,elements of ,trench ,warfare ,waldron ,elements of ,trench ,warfare ,bayonet ,training ,by ,lieut4 ,colonel ,william ,h4 ,waldron #bith ,u4,s4 ,infantry ,,distinguished ,,graduate ,,infantry ,,and ,,cavalry ,,school1 #aije ,,graduate ,,army ,,staff ,,college1 #aijf ,,graduate ,,army ,,war ,,college1 #aiaa ,,assistant ,,director ,,army ,,war ,,college ,,course1 #aiaa-ab ,author of ,scouting and ,patrolling ,tactical ,walks ,,published ,,by ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton #a ,broadway1 ,new ,york #aiag ,price #ge ,cents1 postage paid ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,william ,h4 ,waldron ,first ,edition1 #e1jjj1 ,march #ast1 #aiag4 ,second ,edition1 #aj1jjj1 ,august #ast1 #aiag4 ,third ,edition #cj1jjj1 ,september #beth1 #aiag4 ,,press ,,of ,,isaac ,,goldmann ,,company1 ,,new ,,york ,,notice ,there is a wealth of material in this little book that will interest the soldier4 ,from the illustrations alone he will be able to obtain a good general idea of the subject4 ,it is essentially a soldier's book1 written in language that he can understand4 ,the price has been kept within the limits of his pocketbook4 ,with a view to securing a wide distribution of the book ,i desire to secure a representative in every organization in the ,army4 ,i have an attractive proposition to make to competent parties4 ,a letter will bring particulars4 ,my address will be found in the ,army ,list and ,directory4 ,if this is not available1 a letter addressed as follows will be forwarded to me3 ,captain ,w4,h4 ,waldron1 #bith ,infantry1 ,care of ,infantry ,journal1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 7,signed7 ,w4,h4 ,waldron4 ,,contents ,page ,chapter ,i4--,the ,organization of a ,section of the ,position #i ,chapter ,,ii4--,obstacles3 ,construction1 repair4 ,wire entanglements1 barricades1 land mines1 inundation #ac ,chapter ,,iii4--,lookout and ,listening ,posts3 ,types4 ,construction1 service #bg ,chapter ,,iv4--,field ,trenches3 ,traversed trenches4 ,types of trenches4 ,drainage4 ,communication trenches4 ,dugouts4 ,penetration of projectiles4 ,communication4 ,trench mortar positions4 ,machine guns4 ,supporting points #cc ,chapter ,v4--,use and ,improvement of ,natural ,cover #fj ,chapter ,,vi4--,revetments3 ,sandbags4 ,fascines4 ,hurdles4 ,gabions #gd ,chapter ,,vii4--,working ,parties3 ,details of organization4 ,laying out tasks4 ,operations #ij ,chapter ,,viii4--,grenade ,warfare3 ,organization and tactics of grenadiers4 ,offensive operations4 ,clearing fire trenches4 ,clearing communication trenches4 ,night operations4 ,grenade patrols4 ,notes on grenade warfare #ig ,chapter ,,ix4--,gas ,warfare3 ,methods of dissemination of gas4 ,gas helmets1 care and use of ,sprayers #aah ,chapter ,x4--,service in the ,trenches3 ,preparations for entering4 ,inspection of trenches4 ,tactical dispositions4 ,going into the trenches4 ,information routine4 ,observation field glasses4 ,snipers4 ,what to fire at4 ,use of rifle grenades4 ,scouting and patrolling4 ,care of arms4 ,care of trenches4 ,latrines4 ,maps4 ,frost bite4 ,the trench soldier's creed #abh ,chapter ,,xi4--,the ,attack in ,trench ,warfare #afb ,,bayonet ,,training ,features of the ,bayonet #age ,method of ,carrying out ,bayonet ,training and ,hints to ,instruction #agg ,,bayonet ,,lessons ,formation--,technique of ,instruction #ahj ,lesson ,no4 #a-- ,position of ,guard #aha ,rest #ahd ,high ,port #ahd ,long ,point #ahd ,the ,withdrawal ,after a ,long ,point #ahi ,,progression ,vulnerable ,parts of the ,body #aij ,lesson ,no4 #b--,the ,parries #aib ,,practice #aid ,lesson ,no4 #c--,the ,short ,point #aic ,lesson ,no4 #d--,the ,jab or ,upward ,point #aig ,,method ,,of ,,injuring ,,an ,,opponent ,butt ,strike ,i4 #bjj ,,ii4 #bjj ,,iii4 #bjj ,,iv4 #bjb ,practice #bjb ,,tactical ,,application ,,of ,,the ,,bayonet #bjc ,,the ,,bayonet ,,assault #bjc ,,method ,,of ,,carrying ,,the ,,rifle ,,with ,,bayonet ,,fixed #bje ,,teamwork #bjf ,,the ,,advance #bjf ,,the ,,charge #bjf ,,assault ,,practice #bjh ,,final ,,assault ,,practice #bji ,,accessories #baa ,,targets #bae ,,construction ,,of ,,gallows #baf ,,dummies #bag ,,turk',s ,,head #bah ,,parrying ,,dummy ,,target #bah ,,discs ,,on ,,targets #bah ,,exercises ,exercise #a #bba ,the ,run #bbb ,exercise #b #bbc ,,introduction ,this little book has been prepared with a view to placing before the soldier a store of information on the subject of ,trench ,warfare as it has been developed on the battle fronts of ,europe1 and giving him some idea of the nature of the service that he will be called upon to perform when the time arrives for him to do his bit4 ,the illustrations have been carefully prepared and arranged to the end that the soldier may gain a fair knowledge of the subject from them alone4 ,the text is intended to treat the subject in a purely elementary manner that the soldier may be able to understand4 ,the size of the book is such that it may be conveniently carried in the pocket and referred to as occasion requires4 ,the price has been kept down to the point where it is available to the soldier4 ,if the book assists in his preparation for the front and1 by reason of the knowledge that he has gained from it1 helps to make him more efficient when he gets there1 it will have served its purpose4 ,the ,author4 ,,chapter ,i ,,organization ,the normal organization of an intrenched position includes the following elements from front to rear3 #a4 ,in front of the position and at a variable distance from the first line fire trench there is a line of wire entanglements4 7,see ,obstacles1 p4 #ac74 #b4 ,close up to the wire entanglements there is an intrenched post known as the listening post1 which is connected with the first line fire trench by a zigzag communicating trench4 7,see ,listening ,posts1 p4 #bg74 #c4 ,then comes the first line fire trench with attached machine-gun emplacements at convenient points4 7,see ,fire ,trench and ,machine-,gun ,emplacements1 pp4 #cc and #ed74 #d4 ,the fire trench is so narrow that lateral communication along it is effected only with difficulty4 ,in order to provide a passageway a communication or supervision trench is provided a few yards in rear of the fire trench4 ,passageways lead from this communication trench to the fire trench and to the dugouts located along it4 #e4 ,at a variable distance in rear of the fire trench 7#ajj to #bjj yards7 the emplacements for bomb-throwing apparatus and trench mortars are located4 ,these are connected up laterally by a communication trench which joins with the main communication trench running from front to rear through the position4 7,see ,emplacements for ,trench ,mortars1 p4 #ea74 #f4 ,from #ajj to #djj yards to the rear of the first line fire trench1 and generally parallel to it1 is the supporting trench or cover for the supports4 ,this trench is invariably provided with strong overhead cover and a system of dugouts for the protection of the troops4 7,see ,cover for ,supports1 p4 #ec74 #g4 ,this whole arrangement of trenches is connected throughout from front to rear1 and laterally1 by a system of zigzag communication trenches4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,organization ,,of ,,an ,,intrenched ,,position ,take this brief description together with ,plate #a1 the drawing that accompanies this volume1 and study the two until you get the entire system fixed firmly in your mind2 that is1 until you get a mental picture of all the elements included in the system4 ,illustration3 ,organization of a ,sector of the ,battle ,front occupied by a ,field ,army of ,two ,divisions4 ,plate #b4 ,after you have done this1 study on through the book in order that you may know the purpose of each of these elements and how one links up with the other4 ,this is the typical system now in use in the ,european war theaters4 ,circumstances at certain places may render some variations necessary1 and it must not be inferred that the trace of the works is the same throughout4 ,as a rule the types of trenches 7altered when necessary to meet local conditions7 illustrated herein are the ones in actual use on the war fronts4 ,all of these trenches and their accessories constitute what is known as the first line4 ,at a distance of from #b1jjj to #e1jjj yards in rear of this first line a second line1 organized in a similar manner1 is to be found4 ,at intervals of from #hjj to #a1ejj yards along the first line-centers of resistance1 or what we know as supporting points1 are located4 ,these consist of fortified villages1 or a network 7labyrinth7 of trenches1 provided with every defensive device known to modern warfare4 ,the object of these supporting points is to bring a flanking fire to bear on the intervals between them1 with the idea that an attacking force cannot advance beyond them without capturing them4 ,plate #b shows the general scheme of the occupation of a sector of the line by a field army of two divisions4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,obstacles ,the element of the defensive line nearest the enemy is a line or series of lines of obstacles which are designed for the purpose of3 #a4 ,protecting the lines from surprise4 #b4 ,reducing the momentum of the attack1 by breaking up the unity of action and cohesion4 #c4 ,holding the enemy under the effective fire of the defenders4 ,the conditions that obstacles should fulfil are as follows4 ,they must-- #a4 ,be close to the defender's position4 ,as a rule on the western front they are not more than from #ej to #ajj yards distant4 ,if they are too close it may be possible to throw hand grenades from the far edge of them into the defender's trenches4 #b4 ,as far as practicable1 be sheltered and screened from the enemy4 ,shell fire is the most effective method of destroying obstacles4 ,if they are not concealed they may furnish aiming points for the enemy's fire against the first line fire trench by his being able to estimate its location with reference to the obstacle4 #c4 ,afford no cover or screen to the enemy4 #d4 ,be so placed that the enemy will come upon them as a surprise4 #e4 ,be so constructed as to be difficult of removal under fire and impracticable to negotiate while still reasonably intact4 #f4 ,be arranged so as not to interfere with a counter attack4 ,the obstacles may have occasional gaps left in them which may be mined4 ,the different classes of obstacles are3 ,abatis1 low wire entanglements1 high wire entanglements1 barricades1 mines1 fougasses1 crows feet1 military pits with wire entanglements1 inundations1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,plate #c4--;,abatis4 ,abatis 7pronounced abatee7 consists of branches of trees lying parallel to each other1 butts pointing to the rear1 and the branches interlaced with barbed wire4 ,all leaves and small twigs should be removed and the stiff ends of branches pointed4 ,the butts are staked or tied down or anchored by covering them with earth4 ,when more than one row is used the branches overlap the butts of those in front so as to make the abatis about #e feet high4 ,an abatis formed by felling trees towards the enemy1 leaving the butt hanging to the stump1 is called slashing4 ,illustration3 ,plate #d4--,slashing4 ,,wire ,,entanglements ,barbed wire is the material most employed in the construction of obstacles4 ,it may be used in the following manner3 #a4 ,as a simple trip1 for giving the alarm4 ,it is stretched just above the ground and attached to some object that will cause a noise to be made if molested4 #b4 ,a simple wire fence1 to cause delay and confusion to the enemy in his advance4 #c4 ,as an adjunct to tree and brushwood entanglement4 #d4 ,as a wire entanglement4 #e4 ,as a covering for portable cylinders4 ,the advantages of the barbed-wire entanglement are3 #a4 ,it is easily and quickly made4 #b4 ,it is difficult to destroy4 #c4 ,it is difficult to get through4 #d4 ,it offers no obstruction to the view and fire of the defense4 ,the low wire entanglement is constructed as follows3 #a4 ,drive stakes in the ground until they project about #ah inches4 ,the stakes should be about #f feet apart1 those in each row being opposite the intervals in adjacent rows4 #b4 ,the wire is then passed loosely from the head of one stake to another1 wound around each and stapled4 #c4 ,where two or more wires cross they should be tied together4 ,a more useful and efficient modification of the low wire entanglement is made by stapling the wire down the sides of the stakes1 allowing five or more feet of slack wire between stakes4 ,drive the stakes in the ground until the top is flush4 ,this results in a loose network of tangled wires difficult to get through1 easily concealed and difficult to remove4 ,the high wire entanglement is made by driving stakes so that they protrude from #d to #f feet above the ground4 ,they are placed at irregular intervals #e to #h feet apart4 ,the head of each stake is connected with the foot of adjoining stakes with the wire loosely drawn1 wound around the stakes and stapled fast4 ,each center post should be stayed by four wires4 ,there should be a trip wire about #i inches from the ground all the way across the front and another about a foot from the top of the center posts4 ,barbed wire may then be hung in festoons throughout the entanglement1 with no fixed pattern4 ,to increase the entanglement wire may be stapled to the foot of the posts1 as indicated in the paragraph above1 before they are driven4 ,large nails should be driven in the tops of the posts with half their length protruding4 ,a number of the wires in the entanglement should be fastened together where they cross4 ,the wire should be passed through paint1 if practicable1 to take away the bright color4 ,the post should be painted the color of the surrounding country4 ,under the conditions encountered on the western front this work has to be done hastily4 ,it is best1 therefore1 to limit the first stage of construction to just so many strands as will form a nucleus for the whole entanglement1 in order that the area may be covered by an obstacle before interruption occurs4 ,illustration3 ,plate #d;a4--,plan of wire entanglement4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e4--;,high wire entanglement4 ,tight wires help the enemy's advance by forming supports for hurdles4 ,it must be constantly borne in mind that the wires must not be stretched taut4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e;a4--,alarm trap4 ,a portable wire entanglement is constructed by stretching wire loosely around a wooden framework1 either circular or square or made on a knife rest1 and rolling it into position to close up gaps that may have been made in the entanglement4 ,the illustration shows the wooden framework4 ,the ordinary repairs to entanglements are made under cover of darkness by working parties detailed for the purpose4 ,iron posts that can be quickly placed in position are advantageous1 their disadvantage being that they may retard bullets that would go through the ordinary wooden posts1 thus furnishing just that much cover and protection to attacking parties4 ,illustration3 ,plate #f4--,portable entanglement4 ,constructed in the trenches and rolled into position4 ,in the construction and repair of entanglements care must be taken to see that they are firmly fastened into the ground with numerous stay posts or deadmen4 ,this is to prevent the enemy from pulling them to pieces with grappling hooks connected to ropes that lead to his trenches and are attached to powerful windlasses or capstans4 ,,barricades ,barricades are employed for the defense of streets1 roads1 bridges1 etc4 ,they may be made out of any available material such as furniture1 vehicles 7overturned or with wheels removed71 carts filled with stones1 bales of goods1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,plate #g4--,plan of