,! transcrib]s' notes foll[ ! text4 ,,f5ces1 ,,gates ,,& ,,bridges4 ,a ,,practical ,,manual4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,george ,a4 ,,m>t94 ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #ahib4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhg1 by ! ,o4 ,,judd ,,co41 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,prefatory ,x is au?oritatively /at$ t ! build+ & ma9t5ance ( ! f>m f5ces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h co/ m ?an ! con/ruction ( ! f>m build+s4 ,be ?is z x may1 :ile l>ge numb]s ( works h be5 writt5 ^u rural ar*itecture we believe ?is is ! fir/ publication specially devot$ to ,f5ces1 ,gates & ,bridges4 ,x aims to be a practical "w1 %[+ ! 8evolution0 ( ! f5ce f ! road b>ri] ( logs1 bru% or sods to ! late/ improv$ =ms ( b>b$ wire4 ,! num]\s illu/rations are ma9ly repres5tations ( f5ces1 gates1 etc41 9 actual use4 ,! *apt] on f5ce law is necess>ily cond5s$4 ,! v>i\s judicial decisions ^u ! subject alone w\ld fill a l>ge volume4 ,?is little "w1 ! fir/ & only "o ( its "*1 is giv5 to ! public 9 ! confid5t hope t x w prove specially useful to f>m]s & village resid5ts4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,rail & o!r ,primitive ,f5ces #g-ag ,virg9ia ,rail ,f5ce2 ,lay+ a ,rail ,f5ce2 ,/ak+ & ,wir+2 ,a ,f5ce ( ,/akes & ,rid]s2 ,a ,pole ,f5ce2 ,f5ces = ,soil ,liable to ,heave2 ,o!r ,primitive ,f5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/one & ,sod ,f5ces #ah-bc ,h[ a ,/one ,wall ,%\ld be ,built2 ,build+ a ,/one ,f5ce2 ,truck = ,mov+ ,/ones2 ,re-in=c+ a ,/one ,wall2 ,a ,composite ,f5ce2 ,a ,prairie ,sod ,f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,bo>d ,f5ces #bd-cj ,build+ ,bo>d ,f5ces2 ,f5ces = ,l& ,subject to ,ov]fl[2 ,a ,f5ce-,bo>d ,hold]2 ,re-in=c+ a ,bo>d ,f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,picket ,f5ces #ca-db ,a ,good ,g>d5 ,f5ce2 ,a ,s\!rn ,picket ,f5ce2 ,f5ces ( ,split ,pickets2 ,ornam5tal ,picket ,f5ces2 ,ru/ic ,picket ,f5ces2 ,light ,picket ,f5ces2 ,h&-made ,wire & ,picket ,f5ces2 ,f5ce ( ,wire & ,pickets4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,b>b-,wire ,f5ce #dc-fa ,/ati/ics & ,=ms ( ,b>b ,wire2 ,h[ to ,set ,b>b ,wire ,f5ce2 ,unreel+ & ,/ret*+ ,b>b ,wire2 ,wire-,/ret*]s2 ,build+ ,wire ,f5ce on ,unev5 ,gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,f5ces ( ,b>b ,wire & ,bo>ds #fb-fg ,comb9$ ,wire & ,bo>d ,f5ce2 ,a ,bracket$ ,f5ce2 ,dog-,pro( ,f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,h$ges #fg-ge ,! ,be/ ,h$ge ,plants2 ,plant+ & ,c>e ( ,osage ,h$ges2 ,h$ges = ! ,s\?2 ,ornam5tal ,h$ges & ,scre5s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,portable ,f5ces & ,hurdles #ge-he ,portable ,bo>d ,f5ces2 ,portable ,f5ces ( ,poles & ,wire2 ,portable ,f5ces = ,w9dbreaks2 ,portable ,p\ltry ,f5ces2 ,portable ,fold+ ,f5ce2 ,tempor>y ,wire & ,iron ,f5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,f5ces = ,/reams & ,gullies #he-ie ,flood ,f5ces2 ,portable ,wire ,f5ce2 ,wat]+ ,place 9 a ,creek4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,mak+ & ,sett+ ,po/s #ie-aag ,mak+ ,f5ce ,po/s2 ,a ,po/ ,hold]2 ,driv+ ,f5ce ,po/s by ,h&2 ,to ,drive ,po/s ,)\t ,splitt+2 ,a ,p[]ful ,po/ ,driv]2 ,sett+ a ,gate ,po/2 ,live ,po/s2 ,m5d+ a ,split ,po/2 ,hook = ,wir+ ,po/s2 ,draw+ ,f5ce ,po/s2 ,lift+ ,po/s by ,h&2 ,splic+ ,f5ce ,po/s2 ,application ( ,wood ,pres]vatives2 ,iron ,f5ce ,po/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,gates & ,fa/5+s #aag-afd ,wood5 ,gates2 ,a ,v ,sub/antial ,f>m ,gate2 ,a ,/rong & ,neat ,gate2 ,light ,iron ,gates2 ,self-clos+ ,gates2 ,gate = a ,village ,lot2 ,a ,*9ese ,door or ,gate ,spr+2 ,lift+ ,gates2 ,ru/ic ,gates2 ,balance ,gates2 ,gate = ,sn[y ,wea!r2 ,we/ ,india ,f>m ,gates2 ,gate ,h+es ( ,wood2 ,d\ble ,gates2 ,d\ble ,lat*$ ,gates2 ,improv$ ,slide ,gate2 ,a ,comb9$ ,h+e & ,slid+ ,gate2 ,gates ( ,wood & ,wire2 ,a ,good & ,*eap ,f>m ,gate2 ,an ,improv$ ,wire ,gate2 ,tak+ up ! ,sag 9 ,gates2 ,good ,gate ,lat*es2 ,top ,h+e ( ,f>m ,gate2 ,gateways 9 ,wire ,f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,wickets & ,/iles #afd-agj ,iron ,wickets2 ,wood5 ,wickets2 ,/iles = ,wire ,f5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,f5ce ,law #agj-agf ,f5c+ ,out or ,f5c+ ,92 ,division ,f5ces2 ,highway ,f5ces2 ,:at is a ,legal ,f5ce8 ,railroad ,f5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,c\ntry ,bridges & ,culv]ts #agf-ahh ,/r5g? ( ,bridges2 ,braces & ,trusses2 ,abutm5ts1 ,pi]s & ,rail+s2 ,bridges = ,gullies2 ,road ,culv]ts4 ,,f5ces1 ,,gates ,,& ,,bridges4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rail ,,& ,,o!r ,,primitive ,,wood ,,f5ces4 ,,virg9ia ,,rail ,,f5ce4 ,! zigzag rail f5ce 0 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by ! settl]s 9 ! heavily timb]$ portions ( ! c\ntry1 & c\ntless ?\s&s ( miles ( x /ill exi/1 ?\gh ! increas+ sc>city ( timb] has br\ght o!r /yles ( f5c+ l>gely into use4 ,prop]ly built1 ( good mat]ial1 on a cle>1 solid b$1 kept free f bu%es & o!r gr[? to %ade x & cause x to rot1 ! rail f5ce is z *eap z any1 & z effective & durable z c reasonably be desir$4 ,good *e/nut1 oak1 c$>1 or junip] rails1 or orig9al gr[? he>t p9e1 w la/ f fifty to a hundr$ ye>s1 s t mat]ial ( ?is sort1 once 9 h&1 w s]ve "o or two g5]ations4 ,?is f5ce1 t5 rails high1 & propp$ ) two rails at ea* corn]1 requires twelve rails to ! panel4 ,if ! f5ce b$ is five feet wide1 & ! rails are elev5 feet long1 & are lapp$ ab\t a foot at ! locks1 "o panel w ext5d ab\t eight feet 9 direct l9e4 ,?is takes sev5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & tw5ty rails1 or ab\t eight ?\s& rails to ! mile4 ,= a tempor>y f5ce1 "o t c be put up & tak5 d[n 9 a %ort "t1 = mak+ /ock p5s & division f5ces1 n int5d$ to rema9 long 9 place1 no?+ is *eap] or bett]4 ,! b$ = a f5ce ( ?is k9d %\ld n be less ?an five feet across1 to enable x to /& be=e ! w9d4 ,! rails are be/ cut elev5 feet long1 z ?is makes a lock nei!r too long nor too %ort2 & ! =w>d end ( ea* rail %\ld come "u ! next "o t is laid4 ,! corn]s1 or locks1 z !y are call$1 %\ld also be well propp$ ) /rong1 :ole rails1 n ) pieces ( rails1 z is (t5 done4 ,! props %\ld be set firmly on ! gr\nd ab\t two feet f ! panel1 & cross$ at ! lock s z to hold ea* o!r1 & ! top c\rse ( ! f5ce firmly 9 place4 ,!y ?us act z braces to ! f5ce1 support+ x aga9/ ! w9d4 ,bo? sides ( ! f5ce %\ld be propp$4 ,! top c\rse ( rails %\ld be ! /ronge/ & heavie/ ( any1 = ! d\ble purpose ( weight+ ! f5ce d[n1 & to prev5t break+ ( rails by p]sons gett+ ^u x4 ,! f\r c\rses ( rails ne>e/ ! gr\nd %\ld be ( ! smalle/ pieces1 to prev5t mak+ ! cracks1 or spaces betwe5 ! rails1 too l>ge4 ,!y %\ld also be /raight1 & ( ne>ly ev5 sizes at bo? ends4 ,?is la/ precaution is only necess>y :]e small pigs h to be f5c$ out or 91 z ! case may be4 ,! f5ce1 aft] x is f9i%$1 w h ! appe>ance ( figure #a1 w be six rails high1 two props at ea* lock1 & ! worm w be crook$ en\gh to /& any w9d1 t w n pro/rate crops1 fruit trees1 etc4 ,a /raight] worm ?an ?is w be easy to bl[ d[n or pu% ov]4 ,! /ability ( ?is sort ( f5ce dep5ds v l>gely on ! mann] ( plac+ ! props1 bo? z to ! di/ance ( ! foot ( ! prop rail f ! f5ce panel1 & ! way x is lock$ at ! corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,virg9ia ,,zigzag ,,f5ce ,,complete4 ,,lay+ ,a ,,rail ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,f5ce ,,begun4 ,x is mu* bett]1 bo? = good looks & economy1 to h ! corn]s ( a rail f5ce on ea* side 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by means ( a v simple implem5t1 %[n 9 figure #b4 ,x consi/s ( a small pole1 eight feet long1 %>p5$ at ! l[] end4 ,a horizontal arm ( a l5g? equal to half ! wid? ( ! f5ce f extreme outside ( corn]s1 is fa/5$ to ! long pole at "r angles1 ne> ! l[] end4 ,sometimes a sapl+ may be f\nd ) a limb gr[+ ne>ly at "r angles1 :i* w s]ve ! purpose4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! f5ce1 /akes are set at int]vals along ! middle ( ! l9e x is to occupy4 ,to beg91 ! gauge1 z %[n 9 figure #b1 is set 9 l9e ) ! /akes1 & ! horizontal arm is swung outw>dly at "r angles to ! l9e ( f5ce4 ,a /one or block to support ! fir/ corn] is laid directly "u ! end ( ! horizontal arm1 & ! fir/ rail laid ) "o end re/+ on ! support4 ,9 ! same way ! next corn] & all o!rs are laid1 ! gauge be+ mov$ f corn] to corn]1 set 9 ! l9e ( f5ce1 & ! arm swung alt]nately to ! "r & left4 ,,/ak+ ,,& ,,wir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,,/akes ,,9 8,,lock40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,/akes ,,9 ,,angles4 ,a neat] & m sub/antial me?od ( secur+ ! corn]s ( a worm f5ce is by v]tical /akes & wires1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,:5 ! l[] ?ree rails are laid1 ! /akes are driv5 9 ! angles close to ! rails1 & secur$ by a b& ( anneal$ wire4 ,! "w ( lay+ ! rails proce$s1 & :5 )9 "o rail ( ! top1 a second wire b& is put 9 place4 ,or ! upp] wire may be put on above ! top rail4 ,anneal$ wire is pl5tiful & *eap4 ,a ,,f5ce ,,( 8,,/akes ,,& ,,rid]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a ,,/ake ,,& ,,rid] ,,f5ce4 ,a v common me?od ) ! 8worm0 or 8,virg9ia0 rail f5ce is to drive slant+ /akes ov] ! corn] 9 saw-horse /yle1 & lay ! top rail into ! angle ?us =m$4 ,! /akes1 re/+ on ! rails & /&+ at angle1 brace ! f5ce firmly4 ,b ! feet ( ! /akes ext5d+ beyond ! jagg$ corn]s =m$ by ! ends ( ! rail are objectionable4 ,?is is rem$i$ 9 "p by putt+ ! /akes ov] ! middle ( ! panel--at consid]able di/ance ap>t--& lay+ 9 !m long poles horizontally4 ,9 ?is case ! /akes %\ld be set at su* an angle z to prev5t _! mov+ sidewise along ! top rail1 :i* %\ld be a /rong "o4 ,^! /akes & long rid]s are frequ5tly us$ to raise ! height ( l[ /one walls4 ,figure #f %[s a f5ce ne>ly all compos$ ( /akes & rid]s1 :i* is /raight & requires few] rails ?an a worm f5ce4 ,fir/1 crot*$ /akes1 =m$ by ! =ks ( a bran*+ tree limb1 a foot or m long1 are driv5 a foot or s into ! gr\nd at a di/ance ap>t correspond+ to ! l5g? ( poles us$4 ,! bottom poles are laid into ^!1 & two /akes1 split or r\nd poles1 are driv5 ov] ^! & ! next poles laid 94 ,!n two m /akes & ano!r pole1 & s on z high z ! f5ce is requir$4 ,?is w answ] = l>g] animals1 & be /rong & n exp5sive4 ,= sw9e1 & o!r small live/ock1 ! crot* /akes may be replac$ by blocks or /ones1 & ! l[] poles be small & beg9 close to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,a ,,pole ,,f5ce4 ,a ,,pole ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,,)e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,,)e ,,9 ,,place4 ,a f5ce :i* is *eaply con/ruct$ 9 a timb]$ region1 & calls = no outlay :atev]1 besides labor1 is illu/rat$ at figure #g4 ,! po/s are set 9 a /raight l9e1 hav+ previ\sly be5 bor$ ) an in* augur to receive ! p9s4 ,:5 !y are set1 ! p9s are driv5 diagonally into ! po/s1 & ! poles laid 9 place4 ,x w\ld add mu* to its /r5g?1 if ! poles 7 laid s z to 8break jo9ts40 ,a modification ( ?is f5ce is sometimes made by us+ )es in/ead ( p9s to hold ! poles 9 place4 ,! )e is made ( a "y sapl+ or sl5d] limb ( bee*1 iron-wood1 or simil> t\gh fibr\s wood1 ) ! twigs left on4 ,?is is twi/$ ^u itself1 a /rong loop made at ! top1 ?r\gh :i* ! butt is slipp$4 ,:5 9 place1 ! butt end is tuck$ "u ! body ( ! )e4 ,,f5ces ,,= ,,soil ,,liable ,,to ,,heave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,end ,,view ,,( ,,f5ce4 ,! ma9 po9t 9 su* a f5ce is ei!r to set ! po/s & place a p9 ?r\gh !m ne> ! bottom1 s t ! fro/ may n ?r[ !m out1 or to s atta* ! bo>ds t ! po/s may be re-driv51 )\t splitt+ !m1 or remov+ ! rails f ! f5ce4 ,! latt] is1 p]haps1 ! be/ plan1 & may be accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways1 ! mo/ desirable ( :i* is %[n 9 figures #aj & #aa4 ,! po/1 h1 is driv5 9 ! usual mann]1 :5 a /rip ( bo>d1 g1 is fa/5$ to x by ?ree or f\r spikes1 dep5d+ ^u ! hight ( ! f5ce4 ,a space j suffici5t to ins]t ! ends ( bo>ds a1 e1 figure #aa1 is left betwe5 ! po/ & outside /rip1 ! ends ( ! bo>ds re/+ ^u ! spikes4 ,_m miles ( ?is f5ce are 9 use4 ,x looks neat2 besides any portion is easily remov$1 mak+ a passage to & f ! field4 ,a new po/ is easily put 9 :5 requir$1 & any may be re-driv5 :5 heav$ by ! fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,,side ,,view ,,( ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,,f5ce ,,) ,,iron ,,hooks4 ,:]e iron is *eap1 a rod ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] is cut 9 l5g?s ( ab\t sev5 & a half in*es2 "o end is %>p5$1 :ile ! opposite end1 = ?ree in*es1 is b5t at "r angles4 ,aft] ! bo>ds are plac$ 9 position1 ! hooks %\ld be driv5 9 s t !y w firmly grasp ! bo>ds & hold !m 9 place4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ f5ce is %[n 9 figure #ab1 & is "o adapt$ to almo/ any locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,,horizontal ,,section4 ,a mu* bett] me?od is to fa/5 ! bo>ds tempor>ily 9 place1 & !n bore a half in* hole ?r\gh bo? bo>ds & ! po/1 into :i* a common screw bolt is !n ins]t$ & ! nut screw$ on firmly4 ,! two ends %\ld1 h[ev]1 be put on opposite sides ( ! po/4 ,"o bolt ?us holds ! ends ( bo? bo>ds firmly to ! po/1 z %[n 9 figure #ac4 ,) ?is /yle ( f5ce1 old rails or r\nd poles may be us$ in/ead ( bo>ds4 ,,o!r ,,primitive ,,f5ces4 ,9 ! heavily timb]$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! settl]s a few ye>s ago 7 mak+ f>ms by fell+ & burn+ ! huge p9e trees1 a f5ce 0 con/ruct$ l ! "o %[n 9 figure #ad4 ,sections ( trees1 ab\t f\r & a half feet long & (t5 z ?ick1 7 plac$ 9 l9e & mortic$ to receive f ?ree to five rails4 ,?is /yle ( f5ce c\ld be us$ by ! l&scape g>d5] ) f9e effect = enclos+ a p>k or %rubb]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,,log ,,po/s4 ,9 ! same regions1 :5 a f>m] has pull$ all ! /umps f a pa/ure t slopes t[>d ! highway1 ! /umps may be plac$ 9 l9e along ! road ) ! top ends inside ( ! field4 ,! gaps betwe5 :]e ! /umps _c be roll$ close toge!r1 are fill$ ) bru%wood4 ,a portion ( ?is f5ce is %[n 9 figure #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,,/ump ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,,wick] ,,f5ce4 ,:]e o!r mat]ial is co/ly1 or n to be obta9$1 ! wick] f5ce1 con/ruct$ ( /akes & will[s1 is mu* us$4 ,9 ! f> ,we/ x is to be se5 9 e t[n1 g5]ally built on a small embankm5t ( e>? f "o to two feet deep4 ,9 ?is climate1 ) occasional repairs1 x la/s f t5 to fifte5 ye>s4 ,figure #af %[s ! /yle ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,,bru% ,,f5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ! =e/ regions is f\nd ! /ak$ & rid]$ bru% gr[+ on ! l9e :]e ! f5ce is con/ruct$4 ,figure #ag illu/rates a few rods ( bru% f5ce--su* f5c+ be+ met ) 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,/one ,,& ,,sod ,,f5ces4 ,,h[ ,a ,,/one ,,wall ,,%\ld ,,be ,,built4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,,well ,,laid ,,wall4 ,to build a /one wall1 "s skill is requir$4 ,! f\ndation %\ld be dug out a foot deep1 & ! e>? ?r[n ^u ea* side1 :i* s]ves to turn wat] f ! wall4 ,l>ge /ones are b$d$ 9 ! tr5*1 & long /ones plac$ crosswise ^u !m4 ,z _m :ole /ones z possible %\ld be us$ 9 ?is place4 ,! /ones are !n arrang$ z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 break+ jo9ts1 & di/ribut+ ! weight equally4 ,any small spaces %\ld be fill$ ) *ips brok5 (f 9 dress+ ! l>g] /ones1 s z to make !m fit snugly4 ,z x is a "w t w la/ a c5tury1 x is wor? do+ well4 ,,build+ ,a ,,/one ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,,lay+ ,,up ,a ,,/one ,,f5ce4 ,a p]man5t /one f5ce %\ld be built f f\r to five feet high1 two feet wide at ! base & "o foot at ! top1 if ! k9d ( /ones available all[ ?is con/ruction4 ,if a high] f5ce is desir$1 ! wid? %\ld be correspond+ly increas$4 ,! surface ( ! soil along ! l9e ( ! f5ce %\ld be made smoo? & z ne>ly level z possible4 ,! hight w dep5d ^u ! situation1 ! animals1 ! smoo?ness ( ! wall 7:e!r %eep c get foot-holds to climb ov]71 & ! "* ( ! gr\nd along ea* side4 ,if ! e>? f\ndation be r\nd$ up previ\sly1 slop+ (f to an op5 depression or gully1 less hight w be ne$$4 ,su* an elevation w furni% a dry base n heav$ by fro/ l a wet "o4 ,)\t ?is1 or a dra9 alongside or "u ! wall1 to keep ! soil always dry1 ! base mu/ be sunk deeply en\gh to be pro( aga9/ heavy fro/s1 :i* w tilt & loos5 ! be/ laid wall on wet soil4 ,! f\ndation /ones %\ld be ! l>ge/2 small] /ones pack$ betwe5 !m are necess>y to firmness4 ,! mi/ake is sometimes made ( plac+ all ! l>g] /ones on ! outside ( ! wall1 fill+ ! c5t] ) small ones4 ,long b9d-/ones plac$ at frequ5t int]vals ?r\gh ! wall add greatly to its /r5g?4 ,! top ( ! f5ce is mo/ secure :5 cov]$ ) l>g] close-fitt+1 flat /ones4 ,! engrav+ %[s a wood5 frame & cords us$ z a guide 9 build+ a sub/antial /one f5ce4 ,two m5 c "w toge!r ) mutual advantage on opposite sides ( ! /one wall4 ,,truck ,,= ,,mov+ ,,/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,truck ,,= ,,/one4 ,! small truck 7figure #bj7 is n exp5sive1 & may be made to save a great am\nt ( h>d lift+ 9 build+ a /one wall4 ,x is a l[ b>r[1 ! side b>s =m+ ! h&les l a :eel-b>r[4 ,x re/s ^u f\r l[ iron :eels4 ,a broad plank1 or two n>r[ ones1 are laid ) "o end aga9/ ! wall & ! o!r re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,a groove is cut at ! upp] end = ! :eels to re/ 94 ,! /one is load$ on ! truck1 mov$ to ! place1 & pu%$ up ! plank until ! :eels fall into ! groove2 :51 by lift+ on ! h&les1 ! /one is unload$4 ,,re9=c+ ,a ,,/one ,,wall4 ,a /one wall :i* af=ds ample protection aga9/ %eep & hogs1 may be q insuffici5t = horses & cattle4 ,! defici5cy is *eaply suppli$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ by ! illu/ration1 figure #ba4 ,r\nd poles or rails are us$1 & if ! "w is prop]ly p]=m$1 ! f5ce is v effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,,/one ,,wall ,,re9=c$4 ,a ,,composite ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,,composite ,,f5ce4 ,! f5ce illu/rat$ at figure #bb is q common 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&4 ,a ridge is ?r[n up by back-furr[+ ) a pl[1 & bo? t & ! dit*es f9i%$ by h& ) a %ovel4 ,light po/s are easily driv5 ?r\gh ! s(t e>?1 & a bo>d f5ce1 only ?ree bo>ds high1 made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!n ! /ones1 z !y are pick$ up 9 ! field1 are haul$ to ! f5ce & ?r[n ^u ! ridge4 ,?is cle>s ! field1 /r5g!ns ! ridge1 prev5ts ! gr[? ( we$s1 & assi/s 9 pack+ ! e>? firmly ar\nd ! bottom ( ! po/s4 ,a ,,prairie ,,sod ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,,sod ,,cutt]4 ,a sod f5ce1 beside its o!r value1 is a d\ble b>ri] aga9/ ! prairie fires :i* are s sweep+ & de/ructive to new settl]s1 if unob/ruct$1 = a wide /rip is cle>$ ( sods1 ! f5ce /&+ 9 ! middle ( x4 ,a v conv5i5t implem5t = cutt+ ! sod is %[n at figure #bc4 ,x is made ( planks & scantl+1 ! me?od ( con/ruction be+ cle>ly %[n4 ,! cutt+ disks are f\r :eel-c\lt]s f common break+ pl[s1 all atta*$ to an iron %aft sixte5 in*es ap>t4 ,!y are set to cut ?ree or f\r in*es deep4 ,?is is run ?ree times along ! l9e ( ! f5ce1 mak+ n9e cuts1 ! cutt]s be+ held d[n by a man rid+ on ! re> ( ! app>atus4 ,!n ) a break+ pl[ "o furr[ is turn$ directly 9 ! l9e ( ! f5ce1 completely inv]t+ ! sod1 ! team turn$ to ! "r1 & a second or back-furr[ is inv]t$ on top ( ! fir/4 ,additional furr[s are cut1 dim9i%+ 9 wid? to five or six in*es on ! out] side1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 figure #bd4 ,aft] ! two inn] sods are turn$1 ! re/ are c>ri$ by h&1 :eel-b>r[ or a truck1 7figure #bj71 & laid on ! sod wall1 c>e be+ us$ to 8break jo9ts0 & to tap] gradually to ! top4 ,if a m sub/antial f5ce is want$1 a /rip ?irty-two in*es wide may be left z a "p = ! f5ce1 ! fir/ two furr[s inv]t$ ^u ! uncut portion1 s t _! edges j t\*4 ,! sod f5ce is !n cont9u$ to ! summit j twice z ?ick z x w\ld be by ! process j describ$4 ,aft] ! f5ce is laid1 a deep furr[ %\ld be run on ea* side1 ?r[+ ! e>? aga9/ ! base ( ! f5ce4 ,a v effective & *eap f5ce is made by lay+ up a sod 8dyke10 z above describ$1 ?ree feet high1 !n driv+ light /akes along ! summit1 & /r++ two /r&s ( b>b$ wire to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,,! ,,sod ,,cut4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,bo>d ,,f5ces4 ,,build+ ,,bo>d ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,prop]ly ,,con/ruct$ ,,bo>d ,,f5ce4 ,9 build+ a bo>d f5ce1 always />t "r1 & x w be little tr\ble to cont9ue 9 ! same way4 ,mu* ( ! bo>d f5c+ erect$ is put toge!r v c>elessly1 & ! result is a v insecure protection to ! field or crops4 ,a f5ce-po/ %\ld be set two & a half or ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! e>? %\ld be pack$ ar\nd x z firmly z possible4 ,= pack+ ! soil !re is no?+ bett] ?an a piece ( oak1 ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e on ! l[] end1 & ab\t six feet long1 r\nd$ (f on ! upp] "p to fit ! h&s easily4 ,prop]ly us$1 ?is in/rum5t w pack ! soil ar\nd a po/ z x 0 be=e ! hole 0 dug4 ,9 putt+ on f5ce bo>ds1 mo/ build]s use two nails on ! ends ( ea* bo>d1 & "o 9 ! middle4 ,ea* bo>d %\ld h at lea/ ?ree nails at ! ends1 & two 9 ! middle1 & ^! nails %\ld nev] be less ?an t5-p5nys4 ,small] nails w hold ! bo>ds 9 place = a:ile1 b :5 !y beg9 to w>p1 ! nails are drawn out or loos5$1 & ! bo>ds drop (f4 ,?is w r>ely be ! case :]e l>ge nails are us$1 & a mu* /iff] f5ce is secur$4 ,_m f5ce build]s d n cut (f ! tops ( ! po/s ev5ly1 b ?is %\ld always be done1 n only = ! improvem5t t x makes 9 ! looks ( ! f5ce2 b also = ! reason t !re %\ld always be a cap put on1 & to d ?is1 ! po/s mu/ be ev5$4 ,! jo9ts %\ld always be 8brok510 z is %[n 9 ! engrav+1 figure #be1 s t 9 a f\r-bo>d f5ce b two jo9ts %\ld come on ea* po/4 ,by ?is means m firmness & durability is secur$1 !re be+ always two unbrok5 bo>ds on ea* po/ to hold x 9 place1 prev5t+ sagg+4 ,on ! face ( ! po/ imm$iately ov] :]e ! rails h be5 nail$ on1 nail a flat piece ( bo>d ! wid? ( ! po/ & ext5d+ f ! upp] "p ( ! top rail to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,a ,,durable ,,bo>d ,,f5ce4 ,figure #bf %[s a slight modification1 :i* consi/s 9 sett+ ! po/s on alt]nate sides ( ! bo>ds1 secur+ additional /ability4 ,! po/s are sev5 feet long1 ( well season$ r$ c$>1 :ite oak1 *e/nut1 or black locu/1 pref]5ce be+ accord$ to ord] nam$4 ,! bo>ds are sixte5 feet long1 fa/5$ ) t5-p5ny /eel f5ce nails4 ,! po/s = a space ( two & a half feet f ! l[] end are giv5 a good coat ( boil$ l9se$ oil & pulv]iz$ *>coal1 mix$ to ! consi/5cy ( ord9>y pa9t1 :i* is all[$ to dry be=e !y are set4 ,:5 ! mat]ials are all ready1 /ret* a l9e eighte5 in*es above ! gr\nd1 :]e x is propos$ to build ! f5ce4 ,dig ! po/ holes1 eight feet ap>t f c5t]s1 on alt]nate sides ( ! l9e4 ,! po/s are set ) ! faces inw>d1 ea* half an in* f ! l9e1 to all[ space = ! bo>ds4 ,hav+ set ! po/s1 ! bo>ds ( ! l[] c\rse are nail$ on4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ l5g?1 ! second bo>d f ! bottom & ! top bo>d are only eight feet long1 rea*+ to ! fir/ po/4 ,= all ! re/ ! bo>ds are ( ! full l5g?1 sixte5 feet4 ,by ?is means !y 8break jo9ts40 ,aft] ! bo>ds are nail$ on1 ! top ( ! po/s are saw$ (f slant+1 capp$1 if desir$1 & ! :ole ?