]$4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ by all rec5t /ud5ts t !y _c be repres5tative1 z !y recur too frequ5tly4 ,to expla9 !m1 !re is b "o sure c\rse1 & t is1 by a close analysis ( ! ,maya language to get at ! relations ( ideas 9 ! native m9d z express$ 9 _! own phonetic sy/em4 ,:5 we turn to ! ,mexican sy/em ( writ+1 mu* m def9ite & ext5sive in=mation z to its phonetic elem5ts awaits u4 ,x is possible t at bottom x has really no high] phonetic "*1 b sev]al facts h comb9$ to give u a bett] und]/&+ ( its /ructure4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m examples ( x h be5 pres]v$1 "s ( ^! ) m or less accurate translations4 ,aga91 ! e>li] writ]s1 ^? :om we look ^u z our hi/orical au?orities1 h be5 m explicit & ample 9 _! description ( ,mexican native lit]ature ?an ( t ( ,yucatan4 ,f9ally1 & mo/ important1 ! ,mexican language1 ! ,nahuatl1 0 /udi$ at an e>ly date1 & ) surpris+ ?or\ghness1 by ! ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,)9 a g5]ation aft] ! conque/ !y _h complet$ a q accurate analysis ( its grammatical /ructure1 & _h pr9t$ a ,nahuatl-,spani% diction>y conta9+ m words ?an are to be f\nd 9 any ,engli% diction>y = a c5tury lat]4 ,^! intellig5t mission>ies acqua9t$ !mselves ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,mexican script1 & to a limit$ ext5t made use ( x 9 _! religi\s in/ructions1 z did also ! ,spani% scriv5]s 9 _! legal docum5ts 9 transactions ) ! natives4 ,!y f\nd ! native phonetic writ+ p>tly syllabic & p>tly alphabetic2 & x 0 easy = ! prie/s to devise a :olly alphabetic script on ! same plan4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ?is is pres]v$ 9 ! "w ( ,valades1 entitl$ ,rhetorica ,*ri/iana1 writt5 ab\t #aegj4 ,famili> objects are repres5t$1 *iefly ( ,european introduction4 ,ea* has ! phonetic value only ( ! fir/ lett] ( its ,nahuatl "n4 ,! plan is extremely simple1 & inde$ ! =ms & names ( ! ,hebrew lett]s seem to indicate t !y arose 9 ! same way4 ,apply+ x to ,engli%1 we %\ld spell ! ^w cat by a picture ( a *air1 ( an axe1 & ( a table1 ea* ( ^! be+ ! recogniz$ symbol ( its fir/ phonetic elem5t or initial lett]4 ,(t5 any "o ( sev]al objects ^: names beg9 ) ! same lett] c\ld be us$1 at *oice4 ,?is is also illu/rat$ 9 ,valades' alphabet1 :]e1 = in/ance1 ! lett] ,e is repres5t$ by f\r diff]5t objects4 ,z ,i h obs]v$1 ! native g5ius _h n arriv$ at a complete analysis ( ! phonetic elem5ts ( ! language2 b x 0 di/9ctly progress+ 9 t direction4 ,( ! five v[els & f\rte5 consonants :i* make up ! ,nahuatl alphabet1 ?ree v[els c]ta9ly1 & probably ?ree consonants1 _h rea*$ ! /age :]e !y 7 (t5 express$ z simple lett]s by ! me?od above describ$4 ,! v[els 7 a1 = :i* ! sign 0 atl1 wat]2 e repres5t$ by a bean1 etl2 & o by a footpr9t1 or pa?1 otli2 ! consonants 7 p1 repres5t$ ei!r by a flag1 pan1 or a mat1 petl2 t1 by a /one1 tetl1 or lips1 t5tli2 & z1 by a lancet1 zo4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 exceptions4 ,mo/ ( ! ,nahuatl phonetics 7 syllabic1 sometimes "o1 sometimes two syllables ( ! "n ( ! object be+ employ$4 ,:5 ! :ole "n ( an object or mo/ ( x 0 us$ z a phonetic value1 ! script rema9s truly phonetic1 b becomes ( ! nature ( a rebus1 & ?is is ! "* ( mo/ ( ! phonetic ,mexican writ+4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! pr9ciple ( ! rebus4 ,x is :]e a phrase is repres5t$ by pictures ( objects ^: names be> "s resemblance 9 s\nd to ! words employ$4 ,a /ock example is t ( ! gallant :o to te/ify 8 devotion to ! lady ( 8 he>t1 ^: "n 0 ,rose ,hill1 _h embroid]$ on 8 g[n ! pictures ( a rose1 a hill1 an eye1 a loaf ( bread1 & a well1 :i* 0 to be int]pret$1 8,rose ,hill ,i love well40 ,9 m$ieval h]aldry ?is sy/em 0 9 ext5sive use4 ,armorial be>+s 7 select$1 ! names ( ! elem5ts ( :i* express$ t ( ! family :o bore !m4 ,?us ,pope ,adrian ,,iv1 ^: "n 0 ,nicolas ,breakespe>e1 c>ri$ ! device ( a spe> ) a brok5 %aft2 ! ,boltons ( ,engl& we> arms repres5t+ a cask or tun pi]c$ by a cross-b[ %aft or bolt2 etc4 ,su* arms 7 call$ cant+ arms1 ! t]m be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 cant>e1 to s+ or *ant1 ! arms !mselves *ant+ or ann\nc+ ! family surname4 ,we h1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no sci5tific t]m to express ?is mann] ( phonetic writ+1 & ,i propose = x !re=e ! adjective ikonomatic1 f ! ,greek eikon1 a figure or image1 & onoma 7g5itive1 onomatos7 "n1--a writ+ by means ( ! names ( ! figures or images repres5t$4 ,! correspond+ n\n w\ld be ikonomatography4 ,x diff]s radically f picture-writ+ 7,bild]s*rift17 = al?\gh x is compos$ ( pictures1 ^! 7 us$ solely ) ref]5ce to ! s\nd ( _! names1 n _! objective significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,mexican ,phonetic ,hi]oglyphics ( ! "n ( ,montezuma4 ,! ,mexicans1 9 _! phonetic writ+1 7 nev] f> remov$ f ?is ikonomatic /age ( developm5t4 ,!y comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) x c]ta9 cle>ly def9$ monosyllabic signs1 & ! sep>ate alphabetic elem5ts :i* ,i h already not$4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,,mss4 proves t !re 0 no special disposition ( ! p>ts ( a ^w4 ,9 o!r words1 !y might be arrang$ f "r to left or f left to "r1 f bel[ upw>ds or f above d[nw>ds2 or ! "o may be plac$ )9 ! o!r4 ,x w easily be se5 t ?is greatly increases ! difficulty ( deciph]+ ^! figures4 ,z illu/rations ( ! phoneticism ( ,mexican writ+ ,i %[ two comp\nds1 quot$ by ,m4 ,aub9 9 8 well-kn[n essay on ! subject4 ,! fir/ is a prop] n\n1 t ( ! emp]or ,montezuma 7,fig4 #f74 ,x %\ld be read f "r to left4 ,! picture at ! "r repres5ts a m\se trap1 9 ,nahuatl1 montli1 ) ! phonetic value mo1 or mon2 ! head ( ! eagle has ! value quauh1 f quauhtli2 x is transfix$ ) a lancet1 zo2 & surm\nt$ ) a h&1 maitl1 ^: phonetic value is ma2 & ^! values comb9$ give mo-quauh-zo-ma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,mexican ,phonetic ,hi]oglyphics ( ! "n ( a ,s]p5t4 ,! second example is a common n\n1 ! "n ( a s]p5t tecuhtlacozauhqui 7,fig4 #g74 ,x is also read f "r to left2 ! head ) ! peculi> b& & frontal ornam5t is t ( "o ( ! noble class1 tecuhtli2 at ! base ( ! left figure is a famili> sign = tla1 & repres5ts two tee?1 tlantli2 !y are surm\nt$ by a j>1 comitl ) ! value co2 & ?is 9 turn is pi]c$ by a lancet1 :i* "h has only its alphabetic value z4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ^w 0 n express$ 9 ! writ+1 ! above signs be+ deem$ suffici5t to convey ! idea to ! read]4 ,9 pres5t+ ^! examples ,i d n br+ =w>d any?+ new4 ,!y are f an essay :i* has be5 9 pr9t ne>ly =ty ye>s4#bjg ,_m o!r examples are to be se5 9 ! great "w ( ,"l ,k+sbor\gh1 & lat] 9 publications 9 ! city ( ,mexico4 ,! le>n$ ,ramirez und]took a diction>y ( ,nahuatl hi]oglyphics :i* has 9 "p be5 publi%$2 ,orozco y ,b]ra 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,mexico0 ga!r$ a great _m facts illu/rative ( ! phonetic "* ( ! ,mexican script2 & )9 a ye> ,dr4 ,peafiel has issu$ a qu>to ( consid]able size giv+ anci5t local ,mexican names ) _! phonetic repres5tations4#bjh ,) ^! aids at comm&1 :y has n our progress 9 ! int]pretation ( ! anci5t records on /one & pap] be5 m rapid8 ,:y d we /& n[ almo/ at ! same po9t z 9 #ahej8 ,!re c be b "o answ]1 & t w imm$iately sugge/ itself f ! nature ( ! phoneticism 9 ! ,mexican writ+4 ,:at ,i h call$ ! ikonomatic sy/em ( writ+ c be elucidat$ only by "o :o has a wide comm& ( ! vocabul>y ( ! language4 ,consid]1 = a mom5t1 ! difficulty :i* we exp]i5ce1 ) all our k ( our native tongue1 9 solv+ "o ( ! rebuses :i* appe> 9 ! puzzle columns ( p]iodicals = *ildr52 or 9 int]pret+ ! cant+ arms 9 armorial be>+s4 ,n only mu/ we recall ! v>i\s names ( ! objects repres5t$1 & select f !m su* z ! s5se ( ! context requires1 b we mu/ make all[ance = ext5sive omissions1 z 9 "o ( ! examples above quot$ 7,fig4 #g71 & = m]e simil>ities ( s\nd1 (t5 q remote1 z well z = ! abbreviations & conv5tionalisms ( practic$ scribes1 famili> ) _! subject & ) ?is me?od ( writ+ ! s\nds ( _! language4 ,su* difficulties z ^! c only be ov]come by long-cont9u$ application to ! tongues !mselves1 & by acqua9t+ "o's self intimately ) ! =ms1 ! me?ods1 & ! v>iations ( ?is truly puzzl+ graphic sy/em4 ,e id5tification is solv+ an enigma2 b once solv$1 ea* illu/rates ! me?od1 confirms its accuracy1 & facilitates ! le>n]'s progress1 & at ! same "t /imulates him ) ! joy\s s5se ( difficulties conqu]$1 & ) ! vision ( discov]$ tru? illum9at+ 8 onw>d pa?4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h /at$1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is me?od 7 po9t$ out =ty ye>s ago1 ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! ,nahuatl language has prev5t$ any "o f successfully deciph]+ ! ,mexican script4 ,?is ignorance has _h ev5 a worse effect4 ,m5 :o did n "k a doz5 words ( ,nahuatl1 :o 7 unable to con/rue a s+le s5t5ce 9 ! language1 h tak5 ^u !mselves to condemn ,aub9's explanations z vision>y & untrue1 & to d5y :olly ! phonetic elem5ts ( ! ,mexican writ+4 ,lack+ ! ess5tial condition ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! /atem5t1 !y h presum$ blankly to condemn x6 ,,! ,,ikonomatic ,,me?od ,,( ,,phonetic ,,writ+4#bji ,all me?ods ( record+ ideas h be5 divid$ into two classes1 ,?\ght ,writ+ & ,s\nd ,writ+4 ,! fir/1 simple/ & olde/ is ,?\ght ,writ+4 ,?is 9 turn is subdivid$ into two =ms1 ,ikonographic & ,symbolic ,writ+4 ,! =m] is also kn[n z ,imitative1 ,repres5tative or ,picture ,writ+4 ,! object to be held 9 memory is repres5t$ by its picture1 drawn ) su* skill1 or lack ( skill1 z ! writ] may possess4 ,9 ,symbolic ,writ+1 a s+le *>act]i/ic "p or trait s]ves to repres5t ! :ole object2 ?us1 ! track ( an animal w /& = ! animal itself2 a repres5tation ( ! peculi> r\nd impression ( ! wolf's foot1 or ! ?ree-l9$ track ( ! wild turkey1 be+ amply suffici5t to designate ^! creatures4 ,ev5 ! rude/ savages practice bo? ^! =ms ( writ+1 & make use ( !m to scrat* on rocks1 & pa9t on b>k & hides1 ! record ( _! de$s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,?\ght ,writ+ has no ref]5ce to spok5 language2 nei!r ! picture ( a wolf1 nor ! repres5tation ( 8 footpr9t1 conveys ! slighte/ notion ( ! s\nd ( ! ^w wolf4 ,h[ 0 ! enorm\s leap made f ! ?\ght to ! s\nd--9 o!r words1 f an ideographic to a phonetic me?od ( writ+8 ,?is "q has receiv$ consid]able att5tion f s*ol>s ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! two mo/ important alphabets ( ! _w1 ! ,egyptian & ! ,*9ese4 ,bo? ^! began z simple picture writ+1 & bo? progress$ to almo/ complete phoneticism4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! e>lie/ /eps are lo/1 & c be retrac$ only by indications rema9+ aft] a high degree ( phonetic p[] _h be5 rea*$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,mexican & probably 9 ! ,maya hi]oglyphics1 we f9d a me?od ( writ+ :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two great classes ,i h m5tion$1 & :i* illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! phases ?r\gh :i* bo? ! ,egyptian & ,semitic alphabets pass$ some:at be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,to ?is me?od1 :i* /&s midway betwe5 ! ikonographic & ! alphabetic me?ods ( writ+1 ,i h giv5 ! "n ikonomatic1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek -1 an image1 a figure2 -1 a "n4 ,t :i* ! figure or picture ref]s to is n ! object repres5t$1 b ! "n ( t object--a s\nd1 n a ?+4 ,b x does n ref] to t s\nd z ! "n ( ! object1 b precisely ! contr>y--x is ! s\nd ( ! "n ( "s o!r object or idea4 ,_m ideas h no objective repres5tation1 & o!rs are mu* m simply express$ by ! use ( figures ^: names are famili> & ( simil> s\nd4 ,?us1 to give a simple example1 ! inf9itive 8to hide0 c\ld be writt5 by a figure #b1 & ! picture ( a sk9 or hide4 ,x is ?is plan on :i* ^? famili> puzzles are con/ruct$ :i* are call$ rebuses1 & none o!r ?an ?is :i* s]v$ to bridge ov] ! wide gap betwe5 ,?\ght & ,s\nd writ+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n correct to say t x is a writ+ by ?+s1 8rebus20 b x is by ! names ( ?+s1 & h5ce ,i h co9$ ! ^w ikonomatic1 to express ?is cle>ly4 ,i %all select sev]al illu/rations f two widely div]se s\rces1 ! "o ! hi]oglyphs ( ,egypt1 ! o!r ! h]aldry ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & f ^! m famili> fields obta9 "s h9ts ( s]vice 9 unravel+ ! intricacies ( ! ,mexican & ,maya scrolls4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i* und]lies 8ikonomatic writ+0 is ! pres5ce 9 a language ( words ( diff]5t mean+ b ) ! same or simil> s\nds2 t is1 ( homophon\s words4 ,! figure :i* repres5ts "o ( ^! is us$ phonetically to signify ! o!r4 ,!re are homophones 9 all languages2 b !y ab\nd 9 "s m ?an 9 o!rs4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 !y are m abundant 9 languages :i* t5d t[>d monosyllabism1 su* z ! ,*9ese & ! ,maya1 & 9 a less degree ! anci5t ,coptic4 ,9 ^! x is no uncommon occurr5ce to f9d f\r or five q diff]5t mean+s to ! same ^w2 t is1 ! same s\nd has s]v$ z ! radical = t _m diff]5t names ( div]se objects4 ,! picture ( any ( ^! objects w\ld1 to ! speak] ( ! language1 recall a s\nd :i* w\ld h all ^! significations1 & c\ld be employ$ indiff]5tly = any ( !m4 ,?is circle ( mean+s w\ld be /ill m widely ext5d$ :5 m]e simil>ity1 n /rict id5tity1 0 aim$ at4 ,su* 0 pla9ly ! orig9 ( phoneticism 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic inscriptions4 ,take ! ^w nef]4 ,its mo/ common concrete signification 0 8a lute10 & 9 ! picture writ+ prop] ! lute is repres5t$ by its figure4 ,b nef] _h sev]al o!r significations 9 ,coptic4 ,x meant1 a colt1 a conscript soldi]1 a door1 & ! adjective good4 ,! picture ( ! lute !re=e 0 us$ to signify e "o ( ^!4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is an example ( a pure ikonograph--! picture is t ( ! object 9 full1 a lute2 b precisely 9 ! same way ! second class ( figures 9 picture writ+1 ^? :i* are :olly symbolic1 may be employ$4 ,?is1 too1 f9ds ample illu/ration 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics4 ,in/ead ( ! picture ( a h\se1 ! figure ( a squ>e 0 employ$1 ) "o side incomplete4 ,phonetically1 ?is convey$ ! s\nd p]1 :i* means h\se1 & sev]al o!r ?+s4 ,x w readily be se5 t :]e a figure repres5ts a numb] ( homophon\s words1 consid]able confusion may result f ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ :i* ( ^! is int5d$4 ,to meet ?is1 we f9d bo? 9 ,egyptian & ,*9ese writ+ s]ies ( signs :i* are writt5 b n pron\nc$1 call$ 8det]m9atives40 ,^! indicate ! class to :i* a ^w has ref]5ce4 ,!y are ideographic1 & ( fix$ mean+4 ,?us1 aft] ! ^w nef]1 :5 us$ = conscript1 ! det]m9ative is ! picture ( a man1 etc4#baj ,!re is little d\bt b t all ! ,egyptian syllabic & alphabetic writ+ 0 d]iv$ f ?is e>ly phase1 :]e ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 0 t ( ! rebus4 ,at ! date ( ! e>lie/ inscriptions1 mo/ ( ! phonetics 7 monosyllabic2 b 9 sev]al in/ances1 z nef]1 above giv51 net]1 :i* repres5ts a bann]1 & by homophony1 a god1 & o!rs1 ! full disyllabic "n 0 pres]v$ to ! late/ times4 ,! monosyllabic signs 7 d]iv$ f ! initial & ! acc5t$ syllables ( ! homophones2 & ! alphabet1 s-call$1 b nev] recogniz$ z su*1 by ! ,egyptians1 ei!r f monolit]al words1 or f initial s\nds4 ,at no p]iod ( anci5t ,egyptian hi/ory 0 "o s\nd con/antly repres5t$ by "o sign4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,egyptian alphabet1 !re are f\r q diff]5t signs = ! ,m1 f\r = ! ,t1 ?ree = ! ,n1 & s on4 ,?is is obvi\sly ow+ to ! indep5d5t d]ivation ( ^! phonetic elem5ts f diff]5t figures employ$ ikonomatically4 ,!re are o!r peculi>ities 9 ! ,egyptian script1 :i* are to be expla9$ by ! same hi/oric reason4 ,= in/ance1 c]ta9 phonetic signs c be us$ only 9 def9ite comb9ations2 o!rs mu/ be assign$ fix$ positions1 z at ! beg9n+ or at ! end ( a gr\p2 &1 9 o!r cases1 two or m diff]5t signs1 ) ! same phonetic value1 foll[ "o ano!r1 ! scribe ?9k+ t if ! read] 0 n acqua9t$ ) "o1 he w\ld be ) ! o!r4 ,i note ^! peculi>ities1 because !y may be expect$ to recur 9 o!r sy/ems ( ikonomatic writ+1 & may s]ve z h9ts 9 int]pret+ !m4 ,evid5tly1 "o ( ! e>lie/ /imuli to ! developm5t ( phonetics 0 ! wi% to record prop] names1 :i* 9 !mselves _h no def9ite signification1 su* z ^? drawn f a =eign language1 or ^? :i* _h lo/ ?r\gh "t _! orig9al s5se4 ,9 savage conditions e prop] "n is significant2 b 9 conditions ( social life1 z develop$ z t ( ! ,egyptians ( ! e>li] dyna/ies1 & z t ( ! ,mayas & ,mexicans 9 ! ,new ,_w1 !re are f\nd _m names )\t mean+ 9 ! curr5t tongue4 ,^! c\ld n be repres5t$ by any mode ( picture writ+4 ,to be record$ at all1 !y mu/ be writt5 phonetically2 & to accompli% ?is ! mo/ obvi\s plan 0 to select objects ^: names _h a simil> s\nd1 & by portray+ ! latt]1 repres5t to ! e> ! =m]4 ,! ,greek names1 ,alex&] & ,alex&ria1 occurr+ on ! ,rosetta ,/one1 7 :olly mean+less to ! ,egyptian e>2 b _! scribes succe$$ 9 express+ !m v ne>ly by a s]ies ( signs :i* 9 orig9 are rebuses4 ,?is inception ( ! ikonomatic me?od1 9 ! ef=t to express phonetically prop] names1 is admirably illu/rat$ 9 m$ival h]aldry4 ,v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( armorial be>+s1 we f9d a class ( scutal devices call$ 9 ,lat9 arma cantantia1 9 ,engli% cant+ arms1 9 ,fr5* armes p>lantes4 ,! ,engli% t]m cant+ is f ! ,lat9 cant>e1 9 its lat] s5se ( *ant+ or ann\nc+4 ,armorial be>+s ( ?is "* pres5t *>ges1 ! names ( :i* resemble m or less closely 9 s\nd ! prop] names ( ! family :o c>ry !m4 ,"s writ]s on h]aldry h ass]t$ t be>+s ( ?is "* %\ld be consid]$ z :at are kn[n z assumptive arms1 ^? :i* h be5 assum$ by families1 )\t j title4 ,excell5t au?orities1 h[ev]1 su* z ,woodham & ,l[]1 h %[n t ^! devices 7 frequ5t 9 ! remote/ ages ( h]aldry4#baa ,= in/ance1 9 ! e>lie/ ,engli% ,roll ( ,arms extant1 record$ 9 ! reign ( ! ?ird ,h5ry1 ab\t ! ye> #abdj1 n9e su* *>ges occur1 & /ill m 9 ! ,rolls ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,second4 ,!y are also abundant 9 ! h]aldry ( ,spa91 ( ,italy & ( ,sw$52 & analog\s examples h be5 adduc$ f anci5t ,rome4 ,9 fact1 ! plan is s obvi\s t in/ances c\ld be quot$ f e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,9 lat] c5turies1 su* punn+ allusions to prop] names became unpopul> 9 h]aldry1 & are n[ consid]$ 9 bad ta/e4 ,to illu/rate _! "*1 ,i w m5tion a few :i* are ( anci5t date4 ,! well-kn[n ,engli% family ( ,dobells c>ry a h>t passant1 & ?ree bells arg5t1 ?us express+ v accurately _! "n1 doe-bells4 ,! equally anci5t family ( ,boltons c>ry a device repres5t+ a cask or tun1 transfix$ by a cross-b[ or bolt4 ,few cant+ arms1 h[ev]1 are s p]fect z ^!4 ,! ,sw9burnes1 :o are among ^? m5tion$ on ! ,roll ( #abdj1 already ref]r$ to1 be> ?ree bo>-heads1 symbolical ( sw9e2 ! ,boleynes c>ry ?ree bulls' heads1 :i* rem9ds u ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey's pronunciation ( ! "n 9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,bull53 8,anne ,bull58 ,no2 ,i'll no ,anne ,bull5s = him2 ,!re's m 9't ?an fair visage4--,bull56 ,no1 we'll no ,bull5s40--,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,act ,,iii4 ,n r>ely ! antiquity ( su* be>+s is evid5c$ by ! loss ( ! allusion 9 ! curr5t language1 & rec\rse mu/ be _h to anci5t & obsolete words to appreciate x4 ,! ,engli% ,h>risons display 9 _! %ield a h$ge-hog1 :i* is to be expla9$ by ! ,fr5* hrisson1 & te/ifies to _! ,norman orig94 ,! ,sykes ( ! nor? ( ,engl& %[ a f\nta9 9 _! %ield1 ^: significance is fir/ asc]ta9$ on le>n+ t 9 ! ,nor?umbrian dialect syke means a fl[+ spr+ or /ream4 ,! celebrat$ fleurs-de-lys ( ! royal h\se ( ,france are trac$ back to ! fir/ ,l\is1 ^: "n 0 pron\nc$ ,loys1 & f ! simil>ity ( ?is to ! common "n ( ! fl[]1 ! latt] 0 adopt$ z ! *>ge on 8 %ield4 ,hundr$s ( su* examples c\ld be adduc$1 & ! task ( exam9+ & analyz+ !m w\ld n be an altoge!r va9 "o1 z ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y 7 appli$ are ! same :i* control ! developm5t ( ikonomatic writ+ :]ev] we f9d x4 ,b ,i pass f ! consid]ation ( ^! facts ( g5]al k to ! less kn[n & mu* misund]/ood =ms ( ?is writ+ :i* are pres5t$ 9 ,am]ican ar*ology4 ,^! are be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! s-call$ ,mexican picture writ+4 ,= _m ye>s s*ol>s h be5 divid$ 9 op9ion :e!r ?is 0 purely ikonographic or p>tly phonetic4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago ,m4 ,aub9 wrote an essay ma9ta9+ t x is *iefly phonetic1 & laid d[n rules = its int]pretation on ?is !ory4 ,b nei!r he nor any :o und]took to apply 8 tea*+s succe$$ 9 (f]+ any acceptable r5d]+s ( ! ,aztec ,codices4 ,i am p]suad$1 h[ev]1 t ! cause ( ?is failure lay1 n 9 ! !ory ( ,aub91 b 9 ! two facts1 fir/1 t n "o ( ! /ud5ts :o approa*$ ?is subject 0 well gr\nd$ 9 ! ,nahuatl language2 &1 secondly1 t ! pr9ciples ( ! int]pretation ( ikonomatic writ+ h nev] be5 c>efully def9$1 & are extremely difficult1 ambigu\s & obscure1 en\gh s to disc\rage any "o n specially gift$ 9 ! solution ( enigmas4 ,at fir/1 e id5tification is z puzzl+ z ! ef=t to deciph] an artificial rebus4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s able s*ol>s :o /ill d5y t any su* phoneticism is to be f\nd 9 ,mexican pictography4 ,to conv9ce su* ( _! error1 & to illu/rate ! me?ods employ$ by ^! native ,am]ican scribes1 ,i w pres5t & analyze sev]al typical examples f ,aztec manuscripts4 ,beg9n+ ) prop] names drawn f o!r languages1 we f9d t ! ,nahuas _h a numb] ( su*1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h no mean+ 9 _! own tongue4 ,"o ( _! docum5ts speaks ( ! t[n ( ! ,hua/ecas1 call$ by t tribe ,tamu*1 :i* means 9 _! tongue 8ne> ! scorpions10 & by ! ,aztecs1 9 imitation1 ,tamuoc4#bab ,z ! ,hua/eca is a ,maya dialect1 totally di/9ct f ! ,nahuatl1 ?is ^w _h no s5se to ! e>s ( ! ,aztecs4 ,to convey its s\nd1 !y portray$ a man hold+ 9 8 h&s a measur+ /ick1 & 9 ! act ( measur+4 ,n[1 9 ,nahuatl1 ! v]b 8to measure0 is tama*9a2 ! measur+ /ick is octocatl2 & to make ! latt] pla9]1 sev]al foot-pr9ts1 xoctli1 are pa9t$ ^u ! measur+ /ick1 giv+ an example ( ! repetition ( ! s\nd1 su* z we h already se5 0 common among ! ,egyptian scribes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,tamuoc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,mapa*tepec4 ,9 ano!r class ( prop] names1 9 _! own tongue1 al?\gh !y _h a mean+ 9 ! ,nahuatl1 ! scribe pref]r$ to express !m by ikonomatic in/ead ( ikonographic devices4 ,?us1 ,mapa*tepec1 means lit]ally1 8badg] hill10 or 8badg] t[n10 b 9 place ( depict+ a badg]1 ! native writ] made a draw+ ( a h& grasp+ a bun* ( ,spani% moss1 ! ,till&sia usneoides4 ,! h& or arm 9 ,nahuatl is maitl1 ! moss pa*tli2 & tak+ ! fir/ syllables ( ^! two words we obta9 ma pa*3 ! ^w tepec1 locative =m ( tepetl1 hill or village1 is express$ by ! usual conv5tional ideographic or det]m9ative sign4 ,9 o!r names1 ! relative positions ( ! objects are significant1 rem9d+ u ( ! rebus ( a well-kn[n t[n 9 ,massa*usetts1 celebrat$ = its educational in/itutions3 ,mass4 :i* is to be read1 8,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts20 s 9 ! ,aztec scrolls1 we h itzmiquilpan repres5t$ by an obsidian knife1 itztli1 & an edible plant1 quilitl1 :i* are plac$ above or ov] 7pan71 ! sign = cultivat$ l&1 milli1 ?us giv+ all ! elem5ts ( ! "n1 ! la/ syllable by position only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,itzmiquilpan4 ,9 "o respect ,i believe ! ikonomatic writ+ ( ! ,mexicans is peculi>2 t is1 9 ! phonetic value :i* x assigns to colors4 ,l ! ,egyptian1 x is poly*romatic1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! ,egyptian poly*romes nev] _h a phonetic value2 !y 71 9 a g5]al way1 us$ by t p z det]m9atives1 f "s suppos$ simil>ity ( hue2 ?us gre5 indicates a vegetable sub/ance or bronze1 yell[1 c]ta9 woods & "s animals1 & s on4 ,9 h]aldry ! colors are v important & h well-def9$ significations1 b v seldom1 if ev]1 phonetic ones4 ,q ! contr>y is ! case ) ! ,mexican script4 ,x pres5ts abundant in/ances :]e ! color ( ! object z portray$ is an integral phonetic elem5t ( ! s\nd design$ to be convey$4 ,to quote examples1 ! ,nahuatl ^w = yell[ is cuztic or coztic1 & :5 ! hi]oglyphics express phonetically su* prop] names z ,acozpa1 ,cozamaloapan1 ,cozhuipilcan1 etc41 ! monosyllable coz is express$ solely by ! yell[ color :i* ! scribe lays ^u 8 picture4 ,aga91 ! "n ,xiuhuacan1 8! place ( grass10 is repres5t$ by a circle color$ pale blue1 xiuhtic4 ,! "n ( ?is t9t supplies ! phonetic desir$4 ,! "n ( ! village ,tlapan is convey$ by a circle1 ^: int]ior is pa9t$ r$1 tlapalli1 conta9+ ! m>k ( a human foot-pr9t4 ,su* examples are suffici5t to prove t 9 und]tak+ to deciph] ! ,mexican writ+ we mu/ reg>d ! color z well z ! figure1 & be prep>$ to all[ to ea* a def9ite phonetic value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,acozpa4 7,a yell[ c5t] surr\nd$ by wat] drops1 atl1 a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,tlamapa4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood t all ! ,aztec writ+ is made up ( phonetic symbols4 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,we discov] among ! hundr$s ( curi\s figures :i* x pres5ts1 det]m9atives1 z 9 ! ,egyptian inscriptions1 & num]\s ideograms4 ,sometimes ! ideogram is associat$ ) ! phonetic symbol1 act+ z a sort ( det]m9ative to ! latt]4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ?is is giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,manuscrito ,hi]atico10 rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4#bac ,x is ! m valuable z an example1 z ! picture writ+ is translat$ into ,nahuatl & writt5 9 ,spani% *>act]s4 ,! date ( ! docum5t1 #aebf1 leaves no d\bt t x is 9 ! same /yle z ! anci5t ,codices4 ,! page is head$ ) ! picture ( a *ur* edifice2 und]nea? is ! outl9e ( a human arm1 & ! leg5d 9 ,nahuatl is3 ,9 ,altepetl y ,santa ,cruz ,tlamapa4 ,^! words mean1 8! t[n ( ,santa ,cruz ,tlamapa40 ,! "n 8tlamapa0 means 8on ! hill-side10 & d\btless orig9ally ref]r$ to ! position 9 :i* ! village 0 situat$4 ,b ! prefix 8tlama0 usually signifies1 8to d some?+ ) ! arms or h&s10 d]iv$ f maitl1 h& or arm4 ,h5ce1 ! figure ( ! ext5d$ arm gives ?is disyllable1 tlama1 :i* 0 suffici5t to recall ! "n ( ! t[n4 ,! ,aztecs by no means conf9$ ! ikonomatic sy/em to prop] names4 ,!y compos$ 9 x words1 s5t5ces1 & treatises on v>i\s subjects4 ,9 proportion z x is appli$ to ^! connect$ & l5g?y compositions1 its processes become m recondite1 curi\s & difficult ( int]pretation4 ,)\t a k ( ! spok5 language consid]ably m ?an rudim5t>y1 x w\ld be hopeless = ! /ud5t to attempt to solve ! enigmas :i* he meets at e /ep4 ,yet e well-direct$ ef=t w conv9ce him t he is on ! "r track1 & he w con/antly be *e]$ & /imulat$ to fur!r endeavor by ! victories he w w9 day by day4 ,! analogy :i* is pres5t$ 9 s _m p>ticul>s betwe5 ,mexican & ,maya civilization w\ld lead u to inf] t ! ,maya writ+1 ( :i* we h a numb] ( examples well pres]v$1 %\ld be unlock$ by ! same key :i* has be5 successfully appli$ to ! ,aztec ,codices4 ,! late/ writ]s on ! ,maya manuscripts1 :ile agree+ t !y are 9 "p1 at lea/1 9 phonetic *>act]s1 consid] !m mo/ly ideographic4 ,b x is to be not$ t n "o ( ^! writ]s _h any practical acqua9tance ) ! s\nds ( ! ,maya language1 & sc>cely any ) its vocabul>y4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ev5 7 ^! codices 9 ikonomatic writ+1 su* inve/igators c\ld make v little progress 9 deciph]+ !m1 & might readily come to ! conclusion t ! figures are n phonetic 9 any s5se4 ,precisely ! same position 0 tak5 by a numb] ( /ud5ts ( ,egyptian antiquity long aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ,*ampollion2 & ev5 )9 a few ye>s works h be5 pr9t$ d5y+ all phoneticism to ! ,nilotic inscriptions4 ,:at induces me to believe t mu* ( ! ,maya script is ( ! nature ( ! ,mexican is ! endeavor1 und]tak5 = a v diff]5t purpose1 ( ,pr(essor ,val5t9i to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ ,maya alphabet1 pres]v$ by ,bi%op ,l&a1 & pr9t$ 9 ! editions ( 8 celebrat$ 8,description ( ,yucatan40#bad ,pr(essor ,val5t9i %[s by argum5ts & illu/rations1 :i* ,i ?9k are 9 ! ma9 correct1 t :5 ! natives 7 ask$ to repres5t ! s\nds ( ! ,spani% lett]s 9 _! me?od ( writ+1 !y select$ objects to depict1 ^: names1 or initial s\nds1 or fir/ syllables1 7 ! same1 or ak91 to ! s\nds ( ! ,spani% v[el or consonant he>d by !m4 ,sometimes !y w\ld give sev]al words1 ) _! correspond+ pictures1 = ! same s\nd2 j z ,i h %[n 0 ! cu/om ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,?us1 = ! s\nd b !y drew a foot-pr9t1 :i* 9 _! tongue 0 call$ be2 = ! s\nd a an obsidian knife1 9 ,maya1 a*1 etc4 ,val5t9i ?9ks also t ! lett] e 0 del9eat$ by black spots1 9 ,maya eek1 mean+ black1 :i*1 if prov$ by fur!r rese>*1 w\ld %[ t ! ,mayas1 l ! ,mexicans1 attribut$ phonetic values to ! colors !y employ$ 9 _! pa9t$ scrolls4 ,outside ( ! two nations m5tion$1 ! natives ( ! ,am]ican cont95t made little advance t[>d a phonetic sy/em4 ,we h no positive evid5ce t ev5 ! cultivat$ ,t>ascas & ,zapotecs _h any?+ bett] ?an ikonographs2 & ( ! ,qui*es & ,cak*iquels1 bo? ne> relatives ( ! ,mayas1 we only "k t !y _h a writt5 lit]ature ( consid]able ext5t1 b ( ! plan by :i* x 0 pres]v$ we h only obscure h9ts4 ,next to ^! we %\ld probably place ! ,*ipeway pictography1 z pres]v$ on _! m$a /icks1 b>k records1 & adjidjiatig or grave-po/s4 ,i h exam9$ a numb] ( specim5s ( ^!1 b h fail$ to f9d any evid5ce t ! *>act]s ref] to s\nds 9 ! language2 h[ev]1 ,i might n consid] x improbable t fur!r rese>*es might disclose "s g]ms ( ! ikonomatic me?od ( writ+ ev5 9 ^! primitive examples ( ! desire ( ! human intellect to p]petuate its acquisitions1 & h& !m d[n to g5]ations yet unborn4 ,,! ,,writ+ ,,& ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,mayas4#bae #a4--;,introductory4 ,"o ( ! able/ liv+ e?nologi/s has classifi$ ! means ( record+ k "u two g5]al head+s--,?\ght-writ+ & ,s\nd-writ+4#baf ,! =m] is aga9 divid$ into two =ms1 ! fir/ & e>lie/ ( :i* is by pictures1 ! second by picture-writ+4 ,! sup]iority ( picture-writ+ ov] ! m]e depict+ ( an occurr5ce is t x analyzes ! ?\ght & expresses sep>ately its compon5t p>ts1 :]eas ! picture pres5ts x z a :ole4 ,! repres5tations famili> among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are usually only pictures1 :ile mo/ ( ! records ( ! ,aztec communities are 9 picture-writ+4 ,! g5ealogical developm5t ( ,s\nd-writ+ beg9s by ! sub/itution ( ! sign ( "o idea = t ( ano!r ^: s\nd is ne>ly or q ! same4 ,su* 0 ! e>ly graphic sy/em ( ,egypt1 & su* sub/antially to-day is t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,above /&s syllabic writ+1 ?is z t ( ! ,japanese1 & ! semi-syllabic signs ( ! old ,semitic alphabet2 :ile1 z ! p]fect$ result ( ^! v>i\s attempts1 we rea* at la/ ! inv5tion ( a true alphabet1 9 :i* a def9ite figure corresponds to a def9ite elem5t>y s\nd4 ,x is a prim>y "q 9 ,am]ican ar*ology1 ,h[ f> did ! mo/ cultivat$ nations ( ! we/]n cont95t asc5d ?is scale ( graphic developm5t8 ,?is "q is z yet unansw]$4 ,all agree1 h[ev]1 t ! highe/ evolution took place among ! ,nahuatl-speak+ tribes ( ,mexico & ! ,maya race ( ,yucatan4 ,i d n g too f> 9 say+ t x is prov$ t ! ,aztecs us$ to a c]ta9 ext5t a phonetic sy/em ( writ+1 "o 9 :i* ! figures ref] n to ! ?\ght1 b to ! s\nd ( ! ?\ght z express$ 9 spok5 language4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ by ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,aub91 &1 ( late1 by ! /udies ( ,seor ,orozco y ,b]ra4#bag ,two evolution>y /eps c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,aztec writ+4 ,9 ! e>li] ! plan is t ( ! rebus 9 comb9ation ) ideograms1 :i* latt] are no?+ m ?an ! elem5ts ( picture-writ+4 ,examples ( ?is plan are ! famili> 8tribute rolls0 & ! names ( t[ns & k+s1 z %[n 9 sev]al ( ! codices publi%$ by ,"l ,k+sbor\gh4 ,! second /ep is :]e a conv5tional image is employ$ to repres5t ! s\nd ( its fir/ syllable4 ,?is advances actually to ! level ( ! syllabic alphabet2 b x is d\btful if !re are any ,aztec records entirely1 or ev5 l>gely1 9 ?is =m ( writ+4 ,!y _h only rea*$ ! comm5cem5t ( its developm5t4 ,! graphic sy/em ( ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! ,aztecs4 ,no "o at all famili> ) ! two c\ld fail at once to di/+ui% betwe5 ! manuscripts ( ! two nations4 ,!y are pla9ly indep5d5t developm5ts4 ,we "k mu* m ab\t ! anci5t civilization ( ,mexico ?an ( ,yucatan2 we h _m m ,aztec ?an ,maya manuscripts1 & h5ce we are m at a loss to speak ) positiv5ess ab\t ! ,maya sy/em ( writ+ ?an ab\t ! ,mexican4 ,we mu/ dep5d on ! brief & unsatisfactory /atem5ts ( ! e>ly ,spani% writ]s1 & on :at little mod]n rese>* has accompli%$1 = means to =m a correct op9ion2 & !re is at pres5t a ju/ifiable discrepancy ( op9ion ab\t x among ^? :o h giv5 ! subject mo/ att5tion4 #b4--;,descriptions by ,spani% ,writ]s4 ,! e>lie/ exploration ( ! coa/ ( ,yucatan 0 t ( ,francisco ,h]n&ez de ,cordova1 9 #aeag4 ,! ye> foll[+ a second exp$ition1 "u ,juan de ,grijalva1 visit$ a numb] ( po9ts betwe5 ! isl& ( ,cozumel & ! ,bahia de ,t]m9os4 ,sev]al acc\nts ( ,grijalva's voyage h be5 pres]v$1 b !y make no di/9ct ref]5ce to ! me?od ( writ+ !y f\nd 9 use4 ,"s native books 7 obta9$1 h[ev]1 probably f ! ,mayas1 & 7 s5t to ,spa91 :]e !y 7 se5 by ! hi/orian ,pet] ,m>tyr4 ,he describes !m 9 g5]al t]ms1 & comp>es ! *>act]s 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 to ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 "s ( :i* he _h se5 9 ,rome4 ,he supposes t !y conta9 ! laws & c]emonies ( ! p1 a/ronomical calculations1 ! de$s ( _! k+s1 & o!r ev5ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,he also speaks 9 comm5dation ( ! neatness ( _! g5]al appe>ance1 ! skill ) :i* ! draw+ & pa9t+ 7 c>ri$ out4 ,he fur!r m5tions t ! natives us$ ?is me?od ( writ+ or draw+ 9 ! affairs ( common life4#bah ,al?\gh ,yucatan became ?us e>ly kn[n to ! ,spani>ds1 x 0 n until #aeda t a p]man5t settlem5t 0 effect$1 9 :i* ye> ,francisco de ,montejo1 ! y\ng]1 advanc$ into ! c5tral prov9ce ( ,ceh ,pe*1 & e/abli%$ a city on ! site ( ! anci5t t[n call$ ,i*canziho1 :i* means 8! five 7temples7 ( _m oracles 7or s]p5ts710 to :i* he gave ! "n ,mrida1 on acc\nt ( ! magnific5t anci5t edifices he f\nd !re4 ,previ\s to ?is date1 h[ev]1 9 #aecd1 ,fa!r ,jacobo de ,te/]a1 ) f\r o!r mission>ies1 proce$$ f ,tabasco up ! we/ coa/ to ! neighborhood ( ! ,bay ( ,campea*y4 ,!y 7 receiv$ amicably by ! natives1 & in/ruct$ !m 9 ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!y also obta9$ f ! *iefs a submission to ! ,k+ ( ,spa92 & ,i m5tion ?is e>ly mission>y exp$ition = ! fact /at$ t ea* *ief sign$ ?is act ( submission 8) a c]ta9 m>k1 l an autograph40 ,?is docum5t 0 subsequ5tly tak5 to ,spa9 by ! celebrat$ ,bi%op ,las ,casas4#bai ,x is cle> f ! acc\nt t "s def9ite =m ( signature 0 at t "t 9 use among ! *iefs4 ,x might be object$ t ^! signatures 7 no?+ m ?an rude totem m>ks1 su* z 7 f\nd ev5 among ! hunt+ tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,mississippi ,valley4 ,b ,las ,casas himself1 9 ^: possession ! docum5ts 71 "h comes to our aid to refute ?is op9ion4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! picture-writ+ ( ,mexico1 & recogniz$ 9 ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,mayas some?+ diff]5t & sup]ior4 ,he says expressly t ^! _h inscriptions1 writ+s1 9 c]ta9 *>act]s1 ! l ( :i* 7 f\nd n[h]e else4#bbj ,"o ( ! e>ly visitors to ,yucatan aft] ! conque/ 0 ! ,pope's commiss>y-g5]al1 ,fa!r ,alonzo ,ponce1 :o 0 !re 9 #aehh4 ,_m natives :o _h gr[n to adult ye>s 9 hea!nism mu/ h be5 liv+ !n4 ,he makes ! foll[+ int]e/+ obs]vation3 8,! natives ( ,yucatan are1 among all ! inhabitants ( ,new ,spa91 especially des]v+ ( praise = ?ree ?+s3 ,fir/1 t be=e ! ,spani>ds came !y made use ( *>act]s & lett]s1 ) :i* !y wrote out _! hi/ories1 _! c]emonies1 ! ord] ( sacrifices to _! idols1 & _! cal5d>s1 9 books made ( b>k ( a c]ta9 tree4 ,^! 7 on v long /rips1 a qu>t] or a ?ird 7( a y>d7 9 wid?1 d\bl$ & fold$1 s t !y resembl$ a b\nd book 9 qu>to1 a little l>g] or small]4 ,^! lett]s & *>act]s 7 und]/ood only by ! prie/s ( ! idols 7:o 9 t language are call$ ,ahk9s7 & a few pr9cipal natives4 ,aft]w>ds "s ( our fri>s le>n$ to und]/& & read !m1 & ev5 wrote !m40#bba ,! int]e/+ fact "h /at$1 t "s ( ! e>ly mission>ies n only le>n$ to read ^! *>act]s1 b employ$ !m to in/ruct ! ,indians1 has be5 au!nticat$ by a rec5t discov]y ( a devotional "w writt5 9 ?is way4 ,! e>lie/ hi/orian ( ,yucatan is ,fr4 ,b]n>do de ,lizana4#bbb ,b ,i d n "k ( a s+le complete copy ( 8 "w1 & only "o imp]fect copy1 :i* is1 or 01 9 ! city ( ,mexico1 f :i* ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg7 copi$ & republi%$ a few *apt]s4 ,lizana 0 himself n mu* ( an antiqu>y1 b he _h 9 8 h&s ! manuscripts left by ,fa!r ,alonso de ,solana1 :o came to ,yucatan 9 #aefe1 & rema9$ !re til 8 dea?1 9 #aeii4 ,solana 0 an able man1 acquir+ ?or\ghly ! ,maya tongue1 & left 9 8 writ+s _m notes on ! antiquities ( ! c\ntry4#bbc ,!re=e we may put consid]able confid5ce 9 :at ,lizana writes on ^! matt]s4 ,! ref]5ce :i* ,i f9d 9 8 "w to ! ,maya writ+s is z foll[s3 8,! mo/ celebrat$ & rev]$ sanctu>y 9 ?is l&1 & t to :i* !y resort$ f all p>ts1 0 ?is t[n & temples ( ,ytzamal1 z !y are n[ call$2 & t x 0 f\nd$ 9 mo/ anci5t times1 & t x is /ill kn[n :o did f\nd x1 w be set =? 9 ! next *apt]4 8,,iii4 ,! hi/ory & ! au?orities :i* we c cite are c]ta9 anci5t *>act]s1 sc>cely und]/ood by _m1 & expla9$ by "s old ,indians1 sons ( ! prie/s ( _! gods1 :o alone knew h[ to read & exp\nd !m1 & :o 7 believ$ 9 & rev]$ z mu* z ! gods !mselves1 etc4#bbd0 ,we h "h ! positive /atem5t t ^! hi]oglyphic inscriptions 7 us$ by ! prie/s = record+ _! national hi/ory1 & t by means ( !m !y pres]v$ ! recollection ( ev5ts :i* took place 9 a v remote pa/4 ,ano!r valuable e>ly witness1 :o te/ifies to ! same effect1 is ! ,dr4 ,don ,p$ro ,san*ez de ,aguil>1 :o 0 cura ( ,valladolid1 9 ,yucatan1 9 #aeif1 &1 lat]1 dean ( ! *apt] ( ! ca!dral at ,m]ida4 ,8 book1 too1 is extremely sc>ce1 & ,i h nev] se5 a copy2 b ,i h copi\s extracts f x1 made by ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,h]mann ,b]5dt f a copy 9 ,yucatan4 ,aguil> writes ( ! ,mayas3 8,!y _h books made f ! b>k ( trees1 coat$ ) a :ite & durable v>ni%4 ,!y 7 t5 or twelve y>ds long1 & 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 folds1 l a palm leaf4 ,on ^! !y pa9t$ 9 colors ! reckon+ ( _! ye>s1 w>s1 pe/il5ces1 hurricanes1 inundations1 fam9es1 & o!r ev5ts4 ,f "o ( ^! books1 :i* ,i myself took f "s ( ^! idolat]s1 ,i saw & le>n$ t to "o pe/il5ce !y gave ! "n ,mayacimil1 & to ano!r ,ocnaku*il1 :i* mean #8sudd5 dea?s' & #8times :5 ! cr[s ent] ! h\ses to eat ! corpses4' ,& ! inundation !y call$ ,hunyecil1 ! subm]sion ( trees40#bbe ,! writ] leaves x unc]ta9 :e!r he le>n$ ^! words directly f ! *>act]s ( ! book or ?r\gh ! explanations ( "s native4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t ! e>ly ,spani% writ]s drew a broad l9e betwe5 ! picture-writ+ t !y f\nd 9 ,am]ica & an alphabetic script4 ,?is may be true ( o!r p>ts1 b is n s ( ,yucatan4 ,^! signs1 or "s ( !m1 are repeat$ly ref]r$ to z 8lett]s10 letras4 ,?is is po9t$ly ! case ) ,fa!r ,gabriel de ,san ,bu5av5tura1 a ,fr5* ,franciscan :o s]v$ 9 ,yucatan ab\t #afgj-'hj4 ,he publi%$ "o ( ! e>lie/ gramm>s ( ! language1 & also compos$ a diction>y 9 ?ree l>ge volumes1 :i* 0 n pr9t$4 ,fa!r ,beltran de ,santa ,rosa quotes f x an int]e/+ tradition pres]v$ by ,bu5av5tura1 t among ! inv5tions ( ! my?ical h]o-god ( ! natives1 ,itzamna or ,k9i* ahau1 0 t ( 8! lett]s ( ! ,maya language10 ) :i* lett]s !y wrote _! books4#bbf ,itzamna1 ( c\rse1 dates back to a mi/y antiquity1 b ! leg5d is ( value1 z %[+ t ! *>act]s us$ by ! natives did1 9 ! op9ion ( ! e>ly mission>ies1 des]ve ! "n ( lett]s4 ,fa!r ,diego ,lopez ,cogolludo is ! be/-kn[n hi/orian ( ,yucatan4 ,he liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & says himself t at t "t !re 0 little m to be le>n$ ab\t ! antiquities ( ! race4 ,he adds1 !re=e1 sub/antially no?+ to our k ( ! subject1 al?\gh he repeats1 ) positiv5ess1 ! /atem5t t ! natives 8_h *>act]s by :i* !y c\ld und]/& ea* o!r 9 writ+1 su* z ^? yet se5 9 great numb]s on ! ru9s ( _! build+s40#bbg ,?is is n v full4 ,yet we "k to a c]ta9ty t !re 7 quantities ( ^! manuscripts 9 use 9 ,yucatan = a g5]ation aft] ,cogolludo wrote4 ,to be sure1 ^? 9 ! ,*ri/ianiz$ di/ricts _h be5 de/roy$1 :]ev] ! prie/s c\ld lay _! h&s on !m2 b 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! p59sula1 on ! isl&s ( ,lake ,pet5 & adjo9+ t]ritory1 ! p[]ful *ief1 ,canek1 rul$ a l>ge indep5d5t tribe ( ,itzas4 ,!y _h remov$ f ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ! p59sula some:]e ab\t #adej1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! w>s :i* foll[$ ! dissolution ( ! conf$]acy ^: capital 0 ! anci5t city ( ,mayapan4 ,_! language 0 pure ,maya1 & !y _h br\ght ) !m 9 _! migration1 z "o ( _! greate/ treasures1 ! sacr$ books :i* conta9$ _! anci5t hi/ory1 _! cal5d> & ritual1 & ! prophecies ( _! future fate4 ,9 ! ye> #afig !y 7 attack$ by ! ,spani>ds1 "u ,g5]al ,don ,m>t9 de ,ursua2 _! capital1 on ! isl& ( ,flores1 9 ,lake ,pet51 tak5 by /orm2 great numb]s ( !m slaught]$ or driv5 into ! lake to dr[n1 & ! tw5ty-"o temples :i* 7 on ! isl& raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,a m9ute & tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ^! ev5ts has be5 giv5 by ,don ,juan de ,villaguti]re ,soto-,mayor1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* occur sev]al ref]5ces to ! sacr$ books1 :i* he calls ,analts4 ,! k+ ,canek1 he tells u1 9 read+ 9 8 ,analts1 _h f\nd notices ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,yucatan & ( ! fact t 8 pr$ecessors _h come !nce1 & _h communicat$ ^! n>ratives to 8 *iefs4#bbh ,^! books are describ$ z %[+ 8c]ta9 *>act]s & figures1 pa9t$ on c]ta9 b>ks ( trees1 ea* leaf or tablet ab\t a qu>t] 7( a y>d7 wide1 & ( ! ?ickness ( a piece ( eight1 fold$ at "o edge & ! o!r 9 ! mann] ( a scre51 call$ by !m ,analtehes40#bbi ,:5 ! isl& ( ,flores 0 captur$ ^! books 7 f\nd /or$ 9 ! h\se ( ! k+ ,canek1 conta9+ ! acc\nt ( all t _h happ5$ to ! tribe4#bcj ,:at disposition 0 made ( !m we are n in=m$4 ,i h res]v$ until n[ a discussion ( ! description ( ! ,maya writ+ pres5t$ 9 ! well-kn[n "w ( ,diego de ,l&a1 ! second bi%op ( ,yucatan4 ,l&a arriv$ 9 ! prov9ce 9 ,augu/1 #aedi1 & di$ 9 ,april1 #aegi1 hav+ pass$ mo/ ( ! int]v5+ ?irty ye>s !re 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 religi\s duties4 ,he became well acqua9t$ ) ! language1 :i*1 = t matt]1 is a comp>atively easy "o1 & ?\gh h>%1 illib]al1 & bitt]ly fanatic1 he paid a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion to ! arts1 religion1 & hi/ory ( ! anci5t inhabitants4 ,! notes t he made 7 copi$ aft] 8 dea? & rea*$ ,spa91 :]e !y are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid4 ,9 #ahfd !y 7 publi%$ at ,p>is1 ) a ,fr5* translation1 by ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg74 ,( all writ]s ,l&a comes ! ne>e/ tell+ u h[ ! ,mayas us$ _! sy/em ( writ+2 b1 un=tunately1 he also is s sup]ficial & obscure t 8 words h giv5 rise to v errone\s !ories4 ,8 description runs z foll[s3 8,?is p also us$ c]ta9 *>act]s or lett]s1 ) :i* !y wrote 9 _! books _! anci5t matt]s & _! sci5ces1 & ) !m 7i4 e41 ) _! *>act]s or lett]s71 & figures 7i4 e41 draw+s or pictures71 & "s signs 9 ! figures1 !y und]/ood _! matt]s1 & c\ld expla9 !m & tea* !m4 ,we f\nd great numb]s 9 ^! lett]s1 b z !y conta9$ no?+ t did n savor ( sup]/ition & lies ( ! devil1 we burnt !m all1 at :i* ! natives griev$ mo/ ke5ly & 7 greatly pa9$4 8,i w give "h an a1 b1 c1 z _! clums9ess does n all[ m1 because !y use "o "* = all ! aspirations ( ! lett]s1 & = m>k+ ! p>ts ano!r1 & ?us x c\ld g on 9 inf9itum1 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ example4 ,le means a noose & to hunt ) "o2 to write 9 _! *>act]s1 aft] we _h made !m und]/& t !re are two lett]s1 !y wrote x ) ?ree1 giv+ to ! aspiration ( ! l ! v[el 1 :i* x c>ries be=e x2 & 9 ?is !y are n wrong s to use x1 if !y wi% to1 9 _! curi\s mann]4 ,aft] ?is !y add to ! end ! comp\nd "p40#bca ,i ne$ n pursue ! quotation4 ,! above words %[ cle>ly t ! natives did n 9 _! me?od ( writ+ analyze a ^w to its primitive phonetic elem5ts4 8,?is10 said ! bi%op1 8we _h to d = !m40 ,!re=e !y did n h an alphabet 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w z we use x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally cle>1 f 8 words & examples1 t !y _h figures :i* repres5t$ s\nds1 & t !y comb9$ ^! & add$ a det]m9ative or an ideogram to repres5t words or phrases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,fac ,simile ( ,l&a's ,manuscript4 ,! alphabet :i* he ins]ts has be5 engrav$ & pr9t$ sev]al times1 b n[h]e ) ! fidelity desirable = s important a monum5t 9 ,am]ican ar*ology4 ,= t reason ,i ins]t a photographic reproduction ( x f ! orig9al ,,ms4 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,academia de la ,hi/oria ( ,madrid4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is ) ! alphabet z giv5 9 ,brasseur's edition ( ,l&a discloses sev]al v>iations ( importance4 ,?us ! ,abb places ! fir/ =m ( ! lett] ,c horizontally in/ead ( upright4 ,aga9 9 ! ,,ms41 ! two figures = ! lett] ,u /&1 ! fir/ at ! end ( "o l9e1 ! second at ! beg9n+ ( ! next4 ,f _! /rong analogy ) ! sign ( ! sky at night1 ,i am ( op9ion t !y belong toge!r z memb]s ( "o composite sign1 n sep>ately z ,brasseur gives !m4 ,bo? 9 x & 9 ! inscriptions1 manuscripts1 & pa9t+s ! =ms ( ! lett]s are r\nd$1 & a r[ ( !m pres5ts ! outl9es ( a numb] ( pebbles cut 9 two4 ,h5ce ! sy/em ( writ+ has be5 call$ 8calculi=m10 f calculus1 a pebble4 ,! expression has be5 criticis$1 b ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,fr/emann 9 ?9k+ x a v appropriate "o4 ,x 0 sugge/$1 ,i believe1 by ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg74 ,?is alphabet ( c\rse1 c n be us$ z ! ,lat9 a1 b1 c4 ,x is surpris+ t any s*ol> %\ld h ev] ?\ght s4 ,x w\ld be an exception1 ev5 a contradiction1 to ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( human intellig5ce1 to f9d su* an alphabet among nations ( ! /age ( cultivation ( ! ,mayas or ,aztecs4 ,! sev]e/ criticism :i* ,l&a's figures h met has be5 f ,dr4 ,phillip ,j4 ,j4 ,val5t9i4 ,he discov]$ t _m ( ! s\nds ( ! ,spani% alphabet 7 repres5t$ by signs or pictures ( objects ^: names 9 ! ,maya beg9 ) t s\nd4 ,?us he supposes t ,l&a ask$ an ,indian to write 9 ! native "* ! ,spani% lett] a1 & ! ,indian drew an obsidian knife1 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,val5t9i1 is 9 ! ,maya a*2 9 o!r words1 x beg9s ) ! v[el a4 ,s = ! s\nd ki1 ! ,indian gave ! sign ( ! day nam$ k9i*4 ,su* is ,dr4 ,val5t9i's !ory ( ! =mation ( ,l&a's alphabet2 & n satisfi$ ) la%+ ) consid]able %>pness ^? :o h endeavor$ by its aid to deciph] ! manuscripts & mural inscriptions1 he goes s f> z to t]m x 8a ,spani% fabrication40 ,i %all n ent] into a close exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,val5t9i's suppos$ id5tification ( ^! figures4 ,x is evid5t t x has be5 done by runn+ ov] ! ,maya diction>y to f9d "s ^w beg9n+ ) ! lett] "u criticism1 ! figurative repres5tation ( :i* ^w might be> "s resemblance to ,l&a's lett]4 ,:5 ! ,maya fails1 su* a ^w is s\ght = 9 ! ,ki*e or o!r dialect ( ! /ock2 & ! resemblances ( ! pictures to ! suppos$ orig9als are sometimes greatly /ra9$4 ,b ,i pass by ^! dubi\s me?ods ( criticism1 z well z sev]al lexicographic objections :i* might be rais$4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t ,dr4 ,val5t9i is n wrong 9 a numb] ( 8 id5tifications4 ,b ! conclusion ,i draw is a diff]5t "o4 ,in/ead ( prov+ t ?is is picture-writ+1 x indicates t ! ,mayas us$ ! second or high] grade ( phonetic syllabic writ+1 :i*1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 has be5 %[n by ,m4 ,aub9 to h be5 develop$ to "s ext5t by ! ,aztecs 9 "s ( _! hi/ories & connect$ compositions 7see above1 page #bca74 ,!re=e ! importance & au!nticity ( ,l&a's alphabet are1 ,i ?9k1 v9dicat$ by ?is attempt to treat x z a 8fabrication40#bcb ,l&a also gives "s int]e/+ details ab\t _! books4 ,he writes3 8,! sci5ces t !y taught 7 ! reckon+ ( ! ye>s1 mon?s1 & days1 ! fea/s & c]emonies1 ! adm9i/ration ( _! sacram5ts1 ! fatal days & seasons1 _! me?ods ( div9ation & prophecies1 ev5ts ab\t to happ51 rem$ies = diseases1 _! anci5t hi/ory1 toge!r ) ! art ( read+ & writ+ _! books ) *>act]s :i* 7 writt51 & pictures :i* repres5t$ ! ?+s writt54 8,!y wrote _! books on a l>ge %eet d\bl$ into folds1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds inclos$ betwe5 two bo>ds1 :i* !y decorat$ h&somely4 ,!y 7 writt5 f side to side 9 columns1 z !y 7 fold$4 ,!y manufactur$ ?is pap] f ! root ( a tree & gave x a :ite surface on :i* "o c\ld write4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal nobles cultivat$ ^! sci5ces out ( a ta/e = !m1 & al?\gh !y did n make public use ( !m1 z did ! prie/s1 yet !y 7 ! m highly e/eem$ = ?is k40#bcc ,f ! above extracts f ,spani% writ]s we may inf] t-- #a4 ,! ,maya graphic sy/em 0 recogniz$ f ! fir/ to be di/9ct f ! ,mexican4 #b4 ,x 0 a hi]oglyphic sy/em1 kn[n only to ! prie/s & a few nobles4 #c4 ,x 0 employ$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 prom95t among :i* 0 ! pres]vation ( _! hi/ory & cal5d>4 #d4 ,x 0 a composite sy/em1 conta9+ pictures 7figuras71 ideograms 7c>act]es71 & phonetic signs 7letras74 #c4--,ref]5ces f ,native ,s\rces4 ,we might reasonably expect t ! ,maya language %\ld conta9 t]ms relat+ to _! books & writ+s :i* w\ld ?r[ light on _! me?ods4 ,s1 no d\bt1 x did4 ,b x 0 a "p ( ! n>r[ & cru%+ policy ( ! mission>ies n only to de/roy ev]y?+ t relat$ to ! times ( hea!ndom1 b ev5 to drop all words :i* ref]r$ to anci5t usages4 ,h5ce ! diction>ies are m /]ile 9 ?is respect ?an we might h suppos$4 ,! v]b 8to write0 is dzib1 :i* l ! ,greek 1 meant also to draw & to pa9t4 ,f ?is are d]iv$ ! t]ms dziban1 some?+ writt52 dzibal1 a signature1 etc4 ,ano!r ^w1 mean+ to write1 or to pa9t 9 black1 is zabac4 ,z a n\n1 ?is 0 9 anci5t times appli$ to a black fluid extract$ f ! zabac*e1 a species ( tree1 & us$ = dye+ & pa9t+4 ,9 ! s5se ( 8to write10 zabac is no long] f\nd 9 ! language1 & in/ead ( its old mean+1 x n[ ref]s to ord9>y ink4 ,! ^w = lett] or "* is uooh4 ,?is is a primitive root f\nd ) ! same or a closely alli$ mean+ 9 o!r bran*es ( ?is l+ui/ic /ock1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,ki* & ,cak*iquel4 ,z a v]b1 pret4 uoo?1 fut4 uoot1 x also means to =m lett]s1 to write2 & f ! passive =m1 uoohal1 we h ! p>ticipial n\n1 uoohan1 some?+ writt51 a manuscript4 ,! ord9>y ^w = book1 pap]1 or lett]1 is huun1 9 :i* ! aspirate is almo/ mute1 & is dropp$ 9 ! =ms d5ot+ possession1 z u uun1 my book1 yuunil ,dios1 ! book ( ,god1 il be+ ! s-call$ 8det]m9ative0 end+4 ,x occurs to me z n unlikely t uun1 book1 is a syncopat$ =m ( uoohan1 some?+ writt51 giv5 above4 ,to read a book is xo*un1 lit]ally to c\nt a book4 ,accord+ to ,villaguti]re ,soto-,mayor1 ! "n ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,itzas 0 analt4 ,9 ! pr9t$ ,diccion>io de la ,l5gua ,maya1 by ,don ,juan ,pio ,p]ez1 ?is is spell$ anaht1 :i* seems to be a lat] =m4 ,! t]m is n f\nd 9 sev]al e>ly ,maya diction>ies 9 my possession1 ( dates previ\s to #agjj4 ,! ,abb ,brasseur inde$1 9 a note to ,l&a1 expla9s x to mean 8a book ( wood10 b x c h no su* signification4 ,p]haps x %\ld read hunilt1 ?is be+ compos$ ( hunil1 ! 8det]m9ative0 =m ( huun1 a book1 & ! t]m9ation t1 :i* add$ to n\ns1 gives !m a specific s5se1 e4 g4 amayt1 a squ>e figure1 f amay1 an angle2 tzucubl1 a prov9ce1 f tzuc1 a portion sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,x w\ld mean especially ! sacr$ or national books4 ,! p>ticul> class ( books :i* 7 occupi$ ) ! cal5d> & ! ritual 7 call$ tzolant1 :i* is a p>ticipial n\n f ! v]b tzol1 passive tzolal1 to set 9 ord]1 to arrange1 ) ! suffix t4 ,by ^! books 7 set 9 ord] & arrang$ ! v>i\s fe/ivals & fa/s4 ,:5 ! conque/ 0 an accompli%$ fact & ! prie/s _h got ! upp] h&1 ! natives did n d>e use _! anci5t *>act]s4 ,!y expos$ !mselves to ! suspicion ( h]esy & ! risk ( be+ burnt alive1 z m ?an once happ5$4 ,b _! /rong passion = lit]ature rema9$1 & !y gratifi$ x z f> z !y d>$ by writ+ 9 _! own tongue ) ! ,spani% alphabet volumes ^: cont5ts are v simil> to ^? describ$ by ,l&a4 ,a numb] ( ^! are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & (f] an int]e/+ field = antiqu>ian & l+ui/ic /udy4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i say1 !y are no long] 9 ! ,maya lett]s1 !y conta9 q a numb] ( ideograms1 z ! signs ( ! days & ! mon?s1 & occasional c>t\*es & pa9t+s1 :i* %[ t !y 7 made to resemble ! anci5t manuscripts z closely z possible4 ,!y also conta9 n infrequ5t ref]5ces to ! 8writ+0 ( ! anci5ts1 & :at are alleg$ to be extracts f ! old records1 *iefly ( a my/ic "*4 ,! same t]ms are employ$ 9 speak+ ( ! anci5t graphic sy/em z ( ! pres5t "o4 ,?us 9 "o ( !m1 kn[n z 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,*umayel10 occurs ?is phrase3 ,bay dzibanil tum5el ,evangeli/as yetel pr(eta ,balam--8z x 0 writt5 by ! ,evangeli/s1 & also by ! prophet ,balam10 ?is ,balam be+ "o ( _! own celebrat$ anci5t se]s4 ,among ! pr$ictions pres]v$ f a "t ant]ior to ! ,conque/1 !re are occasional ref]5ces to _! books & _! cont5ts4 ,i quote1 z an example1 a %ort prophecy attribut$ to ,ahkul ,*el1 8prie/ ( ! idols40 ,x is f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! olde/ ,maya manuscripts1 & is 9 all probability au!ntic1 z x conta9s no?+ :i* w\ld lead u to suppose t x 0 "o ( ! 8pi\s frauds0 ( ! mission>ies4 8,enhi cibte katune yume1 maixtan naat2 ,uatac u talel1 mac b9 ca abac tu co pop2 ,katune yume b9 uluc1 holom uil tucal ya2 ,tali ti xaman1 tali ti *ik9e2 ahk9ob uil yane yume2 ,mac to ahk91 mac to ahbobat1 b9 alic u ?an uoohe2 ,yhcil ,bolon ,ahau1 maixtan naat80 8,! "l ( ! cycle has be5 writt5 d[n1 b ye w n und]/&2 8,he has come1 :o w give ! enroll+ ( ! ye>s2 8,! "l ( ! cycle w arrive1 he w come on acc\nt ( 8 love2 8,he came f ! nor?1 f ! we/4 ,!re are prie/s1 !re are fa!rs1 8,b :at prie/1 :at prophet1 %all expla9 ! words ( ! books1 8,9 ! ,n9? ,ahau1 :i* ye w n und]/&80#bcd ,f ?is design$ly obscure *ant we p]ceive t ! anci5t prie/s inscrib$ _! pr$ictions 9 books1 :i* 7 aft]w>d expla9$ to ! p4 ,! expression b9 alic u ?an uoohe--lit]ally1 8he w speak ! words ( ! lett]s0--seems to po9t to a phonetic writ+1 b z x may be us$ 9 a figurative s5se1 ,i %all n lay /ress on x4#bce #d4--,! ,exi/+ ,codices4 ,! ^w ,codex ought to be conf9$1 9 ,am]ican ar*ology1 to manuscripts 9 ! orig9al writ+ ( ! natives4 ,"s writ]s h spok5 ( ! 