,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,,copyright ,,by ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,adv]tis] ,,ass',n4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahih4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,bicycle ,,& ,,its ,,accessories ,a ,,complete ,,ref]5ce ,,book ,,= ,,rid]1 ,,deal] ,,& ,,mak] ,republi%$ f ! ,s]ies ( ,articles ,writt5 = ,! ,comm]cial ,adv]tis] by ,alex4 ,s*walba* & ,julius ,wilcox ,"u ! ,caption ( 8,bicycles = #ahih10 ,sett+ ,=? ! ,improvem5ts & ,*anges 9 ,manufacture ,s9ce #ahaf4 ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,adv]tis] ,,association1 #bi ,p>k ,r[1 ,new ,york1 ,publi%]s4 #ahih4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,bicycle1 #ahaf ,,to #ahii ,! ,ye> #ahih a ,memorable ,"o 9 ,its ,hi/ory2 ,improvem5t 9 ,quality1 ,r$uction 9 ,price1 ! ,re9c>nation ( ! ,*a9less1 & ! ,abolition ( ! ,national ,cycle ,%[--,t5d5cies ,t[>d ,fixity1 & ,rev]sion to ,type--,! ,e>lie/ ,creations 9 ,bicycle ,con/ruction & ! ,/eady ,m>* ,t[>d ,improvem5t--,a ,brief ,sket* ( ,developm5t--,m>k$ ,*>act]i/ics & ,*anges ,adopt$ ) ! ,season ( #ahih4 ,pages #a-i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*a9less ,,:eel4 ,its ,adv5t ,^u ! ,am]ican ,m>ket1 ,aft] ,long & ,co/ly ,exp]im5ts--,! ,v>i\s ,me?ods ,employ$ to ,transmit ,p[]--,a ,s+le ,successful ,=eign ,:eel ( ,?is ,type--,! ,bevel ,ge>1 ,spur ,ge> & ,p9-,roll] ,ge>--,a ,/udy ( ! ,*a9less ,type1 ) ,illu/rations & ,descriptions ( ,popul> ,models4 ,pages #aj-bg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,*a9less ,,vs4 ,,*a94 ,! ,advantages ,claim$ = ,ea* ,comp>$--,summ>y ( ,e>ly ,attempts 9 8,safety0 ,types--,modes ( ,p[] ,transmission--,dem&s ,^u ,*a9less ,con/ruction--,! ,problems ( ,end-,?ru/ & ,side-,?ru/--,! ,"q ( ,/ra9 ,^u ,be>+s & ,ge> ,tee?--,*>ges ,br\ght ,aga9/ ! ,*a9 ,:eel--,effect ( ! ,*a9less ,^u ! ,trade4 ,pages #bh-cf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,frame ,,& ,,=k ,,con/ruction4 ,! ,frame1 ,ess5tially a 8,bridge ,^u ,:eels0--,evolution ( ,%ape 9 ,frames--,drop ,=g+s & ,/amp+s--,flu% ,jo9ts--,drop ,frames--,juv5iles--,/yles ( ,=ks & ,cr[ns--,h[ ,tub+ ,is ,made--,! ,adoption ( ,%eet-,/eel ,p>ts4 ,pages #cg-eb ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,*a9 ,,protection4 ,! ,ge> ,case an ,engli% ,device--,its ,improv$ ,con/ruction 9 ,am]ica--,its ,practical ,advantages--,v>i\s ,/yles ,describ$4 ,pages #ec-eg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*a9 ,,& ,,its ,,functions4 ,a ,great] ,k & ,c>e ( ,*a9s ,desirable--,evolution & ,op]ation--,attempts to ,r$uce ,*a9 ,friction--,roll] ,sprockets & ,roll] ,*a9s--,v>i\s ,po9ts & ,k9ds ( ,friction--,! ,sev]al ,types ( ,*a9 ,n[ 9 ,use--,improv$ ,sprockets--,results ( ,actual ,te/s--,*a9 ,adju/]s--,*a9 ,bolts & ,repairs4 ,pages #eh-ff ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hubs1 ,,spokes ,,& ,,rims4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,con/ruction--,! ,susp5sion ,:eel ,describ$--,con/ruction ( ,hubs & ,spokes--,! ,/ra9s to ,:i* ,!y ,are ,subject$--,! ,diff]5t ,/yles 9 ,use--,! ,wood ,:eel--,/eel ,rims & ,wood ,rims1 ) ,"s ,popul> ,examples4 ,pages #fg-gc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,tire4 ,! ,tire f #ahhh to #ahih--,solid1 ,cu%ion1 ,inn]-,tube & 8,hose-,pipe0--,! ,v>i\s ,makes ( ,tire & ,rim--,e>ly ,me?ods ( ,repair--,mod]n ,repair ,me?ods & ,kits--,plugs1 ,pat*+1 ,/rips & ,vulcaniz+--,"s ,valuable ,h9ts to ,rid]s4 ,pages #gd-ha ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,be>+s4 ,! ,great ,improvem5t 9 ,bicycle ,be>+s--,po9ts ( ,contact--,! ,evil ,results ( ,c>eless ,con/ruction & ,assembl+--,ballmak+--,! ,cup ,adju/m5t & ,its ,advantages--,lubrication & ,du/ ,exclusion--,me?ods 9 ,be>+s z ,made 9 #ahih4 ,pages #hb-hg ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cranks1 ,,p$als ,,& ,,axles4 ,! ,e>ly & ,mod]n ,hub--,! ,divid$-,axle ,mania--8,"o-,piece0 ,con/ruction--,crank ,?r[ & ,v>iable ,ge>--,ge> ,ratio--,crank ,drop--,%apes ( ,crank & ,sprocket--,evolution ( ! ,p$al & ,axle--,ankle ,motion & ,its ,advantages--,! ,ramsey ,sw++ ,p$al4 ,pages #hh-id ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,saddle4 ,until ,late ,ye>s a ,knotty ,problem = ,mak]s & ,rid]s--,"s ,rec5t ,improvem5ts--,saddles & 8,seats0--,use & ,misuse ( ,spr+s--,a ,/rictly ,univ]sal ,saddle ,impossible--,v>i\s ,types & ,makes--,wide ,range ( ,*oice--,! ,seat ,po/4 ,pages #ie-ajb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h&leb>s1 ,,grips ,,& ,,brakes4 ,successive ,modifications--,long vs4 ,%ort ,b>s--,wood ,b>s--,grips ( ,v>i\s ,sorts--,! ,"q ( ,brakes--,re> & ,front ,brakes--,back-,p$all+ & ,re> ,brakes--,! ,sp5c] ,brake4 ,pages #ajc-ajh ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lamps ,,& ,,lamp ,,brackets4 ,evolution ( ! ,lamp--,excell5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,k]os5e ,lamp--,description ( ,v>i\s ,makes--,electric ,lamps--,! ,new ,c>bide ,illum9ant--,descriptions ( ,c>bide ,lamps--,lamp ,brackets4 ,pages #aji-aag ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,cyclomet]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,sundries4 ,e>ly ,cyclomet]s--,dial & ,b>rel ,types--,v>i\s ,/yles ( ! ,latt]--,bells1 ,r++ by ,tire ,contact & ,o!rwise--,bell-,brakes--,toe-,clips--,l uggage-,c>ri]s--,*ildr5's ,seats--,pumps--,accessories & ,novelties4 ,pages #aah-abe ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,freaks ,,& ,,useless ,,devices4 ,con/antly ,recurr+ ,fallacies--,weight = ,obta9+ ,p]petual ,motion--,"s ,examples ( ,va9 ,contriv+--,examples ( ,pat5ts ,appli$ ,=--,build+ 8,to ,ord]0--,cutt+ ,d[n ,frames--,! 8,drop0 ,craze4 ,pages #abf-aca ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,t&ems ,,& ,,multicycles4 ,increas$ ,use ( ! ,t&em--,t&em ,evolution--,v>i\s ,makes ,describ$--,tricycles1 ,multicycles & ,juv5ile ,t&ems4 ,pages #acb-ach ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,motor ,,vehicles4 ,bicycles & ,tricycles--,evolution ( ! ,motor ,c>riage--,air z ,motive ,p[]--,electricity 9 ,actual ,use--,v>i\s ,electrical ,vehicles ,describ$--,gas ,motors4 ,pages #aci-adc ,illu/ration ,,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,bicycle--,,e>ly ,,& ,,mod]n ,,types4 ,page4 ,drais9e 9 action--#ahah #b 8,bone%ak]0--#ahfh #c ,! 8,ord9>y0--#ahgh #c ,re> ,driv]--#ahic #e ,! 8,rov]0--#ahgh #f ,*a9less type1 #ahih 7bevel-ge>7 #g ,extreme type ( #ahih ,*a9 model1 comb9+ all late features #i ,,*a9less ,,types ,,& ,,driv+ ,,ge>4 ,columbia ,*a9less #aj ,columbia ,*a9less--,me*anism & ,frame #aa ,spald+ ,*a9less #ab ,spald+ ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #ac ,/e>ns ,*a9less #ac ,mon>* ,*a9less #ad ,humb] ,*a9less #ae ,/]l+ ,*a9less--,crank ,bracket #af ,/]l+ ,*a9less--,connect+ ,%aft #af ,bayvelg]e ,jo9t$ ,%aft #ag ,hildick ,*a9less ,driv+ ,ge> #ah ,cresc5t ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #ai ,fea!r/one 8,*ange ,ge>0 ,*a9less #bj ,fea!r/one ,*a9less ,crank ,hang] #ba ,dayton ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #bb ,p9e 8,squ>e-,too?0 ,*a9less #bc 8,engli%0 ,*a9less #bd 8,engli%0 ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #be ,bantam ,*a9less--#ahih #be ,bantam ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #bf ,acat5e ,*a9less--,driv+ ,ge> #bf ,lloyd's ,cross ,roll] ,driv+ ,ge> #bg ,ge>$ ,ord9>y #bg ,,types ,,( ,,! ,,*a9 ,,:eel--,,me*anism ,,& ,,op]ation4 ,fir/ ,humb] model #bi ,gold5 ,era--,model #bi ,victor--,fir/ ,am]ican ,safety--#ahhg #cj ,diagram--,"o-sid$ ,*a9 ,pull #ca ,fir/ ,columbia ,re> ,driv]--#ahhh #cb ,def5d] ,midget--#ahih #cd ,keat+--,model #cg ,union--,model #cg ,victor--,model #ch ,lib]ty--,model #ch ,cygnet--,model #ch ,victor--,s+le ,loop--,model #ci ,victor--,racquet ,frame--#ahib #df ,/e>ns--,model #df ,clevel&--,model #dg ,kang>oo--,model #ea ,,frames1 ,,=k ,,cr[ns ,,& ,,jo9ts4 ,?ree-,cr[n ,frame #ci ,*ilion ,wood ,frame #ci ,cresc5t ,flu% ,jo9t #dj ,wolff-,am]ican ,flu% ,jo9t #dj ,columbia ,=k ,cr[n #dj ,cresc5t ,=k ,cr[n #da ,lyndhur/ ,=k ,cr[n #da ,ar* ,=k ,cr[n #da ,craw=d ,=k ,cr[n #db ,humb] ,=k ,cr[n #db ,mon>* ,=k ,cr[n #dc ,ori5t ,=k ,cr[n #dc ,union ,=k ,cr[n #dc ,lib]ty ,=k ,cr[n #dd ,_w & ,adlake ,=k ,cr[n #dd ,clevel& ,=k ,cr[n #de ,eagle ,drop-,=g$ ,flu% ,jo9t #ea ,wolff-,am]ican ,lapp$ ,jo9t #dg ,rem+ton ,flu% ,jo9t #dg ,work+ ,draw+--,diamond ,frame model #di ,work+ ,draw+--,drop ,frame model #ej ,,ge> ,,cases4 ,fro/ ,ge> ,case #ed ,racycle ,ge> ,case #ed ,safety ,ge> ,case #ee ,rambl] ,ge> ,case #ee ,clevel& ,ge> ,case #ef ,,sprockets1 ,,*a9s ,,& ,,*a9 ,,adju/]s4 ,br[n ,roll] ,sprocket #eh ,*antrell ,*a9 #eh ,keat+ ,tw9 ,roll] ,*a9 #ei ,types ( ,engli% ,*a9s #ei ,diamond 8,b0 ,*a9 #fj ,?ames ,tw9 ,roll] ,*a9 #fj ,morse ,roll] ,jo9t ,*a9 #fj ,baldw9 ,deta*able ,*a9 #fa ,ew>t ,*a9--#ahhh #fa ,bridgeport ,deta*able ,*a9 #fa ,lib]ty ,sprocket #fb ,cresc5t ,*a9 ,adju/] #fb ,victor ,*a9 ,te/--,diagram #fc ,wolff-,am]ican ,*a9 ,adju/] #fd ,cresc5t ,*a9 & ,bolt #fd ,lefevre ,*a9 #fd ,circul> ,*a9 #fe ,rem+ton ,*a9 #fe ,miss+ ,l9k #fe ,victor ,/raight-,l9e ,sprocket #ff ,humb] ,*a9 ,adju/] #ff ,,hubs4 ,cresc5t ,hub #fh ,columbia ,hub #fh ,keat+ ,hub #fi ,/]l+ ,hub #fi ,wolff-,am]ican ,hub #fi ,clevel& ,hub #gj ,lib]ty ,hub #gj ,,rims1 ,,tires ,,& ,,repair ,,tools4 ,plym\? ,rim ,jo9t #gj ,plym\? ,rim #gb ,kundtz ,rim #gb ,buckeye ,rim #ge 8,m4 ,w40 ,tire #ge ,indian ,arr[-,head ,tire #gf ,dreadnaught ,tire #gg ,/raus ,protect$ ,tire #gg ,kang>oo ,tire #gh ,goodri* 8,jiffy0 ,repair ,tool #gi 8,sure ,?+0 ,repair ,tool #hj ,,be>+s4 ,old ,d\ble-,r[ ,ball ,be>+ #hc ,l[] ,half ( ,d\ble-,r[ ,ball ,be>+ #hc ,f\r-,po9t ,be>+ #hd ,f\r-,po9t ,be>+--8,e4 ,d40 patt]n #hd ,common ,?ree-,po9t ,be>+ #hf ,?ree-,po9t ,be>+--,improv$ #hf ,two-,po9t ,be>+ #hg ,,p$als4 ,ext5sion ,p$als--,am]ican-,wal?am #hi ,rat-,trap ,p$al--,am]ican-,wal?am #hi ,/raus ,removable ,p$al ,rubb]s #hi ,ramsey ,p$al #ij ,ord9>y ,p$al--8,clock0 diagram #ij ,ramsey ,p$al--8,clock0 diagram #ia ,,crank ,,axles ,,& ,,crank ,,hang]s4 ,cresc5t ,crank ,hang]1 ,/ages #a to #e #dh ,/e>ns ,crank ,hang] ,me*anism #ga ,wolff-,am]ican ,crank ,axle #ib ,g>d ,crank & ,divid$ ,axle #ic ,,saddles4 ,*ri/y--,m5's model #if ,*ri/y--,wom5's model #if ,*ri/y--,rac+ model #ig ,*ri/y--,view ( "u side #ig ,safety ,poise #ig 8,rubb]-,neck0 #ih ,b]nasco #ih ,g>=d--,model 8#abh0 #ih ,till+ha/--& ,frame #ii ,dr4 ,ri*mond 8,univ]sal0 #ajj ,br[n #ajj ,gilliam--& ,frame #aja ,la ,tulip #ajb ,,h&leb>s ,,& ,,brakes4 ,kelly ,adju/able ,b> #ajc ,plym\? ,wood ,b> #ajc ,lyndhur/ ,adju/able ,b> #ajd ,b>ret's ,deta*able ,brake #ajd ,deta*able ,re> ,brake #aje ,/ew>t ,roll] ,brake #aje ,back-,p$all+ ,brake 7,hay ,willits7 #ajf ,back-,p$all+ ,brake 78,new ,dep>ture07 #ajg ,duck's ,roll] ,brake #ajg ,,lamps ,,& ,,lamp ,,brackets4 ,bridgeport ,se>*light 7oil7 #aaj ,tw5tie? ,c5tury 7oil7 #aaj 8,m4 ,w40 7,ma!ws ,will>d7 7oil7 #aaj ,bragg] 7oil7 #aaa ,columbia 7oil7 #aaa 8,x ,rays0 7oil7 #aaa ,manhattan ,brass ,co4 product 7oil7 #aab ,acme 7electric7 #aad ,klondike 7oil7 #aad ,sol> 7c>bide7--,int]ior view #aae ,electro 7c>bide7 #aae ,electro--,int]ior view #aaf ,helios 7c>bide7 #aaf ,calcium ,k+ 7c>bide7 #aag ,comb9ation ,bracket #aac ,u4 ,s4 ,deta*able ,bracket #aac ,,cyclomet]s4 ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,cyclomet] #aah ,ve$] ,cyclomet] #aah ,%eph]d ,cyclomet] #aai ,/&>d ,cyclomet] #aai ,new ,dep>ture ,cyclomet] #aai ,trump ,cyclomet] #abj ,,bells4 ,"l ,bell #abj ,bev9 ,bell #abj ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,bell #aba ,comb9ation ,bell & ,brake #aba ,,toe ,,clips4 ,,c>ri]s ,,& ,,sundries4 ,h[>d ,toe ,clip #abb ,comb9ation ,toe ,clip #abb ,kalamazoo ,c>ri] #abc ,lamson ,c>ri] #abc ,fairy ,*ild's ,seat #abc 8,ideal0 ,foot ,pump #abd ,lubricants--8,pacemak]0 & 8,?ree 9 ,"o0 #abd ,,freaks ,,& ,,odd ,,inv5tions4 ,weight ,driv5 ,model #abf ,! 8,sweep]0 ,idea #abg ,a ,notion ( #ahha #abh ,mahoney's ,model1 #ahic #abi ,a 8,dream0 ,motor #acj ,w9d ,driv5 ,model #acj ,,multicycles4 ,/e>ns ,septuplet #acb ,/e>ns ,conv]tible ,t&em #acc ,t9kham ,tricycle #acc ,wolff-,am]ican ,triplet #acd ,clevel& ,t&em #ace ,wolff-,am]ican ,t&em #ace ,t9kham ,cab #acf ,&rae ,t&em #acf 8,orit50 #acf ,wolff-,am]ican ,duplex #acg ,t9kham ,c>ri] #ach ,,motor ,,vehicles4 ,motor ,tricycle #adj ,pope ,electric ,phaeton #ada ,pope ,electric ,phaeton1 "u te/ #adc ,bicycle ) ,motor ,atta*m5t #adb ,,preface4 ,to ! ,cycli/ :o appreciates ! advantage ( und]/&+ 8 :eel1 its me*anism & its con/ruction1 = ! same reason & because ( ! same int]e/ felt by a horseman 9 8 road/]1 an eng9e] 9 8 locomotive1 or a ya*tsman 9 8 boat1 ! foll[+ pages c sc>cely fail to be ( int]e/ & value4 ,bicycles )\t numb] h be5 consign$ to ! scrap heap or disc>d$ = new m\nts1 z ! result ( abuse & ! lack ( prop] c>e1 due solely to ! ignorance ( rid]s z to a :eel's con/ruction & requirem5ts1 :ile disappo9tm5ts h result$1 9 _m in/ances1 because ! same lack ( k has prev5t$ ! wise selection ( a well con/ruct$ & prop]ly adju/$ m\nt at ! outset4 ,a bicycle c no m be expect$ to run smoo?ly )\t a prop] adju/m5t ( its p>ts & _! ma9t5ance 9 p]fect runn+ condition ?an c any o!r piece ( ma*9]y1 & :ile ! *a9 & *a9less productions ( #ahih are admirable = _! simple me*anism1 su* po9ts z ! be>+s & runn+ ge> require p]iodical inspection & att5tion to insure satisfactory s]vice4 ,?is _c be adequately giv5 by a rid] :o has no conception z to ! details ( con/ruction ( 8 ma*9e1 & s x frequ5tly happ5s t a bicycle s9ks into an e>ly grave because its rid] p]si/s 9 call+ ^u x = cont9u$ s]vice1 :ile utt]ly indiff]5t to its con/ruction & requirem5ts4 8,"k ?y :eel0 is an excell5t maxim = e rid] to foll[2 = ^? :o he$ x ! matt] ( em]g5cy repair w be a simple ?+1 a smoo? runn+ :eel w be assur$1 ! *ance ( accid5t r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 & ! life ( ! ma*9e ext5d$ ?r\gh\t its fulle/ p]iod4 ,x is p>tly ) a view to br++ ab\t a bett] acqua9tance betwe5 ! av]age rid] & 8 :eel t ! foll[+ pages are pres5t$4 ,to ! bicycle manufactur] & to ! repair man & deal]--:o are frequ5tly call$ ^u = advice & s]vice conc]n+ any & all makes ( :eels--to ! /ud5t ( cycle con/ruction1 & to ! me*anical exp]t1 ! volume w sc>cely fail to be reg>d$ z a valuable ref]5ce book = _m ye>s to come4 ,! idea ( pres5t+ to rid]s--?r\gh ! columns ( 8,! ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]0--an illu/rat$ description ( ! l9es1 p>ts & improvem5ts ( ! bicycle = #ahih 0 conceiv$ *iefly because ( ! abs5ce dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahig-ih ( a ,national ,cycle ,%[4 ,j prior to ! op5+ ( prec$+ seasons t5s ( ?\s&s ( rid]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7 able to see at ! annual %[s1 & at ^? held "u ! auspices ( ! v>i\s local cycle trade organizations1 all t ! mak] _h to (f] 9 *anges & improvem5ts = ! new ye>4 ,?is opportunity 0 also fur!r$ by ! columns ( descriptive matt] publi%$ by ! daily press & cycle trade j\rnals 9 _! reports ( ^! %[s & _! exhibits4 ,rid]s 7 to h none ( ^! advantages = ! season ( #ahih1 h[ev]1 & 8,! ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]0 accord+ly began ! "w ( collect+ & pres5t+ ! in=mation :i* appe>$ 9 its columns 9 s]ial =m dur+ ,febru>y1 ,m>* & ,april ( #ahih1 & :i* is n[ pres5t$ 9 ?is volume4 ,x is n claim$ t all ( ! new features & *anges evolv$ by ! ma/] me*anics ( ! cycle build+ indu/ry h be5 embodi$4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t none hav+ an important be>+ ^u1 or any way likely to cause mat]ial *anges 91 ! me?ods ( bicycle con/ruction h be5 ov]look$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! gradual processes ?r\gh :i* ^! *anges & improvem5ts h be5 evolv$ are %[n ?r\gh\t ! p]iods ( di/9ct advancem5t1 also ^? ( rev]sion1 z !y h foll[$1 "o ^u ! o!r1 until ! pres5t /ate ( ! indu/ry is rea*$1 & its product set =? z ! mo/ advanc$1 f e /&po9t1 9 ! hi/ory ( bicycle build+4 ,likewise ! progress & improvem5t made 9 ! manufacture ( tires1 saddles1 lamps1 bells1 brakes1 & ! _m o!r articles common to ! well-equipp$ mod]n bicycle1 h receiv$ c>eful att5tion1 ) ! result t ! "w ( pres5t+ ?is am\nt ( in=mation to ! read]s ( 8,! ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]0 has1 we believe1 be5 z complete & ?or\gh z x has be5 practicable to make x4 ,,! ,,publi%]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,bicycle4 #a4 ,h&les or grips4 #b4 ,h&le b>4 #c4 ,h&le b> /em4 #d4 ,=k cr[n4 #e4 ,=k side4 #f4 ,lamp bracket4 #g4 ,h&le b> clamp1 b9d]1 or 8p9* b9d40 #h4 ,brake lev]4 #i4 ,brake jo9t & screw4 #aj4 ,brake rod or plung]4 #aa4 ,brake coll>s & screws4 #ab4 ,brake tube4 #ac4 ,brake spoon4 #ad4 ,head4 #ae4 ,upp]1 horizontal or top tube4 #af4 ,l[]1 head to bracket1 tube4 #ag4 ,seat ma/1 diagonal1 or saddle-po/ tube4 #ah4 ,re> or back /ays4 #ai4 ,re> or back =ks4 #bj4 ,head lugs or connections4 #ba4 ,saddle po/ frame--connection or clu/]4 #bb4 ,saddle po/ clamp or b9d]1 bolt & nut4 #bc4 ,re> or back =k-end4 #bd4 ,crank hang] or bottom bracket4 #be4 ,*a9--,humb] or block patt]n4 #bf4 ,re> or small sprocket or *a9 :eel4 #bg4 ,front1 or l>ge sprocket or *a9 :eel4 #bh4 ,crank axle1 %aft or sp9dle4 #bi4 ,cranks4 #cj4 ,crank key1 or cott] p94 #ca4 ,front1 or /e]+1 :eel4 #cb4 ,re>1 or driv+1 :eel4 #cc4 ,tires4 #cd4 ,rims4 #ce4 ,spokes4 #cf4 ,spoke nipples4 #cg4 ,front mud gu>d4 #ch4 ,re> mud gu>d4 #ci4 ,mud gu>d /ays1 arms or braces4 #dj4 ,front hub4 #da4 ,re>1 or back hub4 #db4 ,top head cup4 #dc4 ,bottom head cup4 #dd4 ,/ep4 #de4 ,head lock-nut4 #df4 ,*a9 adju/]4 #dg4 ,p$als4 #dh4 ,p$al end plate4 #di4 ,p$al side plate4 #ej4 ,p$al axle1 or sp9dle1 & c5tre tube4 #ea4 ,head adju/+ cone4 #eb4 ,outside1 or small1 p$al nut4 #ec4 ,inside1 or l>ge1 p$al nut4 #ed4 ,saddle1 seat or ,l po/ or pill>4 #ee4 ,arm or top piece ( pill>4 #ef4 ,saddle4 #eg4 ,saddle adju/+ screw4 #eh4 ,saddle spr+4 #ei4 ,saddle clamp or clip4 #fj4 ,brake spr+4 #fa4 ,re> axle nut4 #fb4 ,valves4 #fc4 ,hub oil cup4 #fd4 ,crank hang]1 or bottom bracket1 oil cup4 #fe4 ,sprocket :eel too?4 #ff4 ,braces1 /ays or bridges ( re> frame4 #fg4 ,brake guide4 #fh4 ,mud gu>d clip4 #fi4 ,coa/] or foot re/4 #gj4 ,=k /em or neck tube4 #ga4 ,c5tre block ( *a94 #gb4 ,side plate4 #gc4 ,*a9 rivet4 #gd4 ,front =k4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,bicycle--#ahaf ,,to #ahii4 8,! no?+ ( ! day is a ma*9e call$ ! ,velocip$e4 ,x is a :eel c>riage to ride cock-horse ^u1 sitt+ a/ride & pu%+ x along ) ! toes1 a rudd] :eel 9 ! h&4 ,!y w g sev5 miles 9 an h\r4 ,a h&some #8geld+' w come to #h gu9eas2 h[ev]1 !y w soon be *eap] unless ! army takes to !m40--,lett] ( ,john ,keats to a fri5d1 ab\t #ahah4 ,! future hi/orian ( cycl$om w cle>ly note t #ahih 0 memorable = ! re9c>nation ( ! *a9less2 t ! *a9 models 7 improv$ 9 quality & r$uc$ 9 price1 & t ! trade did n hold a %[1 ?is be+ ! fir/ lapse s9ce ^? ev5ts began 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahij4 ,cons]vative old ,engl&1 :]e %[s 7 fir/ held & ! bicycle really began to succe$1 has j clos$ h] tw5ty-fir/ or 8com+-(-age0 %[ 9 ,london1 & ! o!r l>ge cities ( ! k+dom are1 9 _! turn1 pu%+ ! %[ ar\nd ! circuit z usual4 ,am]ica--progressive & en?usia/ic--aft] less ?an "o decade ( x1 exhau/$ itself = ! "t1 & ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,trade ( ,cycle ,manufactur]s decid$ to pass #ahih1 refus+ to give sanction to ei!r national or local exhibitions4 ,f ! /& ( ! rid+ public mu* might be said on ! affirmative side ( ! %[ "q4 ,! %[ br+s "u "o ro( all ! new models & accessories = ! com+ ye>1 af=d+ ready means ( comp>isons1 in/ructive1 ev5 if sometimes odi\s2 mak] & rid] come toge!r1 & ! latt] especially1 has opportunity to r5ew old fri5d%ips2 ! copi\s reports & illu/rations 9 ! daily & trade press ar\se expectation 9 ! cycl+ public1 & und\bt$ly make _m new conv]ts2 ! gap betwe5 rid+ seasons is bridg$ across 8! w9t] ( our discont5t10 & ?+s are kept on ! move4 ,n d5y+ aught ( ?is1 ! mak]s reply t !y are n 9 ! amusem5t bus9ess2 t ?is is a co/ly =m ( adv]tis+ directly1 also delay+ trade bo? by induc+ buy]s to wait to see x all & by ty+ up _! repres5tatives :5 !y ought to be on ! road visit+ ag5ts2 t no o!r bus9ess has or ne$s su* ga!r+s2 & t %[s 7 orig9ally int5d$ to br+ toge!r mak] & deal]1 n mak] & rid]4 ,intellig5t & imp>tial obs]v]s :o h /udi$ ! "q f bo? sides1 say t all ! tr\ble has come f ! ,am]ican habit ( ov]do+1 & t ! mak]s are to blame = deviation f ! orig9al idea1 & = go+ into gorge\s competitions 9 electric light+1 co/ly furni%+s & decorations & a prodigal wa/e ( pr9t$ matt]2 t :5 aisles are pack$ & ! week is a society ev5t1 ! greate/ ?+ 9 a %[1 ! "o *iefly c>$ =1 & really ab\t ! only "o t c be se51 is ! %[ itself1 ! cr[d itself be+ :at ! cr[d att5ds2 t ! ?+ becomes a grab = 8s\v5irs0 & a spectacul> wa/e1 in/ead ( an exhibit ( cycles & accessories to ^? :o really want to see !m4 ,,trans=mation ,,( 8,,! ,,%[40 ,!re has be5 a div]g5ce f ! orig9al idea1 c]ta9ly1 ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,/anley ,%[ 0 at fir/ ! happy ?\ght ( "s memb] ( ! ,/anley ,club1 "o ( ! olde/ if n q ! olde/ ( cycle clubs1 9 a "t ( cycle feebl5ess1 :5 ! "y sport ne$$ all ! aid x c\ld comm&4 ,to help ?+s along ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & d\btless l>gely on ! /rictly social side1 x 0 propos$ to get toge!r 9 "o place z _m patt]ns ( cycle & z _m k9dr$ articles z c\ld be got4 ,f t feeble />t ! ?+ has gr[n1 z cycl+ grew4 ,9 a l feeble way1 ?\gh ) a model to foll[1 cycle %[+ began 9 ?is c\ntry1 at ,philadelphia4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t h foll[$ x has br\ght ! public into l9e1 until 9 ,new ,york !re is n[ only "o build+ l>ge en\gh to hold x--& t none too l>ge = su* an ev5t4 ,9 ,*icago !re 0 "o va/ en\gh1 b s va/ t x _h to be plac$ s f> away f bus9ess & resid5ce t x 0 z if a %[ 7 to be held out at ,jamaica1 on ,long ,isl&4 ,rea*+ ! spot 0 c]ta9ly none too easy1 & ! cold 0 apt to be v bitt]4 ,"h 9 ,new ,york1 x is urg$1 _h ! mak]s1 ?r\gh ! ,national ,bo>d1 *os5 & decid$ to rev]t to ! plan ( a simple trade exhibition1 & _h ! date be5 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 in/ead ( ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 ! co/ w\ld h be5 small1 & all int]e/s really conc]n$ w\ld h be5 b5efit$1 ev5 :ile all[+1 al?\gh n press+1 ! public to att5d4 ,a ,,cycle ,,op5+ ,,day4 ,x is to be expect$ t %[s w come aga91 ) "s lessons le>n$ & sur] w>rant ( hav+ ! net balances m on ! "r side all ar\nd4 ,mean:ile1 & z an imm$iately timely matt]1 obs]ve t cycli/s h f ! fir/ gradually tak5 z !irs all seasonable outdoor holidays1 & a s5sible cu/om has gr[n up 9 ,bo/on & o!r ,new ,engl& t[ns ( mak+ ,wa%+ton's ,bir?day1 ,feb4 #bb1 an 8op5+ day0 among ! retail cycle deal]s1 :o hold op5 h\se1 utilize fl[]s1 decorations & o!r pleasant ?+s2 array _! new models = view & invite ! public to call4 ,ne$less to say1 ! invitation on ?is cycle 8,new ,ye> calls0 day is l>gely accept$ & cycli/s1 real & expectant1 ) _! si/]s & _! c\s9s & _! aunts1 g ! r\nds at pleasure1 comp>+ models1 anticipat+ ! full rid+ season & enjoy+ good *e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,drais9e 8,,9 ,,action0--#ahah4 ,! retail cycle deal]s 9 ,new ,york1 less] & great]1 propose to adopt ?is good ,yankee cu/om h]eaft] & w keep lat*/r+s out on ,feb4 #bb1 s t in/ead ( "o great c5tral %[ !re w be a ?\s& m9iature ones scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! metropolis2 x is e/imat$--( c\rse !re c nev] be an accurate c5sus--t !re are #bej1jjj cycli/s 9 ,new ,york ,city alone4 ,! #ag? ( ,m>*1 ,/4 ,patrick's ,day1 has g5]ally be5 consid]$ ! op5+ ( ! rid+ season1 ! r\nd ( day & night be+ !n equally divid$3 ! 8op5+ day0 adopt$ = ,feb4 #bb w naturally & easily fall 9 ) ?is cu/om>y notion z to ,m>* #ag4 ,,! ,,swift ,,m>* ,,( ,,improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 8,,bone%ak]0--#ahfh4 7,! ,rid] is ,john ,mayall1 :o made ! fir/ road record1 by rid+ 7z %[n 9 cut7 f ,london to ,brighton1 #ec miles1 9 "o day1 ,febru>y1 #ahfi47 ,s rapid has be5 ! m>* ( improvem5t 9 cycle-mak+ dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s t ! approa* to fixity & uni=mity ( patt]n--all bicycles n[ look+ alike to ! casual glance--has almo/ lo/ to u "o ( our mo/ *>m+ s5ses1 ! s5se ( delight$ surprise4 ,! mo/ +5i\s ef=ts ( our ma/] me*anics1 accompli%+ :at w\ld h be5 impossible only a %ort "t ago1 are n[ receiv$ z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,! crude conditions & me*anical product ( no m ?an t5 ye>s ago are r>ely recall$2 ! va/ majority ( rid]s d n ev5 "k ab\t !m4 ,! /r5g?1 lightness & beauty ( ! lat] bicycle h come out ( long & toilsome & co/ly evolution1 9 :i* _m h fall5 by ! way1 & rew>d has n always be5 accord+ to real m]it4 ,! c>eful /ud5t ( ! pr9ciples ( cycle con/ruction--! mak+ ( 8a poem ( /eel0--_c appreciatively exam9e ! details 9 ! advance %[n 9 ?is ye>'s models )\t be+ glad t he is p]mitt$ to see su* a*ievem5ts4 ,x is "o ?+ to pu% & misuse ! bicycle1 ano!r to ride x ) intellig5t c>e1 ano!r to und]/& x1 ano!r to love x & to honor ! long cumulative skill :i* has made x possible & practical4 ,! rabid seek] = extreme & radical novelties 9 type1 =m & modes ( propulsion may c>e little = ! niceties ( me*anical accompli%m5t & may decl>e t ! /&/ill has be5 rea*$4 ,b ?is pessimi/ic & blas view is unw>rant$1 = und\bt$ly _m ( ! mo/ p]fect$ & ne>e/ p]fect details n[ 9 vogue w be us$ on ! cycle ( ! future1 reg>dless ( its g5]al type4 ,,! ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,fixity4 ,z 9 a numb] ( pa/ ye>s1 ! art ( cycle-mak+ 9 #ahih exhibits di/9ct signs ( two irresi/ible t5d5cies4 ,"o is t[>d fixity ( type2 ! o!r is t[>d rev]sion to type4 ,fixity ( type means ! condition :5--al?\gh !re may be sev]al widely diff]5t patt]ns ( bicycle 9 use1 z !re always are ( o!r :eel$ vehicles--all ( "o patt]n are sub/antially alike1 v>y+ only 9 trivial details1 ! product ( all mak]s be>+ ! same appe>ance to ! casual eye1 h[ev] v>y+ 9 real quality4 ,:5 t "t comes bicycles w resemble cut nails 9 be+ /aple1 /&>d1 uni=m & all alike4 ,su* a "t has n yet arriv$1 & x is n necess>y to try to "n ! date 9 ! new c5tury :5 x w arrive2 nev]!less ! signs ( its approa* are unmi/akable4 ,,! ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,rev]sion4 ,rev]sion to type--a well-kn[n phrase ( ! sci5tific evolutioni/--means "h a return to e>li] & once-disc>d$ =ms ( con/ruction4 ,v few notice ! process1 yet x con/antly goes on4 ,! inquir] = novelties (t5 has ! old pres5t$ to him & is satisfi$1 suppos+ he is look+ on a new up-to-date production2 x is a common exp]i5ce to f9d alleg$ new devices br\ght out & raptur\sly receiv$ by ! quidnuncs :i* ! vet]an in/antly recognizes z among ! ?+s he saw toss$1 ye>s ago1 into ! refuse ( ! scrapheap4 ,t unhappy & irrepressible p]son1 ! 8born inv5tor0--"o ( :om1 l ! 8suck]10 is born e m9ute--is p]petually do+ ?is 9 cycle matt]s1 because ! cycle is s mu* 9 ! public eye t x draws him z ! lamp flame draws ! mo?2 he _c keep away f x4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! bicycle 9 ?is c\ntry1 he 0 eag]ly on h& ) 8 multiple-spe$1 mile-a-m9ute contraption2 he has be5 do+ ! same ev] s9ce1 & is j z indu/ri\sly z ev] re9v5t+ ! old folly2 ! ,pat5t ,(fice is flood$ ) 8 lumb]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is repetition r ?an rev]sion4 ,rev]sion to old =ms comes ab\t = sev]al reasons4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t ! bicycle1 l ! piano1 ! viol9 & "s o!r ?+s :i* c\ld be cit$1 belongs to nobody4 ,nobody inv5t$ x2 x is ! product ( _m m9ds1 & has be5 wr\ght out by a long & gradual evolution1 9 :i* e /ep1 freaky ones except$1 has be5 sugge/$ & te/$ by practical use4 ,h5ce a device may be ab&on$ 9 ! hope ( escap+ ! inevitable drawback :i* besets all e>?ly ?+s2 or a device may be dropp$ because x _c be made well en\gh or easily en\gh 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ! art2 or ! conditions ( public dem&1 or ! /ate ( ! roads1 or ! caprice ( fa%ion may *ange4 ,*anges also come ab\t to gratify ! crav+ = novelty1 & :5 ! li/ ( possibles comes to its end ! mak] goes back to or t[>d ! beg9n+ aga91 l ! prea*] :o tips ov] 8 b>rel ( s]mons & />ts 9 afre% on ! o!r end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,ord9>y0--#ahgh4 ,= illu/ration1 suppose ! foll[+3 ,! *a9 has "s drawbacks1 & !re=e x is gradually displac$ by ! bevel-ge> & entirely goes out4 ,t ge> develops drawbacks 9 turn1 provok+ fre% compla9t1 & aft] "s ye>s ( suff]+ "u x1 "s mak] br+s out a *a9 :eel1 :i* is hail$ ) delight1 & widely writt5 up z ! novelty ( ! ye>4 ,"o by "o mak]s foll[ suit1 until ! ge> is aga9 q displac$2 improvem5t has !n gone ar\nd & has come back ^u its own pa?1 ! disadvantages ( ! old =m hav+ be5 f\nd by trial to be less ?an ^? ( ! new]4 ,?is suppos$ case1 :i* is p>tly real1 w\ld illu/rate progress by rev]sion4 ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( bicycle developm5t has be5 told ev5 to we>9ess1 p]haps because n always well told4 ,we %all n g ov] ! c\rse aga91 & yet x may n be amiss to %[ briefly & connect$ly h[ ! :eel ( today grew out ( ! ?ree prec$+ ones1 especially s9ce ?is /rik+ly illu/rates ! rev]sion process j expla9$4 ,! e>lie/ vehicle = mak+ oneself horse z well z rid] 0 a ?ree-:eel]1 & 0 kn[n at lea/1 z e>ly z #aggi2 ! two-:eel] began 9 #ahaf1 z f> z records %[1 ) ! ,drais9e1 a front-/e]]1 :i* 0 all ready to develop into ei!r a front-driv] or a re>-driv]1 accord+ to ! me?od ( atta*+ ! cranks1 :i* s long rema9$ ! miss+ l9k4 ,( c\rse x quickly w5t out1 & aft] ne>ly a half c5tury ( oblivion x 0 dragg$ d[n f ! g>ret & ! cranks 7 add$--to ! front :eel1 z t 0 !n ! easi] way4 ,! revival is g5]ally cr$it$ to ,france & to ,pi]re ,lallem5t1 al?\gh ,mi*aux1 = :om he _h be5 work+ 9 ,p>is1 is probably m entitl$ to ! cr$it ?an he2 ! "n ( ! man really ! fir/ to take ! new /ep1 h[ev]1 is hopelessly lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,lallem5t did ride ! ?+ 9 ,p>is1 & did aft]w>d make "o 9 ,connecticut4 ,! pat5t on 8oppositely project+ cranks0 issu$ to him 9 #ahff became ! mo/ valuable "o on :i* suits 7 aft]w>d f\ght & royalties 7 collect$1 yet ,lallem5t inv5t$ no?+1 & x is wor? putt+ on record "h t ,mr4 ,wilcox saw ! velocip$e ( t day publicly ridd5 9 ,brooklyn ne>ly two ye>s be=e ! issue ( t pat5t1 & m ?an a ye> be=e ,lallem5t came to ?is c\ntry4 ,a few ye>s ( decl9e z a curiosity & ! 8bone%ak]0 _h gone into =getfulness aft] ! ,drais9e4 ,aside f its intol]able weight & its crude & clumsy con/ruction1 :at kill$ x 0 its lack ( spe$1 = x 0 8ge>$ level10 t is1 n ge>$ at all4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 did n give up ! subject1 b kept pegg+ away at x4 ,to get a long] run = ea* foot-/roke1 a l>g] :eel 0 necess>y2 s ! rid] 0 gradually br\ght 8ov] 8 "w10 & ! front :eel became z l>ge z he c\ld rea*1 on a 8close built0 con/ruction2 necess>ily ! back :eel %runk to a small] size1 rang+ f #af to #ah in*es1 or else ! ?+ c\ld h be5 nei!r m\nt$ nor manag$4 ,wood _h giv5 place to metal2 ! tubul> /eel frame1 ! susp5sion :eel ) wire spokes1 ! /eel rim & ! solid rubb] tire came 9 ne>ly toge!r1 & s1 z ! ?ird great /ep1 0 evolv$ ! high :eel1 or ! 8good old ord9>y10 /ill held m or less affectionately 9 ! memory ( all :o ev] rode x4 ,a specim5 or two appe>$ 9 ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! new type comm5c$ to g 9 ?is c\ntry1 beg9n+ ?us ! bicycle era1 & x made its pione] way )\t any rival until #ahha4 ,9 #ahhj1 h[ev]1 ,mc,kee ,h>r+ton ( ?is city1 "o ( ! pione] mak]s1 receiv$ a diploma & a bronze m$al = 8a /eel bicycle0 exhibit$ at ! fair ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute4 ,b ! faults ( ! new con/ruction 7 z positive z its virtues4 ,x 0 heavy1 av]ag+ twice ! weight ( ! bicycle ( today2 ! size :i* fitt$ dep5d$ on ! rid]'s l5g? ( leg1 n at all on 8 /r5g? or 8 pref]5ce2 wor/ ( all1 x 0 an acrobatic & unsafe ?+1 & 0 n a practical vehicle1 al?\gh ^? :o !n sold & us$ x tri$ to make x out s4 ,"u ! dem& = safety1 inv5tion w5t back to ! 8bone%ak]10 & put on ! cranks & sprockets :i* c\ld h be5 put on e>li]1 produc+ 9 a clumsy =m ! n[ univ]sal ge>$ re> driv]4 ,an e>li] specim5 "u ! "n ( 8,bicyclette0 appe>$ z f> back z #ahgi1 b ! 8,rov]0 7ne>ly id5tical ) t7 succe$$ 9 giv+ its "n to ! type4 ,yet ?is "n fail$ to survive1 because ! type drove out e o!r1 & no specific "n 0 requir$ to di/+ui% x4 ,to ! great majority ( pres5t rid]s1 ?is is 8! bicycle10 ! only "o !y ev] knew2 be=e x _h driv5 out all o!rs x 0 spok5 ( z 8! safety10 & yet !re 7 _m o!r =ms ( safety bicycles1 ( :i* "o ant$at$ ! re> driv] 9 ?is c\ntry by "s six ye>s1 & two orig9at$ "h4 ,all ?is 0 rev]sion to type4 ,! ,drais9e w5t out ( exi/5ce1 !n receiv$ cranks on its front :eel & reviv$ z ! 8bone%ak]10 or velocip$e4 ,t w5t out z quickly 9 its turn1 & gradually grew into ! ord9>y4 ,!n reappe>$ ! ,drais9e1 ) cranks 9 ! o!r places1 & drove out ! high :eel aft] a h>d conte/4 ,w any su* complete rev]sion occur aga98 ,x does n seem likely2 yet :5 we rememb] ! long & p]si/5t battle ( ! types1 & ! numb] ( =ms :i* h be5 tri$1 x w\ld be unw>rant$ to pron\nce ?is impossible2 ! front driv] /ill survives1 al?\gh little is he>d ( x1 & if x %\ld possess ! field once m t w\ld be no m rem>kable ?an ! *anges :i* h already occurr$4 ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! me*anical t5d5cies ( ! ,am]ican cycle mak]s & _! product = #ahih are %>p & cle>ly def9$4 ,inde$1 ! pa/ ye> m>ks ! close ( a decade ( con/ruction ( ! re>-driv+ bicycle4 ,be=e proce$+ to analyze 9 detail ! con/ructional features = #ahih1 a bird's eye view ( ! t5d5cies ov] ! :ole field w n be amiss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re>-,,driv]--#ahic4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic t5d5cy is ! ef=t to introduce *a9less re> driv+1 n altoge!r1 h[ev]1 by ! bevel-ge>4 ,a c>eful c5sus ( ! mak]s %[s t "s ?irty prom95t mak]s _h p]fect$ plans to place a *a9less cycle ( "s sort on ! m>ket 9 #ahih4 ,?us ! season (f]s debatable gr\nd betwe5 ! advocates ( ! *a9less & ! *a9-driv5 cycle4 ,dur+ #ahih is be+ f\ght ! battle = supremacy betwe5 !m1 ! *a9-driv5 cycle be+ ably re9=c$ by its great & com+ ally ! ge>-case1 & ! bevel-ge> & o!r =ms ( *a9less con/ruction com+ away f ! realm ( !ory & ! special pleas ( ! mak]s' catalogues1 & 9 ! h&s ( ! rid+ public w be put ?r\gh t great crucible ( public te/1 use on ! road1 "u load1 & "u all sorts ( conditions4 ,! introduction ( ! *a9less me?od ( propulsion has1 h[ev]1 n radically *ang$ ! prevail+ popul> type ( frame con/ruction1 & !re=e ! g5]al t5d5cy ( con/ruction1 except ! me?ods ( propulsion1 may be "h survey$ z a :ole4 ,,drop ,,( ,,! ,,crank ,,bracket4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t t5d5cies ( ! season is ! dropp+ ( ! crank-hang] bracket to a po9t f #b in*es to #d in*es bel[ a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! :eel axles1 ! av]age drop on road :eels be+ #b in*es1 on light road :eels #b in*es1 & on road-rac+ & track :eels1 f ^! to ! extreme limit4 ,?is l[]+ ( ! crank-hang] bracket has also necess>ily br\ght ) x a %ort5+ ( ! /e]+ head1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! top tube horizontal or p>allel ) ! gr\nd4 ,l5g?s ( head run f #d to #h in*es1 a fair av]age 9 l5g? be+ ab\t #f in*es1 a *ange inde$ f ! long-head fad ( a few ye>s ago1 "u :i* heads h rea*$ a l5g? ( ov] #ac in*es4 ,j :at effect ! %ort5+ ( ! head w h on ! /e]+ rema9s to be f\nd out by actual use1 ! mak]s :o h us$ long heads hav+ always claim$ ease ( /e]+ = !m4 ,ano!r po9t to be borne 9 m9d 9 not+ ?is t5d5cy t[>d %ort heads1 is t _! use w necessitate ! use ( long] & !re=e weak] h&leb> /ems1 = ^? :o use a m$ium or upturn$ b>1 z well z long seat po/s1 m )drawn f ! frame4 ,( c\rse1 ! scor*] ) 8 drop b> w l ! %ort head1 & !re=e its popul>ity may be :olly conf9$ to ?is class ( rid]s4 ,! mo/ peculi> feature 9 connection ) ?is drop ( ! frame is ! v m>k$ t5d5cy t[>d ! use ( long] cranks & high] ge>s4 ,9 =m] ye>s ! av]age l5g? ( crank 0 #f in*es = a man's road/]1 & #e to #f in*es = a lady's :eel4 ,a notable dep>ture 9 ?is crank l5g? ?is season is t ?ree or f\r ( ! l>ge/ mak]s are equipp+ _! ladies' :eels ) #f in* cranks1 & m5's :eels ) #g & #g in* cranks4 ,:ile ?is may be comm5dable 9 a cycle = m5's use1 hav+ a high ge>1 su* crank l5g? is positively objectionable on a ladies' cycle1 = sev]al reasons1 "o ( ! *ief ones be+ ! increas$ knee action4 ,,height ,,& ,,%ape ,,( ,,frame4 ,! l5g? ( :eel base--t is1 ! extreme measurem5t betwe5 ! po9ts :]e ! two :eels re/ on ! gr\nd--is n noticeably *ang$1 ! av]age be+ /ill ab\t #dc in*es2 ?is measurem5t has a close b n a q fix$ relation to ! %ape & angles ( ! frame4 ,! rake or backw>d incl9ation ( ! diagonal /ay is 9 mo/ cases some:at less5$1 n n[ be+ 9 complete h>mony ) ! rake ( ! front =ks & head4 ,?is may be consid]$ a *ange 9 ! pref]r$ direction1 ! =w>d position ( ! rid]1 ne>ly ov] ! crank axle1 be+ an extremely popul> "o2 to indulge ?is pref]5ce on position1 9 cases :]e ?is diagonal tube1 :i* also c>ries ! saddle1 0 well rak$ backw>d1 ! use ( a long saddle-po/ 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,l 0 necess>y4 ,?is *ang$ con/ruction also %ort5s ! upp] horizontal tube1 & ?us1 x is claim$1 t5ds to /iff5 ! frame4 ,! craze = rid+ exce$+ly high frames has %ift$ to ! o!r extreme1 ! av]age scor*] n[ call+ = a v l[ frame ) a %ort head1 & a crank-hang] dropp$ well d[n bel[ a l9e drawn betwe5 ! :eel axles1 obta9+ leg-rea* by rais+ ! saddle above ! frame4 ,a peculi> & typical comb9ation consi/s ( ! use ( an extremely l[ crank-hang] toge!r ) long cranks2 ?is obvi\sly br+s ! p$al v ne> ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( its travel1 especially :5 toe-clips are put on1 & !re mu/ be dang] ( com+ to sudd5 & %>p grief :5 go+ on /ony or rutty roads or 9 sw++ rapidly ar\nd %>p corn]s1 :i* requires lean+ to "o side to pres]ve balance4 ,if n c>ri$ to extremes1 h[ev]1 ! drop ( ! crank-hang] may be consid]$ a good po9t me*anically4 ,x br+s ! c5tre ( gravity l[]1 & makes m\nt+ & dism\nt+ easi]1 ?is la/ consid]ation be+ ( especial consequ5ce = ladies4 ,"h x may be rem>k$ t1 a ye> ago1 ladies :o desir$ to use ! d\ble-loop frame1 ei!r ) or )\t ! l[ drop1 7 oblig$ to pur*ase ! highe/-pric$ makes 9 ord] to obta9 x2 ?is ye>1 all ! great mak]s ( m$ium-pric$ grades1 z well z mak]s ( ! highe/-pric$1 furni% ! d\ble-loop$ drop-frame1 ?us %[+ n only ! popul>ity ( ! d\ble-loop b a ke5] desire & a bett] und]/&+ to cat] to public wants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rov]--#ahgh4 ,,sizes ,,& ,,sections ,,( ,,tub+4 ,! use ( l>ge tub+ seems to h rea*$ its limit dur+ #ahig1 a majority ( ! mak]s n[ us+ #a in* tub+ 9 ! front "p ( ! frame4 ,o!r mak]s v>y ?is1 ( c\rse1 by us+ #a in* tub+ 9 ! l[] ma9 frame1 & 9 ! diagonal /ay :i* runs f ! crank-hang] bracket to ! seat-pill> clu/]2 ,d-%ap$ tub+1 h[ev]1 is mu* m l>gely us$ ?an be=e = re> =ks & back /ays4 ,front =ks are also l>gely made ( ,d-%ap$ tub+1 _m ( ! mak]s us+ a front =k made ( an int]nally tap]$ cont9u\s piece ( ,d-%ap$ tub+4 ,re> =ks are also made 9 ?is same mann]1 & are connect$ to ! crank-hang] by a s+le l>ge r\nd /em1 :i* avoids ! necessity ( (fsett+ ! =k on ! *a9 side4 ,back /ays are also connect$ to ! ma9 "p ( ! frame 9 ?is same mann]4 ,?is idea1 :5 us$ 9 connection ) ! ar*-front =k cr[n1 :i* is ! mo/ popul> "o ( ! day1 & :i* seems de/9$ to sup]s$e entirely 9 popul> favor ! old two-piece cr[n1 makes a v tak+ look+ con/ruction4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a "q z to :e!r ?is me?od ( jo9+ ! cont9u\s re> =ks to a s+le /em is z rigid z w\ld be two sep>ate =ks1 run ei!r /raight or ) an (fset to ! crank-hang]4 ,int]nally tap]$ tub+ is v l>gely us$ 9 frame con/ruction g5]ally1 ?us avoid+ all ne$ ( employ+ int]nal re9=cem5ts or l9]s1 z =m]ly1 :i* are liable to cause ! tube to give way "u /ra9 at ! exact place :]e !y come to an end4 ,?is is consid]$ a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,,re9=cem5ts ,,& ,,jo9ts4 ,! use ( ext]nal re9=cem5ts is n gr[+1 & z ! use ( l>ge tub+ necessitates ! employm5t ( flu% or invisible jo9ts1 9 ord] to make a neat f9i%1 su* jo9ts appe> to be m l>gely 9 vogue ?an ev]4 ,ev5 ! popul> pric$ models use !m l>gely4 ,"s fe> 0 express$ z to _! durability & /r5g?1 at ! op5+ ( la/ season1 b ! mak]s h n[ _h la/ ye>'s exp]i5ce to guide !m1 & may be assum$ to "k h[ to make !m /rong1 s t no tr\ble ne$ be appreh5d$ on t score4 ,ext]nal jo9ts are1 h[ev]1 l>gely us$ /ill1 z are also lap-braz$ jo9ts4 ,^! v>iations may1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z m]e 8talk+-po9ts10 & z evid5ces ( f9i% & detail r ?an z ! di/9ctive features ( ! frame4 ,= in/ance1 a mak] :o us$ flu% jo9ts la/ ye> on 8 *a9 :eels n[ produces 8 *a9less :eel ) outside jo9ts4 ,ano!r mak] :o us$ lap jo9ts on all 8 models la/ ye>1 n[ makes 8 late/ model ) flu% jo9ts1 & s ! v>iation goes on4 ,^! *anges back & =?1 may be 9 "s measure reckon$ among ^? made = ! sake ( *ange4 ,%eet metal /amp+s are us$ = connections m l>gely ?an ev]2 _m ( ! detail$ p>ts ( ^! are wond]ful evid5ces ( ! excell5ce ( ! art & %[ ! advanc$ /ages ( :at might be m prop]ly t]m$ draw+1 =m+1 & /amp+ processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*a9less ,,type1 #ahih 7,,bevel ,,ge>74 ,,hubs ,,& ,,spokes4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! :eel hubs1 ! use ( ! 8b>rel0 patt]n1 :i* has be5 = sev]al ye>s mak+ its way1 is m notable ?an ev]1 ! old patt]n ) def9ite flanges !reon = ! spokes1 hav+ ne>ly disappe>$4 ,?is is 9 good "p because ! cup-adju/m5t be>+1 :i* requires ! b>rel hub to g ) x1 has greatly ga9$ gr\nd1 a l>ge numb] ( ! lead+ mak]s hav+ n[ adopt$ x = all1 or ne>ly all be>+s4 ,self-oil+ devices & holl[ axles conta9+ oil & wick are also popul>1 ! old project+ 8lubricator0 or cup = receiv+ oil1 be+ :olly ext9ct4 ,x is safe to say t ?is is an old device :i* rev]sion w nev] br+ back4 ,! use ( hubs hav+ flanges1 ( a peculi> %ape1 made & drill$ to receive ! usual tang5t spoke made /raight f end to end )\t a hook$ end to atta* to ! hub1 is v l>gely on ! increase1 m ?an tw5ty ( ! lead+ mak]s n[ foll[+ t me?od4 ,spokes are /ill enl>g$ at bo? ends by ! process ( swag+ or draw+ d[n1 in/ead ( upsett+4 ,n a few mak]s are increas+ _! numb]1 ( c\rse us+ a ?9n] wire4 ,,cranks ,,& ,,crank ,,axles4 ,!re is a di/9ct rev]sion t[>d squ>e-section cranks4 ,9 crank-axles1 ! "o-piece type has evid5tly come to /ay1 & x is foll[$ closely 9 popul>ity by ! two-piece crank & axle4 ,v few ( ! mak]s use ! ?ree-piece con/ruction1 & ev5 9 ^! !re are peculi> & odd =ms ( fa/5+ ! crank to ! axle1 ! use ( ! good old cott] p9 be+ ne>ly ab&on$4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = mo/ly because ! mak]s desir$ 8some?+ diff]5t10 & also on ! gr\nd ( neatness4 ,! ma9 objection1 h[ev]1 to ! use ( ^! v>i\s types ( crank fa/5+s is _! entire lack ( int]*angeability1 s t ! rid] :o has "o ( !m & breaks or loses a "p ( 8 crank fa/5+1 _c obta9 ?is "p or any repair !reto1 except ?r\gh ! mak] or deal] :o h&les ?is p>ticul> patt]n ( :eel4 ,"u ! old sy/em ( us+ ! cott] p9 ! cranks & cott] p9s 7 readily int]*angeable1 & !re=e ?is t5d5cy to v>iations 9 ^! p>ts is to be regrett$4 ,,seat-,,po/s ,,& ,,h&leb> ,,fa/5+s4 ,int]nal or semi-conceal$ seat-po/ & h&leb> fa/5+s ( all descriptions are v mu* 9 vogue1 ! reason = _! popul>ity be+ _! great neatness1 z comp>$ ) ! old me?od ( clamp+1 & _! lack ( project+ p>ts2 /ill !re is n uni=mity 9 ?is p>ticul>1 _m ( ! great mak]s adh]+ yet to ! famili> me?od ( fa/5+ by 8p9*-b9d0 bolts4 ,h&leb>s %[ a decid$ t5d5cy to g back to ! l5g? betwe5 grips :i* prevail$ :5 ! b> 0 /raight4 ,! /eel b>1 ( tub+1 /ill reigns supreme1 "s times cov]$ ) rubb] or celluloid coat+s1 or imitations !re(1 = ! sake ( protection f ru/ & = %[y appe>ance1 z well z to be m agreeable to ! t\*4 ,! wood b> is by no means ext9ct1 b does n make progress1 n hav+ caught ! public fancy1 z its fri5ds expect$ x w\ld4 ,,ge>cases1 ,,p$als ,,& ,,brakes4 ,ne>ly all ! mak]s are provid+ suffici5t cle>ance at ! crank axle & re> =k-end1 s t a ge>-case c be us$4 ,_m ( ! mak]s h ge>cases ( _! own production1 & !re are two or ?ree deta*able ones on ! m>ket :i* are compos$ ( h>d & s(t rubb]1 metal & lea!r comb9$4 ,m ge>cases w probably be sold ?is ye> ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! trade1 public att5tion hav+ be5 l>gely call$ to !m by ! neatness & desirability ( ! case z us$ on ! bevel-ge> cycles4 ,! av]age wid? ( tread on ?is ye>'s cycles is ab\t #d in*es4 ,p$als are made /rong] & l>g]1 & are screw$ directly into ! end ( ! crank1 ! use ( ! lock-nut on ! end ( ! p$al %aft be+ almo/ entirely ab&on$4 ,brakes ( "s k9d w be m l>gely us$ ?an ev] be=e4 ,ext]nal brakes ) lev]s on ! h&leb>s are n z popul> z 9 =m] ye>s1 _m ( ! mak]s ext5d+ ! brake /em d[n ?r\gh ! /e]+ head1 ?us mak+ a neat] & m /yli% appe>+ brake4 ,brake spoons are mo/ly fitt$ ) a rubb] %oe2 & !re is a decid$ t5d5cy t[>d back-p$al+ brakes1 _m ( :i* are suppli$ by ! cycle mak]s )\t extra *>ge4 ,weights run f #bc to #bf p\nds1 ! av]age weight ( road/]s be+ #bd p\nds1 & ladies' :eels av]ag+ 9 weight ab\t #be p\nds4 ,,*a9s ,,& ,,*a9 ,,adju/]s4 ,l>ge sprockets h evid5tly come to /ay1 front sprockets hav+ f #ah to #cb tee? & re> sprockets hav+ f #g to #ab2 a comb9ation made up ( ^! w produce almo/ any ge> ratio desir$4 ,*a9s seem to h settl$ d[n to a /&>d wid? ( #c_/af ( an in*1 & !re are _m v>ieties1 all hav+1 h[ev]1 "o in* pit* & solid blocks2 !re are also roll] *a9s1 hav+ long] or %ort] pit*1 b roll]s in/ead ( blocks d n yet seem to h tak5 hold "h1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,*a9 adju/m5ts--i4e41 means = mov+ ! back :eel slightly to or f ! crank axle--h be5 mu* simplifi$ & improv$4 ,a numb] ( v>iations ( ! well-kn[n ecc5tric adju/m5t are on ! m>ket2 a few mak]s are ev5 us+ ! ecc5tric adju/m5t at ! crank bracket1 on s+les z well z on t&ems4 ,"h is an in/ance ( rev]sion1 ! e>ly 8safeties0 ) *a9-driv+ hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 exactly ?is mann]4 ,,wood ,,gu>ds ,,& ,,rims4 ,! use ( wood or bamboo 9 frames seems to h almo/ dropp$ out ( sight1 only two or ?ree mak]s produc+ bicycles ?us made4 ,! dress-gu>ds on ! back :eel on ladies' bicycles are made ( wood & are s furni%$ by all ! mak]s1 ! metal /yles hav+ gone out ( use altoge!r4 ,! same _c be said1 h[ev]1 ( *a9 gu>ds4 ,wood5 *a9 gu>ds are n s l>gely us$ z la/ ye>1 ! t5d5cy be+ to use alum9um gu>ds1 ei!r pla91 nickel$ or enamel$1 to mat* ! frame 9 color2 gu>ds ( /amp$ metal are also us$4 ,?is return to metal may be ascrib$ 9 "p to ! notion t wood is heavy because x looks s1 & to ! temptation alum9um pres5ts because ( its extraord9>y lightness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 looks l a /ep backw>d4 ,alum9um1 consid]$ z mat]ial1 has v poor claims1 & x w be v difficult1 by any practical l9+ & buff+1 to break ! p]si/5t habit ( metal *a9 gu>ds to rattle :5 go+ ov] r\gh places2 wood gu>ds1 on ! contr>y1 if prop]ly made1 are /rong1 noiseless1 & n heavy4 ,! wood rim is ! only "o us$1 & is n[ made ?ick] ?r\gh its section & broad] across its face1 & :ile x is true t ^! rims d n n[ possess ! life & resili5cy !y _h :5 !y 7 made ( ! ?9n] section1 & n>r[]1 !y are n[ /iff]1 tru]1 & n s liable z =m]ly to w>p & twi/ or to break 9 a collision4 ,orig9ally1 wood rims 7 l>gely us$1 9 good "p1 on acc\nt ( _! extreme lightness4 ,mak+ !m heavi] n[ & pa9t+ !m 9 d>k colors might sugge/ a t5d5cy to return to ! use ( /eel rims1 x be+ impossible n[1 ow+ to ! l>ge use ( color$ rims1 to tell by _! appe>ance ( :at mat]ial !y are made4 ,rims ( ?ree-piece or lam9at$ con/ruction are fitt$ to ne>ly all ( ! high-grade :eels1 b great improvem5ts h also be5 made 9 ! "o-piece v>iety4 ,z 9 coa* & c>riage build+1 black /ill seems to be ! /&>d color1 b :]e colors are us$ _m ( ! mak]s are enamell+ rims to mat*4 ,/rip+ seems to h fall5 into disfavor1 b scroll transf]s1 ) illum9at$ corn]s ) fl[]s & colors1 appe> to h ga9$ a /rong foo?old4 ,,tires4 ,! field is /ill conte/$ betwe5 ! d\ble or inn]-tube & ! s+le-tube or hosepipe tire1 & at times1 lead+ mak]s ( ea* h claim$ t _! class 7 us$ on two-?irds1 or !reab\ts1 ( all ! cycles made 9 ,am]ica4 ,! regulation size = full road/]s is #a in*1 9 ei!r class2 ! mo/ popul> at pres5t are tires hav+ a s]rat$ or corrugat$ tread4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a great _m v>iations 9 surface 9 tires ) r\gh treads1 & also ( smoo?-tread tires4 ,v few m>k$ novelties 9 tires are n[ se5 9 ! m>ket2 ?is is q 9 contra/ ) "o & two ye>s ago4 ,av]age weights are ab\t #d lbs4 to ! pair4 ,,saddles4 ,saddles may be divid$ pretty accurately into ?ree classes4 ,fir/ are ^? hav+ a fix$ & unyield+ metal base & a %ort pommel1 :i* is n int5d$ to be t\*$ by ! rid]'s body1 ! seat portion be+ fitt$ ) rais$ pads2 second1 saddles ) a fix$ base ( ei!r wood or metal1 ! edges be+ inflexible b ! ease ( use dep5d+ ^u a m exact %ap+ ( ! :ole1 ?is =m ( saddle be+ sometimes v>i$ by be+ slightly padd$ ne> ! cantle or back edge1 or ei!r padd$ or inflat$ at ! pommel2 ?ird1 ! saddles :i* are made by lac+ firmly f cantle to pommel1 ! lac+ be+ !n provid$ ) a flexible lea!r cov]4 ,! la/ nam$1 :i* is a popul> type1 is also v>i$ by hav+ pads built on x1 & ! v>ieties ( saddle "u ^! ?ree types are s great & s diff]5t t almo/ e peculi>ity & :im ( ! rid] ought to be met & satisfi$ ?is ye>4 ,,tricycles ,,& ,,multicycles4 ,tricycles are l>gely made by only "o mak]1 & !re is no app>5t reason :y !y %\ld n be m l>gely us$ by ^? :o w n or c n v5ture to use ! two-:eel]4 ,all ! mak]s are produc+ t&ems1 & ! peculi>ities not$ 9 con/ruct+ s+le models are c>ri$ into ^! also4 ,v>iations 9 t&ems1 h[ev]1 consi/ ( a diamond frame 9 front & a loop frame 9 ! re>1 or loop frame 9 front & diamond frame 9 ! re>1 b "s h two loop frames s t two ladies c ride !m4 ,multicycles1 su* z triplets1 quads qu9tuplets & sextuplets1 _c /rictly be said to be = popul> use1 ! mak]s only build+ a few ( ^! ye>ly = adv]tis+ & rac+ purposes4 ,,prices ,,& ,,values4 ,9 conclud+ ?is review ( ! me*anical t5d5cies ( ! trade = #ahih ! irresi/ible conviction is =c$ ^u ! m9d ( ! critical obs]v] t noblesse oblige evid5tly seems to h be5 ! motto ( e cycle mak] = #ahih1 = nev] be=e h cycles be5 produc$ s good 9 design1 /yle1 f9i%1 workman%ip1 mat]ial1 /an*ness & runn+ qualities4 ,ev5 ! l[e/-pric$ models quot$ are sup]ior 9 ^! respects to ^? (f]$ 9 "s previ\s ye>s1 & li/+ f #ajj to #abe & #aej1 & ! rid+ public is to be congratulat$ on ?is fact1 because x places ! bicycle1 ! vehicle ( mod]n democracy & p]sonal rapid transit1 9 ! h&s ( ! masses1 at a popul> price1 & ?us relegates ! gaspipe cycle & its mak] to well-des]v$ oblivion4 ,und\bt$ly ! great r$uction 9 price & ! great increase 9 quality1 a seem+ p>adox inde$1 are due to :at is kn[n z fixity ( patt]n4 ,close obs]v]s ( ! tr5d ( ! trade & sport say1 9 addition1 t ! pres5t conditions & popul> prices are caus$ by ! bicycle be+ no long] a fad ( ! classes1 b a necessity ( ! masses2 t _! dem& = a well-made & well-kn[n product to meet _! wants & purses1 has caus$ ?is r$uction to popul> price1 & t ! ne$s ( ! mak]s 9 ord] to meet ?is want h be5 fulfill$ by improv$ processes ( manufacture1 increas$ effici5cy ( ! labor employ$1 less5$ co/ ( compon5t p>ts1 & o!r economies ( mak+ & m>ket+1 z well z by ! increas$ quantity ( ! output4 ,?is is true ( n only ! cycle-mak+ indu/ry1 b is also ! hi/ory ( e great ,am]ican product ( manufacture = :i* !re is a great popul> dem& t leads to competition = popul> favor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mak]s h also well provid$ = t class ( ! rid+ public :o w be satisfi$ ) no?+ less ?an :at might be t]m$ a model de luxe1 & :o are will+ to pay an increas$ price = ?is extra f9i% 9 con/ruction & detail1 s t ! me*anical t5d5cies ( ! trade may well be summ$ up by quot+ t epigram ( ,macaulay's--89 e exp]im5tal sci5ce !re is a t5d5cy t[>d p]fection40 ,illu/ration3 ,,extreme ,,type ,,( #ahih ,,model ,,comb9+ ,,all ,,late ,,features4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*a9less ,,:eel4 8,sans ,*a9e sans ,gne10 lit]ally 8)\t ,*a9s )\t ,c>e10 or ev5 8,*a9less & ,c>eless10 is ! happy motto *os5 by an ,engli% mak] ( *a9less bicycles2 "s ?irty ,am]ican mak]s are (f]+ or promis+ to (f] a *a9less bicycle ( "s k9d ?is ye>1 al?\gh :e!r !y w all realize ! decl>ation ( ! motto "t alone w %[4 ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods = transmitt+ p[] f ! crank axle ( a bicycle to ! driv5 :eel--possible !oretically1 b ! numb] practically available is v small4 ,! possession ( ! field by ! *a9 is n[ conte/$1 ma9ly by ! bevel-ge> or its equival5t2 ! *a9 has ! field1 b *anges are sometimes s rapid t ?is fact alone w n effectually b> out a really bett] driv+ me?od4 ,! elem5ts ( bevel-ge> con/ruction w readily be se5 f ! cuts foll[+4 ,! usual front sprocket has tee?1 :i* me% into a p9ion on a %aft t c>ries p[] to ! :eel ?r\gh a pair ( p9ions at ! re>4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,bevel-,,ge> ,,*a9less4 ,9 ,april1 #ahhe1 a pat5t = ! application ( bevel-ge>s to ! bicycle 0 tak5 out4 ,be=e #ahig m ?an "o hundr$ su* pat5ts _h be5 issu$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 9 addition to ^? grant$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & !re _h be5 mu* exp]im5tal con/ruction1 9 :i* ! difficulty & exp5se ( ge> cutt+ 0 great1 & ! spr+y frames & inaccurate workman%ip almo/ inv>iably enc\nt]$ 7 additional s\rces ( tr\ble4 ,( ! =eign-made *a9less bicycles ! ,acat5e1 built 9 ,france1 is ! only "o t has be5 br\ght to any?+ l p]fection4 ,! ,acat5e is a bevel-ge>1 & 9 _m features is q equal to ! be/ ,am]ican workman%ip4 ,9 ?is c\ntry a numb] ( bevel-ge> cycles h be5 put =w>d1 & "s ( !m are /ill 9 use4 ,! difficulties !y h enc\nt]$ h be5 mo/ly due to lack ( capital & ! practical impossibility ( gett+ accurate ge>s cut except v sl[ly & at a v great co/4 ,9 #ahib ! ,league ,cycle ,company ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 began mak+ a bevel-ge> bicycle1 & at ! ,new ,york ,%[ ( #ahig a numb] ( _! models 7 %[n z curios4 ,!y 7 *iefly int]e/+ f a hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,an #ahib model %[n 0 a lady's s+le-loop drop frame1 fitt$ ) "o-in* cu%ion tires4 ,x weigh$ ab\t #ge p\nds & _h an eight-in* tread4 ,an #ahic model 0 a diamond frame1 hav+ d\ble tubes f ! l[] "p ( ! head to ! crank-hang]1 & hav+ also d\ble diagonal /ays4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) pneumatic tires1 _h a #g in* tread & weigh$ #de p\nds4 ,an #ahid model %[n 0 ( ! same con/ruction1 b hav+ a high frame4 ,! tread 0 r$uc$ to #g in*es & ! weight to ab\t #cb p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbia ,,*a9less4 ,an #ahie model 0 ( ! regulation high frame diamond patt]n1 s+le-tube /yle1 except+ d\ble diagonal /ays f seat pill> to crank-hang]4 ,x _h a #e-;in* tread & weigh$ ab\t ?irty p\nds4 ,! #ahif models 7 a lady's frame1 d\ble-loop1 full nickel$1 & a man's diamond frame1 ea* hav+ #e in* tread & weigh+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r p\nds4 ,all ^! models c>ri$ ! l>ge front driv+ ge> on ! c5tre ( ! crank axle betwe5 ! be>+s1 ! tee? fac+ outw>dly in/ead ( inw>dly1 z on ! e>li] samples4 ,?is company fail$ e>ly 9 #ahif1 & !re 7 "s spasmodic attempts by ,h[>d ,ni*ols ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,bayvelg]e ,cycle ,company to introduce bevel-ge> bicycles4 ,! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company saw ?is object lesson1 & all ! old pat5ts w5t into ! h&s ( ! mak]s ( ! ,columbia4 ,!y began exp]im5t+ =?)1 & = two ye>s !y h built & tri$1 & made model aft] model1 m ?an a doz5 di/9ct v>iations hav+ be5 te/$1 besides ga!r+ ! co/ly equipm5t to cut bevel-ge>s & produce !m 9 quantities4 7,x w be obs]v$ t ! foll[+ descriptions ( *a9less cycles are f ! respective mak]s1 n necess>ily 9 _! own language1 9 e in/ance1 b sub/antially s4 ,= ^! descriptions1 & /ill m = any /atem5ts reg>d+ ! m]its ( any & ! comp>ative value ( *a9less driv+4 ,! ,comm]cial ,adv]tis] is n responsible1 nor does any?+ 9 ?is article preclude ! writ]s f any criticism or any expression ( op9ion h]eaft]4 ,x has seem$ faire/ & be/ to all[ ! sev]al mak]s to pres5t _! own side freely1 & ?is p>agraph is a disclaim] ^u ! "p ( ! compil]s1 r ?an a notice ( diss5t4 ,! ,bayvelg]e1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,quadrant1 ! ,hildick1 ! ,mon>* & ! ,bantam1 h[ev]1 are describ$ by our own repres5tatives47 ,,! ,,columbia ,,*a9less4 ,?is is a ,columbia ( ! v highe/ grade 9 e respect2 ! same :eel1 includ+ ! well-kn[n ,h>t=d s+le-tube tires1 ! same =ks & h&leb>1 ! same seat-po/ & *oice ( saddle1 ! same unsurpass$ frame ( nickel /eel1 ! same p$als & cranks4 ,! diff]5ce is entirely conf9$ to ! driv+ me*anism1 to ?ree sides ( a p>allelogram hav+ ! re> axle & ! crank axle z its ends1 & ! %aft z "o side4 ,on ?is driv+ me*anism ! v be/ ?\ght1 ! v be/ "w1 & e res\rce ( ! manufactur]s h be5 c5tr$4 ,!re 0 long1 co/ly & c>eful exp]im5t+ be=e ! exact relative proportions ( ! two memb]s ( ! front ge> c\ld be det]m9$4 ,^! proportions1 h[ev]1 are n[ inv>iable--"o turn ( ! axle giv+ #b #d_/e turns to ! %aft4 ,! relative size ( ! re> memb]s is v>i$ to produce ! requir$ 8ge>40 ,friction 9 bevel-ge>s is dep5d5t ^u ! h>monic mean ( ! tee? 9 bo? :eels1 & 9 ?is model !ory & exp]im5t h jo9$ h&s to make ! adopt$ proportion exactly "r4 ,:]ev] ball be>+s c\ld be introduc$ to advantage !y h be5 plac$4 ,! side %aft is suppli$ ) su* be>+s ne> ea* end1 ! /r5g? & firmness ( ! nickel /eel tub+ p]mitt+ ! utmo/ precision 9 plac+ !m & insur+ p]fect "w "u any /ra94 ,! wond] is t all ?is excell5ce has be5 atta9$ ) su* complete abs5ce ( complicat$ devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me*anism ,,& ,,frame ,,( ,,columbia ,,*a9less4 ,! regulation equipm5t ( ! ,columbia ,*a9less is3 #bd in* frame1 ( #e p] c5t4 nickel$ /eel tube2 n9e in* /e]+ head2 outside jo9ts1 #b in* crank-hang] drop2 #e in* tread2 #ff & #gb in* ge>2 weight #bf p\nds2 ,h>t=d tires4 ,! model made = ladies' use is ! well-kn[n d\ble loop drop frame patt]n2 #e tread1 #f r\nd cranks1 #ff or #gb ge>1 & weighs1 )\t brake & re> gu>d1 #bf p\nds4 ,an illu/ration ( ! great simplicity ( ! ,columbia bevel-ge> con/ruction is ! fact t :5 a ,league :eel 0 entirely dismemb]$ z to its driv+ portion only a skill$ me*anic 0 able to reassemble ! p>ts satisfactorily1 & t aft] h\rs ( ! mo/ c>eful "w1 :ile a ,columbia ,*a9less c be tak5 ap>t & put toge!r by any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce 9 less ?an tw5ty m9utes4 ,! entire abs5ce ( back la% 9 ! ,columbia ,*a9less is v m>k$4 ,9 response to ! slighte/ motion ( ! p$als ! bicycle beg9s to move2 :e!r =w>d or backw>d ?is is equally true4 ,! m>vel ( ?is con/ruction becomes m & m app>5t z te/s are v>i$4 ,lift a bevel-ge> bicycle free f ! gr\nd1 give "o ( ! p$als a %>p pu%1 & ! :eel sp9s ) su* ease1 rapidity & smoo?ness t ! novice is always surpris$4 ,!re is no sway+ & jump2 !re is no noise4 ,ev5 neglect c h no influ5ce on ! effectiv5ess ( ! bevel-ge> :eel1 b w simply conc]n its appe>ance4 ,x %\ld be said "h t ! ,columbia patt]n is di/9ctive--z ! cuts %[--9 a v novel me?od ( atta*+ ! re> :eel to ! frame & provid+ = its easy removal & replacem5t4 ,,! ,,spald+ ,,*a9less4 ,9 ! ,spald+ ,*a9less ! me*anism consi/s ( a s]ies ( f\r bevel-ge>s us$ 9 conjunction ) a tubul> ge> %aft4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction & c be readily tak5 ap>t & reassembl$ :5ev] necessity requires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spald+ ,,*a9less4 ,! ma9 driv+ ge>1 ! l>ge/ ( ! s]ies1 is fa/5$ to ! c5tre ( ! crank axle1 ! p[] be+ transmitt$ f ?is by a small] int]m$iate ge> to ! tubul> %aft runn+ ?r\gh ! "r =k-tube1 & ?is 9 turn transmits ! p[] to ! re> int]m$iate ge>1 :i* directly engages ! ge> secur$ to ! re> :eel 9 place ( ! usual sprocket4 ,! location ( ! ma9 driv+ ge> be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! crank axle1 br+s its position also 9 ! c5tre ( ! crank-hang] b>rel1 & adds greatly to ! appe>ance & symmetry ( ! ma*9e2 x also insures great] /r5g? & divides ! /ra9 m equally on ! be>+s4 ,! int]m$iate ge>s are securely lock$ to ea* end ( ! tubul> ge> %aft by a simple lock+ device1 :i* makes x possible to remove & replace ! ge>s conv5i5tly & )\t ! necessity ( any special tools & appliances4 ,! tubul> ge> %aft rotates on ball be>+s specially con/ruct$ & design$ to receive ! ?ru/ ( ! driv+ ge>1 & transmits ! p[] to ! re> hub4 ,! l9es ( ! re> portion ( ! frame pres5t ! same appe>ance z 9 bicycles ( ! ord9>y *a9 type1 ! only p]ceptible diff]5ce be+ 9 ! small alum9um cases :i* cov] ! ge>s4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! ,spald+ ,*a9less diff]s f "s o!rs1 pres5t+ no?+ unsightly to detract f ! appe>ance ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,spald+ ,,*a9less4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ! ma9 driv+ ge> to ! crank %aft1 & ! front & re> int]m$iate ge>s to ! tubul> driv+ %aft1 is orig9al4 ,! cu/om>y me?od ( atta*+ ^! ge>s is to screw !m on2 b ?is me?od is impracticable1 = ! reason t ! con/ant /ra9 9 hill climb+ or 9 heavy "w kept screw+ ! ge>s tight] & tight] on ! %afts1 ?us mak+ removal difficult4 ,9 ! ,spald+ ,*a9less ^! ge>s are con/ruct$ ) a tongue project+ f ! back side ( ! ge>4 ,! ge>s fit snugly to _! respective %afts1 & ?is tongue is receiv$ 9 a recess$ coll> :i* is solid ) ! %aft1 & :i* prev5ts any rotation ( ! ge> on its axis4 ,! ge>s are !n securely lock$ 9 place by an ord9>y lock-nut1 :i*1 :5 set up1 makes a positive fa/5+ t _c "w loose "u any conditions1 & "o t c always be readily remov$ & adju/$4 ,! ge>s are cut by special ma*9]y2 !y are !oretically correct1 & are z absolutely p]fect z x is possible to make bevel-ge>s4 ,x is n[ ne>ly two ye>s s9ce ,spald+ ,bros4 fir/ und]took ! matt] ( build+ *a9less bicycles1 & m ?an a ye> s9ce _! fir/ complete bicycle 0 put into actual use ^u ! road4 ,?is same bicycle is 9 use today1 & if any?+1 is bett]1 aft] hav+ be5 ridd5 ov] #be1jjj miles1 ?an x 0 orig9ally4 ,its work+ p>ts %[ no p]ceptible we>1 ! frictional p>ts 9 ! ge>s be+ poli%$ m smoo?ly ?r\gh use1 & runn+ bett] today ?an :5 ! ma*9e 0 fir/ put on ! road4 ,! ,spald+ ,*a9less has a #c-;in* drop at ! crank-hang]4 ,! upp] & l[] ma9 tubes are #a-;in*1 ! re> =ks -in*1 ! re> /ays are -in* re9=c$2 :eel base is #dd-;in*4 ,! front =k has an ar*$ cr[n2 ! =k sides are re9=c$4 ,! mak]s cont9ue to use _! well-kn[n hub ) /raight tang5t swag$ spokes1 #bh 9 ! front & #cb 9 ! re>4 ,! cranks are #f-;in* r\nd spr+ /eel1 ) a #gb-;ge>4 ,! ,spald+ lady's ,*a9less conta9s ! same me*anical features f\nd 9 ! man's model4 ,! frame is ! d\ble loop drop1 & has evid5tly be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,! cranks are #f in*es ( r\nd spr+ /eel & ge>$ to #ff in*es4 ,"s v>iations 9 ge>s are furni%$4 ,,! ,,/e>ns ,,*a9less4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/e>ns ,co4 h be5 entirely successful 9 secur+ an ideal con/ruction 9 _! bevel-ge> cycles4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations1 :ile giv+ b h9ts ( ! complete ma*9e1 indicate t ! graceful l9es :i* h always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! 8,yell[ ,fell[0 h be5 reta9$1 & t ! bevel ge>s & ! %aft 9 _! du/-pro( cases are exce$+ly neat & attractive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/e>ns ,,*a9less4 ,! be>+s are ( an improv$ type4 ,! balls are s laid betwe5 ! cones t !y roll )\t slid+ or side motion1 & are practically frictionless4 ,by turn+ a cap nut & slid+ back ! nickel$ caps at ei!r end ( ! %aft case1 ! be>+s are br\ght into full view1 &1 ) ! bevel-ge>s1 may be adju/$ ) p]fect ease4 ,! runn+ ge> is absolutely noiseless1 & is s exactly assembl$ t ! re> :eel w balance = sev]al m9utes "u ! weight ( ! rim alone4 ,9 z mu* z !re is no lo/ motion1 ! maximum ( spe$ is assur$ = ! m9imum ( p[] appli$4 ,! ge>s on ! ,/e>ns ,*a9less are cut by ! mo/ mod]n ma*9]y & by ! mo/ exp]t workm54 ,!y are z correct 9 pit* & face z ! :eels ( an exp5sive wat*1 & are made ( ! be/ quality ( /eel obta9able4 ,unlike o!r well-kn[n types1 bo? a v]tical & lat]al adju/m5t ( ! ge>s is possible4 ,s f> z we>+ qualities g1 ! bevel ge>s 9 ! ,/e>ns ,*a9less are almo/ z free f friction z are ! be>+s4 ,! cases t cov] ! ge>s are entirely du/ pro(2 ! l[] =k tube :i* incloses ! %aft is enamell$ ei!r orange or black to mat* ! frame4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ features ( ?is model is ! ease ) :i* ! re> :eel c be remov$ & ! driv+ me*anism tak5 ap>t4 ,! crank-hang] ge>s are ( #aj pit*1 ) #db tee?1 & #aj pit* ) #af tee?2 ! re> hub ge>s are #aj pit*1 ) #ba tee?1 ! result+ ge> ratio be+ #gc4 ,! connect+ %aft is ( diamet]1 #af in*es long1 & made ( #aj-;gauge special tub+2 its be>+s are self-oil+4 ,front & back ge>s are deta*able2 ! crank-hang] drop is #b in*es2 :eel base is #dc in*es2 weight is tw5ty-six p\nds4 ,! tub+ 9 ! frame is #a 9 ! head1 #a 9 upp] & l[] ma9 tubes1 9 back /ays1 9 re> =ks4 ,! =k cr[n is two-piece1 flat2 ! cranks are flat1 #g in*es long2 options are (f]$ on l5g? ( cranks & ge> ratio4 ,! ,/e>ns *a9less = ladies is simil> 9 g5]al con/ruction to ! man's model1 ! only v>iations be+ 9 ! %ape ( ! frame & a l[] ge> ( #ff in*es4 ,! crank-hang] is dropp$ #b in*es bel[ ! :eel c5tres1 :i* makes x a v conv5i5t :eel to m\nt & dism\nt f4 ,! abs5ce ( ! usual *a9 gu>d gives x a v neat appe>ance4 ,x has a /raight l[] ma9 tube & slightly curv$ upp] tube4 ,,! ,,mon>* ,,*a9less4 ,! ,mon>* ,*a9less has regulation diamond frame1 ) flu% jo9ts & drop-=g$ connections4 ,! upp] ma9 tube is #a in*es1 l[] ma9 tube #a4 ,! diagonal tube is #a in*es1 tap]$ to #a at seat-po/4 ,! re> /ays are in*1 tap]$ to at ! seat-po/4 ,! re> =k on ! lef?& side is ( r\nd section tub+1 #bj gauge1 diamet]4 ,! re> =k on ! "r side is ( #af gauge1 #h in* 9 diamet]1 ov] :i* is fitt$ a #h tube ( #bj gauge1 & :i* c>ries ! ge>s at ea* end1 & x w be not$ t ?is is a radical *ange 9 con/ruction f ! o!r types ( *a9less cycles on ! m>ket4 ,all makes ( bevel-ge> con/ruction or o!rs1 us+ a %aft to convey ! p[] f its c5tre ( production to ! re> driv+ hub1 ins]t ! %aft inside ( ! re> =k on ! "r-h& side4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 h[ev]1 ! re> =k is inside ( ! holl[ %aft or tub+ :i* envelops :olly ! re> =k1 & is c>ri$ at bo? ends by a set ( ball be>+s4 ,! tread is #e in*es 9 wid?4 ,! frame has a #b-;in* drop at ! crank-hang]4 ,cranks h #f-;in* ?r[4 ,seatpo/ & h&leb> connections are ( ! int]nal fa/5+ /yle1 & ! :eels h lam9at$ wood rims1 rosewood f9i%1 nickel$ eyelets 9 spokeholes4 ,! weight is ab\t tw5ty-six p\nds4 ,! ge> is ! p9-roll] type1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mon>* ,,*a9less4 ,! ladies' model is ( ! same g5]al con/ruction1 except+ t ! frame is ( ! d\ble loop v>iety ) a /raight l[] tube & a p>tially curv$ upp] tube4 ,x is exce$+ly graceful 9 l9es1 & 9 g5]al appe>ance z comely a model ( ! drop frame *a9less :eel z any yet (f]$ by ,am]ican mak]s4 ,! ge>s on ! crank axle & hub resemble 9 a degree ! well-kn[n sprocket :eels1 ! ma9 diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 be+ ! tee?1 :i* are clos] toge!r & ,v-%ap$ 9 cross section1 in/ead ( f\r-sid$4 ,! driv+ %aft1 :i* fits ov] ! re> =k ( ! frame1 z be=e describ$1 is furni%$ at ea* end ) a p9ion hav+ roll]-p9 tee?1 :i* run 9 & out ( ! wide angle p9ions betwe5 ! ge> tee?4 ,x is claim$ = ?is con/ruction t1 ev5 %\ld ! frame become twi/$ out ( l9e1 !re w\ld be no b9d+ ( ! ge>s4 ,! mak]s also claim = x high effici5cy on acc\nt ( its direct lift+ action z aga9/ ! end ?ru/ ( ! bevel-ge>4 ,ano!r argum5t made 9 its favor is t x is n ( a delicate con/ruction1 ?\gh light 9 weight4 ,!re is1 inde$1 good au?ority = believ+ t ?is type ( ge>1 :i* is a modification ( ,lloyd's p9-roll] ge> z us$ on ! quadrant 9 ,engl&1 may become a popul> "o4 ,grant1 ! well-kn[n au?ority on ge>s1 says3 8,! p9 ge> is p>ticul>ly valuable :5 ! p9s are made 9 ! =m ( roll]s1 = !n ! m9imum ( friction is rea*$1 ! friction betwe5 ! too? & p91 o!rwise a slid+ friction at a l9e be>+ is1 ) a roll]-p91 a roll+ friction4 ,:5 prop]ly made !re is no =m ( too? t is sup]ior to ! p9 too?40 ,! price ( ?is *a9less bicycle w be #ajj4 ,x is furni%$ complete1 ) a neat case ov] ! ge>s4 ,9 ! sample %[n ! transmitt+ %aft has eight roll]s at ea* end4 ,! :eel hub has ?irte5 ( ! ,v-%ap$ tee?2 ! l>ge :eel on ! crank %aft has ?irty-sev51 ?is :eel be+ -in* wide at ! base ( ! tee? & ov]hang+ some:at on its inn] side4 ,! surfaces ( ! ,v-tee? are n q flat1 b h a slight twi/ 9 ord] to obta9 a m smoo? & roll+ action4 ,! frame is also peculi> at ! driv+-:eel4 ,! usual slot is pres5t1 ?r\gh :i* to remove & replace ! :eel1 b !re is no?+ resembl+ a *a9-adju/]4 ,! back /ays are lapp$ & jo9t$ j above ! hub2 ! re> =ks are also sep>able ne> ! axle4 ,! :eel be+ ?us readily remov$1 ! holl[ revolv+ %aft c be slipp$ (f ! =k :i* x encloses4 ,x is obvi\s t ! tee? ( ^! ge>s h great /r5g?1 & ! contrivance is c]ta9ly +5i\s4 ,,! ,,humb] ,,*a9less4 ,! rid]s ( ,humb] bicycles n[ h an opportunity ( exp]im5t+ at comp>atively small co/1 because ! mak]s ( ! ,humb] w conv]t an #ahih *a9 ,humb] into a ,humb] ,*a9less = #dj1 an #ahig = #ej & an #ahif = #fe1 or !y w conv]t an #ahih ,humb] ,*a9less into a ,humb] *a9 cycle = #ah at any "t dur+ ! season ( #ahih1 %\ld ! buy] n be satisfi$ ) ! *a9less1 :i* is ?