+ pa9t$4 ,a good coat ( crude petroleum1 appli$ be=e pa9t+1 w help pres]ve ! f5ce1 & save m ?an its co/ 9 ! pa9t ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,a ,,neat ,,f>m ,,f5ce4 ,we see ano!r /yle ( bo>d f5ce n[ & !n t is r pref]able to ! ord9>y "o2 x looks bett] ?an ! old /raight f5ce4 ,x saves "o bo>d to ea* l5g?2 & by nail+ on ! two upp] bo>ds1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 figure #bg1 great extra /r5g? is giv54 ,^! bo>ds n only act z braces1 b ties also1 & a f5ce built on well set po/s1 & ?or\ghly nail$1 w nev] sag or get out ( l9e until ! po/s rot (f4 ,,f5ces ,,= ,,l& ,,subject ,,to ,,ov]fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,,panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! f5ce illu/rat$ 9 figures #bh1 #bi & #cj has po/s ! usual di/ance ap>t1 :i* are hew$ on ! front side1 & on ?is are nail$ ?ree blocks1 ?ree by f\r in*es ?ick & six in*es long2 ! fir/ "o1 ) its top j level ) ! gr\nd1 ! second "o1 t5 in*es 9 ! cle> above1 & ! ?ird "o1 f\r in*es less ?an ! desir$ height ( ! f5ce1 measur+ f ! top ( ! fir/ block4 ,aft] ! panel is put 9 place1 ! r\nd$ ends re/+ on ! bottom blocks1 nail a piece ( bo>d "o & "o-half by six in*es on ! blocks1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,?is bo>d mu/ project f\r in*es above ! upp] block1 =m+ ) x ! re/ & cat* = ! top fram+ piece ( ! panel4 ,! panel is made ( a top & bottom piece ( ?ree by f\r scantl+1 on :i* are nail$ pal+s4 ,! top piece is left squ>e1 & projects ?ree in*es on ea* side1 b on ! bottom piece ! projections are cut r\nd1 s z to turn 9 ! slot4 ,! wat] w raise ! panel up out ( ! upp] cat*1 all[+ x to fall d[n1 z se5 at figure #cj1 s z to (f] no ob/ruction to ! wat]1 nor w x cat* drift1 z f5ces hung f ! top d4 ,figures #ca to #ce repres5t a f5ce made some:at l ! tre/le us$ = dry+ clo!s4 ,! po/s are ! usual di/ance ap>t1 b only ext5d a few in*es out ( ! gr\nd1 j suffici5t to nail a h+e ^u4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 be wide en\gh to admit ( nail+ two h+es on ea* po/4 ,! f5ce consi/s ( two p>ts--,e 9 figure #ca repres5ts a cross-section ( ! f5ce prop]1 two panels ( :i* are se5 9 figure #cd2 ,d repres5ts ! back "p ( ! f5ce1 a section ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #ce2 a 9 figure #ca is ! po/ & b b ! h+es4 ,! panel1 ,e1 %\ld always slope ) ! curr5t ( ! /ream1 t ! wat] ru%+ aga9/ x w place x 9 ! position %[n by figure #cc1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd1 & out ( ! way ( bo? wat] & drift4 ,! h+es may be ord9>y /rap k9d1 :i* c be b\ght v *eap by ! doz51 or !y may be made ( heavy iron hoop d\bl$1 z %[n at figure #cb1 :i* c be made 9 any blacksmi? %op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a ,,f5ce ,,bo>d ,,hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,,f5ce ,,bo>d ,,hold]4 ,figure #cf %[s a contrivance = hold+ f5ce bo>ds aga9/ ! po/s1 at ! "r di/ances ap>t :5 nail+4 ,a two & a half by two & a half in* piece ( ! desir$ l5g? is tak5 = ! upright1 a4 ,ab\t its c5t] is h+$ ! brace1 c4 ,a /rap-h+e1 b1 or a /\t piece ( lea!r = a h+e1 w answ]4 ,blocks or /ops1 d1 d1 d1 d1 are nail$ on ! upright a1 at ! requir$ di/ances1 accord+ to ! space betwe5 ! bo>ds on ! f5ce4 ,! bottom bo>ds ( ! f5ce are nail$ on fir/4 ,! bottom block ( ! bo>d hold] re/s ^u ! bottom bo>d1 & is held 9 position by ! brace c4 ,! bo>ds c be plac$ 9 ! hold] l putt+ up b>s1 & are guid$ to _! places on ! po/ by ! blocks1 d1 d4 ,! bo>ds c n[ be nail$ on ! po/s1 & ! hold+ devices mov$ = ano!r l5g?4 ,:5 ! bo>ds are too long1 !y c be pull$ =w>d a little1 & ! end saw$1 & pu%$ back to place4 ,"o man us+ ! contrivance1 c nail on ne>ly z _m bo>ds 9 a day1 z two p]sons ) "o to hold ! bo>ds 9 ! old way4 ,figure #cg %[s ! mann] ( us+ ! f5ce bo>d hold]s4 ,,re9=c+ ,a ,,bo>d ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,,/r5g!n+ ,a ,,bo>d ,,f5ce4 ,! old me?od ( topp+ out a l[ bo>d f5ce is %[n at figure #ch4 ,s9ce b>b$ wire has become pl5ty1 x is m usual to increase ! height ( ! f5ce by /r++ "o or two /r&s ( t on v]tical slats nail$ to ! tops ( ! po/s4 ,yet1 9 cases :]e !re are pl5ty ( s\nd rails left f "s old f5ce1 or pl5ty ( /raight sapl+s1 ! old me?od is /ill a v *eap & conv5i5t "o4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,picket ,,f5ces4 ,a ,,good ,,g>d5 ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,a ,,la? ,,& ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,! engrav+1 figure #ci1 repres5ts a good1 sub/antial g>d5 f5ce1 t1 :ile some:at m s]viceable ?an ! ord9>y k9d1 may be con/ruct$ at less co/4 ,x does n mat]ially diff] f ! common picket f5ce1 fur!r ?an t ! pickets are put five in*es ap>t1 ) /rips ( la? nail$ betwe54 ,! pickets give ! necess>y /r5g?1 :ile ! la?1 z a %ield aga9/ p\ltry1 or rabbits & o!r v]m91 is equally z good at "o-six? ! co/4 ,an old picket f5ce surr\nd+ a g>d5 or y>d1 may be 8la!d0 9 ! mann] "h indicat$ at little exp5se4 ,a ,,s\!rn ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,,s\!rn ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,,b5* ,,= ,,saw+ ,,pickets4 ,! picket f5ce 9 v g5]al use 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 is %[n 9 figure #dj4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pickets1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ 9 an equal-sid$ po9t1 h b "o slant+ side1 :ile ! o!r is /raight4 ,su* a f5ce looks q z well z "o ) ! o!r /yle ( po9ts1 & is exce$+ly neat & s]viceable along ! l9e ( ! /reet1 or to m>k ! b\nd>y betwe5 two e/ates4 ,to facilitate ! saw+ ( ! pickets1 ! b5* or horse repres5t$ 9 figure #da is employ$4 ,?is has a /op at "o end1 :ile ne> ! o!r end are two upright pieces to s]ve z guides 9 saw+4 ,! edge ( "o ( ^! is f> en\gh 9 ! re> ( ! o!r to give ! desir$ slope4 ,9 saw+1 ! saw re/s aga9/ ^! guides1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,9 a picket f5ce1 ! po9t :]e decay comm5ces1 is :]e ! pickets cross ! /r+ pieces4 ,wat] ent]s betwe5 ! two1 & decay takes place :i* is unsuspect$ until ! break+ ( a picket reveals ! /ate ( affairs4 ,! /r+ pieces & ! pickets1 at lea/ ^u "o side1 %\ld be pa9t$ be=e putt+ !m toge!r1 & nail$ :ile ! pa9t is fre%4 ,,f5ces ,,( ,,split ,,pickets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,a ,,f5ce ,,( ,,split ,,/uff4 ,9 localities :]e saw$ timb] is exp5sive1 & split timb] is readily obta9$1 a v neat picket f5ce may be made ) v little outlay1 by us+ r\nd po/s1 split /r+]s1 & riv$ pickets1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 figure #db4 ,! /r+]s are eight to twelve feet 9 l5g?1 & usually "o ( ! flat sides is suffici5tly smoo? = receiv+ ! pickets4 ,let ! /r+]s project a few in*es beyond ea* po/1 add+ /r5g? to ! f5ce1 & %\ld ! po/s decay1 new ones may be driv5 9 on ei!r side1 & ! /r+]s readily atta*$ by heavy nails or spikes4 ,) timb] t splits freely1 a man c rive out five or six hundr$ pickets 9 a day4 ,! con/ruction ( ! f5ce is pla9ly %[n 9 ! above engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,,*eap ,,f5ce ,,( ,,split ,,timb]4 ,figure #dc repres5ts a f5ce made entirely ( split timb]1 ! only ca% outlay be+ = nails4 ,?is may be made s z to turn1 n only all k9ds ( /ock1 b rabbits1 etc4 ,! pickets are %>p5$1 & driv5 six or eight in*es into ! gr\nd1 & firmly nail$ to a /rong /r+-piece at top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,,common ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,ano!r good sub/antial f5ce is repres5t$ by figure #dd1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at exp5sive1 is especially adapt$ = y>d1 or*>d & v9ey>d enclosure4 ,?is ne$s no explanation4 ,! po/s %\ld n be set fur!r ?an eight feet ap>t2 two by f\r-in* scantl+s %\ld be us$ to nail to1 & split pal+s %\ld be nail$ on ) anneal$ /eel nails4 ,,ornam5tal ,,picket ,,f5ces4 ,! f5ce %[n 9 figure #de may be con/ruct$ ) flat pickets1 ?ree in*es wide & ?ree feet five in*es long4 ,! not*es 9 ! pickets are easily made ) a compass saw1 or a foot-p[] scroll-saw4 ,! top & bottom pieces betwe5 ! pickets may be pa9t$ "s o!r color ?an ! f5ce1 if s desir$4 ,any c>p5t] %\ld be able to con/ruct x at a small advance ov] a f5ce made f pla9 pickets1 mak+ ! patt]n z 9 figure #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,,ornam5tal ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,a ,,pla9] ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,a pla9]1 b /ill v neat =m ( picket f5ce is illu/rat$ at figure #dg4 ,! int]m$iate pieces are not*$ at "o end & squ>e at ! o!r4 ,,ru/ic ,,picket ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,,ru/ic ,,sapl+ ,,f5ce4 ,:5 ! f>m]s on ! prairies prev5t ! spread+ ( ! prairie fires1 "y oak & hickory sapl+s spr+ up z if by magic ne> all ! wood$ /reams4 ,^! sapl+s come f huge roots ^: tops h ye>ly be5 de/roy$ by fire4 ,9 t section f>m]s (t5 con/ruct a v neat ru/ic f5ce f two or ?ree ye> old sapl+s1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( figure #dh4 ,! ru/ic pickets are trimm$ s z to leave ! bran*es project+ ab\t two in*es1 & are nail$ on ) f\r-p5ny nails4 ,a f5ce ( ?is k9d w\ld n la/ long1 unless ! pickets1 po/s1 & rails 7 free ( b>k1 or saturat$ ) crude petroleum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,,ru/ic ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,a v neat & picturesque f5ce = a g>d5 or a lawn is %[n at figure #di4 ,x is made ( r\nd poles1 ) ! b>k on1 ! po/s be+ ( simil> mat]ial4 ,?ree horizontal b>s are nail$ to ! po/s at equal int]vals1 ! slats or pickets wov5 into !m & !n nail$ 9 place4 ,"o or two coats ( crude petroleum1 appli$ to ?is & o!r ru/ic "w at fir/1 & r5ew$ e ye>1 adds to its appe>ance & greatly increases its durability4 ,,light ,,picket ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,,panel ,,( ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,= enclos+ p\ltry y>ds1 g>d5 & gr\nds1 a *eap f5ce ) pickets ( la? (t5 s]ves a good purpose4 ,if n v durable1 ! co/ ( repair or r5ewal is light4 ,figure #ej %[s "o ( ?is k9d1 :i* is suffici5tly high = ! ,asiatic & o!r heavy & quiet f[ls4 ,! panels are sixte5 feet long1 & are compos$ ( two pieces ( ord9>y six-in* f5c+1 = top & bottom rails1 ) la? nail$ across two & a half in*es ap>t2 ! top ends ( ! la? ext5d+ t5 in*es above ! upp] edge ( ! top rail4 ,po/s1 ?ree or f\r in*es ?r\gh at ! top end1 are l>ge en\gh1 &1 aft] %>p5+ well1 c be driv5 into ! gr\nd by fir/ ?ru/+ a cr[-b> d[n & wr5*+ x back & =?4 ,a po/ is necess>y at ! middle ( ea* panel4 ,bo? rails ( ! panel %\ld be well nail$ to ! po/s4 ,^! panels may be neatly & rapidly made 9 a frame1 con/ruct$ = t purpose4 ,?is frame1 %[n 9 figure #ea1 consi/s simply ( ?ree cross-pieces ( six by six1 f\r feet long1 ^u :i* are spik$ two planks "o foot wide & ?ree feet ap>t1 f outside to outside4 ,f\r in*es f ! inn] edge ( ea* plank is nail$ a /raight /rip ( in* /uff1 to keep ! rails ( ! panel 9 place :ile ! la? are be+ nail$ on4 ,aga9/ ! project+ ends ( ! cross-pieces1 spike two by six po/s twelve in*es long2 on ! inside ( ^! po/s nail a piece ( six-in* f5c+1 to s]ve z a /op1 = ! top ends ( ! la?s to t\*1 :5 nail+ !m to ! rails4 ,^! panels c be made 9 ! %op or on ! b>n floor at odd times1 & pil$ away = future use4 ,nail a wide bottom bo>d ar\nd on ! inside ( ! enclosure aft] ! f5ce is 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,,frame ,,= ,,mak+ ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,figures #eb & #ec %[ la? f5ces high en\gh = all k9ds ( p\ltry4 ,! po/s 9 figure #eb are eight feet ap>t4 ,a horizontal b> is nail$ to ! po/s six in*es above ! gr\nd1 a second "o eighte5 in*es1 & a ?ird f\r & a half feet4 ,to two l[] /rips nail la?s t h be5 cut to half l5g?1 fir/ driv+ ! l[] "p ( ! la?s two in*es into ! gr\nd4 ,"o advantage ( ?is f5ce is1 t ! two /rips ne> ! bottom1 be+ s close toge!r1 su/a9 pressure f dogs or outside intrud]s bett] ?an any o!r f5ce con/ruct$ ( la?1 & disp5ses ) a foot-wide bo>d1 s g5]ally us$4 ,! *eape/ la? f5ce is made ) ! po/s f\r feet ap>t1 fir/ saw+ !m 9 two l5g?wise at a sawmill1 & nail+ ! la? directly to ! po/s )\t ! use ( /rips4 ,! two upp] la?s h %ort v]tical pieces fa/5$ to !m ) cleat nails1 & pres5t po9ts to prev5t f[ls alight+ on ! f5ce4 ,su* a f5ce 7figure #ec7 w co/1 = f\r feet1 "o-half po/1 ?ree c5ts2 tw5ty la?s1 eight c5ts2 & ! nails1 ?ree c5ts1 p] runn+ foot1 six feet high1 or "o-half c5t p] squ>e foot4 ,,h&-,,made ,,wire ,,& ,,picket ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,,side ,,view ,,( ,,b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,top ,,view ,,( ,,b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,f5ce4 ,a v desirable & popul> f5ce is made ( pickets or slats wov5 into horizontal /r&s ( pla9 wire4 ,sev]al ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$ = do+ ?is "w1 b x c be done by h& ) ! aid ( ! b5* illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,! wire %\ld be a little l>g] ?an t us$ on h>ve/+ ma*9es1 & anneal$ l x4 ,! b5*1 ( :i* figure #ed is a side view1 & figure #ee a top view1 %\ld be ab\t sixte5 feet long & h a screw at ea* corn] = rais+ & l[]+ ! hold+ b>s4 ,= ! screws at ! ends ( ! frame "o-half to ?ree-f\r?-in* iron rod w answ]4 ,! wire is twi/$ close & tight to ! slats1 & giv5 two or ?ree twi/s betwe5 !m4 ,if ! slats are ( gre5 /uff1 fa/5 ! wire to !m ) small /aples1 to prev5t _! slipp+ :5 !y %r9k4 ,! f5ce is fa/5$ to ! po/ ) common f5ce /aples4 ,:5 ?is /yle ( f5ce is us$ on "o side ( a pa/ure or highway1 its effectiv5ess may be increas$ by a s+le /r& ( b>b$ wire /apl$ to ! po/s above ! pickets1 & a /r& ( pla9 wire /rung along ! bottom to /iff5 x4 ,! f5ce w !n be z 9 figure #ef4 ,su* a f5ce w la/ _m ye>s1 & = mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry is ! be/ & *eape/ comb9$ cattle & hog f5ce t c be made4 ,= a g>d5 f5ce x is equal to ! be/ picket1 & at "o ?ird ( ! co/4 ,by hav+ ! slats saw$ ab\t "o-half in* ?ick1 two in*es wide1 & five to six feet long1 x makes an excell5t f5ce = a *ick5 y>d1 z x c be readily tak5 d[n1 mov$1 & put up aga9 )\t injur+ x 9 ! lea/4 ,= situations :]e appe>ances are second>y importance1 r\nd slats are equally z good z pickets4 ,a f>m] 9 ,wiscons9 plant$ a few :ite will[ trees ! ye> t he made "s f5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,:5 ! f5ce began to ne$ repairs1 ! will[s _h atta9$ su* a gr[? t _! trimm+s furni%$ all ! mat]ial ne$$ !n & ea* ye> !reaft]4 ,,f5ce ,,( ,,wire ,,& ,,pickets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,,f5ce ,,( ,,wire ,,& ,,pickets4 ,! f5ce %[n 9 figure #eg has be5 introduc$ 9 "s sections1 & is becom+ m popul> e ye>4 ,! po/s are set t5 feet ap>t1 & are s plac$ t !y w come on ! "r & left side ( ! f5ce1 alt]nately4 ,! pickets are split f oak1 or any o!r h>d wood1 & are f\r or five feet long1 & an in* & a half or two in*es wide4 ,:5 ! po/s are set1 brace ! "o at ! end ( ! l9e1 & fa/5 ! ends ( two numb] n9e1 unanneal$ wires to x4 ,/ret* ! wires along to ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 & a few feet beyond ! la/ po/4 ,"o pair is to be /ret*$ ne> ! top ( ! po/s & "o ne> ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! wires are /ret*$ taut1 fa/5 !m to "s po/s or o!r weight t w drag on ! gr\nd2 ! upp] & l[] wires %\ld be fa/5$ to sep>ate weights1 & ^! %\ld be heavy en\gh to keep ! wires at a great t5sion4 ,hav+ done ?is1 y are ready to comm5ce build+ ! f5ce4 ,"o man spreads ! /r&s1 :ile ano!r places ! picket betwe5 !m2 ! o!r end ( ! picket is !n rais$ up & plac$ betwe5 ! upp] wires1 & !n driv5 up ) an axe or mallet4 ,9 ins]t+ ! pickets1 ! wires are to be cross$ alt]nately1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! pickets %\ld be dry & %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,x takes two p]sons to build ?is f5ce successfully1 b x c be built m rapidly by ?ree2 "o to spread ! wires1 "o to place ! picket 9 position1 & "o to drive x home4 ,?is is especially adapt$1 = a l9e or o!r f5ce :i* is n requir$ to be (t5 mov$4 ,x is fa/5$ to ! po/ by nail+ "o ( ! pickets to x ) common f5c+ nails4 ,f5ces ( ?is k9d are also made ) /raight1 r\nd limbs ( will[ or o!r trees 9 place ( ! split pickets4 ,sev]al diff]5t ma*9es h be5 pat5t$ = mak+ ?is /yle ( f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,b>b-,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,! inv5tion ( b>b wire 0 ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! solution ( ! f5ce problem4 ,! "q ( provid+ f5c+ mat]ial _h become s]i\s1 ev5 9 ! timb]$ portions ( ! c\ntry1 :ile ! great prairie region 0 almo/ :olly )\t res\rce1 save ! sl[ & exp5sive process ( h$g+4 ,at ?is juncture came b>b wire1 :i* 0 at once se5 to make a *eap1 effective1 & durable f5ce1 rapidly built & easily mov$4 ,! orig9al pat5t = b>b wire 0 tak5 out 9 #ahfh1 b x 0 n until six ye>s lat] t an attempt 0 made to introduce x into g5]al use1 & m ?an t5 ye>s elaps$ be=e ! indu/ry atta9$ any consid]able magnitude4 ,! rapidity & ext5t ( its subsequ5t gr[? w be se5 by ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! e/imat$ am\nt ( b>b wire manufactur$ & 9 use dur+ ! ye>s nam$1 ! e/imat$ l5g? be+ 9 miles ( s+le /r&3 ,,ye>4 ,,tons4 ,,miles4 #ahgd #e #aj #ahge #cjj #fjj #ahgf #a1ejj #c1jjj #ahgg #g1jjj #ad1jjj #ahgh #ac1jjj #bf1jjj #ahgi #be1jjj #ej1jjj #ahhj #dj1jjj #hj1jjj #ahha #fj1jjj #abj1jjj #ahhb #hj1jjj #afj1jjj #ahhc #ajj1jjj #bjj1jjj #ahhd #abe1jjj #bej1jjj #ahhe #acj1jjj #bfj1jjj #ahhf #ace1jjj #bgj1jjj ------- --------- ,,totals #gaf1hje #a1dcc1faj ,!re are n[ fifty e/abli%m5ts engag$ 9 ! manufacture1 & ! output = #ahhg is e/imat$ at #adj1jjj tons4 ,b>b wire is n )\t its drawbacks z a f5c+ mat]ial1 ! mo/ common "o be+ ! liability ( s]i\s injury to valuable dome/ic animals com+ 9 contact ) ! %>p b>bs4 ,_m means h be5 devis$ = ov]com+ ?is evil4 ,"s ( !m are illu/rat$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! direct advantages ( b>b wire are3 ,fir/--economy1 n only 9 ! comp>ative *eapness ( its fir/ co/1 b also 9 ! small am\nt ( l& cov]$ by x4 ,second--effectiv5ess z a b>ri] aga9/ all k9ds ( /ock1 & a protection aga9/ dogs & wild bea/s4 ,?ird--rapidity ( con/ruction & ease ( mov+4 ,f\r?--fre$om f h>bor+ we$s1 & creat+ sn[ drifts4 ,fif?--durability4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,! ,,kelly ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,,horse-,,nail ,,b>b4 ,b>b wire1 l ! h>ve/]1 ! s[+ ma*9e1 & mo/ o!r valuable inv5tions1 has atta9$ its pres5t =m f v crude beg9n+s4 ,! orig9al b>b wire consi/$ ( d\ble-po9t$ metallic discs1 /rung loosely ^u pla9 wire4 ,! next /ep 0 to twi/ ?is ) ano!r wire1 z %[n 9 figure #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,,cr&all ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,,/]l+ ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,ano!r crude beg9n+ 0 ! 8horse-nail b>b10 :i* consi/$ ( a common horse%oe nail b5t ar\nd a pla9 wire1 & ! :ole wrapp$ spirally ) a small] wire1 z %[n 9 figure #ei4 ,v>i\s =ms ( two-po9t$ & f\r-po9t$ b>b wire are manufactur$1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ ! %ape ( ! b>bs & ! mann] ( coil+ !m ar\nd "o or bo? ( ! /r&s4 ,a few ( ! lead+ /yles are illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,figures #fj & #fa %[ two v>ieties ( two-po9t$ b>b wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,,quadrat$ ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,,i[a ,,f\r-,,po9t$ ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,( ! num]\s /yles ( f\r-po9t$ wire1 ?ree typical =ms are illu/rat$ 9 figures #fb1 #fc1 & #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,,lyman ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,,glidd5 ,,pat5t ,,/eel ,,two-,,po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,,glidd5 ,,pat5t ,,/eel 8,,?ick ,,set40 ,! ,glidd5 pat5t /eel b>b wire is made 9 ?ree /yles1 z %[n 9 figures #fe1 #ff1 & #fg4 ,figure #fe %[s ! two-po9t wire1 9 :i*1 l ! o!rs1 ! b>b is twi/$ ar\nd only "o ( ! wires4 ,figure #ff %[s ! 8?ick-set0 :i* has b>bs l ! o!r1 b set clos] toge!r = su* purposes z %eep folds1 g>d5s1 or o!r places1 :i* require extra protection4 ,! f\r-po9t b>b wire1 figure #fg1 has b>bs ( ! same =m z ! two o!r /yles1 t is a %>ply prick+ b>b atta*$ to "o ( ! wires ( ! f5ce /r&1 ^u :i* ! o!r wire is twi/$1 hold+ ! b>b firmly 9 place4 ,! b>b is at "r angles to ! wire1 & does n =m a hook1 b a /raight %ort /eel ?orn4 ,a %>p po9t :i* inflict an in/antane\s prick repels an animal m safely ?an a long] & dull] b>b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,,glidd5 ,,pat5t ,,f\r-,,po9t4 ,b>b wire ( ne>ly1 if n q all ! popul> k9ds1 is %ipp$ f ! factory on /rong spools1 ea* hold+ "o hundr$ p\nds 9 weight1 or eighty rods 9 l5g?4 ,^! spools are bor$ ?r\gh ! c5t] to admit a /ick or b>1 :i* c be us$ z an axle 9 unreel+ ! wire4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! weight ( wire requir$ = f5c+ ! respective areas nam$3 ,,weight ,,( ,,wire4 ,,l5g? ,,( --------------------- ,,area4 ,,b\nd>y4 ,/r&4 #c ,/r&4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a ,acre #fj ,rods4 #fg #bjb #e ,acres #c_/h ,mile4 #afg #djj #aj ,acres #a_/b ,mile4 #ahc #edh #bj ,acres #c_/d ,mile4 #bgc #hbj #dj ,acres #a ,mile4 #cfe #ajie #hj ,acres #a-a_/b ,mile4 #edg #afdb #afj ,acres #b ,miles4 #gcj #baij ,x w be obs]v$ t ! l>g] ! area enclos$1 ! small] is ! am\nt ( f5ce requir$ p] acre4 ,! co/ ( f5ce complete c be e/imat$ by add+ to ! am\nt ( wire indicat$ 9 ! la/ column1 ! co/ ( sixty po/s1 & ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] p\nds ( /aples1 = e sixty rods4 ,to asc]ta9 ! weight ( wire requir$ = any desir$ numb] ( /r&s1 multiply ! figures ( ! fir/ column ( 8weight ( wire0 by ! numb] ( /r&s propos$ to be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,,br9k]h(f ,,/eel ,,/rap ,,& ,,b>b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,,allis ,,pat5t ,,b>b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,,br9k]h(f ,,f5c+ ,,twi/$4 ,!re is a k9d ( b>b f5c+ 9 :i* flat /eel /raps are employ$ in/ead ( wire4 ,9 ! =m %[n 9 figure #fh1 ! b>bs are b5t ar\nd a pla9 /rap & ! :ole is !n galvaniz$1 :i* firmly fixes ! b>b4 ,ano!r =m %[n at figure #fi consi/s ( a solid piece ( /eel1 ribb$ ?r\gh ! middle1 & ) b>bs cut on bo? edges4 ,^! & simil> =ms are m exp5sive ?an wire1 & are employ$ only 9 limit$ quantities = enclos+ lawns1 paddocks1 etc4 ,/ill ano!r =m is l t %[n 9 figure #gj1 )\t b>bs1 & twi/$4 ,?is is mu* us$ to enclose lawns & ornam5tal gr\nds4 ,x is light1 neat & /rong1 does n h>bor we$s or make sn[ drifts1 b is comp>atively exp5sive1 z five or six /r&s are requir$ to make an effective f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,,two ,,/r& ,,twi/$ ,,wire ,,f5c+4 ,/ill ano!r =m ( un>m$ f5c+ is %[n 9 figure #ga4 ,x is simply ! ord9>y wire )\t b>bs1 & is us$ 9 limit$ quantities = f5c+ ornam5tal gr\nds1 b>ny>ds1 etc4 ,,/eel ,,f5ce ,,/aples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--a-a_/d-;,,in* ,,/aple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--a-c_/d-;,,in* ,,/aple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,,squ>e ,,top ,,/aple ,,= ,,br9k]h(f ,,f5c+4 ,= fa/5+ b>b-wires to ! po/ no?