,,use ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,to ,,! ,,liv+4 ,,f ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,review4 ,,albany3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,web/]s ,,& ,,sk9n]s4 #ahbg4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 an article extract$ f ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 an ,engli% p]iodical ( consid]able reputation4 ,on its appe>ance 9 ,great ,brita91 x excit$ great att5tion2 &1 inde$1 has be5 !re repr9t$ 9 a *eap =m = g5]al di/ribution4 ,! au?or 7,dr4 ,,s\?wood ,,smi?7 des]ves ! ?anks ( ! community = ! tal5ts he has display$1 & ! lucid & p[]ful mann] 9 :i* he has inve/igat$ ! important subject "u consid]ation4 ,! editors believe t !y are dis*>g+ a duty to ! community 9 pres5t+ x to !m = p]usal & consid]ation4 ,!y w n conceal _! wi%es1 t x may h a favorable effect on a bill n[ p5d+ be=e ! ,legislature4 ,bo? 9 a g5]al po9t ( view1 z well z ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> in/itution to be b5efitt$1 ! argum5ts are p>ticul>ly applicable2 nor w an enlight5$ body ( m5 be det]r$ f do+ :at !y may deem _! duty by ! unp>allel$ impud5ce ( ^? :o n[ cry out aga9/ monopoly1 :5 !y h ris5 into importance by monopoly1 & h1 always1 :ile x suit$ _! views1 be5 its mo/ p]secut+ & v9dictive advocates4 ,x is due to tru? to /ate1 t ! sugge/ion ( ! republication ( ?is article1 orig9at$ ) a memb] ( ! ,s5ate ( ?is /ate1 & :o does n belong to ! pr(ession4 ,febru>y1 #ahbg4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,to ,,! ,,liv+4 ,,f ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,review4 ,an ,appeal to ! ,public & to ! ,legislature1 on ! necessity ( af=d+ ,dead ,bodies to ! ,s*ools ( ,anatomy1 by ,legislative ,enactm5t4 ,by ,,william ,,mack5zie4 ,glasg[4 #ahbd4 ,e "o desires to live z long z he c4 ,e "o values heal? above all gold & treasure4 ,e "o kn[s t z f> z 8 own individual good is conc]n$1 protract$ life & a frame ( body s\nd & /rong1 free f ! ?\s& pa9s t fle% is heir to1 are unspeakably m important ?an all o!r objects1 because life & heal? mu/ be secur$ be=e any possible result ( any possible circum/ance c be ( consequ5ce to him4 ,9 ! improvem5t ( ! art :i* has = its object ! pres]vation ( heal? & life1 e individual is1 !re=e1 deeply int]e/$4 ,an enlight5$ physician & a skilful surgeon1 are 9 ! daily habit ( adm9i/]+ to _! fell[ m5 m real & unque/ionable good1 ?an is communicat$1 or communicable by any o!r class ( human be+s to ano!r4 ,ignorant physicians & surgeons are ! mo/ deadly enemies ( ! community3 ! plague itself is n s de/ructive2 its ravages are at di/ant int]vals1 & are accompani$ ) op5 & al>m+ notice ( its purpose & p[]2 !irs are con/ant1 sil5t1 secret2 & x is :ile !y are look$ up to z savi\rs1 ) ! confid5ce ( hope1 t !y give spe$ to ! progress ( disease & c]ta9ty to ! /roke ( dea?4 ,x is deeply to be lam5t$ t ! community1 9 g5]al1 are s entirely ignorant ( all t relates to ! art & ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,an explanation ( ! functions ( ! animal economy2 ( _! mo/ common & important deviations f ! heal?y /ate2 ( ! rem$ies be/ adapt$ to re/ore !m to a s\nd condition1 & ( ! mode 9 :i* !y op]ate1 z f> z t is kn[n1 ought to =m a "p ( e c\rse ( lib]al education4 ,! pr(\nd ignorance ( ! p on all ^! subjects1 is att5d$ ) _m disadvantages to !mselves1 & op]ates unfavorably on ! m$ical "*4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is want ( in=mation1 p]sons nei!r "k :at are ! atta9m5ts ( ! man 9 ^: h&s !y place _! life1 nor :at !y ought to be2 !y c nei!r =m an op9ion ( ! c\rse ( education :i* x is incumb5t on him to foll[1 nor judge ( ! success ) :i* he has avail$ himself ( ! means ( k :i* h be5 af=d$ him4 ,!re is "o bran* ( m$ical education 9 p>ticul>1 ! f\ndation1 9 fact1 on :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure mu/ be rais$1 ! necessity ( :i* is n commonly und]/ood1 b :i* requires only to be /at$ to be p]ceiv$4 ,p]haps x is impossible to "n any "o subject :i* x is ( m importance t ! community %\ld und]/&4 ,x is "o 9 :i* e man's life is deeply implicat$3 x is "o on :i* e man's ignorance or in=mation w h a consid]able influ5ce4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 ent] into x ) "s detail3 we %all %[ ! k9d ( k :i* x is indisp5sable t ! physician & surgeon %\ld possess2 we %all illu/rate1 by a ref]5ce to p>ticul> cases1 ! reason :y ?is k9d ( k _c be disp5s$ )3 & we %all expla91 by a /atem5t ( facts1 ! nature & ext5t ( ! ob/acles :i* at pres5t oppose ! acquisition ( ?is k4 ,we repeat1 !re is no subject 9 :i* e read] c be s imm$iately & deeply int]e/$1 & we tru/ t he w give u 8 calm & unprejudic$ att5tion4 ,! basis ( all m$ical & surgical k is anatomy4 ,n a s+le /ep c be made ei!r 9 m$ic9e or surg]y1 consid]$ ei!r z an art or a sci5ce )\t x4 ,?is %\ld seem self evid5t1 & to ne$ nei!r pro( nor illu/ration3 nev]!less1 z x is useful occasionally to contemplate ! evid5ce ( important tru?1 we %all %[ :y x is1 t !re c be no rational m$ic9e1 & no safe surg]y1 )\t a ?or\gh k ( anatomy4 ,disease1 :i* x is ! object ( ^! arts to prev5t & to cure1 is d5ot$ by disord]$ function3 disord]$ function _c be und]/ood )\t a k ( heal?y function2 heal?y function _c be und]/ood )\t a k ( /ructure2 /ructure _c be und]/ood unless x be exam9$4 ,! organs on :i* all ! important functions ( ! human body dep5d1 are conceal$ f ! view4 ,!re is no possibility ( asc]ta9+ _! situation & connections1 mu* less _! nature & op]ation1 )\t inspect+ ! int]ior ( ?is curi\s & complicat$ ma*9e4 ,! results ( ! me*anism are visible2 ! me*anism itself is conceal$1 & mu/ be inve/igat$ to be p]ceiv$4 ,! important op]ations ( nature are seldom entirely hidd5 f ! human eye2 /ill less are !y obtrud$ ^u x1 b ov] ! mo/ curi\s & wond]ful op]ations ( ! animal economy s ?ick a veil is drawn1 t !y nev] c\ld h be5 p]ceiv$ )\t ! mo/ pati5t & m9ute rese>*4 ,! circulation ( ! blood1 = example1 nev] c\ld h be5 discov]$ )\t dissection4 ,not)/&+ ! p>tial k ( anatomy :i* mu/ h be5 acquir$ by ! accid5ts to :i* ! human body is expos$1 by att5tion to w\nd$ m51 by ! obs]vance ( bodies kill$ by viol5ce2 by ! huntsman 9 us+ 8 prey2 by ! prie/ 9 immolat+ 8 victims2 by ! augur 9 pursu+ 8 div9ations2 by ! slaught] ( animals2 by ! dissection ( brutes2 & ev5 occasionally by ! dissection ( ! human body1 c5tury aft] c5tury pass$ away1 )\t a suspicion hav+ be5 excit$ ( ! real functions ( ! two great sy/ems ( vessels1 art]ies & ve9s4 ,x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 anatomy 0 ard5tly cultivat$1 & _h made consid]able progress1 t ! valves ( ! ve9s & ( ! he>t 7 discov]$1 & subsequ5tly t ! great ,h>vey1 ! pupil ( ! anatomi/ :o discov]$ ! latt]1 by inspect+ ! /ructure ( ^! valves2 by contemplat+ _! disposition2 by reason+ ^u _! use1 0 l$ to suspect ! c\rse ( ! blood1 & aft]w>ds to demon/rate x4 ,sev]al sy/ems ( vessels 9 :i* ! mo/ important functions ( animal life are c>ri$ on--! absorb5t sy/em1 = example1 & ev5 t portion ( x :i* receives ! food aft] x is dige/$1 & :i* conveys x into ! blood1 are invisible to ! nak$ eye1 except "u peculi> circum/ances3 :5ce x mu/ be evid5t1 n only t ! int]ior ( ! human body mu/ be laid op51 9 ord] t its organs may be se52 b t ^! organs mu/ be m9utely & pati5tly dissect$1 9 ord] t _! /ructure may be und]/ood4 ,! mo/ important diseases h _! seat 9 ! organs ( ! body2 an accurate acqua9tance ) _! situation is1 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! seats ( disease2 b = ! reasons already assign$1 _! situation _c be le>nt1 )\t ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,9 sev]al regions1 organs ! mo/ diff]5t 9 /ructure & function are plac$ close to ea* o!r4 ,9 :at is t]m$ ! epiga/ric region1 = example1 are situat$ ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 ! gall bladd]1 ! fir/ portion ( ! small inte/9e1 7! duod5um7 & a portion ( ! l>ge inte/9e 7! colon72 ea* ( ^! organs is ess5tially diff]5t 9 /ructure & 9 use1 & is liable to di/9ct diseases4 ,diseases ! mo/ div]sifi$1 !re=e1 requir+ ! mo/ opposite treatm5t1 may exi/ 9 ! same region ( ! body2 ! discrim9ation ( :i* is absolutely impossible1 )\t t k :i* ! /udy ( anatomy alone c imp>t4 ,! seat ( pa9 is (t5 at a great di/ance f t ( ! affect$ organ4 ,9 disease ( ! liv]1 ! pa9 is g5]ally felt at ! top ( ! "r %\ld]4 ,! "r phr5ic n]ve s5ds a bran* to ! liv]3 ! ?ird c]vical n]ve1 f :i* ! phr5ic arises1 di/ributes num]\s bran*es to ! neighborhood ( ! %\ld]3 ?us is e/abli%$ a n]v\s communication betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! liv]4 ,?is is a fact :i* no?+ b anatomy c\ld tea*1 & af=ds ! explanation ( a symptom :i* no?+ b anatomy c\ld give4 ,! k ( x w\ld infallibly correct a mi/ake1 into :i* a p]son :o is ignorant ( x1 w\ld be sure to fall3 9 fact1 p]sons ignorant ( x d con/antly commit ! error4 ,we h "k sev]al in/ances 9 :i* organic disease ( ! liv] has be5 consid]$1 & treat$ z rheumatism ( ! %\ld]4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 disease 9 a mo/ important organ might h be5 all[$ to /eal on insidi\sly1 until x became incurable2 :ile a p]son1 acqua9t$ ) anatomy1 w\ld h detect$ x at once1 & cur$ x )\t difficulty4 ,_m cases h occurr$ ( p]sons :o h be5 suppos$ to labor "u disease ( ! liv]1 & :o h be5 treat$ accord+ly3 on exam9ation aft] dea?1 ! liv] has be5 f\nd p]fectly heal?y1 b !re has be5 discov]$ ext5sive disease ( ! bra94 ,disease ( ! liv] is (t5 mi/ak5 = disease ( ! lungs3 on ! o!r h&1 ! lungs h be5 f\nd full ( ulc]s1 :5 !y 7 suppos$ to h be5 p]fectly s\nd1 & :5 e symptom 0 ref]r$ to disease ( ! liv]4 ,p]sons are con/antly attack$ ) convulsions--*ildr5 especially2 convulsions are spasms3 spasms1 ( c\rse1 are to be treat$ by antispasmodics4 ,?is is ! notion among/ p ignorant ( m$ic9e3 x is ! notion among/ old m$ical m53 x is ! notion among/ half educat$ "y ones4 ,all ?is "t ^! convulsions are m]ely a symptom2 t symptom dep5ds ^u1 & d5otes1 mo/ important disease 9 ! bra93 ! only *ance ( sav+ life1 is ! prompt & vigor\s application ( prop] rem$ies to ! bra92 b ! practition] ^: m9d is occupi$ ) ! symptom1 & :o prescribes antispasmodics1 n only loses ! "t 9 :i* alone any ?+ c be done to snat* ! victim f dea?1 b by 8 rem$ies absolutely adds fuel to ! flame :i* is consum+ 8 pati5t4 ,9 disease ( ! hip-jo9t pa9 is felt1 n 9 ! hip1 b1 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! disease1 at ! knee4 ,?is also dep5ds on n]v\s communication4 ,! mo/ dreadful consequ5ces daily occur f an ignorance ( ?is s+le fact4 ,9 all ^! cases error is inevitable1 )\t a k ( anatomy3 x is sc>cely possible ) x3 9 all ^! cases error is fatal3 9 all ^! cases anatomy alone c prev5t ! error--anatomy alone c correct x4 ,exp]i5ce1 s f> f lead+ to its detection1 w\ld only e/abli% x 9 m5's m9ds1 & r5d] its removal impossible4 ,:at is call$ exp]i5ce is ( no mann] ( use to an ignorant & unreflect+ practition]4 ,9 no?