8,codex ,*imalpopoca10 ! 8,codex ,zum>raga10 & ! 8,codex ,p]ez10 :i* are no?+ m ?an manuscripts ei!r 9 ! native or ,spani% tongues writt5 ) ! ,lat9 alphabet4 ,( ! ,maya ,codices kn[n1 only f\r h be5 publi%$1 :i* ,i w m5tion 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance4 ,! ,dresd5 ,codex4--,?is is an important ,maya manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,dresd54 ,h[ or :5 x came to ,europe is n kn[n4 ,x 0 obta9$ f "s unkn[n p]son 9 ,vi5na 9 #agci4 ,?is ,codex corresponds 9 size1 appe>ance1 & mann] ( fold+ to ! descriptions ( ! ,maya books :i* ,i h pres5t$ above f ,spani% s\rces4 ,x has ?irty-n9e leaves1 ?irty-five ( :i* are color$ & inscrib$ on bo? sides1 & f\r on "o side only1 s t !re are only sev5ty-f\r pages ( matt]4 ,! total l5g? ( ! %eet is #c4e met]s1 & ! height ( ea* page is #j4bie met]1 ! wid? #j4jhe met]4 ,! fir/ publication ( any portion ( ?is ,codex 0 by ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 :o _h five pages ( x copi$ = 8 "w1 ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5s des ,peuples ,indig5es de l',amrique1 issu$ at ,p>is 9 #ahac 7n #ahaj1 z ! title-page has x74 ,x 0 next v c>efully copi$ 9 full by ! ,italian arti/1 ,ago/9o ,aglio1 = ! ?ird volume ( ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's great "w on ,mexican ,antiquities1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahca4 ,f ,k+sbor\gh's "w a few pages ( ! ,codex h be5 f "t to "t republi%$ 9 o!r books1 :i* call = no special m5tion2 & two pages 7 copi$ f ! orig9al 9 ,wuttke's ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift1 ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahhj1 ! :ole 0 v admirably *romo-photograph$ by ,a4 ,naumaun's e/abli%m5t at ,leipzig1 to ! numb] ( fifty copies1 =ty ( :i* 7 plac$ on sale4 ,x is ! fir/ "w :i* 0 ev] publi%$ 9 *romo-photography1 & has1 !re=e1 a high sci5tific z well z antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,! editor 0 ,dr4 ,e4 ,fr/emann1 aulic c\nselor & libr>ian-9-*ief ( ! ,royal ,libr>y4 ,he wrote an introduction 7#ag pp4 #dto47 giv+ a hi/ory ( ! manuscript1 & bibliographical & o!r notes ^u x ( mu* value4 ,"o op9ion he def5ds mu/ n be pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,x is t ! ,dresd5 ,codex is n "o1 b p>ts ( two orig9al manuscripts writt5 by diff]5t h&s4 ,x appe>s t x has always be5 9 two unequal fragm5ts1 :i* all previ\s writ]s h attribut$ to an accid5tal injury to ! orig9al4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann gives a numb] ( reasons = believ+ t ?is is n ! correct explanation1 b t we h "h portions ( two diff]5t books1 hav+ g5]al simil>ity b also _m po9ts ( div]sity4 ,?is sep>ation l$ to an errone\s 7or p]haps errone\s7 sequ5ce ( ! pages 9 ,k+sbor\gh's edition4 ,! arti/ ,aglio took fir/ "o fragm5t & copi$ bo? sides1 & !n proce$$ to ! next "o2 & x is n c]ta9 t 9 ei!r case he beg9s ) ! fir/ page 9 ! orig9al ord] ( ! book4 ,! ,codex ,p]esianus1 or ,codex ,mexicanus1 ,no4 ,,ii1 ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is4--,?is fragm5t--= x is un=tunately no?+ m--0 discov]$ 9 #ahei by ,pr(4 ,leon de ,rosny among a mass ( old pap]s 9 ! ,national ,libr>y4 ,x consi/s ( elev5 leaves1 tw5ty-two pages1 ea* #i in*es long & #e in*es wide4 ,! writ+ is v mu* defac$1 b 0 evid5tly ( a highly arti/ic "*1 probably ! mo/ s ( any manuscript kn[n4 ,x unque/ionably belongs to ! ,maya manuscripts4 ,its orig9 is unkn[n4 ,! pap]s 9 :i* x 0 wrapp$ bore ! "n 8,p]ez10 9 a ,spani% h& ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & h5ce ! "n 8,p]esianus0 0 giv5 x4 ,by ord] ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 t5 photographic copies ( ?is ,codex1 )\t r$uction1 7 prep>$ = ! use ( s*ol>s4 ,none ( !m 7 plac$ on sale1 & s f> z ,i "k ! only "o :i* has f\nd its way to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t 9 my own libr>y4 ,an ord9>y li?ographic reproduction 0 giv5 9 ! ,ar*ives palographiques de l',ori5t et de l',amrique1 tome ,i4 7,p>is1 #ahfi-'ga74 ,! ,codex ,tro1 or ,troano4--,! publication ( ?is valuable ,codex we owe to ! en?usiasm ( ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg74 ,on 8 return f ,yucatan 9 #ahfd he visit$ ,madrid1 & f\nd ?is ,manuscript 9 ! possession ( ,don ,juan de ,tro y ,ortolano1 pr(essor ( paleography1 & himself a desc5d5t ( ,h]nan ,cortes4 ,! abb nam$ x ,troano1 z a comp\nd ( ! two names ( its own]2 b lat] writ]s (t5 cont5t !mselves by ref]r+ to x simply z ! ,codex ,tro4 ,x consi/s ( ?irty-five leaves & sev5ty pages1 ea* ( :i* is l>g] ?an a page ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 b less ?an "o ( ! ,codex ,p]esianus4 ,x 0 publi%$ by *romo-li?ography at ,p>is1 9 #ahfi1 prefac$ by a /udy on ! graphic sy/em ( ! ,mayas by ! abb1 & an attempt at a translation4 ,! reproduction1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out "u ! effici5t c>e ( ,m4 ,leonce ,angr&1 is extremely accurate4 ,! ,codex ,cortesianus4--,?is ,codex1 publi%$ at ,p>is1 #ahhc1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,pr(essor ,leon de ,rosny1 pres5ts ! close/ analogy to ! ,codex ,troano1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x probably =m$ a "p4 ,x has =ty-two leaves1 closely writt5 9 ! calculi=m "*4 ,!re is no evid5ce t x 0 br\ght to ,spa9 by ,cortes1 b f a tradition to t effect1 x has receiv$ its "n4 ,all f\r ( ^! codices 7 writt5 on pap] manufactur$ f ! leaves ( ! maguey plant1 su* z t 9 common use 9 ,mexico4 ,9 ,maya ! maguey is call$ ci1 ! v>ieties be+ di/+ui%$ by v>i\s prefixes4 ,x gr[s luxuriantly 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,yucatan1 & al?\gh ! favorite tipple ( ! anci5t inhabitants 0 mead1 !y 7 n unacqua9t$ ) ! intoxicat+ pulque1 ! liquor f ! maguey1 if we c judge f _! ^w = a drunk>d1 ci-v9ic 7v9icman74 ,! old writ]s 7 probably 9 error :5 !y spoke ( ! books be+ made ( ! b>ks ( trees2 or1 at lea/1 !y 7 n all ( t mat]ial4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,manuscripts are ! only ones :i* h be5 publi%$4 ,i %all n enum]ate ^? :i* are said to exi/ 9 private h&s4 ,s long z !y are )held f ! exam9ation ( sci5tific m5 !y c add no?+ to ! g5]al /ock ( k1 & z /atem5ts ab\t !m are n v]ifiable1 x is useless to make any4 ,9 addition to ! ,manuscripts1 we h ! mural pa9t+s & inscriptions f\nd at ,pal5que1 ,copan1 ,*i*5 ,itza1 & v>i\s ru9$ cities )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,maya-speak+ races4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ^! inscriptions4 ,!y are unque/ionably ( ! same "* z ! ,manuscripts1 al?\gh x is also easy to p]ceive v>iations1 :i* are p>tly ow+ to ! necess>y diff]5ces 9 te*nique betwe5 pa9t+ & sculpture3 p>tly1 no d\bt1 to ! sep>ation ( age & "t4 ,photographs & 8squeezes0 h reproduc$ _m ( ^! inscriptions ) entire fidelity4 ,we c also dep5d ^u ! accurate p5cil ( ,ca!rwood1 ^: del9eations h nev] be5 equall$4 ,b ! pictures ( ,waldeck & "s o!r travel]s d n des]ve any confid5ce1 & %\ld n be quot$ 9 a discussion ( ! subject4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,*ilan ,,balam4#bcf ,civilization 9 anci5t ,am]ica rose to its highe/ level among ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan4 ,n to speak ( ! ar*itectural monum5ts :i* /ill rema9 to atte/ ?is1 we h ! evid5ce ( ! e>lie/ mission>ies to ! fact t !y alone1 ( all ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w1 possess a lit]ature writt5 9 8lett]s & *>act]s10 pres]v$ 9 volumes neatly b\nd1 ! pap] manufactur$ f ! mat]ial d]iv$ f fibr\s plants1 & siz$ ) a durable :ite v>ni%4#bcg ,a few ( ^! books /ill rema91 pres]v$ to u by accid5t 9 ! great ,european libr>ies2 b mo/ ( !m 7 de/roy$ by ! monks4 ,_! cont5ts 7 f\nd to relate *iefly to ! pagan ritual1 to traditions ( ! hea!n times1 to a/rological sup]/itions1 & ! l4 ,h5ce1 !y 7 consid]$ delet]i\s1 & 7 burn$ :]ev] discov]$4 ,?is annihilation ( _! sacr$ books affect$ ! natives mo/ ke5ly1 z we are po9t$ly in=m$ by ,bi%op ,l&a1 himself "o ( ! mo/ ru?less ( ,v&als 9 ?is respect4#bch ,b already "s ( ! m intellig5t _h le>n$ ! ,spani% alphabet1 & ! mission>ies _h add$ a suffici5t numb] ( signs to x to express ) tol]able accuracy ! phonetics ( ! ,maya tongue4 ,rely+ on _! memories1 & no d\bt aid$ by "s manuscripts secretly pres]v$1 _m natives set to "w to write out 9 ?is new alphabet ! cont5ts ( _! anci5t records4 ,mu* 0 add$ :i* _h be5 br\ght 9 by ! ,europeans1 & mu* omitt$ :i* _h become un9telligible or obsolete s9ce ! ,conque/2 :ile1 ( c\rse1 ! diff]5t writ]s1 v>y+ 9 skill & k1 produc$ works ( v v>i\s m]it4 ,nev]!less1 ea* ( ^! books bore ! same "n4 ,9 :atev] village x 0 writt51 or by :atev] h&1 x always 01 & to-day /ill is1 call$ 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam40 ,to di/+ui% !m ap>t1 ! "n ( ! village :]e a copy 0 f\nd or writt51 is add$4 ,probably1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 almo/ e village _h "o1 :i* 0 treasur$ ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation4 ,b ! opposition ( ! padres to ?is k9d ( lit]ature1 ! decay ( anci5t sympa?ies1 & especially ! long w> ( races1 :i* s9ce #ahdg has desolat$ s mu* ( ! p59sula1 h de/roy$ mo/ ( !m4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 ei!r portions or descriptions ( n less ?an sixte5 ( ^! curi\s records4 ,!y are kn[n f ! names ( ! villages respectively z ! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,nabula1 ( ,*umayel1 ( ,kua1 ( ,mani1 ( ,oxkutzcab1 ( ,ixil1 ( ,tihosuco1 ( ,tixcocob1 etc41 ^! be+ ! names ( v>i\s native t[ns 9 ! p59sula4 ,:5 ,i add t n a s+le "o ( ^! has ev] be5 pr9t$1 or ev5 entirely translat$ into any ,european tongue1 x w be evid5t to e ar*ologi/ & l+ui/ :at a ri* & unexplor$ m9e ( in=mation ab\t ?is int]e/+ p !y may pres5t4 ,x is my int5tion 9 ?is article m]ely to t\* ^u a few sali5t po9ts to illu/rate ?is1 leav+ a ?or\gh discussion ( _! orig9 & cont5ts to ! future editor :o w br+ !m to ! k ( ! le>n$ _w4 ,turn+ fir/ to ! mean+ ( ! "n 8,*ilan ,balam10 x is n difficult to f9d its d]ivation4 8,*ilan10 says ,bi%op ,l&a1 ! second bi%op ( ,yucatan1 ^: description ( ! native cu/oms is an invaluable s\rce to u1 80 ! "n ( _! prie/s1 ^: duty x 0 to tea* ! sci5ces1 to appo9t holy days1 to treat ! sick1 to (f] sacrifices1 & especially to utt] ! oracles ( ! gods4 ,!y 7 s highly honor$ by ! p t usually !y 7 c>ri$ on litt]s on ! %\ld]s ( ! devotees40#bci ,/rictly speak+1 9 ,maya 8*ilan0 means 8int]pret]10 8m\?-piece10 f 8*ij10 8! m\?10 & 9 ?is ord9>y s5se frequ5tly occurs 9 o!r writ+s4 ,! ^w1 8balam0--lit]ally1 8tig]10--0 also appli$ to a class ( prie/s1 & is /ill 9 use among ! natives ( ,yucatan z ! designation ( ! protective spirits ( fields & t[ns1 z ,i h %[n at l5g? 9 a previ\s /udy ( ! ^w z x occurs 9 ! native my?s ( ,guatemala4#bdj 8,*ilan ,balam10 !re=e1 is n a prop] "n1 b a title1 & 9 anci5t times designat$ ! prie/ :o ann\nc$ ! w ( ! gods & expla9$ ! sacr$ oracles4 ,?is acc\nts = ! univ]sality ( ! "n & ! sacr$ness ( its associations4 ,! dates ( ! books :i* h come d[n to u are v>i\s4 ,"o ( !m1 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,mani10 0 und\bt$ly compos$ n lat] ?an #aeie1 z is prov$ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,v>i\s passages 9 ! works ( ,l&a1 ,lizana1 ,san*ez ,aguil> & ,cogolludo--all e>ly hi/orians ( ,yucatan--prove t _m ( ^! native manuscripts exi/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,sev]al rescripts date f ! sev5te5? c5tury1--mo/ f ! latt] half ( ! eighte5?4 ,! names ( ! writ]s are g5]ally n giv51 probably because ! books1 z we h !m1 are all copies ( old] manuscripts1 ) m]ely ! occasional addition ( curr5t items ( note by ! copyi/2 z1 = in/ance1 a malignant epidemic :i* prevail$ 9 ! p59sula 9 #afgc is m5tion$ z a pres5t occurr5ce by ! copyi/ ( 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,nabula40 ,i come n[ to ! cont5ts ( ^! curi\s works4 ,:at !y conta9 may conv5i5tly be classifi$ "u f\r head+s3 ,a/rological & prophetic matt]s2 ,anci5t *ronology & hi/ory2 ,m$ical recipes & directions2 ,lat] hi/ory & ,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,! la/-m5tion$ consi/ ( translations ( ! 8,doctr9a10 ,bible /ories1 n>ratives ( ev5ts aft] ! ,conque/1 etc41 :i* ,i %all dismiss z ( lea/ int]e/4 ,! a/rology appe>s p>tly to be rem9isc5ces ( t ( _! anci5t hea!ndom1 p>tly t borr[$ f ! ,european almanacs ( ! c5tury #aeej-afej4 ,^!1 z is well kn[n1 7 cramm$ ) pr$ictions & div9ations4 ,a c>eful analysis1 bas$ on a comp>ison ) ! ,spani% almanacs ( t "t1 w\ld d\btless reveal h[ mu* 0 tak5 f !m1 & x w\ld be fair to presume t ! rema9d] 0 a survival ( anci5t native !ories4 ,b !re are n want+ actual prophecies ( a mu* m /rik+ "*4 ,^! 7 attribut$ to ! anci5t prie/s & to a date long prec$+ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s ( !m h be5 pr9t$ 9 translations 9 ! 8,hi/orias0 ( ,lizana & ,cogolludo1 & ( "s ! orig9als 7 publi%$ by ! late ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 9 ! second volume ( ! reports ( ! 8,mission ,sci5tificque au ,mexique et dans l' ,amrique ,c5trale40 ,_! au!nticity has be5 met ) consid]able skepticism by ,waitz & o!rs1 p>ticul>ly z !y seem to pr$ict ! arrival ( ! ,*ri/ians f ! ,ea/ & ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ! cross4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is incr$ulity is uncall$ =4 ,x is kn[n t at ! close ( ea* ( _! l>g] divisions ( "t 7! s-call$ 8katuns107 a 8*ilan10 or inspir$ div9]1 utt]$ a pr$iction ( ! "* ( ! ye> or epo* :i* 0 ab\t to beg94 ,l o!r w\ld-be prophets1 he _h d\btless le>n$ t x is wis] to pr$ict evil ?an good1 inasmu* z ! probabilities ( evil 9 ?is worri$ _w ( ours outweigh ^? ( good2 & :5 ! evil comes 8 words are rememb]$ to 8 cr$it1 :ile if1 p]*ance1 8 gloomy =eca/s are n realiz$1 no "o w be> him a grudge t he has be5 at fault4 ,! temp] ( ?is p 01 moreov]1 gloomy1 & x suit$ !m to he> ( ?reat5$ dang] & de/ruction by =eign foes4 ,b1 alas6 = !m4 ,! wor/ t ! bod+ words ( ! oracle =etold 0 z no?+ to ! dire ev5t :i* ov]took !m--! de/ruction ( _! nation1 _! temples & _! fre$om1 'nea? ! iron heel ( ! ,spani% conqu]or4 ,z ! wise ,g! says3 8,seltsam i/ ,prophet5li$1 ,do* mehr seltsam 0 ges*ieht40 ,z to ! suppos$ ref]5ce to ! cross & its wor%ip1 x may be rem>k$ t ! native ^w translat$ 8cross0 by ! mission>ies1 simply means 8a piece ( wood set upright10 & may well h _h a diff]5t & special signification 9 ! old days4 ,by way ( a specim5 ( ^! prophecies1 ,i quote "o f 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,*umayel10 say+ at once t = ! translation ,i h dep5d$ ^u a comp>ison ( ! ,spani% v]sion ( ,lizana1 :o 0 bl9dly prejudic$1 & t 9 ,fr5* ( ! ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 :o knew next to no?+ ab\t ,maya1 ) ! orig9al4 ,x w be easily und]/ood1 !re=e1 t x is r a p>aphrase ?an a lit]al r5d]+4 ,! orig9al is 9 %ort1 aphori/ic s5t5ces1 & 01 no d\bt1 *ant$ ) a rude rhy?m3 8,:at "t ! sun %all brighte/ %9e1 ,te>ful w be ! eyes ( ! k+4 ,f\r ages yet %all be inscrib$1 ,!n %all come ! holy prie/1 ! holy god4 ,) grief ,i speak :at n[ ,i see4 ,wat* well ! road1 ye dwell]s ( ,itza4 ,! ma/] ( ! e>? %all come to u4 ,?us prophesies ,nahau ,pe*1 ! se]1 ,9 ! days ( ! f\r? age1 ,at ! "t ( its beg9n+40 ,su* are ! obscure & om9\s words ( ! anci5t oracle4 ,if ! date is au!ntic1 x w\ld be ab\t #adhj--! 8f\r? age0 9 ! ,maya sy/em ( comput+ "t be+ a p]iod ( ei!r tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r ye>s at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( little importance :e!r ^! are accurate copies ( ! anci5t prophecies2 !y rema91 at lea/1 fai?ful imitations ( !m1 compos$ 9 ! same _s & =m :i* ! native prie/s 7 wont to employ4 ,a numb] are giv5 mu* long] ?an ! above1 & conta9+ v>i\s curi\s ref]5ces to anci5t usages4 ,ano!r value !y h 9 common ) all ! re/ ( ! text ( ^! books1 & x is "o :i* w be prop]ly appreciat$ by any /ud5t ( languages4 ,!y are1 by common cons5t ( all compet5t au?orities1 ! g5u9e productions ( native m9ds1 ca/ 9 ! idiomatic =ms ( ! native tongue by ^? born to its use4 ,no matt] h[ flu5t a =eign] becomes 9 a language n 8 own1 he c nev] use x z does "o :o has be5 famili> ) x f *ildhood4 ,?is g5]al maxim is t5-fold true :5 we apply x to a ,european le>n+ an ,am]ican language4 ,! fl[ ( ?\ght1 z exhibit$ 9 ^! two l+ui/ic families1 is 9 su* diff]5t directions t no am\nt ( practice c r5d] "o equally accurate 9 bo?4 ,h5ce ! importance ( /udy+ a tongue z x is employ$ by natives2 & h5ce ! v high e/imate ,i place on ^! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 z l+ui/ic mat]ial--an e/imate mu* increas$ by ! great r>ity ( indep5d5t compositions 9 _! own tongues by memb]s ( ! native races ( ?is cont95t4 ,i n[ approa* :at ,i consid] ! peculi> value ( ^! records1 ap>t f ! l+ui/ic m\ld 9 :i* !y are ca/2 & t is ! light !y ?r[ ^u ! *ronological sy/em & anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,mayas4 ,to a limit$ ext5t1 ?is has already be5 br\ght be=e ! public4 ,! late ,don ,pio ,p]ez gave to ,mr4 ,/eph5s1 :5 9 ,yucatan1 an essay on ! me?od ( comput+ "t among ! anci5t ,mayas1 & also a brief synopsis ( ,maya hi/ory1 app>5tly go+ back to ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,bo? 7 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5s 9 ! app5dix to 8 8,travels 9 ,yucatan10 & h appe>$ repeat$ly s9ce 9 ,engli%1 ,spani% & ,fr5*4#bda ,!y h1 up to ! pres5t1 con/itut$ almo/ our sole s\rces ( in=mation on ^! int]e/+ po9ts4 ,don ,pio ,p]ez 0 r vague z to :5ce he d]iv$ 8 k4 ,he ref]s to 8anci5t manuscripts10 8old au?orities10 & ! l2 b1 z ! ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg ju/ly compla9s1 he r>ely quotes _! words1 & gives no descriptions z to :at !y 7 or h[ he ga9$ access to !m4#bdb ,9 fact1 ! :ole ( ,seor ,p]ez's in=mation 0 d]iv$ f ^! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam20 & )\t wi%+ at all to detract f 8 reputation z an antiqu>y & a ,maya s*ol>1 ,i am oblig$ to say t he has dealt ) !m z s*ol>s s (t5 d ) _! au?orities2 t is1 hav+ fram$ 8 !ories1 he quot$ :at he f\nd 9 _! favor & neglect$ to ref] to :at he obs]v$ 0 aga9/ !m4 ,?us1 x is a c>d9al "q 9 ,yucatecan ar*ology z to :e!r ! epo* or age by :i* ! great cycle 7! ahau katun17 0 reckon$1 embrac$ tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,contr>y to all ! ,spani% au?orities1 ,p]ez decl>$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 support+ himself by 8! manuscripts40 ,x is true !re are ?ree ( ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0--^? ( ,mani1 ,kua & ,oxkutzcab1--:i* are di/9ctly 9 favor ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are f\r or five o!rs :i* are cle>ly = ! p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 & ( ^! ,don ,p]ez said no?+1 al?\gh copies ( m ?an "o ( !m 7 9 8 libr>y4 ,s ( ! epo*s1 or katuns1 ( ,maya hi/ory2 !re are ?ree or m copies 9 ^! books :i* he does n seem to h comp>$ ) ! "o he furni%$ ,/eph5s4 ,8 labor w h to be repeat$ accord+ to ! me?ods ( mod]n criticism1 & ) ! additional mat]ial obta9$ s9ce he wrote4 ,ano!r valuable feature 9 ^! records is ! h9ts !y furni% ( ! hi]oglyphic sy/em ( ! ,mayas4 ,almo/ our only au?ority h]et(ore has be5 ! essay ( ,l&a4 ,x has suff]$ some:at 9 cr$it because we _h no means ( v]ify+ 8 /atem5ts & comp>+ ! *>act]s he gives4 ,dr4 ,val5t9i has ev5 gone s f> z to attack "s ( 8 ass]tions z 8fabrications40 ,?is is an am\nt ( skepticism :i* exce$s bo? ju/ice & probability4 ,! *ronological portions ( ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 are p>tly writt5 ) ! anci5t signs ( ! days1 mon?s & epo*s1 & !y furni% u1 also1 del9eations ( ! 8:eels0 :i* ! natives us$ = comput+ "t4 ,! =m] are s important to ! /ud5t ( ,maya hi]oglyphics1 t ,i h add$ photographic reproductions ( !m to ?is pap]1 giv+ also repres5tations ( ^? ( ,l&a = comp>ison4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! signs ( ! days are di/9ctly simil> 9 ! majority ( cases1 b t ^? ( ! mon?s are h>dly alike4 ,! hi]oglyphs ( ! days tak5 f ! 8,codex ,troano10 an anci5t ,maya book writt5 be=e ! ,conque/1 probably ab\t #adjj1 are also add$ to illu/rate ! v>iations :i* occurr$ 9 ! h&s ( diff]5t scribes4 ,^? f ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 are copi$ f a manuscript kn[n to ,maya s*ol>s z ! 8,codice ,p]ez10 ( und\bt$ au!nticity & antiquity4#bdc ,! result ( ! comp>ison ,i ?us in/itute is a triumphant refutation ( ! d\bts & slurs :i* h be5 ca/ on ,bi%op ,l&a's "w1 & v9dicate = x a v high degree ( accuracy4 ,! hi]oglyphics = ! mon?s are q complicat$1 & 9 ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 are rudely drawn2 b1 = all t1 two or ?ree ( !m are evid5tly id5tical ) ^? 9 ! cal5d> pres]v$ by ,l&a4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,pr(essor de ,rosny express$ himself 9 great d\bt z to ! fidelity 9 ! trac+ ( ^! hi]oglyphs ( ! mon?s1 pr9cipally because he c\ld n f9d !m 9 ! two codices at 8 comm&4#bdd ,z he obs]ves1 !y are composite signs1 & ?is goes to expla9 ! discrepancy2 = x may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$ t ! ,maya script p]mitt$ ! use ( sev]al signs = ! same s\nd1 & ! sculptor or scribe 0 n oblig$ to repres5t ! same ^w always by ! same figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,signs ( ! ,mon?s1 f ! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,*umayel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,signs ( ! ,mon?s1 z giv5 by ,bi%op ,l&a4 ,9 close relation to *ronology is ! sy/em ( num]ation & ari?metical signs4 ,^! are discuss$ ) consid]able fulness1 especially 9 ! 8,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,kua40 ,! num]als are repres5t$ by exactly ! same figures z we f9d 9 ! ,maya manuscripts ( ! libr>ies ( ,dresd51 ,pe/h1 ,p>is & ,madrid2 t is1 by po9ts or dots up to five1 & ! fives by s+le /raight l9es1 :i* may be indiscrim9ately drawn v]tically or horizontally4 ,! same book conta9s a table ( multiplication 9 ,spani% & ,maya1 :i* settles "s disput$ po9ts 9 ! use ( ! vigesimal sy/em by ! ,mayas4 ,a curi\s *apt] 9 sev]al ( ! books1 especially ^? ( ,kua & ,mani1 is t on ! ?irte5 ahau katuns1 or epo*s1 ( ! great] cycle ( ! ,mayas4 ,?is cycle embrac$ ?irte5 p]iods1 :i*1 z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 are comput$ by "s at tw5ty ye>s ea*1 by o!rs at tw5ty-f\r ye>s ea*4 ,ea* ( ^! katuns 0 presid$ ov] by a *ief or k+1 t be+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ahau4 ,! books above m5tion$ give bo? ! "n & ! portrait1 drawn & color$ by ! rude h& ( ! native arti/1 ( ea* ( ^! k+s1 & !y sugge/ sev]al int]e/+ analogies4 ,!y are1 9 ! fir/ place1 id5tical1 ) "o exception1 ) ^? on an anci5t native pa9t+1 an engrav+ ( :i* is giv5 by ,fa!r ,cogolludo 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,yucatan10 & expla9$ by him z ! repres5tation ( an occurr5ce :i* took place aft] ! ,spani>ds arriv$ 9 ! p59sula4 ,evid5tly1 ! native 9 ^: h&s ! wor?y fa!r f\nd x1 fe>+ t he p>took ( ! fanaticism :i* _h l$ ! mission>ies to ! de/ruction ( s _m records ( _! nation1 deceiv$ him z to its purport1 & gave him an explanation :i* imp>t$ to ! scroll ! "* ( a h>mless hi/ory4 ,! "o exception is ! la/ or ?irte5? *ief4 ,cogolludo app5ds to ?is ! "n ( an ,indian :o probably did fall a victim to 8 fri5d%ip to ! ,spani>ds4 ,?is "n1 z a sort ( gu>antee = ! re/ ( 8 /ory1 ! native scribe ins]t$ 9 place ( ! g5u9e "o4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! figure is t x has an arr[ or dagg] driv5 into its eye4 ,n only is ?is m5tion$ by ,cogolludo's in=mant1 b x is repres5t$ 9 ! pa9t+s 9 bo? ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 above not$1 & also1 by a =tunate co9cid5ce1 9 "o ( ! cal5d> pages ( ! 8,codex ,troano10 plate xxiii41 9 a rem>kable c>t\*e1 :i*1 f a :olly indep5d5t c\rse ( reason+1 0 "s "t s9ce id5tifi$ by ! well-kn[n antiqu>y1 ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas1 ( ,ill9ois1 z a c>t\*e ( "o ( ! ahau katuns1 & probably ( ! la/ ( !m4 ,x gives me mu* pleasure to add su* conclusive pro( ( ! sagacity ( 8 supposition4#bde ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,days4 ,! fir/ column on ! "r is f ,l&a4 ,! second is f ! 8,codex ,troano40 ,! rema9+ f\r are f ! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam ( ,kua4 ,!re is o!r evid5ce to %[ t ! engrav+ 9 ,cogolludo is a relic ( ! pure/ anci5t ,maya symbolism--"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u2 b to ent] ^u its explanation 9 ?is connection w\ld be too f> f my pres5t topic4 ,a favorite !me ) ! writ]s ( ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 0 ! cure ( diseases4 ,bi%op ,l&a expla9s ! 8*ilanes0 z 8sorc]]s & doctors10 & adds t "o ( _! prom95t duties 0 to diagnose diseases & po9t out _! appropriate rem$ies4#bdf ,z we might expect1 !re=e1 consid]able prom95ce is giv5 to ! description ( symptoms & sugge/ions = _! alleviation4 ,ble$+ & ! adm9i/ration ( prep>ations ( native plants are ! usual prescriptions2 b !re are o!rs :i* h probably be5 borr[$ f "s dome/ic m$ic9e-book ( ,european orig94 ,! late ,don ,pio ,p]ez gave a great deal ( att5tion to collect+ ^! native recipes1 & 8 manuscripts 7 c>efully exam9$ by ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 :o comb9$ all ! necess>y k1 botanical1 l+ui/ic & m$ical1 & :o has left a l>ge manuscript1 entitl$ 8,recet>ios de ,indios10 :i* pres5ts ! subject fully4 ,he consid]s ! sci5tific value ( ^! rem$ies to be next to no?+1 & ! language 9 :i* !y are record$ to be di/9ctly inf]ior to t ( ! rema9d] ( ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam40 ,h5ce1 he believes t ?is portion ( ! anci5t records 0 supplant$ "s "t 9 ! la/ c5tury by m$ical notions introduc$ f ,european s\rces4 ,su*1 9 fact1 is ! /atem5t ( ! copyi/s ( ! books !mselves1 z ^! recipes1 etc41 are sometimes f\nd 9 a sep>ate volume1 entitl$ 8,! ,book ( ! ,jew10--,el ,libro del ,judio4 ,:o ?is alleg$ ,jewi% physician 01 :o left s widespread & durable a r5[n among ! ,yucatecan natives1 none ( ! ar*ologi/s has be5 able to f9d out4#bdg ,! language & /yle ( mo/ ( ^! books are aphori/ic1 elliptical & obscure4 ,! ,maya language has naturally und]gone consid]able alt]ation s9ce !y 7 writt52 !re=e1 ev5 to compet5t read]s ( ord9>y ,maya1 !y are n readily intelligible4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re are 9 exi/5ce excell5t diction>ies1 :i*1 7 !y publi%$1 w\ld be suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,,on ,,! 8,,/one ,,( ,,! ,,giants40#bdh ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ?is ,society1 a photograph 0 receiv$ ( ! ,pi$ra de los ,gigantes1 or 8,/one ( ! ,giants10 n[ situat$ at ,escamela1 ne> ! city ( ,orizaba1 ,mexico4 ,x 0 oblig+ly =w>d$ by ! ,mexican antiqu>y1 ,fa!r ,damaso ,sotomayor1 & 0 ref]r$ by ! ,society to me = a possible int]pretation ( ! figures repres5t$4 ,! s5d] accompani$ ! envoy ) a copy ( a newspap] publi%$ 9 ,orizaba1 entitl$ ,el ,siglo que ,acaba1 :i* conta9$ a l5g?y int]pretation ( ! figure by ,fa!r ,sotomayor 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w on ! deciph]m5t ( ,aztec hi]oglyphics4#bdi ,! ,fa!r sees 9 ! inscrib$ figures a my/ical allusion to ! com+ ( ,*ri/ to ! ,g5tiles1 & to ! occurr5ces suppos$ 9 ,hebrew my? to h tak5 place 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,z ,i _c agree 9 ! remote/ ) 8 hypo!sis1 ,i %all say no?+ fur!r ab\t x1 b proce$ to give :at ,i consid] ! true significance ( ! inscrib$ figures4 ,i %\ld preface my rem>ks by m5tion+ t ?is /one is n a rec5t discov]y 9 ,mexican ar*ology4 ,x 0 exam9$ by ,capta9 ,dupaix 9 ! ye> #ahjh1 & is figur$ 9 ! illu/rations to 8 volum9\s n>rative4#bej ,! figure he gives is h[ev] s errone\s t x yields b a fa9t idea ( ! real "* & mean+ ( ! draw+4 ,x omits ! ornam5t on ! brea/1 & also ! l9es along ! "r ( ! giant's face1 :i* z ,i %all %[ are di/9ctive traits4 ,x gives him a girdle :]e none is del9eat$1 & ! relative size & proportions ( all ! ?ree figures are q di/ort$4 ,dupaix in=ms u1 h[ev]1 ( sev]al p>ticul>s :i* ! ,rev4 ,sotomayor omitt$ to /ate4 ,f ! =m]'s description we le>n t ! /one1 or r rock1 on :i* ! inscription is f\nd is r\ghly triangul> 9 %ape1 pres5t+ a ne>ly /raight bord] ( ?irty feet on ea* side4 ,x is h>d & uni=m 9 texture1 & ( a d>k color4 ,! l5g? or height ( ! pr9cipal figure is tw5ty-sev5 feet1 & ! incis$ l9es :i* designate ! v>i\s objects are deeply & cle>ly cut4 ,9 ! pres5t position ( ! /one1 :i* is ! same z t /at$ by ,capta9 ,dupaix1 ! head ( ! pr9cipal figure1 call$ 8! giant10 lies t[>d ! ea/1 :ile ! "r h& is ext5d$ t[>d ! nor? & ! left t[>d ! we/4 ,x is op5 to d\bt :e!r ?is disposition 0 accid5tal or int5tional1 z !re is reason to believe t ! /one is n n[ 9 its orig9al position1 or n 9 t = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,along ! base ( ! /one1 :i* is 9 ?ickness "s five feet1 at ! feet ( ! giant1 !re are a s]ies ( figures inscrib$ :i* are n[ almo/ oblit]at$2 at lea/ ! photographs s5t ! ,society give no cle> idea ( !m1 & ! cuts ( ,dupaix are pla9ly = ! mo/ "p fanciful4 ,_! pres5ce !re1 h[ev]1 proves t ! block 0 n int5d$ to h be5 set up on edge1 or ins]t$ v]tically into a wall1 z ei!r ( ^! arrangem5ts w\ld h obscur$ ^! hi]oglyphs4#bea ,i n[ approa* ! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions4 ,any "o v]s$ 9 ! signs ( ! ,mexican cal5d> w at once p]ceive t x conta9s ! date ( a c]ta9 ye> & day4 ,on ! left ( ! giant is se5 a rabbit surr\nd$ ) t5 circul> depressions4 ,^! depressions are ! well-kn[n ,aztec m>ks = num]als1 & ! rabbit repres5ts "o ( ! f\r a/ronomic signs by :i* !y adju/$ _! *ronologic cycle ( fifty-two ye>s4 ,! ?ree o!rs 7 a h\se1 a re$1 & a fl9t4 ,ea* "o ( ^! recurr$ ?irte5 times 9 _! cycle1 mak+1 z ,i h said1 a t]m ( fifty-two ye>s 9 all4 ,a ye> 0 designat$ by "o ( ! f\r names ) its appropriate numb]2 z 8#c h\se10 8#ab fl9t10 8#d re$10 etc41 ! sequ5ce be+ regul>ly pres]v$4 ,! days 7 arrang$ 9 zones or weeks ( tw5ty1 ! diff]5t s]ies be+ numb]$1 & also nam$ f a sequ5ce ( eighte5 a/ronomical signs call$ 8w9d10 8liz>d10 8snake10 8de]10 etc4 ,! five days lack+ to complete ! #cfe 7 int]calat$4 ,a second or ritual sy/em _h ?irte5 weeks ( tw5ty days ea*2 b z ?irte5 times tw5ty makes only two hundr$ & sixty1 9 ?is computation !re rema9$ #aje days to be nam$ & numb]$4 ,_! device to accompli% ?is 0 simple3 !y m]ely recomm5c$ ! numb]+ & nam+ ( ! weeks = ?is rema9d]1 add+ a ?ird s]ies ( appellations drawn f a li/ ( n9e signs1 call$ 8rul]s ( ! night40 ,at ! close ( ! sol> ye> !y recomm5c$ z at ! beg9n+ ( ! previ\s ye>4#beb ,) ^! facts 9 our m9d1 we c approa* our task ) confid5ce4 ,! /one be>s a c>efully dat$ record1 ) ! ye> & day cle>ly set =?4 ,! ye> is repres5t$ to ! left ( ! figure1 & is t numb]$ 8t50 "u ! sign ( ! rabbit1 9 ,nahuatl1 xihuitl matlac? to*tli2 ! day ( ! ye> is numb]$ 8"o0 "u ! sign ( ! fi%1 ce cipactli4 ,^! precise dates recurr$ once1 & only once1 e fifty-two ye>s2 & _h recurr$ only once betwe5 ! ye> ( our era #adej & ! ,spani% conque/ ( ,mexico 9 #aeai-bj4 ,we may beg9 our inve/igations ) t "o epo*1 z f o!r circum/ances1 su* z local tradition#bec & ! "* ( ! "w1 x is n likely t ! inscription 0 previ\s to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,)9 ! p]iod nam$1 ! ye> 8#aj rabbit0 ( ! ,aztec cal5d> correspond$ ) ! ye> #aejb ( ! ,gregorian cal5d>4 ,x is m difficult to fix ! day1 z ! ma!matical problems relat+ to ! ,aztec diurnal reckon+s are extremely complicat$1 & h n yet be5 satisfactorily work$ out2 b x is1 ,i ?9k1 safe to say1 t accord+ to bo? ! mo/ probable computations ! day 8"o fi%0--ce cipactli--occurr$ 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> #aejb1 :i* mon? co9cid$ 9 :ole or 9 "p ) our ,febru>y4 ,su* is ! date on ! inscription4 ,n[1 :at is intimat$ to h occurr$ on t date8 ,! clue to ?is is furni%$ by ! figure ( ! giant4 ,on look+ at x closely we p]ceive t x repres5ts an ogre ( horrid mi5 ) a dea?-head gr9 & =midable tee?1 8 hair wild & long1 ! locks fall+ d[n ^u ! neck2 & susp5d$ on ! brea/ z an ornam5t is ! bone ( a human l[] jaw ) its incisor tee?4 ,! left leg is ?r[n =w>d z 9 ! act ( walk+1 & ! arms are uplift$1 ! h&s op51 & ! f+]s ext5d$1 z at ! mom5t ( seiz+ ! prey or ! victim4 ,! l9es ab\t ! umbilicus repres5t ! knot ( ! girdle :i* support$ ! maxtli or bree*-clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ,/one ( ! ,giants4 ,!re is no d\bt z to :i* p]sonage ( ! ,aztec pan!on ?is fe>-inspir+ figure repres5ts2 x is ,tzontemoc ,mictlantecutli1 8! ,"l ( ! ,realm ( ! ,dead1 ,he ( ! ,fall+ ,hair10 ! dread god ( dea? & ! dead4#bed ,8 di/9ctive m>ks are !re1 ! dea?-head1 ! fall+ hair1 ! jaw bone1 ! t]rible aspect1 ! giant size4 ,!re c be no "q b t ! ,pi$ra de los ,gigantes e/abli%es a date ( dea?2 t x is a necrological tablet1 a mortu>y monum5t1 & f its size & workman%ip1 t x 0 int5d$ z a memorial ( ! decease ( "s v important p]sonage 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,provid$ ) ^! d$uctions f ! /one itself1 let u turn to ! records ( old ,mexico & see if !y corroborate ! op9ion /at$4 ,=tunately we possess sev]al ( ^! v5]able docum5ts1 *ronicles ( ! empire be=e ,cortes de/roy$ x1 writt5 9 ! hi]oglyphs :i* ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! natives _h devis$4 ,tak+ two ( ^! *ronicles1 ! "o kn[n z ! ,codex ,tell]iano-,rem5sis1 ! o!r z ! ,codex ,vaticanus1#bee & turn+ to ! ye> numb]$ 8t50 "u ! sign ( ! rabbit1 ,i f9d t bo? pres5t ! same record1 :i* ,i copy 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,extract f ! ,vatican ,codex4 ,y w obs]ve ! sign ( ! ye>1 ! rabbit1 %[n m]ely by 8 head = brevity4 ,! t5 dots :i* give its numb] are beside x4 ,imm$iately b5ea? is a curi\s quadrup$ ) :at are int5d$ z wat]-drops dripp+ f him4 ,! animal is ! h$ge-hog & ! figure is to be con/ru$ iconomatically1 t is1 x mu/ be read z a rebus ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,nahuatl language4 ,9 t language wat] is atl1 9 composition a1 & h$ge-hog is uitzotl4 ,comb9e ^! & y get ahuitzotl1 or1 ) ! rev]5tial t]m9ation1 ahuitzotz94 ,?is 0 ! "n ( ! rul] or emp]or1 if y all[ ! ^w1 ( anci5t ,mexico be=e ! accession to ! ?rone ( t ,montezuma :om ! ,spani% conqui/ador ,cortes put to dea?4 ,8 hi]oglyph1 z ,i h describ$ x1 is well kn[n 9 ,mexican codices4#bef ,return+ to ! page f ! *ronicle1 we obs]ve t ! hi]oglyph ( ,ahuitzotz9 is plac$ imm$iately ov] a corpse swa!d 9 its mummy clo?s1 z 0 ! cu/om ( int]m5t ) ! highe/ classes 9 ,mexico4 ,?is signifies t ! dea? ( ,ahuitzotz9 took place 9 t ye>4 ,adjac5t to x is ! figure ( 8 successor1 8 "n iconomatically repres5t$ by ! head-dress ( ! nobles2 ! tecuhtli1 giv+ ! middle syllables ( 8,mo-tecuh-zoma40#beg ,b5ea? is also ! figure ( ! new rul]1 ) ! outl9es ( a fl[] & a h\se1 :i* w\ld be translat$ by ! iconomatic sy/em xo*icalli or xo*icalco2 b ! significance ( ^! does n conc]n u "h4 ,?is page ( ! ,codices gives u !re=e a record ( a dea? 9 ! ye> 8#aj to*tli0--#aejb--( ! utmo/ importance4 ,no previ\s rul] _h br\ght anci5t ,mexico to su* a height ( glory & p[]4 8,9 8 reign10 says ,orozco y ,b]ra1 8,mexico rea*$ its utmo/ ext5sion4 ,tributes 7 levi$ 9 all directions1 & fabul\s ri*es p\r$ into ! capital city40#beh ,! dea? ( ! rul] 0 !re=e an ev5t ( ! pr(\nde/ national significance4 ,we may well believe t x w\ld be commemorat$ by "s arti/ic "w comm5surate ) its importance2 & ?is ,i claim 0 ! purpose ( ! ,pi$ra de los ,gigantes ( ,escamela4 ,b we may add fur!r & conv9c+ te/imony to ?is int]pretation4 ,! day ( ! mon? ce cipactli1 #a ,fi%1 is engrav$ to ! "r ( ! figure z connect$ ) ! ev5t commemorat$4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i h n f\nd 9 ! records ! exact day ( ,ahuitzotz9's dea?1 ,i d f9d t ! native hi/orian ,ixtlilxo*itl assigns ?is v day1 ce cipactli1 #a ,fi%1 z t ( ! accession ( ,montezuma2#bei & ano!r native hi/orian1 ,*imalpah91 /ates di/9ctly t ?is took place 8imm$iately0 aft] ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor on ! ?rone4#bfj ,x may possibly h be5 on ! v day ( ,ahuitzotz9's decease1 z /ill ano!r native writ]1 ,tezozomoc1 in=ms u t ?is 0 n sudd51 b ! sl[ result ( a w\nd on ! head4#bfa ,x is inde$ rem>kable t we %\ld f9d ! precise dates1 ! ye> & ! day ( ! ye>1 depict$ on ?is /one1 & also record$ by v>i\s native writ]s1 z connect$ ) ! demise ( ! emp]or ,ahuitzotz94 ,^! co9cid5ces are ( su* a nature t !y leave no d\bt t ,la ,pi$ra de los ,gigantes ( ,escamela is a necrologic tablet commemorat+ ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,ahuitzotz9 "s "t 9 ,febru>y1 #aejb4 ,,native ,,am]ican ,,poetry4#bfb ,9 our mod]n civilization we are apt to consid] t a ta/e = poetry is a m>k ( high culture1 some?+ :i* belongs exclusively to tra9$ m5tal fibre & educat$ p]ceptions4 ,x causes u1 !re=e1 "s surprise :5 we /udy ! psy*ology ( savage tribes1 to f9d !m almo/ ev]y:]e passionate lov]s ( v]se & measure1 ( music & song4 ,?is fact1 well e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( e?nology1 0 recogniz$ by m ?an "o ke5 ?9k] be=e e?nology 0 born4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury t erratic g5ius1 ,hamann1 kn[n 9 ,g]man lit]ature z 8! magician ( ! nor?10 p5n$ ! memorable words1 8,poetry is ! common "m-tongue ( ! human race10 & insi/$ t to atta9 its noble/ flights1 8we mu/ return to ! infancy ( ! race1 & to ! simplicity ( a *ildlike fai?10 a dictum w>mly esp\s$ by ! philosophic ,h]d] & by ! en?usiasm ( ! "y ,g!4 ,lat] on1 t pr(\nde/ ( psy*ologi/s1 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 reflect+ on ! problems pres5t$ by ! orig9 ( languages1 express$ 8 conviction t man z a zoological species is a s++ animal1 l _m birds2 t 8 vocal organs turn to song z _! appropriate function ) a l spontaneity z 8 m9d turns to ?\ght or 8 eyes to ! light4 ,if we inquire into ! psy*ological pr9ciple :i* makes rhy?m agreeable to ! e>1 we %all f9d t ?is pr9ciple is t ( repetition4 ,i c\ld c>ry ! analysis /ill fur!r1 & demon/rate to y t ! physiological pr9ciple ( all pleasure is express$ 9 ! =mula--8maximum action ) m9imum ef=t20 & t ! n]ves ( audition are mo/ successfully act$ ^u 9 accordance ) ?is law by limit$ repetitions ) h>moni\s int]vals4 ,all metres1 all rhy?m1 all =ms ( allit]ation & assonance1 are b v>i$ applications ( ! pr9ciple ( h>moni\s repetition2 & ! poet1 z a poet1 z an arti/1 mu/ be rat$1 & practically always is rat$1 by ! skill ) :i* he employs ! res\rces ( repetition4 ,l(ty ?\ghts1 beautiful metaphors1 delicate allusions1 ^! are 8 extrane\s aids1 & by no means 8 exclusive prop]ty2 b ! =m is 8 own1 be x quantity1 rhyme1 allit]ation or acc5t4 ,i h felt x necess>y to /ate v briefly ^! g5]al pr9ciples1 9 ord] to place 9 its prop] light t =m ( poetry :i* is mo/ preval5t among ! native tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,y w n f9d among !m any develop$ examples ( ei!r rhyme or allit]ation2 _! dialects d n admit ( fix$ vocalic quantity1 l ! ,lat92 ev5 acc5t & assonance1 :i* are ! m imp]fect res\rces ( ! poetic art1 are g5]ally abs5t4 ,:at1 !n1 9 a lit]>y analysis1 con/itutes _! poetic =m8 ,i answ]1 repetition 9 its simple/ expressions4 ,^! are two4 ,! same v]se may be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga92 or ! word+ ( ! v]ses may be *ang$1 b ea* may be accompani$ by a burd5 or refra91 :i* is repeat$ by ! s+] or ! *orus4 ,^! are ! two fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( aborig9al poetry1 & are f\nd ev]y:]e on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! refra9 is usually int]jectional & mean+less2 & ! v]ses are (t5 repeat$ )\t alt]ation1 f\r or five times ov]4 ,we may1 if we *oose1 beg9 our survey ( ! cont95t ) its extreme nor!rnmo/ inhabitants1 ! ,eskimo1 ^: abode is along ! inhospitable %ores ( ! ,arctic sea4 ,"o might ?9k t ! et]nal sn[s :i* surr\nd !m1 ! va/ glaci]s :i* *ill ! air = miles beyond _! limits1 w\ld also freeze out & kill all fire ( poesy4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,i d\bt if ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican cont95t ,i c\ld quote y a m ?or\ghly poetic p1 "o tak+ a great] delight 9 song1 ?an ^! same boreal1 blubb]-eat+1 ice-b\nd ,eskimo4 ,_! great delight is 9 long tales ( magic & adv5ture1 & 9 improvisation4 ,an ,eskimo hunt]1 ) a ready p[] to /r+ toge!r v]se aft] v]se ( _! peculi> poetry1 soon ext5ds 8 fame beyond ! conf9es ( 8 native village1 & becomes kn[n = _m a league up & d[n ! %ore4 ,(t5 9 ! long w9t] nights1 g5u9e t\rneys ( song are organiz$ betwe5 ! *ampions ( villages1 n unlike ^? :i* took place 9 fair ,prov5ce 9 ! palmy days ( la gaye sci5ce4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,i h be5 assur$ by ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 :o rec5tly pass$ two ye>s among ! ,eskimo ( ,baff9's ,l&1 liv+ ) !m z "o ( !m1 t x is no?+ uncommon = d[nright ho/ile feel+s1 p]sonal grudges1 to be settl$ by ! oppon5ts meet+ on a fix$ occasion & s++ satirical & abusive songs at ea* o!r4 ,he :o comes out be/1 rais+ ! mo/ laught] at 8 antagoni/'s exp5se1 is consid]$ to h conqu]$1 & 8 enemy accepts ! defeat4 ,^! controv]sial songs h be5 call$ by ! ,dani% writ]s 8ni? songs10 f ! ^w ni?1 :i* is also old ,engli%1 & means curs+ & cont5tion4 ,! di/+ui%$ travel]1 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,r9k1 :o has pass$ n9ete5 w9t]s 9 ,gre5l&1 has furni%$ me ! orig9als1 ) translations1 ( sev]al ( ^! ni? songs4 ,z an example1 ,i w read y "o :i* took place betwe5 two rivals1 ,savdlat & ,pulangit-,sissok4 ,savdlat liv$ to ! nor?1 ,pulangit-,sissok to ! s\?4 ,to appreciate ! satire1 y mu/ "k t an ,eskimo g5tleman prides himself *iefly on two po9ts3 fir/1 t he speaks 8 own tongue ) precisely ! "r acc5t1 :i*1 ,i ne$ n say1 he consid]s to be ! acc5t ( 8 own village1 :]ev] t may be2 & secondly1 t he is a skillful boatman4 ,savdlat beg9s ! poetic duel 9 ^! words3 ,,savdlat ,,& ,,pulangit-,,sissok4 ,,savdlat-- ,! ,s\? %ore1 ,o yes1 ! ,s\? %ore1 ,i "k x2 ,once ,i liv$ !re & met ,pulangit-,sissok1 ,a fat fell[ :o liv$ on halibut2 ,o yes1 ,i "k him4 ,^? ,s\?-%ore folk c't talk2 ,!y don't "k h[ to pron\nce our language2 ,truly !y are dull fell[s2 ,!y don't ev5 talk alike2 ,"s h "o acc5t1 "s ano!r2 ,nobody c und]/& !m2 ,!y c sc>cely und]/& ea* o!r4 ,,pulangit-,,sissok-- ,o yes1 ,savdlat & ,i are old acqua9tances2 ,he wi%$ me extremely well at times2 ,once ,i "k he wi%$ ,i 0 ! be/ boatman on ! %ore2 ,x 0 a r\gh day1 & ,i 9 m]cy took 8 boat 9 t[2 ,ha6 ha6 ,savdlat1 ?\ did/ cry mo/ pitiful2 ,?\ wa/ awfully afe>$2 ,9 tru?1 ?\ wa/ ne>ly upset2 ,& had/ to keep hold ( my boat /r+s1 ,& give me "p ( ?y load4 ,o yes1 ,savdlat & ,i are old acqua9tances4 ,a simil> humor\s /ra9 is v m>k$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,eskimo songs4 ,inde$1 ,i "k no o!r tribe 9 ,am]ica :]e ! g5u9e fun-lov+ _s bubbles =? s freely4 ,9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 ! mid/ ( beautiful sc5]y & :]e ! fl[]y e>? basks 9 ! lap ( an et]nal spr+1 ! tone ( mo/ ( ! songs is sad & lugubri\s2 or1 if humor\s1 ) a satirical1 bitt]1 unheal?y humor1 a ,s*ad5freude1 :i* is f> f :olesome m]rim5t4 ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 :o sp5t sev5te5 ye>s 9 /udy+ ! languages ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 has po9t$ly call$ att5tion to ! great pr$om9ance ( words 9 !m express+ pa9ful1 ov] ^? express+ pleasurable emotions4 ,x tea*es u h[ little ! happ9ess ( man dep5ds ^u 8 environm5t1 t ! m]rie/ ( ! ,am]ican nations is f\nd precisely :]e accord+ to our usual notions almo/ e *e]+ & enliv5+ elem5t is )drawn f life1 :]e d>kness1 cold1 & de/itution h undisput$ rule4 ,b ,i w n cont9ue ) su* g5]alizations1 attractive ?\gh !y are4 ,let me relieve _! dryness by a little ,eskimo song1 ! full ,eskimo text ( :i* y w f9d pr9t$ 9 ,dr4 ,r9k's "w entitl$ 8,tales ( ! ,eskimo40 ,z usual1 ea* l9e is foll[$ by an int]jectional burd51 :i* ,i %all repeat only 9 "p4 ,! song is call$ ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,kuk-,,ook1 ,,! ,,bad ,,boy4 ,?is is ! song ( ,kuk-ook1 ! bad boy4 ,imakayah--hayah1 ,imakayah--hah--hayah4 ,i am go+ to run away f home1 hayah1 ,9 a great big boat1 hayah1 ,to hunt = a sweet little girl1 hayah2 ,i %all get h] "s beads1 hayah2 ,! k9d t look l boil$ ones1 hayah2 ,!n aft] a :ile1 hayah1 ,i %all come back home1 hayah1 ,i %all call all my relations toge!r1 hayah1 ,& %all give !m all a good ?ra%+1 hayah2 ,!n ,i %all g & get m>ri$1 hayah1 ,i %all m>ry two girls at once1 hayah2 ,"o ( ! sweet little d>l+s1 hayah1 ,i %all dress 9 spott$ seal-sk9s1 hayah1 ,& ! o!r de> little pet1 hayah1 ,%all we> sk9s ( ! hood$ seal only1 hayah4 ,b y mu/ n d]ive ! idea f ^! specim5s t ! ,eskimos are trifl]s & je/]s only4 ,"s ( _! poetical productions reveal a true & deep appreciation ( ! m>vell\s1 ! impressive1 & ! beautiful sc5es :i* _! l& & climate pres5t4 ,prom95t features 9 _! tales & *ants are ! fla%+1 v>iegat$ aurora1 ^: %oot+ /ream]s !y fable to be ! s\ls ( dep>t$ h]oes2 ! milky way1 gleam+ 9 ! /ill ,arctic night1 :i* !y reg>d z ! bridge by :i* ! s\ls ( ! good & brave m\nt to ! place ( joy2 ! va/1 glitt]+1 s\ndless sn[fields2 & ! mighty1 cra%+ glaci]1 spl9t]+ f 8 %orew>d cliffs ! ice m\nta9s :i* float d[n to ! great ocean4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is appreciation ( natural sc5]y ,i %all read y a song obta9$ by ,dr4 ,r9k1 at ! small trad+ /ation ( ,arsut on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 ne> ,fr$]ick%aab4 ,close to ,arsut /&s ,mt4 ,koonak1 ^: precipit\s sides rise fully f\r ?\s& feet above ! bill[s ( ! ,atlantic :i* da% aga9/ its foot4 ,x is ! play ( ! cl\ds ab\t ! m\nta9 :i* inspires ! poet3 ,,m\nt ,,koonak3 ,a ,,song ,,( ,,arsut4 ,i look t[>d ! s\?1 to great ,m\nt ,koonak1 ,to great ,m\nt ,koonak1 !re to ! s\?2 ,i wat* ! cl\ds t ga!r r\nd him2 ,i contemplate _! %9+ brightness2 ,!y spread abroad ^u great ,koonak2 ,!y climb up 8 seaw>d flanks2 ,see h[ !y %ift & *ange2 ,wat* !m !re to ! s\?2 ,h[ ! "o makes beautiful ! o!r2 ,h[ !y m\nt 8 s\!rn slopes1 ,hid+ him f ! /ormy sea1 ,ea* l5d+ beauty to ! o!r4 ,no d\bt !re 7 & are _m hi/orical or traditional songs among ! natives2 b ,i %\ld h little hope ( d]iv+ f !m mu* in=mation ( a really hi/orical "*4 ,_! ref]5ces to occurr5ces are v vague1 & r 9 ! =m ( sugge/ion ?an n>ration4 ,! auditors are suppos$ to be famili> ) ! /ory1 & a s+le "n or prom95t ^w is en\gh to recall x to _! m9ds4 ,i may illu/rate ?is by a %ort ,pawnee song s5t me by ,mr4 ,dunb>1 ^: intimate acqua9tance ) ! language & cu/oms ( t tribe l5ds entire au?ority to all he writes ab\t !m4 ,ab\t #ahbj ! ,pawnees captur$ a "y girl f _! enemies ! ,paducas1 & accord+ to cu/om1 prep>$ to burn h] alive4 ,on ! appo9t$ day %e 0 fa/5$ to ! /ake1 & ! village ga!r$ ar\nd 9 ord] to comm5ce ! tortures :i* 7 to prec$e h] dea?4 ,at t mom5t a "y ,pawnee brave1 by "n ,pitale-,%>u1 ^: he>t _h be5 t\*$ ) pity & p]haps ) love1 da%$ madly into ! r+ ) two fleet horses4 ,9 a mom5t ) 8 ready knife he _h slit ! ?ongs :i* fa/5$ ! girl to ! /ake1 _h ?r[n h] on "o horse1 himself on ! o!r1 & 0 spe$+ away on ! prairie t[>d h] fa!r's village4 ,! ,pawnees 7 lit]ally /rick5 dumb4 ,!y retir$ sil5tly to _! cab9s1 & :51 ?ree days lat]1 ,pitale-,%>u return$ to ! village1 no man *all5g$ 8 action4 ,all reg>d$ x z an act ( div9e inspiration1 ev5 to inquire ab\t :i* w\ld be sacrilege4 ,?is act is rememb]$ to ?is day 9 ! tribe1 & commemorat$ 9 ! foll[+ song3 ,a ,,pawnee ,,commemorative ,,song4 ,well1 he =etold ?is1 ,well1 he =etold ?is1 ,yes1 he =etold ?is2 ,i1 ,pitale-,%>u1 ,am arriv$ "h4 ,well1 he =etold ?is1 ,yes1 he =etold ?is1 ,i1 ,pitale ,%>u1 ,am arriv$ "h4 ,"o ( ! ,pawnee w>-songs has a curi\s metaphysical turn4 ,x is "o :i* is sung :5 a w>rior und]takes to p]=m "s p>ticul>ly d>+ individual exploit1 :i* may well co/ him 8 life4 ,! words seem to call ^u ! gods to decide :e!r ?is mortal life is only an illusion1 or a div9e tru? "u ! guidance ( div9e intellig5ce4 ,,pawnee ,,w>-,,song4 ,let u see1 is ?is real1 ,let u see1 is ?is real1 ,let u see1 is ?is real1 ,let u see1 is ?is real1 ,?is life ,i am liv+8 ,ye gods1 :o dwell ev]y:]e1 ,let u see1 is ?is real1 ,?is life ,i am liv+8 ,! s-call$ ,indian m$ic9e-songs _c be und]/ood )\t a ?or\gh insight into ! habits & sup]/itions ( ^! peoples1 & x w\ld only fatigue y 7 ,i to repeat !m to y4 ,i pref] to turn to "s ( ! less esot]ic productions ( ! native muse1 to "s ( its expressions ( ^? emotions :i* are common to mank9d ev]y:]e1 & :i* ev]y:]e seek _! expression 9 met] & rhy?m4 ,a rec5t ,g]man travel]1 ,mr4 ,!odore ,bak]1 furni%es me ) a c\ple ( simple1 unpret5d+ b g5u9ely aborig9al songs :i* he he>d among ! ,ki[ay ,indians4 ,"o is a ,,song ,,( ,a ,,ki[ay ,,"m ,,^: ,,son ,,has ,,gone ,,to ,,w>4 ,"y m5 !re are 9 pl5ty1 ,b ,i love only "o2 ,him ,i've n se5 = long1 ,?\gh he is my only son4 ,:5 he comes1 ,i'll ha/e to meet him1 ,i ?9k ( him all night2 ,he too w be glad to see me1 ,8 eyes w gleam ) delight4 ,! second example f ! ,ki[ays is a song ( true love 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,su* are r>e among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians any:]e4 ,mo/ ( _! *ants 9 relation to ! o!r sex are erotic1 n emotional2 & ?is holds equally true ( ^? :i* 9 "s tribes on c]ta9 occasions are address$ by ! wom5 to ! m54 ,! "o ,i give y f ! ,ki[ay is n op5 to ?is c5sure ,a ,,ki[ay ,,love-,,song4 ,i sat & wept on ! hill-side1 ,i wept till ! d>kness fell ,i wept = a maid5 af> (f ,a maid5 :o loves me well ,! moons are pass+1 & "s moon ,i %all see my home long-lo/1 ,& ( all ! greet+s t meet me1 ,my maid5's w gladd5 me mo/4 ,a specim5 ( a *>act]i/ic ,*ipeway love-song is giv5 9 "o ( ! works ( ! late ,h5ry ,r4 ,s*oolcraft4 ,x 0 *ant$ by ! lov]1 at night1 9 front ( ! dwell+ ( ! girl he w\ld captivate4 ,! song is 9 f\r v]ses1 & x w be notic$ t ea* v]se approa*es ne>] & ne>] ! f9al reque/4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ea* v]se 0 to be repeat$ sev]al times1 s z to give ! fair "o an opportunity to express h] approval or disapproval by "s ( ^? signs :i* belong to ! freemasonry ( love ! _w ov]4 ,if ! sign 0 negative & repell+1 ! s+] abruptly ceas$ 8 *ant & retir$1 conceal$ by ! d>kness ( ! night2 b if he 0 enc\rag$1 or he>d )\t rebuke1 he cont9u$1 9 hope t at ! close ( ! song timid f+]s w\ld p>tially draw aside ! curta9 :i* closes ! lodge door1 & t 8 pray] w\ld be grant$4 ,! s]5ade runs z foll[s3 ,,s]5ade ,,song ,,( ,a ,,*ipeway ,,lov] ,,to ,,8 ,,mi/ress4 ,i w\ld walk into somebody's dwell+1 ,into somebody's dwell+ w\ld ,i walk4 ,into ?y d>k5$ dwell+1 my belov$1 ,"s night w\ld ,i walk1 w\ld ,i walk4 ,"s night at ?is season1 my belov$1 ,into ?y d>k5$ dwell+ w\ld ,i walk4 ,on ?is v night1 my belov$1 ,into ?y d>k5$ dwell+ w\ld ,i walk4 ,:ile deal+ ) ^! amatory effusions1 ,i w add "o or two f ano!r "p ( ! map1 f ! tribes :o make _! home 9 our si/] republic1 ,mexico4 ,y are aw>e t !re are _m tribes !re b>ely t+$ ) ,european culture or religion4 ,!y reta9 ! ance/ral tongues & modes ( ?\ght4 ,! sword & :ip ( ! ,spani>d compell$ an ext]nal ob$i5ce to *ur* & /ate1 b ! def]5ce to ei!r 0 reluctant1 & 9 ! m9imum degree4 ,consequ5tly1 !re also ! field = rese>* is ri* & practically uncultivat$4 ,to employ a native metaphor1 frequ5t 9 ! ,aztec poets1 ,i w cause y to smell ! fragrance ( a few ( ! fl[]s ,i h ga!r$ f ^? meads4 ,my late fri5d1 ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 p]sonally kn[n1 ,i d\bt n1 to "s pres5t1 obta9$ a curi\s ,aztec love-song f ! lips ( an ,indian girl 9 ! ,si]ra ( ,tamaulipas4 ,x is p>ticul>ly noticeable f ! /range1 my/ical conceit x conta9s t to ! p]son :o truly loves1 ! m]e bodily pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! belov$ object is unimportant1 nay1 n ev5 notic$4 ,! lit]al translation ( ?is song is z foll[s3 ,i "k n :e!r ?\ ha/ be5 abs5t3 ,i lie d[n ) !e1 ,i rise up ) !e1 ,9 my dreams ?\ art ) me4 ,if my e> drops tremble 9 my e>s1 ,i "k x is ?\ mov+ )9 my he>t4 ,?is r\gh r5d]+ has be5 put into metrical =m z foll[s3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,aztec ,,love-,,song4 ,i knew x n t ?\ had/ abs5t be51 ,s full ?y pres5ce all my s\l _h left2 ,by night1 by day1 9 quiet or *ang+ sc5e1 ',tis !e alone ,i see1 s5se ( all else b]eft4 ,& :5 ! t9kl+ p5dants sway & r+1 ',tis ?\ :o 9 my he>t do/ move & s+4 ,9 ano!r love-song 9 ! same language ,i h met a conceit :i* ,i di/9ctly rememb] to h read 9 "s old ,engli% poet1 t ( a lov] :o compla9s t 8 he>t has be5 ga!r$ 9 along ) h] fl[]s by a maid5 pick+ roses4 ,! lit]al translation ( ?is song reads ?us3 ,on a c]ta9 m\nta9 side1 ,:]e !y pluck fl[]s1 ,i saw a pretty maid51 ,:o pluck$ f me my he>t4 ,:i!r ?\ goe/1 ,!re g ,i4 ,z a metrical expansion ( ?is c\plet ! foll[+ has be5 sugge/$3 ,,aztec ,,love-,,song4 ,d y "k t m\nta9 side ,:]e !y ga!r roses8 ,!re ,i /roll$ "o ev5tide ,9 ! g>d5 closes4 ,soon ,i met a lovely maid ,fair] ?an all fancies1 ,quick %e ga!r$ 9 my he>t ,) h] buds & pansies1 ,b take he$1 my pretty may1 ,9 reap+ & 9 s[+1 ,once ) !e1 ,i'll ev] /ay1 ,& g :]e ?\ art go+4 ,p]haps ! ref9em5t ( "s ( ^! s5tim5ts may excite skepticism4 ,x is a favorite doctr9e among a c]ta9 class ( writ]s t delicacy ( sexual feel+ is q unkn[n among savage tribes1 t1 inde$1 ! univ]sal law is t m]e be/iality prevails1 m or less kept 9 b\nds by sup]/ition & tribal law4 ,i am well acqua9t$ ) ?is !ory ( sev]al popul> philosoph]s1 & d n 9 ! lea/ accept x4 ,any su* dogmatic ass]tion is unsci5tific4 ,delicacy ( s5tim5t be>s no sort ( con/ant relation to culture4 ,e man pres5t kn[s ?is4 ,he c "n among 8 acqua9tances m5 ( unusual culture :o are co>se voluptu>ies1 & o!rs ( ! humble/ education :o h ! delicacy ( a ref9$ woman4 ,s x is ) families1 & s x is ) tribes4 ,i h illu/rat$ ?is lately by an analysis ( ! words mean+ 8to love0 9 all its s5ses 9 five lead+ ,am]ican l+ui/ic /ocks1 & h %[n by ! irrefragable pro( ( language h[ mu* !y diff] 9 ?is respect1 & h[ mu* also ! same tribe may diff] f itself at v>i\s p]iods ( its gr[?4 ,z ! result ( ?is & simil> /udies ,i may assure y t !re is no occasion = que/ion+ ! exi/5ce ( highly delicate s5tim5ts among "s ( ! ,am]ican tribes4 ,z ,i f\nd ! ,mexican love poems ! mo/ delicate1 s ,i h f\nd _! w> songs ! mo/ /irr+4 ,we h a numb] ( specim5s writt5 d[n 9 ! native tongue %ortly aft] ! conque/4 ,!y h nev] be5 translat$ or publi%$1 b ,i w give y a r5d]+ ( "o 9 my possession :i*1 f intr9sic evid5ce1 0 writt5 ab\t #aeaj4 ,i say writt5 advis$ly1 = ! nation :o sang ^! songs possess$ a phonetic alphabet1 & wrote _m volumes ( poems by its aid4 ,_! hi/orian1 ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 especially m5tions t ! works us$ = ! in/ruction ( y\? 