+ has be5 f\nd s satisfactory z /aples made = ! purpose f ,no4 #i /eel wire4 ,!y are cut ) %>p po9ts to drive easily into ! po/s1 & are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 f "o in* & a qu>t] to "o & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,figures #gb & #gc %[ ! usual /aples = wire1 & figure #gd a /aple made specially = /rap f5c+4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,set ,,b>b ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,,well-,,brac$ ,,b>b-,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,! timb] = po/s %\ld be cut :5 ! sap is dormant4 ,midw9t] or ,augu/ is a good "t to cut po/ timb]4 ,!y %\ld be split & ! b>k tak5 (f z soon z possible aft] cutt+ ! timb]4 ,= end po/s1 select "s ( ! be/ trees1 ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 f :i* take cuts eight & a half feet 9 l5g?1 splitt+ !m 9 qu>t]s = brace po/s4 ,!y %\ld be set ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* is easily done ) a po/-hole digg]4 ,:5 sett+ ! brace po/s1 take a /one eighte5 in*es to two feet long1 twelve in*es wide1 & six in*es ?ick1 :i* is put d[n aga9/ ! po/ edgewise1 on ! opposite side to ! brace1 z se5 9 figure #ge1 putt+ x d[n ab\t ev5 ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is holds ! po/ solid aga9/ ! brace4 ,a he>t-rail1 t5 feet 9 l5g? makes a good brace4 ,put "o ( ! long po/s e sixte5 or tw5ty rods along ! l9e ( f5ce1 z !y help to /r5g!n x1 & set light] & %ort] po/s along ! l9e ab\t sixte5 feet ap>t4 ,aft] ! po/s are set1 two or ?ree furr[s %\ld be turn$ aga9/ !m on ea* side1 z x helps to keep /ock f ! wire4 ,su* a f5ce %\ld be built ( a good height4 ,x is bett] to buy an extra wire ?an h /ock injur$4 ,!re is no pull+ ov] end-po/s or sagg+ wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,a ,,wire ,,f5ce ,,well ,,brac$4 ,to make an extra solid wire f5ce1 brace ! po/s1 z %[n 9 figure #gf1 on bo? sides1 9 ord] to resi/ ! t5sion 9 ei!r direction4 ,e eigh? po/ %\ld be ?us brac$1 & x makes a m>k = measur+ ! l5g? ( ! f5ce1 = eight po/s set "o rod ap>t1 make eight rods1 or a =tie? ( a mile = ea* brac$ po/4 ,! braces are not*$ into ! top ( ! po/s1 j bel[ ! top wire1 & a spike is driv5 ?r\gh bo? ! brace & ! po/4 ,! braces abut ^u l>ge /ones :i* give !m great firmness4 ,,unreel+ ,,& ,,/ret*+ ,,b>b ,,wire4 ,! g5]al introduction ( b>b wire f5c+ has br\ght out a great v>iety ( devices = h&l+ ! wire4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,two pieces ( scantl+ are atta*$ to ! re> end ( a wagon f :i* ! box has be5 remov$1 z %[n 9 figure #gg4 ,a slot ne> ! end ( ea* admits ! r\nd /ick ?ru/ ?r\gh ! reel ( b>b wire1 to s]ve z an axle4 ,! end ( ! b>b wire is fa/5$ to ! f5ce po/1 ! team 9 front ( ! wagon />t$ up1 & "s ?ree y>ds ( wire unreel$4 ,!n ! h9d axle ( ! wagon is made fa/ by a *a9 or rope to ! ne>e/ f5ce-po/1 ! h9d :eel ne>e/ ! f5ce lift$ f ! gr\nd & held !re by a wagon-jack or piece ( bo>d4 ,"o turn is !n made 9 ! b>b wire1 z %[n at ,a1 figure #gh1 to :i* is atta*$ "o end ( a piece ( smoo? wire1 "s t5 feet long4 ,! o!r end is plac$ betwe5 two screws1 b b1 9 ! end ( ! hub1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! wire ?us fa/5$ is coil$ ar\nd ! hub1 & ! op]ator c tight5 x & ! b>b wire to :i* x is atta*$1 by employ+ ! lev]age ( ! spokes & felloes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,,device ,,= ,,unroll+ ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,,fa/5+ ,,! ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,a ,,sulky ,,wire-,,hold]4 ,a light] =m ( reel hold] is %[n at figure #gi4 ,x is made ( two pieces ( two by f\r scantl+s fa/5$ to ! axle ( a sulky corn pl[4 ,!y mu/ be plac$ f> en\gh ap>t to all[ ! reel or spool to run betwe5 !m4 ,make a squ>e axle1 figure #hj1 ( "s h>d t\gh wood1 r\nd+ x :]e x runs 9 ! slots ( ! scantl+2 drive x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! spool1 & atta* ! crank4 ,9 mov+ f5ce1 place ! spool on ! frame2 remove "o end ( ! wire f ! po/1 fa/5 x to ! spool1 & :ile "o man holds ! pole & /e]s & /eadies ! sulky--he w h to pull back a little--ano!r turns ! spool & w9ds up ! wire4 ,:5 a corn] is rea*$1 ! wire is loos5$1 ! sulky turn$1 & ! w9d+ cont9u$4 ,:5 ! end ( ! wire is rea*$1 x is c>efully loos5$ f ! po/1 & firmly fa/5$ to ! spool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,,! ,,axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,a ,,sl$ ,,wire-,,hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,,ano!r ,,sl$ ,,= ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,,tight5+ ,,! ,,wire4 ,x is be/ to h a sep>ate spool = ea* wire1 especially if !y are ( great l5g?4 ,! same contrivance may be us$ = unreel+ ! wire4 ,atta* a g5tle horse to ! sulky1 fa/5 ! pole securely to ! hames1 & h a boy lead him sl[ly along ! f5ce l9e4 ,once 9 fifty y>ds /op ! horse1 grasp ! h&le1 move =w>d v sl[ly1 & draw ! wire /raight & taut4 ,if no sulky pl[ is at h&1 a light 8d\ble-end$0 sl$1 %[n 9 figure #ha1 may be us$4 ,a man holds ! %ort pole ext5d+ f "o end1 /eady+ & pu%+ a little1 :ile ! o!r w9ds ! reel4 ,! sl$ is drawn =w>d by ! wire z x is w\nd on ! reel4 ,to unreel1 atta* a sl[ horse to a *a9 or rope fa/5$ to ! opposite end ( ! sl$4 ,a man mu/ walk beh9d ! horse & hold ! pole to /eady ! sl$4 ,manag$ 9 ?is way1 ! removal ( a b>b$ wire f5ce is n at all ! =midable op]ation t has be5 suppos$2 x c be tak5 d[n & set up aga91 easily1 safely1 & q rapidly4 ,figure #hb %[s ano!r =m ( home-made sl$1 :i* is v useful = c>ry+ rolls ( wire = mak+ a f5ce4 ,! roll is support$ on a rod1 :i* has r\nd ends to fit into ! uprights1 & :i* turns 9 ! slots4 ,:5 ! wire is run out1 ! end is fa/5$ to ! clevis on ! c5tre beam1 & a not*$ /ake1 figure #hc1 be+ put "u ! wire1 ! sl$ is drawn up to tight5 ! wire1 :i* is !n /apl$4 ,?is sl$ is useful = _m o!r purposes1 & is l>ge en\gh to c>ry five rolls ( ! wire1 s t by go+ back & =?1 ! :ole ( ! f5ce c be put up v quickly4 ,x is drawn by "o horse1 ! draft *a9 be+ fa/5$ to ! front beam4 ,,wire ,,/ret*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,,! ,,cl>k ,,/ret*]4 ,= /ret*+ b>b wire !re are v>i\s implem5ts 9 ! m>ket1 & o!r q simple & effective devices c be made on ! f>m4 ,figure #hd %[s ! ,cl>k /ret*] & ! mann] ( us+ x4 ,ano!r /ret*]1 call$ ! 8,come ,along0 /ret*]1 figure #he1 is us$ n only = tight5+ ! wires1 b also = h&l+ x1 9 build+ or mov+ f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,,! 8,,come ,,along0 ,,/ret*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,,home-,,made ,,wire-,,/ret*]s4 ,! useful wire-/ret*]1 figure #hf1 consi/s ( a m[+ ma*9e knife-gu>d1 bolt$ to a /\t /ick2 "o curv$1 z %[n 9 ! l[] engrav+1 is pref]able to a /raight "o1 z x w n turn 9 ! h&4 ,:5 us+ x1 ! wire is held firmly 9 ! slot1 & may be easily /ret*$ by apply+ ! /ick z a lev]4 ,ano!r k9d ( a wire-/ret*] may be made ( h>d wood or ( iron or /eel b>s4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree pieces1 two arms & a splic]1 fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! mann] %[n 9 figure #hg1 leav+ a slot ne> "o end to hold ! wire4 ,! long] arm is made immovable ^u ! splice by means ( two or m heavy bolts1 :ile ! %ort] arm is pivot$ by "o bolt4 ,?is all[s ! slot to be op5$ to receive ! wire4 ,! %ort arm is %>p5$ s t x may be /uck into a po/1 or ! side ( a build+1 if conv5i5t4 ,by plac+ ?is lev] beh9d a po/1 "o man c /ret* ?or\ghly a long /r+ ( wire4 ,:5 "o man is do+ ! "w alone1 he c /ret* ! wire1 fa/5 ! lev] back by means ( a /ick driv5 into ! gr\nd be=e x1 & !n g back & drive ! /aples4 ,! %ort end ( ! lev] %\ld be ab\t twelve in*es long1 & ! long arm ?ree or f\r feet1 or ev5 long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,,/ret*] ,,& ,,gauge4 ,! /ret*] %[n 9 figure #hh is made ( h>d t\gh wood or iron4 ,! wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! slot1 ! b>bs prev5t+ x f slipp+4 ,! arm at "r angles to ! lev] is us$ to measure ! di/ance ( ! /r&s4 ,:5 ! lev] is set aga9/ ! po/1 ! arm re/s on ! /r& bel[4 ,by slid+ x up or d[n1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! /r&s is regulat$4 ,figure #hi %[s ano!r /ret*]1 t c be made by any blacksmi?4 ,! too!d cam holds ! wire s t x w n slip4 ,a block & tackle are (t5 f\nd useful to draw ! wires )4 ,! rolls ( wire are paid out ( a wagon body1 & :5 ! wire is to be drawn up1 ! grip is put on at any po9t1 ! tackle is atta*$1 & "o horse draws x z tight z x ne$s be4 ,a wire f5ce ne$s frequ5t draw+ up or x sags & becomes useless4 ,! alt]nate contraction & expansion caus$ by *ange ( temp]ature soon /ret* ! wire1 to say no?+ ( o!r causes4 ,! *eap & effective me?od employ$ by telegraph companies is illu/rat$ 9 figure #ij4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( grip tongs & a set ( small tackle-blocks4 ,! tongs may be made by any blacksmi?1 & ! blocks are sold at all h>dw>e & tool /ores4 ,an iron hook is us$ to c\ple ! tongs to ! block1 & z ! wire is drawn up1 ! free end ( ! rope may be giv5 a turn ar\nd ! same po/1 to hold x :ile ! /aple is tight5$ to hold ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,,grip ,,= ,,f5ce ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,splic+ ,,b>b ,,wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ia & #ib4--,,! ,,splic]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,,mak+ ,,! ,,splice4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s %[ an iron implem5t = splic+ wire & ! mann] ( us+ x4 ,to make ?is splic] take a b> ( half in* r\nd iron1 n9e in*es long4 ,heat ab\t ?ree in*es ( "o end & hamm] x flat until x is "o in* wide4 ,) a cold *isel cut a "o-f\r? in* slot a qu>t] ( an in* f ! "r side & an in* deep1 z se5 9 figure #ia4 ,b5d ! "p m>k$ d1 s t x w be a qu>t] in* f ! flat "p1 z %[n 9 figure #ib4 ,! l[] "p ( ! slot c %\ld be ab\t a half in* f ! b5d at d4 ,smoo? ) a file4 ,to use x let e & f1 figure #ic repres5t two wires to be jo9$4 ,b5d ! ends s !y are ne>ly at "r angles4 ,hold !m ) p9c]s at g2 place ! hook ( ! splic] on ! wire1 f1 :ile ! wire e falls into ! slot4 ,twi/ ! pieces ar\nd ! wire f1 :5 "o half ( ! splice is made4 ,repeat ! op]ation = ! o!r end4 ,use ab\t f\r or five in*es ( ea* wire to twi/ ar\nd ! o!r4 ,ano!r =m ( splic]1 %[n 9 figure #id1 is made ( ca/ iron1 & is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/4 ,figure #ie %[s ! mann] ( hold+ ! wire ) nipp]s made = ! purpose1 & ! f9i%$ splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,,build+ ,,wire ,,f5ces ,,on ,,unev5 ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,,f5ce ,,on ,,unev5 ,,gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! great p]plexities ab\t build+ wire f5ces on roll+ gr\nd1 is h[ to make ! po/s 9 ! holl[s rema9 firm1 = ! pull ( ! wire 9 wet wea!r1 or :5 ! fro/ is com+ out1 lifts !m & causes ! wire to sag1 & !y cease to be an effective b>ri]4 ,po/s %\ld n be us$ 9 ! l[e/ depressions1 b 9 _! place at ! l[e/ spots a heavy /one %\ld be p>tially sunk into ! gr\nd1 ab\t :i* a smoo? f5ce wire has be5 wrapp$1 z se5 9 figure #if4 ,:5 ! f5ce is built1 ! f5ce wires are br\ght d[n to _! place & ! wire ab\t ! /one is twi/$ fir/ ab\t ! l[] wire1 !n ! next1 & s on to ! top4 ,?is prev5ts ! wire f rais+1 & does away ) all tr\ble ( ! po/s be+ pull$ out by ! wires4 ,9 f5c+ across small /reams ! same plan is successful4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,f5ces ,,( ,,b>b ,,wire ,,& ,,bo>ds4 ,,comb9$ ,,wire ,,& ,,bo>d ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,,mann] ,,( ,,brac+ ,,end-,,po/4 ,a v *eap f5ce is made ( two bo>ds bel[ & ?ree /r&s ( b>b wire4 ,to make ! f5ce pig-pro( )\t ! bo>ds1 five /r&s ( wire1 ?ree in*es ap>t1 w\ld be requir$ at ! bottom4 ,two common f5c+ bo>ds w occupy ! same space1 :5 plac$ ?ree in*es ap>t1 & co/ less4 ,b = ! upp] "p ( ! f5ce1 wire is mu* *eap] ?an bo>ds4 ,! mo/ consid]able item 9 ?is great] economy is ! sav+ ( po/s4 ,! wire requires a po/ e sixte5 feet2 h5ce half ! po/s are sav$4 ,a /\t /ake1 driv5 midway betwe5 ! po/s1 holds ! c5t] ( ! bo>ds 9 place4 ,^! /akes ne$ ext5d only eighte5 in*es above gr\nd4 ,po/s t h rott$ (f 9 ! gr\nd w be long en\gh = ^! /akes4 ,"s say t ! po/s c be set ?irty feet ap>t1 b sixte5 feet is bett]4 ,! po/s %\ld be at lea/ ?irty in*es 9 ! gr\nd & well tamp$4 ,x is easy to /ret* ! wire4 ,its durability dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! wire & po/s1 & ! prop] sett+ ( !m4 ,nail on ! two bo>ds1 ?ree in*es ap>t2 ! fir/ /r& is six in*es above ! top bo>d1 ! second /r& is twelve in*es above ! fir/1 & ! ?ird sixte5 in*es above ! second4 ,:5 bank$ up1 z h]eaft] describ$1 ?is f5ce w turn all f>m /ock4 ,an important po9t is ! brac+ ( ! end-po/s4 ,if ?is be neglect$ or improp]ly done1 ! f5ce w be a failure4 ,figure #ig %[s h[ ! end-po/ %\ld be brac$4 ,x %\ld be a l>ge po/ & set at lea/ ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! %ort po/ :i* holds ! l[] end ( ! brace1 %\ld also be well set4 ,wrap ! wire ar\nd ! end-po/ sev]al times1 & drive /aples to hold x on all sides4 ,if ! l9e ( f5ce is m ?an =ty rods long1 at lea/ two po/s at ea* end %\ld be brac$4 ,aft] ! po/s are set1 & be=e atta*+ ! bo>ds or wire1 pl[ a deep furr[ along ea* side1 ?r[+ ! e>? inw>d4 ,?is makes a bank along ! l9e1 all[+ ! f5ce to be sev]al in*es high]2 & ! furr[ dra9s ! wat] away f ! po/s1 & also re/ra9s an animal t may be tempt$ to jump ! f5ce4 ,a section ( ! complet$ f5ce is %[n 9 figure #ih4 ,d n hang pieces ( t91 etc41 ^u ! top /r&s ( wire1 z (t5 recomm5d$1 t ! animals may see ! f5ce1 & be able to avoid x1 because x is nev] necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,,section ,,( ,,f5ce ,,complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,a ,,*eap ,,& ,,good ,,f5ce4 ,a modification ( ?is comb9$ f5ce is %[n 9 figure #ii4 ,x is made ( "o rail along ! top1 & ?ree wires bel[4 ,aft] sett+ ! po/s pl[ a furr[ two feet f ! po/s on ea* side1 ?r[+ ! furr[ slice t[>ds ! f5ce1 & =m+ up ! ridge neatly ) a spade2 !n /ret* ! ?ree wires1 & nail a two by f\r scantl+ edgewise4 ,to prev5t an unpleasant sagg+ ( ! rails1 ! po/s %\ld be eight feet ap>t1 & ! rails sixte5 feet long4 ,= common f5c+1 good /raight poles w answ] well4 ,a ,,bracket$ ,,f5ce4 ,! features %[n 9 figure #ajj are3 fir/1 9 hav+ two six-in* bo>ds at ! bottom4 ,second1 9 plac+ ! wires v close toge!r4 ,x be+ necess>y to h b>bs only on "o side ( ea* space betwe5 ! wires1 pla9 galvanis$ wire may be us$ = e alt]nate /r&1 ?us greatly less5+ ! exp5se4 ,?ird1 by ! use ( /rips & %ort /akes1 ! po/s may be plac$ sixte5 feet ap>t1 & ! f5ce rema9 z p]fect z if !re 7 po/s e eight feet4 ,f\r?1 to make ! f5ce man-pro(1 make use ( a bracket ( ?ree-eigh?-in* iron1 or ( "o by two-in* wood5 /rips4 ,! =m ( ! brackets is %[n 9 figures #aja1 #ajb & #ajc4 ,a b>b-wire is atta*$ to ! %ort arm ( ! brackets1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! po/s 9 su* a mann] z to /ret* two wires on ! same horizontal plane1 & fifte5 in*es ap>t4 ,! mat]ial requir$ = ea* panel ( ! f5ce %[n 9 figure #ajj1 are3 ,two po/s1 ?ree b>b-wires1 two pla9 wires ( ,no4 #ab galvaniz$ iron1 two six-in* bo>ds1 sixte5 feet long1 ?ree /akes ab\t ?ree feet long1 & %>p5$ at "o end1 f\r /rips1 f\r feet long & "o & "o-half in* squ>e4 ,to build ! f5ce3 ,lay (f ! gr\nd by sett+ small pegs eight feet ap>t1 !n dig ! holes1 & set ! po/s at e f\r? peg4 ,drive ! %>p5$ /akes into ! gr\nd at ! ?ree pegs betwe5 ! po/s1 s t ! top ( ! /akes w be n9ete5 in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,nail ! bo>ds on ! fir/ /ake ne> ! gr\nd1 & ! second "o ?ree in*es above ! fir/4 ,!n m>k (f ! place = ea* wire on ! fir/ po/1 fa/5 ! bottom wire1 & put up z f> z ! fir/ /ret*+ po/2 !n add ! o!r wires1 us+ fir/ a b>b-wire1 & !n a smoo? "o4 ,! wires %\ld be fa/5$ to ! po/s ) long /aples4 ,! /rips are to g 9 ! middle ( ! eight foot spaces2 !y %\ld n q t\* ! gr\nd2 fa/5 !m to ! bo>ds ) nails & to ! wire ) %ort /aples4 ,^! /rips c be made ( poles or sapl+s1 & ! /akes ( %ort or crook$ pieces f ! po/s4 ,to atta* ! man-pro( "p3 ,if ! brackets are ( wood1 nail !m to ! po/s1 saw+ (f ! horizontal arm to fifte5 in*es f ! top wire1 z 9 figure #ajc2 /ret* ! wire & fa/5 to ! end4 ,if ! brackets are ( iron1 figure #ajb1 spike ! horizontal arm to ! top ( ! po/1 !n put up ! b>b-wire loose "u ! oblique arm1 & /ret* x4 ,!n spike ! foot ( ! oblique arm to ! po/1 & slip ! wire into ! angle1 & close ! bracket by clos+ ! arms on ! wire4 ,figure #ajb %[s ! me?od ( atta*+ ! iron bracket to ! po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,,"o ,,panel ,,( ,,improv$ ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,,iron ,,bracket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,,atta*$ ,,bracket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,,wood5 ,,bracket4 ,,dog-,,pro( ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,a ,,f5ce ,,aga9/ ,,dogs4 ,figure #ajd %[s a %eep-y>d f5ce1 built ( wire & bo>ds1 z a safegu>d aga9/ vici\s dogs4 ,x consi/s ( ord9>y po/s1 & ?ree l5g?s ( bo>ds1 ) an equal numb] ( b>b-wires = ! upp] portion1 & a s+le /r& plac$ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! %eep are 9 no dang] ( injur+ !mselves ) su* a f5ce1 & x is an effective b>ri] to blood-?ir/y dogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,a ,,*eap] ,,f5ce4 ,figure #aje %[s a *eap] f5ce = ! same purpose4 ,x has "o /r& ( b>b wire bel[ ! bo>ds1 :i* prev5ts attempts ( dogs to dig "u x4 ,= f5c+ %eep aga9/ dogs1 ! 8?ick-set0 b>b wire is ! mo/ effective ( any4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h$ges4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,h$ge ,,plants4 ,! fir/ emigrants f ,engl& to ! ,am]ican %ores br\ght ) !m memories ( gre5 h$ge-r[s1 l ^? :i* /ill adorn ! mo!rl&4 ,b !y f\nd ! c\ntry :i!r !y _h come cov]$ ) a d5se gr[? ( timb]1 :i* furni%$ abundant mat]ial = f5ces4 ,h$ges 7 almo/ unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry until aft] civilization _h rea*$ ! treeless prairies4 ,!n1 ! want ( f5c+ mat]ial turn$ att5tion to h$ges1 & !y became s popul> t _m miles ( !m 7 plant$1 n only 9 ! prairie region1 b also 9 ! m ea/]n ,/ates1 :]e *eap] f5c+ mat]ial 0 pl5ty4 ,n[ ! inv5tion ( b>b$ wire supplies a mat]ial s *eap & easily put 9 place1 t h$ges h ceas$ to be reg>d$ z economical = g5]al f>m purposes4 ,b !y h by no means gone :olly out ( use4 ,z a b\nd>y f5ce1 especially ^u ! roadside1 !re is mu* to be said 9 favor ( ! h$ge4 ,no?+ gives a neighborhood su* a f9i%$ rural aspect1 z to h ! roads bord]$ by h$ges4 ,! gr\nds ar\nd ! summ] cottages on ! ,new ,j]sey coa/1 & o!r popul> summ] resorts1 are l>gely enclos$ ) h$ges4 ,= int]ior divisions1 z !y _c be remov$1 !y are n to be comm5d$4 ,an or*>d1 ! mo/ p]man5t ( all ! plantations ^u ! f>m1 may be appropriately enclos$ by a live f5ce4 ,h$ges are ei!r protective b>ri]s1 really live f5ces1 or m]ely ornam5tal4 ,9 prop]ly regulat$ communities1 :]e cattle are n all[$ to run at l>ge1 ! roadside h$ge may be ornam5tal1 :ile "o ar\nd an or*>d %\ld be able to keep out animals & o!r intrud]s4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts & failures1 ! ,osage ,orange 7,maclura aurantiaca71 has be5 f\nd to make ! be/ h$ges4 ,be+ a native ( ,arkansas1 x has be5 f\nd to be h>dy mu* f>!r ,nor?1 & may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ useful h$ge plant 9 all localities :]e ! w9t] is n sev]e4 ,:]e ! ,osage ,orange is n h>dy1 ,buck?orn1 ,japan ,qu9ce & ,honey ,locu/ are ! be/ sub/itutes4 ,honey ,locu/ is a mo/ useful h$ge plant1 z x is readily rais$ f se$1 gr[s rapidly1 be>s cutt+ well1 & 9 a few ye>s w make a b>ri] t w turn ! mo/ viol5t animal4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,osage ,,h$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--;,,badly ,,pl[$ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,,h$ge ,,plant ,,on ,,h>d ,,ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,,prop]ly ,,pl[$ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,,h$ge ,,plant ,,9 ,,mell[ ,,soil4 ,! fir/ requisite = a h$ge ( any k9d is to secure ?rifty plants ( uni=m size4 ,osage ,orange plants are rais$ f se$s by nurs]ym51 & :5 ( ! "r size1 %\ld be tak5 up 9 autumn & 8heel$ 940 ,! gr\nd1 :i* x is propos$ to occupy by ! h$ge1 %\ld be brok5 up 9 autumn & !n repl[$ 9 spr+1 unless x is a raw prairie sod1 :i* %\ld be brok5 a ye> be=e ! h$ge is plant$4 ,x is a v usual1 b v bad practice1 to pl[ a ridge ) a back-furr[1 z %[n 9 figure #ajf4 ,?is leaves an unpl[$ /rip ( h>d soil directly "u ! l9e ^u :i* ! h$ge is to /&4 ,:5 h>r[$1 x appe>s v fair on ! surface1 b x is useless to expect "y plants to ?rive on su* a b$ ( h>d soil1 & its result w be z se5 9 figure #ajg4 ,! fir/ gr[? is feeble1 irregul>1 & _m vacant spots appe>4 ,! l& %\ld be pl[$ z 9 figure #ajh4 ,:5 ! sod is rott$1 ! l& %\ld be h>r[$ l5g?wise ( ! furr[s1 & ! dead furr[ left 9 ! fir/ pl[+ clos$ by twice turn+ back ! ridge4 ,!re is !n a deep1 mell[1 well-dra9$ b$ = ! plants 9 :i* ! roots h room to gr[ & ga!r ample nutrition4 ,figure #aji %[s ! effect ( ?is k9d ( cultivation4 ,z a b>ri] aga9/ /ock1 or a w9dbreak1 x is be/ to plant 9 d\ble r[s1 ea* r[ be+ set opposite ! spaces 9 ! o!r1 ?us3 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is highly desirable t ! h$ge %\ld be 9 true1 uni=m r[s1 ei!r /raight or 9 regul> curves4 ,?is c be done only by sett+ closely to a l9e4 ,osage ,orange plants may be rais$ f se$1 b z ?is is a difficult op]ation1 x is usually be/ to buy "y plants f a reliable nurs]yman4 ,!y are be/ cut d[n to ab\t six in*es high1 & ! roots p>tially trimm$4 ,x is an advantage to 8puddle0 ! roots1 :i* is done by dipp+ !m 9 a mixture compos$ ( "o-half e>? & half fre% manure f ! c[ /able1 wet to ! consi/5cy ( a ?9 pa/e4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( sett+ ! plants4 ,"s use a tr[el ) a blade ab\t t5 in*es long2 o!rs a dibble1 & a l>g] numb] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 a spade4 ,= sett+ long l9es1 9 situations :]e appe>ances are ( second>y importance1 "y ,osage plants are set v rapidly by runn+ a furr[ :]e ! r[s are to /&1 lay+ ! plants ) _! roots spread on ! mell[ soil1 "o side ( ! furr[4 ,a furr[ is next turn$ ^u ! roots1 & ! plants :i* may h be5 dis>rang$ are re/or$ by h&4 ,a tread ( ! foot w consolidate ! e>? ar\nd ea* plant4 ,unless ! subsoil is naturally v por\s1 ! gr\nd mu/ be ?or\ghly und]dra9$4 ,a l9e ( tiles %\ld be laid six or eight feet f ! l9e ( ! h$ge4 ,! gr\nd = f\r or five feet on ei!r side ( ! h$ge1 %\ld be kept ?or\ghly cultivat$ ! fir/ ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] plant+4 ,?is cultivation is to be done e>ly ea* season & cease ! fir/ ( ,july1 to give ! new wood a *ance to rip54 ,! plants %\ld be p]mitt$ to gr[ ! fir/ ye> undi/urb$4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 ! h$ge %\ld be cut (f close to ! gr\nd ) a scy! or m[+ ma*9e1 & all vacancies :]e plants h di$ out or be5 ?r[n out by fro/1 %\ld be fill$4 ,! gr\nd on bo? sides ( ! ridge is to be kept well cultivat$4 ,figure #aaj %[s ! diff]5ce 9 root gr[? 