+ does ! adage1 t x is ! wise only :o pr(it by exp]i5ce1 receive s complete an illu/ration z 9 m$ic9e4 ,a man :o is ignorant ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 & :o is incapable ( reason+ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 may h daily be=e him = fifty ye>s cases af=d+ ! mo/ complete evid5ce ( _! tru?1 & ( ! importance ( ! d$uction to :i* !y lead1 )\t obs]v+ ! "o1 or d$uc+ ! o!r4 ,h5ce ! mo/ pr(\ndly ignorant ( m$ic9e1 are (t5 ! olde/ memb]s ( ! pr(ession1 & ^? :o h _h ! mo/ ext5sive practice4 ,a m$ical education1 f\nd$ on a k ( anatomy1 is1 !re=e1 n only indisp5sable to prev5t ! mo/ fatal errors1 b to enable a p]son to obta9 advantage f ^? s\rces ( improvem5t :i* ext5sive practice may op5 to him4 ,to ! surgeon1 anatomy is em95tly :at ,bacon has s beautifully said t k 9 g5]al is3 x is p[]--x is p[] to less5 pa91 to save life1 & to eradicate diseases1 :i*1 )\t its aid1 w\ld be incurable & fatal4 ,x is impossible to convey to ! read] a cle> conception ( ?is tru?1 )\t a ref]5ce to p>ticul> cases2 & ! subject is "o ( su* extreme importance1 t x may be wor? :ile to direct ! att5tion = a mom5t to two or ?ree ( ! capital diseases :i* ! surgeon is daily call$ ^u to treat4 ,aneurism1 = example1 is a disease ( an art]y1 & consi/s ( a pret]natural dilatation ( its coats4 ,?is dilatation arises f ! debility ( ! vessel1 :5ce1 unable to resi/ ! impetus ( ! blood1 x yields1 & is dilat$ into a sac4 ,:5 once ! disease is induc$1 x commonly goes on to increase ) a /eady & un9t]rupt$ progress1 until at la/ x sudd5ly bur/s1 & ! pati5t expires in/antane\sly f loss ( blood4 ,:5 left to itself1 x almo/ uni=mly proves fatal 9 ?is mann]2 yet1 be=e ! "t ( ,gal51 no notice 0 tak5 ( ?is t]rible malady4 ,! anci5ts1 inde$1 :o believ$ t ! art]ies 7 air tubes1 c\ld n possibly h conceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( an aneurism4 ,7 ! numb] ( individuals 9 ,europe1 :o are n[ annually cur$ ( aneurism1 by ! int]f]5ce ( art1 to be assum$ z ! basis ( a calculation ( ! numb] ( p]sons :o mu/ h p]i%$ by ?is disease1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ! "t ( ,gal51 x w\ld convey "s conception ( ! ext5t to :i* anatomical k is ! means ( sav+ human life4 ,! only way 9 :i* x is possible to cure ?is disease is1 to produce an oblit]ation ( ! cavity ( ! art]y4 ,?is is ! object ( ! op]ation4 ,! diseas$ art]y is expos$1 & a ligature is pass$ ar\nd x1 above ! dilatation1 by means ( :i* ! blood is prev5t$ f fl[+ into ! sac1 & inflammation is excit$ 9 ! vessel2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* its sides adh]e toge!r1 & its cavity becomes oblit]at$4 ,! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds entirely on ! complet5ess ( ! adhesion ( ! sides ( ! vessel1 & ! consequ5t oblit]ation ( its cavity4 ,?is adhesion w n take place unless ! portion ( ! art]y to :i* ! ligature is appli$ be 9 a s\nd /ate4 ,if x be diseas$1 z x almo/ always is ne> ! seat ( ! aneurism1 :5 ! process ( nature is complet$ by :i* ! ligature is remov$1 hemorrhage takes place1 & ! pati5t dies j z if ! aneurism _h be5 left to itself4 ,= a long "t ! ligature 0 appli$ z close z possible to ! seat ( ! aneurism3 ! aneurismal sac 0 laid op5 9 its :ole ext5t1 & ! blood x conta9$ 0 scoop$ out4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t a l>ge deep-seat$ sore1 compos$ ( p>ts 9 an unheal?y /ate1 0 =m$3 x 0 necess>y to ! cure t ?is sore %\ld suppurate1 granulate1 & heal3 a process :i* ! con/itution 0 frequ5tly unable to support4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a con/ant dang] t ! pati5t w\ld p]i% f hemorrhage1 ?r\gh ! want ( adhesion ( ! sides ( ! art]y4 ,! pr(\nd k ( heal?y & ( diseas$ /ructure1 & ( ! laws ( ! animal economy by :i* bo? are regulat$1 :i* ,john ,hunt] _h acquir$ f anatomy1 sugge/$ to ?is em95t man a mode ( op]at+1 ! effect ( :i*1 9 pres]v+ human life1 has plac$ him high 9 ! rank ( ! b5efactors ( 8 race4 ,?is consummate anatomi/ saw1 t ! reason :y dea? s (t5 foll[$ ! common op]ation 01 because t process :i* 0 ess5tial to 8 success 0 prev5t$ by ! diseas$ condition ( ! art]y4 ,he p]ceiv$ t ! vessel1 at "s di/ance f ! aneurism1 0 9 a s\nd /ate2 & conceiv$1 t if ! ligature 7 appli$ to ?is di/ant "p1 t is1 to a s\nd in/ead ( a diseas$ portion ( ! art]y1 ?is necess>y process w\ld n be c\nt]act$4 ,to ?is !re 0 "o capital objection1 t x w\ld (t5 be necess>y to apply ! ligature ar\nd ! ma9 trunk ( an art]y1 be=e x gives (f its bran*es1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! p>ts bel[ ! ligature w\ld be depriv$ ( _! supply ( blood1 & w\ld !re=e mortify4 ,s frequ5t & great are ! communications betwe5 all ! art]ies ( ! body1 h[ev]1 t he ?\ght x probable1 t a suffici5t supply w\ld be borne to ^! p>ts ?r\gh ! m$ium ( collat]al bran*es4 ,= an aneurism 9 ! ham1 he1 !re=e1 boldly cut d[n ^u ! ma9 trunk ( ! art]y :i* supplies ! l[] extremity2 & appli$ a ligature ar\nd x1 :]e x is seat$ ne> ! middle ( ! ?igh1 9 ! confid5t expectation t1 ?\gh he ?us depriv$ ! limb ( ! supply ( blood :i* x receiv$ ?r\gh its direct *annel1 x w\ld n p]i%4 ,8 k ( ! processes ( ! animal economy1 l$ him to expect t ! =ce ( ! circulation be+ ?us tak5 (f f ! aneurismal sac1 ! progress ( ! disease w\ld be /opp$2 t ! sac itself1 ) all its cont5ts1 w\ld be absorb$2 t by ?is means ! :ole tumor w\ld be remov$1 & t an op5+ into x w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,! mo/ complete success foll[$ ?is noble exp]im5t1 & ! s5sations :i* ?is philosoph] exp]i5c$ :5 he witness$ ! ev5t1 mu/ h be5 exquisite1 & h con/itut$ an appropriate rew>d = ! application ( pr(\nd k to ! mitigation ( human suff]+4 ,aft] ,hunt] foll[$ ,ab]ne?y1 :o1 tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 ma/]1 = an aneurism ( ! femoral1 plac$ a ligature ar\nd ! ext]nal iliac art]y2 lately ! int]nal iliac itself has be5 tak5 up1 & surgeons h ti$ art]ies ( su* importance1 t !y h be5 !mselves a/oni%$ at ! ext5t & spl5dor ( _! success4 ,e individual1 on :om an op]ation ( ?is k9d has be5 successfully p]=m$1 is snat*$ by x f c]ta9 & inevitable dea?6 ,! symptom by :i* an aneurism is di/+ui%$ f e o!r tumor is1 *iefly its pulsat+ motion4 ,b :5 an aneurism has become v l>ge1 x ceases to pulsate2 & :5 an abscess is seat$ ne> an art]y ( great magnitude1 x acquires a pulsat+ motion2 because ! pulsations ( ! art]y are p]ceptible ?r\gh ! abscess4 ,! real nature ( cases ( ?is k9d _c possibly be asc]ta9$1 )\t a mo/ c>eful inve/igation1 comb9$ ) an exact k ( ! /ructure & relative position ( all ! p>ts 9 ! neighborhood ( ! tumor4 ,pelletan1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ surgeons ( ,france1 0 "o day call$ to a man :o1 aft] a long walk1 0 seiz$ ) a sev]e pa9 9 ! leg1 ov] ! seat ( :i* appe>$ a tumor1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) a pulsation s viol5t t x lift$ up ! h& ( ! exam9]4 ,!re seem$ e reason to suppose t ! case 0 an aneurismal swell+4 ,?is acute obs]v]1 h[ev]1 9 comp>+ ! affect$ ) ! s\nd limb1 p]ceiv$ 9 ! latt] a simil> ?robb+4 ,on c>eful exam9ation he discov]$ t1 by a p>ticul> disposition 9 ?is individual1 "o ( ! ma9 art]ies ( ! leg 7! ant]ior tibial7 deviat$ f its usual c\rse1 & in/ead ( plung+ deep betwe5 ! muscles1 lay imm$iately "u ! sk9 & fascia4 ,! tru? 01 t ! man 9 ! ex]tion ( walk+1 _h ruptur$ "s muscul> fibres1 & ! uncommon di/ribution ( ! art]y gave to ?is accid5t ^! peculi> symptoms4 ,! real nature ( ?is case c\ld n possibly h be5 asc]ta9$ b by an anatomi/4 ,! same surgeon has record$ ! case ( a man :o1 hav+ fall5 twice f 8 horse1 & exp]i5c$ = sev]al ye>s consid]able uneas9ess 9 8 back1 0 afflict$ ) acute pa9 9 ! abdom54 ,at ! same "t an oval1 irregul>ly circumscrib$ tumor made its appe>ance 9 ! "r flank4 ,x pres5t$ a di/9ct fluctuation1 & _h all ! appe>ance ( a collection ( matt] dep5d+ on c>ies ( ! v]tebr4 ,! pa9 0 seat$ *iefly at ! l[] portion ( t "p ( ! sp9e :i* =ms ! back1 :i* 01 moreov]1 di/ort$2 & ?is might h confirm$ ! op9ion t ! case 0 a lumb> abscess ) c>ies4 ,pelletan1 h[ev]1 :o well knew t an aneurism1 z x enl>ges1 may de/roy any bone 9 its neighborhood1 saw t ! disease 0 an aneurism1 & pr$ict$ t ! pati5t mu/ p]i%4 ,on op5+ ! body 7= ! man liv$ only t5 days aft] ,pelletan fir/ saw him7 an aneurismal tumor 0 discov]$1 :i* ne>ly fill$ ! cavity ( ! abdom54 ,if ?is case _h be5 mi/ak5 = lumb> abscess1 & ! tumor _h be5 op5$ ) a view ( af=d+ an exit to ! matt]1 ! man w\ld h di$ 9 a few seconds4 ,!re is no surgeon ( disc]nm5t or exp]i5ce ^: att5tion has n be5 awak5$1 & ^: sagacity has n be5 put to ! te/1 by ! occurr5ce ( simil> cases 9 8 own practice4 ,! consequ5ce ( error is almo/ always in/antane\sly fatal4 ,! catalogue ( su* disa/r\s ev5ts is long & melan*oly4 ,ri*]& has record$1 t ,f]r&1 head surgeon ( ! ,hotel ,dieu1 mi/ook an aneurism 9 ! armpit = an abscess2 plung$ 8 knife into ! swell+1 & kill$ ! pati5t4 ,de ,ha5 speaks ( a p]son :o di$ 9 consequ5ce ( an op5+ :i* 0 made1 contr>y to ! advice ( ,bo]haave 9 a simil> tumor at ! knee4 ,vesalius 0 consult$ ab\t a tumor 9 ! back1 :i* he pron\nc$ to be an aneurism2 b an ignorant practition] hav+ made an op5+ into x1 ! pati5t in/antly bl$ to dea?4 ,no?+ c be m easy ?an to conf\nd an aneurism ( ! art]y ( ! neck ) ! swell+ ( ! gl&s 9 its neighborhood3 ) a swell+ ( ! cellul> sub/ance :i* surr\nds ! art]y2 ) abscesses ( v>i\s k9ds2 b if a surgeon 7 to fall into ?is error1 & to op5 a c>otid aneurism1 8 pati5t w\ld c]ta9ly be dead 9 ! space ( a few mom5ts4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 !n1 t a ?or\gh k ( anatomy is n only indisp5sable to ! prop] treatm5t ( cases ( ?is description1 b also to ! prev5tion ( ! mo/ fatal mi/akes4 ,!re is no?+ 9 surg]y ( m importance ?an ! prop] treatm5t ( hemorrhage4 ,( ! confusion & t]ror occasion$ by ! sight ( a human be+ f :om ! blood is gu%+ 9 torr5ts1 & ^: condition none ( ! spectators is able to relieve1 no "o c =m an adequate conception1 b ^? :o h witness$ x4 ,9 all su* cases1 !re is "o ?+ prop] to be done1 ! prompt p]=mance ( :i* is g5]ally z c]ta9ly successful1 z ! neglect ( x is inevitably fatal4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a m t]rible situation ?an t ( a m$ical man :o kn[s n :at to d on su* an em]g5cy4 ,he is confus$2 he hesitates3 :ile he is decid+ :at measures to adopt1 ! pati5t expires3 he c nev] ?9k ( t man's dea? )\t horror1 = he is consci\s t1 b = 8 ignorance1 he might h av]t$ 8 pati5t's fate4 ,! anci5t surgeons 7 con/antly plac$ 9 ?is situation1 & ! dread inspir$ by x ret>d$ ! progress ( surg]y m ?an all o!r causes put toge!r4 ,n only 7 !y t]rifi$ f int]f]+ ) ! mo/ pa9ful & de/ructive diseases1 :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be capable ( safe & easy removal1 b !y 7 afraid to cut ev5 ! mo/ trivial tumor4 ,:5 !y v5tur$ to remove a "p1 !y attempt$ x only by means ( ! ligature1 or by ! application ( burn+ irons4 ,:5 !y det]m9$ to amputate1 !y nev] ?\ght ( do+ s until ! limb _h mortifi$1 & ! dead _h sep>at$ f ! liv+ p>ts2 = !y 7 absolutely afraid to cut into ! liv+ fle%4 ,!y _h no means ( /opp+ hemorrhage1 b by ! application ( a/r+5ts to ! ble$+ vessels1 rem$ies :i* 7 in]t2 or ( burn+ irons1 or boil+ turp5t9e1 exp$i5ts :i* 7 n only in]t b cruel4 ,surgeons n[ "k t ! gr& means ( /opp+ hemorrhage is compression ( ! ble$+ vessel4 ,if pressure be made on ! trunk ( an art]y1 ?\gh blood be fl[+ f a ?\s& bran*es giv5 (f f x1 ! ble$+ w cease4 ,%\ld ! situation ( ! art]y be su* z to all[ ( effectual ext]nal pressure1 no?