9 _! s*ools conta9$ 8poems writt5 9 antique *>act]s40 ,! fir/ ( my selections is suppos$ to be address$ by ! poet to c]ta9 fri5ds ( 8 :o 7 unwill+ to g to w>4 ,a ,,w>-,,song ,,( ,,! ,,otomis4 #a4 ,x grieves me1 de> fri5ds1 t y walk n ) me 9 _s1 t ,i h n y\r company 9 ! sc5es ( joy & pleasure1 t nev] m 9 union d we seek ! same pa?s4 #b4 ,d y really see me1 de> fri5ds8 ,w no ,god take ! bl9dness f y\r eyes8 ,:at is life on e>?8 ,c ! dead return8 ,no1 !y live f> )9 ! heav5s1 9 a place ( joy4 #c4 ,! joy ( ! ,"l1 ! ,giv] ( ,life1 is :]e ! w>riors s+1 & ! smoke ( ! w>-fire rises up2 :]e ! fl[]s ( ! %ields spread abroad _! leaves2 :]e de$s ( valor %ake ! e>?2 :]e ! fatal fl[]s ( dea? cov] ! fields4 #d4 ,! battle is !re1 ! beg9n+ ( ! battle is !re1 9 ! op5 fields1 :]e ! smoke ( ! w>-fire w9ds ar\nd & curls upw>d f ! fatal w> fl[]s :i* adorn y1 ye fri5ds & w>riors ( ! ,*i*imecs4 #e4 ,let n my s\l dread t op5 field2 ,i e>ne/ly desire ! beg9n+ ( ! slaught]1 my s\l longs = ! murd]\s fray4 #f4 ,o y :o /& !re 9 ! battle1 ,i e>ne/ly desire ! beg9n+ ( ! slaught]1 my s\l longs = ! murd]\s fray4 #g4 ,! w>-cl\d rises upw>d1 x rises into ! blue sky :]e dwells ! ,giv] ( ,life2 9 x blossom =? ! fl[]s ( pr[ess & valor1 b5ea? x1 9 ! battle field1 ! *ildr5 rip5 to maturity4 #h4 ,rejoice ) me1 de> fri5ds1 & d ye rejoice1 ye *ildr51 go+ =? to ! op5 field ( battle2 let u rejoice & revel amid ^! %ields1 fl[]s ( ! murd]\s fray4 ,! song :i* ,i h j read1 l mo/ :i* ,i br+ be=e y1 has no "n ( au?or4 ,! poet has pass$ to an et]nal oblivion1 ?\gh 8 "w rema9s4 ,m =tunate is ! compos] ( ! next "o ,i %all read y4 ,x is a poem by an ,aztec pr9ce & b>d :o bore ! sonor\s appellation1 ,tetlapan ,quetzanitz94 ,i c tell y little ab\t him4 ,at ! "t ,cortes ent]$ ! ,city ( ,mexico1 ,tetlapan ,quetzanitz9 0 rul] ( "o ( its suburbs1 ,tlacopan or ,tacuba4 ,at ! int]view :5 ! d>+ ,spani>d seiz$ ^u ! p]son ( ,montezuma & made him a captive1 ?is ,tetlapan 0 "o ( ! att5dants ( ! ,aztec mon>*1 & x is record$ ( him t he made 8 escape & disappe>$4 ,i h f\nd no m5tion ( 8 subsequ5t adv5tures4 ,?is w>-song is "o ( two ( 8 poems :i* h surviv$ ! wreck ( ! anci5t lit]ature4 ,x is highly metaphorical4 ,y might at fir/ ?9k x a dr9k+ song2 b ! drunk5ness x ref]s to is ! intoxication ( battle1 ! ,b]s]k]wu? ( ! ,norse ,vik+s2 ! fl[]s :i* he s+s are ! w>-%ields ) _! gay ornam5ts2 & ! f]tile pla9s :i* he lauds are ^? :i* are wat]$ ) ! blood ( h]oes4 ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld tell y t ! :ite w9e he speaks ( 0 a sacr$ bev]age among ! ,mexicans1 set =? at c]ta9 solemn fe/ivals4 ,l ! re/ ( _! w9e1 x 0 manufactur$ f ! maguey4 ,a ,,w>-,,song ,,( ,,tetlapan ,,quetzanitz9 7#aeai74 #a4 ,:y did x grieve y1 ,o fri5ds1 :y did x pa9 y1 t y 7 drunk ) ! w9e8 ,arise f y\r /upor1 ,o fri5ds1 come hi!r & s+2 let u seek = homes 9 "s fl[]y l&2 =get y\r drunk5ness4 #b4 ,! precept is old t "o %\ld quaff ! /rong :ite w9e 9 ! mom5t ( difficulty1 z :5 "o ent]s ! battle-pla91 :5 he goes =? to ! place ( %att]$ /ones1 :]e ! preci\s /ones are spl9t]$1 ! em]alds1 ! turquoises1 ! y\?s1 ! *ildr54 ,!re=e1 fri5ds & bro!rs1 quaff n[ ! fl[+ :ite w9e4 #c4 ,let u dr9k toge!r amid ! fl[]s1 let u build our h\ses among ! fl[]s1 :]e ! fragrant blossoms ca/ abroad _! odors z a f\nta9 its wat]s1 :]e ! brea? ( ! dew-lad5 fl[]s makes sweet ! air2 !re x is t nobility & /r5g? w make glori\s our h\ses1 !re ! fl[]s ( w> bloom ov] a f]tile l&4 #d4 ,o fri5ds1 d y n he> me8 ,let u g1 let u g1 let u p\r =? ! :ite w9e1 ! /rong w9e ( battle2 let u dr9k ! w9e :i* is z sweet z ! dew ( roses1 let x intoxicate our s\ls1 let our s\ls be /eep$ 9 its delights1 let !m be enri*$ z 9 "s opul5t place1 "s f]tile l&4 ,:y does x tr\ble y8 ,come ) me1 & li/5 to my song4 ,alongside ( ^! specim5s f ,mexico1 ,i put a w>-song ( ! ,p]uvians4 ,x is f ! drama ( ,ollanta1 a production dat+ f %ortly be=e ! conque/1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ monum5ts ( ,am]ican native lit]ature4 ,! h]o1 ,ollanta1 a w>rior ( r5[n b ( humble p>5tage1 _h1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 successes aga9/ ! enemy1 appli$ = ! h& ( ! ,inca's daught]1 & _h be5 reject$ ) scorn4 ,all 8 loyalty & allegiance turns to hatr$1 & he s+s 8 w>-song aga9/ 8 native c\ntry & its rul] 9 ^! words3 ,a ,,w>-,,song ,,( ,,ollanta4 ,o ,cuzco1 beautiful city1 ,h5ce=w>d ,i %all be ?y enemy4 ,i %all break ! walls ( ?y bosom1 ,i %all te> out ?y he>t ,& fl+ x to ! vultures4 ,?y cruel k+ %all witness ,my ?\s&s ( w>riors1 ,arm$ & l$ by me1 ,ga!r1 l a cl\d ( curses1 ,aga9/ ?y citadel4 ,! sky %all be r$ ) ?y burn+1 ,bloody %all ?y c\* be1 ,& ?y k+ %all p]i% ) !e4 ,gasp+ 9 dea?1 ) my h& on 8 ?roat1 ,we %all see if aga9 he w say3 8,?\ art unwor?y ( my daught]1 ,nev] %all %e be ?9e40 ,a v>iety ( poetic production ( frequ5t occurr5ce among ! aborig9es is ! prophetic4 ,y are aw>e t x is by no means peculi> to !m2 ! oracle at ,delphi1 ! sibyll9e leaves 9 ! ,capitol1 ! words ( ! ,hebrew se]s1 ev5 ! =eca/s ( ,no/radamus1 7 usually ca/ 9 poetic =m4 ,! ef=t to lift ! veil ( futurity is "o in]adicable f ! human brea/1 & fai? 9 its possibility is univ]sal4 ,^? prophets :o are wise1 ^? augurs :o pass ! w9k to ea* o!r1 favor great obscurity & ambiguity 9 _! communications1 or else express !mselves 9 su* commonplaces z t man is mortal2 t all beauty fade?2 t p[] is transitory1 & ! l4 ,we f9d bo? k9ds fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,y may rememb] t ,montezuma 9 8 fir/ int]view ) ,cortes told ! ,spani% invad] t ! arrival ( a :ite & be>d$ conqu]or f ! ,ea/ _h long be5 pr$ict$ by ,mexican soo?say]s4 ,simil> prophecies 7 curr5t 9 ,yucatan1 9 ,p]u1 & 9 o!r portions ( ! cont95t4 ,!y are all easily expla9$1 & !re is no occasion ei!r to "q ! fact1 or to seek = !m any sup]natural inspiration4 ,x w\ld lead me away f my !me to ent] into a discussion ( _! mean+1 b ,i %\ld l to read y two brief examples ( !m4 ,bo? are f ! ,maya language ( ,yucatan1 & ,i h no d\bt bo? ant$ate ! conque/4 ,! fir/1 accord+ to an expression 9 ! poem itself1 0 compos$ 9 ! ye> #adfi4 ,x 0 ! pr$iction ( a ,maya prie/ at ! close ( ! indiction or cycle :i* t]m9at$ 9 t ye> ( our *ronology4 ,,! ,,prophecy ,,( ,,pe*1 ,,prie/ ,,( ,,*i*5-,,itza 7#adfi74 ,ye m5 ( ,itz1 he>k5 to ! tid+s1 ,li/5 to ! =eca/e ( ?is cycle's end2 ,f\r h be5 ! ages ( ! _w's progress+4 ,n[ ! f\r? is end+1 & its end is ne>4 ,a mighty "l is com+1 see y give him honor2 ,a pot5t "l approa*es1 to :om all mu/ b[2 ,i1 ! prophet1 w>n y1 keep 9 m9d my bod+1 ,m5 ( ,itz1 m>k x1 & await y\r "l4 ,! second example ( ^! my/ic *ants :i* ,i %all give y is f a curi\s native production call$1 8,! ,book ( ,*ilan ,balam10 a rep]tory ( wild imag9+s & scraps ( anci5t & mod]n magical lore1 :i* is ! v ,bible ( ! ,maya ,indians4 ,al?\gh ,i h a copy ( x1 ,i h be5 unable to translate any l>ge portion ( x1 & my correspond5ts 9 ,yucatan1 ?\gh "s ( !m speak ,maya z readily z ,spani%1 f9d ! expressions too ar*aic & obscure to be intelligible4 ,?is p>ticul> song is t ( ! prie/ & soo?say] ,*ilan1 f :om ! sacr$ book takes its "n4 ,!re is e reason to believe t x dates f ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,recital ,,( ,,! ,,prie/ ,,*ilan4 ,eat1 eat1 :ile !re is bread1 ,dr9k1 dr9k1 :ile !re is wat]2 ,a day comes :5 du/ %all d>k5 ! air1 ,:5 a blight %all )] ! l&1 ,:5 a cl\d %all arise1 ,:5 a m\nta9 %all be lift$ up1 ,:5 a /rong man %all seize ! city1 ,:5 ru9 %all fall ^u all ?+s1 ,:5 ! t5d] leaf %all be de/roy$1 ,:5 eyes %all be clos$ 9 dea?2 ,:5 !re %all be ?ree signs on a tree1 ,fa!r1 son & gr&son hang+ dead on ! same tree2 ,:5 ! battle flag %all be rais$1 ,& ! p scatt]$ abroad 9 ! =e/s4 ,su* poems prop]ly belong to ! my?ologic class4 ,?is class 0 fully repres5t$ 9 ! productions ( ! primitive b>ds1 b *iefly ow+ to ! prejudices ( ! e>ly mission>ies1 ! examples rema9+ are few4 ,i c\ld cont9ue to br+ be=e y specim5s ( ?is qua9t & anci5t lore4 ,my g>n] is by no means empti$4 ,b probably ,i h said en\gh = my purpose4 ,y see t ! /udy ( ! aborig9al poetry ( our cont95t op5s up an unexpect$ly ri* field = inve/igation4 ,x ?r[s a new light n only on ! folk songs ( o!r nations1 b on ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! poetic faculty4 ,m ?an ?is1 x elevates our op9ion ( ! nations :om we are accu/om$ to call by ! t]ms savage & b>b>\s4 ,we are taught t 9 mu* :i* we are incl9$ to claim z our special pr]ogatives1 !y too h an int]e/4 ,9 ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ! race1 9 its aspirations = ! inf9ite & ! =ev] true1 !y also h a %>e4 ,!y likewise p>take1 & 9 no mean degree1 ( t sweete/ h]itage ( man1 ! glori\s gift ( song1 8! vision & ! faculty div9e40 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,l+ui/ic4 ,,introductory4 ,! processes1 psy*ical & logical1 :i* lie at ! basis & modify ! =ms ( articulate spee*1 h yet to be def9$ & classifi$ 9 a mann] to secure ! g5]al acceptance ( s*ol>s4 ,:ile ^! processes are op]ative & recognizable 9 all languages1 x has ev] seem$ to me t !y are m app>5t & transp>5t 9 ! unwritt5 tongues ( savage tribes4 ,z ! /ream is m diaphan\s ne> its s\rce1 z ! problem ( organic life is m readily /udi$ 9 ! l[e/ gr\ps ( animals & vegetables1 by su* analogies we are prompt$ to select ! uncultur$ spee* ( ! rude/ ( our race to discov] ! laws ( gr[? 9 human expression4 ,?\gh su* laws are n precisely ! same ?r\gh\t space & "t1 !y unque/ionably p>take ( ! same uni=mity z we note 9 o!r natural ph5om5a1 & no language has yet be5 report$ :i* /&s alone 9 its =mation4 ,p]haps ! g5]al laws "u :i* languages %\ld be gr\p$ h already be5 def9$ z closely z ! subject p]mits4 ,! labors ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 z exp&$ by ,pr(essor ,/e9?al1 w\ld appe> to pres5t ! mo/ compreh5sive & satisfactory classification yet attempt$4 ,su* is ! conclusion to :i* my own /udies ( ! subject h l$ me1 & 9 ! fir/ ?ree essays ( ?is ,"p1 ,i h set =? 9 consid]able detail ! application ( ?is op9ion to ! languages ( ,am]ica4 ,especially 9 ! second essay1 ,i h attempt$ to popul>ize a pr(\nd] philosophic analysis ( ^! tongues ?an has h]et(ore appe>$ 9 works on ! subject4 ,! essay on 8,! ,e>lie/ ,=m ( ,human ,spee*0 (f]s a s]ies ( inf]5ces drawn f ! /udy ( ,am]ican tongues z to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! articulate utt]ances ( ! species :5 x fir/ became possess$--by "s sl[ evolution>y process--( ! p[] ( convey+ ideas by intelligible s\nds4 ,x is an application ( facts drawn f a limit$ numb] ( languages to ! l+ui/ic /atus ( ! :ole species at an indet]m9ately remote p]iod1 b is1 ,i ?9k1 a fair use ( ! mat]ials (f]$4 ,! analysis ( words = ! affections is ! !me ( ! essay on 8,! ,conception ( ,love 9 "s ,am]ican ,languages40 ,x is an example ( ! use to :i* l+ui/ics may be put 9 ! sci5ce ( racial psy*ology2 :ile ! essay on ! words = l9e> measures 9 c]ta9 tongues illu/rates :at k z to ! condition ( a nation's arts may be obta9$ by a scrut9y ( its lexicon4 ,! next essay1 on ! curi\s hoax p]petrat$ on "s ,european & ,am]ican l+ui/s by ! manufacture ( a novel ,am]ican tongue by "s ,fr5* /ud5ts1 is an in/ance1 n :olly unprec$5t$1 ( misplac$ +5uity on ! "o side1 & easy cr$ulity on ! o!r4 ,x belongs among ! 8curiosities ( lit]ature40 ,pr(essional l+ui/s w probably consid] ! mo/ important g5]alization debat$ 9 ?is ,"p t ( ! id5tity or div]sity ( ! agglut9ative & incorporative processes ( tongues4 ,^! two processes are consid]$ z =ms ( b "o by mo/ ( ! pres5t ,fr5* s*ool2 b ,i h ma9ta9$ _! radical di/9ction1 foll[+ ! ,g]man writ]s above m5tion$2 & ,i h fur!r insi/$ t ! incorporative plan is t especially prom95t 9 ,am]ican languages4 ,,am]ican ,,languages1 ,,& ,,:y ,,we ,,%\ld ,,/udy ,,!m4#bfc ,cont5ts4--,indian geographic names--,language a guide to e?nology--,reveals ! gr[? ( arts & ! psy*ologic processes ( a p--,illu/ration f ! ,l5pe tongue--,/ructure ( language be/ /udi$ 9 savage tongues--,rank ( ,am]ican tongues--,*>act]i/ic traits2 pronom9al =ms2 idea ( p]sonality2 polysyn!sis2 incorporation2 holophrasis2 orig9 ( ^!--,lucidity ( ,am]ican tongues2 _! vocabul>ies2 p[] ( express+ ab/ract ideas--,conclusion4 ,i appe> be=e y ?is ev5+ to ent] a plea = "o ( ! mo/ neglect$ bran*es ( le>n+1 = a /udy usually consid]$ hopelessly dry & unproductive--t ( ,am]ican aborig9al languages4 ,x might be ?\ght t su* a topic1 9 ,am]ica & among ,am]icans1 w\ld attract a reasonably l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts4 ,! int]e/ :i* atta*es to our native soil & to ! homes ( our ance/ors might be suppos$ to ext5d to ! languages ( ^? nations :o = unc\nt$ g5]ations possess$ ! l& :i* we h occupi$ relatively s %ort a "t4 ,?is supposition w\ld seem ! m reasonable 9 view ( ! fact t 9 "o s5se ^! languages h n di$ out among u4 ,true1 !y are no long] m$ia ( int]c\rse1 b !y survive 9 ?\s&s ( geographical names all ov] our l&4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,connecticut alone !re are ov] six hundr$1 & ev5 m 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be a mo/ legitimate anxiety :i* %\ld direct itself to ! pres]vation ( ! correct =ms & precise mean+s ( ^! num]\s & peculi>ly national designations4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ?is alone w\ld n fail to excite some?+ m ?an a languid curiosity 9 ,am]ican l+ui/ics1 at lea/ 9 our in/itutions ( le>n+ & societies = hi/orical rese>*4 ,t ?is subject has receiv$ s slight att5tion ,i attribute to ! comp>atively rec5t und]/&+ ( ! value ( ! /udy ( languages 9 g5]al1 & m p>ticul>ly to ! fact t no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has set =? ! purposes = :i* we %\ld inve/igate ^! tongues1 & ! results :i* we expect to rea* by means ( !m4 ,?is x is my pres5t purpose to attempt1 s f> z x c be accompli%$ 9 ! scope ( an ev5+ address4 ,! "t has n long pass$ :5 ! only good reasons = /udy+ a language 7 held to be ei!r t we might !reby acqua9t ourselves ) its lit]ature2 or t c]ta9 bus9ess1 trad+1 or political int]e/s might be subs]v$2 or t ! nation speak+ x might be made acqua9t$ ) ! bless+s ( civilization & ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! 7 all good & suffici5t reasons1 b ,i _c adduce any "o ( !m 9 support ( my plea to-night3 = ! languages ,i %all speak ( h no lit]ature2 all transactions ) _! p c be c>ri$ on z well or bett] 9 ,european tongues2 &1 9 fact1 _m ( ^! peoples are no long] 9 exi/5ce--!y h di$ out or amalgamat$ ) o!rs4 ,:at ,i h to argue = is ! /udy ( ! dead languages ( ext9ct & b>b>\s tribes4 ,y w readily see t my argum5ts mu/ be drawn f o!r consid]ations ?an ^? ( imm$iate utility4 ,i mu/ seek !m 9 ! broad] fields ( e?nology & philosophy2 ,i mu/ appeal to y\r int]e/ 9 man z a race1 z a memb] ( a common species1 z possess+ 9 all 8 families & tribes ! same m9d1 ! same s\l4 ,language is almo/ our only clue to discov] ! k9%ip ( ^? c\ntless scatt]$ hordes :o roam$ ! =e/s ( ?is broad cont95t4 ,_! traditions are vague or lo/1 writt5 records !y _h none1 _! cu/oms & arts are mislead+1 _! religions misund]/ood2 _! languages alone rema9 to te/ify to a on5ess ( blood (t5 seem+ly repudiat$ by an int]nec9e ho/ility4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! limits :i* a wise caution assigns to ! employm5t ( l+ui/ics 9 e?nology1 & ,i am only too famili> ) ! _m fooli%1 unsci5tific attempts to employ x ) ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican race4 ,b 9 spite ( all ?is1 ,i repeat t x is ! sure/ & almo/ our only means to trace ! anci5t connection & migrations ( nations 9 ,am]ica4 ,?r\gh its aid alone we h rea*$ a positive k t mo/ ( ! area ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 includ+ ! :ole ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 0 occupi$ by ?ree great families ( nations1 n "o ( :i* _h =m$ any important settlem5t on ! nor!rn cont95t4 ,by simil> evid5ce we "k t ! tribe :i* greet$ ,p5n1 :5 he l&$ on ! site ( ?is city :]e ,i n[ speak1 0 a memb] ( ! "o va/ family--! great ,algonk9 /ock--^: v>i\s clans ext5d$ f ! palmetto swamps ( ,c>ol9a to ! sn[-clad hills ( ,labrador1 & f ! ea/]nmo/ cape ( ,newf\ndl& to ! peaks ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ov] #bj ( latitude & #ej ( longitude4 ,we also "k t ! g5]al tr5d ( migration 9 ! nor!rn cont95t has be5 f nor? to s\?1 & t ?is is true n only ( ! m savage tribes1 z ! ,algonk9s1 ,iroquois1 & ,a?apascas1 b also ( ^? :o1 9 ! favor$ s\!rn l&s1 approa*$ a =m ( civilization1 ! ,aztecs1 ! ,mayas1 & ! ,qui*es4 ,^! & _m m9or e?nologic facts h already be5 obta9$ by ! /udy ( ,am]ican languages4 ,b su* ext]nal in=mation is only a small "p ( :at !y are capable ( disclos+4 ,we c turn !m1 l ! reflector ( a microscope1 on ! secret & hidd5 my/]ies ( ! aborig9al man1 & discov] 8 inmo/ motives1 8 impulses1 8 conceal$ hopes & fe>s1 ^? t gave rise to 8 cu/oms & laws1 8 s*emes ( social life1 8 sup]/itions & 8 religions4 ,p]sonal names1 family names1 titles1 =ms ( salutation1 me?ods ( address1 t]ms ( ende>m5t1 respect1 & reproa*1 words express+ ! emotions1 ^! are :at infallibly reveal ! daily social family life ( a community1 & ! way 9 :i* its memb]s reg>d "o ano!r4 ,!y are precisely z correct :5 appli$ to ! inve/igation ( ! ,am]ican race z else:]e1 & !y are ! m valuable j !re1 because 8 deep-seat$ di/ru/ ( ! :ite invad]s--= :i*1 let u ackn[l$ge1 he _h abundant cause--l$ ! ,indian to practice concealm5t & equivocation on ^! p]sonal topics4 ,9 no o!r way c ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( 8 arts be rea*$4 ,y are d\btless aw>e t dilig5t /ud5ts ( ! ,aryan languages h succe$$ 9 fai?fully depict+ ! arts & habits ( t anci5t community 9 :i* ! common ance/ors ( ,greek & ,roman1 ,p]sian & ,dane1 ,brahm9 & ,iri%man1 dwelt toge!r z ( "o blood & "o spee*4 ,?is has be5 done by asc]ta9+ :at h\sehold words are common to all ^! tongues1 & !re=e mu/ h be5 9 use among ! primeval horde f :i* !y are all desc5d$4 ,! me?od is conclusive1 & yields positive results4 ,!re is no reason :y x %\ld n be address$ to ,am]ican languages1 & we may be sure t x w\ld be mo/ fruitful4 ,h[ valuable x w\ld be to take ev5 a few words1 z maize1 tobacco1 pipe1 b[1 arr[1 & ! l1 ea* repres5t+ a widespread art or cu/om1 & trace _! d]ivations & aff9ities ?r\gh ! languages ( ! :ole cont95t6 ,we may be sure t /rik+ & unexpect$ results w\ld be obta9$4 ,^! languages also (f] an ent]ta9+ field to ! psy*ologi/4 ,on acc\nt ( _! transp>5cy1 z ,i may call x1 ! cle>ness ) :i* !y reta9 ! primitive =ms ( _! radicals1 !y all[ u to trace out ! gr[? ( words1 & ?us reveal ! op]ations ( ! native m9d by a s]ies ( witnesses ^: te/imony _c be que/ion$4 ,(t5 curi\s associations ( ideas are ?us disclos$1 v in/ructive to ! /ud5t ( mank9d4 ,_m illu/rations ( ?is c\ld be giv51 b ,i d n wi% to assail y\r e>s by a ho/ ( unkn[n s\nds1 s ,i %all cont5t myself ) "o1 & t tak5 f ! language ( ! ,l5p1 or ,delaw>e ,indians4 ,i %all endeavor to trace out "o s+le radical 9 t language1 & %[ y h[ _m1 & h[ /rangely div]se ideas 7 built up ^u x4 ,! radical :i* ,i select is ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son1 ,i1 ,lat9 ,ego4 ,9 ,delaw>e ?is is a s+le syllable1 a slight nasal1 ,n1 or ,ni4 ,let me premise by in=m+ y t ?is is bo? a p]sonal & a possessive pron\n2 x means bo? ,i & m9e4 ,x is bo? s+ul> & plural1 bo? ,i & we1 m9e & our4 ,! *anges ( ! application ( ?is root are made by add+ suffixes to x4 ,i beg9 ) ni'hillan1 lit]ally1 8m9e1 x is s10 or 8%e1 x1 is truly m9e10 ! acc5t be+ on ! fir/ syllable1 ni'1 m9e4 ,b ! common mean+ ( ?is v]b 9 ,delaw>e is m significant ( own]%ip ?an ?is tame expression4 ,x is an active1 animate v]b1 & means1 8,i beat1 or /rike1 somebody40 ,to ! rude m9ds ( ! fram]s ( t tongue1 own]%ip meant ! "r to beat :at "o own$4 ,we might hope ?is s5se 0 conf9$ to ! l[] animals2 b n s4 ,*ange ! acc5t f ! fir/ to ! second syllable1 ni'hillan1 to nihil'lan1 & y h ! animate active v]b ) an int5sive =ce1 :i* signifies 8to beat to dea?10 8to kill "s p]son20 & f ?is1 by ano!r suffix1 y h nihil'l[51 to murd]1 & nihil'l[et1 murd]]4 ,! bad s5se ( ! root is "h pu%$ to its utt]mo/4 ,b ! root also develop$ 9 a nobl] direction4 ,add to ni'hillan ! t]m9ation ape1 :i* means a male1 & y h nihillape1 lit]ally1 8,i1 x is true1 a man10 :i*1 z an adjective1 means free1 indep5d5t1 "o's own ma/]1 8,i am my own man40 ,f ?is are d]iv$ ! n\n1 nihillapewit1 a freeman2 ! v]b nihillapew91 to be free2 & ! ab/ract1 nihillas[agan1 fre$om1 lib]ty1 indep5d5ce4 ,^! are glori\s words2 b ,i c g ev5 f>!r4 ,f ?is same !me is d]iv$ ! v]b nihillape-:eu1 to set free1 to lib]ate1 to r$eem2 & f ?is ! mission>ies fram$ ! ^w nihillape-:oalid1 ! ,r$eem]1 ! ,savi\r4 ,"h is an unexpect$ anti!sis1 ! words = a murd]] & ! ,savi\r bo? f "o root6 ,x illu/rates h[ /range is ! concat5ation ( human ?\ghts4 ,^! are by no means all ! d]ivatives f ! root ni1 ,i4 ,:5 r$uplicat$ z nn1 x has a plural & /r5g!n$ =m1 l 8our own40 ,) a p>donable & well-nigh univ]sal weakness1 :i* we %>e ) !m1 ! nation :o spoke ! language believ$ !mselves ! fir/ creat$ ( mortals & ! mo/ favor$ by ! ,creator4 ,h5ce :atev] !y designat$ z 8ours0 0 bo? old] & bett] ?an o!rs ( its k9d4 ,h5ce n5ni came to mean anci5t1 primordial1 indig5\s1 & z su* x is a frequ5t prefix 9 ! ,delaw>e language4 ,aga91 z !y consid]$ !mselves ! fir/ & only true m51 o!rs be+ b>b>ians1 enemies1 or /rang]s1 n5no 0 und]/ood to be "o ( u1 a man l ourselves1 ( our nation4 ,9 _! diff]5t dialects ! s\nds ( n1 l1 & r 7 alt]nat$1 s t :ile ,?omas ,campanius1 :o translat$ ! ,cate*ism into ,delaw>e ab\t #afde1 wrote t ^w rh5nus1 lat] writ]s h giv5 x l5no1 & translate x 8man40 ,?is is ! ^w :i* we f9d 9 ! "n ,l5ni ,l5ape1 :i*1 by its d]ivation1 means 8we1 we m540 ,! antec$5t l5ni is sup]flu\s4 ,! prop] "n ( ! ,delaw>e nation 0 & /ill is ,l5 p1 8we m510 or 8our m510 & ^? critics :o h ma9ta9$ t ?is 0 a misnom]1 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,heckeweld]1 h be5 mi/ak5 9 _! facts4#bfd ,i h n done ) ! root n4 ,i might g on & %[ y h[ x is at ! base ( ! demon/rative pron\ns1 ?is1 t1 ^?1 9 ,delaw>e2 h[ x is ! radical ( ! words = ?9k+1 reflect+1 & m$itat+2 h[ x also gives rise to words express+ simil>ity & id5tity2 h[ x means to be =emo/1 to /& ahead ( o!rs2 & f9ally1 h[ x signifies to come to me1 to unify or congregate toge!r4 ,b d\btless ,i h trespass$ on y\r e>s long en\gh ) unfamili> words4 ,su* sugge/ions z ^! w give y "s idea ( ! value ( ,am]ican languages to ,am]ican e?nology4 ,b ,i %\ld be do+ inju/ice to my subject 7 ,i to conf9e my argum5ts 9 favor ( _! /udy to ?is horizon4 ,if !y are ess5tial to a compreh5sion ( ! r$ race1 n less s are !y to ! sci5ce ( l+ui/ics 9 g5]al4 ,?is sci5ce deals n ) languages1 b ) language4 ,x looks at ! idiom ( a nation1 n z a dry catalogue ( words & grammatical rules1 b z ! liv+ expression ( ! ?9k+ p[] ( man1 z ! highe/ manife/ation ( t spiritual en]gy :i* has lift$ him f ! level ( ! brute1 ! complete def9ition ( :i*1 9 its orig9 & evolution1 is ! l(tie/ aim ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,z ! int5tion ( all spee* is ! expression ( ?\ght1 & z ! f9al purpose ( all ?9k+ is ! discov]y ( tru?1 s ! ideal ( language1 ! po9t t[>d :i* x /rives1 is ! absolute =m = ! realization ( intellectual function4 ,9 ?is high que/ no tongue c be ov]look$1 none c be left out ( acc\nt4 ,"o is j z important z ano!r4 ,g! once said t he :o kn[s b "o language kn[s none2 we may ext5d ! apo!gm1 & say t s long z !re is a s+le language on ! globe n und]/ood & analyz$1 ! sci5ce ( language w be incomplete & illusory4 ,x has (t5 prov$ ! case t ! inve/igation ( a s+le1 n>r[1 obscure dialect has *ang$ ! mo/ important !ories ( hi/ory4 ,:at has done m ?an any?+ else to ov]?r[1 or1 at lea/1 s]i\sly to %ake1 ! "t-honor$ notion t ! ,:ite ,race fir/ came f ,c5tral ,asia8 ,x 0 ! /udy ( ! ,li?uanian dialect on ! ,baltic ,sea1 a language ( peasants1 )\t lit]ature or culture1 b :i* displays =ms m ar*aic ?an ! ,sanscrit4 ,:at has l$ to a complete *ange ( views z to ! prehi/oric population ( ,s\!rn ,europe8 ,! /udy ( ! ,basque1 a language unkn[n out ( a few seclud$ valleys 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,!re are _m reasons :y unwritt5 languages1 l ^? ( ,am]ica1 are m int]e/+1 m promis+ 9 results1 to ! /ud5t ( l+ui/ics1 ?an ^? :i* = g5]ations h be5 ca/ 9 ! conv5tional m\lds ( writt5 spee*4 ,_! /ructure is m direct1 simple1 transp>5t2 !y reveal m cle>ly ! laws ( ! l+ui/ic p[]s 9 _! daily ex]cise2 !y are less ti$ d[n to h]$it>y =mul & mean+less repetitions4 ,w\ld we expla9 ! complicat$ /ructure ( highly-organiz$ tongues l our own1 w\ld we le>n ! laws :i* h assign$ to x its mat]ial & =mal elem5ts1 we mu/ turn to ! nave spee* ( savages1 !re to see 9 _! nak$ness ^? processes :i* are too obscure 9 our own4 ,if ! mu*-debat$ "q ( ! orig9 ( language engages u1 we mu/ seek its solution 9 ! simple radicals ( savage idioms2 & if we wi% to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! relative p[]s ( languages1 we c by no means omit !m f our li/4 ,!y (f] to u ! raw mat]ial1 ! ess5tial & indisp5sable requisites ( articulate communication4 ,z ! /ructure ( a language reflects 9 a measure1 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 x 9 a measure controls & directs ! m5tal work+s ( ^? :o speak x1 ! /ud5t ( psy*ology mu/ occupy himself ) ! spee* ( ! mo/ illit]ate races 9 ord] to und]/& _! !ory ( ?+s1 _! notions ( :at is ab\t !m4 ,!y tea* him ! undi/urb$ evolution ( ! untra9$ m9d4 ,z ! biologi/ 9 pursuit ( t m>vell\s some?+ :i* we call 8! vital pr9ciple0 turns f ! complex organisms ( ! high] animals & plants to life 9 its simple/ expression 9 microbes & s+le cells1 s 9 ! future w ! l+ui/ f9d t he is ne>e/ ! solution ( ! mo/ weighty problems ( 8 sci5ce :5 he directs 8 att5tion to ! lea/ cultivat$ languages4 ,conv9c$ z ,i am ( ! correctness ( ?is analogy1 ,i v5ture to pr$ict t 9 ! future ! analysis ( ! ,am]ican languages w be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important fields 9 l+ui/ic /udy1 & w modify mo/ mat]ially ! f9d+s ( t sci5ce4 ,& ,i make ?is pr$iction ! m confid5tly1 z ,i am support$ 9 x by ! great au?ority ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 :o = tw5ty ye>s devot$ himself to _! inve/igation4 ,z ,i am advocat+ s w>mly t m att5tion %\ld be devot$ to ^! languages1 x is b fair t y %\ld require me to say some?+ descriptive ab\t !m1 to expla9 "s ( _! peculi>ities ( /ructure4 ,to d ?is prop]ly ,i %\ld require n ! fag end ( "o lecture1 b a :ole c\rse ( lectures4 ,yet p]haps ,i c say en\gh n[ to %[ y h[ mu* !re is 9 !m wor? /udy+4 ,be=e ,i turn to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld l to combat a prejudice :i* ,i fe> y may ent]ta94 ,x is t same anci5t prejudice :i* l$ ! old ,greeks to call all ^? :o did n speak _! sonor\s idioms b>b>ians2 = t ^w meant no?+ m nor less ?an babbl]s 771 p :o spoke an un9telligible tongue4 ,mod]n civiliz$ nations hold t prejudice yet1 9 ! s5se t ea* insi/s t 8 own language is ! be/ "o extant1 ! highe/ 9 ! scale1 & t :]e9 o!rs diff] f x 9 /ructure !y are inf]ior4 ,s un=tunately plac$ is ?is prejudice ) ref]5ce to my subject1 t 9 ! v volume issu$ by our gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton to enc\rage ! /udy ( ! ,indian languages1 !re is a long essay to prove t ,engli% is ! noble/1 mo/ p]fect language 9 ! _w1 :ile all ! native languages are1 9 comp>ison1 ( a v l[ grade inde$6#bfe ,! essayi/ draws 8 argum5ts *iefly f ! abs5ce ( inflections 9 ,engli%4 ,yet _m ( ! pr(\nde/ l+ui/s ( ?is c5tury h ma9ta9$ t a fully inflect$ language1 l ! ,greek or ,lat91 is = t v reason ahead ( all o!rs4 ,we may suspect t :5 a writ] lauds 8 native tongue at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 he is influ5c$ by a prejudice 9 its favor & an abs5ce ( facility 9 ! o!rs4 ,^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ,am]ican tongues praise !m mo/ highly = flexibility1 accuracy1 & res\rces ( expression4 ,!y place "s ( !m above any ,aryan language4 ,b :at is ?is to ^? :o d n "k !m8 ,to him :o _c b5d ! b[ ( ,ulysses x naturally seems a useless & awkw>d weapon4 ,i d n ask y to accept ?is op9ion ei!r2 b ,i d ask t y rid y\r m9ds ( bias1 & t y d n condemn a tongue because x diff]s widely f t :i* y speak4 ,am]ican tongues d1 inde$1 diff] v widely f ^? famili> to ,aryan e>s4 ,n t !y are all alike 9 /ructure4 ,t 0 a ha/y g5]alization1 dat+ f a "t :5 !y 7 less kn[n4 ,yet ! great majority ( !m h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common1 suffici5t to place !m 9 a l+ui/ic class by !mselves4 ,i %all "n & expla9 "s ( ^!4 ,z ( ! fir/ importance ,i w\ld m5tion ! prom95ce !y assign to pron\ns & pronom9al =ms4 ,inde$1 an em95t l+ui/ has be5 s impress$ ) ?is feature t he has propos$ to classify !m di/9ctively z 8pronom9al languages40 ,!y h _m classes ( pron\ns1 sometimes z _m z eighte51 :i* is m ?an twice z _m z ! ,greek4 ,!re is (t5 no di/9ction betwe5 a n\n & a v]b o!r ?an ! pron\n :i* gov]ns x4 ,t is1 if a ^w is employ$ ) "o =m ( ! pron\n x becomes a n\n1 if ) ano!r pron\n1 x becomes a v]b4 ,we h some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ! phrase1 8,i love10 love is a v]b2 b 9 8my love10 x is a n\n4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is treatm5t ( words z ei!r n\ns or v]bs1 z we please to employ !m1 0 c>ri$ fur!r by ,%akespe>e ?an by any o!r ,engli% writ]4 ,he seem$ to div9e 9 su* a trait ( language va/ res\rces = v>i$ & po9t$ expression4 ,if ,i may v5ture a sugge/ion z to h[ x does conf] peculi> /r5g? to expressions1 x is t x br+s into especial prom95ce ! idea ( ,p]sonality2 x directs all subjects ( disc\rse by ! notion ( an individual1 a liv+1 p]sonal unit4 ,?is imp>ts vividness to n>ratives1 & directness & life to propositions4 ,( ^! pron\ns1 t ( ! fir/ p]son is usually ! mo/ develop$4 ,f x1 9 _m dialects1 are d]iv$ ! demon/ratives & relatives1 :i* 9 ,aryan languages 7 tak5 f ! ?ird p]son4 ,?is prom95ce ( ! ,ego1 ?is confid5ce 9 self1 is a trait ( ! race z well z ( _! spee*4 ,x =ms "p ( t savage indep5d5ce ( "* :i* prev5t$ !m coalesc+ into great nations1 & l$ !m to pref] dea? to s]vitude4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic1 :i* at "o "t 0 suppos$ to be univ]sal on ?is cont95t1 is :at ,mr4 ,pet] ,du ,ponceau nam$ polysyn!sis4 ,he meant by ?is a p[] ( runn+ sev]al words into "o1 dropp+ p>ts ( !m & reta9+ only ! significant syllables4 ,long descriptive names ( all objects ( civiliz$ life new to ! ,indians 7 ?us co9$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,"s ( ^! are curi\s en\gh4 ,! ,pavant ,indians call a s*ool h\se by "o ^w1 :i* means 8a /opp+-place :]e sorc]y is practic$20 _! notion ( book-le>n+ be+ t x belongs to ! uncanny arts4 ,! ,delaw>e ^w = horse means 8! f\r-foot$ animal :i* c>ries on 8 back40 ,?is me?od ( co9+ words is1 h[ev]1 by no means univ]sal 9 ,am]ican languages4 ,x prevails 9 mo/ ( ^? 9 ,briti% ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,aztec & v>i\s ,s\? ,am]ican idioms2 b 9 o!rs1 z ! dialects f\nd 9 ,yucatan & ,guatemala1 & 9 ! ,tupi ( ,brazil1 ! ,otomi ( ,mexico1 & ! ,klama? ( ! ,pacific coa/1 x is sc>cely or n at all pres5t4 ,ano!r trait1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 conf\nd$ ) ?is by ,mr4 ,du ,ponceau1 b really belongs 9 a diff]5t category ( grammatical /ructure1 is truly di/9ctive ( ! languages ( ! cont95t1 & ,i am n sure t any "o ( !m has be5 %[n to be :olly devoid ( x4 ,?is is :at is call$ incorporation4 ,x includes 9 ! v]b1 or 9 ! v]bal expression1 ! object & mann] ( ! action4 ,?is is effect$ by mak+ ! subject ( ! v]b an insep>able prefix1 & by ins]t+ betwe5 x & ! v]b itself1 or sometimes directly 9 ! latt]1 betwe5 its syllables1 ! object1 direct or remote1 & ! p>ticles indicat+ mode4 ,! "t or t5se p>ticles1 on ! o!r h&1 w be plac$ at "o end ( ?is comp\nd1 ei!r z prefixes or suffixes1 ?us plac+ ! :ole expression /rictly )9 ! limits ( a v]bal =m ( spee*4 ,bo? ! above *>act]i/ics1 ,i mean ,polysyn!sis & ,incorporation1 are unconsci\s ef=ts to c>ry out a c]ta9 !ory ( spee* :i* has aptly en\gh be5 t]m$ holophrasis1 or ! putt+ ! :ole ( a phrase into a s+le ^w4 ,?is is ! aim ( ea* ( !m1 ?\gh ea* endeavors to accompli% x by diff]5t means4 ,incorporation conf9es itself exclusively to v]bal =ms1 :ile polysyn!sis embraces bo? n\ns & v]bs4 ,suppose we c>ry ! analysis fur!r1 & see if we c obta9 an answ] to ! qu]y1--,:y did ?is ef=t at bl5d+ =ms ( spee* obta9 s widely8 ,su* an inquiry w indicate h[ valuable to l+ui/ic se>* w\ld prove ! /udy ( ?is gr\p ( languages4 ,i ?9k !re is no d\bt b t x po9ts unmi/akably to t v anci5t1 to t primordial p]iod ( human utt]ance :5 m5 _h n yet le>n$ to connect words into s5t5ces1 :5 _! utmo/ ef=ts at articulate spee* did n g beyond s+le words1 :i*1 aid$ by ge/ures & signs1 s]v$ to convey _! limit$ intellectual conv]se4 ,su* s+le vocables did n belong to any p>ticul> "p ( spee*4 ,!re 0 no gramm> to t antique tongue4 ,its disconnect$ exclamations mean :ole s5t5ces 9 !mselves4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! human race1 notably1 b n exclusively1 ! aborig9es ( ?is cont95t1 cont9u$ ! tradition ( ?is mode ( expression 9 ! /ructure ( _! tongues1 long aft] ! union ( ?\ght & s\nd 9 audible spee* _h be5 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection4 ,al?\gh ,i ?us reg>d "o ( ! mo/ prom95t peculi>ities ( ,am]ican languages z a survival f an exce$+ly l[ /age ( human developm5t1 x by no means foll[s t ?is is an evid5ce ( _! inf]iority4 ,! ,*9ese1 :o made no ef=t to comb9e ! primitive vocables into "o1 b range !m nak$ly side by side1 succe$$ no bett] ?an ! ,am]ican ,indians2 & !re is n mu* beyond ass]tion to prove t ! ,aryans1 :o1 ?r\gh _! inflections1 m>k$ ! relation ( ea* ^w 9 ! s5t5ce by num]\s tags ( case1 g5d]1 numb]1 etc41 got any ne>] ! ideal p]fection ( language4 ,if we apply :at is c]ta9ly a v fair te/1 to wit3 ! uses to :i* a language is & c be put1 ,i _c see t a well-develop$ ,am]ican tongue1 su* z ! ,aztec or ! ,algonk91 9 any way falls %ort (1 say ,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,x is true t 9 _m ( ^! tongues !re is no di/9ction made betwe5 expressions1 :i* ) u are c>efully sep>at$1 & are s 9 ?\ght4 ,?us1 9 ! ,tupi ( ,brazil & else:]e1 !re is b "o ^w = ! ?ree expressions1 88 fa!r10 8he is a fa!r10 & 8he has a fa!r20 9 _m1 ! simple =m ( ! v]b may convey ?ree diff]5t ideas1 z 9 ,ute1 :]e ! ^w = 8he seizes0 means also 8! seiz]10 & z a descriptive n\n1 8a be>10 ! animal :i* seizes4 ,?is has be5 *>g$ aga9/ ^! languages z a lack ( 8diff]5tiation40 ,grammatically1 ?is is s2 b ! same *>ge applies ) almo/ equal =ce to ! ,engli% language1 :]e ! same ^w may belong to any ( f\r1 five1 ev5 six p>ts ( spee*1 dep5d5t entirely on ! connection 9 :i* x is us$4 ,z a set-(f1 ! ,am]ican languages avoid confusions ( expression :i* prevail 9 ,european tongues4 ,?us 9 none ( ^! latt]1 :5 ,i say 8! love ( ,god10 8l'am\r de ,dieu10 8amor ,dei10 c y und]/& :at ,i mean4 ,y d n "k :e!r ,i int5d ! love :i* we h or %\ld h t[>d ,god1 or ,god's love t[>d u4 ,yet 9 ! ,mexican language 7& _m o!r ,am]ican tongues7 ^! two q opposite ideas are s cle>ly di/+ui%$ t1 z ,fa!r ,c>o*i w>ns ! read]s ( 8 ,mexican ,gramm>1 to conf\nd !m w\ld n m]ely be a griev\s solecism 9 spee*1 b a =midable h]esy z well4 ,ano!r example4 ,:at c y make out ( ?is s5t5ce1 :i* is /rictly correct by ,engli% gramm>3 8,john told ,rob]t's son t he mu/ help him80 ,y c make no?+ out ( x4 ,x may h any "o ( six diff]5t mean+s1 dep5d+ on ! p]sons ref]r$ to by ! pron\ns 8he0 & 8him40 ,no su* lam5table confusion c\ld occur 9 any ,am]ican tongue kn[n to me4 ,! ,*ippeway1 = in/ance1 has ?ree pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son1 :i* designate ! ne> & ! remote antec$5ts ) ! mo/ lucid accuracy4 ,!re is ano!r po9t t ,i mu/ m5tion 9 ?is connection1 because ,i f9d t x has almo/ always be5 ov]look$ or misund]/ood by critics ( ^! languages4 ,^! h be5 free 9 condemn+ ! syn!tic =ms ( con/ruction4 ,b !y seem to be ignorant t _! use is l>gely optional4 ,?us1 9 ,mexican1 "o c arrange ! same s5t5ce 9 an analytic or a syn!tic =m1 & ?is is also ! case1 9 a less degree1 9 ! ,algonk94 ,by ?is means a rem>kable ri*ness is add$ to ! language4 ,! high] ! grade ( syn!sis employ$1 ! m /rik+1 elevat$1 & po9t$ becomes ! expression4 ,9 common life long comp\nds are r>e1 :ile 9 ! native ,mexican poetry ea* l9e is (t5 b "o ^w4 ,turn+ n[ f ! /ructure ( ^! languages to _! vocabul>ies1 ,i mu/ correct a widespread notion t !y are scanty 9 ext5t & defici5t 9 ! means to express l(ty or ab/ract ideas4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m tracts ( ?\ght & le>n+ famili> to u n[ :i* 7 utt]ly unkn[n to ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 & n less s to our own =efa!rs a few c5turies ago4 ,x w\ld be v unfair to comp>e ! diction>y ( an ,indian language ) ! la/ edition ( ,web/]'s ,unabridg$4 ,b take ! ,engli% diction>ies ( ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 be=e ,sp5s] & ,%akespe>e wrote1 & comp>e !m ) ! ,mexican vocabul>y ( ,mol9a1 :i* conta9s ab\t #ac1jjj words1 or ) ! ,maya vocabul>y ( ! conv5t ( ,motul1 :i* pres5ts ov] #bj1jjj1 bo? prep>$ at t date1 & y\r proc$ure w be j1 & y w f9d x n disadvantage\s to ! ,am]ican side ( ! "q4 ,! defici5cy 9 ab/ract t]ms is g5]ally true ( ^! languages4 ,!y did n h !m1 because !y _h no use = !m--& ! m bless$ 0 _! condition4 ,european languages h be5 load$ ) sev]al ?\s& su* by metaphysics & my/icism1 & x has requir$ _m g5]ations to discov] t !y are empty w9dbags1 full ( s\nd & signify+ no?+4 ,yet x is well kn[n to /ud5ts t ! p[] ( =m+ ab/racts is possess$ 9 a rem>kable degree by _m native languages4 ,! mo/ recondite =mul ( dogmatic religion1 su* z ! def9ition ( ! ,tr9ity & ! diff]5ce betwe5 consub/antiation & transub/antiation1 h be5 translat$ into _m ( !m )\t introduc+ =eign words1 & 9 entire con=mity ) _! grammatical /ructure4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,augu/9 de la ,rosa1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,guadalaj>a1 says ! ,mexican is peculi>ly adapt$ to r5d] ^! metaphysical subtleties4 ,i h be5 a/oni%$ t "s writ]s %\ld br+ up ! prim>y mean+ ( a ^w 9 an ,am]ican language 9 ord] to inf] ! co>s5ess ( its second>y mean+4 ,?is is a /rangely unfair proce$+1 & c\ld be direct$ ) equal effect aga9/ our own tongues4 ,?us1 ,i read lately a travel] :o spoke h>dly ( an ,indian tribe because _! ^w = 8to love0 0 a d]ivative f t mean+ 8to buy10 & !nce 8to prize40 ,b :at did ! ,lat9 am>e1 & ! ,engli% to love1 fir/ mean8 ,c>nally liv+ toge!r is :at !y fir/ meant1 & ?is is n a nobl] d]ivation ?an t ( ! ,indian4 ,ev5 yet1 :5 ! mo/ poli%$ ( ,european nations1 t "o :i* mo/ exalts la gr&e passion1 does n di/+ui% 9 language betwe5 lov+ _! wives & lik+ _! d9n]s1 b uses ! same ^w = bo? emotions1 x is sc>cely wise = u to indulge 9 mu* latitude ( inf]5ce f su* etymologies4 ,su* is ! g5]al "* ( ,am]ican languages1 & su* are ! reasons :y !y %\ld be pres]v$ & /udi$4 ,! field is va/ & dem&s _m labor]s to reap all ! fruit t x promises4 ,x is believ$ at pres5t t !re are ab\t two hundr$ :olly indep5d5t /ocks ( languages among ! aborig9es ( ?is cont95t4 ,!y v>y mo/ widely 9 vocabul>y1 & seem+ly sc>cely less s 9 gramm>4 ,besides ?is1 ea* ( ^! /ocks is subdivid$ into dialects1 ea* di/+ui%$ by its own s]ies ( phonetic *anges1 & its own new words4 ,:at an opportunity is ?us (f]$ = ! /udy ( ! natural evolution ( language1 unfett]$ by ! petrify+ art ( writ+6 ,?is is ! case :i* ,i pres5t to y1 & = :i* ,i e>ne/ly solicit y\r consid]ation4 ,& t ,i may add weight to my appeal1 ,i close by quot+ ! words ( "o ( ,am]ica's mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s1 ,pr(essor ,william ,dwight ,:itney1 ( ,yale ,college1 :o writes to ?is effect3 8,! /udy ( ,am]ican languages is ! mo/ fruitful & ! mo/ important bran* ( ,am]ican ,ar*ology40 ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,humboldt',s ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,languages4#bff ,cont5ts4--,:at l$ ,humboldt t[>d ! ,am]ican tongues--,progress ( 8 /udies--,fundam5tal doctr9e ( 8 philosophy ( language--,8 !ory ( ! evolution ( languages--,op9ion on ,am]ican languages--,8 crit]ion ( ! relative p]fection ( languages--,n abundance ( =ms--,nor v]bal ri*ness--,am]ican tongues n deg5]ations--,humboldt's classification ( languages--,psy*ological orig9 ( ,incorporation 9 language--,its %ortcom+s--,9 simple s5t5ces--,9 comp\nd s5t5ces--,abs5ce ( true =mal elem5ts--,! nature ( ! ,am]ican v]b4 ,! f\ndations ( ! ,philosophy ( ,language 7 laid by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 7born ,june #bb1 #agfg1 di$ ,april #h1 #ahce74 ,! pr9ciples he advocat$ h frequ5tly be5 misund]/ood1 & "s ( !m h be5 modifi$1 or ev5 controv]t$1 by m ext5d$ rese>*2 b a c>eful survey ( ! t5d5cies ( mod]n ?\ght 9 ?is field w %[ t ! philosophic s*eme ( ! nature & gr[? ( languages :i* he set =?1 is gradually reass]t+ its sway aft] hav+ be5 neglect$ & d5i$ ?r\gh ! prepond]ance ( ! s-call$ 8naturali/ic0 s*ool dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! "t seems ripe1 !re=e1 to br+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy to ! k ( ,am]ican s*ol>s1 z appli$ by himself to ! analysis ( ,am]ican languages4 ,^! languages occupi$ ,humboldt's att5tion e>ne/ly & = _m ye>s4 ,he 0 fir/ l$ to _! /udy by 8 bro!r ,alex&]1 :o pres5t$ him ) ! l>ge l+ui/ic collection amass$ dur+ 8 travels 9 ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:ile ,prussian ,m9i/] 9 ,rome 7#ahjb-h7 ,wilhelm ransack$ ! libr>y ( ! ,collegio ,romano = r>e or unpubli%$ works on ,am]ican tongues2 he obta9$ f ! ex-,jesuit ,=n]i all ! in=mation ! latt] c\ld give ab\t ! ,yur>i1 a tongue spok5 on ! ,meta riv]1 ,new ,granada2#bfg & he secur$ accurate copies ( all ! manuscript mat]ial on ^! idioms left by ! dilig5t collector & l+ui/1 ! ,abb ,h]vas4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahab1 we f9d him writ+ to 8 fri5d ,b>on ,alex&] von ,r5n5kampff1 !n 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg3 8,i h select$ ! ,am]ican languages z ! special subject ( my inve/igations4 ,!y h ! close/ relation%ip ( any ) ! tongues ( nor?-ea/]n ,asia2 & ,i beg y !re=e to obta9 = me all ! diction>ies & gramm>s ( ! latt] :i* y c40#bfh ,x is probable f ?is extract t ,humboldt 0 !n /udy+ ^! languages f t limit$1 e?nographic po9t ( view1 f :i* he wrote 8 essay on ! ,basque tongue1 ! ann\ncem5t ( :i* appe>$1 inde$1 9 t ye>1 #ahab1 al?\gh ! "w itself 0 n issu$ until #ahba4 ,t5 ye>s m ( /udy & reflection taught him a f> l(ti] flight4 ,he came to look ^u ea* language z an organism1 all its p>ts be>+ h>moni\s relations to ea* o!r1 /&+ 9 a def9ite connection ) ! intellectual & emotional developm5t ( ! nation speak+ x4 ,ea* language aga9 be>s ! relation to language 9 g5]al t ! species does to ! g5us1 or ! g5us to ! ord]1 & by a compreh5sive process ( analysis he hop$ to arrive at ^? fundam5tal laws ( articulate spee* :i* =m ! ,philosophy ( ,language1 & :i*1 z !y are also ! laws ( human ?\ght1 at a c]ta9 po9t co9cide1 he believ$1 ) ^? ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,9 ! completion ( ?is va/ s*eme1 he cont9u$ to atta* ! utmo/ importance to ! ,am]ican languages4 ,8 illu/rations 7 con/antly drawn f !m1 & !y 7 ev] ! subject ( 8 e>ne/ /udies4 ,he priz$ !m z 9 c]ta9 respects ! mo/ valuable ( all to ! philosophic /ud5t ( human spee*4 ,?us1 9 #ahbf1 he ann\nc$ be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy t he 0 prep>+ an exhau/ive "w on ! 8,organism ( ,language10 = :i* he _h select$ ! ,am]ican languages exclusively1 z be/ suit$ = ?is purpose4 8,! languages ( a great cont95t10 he writes1 8peopl$ by num]\s nationalities1 probably nev] subject to =eign influ5ce1 (f] = ?is bran* ( l+ui/ic /udy specially favorable mat]ial4 ,!re are 9 ,am]ica z _m z ?irty little kn[n languages = :i* we h means ( /udy1 ea* ( :i* is l a new natural species1 besides _m o!rs ^: data are less ample40#bfi ,9 8 memoir1 read two ye>s lat]1 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,grammatic ,=ms1 & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,developm5t ( ,ideas10 he *ose mo/ ( 8 examples f ! idioms ( ! ,new ,_w2#bgj & ! ye> foll[+1 he read ! monograph on ! ,v]b 9 ,am]ican languages1 :i* ,i ref] to on a lat] page4 ,9 a subsequ5t communication1 he ann\nc$ 8 special /udy ( ?is gr\p z /ill 9 prep>ation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nev] complet$4 ,8 e>ne/ desire to rea* ! fundam5tal laws ( language l$ him into a long s]ies ( inve/igations into ! sy/ems ( record$ spee*1 phonetic hi]oglyphics & alphabetic writ+1 on :i* he read memoirs ( great acut5ess4 ,9 "o ( ^! he aga9 m5tions 8 /udies ( ! ,am]ican tongues1 & takes occasion to v9dicate !m f ! curr5t *>ge ( be+ ( a l[ grade 9 ! l+ui/ic scale4 8,x is c]ta9ly unju/10 he writes1 8to call ! ,am]ican languages rude or savage1 al?\gh _! /ructure is widely diff]5t f ^? p]fectly =m$40#bga ,9 #ahbh1 !re is a publi%$ lett] f him mak+ an appo9tm5t ) ! ,abb ,?av5et1 mission>y to ! ,canadian ,algonk9s1 !n 9 ,p>is1 8to enjoy ! pleasure ( conv]s+ ) him on 8 int]e/+ /udies ( ! ,algonk9 language40#bgb ,& a private lett] tells u t 9 #ahca he appli$ himself ) new zeal to ma/]+ ! intricacies ( ,mexican gramm>4#bgc ,all ^! ye>s he 0 work+ to complete ! rese>*es :i* l$ him to ! f>-rea*+ g5]alization :i* is at ! basis ( 8 l+ui/ic philosophy4 ,let me /ate 9 a few words :at ?is philosophy tea*es4 ,x aims to e/abli% z a fundam5tal tru? t ! div]sity ( /ructure 9 languages is bo? ! necess>y antec$5t & ! necess>y consequ5t ( ! evolution ( ! human m9d4#bgd ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is !sis he beg9s ) a subtle analysis ( ! nature ( spee* 9 g5]al1 & !n proce$s to def9e ! reciprocal influ5ces :i* ?\ght ex]ts ^u x1 & x ^u ?\ght4 ,x w readily be se5 t a coroll>y ( ?is !orem is t ! ,sci5ce ( ,language is & mu/ be ! mo/ in/ructive1 ! indisp5sable guide 9 ! /udy ( ! m5tal evolution ( ! human race4 ,humboldt recogniz$ ?is fully4 ,he taught t 9 its highe/ s5se ! philosophy ( language is "o ) ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! sci5ce ( language misses its purpose unless x seeks its *ief end 9 expla9+ ! intellectual gr[? ( ! race4#bge ,ea* sep>ate tongue is 8a ?\ght-_w 9 tones0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! m9ds ( ^? :o speak x & ! objective _w )\t4#bgf ,ea* mirrors 9 itself ! _s ( ! nation to :i* x belongs4 ,b x has also an e>li] & indep5d5t orig92 x is ! product ( ! conceptions ( antec$5t g5]ations1 & ?us ex]ts a =mative & directive influ5ce on ! national m9d1 an influ5ce n slight1 b m pot5t ?an t :i* ! national m9d ex]ts ^u x4#bgg ,he fully recogniz$ a progress1 an organic gr[?1 9 human spee*4 ,?is gr[? may be f two s\rces1 "o ! cultivation ( a tongue )9 ! nation by enri*+ its vocabul>y1 sep>at+ & classify+ its elem5ts1 fix+ its expressions1 & ?us adapt+ x to wid] uses2 ! second1 by =cible amalgamation ) ano!r tongue4 ,! latt] ex]ts always a m pr(\nd & (t5 a m b5eficial influ5ce4 ,! organism ( bo? tongues may be de/roy$1 b ! dissolv5t =ce is also an organic & vital "o1 & f ! ru9s ( bo? con/ructs a spee* ( gr&] plans & ) wid] views4 8,! seem+ly aimless & confus$ int]m+l+s ( primitive tribes s[$ ! se$ = ! fl[]s ( spee* & song :i* fl\ri%$ 9 c5turies long po/]ior40 ,! imm$iate causes ( ! improvem5t ( a language ?r\gh =cible admixture ) ano!r1 are3 t x is oblig$ to drop all unnecess>y accessory elem5ts 9 a proposition2 t ! relations ( ideas mu/ be express$ by conv5tional & n significant syllables2 & t ! limitations ( ?\ght impos$ by ! g5ius ( ! language are viol5tly brok5 d[n1 & ! m9d is ?us giv5 wid] play = its faculties4 ,su* influ5ces1 h[ev]1 d n act 9 accordance ) fix$ laws ( gr[?4 ,!re are no su* laws :i* are ( univ]sal application4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,mongolian or ,aryan tongues is n at all t ( ! ,am]ican4 ,! goal is "o & ! same1 b ! pa?s to x are inf9ite4 ,= ?is reason ea* gr\p or class ( languages mu/ be /udi$ by itself1 & its own peculi> developm5tal laws be asc]ta9$ by se>*+ its hi/ory4#bgh ,) ref]5ce to ! gr[? ( ,am]ican languages1 x 0 ,humboldt's view t !y manife/ ! utmo/ refractor9ess bo? to ext]nal influ5ces & to int]nal modifications4 ,!y reveal a m>vell\s t5acity ( traditional words & =ms1 n only 9 dialects1 b ev5 9 p>ticul> classes ( ! community1 m5 hav+ diff]5t expressions f wom51 ! old f ! "y1 ! high] f ! l[] classes4 ,^! are ma9ta9$ ) scrupul\s exactitude ?r\gh g5]ations1 & ?ree c5turies ( daily comm+l+ ) ! :ite race h sc>cely alt]$ _! gramm> or phonetics4 ,nor is ?is ref]able to ! contra/ betwe5 an ,aryan & an ,am]ican language4 ,! same immiscibility is %[n betwe5 !mselves4 8,ev5 :]e _m radically diff]5t languages are locat$ closely toge!r1 z 9 ,mexico1 ,i h n f\nd a s+le example :]e "o ex]cis$ a con/ructive or =mative influ5ce on ! o!r4 ,b x is by ! enc\nt] ( great & contra/$ diff]5ces t languages ga9 /r5g?1 ri*es1 & complet5ess4 ,only ?us are ! p]ceptive p[]s1 ! imag9ation & ! feel+s impell$ to enri* & ext5d ! means ( expression1 :i*1 if left to ! labors ( ! und]/&+ alone1 are liable to be b meagre & arid40#bgi ,humboldt's "o crit]ion ( a language 0 its t5d5cy to quick5 & /imulate m5tal action4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ?is is secur$ j 9 proportion z ! grammatical /ructure favors cle> def9ition ( ! individual idea ap>t f its relations2 9 o!r words1 z x sep>ates ! mat]ial f ! inflectional elem5ts ( spee*4 ,cle> ?9k+1 he argu$1 means progressive ?9k+4 ,!re=e he assign$ a l[] position bo? to ^? tongues :i* insep>ably connect ! idea ) its relations1 z mo/ ,am]ican languages1 & to ^? :i*1 l ! ,*9ese & 9 a less degree ! mod]n ,engli%1 h sc>cely any =mal elem5ts at all1 b dep5d ^u ! position ( words 7placem5t7 to signify _! relations4 ,b he w>ns u t x is ( importance to recognize fully 8t grammatical pr9ciples dwell r 9 ! m9d ( ! speak] ?an 9 ! mat]ial & me*anism ( 8 language10 & t ! p[] ( express+ ideas 9 any tongue dep5ds mu* m on ! intellectual capacity ( ! speak] ?an ! /ructure ( ! tongue itself4 ,he c5sures ! common error 7common n[ z x 0 9 8 day7 t ! abundance & regul>ity ( =ms 9 a language is a m>k ( excell5ce4 ,?is v multiplicity1 ?is excessive sup]fluity1 is a burd5 & a drawback1 & obscures ! integration ( ! ?\ght by atta*+ to x a quantity ( ne$less qualifications4 ,?us1 9 ! language ( ! ,abipones1 ! pron\n is diff]5t z ! p]son spok5 ( is conceiv$ z pres5t1 abs5t1 sitt+1 walk+1 ly+ or runn+--all q unnecess>y specifications4#bhj ,9 "s languages mu* appe>s z =m :i*1 on close scrut9y1 is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,?is misund]/&+ has reign$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! treatm5t ( ,am]ican tongues4 ,! gramm>s :i* h be5 writt5 ^u !m proce$ g5]ally on ! pr9ciples ( ,lat91 & apply a s]ies ( grammatical names to ! =ms expla9$1 entirely inappropriate to !m1 & mislead+4 ,our fir/ duty 9 tak+ up su* a gramm> z1 = in/ance1 t ( an ,am]ican language1 is to dismiss ! :ole ( ! arrangem5t ( ! 8p>ts ( spee*10 & by an analysis ( words & phrases1 to asc]ta9 by :at collocation ( elem5ts !y express logical1 significant relations4#bha ,= example1 9 ! ,c>ib tongue1 ! gramm>s give aveiridaco z ! second p]son s+ul>1 subjunctive imp]fect1 8if ?\ w]t40 ,analyze ?is1 & we discov] t a is ! possessive pron\n 8?y20 veiri is 8to be0 or 8be+0 79 a place72 & daco is a p>ticle ( def9ite "t4 ,h5ce1 ! lit]al r5d]+ is 8on ! day ( ?y be+40 ,! s-call$ imp]fect subjunctive turns out to be a v]bal n\n ) a preposition4 ,9 _m ,am]ican languages ! hypo!tical supposition express$ 9 ! ,lat9 subjunctive is indicat$ by ! same circumlocution4 ,aga91 ! inf9itive1 9 its classical s5se1 is unkn[n 9 mo/1 probably 9 all1 ,am]ican languages4 ,9 ! ,tupi ( ,brazil & frequ5tly else:]e x is simply a n\n2 c>u is bo? 8to eat0 & 8food20 *e c>u ai-pota1 8,i wi% to eat10 lit]ally 8my food ,i wi%40 ,_m writ]s cont9ue to ma9ta9 t a crit]ion ( a language is its lexicographic ri*ness--! numb] ( words x possesses4 ,ev5 rec5tly1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has appli$ su* a te/ to ,am]ican languages1 &1 f9d+ t "o ( ! ,fuegian dialects is report$ to h ne>ly ?irty ?\s& words1 he ma9ta9s t ?is is a pro( t ^! savages are a deg5]ate remnant ( "s mu* m highly develop$ ance/ry4 ,f\nd+ 8 op9ion l>gely on simil> facts1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt appli$ ! expression to ! ,am]ican nations t !y are 8des dbris *apps un naufrage commun40 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! op9ion ( 8 bro!r ,wilhelm4 ,he s\nd$ ! dep?s ( l+ui/ic philosophy f> m deeply ?an to accept m]e abundance ( words z pro( ( ri*ness 9 a language4 ,_m savage languages h tw5ty words signify+ to eat p>ticul> ?