9 cultivat$ & uncultivat$ gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,,effect ,,( ,,cultivation4 ,a ?ick gr[? ( "y %oots w appe>1 & ^! are to be cut back to f\r in*es high1 ! middle ( summ] & aga9 9 ,septemb]4 ,! object is to obta9 a d5se gr[? close to ! gr\nd4 ,! ?ird ye> ! prun+ is to be repeat$1 only ! %oots mu/ be left f\r to six in*es above ! la/ previ\s cutt+4 ,! lat]al %oots :i* are ne> ! gr\nd1 are to be left undi/urb$4 ,! trimm+ %\ld be su* z to leave ! h$ge broad at ! base1 ) a regul> slope to ! summit l a d\ble-span ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,,h$ge 8,,pla%$40 ,ano!r me?od is to p]mit ! h$ge to gr[ untrimm$ = f\r or five ye>s4 ,x is !n pla%$1 or laid ov] sidewise4 ,?is is done by cutt+ ! plants ab\t half ?r\gh on "o side ) a %>p axe1 & b5d+ !m ov] z %[n 9 figure #aaa4 ,! h$ge is fir/ head$ back & trimm$ up to r$uce ! top4 ,9 a %ort "t new %oots w spr+ f ! /ubs & /ems1 mak+ a d5se gr[? ( int]lac+ /ems & bran*es4 ,ano!r me?od ( lay+ a h$ge1 is to dig away a few in*es ( e>? on "o side ( ea* plant to loos5 ! roots1 !n lay ! plant ov] to ! desir$ angle & fa/5 x !re4 ,! e>? is !n replac$ ar\nd ! roots1 & tread d[n firmly4 ,we believe t a pat5t is claim$ = ?is process1 b its validity is s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,x is ess5tial t h$ges1 :e!r plant$ = ornam5t or utility1 %all be kept 9 %ape by trimm+ e ye>4 ,x is less labor to trim a h$ge ?ree times dur+ ! ye>1 :5 ! bran*es are small & s(t1 ?an once :5 ! bran*es h made a full season's gr[?4 ,if ! h$ge is trimm$ once 9 ,june & aga9 9 ,augu/1 x w be kept 9 good %ape1 & ! labor w be less ?an if ! trimm+ 0 put (f until spr+4 ,9 ,augu/ ! bran*es c be cut ) %e>s or a %>p corn knife4 ,! foliage on !m w aid 9 _! burn+1 :5 !y h dri$ a few days 9 ! sun4 ,! ?orns are n s h>d z 9 ! spr+4 ,! bru% w be less1 & on acc\nt ( _! pliability & great] weight1 w pack into ! heap mu* bett]4 ,if trimm$ 9 ,augu/1 ! h$ge w n make any consid]able gr[? dur+ ! fall4 ,augu/ trimm+ does n injure ! h$ge1 r helps x1 z x t5ds to rip5 ! wood1 prev5t+ a late ,autumn gr[? to be injur$ by ! w9t]4 ,! loss ( sap is less ?an :5 ! trimm+ is done 9 ! e>ly spr+1 z !n ! w\nds are l>g]1 & d n heal be=e ! sap fl[s4 ,d n neglect to burn ! bru% z soon z x has dri$ suffici5tly4 ,if all[$ to rema9 on ! gr\nd1 x w h>bor mice & o!r v]m94 ,trim ! h$ge 9 ,augu/ & burn ! bru%4 ,! trimm+ %\ld be done 9 su* a mann] z to expose ! great] am\nt ( foliage to ! direct action ( ! light1 air1 ra9 & dew4 ,?is is atta9$ by keep+ ! sides at e trimm+ 9 ! =m ( slop+ walls f ! broad base to ! summit l a d\ble-span ro(4 ,!y are sometimes trimm$ ) v]tical sides & broad1 flat top1 b ?is is n a favorable plan = p]man5cy4 ,! l[] leaves & /ems die out1 leav+ an unsightly op5 bottom ( nak$ /ems1 ) a broad ro( ( foliage above4 ,su* trimm+ & its results h done mu* to br+ h$ges into disrepute4 ,,h$ges ,,= ,,! ,,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,,cactus ,,h$ge4 ,! ,osage ,orange is a native ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 & fl\ri%es on good soil any:]e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 succul5t plants :i* gr[ s rapidly 9 ! ,s\?1 & require s little c>e1 t !y are v successfully employ$ = h$ges 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,yucca gloriosa1 or ,spani% ,bayonet4 ,its natural habit ( gr[? is to produce a d5se mass ( leaves on a long /em4 ,b by cutt+ back ! gr[? ( ! /iff1 arm$ leaves is produc$ l[ d[n1 & a h$ge ( ?is soon becomes an impassable b>ri]4 ,l>ge panicles ( beautiful :ite blossoms are produc$ at ! summit1 mak+ su* a h$ge v ornam5tal dur+ ! fl[]+ season4 ,v>i\s species ( cactus are also employ$ 9 ! ,s\?we/ = h$ges4 ,9 "s ( ! ,middle-,we/]n ,/ates may be se5 a h$ge l figure #aab4 ,at "s di/ance f ! highway1 a field _h be5 enclos$ ) ! tree cactus1 :i* !re gr[s only f f\r to t5 feet high4 ,! plants t 7 9 ! l9e ( ! f5ce 7 left gr[+1 & ^? cle>$ f ! field 7 wov5 into a =midable b>ri] to any?+ l>g] ?an a rabbit4 ,:ile no two rods 9 ?is f5ce are alike1 its g5]al appe>ance is l t %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,,ornam5tal ,,h$ges ,,& ,,scre5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,,bran* ,,( ,,japan ,,qu9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--;,,fruit ,,& ,,fl[]4 ,h$ges & scre5s = ornam5tal purposes alone1 d n come /rictly )9 ! scope ( ?is "w1 b we w briefly m5tion a few desirable plants = ! purpose4 ,! ,japan ,qu9ce1 ,cydonia ,japonica1 ( :i* figures #aac & #aad %[ a bran*1 fl[] & fruit1 is "o ( ! be/ decidu\s plants = an ornam5tal h$ge4 ,x w gr[ 9 almo/ any soil2 if left to itself x =ms a d5se1 /rong bu%1 b x may be clipp$ or tra9$ into any desir$ =m4 ,its leaves are ( d>k glossy gre51 !y come e>ly 9 spr+ & rema9 until late 9 ,autumn4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ %rubs to bloom 9 spr+2 its fl[]s are g5]ally int5se sc>let1 ?\gh !re are v>ieties ) :ite1 rose-color$1 or salmon-color$ fl[]s4 ,a h$ge ( ?is plant is n only highly ornam5tal1 b its abundant ?orns make a good b>ri]4 ,privet1 ,ligu/rum vulg>e1 makes a v neat scre51 b w n be> sev]e cutt+ back1 & is !re=e suitable only = gr\nds ( suffici5t ext5t to admit ( its be+ all[$ to make unre/ra9$ gr[?4 ,! common ,b>b]ry1 ,b]b]is vulg>is1 also makes an exce$+ly pretty scre5 9 "t1 b x is ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! ,buffalo ,b]ry1 ,%ep]dia arg5tea1 has be5 tri$ = h$ges1 b = "s reason x has nev] atta9$ any popul>ity4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! ,*]okee ,rose has be5 f\nd q successful = ! purpose1 & no?+ 9 ! %ape ( a h$ge c exce$1 9 /rik+ effect1 "o ( ^! 9 full bloom4 ,= ev]gre5 scre5s no?+ is bett] ?an ! ,hemlock1 ,tsuga ,canad5sis4 ,! ,norway ,spruce is ( rapid gr[? & be>s cutt+ well4 ,! ,arbor ,vit1 ,?uja occid5talis1 is also v successfully employ$ = ! purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,portable ,,f5ces ,,& ,,hurdles4 ,,portable ,,bo>d ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,,! ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--8;,,horses0 ,,= ,,mak+ ,,! ,,f5ce4 ,figure #aah %[s a v /rong & secure bo>d f5ce1 compos$ entirely ( ord9>y f5ce bo>ds4 ,! triangul> frames1 :i* s]ve z po/s1 are ea* ( two pieces ( in* bo>ds1 cross$ & brac$ z %[n 9 figure #aae4 ,! panels1 figure #aag1 are sixte5 feet long1 ea* compos$ ( f\r bo>ds1 six in*es wide4 ,! space betwe5 ! l[] two bo>ds is two & a half in*es1 second space ?ree & a half in*es4 ,a conv5i5t way ( mak+ ! panels is to use ?ree horses1 l t %[n 9 figure #aaf1 ! l5g? ( ea* be+ equal to ! total wid? ( ! panel1 & ! ?ree %ort upright /rips m>k+ ! respective spaces betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,! top is cov]$ ) iron to cl9* ! nails us$ 9 putt+ ! panel toge!r4 ,! bo>ds are laid on ^! horses1 & ! upright cross-pieces nail$ on4 ,! second bo>d f ! top ( ea* panel is not*$ at bo? ends1 z %[n 9 figure #aag4 ,a good way to make ! triangul> frames alike1 is to cut ! pieces by a uni=m patt]n4 ,!n make "o frame ( ! size & =m desir$1 & at ea* ( ! ?ree places :]e !y are nail$ toge!r1 fa/5 a plate ( iron1 ?ick en\gh to prev5t ! p5etration ( a common wr\ght nail driv5 aga9/ x4 ,n[ lay ?is patt]n frame on ! floor ) ! iron bolts upp]mo/4 ,!n lay ?ree pieces on ?is 9 exactly ! "r position1 drive wr\ght nails ?r\gh ! two pieces & aga9/ ! iron plates1 :i* w cl9* ! nails firmly z fa/ z !y are driv54 ,?is w enable ! man to nail ! frames toge!r q rapidly4 ,9 sett+ up ! f5ce1 ea* triangul> frame supports ! ends ( two panels4 ,! upp] & l[] bo>ds ( ea* panel int]lock ) ! frame1 z %[n 9 figure #aah1 mak+ a v /rong f5ce4 ,on op5 prairie or o!r w9d-swept situations1 x may be necess>y to /ake d[n "s ( ! frames1 to prev5t _! bl[+ ov]4 ,?is is quickly done by %>p5+ pieces ( in* bo>ds1 twelve in*es long1 & "o in* wide1 & driv+ "o beside ! foot ( ! triangle1 :]e x re/s on ! gr\nd1 & putt+ an eight-p5ny nail ?r\gh bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,a ,,s+le ,,panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,,! ,,f5ce ,,9 ,,position4 ,,portable ,,f5ces ,,( ,,poles ,,or ,,wire4 ,figures #aai & #abj %[ /yles ( portable f5ces1 :i* are us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! t]ritories4 ,! base ( ea* is ! half ( a small log1 split ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,= ! f5ce %[n 9 figure #aai1 two augur holes are bor$ a few in*es ap>t1 & small poles driv5 to s]ve z po/s4 ,rails or r\nd poles ( ! usual l5g? are laid to ! desir$ height1 & ! top ( ! po/s ti$ toge!r ) wire4 ,9 situations :]e timb] is less pl5tiful1 a s+le /ake is set into ! base1 z 9 figure #abj1 brac$1 & b>b$ or pla9 wire atta*$ by /aples4 ,besides ! advantage ( be+ easily mov$1 ^! f5ces c be prep>$ 9 w9t]1 :5 !re is little else to d1 & rapidly set 9 place at any "t :5 ! gr\nd is cle> ( sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,,portable ,,pole ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,,portable ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,figure #aba is a f5ce made ( ei!r saw$ /uff1 or ( rails or poles1 hav+ _! ends flatt5$ & bor$4 ,an iron rod1 or piece ( gas-pipe1 any:]e f half an in* to an in* 9 diamet]1 is run ?r\gh ! holes1 & ?r\gh a base block into ! gr\nd z f> z necess>y4 ,a r\nd /ick ( t\gh durable wood1 an in* or m 9 diamet]1 w answ]4 ,! size ( ?is rod & its /r5g? w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( zigzag t is giv5 to ! l5g?s4 ,if ! corn]s are "o foot on ea* side ( a c5tral l9e1 ! f5ce firmly held toge!r by ! rods1 w 9 effect /& on a two feet wide base4 ,less ?an ?is w\ld p]haps sometimes answ]1 & !re are no %>p corn]s1 or deep recesses = we$s & rubbi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,,portable ,,f5ce ,,( ,,poles ,,or ,,rails4 ,,portable ,,f5ces ,,= ,,w9dbreaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,,portable ,,f5ce4 ,a f5ce t c be easily mov$ & quickly set up is %[n 9 figure #abb4 ,x consi/s ( panels made ( /rips eight or t5 feet long1 nail$ to two by f\r po/s1 :i* are bevel$ to a %>p corn] at ! l[] end4 ,^! panels are support$ by po/s1 plac$ z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 & p9n$ to ! f5ce po/s by wood5 p9s1 driv5 9 by a light mallet4 ,! panels are light & c be load$ ^u a wagon f :i* ! sides & ends ( ! box are remov$4 ,a box ( p9s & ! mallet are all ! tools requir$ to set up ! f5ce4 ,?is f5ce is n easily ov]?r[n by ! w9d1 :i* holds x d[n firmly :5 bl[+ on ! face ( x4 ,= ?is reason 9 w9dy localities1 ! f5ce %\ld be set fac+ ! w9dy qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,,railroad ,,w9dbreak4 ,ano!r good =m ( movable f5ce is se5 9 figure #abc4 ,x is made ( common f5ce-bo>ds1 securely nail$ on v light po/s or on ! edge ( n>r[ bo>ds & brac$ z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,?is /yle ( panel is l>gely employ$ by railroads z w9dbreaks 9 w9t] to keep ! tracks f becom+ cov]$ ) drift$ sn[4 ,x is equally conv5i5t on ! f>m1 :5 a tempor>y inclosure is ne$$4 ,,portable ,,p\ltry ,,f5ces4 ,x is (t5 v conv5i5t :5 p\ltry are inclos$ dur+ ! gr[+ season1 to h a f5ce = ! h5y>d :i* c be readily mov$ f place to place4 ,! illu/ration1 figure #abd1 %[s "o ( ^!4 ,cut ! po/s ! same l5g? z ! pickets1 & to ! inn] side ( ea* atta* two /rong iron hoops b5t into a semi-circle1 "o ne> ! bottom & ! o!r half way up4 ,?r\gh ^! hoops drive /akes fitt$ to fill !m closely1 ) %>p5$ po9ts = easily ent]+ ! gr\nd4 ,:5 remov+ ! f5ce ! po/s c be slipp$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,,portable ,,p\ltry ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,,movable ,,f5ce ,,= ,,turkeys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,movable ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,,cross-,,block ,,= ,,f5ce4 ,turkeys1 ev5 :5 !y h atta9$ a consid]able size1 %\ld be %ut up until aft] ! dew is (f ! grass1 & o!r f[ls mu/ be conf9$ 9 limit$ runs1 :ile ! "y are small4 ,x is q an advantage if ^! runs c be *ang$ easily1 & ?is c be accompli%$ only :5 !y are enclos$ 9 a light movable f5ce4 ,su* a f5ce is %[n 9 figure #abe1 on prec$+ page4 ,x is made 9 twelve or sixte5 feet sections by nail+ la?s to light pieces ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,! upp] end ( ! la?s is %>p5$2 ! end ones are ( d\ble ?ickness4 ,! sections are plac$ ) ! end-la?s int]cross+ at ! top1 & ab\t six in*es ap>t at ! bottom1 z 9 cross-section1 figure #abf4 ,!y are held ap>t by blocks1 figure #abg1 :i* re/ on ! upp] edges ( ! cross-pieces & aga9/ ! la?s4 ,!y are held toge!r1 & to ! gr\nd1 by /akes driv5 aga9/ ! out] side ( ! end la?s4 ,z ^! /akes h ! same angle z ! la?s1 !y hold ! sections toge!r1 & also ! f5ce 9 its place & d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! triangul> space :]e ! sections jo9 is clos$ by a la? driv5 9 ! gr\nd or tack$ to ! block betwe5 ! cross-pieces4 ,corn]s mu/ be =m$ ( two sections incl9$ inw>d1 & 9 ! same way t sections are jo9$4 ,! /akes are readily )drawn1 & ! sections are s light t !y are easily h&l$4 ,,portable ,,fold+ ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,,f5ce ,,9 ,,position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,,f5ce ,,fold$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,,z ,a ,,side ,,hill ,,f5ce4 ,a v conv5i5t =m ( portable f5ce or hurdle is illu/rat$ 9 figures #abh1 #abi & #acj1 :i* 0 br\ght out "s five or six ye>s ago4 ,x may be con/ruct$ ) two or ?ree upright pieces ( two-by-f\r-in* scantl+1 & f\r b>s1 figure #abh1 held toge!r by c>riage bolts 9 su* a mann]1 t ea* panel c be clos$ :5 desir$1 z a p>allel rul] is fold$ toge!r4 ,z ! b>s are on alt]nate sides1 ! panel1 :5 clos$1 takes up ! space ( two b>s only1 figure #abi4 ,! f5ce may easily be remov$1 & fits itself to roll+ gr\nd or side-hill1 z %[n 9 figure #acj4 ,:5 9 position x may be support$ by /akes ( ! same ?ickness z ! upright b>s1 & driv5 close beside !m4 ,,tempor>y ,,wire ,,& ,,iron ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,,tempor>y ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,sev]al k9ds ( wire & iron f5ces are us$ 9 ,france to make tempor>y enclosures = exhibition purposes4 ,two =ms are illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,figure #aca is made ( pla9 iron wire ) ca/ or wr\ght iron po/s4 ,ea* po/ has a plate on its l[] end1 :i* is set eighte5 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! e>? fill$ 9 compactly ab\t x4 ,! front ( ! engrav+ %[s ! holes 9 section1 ) ! plates4 ,! top /r& is a wire rope made by twi/+ sev]al /r&s toge!r4 ,! f5ce se5 at figure #acb is made ( n>r[ /rips ( %eet iron atta*$ to iron po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,! gate1 l t ( ! o!r =m1 is provid$ ) small :eels1 :i* run on a track4 ,! two f5ces may be modifi$ by us+ wood5 po/s %>p5$ at ! l[] end1 & driv5 into ! gr\nd1 !n fa/5+ to !m ) suitable /aples /rips ( r broad hoop-iron at ! top1 ) pla9 wire bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,,tempor>y ,,iron ,,f5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,f5ces ,,= ,,/reams ,,& ,,gullies4 ,,flood ,,f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,,/rong ,,flood-,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--;,a ,,*eap] ,,flood-,,gate4 ,9 a situation :]e a l9e ( f5ce crosses a /ream or a gully liable to be flood$1 x is necess>y to make special provision = x4 ,a f5ce ext5d+ d[n ne> ! surface & suffici5tly rigid to )/& ! curr5t1 w\ld arre/ ! driftwood & o!r objects float$ d[n on ! flood1 & soon become a dam4 ,! "r k9d ( a f5ce mu/ !re=e yield to ! =ce ( ! flood1 & r5ew its position1 or be easily replac$ aft] x has subsid$4 ,figure #acc is a v effectual flood-gate = a runn+ /ream4 ,! po/s1 ,b1 ,b1 are firmly set on ! bank1 & a /ick ( timb]1 ,a1 mortis$ on ! top ( !m4 ,! ?ree uprights1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 are h+$ to ! cross-timb]1 & ! bo>ds1 ,f1 fa/5$ 9 place by t5-p5ny /eel f5ce nails4 ,! gate easily sw+s ) ! curr5t1 ,d4 ,figure #acd %[s a =m :i* op]ates 9 a simil> mann] l ! o!r4 ,x consi/s ( two /\t po/s1 five feet high1 be>+ a heavy cross-b>1 r\nd$ at ea* end1 & fitt$ into sockets1 9 :i* ! b> ) gate atta*$ c sw+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! gate is easily se5 f ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,,f5ce ,,= ,a ,,=e/ ,,/ream4 ,! above =ms are self-act+1 & sw+ back to _! places z ! wat] subsides4 ,= l>g] /reams1 x is necess>y to con/ruct f5ces t give way be=e ! flood1 & c be br\ght into position aga9 :5 x is ov]4 ,"o ( ^!1 = a /ream :i* is liable to br+ d[n mu* driftwood1 is %[n 9 figure #ace4 ,! logs are ! trunks ( /raight trees1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* are hew$ on two sides2 po/s are mortis$ 9 ea* ( ^! logs1 & on !m planks are firmly nail$4 ,! logs are !n l9k$ toge!r ) in* iron rods1 & ! fir/ "o connect$ by means ( a long l9k to a tree or po/ firmly set 9 ! gr\nd ^u ! banks ( ! /ream4 ,! l9ks mu/ all "w freely4 ,:5 high wat] occurs1 ! f5ce is wa%$ ar\nd & left on ! bank2 aft] ! wat] has subsid$ suffici5tly1 ! logs may be dragg$ back to _! places1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 by means ( a horse1 hit*$ to a /aple 9 ! end ( ! log4 ,figure #acf %[s a light] f5ce made ( poles or rails1 held by int]l9k+ /aples to ! po/s on ! side ( ! /ream4 ,z ! floods come d[n1 ! rails are wa%$ f ! c5t]1 & float freely at ei!r side ( ! /ream4 ,!y c be laid up 9 place aga9 :5 ! wat] subsides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,,f5ce ,,( ,,movable ,,rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,,an ,,extemporis$ ,,flood-,,f5ce4 ,! f5ce %[n 9 figure #acg1 ?\gh r rude & primitive1 has ! advantage ( be+ *eaply con/ruct$ & p]man5t4 ,two /rong po/s are driv5 into ! banks on ! m>g9 ( ! /ream1 to :i* a log1 a foot or m 9 diamet]1 is fa/5$ by p9s1 spikes or )es1 ab\t tw5ty in*es above l[ wat] m>k4 ,!n f5ce rails are %>p5$ at "o end1 driv5 into ! /ream above ! log1 ^u :i* ! o!r ends re/1 project+ ab\t a foot4 ,!y are !n securely spik$ or p9n$ to ! log1 & ! "w is done4 ,! po9t$ ends ( ! rails are up ! /ream1 & 9 case ( flood1 ! wat] p\rs ov] ! ob/ruction1 c>ry+ ) x bru%1 driftwood1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,,automatic ,,flood-,,gate4 ,! flood-gate1 figure #ach1 is design$ to prev5t small /ock f pass+ f "o field to ano!r ?r\gh a wat]-c\rse "u a f5ce :]e !re is l[ wat]1 :ile 9 "t ( high wat] ! gate w rise suffici5tly to all[ ! float+ tra% to pass ?r\gh1 b n high]1 z x is self-fa/5+4 ,! inv5tion consi/s ( a gate con/ruct$ ( p]p5dicul> slats h+$ above1 & mov+4 ,?is hangs across a /ream or dit*4 ,on ! d[n-/ream side ( ! gate a sw+ paddle is fix$1 :i* hangs 9 ! wat]4 ,?is1 m>k$ a 9 ! illu/ration1 is atta*$ to an angul> b>1 b1 :i* is mov$ :5 ! fl[ ( wat] presses ) =ce aga9/ ! paddle4 ,two not*$ pieces1 c c1 atta*$ to ! gate1 re/ ^u ! angul> b>1 b1 at l[ wat]2 :5 bo? ! paddle & ! gate hang at re/1 p]p5dicul>ly1 ^! not*$ pieces1 c c1 hold ! gate firmly %ut2 :51 h[ev]1 ! wat] rises & ! paddle is mov$ suffici5tly to dis5gage ! not*es1 ! gate w be mov$ by ! =ce ( ! wat]1 & if /icks or rubbi% ( any k9d float d[n aga9/ x !y w be swept "u x by ! wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] subsides1 ! paddle sw+s back1 ! pieces1 c c1 cat* & keep ! gate clos$ at any height x may fall to4 ,let ! cross-piece1 d1 t is halv$ into ! po/s1 be ab\t "o foot above ! banks ( ! dit*4 ,! pieces1 f f f f1 repres5t ! f5ce above ! dit*1 ! small po/s1 g g1 ) ! pieces nail$ to !m1 are to prev5t ! /ock f pass+ :5 ! gate is p>tly clos$1 at ! same "t brac+ ! po/s1 e e2 ! holes at h are to raise & l[] ! paddle a2 if small1 a cleat on "o ( ! arms ^u :i* ! piece ,b is hung1 prev5ts ! paddle f sw++ t[>ds ! gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,a ,,miss\ri ,,flood-,,f5ce4 ,figure #aci %[s a k9d ( f5ce us$ 9 ,miss\ri to put across sl\ghs4 ,x is 9 effect two panels ( portable f5ce4 ,! po/s are set ?ree to f\r feet deep1 ) ! tops ab\t "o foot above gr\nd2 ! o!r po/s1 to :i* ! planks are nail$1 are bolt$ to ! top ( ! ins]t$ po/s4 ,! ends ( ! panel t connect ) ! po/ on ! bank are slightly nail$ ) cross-/rips ne> ! top1 s z to be easily brok5 loose :5 ! flood comes4 ,!re are also tempor>y braces be>+ up/ream1 put 9 to prev5t ! f5ce f fall+1 b are easily wa%$ out1 :5 ! f5ce falls d[n /ream1 & logs & o!r ob/ructions pass by readily4 ,z soon z ! flood goes d[n1 ! f5ce is easily rais$1 a panel at a "t1 to a prop] place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,,fre%et ,,f5ce4 ,figure #adj %[s a *eap & effective =m ( flood f5ce4 ,! mat]ial us$ are squ>e-hewn timb]s1 sev5 or eight in*es = sills1 /one pill>s1 split rails ab\t t5 feet long4 ,! rails are driv5 9 ! gr\nd ab\t two feet deep2 ! upp] ends project above ! sill two or ?ree feet1 & are spik$ d[n to ! sill ) l>ge spikes2 :5 ! fre%et comes1 logs & driftwood are c>ri$ ov]1 & ! f5ce w be left 9 z good ord] z be=e ! high wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,,cali=nia ,,gul* ,,f5ce4 ,figure #ada repres5ts a gul* f5ce or gate :i* is 9 common use 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,pacific ,slope4 ,x is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! gul*es ( ! foot hills & ! irrigat+ dit*es ( ! pla9s4 ,! :ole gate sw+s freely by ! upp] pole1 ! ends ( :i* re/ 9 l>ge holes 9 po/s on ei!r bank1 or 9 ! cross ( /akes4 ,! upright pieces may be ( split pickets or saw$ lumb]1 z may be ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,if ! /ream is likely to c>ry float+ bru%1 logs1 etc41 ! slats %\ld be ( heavi] mat]ial ?an is necess>y :5 ?is is n ! case4 ,:5 con/ruct$ prop]ly ! gate w give1 all[+ rubbi% & fre%ets to pass1 & !n resume its prop] position4 ,! pr9cipal advantage claim$ = ?is gate is t x is n apt to ga!r ! pass+ debris4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,,f5ce ,,= ,a ,,dry ,,gully4 ,a gully is sometimes difficult to f5ce prop]ly1 b by hang+ a frame ov] x1 z is se5 9 figure #adb1 ! object may be quickly accompli%$4 ,! frame c be spik$ toge!r 9 a %ort "t1 or fram$ toge!r if a m elaborate "o is desir$4 ,to make x s]ve its purpose completely1 ! rails mu/ be clos] toge!r ne> ! bottom ?an at ! top ( ! frame1 9 ord] to prev5t small animals f go+ ?r\gh x4 ,a modification ( ?is la/ nam$ device1 se5 at figure #adc1 gives great] space = ! passage ( bru%wood or o!r l>ge objects1 :i* may be swept d[n on ! flood4 ,! wid?1 /r5g? & size ( ! bases support+ ! side po/s1 & ( ! braces1 w dep5d ^u ! wid? & dep? ( ! *annel4 ,! base pieces c be firmly an*or$ by /akes driv5 slant+ ov] ! ends & outsides1 or by /ones pil$ on4 ,= wide1 %all[ /reams1 ?ree or ev5 m brac$ uprights c be an*or$ eight or t5 feet ap>t 9 ! b$ ) heavy /ones1 ) two or m sw++ sections4 ,if small trees or long timb]s are likely to float d[n1 ! sw++ gate may be twelve or fifte5 feet wide4 ,= small] /reams1 ) /rong high banks1 five or six feet w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,a ,,fre%et ,,f5ce4 ,,portable ,,tide ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,,section ,,( ,a ,,tide ,,f5ce4 ,figure #add repres5ts a f5ce = tide-creeks4 ,x is made usually ( p9e1 ! l>g] pieces1 ^? :i* lie on ! gr\nd & p>allel ) ! run ( ! f5ce1 are ?ree by f\r-in* pieces1 hemlock or p9e1 & connect$ by ?ree cross-b>s1 ( ?ree by f\r-in* pieces1 mortis$ 9 ?ree feet ap>t4 ,into ! middle ( ^! ?ree cross-pieces1 ! upright or po/s are securely mortis$1 :ile two common bo>ds are nail$ und]nea? ! long pieces1 to af=d a bett] re/ = ! /ructure1 :5 float+ on ! wat] or re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,b>b$ or pla9 wires are /ret*$ along ! po/s1 :i* are f\r feet high4 ,,wat]+ ,,place ,,9 ,a ,,creek4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,a ,,clean ,,wat]+ ,,place4 ,cattle naturally select a c]ta9 place 9 a wat]-c\rse to dr9k at1 :]e ! bank is n precipit\s4 ,dur+ a good "p ( ! ye> ?is bank is muddy1 on acc\nt ( its moi/ure & trampl+ ( ! animals4 ,z a result1 ! horses get ! scrat*es1 ! c[s come to ! milk+ p5 ) muddy udd]s1 & frequ5tly animals are injur$ by ! cr[d+ 9 ! mud4 ,hogs are (t5 s]i\sly injur$1 because ! mud becomes s deep & t\gh1 t !y are well nigh helpless 9 x4 ,ano!r objection is t ! animals wade to ! middle ( ! creek1 & soon make its bottom z muddy z ! bank1 & ! wat] becomes unfit = dr9k+4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 our illu/ration1 :i* may be built ( heavy plank1 brick1 or flat /ones1 prev5ts all ?is4 ,x is con/ruct$ by fir/ mak+ an incl9e to a level plat=m = ! animals to /& on :ile dr9k+4 ,?is plane t]m9ates 9 an abrupt desc5t1 =m+ a tr\gh = ! wat] to fl[ ?r\gh4 ,! tr\gh %\ld n be m ?an two feet wide1 t ! animals may easily get across x4 ,! level floor p]mits ! animals to dr9k at _! ease1 (t5 a matt] ( importance4 ,su* a dr9k+ place %\ld be made at ! upp] end ( ! creek1 :]e x passes ?r\gh a field to prev5t ! animals f soil+ ! wat] by /&+ 9 x above :]e !y dr9k4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,mak+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,po/s4 ,,mak+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,!re is q an art 9 splitt+ logs into po/s4 ,e po/ %\ld h "s he>t wood1 :i* la/s ! long]1 = two reasons3 ,t !re may be durable wood into :i* to drive ! nails1 & )\t x "s ( ! po/s1 compos$ entirely ( sap-wood1 w rot (f long be=e o!rs1 mak+ ! mo/ annoy+ ( all repair+ necess>y4 ,if ! log is ( a size to make twelve po/s1 split along ! l9es ( figure #adf1 :i* w give ea* po/ a %>e ( he>t wood4 ,?is w make a cross section ( ! po/s triangul>1 ! curv$ base be+ some:at m ?an half ( ei!r side4 ,?is is a fairly well %ap$ po/1 & mu* bett] ?an a squ>e "o hav+ little or no he>t wood4 ,al?