+ fur!r is requisite3 ! pressure be+ appli$1 ! ble$+ is /opp$ at once3 %\ld ! situation ( ! vessel place x beyond ! rea* ( ext]nal pressure1 x is necess>y to cut d[n ^u x1 & to secure x by ! application ( a ligature4 ,p> may be p>don$ = suppos+ t he 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ?is invaluable rem$y by ! inspiration ( ! ,deity4 ,by means ( x ! mo/ =midable op]ations may be und]tak5 ) ! utmo/ confid5ce1 because ! w\nd$ vessels c be secur$ ! mom5t !y are cut3 by ! same means ! mo/ frightful hemorrhages may be mo/ effectually /opp$3 & ev5 :5 ! ble$+ is s viol5t z to ?reat5 imm$iate dea?1 x may (t5 be av]t$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( plac+ ! f+] ^u ! w\nd$ vessel1 until !re is "t to tie x4 ,b x is obvi\s t none ( ^! exp$i5ts c be employ$1 & t ^! ble$+s c nei!r be *eck$ at ! mom5t1 nor p]man5tly /opp$1 )\t su* a k ( ! c\rse ( ! trunks & bran*es ( vessels1 z c be acquir$ only by ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,! success ( amputation is closely connect$ ) ! k ( ! means ( /opp+ hemorrhage4 ,n to amputate is (t5 to ab&on ! pati5t to a c]ta9 & mis]able dea?4 ,& all t ! surgeon =m]ly did1 0 to wat* ! progress ( t dea?3 he _h no p[] to /op or ev5 to ret>d x4 ,! fate ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney is a melan*oly illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,?is noble m9d$ man1 ! light & glory ( 8 age1 0 cut (f 9 ! bloom ( manhood1 & ! mid/ ( 8 usefulness1 by ! w\nd ( a musket bullet 9 8 left leg1 a little above ! knee1 :5 extraction ( ! ball1 or amputation ( ! limb1 says 8 biograph]1 w\ld h sav$ 8 ine/imable life3 b ! surgeons & physicians 7 unwill+ to practice ! "o1 & knew n h[ to p]=m ! o!r4 ,he 0 v>i\sly torm5t$ by a numb] ( surgeons & physicians = ?ree weeks4 ,amputation inde$ 0 nev] attempt$1 except :]e mortification _h itself half p]=m$ ! op]ation4 ,! j appreh5sion ( an hemorrhage :i* !re 0 no adequate means ( /opp+1 *eck$ ! h& ( ! bolde/ surgeon1 & quail$ ! c\rage ( ! mo/ d>+ pati5t--& if ev] ! op]ation 0 resort$ to1 x almo/ always prov$ fatal3 ! pati5t g5]ally expir$1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,celsus1 9 ipso op]e4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! surgeon cut ?r\gh ! fle% ( 8 pati5t ) a r$ hot knife3 ?is 0 8 only means ( /opp+ ! hemorrhage3 by ?is exp$i5t he s\ght to conv]t ! :ole surface ( ! /ump into an es*>3 b ?is op]ation1 pa9ful 9 its execution1 & t]rible 9 its consequ5ces1 :5 x ev5 appe>$ to succe$1 succe$$ only = a few days2 = ! ble$+ g5]ally return$1 & prov$ fatal z soon z ! sl\ghs or dead p>ts became loose4 ,plung+ ! /ump into boil+ oil1 into boil+ turp5t9e1 into boil+ pit*1 = all ^! means 7 us$1 0 att5d$ ) no happi] result1 & aft] unspeakable suff]+1 almo/ e pati5t p]i%$4 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* amputation is p]=m$ at pres5t1 n m ?an "o p]son 9 tw5ty loses 8 life 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ation1 ev5 tak+ into ! acc\nt all ! cases 9 :i* x is practis$ 9 hospitals4 ,9 private practice1 :]e _m circum/ances favor its success1 x is comput$ t #ie p]sons out ( #ajj recov] f x1 :5 x is p]=m$ at a prop] "t1 & 9 a prop] mann]4 ,x seems impossible to exhibit a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! great value ( anatomical k4 ,b if !re be any disease1 :i*1 f ! frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce1 f ! v>iety ( its =ms1 f ! difficulty ( discrim9at+ betwe5 x & o!r maladies1 & f ! dang] att5dant on almo/ all its v>ieties1 requires a comb9ation ( ! mo/ m9ute inve/igation1 ) ! mo/ accurate anatomical k1 x is t ( h]nia4 ,?is disease consi/s ( a protrusion ( "s ( ! visc]a ( ! abdom51 f ! cavity 9 :i* !y are naturally conta9$1 into a pret]natural bag1 compos$ ( ! portion ( ! p]itoneum 7! membrane :i* l9es ! abdom57 :i* is pu%$ be=e !m4 ,x is comput$ t "o sixte5? ( ! human race are afflict$ ) ?is malady4 ,x is sometimes m]ely an inconv5i5t compla9t1 att5d$ ) no evil consequ5ces :atev]2 b !re is no =m ( ?is disease1 :i* is n liable to be sudd5ly *ang$1 & by slight causes1 f a p]fectly innoc5t /ate1 into a condition :i* may prove fatal 9 a few h\rs4 ,! disease itself occurs 9 num]\s situations2 x may be conf\nd$ ) v>i\s diseases2 x may exi/ 9 ! mo/ div]sifi$ /ates2 x may require1 )\t ! loss ( a s+le mom5t1 a mo/ important & delicate op]ation2 & x may appe> to dem& ?is op]ation1 :ile ! p]=mance ( x may really be n only useless1 b highly p]nici\s4 ,! dang] ( h]nia dep5ds on its pass+ into t /ate :i* is te*nically t]m$ /rangulation4 ,:5 a protrud$ inte/9e suff]s su* a degree ( pressure1 z to occasion a total ob/ruction to ! passage ( its cont5ts1 x is said to be /rangulat$4 ,! consequ5ce ( pressure ?us produc+ /rangulation is1 ! excitem5t ( inflammation3 ?is inflammation mu/ inevitably prove fatal1 unless ! pressure be promptly remov$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is c be effect$ only by ! op]ation4 ,two ?+s1 !n1 are indisp5sable3 fir/1 ! ability to asc]ta9 t ! symptoms are really produc$ by pressure1 t is1 to di/+ui% ! disease f ! affections :i* resemble x2 & secondly1 :5 ?is is effect$1 to p]=m ! op]ation ) promptitude & success4 ,! di/9ction ( /rangulat$ h]nia f affections :i* resemble x1 (t5 requires ! mo/ exact k & ! mo/ m9ute inve/igation4 ,! inte/9e includ$ 9 a h]nial sac1 may be m]ely affect$ ) colic1 & ?us give rise to ! appe>ance ( /rangulation4 ,x may be 9 a /ate ( irritation1 produc$1 = example1 by unusual fatigue2 & f ?is cause1 may be attack$ ) ! symptoms ( inflammation4 ,inflammation may be excit$ 9 ! inte/9e1 by ! common causes ( inflammation1 :i* ! h]nia may h no %>e 9 induc+1 & ( :i* x may n ev5 p>ticipate4 ,7 ?is case mi/ak51 & ! op]ation p]=m$1 x w\ld n only be useless1 b p]nici\s3 :ile ! att5tion ( ! practition] w\ld be div]t$ f ! real nature ( ! malady2 ! prompt & vigor\s application ( ! rem$ies :i* alone c\ld save ! pati5t1 w\ld be neglect$1 & he w\ld probably p]i%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v small portion ( inte/9e may become /rangulat$1 & urg5tly require ! op]ation4 ,b !re may be no tumor2 all ! symptoms may be ^?1 &1 on a sup]ficial exam9ation1 only ^?1 ( inflammation ( ! b[els4 ,7 ! real nature ( ?is case mi/ak51 dea? w\ld be inevitable4 ,no?+ is m common ?an fatal errors ( ?is k9d4 ,x is only a few mon?s ago1 t a physician 0 call$ 9 ha/e to a p]son :o 0 said to be dy+ ( inflammation ( ! b[els4 ,be=e he rea*$ ! h\se ! man 0 dead4 ,he _h be5 ill only ?ree days4 ,on look+ at ! abdom51 !re 0 a manife/ h]nia3 ! fir/ glance 0 suffici5t to asc]ta9 ! fact4 ,! practition] 9 att5dance _h kn[n no?+ ( ! matt]2 he _h nev] suspect$ ! real nature ( ! disease1 & _h made no inquiry :i* c\ld h l$ to ! detection ( x4 ,"h 0 a case :i* might probably h be5 sav$1 b = ! crim9al ignorance & inatt5tion ( ! practition]4 ,:5ev] !re are symptoms ( inflammation ( ! b[els1 exam9ation ( ! abdom5 is indisp5sable3 & ! life ( ! pati5t w dep5d on ! c>e & accuracy ) :i* ! inve/igation is made4 ,b x is possible t inflammation may attack ! p>ts includ$ 9 ! h]nial sac1 )\t aris+ f ! h]nia itself4 ,! inflammation may be produc$ by ! common causes ( inflammation2 !re may be no pressure3 !re may be no /rangulation3 ! swell+ may be ! seat1 n ! cause ( ! disease4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! op]ation w\ld be bo? useless & p]nici\s4 ,n[ all ^! are div]sities :i* x is ( ! highe/ importance to discrim9ate4 ,9 "s ( !m1 life dep5ds on ! cle>ness1 accuracy1 & promptitude1 ) :i* ! discrim9ation is made4 ,promptitude is ( no less consequ5ce ?an accuracy4 ,if ! decision be n =m$ & act$ on at once1 x w be ( no avail4 ,! rapidity ( ! progress ( ?is disease is (t5 frightful4 ,we h m5tion$ a case 9 :i* x 0 fatal 9 ?ree days1 b x n unfrequ5tly t]m9ates fatally 9 less ?an tw5ty f\r h\rs4 ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] m5tions a case 9 :i* ! pati5t 0 dead 9 eight h\rs aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease4 ,l>rey has record$ ! case ( a soldi] 9 :om a h]nia took place1 :i* 0 /rangulat$ imm$iately4 ,he 0 br\ght to ! ambulance in/antly1 & p]i%$ 9 two h\rs ) gangr5e ( ! "p1 & ( ! abdom9al visc]a4 ,?is 0 ! second in/ance :i* _h occurr$ to ?is surgeon ( a rapidity ?us appall+4 ,:at cle>ness ( judgm5t1 :at accuracy ( k1 :at promptitude ( decision1 are necess>y to treat su* a disease ) any *ance ( success6 ,! mom5t t a case is asc]ta9$ to be /rangulat$ h]nia1 an attempt mu/ be made to lib]ate ! p>ts f ! /ricture1 & to replace !m 9 _! natural situation4 ,?is is fir/ attempt$ by ! h&1 & ! op]ation is te*nically t]m$ ! taxis4 ,! pati5t mu/ be plac$ 9 a p>ticul> position2 pressure mu/ be made 9 a p>ticul> direction2 x is impossible to asc]ta9 ei!r1 )\t an accurate k ( ! p>ts4 ,if pressure be made 9 a wrong direction1 & 9 a r\gh & unsci5tific mann]1 ! organs protrud$ in/ead ( be+ urg$ ?r\gh a prop] op5+1 are bruis$ aga9/ ! p>ts :i* oppose _! return4 ,_m cases are on record1 9 :i* gangr5e & ev5 rupture ( ! inte/9e1 h be5 occasion$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 ! p>ts _c be return$ by ! h&1 assi/$ by ^? rem$ies :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be b5eficial1 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ )\t ! delay ( a mom5t4 ,to its prop] p]=mance two ?+s are necess>y4 ,fir/1 a m9ute anatomical k ( ! v>i\s & complicat$ p>ts :i* are implicat$ 9 x2 & secondly1 a /eady1 firm1 & delicate comm& ( ! knife4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! integum5ts mu/ be divid$2 ! cellul> sub/ance :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! sk9 & ! h]nial sac mu/ be remov$ lay] by lay] ) ! knife & ! dissect+ =ceps2 ! sac itself mu/ be op5$3 ?is "p ( ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ ) ! mo/ extreme caution3 ! sac be+ laid op51 ! protrud$ organs are n[ expos$ to view4 ,! op]ator mu/ next asc]ta9 ! exact po9t :]e ! /ricture exi/s2 hav+ discov]$ its seat1 he mu/ make 8 incision ) a p>ticul> in/rum5t--9 a c]ta9 direction--to a def9ite ext5t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! p>ts implicat$ 9 ! op]ation1 & ! proximity ( vessels1 life dep5ds on an exact k & a precise & delicate att5tion to all ^! circum/ances4 ,h[ c ?is k be obta9$1 h[ c ?is dext]ity be acquir$1 )\t a pr(\nd acqua9tance ) anatomy1 & h[ c ?is be acquir$ )\t frequ5t & labori\s dissection8 ,! eye mu/ become famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! integum5ts1 ) ! appe>ance ( ! cellul> sub/ance b5ea? x1 ) ! appe>ance ( ! h]nial sac1 & ( ! *anges :i* x und]goes by disease2 ) ! appe>ance ( ! v>i\s visc]a conta9$ 9 x1 & ( _! *anges3 & ! h& mu/ pay t /eady & prompt ob$i5ce to ! judgm5t1 :i* no?+ b k1 & ! consci\sness ( k1 c comm&4 ,ev5 ?is is n all4 ,:5 ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ ?us f> ) p]fect skill & success1 ! mo/ opposite measures are requir$ accord+ to ! actual /ate ( ! organs conta9$ 9 ! sac4 ,if !y are agglut9at$ toge!r--if portions ( !m are 9 a /ate ( mortification1 to return !m into ! cavity ( ! abdom5 9 t condition1 w\ld1 9 g5]al1 be c]ta9 dea?4 ,pret]natural adhesion mu/ be remov$2 mortifi$ portions mu/ be cut away3 b h[ c ?is possibly be done )\t an acqua9tance ) heal?y & diseas$ /ructure1 & h[ c ?is be obta9$ )\t dissect+ ! organs 9 a /ate ( heal? & ( disease8 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! progress ( /rangulat$ h]nia to a fatal t]m9ation is (t5 frightfully rapid2 9 c]ta9 cases to delay ! op]ation1 ev5 = a v %ort p]iod1 is1 !re=e1 to lose ! only *ance ( success4 ,b ignorant & half in=m$ surgeons are afraid to op]ate4 ,!y are consci\s t ! op]ation is "o ( imm5se importance3 !y "k t 9 ! h&s ( an op]ator ignorant ( anatomy1 x is "o ( extreme haz>d3 !y !re=e put (f ! "t z long z possible3 !y h rec\rse to e exp$i5t3 !y resort to e ?