\ght highly improbable1 because ! cycles !y h made = te/+ purposes run easily & smoo?ly & h prov5 /rong & durable "u sev]e usage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,humb] ,,*a9less4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,humb] ,*a9less d n claim t x runs m easily ?an ! *a9 ,humb]1 ! *a9 ( :i* is accurately made & ! sprockets accurately cut4 ,nor d !y claim t ! ge>s w n we> 9 "t4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 all well regulat$ factories to write (f #aj p] c5t4 ea* ye> = we> & te> on ma*9]y1 b !y are sure t ! spur ge> *a9less runs easily1 is simple ( con/ruction & adju/m5t1 & is n likely to get out ( ord]4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( ?is model d n diff] f ! regulation *a9 model4 ,! front ge> is #aj in*es 9 diamet] & has #abf tee?4 ,! re> ge> is #d in*es 9 diamet] & has #ej tee?4 ,betwe5 !m is an int]m$iate & connect+ ge> ( #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #abg tee?4 ,! result+ ge> ratio is #gj4 ,z two l>ge ge>s ( #abe tee? ea* w produce an exact ratio ( #gj1 ?is unev5 comb9ation is int5d$ to less5 ! frequ5cy ( contact betwe5 ! same tee?1 on ! 8odd-too?0 rule ( me*anics4 ,! int]m$iate ge> is borne 9 a small =k built f ! re> /ay to ! back =k1 ! back =k on t side be+ ( ,d section1 ?\gh r\nd on ! o!r side4 ,! workman%ip is ( ! highe/ quality1 & ! easy movem5t ( ?is model is v int]e/+4 ,x is v h>d to f9d a bicycle ( any sort to beat ?is 9 ease1 quiet & smoo?ness1 sp9n+ clean & )\t load4 ,a ge> case is (f]$ at #i extra2 a skeleton case is also (f]$ at #b4 ,! device is ! well-kn[n ,c>roll spur ge>1 ! same z us$ by ,/>buck1 ! middle-di/ance rac]1 on ! track n v long ago4 ,at fir/ sight1 x might appe> t s& & mud might create a di/urbance by edg+ !mselves into ^! small ge>s1 b ! mak]s ma9ta9 t a ge> case is unnecess>y1 because ! ge>s practically clean !mselves1 9 consequ5ce ( ea* ge> :eel runn+ 9 direction opposite to t ( its neighbor4 ,9 actual use ^u muddy roads1 ?r\gh all sorts ( wea!r1 & "u all conditions1 x is claim$ t ! spur ge>s n only did n collect mud & dirt1 b t !y actually clean$ !mselves1 & :ile x is possible t a pebble or a piece ( metal ?r[n 9 among ! tee? might cause a breakage1 x c only be said t 9 _m hundr$ miles rid+1 ! te/s hav+ be5 made "u extremely unfavorable conditions1 dur+ ra91 mud1 /orm & sn[1 no su* difficulty 0 app>5t4 ,! te/s develop$ unusual & unexpect$ qualities1 & all ! rid]s 7 fully conv9c$ ( its ?or\gh practicability4 ,,! ,,/]l+ ,,*a9less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]l+ ,,*a9less ,,crank ,,bracket4 ,9 keep+ apace ) ! times1 ! ,/]l+ ,cycle ,works ( ,*icago has produc$ a novel *a9less bicycle ( ! bevel ge> type4 ,9 its con/ruction are incorporat$ ideas :i* are dep>tures f ! *a9less models t h already appe>$4 ,9 ! ,/]l+ model ! ma9 driv+-ge> :eel is locat$ at ! c5tre ( ! crank axle4 ,! small p9ion on ! =w>d end ( ! driv+ %aft me%es on ! "r side ( ! driv+ :eel4 ,t necessitates ! ne> p9ion to engage ! tee? on re> hub1 back ( ! axle in/ead ( 9 front ( x1 z 9 "s o!r =ms ( *a9less :eels4 ,?is p]mits ! use ( ! entire l[] "r re> tube z a conta9] = ! connect+ %aft1 in/ead ( build+ a frame "w = ! support ( ! ge>s4 ,! re> :eel may be tak5 out by remov+ ! /ep nut & unscrew+ ! re> axle4 ,! two re> ge>s are made int]*angeable1 giv+ ! rid] ! advantage ( sev5ty-two or sev5ty-eight ge>$ :eel1 z may be desir$1 ) "o set ( ge>s4 ,?is w be ! /&>d equipm5t1 b ano!r option w be (f]$ by :i* ! rid] c h a comb9ation ( sixty-f\r & eighty-eight1 if he pref]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]l+ ,,*a9less ,,connect+ ,,%aft4 ,^! special features ( ! ,/]l+ *a9less con/ruction are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,! re> =k on ! ge> side has a boss 9 :i* ! axle is screw$4 ,! opposite =k end has a circul> op5+ l>g] ?an ! cross section ( ! axle & a %ort slot = ins]t+ ! axle4 ,a ?read$ sleeve fills ! circul> op5+1 :i* is also ?read$1 abutt+ aga9/ ! outside face ( ! =k end ) a %\ld]4 ,a lock-nut fits ^u ! inn] project+ portion ( ! sleeve4 ,9 assembl+1 ! :eel is fir/ m\nt$ on ! axle2 ! latt] is !n screw$ into ! =k end on ! ge> side by apply+ a wr5* on ! hexagonal portion ( ! axle project+ beyond ! hub on ! opposite side4 ,:5 ! ge>s me% prop]ly & ! lock-nut has be5 plac$ on ! left side end ( ! axle1 ! ?read$ sleeve is plac$ 9 position & ! lock-nut is tight5$4 ,! l9es ( me% along ! tee? ( bevel-ge>s or radial ge>s1 z !y are m prop]ly call$1 always po9t to a common c5tre :5 ! ge>s are 9 prop] engagem5t4 ,! common c5tre 9 ! front r[ ge>s ( a *a9less bicycle is at a po9t 9 ! axis ( ! crank %aft2 b if ! two front p9ions 7 int]*ang$ !y w\ld cease to h a common apex1 & c\ld n be made to co-op]ate4 ,) ! driv+ %aft at "r angles ) ! crank %aft & ! re> axle1 ! p9ions 9 front z well z 9 ! re> c\ld be made int]*angeable only at a pit* ( =ty-five degrees1 :i* w\ld make ! int]*angeability ( no value4 ,) ! driv+ %aft at ano!r angle ) ! re> axle1 z 9 all *a9less bicycles1 x is possible to s proportion ! two re> p9ions t ! me% l9es po9t to ! same c5tre :e!r ! small] p9ion is on ! hub or on ! driv+ %aft4 ,! possibility is limit$ to two sets ( int]*angeable ge>s = any giv5 angle ( ! driv+ %aft1 :i* has be5 tak5 advantage ( by ! ,/]l+ ,company4 ,! ,/]l+ ,*a9less w be made 9 two models2 "o = m5 & a drop frame design = wom54 ,ea* li/s at #abe4 ,,! ,,dayton ,,*a9less4 ,?is *a9less :eel is con/ruct$ on an entirely new & di/9ct pr9ciple by :i* all be>+ po9ts ( ! transmitt+ me*anism are incas$ & made absolutely pro( aga9/ du/1 dirt & wea!r conditions4 ,! mo/ noticeable "p ( ?is con/ruction is ! transmission ( motive p[] to ! re> hub1 equally on bo? sides ( ! frame1 ?is action be+ cont9u\s at all times4 ,x !re=e ga9s ov] a bevel-ge> con/ruction n only ! advantage ( elim9at+ ! friction always pres5t 9 a cog ge>1 b also removes ! dang] ( spr++ ! re> =ks out ( l9e by a sudd5 /ra91 :i* has be5 s difficult 9 all *a9less :eels h]et(ore produc$4 ,! crank-hang] ( ?is :eel consi/s ( a /eel box 9 :i* is locat$ ! ge>+ me*anism4 ,)9 ?is box are two d\ble-flang$1 not*$ pulleys1 ov] :i* runs a l9k belt especially made & design$ = ?is con/ruction4 ,^! pulleys are plac$ on ! c5tral l9e ( ! bicycle1 ! l>g] or front pulley :i* corresponds to ! driv+ sprocket on ! *a9 :eel1 be+ secur$ to ! driv+ crank axle by means ( a ?read & held 9 place by a rev]s$ ?read$ lock-nut4 ,! small] or re> pulley is made 9 "o piece ) a crank axle1 hav+ on ea* end %ort cranks set qu>t]+4 ,on ea* side ( ! frame1 a ,pitman or connect+ rod ext5ds f ! %ort crank on ! auxili>y axle 9 ! crank box to a simil> crank atta*$ to ea* side ( ! re> hub1 a du/-pro( ball be>+ be+ provid$ at ea* end ( ! ,pitman rod4 ,! re> hub be+ j\rnal$ 9 ball be>+ 9 ! re> =k & fitt+s1 is =c$ to revolve 9 unison ) ! auxili>y axle by ! connection =m$ ?r\gh ! correspond+ cranks & connect+ rod on ea* side4 ,a dead c5tre is prev5t$ by ! ,pitman crank be+ set qu>t]+1 z expla9$4 ,an ecc5tric adju/m5t is provid$ at ! front be>+ ( ea* ,pitman rod1 mak+ x possible to slightly v>y ! l5g? ( ! rod :5 necess>y4 ,?is adju/m5t c be effect$ z easily z ! adju/m5t ( a *a9 on ! ord9>y type ( :eel4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! driv+ belt is also readily effect$ by m\nt+ ! front or driv+ crank %aft 9 an ecc5tric on ! hang] box+4 ,! tread ( ! ma*9e is made z n>r[ z possible by ! use ( flatt5$ tub+ 9 ! re> =ks1 & by crank+ ! driv+ rods1 ! crank portion be+ re9=c$ by a =g$ connection4 ,! outw>d appe>ance ( ! :eel is attractive1 & 9 quality ( mat]ial & workman%ip1 & elegance ( f9i%1 x upholds ! /&>d h]et(ore ma9ta9$ on all products ( ! ,dayton factory4 ,x is claim$ t ?is con/ruction produc$ less friction ?an any bevel-ge> *a9less :eel1 9 addition to ! o!r important features notic$4 ,,! ,,bayvelg]e ,,*a9less4 ,! ,bayvelg]e1 :i* 0 at la/ ye>'s %[ & impress$ u z ! mo/ decid$ /ep 9 *a9less driv+ up to t "t1 appe>s n[ 9 a rebuilt & mat]ially improv$ =m4 ,9 a g5]al way1 x looks ext]nally mu* l o!r *a9less bicycles ( ! bevel-ge> class1 & !re=e does n ne$ to be %[n by a cut z a :ole4 ,! connect+ %aft1 z be=e1 is made sep>ate f ! two ends :i* c>ry ! bevel p9ions4 ,! %aft prop] t]m9ates at ea* end 9 f\r %ort p9s ) r\nd$ & slightly enl>g$ ends2 ^! p9s ent] correspond+ receptacles 9 ! two pieces :i* c>ry ! p9ions1 & :5 9 position ?us ! entire %aft is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bayvelg]e ,,jo9t$ ,,%aft4 ,! effect is a sort ( ball-&-socket jo9t2 ! p9s & receptacles toge!r =m a semi-univ]sal or toggle jo9t1 te*nically call$ a 8f\r-p9ion toggle40 ,s long z ! frame is 9 l9e1 ?is device rema9s in]t & ! work+ is ! same z t ( a rigid %aft2 b if ! frame %\ld become sprung by /ra9+ or accid5t ! flexibility comes into action & ! p[] is c>ri$ f crank axle to :eel axle )\t ! slighte/ twi/+ or b9d+1 :]eas any su* condition ( di/urb$ alignm5t w necess>ily cause s]i\s b9d+ on any con/ruction ) a rigid %aft4 ,9 bo? design & c>ry+ out1 ?is device is ?or\ghly me*anical & practical4 ,x is %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,:5 p[] is appli$ to ! crank axle1 x is claim$1 !re is a t5d5cy to pu% ! small p9ion re>w>d1 because ! faces ( ! two bevels at t place are incl9$ t[>d ea* o!r1 & s "o presses on ! o!r l two w$ges4 ,o!r bevel-ge>$ patt]ns h only a s+le r[ ( balls at ea* end ( ! %aft1 & x is claim$ by ! ,bayvelg]e p t :5 ! %aft is ?us press$ re>w>d !re is no?+ to hold x1 & ! p9ion on its end is cr[d$ h>d aga9/ ! p9ion on ! :eel hub1 ?us produc+ extra friction & p]haps a deadlock2 su* a deadlock ( ! ge>s is also liable to occur if ! bicycle falls ov] & ! bl[ drives ! ge> on ! crank axle %>ply aga9/ ! p9ion :i* me%es ) x4 ,conc$+ ?is to be s1 ! precaution aga9/ x tak5 on ! ,bayvelg]e1 & =m+ an important po9t 9 its pat5t claim1 is c]ta9ly practical4 ,?is precaution consi/s 9 plac+ a d\ble r[ ( balls at ea* end ( ! %aft 7i4e41 on ea* ( ! p9ions7 & z ^! r[s face 9 opposite directions any re>w>d ?ru/ on ! %aft is met by "o ( ! r[s ( balls on ! back p9ion2 moreov]1 !re is a little space at ea* ( ! toggle jo9ts above describ$1 & ?is space mu/ be tak5 up be=e any end ?ru/ on ! %aft c affect ! me%+ ( ! ge>s4 ,?is con/ruction1 toge!r ) ! mann] ( fix+ ! ge>s 9 ! frame--a me?od :i* _c be %[n )\t too mu* detail & sev]al cuts--is claim$ to greatly facilitate plac+ ! p>ts toge!r & to make _! action easi] & _! endurance bett]4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 ea* pair ( bevels is claim$ to be indep5d5t & to be capable ( tak+ c>e ( itself 9 adju/m5t & runn+1 :ile ! flexible %aft m]ely c>ries p[] f "o to ! o!r )\t any effect to di/urb ei!r4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,mung] is 9 *>ge ( ! works z design]4 ,! price ( ! ,bayvelg]e is #ajj4 ,,! ,,hildick ,,*a9less4 ,! ,hildick is a spur ge>1 an evolution f ! ,g5try ( la/ ye>'s %[4 ,x has only "o int]m$iate ge>1 :i* is v novel 9 be+ a :eel )\t spokes or hub1 s to speak1 s9ce x is rim only4 ,! front sprocket becomes a spur ge> ( #h in*es diamet] & #ie tee?2 ! re> sprocket becomes "o ( #c in*es diamet] & #ce tee?2 ! two are connect$ by an int]m$iate ( #ac in*es diamet] & #aef tee?4 ,?is l>ge ge> consi/s ( a r light r+ :i* is held on ! "r =k by a small clip ) screw-bolt & nut at ei!r side2 ?is r+1 :i* ( c\rse is /ation>y1 is groov$ ar\nd its out] edge4 ,! too!d r+1 simil>ly groov$ on its inn] edge1 runs ar\nd ^u ! fix$ r+1 #ajh #c_/af balls be+ plac$ )9 to make a ball be>+4 ,z ! too!d r+ is cont9u\s1 no way ( gett+ ! balls 9 appe>s at fir/2 b a clos] inspection %[s t on ! back side !re is a small op5+ 9 ! fix$ r+1 cov]$ by a removable plate1 ?r\gh :i* ! balls are introduc$4 ,!re is no adju/ability provid$ = ?is ball be>+1 b ! ?ree ge>s c be set into exact di/ances at ! pit* l9e by ! usual *a9-adju/] at ! re>4 ,! ge> ratio ^u ! sample is #gf1 b v>iations 9 ratio c be obta9$ ) ?is arrangem5t ) less difficulty ?an ) o!r =ms ( *a9less4 ,ano!r feature is t ! device is easily removable4 ,! front ge> c be int]*ang$ ) ! usual sprocket1 s9ce x goes on ! regul> 8spid]20 ! back ge> is almo/ z readily sub/itut$ = ! back sprocket2 ! fix$ r+1 ) its runn+ too!d r+ on x1 c be put on ! =k or remov$ by h&l+ ! simple fa/5+s4 ,a claim is !re=e made t ! device is applicable to any bicycle 7) ! usual di/ance betwe5 axles1 ( c\rse7 s t :oev] wants to try *a9less driv+ c d x )\t be+ committ$ !reto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,hildick ,,*a9less4 ,! price ( ! ,hildick *a9less bicycle complete is #fj1 & ! int5tion is also to sell ! special p>ts necess>y to conv]t a *a9-driv] = #be4 ,! int]m$iate ge> has ! advantage ( a be>+ ( extraord9>y diamet]1 :i* w be a help :5 wr5*+ /ra9s come4 ,! con/ruction is c]ta9ly clev] & +5i\s & a va/ advance on ! =m] ef=t ( its inv5tor4 ,h[ well ?is device = *a9less driv+ w /& ! rack & te/ ( actual use 9 ! b&s ( all sorts ( p "t w %[1 z x w 7& z no?+ else c7 9 ! case ( all devices :i* are n hopeless f ! />t4 ,we ?9k ! ,hildick wor? ent]+ = trial ) ! re/4 ,,! ,,cresc5t ,,*a9less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,! ,,cresc5t ,,*a9less4 ,! ,cresc5t *a9less is ( ! bevel-ge> class1 hav+ its re> p9ion on ! =w>d side ( ! :eel hub1 ! %aft pass+ ?r\gh ! "r =k4 ,its mo/ di/9ctive visible feature is ! broad ,u :i* holds ! :eel4 ,?is broad ,u or lat*-piece has ! :eel sp9dle c>ri$ 9 an op5 hole or slot 9 ! bridge ov] x1 s t ! :eel c be )drawn & replac$ z readily & 9 ! same mann] z on ! usual *a9 models2 ! appe>ance at ?is po9t w at once di/+ui% ! ,cresc5t f all o!rs1 at a glance4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is t ! re> :eel is readily adju/$ lat]ally on its sp9dle1 s t ! fit ( ! two ge>s is 9 easy control4 ,by loos5+ ! two nuts outside ! :eel1 ! re> :eel slips out1 & by loos5+ ! nuts on ! sp9dle itself its position is adju/able s z to make a prop] fit ( ! two ge>s4 ,! :eel c be remov$ & replac$ )\t di/urb+ ! be>+ adju/m5t1 & ! hub ge> goes on int]*angeably ) ! usual sprocket1 s t if ! :eel itself %\ld break d[n a *a9 :eel c\ld be tak5 (f ano!r bicycle & sub/itut$2 ! crank axle1 be>+ nuts1 etc41 are simil>ly int]*angeable betwe5 ! *a9less & ! *a9 models4 ,! re> hub has tw5ty-f\r tee?2 ! %aft has tw5ty-?ree at ! re> & fifte5 at ! front1 :]e x me%es ) =ty on ! crank axle ge>4 ,ball reta9]s are us$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! ge>s !mselves =m cones = ! be>+s4 ,felt wa%]s are fitt$1 except t ! be>+s 9 front are protect$ by ! wa%] directly beh9d ! circul> cov] plate :i* is set into ! enl>g$ end ( ! crank hang]4 ,sev]al ( ! :eels h be5 subject$ to sev]e te/s "u bo? ord9>y & extraord9>y road & wea!r conditions1 & we le>n h respond$ admirably 9 e in/ance4 ,! price is #ge4 ,,! ,,craw=d ,,*a9less4 ,! ,craw=d *a9less is ( ! bevel type1 & has its driv+ memb]s 9 ! same positions relative to ea* o!r z mo/ ( ! o!r models1 b x is di/9ctive 9 hav+1 app>5tly1 ! =k drive in/ead ( ! c5tral %aft4 ,t is1 z is sometimes on ! ,fr5* ,acat5e & 9 ! models ) ! ,sag] p9-roll] ge> z ?us f> made1 ! driv+ %aft is tubul> & takes ! place ( ! usual =k1 c>ry+ ! p9ions on its ends1 :ile ! /ay is a /\t rod p>allel+ ?is %aft & )9 x1 runn+ f crank axle to :eel hub & fa/5+ at ea* end ) a nut4 ,! lef?& side has a simil> /ay rod )9 ! fix$ tube1 s t ! frame is especially /iff4 ,! :eel hub has tw5ty-f\r tee? & ! %aft has tw5ty-?ree at ! re>1 z usual2 b at ! front are eighte51 driv5 by =ty-eight4 ,z ! ,craw=d *a9less is "u lic5se f ! ,pope ,company1 "s comm5t has be5 caus$ by its ann\nc$ price ( #ge1 b ! explanation is (f]$ t an exception 0 made 9 case ( ?is model because x uses only "s ( ! pat5ts held by ! ,pope ,company4 ,,! ,,dayton ,,*a9less4 ,! ,dayton *a9less has be5 already describ$1 b we are n[ able to furni% cuts4 ,x is ( ! locomotive or d\ble-crank con/ruction1 sub/antially z %[n two ye>s ago "u ! "n ( ! ,loco or ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,a d\ble-flang$ not*$ pulley1 ) a l9k belt1 equival5t to a c5trally not*$ sprocket & *a91 runs )9 ! crank bracket1 work+ c5trally & tightly enclos$4 ,?is is necess>y to obta9 spe$+ up & to pres]ve motion 9 ! =w>d direction4 ,adju/m5t ( t5sion is by an ecc5tric on ! crank axle4 ,! small pulley is "o piece ) a pair ( %ort cranks set at "r angles or qu>t]+1 & ^! "w connect+ rods1 ^: l5g? is slightly v>iable :5 necess>y by means ( an ecc5tric adju/m5t at ! =w>d end4 ,e be>+ is a ball be>+1 ( c\rse4 ,! re> =ks are ( ,d tub+1 & n>r[ness ( tread is fur!r atta9$ by 8crank+0 ! connect+ rods1 ! portion ?us b5t be+ re9=c$ to avoid weak5+4 ,= ?is type ( *a9less ! foll[+ is claim$3 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dayton ,,*a9less4 8,its mo/ important advantage is d]iv$ f ! equal transmission ( motive p[] on bo? sides ( ! frame f ! crank-hang] to ! re> hub4 ,?is equal division ( p[] transmission is bo? con/ant & cont9u\s4 ,n only is mu* ( ! friction ( a bevel-ge> elim9at$1 b ! dang] ( spr++ ! re> =k out ( l9e by a sudd5 /ra9 is completely remov$4 ,all be>+ po9ts ( ! transmitt+ me*anism are encas$ & made absolutely wea!r pro(40 ,:atev] view is held reg>d+ ! me*anical advantage or disadvantage ( ?is me?od ( transmitt+ p[] = bicycle purposes1 !re c be no d\bt t !re is "s b5efit f ! alt]nation ( driv+ /ra9s f "o side to ! o!r1 in/ead ( hav+ !m only on "o side1 & also t ! complete inclosure ( ! driv+ p>ts is a b5efit4 ,b us]s ( ?is type ( bicycle mu/ le>n to m\nt )\t a /ep1 s9ce none c be fitt$1 on acc\nt ( ! crank action on ! re> :eel4 ,,! ,,fea!r/one ,,*a9less4 ,! ,fea!r/one *a9less1 call$ ! 8,k+10 9 ord] to mat* ) ! "n borne by ! l9e ( bicycles made by ?is conc]n1 is ( ! same type z ! =ego+ 9 respect ( driv+1 b embodies new & peculi> features1 :i* are 9 ! pat5t rec5tly issu$ to ,mi*ael ,mc,ameny ( ,d5v]4 ,d\ble driv+ rods are us$ ) two pairs ( %ort cranks1 & ! rods are made slightly adju/able 9 l5g? at _! re> ends z indicat$ 9 ! cut4 ,x is claim$1 h[ev]1 t :5 ^! rods are once prop]ly adju/$1 !y w ne$ no fur!r att5tion1 8z ! driv+ connection itself adds to ! rigidity ( ! l[] frame memb]s ( ! ma*9e & prev5ts any v>iation 9 ! di/ance f re> :eel hub to ! crank %aft & ! o!r %afts 9 ! crank-hang] case40 ,z ! cut %[s1 ?is hang] conta9s ?ree %afts in/ead ( two4 ,! ?ird "o is necess>y because--s9ce a spur ge> is us$ in/ead ( a 8l9k belt0 or *a9--a second rev]s+ ( ! direction ( movem5t is complet$ 9 ord] to avoid ! dilemma :i* "o ( ! witless inv5tors ^: contrivances 7 describ$ 9 our article ( a week ago accept$ )\t hesitation1 namely1 t ei!r ! bicycle :eel mu/ travel backw>d or ! rid] mu/ p$al backw>d4 ,! p$als be+ run 9 ! =w>d direction1 ! crank %aft is driv5 =w>d & ! %aft ge>+ ) x runs backw>d2 ! ?ird %aft ge>+ ) t1 ( c\rse1 runs =w>d aga91 & ?is c>ries ! pairs ( cranks :i* "w ! :eel4 ,?is introduction ( a ?ird %aft )9 ! hang] 7:i* is avoidable only by us+ a belt or an int]nal ge>7 is clev]ly utiliz$ to produce ! novelty ( *a9less driv+1 comb9$ ) a *angeable ge> hav+ two spe$s & ! old notion ( mak+ ! p$als footre/s at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fea!r/one 8,,*ange ,,ge>0 ,,*a9less4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! results are accompli%$ c be made out by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! sectional cut ( ! int]ior ( ! crank hang]1 = :i* cut 7exclusive ( ! lett]+ & description7 we are indebt$ to ! ,cycle ,age4 ,ge> m>k$ #a is firmly atta*$ to ! crank %aft & /&s at ! top1 z %[n 9 ! cut ( ! bicycle4 ,?is ge> #a me%es into ! "o m>k$ x-#a-x1 & ?is latt] "o1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 is plac$ betwe5 ge>s #b & #bx1 :i* are on ! same %aft2 ! ?ree are on "o %aft 7! "o indicat$ j =w>d ( ! crank71 b are n 9 any way fa/ to "o ano!r except by a device to be pres5tly m5tion$4 ,ge> #b 7! l>g] ( ! two ^: tee? are %[n1 ! ge> x-#a-x be+ conceal$ betwe5 !m7 me%es ) ge> #cx on ! ?ird & re>w>d %aft1 ?is ge> be+ %[n 9 dott$ l9es because x is hidd5 beh9d its l>g] fell[1 ge> #c2 ge> #bx 9 its turn me%es ) ge> #c4 ,!re are 9 all six spur p9ions or ge>s )9 ! crank-hang]4 ,! pair on ! re>w>d %aft1 ge>s #c & #cx1 are fa/ on ! same %aft1 & h5ce mu/ revolve at ! same spe$4 ,! %aft m>k$ ,c is holl[ or slott$ & conta9s :at is kn[n z a slid+ clut*1 op]at$ by ! small rod or cord & little crank %[n rea*+ up to ! top b> ( ! bicycle4 ,ge> #a1 be+ fa/ on ! p$al %aft1 runs ) ! p$als1 & ( c\rse c>ries ) x ge> x-#a-x4 ,n[ if ! clut* j m5tion$ makes ge> #b fa/ to x-#a-x1 ! motion ( ge> #b is c>ri$ to ge> #cx & to ! %aft ( ?is latt] ge> are atta*$ ! pair ( outside cranks :i* drive ! o!r pair on ! re> :eel by means ( ! connect+ rods1 s ! bicycle is driv5 at a c]ta9 spe$4 ,if ! clut* makes ge> #bx fa/ to x-#a-x1 !n ! motion ( #bx is c>ri$ to ge> #c1 & ! drive cranks & drive rods are run at ano!r rate ( spe$1 sl[] ?an be=e4 ,:5 ! clut* makes x-#a-x fa/ to ei!r ge> #b or ge> #bx1 x causes x to let g ( ! o!r "o1 & t o!r "o1 ?us releas$1 runs ar\nd on ! %aft indep5d5tly1 at ! rate x is c>ri$ by its connection ) ! ge> back ( x4 ,:5 ! clut* is mov$ into ! 8midway0 position ge> x-#a-x does n grip ei!r ( its neighbors on ! %aft2 !n ! feet c be held /ill on ! p$als1 ge>s #a & x-#a-x be+ /ation>y :ile ! o!r f\r run along ) ! bicycle until ano!r movem5t ( ! %ift+ clut* locks ei!r #b or #bx ) ge> #a & ! p$al %aft z already describ$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is arrangem5t does n int]f]e ) back p$all+1 z usual1 unless ! clut* is mov$ s z to ?r[ ! ge>s out ( me%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fea!r/one ,,*a9less ,,crank ,,hang]--,,sectional ,,view4 ,! ge> ratios provid$ are regul>ly to be sev5ty-f\r & fifty-?ree4 ,x w p]haps be fair1 hav+ describ$ ! work+ ( ?is device1 to all[ ! mak]s to /ate _! own g5]al description & _! claims = x3 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,dayton ,,*a9less4 8,! :ole ma*9e 9 g5]al con/ruction--frame1 front =ks1 h&leb>s1 :eel1 front hub1 cranks & p$als--is our own regul> highe/ grade "w1 z us$ on ! ,road ,k+4 ,! re> hub is s con/ruct$ t ! :eel c be remov$ or return$ to frame = repair+ tire )\t di/urb+ ! adju/m5t ( ! be>+s4 ,! front :eel is removable1 same z 9 o!r bicycles4 ,all be>+s1 includ+ connections on side rods1 are ball be>+s4 8,z ! p[] is appli$ ev5ly f bo? sides1 & ! ge>s us$ = driv+ are at c5tre ( crank-hang] box 9 frame1 ! c5tre ( gravity is =w>d ( ! rid]1 :]e x %\ld be1 same z 9 regul> *a9 :eels4 ,?is is a v important feature1 & insures = ?is sy/em a v mat]ial po9t ( sup]iority ov] o!r *a9less bicycles--t ( lightness1 p]fection ( balance & great /r5g?4 ,ano!r v important feature is ! durability & lack ( att5tion requir$4 ,! *a9 on *a9 :eels requires a great deal ( att5tion1 :ile ! driv+ me*anism ( ?is :eel requires only prop] adju/m5t at fir/1 & !n v limit$ att5tion at long int]vals4 8,! driv+ rods 9 connection ) ! divid$ crank axle be+ easily & entirely deta*able f ei!r side1 9 case ( accid5t1 %\ld "o p$al1 crank or driv+ rod on same side be brok51 ! brok5 p>ts c be imm$iately deta*$ & ! rid] c cont9ue 8 j\rney )\t tr\ble or delay1 us+ ! rema9+ drives on opposite side4 ,! ma*9e is a m>vel ( f9e me*anical skill1 c>ri$ to a po9t describ$ be/ by ! ^w #8frictionless4'0 ,,"s ,,d$uctions4 ,:atev] peculi>ities are involv$ 9 driv+ a bicycle by ?is me?od w be %>$ equally by ! ,dayton & ! ,fea!r/one1 ! *ange ge> ( ! latt]1 ( c\rse1 except$2 & :at inconv5i5ce may be f\nd f lack ( a /ep w p]ta9 to bo?4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! ,fea!r/one catalogue1 above quot$1 t 9 case ( breakage ( ! driv+ ge> on "o side ! rid] c cont9ue 8 j\rney )\t tr\ble or delay by us+ ! driv]s on ! rema9+ side 0 evid5tly made )\t hav+ tri$ ! exp]im5t or hav+ talk$ ) a locomotive eng9e] ab\t x4 ,9 any *ange ( ge> :i* %ifts a p9ion into or out ( engagem5t ) ano!r1 !re is always liability to a %ock or j> z ! tee? ( "o slip into ! spaces 9 ! o!r1 & ?is w occur :e!r ! engag+ p9ion is mov$ directly =w>d 9 ! same plane ) ! o!r or f "o side4 ,! %ift+ clut* on ! ,fea!r/one *a9less probably resembles a p9ion ) only a s+le too?1 :i* too? is to ent] & cat* 9 a s+le space4 ,h[ f> ?is clut* w be able to avoid ! usual drawbacks ( %ifts 9 practice "t mu/ det]m9e2 we _c speak f obs]vation1 = no specim5 ( ! bicycle has come ea/w>d z yet4 ,z illu/rat+ ! some:at unc]ta9 op]ation ( *ange ge>s1 an incid5t :i* occurr$ to a c]ta9 rid] comes to m9d4 ,"s ye>s ago he 0 convoy+ a small p>ty ov] a c\ntry road1 be+ himself m\nt$ on a bicycle fitt$ ) a 8,hy-,lo0 ge> :i* he 0 te/+4 ,:ile climb+ a hill & ne>ly at its top1 ! jolt by unexpect$ly /rik+ a brick caus$ 8 knee to hit ! tripp+ device :i* gov]n$ ! %ift1 & ?is mov$ ! ge> into midway position2 ! p$als !n 8became footre/s10 & ! bicycle began to back ) its rid] d[n ! hill1 paw+ ! air ineffectually ) 8 feet1 until he 0 l&$ 9 a blackb]ry bu% at ! bottom1 greatly to ! amusem5t ( 8 companions & to 8 own discomfiture1 z he _h j be5 k9dly 8coa*+0 "o ( !m z to ! be/ way to ov]come a grade4 ,!re may be "s "q1 9 g5]al1 z to :e!r *ang+ ge> at w might n1 9 practice1 prove less desirable ?an we are all dispos$ to imag9e1 & = ?is reason3 ! le>n] f9ds ! bicycle v fatigu+1 p>tly f ! n]v\s /ra9 & p>tly because ! muscles are put to a /range s]vice2 !y become wont$ to t s]vice 9 "t & cease to tr\ble1 b if ! ge> ratio c\ld be readily *ang$ :ile rid+ 7z !oretically seems desirable7 ! rhy?m ( p$all+ might be s di/urb$ z to measurably br+ back ! orig9al fatigue4 ,,! ,,p9e ,,*a9less4 ,! ,p9e *a9less1 locat$ at #bc ,duane /reet1 is a model /ill beh9d1 s t we h n be5 able to see a f9i%$ sample or ev5 any work+ "p4 ,! g5]al appe>ance is t ( ! ,sag] ge>1 ! %aft be+ tubul> & revolv+ outside ! /ay z 9 t type4 ,! ge>s are claim$ to be really spur ge>s ) tee? cut squ>e2 t is1 ess5tially s1 = !re mu/ be "s slight modification1 z x is n z if two ord9>y spur ge>s 7 plac$ at "r angles & made to me% 9 t position4 ,! tee?1 h[ev]1 are said to be squ>e-cut1 n radial2 _! sides are p>allel1 h5ce n po9t+ to ! c5tre2 ! tee? are cut 9 a sort ( tr\gh1 leav+ a m>g9 or holl[ at _! ends4 ,! inv5tor t]ms 8 ge> a 8face0 ge>1 & makes = x a numb] ( claims1 "o ( :i* is t he c & w conv]t any *a9 :eel into a ,p9e *a9less at a co/ ( ab\t #bj4 ,he lik5s 8 ge>1 9 work+1 to ! famili> brea/ drill1 except t ! drill has its tee? some:at bevell$4 ,if simplicity c\pl$ ) great /r5g? & rigidity ( frame1 toge!r ) *eap con/ruction & smoo? & quiet action1 are atta9$ by ?is ge>1 z expect$1 x w evid5tly score a po9t among *a9less models2 b t /raight-cut tee? c int]act successfully at all ) ge>s set at "r angles or ne>ly s is contr>y to all ideas h]et(ore1 & 9 ! lack ( a model = exam9ation we mu/ =be> any op9ion4 ,! inv5tor's own description is app5d$ 9 ju/ice to him3 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9e 8,,squ>e-,,too?0 ,,*a9less4 8,?is inv5tion relates to driv+ or propell+ me*anism applicable to v>i\s ma*9es or vehicles1 b int5d$ p>ticul>ly = bicycles4 ,x comprises ma9ly a sprocket :eel c>ri$ by ! crank %aft ) /raight tee? on ! inn] face on a rais$ edge1 s cut ^u a new pr9ciple & arrang$ to me% ) a spur or p9ion fix$ at "o end ( a tube1 :i* revolves on ball be>+s arrang$ on re>-=k sides or rod ) ano!r ge> or sprocket1 ! opposite end ( said tube hav+ also a spur or p9ion me%+ ) ano!r sprocket secur$ to re> hub cut 9 a simil> mann] z front sprocket4 ,! driv+ p[] be+ transmitt$ f front sprocket or ge> by %aft tube to re> ge> or sprocket1 all be+ suitably secur$ z above /at$ to frame ^u re> =k rotatably support$ by ball be>+s connect$ to ! frame & =ks4 8,?is does precisely :at has always be5 acc\nt$ to be out ( ! "q & confutes bo? !oretical & practical me*anics4 ,x is a ge> t turns ! corn] by means ( squ>e cut tee? t me% directly in/ead ( by means ( bevel tee?1 & we call x a face ge>4 ,x has g5]ally be5 ! accept$ rule t 9 ord] to transmit p[] f "o %aft to ano!r runn+ at "r angles by means ( cogs ! cogs mu/ be ,v-%ap$ & cut on a bevel plane4 ,spur ge>s h hi!rto be5 us$ only = engagem5ts betwe5 :eels turn+ 9 a direct l9e ) ea* o!r2 our new *a9less looks mu* l a bevel-ge> :eel at fir/ glance1 b a clos] inspection %[s t ! tee? on ! inside ( front sprocket or p9ion :eel z well z ^? on ! driv+ %aft are p]fectly squ>e & me% toge!r z spur ge>s40 ,,! 8,,engli%0 ,,*a9less4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,engli% ( ,no4 #ada ,c5tre /reet1 ?is city1 =m]ly ( ,edison's /aff1 has produc$ a sample ( a *a9less = :i* he has nei!r "n nor facilities = production z yet4 ,x uses ! ,crypto int]nal ge> 9 pr9ciple ( op]ation1 ! same z on ! ,bantam4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is ge> is t :5 a p9ion on a crank or arm is c>ri$ ar\nd :ile 9 me% ) an int]nally-too!d rack or r+1 :i* is itself held fa/ aga9/ revolv+1 ! p9ion rotates on its own axis ) an accel]at$ velocity1 & ( c\rse x mu/ imp>t su* increas$ velocity to any :eel ) :i* x is 89 t\*40 ,?is may s\nd complicat$1 b if ! read] w c>efully exam9e ! cut he w n f9d x h>d to und]/&4 ,"h ! ge>+ is )9 :at appe>s to be a box-l hub4 ,! disk 9 :i* ! spokes are head$ is indep5d5t ( ! too!d rack1 b is fa/ to ! c5tral p9ion2 ! too!d rack is a "p ( ! framework & _c turn4 ,n[1 :5 ! p9ion :i* me%es 9 ! rack is c>ri$ ar\nd ! circle by ! %ort arm or crank :i* holds x 7)9 ! 8box07 x is pla9 t ?is p9ion rolls ar\nd ^u ! tee? ( ! rack4 ,roll+ ?us1 z ! rack is l>g] ?an ! p9ion1 hav+ #c times z _m tee?1 ! p9ion mu/ make #c turns on its own axis :ile x is c>ri$ once ar\nd ^u ! rack4 ,b ?is p9ion _c turn )\t turn+ ! c5tral p9ion ) :i* x is 9 me% 7j z on ! ,bantam71 & ! c5tral p9ion is fa/ to ! driv+ :eel2 s ! :eel itself is driv51 too4 ,! sample ge> ratio is #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,engli%0 ,,*a9less4 ,illu/ration ,! lev] measures #d in*es betwe5 its fulcrum & ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! crank1 & #ad in*es betwe5 ! crank p9 & ! p$al4 ,! crank itself is only #a in*es long1 be+ s+ul>ly %ort z comp>$ ) usual crank l5g?s 9 direct driv+4 ,! p9ion on ! crank is #a in* 9 diamet]1 ) #ad tee?2 ! c5tral p9ion is #a in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #ba tee?2 ! fix$ rack is #c in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #di tee?1 all ! tee? us$ ?us be+ ( 8#ad pit*40 ,! /roke ( ! p$al is #g in*es 9 ea* direction4 ,hav+ a rock+ movem5t necess>ily1 ! pa? ( ! p$al is n an arc ( a circle1 b is peculi>1 be+ some:at l a b[ & its /r+ 9 %ape1 ! d[n /roke be+ 9 ! 8b[0 & ! return /roke 9 ! 8/r+10 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,! p$al also has ! some:at irregul> motion & ! 8quick return0 *>act]i/ic ( ! old ,facile1 & ( all lev]s :i* are atta*$ to cranks4 ,! fulcrum ( ?is lev]1 z appe>s 9 ! cut1 & z evid5tly mu/ be ! case1 is n fix$ 9 all directions1 b slides back & =?1 giv+ ! p$al a "p ( ! peculi> motion ( ! latt]4 ,summ+ up ?is device1 we mu/ say t its disadvantages are 9 ! direction ( "s complexity ( /ructure1 weight1 & :at seems at pres5t view insuffici5t crank ?r[1 ) ! insep>able drawbacks ( lev]-driv+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lev] has "s good po9ts1 among !m all t is 9 ! v]tical position ( ! rid]1 ! ge> con/ruction supplies its own enclosure aga9/ dirt1 & ! ge>s are ( ! simple spur v>iety1 ?us escap+ any di/9ctive tr\bles ( ! bevel-ge>4 ,argu+ f ! full trial on ! ,bantam1 ?is ge> may be expect$ to run well & h good endurance if prop]ly made4 ,,*a9less ,,evolution ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,z already rem>k$1 ,engl& has ?us f> tak5 little int]e/ 9 ! pres5t movem5t to revive *a9less driv+4 ,"o ( ! lead+ trade j\rnals 7! fir/ "o f\nd$ aft] ! cycle era really began1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago7 h>dly conceals its contempt ( ! movem5t1 especially ( bevel-ge>s2 ano!r1 9 a p>agraph quot$ fur!r on1 admits t su* ge>s h n yet _h a conclusive practical te/1 & t !re may be a future = !m 9 cycl+1 n[ t _! con/ruction is s mu* improv$4 ,! reason :y s little int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 ! subject is t ,engl&1 9 common ) o!r cycl+ c\ntries ( ,europe1 has be51 on ! :ole1 satisfi$ ) *a9-driv+4 ,z an illu/ration1 "o mak] n[ takes occasion to adv]tise 8,! ,engli% ,sunbeam--eight ye>s ahead ( ,am]ican cycles10 & !n he proce$s to expla9 ?us3 8,a lead+ ,am]ican firm h j issu$ _! #ahih ,catalogue1 giv+ reasons :y _! new ,*a9less ,cycle is an improvem5t on all exi/+ ,am]ican ma*9es4 ,!y say ! new me*anism is easi] to keep clean--has no backla%--no tee? to cat*--is ?or\ghly lubricat$--is wea!r-pro(--does n we>--does n lose pit*4 ,n[ ! ,sunbeam1 ?anks to its little oil-ba? du/-pro( ge> case1 has _h all ^! advantages s9ce #ahij4 ,n[ y "k :y ,sunbeams g60 ,yet1 z "o ( ^! j\rnals puts x1 8! vogue :i* has be5 giv5 to ! *a9less bicycle by ! boom+ ( ! ,columbia bevel-ge> has br\ght out all sorts ( exp$i5ts = suppress+ ! *a940 ,a few ( ^! appe>$ at ! rec5t exhibition 9 ,p>is1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 almo/ exclusively ,am]ican2 at ! ,engli% %[s ?is w9t] ! ,columbia & ! ,quadrant 7 ! sole specim5s ( any consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 8,,engli%0 ,,*a9less ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,:5 ! re>-driv+ *a9 :eel began to press ! 8good old ord9>y0 out ( ! field ! latt] endeavor$ to compromise ^u a modifi$ patt]n call$ ! 8,rational40 ,! *anges 7 few & simple4 ,! back :eel 0 enl>g$ to #bb in*es diamet] & f9ally to #bd2 ! backw>d 8rake0 ( ! front =k 0 made #b & next #d in*es2 ! saddle 0 plac$ fur!r back1 & ?us1 ) a crank l5g!n$ to #g in*es1 ! rid] 0 able to use a :eel two sizes small] ?an =m]ly4 ,?is con/ruction 0 mu* ne>] to safety f 8head]s10 b aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s ! rationaliz$ 8ord9>y0 _h to give up ! /ruggle4 ,x 0 succe$$ by ! ge>$ ord9>y1 :i* favor$ safety by fur!r r$uc+ ! size ( :eel1 obta9$ leg-room by plac+ ! saddle fur!r back & rais+ x above ! backbone1 & reta9$ spe$ by ge>+ up4 ,a numb] ( spur ge>s = ?is purpose 7 9 ! m>ket five ye>s ago4 ,! be/ patt]n ( ?is type ( bicycle is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,?is _h a #bd-;in* back :eel2 a #d-;in* rake1 ) ! saddle f #ab to ev5 #af in*es beh9d ! head2 #g-;in* cranks2 a #df-;in* :eel1 ge>$ to #fb1 al?\gh #dd & #dh 7 made2 weight ab\t ?irty-six p\nds1 :i* 0 mod]ate 9 ^? times4 ,! ge> 0 ! ,crypto1 br\ght out 9 #ahhc2 be+ hidd5 out ( sight & clos$ aga9/ dirt 9 "o ( ! hubs1 x =m$ its own ge> case4 ,9 con=mity to ! gr[+ use ( small :eels1 ! ge>$ ord9>y w5t on %r9k+ 9 size to #db1 #ch1 #cf1 #cd1 #cb1 #cj1 ! ge> be+ modifi$ to reta9 a prop] ratio4 ,! "n 0 *ang$ to ! ,bantam1 & ) ! #ahih model %[n 9 ! cut1 ) its peculi> 8,alpha0 frame1 ! long evolution process comes d[n to ?is pres5t date4 ,,! ,,bantam ,,*a9less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bantam ,,*a9less--#ahih4 ,! ,bantam1 an ,engli% front-driv+ *a9less1 ) a ,crypto ge> inclos$ 9 "o ( ! front hubs1 has be5 modifi$ = #ahih4 ,all ! frame l9es h become /raight1 & ! frame is made up ( "o v]tical & two horizontal tubes1 ) a diagonal "o t holds ! saddle /em4 ,! re> :eel is n[ br\ght to ! size ( ! front1 increas+ ! resemblance to ! prevail+ type2 ! :eel base1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s s+ul>ly %ort4 ,?is gives great h&9ess1 ! ,bantam ne$+ little space = /[+1 & be+ s light & h&y t x c be tak5 almo/ any:]e4 ,its :eel is f #bb to #bd or ev5 #bf in*es 9 diamet]1 ge>$ f #fj to #gb2 x is easily m\nt$ )\t a /ep4 ,z to safety1 two-fif?s ( ! rid]'s weight re/s on ! re> :eel4 ,! ge>1 :i* 0 us$ "s ye>s ago by ,frank ,%orl& 9 mak+ :at 7 !n a/oni%+ road records1 is 9 pr9ciple ! same z t on a re>-driv] describ$ fur!r on1 & "o ( its good po9ts is t its op]ation & endurance are indep5d5t ( :at happ5s to ! frame4 ,x is n adju/able = we>1 b ?is is true ( all ge>s & ( ! *a9 & sprocket1 except t ! *a9 may be tight5$ 9 ! famili> mann]4 ,! l>ge int]nally too!d r+ is "p ( ! frame & does n move4 ,! c5tral ge> is fa/ to ! :eel & c>ries t ) x4 ,! small p9ions are c>ri$ ar\nd by ! crank 7!re are f\r 9 ord] to less5 we>1 b "o w\ld "w alone71 & z !y roll ^u ! fix$ r+ !y are spe$$ up1 giv+ a fa/] motion to ! l>ge p9ion & ! :eel4 ,_! endurance "u use has be5 well e/abli%$1 ?is =m ( ge>+ hav+ _h ye>s ( trial1 & !y run easily & smoo?ly4 ,! mak] figures t !y ought to la/1 ) fair c>e1 f #bj1jjj to #ej1jjj miles ( travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,bantam ,,*a9less4 ,! ,bantam is also made ) a drop frame1 = ladies' use4 ,! *ief drawback to its popul>ity 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ei!r =m1 is t ! position ( ! rid] ) ref]5ce to ! p$als does n & _c con=m to ! ,am]ican cu/om4 ,! ,bantam is ! only front-driv] n[ surviv+1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$4 ,,! ,,acat5e ,,*a9less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,acat5e ,,*a9less4 ,! ,fr5* ,acat5e is ! only ,european bevel-ge> *a9less :i* has made any /ir abroad z yet1 & x 0 on a bicycle ( ?is make t ,rivi]re1 ! long-di/ance ,fr5* crack1 rode #ecc miles )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ,p>is1 9 ,june ( #ahif1 mak+ ! _w's record :i* is n[ cit$ z evid5ce ( ! suitability ( su* ge>s = driv+ bicycles4 ,soon aft] t date an ,engli% trade j\rnal said ( x t 8= milit>y purposes we ?9k ! ,acat5e is especially suit$1 & :ile we d n ?9k x is de/9$ to revolutionize ! cycl+ _w1 z "s ,am]icans seem to ?9k1 we feel fully confid5t t !re is a future = x if well h&l$40 ,x is said t at lea/ "o reason = putt+ ! transmitt+ %aft outside in/ead ( )9 ! back =k 9 ! ,sag] ge>--n[ on exhibition on ! ,mon>* *a9less--0 9 ord] to avoid an exi/+ pat5t :i* claims a %aft c>ri$ ?r\gh t =k4 ,?is outside position ( ! holl[ %aft 0 us$ on ! ,acat5e1 & we give a cut ( x1 ma9ly = t reason1 s9ce 9 o!r respects x is n unlike o!r bevel-ge> models4 ,9 ?is cut1 tak5 f an ,engli% j\rnal publi%$ 9 ,novemb] ( #ahif1 ! relative positions ( ! %aft & ! =k are se52 ! accompany+ description also says t 8und\bt$ly ! *ief po9t ( success 9 ! ,acat5e ge> is ! utilization ( ! ball be>+ pr9ciple to take up ! end-?ru/ on ! cog %aft connect+ ! crank axle & ! driv+-hub cogs1 z well z fitt+ t %aft outside ! usual bottom =k 9 su* a way z af=ds a v consid]able support aga9/ ! disalign+ action ( ! cogs !mselves40 ,we also recall hav+ se5 a specim5 ( ! ,acat5e 9 ,new ,york1 ab\t a ye> ago1 & hav+ not$ ! peculi> appe>ance ( ! %aft4 ,if ! ,sag] claim cov]s putt+ ! %aft outside ! =k ?is app>5t anticipation may h a be>+ on ! value ( su* claim4 ,,! ,,quadrant ,,*a9less4 ,at ! ,/anley & ! ,national %[s 9 ,london1 *a9less driv+--) ! exception ( a few :i* are close ^u or )9 ! freak l9e & d n ne$ m5tion "h--0 repres5t$ by ! ,columbia bevel-ge> & by ! ,lloyd cross-roll] z exhibit$ by ! 8,quadrant0 mak]s4 ,?is latt] is l ! bevel 9 us+ a %aft to rea* f crank axle to re>-:eel axle1 & s might 9 a g5]al way be class$ 9 ! bevel-ge> type2 yet 9 important details x is mat]ially diff]5t1 ! ge>s !mselves be+ replac$ by roll]-&-p9 :eels4 ,?is is an adaptation1 ) "s *anges 9 ! %ape ( ! rubb+ p>ts1 ( ! old cr[n :eel & ( its p9ion con/ruct$ ( wire p9s in/ead ( cut tee?1 ?is =m ( p9ion be+ n[ 9 use 9 clock tra9s by ! million4 ,! l>ge :eel on ! crank axle has horizontal p9s or /uds project+ f its rim1 ! bottom ends ( ! p9s be+ se5 9 ! cut b ! p9s !mselves be+ beh9d ! :eel2 ^! p9s me% into a roll] p9ion on ! %aft1 ! common fix$ p9s be+ replac$ by roll]s turn+ on p9s 9 ord] to sub/itute roll+ = rubb+ friction4 ,! same con/ruction is at ! re> end1 only rev]s$ 9 position4 ,9 front1 ! p9s drive ! roll] p9ion2 at ! back end ( ! %aft1 ! roll]-p9ion drives ! :eel by me%+ ) ! p9s on its hub4 ,x is impossible1 f only ! cuts & descriptions 9 ! ,engli% trade j\rnals1 to be entirely sure ( ! precise %ape ( ! engag+ portions ( ?is device1 b ! =ego+ is sub/antially correct4 ,! be/ au?ority 9 ^? j\rnals1 :i* expresses a high op9ion ( x1 says3 8,! cross roll]s act 9 practice m smoo?ly ?an ! idea w\ld seem to sugge/4 ,! ge> is 9 effect almo/ ! same ?+ z a bevel-ge>1 s9ce ! ends ( ! roll]s :i* imp+e ne>e/ ^u ea* o!r are slightly tap]$ & r\nd$4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be less t5d5cy = ! ge> to =ce itself ap>t ?an :5 bevels are us$1 & ! roll]s ( c\rse remove a lot ( ! rubb+ friction insep>able f pla9 bevel-ge>s40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same writ] says ( ! bevel3 8,bevel ge>+ has be5 almo/ univ]sally condemn$ by exp]ts g5]ally1 b we d n ?9k t ! late/ patt]ns ( bevel-ge>$ ma*9es h be5 put to a really practical te/4 ,tak+ ! ,columbia z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect examples ( ?is class ( ma*9e1 ! cutt+ ( ! tee? & ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ge> is s va/ly sup]ior to any?+ be=e turn$ out t previ\s te/s are really v little guide4 ,no o!r firm has giv5 s mu* att5tion to ! matt] z ! ,columbia p1 & we hope at an e>ly date to h an opportunity ( te/+ "o ( _! ma*9es4 ,if ! loss f increas$ friction is only slight1 bevel-ge>s w h a consid]able run--x all h+es on t40 ,,! ,,lloyd',s ,,roll]-,,p9 ,,ge>4 ,! ,quadrant ,cycle ,company make = ! ,lloyd's roll]-p9 ge> con/ruction ! foll[+ claims3 #a4 ,obviates all ! tr\bles ( ! *a94 #b4 ,m9imum ( work+ friction4 ,sp9s free ( ! gr\nd f ?ree to six times z long z a *a9 ge>4 #c4 ,does n di/ort ! frame or crossb9d ! be>+s1 consequ5tly #d4 ,x climbs ) ab\t two-?irds ! usual ex]tion4 #e4 ,responds in/antly to ! pressure ( ! foot4 #f4 ,is n a bevel-ge>1 consequ5tly #g4 ,no spread+1 no friction ( cogs1 no noise1 no j> to ! feet4 #h4 ,extremely durable1 no backla%1 no adju/m5t1 ev] requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lloyd',s ,,cross ,,roll] ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,on ,,quadrant ,,*a9less4 ,! appe>ance ( ! crank-axle :eel 9 ! cut sugge/s t ! :eel is provid$ ) p9s ( a g5]ally r\nd %ape r ?an ) any su* ,v-too? z 9 ! ,sag] device n[ %[n on ! ,mon>*4 ,application 0 fil$ by ,fitzg]ald & ,clem5t 9 ,decemb] la/ = an ,engli% pat5t on a device some:at resembl+ ! ,quadrant4 ,! crank axle cle>ly %[s a c5tral ge> :eel1 ) regul> cr[n-:eel tee?2 & al?\gh ! cuts 9 ! specification are difficult to make out1 ! text describes a roll]-too!d p9ion on ! =w>d end ( ! %aft1 a cr[n-:eel too!d p9ion on ! re> end1 & a :eel hub provid$ ) roll] tee?4 ,! tee? ?us describ$ w\ld n act precisely l ^? :i* appe> to be on ! ,quadrant4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,h>ell ( ?is city has produc$ a specim5 :i* is app>5tly id5tical ) ! ,quadrant1 except t 9 ! =m] ! driv+ is appli$ to ! back side ( ! :eel hub1 z on ! ,spald+ ,*a9less1 :ile on ! ,quadrant ! position ( ! driv+ p>ts is z on ! ,columbia4 ,! p9s :i* engage ! roll]s are r\nd$ (f & slightly tap]$1 resembl+ ! %ape ( ! bullet 9 ord9>y fix$ ammunition2 b 9 ! lack ( m precise in=mation z to ! =m ( ! p9s on ! ,quadrant x is n c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,h>ell has made any improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ge>$ ,,ord9>y--#ahib4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,*a9less vs4 ,,*a94 ,! possible *anges 9 ! future ( cycl+ involve ! %ape ( ! cycle z well z ! mode ( driv+ x4 ,inde$1 ! mode ( apply+ ! p[] has influ5c$ ! %ape ( ! /ructure m ?an ! %ape ( ! /ructure has influ5c$ ! mode ( driv+4 ,at pres5t1 re>-driv+ has ! field2 w front-driv+ ev] return8 ,possibly4 ,z be>+ on ?is possibility1 x may n be amiss to briefly describe "s ( ! mo/ important attempts to make a safe & practical bicycle 79 ne>ly e in/ance out ( ! front-driv]71 )\t try+ to foll[ exact *ronological ord]4 ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal 8,,safety0 ,,types4 ,"o ( ! mo/ peculi> 0 ! 8,xtra-ord9>y10 or 8,xtra10 famili>ly dubb$ ! 8,camel40 ,tak+ ! high ,ord9>y1 x enl>g$ ! back :eel to #bb in*es2 !n1 z its ma9 feature1 slop$ ! front =ks back v mu* 9 a great 8rake10 s t ! rid]'s weight re/$ m on ! re>1 & he 0 ?us mu* less liable to be pit*$ =w>d ov] ! front 9 a 8head]10 or a 8cropp]10 z x 0 call$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! cranks be+ ?us out ( direct rea*1 !y 7 driv5 by a pair ( long b5t lev]s1 :i* 7 h+$ by a %ort arm to ! front =ks1 & came back beh9d & bel[ ! :eel axle1 be>+ p$als on _! ends2 ?is contrivance 0 effective z to safety1 b 0 heavy & clumsy4 ,o!r patt]ns us$ ! usual 8rake10 b _h sw++ lev]s atta*$ to ! cranks1 ! idea be+ t ! p$als 7& consequ5tly ! driv+ pressure7 %\ld always be beh9d ! axle4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,am]ican--! 8,spr+field0--& ?is drove by lev]s1 be>+ p$als beh9d ! axle1 b us$ rat*ets1 & _h no cranks4 ,! 8,/>10 also ,am]ican1 drove by lev]s & rat*ets1 b turn$ ab\t & _h ! small :eel =w>d1 be+ v di/9ctive4 ,o!rs _h ! small :eel fir/1 driv+ ! o!r by cranks !reon1 & work$ by long sw++ lev]s h+$ to ! extreme front ( ! frame1 ?us go+ back to an e>ly contrivance ne>ly half a c5tury be=e1 & mu* l "s *ildr5's velocip$es ( today4 ,"o ( ! que]e/ ( all 0 ! 8,otto10 a true bicycle 9 hav+ only two :eels1 yet resembl+ ! tricycle 9 hav+ ^? side by side on a long axle2 ! rid] sat betwe51 above & a little beh9d ! axle1 sw++ freely f x1 driv+ by p$als & *a9s1 & /e]+ someh[ ) great ease4 ,9 small] bicycles1 !n call$ 8safeties0 = di/+ui%+ !m1 ! 8,pony0 0 simply small siz$1 ) second>y cranks jo9t$ on ! fir/1 s t leg-rea* c\ld be obta9$1 ! two cranks be+ out at full l5g? at ! bottom ( ! /roke & %ut ov] l ! blade ( a knife 9 its h&le at ! top ( ! /roke4 ,! 8,kang>oo0 type1 :i* _h = a "t a great run1 _h _! front =ks prolong$ d[n1 s z to c>ry p$als & cranks1 work+ on ! axle by sprockets1 & 8ge>+ up40 ,! 8,facile0--:i* 0 ! pione] ( small-siz$ bicycles 9 ,am]ica1 also _h its front =ks prolong$1 b curv$ well =w>d2 to ! ends ( ^! 7 h+$ lev]s :i* came well beh9d & bel[ ! axle1 hav+ p$als on ! ends1 & be+ atta*$ by connect+-rods to v %ort cranks1 ?us work+ mu* l ! tread ( ! common foot la!2 x 0 extremely safe1 b 0 ge>$ 8level10 & !re=e 0 n spe$y1 requir+ rapid ?\gh %ort movem5ts ( ! foot4 ,x 0 aft]w>d 8ge>$ up0 s z to be fa/]1 b 0 gradually displac$ by v>i\s patt]ns ( 8,ge>$ ,ord9>y40 ,^! us$ ! famili> rot>y action ) direct cranks1 b employ$ spur ge>s--n bevel-ge>s z /at$ 9 a rec5t article 9 a trade j\rnal4 ,( ?is class1 "o di/9ctive patt]n is ! sole pres5t survivor ( ! front driv+ type4 ,if rev]sion ev] does br+ front driv+ :eels back on a g5]al or ev5 a comp>atively l>ge scale1 ?is seems likely to be ! "o4 ,yet prophecy is too unsafe to be haz>d$1 sweep+ ?\gh pa/ *anges h be54 ,z ! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are ( su* a nature z to require a m detail$ description ?an c be giv5 9 a m]e l9e ( title1 ! descriptive matt] conc]n+ !m is plac$ toge!r1 z foll[s3 ,! orig9al ,humb]--mean+ by 8orig9al0 m]ely ! fir/ bicycle ( ! re>-driv+ type produc$ by ! ,humb] factory--is int]e/+ z %[+ ! beg9n+s ( ! 8diamond0 frame4 ,! /e]+ head 0 z rem>kably long z x aft]w>d became %ort1 b if ! =k _h be5 c>ri$ =w>d 9 a curve in/ead ( dropp+ /raight d[n1 ! :eel base w\ld h be5 long] & ! g5]al outl9e m l ! con/ruction ( today4 ,! ,gold5 ,era is reproduc$ z a curiosity 9 frames & z sugge/+--s9ce to illu/rate !m all w\ld require too mu* space & w\ld n h suffici5t int]e/--! numb] & v>iety ( frame %apes :i* h result$ 9 ! famili> "o ( ! pres5t1 al?\gh x w\ld be ra% to affirm t f9ality 9 frames is rea*$ ev5 n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,humb] ,,model4 ,! ,victor ( #ahhg 0 ! fir/ ( ! type made 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re may be "s "q :e!r a bicycle ) a drop frame 0 n produc$ 9 ,wa%+ton some:at e>li]1 b x 0 n done comm]cially4 ,! :eels ( ! ,victor 7 #cj-;in*1 ) a solid tire on ! re> & a tire on ! front4 ,x 0 made 9 only "o size4 ,! ge> 0 #ed2 ! weight 0 n /at$2 ! price 0 #adj4 ,x _h ball be>+s all ov]1 includ+ ! /e]+1 :i* 0 a 8socket10 & 0 9 bo? ^! p>ticul>s r advanc$ at t "t4 ,its *ief peculi>ity 0 t ! entire front =ks consi/$ ( two pairs ( curv$ spr+s1 atta*$ to ! frame by +5i\s rock+ jo9ts1 :i* at fir/ _h cone be>+s1 b 7 *ang$ to balls 9 ! next ye>4 ,z m ela/ic tires came 91 ?is peculi> =k w5t out1 ! patt]n be+ made 9 bo? ways = sev]al ye>s2 b ! ,ov]man ,company is entitl$ to ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,am]ican conc]n to make ! n[ prevail+ type ( bicycle1 & ( hav+ also improv$ ^u x z !y f\nd x4 ,! frame %[n 9 ! cut1 :i* 0 a common "o up to t date1 0 *ang$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> to a /rong] "o ( ! e>ly 8diamond0 type4 ,! ,veloce ( #ahhh 0 ! fir/ re>-driv] produc$ at ! ,columbia factory1 al?\gh a patt]n ( ! ,kang>oo _h be5 = two ye>s 9 ! company's l9e4 ,! ,veloce _h a #cj-;in* front :eel & a #ca-;in* driv]1 bo? hav+ solid tires4 ,! cranks 7 ( ! usual slott$ /yle1 giv+ a ?r[ ( #e to #f in*es4 ,! /e]+ 0 cone1 #d in*es betwe5 c5tres4 ,! h&leb> 0 holl[1 #bh in*es long4 ,"o size only 0 built1 ge>$ to #eb1 weigh+ #ea p\nds1 & sell+ at #ace4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! con/ruction 0 t a s+le curv$ cross-tube int]sect+ ! /raight 8backbone0 or 8p]*0 =m$ ! support = ! crank-axle & sprockets1 & !n 0 c>ri$ up ov] ! :eel1 :]e x did duty z a mud-gu>d4 ,! :eels _h #dj & #cf spokes1 :i* 7 8direct10 z aga9/ ! tang5t :i* ! ,victor p _h be5 us+ & insi/+ ^u = sev]al ye>s4 ,ref]r+ to ! direct spoke1 ! ,columbia catalogue ( ?is ye> 7#ahhh7 says3 8,we h %[n ! desirability ( ?is con/ruction too (t5 to make a repetition necess>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( a small-:eel ma*9e = use at all times & places4 ,x is a matt] ( satisfaction to u to obs]ve a gr[+ recognition ( our argum5ts on ?is po9t1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 if 9 any "p ( ! _w1 ! roads are suit$ to full tang5t spokes40 ,?is %[s h[ easily ! be/ judges & prophets may sometimes be mi/ak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,era4 ,! ,def5d] ,midget is an 7page #cd7 illu/ration ( all t is extremely advanc$ & radical 9 bicycle con/ruction = #ahih4 ,! /e]+ head is ( ! %orte/1 only #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! frame is #bb-;in*1 ) flu% jo9ts & /amp$ int]nal connections4 ,! top tube is horizontal4 ,! crank-hang] has a #d-;in* drop2 ! cranks are #g in*es1 ) a #d-;in* tread1 ^! ?ree p>ticul>s be+ extreme4 ,! cranks are ! ,faub] pat5t1 a s+le piece =m+ bo? cranks & axle1 :i* are pass$ into place ?r\gh ! l>ge op5+ 9 bracket be=e putt+ 9 ! be>+s4 ,! *a9 is adju/$ at ! bracket by an ecc5tric1 in/ead ( at ! :eel z usual4 ,! re> =ks are a cont9u\s piece ( ,d-tub+1 ( section tap]$ to 4 ,!y are jo9$ to ! crank bracket by a s+le l>ge oval /em1 ?us all[+ cle>ance1 )\t crank+ or (fsett+ ! =k1 = ! v l>ge front ,faub] 8/>0 sprocket ( #cb tee?4 ,! re> sprocket has #ab tee?1 ?us mak+ a ge> ( only #gd #b_/c1 not)/&+ ! l>ge size ( ! front "o4 ,front =ks are ( tap]$ ,d-tub+ 9 "o piece1 ) an ar*$ cr[n1 & =ks & cr[n are bo? nickel$4 ,! :eels h ,?or pat5t hubs1 & ! saddle po/ is fa/5$ ) ! ,?or exp&]1 ! saddle1 ( c\rse1 be+ a ,br[n4 ,! h&leb> is extremely wide & light1 made ( octagon tub+ on ! ,s*9ne] pat5t1 & ! fa/5+ is int]nal4 ,! *a9 is #f p] c5t4 nickel /eel 9 ! block1 & tool /eel 9 ! side-plates4 ,rims are lam9at$1 & tires are light road ,palm]4 ,?is model is v /rik+ 9 appe>ance1 & includes ! pat5t$ specialties ( half a doz5 mak]s ( compon5t p>ts1 ?us indicat+ cle>ly t x is ! product ( a small mak]4 ,?is rem>k1 h[ev]1 is n made 9 any d]ogatory s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,victor--,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,safety--#ahhg4 ,f ! =w>d ?ru/ on ! old 8bone%ak]0 velocip$e ( #ahfh1 :i* 0 compell$ by its /ructure1 ! cycli/ next w5t to ! ne>ly d[nw>d action on ! 8high ord9>y0 ( #ahgh2 ?is *ange 0 made to get spe$ by a l>g] :eel1 & he _h to sit ne> its c5tre 9 ord] to rea* ! p$al4 ,! ,facile1 a lev]-driv+ 8safety10 :i* soon foll[$1 _h z its di/9ctive feature ! mo/ v]tical position ( driv+ ev] obta9$1 & its mak] 0 naturally v /r5u\s = t position1 cont5d+ t on ! ,facile ! rid] 0 always & all ! "t 8ov] 8 "w10 ) 8 p$al directly "u him1 :]e ! ,ord9>y rid] always tri$ to get b c\ld n4 ,?is 0 /rictly true1 & al?\gh ! same mak]1 "u *ang$ trade conditions1 has s9ce argu$ = a position consid]ably 8beh9d ! "w10 ?is is n aga9/ 8 s9c]ity1 = really !re is consid]able to be said on bo? sides4 ,x w readily be se5 t ! lev] favors ! 8ov]-!-"w0 position1 because ! p$al c ?us be plac$ at a di/ance f ! driv5 axle2 b rot>y p$al+1 z aga9/ ! peculi> /roke ( a lev]1 seems n[ fix$1 if any?+ c be affirm$ to be4 ,) any type us+ two equal-siz$ :eels & rot>y action1 ! rid] mu/ sit ov] ! back :eel 7z on ! ab&on$ 8,bron*o0 ( a few ye>s ago7 or else sub/antially z on ! pres5t type4 ,!n he mu/ h "s means ( c>ry+ 8 p[] back to ! axle2 :at %all t means be8 ,! =ego+ analysis is p>tly to lead up to ! issue betwe5 *a9 & no-*a91 & p>tly to sugge/ h[ _m & h[ important consid]ations are involv$ 9 ! relative position ( ! saddle 9 ! :ole /ructure4 ,,modes ,,( ,,p[] ,,transmission4 ,! crank-axle1 & crank-bracket1 ! 8he>t0 ( ! bicycle1 is n[ ! place :]e ! p[] is fir/ ex]t$1 & f ?is x mu/ be transmitt$ to ! :eel4 ,!re are a numb] ( possible me?ods ( transmission1 ?us3 #a4 ,a lea!r belt4 #b4 ,a metallic b& ) holes to engage projections on ! sprockets1 or provid$ ) projections to ent] holes !re94 #c4 ,a *a94 #d4 ,a wire rope1 ) or )\t projections4 #e4 ,clut* or rat*et action1 at "o or bo? ends1 op]at$ by a lev]4 #f4 ,lev] & crank1 ) or )\t an oscillat+ fulcrum4 #g4 ,a connect+-%aft1 c>ry+ bevel ge>s at ea* end4 #h4 ,a connect+-%aft1 work+ p9-&-roll] ge>s4 #i4 ,a connect+-%aft1 ) univ]sal jo9ts4 #aj4 ,a r[ ( spur ge>s to close ! gap betwe5 ! two axles4 #aa4 ,cranks & connect+-rods1 work+ d\ble1 locomotive-fa%ion4 #ab4 ,friction :eels1 ) or )\t spur ge>s4 #ac4 ,pneumatic or hydraulic transmission1 ) "s *oice ( fluids4 #ad4 ,a comb9ation ( cams & roll]s4 #ae4 ,balls work+ 9 spiral grooves on axles4 ,?is does n exhau/ ! li/ ( !oretical possibilities1 nor m5tion all ! comb9ations :i* c\ld be =m$4 ,a suffici5tly wild inv5tor c\ld fix up a contrivance1 beg9n+ at "o axle & ultimately rea*+ ! o!r1 :i* involv$ ! :ole li/1 & he might !n be confid5t t he _h met ! long-felt want4 ,nos4 #b to #d are modifications ( ,no4 #a2 ,no4 #e involves giv+ up back-p$all+2 ,no4 #i _c 8ge> up20 ,nos4 #ab to #ae are n practical4 ,& ! :ole li/--j z ! l>ge numb] ( 8me*anical p[]s0 nam$ 9 old text-books are really only two--8boils d[n0 to five3 ! endless belt1 ! spur ge>1 ! %aft ) bevel or p9-roll] ge>s1 cranks & connect+-rods1 & ! lev]4 ,! f\r? ( ^! appe>s on only "o make ?us f>2 x involves practical difficulties1 is n /rictly *a9less1 & h>dly ne$ be consid]$ z a rival to ! *a94 ,! lev] is n s]i\sly conte/+ n[4 ,! spur ge> is 9 m>ket2 yet x is (f]$ 9 only two or ?ree patt]ns n[1 "o ( !m ! ,hildick1 :i* has di/9ctive claims ( its own--& s x c be pass$4 ,! ?ird ( ^! j nam$ is ! conte/ant ( ! old *a91 aga9/ :i* x has br\ght an action = ejectm5t1 to be tri$1 & probably su/a9$ or dismiss$1 9 ?is ye> #ahih4 ,,! ,,/ress ,,( ,,! ,,*a9-,,pull4 ,x is true1 z alleg$ by ! pla9tiff 9 ?is action1 t a sev]e /ra9 is put by ! driv+ on ! frame ( a *a9-driv]1 increas+ enorm\sly z ! load or resi/ance increases4 ,x is true t by ! laws ( mat]ials ! yield is always 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance2 ?is 0 und]/ood by ,autocrat ,holmes's old deacon1 :o reason$1 :5 ab\t to con/ruct 8 8"o-hoss %ay10 t 8x's mighty pla9 !t ! weakes' place mu/ /an' ! /ra90 & if t does n /& ! :ole con/ruction goes4 ,! tr\ble ) ! bicycle frame is t x is a triangle1 & 7z %[n 9 ! small sket*7 ! l9e ( draught is n p>allel to ! l9e ( resi/ance4 ,suppose ! resi/ance "u try+ conditions ( grade & road is repres5t$ by a weight ( #ajj2 !n x's p$al1 or crank1 or axle or sprocket1 or any piece 9 *a91 or ! spokes 9 ! back :eel1 or ! frame itself1 _h a /r5g? bel[ #ajj1 in/ead ( ! bicycle's advanc+ along ! road ! rid]'s p[] w\ld exp5d itself 9 break+ or b5d+ su* weak "p4 ,! pull is a "o-sid$ pull1 necess>ily t5d+ to drag ! frame ar\nd t[>d ! side :]e ! *a9 is1 & frames h n always be5 made /rong en\gh to resi/ entirely4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 :5 ! pres5t type ( bicycle 0 beg9n+ to come 91 a deal] ^: int]e/s 7 oppos$ made ! mo/ ( ?is objection ( side-drag1 quot+ ! rec5t admissions ( sev]al ,engli% mak]s1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,"o-,,sid$ ,,*a9 ,,pull4 8,!re is a great deal m /ra9 betwe5 ! two *a9 :eels ?an is g5]ally und]/ood1 & exp]i5ce has prov$ ! necessity ( a direct & rigid connection betwe5 ^! po9ts40 7,/>ley ,sutton ( ,cov5try1 #ahhh catalogue47 8,we w\ld draw ! read]'s special att5tion to our patt]n = ?is ye>1 z e "o :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 ?is type ( ma*9e kn[s t ! be>+s are ( ! utmo/ importance1 ! we> & te> be+ s mu* great] ?an on an ord9>y bicycle4 ,?is has caus$ u to disc>d ! old patt]n p9-&-cone ball be>+1 9 :i* ! cones & cups are cont9ually go+ wrong1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! be>+ surfaces & ! enorm\s /ra9 ^u !m4 ,z 9 all p9-&-cone ball be>+s1 ! cone we>s flat on ! *a9 side1 b 9 ! be>+s we h introduc$ x is impossible to d s4 ,!y are ! same z fitt$ to ! front :eel ( our bicycles40 7,rudge ,cycle ,company ( ,cov5try1 #ahhh catalogue47 ,?is 0 q true4 ,be>+s h s9ce be5 modifi$ to meet ! case1 & frames h be5 /r5g!n$2 yet a light frame may wa/e p[]1 "u try+ conditions1 by spr++ out ( l9e )\t gett+ a p]man5t b5d1 & some?+ m c probably be done 9 frame /r5g!n+4 ,! read] w obs]ve1 on ref]r+ aga9 to ! cuts ( ! fir/ ,columbia1 :]e x happ5s to %[ m di/9ctly1 t ! frame is sub/antially two tubes cross+ at "r angles4 ,con/ruction began 9 ?is mann] 9 ,engl&1 & ! reason 0 t mak]s foll[$ ! 8ord9>y10 to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,!y took ! famili> curv$ backbone1 & made x /raight1 atta*+ x to ! :eel 9 ! old way by mortise & t5on1 ) a bolt pass$ ?r\gh1 z ! cut cle>ly %[s4 ,!y did n =esee ! *a9-pull1 & 7/range z x seems7 actually did n at fir/ always put on ev5 ! s+le tie-rod us$ 9 ! ,victor2 lat]1 a second tie-rod 0 c>ri$ to ! re> :eel1 ?us mak+ a truss1 & !n a second pair 7 plac$ above ! backbone1 ?us fur!r approa*+ ! diamond4 ,n[ x 0 ?is id5tical con/ruction ( frame1 z %[n 9 ! ,columbia mo/ di/9ctly1 :i* caus$ ,/>ley ,sutton 7z j quot$ above7 to say t 8!re is a great deal m /ra9 betwe5 ! two *a9 :eels ?an is g5]ally und]/ood1 & exp]i5ce has prov$ ! necessity ( a direct & rigid connection betwe5 ^! po9ts40 ,?is /ra9 _h n only n be5 8g5]ally und]/ood10 b _h app>5tly h>dly be5 ?\ght ( at all4 ,yet ! direct =k :i* ^? old ,cov5try mak]s call$ = 0 soon suppli$1 & ! moral = :i* we relate ?is bit ( hi/ory is ! fact t ! pres5t frame ( ! *a9-driv] & ! *a9 itself are ! result ( a long evolution process1 9 :i* e /ep has be5 sugge/$ & prov$ by practical exp]i5ce4 ,,dem&s ,,^u ,,*a9less ,,con/ruction4 ,f ?is t5d5cy to draw ! two axles t[>d ea* o!r--:i* has to be resi/$ by ! frame be=e !re c be any effect to revolve ! :eel--! *a9less is :olly free4 ,9 s mu* z ?is1 its case is prov$ at once4 ,yet1 if x w\ld be frank1 x mu/ repeat ! common rem>k3 8,i h tr\bles ( my own40 ,mak+ bevel-ge>s is a detail & may be waiv$2 b :5 !y are f9i%$1 o!r problems arise4 ,^! problems _c be bett] /at$ ?an 9 ! five s5t5ces foll[+1 :i* come (ficially f ! *ief advocate ( ^! ge>s & %\ld be c>efully consid]$3 8,! mak] mu/ place !m 9 ! ma*9e ) p]fect exactness4 ,! front & ! re> axle1 ) _! ge> atta*m5ts1 %\ld lie precisely 9 ! same plane & exactly p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,any failure to d ?is w result 9 b9d+1 cramp1 /ra9 & unsatisfactory "w4 ,n only mu/ ^! conditions exi/ 9 ! :eel z x comes f ! workman's h&s1 b !y mu/ be ma9ta9$ "u load & %ock1 "u ! sev]e/ uses4 ,! frame con/ruction mu/ be s rigid t !re w be no spr+ or yield "u any /ra940 ,?is is a /atem5t ( ! conte/ant's own advocate1 :o adds t ! extraord9>y weight ( ! old 8,league0 *a9less 7sev5ty-five p\nds at fir/1 ! read] w rememb]7 0 unavoidable because ! mak]s _h no way ( gett+ frame /iffness except by putt+ 9 metal2 he !n argues t nickel /eel n[ supplies ! /r5g? )\t sacrifice ( lightness4 ,ano!r advocate--an ov]-zeal\s "o :om x is difficult to take s]i\sly--decl>es t ?is make ( *a9less w nev] get out ( l9e1 & t if x ev] does ! runn+ w rema9 unaffect$4 ,! jo9t$ %aft ( ! ,bayvelg]e is design$ to meet j ?is cont+5cy4 ,we d n pr$ict1 save to say t if ! frame ( any *a9less ) a rigid connect+ %aft ev] does get out ( l9e !re w be s]i\s tr\ble necess>ily4 ,make ! 8if0 z emphatic z anybody pleases1 & consid] ! dang] ( spr++ ! frame h[ev] remote2 ! *ance ( ?is occurr+1 "u "s sort ( conditions & usage1 is "o :i* ! *a9less1 especially ^? ( ! bevel class1 mu/ enc\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,columbia ,,re>-,,driv]--#ahhh4 ,z to any k9d ( con/ruction1 :e!r ( frame or ( driv+ p>ts1 !re is no tr\ble :5 sp9n+ on a /& )\t a load2 ! "q beg9s :5 p[] is put ^u x aga9/ a heavy resi/ance 9 actual use4 ,a mak] :o has criticis$ ! bevel *a9less m sev]ely ?an any "o else insi/s t bevel-ge>s are especially wa/eful by friction4 ,9 8 factory1 he says1 a p[] drill work+ ) su* ge>s w make only an in* hole ?r\gh a c]ta9 piece ( metal1 :ile a simil> drill )\t ! bevels & run f ! same %aft w make a #a-;in* hole ?r\gh ! same metal4 ,b ?is is n entirely conclusive1 & ! appeal to g5]al practice 9 ma*9e %ops does n c\nt v mu*4 ,x c\ld j z well be tak5 aga9/ ! *a91 & aga9/ ! spur ge>1 = ! fact is t no ge> is us$ !re except :5 necess>y4 ,:5ev] ! %afts are a consid]able di/ance ap>t ! belt is us$1 :i* is simple1 *eap & effective1 develop+ a surpris+ am\nt ( 8bite0 ev5 on q smoo? surfaces4 ,:5 ! %afts are close toge!r ! spur ge> is us$1 no?+ else be+ available4 ,:5 !re is a di/ance & no slippage c be p]mitt$ ! *a9 is ! ?+4 ,:5 p[] mu/ turn a corn] x is a *oice betwe5 belt or bevel ge>s4 ,b to say t a ?+ is n good on a bicycle because x is n us$ to drive ma*9]y 9 %ops is poor reason+4 ,we might z well say t ball be>+s are n good because !y are nev] us$ on locomotives4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( 8,,end-,,?ru/40 ,! objection ( 8end-?ru/0 is rais$ aga9/ ! bevel-driv]4 ,if ! read] w look at a cut %[+ ! %aft 9 position ) ! two axles1 he w und]/& t ! l>ge bevel$ :eel on ! crank axle tries to pu% ! p9ion & %aft backw>d1 s t x may free itself & turn z ! rid] is =c+ x to d4 ,?is backw>d pressure is because ! face ( ! too? is slop+1 & be=e ! load c be mov$ ?is pressure back mu/ be resi/$ solidly some:]e4 ,s 7x is said7 ! re> p9ion ( ! %aft is liable to be =c$ h>d aga9/ ! "o on ! hub1 ?us caus+ friction & possibly 8b9d10 especially on hills & bad roads4 ,b ?is peculi> action betwe5 ! int]act+ tee? at ! crank %aft is necess>ily duplicat$ at ! o!r end ( ! %aft1 s t ! backw>d ?ru/ at ! front is met by a =w>d ?ru/ at ! re>1 ! two ?ru/s ?us c\nt]act+ ea* o!r4 ,x %\ld be said "h t ! p9-roll] ge>1 already describ$1 z us$ on ! ,mon>* & o!rs1 is free f any possible objection ( 8end-?ru/10 z !re is no t5d5cy to %ove ! %aft ei!r backw>d or =w>d4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,effect ,,^u ,,be>+s4 ,a "q arises z to ! effect ^u ! be>+s & ! balls 9 !m :5 any sort ( %aft is us$ = *a9less driv+4 ,look+ aga9 at ! cut ( ! %aft & adjac5t p>ts1 ! read] w see t p[] appli$ on ! p$al t5ds to roll ! p9ion directly away f ! l>ge ge>1 because if ! p9ion c\ld roll cle> away ! axle w\ld !n be left free to turn2 simil>ly1 pressure at ! back end t5ds to pu% ap>t ^? two p9ions also4 ,?is pressure to sep>ate comes ^u ! balls & ! be>+ surfaces1 !re be+ no?+ else to take x4 ,x is true t ! draw ( ! *a91 already expla9$1 is ?r[n at once directly on ! balls & ! be>+ surfaces1 & t no l>ge am\nt ( tr\ble has be5 caus$ !reby1 9 all ! la/ six ye>s ( use ( *a9 driv+4 ,b x seems well settl$ t ! old 8,league0 bevel *a9less did develop an exp]i5ce ( break+ balls & cups & cones1 & x is claim$ t bevel-ge>s produce a peculi> twi/+ /ra9 on be>+s4 ,h[ mu* !re is 9 ?is claim1 & :at precautions h be5 or c be tak5 by mak]s to meet ! difficulty1 "t w %[4 ,yet x %\ld be said t ! p9-roll] ge>1 :ile free f any exposure to 8end-?ru/10 mu/ take its *ances ) ! o!r *a9less models :i* h connect+ %afts 9 respect to 8side-?ru/0 on ! be>+s4 ,,effect ,,( 8,,side-,,?ru/0 ,,^u ,,! ,,frame4 ,a "q arises z to ! effect ( 8side-?ru/0 z di/+ui%$ f 8end-?ru/0 ^u ! frame 7z well z ! be>+s7 9 *a9less driv+4 ,?is 8side-?ru/0 is "u new conditions & 9 a some:at diff]5t way2 b x is n a new ?+--x exi/s 9 *a9 driv+1 because x always exi/s4 ,:5 p[] is appli$ to any /ructure consi/+ ( sev]al movable p>ts put toge!r1 ! "p to :i* ! impulse is directly appli$ pu%es fir/ on ! p>ts next to x2 !y pass ! pu% to o!r p>ts1 & s along ! l9e 7z if ! sev]al p>ts 7 l9ks 9 a *a97 until at la/1 all ! p>ts hav+ refus$ to ei!r break or be %ov$ out ( place1 ! load aim$ at is mov$4 ,9 case ( ! bicycle ?is load is ! mov+ ( ! /ructure & its rid] along ! gr\nd4 ,if any ( ! p>ts involv$ c\ld break m easily ?an ! movem5t along ! gr\nd is accompli%$ t breakage w\ld occur1 in/ead ( ! movem5t int5d$4 ,?is is only "o example ( ! law1 already /at$1 t ! yield is always 9 ! direction1 or at ! place1 ( lea/ resi/ance--! weake/ ?+ gives up4 ,x 0 said j n[ t ! p9ion on ! =w>d end ( ! %aft tries to roll away f ! ge> :eel :i* pu%es x2 ! p9ions at ! re> also try to roll away f ea* o!r4 ,?us !y put a side pressure on _! be>+s1 z /at$1 b ! same pressure comes on ! frame :i* holds ! be>+s4 ,at ! crank axle ?is t5ds to cr[d ! =k sides t[>d or f ea* o!r1 accord+ z ! tee? on ! l>ge ge> face 9 "o direction or ! o!r2 at ! re> ! t5d5cy is to sep>ate ! =ks4 ,?is t5d5cy is to simultane\sly cr[d ^u ! balls1 to spread op5 ! =ks & to press ! tee? ( ! ge>s into clos] contact4 ,s9ce ! roll]-ge>$ & ! bevel-too!d types mu/ meet ! same pressure on ! be>+s1 !y are alike 9 ?is pressure on ! frames4 ,z already rem>k$1 ea* ( !m escapes entirely ! heavy pressure :i* ! pull ( ! *a9 puts on ! axles & _! be>+s2 9 place ( ?is !y get o!r & diff]5t /ra9s1 z j describ$4 ,obs]ve t we d n say ^! /ra9s w n be successfully resi/$--t w\ld be pr$iction4 ,"s fur!r /r5g!n+ ( ! frame might p]haps be _h1 & 9 fact ! d\bl+ ( ! =k on ! *a9 side ( *a9-driv]s1 to get additional /iffness1 is n unkn[n 9 pres5t ,engli% practice4 ,x might ev5 be sugge/$ z a fair "q1 :e!r a new or some:at modifi$ =m ( frame ought n to h be5 devis$ = *a9less driv+ in/ead ( apply+ x to a =m nev] int5d$ = x4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,ge> ,,tee?4 ,! endurance ( ! ge> tee? is also a "q to be decid$ by use4 ,x has be5 said t 8! tee? are s design$ z to be relatively /rong] ?an ! cranks & "u excessive /ra9 ! cranks w break fir/20 also t 8! individual p>ts are /rong] ?an ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ! *a940 ,we h se5 cranks te/$1 9 regul> %op r\t9e1 by samples tak5 out ( ea* small lot1 "u a measur$ load ( #a1jjj p\nds1 & h se5 !m %[ _! quality by return+ to ! /raight l9e :5 ! load 0 remov$4 ,! cross-section ( an av]age crank is ?ree to five times t ( a bevel or radial too?4 ,9 practice1 cranks d n break2 "s o!r "p1 less /rong1 breaks :5 some?+ mu/1 & s ! /atem5t t ! bevel too? is /rong] ?an ! crank :i* is to be measur$ aga9/ x "u load seems r too =cible4 ,! comp>atively slight too? mu/ be> ! same /ra9 :i* comes on o!r p>ts & ! v small ?