+s1 b no ^w mean+ 8to eat0 9 g5]al2 ! ,eskimo language has diff]5t words = fi%+ = ea* k9d ( fi%1 b no ^w 8to fi%10 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,su* app>5t ri*ness is1 9 fact1 actual pov]ty4 ,humboldt taught t ! quality1 n m]ely ! quantity1 ( words 0 ! decisive measure ( v]bal weal?4 ,su* quality dep5ds on ! relations ( concrete words1 on ! "o h&1 to primitive objective p]ceptions at _! root1 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! ab/ract g5]al ideas ( :i* !y are p>ticul> repres5tatives2 & besides ?is1 on ! relations :i* ! spok5 ^w1 ! articulate s\nd1 be>s to ! philosophic laws ( ! =mation ( language 9 g5]al4#bhb ,9 8 lett] to ,abel-,remusat he discusses ! !ory t ! ,am]ican languages po9t to a once high] condition ( civilization1 & are ! corrupt$ idioms ( det]iorat$ races4 ,he d5ies t !re is l+ui/ic evid5ce ( any su* !ory4 ,^! languages1 he says1 possess a rem>kable regul>ity ( /ructure1 & v few anomalies4 ,_! gramm> does n pres5t any visible traces ( corrupt+ int]mixtures4#bhc ,humboldt's classification ( languages 0 bas$ on ! relation ( ! ^w to ! s5t5ce1 :i*1 express$ 9 logic1 w\ld mean ! relation ( ! simple idea to ! proposition4 ,he taught t ! plans on :i* languages comb9e words into s5t5ces are a basic "* ( _! /ructure1 & divide !m into classes z di/9ct & z decisive ( _! future1 z ^? ( v]tebrate & inv]tebrate animals 9 natural hi/ory4 ,^! plans are f\r 9 numb]3 #a4 ,by ,isolation4 ,! words are plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 )\t *ange4 ,_! relations are express$ by _! location only 7placem5t74 ,! typical example ( ?is is ! ,*9ese4 #b4 ,by ,agglut9ation4 ,! s5t5ce is =m$ by suffix+ to ! ^w expressive ( ! ma9 idea a numb] ( o!rs1 m or less alt]$1 express+ ! relations4 ,examples ( ?is are ! ,eskimo ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ,nor!rn ,asiatic dialects4 #c4 ,by ,incorporation4 ,! lead+ ^w ( ! s5t5ce is divid$1 & ! accessory words ei!r includ$ 9 x or atta*$ to x ) abbreviat$ =ms1 s t ! :ole s5t5ce assumes ! =m & s\nd ( "o ^w4 #d4 ,by ,inflection4 ,ea* ^w ( ! s5t5ce indicates by its own =m ! "* & relation to ! ma9 proposition ( ! idea x repres5ts4 ,sanscrit1 ,greek & ,lat9 are famili> examples ( inflect$ tongues4 ,x is possible to suppose t all f\r ( ^! =ms 7 develop$ f "s primitive condition ( utt]ance unkn[n to u1 j z naturali/s believe t all organic species 7 develop$ out ( a homog5e\s protoplasmic mass2 b x is z h>d to see h[ any "o ( !m 9 its pres5t =m c\ld pass ov] into ano!r1 z to und]/& h[ a radiate c\ld *ange into a mollusk4 ,( ! f\r plans m5tion$1 ,incorporation is t *>act]i/ic (1 ?\gh n conf9$ to1 ,am]ican tongues4 ,! psy*ological orig9 ( ?is plan is expla9$ r curi\sly by ,humboldt1 z ! result ( an exaltation ( ! imag9ative ov] ! intellectual elem5ts ( m9d4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! l+ui/ic faculty /rives to pres5t to ! und]/&+ ! :ole ?\ght 9 ! mo/ compact =m possible1 ?us to facilitate its compreh5sion2 & ?is x does1 because a ?\ght pres5t$ 9 "o ^w is m vivid & /imulat+ to ! imag9ation1 m individual & picturesque1 ?an :5 n>rat$ 9 a numb] ( words4#bhd ,incorporation may appe> 9 a high] or a l[] grade1 b its int5tion is ev]y:]e ! ef=t to convey 9 "o ^w ! :ole proposition4 ,! v]b1 z t "p ( spee* :i* especially conveys ! syn!tic action ( ! m5tal op]ation1 is t :i* is select$ z ! /em ( ?is ^w-s5t5ce2 all ! o!r p>ts are subord9ate accessories1 devoid ( syntactic value4 ,! high] grade ( incorporation includes bo? subject1 object & v]b 9 "o ^w1 & if = any reason ! object is n includ$1 ! s*eme ( ! s5t5ce is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! v]b1 & ! object is plac$ outside1 z 9 apposition1 )\t case end+1 & "u a =m diff]5t f its orig9al & simple "o4 ,?is w readily be und]/ood f ! foll[+ examples f ! ,mexican language4 ,! s5t5ce ni-naca-qua is "o ^w1 & means 8,i1 fle%1 eat40 ,if x is desir$ to express ! object indep5d5tly1 ! expression becomes ni-c-qua-9-nacatl1 8,i x eat1 ! fle%40 ,! t]m9ation tl does n belong to ! root ( ! n\n1 b is add$ to %[ t x is 9 an ext]nal &1 z x 71 unnatural position4 ,bo? ! direct & remote object c ?us be incorporat$1 & if !y are n1 b sep>ately app5d$1 ! s*eme ( ! s5t5ce is /ill pres]v$2 z ni-te-tla-maca1 lit]ally1 8,i1 to somebody1 some?+1 give40 ,h[ closely ^! accessories are incorporat$ is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! t5se-augm5ts are n add$ to ! /em1 b to ! :ole ^w2 o-ni-c-temaca-e1 :]e ! o is ! prefix ( ! p]fect4 ,9 ^! languages1 e elem5t 9 ! s5t5ce :i* is n incorporat$ 9 ! v]b has1 9 fact1 no syntax at all4 ,! v]bal exhau/s all ! =mal portion ( ! language4 ,! relations ( ! o!r words are intimat$ by _! position4 ,?us ni-tlaotlaz-nequia1 ,i wi%$ to love1 is lit]ally1 8,i1 ,i %all love1 ,i wi%$40 ,tlaotlaz is ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! future2 ni-nequia1 ,i wi%$2 :i* is divid$1 & ! future =m ins]t$4 ,! same expression may /& ?us3 ni-c-nequia-tlao-tlaz1 :]e ! c is an int]calat$ relative pron\n1 & ! lit]al r5d]+ is1 8,i x wi%$1 ,i %all love40 ,9 ! ,lule language ! con/ruction ) an inf9itive is simply t ! two v]bs foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! same p]son1 z caic tucuec1 8,i am accu/om$ to eat10 lit]ally1 8,i am accu/om$1 ,i eat40 ,none ( ^! devices fulfils all ! uses ( ! inf9itive1 & h5ce !y are all inf]ior to x4 ,9 languages :i* lack =mal elem5ts1 ! defici5cy mu/ be suppli$ by ! m9d4 ,words are m]ely plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 & _! relation%ip guess$ at4 ,?us1 :5 a language con/ructs its cases m]ely by prefix+ prepositions to ! unalt]$ n\n1 !re is no grammatical =m2 9 ! ,mbaya language e-tiboa is translat$ 8?r\gh me10 b x is really 8,i1 ?r\gh20 l'emani1 is r5d]$ 8he wi%es10 b x is /rictly1 8he1 wi%40 ,9 su* languages ! same collocation ( words (t5 corresponds to q diff]5t mean+s1 z ! precise relation ( ! ?\ghts is n def9$ by any =mal elem5ts4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,tupi tongue4 ,! ^w uba is 8fa!r20 ) ! pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son prefix$ x is tuba1 lit]ally 8he1 fa!r40 ,?is may mean ei!r 88 fa!r10 or 8he is a fa!r10 or 8he has a fa!r10 j z ! s5se ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce requires4 ,c]ta9ly a language :i* ?us leaves conf\nd$ toge!r ideas s di/9ct z ^!1 is inf]ior to "o :i* discrim9ates !m2 & ?is is :y ! =mal elem5ts ( a tongue are s important to intellectual gr[?4 ,! ,tupis may be an en]getic & skillful p1 b ) _! language !y c nev] take a position z ma/]s 9 ! realm ( ideas4 ,! abs5ce ( ! passive 9 mo/ ,am]ican tongues is suppli$ by simil> inadequate collocations ( words4 ,9 ,hua/eca1 = example1 nana tan9 tahjal1 is translat$ 8,i am treat$ by him20 actually x is1 8,i1 me1 treats he40 ,?is is n a passive1 b simply ! idea ( ! ,ego connect$ ) ! idea ( ano!r act+ ^u x4 ,?is is va/ly bel[ ! level ( inflect$ spee*2 = x _c be too /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t ! grammatical relations ( spok5 language are ! m p]fect & favorable to intellectual gr[?1 ! m closely !y correspond to ! logical relations ( ?\ght4 ,sometimes :at appe>s z inflection turns out on exam9ation to be m]ely adjunction4 ,?us 9 ! ,mbaya tongue !re are su* v]bal =ms z daladi1 ?\ wilt ?r[1 nilabuite1 he has spun1 :]e ! d is ! sign ( ! future1 & ! n ( ! p]fect4 ,^! look l inflections2 b 9 fact1 d is simply a relic ( quide1 h]eaft]1 lat]1 & n /&s 9 ! same relation to qu9e1 :i* means 8& also40 ,to become true =mal elem5ts1 all su* adjuncts mu/ h completely lo/ _! indep5d5t signification2 because if !y reta9 x1 _! mat]ial cont5t requires qualification & relation j z any o!r /em-^w4 ,a few ,am]ican languages may h rea*$ ?is /age4 ,9 ! ,mexican !re are ! t]m9als ya or a 9 ! imp]fect1 ! augm5t o 9 ! pret]it & o!rs 9 ! future4 ,9 ! ,tamanaca ! pres5t ends 9 a1 ! pret]it 9 e1 ! future 9 c4 8,!re is no?+ 9 ei!r ( ^! tongues to %[ t ^! t5se-signs h indep5d5t mean+1 & !re=e !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be class$ ) ^? ( ! ,greek & ,sanscrit z true inflectional elem5ts40#bhe ,! !ory ( ,incorporation1 x w be not$1 is to express ! :ole proposition1 z ne>ly z possible1 9 "o ^w2 & :at "p ( x _c be ?us express$1 is left )\t any syntax :atev]4 ,n only does ?is apply to individual words 9 a s5t5ce1 b x ext5ds to ! v>i\s clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce1 su* z 9 ,aryan languages %[ _! relation to ! lead+ clauses by means ( prepositions1 conjunctions & relative pron\ns4 ,:5 ! me?ods are analyz$ by :i* ! major & m9or clauses are assign$ _! respective values 9 ^! tongues1 x is v pla9 :at difficulties ( expression ! sy/em ( ,incorporation involves4 ,few ( !m h any true connect+ ^w ( ei!r ( ! ?ree classes above m5tion$4 ,!y dep5d on sc>cely veil$ mat]ial words1 simply plac$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,x is probable t ! prepositions & conjunctions ( all languages 7 at fir/ significant words1 & ! degree to :i* !y h lo/ _! prim>y significations & h become purely =mal elem5ts express+ relation1 is "o ( ! measures ( ! grammatical evolution ( a tongue4 ,9 mo/ ,am]ican idioms _! orig9 f sub/antives is readily recognizable4 ,frequ5tly ^! sub/antives ref] to p>ts ( ! body1 & ?is1 9 pass+1 sugge/s ! antiquity ( ?is class ( words & _! value 9 comp>ison4 ,9 ,maya tan means 91 t[>d1 among2 b x is also ! brea/ or front ( ! body4 ,! ,mexican has ?ree classes ( prepositions--! fir/1 ^: orig9 f a sub/antive _c be detect$2 ! second1 :]e an unkn[n & a kn[n elem5t are comb9$2 ! ?ird1 :]e ! sub/antive is p]fectly cle>4 ,an example ( ! la/ m5tion$ is itic1 91 comp\nd$ ( ite1 belly1 & ! locative p>ticle c2 ! phrase ilhuicatl itic1 9 heav51 is lit]ally 89 ! belly ( heav540 ,precisely ! same is ! ,cak*iquel pamcah1 lit]ally1 8belly1 heav509 heav54 ,9 ,mexican1 notepotzco is 8beh9d me10 lit]ally1 8my back1 at20 ?is corresponds aga9 to ! ,cak*iquel *uih1 beh9d me1 f *i1 at1 u1 my1 vih1 %\ld]-blades4 ,! ,mixteca prepositions pres5t ! crude nature ( _! orig9 )\t disguise1 *isi huahi1 belly1 h\se--t is1 9 front ( ! h\se2 sata huahi1 back1 h\se--beh9d ! h\se4 ,! conjunctions are equally transp>5t4 8,&0 9 ,maya is yetel1 9 ,mexican ihuan4 ,"o w\ld suppose t su* an indisp5sable connective w\ld long s9ce h be5 worn d[n to an insoluble entity4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? ^! words reta9 _! p]fect mat]ial mean+4 ,yetel is a comp\nd ( y1 81 et1 companion1 & el1 ! def9ite t]m9ation ( n\ns4 ,ihuan is ! possessive1 i1 & huan1 associate companion1 us$ also z a t]m9ation to =m a c]ta9 class ( plurals4 ,! defici5cy 9 true conjunctions & relative pron\ns is met 9 _m ,am]ican languages by a rev]sal ( ! plan ( expression ) u4 ,! relative clause becomes ! pr9cipal "o4 ,!re is a c]ta9 logical ju/ice 9 ?is2 = if we reflect1 x w appe> evid5t t ! major proposition is 9 our con/ruction pres5t$ z "o ( ! conditions ( ! m9or4 8,i %all dr[n1 if ,i fall 9 ! wat]10 means t1 ( ! v>i\s results ( my fall+ 9 ! wat]1 "o ( !m w be t ,i %all dr[n4 8,i foll[ ! road :i* y describ$10 means t y describ$ a road1 & "o ( ! results ( ?is act ( y\rs 0 t ,i foll[ x4 ,?is expla9s ! plan ( con/ruct+ comp\nd s5t5ces 9 ,qqui*ua4 ,in/ead ( say+ 8,i %all foll[ ! road :i* y describe10 ! con/ruction is1 8,y describe1 ?is road ,i %all foll[20 & in/ead ( 8,i %all dr[n if ,i fall 9 ! wat]10 x w\ld be1 8,i fall 9 ! wat]1 ,i %all dr[n40 ,! ,mexican language introduces ! relative clause by ! ^w 91 :i* is an article & demon/rative pron\n1 or1 if ! proposition is a conditional "o1 by intla1 :i* really signifies 8)9 ?is10 & conveys ! s5se t ! major is includ$ )9 ! conditions ( ! m9or clause4 ,! ,cak*iquel conditional p>ticle is vue1 if1 :i* appe>s to be simply ! p>ticle ( affirmation 8yes10 employ$ to give ext5sion to ! m9or clause1 :i*1 z a rule1 is plac$ fir/4 ,or a conv5tional arrangem5t ( words may be adopt$ :i* w convey ! idea ( c]ta9 dep5d5t clauses1 z ^? express+ similitude1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ,mexican4 ,ab\t #ahbb ,humboldt read a memoir be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy on 8,! ,am]ican ,v]b10 :i* rema9$ unpubli%$ ei!r 9 ,g]man or ,engli% until ,i translat$ & pr9t$ x 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahhe4 ,at its close he sums up 8 results1 & ?is summ>y w =m an appropriate conclusion to ! pres5t review ( 8 labors 9 ! field ( ,am]ican l+ui/ics3 8,if we reflect on ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s v]bal =ms "h analyz$1 c]ta9 g5]al conclusions are rea*$1 :i* are calculat$ to ?r[ light ^u ! :ole organism ( ^! languages4 8,! lead+ & gov]n+ "p ( spee* 9 !m is ! ,pron\n2 e subject ( disc\rse is connect$ ) ! idea ( ,p]sonality4 8,n\n & ,v]b are n sep>at$2 !y fir/ become s ?r\gh ! pron\n atta*$ to !m4 8,! employm5t ( ! ,pron\n is two-fold1 "o apply+ to ! ,n\n1 ! o!r to ! ,v]b4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 convey ! idea ( belong+ to a p]son--9 ! n\n appe>+ z ,possession1 9 ! v]b z ,en]gy4 ,b x is on ?is po9t1 on :e!r ^! ideas are confus$ & obscure1 or :e!r !y are def9$ & cle>1 t ! grammatical p]fection ( a language dep5ds4 ,! j discrim9ation ( ! k9ds ( pron\ns is !re=e conclusive1 & 9 ?is respect we mu/ yield ! decid$ pre-em95ce to ! ,mexican4 8,x foll[s t ! speak] mu/ con/antly make up 8 v]bs1 in/ead ( us+ ^? already on h&2 & also t ! /ructure ( ! v]b mu/ be id5tical ?r\gh\t ! language1 t !re mu/ be only "o conjugation1 & t ! v]bs1 except a few irregul> ones1 c possess no peculi>ities4 8,?is is diff]5t 9 ! ,greek1 ,lat9 & anci5t ,indian4 ,9 ^! tongues _m v]bs mu/ be /udi$ sep>ately1 z !y h num]\s exceptions1 phonetic *anges1 defici5cies1 etc41 & 9 o!r respects c>ry ) !m a m>k$ individuality4 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! cultivat$ & ^? rude languages is *iefly m]ely "o ( "t1 & ( ! m or less =tunate mixture ( dialects2 ?\gh x c]ta9ly also dep5ds 9 a measure on ! orig9al m5tal p[]s ( ! nations4 8,^? ^: languages we h "h analyz$ are1 9 speak+1 con/antly putt+ toge!r elem5t>y p>ts2 !y connect no?+ firmly1 because !y foll[ ! *ang+ requirem5ts ( ! mom5t1 jo9+ toge!r only :at ^! requirem5ts dem&1 & (t5 leave connect$ ?r\gh habit t :i* cle> ?9k+ w\ld necess>ily divide4 8,h5ce no j division ( words c arise1 su* z is dem&$ by accurate & appropriate ?\ght1 :i* requires t ea* ^w mu/ h a fix$ & c]ta9 cont5t & a def9$ grammatical =m1 & z is also dem&$ by ! highe/ phonetic laws4 8,nations ri*ly end[$ 9 m9d & s5se w h an in/9ct = su* correct divisions2 ! incessant mov+ to & fro ( elem5t>y p>ts ( spee* w be di/a/eful to !m2 !y w seek true individuality 9 ! words !y use2 !re=e !y w connect !m firmly1 !y w n accumulate too mu* 9 "o1 & !y w only leave t connect$ :i* is s 9 ?\ght1 & n m]ely 9 usage or habit40 ,,"s ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,am]ican ,,languages4#bhf ,cont5ts4--,/udy ( ! human species on ! geographic sy/em--,h ,am]ican languages any common trait8--,duponceau's !ory ( polysyn!sis--,humboldt on ,polysyn!sis & ,incorporation--,francis ,lieb] on ,holophrasis--,pr(4 ,/e9?al on ! incorporative plan--,luci5 ,adam's criticism ( x--,pr(4 ,mll]'s inadequate /atem5t--,major ,p[ell's omission to consid] x--,def9itions ( polysyn!sis1 incorporation & holophrasis--,illu/rations--,critical application ( ! !ory to ! ,o?omi language--,to ! ,bri-bri language--,to ! ,tupi-,gu>ani dialects--,to ! ,mutsun--,conclusions--,add5dum3 critique by ,m4 ,adam on ?is essay4 ,z ! c>eful /udy ( ! position ( man t[>d 8 surr\nd+s advances1 x becomes m & m evid5t t l o!r memb]s ( ! high] fauna1 he be>s _m & close correlations to ! geographical area he inhabits4 ,h5ce ! pres5t t5d5cy ( an?ropology is to return to ! classification propos$ by ,l9nu1 :i*1 9 a broad way1 subdivides ! human species ) ref]5ce to ! cont95tal areas ma9ly inhabit$ by x 9 ! e>lie/ hi/oric times4 ,?is is f\nd to accord ) color1 & to give five sub-species or races1 ! ,:ite or ,european1 ! ,black or ,african1 ! ,yell[ or ,mongolian 7,asiatic71 ! ,br[n or ,malayan 7,oceanic71 & ! ,r$ or ,am]ican ,races4 ,no e?nologi/ n[adays w seek to e/abli% fix$ & absolute l9es betwe5 ^!4 ,!y %ade into "o ano!r 9 all _! peculi>ities1 & no "o has traits entirely unkn[n 9 ! o!rs4 ,yet1 9 ! mass1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* are prom95t1 p]man5t & unmi/akable2 & to d5y !m on acc\nt ( occasional exceptions is to betray an inability to e/imate ! relative value ( sci5tific facts4 ,does ?is racial simil>ity ext5d to language8 ,on ! surface1 app>5tly n4 ,only "o ( ! races nam$--! ,malayan--is monoglottic4 ,all ! o!rs seem to speak tongues ) no g5etic relation%ip1 at lea/ none indicat$ by etymology4 ,! pr(\nd] /udy ( language1 h[ev]1 leads to a diff]5t conclusion--to "o :i*1 z cauti\sly express$ by a rec5t writ]1 tea*es t 8e l>ge1 connect$1 t]re/rial area develop$ only "o1 or sc>cely m ?an "o1 fundam5tal l+ui/ic type1 & ?is ) su* m>k$ individuality t r>ely did any ( its languages dep>t f ! g5]al s*eme40#bhg ,?is simil>ity is n to be look$ = 9 lik5ess betwe5 words1 b 9 ! inn] /ructural developm5t ( tongues4 ,to asc]ta9 & e/imate su* id5tities is a f> m delicate und]tak+ ?an to comp>e columns ( words 9 vocabul>ies2 b x is proportionately m valuable4 ,nor %\ld we expect x to be absolute4 ,! example ( ! ,basque 9 a pure :ite nation 9 ,we/]n ,europe w>ns u t !re are exceptions :i*1 ?\gh !y may f9d a hi/oric explanation1 =bid u all dogmatic ass]tion4 ,!y are s few1 h[ev]1 t ,i quote ,dr4 ,w9kl]'s words z ! correct expression ( ! late/ l+ui/ic sci5ce1 & ,i wi% t "s inve/igator w\ld make x ! motto ( 8 /udy ( ,am]ican tongues4 ,! task--no light "o--:i* su* an inve/igator w\ld h1 w\ld be1 fir/ to asc]ta9 :at /ructural traits =m ! gr\nd plan or plans 7if !re are m ?an "o7 ( ! languages ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,^u ?is gr\nd-plan he w\ld f9d v diff]5t edifices h be5 erect$1 :i*1 nev]!less1 c be classifi$ into gr\ps1 ea* gr\p m>k$ by traits common to e memb] ( x4 ,^! traits & gr\ps he mu/ c>efully def9e4 ,!n w\ld come ! sep>ate "q z to :e!r ?is community ( traits has a g5etic explanation or n4 ,if ! decision 7 affirmative1 we might expect conclusions t w\ld c>ry u mu* fur!r ?an etymological comp>isons1 & might =m a sci5tific basis = ! classification ( ,am]ican nations4 ,possibly "s "o or two features might be discov]$ :i* ?\gh n peculi> to ,am]ican tongues1 nor fully pres5t 9 e "o ( !m1 yet w\ld ext5d an influ5ce ov] !m all1 & imp>t to !m 9 ! aggregate a c]ta9 aspect :i* c\ld fairly be call$ di/9ctive4 ,su* features are claim$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! grammatic processes ( polysyn!sis & incorporation4 ,pet] ,/eph5 ,duponceau1 at "o "t ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 0 ! fir/ to ass]t t !re 0 a prevail+ unity ( grammatic s*emes 9 ,am]ican tongues4 ,8 fir/ publi%$ utt]ance 0 9 #ahai1 :5 he di/+ui%$1 ?\gh n ) desirable lucidity1 betwe5 ! two v>ieties ( syn!tic con/ruction1 ! "o 7incorporation7 applicable to v]bal =ms ( expression1 ! o!r 7polysyn!sis7 to nom9al expressions4 ,8 words are-- 8,a polysyn!tic or syntactic con/ruction ( language is t 9 :i* ! greate/ numb] ( ideas are compris$ 9 ! lea/ numb] ( words4 ,?is is done pr9cipally 9 two ways4 #a4 ,by a mode ( comp\nd+ locutions :i* is n conf9$ to jo9+ two words toge!r1 z 9 ,greek1 or v>y+ ! inflection or t]m9ation ( a radical ^w z 9 mo/ ,european languages1 b by int]weav+ toge!r ! mo/ significant s\nds or syllables ( ea* simple ^w1 s z to =m a comp\nd t w awak5 9 ! m9d at once all ! ideas s+ly express$ by ! words f :i* !y are tak54 #b4 ,by an analog\s comb9ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee*1 p>ticul>ly by means ( ! v]b1 s t its v>i\s =ms & inflections w express n only ! pr9cipal action1 b ! greate/ possible numb] ( ! moral ideas & physical objects connect$ ) x1 & w comb9e itself to ! greate/ ext5t ) ^? conceptions :i* are ! subject ( o!r p>ts ( spee*1 & 9 o!r languages require to be express$ by sep>ate & di/9ct words4 ,su* ,i take to be ! g5]al "* ( ! ,indian languages40#bhh ,duponceau's op9ion f\nd an able support] 9 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 :o1 z already %[n1 plac$ ! ,am]ican languages among ^? act+ on ! incorporative plan--das ,e9v]leibungssy/em4 ,! _s ( ?is sy/em he def9es to be1 8to impress ! unity ( ! s5t5ce on ! und]/&+ by treat+ x1 n z a :ole compos$ ( v>i\s words1 b z "o ^w40 ,a p]fect type ( incorporation w gr\p all ! elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce 9 & ar\nd ! v]bal1 z ?is alone is ! bond ( union betwe5 ! sev]al ideas4 ,! designation ( "t & mann]1 t is1 ! t5se & mode signs1 w include bo? ! object & subject ( ! v]b1 ?us subord9at+ !m to ! notion ( action4 ,x is 8an indisp5sable basis0 ( ?is sy/em t !re %\ld be a diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( words :5 incorporat$ & :5 n4 ,?is applies 9 a measure to n\ns & v]bals1 b especially to pron\ns1 & ,humboldt names x z 8! *>act]i/ic t5d5cy0 ( ,am]ican languages1 & "o directly drawn f _! incorporative plan1 t ! p]sonal pron\ns1 bo? subjective & objective1 us$ 9 connection ) ! v]bs1 are ( a diff]5t =m f ! indep5d5t p]sonal pron\ns1 ei!r greatly abbreviat$ or f :olly diff]5t roots4 ,outside ( ! v]bal ?us =m$ z ! c5tral po9t ( ! s5t5ce1 !re is no syntax1 no inflections1 no decl5sion ( n\ns or adjectives4#bhi ,humboldt 0 f> f say+ t ! incorporative sy/em 0 exclusively se5 9 ,am]ican languages1 any m ?an t ( isolation 9 ,*9ese1 or flexion 9 ,aryan spee*4 ,on ! contr>y1 he di/9ctly /ates t e language he _h exam9$ %[s traces ( all ?ree plans2 b ! prepond]ance ( "o plan ov] ! o!r is s m>k$ & s di/9ctive t !y af=d u ! be/ means kn[n = ! morphological classification ( languages1 especially z ^! traits arise f psy*ological op]ations widely div]se1 & ( no small influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! intellect4 ,dr4 ,francis ,lieb]1 9 an essay on 8,! ,plan ( ,?\ght 9 ,am]ican ,languages10#bij object$ to ! t]ms polysyn!sis & incorporation t 8!y beg9 at ! wrong end2 = ^! names indicate t t :i* has be5 sep>at$ is put toge!r1 z if man began ) analysis1 :]eas he ends ) x40 ,he !re=e propos$ ! n\n holophrasis ) its adjective holophra/ic1 n z a sub/itute = ! t]ms he criticis$1 b to express ! mean+ or purpose ( ^! processes1 :i* is1 to convey ! :ole ( a s5t5ce or proposition 9 "o ^w4 ,polysyn!sis1 he expla9s1 indicates a purely etymological process1 holophrasis 8ref]s to ! mean+ ( ! ^w consid]$ 9 a philosophical po9t ( view40 ,if we reg>d incorporation & polysyn!sis z /ructural processes ( language aim+ to accompli% a c]ta9 !oretical =m ( spee*1 !n x w be conv5i5t to h ?is ^w holophrasis to designate ?is !oretical =m1 :i* is1 9 %ort1 ! expression ( ! :ole proposition 9 a s+le ^w4 ,! em95t l+ui/ ,pr(essor ,h4 ,/e9?al1 has develop$ ! !ory ( incorporation m fully ?an any o!r writ]4 ,he expresses himself )\t res]ve ( ! op9ion t all ,am]ican languages are con/ruct$ on ?is same plan1 m or less develop$4 ,i ne$ n make long quotations f a "w s well-kn[n z 8 ,*>akt]i/ik d] haupts*li*/5 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 "o section ( :i*1 ab\t ?irty pages 9 l5g?1 is devot$ to a se>*+ & admirable pres5tation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! incorporative plan z %[n 9 ,am]ican languages4 ,b ,i may give ) brevity :at he reg>ds z ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ?is plan4 ,^! are especially ?ree3-- #a4 ,! con/ruction ( words by a mix$ sy/em ( d]ivation & new =mation4 #b4 ,! objective relation is treat$ z a species ( possession2 & #c4 ,! possessive relation is reg>d$ z ! lead+ & sub/antial "o1 & controls ! =m ( expression4 ,! fir/ ( ^! corresponds to :at ,i %\ld call polysyn!sis2 ! o!rs to incorporation 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,"s special /udies on ?is subject h be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam1 & he claims = !m t !y h refut$ & ov]turn$ ! !sis ( ,duponceau1 ,humboldt1 & ,/e9?al1 to ! effect t !re is a process call$ incorporative or polysyn!tic1 :i* c be trac$ 9 all ,am]ican languages1 & ?\gh n 9 all po9ts conf9$ to !m1 may fairly & pr(itably be tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( !m1 & indicative ( ! psy*ological processes :i* und]lie !m4 ,?is op9ion ,m4 ,adam speaks ( z a 8/]eotyp$ phrase :i* is absolutely false40#bia ,s rude an iconoclasm z ?is mu/ attract our c>eful consid]ation4 ,let u ask :at ,m4 ,adam und]/&s by ! t]ms polysyn!sis & incorporation4 ,to our surprise1 we %all f9d t 9 two works publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 he advances def9itions by no means id5tical4 ,?us1 9 8 8,exam9ation ( ,sixte5 ,am]ican ,languages10 he says1 8,polysyn!sis consi/s ess5tially 9 ! affix+ ( subord9ate p]sonal pron\ns to ! n\n1 ! preposition & ! v]b40 ,9 8 8,/udy ( ,six ,languages10 he writes3 8,by polysyn!sis ,i und]/& ! expression 9 "o ^w ( ! relations ( cause & effect1 or ( subject & object40#bib ,c]ta9ly ^! two def9itions are n conv]tible1 & we are almo/ con/ra9$ to suspect t ! writ] :o gives !m 0 n cle> 9 8 own m9d z to ! nature ( ! process4 ,at any rate1 !y diff] widely f ! plan or me?od set =? by ,humboldt & ,/e9?al z *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican languages4 ,m4 ,adam 9 %[+ t polysyn!sis 9 8 und]/&+ ( ! t]m is n conf9$ to or *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican tongues1 miss$ ! po9t1 & fell into an ignoratio el5*i4 ,equally n>r[ is 8 def9ition ( incorporation4 ,he writes1 8,:5 ! object is int]calat$ betwe5 ! subject & ! v]bal !me1 !re is incorporation40 ,if ?is is to be und]/ood z an explanation ( ! ,g]man expression1 ,e9v]leibung1 !n x has be5 p>$ d[n until no?+ b ! /em is left4 ,z to ,dr4 ,lieb]'s sugge/ion ( holophra/ic z an adjective express+ ! plan ( ?\ght at ! basis ( polysyn!sis & incorporation1 ,m4 ,adam summ>ily dismisses x z 8a p$antic succ$aneum0 to our l+ui/ic vocabul>y4 ,i _c ackn[l$ge t ! propositions s c>efully work$ up by ,humboldt & ,/e9?al h be5 refut$ by ,m4 ,adam2 ,i mu/ say1 inde$1 t ! jejune significance he atta*es to ! incorporative process seems to %[ t he did n grasp x z a /ructural motive 9 language1 & a wide-rea*+ psy*ologic process4 ,pr(essor ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 ^: /udies ( ,am]ican languages are among ! mo/ ext5d$ & pr(itable ( ! pres5t "t1 has n giv5 to ?is peculi> feature ! att5tion we might reasonably expect4 ,inde$1 !re appe>s 9 ! /&>d treatise on ! sci5ce ( language :i* he has publi%$1 almo/ ! same vagu5ess z to ! nature ( incorporation :i* ,i h po9t$ out 9 ! writ+s ( ,m4 ,adam4 ,?us1 on "o page he def9es incorporat+ languages z ^? :i* 8d away ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ^w & ! s5t5ce20 :ile on ano!r he expla9s incorporation z 8! includ+ ( ! object )9 ! body ( ! v]b40#bic ,he calls x 8a peculi>ity ( mo/ ,am]ican languages1 b n ( all40 ,t ! /ructural process ( incorporation is by no means exhau/$ by ! reception ( ! object )9 ! body ( ! v]b1 ev5 t ?is is n requisite to incorporation1 ,i %all endeavor to %[4 ,f9ally1 ,i may close ?is brief review ( ! hi/ory ( ^! doctr9es ) a ref]5ce to ! fact t nei!r ( !m appe>s any:]e m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial 8,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,indian ,languages10 issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,e?nology6 ,h[ ! au?or ( t "w1 ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 ,director ( ! ,bureau1 c\ld h writt5 a treatise on ! /udy ( ,am]ican languages1 & h n a ^w to say ab\t ^! doctr9es1 ! mo/ sali5t & *>act]i/ic features ( ! gr\p1 is to me z inexplicable z x is extraord9>y4 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld n h suppos$ t ,duponceau's !ory 0 completely dead & laid to re/1 = ,/e9?al1 ! mo/ em95t philosophic l+ui/ ( ! age1 /ill tea*es 9 ,b]l91 & tea*es :at ,i h already quot$ f him ab\t ^! traits4 ,:at is m1 ,major ,p[ell does n ev5 ref] to ?is /ructural plan1 nor include x 9 :at he t]ms ! 8grammatic processes0 :i* he expla9s4#bid ,?is is inde$ ! play ( 8,hamlet0 ) ! "p ( ,hamlet omitt$6 ,i believe t = ! sci5tific /udy ( language1 & especially ( ,am]ican languages1 x w be pr(itable to re/ore & cle>ly to diff]5tiate ! di/9ction betwe5 polysyn!sis & incorporation1 dimly p]ceiv$ by ,duponceau & express$ by him 9 ! words already quot$4 ,) ^! may be reta9$ ! neologism ( ,lieb]1 holophrasis1 & ! ?ree def9$ z foll[s3 ,polysyn!sis is a me?od ( ^w-build+1 applicable ei!r to nom9als or v]bals1 :i* n only employs juxtaposition ) aphresis1 syncope1 apocope1 etc41 b also words1 =ms ( words & significant phonetic elem5ts :i* h no sep>ate exi/5ce ap>t f su* comp\nds4 ,?is latt] peculi>ity m>ks x (f altoge!r f ! processes ( agglut9ation & collocation4 ,incorporation1 ,e9v]leibung1 is a /ructural process conf9$ to v]bals1 by :i* ! nom9al or pronom9al elem5ts ( ! proposition are subord9at$ to ! v]bal elem5ts1 ei!r 9 =m or position2 9 ! =m] case hav+ no indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 ! language 9 ! =m requir$ by ! v]b1 & 9 ! latt] case be+ includ$ )9 ! specific v]bal signs ( t5se & mood4 ,9 a fully incorporative language ! v]bal exhau/s ! syntax ( ! gramm>1 all o!r p>ts ( spee* rema9+ 9 isolation & )\t /ructural connection4 ,holophrasis does n ref] to /ructural peculi>ities ( language1 b to ! psy*ologic impulse :i* lies at ! root ( polysyn!sis & incorporation4 ,x is ! same 9 bo? in/ances--! ef=t to express ! :ole proposition 9 "o ^w4 ,?is 9 turn is in/igat$ by ! /rong] /imulus :i* ! imag9ation receives f an idea convey$ 9 "o ^w r ?an 9 _m4 ,a few illu/rations w aid 9 impress+ ^! def9itions on ! m9d4 ,z polysyn!tic elem5ts1 we h ! insep>able possessive pron\ns :i* 9 _m languages are atta*$ to ! names ( ! p>ts ( ! human body & to ! words = ne> relatives2 also ! s-call$ 8g5]ic =matives10 p>ticles :i* are prefix$1 suffix$1 or ins]t$ to indicate to :at class or mat]ial objects belong2 also ! 8num]al t]m9ations0 affix$ to ! ord9al numb]s to indicate ! nature ( ! objects c\nt$2 ! negative1 dim9utive & amplificative p>ticles :i* convey c]ta9 conceptions ( a g5]al "*1 & s on4 ,^! are con/antly us$ 9 ^w-build+1 b are g5]ally n words !mselves1 hav+ no indep5d5t /atus 9 ! language4 ,!y may be s+le lett]s1 or ev5 m]ely v[el-*anges & consonantal sub/itutions2 b !y h well-def9$ significance4 ,9 incorporation ! object may be unit$ to ! v]bal !me ei!r z a prefix1 suffix or infix2 or1 z 9 ,nahuatl1 etc41 a pronom9al repres5tative ( x may be ?us atta*$ to ! v]b1 :ile ! object itself is plac$ 9 isolat$ apposition4 ,! subject is usually a pron\n insep>ably connect$1 or at lea/ includ$ )9 ! t5se-sign2 to ?is ! nom9al subject /&s 9 apposition4 ,bo? subjective & objective pron\ns are apt to h a diff]5t =m f ei!r ! indep5d5t p]sonals or possessives1 & ?is diff]5ce ( =m may be accept$ z a priori evid5ce ( ! incorporative plan ( /ructure--?\gh !re are o!r possible orig9s = x4 ,! t5se & mode signs are g5]ally sep>able1 &1 especially 9 ! comp\nd t5se1 are se5 to apply n only to ! v]b itself1 b to ! :ole scope ( its action1 ! t5se sign = in/ance prec$+ ! subject4 ,"s fur!r obs]vations w set ^! peculi>ities 9 a yet cle>] light4 ,al?\gh 9 polysyn!sis we speak ( prefixes1 suffixes1 & juxtaposition1 we are n to und]/& ^! t]ms z ! same z 9 connection ) ! ,aryan or ) ! agglut9ative languages4 ,9 polysyn!tic tongues !y are n int5d$ to =m words1 b s5t5ces2 n to express an idea1 b a proposition4 ,?is is a fundam5tal logical di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ( languages4 ,) c]ta9 prefixes1 z ^? indicat+ possession1 ! =m ( ! ^w itself alt]s1 z 9 ,mexican1 amatl1 book1 no1 m9e1 b namauh1 my book4 ,9 a simil> mann] suffixes or po/positions affect ! =m ( ! words to :i* !y are add$4 ,z ! holophra/ic me?od makes no provision = ! syntax ( ! s5t5ce outside ( ! expression ( action 7i4 e41 ! v]bal & :at x embraces71 n\ns & adjectives are n decl9$4 ,! 8cases0 :i* appe> 9 _m gramm>s ( ,am]ican languages are usually indications ( space or direction1 or ( possession1 & n case-end+s 9 ! s5se ( ,aryan gramm>4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce ( ! same me?od is ! abs5ce ( true relative pron\ns1 ( copulative conjunctions1 & g5]ally ( ! ma*9]y ( dep5d5t clauses4 ,! devices to introduce subord9ate propositions ,i h ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s essay 7above1 p4 #cdf74 ,z ! ef=t to speak 9 s5t5ces r ?an 9 words entails con/ant v>iation 9 ^! ^w-s5t5ces1 !re arise bo? an enorm\s increase 9 v]bal =ms & a multiplication ( expressions = ideas closely alli$4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! app>5tly endless conjugations ( _m su* tongues1 & also ( ! exub]ance ( _! vocabul>ies 9 words ( closely simil> signification4 ,x is an anci5t error--:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d repeat$ 9 ! (ficial 8,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,indian ,languages10 issu$ by our ,bureau ( ,e?nology--t ! primitive condition ( languages is "o 8:]e few ideas are express$ by few words40 ,on ! contr>y1 languages /ructurally at ! bottom ( ! scale h an enorm\s & useless excess ( words4 ,! savage tribes ( ! pla9s w call a color by ?ree or f\r diff]5t words z x appe>s on diff]5t objects4 ,! ,eskimo has ab\t tw5ty words = fi%+1 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! fi% pursu$4 ,all ?is arises f ! 8holophra/ic0 plan ( ?\ght4 ,x w be se5 f ^! explanations t ! def9ition ( ,incorporation z giv5 by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam 7quot$ above7 is errone\s1 & t ( ,pr(essor ,mll] is inadequate4 ,! =m] r$uces x to a m]e matt] ( position or placem5t2 ! latt] ei!r does n di/+ui% x f polysyn!sis1 or limits x to only "o ( its sev]al expressions4 ,9 fact1 ,incorporation may take place ) any "o ( ! six possible modifications ( ! grammatical =mula1 8subject v]b object40 ,x is q indiff]5t to its !ory :i* ( ^! comes fir/1 :i* la/2 al?\gh ! mo/ usual =mula is ei!r1 subject object v]b1 or1 object subject v]b2 ! v]b be+ und]/ood to be ! v]bal !me only--n its t5se & mode signs4 ,:]e ei!r ( ! above arrangem5ts occurs1 we may consid] x to be an indication ( ! incorporative t5d5cy2 b z m]e position is insuffici5t evid5ce1 incorporation may be pres5t 9 o!r arrangem5ts ( ! elem5ts ( ! proposition4 ,z a fair example ( polysyn!sis 9 n\ns1 we may select ! ^w = 8cross0 9 ! ,cree4 ,! ,indians r5d] x by 8pray+-/ick0 or 8holy wood10 & _! ^w = 8our pray+-/icks0 7crosses7 is3 ,n't'ayamihewttikum9nak4 ,?is is analyz$ z foll[s3 n't'1 possessive pron\n1 p]son plural4 ayami1 some?+ relat+ to religion4 he1 indicative t]m9ation ( ! =ego+4 w1 a connective4 ttik1 suffix indicat+ wood5 or ( wood4 u1 a connective4 m1 sign ( possession4 i1 a connective4 nn1 t]m9ation ( p]son plural4 ak1 t]m9ation ( animate plural 7! cross is spok5 ( z animate by a figure ( spee*74 ,n a s+le "o ( ! above elem5ts c be employ$ z an indep5d5t ^w4 ,!y are all only ! raw mat]ial to weave into & make up words4 ,z a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( incorporation we may select ?is ,nahuatl ^w-s5t5ce3 onictemacac1 ,i h giv5 some?+ to somebody3 :i* is analyz$ z foll[s3 o1 augm5t ( ! pret]it1 a t5se sign4 ni1 pron\n1 subject1 #a/ p]son4 c1 8semi-pron\n10 object1 #c;d p]son4 te1 8inanimate semi-pron\n10 object1 #c;d p]son4 maca1 !me ( ! v]b1 8to give40 c1 suffix ( ! pret]it1 a t5se sign4 ,"h x w be obs]v$ t betwe5 ! t5se-signs1 :i* are logically ! ess5tial limitations ( ! action1 are includ$ bo? ! ag5t & ! ne> & remote objects ( ! action4 ,9 ! modifications ( mean+ !y und]go1 ,am]ican v]bal !mes may be divid$ into two great classes1 ei!r z !y express ^! modifications 7#a7 by suffixes to an un*ang+ radical1 or 7#b7 by int]nal *anges ( _! radical4 ,! la/ m5tion$ are mo/ *>act]i/ic ( syn!tic tongues4 ,9 all pure dialects ( ! ,algonk9 ! v[el ( ! v]bal root und]goes a peculi> *ange call$ 8flatt5+0 :5 ! proposition passes f ! 8positive0 to ! 8suppositive0 mood4#bie ,! same pr9ciple is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,*octaw language1 z ! foll[+ example w %[3#bif tak*i1 to tie 7active1 def9ite74 tak*i1 to be ty+ 7active1 di/9ctive74 tak'*i1 to tie 7active1 emphatic74 taiak*i1 to tie tightly 7active1 int5sive74 tahak*i1 to keep ty+ 7active1 frequ5tative74 tahk*i1 to tie at once 7active1 imm$iate74 tullak*i1 to be ti$ 7passive1 def9ite74 tallak*i1 to be ! "o ti$ 7passive1 di/9ctive71 etc41 etc4 ,?is example is1 h[ev]1 left f> beh9d by ! ,qqui*ua ( ,p]u1 :i* by a s]ies ( s-call$ 8v]bal p>ticles0 affix$ to ! v]bal !me conf]s an almo/ endless v>iety ( modification on its v]bs4 ,?us ,an*or5a 9 8 ,gramm> gives ! =m & %ades ( mean+ ( #fge modifications ( ! v]b munay1 to love4#big ,^! v]bal p>ticles are n o!r words1 z adv]bs1 etc41 qualify+ ! mean+ ( ! v]b & m]ely add$ to x1 b h no indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 ! language4 ,von ,ts*udi1 ^: admirable analysis ( ?is int]e/+ tongue _c be too highly prais$1 expla9s !m z 8v]bal roots :i* nev] rea*$ indep5d5t developm5t1 or fragm5ts h&$ d[n f "s e>li] epo* ( ! evolution ( ! language40#bih ,!y are !re=e true syn!tic elem5ts 9 ! s5se ( ,duponceau's def9ition1 & n at all examples ( collocation or juxtaposition4 ,:ile ! g5ius ( ,am]ican languages is su* t !y p]mit & _m ( !m favor ! =mation ( long comp\nds :i* express ! :ole ( a s5t5ce 9 "o ^w1 ?is is by no means necess>y4 ,mo/ ( ! examples ( words ( t51 tw5ty or m syllables are n g5u9e native words1 b novelties manufactur$ by ! mission>ies4 ,9 ord9>y int]c\rse su* comp\nds are n 9 use1 & ! spee* is comp>atively simple4 ,( two ( ! mo/ syn!tic languages1 ! ,algonk9 & ! ,nahuatl1 we h express te/imony f exp]ts t !y c be employ$ 9 simple or comp\nd =ms1 z ! speak] pref]s4 ,! ,abb ,lacombe obs]ves t 9 ,cree 8sometimes "o c employ v long words to express a :ole phrase1 al?\gh ! same ideas c be easily r5d]$ by p]iphrasis40#bii ,9 ! syllabus ( ! lectures on ! ,nahuatl by ,pr(4 ,agu/9 de la ,rosa1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,guadalax>a1 ,i note t he expla9s :5 ! ,nahuatl is to be employ$ 9 a syn!tic1 & :5 9 an analytic =m4#cjj ,i %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ^? ,am]ican tongues :i* h be5 au?oritatively decl>$ to be exceptions to ! g5]al rules ( ,am]ican gramm>1 z be+ devoid ( ! incorporative & polysyn!tic "*4 ,,! ,,o?omi4#cja ,z ,i h said1 ! ,o?omi 0 ! /umbl+ block ( ,mr4 ,duponceau1 & l$ him to ab&on 8 !ory ( polysyn!sis z a *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican tongues4 ,al?\gh 9 8 e>li] writ+s he expressly names x z "o ( ! illu/rations support+ 8 !ory1 lat] 9 life ! in=mation he d]iv$ f ,seor ,emmanuel ,nax]a l$ him to reg>d x z an isolat+ & monosyllabic language1 q on a p> ) ! ,*9ese4 ,he express$ ?is *ange ( view 9 ! franke/ mann]1 & s9ce t "t writ]s h spok5 ( ! ,o?omi z a m>k$ exception 9 /ructure to ! g5]al rules ( syn!sis 9 ,am]ican tongues4 ,?is cont9ues to be ! case ev5 9 ! late/ writ+s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,an?ropologie du ,mexique1 ( ,dr4 ,hamy4#cjb ,let u exam9e ! gr\nds ( ?is op9ion4 ,! ,o?omis are an anci5t & ext5d$ family1 :o f ! remote/ traditional epo*s occupi$ ! c5tral valleys & m\nta9s ( ,mexico nor? ( ! ,aztecs & ,tezcucans4 ,_! language1 call$ by !mselves nhin hi1 ! fix$ or curr5t spee*#cjc 7nhin1 spee*1 hi1 /able1 fix$71 pres5ts extraord9>y phonetic difficulties on acc\nt ( its nasals1 gutturals & explosives4 ,x is "o ( a gr\p ( relat$ dialects :i* may be arrang$ z foll[s3 ,! ,o?omi4 ,! ,mazahua4 ,! ,pame & its dialects4 ,! ,meco or ,jonaz4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,*>5cey1 t ano!r memb] ( ?is gr\p 0 ! ,pir9da or ,matlaz9ca2 a position combatt$ by ,seor ,pim5tel1 :o ackn[l$ges "s common prop]ty 9 words1 b consid]s !m m]ely borr[$4#cjd ,nax]a made ! /atem5t t ! ,mazahua is monosyllabic1 an error 9 :i* 8 copyi/s h ob$i5tly foll[$ him2 b ,pim5tel po9t$ly contradicts ?is ass]tion & %[s t x is a mi/ake1 bo? = ! ,mazahua & = ! ,pame & its dialects4#cje ,we may beg9 our /udy ( ! language ) an exam9ation ( ! ,,t5se-,,signs ,,9 ,,o?omi4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i wi%1 di nee4 #b4 ,?\ wi%e/1 gui nee4 #c4 ,he wi%es1 y nee4 ,,pa/ ,,aori/4 #a4 ,i wi%$1 da nee4 #b4 ,?\ wi%$1 ga nee4 #c4 ,he wi%$1 bi nee4 ,,p]fect4 #a4 ,i h wi%$1 xta nee4 #b4 ,?\ ha/ wi%$1 xca nee4 #c4 ,he has wi%$1 xpi nee4 ,,plup]fect4 #a4 ,i _h wi%$1 xta nee hma4 #b4 ,?\ had/ wi%$1 xca nee hma4 #c4 ,he _h wi%$1 xpi nee hma4 ,,fir/ ,,future4 #a4 ,i %all wi%1 ga nee4 #b4 ,?\ wilt wi%1 gui nee4 #c4 ,he w wi%1 da nee4 ,,second ,,future4 #a4 ,i %all h wi%$1 gua xta nee4 #b4 ,?\ wilt h wi%$1 gua xca nee4 #c4 ,he w h wi%$1 gua xpi nee4 ,! pron\ns "h employ$ are nei!r ! ord9>y p]sonals nor possessives 7?\gh ! ,o?omi admits ( a possessive conjugation71 b are v]bal pron\ns1 /rictly analog\s to ^? f\nd 9 v>i\s o!r ,am]ican languages4 ,! radicals are3 ,i1 d--4 ,?\1 g--4 ,he1 x1 b--4 ,9 ! pres5t1 ! fir/ & second are prefix$ to :at is really ! simple concrete =m ( ! v]b1 y-nee4 ,9 ! pa/ t5ses ! p]sonal signs are v>i\sly unit$ ) p>ticles d5ot+ pa/ "t or ! pa/1 z a1 ! end1 to f9i%1 ma & hma1 ye/]day1 & ! prefix x1 :i* is v notewor?y z be+ precisely ! same 9 s\nd & use :i* we f9d 9 ! ,cak*iquel pa/ & future t5ses4 ,x is pron\nc$ % 7z 9 %ove7 & prec$es ! :ole v]bal1 includ+ subject1 object1 & !me2 :ile 9 ! plup]fect1 ! second sign ( pa/ "t hma is a suffix to ! collective expression4 ,! future ?ird p]son is giv5 by ,neve z da1 b by ,p]ez z di1 :i* latt] is app>5tly f ! future p>ticle ni giv5 by ,neve4 ,9 ! second future1 ! di/9ctive p>ticle gua prec$es ! :ole v]bal1 ?us inclos+ ! subject ) ! !me 9 ! t5se-sign1 /rictly accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! incorporative conjugation4 ,?is incorporative "* is /ill m m>k$ 9 ! objective conjugations1 or 8transitions40 ,! object1 inde$1 foll[s ! v]b1 b is n only incorporat$ ) x1 b 9 ! comp\nd t5se is includ$ )9 ! d\ble t5se signs4 ,?us1 ,i f9d 9 ,p]ez's ,cate*ism1 di n-ba magetzi1 ,he w give-!m heav54 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 di is ! p]sonal pron\n comb9$ ) ! future sign2 & ! v]b is n-ni1 to give to ano!r1 :i* is comp\nd$ ) ! p]sonal ba1 !m1 drops its f9al syllable1 =m+ a true syn!sis4 ,9 ! phrase1 xpi n-ba hma magetzi1 he _h give !m 7_h7 heav51 bo? subject & object1 ! latt] inclos$ 9 a syn!sis ) ! radical ( ! !me1 ! =m] phonetically alt]$ & coalesc$ ) a t5se p>ticle1 are includ$ 9 ! d\ble t5se-sign1 x-hma4 ,?is is z real an example ( incorporation z c be f\nd 9 any ,am]ican language4 ,ord9>y syn!sis ( words1 o!r ?an v]bs1 is by no means r>e 9 ,o?omi4 ,simple juxtaposition1 :i* ,nax]a /ates to be ! rule1 is n all univ]sal4 ,su* a /atem5t by him leads u to suspect t he _h only t elem5t>y k ( ! tongue :i* ,neve ref]s to 9 a =cible passage 9 8 ,reglas4 ,he writes3 8,a good %>e ( ! difficulty ( ?is tongue lies 9 its cu/om ( syncope2 & because ! tyros :o make use ( x d n syncopate x1 _! compositions are s r\gh & lack+ 9 h>mony to ! e>s ( ! natives t ! latt] c\nt _! talk z no bett] ?an t ( horse-jockeys1 z we w\ld say40#cjf ,! ext5t ( ?is syncopation is occasionally to su* a degree t only a fragm5t ( ! orig9al ^w is reta9$4 ,z3 ,! *>coal-v5dor1 na m?i4 ,"h na is a demon/rative p>ticle l ! ,aztec 91 & m?i is a comp\nd p1 to sell1 & ?h1 *>coal4 ,! expression1 y mahny oqha1 he loves ,god1 is to be analyz$1 y mhd nuny oqha2 he loves him ,god2 :]e we p]ceive n only syn!sis1 b ! object /&+ 9 apposition to ! pron\n repres5t+ x :i* is incorporat$ ) ! v]b4 ,s3 yot-gua1 light "h2 f yotti1 to light1 nugua1 "h4 ,^! examples f _m giv5 9 ,neve's "w seem to me to prove beyond cavil t ! ,o?omi exhibits1 :5 prop]ly spok51 precisely ! same !ories ( incorporation & polysyn!sis z ! o!r ,am]ican languages1 al?\gh und\bt$ly its m monosyllabic "* & ! extreme complexity ( its phonetics d n p]mit ( a developm5t ( ^! peculi>ities to ! same degree z _m4 ,nor am ,i alone 9 ?is op9ion4 ,x has already be5 ann\nc$ by ! ,c\nt de ,*>5cey1 z ! result ( 8 comp>ison ( ?is tongue ) ! ,mazahua & ,pir9da4 8,! ,o?omi10 he writes1 8has all ! appe>ance ( a language :i* 0 at fir/ incorporative1 & :i*1 worn d[n by attrition & l+ui/ic decay1 has at l5g? come to simulate a language ( juxtaposition40#cjg ,"s o!r peculi>ities ( ! language1 ?\gh n directly be>+ on ! "q1 po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,a c]ta9 class ( comp\nd v]bs are said by ,neve to h a possessive decl5sion4 ,?us1 ( ! two words pu5gui1 he draws1 & hi1 brea?1 is =m$ ! v]b buehi1 :i* is conjugat$ by us+ ! v]b 9 ! indef9ite ?ird p]son & ins]t+ ! possessives ma1 ni1 na1 my1 ?y1 82 ?us1 ybuemahia1 ,i brea!4 ybu5ihia1 ?\ brea!/4 ybu5ahia1 he brea!s4#cjh ,lit]ally ?is w\ld be 8x-is-draw+1 my brea?10 etc4 ,9 ! ,mazahua dialects !re is a rem>kable *ange 9 ! objective conjugations 7transitions7 :]e ! :ole =m ( ! v]b appe>s to alt]4 ,9 ?is language ti ,i2 ki or khe ?\4 ,i give1 ti une4 ,i give !e1 ti dakke4 ,he w give u1 ti yakme4#cji ,! la/ example is n fully expla9$ by my au?orities2 b x %[s ! v]bal *ange4 ,some?+ l ?is occurs 9 ! ,pame dialects4 ,!y reveal a manife/ indiff]5ce to ! integrity ( ! !me1 *>act]i/ic ( polysyn!tic languages4 ,?us1 our only au?ority on ! ,pame1 ,fa!r ,juan ,guadalupe ,soriano1 gives ! pret]it =ms ( ! v]b 8to aid30 ,ku pait1 ,i aid$4 ,ki gait1 ?\ aid$e/4 ,ku mait1 he aid$4 ,s1 ( 8to burn30 ,knu aum1 ,i burn$4 ,kuddu du taum1 !y burn$4#caj ,a l>ge numb] ( su* *anges run ?r\gh ! conjugation4 ,pim5tel calls !m phonetic *anges1 b !y are c]ta9ly1 9 "s in/ances1 true syn!ses4 ,all ^! traits ( ! ,o?omi & its relat$ dialects s]ve to place !m unque/ionably )9 ! g5]al plan ( /ructure ( ,am]ican languages4 ,,! ,,bri-,,bri ,,language4 ,! late ,mr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb1 :o 0 ! fir/ to furni% any satisfactory in=mation ab\t x & its alli$ dialects 9 ,co/a ,rica1 introduces ! ,bri-,bri language1 spok5 9 ! highl&s ( t ,/ate1 by quot+ ! words ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt to ! effect t 8a multiplicity ( t5ses *>act]izes ! rude/ ,am]ican languages40 ,on ?is1 ,mr4 ,gabb comm5ts3 8,?is c]ta9ly does n apply to ! ,co/a ,rican family1 :i* is equally rem>kable = ! simplicity ( its inflections40#caa ,?is /atem5t1 (f]$ ) su* confid5ce1 has be5 accept$ & pass$ on )\t close exam9ation by sev]al unusually c>eful l+ui/s4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 9 8 brief description ( ! ,bri-,bri 7tak5 exclusively f ,gabb's "w71 ins]ts ! obs]vation--8,! simple /ructure ( ?is idiom is suffici5t to contradict ! !ories g5]ally receiv$ ab\t ,am]ican languages40#cab ,& ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam has lately in/anc$ its v]bs z notable examples ( inflectional simplicity4#cac ,! /udy ( ?is gr\p ( tongues becomes1 !re=e1 ( peculi> importance to my pres5t topic4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,gabb publi%$ 8 memoir1 "s indep5d5t mat]ial1 grammatical z well z lexicographical1 has be5 furni%$ by ! ,rt4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,a4 ,?iel1 ,bi%op ( ,co/a ,rica1#cad & ,i h obta9$1 9 addition1 sev]al ,,ms4 vocabul>ies & notes on ! language prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,j4 ,j4 ,val5t9i & o!rs4 ,! /ock is divid$ into ?ree gr\ps ( relat$ dialects1 z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,! ,brunka1 ,bronka or ,boruca1 n[ 9 s\?we/]n ,co/a ,rica1 b believ$ by ,gabb to h be5 ! e>lie/ ( ! /ock to occupy ! soil1 & to h be5 cr[d$ out by lat] arrivals4 ,,ii4 ,! ,tiribi & ,t]raba1 pr9cipally on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,rio ,telorio & s\? ( ! m\nta9s4 ,,iii4 ,! ,bri-,bri & ,cabec> on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,rio ,tiliri4 ,! ,biceitas 7,vizeitas7 or ,ca*is1 ne> ! m\? ( ! same /ream1 are (f-%oots ( ! ,bri-,bris2 s also are ! small tribes at ,orosi & ,tucurrique1 :o 7 remov$ to ^? localities by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! ,bri-,bri & ,cabec>1 al?\gh dialects ( ! same orig9al spee*1 are n suffici5tly alike to be mutually intelligible4 ,! ,cabec>s occupi$ ! l& be=e ! ,bri-,bris1 b 7 conqu]$ & are n[ subject to !m4 ,x is probable t _! dialect is m ar*aic4 ,! ,bri-,bri is a language ( extreme pov]ty1 & z spok5 at pres5t is pla9ly corrupt4 ,gabb e/imates ! :ole numb] ( words x conta9s z probably n exce$+ fifte5 hundr$4 ,"s ( ^!1 ?\gh ,gabb ?9ks n v _m1 are borr[$ f ! ,spani%2 b x is significant1 t among !m is ! pron\n 8t10 ! ,spani% ese4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! ,bri-,bri v]b1 said to be s s+ul>ly simple4 ,we are at once /ruck by ,mr4 ,gabb's rem>k 7j aft] he has be5 speak+ ( _! unp>allel$ simplicity7 t ! inflections he gives 8h be5 v]ifi$ ) z mu* c>e z ! difficulties ( ! case w\ld admit40 ,evid5tly1 !n1 !re 7 difficulties4 ,:at !y are1 becomes app>5t :5 we attempt to analyze ! =ms ( ! eighte5 brief p>adigms :i* he gives4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns are je1 ,i4 sa1 we4 be1 ?\4 ha1 y4 ye1 he1 etc4 ye-pa1 !y4 ,^! are bo? nom9ative & objective1 p]sonal &1 ) ! suffix *a1 possessives4 ,! t5ses are usually1 n always1 indicat$ by suffixes to ! !me2 b ^! v>y1 & no rule is giv5 = !m1 nor is x /at$ :e!r ! same !me c be us$ ) !m all4 ,?us1 ,to burn1 -norka1 pres5t1 i-nyor-ket-ke4 ,to cook1 i-lu'4 8 -luk4 ,to />t1 i-be-te4 8 i-be-te4 ,"h are ?ree =ms = ! pres5t1 n expla9$4 ,are !y ?ree conjugations1 or d !y express ?ree %ades ( mean+1 l ! ?ree ,engli% pres5ts8 ,i suspect ! latt]1 = "u ikiana1 to want1 ,gabb rem>ks t ! =m 9 -etke1 means 8he wants y10 i4 e41 is emphatic4 ,! pa/ aori/ has two t]m9ations1 "o 9 -na1 & "o 9 -e1 ab\t ! uses & mean+s ( :i* we are left equally 9 ! d>k4 ,! future is utt]ly inexplicable4 ,ev5 ,pr(4 ,mll]1 j aft] 8 note call+ att5tion to ! 8great simplicity0 ( ! tongue1 is oblig$ to give up ?is t5se ) ! obs]vation1 8! /ructural laws regulat+ ! =mation ( ! future are /ill 9 obscurity60 ,0 x n some:at premature to dwell on ! simplicity ( a tongue ^: simple/ t5ses he ackn[l$ges himself unable to analyze8 ,! futures ( "s v]bs w reveal ! difficulties ( ?is t5se3-- ,to burn1 i-nyor-ka2 future1 i-nyor-wane-ka4 ,to cook1 i-lu'2 0 i-lu'4 ,to />t1 i-bete2 0 i-bete4 ,to want1 i-ki-ana2 0 i-kie4 ,to c\nt1 i%taung2 0 mia %ta'we4 ,9 ! la/ example mia is ! future ( ! v]b imia1 to g1 & is us$ z an auxili>y4 ,! explanation ,i h to sugge/ = ^! v>y+ =ms is1 ei!r t !y repres5t 9 fact t v 8multiplicity ( t5se-=mations0 :i* ,humboldt allud$ to1 & :i* 7 too subtle to be appreh5d$ by ,mr4 ,gabb )9 ! "t he devot$ to ! /udy ( ! language2 or t !y are 9 mod]n ,bri-,bri1 :i* ,i h %[n is noticeably corrupt$1 survivals ( ^! =mations1 b are n[ l>gely disreg>d$ by ! natives !mselves4 ,signs ( ! incorporative plan are n want+ 9 ! tongue4 ,?us 9 ! objective conjugation n only is ! object plac$ betwe5 subject & v]b1 b ! latt] may und]go visible syn!tic *anges4 ,?us3 ,je be su5g4 ,i !e see4 ,ke je be wai su-na4 ,n ,i !e 787 see-did4 ,9 ! latt] s5t5ce na is ! sign ( ! pa/ aori/1 & ! v]b 9 syn!sis ) x drops its la/ syllable4 ,! wai ,gabb c\ld n expla94 ,x w be notic$ t ! negative prec$es ! :ole v]bal =m1 ?us indicat+ t x is treat$ z a collective idea 7holophra/ically74 ,prepositions always appe> z suffixes to n\ns1 :i*1 9 composition1 may suff] elision4 ,?is is /rictly simil> to ! ,nahuatl & o!r syn!tic tongues4 ,o!r examples ( develop$ syn!sis are n uncommon1 z-- away1 imibak1 f imia to g1 jebak1 already4 v hot1 pal9a1 f ba il9ia4 ,! op9ion t ! ,bri-,bri is at pres5t a consid]ably corrupt$ & worn-d[n dialect ( a gr\p ( orig9ally highly syn!tic tongues is borne out by an exam9ation ( ! scanty mat]ials we h ( its ne>e/ relations4 ,?us 9 ! ,t]raba we f9d ! same sup]flu\s ri*ness ( pronom9al =ms :i* occurs 9 _m ,s\? ,am]ican tongues1 "o indicat+ t ! p]son is sitt+1 ano!r t he is /&+1 a ?ird t he is walk+4#cae ,! ,brunka has sev]al di/9ct =ms 9 ! pres5t t5se3 ,i eat1 *a adeh1 & atqui *an 7atqui ,i74 ,al?\gh ,bi%op ,?iel supplies a numb] ( v]bal =ms f ?is dialect1 ! plan ( _! con/ruction is n obvi\s4 ,?is is se5 f a comp>ison ( ! pres5t & p]fect t5ses 9 v>i\s words4 ,! pron\ns are-- atqui1 ,i4 7ique1 he4 ,= in/ance3 ,,brunka ,,v]bal ,,=ms4 ,to kill 7radical1 ai74 ,pres5t1 ,i kill1 *a atqui i ara4 ,p]fect1 he has kill$1 iang i ac4 ,to die 7radical1 cojt74 ,pres5t1 ,i die1 cjo drah4 ,p]fect1 he has di$1 cojt crah4 ,to he> 7radical1 dj74 ,pres5t1 ,i he>1 a>i dj ograh4 ,p]fect1 ,i h he>d1 aqui dj crah4 ,to =get4 ,pres5t1 ,i =get1 asqui *ita ur+]a4 ,p]fect1 ,i h =gott51 o*ita ur+ea4 ,^! examples are suffici5t to %[ t ! ,brunka conjugations are nei!r regul> nor simple1 & su* is ! emphatic /atem5t ( ,bi%op ,?iel1 bo? ( x & all ^! alli$ dialects4 ,9 8 introduction he /ates t he is n yet ready to (f] a gramm> ( ^! tongues1 ?