+ b ! only effici5t rem$y1 & :5 at la/ !y are compell$ by a secret s5se ( %ame to try t1 x is too late4 ,all ! be/ practical surgeons express !mselves 9 ! /ronge/ language on ! importance ( p]=m+ ! op]ation e>ly1 if x be p]=m$ at all4 ,on ?is po9t !re is a p]fect accordance betwe5 ! mo/ celebrat$ practition]s on ! cont95t1 & ! great surgeons ( our own c\ntry3 all repres5t1 9 _m p>ts ( _! writ+s1 ! dang]\s & fatal effects ( delay4 ,mr4 ,hey 9 8 ,practical ,obs]vations1 /ates t :5 he fir/ began to practice1 he consid]$ ! op]ation z ! la/ res\rce1 & only to be employ$ :5 ! dang] appe>$ imm95t4 ,by ?is dilatory mode ( practice1 says he1 ,i lo/ ?ree pati5ts 9 five1 ^u :om ! op]ation 0 p]=m$4 ,hav+ m exp]i5ce ( ! urg5cy ( ! disease1 ,i made x my cu/om1 :5 call$ to a pati5t :o _h lab\r$ two or ?ree days "u ! disease1 to wait only ab\t two h\rs1 t ,i might try ! effect ( ble$+ 7if t evacuation 0 n =bidd5 by "s peculi> circum/ance ( ! case7 & ! tobacco cly/]4 ,9 ?is mode ( practice1 ,i lo/ ab\t two pati5ts 9 n9e1 ^u :om ,i op]at$4 ,?is comp>ison is drawn f cases ne>ly simil>1 leav+ out ( ! acc\nt ^? cases 9 :i* gangr5e ( ! inte/9e _h tak5 place4 ,i h n[1 at ! "t ( writ+ ?is1 p]=m$ ! op]ation ?irty-five times2 & h (t5 _h occasion to lam5t t ,i p]=m$ x too late1 b nev] t ,i _h p]=m$ x too soon4 ,^! obs]vations are suffici5t to %[ ! importance ( anatomy 9 c]ta9 surgical diseases4 ,! /ate ( m$ical op9ion f ! e>lie/ ages to ! pres5t "t1 furni%es a mo/ in/ructive pro( ( its necessity to ! detection & cure ( disease 9 g5]al4 ,! doctr9es ( ! fa!r ( physic 7 9 ! highe/ degree vague & unmean+4 ,e ?+ is resolv$ by ,hippocrates into a g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* he t]ms nature2 & to :i* he ascribes intellig5ce2 :i* he clo!s ) ! attributes ( ju/ice2 & :i* he repres5ts z possess+ virtues & p[]s1 :i* he says are h] s]vants1 & by means ( :i* %e p]=ms all h] op]ations 9 ! bodies ( animals1 di/ributes ! blood1 spirits1 & heat1 ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ! body1 & imp>ts to !m life & s5sation4 ,he /ates t ! mann] 9 :i* %e acts1 is by attract+ :at is good or agreeable to ea* species1 & reta9+1 prep>+1 & *ang+ x3 or1 on ! o!r h&1 by reject+ :atev] is sup]flu\s or hurtful1 aft] %e has sep>at$ x f ! good4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( depuration1 concoction1 & crisis 9 fev]s1 s mu* insi/$ on by him1 & by o!r physicians aft] him2 b :5 he expla9s :at he means by nature1 he resolves x into heat1 :i* he says appe>s to h some?+ immortal 9 x4 ,! great oppon5t ( ,hippocrates 0 ,asclepiades4 ,he ass]t$ t matt]1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is ( an un*angeable nature3 t all p]ceptible bodies are compos$ ( a numb] ( small ones1 t]m$ corpuscles1 betwe5 :i* !re are int]sp]s$ an inf9ity ( small spaces totally devoid ( matt]3 t ! s\l itself is compos$ ( ^! corpuscles3 t :at is call$ nature is no?+ m ?an matt] & motion3 t ,hippocrates knew n :at he said :5 he spoke ( nature z an intellig5t be+1 & ascrib$ to h] v>i\s qualities & virtues3 t ! corpuscles1 ( :i* all bodies are compos$1 are ( diff]5t figures1 & consi/ ( diff]5t assemblages3 t all bodies conta9 num]\s pores1 or int]/ices1 :i* are ( diff]5t sizes3 t ! human body1 l all o!r bodies1 possesses pores peculi> to itself3 t ^! pores are l>g] or small]1 accord+ z ! corpuscles :i* pass ?r\gh !m diff] 9 magnitude3 t ! blood consi/s ( ! l>ge/1 & ! spirits & ! heat ( ! smalle/4 ,on ^! pr9ciples1 ,asclepiades f\nd$ 8 !ory ( m$ic9e4 ,he ma9ta9s1 t z long z ! corpuscles are freely receiv$ by ! pores1 ! body rema9s 9 its natural /ate3 t1 on ! contr>y1 z soon z any ob/acle ob/ructs _! passage1 x beg9s to rec$e f t /ate3 t1 !re=e1 heal? dep5ds on ! j proportion betwe5 ^! pores & corpuscles3 t1 on ! contr>y1 disease proce$s f a disproportion betwe5 !m3 t ! mo/ usual ob/acle arises f a ret5tion ( "s ( ! corpuscles 9 _! ord9>y passages1 :]e !y arrive 9 too l>ge a numb]1 or are ( irregul> figures1 or move too fa/ or proce$ too sl[3 t phr5sies1 le?>gies1 pleurises1 burn+ fev]s = example1 are occasion$ by ^! corpuscles /opp+ ( _! own accord3 t pa9 is produc$ by ! /agnation ( ! l>ge/ ( all ^! corpuscles1 ( :i* ! blood consi/s3 t1 on ! contr>y1 deliriums1 languors1 ext5uations1 leanness & dropsies1 d]ive _! orig9 f a bad /ate ( ! pores1 :i* are too mu* relax$1 or op5$3 t dropsy1 9 p>ticul>1 proce$s f ! fle% be+ p]=at$ ) v>i\s small holes1 :i* conv]t ! n\ri%m5t receiv$ into !m into wat]3 t hung] is occasion$ by an op5+ ( ! l>ge pores ( ! /oma* & belly3 t ?ir/ arises f an op5+ ( ! small pores3 t int]mitt5t fev]s h ! same orig93 t quotidian fev] is produc$ by a ret5tion ( ! l>ge/ corpuscles2 t]tian fev] by a ret5tion ( corpuscles some:at small]2 & qu>tan fev] by a ret5tion ( ! smalle/ corpuscles ( all4 ,gal5 ma9ta9$ t ! animal body is compos$ ( ?ree pr9ciples1 namely1 ! solids1 ! humors1 & ! spirits4 ,t ! solid p>ts consi/ ( simil> & organic3 t ! humors are f\r 9 numb]1 namely1 ! blood1 ! phlegm1 ! yell[ bile1 & ! black bile3 t ! spirits are ( ?ree k9ds1 namely1 ! vital1 ! animal1 & ! natural3 t ! vital _s is a subtle vap\r :i* arises f ! blood1 & :i* d]ives its orig9 f ! liv]1 ! organ ( sanguification3 t ! spirits ?us =m$1 are convey$ to ! he>t1 :]e1 9 conjunction ) ! air drawn into ! lungs by respiration1 !y become ! matt] ( ! second species1 namely1 ( ! vital spirits3 t 9 _! turn1 ! vital spirits are *ang$ into ! animal 9 ! bra91 & s on4 ,at la/ came ,p>acelsus1 :o 0 believ$ to h discov]$ ! elixir ( life1 & :o is ! v pr9ce ( *>latans4 ,he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on ! !ory & practice ( physic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle1 :i* he comm5c$ by burn+ ! works ( ,gal5 & ,avic5na 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 auditory4 ,he assur$ 8 he>]s1 t 8 %oe-lat*ets _h m k ?an bo? ^! illu/ri\s au?ors put toge!r3 t all ! academies 9 ! _w _h n s mu* exp]i5ce z 8 be>d2 & t ! hair on ! back ( 8 neck 0 m le>n$ ?an ! :ole tribe ( au?ors4 ,x 0 fitt+ t a p]son ( su* spl5did pret5sions %\ld h a magnific5t "n4 ,he1 !re=e1 call$ himself ,,philippus ,,aureolus ,,!ophra/us ,,p>acelsus ,,bomba/ ,,von ,,hoh5heim4 ,he 0 a great *emi/1 & l o!r *emi/s1 he 0 a little too apt to c>ry into o!r sci5ces ! smoke & t>ni% ( ! furnace4 ,he conceiv$ t ! elem5ts ( ! liv+ sy/em 7 ! same z ^? ( 8 laboratory1 & t sulphur1 salt1 & quicksilv]1 7 ! con/itu5ts ( organiz$ bodies4 ,he taught t ^! con/itu5ts 7 comb9$ by *emical op]ations3 t _! relations 7 gov]n$ by ,ar*eus1 a demon1 :o p]=m$ ! "p ( al*emi/ 9 ! /oma*1 :o sep>at$ ! poison\s f ! nutritive "p ( ! food1 & :o communicat$ ! t9cture by :i* ! food became capable ( assimilation3 t ?is gov]nor ( ! /oma*1 ?is spiritus vit1 ?is a/ral body ( man1 0 ! imm$iate cause ( all diseases1 & *ief ag5t 9 _! cure3 t ea* memb] ( ! body _h its peculi> /oma*1 by :i* ! "w ( secretion 0 effect$3 t diseases 7 produc$ by c]ta9 influ5ces1 ( :i* !re 7 five 9 p>ticul>1 viz4 ens e/rale1 ens v55i1 ens naturale1 ens spirituale1 & ens deale3 t :5 ,ar*eus 0 sick1 putresc5ce 0 occasion$1 & t ei!r localit] or emunctorialit]1 c4 c4 c4 ,x w\ld be lead+ to a detail :i* is incompatible ) our pres5t purpose to foll[ ^! speculations1 or to give an acc\nt ( ! doctr9es ( ! me*anical physicians1 :o believ$ t e op]ation ( ! animal economy 0 expla9$ by comp>+ x to a sy/em ( ropes1 lev]s1 & pulleys1 unit$ ) a numb] ( rigid tubes ( diff]5t l5g?s & diamet]s1 conta9+ fluids :i*1 f v>iations 9 _! impell+ causes1 mov$ ) diff]5t degrees ( velocity3 or ( ! *emical physicians1 ^: mann] ( !oriz+ & inve/igat+ w\ld h qualifi$ !m bett] = ! occupation ( ! brew] or ( ! di/ill]1 ?an = t ( ! physician4 ,all ^! speculations are idle fancies1 )\t any evid5ce :atev] to support !m2 & x has be5 argu$ t1 = ?is v reason1 !y mu/ h be5 )\t any practical result1 & t1 !re=e1 if !y 7 productive ( no b5efit1 !y 71 at lea/1 innoxi\s4 ,no op9ion c be m false or p]nici\s4 ,^! wret*$ !ories n only pre occupi$ ! m9d1 prev5t$ x f obs]v+ ! real ph5om5a ( heal? & ( disease1 & ! actual effect ( ! rem$ies :i* 7 employ$1 & ?us put an effectual /op to ! progress ( ! sci5ce3 b !y 7 productive ( ! mo/ direct & s]i\s evils4 ,x is no less true 9 m$ic9e ?an 9 philosophy & morals1 t !re is no su* ?+ z innoxi\s error2 t m5's op9ions inv>iably influ5ce _! conduct2 & t physicians1 l o!r m51 act z !y ?9k4 ,asclepiades1 ^: m9d 0 full ( corpuscles & int]/ices1 0 int5t on f9d+ suitable rem$ies1 :i* he discov]$ 9 ge/ation1 friction1 & ! use ( w9e4 ,by v>i\s ex]cises1 he propos$ to r5d] ! pores m op51 & to make ! juices & corpuscles1 ! ret5tion ( :i* causes disease1 to pass m freely4 ,h5ce he us$ ge/ation f ! v beg9n+ ( ! mo/ burn+ fev]s4 ,he laid x d[n z a maxim1 t "o fev] 0 to be cur$ by ano!r2 t ! /r5g? ( ! pati5t 0 to be exhau/$ by mak+ him wat* & endure ?ir/ to su* a degree1 t = ! fir/ two days ( ! disord] he w\ld n all[ !m to cool _! m\?s ) a drop ( wat]4 ,ab]ne?y's regulat$ diet is luxuri\s comp>$ to 8 plan ( ab/95ce4 ,= ! ?ree fir/ days he all[$ 8 pati5ts no alim5t :atev]2 on ! f\r?1 he s f> rel5t$ z to give to "s ( !m a small portion ( food2 b f o!rs he absolutely )held all n\ri%m5t till ! sev5? day4 ,& ?is is ! g5tleman :o laid x d[n z a maxim1 t all diseases are to be cur$ ,tuto1 cel]it] et jucunde4 ,to be sure he 0 a believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( comp5sation2 & 9 ! latt] /age ( _! diseases endeavor$ to recomp5se 8 pati5ts = ! privations he caus$ !m to endure 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! illness4 ,celsus obs]ves1 t ?\gh he treat$ 8 pati5ts l a but*] dur+ ! fir/ days ( ! disord]1 he aft]w>ds indulg$ !m s f> z to give directions = mak+ _! b$s 9 ! s(te/ mann]4 ,he all[$ !m abundance ( w9e1 :i* he gave freely 9 all fev]s2 he did n =bid x ev5 to ^? afflict$ ) phr5zy3 nay1 he ord]$ !m to dr9k x till !y 7 intoxicat$2 =1 said he1 x is absolutely necess>y t p]sons :o labor "u phr5zy %\ld sleep1 & w9e has a n>cotic quality4 ,to le?>gic pati5ts1 he prescrib$ x ) great fre$om1 b ) ! opposite purpose ( r\s+ !m f _! /upor4 ,8 great rem$y 9 dropsy 0 friction1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 he employ$ to op5 ! pores4 ,) ! same view1 he enjo9$ active ex]cise to ! sick2 b :at is a little extraord9>y1 he d5i$ x to ^? 9 heal?4 ,eri/ratus1 :o 0 a great speculator1 & ^: !ories _h ! mo/ important influ5ce on 8 practice1 bani%$ blood-lett+ altoge!r f m$ic9e1 = ! foll[+ notable reasons3 because1 he says1 we _c always see ! ve9 we int5d to op52 because we are n sure we may n op5 an art]y in/ead ( a ve92 because we _c asc]ta9 ! true quantity to be tak52 because1 if we take too little1 ! int5tion is n answ]$2 if too mu*1 we may de/roy ! pati5t2 & because ! evacuation ( ! v5\s blood is succe$$ by t ( ! spirits1 :i* ?us pass f ! art]ies into ! ve9s2 :]e=e1 blood-lett+ ought nev] to be us$ z a rem$y 9 disease4 ,yet1 ?\gh he 0 ?us cauti\s 9 ab/ract+ blood1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t he 0 n a suffici5tly bold practition]4 ,9 tumor ( ! liv]1 he hesitat$ n to cut op5 ! abdom51 & to apply 8 m$ic9es imm$iately to ! diseas$ organ2 b ?\gh he took su* lib]ties ) ! liv]1 he reg>d$ ) ! greate/ appreh5sion ! op]ation ( tapp+ 9 dropsy ( ! abdom53 because1 said he1 ! wat]s be+ evacuat$1 ! liv] :i* is inflam$ & become h>d l a /one1 is m press$ by ! adjac5t p>ts1 :i* ! wat]s kept at a di/ance f x1 :5ce ! pati5t dies4 ,"o physician conceiv$ t g\t orig9at$ f an eff]vesc5ce ( ! synovia ( ! jo9ts ) ! vitriolat$ blood3 :5ce he recomm5d$ alcohol = its cure3 a rem$y = :i* ! c\rt ( ald]m5 ought to h vot$ him a m$al4 ,a m anci5t practition]1 :o believ$ t ! f+] ( ,/4 ,blasius 0 v efficaci\s = remov+ a bone :i* /icks 9 ! ?roat1 ma9ta9$ t g\t 0 ! gr& dri]1 & prescrib$ a rem$y = x1 :i* ! pati5t 0 to use = a :ole ye>1 & to obs]ve ! foll[+ diet ea* mon?4 ,9 ,septemb]1 he mu/ eat & dr9k milk2 9 ,octob]1 he mu/ eat g>lic2 9 ,novemb]1 he is to ab/a9 f ba?