barricade for blocking a road4 ,where trees grow along the roadside they may be felled across the road4 ,if necessary1 barbed wire may be run through the branches to make the passage more difficult4 ,barricades should not as a rule close the road entirely to traffic4 ,passages are required to allow the defenders to pass through when it is necessary to do so4 ,hence they should be made in two parts1 one overlapping the other1 as shown in the illustration4 ,a fougass is a mine so arranged that upon explosion a large mass of stones is projected against the enemy4 ,an excavation is made in the shape of a frustrom of a cone1 inclining the axis in the direction of the enemy so as to make an angle with the horizon of about #de degrees4 ,the sides splay outward slightly4 ,a box of powder is placed in a recess at the bottom4 ,this is covered with a platform of wood several inches thick1 on which the stones are piled4 ,the fuse is placed in a groove cut at the back of the excavation1 or the mine may be exploded by means of electricity4 ,the line of least resistance for the charge must be arranged so that the powder will act in the direction of the axis and not vertically4 ,this is accomplished by throwing the excavated earth on the crest towards the defender's side and ramming it well4 ,to ascertain the powder charge for any fougass1 divide the number of pounds of stone in the charge by #aej4 ,this gives the number of pounds of powder in the powder charge4 ,thus a fougass charged with about #gj pounds of powder will throw about #e tons of stone over a surface about #afj yards long and #abj yards wide4 ,illustration3 ,plate #h4--;,fougass4 ,illustration3 ,plate #i4--,vertical fougass4 ,when broken up a cubic foot of stone weighs about #ajj pounds4 ,a vertical type of fougass is also shown4 ,a charge of #be pounds of powder should scatter a cubic yard of stones over an area about #bjj by #ajj yards4 ,,small ,,land ,,mines ,land mines are placed in the line of the advance of the enemy and exploded either by electricity or fuse from the defense4 ,they are made by digging holes from #b to #c yards deep1 either by excavation or by boring4 ,in the former case the charge is placed in a recess which extends into the solid earth at the side of the hole1 which is then refilled and tamped4 ,in the latter case the charge is placed in the bottom of the hole1 which is then refilled and solidly tamped4 ,in common earth the powder charge for a #b-yard hole is #be pounds4 ,that for a #c-yard hole is #hj pounds4 ,the diameter of the crater formed will be about twice the depth of the charge4 ,the mines may be arranged in one or more rows4 ,the intervals between mines should be such that the craters will nearly but not quite join4 ,the position of the mines should be concealed as much as possible and further sophisticated by disturbing the ground slightly at points where there are no mines and so situated as to suggest a systematic arrangement4 ,illustration3 ,plate #i;a4--,land mine4 ,,inundation ,backing up the water of a stream so that it overflows a considerable area forms a good obstacle1 even though of fordable depth4 ,if shallow1 the difficulty of fording may be increased by irregular holes or ditches dug before the water comes up1 or by constructing wire entanglements in the water4 ,it may be employed with advantage when the drainage of a considerable area passes through a restricted opening1 as a natural gorge1 culvert or bridge4 ,open cribs filled with stones1 or tighter ones filled with gravel1 may form the basis of the obstruction to the flow of the water4 ,the usual method of tightening spaces or cracks between cribs is by throwing in earth or alternate layers of straw1 hay1 grass1 earth1 or sacks of clay4 ,a continuous construction1 as shown in the illustration1 may be employed4 ,the ends of the dam must be carried well into the solid earth to prevent the water from cutting around them4 ,this type of dam is easily destroyed by artillery fire1 and cannot be depended upon4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aj4--;,dam construction4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,lookout ,,and ,,listening ,,posts ,except when the garrison are actually required to man the parapet1 they will be kept under cover1 with the exception of a few lookouts1 whose duty it is to give timely warning of the movements of the enemy4 ,when the opposing forces are in close proximity to each other mining operations are generally resorted to by both sides to compass the destruction of the opposing works and open the way for an attack4 ,lookout and listening posts serve the double purpose of having a few men at the most advantageous places for observation at the front and flanks and providing points at some distance to the front of the first line fire trenches from which listeners may be able to discover the location and direction of enemy mining operations before they really menace the fire trench4 ,in the normal case there will be some natural cover available4 ,such1 however1 is not always the case1 and specially constructed observation stations have to be provided4 ,the posts should be placed in advance of the first line trench1 the distance depending upon circumstances which have to be determined in each particular instance4 ,they must be fully protected from reverse fire so that there will be no chance of the observer masking the fire of his comrades manning the fire trench4 ,unless the ground is very favorable it will be found difficult to provide for observation above ground4 ,where there are natural features such as embankments1 mounds1 hedgerows1 ruins of buildings1 etc41 it may be possible to make provision for observation even by day4 ,where a loophole is used1 the type having the narrower end outward should be provided4 ,in the open type of post the observation directly to the front may be greatly facilitated by the use of the periscope4 7,plate #aa47 ,a good1 strong parapet thrown up and chopped off at the corners will enable the observer to cover areas from an oblique direction from the post and protect him from fire from the front4 ,in the covered type the observer is provided loopholes having the splay towards him4 ,these may also be constructed to the oblique rather than to the front4 ,when this is done1 provision must be made to cover the entire front of the position from the several posts4 7,plate #ab47 ,the post may be connected with the first line fire trench by a narrow zigzag trench or by an underground passage4 ,if the former1 it must be thoroughly concealed and have no excavated earth visible4 ,if it can be located along a hedge or some other natural feature its location may remain unknown to the enemy for a considerable length of time4 ,where a communication gallery is constructed the roof and walls must be suitably shored up by casing and supports4 ,the sentinel in the listening post carries no accouterments4 ,it has been found that the creaking noise made by equipment when the sentinel moves has been taken for mining operations of the enemy by his comrades4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aa4--,open type of listening post4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ab4--;,covered type of listening post4 ,listening galleries should never be left without a sentinel4 ,there should be a depot of arms and hand grenades near the entrance to the gallery in case men are attacked while on duty from either above or below ground4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ac4--;,a listening and observation post4 ,listening will be conducted at specified times1 or on some prearranged signal1 and for a definite period4 ,during this time all within the listening area1 including the trenches1 must remain absolutely motionless4 ,infantry manning a trench can assist listening by digging a small pit1 #f feet deep below the trench1 and running a bore-hole out #bj feet or more4 ,the enemy is always listening for indications of the direction and position of gallery heads4 ,work must therefore be carried on with a minimum of noise4 ,shouting down the shafts of galleries is absolutely forbidden4 ,when the mining operations of the enemy are detected a report should be made at once to the officer in charge of that section of the trench4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,field ,,trenches ,the next element of the defensive position is the first line fire trenches4 ,these are located so as to have a good field of fire to the front for several hundred yards and so constructed as to give the greatest cover and protection from the fire of the enemy4 ,an unbroken1 continuous trench would be exposed to enfilade fire4 ,a shell1 shrapnel or grenade bursting therein would have widespread effect4 ,to overcome these elements the trench is constructed in short lengths1 with traverses between them1 and technically known as the traverse type4 ,better defilade is thus secured and the material effect of any burst is confined to narrow limits4 ,the trench interval between the traverses is known as the bay1 which should not ordinarily be longer than #ah feet4 ,longer bays invite heavy casualties in case the trench is enfiladed or a high explosive shell finds its mark4 ,the illustration1 ,plate #ad1 shows a trace of the traversed type of fire trench4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,traversed ,,type ,,of ,,fire ,,trench ,,plate #ad4 ,,type ,,of ,,trench ,formerly1 protection from the enemy's fire was obtained by thickness of parapet4 ,in the trench warfare of today it is obtained by completely concealing the riflemen in a deep1 narrow trench with a very low parapet4 ,the height over which the average man can fire is about #e feet or about five-sixths of his own height4 ,this factor determines the height of the parapet above the firing banquet of the trench or the height of bottom of loophole above the same point1 when the latter is employed4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ae4--,simple standing trench4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ae;a4 ,the type of trench in general use today is the simple standing trench shown in ,plate #ae4 ,,drainage ,if a trench is to be occupied for any length of time1 especially if much ground or falling water is to be encountered1 drainage becomes of prime importance4 ,many years ago a celebrated military authority asserted that nothing so saps the courage of a soldier as to wet the seat of his breeches4 ,this may be accepted as a true maxim1 especially in cold weather4 ,the trench should therefore be made as dry as possible4 ,the floor of the trench should be given a sufficient slope to the rear where an intercepting drain should carry the water to prepared sumps or to a point from which it can be disposed of by drainage4 ,provision should also be made to exclude surface drainage from the trenches4 ,a scheme for trench drainage is shown in the illustrations 7,plates #af1 #ag and #ah74 ,overhead cover may be provided as shown in ,plates #ai and #bj4 ,loopholes are made wherever head cover is provided4 ,where the enemy's trenches are close1 there is considerable danger in using them4 ,collective firing takes place over the parapet4 ,when loopholes are used they should face half-right or half-left and not directly to the front4 ,illustration3 ,plate #af4--,method of draining trench4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ag4 ,details of trench drainage4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ah4 ,detail of trench drainage4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ai4--,overhead cover4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ai;a4--,overhead cover4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bj4--,overhead cover4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bj;a4--,overhead cover4 ,the disadvantages of loopholes are3 #a4 ,the difficulty of concealing firing points4 ,loopholes give the enemy's snipers an easy mark4 #b4 ,they lessen the number of rifles that can be used at a given point4 #c4 ,the necessary head cover makes it difficult to get out of the trench quickly4 #d4 ,damaged head cover often spoils a good firing point4 ,the three types of loopholes are3 #a4 ,narrowest point of the opening nearest the marksman4 ,this type is most difficult to conceal1 much of the parapet thickness is cut away and1 if of hard material1 tends to deflect the bullets into the firer's face4 ,this defect may be remedied somewhat by stepping the surface of the loophole4 #b4 ,narrowest point to the front4 ,easiest to conceal but gives a limited field of view4 #c4 ,narrowest point midway between the front and rear4 ,a compromise between the first two types4 ,the following general remarks on the construction of loopholes are taken from a work based upon the experience gained during the war in ,europe3 #a4 ,the angle of splay is usually #fj degrees4 ,the thicker the parapet the smaller must be the angle of splay4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ba4--,types of loopholes4 #b4 ,the marksman holds his rifle in a line connecting the right shoulder1 the eye and the object1 hence most of the body lies to the left of the rifle4 ,the loophole should be made to the right1 with a niche in the wall of the parapet from the hip to the armpit1 to bring the left shoulder well forward4 ,it will be found that this permits the right elbow to be placed on the edge of the parapet4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bb4--,methods of constructing loopholes with sandbags4 #c4 ,box loopholes with screens or blindage may be used1 but should be placed by a skilled marksman4 ,the great disadvantage is that the enemy notes these parapet alterations4 ,steel loophole plates are now provided for this type of loophole4 ,as the ,germans sometimes use a steel bullet with great penetrating power1 it is advisable to place two plates together to insure protection4 #d4 ,with every precaution that may be taken it is difficult to conceal a loophole4 ,a good plan is to deceive the enemy by using painted sandbags and preparing plenty of dummy loopholes4 #e4 ,the minimum width of loopholes should be #b-a_/b inches4 ,if narrower than this1 it is impossible to use both eyes to judge distances correctly4 #f4 ,the parapet should be so sloped that there is a maximum grazing fire when the rifle is fired as it lies on the parapet4 ,to insure that the bullet will not graze the parapet1 although the sights are clear1 look through the barrel with the bolt removed4 ,,communication ,,trench ,in the first line fire trenches there are so many crooks and turns and the trench itself is so narrow that passage along the same is very difficult4 ,to provide for this lateral communication a trench known as the communication or supervision trench is dug4 ,it runs generally parallel to and a short distance in rear of the fire trench and is connected therewith by zigzag approaches4 ,the factor that determines the distance between the fire trench and the communication trench is that it should be at such a distance that a shell bursting in one of the bays would not destroy the communication trench4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bc4--,type of communication trench4 ,the location of the communication trench with respect to the fire trench and the arrangements of the approaches is shown in detail in ,plate #a4 ,the profile of the ordinary communication trench is shown in ,plate #bc4 ,,dugouts ,during the artillery bombardment few men are left in the fire trenches4 ,the remainder of the garrison is held under cover a short distance to the rear4 ,this cover is provided by a system of dugouts connected with the fire trench through underground passageways that lead to the communication trench4 ,this arrangement is shown in ,plate #a4 ,a profile of the latest type of dugout is shown in ,plate #bd4 ,the solid earth cover is from #ab to #ah feet thick1 which gives protection from all but the very largest caliber shells4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bd4--,type of dugout4 ,effective resistance is supplied by roofing materials as follows3 #a4 ,from shrapnel bullets3 #b-;inch planks covered with #ab inches of earth4 #b4 ,from #c-;inch shells3 #d-;inch planks supporting #d feet of earth with a top layer of heavy stones to cause an early shell burst4 #c4 ,from howitzers of less than #f inches caliber3 #ab-;inch beams or logs covered with #h feet of earth4 #d4 ,from the largest caliber guns3 #ae to #be feet of earth4 ,the following table shows the penetration of the ,german ,s bullet at a range of #bjj yards3 ,inches ,steel plate #c_/h ,broken stone #f ,brickwork1 cement and mortar #i ,brickwork1 lime and mortar #ad ,sandbags #bd ,sand1 loose #cj ,hardwood1 oak1 etc4 #ch ,earth #ej ,soft wood1 poplar1 etc4 #eh ,clay #fj ,dry turf #hj ,in addition to the regular dugouts for the supports1 the latest type trenches have squad dugouts just in rear of the bays of the fire trench4 ,these provide shelter during bombardment for the members of the squad not actually required on duty in the trench bay4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bd;a4--,section of traversed type of fire trench showing entrance to squad dugout4 ,,communications ,the fire trench is connected with the cover for supports by a system of zigzag trenches having the profile shown in ,plate #bc4 ,the arrangement is shown in ,plate #a4 ,illustration3 ,plate #be4--,profile of trench mortar emplacement4 ,,trench ,,mortar ,,positions ,somewhere between the first line fire trench and the cover for the supports is a line of emplacements for the trench mortars4 ,plate #be shows a profile of the emplacement4 ,the arrangement of the position is shown in ,plate #a4 ,illustration3 ,plate #be;a4--,trench mortar4 ,these trench mortars are used to hurl charges of high explosives varying from #be to #ajj pounds into the enemy's lines4 ,they have a range of from #cjj to #a1hjj yards4 ,illustration3 ,plate #be;b4--,improvised catapult4 ,,cover ,,for ,,supports ,at a variable distance to the rear of the first line fire trench is located the cover for supports1 which is organized much in the same manner as the first line system of trenches and affords a second position in the system to fall back to in case of necessity4 ,these trenches are provided with overhead cover and numerous dugouts for the protection of the men4 ,,machine ,,guns ,at every available place throughout the defensive position machine guns are located1 typical positions of which are shown in ,plate #a4 ,the typical types of cover are shown in ,plates #bf and #bg4 ,machine guns are a very potent factor in trench warfare4 ,they are now being employed to a far greater extent than ever before1 and the number is increasing on all the battle fronts as fast as they can be manufactured4 ,the machine-gun positions are carefully concealed from the enemy1 and fire is not opened until it is certain that it will be effective4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bf4--,profile of type of cover for machine gun4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg4--,type of cover for machine guns4 ,the selection of the sites for the emplacements should be made with a view to bringing a powerful enfilade or oblique fire on the attacking enemy at effective range1 to provide a flanking fire for supporting troops1 and to sweep gaps in the line of obstacles4 ,their fire should come as a surprise to the attacking party4 ,in the construction of cover for machine guns the following points should be observed3 #a4 ,they must have a platform for the gun and gunner4 ,this may be provided for in the construction of the emplacement or built up with sandbags4 ,the platform should be #c feet wide and #f-a_/b feet in length4 #b4 ,if head cover is provided1 it should not differ in appearance from that constructed elsewhere in the trenches4 ,the loopholes must be blinded with gunny sacks4 #c4 ,the front of the emplacement should be cut under to receive the leg of the tripod1 thus bringing the gun up closer to the parapet and furnishing more cover for the gunner4 #d4 ,splinter-proof shelters should be provided near at hand for the members of the gun detachment4 #e4 ,where the enemy's trenches are near1 the position for the emplacement should be selected by day and the actual work done under cover of darkness4 #f4 ,the guns should be located so that they support each other by their fire4 ,alternate positions should be constructed4 #g4 ,when located to enfilade straight lines of trenches1 special capioniers should be constructed4 ,,supporting ,,points ,at intervals from #hjj to #a1ejj yards along the first line1 supporting points are established4 ,they may consist of a fortified village or a specially prepared position having a labyrinth of trenches and rendered well-nigh impregnable to infantry assault by every defensive device known to modern warfare4 ,they are designed to bring a flanking fire to bear upon the intervening intervals with the idea that troops cannot pass beyond them until they are reduced4 ,,village ,,defense ,the following was the actual scheme employed for the defense of a ,french village and exemplifies the thoroughness with which defenses must be organized4 ,the village was about #gjj yards in rear of the front line1 and had three keeps surrounded with wire entanglements and independent of each other1 but with an elaborate system of communication trenches4 ,water and four days' rations were stored in each keep1 and wells dug4 ,each of the keeps held about one company4 ,the communication trenches were about #f feet deep1 used as far as possible as fire trenches1 and well traversed4 ,firing platforms were revetted with brushwood1 and shelters made all over the village4 ,in addition to keeps1 a series of lines existed in the rear of the front line1 intercommunicating and provided with barbed wire4 ,a small wood on one point of the front was defended by a network of low wire entanglements and a line of high wire netting4 ,every officer had to know all about his section and its communications with right and left4 ,telephone wires were laid low down in communication trenches and fastened a few inches from ground with wooden pickets4 ,machine guns were placed so as to flank salients4 ,a #fe-mm4 field gun was placed in the front line to sweep the village1 and an observation station placed in a tree4 ,the observer wore a green mask and green sheet4 ,great use was made of brushwood and undergrowth to revet steps of firing platform4 ,all work was carried out by regimental officers and men without help from the engineers1 who were fully employed in mining4 ,the garrison of the village and the front line trenches in the vicinity was about one battalion1 but the fire trenches were sufficient for three battalions4 ,,chapter ,v#a ,,use ,,and ,,improvement ,,of ,,natural ,,cover ,a screen or mask consists of hedges1 crops1 underbrush1 etc41 which hide the rifleman without1 however1 protecting him from fire4 ,cover or shelter consists of walls1 earthworks1 etc41 which protect the rifleman from fire4 ,on the battlefield1 natural features that screen and shelter should be utilized as much as possible1 as they possess the following advantages over artificial works3 7a7 ,their organization demands less work4 7b7 ,concealment is easier4 7c7 ,from their nature1 it is difficult for the enemy to estimate1 for a given length1 the number of men sheltered4 ,they possess1 however1 certain disadvantages3 7a7 ,the protection is sometimes so excellent that1 morally as well as materially1 it becomes difficult to leave the shelter4 ,example3 quarries with obstructed exits4 ,therefore1 good judgment must be exercised in the selection4 7b7 ,some of them are too visible4 ,example3 large hedges4 ,in this case their range can be easily found4 ,as a general rule1 do not occupy them uniformly and do not change the appearance of the organized parts4 ,organization of the cover3 ,to organize the cover which protects troops from fire1 construct suitable positions for firing and resting4 ,to utilize the screens which merely hide the troops without protecting them from fire1 dig trenches behind these screens in the following manner3 7a7 ,choose the points which give the best field of fire4 7b7 ,construct cover for firing4 7c7 ,construct a shelter4 ,the constructions are usually individual in the first period of work2 afterwards1 they are organized collectively4 ,the covers are3 7#a7 for riflemen lying down1 7#b7 for riflemen sitting down1 and 7#c7 for riflemen standing up4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;a4--,use of the cover without improvement4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;b4--,first period4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;c4--,second period4 ,progressive improvement of the cover4 ,,individual ,,organization ,,of ,,natural ,,cover ,examples of hasty individual cover behind trees1 bushes1 or branches3 7a7 ,fallen tree 7logs or branches71 the height of which is at a maximum of #a foot above the ground3 7b7 ,fallen tree1 the top of which is more than #a foot above the ground4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;d4--,first period4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;e4--,second period ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;f4--,third period4 ,wood which does not afford sufficient protection against bullets must be reinforced by earth at the right and against the cover #a foot behind4 ,plates #bg;d1 #bg;e1 and #bg;f show the progressive improvement of the cover4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;g4--,sharp ridges1 furrows1 or top of a crest at the end of a gentle slope4 ,examples of hasty individual covers behind a furrow1 a crest1 a heap of sand or earth3 ,dig the ground as near as possible to crest ,a of the furrow in the manner indicated for the cover installed behind a fallen tree more than #a foot high4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;h4--,narrow furrows4 ,use the earth excavated between furrows ,a and ,b to build up the earth between furrows ,b and ,c and fill up furrow ,c2 continue afterwards as for the sharp ridge4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;i4--,low wall of earth1 or earth and sand heaps1 more than #b feet high 7two methods1 ,a or ,b74 7,a7 ,lower the height about #h inches2 throw the earth forward4 ,dig a trench as indicated in the figure4 7,b7 ,make a loophole in the pile of earth1 showing oneself as little as possible4 ,improve the firing position by making a place for the right leg and an elbow rest4 ,examples of hasty shelters 7individual7 arranged behind a large stone or heap of stones4 ,a heap of stones1 the top of which is #a foot at a maximum above the ground3 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg;j4--,first period4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgk4--,second period4 ,,general ,,organization ,,of ,,natural ,,cover ,this consists in connecting up and coordinating the individual work under the direction of the squad commander4 ,the work should be carried out on the lines adopted for the individual work and the rules prescribed for the construction of artificial cover 7profiles1 depths1 various shelters7 should be followed as far as possible4 ,in arranging the cover1 the squads should utilize the natural features of the terrain4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgl4--,arrangement for a mound of earth4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgm4--,arrangement for a dry ditch4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgn4--,arrangement for a sunken road defended on the side towards the enemy4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgo4--,arrangement for a sunken road defended from the rear4 ,ditches full of water1 drains1 streams3 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgp4--,arrangement of a large ditch4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgq4--,arrangement of a ditch full of water4 ,ordinary roads1 road and railroad embankments1 and sunken roads3 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgr4--,arrangement of an ordinary road defended on the side toward the enemy4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgs4--,same defended from the rear4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgt4--,road embankment1 defended from the rear4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgu4--,arrangement of a railroad embankment4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgv4--,arrangement of a sunken road4 ,hedges and woods3 ,dig a trench behind the hedge and throw the earth against it2 make openings in the hedge to facilitate view and fire 7,plate #bgw74 ,if the hedge is low1 deepen the trench1 but make the parapet lower than the hedge which masks it4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgw4--,arrangement of a hedge4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgx4--,arrangement of the edge of a wood4 ,avoid destroying the natural appearance of the wood2 do not cut the trees and brush on a certain depth1 but cut off branches where necessary to obtain a field of fire4 ,behind this strip cut the brush and small trees so as to make a path #c to #d yards wide4 ,construct a trench behind the mask of trees4 ,the parapet can be raised up to #b or even #c feet4 ,construct abatis on the parts of the border of the wood1 where it will not interfere with the fire4 ,walls3 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgy4--,arrangement of a wall #b feet #h inches high4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bgz4--,arrangement of a wall #h feet high4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bh4--;,arrangement of a wall more than #h feet high without making loopholes4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bh;a4--,arrangement of an iron fence built on a low wall4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,this chapter reprinted from ,infantry ,journal4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,revetments ,a revetment is a covering or facing placed upon an earth slope to enable it to stand at an inclination greater than it would naturally assume4 ,some revetments also increase the tenacity of slopes and diminish the injury by fire4 ,the upper parts of revetments that may be struck by projectiles which penetrate the cover of earth must not be made of materials of large units which will splinter when struck4 ,the upper part of the revetments is technically known as crowning4 ,,sandbags ,sandbags are made of coarse canvas or burlap4 ,they are #cc inches long and #ad inches wide4 ,they are filled loosely with earth or sand about #a_/b cubic foot to a bag4 ,having been placed in position they are pounded down with a shovel to a rectangular form when they will fill a space about #bj by #ac by #e inches4 ,the sandbag revetment is constructed by laying alternate rows of headers and stretchers1 breaking joints4 ,the tied ends of the headers and seams of the stretchers are put into the parapet4 ,men working in pairs lay the bags and set them firmly in place with a spade or mallet4 ,the advantages are3 #a4 ,the portability of the empty bags4 ,only #fb pounds per one hundred bags4 #b4 ,they may be filled with any kind of soil4 #c4 ,they are rapidly filled and easily placed in position4 #d4 ,they are invaluable in making repairs4 #e4 ,they will not splinter4 ,the only disadvantage is that they are not durable4 ,the cloth soon goes to decay and the filling material crumbles away4 ,plate #bi shows the appearance of a sandbag revetment as seen from the front and from the end4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bi4--,sandbag