\gh real bit ( ela/icity or 8give0 :i* ! *a9 possesses1 by virtue ( be+ made up ( _m p>ts jo9$ toge!r1 is lack+ 9 ge>s ( any k9d2 ! /ra9 on ^? is 8solid0 & unreliev$4 ,! fact t breakage ( a sprocket 7unless by "s collision or extraord9>y fall7 is a mi%ap almo/ unhe>d ( does n insure ! ge> too? 9 ! lea/--! two are n ! same case4 ,! sprocket too? is v ?ick 9 ! direction ( ! /ra91 & ! pull ( ! *a9 comes on n less ?an five tee? at once on ! re> sprocket & twice z _m on ! front1 ?us divid+ ! load2 ! ge> tee?1 on ! contr>y1 are ?91 & ! /ra9 is conc5trat$ on n m ?an two at a "t1 practically ^u "o4 ,yet we mu/ di/+ui% "h ! bevel & ! spur-ge> too? f ! peculi> tee? on ! p9-roll] ge>2 ! latt] are s ?ick t no d\bt ( _! /r5g? ne$ be rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,def5d] ,,midget--#ahih4 ,! la/ p>agraph is n to affirm or to imply t ! tee? w n prove equal to _! task4 ,b su* ge>+ has nev] be5 us$ on cycles2 ! bevel :eels ( ! tricycle 8balance-ge>0 7 l>g] & 7 n common en\gh to con/itute an exception4 ,spur ge>s h be5 successfully us$ = _m ye>s on ! ,crypto ge> already describ$1 b f\r p9ions are employ$ on t in/ead ( "o1 = ! express purpose ( divid+ ! /ra94 ,s x is fair & well to note t :5 we resort to ge>+ z an escape f ! *a9 we are go+ f ! long-tri$ to ! untri$4 ,"h x may be 9 po9t to quote f ! curr5t adv]tisem5t ( "o ( ! olde/ conc]ns 9 ! ,engli% trade1 ! ,c5taur ,company ( ,cov5try3 8,! pione]s 9 ! cycle trade c af=d to view ) equanimity ! appe>ance ( ! faddi/ :o1 f "t to "t1 tries to resuscitate "s obsolete & explod$ notion :i*1 9 ! e>ly days1 has already be5 ?or\ghly te/$ & ab&on$4 ,! ,*a9less ,safety1 ) :i* we h be5 ?reat5$ dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s1 is an example ( ?is4 ,bevel-ge>s1 spur-ge>s1 roll]-ge>s1 rod-&-pi/on-ge>s1 int]m$iate :eels1 & e conceivable =m ( ge>+ 7 exp]im5t$ ) by ourselves & _m ( ! old] mak]s 9 ! e>ly '#hj's1 = ! purpose ( disp5s+ ) ! *a94 ,if1 z a m$ium = transmitt+ p[]1 !y 7 !n f\nd to be inf]ior to ! crude & imp]fect *a9 available at t p]iod1 x mu/ be manife/ to ev]yone :o is famili> ) cycle con/ruction t1 ) ! p]fect *a9 ( today1 ! comp>ison mu/ be /ill less favorable to ! *a9less me?ods40 ,?is is n quot$ z endors+ x1 nor d we reg>d ! exp]im5t+ m5tion$ z conclusive2 ! po9t lies 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,= :ile x is true t ! cutt+ ( bevel or radial ge>s has be5 s mu* improv$ t ! results ( trials long ago d n signify 7z is frankly admitt$ by n ov]-fri5dly ,engli% trade j\rnals 9 comm5t+ on ! ,columbia71 x is equally true t ! *a9 also is greatly improv$4 ,,! ,,*>ges ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,*a94 ,9 ! action = ejectm5t1 :i* we h suppos$ ! *a9less to be br++1 ! wor/ c\nts :i* c be br\ght aga9/ ! *a9 are t x is 8lubricat$0 ) grit1 be+ left expos$2 t x clogs ) mud & is a fair-wea!r device only2 t x is v dirty & tr\blesome to keep clean1 & t *a9 & sprockets we> rapidly4 ,all ?is is ?us f> q true1 & yet q answ]able4 ,! *a9 v r>ely breaks1 & :5ev] x does ! reason is t x has be5 s neglect$ t ! jo9ts c\ld no long] b5d4 ,a great deal is said ab\t 8backla%10 or ! back-&-=? loos5ess ( mov+ p>ts betwe5 !mselves4 ,a little slack is necess>y 9 a *a91 & if x is excessive t is by ! rid]'s fault1 z x is a matt] entirely )9 8 control4 ,if ! rid] 8j]ks up0 ! slack ( 8 *a9 :5 pass+ ov] ! c5tre t only %[s t he does n p$al prop]ly1 or p]haps t 8 *a9 ne$s a little tight5+4 ,if a *a9 does break1 *a9 p>ts are fa/ becom+ /aple goods1 procurable any:]e almo/ z readily z nails2 a tempor>y repair on ! road is n difficult1 & !re are also sp>e pieces :i* c be c>ri$ 9 a ve/-pocket & appli$ almo/ )\t tools4 ,on ! o!r h&1 repair on a *a9less _c be made on ! road1 & w 9 any case be v mu* great]1 9 co/ & tr\ble1 ?an any :i* are call$ = on a *a9 or a sprocket4 ,e me*anic kn[s t a %aft 8out ( l9e0 _c op]ate prop]ly1 if at all1 on any con/ruction1 f an ocean l9] d[n to delicate ma*9]y = wat*mak+4 ,a *a9less bicycle--al?\gh ?is requirem5t is n q s sev]e on ^? ) ! roll] ge>1 s9ce t has a semi-flexibility--mu/ h its %aft & ge>s laid 9 exactly "r at fir/1 & !n !y mu/ /ay s4 ,! *a9-driv] is ! opposite 9 ?is respect4 ,! frame may be consid]ably sprung out ( l9e1 & ! front sprocket may ev5 h q a twi/1 & yet ! driv+ n be noticeably affect$4 ,! reason is t ! *a91 in/ead ( be+ rigid & unyield+1 is jo9t$ & c b5d1 accommodat+ itself to any little irregul>ity4 ,?is is ! reason :y bicycles h be5 able to run1 ev5 :5 n 9 v good condition1 all ^! ye>s1 :ile frames h be5 und]go+ te/s & h be5 hav+ _! weak places /r5g!n$4 ,x is said t 8! weak "p ( a *a9-&-sprocket bicycle is ! *a910 & t ! *a9 is 8! "o s]i\s s\rce ( dang] t e bicycl] realizes40 ,yet x is ! la/ ?+ ab\t :i* ! av]age rid] tr\bles himself1 ei!r to be anxi\s = or to take c>e (1 & deal]s & repairm5 w almo/ unanim\sly te/ify t ! *a9 & ! sprockets h figur$ less frequ5tly & less importantly 9 _! repair %op ?an any o!r "p ( ! bicycle4 ,,ge> ,,cases ,,& ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,*a9s4 ,engli% mak]s ?9k ,am]icans sl[ & dull 9 n us+ a ge> case1 :i* is a regul> "p ( ! cycle ) !m2 b ! diff]5ce 9 climate acc\nts = t--x has n be5 ?\ght ne$ful "h4 ,! /ronge/ po9t = ! *a9less 7^? ) spur ge> except$7 is ! ease & neatness ( inclos+ its driv+ p>ts2 yet ! case to inclose ! *a9 is com+1 & :5 ! *a9 is cov]$ ! objections to x above not$ & admitt$ are sub/antially remov$4 ,!re is little exp]i5ce ( ! case "h z yet1 b we c te/ify to an in/ance 9 :i* ! case 0 tak5 (f = exam9ation1 aft] "s mon?s' use1 & ! oil & graphite 7 f\nd app>5tly z fre% & unimpair$ z :5 appli$4 ,z fur!r def5ce aga9/ ! ejectm5t action x %\ld be not$ t comp>atively little att5tion has be5 giv5 to improvem5t 9 sprockets & *a9s1 b t n[ ^! p>ts are no long] neglect$4 ,! quality1 accuracy & f9i% ( *a9s h be5 greatly improv$ ( late ye>s1 & ?is is especially noticeable on ! #ahih product4 ,new patt]ns ( *a9 are com+ into m>ket1 & new %apes ( sprocket too? z well4 ,^! w be consid]$ lat] 9 _! place2 we c only say n[ t ^! *anges are n m]e alt]ations = 8talk+-po9ts10 b are v]itable improvem5ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! *a9less movem5t /imulates & requires ^! improvem5ts1 & w be met & oppos$ by !m4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,! ,,*a9less4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! trade outlook = ! *a9less1 & ! trade outlook z affect$ by ! *a9less 7= ^! are diff]5t ?+s & 9 "s degree oppos$ to ea* o!r7 ! fir/ po9t obs]vable is t e mak] ( a *a9less1 ) ! exception ( ! ,bayvelg]e p1 proposes to m>ket *a9 :eels z =m]ly2 ev5 ! p[]ful conc]n :i* has />t$ ! *a9less movem5t & has c>ri$ en?usia/ic praise ( its new product s f> z to dispraise *a9 driv]s1 by natural implication & almo/ by direct /atem5t1 is prep>+ to m>ket ! *a9 :eel j z be=e4 ,x is also a peculi> feature ( ! situation t only "o or two ( ! o!r mak]s :o are br++ out ! *a9less h mu* to say = x2 on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( !m seem to reg>d x z a d\btful exp]im5t1 & two h op5ly pron\nc$ aga9/ x1 "o ( !m ann\nc+ t 8not)/&+ ^! /ubborn facts1 h[ev]1 we h decid$ to meet ! dem& on ! "p ( "s rid]s = *a9less bicycles1 al?\gh we d n recomm5d !m40 ,! fir/ price ann\nc$1 #abe1 seem$ to be prohibitory ( any l>ge sale = ! *a9less 9 #ahih z aga9/ ! *a9 driv]s at curr5t m>ket values4 ,b ! lat] ann\ncem5t ( models at #ajj1 at #ge1 & ev5 at #fj1 puts a diff]5t face ^u t1 & ! *a9less w make its way z x c1 9 ! m>ket1 & w f9d its place accord+ to its comp>ative m]its or dem]its4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,*a9less ,,^u ,,! ,,cycle ,,trade4 ,! probable effect ( ! newcom] ^u ! trade 9 g5]al is a puzzl+ factor 9 ! outlook4 8,! *a9less is an inspiration2 x is a piece ( folly2 x w induce p to buy2 x w hold p back f buy+2 x is & has be5 a trade di/urb]2 x is j ! tonic ! trade ne$s0--"o c take 8 *oice ( ^! op9ions1 = x is a matt] ( ! po9t ( view4 ,p]haps ! real tru? & ! be/ c\rse1 z usual1 lie some:]e betwe5 ! extremes4 ,?is seems ! m likely to be s1 because ! bicycle has be5 suff]+ f extremes 9 ! =m ( a l>ge ov]dose ( 8boom20 x might be m euphemi/ically put by say+ t ! indu/ry has be5 fo/]$ & /imulat$ too fa/4 ,! 8pace0 ( competition has be5 too hot1 & ! result is a "p ( ! evolution ?r\gh :i* ?is m>vell\s product ( skill mu/ pass4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,! ,,trade4 ,evolution works n only 9 ! cycle itself1 b 9 ! me?ods ( production & sale1 9 ! ranks ( ! produc]s !mselves1 & 9 all includ$ 9 ! t]m 8! trade40 ,! swift rise ( ! bicycle z an article ( m]*&is+ importance1 toge!r ) s5sational attempts by un9=m$ press writ]s to expose ! alleg$ exorbitant pr(its1 has produc$ a natural effect )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,to make a bicycle = #bj & sell x = #ajj 0 s sure & easy a me?od ( amass+ a =tune )91 say1 five ye>s' "t1 t ! imag9ation ( our ev]-quick ,am]icans 0 fir$4 ,x is n necess>y j n[ to po9t out ! defects ( ?is picture1 sket*$ & held up2 ! mo/ s]i\s defect 0 t x 0 untrue to fact4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a ru% to get into 8! swim0 :ile !re 0 "t4 ,p )\t capital1 )\t exp]i5ce1 )\t me*anical tra9+1 )\t ev5 any k ( ! mat]ials ( :i* bicycles are con/ruct$1 ha/5$ to adv]tise !mselves z bicycle mak]s1 & = a full ye> ! news columns w5t on ann\nc+ ! build+ ( new factories4 ,?us ! b>ga9 c\nt] got its supplies1 & ! natural reaction foll[$1 ! news columns soon hav+ items ( q ano!r "*4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t rec5t r$uctions 9 price mean simply rel9qui%m5t ( =m] pr(it m>g9s1 :e!r ^? 7 l>ge or small2 "s ( ! decl9e 9 price does mean a l[] rate ( pr(it1 p>tly aton$ = by l>g] sales1 b a great deal is cov]$ by economies 9 h&l+ & m>ket+1 & notably by r$uc$ co/s ( production1 :i* are made possible by v>i\s means z above sugge/$1 "o ( ! *ief ( ^! be+ automatic ma*9]y4 ,! di/urb$ condition ( ! bicycle m>ket has be5 adju/+ itself & w cont9ue to d s--all ! soon] & bett] = all conc]n$ if volunte] assi/ants w rememb] t 8x is bett] n to "k s mu* ?an to "k s mu* t isn't s40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,frame ,,& ,,=k ,,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,keat+4 ,x is a trite b true rem>k t ! mod]n bicycle is a m>vel ( me*anical con/ruction1 & c]ta9ly no "p ( x has receiv$ m att5tion dur+ ! pa/ decade ?an ! frame4 ,! frame1 ) its braces1 rods1 diagonal /ruts1 *ords & ties1 is really a bridge on :eels built to c>ry man ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! frame usually consi/s ( eight pieces ( tub+1 braz$ to ei!r drop-=g$ or %eet /eel connections2 b ! late/ fads ( up-to-date con/ruction v>y ev5 ?is rule by mak+ ! re> =ks & also ! back /ays ( a cont9u\s "o-piece con/ruction1 ^!1 h[ev]1 be+ connect$ to ! frame by %ort lugs project+ f ! crank-hang] bracket & seat-pill> bracket4 ,?is /yle1 "h illu/rat$1 is us$ by ! mak]s ( ! ,manson1 ,iroquois1 ,hudson1 ,globe1 ,colton1 & is kn[n z ! ?ree-cr[n con/ruction4 ,?is /yle ( frame has become v popul>4 ,!re are no /rik+ novelties 9 frame con/ruction = '#ih1 ! few *anges made be+ 9 ! l9e ( ref9em5t r ?an ( newness4 ,high frames are altoge!r out ( /yle1 l[ frames be+ ! prop] ?+1 cycli/s evid5tly pref]r+ to ride a l[ frame ) a %ort head & dropp$ crank-hang] & gett+ ! necess>y rea* by rais+ ! seat-po/4 ,orig9ally all bicycles 7 built ) drop-=g$ connections1 or connections made f /eel /amp+s4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s %eet /eel /amp+s h be5 v l>gely us$1 b aft] ! frame is enamell$ x is impossible to say :at ^! connections are4 ,on ! old 8,ord9>y0 con/ruction ! use ( l>ge tub+ = ! backbone necessitat$ ! ins]tion ( ! =g+s into ! backbone1 ?us produc+ flu% jo9ts4 ,:5 ! l[ly ,safety came 91 ) its tub+ ( small diamet] & ?ick gauge1 ext]nal connections 7 us$ altoge!r1 & ! tub+ 0 ins]t$ into ! connections2 b ) ! gr[+ use ( l>ge tub+1 flu% jo9ts came into vogue aga91 & !y are und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul> today4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,union4 ,! jo9ts us$ 9 bicycle frame con/ruction are ( ?ree k9ds1 ! mo/ popul> at pres5t be+ ! flu% or butt$ jo9t1 outside jo9ts & lapp$ jo9ts4 ,! flu% jo9t1 z its "n indicates1 is "o %[+ no connection on ! outside1 be+ p]fectly smoo? & app>5tly jo9tless1 & is made by braz+ ! tube ov] ! connections1 :i* are made ( =g+s or /amp+s4 ,! outside jo9t is produc$ by ins]t+ ! tube inside ( ! connect+ lugs or brackets1 :i* are !re=e necess>ily l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! tub+4 ,:5 l>ge tub+ is us$ x does n make z neat a jo9t z :5 tub+ ( small] diamet] is us$1 h5ce ! outside jo9t1 al?\gh a good "o1 has fall5 into disfavor s9ce ! adv5t ( l>ge tub+4 ,! lapp$ jo9t is made by splitt+ ! tube & cutt+ away ! c5tre portion ( ! tube :]e split & cutt+ & braz+ x to & ar\nd ! o!r tubes ( ! frame4 ,all ?ree ( ! /yles ( jo9ts describ$ are p9n$ or rivet$ be=e braz+ to hold !m 9 place :ile be+ braz$1 & !y all are usually re9=c$ int]nally1 especially ! flu% & lapp$ jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,victor4 ,z not$ 9 ! previ\s article on 8,t5d5cies = '#ih10 ! use ( ! dropp$ crank-hang] bracket is univ]sal4 ,x might be said1 9 addition1 t if ?is crank-hang] drop is c>ri$ to a mu* great] extreme1 x w necessitate rev]sion to ! old type--t is1 n hav+ ! upp] tube horizontal or p>allel ) ! gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 !re are "s signs ( t rev]sion 9 bo? directions n[1 two or ?ree ( ! mak]s n mak+ ! upp] tube entirely horizontal1 slant+ x f ! head to ! seat-pill> bracket4 ,"o or two ( ! mak]s h tak5 a backw>d /ep & slant ! upp] tube f ! seat-pill> bracket to ! head1 :i* has ! effect ( ?r[+ ! weight ( ! rid] :]e x does n belong4 ,) ! drop ( ! crank-hang] has come1 h[ev]1 a %ort5+ ( ! head4 ,?is 0 necess>y1 ( c\rse1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! horizontal position ( ! ma9 tube4 ,z is usual1 h[ev]1 9 ,am]ican bicycle con/ruction1 a few ( ! mak]s are c>ry+ ?is %ort5+ ( ! head to an extreme po9t4 ,! use ( flu% jo9ts has br\ght ab\t a ref9em5t1 s to speak1 9 ! me?od ( jo9+ ! clu/] ( tubes at ! seat pill> bracket1 ! re> /ays be+ (fset & crank$1 or tap]$ 9 _m in/ances1 at ?is po9t1 :i* produces a v neat clu/] or gr\p4 ,frame con/ruction has pass$ ?r\gh _m eras ( faddism4 ,we h _h ! heavy-weight fad1 ! n>r[ tread fad1 & ! light-weight fad1 :i* might /rictly be call$ a craze4 ,! frame1 h[ev]1 has surviv$ all ^!1 & '#ih frames are to be comm5d$ = _! m$ium weight & m$ium tread1 ! only prom95t fad on !m be+ a dropp$ crank-hang] & %ort head4 ,= a long :ile a great deal ( discussion w5t on bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl& z to ! m]its & dem]its ( a long :eel base4 ,:eel bases 9 #ahih h settl$ d[n to f #db to #de in*es1 a fair av]age be+ ab\t #dc in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cygnet4 ,! fir/ re> driv+ safety bicycle con/ruct$1 ! ,rov]1 0 built out ( p>ts su* z 7 us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! 8,ord9>y10 z w be not$ by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration ( ! ,rov] us$ 9 a previ\s article4 ,= ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] t ! cycle mak]s ( ,engl& & ,am]ica us$ ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes & curves 9 frame con/ruction1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! /raight l9e v>iety be+ t kn[n z ! ,t-%ape2 a s+le b> or /em ran f ! head 7:i* 0 usually an op5 "o7 & 0 connect$ to ano!r b> :i* cross$ x at "r angles 9 front ( ! re> :eel1 ! upp] "p ( ?is la/-nam$ b> or diagonal be+ us$ = ! seat-pill> bracket1 & ! l[] "p c>ry+ ! crank-hang] bracket1 ! ma9 tube cont9u+ b divid$ to =m ! re> =ks4 ,necess>ily !re 7 no back /ays or braces connect+ ! seat-pill> ) ! re> =ks4 ,b all ! v>i\s =ms & %apes 7 sup]s$$ :51 9 #ahia1 ,?omas ,humb] br\ght out ! type :i* has s9ce !n be5 kn[n z ! ,humb] diamond frame4 ,?is type ( frame 0 fir/ %[n at ! cycle %[ 9 #ahib by ! mak]s ( ! ,lib]ty1 & x attract$ an enorm\s am\nt ( att5tion4 ,at t "t ! frame 01 ( c\rse1 mu* heavi] ?an x is n[4 ,r\nd tubes 7 solely us$2 ! re> =ks 7 n (fset or crank$2 & ! upp] or ma9 tube did n run horizontal or p>allel ) ! gr\nd4 ,9 #ahic & #ahid ! crank-hang] bracket 0 slightly rais$1 ! orig9al ,humb] frame hav+ a dropp$ crank-hang] bracket1 su* z is n[ s popul>4 ,) ! rais+ ( ! crank-hang] bracket at t "t came ! mak+ ( ! upp] "p ( ! frame horizontal4 ,t /yle has prevail$ ev] s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lib]ty4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,clevel& introduc$ ! use ( l>ge tub+ 9 #ahie1 & 9 #ahif at ! ,new ,york ,cycle ,%[ ! mak]s ( ! ,s+]1 ! only ,engli% bicycle repres5t$ at t %[1 exhibit$ a bicycle hav+ ,d-%ap$ re> =ks & back /ays1 & x 0 pr$ict$ at t "t by ! exp]ts ( ! trade t 9 #ahig ?is ,d-%ap$ tub+ = use 9 ! back "p ( ! frame w\ld be ! com+ ?+4 ,?is pr$iction1 h[ev]1 0 n z fully realiz$ z anticipat$1 b 9 #ahih ! pr$iction has come to a full realization1 a c>eful c5sus ( ! mak]s %[+ t m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( !m use ,d-%ap$ tub+ = ei!r re> =ks or back /ays1 & "s ( !m use x :olly 9 ! re> "p ( ! frame4 ,among ! v>iations 9 frame con/ruction might be m5tion$ ! alum9um frame1 :i* is ca/ 9 "o piece f an alum9um alloy4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 has be5 ga9$ by ?is con/ruction except+ peculi>ity1 z ! frame is no light] & is no /rong] 7if x is z /rong7 ?an ! regul> frame made ( tub+2 ! mak]s also produce a frame hav+ a ge> case z "p ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victor ,,s+le ,,loop4 ,! ,*ilion frame is ( wood1 ) /eel connections1 & built ( solid rods ( season$ second gr[? hickory1 oak1 a% or maple1 & ! connections are made ( alum9um-bronze ( a special composition1 :i* ! mak]s ?9k is a metal light] & t\gh] ?an /eel4 ,! wood5 rods are rivett$ to ! connection ) phosphor bronze rivets4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! jo9t is simil> to a %ovel h&le1 & x is "h to be not$ t no "o ev] yet saw a %ovel h&le "w loose4 ,! mak]s claim t no %ocks or vibration w affect ! frame1 because ! wood fibre absorbs ! vibration1 & t ! frame w /& up "u treatm5t :i* w\ld ru9 a /eel frame1 x be+ impossible to b5d1 cru% or buckle ! wood5 rods1 & t %\ld ! frame be brok5 repairs c be made at a fraction ( ! exp5se necessitat$ by ! /eel frame4 ,:ile all ?is may be true1 someh[ or ano!r ! wood frame has n caught on1 & we are /ill 9 ! 8/eel age0 ( cycle con/ruction4 ,! com+ ( ! ge> case has evid5tly caus$ ! mak]s ( ! ,racycle to adapt _! frame to x4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 produc$ a frame 9 :i* ! ge> case is an integral "p ( ! frame1 s9ce ! frame ( ! ge> case consi/s ( a loop ( ,d-%ape tub+ braz$ on & made "p ( ! frame 9 place ( ! re> =k on ! *a9 side1 :i* is ?us disp5s$ )4 ,!y claim t ?is ge> case also adds greatly to ! /r5g? ( ! entire frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,cr[n ,,frame4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,&rae make _! entire frame out ( tap]$ gauge tub+1 :i* is #ah-;gauge at ea* end = two in*es1 !n tap]$ to #bb-;gauge ?r\gh ! int]m$iate portion1 :ile ! ext]ior surface is uni=m 9 diamet]4 ,!y make ! foll[+ claims = ?is3 8,at ! v inception ( cycle con/ruction1 cycle eng9e]s 7 aw>e t a /raight tube ( uni=m ?ickness 0 n "r :5 made up into a cycle frame1 z su* a tube is apt to be ?9 at ! connections because ( ! op]ations ( fil+ a braz$ jo9t & clean+ x by ! use ( a s& bla/ be=e go+ to ! fil]4 ,! consequ5ce is t a ?9 tube1 :5 braz$ & clean$ up at ! jo9ts1 may be cut away to a m]e film at "s portions ( its circumf]5ce1 & s made liable to break "u a v light portion ( ! load :i* ! tube at its orig9al ?ickness c\ld safely su/a94 ,until ! idea ( tap]$-gauge tub+ 0 conceiv$1 me*anics 7 =c$ to use ! ord9>y tubes & _h no means ( r$uc+ ! total weight ( ! frame )\t at ! same "t r$uc+ its /r5g?1 because ! only light] tube obta9able 0 "o ?9n] 9 e "p1 & x is n consid]$ safe to make a braze on tub+ mu* less ?an #ah-;gauge 9 ?ickness4 ,! tap]$ tube avoids all ?is & gives a di/ribution ( metal p]fectly adapt$ to ! manufacture ( bicycle frames1 z all /ructures design$ to be> ! maximum ( a load ) ! m9imum ( weight mu/ h _! long memb]s ( v>y+ ?icknesses ( metal40 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ilion ,,wood ,,frame4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,eagle /ill cont9ue to use :at !y call _! cold-swag$ process 9 all ! jo9ts ( ! tub+ !y use4 ,! process consi/s ( plac+ a tube inside ( a tube1 & !n cold swag+ ! d\ble tube to ! requir$ ?ickness & l5g?4 ,! ,eagle p say t ?r\gh ?is me?od !y "k exactly h[ ?ick _! tube is at e po9t1 & :i* ! mak]s ( tub+ z ord9>ily swag$ d n4 ,! ,lu?y frame is made ) outside lap-jo9t1 tap]-tongu$ re9=cem5ts1 :i* ext5d along ! sides ( ! uprights & rea*es & brace ! frame aga9/ bo? p]p5dicul> & collid+ /ra9 & prev5t granulation at ! corn]s by transmitt+ ! vibration to ! c5tres ( ! rea*es1 :]e ! vibrations are ?r[n (f4 ,! ,iroquois frame is fitt$ ) ?ree-in* ecc5tric *a9 adju/] at ! crank-hang] gr\p4 ,! re> :eel is always c5tr$ & provid$ ) two sprockets to all[ a *ange ( ge>4 ,a peculi> feature ( ?is frame is t :ile x is ( ! ?ree-cr[n con/ruction1 ) =g$ ar*$ cr[ns front & re>1 & ,d %ape tub+ 9 ! back/ays & re> =ks1 ! jo9ts are n flu% b outside jo9ts & nickel-plat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,flu% ,,jo9t4 ,a few mak]s are /ill mak+ cu%ion frames1 :i* 7 l>gely %[n by a numb] ( mak]s at ! cycle %[s ( #ahig4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ! pneumatic tire !re 0 "s reason = ! use ( cu%ion & spr+ frames1 b c]ta9ly ) ! com=table seats n[ made & ! pneumatic tire 9 addition1 cu%ion frames ( any sort are uncall$ =4 ,! ,c>lisle ,manufactur+ ,company1 9 ord] to give increas$ drop to ! hang]1 are produc+ a cycle hav+ a ?irty-in* re> :eel4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,rambl] are mak+ a man's heavy-weight road/] hav+ ?irty-in* :eels bo? front & re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cresc5t ,,flu% ,,jo9t4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,clipp] %[ a v>iation ( ! ?ree-cr[n con/ruction1 inasmu* z !y d n use ! cont9u\s "o-piece re> =k con/ruction1 & use :at !y call a blade re9=cem5t /raight tap]$ re> =k1 ! re> =ks be+ braz$ to a lug :i* =ms "p ( _! pat5t elliptical truss crank-hang]1 & !y claim t ?r\gh ?is con/ruction !y h suffici5t cle>ance = a tire z l>ge z #a in*1 t a front sprocket z l>ge z tw5ty-five too? c be us$1 fitt$ to a #d-;crank axle1 ) ball races ?ree in*es ap>t1 & ) tread #d in*es ov] all4 ,!y claim t ?is me?od ( con/ruction is an improvem5t ov] ! old me?od1 :]e 9 ord] to get a tread less ?an #e in*es ! re> =ks mu/ be b5t1 :i* prev5t$ prop]ly re9=c+ a vital po9t & consequ5tly weak5$ ! frame4 ,!y also claim t "u ! old me?od ! crank bracket w\ld h to be ext5d$1 a process :i* is undesirable because m l5g? mu/ be add$ to ! *a91 & ! :eel base mu/ also be l5g!n$1 ?us add+ weight )\t /r5g?2 also t !re 0 a com+ dem& = l>g] tires & sprockets1 nei!r ( :i* c\ld cle> ! =ks ( a :eel ) =ty-f\r-in* :eel base & /raight =ks1 bo? ( ^! la/ be+1 = good reasons1 me*anical features ( no little value4 ,! ,keat+ frame curves ! diagonal /ay j be=e x rea*es ! crank-hang] & ! ,racycle also %[ "o model ( ?is /yle4 ,9 ! ,lu?y frame ! diagonal /ay in/ead ( be+ braz$ to ! crank-hang] bracket is braz$ =w>d ( x1 on ! l[] ma9 tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbia ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,wolff-,am]ican & ! ,h[>d d n believe 9 rak+ ! diagonal /ay z mu* z "s o!rs d4 ,bo? ( ^! mak]s make ! head ( ! frame at an angle ( tw5ty degrees f ! p]p5dicul> 9 ord] to produce easy /e]+ qualities1 & !y br+ ! angle ( ! diagonal /ay only sixte5 degrees f ! p]p5dicul>1 ?us br++ ! rid] m directly ov] ! p$als1 :i* is ! popul> position at pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cresc5t ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,! truss frame1 z us$ on ! ,f[l] & ,am]ica1 is produc$ by divid+ ! diagonal /ay midway betwe5 ! seat-pill> bracket & crank-hang] bracket into two p>ts1 ^! two p>ts runn+ d[n to ! crank-hang] bracket4 ,! ,cygnet is ano!r peculi> frame1 & is be/ describ$ by ! illu/ration1 b is int]e/+ ma9ly z a novelty4 ,x makes a v tak+ & graceful look+ ladies' :eel1 ! entire frame hav+ two tubul> connections1 z aga9/ twelve 9 ! old diamond frame4 ,! re> portion ( ! frame is con/ruct$ ( two sections ( tub+ only4 ,no wood or metal *a9 or :eel gu>ds are necess>y on x1 ! re> :eel & all ! driv+ me*anism be+ )9 two sections ( frame1 s t ! skirts ( ! rid] are fully protect$4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,wolff-,am]ican /ill cont9ue to use _! process ( spr+ temp]+ to :i* e frame is subject$4 ,! process has n be5 publicly reveal$1 b !y /ate t ! f9i% & temp] are ! same z !y put ^u ! f9e/ clock & wat* spr+s2 t _! frames are treat$ ) ! same c>e & delicacy z ^? spr+s are1 & t repeat$ te/s h prov$ ! increas$ /r5g? result+ f ?is process ( spr+ temp]+1 :i* also r5d]s e tube 9 ! frame 7_! temp]s always v>y+ orig9ally7 ( an equal temp] & gives life to ! frame & at ! same "t pres]ves its rigidity4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,nor?ampton claim to drop ! top tube "o in* f seat-po/ to head1 _! only claim = ?is be+ t x enables ! rid] to use a high frame if desir$1 & gives a v graceful appe>ance to ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lyndhur/ ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar* ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,,juv5ile ,,bicycles4 ,! ,we/]n ,:eel ,works1 ! ,craw=d & ! ,fea!r/one all produce m9iature models ( _! regul> product = juv5ile use4 ,only "o conc]n 7! mak]s ( ! 8,elf907 conf9e !mselves /rictly to mak+ juv5ile bicycles4 ,!y build a cute little diamond frame = boys 9 f\r sizes ( frames & :eels1 & a d\ble-loop drop frame = girls' use 9 ! same numb] ( sizes2 !y also build a diamond t&em & a comb9ation t&em4 ,_! product is di/9ctively juv5ile 9 e p>ticul>1 ev5 to ! cork grips at ! ends ( ! little h&leb>s4 ,!y use a rev]sible crank bracket & *a9 adju/]1 by means ( :i* an adju/m5t ( #b in*es 9 ! di/ance betwe5 seat-po/ & p$als is effect$1 s t an 8,elf90 may be made to la/ a gr[+ *ild = sev]al seasons4 ,?is is a decid$ advantage 9 ?is type ( con/ruction1 because 9 a ye> or two ! y\ng/]s outgr[ ! regul> type ( *ild's cycle4 ,,ladies ,,bicycle ,,frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,craw=d ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,!re are no novelties 9 frame con/ruction ( bicycles = ladies' use4 ,! d\ble-loop frame1 l ! ar*$ cr[n1 seems to be ! mo/ popul> "o ) all ! mak]s1 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 only "o o!r patt]n be+ l>gely us$1 & t hav+ a /raight l[] ma9 tube & a curv$ upp] tube1 z us$ by ! mak]s ( ! ,humb]1 ,/e>ns & o!rs4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,columbia1 ,lib]ty1 ,wolff-,am]ican1 ,keat+1 ,cresc5t1 ,craw=d1 ,eagle & _m o!rs use ! d\ble-loop /yle altoge!r4 ,! ,victoria seems to be ! only s+le-loop frame 9 ! m>ket1 b ev5 ! mak]s ( ! ,victoria make a d\ble-loop frame ?is ye>4 ,_m reasons h be5 advanc$ :y bicycl+ is s popul>1 b c]ta9ly no?+ add$ s mu* to its popul>ity z ! inv5tion ( ! drop-frame safety = ladies' use by ,ow5 ( ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhh4 ,! old 8,ord9>y10 ( c\rse c\ld be ridd5 by m5 only1 & !re=e cycl+ 0 always reg>d$ by ! fem99e portion ( ! community z a selfi% sport1 b ) ! inv5tion ( ! ladies' bicycle ?is objection 0 remov$1 & ! sport became "o = all p4 ,9 =m] ye>s mak]s made ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( _! product = ladies' use4 ,x is safe to say n[ t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! product is n[ made = ladies' use1 & a great deal ( att5tion has be5 paid to con/ruct+ a bicycle1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,ea/]n mak]s1 t a lady c\ld m\nt & dism\nt f readily4 ,! majority ( ! ,we/]n mak]s h = "s ye>s pa/ fail$ to note ^! t5d5cies1 & cont9u$ build+ all sorts ( /raight-frame cycles = ladies' use ) a v high crank-hang]2 ^! c\ld n be m>ket$ readily 9 ! ,ea/1 b = ! com+ season all ! mak]s h se5 ! h&writ+ on ! wall & !y are all build+ ) l[-dropp$ crank-hang]s 9 bo? /yles ( frames4 ,,front ,,=ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,humb] ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,front-=k con/ruction 9 #ahih %[s a decid$ rev]sion to ! old type us$ on ! 8,ord9>y10 :]e all ! front =ks 7 ( ! ar*$ cr[n con/ruction4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,rambl]1 :o also built an 8,ord9>y10 h p]si/5tly & consi/5tly us$ ?is ar*$ =k con/ruction1 & to !m mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it = its re9troduction4 ,x has n only tak5 ! ,we/]n mak]s by /orm1 b x has captur$ ! fancy ( v ne>ly all ! ,ea/]n mak]s4 ,a c>eful c5sus ( ov] "o hundr$ mak]s %[s t fully #ge p] c5t4 ( !m are us+ "s =m ( ar*$ cr[n con/ruction1 b ev5 9 ?is ar*$-=k con/ruction !re are a few v>iations4 ,! ,rambl]1 ! orig9ators ( x1 use x ) outside spe>head re9=cem5ts4 ,a notable dep>ture 9 ?is =m ( con/ruction is %[n by ! illu/ration z "o pat5t$ by ,faub]1 :o is also ! inv5tor ( ! "o-piece crank axle4 ,he makes ! front =k1 cr[n & /em ( two pieces ( ,d-%ape tub+1 b5t to %ape1 & braz$ toge!r ! full l5g? ( ! /em1 "o ( ! mo/ tak+ & /ronge/ =ms ( /em connections kn[n4 ,"s ( ! mak]s use a drop-=g$ ar*$ cr[n1 to :i* ! /em & =k sides are braz$4 ,! ,we/]n ,:eel ,works1 ! mak]s ( ! ,cresc5t1 :o fir/ introduc$ %eet /eel /amp+s 9 bicycle con/ruction1 & /ill cont9ue to use !m1 make _! =k cr[n ( ?ree pieces drawn & /amp$ toge!r4 ,a few ( ! mak]s /ill cont9ue to use ! good old-fa%ion$ two-piece flat plate cr[n1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,?omas ,humb] a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago2 & among ! di/9ctive =k cr[ns to be not$ are ! 8,columbia10 8,lib]ty10 8,ori5t10 8,union10 8,victor0 & 8,lyndhur/40 ,! ,_w & ,adlake use ?ree-piece flat cr[ns4 ,! ,victor =k sides are rem>kable1 because = _m ye>s pa/ all ! great mak]s h inv>iably adv]tis$ _! =k sides z be+ made ( cold-drawn tub+1 flatt5$ to an oval %ape4 ,! ,victor p claim1 h[ev]1 t = ye>s pa/ !y h made _! =k sides ( crucible %eet /eel1 :i* are braz$ toge!r & re9=c$ by a /eel wire runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! re> end1 & are braz$ to a solid =g$ /eel cr[n4 ,b ?is is ! fir/ season !y h ann\nc$ 9 _! catalogues t !y use x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mon>* ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,ano!r popul> me?od is to make front =ks ( cont9u\s tap]$ "o-piece tub+1 :i* is braz$ to ! =k cr[n4 ,! majority ( =ks ( ?is %ape1 h[ev]1 are ( ,d-%ape section on ! inside & flat on ! outside4 ,! mo/ prom95t p us+ ?is me?od ( con/ruction are ! mak]s ( ! 8,union10 us$ by ,jimmie ,mi*ael 9 all 8 rides1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 h]e)4 ,"o-piece =ks are tap]$ z foll[s3 ,sixte5-gauge at ! top :]e ! cr[n sets1 #bj-;gauge 9 ! middle ( ! =k side & #ah-;gauge at ! =k or axle ends4 ,9 ! e>li] =ms ( =k con/ruction "s peculi>ities 7 not$2 ! ,w>wick ,company1 = in/ance1 made front =ks t 7 p]fectly v]tical4 ,n[ all =ks are built ) consid]able rake to !m4 ,on "s ( ! ord9>ies =ks 7 built kn[n z ! 8d\ble holl[0 =k1 be+ flut$4 ,v>iations 9 ?is consi/$ ( two small tubes braz$ toge!r4 ,! re> =ks ( "s ( ! ord9>ies fir/ built 7 kn[n z semi-holl[1 be+ really no?+ b a piece ( %eet /eel hav+ flang$ edges1 & on "s ( ! e>ly types ( old velocip$es built ! =k 0 only on "o side ( ! :eel & ! elevat+ influ5ce ( ! /age 0 felt at t e>ly p]iod ( its hi/ory1 because ,hanlon1 ! actor1 9 #ahfh took out a pat5t = a bifurcat$ =k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ori5t ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,a few mak]s /ill use ! old-fa%ion$ s+le piece /raight =k cr[n1 ! corn]s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are r\nd$ s t !y m closely resemble ! popul> ar*$ cr[n4 ,! ar*$ cr[n has a great deal to comm5d x to popul> favor1 foll[+ z x does ! %ape ( ! l9es ( ! tire & rim1 & x is n[ made broad] & m proportionate to ! size ( ! tub+ us$ 9 ! frame4 ,! ar*$ cr[n has always be5 v popul> n only 9 ! bicycle1 b 9 o!r me*anical & ar*itectural con/ructions1 ! ,etruscans hav+ e>ly introduc$ ! use ( ! ar*4 ,! ,/]l+ ,company h always us$ ! ar*$ cr[n & h done mu* to popul>ize x4 ,inde$1 x w\ld n be too mu* to say t ! ,/]l+ p are entitl$ to :atev] cr$it is due ! popul>ity ( ?is idea 9 =k cr[ns4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ,/]l+ :eels cont9u\sly = sev]al ye>s pa/1 & w unque/ionably be adopt$ by _m lead+ mak]s dur+ ! pres5t season4 ,:5 prop]ly made1 ! ar* =k cr[n has ev]y?+ to comm5d x--/r5g?1 /yle1 & grace & beauty ( l9e4 ,t its l>gely increas$ use ?is ye> is due to a direct dem& ^u ! "p ( rid]s is und\bt$ly true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,union ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,tub+ ( #af-;gauge is us$ to make a =k /em1 & "s ( ! mak]s1 = safety1 are us+ z ?ick a gauge z #ac ?is ye>4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,lyndhur/ %[ :at !y call a 8,triple ,front ,=k10 = :i* !y make ! foll[+ claims3 8,by press+ ) y\r foot on ! p$al ( a :eel made ) a s+le front =k y w be surpris$ to see h[ mu* sway or side /ra9 !re is2 ?is is because ! p[] is n appli$ on a direct l9e1 b at "r angles2 ?is side /ra9 does n /ay !re1 b travels ?r\gh ! tube up to ! front =k1 :i*1 hav+ only a s+le /em1 rocks & has side play4 ,) ! squ>e truss 9 ! triple front =k we claim to /iff5 ! neck & =k sides s t a great deal ( ! side play is ov]come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,=k ,,cr[n4 8,9 a s+le front =k ! h&leb> is clamp$ to ! =k-/em1 :i* goes ?r\gh ! neck ( ! frame1 & z y pull & haul 9 climb+ or aga9/ a head w9d1 ! p[] appli$ is n felt until ! twi/+ /ra9 is tak5 up inside ( ! neck & localizes at top ( =k cr[n4 ,by us+ ! truss cr[n 9 ! triple front =k x enables u to lock ! /em ( ! =k cr[n1 & ! /ra9 localizes at ! top ( ! triple =k1 in/ead ( at ! l[] end1 insur+ great] rigidity & p[]4 8,sit d[n viol5tly on ! saddle & a s+le =k spr+s =w>d fully half an in*2 ! triple front =k c>ries ! /ra9 9 a direct l9e up to ! top ( ! cr[n & ! /ra9 is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! entire =k & frame4 8,9 turn+ corn]s or ^u a lumpy road1 a /iff front =k has a decid$ advantage1 b we claim x is good on asphalt1 because ( ! decrease 9 twi/+ /ra91 enabl+ ! :eels to track & n sway out ( alignm5t4 8,! above claims are = increase ( p[]1 b ! /r5g? ( ! triple =k is ?ree times t ( ! s+le =k1 :i* is a s\rce ( satisfaction 9 coa/+ a /eep hill40 ,illu/ration3 ,,_w ,,& ,,adlake ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,,tube ,,mak+4 ,! air is fill$ ) ! vocabul>y ( ! bicycle mak]s & _! ag5ts & salesm54 ,e "o ( !m talks ( cold drawn weldless /eel tub+1 drop =g+s1 /amp+s & braz+4 ,_! catalogues & _! adv]tisem5ts teem ) ! same ?+1 & ! cycli/ :o has he>d & read ^! t]ms necess>ily feels z if he w\ld l to "k :at !y all mean4 ,tube 9 its orig9al %ape consi/s ( a solid billet ( ,sw$i% /eel1 ?is be+ ! only quality t c be us$4 ,:5 ! tube is made f a solid1 ! billet is ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 x is made f a holl[ +ot1 a piece ab\t ?ree feet long & ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ab\t half-in* walls1 is us$4 ,^! pieces are ca/4 ,:5 solid billet is us$1 ! core is practically ei!r pu%$ out or drill$ out to produce a r\gh tube4 ,?is is done :ile hot1 & ! hot pressure is cont9u$ until ! tube is ab\t f\r or five feet long2 ! diamet] !n is ab\t #b in*es1 ) proportionate ?ickness ( walls4 ,! tube is !n tak5 to ! cold draw b5*es4 ,draw b5*es1 s call$1 are ( two k9ds1 ei!r op]at$ by hydraulic or *a9 p[]4 ,9 ! case ( ! hydraulic b5*1 an imm5se plant is requir$ to produce ! enorm\s pressure requir$1 approximat$ at ab\t #b1ejj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is p[] is appli$ ?r\gh a cyl9d] ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t eighte5 feet long1 op]at+ a pi/on4 ,! p[] is s arrang$ t ! pi/on c be made to ei!r g =w>d or backw>d4 ,! op]ator cru%es d[n "o end ( ! tube to be drawn1 to make x small en\gh to pass ?r\gh a die1 & ! tube is !n grasp$ 9 a grip held by ! pi/on4 ,z ! b5* moves ! tube passes ?r\gh ! die & becomes small]4 ,inside ( ! tube & flu% up aga9/ ! die is kept a m&rel1 ov] :i* ! %ell ( ! tube passes 9 go+ ?r\gh ! die4 ,?is m&rel is plac$ 9 ! tube to keep ! %ell or gauge f ?ick5+ up1 & also to produce a ?9n] gauge :5 requir$4 ,ea* op]ation r$uces ! diamet] ab\t an eigh? ( an in*4 ,x is n possible to r$uce ! gauge at ! mo/ m ?an #e_/ajjj ( an in* at a "t1 & ?is is v sev]e treatm5t4 ,betwe5 ea* draw+ 9 ! cold process ! tubes are anneal$1 ! op]ation ( draw+ h>d5+ !m4 ,aft] anneal+ !y are pickl$ 9 a solution ( acid & wat]4 ,! tubes are !n wa%$ 9 cle> wat]2 !n !y are imm]s$ 9 oil1 & are ready to be drawn ov] aga94 ,?is process is repeat$ until su* "t z ! tube rea*es ! desir$ gauge & outside diamet]4 ,! tubes are !n /raight5$ & ! ends cut (f1 & !y are ready = deliv]y4 ,! ,pope ,tube ,company hold ! exclusive lic5se 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 = a process ( anneal+ /eel tubes 9 iron cyl9d]s ab\t a foot 9 diamet] & #ab feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! retorts hold ab\t #ajj to #aej tubes1 & be+ *>g$ ) ^! are seal$ up at ! end & plac$ 9 a furnace4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od consi/s 9 t ! tubes be+ plac$ 9 ! retort d n come 9 direct contact ) ! flames1 :i* =m a scale ^u ! surfaces & require ! subsequ5t op]ation ( pickl+ ! tubes 9 l>ge vats ( acid 9 ord] to remove ! scale4 ,?is process ( anneal+ 9 ! retorts usually takes ab\t =ty m9utes1 & necess>ily 9 ! process ( draw+ a tube be=e x rea*es ! prop] size x mu/ g ?r\gh ! process ( anneal+ f five to eight1 or ev5 t51 times be=e be+ f9i%$4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! op]ation ( a hydraulic draw b5* & ( a *a9 b5* is t 9 ! *a9 b5* !re is a cont9u\s *a91 op]at$ by /eam p[]1 & ! grip is s arrang$ t x w cat* 9 any l9k desir$4 ,seamless tubes are made f #a_/cb to #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,gauge1 or ?ickness ( %ell1 is measur$ accord+ to ! /&>d ,briti% wire gauge4 ,bicycle tubes run f #bf to #aj gauge4 ,! /&>d gauges us$ 9 bicycle con/ruction = #ahih run f ab\t #af to #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clevel& ,,=k ,,cr[n4 ,x takes fifty ?icknesses ( #bb-;gauge tub+ to make an in*4 ,exp]ts 9 ! trade say t tap]$ gauge tub+ is ! com+ ?+ 9 bicycle con/ruction4 ,by ?is t]m is meant t /yle ( tub+ :i* is heavy :]e /ra9 is greate/ & light 9 weight :]e !re is n s mu* /ra94 ,! outside diamet] ( ! tub+1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! same all ! way ?r\gh4 ,?is is oppos$ to ! ord9>y ev5-gauge tub+ or tub+ ( uni=m ?ickness ( %ell4 ,weldless /eel =k sides are made out ( ! /raight tub+ already describ$1 ! fir/ op]ation consi/+ 9 draw+ ! tube to ! prop] tap]$ design4 ,x is !n1 by a s]ies ( op]ations1 br\ght to ! flatt5$ or oval %ape4 ,o!r op]ations are also necess>y to produce ! requir$ curve 9 ! =k4 ,! small] end :i* receives ! axle ( ! :eel is flatt5$ toge!r by ano!r op]ation4 ,! mak+ ( a weldless /eel =k side usually takes f five to sev5 op]ations1 accord+ to ! %ape desir$4 ,! ,mannesman tub+1 :i* is made 9 ,g]many & 0 ! fir/ k9d kn[n to be us$ = bicycles 9 ?is c\ntry1 is made by an entirely diff]5t me?od f any o!r4 ,until rec5tly ! mak+ ( tub+ 0 s re/rict$ t ^? own+ tub+ mills 7 v secretive ab\t _! processes1 & n "o cycle rid] or manufactur] out ( a hundr$ has ev] se5 ! mat]ial made out ( :i* ! frame ( 8 ma*9e is con/ruct$4 ,!y beg9 ) ! billet ( /eel l ! ,engli%-,am]ican mak]s1 b x is n exactly ! same mat]ial4 ,!y d n use ! ,sw$i% /eel1 b a metal turn$ out by !mselves4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a s(t =m ( /eel1 l ! ,sw$i% or ,norway article4 ,! billets are made up 9 l5g?s ( ?ree feet & are ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,fir/ ! metal is heat$ & !n put into a roll+ ma*9e4 ,?is is a special device us$ only 9 _! plant "u pat5ts4 ,x consi/s n only ( ! ord9>y roll] b ( two conical rolls1 & !y are set toge!r on axles1 :i* in/ead ( be+ p>allel are oblique4 ,! po9ts ( ^! conical roll]s are 9 opposite directions1 ( c\rse1 & by ! peculi> action ?us obta9$ ! outside sk9 ( ! heat$ metal is peel$ & spun ov] ! inside 9 a spiral fa%ion1 mu* z a rope is twi/$4 ,x is practically a huge sp9n+ ) hot metal4 ,aft] ?is s+le roll+ process1 ! new =m$ tube is subject$ to two draw+s 9 a m&rel1 9 practically ! same fa%ion t ,am]ican tub+ is treat$1 until x is r$uc$ to ! requir$ diamet] & gauge4 ,a billet ( ! size describ$ makes a piece ( tub+ an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 ( gauge f\rte51 or ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* ?ick4 ,an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is process & ! "o us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is t "h !re are only two draw+s & no anneal+1 :]e o!r processes necessitate a doz5 & sometimes a score ( solid draw+s4 ,x is claim$ t ) only two draw+s ! fibre ( ! /eel is bett] pres]v$4 ,! fibres are n %ort5$ or made brittle1 z !y are by repeat$ draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victor ,,racquet ,,frame--#ahib4 ,v little tub+ is n[ import$ to ?is c\ntry1 our ,am]ican mak]s n[ be+ able to supply all ! dem&1 & ( ! highe/ quality4 ,) ! improv$ me?ods ( manufacture has come an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! /eel = mak+ tub+4 ,x 0 =m]ly necess>y to use a v s(t /eel 9 mak+ tub+1 b ! ,am]ican mak]s are n[ able to turn out tub+ f fifte5 to fifty po9t c>bon4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 %\ld be expla9$ ! mean+ ( ?is trade phraseology4 ,= in/ance1 ! t]m 8fifte5 po9t0 c>bon is appli$ to /eel :i* conta9s c>bon to ! ext5t ( #ae_/ajj ( #a p] c5t41 & o!r numb]s are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,unque/ionably ! high grade c>bon tubes possess a great sup]iority ov] ! l[] c>bon grades because !y possess a maximum ( endurance "u vibratory /ra91 & /ill are s(t en\gh to resi/ ! %att]+ effects ( a heavy bl[4 ,popul> int]e/ 9 tub+ n[ c5tres v l>gely 9 ! tub+ kn[n z ! #e p] c5t4 nickel tub+1 & its me?od ( manufacture is describ$ 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e by ,mr4 ,clevel& ,m(fett1 9 a visit to ! ,pope ,tube ,company's works at ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,he says3 8,! company has rec5tly conclud$1 aft] exhau/ive exp]im5ts 9 ! te/+ dep>tm5t1 t x is possible to obta9 ! v be/ results f ! use ( tub+ drawn f /eel conta9+ #e p] c5t4 nickel1 an alloy ( ! same class z ! fam\s nickel-/eel us$ 9 armor plate con/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t40 ,( c\rse1 ! exceptional h>dness & t\ghness ( ?is k9d ( /eel occasion great difficulties 9 its r$uction1 & call = special & p[]ful ma*9]y1 & = special skill = all /ages ( manufacture4 ,s sl[ & exp5sive has be5 ! draw+ ( ?is nickel-/eel tub+ t up to date ! product has be5 exce$+ly limit$1 s mu* s t ! mill has und]tak5 to supply only ! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company ) /eel ( ?is quality4 ,! ma9 difficulties 9 work+ ?is nickel-/eel come 9 prep>+ x = ! draw b5*es4 ,9 !m x is treat$ v mu* z ! 8fifty0 c>bon billets are1 b be=e rea*+ !m x requires almo/ z mu* h&l+ ) z _m elaborate processes z ! ,sw$i% billets receive 9 _! entire j\rney ?r\gh ! mill4 ,! nickel-/eel comes f ! works ( ! ,be?lehem ,iron ,company1 & is roll$ into plates ab\t two feet long1 "o foot wide & "o-t5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,^! plates are fir/ pun*$ into disks ab\t a foot 9 diamet] 9 a blank+ ma*9e t weighs f\r tons1 & bites ?r\gh ! cold /eel z a h\sewife /amps out biscuits4 ,^! disks are !n put ?r\gh a numb] ( hydraulic presses1 ev5 heavi] ?an ! blank+ ma*9e1 & are =c$ ?r\gh dies by p[]ful rams4 ,! fir/ op]ation br+s ! disks to ! %ape ( a %all[ bas92 ! next makes x an elongat$ cup2 ! next makes x /ill long]1 & s on1 until f9ally x is r$uc$ to ! =m ( a tube1 two feet or m 9 l5g?4 ,!n ! r\nd$ end ( ! tube is slic$ (f1 & ! nickel-/eel is 9 ! =m ( a billet ready = ! draw b5*es4 8,simple en\gh ^! processes seem :5 "o sees !m go+ smoo?ly2 b x took mon?s ( pati5t toil1 ) _m mi/akes & disappo9tm5ts1 be=e ! company le>n$ ! "r way ( #8cupp+' ^! disks into billets4 ,& today ! museum ( ! tube dep>tm5t be>s record ( ! _m failures 9 cups cru%$ into fanta/ic %apes1 "s ) ragg$ sides1 & 9 tubes ( nickel-/eel de=m$ 9 _m ways & torn ap>t 9 draw+40 ,,mak+ ,,drop ,,=g+s4 ,a drop-=g+ diff]s f a h&-made =g+ because x is made f a b> ( /eel suitable = ! purpose requir$ & =m$ 9 dies plac$ 9 drop hamm]s1 ?is b> ( /eel hav+ be5 previ\sly heat$ to ! prop] degree 9 a furnace adjac5t to ! drop hamm] :i* is us$4 ,a drop hamm] may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,! ma9 "p ( ! ma*9e consi/s ( a heavy anvil1 or base1 weigh+ f #g1jjj to #cj1jjj p\nds1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! hamm]4 ,to ?is is atta*$ two v]tical uprights1 betwe5 :i* ! head or ram ( ! hamm] works4 ,on ! top ( ^! uprights is ! lift+ me*anism1 a bo>d be+ atta*$ to ! hamm] & ! rolls t revolve 9 ! head act ^u ?is bo>d & lift ! weight by friction4 ,9 ! base fir/ m5tion$ are fa/5$ ! l[] dies1 ! upp] die be+ atta*$ to ! hamm]4 ,9 ^! dies ! impression = ! =g+ want$ is cut by skill$ me*anics1 ! dies aft]w>d be+ temp]$ to make !m z h>d & durable z possible4 ,! piece ( /eel hav+ already be5 heat$ to a :ite heat1 is held on ! l[] die by ! workman1 :o !n op]ates ! drop hamm] by means ( a foot treadle1 ! hamm] ) ! upp] die dropp+ by gravity & =c+ ! heat$ metal into ! impressions cut 9 ! dies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/e>ns4 ,! surplus metal :i* has protrud$ betwe5 ! l[] & upp] dies resembles a f9 or web2 ?is has caus$ ! =g+ to be mi/ak5 = a ca/+ ( iron1 because ! f9 resembles 9 no small degree ! gate or connection betwe5 ca/+s :5 m\ld$4 ,?is f9 ( metal is trimm$ (f f ! =g+ by means ( ano!r ma*9e1 call$ ! trimm+ press1 to :i* are fitt$ dies = ?is purpose4 ,exp]ts 9 ! trade say t no 8h&-made0 =g+s or 8ca/+s0 c ev] :olly take ! place ( drop =g+s 9 bicycle con/ruction4 ,drop-=g+ manufactur]s say t h&-made =g+s are obsolete1 ow+ to ! enorm\s co/ ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,lapp$ ,,jo9t4 ,malleable iron ca/+s1 or /eel ca/+s1 are us$ by "s ( ! mak]s1 b entirely sub rosa4 ,!y are apt to be full ( bl[ holes & o!r defects & n at all reliable1 & ! mak] ( high-grade bicycles :o adv]tises t he uses su* ca/+s 9 8 bicycles w soon f9d himself out ( ! m>ket ) 8 product entirely on 8 h&s4 ,,%eet ,,/eel ,,p>ts4 ,%eet /eel p>ts1 su* z are us$ 9 bicycle con/ruction1 consi/+ ( cups1 brackets1 cr[n heads1 etc41 :5 made f %eet metal are /amp$ 9 presses f dies4 ,^! presses /& ab\t #f feet high1 #b feet squ>e1 & weigh ab\t #d1jjj p\nds4 ,!y are op]at$ by a l>ge driv+ pulley & belt1 ! motion be+ giv5 by means ( an automatic clut*4 ,!y c be plac$ on ! floor ( any build+1 ow+ to ! fact t !y d n h ! j> t is incid5t to 8drop0 press "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,clevel&4 ,! blanks are fir/ cut out ( cold %eet /eel1 !reby avoid+ ! exp5se ( heat+ !m4 ,!y are !n plac$ betwe5 dies :i* h be5 previ\sly made to =m ! requir$ design & %ape1 b are n z a rule completely /ruck up or =m$ at "o op]ation1 ! m9imum numb] ( op]ations necess>y to =m ! complete article be+ "o or two1 & ! maximum be+ f five to sev54 ,! p>ts are (t5 anneal$ betwe5 ! op]ations1 z ! pressure has a t5d5cy to h>d5 ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rem+ton ,,flu% ,,jo9t4 ,! mak]s & us]s ( %eet /eel p>ts claim = !m z advantages ov] drop =g+s t !y are ( uni=m size1 %ape & gauge2 t !y weigh less2 t !re is b little wa/e ( mat]ial1 & t z _m z t5 ?\s& op]ations c be done by "o op]ator 9 a day4 ,( c\rse1 ! co/ ( production is ?us made l[] z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( production ( drop =g+s1 :i* require a l>ge am\nt ( ma*9+ on la!s & o!r mill+ ma*9es1 necess>ily sl[ 9 op]ation4 ,! mak]s ( ^! /amp$ =m-drawn p>ts claim t ?r\gh ! l>gely increas$ use ( _! goods ,am]ican mak]s h be5 able to produce light] bicycles ?an !y 7 =m]ly able to produce ) ! use ( drop =g+s = _! connections1 t ! popul>ity ( ! bicycle 9 ?is c\ntry is due to ! pres5t popul> prices at :i* !y are sold1 & t ^! popul> prices are l>gely due to ! l[ co/ ( %eet metal p>ts4 ,!y also claim t aft] ! %eet metal p>ts & ! tubes ( ! bicycle are braz$ toge!r1 !y !n =m "o cont9u\s piece1 to all int5ts & purposes z good z if a solid drop =g+ 7 us$4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! %eet /eel us$ 9 mak+ ^! /amp+s is f #a_/af to ( an in*4 ,"s v rem>kable =ms are produc$ 9 /eel /amp+s1 notably a crank-hang] ( #b in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ two projections or lugs to c>ry ! re> =ks1 & ! two out] projections or lugs to c>ry ! l>ge l[] ma9 tubes & ! l>ge diagonal /ay ( ! bicycle frame4 ,,cresc5t ,,%eet ,,/eel ,,p>ts4 ,until ! cycle %[ ( #ahie b little else _h be5 he>d ( = mak+ frame connections except drop =g+s1 b a revelation 0 plac$ be=e ! eyes ( ! ma/] me*anics ( rival cycle mak+ conc]ns :o visit$ ! %[ :5 !y inspect$ ! '#ie models ( ! ,cresc5t1 made by ! ,we/]n ,:eel ,works ( ,*icago4 ,"h 7 %[n = ! fir/ "t /e]+ head connections1 crank-hang]1 seat pill> & re> =k ends all made ( %eet /eel & br\ght to p]fection by a comb9ation ( ! me?ods ( /amp+1 draw+ & =m+4 ,b ev5 ^! p>ts did n surprise ^! exp]ts ( ! trade s mu* z a sprocket :eel %[n4 ,"h 0 a sprocket :eel /ruck up out ( a flat disk ( %eet /eel1 its edge turn$ & drawn ov]1 ?us d\bl+ ! wid? ( its face1 & on ?is d\ble edge 7 aft]w>d mill$ ! tee?4 ,( c\rse1 ! p>ts %[n 9 ^? days con=m$ 9 g5]al outl9e to ! con/ruction !n 9 vogue4 ,! ,cresc5t p1 h[ev]1 h cont9u$ to use ?is me?od ( mak+ frame connections2 & :ile a l>ge numb] ( o!r mak]s h adopt$ ?is =m ( con/ruction1 !y1 z ! pione]s ( x1 are /ill ! lead]s4 ,_! production is enorm\s1 _! gross sales la/ ye> be+ #hc1jjj bicycles1 & c]ta9ly if ?is me?od ( mak+ frame connections 7 n closely ak9 to absolute p]fection _! tr\bles "u ! gu>antee w\ld be enorm\s1 & w\ld swamp !m4 ,?is ye> _! frame connections are all ( ! flu% jo9t /yle4 ,! head connections are =m$ out ( %eet /eel re9=cem5ts1 hav+ a l>ge be>+ & braz+ surface4 ,_! cr[n is =m$ ( two pieces ( %eet /eel drawn to a holl[ ar* %ape4 ,^! two pieces are plac$ toge!r & ! ends come into a spe>head ( capital lett] ,a %ape1 two holes be+ drill$ on ea* side 9 ord] to all[ ! braz+ spelt] to fl[ ?r\gh ! cr[n freely :5 ! =ksides are braz$ to !m4 ,be=e ^! =ksides are braz$ to ! cr[n1 h[ev]1 a ?ird piece ( ar* %ape /eel is =c$ d[n ov] ! two pieces =m+ ! cr[n4 ,?is ?ird piece ( %eet /eel is lapp$ und]nea? ! bottom ( ! cr[n1 s t :5 ! ?ree pieces are braz$ toge!r !y practically =m "o cont9u\s piece4 ,a drawn lug projects ov] ! top ( ! cr[n1 & into ?is ! =k /em1 ! end ( :i* is %ap$ to con=m1 is set on top ( ! cr[n & p9n$ & braz$ to ! lug & cr[n4 ,inside ( ?is =k /em1 9 ord] to /r5g!n x1 is also plac$ a %eet /eel l9]1 ext5d+ six in*es into ! l5g? ( ! /em4 ,! :ole con/ruction ( ?is =k cr[n & /em is "o ( ! /ronge/ 9 use4 ,a te/ made ( ?is =m ( =k con/ruction at _! works %[$ t by support+ x horizontally on a frame1 ! supports be+ ab\t six in*es above & bel[ ! cr[n1 x su/a9$ a weight ( #c1ejj p\nds )\t deflection4 ,,! ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,! crank-hang] is ( ! "o-piece con/ruction1 & is made f a five-in* disk ( %eet /eel1 :i* is drawn into ! %ape ( a tube ?r\gh ! m$ium ( five sep>ate op]ations2 & ?is tube1 :5 f9i%$1 is ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! f\r lugs to c>ry ! re> =ks1 l[] ma9 tube & diagonal /ay1 are !n drawn & =m$ ^u x1 ?is1 h[ev]1 requir+ a total ( twelve op]ations to complete x4 ,! "p requires anneal+ aft] e op]ation1 ! process ( draw+ & =m+ hav+ a t5d5cy n only to l5g!n ! fibre ( ! metal1 b to h>d5 x4 ,! quality ( ! metal us$ 9 mak+ ?is hang] mu/ necess>ily be ( ! be/1 & aft] ! metal has surviv$ all ^! op]ations x mu/ also necess>ily be p]fect1 = any crack1 seam or flaw 9 x makes x useless & consigns x to ! scrap heap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cresc5t ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,,/age #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cresc5t ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,,/age #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cresc5t ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,,/age #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cresc5t ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,,/age #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cresc5t ,,crank ,,hang]4 ,,/age #e4 ,! seat-pill> lug or gr\p1 :ile n altoge!r seamless1 is ( ! "o-piece con/ruction1 also hav+ ! ?ree lugs drawn & =m$ ^u x4 ,! re> =k jaws are also /amp$ out ( crucible %eet /eel1 & are ( :at is kn[n ( ! semi-holl[ con/ruction4 ,! little brace :i* is usually plac$ betwe5 ! re> =ks & back ( ! crank-hang] & call$ a bridge1 is g5]ally made by a %ort piece ( tub+ & braz$ to ! two re> =ks4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,cresc5t1 :o use a ,d-%ap$ re> =k1 :i* is drawn to a r\nd %ape :]e x is (fset & :]e x jo9s ! re> lugs on ! bottom bracket1 make ?is bridge ( two pieces ( %eet /eel1 :i* are p9n$ & braz$ toge!r & are c>ri$ d[n on ea* side ( ! re> =ks = sev]al in*es 9 a peculi> lipp$ %ape4 ,x is an exp5sive me?od ( bridg+ ! re> =ks1 b greatly adds to ! /r5g? at ?is po9t & prev5ts any s]i\s lat]al deflection ( ! frame :5 ! pressure is appli$ to ! cranks on ei!r side4 ,!y are ! only mak]s :o =m _! sprockets out ( a piece ( crucible %eet /amp$ /eel4 ,z x is n[ made to fit a ?ree-sixte5? *a91 :i* is s popul> & :i* !y use1 !y d n %[ ! wide op5+ on ! flanges ( ! sprocket betwe5 ! tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,draw+ ,,diamond ,,frame ,,model4 7,see ,page #eb74 ,fig4 #a %[s ! circul> /eel blank z made by ! fir/ op]ation on a l>ge d\ble action draw+ press4 ,x is !n drawn into a cup %ape z %[n 9 fig #b4 ,! practicability ( ! result obta9$ is noticeable at once4 ,! edge ( ! cup is smoo?1 & !re is no wr9kl+1 crack+ or buckl+ 9 ! /eel1 & x is /ill ( ! same ?ickness z ! orig9al %eet4 ,x is aga9 drawn by successive op]ations into a cyl9drical %ape z %[n 9 fig4 #c4 ,! end is cut (f1 & ! next op]ations =m ! lugs z %[n 9 fig4 #d1 until ! f9al op]ation gives ! result z 9 fig4 #e1 :5 ! crank-hang] is ready = ! jo9+ ( ! frame tubes4 ,x requires t5 days to complete a f9i%$ crank-hang]4 ,a m>vell\s piece ( "w ?is c]ta9ly is1 & x is d\btful if ! result obta9$ 9 /amp+ ?is crank-hang] c ev] be equall$ by ! work+ ( =g+s1 & ! :ole result might be summ$ up by say+ t x is 8di/9ctively ,cresc5t40 ,,braz+4 ,aft] ! drop =g+s or /amp+s are c>efully f9i%$ by h& or ma*9e1 !y are c>efully clean$ to remove any scale or oil4 ,! tubes hav+ be5 cut to a prop] l5g?1 are !n closely fitt$ into ! op5 jo9t ( ! =g+ or /amp+ connection4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to hold !m securely 9 place !y are p9n$ ?r\gh4 ,!y are !n tak5 to ! braz+ furnace4 ,?is furnace consi/s ( an op5 /&1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 cov]$ ) fire brick1 pumice /one or coke ! purpose ( :i* is to reta9 ! heat4 ,! heat is produc$ by a mixture ( atmosph]ic air & gas or gasol9e1 :i* is controll$ by ! op]ator1 & suppli$ by a bl[] or fan4 ,! flame is appli$ directly to ! jo9t :i* is to be braz$ by a /eel tube1 resembl+ a ,buns5 burn]1 & uses ab\t n9e p>ts ( air & "o ( gas4 ,! combu/ion or air & gas 9 ! braz+ app>atus is ab\t ! same mixture z is us$ 9 a gas eng9e4 ,! jo9t hav+ be5 br\ght to ! necess>y heat1 :i* mu/ 9 a l>ge measure be left to ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator1 p[d]$ borax is appli$ fir/1 ! object be+ to remove any oil or o!r =eign sub/ance :i* might int]f]e ) ! unit+ ( ! two metals4 ,! borax on be+ appli$ fl[s almo/ l wat]4 ,! spelt] is !n appli$1 produc+ a flux1 & ow+ to ! expansion ( ! connection & ! tube x readily fl[s betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,! :ole op]ation aft] ! requir$ heat is obta9$ usually occupies five or six seconds1 ! object be+ to secure a jo9t z rapidly z possible1 provid$ ! braz+ metal is equally di/ribut$4 ,! gas is !n %ut (f4 ,! supply ( air is cont9u$ only 9 ord] to rapidly cool ! jo9t1 ! object ( ?is be+ to prev5t ! flux f dis9tegrat+ & los+ its position 9 ! jo9t4 ,if a braz+ has n be5 rapidly & prop]ly cool$ ! j> & vibration :i* ! frame receives :5 9 use on a bicycle is apt to cause p>ticles ( ! flux us$ 9 braz+ to become loose & rattle 9 ! tube4 ,necess>ily "u ?is op]ation :at might be t]m$ a congregation ( scale & ! braz+ flux is ga!r$ on ! outside ( ! jo9t4 ,?is is aft]w>ds remov$ by ! use ( s& bla/ or pickle1 & la/1 b n lea/1 by h& fil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,draw+ ,,drop ,,frame ,,model4 7,see ,page #eb47 ,:at is kn[n z 8braz+ spelt]0 is really a misnom]1 & %\ld be call$ braz+ sold]4 ,spelt] is ! crude product f :i* ref9$ z9c results4 ,braz+ sold] is a comb9ation ( copp] & spelt] fir/ ca/ into slabs or +ots1 !n plac$ into l>ge mort>s & p\nd$ by a heavy pe/le by h&1 &1 /range to say1 t 9 all our rec5t developm5ts 9 metal "w no me?od c be f\nd to sup]s$e ?is me?od ( manufacture1 z ?is is ! orig9al me?od ( mak+ x4 ,!re are altoge!r ab\t eight grades ( braz+ sold]1 rang+ f :at is kn[n z ! co>se long gra9 to extra f9e gra94 ,! fir/ result ( ! p\nd+ op]ation is ! co>se long gra9 :i* comes out almo/ 9 %r$s2 by fur!r p\nd+ ! %r$s are produc$1 & ! result is ! f9e long gra94 ,f ?is op]ation comes ! r\gh gra91 ! fir/ be+ co>se long gra91 ! next m$ium1 !n f9e & f9ally extra f9e4 ,! proportion ( extra f9e long gra9 to ! o!r co>s] grades or v>ieties is only ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( ! total1 consequ5tly mak+ ! latt] grade ! highe/ 9 price4 ,! v>i\s grades are sep>at$ by sift+ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,! runn+ qualities ( ?is sold] are affect$ by ! l>g] or small] proportion ( copp] us$ 9 ! composition4 ,! m copp] us$ ! m heat requir$ to melt x1 ! rev]se be+ ! case :]e m spelt] ?an copp] is us$4 ,on bicycle frame "w :]e ! surface is l>gely expos$1 ! co>se v>ieties c be successfully us$1 b = ! f9e "w :]e little heat c be us$1 & :]e ! tub+ is ( extremely light gauge ! extra f9e grade1 :i* is kn[n also z ! quick runn+ sold]1 gives ! be/ results4 ,wire spelt]1 :i* comes 9 coils1 has become v popul> on acc\nt ( its less5$ co/1 its cleanl9ess1 & also because x is n s wa/eful z loose spelt]1 & c be convey$ directly into ! jo9t by ! op]ator z soon z x has rea*$ ! melt+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eagle ,,dropp$ ,,=g$ ,,flu% ,,jo9t4 ,ano!r me?od t is some:at new is kn[n z liquid braz+1 :i* is no?+ really b a special treatm5t ( ! jo9t plung$ into molt5 spelt]1 & out ( :i* ! jo9t comes surpris+ly free f scale1 a clean+ by a wire bru% be+ ab\t all ! aft] treatm5t necess>y4 ,! process is a secret "o1 & ! surr\nd+ jo9ts are cov]$ ) :at is kn[n z ! anti-flux1 s t ! spelt] w n adh]e !re1 b jo9ts to be unit$1 ( c\rse1 are cov]$ ) a liquid flux z 9 ! old way4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,union produce _! flu% jo9ts by us+ :at !y call pocket braz+4 ,?is mode requires ! =m+ ( a s]ies ( pockets 9 ! project+ ends ( ! brackets1 :i* may be oval1 circul> or ( any desir$ %ape1 al?\gh ! oval has be5 f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,be=e ! tub+ is completely fitt$ ov] ! bracket arm ! pockets are fill$ ) flux1 & imm$iately ^u ! application ( ! heat ! brass beg9s to fl[ & ) a/oni%+ ev5ness1 s mu* s1 9 fact1 t :5 aft] cool+1 jo9ts are cut out1 ! brass is f\nd z uni=mly di/ribut$ z if laid on ) a bru%4 ,moreov]1 no consid]able am\nt ( brass fl[s out ( ! jo9t & no fill+ is necess>y4 ,less heat is requir$ = ! reason t ! brass is plac$ :]e necess>y & ! p>ts ne$ n be dang]\sly heat$ to cause ! brass to fl[ 94 ,! pocket corrugations are f\nd to /iff5 ! ma*9e to a m>k$ degree4 ,tak5 all 9 all x is a sure1 clean & highly +5i\s braze4 ,,kang>oo ,,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kang>oo4 ,apropos ( frames1 we reproduce "h a cut ( ! ,kang>oo1 :i* 0 ! fir/ bicycle driv5 by *a9s4 ,! e>lie/ samples ( ! ,rov] type ant$at$ x1 b !re _h be5 no previ\s comm]cial use ( a *a9 on a two-:eel]1 = ! ,otto accompli%$ no?+ comm]cially4 ,! ,kang>oo 0 br\ght out 9 #ahhd1 & attract$ att5tion because its mak]s 7 =tunate en\gh to break ) x ! #bd-;h\r record1 :i* _h be5 /&+ un*ang$ s9ce ! e>ly ye>s ( bicycl+4 ,?is success1 toge!r ) en]getic pu%+1 gave ! ,kang>oo q a run = a c\ple ( ye>s1 :5 ! re>-driv] put an end to its c>e]4 ,x 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 #ahhe1 b h>dly obta9$ a firm foo?old = ev5 ! "t be+4 ,! =ks 7 b[$ out widely1 !re be+ no attempt to r$uce wid? by less5+ ! 8di%0 ( ! :eel1 & consequ5tly ! tread 0 :at w\ld h be5 consid]$ 9 lat] ye>s outl&i%ly wide4 ,! :eel 0 usually #cf1 ge>$ to #ed1 ) a #bb-;in* :eel beh9d4 ,! *ief drawbacks 7 t ! sprocket be>+s 7 ill-support$1 z a %aft c\ld n be run ?r\gh ! :eel1 & s !y did n /& well "u ! twi/+ /ra92 ! backla% 0 unusual1 all ! objectionable features ( *a9 driv+1 :i* _h n at t "t be5 modifi$ by improv$ con/ruction1 be+ increas$ by hav+ x on bo? sides4 ,! ,kang>oo 0 also heavy & clumsy1 & = "s reason nev] satisfactorily expla9$ x _h a peculi> liability to side-slip4 ,,exit ,,! ,,wood ,,frame4 ,a difficulty :i* has hung ab\t wood frames f ! fir/ is t ( ! jo9ts1 nor c\ld x ev] be que/ion$ t appe>ance 0 n 9 favor ( ! wood frame1 al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t objections to appe>ance are soon ov]come 9 cycl+ con/ruction if !re is a good balance ( po9ts on behalf ( a ?+4 ,p]haps ! be/-look+ ( ! wood frames 0 t produc$ by ! 8,old ,tonk0 p1 :o turn$ to acc\nt ! beauty :i* may be _h f sev]al lay]s ( wood plac$ toge!r4 ,! wood frame has succe$$ q z poorly abroad1 & x w probably rema9 =gott5 until1 "s ye>s h5ce1 x comes up aga9 z a novelty ( ! season4 ,! ,bamboo ,cycle ,company has j fail$ 9 ,london1 & ! ,iri% ,cycli/ expresses surprise t x rema9$ afloat s long z x did4 ,n a s+le exp]t or a s+le cycl+ j\rnal1 says ! writ]1 ev] ref]r$ to ! bamboo frame except ) disapproval1 al?\gh x 0 well adv]tis$ & ! p>ties int]e/$ 7 ready to pay = op9ions4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! bicycles 7 sold1 b ! r>ity ( _! appe>ance on ! road sugge/s t ev5 ^? :o b\ght !m did n use !m mu*4 ,n[ t ! company has fail$1 ?is writ] says3 8,x is to be hop$ t no "o else w be s fooli% z to endeavor to accompli% ! impossible task ( prov+ t a bamboo /ick is z useful z a /eel tube40 ,! two work+ draw+s ( frame are f ,w4 ,c4 ,boak ( ,buffalo1 & are reproductions ( 8 blue-pr9t draw+s us$ 9 design+ & draft+ #ahih frames1 & %[ on ! m5's model ! exact drop 7#c in*es7 ( ! crank-hang] f a l9e drawn betwe5 ! front & re> axles4 ,! l5g? ( head is five in*es1 & ! :eel base--! di/ance betwe5 front & re> axles--is #da-aa_/af in*es4 ,on ! ladies' model ! crank-hang] is dropp$ #b in*es1 & ! head is #g in*es1 ! :eel base be+ #da in*es4 ,! height ( bo? frames is #bb in*es4 ,! small numb]s 9 ! illu/rations %[ ! angles ( ! frame & indicate ! sizes ( ! tub+ us$4 ,! designs call = ! use ( ,d-%ape tub+ = ! front & re> =ks & back/ays & r\nd tub+ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,*a9 ,,protection4 ,all ?r\gh ! prec$+ articles ( ?is s]ies ! words 8ge> case0 appe> "h & !re1 & ) good reason1 too1 = ! ye> #ahih m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! era 9 ?is c\ntry ( enclos$ *a9s by ! use ( :at are call$ ge> cases4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be /rictly class$ z a novelty1 because !y h be5 kn[n & l>gely us$ abroad1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 = "s ye>s pa/4 ,at ! ,new ,york ,cycle ,%[ ( #ahif ! only bicycle hav+ a ge> case on x 0 "o %[n by ! mak]s ( ! 8,s+]10 a bicycle-mak+ company ( ,cov5try1 ,engl&1 :o %[$ a ge> case made ( metal1 lea!r & transp>5t celluloid4 ,s9ce t "t a few return+ t\ri/s h br\ght ) !m =eign models ) ge> cases atta*$1 :i*1 un=tunately = ! rid]'s com=t & pleasure1 7 receiv$ ) a great deal ( ridicule & d]ision1 s t ev5 ! rid]s ( ^! cycles be>+ ! import$ ge> cases1 n be+ made ( t 8/]n /uff0 t pione]s %\ld be1 surr5d]$ to public criticism1 &1 :ile !y knew a ge> case is a good ?+1 took x (f 9 ord] to avoid be+ us$ z ! butts ( ! wit ( _! faceti\s fri5ds4 ,! introduction ( ! bevel-ge>$ cycle1 ) its neat ge> case1 has done mu* & w d m t[>d en=c+ ! necessity = a ge> case on all ( our *a9-driv5 cycles4 ,9 ,engl& no bicycle is consid]$ complete )\t a ge> case1 b1 not)/&+ ! fact t all ! au?orities on ! sport & me*anics ( ! trade ( ?is c\ntry h approv$ ( x1 n until ?is season has x ga9$ a foo?old "h4 ,x c]ta9ly _c be because 8x is ,engli%1 y "k10 = ev]y?+ on ! ,am]ican cycle today1 except+ ! wood rim1 orig9at$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! import$ ge> cases are clumsy & heavy1 &1 be+ made mo/ly ( metal1 are apt to be noisy4 ,! #ahih ge> cases ( ,am]ican make are made ( a comb9ation ( rubb]1 lea!r & metal1 & are light1 noiseless & graceful1 & mo/ ( ! lead+ makes ( ! *a9 cycles = ! com+ season are built ) suffici5t cle>ance to take a ge> case4 ,! cases are catalogu$ & (f]$ z an option at an av]age co/ ( #e extra1 & ?is la/ item sugge/s t ! case might h be5 m popul> be=e b t ! mak]s did n c>e to add ! co/ ( x to _! product 9 ! face ( a fall+ m>ket price4 ,_m ( ! great retail]s w1 h[ev]1 place !m on _! #ge models )\t any extra *>ge to ! pur*as]4 ,,cleanl9ess ,,insur$4 ,! enclos$ *a91 obta9$ by add+ a ge> case to ! *a9 :eel1 provides e advantage 9 "o respect claim$ = ! *a9less4 ,x has be5 %[n by ext5sive te/s ( ,pr(4 ,c>p5t] ( ,cornell ,univ]sity & ,pr(4 ,goodman ( ! ,york%ire ,college 9 ,engl& t :5 a *a9 is clean & n worn x loses less ?an #a p] c5t4 9 friction1 ?us realiz+ ov] #ii p] c5t4 ( ! appli$ p[]4 ,h[ is x possible to obta9 any bett] me*anical movem5t8 ,^! same au?orities agree t bevel$ ge>s "u ! be/ conditions mu/ develop f five to t5 times ! friction ( ! *a94 ,?is l[ p]c5tage ( friction1 h[ev]1 is obta9$ only ) clean *a9s4 ,!y f9d t z ! *a9 becomes fill$ ) grit or mud x rapidly increases ! friction1 runn+ up z high z #aj p] c5t4 ,y\r bicycle comes to y f ! deal] ) ! case atta*$1 *a9 lubricat$ & adju/$ ready = imm$iate use1 & f t "t on y le>n to =get t !re is a *a9 on y\r bicycle4 ,x runs easily1 smoo?ly1 ?r\gh ra9 & mud1 ov] roads ?ick ) du/1 9 ! p5etrat+ moi/ure-lad5 air ( ! sea%ore1 "u all conditions ( road & wea!r ! same easy runn+ :eel1 always ready1 do+ away absolutely ) all c>e ( ! *a92 ! *a9 & sprockets always 9 p]fect condition1 realiz+ #ii p] c5t4 ( ! p[] appli$1 nev] 8/ret*+0 or we>+ appreciably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fro/ ,,ge> ,,case4 ,if 9 bus9ess co/ume ! :eel may be us$1 z !re is no dirty *a9 to soil ! clo?+4 ,"o f9ds t he c ride long] di/ances ) less fatigue ?an =m]ly4 ,hills are m easily surm\nt$4 ,! disagreeable s5sation ( a slack *a9 is done away )1 ! *a9 rema9+ exactly z x is adju/$1 & !re is a new s5sation ( absolute control ov] ! :eel4 ,long di/ance trips become a new s\rce ( pleasure1 = y come home ) ! same easy runn+ :eel ) :i* y />t$4 ,m5 :o ride = spe$ f9d t !y c pu% a mu* high] ge> ) ! same exp5diture ( p[]4 ,! lubricant re/s unus$ 9 ! tool bag1 ! *a9 bru%es & clean+ p>aph]nalia ga!r cobwebs4 ,9 addition to all ^! com=ts ! lady rid] f9ds h]self indep5d5t ( ! small bro!r's high-pric$ s]vices4 ,%e m\nts & rides ) p]fect confid5ce1 kn[+ t by no possible means c h] skirt cat* 9 ! sprocket or h] heel be hung 9 ! *a9 gu>d lac+s1 :ile h] skirts rema9 clean & free f greasy /reaks ( an expos$ *a94 ,%e may be a bus9ess woman ) b limit$ "t = rid+4 ,e mom5t is available ) ! enclos$ *a94 ,! sil5t /e$ /&+ groom$ & ready4 ,s f> z its c>e is conc]n$ ! *a9 ceases to exi/4 ,a neat1 /yli% cycle1 ) all runn+ p>ts cov]$ & protect$1 & ) a decid$ly sm>t appe>ance1 takes ! place ( ! half-f9i%$ cycle ( ! pa/1 ) its greasy1 dirty1 b>e-look+ *a94 ,c5tury rid]s1 t\ri/s1 milit>y cycli/s1 pleasure rid]s1 &1 9 fact1 :eelm5 & :eelwom5 ( e description1 h f\nd pleasure & com=t hi!rto unatta9$4 ,,its ,,o!r ,,advantages4 ,to sum up ! advantages ( ! enclos$ *a9 model z demon/rat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( rid]s dur+ #ahig ) a ge> case atta*$ to _! cycles 7! latt] compris+ almo/ e make ( bicycle 9 ?is c\ntry71 rid]s h f\nd t a ge> case3 ,fir/--,actually excludes du/1 driv+ ra91 mud & all =eign matt]1 keep+ ! *a91 sprockets & ! be>+ absolutely clean1 mean+ an easy runn+ bicycle1 always ready = s]vice1 & requir+ no att5tion to ! runn+ ge> = an entire season4 ,second--,its use all[s ! bicycli/ to ride 9 bus9ess co/ume1 x be+ impossible = ! *a9 to soil ! tr\s]s1 & !re be+ no dang] ( cat*+ ! clo?+ betwe5 ! *a9 & sprocket4 ,?is feature also /rongly recomm5ds x to lady rid]s4 ,?ird--,! bicycle is always ready = s]vice4 ,?is is an important matt] ) _m p1 especially ^? :o use ! bicycle e day = bus9ess purposes4 ,f\r?--,x adds to ! appe>ance ( ! bicycle1 giv+ a /yle & f9i% impossible ) ! dirty *a9 & sprocket 9 view4 ,fif?--,by reason ( its con/ruction1 x is practically noiseless1 ! mo/ important feature to cycli/s4 ,six?--,x trans=ms ! bicycle f an article ( luxury useable only "u c]ta9 conditions1 to a practical vehicle useable "u e condition ( ! road & wea!r4 ,sev5?--,x has be5 f\nd ( great value by milit>y cycli/s1 z x enables troops to move ) twice ! cel]ity possible "u ! ord9>y op5 *a91 to say no?+ ( ! "t sav$ 9 n hav+ to clean ! ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,racycle ,,ge> ,,case4 ,at ! '#ig ,cycle ,%[1 held 9 ,*icago1 an ,am]ican ge> case 0 exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t1 & ?is exhibit 0 not$ ) a great deal ( satisfaction by all ! me*anical writ]s ( ! cycle trade press1 :o _h long labor$1 writt5 & talk$ a great deal = ?is desirable accessory4 ,among ! ge> cases exhibit$ at ,*icago at t "t 0 "o inv5t$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,fro/ ( ,new ,york ,city2 ano!r by ,s4 ,d4 ,*ilds ,co41 & ano!r by ,h4 ,laut] ( ,indianapolis4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,b5 ,hur %[$ a model fitt$ ) :at !y call$ ! ,wa9wright ge> case4 ,! ,/e>ns ,company also _h a ge> case atta*$ to "o ( _! models1 & a ,falcon exhibit$ 0 also provid$ ) "o4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,clevel& %[$ a ge> case ( _! own production1 & a ,wolff-,am]ican 0 %[n fitt$ ) a ,blumel celluloid ge> case1 b ?is la/ 0 ( ,engli% manufacture4 ,s9ce t "t a c>eful c5sus ( all ! catalogues t ! mak]s h s5t out ?is ye> %[s t ne>ly e cycle mak] ( prom95ce has arrang$ suffici5t cle>ance at ! crank %aft & re> :eel s t a ge> case ( "s k9d c be fitt$ to x1 & a few ( ! mak]s are turn+ out ge> cases ( _! own1 ! notable ones be+ ! mak]s ( ! ,racycle1 ,rambl]1 ,clevel&1 ,humb] & ,alum9um1 & !re are ?ree mak]s ( ge> cases :o supply !m to ! trade1 ^! be+ kn[n z ! ,fro/1 ,c5tliv] & ,safety ge> cases4 ,,lead+ '#ih ,,ge> ,,cases4 ,! ,rambl] case (f]s practically all t is claim$ = a *a9less :eel ) enclos$ ge>1 ) none ( its objections & unc]ta9ties4 ,x is absolutely mud & du/ pro(1 & is "o ( ! neate/1 lea/ obtrusive & mo/ practical ( all ge> cases we h se51 be+ easily atta*$ & deta*$4 ,x is made ( cold roll$ draw+ /eel1 & is light & noiseless4 ,all seams are lock$ & no rivets are us$4 ,! entire *a9 is enclos$1 z are also ! front sprocket tee?4 ,! c5tre & arms ( ! front sprocket are n cov]$1 b ! du/ is exclud$ f ! front sprocket tee?1 & *a9 pass+ ov] !m1 by two l>ge felt wa%]s 7mu* l ^? us$ 9 be>+s1 only l>g]7 plac$ "o on ei!r side ( ! sprocket4 ,! re> axle nut may be loos5$1 & ! *a9 adju/$ )\t di/urb+ ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,safety ,,ge> ,,case4 ,! ,clevel& case is made ( alum9um1 pat5t lea!r & transp>5t celluloid1 & :ile x is a v light & attractive ge> case1 x is a desireable "o1 & :olly du/ & /orm pro(4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,alum9um ,ca/+ ,company is n[ %[+ its models ( ! #ahih ,lu-,mi-,num4 ,! special feature1 :i* is r5d]$ practical by ! company's special process ( frame manufacture is ! fix$ ge> case4 ,?is is an integral "p ( ! frame1 be+ ca/ 9 "o piece ) x4 ,! back wall ( ! ge> case takes ! place ( ! "r h& re> =k1 !reby add+ v mat]ially to ! /r5g? ( ! frame4 ,! front ( ! case is compos$ ( a celluloid plate1 :i* is sprung into x & fa/5$ securely by two screws4 ,x c be remov$ f its place readily1 & consi/s ( only ?ree pieces4 ,! celluloid be+ transp>5t1 ! work+ ( ! *a9 & sprocket may be se51 & ! *a9 may be oil$ f ! top ( ! case1 imm$iately ov] ! front sprocket4 ,on ! ,special ,racycle ! ge> case weighs only a few ounces m ?an ! same model )\t x4 ,! case consi/s ( a section ( ,d tub+1 ?ree-qu>t]s in* wide1 braz$ on1 & made "p ( ! frame 9 place ( ! "r side re> =k1 :i* is disp5s$ )4 ,! "r h& re> /ay1 h[ev]1 is c>ri$ d[n at an angle bel[ ! l9e ( ! re> :eel axle to ! bottom "p ( ! ge> case1 ?us =m+ a brace = ! upp] & l[] "p ( ! ge> case1 & ! ge> case z ?us con/ruct$ adds greatly to ! /r5g? ( ! entire frame4 ,! sides ( ! ge> case are made ( transp>5t %eets ( t\gh1 pliable celluloid4 ,!y are /rong en\gh to )/& any ord9>y accid5t1 & be+ deta*able c be r5ew$ at any "t at a small co/4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is frame & ge> case is c]ta9ly unique & orig9al1 & may be said to be "o ( ! few novel features %[n 9 #ahih4 ,! ,c5tliv] ge> case1 :i* is deta*able & c be fitt$ to any make ( bicycle1 is made by ! ,l4 ,a4 ,c5tliv] ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,=t ,wayne1 ,ind4 ,?is case is made entirely ( metal4 ,no rubb] or lea!r is us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,%eet alum9um is us$1 %ap$ "u heavy draw+ presses1 by :i* op]ation ! metal ga9s great /r5g? & rigidity1 besides be+ light] ?an any o!r metal or mat]ial t c\ld be us$4 ,cases are furni%$ ei!r nickel-plat$ or enamell$1 z pref]r$4 ,! simplicity ( atta*m5t is rem>kable1 z x does n require any me*anic to atta* x4 ,any "o famili> ) h&l+ a bicycle c d x 9 a few m9utes 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,remove ! *a91 !n place ! two p>ts toge!r ov] ! sprockets1 =m+ an int]lock+ union4 ,set ! case 9 position & adju/ clamps4 ,replace ! *a91 ins]t+ ! *a9 bolt at front end by spr++ ! case slightly4 ,keep ! b& 9 orig9al %ape4 ,be sure to h x 9 its prop] place be=e tight5+4 ,! bolt c !n be set ) a small wr5*4 ,! #ahig ,humb] _h a metal case :i* v mu* resembl$ ! metal cases us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is same case is furni%$ 9 #ahih by ! ,humb] ,company1 & is a v practical "o4 ,x 0 q l>gely us$ la/ ye> 9 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rambl] ,,ge> ,,case4 ,! ,safety ,ge> ,case is ! pat5t ( ,james ,p>kes ( ,tol$o1 ,o41 & ! ess5tial features are z foll[s3 ,! be/ quality ( h>ness lea!r is us$ 9 its manufacture1 & is fir/ treat$ ) a solution ( _! own1 :i* r5d]s ! lea!r v h>d & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! lea!r is !n press$ 9 an iron =m1 9 two simil> sections1 "o ( :i* fits ov] ! upp] half1 & "o ov] ! l[] half ( ! sprockets & *a94 ,^! two sections are held toge!r by means ( two pat5t hook fa/5]s at ! ends & a sy/em ( lac]s d[n ! side ( ! case4 ,on ! inn] side ( ! case an alum9um plate1 ?r\gh :i* ! re> hub passes1 is arrang$ to slide freely ) ! re> :eel1 ?us p]mitt+ ! *a9 to be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ )\t remov+ ! ge> case4 ,! case is light1 noiseless & du/-pro(4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( patt]ns are made1 & ! case is made 9 sizes to fit any /yle ( bicycle4 ,! lea!r is f9ally enamell$ 9 any desir$ color1 ?us mak+ a beautiful & attractive addition to any bicycle4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ge> ,,case4 ,) ! ,engli%man's idea ( utility1 ! fir/ ?\ght 0 to completely cov] sprockets & *a9 ) a l>ge %eet metal case1 ^u ! same plan z ge> cases _h be5 previ\sly us$ 9 mills & factories = enclos+ runn+ *a9s4 ,v>i\s devices = ge> cases 7 9 use :51 9 #ahhf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,c>t] pat5t$ 9 ,engl& an oil-conta9+ ge> case = bicycles4 ,?is 0 a /&>d 9 ge> case con/ruction = "s ye>s1 rid]s ?9k+ x necess>y to keep _! *a9s runn+ ?r\gh a ba? ( oil 9 ord] to insure easy movem5t ( ! jo9ts2 h[ev]1 x 0 discov]$ a few ye>s lat] t a *a9 w\ld run equally well )\t ! oil ba?1 &1 9 fact1 !re 7 _m disadvantages ab\t keep+ a *a9 con/antly soak$ 9 oil1 especially because ! oil w\ld gum & ?us ret>d r ?an assi/4 ,9 ! e>ly n9eties ge> cases 7 br\ght out1 ( _m con/ructions1 b ! /&>d set up by ,c>t] rema9s to ?is day ! ,engli% idea ( a case1 &1 ) all ( _! improvem5ts 9 case con/ruction1 !y h n gott5 v f> beyond x4 ,to ! ,engli% m9d a ge> case mu/ be made entirely di/9ct f ! bicycle itself1 n a "p ( x1 b an accessory t %all be quickly removable or atta*able aft] x is once fitt$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 necessitates a great _m jo9ts1 & z jo9ts ( ?9 mat]ial1 :e!r %eet metal or celluloid1 _c be p]fectly made to exclude du/ & driv+ ra9s1 & z su* jo9ts are always m or less noisy :5 a bicycle is 9 use1 !y are n ev5 yet satisfi$ ) ! ge> case1 b realize its great usefulness1 ev5 :5 only p>tially effici5t1 s t x has become a fixture on ne>ly e ,engli% :eel4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made to introduce ,engli% cases into ?is c\ntry1 b ) lam5table failure1 = sev]al causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,am]ican bicycles are n built to take ,engli% cases4 ,,ess5tial ,,qualities4 ,e ,am]ican bicycle has individualities ( its own1 & especially 9 ! runn+ ge>4 ,no cle>ances h be5 all[$1 & x is simply out ( ! "q to atta* ! =eign type ( case unless ! bicycle is built = x4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s in/ances1 bicycles 7 made ) t end 9 view & ! cases 7 atta*$1 b ,am]ican rid]s f\nd t _! unsightl9ess1 excessive weight & ineffici5cy made !m m ( a nuisance ?an a help1 & ! ge> case came into public disfavor4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ^! disc\ragem5ts1 ! necessity ( a clean *a9 appeal$ s /rongly to an ,am]ican me*anic t1 )\t any k ( ! ge> case con/ructions ( ,europe1 he set to "w to devise a me?od ( ?or\ghly protect+ ! *a91 & dur+ ! season ( '#if made _m exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! con/ruction t c\ld be successfully appli$ to ,am]ican bicycles & appeal to ,am]ican rid]s4 ,! /udy ( road conditions %[$ t a ge> case mu/ be n simply a protection = mud1 b e jo9t mu/ be du/-tight & ra9-pro(4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :]e mud is ! prevail+ condition1 ^! absolutely tight jo9ts are n s ess5tial1 b 9 ?is c\ntry !y took fir/ place4 ,aga91 ! case mu/ h good appe>ance & be comp>atively light 9 weight1 &1 z ! wor/ problem ( all1 x mu/ be adaptable to "s few hundr$ di/9ct makes ( bicycles1 no two ( !m alike 9 ! runn+ ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clevel& ,,ge> ,,case4 ,! inv5tor />t$ ) ! idea ( cov]+ ! *a9 ) an endless rubb] tube1 :i* %\ld be split 9 its inn] l5g? & run ) ! *a94 ,z x rea*$ ! sprockets x w\ld be sep>at$ by a sep>ator & foll[ ar\nd ! sprocket ov] ! *a91 cl++ to ei!r side ( ! sprocket4 ,?is 0 !oretically a v good idea1 b 9 practice develop$ _m s]i\s objections4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! tube 0 liable to cat* betwe5 *a9 & sprocket tee?4 ,x increas$ ! friction ( ! ma*9e & c\ld n be made to be ( v long life4 ,x 0 also nei!r du/ nor ra9 tight1 & prov$ a nuisance in/ead ( a bless+4 ,/ill foll[+ up ! idea ( utiliz+ rubb]1 a case 0 devis$ hav+ rubb] *a9 runs ) rubb] box ov] front & re> sprocket1 ?is rubb] box suitably support$ by metallic p>ts4 ,! only objection to ?is 0 ! quick we>+ out ( ! *a9 runs by ! con/ant friction ( ! *a94 ,/ill reta9+ ! rubb] boxes1 light metallic *a9 runs 7 sub/itut$ = ! rubb]1 & x 0 !n f\nd t an ideal con/ruction z reg>ds /r5g? & tightness ( jo9ts 0 obta9$4 ,^! cases 7 put 9 public use aft] be+ exhibit$ at ! ,*icago & ,new ,york cycle %[s ( #ahig1 & h be5 sold & us$ q ext5sively dur+ ! pa/ season4 ,!y h be5 v mu* improv$1 s t all objections to ! e>ly models h be5 completely done away )1 & today an ,am]ican ge> case1 kn[n z ! ,fro/1 is to be _h ^u any fir/ class '#ih bicycle1 be+ (f]$ by ne>ly e bicycle mak]4 ,z x c be atta*$ to old bicycles1 !re is no reason :y e rid] _c h an up-to-date feature1 ) ! com=t & pleasure assur$ by a clean *a94 ,x has be5 actually prov5 t !y w /& driv+ ra9s1 sn[ /orms1 blizz>ds1 du/ /orms1 con/ant use on ! du/ie/ ( roads1 &1 9 fact1 h prov5 absolutely imp]vi\s to all =eign sub/ances1 keep+ ! *a9 & runn+ ge> p]fectly clean & 9 condition = an entire season )\t any att5tion be+ giv54 ,^! desirable features are obta9$ by ! use ( an ela/ic rubb] jo9t1 ! case itself be+ built ( /eel1 b all ! jo9ts clos$ ) ?is s(t ela/ic rubb]1 on ! same pr9ciple z a rubb] gas tube is connect$ ) a fixture4 ,?is case1 to look at1 is v compact & solid1 b x c be almo/ in/antly sep>at$1 ei!r = *ang+ sprockets1 gett+ at ! *a91 or remov+ re> :eel4 ,! op]ation is v brief1 & ev5 t has to be gone ?r\gh ) seldom a *ange ( tires or r5ewal ( brok5 spokes be+ almo/ ! only occasion = sep>at+ ! case4 ,! *a9 c be tak5 out if desir$1 b z a matt] ( fact "o always =gets t !re is a *a9 :5 rid+ ! 8,enclos$ ,*a9 ,model10 z ?is con/ruction is n[ call$4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*a9 ,,& ,,its ,,functions4 ,!re are few1 if any1 p>ts ( ! mod]n bicycle t h play$ a m important rle 9 its developm5t1 ?an has ! *a91 & yet x is safe to say t !re is no "p ( ! vehicle to :i* ! av]age rid] pays less att5tion1 save to occasionally clean x ( its accumulat$ imp$im5ts1 or :i* he und]/&s s little4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n ,,roll] ,,sprocket4 ,e rid]1 ( c\rse1 und]/&s h[ important is ! (fice ( ! *a9 9 ! propulsion ( 8 :eel--t )\t x 8 ma*9e is an utt]ly useless /ructure ( metal1 wood & rubb]4 ,z to its p>ts1 h[ev]1 & _! relation to "o ano!r1 he is (t5] ?an n c>elessly indiff]5t4 ,:ile z to ! me*anical skill & g5ius t has ov]come1 "o by "o1 ! pa/ difficulties ( *a9 & sprocket propulsion1 z appli$ to ! bicycle1 br++ x 9 ! end1 to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 he is :olly un9=m$4 ,_m rid]s h be5 inconv5i5c$ & annoy$ to ! ext5t ( exasp]ation1 ^u discov]+ t 8some?+ 0 wrong0 ab\t _! :eels4 ,j :at1 !y h be5 utt]ly at a loss to tell or und]/&1 b ! fact has rema9$ t 8some?+ 0 wrong10 & s1 cutt+ _! rides %ort1 !y h despat*$ _! :eel =?) to ! repair %op4 ,_h !y kn[n1 z ! repair man knew1 t x 0 _! own lack ( famili>ity & consequ5t s5se ( appreciation ( t app>5tly simple1 yet s5sitive "p ( _! ma*9es--! *a91 to :i* _! mis=tunes 7 due1 h[ great w\ld h be5 _! a/oni%m5t4 ,x is ) a ?or\gh appreciation ( h[ l>ge a p]c5tage ( ! :eelman's mis=tunes are *>geable to a lack ( k ( *a9 con/ruction & action1 t ! writ] has deem$ ! subject "o well wor?y ( special treatm5t 9 ^! columns4 ,t _m read]s w admit1 aft] p]usal1 t h[ev] well !y may h und]/ood _! :eels 9 o!r & less important p>ts1 !y /ill _h mu* to le>n ( its mo/ vital & intricate p>ts1 is altoge!r likely4 ,a /udy ( cycle *a9 con/ruction w %[ ! regulation *a9 to be1 simply speak+1 an endless belt provid$ ) holes :i* engage projections on a =m ( pulley call$ a sprocket4 ,x is compos$ ( blocks alt]nat+ ) & jo9$ by a pair ( l9ks or side-plates2 ! blocks drop d[n into ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? on ! sprocket1 & ^? tee? come up ?r\gh ! spaces or op5+s betwe5 ea* two side l9ks1 ^! l9ks ( c\rse hold+ ! :ole toge!r by p9s ?r\gh _! ends4 ,! 8pit*0 ( a sprocket1 z ( any too!d :eel1 means usually ! numb] ( tee? cut ^u x = ea* in* ( its diamet]4 ,! 8pit*-l9e0 is circumf]5tial1 ?\gh n at ! extreme ends ( ! tee?2 x is ! l9e :]e ! tee? ( two engag+ ge> :eels come toge!r1 or ! l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! contact or act+ surfaces ( ! tee?4 ,z a *a9 lies on ! sprockets1 ?is pit* l9e passes almo/ exactly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! tee?1 & ! rivets ( ! *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,,*antrell ,,*a9s4 ,to speak ( a *a9 z 8"o-qu>t]-in*0 or z a 8?ree-sixte5?s *a90 means t su* is its measure 9 wid? betwe5 ! plates ( ! l9ks4 ,?is is also ! ?ickness ( ! sprocket1 b>r+ a v slight diff]5ce to prev5t too tight a fit4 ,to speak ( a *a9 z hav+ an 8in* pit*0 7:i* is ! regul> /&>d 9 ?is c\ntry7 means t ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! spaces ?r\gh :i* ! sprocket tee? come 7z above /at$7 is "o in*1 & ( c\rse ! same measurem5t applies to ! sprocket2 ! spaces on t1 measur$ betwe5 ! c5tres ( two adjac5t tee?1 mu/ be an in*4 ,x is pla9 t sprocket & *a9 mu/ correspond 9 ord] to "w prop]ly4 ,a *a9 ( a half-in* pit* w\ld n fit a sprocket ( "o-in* pit*1 or vice v]sa4 ,if ! *a9 7 made j a little too 8long10 x might g "p way ar\nd ! sprocket1 b a disagreem5t w\ld soon be f\nd4 ,x is *>g$ aga9/ ! *a91 & correctly1 t use 7help$ by dirt "u ! condition ( be+ uncov]$7 we>s *a9 & sprocket bo?1 s t !y gradually cease to mat* toge!r1 z at fir/4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! *a9 is said to be 8out ( pit*40 ,on ! o!r h&1 a *a9 w "w a long "t & v well aft] x has consid]ably lo/ its fir/ exactness ( fit1 :]eas ge>s :i* h worn gr9d & compla9 dismally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,keat+ ,,tw9-,,roll]4 ,to arrange ! l9es ( ge> tee?1 ei!r /raight or by v>i\s g5tle curves1 s t :5 ! tee? are 9 op]ation !y w close toge!r & !n sep>ate ) a roll+ motion1 ) no slipp+ or gr9d+1 ) no friction1 has be5 a me*anical problem = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is has n be5 accompli%$ on ! bevel ge>$ *a9less bicycle1 & x c nev] be fully accompli%$ any:]e4 ,press ! palms ( y\r h&s toge!r firmly1 !n slide "o h& (f ! o!r :ile s press$--t is rubb+ friction2 n[ lay ! backs ( y\r h&s toge!r1 press+ z be=e1 & roll !m away f ea* o!r until !y "p at ! ends ( ! f+]s4 ,t is roll+ friction1 & if we c\ld only manage to make ge>s & o!r contact+ surfaces 9 ma*9]y meet & "p company exactly ?us1 we c\ld avoid friction almo/ altoge!r4 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,*a94 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,engli% ,,*a9s4 ,9 consid]+ ! *a9 mo/ p =get t al?\gh made up ( _m pieces ( metal only a few are 9 action at a "t4 ,only ! upp] half is 9 t5sion 7! action is1 ( c\rse1 rev]s$ 9 back-p$all+71 & if ! *a9 is op5$ & all[$ to drop d[n x w = ! mom5t act j ! same4 ,x is full ( jo9ts1 b few are b5d+ at any in/ant4 ,z ! *a9 runs ^u ! sprocket1 its jo9ts b5d to con=m to ! circle1 & !y simil>ly b5d back to an approximately /raight l9e :5 leav+ x4 ,on ! l[] side1 ! jo9ts b5d easily2 on ! upp]1 !y d s "u t5sion4 ,press y\r ?umb on ! palm ( ! o!r h&1 &1 :ile press+ h>d1 draw x (f2 ?is gives "s idea ( ! rubb+ friction :5 ! *a9 block leaves ! too? aga9/ :i* x is pull+4 ,!re is also "s rub on ! too? :]e ! *a9 is com+ on ! sprocket2 & unless x is avoid$ by devices to be pres5tly describ$1 !re is a rubb+ betwe5 ! too? & ! ends ( ! b5d+ l9ks1 z well z )9 ! jo9ts !mselves :5 !y b5d "u pull4 ,! effect ( ?is friction is %[n 9 ! we> :i* comes on portions ( ! tee?2 x also %[s by flat places worn on ! *a9 blocks1 & ! we> )9 ! jo9ts causes :at is call$ 8/ret*10 ! *a9 appe>+ to h gr[n long]4 ,9 a v slight degree !re is a yield+ betwe5 ! p>ts :i* is call$ 8set10 p>ts :i* are already 9 contact be+ press$ into /ill clos] contact2 ?is 8set0 supplies ! trifle ( ela/icity1 already m5tion$1 :i* t5ds to save ! *a9 f fracture "u heavy /ress4 ,*a9 & sprocket act on ea* o!r mu* z ! tee? ( ge>s act1 & 9 effect !y are a peculi> =m ( ge>s1 = if y c imag9e "o ( a pair ( ge> :eels flexible & flatt5$ out l a *a91 & ?us runn+1 x is evid5t t ?is action is really t ( ge>+4 ,*a9s 7 us$ on ! tricycle be=e !y 7 requir$ = bicycles1 & z long ago z #ahha !re 0 a sub/itute attempt$ :i* 0 describ$ ?us3 8,! ,que5 driv+ b&s are made v ?9 & neat1 ( a comp\nd ( silk & o!r /rong sub/ances1 & are sub/itut$ = *a9s to save bo? weight1 noise1 & appe>ance40 ,! e>ly *a9s 7 heavy & wide1 at lea/ -in*1 & crudely made4 ,! ,ew>t1 z us$ on ! ,columbia ,veloce t5 ye>s ago1 0 +5i\s & simple2 block & side-l9k 7 "o1 !re 0 nei!r special jo9t nor rivet1 & ! *a9 c\ld be op5$ at any po9t by turn+ x 7see cut on page #fa7 & slid+ to "o side4 ,wid? ( *a9 & ?ickness ( sprocket gradually less5$2 a few ye>s ago1 0 ! /&>d1 b n[ x has settl$ to #c_/af1 ev5 on t&ems1 & on rac+ :eels a *a9 has be5 us$ 9 a few in/ances4 ,! 8,b0 *a9 has almo/ displac$ ! 8#h40 ,illu/ration3 ,,diamond 8,b40 ,quality ( /eel us$1 accuracy ( pit* & f95ess ( fit & f9i% h /eadily improv$1 & 7 nev] at s high a /&>d z 9 #ahih2 accuracy ( cutt+ & sci5tific %ap+ ( ! sprocket tee? h also be5 con/antly /udi$ & %[ great] advance ?an ev]1 s t1 z a result1 ! *a9s on ?is ye>'s product run ) a smoo?ness & 8sweetness0 n be=e atta9$4 ,! *a9less movem5t has naturally contribut$ to ?is advance1 :i* is a sub/antial fact4 ,quality has improv$ :ile co/ ( production & m>ket price h decl9$1 & ! high-grade *a9 ( #ahih may )\t extravagance ( language be call$ 8beautiful40 ,= in/ance1 9 a specim5 be=e u ! blocks are nickel /eel1 /raw color1 & ! l9ks are ( bright tool /eel2 ! inn] edges ( ! l9ks are *amf]$ or bevel$ to less5 ! *ance ( ! *a9's ev] 8m\nt+ ! sprocket0 if x is run :5 too slack1 & ! ends ( ! p9s are s p]fectly head$ t ! op]ation has left no trace4 ,?is f9ely f9i%$ specim5 happ5s to be f ! ,lefevre ,arms ,company ( ,syracuse1 b l praise c be giv5 to ! be/ product ( sev]al o!r mak]s4 ,z to /r5g?1 *a9s us$ to be made ) a break+ /ra9 z high z #a1hjj p\nds2 we suppose ! av]age ) ! n>r[] & light] product ( today is ab\t #a1jjj p\nds1 :i* is f> beyond any driv+ /ra9 x c receive4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,deal ,,) ,,*a9 ,,friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ames ,,tw9-,,roll]4 ,! friction ( ! *a9 is ( ?ree sorts & at ?ree places4 ,fir/ is ! 8block0 friction1 :]e & :5 a few blocks at a "t ent] & leave contact ) ! sprockets on ! upp] side1 ! action on ! l[] side 7except 9 back-p$all+7 be+ s free t x ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt2 ! second is ! 8p90 friction1 made by ! side l9ks z !y turn on ! rivets2 ! ?ird is :]e & :5 ! ends ( ! l9ks rub on ! sprockets :ile b5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morse ,,roll]-,,jo9t ,,*a94 ,!re h be5 _m attempts to turn ^! rubb+ frictions into roll+ movem5ts4 ,only a few mon?s ago application 0 fil$ = an ,engli% pat5t on putt+ balls into ! *a9 jo9ts2 b ! great numb] ( jo9ts & ! small size ( ! p>ts make ?is pla9ly impracticable4 ,a f> bett] & really practical ?+ is ! ,morse roll]-jo9t *a91 made 9 ,trumansburg1 ,n4 ,y41 & n[ 9 use on sev]al makes1 among !m ! ,/]l+2 x w\ld und\bt$ly make its way fa/] into use except t ! p>ts h to be a little l>g]1 & !re=e ! pit* a little m ?an ! regul> in*1 & s ! sprockets mu/ be cut specially2 sprockets ( in* pit* c1 h[ev]1 be recut to fit4 ,z ! illu/ration %[s1 ! pr9ciple ( ?is jo9t is ! same z t ( scales--! knife-edge be>+4 ,! p9 ) ! two edges is fa/ to ! side l9k2 ! p9 ) "o edge is dropp$ 9 loosely & ! two rock on ea* o!r in/ead ( rubb+1 produc+ no we> & s n ne$+ lubrication4 ,! mak] claims a frictional loss by 8 *a9 ( less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ! p[] develop$2 !re is always "s loss1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 & s ! adv]tisem5t ( ! ,eadie roll]-*a91 t 8x transmits practically #ajj p] c5t4 ( ! =ce appli$10 is some:at too en?usia/ically word$4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,roll]-,,sprocket4 7,see page #eh47 ,:ile giv+ due cr$it to ! ,morse *a91 we mu/ po9t out t x attempts to deal ) only ! second ( ! s\rces ( friction above /at$4 ,! ,br[n roll]-sprocket app>5tly attempts to deal ) all ?ree1 involv+ an action unlike any o!r4 ,x has a rim ) a d\ble flange1 9 :i* are ins]t$ h>d5$ /eel roll]s ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 runn+ on h>d5$ /eel bu%+s1 :i* 9 turn are free to revolve on h>d /eel rivets4 ,! *a9 is #c_/af & ( #a in*es pit*2 x is rev]sible & ! side l9ks are long] ?an ! blocks1 :i* 9 action ride ov] ! roll]s1 rea*+ f "o roll] to ano!r )\t t\*+ ! rim ( ! sprocket4 ,in/ead ( ! block rubb+ on ! too? z x leaves ! sprocket1 x turns ! roll] & rolls (f2 ?us1 if ! /ress ( use develops no o!r action ( ! p>ts ?an is claim$1 ! only rubb+ friction is at ! axes ( ! roll]s1 :]e ! motion is comp>atively slight4 ,a drawback is t ! sprockets mu/ be v l>ge 9 ord] to get a goodly numb] ( roll]s 9 ! re> "o1 & ! same difficulty ( be+ special 9 bo? sprocket & *a91 :i* ret>ds "s o!r devices 9 ! m>ket probably affects ?is "o4 ,,v>i\s ,,roll]-,,*a9s4 ,! tw9 roll] has entirely displac$ ! s+le4 ,! value ( ! roll] dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce 9 diamet] betwe5 ! roll] itself & ! axis on :i* x turns1 ! !ory be+ t al?\gh !re is a rubb+ friction on ! axis1 ! motion !re is s slight z to be insignificant z respects we>4 ,! small] ! roll] ! less ?is !ory applies & ! less ! practical effect 9 r$uc+ friction4 ,roll]s 9 a *a9 are necess>ily small2 yet :5 ! roll] pulls (f ! sprocket too? "u pressure x is free to turn1 & s !re mu/ be "s less5+ ( friction--at lea/1 ! roll]s _c we> into flat spots z ! blocks usually d4 ,! tw9-roll] 0 hail$ ) satisfaction 9 ,engl&1 a ye> ago1 ! *ief me*anical au?ority 9 ! trade press say+ t 8aft] us+ x = weeks 9 all sorts ( wea!r we are firmly conv9c$ t x is ! *a9 ( ! future2 9 a ge>-case x runs z smoo? z oil1 & ev5 :5 unprotect$ & smo!r$ 9 mud1 dirt & grit seem to h little effect on x40 ,s9ce !n "s d\btful or diss5ti5t op9ions h be5 express$1 p]haps because "s mak]s cut up ?is *a9 into a %ort] pit*1 & !re=e get x slight] & m expos$ to clogg+4 ,)\t hav+ practical exp]i5ce ( ! tw9-roll] z yet1 we /rongly incl9e to agree ) ! op9ion ( x j quot$1 & all !ory is c]ta9ly 9 its favor4 ,x has be5 regul>ly us$ on ! ,keat+ dur+ #ahig1 & seems to be com+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,baldw9 ,,deta*able4 ,! ,?ames *a91 :i* is call$ a 8roll] block0 in/ead ( a tw9-roll]1 has ! peculi>ity ( a fix$ cross-b> 7v poorly %[n 9 ! cut7 betwe5 ea* pair ( roll]s con/itut+ a 8block40 ,?us ! 8c5tre block0 is claim$ to be rigid & ! roll]s to be kept m free to "w2 x seems to u1 h[ev]1 t ! roll] is slightly too small to be 9 ! be/ proportion to ! side plates4 ,,! ,,l9k ,,friction ,,on ,,sprocket ,,& ,,p94 ,illu/ration3 ,,ew>t ,,*a94 7,us$ by ! ,pope ,co41 #ahhh47 ,z to ! ?ird ( ! ?ree *a9 frictions above describ$--t ( ! ends ( ! l9ks on ! sprocket z !y b5d into or out ( ! /raight l9e--a s]i\s practical "q is involv$4 ,pla9ly1 z ! *a9 is pull$ h>d t[>d ! c5tre ( ! sprocket1 x mu/ come to a firm re/ on some?+2 :at %all t some?+ be8 ,! ends ( two adjac5t blocks may come to a /op on ! slop+ sides ( ! too? or ei!r ! ends ( ! blocks or ! ends ( ! side-plates 7or possibly bo?7 may re/ on ! space on ! sprocket betwe5 ! tee?2 or ! side-plates may h a re/+ place outside ! tee?4 ,!re has be5 a flange on ! sprocket1 j at ! base ( ! tee?1 sometimes on bo? sides & sometimes on only "o2 ?is flange1 call$ a 8%r\d0 9 ,engl&1 has be5 q a subject ( discussion !re1 z to its prop] purpose1 & ev5 :e!r x %\ld be on ! sprocket at all4 ,all agree t x is useful 9 /iff5+ ! sprocket lat]ally1 & "s1 includ+ "s ( ! be/ *a9 mak]s1 argue t x ought to be plac$ bel[ ! rea* ( ! *a91 = if ! *a9 t\*es x & we>s x away1 ! *a9 w s9k bel[ its correct pit* l9e & cause tr\ble4 ,o!rs claim t ! *ief object ( mak+ a %r\d 0 to give ! *a9 z mu* be>+ surface z possible4 ,practice is n uni=m 9 ei!r c\ntry4 ,sometimes ! %r\d has help$ support ! *a92 sometimes x has be5 kept out ( rea* ( ! *a91 & sometimes x has be5 cut away :]e ! ends ( ! side-plates come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridgeport ,,deta*able4 ,! p9s are1 ( c\rse1 fix$ 9 ! l9ks1 b =m a be>+ )9 ! ends ( ! blocks4 ,to h ^! p9s h>d & yet be able to 8upset0 _! ends to make a 8head0 has be5 a matt] ( difficulty4 ,"s ( ! be/ ,engli% mak]s avoid$ ?is by us+ a s(t p9 & putt+ a h>d bu%+ ( p5 /eel ov] x to make a be>+4 ,z ! l9ks d n ne$ to be h>d1 ! mak]s ( ! ,clevel& use a h>d p9 ) a groove at ! end1 & =ce ! end ( ! side-plates into ?is groove to hold ! p9 9 place4 ,o!r *a9 mak]s h contriv$ me?ods ( gett+ ! p9 h>d & /ill hav+ its ends capable ( be+ head$ ov]4 ,! ,my]s ,deta*able1 made by ! ,bridgeport ,*a9 ,company ( ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 & ! ,baldw9 ,deta*able1 made by ! ,baldw9 ,*a9 ,company ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 avoid ! difficulty by h>d5+ ! entire p9 & slott+ ! l9k plates1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,any brok5 piece c ?us be replac$1 or ! *a9 c be made long] or %ort] at w1 )\t ne$+ any tools4 ,! ,baldw9 patt]n is rev]sible1 & ! mak]s publi% a c]tificate ( "o ( _! *a9s1 :i* has a record ( #bi1egc miles2 ( ?is1 #ac1gga miles 7 done )\t any att5tion or repairs be+ requir$1 ! rema9+ mileage requir+ replacem5t ( a brok5 "p b twice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,sprocket4 ,we f9d 9 "o ( ! ,briti% trade j\rnals a m5tion ( a 8spr+ *a910 b !re is nei!r cut nor detail$ description4 ,! mak] claims t by ins]t+ a doz5 or s ( 8 spr+ l9ks 9 any suitable *a9 8x w be made to run z easily & smoo?ly z a lea!r driv+ b&1 & t x may be adju/$ s tightly z to practically d away ) all slack5+ on top1 s t e ounce ( driv+ pressure appli$ to ! p$als w be reproduc$ on ! re> sprocket :eel1 ?us gett+ rid ( all backla% & consequ5t friction & wa/e ( p[]1 ev5 :5 ridd5 ov] ! r\ghe/ roads & by ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ p$all]s40 ,! editor ?9ks x impossible1 )\t "s dynamomet] te/1 to say :e!r !re is any ga9 9 driv+ ease1 b aft] hav+ "o ( ! *a9s 9 use = a good _m mon?s he c be> out ! claim ( smoo? runn+1 & has f\nd t x c be run on a tight] adju/m5t ?an ! usual *a92 s 8x c]ta9ly seems to be satisfactory40 ,illu/ration3 ,,cresc5t ,,*a9 ,,adju/]4 ,! circul> *a9 is ano!r peculi> ,engli% device1 & is pron\nc$ by its mak] to be ! be/ & easie/ runn+1 we>-resi/+ & cleane/ he has ev] tri$4 ,8 claim is3 8,! circumf]5tial spe$ ( ! block *a9 is 9 excess ( ! correspond+ spe$ ( its *a9 :eel tee?1 h5ce ! contradictory friction betwe5 too? & block4 ,! circumf]5tial spe$ ( ?is *a9 & its :eel are simil>2 entirely does away ! frictional contact betwe5 ! tee? ( ! *a9 :eel & ! *a9 blocks40 ,8 fir/ /atem5t _c possibly be correct s long z ! pit* l9e ( ! sprocket & ( ! *a9 correspond1 z is ! case ) any reasonably good fit4 ,8 *a9 consi/s ( simple & uni=m l9ks1 turn$ f ! solid & jo9$ by rivets4 ,x sugge/s ! old *a9 ( ! *a9 pump1 &1 ( c\rse1 requires a peculi> sprocket4 ,! ,tacagni /&>d pivot or rivetless is a rec5tly (f]$ ,engli% article4 ,x is light1 weigh+ #g ounces1 aga9/ ! usual #ad4 ,less friction & great] /r5g? are also claim$ = x1 ! mak] (f]+ ! report ( a te/+ firm t ! ela/ic limit ( ! sample us$ 0 #ijj p\nds & its break+ /ress 0 #addj4 ,( c\rse1 a special sprocket groov$ 9 ! rim mu/ be made = x4 ,,! ,,rem+ton ,,*a94 ,! *a9 br\ght out by ! ,rem+ton p = _! #ge model sugge/s ! ,tacagni1 b is n q l t4 ,! illu/ration %[s its con/ruction4 ,! block is done away )1 s9ce x runs 9 a groove on ! sprocket rim2 ! usual l9k does ! pull+ in/ead1 be>+ on ! flanges4 ,ano!r /yle ( description is to say t ! con/ruction is rev]s$1 ! l9k be+ "o piece & c5tral1 be+ conv]t$ into a block1 a space be+ cut out s t x does n t\* ! sprocket 9 b5d+1 :ile ! usual block is d\bl$ & runs on ! flanges4 ,! same quality ( /eel is us$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! gra9 all runs l5g?wise4 ,/r5g?1 great endurance & a r$uction ( a f\r? 9 friction are claim$4 ,use mu/ decide ! degree ( improvem5t1 b ! *a9 c]ta9ly runs smoo?ly & attractively4 ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,sprocket4 7,see page #fb47 ,! ,lib]ty mak]s h br\ght out a sprocket ) a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! tee? :i* is s slight t x h>dly %[s 9 a cut & is n ev5 notic$ on ! bicycle itself at a c>eless glance4 ,! *ange consi/s 9 cutt+ d[n mo/ ( ! tee? 9 height & ?ickness1 s t only ea* fif? too? acts 9 ! driv+1 ! int]m$iate tee? s]v+ only z guides to keep ! *a9 9 track4 ,conc]n+ ! new sprocket1 ! mak]s say3 8,! old me?od ( hav+ ea* & e sprocket too? engage ! *a9 has be5 ab&on$ by u1 ! friction occasion$ by s mu* contact be+ unnecess>y1 & ! we> & /ra9 on ! *a9 int5sifi$4 ,our new sprocket has be5 te/$ "u all conditions ) ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,x p]mits a *a9 to run z smoo?ly cov]$ ) mud & du/ z x does :5 ?or\ghly lubricat$1 & ! crack+ noise s preval5t :5 an ord9>y sprocket is us$ on muddy roads is entirely abs5t4 ,! ease ( propulsion is m>k$ 7p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 hill-climb+7 & enables ! rid] to atta9 spe$ in/antly & ) ! highe/ ge>4 ,) ?is improv$ sprocket ! rid] c use ) ease a ge> consid]ably high] ?an he c\ld attempt ) sprockets ( ! ord9>y patt]n40 ,,! ,,victor ,,/raight-,,l9e ,,sprocket4 7,see page #ff47 ,! ,victor /raight-l9e sprocket is peculi> 9 ! %ape ( ! tee? or 9 ! %ape ( ! spaces betwe5 ! tee?4 ,on ! back side ( ea* too? on ! front sprocket & ! front side ( ea* too? on ! re> sprocket a space is holl[$ out1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,ord9>ily1 ea* block & ea* pair ( side-plates or l9ks is deflect$ f a /raight l9e :5 wrapp$ ar\nd ! sprocket2 b on ?is sprocket1 z w be se51 ea* block & adjac5t pair ( side-plates =m a /raight l9e4 ,! jo9ts at ,e--,e & ,f--,f d n t\* ! sprocket1 z x is cut away b5ea? !m4 ,z ^? portions ( ! *a9 are always 9 a /raight l9e1 no motion is produc$ 9 ! jo9ts !re1 ! effect ( ! *ange be+ to greatly less5 friction1 especially "u try+ conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victor ,,*a9 ,,te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victor ,,*a9 ,,te/4 ,if an accurate measure ( ! pressure requir$ on ! p$al 9 ord] to ov]come ! v>y+ resi/ances ( surface1 grade & w9d1 or :at n1 c\ld be f\nd1 !n ! resi/ance 9 ea* case c\ld be weigh$ & record$ 9 p\nds4 ,! ,victor dynamomet]--:i* is a peculi> p$al1 conta9+ a pair ( spr+s1 ) a record+ p5cil & a mov+ roll ( pap] = mak+ a record--does ?is weigh+4 ,obvi\sly ! fir/ effect ( pressure on ?is box-l p$al is to depress ! spr+s2 & ! :eel w n be mov$ at all until ! spr+s h be5 depress$ en\gh to repres5t ! resi/ance4 ,suppose ! total resi/ance is equal to lift+ a weight ( t5 p\nds1 !n press on ! p$al2 ! spr+s w fir/ yield until ! equival5t ( t5 p\nds is rea*$1 !n ! p$al w move & ! :eel w turn4 ,if ! resi/ance *anges to fifte5 & !n to five p\nds1 ! spr+s w yield m & !n less1 & ! p5cil atta*$ w regi/] accord+ly1 ! result be+ an irregul> l9e simil> to t on ! /eam eng9e]'s 8indicator c>d40 ,if ! dynamomet] p$al 7 us$ on ! road ! irregul> l9e on ! c>d w\ld %[ resi/ance fluctuations1 b w\ld n %[ ! v>i\s times & causes ( resi/ance enc\nt]$4 ,s1 = a te/ ( ! peculi> sprocket1 a bicycle fitt$ ) x 0 put on a /& & a resi/ance equal to sev5 & six-t5?s p\nds at ! rim ( ! :eel 0 arrang$4 ,!n mud 0 daub$ on ! *a91 & pressure 0 put on ! dynamomet] p$al4 ,! height ( ! wave l9e above ! /raight or z]o l9e 9 ! diagram indicates ! p[] requir$ to turn ! :eel4 ,x rang$ f #hh to #id p\nds1 & 0 ne>ly uni=m4 ,!n ano!r bicycle1 ) usual sprockets1 0 set on ! /&1 ) ! same resi/ance at ! :eel rim4 ,! same *a9 us$ be=e 0 put on 7= ?is is a matt] ( sprocket only1 & any usual *a9 bo? fits & answ]s ! purpose71 mud 0 aga9 daub$ on ! *a91 & ! te/ 0 made4 ,! pull requir$ to turn ea* rang$ f #if to #afj p\nds1 & fluctuat$ greatly1 z indicat$ 9 ! o!r diagram4 ,:5 ! te/s 7 c>ri$ fur!r & ! resi/ance at ! tire 0 br\ght up to #aa p\nds ! ord9>y sprocket clogg$ "u ! mud & c\ld n be turn$ at all1 :ile ! /raight-l9e sprocket mov$ ab\t z be=e1 ! c>d indicat+ a pull ( #abh to #aca p\nds appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,*a9 ,,adju/]4 ,at ! ,victor bran* 9 ,w>r5 /reet1 a bicycle ) ^! sprockets re/s on a /&1 ) a box ( ,j]sey mud & a di% ( wat] & a tr[el und]nea?2 anybody is free to mix ! comp\nd to suit1 & to load on all ! *a9 w c>ry4 ,!n he may get on ! saddle1 !re be+ an adju/able brake = ! re> :eel to repres5t road resi/ance1 & p$al away2 or he may turn by h&4 ,:5 ! mudd$ slack ( *a9 rea*es ! re> sprocket1 ! fir/ effect is a crun*+ noise & a p>tial /oppage2 ?is ceases :5 "o revolution has be5 made1 & directly ! :eel 7! brake be+ (f7 sp9s z freely & quietly z does ano!r bicycle ) ! l sprockets :i* is m\nt$1 all clean1 on ano!r /&4 ,! mud te/ is actual & fair4 ,! snapp+ noise :i* e rid] kn[s is produc$ by mud on ! *a91 especially :5 ! bicycle is new & ! fit is at its be/1 comes because ! mud acts z a w$ge betwe5 sprocket & *a9 & ! latt] is tempor>ily put 8out ( pit*40 ,! surpris+ p]=mance ( ?is sprocket "u ! sev]e/ possible mud te/ c h only ?is explanation3 t ! spaces cut away all[ "s room = mud )\t jamm+1 & t ! sprocket cle>s itself by ?r[+ out ! intrud]4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s ( ! season1 & seems q indep5d5t ( outside di/urbance1 h>dly ne$+ a case except = cleanl9ess & l5g? ( we>4 ,,*a9 ,,bolts ,,& ,,repairs4 ,( c\rse1 ! ends ( ! *a9 h to be jo9$1 & sometimes !y ne$ to be sep>at$ = removal4 ,! cu/om>y way has be5 to use a screw-bolt1 ?read$ into ! l9k-plate on "o side1 & fa/5$ ) a small lock-nut4 ,z ?is small nut 0 liable to loos5 & be lo/1 & z !re 0 also a possibility ( ! screw itself work+ out 79 :i* case x might /rike some?+ z ! *a9 mov$ or might drop out on ! road7 "s secur] fa/5+ became desirable4 ,! 8,diamond0 ,b *a9 n[ disp5ses ) ! nut 7z %[n 9 ! cut ( t make ( *a9s7 us+ 9 place ( x a sw++ 8lat*0 ( ?9 /eel2 ! head ( ! screw fits ne>ly flu% into ! side-l9k1 & ! lat* has a place rais$ up 9 "o end to fit ! screw head1 s t :5 ?is lat* is turn$ d[n x snaps into place1 prev5t+ ! screw f back+ out & be+ itself held fa/ by its own ela/icity4 ,! ,humb] c>ries on its *a9 a simil> lat*1 b slightly diff]5t 9 %ape at ! end1 :i* has a hexagonal hole t fits ! head ( ! screw4 ,! ,cresc5t meets ! case by disp5s+ ) ! screw-bolt4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ! side l9ks are slott$1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! slot is an enl>g$ place ?r\gh :i* a special p9 ) groov$ ends c be slipp$ 9 or out by slack+ ! *a9 = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cresc5t ,,*a9 ,,& ,,bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lefev] ,,*a94 ,^! sev]al devices g to fur!r less5 ! tr\bles ) *a9s :i* are s great n[1 9 ! argum5t ( "s p1 b h be5 s slight 9 practice not)/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,*a94 ,illu/ration3 ,,rem+ton ,,*a94 ,9 ! v r>e ev5t ( a *a9's break+ on ! road1 ! ,miss+ ,l9k w be h&y2 x co/s b a few c5ts1 & c be c>ri$ 9 a ve/ pocket4 ,! cut expla9s its use4 ,a break is mo/ liable to be 9 ! block1 b if a l9k goes ! rid] ne$ n te> 8 hair2 !re are devices to meet t case1 & to get ano!r piece 9 is n v sev]e1 ev5 )\t _! aid4 ,*a9s are 8/ret*+1 break+10 etc41 9 _! habits1 we are told4 ,yet ea* rid] may consid] ! *ance ( ! trick's be+ play$ on him ne>ly ! same z ( lightn+'s /rik+ him1 & if he w only take a little c>e ( 8 *a91 he c c\nt himself insur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,miss+ ,,l9k4 ,,*a9 ,,adju/m5ts4 ,"s =m ( adju/] w always be necess>y to adju/ ! *a9 on a *a9 driv5 bicycle4 ,on ! e>ly models ( ! safety type ( bicycles made 9 ?is c\ntry ! adju/m5t 0 produc$ by a sw++ crank bracket4 ,! crank bracket 0 n an integral "p ( ! frame1 b 0 bolt$ to x & 0 held 9 position by a set screw & lock-nut4 ,some:at lat] an improv$ =m1 :i* by ! usual =m ( rev]sion has n[ come into use aga91 consi/$ 9 mak+ ! crank bracket an integral "p ( ! frame & fitt+ an ecc5tric adju/m5t inside ( x4 ,! ,rem+ton ,company v>i$ ?is some:at by mak+ ! re> =ks a deta*able "p ( ! frame & hav+ !m bolt$ ?r\gh & lock$ by a ?read$ lock-nut & bolt at ! crank hang]1 & !y ?us produc$ _! adju/m5t by %ift+ ! re> =ks out backw>d or draw+ !m =w>d4 ,s9ce t "t ! mak]s ( ! ,rem+ton h always us$ ! re> =k-end adju/m5t1 b ?is season !y h a new feature4 ,! crank-hang] ball pocket is ecc5tric & turns 9 ! bracket ei!r =w>d or backw>d :5 ! set bolts are loos5$4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is a v simple "o & prev5ts ! liability ( ! re> :eel gett+ out ( alignm5t4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,iroquois also use a #c-;in* ecc5tric hang]4 ,! re> :eel is always c5tr$ by ?is me?od1 & is provid$ ) two sprockets1 s z readily to all[ a *ange ( ge>4 ,on ! ,def5d] is %[n an ecc5tric crank-hang]1 on :i* nei!r ! :eel1 nuts or be>+s are di/urb$ to make ! adju/m5t4 ,! ,%irk bicycles h a new re> =k & *a9 adju/m5t1 ! advantage ( :i* is t ! re> :eel c be remov$ )\t disconnect+ ! *a94 ,! sides ( ! re> =k ends are ma*9$ ) tee?1 :i* fit into ! tee? ( ! wa%]1 & by simply unscrew+ nut & )draw+ ! axle bolt ! :eel drops out ( frame4 ,absolute equality ( adju/m5t on bo? sides is obta9$1 z ! wr5* is only us$ to loos5 ! axle nut1 & z ! outw>d op5+ ! re> =k ends is done away )1 /r5g? & rigidity is ?us add$ to ?is end ( ! frame4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,nor?ampton made a new *a9 adju/] consi/+ ( a small r\nd /eel plate on ! outside ( ! re> =ks1 ) scroll cut on ! inside :i* foll[s /eel lug on ! =ks1 mak+ x easy to adju/ *a9 to any t5sion & set ! :eel true 9 ! frame rapidly4 ,! *a9 adju/] us$ on ! ,globe is ( v neat & simple con/ruction4 ,a ?read$ adju/]1 hav+ an op5 hook end is pivot$ to ! upp] "p ( ! re> =k end1 & is op]at$ z foll[s3 ,loos5 ! axle nuts & turn ! ?umb screw ei!r way1 z ! case may be1 until ! *a9 has ! "r t5sion & !n tight5 ! axle nuts aga94 ,to take ! re> :eel out1 loos5 ! axle nuts & sw+ ! hooks (f ! axle4 ,to replace ! :eel slip ! hooks back ov] ! axle1 tight5 ! nuts & ! :ole adju/m5t is complete4 ,on ! ,relay is %[n a pat5t *a9-adju/+ device :i* enables ! rid] by simply loos5+ ! nuts on ei!r side ( ! re> :eel to remove ! re> :eel )\t tak+ ! *a9 ap>t4 ,! =k ends are ( cold roll$ /eel1 corrugat$1 ) ! wa%] corrugat$ to correspond1 all[+ accurate adju/m5t ( ! *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,,victor ,,sprocket4 ,on ! model #d ,humb] is %[n a re> =k *a9 adju/]1 :i* is simil> 9 con/ruction to ! *a9 adju/]s 9 use on ! ,humb]s made 9 ,engl&4 ,! re> =k ends in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ horizontal z be=e n[ slant upw>d at an oblique angle1 & ! back/ays in/ead ( be+ braz$ to ! re> =ks z h]et(ore are sep>ate & are c>ri$ backw>d or =w>d1 z ! case may be1 ) ! re> axle to tight5 or loos5 ! *a91 ! object ( ?is *ange 9 con/ruction be+ to cause ! back/ays to help c>ry ) ! re> =ks ! weight ( ! rid] on ! axle4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican pat5t ecc5tric *a9 adju/] is almo/ too well kn[n to ne$ describ+4 ,/ill x is su* a radical dep>ture1 & )al su* a good "o1 t x w be> describ+ "h aga94 ,a squ>e groove or spl9e is cut on ! sides ( ! re> axle1 runn+ ab\t an in* f ! end4 ,a pair ( ecc5tric disks1 hav+ a tongue or key to fit ?is groove1 are slipp$ on ! axle1 ?us becom+1 z x 71 a "p ( ! re> axle4 ,!y are !n plac$ & held 9 ! frame by semi-circul> braces1 :i* are a "p ( ! frame4 ,! *a9 is adju/$ f "o side1 ! ecc5trics act+ toge!r4 ,by loos5+ "o nut on ea* side ! ecc5trics are free to move ei!r way4 ,?is completes ! op]ation1 &1 x is ne$less to say1 "o ne$ n worry ab\t gett+ ! re> :eel out ( l9e or readju/+ ! be>+s1 because ) ?is ecc5tric adju/] nei!r is di/urb$4 ,!y use ! same me?od ( adju/m5t on ! re> :eel ( _! t&ems1 b ! front *a9 on ! t&ems is adju/$ ) an ecc5tric at ! front crank-hang]1 same z mo/ ( ! o!r mak]s use 9 t&em con/ruction4 ,ne>ly all ! mak]s :o make t&ems adju/ _! re> :eel1 h[ev]1 ) _! regul> =m ( *a9 adju/] z us$ on _! s+les1 a v>iation ( ?is1 h[ev]1 be+ to adju/ bo? *a9s at ! crank-hang] brackets ) an ecc5tric adju/m5t4 ,ano!r v>iation 9 *a9 adju/m5ts on t&ems consi/s ( bolt+ ! crank bracket to ! frame s t by mov+ ! crank bracket =w>d or backw>d ! *a9 c be adju/$ to ! prop] t5sion4 ,! mak]s ( ! juv5ile 8,elf90 n only use ?is =m ( con/ruction on _! juv5ile t&ems1 b also on _! s+le models1 & h 9 addition to t a me?od ( rev]s+ ! bracket1 s t x c be ei!r bolt$ on top or und]nea? ! re> =ks :i* p]mits an adju/ability ( two in*es betwe5 ! seat po/s & p$als1 by :i* an ,elf9 may be made to la/ a gr[+ *ild = sev]al seasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,humb] ,,*a9 ,,adju/]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hubs1 ,,spokes ,,& ,,rims4 ,! :eels ( ! #ahih bicycle d n pres5t any v rem>kable or /rik+ novelties 9 con/ruction4 ,! old /yle ( sl5d] cyl9d] hub ) broad flanges has1 h[ev]1 disappe>$1 & ! tubul> or b>rel hub1 ) or )\t flanges1 is ! only "o 9 use4 ,b be=e survey+ ! /ate ( ! art = ?is season let u take a look backw>d & see :at l$ up to ! pres5t types4 ,at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,london1 ,engl&1 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahhi a bicycle t 0 built by ,gav9 ,dalzell1 a ,scot*man1 "s "t previ\s to #ahdf4 ,?is 0 describ$ z 8be+ wond]fully /rong1 especially 9 ! :eels10 ^! seem+ to h /ood ! ravages ( "t & r\gh usage mu* bett] ?an ! framework4 ,! re> :eel1 or driv]1 0 ( wood %od ) iron1 ab\t #dj in*es 9 diamet]1 & _h twelve spokes1 ea* ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! front :eel 0 ( simil> con/ruction1 b only ab\t #cj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood5 velocip$e ( #ahff usually _h wood5 spokes & flat iron tires1 & ab\t t "t a v crude high :eel 0 built 9 ,engl& by ,s4 ,madison1 & ?is 9 #ahfh 0 improv$ ^u by ,edw>d ,coop]4 ,9 #ahfi ! bicycle call$ ! 8,phantom0 0 put ^u ! m>ket4 ,x _h wood5 rims ) rubb] tires nail$ on4 ,on ! inside ( ! rim 7 /aples1 ?r\gh :i* ! wires 7 pass$ & screw$ at ! c5tre ( ! :eel4 ,x 0 really ! fir/ practical susp5sion :eel ev] built1 its "o fault be+ its liability to get out ( ord] & ! inability ( ! me*anics ( t "t to true x up aga94 ,james ,/>ley br\ght out a bicycle a little lat] call$ ! 8,ariel10 :i* _h 8lev] t5sion0 :eels & 0 popul>4 ,x _h d\ble wire spokes & /eel rims1 & at ! axle ( ea* :eel 0 plac$ a lev] b>4 ,he next design$ "o call$ ! 8,spid]0 & = a long :ile all bicycle :eels 7 !re=e call$ spid] :eels4 ,9 #ahgf ,s+]'s 8,*all5ge0 appe>$ 9 ,london1 :i* _h lock-nut spokes1 ) a nipple atta*$4 ,nipple & lock-nutt$ spokes long outla/$ ! con/ruction ( t day1 & !y 7 c]ta9ly v f> bett] ?an ! butt-end$ direct spokes us$ lat] on4 ,! fir/ tang5t spokes 7 ^? made by ! ,cov5try ,tang5t ,company1 9 ,engl&1 & plac$ ^u _! bicycles & tricycles4 ,a s+ul> fact is t = "s ye>s aft] t1 h[ev]1 tang5t spokes almo/ :olly disappe>$1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ,engl&1 &1 :ile we 7 import+ ,engli% safety bicycles1 all ( !m _h direct spokes2 b ! fir/ ,am]ican safety bicycle built1 ! ,victor1 _h tang5t spokes1 & s _h ! high :eels previ\sly made by ! ,victor ,company4 ,9 ,engl&1 until two ye>s ago1 direct spokes 7 v l>gely us$4 ,,! 8,,susp5sion0 ,,:eel4 ,"h ,am]ican mak]s us$ direct spokes at fir/1 b at pres5t all ! ,am]ican mak]s )\t exception use a tang5t spoke1 & !re are inde$ v good reasons = ! use ( ! tang5t spoke 9 a susp5sion :eel1 :i* is a /ructure radically unlike ! ord9>y wagon :eel4 ,any vehicle :eel receives ! load ( ! weight c>ri$ directly at its hub1 ?r\gh ! axle1 & ?is weight1 ( c\rse1 t5ds to be> ! hub d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! wagon :eel has /\t spokes1 z !y are plann$ to su/a9 ! cru%+ d[nw>d /ra92 ?is /ra9 is :olly borne by ! few spokes at any p>ticul> in/ant bel[ ! hub1 ! re/ ( !m at t in/ant hav+ no "w to d4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! weight & clums9ess inevitable if ! bicycle :eel 7 made to c>ry ! load 9 ?is way1 ! load is 8susp5d$10 9 effect1 in/ead ( be+ above & ^u ! spokes4 ,t is1 ! load appli$ at ! hub is hung f ! few spokes :i* at ! in/ant are directly ov] ! hub2 ! pull d[n on ^! spokes t5ds to depress ! upp] "p ( ! rim & ?us to flatt5 d[n ! :eel f a circul> to an elliptical %ape2 b ?is flatt5+ is resi/$ by ! spokes :i* are !n horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 & ?us ! :eel reta9s %ape4 ,! ?9 wire spokes1 :i* w\ld in/antly d\ble up "u a 8cru%+0 /ra91 resi/ trem5d\sly ! t5sile pull4 ,imag9e a ?ick-spok$ :eel ) all spokes gone except ^? 9 say an eigh? ( its circle directly und]nea? ! hub & y h ! ord9>y :eel2 !n imag9e a bicycle :eel ) all spokes gone except a few directly above ! hub & ! few horizontal ones on ea* side ( ! hub1 & y h ! 8susp5sion0 :eel illu/rat+ its own pr9ciple1 x be+ suppos$ t ! :eel 9 ea* case is n mov+ b simply hold+ up its load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cresc5t ,,hub4 ,! wagon :eel is 8di%$10 t is1 ! spoke ends at ! hub are n q 9 ! same plane ) ! rim2 ! spokes are also (t5 8/agg]$10 t is1 "o-half are 9 "o plane at ! hub & ! re/ 9 ano!r1 ! object be+ t ! wood may h room to exp& & contract some:at1 "u *anges 9 moi/ure1 )\t putt+ ! :eel out ( %ape4 ,! susp5sion :eel is also di%$1 b ! di% is a d\ble "o1 ! :eel 9 section be+ l two capital ,v's1 end to end1 be+ some:at wide at ! hub1 ! spokes be+ c>ri$ f ! rim alt]nately to "o side ( ! hub & ! o!r4 ,! object is to /r5g!n ! :eel lat]ally1 = if x 7 made all 9 "o plane f top to bottom x might su/a9 a heavy load 9 a v]tical direction1 b w\ld twi/ into pieces "u ! fir/ side /ra94 ,?is explanation may n only give ! un9itiat$ a bett] idea ( bicycle con/ruction b may illu/rate ! fact t new problems h _h to be met & new devices ?\ght out & work$ out at e /age ( t con/ruction4 ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,/ra9s ,,( ,,hub ,,& ,,spokes4 ,! pressure appli$ on ! p$als ( ! bicycle causes a transv]se /ra9 on direct spokes :i* sometimes causes !m to snap at ! rim or hub2 b spokes :i* are set at a tang5t to ! hub receives ?is /ra9 directly1 & 9 ! tang5t-spoke :eel1 :]e ! spoke is b5t or hook$ 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh ! side ( ! hub1 x is necess>y t ! v be/ mat]ial & workman%ip be us$ to prev5t x f break+ at ?is po9t4 ,! tang5t-spok$ :eel be+ almo/ absolutely rigid1 is ! be/ hill-climb]1 = !re is no wa/e ( p[] z 9 ! direct-spoke :eel1 ! transv]se /ra9 on ! spokes ( :i* causes a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8give40 ,on ! fir/ safety bicycles built 9 ?is c\ntry #cj & #cb in* :eels 7 us$4 ,aft]w>d we settl$ d[n to ! use ( #bh-;in* :eels z a /&>d4 ,!re is n[1 h[ev]1 a slight t5d5cy to rev]sion t[>d us+ #cj-;in* :eels4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,clevel& :eel h ann\nc$ t !y w m>ket a bicycle hav+ #cj-;in* :eels4 ,probably ! only reason = ?is /ep lies 9 ! dropp$ crank-hang] fad2 s t1 by us+ l>g] :eels1 !y c /ill ma9ta9 ! upp] tube horizontal1 & get ! requir$ drop ( f ?ree to f\r in*es4 ,view$ 9 ano!r aspect1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd a s\rce ( annoyance & exp5se to ! mak]s & rid]s z necessitat+ an extra /ock ( spokes1 rims & tires to fit ! same1 & :]e !y are n to be _h promptly delays w be sure to occur 9 repair+4 ,! rul+ size ( :eel is n arbitr>y1 b has be5 arriv$ at z ! be/ net adju/m5t ( all ! conditions1 & any *ange to :at has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ & ab&on$ is to be /rongly disapprov$1 unless 7:i* is n ! case 9 ?is7 sub/antial reasons c be %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbia ,,hub4 ,few p realize ! torsional /ra9 ex]t$ on ! re> hub :5 full p[] is appli$ to ! p$als 9 climb+ a /eep hill :]e ! mom5tum is n suffici5t to c>ry ! rid] f> & :]e ! pull is m or less cont9u\s on successive gr\ps ( spokes z ! :eel revolves4 ,9 addition to ?is pull on ! spokes is to be consid]$ ! weight ( ! rid]1 ! great] proportion ( :i* is su/a9$ by ! upp] half ( ! rim & ! correspond+ spokes & n by ! portion ( ! :eel ne>e/ ! gr\nd z j expla9$4 ,x w be und]/ood t ea* gr\p w be subject$ = an inf9itesimal space ( "t to a maximum pull z ! *a9 passes ov] ! sprockets1 ! /ra9 be+ acc5tuat$ at ea* d[nw>d /roke ( ! p$als1 s t a s+le spoke :5 at a v high t5sion z comp>$ ) its neighbor frequ5tly snaps :5 directly 9 l9e ) ! *a9 at ! prop] in/ant ( "t4 ,orig9ally all hubs 7 made ( :at is kn[n z gun metal1 ! flanges ( ! hubs 7 v ?ick & tap]$ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! hub4 ,!y 7 made 9 ?is mann] to provide suffici5t room = tapp+ & ?read+ ! hub flanges s t ! direct spokes :i* 7 9 use at t "t c\ld be directly ?read$ into ! hub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,keat+ ,,hub4 ,! #ahih tubul> & b>rel hubs are1 ( c\rse1 ! result ( _m processes4 ,"s ( !m are turn$ :ole f b> /eel2 o!rs are /amp$ out ( %eet metal2 "s ( !m are =m$ out ( tub+1 & a few ( ! *eap] mak]s use malleable iron or ca/ /eel = ?is purpose4 ,all ( ! spokes us$ are made ( ei!r a special drawn /eel wire or a piano wire4 ,!y all possess great torsional or twi/+ /r5g?1 & ! t5sile /r5g? or /ret* is f #ejj to #hjj p\nds4 ,!y av]age 9 gauge ( ?ickness f #ac gauge1 :i* is express$ by ! figures 4#jie1 to #ae gauge1 :i* is express$ by ! figures 4#jgb4 ,front :eels h f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six spokes & re> :eels f #bh to #dj spokes1 & :ile x is true t all ! mak]s n[ use a tang5t spoke !re are a great _m v>iations 9 its use4 ,! majority ( !m tie _! spokes to ea* o!r :]e !y cross4 ,!re are a great _m ( ! mak]s :o d n tie !m at all1 !re be+ "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f ?is treatm5t4 ,^? 9 favor ( ty+ spokes say t ty+ two or m spokes toge!r at ! cross+ "s di/ance above ! hub %ort5s ! lev]age f ! rim & practically gives ! :eel an additional hub2 t !y are also /iff] aga9/ side or lat]al /ra91 & t ! only good tang5t spoke is "o t is ti$ at ! cross+ ) its mates4 ,^? :o are oppos$ to ty+ spokes say t ty+ !m toge!r makes !m too rigid & inflexible1 & t ! process ( wir+ !m & sold]+ !m toge!r has a t5d5cy to cry/allize ! spokes at ?is po9t ow+ to ! heat requir$ to sold] !m4 ,?is "p ( ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 has be5 met by n wir+ & sold]+ ! spokes at ! cross+1 b by p9*+ on !m at ?is po9t a metal clamp su* z is us$ on ! ,humb] :eel4 ,! oppon5ts ( ty+ ! spokes ass]t t ! v /iffness & rigidness :i* ! :eel possesses :5 ! spokes are ti$ has a t5d5cy to also cry/allize !m at ! hub flanges z well z cause !m to break4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be "h /at$ t ! pneumatic tire acts z a buff]1 & t ! use ( heavi] rims & m spokes1 :i* are prom95t *>act]i/ic features ( #ahih :eel con/ruction1 insures ! :ole :eel a great] factor ( safety ?an h]et(ore kn[n 9 con/ruction1 & !re=e less liability to get out ( true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]l+ ,,hub4 ,! ,raleigh cycle1 an ,engli% production1 & :i* came into prom95ce 9 ?is c\ntry because x 0 ,ar?ur ,zimm]man's great m\nt1 _h :eels 9 :i* two-?irds ( ! spokes 7 direct f hub to rim1 & ! rema9+ ?ird 7 cross$ at a tang5t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a sort ( a compromise betwe5 ! direct & tang5t spokes1 & ultimately l$ ! mak]s to use tang5t spokes only4 ,,! ,,wood ,,:eel4 ,a numb] ( attempts 7 made a few ye>s ago to introduce hickory :eels 9 place ( ! wire susp5sion :eels1 among ! mo/ notable be+ a bicycle built by ,/]l+ ,elliott1 & call$ ! 8,hickory40 ,! frame 0 built ( tub+ z 0 usual1 b ! :eels--hubs1 spokes & rims--7 made ( hickory1 ! spokes be+ kn[n z radial spokes4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 its rigidness & to c>ry ! pneumatic tire ! rim 0 surr\nd$ by a metallic b& 9 :i* ! tire 0 plac$4 ,! public did n take to ?is /yle ( bicycle :eel1 & _! manufacture 0 discont9u$1 n h[ev] be=e ,mr4 ,elliott plac$ a pair ( ^! ball be>+ hickory :eels ) pneumatic tires on a high :eel sulky1 :i* _h be5 conv]t$ to c>ry ^! :eels4 ,! result 0 a/oni%+1 & today no o!r :eels are us$ on sulkies b #bh & #cj-;in* bicycle :eels ) ball be>+s & pneumatic tires1 & ! result ( _! use _h be5 t ! times ( ! trott+ horses h be5 r$uc$ six to t5 seconds p] mile4 ,( c\rse ! pres5t type ( sulky is built specially ) ar*$ axles & frames to c>ry ^! :eels1 & ! old high wood5 :eel is z r>ely se5 on ! trott+ track z ! good old 8ord9>y0 is se5 on ! bicycle track4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,hub4 ,hubs us+ a spoke hav+ a hook$ end ) a rivet head on ! end !re(1 :i* are drawn ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! flanges ( ! hubs are n z popul> z =m]ly1 a great _m ( ! mak]s hav+ dep>t$ f ?is me?od1 n[ us+ a spoke :i* is /raight f ! hub to ! nipple4 ,!y claim = ?is me?od t ! abs5ce ( ! b5d 9 ! spoke m9imizes ! liability ( cry/allization :i* is s apt to exi/ 9 spokes ( ! b5t v>iety4 ,?is /yle ( direct tang5t spoke 0 fir/ %[n 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahib by ! mak]s ( ! ,lib]ty1 & among ! mo/ prom95t us]s ( ?is /yle ( hub are ! mak]s ( ! ,spald+1 ,victor1 ,craw=d & ! ,iroquois1 & :i* are almo/ duplicates ( ! ,lib]ty hub4 ,! ,keat+ diff]s some:at f ^!1 inasmu* z ! projections f ! sides ( ! flanges are n opposite ea* o!r1 b are plac$ alt]natively to receive a s+le spoke4 ,! ,lib]ty hub may be be/ describ$ z foll[s3 ,x is a "o-piece hub1 ) lat]al projections f ! sides1 or flanges1 & ^! projections are drill$ to c>ry ! heads ( two /raight spokes1 ea* spoke runn+ 9 a /raight l9e to ! opposite side ( ! rim4 ,! usual /yle ( hub has a pla9 circul> flange ) holes drill$ 9 x to receive ! spokes2 ?is makes x necess>y to b5d ! spokes at a "r angle at ! end1 :]e !y are ins]t$ ov] ! face ( ! hub4 ,?is sometimes r5d]$ !m liable to break1 &1 !re=e1 :at is kn[n z ! direct tang5t spoke 0 inv5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clevel& ,,hub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,hub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plym\? ,,rim ,,jo9t4 ,9 ?is me?od ( con/ruction ! hub end ( ! spoke is n b5t1 b has a head made ^u x l t ( a rivet2 ! /ra9 comes 9 a direct l9e f end to end ( ! spoke1 & ! entire spoke is 9 t5sion4 ,! e>ly mak]s ( direct tang5t spokes f\nd x necess>y to make ^! ( a some:at heavi] & s(t] wire ?an ! tang5t spokes :i* 7 b5t at "r angles to =m a hook4 ,! use ( ?is s(t ?ick wire prov$ r objectionable1 z x 0 ) difficulty t ! :eels c\ld be kept true1 & ! spokes 7 apt 9 compression to slide ?r\gh ! end ( ! flanges on ! hub & make a noise4 ,h[ev]1 all mak]s :o use direct tang5t spokes are mak+ !m v mu* ?9n] ?an h]et(ore1 & ( a h>d] quality ( wire4 ,9 fact1 ! mak]s ( ! ,cresc5t 7also hav+ ^! direct spokes7 use probably z light & z ?9 a wire z any ( ! mak]s :o use a spoke ) a b5d at ! end4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,wolff-,am]ican 7:o are also r5[n$ z great mak]s ( wire7 claim t !re is no necessity = ! use ( a direct tang5t spoke if ! prop] quality ( wire is us$ = mak+ ! spoke :i* has its end b5t at "r angle1 & t :ile x is und\bt$ly true t ! spoke b5t at "r angles at ! end does /ret* its fibres on "o side ( ! b5d & compress !m on ! o!r1 /ill1 if ! spoke flanges & spoke holes & ! nipple holes at ! rim 7 only drill$ at a prop] angle to ea* o!r1 !re w\ld be no dang] ( a brok5 spoke4 ,all #ahih spokes are swag$ & butt-end$4 ,=m]ly spokes 7 kn[n z upset & butt-end$4 ,upsett+ a spoke consi/s 9 heat+ ! ends & driv+ x backw>ds1 ?us mak+ x ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! spoke4 ,! objection to ?is practice consi/$ 9 its t5d5cy to cry/allization :]e ! 8upset0 end$4 ,swag+ a spoke consi/s 9 leav+ ! butt ends ( ! spoke ! orig9al ?ickness ( ! wire1 & r$uc+ ! diamet] betwe5 ! ends by a hamm]+ process 9 a ma*9e built = ! purpose1 to a gauge or two small] ?an ! orig9al ?ickness4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ spokes r$uces ! weight1 leaves ! heavy portion :]e x is mo/ ne$$1 & adds great t5sile /r5g? to ! spoke4 ,9 mak+ a spoke by ?is me?od ! wires are at fir/ made some:at %ort] ?an ! l5g? requir$1 z ! swag+ has a t5d5cy to draw !m out 9 l5g?1 & 9 ! be/ ( mod]n practice ( spoke mak+ ! ?reads are roll$ on by ma*9]y in/ead ( hav+ !m cut on by a die1 z =m]ly4 ,! roll+ process has ?is advantage1 t x does n r$uce ! diamet] ( ! spoke & cut away s mu* mat]ial z ! die ?read+ process4 ,,v>i\s ,,/yles ,,( ,,hub ,,& ,,self-,,oil+ ,,devices4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,/]l+1 :o h always us$ a direct tang5t spoke 9 connection ) a hub hav+ a corrugat$ flange1 %[ a new hub ?is season4 ,x is ma*9$ f a piece ( b> /eel4 ,! flanges or tee? are some:at l a small re> sprocket4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( ! d\ble holl[ con/ruction1 & on ! re> hub on ! sprocket side "p ( ! flange is cut away on ! outside1 leav+ a l>ge op5+ 9 ! too?1 :i* sits betwe5 ! tee? ( ! sprocket :eel1 s t a spoke c be readily ins]t$ )\t remov+ ! sprocket :eel1 & ?r\gh ! fir/-m5tion$ hole ! spoke is pu%$ =w>d & upw>d ?r\gh a buttonhole1 & is !n slid 9 a ,t-slot ei!r "r or left to its seat1 ea* too? 9 ! flange ?us c>ry+ two spokes1 "o to ea* side ( ! rim4 ,on ! left h& side ( ! re> hub ! con/ruction is rev]s$1 ! flanges n be+ cut away z on ! "r h& side1 & ! spokes are ins]t$ ?r\gh a simil> op5+ z be=e describ$ on ! inside portion ( ! hub & flange4 ,on bo? sides ( ! front hub a simil> con/ruction is employ$ z t 9 use on ! left side ( ! re> hub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/e>ns ,,self-,,oil+ ,,crank-,,hang] ,,me*anism4 ,! ,w9dsor hub is ( ! corrugat$ patt]n1 hav+ a d\ble flange 9 :i* ! spoke holes are drill$1 & ) a buttonhole device = ins]t+ ! same4 ,! ,cresc5t hub is built ) a /raight flange ov] ! body ( ! hub1 & ?is hub flange is turn$ ov]1 =m+ a wide be>+ surface1 :i* is drill$ = ! spoke holes1 & und]nea? ?is out] edge a buttonhole device is plac$ 9 ! body ( ! flange by :i* ! spokes c be easily remov$ & replac$1 & )\t ! removal ( ! re> sprocket4 ,! ,columbia hub has a s]ies ( /uds ins]t$ 9 ! body ( ! hub & ?r\gh ^! /uds holes are drill$1 & ! direct tang5t spokes are ins]t$ !re94 ,! ,eclipse hub is turn$ f ! solid b> ( /eel & has two flanges at ea* end2 ^! flanges h alt]nate slots & holes4 ,a ,t-head spoke is ins]t$ by pass+ ! head d[n ! slot & pu%+ x sideways d[n ! opposite hole 9 ! adjo9+ flange4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican hub1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ l>ge tubul> hubs %[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 is made ( /eel tub+ )\t ei!r projection or flanges1 b has a buttonhole device :i* greatly simplifies ! replac+ ( spokes4 ,inside ! hub & und]nea? ! spoke holes is plac$ a du/-pro( r+ :i* prev5ts ! intrusion ( du/ into ! be>+s4 ,!y use a holl[ axle conta9+ an absorb5t wick saturat$ ) oil4 ,9 ! axle ov] ! wick is a m9ute hole on ea* side1 ?r\gh :i* ! oil is drawn by c5trifugal =ce by ! revolv+ ( ! balls1 & ?us is suppli$ to ! be>+s 9 ! crank-hang] 9 ! same way & automatically ! supply is regulat$ by ! dem&4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,clevel& also h an automatic oil+ device on _! hubs4 ,! :eel & crank axles are tubul> & holl[4 ,?is space =ms an oil receiv]4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! oil f escap+ f ! holl[ axles ! end is plugg$ ) a screw2 "u ! head ( ! screw is a piece ( pack+1 mak+ ! jo9t p]fectly tight4 ,! fl[ ( oil is regulat$ by wick+ drawn ?r\gh small holes drill$ 9 ! axles close to ! be>+s4 ,^! holes are plugg$ s tightly t ! oil w n escape :5 ! bicycle is n 9 use4 ,! mom5t ! :eel beg9s to revolve capill>y attraction produces a drop ( oil at ! end ( ! wick+4 ,!re is ?is to be said 9 favor ( bo? ! ,wolff-,am]ican & ,clevel& devices t !re is no dang] ( los+ any oil cups1 & t aft] a long1 du/y ride oil has n surr\nd$ ! hubs & crank hang] bracket to :i* ! du/ c be attract$1 & ! bicycle is !re=e v mu* easi] to keep clean4 ,! mak]s ( ^! /yles ( automatic oil+ devices claim t !y w c>ry a season's supply ( oil1 b ev5 if ?is %\ld n prove to be true1 x is only necess>y to lay ! bicycle on its side1 remove ! plugs 9 ! ends ( ! axles & p\r oil into ! res]voir4 ,,wood ,,rims4 ,z has be5 already not$ 9 ! article on t5d5cies1 ! wood rim has undisput$ possession ( ! field1 n a s+le ,am]ican mak] catalogu+ a /eel or o!r metal rim4 ,ev5 ! mak]s ( ! ,eagle1 :o =m]ly us$ an alum9um rim1 n[ (f] x z an option only1 & %[ all _! samples ) wood rims1 & ?is may aga9 be reg>d$ z a rev]sion1 ! orig9al type ( ! old 8,d&y ,horse0 velocip$e hav+ be5 built ) wood rims & %od ) iron1 ! only diff]5ce n[ be+ t we use wood rims %od ) air1 & :5 ! 8good old ord9>y0 came 9 vogue /eel rims 7 introduc$4 ,on ! ord9>y1 h[ev]1 :i* _h only small solid tires1 ! rim 0 a n>r[ groov$ "o1 & possess+1 z x did1 v little lat]al /r5g?1 x _h a great t5d5cy to buckle "u ! =ce ( a bl[ or a collision1 & :5 ! safety came 9 vogue ?is same idea ( rim con/ruction 0 c>ri$ into x4 ,an improvem5t 0 made1 h[ev]1 9 _! con/ruction 9 mak+ !m ( a d\ble holl[ con/ruction :i* increas$ its lat]al resi/ance1 b 9 case ( accid5t made !m extremely difficult to repair4 ,a little lat]1 :5 ! cu%ion tire arriv$1 ! s+le rim & ! d\ble-holl[ rim 7 us$1 mak+ !m1 ( c\rse1 ( a l>g] cross-section to fit ! tires us$1 & :5 ! pneumatic tire 0 inv5t$ ! /eel rims fir/ us$ v mu* resembl$ a b& ( hoop iron us$ on an ord9>y wa%tub4 ,aft]w>d d\ble-holl[ rims 7 us$ on bicycles ) pneumatic tires1 & s+le rims :i* 7 flut$ or corrugat$ 9 ord] to give !m additional /iffness 7 also us$4 ,9 #ahia ,mc,kee ,h>r+ton ( ,new ,york ,city1 ! mak]s ( ! ,lyndhur/1 introduc$ a bicycle hav+ wood rims4 ,^! rims 7 made ( second-gr[? :ite a% & 7 ( ! s+le-piece v>iety1 jo9$ toge!r ) a long1 tap]+ 8skive10 & ! entire rim & jo9t 7 cov]$ ) natural color ,pongee silk1 :i* 0 glu$ on1 produc+ a wat]tight rim4 ,?is rim 0 ! production ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,h>r+ton ( ?is firm1 :o = _m ye>s be=e ent]+ ! bicycle bus9ess _h be5 kn[n z a practical wood work]4 ,mak]s & rid]s 7 v skeptical ( ! value ( ! wood rim1 b aft] a few well-kn[n rac+ m5 _h won a few track & road ev5ts on !m & ! wood rim _h %[n its utility & value by its increas$ resili5cy & spe$1 & t x 0 /rong] across its lat]al plane ?an a /eel rim ( any type c\ld ev] hope to be1 & ) its non-liability1 !re=e1 to buckle 9 a collision1 x became a popul> ?+1 & 9 less ?an two ye>s1 z has be5 se51 x has completely r\t$ ! /eel rim out ( ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! l>ge use ( ! deta*able tire & ! moi/ climate1 its advance has n be5 s rapid1 b x is com+ along ev5 !re1 & x bids fair to supplant ! /eel rim !re 9 ano!r season or two4 ,"o-piece rims are n s l>gely us$ z h]et(ore4 ,! lam9at$ rim z n[ made1 :i* 0 orig9at$ 9 #ahic1 seems to be ! mo/ popul> "o on a majority ( ! high co/ bicycles on ! m>ket4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! rims ( ?is season1 almo/ )\t exception1 are broad] across _! face & ?ick] ?r\gh 9 section1 :i* is an especially good feature1 inasmu* z x gives ! tire a l>g] & firm] b$ to re/ ^u1 s t x is n s liable to be cut by ! edges ( ! rim4 ,( c\rse1 mak+ ! rim broad] & ?ick] & heavi] takes away "s ( ! po9ts :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 its favor1 notably ^? ( light weight & resili5cy4 ,! up-to-date wood rim m closely approa*es 9 weight ! lighte/ possible =m ( /eel rim1 & x is a notable fact t ! wood rim is ! only prom95t contribution 9 bicycle con/ruction t ,am]ica has pres5t$ to ! _w1 & !re is good reason = ?is1 h[ev]1 because our ,yankee & our ,we/]n wood work]s h long be5 fam\s = _! progress 9 ! art ( wood work+ & wood b5d+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s wood b5d]s is ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,%ep>d ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,9 #ahhi he _h ! tem]ity to s5d to ! ,p>is ,exposition1 9 ! c>e ( a ,fr5* exhibitor1 n wi%+ to g to ! exp5se ( a p]sonal repres5tation1 "s samples ( 8 wood b5d+4 ,^! samples came 9 direct competition ) ! great ,vi5na1 ,g]man & ,fr5* wood b5d]s1 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,%ep>d1 z be=e /at$1 0 n p]sonally repres5t$1 to 8 great surprise ! ,commission]s unanim\sly aw>d$ him ! only solid silv] m$al = sup]ior excell5ce 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plym\? ,,rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kundtz ,,rim4 ,?is same ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,%ep>d 7:o1 by ! way1 is a six-foot] & be>d$ l a patri>*71 9 a lecture 9 ,new ,york ,city on wood-b5d+ be=e ! ma/] me*anics ( ! ,c>riage ,mak]s' ,association1 plac$ 8 audi5ce 9 good humor ) him :5 he decl>$ t 8 e>lie/ recollections ( b5d+ 7 :51 :ile a boy1 8 "m b5t him ov] h] knee to keep him /raight4 ,! ,%ep>d is a "o-piece wood rim ( second gr[? :ite a%4 ,! ends are butt$ toge!r & an ovoid piece ( h>dwood is ins]t$ ov] ! butt ends on ! inside ( ! jo9t4 ,?is ins]t ext5ds ab\t ?ree in*es ea* side ( ! butt-end$ jo9t & is flu% ) ! rema9d] ( ! rim4 ,^! rims are b5t by compress+ ! inn] surface 9 a hydraulic press )\t /ret*+ ! out] p]iph]y ( ! rim4 ,?is me?od %ort5s ! inn] surface ab\t six in*es1 !reby greatly t\gh5+ ! inn] surface ( ! wood4 ,! av]age weight ( ! /eel rim =m]ly us$ 0 ab\t #bd ounces4 ,! av]age weight ( ! wood rim us$ = a cem5t$-on tire z fir/ made 0 ab\t #ad ounces4 ,! av]age weight ( ! wood rim 9 use today is probably ab\t #ah ounces4 ,,v>i\s ,,makes ,,( ,,wood ,,rims4 ,ano!r popul> rim is call$ ! ,w9ona4 ,! process ( mak+ ! ,w9ona rim is z foll[s3 ,!re is ab\t six in*es diff]5ce 9 ! circumf]5ce betwe5 ! inside & outside ( ! r\gh rim4 ,! b>s be+ /raight be=e !y are b5t1 x is obvi\s ! inside mu/ /ret* or ! outside upset4 ,! process us$ prev5ts /ret*+ ( ! outside fibre ( ! rim1 & actually upsets ! outside z well z ! inside1 !reby int]lock+ ! entire fibre & d\bl+ its orig9al /r5g?4 ,!y use a pla9 bevel$ dovetail jo9t4 ,!y also make a lam9at$ rim1 & :at !y call a screw$ rim4 ,?is rim has screws at /at$ int]vals runn+ crosswise ( ! rim1 com+ j "u ! seat ( ! groove1 z ! greate/ /ra9 on ! rims is caus$ by ! spokes1 :i* sometimes result 9 splitt+ ! rim4 ,!y h und]tak5 to ov]come ?is1 or1 r1 to /r5g!n ! rim by putt+ 9 ^! screws4 ,! illu/ration %[s a sectional end view ( ! rim & ! mann] ( ins]t+ ! screw f side to side4 ,! ,w9ona rims are made ( butt cuts1 & !y use :at is kn[n z a second cut rock elm only = _! rims4 ,rock elm has d>k /reaks runn+ ?r\gh & is d>k 9 color1 diff]+1 !re=e1 f second gr[? :ite a%1 :i* is v light 9 color4 ,a well kn[n wood rim is t kn[n z ! ,plym\?1 :i* consi/s ( a s+le piece ( rock elm b5t1 jo9t$ & turn$ on a la!4 ,! jo9t 9 ! ,plym\? rim is s con/ruct$ t ! ends come toge!r squ>e across4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( tongues & grooves int]lock+1 ! t5sion ( ! spokes mak+ !m tight] in/ead ( /ra9+ !m ap>t4 ,"o ( ! special features ( ! ,plym\? rim is ! fact t ! spoke holes are eyelett$ & are ?us made wat]pro(4 ,! illu/ration %[s _! re9=c$ jo9t4 ,! ,kundtz is kn[n z a d\ble re9=c$ rim4 ,x requires two rims to make "o1 & ! mann] ( cem5t+ "o rim into ! o!r1 ) a section ( ?9 wood betwe5 !m1 :i* has its gra9 runn+ crosswise to ! two ma9 sections1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 produces "o ( ! /ronge/ wood rims made4 ,ano!r improvem5t 9 ?is make is ! fact t its glu$ jo9ts are n expos$ to ! wea!r1 :i* has be5 consid]$ a detrim5t 9 build+ up rims ( ! old /yle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> rims is t :i* is kn[n z ! ,fairbanks-,bo/on4 ,a lam9at$ wood rim is "o1 z is n[ q g5]ally kn[n1 =m$ ( curvil9e> maple segm5ts1 indissolubly cem5t$ into p]fect unity "u enorm\s hydraulic pressure1 :i*1 because ( ?is pr9ciple ( jo9ture1 rema9s p]fectly true bo? lat]ally & 9 p]iph]y1 :ile ! transv]se gra9s ( ! adjo9+ segm5ts or lam9 absolutely prev5t splitt+ along ! l9e ( spokes 9 ! impact ( collision or %ock4 ,! fact t no s+le jo9t ext5ds ?r\gh ! rim effectually ov]comes any t5d5cy to break (f 9 any direction or mann]4 ,! mak]s use ?ree curvil9e> segm5ts ( ,p5nsylvania rock maple4 ,ea* segm5t is plan$ on bo? sides to a ?ickness ( ma!matical exactness ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g?1 ?us insur+ absolute unbrok5 contact :5 cem5t+ to ! adjo9+ segm5ts4 ,! ov]lapp+ ends ( ea* segm5t are by special ma*9]y !n 8sc>f$0 to fea!r edges1 obta9+ laps equal 9 l5g? tap]+ on an angle :i* exp]i5ce has prov5 correct4 ,by ?is process ( b5d+ ! rims d n require /eam+1 :i* dis9tegrates ! fibre ( ! wood1 & 9 cem5t+ ! jo9ts ! ?ree laps are plac$ at po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce ( equal di/ance ap>t1 r5d]+ ! t5sile /r5g? absolutely uni=m 9 all p>ts4 ,9 compress+ ! segm5ts ( ! rim toge!r hydraulic pressure is appli$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! rim aft] ! application ( ! cem5t4 ,an enorm\s pressure is appli$ equally at all circumf]5tial po9ts1 & x is ma9ta9$ until ! cem5t has completely solidifi$ ! ?ree indep5d5t segm5ts into ! =m ( a p]man5t circle4 ,!y also make :at is kn[n z a cov]$ lam9at$ rim1 ! envelop+ fabric1 :i* is a special quality ( pure ,iri% l951 fitt$ exactly on ! rim & secur$ p]man5tly ) liquid cem5t1 & x is e/imat$ t enclos+ ! rim 9 ?is mann] imp>ts at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 to its /r5g?1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 is resili5cy1 & ^! rims are !re=e recomm5d$ 9 damp climates1 & = use on t&ems & o!r multicycles4 ,all ! mak]s furni% _! rims 9 a natural v>ni%1 & also /a9$ 9 imitation ( rosewood & o!r woods1 & _m ( ! mak]s 9 addition to ?is furni% ! rims pa9t$ & /rip$ 9 diff]5t colors1 9 _m in/ances mat*+ ! colors ( ! enamels us$ on ! frames4 ,at ! '#if ,cycle ,%[ papi]-ma* rims 7 %[n1 = :i* great claims 7 made & a great deal expect$1 b none ( ! well-kn[n manufactur]s adopt$ !m1 & ! company t br\ght !m out has s9ce gone out ( exi/5ce4 ,trials )9 ! k ( ! writ]s prov$ t ^! rims z made !n 7 n practical4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,tire4 ,at all times ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! art ( cycle con/ruction di/9ct ef=ts 7 made to decrease ! vibration & to increase ! velocity1 & none ( ^! ef=ts 7 successful ) ! exception ( ! pneumatic tire4 ,inde$ ! pneumatic tire has be5 well describ$ z be+ 8! great m>vel ( bicycle mak+1 bo? lit]ally & figuratively1 & ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! mod]n bicycle re/s40 ,spr+ =ks1 spr+ frames & spr+y saddles 7 at "o b\nd replac$ by x4 ,inv5t$ late 9 #ahhh by ,john ,dunlop1 a vet]9>y surgeon ( ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 x 0 te/$ quietly = ne>ly a ye> 9 & ar\nd ,belfa/ be=e be+ laun*$ on ! ,briti% & =eign cycle m>kets1 & its success 9 #ahhi & '#ij 0 s rem>kable t x 0 reg>d$ z ! di/9ctive feature ( ! decade4 ,! fir/ pneumatic tires 7 receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! fall ( #ahhi on "s ,engli% bicycles4 ,!y 7 plac$ on a flat /eel rim1 7 ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! out] %oe or cov] _h a heavy1 ?ick5$ tread1 & 0 fa/5$ to ! rim by two canvas flaps1 :i* 7 slit to pass ! spokes1 ?us completely envelop+ ! rim4 ,! inn] tube 0 a v heavy "o1 n ne>ly s resili5t z ^? 