\gh ! log may be l>ge en\gh to make sixte5 or eighte5 po/s1 x is bett] to split x ! same way4 ,x %\ld fir/ be cut into halves1 !n qu>t]s1 !n twelf?s4 ,if x is attempt$ to split "o po/ (f ! side ( a half1 ! wood w 8draw out10 mak+ ! po/ l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r--n a good %ape1 = !re w be little he>t wood at ! small end4 ,:5 ! log is too l>ge to admit ( x be+ split 9 t way1 ea* po/ may nev]!less be giv5 en\gh he>t wood by splitt+ along ! l9es1 %[n 9 figure #adg4 ,fir/ cut ! logs into halves1 !n qu>t]s1 !n eigh?s4 ,!n split (f ! edge ( ea* eigh?1 en\gh = a po/--ab\t "o-f\r? only ( ! wood1 z x is all he>t wood1 & !n halve ! balance4 ,a good po/ c be tak5 (f ! edge1 & yet en\gh he>t wood = ! rema9+ two po/s rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,a ,,po/ ,,hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,a ,,po/ ,,hold]4 ,a simple arrangem5t = hold+ a po/ :ile x is be+ bor$ or mortis$1 is %[n 9 figure #adh4 ,x consi/s ( two long pieces ( r\nd or squ>e timb]1 ly+ p>allel ^u ! gr\nd1 & two %ort] /icks re/+ ^u !m at "r angles4 ,! upp] pieces h saddles cut out = ! po/s to fit into4 ,a /aple ) a l>ge iron hook or 8dog10 is fa/5$ into "o end ( ea* cross-piece1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,:5 ! po/ is laid 9 position1 ! hooks are driv5 into x hold+ x firmly4 ,,driv+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s ,,by ,,h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,,driv+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,:]e ! soil is s(t1 loose1 & free f /one1 po/s may be driv5 m easily & firmly ?an if set 9 holes dug = ! purpose4 ,an easy me?od ( driv+ is %[n 9 figure #adi4 ,a wagon is load$ ) po/s & furni%$ ) a /age 9 ! re> end ( ! box1 ^u :i* a p]son c /& to give ! po/s ! fir/ />t4 ,ano!r man holds ! po/s upright :ile !y are driv54 ,:5 "o po/ is driv5 to its place1 ! wagon is mov$ to ! next place1 & ?is op]ation repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,,maul ,,= ,,driv+ ,,po/s4 ,to drive po/s1 a wood5 maul %\ld be us$4 ,?is is made ( a section ( an elm trunk or bran*1 eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 figure #aej4 ,an iron r+ is driv5 on ea* end1 & w$g$ all ar\nd1 ! wood at ! edge be+ beat5 d[n ov] ! r+s ) a hamm] or ! poll ( an axe4 ,to prev5t ! po/s f splitt+ or be+ batt]$ too mu*1 ! ends ( ! maul %\ld be holl[$ a little1 & nev] r\nd$ out1 & ! ends ( ! po/s %\ld be bevel$ all ar\nd4 ,! hole 9 ! maul = ! h&le %\ld be made l>g] on "o side1 & l5g?wise ( ! maul1 & ! h&le spread by two w$ges driv5 9 su* a way z n to split ! maul4 ,,to ,,drive ,,po/s ,,)\t ,,splitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,,scantl+ ,,) ,,h&le ,,9 ,,position4 ,po/s are v liable to split 9 driv+1 unless "s precaution is us$4 ,?is damage & loss c be avoid$ 9 a great measure by prop] prep>ation ( ! po/s be=e !y are driv54 ,! tops ( saw$ po/s %\ld h ! sides cut (f1 z 9 figure #aea1 or simply cut (f ea* corn]1 z 9 figure #aec1 :ile a r\nd po/ %\ld be %ap$ z 9 figure #aeb4 ,! "p ( ! po/ remov$ ne$ n be m ?an half an in* 9 ?ickness1 b :5 ! corn]s only are cut away1 ! *ip %\ld be ?ick]4 ,9 driv+1 x is v important to /rike ! po/ squ>ely on ! top1 & n at "o corn] or side4 ,9 mo/ soils at ! ,nor?1 ! fro/s heave po/s m or less ea* season1 & !y ne$ to be driv5 d[n to ! usual dep?4 ,to d ?is ) little injury to ! po/1 ! device %[n 9 figure #aed may be us$4 ,x is a piece ( t\gh h>d wood scantl+1 e1 eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ) tap]+ ends4 ,x is provid$ ) a h&le1 h1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 ( q small size1 & if possible1 ( gre5 timb]4 ,9 us+ x1 let "o p]son 7a boy w d7 lay ! bit ( scantl+ on top ( ! po/ to be re-driv51 :51 ) ! beetle or sl$ge1 ! scantl+1 in/ead ( ! po/ is /ruck1 ?us prev5t+ ! splitt+ ( ! po/4 ,:5 ! top ( a f5ce is surm\nt$ by a /r+]1 z 9 ! engrav+1 ! effect ( ! bl[ is di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge space1 & bo? /r+] & po/ escape injury4 ,! att5dant %\ld keep hold ( ! h&le1 h1 :ile ! po/s are be+ driv51 & move ! scantl+ f po/ to po/ z requir$4 ,a ,,p[]ful ,,po/ ,,driv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,,! ,,po/-,,driv]4 ,= a f>m] :o has a l>ge numb] ( po/s to set1 a special app>atus = driv+ !m w be f\nd useful4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ a ma*9e ( ?is k9d4 ,an axle1 a1 figure #aee1 ( h>d wood1 eight & "o-half feet long2 a hickory sapl+ w d4 ,x has sp9dles %av$ to fit ! h9d :eels ( a wagon1 :i* are fa/5$ by l9*-p9s1 leav+ ab\t six feet space betwe5 ! hubs4 ,a c\pl+-pole1 b1 ?irte5 feet long1 is fram$ 9 & /rongly brac$ at "r angles ) ! axle1 & connects 9 front ) ! =w>d axle ( a common wagon4 ,! ma9 sill1 d1 figure #aef1 is "o /ick ( timb]1 six by eight in*es1 by f\rte5 feet long & has a cross-piece1 e1 fram$ 9 ! end4 ,two side-pieces1 f1 two by f\r in*es by five feet long1 are p9n$ or bolt$ to ! ma9 sill at g1 & cross-pieces fram$ into !m1 z %[n 9 figure #aef1 s fram$ t ! l[] edges ( ! side-pieces w be two in*es f ! axle1 :5 ! ma9 sill re/s on ! axle4 ,! side-pieces1 f1 %\ld be tw5ty-two in*es ap>t at ! ends4 ,! front end ( ! ma9 sill re/s on ! front axle1 9 place ( a bol/]1 & ! 8k+-bolt0 passes ?r\gh x at h2 ! upright guides1 i1 are two by f\r in*es by f\rte5 feet long1 bolt$ to ! side-pieces1 f1 ) a space ( f\rte5 in*es betwe52 a cap1 j1 two by ?ree by tw5ty-six in*es long1 is fram$ on top4 ,two braces1 k1 two by f\r in*es by sixte5 feet long1 are bolt$ to ! upright guides1 two feet bel[ ! cap1 & connect at ! bottom ) a cross-piece1 l1 two by eight by tw5ty-two in*es long1 betwe5 ! braces4 ,x has r\nd$ ends pass+ ?r\gh two-in* holes 9 ! braces1 & fa/5$ by a p9 outside1 to =m a loose jo9t4 ,?is cross-piece1 l1 is held d[n on ! ma9 sill by a /rip1 m1 & /eadi$ by cleats2 x is free to slide back or =w>d1 & is held 9 place by a %ort p94 ,by mov+ ?is cross-piece1 ! upright guides1 i1 are kept p]p5dicul> :5 go+ up or d[n hill4 ,a small w9dlass1 o1 figure #aee1 is plac$ "u ! axle1 a1 betwe5 hang]s fram$ into ! axle1 close to ! hubs4 ,two brace-ropes1 or wires1 p1 are fa/5$ to ?is w9dlass at ! extreme ends1 & w\nd ar\nd x a turn or two 9 opposite directions1 drawn tight & fa/5$ to ! ma9 braces ne> ! top4 ,by turn+ ! w9dlass1 o1 slightly1 by means ( a %ort b>1 ! ma*9e may lean to ei!r side1 to con=m to slid+ gr\nd1 ?us be+ adju/able 9 all directions4 ,! maul1 r1 figure #aeg1 ( t\gh oak1 f\rte5 by eighte5 in*es1 by two feet long1 weighs ab\t two hundr$ p\nds1 is groov$ to fit smoo?ly betwe5 ! guides2 ! foll[]1 s1 is m pla9ly %[n 9 ! engrav+1 also ! simple lat*1 by :i* ! foll[] & maul are connect$ & disconnect$4 ,! squ>e clevis1 t1 is ( ?ree-qu>t] in* iron1 susp5d$ f ! same iron p91 u1 on :i* ! pulley1 v1 is plac$4 ,x is p>tly imb$d$ 9 ! wood5 cas+1 w1 :i* is eight by eighte5 in*es2 ?is cas+ s]ves to inclose ! pulley1 v1 & also to trip ! lat* :5 br\ght toge!r2 ! clevis1 t1 is caught "u ! hook fa/5$ 9 ! maul1 is press$ into place by a small hickory spr+1 y1 act+ on a small iron p91 z2 :5 x rea*es ! top1 ! crot*1 #a1 susp5d$ f ! top1 comes 9 contact ) ! p91 #b1 & ! clevis1 t1 is press$ back1 & releases ! hook1 x1 :5 ! maul drops4 ,! w9dlass1 #c1 figure #aee1 has two cranks1 & a rat*et = conv5i5ce4 ,! rope passes f ! w9dlass ov] ! pulley at ! top1 d[n & "u ! pulley1 v1 !n up1 & is fa/5$ at #g1 on ! cap1 j1 wire braces at #h4 ,by releas+ ! cranks & rat*et1 ! foll[] w run d[n ! guides1 &1 /rik+ ! maul1 w 8click0 ! lat* into place1 ready = ano!r hoi/4 ,= two m5 x is easy "w1 & c be h&l$ q rapidly4 ,drive a/ride ! propos$ l9e ( f5ce2 lay a measur+-pole on ! gr\nd to m>k ! spot = ! next po/2 drive =w>d ) ! po/ driv]1 hav+ ! maul p>tly rais$1 set up a po/1 & proce$ to drive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,,bottom ,,( ,,driv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,,top ,,( ,,upright4 ,,sett+ ,a ,,gate ,,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,a ,,gate ,,po/ ,,set ,,9 ,,cem5t4 ,no matt] h[ /rong or h[ well brac$ a gate may be1 x w soon beg9 to sag & cat* on ! gr\nd1 if ! gate po/ is n firmly plant$4 ,sometimes1 ow+ to ! s(t nature ( ! gr\nd1 x is almo/ impossible to plant ! po/ firmly1 b 9 su* cases ! "w c g5]ally be done satisfactorily by pack+ m$ium-siz$ /ones ar\nd ! po/1 9 ! hole1 z %[n 9 figure #aeh4 ,if x is ?\ght t ?is w n insure suffici5t firmness1 add good cem5t4 ,place 9 a lay] ( /ones1 !n cem5t en\gh to imb$ ! next lay] ( /ones1 & s on1 until ! hole is full & ! po/ plant$4 ,d n cov] up ! /ones ) e>? or di/urb ! po/ = a few days1 until ! cem5t has 8set40 ,rememb] t ! po/ mu/ be set plumb :ile ! "w is go+ on1 z x c nev] be /raight5$ aft] ! cem5t has 8set40 ,only durable po/s %\ld be us$1 & ?is me?od ( sett+ %\ld only be foll[$ ) gate po/s :i* are suppos$ to be p]man5t1 & n ) po/s liable to be *ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,,gate ,,po/ ,,brac$ ,,) ,,/ones4 ,a /ill bett] me?od is %[n 9 figure #aei4 ,be=e ! po/ is set into ! hole1 a flat /one is laid edgewise 9 ! bottom1 on ! side :i* is to receive ! greate/ pressure f ! foot ( ! po/4 ,:5 ! po/ is set1 & ! hole half fill$ ) e>?1 a second /one is plac$ aga9/ ! po/ on ! side to :i* x w be drawn by ! weight ( ! gate4 ,! /ones receive ! pressure & hold ! po/ firmly 9 position4 ,,f5ce ,,po/s ,,= ,,wet ,,l&s4 ,l[ mead[ & o!r m>% l& is subject to heav+ by ! fro/1 & mu* difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ firm f5ces ^u su* gr\nd1 z ! po/s are drawn up by ! freez+ ( ! surface4 ,to avoid ?is1 mu* may be done 9 ! way ( select+ po/s t are l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r4 ,x w help v mu* to put a /rong1 durable p9 ?r\gh ! bottom end ( ! po/1 or to not* x at ea* side1 z 9 figure #afj1 & to brace ! bottom ) a flat /one1 driv5 well into ! side ( ! hole ) ! ramm]4 ,:5 ! soil is v s(t & mucky1 x is be/ to drive ! po/s & to make !m hold well 9 ! gr\nd1 to spike w$ge-%ap$ pieces to !m on ei!r side1 by :i* !y are held firmly 9 _! places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,treat+ ,,po/s4 ,,live ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,a liv+ tree :i* /&s 9 ! "r place1 makes a v durable & sub/antial f5ce-po/4 ,9 ! great treeless regions ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 :]e x is difficult to obta9 timb] = po/s1 x is n an unusual practice to plant trees = ! purpose on /reet b\nd>ies1 & o!r places :]e ! f5ce is to be p]man5t4 ,:ite will[ is well adapt$ = ! purpose on suitable soils1 z x gr[s rapidly & be>s close prun+4 ,9 situations :]e ! soil is ev5 mod]ately damp1 :ite will[ po/s1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 cut gre5 & set 9 spr+1 w take root & gr[4 ,! new bran*es soon =m a bu%y head1 :i* may be cut back f "t to "t4 ,x is n advisable to nail bo>ds or drive /aples directly into ! tree4 ,) a bo>d f5ce1 ! sway+ ( ! tree loos5s ! nails1 & if b>b$ wire is /apl$ to ! tree1 ! b>k & wood w 9 "t gr[ ov] !m z 9 figure #afa4 ,to obviate ?is1 a /ick is nail$ to ! tree z 9 figure #afb1 & to ?is ! f5ce is atta*$4 ,a /ill bett] me?od is to secure ! /rip ( wood to ! tree by two or ?ree pairs ( int]lock+ /aples4 ,,m5d+ ,a ,,split ,,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,,m5d+ ,a ,,split ,,po/4 ,f5ce po/s split f a v>iety ( causes1 & :5 !y are 9 ?is condition !y make a v insecure f5ce4 ,! usual way is to m]ely nail an old horse%oe or two across ! split "p1 j bel[ ! holes 9 ! po/s4 ,?is answ]s fairly well1 b does n draw ! cleft toge!r1 & horse%oes are n always on h&4 ,a bett] me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 figure #afc4 ,a %ort1 /\t *a9 is put ar\nd ! top ( ! po/1 j tight en\gh to admit ( a /rong lev]4 ,! p>ts ( ! po/s are !n br\ght toge!r by a heavy d[nw>d pressure ( ! lev] & held !re1 :ile a /rip ( good t91 su* z c be cut f ! bodies ( t9 cans1 is put ar\nd & securely nail$4 ,if ! po/ is a heavy "o & ! cleft l>ge1 x is well to take ! entire body ( a c & d\ble x1 to give x additional /r5g? be=e nail+ x on4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ :]e ! t9 is nail$4 ,,hook ,,= ,,wir+ ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,a ,,/ake ,,draw] ,,us$ ,,9 ,,wir+ ,,f5ces4 ,figure #afd %[s a modifi$ cant-hook = draw+ toge!r ! upp] extremities ( f5ce /akes t are to be wir$1 z 9 ! engrav+4 ,! half-moon %ap$ iron1 a1 is rivet$ fa/ to ! top end ( ! lev]1 & is to prev5t ! end ( ! lev] f slipp+ (f ! /ake :5 9 use4 ,! second iron f ! top1 b1 is tw5ty-five in*es long1 ) two hooks at ! end1 ?\gh "o w d2 ?is is to cat* ! /ake on ! opposite side ( ! f5ce4 ,?is iron is fa/5$ 9 ! lev] by a bolt 9 a long mortise1 9 ! same way1 z ! hook 9 an ord9>y cant-hook4 ,! iron rod1 c1 has a hole 9 "o end1 & is drawn out to a po9t at ! o!r--?is is fa/5$ to ! lev] by a bolt 9 a long mortise1 & s]ves to cat* 9 ! /ake or rail1 & hold ! /akes toge!r1 :ile ! man adju/s ! iron ar\nd ! /akes4 ,:5 ! /akes are drawn tightly to ! f5ce1 ?is rod is drawn up until x /rikes ! /ake or "o ( ! rails1 :5 ! man c let g ( ! 8draw]10 & x holds itself4 ,! lev] is f\r feet & ?ree in*es long1 & two in*es squ>e1 ) ! corn]s tak5 (f "p ( ! way d[n1 ! l[] end be+ r\nd$ = a h&le1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,,draw+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,,draw+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,figure #afe %[s a practicable me?od ( draw+ out f5ce po/s by ! aid ( an ox team4 ,a /\t piece ( timb] ) a l>ge flat 8foot0 is plac$ "u ! *a9 to *ange ! direction ( ! draft4 ,two m5 & a /eady yoke ( ox5 c extract f5ce po/s v quickly & easily by ?is me?od4 ,a good /eady team ( horses w d q z well z ox54 ,,lift+ ,,po/s ,,by ,,h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,a ,,conv5i5t ,,po/ ,,lift]4 ,a conv5i5t & s5sible implem5t1 = tak+ up f5ce po/s )\t ! aid ( a team1 is %[n at figure #aff4 ,x consi/s ( a /\t pole ( ! size & %ape ( a wagon tongue4 ,! ?ick] "p ( ?is pole1 = ab\t fifte5 in*es f ! end1 is %ap$ into a w$ge4 ,?is is %ea!d ) a frame made ( iron1 half an in* ?ick & two & a half in*es wide1 & securely fa/5$ ) screws or bolts4 ,! end %\ld be po9t$ & slightly b5t upw>ds4 ,! mann] ( us+ ?is conv5i5t implem5t is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,frequ5tly a f>m] has occasion to lift po/s1 & has n "t to wait = ! con/ruction ( an iron-%od lev]4 ,figure #afg %[s a v simple1 inexp5sive contrivance = su* cases4 ,a spadeful ( e>? is tak5 f ea* side ( ! po/1 & a %ort1 /rong *a9 loosely fa/5$ ar\nd ! l[] end ( ! po/1 z f> d[n z x c be plac$4 ,a /rong lev]--a /\t rail w answ] ! purpose--is pass$ ?r\gh ! *a91 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 until ! end ( ! rail cat*es firm soil4 ,by lift+ at ! o!r end ( ! lev] ! po/ is rais$ sev]al in*es1 :5 bo? *a9 & lev] are pu%$ d[n aga9 = a second hold1 :i* g5]ally br+s ! po/ out4 ,! *a9 is furni%$ ) a /\t hook at "o end1 made to fit ! l9ks1 s t x c be quickly adju/$ to any ord9>y po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--,,lift+ ,a ,,po/4 ,,splic+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,!re are places1 z cross+ ov] gullies1 etc41 :]e unusually long po/s are desirable1 ?\gh n always easy to obta94 ,9 su* cases prop]ly splic$ po/s are almo/ z durable z entire ones4 ,! engrav+ ( ! front & side views1 figure #afh1 %[s h[ ! splice may be made to secure /r5g? & durability4 ,! splices %\ld be made ) a %\ld] at ! l[] end1 & well nail$ toge!r1 aft] :i* "o or two b&s ( hoop-iron may be pass$ ar\nd ! splice & securely fa/5$4 ,! hoop-iron b& is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 a splice ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,,splic+ ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,,application ,,( ,,wood ,,pres]vatives4 ,to prev5t decay at ! c5t]1 z well z ( all t "p ( ! po/ plac$ bel[ gr\nd1 by use ( wood pres]v+ solutions1 ! foll[+ sy/em is bo? novel & valuable3 ,x is to h a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! po/1 f ! bottom upw>d1 to a po9t t %all be above ! gr\nd :5 ! po/ is 9 position4 ,!n bore ano!r hole 9 ! side ( ! po/ ) a slight incl9ation d[nw>d1 mak+ an op5+ 9 ! c5t] hole1 z %[n 9 figure #afi4 ,a wood5 plug1 two or ?ree in*es long1 %\ld be driv5 snugly into ! hole at ! bottom ( ! po/1 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( any liquid t may be us$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! po/s are set 9 an upright position1 a pres]vative solution may be introduc$ into ! hole 9 ! side & ! c5tre "o fill$ ) x1 aft] :i* a cork plug ( "s k9d %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! side hole1 to prev5t evaporation1 z well z to keep out du/ & insects4 ,! solutions ?us introduc$ w gradually be absorb$ by ! surr\nd+ wood1 until all p>ts along ! entire l5g? ( ! c5tral cavity mu/ become completely saturat$4 ,:5 ! solutions us$ h be5 tak5 up by ! surr\nd+ wood1 x w only be necess>y to )draw ! cork or plug1 & apply m1 if x is ?\ght desirable4 ,a common wat]+ pot ) a sl5d] sp\t w be a h&y vessel to use 9 di/ribut+ ! solutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,bor$ ,,po/4 ,petroleum1 creosote1 corrosive sublimate1 or any o!r ( ! well kn[n wood pres]vatives may be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,telegraph po/s might be prep>$ 9 ! same way1 & if ! c5tral res]voirs 7 kept fill$ ) petroleum1 !y w\ld la/ a hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,:]e a l>ge numb] ( po/s or poles are to be prep>$1 x w\ld be *eap] to h ! holes bor$ by /eam or horse p[] ?an by h&4 ,) v op5 & por\s wood x is q probable t a hole bor$ 9 ! side ( ! po/ & above ! gr\nd1 & deep en\gh to hold a half p9t or m ( creosote or "s o!r simil> solution1 w\ld answ]1 b a c5tral cavity rea*+ to ! bottom1 w\ld p]haps1 be be/4 ,,iron ,,f5ce ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--,,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,,disc4 ,! adv5t ( wire f5ces 0 foll[$ by a call = po/s 9 ! prairie regions1 :]e timb] is sc>ce4 ,sev]al =ms ( iron po/s h be5 devis$1 ( :i* ! lead+ ones are illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,figure #agj is ( iron1 "o-qu>t] ( an in* ?ick & two & a half in*es wide1 roll$ to a curve & pi]c$ at ! prop] int]vals = ! /aples1 :i* are to be cl9*$ on ! concave side4 ,! disc1 figure #aga1 is sw$g$ out ( "o f\r? in* iron4 ,x is sunk5 a little bel[ ! gr\nd1 & ! po/ driv5 ?r\gh ! curv$ op5+1 into :i* x fits closely4 ,figure #agb is a flat iron b>1 ) slots cut diagonally into "o side to receive ! wire4 ,! po/ is support$ by two tiles ) holes to fit ! po/1 :i* is ?ru/ ?r\gh !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--,,po/ ,,) ,,tiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,figure #agc is made ( angle iron brac$ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ) an angul> iron plate roll$ = ! purpose1 & driv5 to its place4 ,figure #agd %[s an iron po/1 ) ! gr\nd-piece & driv+ tube to ! left ( x4 ,! po/ is a r\nd iron b> or tube1 ) not*es = ! wires1 :i* are held 9 place ) %ort pieces ( b9d+-wire1 w\nd ar\nd ! po/4 ,! gr\nd-piece1 :i* is %[n 9 ! middle ( ! engrav+1 is ( ca/ iron1 elev5 in*es long1 & five in*es across ! top1 ) two loops = ins]t+ ! iron po/4 ,?is is driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & ! iron po/ driv5 ?r\gh x4 ,at ! left ( ! engrav+ is %[n ! device = driv+ ! po/4 ,x is a piece ( common gas-pipe1 j l>ge en\gh to slip easily ov] ! top ( ! po/1 & provid$ on ! top ) an iron cap to receive ! bl[ ( ! l>ge hamm] or maul us$ 9 driv+4 ,figure #age %[s a ca/ iron gr\nd piece1 & at ! "r is ! l[] end ( a po/ re/+ 9 "o ( !m4 ,! ?ree flanges are ca/ 9 "o solid piece1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( any desir$ =m & size4 ,! w+s or flanges are ?ree in* plates1 runn+ to %>p edges on ! bottom1 s t !y c easily be driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,!y may be ( any desir$ size1 l>g] sizes be+ requir$ = a light yield+ soil ?an = a /iff "o4 ,figure #agf is an iron po/ on a wood5 base1 = situations :]e ! gr\nd is s(t & wet4 ,! base is pref]ably ( c$>1 ?ree to f\r feet long1 f\r in*es ?ick1 & f\r to six in*es wide4 ,x is to be sunk5 9 ! gr\nd crosswise ) ! l9e ( f5ce4 ,! po/ is ( iron1 set & /apl$ into ! end-piece1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,be=e be+ put 9 place1 ! :ole is saturat$ ) hot coal t>1 z a pres]vative4 ,!re is less call = iron po/s ?an 0 anticipat$ :5 wire f5ces fir/ came into g5]al use4 ,x is f\nd t wood5 po/s c be deliv]$ 9 any location rea*$ by railway at less co/ ?an iron po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,,po/ ,,) ,,iron ,,gr\nd ,,piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,,ca/-,,iron ,,gr\nd-,,piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,gates ,,& ,,fa/5+s4 ,,wood5 ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,z bo>d & picket f5ces h gradually replac$ rail & o!r primitive f5ces1 useful b inconv5i5t 8b>s0 h begun to disappe>1 & tidy gates are se54 ,! sav+ 9 "t requir$ to take d[n & put up b>s1 r ?an op5 & close gates1 am\nts to a good deal4 ,a good wood5 gate w la/ a long "t4 ,gateways %\ld be at lea/ f\rte5 feet wide4 ,all ! wood us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! gate %\ld be well season$4 ,x is be/ to plane all ! wood-"w1 ?