+2 9 ,decemb]1 he mu/ eat no cabbage2 9 ,janu>y1 he is to take a glass ( pure w9e 9 ! morn+2 9 ,febru>y1 to eat no beef2 9 ,m>*1 to mix sev]al ?+s bo? 9 eatables & dr9kables2 9 ,april1 n to eat horse-radi%2 nor 9 ,may1 ! fi% call$ ,polypus2 9 ,june1 he is to dr9k cold wat] 9 a morn+2 9 ,july1 to avoid v5]y2 & la/ly1 9 ,augu/1 to eat no mall[s4 ,a ?ird physician d$uc$ all diseases f inspissation ( ! fluids2 h5ce he atta*$ ! highe/ importance to dilu5t dr9ks1 & believ$ t tea1 especially1 is a sov]eign rem$y 9 almo/ e disease to :i* ! human frame is subject2 tea1 says ,b5tekoe1 :o is l\de/ 9 8 praises ( ?is panacea1 & :o1 z ,blum5ba* obs]ves1 'des]v$ to h be5 p5sion$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company = 8 s]vices1' tea is ! be/1 nay1 ! only rem$y = correct+ viscidity ( ! blood1 ! s\rce ( all diseases1 & = dissipat+ ! acid ( ! /oma*1 z x conta9s a f9e oleag9\s volatile salt1 & c]ta9 subtle spirits :i* are analog\s 9 _! nature to ! animal spirits4 ,tea =tifies ! memory & all ! intellectual faculties3 x w !re=e furni% ! mo/ effectual means ( improv+ physical education4 ,aga9/ fev] !re is no bett] rem$y ?an =ty or fifty cups ( tea1 swall[$ imm$iately aft] "o ano!r1 ! slime ( ! pancreas is ?us c>ri$ (f4 ,ano!r physician d]iv$ all 8 diseases f a r$undancy or defici5cy ( fire & wat]4 ,he ma9ta9$ t :]e ! wat] pr$om9at$1 ! fluids became viscid1 & t h5ce arose int]mitt5t fev]s & ar?ritic compla9ts4 ,8 rem$ies are 9 /rict con=mity to 8 !ory4 ,^! diseases are to be cur$ by volatile salts1 :i* ab\nd ) fi]y p>ticles2 v5esection 9 any case is highly p]nici\s2 ^! fi]y m$ic9es are ! only efficaci\s rem$ies1 & are to be employ$ ev5 9 diseases ( ! mo/ inflammatory nature4 ,life1 says ,dr4 ,br[n1 is a =c$ /ate2 x is a flame kept alive by excitem5t2 e ?+ /imulates2 "s sub/ances too viol5tly2 o!rs n suffici5tly2 !re are ?us two k9ds ( debility1 indirect & direct1 & to "o or o!r ( ^! causes mu/ be ref]r$ ! orig9 ( all diseases4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ! mode ( cure is simple3 we h no?+ to d b to supply1 to mod]ate or to ab/ract /imuli4 ,typhus fev]1 9 ?is sy/em1 is a disease ( extreme debility2 we mu/ !re=e give ! /ronge/ /imulants4 ,consumption & apoplexy1 also1 are diseases ( debility2 ( c\rse1 ! rem$ies are active /imulants4 ,humanity %udd]s1 & ) reason1 at ! application ( su* doctr9es to practice4 ,& n less de/itute ( reason1 & n less dang]\s 9 practice1 is ! great doctr9e ( debility promulgat$ by ,cull54 ,?is celebrat$ pr(essor taught1 t ! circum/ance :i* inv>iably *>act]is$ fev]1 t :i* con/itut$ its ess5ce1 0 debility4 ,! inf]5ce 0 obvi\s1 t1 above all ?+s1 ! /r5g? mu/ be support$4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t blood-lett+ 0 neglect$1 & t b>k & w9e 7 giv5 9 imm5se quantities1 9 cases 9 :i* int5se inflammation exi/$4 ,! practice 0 9 ! highe/ degree mortal2 ! numb] ( p]sons :o h p]i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e is incalculable4 ,s f> !n is x f be+ true1 t m$ical !ories are ( no practical importance1 !re is ! close/ possible connection betwe5 ! speculations ( ! physician 9 8 closet1 & ! measures :i* he adopts at ! b$ side ( 8 pati5t4 ,tru? to him is a b5ignant p[]1 :i* /ops ! progress ( disease1 protracts ! duration ( life1 & mitigates ! suff]+ x may be unable to remove3 error is a fe>fully active & trem5d\sly pot5t pr9ciple4 ,!re is n a m$ical prejudice :i* has n sla9 its ?\s&s1 nor a false !ory :i* has n immolat$ its t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,! sy/em ( m$ic9e & surg]y :i* is e/abli%$ 9 any c\ntry1 has a great] influ5ce ov] ! lives ( its inhabitants ?an ! epidemic diseases produc$ by its climate1 or ! decisions ( its gov]nm5t conc]n+ peace & w>4 ,! deva/ations ( ! yell[ fev] w be> no comp>ison ) ! ravages committ$ by ! ,brunonian sy/em2 & ! slaught] ( ! field ( ,wat]loo c\nts n ( victims1 a ti! ( ! numb] ( :i* ! ,cull5ian doctr9e ( debility c ju/ly boa/4 ,anatomy alone w n tea* a physician to ?9k1 mu* less to ?9k ju/ly2 b x w give him ! elem5ts ( ?9k+2 x w furni% him ) ! means ( correct+ 8 errors2 x w c]ta9ly save him f "s delusions1 & w af=d to ! public ! be/ %ield aga9/ 8 ignorance1 :i* may be fatal1 & aga9/ 8 presumption1 :i* may be deva/at+4 ,we h ent]$ into ?is m9ute detail at ! haz>d1 we are aw>e1 ( tir+ ! read]2 b 9 ! hope ( leav+ on 8 m9d a m di/9ct impression ( ! importance ( anatomical k1 ?an c\ld possibly be produc$ by a m]e allusion to ! circum/ances :i* h be5 expla9$4 ,9 all ages1 =midable ob/acles h oppos$ ! prosecution ( anatomical inve/igations4 ,among ^!1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ p[]ful has its s\rce 9 a feel+ :i* is natural to ! he>t ( man4 ,! sweete/1 ! mo/ sacr$ associations are indissolubly connect$ ) ! p]son ( ^? we love4 ,x is ) ! corporeal frame t our s5ses h be5 famili>3 x is t on :i* we h gaz$ ) rapture2 x is t :i* has s (t5 be5 ! m$ium ( convey+ to our he>ts ! ?rill ( ex/acy4 ,we _c sep>ate ! idea ( ! peculi>ities & actions ( a fri5d f ! idea ( 8 p]son4 ,x is = ?is reason t e ?+ :i* has be5 associat$ ) him acquires a value f t consid]ation2 8 r+1 8 wat*1 8 books1 & 8 habitation4 ,! value ( ^! z hav+ be5 81 is n m]ely fictiti\s2 !y h an empire ov] my m9d2 !y c make me happy or unhappy2 !y c torture & !y c tranquilize2 !y c purify my s5tim5ts1 & make me simil> to ! man ,i love2 !y possess ! virtue :i* ! ,indian is said to attribute to ! spoils ( him he kills1 & inspire me ) ! p[]1 ! feel+s1 & ! he>t ( _! prec$+ ma/]4 ,x is no?+1 says ! survivor1 to tell me1 :5 disease complet$ its "w & dea? has seiz$ its prey1 t t body1 ) :i* are connect$ s _m delightful s5sations1 is a s5seless mass ( matt]3 t x is no long] my fri5d2 t ! _s :i* animat$ x1 & r5d]$ x lovely to my sight & de> to my affections1 is gone4 ,i "k t x is gone1 ,i "k t ,i nev] m %all see ! light ( intellig5ce bright5 t c\nt5ance1 nor b5evol5ce beam 9 t eye1 nor ! voice ( affection s\nd f ^? lips3 t :i* ,i lov$1 & :i* lov$ me1 is n "h3 b "h are /ill ! features ( my fri5d3 ?is is 8 =m1 & ! v p>ticles ( matt] :i* compose ?is dull mass1 a few h\rs ago 7 a real "p ( him1 & ,i _c sep>ate !m1 9 my imag9ation1 f him4 ,& ,i approa* !m ) ! pr(\nd] rev]5ce2 ,i gaze ^u !m ) ! deep] affection1 because !y are all t rema9 to me4 ,i w\ld give all t ,i possess to pur*ase ! art ( pres]v+ ! :olesome "* & rosy hue ( ?is =m1 t x might be my companion /ill3 b ?is is impossible3 ,i _c deta9 x f ! tomb3 b :5 ,i h ca/ a heap ( m\ld ^u ! p]son ( my fri5d1 & tak5 ! cold e>? = its keep]1 ,i visit ! spot 9 :i* x is deposit$ ) awe3 x is sacr$ to my imag9ation3 x is de> to my he>t4 ,!re is a real & deep f\ndation = ^! feel+s 9 human nature3 !y arise spontane\sly 9 ! bosom ( man1 & we see _! expression & _! p[] 9 ! cu/oms ( all nations1 savage z well z civiliz$1 & 9 ! conduct ( all m51 ! mo/ ignorant & uncultivat$ no less ?an ! mo/ intellig5t & ref9$4 ,x has be5 ! policy ( society to fo/] ^! s5tim5ts4 ,if has be5 conceiv$ t ! sanctity :i* atta*es to ! dead1 is reflect$ back 9 a pr(\nd] feel+ ( respect = ! liv+2 t ! solemnity ) :i* dea? is reg>d$1 elevates1 9 ! g5]al e/imation1 ! value ( life2 & t he :o _c approa* ! mortal rema9s ( a fell[ creature )\t an emotion ( awe1 mu/ reg>d ) horror e ?+ :i* places 9 dang] ! life ( a human be+4 ,religion has contribut$ indirectly1 b p[]fully1 to ! /r5g? & p]petuity ( ^! impressions2 & sup]/ition has avail$ h]self ( !m to play h] antics1 & to accompli% h] base & malignant purposes4 ,x is n ! eradication ( ^! feel+s t c be desir$1 b _! control3 x is n ! ext9ction ( ^! natural & useful emotions t is plead$ =1 b !y %\ld give way to high] consid]ations :5 ^! exi/4 ,v5]ation = ! dead is connect$ ) ! noble/ & sweete/ sympa?ies ( our nature3 b ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( ! liv+ is a duty f :i* we c nev] be exon]at$4 ,9 anti5t times ! voice ( reason c\ld n be he>d4 ,sup]/ition1 & cu/oms f\nd$ on sup]/ition1 excit$ an influ5ce :i* 0 nei!r to be resi/$ nor evad$4 ,dissection 0 !n reg>d$ ) horror4 ,9 ! w>m c\ntries ( ! ea/1 ! pursuit mu/ h be5 highly (f5sive & ev5 dang]\s1 & x 0 absolutely incompatible ) ! notions & c]emonies univ]sally preval5t 9 ^? days4 ,! ,jewi% t5et ( pollution mu/ h =m$ an insup]able ob/acle to ! cultivation ( anatomy among/ t p4 ,by ! ,egyptians1 e "o :o cut op5 a dead body 0 reg>d$ ) inexpressible horror4 ,! ,grecian philosoph]s s f> ov]came ! prejudice1 z occasionally to engage 9 ! pursuit1 & ! fir/ dissection on record 0 "o made by ,democritus ( ,abd]a1 ! fri5d ( ,hippocrates1 9 ord] to discov] ! c\rse ( ! bile4 ,! ,romans contribut$ no?+ to ! progress ( ! art3 !y 7 cont5t ) propitiat+ ! ,deities :o presid$ ov] heal? & disease4 ,!y erect$ on ! ,palat9e ,m\nt a temple to ! goddess ,febris1 :om !y wor%ipp$ f a dread ( h] p[]4 ,!y also sacrific$ to ! goddess ,ossipaga1 :o1 x seems1 presid$ ov] ! gr[? ( ! bones1 & to ano!r /yl$ ,c>na1 :o took c>e ( ! visc]a1 & to :om !y (f]$ bean bro? & bacon1 because ^! 7 ! mo/ nutriti\s articles ( diet4 ,! ,arabians adopt$ ! ,jewi% notion ( pollution1 & 7 ?us prohibit$ by ! t5ets ( _! religion f practis+ dissection4 ,abdollaliph1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 a man ( le>n+ & a tea*] ( anatomy1 nev] saw & nev] ?\ght ( a human dissection4 ,9 ord] to exam9e & demon/rate ! bones1 he took 8 /ud5ts to bury+ gr\nds1 & e>ne/ly recomm5d$ !m1 in/ead ( read+ books1 to adopt t me?od ( /udy3 yet he seem$ to h no conception t ! dissection ( a rec5t subject might be a /ill bett] me?od ( le>n+4 ,*ri/ians 7 equally ho/ile to dissection4 ,pope ,boniface ! #h? issu$ a bull prohibit+ ev5 ! mac]ation & prep>ation ( skeletons4 ,! prie/s 7 ! only physicians1 & s greatly did !y abuse ! (fice !y assum$1 t ! evil at l5g? became too intol]able to be borne4 ,! *ur* itself 0 oblig$ to prohibit ! prie/hood f int]f]+ ) ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,all monks & canons :o appli$ !mselves to physic1 7 ?reat5$ ) sev]e p5alties1 & all bi%ops1 abbots1 & priors :o conniv$ at _! misconduct1 7 ord]$ to be susp5d$ f _! ecclesia/ical functions4 ,b x 0 n till ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is int]diction1 t by a special bull :i* p]mitt$ physicians to m>ry1 _! complete sep>ation f ! cl]gy 0 effect$4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ,mund9us1 pr(essor at ,bologna1 a/oni%$ ! _w by ! public dissection ( two human bodies4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci contribut$ ess5tially to ! progress ( ! art1 by ! introduction ( anatomical plates1 :i* 7 admirably execut$4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury1 ! ,emp]or1 ,*>les ! #e?1 ord]$ a consultation to be held by ! div9es ( ,salamanca1 to det]m9e :e!r x 0 lawful1 9 po9t ( consci5ce1 to dissect a dead body 9 ord] to le>n its /ructure4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury1 ,cortesius1 pr(essor ( anatomy at ,bologna1 & aft]w>ds pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,mess9a1 _h long begun a treatise on practical anatomy1 :i* he _h an e>ne/ desire to f9i%1 b s great 0 ! difficulty ( prosecut+ ! /udy ev5 9 ,italy1 t 9 #bd ye>s he c\ld only twice procure an opportunity ( dissect+ a human body1 & ev5 !n ) difficulty & 9 hurry2 :]eas1 he _h expect$ to h done s1 he says1 once e ye>1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! fam\s academies ( ,italy4 ,9 ,muscovy1 until v lately1 bo? anatomy & ! use ( skeletons 7 positively =bidd52 ! fir/ z inhuman1 & ! latt] z subs]vi5t to wit*craft4 ,ev5 ! illu/ri\s ,lu!r 0 s biass$ by ! prejudices ( 8 age1 t he ascrib$ ! majority ( ! diseases to ! arts ( ! devil1 & f\nd great fault ) physicians :5 !y attempt$ to acc\nt = !m by natural causes4 ,engl& acquir$ ! bad fame ( be+ ! c\ntry ( wit*es1 & oppos$ almo/ insup]able ob/acles to ! cultivation ( anatomy4 ,ev5 at pres5t ! prejudices ( ! p on ?is subject are viol5t & deeply root$4 ,! measure ( t viol5ce may be e/imat$ by ! degree ( abhorr5ce ) :i* !y reg>d ^? p]sons :o are employ$ to procure ! subjects necess>y = dissection4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !re is no o!r me?od ( obta9+ subjects b t ( exhumation3 av]sion to ?is employm5t may be p>don$3 dislike to ! p]sons :o engage 9 x is natural1 b to reg>d !m ) dete/ation1 to exult 9 _! puni%m5t1 to det]m9e = !mselves its nature & measure1 & to endeavor to assume ! p[] ( inflict+ x ) _! own h&s1 is absurd4 ,magi/rates h too (t5 fo/]$ ! prejudices ( ! p1 & af=d$ !m ! means ( execut+ _! v5geance on ! objects ( _! av]sion4 ,! press has uni=mly alli$ itself ) ! ignorance & viol5ce ( ! vulg>1 & has done e ?