\gh well suppli$ ) lexicographical mat]ials1 & t 8_! v]bs are especially difficult40#caf ,! ,cabec> dialect1 9 :i* he gives sev]al native fun]al poems1 )\t translations1 is app>5tly m complicat$ ?an ! ,bri-,bri4 ,! words ( ! songs are long & seem mu* syncopat$4 ,,! ,,tupi-,,gu>ani ,,dialects4 ,sev]al writ]s ( ! highe/ position h ass]t$ t ^! dialects1 spok5 ov] s l>ge a portion ( ! t]ritory ( ,brazil1 are nei!r polysyn!tic nor incorporative4 ,?us ! late ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f4 ,h>tt 9 8 8,notes on ! ,l+oa ,g]al or ,mod]n ,tupi10 express$ himself3 8,unlike ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tongues1 ! languages ( ! ,tupi-,gu>ani family are n polysyn!tic 9 /ructure40#cag ,) sc>cely less positiv5ess ,pr(essor ,fr$ri* ,mll] writes3 8,! objective conjugation ( ! ,tupi-,gu>ani does n %[ ! incorporation usually se5 9 ,am]ican languages1 b r a m]e collocation40#cah ,x is1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 some:at haz>d\s to v5ture an op9ion contr>y to su* excell5t au?orities4 ,b ,i mu/ say1 t :ile1 no d\bt1 ! ,tupi 9 its /ructure diff]s widely f ! ,algonk9 or ,nahuatl1 x yet seems to pres5t unmi/akable signs ( an incorporative & polysyn!tic "*1 su* z w\ld be difficult to p>allel outside ( ,am]ica4 ,i am enc\rag$ to ma9ta9 ?is by ! rec5t example ( ! erudite ,dr4 ,am>o ,cavalcanti1 himself well & practically v]s$ 9 ! spok5 ,tupi ( to-day1 :o has issu$ a le>n$ treatise to prove t 8! ,brazilian dialects pres5t und\bt$ly all ! suppos$ *>act]i/ics ( an agglut9ative language1 & belong to ! same gr\p z ! num]\s o!r dialects or tongues ( ,am]ica40#cai ,dr4 ,cavalcanti does n1 inde$1 di/+ui% s cle>ly betwe5 agglut9ative & incorporative languages z ,i %\ld wi%1 b ! tr5d ( 8 "w is altoge!r p>allel to ! argum5ts ,i am ab\t to advance4 ,=tunately1 we d n suff] f a lack ( mat]ials to /udy ! ,tupi1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,!re are pl5ty ( diction>ies1 gramm>s & texts 9 x1 & ev5 an 8,oll5dorff's ,me?od10 = ^? :o pref] t intellectual 767 sy/em4#cbj ,all rec5t writ]s agree t ! mod]n ,tupi has be5 mat]ially *ang$ by long contact ) ! :ites4 ,! trad]s & mission>ies h ex]t$ a dis9tegrat+ effect on its anci5t =ms1 to "s ( :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref]4 ,o ,selvagem i ,curso da ,l+ua ,g]al4 ,by ,dr4 ,c\to de ,magalhaes 7,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahgf74 ,turn+ our att5tion fir/ to its syn!tic "*1 "o _c b be surpris$ aft] read+ ,pr(4 ,h>tt's op9ion above quot$ to f9d him a few pages lat] introduc+ u to ! foll[+ example ( 8^w-build+ ( a m ?an usually polysyn!tic "*40#cba akyu1 head2 ay1 bad4 akayay1 crazy4 muakayayu1 to s$uce 7make crazy74 xayumuakayay1 ,i make myself crazy1 etc4 ,su* examples1 h[ev]1 are n r>e1 z may be se5 by turn+ ov] ! leaves ( ,montoya's ,tesoro de la ,l5gua ,gu>ani4 ,! mo/ noticeable & mo/ ,am]ican peculi>ity ( su* comp\nds is t !y are n collocations ( words1 z are ! agglut9ative comp\nds ( ! ,ural-,altaic tongues1 b ( p>ticles & phonetic elem5ts :i* h no sep>ate life 9 ! language4 ,fa!r ,montoya calls special att5tion to ?is 9 ! fir/ words ( 8 ,adv]t5cia to 8 ,tesoro4 ,he says3--8,! f\ndation ( ?is language consi/s ( p>ticles :i* frequ5tly h no mean+ if tak5 alone2 b :5 comp\nd$ ) ! :ole or p>ts ( o!rs 7= !y cut !m up a great deal 9 composition7 !y =m significant expressions2 = ?is reason !re are no indep5d5t v]bs 9 ! language1 z !y are built up ( ^! p>ticles ) n\ns or pron\ns4 ,?us1 embo is compos$ ( ! ?ree p>ticles e1 mo1 e4 ,! e is reciprocal2 mo an active p>ticle2 e indicates skill2 & ! :ole means #8to ex]cise oneself1' :i* we translate1 #8to le>n1' or #8to tea*1' indet]m9ately2 b ) ! p]sonal sign add$1 anemboe1 #8,i le>n4'0 ,?is analysis1 :i* ,montoya c>ries mu* fur!r1 rem9ds u =cibly ( ! extraord9>ily acute analysis ( ! ,cree 7,algonk97 by ,mr4 ,james ,h[se4#cbb ,und\bt$ly ! two tongues h be5 built up f significant p>ticles 7n words7 9 ! same mann]4 ,"s ( ^! p>ticles convey a peculi> turn to ! :ole s5t5ce1 difficult to express 9 our tongues4 ,?us ! elem5t atta*$ to ! la/ syllable ( a comp\nd gives an oppositive s5se to ! :ole expression2 = example1 ajur1 8,i come0 simply2 b if ! "q foll[s3 8,:o ord]$ y to come80 ! answ] might be1 ajur1 8,i come ( my own accord2 nobody ord]$ me40#cbc ,cavalcanti obs]ves t _m ( ^! =mative elem5ts :i* exi/$ 9 ! old ,tupi h n[ fall5 out ( use4#cbd ,?is is "o ( sev]al evid5ces ( a *ange 9 /ructure 9 ! language1 a loss ( its m pliable & creative p[]s4 ,?is syn!sis is also display$ 9 ! ,tupi1 z 9 ! ,cree1 by ! insep>able union ( c]ta9 n\ns ) pron\ns4 ,! latt] are con/antly unit$ ) t]ms ( consangu9ity & g5]ally ) ^? ( memb]s ( ! body1 ! =m ( ! n\n und]go+ mat]ial modifications4 ,?us3 tete1 body2 cete1 8 body2 x]ete1 my body4 tuba1 fa!r2 oguba1 8 fa!r2 x]ub1 my fa!r4 mymbaba1 dome/ic animal2 gueymba1 8 dome/ic animal4 t]a1 "n2 gu]a1 8 "n4 ,po/positions are 9 a simil> mann] sometimes m]g$ into ! n\ns or pron\ns :i* !y limit4 ,?us3 t5onde1 be=e2 gu5onde1 be=e him4 ,x appe>s to me t ! sub/ratum1 ! /ructural !ory1 ( su* a tongue is decid$ly polysyn!tic & n agglut9ative1 /ill less analytic4 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r !re are any signs ( ! incorporative process 9 ,tupi4 ,we are at once /ruck ) ! peculi>ity t !re are two special sets ( pron\ns us$ ) v]bals1 "o set subjective1 & ! o!r objective1 sev]al ( :i* _c be employ$ 9 any o!r con/ruction4#cbe ,?is is almo/ diagno/ic ( ! holophra/ic me?od ( spee*4 ,! pron\ns 9 su* cases are evid5tly reg>d$ by ! language-faculty z subord9ate accessories to ! v]bal1 & :e!r !y are phonetically m]g$ 9 x or n is a second>y "q4 ,! ,tupi pron\ns 7conf9+ myself to ! s+ul> numb] = ! sake ( brevity7 are z foll[s3 ,v]bal affixes4 ,indep5d5t p]sonals4 ,possessives4 ,subject4 ,object4 ixe or xe4 se or xe4 a4 xe4 inde or ne4 ne or re4 re1 yepe4 oro4 ae or o4 ae or i4 o4 ae or i4 ,! v]bal affixes are unit$ to ! !me ) v>i\s phonetic *anges1 & s intimately z to =m "o ^w4 ,! gramm>s give su* example z3-- areco1 ,i hold2 gu]eco1 !y hold him4 ah5oi1 ,i call2 x]5oi1 !y call me4 ayaca1 ,i dispute him2 oroaca1 ,i dispute !e4 ,9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 ! two pronom9al =ms xe & a are usually m]g$ 9 ! syn!sis xa2 z xameh51 ,i love4 ,ano!r feature po9t+ to ! incorporative plan is ! location ( ! object4 ,! rule 9 ! old language 0 to place ! object 9 all in/ances be=e ! v]b1 t is1 betwe5 ! v]b & its subject :5 ! latt] 0 o!r ?an a p]sonal suffix4 ,dr4 ,cavalcanti says t ?is is n[ 9 a measure *ang$1 s t :5 ! object is ( ! ?ird p]son x is plac$ aft] ! v]b1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ & second p]sons ! old rule /ill holds good4#cbf ,?us ! anci5t ,tupis w\ld say3 boia a o-s\1 snake him he-bites4 ,b 9 ! mod]n tongue x is3 boia o-s\ a snake he-bites him4 ,) ! o!r p]sons ! rule is /ill = ! object to prec$e & to be atta*$ to ! !me3 xeoro9ca1 ,i !e kill4 xepe9ca1 ,i y kill4 xe9cayepe1 me kille/ ?\4 ,_m highly complex v]bal =ms seem to me to illu/rate a close incorporative t5d5cy4 ,let u analyze = in/ance ! ^w1 x]emimboe1 :i* means 8him :om ,i tea*0 or 8t :i* ,i tea*40 ,its !me is ! v]bal mboe1 :i* 9 ! extract ,i h above made f ,montoya is %[n to be a syn!sis ( ! ?ree elem5t>y p>ticles e1 mo1 & e2 xe is ! possessive =m ( ! p]sonal pron\n1 8my02 x is foll[$ by ! p>ticipial expression temi or tembi1 :i*1 accord+ to ,montoya1 is equival5t to 8illud quod facio20 its t]m9al v[el is syncopat$ ) ! relative y or i1 8him1 x02 s ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! expression are3-- xe tembi y e mo e4 ,i %all n pursue ! exam9ation ( ! ,tupi fur!r4 ,x 71 ( c\rse1 easy to multiply examples4 ,b ,i am will+ to leave ! case z x /&s1 & to ask l+ui/s :e!r1 9 view ( ! above1 x 0 n a premature judgm5t t pron\nc$ x a tongue nei!r polysyn!tic nor incorporative4 ,,! ,,mutsun4 ,?is is also "o ( ! languages :i* has be5 ann\nc$ z 8nei!r polysyn!tic nor incorporative10 & ! con/ruction ( its v]b z 8simple to ! la/ degree40#cbg ,we "k ! tongue only ?r\gh ! ,gramm> & ,phrase-,book ( ,fa!r de la ,cue/a1 :o ackn[l$ges himself to be v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) x4#cbh ,) its associat$ dialects1 x 0 spok5 ne> ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,look+ fir/ at ! v]b1 its 8extreme simplicity0 is n s app>5t z ! /atem5ts ab\t x w\ld lead u to expect4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! nak$ v]bal !me und]goes a v>iety ( *anges by ins]tion & suffixes1 l ^? ( ! ,qui*e & ,qqui*ua1 :i* modify its mean+4 ,?us3 ,ara1 to give4 ,arsa1 to give to _m1 or to give mu*4 ,arapu1 to give to oneself4 ,arasi1 to ord] to give1 etc41 etc4 ,aga93 ,oio1 to cat*4 ,oii1 to come to cat*4 ,oimu1 to cat* ano!r1 etc4 ,! au?or enum]ates ?irty-"o =ms ?us d]iv$ f ea* v]b1 "s conjugat$ l x1 "s irregul>ly4 ,) reg>d to t5ses1 he gives eight pret]its & f\r futures2 & x _c be said t !y are =m$ simply by add+ adv]bs ( "t1 z ! !me itself takes a diff]5t =m 9 sev]al ( !m1 aran1 aras1 aragts1 etc4 ,9 ! reflexive conjugation ! pron\n foll[s ! v]b & is unit$ ) x3 ,z1 aragneca1 ,i give myself1 :]e ca is a suffix$ =m ( c1 ,i2 ne repres5ts n5issia1 oneself2 ! g is app>5tly a connective2 & ! !me is ara4 ,?is is q 9 ! ord] ( ! polysyn!tic !ory & is also incorporative4 ,su* syn!ses are prom95t 9 imp]ative =ms4 ,?us f ! above-m5tion$ v]b1 oio1 to cat*1 we h1 oiomityuts1 ,ga!r ?\ = me1 9 :i* mit is app>5tly ! second p]son m51 ) a po/position tsa1 m9tsa2 :ile yuts is a v]bal fragm5t f yuyuts1 :i* ! au?or expla9s to mean 8to set ab\t10 or 8to get done40 ,?is imp]ative1 !re=e1 is a v]bal n\n 9 syn!sis ) an int]jection1 8get done ) ?y ga!r+40 ,x is a m>k$ case ( polysyn!sis4 ,a numb] ( su* are f\nd 9 ! ,mutsun phrases giv51 z3 ,rugemiti?syuts cannis1 ,give me arr[s4 ,9 ?is comp\nd cannis1 is = c huas1 me =2 yuts is ! imp]ative int]jection = yuyuts2 ! rema9d] ( ! ^w is n cle>4 ,! phrase is giv5 else:]e ,rugemitit1 ,give 7?\7 me arr[s4 ,)\t go+ fur!r into ?is language1 ( :i* we "k s little1 x w be evid5t t x is v f> f simple1 & t x is c]ta9ly highly syn!tic 9 v>i\s features4 ,,conclusions4 ,! conclusions to :i* ! above /udy leads may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! /ructural processes ( incorporation & polysyn!sis are mu* m influ5tial elem5ts 9 ! morphology ( language ?an has be5 conc$$ by "s rec5t writ]s4 #b4 ,!y are cle>ly app>5t 9 a numb] ( ,am]ican languages :]e _! pres5ce has be5 h]et(ore d5i$4 #c4 ,al?\gh s long z we are )\t ! means ( exam9+ all ,am]ican tongues1 x w be premature to ass]t t ^! processes prevail 9 all1 nev]!less x is safe to say t _! abs5ce has n be5 demon/rat$ 9 any ( :i* we h suffici5t & au!ntic mat]ial on :i* to base a decision4 #d4 ,! op9ion ( ,duponceau & ,humboldt1 !re=e1 t ^! processes belong to ! gr\nd-plan ( ,am]ican languages1 & are _! lead+ *>act]i/ics1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z a correct g5]alization4 ,,add5dum4 ,critique by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam on ! above4 ,%ortly aft] ! above essay appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 its argum5ts & conclusions 7 vigor\sly attack$ by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam 9 ! ,revue de ,l+ui/ique et de ,philologie ,comp>e1 ,tome ,,xix 7,p>is1 #ahhf74 ,he beg9s by po9t+ out t examples ( incorporation may be f\nd 9 tongues ( ! ,old ,_w--:i* has nev] be5 d5i$ 7see above1 pp4 #cec-d74 ,hav+ ackn[l$g$ ! incomplet5ess ( 8 own def9itions1 he intimates t ^? ,i give are calculat$ r to su/a9 my !ory ?an to prove a l+ui/ic trait4 ,he !n proce$s to l5g?y & m9ute criticisms ( ! analyses ,i h made ( ! examples giv5 "u ! sev]al languages discuss$4 ,i am q will+ to conc$e t ) ! imp]fect gramm>s & lexicons ( ^! tongues s f> publi%$1 ,i may h tripp$ at times 9 su* analyses2 b ,i am f> f ackn[l$g+ t all ^? ( ,m4 ,adam are correct1 & ,i am q c]ta9 t 9 "s he is mi/ak54 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is "o n possible to discuss 9 ?is place1 & ,i mu/ leave x2 b ,i w\ld ref] ! e>ne/ /ud5t to ! acute & le>n$ article ( ,m4 ,adam1 :i* is mu* ! mo/ ?or\gh yet writt5 on ! negative side ( ! debate4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,=m ,,( ,,human ,,spee*1 ,,z ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,am]ican ,,tongues4#cbi ,ar*ologi/s tell u t ! manufactur]s ( ^? rude /one implem5ts call$ paloli?s w&]$ up & d[n ! _w :ile a p]iod ( some?+ l two hundr$ ?\s& ye>s 0 unroll+ its ev5tless c5turies4 ,_m believe t ^! e>ly artisans _h n ! p[] ( articulate expression to convey _! emotions or ideas2 if su* !y _h1 !y 7 conf9$ to in>ticulate grunts & cries4 ,haeckel propos$ = ! species at ?is p]iod ( its exi/5ce ! designation ,homo alalus1 spee*less man4 ,anatomi/s h come =w>d to %[ t ! inf]ior maxill>y bones dis9t]r$ 9 ! caves ( ,la ,naulette & ,s*ipka are s =m$ t _! orig9al possessors c\ld n h _h ! p[] ( articulation4#ccj ,b ! late/ inve/igators ( ?is po9t h rea*$ an opposite conclusion4#cca ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 conc$e t ! oral communication ( m5 dur+ t long epo* 0 ( a v rudim5t>y "*2 x is contr>y to e !ory ( intellectual evolution to suppose t !y possess$ a spee* approa*+ any?+ ne> ev5 ! l[e/ organiz$ ( ! l+ui/ic /ocks n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,by an att5tive consid]ation ( "s ( ^! l[e/ /ocks1 c we n =m a some:at correct conception ( :at 0 ! "* ( ! rudim5t>y utt]ances ( ! race8 ,i ?9k we c1 b1 z ,i believe ,i am ! fir/ to attempt su* a picture1 ,i (f] x ) becom+ diffid5ce4 ,! physiological possibility t paloli?ic man possess$ a language has1 z ,i h said1 be5 already v9dicat$2 & t he 0 intellectually capable ( spee* c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 sc>cely be d5i$ by any "o :o w contemplate ! conceptions ( symmetry1 ! te*nical skill1 & ! wise adaptation to use1 manife/$ 9 "s ( ! olde/ specim5s ( 8 art2 z = example ! axes dis9t]r$ f ! anci5t /rata ( ,san ,isidro1 ne> ,madrid1 ^? f\nd =ty feet deep 9 ! po/-glacial gravels ne> ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 or "s ( ^? figur$ by ,de ,mortillet z d]iv$ f ! b$s ( ! ,somme 9 ,france4#ccb ,we h evid5ce t at t p]iod man made use ( fire2 t he rais$ %elt]s to protect himself f ! wea!r2 t he possess$ "s means ( navigat+ ! /reams2 t he c\ld occasionally ov]come p[]ful & f]oci\s bea/s2 t he already paid "s att5tion to ornam5t+ 8 p]son2 t he liv$ 9 communities2 & t 8 migrations 7 ext5sive4#ccc ,9 view ( all ?is1 is x n highly improbable t he 0 de/itute ( any vocal p[]s ( express+ 8 plans & desires8 ,i ma9ta9 t we %\ld dismiss ! ,homo alalus1 z a sci5tific romance :i* has s]v$ its "t4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,i believe t by a judici\s /udy ( exi/+ languages1 especially ^? :i* h suff]$ little by admixture or by di/ant removals1 we c picture ) reasonable fidelity ! "* ( ! e>lie/ tongues spok5 by man1 ! spee* ( ! ,paloli?ic ,age4 ,?is primitive utt]ance 01 ( c\rse1 n ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x v>i$ indef9itely4 ,b = all t x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 all localities x proce$$ on analog\s l9es ( developm5t1 j z languages h ev]y:]e & at all times s9ce4 ,by /udy+ simple & isolat$ languages1 ^? :i* h suff]$ lea/ by contact ) o!rs1 or by alt]ations 9 conditions ( culture1 we c cat* "s glimpses ( ! "* ( man's e>lie/ significant expression1 ! 8baby-talk ( ! race10 if ,i may use ! expression4 ,i h glean$ a c]ta9 numb] ( su* traits 9 ! field ( ,am]ican l+ui/ics1 & pres5t !m to y z curiosities1 :i*1 l o!r curiosities1 h consid]able significance to ^? :o w ma/] _! full purport4 ,! "q ,i am ab\t to consid]1 is1 y w obs]ve1 q diff]5t f t :i* conc]ns itself ) ! orig9 ( l+ui/ic /ocks4 ,_m ( ^! unque/ionably arose long aft] man _h acquir$ well-develop$ languages1 & :5 ! c]ebral convolutions ^: activity is manife/$ 9 articulate expression _h acquir$ a high grade ( developm5t ?r\gh h]$it>y tra9+4 ,h[ su* /ocks may h aris5 has be5 lucidly set =? by my le>n$ fri5d ,mr4 ,horatio ,hale4 ,he demon/rates by _m examples t 9 ! pres5t c]ebral evolution ( man1 infants develop an articulate language ) ! same natural facility t any o!r species ( animal does ! vocal utt]ances peculi> to its k9d4#ccd ,b 9 ?is essay ,i am contemplat+ man z he 0 be=e hundr$s ( g5]ations ( speak+ ance/ors _h evolv$ su* c]ebral p[]s4 ,i beg9 ) "s obs]vations on ! phonetic elem5ts4 ,^! are no o!r ?an :at we call ! alphabet1 ! simple s\nds :i* comb9$ toge!r make up ! words ( a language4 ,9 all ,european tongues1 ! m]e lett]s ( ! alphabet1 by !mselves1 h no mean+ & convey no idea2 fur!rmore1 _! value 9 a ^w is fix$2 &1 ?irdly1 arrang$ 9 a ^w1 !y are suffici5t to convey its s\nd & s5se to "o acqua9t$ ) _! values4 ,judg$ by c]ta9 ,am]ican examples1 all ?ree ( ^! seem+ly fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! phonetic elem5ts 7 abs5t 9 primitive spee*1 & h become /able only by a long process ( gr[?4 ,we f9d tongues 9 :i* ! prim>y s\nds are !mselves significant1 & yet at ! same "t are highly v>iable2 & we f9d _m examples 9 :i* !y are inadequate to convey ! s5se ( ! articulate s\nd4 ,z exemplify+ ^! peculi>ities ,i take ! ,t9n or ,a?apascan1 spok5 widely 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 & ( :i* ! ,apa*e & ,navaho 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are bran*es4 ,y "k t 9 ,engli% ! v[els ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 ,u1 & ! consonants1 z su*1 ,f1 ,s1 ,k1 & ! o!rs1 convey to y\r m9d no mean+1 are n atta*$ to any idea or tra9 ( ideas4 ,?is is altoge!r diff]5t 9 ! ,t9n4 ,we are in=m$ by ,bi%op ,f>aud1#cce a ?or\gh ma/] ( t tongue1 t its significant radicals are ! five primitive v[el s\nds1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 ,u4 ,( ^! ,a expresses matt]1 ,e exi/5ce1 ,i =ce or en]gy1 ,o exi/5ce d\btful1 & ,u exi/5ce abs5t1 non-exi/5ce1 negation or succession4 ,^! v[els are 8put 9 action10 z he phrases x1 by s+le or d\ble consonants1 8:i* h m or less value 9 proportion z ! v[el is m or less /rong40 ,^! consonantal s\nds1 z we le>n at l5g? f ! works on ?is language by ,fa!r ,petitot1 are also mat]ially significant4 ,!y are num]\s1 be+ sixty-?ree 9 all1 & are divid$ into n9e diff]5t classes1 ea* ( :i* conveys a s]ies ( relat$ or associat$ ideas 9 ! native m9d4 ,?us1 ! labials express ! ideas ( "t & space1 z age1 l5g?1 di/ance1 & also :it5ess1 ! la/ m5tion$1 p]haps1 ?r\gh association ) ! :ite hair ( age1 or ! endless sn[fields ( _! w9t]4 ,! d5tals express all t relates to =ce t]m9at+1 h5ce uselessness1 inanity1 privation1 smallness1 feebl5ess2 & also greatness1 elevation1 ! motor p[]4 ,! nasals convey ! g5]al notion ( motion 9 repetition2 h5ce1 rotation1 r$uplication1 gravitation1 &1 by a s+ul>ly logical association1 organic life4 ,! gutturals indicate motion 9 curves2 h5ce1 s9u\sness1 flexibility1 ebullition1 r\ndness1 & by a l9e> figure diff]5t f t :i* und]lies ! ,lat9 rectitudo1 ju/ness1 correctness4 ,! ,h1 ei!r z an aspirate or an hiatus1 introduces ! ideas ( comm& & subjection1 elevation & pro/ration1 & ! l4#ccf ,y w obs]ve t 9 "s ( ^! cases ! signification ( a s\nd includes bo? a notion & its opposite1 z greatness & smallness4 ,?is is an int]e/+ feature1 to :i* ,i %all ref] lat]4 ,turn n[ to ano!r language1 ! ,cree4 ,geographically x is contigu\s to ! ,t9n2 b1 says ,bi%op ,f>aud1 :o spoke !m bo? flu5tly1 !y resemble ea* o!r no m ?an ! ,fr5* does ! ,*9ese4 ,nev]!less1 we discov] ?is same peculi>ity ( mat]ially significant phonetic elem5ts4 ,h[se1 9 8 ,cree ,gramm>1 obs]ves t ! guttural ,k & ! labial ,w con/itute ! ess5tial "p ( all int5sive t]ms 9 t language1 8:e!r ! same be attributive1 =mative1 or p]sonal accid5t40 ,inde$1 he ma9ta9s t ! articulate s\nds ( ! ,cree all express relative p[]s1 feebl5ess or =ce1 indep5d5t ( _! position ) ref]5ce to o!r s\nds4 ,y may inquire :e!r 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ,am]ican tongues ! same or a simil> signification is atta*$ to any "o s\nd1 or to ! s\nds ( any "o organ4 ,if x 7 s1 x w\ld give c\nt5ance to ^? !ories :i* ma9ta9 t !re is "s fix$ relation betwe5 s\nd & s5se 9 ! radicals ( languages4 ,i mu/ reply t ,i h f\nd v little evid5ce = ?is !ory2 & yet "s4 ,= example1 ! ,n s\nd expresses ! notion ( ! ego1 ( myself-ness1 9 a great _m tongues1 f> ap>t geographically & l+ui/ically4 ,x is f\nd at ! basis ( ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son & ( ! words = man 9 num]\s dialects 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,aga91 ! ,k s\nd is almo/ z widely associat$ ) ! ideas ( o!rness1 & is at ! base ( ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! second p]son s+ul> & ( ! expressions = sup]human p]sonalities1 ! div9e exi/5ce4#ccg ,x is ess5tially demon/rative 9 its p[]4 ,aga91 9 a long array ( tongues 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 ! subjective relation is express$ by ! ,m s\nd1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,w9kl]2 & o!r examples c\ld be add$4 ,_m ( ^! x is impossible to attribute to d]ivation f a common s\rce4 ,"s writ]s ma9ta9 t s\nds h a subjective & fix$ relation to ideas2 o!rs call su* co9cid5ces 8bl9d *ance10 b ^! %\ld rememb] t *ance itself means m]ely ! action ( laws n yet discov]$4 ,y might suppose t ?is di/9ction1 ,i mean t betwe5 self & o!r1 betwe5 ,i1 ?\ & he1 is fundam5tal1 t spee* c\ld n proce$ )\t x4 ,y w\ld be mi/ak54 ,am]ican languages furni% conclusive evid5ce t = unnumb]$ g5]ations mank9d got along well en\gh )\t any su* discrim9ation4 ,"o & ! same monosyllable s]v$ = all ?ree p]sons & bo? numb]s4 ,! mean+ ( ?is monosyllable 0 und\bt$ly 8any liv+ human be+40 ,only aft] a long "t did x become diff]5tiat$ by ! addition ( locative p>ticles into ! notions1 8,i--liv+ human be+10 8,?\--liv+ human be+10 8,he--liv+ human be+10 & s on4 ,ev5 a language spok5 by s cultur$ a p z ! anci5t ,p]uvians be>s unmi/akable traces ( ?is process1 z has be5 %[n by ,von ,ts*udi 9 8 admirable analysis ( t tongue2 & ! language ( ! ,baures ( ,bolivia /ill pres5ts examples ( v]bs conjugat$ )\t pron\ns or pronom9al affixes4#cch ,! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! pron\ns 9 _m ,am]ican languages--"s h z _m z eighte5 diff]5t =ms1 z ! p]son is contemplat$ z /&+1 ly+1 9 motion1 at re/1 alone1 9 company1 etc41 etc4--?is multiplicity ( =ms1 ,i say1 is pro( to ! sci5tific l+ui/ t ^! tongues h b rec5tly develop$ ?is grammatical category4 ,:]ev] we f9d ov]gr[?1 ! soil is new & ! crop rank4 ,9 spite ( ! significance atta*$ to ! phonetic elem5ts1 !y are1 9 _m ,am]ican languages1 s+ul>ly vague & fluctuat+4 ,if 9 ,engli% we 7 to pron\nce ?ree words1 loll1 nor1 roll1 indiff]5tly z "o or ! o!r1 y see :at viol5ce we %\ld d to ! !ory ( our alphabet4 ,yet analog\s examples are con/ant 9 _m ,am]ican languages4 ,_! consonants are 8alt]nat+10 9 l>ge gr\ps1 _! v[els 8p]mutable40 ,m4 ,petitot calls ?is ph5om5on 8lit]al aff9ity10 & %[s t 9 ! ,t9n x takes place n only betwe5 consonants ( ! same gr\p1 ! labials = in/ance1 b ( diff]5t gr\ps1 z labials ) d5tals1 & d5tals ) nasals4 ,^! diff]5ces are n m]ely dialectic2 !y are f\nd 9 ! same village1 ! same family1 ! same p]son4 ,!y are n peculi> to ! ,t9n2 !y recur 9 ! ,klama?4 ,dr4 ,behr5dt 0 puzzl$ ) !m 9 ! ,*apanec4 8,no o!r language10 he writes1 8has left me 9 su* d\bt z ?is "o4 ,! same p]son pron\nces ! same ^w diff]5tly2 & :5 8 att5tion is call$ to x1 w insi/ t x is ! same4 ,?us1 = devil he w give ,tixambi & ,sisaimbui2 = hell1 ,nakupaju & ,nakapoti40#cci ,speak+ ( ! ,gu>ani1 ,fa!r ,montoya says3 8,!re is 9 ?is language a con/ant *ang+ ( ! lett]s1 = :i* no suffici5t rules c be giv540#cdj ,& ,dr4 ,d>apsky 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ /udy ( ! ,araucanian ( ,*ile gives ! foll[+ equation ( p]mutable lett]s 9 t tongue3 ,b,w,f,u,i,e,g,,gh,,hu4#cda ,! laws ( ! conv]sion ( s\nds ( ! "o organ into ^? ( ano!r h n yet be5 discov]$2 b ! above examples1 :i* are by no means isolat$ ones1 s]ve to admoni% u t ! phonetic elem5ts ( primitive spee* probably _h no fix$ness4 ,!re is ano!r oddity ab\t "s ( ^! consonantal s\nds :i* ,i may notice 9 pass+4 ,"s ( !m are n true elem5t>y s\nds2 !y _c /& alone1 b mu/ always h ano!r consonant associat$ ) !m4 ,?us1 ! labial ,b is common 9 ,gu>ani2 b x mu/ always be prec$$ by an ,m4 ,9 ,nahuatl ! liquid ,l is frequ5t2 b x is ! initial ( no ^w 9 t language4 ,! ,nahuas app>5tly c\ld n pron\nce x1 unless "s o!r articulate s\nd prec$$ x4 ,albornoz1 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,*apanec ,tongue1#cdb /ates t ! natives _c pron\nce an initial ,b1 ,g1 ,y1 or ,d1 )\t utt]+ an ,n s\nd be=e x4 ,! ?ird po9t 9 ! phonology ( ^! tongues to :i* ,i allud$ is ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! phonetic elem5ts1 z graphically express$1 are inadequate to convey ! idea4 ,i may quote a rem>k by ,h[se 9 8 ,cree ,gramm>1 :i* is true probably ( all primitive spee*1 8,emphasis1 acc5t & modifications ( vocal expression2 :i* are inadequately express$ 9 writ+1 seem to con/itute an ess5tial1 p]haps ! vital "p ( ,indian language40 ,9 su* modifications ,i include tone1 acc5t1 /ress1 vocal inflection1 quantity & pause4 ,^! are ) mu* difficulty or n at all includable 9 a graphic me?od1 & yet are frequ5tly significant4 ,take ! pause or hiatus4 ,i h already m5tion$ t 9 ,t9n x correlates a :ole s]ies ( ideas4 ,m4 ,belc\rt1 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,sauteux1 an ,algonk9 dialect1 /ates t ! pause may completely *ange ! mean+ ( a ^w & place x 9 ano!r class2 x is also ess5tial 9 t language 9 ! =mation ( ! t5ses4#cdc ,?is is ! case 9 ! ,gu>ani ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,montoya illu/rates x by ! example3 ,p]u o'u1 ,pet] ate x2 b ,p]u ou1 ,pet] came2 q ano!r ?+1 y w obs]ve4#cdd ,! /ress laid on a v[el-s\nd (t5 alt]s its mean+4 ,9 ! ,sauteux1 ,belc\rt po9ts out t ?is con/itutes ! only di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ & second p]sons 9 p>ticiples4 ,9 ! ,nahuatl ?is alone di/+ui%es _m plural =ms f _! s+ul>s2 & _m simil> examples c\ld be cit$4 ,) difficulties ( ?is nature to enc\nt]1 a p]son accu/om$ to ! def9ite phonology ( ,european tongues is naturally at a loss4 ,! ,spani% s*ol> ,uricoe*ea expresses ?is 9 relat+ 8 ef=ts to le>n ! ,*ib*a ( ,new ,granada1 a tongue also *>act]iz$ by ^! fluctuat+ phonetics4 ,he visit$ ! region :]e x is /ill spok5 ) a gramm> & phrase-book 9 8 h&1 & f\nd to 8 disappo9tm5t t !y c\ld n und]/& "o ^w he said4 ,he !n employ$ a native :o spoke ,spani%1 & ) him practic$ "s phrases until he believ$ he _h !m p]fect4 ,ano!r disappo9tm5t--n "o ( !m 0 und]/ood4 ,he return$ to 8 tea*] & aga9 repeat$ !m2 b :at 0 8 dismay :5 n ev5 8 tea*] recogniz$ a s+le ^w6 ,aft] t ,uricoe*ea gave up ! attempt4#cde ,leav+ n[ ! doma9 ( phonology & turn+ to t ( lexicography1 ,i w po9t out to y a v curi\s ph5om5on 9 primitive spee*4 ,i h already allud$ to x 9 quot+ ,m4 ,petitot's rem>k t 9 ,t9n a s\nd (t5 means bo? a notion & its opposite2 t1 = in/ance1 ! same ^w may express good & bad1 & ano!r bo? high & l[4 ,to use ,m4 ,petitot's own words1 8a c]ta9 numb] ( consonants h ! p[] ( express+ a giv5 ord] ( ideas or ?+s1 & also ! contradictory ( ?is ord]40 ,9 ,t9n1 a great _m words = opposite ideas are ! same or ne>ly ! same1 d]iv$ f ! same significant elem5ts4 ,?us1 son good1 sona bad2 tezo1 sweet1 tezon bitt]2 ya imm5se1 ya v small2 inla "o "t1 inlas9 e "t2 & s on4 ,?is union ( opposite significations reappe>s 9 ! ultimate radicals ( ! ,cree language4 ,^!1 says ,mr4 ,h[se1#cdf ^: ,gramm> ,i aga9 quote1 express ,be+ 9 its positive & negative modes3 8,^! opposite modes are express$ by modifications ( ! same elem5t1 furni%+ two classes ( t]ms widely diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 signification40 ,9 ,cree ! lead+ sub/antive radical is e?1 :i* orig9ally meant bo? ,be+ & ,n-,be+4 ,9 ! pres5t language e? rema9s z ! curr5t positive1 i? z ! curr5t privative4 ,x means )91 ut )\t2 & l p>allelisms run ?r\gh _m expressions1 indicat+ t num]\s s]ies ( opposite ideas are developm5ts f ! same orig9al s\nds4 ,i h f\nd a numb] ( su* examples 9 ! ,nahuatl ( ,mexico1 & ,i am p]suad$ t !y are v usual 9 ,am]ican tongues4 ,dr4 ,c>l ,abel has po9t$ out _m 9 ! anci5t ,coptic1 & ,i d\bt n !y 7 *>act]i/ic ( all primitive spee*4 ,to expla9 _! pres5ce we mu/ reflect on ! nature ( ! human m9d1 & ! asc]ta9$ laws ( ?\ght4 ,"o ( ^! fundam5tal & necess>y laws ( ?\ght1 t usually call$ ! second1 0 express$ by ! old] logicians 9 ! phrase ,omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1 & by _! mod]n foll[]s 9 ! =mula1 8,a is n n-,a20 9 o!r words1 a quality1 an idea1 an elem5t ( k1 c rise into cognition only by be+ limit$ by t :i* x is n4 ,t by :i* x is limit$ is kn[n 9 logic z its privative4 ,9 a "w publi%$ "s ye>s ago ,i po9t$ out t ?is privative is n an indep5d5t ?\ght1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 b t ! positive & its privative are really two aspects ( ! same ?\ght4#cdg ,?is highly important di/9ction expla9s h[ 9 primitive spee*1 be=e ! idea _h ris5 into cle> cognition1 bo? x & its privative 7 express$ by ! same s\nd2 & :5 x did rise into su* cognition1 & !n into expression1 ! orig9al unity is exhibit$ by ! id5tity ( ! radical4 ,?us x happ5s t f su* an unexpect$ qu>t] z an analysis ( ,cree gramm> d we obta9 a confirmation ( ! />t+ po9t ( ! logic ( ,hegel 9 8 proposition t ! id5tity ( ! ,be+ & ! ,n-be+ is ! ultimate equation ( ?\ght4 ,! gradual developm5t ( gramm> is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ^! languages4 ,_! mo/ prom95t trait is :at is call$ incorporation4 ,subject1 v]b1 direct object & remote object1 are all express$ 9 "o ^w4 ,"s h claim$ t !re are ,am]ican languages ( :i* ?is is n true2 b ,i ?9k ,i h %[n 9 an essay publi%$ "s "t ago1#cdh t ?is op9ion arises f our insuffici5t k ( ! alleg$ exceptions4 ,at any rate1 ?is incorporation 0 und\bt$ly a trait ( primitive spee* 9 ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,primitive man1 said ,h]d]1 0 l a baby2 he want$ to say all at once4 ,he cond5s$ 8 :ole s5t5ce into a s+le ^w4 ,ar*deacon ,hunt]1 9 8 ,lecture on ! ,cree ,language1 gives z an example ! scriptural phrase1 8,i %all h y = my disciples10 :i*1 9 t tongue1 is express$ by "o ^w4#cdi ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to analyze ^! primitive s5t5ce-words1 !y always express be+ 9 relation2 & h5ce !y p>take ( ! nature ( v]bs r ?an n\ns4 ,9 ?is conclusion ,i am oblig$ to diff] ) ! em95t l+ui/ ,pr(essor ,/e9?al1 :o1 9 8 pr(\nd exposition ( ! relations ( psy*ology to gramm>1 ma9ta9s t :ile ! primitive s5t5ce 0 a s+le ^w1 t ^w 0 a n\n1 a "n4#cej ,x is evid5t t ! primitive man did n connect 8 s5t5ces4 ,"o foll[$ ! o!r disjo9t$ly1 unconnect$ly4 ,?is is s pla9ly m>k$ 9 ,am]ican tongues t ! ma*9]y = connect+ s5t5ces is abs5t4 ,?is ma*9]y consi/s prop]ly ( ! relative pron\n & ! conjunction4 ,y w be surpris$ to he> t !re is no ,am]ican language1 none t ,i "k1 :i* possesses ei!r ( ^! p>ts ( spee*4 ,t :i* does duty = ! conjunction 9 ! ,maya & ,nahuatl1 = in/ance1 is a n\n mean+ associate or companion1 ) a prefix$ possessive4#cea ,equally =eign to primitive spee* 0 any expression ( "t 9 connection ) v]bal =ms2 9 o!r words1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z t5ses4 ,we are s accu/om$ to l9k actions to "t1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 t x is a little difficult to und]/& h[ ?is accessory c be omitt$ 9 intelligible disc\rse4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t1 h[ev]1 f ! /udy ( _m ,am]ican tongues1 t at "o p]iod ( _! gr[? !y possess$ = a long int]val only "o t5se1 :i* s]v$ indiff]5tly = pa/1 pres5t1 & future2#ceb & ev5 yet mo/ ( !m =m ! pa/ & future by purely mat]ial means1 z ! addition ( an adv]b ( "t1 by acc5t1 quantity or repetition1 & 9 o!rs ! t5se relation is /ill unkn[n4#cec ,9 "s tongues1 ! ,omagua ( ! upp] ,or9oco = example1 !re is no sort ( connection betwe5 ! v]bal /em & its signs ( t5se1 mode or p]son4 ,!y h n ev5 any fix$ ord]4 ,9 su* languages !re is no diff]5ce 9 s\nd betwe5 ! words = 8,i m>ry10 & 8my wife20 8,i eat10 & 8my food20 betwe5 8,paul dies10 8,paul di$10 8,paul w die10 & 8,paul is dead40#ced ,?r\gh su* tongues we c di/9ctly p]ceive a "t :5 ! v]b _h nei!r t5se1 mode1 nor p]son2 :5 x 0 n ev5 a v]b nor yet a v]bal1 b an epic5e s\nd :i* c\ld be adapt$ to any s]vice ( spee*4 ,x is also evid5t t ?+s 7 n ?\ght (1 or talk$ (1 out ( _! natural relations4 ,!re are /ill 9 mo/ ,am]ican tongues l>ge classes ( words1 su* z ! p>ts ( ! body & t]ms ( k9%ip1 :i* _c /& alone4 ,!y mu/ always be accompani$ by a pron\n express+ relation4 ,few ,am]ican tongues h any adjectives1 ! ,cree1 = in/ance1 n a doz5 9 all4 ,prepositions are equally r>e1 & articles are n f\nd4 ,^! facts te/ify t :at are call$ 8! grammatical categories0 7 :olly abs5t 9 ! primitive spee* ( man4 ,s also 7 ^? adjectives :i* are call$ num]als4 ,!re are ,am]ican tongues :i* h no words = any num]als :atev]4 ,! num]ical concepts "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 _c be express$ 9 ^! languages = lack ( t]ms ) any su* mean+4#cee ,?is 0 a great puzzle to ! mission>ies :5 !y und]took to exp\nd to _! flocks ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,!y 7 9 worse case ev5 ?an ! mission>y to an ,oregon tribe1 :o1 to convey ! notion ( s\l to 8 he>]s1 c\ld f9d no ^w 9 _! language ne>] to x ?an "o :i* meant 8! l[] gut40 ,a v int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! /udy ( ^! tongues is t :i* reveals ! evolution ( specific di/9ctions1 ^? inductive g5]alizations "u :i* primitive man classifi$ ! objects ( ! univ]se ab\t him4 ,^! di/9ctions 7 ei!r grammatical or logical1 t is1 ei!r =mal or mat]ial4 ,t mo/ widely se5 9 ,am]ica is a division ( all exi/5ce into ^? :i* are consid]$ liv+ & ^? consid]$ n liv+4 ,?is con/itutes ! second great g5]alization ( ! primitive m9d1 ! fir/1 z ,i h said1 hav+ be5 t into ,be+ & ,n-be+4 ,! di/9ctions ( ,liv+ & ,n-liv+ gave rise to ! animate & inanimate conjugations4 ,a grammatical sex di/9ction1 :i* is ! prevail+ "o 9 ! gramm>s ( ! ,aryan tongues1 does n exi/ 9 any ,am]ican dialect kn[n to me4#cef ,x is true t ab/ract g5]al t]ms are abs5t or r>e 9 ! mo/ primitive tongues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d 9 !m a great _m classificatory p>ticles4 ,^! correspond only remotely to any?+ kn[n 9 ,aryan spee*1 & seem f> m ab/ract ?an g5]ic n\ns4 ,i w illu/rate :at !y are by an example tak5 f ! ,hidatsa1 a dialect ( ! ,dakota4 ,! ^w = sl$ 9 t dialect is midu-maidutsada4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is comp\nd1 midu1 means any?+ ( wood or into :i* wood ent]s4 ,fire is mid because x is kept up ) wood4 ,) ! phonetic laxity :i* ,i h be=e not$1 ! fir/ syllable mi may z correctly be pron\nc$ bi or wi4 ,x is a common nom9al prefix1 ( vague significance1 b seems to classify objects z di/9ctives4 ,ma designates objects ^: imm$iate use is n express$2 i d5otes in/rum5t or mat]ial2 du1 conveys t ! cause ( ! action is n specifi$2 tsa intimates ! action is t ( sep>at+2 da1 t ?is is done quickly 7tsa-da1 to slide74#ceg ,?us by ! juxtaposition ( "o classificatory p>ticle aft] ano!r1 sev5 9 numb]1 all ( !m logical univ]sals1 ! savage makes up ! "n ( ! specific object4 ,?is sy/em 0 probably ! fir/ adopt$ by man :5 he began to set 9 ord] 8 p]ceptions )9 ! categories ( 8 und]/&+1 ) ! aim ( giv+ !m vocal expression4 ,x is a plan :i* we f9d mo/ highly develop$ 9 ! rude/ languages1 & !re=e we may reasonably believe t x *>act]iz$ prehi/oric spee*4 ,! "q has be5 put by psy*ological gramm>ians1 :i* "o ( ! s5ses mo/ help$ man 9 ! creation ( language--or to express x 9 mod]n sci5tific p>lance1 0 primitive man a visuaire or an auditaire8 ,did he model 8 s\nds aft] :at he he>d1 or :at he saw8 ,! =m] op9ion has be5 ! m popul>1 & has giv5 rise to ! imitative or 8onomatopoetic0 !ory ( language4 ,no d\bt !re is a c]ta9 degree ( tru? 9 ?is1 b ! analysis ( ,am]ican tongues leans decid$ly t[>d class+ primitive man among ! visuaires4 ,8 e>lie/ significant s\nds seem to h be5 expressive ( motion & re/1 en]gy & its abs5ce1 space & direction1 color & =m1 & ! l4 ,a diff]5t op9ion has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,d>w9 & by _m :o h /udi$ ! problems pres5t$ by ! orig9 ( words f a m]ely physical or physiological /&po9t1 b a c>eful inve/igation %[s t x 0 ! s5se ( sight r ?an ( he>+ :i* 0 ! prompt] to vocal utt]ance4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ! s\rce ( primitive significant s\nds lies )\t ! b\nds ( my pres5t /udy4 ,x w be se5 f ^! rem>ks t ! primitive spee* ( man 0 f> m rudim5t>y ?an any language kn[n to u4 ,x _h no grammatical =m2 s fluctuat+ 7 its phonetics1 & s mu* dep5d$ on ge/ure1 tone1 & /ress1 t its words c\ld n h be5 r$uc$ to writ+1 nor arrang$ 9 alphabetic sequ5ce2 ^! words (t5 signifi$ logical contradictories1 & :i* ( ! anti!tic mean+s 0 int5d$ c\ld be guess$ only f ! acc5t or sign2 x possess$ no prepositions nor conjunctions1 no num]als1 no pron\ns ( any k9d1 no =ms to express s+ul> or plural1 male or female1 pa/ or pres5t2 ! diff]5t v[el-s\nds & ! diff]5t consonantal gr\ps convey$ specific significance1 & 7 ( m import ?an ! syllables :i* !y =m$4 ,! concept ( "t came mu* lat] ?an t ( space1 & = a long :ile 0 abs5t4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,love ,,9 ,,"s ,,am]ican ,,languages4#ceh 8,! words :i* d5ote love1 describ+ a s5tim5t at once p[]ful & delicate1 reveal ! inmo/ he>t ( ^? :o creat$ !m4 ,! vital importance atta*$ to ?is s5tim5t r5d]s ^! beautiful words especially adapt$ to po9t out ! exce$+ value ( language z a true autobiography ( nations40 ,?is quotation is f an essay by a ?\ghtful writ]1 ,dr4 ,c>l ,abel1 9 :i* he has ga!r$ f f\r languages1 ! ,lat91 ,engli%1 ,hebrew & ,russian1 _! expressions = ?is sweet emotion1 & subject$ !m to a c>eful analysis4#cei ,! p]usal ( 8 article has l$ me to make "s simil> exam9ations ( ,am]ican languages2 b ) ?is diff]5ce 9 me?od1 t :ile ,dr4 ,abel takes ! languages nam$ 9 ! fullness ( _! developm5t & does n occupy himself ) ! g5esis ( ! t]ms ( affection1 ,i %all give m p>ticul> att5tion to _! hi/ory & d]ivation z furni%+ illu/rations ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ^? altrui/ic s5tim5ts :i* are reveal$ 9 _! /ronge/ expression 9 ! emotions ( fri5d%ip & love4 ,^u ^! s5tim5ts are bas$ ^? acts :i* unite man to man 9 amicable fell[%ip & mutual int]*ange ( k9dly (fices1 ?us creat+ a nobl] social compact ?an t :i* re/s m]ely on increas$ p[] ( def5ce or aggression4 ,^! s5tim5ts are ^? :i* b9d p>5t to *ild & *ild to p>5t1 & ?us supply ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! family 9 ! true significance ( ! t]m %\ld re/4 ,^! are !y :i*1 direct$ t[>d ! rul] or ! /ate1 f9d expression 9 p]sonal loyalty & patriotic devotion4 ,surpass+ all 9 f]vor & pot5cy1 ^! s5tim5ts1 :5 exhibit$ 9 love betwe5 ! sexes1 direct ! great] "p ( ! activity ( ea* individual life1 m\ld ! =ms ( ! social relations1 & control ! p]petuation ( ! species4 ,f9ally1 9 _! la/ & highe/ manife/ations1 ^! s5tim5ts are ^? :i* h sugge/$ to ! pure/ & cle>e/ intellects bo? ! mo/ exalt$ intellectual condition ( man1 & ! mo/ sublime def9ition ( div9ity4#cfj ,^! are good reasons1 !re=e1 :y we %\ld scan ) m ?an usual clos5ess ! t]ms = ! conception ( love 9 ! languages ( nations4 ,ano!r purpose :i* ,i %all h 9 view w be to illu/rate by ^! words ! wond]ful p>allelism :i* ev]y:]e pres5ts itself 9 ! op]ations ( ! human m9d1 & to %[ h[ x is gov]n$ by ! same associations ( ideas bo? 9 ! new & ! old worlds4 ,z a prep>ation = ! latt] object1 let u take a glance at ! d]ivation ( ! pr9cipal words express+ love 9 ! ,aryan languages4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( !m may be trac$ back to "o ( two rul+ ideas1 ! "o intimat+ a simil>ity or lik5ess betwe5 ! p]sons lov+1 ! o!r a wi% or desire4 ,! =m] conveys ! notion t ! feel+ is mutual1 ! latt] t x is /rong] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,^! div]se orig9s are well illu/rat$ by ! ,fr5* aim] & ! ,engli% love4 ,aim]1 f ! ,lat9 am>e1 br+s u to ! ,greek 1 1 bo? ( :i* spr+ f ! ,sanscrit som2 f :i* 9 turn ! ,g]mans get _! words sammt1 along )1 & zusamm51 toge!r2 :ile we obta9 f ?is root almo/ )\t *ange our words simil> & same4 ,etymologically1 !re=e1 ^? :o love are alike2 !y are ! same 9 su* respects t !y are attract$ to "o ano!r1 on ! prov]bial pr9ciple t 8birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r40 ,n[ turn+ to ! ^w love1 ,g]man liebe1 ,russian lubov1 lubity1 we f9d t x leads u q a diff]5t road4 ,x is trac$ back )\t any mat]ial *ange to ! ,sanscrit lobha1 covet\sness1 ! anci5t ,coptic 1 to want1 to desire4 ,9 ?is orig9 we see ! passion portray$ z a ye>n+ to possess ! lov$ object2 & 9 ! high] s5se to enjoy ! pres5ce & sympa?y ( ! belov$1 to hold sweet communion ) him or h]4 ,a class ( ideas closely ak9 to ?is are convey$ 9 su* words z 8atta*$ to10 8attraction10 8affection10 & ! l1 :i* make use ( ! figure ( spee* t ! lov] is fa/5$ to1 drawn t[>d1 or b\nd up ) ! belov$ object4 ,we (t5 express ?is metaphor 9 full 9 su* phrases z 8! bonds ( fri5d%ip10 etc4 ,?is ?ird class ( words1 al?\gh 9 ! hi/ory ( language !y are frequ5tly ( lat] gr[? ?an ! two =m]1 probably express ! s5tim5t :i* und]lies bo? ^!1 & t is a dim1 unconsci\s s5se ( ! unity :i* is reveal$ to man mo/ p]fectly 9 ! pure/ & highe/ love1 :i* at its sublime/ height does away ) ! antagonism ( indep5d5t p]sonality1 & bl5ds ! ,i & ! ?\ 9 a on5ess ( exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is1 its complete/ expression1 we mu/ seek examples solely betwe5 p]sons ( opposite sex1 x w be well to consid] 9 an exam9ation l ! pres5t ! love betwe5 m51 :i* is call$ fri5d%ip1 t betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 & t t[>d ! gods1 ! giv]s ( all good ?+s4 ,! words convey+ su* s5tim5ts w illu/rate _m features ( ! religi\s & social life ( ! nations us+ !m4 ,i4 ,,! ,,algonk94 ,i beg9 ) ?is gr\p ( dialects1 once widely spread ?r\gh\t ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce valley & ! regions adjo9+2 & among !m ,i select especially ! ,cree & ! ,*ipeway1 p>tly because we "k m ab\t !m1 & p>tly because !y probably repres5t ! common tongue 9 its olde/ & pure/ type4 ,!y are closely alli$1 ! same roots appe>+ 9 bo? ) slight phonetic v>iations4 ,9 bo? ( !m ! ord9>y words = love & fri5d%ip are d]iv$ f ! same monosyllabic root1 sak4 ,on ?is1 accord+ to ! inflectional laws ( ! dialects1 are built up ! t]ms = ! love ( man to woman1 a lov]1 love 9 ! ab/ract1 fri5d1 fri5d%ip1 & ! l4 ,x is also occasionally us$ by ! mission>ies = ! love ( man to ,god & ( ,god to man4#cfa ,9 ! ,*ipeway ?is root has b "o =m1 sagi2 b 9 ,cree x has two1 a weak & a /rong =m1 saki & sakk4 ,! mean+ ( ! latt] is m p>ticul>ly to fa/5 to1 to atta* to4 ,f x are d]iv$ ! words = /r+ or cord1 ! v]bs 8to tie10 8to fa/510 etc42 & also "s ( ! co>se/ words to express ! sexual relation4#cfb ,bo? ^! roots are trac$ back to ! prim>y elem5t ( ! ,algonk9 language express$ by ! lett]s sak or s--k4 ,?is conveys ! g5]ic notion ( =ce or p[] ex]t$ by "o ov] ano!r1#cfc & is app>5tly precisely id5tical ) ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! ,lat9 afficio1 8to affect "o 9 "s mann] by active ag5cy10#cfd f :i* ^w1 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 7 d]iv$ affectus & affectio & our 8affection20 ?us we at once meet ) an absolute p>allelism 9 ! work+ ( ! ,aryan ,italic & ! ,am]ican ,algonk9 m9d4 ,! ,cree has sev]al words :i* are conf9$ to p>5tal & filial love & t :i* ! gods h = m54 ,^! are built up on ! disyllabic radical espi or aspi1 :i* is an in/rum5tal p>ticle signify+ 8by means (1 ) ! aid (40#cfe ,t[>d ! gods1 su* words ref] to ^? :o aid u2 t[>d *ildr5 ^? :om _! p>5ts aid2 & f *ildr5 t[>d p>5ts1 aga91 ^? f :om aid is receiv$4 ,= love betwe5 m51 fri5d%ip1 ! ,cree employs "s words f ! radical ski2 b m frequ5tly ^? comp\nd$ ) ! root wit or wit*1 :i* means 89 company )10#cff & is ! precise analogue ( ! syllable com 7,lat91 con7 9 ! ,engli% words companion1 comrade1 compe]1 conf$]ate1 etc42 x conveys ! idea ( association 9 life & action1 & t association a volunt>y & pleasure-giv+ "o4 ,9 ! ,*ipeway !re is a s]ies ( expressions = family love & fri5d%ip :i* 9 _! orig9 c>ry u back to ! same psy*ological process :i* develop$ ! ,lat9 am>e f ! ,sanscrit sam 7see above74 ,!y may be illu/rat$ by ! melodi\s t]m1 :i* 9 t dialect means bo? fri5d%ip & relation%ip1 inaw5daw94 ,?is is an ab/ract v]bal n\n f ! !me ni inawa1 ,i resemble him1 :i* is built up f ! radicle 94 ,?is p>ticle d5otes a c]ta9 prevail+ way or mann]1 & appe>s bo? 9 ,cree & ,*ipeway 9 a v>iety ( words4#cfg ,! pr9ciple ( simil>ity is ?us fully express$ z ! basis ( fri5d%ip4 ,to see h[ app>5t ?is is we h b to rememb] ! ,engli%1 8,i l him10 i4 e41 !re is some?+ 9 him l me4 ,! feebl] s5tim5t ( m]ely lik+ a p]son or ?+ is express$ 9 ! ,*ipeway by a d]ivative f ! adjective m9o1 good1 well1 & signifies t he or x seems good to me4#cfh ,! highe/ =m ( love1 h[ev]1 t :i* embraces all m5 & all be+s1 t ^: conception is convey$ 9 ! ,greek 1 we f9d express$ 9 bo? ! dialects by d]ivation f a root diff]5t f any ,i h m5tion$4 ,x is 9 its dialectic =ms kis1 ke*e1 or kiji1 & 9 its orig9 x is an int5sive int]jectional expression ( pleasure1 indicative ( :at gives joy4#cfi ,concretely x signifies :at is complet$1 p]man5t1 p[]ful1 p]fect$1 p]fect4 ,z fri5d%ip & love yield ! mo/ exalt$ pleasure1 f ?is root ! natives drew a fund ( words to express fondness1 atta*m5t1 hospitality1 *>ity2 & f ! same wor?y s\rce !y select$ t adjective :i* !y appli$ to ! greate/ & mo/ b5evol5t div9ity4#cgj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nahuatl4 ,! ,nahuatl1 ,mexican or ,aztec language 0 spok5 ext5sively ?r\gh\t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & e tribe :o us$ x c\ld boa/ ( a degree ( culture consid]ably above t ( any ( ! ,algonk9 communities4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is r surpris+ to note h[ extremely poor 9 comp>ison is ! ,nahuatl 9 indep5d5t radicals d5ot+ love or affection4 ,9 fact1 !re is only "o ^w 9 ! language :i* positively has ?is signification1 & x1 ) its d]ivatives1 is call$ ^u to express e v>iety ( love1 human & div9e1 c>nal & *a/e1 betwe5 m5 & betwe5 ! sexes1 & by human be+s t[>d inanimate ?+s4 ,?is ^w is tlaztla1 he loves4 ,x is no easy matt] to trace its hi/ory4 ,by well kn[n laws ( ,nahuatl etymology we "k t ! root is zo4 ,we h f ?is same root sev]al o!r words ( curi\sly div]se mean+s4 ,?us1 izo1 to ble$1 to draw blood1 ei!r = heal?1 or1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ^? nations1 z a sacrifice be=e idols2 izol9i1 to gr[ old1 to we> out1 appli$ to g>m5ts2 tlazoti1 to (f] = sale at a high price2 & zozo1 to /r+ toge!r1 z ! natives did fl[]s1 pepp]s1 beads1 etc4 ,n[1 :at idea s]v$ z ! common />t+-po9t ( all ^! expressions8 ,! answ] is t we f9d x 9 ! ^w zo z appli$ to a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 a ?orn1 or a bone or /one awl1 us$ 9 ! e>lie/ times = punctur+ or transfix+ objects4 ,f ?is came zozo1 to transfix ) su* an in/rum5t1 & /r+ on a cord2 izoliui1 to be full ( holes1 z if repeat$ly punctur$1 & ?us worn out2 & izo1 to ble$1 because t 0 done by punctur+ ! fle% ) ! ?orns ( ! maguey or %>p obsidian po9ts4#cga ,b h[ d we br+ ^! into connection ) ! s5tim5t ( love & its v]bal expression8 ,we might inde$ seek an illu/ration ( ! transf] f classical my?ology1 & adduce ! ke5-po9t$ arr[s ( ,cupid1 ! d>ts ( love1 z po9t+ out ! connection4 ,b ,i fe> ?is w\ld be cr$it+ ! anci5t ,nahuas ) f9] feel+s ?an !y des]ve4 ,i gravely d\bt t !y felt ! %afts ( ! t5d] passion ) any su* susceptibility z to employ ?is metaphor4 ,mu* m likely is x t tlaztla1 to love1 is d]iv$ directly f ! n\n tlaztl1 :i* means some?+ /rung ) or fa/5$ to ano!r4 ,?is br+s u directly back to ! s5se ( 8atta*$ to0 9 ,engli%1 & to t ( ! root saki 9 ,algonk91 ! idea ( be+ b\nd to ano!r by ties ( emotion & affection4 ,b !re is "o feature 9 ?is d]ivation :i* tells s]i\sly aga9/ ! national psy*ology ( ! ,nahuas2 ?is1 _! only ^w = love1 is n d]iv$1 z is ! ,algonk91 f ! prim>y mean+ ( ! root1 b f a second>y & lat] signification4 ,?is h9ts om9\sly at ! probability t ! anci5t tongue _h = a long "t no ^w at all to express ?is1 ! highe/ & noble/ emotion ( ! human he>t1 & t consequ5tly ?is emotion itself _h n ris5 to consci\sness 9 ! national m9d4 ,b ! omissions ( ! fa!rs 7 m ?an aton$ = by ! ef=ts ( _! *ildr54 ,i "k no m in/ructive in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( language to illu/rate h[ orig9al defects are am5d$ 9 p]iods ( high] culture by ! l+ui/ic faculty1 ?an ?is precise po9t 9 ! g5esis ( ! ,nahuatl tongue4 ,! ,nahuas1 :5 !y approa*$ ! upp] levels ( emotional developm5t1 f\nd _! tongue s+ul>ly poor 9 radicals convey+ su* conceptions4 ,z ! lit]al & mat]ial portions ( _! spee* (f]$ !m su* inadequate means ( expression1 !y turn$ t[>d its tropical & =mal portions1 & 9 ^? realms rea*$ a degree ( developm5t 9 ?is direction :i* f> surpasses t 9 any o!r language kn[n to me4 ,9 ! =mal portion ( ! language !y 7 n satisfi$ ) "o1 b adopt$ a v>iety ( devices to ?is end4 ,?us3 all v]bs express+ emotion may h an int5sive t]m9ation suffix$1 imp>t+ to !m additional =ce2 aga91 c]ta9 prefixes indicat+ civility1 respect & affection may be employ$ 9 ! imp]ative & optative moods2 aga91 a high] syn!tic con/ruction may be employ$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 by :i* ! idea express$ is emphasiz$1 a device 9 con/ant use 9 _! poetry2 & especially ! /r5g? ( emotion is indicat$ by suffix+ a s]ies ( t]m9ations express+ contempt1 rev]5ce or love4 ,! latt] are wond]fully *>act]i/ic ( ,nahuatl spee*4 ,!y are n conf9$ to v]bs & n\ns1 b may be add$ to adjectives1 pron\ns1 p>ticiples1 & ev5 to adv]bs & po/positions4 ,?us e ^w 9 ! s5t5ce is made to c>ry its burd5 ( affection to ! e> ( ! belov$ object6 ,add to ^! facilities ! rem>kable p[] ( ! ,nahuatl to imp>t tropical & figurative s5ses to words by ! employm5t ( rhetorical res\rces1 & to pres5t !m z "o idea by means ( ! peculi>ities ( its con/ruction1 & we %all n consid] z ov]drawn ! expression ( ,pr(essor ,de la ,rosa :5 he writes3 8,!re c be no "q b t 9 ! manife/ation 9 words ( ! v>i\s emotions1 ! ,nahuatl f9ds no rival1 n only among ! languages ( mod]n ,europe1 b 9 ! ,greek itself40#cgb ,! ,nahuatl ^w = fri5d%ip is icniuhtli4 ,?is is a comp\nd ( ! preposition ic1 )2 ! n\n-end+ tli2 & ! adv]bial yuh1 or noyuh1 :i* means 8( ! same k9d40 ,! ^w1 !re=e1 has ! same fundam5tal conception z ! ,lat9 amicus & ! ,cree inawema1 b x 0 n develop$ into a v]bal to express ! suff]+ ( ! passion itself4#cgc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,maya4 ,! :ole p59sula ( ,yucatan 0 inhabit$ by ! ,mayas1 & tribes speak+ relat$ dialects ( _! tongue liv$ 9 ,guatemala1 ,*ipapas1 & on ! ,gulf ,%ore nor? ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,all ^! dep5d$ *iefly on agriculture = subsi/5ce1 7 build]s ( /one h\ses1 & made use ( a sy/em ( writt5 records4 ,_! tongue1 !re=e1 des]ves special consid]ation z t ( a nation ) /rong natural t5d5cies to developm5t4 ,9 turn+ to ! ^w = love 9 ! ,maya vocabul>y1 we are at once /ruck ) ! pres5ce ( a connect$ s]ies ( words express+ ?is emotion1 :ile at ! same "t !y1 or o!rs closely ak9 to !m & f ! same root1 mean pa91 injury1 difficulty1 suff]+1 w\nds & mis]y4 ,bo? are =m$ by ! usual rules f ! monosyllable ya4#cgd ,7 ! anci5t ,mayas s s5sitive to love's w\nds & ! pangs ( passion z to d]ive _! v words = suff]+ f ! "n ( ?is s5tim5t8 ,no2 t solution is too unlikely = our acceptance4 ,m probable is x t we h "h an illu/ration ( ! developm5t ( language f int]jectional cries4 ,9 fact1 we may be said to h ! pro( ( x1 = we discov] t ?is monosyllable ya is /ill reta9$ 9 ! language z a v]b1 ) ! signification 8to feel any?+ deeply1 :e!r z a pa9 or z a pleasure40#cge ,its d]ivatives 7 develop$ ) bo? mean+s1 & z love & fri5d%ip are ! highe/ =ms ( pleasure1 ! ^w ya 9 its happi] s5ses became conf9$ to !m4 ,x seems to h suffic$ to express ! conception 9 all its =ms1 = ! writ]s 9 ! language apply x to ! love ( ! sexes1 to t betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 t among fri5ds1 also to t :i* m5 feel t[>d ,god1 & t :i* ,he is ass]t$ to feel t[>d m54#cgf ,! ,mayas1 !re=e1 7 sup]ior to ! ,nahuas 9 possess+ a radical ^w :i* express$ ! joy ( love2 & !y mu/ be plac$ above ev5 ! e>ly ,aryans 9 t ?is radical 0 9 significance purely psy*ical1 ref]r+ /rictly to a m5tal /ate1 & nei!r to simil>ity nor desire4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is int]jectional root1 al?\gh belong+ to ! sub/ructure ( ! language1 does n appe> ) ! mean+ ( love 9 ! dialects ( ! ,maya /ock4 ,9 !m ! words = ?is s5tim5t are d]iv$ f o!r roots4 ,?us among ! ,hua/ecas1 resid+ on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 nor? ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ! ^w = love is canezal4 ,x is employ$ = bo? human & div9e love1 & also means any?+ preci\s & to be c>efully gu>d$ z ( advantage to ! possessor4#cgg ,!re is no difficulty 9 foll[+ its developm5t :5 we turn to ! ,maya1 :i* pres]ves ! mo/ num]\s anci5t =ms & mean+s ( any dialect ( ?is /ock4 ,9 x we discov] t ! v]b c means 8to affect ano!r 9 "s way1 to give ano!r ei!r by physical contact or example a virtue1 vice1 disease or attribute40#cgh ,"h aga9 we come ^u ! precise correlative ( ! ,lat9 afficio1 f :i* proce$s our 8affection10 etc4 ,! ,guatemalan tribes1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* 7 & are ! ,qui*es & ,cak*iquels1 did n accept ei!r ya or c z ! root f :i* to build _! expressions = ! s5tim5t ( love4 ,9 bo? ^! dialects ! ^w = to love is logoh4 ,x also means 8to buy10 & ?is has l$ a rec5t writ] to hold up to ridicule ! ,spani% mission>ies :o *ose ?is ^w to express bo? human & div9e love4 ,dr4 ,/oll1 ! writ] ref]r$ to1 intimates t x _h no o!r mean+ ?an 8to buy0 9 ! pure orig9al tongue1 & t ! only ^w = ! passion is ah1 to want1 to desire4#cgi ,9 ?is he does n display 8 usual accuracy1 = we f9d logoh us$ 9 ! s5se 8to l10 8to love10 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,cak*iquels1 writt5 by a native :o _h gr[n to manhood be=e ! ,spani>ds fir/ ent]$ 8 c\ntry4#chj ,t ! v]b logoh means1 bo? 9 orig9 & lat] use1 8to buy10 z well z 8to love10 is und\bt$ly true4 ,its root logh is id5tical ) ! ,maya loh1 :i* has ! mean+s 8to ex*ange1 to buy1 to r$eem1 to emancipate40 ,x 0 ! ^w select$ by ! ,franciscan mission>ies to express ! r$emption ( ! _w by ,*ri/1 & 0 appli$ to ! r$emption ( captives & slaves4 ,x might be sugge/$ t x be>s a ref]5ce to 8m>riage by pur*ase20 b ,i ?9k t 8to buy10 & 8to love10 may be con/ru$ z developm5ts ( ! same idea ( priz+ highly4 ,:5 we say t a p]son is appreciat$1 we really say t he has _h a prop] price put ^u him4 ,! ,lat9 c>us1 :i* ,cic]o calls ipsum v]bum amoris1#cha means co/ly 9 price z well z belov$2 & ! t5d] ,engli% 8de>0 means q z (t5 t ! object is exp5sive to buy1 z t we dote v mu* ^u x4 ,nor ne$ we g outside ( ,am]ican languages = illu/rations2 9 ,nahuatl tlazti means to (f] = sale at a high price2 & 9 ,hua/eca canel1 f ! same root z canezal1 to love1 means some?+ preci\s 9 a pecuni>y s5se1 z well z an object ( ! affections4 ,o!r in/ances w pres5t !mselves :5 we come to exam9e "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican tongues4 ,b f :at ,i h already giv51 x is evid5t t !re is no?