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 ,! great features ( ?is tire 71 h[ev]1 its /r5g? & its non-liability to puncture4 ,its *ief objections 7 its great co/1 its enorm\s weight1 & ! difficulty to repair :5 once punctur$4 ,x 0 almo/ a day's "w to s(t5 ) naph?a ! cem5t$ flaps1 remove !m c>efully f ! rim1 )draw ! inn] tube f its envelop+ tube ( seamless con/rict$ canvas :i* envelop$ x to repair ! puncture & to replace ! tube & to recem5t ! flaps to ! rim4 ,?is type ( tire is1 h[ev]1 n[ ext9ct1 save t ,dunlop's fundam5tal idea ( ! pneumatic tire /ill prevails ) modifications only 9 me?ods ( atta*m5t1 mat]ial & details ( con/ruction4 ,! advantages :i* ! pneumatic tire possesses are s _m & s well kn[n t x is n "h necess>y1 h[ev]1 to enum]ate !m4 ,com=t to ! rid] is1 ( c\rse1 its greate/ po9t4 ,vibration is int]cept$ at ! be/ possible po9t1 namely at ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! tire & ! gr\nd1 & ?us ! vibration is n di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! entire /ructure ( ! bicycle1 ! air cu%ion ( ! tire be+ really a spr+ :i* is always ready = use1 & :i* works )\t rubb+ surfaces4 ,:5 an ob/ruction is enc\nt]$ x s9ks into ! tire & ! bicycle rides ov] x )\t vibration or jolt be+ communicat$ to ! rid]4 ,its next great po9t ( advantage is ( c\rse its spe$4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,dunlop1 or inn]1 tube tire 9 ,engl&1 0 foll[$ 9 ,engl& by ! inv5tion ( a type ( tire kn[n famili>ly "h z ! hosepipe tire4 ,! hosepipe or s+le tube tire 0 fir/ sugge/$ & fully describ$ by ,i4 ,w4 ,boo?royd ( ,london1 ,engl&1 9 a lett] to ! ,cycli/ 9 #ahij4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 pat5t ! tire1 & he has1 un=tunately1 no pecuni>y int]e/ :atev] 9 ! s+le tube tire4 ,! old ,drais5e1 ! wood5 & iron 8,bone%ak]s0 or velocip$es all _h iron tires on wood5 rims4 ,! ,phantom1 an ,engli% production1 0 ! fir/ bicycle put ^u ! m>ket t _h wood5 rims & rubb] tires4 ,its rubb] tires1 h[ev]1 7 nail$ on4 ,:5 ! ord9>y came into vogue1 ,u & ,v %ap$ /eel rims 7 us$4 ,^! 7 usually made solid1 al?\gh "s ( ! mak]s made !m holl[4 ,into ^! rims solid rubb] tires 7 cem5t$1 & a few ( ! ,engli% mak]s _h an arrangem5t = fix+ !m 9 me*anically1 ) corrugat$ wires4 ,!y av]ag$ & #a in* 9 size & 7 v com=table rid+1 al?\gh !y 7 some:at heavy4 ,betwe5 #ahgf & #ahhb !re 0 a t5d5cy to decrease ! ?ickness ( ! rubb] tire & a p]fect fad ensu$ = ?9 tires4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 l o!r fads 9 bicycle con/ruction did n la/ v long1 & a few ye>s lat] !re 0 a di/9ct t5d5cy to return to tires ( a l>g] diamet]4 ,%ortly aft] ! safety bicycle 0 introduc$ 9 ?is c\ntry ! cu%ion tire 0 inv5t$4 ,?is 0 usually a l>ge r\nd rubb] tire1 :i* 0 m\ld$ ) a core 9 ! c5tre & :i*1 :5 )drawn1 left a hole v>y+ 9 size f to ( an in*1 accord+ to ! size ( ! core4 ,! ends 7 !n lapp$ & !n vulcaniz$ toge!r1 =m+ a complete circle & hav+ an unpuncturable air cu%ion ( small diamet]4 ,! objections to ?is /yle ( tire 7 its weight & co/4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 sup]ior to ! solid tire1 b greatly inf]ior to ! pneumatic tire 9 e way1 &1 com+1 z x did1 into exi/5ce at ab\t ! same "t t ! pneumatic tire did1 ( c\rse1 x did n survive4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> ,am]ican cu%ion tires at t "t 0 ! ,victor4 ,!y us$ a holl[ rim & ! tire 0 a simple ar* ( rubb] ext5d+ f edge to edge ( ! rim4 ,its side walls 7 held aga9/ spread+ by side flanges hav+ r\nd$ edges1 & :i* ! tire cov]$ & protect$4 ,! base ( ! tire re/$ ^u a horizontal rim b$1 & :i* add$ greatly 9 giv+ lat]al /iffness to ! tire & /r5g? to ! holl[ rim4 ,l ! pneumatic tire1 ?is tire displac$ inw>dly "u pressure1 & ! movem5t ( ! rubb] 01 !re=e1 :olly radial1 :i* acc\nt$ = ! great ela/icity ( ! ,victor cu%ion tire4 ,^! tires 7 n1 h[ev]1 cem5t$ to ! rim or /ret*$ ov] ! rim1 b 7 compress$ to ! rim by a peculi> process ( _! own1 & x 0 almo/ impossible to pull a ,victor tire f ! rim4 ,9 #ahij ,t4 ,b4 ,jeff]y ( ! ,gormully ,jeff]y ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,*icago1 :o _h inv5t$ a deta*able tire 9 ! days ( ! use ( ! solid tire1 conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ 8 previ\s ideas 9 reg>d to deta*able tires to ! pneumatic tire1 & ! result 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,g4 ,j4 tire ) a corrugat$ tread4 ,f ye> to ye> x has be5 improv$ 9 detail1 always reta9+ ! corrugations1 ! numb] ( :i* is *ang$ annually to indicate ! ye> ( manufacture1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! tire rema9s un*ang$4 ,! ,g4 ,j4 tire1 z adapt$ to wood5 rims1 has prov5 a great success4 ,! wood rim is made ) a squ>e c5tral groove1 ) a supplem5t>y groove at ea* side ) d\ble beads at ea* edge ( ! out] case ( ! tire1 :i* fit into ! grooves ( ! rim4 ,! tire is s con/ruct$ t ! entire /ra9 ( ! air pressure comes ^u ! squ>e c5tral groove1 :]e ! rim is /ronge/4 ,! out] cov] is made ) a supplem5t>y flap4 ,9 apply+ ! tire ! edge ( ! case hav+ ! flap is plac$ on ! rim fir/4 ,! flap ext5ds a little pa/ ! edge ( ! rim & ! o!r edge is easily slipp$ "u ! supplem5t>y flap into its place 9 ! rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morgan ,,wright ,,tire4 ,a tire some:at simil> to ?is 0 inv5t$ 9 ,engl& ab\t ! same "t1 kn[n z ,b>tlett's ,cl9*]1 & manufactur$ by ! ,nor? ,briti% ,rubb] ,co41 "u ,b>tlett's pat5ts1 & a tire l>gely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahia to #ahic 0 t kn[n z ! ,bidwell-,?omas tire1 & :i* 0 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! ,dunlop tire already describ$2 & among ! e>ly ,am]ican tires 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$ 7 ! hosepipe tires kn[n z ! ,columbia1 ,ideal1 ! ,new ,york ,belt+ & ,pack+ ,co4's ,protective ,/rip & ! ,palm]4 ,b ev5 ( ^!1 "s t h surviv$ h und]gone "s radical *anges 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! ,dunlop tire1 = in/ance1 n[ has an endless wire 9 ea* side ( its out] %oe4 ,! inn] tube lies 9 ! base ( ! rim1 & :5 ! inn] tube is inflat$ ! air pressure holds ! out] %oe to ! rim4 ,! ,dunlop1 al?\gh x is l>gely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is /ill m l>gely us$ 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh plans h be5 laid by ! ,am]ican mak]s ( hosepipe tires to increase ! sale ( _! product 9 ,engl& ?is ye>4 ,to ! mak]s ( ! ,columbia1 h[ev]1 mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it ( introduc+ ! hosepipe tire 9 ?is c\ntry1 = 9 #ahib !y 7 practically alone 9 _! belief t ! s+le tube tire 0 ! com+ tire4 ,! hosepipe tires made at t "t 71 ( c\rse1 v heavy & difficult to repair1 b !y cont9u$ to manufacture !m & gradually became skilful 9 _! processes ( manufacture1 & develop$ repair me?ods t are /ill 9 use4 ,at ! ,*icago ,cycle ,%[s ( #ahie !re 7 only two tire mak]s :o exhibit$ hosepipe tires1 b a ye> lat] at ! %[s ne>ly e great tire mak] 9 ! c\ntry exhibit$ hosepipe tires1 & s9ce t "t !y h be5 ! mo/ popul> tires 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buckeye ,,rim4 ,m5tion "h %\ld be made1 h[ev]1 ( ! inv5tion 9 ?is c\ntry at ?is "t ( :at has be5 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,morgan ,wright inn] tube tire1 & :i* diff]$ f ! deta*able inn] tube tires 9 its con/ruction1 ! out] %oe resembl+ a hosepipe tire ) ! exception t on its inn] or rim side x is slit op5 = ab\t six in*es ea* side ( ! valve /em1 & ! inn] tube is drawn into ! %oe ?r\gh ?is op5+4 ,:5 ! tube is plac$ 9 position ! slits1 :i* h eye-holes on _! sides1 are lac$ toge!r1 & ! tire is cem5t$ to ! rim4 ,! ,morgan ,wright tire is "o ( ! mo/ popul> on ! m>ket1 & has be5 improv$ by plac+ 9 ! inside ( ! inn] tube :at is kn[n z a quick repair /rip4 ,! ,quick ,repair /rip is simply ! addition ( a ?9 web or film ( rubb] :i* lies inside ( ! inn] tube next to ! rim4 ,!y also make ?is ye>1 = ! fir/ "t1 a s+le tube tire conta9+ ?is quick repair /rip1 s t punctures c be easily repair$ )\t plugs & ) ! add$ advantage ( p]man5ce4 ,?is tire also has a valve :i* c be remov$ s t a defective valve /em does n mean a ru9$ tire4 ,9 mak+ ! tire ! inn] rubb] l9+ is vulcaniz$ be=e ! tire is built up in/ead ( aft]w>d1 s t x is mu* less likely to h holes 9 x or leak4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is type ( s+le tube tire is t l>ge cuts 9 x c be readily vulcaniz$4 ,! ,palm] tire is also "o ( ! orig9al tires t has surviv$4 ,9 con/ruction ! ,palm] tire diff]s f o!r pneumatics 9 t l95 ?reads are us$ in/ead ( wov5 cotton fabric4 ,to use ! language ( ! inv5tor1 8,^u a pure gum tube is w\nd spirally two lay]s ( ?read2 ea* ?read imb$d$ 9 rubb] & out ( contact ) its neighbors1 ! two lay]s sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a wall ( pure rubb]1 & "o w\nd at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! o!r4 ,?is me?od makes a seamless1 endless1 spirally laid tube1 unequall$ 9 /r5g?1 spe$ & durability1 9 comb9ation ) resili5cy4 ,its advantages are summ$ up z foll[s3 ,ea* ?read be+ laid /raight "u high t5sion & at a tang5t to ! rim ( ! :eel1 p[] is transmitt$ )\t loss4 ,ea* ?read be+ sep>at$ f all neighbor+ ?reads by an ela/ic body ( rubb]1 !y are free to move ov] ea* o!r )\t friction to ! limits ( ! ela/icity ( ! said rubb]4 ,?is1 9 comb9ation ) ! con/ruction describ$1 gives ! greate/ possible spe$ & resili5cy4 ,by reason ( ! ?reads be+ sep>ately cu%ion$ by s(t rubb]1 ! :ole /r5g? ( ! fibres is utiliz$4 ,z !re is absolutely no friction betwe5 ! ?reads1 !y _c we> ea* o!r out4 ,h5ce durability is assur$4 ,z !re are b "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?reads 9 ! :ole tube ea* ext5d+ spirally ar\nd its entire l5g? & imb$d$ 9 an ela/ic body1 any inequality 9 t5sion adju/s itself4 ,z ! tube is seamless !re is no *ance ( its bur/+ ?r\gh bad jo9ts40 ,a well-kn[n deta*able inn] tube tire is t kn[n z ! ,lib]ty4 ,x resembles ! ,dunlop 9 its g5]al con/ruction1 save t ! wires in/ead ( be+ endless are jo9$ toge!r at _! ends by a turnbuckle1 hav+ "r & lef?& ?reads1 & aft] ! out] %oe is plac$ 9 ! /eel rim ^! turnbuckles are slipp$ into holes cut into ! edges ( ! rim on ! opposite side1 & op]at$ & adju/$ by ins]t+ a wire key into ! holes 9 ! turnbuckles4 ,9 us+ ?is tire on a wood5 rim1 h[ev]1 ! turnbuckles are n expos$1 b lie on ! int]ior edge ( ! rim1 s t by deflat+ ! tire slightly & pu%+ ! %oe back ! turnbuckles are expos$ & c be readily op]at$4 ,among ! old tire mak]s :o are /ill 9 ! field are ! ,new ,york ,belt+ & ,pack+ ,company4 ,_! ,league ,special s+le tube tire is a high spe$ road tire1 con/ruct$ ( precisely ! same rubb] & fabric us$ 9 ! ,league rac+ tire1 ! quantity ( ea* be+ practically d\bl$1 to give ! /r5g? & we> requir$ = road s]vice4 ,! rubb] is f9e ,p>a1 ! fabric ,sea ,isl&1 /rong & light1 wov5 s t ea* individual ?read has free play 9 e direction4 ,?is ela/icity ( texture p]mits ! tire to yield in/antly to ob/ructions1 c>ries x ov] small ob/acles )\t jolt or j> & r$uces vibration to a m>k$ degree4 ,! ,vim tire p1 :o 7 ! fir/ 9 ! field ) ! fam\s pebble tread tire1 are ?is ye> %[+ a new design :i* !y call ! 8,vim ,s]rate40 ,?is tire has a n>r[ /rip ( p]fectly smoo? rubb] ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide encircl+ ! tire on ! tread4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is /rip are eight f9e & accurately m\ld$ corrugations4 ,! effect ( ?is con/ruction is to produce a tire :i* has a p]fectly smoo? tread :5 ! tire is v]tical1 b :i* :5 ! :eel is incl9$ at an angle 9 r\nd+ corn]s w br+ ^! s]rations 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 ?us c\nt]act+ ! natural t5d5cy ( ! tire to slip 9 turn+ corn]s at spe$4 ,?is design comb9es ! advantages ( bo? ! smoo? & pebble tread1 & 9 addition to its utility 9 ?is direction gives ! tire a v /yli% appe>ance4 ,! ,s]rate is be+ fitt$ to a v g5]\s numb] ( ! e>ly '#ih model sample :eels4 ,its appe>ance is c]ta9ly 9 its favor1 b x rema9s to be se5 h[ well x w take ) ! public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,arr[ ,,tread ,,tire4 ,! '#ih ,def5d] ,special s+le tube tire is manufactur$ by ! ,kokomo ,rubb] ,company1 ,kokomo1 ,ind4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is tire is ! same z 0 us$ 9 ! '#ig ,def5d]1 be+ ! f9e/ ( ,sea ,isl& cotton fabric & ,old ,upriv] ,p>a4 ,! tire itself does n diff] mat]ially f ! ,def5d] s+le tube1 aside f ! tread1 :i* has a corrugation ab\t "o-half in* on ei!r side ( ! c5tre ( ! tread1 & is entirely new & v sightly4 ,a novelty 9 treads is a tire call$ ! 8,won't ,slip10 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,c4 ,j4 ,bailey1 ! inv5tor & pat5tee ( ,bailey's rubb] bru%es4 ,! entire tread ( ! tire is cov]$ ) r\nd tee? closely set toge!r4 ,! mak]s say x w n slip "u any conditions ( surface1 su* z wet c> rails1 asphalt or macadam1 & t x is #ij p] c5t4 puncture pro( :5 "u pressure4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,company ( ,akron1 ,o41 make a corrugat$ rubb] tread b& :i* is endless & :i* c be appli$ ) rubb] cem5t to ! worn treads ( all k9ds ( pneumatic tires4 ,a pair ( ^! treads co/ only #a4ej4 ,!y look z if !y might be a practical ?+4 ,! ,hodgman tire1 /yle ,f1 has a fleur-de-lis design on ! tread4 ,?is may be reg>d$ simply z a novelty 9 r\gh5$ tread con/ruction4 ,! ,am]ican ,tire ,company ( ,new ,york are m>ket+ a new tire call$ ! ,apex1 ! base ( :i* is r\nd1 b ! :ole con/ruction ( ! tire some:at resembles an arr[ or spe>head1 & on ! po9t ( :i* is a v ?ick5$ tread prev5t+ puncture1 b hav+ ?9 flexible side walls4 ,! ,india ,rubb] ,company ( ,akron1 ,o41 h a tire pres5t+ :at !y call an 8arr[0 tread4 ,x has a small ar* or rib on ! c5tre ( ! tread ( ! tire1 f :i* run tap]+ ribs to ! sides some:at resembl+ an arr[ 9 %ape1 ! idea ( ?is be+ to prev5t side slip on wet or greasy pavem5t1 & on turn+ corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dreadnaught ,,tire4 ,! ,dreadnaught tire is a peculi> "o1 its peculi>ity consi/+ 9 hav+ an articulat$ tread b&1 :i* consi/s ( pieces ( wood hav+ concave sides & pivots betwe5 !m :i* enables fre$om ( yield ) ! give ( ! tire1 b prev5t+ %>p po9t$ projections f pass+ betwe5 ! jo9ts1 & ?is articulat$ b& is envelop$ 9 a b$ ( rubb] t is coat$ ) a suitable fabric1 ! arrangem5t be+ su* t ! individual memb]s ( ! b& h free movem5t1 enabl+ ! pneumatic cu%ion beh9d to yield to ! same ext5t z x w\ld )\t ?is b&1 b ! mann] ( yield+ is diff]5t4 ,= :]eas ! ord9>y pneumatic tire absorbs at its po9t ( contact ! ,dreadnaught yields at its tread ov] an ext5d$ surface1 & also yields freely at its side walls4 ,!y claim t ?is tire possesses great spe$ ow+ to ! v slight frictional contact ( ! surface & t ^u a loose or s&y road its broad flat surface w ride ^u ! top ( ! s& & n s9k d[n 9 x l ! ord9>y r\nd tread tire w\ld4 ,side slip is also avoid$ by ! use ( ! rib & ! edge ( ! tread4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raus ,,protect$ ,,tire4 ,e "o actively int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( tires w readily admit t ! puncture pro( tire is ! tire ( ! future4 ,inv5tors are aim+ to t end1 & x is un=tunately true t ! aim ( mo/ ( !m1 :ile high1 has n be5 /raight or true4 ,! result has be5 a confusion ( s-call$ puncture pro( tires1 ! non-utility & impracticability ( :i* are obs]vable at a glance4 ,/eel1 iron1 wood1 cork & *emical comp\nds h all be5 br\ght into use1 & 9 su* ludicr\s %apes z to make ! av]age puncture pro( tire an object ( des]v$ ridicule4 ,9 common ) o!r int]e/$ p1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,/raus protect$ tire has = ye>s s\ght ! end 9 view--a practical puncture pro( tire4 ,he 0 "o ( ! v fir/ to engage 9 ! tire trade1 & s9ce ! ye> #ahij has be5 cont9u\sly & prom95tly id5tifi$ ) ! bus9ess 9 exp]t capacities z inv5tor1 manufactur] & sell]4 ,8 ext5sive k has be5 conc5trat$ 9 ! ,/raus protection tire4 ,x is compos$ entirely ( rubb] & fabric1 ! same z all ( ! practical tires n[ 9 univ]sal use4 ,z ! s+le tube tire is n[ ! lead+ tire 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z = easy rid+ & spe$ x _c be excell$1 ! ,/raus protect$ tire is made 9 ! s+le tube =m4 ,x c be produc$1 h[ev]1 9 d\ble & deta*able =ms4 ,x is call$ a 8protect$ tire0 because ! tire prop] is protect$ by a %oe1 :i* is made ) six plies ( fabric & :i* surr\nds ! tire prop] loosely :5 fully inflat$4 ,?is protector is n a "p ( ! tire prop]1 b a fix$ atta*m5t !reto1 af=d+ a surface ov] :i* ! tire rides4 ,! tire prop] is a highly resili5t s+le tube tire1 actually a rac+ tire1 :i* gives ! tire its life4 ,! cov] or protector does n 9 any way subtract f its resili5cy = ! reason t ! out] cov] does n come 9 contact ) x any m ?an ! gr\nd does ) any tire1 ! cov] be+ simply ! road ov] :i* ! tire prop] travels4 ,9 fact1 ! 8,/raus protect$ tire0 c>ries its own road1 s to speak4 ,9 o!r words1 ! protector acts ! same z if x 7 laid on ! gr\nd & ! tire prop] pass$ ov] x4 ,we h f\nd t ! tire does n slip on wet pavem5ts or wet asphalt1 & t x prev5ts cutt+ on ! rim4 ,9 coa/+ te/s ! tire complete has coa/$ z f> z ! same tire ) ! cov] remov$1 suffici5tly prov+ t ! protector does n take away any ( ! life ( ! tire prop]4 ,x is pro( aga9/ nails1 ?orns1 p9s1 glass & all o!r ( ! 8ills0 :i* a tire enc\nt]s on ! road 9 ev]yday use1 & ! result is obta9$ )\t a resort to freakdom or )\t affect+ ! life & practical utility ( ! tire4 ,9 appe>ance ! tire is j ! same z any o!r s+le tube tire1 & is appli$ to ! rim 9 exactly ! same way4 ,9 case ( puncture remove ! protector1 ! protector be+ only cem5t$ to ! tire ) rubb] solution & easily remov$4 ,x is v necess>y t ! space betwe5 ! tire prop] & ! protector is n too great1 else ! tire w drag4 ,x %\ld be j loose en\gh to be felt :5 ! tire is fully inflat$1 & no m4 ,! weight ( a pair ( ! regulation #a 94 tires is ab\t #d p\nds4 ,! ,buckeye tire has a squ>e base & is held to ! rim by /eel too!d wa%]s :i* are held 9 place by ! heads ( ! spoke nipples1 & ! tee? ( ^! wa%]s prev5t creep+ ( ! tire1 mak+ cem5t+ unnecess>y1 & !re is no possibility ( ! tire ev] creep+ & cutt+ ! valve /em (f4 ,! out] cov] is op5 at its base & lac$ all ar\nd 9 sections1 s t :5 punctur$ only "o section ne$s to be unlac$4 ,! lac+ holes ?r\gh ! base & ! side screws :i* endit* ! cord are vulcaniz$ 9 a m\ld4 ,! inn] air tube is endless & is entirely surr\nd$ by ! out] cov]1 ?us giv+ an ev5 pressure ( air all ar\nd1 :i* sometimes butt end$ tubes d n4 ,9 produc+ a tire t has all ! qualities dem&$ by exp]i5c$ rid]s1 namely1 spe$1 resili5ce1 /r5g? & durability1 ! manufactur]s ( ! ,kang>oo1 ! ,national ,india ,rubb] ,company1 h made a radical dep>ture 9 ! con/ruction ( _! tire4 ,! ,kang>oo tire is made to con=m to ! prevail+ weight 9 tires1 b 9 do+ s x has be5 necess>y to use m rubb]1 ow+ to ! fact t only ab\t "o-half ! quantity ( ?read is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kang>oo4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects s\ght 9 design+ ! ,kang>oo tire 0 to r$uce to ! l[e/ possible po9t consi/5t ) /r5g? ! inela/ic mat]ial 7?read or fabric7 employ$1 & to ?is end a special y>n or ?read ( ,sea ,isl& cotton ( a t5sile /r5g? ( sev5 & "o-qu>t] p\nds ea* 0 obta9$4 ,to secure great] ela/icity 9 ! fabric cont9u\s ?reads1 coat$ ) rubb]1 are w\nd spirally f "o end ( ! tire to ! o!r1 do+ away ) ! friction ( ?read ^u ?read & /iffness to ! ord9>y fabric4 ,! inn] tube is plac$ on ! m&rel ( ! tire ma*9e1 & ! ?reads are w\nd spirally ar\nd x at an angle ( #de degrees1 aft] fir/ be+ imm]s$ 9 a solution ( rubb]4 ,an int]m$iate inn] tube is !n put on1 & a second lay] ( ?read w\nd ab\t x at ! same angle1 b 9 an opposite direction1 mak+ an angle ( #ij degrees betwe5 ! two lay]s4 ,x w be readily se5 t only "o-half z mu* ?read is us$ z is conta9$ 9 two-ply ( wov5 fabric1 & yet ! peculi> con/ruction gives1 among o!r advantages1 ne>ly twice ! /r5g? ( any o!r make ( tire4 ,! next /ep is ! application ( ! tread /rip1 :i* s]ves a d\ble purpose4 ,9 ! road tire x is us$ to ?ick5 ! tire at its mo/ vuln]able po9ts1 & 9 ! track rac+ tire s]ves z a tread & z a protector ( ! ?reads4 ,! out] cov] is n[ put on1 ! ends splic$ & ! tire is ready = ! mold4 ,a great increase ( spe$ is obta9$ by ?is me?od ( con/ruction1 & ! pliability1 ela/icity & yield+ qualities ( ! ,kang>oo tire l5d an additional pleasure to road rid+4 ,its con/ructive features make punctures exce$+ly r>e & easily repair$4 ,! int]m$iate inn] tube1 x is claim$1 positively prev5ts porosity4 ,! me?od ( manufacture1 z above describ$1 produces _! road tire4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 _! track tire & road tire is t 9 ! rac+ tire ! out] %oe is omitt$4 ,9 all o!r respects !y are ! same4 ,,repair ,,tools4 ,next to ! make ( tire1 its resili5t & la/+ qualities1 ! effici5cy ( ! valve & ! m]it ( ! v>i\s claims = advantage set =? by ! diff]5t mak]s1 ! "q ( em]g5cy repair 9 case ( puncture1 is equal1 9 importance ) any ( ! =ego+ consid]ations4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! pneumatic1 a puncture ^u ! road 0 a matt] ( grave mom5t1 & ! m s]i\s accid5t ( ! te>+ (f ( ! valve /em1 or ! crack+ ( ! %oe itself1 0 a cause = lam5tation1 inde$4 ,repair %ops 7 n !n equipp$ ) ! necess>y means to quickly set su* conditions to "r1 & ! em]g5cy repair kits furni%$ rid]s 7 exce$+ly crude comp>$ ) ^? n[ provid$ by e fir/-class tire manufactur]4 ,today1 h[ev]1 ! rid]1 by virtue ( ! improv$ puncture repair+ tools c>ri$ 9 8 tool bag1 reg>ds ! av]age puncture m]ely z a possible incid5t ( 8 sp91 & m s]i\s mi%aps to ei!r tire or valve /em are h&l$ by ! ord9>y repair man1 :]e1 n _m ye>s ago1 !y necessitat$ ! s5d+ ( ! tire to ! mak]s & a consequ5t long & t$i\s delay1 ) ! alt]native ( pur*as+ a new tire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,goodri* ,,jiffy ,,tool4 ,( c\rse ! old solid tires t 7 s long 9 use on ! ord9>y & on ! fir/ safeties did n ne$ _m repairs4 ,n be+ air cu%ions1 !y c\ld n be punctur$1 _! ma9 tr\ble be+ usually _! liability to get deta*$ f ! rim & ! t5d5cy to /ret*4 ,! usual me?od ( reliev+ ?is excess 9 l5g? caus$ by /ret*+ 0 to cut !m1 take out a piece & revulcanize !m toge!r aga91 b ev5 ?is 0 n done v (t54 ,:5 ! cu%ion tire came 9 vogue1 consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$1 ow+ to ! fact ( _! we>+ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,!y did n break1 z might be expect$1 on ! outside1 b !y broke f ! walls1 z ! holl[ core itself did n (f] suffici5t support1 & _m ef=ts 7 made to solve ?is problem4 ,! fir/ ,dunlop pneumatic tires us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z be=e /at$1 7 v difficult to repair1 b :5 once ! tube 0 br\ght to light1 pat*+ x 0 an easy ?+4 ,9 fact1 ! same me?od ( repair+ ! inn] tube is today 9 use4 ,a portion ( ! tube imm$iately surr\nd+ ! puncture is r\gh5$ ) s&pap] to remove ! sulphur bloom1 a little rubb] solution is sme>$ ar\nd ! spot1 a piece ( %eet rubb]1 or mat]ial simil> to t ( :i* ! tube is con/ruct$ is simil>ly sme>$ ) solution1 & :5 ?is solution rea*es :at is call$ a 8tacky0 condition1 ! pat* is press$ ov] ! puncture until x gets 8set10 & ! only improvem5t 9 repair+ inn] tube tires is :at is kn[n z ! ,morgan ,wright quick repair me?od4 ,9 ?is me?od ! inn] tube has an addition ( a ?9 web or film ( rubb] :i* lies inside ( ! inn] tube1 next to ! rim1 & adds ab\t #a ounces to ! weight ( ! tire1 & yet does n affect ! resili5cy ( ! tire 9 any way4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a repair 9 ?is me?od fail1 ! old me?od ( )draw+ ! tube f ! cas+ c /ill be adopt$4 ,"o me?od ( repair+ ?is /yle ( inn] tube is z foll[s3 ,a repair tool1 hav+ a holl[ ne$le po9t conta9+ ?ick rubb] solution1 is ins]t$ ?r\gh ! out] cas+ & ! inn] tube2 ! top ( ! tool conta9+ ! solution is !n )drawn1 & ?is top conta9s a sl5d] wire1 :i*1 :5 9 place1 0 9 ! holl[ ne$le4 ,! butt end ( ?is holl[ ne$le plug is !n screw$ into ! tube1 :i*1 !re=e1 =ces ! cem5t ?r\gh ! ne$le po9t & d[n on top ( ! web or film ( rubb] inside ( ! tube4 ,! ne$le & ne$le plug are !n )drawn2 ! tire is !n press$ toge!r1 & ^u releas+ x ! quick repair /rip adh]es to ! punctur$ spot1 & ! tire is p]man5tly repair$4 ,! fir/ hosepipe tires us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 extremely difficult to repair1 & x look$ = a "t z if ! repair ( ?is type ( tire c\ld n be made a success4 ,:5 punctur$ x 0 extremely h>d to locate ! leak & /ill h>d] to repair x prop]ly4 ,aft] num]\s abortive attempts to produce a repair kit t w\ld be satisfactory 9 e way1 ! mu%room pat* 0 introduc$4 ,! next great /ep =w>d 9 repair+ tires 0 t ( vulcaniz+ !m :]e punctur$1 b at t "t ?is necessitat$ _! be+ return$ to ! rubb] works to be repair$4 ,at pres5t e bicycle repair] ( any consequ5ce does 8 own vulcaniz+1 & !re is n[ a neat little vulcaniz] on ! m>ket by :i* e rid] c d 8 own vulcanization4 ,b ( ! process ( vulcanization we w treat lat] on4 ,a peculi> fact1 h[ev]1 is t :5 ,mr4 ,boo?royd sugge/$ build+ a hosepipe tire he at ! same "t sugge/$ ! use ( plugs = repairs1 & ! use ( pla/ic comp\nds also4 ,!re are a numb] ( repair kits on ! m>ket today1 & among ! mo/ popul> is "o call$ ! ,h>t=d4 ,?is kit conta9s ! usual mu%room plugs1 a pair ( light /eel ply]s to hold ! plugs & to =ce !m ?r\gh ! tire1 ) ! necess>y solution1 & among ! pla/ic comp\nds t are popul> are ^? kn[n z ! ,vimoid1 ! ,goodri* ,jiffy1 ! ,palm]1 ! ,*ase1 ! 8,kokomo ,kork]10 & ! ,amazon4 ,all ^! pla/ic comp\nd repair kits are op]at$ on ! "o pr9ciple4 ,! puncture is fir/ locat$1 & ! :eel is !n turn$ s z to "w f ! "u side4 ,! comp\nd is conta9$ 9 a collapsible tube1 :i* is ins]t$ into a nickel-plat$ hold]1 :i* has a holl[ ne$le po9t4 ,?is ne$le po9t is ins]t$ 9 ! puncture & ! comp\nd is =c$ ?r\gh ! puncture1 :i* op]ation leaves a mass resembl+ a l>ge button ov] ! puncture4 ,! in/rum5t is !n )drawn ) a twi/+ motion4 ,^! comp\nds are necess>ily v quick dry+1 & aft] two or ?ree mom5ts ( wait+ ! tire is inflat$1 &1 if ! op]ation has be5 a success1 ! puncture is p]man5tly repair$4 ,! ,common ,s5se ,repair ,kit has a cutt] :i* cuts a clean hole ?r\gh ! puncture 9 ! tire1 in/ead ( burn+ ! same out1 & also avoids ! te>+ caus$ by exp&+ tools4 ,! plugs 9 use ) ?is repair kit h a tap]$ /em1 to :i* is atta*$ a /rong l95 loop4 ,! back ( ! plug also has a slight ind5tation to guide ! po9t] :ile pu%+ x ?r\gh ! tire4 ,! kit is us$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! hole has be5 cut & ! p>ts ?or\ghly clean$ & cem5t appli$1 ! plug is =c$ 9 ! tire up to ! flange1 ! l95 loop be+ reta9$ on ! outside by pass+ x ov] ! ?umb4 ,! plug is !n =c$ inside ! tire ) ! po9t]1 aft] :i* x is drawn up aga9/ ! tire by means ( ! l95 loop4 ,! ,griswold ,repair ,tool takes ! ord9>y mu%room plug & ins]ts x 9 easily & p]fectly4 ,! tool itself is a po9t$ slid+ expansion hold]1 :i* c>ries ! plug on ! inside ( x & =ces ! head ( ! plug ?r\gh ! tire1 & ^u )draw+ ! tool leav+ "o end ( ! plug /ick+ ?r\gh ! puncture4 ,?is end is !n cut (f smoo?ly ) ! tread ( ! tire4 ,! ,m9ute ,repair ,kit c be us$ on ei!r an inn] tube or a hosepipe tire4 ,x does n1 l "s o!r repair kits1 cut & impair ! /r5g? ( ! fabric1 b simply =ces & holds ! ?reads ap>t :ile ! pat* is ins]t$ & cem5t$1 :5 ! ?reads are all[$ to assume _! normal positions4 ,! repair is n made ) a plug z usual1 :i* is sometimes liable to become displac$ :5 9 use1 or leak air :5 ! tire is inflat$ & ! fabric di/5d$1 b is made ) a flat pat* or disk ( pure rubb]1 /r5g!n$ by a clo? back+1 & is plac$ on ! inside or inn] wall ( ! tire4 ,! ,newton ,puncture ,repair ,tool some:at resembles ! o!r pla/ic repair tools previ\sly m5tion$1 ) ! exception t ! solution is n c>ri$ 9 collapsible tubes1 b is conta9$ 9 ! tool itself1 ! tool hold+ suffici5t cem5t to repair ?ree punctures4 ,9 case ( l>ge punctures1 h[ev]1 :]e a plug is necess>y1 !y use a plug :i* diff]s f ! ord9>y mu%room plug because x has two heads to x1 "o head be+ v mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ins]t+ ^! plugs ! small head ( ! plug is firmly gripp$ ) a pair ( ply]s1 & bo? ! plug & ! jaws ( ! ply]s are lib]ally coat$ ) cem5t4 ,! end ( ! plug gripp$ by ! ply]s is !n =c$ into ! puncture1 leav+ ! l>ge flange rema9+ on ! tread ( ! tire1 & to :i* x w adh]e firmly4 ,! 8,sure ,?+0 ,tire ,m5d] repairs punctures 9 s+le tube tires )\t ei!r cem5t or pat5t solution1 us+ small rubb] b&s :i* are plugg$ & rivett$ inside & out4 ,a long /eel ne$le1 hav+ on "o end a l>ge r+ to hold x by1 & on ! o!r end a long slit or eye1 ) an op5+ 9 x1 is us$ z a tool4 ,on ?is tool t5 or twelve little ela/ic rubb] b&s are slipp$ 9 ord] to repair an ord9>y puncture4 ,= l>ge punctures m b&s are add$4 ,! ne$le end ( ! tool is !n ins]t$ into ! tire1 leav+ ! op5+ ( ! eye outside ( ! tire4 ,"o repair b& at a "t is !n pu%$ into ! slit ( ! tool & !n pu%$ ?r\gh ! puncture4 ,! tool is !n )drawn1 & ?is op]ation is !n repeat$ until all ! b&s are inside ! tire4 ,a ?ird op]ation consi/s 9 draw+ ! bun* ( b&s out ?r\gh ! puncture until ne>ly half ( _! l5g? is outside4 ,?is causes !m to /ret* to almo/ _! full t5sion )\t pull+ cle> out4 ,a head ( rubb] b&s l a rivet rema9s on ! inside z well z on ! outside ( ! tire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sure ,,?+ ,,repair ,,tool4 ,! con/ant t5d5cy ( ! b&s to exp& sideways & contract l5g?wise =ms a positive & p]man5t /oppage ( ! leak4 ,! f\r? op]ation consi/s 9 releas+ ! b&s ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! eye4 ,! ends ( ! b&s c be trimm$ d[n to a sixte5? ( an in* )\t dang] ( _! draw+ back into ! tire4 ,x is bett] to ride ! tire a few m9utes be=e do+ s1 z ! b&s w !n h settl$ into place4 ,v (t5 ! b&s are n cut (f at all4 ,"o ( ! ma9 & good features ( ?is repair is t no solution or cem5t ( any k9d is requir$1 & !re=e ! tool is always ready = use4 ,,vulcaniz+4 ,! rid+ public z a rule kn[s v little ab\t ! process ( vulcanization1 & v (t5 h object$ to ! "t tak5 & ! *>ges made by repair]s = vulcaniz+1 & p]haps aft] read+ :at is "h /at$ z to ! necess>y op]ations 9 vulcanization ( a tire ! rid+ public w be m graci\s z reg>ds ! "t all[$ & be m will+ to pay ! *>ges ask$ = vulcanization4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple to be employ$ to vulcanize a tire is cleanl9ess4 ,a successful result _c be expect$ if ! h&s ( ! op]ator are oily or greasy4 ,f\r +r$i5ts are us$ 9 ! vulcanization process1 viz41 naph?a1 vulcaniz+ cem5t1 friction or coat$ fabric & pure gum4 ,naph?a is us$ to clean ! surfaces to be unit$4 ,vulcaniz+ cem5t is us$ to cem5t ! surfaces to be unit$ firmly4 ,friction or coat$ fabric is employ$ z a /ra9 resi/+ ag5t1 & ! pure gum is us$ to make ! hole airtight1 & also to make ! rubb] cov] z x 0 orig9ally4 ,! vulcaniz+ cem5t is no?+ b dissolv$ pure gum ( ! same consi/5cy z ! pure gum4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 vulcaniz+ a tire is to cut a r\nd hole 9 ! tire :]e ! puncture is1 mak+ ! hole z small z possible2 !n ! rubb] cov] :i* is ar\nd ! hole is peel$ (f1 s t ! canvas ( ! tire = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ar\nd ! hole is expos$4 ,!n ! inside1 z well z ! outside ( ! tire is clean$ ?or\ghly ) a clean rag saturat$ ) naph?a2 ! naph?a is all[$ to evaporate1 & !n ! vulcaniz+ cem5t is us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! cem5t is all[$ to dry1 & :5 dry ! cem5t+ op]ation is repeat$1 s z to give ! surfaces two coats ( cem5t4 ,x is important t bo? coats ( cem5t are ?or\ghly dry be=e ins]t+ ! rubb] pat*1 & be=e do+ s soap/one is rubb$ on ! und]side ( ! pat*4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h any soap/one on ! "p ( ! pat* :i* is to be unit$ to ! tire4 ,! be/ way to ins]t ! pat* is to roll x ar\nd a /iff wire ab\t "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 hold+ x clos$ ) ! f+]s1 & :5 9 ?is position x %\ld be dipp$ into ! naph?a & slipp$ into ! hole quickly2 z soon z x ent]s ! hole ! pat* w op54 ,! pat* rema9s 9 ! tire1 & ! hole 9 ! tire is sew$ up4 ,aft] ?is ! upp] side ( ! tire is press$ firmly aga9/ ! pat* 7:i* lies on ! inside ( ! tire7 ) ! f+]s1 or bett] /ill1 z is done 9 rubb] factories1 ) a /it*]4 ,?is tool resembles a p9k] )\t tee?1 & is ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* on its p]iph]y4 ,!n ! surface to be vulcaniz$ is cov]$ ) uncur$ gum1 flu% ) ! tire & no m4 ,naph?a %\ld always be us$ to clean ! uncur$ gum1 z well z ! "p ( ! tire to :i* x is to be appli$1 b be=e ?is is done x is cem5t$ z be=e & ! cem5t all[$ to dry4 ,soap/one is !n rubb$ ov] ! pat*$ "p & !n 8bak$40 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! prop] degree ( heat & ! "t requir$4 ,a !rmomet] :i* regi/]s ! heat correctly %\ld be employ$1 & n a pressure gauge1 z ) ! latt] !re may be fifty p\nds pressure1 b n ! requir$ heat4 ,if a !rmomet] is us$1 ! heat c always be asc]ta9$ z a rule4 ,?ree hundr$ & t5 degrees ( heat = tw5ty m9utes w vulcanize a tire4 ,! pat* to be ins]t$ 9 a tire is made up z foll[s3 7#a7 a lay] ( uncur$ gum2 7#b7 "o or two lay]s ( friction] or coat$ duck2 7#c7 ano!r lay] ( uncur$ gum4 ,! surfaces to be unit$ %\ld always be wip$ ) naph?a1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t no air is enclos$ 9 ! pat* :5 prep>+ x4 ,_m repair]s d n sew ! puncture to be vulcaniz$1 & 9 su* a case at lea/ two lay]s ( canvas %\ld be us$1 or ?ree is /ill bett]4 ,x is n always desirable to vulcanize a valve /em4 ,! bett] way to repair a defective valve /em is z foll[s3 ,a new hole is cut1 a brass or %oe valve is ins]t$1 & ! old hole is plugg$ up ! same z a puncture is repair$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,be>+s ,,& ,,po9ts ,,( ,,contact4 ,friction gives u a grip on ! e>?1 & is indisp5sable = propulsion1 b x is n 9 ! lea/ want$ 9 cycle be>+s or 9 any o!r be>+s1 & "o ( ! problems ( me*anics is h[ to r$uce x z mu* z possible 9 places :]e x consumes p[] z well z produces we>4 ,no mat]ial ?+1 h[ev] poli%$1 is q smoo?2 e surface may !re=e be consid]$ z cov]$ ) irregul> hooks or tee?1 h[ev] flat & smoo? x appe>s to ! unassi/$ eye1 & ^! cat* & hold "o ano!r1 produc+ ! hang or drag call$ friction4 ,oil1 be+ a fluid1 fills up ! spaces betwe5 ^! invisible tee? & levels (f ! surface2 ! (fice ( lubrication is1 !re=e1 to get betwe5 ! contact surfaces & keep ! hooks or tee? !reon f t\*+4 ,:5 surfaces are desir$ to slip & slide on ea* o!r easily1 oil is helpful2 :5 ! hooks or tee? are to cat* into ea* o!r1 z betwe5 locomotive driv+ :eels & ! rail1 grease is out ( place1 :e!r x is oil or gras%opp]s1 = x spoils ! 8adhesion40 ,! e>lie/ mode ( r$uc+ friction is d\btless z old z ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 = ! idea mu/ h occurr$ to ! primitive man4 ,x is simply to put a roll] und]nea? & conv]t slid+ into roll+ motion4 ,?is is 9 pr9ciple equival5t to m\nt+ ! weight on :eels1 & x is ! solit>y & f9al way ( deal+ ) ! problem ( friction4 ,! common gr9d/one be>+ is a famili> example2 ! axle ( ! /one re/s on ! rims ( a pair ( small :eels :i* /& s z to lap pa/ ea* o!r4 ,"h ! axle rolls ! :eels z x turns1 & _! motion at _! c5tres is s slight t friction is ne>ly elim9at$4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,be>+4 ,9 cycle con/ruction1 ! fir/ be>+ 0 ! 8pla90 "o 9 common use else:]e2 !n a nicely fitt$ & h>d5$ sleeve 0 add$1 & ?is 0 kn[n z ! 8p>allel0 be>+4 ,roll]s 7 also tri$1 b roll]s h a det]m9$ habit ( go+ askew1 "o end mov+ fa/] ?an ! o!r1 & z soon z !y get out ( p>allel ?us1 !y set up a great resi/ance4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 ! ends 7 sometimes made s z to ov]lap & mat* into "o ano!r1 or ! ends 7 loosely pass$ ?r\gh ?9 r+s1 :i* revolv$ ) ! roll]s ar\nd ! axle2 b ! roll]s /ill tri$ to run askew1 & ! ef=ts ( ! r+s to prev5t !m caus$ ano!r friction1 s t ! roll] 0 ab&on$4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ! 8adju/able cone0 0 tri$4 ,?is 0 a male cone1 ?read$ on ! axle & fitt+ into a female con$ space 9 ! hub4 ,! "* ( ! rubb+ action 0 n *ang$ by ?is device1 :i* 0 call$ a device to make we> 9 ord] t we> might be tak5 up1 b ! p>ts c\ld obvi\sly be kept 9 contact 7?\gh n 9 nice fit7 by screw+ ! cone fur!r 94 ,! next & f9al /ep 0 to int]pose /eel balls betwe5 ^! con$ faces2 & z ! ball is a v %ort roll]1 ) ends r\nd$ (f1 x c g 9 any direction x pleases4 ,! pr9ciple ( lat]al adju/m5t by mov+ a con$ surface to or f ano!r con$ surface oppos$ !reto1 ) balls plac$ betwe51 0 pat5t$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago & is /ill 9 univ]sal use2 yet1 z j rem>k$1 ?is is ! adju/able cone modifi$4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! only possible s]vice ( ! cone1 z be=e1 is /ill to take up we>1 & also t ! ret5tion ( ! cone = adju/m5t introduces new difficulties4 ,note also t on ! old high 8,ord9>y0 ! l>ge :eel _h its be>+ cases fix$ & ! axle revolv+1 because ! p[] 0 appli$ to ! axle1 :ile ! re> :eel _h its axle fa/ & ! :eel hubs revolv$ ar\nd x4 ,on ! mod]n bicycle ! me?od rev]ses1 bo? :eels revolv+ ar\nd fix$ axles1 :ile ! crank %aft1 :i* is ! "p receiv+ ! driv+ p[]1 revolves )9 a fix$ be>+-case4 ,! revolv+ axle us$ to h two grooves1 mat*+ grooves )9 ! fix$ case1 & ! balls 7 held 9 holes 9 loosely fitt+ r+s :i* sl[ly travell$ ar\nd ) !m1 ^! r+s hav+ no use except to aid :ile putt+ p>ts toge!r4 ,?is d\ble r[ be>+ 0 call$ non-adju/able1 because ! sole way ( tight5+ x up 0 to move ! two halves ( ! be>+-case clos] toge!r2 = ?is purpose ! case 0 made 9 halves1 z a 8split lug10 & held by screw bolts4 ,yet ?is con/ruction1 if well made1 solv$ ! difficulty ( ! 8po9ts0 9 be>+s & gave ! balls a correct roll+ motion4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( 8,,po9ts0 ,,( ,,contact ,! ball may be reg>d$ z a numb] ( t9y ?9 :eels or disks1 borne on a common axis4 ,obvi\sly1 ! l>g] ! :eel ! m easily x w roll2 h5ce we rea* ! fir/ rule1 namely3 ! ball %\ld re/ & roll on its l>ge/ diamet]1 if possible1 &1 z a coroll>y1 l>ge balls 7)9 reasonable limits7 are bett] ?an small ones4 ,9 ord] to fully c>ry out ?is rule & use ! l>ge/ diamet]1 ! ball mu/ be plac$ betwe5 two pla9 cyl9d]s or r+s1 & ! weight mu/ be> 9 a direction at "r angles to ! pla9 surfaces2 ! ball w !n roll at its be/1 & yet ?is con/ruction is n practicable4 ,?is is s because !re w\ld be no means ( keep+ ! balls 9 "o track & because ! surfaces & ! balls w\ld n /ay 9 contact1 !re be+ no 8adju/ability0 or means ( mov+ !m clos] toge!r4 ,com+1 !n1 to ! usual con/ruction ( a fix$ axle hav+ on x a /ation>y cone1 & a :eel hub revolv+ ab\t ?is1 we rea* ! important practical b n half-consid]$ "q ( 8po9ts40 ,t is1 on h[ _m po9ts 9 its surface %all ! ball re/8 ,! hub is commonly call$ ! 8case0 or ! 8cup40 ,if ! ball re/s on ! cup at "o spot & on ! cone at ano!r1 ! be>+ is call$ 8two-po9t10 or 8spot0 is m ne>ly accurate ?an 8po9t10 if by ! latt] ! lit]al ma!matical po9t is meant2 if ! ball re/s on ! cup at two places & on ! cone at "o1 ! be>+ is call$ 8?ree po9t20 if ! ball re/s at two places on cup & cone bo?1 ! be>+ is call$ 8f\r po9t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,d\ble-,,r[ ,,ball ,,be>+4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut ( ! two-po9t1 x is pla9 t "o ( ! con$ surfaces %[n1 revolv+ 9 a plane at "r angles ) ! axle1 mu/ roll ! ball on ! o!r cone1 ! ball runn+ on bo? 9 planes p>allel to ! plane ( motion ( ! revolv+ cone1 z is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es2 h5ce ! ball w roll1 & n slip or slide4 ,to a v limit$ ext5t ! two-po9t be>+ has be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we c at ! mom5t "n only "o make :i* we are sure has _h ?is =m really s made1 & well made1 ) ! surfaces accurately curv$ s z to place ! balls correctly & ) gr9d+ aft] %ap+4 ,?is make is ! ,humb]1 :i* des]ves honorable m5tion = ! importance atta*$ to ! be>+s & = ! intellig5t c>e ) :i* !y h be5 con/ruct$4 ,?is rem>k1 h[ev]1 is by no means meant z exclusive or z imply+ t no o!r makes h excell5t be>+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[] ,,half ,,( ,,d\ble-,,r[ ,,ball ,,be>+4 ,an int]e/+ =m ( two-po9t be>+ is ! ,lake1 made by ! ,c4 ,s4 ,caffrey ,company ( ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,x makes ! con$ faces ( cone & cup p>allel & flat1 incl9$ at an angle ( #de degrees to ! axle4 ,"h x is evid5t t ! ball w run )\t twi/+ or skew+1 & 9 ord] to keep ! balls 9 place ! old device ( putt+ !m 9 a p]=at$ loose r+ is employ$4 ,! holes 9 ?is r+ = ! balls are made oval in/ead ( r\nd1 9 :at does n seem a v well gr\nd$ expectation ( ?us remov+ ! slight friction betwe5 ball & r+4 ,! holes are also 8/agg]$10 s t ! balls d n run on exactly ! same tracks4 ,x is claim$ t1 on a te/1 a front :eel ) ?is be>+1 be+ :irl$ by ! h&1 ran an h\r & five m9utes4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$ to be a rem>kable p]=mance1 ev5 if ! adju/m5t 7 loose4 ,f> ! commone/ con/ruction1 h[ev]1 has be5 ! ?ree-po9t1 p>tly because1 by a confusion ( ideas1 a ?ree-po9t be>+ has seem$ z if x mu/ be firm] ?an a two-po9t1 & p>tly because ! =m] c be turn$ out at a v mod]ate co/4 ,z 9 almo/ univ]sal use dur+ sev]al ye>s pa/1 & z produc$ by ! p>ts-mak]s almo/ )\t exception1 ! =m ( ?is is z %[n 9 ! cut4 7,see page #hf47 ,turn ! page s z to br+ ! surface ,c on ! cone horizontal1 & if y !n imag9e ?is surface ,c 9 ! same plane z l9e ,,cd1 x is easy to see t ! ball w roll ^u ! case at ,a & ,b bo?2 & z ! diamet]s ( ! ball at ,a & ,b are equal1 x w roll ar\nd ! circle easily & )\t skew+4 ,z ! int]-action ( ! p>ts is n *ang$ !reby1 we = ! mom5t1 z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 assume t ! cup is /ation>y & ! axle turns1 :i* is ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,9 actual position & work+ x is evid5t t "u ! weight ( ! load ! ball w slip d[n ! slope at ,c & be press$ h>d aga9/ ! side ,b z well z aga9/ ! bottom ,a4 ,! relative pressure on ^! two po9ts w dep5d on ! flatness or /eepness ( ! surface ,c1 b ord9>ily ! pressure on ! two w be ne>ly equal4 ,! action at ,c tries to roll ! ball on a horizontal axis1 p>allel ) ! :eel axle2 ! action ( ,b ^u ! ball tries to roll x on a v]tical axis1 p>allel ) ,,cc4 ,mov$ by ,c1 ! ball may roll on ,a & slide on ,b1 or x may /ick fa/ to ,c & slide on ,a & ,b bo?1 or x may /ick fa/ to bo? ,a & ,b & slide on ,c4 ,c]ta9ly x _c h m ?an "o ( ^! movem5ts at any "t1 & h5ce ! ball _c possibly roll 9 two directions at once4 ,to make ?is m cle>1 imag9e ! ball & ! two surfaces to be too!d :]e !y come 9 contact1 ?us be+ visibly ge> :eels2 if ^! tee? are spur-tee?1 ! cone w impel ! ball 9 its own plane ( motion1 namely1 l9e ,,cc1 & ! ball w !n roll on side ,a & rub on side ,b2 if ! tee? are bevel1 ! ball w roll on ,b & rub on ,a4 ,illu/ration3 8,,f\r-,,po9t0 ,,be>+--,,two ,,possible ,,=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,actual 8,,f\r-,,po9t0 ,,be>+--8,e ,,& ,d0 ,,patt]n4 ,,he$less ,,con/ruction4 ,= ?is reason--t ?is 8jamm$ 9 a corn]0 patt]n ( be>+ requires ! ball to p]=m a physical impossibility--x mu/ be unsp>+ly condemn$4 ,inde$1 if !re is "o =m ( polite & p>liam5t>y phrase m decisive ?an ano!r1 we wi% to be und]/ood z us+ su* =m 9 condemn+ ?is p>ticul> con/ruction4 ,x does n violate any /atute law1 b x does violate laws ( me*anics & good s5se4 ,:at ! ball actually does "u su* conditions is to 8get ar\nd0 z be/ x c1 roll+ some:at1 slid+ some:at1 & slipp+ & skew+ betwe5 times4 ,! balls rub a little on ea* o!r & _! contact+ surfaces are mov+ 9 opposite directions2 h5ce x is n to be suppos$ t !y inv>iably roll1 "u ev5 ! be/ conditions1 ! only c]ta9ty be+ t !y always foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,"h we might say t exhibitions ( a transp>5t be>+ on a l>ge scale1 su* z 7 at ! rec5t %[s1 amuse visitors b prove little1 & yet a close scrut9y ( !m w %[ t ! balls h an irregul> action2 moreov]1 su* a device z ! 8dynagraph10 pr(ess+ to %[ graphically on an indicator c>d ! frictional resi/ance ( be>+s1 is a wa/e ( +5uity & con/ruction1 because x _c be work$ "u actual practical conditions z :5 ! :eel is 9 use4 ,! difficulty ) be>+s z g5]ally made hi!rto has be5 t not)/&+ mu* talk 9 catalogues ab\t 8tool /eel0 & smoo? gr9d+ ! common way has be5 to press ! cups into ! hubs1 screw cones on ! axle1 drop 9 balls1 turn up to place1 & let x g s4 ,ev5 9 #ahih1 _m catalogues furni% no in=mation1 ei!r by text or by cuts1 z to con/ruction ( be>+s1 & :5 we h _h no o!r means ( k x has be5 9 n a few cases impossible to f9d out c]ta9ly ev5 su* a di/9ct & practical matt] z :e!r ! adju/m5t is 8cup0 or 8cone10 9 su* a he$less way has ?is "p ( ! bicycle be5 pass$ ov]4 ,mak]s h be5 too prone to c\nt any?+ ) balls & a cone z a ball be>+1 & !y h _h a good degree ( lib]ty all[$ !m to s consid] by ^! two facts3 ! rid] does n "k & ! repairman does n c>e1 & if a be>+ is n screw$ up too h>d & run entirely dry x w move ) a fair degree ( ease ev5 ?\gh ! balls c n roll mu*4 ,& yet 9 all su* cases ! defect makes its own witness by ! 8flats0 made on cone & balls & by ! ball track cut into ! cup4 ,,ball-,,mak+4 ,ab\t eighte5 ye>s ago ,col4 ,pope said to ! writ]1 ref]r+ to ! fir/ ,columbia1 !n 9 m>ket & ! fir/ ,am]ican product1 t x w\ld co/ #be to put ball be>+s on ! back :eel 7or possibly x 0 on bo? :eels74 ,! usual extra on ,engli% makes at t "t = balls to back-:eel 0 "o p\nd /]l+2 ! fir/ ball p$als 7 also exp5sive1 b = "s ye>s pa/ any be>+ )\t balls1 ev5 on ! l[e/-pric$ :eels1 w\ld h be5 reject$ by e buy]4 ,! diff]5ce has come l>gely by *eap5$ processes ( ball-mak+1 &1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 r$uction 9 co/ & bett]m5t 9 quality h come toge!r4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( produc+ balls4 ,accord+ to "o ( ! be/1 ! ,simonds ,roll+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ( ,fit*burg use =g+ ma*9es1 :i* are sub/antially two uprights1 a half-die on ea* upright1 & "w automatically4 ,heat$ rods ( tool /eel are ins]t$ 9 ?is ma*9e1 :i* =ges a ball r\gh & at ! same mom5t bites (f ! bit f ! rod ) ! die4 ,next foll[ gr9d+ & poli%+ automatically betwe5 horizontal disks ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet] 9 conjunction ) em]y :eels2 f9ally come temp]+1 ! la/ poli%+ & gaug+ automatically4 ,ord9>ily a maximum v>iation ( #a_/ajjj ( an in* has be5 consid]$ close en\gh1 b ?is ,company are able to gu>antee a v>iation n ov] #d_/aj1jjj1 ! highe/ accuracy & uni=mity be+ naturally consid]$ some:at 9 ! price4 ,! ma*9es us$ are pat5t$1 & ?is b>e outl9e is all we are p]mitt$ to publi%4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ ! f\r-po9t be>+1 & no bett] example ( ?is c be giv5 ?an 9 ! cut ( "o z us$ on ! us$ on ! 8,e4 ,d40 z made by ! ,canadian ,typograph ,company ( ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io4 ,x is prop] to say "h t only m9or details on ?is are pat5table1 = ! pr9ciple is old & 0 9 ! old ,b[n ,eolus be>+ z long ago z #ahgg4 ,ref]5ce to ! cut %[s cle>ly t ! ball re/s on two po9ts on cone & cup ea*1 t its diamet]s are equal at ^! places ( contact1 & 7mo/ important ( all7 t ! direction ( pressure on ! ball is at "r angles to ! axle1 & h5ce t ! ball w roll on an axis p>allel to ! axle2 !re=e !re c be no slid+ or skew+4 ,! contact surfaces are a "r angle ,v 9 section1 or c be made by cutt+ op5 a squ>e diagonally4 ,at ! la/ %[ 9 ,new ,york1 z a te/1 t5 s+le :eels ( ?is make 7 susp5d$ 9 pyramidal =m1 & ^! 7 all run1 day aft] day1 by a s+le l5g? ( ,no4 #ajj sew+ silk4 ,a :eel 0 also %[n ) ! balls remov$ f "o be>+ & tightly screw$ 9 ! o!r4 ,?is :eel 0 !n :irl$1 be+ support$ by "o end ( ! axle on ! f+]1 gyroscope fa%ion1 to %[ ! extraord9>y abs5ce ( friction4 ,,! 8,,cup0 ,,or 8,,disk0 ,,adju/m5t4 ,( ! highe/ importance is also 8cup0 adju/m5t1 z oppos$ to ! usual 8cone40 ,z se5 9 ! cut ( ! ?ree-po9t be>+1 9 ! latt] =m ! cup is press$ into ! hub & /ays fa/ !re1 z a seat = ! balls1 ) its con$ surface fac+ outw>d4 ,! adju/+ cone faces inw>d & screws on ! axle4 ,! 8cup0 =m rev]ses ?is1 fac+ ! axle cone outw>d & leav+ x fa/ on ! axle2 ! cup faces inw>d & adju/s by screw+ into ! hub end1 z %[n 9 cut ( ! be>+ la/ describ$4 ,! practical advantages ( ?is me?od are v real & are ^!1 z may be indicat$ by ! some:at rude cut3 #a4 ,:5 ! cup is press$ into ! hub x may n be q true across ! axle l9e--all ! m if x is aft]w>d remov$ & replac$1 z 9 *ang+ ! re> sprocket4 ,any nut has "s degree ( side-to-side movem5t on its ?read1 h[ev] nicely fitt$2 an adju/m5t cone on ! axle c also nev] be held q firmly 9 position1 & ! grip ( ! =k ends ^u x is ev5 liable to cant x to "o side to ! slight ext5t ( its loos5ess 9 ! ?read4 ,?is int]f]es ) accuracy 9 ! be>+4 ,b ! cup is ( l>g] diamet] & h5ce is /eadi] 9 ! fit ( its ?read1 & x is also practicable to lock ! adju/m5t m firmly on ! cup4 ,moreov]1 9 ! 8cone0 =m ! cone has to run on ! same ?read ) ! out] nuts :i* hold ! :eel 9 ! =k1 & ?is ?read mu/ be co>se1 because a f9e "o w\ld n h suffici5t /r5g? to be> ! /ra9 ( lock+ ! :eel2 s ! adju/m5t mu/ be on ! co>se ?read4 ,b :5 ! cup screws into ! hub z propos$1 x has its own sep>ate ?read1 :i* may be z f9e z desir$2 ?us x ga9s 9 /ead9ess by f95ess ( ?read z well z by l>g] diamet]4 #b4 ,dirt _c ent] ?r\gh ! ?read1 b only ?r\gh ! op5 jo9t4 ,! op5+ close to ! axle is obvi\sly a small] circle ?an at ! edge ( ! movable cone on ! old me?od2 h5ce ! cup =m excludes dirt bett]1 & if a felt wa%] is us$ ! friction f t is less :5 put close to ! axle ?an :5 f>!r away4 #c4 ,! cup adju/m5t has ! great & obvi\s advantage t ! adju/m5t is :olly indep5d5t ( ! =k1 be+ only on ! hub itself2 h5ce ! adju/m5t c be made m easily & accurately1 & aft] be+ s made once = all ! :eel c be remov$ & replac$ )\t dang] ( di/urb+ x4 #d4 ,9 ! o!r =m ( hub1 oil naturally runs out2 ) ! cup adju/m5t1 ! p>ts are readily & naturally arrang$ s t oil is held at ! bottom z 9 a res]voir1 & ! balls c run 9 x4 ,res]voir hubs ( ?is patt]n are q well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & ! mak]s ( ! 8,e4 ,d410 :o use a felt wa%] z indicat$ 9 ! cut1 claim su* a p]fect exclusion ( dirt & ret5tion ( oil t ! latt] is f\nd /ill 9 its place at ! bottom1 n discolor$1 aft] ov] a ?\s& miles' runn+4 ,9 ,engl& ! cup adju/m5t has long be5 /&>d1 al?\gh p]haps n inv>iable2 ! t>d9ess ( its adoption 9 ?is c\ntry mu/ be ascrib$ to an insuffici5t /udy & appreciation ( ! practical importance ( be>+s1 & to ! consid]able inve/m5t already made 9 p>ts & tools on ! o!r plan4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 adopt+ ! cup =m "h 0 at ! crank-hang]1 :]e x has be5 q l>gely 9 use = sev]al ye>s2 b x is be+ appli$ to ! :eels z well1 & among ! mak]s us+ x all ov] we note su* well-kn[n conc]ns z ! ,lib]ty1 ! ,/]l+1 ,humb]1 ,victor1 ,h[>d & ,lyndhur/4 ,?is is n an exhau/ive li/1 = we h n /udi$ e catalogue2 moreov]1 x is impossible to det]m9e ! po9t 9 all in/ances1 & _m :o d n use ?is =m on :eels h x on ! crank be>+s1 z also "s o!rs screw ! cup into ! :eel hub & 8back out0 ! axle cone = adju/m5t--?is la/ is good z f> z x goes & is a half-way /ep4 ,aft] hav+ con/antly advocat$ ! cup adju/m5t = sev]al ye>s pa/ x is a gratification to f9d x ?us mak+ progress1 & we note ?is z ! *ief /ep 9 improvem5t ( be>+s 9 #ahih4 ,,g5]al ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,be>+s4 ,yet x %\ld be said t !re is bett]m5t 9 be>+s g5]ally--9 accuracy & temp] ( balls1 9 fitt+ & gr9d+ ( cones & cups1 & also 9 ! means ( adju/m5t4 ,b excell5ce 9 details may also h "s effect to conceal errors 9 plan1 & x %\ld be cle>ly not$ t easy sp9n+ ( a be>+ may ev5 mislead4 ,! p>ts be+ h>d & smoo?1 & oil be+ pres5t also1 ! balls w get ar\nd ) slight resi/ance1 :e!r roll+ or slid+2 b ! te/ comes only "u load1 especially "u ! heavy /ra9s :i* t5d to cross-twi/ frames4 ,! two-po9t be>+1 provid$ x is really design$ & made 9 ! be/ mann] z su*--& ! proviso means a good deal--w "w satisfactorily2 ! ?ree-po9t also c be s design$ & made z to all[ roll+ ( ! balls1 al?\gh x is less facile & manageable ?an ! o!rs2 ! f\r-po9t is ! be/ !oretically & seems easie/ to con/ruct4 ,! 8corn]0 patt]n we h felt oblig$ to condemn w 8g0 aft] a fa%ion1 z above admitt$2 b bicycle evolution is t[>d uni=mity & simplicity1 & z x has be5 prov$ j z economical to con/ruct "r z to con/ruct wrong1 aft] ! prep>ations are once made1 !re ought to be positive insi/5ce on "o ?+ always1 & t ?+ 8! be/40 ,illu/ration3 8,,?ree-,,po9t0 ,,be>+3 ,,common ,,=m ,,at ,,left--,,possible ,,improvem5t ,,at ,,"r4 ,,lubrication ,,& ,,du/ ,,exclusion4 ,x is always a mi/ake to suppose t ev5 a ball be>+ c successfully & wisely be run )\t lubrication1 "u load1 al?\gh ! feasibility ( s do+ has be5 decl>$ on :at ought to be pretty fair au?ority4 ,b ! roll+ movem5t c nev] be made absolutely con/ant & ! slid+ p]fectly gott5 rid (2 ev5 if ?is c\ld be1 ! contact sides ( ! balls move 9 opposite directions1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ rub slightly on "o ano!r2 if ! balls are held ap>t by a p]=at$ coll> !y _c t\* ea* o!r1 b !y t\* ! coll> in/ead & rub on t--s a little friction w rema9 9 ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,by ! way1 "s /ick vasel9e 9 be>+s1 b we mu/ disapprove ?is2 we d n reg>d t sub/ance z a lubricant 9 any prop] s5se1 & ! v quality ( adhesiv5ess :i* makes x conv5i5t sometimes = hold+ balls 9 place :ile assembl+ a be>+ also makes its pres5ce objectionable aft] ! assembl+ is done4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( /ay+ 9 place & n fl[+ out1 n be+ fluid2 b ?is prop]ty is possess$ by o!r sub/ances--by t>1 = in/ance4 ,( c\rse1 !re mu/ always be an op5 jo9t 9 e be>+ 7! out] end ( ! p$al except$7 :]e a mov+ "p passes a fix$ "o4 ,nicety ( fit1 s t ^! two p>ts %all be almo/ 9 contact1 is ! fir/ requisite1 & is n to be f\nd on 8*eap0 :eels1 albeit su* :eels 7on pap]7 h tool /eel & du/-pro( be>+s1 l all o!rs4 ,h>d-rubb] wa%]s _c close ^! jo9ts2 s(t rubb] w\ld quickly be de/roy$ by ! oil4 ,felt & velvet h be5 ! only rec\rse1 & ?is n an entirely satisfactory "o1 al?\gh if du/ & mud c\ld be p]fectly exclud$ ! oil might reta9 color almo/ indef9itely4 ,= ?is1 at ! risk ( repetition1 we mu/ say t ! cup adju/m5t--call$ disk adju/m5t g5]ally 9 ,engl&1 & sometimes "h--is exactly adapt$1 & t ! f\r-po9t s]ves be/4 ,^! s(t pack+s are /ill reta9$ by q a numb] ( mak]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,mon>* puts on ! left side ( ! re> :eel an octagonal-fac$ du/ cap1 & next to t a felt wa%]1 & next to t ! usual ball reta9]2 ! front hub has ?is con/ruction on bo? sides1 & ! crank be>+s are fitt$ ) cup adju/m5t4 ,,"s ,,di/9ctive #ahih ,,features4 ,! ,cresc5t has a new mode ( adju/+ ! be>+s at ! crank bracket4 ,a loose coll>1 ) a projection :i* fits 9 a slot 9 ! edge ( ! adju/+ bu% & has its own inn] edge f9ely scallop$ goes ov] ! bracket2 ! lock-nut hav+ be5 loos5$1 ?is bu% is free to turn to ! "r po9t1 :5 ! slid+ coll> is simply slid back until "o ( its scallops cat*es on a p9 set on ! bracket1 & !n turn+ up ! lock-nut makes all fa/4 ,on ! :eel axles1 a sep>ate nut is add$ to lock ! adju/m5t cones1 s t ?is c be done ) ! :eel ei!r 9 or out ( ! frame1 & tight5+ up ! =k nuts _c affect ! adju/m5ts4 ,felt wa%]s & ball reta9]s are us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! ,magnet ,bicycle ,company ( ,*icago1 mak]s ( mat]ials & fitt+s1 (f] 9 ! ,magnet hub a novelty 9 a comb9ation ( a concave & convex lock-nut & wa%]s1 :i*1 :5 ! p>ts are screw$ home1 avoids "o ( ! defects ( a cone adju/m5t1 namely1 ! liability ( ! axle cone to tilt or tip on its ?read "u a n p>allel approa* ( ! =k end3 ! adju/m5t is also n affect$ by h&l+ ! hub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,?ree-,,po9t ,,be>+4 ,! ,%irk %[s sev]al peculi>ities4 ,n only are all be>+s ( ! cup adju/m5t patt]n1 b ! axle cones 7:i* are on a sleeve7 are two-fac$ & rev]sible1 s t ea* hub has two res]ve cones or cone faces2 moreov]1 z ! axle is indep5d5t & s]ves only z a support x c be pull$ entirely ?r\gh & out1 aft] remov+ ! outside nuts1 s t ! front =k does n h to be spread to put 9 or remove ! :eel1 & ! re> :eel c be dropp$ out ( ! frame )\t di/urb+ ! *a94 ,x is q ! way to make ! crank-hang] only a %ell or a support = ! work+ p>ts )91 )\t hav+ !m directly fa/5$ to x4 ,! ,phnix foll[s ?is fa%ion by inclos+ ! be>+s 9 a sep>ate sleeve1 splitt+ ! bracket itself on ! "u side1 & provid+ x ) project+ lugs & screw bolts1 s t x c be p9*$ up to grip ! be>+ %ell & hold x 9 position4 ,b ! peculi>ity goes fur!r1 = ! op5+ und]nea? is s wide t by turn+ ^! bolts out ( ! way & br++ ! left crank opposite ! op5+ ! cranks & axle ) sprocket on--inde$1 ! entire cont5ts--c be slid to ! "r cle> out ( ! hang]4 ,! ,relay has a du/ cap at ! crank axle be>+1 ) a portion ( x consi/+ ( transluc5t celluloid1 & claims ! mak]s' cat* phrase 8y see ! balls40 ,illu/ration3 ,,ball ,,contact ,,9 8,,two-,,po9t0 ,,be>+4 ,besides us+ ! cup adju/m5t1 z already not$1 ! ,h[>d--made by ! ,e4 ,h[>d ,wat* & ,clock ,company--has a peculi>ity 9 t ! adju/+ cone slides on ! axle )\t be+ ?read$4 ,on ! crank axle is a nut work+ on a ?read at ! axle c5tre & be>+ aga9/ ! end ( ! %ort slid+ sleeve :i* con/itutes ! act+ cone4 ,a set screw 9 ?is c5tral nut is loos5$ by ins]t+ a wire or a nail ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bracket2 ! nut is held fa/ by putt+ ?is wire or nail into a slot !re92 !n a slight turn ( ! crank =w>d or back tight5s or loos5s ! be>+s at bo? ends simultane\sly by caus+ ! nut1 ?us held f turn+1 to move ! axle to "r or left in/ead2 !n ! set screw is aga9 fa/5$4 ,a simil> nut is on ! :eel hubs1 & ! :eel is turn$ back or =? a little to adju/ ! be>+s1 ! s+le nut at ! left side ( ! frame !n lock+ ! adju/m5t4 ,on behalf ( ?is peculi> device x is claim$1 ) evid5t ju/ice1 t ! op]ation is bo? quick & sure1 & t z ! con$ sleeve slides on ! axle in/ead ( be+ ?read$ ! be>+s are b\nd to be true & 9 l9e4 ,we ought to add t al?\gh we h class$ ?is =m z a cup adju/m5t1 x is n lit]ally q s1 ! sole diff]5ce be+ t x belongs 9 ! class ( be>+s :i* face cones & cups 9 ! way prop] to t =m1 b screw ! cup into place once = all & adju/ by 8back+ out0 ! cone4 ,la/ ye> ! ,humb] :eel be>+s 7 ( ?is type1 & s are ! ,lyndhur/ n[1 al?\gh t make we h also class$ ) ! cup adju/m5t type1 ! diff]5ce be+ s small4 ,! ,lyndhur/ mak]s1 by ! way1 :ile us+ ! cup adju/m5t /rictly at ! crank bracket1 ) an admirably made sleeve hav+ ! cones slipp$ !reon1 lay great /ress--z relat+ to accuracy ( fit--^u mak+ be>+ p>ts 8f ! c5tre0 9 ! old-fa%ion$ screw la!1 z aga9/ ! monitor or automatic la!2 !y av] t ! special h>dness ( tool /eel =bids work+ x on ! automatic la!1 & t 8!re are n ov] six makes ( bicycles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) c5tr$ axles1 cones & %ells turn$ f tool /eel40 ,especial significance "h atta*es to ! ^w 8c5tr$20 & e cone is sep>ately gr\nd 9 a la! ^u its own axle4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,national ( ,bay ,city1 ,mi*41 h all be>+s on _! be/ models1 removable by slid+ out intact1 us+ also a peculi> =m ( cup adju/m5t4 ,at ! #ahig cycle %[s1 ! ,indiana ,bicycle ,company1 mak]s ( ! ,wav]ley bicycles1 exhibit$ _! bicycles ) cones slid+ on ! axles in/ead ( ?read+ & screw+ ! cones or cups = adju/m5t 9 ! usual way4 ,!y us$ ?is sy/em dur+ ! pa/ ye> ^u _m ?\s& ,wav]ley bicycles1 & ! results h demon/rat$ t ?is me?od is "o by :i* absolutely true be>+s c be obta9$2 ! cones & cups rema9+ always 9 ! precise relative positions 9 :i* !y 7 gr\nd1 ! cones 9 adju/m5t slid+ to or f ! cups4 ,9 ?is season's con/ruction !y h made a slight *ange1 h[ev]1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z a good /ep t[>d ! long s\ght = int]*angeability 9 con/ruction4 ,! *ange consi/s 9 hav+ univ]sal cones fitt+ ei!r side ( ! front or re> :eel hubs & hav+ a d\ble face ) two ball races !y c be put on ! axles 9 eight diff]5t places or ways1 ?us mak+ x impossible to assemble ! be>+s incorrectly4 ,! con/ruction is also su* t ! be>+s are z ne>ly du/ pro( z x is possible to make !m )\t b9d+ friction4 ,a bicycle adju/+ cone or cup t is ?read$1 no matt] :e!r ! ?read be f9e or co>se1 mu/ necess>ily h "s sort ( a spiral twi/ to x :i* prev5ts ! cone or cup f sett+ p]fectly true z gr\nd4 ,! slid+ me?od1 h[ev]1 obviates ?is difficulty4 ,x is wor? not+--especially z be+ a /ep t[>d simplicity & uni=mity 9 con/ruction--t ! ,humb] is n[ made ) ! be>+ cups ( ! re> :eel int]*angeable ) ^? ( ! crank hang]4 ,ano!r novelty 9 its way is ! ins]tion ( ball reta9]s 9 p$als made by ! ,am]ican ,wat* ,tool ,co4 ,! ,s>tus p$al1 made by ! ,w>wick ,/ockton ,co41 also uses a some:at peculi> reta9]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cranks1 ,,p$als ,,& ,,axles4 ,second only 9 importance to ! be>+s1 sprockets & *a9 ( ! mod]n bicycle1 z affect+ ! smoo? runn+ qualities ( ! ma*9e1 are ! axles1 cranks & p$als4 ,_m h be5 ! *anges & rapid ! m>* ( improvem5t 9 ^! po9ts )9 ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 until1 ) ! adv5t ( ! season ( #ahih1 !re seems little t is desirable left = atta9m5t 9 ?is direction4 8,! hub is compos$ ( two p>ts1 viz41 ! axle & ! coll>s or flanges4 ,! =m] is a /\t b> ( iron or /eel1 =m+ ! true c5tre ( ! :eel4 ,x v>ies f in* to #a in* 9 ?ickness1 & %\ld n be less ?an #aj in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! coll>s are circul> plates ( metal1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #c_/af to in* at ! edges & f in* to #b in*es 9 ! c5tre4 ,^! are firmly secur$ to ! axle by diff]5t me?ods4 ,9 "s makes bo? coll>s & axle are "o solid piece2 b mo/ are con/ruct$ sep>ately1 & are firmly unit$ by braz+1 increas$ facilities be+ !reby obta9$ = case-h>d5+ ! axle4 ,= nutt$ spokes ! coll>s are g5]ally ( /eel or iron1 wide at ! edges 9 ord] to take ! wid? ( ! nipple2 out :5 direct-action spokes are us$ !y are usually ( gun-metal or brass 7"s few use /eel71 ?9 at ! edges & gradually spread+ out inw>d until !y rea* ! axle4 ,?is is 9 ord] to give a l>ge surface aga9/ ! axle1 z1 unless a firm hold is obta9$ & ! braz+ well done1 !y are apt to "w loose4 ,^! gun-metal flanges h1 or ought to h1 ! ext]ior l[] portion recess$ to ! dep? ( ab\t in*1 ! ind5tations ext5d+ "s #a in*es ar\nd ! axle1 & ! holes = ! spokes drill$ "r ?r\gh4 ,by ?is a little weight is sav$1 & ! spokes may easily be tapp$ out 9 case ( breakage on ! worm & a portion rema9+ 9 ! hub4 ,! p$als are ?us br\ght clos] toge!r )\t decreas+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! flanges1 :i* %\ld nev]1 unless on v small :eels1 be less ?an six in*es ap>t1 z1 ) a less am\nt ( #8di%1' z x is call$1 ! :eel is liable to buckle4 ,! hubs = ! back :eel are usually con/ruct$ solid1 ( ei!r /eel1 iron or gun-metal1 b occasionally !y are complex4 ,!y are holl[1 simply hav+ a hole drill$ longitud9ally ?r\gh !m = ! reception ( ! back :eel p94 ,if compos$ ( gun-metal or brass1 !y %\ld h a /eel core to receive ! friction1 or !y w soon we> out40 ,?is extract is giv5 complete because x s well describes ! regul> con/ruction at :eel c5tres tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! gun-metal flange1 ord9>ily writt5 9 ,engli% catalogues z 8gum hubs10 long ago disappe>$2 ! back :eel1 & ! non-driv5 hub ( e>ly 8safeties0 7 gum1 ) ! be>+ cups press$ into ! ends1 mu* z 9 ! pres5t fa%ion4 ,! driv5 hub 0 fa/5$ to ! /eel axle by 8sweat+10 aid$ by a key driv5 9 flu% betwe54 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,g ,m hub did n prevail4 ,! ,columbia front hub1 = example1 comes up be=e ! m5tal eye--a great spool ( excessive /r5g? & weight1 bo? ?read$ & p9n$ on1 s t p>t+ f ! axle 0 n to be ?\ght (4 ,9 ! pres5t type ! driv+ axle is a ?ird1 indep5d5t ( ! :eels1 & ! :eel hubs are ei!r turn$ f ! solid /eel b> or drop-=g$ f /eel1 or =m$ f /eel tube1 ! 8bike metal0 ca/+ be+ kept v quiet 9 ?is z 9 o!r portions1 or else res]v$ = ! p :o sugge/ t ! *eape/ way to procure a bicycle is to buy ready made p>ts & 8build0 "o's own4 ,,! 8,,divid$ ,,axle40 7,see ,page #ic47 ,cranks 7 sometimes %runk on1 sometimes ?read$ on1 & sometimes held on by w$g+ keys4 ,( ! _m ways1 ! survivors are ! transv]se key kn[n n[ z ! pla9 8cott] p9 & nut10 & ! ,d-%ap$ end1 ! latt] be+ sometimes made l a squ>e ) ?ree corn]s r\nd$1 z rec5tly on ! ,wolff-,am]ican & ,rem+ton1 = example4 ,a %ape q 9 vogue n[ is a tap]$ r\nd1 ) "o or two sides %av$ to a flat & also tap]$4 ,up to ! "t ( ! la/ ,g>d5 ,%[1 two ye>s ago1 axles _h be5 made 9 "o piece1 & ! sep>ate cranks _h be5 atta*$ 9 "s ( ^! above-m5tion$ ways1 ) a v few exceptions4 ,x may also be said t ?is 0 ! mo/ ord9>y & obvi\s mode ( con/ruction4 ,b at t %[ appe>$ a v simple & good specim5 ( divid$ axle1 ! ,g>d1 al?\gh n ! fir/1 = ! ,columbia _h be5 try+ ! idea = a ye> or two1 & _h set ! fa%ion4 ,= "s reason ! ,g>d axle--:i* 0 jo9$ at ! c5tre by mortice-&-t5on1 ea* half axle be+ "o piece ) its correspond+ crank--has n gone mu* into use4 ,?is is probably because mak]s h desir$ to h devices ( _! own2 at lea/1 !re has s9ce t "t be5 a rag+ epidemic ( 8divid$ axle40 ,x is q )9 b\nds to say t at lea/ a page ( ?is j\rnal w\ld be requir$ to intellig5tly describe & illu/rate ! manifold devices ( p]v]t$ & co/ly +5uity = cutt+ ! crank axle into two p>ts & !n /ick+ ! sund]$ p>ts toge!r aga94 ,!re are axles cut on s+le-t5on & on d\ble-t5on2 axles ) /raight bevel1 zig-zag bevel1 circul>-not* lap1 & ) a long 8skiv$0 lap1 z if glue+ 7 propos$ & a lot ( surface 7 requir$ = a jo9t2 !re are sleeves ?read$ & sleeves n ?read$2 !re are halv$ holl[ axles1 to be held toge!r by a screw bolt l5g?wise ?r\gh !m4 ,"s ( ^! may p]haps h fall51 toge!r ) ! makes ( :i* !y 7 a "p1 9 ! conflict ( la/ season1 b mo/ly !y are /ill extant4 ,g5]ally1 ! division is at or ne> ! c5tre1 b sometimes x is well at "o side1 ?us approa*+ a m reasonable & q common =m :i* has axle & "o crank 9 "o piece & atta*es to !m ! o!r crank removably4 ,x is admitt$ t occasion to remove a crank may occur1 & ! we>+ /ra9 & exposure to dirt are s great on ! pres5t crank bracket t "s device = deta*ability is almo/ necess>y2 yet only ! seek+ = peculi>ity & ! feel+ on ! "p ( design]s t !y mu/ appe> to be e>n+ _! pay c acc\nt = ^! con/ructional fr5zies :i* x is n practicable to describe 9 detail4 ,"h we may say t ! ,humb] /ill adh]es to ! anci5t & sub/antial device ( sep>able cranks1 held on by ! transv]se 8cott] p940 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext5sion ,,p$al--,,am]ican ,,wal?am4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,wal?am ,,p$al4 ,,/rict 8,,"o-,,piece0 ,,con/ruction4 ,9 /rong contra/ ) ?is may be m5tion$ ! ,faub] "o-piece con/ruction1 by :i* bo? ! cranks & ! axle are made ( a s+le piece1 be+ pass$ into place endwise into ! op5 bracket1 ! be>+ p>ts & fa/5+s be+ next put on & f9ally ! p$als4 ,?is pat5t is a radical dep>ture 9 ! direction ( extreme simplicity & /r5g?1 hav+ obvi\sly no *ances ( gett+ loose & giv+ ! desir$ abs5ce ( nuts & projections ab\t ! bracket ends4 ,x seems to be /eadily work+ its way into use1 & x may be easily recogniz$ by ! 