revetment4 ,a squad of six men with two shovels and one pick should fill #aej bags in an hour4 ,one man uses the pick1 two shovel the dirt into the bag1 one holds the bag open and two men tie the bags4 ,having the filled bags ready to hand ten men will lay #ge square feet of revetment in an hour4 ,four men lay the bags and flatten them out while six carry them4 ,,brush ,brush is used in many forms for revetting4 ,almost any kind will serve the purpose4 ,for weaving1 it must be live and is most pliable when not in leaf4 ,it should not be more than #a inch in diameter at the butt4 ,when cut it should be assorted in sizes for the different class of revetments4 ,poles #b-a_/b inches in diameter are cut for the supports4 ,,fascines ,a fascine is a cylindrical bundle of brushwood tightly bound4 ,the usual length is #ah feet1 the diameter #i inches1 and the weight normally about #adj pounds4 ,lengths of #f and #i feet1 which are sometimes used1 are most conveniently obtained by sawing a standard fascine into two or three pieces4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bi;a4--,fascine4 ,fascines are made in a cradle which consists of five trestles1 the outer ones being #af feet apart4 ,the trestle is made by driving two sticks about #f-a_/b feet long and #c inches in diameter in the ground and lashed at the intersection as shown in ,plate #bi;a4 ,in making the cradle1 plant the two end trestles first4 ,stretch a line from one to the other over the intersection4 ,place the others #d feet apart and lash them so that each intersection comes fairly to the line4 ,to build a fascine1 straight pieces of brush1 #a or #b inches at the butt1 are laid on1 the butts projecting at the end #a foot beyond the trestle4 ,leaves should be stripped and unruly branches cut off1 or partially cut through1 so that they will lie close4 ,the larger1 straighter brush should be laid on the outside1 butts alternating in direction1 and smaller stuff in the center4 ,the general object is to so dispose the brush as to make the fascine of uniform size1 strength and stiffness from end to end4 ,when the cradle is nearly filled1 the fascine is compressed or choked by the fascine choker 7,plate #cj71 which consists of two bars1 #d feet long1 joined #ah inches from the ends by a chain #d feet long4 ,the chain is marked at #ad inches each way from the middle by inserting a ring or special link4 ,to use1 two men standing on opposite sides pass the chain under the brush1 place the short ends of the handles on top and pass the bars1 short end first1 across to each other4 ,they then bear down on the long ends until the marks on the chain come together4 ,chokers may be improvised from sticks and rope or wire4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cj4--,method of using the fascine choker4 ,binding will be done with a double turn of wire or tarred rope4 ,it should be done in twelve places #ah inches apart1 the end binders #c inches outside the end trestles4 ,to bind a fascine will require #ff feet of wire4 ,improvised binders may be made from rods of live brush2 hickory or hazel is the best4 ,place the butt under the foot and twist the rod to partially separate the fibers and make it flexible4 ,a rod so prepared is called a withe4 ,to use a withe1 make a half-turn and twist at the smaller end4 ,pass the withe around the brush and the large end through the eye4 ,draw taut and double the large end back1 taking two half-hitches over its own standing part4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ca4--;,fascine revetment4 ,a fascine revetment is made by placing the fascines as shown in ,plate #ca4 ,the use of headers and anchors is absolutely necessary in loose soils only1 but they greatly strengthen the revetment in any case4 ,a fascine revetment must always be crowned with sod or bags4 ,in all brush weaving the following terms have been adopted and are convenient to use3 ,randing4--,weaving a single rod in and out between pickets4 ,slewing4--,weaving two or more rods together in the same way4 ,pairing4--,carrying two rods together1 crossing each other in and out at each picket4 ,wattling4--,a general term applied to the woven part of brush construction4 ,a hurdle is a basket work made of brushwood4 ,if made in pieces the usual size is #b feet #i inches by #f feet1 though the width may be varied so that it will cover the desired height of slope4 ,a hurdle is made by describing on the ground an arc of a circle of #h-;foot radius and on the arc driving ten pickets1 #h inches apart1 covering #f feet out to out4 ,brush is then woven in and out and well compacted4 ,the concave side of a hurdle should be placed next the earth4 ,it warps less than if made flat4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cb4--,method of laying out hurdle4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cc4--;,hurdle4 ,in weaving the hurdle1 begin randing at the middle space at the bottom4 ,reaching the end1 twist the rod as described for a withe but at one point only1 bend it around the end picket and work back4 ,start a second rod before the first one is quite out1 slewing the two for a short distance4 ,hammer the wattling down snug on the pickets with a block of wood and continue until the top is reached4 ,it improves the hurdle to finish the edges with two selected rods paired4 ,a pairing may be introduced in the middle1 if desired1 to give the hurdle extra endurance if it is to be used as a pavement or floor4 ,if the hurdle is not to be used at once1 or if it is to be transported1 it must be sewed4 ,the sewing is done with wire1 twine or withes at each end and in the middle1 with stitches about #f inches long1 as shown in ,plate #cc4 ,about #dj feet of wire is required to sew one hurdle4 ,no4 #ad is about the right size1 and a coil of #ajj pounds will sew forty hurdles4 ,three men should make a hurdle in two hours1 two wattling and the third preparing the rods4 ,continuous ,hurdle4--,if conditions permit the revetment to be built in place1 the hurdle is made continuous for considerable lengths4 ,the pickets may be larger2 they are driven further apart1 #ab or #ah inches1 and the brush may be heavier4 ,the construction is more rapid4 ,the pickets are driven with a little more slant than is intended and must be anchored to the parapet4 ,a line of poles1 with wire attached at intervals of two or three pickets1 will answer4 ,the wires should be made fast to the pickets after the wattling is done4 ,they will interfere with the weaving if fastened sooner4 ,two men should make #d yards of continuous hurdling of ordinary height in one hour4 ,brush ,revetment4--,pickets may be set as above described and the brush laid inside them without weaving1 being held in place by bringing the earth up with it4 ,in this case the anchors must be fastened before the brush laying begins4 ,the wires are not much in the way in this operation4 ,gabion ,making4--,a gabion is a cylindrical basket with open ends1 made of brush woven on pickets or stakes as described for hurdles4 ,the usual size is #b feet outside diameter and #b feet #i inches height of wattling4 ,on account of the sharp curvature somewhat better brush is required for gabions than will do for hurdles4 ,the gabion form is made of wood1 #ba inches diameter1 with equidistant notches around the circumference1 equal in number to the number of pickets to be used1 usually eight to fourteen2 less if the brush is large and stiff1 more if small and pliable4 ,the notches should be of such depth that the pickets will project #a inch outside the circle4 ,the pickets should be #a-a_/b to #b inches in diameter1 #c feet #f inches long1 sharpened1 half at the small and half at the large end4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cd4--;,gabion4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ce4 ,to ,make a ,gabion4--,the form is placed on the ground4 ,the pickets are driven vertically in the ground1 large and small ends down1 alternately4 ,the form is then raised a foot and held by placing a lashing around outside the pickets1 tightened with a rack stick4 7,see ,plate #cf47 ,illustration3 ,plate #cf4--;,forming the gabion supports4 ,the wattling is randed or slewed from the form up4 ,the form is then dropped down1 the gabion inverted1 and the wattling completed4 ,if the brush is small1 uniform1 and pliable1 pairing will make a better wattling than randing4 ,if not for immediate use1 the gabion must be sewed as described for hurdles1 the same quantity of wire being required4 ,the gabion1 when wattled and sewed1 is completed by cutting off the tops of the pickets1 #a inch from the web1 the bottom #c inches4 ,the latter are sharpened after cutting and driving a pairing picket through the middle of its length and a little to one side of the axis4 ,three men should make a gabion in an hour4 ,gabions may be made without the forms1 but the work is slower and not so good4 ,the circle is struck on the ground and the pickets driven at the proper points4 ,the weaving is done from the ground up4 ,the entire time of one man is required to keep the pickets in their proper positions4 ,if brush is scarce1 gabions may be made with #f inches of wattling at each end1 the middle being left open4 ,in filling1 the open parts may be lined with straw1 grass1 brush1 or grain sacks to keep the earth from running out4 ,gabion ,revetment4--,the use of gabions in revetment is illustrated in ,plate #cg4 ,if more than two tiers are used1 the separating fascines should be anchored back4 ,gabion revetment should be crowned with sod or sandbag4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cg4--,methods of use of gabion4 ,the advantages of gabion revetment are very great4 ,it can be put in place without extra labor1 faster and with less exposure than any other4 ,it is self-supporting and gives cover from view and partial cover from fire quicker than any other form4 ,several forms of gabions made of material other than brush have been used4 ,some of them are sheet iron1 empty barrels and hoops4 ,the disadvantages of iron are that it splinters badly1 is heavy1 and has not given satisfaction4 ,if any special materials are supplied1 the methods of using them will1 in view of the foregoing explanation1 be obvious4 ,timber or ,pole ,revetment4--,poles too large for use in any other way may be cut to length and stood on end to form a revetment4 ,the lower end should be in a small trench and have a waling piece in front of them4 ,there must also be a waling piece or cap at or near the top1 anchored back4 ,plate #ch shows this form4 ,miscellaneous ,revetments4--,any receptacles for earth which will make a staple1 compact pile1 such as boxes1 baskets1 cans1 etc41 may be used for a revetment4 ,canvas or burlap stretched behind pickets is being used to a great extent on the battle fronts of ,europe4 ,if the soil will make adobe1 an excellent revetment may be made of them1 but it will not stand wet weather4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ch4--,timber revetment4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,working ,,parties ,the infantryman will always be called upon to construct the trench which he is to occupy4 ,each company is provided with portable tools1 which the men carry1 and each infantry regiment is provided with tools for the purpose4 ,the digging tools consist of picks and shovels4 ,when it has been decided to locate fire trenches along a certain line officers will lay out the cutting lines and mark them with tape or otherwise4 ,a company will be assigned for the construction of a definite section of the trench4 ,let us work out the procedure1 assuming that the work may go on unmolested by the enemy4 ,such1 however1 is not usually the case4 ,the enemy will do anything in his power to prevent construction work4 ,if1 however1 we are familiar with the details of the work and know how to go about it in an orderly and systematic manner under conditions of noninterference by the enemy1 we will be able to carry out these details of organization and procedure under more or less trying conditions when the time comes4 ,officers have established the trace of the trench and marked the cutting lines4 ,it is the ordinary traversed type1 #ah feet bays with traverses #e feet wide and #e feet deep1 as shown in ,plate #ad4 ,the company is composed of1 say1 twelve squads organized into three platoons of four squads each4 ,six bays of the trench have been assigned to the organization for construction4 ,this gives a task to each platoon of two bays1 including one complete traverse and a half traverse on each flank4 ,tools have been issued to the first and third squads of each platoon1 the front rank men carrying picks and the rear rank men shovels4 ,the company is marched in column of squads to the site of the trench1 approaching it from the rear1 and halted with the head of the column fifteen paces in rear of and opposite the right of the section assigned2 that is1 in rear of the first bay of the section4 ,the second platoon is then conducted by the platoon commander and halted with its head opposite the third bay4 ,the third platoon is in like manner conducted to the rear of the fifth bay4 ,each platoon commander then has the two rear squads of his platoon1 conducted to a point behind the bay on his left1 i4e41 the second1 fourth and sixth respectively4 ,this allows two squads for the work in each bay1 the leading squad furnishing the first relief and the rear squad the second4 ,the leading squad of each column is then marched to a point two paces in rear of the rear cutting line of the trench1 where they take off their packs and lay their rifles on them4 ,the corporal and his rear rank man fall out4 ,the corporal assigns tasks1 number ones to the first #b-yard section1 number twos to the second and number threes the third4 ,the tasks are shown in ,plate #ci4 ,the corporal superintends the work4 ,number #d rear rank marks out the cutting lines with his shovel around the traverses and starts work on them4 ,experience has shown that the best method of dividing up the work is to group the men in pairs1 one man with a pick and one with a shovel and to prescribe that they relieve each other4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,organization ,,of ,a ,,working ,,party ,the leading squads assigned to each bay work at top speed for #cj minutes4 ,at the end of the twenty-eighth minute the corporal of the rear squad brings his men up and deploys them4 ,at a signal from the platoon commander the men of the first and third squads drop their tools1 get out of the trench1 and proceed to the rear1 where they rest4 ,the men of the second and fourth squads jump into the trench and take up the task4 ,at the end of another #cj minutes this procedure is again carried out4 ,this scheme of assigning tasks and procedure was given an exhaustive test in #aiae in the course of testing out various types of intrenching tools4 ,it worked to perfection4 ,the bays are first completed1 after which the traverses begun by ,no4 #d rear rank are finished up4 ,great care should be taken to make the dimensions of the trench as accurate as possible4 ,the squad leader is held responsible for this4 ,he should provide himself with two sticks4 ,on one the following lengths are laid off3 #a foot1 width of berms1 and height of parapet2 #a foot #d inches1 width of firing banquet1 height of firing banquet above bottom of trench1 and width of bottom of trench4 ,the other stick has the following lengths measured on it3 #d feet1 depth of trench from ground surface to the top of firing banquet2 #e feet #d inches1 depth of trench from ground surface to bottom of trench4 7,see ,plate #ae for dimensions of standing trench47 ,when the circumstances are such that the work of trench construction is interfered with by the enemy1 a modification of the system