+ contradictory 9 ! d\ble mean+ ( ! v]b logoh4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,qqui*ua4 ,! anci5t ,p]uvians :o spoke ! ,qqui*ua language _h organiz$ a sy/em ( gov]nm5t & a complex social fabric unsurpass$ by any on ! cont95t4 ,! num]\s specim5s ( _! arts :i* h be5 pres]v$ te/ify /rongly to ! lic5ti\sness ( _! mann]s1 /&+ 9 ?is respect 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ,aztecs1 ^: art 0 pure4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z di/9ctly 9 connection ) ?is t we f9d a simil> contra/ 9 _! languages4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,nahuatl !re appe>s to h be5 no ^w ) a prim>y signification 8to love0 or any su* conception4 ,! ,qqui*ua1 on ! contr>y1 is probably ! ri*e/ language on ! cont95t1 n only 9 sep>ate words d5ot+ affection1 b 9 modifications ( ^! by imp>t+ to !m delicate %ades ( mean+ ?r\gh ! addition ( p>ticles4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! latt]1 x is en\gh to cite ! fact t ,dr4 ,an*or5a1 9 8 gramm> ( ! tongue1 sets =? ne>ly six hundr$ comb9ations ( ! ^w munay1 to love6#chb ,! ,qqui*ua is =tunate 9 o!r respects2 x has "s lit]ature ( its own1 & its /ructure has be5 c>efully /udi$ by compet5t s*ol>s2 x is possible1 !re=e1 to exam9e its locutions 9 a m satisfactory mann] ?an is ! case ) mo/ ,am]ican languages4 ,its mo/ celebrat$ lit]>y monum5t is ! drama ( ,ollanta1 suppos$ to h be5 compos$ ab\t ! "t ( ! conque/4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly edit$ & translat$1 mo/ accurately by ,pa*eco ,zeg>ra4#chc ,8 text may be consid]$ z ! /&>d ( ! pure anci5t tongue4 ,( ,qqui*ua words = ! affections1 t 9 wide/ use is ! "o above quot$1 munay4 ,x is z univ]sal 9 its application z its ,engli% equival5t1 be+ appli$ to filial & p>5tal love z well z to t ( ! sexes1 to affection betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex1 & to ! love ( ,god4 ,no o!r ^w ( ! class has su* a wide significance4 ,x ranges f an expression ( ! w>me/ emotion d[n to t fa9t ann\ncem5t ( a pref]5ce :i* is convey$ 9 ! ,engli%1 8,i %\ld pref]40#chd ,on look+ = its e>li] & concrete s5se1 we f9d t munay express$ m]ely a s5se ( want1 an appetite & ! accompany+ desire ( satisfy+ x1 h5ce ! w1 or ! wi%1 n subjectively1 b 9 ! objective manife/ation4#che ,!re=e x is 9 orig9 ne>ly equival5t to ! e>lie/ mean+ ( 8love10 z se5 9 ! ,sanscrit & ! ,coptic4 ,:ile munay is ?us to love on reasonable gr\nds & ) def9ite purpose1 bl9d1 unreason+1 absorb+ passion is express$ by huaylluni4 ,?is is ne>ly always conf9$ to sexual love1 & conveys ! idea ( ! s5tim5t %[+ itself 9 action by ^? sweet signs & m>ks ( devotion :i* are s highly priz$ by ! lov+ he>t4 ,! orig9 ( ?is ^w indicates its s5ti5t & spontane\s "*4 ,its radical is ! int]jection huay1 :i* among t p is an in>ticulate cry ( t5d]ness & affection4#chf ,! v]b lluylluy means lit]ally to be t5d] or s(t1 z fruit1 or ! "y ( animals2 & appli$ to ! s5tim5ts1 to love ) t5d]ness1 to h z a d>l+1 to c>ess lov+ly4 ,x has less ( sexuality 9 x ?an ! ^w la/ m5tion$1 & is appli$ by girls to ea* o!r1 & z a t]m ( family fondness4 ,x is on a p>allel ) ! ,engli% 8de>10 8to hold de>10 etc4#chg ,9 ! lat] compositions 9 ,qqui*ua ! favorite ^w = love is ccuyay4 ,orig9ally ?is expression meant to pity1 & 9 ?is s5se x occurs 9 ! drama ( ,ollanta2 b also ev5 !re z a t]m signify+ ! passion ( love ap>t f any idea ( compassion4#chh ,9 ! lat] songs1 ^? ^: composition may be plac$ 9 ?is c5tury1 x is pref]r$ to munay z ! mo/ appropriate t]m = ! love betwe5 ! sexes4#chi ,f x also is d]iv$ ! ^w = *>ity & b5evol5ce4 ,z munay is consid]$ to ref] to natural affection felt )9 ! m9d1 mayhuay is t o/5tati\s s5tim5t :i* displays itself 9 words ( t5d]ness & acts ( ende>m5t1 b leaves x an op5 "q :e!r ^! are any?+ m ?an simulat$ signs ( emotion4#cij ,?is li/ is n exhau/ive ( ! t5d] words 9 ! ,qqui*ua2 b x w s]ve to %[ t ! tongue 0 ri* 9 !m1 & t ! anci5t ,p]uvians recogniz$ _m degrees & =ms ( ?is mov+ s5tim5t4 ,:at is also notewor?y is ! pres5ce 9 ?is language ( ! mo/ philosophical t]m = fri5d%ip 9 its wide/ s5se t c be quot$ f any ,am]ican language4 ,x is runaccuyay1 comp\nd$ ( ccuyani1 m5tion$ above1 & runa1 man--! love ( mank9d4 ,?is comp\nd1 h[ev]1 does n occur 9 ! ,ollanta drama1 & x may h be5 manufactur$ by ! mission>ies4 ,! usual t]m is maciy1 :i* means m]ely 8associate10 or ko*omaciy1 a table-companion or convive4 ,v4 ,,! ,,tupi-,,gu>ani4 ,! l+ui/ic /ock :i* has ! wide/ ext5sion 9 ,s\? ,am]ica is t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,s\!rn ,brazil by ! ,gu>ani1 & 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn by ! ,tupi or ,l+oa ,g]al4 ,! latt] is spok5 along ! ,amazon & its tribut>ies = a di/ance ( tw5ty-five hundr$ miles4 ,x is by no means id5tical ) ! ,gu>ani1 b ! ne> relation%ip ( ! two is unmi/akable4 ,! ,gu>ani pres5ts ! simpl] & m primitive =ms1 & may be held to pres5t ! m ar*aic type4 ,! ^w = love 9 ! ,gu>ani is aihu1 9 ano!r =m haihu1 ! initial h be+ dropp$ 9 composition4 ,?is expression is employ$ = all ! v>ieties ( ! s5tim5t1 betwe5 m51 betwe5 ! sexes1 & = t :i* is reg>d$ z div9e4#cia ,= 8a fri5d10 !y h no o!r t]m ?an "o :i* means a visitor or gue/2 & f ?is _! expression = 8fri5d%ip0 is d]iv$1 :i* really means 8hospitality40#cib ,v]bal comb9ations 9 ,gu>ani are visually simple1 & ,i d n ?9k we c be f> wrong 9 look+ ^u aihu z a union ( ! two prim>y words ai & hu4 ,! =m]1 ai1 means self or ! same2 & ! latt]1 hu1 is ! v]b to f9d1 or1 to be pres5t4#cic 8,to love10 9 ,gu>ani1 !re=e1 w\ld mean1 8to f9d oneself 9 ano!r10 or1 less metaphysically1 8to discov] 9 ano!r a lik5ess to "o's self40 ,?is aga9 is precisely ! prim>y signification ( ! ,lat9 am>e2 & if ! s5tim5t impress$ 9 t way ! b>b>\s anci5t ,aryans1 !re is no reason :y x w\ld n h /ruck ! ,gu>anis 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! ,tupi or ,l+ua ,g]al ! ^w = love is evid5tly b a dialectic v>iation ( t 9 ,gu>ani4 ,x is giv5 by "s au?ors z aiu1 pla9ly a =m ( haihu2 & by o!rs z auu4#cid ,^! =ms _c be analyz$ 9 ! ,tupi itself1 :i* illu/rates its m mod]n type4 ,!re are o!r dialects ( ?is widespread /em1 b x w\ld n be wor? :ile to foll[ ?is expression fur!r 9 its div]se =ms4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to note t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,arawack1 spok5 9 ,guiana4 ,9 t tongue to love is kanis91 9 :i* ! radical is ani or ansi4 ,n[ we f9d t ani means 8( a k9d10 peculi> to1 belong+ to1 etc4 ,once m x is ! notion ( simil>ity1 ( 8birds ( a fea!r10 :i* und]lies ! expression = ! conception ( love4#cie ,,conclusions4 ,if1 n[1 we review ! gr\nd we h gone ov]1 & classify ! conception ( love z reveal$ 9 ! languages "u discussion1 we f9d t _! orig9al modes ( expression 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,in>ticulate cries ( emotion 7,cree1 ,maya1 ,qqui*ua74 #b4 ,ass]tions ( sam5ess or simil>ity 7,cree1 ,nahuatl1 ,tupi1 ,arawack74 #c4 ,ass]tions ( conjunction or union 7,cree1 ,nahuatl1 ,maya74 #d4 ,ass]tions ( a wi%1 desire or long+ 7,cree1 ,cak*iquel1 ,qqui*ua1 ,tupi74 ,^! categories are n exhau/ive ( ! words :i* ,i h br\ght =w>d1 b !y include mo/ ( !m1 & probably 7 ?is inve/igation ext5d$ to embrace num]\s o!r tongues1 we %\ld f9d t 9 !m all ! pr9cipal expressions = ! s5tim5t ( love are drawn f "o or o!r ( ^! fundam5tal notions4 ,a mo/ in/ructive fact is t ^! notions are ^? :i* und]lie ! majority ( ! words = love 9 ! great ,aryan family ( languages4 ,!y ?us reveal ! p>allel pa?s :i* ! human m9d ev]y:]e pursu$ 9 giv+ articulate expression to ! passions & emotions ( ! s\l4 ,9 ?is s5se !re is a on5ess 9 all languages1 :i* speaks conclusively = ! on5ess 9 ! s5ti5t & intellectual attributes ( ! species4 ,we may also inve/igate ^! categories1 ?us %[n to be practically univ]sal1 f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,we may inquire :i* ( !m comes ! ne>e/ to ! correct expression ( love 9 its highe/ philosophic mean+4 ,0 ?is mean+ appreh5d$1 h[ev] dimly1 by man 9 ! v infancy ( 8 spee*-inv5t+ faculty8 ,9 ano!r "w1 publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 ,i h attempt$ a philosophic analysis ( ! s5tim5t ( love4 ,quot+ f "s ( ! subtle/ dissectors ( human motive1 ,i h %[n t !y pron\nce love to be 8! volition ( ! end10 or 8! re/+ 9 an object z an end40 ,^! r obscure s*ola/ic =mulas ,i h attempt$ to expla9 by ! def9ition3 8,love is ! m5tal impression ( rational action ^: end is 9 itself40#cif ,z e end or purpose ( action implies ! w or wi% to t end1 ^? expressions = love are mo/ truly philosophic :i* express ! w1 ! desire1 ! ye>n+ aft] ! object4 ,! f\r?1 !re=e1 ( ! above categories is t :i* pres5ts ! highe/ =ms ( expression ( ?is conception4 ,t x also expresses l[] =ms is true1 b ?is m]ely illu/rates ! evolution ( ! human m9d z express$ 9 language4 ,love is ev] ! wi%2 b :ile 9 l[] races & co>s] natures ?is wi% is = an object :i* 9 turn is b a means to an end1 = example1 s5sual gratification1 9 ! high] ?is object is ! end itself1 beyond :i* ! s\l does n seek to g1 9 :i* x re/s1 & ) :i* bo? reason & emotion f9d ! satisfaction ( b\ndless activity )\t incurr+ ! dang] ( satiety4 ,,! ,,l9eal ,,measures ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,civiliz$ ,,nations ,,( ,,mexico ,,& ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4#cig ,positive progress 9 con/ructive art c be accurately e/imat$ by ! k9d & p]fection ( ! in/rum5ts ( precision employ$ by ! arti/s4 ,a correct !ory ( ar*itecture or ( sculpture mu/ h z its f\ndation a correct sy/em ( weights & measures1 & recogniz$ units & /&>ds ( gravity & ext5sion4 ,:]e ^! are n f\nd1 all is guess-"w1 & a m or less haphaz>d rule-(-?umb4 ,9 a /udy ( ! art-products ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 x has occurr$ to me t we may ) advantage call l+ui/ics to our aid1 & attempt to asc]ta91 by an analysis ( ! words = weights & measures1 :at units1 if any1 7 employ$ by ^? :o con/ruct$ ! massive works 9 t region1 :i* /ill rema9 = our a/oni%m5t4 ,! tongues ,i %all exam9e are ! ,maya ( ,yucatan1 its relat$ dialect ! ,cak*iquel ( ,guatemala1 & ! ,nahuatl or ,aztec ( ,mexico4 ,! mo/ /rik+ monum5ts ( art 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are f\nd 9 ! t]ritories :]e ^! 7 spok5 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! ,cak*iquel may be consid]$ to include ! ,qui*e & ! ,tzutuhil1 bo? ( :i* are closely associat$ to x z dialects ( ! same "m tongue4 ,,! ,,mayas4 ,! g5]ic ^w 9 ,maya = bo? measur+ & weigh+1 & = measures & weights1 is at pres5t ppiz1 ! radical s5se ( :i* is 8to put 9 ord]10 8to arrange def9ite limits40 ,its app>5t simil>ity to ! ,spani% pes>1 ,fr5* pes]1 etc41 seems accid5tal1 z x is 9 ,maya ! root ( v>i\s words mean+ battle1 to fight1 etc41 f ! 8ord] ( battle10 obs]v$ on su* occasions4 ,any weight or measure is spok5 ( z ppizib1 to measure l& is ppiz-luum1 a foot measure ppiz-oc etc4 ,b ,i am q c]ta9 t ! orig9al scope ( ! ^w did n include weight1 z !re is no evid5ce t ! anci5t ,mayas knew any?+ ab\t a sy/em ( e/imat+ quantity by gravity4 ,if ! ^w is n f ! ,spani% pes>1 x has ext5d$ its mean+ s9ce ! conque/4 ,! ,maya measures are d]iv$ directly1 & almo/ exclusively1 f ! human body1 & l>gely f ! h& & foot4 ,oc1 ! foot2 *ekoc1 ! foot/ep1 ! pr9t or l5g? ( ! foot1 is a measure ( l5g?4 ,o!r =ms ( ! same are *ekel1 *ekeb1 *ekeb-oc1 etc42 & ?is abundance ( synonyms w\ld seem to %[ t ! measure ( a foot 0 v famili> & frequ5t4 ,! v]b is *ekoc 7tah1 t71 z 9 ! phrase3 ,*ekoct y-oto* ,ku4 ,he measur$ by feet ,8 h\se ,god4 i4 e4 ,he measur$ by feet ! *ur*4 ,f ?is 0 di/+ui%$-- ,xukab1 paces or /rides1 a ^w conf9$ to ! paces ( man4 ,! v]b is ,xukab 7tah1 t71 to /ep (f1 to measure by paces4 ,q a s]ies ( measures 7 recogniz$ f ! gr\nd 7or1 z "s say1 f ! po9t ( ! foot7 to ! upp] portions ( ! body4 ,hun cal coy u-xul 7"o to ! neck ( ! ankle its-end71 ext5d+ f ! gr\nd to ! n>r[e/ portion ( ! ankle4 ,hun ppuloc u-xul 7"o calf-(-!-leg its-end71 f ! gr\nd to ! highe/ portion ( ! calf ( ! leg4 ,! ^w xul means end or limit1 & is us$ (t5 adv]bially1 z 9 ! phrase uay u-xul1 lit]ally 8"h its end10 or 8?us f>0 7,span4 ha/a aqui74 ,hun pixib1 ! di/ance f ! gr\nd 7or po9t ( ! toes7 to ! knee-cap1 f piix1 ! knee4 ,also call$ hun hol piix1 f hol1 head1 ! knee-cap be+ call$ 8! knee-head40 ,hun ha*abex1 "o girdle1 f ! gr\nd to ! belt or girdle1 to :i* ! skirt 0 fa%ion$ 7f ha*1 to tie1 to fa/574 ,! same measure 0 call$ hun !?1 ! ^w !? be+ appli$ to ! knot ( ! girdle4 ,hun tanam1 f ! gr\nd to ! bord] ( ! true ribs2 f tanam1 ! liv]4 ,! ,diccion>io de ,motul gives ! example1 hun tanam 9 ual1 "o tanam 7is7 my corn1 i4 e41 my corn rea*es to my *e/4 ,x adds t ! measure is f ! po9t ( ! foot to ! *e/4 ,hun tzem1 a measure f ! gr\nd to a l9e drawn f "o mamma to ! o!r4 ,hun cal u-xul1 "o neck its-end1 f ! gr\nd to ! bord] 7upp] or l[]7 ( ! neck4 ,hun *i1 f ! m\?1 *i1 to ! gr\nd4 ,hun holom1 "o head1 f ! top ( ! head to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is also call$ hun uallah1 "o "t ! /ature or height ( a man1 f a root mean+ 8to draw to a po9t10 8to f9i% (f40 ,! ,spani% writ]s say t "o uallah 0 equal to ab\t ?ree v>as1 & 0 us$ z a squ>e measure 9 met+ corn fields4#cih ,! ,spani% v>a diff]$ z mu* z ! ,engli% ell1 & to ! writ] 9 "q c\ld n h repres5t$ q two feet4 ,else:]e he def9es ! v>a z half a braza or fa?om4 7,see bel[1 betan47 ,! h& 9 ,maya is express$ by ! ^w kab1 :i* also means ! arm1 & is m correctly !re=e translat$ by ! anatomical t]m 8upp] extremity40 ,?is is n an uncommon example 9 ,am]ican tongues4 ,:5 x is necess>y to def9e ! h& specifically ! ,mayas say u *eel kab1 8! bran* ( ! arm10 & = ! f+]s u nii kab1 8! po9ts 7lit]ally1 noses7 ( ! arm0 or upp] extremity4 ,! %orte/ measurem5ts kn[n to !m appe> to h be5 f+]-bread?s1 :i* are express$ by ! phrase u nii kab4 ,! ?umb 0 call$ u n kab1 lit]ally 8! "m ( ! h&0 or arm1 & z a measure ( l5g? ! di/ance f ! fir/ jo9t to ! end ( ! nail 0 9 use & designat$ by ! same t]m4 ,) ! h& op5 & ! f+]s ext5d$1 !re 7 ?ree diff]5t measures or spans recogniz$ by ! ,mayas4 #a4 ,! nb1 f ! tip ( ! ?umb to ! tip ( ! middle f+]4 #b4 ,! oecnab1 or little nb1 f ! tip ( ! ?umb to ! tip ( ! index f+]4 ,?is is ! span yet mo/ 9 use by ! native inhabitants ( ,yucatan 7,dr4 ,b]5dt74 #c4 ,! *i nb1 or ! nb :i* ext5ds to ! edge1 f ! tip ( ! ?umb to ! tip ( ! little f+] 7,pio ,p]ez74 ,! kok 0 a h& measure =m$ by clos+ ! f+]s & ext5d+ ! ?umb4 ,measur+ f ! out] bord] ( ! h& to ! end ( ! ?umb1 x w\ld be ab\t sev5 in*es4 ,! cuc or no* cuc 7no* is a t]m appli$ to a bony prom95ce1 9 ?is in/ance to ! olecranon7 0 ! cubit1 & 0 measur$ f ! summit ( ! olecranon to ! end ( ! f+]s1 ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,! mo/ important ( ! long] measures 0 ! zap or zapal4 ,x 0 ! di/ance betwe5 ! extremities ( ! ext5d$ arms1 & is usually put d[n at a fa?om or six feet4 ,! half ( x 0 call$ betan or ptan1 mean+ 8to ! middle ( ! *e/40 ,canes & cords 7 cut ( ! fix$ l5g? ( ! zap & bore ! "n xapal*e1 zap/icks1 z our y>d-/ik 7*e /ick71 & hilppiz1 measur+ rods 7hil1 a species ( cane1 & ppiz1 to measure1 ,dicc4 ,motul74 ,on ?is z a unit1 ! cu/om>y l& measure 0 bas$4 ,x 0 ! kaan1 "o %ort]1 hun kaan tah ox zapal*e1 a kaan ( ?ree zap1 & "o long]1 hun kaan tah c zapal*e1 a kaan ( f\r zap4 ,! =m] is /at$ to be ?irty-six fa?oms squ>e1 ! latt] =ty-eight fa?oms squ>e4 ,tw5ty kaan made a v9ic1 man1 t am\nt ( l& be+ consid]$ ! area requisite to support "o family 9 maize4 ,! unc]ta9ty ab\t ?is measure is increas$ by ! evid5t error ( ,bi%op ,l&a1 or m probably 8 copyi/1 9 mak+ ! v9ic equal to #djj squ>e feet1 :i* ev5 9 ! mo/ favor$ soils w\ld nev] support a family4 ,he probably said 8#djj feet squ>e10 :i* 9 t climate w\ld be suffici5t4 ,! kaan is said by ,spani% writ]s to be equal to ! ,mexican mecate1 :i* conta9s #eahd squ>e feet4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t ,i h n reconcil$ all ! /atem5ts report$ by au?ors ab\t ^! l& measures4 ,great] measures ( l5g? are r>ely m5tion$4 ,j\rneys 7 measur$ by lub1 :i* ! ,spani>ds translat$ 8leagues10 b by d]ivation x means 8re/+ places10 & ,i h n asc]ta9$ t x _h a fix$ l5g?4 ,! ,mayas 7 giv5 to ! draw+ ( maps1 & ! t[ns _h ! b\nd>ies ( _! common l&s laid out 9 def9ite l9es4 ,i h manuscripts1 "s dat$ z e>ly 9 #aedb1 :i* describe ^! t[n l&s4 ,9 mo/ ( !m only ! c\rses are giv51 b n ! di/ances4 ,9 "o1 a title to a doma9 9 ,acanceh1 !re are di/ances giv51 b 9 a measure q unkn[n to me1 sic9a1 prec$$ by ! num]al & its t]m9ation indicat+ measures1 hulucppiz sic9a1 elev5 sic9as4#cii ,! maps indicate relative position only1 & 7 evid5tly n design$ by a scale1 or laid (f 9 proportion to di/ance4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,yucatecan antiqu>y1 ! ,rev4 ,don ,cresc5cio ,c>rillo1 9 8 essay on ! c>tography ( ! anci5t ,mayas1#djj app>5tly came to ! same conclusion1 z he does n m5tion any me?od ( measurem5t4 ,i d n "k ( any measurem5ts und]tak5 9 ,yucatan to asc]ta9 ! metrical /&>d employ$ by ! anci5t ar*itects4 ,x is true t ,dr4 ,augu/us ,le,plongeon ass]ts positively t !y knew & us$ ! metric sy/em1 & t ! metre & its divisions are ! only dim5sions t c be appli$ to ! rema9s ( ! edifices4#dja ,b ap>t f ! ecc5tricity ( ?is /atem5t1 ,i d n see f ,dr4 ,le,plongeon's own measurem5ts t ! metre is 9 any s5se a common divisor = !m4 ,f ! l+ui/ic evid5ce1 ,i incl9e to believe t ! oc1 ! foot1 0 _! *ief l9eal unit4 ,?is "n 0 also appli$ to ! sev5? day ( ! s]ies ( tw5ty :i* made up ! ,maya mon?2 & !re may be "s connection betwe5 ^! facts & ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! numb] sev5 9 ! details ( _! edifices4#djb ,,! ,,cak*iquels4 ,! root-^w = measur+ l5g? is1 9 ,cak*iquel1 et4 ,its primitive mean+ is1 a sign1 a m>k1 a *>act]i/ic4 ,f ?is root are d]iv$ ! v]bal etah1 to measure l5g?1 to lay out a plan1 to def9e limits2 etal1 a sign1 m>k1 limit2 etabal1 measur+ field2 etamah1 to "k1 i4 e41 to recognize ! signs & *>act]s ( ?+s2 etamanizah1 to cause to "k1 to tea*1 to in/ruct1 etc4 ,my au?orities d n furni% evid5ce t ! ,cak*iquels us$ ! foot z ! unit ( measurem5t1 diff]+ 9 ?is f ! ,mayas4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 l ! latt]1 a s]ies ( measurem5ts f ! gr\nd to c]ta9 po9ts ( ! body1 & !y us$ a special t]m9al p>ticle1 bem 7probably f be1 to g71 8up to0 to indicate su* measurem5ts1 z vexibem1 up to ! girdle 7vex1 girdle1 i1 connective1 bem1 up to1 or 8x goes to074 ,^! body measures1 z f> z ,i h f\nd !m nam$1 are z foll[s3 quequebem1 f ! gr\nd to ! knee4 ru-va* a1 f ! gr\nd to ! middle ( ! ?igh2 lit]ally 8its front1 ! ?igh10 ru1 its1 va*1 face1 front1 a1 ! muscles ( ! ?igh4 vexibem1 f ! gr\nd to ! girdle1 vex4 qaalqaxibem1 f ! gr\nd to ! fir/ true ribs4 kulim1 f ! gr\nd to ! neck 7kul74 ,! m exact ,cak*iquel measures 7 d]iv$ f ! upp] extremity4 ,! smalle/ 0 ! f+] bread?1 & 0 spok5 ( z "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r f+]s1 han ca1 cay ca1 ox ca1 cah ca 7caf+]74 ,?is 0 us$ 9 connection ) ! measure call$ tuvic1 ! same t ,i h describ$ z ! ,maya kok1 obta9$ by clos+ ! h& & ext5d+ ! ?umb4 ,!y comb9$ ^! 9 su* expressions z ca tuvic raq9 han ca1 two tuvics ) 7plus7 "o f+] bread?4#djc ,! span ( ! ,cak*iquels 0 solely t obta9$ by ext5d+ ! ?umb & f+]s & includ+ ! space betwe5 ! extremities ( ! ?umb & middle f+]4 ,x 0 call$ qutu1 f ! radical qut1 :i* means to %[1 to make manife/1 & is h5ce ak9 9 mean+ to ! root et1 m5tion$ above4 ,! cubit1 *umay1 0 measur$ f ! po9t ( ! elb[ to ! extremities ( ! f+]s4 ,we are expressly in=m$ by ,fa!r ,coto t ?is 0 a cu/om>y build+ measure4 8,:5 !y build _! h\ses !y use ?is cubit to measure ! l5g? ( ! logs4 ,!y also measure ropes 9 ! same mann]1 & say1 ,t9 *umaih retaxic riqam1 ,i lay out 9 cubits ! rope ) :i* ,i am to measure40 ,! diff]5t measures drawn f ! arms 73 *umay1 f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! f+]s ( ! same h&4 hahmehl1 f ! elb[ to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! opposite h&1 ! arms be+ out/ret*$4 tel51 f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] ( "o side to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! out/ret*$ arm on ! o!r side4 tzam tel51 f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] to ! ends ( ! f+]s on ! same side4 ,tzam means nose1 po9t1 beak1 etc4 ru va* qux1 f ! middle ( ! brea/ to ! end ( ! out/ret*$ h&4 hah1 f ! tips ( ! f+]s ( "o h& to ^? ( ! o!r1 ! arms out/ret*$4 ,ano!r measure 0 f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] to ! wri/4 ,! hah1 or fa?om1 0 "o ( ! units ( l& measure1 & ! corn fields & cacao plantations 7 survey$ & laid out ) ropes1 qam1 m>k$ (f 9 fa?oms4 ,! fields are describ$ z ( five ropes1 t5 ropes1 etc41 b ,i h n f\nd h[ _m fa?oms ea* rope conta9$4 ,ano!r unit ( l& measure 9 frequ5t use 0 ! maaoh4 ,?is 0 ! circumf]5ce ( ! human figure4 ,a man /ood erect1 8 feet toge!r1 & bo? arms ext5d$4 ,! end ( a rope 0 plac$ "u 8 feet & its slack pass$ ov] "o h&1 !n on top ( 8 head1 !n ov] ! o!r h&1 & f9ally br\ght to t\* ! beg9n+4 ,?is gives some:at less ?an ?ree times ! height4 ,?is s+ul> unit is describ$ by bo? ,v>ea & ,coto z 9 common use by ! natives4 ,!re 7 no accurate measures ( long di/ances4 ,z among ! ,mayas1 j\rneys 7 c\nt$ by re/+ places1 call$ 9 ,cak*iquel uxlanibal1 lit]ally 8brea?+ places10 f uxla1 ! brea?1 itself1 a d]ivative ( ! radical ux1 to exi/1 to be1 to live1 ! brea? be+ tak5 z ! mo/ evid5t sign ( life4 ,!re 0 orig9ally no ^w 9 ,cak*iquel mean+ 8to weigh10 z 9 a balance1 & !re=e !y adopt$ ! ,spani% peso1 z t9 pesoih1 ,i weigh4 ,nor1 al?\gh !y con/ruct$ /one walls ( consid]able height1 did !y h any k ( ! plumb l9e or plummet4 ,! "n !y gave x ev5 %[s t !y _h no idea :at its use 01 z !y call$ x 8! piece ( metal = fa/5+ toge!r10 suppos+ x to be an aid 9 cem5t+ ! /one "w1 r ?an 9 adju/+ its l9es4#djd ,,! ,,aztecs4 ,9 turn+ to ! ,mexicans or ,aztecs1 "s int]e/+ problems pres5t !mselves4 ,z f> z ,i c judge by ! ,nahuatl language1 measures drawn f ! upp] extremity 7 ( second>y importance1 & 7 n ! bases ( _! metrical /&>ds1 &1 z ,i %all %[1 ?is is borne out by a s]ies ( pro(s f o!r directions4 ,! f+]s1 mapilli1 appe> to h be5 cu/om>y measures4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly writ]s z "o equal to an in*4 ,! "n mapilli1 is a syn!sis ( maitl1 h&1 & pilli1 *ild1 (fspr+1 addition1 etc4 ,! span 0 call$ miztetl or miztitl1 a ^w ( obvi\s d]ivation1 mean+ 8betwe5 ! f+] nails10 f iztetl1 f+] nail4 ,?is span1 h[ev]1 0 n l ours1 f ! extremity ( ! ?umb to ! extremity ( ! little f+]1 nor yet l t ( ! ,cak*iquels1 f ! extremity ( ! ?umb to t ( ! middle f+]1 b l t n[ 9 use among ! ,mayas 7see above71 f ! extremity ( ! ?umb to t ( ! index f+]4#dje ,!re 7 f\r measures f ! po9t ( ! elb[2 "o to ! wri/ ( ! same arm1 a second to ! wri/ ( ! opposite arm1 a ?ird to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! same arm1 & ! f\r? to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! opposite arm1 ! arms always consid]$ z ext5d$ at "r angles to ! body4 ,! t]ms = ^! are giv5 some:at confus$ly 9 my au?orities1 b ,i believe ! foll[+ are correct4 #a4 ,f ! elb[ to ! wri/ ( ! same arm2 cemmatzotzopatzli1 8a little arm measure10 f ce1 a1 "o1 ma f maitl1 arm or h&1 tzotzoca1 small1 inf]ior1 patzoa1 to make small1 to dim9i%4 #b4 ,f ! elb[ to ! wri/ ( ! opposite arm1 cemmitl1 an arr[1 a %aft1 f ce1 & mitl1 arr[1 ?is di/ance be+ ! approv$ l5g? ( an arr[4 ,we may comp>e ! old ,engli% expression1 a 8clo?-y>d %aft40 #c4 ,f ! elb[ to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! same arm1 cemmolicpitl1 "o elb[1 ce1 "o1 molicpitl1 elb[4 ,?is is ! cubit4 #d4 ,f ! elb[ to ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! opposite arm4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! arm measures3 ,cemaolli1 f ! tip ( ! %\ld] to ! end ( ! h& 7ce1 "o1 maoa1 to ext5d ! arm74 ,cemmatl1 f ! tip ( ! f+]s ( "o h& to ^? ( ! o!r4 ,al?\gh ?is ^w is app>5tly a syn!sis ( ce1 "o1 maitl1 arm1 & means 8"o arm10 x is uni=mly r5d]$ by ! e>ly writ]s una braza1 a fa?om4 ,c5yollotli1 f ! middle ( ! brea/ to ! end ( ! f+]s 7ce1 "o1 yollotl1 brea/74 ,x is kn[n t ! ,aztecs _h a /&>d measure ( l5g? :i* !y employ$ 9 lay+ out gr\nds & con/ruct+ build+s4 ,x 0 call$ ! octacatl1 b nei!r ! d]ivation ( ?is ^w1 nor ! exact l5g? ( ! measure x repres5t$1 has be5 positively asc]ta9$4 ,! fir/ syllable1 oc1 x w be notic$1 is ! same z ! ,maya ^w = foot1 & 9 ,nahuatl xocopalli is 8! sole ( ! foot40 ,?is 0 us$ z a measure by ! decimal sy/em1 & !re 7 9 ,nahuatl two sep>ate & app>5tly orig9al words to express a measure ( t5 foot-l5g?s4 ,"o 03 ,matlaxocpallatama*iualoni1 :i* =midable syn!sis is analyz$ z foll[s3 matla1 f matlactli1 t51 xocpal1 f xocpalli1 foot-soles1 tama*iuia1 to measure 7f ma*iotl1 a sign or m>k1 l ! ,cak*iquel etal7 l1 = lo1 sign ( ! passive1 oni1 a v]bal t]m9ation 8equival5t to ! ,lat9 bilis or dus40#djf ,?us ! ^w means t :i* is measurable by t5 foot-l5g?s4 ,! second ^w 0 matlacyxitlatama*iualoni4 ,! composition ( ?is is simil> to ! =m]1 except t 9 ! place ( ! p]haps =eign root xoc1 foot1 yxitl1 foot1 is us$1 :i* seems to h be5 ! prop] ,nahuatl t]m4 ,z ^! words prove t ! foot-l5g? 0 "o ( ! /&>ds ( ! ,aztecs1 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r !y enlight5 u z to ! octacail4 ,i quote 9 connection an int]e/+ passage by ! native hi/orian1 ,f]n&o de ,alva ,ixtlilxo*itl 9 8 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca1 publi%$ 9 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's great "w on ,mexico 7,vol4 ix41 p4 #bdb74 ,ixtlilxo*itl is describ+ ! va/ communal dwell+ built by ! ,tezcucan *iefta9 ,nezahualcoyotl1 capable ( accommodat+ ov] two ?\s& p]sons4 ,he writes3 8,^! h\ses 7 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/ f\r hundr$ & elev5 & a half native measures1 :i* r$uc$ to our ,spani% measures make twelve hundr$ & ?irty-f\r & a half y>ds 7v>as71 & 9 bread?1 f nor? to s\? ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-six measures1 :i* are n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-eight y>ds40 ,?is passage has be5 analyz$ by ! le>n$ antiqu>y1 ,seor ,orozco y ,b]ra4#djg ,! native measure ref]r$ to by ,ixtlilxo*itl 0 t ( ,tezcuco1 :i* 0 id5tical ) t ( ,mexico4 ,! y>d 0 ! v>a de ,burgos1 :i* _h be5 ord]$ to be adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! colony by an ord9ance ( ! vic]oy ,antonio de ,m5doza4 ,?is v>a 0 9 l5g? #j4hch metre1 &1 z accord+ to ! *ronicl]1 ! native measurem5t 0 j ?ree times ?is 7#daa x #c #abcd1 & #cbf x #c #igh71 x mu/ h be5 #b4ead metre4 ,?is is equal 9 our measure to #i4hdb feet1 or1 say1 n9e feet t5 in*es4 ,?is w\ld make ! octacatl id5tical ) ^? long-nam$ t5-foot measures1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 7 multiples ( ! l5g? ( ! foot1 z is prov$ by an analysis ( _! compon5t words4 ,?is result is z int]e/+ z x is new1 s9ce x demon/rates t ! metrical unit ( anci5t ,mexico 0 ! same z t ( anci5t ,rome--! l5g? ( ! foot-pr9t4 ,"s te/imony ( ano!r k9d may be br\ght to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,9 #ahfd1 ! ,mexican gov]nm5t appo9t$ a commission to survey ! celebrat$ ru9s ( ,teotihuacan1 "u ! c>e ( ,don ,ramon ,alm>az4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,seor ,orozco1 ?is able eng9e] ran a numb] ( l9es ( con/ruction to det]m9e :at _h be5 ! metrical /&>d ( ! build]s4 ,8 decision 0 t x 0 8ab\t0 met4 #j4h1 or1 say1 #ca in*es4#djh ,?is is v close to an ev5 ?ird ( ! octacatl1 & w\ld ?us be a common divisor ( l5g?s laid (f by x4 ,i may "h turn aside f my imm$iate topic to comp>e ^! metrical /&>ds ) t ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s ( ! ,ohio valley4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ,april1 #ahha1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee appli$ ,mr4 ,petrie's ari?metical sy/em ( 8inductive metrology0 to a l>ge numb] ( measurem5ts ( m\nds & e>?works 9 ,i[a1 ) ! result ( asc]ta9+ a common /&>d ( #be4gaf in*es4 ,9 #ahhc1 ,col4 ,*>les ,:ittlesey1 ( ,clevel&1 analyz$ eighty-sev5 measurem5ts ( ,ohio e>?works by ! me?od ( ev5 divisors & conclud$ t ?irty in*es 0 ab\t ! l5g?1 or 0 "o ( ! multiples1 ( _! metrical /&>d4#dji ,moreov]1 fifty-sev5 p] c5t ( all ! l9es 7 divisible )\t rema9d] by t5 feet4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is may h be5 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( hurri$ measur]s to av]age on fives & t5s1 ,i _c say2 b leav+ ?is out ( ! "q1 !re is a probability t a t5 foot-l5g? rule 0 us$ by ! 8m\nd-build]s0 to lay out _! works4 ,x may n be out ( place to add a sugge/ion "h z to ! applicability ( ! me?ods ( inductive metrology to ,am]ican monum5ts4 ,! proportions giv5 above by ,ixtlilxo*itl1 x w be not$1 are /rik+ly irregul> 7#daa1 #cbf74 ,0 ?is accid5t or design8 ,v likely ! latt]1 bas$ ^u "s sup]/iti\s or a/rological motive4 ,x is f> f a solit>y example4 ,x recurs ev]y:]e 9 ! rem>kable ru9s ( ,mitla4 8,c>eful att5tion10 says ,mr4 ,l\is ,h4 ,aym1 8has be5 paid to make ! :ole asymmetrical4 99 99 99 ,?is asymmetry ( ,mitla is n accid5tal1 ,i am c]ta91 b made design$ly4 ,m4 ,desir ,*>nay tells me he has obs]v$ ! same ?+ at ,pal5que40 ,^! examples %\ld be a w>n+ aga9/ plac+ implicit reliance on ! ma!matical proc$ures = obta9+ ! l9eal /&>ds ( ^! =gott5 nations4#daj ,:atev] ! l9eal /&>d ( ! ,aztecs may h be51 we h ample evid5ce t x 0 widely recogniz$1 v exact1 & (ficially def9$ & protect$4 ,9 ! great m>ket ( ,mexico1 to :i* ?\s&s flock$ f ! neighbor+ c\ntry 7sev5ty ?\s& 9 a day1 says ,cortes1 b we c cut ?is d[n "o-half 9 all[ance = ! exagg]ation ( an en?usia/71 !re 7 regul>ly appo9t$ gov]nm5t (fic]s to exam9e ! measures us$ by ! m]*ants & comp>e !m ) ! correct /&>d4 ,did !y fall %ort1 ! measures 7 brok5 & ! m]*ant sev]ely puni%$ z an enemy to ! public weal4#daa ,! road-measures ( ! ,aztecs 0 by ! /ops ( ! c>ri]s1 z we h se5 0 also ! case 9 ,guatemala4 ,9 ,nahuatl ^! 7 call$ neceuilli1 re/+ places1 or netlatolli1 sitt+ places2 & di/ances 7 reckon$ num]ically by ^!1 z "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc41 re/+ places4 ,al?\gh ?is seems a vague & inaccurate me?od1 usage _h atta*$ comp>atively def9ite ideas ( di/ance to ^! t]ms4 ,fa!r ,duran tells u t along ! highways !re 7 po/s or /ones erect$ ) m>ks ^u !m %[+ h[ _m ( ^! /ops !re 7 to ! next m>ket-t[ns--a sort ( mile-/ones1 9 fact4 ,z ! competition betwe5 ! v>i\s m>kets 0 v active1 ea* set up its own po/s1 giv+ its di/ance1 & add+ a curse on all :o did n att5d1 or 7 l$ away by ! sup]ior attractions ( its rivals4#dab ,s f> z ,i h le>n$1 ! l9eal measures above m5tion$ 7 ^? appli$ to e/imate sup]ficies4 ,9 "s ( ! plans ( fields1 etc41 h&$ d[n1 ! size is m>k$ by ! native num]als on "o side ( ! plan1 :i* are und]/ood to indicate ! squ>e measure ( ! includ$ tract4 ,! ^w 9 ,nahuatl mean+ to survey or measure l&s is tlalpoa1 lit]ally 8to c\nt l&10 f tlalli l&1 poa to c\nt4 ,! ,aztecs 7 entirely ignorant ( balances1 scales or weights4 ,cortes says di/9ctly t :5 he visit$ ! great m>ket ( ,mexico-,t5o*titlan1 he saw all articles sold by numb] & measure1 & no?+ by weight4#dac ,! hi/orian ,h]r]a confirms ?is f o!r au?orities1 & adds t :5 grass or hay 0 sold1 x 0 e/imat$ by ! l5g? ( a cord :i* c\ld be pass$ ar\nd ! bundle4#dad ,! plumb-l9e mu/ h be5 unkn[n to ! ,mexicans also4 ,_! call$ x temetztepilolli1 8! piece ( lead :i* is hung f on high10 f temetzli1 lead1 & piloa1 to fa/5 some?+ high up4 ,lead 0 n unkn[n to ! ,aztecs be=e ! conque/4 ,!y collect$ x 9 ! ,prov9ces ( ,tla*co & ,itzmiquilpan1 b did n e/eem x ( mu* value1 & _! fir/ k ( x z a plummet mu/ h be5 :5 !y saw x 9 ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,h5ce _! k ( ! in/rum5t itself c\ld n h be5 e>li]4 ,! conclusions to :i* ! above facts t5d are z foll[s3 #a4 ,9 ! ,maya sy/em ( l9eal measures1 foot1 h&1 & body measures 7 ne>ly equally prom95t1 b ! foot unit 0 ! cu/om>y /&>d4 #b4 ,9 ! ,cak*iquel sy/em1 h& & body measures 7 almo/ exclusively us$1 & ( ^!1 ^? ( ! h& prevail$4 #c4 ,9 ! ,aztec sy/em1 body measurem5ts 7 unimportant1 h& & arm measures held a second>y position1 :ile ! foot measure 0 adopt$ z ! (ficial & obligatory /&>d bo? 9 comm]ce & ar*itecture4 #d4 ,! ,aztec t]ms = _! l9eal /&>d be+ app>5tly ( ,maya orig91 sugge/ t _! /&>d 0 d]iv$ f t nation4 #e4 ,nei!r ( ! ?ree nations 0 acqua9t$ ) a sy/em ( e/imation by weight1 nor ) ! use ( ! plumb-l9e1 nor ) an accurate measure ( long di/ances4 ,,! ,,curi\s ,,hoax ,,( ,,! ,,ta5sa ,,language4 ,"o might ?9k x a difficult task to manufacture a new language 8f ! :ole clo?20 b1 9 fact1 x is no great labor4 ,we h b to rememb] t )9 ! la/ doz5 ye>s m ?an a doz5 8_w-languages0 h be5 fram$ & (f]$ = acceptance1 & we at once p]ceive t a mod]ate k ( tongues & "s l+ui/ic +5uity are all t is requir$4 ,x is an innoc5t amusem5t s long z no fraudul5t use is made ( ! manufactur$ product2 b ! temptation to play a practical joke1 & to palm (f a deception on ov]eag] l+ui/s1 is z great 9 languages z x is 9 ar*ology--& e antiqu>y kn[s h[ suspici\sly he has to scrut9ize ea* new specim54 ,a curi\s hoax1 :i* deceiv$ "s ( ! be/ l+ui/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 0 p]petrat$ ab\t a decade ago by two "y ,fr5* sem9>i/s1 ,jean ,p>isot & ,a4 ,dej\y4 ,int]e/$ by read+ ,*teaubri&1 & by v>i\s publications on ,am]ican languages :i* appe>$ 9 ,france ab\t t "t1 !y made up a %ort gramm> & a li/ ( words ( :at !y call$ ! ,tansa language1 f a "n !y f\nd 9 ,*teaubri&'s ,voyage en ,am]ique1 & into ?is inv5t$ tongue !y translat$ ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 an ,algonk9 hymn publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 & o!r mat]ial4 ,at fir/1 ! two /ud5ts pursu$ ?is occupation m]ely z an amusem5t1 b x soon occurr$ to !m t m c\ld be made ( x2 s ,m4 ,p>isot s5t a bat* ( ! alleg$ 8fragm5ts0 ( ! 8,tansa0 to ! publi%]s1 ,maisonneuve et ,cie1 ,p>is1 = publication4 ,! manuscripts 7 pass$ ov] to ,m4 ,juli5 ,v9son1 editor ( ! ,rvue de ,l+ui/ique1 :o address$ ! "y au?or = fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,m4 ,p>isot repli$ t ^! pieces 7 copies ( orig9als obta9$ _m ye>s be=e by 8 gr&fa!r1 f :at s\rce he knew n1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is vague /atem5t1 !y duly appe>$ 9 ! ,rvue4 ,_! publication attract$ ! att5tion ( ! em95t ,fr5* l+ui/1 ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam1 :o _h long occupi$ himself ) ,am]ican tongues1 & he ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,m4 ,p>isot4 ,! latt]'s /ock mean:ile _h consid]ably increas$4 ,he & 8 fri5d _h publi%$ at ,ep9al1 app>5tly privately1 a small pamphlet1 ) an introductory note 9 bad ,spani%1 conta9+ a numb] ( 8songs0 9 ! 8,ta5sa10 z !y n[ call$ _! language4 ,!y claim$ 9 ! note t ! songs _h be5 obta9$ by a travel] 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ye> #ahbg or #ahbh1 89 ! ,ta5sa t[n1 on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi or ! ,alabama0767#dae ,) ?is abundant mat]ial at h&1 "y ,p>isot repli$ *e]fully to ,m4 ,adam1 & suppli$ t sci5ti/ ) 8copy0 f ! alleg$ ance/ral ,,mss4 q en\gh to fill a goodly volume ( gramm>1 songs1 lexicon1 & ! v>i\s p>aph]nalia ( a l+ui/ic app>atus1 all ( :i* eag] ,m4 ,adam & 8 collaborator1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1 ! exp]t l+ui/ atta*$ to our ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 receiv$ 9 good fai? & )\t a suspicion ( ! jok] :o victimiz$ !m2 & :at is m s+ul>1 )\t hav+ a d\bt excit$ by ! _m & gross blund]s ( ! "y sem9>i/4 ,_! jo9t "w rea*$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhc1 & = two ye>s 0 receiv$ bo? "h & 9 ,europe z a g5u9e production4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ to x 9 #ahhc1 & !n ,i ref]r$ to x z a 8/range0 production2 b ,i did n give x a close exam9ation until ! close ( #ahhd4 ,?is exam9ation l$ me to prep>e ! foll[+ article1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian = ,m>*1 #ahhe3 ,,! ,,ta5sa ,,gramm> ,,& ,,diction>y4 ,a ,deception ,expos$4 ,! /ud5t ( ,am]ican languages is "u _m obligations to ! editors & publi%]s ( ! ,biblio?que ,l+ui/ique ,amrica9e1 n9e volumes ( :i* h be5 issu$ by ! firm ( ,maisonneuve et ,cie41 ,p>is4 ,mo/ ( ^! conta9 valuable au!ntic orig9al mat]ial1 f approv$ s\rces1 & edit$ ) judgm5t4 ,! exception to ?is rule is ! volume la/ issu$1 :i* f its "* des]ves m ?an a pass+ criticism4 ,?is volume be>s ! foll[+ title3 ,grammaire et ,vocabulaire de la ,langue ,ta5sa1 avec ,textes ,traduits et ,comm5ts p> ,j4 ,d4 ,haumont1 ,p>isot1 ,l4 ,adam4 ,pp4 #ai1 ,,iii4 ,x conta9s :at pr(esses to be a gramm> ( ! ,ta5sas ,indians1 :o liv$ ne> ! banks ( ! l[] ,mississippi1 9 ! p>i% ( t "n 9 ,l\isiana1 :5 x 0 fir/ discov]$1 b :o h long s9ce become ext9ct4 ,foll[+ ! gramm> are ! 8,texts10 a rem>kable s]ies ( native songs 9 ! alleg$ ,ta5sa tongue1 ) a ,fr5* translation1 accompani$ by a comm5t>y & a vocabul>y4 ,all ?is array has be5 receiv$ by s*ol>s )\t "q4 ,x looks s extremely sci5tific & satisfactory t no "o has d>$ assail its au!nticity4 ,moreov]1 ! book appe>s ) an hi/orical introduction by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,s4 ,gats*et1 ( our ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 & "o ( ! editors is ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam1 a g5tleman :o /&s at ! head ( ,european ,am]icani/s4 ,mr4 ,gats*et1 moreov]1 fully recognizes ! au!nticity ( ! :ole 9 8 late/ "w1 & up to ! pres5t ,i "k ( no "o :o has d\bt$ x1 ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 ,europe4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only aft] a great deal ( consid]ation & hesitation t ,i n[ give publicity to ! op9ion ,i h long ent]ta9$1 t a gross deception has be5 some:]e practic$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book1 & t x is n at all :at x purports to be4 ,let x be und]/ood t ,i di/9ctly exculpate ! g5tlem5 ,i h nam$ f any %>e 9 ?is2 !y c only be *>g$ ) ! v5ial error ( all[+ _! en?usiasm = k to get ! bett] ( _! critical acum54 ,i %all proce$ to give ) z mu* brevity z possible ! reasons :i* h l$ me to reject ! pret5d$ "* ( ?is "w4 ,& fir/ ,i may note t bo? ! hi/ory ( ! alleg$ orig9al manuscript & ! me?od 9 :i* x has be5 pres5t$ are to ! la/ degree unsatisfactory4 ,ab\t ! =m]1 ,m4 ,haumont tells u t among ! pap]s ( 8 gr&fa!r1 :o di$ z mayor ( ,plombres1 9 #ahgb1 he f\nd a manuscript 9 ,spani%1 )\t date or "n ( au?or1 & t x is ?is manuscript 8translat$ & arrang$10 :i* is ! "w be=e u4 ,m4 ,adam adds t = 8 "p he _h revis$ ?is translation & advis$ ! omission ( c]ta9 passages n 8pr(itable to sci5ce40 ,i h be5 in=m$ by a private s\rce t ,m4 ,adam 0 n %[n ! orig9al ,spani% manuscript1 al?\gh he ask$ to see x4 ,we are depriv$ !re=e ( any exp]t op9ion z to ! age ( ! manuscript1 or its au?or%ip4 ,we naturally ask1 h[ did ?is manuscript come to be 9 ,spani%8 ,no "o has be5 able to po9t out 9 ! volum9\s hi/ories ( ! ,spani% ,missions a s+le ref]5ce to any among ! ,ta5sas4 ,moreov]1 ?is tribe 0 con/antly "u ,fr5* obs]vation f its fir/ discov]y by ,la ,salle 9 #afhb1 until its entire de/ruction & disappe>ance ab\t #agcj-dj1 z is m9utely record$ by ,*>levoix1 :o ev5 adds ! "n ( ! plant] :o obta9$ ! concession ( _! l&s4 ,) ! k we h ( ! e>ly ,l\isiana colony1 x w\ld h be5 next to impossible = a ,spani% monk to h liv$ ) !m long en\gh to h acquir$ _! language1 & no m5tion to h be5 made ( him 9 ! ,fr5* acc\nts4 ,t a ,spani>d1 n a monk1 %\ld h attempt$ x1 w\ld h excit$ /ill m att5tion f national di/ru/4 ,?is prelim9>y gr\nd ( skepticism is n remov$ by turn+ to ! gramm> itself4 ,z ,m4 ,adam rem>ks1 ! language is "o 8( extreme simplicity10 su* simplicity t x excites m ?an ! feel+ ( a/oni%m5t4 ,h[ mu* lib]ty ,m4 ,haumont all[$ himself 9 8 translation he un=tunately does n in=m u2 b ,i suppose t he sc>cely w5t s f> z to (f] orig9al op9ions on ! pronunciation ( a language :i* no man has he>d spok5 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,if he did n1 !n ! writ] ( ! orig9al manuscript mu/ h be5 a pretty good l+ui/ = 8 day1 s9ce he expla9s ! pronunciation ( ! ,ta5sa by ! ,fr5*1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,g]man1 & ! ,spani%66 7p4 #d74 ,i suppose ! ref]5ces on p4 #aa1 to ! ,nahuatl1 ,ke*ua & ,algonk9 tongues are by ! translator1 ?\gh we are n s told2 at any rate1 !y are by "s "o :o has giv5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( /udy to ,am]ican languages1 & c\ld get up "o n :olly unlike !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 j en\gh unlik5ess to all o!rs 9 ! s-call$ ,ta5sa to make u accept x 8) all res]ves10 z ! ,fr5* say4 ,t an ,am]ican language %\ld h a di/9ctively grammatical g5d]1 t x %\ld h a true relative pron\n1 t its num]al sy/em %\ld be bas$ on ! n9e units 9 ! extraord9>ily simple mann] "h propos$1 t x %\ld h ?ree =ms ( ! plural1 t its v]bs %\ld pres5t ! s+ul> simplicity ( ^!1--^! traits are inde$ n impossible1 b !y are too unusual n to dem& ! be/ ( evid5ce4 ,b ! evid5ce :i* leaves no d\bt z to ! hum-bugg]y 9 ?is :ole bus9ess is f\nd 9 ! s-call$ 8,cancion]o ,ta5sa10 or ,ta5sa ,poems4 ,!re are elev5 ( ^!1 & accord+ to ,m4 ,adam1 8!y give u unexpect$ in=mation ab\t ! mann]s1 cu/oms & social condition ( ! ,ta5sas40 ,if he _h also add$1 /ill m unexpect$ in=mation ab\t ! physical geography ( ,l\isiana1 he w\ld h spok5 yet m to ! po9t4 ,= in/ance1 our botani/s w be *>m$ to le>n t ! sug> maple fl\ri%es 9 ! ,l\isiana swamps1 & t x furni%$ a favorite food ( ! natives4 ,x is repeat$ly ref]r$ to 7pp4 #ca1 #cd1 #de1 #fg74 ,!y w also le>n t ! sug> cane 0 rais$ by ! ,ta5sas1 al?\gh ! books say x 0 introduc$ into ,l\isiana by ! ,jesuits 9 #agfa 7p4 #de74 ,! potato & rice1 apples & bananas1 7 also famili> to !m1 & ! :ite bir* & wild rice are describ$ z fl\ri%+ ar\nd ! bay\s ( ! l[] ,mississippi6 ,x may be urg$ t ^! are all mi/ranslations ( misund]/ood native words4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 :at sort ( edit+ is t :i* n only c\ld commit su* unp>donable blund]s1 b s5d !m =? to ! sci5tific _w )\t a h9t t !y d n pret5d to be any?+ m ?an guesses8 ,b no su* apology c be made4 ,! au?or ( ?is fabrication _h n tak5 ! simple/ precaution to make 8 /atem5ts co9cide ) facts4 ,h[ d5se 0 8 ignorance ( ! climate ( ,l\isiana is manife/$ 9 ! pret5d$ 8,cal5d> ( ! ,ta5sas10 :i* is pr9t$ on p4 #da ( 8 book4 ,he tells u t _! ye> began at ! v]nal equ9ox & consi/$ ( twelve or ?irte5 mon?s nam$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,moon ( ! sug> maples 7,april74 #b4 ,moon ( fl[]s 7,may74 #c4 ,moon ( /rawb]ries 7,june74 #d4 ,moon ( heat 7,july74 #e4 ,moon ( fruits 7,augu/74 #f4 ,moon ( ! summ] hunts 7,septemb]74 #g4 ,moon ( leaves1 7fall+ leaves7 7,octob]74 #h4 ,moon ( cold 7,novemb]74 #i4 ,moon ( :it5ess 7i4 e4 ( sn[7 7,decemb]74 #aj4 ,moon ( fogs 7,janu>y74 #aa4 ,moon ( w9t] hunts 7,febru>y74 #ab4 ,moon ( birds 7return+74 7,m>*74 #ac4 ,moon ( gre5 7return+ gre574 ,h[ absurd on ! face ( x1 su* a cal5d> w\ld be = ! climate ( ,t5sas ,p>i%1 ,la41 ne$ n be urg$4 ,! wond] is t any intellig5t editor w\ld pass x ov] )\t hesitation4 ,! n infrequ5t ref]5ces to sn[ & ice might & ought to h put him on 8 gu>d4 ,! text & vocabul>y teem ) su* impossibilities2 :ile ! /yle ( ! alleg$ orig9al songs is utt]ly unlike t report$ f any o!r native tribe4 ,x mu* m closely resembles ! /ilt$ & tumid imitations ( suppos$ savage simplicity1 common en\gh among ,fr5* writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,z a fair example ( ! nons5se ( ! :ole1 ,i w translate ! la/ song giv5 9 ! book1 t call$ ,,! ,,m>riage ,,song4 #a4 ,! *ief ( ! ,*actas has come to ! l& ( ! w>riors 8,i come40 8,?\ come/40 #b4 ,ar\nd 8 body is a beautiful g>m5t1 he we>s l>ge legg+s1 s&als1 tablets ( :ite wood1 fea!rs beh9d 8 head & beh9d 8 %\ld]s1 on 8 head ! antl]s ( a de]1 a heavy w> club 9 8 "r h&4 #c4 ,:at is ! wi% ( ! great w>rior :o has come8 #d4 ,he wi%es to speak to ! *ief ( ! num]\s & p[]ful ,ta5sas4 #e4 ,let ! w>rior ent] ! h\se ( ! old m54 ,! *ief is seat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! old m54 ,he w c]ta9ly he> !e4 ,ent] ! h\se ( ! old m54 #f4 ,great *ief1 old man1 ,i ent]4 ,?\ come/4 ,ent]2 br+ him 94 ,:at wi%es ! =eign w>rior8 ,speak1 ?\ :o ha/ come4 #g4 ,old m51 anci5t m51 ,i am ! *ief ( _m m52 at t5 days' j\rney up ! riv] !re lies ! l& ( popl>s1 ! l& ( ! wild rice1 :i* belongs to ! brave w>riors1 ! bro!rs ( ! ,ta5sas4 #h4 ,!y said to me--s9ce ?\ ha/ n *os5 a bride1 g to ! ,ta5sas our bro!rs1 ask ( !m a bride2 = ! ,*actas are /rong2 we w ask a bride ( ! ,ta5sas4 #i4 ,t is well2 b speak1 w>rior1 are ! ,*actas num]\s8 #aj4 ,c\nt2 !y are six hundr$1 & ,i am /rong] ?an t54 #aa4 ,t is well2 b speak1 d !y "k h[ to hunt ! buffalo & ! de]8 does ! squirrel run 9 y\r great =e/s8 #ab4 ,! l& ( ! wild rice has no great =e/s1 b c[s1 /ags & elks dwell 9 our l& 9 great numb]s4 #ac4 ,:at plants gr[ 9 y\r c\ntry8 #ad4 ,popl>s1 ! slupe tree1 ! myrtle gr[ !re1 we h ! sug> maple1 ebony to make coll>s1 ! oak f :i* to make w> clubs2 our hills h magnolias ^: %9+ leaves cov] our h\ses4 #ae4 ,t is well2 ! ,ta5sas h nei!r ! slupe tree nor ! ebony1 b !y h ! wax tree & ! v9e3 has ! l& ( ! wild rice ^! also8 #af4 ,! ,ta5sas are /rong & ri*1 ! ,*actas are /rong also1 !y are ! bro!rs ( ! ,ta5sas4 #ag4 ,! ,ta5sas love ! brave ,*actas1 !y w give y a bride2 b say1 do/ ?\ come alone8 do/ ?\ br+ bridal pres5ts4 #ah4 ,tw5ty w>riors are ) me1 & bulls drag a wa94 #ai4 ,let six1 sev51 tw5ty ,ta5sa w>riors g =? to meet ^? :o come4 ,= !e1 we w let !e see ! bride1 %e is my daught]1 ( me1 ! great *ief2 %e is "y2 %e is beautiful z ! lily ( ! wat]s2 %e is /raight z ! :ite bir*2 h] eyes are l unto ! te>s ( gum t di/il f ! trees2 %e kn[s h[ to prep>e ! meats = ! w>riors & ! sap ( ! sug> maple2 %e kn[s h[ to knit ! fi%+ nets & keep 9 ord] ! weapons ( w>--we w %[ !e ! bride4 #bj4 ,! /rang]s h arriv$1 ! bulls h dragg$ up ! wa94 ,! w>rior (f]s 8 pres5ts to ! bride1 pa9t = h] eyes1 f9e wov5 /uff1 scalps ( enemies1 coll>s1 beautiful bracelets1 r+s = h] feet1 & swa?+-b&s = h] fir/ born4 #ba4 ,! fa!r ( ! bride & ! old man receive sk9s1 horns ( de]1 solid b[s & %>p5$ arr[s4 #bb4 ,n[ let ! p repose dur+ ! night2 at sunrise !re %all be a fea/2 !n y %all take ! bride 9 m>riage4 ,& ?is is ! song ( ! m>riage4 ,! assurance :i* has (f]$ ?is z a g5u9e composition ( a ,l\isiana ,indian is only equall$ by ! docility ) :i* x has be5 accept$ by ,am]icani/s4 ,! m>ks ( fraud ^u x are l ,fal/aff's lies--8gross z a m\nta91 op51 palpable40 ,! ,*octaws are locat$ t5 days' j\rney up ! ,mississippi 9 ! wild rice region ab\t ! head-wat]s ( ! /ream1 :]eas !y 7 ! imm$iate neighbors ( ! real ,ta5sas1 & dwelt :5 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! middle & s\!rn p>ts ( ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,mississippi4 ,! sug> maple is made to gr[ 9 ! ,l\isiana swamps1 ! broad-leav$ magnolia & ! ebony 9 ,m9nesota4 ,! latt] is describ$ z ! l& ( ! myrtle1 & ! =m] ( ! v9e4 ,! nor!rn w>rior br+s feet-r+s & infant clo?+ z pres5ts1 :ile ! s\!rn bride kn[s all ab\t boil+ maple sap1 & is l a :ite bir*4 ,b ! au?or's k ( aborig9al cu/oms /&s out mo/ prom95tly :5 he has ! up-riv] *ief come ) an ox-c>t & boa/ ( 8 c[s6 ,aft] t passage ,i ne$ say no?+ m4 ,he is inde$ ignorant :o does n "k t n a s+le draft animal1 & n "o kept = its milk1 0 ev] f\nd among ! natives ( ! ,mississippi valley4 ,i h made o!r notes t5d+ 9 ! same direction1 b x is sc>cely necess>y = me to proce$ fur!r4 ,if ! :ole ( ?is pret5d$ ,ta5sa language has be5 fabricat$1 x w\ld n be ! fir/ "t 9 lit]>y hi/ory t su* a fraud has be5 p]petrat$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,george ,psalmanaz> fram$ a gramm> ( a fictiti\s language 9 ,=mosa1 :i* _h no exi/5ce :atev]4 ,s x seems to be ) ! ,ta5sa2 n a scrap ( x c be f\nd else:]e1 n a trace ( any su* tongue rema9s 9 ,l\isiana4 ,:at is m1 all ! old writ]s di/9ctly d5y t ?is tribe _h any indep5d5t language4 ,m4 ,de ,montigny1 :o 0 among !m 9 #afii1 ,fa!r ,gravi]1 :o 0 also at _! t[ns1 & ,du ,pratz1 ! hi/orian1 all say positively t ! ,ta5sas spoke ! ,nat*ez language1 & 7 "p ( ! same p4 ,we h ample specim5s ( ! ,nat*ez1 & x is no?+ l ?is alleg$ ,ta5sa4 ,moreov]1 we h 9 old writ]s ! names ( ! ,ta5sa villages furni%$ by ! ,ta5sas !mselves1 & !y are n[ise ak9 to ! matt] ( ?is gramm>1 b are ( ,*ahta-,muskoki d]ivation4 ,:at ,i h n[ said is ,i ?9k suffici5t to br& ?is gramm> & its associat$ texts z deceptions practic$ on ! sci5tific _w4 ,if x conc]ns ! editors & introduc]s ( t "w to discov] :o practic$ & is responsible = t deception1 let ! orig9al manuscript be produc$ & submitt$ to exp]ts2 if ?is is n done1 let ! book be h]eaft] pillori$ z an impo/ure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z soon z ,i c\ld obta9 repr9ts ( ! above article ,i =w>d$ !m to ,m4 ,adam & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,am]ican languages1 & ,m4 ,adam at once took measures to obta9 f ! n[ 8,abb0 ,p>isot ! orig9al ,,mss4 ,t "y ecclesia/ic1 h[ev]1 pr(ess$ entire ignorance ( _! :]eab\ts2 he _h :olly =gott5 :at disposition he _h made ( ?is portion ( 8 gr&fa!r's pap]s6 ,he also *>g$ ,m4 ,adam ) hav+ work$ ov] 7remani7 8 mat]ial2 & f9ally disclaim$ all responsibility conc]n+ x4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( 8 v unsatisfactory /atem5ts1 ,m4 ,adam decl9$ to recognize ! fabrication ( ! tongue1 & express$ himself s at l5g? 9 a bro*ure entitl$1 ,le ,ta5sa a-t-il t =g de t\tes ,pices8 ,rponse ,m4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton 7pp4 #bb1 ,maissonneuve ,frres et ,*4 ,lecl]c1 ,p>is1 #ahhe74 ,! argum5t :i* he made use ( w be se5 f ! foll[+ reply :i* ,i publi%$ 9 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ,septemb]1 #ahhe3 ,,! ,,ta5sa ,,gramm> ,,& ,,diction>y4 ,! criticism on ! ,ta5sa ,gramm> publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian la/ ,m>* has l$ to a reply f ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam1 ! pr9cipal editor1 "u ! foll[+ title3 8,le ,ta5sa a-t-il-t =g de t\tes ,pices80 ,z ! "q at issue is "o ( mat]ial importance to ,am]ican ar*ology1 ,i %all /ate ,m4 ,adam's argum5ts 9 def5se ( ! ,gramm>4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! criticism publi%$ la/ ,m>* clos$ ) an urg5t call = ! production ( ! orig9al ,,ms41 :i* ,m4 ,adam himself _h nev] se54 ,to meet ?is1 ,m4 ,adam z soon z practicable appli$ to ,m4 ,p>isot1 :o alleg$ t he _h translat$ ! ,gramm> f ! ,spani% orig9al1 to produce t orig9al4 ,?is ,m4 ,p>isot pr(ess$ himself unable to d2 al?\gh only two or ?ree ye>s h elaps$1 he _c rememb] :at he did ) x1 & he ?9ks x possible t x is lo/ or de/roy$6 ,! inve/igations1 h[ev]1 reveal two facts q cle>ly3 fir/1 t ! orig9al ,,ms41 if !re 0 "o1 0 n 9 ,spani% z ass]t$1 & 0 n 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,m4 ,p>isot's gr&fa!r1 z 0 also ass]t$1 z ! latt] 0 c]ta9ly n ! k9d ( man to occupy himself ) any su* docum5t4 ,he kept a sort ( bo>d+h\se1 & ! sugge/ion n[ is t "o ( 8 tempor>y gue/s left ?is suppos$ ,,ms4 at 8 h\se4 ,z its exi/5ce is /ill 9 d\bt1 ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t its orig9 ne$ n fur!r conc]n u4 ,! m important "q is :e!r ! language z pres5t$ 9 ! ,gramm> & texts be>s int]nal evid5ce ( au!nticity or n4 ,m4 ,adam beg9s ) ! texts1 ! s-call$ poems4 ,to my surprise1 ,m4 ,adam1 s f> z !y pret5d to be native productions1 tosses !m ov]bo>d )\t ! slighte/ compunction4 8,9 my own m9d10 he writes1 8,i h always consid]$ !m ! "w ( "s disciple ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs1 :o _h tak5 a fancy to ! ,ta5sa poetry40 ,?is emphatic rejection ( _! aborig9al orig9 has l$ me to look ov] ! volume aga91 z x seem$ to me t if su* 0 ! op9ion ( ! le>n$ editor he %\ld c]ta9ly h h9t$ x to 8 read]s4 ,n ! slighte/ intimation ( ! k9d c be f\nd 9 its pages4 ,! orig9al ,,ms4 hav+ disappe>$1 & ! texts hav+ be5 rul$ out z at be/ ! bot*-"w ( "s ,european1 ,m4 ,adam takes 8 /& on ! ,gramm> & ma9ta9s its au!nticity ) e>ne/ness4 ,i nam$ 9 my criticism six po9ts 9 ! grammatical /ructure ( ! alleg$ ,ta5sa1 specify+ !m z s extremely r>e 9 ,am]ican languages1 t x dem&$ ! be/ evid5ce to suppose t !y all 7 pres5t 9 ?is extraord9>y tongue4 ,^! po9ts are discuss$ ) mu* acut5ess & fairness by ,m4 ,adam1 & 8 argum5ts )9 ^! limits are consid]$ conv9c+ by s em95t an au?ority z ,pr(essor ,fri$]i* ,mll]1 ( ,vi5na1 to :om !y 7 submitt$1 & ^: lett] conc]n+ !m he publi%es4 ,:at ,m4 ,adam does is to %[ t ea* ( ! peculi>ities nam$ f9ds a p>allel 9 o!r ,am]ican tongues1 or he claims t ! po9t is n prop]ly tak54 ,z ,i nev] d5i$ ! =m]1 b m]ely call$ att5tion to ! r>ity ( su* features1 ! "q is1 :e!r ! evid5ce is suffici5t to suppose t sev]al ( !m exi/$ 9 ?is tongue2 :ile z to ! correctness ( my *>act]ization ( ,ta5sa ,gramm>1 s*ol>s w decide t = !mselves4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t1 ev5 if "s sub/ructure w be %[n to h exi/$ = ?is ,ta5sa ,gramm> & texts 7:i*1 individually1 ,i /ill d5y71 x has be5 pres5t$ to ! sci5tific _w "u conditions :i* 7 f> f adequate to ! legitimate dem&s ( /ud5ts4 ,m4 ,adam 9 ! tone ( 8 reply is v fair & uni=mly c\rte\s1 except 9 8 la/ s5t5ce1 :]e he _c resi/ ! temptation to h a fl+ at u = ! suppos$ trait :i* ,b>num & 8 compe]s h conf]r$ ^u u among ^? :o d n "k u4 8,p]mettezmoi de v\s dire10 he writes1 8que la ,france n'e/ po9t la t]re classique du humbug40 ,has ,m4 ,adam =gott5 t ,george ,psalmanaz>1 he :o 9 ! la/ c5tury manufactur$ a language out ( ! :ole clo?1 gramm> & diction>y & all1 0 a ,fr5*man born & br$8 ,& t if ! au?or ( ! ,ta5sa volume has done ! same1 8 only pr$ecessor 9 ?is peculi> indu/ry is "o ( 8 own nation8 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,adam cont9u$ 8 praisewor?y ef=ts to une>? ! imag9>y orig9als ( ! ,abb ,p>isot's hoax1 b ) ! results "o c easily anticipate--!y 7 n =?com+4#daf ,! discussion cont9u$ 9 a desultory mann] = "s "t1 & ,mr4 ,gats*et made ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts dur+ 8 (ficial j\rneys z gov]nm5t l+ui/ 9 ! s\?we/ & 9 ! ,indian t]ritory to f9d evid5ce %[+ t he _h n be5 tak5 9 by ! +5i\s ,fr5* sem9>i/s2 b 8 cont9u$ sil5ce 0 evid5ce en\gh t none su* came to 8 k54 ,9 #ahhf ,pr(essor ,juli5 ,v9son review$ ! "q = ! ,rvue de ,l+ui/ique1 & deliv]$ :at may be consid]$ ! f9al v]dict 9 ! case4 ,x is to ! effect t ! :ole alleg$ language ( ! ,ta5sas1--gramm>1 vocabul>y1 prose & poetry--is a fabrication by a c\ple ( artful /ud5ts to impose on ! le>n$4 ,i may close ) ! ,pr(essor's own clos+ words3 8,que re/]a-t-il du ta5sa8 ,a mon avis1 une my/ification sans gr&e porte et mu* ado ab\t no?