+ 9 its p[] to inflame ! passions1 :i* x 0 its duty to endeavor to soo!4 ,x is notori\s t ! w9t] be=e la/ !re 0 sc>cely a week 9 :i* ! pap]s did n conta9 ! mo/ exagg]at$ & disgu/+ /atem5ts3 ! appetite :i* c\ld be gratifi$ ) su* repres5tations1 0 suffici5tly degrad$3 b /ill m base 0 ! s]vility :i* c\ld p&] to x4 ,half a c5tury ago !re 0 9 ,scotl& no difficulty 9 obta9+ ! subjects :i* 7 necess>y to supply ! s*ools ( anatomy4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t m$ic9e & surg]y assum$ new life--/>t$ f ! torpor 9 :i* !y _h be5 spell-b\nd--& made an imm$iate1 & rapid1 & brilliant progress4 ,! new sem9>ies con/antly s5t into ! _w m5 ( ! mo/ spl5did abilities1 at once demon/rat+ ! excell5ce ( ! s*ools 9 :i* !y 7 educat$1 & r5d]+ !m illu/ri\s4 ,pupils flock$ to !m f all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 & !y ess5tially contribut$ to t advancem5t ( sci5ce :i* ! pres5t age has witness$4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ! good p ( ,scotl&1 t intellig5t1 t cool & calculat+1 t mo/ reasonable & ?9k+ p1 h ?\ght prop] to return to ! wor/ feel+ & ! wor/ conduct ( ! d>ke/ p]iods ( antiquity4 ,!re is at pres5t no (f5ce :atev]1 :i* seems to h su* p[] to heat & exalt into a k9d ( torr5t1 ! blood :i* usually fl[s s calmly & sluggi%ly 9 ! ve9s ( a ,scot*man4 ,! p ( #ahbc 7to comp>e great ?+s ) small7 emulate ! _s ( ^? ( _! =efa!rs :o 7 out 9 ! =ty-five2 ! object1 to be sure1 is some:at diff]5t1 b x is amus+ to see ! int5sity & s]i\sness ( ! excitem5t4 ,ab\t twelve mon?s ago an hone/ f>m] ( ! "n ( ,scott1 :o resides at ,l9li?g[1 appreh5d$ a poor wight :o 0 pursu+ 8 vocation1 we presume1 9 ! *ur*y>d ( t place2 & ?is s]vice appe>$ s m]itori\s to ! p 9 8 neighborhood1 t !y absolutely pres5t$ him ) a piece ( plate4 ,9 ! w9t] sessions ( #ahbb-c1 a body 0 discov]$ on its way to ! lecture-room ( an anatomi/ 9 ,glasg[1 & 9 spite ( ! ex]tions ( ! police1 aid$ by ^? ( ! milit>y1 ?is g5tleman's premises & _! cont5ts1 :i* 7 valuable1 7 entirely de/roy$ by ! mob4 ,= "s "t aft] ?is a*ievem5t1 x 0 necess>y to /ation a milit>y gu>d at ! h\ses ( all ! m$ical pr(essors 9 t city4 ,9 ! spr+ circuit ( ! ju/ici>y c\rt la/ ye> at ,/irl+1 :ile ! judges 7 proce$+ to ! c\rt1 ! procession 0 assault$ ) missiles2 sev]al p]sons 7 injur$1 & x 0 necess>y to call 9 ! protection ( a milit>y =ce4 ,! object ( ! mob 0 to inflict summ>y puni%m5t on a man :o 0 ab\t to be tri$ = ! exhumation ( a body4 ,we happ5 to "k t ! mo/ disgraceful proce$+s 7 "s "t ago in/itut$ 9 t t[n aga9/ a "y g5tleman ( respectable family & connections1 :o 0 9 fact expatriat$1 & ^: prospects 9 life 7 entirely *ang$1 if n ru9$1 because he _h too mu* honor to implicate 8 in/ructors 9 a transaction :i* w\ld h put !m to an inconv5i5ce1 & 9 :i* !y _h engag$ f a desire fai?fully to dis*>ge _! duty to _! pupils4 ,)9 ! la/ five ye>s ?ree m5 7 lodg$ 9 ! c\nty jail at ,hadd+ton1 *>g$ ) a trespass 9 ! *ur*y>d ( t t[n4 ,s enrag$ 0 ! mob aga9/ !m1 t an attempt 0 made to =ce ! jail 9 ord] to get at !m4 ,on _! way to ! c\rt1 ! m5 7 aga9 attack$1 =c$ f ! c>riage1 & sev]ely maim$4 ,aft] exam9ation !y 7 admitt$ to bail2 b1 :5 set at lib]ty1 !y 7 assail$ ) m viol5ce ?an ev]1 & 7 ne>ly kill$4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,june1 #ahbc1 be+ ,sunday1 a mo/ extraord9>y outrage 0 p]petrat$ 9 ! /reets ( ,ed9burgh4 ,a coa* conta9+ an empty c(f9 & two m51 0 obs]v$ proce$+ along ! s\? bridge4 ,! p suspect+ t x 0 int5d$ to convey a body tak5 f "s *ur*y>d1 seiz$ ! coa*4 ,x 0 ) difficulty t ! police protect$ ! m5 f ! assaults ( ! populace3 ! coa* !y _h no p[] to pres]ve4 ,! horses 7 tak5 f x1 & toge!r ) ! c(f91 aft] hav+ be5 trundl$ a mile & a half ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 x 0 delib]ately project$ ov] ! /eep side ( ! m\nd1 & sma%$ into a ?\s& pieces4 ,! p foll[+ x to ! bottom1 k9dl$ a fire ) its fragm5ts1 & surr\nd$ x l ! savages 9 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 till x 0 entirely consum$4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 no f\ndation = _! suspicions4 ,! c(f9 0 int5d$ to h convey$ to 8 h\se 9 ,ed9burgh ! body ( a physician :o t morn+ _h di$ 9 a cottage ne> ! neighborhood4 ,a simil> assault 0 "s "t ago made on two ,am]ican g5tlem51 :o w5t to visit ! abbey ( ,l9li?g[ aft] nightfall4 ,! *ur*y>ds ( ! gude ,scots are n[ /rictly gu>d$ by m5 & dogs2 wat*-t[]s are erect$ )9 ! gr\nds1 & mort-safes1 z !y are call$1 t is to say1 /rong iron frames are deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd ov] ! graves4 ,^! p sometimes decl>e t !y w put an end to anatomy1 & c]ta9ly !y are succe$+ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is m5ace z rapidly z !y c well desire4 ,! av]age numb] ( m$ical /ud5ts 9 ,ed9burgh is #gjj ea* session4 ,= sev]al ye>s pa/ ! difficulty ( procur+ subjects 9 t place has be5 s great1 t out ( all t numb]1 n m ?an #aej or #bjj h ev] attempt$ to dissect2 & ev5 ^! h latt]ly be5 s oppos$ 9 _! endeav\rs to prosecute _! /udies1 t _m ( !m h left ! place 9 disgu/4 ,we h be5 in=m$ by a fri5d1 t he alone 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) tw5ty individuals :o retir$ f x at ! beg9n+ ( la/ session1 & :o w5t to pursue _! /udies at ,dubl91 & we "k t va/ numb]s foll[$ _! example at ! end ( ! w9t] c\rse4 ,! m$ical s*ool at ,ed9burgh1 9 fact1 is n[ subsi/+ entirely on its pa/ reputation2 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s x w be entirely at an end1 unless ! sy/em be *ang$4 ,let ^? :o h ! prosp]ity ( ! univ]sity at he>t1 & :o h ! p[] to protect x1 consid] ?is be=e x be too late3 !y may be assur$ x is no idle pr$iction2 = we give !m notice1 t x is at ?is mom5t ! univ]sal op9ion & ! curr5t language ( e well-in=m$ m$ical man 9 ,engl&4 ,an excell5t sy/em ( anatomical plates1 :i* has be5 well receiv$ by ! pr(ession1 has lately be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,liz>s1 a lectur] on anatomy & physiology1 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,?is g5tleman /ates t he has be5 induc$ to und]take ?is "w1 9 ord] to obviate ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces to ! public2 z f>1 at lea/1 z a ref]5ce to art1 in/ead ( nature1 is capable ( obviat+ ^? consequ5ces4 ,he affirms1 t ! difficulty ( obta9+ in/ruction f nature has ris5 to su* a pit*1 ow+ to ! extraord9>y sev]ity ex]cis$ by ! legal au?orities ( ! k+dom aga9/ p]sons employ$ 9 procur+ subjects = dissection1 z to ?reat5 ! ultimate de/ruction ( m$ical & anatomical sci5ce4 ,9 8 preface to ! second "p ( 8 "w1 he apologizes to 8 read]s = divid+ "o portion ( x f ano!r1 ) :i* x ought to h be5 connect$2 b /ates t he has be5 compell$ to d s f ! prejudices ( ! place1 :i* prev5t$ him = upw>ds ( five mon?s1 f procur+ a subject f :i* he might make 8 draw+s4 ,9 place ( liv+1 he says1 9 a civiliz$ & enlight5$ p]iod1 we appe> z if we _h be5 ?r[n back "s c5turies into ! d>k ages ( ignorance1 bigotry & sup]/ition4 ,prejudices1 wor?y only ( ! multitude1 h be5 conjur$ up & appeal$ to1 9 ord] to call =? popul> indignation aga9/ ^? ^: bus9ess x is to exhibit demon/ratively ! /ructure ( ! human body1 & ! functions ( its diff]5t organs4 ,! public j\rnals1 f a vici\s prop5sity to p&] to ! vulg> appetite = excitem5t1 h rak$ up & indu/ri\sly circulat$ /ories ( exhumation ( dead bodies1 t5d+ to exasp]ate & inflame ! passions ( ! mob2 & p]sons :o1 by _! own %[+1 are fri5dly to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 h1 9 ! excess ( _! zeal t bodies %\ld rema9 undi/urb$ 9 _! progress to decomposition1 lab\r$ to de/roy 9 ?is c\ntry1 t art1 ^: prov9ce x is to free liv+ bodies f ! consequ5ces insep>able f accid5t & disease4 ,&1 :i* is wor/ ( all1 ! prejudices ( ! multitude h be5 confirm$ & r5d]$ invet]ate by ! proce$+s 9 our c\rts ( ju/ice1 :i* h visit$ ) ! puni%m5t due only to felons1 ! unhappy p]sons necess>ily employ$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! law1 9 procur+ subjects = ! dissect+-room4 ,he !n goes on to /ate1 t until anatomy be publicly sanction$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 ! s*ool ( m$ic9e !re c nev] fl\ri%2 t ^u ! pres5t sy/em1 "y m5 obta9 a degree or a diploma aft] a ye> or two ( gr9d+1 t is1 ( le>n+ by rote ! answ]s to ! que/ions :i* ! exam9]s are 9 ! habit ( putt+ to ! c&idates2 t ignorant ( ! v elem5ts ( _! pr(ession1 numb]s ( p]sons ?us educat$ annually1 g to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & to ! army & navy1 :]e !y h ! *>ge ( hundr$s ( _! suff]+ fell[ creatures1 to :om !y are 9 fact ! in/rum5ts ( cruelty & murd]4 ,9 ! preface to ! #d? ,"p1 he adds1 t :5 ,"p ,,ii4 0 publi%$1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! session1 he took occasion to express 8 sorr[ = ! degrad$ /ate ( 8 pr(ession1 & ! ?reat5$ ru9 ( ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( 8 native place1 ow+ to ! sc>city ( subjects3 ,t1 = do+ ?is1 he has incurr$ consid]able c5sure3 t he regrets t he has yet f\nd no reason to alt] 8 op9ion1 = ! w9t] session is n[ ne> its conclusion1 &1 he c&idly decl>es1 t su* has be5 ! sc>city ( mat]ial1 t no tea*] ( anatomy or surg]y has be5 able ei!r to foll[ ! regul> plan ( 8 c\rse1 or to d 8 duty to 8 pupils2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has be51 t _m ( ! /ud5ts h left ! s*ool 9 disgu/1 & gone ei!r to ,dubl9 or ,p>is2 :ile a /ill great] numb]1 depriv$ ( ! means ( dissect+1 h cont5t$ !mselves ) lectures or !ories1 & ) gr9d+2 & ent]$ on ! practice ( _! pr(ession ignorant ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,mu* ( ?is opposition on ! "p ( ! p1 arises f ! pres5t mode ( procur+ subjects4 ,=tunately1 !re is 9 ,great ,brita9 no cu/om1 no sup]/ition1 no law1 & we may add1 no prejudice1 aga9/ anatomy itself4 ,!re is ev5 a g5]al conviction ( its necessity2 !re may be a feel+ t x is a repulsive employm5t1 b x is commonly ackn[l$g$ t x mu/ n be neglect$4 ,! opposition :i* is made1 is made n aga9/ anatomy1 b aga9/ ! practice ( exhumation3 & ?is is a practice :i* ought to be oppos$4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree revolt+2 x w\ld be disgraceful to a horde ( savages2 e feel+ ( ! human he>t rises up aga9/ x3 s long z no o!r means ( procur+ bodies = dissection are provid$1 x mu/ be tol]at$2 b1 9 itself1 x is alike odi\s to ! ignorant & ! enlight5$1 to ! mo/ uncultivat$ & ! mo/ ref9$4 ,b ! capital objection to ?is practice is1 t x necess>ily creates a crime1 & educates a race ( crim9als4--,exhumation is =bidd5 by ! law4 ,x is1 inde$1 prohibit$ by no /atute1 ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,scotl&3 9 bo?1 x is an (f5ce puni%able at common law4 ,!re is a /atute ( ,james ! fir/1 :i* makes x felony to /eal a dead body = ! purpose ( wit*craft2 !re is none aga9/ tak+ a body = ! purpose ( dissection4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,k+ aga9/ ,lynn 7#aghh71 ! c\rt decid$ t ! body be+ tak5 = ! latt] purpose1 did n make x less an indictable (f5ce2 & t x is )\t d\bt cognizable 9 a crim9al c\rt1 because x is an act highly indec5t1 at ! b>e idea ( :i* nature revolts4 ,x is puni%able1 !re=e1 by f9e or imprisonm5t1 or bo?3 ,9 ,scotl&1 x is also puni%able by :ipp+1 & ev5 by transportation4 ,we expect$ bett] ?