,repr9t$ f ! ,h9du/an ,review1 ,septemb] & ,octob] #aiji4 ,,! ,,islam ,,( ,,moham$4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,salahudd9 ,,khuda ,,bukh%1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,c4,l41 ,,b>-,,at-,,law4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,table ( ,cont5ts4 #a ,i4 #a ,,ii4 #e ,,iii4 #h ,,iv4 #ac ,! ,h9du/an ,review4 #ah ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,i4 ,i d n desire to expla9 ! importance & significance ( ,islam among ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w2 nor am ,i to fix & asc]ta9 ! exact position ( ,moham$ z a religi\s tea*] among ! _w's great tea*]s ( religions4 ,my ef=t 9 ?is pap] is simpl] & yet n altoge!r free f bewild]+ p]plexities4 ,i desire to expla9 :at ,islam is & :at its tea*+s are3 ,islam z prea*$ & deliv]$ by ! prophet ( ,arabia2 ,islam /ripp$ ( ! accretions ( ages ( !ological disputes & controv]sies2 9 o!r words to sket* out1 to ! be/ ( my light & lead+1 ,islam ( ! prophet ,moham$4 ,difficult ?\gh ?is task is1 x is n inde$ a hopeless v5ture = "o :o has kept himself cle> & free f n>r[ sect>ianism4 ,to fully appreciate ! message ( ,moham$1 x is ess5tial t ,i %\ld say some?+ ab\t ! condition ( ,arabia be=e ,islam4 ,i mu/ readily admit t s f> z ! ,pagan ,arabia is conc]n$1 we are 9 great de>? ( au?orities4 ,our in=mation is %ad[y1 fitful1 & fragm5t>y & ! indu/ry ( ,european s*ol>s 7su* z ,causs9 ,de ,p]ceval1 ,krehl1 ,wellhaus51 ,rob]tson ,smi? & ,sir ,*>les ,lyall7 has succe$$ b 9 lift+ ! veil m]ely at its fr+e4 ,b h[ev] p>tial & unsatisfactory z ! acc\nt is1 ( ! ,pagan days2 we c yet =m an idea ( ! life t ! ,pagan ,arabs l$ & ! ?\ghts t sway$ & animat$ _! conduct & _! de$s4 ,i w1 !re=e1 describe 8,! ,pre-,islamic ,arabia0 z briefly z ,i c4 ,! ,pre-,islamic ,arabs 7 n a nation4 ,( ! s5se ( nationality1 inde$1 !y _h n ! vague/ conception1 ?\gh !y 7 l9k$ by community ( spee*4 ,arabia 0 a sum-total ( loose & disconnect$ cong]ies ( tribes & ! tribe 0 ! s\rce & ! limit ( social & political obligation4 ,beyond ! tribe !re lay no duty & no obligation ei!r4 ,political relations 7 moral2 = morality 0 conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! tribe4 ,political organisation 0 repres5t$ by ! corporate feel+ :i* f\nd expression 9 ! ex]cise ( ! duties ( bro!rhood4 ,)9 ! pale ( ! tribe obta9$ ! prohibition to kill1 to commit adult]y1 to /eal1 c41 c4 ,beyond x !re 0 no su* prohibition4 ,fidelity to "o's k9sman 0 an imp]ative duty1 ap>t f any "q ( ! ju/ness ( ! cause4#a ,outside ! tribe !re 0 no?+ b con/ant plund] & unceas+ w>f>e4 8,c]ta9 l>ge gr\ps 71 inde$1 almo/ cont9ually at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,maadd1 ! p ( ! ,hijaz & ,al-yamamah g5]ally look$ ^u ,al-yaman z _! natural prey & 7 con/antly raid+ on ! h]ds ( _! s\!rn neighb\rs4 ,betwe5 ,tamim & ,bakr1 son ( ,wail1 !re 0 p]man5t bad blood1 ,ghatafan & ,hawaz9 _h a /&+ feud4 ,9 ! nor? ! k+dom ( ,al-,hirah1 ! repres5tative ( ,p]sian pr$om9ance 0 ! h]$it>y enemy ( ,ghassan1 ! repres5tative ( ! might ( ,rome40 7,lyall1 ,anci5t ,arabian ,poetry1 p4 xxiii47 ,arabia1 be=e ,islam1 0 ?us a !atre ( int]nec9e w>f>e1 re/ra9$1 b p>tially1 by ! introduction ( blood money4 ,!re 0 comp5sation = ev]y?+ = :i* v5geance c\ld be exact$4 ,all crimes 7 assess$ z economic damage4 ,e loss ( honor1 prop]ty1 or life c\ld be apprais$ by agreem5t2 all hav+ _! price 9 camels4 ,we ?us see t ! ,arabs be=e ,islam _h sc>cely em]g$ f b>b>ic conditions4#b ,!re 0 no social ord]1 no organis$ gov]nm5t4 ,! law ( %e] brute =ce prevail$1 untemp]$ & unre/ra9$1 by any civiliz+ or controll+ influ5ce4 ,nor did !y atta9 any ref9$ idea ( religion4 ,_! religion 0 no?+ m or less ?an gross feti*ism2 ! wor%ip ( tree & /one1 ! v5]ation ( c]ta9 p]sonifi$ div9e attributes1 mean+less ritual & c]emonials4 ,! true religi\s _s !y nev] succe$$ 9 grasp+ & ! fe> ( ,god nev] ex]cis$ any real1 practical influ5ce ov] _! conduct & actions4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,islam to in/il into !m ! s5se ( responsibility to ,god & to make ?is idea ( human responsibility ! guid+ & controll+ pr9ciple ( life4 ,to all appe>ance ! ,arabs hon\r$ ! gods1 w5t on pilgrimage to _! sanctu>ies1 made sacrifices 9 ! temples1 ano9t$ ) ! blood ( ! victims gods c>v$ out ( /one or made ( wood1 consult$ ! oracles1 :5 9 difficulty1 & que/ion$ !m ab\t ! future4 ,b all ?is 0 %am & c\nt]feit4 ,( real1 g5u9e1 religi\s feel+ !re 0 none4 ,?is empty %[1 h[ev]1 0 kept up = purposes ( ga92 ! manifold sanctu>ies yield+ l>ge incomes to c]ta9 noble families & clans4#c ,9 a soil1 app>5tly s uncong5ial1 h[ did ,islam /rike its root8 ,?is is an int]e/+ & fasc9at+ "q & we mu/ try to solve x "h4 ,! solution ( ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 on ! "o h&1 & 9 ! comm]cial activity ( ! ,arabs1 on ! o!r4 ,by comm]ce ! ,arabs acquir$ an ext5d$ k ( =eign nations & _! civilisation4 ,frequ5t contact ) ! out] _w wid5$ _! intellectual horizon & awak5$ 9 !m high] & m spiritual ?