\gh ?is is n absolutely necess>y4 ,cov] ea* t5on ) ?ick pa9t be=e x is plac$ 9 its mortise4 ,fa/5 ! brace to ! cross-piece ) small bolts or wr\ght nails well cl9*$4 ,mortise ! ends ( ! bo>ds into ! end-po/s1 & secure !m 9 place ) wood5 p9s w$g$ at bo? ends1 or iron bolts4 ,! be/ are made ( p9e f5ce-bo>ds six in*es wide2 ! ends %\ld be f\r by tw5ty-f\r in* scantl+1 al?\gh ! "o at ! lat* may be light]4 ,five cross-pieces are en\gh4 ,! light] ! gate 9 proportion to /r5g?1 ! bett] x is4 ,!re is b "o "r way to brace a gate1 & _m wrong ones4 ,! object ( brac+ is to /r5g!n ! gate1 & also to prev5t its sagg+4 ,gates sag 9 two ways2 by ! mov+ to ! "o side ( ! po/s ^u :i* ! gates are hung1 & ! settl+ ( ! gates !mselves4 ,unless brac$ ! only ?+ to hold ! gate squ>e is ! p]fect rigidity ( ! t5ons 9 ! mortises2 b ! weight ( ! gate w loos5 ^!1 & all[ ! end ( ! gate opposite ! h+es to sag4 ,x is pla9 t a brace plac$ l t %[n 9 figure #agg w n prev5t ?is settl+ d[n4 ,! only opposition x c give is ! resi/ance ( ! nails1 & ^! w draw loose 9 ! holes z readily z ! t5ons 9 ! mortises4 ,a brace set z %[n at figure #agh is n mu* bett]1 z ! resi/ance mu/ dep5d ^u ! rigidity ( ! upright piece 9 ! middle1 & ! bolts or nails hold+ x w give way en\gh to all[ ! gate to sag4 ,! me?od %[n 9 figure #agi is fully z faulty1 :ile ! =m %[n 9 figure #ahj is ev5 worse4 ,x seems /range t any "o %\ld brace a gate 9 ^! ways1 b x is q frequ5tly se5 attempt$4 ,! only "r way to brace a gate is %[n 9 figure #aha4 ,! gate may be fur!r /r5g!n$ z %[n 9 figure #ahb4 ,be=e ! gate c sag1 ! brace mu/ be %ort5$2 = z ! gate settles1 ! po9ts a & b mu/ come clos] toge!r1 & ?is ! brace effectually prev5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,! po/s %\ld be set 9 su* a way t !y w n be pull$ to "o side & all[ ! gate to sag4 ,! po/ %\ld be put bel[ ! l9e ( fro/1 or else x w be heav$ out ( position2 ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd is none too deep4 ,h a l>ge po/ & make a big hole = x4 ,be c>eful to set ! po/ plumb & /amp ! e>? firmly 9 ! hole--x _c be /amp$ too h>d4 ,:ile /amp+1 keep walk+ ar\nd ! po/1 s t ! e>? w be firm$ on all sides4 ,blocks may be arrang$ z %[n 9 figure #ahc2 b ?is is n really necess>y1 :5 ! po/s h be5 rightly set1 al?\gh x may be advisable to take ?is fur!r precaution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,to remove ! pull+ weight ( ! gate :5 clos$1 ! sw++ end may re/ ^u a block2 or a p9 ins]t$ 9 ! end-piece ( ! gate may re/ 9 a slot saw$ 9 ! po/1 or on a %\ld] ( ! po/4 ,figure #ahd %[s "o end ( a comb9ation ( two plans--! iron rod f ne> ! top ( ! high po/ holds ! gate :ile ! /ra9 ^u ! po/ is less5$ by ! opposite end ( ! clos$ gate be+ support$ on ! o!r po/4 ,= hang+ ! gate ! be/ h+es are d\btless ^? %[n 9 figure #ahe4 ,"o "p passes ?r\gh ! end-piece ( ! gate1 & is secur$ by a nut on ! end4 ,! o!r piece is heat$ & driv5 into ! po/1 foll[+ ! pa? ( a small augur-hole4 ,next to ?is comes ! /rap h+e1 :i* %\ld be fa/5$ ) bolts or screws4 ,?ree easy1 *eap ways ( support+ ! gate are %[n 9 figures #ahf1 #ahg1 & #ahh4 ,9 figure #ahf1 a /\t b& ( wood1 or "o ( iron1 may be us$ 9 place ( ! *a94 ,& 9 place ( ! /ool = ! reception ( ! l[] end ( ! end-piece1 a block re/+ on ! gr\nd1 or a %\ld] on ! po/1 may be sub/itut$4 ,! mode %[n 9 figure #ahg is common 9 ! ,we/4 ,its con/ruction ne$s no explanation4 ,by slid+ ! gate back until x almo/ balances x may be c>ri$ ar\nd ) ease4 ,9 figure #ahh1 ! fa/5+1 or lat*1 mu/ be s arrang$ z to hold ! l[] "p ( ! gate 9 position4 ,! box ( /one r5d]s x easi] to move ! gate4 ,a heavy block ( wood s]ves ! same purpose4 ,a ,,v ,,sub/antial ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,figure #ahi %[s a gate :i* comb9es great durability ) mu* ru/ic beauty4 ,! c$> po/s1 ,a ,a1 %\ld be f\r feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & at lea/ t5 feet out ( ! gr\nd4 ,b repres5ts a piece ( #b by #f h>d p9e1 into :i* ! po/s are mortis$4 ,c is a #d by #d cle> p9e1 turn$ at bo? ends & mortis$ z %[n 9 figure #aia4 ,d ,e ,f are #a by #d p9e /rips4 ,g is a #a by #f p9e /rip1 a sectional view be+ giv5 9 figure #aij4 ,x is be/ to use "o piece ea* ( ,d & ,e1 lett+ ,f come betwe5 !m1 z x gives m /iffness to ! gate4 ,h is a block ( c$> ) a hole bor$ or dug l>ge en\gh to receive ! po/1 ,c1 & to make x m la/+1 a small hole %\ld be bor$ ?r\gh ! block1 s z to let :atev] wat] collects 9 x pass away2 ! block %\ld n be less ?an eighte5 in*es long--f\r in*es above gr\nd4 ,i %[s wire f5ce connect$4 ,j is a /rong wire c>ri$ & secur$ to ! bottom ( ! fir/ f5ce-po/4 ,k ,k are cleats atta*$ to po/s to keep !m m firmly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,l are /ones = po/s1 ,a ,a1 to /& on4 ,m %[s ! h+e1 made s z to take up ! sag aft] ! gate settles1 & z ! wood we>s out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,a ,,sub/antial ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,a ,,/rong ,,& ,,neat ,,gate4 ,! po/s1 a1 a1 figure #aib1 ( oak or o!r durable wood1 are eight in*es squ>e1 & /& five & "o-half feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! po/s1 b1 b1 ?ree & "o ?ird in*es ?ick1 f\r & ?ree-qu>t] feet long1 are mortis$ to receive ! slats1 c1 c1 :i* are ( in* /uff1 ?ree in*es wide & t5 feet f\r & ?ree-qu>t] in*es long4 ,!y are let into po/s1 b1 b1 at ! di/ance m>k$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,! slats1 d1 are ?ree in*es wide1 & "o in* ?ick1 & are plac$ opposite ea* o!r on front & back ( ! gate z braces2 e1 e1 are simply batt5s to make a /raight surface = ! h+es1 f1 f2 all except ! upp] & l[] ones are v %ort & c>ri$ back to ! po/4 ,! h+es1 made by a blacksmi? f an old wagon tire1 are "o & "o-half in* wide1 ?ree-sixte5? in* ?ick1 & are fa/5$ by light iron bolts ?r\gh ! batt5s at e1 & to ! re> po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,a ,,well-,,made ,,gate4 ,! above describes a *eap1 light1 durable gate1 :i* 9 ov] tw5ty-?ree ye>s' use has nev] sagg$1 ?\gh /&+ 9 ! ?or\ghf>e ( ?ree f>ms1 & also1 = ye>s pa/1 us$ = access to a sawmill4 ,x is made ( ! be/ p9e4 ,! h+e is an important po9t4 ,x is n only *eap & easily made1 b acts z a brace = ! gate at e po9t1 & ?us p]mits ! gate to be lightly made4 ,) ?is h+e sagg+ is impossible4 ,a gate ( ?is k9d w rot d[n fir/4 ,,light ,,iron ,,gates4 ,! gate %[n 9 figure #aic may be made ( wr\ght iron an in* & a half wide & half an in* ?ick1 or pref]ably ( iron gas-pipe ( any diamet] f half an in* to an in*4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! oil-regions1 pipe c be b\ght v *eaply1 :i* is 9 condition good en\gh = ?is purpose4 ,= gu>d+ aga9/ hogs1 x %\ld be hung ne> ! gr\nd1 & h "o or two m horizontal pipes ne> ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--;,a ,,light ,,iron ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,a ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,gate4 ,figure #aid %[s ! con/ruction ( a gate int5d$ = situations mu* expos$ to trespass]s4 ,x is made ( upright /rips ( flat iron1 po9t$ at ! top1 & fa/5$ by rivets to a /\t frame-"w ( iron4 ,! 8pickets0 are plac$ two to ?ree in*es ap>t1 z desir$1 = ! appe>ance ( ! gate1 or accord+ to ! size ( ! p\ltry or animals to be kept f pass+4 ,,self-,,clos+ ,,gates4 ,e self-clos+ gate %\ld be provid$ ) a drop or spr+ cat*1 a suitable bevel = x to /rike aga9/ & not* to hold x4 ,gates op5+ into ! g>d5 or out ^u ! /reet1 %\ld be s hung t !y w sw+ ei!r way4 ,figure #aie %[s a h+e & slide = su* a gate4 ,9 op5+ ! gate f ei!r side1 ! arm ( ! upp] h+e slides ^u ! iron b>1 rais+ ! gate a little z x sw+s ar\nd4 ,:5 loos$1 x slides d[n )\t help1 & closes by its own weight4 ,figure #aif %[s ano!r =m ( ! iron slide1 suitable = a wide gate po/1 & m ornam5tal ?an ! pla9 slide 9 figure #aie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,,h+e ,,& ,,slide ,,= ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,figure #aig %[s a v good & common hang+4 ,! upp] h+e consi/s ( a hook 9 ! po/ & a correspond+ eye 9 ! h+e-/ile ( ! gate4 ,! l[] h+e is made ( two semi-circul> pieces ( iron1 ea* ) a %ank1 "o ( :i* is %[n above ! gate 9 ! engrav+4 ,!y are made to play "o into ! o!r4 ,?is /yle ( hang+ may be us$ on any ord9>y k9d ( gate1 b is specially useful = a small /reet gate op5+ into a door-y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,,self-,,clos+ ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,!re is a /yle ( gate = foot-pa?s1 :i* is n uncommon1 t keeps itself always clos$ & lat*$1 by means ( a s+le upp] & d\ble l[] h+e1 :i* are to be obta9$ at mo/ h>dw>e /ores4 ,! l[] h+e has two 8?umbs10 :i* are embrac$ by two op5 sockets4 ,:5 ! gate is op5$1 x sw+s ^u "o socket & its ?umb1 & be+ ?r[n (f ! c5t]1 ! weight ( ! gate draws x back1 & sw++ too1 x lat*es4 ,a f>m gate1 entirely home-made1 may be con/ruct$1 ( :i* figures #aih & #aii %[ ! gate & ! h+e4 ,! gate is brac$ & support$ by a /ay-/rip1 ext5d+ to ! top ( ! upright1 :i* =ms ! upp] h+e1 f be+ atta*$ to ! top ( ! gate-po/1 by an oak bo>d ) a smoo? hole 9 x4 ,! l[] h+e is sep>ately %[n at figure #aii4 ,x consi/s ( an oak bo>d1 c1 an in* & a half ?ick1 into :i* ! upright1 e1 is mortis$4 ,9 ?is1 two sockets are cut1 a foot f c5t] to c5t]4 ,! sockets 9 ?is case are ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & :5 ! gate is 9 place & %ut1 !y fit aga9/ two /akes ( h>d wood 7locu/71 two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 d1 :i* be+ curv$1 are nail$ to ! gate-po/1 a4 ,a smoo? /one1 laid across 9 front ( ^! /akes1 takes ! weight ( ! gate1 & relieves 9 a measure ! pressure on ! top ( ! po/4 ,! h+es mu/ be kept well greas$1 & x is well to black-lead !m also1 to prev5t creak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--,,l[] ,,h+e ,,( ,,gate4 ,,gate ,,= ,,village ,,lot4 ,figure #bjj %[s a light1 /rong gate made ( wood & wire4 ,! top wire is b>b$ to prev5t /ock f press+ aga9/ x1 & beaux & belles f hang+ ov] x4 ,! bottom wires are also b>b$ to prev5t cats1 dogs1 & f[ls f creep+ "u4 ,?is gate is *eap1 may be easily con/ruct$1 & is suitable = ei!r front or back y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,,conv5i5t ,,gate4 ,a ,,*9ese ,,door ,,or ,,gate ,,spr+4 ,figure #bja %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*9ese use a b[ z a spr+ = clos+ ! light doors & gates4 ,! b[ is fa/5$ to ! gate by a cord or *a94 ,ano!r cord or *a9 is atta*$ to ! middle ( ! b[-/r+ by "o end1 & ! o!r end is made fa/ to ! gate po/1 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! gate is op5$1 ! b[ w be drawn1 & its ela/icity w s]ve to %ut ! gate :5 releas$4 ,our arti/ has %[n ! ,*9ese inv5tion atta*$ to a gate ( ,yankee patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,,*9ese ,,door ,,or ,,gate ,,spr+4 ,,lift+ ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,,gate ,,%ut4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( gates n hung on h+es at all1 b ei!r susp5d$ f above to lift1 & provid$ ) c\nt]weights1 or made 9 ! =m ( movable panels4 ,figure #bjb repres5ts a gate = g5]al use1 :i* is peculi>ly well adapt$ to a region visit$ by deep sn[s 9 w9t]4 ,! po/1 firmly set1 ext5ds a little high] ?an ! l5g? ( ! gate4 ,9 front ( ?is & firmly fa/5$ to x at bottom & top1 is a bo>d at suffici5t di/ance f ! po/ = ! gate to move easily betwe5 !m4 ,an iron bolt ?r\gh ! l>ge po/ & ! l[] end ( ! tall1 upright gate b>1 s]ves z a balance = ! gate to turn on4 ,a rope atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! gate runs ov] ! pulley & has a weight ( iron or /one t ne>ly balances ! gate4 ,! op5$ gate is %[n 9 figure #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,,gate ,,op54 ,figure #bjd %[s a gate balanc$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & arrang$ s x c be op5$ by a p]son desir+ to drive ?r\gh1 )\t leav+ ! vehicle4 ,x is susp5d$ by ropes :i* pass ov] pulleys ne> ! top ( long po/s1 & c\nt]pois$ by weights ^u ! o!r ends ( ! ropes4 ,small :eels are plac$ 9 ! ends ( ! gate to move along ! inside ( ! po/s1 & ?us r$uce ! friction4 ,! gate is rais$ by means ( ropes atta*$ to ! c5t] ( ! upp] side ( ! gate1 f :i* !y pass up to pulleys 9 ! c5t] ( ! ar*way1 & !n out along horizontal arms at "r angles to ! b>s :i* connect ! tops ( ! po/s4 ,by pull+ on ! rope1 ! gate1 :i* is b a trifle heavi] ?an ! balanc+ weights1 is rais$1 & aft] ! vehicle has pass$1 ! gate falls ( itself4 ,9 pass+ 9 ! opposite direction1 ano!r rope is pull$1 :5 ! gate is rais$ z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,a 8,,self-,,op5+0 ,,gate4 ,figures #bjf & #bjg %[ a gate specially design$ = sn[y regions4 ,! lat*-po/1 figure #bje1 is fix$ 9 ! gr\nd & connect$ ) ! f5ce4 ,x is an ord9>y squ>e f5ce-po/1 to ! side ( :i* a /rip ( bo>d is nail$1 ) a space ( an in* betwe5 ! bo>d & ! po/4 ,at ! opposite extremity ( ! gate a heel-po/ is set slant+1 z %[n 9 figures #bjf & #bjg4 ,! gate is made by lay+ ! five horizontal b>s on a b>n floor or o!r level place1 ) "o ( ! slop+ cross-b>s "u !m & ! o!r above !m4 ,half in* holes are bor$ ?r\gh ! ?ree ?icknesses1 c>riage bolts ins]t$ f bel[1 & ! nuts screw$ on4 ,! gate1 ?us secur$ at "o end1 is c>ri$ to ! place :]e x is to rema9 & ! o!r ends ( ! horizontal b>s secur$ to ! heel-po/ by simil> bolts4 ,^! %\ld "w freely 9 ! holes4 ,! l[] b> is f\r feet long & ! upp] b> sev5 feet4 ,to ! heel ( ! upp] b> is hung a weight ne>ly heavy en\gh to balance ! gate1 s t x may easily be swung up1 z %[n 9 figure #bjf1 & ! weight w keep x rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--,,lat*-,,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,,! ,,gate ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--,,! ,,gate ,,clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--,,! ,,gate ,,9 ,,position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--,,! ,,gate ,,op54 ,figures #bjh & #bji illu/rate a v *eap way ( mak+ a hole ?r\gh a picket f5ce 9 a place :]e !re is n suffici5tly frequ5t occasion = pass+1 to call = a m elaborate gate4 ,/rips ( in* bo>d1 z wide z ! rails ( ! f5ce1 & five or six feet long1 are nail$ to ! upp] side ( ! rails & ?ree pickets are nail$ to ! /rips4 ,! pieces are !n saw$ (f1 bevel+1 & ! pickets deta*$ f ! f5ce-b>s by draw+ or cutt+ ! nails4 ,! gate c be lift$ up & set at "o side1 b _c be pu%$ 9 or pull$ out4 ,no rope or o!r fa/5+ is requir$1 besides x is almo/ invisible1 :i* is _m times an advantage4 ,! gate1 z lift$ out ( ! f5ce & set on "o side1 is %[n 9 figure #bji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,a ,,small ,,gate ,,9 ,a ,,picket ,,f5ce4 ,figure #baj %[s an improv$ =m ( ?is gate )\t po/s4 ,9 ?is case ! small bo>d /rips are cut only z long z ! gate is to be made wide1 & a diagonal cross-brace runn+ betwe5 !m1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! h+es are fa/5$ to ! horizontal b>s ( ! f5ce by wood5 p9s %[n at a & b4 ,a piece ( rope or a %ort wire pass+ ov] ! ends ( two ( ! pickets s]ves to keep ! gate securely fa/5$4 ,^! op5+s are n design$ = a regul> gate1 & c\ld n be us$ = ! passage ( any vehicle1 z ! horizontal b>s w\ld be 9 ! way4 ,= a back gate to ! g>d5 su* an op5+ w\ld frequ5tly be f\nd conv5i5t & save _m /eps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--,,movable ,,panel4 ,figure #baa %[s a lift+-gate1 or r1 a movable panel1 wide en\gh to p]mit ! passage ( a team & vehicle4 ,?is might be useful 9 places :]e x 0 n desir$ to pass frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,a ,,gate ,,n ,,clogg$ ,,) ,,sn[4 ,figure #bab %[s ano!r v conv5i5t =m ( gate = use 9 a c\ntry :]e ! sn[ is deep4 ,x is fitt$ 9 a /rong frame1 & is balanc$ by weights1 s t x c be easily rais$4 ,! engrav+ suffici5tly expla9s h[ ?is v useful gate is made & hung 9 ! frame4 ,,ru/ic ,,gates4 ,a picturesque ru/ic gate is %[n 9 figure #bac4 ,! f5ce & po/s are made to correspond4 ,its mann] ( con/ruction is cle>ly %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! vases on ! top ( ! po/s may be omitt$1 unless "t c be tak5 to keep !m prop]ly wat]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,,ornam5tal ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--,,light ,,ru/ic ,,gate4 ,a v neat1 *eap1 & /rong ru/ic gate is %[n 9 figure #bad4 ,! l>ge po/ & ! two uprights ( ! gate are ( r$ c$>4 ,! horizontal b>s may be ( ! same or o!r wood4 ,! long] upright is five & a half feet long1 ! %ort] "o f\r & a half feet4 ,! ends ( ! =m] are cut d[n to s]ve z h+es1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,five holes are bor$ ?r\gh ea* ( ! upright pieces1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 into :i* ! ends ( ! horizontal b>s are ins]t$ & w$g$ securely4 ,= ! upp] h+e a piece ( plank is bor$ to receive ! gate1 & ! o!r end r$uc$ & driv5 into a hole 9 ! po/1 or nail$ securely to its top4 ,a c$> block1 into :i* a two-in* hole has be5 bor$1 is p>tially sunk 9 ! gr\nd to receive ! l[] end ( ! upright piece4 ,a wood5 lat* is 9 bett] keep+ ) ! gate ?an an iron "o4 ,,balance ,,gates4 ,figure #bae is a mod]niz$ =m ( a gate :i* has = g5]ations be5 popul> 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,9 ! primitive me?od ( con/ruction1 ! top b> consi/$ ( ! smoo?ly trimm$ trunk ( a /raight "y tree1 ) ! butt end project+ l a 8heel0 beyond ! po/ ^u :i* x turn$4 ,^u its extremity a heavy b\ld]1 or box ( small] /ones1 s]v$ z a c\nt]weight4 ,9 ! gate repres5t$ h]e) ! top /ick is ( sawn timb]1 ^u ! heel ( :i* ! l>ge /one is held by an iron d[el4 ,! o!r end ( ! top b> re/s1 :5 ! gate is clos$1 ^u an iron p91 driv5 diagonally into ! po/1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a small] iron p9 is pu%$ into ! po/ imm$iately above ! end ( ! top b>1 to secure ! gate aga9/ be+ op5$ by unruly animals1 :i* may attempt to get 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,,balance ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,,c>ol9a ,,balance ,,gate4 ,figure #baf %[s a balance gate :i* is us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is a picket gate fram$ into ! l[] side ( a long pole1 :i* is hung ne> its middle to a pivot driv5 into ! top ( ! gate-po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,a ,,tidy ,,balance ,,gate4 ,figure #bag %[s a m elegant =m1 ! 8heel0 ( ! gate rema9+ on a level ) ! top l9e ( ! f5ce4 ,,gate ,,= ,,sn[y ,,wea!r4 ,! gate %[n 9 figure #bah is suitable = all wea!r1 b especially useful :5 !re is a deep sn[2 = x is easily lift$ up above ! sn[1 & kept 9 place by putt+ a p9 ?r\gh holes 9 ! h+e-b>1 :i* is firmly fa/5$ to ! gate po/4 ,! h+e-b> %\ld be ( good1 t\gh wood1 & made r\nd & smoo?1 s t ! gate c sw+ & slide easily4 ,bo>ds c be us$ 9 place ( pickets if pref]able4 ,! lat*-po/ to ! "r1 has a long slot = ! lat* to "w 91 in/ead ( a hasp1 s t x c be fa/5$ :5 ! gate is at any height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,,gate ,,= ,,sn[y ,,wea!r4 ,,we/ ,,india ,,f>m ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,,wide ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,! illu/rations1 figures #bai & #bbj1 %[ two =ms ( gates us$ on ! isl& ( ,jamaica4 ,^! gates are tw5ty-"o feet long1 ea*1 & _c possibly sag1 ev5 if any numb] ( small boys sw+ on !m4 ,9 gate figure #bbj ! ma9 po/ is n9e by six in*es2 ! b>s--m>k$ #b1 #c1 #e & #g--;are let 9 ! wood ?ree in*es on ! upp] side & "o & a half in*es on ! l[]4 ,! t5ons1 indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 g entirely ?r\gh ! po/s1 & are fa/5$ ) p9s4 ,brace #f is atta*$ to ! upp] b> eighte5 in*es beyond ! c5t]1 ,f2 ,d is a /\t f5ce wire fa/5$ by a screw nut at ,e2 ! wire1 ,b1 is held tightly by ! screw hook1 ,a2 ! iron b&1 #i1 is an in* ?ick & is bolt$ to ! po/4 ,x works on a pivot "o & a qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]1 & :i* turns on a flat piece ( iron at ! bottom ( a piece ( a "o & a half in* iron pipe1 :i* is sold]$ ) molt5 lead 9 ! /one1 #aj4 ,only h>d wood is us$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,9 ! gate %[n 9 figure #bai1 ! con/ruction diff]s f ! "o j describ$ 9 t x has a light *a9 fa/5$ 9 ! %ackle1 ,c1 & is screw$ firmly at ,a4 ,x is atta*$ to ! po/1 ,h1 by a pivot1 z se5 9 our illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,,ano!r ,,wide ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,,gate ,,h+es ,,( ,,wood4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t & economical1 especially 9 newly settl$ regions1 :]e blacksmi?s & h>dw>e /ores are n at h&1 to supply h+es = gates1 to make !m ( wood4 ,! simple/ & mo/ primitive =m is %[n 9 figure #bba4 ,a po/ is select$ hav+ a l>ge limb /&+ out ne>ly at "r angles4 ,a p]p5dicul> hole 9 ?is secures ! top ( ! re> gate /&>d4 ,! foot re/s 9 a /\t %ort po/1 set aga9/ ! ma9 po/4 ,a small gimlet hole %\ld ext5d outw>d & d[nw>d f ! l[e/ side or po9t 9 ! hole 9 ! %ort po/1 to act z a dra91 or ! wat] collect+ 9 x w\ld be likely to soon rot bo? ! /&>d & ! %ort po/ itself4 ,ano!r =m is to hold ! top by a /rong wood5 )e4 ,a ?ird =m is illu/rat$ 9 figure #bbb1 9 :i* ! top ( ! /&>d passes ?r\gh a %ort piece ( saw$ or split plank1 spik$ or p9n$ ^u ! top ( ! po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,! =m %[n at figure #bbc is made ( a /\t li! sapl+ or limb ( bee*1 hickory or o!r t\gh h>d wood or1 if x is atta9able1 a piece ( iron rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,a ,,)e ,,h+e4 ,a gate c be made )\t h+es by hav+ ! hang+ /ile some:at long] ?an ! front /ile1 & mak+ bo? ends r\nd$4 ,! l[] "o is to "w 9 a hole 9 ! end ( a %ort po/ rais$ s t ! soil w n readily get 91 & ! upp] "o works 9 a hole made 9 an oak piece atta*$ to ! top ( ! gate po/4 ,gates ( ?is k9d c be made & hung ) b little m exp5se ?an b>s1 & w be f\nd f> m conv5i5t & sav+ ( "t ?an ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--;,,gate ,,)\t ,,h+es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--,,socket ,,h+es4 ,figure #bbe repres5ts a small h&-gate hung ^u an iron p9 driv5 into a hole bor$ 9 ! bottom ( ! h+e-po/1 & "o ( simil> size & mat]ial b5t to a %>p angle1 & fitt$ 9 ! top4 ,! l[] p9 re/s 9 ! sill & ! upp] "o ext5ds ?r\gh ! po/ to :i* ! gate is hung4 ,,d\ble ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--;,a ,,d\ble ,,gate4 ,figure #bbf %[s a sub/antial me?od ( hang+ two gates to ! same po/4 ,! po/ may be ( masonry & ! h+e bolts pass ?r\gh ! po/1 ?us prev5t+ any sagg+4 ,x is frequ5tly conv5i5t to h gates 9 ! b>ny>d hung 9 ?is mann]1 !n y>ds may be %ut (f "o way or ! o!r by simply sw++ ! gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,,d\ble ,,balance ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--;,,d\ble ,,balance ,,gate ,,) ,,/one ,,po/4 ,figure #bbg repres5ts a balanc$ gate = a d\ble driveway4 ,! total l5g? is ?irty feet--sixte5 feet on "o side ( ! support+ po/ & f\rte5 feet on ! o!r4 ,! horizontal top-piece may be ( sawn timb]1 or bett] /ill1 ( a r\nd pole cut f a /raight "y tree1 ! l>g] end be+ on ! %ort side1 its additional ?ickness s]v+ to c\nt]balance ! long] extremity ( ! gate4 ,! v]tical /rips ( ! orig9al gate1 f :i* ! sket* 0 made1 