+s ( ,am]ica4 ,we _c express our a/oni%m5t & indignation1 :5 we f\nd t ! /ate ( ,new ,york has actually made x felony to remove a dead body f ! place ( sepulture = ! purpose ( dissection1 )\t provid+ 9 any o!r mode = ! s*ools ( anatomy4 ,?is is worse ?an any ?+ t exi/s 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,if ^! pages %\ld meet ! eye ( any ( our ,am]ican bre?r51 we intreat !m to read ) att5tion1 ! facts :i* h be5 /at$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is article1 & to consid] ) s]i\sness ! mis*ief !y are do+4 ,x w n be believ$ 9 ,engl&1 t su* sc5es c\ld h be5 witness$ 9 ,am]ica1 z 7 actually exhibit$ !re sc>cely a mon? ago4 ,to satisfy our read]s1 h[ev]1 t we d n misrepres5t ! /ate ( ?+s 9 t c\ntry1 we transcribe ! foll[+ acc\nts f ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 ( ,may #bj?4 ,at ! late ,c\rt ( ,sessions1 ,solomon ,p>meli 0 indict$ = a misdemeanor1 9 ent]+ ,pott]'s ,field1 & remov+ ! cov]s ( two c(f9s deposit$ 9 a pit1 & cov]$ p>tly ) e>?4 ,! /atute ( ?is /ate mak+ x a felony1 to dig up or remove a dead human body ) int5t to dissect x1 did n embrace ?is case2 because ! prison] _h n dug up or remov$ ! body4 ,mr4 ,s*ureman1 ! pres5t keep] ( ,pott]'s ,field1 suspect$ t "s p]son _h ent]$ x = ! purpose ( remov+ ! dead2 &1 aft] s5d+ = two wat*m51 & call+ 8 fai?ful dog1 he w5t to asc]ta9 ! fact4 ,on arriv+ at ! grave1 he f\nd 8 suspicion confirm$2 & reque/$ ! p]son conceal$ 9 ! pit1 to come out & %[ himself3 no answ] be+ giv51 ,mr4 ,s*ureman s5t 8 dog into ! pit1 & 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye a tall /\t fell[ made 8 appe>ance1 & took to 8 heels across ! field4 ,! night be+ d>k1 he might h effect$ 8 escape1 _h x n be5 = ! sagacity & c\rage ( ! dog1 :o pursu$ him = "s di/ance1 b at la/ came up ) him1 seiz$ & held him fa/1 until ! arrival ( ,mr4 ,s*ureman & ! wat*m51 :o secur$ him4 ,! jury convict$ ! prison]1 & ! c\rt s5t5c$ him to six mon?s' imprisonm5t 9 ! ,p5it5ti>y4 ,! "y g5tlem5 att5d+ ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ?is city1 w take w>n+ by ?is man's fate4 ,!y may re/ assur$1 t ! keep] ( ,pott]'s ,field w d 8 duty1 & public ju/ice w be execut$ on any man1 :atev] may be 8 condition 9 life1 :o is f\nd violat+ ! law1 & ! dec5cy ( ,*ri/ian burial6 ,! same pap] gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a transaction1 :i* took place at ,h>t=d1 9 ,connecticut1 ,may #ag4 ,ye/]day morn+1 two ladies 7 tak+ a walk 9 ! ,s\? bury+ gr\nd1 :5 !y discov]$ a tape-/r+1 & a piece ( clo?1 :i* ^u exam9ation 0 f\nd to be ! piece t 0 lac$ ^u ,miss ,jane ,b5ton's face1 :o came to h] dea? by dr[n+1 & 0 buri$ a few days s9ce4 ,! ladies !n w5t to ! grave1 & f\nd t x _h be5 di/urb$--t %e 0 tak5 out ( h] c(f91 & a rope ar\nd h] neck4 ,! circum/ance has produc$ great excitem5t 9 ! public m9d2 & e "o is on ! al]t to discov] ! p]petrators ( ?is unfeel+1 brutal act4 ,! citiz5s turn$ out 9 a body ye/]day1 & int]r$ ! corpse aga96 ,^! sc5es are highly disgraceful1 & disgraceful to all1 ?\gh n alike to all p>ties4 ,we d n blame ! ,am]icans = aboli%+ ! practice ( exhumation2 b we blame !m = /opp+ !re4 ,we ma9ta91 t x is bo? absurd & crim9al1 to make ?is practice felony1 )\t provid+ 9 "s o!r me?od = ! cultivation ( anatomy4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! law aga9/ ! practice ( exhumation is n all[$ to slumb]4 ,!re may be o!r cases :i* h n come to our k2 b we h asc]ta9$ t !re h be5 #ad convictions = ,engl& alone1 dur+ ! la/ ye>4 ,! puni%m5ts inflict$ h be5 imprisonm5t = v>i\s p]iods1 ) f9es ( diff]5t sums4 ,! f9es 9 g5]al are heavy1 consid]+ ! pov]ty ( ! (f5d]s4 ,sev]al p]sons are1 at ?is mom5t1 suff]+ ^! p5alties2 among o!rs1 !re is n[ 9 ! gaol ( ,/4 ,alban's1 a man :o 0 s5t5c$ = ?is (f5ce to two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & a f9e ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,! p]iod ( 8 conf9em5t has expir$ "s "t2 b he /ill rema9s 9 prison1 on acc\nt ( 8 inability to pay ! f9e4#a ,s9ce ! pass+ ( ! new ,vagrant act1 x has be5 ! common practice to commit ^! (f5d]s to h>d lab\r = v>i\s p]iods4 ,v lately1 two m51 convict$ ( ?is (f5ce1 7 s5t to ! ,tread ,mill1 9 ,cold ,ba? ,fields2 "o ( :om di$ 9 "o mon? aft] 8 commitm5t4 ,x is an error to suppose t ^! puni%m5ts op]ate to prev5t exhumation2 _! only effect is to raise ! price ( subjects3 a little reflection w %[ t !y c h no o!r op]ation4 ,at pres5t1 exhumation is ! only me?od by :i* subjects = dissection c be procur$2 b subjects = ?is purpose mu/ be procur$3 & be ! difficulties :at !y may1 w be procur$3 diseases w occur1 op]ations mu/ be p]=m$1 m$ical m5 mu/ be educat$1 anatomy mu/ be /udi$1 dissections mu/ g on4 ,unless "s o!r means = af=d+ a supply be adopt$2 :atev] be ! law or ! popul> feel+1 nei!r magi/rates1 nor judges1 nor juries1 w1 or c1 put an entire /op to ! practice4 ,x is "o1 :i*1 f ! absolute necessity ( ! case1 mu/ be all[$4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,s long z ! practice ( exhumation cont9ues1 a race ( m5 mu/ be tra9$ up to violate ! law4 ,^! m5 mu/ g out 9 company = ! purpose ( nightly plund]1 & plund] ( ! mo/ odi\s k9d1 t5d+ 9 a peculi> & mo/ al>m+ measure to brutify ! m9d1 & to eradicate e feel+ & s5tim5t wor?y ( a man4 ,?is employm5t becomes a s*ool 9 :i* m5 are tra9$ = ! commission ( ! mo/ d>+ & inhuman crimes4 ,its op]ation is simil>1 b mu* worse ?an ! nightly b&+ to violate ! game laws1 because !re is some?+ 9 ! violation ( ! grave1 :i* t5ds /ill m to degrade ! "* & to h>d5 ! he>t4 ,?is (f5ce is conniv$ at2 nay1 x is rew>d$2 ^! m5 are absolutely paid to violate ! law2 & paid by m5 ( reputation & influ5ce 9 society4 ,! transition is b too easy to ! commission ( o!r (f5ces 9 ! hope ( simil> connivance1 if n ( simil> rew>d4 ,x is an odi\s ?+ t ! tea*]s ( anatomy %\ld be br\ght into contact ) su* m53 t !y %\ld be oblig$ to employ !m1 & t !y %\ld ev5 be 9 _! p[]2 :i* !y are to su* a degree1 t !y are oblig$ to be> ) ! wantonness ( _! tyranny & insult4 ,all ! clam\r aga9/ ^! m51 all ! puni%m5t inflict$ on !m1 only op]ate to raise ! premium on ! repetition ( _! (f5ce4 ,?is premium ! tea*]s ( anatomy are oblig$ to pay1 :i* ^! m5 p]fectly und]/&1 :o d n at all dislike ! opposition :i* is made to _! vocation4 ,x gives !m no unreasonable pretext = exorbitancy 9 _! dem&s4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are m5 ( infam\s "*2 "s ( !m are ?ieves1 o!rs are ! companions & abettors ( ?ieves4 ,almo/ all ( !m are extremely de/itute4 ,:5 appreh5d$ = ! (f5ce 9 "q1 ! tea*]s ( anatomy are oblig$ to pay ! exp5ses ( ! trial1 & to support _! families :ile !y are 9 prison3 :5ce ! idea ( immunity is associat$1 9 ^! m5's m9ds1 ) ! violation ( ! law1 & :5 !y d happ5 to incur its p5alties1 !y practically f9d t !y & _! families are provid$ =1 & ?is provision comes to !m 9 ! %ape ( a rew>d = ! commission ( _! (f5ce4 ,! op]ation ( su* a sy/em on ! m9ds ( ! individuals !mselves is exce$+ly p]nici\s1 & is n a little dang]\s to ! community4 ,moreov]1 by ! me?od ( exhumation1 ! supply aft] all is scanty2 x is nev] adequate to ! wants ( ! s*ools2 x is ( necessity prec>i\s1 & x sometimes fails altoge!r = sev]al mon?s4 ,b x is ( ! utmo/ importance t x %\ld be abundant1 regul>1 & *eap4--,! numb] ( "y m5 :o come annually to ,london = ! purpose ( /udy+ m$ic9e & surg]y1 may be ab\t a ?\s&4 ,_! exp5ses are necess>ily v consid]able :ile 9 t[n2 !y h already paid a l>ge sum = _! appr5tice%ip 9 ! c\ntry2 ! circum/ances ( c\ntry practition]s1 9 g5]al1 c b ill af=d protract$ exp5ses = _! sons 9 ,london2 few ( !m /ay a mon? long] ?an ! "t prescrib$ by ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,b ! %ort p]iod !y sp5d 9 ,london1 is ! only "t !y h = acquir+ ! k ( _! pr(ession4 ,if !y misp5d ^! preci\s h\rs1 or if ! means ( employ+ !m prop]ly be d5i$ !m1 !y mu/ necess>ily rema9 ignorant = life4 ,aft] !y leave ,london !y h no means ( dissect+4 ,we h se5 t x is by dissect+ alone1 t !y c make !mselves acqua9t$ ev5 ) ! pr9ciples ( _! art2 t )\t x !y _c s mu* z avail !mselves ( ! opportunities ( improvem5t1 :i* exp]i5ce itself may (f]1 nor1 )\t ! highe/ tem]ity1 p]=m a s+le op]ation4 ,we h se5 t occasions sudd5ly occur1 :i* require ! prompt p]=mance ( important & difficult op]ations2 we h se5 t unless su* op]ations are p]=m$ imm$iately1 & ) ! utmo/ skill1 life is inevitably lo/4 ,9 _m su* cases1 !re is no "t to s5d = o!r assi/ance4 ,if a c\ntry practition] 7& mo/ ( ^! "y m5 g to ! c\ntry7 be n himself capable ( do+ :at is prop] to be done1 ! dea? ( ! pati5t is c]ta94 ,we put x to ! read] to imag9e :at ! feel+s ( an +5u\s "y man mu/ be1 :o is aw>e ( :at he ought to d1 b :o is consci\s t 8 k is n suffici5t to au?orise him to attempt to p]=m x1 & :o sees 8 pati5t die be=e him1 :5 he kn[s t he might be sav$1 & t x w\ld h be5 9 8 own p[] to save him1 _h he be5 prop]ly educat$4 ,we put x to ! read] to conceive :at 8 own s5sations w\ld be1 7 an ignorant surgeon1 ) a ra%ness m fatal ?an ! crim9al mode/y ( ! =m]1 to und]take an important op]ation--,suppose x 7 a tumor1 :i* turn$ out to be an aneurism2 suppose x 7 a h]nia1 9 op]at+ on :i* ! epiga/ric art]y 7 divid$1 or ! inte/9e itself w\nd$3 suppose x 7 8 "m1 8 wife1 8 si/]1 8 *ild1 :om he ?us saw p]i% be=e 8 eyes1 :at w\ld ! read] !n ?9k ( ! prejudice :i* )holds f ! surgeon t in=mation1 )\t :i* ! practice ( 8 pr(ession is murd]8 ,! /udy ( anatomy is a sev]e & labori\s /udy2 ! practice ( dissection is on _m acc\nts highly repulsive3 x is ev5 n )\t dang] to life itself4#b ,to m5 ( cle> und]/&+s1 to ^? especially ( a philosophical turn ( m9d1 ! pursuit is its own rew>d2 !y are s fully satisfi$1 t ! m x is cultivat$ ! m satisfaction x w af=d1 t !y ne$ no /imulus to induce !m to und]go ! drudg]y4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case ) ord9>y m9ds4 ,! fatigue & disgu/ ( ! dissect+-room1 are appall+ to !m1 & !y ne$ ! /imulus ( necessity to urge !m to ! task4 ,! c\rt ( exam9]s ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 requires f ! c&idates = surgical diplomas c]tificates t !y h gone ?r\gh at lea/ two c\rses ( dissections2 ! exam9]s at ,apo!c>ies'-hall d n require su* c]tificates4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t _m "y m5 cont5t !mselves ) att5d+ lectures1 & ) pass+ _! exam9ations at ,apo!c>ies'-hall1 & d n apply = a diploma at ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,?is s+le fact is suffici5t to demon/rate to ! public1 t in/ead ( ?r[+ ob/acles 9 ! way ( dissection1 x is a duty :i* !y owe to !mselves to af=d e possible facility to its practice1 & to hold out to e memb] ( ! pr(ession1 ! mo/ p[]ful inducem5ts to engage 9 x1 by rew>d+ ) confid5ce ^? :o cultivate anatomy1 by mak+ excell5ce 9 anatomy indisp5sable to all (fices 9 disp5s>ies & hospitals1 & by ?us r5d]+ x impossible = any "o :o is ignorant ( anatomy1 to obta9 rank 9 8 pr(ession4 ,:5 a c&idate pres5ts himself = a diploma 9 ,d5m>k1 9 8 fir/ trial he is put into a room ) a subject1 a case ( in/rum5ts1 & a memor&um1 & in=m$ t he is to display ! anatomy ( ! face & neck1 or t ( ! upp] extremity or t ( ! l[] extremity3 t by ! anatomy is to be und]/ood1 ! blood-vessels1 n]ves1 & muscles2 & t z soon z he has accompli%$ 8 task1 ! pr(essors w att5d 8 summons to judge ( 8 atta9m5ts4 ,^! pr(essors are ! true exam9]s6 ,we %all h ent]$ into ! discussion ( ?is subject to little purpose1 if we h n produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s a deep conviction1 t anatomy ought to =m an ess5tial "p ( m$ical education1 t anatomy _c be /udi$ )\t ! practice ( dissection2 t dissection _c be practis$ )\t a supply ( subjects1 & t ! mann] 9 :i* t supply is obta9$ 9 ,engl& is dete/able1 & ought imm$iately to be *ang$4 ,x might be *ang$ easily4 ,we agree ) ,mr4 ,mack5zie1 t legislative int]f]5ce is necess>y2 we are satisfi$ t no?