\ghts4 ,!y le>nt new ideas1 acquir$ new habits &1 :at 0 mo/ valuable ( all1 !y le>nt to ?9k = !mselves4 ,b n m]ely did travel 9 =eign c\ntries & int]c\rse ) =eign p ex]cise a disruptive influ5ce1 b !re 7 =ces1 alike subv]sive & de/ructive1 ne>] home4 ,9 ,arabia itself ! two /reams ( ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism fl[$1 side by side1 ) ! ,arab ,hea!nism4 ,t ,*ri/ianity _h made a consid]able advance among ! ,arabs is cle> f ! fact1 t1 at ! "t ( ,moham$1 x 0 consid]ably diffus$ n m]ely among ! ,rabia tribes b ev5 among ! ,tamim4 ,nor did ! ,taiyy altoge!r escape its influ5ce4 ,its gr[?1 h[ev]1 0 n s fav\rable 9 ,hijaz & c5tral ,arabia1 b ev5 "h ,*ri/ian ideas und\bt$ly made _! way ?r\gh comm]ce & social int]c\rse4 ,simil>ly ! ,jewi% influ5ce 0 equally p[]ful4 ,:5 ! ,jews came to ,arabia we d n def9itely "k1 b ,dr4 ,nldeke po9ts out t a great ,jewi% immigration into ,arabia _c be fix$ prior to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus & ,hadrian4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is cle> t at ! "t ( ,moham$ !re 0 a l>ge colony ( ,jews at ,taima1 ,khaib>1 ,ya?rib1 ,f$ak & ,yaman4 ,!y did n live scatt]$ amid/ ,arab population b kept toge!r &1 ?\gh despis$ by ! ,arasq !y 7 yet indisp5sible to !m z m]*ants1 jewell]s1 & goldsmi?s4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be n an error to suppose t !y ex]t$ no small spiritual influ5ce ov] ! ,arabs4#d ,t ?is is no unf\nd$ !ory or improbable supposition is evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ! works ( f\r ( ! mo/ prom95t ,arabian poets ( ! ,pre-,islamic "t--,an-,nabigah1 ,zuhair1 ,al-,a%a & ,labid--we f9d expressions :i* %[ t !y1 at lea/1 if n ! wild w&]]s ( ! des]t1 knew v well :at a spiritual religion meant4#e ,ibn ,qutaibah enum]ates dr9k+1 joy1 wra? & love among ! 8motive causes0 :i* spe$ ! poet b we _c fail to detect 9 _! poems an und]curr5t ( deep religi\s feel+s4 ,individual m9ds felt a s5se ( uneas9ess & s\ght to f9d "s plausible solution ( ! my/]ies ( life & dea? & traces ( su* a frame ( m9d we notice frequ5tly 9 anci5t ,arab poetry4 ,on no o!r basis1 inde$1 c we expla9 away ! lam5tations ( ! royal poet ,imra-ul-,qais ov] ! wor?lessness ( ! life ( pleasure t he _h l$ & ! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity ( ,qais ,b4 ,zuhair1 ! lead] ( ! ,abs 9 ! long fratricidal w> aga9/ ! ,dhubian4#f ,9 consid]+ ! rise ( ,islam we _c be unwat*ful ( ! c\rse ( contempor>y ?\ght or unm9dful ( ! religi\s =ces :i* contribut$ to its success4 ,su*1 inde$1 7 ! =ces at "w 9 ,arabia be=e ,moham$2 =ces :i* c\ld n h fail$ to /ir high] ?\ghts 9 enlight5$ m9ds & to create a reaction aga9/ ! ,arab ,hea!nism4 ,& a reaction1 inde$1 did set 94 ,a b& ( di/+ui%$ m51 :om we mu/ recognise z ! h]alds & /&>d-be>]s ( ,islam1 no long] will+ to tol]ate idolatr\s practices1 def9itely cut !mselves adrift f ! ,arabian ,paganism4 ,!y call$ !mselves ,hanifs2 a ^w ( d\btful mean+ & ! cause ( mu* controv]sy4 8,! mo/ acceptable conjecture seems to me01 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyall1 8to be t ( ,spr5g] t x is connect$ ) ! ,hebrew ,,hanef h]etic40 ,hanifism _h c]ta9 specific features3 rejection ( idolatory1 ab/5tion f c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 & ! wor%ip ( 8! ,god ( ,abraham40 ,ascetic practices1 su* z ! we>+ ( sackclo?1 are also ascrib$ to "s ( ! ,hanifs4#g ,islamic tradition has h&$ d[n to u ! names ( a numb] ( religi\s ?9k]s be=e ,moham$1 :o are describ$ z ,hanifs & ( :om ! foll[+ is a li/3-- #a4 ,w>akah b4 ,naufal ( ,kurai%4 #b4 ,ubaidulla b4 ,jah%4 #c4 ,u?man b4 ,al ,huw>i?4 #d4 ,zaid b4 ,amr b4 ,naufal4 ,ibn ,kutaibah adds to ! above3-- #e4 ,urbab b4 al ,b>a ( ,abdul ,qais #f4 ,umayyah b4 ,abi-s-,salt4 #g4 ,kuss b4 ,saidah ( ,iyad 7,aghani ,,xiv1 #da-dd7 ,moham$ he>d him at ,ukaidh b he di$ be=e ! mission4 #h4 ,abu ,kais ,simrah b4 ,abi ,anas4 #i4 ,khalid b4 ,s9an b4 ,ghai? ( ,abs4 ,to ^! ,sir ,*>les ,lyall adds3-- #aj4 ,abu ,kais ,saifi1 ,ibn ,al-,aslat ( ! ,aus-allah ( ,ya?rib4 ,x is impossible to misconceive ! importance & significance ( ,hanifism 9 ! orig9 ( ,islam4 ,! pa? 0 already prep>$ = x & ,islam (f]$ to ! ,arabs :at !y 7 long 9 se>* =3 a moral1 e?ical1 & spiritual tea*+2 a high] =m ( wor%ip & la/ b n lea/ frat]nity & union4 ,! tribal cults 7 h5ce=w>d m]g$ 9 a high] wor%ip & ! nobl] en]gies ( ! ,arab race obta9$ a religi\s consecration4 ,islam became ! />t+ po9t = ! ,arabs = conque/s1 alike spiritual & temporal4 ,) ,islam became ! pr]ogative ( ! ,arab race to be 8an ensign to ! nations20 to be> & to c>ry ! bann] ( ! true ,god to ! remote/ corn] ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! unceas+ campaigns & h5ce ! f>-ext5d+ conque/s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,wellhaus51 ,re/e ,arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #bbf4 #b ,i h avoid$ fur!r details "h1 z ,i h dealt ) ?is subject1 at l5g?1 9 my ,contributions to ! ,hi/ory ( ,islamic ,civilisation1 pp4 #adf-afi4 #c ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #hg4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge 7my translation1 p4 #di47 #d ,wellhaus51 ,re/e1 pp4 #bcj-bca4 #e ,lyall1 ,anci5t ,arabian ,poetry1 p4 #ic4 #f ,9 ,wellhaus5's ,re/e1 p4 #bbi w be f\nd ! passage 9 "q f ,imra-ul-,qais4 #g ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ,octob]1 #aijc p4 #ggc4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 ,islamic ,civilisation p4 #adg & ! au?orities !re9 