outlined here will have to be made1 but the details should be adhered to as closely as possible4 ,when night work is necessary the trace should be staked out before complete darkness sets in4 ,if the trace can only be made after dark1 visible reference points needed with white paper1 white tape or screened flashlights may be utilized4 ,stick to the details of the deployment1 the laying out of tasks and the procedure as indicated for day work as closely as possible4 ,avoid making any more noise than is absolutely necessary2 allow no smoking and require such conversation as is necessary to be made in whispers4 ,protect the workers by a system of patrols to the front4 ,non-commissioned officers are held responsible for a systematic and orderly execution of the work being performed by their units4 ,the captain cannot be everywhere along the line4 ,he has to depend upon the platoon and squad leaders in the work4 ,that is why you should study it and know about it so as to be able to make good when the time comes4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,grenade ,,warfare ,the use of hand grenades as an implement of warfare dates back many centuries4 ,history records their use as far back as #aecf4 ,up to the close of the eighteenth century soldiers were trained in the throwing of hand grenades1 and for this reason were called grenadiers4 ,at first there were a few in each regiment1 later entire companies were formed1 and finally each infantry unit that corresponds to our battalion of today had its own grenadier unit4 ,then there was a period of time when more open formations were adopted1 when there was less opportunity for the employment of grenades and their use was practically eliminated from the battlefield and confined to sieges1 where they have been used more or less since the dawn of military history4 ,with the advent of the ,russo-,japanese ,war came the extensive use of trenches on the battlefield1 and with the trenches came the hand grenades which were used in large quantities by both sides4 ,this was especially the case when the fighting lines came to close quarters and in the assaults against the forts at ,port ,arthur4 ,when the ,european war resolved itself into trench warfare1 such as it is today1 the use of hand-thrown projectiles assumed an importance heretofore never attained1 and today we find ourselves employing hand grenades in every phase of the conflict4 ,,employment ,,of ,,grenadiers ,grenadiers are employed on both the offensive and defensive4 ,they accompany the attacking lines in the advance on the enemy's position1 they clear the fire trenches and communication trenches after parts of the enemy's lines have been taken1 and on the defense they assist the riflemen in repelling attack and engage the enemy whenever he has obtained a lodgment in the trenches4 ,,organization ,while every infantryman receives a certain amount of instruction in grenade throwing1 there should be a grenadier squad in each platoon specially instructed and trained in this most effective auxiliary method of trench warfare4 ,not all men possess the temperament and qualifications necessary to make efficient grenadiers4 ,hence the personnel of the grenadier squad should be carefully selected4 ,strong physique1 personal courage and steadiness in emergencies are the qualifications that count4 ,men fond of outdoor sports1 other things being equal1 will be found the best4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,position ,method of clearing ,fire ,trenches by ,grenadier ,squads ,,plate #dj4 ,illustration3 ,,second ,,position ,the grenadier squad is organized as follows3 ,front ,rank4 ,no4 #a4 ,first bayonet man4 ,no4 #b4 ,second bayonet man4 ,no4 #c4 ,grenade thrower4 ,no4 #d4 ,squad leader1 observer and director4 ,rear ,rank4 ,no4 #a4 ,first carrier4 ,no4 #b4 ,second carrier4 ,no4 #c4 ,barricader4 ,no4 #d4 ,barricader4 ,,duties ,the duties of the several members of the squad vary under different circumstances of their tactical employment which will be fully explained below4 ,in general they are as follows3 ,bayonet ,men4--,the bayonet men move in advance of the grenade throwers4 ,when the grenade thrower has thrown his grenades into the objective trench the bayonet men must be ready to take instant advantage of the temporary demoralization of the enemy caused by the explosions and clear the way for a repetition of the operation4 ,grenade ,thrower4--,the grenade thrower must be ready and able to throw a grenade at once whenever the bayonet men or squad leader may direct4 ,squad ,leader4--,the squad leader directs the operations of the squad4 ,he goes wherever his presence is necessary4 ,he keeps a close watch to the flanks4 ,he replaces casualties and attends to the forwarding of grenades to the thrower4 ,he acts as a grenade thrower whenever he can assist the operations in that capacity4 ,carriers4--,the carriers carry as many grenades as possible1 and when their supply is exhausted they go to the reserve depots and replenish4 ,they are responsible for a continuous supply of grenades to the throwers4 ,barricaders4--,the barricaders are charged with the construction of barricades4 ,they carry sandbags and tools for filling them4 ,in addition they carry as many grenades as possible4 ,they hold themselves in readiness to go forward and construct a barricade or cover at any point designated by the squad leader4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #da ,combat in a ,communicating ,trench ,general4--,all the men of the squad must be trained and prepared to take over the duties of any other member4 ,before undertaking any operation each man of the squad should thoroughly understand the part he is to play in it4 ,formation4--,the formation for the several classes of tactical employment will be explained when each is considered below4 ,,offensive ,,operations ,when it has been decided to attack a certain sector of the enemy's position a detailed reconnaissance is made with a view to locating and developing every element of the position1 detailed plans are made and imparted to all concerned4 7,see ,chapter ,,xi47 ,the phases of the attack consist of3 7#a7 ,the artillery preparation2 7#b7 the infantry assault2 7#c7 the occupation and organization of the captured position1 and preparation to meet a counter attack4 ,during the course of the artillery preparation grenadier squads work their way across no man's land and establish themselves sufficiently close to throw grenades into the fire trenches4 ,failing in this they accompany the assaulting troops4 ,when they are able to work up close they cover the advance of the infantry assaulting lines by showering grenades into the enemy's fire trenches after the curtain of artillery fire has been extended back into his position to prevent the supports and reserves from coming up to the front4 ,all men of the squad carry as many grenades as possible and such number as the squad leader may designate act as throwers1 while the others act as carriers and prepare the grenades for throwing4 ,accurate throwing1 properly observed and distributed1 will greatly assist in preparing for a successful assault4 ,,clearing ,,fire ,,trenches ,no matter how well the infantry assault on the enemy's fire trenches may be conducted1 it rarely succeeds in occupying the hostile position throughout its entire length4 ,casualties1 loss of direction1 and unexpected obstacles encountered are bound to break up the assaulting line more or less1 thereby leaving gaps in the captured position4 ,furthermore the attack on a line of trenches takes place on a relatively small front by a large number of men4 ,when the trenches are finally reached and a lodgment effected there will be great overcrowding4 ,provision must be made immediately for extending the line1 otherwise the casualties at these points will be exceedingly heavy4 ,it is the particular duty of the grenadier squads to clear these gaps of the enemy as quickly as possible4 ,for this purpose an efficient and well-organized storming party must be immediately available4 ,let us say that1 after careful artillery preparation1 the assault has reached the enemy's fire trench4 ,there is much overcrowding at the points where lodgments have been effected4 ,there is a gap in the line between two adjacent elements4 ,how is this cleared of the enemy8 ,the grenadier squad immediately forms for action4 ,two bayonet men are in the lead1 followed by the grenade thrower1 who is in turn followed by the two carriers4 ,further to the rear are the two barricaders1 who carry a reserve supply of grenades in addition to their sandbags and shovels4 ,the squad leader is where he can best direct the operations4 ,the grenadier squad is formed as shown in the first position1 ,plate #dj4 #a4 ,the grenade thrower puts grenades3 7#a7 into bay #a1 at ,a2 7#b7 into bay #b1 at ,d2 7#c7 into bay #a1 at ,b2 7#d7 into the traverse leg at ,c4 #b4 ,when the four grenades have exploded the bayonet men rush into bay #a1 the leader advancing into the first leg of the traverse trench below ,b1 while his mate remains in the bay for a moment4 #c4 ,the squad leader rushes around the traverse to ,a1 followed by the grenade thrower4 #d4 ,when the bay and the next traverse passages are all cleared of the enemy the word ,o4,k4 is passed back to the squad leader by the bayonet men4 ,the bayonet men get into their proper positions and the remainder of the squad rush into the cleared bay #a and prepare for the further clearing of succeeding bays in the same manner as described above4 ,take the diagram on ,plate #dj4 ,study it out in connection with the text and you will see how this system works out4 ,the men work in pairs1 the two bayonet men together2 the two carriers behind the thrower2 the two barricaders sufficiently far to the rear to be protected by a corner of solid earth4 ,the squad leader must of necessity go where his presence is necessary4 ,usually he stays as near the grenade thrower as possible4 ,when the enemy's grenadier parties are also very active in the sector1 the distances between pairs are extended so that no more than two men are exposed in any one bay or traverse leg4 ,the formation of the squad must be preserved as long as possible4 ,you will appreciate that when losses occur the squad leader will have to replace men and the formation will have to be modified to meet the changed conditions4 ,this makes it absolutely necessary that every member of the squad be competent to take over the duties of any other member4 ,when the squad has reached the limit of its advance the barricaders will come forward and construct a barricade in such position that it is well in view from a corner some distance behind4 ,no passing of bombs forward from man to man is permitted4 ,when the first carrier's supply is exhausted he returns to the rear to secure a fresh supply from the reserve grenade carriers who are following the grenade squad1 and who have by now advanced to a point where their supply is available4 ,as soon as his supply is replenished he returns to his proper position in the formation4 ,should the second carrier run out of grenades the squad leader may cause one of the barricaders to take all the grenades in the possession of the two and replace him while he goes to the rear to secure a fresh supply4 ,in the meantime other grenadier squads are clearing out the communication and supervision trenches1 blocking up the exits to dugouts and destroying machine-gun detachments that have thus far escaped4 ,the assaulting troops have passed on towards the second line1 covered by the curtain of fire of the artillery4 ,,clearing ,,communication ,,trenches ,the clearing of communication trenches is effected much in the same manner as explained for the fire trench4 ,the grenadier squad is organized and formed in the same manner4 ,the squad works its way into the communication trench by bombing each leg until they arrive at a point where the formation1 as illustrated in ,plate #da1 can be assumed4 ,the grenade thrower throws grenades into the trench at ,b and then at ,c4 ,as soon as these have exploded the bayonet men take advantage of the confusion to advance into the leg ,a-,b under cover of the shoulder b1 the squad leader and thrower advance to ,a1 the carriers to the point formerly occupied by the squad leader1 and the barricaders to the point formerly occupied by the carriers4 ,the thrower then puts grenades into the trench at ,c and then at ,d1 after which the whole squad advances another notch as formerly explained4 ,where island traverses are encountered the thrower puts a grenade on each side of the traverse and one in the rear of it4 ,the bayonet men1 one on a side1 assault around the traverse and meet on the far side1 and the operation proceeds as heretofore explained4 ,,night ,,operations ,the grenadier squads may be called upon at night1 to perform any of the services that are theirs by day1 and in addition may be called upon to make night reconnaissances4 ,for this work the men must be able to organize and reorganize the squad quickly and noiselessly4 ,the throwers must be particularly efficient4 ,there must be the highest order of team work4 ,,grenadier ,,patrols ,grenadier patrols are sent out at night to make reconnaissances of the enemy's lines with a view to getting information which may include3 #a4 ,location and organization of line4 #b4 ,the length of line occupied4 #c4 ,numbers and disposition of occupying troops4 #d4 ,to get an accurate description of the ground4 #e4 ,to locate observation and listening posts or any other advanced positions4 #f4 ,to locate machine guns4 ,these patrols may consist of from two men to the entire grenadier squad4 ,in a patrol of six or eight men two of them carry rifles and belts1 bayonets fixed4 ,the remaining members of the patrol carry no equipment except a haversack filled with grenades4 ,the grenades are used only in case of emergency4 ,it is a reconnoitering patrol charged with gaining information and therefore does not enter into an encounter with the enemy except as a last resort4 ,the men move or crawl without noise and take advantage of all cover that the ground affords4 ,if they suspect they are observed1 they should freeze to the ground and remain absolutely motionless4 ,on dark nights it is easy to lose the direction and for the men to lose one another4 ,every device or scheme to lessen risks in this respect must be employed4 ,the men may tie themselves lightly together so they will not proceed in a bunch and at the same time retain connection with each other4 ,,notes ,,on ,,grenade ,,warfare ,the first step in the training of a grenadier is to overcome his fear of the grenade itself4 ,this is accomplished by first having him practice fuse lighting with dummy grenades having live fuses4 ,the men will be impressed with the fact that the grenades are dangerous weapons and that familiarity in handling them must not be permitted to degenerate into carelessness4 ,the next step towards efficiency is the development of accuracy of throwing4 ,for short distances it may be lobbed from the shoulder by a motion similar to putting the shot4 ,stick grenades may be thrown for a short distance like throwing a dart4 ,in the trenches the grenade should be thrown with an overhand motion like the bowler of a cricket ball1 as there is danger of exploding them by knocking the hand against the back of the trench4 ,the men should be taught to throw from all positions--standing1 sitting1 kneeling and prone4 ,should the grenade with a time fuse be dropped in the act of throwing1 there is time to pick it up and throw it out of the trench before it explodes4 ,under no circumstances must it be allowed to explode in the trench4 ,communication throughout the squad in action should be maintained at all times4 ,system is required to insure the throwers