7 lag-/icks f an old tread horse-p[]1 & ! *a9 0 a "p ( ! rema9s ( a worn-out *a9 pump4 ,x is held 9 place by /aples driv5 into ! v]tical pieces1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a p9 pu%$ into ! po/ at ei!r end ( ! l>ge top b> fa/5s x securely :5 clos$4 ,figure #bbh is a gate :i* comb9es "s ( ! features ( ! prec$+ two4 ,! /one pill> is r\nd1 ?ree feet across & f\r & a half feet high4 ,a po/ is plac$ 9 ! c5t]1 ^u ! end ( :i* ! b> re/s1 be>+ ! two gates4 ,! f5ce is arrang$ 9 a sweep+ curve1 s t only "o passageway c be op5 at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,,! ,,gate ,,lat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--;,a ,,d\ble ,,h+eless ,,gate4 ,figure #bcj %[s a /yle ( d\ble gate1 :i* has be5 f\nd v useful on l>ge /ock f>ms1 :]e x is necess>y to drive h]ds ( cattle ?r\gh x4 ,two high po/s are set 9 ! gr\nd ab\t tw5ty feet ap>t1 & a scantl+ is put on1 :i* ext5ds f ! top ( "o po/ to t ( ! o!r4 ,a two-in* hole is bor$ 9 ! c5t] ( ?is scantl+1 & a simil> hole 9 a block ( wood1 plant$ firmly 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ! gateway4 ,! middle po/ ( ! gate-frame is r\nd$ at ea* end to fit ^! holes1 & ?is po/ is ! pivot on :i* ! gate turns4 ,) ?is gate "o c[ _c block ! passage1 besides !re is no sagg+ ( gate po/s1 z ! weight ( ! gate is :olly ^u ! block 9 ! c5t]4 ,to make ! lat*1 figure #bbi1 a b> ( iron "o & a half in* wide & eighte5 in*es long is bolt$ to "o ( ! end uprights ( ! gate1 & a simil> b> to "o ( ! po/s ( ! gateway4 ,= a cat*1 a rod ( ?ree-eigh? in* iron passes ?r\gh a half-in* hole ne> ! end ( ! b> ^u ! gateway4 ,?is rod is b5t 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! engrav+1 & weld$4 ,x w be se5 t ! lift+ ( ?is b5t rod w all[ ! two b>s to come toge!r1 & :5 dropp$ x w hold !m firmly4 ,,d\ble-,,lat*$ ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--;,a ,,d\ble-,,lat*$ ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,figure #bca repres5ts a sub/antial f>m gate ) two lat*es4 ,?is is a v useful precaution aga9/ ! wiles ( su* cattle z h le>n$ to unfa/5 ord9>y gate-lat*es4 ,! lat*es "w indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 ! wires1 b1 b1 be+ fa/5$ to ! h& lev] a1 & !n to ! lat*es e1 e4 ,a rogui% animal w sometimes op5 a gate by rais+ ! lat* ) its nose1 b if "o attempt x ) ?is1 x c only raise "o lat* at a "t1 always ! upp] "o1 :ile ! l[] "o rema9s fa/5$4 ,z soon z ! animal lets g1 ! lat* spr+s back & cat*es aga94 ,a hog _c get ?r\gh1 = ! l[] lat* prev5ts ! gate f op5+ suffici5tly to all[ x to pass4 ,a c[ w f9d x difficult to op5 ! gate1 because %e _c raise ! gate high en\gh to unlat* x4 ,! lat*es e1 e1 "w up & d[n 9 ! slides c1 c1 & :5 ! gate is fa/5$ !y are ab\t half-way betwe5 ! top & bottom ( ! slides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--;,a ,,gate ,,= ,,all ,,live/ock4 ,figure #bcb %[s ano!r =m ( d\ble lat*es1 :i* are clos$ by absolute motion1 in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u _! own weight4 ,!re are two lat*es fa/5$ to a jo9t$ lev]1 s t :5 ! upp] end or h&le is pu%$ backw>d or =w>d1 ! lat*es bo? move 9 ! same direction4 ,! con/ruction ( ! gate1 & ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! lat*es & lev]1 are pla9ly %[n4 ,,improv$ ,,slide ,,gate4 ,! old /yle slide gate is an unwieldly contrivance1 & ! only excuse = its use is its simplicity & *eapness4 ,num]\s devices h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$ to make x slide easi] & sw+ easi]1 b _! co/ has prev5t$ !m f com+ into g5]al use1 & ! old gate /ill requires ! same am\nt ( tugg+ & heav+ to op5 & close x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,figure #bcc %[s ! atta*m5t4 ,! blocks at top & bottom are h>d wood1 "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,! two bo>ds %\ld also be ( h>d wood4 ,betwe5 ! bo>ds are "o or two small iron or h>d wood :eels1 turn+ ^u half in* bolts1 :i* pass ?r\gh bo? bo>ds4 ,! b>s ( ! gate run on ^! :eels4 ,! gate complete1 ) atta*m5t1 is %[n 9 figure #bcd1 ! gate be+ clos$4 ,to op5 ! gate1 run x back ne>ly to ! middle b>1 !n sw+ op54 ,z ! atta*m5t turns ) ! gate1 ! l[] pivot %\ld be greas$ occasionally4 ,x is well to fa/5 a b>b$ wire along ! upp] edge ( ! top b>1 to prev5t /ock f rea*+ ov] & be>+ d[n on ! gate4 ,:]e hogs are enclos$1 x is advisable to fa/5 a b>b$ wire along ! l[] edge ( ! bottom b>1 z x keeps small pigs f pass+ "u1 & prev5ts l>ge ones f lift+ ! gate up1 or try+ to root "u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--,,! ,,gate ,,complete4 ,a ,,comb9$ ,,h+e ,,& ,,slid+ ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4--,,! ,,gate ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,,! ,,gate ,,clos$4 ,! illu/rations1 figures #bce & #bcf1 %[ a gate v h&y = b>ny>ds4 ,x is f\rte5 feet wide = ord9>y use1 & has ?ree %ort po/s4 ,! middle "o is movable4 ,a box ( two-in* bo>ds made to fit ! po/ is plant$ 9 ! gr\nd2 9 ?is ! po/ is set1 & c be remov$ at pleasure4 ,?is po/ is plac$ ?ree feet f ! outside "o4 ,! h+e is made ( h>d wood1 ) a :eel six in*es 9 diamet]1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,x %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! gate w move freely1 b n too loosely4 ,x is support$ at ! top by a cap1 plac$ diagonally across1 & at ! bottom by a block ( locu/ or c$> "u x4 ,! middle uprights ( ! gate %\ld be plac$ a little to "o side ( ! c5t]1 s t ! gate c be balanc$ "u ! roll]4 ,wood5 cat*es are plac$ 9 ! middle po/1 ^u :i* ! gate re/s4 ,to op5 ! gate1 pu% x back to ! middle po/1 elevate ! gate slightly1 & x w roll d[n to ! c5t]1 :]e x c be readily op5$4 ,figure #bce %[s ! gate op51 & 9 figure #bcf x is se5 clos$4 ,?is gate has no lat*4 ,a b>ny>d gate is n usually op5$ wide4 ,a space l>ge en\gh to admit a man or horse is all t is necess>y 9 mo/ cases4 ,x is m easily op5$ ?an ! ord9>y gate1 & x w /ay :]e x is plac$4 ,by cutt+ a not* 9 ! ?ird bo>d1 & elevat+ x to ! upp] cat* on ! middle po/1 a passage is made = hogs & %eep1 exclud+ l>g] animals4 ,,gates ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,a ,,neat ,,gate ,,( ,,scantl+ ,,& ,,wire4 ,"o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ popul> /yles ( f>m gate is made ( pla9 or b>b$ wire1 support$ by wood5 frames4 ,figure #bcg %[s a v neat =m ( comb9ation gate4 ,to make x1 obta9 ?ree uprights1 ?ree in*es by "o & a half in*es1 five & a half feet long1 & f\r /rips1 ?ree in*es by "o in*1 elev5 feet long4 ,cut %\ld]s 9 ! ends ( ! /rips1 & saw out correspond+ not*es 9 ! uprights2 make ^! "o & a half in*1 or half ! wid? ( ! /rips4 ,! bottom not* is two & a half in*es f ! end ( ! upright1 & ! upp] "o n9e & a half in*es f ! top end4 ,fit ! /rips into ! not*es4 ,!re is !n a space ( "o in* betwe5 ! /rips1 into :i* put in* /rips1 s z to make all solid1 & fa/5 toge!r ) c>riage bolts4 ,braces ?ree by "o & a half in*es are ins]t$1 & held 9 place by bolts or wr\ght nails4 ,bore z _m holes 9 ! end-pieces = "o-qu>t] in* eye-bolts1 z x is desir$ to h wires4 ,twi/ ! wire firmly into ! bolts on "o upright1 & secure ! o!r end to ! correspond+ bolts on ! upright at ! opposite end4 ,9 /ret*+ ! wires1 pass !m alt]nately on opposite sides ( ! c5t] piece1 & fa/5 9 place by /aples4 ,?is w1 9 a measure1 prev5t w>p+4 ,by screw+ d[n ! bolts ) a wr5*1 ! wires may be drawn z tightly z desir$4 ,! h+es are to be put on ) bolts1 & any sort ( fa/5+ may be us$ t is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,b>b$ or smoo? wire may be us$4 ,a ,,good ,,& ,,*eap ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,figure #bch %[s a gate ( common f5ce bo>ds & wire1 :i* c be made by any f>m]4 ,! long] upright piece1 sev5 feet long1 may be made ( a r\nd /ick1 flatt5$ a little on "o side4 ,! horizontal b>s are ( common f5ce bo>ds cut to ! desir$ l5g?1 & ! %ort]1 v]tical piece may be made ( scantl+1 two by f\r in*es4 ,?ree wires1 ei!r pla9 or b>b$1 are /ret*$ at equal int]vals betwe5 ! upp] & l[] b>4 ,a d\ble l5g? ( wire is ext5d$ f ! top ( ! long upright to ! opposite l[] corn] ( ! gate4 ,a /\t /ick is ins]t$ betwe5 ! two /r&s ( ?is diagonal brace1 by :i* x is twi/$ until x is suffici5tly taut4 ,if ! gate %\ld at any "t beg9 to sag1 a few turns br+s x back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,,good ,,& ,,*eap ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,,an ,,improv$ ,,wire ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,,improv$ ,,wire ,,gate4 ,figure #bci %[s an improv$ =m ( wire f>m gate1 9 :i* ! wires c be made tight at pleasure4 ,in/ead ( atta*+ ! wires to bo? ( ! end /&>ds ( ! gate1 a slid+ /&>d is put on ne> ! end1 to :i* ! wires are fa/5$4 ,?is is secur$ to ! ma9 /&>d by two long screw bolts1 leav+ a space betwe5 ! two ( five or six in*es4 ,! wires are tight5$ by turn+ up ! nuts4 ,a pla9] b v effective gate is %[n 9 figure #bdj4 ,! uprights are ?ree & "o-qu>t] by two in*es1 ! horizontals twelve or ?irte5 feet long1 by ?ree & a half by two in*es1 all ( p9e4 ,! horizontals are mortis$ into ! uprights1 ! bolts ( ! h+es /r5g!n+ ! jo9ts4 ,! b>b$ wires prev5t animals f rea*+ ov] & ?r\gh ! gate4 ,to put 9 & tight5 ! wires1 bore a ?ree-eigh? in* hole 9 ! upright1 pass ! wires ?r\gh1 "o or two in*es project+1 plug up tightly ) a wood5 p91 & b5d d[n ! ends ( ! wire4 ,measure ! di/ance to ! o!r upright1 & cut ! wire two in*es long]4 ,pass ! wire ?r\gh ! :ole & tight5 ) p9c]s4 ,:5 ! wire is /ret*$1 plug up ) a wood5 p91 & !n b5d d[n ! wire4 ,if ! wire /ret*es1 x c be tight5$ v easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--;,,gate ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,wire4 ,figure #bda repres5ts a light gate1 t a *ild c h&le1 :i* does n sag or get out ( repair1 & is cattle pro(4 ,! mat]ials are two bo>ds1 twelve or f\rte5 feet long1 ?ree uprights1 ! end-piece ?ree & "o-half feet & ! c5t] f\r & "o-half feet1 two /r&s ( b>b$ wire1 "o betwe5 ! bo>ds1 & ! o!r at ! top ( ! uprights4 ,x is hung ! same z ! common =m ( gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--;,,b>b$ ,,wire ,,9 ,a ,,gate4 ,,tak+ ,,up ,,! ,,sag ,,9 ,,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--,,rem$y ,,= ,a ,,sagg+ ,,gate4 ,v>i\s means h be5 devis$ = ov]com+ ! sagg+ ( gates4 ,9 figure #bdb ! h+e-po/ ( ! gate-frame ext5ds some:at above ! upp] b> ( ! gate4 ,a bo>d is fa/5$ to ! top ( ?is po/1 a1 :i* runs d[nw>d to b1 ne> ! middle ( ! upp] cross-b>1 & !n connects ) a %ort d\ble b&--"o on ea* side ( ! long bo>d--:i* is provid$ ) a bolt fitt+ into not*es1 c1 cut 9 ! "u side ( ! upp] b> ( ! gate4 ,! =m ( ! d\ble-lat* piece1 ) its bolts1 & its atta*m5t to ! bo>d is %[n at d4 ,figure #bdc repres5ts an arrangem5t :i* n only provides = tak+ up ! sag1 b also = rais+ ! gate above encumb]+ sn[4 ,! gate is made ( ord9>y in* bo>ds put toge!r ) c>riage bolts1 ^u :i* ! jo9ts play freely4 ,! end ( ! gate1 a1 is made ( two bo>ds1 & ! po/1 b1 is f\r by six in*es4 ,"o bo>d ( ! end1 a1 is not*$4 ,! diagonal piece1 c1 is fa/5$ at d1 by means ( a bolt ?r\gh x & ! l[] bo>d4 ,! end1 a1 ( ! diagonal piece1 is %ap$ to fit ! not*es1 by means ( :i* ! gate c be rais$ & l[]$4 ,x c also be us$ z a passage = pigs betwe5 fields1 by simply rais+ ! gate suffici5tly to let !m g ?r\gh4 ,a bo>d1 n %[n 9 ! engrav+1 is tack$ to ! not*$ bo>d1 to prev5t ! diagonal piece f slipp+ out ( its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--;,a ,,lift-,,b> ,,= ,a ,,gate4 ,a mu* firm] gate is %[n 9 figure #bdd4 ,! h+e-po/ is ab\t twice ! height ( ! gate1 & has a cap-piece1 a1 ne> ! top4 ,?is cap is ( #b by #f h>d wood1 /r5g!n$ by two bolts1 e1 e1 & held 9 place by two wood5 p9s1 driv5 j above x & ?r\gh ! t5on end ( ! po/4 ,w$ges c & d are driv5 9 ! cap on ea* side ( ! po/4 ,%\ld ! gate sag1 ! w$ge1 d1 may be loos5$1 & c driv5 fur!r d[n4 ,! l[] end ( ! gate turns 9 a hole bor$ 9 a h>d wood block plac$ 9 ! gr\nd ne> ! foot ( ! po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,a ,,rem$y ,,= ,a ,,sagg+ ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,figure #bde %[s a gate simil>ly hung on pivots driv5 into ! ends ( ! h+e-b>4 ,^! play 9 eye-bolts :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! po/ to :i* ! gate is hung1 & are fa/5$ by nuts on ! o!r side4 ,z ! gate sags1 ! nut on ! upp] bolt is turn$ up1 draw+ ! upp] end ( ! h+e-b> t[>d ! po/1 & lift+ ! gate back to a horizontal position4 ,,good ,,gate ,,lat*es4 ,"s c[s become s exp]t1 !y c lift almo/ any gate lat*4 ,to circumv5t ?is tr\blesome habit1 lat*es made z %[n 9 figure #bdf w fill ?is bill exactly4 ,x is a piece ( iron b>1 drawn d[n at "o end1 & cut ) a ?read to screw into ! gate po/4 ,a /irrup1 or crook$ /aple1 made z %[n1 is fitt$ by a screw bolt & nut to ! b>4 ,a small bolt mu/ be driv5 9 to keep ! /irrup f be+ ?r[n ov]4 ,a project+ slat on ! gate1 :5 x is %ut1 lifts ! /irrup & holds ! gate4 ,?is lat* is too mu* = bree*y c[s1 & !y are nev] able to get 8! hang ( x40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--;,,gate ,,lat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--,,spr+ ,,gate ,,cat*4 ,a simple cat* = a gate may easily be made f a piece ( season$ hickory1 or o!r ela/ic wood1 cut 9 ! %ape z %[n at a 9 figure #bdg4 ,?is is fa/5$ /rongly to ! side ( ! gate1 ) ! p91 c1 work+ ?r\gh ! top loosely1 s t x w play easily4 ,! cat*1 b1 is fa/5$ to ! wall or po/1 z ! case may be4 ,! op]ation w be easily und]/ood f ! illu/ration1 & x w be f\nd a s]viceable1 sure1 & durable contrivance4 ,! gate _c be swung to )\t cat*+1 & x may sw+ bo? ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--,,lat* ,,9 ,,position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,a v simple & conv5i5t /yle ( fa/5+ is illu/rat$ 9 figures #bdh to #bea4 ,x c be made ( old buggy spr+s1 or any flat /eel1 & %\ld be "o in* broad by ?ree six-t5? in* ?ick1 & ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 at ! di/ance ( f\r in*es f ! l[] end4 ,! lev] is slightly b5t1 & has two screw or bolt holes = fa/5+1 figure #bdi4 ,eight in*es ( ! top portion is r\nd$ & b5t at "r angles4 ,! upp] "p passes ?r\gh a n>r[ mortise 9 ! head-po/ ( ! gate figure #bdh4 ,a flat /aple1 l>ge en\gh to g ov] ! spr+ holds x 9 place4 ,an iron hook1 figure #bej1 driv5 into ! po/1 holds ! lat*4 ,a wood5 lev]1 bolt$ to ! top bo>d ( ! gate1 figure #bea1 enables a p]son on horseback to op5 or close ! gate4 ,?is lat* c be appli$ to any k9d ( a gate1 & is especially desirable 9 y>ds or g>d5s1 :51 by ! addition ( a *a9 & weight1 "o may always feel t ! gate is securely clos$4 ,! lat* does n co/ m ?an fifty c5ts1 & if prop]ly made & put on w la/ z long z ! gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--,,lat* ,,) ,,top ,,lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--;,,gate ,,lat*4 ,9 figure #beb is repres5t$ a /yle ( gate lat* 9 use 9 "s ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x possesses m>k$ advantages1 = c]ta9 purposes1 ov] o!rs4 ,x holds to an absolute c]ta9ty1 "u all circum/ances1 & by all[+ ! lat* p9 to re/ on ! bottom ( ! slot 9 ! po/1 x relieves ! h+es & po/ f all /ra94 ,! lat* may be =m$ by a common /rap-h+e1 made to "w v easily1 & ! p9 %\ld be ei!r a /rong oak "o or an iron bolt or 8lag screw40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--,,lat* ,,& ,,p94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--;,,gate ,,lat*4 ,figure #bec %[s a lat* :i* _c be op5$ by ! mo/ +5i\s c[ or o!r animal4 ,! lat* ( wood slides 9 two iron or wood b&s screw$ to ! gate4 ,x is mov$ by a knob betwe5 ! b&s1 :i* also prev5ts x f go+ too f>4 ,! out] end is slop+ & furni%$ ) a not*4 ,x slides ?r\gh a mortise 9 ! gate po/1 indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,:5 ! gate is clos$1 ! lat* is slid ?r\gh ! mortise1 & ! drop-p91 :i* plays v]tically 9 two iron b&s1 is lift$ by ! slope on ! lat*1 & drops into ! not*4 ,x c be op5$ only by lift+ ! drop-p91 & slid+ back ! lat* at ! same "t4 ,figure #bed %[s a v +5i\s & reliable =m ( lat*4 ,! curv$ tail mu/ be ?9 en\gh & suffici5tly s(t to admit ( b5d+1 ei!r by a pair ( l>ge p9c]s or a hamm]1 j s z to adapt x to ! passage ( ! p9 bolt$ ?r\gh ! front /ile ( ! gate4 ,z ! gate closes1 ! lat* lifts out & ! tail-piece advances4 ,! cat*-p9 _c possibly move out1 unless ! :ole end ( ! gate moves up & =w>d4 ,,top ,,h+e ,,( ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--,,top ,,h+e ,,( ,,f>m ,,gate4 ,cont9ual use1 m or less slamm+1 & ! action ( ! wea!r1 make ! gate settle some:at1 b ! illu/ration1 figure #bee1 %[s a h+e :i* obviates ?is tr\ble4 ,! upp] h+e is made ( a half-in* rod1 ab\t sixte5 in*es long1 ) an eye on "o end1 & a long screw-?read cut ^u ! o!r4 ,?is ?read works 9 a nut1 :i* nut has a bolt %ank & nut1 :]eby x is firmly atta*$ to ! top b> ( ! gate4 ,if ! gate sags at all1 x mu/ be simply lift$ (f ! ?umbs1 & ! h+e giv5 a turn or two 9 ! nut2 & ! same is to be done 9 case ( subsequ5t sagg+4 ,! h+e bolt mu/1 ( c\rse1 h "s opportunity to move 9 ! /ile1 & mu/ be set long en\gh at fir/ to all[ ! slack to be tak5 up :5ev] f\nd necess>y4 ,,gateways ,,9 ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--;,,gateway ,,9 ,a ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #beg & #beh4--;,,buckle ,,& ,,snap ,,hook ,,= ,,*a9 ,,gate4 ,regul> po/s & b>s at a passageway ?r\gh a wire f5ce are inconv5i5t & unsightly4 ,a good sub/itute = a gate is illu/rat$ 9 figure #bef4 ,light galvaniz$ iron *a9s h a 8swivel0 ne> ! end1 by :i* !y may be loos5$ or tight5$1 s z to be ( j ! "r l5g?1 & a snap-hook at ! o!r4 ,^! are bo? %[n ( l>g] size 9 figures #beg & #beh4 ,! *a9s are atta*$ by screw-eyes to ! po/s1 & %\ld correspond 9 numb]1 z well z 9 position1 ) ! wires4 ,?us !y appe> to be a cont9uation ( ! same1 & z !y are l>g]1 !y appe> to ! animals to be /rong]1 & ev5 m dang]\s ?an b>b$ wire--h5ce are avoid$4 ,a %ort rod ( iron may be made to connect !m at ! hook-ends1 & s 9 op5+ & clos+ ! way1 !y may all be mov$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--,,! ,,gate ,,clos$4 ,a *eap] & simpl] =m ( wire gate is %[n 9 figures #bei & #bfj4 ,x consi/s ( ! same numb] ( /r&s z 9 ! adjo9+ f5ce1 atta*$ to a po/ 9 ! ord9>y way at "o end1 :ile ! o!r wire ends are secur$ to an iron rod4 ,?is rod is po9t$ at ! l[] end1 & :5 ! gate is clos$1 z se5 9 figure #bei1 ?is end passes d[n ?r\gh a loop1 & ! upp] end is secur$ to a hook4 ,9 op5+ ! gate1 ! rod is loos5$ & sw+s out1 :5 ! %>p end is ?ru/ into ! e>?1 or a hole 9 a wood5 block set 9 ! gr\nd at ! prop] place to receive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--,,! ,,gate ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--;,a ,,wire ,,gate4 ,figure #bfa %[s a some:at simil> arrangem5t4 ,! gate wires are fa/5$ to "o po/ ) /aples1 & atta* ! loose ends to a five-foot pole4 ,to %ut ! gate1 take ?is pole or gate-head & put ! l[] end back ( ! l[] p91 & spr+ ! upp] end beh9d ! "o above4 ,if ! wires are all ( ! "r l5g?1 !y w be taut & firm4 ,two slats fa/5$ to ! gate wires w keep !m f tangl+4 ,a %ort po/ set at "o side ( ! gateway may be f\nd conv5i5t to hold ! gate :5 op54 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,wickets ,,& ,,/iles4 ,,iron ,,wickets4 ,wickets & /iles are conv5i5t passageways ?r\gh or ov] f5ces cross+ foot-pa?s4 ,! b[ wicket has ! advantage ( provid+ a gate 8always op5 & always %ut10 & n apt to get out ( repair4 ,a wr\ght iron b[ wicket1 ) %ort v]tical b>s1 is %[n 9 figure #bfb4 ,figure #bfc has ! b>s horizontal1 & folds 9 ! middle = a :eel-b>r[ or small animals to pass4 ,to g ?r\gh x1 a p]son simply /eps into ! b[1 sw+s ! gate away f him1 & sw+s x back 9 pass+ out4 ,!re is no lat* to fa/51 & no fe> ( ! entry ( live/ock4 ,simil> wickets may be con/ruct$ ( wood = bo>d f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,,wicket ,,) ,,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--,,wicket ,,) ,,upright ,,b>s4 ,,wood5 ,,wickets4 ,figure #bfd %[s a wicket gate common 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is mu* us$ 9 foot-pa?s across fields1 etc4 ,x is an ord9>y small gate1 :i* sw+s betwe5 two po/s1 set f> en\gh ap>t to p]mit ! passage ( a p]son4 ,^! two po/s are ! two ends ( a ,v-%ap$ end 9 ! f5ce4 ,! engrav+ %[s ! con/ruction ( ! end ( ! f5ce1 ) ! two po/s1 betwe5 :i* ! gate sw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,a ,,gate ,,= ,,foot-,,pa?