cit$4 ,,ii4 ,x is cle> beyond d\bt t ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% influ5ces1 to a l>ge ext5t1 unsettl$ & di/urb$ ! beliefs ( ! ,pagan ,arabs & pav$ ! way = ! prophet4 ,resi/ance to 8 fai? !re 01 b x 0 resi/ance on ! "p ( ^?1 :o s\ght to ma9ta9 ! old fai? & sup]/ition2 n on acc\nt ( any w>m? ( conviction or s9c]ity ( zeal1 b on acc\nt ( ! fe> & appreh5sion t ! success ( ,islam w\ld mean loss ( l>ge incomes d]iv$ f ! temples & old hea!n practices4#h ,b resi/ance1 f\nd$ ^u su* a selfi% basis1 c\ld n prev5t1 & inde$ did n prev5t1 ! onw>d progress ( ,islam4 ,9 ! deadly conflict betwe5 ,islam & ! ,arab ,hea!nism ,islam triumph$4 ,we1 n[1 proce$ to enquire z to :at 0 ! basis or1 9 o!r words1 :at 7 ! s\rces f :i* ,islam 0 d]iv$4 ,islam freely borr[$ f ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity & ev5 did n hesitate to adopt practices preval5t 9 ,pre-,islamic ,arabia4 ,9 fa%ion+ 8 religion ! prophet adopt$ an eclectic me?od1 reta9+ or reject+ f ! old] sy/ems :atev] seem$ to him necess>y & prop]4 ,x is n exactly )9 ! scope ( my pap] to precisely specify or to accurately def9e ! exact obligation ( ,islam to ,*ri/ianity or ,judaism4 ,su* a discussion w\ld take me f> afield4 ,pr(essor ,wellhaus5 is incl9$ to belittle ! influ5ce ( ,judaism 9 ! bir? & infancy ( ,islam & po9ts to ! ,islamic conception ( ,jesus1 z ! greate/ ( ! prophets be=e ,moham$1 z a conclusive pro( ( 8 cont5tion4 ,b ! pres5t writ] is n prep>$ to atta* mu* weight to ?is argum5t4 ,if ! ,islamic conception ( ,jesus1 inde$1 is to be put =w>d z indicat+ ! abs5ce ( ,judaic influ5ce on e>ly ,islam2 ) equal =ce might ! ,islamic conception ( ,jesus be urg$ z subv]sive ( ! !ory ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 s /\tly advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,wellhaus54#i ,! basis ( dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 namely1 ! son%ip ( ,*ri/1 ,moham$ inveigh$ aga9/ e>ly & late4 ,x w\ld be idle to d5y ! indebt$ness ( ,islam to ,judaism4 ,moham$ has n m]ely accept$ dogmas & doctr9es ( ,judaism1 m9ute ,talmudical ord9ances1 b has ev5 adopt$1 9 its entirety1 "s ( ! ,jewi% practices &1 f> above all ^!1 t :i* inde$ con/itutes ! v f\ndation ( ,islam1 namely1 ! conception ( a sev]e & uncompromis+ mono!ism4#aj ,! fact is t bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7 us$ & us$ freely by ! prophet 9 build+ up 8 religion4 ,nor is ?is a new !ory4 ,! prophet nev] put himself =w>d z introduc+ some?+ new b he inv>iably claim$ = himself ! hon\r ( reviv+ ! old & ! true beliefs :i* _h fall5 into neglect & oblivion4 ,b besides ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian s\rces1 n a small portion ( ,islamic ritual & c]emonials 7 m]e reproductions ( ,pre-,islamic practices4 ,! entire c]emonies relat+ to ! pilgrimage 7,hajj7 & ! sacr$ s]vice1 at ! temple ( ,mecca1 h surviv$ 9 ,islam ) little or no v>iation f ! days ( ,arab ,hea!nism2#aa ! only *ange t ,moham$ effect$ 9 !m 0 to all[ ! pilgrims to put on a p>ticul> pilgrim dress consi/+ ( two pieces ( clo? ( :i* "o cov]s ! hip & ! o!r brea/ & %\ld]s2 :ile ! head has to be kept uncov]$1 z 9 anci5t days1 :5 !y us$ to make up _! hair into a sort ( wig by means ( "s glut9\s sub/ance4 ,& s inde$ x has rema9$1 to ?is day1 ! prescrib$ pilgrim co/ume4 ,aft] visit+ ! ,kabah !y us$1 9 hea!n days1 to visit ! two rocky hills ( ,safa & ,m]wah on :i* 7 plac$ two bronze idols4 ,moham$ w5t s f> 9 8 tol]ation ( ! hea!n pilgrimage cu/oms t he suff]$ ! visit to ,safa & ,m>wah to cont9ue z be=e1 b _h ! two idols remov$4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! =ms ( ! pray]1 pro/ration1 ablution1 & fa/s our k is vague1 unc]ta9 & %ad[y4 ,islam has1 says ,von ,krem]1 l>gely drawn ^u ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ( ,zoroa/] & possibly ev5 f ,mani*5ism4 ,f ,p>siism x has tak5 bo? directly & indirectly4 ,a numb] ( obvi\sly ,p>si ideas h p5etrat$ into ,islam ?r\gh ! *annel ( ,jewi% books2 notably ! ,talmud4 ,! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 mo/ ( ! leg5ds relat+ to heav5 & hell1 & ! entire sy/em ( demonology h f\nd _! way into ! ,quran ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,s inde$ did ! description ( ! trial & ! tortures ( ! dead 9 ! grave by two angels ,munk> & ,nakir4 ,! idea ( ! bridge sirat z ?9 z a hair1 :i* leads to p>adise across ! abyss ( hell is c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! ,p>sis2 hav+ pass$ ov] into ! ,quran ?r\gh ! ,midra%4 ,b ,islam has n hesitat$ to borr[ directly f ,p>siism4 ,x is a significant fact t ! ^w d91 :i* s repeat$ly occurs 9 ! ,quran1 has be5 borr[$ f ! ,p>si books4 ,9 ! ,huzv]e% x appe>s 9 exactly ! same =m 7old ,backtrian dna74#ab ,x is n sugge/$ t ! prophet _h access to ! writt5 books ( ei!r ! ,jews or ! ,*ri/ians2 ?