having a supply of grenades on hand all the time and that casualties are promptly replaced4 ,quick action is essential to success4 ,crawling and stalking give the enemy what he is waiting for4 ,arrangements to assist a storming party by rifle and machine-gun fire are of the utmost value and should be provided whenever possible4 ,care must be taken to provide a signal which will mark the progress of the storming party through the trenches4 ,a helmet held up on a bayonet will do this4 ,all grenadiers must be especially trained in the filling of sandbags and making sandbag barricades4 ,the work of the observer is difficult and requires much practice4 ,he must give his directions to the thrower in no uncertain terms4 ,when the thrower has missed his objective the observer will give positive directions for the next throw4 ,instead of saying ,a yard too much to the left1 he will say1 ,throw a yard to the right4 ,positive directions1 even if only half heard1 are of some use2 negative directions are certain to be both confused and confusing4 ,the observer should be expert in the use of the periscope4 ,,hand ,,grenades ,,and ,,petards ,the hand grenade used by our allies on the western front is the bracelet grenade with automatic firing mechanism and consists of a ball of cast iron filled with an explosive and of a leather bracelet which is fastened to the wrist4 ,to the bracelet is attached a piece of rope about #cj centimeters long1 having an iron hook at its end4 ,just before the grenade is thrown1 the hook is engaged in the ring of the roughened wire of the friction primer placed inside the fuse plug which closes the cast iron ball4 ,when the grenade is thrown1 the ring with the primer wire1 held back by the hook of the bracelet1 is wrenched off by a sudden movement of withdrawal from the wrist and the fuse is fired4 ,the explosion takes place four or five seconds later4 ,this grenade is supplied to the fighting zone ready for use4 ,it is quite complicated4 ,it can be thrown about #be meters4 ,the ,german grenade is composite2 it can be thrown by hand or fired from a rifle4 ,as a hand missile1 it is used at short distances1 #ae to #bj meters4 ,it is composed of a copper rod to the extremity of which is fixed a cast iron cylinder1 grooved to facilitate its breaking into small pieces at the moment of explosion4 ,the explosive is placed inside this cylinder4 ,a copper tube1 also containing some explosive1 is placed in the interior4 ,it is surmounted by a complicated system for closing the grenade and for automatic ignition by percussion1 which results in at least #ej per cent4 of misfires4 ,illustration3 ,plate #da;b4--,british hand grenade ,no4 #a4 ,used with the rifle1 this grenade has a maximum range of #djj meters4 ,at the extremity opposite the grenade1 the copper rod ends in a copper stem about #c centimeters in length1 movable about the axis of the rod4 ,this stem is covered with a copper sleeve of slight thickness1 which is attached to it only at the extremity fastened to the rod4 ,the diameter of the exterior of the sleeve must be such that it can be pushed into the gun barrel without pressure4 ,to fire the grenade1 a blank cartridge is placed in the chamber of the rifle2 the quantity of powder left in the cartridge is regulated according to the distance at which the missile is to be thrown4 ,at the moment of firing1 the explosive gases penetrate between the sleeve and the stem and jam the sleeve against the grooves of the barrel4 ,the sleeve and the stem1 which is attached to it1 take a movement of rotation in the grooves of the barrel1 which insures the direction of the missile and the maximum efficiency of the explosive gases of the cartridge4 ,illustration3 ,plate #da;c4--,the latest type ,british hand grenade4 ,the bracelet grenade and the ,german grenade just described have to be made in a factory4 ,attempts have been made to construct similar missiles with the explosives which are at hand at the front1 cheddite and melinite4 ,several kinds have been made3 a primed cartridge and a primed hand petard1 fitted on a wooden paddle1 a preserved meat tin can filled with explosive1 etc4 ,the ,germans have hand petards similar to those of the ,allies but with different explosives4 ,these missiles are primed by a detonator and a slow match and can be thrown about #cj meters4 ,the discharge takes place either automatically or by tinder4 ,they are made on the spot and very rapidly4 ,the assaulting troops carry them in baskets or strung on a circle of wire carried on the shoulder4 ,illustration3 ,plate #da;d4--,throwing hand grenades4 ,grenades and petards constitute a terrible weapon4 ,the projectiles exert considerable moral effect owing to the violence of their explosion and the awful wounds they occasion1 and they make it possible to reach the enemy at points where it is impossible to use the rifle and bayonet4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,gas ,,warfare ,germany first made use of poisonous and asphyxiating gases on the field of battle4 ,it has become an accepted element in the present war4 ,every soldier should1 therefore1 have a knowledge of the various ways in which gas is employed in the attack1 as well as the measures to be taken to counteract its effect in the defense4 ,the two methods of disseminating the gas over the battlefield are by emanation and grenades charged with it4 ,,emanation ,this method has for its object to create a poisonous or irritant atmosphere4 ,this is accomplished by means of the arsenic and phosphorous gas being forced through tubes in the direction of the enemy or by means of liquefied chlorine1 bromide1 phosgene and sulphuretted hydrogen gas stored in cylinders under high pressure4 ,to be successful the gas attack must be attended by the following conditions3 #a4 ,the weather must be comparatively calm with a wind blowing in the direction of the enemy at about #e miles an hour4 ,if the wind is too strong the gas will be carried over the enemy's trenches so rapidly that it will not settle in them4 ,if the wind be too light the gas will be carried up into the air and disseminate or may even be blown back into our own trenches1 in which case chloride of lime scattered about freely will disperse them4 #b4 ,there must be no rain1 for that would quickly disseminate the gas and negative the effect4 #c4 ,the attack must come as a surprise4 ,if the elements of surprise are missing and the enemy has time to take protective measures1 the effect is lost4 ,if the surprise is complete1 the enemy trenches should be emptied very quickly4 #d4 ,the gas used must be heavier than the air1 so that it will sift into the enemy's trenches as it passes them4 ,it is impracticable to decide upon any definite hour for launching the gas attack4 ,everything depends upon the direction and velocity of the wind4 ,if an hour has been tentatively designated and the wind changes1 the attack will have to be postponed4 ,when an assault follows the gas attack the men should wear the smoke helmets for at least #cj minutes after the dissemination has ceased2 in fact they must not be removed until the order to do so is given by the officer commanding the attack4 ,you will appreciate that the enemy's machine gunners may have better protection than the men in the bays of the trenches4 ,,shell ,,and ,,grenade ,,method ,in this method the gas dissemination is effected by means of shells or bombs being fired into the enemy's trenches containing the desired substances which are released and give off irritant fumes on explosion4 ,the grenades used weigh about #a pound4 ,they are similar in appearance to the ordinary tin can grenade4 ,their effect in a trench will continue for #bj to #cj minutes4 ,in the attack a large number should be concentrated in a particular area to produce a large volume of gas4 ,they are thrown by hand1 trench mortar or catapult4 ,,defense ,surprise must be guarded against in every possible way4 ,the direction of the wind must be continually watched1 and when its velocity and direction are specially favorable the protective measures must be kept ready for instant use and special observers posted4 ,previous to an attack the enemy may remain comparatively quiet for several days4 ,noises like the moving of sheet iron may be heard4 ,preparations may be observed along the position4 ,when the attack starts a hissing noise is heard2 this latter is one of the indications that may be evident at night4 ,,helmets ,each man on duty in the trenches is provided with two smoke helmets1 specially devised and constructed so as to absorb the gas and neutralize its effect1 and which if properly cared for and used will provide complete protection from any substance likely to be used by the enemy4 ,they are fitted with a valve tube through which to breathe and with goggles to see through4 ,there are certain rules prescribed for their care and use4 #a4 ,they must not be removed from the protective covering except for actual use against an attack4 #b4 ,when the helmet has been used once it should be replaced by a new one4 ,,dummy ,,helmets ,dummy gas helmets will be provided in each organization by which the men may be practiced in putting them on4 ,the men must be thoroughly drilled in the methods to be employed4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dj;a4--,gas helmet4 ,the following directions accompany the helmets issued to the ,british ,army4 ,when our helmets are issued it is probable that each will be accompanied by a complete set of rules for its use and full instructions for the method of getting into it and for its care and preservation4 ,,direction ,,for ,,use ,,and ,,care ,,of ,,tube ,,helmets ,,description ,these helmets are the same as the smoke helmet already issued1 except that stronger chemicals are added and a tube valve provided through which to breathe out4 ,the tube valve makes the helmet cooler and saves chemicals from being affected by the breath4 ,the wearer cannot breathe in through the tube valve2 this is intended for breathing out only4 ,,directions ,,for ,,use ,remove paper cap from mouthpiece of tube valve4 ,remove service cap4 ,pull helmet over head4 ,adjust so that goggles are over eyes4 ,tuck in skirt of helmet under coat collar and button coat so as to close in skirt of helmet4 ,hold the tube lightly in lips or teeth like stem of pipe1 so as to be able to breathe in past it and out through it4 ,breathe in through mouth and nose1 using the air inside the helmet4 ,breathe out through tube only4 ,,directions ,,for ,,care ,,of ,,tube ,,helmet #a4 ,do not remove the helmet from its waterproof case except to use for protection against gas4 #b4 ,never use your tube helmet for practice or drill4 ,special helmets are kept in each company for instruction only4 ,should the goggles become misty during use they can be cleared by rubbing them gently against the forehead4 ,when lacrimatory gases are used goggles affording mechanical protection may be worn1 as these gases are not likely to irritate the lungs1 though they sometimes produce sickness4 ,,improvised ,,methods ,if a soldier does not possess one of the official pattern respirators1 the following measures will be found useful3 #a4 ,wet and wring out any woolen article1 such as a stocking or muffler1 so as to form a thick pad large enough to cover the nose and mouth1 and press firmly over both4 #b4 ,place in a scarf1 stocking or handkerchief1 a pad of about three handfuls of earth1 preferably damp1 and tie it firmly over the mouth and nose4 #c4 ,a wet cloth pulled down over the eyes will be found useful as additional protection1 especially against certain gases other than chlorine or when the gas is too strong for the ordinary respirator4 #d4 ,a stocking1 wetted with water and soda solution or tea1 folded into eight folds and firmly held or tied over the nose4 #e4 ,a sock folded fourfold similarly wetted and held or tied4 ,if the sock or comforter has been soaked in soda solution it will still act efficiently when dry1 though if possible1 it should be moist4 ,the spare tapes from puttees may be used for tying on the sock4 #f4 ,any loose fabric1 such as a sock1 sandbag1 woolen scarf or comforter1 soaked in urine1 then wrung out to allow of free breathing and tied tightly over the nose and mouth4 ,in the absence of any other cloths1 the flannel waistbands issued for winter use could be used for this purpose4 ,,knapsack ,,sprayers ,knapsack sprayers are issued for use to clear gases out of the trenches after the cloud has blown over4 ,a man with the sprayer on his back 7and wearing his smoke helmet7 slowly traverses the trench1 working the spray4 ,if this is not done the heavy poisonous gas may linger in the trench for days and be a source of great danger4 ,if supports or reinforcements enter a trench charged with gas1 they should be preceded by a man using a sprayer4 ,sprayers are charged with sodium thiosulphate--more commonly known as hypo--#f pounds being dissolved in a bucket of water and a handful of ordinary washing soda added4 ,garden syringes and buckets may be used if sprayers are not available1 but these are not so effective4 ,sprayers should be charged before they are taken up to the trenches1 and should be kept ready for immediate use4 ,every officer defending a trench against an enemy gas attack should endeavor to collect information whenever possible1 to be sent to headquarters through the usual channels4 ,particularly valuable is the capture of apparatus used by the enemy either for disseminating gas or for protection against it4 ,if a shell attack is made1 unexploded shells or portions of them should be sent through to headquarters at once4 ,the time of day1 duration of attack1 color1 taste or smell of gas used1 effect on the eyes1 breathing1 and all other symptoms should be noted4 ,new gases may be used at any time1 and speedy information greatly forwards the adoption of preventive measures4 ,,chapter ,x ,,service ,,in ,,the ,,trenches ,,preparations ,,for ,,entering ,,trenches ,preparing to enter upon a period of service in the trenches the company commander makes a complete inspection of the company which includes3 #a4 ,inspection of rifles and ammunition4 #b4 ,inspection of equipment1 contents of packs1 intrenching tools1 field glasses1 wire cutters1 first-aid packets1 emergency rations1 gas helmets1 identification tags1 canteens1 clothing1 etc4 #c4 ,canteens to be filled with water4 #d4 ,test bayonets1 fix and unfix4 #e4 ,have company fill magazines4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,section ,the company commander precedes the company into the trenches and makes a tour and inspection of the section assigned1 which includes3 #a4 ,layout of the trenches3 fire trench1 supervision trench1 communication trenches1 machine-gun positions1 snipers' positions1 listening and observation trenches1 dugouts1 latrines1 etc4 #b4 ,locate telephones1 reserve ammunition and munitions depots1 water supply1 gas alarms1 tools and any trench accessories and utilities that may be included in the section4 #c4 ,get any information of the enemy that may be of value from the outgoing company commander4 ,,tactical ,,disposition ,the company commander will then make his tactical dispositions4 ,in occupying the trenches a certain section of the line is assigned to each company4 ,this section contains so many bays of the trench4 ,the following dispositions are suggested as meeting the requirements under our organization3 #a4 ,the company is organized into four platoons of four squads each4 #b4 ,the section of the line assigned to the company contains eight bays4 #c4 ,support ,no4 #a consists of the first and second platoons4 #d4 ,support ,no4 #b consists of the third and fourth platoons4 #e4 ,from ,support ,no4 #a3 ,two squads of the first platoon occupy bays #a and #b2 two squads of the second platoon occupy bays #c and #d4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #da;a4 ,,tactical ,,dispositions ,,one ,,company ,,of ,,infantry4 #f4 ,from ,support ,no4 #b3 ,two squads of the third platoon occupy bays #e and #f2 two squads of the fourth platoon occupy bays #g and #h4 #g4 ,each squad establishes a double sentinel post in the bay assigned to it and the remaining members go into the squad shelters just in rear of the bays4 ,this gives three reliefs for a double sentinel post and allows one extra man to be utilized as runner1 etc4 #h4 ,the remainder of the company is established in the company dugouts4 #i4 ,depending upon the length of the tours of duty of the company in the first line trenches1 the squads are changed according to a system that will have to be varied to suit the occasion1 the squads in support taking their place in the fire trench and those in the fire trench returning to the support4 ,,going ,,into ,,the ,,trenches ,platoons enter by not more than two squads at one time1 thus minimizing the danger from shell fire4 ,the platoon commander will explain to his squad leaders the extent of trench to be taken over and the action to be taken in case they are caught under shell fire or rapid fire while going up to the trenches4 ,a second in command in each squad will be designated1 so that if casualties occur among the squad leaders the relief will proceed as previously arranged4 ,the operation will proceed in silence4 ,rifles must be carried so that they do not show over the parapet4 ,on reaching the fire trench the men of the first relief are posted to relieve the old detail and each man finds out any points that may be useful from his predecessor on that post4 ,,information ,,to ,,be ,,obtained ,the platoon commander confers with the commander of the outgoing party and secures all the information possible about the position which includes3 #a4 ,behavior of enemy during period preceding relief1 and any point in their line requiring special information1 e4g41 enemy may have cut wire as though preparing to attack4 ,illustration3 ,plate #db4 #b4 ,machine-gun emplacement may be suspected at some particular point4 #c4 ,anything ascertained by patrols about ground between firing lines1 thus avoiding unnnecessary reconnaissance4 #d4 ,any standing arrangements for patrols at night1 including point at which wire can best be passed1 ground to be patrolled1 or place where they can lie under cover4 #e4 ,any parts of trench from which it is not safe to fire4 ,such positions are apt to occur in winding trenches1 and are not always recognizable in the dark4 #f4 ,special features of trench1 recent improvements1 work not completed1 dangerous points 7on which machine guns are trained at night71 useful loopholes for observation4 #g4 ,places from which food and water can be safely obtained4 #h4 ,amount of ammunition1 number of picks1 shovels and empty sandbags in that section of the line4 ,information on these points cannot always be given properly by word of mouth4 ,written notes and plans should therefore be handed over to a platoon commander taking over for the first time4 ,every man is required to see that he has a good firing position for all directions4 ,commanders must satisfy themselves that men have done this1 and report4 ,the whole line ,stands to ,arms during the hour before dawn4 ,after dark1 unless the moon is bright1 rifles should be left in firing position on the parapet4 ,all men not on sentry should keep rifles1 with bayonets fixed1 in the trench4 ,,routine #a4 ,double sentinel posts are established in each bay4 ,they are on post one hour at a time4 #b4 ,when the enemy's trench-mortar detachments are active1 special sentinels will be posted to give notice of coming bombs4 #c4 ,every man in the platoon is to know3 7a7 ,the location of the platoon reserve ammunition and munitions4 7b7 ,the location of latrines4 7c7 ,the topography of the trenches in the platoon section and the adjoining sections1 including the approaches4 ,the location of the accessory defenses1 listening and observation posts1 machine-gun positions1 snipers' positions1 trench-mortar positions1 etc4 7d7 ,the tactical disposition in the sector and the general disposition of the company4 7e7 ,the location of loopholes4 7f7 ,the places of especial danger in order that he may stay away from them4 #d4 ,rifles are inspected twice daily4 ,every precaution is taken to keep the rifle and ammunition free from mud4 #e4 ,there is a gas helmet parade daily4 #f4 ,accurate sketches are made of the trench and any addition or alteration entered on them4 #g4 ,loopholes are inspected at dusk4 #h4 ,wire entanglements are inspected and repaired under cover of darkness4 #i4 ,a log of events hour by hour should be kept which shows every item of enemy activity and the measures taken during the tour in the trenches4 ,this will be a valuable reference when turning the trench over and will make a record of the habits of the enemy that may be most valuable as a guide for making plans to circumvent him4 #aj4 ,the police and sanitation of the trenches will be carefully looked after4 #aa4 ,platoon commanders may divide the tour of supervision of the platoon sector with the squad leaders4 #ab4 ,the whole company stands to arms during the hour before dawn4 ,,observation ,illustration3 ,plate #dc4 ,observation of the enemy's line should be continuous4 ,the observation and firing system will be arranged so that all parts of the enemy's line will be under observation and fire at all times4 ,plate #db shows the arrangement in general4 ,the appliances for carrying it out are shown in ,plates #dc1 #dd and #de4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dd4--,observation loophole and rifle firing rack4 ,the observation is conducted through a small loophole made by a stick through the parapet or an iron tube run through and directed toward the point to be observed4 ,to conceal the exit a few tufts of earth and grass are placed there in an irregular manner4 ,steel loopholes may also be employed for observation and firing purposes4 ,they may be arranged a yard or two apart1 so that one man observing through one can direct his mate using the rifle at the other so that he may bring fire to bear upon any member of the enemy's force that exposes himself at the point under observation4 ,the loopholes1 both observation and firing1 are arranged slantwise in the parapet so that the observer does not look straight to his front nor does the firer fire in that direction4 ,an aiming rack constructed so as to resist the recoil of the rifle and not derange its aim on firing may be arranged near the observation loophole4 ,when the enemy exposes himself all that is necessary is a press on the trigger and the bullet goes straight to its mark4 ,such an aiming rack may be easily constructed1 as shown in ,plate #dd4 ,observation of the enemy trenches may also be effected by use of the periscope or1 in the absence of one of these1 by a looking glass in a slanted position fastened to a stick planted at the rear wall of the trench and protruding over the parapet1 to reflect his trenches4 7,see ,plate #de47 ,,field ,,glasses ,the enemy's trench usually appears completely deserted1 but on observing it through field glasses you are astonished by the details revealed4 ,you will see1 from time to time1 the eye of the enemy observer who shows himself at the loophole1 or any other activity that it is capable of being observed from the outside4 ,the observer watching through the field glasses will soon become so familiar with the appearance of the opposing trenches that he will be able to detect immediately any alteration in the obstacles1 or changes that may be made1 such as the establishment of new listening or observation posts1 new sap heads1 machine-gun emplacements1 etc4 ,observers are charged especially with detecting the location of machine-gun emplacements4 ,the examination should be so complete and detailed as to prevent their existence without their location being accurately known4 ,any observations of enemy activities1 of any nature whatever1 are reported immediately so that they may be passed on to the commander whose unit is manning the trenches directly opposite the same4 ,loopholes should be screened at the rear by a sandbag split and hung over them4 ,they should be carefully concealed to prevent their location being discovered by the enemy4 ,there must be no alteration in the parapet where they are located4 ,illustration3 ,plate #de4--,looking-glass periscope4 ,illustration3 ,plate #de;a4--,trench showing wire overhead cover and wire trapdoor obsctacle4 ,machacoulis gallery in background4 ,,snipers ,the enemy's sojourn in the trenches should be made as disagreeable to him as possible4 ,he must be kept continually on the alert4 ,our operations must be made a constant menace to him4 ,it is in this way that casualties are effected and he is gradually worn out4 ,one of the best methods of accomplishing all of the above is the employment of snipers1 who are specially selected and trained in this branch of trench warfare4 ,the snipers are on duty all day1 but they have their nights in bed4 ,they conduct their operations in pairs and are given a definite post to occupy and in exceptional cases may be given a roving commission4 ,the advantage of having the same men regularly on the same post is that they learn thoroughly the appearance of every square foot of the ground included in their area of observation and are able immediately to note any change that may take place4 ,they soon learn where to look for the enemy and in fact learn the habits1 etc41 of the enemy occupying their sphere of observation4 ,the sniper must be an expert in3 #a4 ,the construction of loopholes by day and by night4 #b4 ,the use of telescopic sights1 field glasses1 periscopes and all optical contrivances designed for observation purposes4 #c4 ,the selection of good positions for sniping4 #d4 ,judging distances and estimating or measuring ranges4 #e4 ,rifle firing4 ,he should be an expert rifleman in order that full advantage may be taken of the opportunities to inflict losses on the enemy4 #f4 ,in trench warfare each pair of snipers will be required to report each evening to the company commander the result of their day's operations4 ,,what ,,to ,,fire ,,at ,when the enemy makes his attack you will generally fire at those who appear in the sector that has been allotted to you to cover4 ,you may1 however1 abandon your target on your own initiative under the following circumstances and fire3 #a4 ,on officers and non-commissioned officers4 ,these can be recognized by their gestures4 ,they are generally in the center of groups and get up and start first4 ,they should be disabled1 as this is the surest way of breaking up the attack4 #b4 ,at a group on the move4 ,fire should be concentrated on an advancing group4 ,the time when the group is preparing to start its rush may be indicated by rifles being raised and the movements that take place along the line4 ,after a rush has started1 look out for the late comers trying to rejoin their comrades4 ,they make good targets4 #c4 ,when the enemy attempts to build up his line to the front by a process of infiltration1 that is1 by having single men crawl from one point to the other1 each man should be fired on during his advance4 #d4 ,fire will be immediately concentrated on any machine gun that comes into action4 ,with the ,german gun prolonged firing heats the water in the jacket to the boiling point and puffs of steam are given off4 ,do not be deceived into thinking that this necessarily gives away the position of the gun1 for this steam has been piped to a distant place and allowed to escape so as to draw fire that otherwise might be directed on the real position of the gun4 #e4 ,on signallers or runners4 ,these are carrying information that will probably be of benefit to the enemy's commander4 ,you will appreciate the necessity of preventing this4 #f4 ,on an enemy showing a flank4 ,no opportunity must be lost to fire upon an enemy that exposes his flank4 ,the fire of a single rifleman down the flank may cause a whole line to retreat4 ,,use ,,of ,,rifle ,,grenades ,rifle grenades are capable of causing more losses to the enemy than bombardment4 ,the rifle grenade arrives at its destination unexpectedly without any noise2 it explodes before one has even time to get out of the way4 ,as it does not arrive at fixed hours like the bombardment1 the enemy cannot continually avoid it by taking refuge in his dugouts and shelters2 when he is moving about a trench which is subject to rifle grenading he must be continually on the alert4 ,this perpetual menace1 hour in and hour out1 day in and day out1 renders his sojourn in the trenches extremely disagreeable4 ,before rifle grenades are thrown careful observation of the opposing trench must have been made to determine the point where the grenade is likely to do the greatest damage4 ,rifles are placed in the aiming racks and the grenades fired from time to time1 day and night1 at moments when it seems propitious4 ,in this way a sentinel may be taken by surprise2 a non-commissioned officer or officer may be caught unawares4 ,it should be remembered that we will probably be able to throw twenty grenades to the enemy's one4 ,advantage should always be taken of this munitions superiority4 ,every man of the enemy we can put out of action is one less to kill us in the advance which will eventually come4 ,sometimes the enemy will try to reply4 ,here is where our munitions superiority comes in again4 ,we can fairly shower him with grenades and make him take to his shelters4 ,it may be advisable to execute a sudden burst of grenade fire4 ,this is started by a volley and followed by fire at will4 ,when the artillery has destroyed parts of the enemy's trenches or makes breaches in his obstacles by day he will endeavor to repair them at night4 ,he may be considerably annoyed and losses inflicted upon him by a well-directed shower of rifle grenades arriving at points where his working parties are located4 ,to make this effective the rifle racks should be placed in position and secured during the day after trial shots have demonstrated conclusively the direction and angle for them4 ,,shelling ,you will be impressed by the shells1 especially the big ones4 ,the din and blast of the explosions are1 to say the least1 terrifying4 ,but you will soon come to know that the shell often makes more noise than it does harm and that1 after a terrific bombardment1 by no means is everybody destroyed4 ,,how ,,to ,,protect ,,yourself ,,from ,,shells ,the big shell1 which is so appalling1 is only really dangerous if it falls on the place where a man is standing1 because the splinters rise in the air4 ,fall down flat when the shell bursts4 ,even if you are quite close1 there is comparatively little risk4 ,get up immediately after the explosion1 especially if you are #bjj to #cjj yards away from the place where it burst4 ,the splinters do not fall for some time after the explosion4 ,the steel helmets and the infantry pack will furnish considerable protection from shrapnel fragments and balls4 ,,during ,,the ,,combat ,the safest place to avoid the enemy's shell fire when the attack has been launched is close up to the enemy's position1 where the artillery fire has to cease for fear of placing shells indiscriminately in his own troops and ours4 ,some men1 completely distracted1 lie down with their face to the ground4 ,they will be crushed where they lie4 ,artillery fire1 when it is violent1 tends to throw the ranks into confusion and disorder4 ,you have only ears for the roar of the approaching shell4 ,you slow down and attempt to seek cover where there is no cover4 ,the unit breaks up1 and runs wild or stops altogether4 ,disorder and confusion means massacre4 ,march strictly in place4 ,to