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bfe & #bff4--;,,common ,,& ,,improv$ ,,wickets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--;,a ,,conv5i5t ,,/ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--;,a ,,gate ,,/ile4 ,figure #bfe is ano!r =m ( gate1 :i* consi/s ( a ,v-%ap$ panel1 fill+ ! op5+ 9 ! f5ce--! op5 ends ( ! ,v be+ fix$ to po/s equally di/ant f & 9 a l9e ) "o ( ! po/s 9 ! f5ce1 & at "r angles to x4 ,?is is improv$ by us+ b5t :eel-rims1 figure #bff1 in/ead ( ! /raight pieces =m+ ! ,v-%ap$ panel4 ,kept well pa9t$1 ! hickory rims w be> ! exposure to ! wea!r p]fectly4 ,! pal+s %\ld be ( oak1 an in* wide & half an in* ?ick1 fa/5$ on ) screws4 ,! op5+ 9 ^! /iles mu/ be suffici5t to all[ a corpul5t p]son to pass easily1 ev5 if a frisky bull is 9 uncom=table proximity1 & = ?is figure #bff is really ! mo/ conv5i5t =m4 ,! objection to bo? ( ^! /iles is1 t !re is no actual clos+ ( ! passage4 ,calves1 %eep & pigs1 n to m5tion dogs1 "w _! way ?r\gh4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! gate-/ile1 figure #bfg1 0 inv5t$4 ,x has a small gate sw++ on ! middle po/1 b /opp$ 9 its movem5t by ! end-po/s ( ! ,v4 ,a p]son c pass by /epp+ well into ! ,v & mov+ ! gate by him1 :]e he has free exit4 ,?is =m is effici5t1 b inconv5i5t4 ,a f\r? =m1 ! be/ ( all1 is ! sw++ ,a-/ile1 figures #bfh & #bfi4 ,9 ?is !re are two light gates1 made ^u ! same h+e-po/1 spread+ l ! lett] ,a1 & brac$ ) a cross-piece betwe5 ! rails ( ea* side1 l ! c5t] "p ( ! ,a4 ,?is gate is set to sw+ on ea* side ( ! c5t]-po/1 z %[n4 ,x is s mu* n>r[] ?an ! ,v-/iles1 t x is almo/ impossible = small animals to pass1 b x is easily hung s t x w always rema9 clos$1 & s (f] no temptation to animals on ! outside4 ,at night1 or :5 n 9 use1 a wire r+ or )e-hoop ?r[n ov] ! top ( ! po/ & ! upright "p ( ! gate-frame1 w securely fa/5 x4 ,to make ! gate sw+ %ut1 all t is necess>y is to set ! eye ( ! l[] h+e ( ! gate well out t[>ds ! outside4 ,9 figure #bgj we give a neat ,a-gate1 made ( p9e or any /rong & light wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi--,,sw++ ,,/ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--;,a ,,neat ,,gate4 ,,/iles ,,= ,,wire-,,f5ces4 ,! ext5sive use ( wire-f5ces calls = a f>m conv5i5ce1 h]et(ore b little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry--! /ile4 ,! mann] ( con/ruct+ "o suitable = b>b-wire f5ce is %[n s pla9ly 9 ! engrav+1 figure #bga1 t no description is necess>y4 ,! cross-piece1 ^u :i* "o passes f "o flight ( /eps to ! o!r1 may be ( any desir$ wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--,,/ile ,,= ,,b>b ,,wire ,,f5ce4 ,/iles ( conv5i5t =ms = wire f5ces are %[n 9 figures #bgb & #bgc4 ,! "o se5 9 figure #bgb takes less space on ea* side ( ! f5ce1 b x is n s simple z t %[n 9 figure #bgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--;,,f5ce ,,/ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--;,,ano!r ,,/ile4 ,figure #bgd %[s a passageway 9 a wire f5ce1 :i* requires no climb+1 & :ile x pres5ts an effectual b>ri] to l>ge animals1 is readily pass$ by any b v corpul5t p]sons4 ,x orig9at$ & 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 b we believe !re is no re/riction on its con/ruction & use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,,wire ,,f5ce ,,passage4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,f5ce ,,law4 ,,f5c+ ,,out ,,or ,,f5c+ ,,94 ,! common law ( ,engl&1 :i* to a l>ge ext5t became ! law ( ! orig9al ,/ates1 b\nd no "o to f5ce 8 l& at all4 ,e p]son is b\nd "u t law to f5ce 8 own cattle 91 b n b\nd to f5ce o!r cattle out4 ,e own] ( dome/ic animals is liable = injury committ$ by !m on ! l&s ( o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh ! l& 0 :olly unf5c$4 ,b ?is feature ( ! ,engli% common law 0 n suit$ to ! conditions :i* surr\nd$ ! e>ly settl]s 9 any "p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,s long z any region is sp>sely settl$1 ! am\nt ( unoccupi$ l& is s mu* great] ?an ! occupi$1 t x is *eap] to f5ce /ock out1 ?an to f5ce x 94 ,h5ce ! ,engli% common law 9 reg>d to f5c+ has be5 sup]s$$ by /atute 9 _m ( ! ,/ates4 ,9 o!rs x has always rema9$ 9 =ce1 or has be5 reviv$ by lat] /atutes4 ,!re is su* great div]sity on ?is po9t 9 ! /atutes ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 t1 to quote f ,h5ry ,a4 ,haigh's excell5t 8,manual ( ,f>m ,law10 8e "o hav+ occasion to look up any po9t ( law1 %\ld asc]ta9 ! /atutory provisions conc]n+ x f "s (ficial s\rce4 ,d n dep5d ^u ?is book or any o!r book = !m1 because !y are liable to *ange1 & d *ange f ye> to ye>2 b g to y\r t[n cl]k or ju/ice ( ! peace1 & exam9e ! /atutes !mselves40 ,,division ,,f5ces4 ,! legal obligations ( adjo9+ own]s to build & ma9ta9 division f5ces1 re/s entirely ^u ! /atutes ( ! respective ,/ates1 save 9 cases :]e long usage has creat$ prescriptive rights1 or special agreem5t exi/s4 ,su* f5ces are to be built on ! b\nd>y l9e1 ! exp5se to be borne equally by ! p>ties1 or ea* "o %all make & ma9ta9 half ! f5ce4 ,if !y _c agree1 or ei!r refuses or neglects to d 8 %>e1 ! /atutes provide me?ods by :i* ! matt] may be det]m9$4 ,9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 two or m public (fic]s1 call$ f5ce-view]s1 are elect$ annually 9 ea* t[n%ip1 ^: duties1 z prescrib$ by /atute1 are1 :5 call$ ^u1 to he> & decide que/ions relat+ to f5ces 9 _! respective t[ns4 ,9 o!r ,/ates1 ^! duties are p]=m$ by ov]se]s ( highways or selectm51 ex-(ficio4 ,:5ev] any own] or occupant ( l& refuses to build or ma9ta9 half ! division f5ce1 or _c agree ) 8 adjo9+ neighbor z to :i* portion !y %all respectively ma9ta91 ! f5ce-view] may be call$4 ,^u be+ s call$1 ! f5ce-view] %all ^u reasonable notice1 & aft] view+ ! premises1 det]m9e & assign ! respective portions ( ! f5ce to be ma9ta9$ by ea*4 ,! assignm5t :5 s made & record$ by ! prop] (fic]1 becomes b9d+ ^u ! pres5t & all subsequ5t own]s ( ! l&4 7#b ,wis4 #ad74 ,:5 by reason ( a brook1 wat]-c\rse1 or natural imp$im5t1 x is impracticable or unreasonably exp5sive to build a f5ce on ! true l9e betwe5 adjac5t l&s1 & ! own]s !re( disagree respect+ its position1 ! f5ce view]s may1 ^u application ( ei!r p>ty1 det]m9e on :i* side ( ! true l9e1 or :e!r p>tly on "o side & p>tly on ! o!r1 & at :at di/ances1 ! f5ce %all be built & ma9ta9$1 & :at portions by ei!r p>ty1 & if ei!r p>ty refuses or neglects to build & ma9ta9 8 "p ( ! f5ce1 ! o!r %all h ! same rem$y z if ! f5ce 7 on ! true l9e4 ,:5 a division f5ce %all be sudd5ly de/roy$ or pro/rat$ by fire1 w9ds or floods1 ! p]son :o ought to repair or rebuild ! same %\ld d s 9 t5 days aft] be+ notifi$ = t purpose1 & 9 ! meantime he w be liable = damages done by e/rays4 ,!re is no legal obligation 9 any ( ! ,/ates1 ^u any proprietor ( uncultivat$1 unimprov$ & unoccupi$ l&1 to keep up division f5ces4 ,:5 a proprietor improves 8 l&1 or encloses l& already improv$1 ! l& adjo9+ be+ unimprov$1 he mu/ make ! :ole division f5ce1 & if ! adjo9+ proprietor aft]w>d improves 8 l&1 he is requir$ to pay = "o half ! division f5ce1 accord+ to ! value !re( at t "t4 ,! laws ( ! respective ,/ates are n uni=m t\*+ ! obligations to ma9ta9 "o half a division f5ce aft] ! own] ( ! l& ceases to improve x4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& & "s o!r ,/ates1 ! proprietors are requir$ to ma9ta9 ^! respective proportions1 :e!r !y cont9ue to improve _! l& or n4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont & sev]al o!r ,/ates1 x is provid$ t if "o p>ty lays 8 l&s common1 & det]m9es n to improve !m1 he may1 ^u giv+ due notice1 cease to support su* f5ces4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates1 he mu/ n take away any "p ( ! division f5ce belong+ to him & adjo9+ ! next enclosure1 provid$ ! o!r p>ty w all[ & pay = 8 "p ( su* f5ce4 ,if ! p>ties _c agree z to its value1 x may be decid$ by two or m f5ce-view]s4 ,:]e adjac5t l& is own$ 9 sev]alty & occupi$ 9 common1 & ei!r p>ty desires to occupy 8 9 sev]alty1 & ! p>ties disagree1 ei!r p>ty may h ! l9e divid$ by ! f5ce-view]s1 z 9 o!r cases4 ,own]s ( adjo9+ l&s may agree betwe5 !mselves z to ! build+ & ma9t5ance ( division f5ces1 & su* agreem5ts are valid1 :e!r !y are 9 accordance ) ! law or n4 ,9 "s ,/ates su* an agreem5t1 if 9 writ+1 & fil$ ) ! cl]k ( ! t[n%ip1 becomes b9d+ ^u all subsequ5t hold]s ( ! l&4 ,if n 9 writ+1 h[ev]1 su* an agreem5t may be t]m9at$ by ei!r ( ! p>ties at pleasure4 ,,highway ,,f5ces4 ,"u ! common law1 ! l& own] is "u no obligation to f5ce 8 l& along a public highway4 ,b 9 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 ,oregon1 & "s o!r ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! common law rule has be5 modifi$ by /atutes depriv+ ! l&-hold] ( 8 action = trespass1 unless he ma9ta9s suffici5t f5ces ar\nd 8 l&4 ,9 ^! ,/ates1 ! own] ( l& mu/ enclose x ) suffici5t f5ces if he w\ld cultivate x4 ,ev5 :]e !re is no su* /atutory provisions1 x is practically necess>y to ma9ta9 highway f5ces1 z a protection aga9/ cattle :i* are driv5 along ! highway4 ,! use ( b>b wire = f5c+ along ! public roads has giv5 rise to que/ions = :i* !re 7 no prec$5ts4 ,a case 0 decid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt1 at ,wat]t[n1 ,new ,york1 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahhe4 ,! action 0 br\ght by a horse bre$] to recov] damages f 8 neighbor = injuries su/a9$ by ! pla9tiff's horse f a b>b$ wire f5ce1 /ret*$ along ! roadside 9 front ( ! def5dant's premises4 ,a non-suit 0 grant$ on ! gr\nd t ! animal receiv$ ! injuries ?r\gh ! contributory neglig5ce ( its own]4 ,among ! rul+s ( ! c\rt 0 "o p]mitt+ ! pla9tiff to be que/ion$1 to %[ ! fact t he _h on 8 own f>m a simil> f5ce1 b ( %>p] =m ( b>b4 ,! c\rt fur!r held t x might be a "q :e!r x w\ld n be compet5t te/imony to %[ ! common employm5t ( b>b wire f5ce 9 t region1 & held t = ! purpose ( ?is case1 a b>b$ wire f5ce1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ ^u ! highway1 mu/ be deem$ a legal f5ce4 ,x may be said 9 a g5]al way1 t ?\gh !re is no legal obligation re/+ on ! l&-hold] to ma9ta9 f5ces along ! public highway1 he neglects to d s at 8 own risk & p]il4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,legal ,,f5ce8 ,:at %all be necess>y to con/itute a legal & suffici5t f5ce is specifically def9$ by ! /atutes ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 b !re is no uni=m rule among all4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts & _m o!r ,/ates1 x is provid$ t all f5ces f\r feet high1 & 9 good repair1 consi/+ ( rails1 timb]1 bo>ds1 or /one wall1 & all brooks1 riv]s1 ponds1 creeks1 dit*es1 h$ges1 & o!r ?+s deem$ by ! f5ce view]s to be equival5t !reto1 %all be acc\nt$ legal & suffici5t f5ces4 ,9 ,v]mont1 ,connecticut1 ,mi*igan1 & "s o!r ,/ates1 a legal f5ce mu/ be f\r & a half feet high4 ,9 ,miss\ri po/ f5ces mu/ be f\r & "o half feet high1 h$ges f\r feet high1 turf f5ces f\r feet high1 ) dit*es on ea* side ?ree feet deep 9 ! middle & ?ree feet wide2 worm f5ces mu/ be five & "o-half feet high to ! top ( ! rid]1 or if n rid]$1 five feet to ! top ( ! top rail1 & mu/ be rock$ ) /rong rails1 poles or /akes2 /one or brick f5ces mu/ be f\r & "o-half feet high4 ,9 ,new ,york ! electors ( ea* t[n may1 by vote1 decide = !mselves h[ f5ces %all be made1 & :at %all be deem$ suffici5t4 ,no "p ( ! f5ce law is s def9itely regulat$ by ! /atutes ( ! respective ,/ates z ! requirem5ts ( a legal f5ce4 ,9 all cases :]e practical que/ions arise involv+ ?is po9t1 x is be/ to consult ! /atutes1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! (fice ( ! t[n%ip cl]k4 ,,railroad ,,f5ces4 ,9 ne>ly e ,/ate1 railroad companies are requir$ by /atute to con/ruct & ma9ta9 legal & suffici5t f5ces on bo? sides ( _! roads1 except at cross+s ( public highways1 9 front ( mills1 depots1 & o!r places :]e ! public conv5i5ce requires t !y %all be left op54 ,! legal obligations ( railroad companies to f5ce _! roads re/ :olly ^u su* /atutes4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire x is provid$ t if any railroad company %all neglect to ma9ta9 su* f5ces1 ! own] ( adjo9+ l& may build !m1 & recov] d\ble ! co/ !re( ( ! company4 ,x is g5]ally held by ! c\rts 9 all ! ,/ates t1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* f5ces ! railroad company is liable = all result+ damage to live/ock1 & no pro( ( contributory neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! own] ( live/ock is all[$ z a plea 9 def5ce1 ! /atute requir+ su* f5ces be+ a police regulation4 ,:5 ! railroad company has built a suffici5t f5ce on bo? sides ( its road1 x is n liable = injuries :i* may occur )\t neglig5ce on its "p4 ,if ! f5ce is ov]?r[n by w9d or /orms1 ! company is entitl$ to reasonable "t 9 :i* to repair x1 & if cattle ent] & are injur$1 )\t fault on ! company's "p1 x is n liable4 ,if cattle /ray ^u ! track at a cross+ ( a public road1 & are kill$1 ! own]s _c recov] damages1 unless ! railroad company is guilty ( gross neglig5ce or int5tional wrong4 ,a law 9 ,alabama mak+ railroad companies absolutely liable = all /ock kill$ on ! tracks1 0 held to be uncon/itutional4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,c\ntry ,,bridges ,,& ,,culv]ts4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,bridges4 ,bridge build+ is a pr(ession ( itself1 & "s ( ! great bridges ( ! _w are ju/ly reg>d$ z among ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( me*anical sci5ce & skill4 ,b x is propos$ to speak 9 ?is "w only ( ! *eap & simple /ructures = spann+ small /reams4 ,! measure ( ! /r5g? ( a bridge is t ( its weake/ "p4 ,h5ce1 ! /r5g? ( a pla9 wood5 bridge re/+ ^u timb] /r+]s or *ords1 is equival5t to ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! timb]s 9 ! middle ( ! span4 ,! long] ! span1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! less its /r5g?4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! su/a9+ p[] ( s\nd spruce timb]1 ( ! dim5sions giv51 at a po9t midway betwe5 ! supports3 ,,wid? ,,& ,,?ickness ,,( ,,timb]4 ,,l5g? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,( ,,span4#f by #h in*es4#f by #i in*es4#f by #aj in*es4#f by #ab in*es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aj #b1hjj #b1fib #d1ejj #f1dhj #ab #b1djj #c1jdb #c1gej #e1djj #ad #b1jeh #b1fjd #c1baf #d1fcb #af #a1hjj #b1bhj #b1hjh #d1jej ,a /ick ( timb] tw5ty feet betwe5 supports1 w be> a load 9 its c5t] only "o half z great z a timb] ( ! same dim5sions1 t5 feet betwe5 supports4 ,?us f\r timb]s six by twelve in*es1 9 a span ( sixte5 feet1 w\ld be> a load ( eight tons2 9 a twelve foot span1 ! same timb]s w\ld support a weight ( ne>ly twelve tons4 ,,braces ,,& ,,trusses4 ,! above is ! initial /r5g? ( ! timb]s :i* support ! weight ( ! sup]/ructure1 & any load t x may h to su/a94 ,b 9 bridge build+ ^! timb]s are re9=c$ by trusses or braces1 :i* add greatly to ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--;,a ,,simple ,,=m ,,( ,,bridge ,,span4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--;,a ,,/rong] ,,span4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--;,a ,,%ort ,,bridge4 ,figure #bge %[s ! simple/ =m ( a self-support+ bridge1 :i* w answ] = spans ( f t5 to fifte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,! braces1 c1 c1 rea* f ne> ! end ( ! sill to ab\t f\r feet above ! c5t]4 ,! truss rod1 d1 is "o in* 9 diamet] = %ort bridges up to two in*es = long] spans2 x is provid$ ) an iron wa%] at ! top4 ,! rod passes ?r\gh ! sill1 & a cross-sill1 e1 :i* passes "u ! ma9 sills1 ?us add+ firmness to ! :ole /ructure4 ,logs1 f1 f1 are plac$ aga9/ ! ends ( ! sills to keep !m 9 place1 & :]e ! :eels w fir/ /rike !m in/ead ( ! floor plank1 ?us greatly equaliz+ ! pressure4 ,figure #bgf repres5ts a modification ( ! above4 ,! two truss-rods & braces give ! /ructure great] /r5g? & solidity1 adapt+ x = spans eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,= ! latt] l5g?1 sills %\ld be ( good mat]ial1 t5 in*es wide & f\rte5 in*es deep1 ) ?ree middle sills ( ab\t ! same size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--;,a ,,bolt ,,truss4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--;,,bridge ,,brac$ ,,f ,,bel[4 ,figure #bgg is a m improv$ /yle ( bridge1 ! truss s]v+ bo? to support ! /ructure1 & z a p>apet4 ,! top rail+ is ( ! same wid? z ! sill1 ab\t "o foot4 ,! l[] side may be cut away1 giv+ ! bridge a m f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! rail+ at ! c5t] is six in*es ?ick1 & ?ree in*es at ! ends4 ,! tie1 h1 is full wid? & f\r in*es ?ick4 ,a bridge ( ?is k9d w answ] = heavy traffic1 ev5 if tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! bolt truss1 9 figure #bgh1 is adapt$ = a span ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,?is makes a bridge ( great firmness4 ,ea* set ( truss-rods support a cross-sill4 ,! road planks are laid crosswise ( ! bridge4 ,! middle sills are sometimes half an in* l[] ?an ^? along ! sides1 & %\ld be f\r or five 9 numb]4 ,! ends ( ! planks fit closely aga9/ ! inside ( ! truss sills1 !reby keep+ ! planks securely 9 place4 ,a common me?od ( brac+ is f bel[ z %[n 9 figure #bgi4 ,?is is n usually a good practice1 z ! braces are liable to be c>ri$ away by ice or floods4 ,,abutm5ts1 ,,pi]s ,,& ,,rail+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--;,,end ,,( ,a ,,bridge4 ,if ! sills ( a bridge are laid directly ^u ! dry walls ( an abutm5t1 or ^u a heavy plank1 ! j> ( pass+ teams soon displaces "s ( ! /ones1 & br+s undue /ra9 ^u c]ta9 portions ( ! wall4 ,to avoid ?is1 abutm5ts are be/ made ( cut /ones1 & laid 9 cem5t4 ,a wood5 b5t = ! support ( ! ends ( ! bridge may be made z %[n 9 figure #bhj4 ,! :ole %\ld be con/ruct$ ( heavy timb]1 p9n$ toge!r4 ,a coat ( :ite lead %\ld cov] ! int]ior surface ( all jo9ts4 ,! numb] & position ( ! po/s ( ! wood5 abutm5t are se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,a log %\ld be laid ^u ! wall at m1 to relieve ! bridge f ! %ock ( ! pass+ wagons4 ,a c5t] pi] %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 z x (f]s s]i\s ob/ruction 9 floods1 & ice1 drift wood & o!r float+ matt] become pil$ aga9/ x1 s]i\sly imp]il+ ! entire /ructure4 ,b 9 cases :]e ! l5g? ( ! bridge is s great z to require "o or m pi]s1 !y may be con/ruct$ on ! plan %[n 9 figure #bha1 or 9 case ! bottom is s s(t z to r5d] ! mudsill insecure1 a l9e ( piles support+ a cross-timb]1 z 9 figure #bhb4 ,a /rong1 reliable p>apet or rail+ %\ld always be provid$4 ,! want ( "o may be ! cause ( fatal accid5ts to p]sons & horses4 ,figure #bhc gives a side view ( a good rail+1 & figure #bhd %[s ! mann] ( brac+ ! po/s to ! ends ( ! cross-beams4 ,!y %\ld be ?us brac$ at e alt]nate po/ ( ! rail+4 ,! floor %\ld be d\ble1 z %[n 9 figure #bhe1 ! l[] planks laid diagonally1 & ! upp] lay] crosswise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4--;,,fram$ ,,pi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--;,,bridge ,,support$ ,,by ,,piles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,,rail+ ,,( ,,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,,rail+ ,,( ,,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--,,plank ,,floor ,,( ,,bridge4 ,,bridges ,,= ,,gullies4 ,= small gullies :i* cross roadways or lanes 9 f>ms1 & are n ! b$s ( con/ant /reams1 b are occasionally fill$ ) surface wat]1 a v simple bridge is suffici5t4 ,"o l t %[n 9 figure #bhf is z good z any4 ,! sills1 a1 a1 are sunk 9 a tr5* dug aga9/ ! bank & at lea/ to ! level ( ! b$ ( ! creek4 ,! cross-sills1 b1 b1 are n mortis$ into !m1 b simply laid betwe5 !m4 ,! pressure is all f ! outside1 h5ce x w =ce a1 a1 tight] aga9/ ! ends b1 b1 :i* mu/ be sunk a little into ! b$ ( ! creek at its l[e/ po9t4 ,! po/s are mortis$ into ! sills1 a1 a1 & plates1 c1 c1 & d1 d1 ^u :i* ! planks are laid4 ,props may be put aga9/ ! l[] sides ( ! po/s to hold ! bridge aga9/ ! /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--;,,frame ,,= ,,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--;,,conv5i5t ,,f>m ,,bridge4 ,a *eap b practicable bridge is %[n 9 figure #bhg4 ,two logs are laid across ! gully1 _! ends re/+ on ! banks1 & to !m pun*eons or planks are spik$ to =m ! bridge4 ,/\t po/s1 well propp$ & rea*+ above ! highe/ wat] m>k1 are plac$ aga9/ ! l[] side ( ! logs4 ,if ! creek rises1 ! bridge1 be+ free1 w be rais$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :ile ! po/s w prev5t its be+ c>ri$ away4 ,%\ld x n rise ) ! wat]1 x opposes s little surface to ! curr5t t ! po/s w hold x fa/4 ,,ornam5tal ,,bridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--,,ru/ic ,,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--;,a ,,bridge ,,( ,,rocks4 ,no feature adds m to ! appe>ance ( ornam5tal gr\nds ?an ta/eful bridges4 ,a /ream or n>r[ *annel connect+ two p>ts ( a small %eet ( wat]1 af=ds an opportunity = ! introduction ( a bridge4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* features a bridge may be ?r[n across a dry rav9e4 ,:atev] /yle may be adopt$1 %\ld h>monize ) ! g5]al "* ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,an elaborate bridge ( wood or masonry w\ld be z mu* out ( place on gr\nds unadorn$ by o!r /ructures1 z a rude ru/ic "o w\ld be ne> highly f9i%$ summ]-h\ses & o!r ar*itectural features4 ,on mo/ gr\nds a neat ru/ic bridge1 some?+ l ! "o %[n 9 figure #bhh1 w\ld be 9 good keep+ ) its environm5ts4 ,su* bridges may be made ( r$ c$> logs & bran*es1 re/+ ^u /one abutm5ts4 ,:]e b\ld]s are abundant1 a /one bridge1 some?+ l figure #bhi1 may be built at v little co/1 & w la/ = g5]ations4 ,! pleas+ effect ( ru/ic or o!r ornam5tal bridges is enhanc$ by tra9+ ,virg9ia creep] or o!r climb+ plants ^u !m4 ,,road ,,culv]ts4 ,a culv]t "u a road is1 9 effect1 a %ort bridge4 ,! simple/ =m ( plank culv]t1 re/+ ^u /one abutm5ts1 is %[n 9 figure #bij4 ,su* a /ructure is *eaply built1 & s]ves a good purpose :ile ! wood-"w rema9s s\nd4 ,b ! planks we> out & ! timb]s decay1 requir+ frequ5t r5ew+4 ,:]e /one is abundant x is mu* *eap] 9 ! end to build :olly ( /one1 z 9 figure #bia4 ,aft] ! abutm5ts are built1 a c\rse ( flat /one1 along ea* side1 projects inw>d f six to t5 in*es1 z at a1 a1 :i* are cov]$ ) a broad /one1 b4 ,:]e ! /ream to be cross$ is s n>r[ t a r[ ( s+le /ones is suffici5t to cov] ! op5+1 a culv]t l t se5 9 figure #bib is *eaply made4 ,su* /ructures w rema9 s]viceable = a g5]ation1 if ! f\ndations are n und]m9$ by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4--;,,culv]t ,,) ,,plank ,,floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4--,,/one ,,culv]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4--;,,*eap] ,,/one ,,culv]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4--;,,ar*$ ,,concrete ,,culv]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4--;,,angul> ,,concrete ,,culv]t4 ,:]e flat /ones en\gh _c be easily procur$1 culv]ts may be built ( concrete4 ,! abutm5ts are fir/ made1 z 9 o!r cases2 !n empty b>rels or sug> hog%eads1 accord+ to ! capacity ( ! op5+1 are fitt$ 91 or bett] /ill1 a tempor>y ar* is made ( r\gh1 n>r[ bo>ds4 ,! concrete ( cem5t1 s& & gravel1 is !n prep>$ & p\r$ 91 tempor>y supports ( lumb] hav+ be5 fix$ across ea* end ( ! culv]t to keep ! concrete 9 place until x h>d5s4 ,small /ones may be mix$ ) ! concrete z x is p\r$ into place1 & ! :ole topp$ (f ) a r[ ( !m4 ,?is protection ( /ones on ! top is valuable1 9 case ! cov]+ ( e>? is worn or wa/$ away at any "t :ile x is 9 use4 ,= a long] culv]t a flatt5$ ar* is made ( concrete1 z %[n 9 figure #bic4 ,light timb]s are laid across1 ! ends re/+ lightly on ! abutm5ts4 ,across ! middle ( ^! a r\nd log is plac$ to support ! cr[n ( ! ar*4 ,ela/ic split poles are sprung ov] all1 & ^u ^! are nail$ ?9 n>r[ bo>ds1 ext5d+ l5g?wise ( ! culv]t4 ,! ends be+ tempor>ily protect$1 ! concrete is mix$ & p\r$ on1 z be=e4 ,z soon z ! concrete has become ?or\ghly well 8set10 ! light cross-/icks are cut 9 two & ! tempor>y "w remov$4 ,a cross-section1 %[+ ano!r =m ( concrete culv]t1 & ! me?od ( con/ruction1 are %[n 9 figure #bid4 ,su* a culv]t is m easily built ?an ! la/1 b is n z /rong4 ,! be/ & mo/ durable culv]t is ( /one1 ) a regul> half-r\nd ar*4 ,su* "w c only be done prop]ly by a regul> mason1 b 9 ! end x is *eap]1 :]e ! /one c be obta9$1 ?an any k9d ( make-%ift4 ,illu/ration ,transcrib]s' ,notes ,italics are r5d]$ betwe5 und]scores 7l[ l9e *>act]s7 e4g4 italics4 ,small caps are r5d]$ z ,,all ,,caps4 ,! t]m #8b>b wire' appe>s #bf times4 ,! t]m #8b>b-wire' appe>s #aa times4 ,bo? v>iants h be5 h be5 left z pr9t$4 ,o!r hyph5ation inconsi/5cies & v>i\s o!r errors h be5 correct$ z li/$ on ! foll[+ table4 ------------------------------------ ,transcrib]s' ,*anges ---------------------------------- ,page ,z pr9t$ ,*ang$ to ---------------------------------- #e ,wire ,/ret*]s,wire-,/ret*]s #f #afi #agj #aj to-! to ! #aa hight height #ab live-/ock live/ock #af c n _c #bj :eelb>r[ :eel-b>r[ #bc back furr[ back-furr[ #bc :eelb>r[ :eel-b>r[ #bi /rap h+e /rap-h+e #cd f\r in* f\r-in* #da half-in* half in* #de horse-%oe horse%oe #dh ?ree qu>t] ?ree-qu>t] #di live /ock live/ock #ej injur$ injur$4 #ej end po/s end-po/s #eb f5ce po/ f5ce-po/ #ec once ,once #eh h>d-wood h>d wood #fe iron iron1 #fh h$ge-plant h$ge plant #gc if is #gh any :]e any:]e #hj ,figure figure #he drift wood driftwood #he hoop iron hoop-iron #hf t5p5ny t5-p5ny #hg drift wood driftwood #ij crosspiece cross-piece #ia drift-wood driftwood #ib bru% wood bru%wood #ajc po/- po/ #ajh extremeties extremities #aad "o qu>t] "o-qu>t] #aaf gr\nd piece gr\nd-piece #aag cross-wise crosswise #aag ,gate-ways ,gateways #aah end po/s end-po/s #abj end piece end-piece #abb f5ce po/ f5ce-po/ #abb ?ree qu>t] ?ree-qu>t] #abb "o half "o-half #acc c n _c #adf gate frame gate-frame #adi two in* two-in* #aec "o qu>t] "o-qu>t] #aec #bdj #bdj4 #aec end piece end-piece #aef h>d-wood h>d wood #afb passage-way passageway #afe :eelb>r[ :eel-b>r[ #afe live /ock live/ock #afg end po/s end-po/s #afh gate frame gate-frame #afi cross piece cross-piece #agb wat]c\rse wat]-c\rse #agd l& hold] l&-hold] #agf live /ock live/ock #agh cross sill cross-sill #agi #bgi #bgi4 #agi truss rods truss-rods ----------------------------------