\gh 9 "s passages ( ! ,quran we c trace direct resemblances to ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,mi%na4#ac ,8 k ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian books1 at times faulty & imp]fect to a degree1 0 d]iv$ almo/ exclusively by oral communications4 ,i tru/ ,i h said en\gh to illu/rate ! condition ( ,arabia be=e ,islam & ! s\rces f :i* ! prophet ( ,arabia receiv$ 8 religi\s inspiration4 ,i1 n[1 g on to expla9 ,islam & its t5ets4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ori5ts1 p4 #bd1 vol4 ,i4 #i ,wellhaus5 pp4 #bcf ct4 ,seq4 ,pr(4 ,wellhaus5 admits ,jewi% influ5ce 9 ! ,islamic !ocracy & 9 ! belief t ! prophet1 z repres5tative ( ,god1 is alone entitl$ to rule & gov]n1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r p[]s4 ,see1 also ,deuts* p4 #aga4 #aj ,see ! le>n$ monograph ( ,geig]1 ,0 hat ,mohamm$ ans ,jud5?ume aufg5omm54 #aa ,lyall1 p4 #ic2 ,von ,krem]'s ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge 7my translation p4 #dg74 ,! au?or ( ,ras ,mal-9-,nadim1 7,bankipore1 ,m4,s47 gives an acc\nt ( ,hea!n practices 7,fol4 #ag et ,seq472 specially draw+ att5tion to ^? reta9$ by ,islam4 #ab ,ibid4 #ac ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge 7my translation p4 #dg7 ,comp4 ,quran ,,xxi1 #aje ) ,ps4 ,,xxx ,,vii #bi2 #a-e ) ,ps4 ,,xxvii4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,comp4 ,,vii1 #dh ) ,luke ,,xvi4 #bd2 ,,xlvi1 #ai ) ,luke ,,xvi4 #be4 ,!n aga9 v]se #ce corresponds almo/ ^w = ^w ) ,mi%na ,sanh ,,iv4 #e2 also ,,ii4 #ahc ) ,mi%na ,b]4 #a4b4 ,nldeke1 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 p4 #ca4 ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,ame] ,ali expla9s ,islam z 8/riv+ aft] righte\sness10 b ,pr(4 ,hirs*feld1 9 8 lum9\s ,rese>*es into ! ,composition & ,exegesis ( ! ,quran1 v correctly po9ts out t ,mr4 ,ame] ,ali's def9ition only reflects ! !oretical & moral side ( ! "q--limit$ to ! initial /age ( ,islam4#ad ,! t]m ,islam1 z "t w5t by1 includ$ ! :ole ( ! !oretical & practical con/itution ( ! fai? & z su* x is int]pret$ by ,al-,ghazzali 9 8 ,ihya-ul-ulum 7p4 #ajd1 vol4 ,i47 ,islam1 says he1 is an expression = submission & unque/ion+ ob$i5ce1 ab&onm5t ( insubord9ation1 defiance & opposition4 ,& x is 9 ?is light1 inde$1 t ! prophet himself reg>d$ ,islam4 8,! ,b$w9s say3 #8we believe1' ,speak6 y %all n #8believe' 7only7 b say we practice ,islam 7,aslamna740 7,,xlix4 #ad7 ,9 ,surah ,,iii4 #ag 7,cf4 ,v4 #gi7 ,islam is id5tifi$ ) d9 7,cf4 ,,lxi4 #g-i7 & ! relation betwe5 ! two synonyms1 says ,pr(4 ,hirs*feld1 is broadly discuss$ by ,al-,%ahra/ani 7,milal1 pp4 #be to #bg7 & is /at$ to embrace ! five duties1 viz43--,( te/ify+ to ! unity ( ,god & ! ,div9e inspiration ( ,moham$1 ! duties ( recit+ pray]s1 giv+ alms1 fa/+ 9 ! ,ramadhan1 & p]=m+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! fundam5tal basis ( ,islam is ! unity ( ,god2 /]n1 unb5d+ mono!ism & ?is doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god is proclaim$ 9 ! ,quran1 9 season & out ( season & ev] & anon ) augm5t$ emphasis4 ,to associate gods ) ,god is ! mo/ unp>donable s9 & ! prophet's ext5sive vocabul>y ( vitup]ation is nev] exhau/$ 9 attack+ ^? :o associate gods ) ,god4 ,9 ,surah ,,vi 7v]ses #gd-gi7 we h "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ passages te/ify+ to ! unity ( ,god3-- ,& rememb] :5 ,abraham said to 8 fa!r1 ,az>1 ?\ take/ ^? images z ,god8 v]ily ,i see t ?\ & ?y p are 9 manife/ error4 ,& s did we %[ ,abraham ! doma9 ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>? t he might be "o ( ^? :o are e/abli%$ 9 k4 ,& :5 ! night ov]%ad[$ him he beheld a /> 8,?is1 said he1 is ,my ,"l0 b :5 x set1 he cri$1 8,i love n gods :i* set40 ,& :5 he beheld ! moon upris+ 8,?is10 said he1 8is my ,"l0 b :5 x set1 he said1 8surely1 if ,my ,"l guide me n ,i %all be ( ^? :o g a/ray40 ,& :5 he beheld ! ,sun uprise1 he said1 8,?is is my ,"l10 8?is is ! greate/0 b :5 x set1 he said 8,o my p ,i %>e n ) y ! guilt ( jo9+ gods ) ,god40 ,i v]ily turn my face to him :o ha? creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! e>? foll[+ ! "r religion & ,i am n "o ( ^? :o add gods to ,god4 ,n a :it has ,gibbon#ae exagg]at$ ! tru? :5 he wrote 8! cre$ ( ,moham$ is free f suspicion or ambiguity & ! ,quran is a glori\s te/imony to ! unity ( ,god4 ,! prophet ( ,mecca reject$ ! wor%ip ( idols & m51 ( />s & planets1 on ! rational pr9ciple t :atev] is born mu/ die1 t :atev] is corruptible mu/ decay & p]i%40 ,&1 aga91 says ! hi/orian ( ! ,roman ,empire1 8^! sublime tru?s1 ?us ann\nc$ 9 ! language ( ! prophet1 are firmly held by 8 disciples & def9$ ) metaphysical precision by ! int]pret]s ( ! ,quran4 ,a philosophic a!i/ might subscribe ! popul> cre$ ( ,moham$ans3 a cre$ too sublime p]haps = our pres5t faculties40 ,! unity ( ,god1 !re=e1 is ! c5tral fai? ( ,islam & connect$ ) x1 by natural process z x 71 is ! belief t man is responsible to ! creator = 8 actions & de$s4 ,?is belief1 ! ,pre-,islamic ,arab nev] knew or conceiv$1 & ! prophet ,moham$1 by inculcat+ ?is belief1 n only laid ! f\ndation ( a spiritual life among 8 c\ntrym51 b laid ! f\ndation ( a well-organiz$ society2 soon de/9$ to gr[ into a magnific5t empire4 ,! sph]e ( duty & obligation1 *>ity & sympa?y1 conf9$ hi!rto m]ely to tribesm51 0 wid5$ & ext5d$ & ! n>r[ tribal tie 0 lo/ 9 ! l>g] bro!rhood ( fai?4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t1 x is p]haps difficult = u to fully realize ! influ5ce ( ?is tea*+1 b to x alone mu/ we ascribe ! de?ronem5t ( ^? ideals ( ,arabian ,paganism :i* ! au?or ( ! ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi5 has s graphically describ$1 comp>+ & contra/+ !m ) ! high] ideals sub/itut$ by ,islam4#af ,! religion ( ! prophet1 l ! w& ( a magician1 completely & utt]ly *ang$ ! life ( ! ,arabs4 ,x hu%$ _! tribal disputes into sil5ce1 x de/roy$ _! insul>ity1 x set up a pur] & a m ref9$ /&>d ( dome/ic life1 x op5$ be=e !m fre% vi/as ( spiritual happ9ess & temporal success4 ,next to ! unity ( ,god1 ,islam enjo9s five daily pray]s ^u its foll[]s4 ,x is curi\s t ! ,quran lays d[n no rule z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! pray] %\ld be (f]$4 ,app>5tly1 z ,mr4 ,ame] ,ali#ag po9ts out1 ! practice ( ! prophet has associat$ c]ta9 rights & c]emonies to ! due obs]vance ( pray]s4 ,9 ! ,moham$an pray] we obs]ve ! ,jewi% practice ( /&+ erect1 ! ,*ri/ian ( pro/ration & a ?ird ( incl9ation4#ah ,orig9ally ! prophet in/itut$ ?ree daily pray]s4#ai ,_! ext5sion to five 0 an innovation ( ! late ,meccan p]iod2 ! details ( ! purity legislation appe> to h /ill lat]4 8,yet ! !ory10 says ,pr(4 ,m>goli\?1 8t ,god %\ld be approa*$ only by p]sons 9 a /ate ( purity 0 kn[n 9 ,s\? ,arabia be=e ,moham$'s "t1 :5ce x is probable t 8 e>lie/ conv]ts 7 in/ruct$ !re940 ,pray]s are to be p]=m$ five times 9 c\rse ( e day3 betwe5 daybreak & sunrise1 betwe5 noon & ! 8asr0 7:i* lat] p]iod is ab\t mid-"t betwe5 noon & nightfall7 betwe5 ! #8asr' & sunset1 betwe5 sunset & ! 8a%a0 7or ! p]iod :5 ! d>kness ( night comm5ces7 & at1 or aft] ! 8a%a40 ,x is consid]$ m m]itori\s to take "p 9 ! public salat ( ! community conduct$ by a lead] 7,imam7 ?an to dis*>ge ! salat by oneself4#bj ,von ,krem] has rightly emphasis$ ! importance ( ! ,muslim pray] by recogniz+ ! mosque z ! drill gr\nd = ! w>like believ]s ( e>ly ,islam4 ,9 /]n discipl9e1 9 unconditional ob$i5ce1 says ,von ,krem]1 ! au?or ( ! ,culturges*i*te des ori5ts1 lay ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ,moham$ & ! real secret ( ! /r5g? ( ,islam4#ba ,! five daily pray]s :]e ! lead] 7! ,imam7 /ood be=e ! community1 closely array$ beh9d him1 & :]e e movem5t ( 8 0 imitat$ ) milit>y precis5ess1 by ! hundr$s ( ! fai?ful assembl$ 9 ! mosque1 s]v$1 among ! ,muslims1 9 ^? times1 ! purpose ( t :at is kn[n n[ z ! drill gr\nd3 a s*ool :]e ! p le>nt to assemble1 to move 9 a body & to foll[ ! ,comm&]4 ,9 ! ,quran#bb ! comm& to pay ! poor-tax 7zakat7 directly foll[s ! comm& to pray3 p]=m ! pray]s & pay ! poor-tax4 ,?is tax _h a /rong communi/ic complexion :i* is evid5c$ by ! foll[+ tradition3 8,! prophet s5t ,madh to ,yaman & told him3 summon !m to accept ! confession ( fai? namely1 !re is no ,god b ,allah & ,i t am 8 prophet2 if !y li/5 to x2 tea* !m fur!r t ,god has orda9$ five daily pray]s2 if !y are also agreeable to ?is2 tea* !m fur!r t ,god has enjo9$ ! poor-tax 7sadakah7 payable by ! weal?y ^u _! prop]ty = di/ribution among ! poor40#bc ,?is tax 0 annually payable ^u camels1 ox5 7bulls & c[s7 & buffalos1 %eep & goats1 horses & mules & asses & gold & silv] 7:e!r 9 money or ornam5ts1 etc417 provid$ ! prop]ty 0 ( a c]ta9 am\nt2 z five camels1 ?irty ox51 =ty %eep1 five horses1 two hundr$ dirhams1 or tw5ty d9>s4#bd ,! proportion is g5]ally "o-=tie?1 :i* is to be paid 9 k9d or 9 money or o!r equival5t4 ,! ?ird mo/ important obligation enjo9$ by ,islam is fa/+ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramadhan4 ,! ,muslim mu/ ab/a9 f eat+ & dr9k+ & f e indulg5ce ( ! s5ses1 e day dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramadhan1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( daybreak until sunset1 unless physically incapacitat$4 ,! la/ b n lea/ is ! pilgrimage to ,mecca & m\nt ,arafat1 :i* ! ,muslim mu/ p]=m at lea/ once 9 8 life4 ,^! !n2 namely1 ! unity ( ,god1 ! belief 9 ! ,div9e mission ( ! prophet1 five daily pray]s1 fa/+ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramadhan & ! pilgrimage1 are ! ess5tials ( ,islam4 ,! "o supreme mission ( ! prophet 0 to create & to ma9ta9 an absolute bro!rhood 9 fai?4 ,all ,muslims 7 decl>$ equal1 irrespective ( bir?1 rank or pr(ession2 & ! _w has nev] se51 p]haps1 a m p]fect democracy ?an ! "o call$ into be+ by ! prophet4 ,truly1 ! mo/ wor?y ( hon\r 9 ! sight ( ,god1 says ! ,quran1 is he :o fe>e? ,him mo/2 = ! fai?ful are bre?r52 :]eupon make peace betwe5 y\r bre?r54 ,a simil> refra9 runs ?r\gh ! p>t+ s]mon ( ! prophet2 8,o m56 ,god has tak5 away f y ! arrogance & pride ( ance/ry ( hea!n days4 ,an ,arab has no excell5ce or sup]iority ov] a b>b>ian ?an t :i* is secur$ to him by 8 ,god-fe>+ & righte\sness4 ,ye are all ! prog5y ( ,adam1 & ,adam himself is ( ! ,e>?40 ,no ca/e & no prie/craft does ,islam recognise4 ,e ,muslim is 8 own prie/ & e spot ( l& is 8 mosque to pray & to wor%ip ,allah4 ,= no o!r purpose ?an to keep alive ! s5se ( corporate unity ( ! ,muslims did ! prophet decl>e ! sup]iority ( ! public pray] ov] pray] by oneself & e/abli% ! in/itution ( pilgrimage4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 f all p>ts ( ! ,islamic _w1 /ream$ to ,mekka1 ,muslims 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 to wor%ip ,allah at ! ,kabah & to p]=m ! ,hajj4 ,!re1 at ,mekka1 ye> aft] ye>1 ,muslims ( div]s nationalities recognis$ & realis$ ! pot5t spell ( _! fai? & felt m deeply & ke5ly ?an ev] ! tie :i* b\nd !m toge!r4 ,moreov]1 z ,von ,krem] po9ts out1 !re did ! ,muslims obta9 an opportunity ( li/5+ to ! lectures ( f>-fam$ pr(essors & m5 ( lett]s :o attract$1 ye> by ye>1 an ev]-increas+ audi5ce4 ,!re inde$1 did ,islam %9e =? 