8/>0 sprocket1 :i* is commonly us$1 9 connection ) x1 al?\gh n a necess>y "p ( x4 ,he9z ,muns*aur ( ,buffalo1 work+ "u a lic5se f ,faub] & "s p5d+ pat5t ( _! own1 describe _! own "o-piece con/ruction z be+ f /eel ( high c>bon1 & say !y w replace any :i* may be brok5 f any cause :atev]4 ,!y fa/5 ! spid] to ! crank me*anically1 n by braz+2 ! sprocket rim is firmly held1 b is readily deta*able2 ! ball cases conta9 fifte5 #e_/af balls ) reta9]s1 8& fit to a %\ld] 9 ! hang]1 do+ away ) any ?reads1 :i* are liable to give tr\ble40 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raus ,,removable ,,p$al ,,rubb]s4 ,among mak]s us+ ! ,faub] con/ruction are ! ,w9ton1 ,_w1 ,def5d]1 ,f5ton1 ,out+ & ,union 7! la/-nam$ on _! special74 ,,crank ,,?r[ ,,& ,,v>iable ,,ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ramsey ,,p$al4 ,! crank1 l ! axle & mo/ o!r p>ts1 us$ to be v ?ick & heavy4 ,z ! quality ( /eel 0 improv$ & a m exact k 0 obta9$ ( ! relative /r5g? requir$ ?r\gh ! p>ts ( ! /ructure1 ! metal 0 gradually p>$ away2 9 fact1 !re c\ld be no bett] object lesson ( bicycle evolution z a problem 9 me*anical "w ?an to comp>e1 side by side1 ! axles1 cranks1 hubs & p$als ( today ) ^? us$ 9 #ahgh4 ,! old slot = v>iation ( crank ?r[1 sometimes replac$ by ?ree holes1 disappe>$ f ! crank long ago4 ,"r "h we might say--)\t /opp+ to consid] ! topic at my l5g?1 because x is n at pres5t 9 agitation--t two-spe$ or ?ree-spe$ ge> & v>iable p$al /roke1 :ile a tempt+ subject = inv5tors1 are n & nev] c be really practical 9 ! complete s5se4 ,to ex*ange p[] = spe$ or vice v]sa at w1 s t "o may v>y 8 8ge> ratio0 to suit surface & circum/ances1 is inde$ desirable2 x is n 9 "q t if "o c\ld drive ! driv+-:eel z fifty or z #abj or z any?+ betwe5 at pleasure x w\ld be a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$--b ?is _c be done4 ,if lev]-driv+ is us$1 :i* is ! mo/ manageable mode = ?is p>ticul> object1 a v>iable lev]age c be obta9$2 b ! (fsett+ disadvantages1 :i* are n small1 mu/ be accept$ too4 ,z = %ift+ ge>s1 !y all[ only two spe$s1 & x is n :olly easy to decide 9 advance :at two are on ! :ole be/2 :5 ! *oice has be5 made "o is sure to want m ?an two & almo/ sure to be z little satisfi$ z be=e4 ,moreov]1 ! weight1 complication1 we> & co/ ( ^! devices are ob/acles :i* mu/ ev] b> !m out4 ,,crank ,,drop ,,& ,,crank ,,?r[4 ,!re seems to be "s disposition to sub/itute 8:at is ! drop0 = ! rec5t "q 8:at does x weigh80 ,x is n c]ta9 t mo/ p und]/& t 8drop0 means any?+ m ?an a l[]+ ( ! crank-hang] & a relatively slight l[]+ ( c5tre ( gravity2 x does 9 fact mean m4 ,! drop is ! l[]+ ( ! crank axle bel[ a l9e drawn betwe5 ! two :eel axles4 ,?is l9e is f\rte5 in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,if "o w /op to consid] t f ?is mu/ be tak51 9 use1 ! drop ( axle1 ! crank ?r[1 ! dip ( p$al bel[ its own pivot1 & ! fur!r dip ( ! toe-clip :i* no /rictly up-to-date scor*] c omit )\t endang]+ 8 ca/e1 he w see t to comb9e 7z "s wi% & propose to d7 a #c-;in* drop ) a #g-;in* crank is to invite disa/]4 ,n m ?an a s+le in* ( cle>ance f ! gr\nd rema9s4 ,?is in* is z good z a y>d :ile x la/s1 b c anybody c>ry x 9 8 pocket & ?us make sure ( always hav+ x8 ,!re is ! incl9ation on curves1 & ruts & /ones may be enc\nt]$1 ev5 if rid+ is conf9$ /rictly to ! asphalt4 ,! l5g? ( crank ?r[ is p]iodically discuss$1 & !re is a disposition to jump to ! conclusion t excessively high ge> ratios may be made easy by increas+ ?r[ to #g or #h or ev5 to #h in*es4 ,we d n ?9k x wor? :ile to g into ?is discussion at pres5t1 b w /ate five propositions3 #a4 ,! cu/om>y crank ?r[1 l ! size ( :eel & "s o!r factors1 has n be5 obta9$ arbitr>ily1 b z a compromise betwe5 oppos+ consid]ations4 #b4 ,! labor ( high ge>s is n ?us easily dispos$ (1 because ! increas$ lev]age involves a long] circle ( travel1 a *ange 9 ! position ( seat relative to p$al1 & diff]5t angles 9 ! muscul> action4 #c4 ,! ?r[ is closely relat$ to ! l5g? ( argum5t set up by "s t prop] crank upp] & l[] leg & ! l5g? ( foot is fanciful r ?an s\nd4 #d4 ,! "q ( crank ?r[1 l t ( v]tical or =w>d ?ru/1 mu/ be c\nt$ among individual matt]s & is n to be dispos$ ( by ! dictum ( any "o p]son set up aga9/ ! re/ ( mank9d4 #e4 ,a long crank is1 h[ev]1 positively wrong = use by wom51 because x increases ! high rise ( ! knee :i*1 = !m1 is s ungraceful & is bo? me*anically & hygi5ically wrong4 ,illu/ration3 8,,clock0 ,,diagram--,,ord9>y ,,p$al4 ,,ge> ,,ratio4 ,?is is a prop] place to expla9 ge> ratio or 8ge>10 :i* is a phrase n g5]ally well und]/ood1 al?\gh 9 con/ant use2 = in/ance1 wom5 h be5 kn[n to ask deal]s = a :eel ) l[ ge>1 because !y lik$ to be seat$ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! t]m ge>1 :i* is an adaptation f ! old high :eel1 expresses ! ratio ( =w>d travel ( ! bicycle = ea* p$al revolution1 & yet ?is has no?+ to d ) ei!r ! height ( ! rid] or ! l5g? ( 8 leg1 or ! l5g? ( ! crank4 ,x dep5ds--) a giv5 size ( :eel--solely on ! relative size ( ! two sprockets1 z measur$ by ! numb] ( _! tee?4 ,= example1 if ! front sprocket has #bj tee? & ! re> has #h1 x is pla9 t ea* too? ( ! =m] w pull a too? ( ! latt]2 s :5 ! =m] has made "o turn x has pull$ #bj tee? on ! latt]1 ?us caus+ ! re> sprocket & :eel to make two & a half revolutions2 z two & a half times #bh are #gj1 we say t a bicycle ) su* sprockets has a #gj ge>1 mean+ t "o revolution ( ! p$al drives x z f> z "o p$al revolution w\ld drive a :eel actually #gj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,clock0 ,,diagram--,,ramsey ,,p$al4 ,computation ( ?is ratio is by ! rule ( ?ree4 ,?us z ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! small sprocket is to ! numb] 9 ! l>ge "o1 s is ! actual to ! equival5t or runn+ diamet] ( ! :eel4 ,multiply ! :eel diamet] 9 in*es by ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! l>ge sprocket1 & divide ! product by ! numb] 9 ! small "o4 ,or1 = ea* size ( re> sprocket1 multiply ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! front "o by a c]ta9 numb] 7:i* is a con/ant factor7 & ! result is ! ge>4 ,?us1 if ! re> sprocket has #g tee?1 multiply by f\r2 if x has #h multiply by ?ree & a half2 if x has #i multiply by ?ree & "o-n9?2 if x has #aj1 multiply by two & f\r-fif?s2 if x has #aa1 multiply by two & six-elev5?s2 if x has #ab1 multiply by two & "o-?ird4 ,?is is = a tw5ty-eight-in* :eel2 o!r sizes require slightly diff]5t factors4 ,= a bevel-ge> *a9less ! me?od is to multiply ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! crank-%aft ge> by ! numb] 9 ! re> p9ion on ! %aft & multiply ?is product by ! numb] ( in*es ( diamet] ( ! re> :eel2 !n divide ?is product by ! product ( multiply+ ! numb] on ! :eel hub by ! numb] on ! =w>d p9ion on ! %aft4 ,,%apes ,,( ,,crank ,,& ,,sprocket4 ,! orig9al crank or rectangul> section has = "s ye>s be5 g5]ally r\nd1 or ( an elliptical section tap]+ to r\nd at its slighte/ portion at ! end2 a few mak]s h us$ a bayonet section1 or h *amf]$ out ! inn] side2 flut$ sections h also be5 us$1 & "o or two h br\ght out a crank 9 ! %ape ( an ,s1 9 ! n well-f\nd$ notion t x is a good po9t to dep>t f rigidity 9 ! driv+1 or p]haps imag9+ t a long] ?r[ is ?us obta9$ 9 ! effective portion ( ! /roke4 ,b !re is n[ a decid$ rev]sion to ! rectangul> & ev5 to ! tap]$ squ>e crank2 cranks ( bayonet or flatt5$ diamond section are also q 9 vogue1 notably on ! ,faub] "o-piece con/ruction4 ,!re does n seem any consid]able reason = *oice betwe5 r\nd & squ>e1 on ! score ( /r5g?1 b ! r\nd %\ld hold nickel bett]1 :i* always %[s an incl9ation to peel on an edge4 ,/ill ano!r %ape may be m5tion$1 :i* has "s novelty & neatness--a squ>e or rectangul> crank t smoo?s (f into r\nd a few in*es f ! axle4 ,al?\gh n new ?is ye>1 we may m5tion ! peculi> ,victor rev]sal ( usual con/ruction by putt+ ! axle on ! crank1 s to speak1 in/ead ( ! crank on ! axle2 ! axle is holl[1 & ! crank /&s ?r\gh in/ead ( ov] its end4 ,! ,spald+ crank has on its end a lug or boss :i* fits a sort ( he>t-%ap$ end on ! axle1 ! crank prop] be+ v slightly outside ! l9e ( ! axle in/ead ( exactly across t4 ,! ,racycle cont9ues its well kn[n peculi>ity ( putt+ ! be>+s ( ! crank axle )9 ! crank ends1 s z to increase ! di/ance betwe5 ! two ball r[s & br+ ! l9e ( *a9 pull betwe5 !m4 ,! ,clevel& has a simil> arrangem5t = ! same purpose4 ,!re is a disposition to return to ! fix$ front sprocket 9 a s+le piece1 z 0 ! con/ruction be=e ! c5tral 8spid]0 ) a removable rim atta*$ came into use4 ,! spid] itself has be5 /rong en\gh1 b ! portions to :i* its arms 7 screw$ & ! rim itself h be5 r slight ( late1 & ! too!d rim has n always _h support en\gh4 ,!re has !re=e be5 a liability 9 ! sprocket to spr+ "u /ra9 or ev5 to take a 8set0 out ( l9e1 & ! *ange is to be approv$ on ! :ole1 especially z a v easy deta*ability 9 ! front sprocket is r a 8talk+ po9t0 ?an o!rwise1 s9ce x is r>e t any rid] avails himself ( x 9 ord] to make a *ange ( ge> ratio4 ,hewitt ,bro!rs1 ( ,cumb]l&1 ,md41 h a =m ( sprocket 9 :i* ! c5tral portion1 :i* comprises ! :ole except a rim j l>ge en\gh to h ! tee? on x1 rema9s fa/ & immovable on ! crank bracket4 ,?is rim1 be+ con$ on its inside edge to mat* a con$ recess on ! out] edge ( ! fix$ c5tral portion1 has a r[ ( balls betwe5 & runs ar\nd on ^? balls1 j z ! int]m$iate spur ge> :eel does on ! ,hildick *a9less1 already describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,= ?is sprocket device ! usual claim is made t x s increases ease ( movem5t t a ge> ( #abj ) x requires no m p[] to drive ?an "o ( #gj )\t x4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,p$al4 ,! old p$al 0 two elliptical disks ( %eet /eel1 jo9$ 9 ! c5tre by a tube to pass ov] ! p$al %aft1 & hav+ two r\nd rubb]s = ! tread1 on rods :i* 7 rivet$ into ! ends ( ! side plates4 ,! be>+ 0 ei!r pla9 or ! wret*$ 8adju/able cone0 already describ$4 ,lat]1 corrugat$ or ovoid rubb]s came 92 /ill lat]1 ! s5sible 8squ>e rubb]10 = :i* ! ,ov]man p may claim ! cr$it4 ,! same p$als w5t on ! e>ly re>-driv+ 8safeties10 = ^? n only foll[$ ! mann] ( ! high bicycle 9 g5]al con/ruction z f> z c\ld be done1 b utiliz$ its actual p>ts consid]ably4 ,probably 9 ! process ( p>+ (f ounces ( weight1 ! fix$ rubb]1 ( :atev] %ape1 disappe>$ f ! p$al2 ! s]rat$-edg$ or 8rat-trap10 :i* us$ to be ?\ght fit only = ! race track1 took possession1 & rubb] is to ?is day us$ only 9 ! =m ( light & removable slips4 ,^! h commonly be5 ( a section l two ,t's set end to end1 ! flat portion be+ on ! inn] sides ( ! tread plates & ! r\gh5$ ,t sides =m+ ! re/ = ! foot4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican n[ (f]s slips ( a triangul> section1 f\r = ea* p$al1 :i* are held by a %eet /eel clip screw$ on ! side plates1 & h ?ree edges ea*1 s t !y c be turn$ 9 _! seats to pres5t a fre% surface until worn out4 ,! ,/raus removable rubb] is also simple & practical2 x c be slipp$ ov] ! p$al plate or remov$ at w1 )\t ne$ ( tools1 & ano!r =m ( x c also be slipp$ ov] ! out] ends ( ! p$al to take any bl[ f falls4 ,x does n int]f]e ) a toe-clip4 ,! p$al %aft grew m sl5d] ) o!r portions4 ,! e>ly ball p$als1 by a /range slip backw>d1 7 made )\t a tube to connect ! be>+s & keep (f dirt f ! foot1 nor did ?is bad me?od q disappe> until ab\t a ye> ago4 ,a rec5t bad con/ruction :i* has n yet :olly gone out is ! v ?9 connect+ arm & ! v light side plate1 ! :ole put toge!r s poorly z to be liable to twi/4 ,?is has be5 dubb$ ! 8t9 p$al10 & !re are p$als today1 ev5 on "s well-kn[n makes1 :i* h too mu* ( ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican p$al ( #ahih is an example ( :at a p$al %\ld be 9 po9t ( quality ( /eel us$ & firmness & durability ( con/ruction2 yet ?is is n m5tion$ z if x 7 ! only praise-wor?y "o1 b only z a good example ( high quality :i* comes to m9d4 ,no v l[-pric$ bicycle c be f\nd 9 m>ket ) su* quality runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,! mo/ decisive /ep 9 p$al improvem5t 0 ! appe>ance ( ! ,record type1 pat5t$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,davison1 an ,engli%man1 consi/+ ess5tially ( a c5tral core ) two cross-arms !reon1 drop-=g$ 9 "o piece4 ,?is secures /r5g? & p]man5t alignm5t ( ! be>+s1 & a s+le piece ( spr+ /eel is br\ght ar\nd to =m ! tread4 ,z n[ made1 ?is cont9u\s plate itself =ms an end to take any bl[s f side falls & a gu>d to keep ! foot f slipp+ (f4 ,s long z ! p$al rema9s two fac$ & rot>y x is h>d to conceive h[ ?is c be mat]ially bett]$4 ,x is a long /ep f ! orig9al p$al ( ?irty ye>s ago to ! light b /rong "o ( #ahih4 ,! e>lie/ "o 0 a r\nd spool2 !n triangul> 9 section2 !n improv$ by hav+ a balance weight ( acorn %ape hung bel[ to keep x pres5t$ to ! foot4 ,9 lev]-driv5 bicycles x 0 a pla9 flat top1 z on ! ,am]ican ,/>1 or a r\nd rubb]-cov]$ b>1 z on ! ,facile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,crank ,,axle4 ,! e>ly fa/5+ to ! crank 0 ! natural l>ge nut1 screw$ up aga9/ ! inn] side ( ! crank4 ,dem& = r$uction ( tread aboli%$ ?is 9 favor ( ! n[ almo/ inv>iable me?od ( simply screw+ into ! crank4 ,b ! use ( "r & left h& ?reads = ?is ought to be discont9u$4 ,9 effect1 ! p$al revolves t[>d ! re> :eel1 s t1 9 !ory1 if ! be>+ %\ld b9d !re w\ld be a t5d5cy to turn ! p$al %aft 9 t same direction )9 ! crank end2 to meet ?is1 ! "r p$al crank 0 tapp$ ) a left h& ?read1 s t ! revolution ( ! p$al might always t5d to screw ! p$al %aft 9 & n out4 ,b exp]i5ce has q satisfi$ u t if a p$al loos5s 7z x n infrequ5tly does7 x is z (t5 "o z ! o!r1 & ! reason is t ! =ce :i* loos5s is n ! t5d5cy ( ! p$al to c>ry ! %aft ) x1 b ! d[nw>d pressure com+ on ! %aft itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! fit ( ?read betwe5 %aft & crank is good1 & if ! %aft is screw$ firmly home1 & if 7v p>ticul>ly7 ! out] edge ( ! hole 9 ! crank is turn$ out s z to all[ ! p$al %aft's be+ driv5 close up aga9/ ! face ( ! crank1 no?+ m c be done to prev5t loos5+1 nor ne$ any?+ be4 ,! objection to mak+ a left h& ?read on "o p$al is t by ?is common me?od ea* p$al mu/ h its own %aft2 ?is bo!rs deal]s & repair]s1 & if a rid] ab\t to take a long t\r wants to provide aga9/ ! *ance ( a break "h by c>ry+ a sp>e p$al %aft he mu/ c>ry two in/ead ( "o4 ,simplicity1 uni=mity & conv5i5ce w\ld ga9 by mak+ all p$als & cranks ) "r h& ?reads4 ,,ankle ,,motion ,,9 ,,p$all+4 ,! e>ly p$al already m5tion$1 consi/+ ( a r\nd spool on a pla9 wagon bolt1 ) an outside nut1 prec$$ any k ( 8ankle motion10 or r1 x might be said1 ! extreme =w>d ?ru/ !n made necess>y by ! position ( ! rid] ) ref]5ce to ! p$al made ankle motion impossible2 ! ?ru/ 0 ) ! sole ( ! foot & ! heel came aga9/ ! spool z a /op aga9/ pu%+ (f4 ,! ,ramsey sw++ p$al--or1 z ! inv5tor pref]s to call x1 ! "u-sw++ p$al--is ! f>!/ possible dep>ture f ! orig9al p$al1 its sole sugge/ion ( old-"t devices be+ t x always keeps itself 9 ! position ( pres5tation = ! foot1 because ! weight hangs bel[ ! c5tre1 z on ! balance weight patt]n ( #ahfi4 ,! ,ramsey c nev] be caught by ! foot on ! edge1 z ! usual p$al s (t5 is :5 m\nt+2 ev5 if ! toe-clip 7:i* seems less necess>y ) ?is p$al7 is insi/$ on1 x is readily atta*$ & /ill ! tread surfaces rema9 horizontal & ready = ! foot4 ,b ^! are comp>atively trifl+ matt]s2 ! claims = ?is p$al relate to ankl+ & a m favorable use ( ! crank lev]age4 ,:5 a crank is turn$ by a m]e reciprocal or back-&-=? movem5t1 ! radius or lev]age ( ! crank is con/antly v>y+ f full l5g? to z]o & back aga92 ! z]o position is call$ 8dead c5tre10 because all p[] appli$ at t po9t is pu%+ ^u ! axle & has no t5d5cy to rotate ! crank4 ,if ! holl[ ( ! foot is plac$ on a p$al1 s t ! l9e ( ?ru/ is directly 9 l9e ) ! l[] leg1 ! calf muscles d no "w & ! ?ru/ is a /raight leg-?ru/1 z if ! foot 7 lack+ or ! leg 7 wood2 ! same result w\ld be obta9$ if ! ankle jo9t 7 an*ylos$ or if ! rid] habitually ma9ta9$ 8 foot at a "r angle to ! l[] leg--9 ea* ( ^! cases !re w\ld be no ankle motion :atev]4 ,"h we may rem>k t al?\gh lev]-driv+ has its claims its wor/ defect is t v little ankle motion is possible :5 ! fulcrum is a sw++ "o & :5 ! fulcrum is /ation>y !re c be none at all4 ,9 turn+ a gr9d/one ) ! h&1 ! crank is easily foll[$ ar\nd ! circle & ?us ! full lev]age ( ! crank is us$ 7subject to "s disadvantage f ! position ( ! arm7 all ! way ar\nd4 ,if we c\ld clasp our toes ab\t ! p$al--z ! evolutioni/s say our ance/ors clasp$ !irs ab\t tree bran*es--we might pull ! p$al cle> ar\nd4 ,ankl+1 z x is call$1 consi/s 9 alt]nately rais+ & dropp+ ! heel s z to give ! foot "s hold on ! p$al1 & !n 9 pu%+ =w>d or 8claw+0 backw>d1 s z to apply "s p[] dur+ ! great] "p ( ! circle1 in/ead ( m]ely %ov+ d[n on ! p$al aft] x has pass$ ! upp] c5tre4 ,! m ?is c be done ! m ne>ly ! full lev]age ( ! crank is reta9$ & ! m ne>ly 8dead c5tre0 is aboli%$4 ,con/ant & uni=m application ( p[]--t is to say1 effective application--l>gely dep5ds on ?is4 ,= example1 ! writ] 7:o c\nts himself n m ?an up to good av]age z to ankl+7 c climb a pretty fair grade1 on a good surface1 ) only ! =w>d pu% ov] ! upp] c5tre4 ,( c\rse1 p diff] 9 p$all+1 z 9 o!r features ( rid+1 b ankle motion mu/ be deem$ "o ( ! be/ te/s ( correct p$all+ & !re=e ( good rid+2 x is no fad1 b 9 ! utmo/ degree practical1 & :atev] contributes to x is1 s f>1 valuable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d ,,crank ,,& ,,divid$ ,,axle4 ,,! ,,ramsey ,,sw++ ,,p$al4 7,see ,pages #ij & #ia47 ,! usual p$al has its tread above ! pivotal po9t2 ! ,ramsey p$al rev]ses ?is & always has ! tread bel[ t po9t4 ,its great claim is t 8x transmits automatically1 9 con=mity ) ! arc ( ! circle describ$ by ! p$al1 ! appli$ p[] ( ! rid]1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! full lev]age ( ! crank ov] a va/ly increas$ arc ( ! circle2 9 o!r words1 x conv]ts ! /raight pu% into an improv$ & automatic ankle motion & r5d]s possible a high] developm5t ( foot p[] ?an has hi!rto be5 obta9$40 ,! +5i\s 8clock0 diagrams1 ! circle be+ cut into twelve divisions repres5t+ h\rs & ( #cj degrees ea*1 illu/rate ?is4 ,z ! inv5tor is plead+ 8 own cause x ne$ n be c\nt$ aga9/ him t he unconsci\sly exagg]ates ! foot positions some:at1 & :5 he says t a cont9ual pressure may be appli$ 8f #aa4cj to #h1 or #h h\rs out ( #ab10 our comm5t is t we ?9k x possible = a good rid] :o pays att5tion to do+ x to apply pressure ?us on ! usual p$al4 ,b ! diff]5ce is t ! ,ramsey gives a bett] hold to ! foot1 ?us apply+ m]e pressure in/ead ( m]ely 8"s0 pressure1 & makes ! ankl+ semi-unconsci\s & automatic2 ?is =ms a sub/antial improvem5t1 &1 z ! inv5tor puts x1 8x gives ankle motion :]e !re 0 none be=e1 & ^? :o ankl$ "s n[ ankle m40 ,incid5tally1 ! twit* :i* _m rid]s give to ! *a9 slack by incorrect p$all+ is m easily avoid$ ) ?is p$al1 &1 ( c\rse1 !re is less tr\ble ab\t be+ 8caught on ! c5tre10 h5ce hill climb+ & control 9 cr[d$ places are favor$2 z "o tr\ble ) a high ge> is 9 pass+ ov] ! c5tre at sl[ spe$1 ! ,ramsey p$al has an advantage 9 control = ?is reason4 ,! 8pick-up10 ei!r :5 m\nt+ or :5 quickly spurt+ ahead1 is also p>ticul>ly good ) x4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is rem>kable p$al is t its tread is z mu* bel[ ! pivot at ! top z at ! bottom1 s t ! leg rea* is increas$ ne> ! gr\nd & decreas$ at ! top4 ,?is w be valu$ 9 practice1 accord+ z ! rid]s f9d x com=table to drive 7z does ! writ]7 ) a full leg rea*1 or n2 yet x is pla9 t ! ,ramsey mu/ be a v desirable p$al = wom51 because x decreases ! objectionable rise ( ! knee4 ,! con/ruction is cle>ly %[n 9 ! cut4 ,a removable screw replaces ! usual p$al %aft1 & ! p$al w fit any :eel1 b x requires l[]+ ! saddle or us+ a l[] frame1 & x !re=e r /rik+ly suits ! pres5t fad = r$uc$ frame heights4 ,al?\gh a s+le r[ ( balls has to be us$1 !y are "o-qu>t] in*1 eighte5 9 numb]1 & two-?irds are claim$ to be always "u pressure4 ,z to durability1 ! inv5tor says t aft] "s ?\s& miles' use "u av]age conditions1 ! nickel on ! cones has be5 f\nd intact2 ?is mu/ be expla9$ by ! l>ge numb] & size ( ! balls1 ! l>ge diamet] ( _! track1 ! correct con/ruction ( ! be>+ 7:i* is a f\r-po9t ( "r-angl$ ,v section71 & ! complete exclusion ( dirt & ret5tion ( oil4 ,9 ! la/ p>ticul> no?+ c\ld be m p]fect4 ,aft] c>eful practical te/1 we ?9k ! inv5tor's claims are well su/a9$4 ,! ,ramsey p$al is c]ta9ly fa/1 & di/9ctly good on hills4 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 x %\ld beat ! ord9>y p$al 9 pace & endurance1 & we reg>d x z "o ( ! mo/ practical contributions ( ! season4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,saddle4 ,naturally1 ! saddle = ! /eel horse foll[$ t long us$ on ! liv+ "o4 ,x began z a pe>-%ap$ %eet metal plate1 inclos$ betwe5 two pieces ( pigsk91 sometimes ) a ?9 padd+ ( hair & sometimes )\t4 ,( c\rse1 ?is 0 h>d und]nea? & rigid on ! edges1 & gradually !re 0 en=c$ consid]ation ( ! practical diff]5ce betwe5 sitt+ on a broad-surfac$ horse saddle1 ) no?+ = ! legs to d1 & a conc5tration ( pressure on a small surface1 ) ! legs compell$ to be 9 con/ant work+ up & d[n4 ,take a *air--n a big1 /uff$ ,turki% *air1 b any dec5t1 ord9>y "o--& obs]ve h[ l>ge a portion ( ! body ! support is spread ov]2 !n assume ! ne>ly v]tical position & obs]ve h[ small ! available surface left = support1 & x w n seem /range t ! saddle is a s]i\s problem 9 cycl+1 & "o n :olly solv$ yet4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 advance 0 ! appe>ance ( ! 8susp5sion10 ! upp] plate be+ left (f & ! lea!r be+ hung f ?ree po9ts ( support1 )\t padd+2 ?is left ! edges flexible4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! s-call$ 8hammock0 type appe>$1 & 9 ess5ce ?is is /ill 9 vogue 9 all ! saddles be>+ ! "n ( 8hygi5ic10 ! lea!r be+ hung f ! front z "o po9t ( support1 & a cantle 7=m]ly ( /eel1 b n[ l>gely ( wood71 s]v+ to give ! ne$$ bread? at ! re>4 ,yet ! pr9ciple is ! same z orig9ally us$1 _m ye>s ago1 by ,lamplugh ,br[n ( ,birm+ham 9 _! 8susp5sion10 & aft]w>d 9 _! 8,long ,di/ance0 susp5sion4 ,& ?is pr9ciple c nev] be q ab&on$4 ,! e>ly saddles _h "s =m ( spr+ "u !m1 & 7 n made to atta* )\t "o4 ,! 8bone%ak]0 saddle re/$ flatly on a v long plate1 l a leaf f an ord9>y wagon spr+1 ext5d+ f ! head cle> back to ! re> :eel2 b ?is 0 n s mu* f *oice z dictat$ by ! con/ruction z a :ole4 ,on ! high :eel ! usual support 0 a flat spr+1 h+$ at ! head1 & curv+ back to slide slightly on ! backbone by "s sort ( movable clip4 ,?is 0 v>i$ 9 sev]al ways--by curv$ or spiral spr+s1 & ev5 by susp5sion f enorm\sly ?ick rubb] b&s2 b ! mo/ notable "o 0 ! ,arab ,cradle1 a spr+ =m$ ( a s+le piece ( /eel rod1 b5t ab\t into f\r act+ s+le coils1 :i* _h an op5-&-%ut "w l t ( ! famili> safety p9 ( ! nurs]y4 ,! e>ly rigid saddle survives sub/antially 9 ! 8h>d0 saddle ( ! ,br[n type2 ! old 8susp5sion0 is 9 ! type ) h>d nose1 /eel cantle & /iff sides2 ! 8hammock0 is repres5t$ by ! s(t-nos$ & flexible-sides saddle ( ! ,hunt ,x type1 hav+ wood cantle & aim+ to support g5tly ev]y:]e2 ! air saddle1 "o ( ! olde/1 reappe>s 9 pneumatics ( v>i\s sorts2 ! old 8pan0 seat is n[ 9 ! ,*ri/y1 ) solid metal base1 :i* does n t\* ! body1 b supports by rais$ pads2 ! 8cradle0 is repres5t$ by v>i\s loop$ wire spr+s1 usually ( a few w\nd coils1 :i* are to yield by compression4 ,! t]m 8pigsk910 z designat+ ! bicycle saddle1 seems1 h[ev]1 to h entirely dropp$ out1 z has also ! use ( t mat]ial itself4 ,cycle saddles are n[ made almo/ exclusively ( tann$ lea!r1 & x may be sugge/$ t ! increase 9 ! numb] ( cycl]s has outrun ! increase 9 ! numb] ( pigs2 b probably ! saddle mak] has "s comm]cial reason = ! *ange4 ,,safety ,,saddles4 ,a popul> type ( saddle on ! e>ly safety 0 ! ,g>=d4 ,x _h a lea!r top1 :i* 0 m\nt$ on a ,u-%ap$ spr+1 ! op5 "p ( ! ,u be+ 9 ! re>4 ,necess>ily ?is spr+ 0 a v heavy "o1 b x und\bt$ly s]v$ ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$1 z1 ow+ to its great height1 x 0 p>ticul>ly useful on ! l[ frames !n 9 use by ^? :o desir$ a long] rea*4 ,9 ,engl&1 all bicycle saddles are made l>g]1 long] & heavi] 9 e way ?an our ,am]ican models1 & !y are fitt$ ) "s sort ( a flat or coil$ spr+4 ,a little lat] aga91 ^! l>ge saddles 7 ab&on$ = ! saddle ( a small] size1 hav+ a hook$ pommel & /eel cantle fa/5$ to a v rigid & unyield+ spr+1 & _h lea!r tops1 & ( :i* ! type kn[n z ! ,sag] 0 v popul>4 ,ano!r popul> type /ill 9 use 0 kn[n z ! ,mes+]1 ! base ( :i* consi/$ ( /r&s ( rattan wov5 into a /yle resembl+ *air seats1 & :i* 0 cov]$ by a lay] ( /it*$ felt & lea!r1 suitably m\nt$ on r\nd wire spr+s4 ,! lea!r portion ( ?is _h an op5+ ( a some:at irregul> ,v %ape4 ,! ,climax saddle1 :i* _h a small degree ( popul>ity also1 0 made ( a s]ies ( small coil$ wire spr+s :i* 7 nickel plat$1 b ev5 ?is /yle ( saddle 0 sometimes cov]$ ) ?9 pieces ( lea!r4 ,! next *ange 9 con/ruction1 z a v>iation on ^!1 0 produc$ by ! mak]s ( ! ,hunt saddle4 ,_! saddle _h a lea!r cov] l9$ ) all wool felt1 :i* re/$ ^u a lac$ framework ( lea!r /r&s1 ^! be+ fa/5$ l ! ,mes+]1 & hav+ a b5t wood cantle in/ead ( "o ( %eet /eel4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,sag] saddle also made a pneumatic saddle :i* _h a flat wood5 base1 ?r\gh :i* protrud$ two valves1 :i* 7 connect$ to two small rubb] inn] tubes1 & ^! 7 cov]$ by a lea!r cov]+ :i* 0 lac$ to ! wood5 base4 ,?is patt]n ) "s modifications is /ill made by ! ,sag] ,company4 ,! above li/1 ( c\rse1 is some:at incomplete f ! fact t ( ! _m freak saddles t 7 introduc$ few surviv$1 & !re=e are h>dly wor? consid]+ "h z lead+ up to ! pres5t types ( saddles %[n 9 #ahih4 ,,! ,,*ri/y ,,type4 ,at ! #ahie cycle %[ 0 %[n = ! fir/ "t by ,messrs4 ,a4 ,g4 ,spald+ ,bros41 ! di/9ctive type ( saddle n[ s well kn[n z ! ,*ri/y4 ,at t "t ! base 0 ( ca/ alum9um1 hav+ a smoo? edge1 b ! body ( ! plate 0 p]=at$ ) holes1 & x _h a long peak or pommel4 ,x 0 m\nt$ ^u a flat /eel spr+4 ,)9 ! pa/ two ye>s ! saddle has become ju/ly popul>1 n only among rid]s1 b among physicians :o h made a /udy ( ! cycle saddle "q4 ,ov] five ?\s& well-kn[n physicians & surgeons 9 ?is c\ntry h giv5 favorable writt5 op9ions conc]n+ x4 ,! *anges 9 ?is ye>'s type are ma9ly 9 ! details ( con/ruction1 ! same broad1 g5]al pr9ciples prevail+4 ,! metal frame is n[ con/ruct$ ( %eet /eel1 :i* is highly poli%$ & nickel plat$4 ,! lea!r pads h be5 l5g!n$ & ?ick5$4 ,! spr+s are made ( a cont9u\s piece ( r\nd wire spr+ /eel1 & ! seat-po/ clamp has two sets ( screws1 "o on ea* side ( ! clamp4 ,! bolt 9 ! pommel ( ! saddle1 :i* =m]ly _h a r\nd head1 is n[ made ) a head ( a flatt5$ ,l %ape1 ?us cov]+ m surface1 & ! lock-nut und]nea? ! saddle is prev5t$ f loos5+ or fall+ (f by be+ /ruck ) a c5tre pun* aft] x is set 9 place4 ,"o ( ! illu/rations %[s = ! fir/ "t _! late/ model ( ,*ri/y saddles1 kn[n z ! rac+ ,*ri/y4 ,z w be not$ ! usual con/ruction has be5 some:at dep>t$ f4 ,in/ead ( ! metal edge or flange be+ turn$ d[n z 9 ! o!r models ?is flange is turn$ up1 & ! saddle pads run cont9u\sly on ea* side f ! cantle to ! ends ( ! long pommel4 ,! entire model ( c\rse is v n>r[1 & ! object ( ! long pommel is to p]mit ! track or ! road rac] to slide =w>d on ! pommel 9 />t+ to spr9t1 or climb+ a hill1 only us+ ! pommel to hold himself 9 place1 & ?us prev5t lat]al displacem5t ( ! body :ile "u rapid p$all+ movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/y--,,m5',s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/y--,,wom5',s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/y--,,"u ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,safety ,,poise40 ,! hygi5ic feature ( ! ,*ri/y saddle has be5 univ]sally recogniz$ & confirm$ by te/imonials f all ! lead+ physicians & surgeons 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is m\ld$ 9 anatomical con=mity to ! p>ts1 & com=table cu%ions are s plac$ z to receive ! bony prom95ce ( ! pelvis1 su/a9+ ! weight ( ! body1 ! op5 c5tre protect+ ^? t5d] p>ts susceptible to injury4 ,! frame be+ con/ruct$ ( metal1 ma9ta9s its correct %ape "u all circum/ances4 ,by slight *anges "h & !re1 m saddle ?an ev] has be5 embodi$ 9 ! #ahih models1 al?\gh ! g5]al l9es ( ! saddle are un*ang$4 ,all models are made ) ! cont9u\s wire spr+1 greatly simplify+ ! con/ruction & mat]ially /r5g!n+ ! entire saddle4 ,! cu%ions are uphol/]$ ) ! f9e/ curl$ hair m\ld$ to prop] =m1 & always reta9 _! ela/icity & %ape4 ,! five models or /yles comprise diff]5t wid?s & v>y suffici5tly to satisfy all ta/es4 ,_m ( ! prom95t bicycle manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry n[ equip _! cycles ) ! ,*ri/y1 or li/ x z an option4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/y ,,rac+ ,,saddle4 ,,! ,,sag] ,,l9e4 ,! ,sag] ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 "o ( ! olde/ mak]s ( saddles 9 ?is c\ntry1 are %[+ ?is ye> a new saddle :i* !y call ! 8,flexible40 ,!y also say t !y 8are will+ to /ake _! reputation t ! flexible l9e ( saddles comes ne>] to a solution ( ! mu* discuss$ saddle problem ?an any?+ h]et(ore pres5t$40 ,!y are entirely new 9 con/ruction & appe>ance1 & are v simple1 & beyond "q !y w suit a great] v>iety ( rid]s ?an any?+ h]et(ore produc$4 ,"o ( _! saddles has a solid lea!r base1 on :i* are plac$ pads cov]$ ) lea!r1 & /it*$ to ! l[] base4 ,! pads are made 9 two =ms4 ,9 "o =m ! pads ext5d f ! pommel to ! cantle1 hav+ an op5 c5tre1 h[ev]1 f ! cantle to a po9t ab\t midway ( ! saddle4 ,9 ! o!r =m ( con/ruction ! pads are on ea* side ( ! base1 & ! pommel is n cov]$1 b x is depress$ bel[ ! l9e ( ! pads1 ) an op5+ runn+ f ! end ( ! pommel betwe5 ! pads to ! cantle4 ,!y h also improv$ _! ,hygi5ic saddles by add+ to ! seat+ surface2 also a new take up1 & improv$ edge b9d+1 & also say t !y w reta9 _! %ape z well z ! old h>d lea!r tops did--some?+1 x is claim$1 no hygi5ic saddle has ev] done be=e4 ,!y also %[ a pneumatic m\ld$ saddle1 :i* is m\ld$ to fit ! body1 & ! entire seat+ surface is padd$ ) air4 ,a deep depression 9 ! c5tre prev5ts any possibility ( any uncom=table pressure4 ,!y also make a rac+ saddle1 :i* is compos$ ( v5e]$ wood1 cross gra9$1 & glu$ toge!r1 & cov]$1 ( c\rse1 ) lea!r4 ,ano!r =m ( anatomical patt]n ( !irs has a solid wood5 base on :i* are plac$ two lea!r pads :i* are fa/5$ to ! base by a /rap ( nickel-plat$ /eel :i* is screw$ !reto4 ,a nickel-plat$ /eel plate also ext5ds betwe5 ! pads f ! pommel to ! cantle4 ,! ,sag] ,pneumatic saddle consi/s ( a ?ree-ply wood base to :i* is fitt$ a lea!r cov]4 ,its peculi>ity lies 9 ! use ( two sep>ate air tubes1 :i* are inflat$ ) a regulation tire pump1 b ^! tubes are entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 ?us prev5t+ any roll+ or side motion & giv+ p]fect /ead9ess4 ,!re are two holes ?r\gh ! saddle 9 ! c5tre ( ! depressions on ! re> "p ( ! seat1 :i* s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( v5tilation & also to reta9 ! base ( ! pelvis1 & ! saddle is lac$ d[n ! c5tre1 :i* prev5ts any undue pressure !re2 ! pres5t /yle may be consid]$ a decid$ improvem5t ov] _! =m] models ( pneumatic saddles4 ,! ,sag] ,co4 also make a saddle call$ ! ,peck1 b x may m prop]ly be call$ a seat1 be+ radically diff]5t f any?+ 9 ! m>ket4 ,! rid] sits ^u a =m$ cu%ion seat & n a/ride4 ,! body f9ds a /eady support1 ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( ! seat support :ile giv+ free movem5t to ! limbs4 ,!re is no pommel to ?is seat1 & !re=e ?is saddle is p>ticul>ly suitable to ^? rid]s ( ei!r sex :o desire to sit upright4 ,if prop]ly adju/$ x is claim$ t !re is n ! slighte/ dang] ( slid+ (f ! seat1 & t ! abs5ce ( ! pommel does n 9 anyway int]f]e ) /ead9ess 9 rid+4 ,,! ,,mes+] ,,saddle4 ,! ,mes+] ,saddle ,company %[ by f> ! be/ model l9e yet made ( ?is well-kn[n make = #ahih4 ,x is s(t]1 bo? 9 ! back & on ! pommel1 ?an any ( _! previ\s /yles1 & s(t] on ! pommel ?an any saddle ev] %[n by !m4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! weav+ ( ! rattan gives ! /r5g?1 durability & ela/icity1 :ile1 be+ wood fibre1 x is n affect$ by wat]1 & _c /ret* or sag4 ,on ?is spr+y1 b non-/ret*able base is a cov] ( felt1 ov] :i* is lea!r to wat]pro( x & give x a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,a ,v-%ap$ op5+ is cut 9 ! c5tre ( ! cov]1 anatomically =m$ to relieve all injuri\s pressure1 v5tilate1 prev5t numbness1 or any possible injury to ! delicate p>ts ( ! body4 ,! g5]al %ape ( ! saddle is made to con=m to ! anatomical requirem5ts ( ! body1 ! ends ( ! pelvis bones be+ support$ on ! felt on ea* side ( ! anatomically %ap$ op5+ & ! curves ( ! out] sides ( ! saddle con=m+ to ! folds ( ! fle% naturally =m$ 9 p$all+4 ,illu/ration3 8,,rubb] ,,neck40 ,! ,mes+] p are n[ manufactur+ a saddle ) an upturn$ cantle1 model ,h1 :i* is an excell5t specim5 ( ?is %ape ( saddle4 ,!y h n only obta9$ ! desirable features ( ?is /yle ( saddle b h produc$ a v s(t seat4 ,! base is made ( wov5 rattan1 :i* _c sag1 & ?is saddle w always reta9 its %ape4 ,! rattan is wov5 9 su* a mann] z to give a peculi> flexibility to ! sides2 pres5ts a s(t1 yield+ side surface to ! leg :5 p$all+4 ,! ,mes+] hygi5ic saddle is made ) an out] f9i% l _! regul> saddle1 b ! base ( ?is saddle1 in/ead ( rattan1 is made ( ra:ide4 ,! base is made ( "o cont9u\s /rip ( ra:ide1 int]wov5 ) lea!r1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! wood cantle4 ,! int]weav+ is made 9 su* a mann] t ! weight ( ! body1 re/+ ^u ! lea!r1 always keeps ! c5tral /r&s tight & firm4 ,! peculi> %ape ( _! spr+ ) its t5sion actually takes up any /ret*4 ,! saddle is light & ( good appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]nasco4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! new ,mes+] saddles are f\nd 9 ! new base1 :i* consi/s ( a v /rong wov5 /rap 7web71 specially made = ?is purpose1 lac$ ?r\gh ! cantle & nose1 & also a v /rong & effective /ret*]1 by :i* ! saddle c be made h>d or s(t1 z desir$ by ! rid]1 )\t remov+ ! saddle f ! bicycle4 ,f a me*anical /&po9t _! saddles w recomm5d !mselves ev]y:]e2 !y are s(t & pliable f ! tip ( ! nose to ! edge ( ! cantle1 & hav+ an anatomical %ape !re c be absolutely no pressure on ! t5d] p>ts ( ! body4 ,"s mat]ials us$ 9 hygi5ic saddles are n pliable en\gh1 o!rs /ret* out ( %ape4 ,! wov5 /rap :i* is us$ 9 ! base ( _! saddles yields suffici5tly & con=ms to ! body4 ,be+ sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wide x _c %[ ?r\gh ! felt & lea!r cov]1 z n>r[ lea!r /rips or o!r mat]ials d aft] hav+ be5 ridd5 = a l5g? ( "t4 ,!y also make a padd$ saddle = rac+ on ! plan ( _! regul> saddles1 ) ! exception t x has a concave wood5 cantle4 ,,! ,,g>=d ,,saddles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>=d--8#abh40 ,! ,g>=d ,manufactur+ ,company %[ sev5 models ( padd$ saddles1 furni%$ ) v>i\s /yles ( pads & spr+s4 ,_! lead+ saddle ?is ye> is "o kn[n z ! 8,cavalry40 ,x has a wood base :i* is f9i%$ ) %ellac & v>ni% & ! re> "p cov]$ ) lea!r1 correspond+ ) ! top4 ,! top has rais$ pads1 ) a decid$ upw>d curve at ! re>4 ,! pommel drops ov] f ! front edge ( ! pads1 giv+ a v racy appe>ance4 ,?is is made ) ei!r a pla9 flat spr+1 or a spr+ ) two re> coils4 ,! wom5's model is ab\t "o in* %ort] 9 ! pommel4 ,_! hygi5ic saddle is made ) raw hide /r&s f ! pommel to ! wood5 cantle 9 ! re>1 & has an adju/m5t s arrang$ z to p]mit tight5+ ( ! /r&s alone1 or ! /r&s & ! lea!r top toge!r4 ,! top is made ( two ?icknesses ( lea!r ) felt betwe51 & has a l>ge op5+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,ano!r "o ( _! models has a wood base some:at simil> to _! ,cavalry saddle1 b ! curve ( ! saddle f ! front to ! re> some:at resembles ! ,t or ,truss saddle made by ?is company dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> saddles ev] made4 ,?is new model has a padd$ top1 ! pad ext5d+ to ! top ( ! pommel1 & hav+ a deep impression 9 ! c5tre op5+ out at ! back1 ?us =m+ two rais$ pads at ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,till+ha/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,till+ha/ ,,frame4 ,,! ,,gilliam ,,l9e4 ,! ,gilliam saddles = #ahih pres5t a wide v>iety ( /yles & %apes1 suffici5t to meet ! dem&s ( e k9d ( rid]4 ,_! ,no4 #gf is a road or rac+ saddle1 made ) a light /eel base z f\ndation1 ov] :i* is glu$ ?ick all-wool felt1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ top & bottom ) ! be/ quality lea!r4 ,_! ,no4 #gf is a woman's saddle made on ! same l9es4 ,!y furni% bo? ^! saddles ) cantle rais$ some:at giv+ m dip or curve to ! seat4 ,! ,gilliam ,hygi5ic lac$ saddle has a truss spr+ bolt$ to a hickory cantle 7b5t by special process71 ov] :i* is /ret*$ a /ripp$ s+le piece ra:ide frame z %[n 9 cut4 ,by fold+ & /it*+ ! ra:ide 9 front !y obta9 ! same am\nt ( /r5g? 9 mat]ial z 9 ! re> or broad] portion4 ,?is at ! same "t gives a n>r[] pommel4 ,! top or cov] ( _! ,nos4 #gj & #ge saddles is made ( bo>d$ pebble lea!r1 & be+ l9$ ) all-wool felt1 makes a firm & pliable cu%ion ov] ! frame4 ,! front end ( ! s(t top cov]+ is n fa/5$ to ! frame1 z is "s times se5 9 ?is /yle ( saddle4 ,! advantage 9 n atta*+ ! top to ! frame prop] is t x assumes ! %ape ( ! rid] )\t /ret*+ or we>+ ! top4 ,! ,gilliam ,company also make a padd$ saddle1 :i* has a cont9u\s lam9at$ op5 frame1 & :i* is cov]$ ) ra:ide drawn tightly ov] x1 ?us mak+ a pliable base ^u :i* are built pads ( all-wool felt4 ,?is pliable base prev5ts ! pads f matt+ & gett+ out ( %ape1 & f ! nature ( ! con/ruction ! weight ( ! rid] is made to =ce ! pads t[>d ! c5tre in/ead ( t[>d ! sides4 ,!y furni% x ) ei!r coil$ or truss spr+s4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,type4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> saddles ( ! day is t kn[n z ! ,br[n4 ,! base is ( ?ree pieces ( wood firmly jo9$ toge!r4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly siz$ ) glue1 ?is is cov]$ ) a /rong l95 & wat]pro($ ) two coats ( lead pa9t4 ,ov] ?is is /ret*$ a cov] ( oak-tann$ saddle lea!r1 :i* is h&-sew$ & f9ely f9i%$4 ,x is built ^u absolutely correct anatomical l9es & nev] loses its %ape4 ,x is /rong1 light & v h&some & f9i%$ 9 black or russet4 ,x is entirely a h&-made saddle & made by skill$ workm54 ,! design ( ! ,br[n saddle is "o ( p]fect curves 9 all its p>ts4 ,v>iations 9 ?is type consi/ 9 furni%+ !m ) ei!r flat or wire spr+ & also ) an easy coil spr+ 9 ! re>4 ,! saddle tops are also furni%$ 9 broad] patt]n & ) wool felt betwe5 ! l9+1 mak+ a s(t easy seat = road rid+4 ,! type is also produc$ 9 juv5ile models & models = ladies' use1 & a broad1 heavy padd$ "o1 :i* !y call _! 8fat man's0 saddle4 ,,! 8,,univ]sal0 ,,saddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,univ]sal40 ,! 8,univ]sal0 saddle1 into ! con/ruction ( :i* rubb] & alum9um alone ent]1 is built ^u ! pr9ciple t ! weight ( ! rid] %\ld re/ ^u ! fle% cov]+ ! pelvic bones z well z ^u ! bones !mselves4 ,! surface ( ! saddle is a p]=at$ alum9um plate t5 in*es broad1 ) depressions to con=m anatomically to ! positions assum$ by bo? ! male & female pelvis :5 ! body is 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,!re is no pommel1 & ! c5tre op5+ prev5ts ! pressure calculat$ to "w injuri\s results4 ,alum9um be+ a heat dispellor1 ! surface ( ! saddle is cool at all times4 ,in/ead ( spiral /eel spr+s ! seat plate is support$ ^u pneumatic rubb] bulbs4 ,^! completely sep>ate ! metal po/ spr+s f ! seat prop]1 & by ?us avoid+ contact betwe5 ! metal ( ! :eel & ! seat plate1 effectually d away ) vibration1 :i*1 x is claim$1 is responsible = ! n]v\sness & heada*es exp]i5c$ by ! us]s ( "s saddles4 ,^!1 briefly /at$1 are ! lead+ claims ( ! ,dr4 ,ri*mond 8,univ]sal10 set =? 9 a circul> lett] to ! manufactur]s by sev]al well kn[n ,new ,york physicians4 ,a good idea ( its design & con/ruction may be ga9$ f a glance at ! accompany+ cuts4 ,,! ,,hunt ,,saddles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n4 ,! saddles made by ! ,hunt ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,we/boro1 ,mass41 h long be5 des]v$ly popul>1 n only on acc\nt ( _! design1 b also because ( ! excell5t mat]ial us$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,"o ( _! mo/ popul> saddles is kn[n z _! 8,hygi5ic10 & ( ?is !y 7 ! introduc]s4 ,! lea!r cov] is l9$ ) all-wool felt & re/s ^u a lac$ framework ( lea!r /r&s4 ,^! /r&s are n raw hide or alum-tann$ lea!r1 :i* readily absorb moi/ure & also /ret* & become brittle & h>d :5 dry1 b a specially tann$ lea!r :i* is ela/ic & imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,?is lea!r is1 ( c\rse1 mu* m exp5sive ?an raw hide or alum-tann$ lea!r us$ by ! mak]s ( *eap saddles :o imitate _! con/ruction4 ,_! '#ih ,hygi5ic saddles h a depression 9 ! middle 9 ! re>1 ! object ( :i* is to prev5t dang] to ! sp9al column by jolt4 ,! lea!r top has an op5+ 9 ! c5tre to af=d v5tilation & prev5t p]9eal pressure4 ,a modification ( _! ,hygi5ic patt]n consi/s 9 plac+ pads on ! top ( !m1 ! saddle1 ( c\rse1 hav+ ! same lac$ framework f\nd 9 _! o!r patt]ns1 s t 9 ?is con/ruction framework z well z pads yield "u ! rid]'s weight4 ,= ^? rid]s :o d n c>e = ! padd$ saddle ) a depression runn+ betwe5 ! pads1 !y furni% a patt]n ( padd$ saddle :i* only has a depression on ! front & re> ( ! padd$ portion & n ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,ano!r v>iation 9 _! ,hygi5ic patt]n consi/s 9 us+ /r&s ( a special wov5 fabric in/ead ( lea!r1 mak+ ! :ole lea!r small] ?an _! o!r /yles1 ?us adapt+ x to "y & light weight rid]s :o only require small sitt+ space4 ,!y also make a rigid saddle1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( two plates ( %eet /eel s %ap$ t ! edges ( ! lea!r cov]1 :i* is l9$ ) ?ick felt1 are firmly held by ! two plates :5 assembl$1 )\t /it*+ or rivets4 ,ano!r new type ( saddle made by ?is company is a saddle absolutely )\t a pommel4 ,x is ( ! padd$ patt]n1 ) lea!r /r& supports1 simil> to _! ,hygi5ic padd$ saddle1 b )\t pommel4 ,?is model is said to be v com=table = rid]s :o h no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ _! balance )\t ! pommel4 ,,sundry ,,o!r ,,mak]s4 ,! 8,/yli% ,gordon0 saddle1 made by ! ,beckley-,ral/on ,co41 ,*icago1 is "o t has made a reputation = itself dur+ ! pa/ two seasons4 ,x is a well-made saddle & has a racy appe>ance1 ) no edges to p$al ov] or ret>d ! circulation 9 long di/ance rid+4 ,! same di% t gives ! rac+ man a brace af=ds 9 solid com=t models rooms = a ?ick sanit>y felt padd+4 ,! ,gordon has a /eel base cov]$ ) felt & lea!r1 & ?is /eel base 7:i* 0 made f a ma/] plate7 0 ! result ( long exp]im5t1 to produce a p]fect model1 ne>ly fifty h&-made models be+ reject$ be=e "o t 0 consid]$ p]fect 0 produc$4 ,! ,p]ry ,pneumatic saddle 0 plac$ on ! m>ket la/ ye>4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ to comb9e anatomical =mation ) ! add$ feature ( a pneumatic air cu%ion4 ,"o ( its peculi>ities is t x c be ridd5 deflat$ z well z inflat$4 ,! saddle is con/ruct$ by plac+ ^u a /eel plate1 :i* is cov]$ ) a lay] ( felt to prev5t friction1 an inflat$ rubb] air cu%ion1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) lea!r above & bel[ sew$ toge!r by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gilliam ,,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gilliam4 ,! ,phillips ,hammock saddle has ! base made ( l95 cord cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,?is cord ( c\rse is n ( unyield+ texture1 & !re=e con=ms to ! movem5ts ( ! rid] & ! bicycle4 ,x p]mits an easy oscillat+ motion correspond+ to ! natural action ( ! limbs 9 p$all+4 ,?is saddle pres5ts some:at peculi> features 9 con/ruction4 ,in/ead ( ! cantle be+ r\nd z 9 ! usual saddle con/ruction ! back ( ! saddle is p]fectly squ>e or /raight4 ,x is made entirely )\t rivets or screws & ! lea!r portion ( ! saddle only ext5ds ab\t two-?irds ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! pommel & ! cantle4 ,! base is made ( "o cont9u\s cord loop$ to ! pommel & cantle1 a slid+ loop *ang+ ! %ape or wid? ( ! saddle to ! lik+ ( ! rid] )\t ! use ( any tools4 ,! adju/+ ( ! rods =m+ a univ]sal jo9t at ! c5tre ( ! cantle is "o ( ! peculi> features ( ?is inv5tion4 ,x is also to be not$ t ea* cord on ! top ( ! saddle has a return /r& b5ea? ) a free motion ov] to ! cantle1 s t ! ext5t ( ! saddle's flexibility is measur$ by twice its l5g?4 ,! ,safety ,poise ,saddle is ! inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,otis ,k4 ,newell ( ,bo/on4 ,! p]9eal or middle fle% pressure is entirely elim9at$ by its use4 ,x is ! only op5 frame saddle 9 ! m>ket1 & ! cut gives an excell5t idea ( its con/ruction4 ,!y %[ a new model = #ahih1 :i* is ab\t two-?irds ( ! size ( ! regul> patt]n1 & is con/ruct$ s t ! rid] sits m on ! saddle ?an 9 x4 ,?is *ange has be5 made s t ! rid] at once accu/oms himself to ! saddle4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,rus* h dep>t$ entirely f ! idea ( us+ = ! f\ndation ( a saddle a metal or wood5 base1 & con/ruct ! base ( _! saddles ( specially prep>$ oak tann$ lea!r4 ,x has an ind5tation 9 ! c5tre :i* is "o ( _! pat5t$ me*anical features4 ,?is c5tre depression is suffici5tly deep to prev5t irritation & all[s ! use ( slop+ sides4 ,! cantle is s plac$ "u ! body ( ! saddle t x is almo/ impossible to /rike aga9/ x ei!r 9 m\nt+ or 9 p$al+4 ,! ,b]nasco ,adju/able ,saddle is built 9 two p>ts1 s t x is adju/able to ! =m ( all rid]s4 ,! ,till+ha/ ,hygi5ic saddle has a cont9u\s op5 frame "w ( b5t a%1 on top ( :i* are fa/5$ lea!r /raps cov]$ ) a padd$ lea!r top4 ,! ,p4 ,f4 ,anatomical saddle has a rigid base cov]$ all ov]1 9 ! pommel ( :i* is con/ruct$ a me*anical pneumatic device :i* does n require any valves1 & _c get punctur$4 ,x gives ! effect ( a full pneumatic con/ruction )\t us+ a depress$ pommel or rais$ pads4 ,! ,la ,tulip saddle is made :olly ( raw hide1 :i* ! mak]s claim w n /ret* or sag2 also t x weighs less ?an "o p\nd4 ,x is made on "s new ideas ( anatomical con/ruction4 ,! 8,rubb] ,neck0 saddle has a /eel base cov]$ ) a rubb] cu%ion 9 ! %ape ( v]tical rubb] tubes =m+ a honeycomb :i* yields to e motion4 ,?is honeycomb also produces air spaces or cells ext5d+ f ! plate to ! cov]1 :i* keep ! saddle cool & ?or\ghly v5tilat$4 ,! ,bunk] ,pneumatic saddle is simil> 9 %ape to a flatt5$ cresc5t1 & is us$ transv]sely to ! frame4 ,a v>iation ( x is some:at ( ! regulation %ape1 & is provid$ ) a yield+ rubb] cu%ion an in* ?ick ov] its entire surface1 hav+ at ea* side ( ! c5tre a depression to receive ! pelvis bones1 & an op5+ f ! c5tre to ! front to relieve all pressure4 ,!y also make a pneumatic saddle :i* is op5 9 ! c5tre1 ! :ole con/ruction be+ only a rim :i* is inflat$4 ,! ,glov] ,p]fection ,saddle has a plat=m ( crucible /eel s %ap$ & coil$ t a diamond-%ap$ op5+ is left 9 ! c5tral & front p>ts ( ! saddle1 ?us prev5t+ any pressure at ^! po9ts & also af=d+ prop] v5tilation4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a horn or protub]ance 9 front to bump aga9/ ! ,glov] saddle drops away f ! plane on :i* ! rid] sits1 mak+ x impossible to /rike x 9 rid+4 ,! ,glov] saddle c also be ridd5 )\t tilt+ x up at an angle4 ,! spr+s are rev]sible1 & ! lea!r cov] is easily removable4 ,! coil$ /eel plat=m is padd$ ) felt4 ,?is saddle 0 design$ by a physician :o has long be5 an en?usia/ic :eelman4 ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,x is practically impossible to con/ruct a bicycle saddle :i* w meet ! views & requirem5ts ( all rid]s4 ,! /yle ( rid+ & ! rid] det]m9e ! patt]n ( saddle be/ suit$ to ea* individual4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! adju/m5t & tilt ( ! saddle4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd t a slight *ange 9 ! tilt w r5d] com=table a saddle :i* has be5 ! cause ( mu* compla9t4 ,= av]age rid]s & rid+ a ne>ly horizontal position is advis$4 ,= rac+ & fa/ road rid+1 h[ev]1 l[] ! nose ( ! saddle 9 ord] t ! weight ( ! rid] may be ?r[n m on ! p$als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,tulip4 ,to get p]fect com=t ! saddle mu/ be prop]ly adju/$4 ,x all dep5ds on :e!r y want a seat or a saddle4 ,a seat is to sit on4 ,a saddle is simply a support4 ,if y put y\r weight all on y\r seat y lose ! p[] ( y\r weight4 ,x is h>d] "w to g fa/1 b p]haps x is easi] = ^? :o d n want to ride f> & fa/4 ,) a saddle x is be/ to tip up ! cantle & put m weight on ! p$als4 ,y c ride fa/ ?is way1 b x involves m muscul> ex]tion4 ,z a g5]al rule ladies pref] ! seat2 g5tlem51 ! saddle4 ,! saddle mu/ n be plac$ too f> back or front1 b well t[>d ! p$als1 to give m weight to ! /roke4 ,z to height1 ! "r height is :5 ! rid]1 sitt+ on ! saddle & 8 foot p>allel ) ! gr\nd1 c j re/ ! heel on ! p$al at its l[e/ position4 ,?is leaves room = ! necess>y ankle play4 ,! rid] ( ! bicycle mu/ rememb] t n only are ! legs affect$ by rid+1 b ! ex]cise b5efits ne>ly e portion ( ! human body4 ,?is seems at fir/ to be r odd1 b at ! same "t x is p]fectly true1 & has be5 prov5 by ! be/ exp]im5ts4 ,! new rid]1 aft] tak+ a t5-mile jaunt1 expects to feel tir$ 9 ! legs1 & is consid]ably1 n to say disagreeably1 surpris$ to f9d himself a*+ all ov]4 ,probably he has m discom=t 9 ! ?ighs ?an any:]e else1 or maybe ! a*e is 9 ! lo9s1 back or betwe5 ! %\ld] blades4 ,a numb] ( muscles 9 ! arms1 %\ld]s & *e/ beg9 to a*e1 & he is q unable to expla9 x4 ,9 fact1 ! ?\ght t 8 fatigue is due to ! "* ( ! saddle ( 8 :eel is probably ! la/ ?+ to ent] 8 m9d4 ,to ride a bicycle & avoid ! discom=ts m5tion$1 y want a saddle :i* con=ms to ! %ape ( ! body & prev5ts pressure on ! s5sitive p>ts4 ,z a rule1 suffici5t c>e is n tak5 9 select+ a saddle suit$ to ! rid]4 ,_m p 9 pur*as+ a bicycle accept unque/ion$ ! saddle f\nd on ! cycle at ! "t ( pur*ase )\t /opp+ to det]m9e :e!r or n x is adapt$ to _! use4 ,"s actual trial ( a saddle %\ld be insi/$ ^u1 = a saddle t 8fits anybody0 is really a saddle t fits nobody4 ,no saddle is p]fect4 ,! p]fect saddle1 z ! public looks at x1 is ! saddle t fits ev]ybody4 ,x w nev] be made1 = 8p are diff]5t40 ,! true wisdom ( saddle buy+ is to get "o t w fit y4 ,*oose a saddle z y *oose a pair ( %oes4 ,wrong %oes cause corns4 ,s d wrong saddles4 ,saddle corns are decid$ly uncom=table4 ,dur+ ! season ( #ahih ! rid] w1 m ?an ev] be=e1 be all[$ ! privilege ( /ipulat+ ! make ( saddle he w h furni%$ on ! cycle he buys1 because competition 9 ! cycle trade has rea*$ su* a /age t only cycles ) exceptional advantages 9 ! way ( equipm5t w sell easily4 ,) ! r$uction 9 price ( bicycles has come a r$uction 9 ! price ( saddles1 s t at pres5t ! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 saddles ( recogniz$ m]it & inf]ior imitations is n s great z ! diff]5ce 9 actual value4 ,,seat ,,po/s4 ,( seat po/s little ne$ be said4 ,su* adju/ability 9 height z once exi/$ 0 _h by ! slot 9 crank1 ! saddle position be+ fix$4 ,! re>-driv] all[s a l>ge v]tical adju/m5t1 :i* is /ill obta9$ by telescop+ "o tube into ano!r4 ,9 ?is !re is no rec5t *ange save 9 ! modes ( fa/5+1 :i* are m 9 ! direction ( int]nal b9d]s1 ne>ly all work+ on ! pr9ciple ( exp&+ "o ( ! tubes to b9d on ! o!r by ! use ( a w$ge4 ,_m ( ^! devices are neat1 conv5i5t & invisible4 ,a peculi>ity is ! "o on ! ,wolff-,am]ican1 work+ by an ext]nal lev] & us+ an int]nal 8?umb-lat*10 :i* jams ( itself :5 borne d[n to ! horizontal4 ,! goose-neck spr+ /em1 ( ! day :5 saddles 7 borne high above ! frame1 has disappe>$2 b if ! pres5t craze = %ort heads & extreme drop cont9ues ! tall rid] w be compell$ to return gradually to ?is or "s o!r device = rais+ up1 includ+ ! long draw-out ( ! /em :i* us$ to be *>act]i/ic ab\t six ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h&leb>s1 ,,grips ,,& ,,brakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kelly ,,adju/able ,,b>4 ,! old-"t h&leb> 0 almo/ inv>iably pass$ directly ?r\gh project+ lugs on ! 8head10 made = ! purpose ( hold+ x4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s x 0 /raight & solid1 v>y+ f fifte5 in*es 9 l5g? to ! o!r extreme ( ev5 ?irty or ?irty-two4 ,! usual h&le or grip 0 pe>-%ap$1 al?\gh 9 a few in/ances r\nd2 ! common mat]ial 0 horn1 b wood & rubb] 7 sometimes us$4 ,! common mode ( fa/5+ 0 to "w ! end ( ! b> into a sort ( 8tang0 l ! end ( a caseknife or simil> tool & hold ! grip on by a ?9 nut run on ! b> & let d[n into a cavity 9 ! end ( ! h&le4 ,?is illu/rates aga9 adaptation ( old devices to new uses4 ,z lightness came to be m consid]$1 mak]s hav+ also f\nd x easi] to manipulate holl[ /eel tub+1 ! holl[ b> 0 introduc$4 ,! dropp$ & ! c[-horn patt]n 7 n long 9 com+4 ,! pres5t type ( bicycle compell$ ! ends ( ! b> to be c>ri$ backw>d 9 ord] to br+ ! grips )9 rea* ( ! rid]2 b ! v>i\s curves upw>d & d[nw>d1 ) ram%orn & o!r twi/s :i* h sometimes seem$ almo/ humor\s1 are ( su* rec5t date t !y ne$ n be ref]r$ to 9 detail4 ,! /raight pe>-%ap$ grip became a ,t1 !n a spade1 !n a %ape resembl+ ! %ort & *unky pi/ol /ock2 !n--on ! re> driv+ safety--settl$ into ! oblong %ape1 slipp$ ^u ! end ( ! holl[ tube1 :i* has become s famili> & has h>dly *ang$ except 9 ! mat]ial us$ to make x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plym\? ,,wood ,,b>4 ,conc]n+ ! l5g? ( b>--m prop]ly1 wid?1 s9ce ! po9t is ! measurem5t 9 a direct l9e betwe5 ! grips--! ,london ,cycli/1 9 a long & pond]\s article ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 argu$ aga9/ ! %ort b>1 decl>+ t 8its absurdity is app>5t40 ,! reasons giv5 7 two3 t a b> less ?an :at ! editor dictatorially pron\nc$ ! prop] l5g? 7ab\t #bc in*es7 br+s ! grip ar\nd 9 ! way ( ! ?igh 9 mak+ a %ort turn1 & t a %ort b> is hygi5ically wrong4 ,! h&s %\ld n be br\ght ne>] ?an :5 !y hang at ! sides4 8,by measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 or betwe5 ! seams ( ! coat1 & !n ?r[+ ! h&le grips #a to #b in*es f>!r out on ea* side1 or by measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! %\ld]s ov] all f outside to outside ( ! %\ld]s1 rid]s w obta9 ! prop] l5g? ( b> = _! own individual requirem5ts40 ,! writ] proce$$ to say t m5 put _! h&s on ! b> n because ! grips are too f> ap>t1 b because ! grips are set too l[1 & he f\nd a support] 9 a ,cov5try firm :o said !y _h always adh]$ to #bc in*es & wi%$ 8manufactur]s z a body w\ld foll[ _! own convictions m & n be s l$ by a few rid]s :o ?9k !y are au?orities on cycle con/ruction40 ,illu/ration3 ,,lyndhur/ ,,adju/able ,,b>4 ,z to ?is1 a mak] may well take a /& & /ick to x :5 impossibilities are dem&$1 z :5 ! craze = lightness call$ = /eady r$uction 9 weight )\t impairm5t ( /r5g?1 or :51 z n[1 p seem to call = su* excess ( crank-hang] drop z involves risk ( 8drop0 ( a disagreeable nature2 %ort ( su* positive folly1 & 9 g5]al1 ! mak] w d well to keep 9 t\* ) ! public & provide :at is want$1 ev5 if x be n ! mo/ rational & if he res]ve ! "r ( hav+ 8 private judgm5t4 ,z to l5g? ( h&leb>1 we c\nt ?is1 along ) crank-?r[ & saddle1 a matt] = individual *oice r ?an = ! dictum ( any individual au?ority4 ,a long b> is c]ta9ly a plague 9 pass+ ?r\gh doors & 9 lean+ a :eel safely2 x is probable t wom5 m or less err 9 hav+ saddle too l[ & h&les too high2 x is c]ta9 t fa%ion 7app>5tly set by ! scor*] class7 gov]ns ! b> & ! grips2 & yet ! bett] c\rse = 8au?ority0 is to let ! rid] d z he pleases1 :i* he is pretty sure to d willy-nilly4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h&leb>4 ,z above rem>k$1 ! pla9 /raight b> ( ! high :eel c\ld n be us$ on ! mod]n type4 ,! fir/ b5d 0 ! simple "o ( pull+ ! grips back 9 ! same plane ) ! b>1 until !y po9t$ /raight back or ne>ly s2 !n ! int]m$iate curv+ set 94 ,n[1 ! commone/ =m is a simple b5d1 :i* br+s ! grips bel[ ! top tube1 & :e!r ! :eel w turn ar\nd on ! /e]+ or /rikes on ! b> seems to be ! te/ t divides ! true up-to-date pac] z a class f ! unclass$ 8citiz5s & /rang]s40 ,b betwe5 ! head & ! grip ! b> may w&] v>i\sly 9 l5g? consum$ & 9 vag>y ( curve1 ! v late/ be+ a d[nw>d-slant$ rev]s$ ,v =m1 :i* jo9s ) ! %ort head 9 %[+ t ! rid] 8has a new '#ih40 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>ret',s ,,deta*able ,,brake4 ,9 connection ) ! di/9ctive triple front =k already describ$1 ! ,lyndhur/ has a b> arrang$ to slide on ! upp] tubes ( ! =k1 in/ead ( inside ! head2 x is also rev]sible1 ?us giv+ sev]al positions4 ,_m =ms ( b> adju/able at ! head are also 9 ! m>ket4 ,t ( ! ,kelly ,company ( ,clevel& is h+$ at ! c5tre1 & ! grips may be mov$ up or d[n directly1 ) an extreme travel1 ea* position be+ capable ( be+ firmly lock$1 ! /em be+ rev]sible = fur!r v>iety 9 %ape4 ,9 mo/ cases ! entire b> rotates at ! c5tre4 ,! ,burt b> has a small too!d r+ at ! c5tre1 engag$ by a lev] %ap$ l ! hamm] ( a gun4 ,?is c be drawn back & ! b> %ift$1 :ile rid+1 )\t ne$ ( tools4 ,! ,claus b> has a tap]-too!d r+1 held 9 a correspond+ too!d b& & fa/5$ on ! opposite side ( ! /em by a nut work+ on a tap]$ ?read2 no wr5* is requir$4 ,! ,/&>d non-vibrat+ b>1 made by ! ,rumb>g] ,company ( ,dayton1 ,o41 adju/s at ! head 9 a simil> mann] & claims =ty-two diff]5t positions4 ,! ,*icago ,h&le ,b> ,company1 :i* makes a specialty ( ! 8,s*9ne]0 b> & uses t t]m z its trade m>k1 has also a b> borne on a 8,u0 spr+ on top ( ! head z an 8anti-vibration40 ,! ,br5nan ,company ( ,syracuse has a b> adju/able by slid+ a too!d r+ into or out ( engagem5t ) a r+ int]nally too!d1 held 9 place by an int]nal exp&]4 ,,! ,,wood ,,b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,deta*able ,,re> ,,brake4 ,! wood b> is /ill 9 m>ket4 ,l\is ,ra/ett] ,son ( ,=t ,wayne make z _! specialty a f]rule ( /eel tub+ %runk on ! b> at ! c5tre1 ! fa/5+ be+ by a screw 9 a ,u-%ap$ clamp4 ,! ,wood ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,tol$o (f] ! ,la ,fave b>1 adju/able by means ( s]rations on "o edge ( ! slip on ! /em1 ! s]rations engag+ a fix$ p9 & fa/5$ by a lock-nut4 ,yet ! wood b> %[s no di/9ct progress 9 use1 & mak]s d n z g5]ally z 9 #ahig include x among _! options4 ,x is n s easily m>r$ z ! /eel b>2 x is less disagreeable to ! t\* 9 cold wea!r1 & x und5iably has ! p[] ( consid]ably absorb+ vibration4 ,yet ! la/-nam$ s]vice is l>gely lo/ by ! habit ( n keep+ ! h&s on ! grips1 & ?us los+ ! lev]age ( ! full l5g? ( ! b>2 ev5 ! writ]1 :o /ill cleaves to ! wood1 has fall51 ) ! re/1 into ! habit ( nev] t\*+ ! grips4 ,probably ?is v quality ( spr+9ess1 :i* gives ! wood its di/9ctive value1 gives rid]s an unf\nd$ suspicion ( weakness 9 ! wood b>1 especially if ( fa%ionable l5g? & if held by its ends2 ?us held1 x spr+s 9 a degree :i* possibly impairs c]ta9ty ( /e]+ control & makes x unfit = a heavy pull = driv+ p[]4 ,h5ce x mu/ be admitt$ ill-suit$ = su* pull2 yet ?is %\ld n be c\nt$ aga9/ ! wood b> "u ord9>y road s]vice1 :]e ! use ( a b> is really r m = its %>e 9 support+ ! body ?an = actual pull4 ,ju/ly or unju/ly1 h[ev]1 ! wood b> seems at pres5t likely to g out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ew>t ,,roll] ,,brake4 ,int]nal fa/5+s1 usually on ! pr9ciple ( slightly exp&+ ! /em ( ! b>1 :i* is sawn op5 a %ort di/ance = ! purpose1 are mu* 9 vogue4 ,! ,ideal ,plat+ ,company ( ,bo/on has "o :i* by "o op]ation tight5s ! /em 9 its place & also tight5s ^u ! b> itself ! split r+ :i* holds x4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican has a peculi> "o :i* works 9 connection ) a slot to keep ! b> 9 prop] l9e & a s]rat$ edge on ! adju/+ cone to hold ! head adju/m5t4 ,o!rs "w on ! expansion pr9ciple1 sometimes by turn+ a nut "u ! =k cr[n1 sometimes by a nut on top ( ! b> itself2 o!rs by a nut on top ( ! head2 ! t5d5cy is ?us q g5]al to d away ) ! split lug & p9*-bolt1 & !re c be no practical difficulty 9 s do+ if ! devices are con/ruct$ 9 a me*anical mann] 9 detail4 ,,grips4 ,9 grips1 ! corkal9e composition /ill holds place z aga9/ ! grip ( actual cork 9 sections1 & ! composition tip1 9 colors to suit1 reta9s place z aga9/ ! metal tip4 ,a new ?+ is a ?9 wood %ell1 cov]$ ) a n>r[ /rip ( lea!r1 w\nd on spirally1 & tipp$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!re is no app>5t objection to ?is1 unless x becomes unpleasant "u p]spiration f ! h&4 ,spr+ grips c /ill be _h1 b d n seem to take4 ,rubb] grips1 hav+ a slot along _! l5g? s z to be capable ( op5+1 & simil> to ! clasps to be put on ! top b> z buff]s :5 ! grip :irls ab\t & bumps x1 are made = ! c5tre or o!r "p ( ! b>1 & c be %ift$ at pleasure4 ,a v neat grip = ?is purpose is made ( celluloid1 slott$ along "p ( its l5g?1 aft] ! mann] ( a b>rel1 ) ?9 op5+s betwe5 its /aves1 ! object ( ! slott+ be+ to all[ "s ela/icity4 ,! ,rambl] fits on "o /yle ( b> a grip ( 8unbreakable fibre10 made deta*able on "o side only1 ! o!r grip be+ cem5t$ on4 ,by pull+ out a s(t rubb] plug f ! end ( ! b> a tap]$ screw c be rea*$2 ?is screw presses outw>dly on ?ree triangul> flaps made by p>tly saw+ ?r\gh ! b> 9 ?ree cuts1 & ?us holds ! grip by expansion4 ,! expansion pr9ciple is simil>ly appli$ to seat-po/s1 ! ,l-top be+ also 9 "s cases made to take out & rev]se1 = ei!r =w>d or backw>d position1 & 9 o!rs be+ made to slide ?r\gh ! end ( ! /em ( ! po/1 :]e x c be lock$ at any po9t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ peculi> adju/+ po/s is ! ,watson2 ! ,l-top ( ?is is h+$ to ! l[] "p1 :i* l[] "p is split 9 half & tap]$4 ,a tap ( ! h& und]nea? ! saddle releases ! 8bite0 ( ! tap]$ halves aga9/ ! tube1 & ! saddle c be )drawn2 on replac+ ! saddle1 a d[nw>d pu% slides ! tap]$ halves outw>d aga91 gripp+ ! tube on ! inside by expansion4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,brake4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( brake 0 probably appli$ to ! back :eel1 & consi/$ ( ei!r a 8spoon0 or a roll]1 to be drawn aga9/ ! tire & op]at$ by a cord runn+ back f ! h&leb>1 :i* 0 9 su* cases n fix$ 9 ! head lugs1 b capable ( be+ rotat$ to w9d up ! cord4 ,o!r =ms1 semi-automatic 9 op]ation1 soon foll[$4 ,9 "o1 two %ort arms c>ry+ a roll] betwe5 !m 7 pivot$ on ! back =k j above ! :eel axle2 ?is brake 0 br\ght into contact ) ! tire by draw+ upw>d ) a cord1 & 9 case ! cord broke ! brake dropp$ d[n by its own weight1 & z ! arms be>+ ! roll] 7 %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! back :eel1 ! =w>d movem5t ( ! :eel imm$iately drew ! roll] into w$g+ contact ) ! tire1 & ! :eel dragg$1 ?us produc+ maximum effici5cy4 ,! gr\nd or trail+ brake 0 ano!r class1 a long1 curv$ =k be+ atta*$1 & be+ s work$ by a cord z to br+ a not*$ or r\gh5$ end into bit+ contact ) ! gr\nd2 ?is 0 n :olesome = ! road surface1 b x s]v$ fairly well = ret>d+1 & if pressure en\gh 7 appli$ ! back :eel 7:i* bore only a small load7 c\ld ev5 be lift$ (f ! gr\nd1 ! brake tak+ its place z c>ri]4 ,! cord 0 made v ?ick & /rong2 yet z !re 0 a *ance ( its snapp+1 o!r =ms ( brake 7 devis$ to meet t *ance4 ,9 "o1 ! cord 0 slack5$ in/ead ( tight5$1 all[+ ! %ort arms to drop d[n 9 front ( ! back :eel1 :i* =?) ran up (f ! gr\nd & directly ^u a small flat %oe borne by ^! arms1 s t ! :eel /opp$ turn+ & rode on a 8drag0 in/ead4 ,ano!r patt]n made ! brake arm long en\gh to g q ov] ! :eel2 ?is 0 work$ by draw+ upw>d ) ! cord until ! back extremity bore on ! gr\nd2 if ! cord broke1 a spr+ pull$ ! arm 9 ! o!r direction1 & ! =w>d end1 c>ry+ a %oe ^u :i* ! :eel ran up1 dropp$ d[n be=e ! :eel4 ,! front :eel brake 0 ! common "o1 h[ev]4 ,sometimes x 0 9 roll] =m1 z sometimes n[1 & ?is 0 sometimes work$ by a rack & p9ion1 ! h&leb> be+ rotat$ = ! purpose4 ,m g5]ally ! brake 0 a simple ,l-%ap$ lev] ) a spoon at its end1 work$ by a h& lev] on ! b>1 z today4 ,z old rid]s rememb]1 ! brake on ! high :eel 0 v s5sitive & haz>d\s1 z an excess ( pressure w\ld lock ! :eel 9 its be>+s & s5d ev]y?+ ov] headlong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hay ,,willits ,,back ,,p$all+ ,,brake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hay ,,willits ,,back ,,p$all+ ,,brake4 ,,brake ,,or ,,no ,,brake4 ,! mod]n type removes t dang] & yet ! mod]n :eel1 ! drop frame except$1 is brakeless to ?is day1 all discussion ab\t brakes 9 ! press & be=e city gov]n+ bo>ds1 en=c$ by n a small numb] ( cases ( disa/r\s run-away mi%aps1 hav+ fail$ to br+ ab\t ! adoption ( a brake z a regul> "p ( con/ruction4 ,!re are "s me*anical reasons = ?is1 & "s reasons 9 cu/om & fa%ion4 ,! head be+ long] ?an 9 ! old days1 x is impracticable to use ! ,l spoon1 & ! direct 8plung]0 patt]n is necess>y4 ,?is requires a long connection d[n f ! b>1 & x has be5 difficult to keep ! brake p>ts 9 smoo? work+ ord]1 especially z adju/ability = height ( ! b> mu/ be includ$4 ,lat]1 mak]s h begun to put ! d[nw>d connection )9 ! head & "w ! brake directly "u ! =k cr[n2 b ev5 !n ! lev] ^u ! b> is a clumsy fixture & con/antly int]f]es ) *ang+ position ( ! b>4 ,) ! front :eel brake at its be/1 & h[ev] necess>y "s brake may be deem$ to be1 x is /ill an exp5sive & tr\blesome fixture4 ,! effect on ! tire is also to be consid]$4 ,! old solid tire c\ld submit to any?+1 b ! /ress & we> on ! pneumatic are s great t x really ought n to be subject$ to brake friction4 ,if x is urg$ t ! back :eel is ! prop] & effective place = brake application x may ju/ly be said t ! back tire1 hav+ to c>ry mo/ ( ! load & be> all ! driv+ traction1 ought to be kept free f fur!r dem&s f a brake4 ,on behalf ( ! front tire x %\ld be said t :5 a brake spoon has cut into ! rubb] on ! tire tread n only is !re liability to leakage ( air b moi/ure may rea* ! fabric & dis9tegration by rott+ may set 94 ,z wom5 are ! *ief possessors ( ! front plung] brake1 &1 moreov]1 are mo/ likely to use x1 because g5]ally m timid & also less practis$ & confid5t 9 back p$all+1 x is fair to w>n !m aga9/ unnecess>y use ( ! brake 7:i* really ought to be res]v$ = em]g5cies71 especially :5 on wet surfaces1 s9ce rubb] cuts & te>s m readily :5 wet4 ,illu/ration3 8,,new ,,dep>ture0 ,,back ,,p$all+ ,,brake4 ,! foot brake1 atta*$ to ! =ks & press$ by ! heel1 has ! same objection z all o!r tire brakes z to effect on ! tire4 ,b e rid] always has an em]g5cy brake at comm& 9 ! simple use ( ! foot itself4 ,place ! toe on ! front tire back ( ! =k cr[n1 & ! :eel itself w in/antly c>ry x up aga9/ ! cr[n1 :5 x c be appli$ ) any pressure requir$4 ,x leaves only "o foot = back p$all+1 yet *eck en\gh c be _h ?us to enable ! rid] to tumble (f )\t injury if a regul> & ord]ly dism\nt _c be manag$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n necess>y1 9 case ( ! :eel's escap+ control on an unexpect$ly %>p grade1 to run into wreck at ! bottom4 ,all t is necess>y1 hav+ previ\sly tri$ ! trick en\gh to get ! knack ( plac+ ! foot1 is to ?9k ( x--9 o!r words1 to keep pres5ce ( m9d & n be 8rattl$40 ,no brake %\ld be expect$ to s]ve = a 8%ort /op0 or z a sub/itute = c>e 9 rid+4 ,an unexpect$ ob/ruction1 su* z ano!r bicycle or a wagon sudd5ly /opp+ close 9 front or a p$e/rian runn+ 9 ! way1 _c be escap$ by brake action if at close range & high spe$4 ,! rid] :o p]si/s 9 8ru%+0 /reet cross+s :]e !re is no cle> view ( ! int]sect+ po9ts & g5]ally seems to expect all creation to cle> ! way1 endang]s himself & o!rs1 brake or no brake2 & t mi%aps are n m frequ5t is to ! cr$it ( ! gu>dian angels or ! c>efulness ( m rational p]sons1 n to 84 ,a simple way ( avoid+ grief on hills is t foll[$ by ! writ] la/ season 9 go+ back & =? across ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 namely1 n to />t1 9 ! saddle1 d[n any hill :i* _c be se5 & its grade p]ceiv$ all ! way d[n4 ,?is compell$ frequ5t dism\nts2 b x took a light & brakeless :eel ?r\gh a rugg$ c\ntry )\t mi%ap4 ,,v>i\s ,,tire ,,brakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,duck',s ,,roll] ,,brake4 ,!re are a v>iety ( tire brakes1 "s = "o :eel & "s = ! o!r1 diff]+ 9 ! mode ( application4 ,"o ( ! =m] is ! ,bell brake1 comb9+ a bell :i* r+s by be+ pu%$ d[n into contact ) ! tire & a brake-%oe :i* comes on ! front tire by a h>d] pu% & be>s on ! sides in/ead ( ! top ( ! tread4 ,! device may also be tipp$ s t ! brake may be us$ )\t ! bell1 = coa/+4 ,! ,automatic ,coa/] & ,brake is atta*$ directly beh9d ! crank bracket1 & consi/s ( a spoon :i* is br\ght 9 contact ) ! tire by ! act ( back p$all+1 ! lift ( ! *a9 slack be+ employ$ = t purpose4 ,! ,/u>t brake is atta*$ back ( ! crank bracket1 b is put 9 op]ation by press+ ! heel on a %ort lev]2 x applies a spoon to ! back tire4 ,an alt]native =m ( ?is brake uses a cord runn+ ov] ?ree small pulleys & com+ up )9 rea* ne> ! /e]+ head4 ,! ,body ,automatic brake1 z ! "n sugge/s1 is op]at$ by br++ ! body back ^u ! lev]1 & works on ! re> tire4 ,! ,t\ri/ ,deta*able is a small brake atta*$ beh9d ! crank bracket & readily removable1 be+ work$ by a long cord1 :i* c be pass$ ar\nd ! head1 ! grips1 or ! saddle itself4 ,! ,eureka & ,bulldog are also appli$ to ! re> tire2 "o is on ! seat-po/ tube1 & is work$ by pu%+ d[n a small frame c>ry+ ! spoon1 :ile ! o!r is simil>ly plac$1 b work$ by a cord4 ,attempts are (t5 made to avoid injury to ! tire by cov]+ ! brake-%oe ) rubb]1 or by us+ a roll] in/ead1 ! int5t be+ t ! tire %all turn ! roll] )\t any slid+ friction1 :ile ! op]ative resi/ance %all be 9 ! roll] itself4 ,9 a good degree ^! modes ( sav+ ! tire are or may be effective2 yet we> on ! tire _c be :olly avoid$4 ,,automatic ,,re> ,,hub ,,brakes4 ,! old h& brake1 common on ! tricycle1 0 ev5 us$ on ! re>-driv+ bicycle1 ! ,columbia & ,new ,mail hav+ once be5 made ) x4 ,! late/ type1 h[ev]1 is ! 