+40 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,& ,,au?orities4 ,abbot1 ,c4 ,c41 #bg1 #cb1 #ec1 #ahe4 ,abel-,remusat1 #cci4 ,abel1 ,c>l1 #djb1 #daj4 ,adair1 ,james1 #ga1 #gh4 ,adam1 ,luci51 #cf1 #cee-g1 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chi1 #dje1 #djf1 #dec1 sq4 ,adl]1 ,c4 ,j41 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,aglio1 ,ago/9o1 #bej4 ,aguil>1 ,p$ro ,san*ez de1 #bcf4 ,albornoz1 ,r4 ,f41 #cii4 ,alcaz>1 ,padre1 #gf4 ,alm>az1 ,ramon1 #ddf4 ,amegh9o1 ,fior5t9o1 #ca4 ,anales de ,*imalpah91 #bhc4 ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan1 #hf1 #ij1 #baj1 #bhc4 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 #baj1 #dci4 ,an*ieta1 ,joseph de1 #cha1 sq4 ,an*or5a1 ,jose ,d41 #cfe1 #dbe1 #dbh4 8,anci5t ,nahuatl ,poems10 #ig1 #aed4 ,ancona1 ,eligio1 #beh4 ,&rews1 #dad4 ,angr&1 ,leonce1 #hd1 #bec4 ,annals ( ! ,kak*iquels1 #ajj1 #dbc4 ,an?ony1 ,a4 ,s41 #aha-aib4 ,ar*ives palographiques de l',ori5t et de l',amrique1 #bec4 ,aub91 ,j4 ,m4 ,a41 #aif1 #bji1 #baj1 #bab1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bhb4 ,av ,lallemant1 ,dr4 ,r41 #fd4 ,aym1 ,l\is ,h41 #ddh4 ,babbitt1 ,frances1 #ed4 ,baeza1 ,b>t4 ,g4 de1 #afd1 #aff4 ,bak]1 ,!odore1 #bic4 ,b&eli]1 ,a4 ,f41 #bge1 #bgh4 ,b>aga1 ,fr$]ic1 #aca1 #cfd1 #dad4 ,b>tram1 ,john1 #ge4 ,b>tram1 ,william1 #ga1 #gf1 #gh4 ,bea*1 ,w4 ,w41 #de4 ,beauvois1 ,e41 #adh4 ,belc\rt1 ,p]e1 #cii1 #djj4 ,b]5dt1 ,c4 ,h41 #aai1 #afd1 #aga1 #age1 #agi1 #bcg1 #bgb1 #bhh1 #bie1 #cih4 ,bev]ly1 ,rob]t1 #gj4 ,biblio?que ,l+ui/ique ,amrica9e1 #ded4 ,bi*at1 #eg4 ,bi$ma1 8 n>rative1 #gb1 #gd4 ,bi5v5ida1 ,lor5zo de1 #bf4 ,blomes1 ,ri*>d1 #gf4 ,blum5ba*1 ,f4 ,j41 #ch1 #ef1 #eg4 ,boas1 ,franz1 #bb1 #fd1 #bhf4 ,books ( ! ,jew1 ,,ms41 #bgc4 ,boole1 ,pr(essor1 #djb4 ,borde1 ,m4 de la1 #abc4 ,botur9i1 ,b41 #aaf4 ,b\rb\rg1 ,brasseur de1 see ,brasseur4 ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg71 ,c41 #hd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #abj1 #abf1 #abh1 #afg1 #agj1 #aii1 #baj1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bdc1 #bfc1 #bhb4 ,bri/ock1 8 fabul\s n>rative1 #gf4 ,bu5av5tura1 ,gabriel de ,san1 #bcg1 #bdi4 ,bus*mann1 ,j4 ,c4 ,e41 #bc1 #ib1 #ic4 ,by+ton1 ,cyrus1 #cfd4 ,campanius1 ,?omas1 #cae4 ,cancion]o1 ,am]icano1 #dec4 ,c>o*i1 ,horacio1 #cbe1 #dah4 ,c>rillo1 ,cresc5cio1 #beh1 #bfe1 #dci4 ,c>rillo1 ,e/anislao1 #afd4 ,c>tailhac1 ,emile de1 #cia4 ,casas1 ,b>tolome de las1 #abd1 #bcd4 ,ca!rwood1 ,fr$]ick1 #bed4 ,cavalcanti1 ,am>o1 #chj-che1 #dcj4 ,c]on1 ,francisco1 #ajg4 ,*ampollion1 #bbg4 ,*>5cey1 ,h4 de1 #ei1 #hd1 #afg1 #aif1 #cgb4 ,*>levoix1 ,p4 ,f4 ,x41 #fi1 #def4 ,*>nay1 ,d41 #hc1 #hf1 #hi1 #ig1 #ddh4 ,*ateaubri&1 #deb4 ,*ilan ,balam1 ,book (1 #bdh1 #bed sqq41 #cjc4 ,*imalpah91 ,d4 ,f4 de1 #bhc4 ,*ronicles ( ! ,mayas1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,cic]o1 ,m4 ,t41 #abg1 #dbd4 ,clavig]o1 ,f41 #hd4 ,codex ,bologn5sis1 #aeh4 ,codex ,*imalpopoca1 #baj1 #bba4 ,codex ,cortesianus1 #aih1 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(1 #dcf1 #ddf4 ,v]b1 ! ,am]ican1 #cdg1 #dje4 ,v]b1 9 ,algonk9 gramm>1 #aij4 ,v9el&1 its position1 #bb1 note4 ,virg9ia1 antiquities (1 #gj4 ,virg9ia1 ,we/1 ,*]okees 91 #hb4 ,virg9-"m1 ! my?s (1 #ie1 #if1 #abd1 #abe4 ,visuaires1 primitive m5 71 #djh4 ,vizeitas1 tribe1 #cge4 ,v[els1 p]mutable1 #cih2 significance (1 #cid4 ,vu*1 ! opossum1 etc41 #aaa4 ,vukub-came1 a ,qui*e god1 #abd4 ,vukub-hun-ahpu1 a ,qui*e god1 #abd4 ,wampum1 use among ,l5ap1 #ahh4 ,w>raus1 height (1 #ci4 ,w> clubs1 #ahc4 ,w> ,songs ( ,aztecs1 #bii sq4 ,w>-:oop1 "n =1 #ahd4 ,way cot1 a ,maya imp1 #agh4 ,weigh+1 unkn[n 9 ,am]ica1 #dcd1 #ddi4 ,we/1 z abode ( s\ls1 #ada-add4 ,we/ ,indies1 no paloli?s 91 #db1 #ee2 native tribes (1 #caj4 ,wetucks1 a h]o-god1 #aca4 ,:eels1 ( ,mayas1 = comput+ "t1 #bfd4 ,:eel-cross1 !1 #aeh4 ,:ite1 z sacr$ color1 #aac1 #acb1 #aff1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,wigwams ( ,l5p1 #ahe4 ,w9ds1 ! gods (1 #abc1 #age4 ,w9t]-c\nts1 ( ,dakotas1 #aci4 ,wisakketjk1 a ,cree h]o1 #aca1 #acb4 ,wives1 buy+1 #dbd4 ,wood5 ut5sils ( ,l5p1 #ahe4 ,woods1 ! ,man ( !1 #agf4 ,words1 numb] ( 9 ,am]ican tongues1 #cbe4 ,writ+1 diff]5t me?ods (1 #bac1 #bcj4 ,xbalanque1 ! ,qui*e h]o-god1 #abc-abi4 ,x bolon ?oro*1 a ,maya imp1 #agh4 ,x',kanleox1 a ,maya goddess1 #aff4 ,xibalba1 ! ,qui*e ,hades1 #hd1 #abc-abi4 ,xipacoyan1 a riv]1 #hf4 ,xmucane1 a ,qui*e goddess1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abd4 ,xocotitlan1 a place "n1 #ic4 ,xo*icalco1 hi]oglyph (1 #bhb4 ,xpiyacoc1 a ,qui*e deity1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd4 ,xquiq1 ! ,virg9 "m1 #abd4 ,x tabai1 a ,maya sprite1 #agh4 ,x ,?oh ,*altun1 a ,maya sprite1 #agh4 ,yancopek1 a ,maya imp1 #agh4 ,yas\s1 tribe1 #gg4 ,ycasqui1 a prov9ce1 #gd4 ,ye> c\nts1 ( natives1 #aei1 #afj4 ,yell[1 symbolism (1 #aff1 #afg4 ,y9 & ,yang1 #aea4 ,yucatan1 anci5t1 #cjb2 folk-lore (1 #afc2 dialects 91 #ajd2 civilization (1 #hd2 ru9s 91 #bf2 leg5d>y peopl+ (1 #bd4 ,yum cim-il1 a ,maya div9ity1 #afi4 ,yur>i1 ! language1 #cbi4 ,zaki-nim-ak1 "n ( a god1 #aac4 ,zaki-nima-tzyiz1 #aac4 ,zapote1 sup]/ition conc]n+1 #afi4 ,zapotecs1 a ,mexican tribe1 #bbh4 ,zaztun1 !1 ( ,mayas1 #afe4 ,zohol *i*1 a phantom bird1 #agi4 ,zuis1 !1 #ajh4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,w4 ,haynes1 9 ,! ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 p4 #cbi4 ,edit$ by ,ju/9 ,w9sor4 ,bo/on1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is pap] 0 my address z vice-presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 be=e ! ,section ( ,an?ropology1 at ! meet+ 9 #ahhg4 ,i h add$ ! foot notes1 & revis$ ! text4 ,footnote #c3 ,vues des ,cordillires1 et ,monum5s des ,peuples ,indignes de l',amrique4 ,introduction4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,f4 ,mi*el1 ,dix-huit ,ans *ez les ,sauvages4 ,voyages et ,missions de ,mgr4 ,h5ry ,f>aud 7,p>is1 #ahff71 & ,emile ,petitot1 ,monographie des ,dn-,d9dji8 7,p>is1 #ahgf74 ,footnote #e3 ,pr(essor ,gu/av ,/orm has r5d]$ x probable t ! ,v9el& ( ! ,nor?m5 0 n fur!r s\? ?an ,nova ,scotia4 ,see 8 ,/udies on ! ,v9el& ,voyages1 9 ,mems4 de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires du ,nord41 #ahhh4 ,footnote #f3 ,su* 0 ! op9ion ( ! late ,jos ,f]n&o ,ramirez1 "o ( ! mo/ acute & le>n$ ( ,mexican antiqu>ies4 ,see 8 words 9 ,orozco y ,b]ra's ,introduction to ! ,cronica ( ,tezozomoc1 p4 #bac 7,mexico1 #ahgh74 ,footnote #g3 ,die ,spur5 d] ,aztekis*5 ,spra*e 9 ,nrdli*5 ,mexiko1 etc4 7,b]l91 #ahei47 ,footnote #h3 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] :o c>es to pursue ?is bran* ( ! subject to my analysis ( ^! /ories 9 ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w 7second ed41 ,new ,york1 #ahgf71 & ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s 7,philadelphia1 #ahhb74 ,footnote #i3 ,! results ( ! rec5t 8,hem5way ,s\?-we/]n ,explor+ ,exp$ition0 d n 9 ! lea/ invalidate ?is /atem5t4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a brief b mo/ int]e/+ description ( ^! monum5ts is pres]v$ 9 a lett] to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 by ! ,fri> ,lor5zo de ,bi5v5ida1 writt5 f ,yucatan 9 #aedh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,las ,ru9as de ,tiahuanaco4 ,por ,b>tolom ,mitre4 7,bu5os ,ayres1 #ahgi47 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is ass]tion 0 attack$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 9 an address be=e ! ,am]ican ,association 9 #ahhh 7,proce$+s1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #cjh74 ,b if we assume ! m$ival p]iod ( ,european hi/ory to h begun ) ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 ,i d n retire f my position4 ,footnote #ac3 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,! ,floridian ,p59sula1 its ,lit]>y ,hi/ory1 ,indian ,tribes & ,antiquities1 p4 #agg-aha 7,philadelphia1 #ahei74 ,! %ell-heaps along ! ,t5nessee ,riv] ,i describ$ 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 = #ahff1 p4 #cef4 ,footnote #ad3 ,8 acc\nts 7 pr9cipally 9 ! ,f\r? & ,sev5? ,reports ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ! ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #af3 ,i h br\ght out ! di/9ction betwe5 ! epo* ( simple implem5ts & t ( comp\nd implem5ts 9 an article :i* is repr9t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,! expressions 8e>ly0 & 8late0 appli$ to ^! epo*s d n ref] to absolute p]iods ( "t1 b are relative to ! progress ( individual civilizations4 ,footnote #ag3 ,exceptions are "s ( ! ,floridian %ell-heaps & a limit$ numb] else:]e4 ,footnote #ah3 ,flor5t9e ,amegh9o1 ,la ,antigu$ad del ,hombre en el ,plata1 ,tomo ,,ii1 p4 #dcd1 et al4 7,bu5os ,ayres1 #ahha47 ,! b[ & arr[1 be+ a comp\nd implem5t1 n[h]e belong$ to ! e>lie/ /age ( human culture4 ,see also ,h4 ,w4 ,haynes' article1 8,! ,b[ & ,arr[ unkn[n to ,paloli?ic ,man10 9 ,proce$+s ( ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 ,footnote #ai3 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ! discov]] & pr9cipal explor] ( ^! gravels1 report$ 8 discov]ies 9 num]\s pap]s1 & especially 9 8 "w ,primitive ,indu/ry1 *ap4 xxxii4 ,footnote #bj3 ,exp$ition dur* ,c5tral-,brasili51 pp4 #caj-cad 7,leipzig1 #ahhf74 ,footnote #ba3 ,! ref]5ce is to ,mr4 ,horatio ,hale's ,address 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,language & ! ,antiquity ( ,speak+ ,man40 ,see ,proc4 ( ! ,am4 ,assoc4 = ! ,adv4 ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxxv41 p4 #bci1 sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,e?nographie d] ,republik ,guatemala1 p4 #aeg 7,zuri*1 #ahhd74 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,h[se1 ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,language1 p4 #adc1 sqq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,?is "q is discuss$ 9 m detail 9 ! next essay4 ,footnote #be3 ,l',homme ,am]ica91 ,tome ,i1 p4 #abf4 ,! tribe is ! ,gu>ayos1 an (f%oot ( ! ,gu>anis4 ,footnote #bf3 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhd1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #bg3 ,s9ce ?is address 0 deliv]$ ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,cresson has report$ ! f9d+ ( *ipp$ implem5ts made ( argillite 9 a deposit ( mid-glacial age on ! banks ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xxiv2 & portions ( two skeletons completely conv]t$ into limonite h be5 exhibit$ at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 f a deposit 9 ,florida1 bel[ "o conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct giant bison4 ,footnote #bh3 ,i h discuss$ ?is fully 9 a pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]4 ,philosoph4 ,soc4 = #ahhg1 entitl$ 8,on an ,anci5t ,human ,footpr9t f ,nic>agua40 ,footnote #bi3 ,man mu/ h desc5d$ f ! cat>rh9e division ( ! an?ropoids1 none ( :i* occur 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,see ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #cj3 ,address at ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,adv4 ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,8 article1 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 #ahgj1 may be f\nd 9 ,bea*'s ,indian ,miscellany1 p4 #aeh 7,albany1 #ahgg74 ,footnote #cb3 ,! subject ( an address be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahhh1 ) revision4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! e>lie/ publication ,i made on ?is subject 0 9 an article on ,pre-hi/oric ,ar*ology1 contribut$ to ,! ,iconographic ,encyclopdia 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bh1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhf74 ,footnote #cd3 ,a possible exception may h be5 along ! l9e ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :]e a paloli?ic work%op appe>s to h be5 discov]$ above ,/4 ,paul1 by ,miss ,babbitt4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is ,pap] 0 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at its meet+ 9 ,clevel&1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,foley1 ,des ,trois ,gr&es ,races ,huma9es1 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,footnote #cg3 ,uralaltais*e ,vlk] und ,spra*51 p4 #afg4 ,i d n ?9k t ! v]bal co9cid5ces po9t$ out by ,petitot 9 8 ,monographie des ,dn ,d9dj1 & by ,platzmann 9 8 ,am]ikanis*-,asiatis*e ,etymologi51 m]it s]i\s consid]ation4 ,footnote #ch3 ,br9ton1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 = #ahhe2 ,*>5cey1 ,mlanges de ,philologie et ,palaographie ,amrica9e1 p4 #hj 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,see also a lat] ,essay 9 ?is volume4 ,footnote #ci3 ,?is example ( misdirect$ erudition may be se5 9 ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mexico4 ,tomo ,i4 ,footnote #dj3 ,pr(4 ,morse has also po9t$ out to me t ! ,mongolian arr[-release--"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all releases--has be5 n[h]e f\nd on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?is is an important fact1 prov+ t nei!r z hunt]s nor conqu]ors did any /ray ,mongols leave a m>k on ,am]ican culture4 ,footnote #da3 ,hovelacque et ,h]v1 ,an?ropologie1 pp4 #bca1 #bcd1 #bcf2 & on ! ,inca bone1 see ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws 9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #db3 ,9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,an?rop4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahha-hb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 ^: accurate /udies ( ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/ coa/ are well kn[n1 in=ms me t he has r>ely or nev] not$ ! oblique eye among !m4 ,yet precisely on t coa/ we %\ld look = x1 if ! ,mongolian !ory has any f\ndation4 ,dr4 ,ranke's rec5t /udies h prov$ ! oblique eye to be m]ely an arre/ ( developm5t4 ,footnote #dd3 ,elem5ts d' ,an?ropologie1 p4 #ajjc4 ,footnote #de3 ,:5 ?is pap] appe>$ 9 ,sci5ce 7,septemb] #ad?1 #ahhh71 x l$ to a reply f ,dr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,c4 ,t5 ,kate1 ( ,leyd51 :o _h publi%$ v>i\s /udies endeavor+ to prove ! ,mongoloid "* ( ! ,am]ican race4 ,8 argum5ts1 h[ev]1 7 m]ely a repetition ( ^? :i* ,i believe ,i h refut$ 9 ! above article1 & = t reason ,i d n include ! discussion4 ,footnote #df3 ,! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,antiquity1 p4 #ajf1 7#ahhj47 ,footnote #dg3 ,! ,m\nd-,build]s1 *ap4 xii1 7,c9n41 #ahgi47 ,footnote #dh3 ,pre-,hi/oric ,races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 pp4 #chh1 #cdg1 7,*icago1 #ahgc47 ,footnote #di3 ,transactions ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 p4 #aaf1 7#ahha47 ,footnote #ej3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,five ,nations1 ,introduction1 p4 #af 7,london1 #agej74 ,footnote #ea3 ,meurs des ,sauvages ,amrica9s comp>s aux ,meurs du ,premi]s ,temps1 *ap4 xiii4 ,footnote #eb3 ,j\rnal ,hi/orique1 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #ec3 ,w&]+s ( an ,arti/ among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #c 7,london1 #ahei74 ,footnote #ed3 ,h4 ,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,notes on ! ,iroquois1 pp4 #afb1 #afc1 comp>e pp4 #ff1 #fg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,squi] & ,davis1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #ef3 ,aborig9al ,monum5ts ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #eg3 ,mr4 ,s4 ,taylor1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xliv1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 book ii1 *ap4 iii1 *4 viii4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see a well-prep>$ article on ?is subject by ,pr(4 ,f9*1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 vii1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #fj3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 bk4 iii1 *ap4 vii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,travels1 p4 #cfg 7,dubl91 #agic74 ,footnote #fb3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #ahd4 ,see note at end ( ?is ,essay4 ,footnote #fc3 ,relatione que fece ,alv>o ,nurez1 detto ,capo di ,vacca1 ,ramusio1 ,viaggi1 tom4 iii1 fol4 #cag1 #cbc 7,v5ice1 #aeef47 ,footnote #fd3 ,la ,vega1 ,hi/oria de la ,florida1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 xxii4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid1 ,lib4 vi1 cap4 vi4 ,see = o!r examples f ?is "w3 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 xxx1 ,lib4 iv1 cap4 xi1 ,lib4 v1 cap4 iii1 etc4 ,footnote #ff3 ,relation de ce qui arriva p5dant le ,voyage du ,capita9e ,soto1 p4 #hh 7,ed4 ,t]naux ,compans74 ,footnote #fg3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahgi-ahhj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,hi/oire ,notable de la ,floride1 pp4 #ach1 #afd1 etc4 ,footnote #fi3 ,brevis ,n>ratio1 9 ,de ,bry1 ,p]egr9ationes 9 ,am]icam1 ,p>s4 ii1 ,tab4 xl1 7#aeia47 ,footnote #gj3 ,alcaz>1 ,*rono-,hi/oria de la ,compania de ,jesus en la ,prov9cia de ,tol$o1 ,tom4 ii1 ,dec4 iii1 cap4 vi1 7,madrid1 #agaj47 ,footnote #ga3 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,8 ,maje/ie's ,isles & ,t]ritories 9 ,am]ica1 p4 #aef1 7,london1 #affg47 ,footnote #gb3 ,! ,floridian ,p59sula1 p4 #ie1 sqq4 7,phila4 #ahei47 ,footnote #gc3 ,b>tram ,,mss41 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,footnote #gd3 ,n>rative ( ,occola ,nikkano*e1 ,pr9ce ( ,econ*atti1 by 8 ,gu>dian1 pp4 #ga-b1 7,london1 #ahda47 ,footnote #ge3 ,annals1 9 ,l\isiana ,hi/4 ,colls41 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #gf3 ,memoires ,hi/oriques de la ,l\isiane1 ,tome ii1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #gg3 ,lett]s ,edifiantes et ,curieuses1 ,tome4 i1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hi/ory ( ,l\isiana1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ahh1 7,eng4 ,trans41 ,london1 #agfc47 ,footnote #gi3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe3--,william ,b>tram1 ,travels1 p4 #efa3 ,dumont1 ,memoires ,hi/oriques de la ,l\isiane1 ,tome i1 pp4 #bdf1 #bfd1 et al43 ,b]n>d ,romans1 ,natural & ,civil ,hi/ory ( ,florida1 pp4 #hh-ij1 7a good acc\nt47 ,! ,relations des ,jesuits describe ! cu/om among ! ,nor!rn ,indians4 ,footnote #hj3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 p>ticul>ly ! ,georgian ,tribes1 p4 #ace1 7,new ,york1 #ahgc47 ,footnote #ha3 ,= p>ticul>s ( ?is see my ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 pp4 #bda-b1 7,new ,york1 #ahgf47 ,footnote #hb3 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,monum5tal ,rema9s ( ,georgia1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ibid41 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #hd3 ,squi] ,davis1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #he3 ,orig9 ( ! ,big ,m\nd ( ,/4 ,l\is1 a pap] read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,footnote #hf3 ,?omas ,e4 ,pickett1 ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,m\nds3 ,consid]$ ) especial ref]5ce to ! ,pre-hi/oric ,ar*ology ( ,k5tucky & ! ,adjo9+ ,/ates1 pp4 #i1 #bh1 7,maysville1 #ahgf47 ,footnote #hg3 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 *ap4 vi4 passim4 ,footnote #hh3 ,especially 9 ,am]ican ,h]o ,my?s1 a /udy 9 ! ,native ,religions ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t1 pp4 #ce1 #fd1 #hb1 etc4 7,philadelphia1 #ahhb47 ,footnote #hi3 ,m4 ,*>nay1 9 8 essay1 ,la ,civilisation ,toltque1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue d' ,e?nographie1 ,t4 iv41 p4 #bha1 #ahhe1 /ates 8 !sis z foll[s3 8,je veux pr\v] l'exi/5ce du ,toltque que c]ta9s ont nie2 je veux pr\v] que les civilisations ,amrica9es ne sont qu'une seule et mme civilisation2 enf91 je veux pr\v] que cette civilisation e/ toltque40 ,i consid] ea* ( ^! /atem5ts an utt] error4 ,9 8 ,anci5nes ,villes du ,n\veau ,monde1 ,m4 ,*>nay has gone s f> z to give a map %[+ ! migrations ( ! anci5t ,toltecs4 ,z a translation ( ?is "w1 ) ?is map1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x appe>s to me ! m ne$ful t ! baseless "* ( ! ,toltec leg5d be di/9ctly /at$4 ,footnote #ij3 ,ixtlilxo*itl1 9 8 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas 79 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's ,antiquities ( ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix41 p4 #ccc71 says t dur+ ! reign ( ,topiltz91 la/ k+ ( ,tula1 ! ,toltec sov]eignty ext5d$ a ?\s& leagues f nor? to s\? & eight hundr$ f ea/ to we/2 & 9 ! w>s t att5d$ its d[nfall five million six hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 7 sla966 ,footnote #ia3 ,sahagun 7,hi/4 de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 viii1 cap4 #e7 places ! de/ruction ( ,tula 9 ! ye> #cai ,b4 ,c42 ,ixtlilxo*itl 7,hi/oria ,*i*imeca1 iii1 cap4 #d7 br+s x d[n to #ifi ,a4 ,d42 ! ,codex ,ramirez 7p4 #be7 to #aafh2 & s on4 ,!re is an equal v>iation ab\t ! date ( f\nd+ ! city4 ,footnote #ib3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h receiv$ f ! ,comte de ,*>5cey a repr9t ( 8 article on ,xibalba1 9 :i* he sets =? ! !ory ( ! late ,m4 ,l4 ,angr&1 t all anci5t ,am]ican civilization 0 due to two 8curr5ts0 ( ,toltecs1 ! we/]n1 /raight-head$ ,toltecs1 :o ent]$ ,anahuac by l& f ! nor?-we/1 & ! ea/]n1 flat-head$ ,toltecs1 :o came by sea f ,florida4 ,x is to criticise su* vague !oriz+ t ,i h writt5 ?is pap]4 ,footnote #ic3 ,motol9ia1 9 8 ,hi/oria de los ,indios de ,nueva ,espaa1 p4 #e1 calls ! locality 8el pu]to llamado ,tollan10 ! pass or gate call$ ,tollan4 ,?r\gh x1 he /ates1 pass$ fir/ ! ,colhua & lat] ! ,mexica1 ?\gh he adds t "s ma9ta9 ^! 7 ! same p4 ,9 fact1 ,colhua is a =m ( a ^w :i* means 8ance/ors30 colli1 =efa!r2 no-col-huan1 my =efa!rs2 ,colhuacan1 8! place ( ! =efa!rs10 :]e !y liv$4 ,9 ,aztec picture-writ+ ?is is repres5t$ by a hill ) a b5t top1 on ! 8ikonomatic0 sy/em1 ! v]b coloa1 mean+ to b5d1 to /oop4 ,^? ,mexica :o said ! ,colhua proce$$ !m at ,tula1 simply meant t _! own ance/ors dwelt !re4 ,! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan 7pp4 #bi1 #cc7 di/9ctly /ates t :at ,toltecs surviv$ ! w>s :i* drove !m s\?w>d became m]g$ 9 ! ,colhuas4 ,z ^! w>s l>gely arose f civil diss5sions1 ! acc\nt no d\bt is correct :i* /ates t o!rs settl$ 9 ,acolhuacan1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! pr9cipal lake 9 ! ,valley ( ,mexico4 ,! "n means 8,colhuacan by ! wat]10 & 0 ! ,/ate ( :i* ! capital 0 ,tezcoco4 ,footnote #id3 ,?is description is tak5 f ! map ( ! location 9 ,m4 ,*>nay's ,anci5nes ,villes du ,n\veau ,monde1 p4 #hc4 ,! measurem5ts ,i h made f ! map d n agree ) ^? /at$ 9 ! text ( ! book1 b are1 ,i take x1 m accurate4 ,footnote #ie3 ,sometimes call$ ! ,rio de ,montezuma1 & also ! ,tollanatl1 wat] ( ,tula4 ,?is /ream plays a conspicu\s "p 9 ! ,quetzalcoatl my?s4 ,x appe>s to be ! same z ! riv] ,atoyac 7 fl[+ or spread+ wat]1 alt1 toyaua71 or ,xipacoyan 7 :]e preci\s /ones are wa%$1 f xiuitl1 paca1 yan71 ref]r$ to by ,sahagun1 ,hi/4 de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 ix41 cap4 #bi4 ,9 x 7 ! celebrat$ 8,ba?s ( ,quetzalcoatl10 call$ ,atecpanamo*co1 8! wat] 9 ! t9 palace10 probably f be+ adorn$ ) ?is metal 7,anales de ,cuauhtitlan74 ,footnote #if3 ,see ! ,codez ,ramirez1 p4 #bd4 ,:y call$ ,snake-,hill ! leg5d says n4 ,i ne$ n recall h[ prom95t an object is ! s]p5t 9 ,aztec my?ology4 ,! "n is a comp\nd ( coatl1 snake1 & tepetl1 hill or m\nta91 b :i* may also may mean t[n or city1 z su* 7 usually built on elevations4 ,! =m ,coatepec is ?is ^w ) ! po/position c1 & means 8at ! snake-hill10 or1 p]haps1 8at ,snake-t[n40 ,footnote #ig3 ,or to "o ( !m4 ,! "n is pres]v$ by ,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas1 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix41 p4 #cbf4 ,its d]ivation is f palli1 a color 7root pa71 & ! po/position pan4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is leg5d /ates t ,quetzalcoatl 9 8 avat> z ,ce ,acatl 0 born 9 ! ,palpan1 8,h\se ( ,colors20 :ile ! usual /ory 0 t he came f ,tla-pallan1 ! place ( colors4 ,?is indicates t ! two acc\nts are v]sions ( ! same my?4 ,footnote #ih3 ,!re are two anci5t ,codices extant1 giv+ 9 picture-writ+ ! migrations ( ! ,mexi4 ,!y h be5 repeat$ly publi%$ 9 "p or 9 :ole1 ) v>y+ degrees ( accuracy4 ,orozco y ,b]ra gives _! bibliography 9 8 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 ,tom4 iii4 p4 #fa1 note4 ,^! ,codices diff] widely1 & seem contradictory1 b ,orozco y ,b]ra has reconcil$ !m by ! happy sugge/ion t !y ref] to sequ5t & n syn*ron\s ev5ts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 yet mu* to d be=e _! full mean+ is asc]ta9$4 ,footnote #ii3 ,! "n ,aztlan is t ( a place & ,mexitl t ( a p]son1 & f ^! are d]iv$ ,aztecatl1 plural1 ,azteca1 & ,mexicatl1 pl4 ,mexica4 ,! ,azteca are said to h left ,aztlan "u ! guidance ( ,mexitl 7,codex ,ramirez74 ,! radicals ( bo? words h n[ become some:at obscur$ 9 ! ,nahuatl4 ,my own op9ion is t ,fa!r ,duran 7,hi/4 de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,tom4 i1 p4 #ai7 0 "r 9 translat+ ,aztlan z 8! place ( :it5ess10 el lug> de blancura1 f ! radical iztac1 :ite4 ,?is may ref] to ! ,ea/1 z ! place ( ! dawn2 b !re is also a temptation to look ^u ,aztlan z a syncope ( a-izta-tlan1 8by ! salt wat]40 ,mexicatl is a nom5 g5tile d]iv$ f ,mexitl1 :i* 0 ano!r "n = ! tribal god or e>ly lead] ,huitzilopo*tli1 z is positively /at$ by ,torquemada 7,mon>quia ,indiana1 ,lib4 viii1 cap4 xi74 ,sahagun expla9s ,mexitl z a comp\nd ( metl1 ! maguey1 & citli1 :i* means 8h>e0 & 8gr&mo!r0 7,hi/4 de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #bi74 ,x is notewor?y t "o ( ! names ( ,quetzalcoatl is ,meconetz91 son ( ! maguey 7,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,rel4 ,hi/41 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,vol4 ix1 p4 #bch74 ,^! two gods 7 orig9ally bro!rs1 ?\gh ea* _h div]s my?ical ance/ors4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 ,tom4 iii1 cap4 #d4 ,b ,alb]t ,gallat9 0 ! fir/ to place ,aztlan no fur!r we/ ?an ,mi*oacan 7,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?nolog4 ,society1 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #bjb74 ,orozco ?9ks ,aztlan 0 ! small isl& call$ ,mexcalla 9 ,lake ,*apallan1 app>5tly because he ?9ks ?is "n means 8h\ses ( ! ,mexi20 b x may also signify 8:]e !re is abundance ( maguey leaves10 ?is delicacy be+ call$ mexcalli 9 ,nahuatl1 & ! t]m9al a signify+ location or abundance4 7,see ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 vii1 cap4 #i47 ,at pres5t1 "o ( ! small] species ( maguey is call$ mexcalli4 ,footnote #aja3 ,x is q likely t ! /one image figur$ by ,*>nay1 ,anci5nes ,villes du ,n\veau ,monde1 p4 #gb1 & ! /one r+ us$ 9 ! tla*tli1 ball play1 :i* he figures1 p4 #gc1 are ^? ref]r$ to 9 ! hi/oric leg5d4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,! ,codex ,ramirez1 p4 #bd1 a mo/ excell5t au?ority1 is q cle>4 ,! picture-writ+--:i* is really phonetic1 or1 z ,i h t]m$ x1 ikonomatic--repres5ts ! ,coatepetl by ! sign ( a hill 7tepetl7 inclos+ a s]p5t 7coatl74 ,tezozomoc1 9 8 ,cronica ,mexicana1 cap4 #b1 pres5ts a m detail$ b m confus$ acc\nt4 ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa1 cap4 #c1 is wor?y ( comp>ison4 ,! artificial inundation ( ! pla9 to :i* ! acc\nts ref] probably means t a dit* or moat 0 con/ruct$ to protect ! foot ( ! hill4 ,h]r]a says3 8,c]c>on de agua el c]ro llamado ,coatepec40 ,decadas de ,indias1 ,dec4 iii1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #aa4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! ,annals ( ,cuauhtitlan1 a *ronicle writt5 9 ! ,nahuatl language1 gives #cji ye>s f ! f\nd+ to ! de/ruction ( ,tula1 b names a dyna/y ( only f\r rul]s4 ,veitia puts ! f\nd+ ( ,tula 9 ! ye> #gac ,a4 ,d4 7,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 cap4 #bc47 ,let u suppose1 ) ! labori\s & critical ,orozco y ,b]ra 7notes to ! ,codex ,ramirez1 p4 #baj7 t ! ,mexi left ,aztlan ,a4 ,d4 #fdh4 ,^! ?ree dates w\ld fit into a rational *ronology1 rememb]+ t !re is an ackn[l$g$ hiatus ( a numb] ( ye>s ab\t ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 9 ! ,aztec records 7,orozco y ,b]ra1 notes to ,codex ,ramirez1 p4 #bac74 ,! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan dates ! f\nd+ ( ,tula aft] t ( ,tlaxcallan1 ,huexotz9co & ,cuauhtitlan 7p4 #bi74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,z usual1 ,ixtlilxo*itl contradicts himself 9 8 li/s ( rul]s4 ,^? giv5 9 8 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca are by no means ! same z ^? enum]at$ 9 8 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas 7,k+sbor\gh1 ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix1 conta9s all ( ,ixtlilxo*itl's writ+s74 ,entirely diff]5t f bo? is ! li/ 9 ! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan4 ,h[ completely euhem]i/ic ,ixtlilxo*itl is 9 8 int]pretations ( ,mexican my?ology is %[n by 8 speak+ ( ! two lead+ ,nahuatl div9ities ,tezcatlipoca & ,huitzilopo*tli z 8c]ta9 bold w>riors0 78ci]tos caball]os muy val]osos40 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas1 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,vol4 ix1 p4 #cbf74 ,footnote #aje3 ,see ! note to page #hd4 ,b x is n at all likely t ,tula 0 absolutely des]t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,h]r]a ass]ts t aft] ! f\ndation ( ,mexico & ! adjac5t cities 7despues de la fundacion de ,mexico i de toda la ti]ra7 x rea*$ its greate/ celebrity = skill$ workm54 ,decadas de ,indias1 ,dec4 iii1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #aa4 ,! g5]al /atem5t is t ! sites on ! ,coatepetl & ! adjac5t mead[s 7 unoccupi$ = a few ye>s--! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan says n9e ye>s--aft] ! civil /rife & massacre1 & !n 7 settl$ aga94 ,! ,hi/oria de los ,mexicanos por sus ,p9turas1 cap4 #aa1 says1 8y ansi fu]on mu]tos todos los de ,tula1 que no qu$ n+uno40 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,bus*mann1 ,ueb] die ,aztekis*5 ,ortsnam51 ss4 #fhb1 #ghh4 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 ,geografia de las ,l5guas de ,mejico1 pp4 #bdh1 #bee4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,hi/oria de las ,indias ,occid5tales1 ,dec4 iii1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas1 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix1 p4 #cib4 ,comp>e 8 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca4 ,footnote #aji3 ,bus*mann1 ,ueb] die ,aztekis*5 ,ortsnam51 ss4 #fhb1 #gig4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cronica ,mexicana1 cap4 #a1 8,p>ti]on de alli y v9i]on la p>te que llaman ,coatepec1 trm9os de ,tonalan1 lug> del sol40 ,9 ,nahuatl tonallan usually means summ]1 sun-"t4 ,x is syncopat$ f tonalli & tlan2 ! latt] is ! locative t]m9ation2 tonalli means w>m?1 sunn9ess1 ak9 to tonatiuh1 sun2 b x also means s\l1 _s1 especially :5 comb9$ ) ! possessive pron\ns1 z totonal1 our s\l1 our immat]ial ess5ce4 ,by a fur!r syncope tonallan 0 r$uc$ to ,tollan or ,tullan1 & by ! elision ( ! t]m9al semi-v[el1 ?is aga9 became ,tula4 ,?is "n may !re=e mean 8! place ( s\ls10 an accessory signification :i* d\btless _h its influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! my?s conc]n+ ! locality4 ,x may be ( "s importance to note t ,tula or ,tollan 0 n at fir/ ! "n ( ! t[n1 b ( ! locality--t is1 ( ! w>m & f]tile mead[-l&s at ! foot ( ! ,coatepetl4 ,! t[n 0 at fir/ call$ ,xocotitlan1 ! place ( fruit1 f xocotl1 fruit1 ti1 connective1 & tlan1 locative end+4 7,see ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 x1 cap4 #bi1 secs4 #a & #ab47 ,?is "n 0 also appli$ to "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ! city ( ,mexico :5 conqu]$ by ,cortes1 z we le>n f ! same au?ority4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,bus*mann1 ,ueb] die ,aztekis*5 ,ortsnam51 ss4 #gid1 #gig1 7,b]l91 #aheb47 ,footnote #aab3 ,! v]bal radical is tona1 to w>m 7haz] calor1 ,mol9a1 ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,mexicana1 s4 v472 f ?is root come _m words signify+ w>m?1 f]tility1 abundance1 ! sun1 ! ea/1 ! summ]1 ! day1 & o!rs express+ ! s\l1 ! vital pr9ciple1 etc4 ,simon1 ,dict4 de la ,langue ,nahuatl1 s4 v4 tonalli4 ,z 9 ! ,algonk9 dialects ! words = cold1 night & dea? are f ! same root1 s 9 ,nahuatl are ^? = w>m?1 day & life4 7,comp4 ,duponceau1 ,mmoire sur les ,langues de l',amrique du ,nord1 p4 #cbg1 ,p>is1 #ahcf47 ,footnote #aac3 ,coatlan1 to-nan1 f coatl1 s]p5t2 tlan1 among2 to-nan1 our "m4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( fl[]s1 & ! flori/s paid h] especial devotion 7,sahagun1 ,hi/oria1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #bb74 ,a prec9ct ( ! city ( ,mexico 0 nam$ aft] h]1 & also "o ( ! edifices 9 ! great temple ( ! city4 ,"h captives 7 sacrific$ to h] & to ! ,huitznahua4 7,ibid41 ,lib4 ii4 ,app5dix4 ,see also ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #ab47 ,footnote #aad3 ,c5tzon ,huitznahua1 8! ,f\r ,hundr$ ,div9]s ) ,?orns40 ,f\r hundr$1 h[ev]1 9 ,nahuatl means any indet]m9ate l>ge numb]1 & h5ce is prop]ly translat$ myriad1 legion4 ,nahuatl means wise1 skillful1 a div9]1 b is also ! prop] "n ( ! ,nahuatl-speak+ tribes2 & z ! ,nahuas d]iv$ _! ^w = s\? f huitzli1 a ?orn1 ! ,huitznahua may mean 8! s\!rn ,nahuas40 ,sahagun _h ?is 9 8 m9d :5 he said ! ,huitznahua 7 goddesses :o dwelt 9 ! s\? 7,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 vii1 cap4 #e74 ,! ^w is tak5 by ,fa!r ,duran z ! prop] "n ( an individual1 z we %all see 9 a lat] note4 ,footnote #aae3 ,huitzilopo*tli1 f huitzil91 humm+-bird1 opo*tli1 ! left side or h&4 ,?is is ! usual d]ivation2 b ,i am q sure t x is an error aris+ f ! ikonomatic repres5tation ( ! "n4 ,! "n ( 8 bro!r1 ,huitznahua1 indicates /rongly t ! prefix ( bo? names is id5tical4 ,?is1 ,i d\bt n1 is f huitz-tlan1 ! s\?2 ilo1 is f iloa1 to turn2 ?is gives u ! mean+ 8! left h& turn$ t[>d ! s\?40 ,orozco y ,b]ra has po9t$ out t ! ,mexica reg>d$ left-h&$ w>riors z ! m =midable 7,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 ,tom4 i1 p4 #abe74 ,along ) ?is let x be rememb]$ t ! leg5d /ates t ,huitzilopo*tli 0 born 9 ,tula1 & insi/$ on lead+ ! ,mexica t[>d ! s\?1 ! opposition to :i* by 8 bro!r l$ to ! massacre & to ! de/ruction ( ! t[n4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,?is my? is record$ by ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 iii1 cap4 #a1 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,gods40 ,x is pres]v$ ) "s curi\s v>iations 9 ! ,hi/oria de los ,mexicanos por sus ,p9turas1 cap4 #aa4 ,:5 ! gods creat$ ! sun !y also =m$ f\r hundr$ m5 & five wom5 = him to eat4 ,at ! dea? ( ! wom5 _! robes 7 pres]v$1 & :5 ! p c>ri$ ^! to ! ,coatepec1 ! five wom5 came aga9 into be+4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,coatlicue1 an unt\*$ virg91 :o aft] f\r ye>s ( fa/+ plac$ a bun* ( :ite fea!rs 9 h] bosom1 & =?) became pregnant4 ,%e br\ght =? ,huitzilopo*tli completely arm$1 :o at once de/roy$ ! ,huitznahua4 ,fa!r ,duran translates all ( ?is into pla9 hi/ory4 ,8 acc\nt is t :5 ! ,aztecs _h occupi$ ,tollan = "s "t1 & _h =tifi$ ! hill & cultivat$ ! pla91 a diss5sion arose4 ,"o p>ty1 foll[]s ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 desir$ to move on2 ! o!r1 head$ by a *iefta91 ,huitznahua1 insi/$ on rema9+4 ,! =m] attack$ ! latt] at night1 massacr$ !m1 de/roy$ ! wat]-dams & build+s1 & m>*$ away 7,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,tom4 i1 pp4 #be1 #bf74 ,accord+ to sev]al acc\nts1 ,huitznahua 0 ! bro!r ( ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,see my ,am]ican ,h]o ,my?s1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #aag3 ,i h discuss$ bo? ^! acc\nts 9 my ,am]ican ,h]o ,my?s1 *ap4 iii41 & ne$ n repeat ! au?orities "h4 ,footnote #aah3 ,! mo/ highly-color$ descriptions ( ! my?ical ,tula are to be f\nd 9 ! ?ird & t5? book ( ,sahagun's ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 9 ! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan1 & 9 ! v>i\s writ+s ( ,ixtlilxo*itl4 ,lat] au?ors1 su* z ,veitia1 ,torquemada1 etc41 h copi$ f ^!4 ,ixtlilxo*itl speaks ( ! 8legions ( fables0 ab\t ,tulan & ,quetzalcoatl :i* ev5 9 8 day 7 /ill curr5t 78otras tresci5tas fabulas que aun todavia corr540 ,relaciones ,hi/oricas1 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix1 p4 #ccb74 ,footnote #aai3 ,9 ! collection ( ,anci5t ,nahuatl ,poems1 :i* =ms ! sev5? volume ( my ,libr>y ( ,aborig9al ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 p4 #ajd1 ,i h pr9t$ ! orig9al text ( "o ( ! old songs recall+ ! glories ( ,tula1 ) its 8h\se ( beams10 huapalcalli1 & its 8h\se ( plum$ s]p5ts10 coatlaquetzalli1 attribut$ to ,quetzalcoatl4 ,footnote #abj3 ,les ,anci5nes ,villes du ,n\veau ,monde1 p4 #hd 7,p>is1 #ahhe74 ,footnote #aba3 ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 viii1 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #abb3 ,fa!r ,duran relates1 8,ev5 to ?is day1 :5 ,i ask ! ,indians1 #8,:o creat$ ?is pass 9 ! m\nta9s8 ,:o op5$ ?is spr+8 ,:o discov]$ ?is cave8 or1 ,:o built ?is edifice8' !y reply1 #8,! ,toltecs1 ! disciples ( ,papa4'0 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa1 cap4 #gi4 ,papa1 f papa*tic1 ! bu%y-hair$ 0 "o ( ! names ( ,quetzalcoatl4 ,b ! e>li] mission>y1 ,fa!r ,motil9ia1 di/9ctly /ates t ! ,mexica inv5t$ _! own arts1 & ow$ no?+ to any imag9>y tea*]s1 ,toltecs or o!rs4 8,hay entre todos los ,indios mu*os (icios1 y de todos dic5 que fu]on inv5tores los ,mexicanos40 ,hi/oria de los ,indios de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,tratado iii1 cap4 viii4 ,footnote #abc3 ,quetzalcoatl ann\nc$ t 8 return %\ld take place #ejab ye>s aft] 8 f9al dep>ture1 z is m5tion$ by ,ixtlilxo*itl 79 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,mexico1 ,vol4 ix1 p4 #ccb74 ,?is numb] has probably "s my/ic relation to ! cal5d>4 ,footnote #abd3 ,am]ican ,h]o ,my?s1 p4 #ce4 ,! only writ] on anci5t ,am]ican hi/ory be=e me :o has :olly reject$ ! ,toltecs is1 ,i believe1 ,alb]t ,gallat94 ,9 8 able & critical /udy ( ! orig9 ( ,am]ican civilization 7,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 ,vol4 i1 p4 #bjc7 he dismiss$ !m entirely f hi/orical consid]ation ) ! words3 8,! tradition respect+ ! ,toltecs asc5ds to s remote a date1 & is s obscure & int]mix$ ) my?ological fables1 t x is impossible to designate ei!r ! locality ( _! primitive abodes1 ! "t :5 !y fir/ appe>$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,valley ( ,mexico1 or :e!r !y 7 prec$$ by nations speak+ ! same or diff]5t languages40 ,_h ?is well-gr\nd$ skepticism ga9$ ! e>s ( writ]s s9ce #ahde1 :5 x 0 publi%$1 we %\ld h be5 sav$ a va/ am\nt ( rubbi% :i* has be5 heap$ up "u ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll 7,guatemala2 ,reis5 und ,s*ild]ung51 ss1 #djh1 #dji1 ,leipzig1 #ahhf7 has jo9$ 9 reject+ ! e?nic exi/5ce ( ! ,toltecs4 ,z 9 lat] ,nahuatl ! ^w toltecatl meant n only 8resid5t ( ,tollan10 b also 8artific]0 & 8trad]10 ,dr4 ,/oll ?9ks t ! ,c5tral ,am]ican leg5ds :i* speak ( 8,toltecs0 %\ld be int]pret$ m]ely z ref]r+ to =eign me*anics or p$l]s1 & n to any p>ticul> nationality4 ,i q agree ) ?is view4 ,footnote #abe3 ,&rew ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my?1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,revis$ extracts f an article read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahha4 ,footnote #abg3 ,las ,hi/orias del ,orig5 de los ,indios de e/a ,prov9cia de ,guatemala4 ,por el ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,francisco ,xim5ez4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll1 ,e?nographie d] ,republik ,guatemala1 p4 #aah4 ,i regret to diff] f ?is able writ]1 ^: /udies ( ! ,qui*e und ,cak*iquel are ! mo/ ?or\gh yet made1 & f ^: v]sion ! above translation ( ! op5+ l9es ( ! ,popol ,vuh is tak54 ,footnote #abi3 ,9 8 ,,ms4 ,diction>y is ! foll[+ entry3 8,,pod]3 vtz9iabal1 vel vtz9taibal2 de/e nombre usa la ,c>tilla en el ,cr$o p>a decir por obra vel pod] del ,spirito ,santo4 ,al pod] que ti55 los ,sac]dotes de p]don> pecados y d> sacram5tos1 se llaman1 o an llamado1 puz1 naual4 ,asi el ,ph4 ,v>ea en su ,diccion>io y el ,sancto ,vico en la ,!ologia ,indorum usa en mu*as p>tes de/os vocablos en e/e s5tido4 ,ya no e/an tan en uso1 pues enti5d5 por el nombre pod] y vtz9taibal2 y son vocablos que antiguam5te aplicaban a sus idolos1 y oy se procura que vayan olbid&o todo aquello con que se les pu$e hac] memoria dellos40 ,footnote #acj3 ,coto says1 8,vugh2 nota que e/a mesmo nombre ti5e un g5]o de baile en que con los pies dan bueltas a un palo2 tambi5 signfica el temblor de cu]po que da con la t]ciana1 o la misma cission2 significa asi mesmo qu&o qui]e ya amanesc] aquel pon]se escuro el cielo2 tambi5 qu&o suele e/> el agua del rio o laguna1 por antip>a/assis1 cali5te1 al tal calorsillo llaman ,vugh40 ,footnote #aca3 ,i h trac$ ! gr[? ( ?is my? 9 detail 9 ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 a ,treatise on ! ,symbolism & ,my?ology ( ! ,r$ ,race ( ,am]ica1 *ap4 vi1 7,new ,york1 #ahgf47 ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll 9 8 mo/ rec5t discussion ( ! my? ( ,hunahpu does n urge ! mean+ 8opossum hunt]10 & rem>ks t 9 ! ,pokon*i dialect h5ahpo means 8moon-man10 & 8mon?10 ref]r+ !re=e to a night-god4 ,e?nologie d] ,indian] ,/mme von ,guatemala1 p4 #cb1 7,leyd51 #ahhi47 ,footnote #acb3 ,popol ,vuh1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ibid4 pp4 #bbe1 #bdi4 ,footnote #acd3 ,ibid4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #ace3 ,die ,indian] von ,santa ,catal9a ,i/lavacan2 e9 ,beitrag zur ,culturges*i*te d] ,urbewohn] ,c5tral ,am]ikas4 ,von ,dr4 ,k>l ,s*]z]1 p4 #i 7,wi51 #ahef74 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #acg3 ,escolios las ,hi/orias del ,orig5 de los ,indios1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #ach3 ,to quote 8 words3 8,,bubas3 galel vel tepex4 99 99 ,qu&o an pasado dic5 x9 colah ahau>em1 id e/1 ya an dejado su seoria1 porque el que las ti5e se e/a s5tado1 s9 hac] cosa1 como si fuese seor seora4 8,,se,,ora3 xogohau2 ,seoria1 xogohau>em4 99 99 ,de/e nombre xogohau vsan metaphoricam5te p>a decir que una mug] moza ti5e bubas2 porque se e/a s9 hac] cosa1 mano sobre mano1 99 99 y qu&o a anado de la enf]m$ad1 dic51 si es v>n3 xucolah rahau>em a*i rumal tepex4 ,tepex es la enf]m$ad de bubas40 ,footnote #aci3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 vii1 cap4 #b4 ,he translates ,nanahuatzih1 8el buboso10 ,comp4 ,botur9i1 ,idea de una ,nueua ,hi/oria de la ,am]ica1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 ,footnote #adj3 ,! ,,ms4 ,diction>y ( ,coto says1 s4 v4 ,corazon3 8,attribu5le todos los affectos de las pot5cias1 memoria y ent5dimi5to y voluntad1 99 99 unde ahgux1 el cuidadoso1 ent5dido1 memorioso 99 992 toman e/e nombre gux por el alma de la p]sona1 y por el spirito vital de todo vivi5te1 v4 g4 xel ru gux ,p$ro1 muri ,p$ro1 vel1 salio el alma de ,p$ro1 99 99 de/e nombre gux se =ma el v]bo t9 gux lah1 por p5s>1 cuid>1 imag9>40 ,footnote #ada3 8,de adonde10 rem>ks ,granados y ,galvez1 8vi5e que mis ,otomites1 de una misma man]a llaman la alma que al corazon1 aplic&oles entrambos la voz muy40 ,t>des ,am]icanas1 ,t>de iv1 p4 #aja4 7,mexico1 #aggh47 ,footnote #adb3 ,xim5ez1 ,gramatica de la ,l5gua ,qui*e1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #adc3 ,popol ,vuh1 pp4 #ah1 #bj1 #bc1 #fi1 etc4 ,footnote #add3 8,cosa que e/a encubi]ta ent]rada40 ,! ,diccion>io de ,motul is ! mo/ complete diction>y ( ! ,maya ev] made4 ,x dates f ab\t #aeij & has its "n f ! t[n ( ,motul1 ,yucatan1 :]e x 0 writt54 ,! au?or is unkn[n4 ,only two copies ( x are 9 exi/5ce1 "o1 v c>efully made1 ) num]\s notes1 by ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 is 9 my possession4 ,x is a ?ick #dto ( #aejj pages4 ,footnote #ade3 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 ,,xxxiii4 ,footnote #adf3 8,r'atit zih1 r'atit zak10 ,popol ,vuh1 pp4 #ah1 #bj4 ,footnote #adg3 ,especially ! membrum virile1 ,pio ,p]ez1 ,diccion>io de la ,l5gua ,maya1 s4 v4 ,footnote #adh3 8,entr>1 junt>se el ma*o con la hembra40 ,brasseur1 ,vocabulaire ,maya vancais1 s4 v4 ,footnote #adi3 ,popol ,vuh1 pp4 #h1 #ad4 ,footnote #aej3 ,i take ! foll[+ entries f ,coto's ,,mss43 8,,l>ga ,,cosa3 ,lo ord9>io es pon] rakan p>a signific> la l>gura de palo1 cordel1 etc4 8,,gigante3 hu rapah rakan *i v9ak1 hu *ogah rakan *i vanak2 e/e nombre se usa de todo animal que en su specie es mas alto que los otros4 ,meo4 ,pe ,saz1 s]m4 de circumsciss1 dice del ,gigante ,golias3 tugotic rogoric rakan *ia*i ,gigante ,golias40 ,ignorant1 app>5tly1 ( ?is mean+1 ,dr4 ,/oll cont9ues 9 8 late/ "w to int]pret ,hurakan 8) "o foot40 ,die ,e?nologie d] ,indian] ,/mme von ,guatemala1 p4 #ca1 7,leid51 #ahhi47 ,! *apt] on my?ology is ! lea/ satisfactory 9 ?is important "w4 ,footnote #aea3 ,de la ,borde1 ,relation de l'orig9e1 etc41 des ,c>aibes1 p4 #g4 7,p>is1 #afgd47 ,footnote #aeb3 ,las ,casas1 ,hi/oria ,apologetica de las ,indias ,occid5tales1 cap4 cxxiv 7,madrid edition73 ,p4 ,f4 ,alonzo ,f]n&ez1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica de ,nue/ros ,tiempos1 p4 #acg 7,tol$o1 #afaa74 ,footnote #aec3 ,diss]tation sur les ,my!s de l',antiquit ,am]icane1 #h 7,p>is1 #ahfa72 see also 8 note to ! ,popol ,vuh1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #aed3 ,*'u qux uleu1 89 its he>t ! e>?40 7,coto1 ,dicc4 s4 v47 ,coto adds t ! anci5t mean+ ( ! ^w 0 a gho/ or vision ( a dep>t$ _s--8antiguam5te e/e nombre ,xibalbay significaba el demonio1 vel los diffuntos visiones que se les ap]escian1 y asi decian1 y aun algunos ay que lo dic5 oy xuqutzii xibalbay ri cetzam *i nu va*1 se me ap]eci el diffunto40 ,footnote #aee3 8,el ,demonio se llamaba ,xibilha1 que qui]e decir el que se desp>ece desbanece40 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 ,lib4 iv1 cap4 vii4 ,cogolludo _h liv$ 9 ,yucatan tw5ty-"o ye>s :5 he 0 mak+ ! f9al revision ( 8 ,hi/ory1 & 0 mod]ately well acqua9t$ ) ! ,maya tongue4 ,footnote #aef3 ,! ,diccion>io de ,motul1 ,,ms41 gives3 8,,xibil1 xibi1 xibic3 cundir como gota de aceita2 esp>cirse la comida en la dige/ion1 y de%ac]se la sal1 nieve yelo1 humo niebla4 ,item3 desp>ec]se una vision fantasma4 ,item3 tembl> de mi$o y espant>se40 ,footnote #aeg3 ,de ,legibus1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #b4 ,footnote #aeh3 8,les petits ,tigres10 ,my!s de l',antiquit ,am]icane1 viii1 ,popol ,vuh1 p4 #cd1 note4 ,footnote #aei3 ,comp5dio de ,nombres en ,l5gua ,cak*iquel1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #afj3 ,las ,hi/orias del ,orig5 de los ,indios1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #afa3 ,fa!r ,v>ea1 9 8 ,calep9o de la ,l5gua ,cak*iquel4 ,,ms41 gives ! foll[+ entries3 8,,balam3 el tigre1 zakbalam1 tigre pequeo de su naturelezo2 gana balam1 el gr&e1 ta9be9 siga un signo de los ,indios4 ,maceval gih ,po balam1 ,m>ia xbalam4 ,balam se llama el e*iz]o40 8,queh3 el v5ado4 ,siga un ci]to dia2 otras veces dos dias2 otras veces es signo de trece1 otras veces c9co seis dias la qu5ta de los ,indios3 xa hun queh v gih1 1 cay queh1 voo queh1 vahaki1 1 oxlahuh queh40 ,footnote #afb3 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 = ,may1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #afc3 ,! ,algonqu9 ,leg5ds ( ,new ,engl&1 7,bo/on1 #ahhd47 ,footnote #afd3 ,! ,micmac ^w klooskbwe1 means 8he is a *eat10 probably "o :o *eats by ly+4 ,see ,r&1 ,micmac ,diction>y1 s4 v4 ,a *eat4 ,footnote #afe3 ,dictionnaire de la ,langue des ,cris1 sub4 voce ,wisakketjk4 8,homme fabuleux des diffr5tes tribus du ,nord1 auquel elles attribu5t une puissance surnaturelle1 avec un gr& nombre de ruses1 de t\rs1 et de folies4 ,il e/ reg>d comme le pr9cipal gnie et le fondateur de ces nations4 ,*ez les ,sauteux on l'appelle ,n5aboj1 *ez les ,pi$s-,noirs1 ,npiw4 ,wisakkeljak[1 ,c'e/ un f\rbe1 un trompeur40 ,footnote #aff3 ,b>aga1 ,ot*ipwe ,diction>y4 ,footnote #afg3 ,key into ! language ( ,am]ica1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #afh3 ,lexique de la ,langue ,algonqu9e1 p4 #ddc4 7,montreal1 #ahhf47 ,footnote #afi3 ,see 8 article 9 ,! ,am]ican ,review1 = #ahdh1 entitl$ 8,manabozho & ! ,great ,s]p5t1 an ,algonqu9 leg5d40 ,footnote #agj3 ,algic ,rese>*es1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aga3 ,an address deliv]$ at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia1 & publi%$ 9 its ,proce$+s = #ahhc4 ,footnote #agb3 ,?is pap] 0 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhh1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 its ,proce$+s4 ,footnote #agc3 ,dr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,an ,int]pretation ( "o ( ! ,copan ,monum5ts1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,febru>y #ahhg2 also1 ,revue d' ,e?nographie1 #ahhf1 p4 #bcc2 same au?or1 ,le ,sva/ika et la ,r\e ,solaire en ,amrique1 ,revue d' ,e?nographie1 #ahhe1 p4 #bb4 ,e4 ,beauvois1 9 ,annales de ,philosophie ,*reti5ne1 #ahgg1 & 9 v>i\s lat] publications4 ,f]raz de ,mac$o1 ,essai ,critique sur les ,ages ,prehi/orique de ,bresil1 ,lisbon1 #ahhg1 etc4 ,footnote #agd3 ,see 8 article1 8,art 9 ,%ell ( ! ,anci5t ,am]icans10 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #age3 ,see 8 article 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhf1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #agf3 ,von ,lu*an1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhf1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,dum\ti]1 ,le ,sva/ika et la ,r\e ,solaire en ,*9e1 9 ,revue d' ,e?nologie1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ccc1 sq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,i am indebt$ = "s ( ^! explanations to ,mr4 ,k4 ,sungimoto1 an intellig5t ,japanese g5tleman1 well acqua9t$ ) ,*9ese1 late resid5t 9 ,philadelphia4 ,footnote #agi3 ,george ,copway1 ,traditional ,hi/ory ( ! ,ojibway ,nation1 p4 #acd4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ! sign = sunrise ! /raight l9e meets ! curve at its left extremity1 & = sunset at its "r4 ,?is results f ! sup]/iti\s pref]5ce ( fac+ ! s\? r ?an ! nor?4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,! triplicate con/itution ( ?+s is a prom95t feature ( ! anci5t ,mexican philosophy1 especially t ( ,tezcuco4 ,! visible _w 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! e>? bel[1 ! heav5s above1 & man's abode betwe5 !m4 ,! :ole 0 repres5t$ by a circle divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! upp] "p pa9t$ blue1 ! l[] br[n1 ! c5tre :ite 7,see ,duran1 ,hi/oria1 ,lam4 #ae;a1 = an example74 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ts 0 subdivid$ into ?ree p>ts1 s t :5 ! ,tezcucan k+ built a t[] z a symbol ( ! univ]se1 he call$ x 8,! ,t[] ( ,n9e ,/ories0 7see my ,anci5t ,nahuatl ,poetry1 ,introduction1 p4 #cf74 ,footnote #aha3 ,mall]y1 ,pictography ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,captivity & ,adv5tures ( ,john ,tann]1 pp4 #cei1 #cfj4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,dr4 ,f]raz de ,mac$o1 ,essai ,critique sur les ,ages ,prehi/orique de ,bresil1 p4 #ch 7,lisbonne1 #ahhg74 ,footnote #ahd3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,worsaae1 ,dani% ,arts1 & ,vir*[1 9 v>i\s numb]s ( ! ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie4 ,! r+-cross is a common figure 9 ,am]ican symbolism & decorative art4 ,x frequ5tly occurs on ! %ields depict$ 9 ! ,bologna ,codex1 & ! two codices ( ! ,vatican 7,k+sbor\gh's ,antiquities ( ,mexico1 ,vols4 ii4 & iii74 ,dr4 ,f]raz de ,mac$o says t ! mo/ common decorative design on bo? anci5t & mod]n native ,brazilian pott]y is ! r+-cross 9 ! =m ( a d\ble spiral1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai 7,essai ,critique sur les ,ages ,prehi/orique de ,bresil1 p4 #dj74 ,a v simil> =m w be f\nd 9 ! ,bologna ,codex1 pl4 xviii1 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexico1 ,vol4 ii4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,mall]y1 ,pictography ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 pp4 #hh1 #hi1 #abh1 etc4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,?is "n is giv5 9 ,l&a1 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,hi/oria de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,trat4 ,,iii1 cap4 i4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,pr9t$ orig9ally 9 ,! ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #aij3 ,in=me del ,seor ,cura de ,yaxcab1 ,don ,b>tolom del ,granado ,baeza1 9 ! ,regi/ro ,yucateco1 tomo i1 pp4 #afe et seq4 ,! ,rev4 ,e/anislao ,c>rillo 0 cura ( ,ticul1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahdf4 ,he 0 a zeal\s ar*ologi/1 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5s 9 8 travels 9 ,yucatan4 ,he is des]v$ly includ$ 9 ! ,manual de ,biografia ,yucateca ( ,don ,francisco de ,p4 ,sosa 7,m]ida1 #ahff74 ,8 article on ! subject ( ! text appe>$ 9 ! ,regi/ro ,yucateco1 tomo iv4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aia3 8,de idolatras paganos que eran1 solo se ha conseguido que se convi]tan en idolatras cri/ianos40--,apol9> ,g>cia y ,g>cia1 ,hi/oria de la ,gu]ra de ,ca/as en ,yucatan1 ,prologo1 p4 xxiv 7,m]ida1 #ahfe74 ,footnote #aib3 ,l&a1 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 pp4 #bjh et seq4 ,! "w ( ,l&a 0 fir/ pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #ahfd4 ,footnote #aic3 ,*>5cey1 ,des ,c\leurs considres comme ,symboles des ,po9ts de l',horizon *ez les ,peuples du ,n\veau-,monde1 9 ! ,actes de la ,socit ,philologique1 tome vi 7,octobre #ahgf74 ,footnote #aid3 ,*re/oma?ie de ,litrature ,maya1 p4 #aja1 9 ! second volume ( ! ,etudes sur le ,sy/me ,graphique et la ,langue des ,mayas 7,p>is1 #ahgj74 ,footnote #aie3 8,la fie/a de fuego1 que ha/a ahora en e/a prov9cia se hacia40--,fr4 ,diego ,lopez ,cogolludo1 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 tomo i1 p4 #dhc 7#c;d ed4 ,m]ida1 #ahfg74 ,footnote #aif3 ,?omas ,gage1 ,a ,new ,survey ( ! ,we/ ,indis1 pp4 #cgg et seq4 7,london1 #afii74 ,! ,abb ,brasseur is will+ to consid] ^! tales fictiti\s1 8suppos qu'ils n'euss5t eu1 en realit1 aucune communication avec les puissances du monde invisible10 ab\t :i*1 h[ev]1 he is evid5tly n altoge!r sure4--,voyage sur l',i/hme de ,tehuantepec1 p4 #age 7,p>is1 #ahfb74 ,footnote #aig3 ,popol ,vuh1 le ,livre ,sacr des ,qui*es1 p4 #cae 7,p>is1 #ahfd74 ,footnote #aih3 ,! d]ivation ( ?is ^w is f kat1 :i* 9 ! ,dicion>io ,maya-,espaol del ,conv5to de ,motul1 ,,ms4 ( ab\t #aehj1 is def9$ z 8la ti]ra y b>ro de las oll]as10 b :i* ,p]ez 9 8 mod]n ,maya diction>y translates 8ollas figuras de b>ro02 ob1 is ! plural t]m9ation2 lox1 is /rong1 or ! /r5g? ( any?+2 h' or ah1 z x is (t5 writt51 is ! r\gh brea?