+ w be done 9 ,engl& )\t x4 ,! plan :i* ,mr4 ,mack5zie sugge/s is z foll[s3 #a4 ,t ! clause ( our crim9al code1 by :i* ! dissection ( ! dead body is made "p ( ! puni%m5t = murd]1 be repeal$4 #b4 ,t ! exhumation ( dead bodies be puni%able z felony4 #c4 ,t no diploma 9 m$ic9e or surg]y1 be grant$ by any faculty1 college1 or univ]sity1 except to ^? p]sons :o %all produce und\bt$ evid5ce ( _! hav+ c>efully dissect$ at lea/ five human bodies4 #d4 ,t 9 ea* ( ! hospitals1 infirm>ies1 "w-h\ses1 poor-h\ses1 f\ndl+-h\ses1 h\ses ( correction1 & prisons ( ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 & ,dubl91 & if ne$ be1 ( all o!r t[ns 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 an ap>tm5t be appo9t$ = ! reception ( ! bodies ( all p]sons dy+ 9 ! said hospitals1 infirm>ies1 "w h\ses1 poor-h\ses1 f\ndl+-h\ses1 h\ses ( correction1 & prisons1 unclaim$ by imm$iate relatives1 or ^: relatives decl9e to defray ! exp5ses ( int]m5t4 #e4 ,t ! bodies ( all p]sons dy+ 9 ^! t[ns1 &1 if ne$ be1 9 all o!r t[ns1 & also 9 c\ntry p>i%es1 unclaimable by imm$iate relatives1 or ^: relatives decl9e to defray ! exp5ses ( int]m5t1 %all be convey$ to a mort-h\se appo9t$ 9 ! said t[ns = _! reception4 #f4 ,t no dead bodies %all be deliv]$ f any hospital1 infirm>y1 "w h\se1 poor-h\se1 f\ndl+-h\se1 h\se ( correction1 prison1 or mort-h\se = anatomical purposes1 except ^u ! requisition ( a memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians or ( ,surgeons1 ( ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 or ,dubl91 or ( ! ,faculty ( ,physicians & ,surgeons ( ,glasg[1 & ^u ! paym5t ( tw5ty %ill+s into ! h&s ( ! treasur]1 ( ! hospital1 infirm>y1 "w-h\se1 poor-h\se1 f\ndl+-h\se1 h\se ( correction1 prison1 or o!r (fic] appo9t$ to receive ! same4 ,?is is too l>ge a sum4 #g4 ,t no dead body %all be convey$ f a hospital1 infirm>y1 "w-h\se1 poor-h\se1 f\ndl+-h\se1 h\se ( correction1 prison1 or mort-h\se1 to a s*ool ( anatomy1 except 9 a cov]$ bi]1 & betwe5 ! h\rs ( f\r & six 9 ! morn+4 #h4 ,t aft] ! expiration ( tw5ty-eight days1 an (fic] appo9t$ = ?is purpose1 9 ea* ( ! f\r t[ns above-m5tion$1 %all cause ! rema9s ( ! dead to be plac$ 9 a c(f91 remov$ f ! s*ool ( anatomy1 :]e ! dead body has be5 exam9$1 to ! mort-h\se ( ! t[n & dec5tly buri$4 #i4 ,t ! exp5ses att5d+ ! execution ( ^! regulations1 be defray$ out ( fees paid by tea*]s & /ud5ts ( anatomy1 on receiv+ dead bodies f ! hospitals1 infirm>ies1 "w-h\ses1 poor h\ses1 f\ndl+-h\ses1 h\ses ( correction1 prisons1 & mort-h\ses4 ,to ?is plan !re is b "o objection1 viz4 t x is mak+ ! bodies ( ! poor public prop]ty4 ,! answ] is1 t ! limitation 9 ! propos$ law1 :i* ! objection does n notice1 entirely removes ! weight ( t objection4 ,?\gh no maxim c be m indisputable ?an t ^? :o are support$ by ! public die 9 its debt1 & t _! rema9s at lea/1 might1 )\t inju/ice1 be conv]t$ to ! public use1 yet x is n propos$ to dispose 9 ?is mann] ( ! bodies ( all ! poor3 b only ( t portion ( ! poor :o die unclaim$ & )\t fri5ds1 & ^: appropriation to ?is public s]vice c\ld1 !re=e1 af=d pa9 to no "o4 ,if any concession & co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! public1 = ?is great public object is to be expect$1 & )\t concession & co-op]ation no?+ c be done1 x is n easy to conceive ( any plan :i* requires less public concession or implies less violation ( public feel+4 ,9 po9t ( fact x w\ld put no indignity1 x w\ld inflict no injury on ! poor2 x is ! rejection ( x t w\ld really & practically be unju/ & cruel4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! surgeon %all be all[$ to ga9 k by op]at+ on ! bodies ( ! dead1 or driv5 to obta9 x by practis+ on ! bodies ( ! liv+4 ,if ! dead bodies ( ! poor are n appropriat$ to ?is use1 _! liv+ bodies w & mu/ be4 ,! ri* w always h x 9 _! p[] to select1 = ! p]=mance ( an op]ation1 ! surgeon :o has already signaliz$ himself by success3 b t surgeon1 if he h n obta9$ ! dext]ity :i* ensures success1 by dissect+ & op]at+ on ! dead1 mu/ h acquir$ x by mak+ exp]im5ts on ! liv+ bodies ( ! poor4 ,!re is no o!r means by :i* he c possibly h ga9$ ! necess>y in=mation4 ,e su* surgeon :o rises to em95ce1 mu/ h ris5 to x ?r\gh ! suff]+ :i* he has inflict$1 & ! dea? :i* he has br\ght ^u hundr$s ( ! poor4 ,! effect ( ! entire abolition ( ! practice ( dissect+ ! dead1 w\ld be1 to conv]t poor-h\ses & public hospitals into s _m s*ools :]e ! surgeon1 by practis+ on ! poor1 w\ld le>n to op]ate on ! ri* ) safety & dext]ity4 ,?is w\ld be ! c]ta9 & inevitable result3 & ?is1 inde$1 w\ld be to treat !m ) real indignity1 & horrible inju/ice2 & proves1 h[ possible x is to %[ an app>5t consid]ation = ! poor1 & yet practically to treat !m 9 ! mo/ injuri\s & cruel mann]4 ,nor w\ld ! propos$ plan be ! means ( det]r+ ?is class ( p f ent]+ ! hospitals4 ,!re is some?+ reasonable 9 ! appreh5sion on :i* ?is objection is f\nd$3 b ! answ] to x is complete1 because x is an answ]1 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 to an objection1 :i* is m]ely a d$uction f :at is probable4 ,! plan has be5 act$ on1 & f\nd to be unatt5d$ ) ?is result3 x 0 tri$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 & ! hospital 0 z full z x is at pres5t3 x is univ]sally act$ on 9 ,france1 & ! hospitals are always cr[d$4 ,! great advantages ( ! plan are1 t x w\ld accompli% ! propos$ object1 easily & completely1 :]eas ! plan 9 op]ation effects x imp]fectly & ) difficulty2 & x w\ld put an imm$iate & entire /op to all ! evils ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,at once x w\ld put an end to ! ne$less education ( d>+ & desp]ate violators ( ! law4 ,x w\ld tranquillize ! public m9d4 ,_! dead w\ld re/ undi/urb$3 ! sepul*re w\ld be sacr$3 & all ! horrors :i* ! imag9ation connects ) its violation w\ld cease = ev]4 ,we h /at$1 t ! plan has be5 tri$4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ its efficacy4 ,x 0 adopt$ ) p]fect success 9 ,ed9burgh m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,9 ! ,c\ncil ,regi/] = #afid1 x is record$ t all unclaim$ dead bodies 9 ! *>itable in/itutions or 9 ! /reets1 7 giv5 = dissection to ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 to "o or two ( its individual memb]s1 & to ! pr(essor ( anatomy4 ,?is regulation1 at t p]iod1 excit$ no opposition on ! "p ( ! p1 b effectually answ]$ ! desir$ object4 ,all ! m$ical s*ools on ! cont95t are suppli$ ) subjects1 by public au?ority1 9 a simil> mann]4 ,we h obta9$ f a fri5d 9 ,p>is1 a g5tleman :o is at ! head ( ! anatomical dep>tm5t 9 t city1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! s*ools ( anatomy are suppli$4 ,x is /at$2 #a4 ,t ! faculty ( m$ic9e at ,p>is is au?oriz$ to take f ! civil hospitals1 f ! prisons1 & f ! depts ( m5dicity1 ! bodies :i* are necess>y = tea*+ anatomy4 #b4 ,t a gratuity ( eight p5ce is giv5 to ! att5dants 9 ! hospitals = ea* body4 #c4 ,t ^u ! f\ndation by ! ,national ,conv5tion1 ( s*ools ( heal?1 ! /atutes ( _! f\ndation decl>e1 t ! subjects necess>y = ! s*ools ( anatomy %all be tak5 f ! hospitals1 & t s9ce ?is p]iod1 ! c\ncil ( hospitals & ! prefect ( police1 h always p]mitt$ ! practice4 #d4 ,t ,m4 ,bres*et1 *ief ( ! anatomical dep>tm5t ( ! faculty ( ,p>is1 s5ds a c>riage daily to ! diff]5t hospitals1 :i* br+s back ! necess>y numb] ( bodies3 t ?is numb] has sometimes am\nt$ to #bjjj p] annum = ! faculty only1 )\t reckon+ ^? us$ 9 ,l',hpital de la ,piti1 b t s9ce ! g5]al att5tion :i* has rec5tly be5 be/[$ ^u pa?ologic anatomy1 numb]s ( bodies are op5$ 9 ! civil & milit>y hospitals1 & t ! faculty seldom obta9 m ?an #ajjj or #abjj4 #e4 ,t1 besides ! dissections by ! faculty ( m$ic9e1 & ^? pursu$ 9 ,l',hpital de la ,piti1 !atres ( anatomy are op5$ 9 all ! great hospitals1 = ! pupils ( ^? e/abli%m5ts3 t 9 ^! in/itutions anatomy is c>efully taught1 & t pupils h all ! facilities = dissection t c be desir$4 #f4 ,t ! price ( a body v>ies f f\r %ill+s to eight %ill+s & sixp5ce4 #g4 ,t aft] dissection1 ! bodies are wrapt 9 clo?s1 & c>ri$ to ! neighb\r+ cemet]y1 :]e !y are receiv$ = t5-p5ce4 #h4 ,t ! practice ( exhumation is aboli%$3 t !re are insurm\ntable ob/acles to ! return ( t sy/em1 & t bodies are nev] tak5 f burial gr\nds1 )\t an ord] = exhumation1 :i* is giv5 only :5 ! tribunals require x = ! purpose ( m$ico-legal inve/igation4 #i4 ,t ?\gh ! p h an av]sion to ! op]ations ( dissection1 yet !y nev] make any opposition to !m1 provid$ respect be paid to ! laws ( dec5cy & salubrity1 on acc\nt ( ! deep conviction t prevails ( _! utility1 #aj4 ,t ! relatives ( ! deceas$ seldom or nev] oppose ! op5+ ( any body1 if ! physicians desire x4 ,t all ! m$ical /ud5ts 9 ,france1 ) sc>cely any exception1 dissect1 & t t physician or surgeon :o is n acqua9t$ ) anatomy1 is univ]sally reg>g$ z ! mo/ ignorant ( m54 ,x is "t t ! physicians & surgeons ( ,engl&1 %\ld ex]t !mselves to *ange a sy/em :i* has s long ret>d$ ! progress ( _! sci5ce1 & be5 productive ( s mu* evil to ! community4 ,we are p]suad$1 t !re is good s5se en\gh1 bo? 9 ! p & 9 ! legislature1 to li/5 to _! repres5tations4 ,we w\ld advise !m to avail !mselves ( ! means !y possess to communicate in=mation to ! p1 & to make individual memb]s ( p>liam5t acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,) ?is view we w\ld recomm5d ! :ole body to act 9 conc]t1 to appo9t a committee = conduct+ ! matt]1 & to petition p>liam5t1 z soon z !y %all h made ! nature ( _! claims1 & ! gr\nds on :i* !y re/1 m g5]ally kn[n4 ,if !y act 9 co-op]ation ) ea* o!r1 & pursue _! object temp]ately1 & /eadily1 we _c b believe1 t _! ef=ts at no di/ant p]iod1 w be cr[n$ ) success4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 we h le>n$ t ?is man has be5 rec5tly lib]at$1 & 8 f9e remitt$4 #b ,a w9t] nev] passes )\t prov+ fatal to sev]al /ud5ts :o die f injuries receiv$ 9 dissection4