8automatic10 plac$ on ! hub ( ! driv+ :eel1 & put into action by back-p$all+4 ,( ?is type are ! ,doolittle1 ! ,new ,dep>ture1 ! ,willits1 & o!rs4 ,9 back-p$all+1 ! sprockets & *a9 nev] actually run backw>d1 b ! =w>d movem5t is resi/$1 & ?us !re is a 8t5d5cy0 = !m to move a little m sl[ly ?an ! :eel4 ,?is t5d5cy is employ$ 9 ?is type ( brake1 & ! pr9ciple is t ! re> sprocket1 be+ s m\nt$ z to all[ a v slight backw>d slip ) relation to its axle 7:i* is :at occurs z soon z attempt is made to /op ! sprocket by back+ on ! p$al7 slips j en\gh to put ! brake 8on10 ! friction be+ betwe5 ei!r a cam disk or a split r+ & a brake %oe :i* is held immovable by ! frame4 ,! fir/ attempt to back-p$al sets ! brake1 its pressure dep5d+ on ! =ce appli$ to ! p$al4 ,! brake rema9s set ( itself until pressure =w>d comes on ! p$al aga91 :5 x automatically releases4 ,"u prop] op]ation1 z int5d$1 ! rid] is h>dly aw>e ( ?is brake1 notic+ only t 8 back-p$all+ is v effective4 ,,! ,,sp5c] ,,brakes4 ,! ,sp5c] ,brake ,co4 has two brakes on ! m>ket1 ! ,sp5c] ,conceal$ 8,plung]0 ,brake & ! ,sp5c] 8,coil0 ,brake4 ,bo? ( ^! are work$ f ! h&leb> by twi/+ ! "r grip2 ?is draws on a small *a91 :i* 9 ! 8,plung]0 connects ) me*anism act+ on ! front tire by means ( a spoon1 :i* =ms a special feature ( ! brake1 & 9 ! 8,coil0 acts directly on ! crank axle4 ,! 8,plung]0 has be5 m 9 dem&1 & to meet ! popul> ta/e is ! "o n[ *iefly manufactur$4 ,x is practically invisible1 ! only noticeable features be+ a small button protrud+ slightly f ! "r grip & ! spoon appe>+ "u ! =k cr[n4 ,all ! brake me*anism is conta9$ 9 ! h&leb> & head po/4 ,! brake c be put on lightly or h>d1 z desir$1 & w rema9 exactly z put1 s t ! claim made = x--8! control ( ! :eel0--is well su/a9$4 ,?is brake is +5i\s1 really me*anical & excell5t 9 e way4 ,! brake spoon1 :i* is also cov]$ by pat5ts1 des]ves special m5tion4 ,its contact ) ! tire is made ) rubb] blocks1 "o on ea* side ( ! "u surface ( ! spoon4 ,^! blocks be> on ! tire at ! side ( ! tread1 & n on ! c5tre ( x1 s t n only is !re no dang] ( a puncture f ! brake itself1 b if ! tire %\ld be o!rwise punctur$ ! brake is /ill effici5t4 ,we> on ! tire also is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! rubb] blocks c be readily deta*$ ) ! f+]s & r5ew$4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is brake is /eadily ga9+ 9 popul> favor1 & has made = itself _m fri5ds4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lamps ,,& ,,lamp ,,brackets4 8,mehr ,li*t10 ,goe!'s la/ words1 seem to express ! unfill$ want ( ! t\r+ :eelm5 at night1 b ?is want bids fair to be fulfill$ at la/4 ,"s diff]5ces ( op9ion h exi/$ z to ! advisability ( ! :eelman c>ry+ a light at night1 & ! necessity = local ord9ances 9 reg>d !reto1 b und\bt$ly x is well t su* a noiseless vehicle z ! bicycle %\ld c>ry a light1 n only s t x c be se51 b t ! bicycli/ c see :at he is approa*+4 ,! "t1 we hope1 is soon com+ :5 ! cry ( 8univ]sal lights0 w come into favor & all classes ( vehicles w be compell$ to c>ry a light f sunset to sunrise1 :5 9 use4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,lamp4 ,! old-"t lamp 0 usually a hub lamp1 c>ri$ on ! front axle2 head lamps 7 made1 b _h ! drawback ( be+ too high above ! gr\nd1 & 7 also disagreeably odor\s1 ! rid] be+ seat$ s ne>ly ov] ! /e]+4 ,! hub lamp 0 l>ge & cumbr\s1 sometimes hav+ at ! top a clip :i* op5$ to g ov] ! axle1 b m commonly be+ made to op5 9 halves2 ! l>ge/ lamps--:i* 7 ( ! ,lucas 8,k+ ( ! ,road0 patt]n--7 necess>ily s made1 9 ord] to r$uce _! ?ickness s z to get !m into ! :eel4 ,ev5 !n x 0 sometimes a trick to get !m 91 requir+ t a spoke or two be sprung to "o side4 ,to keep !m /eady & prev5t _! be+ /ruck by ! spokes guides _h to be run out aga9/ ! sides ( ! great 8,g4 ,m40 or /eel hub4 ,sometimes !re w\ld be a cat*+1 & ! lamp w\ld turn ov] in/ead ( hang+4 ,! :eel always ca/ its %ad[1 & ) e jolt ! lamp conv]t$ itself into a p5dulum = ! nonce & took on a trick ( sw++1 to ! impairm5t ( su* illum9ation z x 0 ev] capable ( af=d+4 ,sp]m or l>d oil _h to be us$1 k]os5e be+ q unmanageable4 ,engli% lamps held ! m>ket "h = "s ye>s aft] ! re>-driv] came 91 ! patt]ns (f]$ by ,am]ican mak]s "u o!r names be+ ei!r made to ord] 9 ,engl& or copi$ f ,engli% models4 ,! m>ket is n yet b>e ( import$ lamps1 (f]$ at l[ prices to cle> !m1 & ! p]si/5ce ( burn+ oils z an article 9 ! li/ ( sundries is due to ! decl9+ exi/5ce ( 8,comets10 8,meteors10 8,cyclones0 & o!rs ( ,engli% orig9 & fit only = heavy oils4 ,! g5u9e ,am]ican lamp1 ( c\rse1 burns k]os5e1 & is nickel-plat$4 ,! be/-kn[n patt]ns are ! ,se>*light1 8,m4 ,w410 ,tallyho1 ,nev]\t1 ,bragg]1 ,bann]1 ,aladd9 & ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,electricity & acetyl5e gas h rec5tly come into use q prom95tly = use 9 bicycle lamps1 b ( ^! m5tion w be made fur!r on4 ,,! ,,se>*light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridgeport 8,,se>*light40 ,! #ahih ,se>*light is c]ta9ly "o ( ! h&some/ lamps on ! m>ket1 bo? z reg>ds its design & ornam5tation1 :ile its weight is z light z possible consi/5t ) ?or\gh con/ruction4 ,its mak]s make ! bold /atem5t t 8x _c bl[ out nor j> out40 ,! ,se>*light 0 ! fir/ brass nickel$ bicycle lant]n to introduce ! n[ almo/ univ]sal cu/om ( burn+ k]os5e oil1 :i* z an illum9ant = ?is p>ticul> purpose is unexcell$1 n only on acc\nt ( its safety & brilliancy1 b also = ! ease ) :i* x c be procur$ any:]e & at any "t4 ,! ,se>*light reflectors are cov]$ ) close fitt+ cry/als :i* protect !m f oil1 smoke or du/4 ,^! cry/als c be rubb$ (f )\t t\*+ ! reflectors1 :i* c be remov$ & replac$ if necess>y4 ,! ,se>*light also has a reflector l5s cone & a p[]ful magnify+ l5s to conc5trate & int5sify ! light4 ,! wick is set at an angle 9 su* a mann] t a wide flame is produc$1 & ! adju/m5t is an exce$+ly simple "o4 ,! oil receptacle is self-lock+1 & ! lamp c be fitt$ to ei!r ! "r or left h& side ( ! bicycle & yet br+ ! wick lift on ! outside :]e x c be readily rea*$4 ,x c>ries oil en\gh to la/ = twelve h\rs4 ,! side lights are jewell$ & w n rattle or "w loose4 ,! bracket is a rigid "o & c be atta*$ to ! head or ei!r side ( ! =ks4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! lamp are int]*angeable1 & c be readily procur$ f ! mak]s4 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury4 ,! #ahih model ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury lamp has a numb] ( *anges 9 con/ruction 9 ! l9e ( simplicity & effici5cy4 ,! reflector is increas$ 9 size some:at betwe5 ! ,/&>d & ! ,t&em sizes ( _! #ahig models2 ! glass 9 ! front has be5 improv$ 9 quality & is n[ h+$1 & ! alum9um p>abola reflector is removable2 an outside fill] has be5 add$ s t x is r>ely necess>y to remove ! oil font f ! lamp1 & ! me?od ( atta*+ ! oil font if ne$$ to ju/ify has be5 alt]$ by ! addition ( a new slid+ lock4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! *anges consi/s 9 us+ a rigid lamp bracket :i* is adju/able at any angle on ! head or h&leb> po/1 n ev5 int]f]+ 9 ?is position ) ! brake1 & x c also be atta*$ to ei!r =k side4 ,! lamp c also be us$ = driv+ purposes1 be+ readily atta*able to any /yle ( c>riage da% bo>d1 ?us mak+ x a complete driv+ lamp4 ,! lamp reta9s1 h[ev]1 ! fold+ bail h&le :i* makes x available z a h\se lamp also4 ,,v>i\s ,,o!r ,,oil ,,lamps4 ,! ,nev]\t1 ano!r popul> lamp1 has an insulat$ k]os5e res]voir4 ,x also has a rev]sible rigid bracket4 ,! lamp is fitt$ ) a re> dang] signal1 :i* decreases ! liability ( re> collisions1 z ! rid] c be se5 f beh9d4 ,a wick lock is fitt$ = #ahih :i* r5d]s ! wick j>-pro(4 ,! reflector is all ,g]man silv]4 ,illu/ration3 8,m4 ,w40 ,! 8,m4 ,w40 ,lamp is made by ! ,mat!ws ,will>d ,manufactur+ ,company1 & has be5 consid]ably improv$ = #ahih4 ,x is a m$ium-siz$ lamp ( light weight4 ,! oil font1 :i* has a l>ge capacity1 is lock$ to ! lamp by a v +5i\s device1 s t x c be in/antly deta*$4 ,! wick lock is a simple pu% button1 :i* is self-act+1 & x is releas$ by simply pu%+ ! button1 & is in/antly relock$ :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,! oil font c be rev]s$ s t ! wick c be adju/$ f ei!r side ( ! bicycle4 ,l ! o!r lamps previ\sly m5tion$1 !y also use ! rigid bracket1 :i* is readily adju/$ to any height or angle desir$1 & c be also atta*$ to ! =ks or /e]+ head4 ,! reflector c be remov$ complete = clean+ or poli%+ ?r\gh ! l5s op5+4 ,x has a d\ble convex l5s1 :i* is l>ge & p[]ful4 ,! :ole lamp c be readily tak5 ap>t1 clean$ & reassembl$4 ,ham's ,diamond ,tubul> ,bicycle ,lamp has a d\ble rat*et burn] s t ! wick c be regulat$ f ei!r side ( ! lamp1 & x also has an outside fill]4 ,! l5s is a d\ble convex4 ,! top & bottom ( ! lamp & ! silv]-plat$ reflector are removable4 ,a peculi>ity ( its con/ruction consi/s 9 its hav+ f\r nickel-plat$ tubes on ! outside ( ! lamp ?r\gh :i* ! air is tak5 ?r\gh ! burn]4 ,an extra head hold] is furni%$ ) ea* lamp )\t extra *>ge4 ,! mak]s claim t ! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! lamp is us$ ) ?is hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bragg]4 ,! ,bragg] ,cycle ,lamp is made by ! ,hit*cock ,lamp ,company1 & ! mak]s say t 8! ,bragg] is w>rant$ n to smoke1 *ew1 or g out nights10 all ( :i*1 except+ ! *ew+ "p !re(1 are v desirable features 9 any lamp4 ,! lamp is made ( roll$ %eet brass ?r\gh\t & f9i%$ 9 nickel1 gold or bronze4 ,x has a r\nd body1 r$ & gre5 side lights = light+1 a p[]ful l5s1 & is fitt$ ) a p]fect reflector4 ,! reflector is s made t x _c be put 9 a wrong position4 ,! oil fe$] is on ! outside ( ! font2 ! top ( ! lamp is held 9 place by a bayonet lock4 ,! oil-font is screw$ to ! bottom ( ! lamp by a front & back cat*1 & is rev]sible4 ,! l5s is held 9 place by a knurl$ ?read$ r+ :i* screws into ! hood & aga9/ ! l5s4 ,! wick-rais+ device is s con/ruct$ t all p>ts ( ! wick may be ev5ly turn$ up1 & ! wick _c move up or j> d[n4 ,!y h foll[$ ! popul> idea ( fitt+ ! lamp s t x c be us$ ei!r on head1 =k or h&leb> 9 any desir$ position4 ,an atta*m5t also all[s its use on ! side or top ( a da%bo>d1 or ! side ( a buggy top )\t an extra bracket4 ,ano!r popul> lamp is ! ,aladd94 ,x is some:at small] ?an "s o!r lamps t are well kn[n1 & is made ( drawn brass nickel plat$4 ,! oil font is n[ h+$1 z is also ! door1 & ! devices = ^! purposes are su* t x is impossible = !m to jolt loose4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f "s o!r lamps on ! m>ket 9 t x has a d\ble spr+ back clamp4 ,a new lamp is ! ,dietz ,bicycle1 :i* is made by ! mak]s ( ! well kn[n ,dietz ,lant]ns4 ,!y claim t x repres5ts ! wisdom ga9$ 9 fifty ye>s ( lamp mak+4 ,x is made ( brass nickel plat$1 & weighs ab\t twelve ounces4 ,no sold] is us$ 9 its con/ruction except on ! bottom ( ! oil font4 ,! reflector is p>abolic1 ?us ?r[+ ! rays ( light /raight ahead4 ,! lamp c be readily tak5 ap>t = clean+ purposes1 & !y d n provide a slid+ door on ! side to light ! lamp because !y claim t e "t a lamp is s light$ ! reflector becomes m or less t>ni%$ by ! mat*4 ,! glass front is h+$ s t ! lamp c be conv5i5tly light$ f ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,x-,,rays4 ,! 8,x-,rays0 is an ,alum9um ,bicycle ,lamp1 & weighs1 includ+ ! bracket1 ab\t sixte5 ounces4 ,! peculi>ity ( its con/ruction consi/ 9 its hav+ a metal *imney1 :i* ! mak]s say gives an increas$ draught1 improves combu/ion & insures a bright1 smokeless flame1 ! !ory be+ t ! metal *imney heats ! air z x comes 9 contact ) its surface1 & t w>m air gives bett] combu/ion & a bright] light & t ! metal *imney protects ! flame f sudd5 gu/s ( w9d1 prev5ts flick]+ & smok+4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! *imney has f\r l>ge1 r\nd op5+s on its sides ne> ! bottom4 ,!y use a l5s ( /rong magnify+ p[]1 & ?is l5s1 front reflector1 side l5s & reflector are removable4 ,! lamp has a d\ble burn] rat*et = rais+ or l[]+ ! wick f ei!r side ( ! lamp1 & a lock = lock+ ! wick 9 position ei!r side ( ! lamp4 ,! oil font1 l all o!r k]os5e lamps n[ 9 use1 is pack$ ) an absorb5t mat]ial to prev5t swa%+ ( ! oil :5 rid+ ov] r\gh roads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbia4 ,! ,columbia ,cycle ,lamp ,manufactur+ ,company %[ two new models = #ahih4 ,!y use a pneumatic-action spr+ on ! bracket4 ,!y also make an adju/able & deta*able bracket1 ( malleable iron1 nickel plat$4 ,?is bracket c be us$ n only on _! own lamps1 b on any o!r make ( lamp1 & x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/ ?+s ( ! k9d on ! m>ket4 ,! lamp ( _! make1 8,illum9ant0 is made ( alum9um & weighs sev5 ounces4 ,x is claim$ to be ! lighte/ practical bicycle lamp made4 ,x has a p[]ful l5s1 #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x has ruby & em]ald cut glass side lights1 s t x may be light$ f ei!r side4 ,! burn]s are provid$ ) a wick lock4 ,! ,kitsee lamp is a novelty inasmu* z x is a lamp ( tw5ty-c&le p[]1 & yet n a gas lamp4 ,x has no wick & ! light is produc$ by an oil call$ 8safol40 ,x makes a r brilliant1 display ?r\gh ! side p]=ations1 & also has a clev] atta*m5t = hold+ mat*es1 & be+ us$ )\t a wick1 its mak]s claim x is !re=e free f smoke1 soot & disagreeable odor1 & t ! l5s _c be smok$ up z 9 ! usual con/ruction4 ,! ,manhattan ,brass ,company ( ,new ,york1 :o h be5 mak+ k]os5e lamps & burn]s = ?irty-?ree ye>s1 are mak+ a specialty ( bicycle lamps1 & ! good po9ts :i* h di/+ui%$ _! =m] models & :i* h be5 pres]v$ & are pres5t$ 9 _! #ahih product1 call$ ! ,frontlight4 ,p[]ful gr\nd glass l5s1 automatic wick lock1 & o!r improvem5ts = '#ih consi/ ( a new ?umb-screw bracket fitt$ ) d\ble spr+s1 an improv$ me?od ( fa/5+ ! front & a wide tube burn]1 :i* takes a in* wick & gives a broad1 /rong light4 ,!y also make a lamp call$ ! ,lead]1 :i*1 :ile n q s exp5sive 9 con/ruction z ! ,frontlight1 is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory lamps on ! m>ket4 ,!y make a lamp also call$ ! ,dazzl]1 :i* !y call ! 8,k+ ( l[ pric$ lamps40 ,x has a poli%$ convex l5s & reflector1 automatic wick lock1 & is small 9 size1 sub/antial 9 con/ruction & well f9i%$4 ,"o ( _! novelties is a lamp call$ ! ,que54 ,! body is sph]ical 9 =m1 divid$ diagonally & s h+$ z to op5 l a wat* case1 ?us mak+ x possible to clean l5s1 burn]1 reflector1 etc41 & trim ! wick 9 less "t ?an x usually takes to take ap>t an ord9>y lamp4 ,ruby & gre5 jewels are plac$ at su* an angle z to be visible f ! re> z well z f ! sides4 ,"o ,engli% lamp has surviv$ ! conditions ( ! trade1 b ev5 t is made 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,new ,dep>ture ,bell ,company4 ,we ref] to ! ,lucas patt]n ( lamp1 kn[n z ! 8,silv] ,k+ ( ! ,road40 ,?is lamp is s well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t a g5]al description ( x is n necess>y4 ,l all ! ,am]ican lamps previ\sly m5tion$ x is nickel plat$1 b diff]s f !m 9 ! fact t :ile x is deta*able1 all ! p>ts are h+$ toge!r1 & t x is arrang$ to burn ei!r ! heavy oils or k]os5e1 z desir$4 ,! reflector is cov]$ & protect$ by a d\ble convex l5s1 :i* improves ! light & keeps ! reflector clean1 s t 9 ord] to keep ! reflector bright x is only necess>y to wipe (f ! glass l5s4 ,! lamp is v compact 9 size1 & 9 f9i% & mat]ial x c]ta9ly _c be excell$4 ,x is retail$ at a v mu* l[] price ?an =m]ly4 ,! #ahih 8,tally-,ho0 lamp1 manufactur$ by ! ,bridgeport ,gun ,implem5t ,company ( ?is city is simil> 9 g5]al design to ! #ahig model1 hav+ ! same l5s1 reflector1 wicklock & oil-fe$4 ,x is fitt$ ?is ye> ) a rigid bracket1 :i* c be atta*$ to head or =ks ( ! bicycle1 & a desirable feature is t ! lamp c be readily deta*$ f ! bracket & ! latt] left on ! :eel4 ,! clamp+ bolt ( ! bracket is 9 two pieces1 "o telescop$ into ! o!r1 s t ! lamp c be atta*$ to ei!r a l>ge head or small =k )\t leav+ a long end ( ! bolt protrud+4 ,?is necess>ily disp5ses ) a nut4 ,! manufactur]s ( ?is lamp did n int5d to m>ket a lamp ?is ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! dem& made ^u _! facilities 9 o!r l9es1 b because ( ! inquiries receiv$ f _! patrons !y h decid$ to make a limit$ quantity4 ,,lamp ,,light]s4 ,!re are two lamp light]s on ! m>ket t are extremely useful4 ,"o is call$ ! ,cycli/s' ,mat* ,gun4 ,x is made ( brass1 nickel plat$1 & resembles ! end ( a tool bag pump4 ,! mat* is plac$ 9 ! end ( ! tool & ! gun is ins]t$ 9 ! lamp4 ,! mat* is !n =c$ out by press+ on ! plung] & ignites at ! same "t inside ! lamp1 ?us protect+ x f ! w9d4 ,! o!r light] is call$ ! ,r4 ,k4 ,light]1 & c be atta*$ to any bicycle lamp 9 a few mom5ts4 ,! light] consi/s ( a pair ( corrugat$ jaws to screw to ! lamp2 ! mat* is !n quickly pu%$ betwe5 ! jaws ( ! light]1 :i* ignites ! mat* f friction1 & ! burnt mat* is !n )drawn sideways 9 an opposite direction to remove x4 ,illu/ration3 8,,que50 8,,frontlight0 8,,lead]0 8,,dazzl]0 7,all ,made by ,manhattan ,brass ,co47 ,,lamp ,,brackets4 ,!re are v few ?+s t are new 9 lamp brackets1 all ! old types be+ /ill l>gely us$ b improv$ some:at 9 detail4 ,! only novelty is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,deta*able ,lamp ,bracket4 ,x is made rev]sible to fit ei!r ! "r or left h& side ( ! axle1 & is s con/ruct$ t ! bracket is readily remov$1 leav+ only a small clip atta*$ "u ! axle nut4 ,! bracket is held 9 place by a /rong spr+ cat*1 :i* c be b5t & ?us made z firm z desir$4 ,! bracket has corrugations to prev5t ! lamp f be+ jolt$ (f1 & w fit any bicycle lamp ,9 ! m>ket4 ,,electric ,,lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comb9ation ,,bracket4 ,electricity is1 ( c\rse1 a v entic+ me?od ( light supply = cycles1 & _m attempts h be5 made to produce a practical lamp1 no cycle %[ dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s hav+ fail$ to exhibit at lea/ "o patt]n1 :i* 0 positively proclaim$ z ! effectual solution ( ! problem4 ,! difficulties are cumbr\sness1 co/ & ! lack ( suffici5t curr5t "u tol]able conditions4 ,a /orage batt]y is q impracticable4 ,we recall at lea/ "o attempt :i* work$ on ! plan ( re*>g+ f /ation>y batt]y cells1 b ! usual plan c\nts ^u c>ry+ dry cells atta*$ to ! lamp4 ,"h ! only difficulty is ! old "o ( gett+ suffici5t curr5t )\t lugg+ ar\nd an excessive load ( dry cells1 :i* are r heavy 9 proportion to ! "w p]=m$4 ,a mu* h]ald$ lamp ( ! pa/ _h a case made ( h>d rubb]1 & ! lamp 0 *>g$ ) :at 0 call$ electric s&1 be+ 9 reality no?+ b a mixture ( bi*romate ( pota% & sulphuric acid1 comb9$ ) a soluble base1 & wat]1 & plac$ 9 ! lamps 9 connection1 ( c\rse1 ) ! usual c>bon & z9c plugs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 use t ?is lamp lo/ its p[] rapidly1 & t ev5 :5 ! plugs 7 )drawn1 z is usual ) wet solutions1 ! solution lo/ its life & became valueless ^u a second attempt to use x1 necessitat+ *>g+ e night be=e us+4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,deta*able ,,bracket4 ,a practical electric bicycle lamp ( ! dry cell v>iety is n[ made by ! ,ohio ,electric ,works4 ,!y are made 9 ?ree sizes1 hav+ ?ree & f\r cells4 ,! batt]y is #fb in*es1 & weighs elev5 ounces1 & w ma9ta9 a pot5tial ( n less ?an #e4be volts = m ?an ?ree h\rs on ea* *>ge1 co/+ #b c5ts4 ,! lamp is ( d\ble ! effici5cy ( ord9>y inc&esc5t lamps1 tak+ only "o & a half watts to ! c&le p[]1 & is back$ by a p[]ful reflector4 ,by rid]s :o h us$ x1 ?is lamp is look$ ^u z "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory among electric lamps2 !y reg>d its effici5cy z all t is claim$ = x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> lamps on ! m>ket today is ! ,acme1 made by ! ,acme ,electric ,lamp ,company ( ?is city4 ,x is compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! metal case :i* conta9s ! batt]y & ! reflector 9 :i* is ins]t$ ! inc&esc5t bulb4 ,! metal case is #ad in*es 9 l5g? by #a in*es 9 diamet]1 & is cov]$ ) seal lea!r1 hav+ ?ree /rips to hold x 9 a rigid position on ! :eel frame4 ,! reflector is connect$ to ! batt]y case by flexible silk cords1 & is #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & weights b #c ounces4 ,x c be c>ri$ ei!r on ! =k or head ( ! :eel4 ,! batt]y is compos$ ( f\r cells1 ea* ) a /r5g? ( "o & "o-half volts1 mak+ six volts 9 all4 ,:5 ! lamp is light$ all ! cells are 9 op]ation2 b by ! adju/m5t ( a resi/ance wire "u ! cov] ( ! case & f\r contact po9ts on ! outside ! swit* :i* controls ! batt]y p]mits only a suffici5t am\nt ( curr5t to be us$ to give a brilliant light )\t exhau/+ ! batt]y too rapidly or burn+ out ! inc&esc5t bulb2 &1 unlike any o!r lamp on ! m>ket1 ! la/ h\r ( light is z brilliant z ! fir/1 & ) ord9>y use w give a satisfactory light = twelve h\rs4 ,! batt]ies are gu>ante$ to give z good s]vice sixty days f ! date ( _! manufacture z :5 fir/ made4 ,x is n a /orage batt]y & _c be re*>g$4 ,all /orage batt]ies are ( a liquid =m & mu/ 9 "t cause1 f ! /rong elem5ts !y conta91 a leakage :i* w de/roy any?+ ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! batt]y is r5ew$ by ! pur*ase ( a new "o1 ! exhau/$ batt]y be+ ?r[n away1 ! same z a c>tridge %ell aft] fir+ ( ! gun4 ,! co/ ( ! light is little m ?an t ( oil4 ,! inc&esc5t bulb has a capacity ( c>ry+ f\r volts1 & :5 ! swit* is on ! fir/ contact po9t ! voltage ( ! batt]y is r$uc$ by ! resi/ance coil to a po9t ( safety1 at ! same "t giv+ a brilliant light4 ,!re is no heat1 odor or liquid annoyances4 ,j> or concussion w n ext+ui% x1 & judg+ f ! success x has _h at ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! season x w no d\bt be a popul> lamp = '#ih4 ,,! ,,klondike ,,electric ,illu/ration3 ,,acme ,,electric4 ,comb9es batt]ies & lamp 9 "o case1 :i* is nei!r cumbr\s nor v heavy1 & resembles no?+ s mu* z ! small c>riage clock4 ,! lamp is1 ( c\rse1 a small inc&esc5t bulb2 ! batt]y is ! long cyl9drical cell cut up into ?ree %ort ones & c>ri$ 9 ! lamp case1 z %[n4 ,turn+ d[n ! h&le on top closes ! circuit & />ts ! lamp2 lift+ ! h&le cuts ! lamp out4 ,! cells are furni%$ ) wire connections on1 & ! rid] does n h to make a s+le atta*m5t1 nor ne$ he h ! slighte/ k ( electricity or any conjecture h[ ! lamp op]ates4 ,he has only to slip 8 fre% cells 7:i* are jo9$ z "o piece7 into ! case1 obs]v+ t he puts !m "r side up4 ,!y make _! own connections by be+ pu%$ into place1 & ! lamp 8does ! re/40 ,"o *>g+ runs eight h\rs4 ,9 favor ( ?is lamp is its fre$om f odor & tr\ble ( fill+ & c>e1 abs5ce ( smoke to dull ! reflector & its indep5d5ce ( j>s & w9d1 = no?+ c ext+ui% x s long z ! curr5t rema9s & is turn$ on4 ,,acetyl5e ,,gas ,,lamps4 ,al?\gh ne>ly two ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! introduction ( acetyl5e = purposes ( g5]al illum9ation1 yet ! pres5t season is ! fir/ "o 9 :i* ?is new illum9ant has be5 us$ 9 bicycle lamps1 & x seems em95tly fit & prop] t ?is gas %\ld be appropriat$ to ! uses ( :eelm51 because x 0 9 #ahhh1 at ,spray1 ,n4 ,c41 t ,mr4 ,?omas ,l4 ,willson1 a memb] ( ! ,k+s ,c\nty ,:eelm5 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 :o 0 fam\s 9 8 day z a h>dy road rid] ( ! old 8ord9>y0 & pres5t$ to 8 club ! trophy t be>s 8 "n1 :ile exp]im5t+ on ! r$uction ( refractory metallic oxides ( c>bon 9 an electric furnace came ^u ! happy b unexpect$ outcome ( produc+ by a *eap & simple me?od calcium c>bide1 s t ! use ( acetyl5e became at once a comm]cial possibility4 ,he 0 try+ to obta9 ! metal calcium by r$uc+ lime ) pulv]iz$ *>coal1 b ! temp]ature ( ! arc fus$ ! mass1 & x solidifi$ into an extremely h>d1 gray cry/all9e rock4 ,z ?is 0 n ! sub/ance t ,willson s\ght to produce1 x 0 ?r[n into a /ream ne> by1 & !re 0 an in/ant evolution ( gas 9 l>ge quantities :i*1 :5 light$1 burn$ ) a smoky1 lum9\s fl>e4 ,*emical analysis %[$ ! rock to be c>bide ( calcium 7,ca ,c7 conta9+ #fj p>ts by weight ( calcium & #dj p>ts ( c>bon1 & its gase\s (fspr+ to be acetyl5e4 ,?is g5]ation ( acetyl5e by means ( ! imm]sion ( c>bide ( calcium 9 wat] is ! result ( two exce$+ly simple *emical reactions4 ,! c>bon 9 ! c>bide unites ) ! hydrog5 9 ! wat] to =m acetyl5e1 & ! calcium 9 ! c>bide takes up ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] to =m slak$ lime1 ! only by-product ( ! d\ble reaction4 ,acetyl5e is a gase\s comp\nd ( #bd p>ts by weight ( c>bon & two ( hydrog54 ,al?\gh x 0 fir/ discov]$ & isolat$ by ,davy 9 #ahcf1 x 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat] be=e ! sci5tific _w obta9$ a cle> conception ( its int]e/+ "* & prop]ties ?r\gh ! inve/igations ( ,m4 ,b]!lot4 ,s9ce t "t1 & up to ! discov]y z be=e /at$ by ,mr4 ,willson1 x _h be5 produc$ only 9 small quantities z a laboratory product by t$i\s & co/ly processes4 ,acetyl5e1 :5 burn+1 gives a flame ( int5se brilliancy1 & ow+ to its ri*ness x c only be consum$ 9 small burn]s4 ,x possesses n only great lum9osity1 b great diffusive qualities4 ,! light produc$ by acetyl5e is ( a pure :ite color1 s(t & agreeable 9 tone4 ,x resembles sunlight m closely ?an any o!r kn[n lum9ant4 ,pure acetyl5e is n explosive4 ,mix$ ) air 9 c]ta9 proportions x c be detonat$1 & ! same c be said ( e kn[n gas2 b 9 a bicycle lamp1 conta9+ an ounce & a half1 or two ounces at ! utmo/1 ( ! calcium c>bide1 !re _c be produc$ en\gh gas to cause an explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,klondike 7,,k]os5e74 ,calcium c>bide is a h>d1 por\s1 grayi%-black or blui%-gray incombu/ible mat]ial some:at cry/all9e 9 =m1 odorless & un*angeable 9 a dry atmosph]e1 b :5 subject$ to moi/ure gives (f m or less acetyl5e gas4 ,c>bide _c be ignit$ & :5 well pack$ to prev5t its com+ 9 contact ) wat] x is safe z reg>ds all ! conditions ( transit & /orage4 ,:5 a piece ( c>bide is expos$ to ! moi/ure ( ! air a slight decomposition on ! surface ( ! lump causes ! =mation ( a ?9 lay] ( lime du/1 :i* ret>ds fur!r det]ioration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,sol>0 7,,acetyl5e74 ,int]ior ,view4 ,its combu/ion is p]fect4 ,!re are no noxi\s products1 no odor1 & no smoke4 ,! vitiation ( ! air 9 a room comp>$ ) ! ord9>y gas is z #a to #h4 ,x produces a di/9ctively cool flame4 ,! same am\nt ( light has only "o-six? ! heat ( city gas4 ,its co/ is f> less ?an t ( any kn[n illum9ant4 ,x is made ( *eap & almo/ univ]sal mat]ials1 coal & lime1 fus$ by electric heat4 ,x w be 9 ?is respect ! light ( ! masses4 ,x w n freeze1 be+ unaffect$ by heat or cold4 ,x c be cool$ to #ajj degrees bel[ z]o1 or heat$ to #fjj above1 )\t impair+ its illum9at+ p[]4 ,if ?r\gh ignorance or accid5t an acetyl5e gas jet %\ld be bl[n out or ! burn] left op51 ! gas1 be+ r irritat+1 c be easily detect$1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ quantities1 on acc\nt ( its p5etrat+ odor1 :i* resembles t ( g>lic4 ,s pung5t is ?is odor t x w\ld be practically impossible to g into a room :i* conta9$ any quantity ( acetyl5e gas4 ,! c>bide gr\p is by no means unfamili> to ! av]age man2 ca/ iron & /eel are iron c>bides ( a peculi> =m1 & n a few o!rs are daily us$1 = in/ance1 ,h>veyiz$ armor plates4 ,!y are all *>act]iz$ by an almo/ adamant9e h>dness1 & at ! same "t a c]ta9 in/ability4 ,?is in/ability rea*es its maximum 9 ! gr\p ( sub/ances :i* are capable ( mak+ :at *emi/s call hydroxides4 ,!y are all unions ( a base ) c>bon1 made 9 ! electric furnace1 & all give (f gases :5 br\ght 9 contact ) wat]4 ,:5 brok5 into pieces suitable = %ipm5t ! c>bide is pack$ 9 cans1 ! space betwe5 fill$ ) sawdu/1 or "s su* sub/ance to prev5t wa/e by ! rubb+ ( piece aga9/ piece1 & ! c seal$ airtight to protect its cont5ts f ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is ! %ape 9 :i* x comes to ! consum]4 ,on op5+ ! c "o (t5 f9ds mo/ beautiful cry/all9e /ructures on ! fractur$ surfaces1 b !y are in/antly attack$ by ! dampness ( ! air1 & "o sees ! beauty give way to a dirty gray p[d] ) a feel+ ( disappo9tm5t :i* is v real4 ,v little has be5 writt5 ab\t acetyl5e gas1 & v few :eelm5 h _h any exp]i5ce ) acetyl5e gas lamps on _! bicycles4 ,! writ]s1 h[ev]1 h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! subject ( produc+ ! c>bide & ! gas1 & h = "s "t pa/ _h 9 daily use two ( ! lamps m5tion$ 9 ?is article1 namely ! 8,electro0 & ! 8,calcium ,k+40 ,!y h be5 us$1 ( c\rse1 ) ! usual c>e t x is necess>y to use ) any bicycle lamp1 :e!r x uses oil1 electricity or gas1 & ! results h be5 satisfactory 9 e way1 & ! lamps h done all t ! mak]s claim = !m4 ,?is m5tion has be5 made to %[ t :at has be5 writt5 "h conc]n+ acetyl5e gas & portable bicycle lamps is f\nd$ ^u sci5tific data1 & x is1 !re=e1 n :olly an empirical result4 ,,c>bide ,,lamps ,,9 ,,m>ket4 ,z none ( ! mak]s ( k]os5e lamps seems to h v5tur$ into produc+ an acetyl5e lamp1 ! mak+ ( acetyl5e lamps = bicycle use may !re=e be class$ z be+ a di/9ctive "o & ! trade ( ?is city are %[+ ! foll[+ makes3 ,! ,electro1 ! ,sol>1 ! ,helios & ! ,calcium ,k+4 ,! ,electro lamp is made by ! ,electro ,lamp ,company1 & :ile x is retail$ at a l[] price ?an any ( ! o!rs1 z %[n by ! illu/ration x is ( v neat con/ruction z reg>ds weight & size4 ,its reflector is p>abolic 9 %ape1 & ! light is n focus$4 ,x is *>g$ by ins]t+ a metal case1 conta9+ c>bide1 into ! *amb] ( ! lamp1 & :5 ?is c>bide is exhau/$1 aft] burn+ f\r h\rs1 ! case may be remov$ & ?r[n away & a fre% "o ins]t$4 ,?is takes b a mom5t's "t4 ,! gas is g5]at$ )9 ! lamp by ! sl[ dropp+ ( wat] on ! c>bide1 & ! wat] is s controll$ t ! gas is produc$ only z fa/ z x is consum$1 & :5 ! wat] valve is clos$ g5]ation ( gas ceases at once4 ,by a slight turn+ ( ! valve screw at ! top ( ! lamp ! wat] 9 ! upp] *amb] is made to drop on ! c>bide & ! lamp is ready to light1 & by turn+ 9 ! opposite direction ! wat] is %ut (f & ! light goes out z soon z ! wat] rema9+ 9 ! *amb] ( ! lamp is consum$4 ,! c>bide *>ges us$ 9 ?is lamp are made only by ! ,electro ,lamp ,company1 & are pack$ 9 c>tons ( six *>ges ea*4 ,six ( ^! c>tons are pack$ 9 a box1 mak+ ?ree doz5 *>ges p] box1 ea* *>ge at a co/ ( ab\t #c c5ts1 giv+ a s]vice ( f ?ree & a half to f\r h\rs' duration4 ,?is me?od ( h&l+ ! c>bide 9 c>tridge =m avoids ! necessity ( wa%+ out ! gas *amb] to remove ! residum1 & x is to be comm5d$ on ! score ( cleanl9ess 9 h&l+4 ,! lamp bracket is a rigid "o1 & is adju/able to v>i\s positions ei!r on ! =ks or ! head ( a bicycle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electro 7,,acetyl5e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,electro 7,,acetyl5e74 ,int]ior ,view4 ,by contract ) ! ,electro ,gas ,company1 ! p>5t company = ! manufacture ( c>bides 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :i*1 x is /at$1 l>gely controls ! home output1 ! ,electro ,lamp ,company has ! sole "r ( sale ( c>bide = use 9 bicycle & o!r portable lamps 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is lamp company /at$ e>ly 9 ! season t x _h !n sold #cj1jjj lamps = ! season ( '#ih1 & t ?is numb] w\ld d\btless be l>gely increas$4 ,e/imat+ t #be1jjj ( ^! lamps w be us$ at night1 ! consumption ( c>bide by ! us]s ( ?is lamp alone w\ld exce$ #aj tons p] week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helios 7,,c>bide74 8,! brighte/ light t ev] came ov] ! pike0 is ! phrase t ! ,badg] ,brass ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,k5o%a1 ,wis4 7,h]mann ,bok] ,co41 ,new ,york1 ag5ts71 has decid$ ^u z be/ 9 describ+ _! ,sol> acetyl5e gas lamp = '#ih4 ,z w be se5 f ! illu/ration ! ,sol> is symmetrical 9 its l9es1 comb9+ /r5g? 9 con/ruction & simplicity 9 op]ation4 ,! lamp is made entirely brass1 h&somely nickel plat$1 & is #g in*es high4 ,x is fitt$ ) an extra f9e specially gr\nd d\ble convex l5s1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a #e in* focus1 :i* is removable by means ( a spr+4 ,! reflector is made ( alum9um & removable = clean+1 z is also ! head1 :i* is fa/5$ ) a bayonet jo9t4 ,! jewel sidelights are especially l>ge1 be+ #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ea* lamp is fitt$ ) a univ]sal adju/able bracket1 :i* fits ! head1 h&leb>1 or ei!r =k ( a bicycle1 & is s con/ruct$ t ! lamp c be remov$ ) remov+ ! bracket4 ,! tip is :at is kn[n z a qu>t] foot1 removable & easily clean$4 ,x produces a fi%-tail flame1 :i* ?r[s a p5etrat+ light ( ab\t "o hundr$ c&le p[] fully #aej feet ahead4 ,z w be se5 f ! cross-section cut & ! foll[+ explanation1 ! lamp is v simple 9 op]ation4 ,! wat] tank 8,j0 be+ fill$ & ! valve 8,l0 be+ op51 ! wat] passes into ! tube 8,f10 :i* is fill$ ) ! fibre 8,g10 ?r\gh :i* x p]colates1 vaporiz+ f ! end into ! scre5 tube 8,b10 saturat+ ! fibre 9 contact ) ! c>bide 9 ! tank 8,a10 =m+ in/antly gas1 :i* passes out ( ! tip 8,l40 ,! am\nt ( gas g5]at$ is due to ! am\nt ( wat] suppli$4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! lamp be s sev]ely j>r$ an excess ( wat] be =c$ 9 ! wick tube1 ?us g5]at+ an excess ( gas = ! mom5t 7by excess is meant m pressure ?an ! qu>t] foot tip 8,l0 c consume71 ! result is t ! gas hav+ b "o o!r outlet1 t is1 ?r\gh ! wat] tube1 /opp+ any fur!r supply ( wat] until ! pressure ceases1 :5 x is aga9 requir$4 ,! gas & wat] pressure be+ always 9 balance1 !re is an automatic wat] pressure fe$ g5]ator1 :i* ) ! outlet at ! top ( ! tank makes x absolutely inexplosive4 ,"o ( ! special features ( ?is lamp is t x burns any =m ( c>bide f du/ to lump1 & requires no specially packag$ or prep>$ c>bide1 :i* is a v great conv5i5ce to ! rid]4 ,! mak]s claim = ! lamp t x is ! only automatic gas lamp made1 z x has no valves requir+ con/ant adju/m5t2 !y also claim t x is absolutely inexplosive4 ,! price1 #d1 includ+ ! adju/able bracket & "o c ( c>bide1 is exce$+ly l[4 ,extra c>bide 9 two-p\nd cans1 #be c5ts p] c1 mak+ ! co/ ( op]at+ ab\t "o-?ird ( a c5t an h\r4 ,! ,helios lamp diff]s f "s ( ! o!rs 9 con/ruction because ! wat] res]voir is away f ! heat & _c ev5 get w>m4 ,no /eam be+ g5]at$ ! wat] mu/ !re=e be consum$ by ! actual dem& made by ! light4 ,! gas cock is indep5d5t ( ! wat] cock1 ?us enabl+ ! us] to turn ! wat] cock (f & burn ! gas already g5]at$ until x is all consum$1 ! advantage ( ?is feature be+ t ! gas already g5]at$ c be /or$1 & ! lamp is !re=e ready to light at any mom5t4 ,! wat] fe$ to ! c>bide is controll$ by a *eck valve4 ,! small pipe %[n 9 cut ( lamp lead+ ov] ! top ( wat] res]voir & to *eck valve is a pressure pipe1 :i* regulates ! *eck valve4 ,:5 ! gas 9 ! res]voir ( ! lamp has atta9$ a pressure equal to or great] ?an ! wat] 9 ! res]voir1 ! pressure ?r\gh ?is small pipe acts v]tically on ! *eck valve1 %utt+ (f ! wat] supply2 :5 ! gas is bel[ ?is pressure ! wat]1 !n be+ ( great] weight1 causes ! *eck valve to rise1 all[+ ! wat] to fe$ to ! c>bide & g5]ation to aga9 comm5ce4 ,?is *eck valve may be reg>d$ z an important feature ( ?is lamp1 because 9 a lamp )\t a *eck valve ! odor ( ! gas is emitt$ aft] ! gas is ext+ui%$1 z ! gas mu/ h an outlet or escape1 :i* _c be controll$ )\t a *eck valve4 ,!re is also an additional wat] cock atta*$ to ! wat] pipe :i* regulates ! supply ( wat]1 s t ! quantity ( gas us$ is only t :i* is consum$ & requir$4 ,! burn] is ( ! bulb patt]n1 giv+ a squ>e light1 p]fectly :ite1 & ! c>bide is us$ 9 lump =m1 & x is claim$ t :5 ! c>bide is us$ 9 ?is =m !re is no dang] :atev] atta*$ to its use4 ,! mak]s ( ?is lamp claim t x has a light+ p[] equal to #hf c&le p[]1 & if c>efully us$ ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ w n exce$ five or six c5ts p] week at a rid+ av]age ( ?ree h\rs p] night4 ,any c>riage lamp us+ ei!r c&les or oil c be alt]$ at a nom9al co/ to employ ?is me?od ( light+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,calcium ,,k+ 7,,acetyl5e74 ,! ,calcium ,k+ lamp1 made by ! ,george ,h4 ,cl[es ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,wat]bury1 ,conn41 is made entirely ( brass1 nickel plat$1 & ! c>bide is 9 ! =m ( cakes1 :i* !y call 8c>boph5e10 :i* co/s five c5ts ea*1 & af=d an int5se light = an ev5+'s ride4 8,c>boph5e0 is plac$ on ! bottom ( ! res]voir1 & ! gas _c =m 9 ?is res]voir fa/] ?an x is ne$$ h5ce !re c be no ov]-accumulation4 ,! wat] valve ( ?is lamp answ]s two purposes1 z x controls ! g5]ation ( ! gas & ! flame itself1 !re be+ no o!r gas cocks or valves to close & create pressure4 ,:5 ! valve %uts (f ! wat] supply ! flame1 aft] consum+ ! balance ( ! gas 9 ! res]voir1 mu/ ( necessity g out4 ,?is lamp1 l all o!rs describ$1 has a rigid adju/able bracket1 :i* c be atta*$ to any "p ( ! bicycle4 ,to sum up ! advantages ( acetyl5e lamps briefly1 x may be /at$ t !y d n possess ! t5d5cy to bl[ out or j> out1 & t !y give an int5se :ite light1 & t vibration & j> ( ! lamp increases ! light in/ead ( ext+ui%+ x1 z ) any =m ( lamp t uses a wick4 ,!re w be und\bt$ly o!r =ms ( acetyl5e lamps made1 & x is n claim$ t ! lamps made at pres5t ^u ! m>ket are absolutely p]fect1 b t !y are z ne>ly p]fect z pres5t conditions & k ( ! wants ( :eelm5 w w>rant1 & we may !re=e reasonably expect t if ! acetyl5e lamp fulfils all t is claim$ = x t ?is season w %[ :e!r x is ! com+ light or n4 ,consid]able space has be5 devot$ to describ+ bicycle lamps = '#ih1 because we believe t until we h p]petual day ! be/ sub/itute = ! sun's rays w be a !me ( int]e/ to mank9d 9 g5]al & bicycli/s 9 p>ticul>4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,cyclomet]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,sundries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,,cyclomet]4 ,! cyclomet]s fir/ 9 memory ( ! oldtim] 7 ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet] & "o & ?ree-qu>t] in*es ?ick1 & 7 atta*$ by a clamp to ! axle ( ! :eel ( ! high bicycle1 :]e !y turn$ ) ! :eel ecc5trically1 ! clamp & n ! cyclomet] be+ ! c5tre ( ! circle trav]s$4 ,! motive p[] )9 0 a %ort & heavy p5dulum1 :i* ( c\rse hung v]tical z ! :ole w5t ar\nd1 ! case 79 effect7 revolv+ :ile ! p5dulum rema9$ /ation>y1 ?us communicat+ motion to ! h&s on ! dial4 ,9 "o ,engli% make a s+le h& trav]s$ ! dial circle1 regi/]+ up to sev5ty miles only2 ano!r ,engli% patt]n _h f\r small dials & h&s l a gas met]1 c\nt+ by t5s1 & regi/]+ up to #aj1jjj--:e!r ( miles or ( revolutions does n cle>ly appe>4 ,^! 7 all heavy1 weigh+ two or ?ree p\nds1 & clumsy & co/ly z well4 ,all _h ! disadvantage ( requir+ a dism\nt = read+1 b "o patt]n 0 c>ri$ 9 sight1 at ! top ( ! =k1 & 0 work$ by a wire c>ri$ 9 two be>+s on ! =k & actuat$ by a 8/rik]0 on a spoke1 :i* hit little arms at ! bottom ( ! wire4 ,! ,victor ( t5 ye>s ago1 l ! ,but*] ( an e>li] date1 hung )\t revolv+1 motion be+ giv5 by a clamp 9 ! c5tre :i* turn$ ) ! axle4 ,! ,but*] 0 li/$ at #ab2 ! ,victor :i* _h a sep>ate trip dial = #ajj miles1 0 #aj2 ! ,victor spoke cyclomet] ( ! same ye>1 at #f1 0 c>ri$ on ! spoke & _h a project+ arm :i* /ruck ! =k or o!r fix$ "p4 ,! ,lak9 & ! ,brooks 7 also popul> types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ve$] ,,cyclomet]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,/&>d1 9 #ahid1 pric$ at #b1 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! popul> use ( cyclomet]s1 & its great success br\ght 9 compet+ makes1 at r$uc$ prices & ) a total regi/ry up to #aj1jjj miles4 ,^! 7 all dial or wat* in/rum5ts1 & s]v$ well1 b ! se>* = novelty & light5+ ( ev5 ounces l$ to ! b>rel type ) ! figures ( d5om9ation %[+ side by side aft] ! mann] ( ! old pr9t+ press c\nt]1 b ) ! edges & n ! sides ( ! :eels 9 sight4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 introduc$ 9 #ahid1 _h ! field to itself 9 ?is type = a :ile1 b n[ ! dial =m has be5 almo/ entirely driv5 out by ! t9y b>rel1 & ! makes ( ! latt] may almo/ be reckon$ by ! doz52 ! mo/ prom95t are ! ,ve$]1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,lead]1 ,new ,dep>ture1 ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 ,new ,era1 ,%ep>d1 ,burdick1 ,trump1 ,se? ,?omas & ,/&>d4 ,!y h>dly exce$ a nickel 9 diamet]2 !y are da9ty little trifles1 yet /rong & effective1 & are su* triumphs ( ,am]ican +5uity t !re seems no?+ left to be done 9 ?is l9e4 ,! usual regi/ry is by miles 9 f\r places1 up to #i1iii1 ) ano!r place = t5?s1 yet ! ,%ep>d 7:i* is peculi> 9 us+ bevel-ge>s7 also %[s y>ds4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has a #ajj mile trip regi/]1 :i* c be set back to z]o1 & 8c>ries0 ea* trip =w>d ^u ! sep>ate total1 mak+ practically two di/9ct cyclomet]s 9 "o4 ,! ge>s = ! two met]s are run by two p9ions solid on "o %aft1 & ! %aft is mov$ by a worm1 !re=e :ile ea* "p ( ! met] regi/]s indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 bo? mu/ regi/] exactly alike4 ,!y are f9i%$ 9 nickel & antique copp] = :eels f tw5ty to sixty in*es 9 diamet]1 to regi/] miles1 kilomet]s & ,russian v]/s4 ,! figures us$ are some:at l>g] ?an ^? us$ on o!r makes ( cyclomet]s1 & ! clamp1 :i* is curv$1 ?r[s ! met] up & back1 close to ! =k1 out ( ! way1 & protects x f injury4 ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury cyclomet]1 made by ! mak]s ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury lamp1 is also made to regi/] miles & kilomet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ep>d ,,bevel ,,ge> ,,cyclomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,dep>ture ,,cyclomet]4 ,! well-kn[n ,ve$] cyclomet] has be5 v mu* improv$ = '#ih4 ,! figures are l>g]1 occupy+ ! entire l5g? ( ! case1 & are close to ! glass4 ,x regi/]s to #aj1jjj miles & !n repeats4 ,! "r-h& r+ %[s ! decimals ( ! mile divid$ into t5?s4 ,! me*anism ( ! cyclomet] is ! same z has be5 us$ h]et(ore1 & is a comp\nd diff]5tial comb9ation ( ge>s1 :i* are )\t small p>ts & yet occupy small space4 ,! clip = atta*+ ! cyclomet] to ! axle gives a maximum range ( adju/m5t4 ,! spoke p91 :i* is exce$+ly simple & neat1 is atta*$ to ! spoke by two sub/antial screws1 & _c be j>r$ (f4 ,!y also make a trip cyclomet]1 :i* is practically two cyclomet]s alongside ( ea* o!r & hav+ two sep>ate dials1 ! :ole con/ruction be+ d\ble1 & is a decid$ novelty 9 cyclomet] con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d ,,cyclomet]4 ,! ,%ep>d cyclomet]1 a new cyclomet] manufactur$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,spald+ ,bros41 is made on an entirely new pr9ciple1 x be+ con/ruct$ ) bevel-ge>s1 an improvem5t :i* is at once app>5t1 z !re are no spr+s to get out ( ord]4 ,ano!r new feature introduc$ is a deta*able hold]1 by :i* ! cyclomet] is in/antly remov$--a feature t w be appreciat$ by ^? :o h _h _! cyclomet]s brok5 on railroad tra9s1 etc4 ,! b>rel is elev5-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & weighs b "o & a qu>t] ounces4 ,e "p is made f h>d5$ brass & bronze1 & nickel-plat$1 mak+ x du/ & ru/ pro(4 ,! ,%ep>d w run #aj1jjj miles1 & requires no lubricant ( any k9d4 ,! ,%ep>d cyclomet] has be5 submitt$ to ! mo/ conv9c+ te/s by ! mak]s1 & !y are satisfi$ t x is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect cyclomet]s made4 ,! ,burdick cyclomet] is made by ,edw>d ,mill] ,co41 ! mak]s ( ! well-kn[n ,mill] lamps4 ,!y claim t x is made on entirely new pr9ciples1 & t x conta9s less ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! p>ts ( any o!r cyclomet] on ! m>ket4 ,! b> is turn$ out ( solid rod metal on a turret la!4 ,! figures are enamell$ on silv]-plat$ cyl9d]s4 ,^! figures are always 9 p]fect alignm5t1 & d n *ange gradually z 9 "s o!r cyclomet]s1 b in/antly4 ,x regi/]s t5?s ( a mile 9 ! r$-lett]$ "r h& cyl9d]2 ! total regi/ration is #aj1jjj miles4 ,?is cyclomet] w regi/] =w>d only1 & rev]s+ ! action ( ! :eel has no effect on ! figures4 ,!y claim t _! six-too? 8/>0 :eel us$ 9 connection ) _! pat5t /rik] w regi/] infallibly1 & t 9 any cyclomet] ) eight tee? 9 ! sprocket :eel !re is dang] ( con/ant false regi/ration4 ,! cyclomet] is made to record #gbj revolutions1 bas$ ^u ! numb] ( revolutions t a #bh-;in* :eel w make 9 a mile4 ,! bracket is a novel & +5i\s device1 & has a great range ( adju/ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"l ,,bell4 ,! ,wat]bury ,wat* ,company make ! ,trump cyclomet]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! me*anism is entirely by ge>+1 & c only be *ang$ by revolv+ ! :eel4 ,x regi/]s up to #aj1jjj miles1 & !n jumps back to z]o4 ,l "s o!r makes ( cyclomet]s1 ! t5?s ( a mile are %[n on ! inn] end 9 l>ge figures4 ,x regi/]s backw>d & =w>d1 & no h>m c result 9 turn+ x ei!r way4 ,! usual f9i% is nickel plat$1 b !y are also made ) /]l+ silv] cas+s & gold cas+s2 ?is latt] 9 a sat9-l9$ case makes a h&some & unique gift4 ,! spoke clip is an +5i\s little device consi/+ ( a little roll] :i* fa/5s to ! spoke on ! :eel1 & engages ) ! little 8/>0 :eel ( ! cyclomet] z ! :eel ( ! bicycle revolves4 ,x is adju/able1 & c be fa/5$ at any angle4 ,! clip screw is l>ge1 s t an ord9>y screw-driv] w fit x4 ,! ,lead] cyclomet]1 :i* is ( ! #aj1jjj-mile type1 has enamell$ regi/]+ :eels1 do+ away ) pap]4 ,! me*anism is )\t spr+s4 ,x has r$ figures = ! t5?s ( a mile4 ,x is made 9 ?ree sizes1 = #bf1 #bh & #cj in* :eels1 to regi/] miles1 kilos & v]/s4 ,!y h a new bracket ?is ye>1 :i* is made ( v heavy /ock1 s t x _c be brok5 ) ord9>y use4 ,! :ole cyclomet] is a v compact "o1 & weighs only #a ounces4 ,! ,new ,dep>ture cyclomet] is made ( a special nickel silv] metal1 :i* _c ru/ or corrode4 ,x has direct ge>+2 ! figures are l>ge & bold4 ,?is cyclomet] regi/]s #aj1jjj miles & repeats1 %[+ ! fraction ( t5?s ( a mile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trump ,,cyclomet]4 ,! ,new ,era is a new b>rel-%ape1 #aj1jjj-mile cyclomet]1 made by ! mak]s ( ! ,/&>d4 ,!y h _h a long exp]i5ce 9 mak+ cyclomet]s1 & !re=e x c be confid5tly ass]t$ t ?is cyclomet] w prove satisfactory4 ,!y cont9ue1 h[ev]1 to make ! ,/&>d ,midget1 & ! ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c ,/&>d1 :i* are ( ! op5-face wat*-dial /yle1 diff]+ only 9 size4 ,!y also make :at !y call a ,ta*omet]1 or ,spe$ ,indicator1 :i* weighs only #b ounces1 & is atta*$ to ! front =k ne> ! cr[n4 ,a small :eel be>s aga9/ ! rubb] tire op]at+ an op5-face dial4 ,x c be swung ei!r 9 or out ( position :ile rid+4 ,! ,tr5ton cyclomet] is ( ! op5 wat*-face /yle4 ,! dials are ( sat9 f9i%$ alum9um1 & ! case is ( poli%$ alum9um1 :i* is b "o-?ird ! weight ( nickel$ brass4 ,! cyclomet] c be run ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 & ! sy/em ( int]lock+ :eels :i* c>ry ! small regi/]+ dials :i* c be se5 f ! top1 prev5ts jump+ or inaccurate regi/ration4 ,x regi/]s #aj1jjj miles & repeats4 ,! weight is only "o ounce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bev9 ,,bell4 ,! ,buffalo ,met] ,company also make a cyclomet] ( ! b>rel type1 & :i* does n diff] 9 g5]al details f ! o!rs 9 ! m>ket4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ collection ( cyclomet]s t 0 ev] ga!r$ toge!r 0 %[n at ! la/ cycle %[ 9 ,*icago4 ,models 7 %[n ( all ! old types t h ev] be5 us$1 %[+ ! evolution ( cyclomet] con/ruction up to t "t4 ,?is unique collection 0 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,s*ultz1 ! me*anical exp]t ( ,be>+s ( ,*icago4 ,,bells4 ,cu/om & local ord9ances h made ! use ( a bell a necessity1 & !re=e bells h always be5 us$ by :eelm5 s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! sport4 ,all ! well-kn[n & popul> makes ( bells are /ill l>gely us$1 & !re are a numb] ( new ?+s on ! m>ket ?is season1 "o ( ! mo/ tak+ be+ a bell made by ! ,bri/ol ,bell ,company1 mak]s ( ! 8,corb90 bells4 ,?is bell has a rais$ emblem ( ! ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ca/ 9 ! top "p ( ! gong1 :i* 0 an extremely difficult ?+ to d 9 ord] to get an ev5 ?ickness ( metal all ?r\gh ! surface ( ! gong4 ,! bell has a beautiful cle> tone & is h&somely f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,bell4 ,! ,bev9 ,bro!rs ,manufactur+ ,company make a bell !y call ! 8,tie ,bell10 :i* has ei!r a s+le r+ or a cont9u\s r+ at pleasure4 ,x is fitt$ ) a b& clamp adju/able to any size =k aid is op]at$ by press+ a spr+ lev] atta*$ to ! h&leb>1 :i* 9 turn pulls up a cord1 :i* ?r[s a small h>d rubb] disk aga9/ ! tread ( ! tire & places ! bell 9 op]ation4 ,!y also make a d\ble /roke t&em bell1 :i* !y call ! 8,cle> ! ,road ,al>m40 ,x has a l>ge gong ( f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is atta*$ to ! re> =ks1 a /r+ pass+ f !re up & along ! ma9 upp] tube to ! head1 an arrangem5t be+ rigg$ on ! end ( ! seat po/ to c>ry ! cord to ! bell4 ,! ,h>dw>e ,specialty ,company ( ,new>k make bo? a d\ble /roke & a rot>y hamm] bell1 :i* are op]at$ by pu%+ a button in/ead ( be+ op]at$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! ,b4 ,r4 bell is also ( ! same type1 us+ a pu%-button in/ead ( a lev]4 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is type ( bell are t ! rid] is enabl$ to use ! bell on ei!r side ( ! h&leb> )\t rev]s+4 ,! ,ericson ,automatic ,bicycle bell is atta*$ to ! front =ks by a clamp-bracket & op]at$ by a friction pulley ?r[n 9 contact ) ! tire ( ! front :eel & connect$ by a small lev] on ! left side ( ! h&leb>1 :i* c be press$ by ! =ef+] )\t mov+ ! h& out ( position4 ,! lev] is connect$ ) ! bell by a %ort piece ( cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,bell-,,brake40 ,! ,saks ,cont9u\s ,r++ ,bell w r+ cont9u\sly f t5 to fifte5 m9utes z desir$4 ,! bell is w\nd up by tak+ hold ( ! top "p ( ! bell & turn+ x to ! "r1 & to r+ ! bell a knob is pu%$ to ! left1 to sil5ce ! bell ! knob is pu%$ to ! "r4 ,! ,t4 ,k4 ,bell r+s automatically1 ei!r cont9u\sly or a %ort r+ at ! pleasure ( ! rid]4 ,! bell is atta*$ to ! front =k & sw+s "u ! l[] "p1 & !re=e does n int]f]e ) coa/]s1 brake1 lamp bracket or cyclomet]4 ,x is op]at$ by pull+ a cord :i* is atta*$ to ! h&leb> & connect$ to ! bell & :i* ?r[s a rotat+ disk 9 op]ation on ! tire4 ,! ,"l ,bicycle ,bell is atta*$ to ! "r side ( ! front =k directly above ! tire4 ,! bell has an alum9um rim or flange und]nea? ! gong1 & has a ?umb piece or lev] atta*$ 9 a conv5i5t position ne> ! grip2 a /r+ is fa/5$ to ! lev] ( ! bell prop]1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh a %eave on ! h&le b> /em & fa/5$ to ! ?umb lev]1 mak+ ! /r+ taut4 ,! %eave or pulley c be disp5s$ ) entirely & a ?umb piece sub/itut$ = same if desir$4 ,x is op]at$ by ei!r pu%+ d[n ! ?umb lev] or pull+ ! /r+ :i* =ces ! alum9um rim on ! tire1 caus+ ! bell to r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,toe ,,clip4 ,! mak+ ( ?is class ( bells1 i4e4 to be rung by a rotat+ :eel on ! tire or rim1 br+s to m9d ! old type made by ,hill ,tollman ( ,worce/]1 ,mass4 & :i* 0 s long 9 use on ! old ord9>y1 s t ?is con/ruction is really ano!r in/ance ( :at has be5 s (t5 not$ 9 ?is s]ies--a rev]sion to old types & =ms4 ,! ,music ,cycle ,bell ,co41 furni% a set ( bells = club use1 ! set consi/+ ( twelve bells accurately tun$4 ,only two bells are plac$ on ea* :eel s t :5 six p]sons are rid+ toge!r1 or f\r ) eight bells are us$1 ! rid]s c play ! popul> tunes z !y ride4 ,:ile ?is1 h[ev]1 might n be appreciat$ on ev]yday occasions1 9 a bicycle p>ade x w\ld create a s5sation4 ,! ,columbia ,cycle ,bell is a cont9u\s r++ bell1 & ! mak]s say t 8y j pu% ! button & ! bell does ! re/40 ,,! 8,,bell-,,brake40 ,a comb9ation bell & brake call$ ! 8,bell-,brake0 is made by ! ,univ]sal ,trad+ ,co4 ,! ,bell-,brake gives a cont9u\s silv]y r+ by ! slight pressure ( ! ?umb on ! lev] situat$ directly 9 front ( ! rid] :]e x c be us$ )\t ei!r h& leav+ its hold on ! h&leb>4 ,a slight pressure ( ! ?umb pu%es a small alum9um :eel 9 contact ) ! tire1 & ! bell r+s cont9u\sly4 ,! bell hamm] is atta*$ to ! :eel by a /eel rod1 & by pu%+ ! lev] d[n a little ) ! ?umb1 or v h>d ) bo? ?umbs ! brake is appli$4 ,! sides ( ! brake-%oe clasp ! sides ( ! tire1 :]e !re is no we>1 & ! bell /ill r++ is !reby pu%$ up ) ! alum9um friction :eel & ! /eel rod & frame4 ,! bell c be ?r[n out ( action :5ev] x is n ne$$ by slightly pull+ up ! r+ on *a9-lift & plac+ x ov] ! hook4 ,! bell rema9s sil5t until want$ aga94 ,a /rong /eel lamp bracket ne> ! head ( ! /e]+ po/ :]e a lamp c be c>ri$1 is provid$ by ! bell-brake1 ! fulcrum ( ! op]at+ ?umb-lev] be+ ext5d$ = ?is purpose4 ,a puncture gu>d is also suppli$ ) ?is bell & brake1 =m+ ! re> end ( ! brake-%oe1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* f ! tread ( ! tire1 & ready to scoop (f any pieces ( glass1 tacks1 nails1 etc41 t h be5 pick$ up by x be=e !y c be driv5 ?r\gh ! tire by ! p\nd+ ( _m revolutions4 ,! :ole arrangem5t ( bell1 brake1 lamp bracket & puncture gu>d weighs b a trifle ov] a p\nd1 & c be atta*$ to any ord9>y bicycle4 ,,toe-,,clips4 ,toe-clips are m l>gely us$ ?an ev]4 ,orig9ally !y 7 us$ only by our rac+ m51 & "o ( ! mo/ popul> clips ev] us$ 0 "o nam$ aft] ,zimm]man4 ,x 0 simply a n>r[ b& ( spr+ /eel ab\t "o-qu>t] in* wide1 b5t to ! requir$ %ape & bolt$ to ! p$al4 ,! type is n[ some:at ext9ct1 ! dem& appe>+ to be m = toe-clips t cov] m ( ! surface ( ! foot4 ,a new design is "o call$ ! ,roll]4 ,x has a small corrugat$ roll] fa/5$ on ! end ( ! clip1 :]e x t\*es ! %oe4 ,?is roll] p]mits ! foot to be slid 9 & out readily4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! new clips is call$ ! 8,p$al ,balance ,toe-,clip40 ,:5 n 9 use ! weight ( ! clip itself1 )\t any c\nt]weight :atev]1 holds ! p$al "r side up & horizontally ready to receive ! foot1 :i* :5 plac$ ^u x presses d[n ! plung]1 !reby rais+ ! clip ov] ! toe4 ,! clip releases itself & drops to position ! mom5t ! rid] />ts to remove 8 feet4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ab\t ?is clip is t !y d n hang z close to ! gr\nd z clips atta*$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,!y c be atta*$ to any make ( p$al4 ,ano!r type is call$ ! 8,c't ,slip40 ,?is is ( ! broad /yle ( clip1 b x has side ext5sion ext5d+ d[n ov] ! sides ( ! upp] & sole & prev5ts side-slipp+ (f ! p$al4 ,! %oe1 h[ev]1 is readily )drawn backw>d on a dism\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[>d ,,toe ,,clamp4 ,! ,h[>d ,adju/able ,safety ,toe-,clip fits all p$als1 & z ! cut %[s1 x does n t\* ! upp] ( ! %oe1 z x only grasps ! sole ( ! %oe4 ,to give ! be/ satisfaction a pair %\ld be plac$ on ea* side ( ! p$al1 s t !y w balance ea* o!r & cat* ! sole :i*ev] side ( ! p$al is up4 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is /yle ( clip are t !re is no pressure on ! toes or any o!r "p ( ! foot1 & t !y w fit any size ( %oe1 & h5ce c be us$ by wom5 z well z by m54 ,wire toe-clips are l>gely us$1 made ( pla9 wire or spirally twi/$ wire2 ! mo/ popul> wire clip is kn[n z ,?iem's1 ( :i* a cut is %[n4 ,a new toe-clip %[n is made 9 ! =m ( a /irrup4 ,! frame is made ( /eel1 ! upp] "p be+ made ( lea!r 9 ! %ape ( a /irrup1 & is lac$ = adju/ability4 ,! ,quick ,swivel ,clip is "o t is me*anically automatic1 cle>+ ! way = ! foot1 & provides = a /rong upw>d pull4 ,9 its op]ation x makes no diff]5ce :]e ! foot /rikes ! swivel z ei!r end fits ! toe & w foll[ into position ! in/ant ! foot is plac$ ^u ! p$al4 ,! lift+ /ra9 is di/ribut$ along ! top ( ! foot & c5tres on ! swivel p94 ,,luggage ,,c>ri]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kalamazoo ,,c>ri]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lamson ,,c>ri]4 ,! bicycle t\r+ season w %ortly op51 :5 luggage1 coats & packages w h to be fa/5$ 9 "s way to ! frame ( ! bicycle4 ,! luggage c>ri]s made by ,c4 ,h4 ,lamson ( ,portl&1 ,me41 h long be5 favorably kn[n & l>gely us$ by :eelm5 all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,he /ill cont9ues to make 8 deta*able luggage c>ri] ( wire & lea!r /raps1 to be us$ on ! h&leb>s1 & :i* are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 n only to c>ry clo?+1 b to c>ry cam]as & books z well4 ,! cuts give an excell5t idea ( _! con/ruction4 ,a dem&1 h[ev]1 has exi/$ = re> luggage c>ri]s = bicycles1 & to meet ?is dem& ,lamson %[s a new c>ri]4 ,x is made ( lea!r & is s =m$ z to make ! mud gu>d protect ! package1 & also to save ! frame ( ! bicycle f be+ *af$4 ,! /raps are /\t1 ?ick & ( good l5g?1 & ! pat5t buckle all[s ! quick removal ( bundle or cam]a4 ,he makes ano!r =m ( ?is /yle ( wire & /raps4 ,?is c>ri] makes a spr+y %elf :i* makes an easy re/ = ! package4 ,two wire hooks spr+ aga9/ ! inn] sides ( ! back /ays j above ! brace :i* is usually plac$ above ! :eel1 & ^! wire hooks are held securely 9 place by turn+ d[n a snap4 ,ano!r =m ( re> luggage c>ri] is call$ ! ,adams ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,?is is also made ( lea!r & /raps1 & w c>ry a good size package1 & :5 n 9 use is sc>cely noticeable4 ,web]'s ,new ,dep>ture ,luggage ,c>ri] is a comb9ation luggage c>ri] & lamp bracket made ( cold roll$ /eel1 fitt$ ) lea!r /raps4 ,?is c>ri] also af=ds a suitable grip = c>ry+ a p>cel 9 :5 deta*$ f ! bicycle4 ,x weighs1 complete1 ab\t ?ree ounces1 & c be roll$ up & c>ri$ 9 ! pocket or atta*$ to ! top b> ( ! bicycle4 ,! luggage is plac$ 9 ! c>ri] & atta*$ to ! bicycle by slipp+ x ov] ! lamp bracket4 ,! c>ri] may also be atta*$ to ! seat po/4 ,a wick] basket c>ri] is also %[n1 :i* w fit any h&leb>1 be+ fa/5$ !reto ) /raps1 & ?is c]ta9ly ought to become a popul> "o = c>ry+ lun*eons on small picnic runs4 ,= t\r+ purposes a l95oid t\r+ case1 made by ,crane ,bros41 ( ,we/field1 ,mass41 is to be comm5d$4 ,x is made simil> to an ext5sion case ( t\gh wat]pro( mat]ial1 & is seamless4 ,x c be remov$ f ! frame 9 a mom5t1 ow+ to pat5t buckles be+ us$4 ,_! ord9>y size w fit ! frames ( ne>ly all ! well-kn[n bicycles 9 ! m>ket1 b special sizes & f9i% are furni%$ z desir$4 ,l95oid1 ( :i* ^! cases are made1 consi/s ( pure l95 ?reads r$uc$ to a pulp1 *emically treat$ & m\ld$ on iron =ms subject$ to heat f great pressure1 & !n f9i%$4 ,!y also make a megaphone ( ?is mat]ial1 & :i* w c>ry ! voice f a half to two miles1 ! di/ance dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,!y h a new idea 9 megaphones1 "o t is call$ a d\ble megaphone1 :i* all[s ! p]son us+ ! megaphone to he> also )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a supplem5t>y tube runs f ! m\?piece to ! e> ( ! us]1 s t ) ?is d\ble megaphone a conv]sation c be c>ri$ on ) z mu* ease & satisfaction z if ! us]s 7 ne> toge!r4 ,,auxili>y ,,seats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fairy ,,*ild',s ,,seat4 ,! 8,fairy0 *ild's seat is among ! mo/ widely us$ 9 ?is l9e ( atta*m5ts4 ,! support+ frame is made f a s+le piece ( #e_/af in* wire d\bl$ & b5t to hook ov] ! h&leb>1 ! l[] portion runn+ d[n on ei!r side ( ! head ( ! bicycle1 & secur$ to ! head by means ( a %ort /rap & buckle1 ! l[] ends ( ! wires turn+ out to make foot re/s = ! *ild4 ,! upp] "p ( ! wire frame is b5t 9 a mann] to =m a support = a v5e]$ seat bo>d1 & ! seat bo>d is provid$ ) a light wire rail runn+ ar\nd ! side & back1 :ile a wood h&le is run ?r\gh loops =m$ 9 ! wire rail to secure ! *ild 9 place1 z well z to provide h&les = ! *ild to take hold (4 ,?is seat is extremely simple & neat1 & w fit ei!r a lady's or a g5tleman's bicycle4 ,x is p]fectly safe = babies or a *ild sev5 ye>s old4 ,! seat be+ 9 ! position x is ov] ! h&leb>1 is entirely out ( ! way ( ! rid]1 & ! *ild sits s ne>ly ov] ! c5tre ( ! head t /e]+ is sc>cely affect$ at all4 ,,p>cel ,,c>ri]s4 ,! ,kalamazoo ,p>cel ,c>ri] is made f #c_/af in* /eel spr+ wire1 & has a l95 net 9 ! =m ( a bag = a receptacle to hold p>cels ( all k9ds4 ,! size ( ! op5+ is #fac in*es4 ,x fits ne>ly all h&leb>s4 ,x is simply hook$ ar\nd ! b> & held d[n by means ( a light cord1 :i* goes d[n "u ! upp] tube ( ! bicycle4 ,?is c>ri] weighs ab\t #h ounces1 & w c>ry up to #ae p\nds4 ,,o!r ,,accessories4 ,!re are two frame protectors on ! m>ket :i* are v useful :5 a drop b> is us$ to protect ! frame f be+ m>r$ by ! grips4 ,! ,/raus protector consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate r+s ( h>d rubb]1 :i* are split s z to all[ !m to be plac$ ov] ! frame1 & !y are usually us$ 9 a comb9ation ( colors1 ! r+s be+ furni%$ 9 r$1 :ite & blue4 ,! ,goodri* frame protector is ( "o-piece con/ruction1 & has diamond-%ape corrugations ov] its surface2 a /eel spr+ imb$d$ 9 ! rubb] clamps ! protector tightly to ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,ideal0 ,,pump4 ,"y's ,rim ,sprocket c be us$ 9 connection ) any ord9>y sprocket to increase ! ge> )\t remov+ ! sprocket f ! crank %aft4 ,! rim fits snugly ov] ! sprocket1 be+ held 9 place by f\r bolts & nuts1 & ! *ange c be made v readily4 ,^! rims c be obta9$ to add f ?ree to f\r tee? to any sprocket hav+ f\rte5 tee? & upw>d4 ,,lubricants4 ,*a9 & ge> lubricants are p]haps n appli$ z frequ5tly 9 all in/ances z !y %\ld be1 a fact due l>gely1 no d\bt1 to ! disagreeabl5ess ( ! task4 ,:eelm5 h long wond]$ :y mak]s ( *a9 lubricants h n hit ^u "s =m ( package less unpleasant to h&le ?an ! old /yle /ick-graphite package4 ,! 8,pacemak]0 is ! late/ improvem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,x is a simple tube ( semi-liquid graphite1 ) a small b s]viceable bru% fitt$ into ! cap4 ,?us ! lubricant1 :i* is an excell5t "o1 c be appli$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t possible =m1 )\t ! necessity ( sme>+ "o's h&s & clo?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,pacemak]0--8,,?ree-,,9-,,"o40 8,pacemak]0 is manufactur$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,cole ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 mak]s ( ! well kn[n 8#c 9 #a0 comp\nd1 :i* all cycli/s 9 all c\ntries are famili> )4 ,a novelty 9 gu>d lac+ = ladies' bicycles %[n is ,%irley's pat5t gu>d lac+4 ,!y are made ( knott$ silk cord & are ready to apply to any bicycle1 & a suffici5t quantity ( extra lac+ is furni%$ to lace ! *a9 gu>d4 ,a nickel-plat$ eye is furni%$ to atta* to ! re> axle & black enamell$ wire hooks fa/5 ! ends to ! wire gu>d4 ,?is /yle ( gu>d is v mu* sup]ior to ! ord9>y lac+ us$1 & is ( ! type us$ s l>gely dur+ ! pa/ season by ! mak]s ( ! ,wolff-,am]ican cycles4 ,! ,columbia ,retro-,opticon %[s cycli/s :at may be com+ beh9d !m4 ,x is us$ on ! h&leb> j 9 front ( ! left h& grip4 ,!y c be set 9 any position4 ,a glance at ! surface ( ! in/rum5t %[s a complete picture 9 m9iature ( ev]y?+ beh9d ! rid]4 ,,foot ,,pumps4 ,! old /yle h& pump is n[ b little us$ except+ 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 ! m p[]ful foot pump hav+ be5 sub/itut$ 9 ! bicycle rooms ( mo/ cycli/s4 ,^! are l>gely ( ! type %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ( ! 8,ideal0 pump1 manufactur$ by ! ,manhattan ,brass ,company4 ,! cyl9d] is l>ge1 ) a d\ble wa%] atta*$ to ! plung]4 ,!re is practically no?+ to get out ( ord]1 & x requires b a few dis*>ges f ! pump to fill a tire solidly4 ,,an ,,automatic ,,pump4 ,a device t promises to save :eelm5 mu* "t & tr\ble is an automatic pump1 op]at$ ^u ! p5ny-9-!-slot pr9ciple4 ,x is int5d$ by ! company controll+ ! pat5ts & manufactur+ ! pump to place !m at conv5i5t po9ts along ! city & suburban r\tes = cycli/s1 = use by any :eelman :o has ! price ( s]vice--"o c5t4 ,! ma*9e is ( /urdy con/ruction1 built to /& r\gh usage & r\gh wea!r4 ,! dropp+ ( a p5ny 9 ! receiv+ slot releases a lev]1 "o complete sw+ ( :i* pumps ! tire h>d if ! rid] wi%es x s1 or a p>tial sw+ w give su* pressure z is desir$4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,freaks ,,& ,,useless ,,devices4 ,"s "o has def9$ a rebellion z a revolution :i* has n succe$$4 ,simil>ly1 ! freaki%ness or non-freaki%ness ( an idea 9 cycle con/ruction may be deem$ to turn on its fate 9 ! /ruggle = survival2 yet !re may be "s exceptions to ! rule ( survival ( ! fitte/1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are myriads ( notions t are vision>y z to possible practical results or ev5 g c\nt] to ! mo/ elem5t>y ( natural laws4 ,a cycle %[ always br+s out a few ( ! mild] sort4 ,= example1 ! ,upright1 devis$ by a non-rid] :o _h obs]v$ ) pa9 ! 8monkey-on-a-/ick0 position & p]ceiv$ t ?is w\ld be impossible if ! h&s mu/ be at ! sides2 s ?is "o-idea re=m] devis$ a frame :i* plac$ ! h&le b> beh9d ! rid]1 & ! uprightness 0 complete4 ,a few bicycles on ?is plan 7 made & w5t into use4 ,! lea/ t c be said is t ! idea 0 effectually embodi$2 ! mo/ is t if "o idea 0 en\gh 9 a bicycle ?is w\ld h be5 triumphant & p]man5t4 ,! la/ %[ _h a freak or two 9 tires1 a spur-ge> freak 9 *a9less driv+ 7s9ce remade into a =m capable ( op]at+71 a device = driv+ ! front :eel by a see-saw h&leb> work+ /raps & rat*ets simultane\sly ) regul> driv+ on ! re> :eel--& "s o!rs we d n n[ recall4 ,9 ! lack ( a %[1 freaks d n come to ! front z prom95tly ?is ye>1 & yet !y are /ill to be numb]$ by ! ?\s&4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 witless1 non-workable pat5ts1 besides _m m by cranks :o _c raise ! pat5t fees & are ?us cruelly b>r$ out ( ! ,ed5 rightfully !irs if fate _h be5 less unk9d4 ,:e!r z mu* money has n be5 sunk 9 su* pat5ts & 9 b>r5 exp]im5t 9 ! aggregate z has be5 made out ( ! bicycle is d\btful2 at lea/1 x is )9 b\nds to say t ! wor?less pat5ts 9 ! cycle l9e tak5 out 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s c\ld n be adequately describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 a mon?1 ev5 if ?is j\rnal 7 entirely giv5 up to ! task4 ,yet we c sket* a few z samples2 also indicat+ ! l9es along :i* b>r5 contriv+ con/antly runs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,by ,,! 8,,rid]',s ,,weight40 ,,"s ,,con/ant ,,fallacies4 ,!re are sev]al fallacies :i* recur1 ye> aft] ye>1 & necess>ily lead to wrong conclusions4 ,"o ( ^! fallacies is t !re is a l>ge res]ve p[] 9 ! body :i* is n ord9>ily af=d$ means = exp5d+ itself1 especially t ! arms d n h a *ance giv5 !m4 ,ano!r is ! tw9 bro!r ( p]petual motion by means ( gravity1 & x imag9es t a cycle c be driv5 cont9u\sly by ! weight ( ! rid]4 ,ano!r assumes t ! covet$ mile-a-m9ute spe$ c be atta9$ by spe$+ up ! :eel ) relation to ! foot action by means ( ge>s4 ,ano!r assumes t a comb9ation ( en\gh ge>s1 lev]s1 clut*es1 /raps1 cams1 etc41 c be tru/$ to g ( itself2 inv5tors along ?is l9e seem to read ! t]m 8me*anical p[]s0 z 9 ! s+ul>1 & z mean+ t a comb9ation ( devices c create p[]1 :]eas ! fact is t a man :o moves a big /one by means ( pulleys actually exp5ds m en]gy ?an if he rais$ ! load by 8 own muscles unassi/$4 ,!re is also an endless l9e ( cranks1 utt]ly ignorant ( or act+ 9 defiance ( ! mo/ elem5t>y natural laws1 ^: propositions are z de/itute ( practicability z dreams 9 sleep1 9 :i*1 z we all "k1 no?+ seems prepo/]\s1 & to foll[ ,alice d[n ! rabbit's hole or to unscrew our own legs & eat !m = lun* ) condim5ts w\ld be 9 ! regul> ord] ( ?+s4 ,,"s ,,examples ,,( ,,useless ,,contriv+4 ,examples may be cit$ almo/ at r&om & )\t c>e = *ronological ord]4 ,a mild case 0 t ( ! ,hunt pat5t1 ,decemb]1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,hunt 0 aw>e 8t a *a9 is (t5 us$ to transmit p[] f ! p$als to ! :eel10 b he propos$ 8a frictional ge>+ connection40 ,8 device 0 ! same mode ( *a9less driv+ z on ! ,humb] *a9less ( today--t is1 by an int]m$iate :eel1 b ) a diff]5ce2 8 drive-:eels on ! :eel axle & crank axle _h too!d or corrugat$ edges1 & 8 int]m$iate _h a rubb] b& or tire on its rim4 8,x w be evid5t 7he says7 to ! /ud5t ( ?is bicycle t ! corrugations on ! p]iph]ies ( ! drive-:eels ,k & ,m w take firm hold ( ! rubb] b& ( ! int]m$iate :eel ,n & ?us prev5t any possibility ( slipp+2 9 ?is way an easy1 regul> motion w be produc$40 ,he also claims t ?is connection1 :ile be+ firm en\gh1 w also be ela/ic1 ) 8yield+ *>act]i/ics40 ,:at really is evid5t is t if 8 device succe$$ 9 driv+ ! bicycle at all1 ! rubb] b& w\ld reta9 its integrity at lea/ fifte5 m9utes4 ,! same notion reappe>$1 a ye> ago1 9 ! pat5t ( ,mr4 ,langbridge1 an ,engli%man1 :o propos$ *a9less driv+ by two spur ge> :eels c>ri$ on ! seat-po/ tube & me%+ ) "o on ! p$al axle2 8a pneumatic-tir$ friction :eel10 borne on /ays 9 ! triangle bel[ ! saddle1 0 to "w on ! tire ( ! re> :eel ne> its top1 & ?is frictional contact w\ld imp>t 8! same1 or practically ! same1 velocity0 z t ( ! friction :eel itself4 ,?is 0 a cons]vative way ( /at+ x1 = 8practically0 is a r flexible t]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,sweep]0 ,,idea4 ,9 #ahic a ,h>t=d man pat5t$ a bicycle fitt$ ) a l>ge cyl9d]1 borne on ei!r side bel[ ! :eel c5tre1 = compress$ air4 ,hav+ previ\sly fill$ ^!1 ei!r by a foot pump1 :i* takes ! place ( ! usual p$als1 or by a curi\s rot>y h& pump c>ri$ "u ! upp] tube1 ! rid] climb$ to 8 place1 op5$ a conv5i5t ?rottle valve & sp$ along gayly4 ,on a d[n grade he c\ld use ! mom5tum to repump air1 gett+ brake effect by s do+1 or he c\ld use ! air pressure to "w a brake direct2 z ! gas tanks c>ri$ two little :eels on spiral spr+s und]nea? !m1 ! rid] c\ld /ep (f & leave ! :ole con/ruction upright1 lean+ d[n on "o ( ^! /op-:eels4 ,five ye>s ago ,mr4 ,gundela* ( ?is city pat5t$ 8a conv5i5t ge> me*anism by :i* ! ma*9e may be spe$$ high on a good road & may be *ang$ to a l[ spe$ = hill climb+40 ,he plac$ a s]ies ( spur ge>s ) p9ions !reon 9 a frame1 ! la/ ( !m work+ on ! re> :eel by sprocket & *a92 :5 ! rid] came to a t\gh hill or a piece ( bad road he _h only to get (f & c>efully loos5 ! %aft s z to make a %ift = p[] on ! famili> me?od ( ! con$ pulley 9 ma*9e %ops & he 0 all "r2 a fly:eel on ! %aft1 = equaliz+ motion & = us+ ! res]voir ( p[] :i* "s imag9e is conta9$ 9 fly:eels1 0 n omitt$4 ,! public seem to h respect$ ,mr4 ,gundela*'s pat5t rights4 ,9 #ahij ,mr4 ,to5se ( ,clevel& pat5t$ a man-p[] comb9$ ) a pair ( hydraulic cyl9d]s4 ,! rid] began by climb+ to a high seat1 :i* sank "u him & ?us ?ru/ back ! pi/on ( a horizontal pump1 :i* gave ! :eel a =w>d impulse by a rack & p9ion4 ,z ! seat sank1 x mov$ ,l-%ap$ lev]s1 & ?us lift$ ! pi/on 9 a v]tical hydraulic cyl9d]2 !n ! rid] pu%$ d[n on ! treadles1 8at ! same "t rais+ himself 9 ! seat10 & ! pi/on j rais$ 0 pu%$ d[n1 giv+ ! :eel ano!r impulse4 8,! driv+ :eel is ?us act$ ^u alt]nately by ! two driv+ cyl9d]s1 "o act+ :5 ! seat desc5ds & ! o!r :5 ! treadles are =c$ d[n40 ,?is may seem a little obscure1 b we h nev] _h opportunity to see ! device4 ,mr4 ,hansel1 ( ,zeitz1 9 ,g]many1 only rec5tly r$iscov]$ & pat5t$ ! idea ( driv+ by ! rid]'s weight4 ,!re are two saddles1 ea* on its po/1 arrang$ to slide up & d[n see-saw fa%ion1 & ge>$1 no matt] precisely h[1 to a v big pulley belt$ to a v small "o on ! re> :eel1 ! ge> ratio be+ evid5tly enorm\s4 ,! rid] gets up on ! seat :i* is at ! top1 slides d[n ) x1 ?us />t+ ! :eel2 !n he is to hop (f t to ! o!r seat 7:i* has mean:ile gone up7 & s on4 ,expressive sil5ce may be left to 8muse ! praise0 ( ?is inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,osborne ( ,brooklyn rec5tly (f]$ a c>pet sweep] belt$ to ! front :eel1 :i* 8w ?ru/ aside small objects1 su* z nails1 tacks1 glass1 %>p /ones & ! l1 & leave a free pa? = ! passage ( ! :eels ( ! bicycle40 ,?is we respectfully ref] to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/reet ,clean+4 ,mr4 ,liv+/on ( ,/4 ,l\is takes ! locomotive d\ble-rod *a9less driv+ ( ! #ahif ,tw5tie? ,c5tury & ! ,dayton ( ?is ye>1 & improves on x 9 8 own way4 ,in/ead ( driv+ 8 p9ion by a *a9 & s runn+ x =w>d1 he makes a spur ge> ( x1 s t ! motion is rev]s$ f t ( ! p$als4 ,z ! two connect+-rods to ! :eel are work$ by ?is p9ion1 he is compell$ to p$al backw>d1 or else run ! bicycle itself backw>d4 ,presumably1 he int5ds ! =m]1 & is n di/urb$ by ! prospect2 b z ?is mode ( p$all+ w\ld involve an excessively v]tical action x is n probable t ?is p>ticul> *a9less w ev] be se5 on ! road4 ,go+ back sixte5 ye>s1 we f9d ,mr4 ,amess1 a ,canadian1 turn+ ! fir/ ,columbia model into a lev]-driv+ :eel1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,8 pat5t claims only spe$+ up & v]tical position1 & does n allege safety f head]s1 v prop]ly4 ,= n only 0 8 contrivance clumsy & subject to great friction on ! slid+ fulcrum1 b add$ weight :]e weight w\ld be dang]\s2 moreov]1 z a c>eful exam9ation w %[1 ! mode ( driv+ _h no t5d5cy to hold d[n ! back :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,notion ,,( #ahha4 ,only a ye> ago1 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 an ,engli%man1 pat5t$ a lev] contrivance ) oscillat+ fulcrum1 9 comb9ation ) planet ge>+4 ,e disadvantage ( lev]-driv+ atta*$ to ?is1 & he also took up aga9 our old acqua9tance ! mu*-h]ald$ elliptical sprocket1 :i* _h its trial 9 ?is c\ntry "s ye>s be=e4 ,sub/antially ?is device 0 at ! ,national ,%[1 ,novemb]1 #ahif4 ,at t ,%[ 0 ! ,al]t1 a *a9less us+ sub/antially ! 