+ :i* 9 ,maya indicates ! mascul9e g5d]4 ,footnote #aii3 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,! =m f :i* he d]ives x is l5ni-peu4 ,footnote #bja3 ,read be=e ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,buffalo1 ,augu/1 #ahhf1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,/udy or ! ,,ms4 ,troano1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,erlut]ung5 d] ,maya ,h&-s*rift1 etc41 p4 #b4 7,dresd51 #ahhf47 ,footnote #bjd3 ,die ,maya ,h&-s*rift d] ,knig4 ,bib4 zu ,dresd51 p4 #gg2 7,b]l91 #ahhf47 ,footnote #bje3 ,die ,maya ,h&-s*rift1 etc41 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ,m>*1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,! fir/ ( ,m4 ,aub9's ,memoirs appe>$ 9 #ahdi1 & 0 ! result ( /udies begun 9 #ahcj4 ,a new & enl>g$ edition has lately be5 edit$ by ,dr4 ,hamy3 ,mmoires sur la ,pe9ture ,didactique et l',ecriture ,figurative des ,anci5s ,mexica9s4 ,p>4 ,j4 ,m4 ,a4 ,aub9 7,p>is #ahhe47 ,b ,dr4 ,hamy has travel$ v f> beyond ! limits ( a sob] appreciation ( ,m4 ,aub9's results :5 he writes3 8,les re*]*es de ,m4 ,aub9 ont russi res\dre presque t\tes les difficults que pres5tait la lecture des hi]oglyphes nahuas40 7,introduction1 p4 viii47 ,he is also 9 error 9 suppos+ 79 a note to same page7 t ,aub9's !ory is n well-kn[n to ,am]icani/s4 ,brasseur popul>iz$ x 9 8 introductions to 8 ,hi/oire du ,mexique4 ,aub91 9 fact1 guid$ by ! ,spani% writ]s ( ! #af? c5tury & ! annotators ( ! ,codices1 fir/ cle>ly express$ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! phonetic picture writ+2 b 8 rules & id5tifications are entirely inadequate to its complete or ev5 p>tial int]pretation4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 7,mexico1 #ahhj74 ,! ,atlas to ?is "w conta9s a l>ge numb] ( propos$ id5tifications ( hi]oglyphics4 ,see also by ! same writ]1 ,ensayo de ,descifracion ,g]oglifica 9 ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 tom4 ,,ii4 ,mu* ( ?is is f\nd$ on ,ramirez's /udies1 :o1 h[ev]1 by 8 own admission1 knew little or no?+ ( ! ,nahuatl language 7z he /ates 9 8 introduction to ! ,codex ,*imalpopoca or ,anales de ,quauhtitlan74 ,dr4 ,peafiel's praisewor?y collection is entitl$ ,catalogo ,alfabetico de los nombres de ,lug>es p]t5eci5tes al ,idioma ,nahuatl1 ,e/udio ,j]oglifico4 7,mexico1 #ahhe47 ,footnote #bji3 ,?is pap] 0 orig9ally read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 ,octob]1 #ahhf1 & 0 publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s4 ,footnote #baj3 ,! foll[+ elem5ts occur 9 ! old ,egyptian writ+3 #a4 ,ideographic4--7a7 ,pictures or ikonographs4 7b7 ,symbols4 7c7 ,det]m9atives4 #b4 ,phonetic4--7a7 ,words4 7b7 ,syllables4 7c7 ,lett]s4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ,m4 ,a4 ,l[]1 ,curiosities ( ,h]aldry1 ,*ap4 vi 7,london1 #ahde74 ,an appropriate motto ( "o ( ^! be>+s 03 8,non v]bis s$ rebus loquimur40 ,footnote #bab3 ,tam1 ne>2 u*1 scorpion4 ,diccion>io ,hua/eca-,espaol1 ,,ms41 9 my possession4 ,?is & mo/ ( ! o!r in/ances quot$ are to be f\nd 9 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's great "w on ,mexico1 & also 9 ,dr4 ,peafiel's ,catlogo ,alfabetico de los ,nombres de ,lug>es p]t5eci5tes al ,idioma ,nahuatl 7,mexico1 #ahhe74 ,footnote #bac3 ,x is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ! ,ensayo sobre la ,int]pretacion de la ,escritura ,hi]atica de la ,am]ica ,c5tral1 by ,de ,rosny1 translat$ by ,d4 ,juan de ,dios de la ,rada y ,delgada 7,madrid1 #ahhd74 ,footnote #bad3 ,val5t9i's ,essay appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,april1 #ahhj4 ,l&a's "w 0 orig9ally publi%$ by ! ,abb ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg7 at ,p>is1 #ahfd1 & m accurately at ,madrid1 #ahhd1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,don ,juan de ,dios de la ,rada y ,delgada4 ,footnote #bae3 ,orig9ally publi%$ z an introduction to ,dr4 ,cyrus ,?omas' ,/udy ( ! ,manuscript ,troano1 issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhb1 7revis$ ) additions = ! pres5t volume74 ,footnote #baf3 ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,b& i1 pp4 #aea-aef4 ,footnote #bag3 ,aub94 ,mmoire sur la ,pe9ture didactique et l'criture figurative des anci5s ,mexica9s1 9 ! introduction to ,brasseur 7de ,b\rb\rg7's ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,c5trale1 tom4 i2 ,manuel ,orozco y ,b]ra ,ensayo de ,descifracion g]oglifica1 9 ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mxico1 tom4 i1 ii4 ,footnote #bah3 ,pet] ,m>tyr1 ,decad4 iv1 cap4 viii4 ,footnote #bai3 8,se sujet>on de su propria voluntad al ,seorio de los ,reies de ,ca/illa1 recibi5do al ,emp]ador1 como ,rei de ,espaa1 por ,seor supremo y univ]sal1 e hici]on ci]tas seales1 como ,firmas2 las quales1 con te/imonio de los ,religiosos ,franciscos1 que alli e/aban1 llev consigo el bu5 ,obispo de ,*iapa1 ,don ,fr4 ,b>tolom de las ,casas1 amp>o1 y def5sa de e/os ,indios1 qu&o se fu ,espaa40 ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 xix1 cap4 xiii4 ,footnote #bbj3 8,letr]os de ci]tos c>act]es que en otra n+una p>te40 ,las ,casas1 ,hi/oria ,apologetica de las ,indias ,occid5tales1 cap4 cxxiii4 ,footnote #bba3 ,relacion ,breve y ,v]dad]a de ,algunas ,cosas de las mu*as que suc$i]on al ,padre ,fray ,alonso ,ponce1 ,commiss>io ,g5]al1 en las ,prov9cias de la ,nueva ,espaa1 9 ! ,coleccion de ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,espaa1 tom4 lviii1 p4 #cib4 ,! o!r traits he praises 9 ! natives ( ,yucatan are _! fre$om f sodomy & cannibalism4 7,= ! text see lat]1 p4 #bee47 ,footnote #bbb3 ,b]n>do de ,lizana1 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan4 ,devocion>io de ,nue/ra ,seora de ,izamal1 y ,conqui/a ,espiritual1 #hvo4 ,p9ci 7,valladolid71 #afcc4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,= ^! facts see ,diego ,lopez ,cogolludo1 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 lib4 ix1 cap4 xv4 ,cogolludo adds t 9 8 "t 7#afej-'fj7 ,solana's ,,mss4 c\ld n be f\nd2 ,lizana may h s5t !m to ,spa94 ,footnote #bbd3 ,i add ! orig9al ( ! mo/ important passage3 8,la hi/oria y autores que podemos aleg> son unos antiguos c>act]es1 mal ent5didos de mu*os1 y glossados de unos indios antiguos1 que son hijos de los sac]dotes de sus dioses1 que son los que solo sabian le] y adiv9>1 y a qui5 creian y rev]5ciavan como ,dioses de/os40 ,footnote #bbe3 ,p$ro ,san*ez de ,aguil>1 ,in=me contra ,idolorum cultores del ,obispado de ,yucatan4 #dto4 ,madrid1 #afci1 ff4 #abd4 ,footnote #bbf3 8,el prim]o quo hall las letras de la l5gua ,maya hiz el cmputo de los aos1 meses y edades1 y lo enseo todo a los ,indios de e/a ,prov9cia1 fu un ,indios llamado ,k9*ahau1 y por otro nombre ,tzamna40 ,fr4 ,p$ro ,beltran de ,santa ,rosa ,m>ia1 ,arte del ,idioma ,maya1 p4 #af 7#b;d ed41 ,mrida de ,yucatan1 #ahei74 ,footnote #bbg3 ,diego ,lopez ,cogolludo1 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 lib4 iv1 cap4 ,,iii4 ,! orig9al is3 8,no aco/umbraban escribir los pleitos1 aunque t5ian c>act]es con que se ent5dian1 de que se v5 mu*os en las ru9as de los edificios40 ,footnote #bbh3 8,porque lo leia su ,rey en sus ,analtehes1 t5ian ,noticias de aquellas ,prov9cias de ,yucatan 7que ,analtehes1 ,hi/orias1 es una misma cosa7 y de que sus ,pasados avian salido de ellas40 ,hi/oria de la ,conqui/a de la ,prov9cia de el ,itza1 ,r$uccion y ,progressos de la de el ,lac&on1 etc41 7folio1 ,madrid1 #agja7 lib4 vi1 cap4 iv4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,ibid41 lib4 vii1 cap4 i4 ,footnote #bcj3 8,y en su casa tambi5 t5ia de e/os ,idolos1 y ,mesa de ,sacrificios1 y los ,analtehes1 ,hi/orias de todo quanto los avia suc$ido40 ,ibid41 lib4 viii1 cap4 xiii4 ,footnote #bca3 ,diego de ,l&a1 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 pp4 #caf1 #cah1 seq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,dr4 ,val5t9i's article 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahhj4 ,m rec5tly ,dr4 ,ed4 ,sel] has condemn$ ! ,l&a alphabet z 8e9 ,v]su* von ,lad9os1 von 9 die ,spanis*e ,wiss5s*aft e+eweiht5 ,e+eborn5 9 d] ,art1 wie sie die ,spani] ihre ,lett]n v]w5d5 sah51 au* mit d5 ,e+eborn5 gelufig5 ,bild]n und ,*>akt]n zu hantir540 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahhg1 s4 #bbg4 ,i am f> f adopt+ ?is sweep+ /atem5t1 :i* ,i believe is contradict$ by ! :ole t5or ( ,l&a's words & ! te/imony ( o!r writ]s4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,diego de ,l&a1 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,i add a few notes on ?is text3 ,enhi is ! pret]it ( ! irregul> v]b1 hal1 to be1 pret4 enhi1 fut4 anac4 ,katun yum1 fa!r or "l ( ! ,katun or cycle4 ,ea* ,katun 0 "u ! protection ( a special deity or "l1 :o controll$ ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 x4 ,tu co pop1 lit41 8= ! roll+ up ( ,pop10 :i* 0 ! fir/ mon? 9 ! ,maya ye>4 ,holom is an ar*aic future f hul2 ?is =m 9 om is m5tion$ by ,bu5av5tura1 ,arte de la ,l5gua ,maya1 #afhd1 & is frequ5t 9 ! sacr$ language1 b does n occur else:]e4 ,tucal ya1 on acc\nt ( 8 love2 b ya means also 8suff]+10 8w\nd10 & 8/r5g?10 & !re is no clue :i* ( ^! significations is meant4 ,ahk9ob2 ! orig9al has luk9ob1 :i* ,i suspect is an error2 x w\ld alt] ! phrase to mean 8,9 t day !re are fa!rs0 or lords1 ! ^w yum1 fa!r1 be+ con/antly us$ = "l or rul]4 ,! ahk9 0 ! prie/2 ! ahbobat 0 a div9] or prophet4 ,! #i? ,ahau ,katun 0 ! p]iod ( #bj ye>s :i* began 9 #aeda1 accord+ to mo/ native au?ors1 b accord+ to ,l&a's reckon+ 9 ! ye> #aefa4 ,footnote #bce3 ,9 quot+ & expla9+ ,maya words & phrases 9 ?is article1 ,i h 9 all in/ances foll[$ ! ,diccion>io ,maya-,espaol del ,conv5to de ,motul 7,yucatan72 a copy ( :i* 9 manuscript 7"o ( ! only two 9 exi/5ce7 is 9 my possession4 ,x 0 compos$ ab\t #aehj4 ,! /ill old] ,maya diction>y ( ,fa!r ,villalp&o1 pr9t$ 9 ,mexico 9 #aega1 is yet 9 exi/5ce 9 "o or two copies1 b ,i h nev] se5 x4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,read be=e ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia1 at its tw5ty-f\r? annual meet+1 ,janu>y #e?1 #ahhb1 & publi%$ 9 ,! ,p5n ,mon?ly4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,( ! num]\s au?orities :i* c\ld be quot$ on ?is po9t1 ,i %all give ! words ( b "o1 ,fa!r ,alonso ,ponce1 ! ,pope's ,commiss>y-,g5]al1 :o travel$ ?r\gh ,yucatan 9 #aehf1 :5 _m natives 7 /ill liv+ :o _h be5 born be=e ! ,conque/ 7#aeda74 ,fa!r ,ponce _h travel$ ?r\gh ,mexico1 &1 ( c\rse1 _h le>n$ ab\t ! ,aztec picture writ+1 :i* he di/9ctly contra/s ) ! writ+ ( ! ,mayas4 ,( ! latt]1 he says3 8,son alabados de tres cosas entre todos los demas de la ,nueva ,espaa1 la una de que en su antigu$ad t5ian c>act]es y letras1 con que escribian sus hi/orias y las c]emonias y ord5 de los sacrificios de sus idolos y su cal5d>io1 en libros he*os de corteza de ci]to arbol1 los cuales eran unas tiras muy l>gas de qu>ta t]cia en an*o1 que se doblaban y recogian1 y v5ia qu$] man]a de un libro encu>d5ado en cu>tilla1 poco mas m5os4 ,e/as letras y c>act]es no las ent5dian1 s9o los sac]dotes de los idolos4 7que en aquella l5gua se llaman #8ahk9es1'7 y algun indio pr9cipal4 ,despues las ent5di]on y supi]on ler algunos frailes nue/ros y aun las escribi540--78,relacion ,breve y ,v]dad]a de ,algunas ,cosas de las ,mu*as que ,suc$i]on al ,padre ,fray ,alonso ,ponce1 ,comis>io-,g5]al en las ,prov9cias de la ,nueva ,espaa10 page #cib74 ,i "k no o!r au?or :o makes ! int]e/+ /atem5t t ^! *>act]s 7 actually us$ by ! mission>ies to imp>t in/ruction to ! natives2 b ,i h he>d t an example ( "o su* manuscript has be5 discov]$1 & is n[ 9 ! h&s ( a well-kn[n ,am]icani/4 ,footnote #bch3 8,se les quemamos todos10 he writes1 8lo qual m>avilla s5tian y les dava p5a40--8,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan10 page #caf4 ,footnote #bci3 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 page #afj4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,see above1 pp4 #abh & #agb4 ,! t]m9al lett] 9 bo? ^! words--8*ilan10 8balam10--may be ei!r 8n0 or 8m10 ! *ange be+ "o ( dialect & local pronunciation4 ,i h foll[$ ! old] au?orities 9 writ+ 8,*ilan ,balam10 ! mod]n pref]r+ 8,*ilam ,balam40 ,seor ,eligio ,ancona1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 7,vol4 i41 page #bdj1 note1 ,m]ida1 #ahgh71 (f]s ! absurd sugge/ion t ! "n 8balam0 0 giv5 to ! native soo?say]s by ! e>ly mission>ies 9 ridicule1 d]iv+ x f ! well-kn[n p]sonage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is surpris+ t ,seor ,ancona1 writ+ 9 ,m]ida1 _h nev] acqua9t$ himself ) ! ,p]ez manuscripts1 nor ) ^? 9 possession ( ,bi%op ,c>rillo4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ ( 8 treatm5t ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry is disappo9t+ly sup]ficial4 ,footnote #bda3 ,= example1 9 ! ,regi/ro ,yucateco1 ,tome ,,iii3 ,diccion>io ,univ]sal de ,hi/oria y ,geografa1 ,tome ,,viii4 7,mexico1 #ahee72 ,diccion>io ,hi/orico de ,yucatan1 ,tome ,i4 7,m]ida1 #ahff72 9 ! app5dix to ,l&a's ,cosas de ,yucatan 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 etc4 ,! epo*s1 or katuns1 ( ,maya hi/ory h be5 rec5tly aga9 analyz$ by ,dr4 ,felipe ,val5t9i1 9 an essay 9 ! ,g]man & ,engli% languages1 ! latt] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,! ,abb's criticism occurs 9 ! note to page #djf ( 8 edition ( ,l&a's ,cosas de ,yucatan4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,x is describ$ at l5g? by ,don ,cresc5cio ,c>rillo y ,ancona1 9 81 #8,dis]tacion sobre la ,hi/oria de la ,l5gua ,maya' 7,m]ida1 #ahgj74 ,footnote #bdd3 8,je dois dcl>] que l'exam5 dans t\s leurs dtails du #8,codex ,troano' et du #8,codex ,p]esianus' m'invite de la faon la plus srieuse n'accept] ces signes1 t\t au mo9s au po9t de vue de l'exactitude de leur trac1 qu' avec une c]ta9e rs]ve40--,leon de ,rosny's ,essai sur le ,d*iffrem5t de l',ecriture ,hiratique de l',amrique ,c5trale1 page #ba 7,p>is1 #ahgf74 ,by ! 8,codex ,p]esianus10 he does n mean ! 8,codice ,p]ez10 b ! ,maya manuscript 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,! id5tity ( ! names is confus+ & un=tunate4 ,footnote #bde3 8,! ,manuscript ,troano10 publi%$ 9 ,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,augu/1 #ahha1 page #fdj4 ,?is manuscript or codex 0 publi%$ 9 *rome-li?ograph1 ,p>is1 #ahgi1 by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #bdf3 8,decl>> las necesidades y sus rem$ios40--,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 page #afj4 ,l mu* ( ,l&a's ,spani%1 ?is use ( ! ^w 8necesidad0 is colloquial1 & n classical4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,a ,m$ic9a ,dome/ica1 "u ! "n ( 8,don ,ric>do ,ossado1 7alias1 el ,judio170 0 publi%$ at ,m]ida 9 #ahcd2 b ?is appe>s to h be5 m]ely a booksell]'s device to aid ! sale ( ! book by attribut+ x to ! 8great unkn[n40 ,footnote #bdh3 ,read be=e ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia 9 #ahhi4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,los ,aztecas1 ,mexico1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #bej3 ,dupaix1 ,antiquits ,mexica9es4 #a/ ,exp$41 p4 #g1 ,pl4 vi1 vii1 fig4 #f1 #g4 ,at t "t ! flat surface ( ! rock 0 ! floor ( a cab9 built ^u x4 ,at pres5t ! cab9 has disappe>$1 ,mr4 ,b&eli] does n seem to h visit$ ?is /one :5 he 0 at ,orizaba1 al?\gh he ref]s to ,dupaix's explorations4 ,report ( an ,ar*ological ,t\r 9 ,mexico 9 #ahha1 p4 #bf 7,bo/on1 #ahhd74 ,nor does ,m4 ,h4 ,/rebel1 ?\gh he also ref]s to x1 give any fre% in=mation ab\t x4 ,see 8 ,alt-,mexiko1 ,b& ,i1 s4 #cj4 ,footnote #bea3 ,"o appe>s to be a gigantic full face2 ano!r an animal l a frog1 ) ext5d$ legs2 two o!rs are geometrical designs1 ! outl9es ( :i* h evid5tly be5 rec5tly fre%5$ ) a /eel implem5t4 ,future obs]v]s %\ld be on _! gu>d t ?is proc$ure %all n h mutilat$ ! e>ly workman%ip4 ,footnote #beb3 ,x is ne$less to exp& ?is explanation ( ! ,aztec ,cal5d>2 b x is wor? :ile to w>n ! /ud5t ( ! subject t ! problem is an intricate "o & has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily solv$1 because ! in=mation pres5t$ is bo? incomplete & contradictory4 ,i consid] ! mo/ in/ructive discussion ( ! ,cal5d> is t 9 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 ,lib4 iv41 ,cap4 #a-f4 ,footnote #bec3 ,fa!r ,sotomayor1 9 ! newspap] acc\nt above ref]r$ to1 /ates t tradition assign$ ! inscription to ! "t ( ,cortes' m>* to ! ,city ( ,mexico2 a date :i* he q prop]ly ridicules z impossible4 ,! vic9ity ( ,orizaba 01 moreov]1 n a "p ( ! ,mexican ,/ate until "s "t aft] ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,see ,b&eli]1 ,ar*ological ,t\r 9 ,mexico1 pp4 #bb1 sqq4 ,footnote #bed3 ,tzontemoc1 a comp\nd ( tzontli1 hair1 & temoa1 to fall2 mictlan1 locative f mictli1 to die2 tecutli1 "l1 noble4 ,= a description ( ?is deity see ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,lib4 iii1 ,app5dix1 *ap4 ,i4 ,i h else:]e sugge/$ t ! fall+ hair _h ref]5ce to ! long slant+ rays ( ! sett+ sun4 ,see above1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #bee3 ,bo? are reproduc$ 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexican ,antiquities4 ,b ,i w\ld w>n aga9/ ! explanations 9 ,spani% ( ! ,codex ,tell]iano-,rem5sis4 ,!y are ! "w ( "s ignorant & c>eless cl]k1 :o (t5 applies ! explanation ( "o plate & date to ano!r1 ?r\gh %e] neglig5ce4 ,footnote #bef3 ,i w\ld ref] to an explanation ( ?is sy/em publi%$ by me 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 = #ahhf4 ,footnote #beg3 ,! phonetic significance ( ?is symbol is well e/abli%$4 ,see ,aub9 9 ! ,introduction to ,brasseur1 ,hi/oire des ,nations ,civilises de la ,mexique1 ,tome ,i1 p4 lxix4 ,footnote #beh3 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,mexico1 ,tomo ,,iii1 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #bei3 ,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca1 cap4 #gj4 ,he errs 9 assign+ x to ! ye> #aejc1 z all ! o!r n>ratives ( importance are aga9/ him4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,annales de ,*imalpah91 p4 #agc 7,ed4 ,simon1 ,p>is1 #ahhi74 ,8 words are 8auh a niman ihcuac oncan 9 hual motlatocalli 9 ,moteuhcomatz910 :i* ,simon r5d]s 8,immdiatem5t apres10 etc4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,tezozomoc1 ,cronica ,mexicana1 cap4 #ha4 ,?is writ] adds t ! emp]or expect$ 8 approa*+ end1 & made a numb] ( prep>ations ) reg>d to x4 ,! ,anales de ,cuauhtitlan1 p4 #hj1 places ! ev5ts ( #aj to*tli "u ! foll[+ ye> #aa acatl1 & ! rev]se4 ,x reads 8murio el seor de ,t5o*titlan1 ,ahuitzotz91 le suc$io imm$iatam5te ,moteuczomatz940 ,footnote #bfb3 ,selections f an ,address read be=e ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahhf4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,an ,address deliv]$ by reque/ be=e ! ,hi/orical ,societies ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,york1 9 #ahhe4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory & ,biography = t ye>4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,= ano!r d]ivation1 see ante1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,indian ,languages4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell 7second edition1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhj74 ,footnote #bff3 ,?is essay is extract$ f a m g5]al discussion ( ,humboldt's l+ui/ic philosophy :i* ,i read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahhe1 & :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 _! ,proce$+s = t ye>4 ,humboldt's great "w 0 8 ,introduction to 8 essay on ! ,kawi language "u ! title3 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,pr(4 ,adl] translates ?is1 8,! ,/ructural ,diff]5ces ( ,human ,spee* & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race40 ,! ^w gei/ige1 h[ev]1 includes emotional z well z intellectual ?+s4 ,( ! _m comm5tators on ?is ma/]ly production1 ,i h us$ p>ticul>ly ! foll[+3 ,die ,elem5te d] ,philosophis*5 ,spra*wiss5s*aft ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's4 ,9 sy/ematis*] ,entwicklung d>ge/ellt und kritis* erlut]t1 von ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl]1 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's und die ,hegel's*e ,philosophie1 von ,dr4 ,h4 ,/e9?al1 ,b]l91 #ahdh4 ,! same em95t l+ui/ treats especially ( ,humboldt's tea*+s 9 ,grammatik1 ,logik und ,psy*ologic1 ihre ,pr9cipi5 und ihr ,v]hltniss zu e9&]1 pp4 #abc-ace 7,b]l91 #ahee72 9 8 well-kn[n volume ,*>act]i/ik d] ,haupts*li*/5 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 pp4 #bj-gj 7,b]l91 #ahfj72 9 8 oration ,ueb] ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 7,b]l91 #ahhc72 & else:]e4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's ,l+ui/ical ,/udies4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,adl]1 ,a4 ,m4 7,new ,york1 #ahff74 ,?is is ! only attempt beside my own1 s f> z ,i "k1 to pres5t ,humboldt's philosophy ( language to ,engli% read]s4 ,x is m]itori\s1 b c]ta9ly 9 "s passages ,pr(4 ,adl] fail$ to cat* ,humboldt's mean+4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #bga1 note4 ,i may say1 once = all1 t my ref]5ces1 unless o!rwise /at$1 are to ! edition ( ,humboldt's ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 edit$ by 8 bro!r1 ,b]l91 #ahda-aheb4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,aus ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's letzt5 ,leb5sjahr54 ,e9e ,mit!ilung bi%] unbekannt] ,briefe1 von ,!odor ,di/el1 p4 #ai 7,leipzig1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #bfi3 ,f 8 memoir ,ueb] das v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium 9 ,beziehung auf die v]s*i$55 ,epo*5 d] ,spra*5twicklung1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,he draws examples f ! ,c>ib1 ,lule1 ,tupi1 ,mbaya1 ,hua/eca1 ,nahuatl1 ,tamanaca1 ,abipone1 & ,mixteca2 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die ,ide55twicklung1 ,bd4 iii1 ss4 #bfi-cjf4 ,footnote #bga3 ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihr5 ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ebf4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,?is lett] is pr9t$ 9 ! memoir ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,teza1 ,intorno agli ,/udi del ,?av5et sulla ,l+ua ,algon*9a1 9 ! ,annali delle ,univ]sit toscane1 ,tomo xviii 7,pisa1 #ahhj74 ,footnote #bgc3 ,comp>e ,pr(4 ,adl]'s ,essay1 above m5tion$1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,?is is f\nd express$ n[h]e else s cle>ly z at ! beg9n+ ( #ac1 :]e ! au?or writes3 8,d] ,zweck dies] ,e9leitung1 die ,spra*51 9 d] ,v]s*i$5>tigkeit ihres ,baues1 als die no?w5dige ,grundlage d] ,=tbildung des m5s*li*5 ,gei/es d>zu/ell51 und d5 we*selseitig5 ,e9fluss des ,e95 auf das ,&re zu errt]n1 hat mi* g5?igt1 9 die ,natur d] ,spra*e b]haupt e9zugeh540 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bge3 8,das ,/udium d] v]s*i$55 ,spra*5 des ,erdbod5s v]fehlt se9e ,be/immung1 w5n es ni*t imm] d5 ,gang d] gei/ig5 ,bildung im ,auge behlt1 und d>9 se95 eig5tli*5 ,zweck su*t40 ,ueb] d5 ,zusamm5hang d] ,s*rift mit d] ,spra*e1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #dbh4 ,footnote #bgf3 8,e9e ,g$ank5welt an ,tne geheftet40 ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihre ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ecj4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,?is c>d9al po9t 9 ,humboldt's philosophy is v cle>ly set =? 9 8 essay1 ,ueb] die ,aufgabe des ,ges*i*ts*reib]s4 ,bd4 i1 s4 #bc1 & else:]e4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,?is reason+ is develop$ 9 ! essay1 ,ueb] das ,v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium1 etc41 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 ss4 #bda-bfh2 & see ,ibid41 s4 #bgj4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ! essay ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihr5 ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,ges4 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 ss4 #eea-b4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bib4 ,footnote #bha3 ,speak+ ( su* 8imp]fect0 languages1 he gives ! foll[+ wise sugge/ion = _! /udy3 8,ihr e9fa*es ,geheimniss1 wel*es d5 ,weg anzeigt1 auf wel*em man sie1 mit gnzli*] ,v]gess5heit uns]] ,grammatik1 imm] zu]/ zu entr?seln v]su*5 muss1 i/1 das 9 si* ,b$eut5de unmittelb> an e9&] zu reih540 ,ueb] das ,v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium1 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bee2 & = a practical illu/ration ( 8 me?od1 see ! essay1 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 etc41 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bgd4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,8 tea*+s on ?is po9t1 ( :i* ,i give ! b>e/ outl9e1 are develop$ 9 sections #ab & #ac ( 8 ,introduction1 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc4 ,/e9?al's critical rem>ks on ^! sections 79 8 ,*>akt]i/ik d] haupt4 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues7 seem to me unsatisfactory1 & he ev5 does n appe> to grasp ! *a9 ( ,humboldt's reason+4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,lettre ,m4 ,abel-,remusat1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 s4 #cec4 ,footnote #bhd3 8,dah] i/ das ,e9s*liess5 9 ,e9 ,wort mehr ,sa*e d] ,e9bildungskraft1 die ,tr5nung mehr die des ,v]/&es40 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 s4 #cbg4 ,comp>e also1 s4 #cbf & #aff4 ,footnote #bhe3 8,d] ,mexikanis*5 kann man am ,v]bum1 9 wel*em die ,zeit5 dur* e9zelne ,endbu*/ab5 und zum ,!il (f5b> symbolis* bezei*net w]d51 ,flexion5 und e9 gewisses ,/reb5 na* ,sanskritis*] ,worte9heit ni*t abspre*540 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #agf4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahhe1 & revis$ f ! ,proce$+s ( t ye>4 ,footnote #bhg3 8,diese ?atsa*5 s*e95 d>auf h9zudeut51 dass j$] grss]e 9 si* zusamm5hng5de lnd]complex nur e95 od] do* nur ganz w5ige spra*grundtyp5 h]ausbildet1 s eig5>tig1 dass selt5 e9e spr*e ganz aus dem allgeme95 rahm5 h]au/ritt40 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,w9kl]1 ,uralaltais*e ,vlk] und ,spra*51 s4 #adg 7,b]l91 #ahhd74 ,footnote #bhh3 ,report ( ! ,correspond+ ,secret>y to ! ,committee1 ( 8 progress 9 ! ,inve/igation committ$ to him ( ! ,g5]al ,"* & ,=ms ( ! ,languages ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,read 7#ab? ,jan41 #ahai7 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,hi/orical & ,lit]>y ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,vol4 i1 #ahai1 pp4 xxx1 xxxi4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,see ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 pp4 #agj-agc1 #cbe-f1 etc4 ,footnote #bij3 ,publi%$ 9 ,h4 ,r4 ,s*oolcraft's ,hi/ory & ,/ati/ics ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,vol4 ii1 pp4 #cdf-cdi 7,wa%+ton1 #ahec74 ,footnote #bia3 8,je suis donc autoris conclure qu'il faut t5ir p\r absolum5t fausse cette proposition dev5ue faute d'y avoir reg>d de prs1 une sorte de cli*3 que si les langues ,amrica9es diffr5t entre elles p> la lexique1 elles poss$5t nanmo9s en commun une seule et mme grammaire40 ,exam5 grammatical comp> de seize langues ,amrica9es1 9 ! ,compte-r5du ( ! ,congrs int]national des ,amricani/es1 #ahgg1 ,tome ii1 p4 #bdb4 ,z no "o ev] ma9ta9$ ! unity ( ,am]ican gramm> outside ( ! ,e9v]leibungssy/em1 x mu/ be to ?is !ory only t ,m4 ,adam alludes4 ,footnote #bib3 ,etudes sur ,six ,langues ,amrica9es1 p4 #c 7,p>is1 #ahgh72 & comp>e 8 ,exam5 ,grammatical above quot$1 p4 #bd1 #bdc4 ,footnote #bic3 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,von ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,mll]4 ,comp>e ,bd4 i41 s4 #fh1 und ,bd4 ii1 s4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bid3 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,indian ,languages4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 p4 #ee1 ,second edition4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #bie3 ,?is obscure feature 9 ,algonk9 ,gramm> has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,comp>e ,b>aga1 ,gramm> ( ! ,ot*ipwe ,language1 p4 #aaf 7,montreal1 #ahgh71 & ,a4 ,lacombe1 ,grammaire de la ,langue des ,cris1 p4 #aee 7,montreal1 #ahgd74 ,footnote #bif3 ,see ,gramm> ( ! ,*ctaw ,languages4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,cyrus ,by+ton4 ,edit$ by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 pp4 #ce1 #cf 7,philadelphia1 #ahgj74 ,footnote #big3 ,gramtica ,que*ua1 del ,idioma del ,imp]io de los ,incas4 ,por el ,dr4 ,jos ,dionisio ,an*or5a1 pp4 #afc-agg 7,lima1 #ahgd74 ,footnote #bih3 ,organismus d] ,khetsua ,spra*e4 ,von ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 p4 #cfh 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,footnote #bii3 8,ces exemples font compr5dre combi5 quelquefois on peut r5dre des mots tres longs1 p\r exprim] t\te une phrase1 quoiqu' aussi on puisse facilem5t r5dre les mmes ides p> des priphrases40 ,lacombe1 ,grammaire de la ,langue des ,cris1 p4 #aa 7,montreal1 #ahgd74 ,footnote #cjj3 8,se explic>a la razon filosfica de los dos modos de us> las palabras en ,mexicano1 uno componi5do de v>ias palabras uno solo1 y otro dej&olas sep>adas y enlaz&olas solo por regim540 ,f ! programme ( ,pr(4 ,a4 de la ,rosa's c\rse 9 #ahgj4 ,footnote #cja3 ,! orig9al au?orities ,i h consult$ on ! ,o?omi are3 ,reglas de ,or?ographia1 ,diccion>io1 y ,arte del ,idioma ,o?omi4 ,by ,luis de ,neve y ,mol9a 7,mexico1 #agfg74 ,de ,l+a ,o?omitorum ,diss]tatio4 ,by ,emmanuel ,nax]a 7,philadelphia1 #ahce74 ,catecismo en ,l5gua ,otomi4 ,by ,francisco ,p]ez 7,mexico1 #ahcd74 ,footnote #cjb3 ,he speaks ( ! ,o?omi 9 ^! t]ms3--8,une langue aux allures t\tes spciales1 fondam5talem5t di/9cte de t\tes les langues qui se p>l5t auj\rd' hui sur le cont95t amrica940 ,mission ,sci5tifique au ,mexique4 ,pt4 i4 ,an?ropologie1 p4 #cb 7,p>is1 #ahhd74 ,?is is ! precise op9ion1 /rongly express$1 t x is my object to controv]t4 ,_m o!r writ]s h ma9ta9$ x4 ,?us ,c\nt ,piccolom9i 9 ! ,prolegom5a to 8 v]sion ( ,neve's ,o?omi ,gramm> says3 8,la loro l+ua *e con nessuna altra del mondo conosciuto ha la m5oma analogia1 semplice4 99 99 99 ,la =mazione del loro v]bi1 nomi ed altri d]ivati ha molta semplecit10 etc4 ,grammatica della ,l+ua ,otomi1 p4 #c 7,roma1 #ahda74 ,?is writ] also (f]s an illu/ration ( h[ imp]fectly ,duponceau's !ory ( polysyn!sis has be5 und]/ood4 ,n only does ,piccolom9i d5y x = ! ,otomi1 b he d5ies t x is any?+ m ?an m]ely runn+ sev]al words toge!r ) "s phonetic syncopation4 ,see ! ,annotationi at ! close ( 8 ,o?omi ,gramm>4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,?is is ! or?ography ( ,neve4 ,! t]m9al v[els are bo? nasals2 nhian is f ! radical hia1 to brea!1 brea?4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,see ! 8,comp>acion del ,o?omi con el ,mazahua y el ,pir9da10 9 ! ,cuadro ,descriptivo y ,comp>ativo de las ,l5guas ,indig5as de ,mexico1 por ,francisco ,pim5tel4 ,tomo iii1 pp4 #dca-dde 7,mexico1 #ahge74 ,footnote #cje3 ,see ,pim5tel1 ,cuadro ,descriptivo1 etc4 ,tomo iii1 pp4 #dbf & #dee4 ,footnote #cjf3 8,p>te de la dificultad de e/e idioma consi/e en la syncopa1 pues el no syncop> los pr9cipiantes arti/as1 es causa de que sus p]iodos y oraciones sean tan rispidos1 y faltos de h>monia1 por cuyo motivo los nativos los murmuran1 y ti55 7como vulg>m5te decimos71 por qu>tr]os40 ,reglas de ,or?ographia1 etc41 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #cjg3 8,l',o?omi n\s a t\t l'air d'une langue primitivem5t incorporante1 et qui1 p>v5u au d]ni] degr d'usure et dlabrem5t1 a f9i p> pr5dre les allures d'un dialecte juxtaposition40 ,melanges de ,philologie et de ,palographie ,amrica9e4 ,p> le ,comte de ,*>5cey1 p4 #hj 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #cjh3 ,neve1 ,reglas etc41 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 ,footnote #cji3 ,pim5tel1 ,cuadro ,descriptivo1 ,tom4 iii1 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #caj3 ,pim5tel1 ,cuadro ,descriptivo1 ,tomo iii1 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #caa3 ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb1 ,on ! ,indian ,tribes & ,languages ( ,co/a ,rica1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society = #ahge1 p4 #ecb4 ,footnote #cab3 8,dess5 e9fa*] ,bau die b] die ,am]ikanis*5 ,spra*5 im ,allgeme95 v]breitet5 ,!ori5 zu wid]leg5 im ,/&e i/40 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ii ,b&1 s4 #cah 7,wi51 #ahhb74 ,footnote #cac3 ,le ,ta5sa a-t-il t =g de t\tes ,pices8 ,rponse ,m4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,p> ,luci5 ,adam1 p4 #ai 7,p>is1 ,maisonneuve et ,cie1 #ahhe74 ,footnote #cad3 ,apuntes ,lexicograficos de las ,l5guas y ,dialectos de los ,indios de ,co/a-,rica4 ,por ,b]n>do ,augu/o ,?iel1 ,obispo de ,co/a-,rica1 7,san ,jos de ,co/a-,rica1 #ahhb4 ,impr5ta ,nacional74 ,footnote #cae3 ,gabb1 ubi supra1 p4 #eci4 ,footnote #caf3 8,especial dificultad (rec5 los v]bos40 ,apuntes ,lexicograficos1 etc4 ,introd4 p4 iv4 ,?is expression is conclusive z to ! incorrectness ( ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,adam1 & ,pr(4 ,mll] above quot$1 & %[s h[ easily ev5 ju/ly em95t l+ui/s may fall into error ab\t tongues ( :i* !y h limit$ means ( k4 ,! prop] c\rse 9 su* a case is evid5tly to be cauti\s ab\t v5tur+ positive ass]tions4 ,footnote #cag3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philological ,association1 #ahgb1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #cah3 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,bd4 ii1 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #cai3 ,! ,brazilian ,language & its ,agglut9ation4 ,by ,am>o ,cavalcanti1 ,,ll4 ,b41 etc41 p4 #e 7,rio ,janeiro1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #cbj3 ,! mo/ valuable = l+ui/ic rese>*es are ! foll[+3 ,arte de ,grammatica da ,l+ua mas usada na ,co/a d ,brazil4 ,by ,joseph de ,an*ieta4 ,?is is ! olde/ au?ority1 ,an*ieta hav+ comm5c$ z mission>y to ! ,tupis 9 #aeef4 ,arte1 ,vocabul>io y ,tesoro de la ,l5gua ,gu>ani1 mas bi5 ,tupi4 ,by ,antonio ,ruiz de ,montoya4 ,an admirable "w repres5t+ ! s\!rn ,tupi z x 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,bo? ! above h be5 republi%$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,( mod]n writ+s ,i w\ld p>ticul>ly "n3 ,apontam5tos sobre o ,abaenga tambem *amado ,gu>ani on ,tupi4 ,by ,dr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d',a4 ,nogueira 7,rio ,janeiro1 #ahgf74 ,footnote #cba3 ,notes on ! ,l+oa ,g]al1 z above1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,james ,h[se1 ,a ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,language 7,london1 #ahdd74 ,a rem>kable production :i* has nev] receiv$ ! att5tion f l+ui/s :i* x m]its4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,an*ieta1 ,arte de ,grammatica1 etc41 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,! ,brazilian ,language1 etc41 pp4 #dh-i4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,see ,an*ieta1 ,arte de ,grammatica1 etc41 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,! ,brazilian ,language1 etc41 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cbg3 8,ke9 polysyn!sis und ke9e incorporation10 says ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,w9kl] 7,uralaltais*e ,vlk] und ,spra*51 p4 #adi71 :o app>5tly has obta9$ all 8 k ( x f ! two pages devot$ to x by ,pr(essor ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 :o introduces x z 8uss]/ e9fa*40 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,bd4 ii1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,grammatica ,mutsun2 ,por el ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,arroyo de la ,cue/a2 & ,vocabul>io ,mutsun1 by ! same1 bo? 9 ,%ea's 8,libr>y ( ,am]ican ,l+ui/ics40 ,footnote #cbi3 ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahhh1 & publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s "u ! title 8,! ,language ( ,paloli?ic ,man40 ,footnote #ccj3 8,l'homme *elle5 n' avait pas la p>ole10 ,mortillet1 ,la ,prehi/orique ,antiquit de l' ,homme1 p4 #bej 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #cca3 ,see ,dr4 ,h4 ,/e9?al1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,spra*e1 s4 #bfd1 et seq4 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 :o rehe>ses ! discussion ( ! po9t ) suffici5t fullness4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,plate ,x ( ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique3 ,c>tailhac1 ,ages ,prhi/oriques de l' ,espagne1 plate on p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,i h collect$ ! evid5ce = ?is 9 an ,essay on ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1 9 ! ,iconographic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ii4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,see 8 address on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,languages & ! ,antiquity ( ,speak+ ,man10 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,vol4 xxxv1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #cce3 ,dix-huit ,ans *ez les ,sauvages1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,petitot1 ,dictionnaire de la ,langue ,dn ,d9dji1 ,introduction4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,on ! a/oni%+ly wide di/ribution ( ! n & k s\nds z primitive demon/ratives1 comp>e ,h4 ,w9kl]1 ,uralaltais*e ,vlk] und ,spra*51 s4 #hf1 #hg1 7,b]l91 #ahhd74 ,= o!r comp>isons1 see ,tolmie & ,dawson1 ,vocabul>ies ( ,inds4 ( ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #cch3 8,es hat (f5b> e9e ,zeit gegeb51 9 d] ka alle9iges ,pron4 p]s4 fr alle drei ,p]son5 w>1 er/ allmhlig entwickelt5 si* o ka1 ego1 ka m1 tu1 ka y1 ille40 ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,organismus d] ,khetsua ,spra*e1 s4 #ahd 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,9 ! language ( ! ,baures ( ,bolivia :5 ! v]b takes ! negative t]m9ation apico1 ! pronom9al signs are disc>d$2 ?us1 era1 to dr9k1 a dr9k2 erapico--,i1 ?\1 he1 we1 y1 !y1 d n dr9k4 ,magio1 ,arte de la ,l5gua de los ,indios ,baures1 p4 #hb 7,p>is1 #ahhj74 ,?is reveals a "t :5 bo? affirmative & negative v]bals disp5s$ ) pron\ns altoge!r4 ,footnote #cci3 ,apuntes sobre la ,l5gua ,*apaneca1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,arte de la ,l5gua ,gu>ani1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #cda3 ,la ,l5gua ,araucana1 p4 #ae 7,santiago de ,*ile1 #ahhh74 ,footnote #cdb3 ,albornoz1 ,arte de la ,langua ,*apaneca1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,pr9cipes de la ,langue des ,sauvages appells ,sauteux4 ,introd4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,arte de la ,l5gua ,gu>ani1 mas bi5 ,tupi4 ,por el ,p4 ,antonio ,ruiz de ,montoya1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #cde3 ,grammatica de la ,l5gua ,*ib*a4 ,introd4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,see ,h[se4 ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,language1 pp4 #af1 #acd1 #ace1 #afi1 etc4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t2 ,its ,s\rce & ,aim4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 p4 #ca 7,new ,york1 #ahgf74 ,! /atem5t 9 ! text c be algebraically demon/rat$ 9 ! ma!matical =m ( logic z set =? by ,pr(4 ,boole1 ?us3 ,an 7n-,a72 :i*1 9 its ma!matical expression becomes1 xx#b4 ,:5ce by transposition & sub/itution we d]ive1 x#ba2 9 :i* equation #a;,a4 ,see ,boole4 ,an ,inve/igation into ! ,laws ( ,?\ght 7,london1 #ahed74 ,footnote #cdh3 ,on ,polysyn!sis & ,incorporation1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhe4 7,see ! prec$+ essay47 ,footnote #cdi3 ,on ! ,grammatical ,con/ruction ( ! ,cree ,language1 p4 #ab 7,london1 #ahge74 ,footnote #cej3 ,/e9?al1 ,gramatik1 ,logik und ,psy*ologie1 s4 #cbe4 ,footnote #cea3 ,9 ,maya ! conjunction 8&0 is r5d]$ by yetl1 a comp\nd ( ! possessive pron\n1 ?ird p]son s+ul> y1 & etl1 companion4 ,! ,nahuatl1 ihuan1 is precisely ! same 9 composition4 ,footnote #ceb3 8,die mei/5 am]ikanis*5 ,spra*5 hab5 die ,eig5?mli*keit1 dass 9 d] ,regel die ,haupttempora 9 ,auw5dung komm5 und unt] dies5 besond]s das ,prs5s1 selb/ w5n von e9] be/immt51 besond]s ab] von e9] unbe/immt5 ,v]gang5heit gespro*5 wird40 ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,organismus d] ,khetsua ,spra*e1 s4 #ahi4 ,! same t5se is also employ$ = future occurr5ces4 ,:at classical gramm>ians call 8! hi/orical pres5t10 w illu/rate ?is employm5t ( a s+le t5se = pa/ & future "t4 ,footnote #cec3 ,! ,*iquita ( ,bolivia is an extreme example4 8,la di/9ction du pass1 du prs5t et du futur n'exi/e pas dans cette langue trange40 ,arte y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,*iquita4 ,por4 ,l4 ,adam1 y ,v4 ,h5ry1 p4 x4 ,footnote #ced3 ,on ! ,v]b 9 ,am]ican ,languages4 ,by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt4 ,translat$ by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #cee3 ,a /rik+ example is ! ,*iquita ( ,bolivia4 8,no se pu$e en *iquito1 ni cont> dos1 tres1 cuatro1 etc41 ni decir segundo1 t]c]o1 etc40 ,arte y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,*iquita1 p4 #ai 7,p>is1 #ahhj74 ,footnote #cef3 ,^? di/9ctions1 app>5tly ( sex1 call$ by ,m4 ,luci5 ,adam an?ropic & metan?ropic1 arrh5ic & met>rh5ic1 f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,am]ican tongues1 belong to ! mat]ial1 n ! =mal "p ( ! language1 &1 /rictly speak+1 are di/9ctions n really bas$ on sexual consid]ations4 ,see ,adam1 ,du ,g5re dans les ,div]ses ,langues 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #ceg3 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,gramm> & ,diction>y ( ! ,language ( ! ,hidatsa 7,new ,york1 #ahgc7 ,9 a lett] receiv$ s9ce ! fir/ publication ( ?is essay1 ,dr4 ,mat!ws writes t ! analysis 9 ! text is q correct4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,extract f a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahhf4 ,footnote #cei3 ,l+ui/ic ,essays1 by ,c>l ,abel1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,london1 #ahhb74 ,footnote #cfj3 ,i sc>cely ne$ say t ,i ref] to ! m>vel\s words ( ,/4 ,john3 4 1 7#a ,john iv1 #h72 & to ! amor intellectualis1 ! gold5 cr[n ( ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza z develop$ 9 ! la/ book ( 8 ,e?ica4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,*ipeway3 n9 sagiiw91 ,i love2 sagiiwew91 love2 saiagiiw$1 a lov]4 ,cree3 skihituw91 fri5d%ip2 manit[i skihewew91 ! love ( ,god4 ,! words f ! ,*ipeway are f ,b>aga's ,ot*ipwe ,diction>y2 ^? f ! ,cree f ,lacombe's ,dictionnaire de la langue des ,cris1 except :5 o!rwise not$4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,*ipeway3 sagibidjigan1 a /r+ or cord4 ,cree3 sakkappitew1 he fa/5s1 he ties2 sakkahigan1 a nail2 sakki/iwok1 coeunt1 copulati sunt4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,see ,joseph ,h[se1 ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,language1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,see ! rem>ks 9 ,&rew's ,lat9 ,lexicon1 s4 v4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,cree3 espiteyimit kije-manito1 = ! love ( ,god2 espiteyimatijk1 = ! love ( ! *ildr54 ,footnote #cff3 ,cree3 ni wittjiwgan1 my fri5d2 wi'*ettuw91 a confrat]nity1 or society4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,*ipeway3 inawema1 ,i am 8 relative1 or1 8 fri5d4 ,cree3 ij9kusiw1 he has su* an appe>ance4 ,?is p>ticle ( simil>ity is consid]$ by ,h[se to be 8"o ( ! f\r prim>y g5]ic n\ns0 ( ! ,algonk9 language4 ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,language1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,*ipeway3 n9 m95ima1 ,i l 7him1 h]1 x74 ,footnote #cfi3 ,see ,h[se1 ,gramm> ( ! ,cree ,lang41 p4 #aeg4 ,ke*e 7kees7 z an int]jection ( pleasure1 he consid]s 9 anti!sis to ak 7comp>e ,g]man a*67 z an int]jection ( pa91 & cites abundant examples4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,*ipeway3 n9 kijewadis1 ,i am amicable1 b5evol5t2 kijewadisiw91 *>ity1 b5evol5ce1 b5ignity1 compassion2 kije manit[91 ,god-head1 div9e nature4 ,cree3 kisatew1 he is devot$ to 7him1 h]72 kisew1 %e loves 7h] *ildr572 kisewatisiw91 *>ity1 ! highe/ virtue2 kise manito1 8l'esprit *>itable1 ,dieu10 & num]\s o!rs4 ,footnote #cga3 ,! foll[+ words & mean+s are f ,c>o*i's ,gramm> & ,mol9a's ,diction>y ( ?is tongue3 o1 punz>1 sangr>4 oo1 ens>t>1 como flores1 cu5tas1 etc4 otica1 e/> ens>tada la cu5ta1 etc4 tlaotl1 cosa ens>tada4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( zo1 a po9t$ tool or awl1 is n giv5 by ,mol9a1 b is repeat$ly express$ 9 ! phonetic picture-writ+ ( ! ,aztecs4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,e/udio de la ,filos(ia y ,riqueza de la ,l5gua ,mexicana4 ,p> ,ago/9 de la ,rosa1 p4 #gh 7,guadalaj>a1 #ahgg74 ,footnote #cgc3 ,!re is ano!r ^w 9 ,nahuatl ( simil> d]ivation4 ,x is pohui1 to make mu* ( a p]son1 to l "o4 ,! root is po1 :i* c>ries ) x ! idea ( sam5ess1 simil>ity or equality2 z itelpocapo1 a boy l himself4 7,p>$es1 ,promptu>io ,manual ,mexicano1 p4 #adj47 ,footnote #cgd3 ,?us3 ya or yail1 love2 pa91 sickness1 a w\nd2 difficult1 labori\s4 yate1 to love4 yacunah1 to love4 yaili1 pa9fully1 labori\sly4 yalal1 to ta/e2 to h relations ) a woman4 yatzil1 love1 *>ity2 some?+ difficult or pa9ful4 ,footnote #cge3 8,ya3 s5tir mu*o una cosa4 yamab3 s9 s5tir ! ma is ! negative40 ,diccion>io ,maya-,espaol del ,conv5to de ,motul4 7,,ms4 9 my possession74 ,footnote #cgf3 ,?us3 yahtetabal cah tum5 ,dios1 we are lov$ by ,god4 u yacunah ,dios toon1 ! love ( ,god to u4 yacunahil ,dios1 ! love ) :i* ,god is lov$4 meh5bit yacunah1 filial love4 bakil yacunah1 c>nal love4 ,all f ! ,diccion>io de ,motul 7,,ms474 ,footnote #cgg3 ,?us3 tatu canel ixall1 my belov$ wife4 ma a canezal a ,dios1 do/ ?\ love ,god8 ,diccion>io ,hua/eca-,espaol1 por ,c>los de ,tapia ,z5t5o 7,mex41 #agfg74 ,footnote #cgh3 ,a numb] ( examples are giv5 9 ! ,diccion>io de ,motul 7,,ms474 ,footnote #cgi3 8,d] blosse ,begriff d]j5ig5 ,liebe1 wel*e das late9is*e ,zeitwort am>e ausdrckt1 dem ,cak*iquel ,indian] fremd i/40 ,zur ,e?nographie d] ,republik ,guatemala4 ,von ,otto ,/oll1 ,m4 ,d41 p4 #adf 7,zri*1 #ahhd74 ,footnote #chj3 ,xelogox ka *iri ruma ,akahal v9ak1 8!y 7 lov$ by ! ,akahal m540 ,annals ( ! ,cak*iquels1 p4 #abf 7,vol4 ,,vi ( ,br9ton's ,libr>y ( ,aborig9al ,am]ican ,lit]ature74 ,9 ! ,qui*e ,popol ,vuh ! ^w has ! same mean+1 z 7page #ajb73 *i log u va*1 _! belov$ face4 ,9 fact1 ! ^w ,dr4 ,/oll gives z t n[ usual among ! ,cak*iquels = 8to love0--to desire1 9 ! ,popol ,vuh is appli$ to ! price paid = wives 7p4 #cjd73 rahil pu mial1 ! price ( _! daught]s4 ,?is ^w may be a d]ivative f ! ,maya ya1 above m5tion$4 ,footnote #cha3 ,de ,natur ,deorum1 ,i1 #dd4 ,footnote #chb3 ,gramtica ,que*ua1 por ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,an*or5a1 pp4 #afc-agg 7,lima1 #ahgd74 ,footnote #chc3 ,ollanta3 ,drame en v]s ,que*uas du ,temps des ,incas4 ,traduit et comm5t p> ,gav9o ,pa*eco ,zeg>ra 7,p>is1 #ahgh74 ,footnote #chd3 ,?us1 f ! ,ollanta3 ,ollantaytan mun> ccanqui1 ?\ love/ ,ollanta6 7l9e #bgg74 munacusccallay1 my well belov$6 7! ,inca to 8 daught]1 l9e #cdd74 munayman1 ,i %\ld pref] 7l9e #afjf74 ,holgu91 9 8 ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,qqui*ua1 gives3 ,dios munay1 ! love ( ,god4 mun>icuy1 un*a/e love4 ,footnote #che3 ,holgu9 7u4 s47 gives ! def9itions3 munana1 la voluntad que es pot5tia4 munay1 voluntad1 el qu]]1 el gu/o1 appetito amor que es acto4 ,footnote #chf3 ,f ! ,ollanta3 ,huay ccoyailay1 ,huay mamallay1 ,ay1 huayllucusccay ccosallay4 ,oh1 my que56 ,oh my "m6 ,oh1 my husb& s belov$6 7#cje1 #cjf74 ,^! l9es %[ bo? ! ^w & its d]ivation4 ,footnote #chg3 ,f ! ,ollanta3 a llulluspa1 c>ess !e1 are fond ( !e 7#icd74 ,footnote #chh3 ,f ! ,ollanta3 ccuyaccuscallay1 my belov$ "o 7#ageh74 ccuyaska1 compassionate 7#agfe74 ,footnote #chi3 ,see ! ,qqui*ua love songs1 h>ahui & huaynu1 z !y are call$1 giv5 by ,an*or5a 9 8 ,gramtica ,que*ua1 pp4 #aca-ace4 ,footnote #cij3 ,see ,holgu91 ,vocabul>io ,qqui*ua1 s4 v4 mayhuay & mayhuayccuni4 ,footnote #cia3 ,?us3 ,tupa n&e raihu1 ,god loves u4 ,tupa n&e haihu1 ! love :i* we h = ,god4 ahaihu1 ,i love h] 7him1 x74 ,footnote #cib3 yecotiaha1 fri5d2 comp\nd$ ( coti1 a dwell+1 & aha1 to g1--a go] to a dwell+1 a visitor4 ,?is1 & ! o!r ,gu>ani words giv51 are tak5 f ,ruiz de ,montoya's ,tesoro de la ,l5gua ,gu>ani 7ed4 ,vi5na1 #ahgf74 ,footnote #cic3 ,ano!r possible d]ivation w\ld be f ahii1 desire1 appetite 7,spani%1 gana72 & hu1 9 ! s5se ( be+ pres5t4 ,?is w\ld express a long+1 a lu/1 l love 7see above74 ,footnote #cid3 ,i f9d aiu giv5 by ,dr4 ,c\to de ,magalhaes 9 8 ,c\rs da ,l+oa ,g]al segundo ,oll5dorf 7,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahgf72 saisu by ,dr4 ,am>o ,cavalcanti 9 ,! ,brazilian ,language & its ,agglut9ation 7,rio ,janeiro1 #ahhc72 auub by ,dias1 ,diccion>io da ,l+ua ,tupy 7,leipzig1 #aheh71 & by ,dr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,frana 9 8 ,*re/oma?ia da ,l+ua ,brasilica 7,leipzig1 #ahei74 ,footnote #cie3 8,ani1 es gehrt1 i/ eig52 ta ani1 na* se9] ,art40 ,arawackis*-,deuts*es ,wrt]bu*4 ,?is diction>y1 publi%$ anonym\sly at ,p>is1 9 #ahhb1 9 ,tome viii ( ! ,biblio!que ,l+ui/ique ,amrica9e1 is ! production ( ! ,moravian ,mission>y1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,s*uhmann4 ,see ,! ,lit]>y ,works ( ! ,=eign ,mission>ies ( ! ,moravian ,*ur*4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,rei*elt4 ,translat$ & annotat$ by ,bi%op ,edmund de ,s*we9itz1 p4 #ac 7,be?lehem1 #ahhf74 ,footnote #cif3 ,! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t1 its ,s\rce & ,aim2 a ,contribution to ! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ,religion1 p4 #fj 7,new ,york1 #ahgf74 ,footnote #cig3 ,f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society = #ahhe4 ,footnote #cih3 ,diccion>io del ,conv5to de ,motul1 ,,ms41 s4 v4 ,footnote #cii3 ,acanceh ,*eltun4 ,titulo de un sol> y ,monte 9 ,acanceh1 #agfg1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #djj3 ,geografia ,maya4 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mexico1 ,tomo ii1 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #dja3 8,! metre is ! only measure ( dim5sion :i* agrees ) t adopt$ by ^! mo/ anci5t arti/s & ar*itects40--,dr4 ,le,plongeon4 ,mayapan & ,maya ,inscriptions1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,april1 #ahha4 ,footnote #djb3 8,ne>ly all ! monum5ts ( ,yucatan be> evid5ce t ! ,mayas _h a pr$ilection = ! numb] sev510 etc4 ,le,plongeon1 ,ve/iges ( ! ,mayas1 p4 #fc 7,new ,york1 #ahha74 ,( c\rse1 ?is may h o!r symbolic mean+s also4 ,footnote #djc3 ,coto1 ,diccion>io de la ,l5gua ,cak*iquel1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #djd3 ,coto1 ,diccion>io1 ,,ms41 s4 v4 8,ploma de albail40 ,footnote #dje3 8,cuanto se mide con el pulg> y el indice40 ,mol9a1 ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,mexicana4 ,footnote #djf3 ,c>o*i1 ,arte de la ,l5gua ,mexicana1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #djg3 ,orozco y ,b]ra1 ,hi/oria ,antigua de la ,conqui/a de ,mexico1 ,tomo i1 pp4 #eeg-h1 7,mexico1 #ahhj74 ,footnote #djh3 ,memoria de los ,trabajos ejecutados por la comision sci5tifica de ,pa*uca en el ao de #ahfa1 p4 #ceg1 quot$ by ,orozco4 ,alm>az's words are n at all precise3 8la unidad l9eal1 con pequez modificaciones1 debi s] cosa de o1 m #h1 cuatro palmos prximam5te40 ,footnote #dji3 ,! ,metrical ,/&>d ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,r$uc$ by ! ,me?od ( ,ev5 ,divisors4 ,by ,col4 ,*as4 ,:ittlesey 7,clevel&1 #ahhc74 ,footnote #daj3 ,notes on ,mitla1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,april1 #ahhb1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #daa3 ,see ,h]r]a1 ,decadas de ,indias1 ,dec4 ii1 ,lib4 vii1 cap4 xvi1 & ,dec4 iii1 ,lib4 iv4 cap4 xvii4 8,ca/igaban mu*o alque falseaba m$idas1 dici5do que era enemigo de todos i ladron publico10 etc4 ,footnote #dab3 8,habian t]m9os sealados de cuantas leguas habian de acudir los m]cados10 etc4 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de la ,nueva ,espaa1 ,vol4 ii1 pp1 #bae1 #bag4 ,bo? ! t]ms 9 ! text are translat$ legua 9 ,mol9a's ,vocabul>y1 s t x is probable t ! re/+ places 7 some?+ ne> two & a half to ?ree miles ap>t4 ,footnote #dac3 8,todo lo v5d5 por cu5ta y m$ida1 excepto que fa/a agora no se ha vi/o v5d] cosa alguna por peso40 ,c>tas y ,relaciones de ,h]nan ,cortes1 p4 #aje4 7,ed4 ,gayangos47 ,footnote #dad3 8,t5ian m$ida p>a todas las cosas2 ha/a la i]va1 que era tanta1 quanta se podia at> con una cu]da de una braza por un tom940 ,h]r]a1 ,decadas de ,indias1 ,dec4 ii1 ,lib4 vii1 cap4 xvi4 ,9 ano!r passage :]e ?is hi/orian speaks ( weights 7,dec4 iii1 ,lib4 iv1 cap4 xvii71 x is "o ( 8 n infrequ5t slips ( ! p54 ,footnote #dae3 ,a copy ( ?is curi\s production call$ ,cancion]o ,am]icano is 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology at ,wa%+ton4 ,! introductory note is z foll[s3 8,esos cantos1 escogidos en el ao mil y o*o ci5tos ve9te y siete1 ve9te y o*o1 por un viag]o en ,am]ica1 y despues hallados en sus papeles1 no v9i]on jams1 siqui]a por lo que podemos sab]1 conocidos del publico sabio4 ,e/os son los mismos cantos del ,pueblo ,ta5sa1 p>a las orillas del ,misisipi del ,alabama1 todos escritos en el dulce y pulido dialecto de aquel pueblo4 ,todos los amigos de la ci5cia han de s5tir el precio de e/a pequea colleccion40 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,spani% is full ( errors1 z esos = e/os1 hallados = encontrados1 p>a las orillas = por las orillas2 & s5tir el precio does n mean appreciate1 z ! au?or w\ld say1 b 8regret ! price40 ,footnote #daf3 ,! discussion elicit$ ! foll[+ additional bro*ures f ,m4 ,adam3 ,le ,ta5sa n'a pas t =g de t\tes piecs4 ,lettre de ,m4 ,fri$ri* ,mll] ,luci5 ,adam1 pp4 #d4 ,dom ,p>isot ne produira pas le ,manuscrit ,ta5sa4 ,lettre ,m4 ,victor ,h5ry1 pp4 #ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #fg1 *ang$ 8has c]ta90 to 8has a c]ta904 #b4 ,p4 #acb1 *ang$ 8,leixque de la ,langue ,algonqu9e0 to 8,lexique de la ,langue ,algonqu9e04 #c4 ,p4 #agb1 *ang$ #8yalahi3 ,zazaba' to #8yalahi3 8,zazaba'4 #d4 ,p4 #bee1 *ang$ 8qus se doblaban0 to 8que se doblaban04 #e4 ,p4 #bee1 *ang$ 8de un libo encu>d5ado0 to 8de un libro encu>d5ado04 #f4 ,p4 #bic1 *ang$ 8,a maid5 :o loves me we0 to 8,a maid5 :o loves me well04 #g4 ,p4 #cja1 *ang$ 8allegiance turn to hatr$0 to 8allegiance turns to hatr$04 #h4 ,p4 #dcc1 *ang$ 8^! :]e spok50 to 8^! 7 spok504 #i4 ,p4 #deb1 remov$ footnote an*or f ! end ( 8,,! ,,curi\s ,,hoax ,,( ,,! ,,ta5sa ,,language0 z !re 0 no correspond+ footnote4 #aj4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & also v>iations 9 spell+4 #aa4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #ab4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4