9 its full lu/re2 attract+ & allur+1 en?rall+ & captivat+ its foll[]s1 z x c\ld d n[h]e else4 ,e spot1 associat$ ) "s hi/orical incid5t2 e place1 connect$ ) "s important ev5t or o!r ( ! life ( ! tea*]1 awak5$ ! love & fir$ ! en?usiasm ( ,muslims = ! son ( ,abdullah1 ! mak] ( ,arabia & ! f\nd] ( ,islam4 ,9 8 fasc9at+ book1 ,! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,moham$1 ,mr4 ,ame] ,ali has admirably summ$ up ! ,islamic tea*+s3--8,no?+ c be simpl] or m 9 accord ) ! advance ( ! human intellect ?an ! tea*+s ( ! ,arabian prophet4 ,! few rules = religi\s c]emonial :i* he prescrib$ 7 *iefly ) ! object ( ma9ta9+ discipl9e & uni=mity1 s necess>y 9 c]ta9 /ages ( society1 b !y 7 by no means ( an inflexible "*4 ,he all[$ !m to be brok5 9 cases ( illness or o!r causes4 #8,god wi%es to make ?+s easy = y1 =' says ! ,quran #8man 0 creat$ weak4' ,! legal pr9ciples :i* he enunciat$ 7 ei!r deliv]$ z answ]s to que/ions put to him z ! ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ,m$9a or to remove or correct pat5t evils4 ,! prophet's ,islam recogniz$ no ritual likely to di/ract ! m9d f ! ?\ght ( ! "o ,god1 no law to keep en*a9$ ! consci5ce ( advanc+ humanity40 ,no?+ 0 m di/ant f ! prophet's ?\ght ?an to fett] ! m9d or to lay d[n fix$1 immutable1 un*ang+ laws = 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,quran is a book ( guidance to ! fai?ful & n1 to be sure1 an ob/acle 9 ! pa? ( _! social1 moral1 legal & intellectual progress4 ,! requirem5ts ( ,islam are at once easy & simple & leave scope to ,muslims to take "p 9 _! duties z subjects or citiz5s2 to att5d to _! religi\s obligations )\t sacrific+ _! worldly prosp]ity & to adopt1 :atev] is good1 9 any community or civilisation1 )\t any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( _! religion4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,moham$ p4 #bbf ,pr(4 ,hirs*feld p4 #ad4 #ae ,gibbon1 ,bury's ,ed4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #cci4 #af ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi54 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! *apt] on ,muruwwa und ,d92 ,ni*olson1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs pp4 #agg-agi2 ,br[ne ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia pp4 #ahi et ,seq4 #ag ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,moham$ p4 #bfc4 #ah ,m>goli\? ,life ( ,moham$ p4 #ajb4 #ai ,ibn ,sad1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,"p ,i4 p4 #aei4 #bj ,9 ,lane's ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! read] w f9d a detail$ acc\nt ( religi\s in/itutions ( ,islam pp4 #a-bd4 #ba ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aj4 #bb ,surah4 ,,ii4 #c1 #dc1 #hc1 #aaj1 #agg1 #bgg1 etc4 #bc ,von ,krem]1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ej4 #bd ,lane1 ,arabian ,society p4 #ad4 ,,iv4 ,i %all n[ make a few g5]al obs]vations on ! religion ( ! prophet ( ,arabia4 ,:atev] ,islam may h become ?r\gh ph>isaic artificiality & !ological subtlety1 its lead+ pr9ciples are z broad z ! />rie/ heav5s & z endur+ z ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,x conta9s1 9 common ) o!r great religions1 ^? et]nal tru?s :i* are only too liable to be =gott5 9 bl9d zeal1 9 w>m? ( controv]sy1 9 sect>ian n>r[-m9d$ness1 9 religi\s fanaticism b :i* our education & culture tea* u to discov] & appreciate1 :]ev] we f9d !m4 ,! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( all religions is ! same4 ,9 ! language ( ! apo/le ,james3 8,pure religion & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r is ?is2 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction & to keep oneself unspott$ f ! _w40 ,?is is ! burd5 ( all religions & ?is ! burd5 ( ,islam4 ,! k]nel & doctr9e ( ,islam1 ,goe! has f\nd 9 ! second surah :i* beg9s z foll[s3--8,?is is ! ,book4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 ! same4 ,a guidance to ! righte\s1 :o believe 9 ! unse51 :o obs]ve ! pray] & :o give alms ( t :i* we h v\*saf$ unto !m4 ,& :o believe 9 t :i* has be5 s5t d[n unto !e--7! ,revelation7 :i* _h be5 s5t d[n to ^? be=e !e1 & :o believe 9 ! life to come4 ,!y walk 9 ! guidance ( _! ,"l1 & !y are ! bless$4 ,z to !m :o believe n--x is indiff]5t to !m :e!r ?\ exhorte/ !m or n exhorte/ !m4 ,!y w n believe4 ,seal$ ha? ,allah _! he>ts & _! e>s & ov] _! eye is d>kness & !irs w be a great puni%m5t4--0 8,& 9 ?is wise10 ,goe! cont9ues1 8we h surah aft] surah4 ,belief & unbelief are divid$ into high] & l[]4 ,heav5 & hell await ! believ]s or d5i]s4 ,detail$ inductions ( ?