8*a9 disk or cam10 j pat5t$ by a ,sw$e & said to h be5 sold 7a few c\ntries except$7 = #fjj1jjj4 ,x is an ,l-lev] pivot$ at ! crank bracket1 ! =w>d arm c>ry+ ! p$als1 & ! upp] arm draw+ by a cord ^u a sort ( snail cam or scroll on ! re> axle2 ! driv+ is on ea* side necess>ily1 & !re is no back p$all+4 ,! lev]age is *angeable by %ift+ up or d[n ! place ( atta*m5t ( ! cord to ! upright lev] arm4 ,a ye> be=e ?is1 ano!r ,engli%man pat5t$ a device = *a9less driv+ by a lev] ) slid+ fulcrum at ! re> ( ! :eel2 ! lev] 0 to be pivot$ to a :eel ) int]nal spur tee? me%+ ) a p9ion on ! axle1 & ! device 0 on bo? sides4 ,five ye>s ago ,mr4 ,mahoney ( ?is city pat5t$ a contrivance z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,he ov]look$ su* consid]ations z enorm\s wid? ( tread & ! fact t 8 driv+ :eel 0 n c5tral 9 ! frame4 ,he premis$ t1 8z a g5]al ?+1 a bicycle rid] has a res]ve supply ( /r5g? :i* he _c use to advantage 9 runn+ ! ord9>y bicycle1 f ! fact t he _c make 8 feet g fa/ en\gh to get a spe$ f ! bicycle proportionate to 8 /r5g?40 ,hav+ ?us ann\nc$ ! discov]y t twice two are five1 ,mr4 ,mahoney describ$ 8 inv5tion by :i* 8a p]son may drive ! ma*9e v rapidly )\t mak+ 8 feet move v fa/40 ,if ,mr4 ,mahoney _h n be5 b5t on inv5t+ some?+1 he might h p]ceiv$ t spe$+ up ad libitum c\ld be _h by omitt+ 8 ge>s & us+ a front sprocket l>ge en\gh4 ,lat] inv5tors h se5 m cle>ly4 ,= in/ance1 only a few mon?s ago1 ,mr4 ,papp]dykes ( ,new ,hav5 8pat5t$0 a bicycle w>rant$ to c>ry a rid] a mile 9 sev5 & a half revolutions ( ! p$als1 ?us giv+ outlet to ! res]ve supply ( /r5g? m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,mahoney4 ,!re is a tra9 ( ge>s1 comb9$ ) sprockets & *a91 mak+ a ge> ratio ( #h1ddh in*es4 ,?is is z ! /ory 0 told1 s9ce we h n se5 ! pat5t2 b !re 0 an error 9 expression ,! equival5t circumf]5ce ( :eel is #h1ddh in*es & ! diamet] #b1fhj in*es1 or #bbd feet1 z ne>ly z c be figur$1 mak+ an equival5t :eel only =ty feet small] ?an ! great ,f]ris :eel ( ! ,_w's ,fair4 ,"h is a little object lesson 9 ge> ratio z h]et(ore expla9$2 ! actual :eel 0 to be #bh in*es1 :ile x 0 to run p] ea* p$al revolution z f> z a directly connect$ :eel ( #bbd feet w\ld run4 ,su* a con/ruction might be a little heavy1 b !re w\ld be a difficulty ) x 9 practice2 x w\ld probably require t5 or twelve horse-p[] to drive1 :ile a bicycle rid] has only "o man-p[]4 ,a l difficulty prev5ts our fly+ ) ! birds1 = w+s c\ld be easily made & atta*$4 ,:at c\ld anybody expect to accompli% by c>ry+ a long *a9 f ! usual front sprocket to an extra sprocket bel[ ! saddle1 f :i* a second *a9 ran d[n to ! re> sprocket8 ,yet ! writ] enc\nt]$ precisely ?is fix$-up contrivance 9 ! /reet1 & survey$ x ) feel+s :i* =bore utt]ance4 ,or consid] ! v rec5t pat5t ( ,mr4 ,scott ( ,philadelphia1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,he knew t an electric motor = driv+ ! :eel w\ld be delightful = a lazy rid]2 s he put "o on beh9d1 9 :at is evid5tly a good place = x4 ,a motor mu/ h curr5t2 s he put a small dynamo on ! diagonal tube to supply x4 ,!n1 to make t g1 he _h only to put a l>ge b& :eel 9 place ( ! front sprocket & belt x on1 & ! de$ 0 done4 ,grant+ t !re w\ld be no electrical difficulty 9 transmitt+ en]gy f "o po9t to ! o!r1 ?is contrivance w\ld simply wa/e a consid]able p[] :i* might be c>ri$ directly to ! :eel2 b ,mr4 ,scott does n "k ?is1 & he felt he _h a call to inv5t some?+4 ,yet ,mr4 ,scott is put 9 ! %ade by ,mr4 ,turn]1 out 9 ,indian ,t]ritory1 :o has pat5t$ a contrivance = mak+ a head w9d drive in/ead ( ret>d4 ,he proposes to m\nt a small w9dmill ) f\r vanes on a horizontal %aft 9 l9e ) ! top tube1 & ?is1 by a pair ( bevel p9ions1 is to run a %aft lead+ /raight to a cr[n :eel on ! re> :eel1 :i* is to be driv5 by ano!r bevel p9ion4 ,! usual driv+ is prud5tly reta9$ = em]g5cies1 & ! relative size ( ^! p9ions indicates t ! w9dmill w ne$ to :irl ) great velocity4 ,he someh[ omits to claim ! w9dmill & asks protection = a peculi> brake on its %aft4 ,z ! %aft is rigidly fix$ 9 l9e1 he mu/ int5d to run dead into ! w9d4 ,! s*ool text books us$ to tell ( a man :o put a l>ge bell[s 9 ! /]n ( 8 pleasure boat1 s t he c\ld always h w9d = 8 sail1 & a contributor relates 9 ! ,y\?'s ,companion h[ he once saw an attempt made to "w a wood sc[ by a w9dmill c>ri$ on x4 ,yet1 if ! w9ds t bl[ 9 ! f> ,we/ are n peculi>1 & if ,mr4 ,turn] is n ignorant ( :at mo/ *ildr5 ?9k !y "k1 navigators h be5 wa/+ "t = a ?\s& ye>s 9 try+ to sail by tack+ in/ead ( mak+ ! w9d drive aga9/ itself4 ,,! ,,lure ,,( ,,! ,,pat5t4 ,^! are examples en\gh ( folly :i* %[s no signs ( abatem5t4 ,! ,gov]nm5t (f]s a pat5t to inv5tors ( 8any new & useful0 improvem5t4 ,!re is a notion t inv5tion is an easy road to =tune2 on ! contr>y1 !re is no h>d] & m unpromis+ "o4 ,! fooli% inv5tor con/antly ov]looks ! words 8& useful10 & ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 9 ord] t no risk be incurr$ ( smo!r+ improvem5t by any (ficial dictum t ! ?+ propos$ is wor?less1 has also waiv$ ! qualify+ words & has ?r[n ! door op5 s wide t any?+ may get a pat5t--n ev5 novelty is /rictly en\gh requir$4 ,an elaborate muzzle to keep %eep f bit+ might !re=e n be deb>r$ f pat5t "r by ! fact t a %eep 0 nev] kn[n to bite any?+ b its own vegetable food2 & s long z any comb9ation1 al?\gh obvi\sly impracticable or ev5 go+ c\nt] to natural laws1 is 8novel10 & !re=e c obta9 ! "r to litigate :i* is call$ a pat5t1 x mu/ be expect$ t dream]s & p]sons ( misfit intellects w cont9ue ! l9e ( applicants4 ,! bicycle is s mu* 9 ! public eye t x especially draws ^! p]sons z ! light draws ! mo?4 ,!y w n consult practical m51 or1 if !y d1 !y w n accept ! advice giv54 ,!y w n ev5 look to see :at has already be5 done 9 ! same l9e4 ,"o ( ?is class came to ! writ] m ?an a ye> ago ) "s complicat$ contraption ( lev]s1 rat*ets1 cams1 & ! l--j ! usual ?+4 ,_h he be5 to any bicycle mak]s8 ,yes1 & none w\ld give him enc\ragem5t4 ,nor c\ld we & we tri$ to %[ him h[ useless 8 labor 02 b he ga!r$ up 8 draw+s & %uffl$ away4 ,he did n want exp]t op9ion1 unless x 0 ( a pleasant nature2 he want$ aid to build 8 contrivance4 ,l all ( 8 class1 he c\ld see no?+ beyond 8 idea1 successful on pap]1 & if he c\ld only get 8 pat5t & get a sample made success 0 sure4 ,apropos ( ?is is ! classification ( cycle pat5ts = #ahig made by ! ,iron ,age4 ,= pneumatic tires !re 7 #aaj2 #ajf on h&leb>s & grips2 #aje on driv+ ge>s1 #gj ( ^! be+ = *a9less2 #he = saddles2 #fi = brakes2 #ea = frame con/ruction2 #ej = cranks & p$als2 #ag = spr+ frames2 #abd = /&s & racks & = devices = dropp+ d[n "s sort ( prop or leg by :i* ! bicycle might /& alone4 ,! la/-nam$ is absolutely valueless & has be5 s prov$2 ! spr+ frame has also be5 tri$ & virtually reject$2 & if a hundr$ pat5ts on ! bicycle & accessories are issu$ 9 a ye> x is almo/ c]ta91 )\t exam9ation1 t n9ety-n9e are comm]cially useless1 if n me*anically prepo/]\s4 ,?is is s because ! practical conditions are n>r[ & rigid1 & because ! field has be5 s repeat$ly & m9utely gone ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mahoney ,,pat5t--#ahic4 ,! crank cycle inv5tors1 ( c\rse1 are only "o class4 ,!y are non-rid]s usually1 & n prejudic$ by any practical k ( ! subject2 "o device 7"o ( ! be/ ( ! ye>7 has be5 inv5t$ by a man :o has n yet m\nt$ a bicycle1 b he is a me*anic1 n a dream]4 ,x is sad to see s mu* wa/e ( "t & en]gy 9 plann+1 s mu* illy-sp>$ money sp5t 9 pat5t fees1 & s _m disappo9t$ hopes1 & if ?is rapid sket* happ5 to det] "s w\ld-be improv] ( ! cycle & s5d him to ! ,klondike = a =tune in/ead x w n h be5 )\t direct advantage to somebody4 ,,build+ 8,,to ,,ord]40 ,9 c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! bicycle1 ! 8compon5t p>ts mak]0 has come ^u ! sc5e1 9 ?is c\ntry z he _h previ\sly done 9 ,engl&4 ,9 a g5]al way1 all bicycles are con/ruct$ alike2 t is1 all h hubs1 ball be>+s1 spokes1 crank brackets1 jo9ts con/ruct$ by =g+ f ! solid or by work+ up %eet /eel1 & s on4 ,production ( ^! p>ts by quantities1 z a specialty1 is 9 l9e ) ! cu/om ( subdivision ( labor1 & is 9 ! direction ( economy 9 product1 & yet ?is has its undesirable side z well1 = x t5ds to enc\rage ! practice ( 8build+ to ord]40 ,a rid]--usually n "o ( ! v exp]i5c$ class & seldom "o ( me*anical /udy--has obs]v$ ! axle ( "o make1 ! hub ( ano!r1 ! saddle fa/5+ ( ano!r1 & s on2 m or less ju/ly1 he approves1 or fancies1 ^! devices1 & x seems to him t if he c\ld only comb9e !m 9 "o bicycle he w\ld inde$ h ! 8topnot*]0 ( ! ye>4 ,! fallible side 9 8 human nature is also flatt]$ by ?9k+ t to be able to say t 8 m\nt 0 8built to ord]0 sugge/s t 8 sup]ior disc]nm5t saw beyond :at ! regul> m>ket (f]$ & 0 n satisfi$ )\t some?+ bett] ?an o!rs h1 & some?+ di/9ctive & 8special40 ,accord+ly he applies to ! small assembl] :o ann\nces himself z build] ( specially design$ :eels1 & ?is assembl]1 wise en\gh to cat] to a 8want0 :i* he c turn to acc\nt1 puts toge!r ! p>ts desir$1 or ) accept$ modifications sugge/$ by himself1 & ! rid] gets 8 8to ord]0 m\nt1 at a price proportion$ to its specialty4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,dream ,,motor4 ,:ile he ?9ks himself =tunate & happy1 let x be admitt$ t he is & t nobody else has a "r to di/urb 8 peace4 ,& yet x does n necess>ily foll[ t a comb9ation ( good ?+s makes a good total4 ,= he has no gu>anty1 al?\gh he may h writt5 /ipulation1 = ! real gu>anty is ! mak]'s reputation1 & 9 t s5se he has no mak]4 ,! second consid]ation is t if ! assembl] :o has made up 8 :eel dies or goes out ( bus9ess he probably has no clue to ! s\rce f :i* ! p>ticul> p>ts came & is ?us liable to be put to exp5se & tr\ble if replac+ any becomes necess>y2 x is always a good rule to deal1 :5ev] possible1 ) p>ties :o are likely to la/ & to be easily f\nd %\ld occasion arise to call on !m4 ,a nameless bicycle--t is1 "o )\t def9ite & responsible orig91 = ! m]e nameplate is only a bit ( /amp$ metal or a transf]1 & is no?+ 9 itself--may run well = a "t1 b is liable to plague its own] be=e he is ?r\gh ) x4 ,! ?ird consid]ation is t1 ev5 if pur*as$ p>ts are ( good quality 7& !re is always a temptation to increase ! pres5t pr(it by us+ ! l[e/ pric$71 ! assembl]1 ) 8 few tools & comp>atively small exp]i5ce1 _c possibly d ! "w z well z ! l>ge mak]1 ) 8 ample facilities4 ,! "o man1 :o p]haps brazes & files up & puts frames toge!r = fa/5+1 & makes up :eels1 & p]=ms o!r op]ations1 may get a div]sifi$ practical tra9+ 9 me*anics = himself1 b ! "w _c h ! c]ta9ty & accuracy obta9able1 accord+ to all rules ( production1 by subdivision ( labor4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! frame %ape & its angles are orig9ally 8set out0 9 ! draught+ %op ) ma!matical precision1 & ! l>ge mak] puts ! p>ts toge!r by means ( 8jigs10 all ?is involv+ a heavy outlay1 b secur+ exactness4 ,! 8to ord]0 workman con=ms to ! angles call$ = z well z he c2 if ! connections on b& are n q "r1 he files !m or b5ds !m1 gett+ z ne>ly accurate l9e z he c by 8 eye & ! rule ( ?umb4 ,8 "w be+ on individual cases1 x is impossible = him to h jigs & gauges = ea*1 & q out ( 8 p[] to atta9 ! correctness obta9$ by ma*9e "w & mak+ 9 quantities4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if ! mat]ial us$ is ( ! v highe/ quality1 x is reasonably inf]able t ! 8to ord]0 bicycle1 suppos$ by its own] to be bett] ?an regul> m>ket /ock1 is really some:at inf]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,to ,,coax ,,! ,,w9d4 8,,old ,,:eels ,,cut ,,d[n40 ,m>ket prices1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 are greatly bel[ ^? ( ! la/ two ye>s1 & ?is favors buy+ new m\nts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & = t v reason1 su* all[ances z us$ to be made = :eels a ye> or m old are n[ impossible4 ,app>5tly "o consid]ation might fairly (fset ! o!r1 yet !re are signs ?us f> t a l>g] proportion ( rid]s ?an h]et(ore w furbi% up _! pres5t m\nts = ano!r season4 ,b z ! mo/ decid$ *ange = #ahih is %ort5+ ( head1 l[]+ ( frame1 & increas$ drop ( ! hang]1 ?is *ange be+ s m>k$ t a #be or #bf in* frame is n[ rat$ z q antiquat$ & unfa%ionable1 !re is a t5d5cy to make ov] pres5t m\nts into ! m /yli% cut4 ,h[ f> ?is is likely to g we _c =esee1 b z "s cases ( cutt+ d[n frames & adv]tisem5ts ( 8old :eels cut d[n0 h already come "u our obs]vation1 we mu/ condemn x 9 ! mo/ emphatic t]ms4 ,! 8to ord]0 %op is v likely to c\nt ?is *ange an opportunity & to /imulate ! practice by (f]+ its s]vices2 b we mu/ w>n rid]s t m$dl+ ) bicycle frames involves haz>ds4 ,:5 ! bicycle hat] decl>es t to m\nt "o ( ^? ?+s is to take "o's life 9 "o's h&s1 he /ates :at is lit]ally true1 ( c\rse4 ,! possibilities are always aga9/ u4 ,if we /ep out ( doors1 we take *ances2 if we g to b$ = safety1 p h di$ 9 b$4 ,reasonable c>e hav+ be5 us$1 we mu/ tru/ ! *ances1 :i* always expose to mi%ap & always give ! weight ( probability to ! side ( immunity4 ,! mo/ dang]\s break on a bicycle is a break ( frame--= example1 :ile fracture ( "o side ( ! front =k w probably p]mit escape1 a complete snap ( =k cr[n or /em w almo/ c]ta9ly cause ! rid] to dive = ! gr\nd4 ,n[1 tub+ has be5 made f ! solid +ot by a s]ies ( processes & x is almo/ surpris+ t aft] ! "t ! metal has surviv$ all ?is torture & has be5 %ap$ & fix$ into a bicycle frame1 hav+ endur$ ! f9al heat ( braz+1 !re is any 8life0 left 9 x4 ,:5 ! cutt+ d[n process is und]tak51 !re are two bad consequ5ces probable3 "o is t ! op]ation w fail to get accurate alignm5t1 9 :i* case ! driv+ w be h>d] & ! durability ( we>+ p>ts less ?an be=e2 ! o!r is t ! fur!r heat+ w 8burn0 ! metal 7lit]ally7 & ! *ances ( fracture w be mu* increas$4 ,! tube may also be s(t5$ 9 "o place1 z well z burn$ 9 ano!r4 ,! orig9al f9i% _c be well re/or$1 & ! op]ation ( smoo?+ up1 especially = nickel+1 involves fur!r haz>d to ! tube4 ,advice z to mak+ ov] frames is cov]$ 9 "o ^w--don't d x1 & don't tru/ y\rself1 kn[+ly1 on "o :i* has be5 ?us treat$4 ,,! ,,craze ,,= 8,,drop40 ,! "o ?+ accompli%$ by ! l[]$ frame ( #ahih1 :i* is ! *ief *ange ( ! ye>1 is a small fur!r l[]+ ( crank axle2 & ?is l[]+ or drop x is n q easy to contemplate )\t impati5ce4 ,! natural con/ruction ( ! diamond frame w\ld put ! crank axle 9 l9e ) ! :eel axles1 or v ne>ly s2 ! drop is a concession1 s]v+ no useful end except to make ! m\nt & dism\nt easi] = wom54 ,)9 reason1 x is !re=e well2 c>ri$ to excess1 x involves ! risks already po9t$ out2 turn$ into an end & a s9e qua non1 x becomes fooli%ness4 ,z a case = illu/ration1 a bright "y fell[ :o has q a ta/e = bicycle me*anics rec5tly came to ! writ] = advice4 ,8 "q 0 :e!r to buy ! ,blank rac] 7a fir/-class :eel by "o ( ! be/ mak]s7 or ! new model ( 8 pres5t make1 ) #cj-;in* :eels4 ,! advice 0 to leave ! latt] alone1 & ! reasons 7 giv51 to wit3 t ! #bh-;in* size 0 n rea*$ arbitr>ily1 b z ! be/ practical adju/m5t ( all ! conditions ( ! case1 & aft] a long trial1 :i* includ$ bo? #cb & #cj :eels1 sep>ately & 9 comb9ation2 t enl>g+ ! :eel means increase 9 weight1 & l5g!n+ ( ! already awkw>d :eel-base2 t x involves special rims1 tires1 & spokes1 toge!r ) add$ co/ & tr\ble 9 frame-mak+1 j :5 mak]s are try+ to rea* uni=mity2 & t br++ out ?is size seems to be a mi/ak5 sop ?r[n to fadism & "o :i* _c la/4 ,b--?is 0 ! plea--a great] drop ( ! hang] c\ld ?us be _h1 & x 0 an aid to /ead9ess 9 balanc+ to get ne>] ! gr\nd4 ,m drop1 yes2 b :at ( t8 ,memory recall$ h[1 9 ,engl&1 ! small] :eel 0 met by ! argum5t t on a high :eel ! rid] c\ld get a wid] view ( ! c\ntry by be+ rais$ high] f ! gr\nd2 & h[1 :5 ! writ]1 9 #ahhb1 br\ght ov] ! ,facile1 ! fir/ specim5 ( a small bicycle se5 9 ,am]ica1 s f> z appe>s1 ! scor*] ( ! day view$ x ) l(ty contempt1 & 8w\ldn't l to be f\nd dead on t ?+40 ,its :eel 0 #dd in*es1 b x 0 e/eem$ l[ly2 n[1 ! scor*] is will+ to =ego ! broad5+ ( 8 horizon to be atta9$ by be+ a foot or two high] above ! gr\nd & wants ! aid 9 balanc+ to be _h by a saddle an in* & a half ne>] ! gr\nd6 ,! "y fell[ 9 ?is pres5t case w5t away1 p]haps conv9c$ b n satisfi$1 & 9 a few days appe>$ ) ! covet$ #cj-;in* :eel2 ! #d-;in* drop _h _h its way4 ,great is ! sway ( fa%ion1 & if drop is to be ! feti%1 %\ld x n be obs]v$ t if ! :eel is only made l>ge en\gh ! drop c be made l[ to suit8 ,:y re/ satisfi$ ) a drop ( a few in*es8 ,! =ego+ w\ld be miscon/ru$ if any desire to decry ! small mak] 7 read into x4 ,he has a "r to live if he c1 & to gr[ into ! l>ge mak] by natural evolution4 ,yet x may be said aga9/ ! assembl] ( compon5t p>ts t ! admitt$ evil ( *anges f ye> to ye>--*anges1 n improvem5t1 b = ! sake ( *ange--may be laid 9 good "p at 8 door4 ,9 ! view ( political economy1 x _c be deem$ wise t a slight *ange 9 ! height or %ape ( ! silk hat--a *ange 9 ! r\nd ( possible *anges--%\ld compel ! pur*ase ( ! v late/ 7p]haps a return ( "o ( ! e>lie/7 & ! disc>d+ ( "o n s]i\sly worse = we>4 ,! silk hat is n head ge> = "w1 & ! cr[ is no su* /ud5t ( fa%ion plates t he requires ! late/ curl 9 brim2 & if x be said t new production furni%es employm5t to labor1 :y n h labor employ$ 9 add+ to ! /ock ( usable ?+s in/ead ( replac+ ne$less wa/e8 ,( c\rse1 z *ronicl]s1 we mu/ describe :at *anges are 9 ! #ahih bicycle product2 yet ?is does n preclude ! comm5t t ^! *ang$ frame %apes are n "o :it bett]--9 me*anical design1 ease ( runn+1 /r5g?1 or ev5 9 appe>ance1 unless "o *ooses to believe s--?an ! #ahig :eel4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,t&ems ,,& ,,multicycles4 ,! ^w 8t&em0 is ( ,lat9 d]ivation1 & means at l5g?1 &1 l a great deal ( our cycle nom5clature1 x 0 tak5 f ! horse & c>riage trade1 :]e ! ^w 0 int5d$ to express a h>ness+ ( horses "o be=e ano!r in/ead ( side by side1 b x 01 h[ev]1 n /rictly limit$ to two horses1 & meant any numb] t might be driv5 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,:at is kn[n z a t&em bicycle1 h[ev]1 is "o c>ry+ two p]sons only1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 b if m ?an two p]sons are c>ri$ ! vehicle is !n class$ z a multicycle4 ,= in/ance1 "o c>ry+ ?ree p is call$ a triplet2 f\r1 a quadruplet2 five1 a qu9tuplet2 six1 a sextuplet2 sev51 a septuplet2 eight1 an octuplet2 n9e1 a nontuplet1 & ! only t5-seat] t has ev] be5 built is call$ ! 8,orit510 because x is built by ! mak]s ( ! ,ori5t cycles4 ,its prop] "n1 h[ev]1 w\ld be decemtuple4 ,multicycles1 z !y are call$1 are only made by a few ( ! mak]s4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,dayton1 ,_w & ,&rae make triplets & 8quads40 ,! mak]s ( ! ,tribune & ,wolff-,am]ican make triplets2 ! mak]s ( ! ,/e>ns make a septuplet2 ! mak]s ( ! ,ori5t make triplets1 8quads10 8qu9ts10 8sexes10 septuplets & ! 8,orit50 already ref]r$ to4 ,triplets are n v l>gely us$ = road rid+ & t\r+1 & ! few 8quads0 se5 on ! road are1 z a rule1 own$ by clubs1 & mann$ by crews ( ^! clubs2 & "o ( ! mo/ popul> mak]s ( multicycles = club use is ,pet] ,b]lo ( ,bo/on4 ,mass41 :o1 9 addition to be+ a build] ( multicycles1 is well kn[n z a pr(essional rac+ man4 ,! developm5t ( pac$ races among ! ,mi*ael-,/>buck class1 pac$ by multicycles1 has und\bt$ly add$ l>gely to ! popul> int]e/ tak5 9 multicycles4 ,!y =m a pretty picture inde$ on a circul> track1 ) _! rid]s m\nt$ 9 gay co/umes1 & ! spe$ & skill ) :i* !y are h&l$ ar\ses ! spectators to great] en?usiasm ?an any o!r =m ( cycle rac+ ev] introduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/e>ns ,,septuplet4 ,,t&em ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,ye>4 ,! trade au?orities pr$ict t #ahih w be a bann] ye> = t&em rid+1 & !re are a numb] ( v good reasons 9 support ( ?is view1 ! lead+ "o be+ ! "q ( price1 prices n[ rang+ f #ge to #ajj & #abe = ! be/ makes1 prices :i* c]ta9ly _c be call$ prohibitory = a t&em1 because x 0 only a few ye>s ago t ! mak]s ask$ #abe & #aej = ! be/ makes ( s+le bicycles4 ,ab\t sixty or m ( ! be/ kn[n mak]s 9 ! c\ntry are ?is season mak+ t&ems1 bo? 9 diamond & comb9ation /yles4 ,v>iations 9 ^! /yles consi/ 9 :at !y call conv]tible1 :i* are t&ems provid$ ) an extra top b> s z to conv]t a comb9ation t&em into a d\ble diamond1 & ?ree ( our well-kn[n mak]s1 ! ,humb]1 ! ,dayton & ! ,oliv]1 make d\ble drop t&ems :i* are also conv]tible into d\ble diamond t&ems1 & ! mak]s ( ! ,def5d] conf9e !mselves to mak+ a d\ble diamond frame t&em only1 :ile ! mak]s ( ! ,/okes1 ,lyndhur/1 ,clipp]1 ,w9ton & ,fea!r/one make a comb9ation t&em only1 b :i* are all conv]tible into d\ble diamond t&ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/e>ns ,,conv]tible ,,t&em4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 x might be well to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms us$4 ,a diamond frame t&em is "o hav+ bo? sections ( ! frame 9 diamond %ape1 & is built = two m5 to ride4 ,a comb9ation t&em is "o hav+ ! re> "p ( ! frame diamond %ape & ! front "p dropp$1 s t a lady we>+ skirts c readily m\nt2 & a conv]tible t&em is "o arrang$ s t a deta*able ma9 upp] tube c be plac$ 9 betwe5 ! head & front seat po/ ( a comb9ation t&em1 & ! t&em !reby conv]t$ into a d\ble diamond4 ,all ! /ructural details h]et(ore not$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! articles h be5 c>ri$ by ! mak]s ( t&ems into _! t&em con/ruction4 ,dur+ #ahif & #ahig ! popul> fad seem$ to be to c>ry ! front *a9 ?r\gh ! l[] "p ( ! frame s z to produce :at !y call c5tre driv+4 ,all ! mak]s1 h[ev]1 h ab&on$ ?is device except+ ! mak]s ( ! ,/e>ns1 :o /ill use x4 ,! majority ( ! mak]s c>ry bo? *a9s on "o side1 usually ! "r h& side1 directly f ! front sprocket to ! middle sprocket axle1 v>iations 9 ?is consi/+ 9 c>ry+ a *a9 on ea* side4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,national1 h[ev]1 h ?ree *a9s on _! t&em4 ,!y run a *a9 f ! front sprocket direct to a supplem5t>y sprocket on a /ud & f :i* ano!r *a9 runs to ! re> axle on ! left side c>ry+1 h[ev]1 z is usual 9 con/ruction1 ! regulation *a9 f ! middle sprocket to ! re> axle on ! "r h& side4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,keat+ c>ry _! front *a9 directly to ! re> axle hub1 & take up ! slack & back la% by an idl] plac$ midway on ! frame betwe5 ! front & re> sprocket4 ,ne>ly all ! makes ( t&ems %[n are :at is kn[n z d\ble /e]]s1 be+ controll$ by ! front & re> h&leb>s1 a numb] ( !m us+ a sprocket & *a9 to make ! connection betwe5 ! two /e]+ heads1 o!rs us+ a pair ( p>allel rods runn+ f ! =k cr[n to ! re> /e]+ heads4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,wolff-,am]ican use a twi/$ wire cable runn+ ov] two small groov$ :eels1 & ! slack ( ?is cable1 :i* is practically no?+1 is tak5 up by a pair ( turnbuckles4 ,?is flexible wire cable is an improvem5t ov] ! /iff unyield+ rods & p]mits mak+ a v %ort turn4 ,t&em bicycles h be5 l>gely exp]im5t$ ) f ! v e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! sport1 ! mo/ common me?od be+ to connect front =ks & front :eels ( an ord9>y bicycle by a horizontal b>4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,t&em4 ,9 #ahfh ,mrs4 ,grundy object$ to ! idea ( a woman sitt+ a/ride a bicycle seat1 & !re=e ! female rid] ( t p]iod sat on "o side ( ! saddle1 z is usual 9 horseback rid+1 & p$all+ ) "o foot4 ,j h[ %e manag$ to h&le h] full skirts & a p>asol1 :i* 0 frequ5tly c>ri$1 seems incompreh5sible to ! latt]-day rid]2 ?is1 inde$1 is a feat t is usually only p]=m$ by "o ( our mod]n up-to-date trick rid]s4 ,a numb] ( e>ly attempts 7 also made to make a successful type ( t&em safety4 ,! fir/ "o1 h[ev]1 to atta9 any success 9 t l9e is kn[n z ! ,lightn+1 made by ,hall ,phillips1 & :i* 0 aft]w>d produc$ by _m ( ! ,engli% mak]s ) modifications !re(1 & at ?is p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sport we f9d t ,r4 ,j4 ,mecr$y & ,g]ald ,/oney1 9 _! "w entitl$ ,! ,art & ,pa/ime ( ,cycl+1 say t 8t&em safeties %\ld !oretically be extremely fa/1 b ! /resses are v great1 & someh[ no t&em bicycle records equal ! records ( s+le bicycles1 al?\gh ! t&em tricycle is fa/] ?an ! s+le tricycle40 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ! conditions h be5 rev]s$1 & t&em & multicycle records are mu* bett] ?an ! records ( ! s+le bicycle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t9kham ,,tricycle4 ,! ,columbia t&ems1 :i* 7 among ! fir/ made 9 ?is c\ntry1 7 d\ble /e]]s1 & ! two h&leb>s 7 connect$ by rods hav+ a ball & socket or univ]sal jo9t fa/5$ to ! end ( ! grips4 ,! objections to ?is /yle ( /e]+ rod 0 t ! bicycle c\ld only be m\nt$ or dism\nt$ f on "o side1 & t 9 case ( a fall ! front rid] 0 always hemm$ 9 on ! "r h& side betwe5 ! /e]+ rods4 ,! build+ ( t&ems 9 ?is c\ntry 0 evid5tly a difficult problem to ! e>ly mak]s1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! mak]s ( ! ,columbia1 aft] hav+ made a t&em = a ye> or two1 susp5d$ mak+ !m = two or ?ree ye>s aft] t4 ,a t&em bicycle mu/ n only be /rong1 b mu/ be light 9 weight1 & z two rid]s are r>ely mat*$ z to ability1 p[] & /yle ( rid+1 !re mu/ be "s univ]sal h>monization ( contradictory requirem5ts 9 flexibility & /iffness4 ,,con/ruction ,,details ,,( ,,t&ems4 ,ne>ly all makes adju/ ! front *a9 by hav+ ! front crank-hang] bracket & be>+s made ecc5tric1 s z to take up ! slack ( ! *a91 & a few ( ! mak]s h adopt$ ?is same sy/em at ! second crank-hang] bracket1 o!rs v>y+ ?is by adju/+ ! re> *a9 at ! re> =k ends z usual4 ,! mak]s :o furni% _! t&ems ) ! *a9s bo? on "o side claim t ?is type ( con/ruction is ! be/ because 9 ! ev5t ( ! frame becom+ b5t or out ( l9e ! *a9s w m readily adapt !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,^? :o use a *a9 on bo? sides say t ! p[] is transmitt$ m ev5ly by ?is me?od1 & t !re=e ! frame is n s liable to be sprung out ( l9e z :]e ! pull is all on "o side ( ! frame4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 a majority ( ! mak]s put bo? *a9s on "o side1 & ! mak]s ( ! ,national 7:o h a comb9ation ( bo? sy/ems7 claim t _! ?ree-*a9 sy/em applies ! p[] ev5ly ?r\gh ! frame in/ead ( on "o side1 & t ?is sy/em relieves ! /ress ^u ! be>+s by mak+ bo? sides d ! "w in/ead ( all[+ "o side to run light1 & t ! use ( ?ree *a9s ov]comes ! /ress ( ! usual long *a91 & p]mits ! rid]s to run ! *a9s z loosely z on a s+le :eel )\t dang] ( ei!r *a9 jump+ ! sprocket :5 rid+ fa/4 ,rac+ m5 :o h ridd5 ! ,national say t !re is no sway :atev] 9 ! :eel1 & t x gives a m ev5 & /eadi] pace ?an is usual 9 t&ems & is easi] to hold & foll[4 ,! idl] us$ on ! ,national is an +5i\s piece ( "w1 be+ a d\ble ball be>+1 ! usual idl] 9 ord9>y con/ruction be+ an op5 pla9 be>+ on a /ud4 ,!re is practically no /ra9 on ?is idl]1 z ! pull ( "o *a9 is (fset by t ( ! o!r2 x is n us$ to hold ! *a9 d[n1 b s]ves z a sort ( loose pulley connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,triplet4 ,! only juv5ile t&ems made are ^? made by ! mak]s ( ! ,elf94 ,!y are a "p ( _! regul> output1 & are made 9 bo? diamond & comb9ation /yles1 ! heights ( frame runn+ f #af to #bb in*es1 & ! weight f #bh to #ce p\nds4 ,! little ge>s run f #ej to #fg in*es4 ,^! little ,elf9 t&ems are di/9ctively juv5ile 9 all _! p>ts1 ! head1 saddles1 p$als1 h&leb>s1 grips & tub+ are all m9iature 9 size1 mak+ its measurem5ts z nicely proportion$ z a regul> adult's :eel1 & ! "n 8,elf90 has be5 well select$ = ! product4 ,^! little t&ems are sold = #ej4 ,t&em *a9s are v mu* light] ?an 9 =m] ye>s1 "s mak]s us+ z light z #c_/af *a9 all ov]1 b ! majority ( !m use #c_/af = ! front *a9 & -in* = ! re> *a94 ,! comb9ation t&ems on ! m>ket are furni%$ usually ) #bj or #bb-;in* front frame & #bd-;in* re>4 ,diamond frames are furni%$ ei!r 9 #bb or #bd-;in* frames1 #bb-;in* frames be+ 9 l9e ) ! prevail+ fad ( l[ frames1 & !re=e ! mo/ popul>4 ,ge>s run f #hj to #abj1 ! popul> /ock ge> usually furni%$ be+ ab\t #hd1 ) #g-;in* cranks4 ,on ! ,wolff-,am]ican t&em ! diagonal /ay c>ry+ ! seat-po/s are n rak$ at ! same angle ) front =k & head4 ,! middle /e]+ po/1 h[ev]1 is rak$ at ! same angle z ! head1 ?us p]mitt+ ! rid] 9 front to h m room = a bett] position 9 p$all+4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican t&em is fitt$ ) a v p[]ful re> brake4 ,x consi/s ( a lug :i* is braz$ 9 ! c5tre & und]nea? ! ma9 upp] tube 9 front ( ! re> rid]4 ,f ?is lug a lev] is h+$2 ?is lev] c>ries an adju/able wire rod to ! brake spoon :i* is h+$ on ! bridge betwe5 ! re> =ks4 ,pull+ up on ?is lev] draws a p[]ful spoon aga9/ ! re> tire4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ?is brake is t x does n affect ! /e]+ z a h&leb> brake does4 ,! 8,_w0 t&ems h an extra l[] *ord runn+ f ! front diagonal /ay to ! re> diagonal /ay1 :i* is 9 turn brac$ by two braces runn+ f x to ! l[] *ord ( ! frame4 ,on ! ,dayton t&em an extra tube is c>ri$ f ! head und]nea? ! ma9 upp] tube & :i* int]sects ! diagonal tube & runs f !re to ! re> crank-hang] bracket4 ,?is con/ruction produces a v /iff & rigid frame4 ,on ! ,/okes conv]tible t&em an extra tube runs f ! upp] "p ( ! head int]sect+ ! front diagonal /ay & ! re> /e]+ tube & is !n braz$ to ! l[] ma9 tube4 ,! ,eldridge diamond t&em c>ries an extra tube f ! front diagonal tube to ! re> crank-hang]1 & ?is same me?od ( con/ruction is foll[$ 9 ! ,clipp] conv]tible t&em4 ,9 ! ,niag>a t&em ! top tube is p>allel$ by a tube plac$ ab\t six in*es bel[ x1 runn+ f ! front diagonal tube to ! re> diagonal tube1 ! re> /e]+ po/ int]sect+ x4 ,on ! ,w9ton t&em ! upp] ma9 tube is n cont9u\s1 !re be+ an op5 space betwe5 ! front seat po/ & ! second /e]+ po/1 ?is be+ brac$1 h[ev]1 by a tube :i* runs f ! front seat pill>1 brac+ ! middle /e]+ po/1 & runn+ to ! crank-hang] bracket4 ,! ,g5eva & ! ,demore/ are ( ! same con/ruction4 ,! ,columbia comb9ation & diamond frame t&ems are ( ! same g5]al design z ! #ahig models1 except t x has be5 deem$ advisable to h ! frame connections ( ! ext]nal jo9t /yle in/ead ( mak+ !m flu% jo9t1 z la/ ye>4 ,on ! diamond frame !y run an extra tube f ! l[] "p ( ! head1 & ?is is connect$ to ! front diagonal tube at a po9t ab\t eight in*es above ! crank-hang]4 ,?is tube !n runs horizontally1 int]sect+ ! second /e]+ head1 & ends at ! re> diagonal /ay1 f !re1 h[ev]1 a second pair ( re> =ks runn+ to ! back /ays4 ,?is same con/ruction is foll[$ out 9 _! comb9ation frame1 ) ! exception t ! front "p ( ! frame is ( ! d\ble loop patt]n1 z 9 _! s+le :eel4 ,! ,iroquois t&em has ! same op5 con/ruction at its front diagonal & second /e]+ po/ z ! ,w9ton1 h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,t&em4 ,! ,tribune t&em has an extra tube1 :i* p>allels ! ma9 upp] tube4 ,on ! ,pi]ce d\ble diamond t&em an extra tube runs f ! middle ( ! head & int]sects ! front diagonal1 & is braz$ to ! re> crank-hang]4 ,! ,h5ley diamond t&em has ! upp] ma9 tube p>allel$ by an additional tube1 :i* runs f ! l[] "p ( ! head to ! re> diagonal /ay4 ,on ! ,&rae t&em ! *a9 adju/m5t is effect$ by means ( ecc5trics 9 bo? hang]s1 ?us do+ away ) ! slot 9 ! re> =k ends1 :i* has a ?ree-eigh?s-in* op5+1 9 :i* ! ?ree-eigh?s-in* axle is fitt$ p]fectly1 s t ! re> :eel is p]fectly c5tr$ at all times1 ev5 "u ! greate/ /ra94 ,! me?od ( plac+ an extra tube runn+ f ! top1 or ne> ! top1 ( ! front diagonal /ay to ! crank-hang] bracket is 9 almo/ univ]sal use1 s t x is easi] to "n ^? :o d n employ ?is me?od ?an to "n ^? :o d4 ,among ! notable exceptions to ?is me?od ( con/ruction are ! ,columbia1 ,niag>a & ,_w4 ,v few ( ! mak]s ( t&ems h made any great *anges 9 _! '#ih con/ruction1 ! majority ( ! t&ems %[n be+ _! '#ig product1 some:at improv$ 9 detail only4 ,h&le b> fa/5+s are ab\t ne>ly divid$ betwe5 ! old-fa%ion$ p9* bolt & ! new] idea ( int]nal clamp fa/5+4 ,"s difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 previ\s ye>s 9 hold+ h&leb> /ems & seat po/s securely 9 place on t&ems1 _m ( ! mak]s n hav+ us$ connections heavy en\gh & /iff en\gh to )/& ! d\ble pull t a t&em gets at ^! po9ts1 & ! pur*as] ( ! #ahih t&em %\ld look well to ! con/ruction at ^! po9ts be=e pur*as+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clevel& ,,t&em4 ,! tires us$ on t&ems diff] some:at f ! ord9>y tires 9 use1 be+ some:at ?ick] & heavi]1 & are usually /amp$ 8,t&em0 :]e !y are br&$4 ,! av]age size 9 use is ab\t #a in*es1 b "s ( ! mak]s furni% !m z l>ge z #b in*es4 ,! dropp$ crank-hang] fad does n prevail to s l>ge an ext5t 9 t&em con/ruction z 9 ! s+le con/ruction4 ,sizes ( tub+ us$ %[ a slight increase 9 diamet] ov] t us$ 9 mak+ s+le bicycles4 ,! majority ( brakes fitt$ on t&ems are ( ! lev] & spoon patt]n1 work+ on ! front tire4 ,hubs1 rims & spokes are made heavi]1 & ! ?ree-plate cr[n seems to be a popul> "o among ! mak]s :o use ! d\ble-plate cr[n on _! s+les4 ,! ,adlake has a quadruple-ar* =k cr[n4 ,on ! ,_w t&ems & multicycles ! crank-hang]s are hung 9 a sw++ bracket1 :i* are held 9 place & adju/$ =w>d or backw>d by a set screw hav+ lock-nuts to hold x 9 place1 & :i* is connect$ back ( ! hang]s to ! l[] ma9 tube ( ! frame4 ,on ! ,g5eva t&em ! front bracket is a special device ( !irs :i* consi/s ( a tubul> be>+ b>rel slid+ 9 an oblong hang] fa/5$ ) set screws 9 front1 ) caps ov] ! ends secur$ to hang] ) lock-nut4 ,! ,demore/ t&em has ! re> seat & p$als v mu* high] ?an ! front seat1 s t ! re> rid] c look ov] ! head ( ! front rid]4 ,x appe>s to be a revival ( a simil> type t 0 made la/ ye> by ! ,cresc5t p1 al?\gh x is n c>ri$ to su* an extreme height z x 0 on ! ,cresc5t4 ,:eel-bases run f #fe to #ge in*es1 ! av]age :eel-base be+ ab\t #fi in*es4 ,weights run f #dj to #ej p\nds1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #dd p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t9kham ,,cab4 ,on ! ,def5d] ,midget ! seat po/ is ins]t$ into ! h&leb> clamp1 ?is do+ away ) ! necessity ( an extra fa/5+4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,national1 ! ,def5d] & ! ,dayton make s+le /e]+ t&ems4 ,! ,pe]less is furni%$ ) an automatic re> hub brake4 ,at ! ,philadelphia ,cycle ,%[ 0 %[n a *a9less t&em1 hav+ on x a ,hildick ,spur ,ge>1 :i* has already be5 describ$ by u 9 ! article on *a9less bicycles = #ahih4 ,! great po9ts 9 t&em con/ruction are weight1 rigidness1 ease ( draft1 l5g? ( :eel base1 /e]+ & ! prop] position ( ! rid]s4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! po9ts h be5 conqu]$ by ! mak]s1 s t ! art ( t&em cycle build+ has well-nigh rea*$ p]fection4 ,,multicycles4 ,triplets are made by ! mak]s ( ! ,dayton1 ,_w1 ,&rae1 ,tribune1 ,/e>ns & ,wolff-,am]ican4 ,! la/ nam$ is %[n 9 a cut1 & :5 exhibit$ at ! #ahig ,cycle ,%[ x attract$ a great deal ( att5tion1 & 0 pron\nc$ by ! me*anical %>ps to be "o ( ! h&some/ triplets ev] %[n4 ,9 its pres5t con/ruction x embodies all ! features t h be5 h]et(ore describ$ 9 _! s+le & t&em con/ruction4 ,! ,tribune triplet has a d\ble top tube1 & ! imm$iate sprockets h #ah tee? 9 ord] to relieve ! *a9 f unnecess>y /ra94 ,! crank-hang]s are dropp$ #a in*es bel[ ! l9e ( ! :eel axles4 ,! track rac+ model weighs only ab\t #eh p\nds1 ! :eel base be+ #hf in*es4 ,co/1 #bjj4 ,! ,_w triplet has an extra l[] ma9 tube runn+ =m ! head to ! fir/ diagonal1 & has ?ree l[] ma9 *ords1 ! tubes "o above ! o!r1 & betwe5 ! fir/ two ( :i* ! crank-hang] be>+s are c>ri$4 ,^! *ords1 aft] leav+ ! la/ diagonal /ay1 tap] (f to meet ! re> braces & re> axle1 ?us giv+ ?is triplet ?ree re> =ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,orit540 ,! mak]s ( ! ,ori5t 7:o1 by ! way1 make a great] v>iety ( multicycles ?an any o!r ,am]ican mak]7 make a triplet :i* has all ! details ( con/ruction t are embodi$ 9 _! t&ems already describ$2 h5ce any fur!r description is unnecess>y "h1 save to say t x is a s+le /e]]4 ,! ,&rae triplet has ecc5tric adju/m5ts ?r\gh\t1 & ! *a9s are respectively #c_/af1 & #e_/af 94 ( a special patt]n4 ,x is fitt$ ) #b 94 ,morgan ,wright tires1 & has a #b 94 drop 9 ! crank-hang]1 & its price is #bjj4 ,! ,dayton triplet co/s #bej1 & is built on ! same l9es z _! s+le /e]+ t&em already describ$4 ,! ,dayton 8quad0 is also ( ! same con/ruction1 & co/s #djj4 ,! ,_w 8quad0 is li/$ at #cej1 & is ( ! same con/ruction z _! triplet already describ$4 ,! :eel base1 h[ev]1 is #i ft4 #c 94 ,! mak]s ( ! ,ori5t1 9 addition to ! t&ems & triplets already describ$1 make a 8quad10 a 8qu9t10 a 8sex0 & a 8septuplet40 ,none ( ^!1 h[ev]1 diff] v l>gely1 except+ 9 _! seat+ capacity1 f _! triplet already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,&rae ,,t&em4 ,at ! #ahif cycle %[ held 9 ,new ,york a sextet %[n by ! ,/e>ns p attract$ a great am\nt ( att5tion1 & ! big 8yell[ fell[0 0 easily ! feature ( ! %[4 ,s9ce t "t !y h produc$ a septuplet1 an excell5t illu/ration ( :i* is %[n h]e)4 ,an alt]native con/ruction on ! ,ori5t multicycles ( ! l>g] sizes is to place ! re> rid] on a saddle ov]hung j back ( ! v]tical l9e above ! re> axle2 ?is re> rid] p$als on an indep5d5t axle )9 ! re> hub & drives =w>d1 by a sep>ate *a9 on ! left1 to ! crank-hang] sprocket next =w>d ( him2 ! p[] ( all ! rid]s is c>ri$ to ! l>ge sprocket on ?is cramp axle & !n back1 on ! "r h& side1 to ! small driv] sprocket on ! re> :eel4 ,! object ( ?is is to keep ! :eel base a little %ort]1 ! me?od be+ also employ$ on ! multicycles made by ,b]lo4 ,on acc\nt ( its great l5g? ! ,orit5 is n adapt$ to a spe$ trial on any b a /raightaway c\rse1 & z ! prop] conditions = a te/ c\ld n be _h ! real capacity ( x is n fully kn[n1 b accurate e/imates ( ! road trials already made indicate a possible spe$ ( #a4be = "o mile1 ) probably a l[] av]age p] mile on a suitable c\rse1 :i*1 all[+ = /opp+ & />t+ %\ld be f six to eight miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ,orit5 has a c>ry+ capacity ( #b1ejj p\nds2 x weighs #cje p\nds1 its l5g? ov] all be+ #bc feet #i in*es1 ! :eels be+ #cj in*es 9 diamet]2 its l>ge/ sprocket is #af in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! smalle/ #f in*es2 bo? tires are #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & x is ge>$ to #abj in*es4 ,,tricycles4 ,! fir/ really practical tricycles 7 introduc$ 9 #ahgg4 ,previ\s to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! old wood5 bone%ak] _h sometimes be5 conv]t$ into a tricycle by sub/itut+ two trail+ re> :eels on an axle in/ead ( "o :eel2 ! be/ example ( ?is1 ( c\rse1 is 9 ! little ?ree-:eel$ velocip$e ridd5 by ! small boy ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is old /yle ( tricycle1 ( c\rse1 did n ne$ any tea*+ to le>n ! balance1 b any acute grade1 or any attempt to turn a corn] rapidly caus$ x to upset1 & z ! ,dubl9 & ! ,cov5try 7 ! fir/ tricycles t 7 l>gely us$ !y may !re=e be consid]$ z pione] types ( ! mod]n bicycle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolf-,,am]ican ,,duplex4 ,! ,dubl9 0 pat5t$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,blood 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgf1 & 0 = a long "t made by ,c>ey ,bro!rs ( ,dubl92 ! ,cov5try 0 pat5t$ by ! ,/>ley bro!rs 9 ! same ye>1 :o 7 aft]w>d succe$$ by ! ,cov5try ,tang5t ,company1 :o 7 9 turn succe$$ by ,rudge ,co4 ,! ,cov5try 0 fir/ made z a lev] ma*9e1 b be=e x w5t out ( use ! rot>y action 0 fitt$ to x1 s t to ,mr4 ,blood mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it = inv5t+ ! mod]n tricycle1 al?\gh ,/>ley 0 ! fir/ to adopt ! bevel-ge> pr9ciple to ! tricycle1 produc+ a ge> :i* 0 well kn[n z ,/>ley's ,diff]5tial ,balance ,ge>4 ,?is ge> is "o :i* enables bo? :eels ( a d\ble-driv5 tricycle to be driv5 equally1 & yet "o may g fa/] ?an ! o!r 9 turn+ a corn]4 ,! fir/ tricycle to :i* ,mr4 ,/>ley atta*$ x 0 a f\r-:eel] kn[n z ! ,salvo-quadricycle1 ! f\r? :eel be+ c>ri$ cle> ( ! gr\nd 9 front to prev5t its tipp+ =w>d1 & ! /e]+ 0 effect$ by ! re> :eel4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 soon rev]s$1 ! front :eel !n be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd & do+ ! /e]+1 & ! tilt+ :eel be+ c>ri$ cle> ( ! gr\nd 9 ! re>4 ,?is tilt+ :eel 0 gradually r$uc$ 9 size until x became a m]e roll]1 on ! num]\s loop-frame tricycles1 ( :i* ! ,salvo-quadricycle 0 ! pione]4 ,! loop-frame1 p$al-driv5 tricycle became v popul> :5 ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ,engl& pur*as$ "o & set ! fa%ion to ! upp] classes1 & caus$ !m to pay att5tion to ! sport ( cycl+4 ,"s "t be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 a ladies' tricycle _h be5 on ! m>ket ) lev] action driv+ "o ( ! side :eels & front h&le /e]+4 ,s+le driv+ re> /e]+ tricycles became v pl5tiful1 b !y 7 9 turn driv5 out ( ! m>ket by re> driv]s ) clut*es4 ,a great deal ( rac+ 0 at t "t done on tricycles1 "o ( ! fa/e/ be+ a type kn[n z ! ,humb]4 ,great improvem5ts 7 mean:ile made 9 tricycle con/ruction1 & ! d\ble driv]s 7 also built ) two tracks1 ! front :eel be+ on "o side4 ,_m ( ^! 7 made ) a v small front :eel1 & consequ5tly ! vibration 9 ! h&leb> 0 excessive1 & ! ,quadrant tricycle1 :i* 0 !n introduc$1 _h a v l>ge front :eel1 & ano!r type ( tricycle t 0 popul> 9 ,engl& 0 t kn[n z ! ,cripp]4 ,x _h two l>ge side :eels & "o small front :eel4 ,9 ! fir/ tricycles made ! be>+s 7 ei!r pla9 or cone1 aft]w>d *ang$ to roll]1 & f9ally to ball be>+s4 ,t&em & sociable tricycles 7 = a :ile v popul> 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 made l ! s+les1 only d\ble ! wid?1 & _h two sets ( cranks1 s t ! rid]s sat side by side4 ,!y 7 v heavy & fe>fully sl[1 b !y 7 sup]s$$ by t&em tricycles1 9 :i* ! two rid]s sat "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,! mak]s ( ! ,columbia & ! ,victor made bicycles dur+ ?is p]iod ( tricycle activity4 ,! ,victor p made a s+le tricycle & 9 addition to a s+le tricycle ! ,columbia p made a front-/e]+ t&em tricycle4 ,tricycles are /ill made v l>gely 9 ,engl&1 & if ! safety _h n be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry !y w\ld h und\bt$ly _h a v l>ge use "h also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wolff-,,am]ican ,,t&em4 ,v few ( our ,am]ican mak]s devote any att5tion to produc+ a tricycle1 ! lead+ ,am]ican mak]s ( tricycles be+ ! ,t9kham ,cycle ,company ( ,new ,york1 :o make a drop frame & a diamond frame tricycle1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! mod]n tricycles weigh less & run easi] ?an "s ( ! old heavy-weight bicycles ( five ye>s ago4 ,! tricycle c be us$ almo/ any:]e n[adays1 side pa?s & cycle pa?s hav+ be5 s l>gely built1 & !y af=d all ! pleasure & ex]cise ( bicycles )\t any ( ! n]v\s /ra9 & insep>able dang]1 & ?us a great _m p]sons c obta9 a ne$$ am\nt ( outdoor ex]cise on a tricycle :o c\ld n "u any possible conditions use a bicycle4 ,! ,t9kham ,cycle ,company also make 9 addition to _! s+le tricycles a t&em tricycle1 to :i* a *air seat may be fitt$ to ei!r ! front or re> = invalids4 ,& = ^? :o _c use ei!r foot !y produce a type ( lev] h&-p[] tricycle1 & also a crank h&-p[] tricycle4 ,!y are rem>kably easy runn+1 & ! mak]s say t any "o ) ord9>y /r5g? 9 ! arms c propel !m easily = fifte5 or tw5ty miles ov] fair roads4 ,an invalid c>riage t !y make is fitt$ ) a com=table recl9+ *air1 ) s5sitive spr+s1 :i*1 ) pneumatic tires1 prev5t any j>4 ,all ! c>ri]s 9 use 9 ,new ,york ,city are made by ! ,t9kham ,cycle ,company1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ones be+ a po/(fice tricycle :i* c>ries a l>ge mail box fa/5$ to ! front beh9d ! rid]4 ,!y also make a numb] ( special c>ri]s design$ to suit ! requirem5ts ( v>i\s bus9esses1 hav+ cab9ets ( v>i\s sizes atta*$4 ,a popul> c>ri] ( !irs has a c>ri] %ap$ l a hansom cab1 & ano!r is kn[n z ! *ildr5's c>ry-all1 9 :i* ?ree or f\r *ildr5 c be seat$ beh9d ! rid]1 :o does ! propell+4 ,!y are also engag$ n[ 9 mak+ :at !y call a d\ble c>ri]1 two m5 or boys do+ ! propell+1 c>ry+ beh9d !m a l>ge cab9et or box4 ,! illu/ration %[n gives an excell5t idea ( "o ( _! d\ble c>ri]s4 ,! ,wolff-,am]ican ,duplex is c]ta9ly a tricycle ( utility & fills a want :i* ! bicycle _c satisfy4 ,x does n appeal to ! scor*+ elem5t1 ( c\rse1 b x does appeal to ^? :o = v>i\s reasons w n or c n ride a bicycle4 ,x requires no previ\s exp]i5ce to ride a ,duplex1 two novices be+ z fully compet5t to propel x z a pair ( exp]ts4 ,infirmities are no prev5tative2 "o rid] c d ! /e]+1 if necess>y1 & ! o!r d ! great] "p or all ( ! propell+4 ,a great _m bl9d p]sons & cripples are numb]$ among ! us]s ( ,wolff-,am]ican ,duplexes4 ,timid p]sons :o fe> ! bicycle w appreciate its /ability1 because x /&s alone )\t upsett+4 ,x is a /rongly con/ruct$ vehicle1 weigh+ ab\t =ty-two p\nds1 & is rem>kably easy runn+4 ,9 its con/ruction are embodi$ all ! well-kn[n ,wolff-,am]ican features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t9kham ,,c>ri]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,motor ,,vehicles4 ,to conclude ?is s]ies ( articles )\t ref]5ce to ! long-cont9u$ ef=ts ( inv5tors to create a successful motor bicycle w\ld be to omit :at w d\btless prove a mo/ int]e/+ *apt] to _m read]s4 ,public int]e/ is ke5 n only 9 ! direction ( motor p[] z appli$ to ! cycle & multicycle1 b to all o!r /yles ( vehicles us$ = pleasure1 conv5i5ce or comm]cial purposes4 ,! pres5t *apt] w !re=e treat ( ! motor z appli$ to all vehicles--! bicycle1 ! tricycle1 & ! heavi] /ructures n[ work$ by horse-p[]4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,vehicle4 ,! t]m 8motor cycle0 mu/ f9ally become broad en\gh to be motor vehicle1 & 9 five possible =ms--! bicycle1 s+le or t&em2 ! tricycle1 s+le or d\ble2 ! f\r-:eel$ c>riage1 ) seats = two1 f\r1 or six2 ! cab or 'bus = public hire2 ! truck = haul+ loads4 ,! fir/ =m _c be ?\ght likely to assume importance1 = not)/&+ ! fact t to ! practic$ & regul> rid] ! bicycle becomes s f> l ! l[] "p ( ! c5taur t /e]+ is almo/ unconsci\s & ! balanc+ a matt] ( in/9ctive bodily sway1 x is also true t ! con/ant call = equipoise does some:at 8take x out (0 ! sy/em1 ev5 if ! dem& is n ?\ght (4 ,to /ate x 9 ano!r way1 x mu/ be admitt$ t1 if v>i\s resi/ances 7 n great] on ! tricycle & if "o c\ld put aside all 8feel+0 & c\ld reg>d only physical com=t accord+ to t supposition1 ! ?ree-track] w\ld fatigue less4 ,( c\rse1 ! supposition c nev] be real1 & z ! bicycle mu/ rema9 ! easie/ to drive x w hold its place z ! vehicle = self-propulsion2 b :5 ! "q comes up z to ! vehicle to supply its own p[] & to ride ^u1 n to drive by "o's muscles1 its /ability1 com=t 9 sitt+1 /r5g?1 & luggage-c>ry+ capacity1 w give ! tricycle ov]:elm+ advantages1 s9ce light weight w cease to be ( consequ5ce4 ,! motor-driv5 pleasure c>riage & ! pass5g] vehicle = hire w come toge!r2 inde$1 !y are already "h4 ,! po/al van & ! deliv]y wagon = light goods are runn+ 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,! heavy truck = convey+ g5]al m]*&ise & do+ g5]al 8c>t+0 is n yet di/9ctly 9 sight1 b its com+ seems to be manife/ de/9y4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration ( a bicycle ) gasol9e motor1 f ! exhibit ( a ,cov5try firm at ! ,/anley ,%[ ( #ahif1 is int]e/+ z a /one on ! pa? ( developm5t r ?an a p]man5t type4 ,! l5g!n$ :eel base sugge/s ! desirability ( ! tricycle =m1 & ! level ge> f ! p$als %[s t !y are int5d$ only z auxili>y = />t+2 ! same appe>s 9 ! tricycle %[n1 :i* 0 also v long & 0 level ge>$4 ,! cut ( a tricycle ( pres5t %ape & hav+ a gasol9e motor is also giv5 because ?is is n[ adv]tis$ z a m>ket article1 by ! same firm1 b ! bicycle has probably dropp$ out4 ,! ,iri% ,cycli/ ( ,dec4 #h la/1 review+ ! ,national ,%[1 says t 8motor cycles are practically non-exi/5t1 ! only specim5 se5 be+ a ,bantam1 ) a r neatly con/ruct$ oil eng9e ignit$ by electric sp>k1 :i* 0 only exhibit$ la/ ye>40 ,! ,/anley ,%[1 9 ! mon? previ\s1 _h a consid]able display reg>d+ :i* ! ,london ,cycli/ said3 ,?ree electric t&ems h /orage batt]ies c>ri$ 9 ! frame bel[ ! top tube1 ) a motor 9 ! l[] "p ( ! re> frame & on ! h&leb> a resi/ance coil to br+ spe$ "u control ( ! re> rid]2 a simil> t&em has be5 run up to a spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r1 & ^! ma*9es are = pac+ purposes only4 7,?is is emphasiz$ by ! rec5t arrival 9 ,new ,york ( ! two ,fr5* pr(essionals1 bro!rs1 ) _! electric t&em1 book$ to appe> on sev]al tracks4 ,! t&em is cr$it$ ) a fifty mile rate1 & p]haps x may n be necess>y = any little ,mi*ael to call out to ! pacemak]s on x to 8hit x up407 ,a road t&em has an oil motor ) v]tical d\ble cyl9d]s1 ! ge> hub1 ( twelve in*es outside diamet]1 s]v+ z a fly :eel2 ! motor is ( two & a half horse p[] & ! maximum spe$ tw5ty-five miles an h\r4 ,a ?ree-qu>t]-horse p[] oil motor tricycle is meant z tractor = a light two-seat$ two-:eel$ *aise2 ! same p>ties %[$ phaetons & p>cel vans4 ,! ,daiml] ,co41 ! fir/ to ent] ,engl&1 %[$ a long l9e ( vehicles ) f\r-horse-p[] motors2 "o 0 a p>cel van = ! ,cycli/ publi%]s1 & ano!r 0 ! ,cycli/ editor's c> on :i* he took 8 vacation j\rney ( #b1jjj miles to ,john-o-,groat's & back to ,london4 ,! review adds t ! exhibit %\ld conv9ce ( progress1 = !re 0 n a s+le ,engli%-built c>riage 9 ! collection1 a ye> ago4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,motor ,,tricycle4 ,! motor itself is ! prim>y factor 9 ! problem1 & seems to be ! mo/ difficult4 ,naturally1 /eam 0 ! fir/ p[] tri$1 z x is ! olde/ kn[n ( ! artificially-produc$ p[]s4 ,z tri$ on ! highway1 x f> ant$ates ! railroad locomotive4 ,9 #agig1 ! ,fr5*man ,cugnot produc$ a ?ree-:eel$ /eam wagon 9 ,p>is1 :i* ran fairly well until an accid5t befel x4 ,9 ! ?irties1 sev]al /eam wagons ran = pass5g] s]vice 9 & ne> ,london1 & on "o l9e #aj1jjj pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ a total di/ance ( "s #d1jjj miles4 ,mo/ ( ^! vehicles did n d bo? ! c>ry+ & driv+ b us$ a road locomotive to draw a 'bus4 ,9 #ahgj1 a 'bus 0 built 9 ,ed9burgh ) solid rubb] tires1 capable ( c>ry+ a load ( sixty pass5g]s1 b ! attempt 0 n comm]cially successful4 ,n long aft]1 sev]al vehicles capable ( c>ry+ a hundr$ p]sons at a spe$ f ?ree to t5 miles an h\r 7 made & s5t to ,india4 ,!re are a numb] ( build]s ( /eam automobiles 9 ,p>is1 & a consid]able numb] ( ! vehicles are n[ 9 use 9 ! gay capital1 mo/ly = su* heavy "w z c>ry+ pass5g]s & deliv]+ goods4 ,!re are comp>atively few 9 ,engl&2 yet a ,london insurance j\rnal ( ,dec4 #bb reports a trial trip ( ! /eam van exp]im5tally adopt$ by ! po/(fice & int5d$ to run betwe5 ,london & ,r$ ,hill4 ,! p>ticul> ma*9e ref]r$ to is an old "o :i* _h already done ab\t #d1ejj miles1 8& has be5 repa9t$ = ?is purpose2 ^? specially built = ! ,g4 ,p4 ,o4 w be r diff]5t 9 arrangem5t al?\gh n diff]+ 9 pr9ciple4 ,! ma*9]y1 :i* has a petroleum fire1 seems to be ?or\ghly "u control1 ! brake v p[]ful & ! :eels fitt$ ) solid rubb] tires2 x is probable t new vans may h ! advantage ( ,foid>t's pat5t ball be>+s1 :i* are 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% ,ball-,be>+ ,syndicate40 ,x may be a h9t t oil is tak5 z fuel on ! ,london po/al vans1 & also t "o ( ! wagons above m5tion$ did n exce$ 9 weight t ( ! heavie/ electric phaetons n[ runn+ ) /orage batt]ies2 & al?\gh /eam h>dly seems likely to be employ$ on c>riages = /rictly private use x might be too mu* to pr$ict t ! /eam motor has no *ance z aga9/ ! o!rs4 ,a c>riage has lately be5 f9i%$1 by ! way1 by a me*anical eng9e] 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 work+ by /eam1 g5]at$ by gasol9e 9 "s mann]1 z report$1 "o *>ge ( gasol9e s]v+ = tw5ty miles4 ,,air ,,z ,,motive ,,p[]4 ,air has ( c\rse n be5 ov]look$1 & x has ! advantage ( possess+ ! quality ( p]fect & inexhau/ible ela/icity accord+ to pressure2 its greate/ disadvantage is t x mu/ be 8/or$0 & runs d[n /eadily by use l a compress$ metallic spr+1 h5ce requir+ compress+ /ations4 ,at int]vals 9 ?is c5tury1 plans & draw+s = vehicles to be run by air h be5 pres5t$ by successive inv5tors1 & a sy/em ( tram-c> s]vice ?us propell$ has be5 tri$ exp]im5tally 9 ,france4 ,an air-driv5 tricycle has also be5 built 9 ,*icago4 ,:at w be made out ( ?is p>ticul> motor we mu/ wait to see4 ,,electricity ,,z ,,p[]4 ,electricity comes next 9 ! li/1 & is n[ limit$ = production ( curr5t to ?ree =ms--! p[] /ation1 supply+ curr5t by a trolley & motor2 ! prim>y batt]y1 c>ri$ on ! vehicle2 ! /orage batt]y1 also c>ri$ on ! vehicle4 ,! fir/ may be impossible comm]cially1 b x is n at all s me*anically4 ,giv5 ! l9es & "s workable device = insur+ t ! c>riage %all n be too (t5 8(f its trolley10 toge!r ) provision = "s m9or difficulties :i* ne$ n be pron\nc$ impossible 7s9ce 9 an inv5tive & pu%+ ,republic ! impossible is ! ?+ :i* becomes possible71 & ! ?+ is done4 ,leave ?is me?od to ! future1 mean:ile not+ t a trolley automobile is already report$ f ,nevada z hav+ be5 built4 ,! prim>y batt]y1 to be tak5 along1 seems out ( ! practicable li/ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( electrical developm5t4 ,,! ,,columbia ,,electric ,,phaeton4 ,! ?ird =m1 t ( ! /orage batt]y1 is n[ mo/ prom95tly put =w>d1 at lea/ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! ,pope ,co41 :i* is n[ prep>$ to fill ord]s = ! ,columbia electric phaeton1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5t1 :i* has includ$ ! gas motor z well4 ,at a casual glance ?is vehicle is an elegantly f9i%$ phaeton ) box1 body & fold+ hood1 fitt$ ) bicycle :eels b )\t ! pole4 ,! :eels are ?irty-two in* front & ?irty-six in* re>1 ) /\t spokes & hubs1 & ! tires are ,h>t=d s+le-tube pneumatic1 ) walls a little ov] a half in* ?ick4 ,!y h a me*anical fa/5+ to ! rim 9 addition to ! con/riction by air pressure1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ be+ roll$ (f on a curve4 ,! tires require h>d inflation 7at ab\t #aej p\nds pressure71 :i* c be done only ) ! special pump suppli$4 ,! tempor>y repair z made on bicycles is h>dly necess>y1 = ! tires are made v difficult to puncture1 ! objections to su* a tire on bicycles n apply+ "h1 & ! quality ( resi/ance to puncture makes ! tire s firm t ! c>riage w run tempor>ily on ! tires deflat$4 ,! entire support+ frame or truck is ( fifty-po9t 7n #ej p] c5t47 c>bon tub+4 ,! sides & front are d\bl$1 rigidly brac$ & braz$2 ! re> ( ! frame is s+le & f ?is hangs supports = ! axle be>+s1 ! ge>s & ! motor4 ,?ree comp\nd flat spr+s transv]sely fa/5$ to ! truck support ! entire upp] body1 :i* is n else:]e support$4 ,! body-support+ spr+s1 plac$ equi-di/ant along ! frame1 are pivotally susp5d$ at ea* end f ! "u side ( ! side tubes4 ,ball be>+s are plac$ :]ev] any practical ga9 c be f\nd !reby2 ! motor armatures & v>i\s pivots1 ) ^? ( ! /e]+ ge>1 z well z all ! axles & sp9dles1 are fitt$ ?us4 ,! front axle1 c>ry+ ! /e]+ :eels1 is pivot$ s z to all[ runn+ ov] ob/acles1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 repres5t+ ! regul> factory te/s1 & e vehicle is put to ?or\gh te/s & inspections be=e be+ pass$ z ready4 ,! motor works on ! re> axle1 :i* is divid$ s z to be d\ble driv+ on ! usual plan ) bevel-ge>s4 ,! motor is driv5 by a /orage batt]y1 consi/+ ( =ty-f\r *loride cells 9 f\r sets ( elev5 ea*1 fitt$ 9 two slid+ wood boxes2 ! cells are seal$ aga9/ spill+ & ! :ole is c>ri$ 9 ! body1 access to !m be+ _h by doors at ! back4 ,! run f "o *>g+ is f ?irty to ?irty-five miles1 at ! rate ( twelve & "o-qu>t] miles an h\r1 al?\gh excessively heavy "w or an injudici\s managem5t may exhau/ some:at soon]2 x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 by prolong$ inve/igation1 t ! av]age daily run ( bicycles falls well )9 ?is figure4 ,re*>g+ may be done 9 ! own]'s private /able1 ! prop] connection hav+ be5 once made once = all f ! ne>e/ electric-light /ation1 & 9 case ( a private-p[] plant ! co/ ( runn+ ne$ n exce$ half a c5t p] mile = curr5t2 o!rwise re*>g+ is done at any /ation :]e !re is a #aaj-volt direct curr5t1 & ?is ne$ n exce$ #ej c5ts = ea* full *>ge4 ,! connections :i* h to be manipulat$ are made ( diff]5t sizes1 s t misplac+ is impossible4 ,a small met] is plac$ 9 sight ( ! driv]1 :i* %[s approximately ! p[] rema9+ 9 ! batt]ies2 ?is hav+ run d[n & ! prop] connections hav+ be5 made1 ! *>g+ process beg9s & ! met] />ts to run backw>d to 8full0 aga92 no att5tion is requir$1 = z soon z ! 8full0 po9t is rea*$ ! batt]y automatically swit*es itself out ( circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pope ,,electric ,,phaeton4 ,! driv] sits at ! left & /e]s ) 8 "r h& by means ( an ,l lev]4 ,at 8 left is ! 8controll]0 lev]1 work+ ov] a not*$ arc resembl+ t ( ! locomotive rev]s+ lev]1 & hav+ f\r positions4 ,:5 ! lev] /&s v]tical x is 9 ! 8/opp$0 position1 & :5 ! driv] gets (f he is to pull out & pocket a small safety plug2 ?is leaves ! circuit brok5 & ! c>riage _c />t accid5tally or be />t$ by any p]son :o has n a duplicate plug4 ,a v p[]ful b& brake1 work+ on ! ge> box on ! re> axle1 & capable ( a v quick /op1 is op]at$ by a lev] )9 rea* ( ! driv]'s "r foot2 a back+ press is 9 rea* ( 8 left foot & a lev] on ! /e]+ h&le op]ates a bell4 ,hav+ tak5 8 seat & replac$ ! safety plug1 ! driv] sets ! lev] =w>d to ! fir/ not*1 :i* gradually runs ! c>riage up to a ?ree-mile spe$ on a smoo? level2 ! second not* increases to six miles2 ! ?ird1 :i* is ! "o meant = /eady use & ! mo/ economical1 goes to twelve miles2 ! f\r? not* uses a position v exhau/ive ( ! batt]ies1 giv+ a spe$ ( ne>ly fifte5 miles1 b is = sp>+ & em]g5cy use4 ,! motor drives directly on ! axle1 )\t int]v5tion ( any belt+ or ge>+4 ,x is ( two horse p[]1 & 9 op]ation x is assum$ t ab\t "o & ?ree-eigh?s horse p[] is actually ex]t$ at ! :eel rims4 ,! re*>g+ takes ?ree h\rs4 ,) cont9u$ use1 ! total p[] available f any giv5 set ( batt]ies usually increases2 b if all[$ to /& /ill long fully-*>g$ cells w gradually lose "p ( _! *>ge1 & to all[ !m to /& long 9 ! condition ( complete dis*>ge is de/ructive to !m4 ,ea* batt]y *amb] weighs a little ov] #bjj lbs41 requir+ two m5 to h&le x4 ,! total batt]ies weigh some?+ ov] #hjj lbs41 & ! total weight ( ! c>riage is ab\t #a1ijj4 ,its co/ is #c1jjj4 ,aga9/ ?is fir/ co/ is to be set ! co/ ( keep+ ! pair ( horses :i* ! motor replaces4 ,! co/ ( curr5t = p[] is e/imat$ to range f #aj to #be c5ts p] day4 ,( c\rse ! vehicle mu/ n g out ( rea* ( a s\rce ( supply2 b electrical plants are to be f\nd 9 mo/ villages & a li/ ( ov] #djj places ( curr5t /ations available1 is includ$ 9 ! pamphlet ( in/ructions4 ,! consid]ations 9 favor ( electricity z a motor are c]ta9ly v /rong1 & )9 its limitations x is q p]fect1 hav+ nei!r odor1 noise nor possible explosion4 ,to ! quietness ( runn+ & ease ( control ( ! ,pope vehicle we c p]sonally te/ify1 & its hone/y & ?or\ghness ( con/ruction c be tak5 on fai? 9 ! well-e/abli%$ & well-e>n$ reputation ( ! ,pope ,company4 ,z to 8gett+ out ( ord]10 ! /udy has be5 to make ! vehicle 8fool-pro(40 ,e condition involv$ 9 a practical vehicle = ev]yday use1 by p ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 has be5 ?\ght (1 & durability & s]vice q z long & z try+ z c\ld ev] be exact$ )\t actual abuse1 0 prov$ be=e putt+ ! vehicle on ! m>ket4 ,aft] c>efully read+ ! pamphlet ( in/ructions1 our conclusion is t al?\gh !y are some:at ext5d$ & m9ute1 !re is no?+ =midable 9 !m & t any p]son fit to be tru/$ ) a horse1 or ev5 ) a good c>riage1 ought to be able1 by pay+ att5tion to 8 duties & do+ z he is told1 to make ?is c>riage 8g ( itself0 & ma9ta9 its integrity )\t any tr\ble4 ,an exp]im5tal c>riage has be5 9 use = two ye>s 9 & ar\nd ,h>t=d1 hav+ 9 t "t made a mileage ( #c1ejj2 x 0 entru/$ to untra9$ h&s1 & yet nev] met a mi%ap :i* requir$ x to be tak5 home by any o!r p[] ?an its own4 ,,o!r ,,electric ,,vehicles4 ,9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan ! electric cab has = ab\t a ye> be5 too famili> a sight to attract att5tion4 ,! cabs are n yet _m 9 numb]4 ,! ,electric ,vehicle ,co4 h "s f\rte5 9 op]ation1 & ! company also has a hundr$ m 9 con/ruction or "u contract4 ,! c>riage made by ,! ,b>r[s ,electric ,vehicle ,company is peculi> 9 be+ a ?ree-:eel]2 ! re> :eels are #bh in*1 ) #b in* tires1 ?us approximat+ ! bicycle :eel except 9 /\tness1 :ile ! front :eel1 :i* is ( #cf in*es & has a #c in* tire1 c>ries a #a-;horse p[] motor & #cjj p\nds ( /orage cells1 ano!r #ajj p\nds ( cells be+ plac$ "u ! seat4 ,! electric equipm5t is ?us "s #ejj p\nds total1 f\r-fif?s ( ?is be+ borne on ! front :eel1 :]e x s]ves = traction4 ,! motor ge>s by a #b in* ra:ide p9ion direct to a #bh in* ge> fix$ on ! :eel rim1 & ! total weight ( ! vehicle is #gjj p\nds4 ,!re are ?ree spe$s =w>d & two backw>d2 ! run is ab\t ?ree h\rs1 or #cj to #dj miles1 on "o *>g+4 ,! price ranges f #fjj to #a1bjj = regul> c>riages1 & #cjj to #ejj = :at are call$ *ildr5's c>ts4 ,int]e/$ ) ,mr4 ,b>r[s is ,sup]visor ,dunton ( ,jamaica ,t[n%ip1 well kn[n to :eelm5 & fa!r ( ! goods roads sy/em 9 ,que5s ,c\nty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bicycle ,,) ,,motor4 ,! ,rik] ,company1 at pres5t ( #de ,york /reet1 ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn1 h 9 use a half doz5 & h a doz5 "u contract1 at prices f #a1hjj to #b1ejj1 & say ! difficulty is n to get ord]s1 b to fill !m1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ! subject is /ill s new t ev]y?+ mu/ be devis$ & procur$ & con/ruction is !re=e sl[4 ,! ,rik] ,electric ,trap ,no4 #a won fir/ prize on ,n>ragansett track at ! ,rhode ,isl& ,/ate ,fair1 ,sept4 #g1 #ahif1 do+ five miles 9 #aa3bh2 ?is weigh$ #a1hjj p\nds1 _h a capacity ( t5 miles = f\r h\rs1 & atta9$ a spe$ ( tw5ty-sev5 miles2 x 0 crudely put toge!r z mo/ conv5i5t1 & _h bicycle :eels ) 8direct0 spokes1 ! driv]s be+ provid$ ) f\r t5sion rods runn+ 9 a tang5tial direction midway betwe5 rim & hub4 ,:eels z n[ made are #cb in* front & #cf re>2 spe$s provid$ are #c & #f miles back & #c--f--ab--ae miles =w>d4 ,di/ance run on "o *>g+ & co/ ( curr5t p] mile are ab\t z ) ! ,pope c>riage2 ! g5]al description ( t w also answ] = o!rs ( its class1 & we might add "h t no attempt is made to g into ! te*nical description ( any motor vehicle1 z ?is c\ld n be done except at great l5g? & ) detail$ illu/rations4 ,mr4 ,rik] believes /rongly 9 ! c>riage1 m5tion+ its suitability = physicians1 = example1 because x does n involve expos+ a horse to inclem5t wea!r2 = safety 9 leav+ 9 ! /reets :5 n hav+ a driv] ) x1 he makes 8 8safety plug10 a special lock ) ! ,yale tumbl]s1 s t ! vehicle _c be mov$ by its own p[] except aft] fir/ ins]t+ ! own]'s key4 ,! gas eng9e has = ye>s be5 9 use = /ation>y s]vice 9 ,engl&1 & consid]ably by cycle mak]s1 l>gely because ( ! l[ price ( gas 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,^! eng9es dep5d on ! famili> pr9ciple t hydro-c>bon vapors are explosive :5 mix$ ) air 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,z employ$ 9 driv+ boats or vehicles1 ! op]ation is ess5tially ! same z long famili> 9 %ops2 ! eng9es are explosion eng9es1 driv+ ! %aft only by ! outw>d ?ru/ ( ! pi/on & commonly mak+ only ea* second or f\r? movem5t effective1 ! rema9+ movem5ts be+ consum$ 9 re/or+ ! me*anism to its orig9al condition1 ^! recurr+ acts be+ kn[n z a 8cycle0 ( *anges4 ,h5ce a fly:eel is requir$1 & ! driv+ p[] is irregul> & by recurr5t ?rob or ?ru/ r ?an by ! usual reciprocal movem5t ( an eng9e4 ,9 ,engl& a great impulse 0 d\btless giv5 to autoc>s by ! ,london to ,brighton run1 ,nov4 #ad1 #ahif1 to celebrate ! date :5 ! new 8,light ,locomotives act0 took effect1 p]mitt+ spe$ up to f\rte5 miles an h\r4 ,?is occasion is claim$ by an ,am]ican mak] to h be5 a race1 & won by him2 ! ,scotti% ,cycli/ acc\nt calls x a p>ade1 9 :i* #cb ma*9es out ( an expect$ #ef took "p4 ,mud & ra91 ) ! pressure ( traffic & spectators1 8disorganiz$ ! procession10 b ?is is pron\nc$ a bett] te/ ( runn+ qualities ?an favorable conditions w\ld h furni%$4 ,v>i\s tricycles1 ! ,fr5* c>riage :i* won ! ,p>is-,m>seilles race1 l&aus1 dogc>ts1 ba? *airs1 deliv]y vans1 etc41 all presumably motor-driv51 p>ticipat$4 ,no w9n] is report$ or any "t giv54 ,,! ,,gas ,,motor4 ,! ,w9ton ,motor ,c>riage ,company1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 n[ (f]s a light s+le-seat c>riage = two p]sons1 at #a1jjj1 deliv]able 9 sixty days4 ,! motor is ( ! s+le hydro-c>bon type1 us+ common /ove gasol9e1 obta9able almo/ any:]e2 a supply is c>ri$ = a day's run ( sev5ty-five miles ov] ord9>y roads1 at a co/ ( "u a half c5t p] mile4 ,! catalogue says t 8by an +5i\s & simple arrangem5t ! motor is absolutely "u control1 runn+ at any desir$ spe$ )\t affect+ its driv+ p[]1 &1 9 contradi/9ction to o!r motors1 v>iable ge>+ = diff]5t spe$s is n necess>y1 except ! hill-climb+ & back+ ge>2 ! motor c be spe$$ f #bjj revolutions to #ijj or #a1jjj p] m9ute 9 ab\t ?ree seconds1 & almo/ z quickly sl[$ d[n to a gov]n$ spe$ ( #bjj40 ,a ,w9ton c>riage claims ! _w's record ) a mile 9 #a4dh1 on a circul> track1 ,decoration ,day1 #ahig4 ,x is claim$ to be equal to 8actual s]vice ov] all k9ds & conditions ( roads1 up hill & d[n1 ?r\gh mud1 s& & sn[1 at f ?ree to tw5ty miles an h\r10 & a *all5ge is out to any k9d ( motor c>riage1 by ,am]ican or =eign mak]1 = a race next summ] f ,new ,york to ,*icago or ov] any o!r c\rse ( at lea/ #a1jjj miles4 ,! ,h]tel ,gasol9e ,motor-c>riage ,company1 lately ( ,*icago1 b n[ ( ,spr+field1 & int]e/$ ) ! ,iv5-,br&5burgh ,company1 proposes a light & improv$ c>riage at a mod]ate price1 b decl9es to furni% any in=mation1 on ! gr\nd ( n yet be+ ready to fill ord]s4 ,! ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company ( ,spr+field1 ,mass41 %[s illu/rations ( ! rac+ wagon :i* x claims won ! ,lib]ty ,day run f ,london to ,brighton1 already m5tion$2 ano!r ( ! "o t won ! #b1jjj fir/ prize 9 ! ,*icago ,times-,h]ald race ( ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 #ahie2 also ( ! w9n] ( ! #c1jjj ,cosmopolitan ,magaz9e race1 ,decoration ,day1 #ahif4 ,! lat] models only h bicycle :eels3 ! e>li] "o _h wood :eels on ! old wagon-:eel patt]n4 ,! e>li] weights 7 #a1bjj to #a1djj p\nds2 ! late/ are br\ght d[n to #gej4 ,ord9>y /ove gasol9e is ! fuel1 & six gallons are c>ri$1 equal to #aej miles' runn+4 ,a small dynamo furni%es ! sp>k = ignition 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,no gas or vapor is c>ri$ outside ! motors2 no flame is us$2 if ! wat] 9 ! tank is gone1 ! motor simply /ops2 !re is no dang] ( explosion or fire2 ! two motors are indep5d5t1 & "o wall "w ev5 if ! o!r has fail$2 five m9utes suffice = re*>g+ ) fuel & wat]2 ! c>riage /e]s s well t x w practically pass ov] rocks 8h&s (f40 ,spe$ ranges up to ?irty miles1 & any rate bel[ t may be run at w4 ,"h might be rem>k$ ! lightness ( ! ,p5n+ton tricycle us$ 9 ! ,london to ,brighton run ( #ahif1 8= to turn out a vehicle ( less ?an #bej p\nds1 yet capable ( propell+ itself ) a load ( f\r pass5g]s at spe$s rang+ up to tw5ty & ?irty miles an h\r is decid$ly a notewor?y a*ievem5t40 ,?is vehicle 0 put toge!r by clamp+ ! tubes in/ead ( braz+4 ,! ,we/on-,mott ,company ( ,utica disc]ns ! signs ( ! times1 & n[ (f]s all k9ds ( :eels = horseless vehicles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pope ,,electric ,,phaeton ,,"u ,,te/4