+s all[$ & =bidd51 leg5d>y /ories ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religion1 amplifications ( all k9ds1 b\ndless tautologies & repetitions1 =m ! body ( ?is sacr$ volume1 :i*1 to u1 z (t5 z we approa* x1 is repell5t anew1 next attracts u ev] anew & fills u ) admiration1 & f9ally =ces u into v5]ation40 ,?is passage1 inde$1 is z good a summ>y z any o!r1 b !re is "o1 & 9 ?is same *apt]1 /ill m explicit1 illu/rat+ ! ca?olicity ( ! prophet's m9d & 8 disc]n+ judgm5t4 ,:5 ,moham$1 says ,deuts*#be1 told 8 adh]5ts at ,m$9a no long] to turn 9 pray] t[>ds ,j]usalem b t[>ds ! ,kabah at ,mekka1 to :i* _! fa!rs _h turn$1 & he 0 blam$ = ?is innovation he repli$3--8,t is n righte\sness3 :e!r ye turn y\r faces t[>ds ea/ or we/1 ,god's is ! ea/ z well z ! we/4 ,b v]ily righte\sness is 8 :o believes 9 ,god1 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 9 ! angels1 9 ! book & ! prophets2 :o be/[s 8 weal? = ,god's sake1 ^u k9dr$1 & orphans1 & ! poor1 & ! homeless1 & all ^? :o ask2 & also ^u deliv]+ ! captives2 he :o is /eadfa/ 9 pray]1 give? alms1 :o /&s firmly by 8 cov5ants1 :5 he has once ent]$ into !m2 & :o is pati5t 9 adv]sity1 9 h>d%ip & 9 times ( trial4 ,^! are ! righte\s1 & ^! are ! ,god-fe>+40 ,:at a noble idea ( life & religion d we f9d "h4 ,x is n m]ely ! recitation ( pray]s :i* con/itutes righte\sness b 9 solemnly act+ ! religion we pr(ess2 9 t5d] reg>d = ! poor & ! orphan1 ! =lorn & ! suff]+2 9 reliev+ ! mis]ies ( ! captives1 9 hold+ by ! promises made1 9 endur+ ) calm =titude ! trials & rev]ses ( =tune4 ,"h1 9 ?is passage1 we h ! key to ,islam1 nay1 ,i w\ld g fur!r & say a key to all religions4 ,x is only ! cl\d$ vision :i* sees diff]5ce betwe5 "o religion & ! o!r2 to "o :o has ! eyes to see & ! he>t to feel1 all religions appe> z b a reflection ( "o & ! same light4 ,:]e d y seek %elt]8 ,h\se ( ,god or h\se ( idols8 ,oh1 ! h\se-wreck] !re1 :i* "o is y\r h\se8 ,m holes on ! ro( w n give y m suns ,& y1 ! div]g$-m9d$1 say h\se ( ,god or h\se ( idols8#bf ,?is 0 ! _s ( ! prophet's religion :i* he prea*$ 9 ! ,quran 9 e acc5t ( plead+ & w>n+1 ( pa?os & hope1 ( rep5tance & =giv5ess4 ,he /ood firm by 8 fai? un%ak5 by ?reats & p]suasion4 ,8 success1 inde$1 m>ks ! asc5t ( ! s\l1 ( ! high] & nobl] nature ( man f ! d>kness to ! light4 ,nor 0 x a diff]5t light to t :i* _h appe>$ to humanity 8at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s40 ,8 prea*+ fell on ! ,arabs1 /ill 9 ! spr+ tide ( _! national life1 & laid a trem5d\s hold ^u _! m9d & _! imag9ation2 *ang+ & trans=m+ !m & giv+ !m z x 71 a new exi/5ce4 ,x taught !m firmness ( resolve1 contempt ( dea?1 s+l5ess ( purpose1 unity & frat]nity1 & x gave !m t int5sity ( religi\s f]v\r :i* became ! mo/ valu$ asset ( _! national life4 ,above all1 says ,dr4 ,nldeke1 ,islam gave & gives1 to ^? :o pr(ess x a feel+ ( confid5ce su* z is imp>t$ by h>dly any o!r fai?4#bg ,&1 inde$1 x 0 ?is1 aga91 :i* made !m great w>riors & conqu]ors ( ! _w4#bh ,islam possesses an inh]5t =ce & vitality :i* no?+ c weak5 or de/roy4 ,x c>ries )9 x g]ms ( progress & developm5t & has great p[]s ( adaptability to *ang+ circum/ances4 ,!re is no?+ 9 its tea*+s :i* conflicts ) or militates aga9/ mod]n civilisation1 & ! mom5t ,muslims realise ?is tru? _! future w be assur$ & _! greatness only a "q ( "t4 ,mod]n ,islam1 ) its hi]>*y ( prie/hood1 gross fanaticism1 appall+ ignorance & sup]/iti\s practices1 is1 inde$1 a discr$it to ! ,islam ( ! prophet ,moham$4 ,in/ead ( unity we h ,islam torn into factions1 in/ead ( culture we h indiff]5ce to le>n+2 in/ead ( lib]al-m9d$ tol]ation we h gross bigotry4 ,b ?is intellectual d>kness mu/ necess>ily be foll[$ by intellectual dawn & we tru/1 t x is n n[ f> di/ant or too long to come4 ,an imp>tial consid]ation ( ! life ( ! prophet & 8 tea*+s _c fail to awak5 ! w>me/ admiration = ! man & 8 mission4 ,:atev] may be ! defects 9 ! ,quran1 ev5 non-,muslims mu/ conc$e t x is a noble te/imony to ! unity ( ,god & :atev] may be ! blemi%es 9 ! life ( ! prophet1 none1 b a p]v]se m9d1 w reg>d him z any?+ b s9c]e 9 8 conviction1 hone/ 9 8 purpose & un%ak5 9 8 resolve4 ,moham$an civilisation 0 ! outcome ( ,moham$an fai? & no?+ b ,islam alone c aga9 give to ! ,moham$ans :at !y h lo/3 _! civilisation1 _! culture1 & _! empire4 ,! ,city ,press1 ,allahabad4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #abh4 #bf ,see ,transcrib]'s ,note4 #bg ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 p4 #bg4 #bh ,von ,krem]1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ib4 ,! ,h9du/an ,review4 ,edit$ by ,,sa*cridan&a ,,s9ha1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,,is ,a ,,high ,,class ,,mon?ly1 ,,publi%$ at ,allahabad1 & widely circulat$ among all classes ( ! public1 ,european & ,indian4 ,! special features ( ! ,review comprise3 7#a7 ,n less ?an six articles on topics ( ! day or matt]s ( p]man5t int]e/1 writt5 by mo/ compet5t & di/+ui%$ contributors2 7#b7 ,exhau/ive reviews ( important ,engli% & ,anglo-,indian publications1 includ+ important legal text-books writt5 by ^? :o are exp]ts 9 _! l9e2 7#c7 ,an editorial survey ( ! mon? embrac+ all topics ( int]e/ & importance4 ,:y %\ld y adv]tise 9 ! ,h9du/an ,review8 ,because x is widely circulat$1 to adv]tise 9 x is ! sure/ way ( rea*+ p capable ( do+ bus9ess ) y4 ,believe 9 facts4 ,"h is :at ! ,adm9i/ration ,report ( ! ,prov9cial ,gov]nm5t1 = ! ye> #aijg-jh says3 8,( ! newspap]s & p]iodicals 9 ,engli%1--! ,h9du/an ,review _h ! l>ge/ circulation40 ,! ,h9du/an ,review is1 !re=e1 ! be/ m$ium = adv]tisem5t4 ,:y %\ld y read ! ,h9du/an ,review8 ,because x gives fir/ class read+ matt] & is ! only ,magaz9e t pays = contributions & attracts ! be/ writ]s f e race & section4 ,?is is :y we h got su* appreciative notices f ! ,press4 ,look at our ,select ,press ,op9ions-- ,! ,pione] 7,anglo-,indian ,daily1 ,allahabad74--,we h m ?an once congratulat$ ! ,h9du/an ,review--an ably conduct$ ,mon?ly conta9+ really excell5t articles--on ! place x has tak5 9 p]iodical j\rnalism4 ,x w\ld be well if !re 7 m j\rnals inspir$ by ! _s ( ! ,h9du/an ,review4 ,x appe>s 9 ! g>b ( a fir/-class ,mon?ly & has mu* m ! appe>ance ( com+ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,fleet ,/reet ?an f an ,indian ,press4 ,x is appreciat$ by ,engli% read]s :o desire to keep 9 t\* ) ! views & int]e/s ( ! mod]ate section ( ! educat$ ,indian community4 ,! ,madras ,mail 7,anglo-,indian ,daily74--,! ,h9du/an ,review1 :i* conta9s contributions on que/ions ( g5]al int]e/1 is conduct$ on excell5t l9es4 ,its cont5ts are v>i$ & int]e/+1 x is well-edit$1 & x well s]ves ! int]e/ ( ! educat$ public4 ,! ,calcutta ,weekly ,notes 7,calcutta ,legal ,weekly74--,! ,h9du/an ,review conta9s excell5t reviews ( legal works & contributions ( consid]able m]it deal+ ) important subjects4 ,annual ,subscription1 payable 9 advance3 ,inl&1 ,rs4 #e2 ,s+le ,copy #aj ,z42 ,=eign1 #aj %ill+s4 ,back issues ( ! ,h9du/an ,review :5 available are suppli$ on foll[+ t]ms3-- ,m ?an #c mon?s old ,rs4 #j #ab #j ,m ?an a ye> old #a #j #j ,m ?an #b ye>s old #b #j #j ,rates ( ,adv]tisem5ts1 ,payable ,/rictly 9 ,advance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,space4 ,,inl& ,,& ,,=eign4 ,n4,b4--,smalle/ type us$ --------------------------------- is ,long ,prim] lead$4 ,,ye>ly4 ,,half-,,ye>ly4 ,,casual4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,full page #d #h ,rs4 #ij ,rs4 #dh ,rs4 #aj ,half page #d #d ,rs4 #dh ,rs4 #be ,rs4 #e ,qu>t] page1 #d #b ,rs4 #be ,rs4 #ae ,rs4 #c ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,n4,b4--,cov] pages *>g$ #ej p] c5t4 extra4 ,no v\*] copies w be suppli$ to ! adv]tis]s1 ^: adv]tisem5ts cov] less ?an half a page4 ,apply to--,! ,,manag]1 ,h9du/an ,review1 ,allahabad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,m4 ,gulam ,muhammad at ! ,city ,press1 ,allahabad4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,ar*aic1 obsolete & unusual words h be5 left 9 ! text4 ,obvi\s errors h be5 fix$ z detail$ bel[4 ,details ( ! *anges3 ,page #a3 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 ins]t$ by ! transcrib]4 ,page #d3 ,orig9ally3 ( ,islam1 no long] will+ to tol]ate idolator\s ,9 ?is book3 ( ,islam1 no long] will+ to tol]ate idolatr\s ,footnote #c3 ,orig9ally3 ,von p]1 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzuge 7my translation1 p4 #di47 ,9 ?is book3 ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge 7my translation1 p4 #di47 ,page #e3 ,orig9ally3 any w>m? ( conviction or s9c]ety ( zeal1 b on ,9 ?is book3 any w>m? ( conviction or s9c]ity ( zeal1 b on ,page #g3 ,9 ! orig9al book1 !re 7 two footnote an*ors po9t+ to footnote #aa4 ,i ins]t$ footnote #ab ) ! fir/ an*or po9t+ to #aa & ! second to #ab4 ,page #h3 ,orig9ally3 8,! ,b$w9s say3 7,,xlix4 #ad7 we believe10 ,speak6 y %all n 8believe0 7only7 b say we practice ,islam 7,aslamna74 ,9 ?is book3 8,! ,b$w9s say3 #8we believe1' ,speak6 y %all n #8believe' 7only7 b say we practice ,islam 7,aslamna740 7,,xlix4 #ad7 ,page #aj3 ,orig9ally3 ( incl9ation4#ah ,org9ally ! prophet in/itut$ ,9 ?is book3 ( incl9ation4#ah ,orig9ally ! prophet in/itut$ ,page #aa3 ,orig9ally3 ( ! ,culturges*i*ite des ori5ts1 lay ! ,9 ?is book3 ( ! ,culturges*i*te des ori5ts1 lay ! ,page #aa3 ,! footnote an*ors = #bj & #ba 7 n cle>ly m>k$4 ,i plac$ !m :]e !y seem$ mo/ appropriate to me4 ,footnote #bj3 ,orig9ally3 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! read] w f9d a datail$ ,9 ?is book3 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! read] w f9d a detail$ ,footnote #bb3 ,orig9ally3 ,surah #b4 #dj4 7,:at does ?is mean8 ,!re are _m ref]5ces to zakat 9 ,surah ,,ii41 b n 9 ayat #dj4 ,& !re is no ref5ce to zakat 9 ,surah ,,xl47 ,9 ?is book3 ,surah ,,ii4 #c1 #dc1 #hc1 #aaj1 #agg1 #bgg1 etc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,orig9ally3 ,von ,krem]1 ,vo,i4 p4 #ej4 ,9 ?is book3 ,von ,krem]1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ej4 ,page #af3 ,orig9ally3 c weak5 or de/ory4 ,x c>ries )9 x g]ms ( ,9 ?is book3 c weak5 or de/roy4 ,x c>ries )9 x g]ms ( ,footnote #bf3 ,9 ! orig9al text1 ^! l9es ( a ghazal by ,saib ,tabrizi 7#aeib-afgf7 7 includ$ 9 ,f>si ) no attribution4 ,9 a book int5d$ = an ,engli% speak+ audi5ce t g5]ally does n read ,f>si1 x is bett] to include ! translation4 ,! orig9al ,f>si text 0 l9es "o & ?ree 7two hemi/i*es p] l9e7 ( 8 ,ghazal #bace4 ,due to l9e l5g? consid]ations1 ,i h split ! hemi/i*es to sep>ate l9es 9 ! translation 9 ! text1 & also 9 ! ,f>si & translit]ation bel[4 ,! translation 0 provid$ by ,int]combase 7www4int]combase4com74 ,! orig9al ,f>si3 7,dep5d+ on y\r s(tw>e1 ! words may appe> 9 inv]se ord]47 ,translit]ation3 mav-yi t az masjid u maykhna kudm a/8 ay khna-b>&z tu-r khna kudm a/8 az asrat-i rawzan na%avad mihr muk>r> ay kaj-naarn kaba u butkhna kudm a/8 ,page #ah3 ,orig9ally3 writ]s f e race & sections4 ,?is is :y we ,9 ?is book3 writ]s f e race & section4 ,?is is :y we ,page #ah3 ,orig9ally3 ,=eg91 #aj %ill+s4 ,9 ?is book3 ,=eign1 #aj %ill+s4