the front is your safest haven of refuge4 ,get hold of the frightened ones and keep them in place4 ,you will need them to help you when you reach the goal4 ,,in ,,the ,,trenches ,dugouts with strong overhead cover are provided for your protection when not actually required to man the trench4 ,in some places it may be possible to dig shelter caves and shore up the roofs4 ,,scouting ,,and ,,patrolling ,to the ,reader3 ,you will find a wealth of information on the methods to be employed by scouts and patrols in a little book similar to this one in size1 entitled ,scouting and ,patrolling1 by the author of this volume4 ,published and for sale by the ,united ,states ,infantry ,association1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,price #ej cents1 by mail1 postpaid4 ,get your copy now and prepare yourself for these important duties4 ,scouting and patrolling to the front is of greatest importance4 ,it is kept up both day and night4 ,the units occupying the first line send out patrols whenever necessary4 ,they are frequently able to obtain valuable information and at the same time serve to counteract the enemy's efforts in this direction4 ,the patrols generally consist of a junior officer or non-commissioned officer and from four to six selected men4 ,their operations are conducted in accordance with the situation and the mission they are sent on4 ,hand grenades are frequently carried for both offensive and defensive operations4 ,grenade patrols always carry them4 ,the operations of patrols may include3 #a4 ,reconnaissance of sectors of the enemy's position with a view to determining his dispositions and arrangement of obstacles4 #b4 ,making sketches of positions4 #c4 ,capturing prisoners4 #d4 ,opposing enemy patrols4 #e4 ,harrassing the enemy4 ,when the patrol goes out every man in the sector of the firing line must be informed of such fact and the possibility of its returning through his post4 ,it is not sufficient to simply notify the men on post at the time the patrol goes out1 as a man cannot always be trusted to pass the information on to his relief4 ,word should be quietly taken along the line by the non-commissioned officer in charge of the relief in person4 ,when the patrol is out1 special instructions have to be given with respect to firing4 ,to cease firing altogether is very undesirable4 ,it arouses the enemy's suspicions4 ,a few trustworthy riflemen are directed to fire high at intervals4 ,no lights are sent up while the patrol is out4 ,if the patrol is to remain stationary1 similar to the outguard of an outpost1 communication may be maintained by means of a string1 spelling out the messages by ,morse code1 two jerks meaning a dash and one jerk meaning a dot4 ,where night patrols have to remain out under trying conditions special dugouts should be reserved where they can rest upon their return4 ,,care ,,of ,,arms ,the infantryman's rifle is his best friend4 ,the personal care that he gives to it is indicative of his soldierness and discipline4 ,your rifle must be kept in prime condition1 otherwise it may fail you at a critical moment4 ,a canvas breech cover that will protect the bolt and magazine mechanism will be found a great advantage when the rifle is not in use4 ,care must be taken to exclude mud and dirt from the bolt mechanism4 ,do not put mud-covered cartridges into the magazine4 ,wipe them off first4 ,arrange a proper receptacle near your post for the storage of your reserve ammunition4 ,be careful that you do not clog the muzzle of the rifle with mud and dirt4 ,if fired in this condition it will ruin the rifle4 ,be careful not to clog up the sight cover with mud4 ,oil the rifle frequently with good sperm oil4 ,half of the oilers in the squad should be filled with oil and the other half with ,hoppe's ,no4 #i ,powder ,solvent4 ,rifles must be carefully inspected daily by platoon commanders and the men required to work on them during the periods off post4 ,,care ,,of ,,trenches ,repairs will have to be made daily4 ,the widening of trenches in the making of repairs should be strictly forbidden4 ,under no circumstances must they be altered in any manner except on the order of the company commander4 ,platoon commanders will go over every part of the trench several times daily with the squad leaders of the various sections and decide upon the repairs and improvements to be made4 ,a complete and thorough police will be made prior to being relieved4 ,all refuse will be removed4 ,fired cartridges will be disposed of1 as they might get imbedded in the trench floor and hinder subsequent digging4 ,each squad leader will be held strictly responsible for the state of police of the section of trench occupied by his squad4 ,,latrines ,latrines are located at convenient points in the trenches4 ,for the men on duty in the first line they are generally dug to the flank of a connecting trench and connected therewith by a passageway4 ,their location is plainly marked4 ,the rules of sanitation are even more strictly observed in trenches than they are in soldier camps4 ,the trenches and passageways must not under any circumstances be defiled4 ,latrines should be kept clean and sanitary4 ,they will be carefully protected from flies4 ,the free use of chloride of lime daily is an absolute necessity4 ,,maps ,a complete detailed plan of our own trenches and as much as is known of those of the enemy opposite should be made1 and be available for study and to refer to in making reports4 ,every bay of the trench should be numbered1 every traverse lettered4 ,all junction points of fire and communicating trenches1 all dugouts1 all posts1 mortar positions1 machine-guns positions1 observation posts1 and any points that it may be necessary to refer to in reports should be designated by numbers4 ,,frost ,,bite2 ,,chilled ,,feet ,the causes are3 #a4 ,prolonged standing in cold water or liquid mud4 #b4 ,tight boots and leggings1 that interfere with the blood circulation4 ,,prevention #a4 ,before going into the trenches wash the feet and legs and dry them thoroughly4 ,the ,british ,army has an issue of an anti-freeze mixture which will probably be issued to our troops also4 ,the feet and legs should be rubbed with it4 ,put on perfectly dry socks4 ,an extra pair of dry socks should be carried4 #b4 ,during the period of service in the trenches the feet should be treated in this manner from time to time4 #c4 ,when the feet are cold1 hot water will not be used for washing nor will they be held close to a fire4 #d4 ,rubber boots must be worn only in the trenches4 ,on no account must they be worn while on reserve4 ,,trench ,,soldiers' ,,creed ,to be of the greatest effectiveness in the trench every soldier1 personally and collectively1 must be able to adopt the following creed and live up to it3 #a4 ,we are here for two purposes1 to do as much damage as possible to the enemy and to hold our section of the line against all attacks4 ,we are doing everything in our power to accomplish these missions4 ,we realize that every man of the enemy confronting us that is not placed hors de combat will be there ready to shoot us down when the assault takes place4 ,we realize also that if the enemy makes a lodgment on our section of the line that it endangers others and a costly counter attack may be necessary4 ,we will hold on4 #b4 ,with the means at hand and those we are able to devise we will make the enemy's stay in his trenches as uncomfortable and disagreeable as possible4 ,all of our utilities are being utilized to the fullest extent and our various detachments are organized and their tactical operations are conducted with this object in view4 #c4 ,we have done everything possible to strengthen our line4 #d4 ,if1 despite all the precautions we can take and the hardest fight we are able to make1 the enemy succeeds in effecting a lodgment on our section of the line1 we will meet him with the bayonet and fight to the last drop of our blood4 #e4 ,we are all familiar with the tactical dispositions in our section of the line4 ,those of us on the flanks connect up with the platoons to our right and left4 ,we know the route to company and battalion headquarters and know where the nearest support is located4 ,we know the position of our machine guns and the sector they cover4 ,we are in constant communication with the observing posts that cover our front1 and our observing posts covering the other platoons are in constant communication with them4 #f4 ,we know the firing position assigned to us and are familiar with the use to be made of the accessories furnished us4 ,we can fire over the parapet at the foot of our wire entanglements to repel night attack4 #g4 ,we will at all times be careful about needlessly exposing ourselves4 ,we appreciate the fact that it is absolutely stupid to get killed or wounded in the trench through negligence4 ,by so doing one has served no purpose and a soldier cannot be replaced4 ,our leaders have warned us of the especially dangerous places4 ,we know where they are and avoid them except when our presence there is necessary as a matter of duty4 #h4 ,the sections of the enemy's line that we are to cover with our fire have all been pointed out and each of us is familiar with same4 ,we have located the enemy's loopholes and are doing our best to keep them under fire4 #i4 ,we know our way and move noiselessly about the trenches4 ,when we enter and leave it is with absolute silence4 #aj4 ,we are doing our utmost to collect information about the enemy1 his defenses1 his activity1 his movements1 and especially his night operations4 ,all of this information we transmit immediately to the platoon leader4 #aa4 ,we know the best way to get over our parapet to reach the enemy4 #ab4 ,our appliances for protection from gas attacks are complete and ready for instant use4 ,we have our helmets on our persons ready to put on4 ,we are familiar with their use and have confidence in their effectiveness4 ,we will wait for the signal to don our gas helmets 7signal is usually made by beating a gong1 and care must be taken to follow exactly the directions for putting on the gas helmets2 carelessness may mean your disablement74 #ac4 ,our trenches are drained and every precaution is being taken to keep the drains and sump holes in condition to perform their functions4 #ad4 ,we have rendered the parapets and shelters throughout our sector bullet-proof1 and effective measures are being taken to prevent them from caving in4 #ae4 ,we are keeping our trenches sanitary and clean2 our reserve munitions are carefully stored in their proper places ready for instant use4 ,refuse is always placed in receptacles when it can be carried away4 ,we do not under any circumstances litter up our trench floor4 ,our empty shells are collected and sent to the rear4 #af4 ,our rifles are our best friends4 ,we keep them clean1 well oiled1 and in readiness for instant use4 ,our bayonets we have with us at all times ready to be placed on the rifle4 ,we protect our rifle ammunition from the mud1 as we realize that muddy cartridges will clog the breech mechanism and cause mal-function4 #ag4 ,we are taking every precaution to prevent trench feet2 when practicable we take off our shoes and rub our feet for #ae minutes each day4 ,we do not wear tight shoes and leggings that tend to interfere with blood circulation4 ,we each have a pair of dry socks to put on4 ,we do not wear rubber boots except when it is absolutely necessary4 #ah4 ,we observe the orders regarding the wearing of equipment4 #ai4 ,we do not drink any water except that from authorized sources4 ,we replenish our canteens whenever practicable4 ,in addition to the above the platoon commander must be able to adopt the following and live up to them3 #a4 ,my sentries are posted in the proper places4 ,they are posted by non-commissioned officers4 ,they have the proper orders4 ,no man is ever on duty more than one hour at a time4 ,i visit them at frequent intervals4 #b4 ,i have a runner ready to carry a message to company headquarters4 ,i realize that any information of the enemy that ,i may secure may be of great importance at regimental and other headquarters4 ,i will therefore send it back with the utmost dispatch4 #c4 ,i am familiar with the methods of communicating with the artillery1 of giving them information and of asking them for support4 #d4 ,my patrols operating to the front at night have been properly instructed and are doing their duty effectively4 ,all sentries in the trench have been notified when they are out and cautioned to look out for their return4 #e4 ,i have given complete and detailed instruction covering what to do in case of gas attacks and the sending out of the ,s4,o4,s4 signal4 ,i have gas and attack messages already prepared and ready to send after inserting the time and place in them4 #f4 ,i know the name of every man in my platoon and they all know me4 #g4 ,i am here to inflict as much damage as possible on the enemy and to hold my part of the line4 ,i will do it6 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,attack ,,in ,,trench ,,warfare ,,objectives ,the objectives which must be dealt with in the attack of an intrenched position such as will be found on the western front are3 #a4 ,the trenches of the first line4 #b4 ,the supporting points4 #c4 ,the trenches of the second line4 ,by a study of the text preceding this you must realize that in the defense of these objectives there will be employed artillery1 rifles1 grenades and machine guns4 ,,artillery ,,preparation ,the first phase of the attack is the artillery preparation4 ,in order that the infantry may make the attack with a minimum of losses1 the artillery must have destroyed the wire entanglements and obstacles that obstruct the advance1 or at least have sufficiently breached them to permit their being negotiated4 ,the destruction of these obstacles is never complete4 ,it would require too great an expenditure of ammunition4 ,the infantry occupying the hostile trenches must be simply overwhelmed with artillery fire so that they will be unable to man the parapets when the assault is launched4 ,during the artillery preparation the hostile infantry does not occupy their firing positions in the trenches but remain in their dugouts1 which are fully protected from all but the heaviest shells4 ,only a few observers are left in the trenches4 ,when the bombardment against this particular part of the line ceases the infantry leave their dugouts and man the firing positions4 ,to prevent this is one of the most important as well as most difficult tasks of the artillery4 ,this may be effected by a well-directed fire on the exits to the dugouts with a view to caving them in and thus preventing the egress of the occupants4 ,the enemy may sometimes be induced to leave his shelter prematurely by the following ruse3 #a4 ,cease the artillery fire4 #b4 ,open a heavy rifle fire2 this causes the enemy to believe that the assault has begun and he will man his parapets in strength4 #c4 ,after waiting for several minutes open the artillery again with even increased vigor4 ,the hostile infantry may be forced out of his dugouts by the use of shells and grenades containing suffocating gases which penetrate the shelters and make them untenable4 ,the artillery is also charged with putting the enemy's artillery out of action to prevent them from firing upon the attacking infantry4 ,if the enemy artillery is left free1 it will shell our trenches and approaches1 causing casualties and confusion and thus interfering with the formation for the attack4 ,the location of hostile batteries is effected by aerial reconnaissance4 ,another task of the artillery is to prevent the hostile reserves from coming up to reinforce their firing lines4 ,these reserves will be located back in the second line until their presence is required at the front4 ,as long as the artillery preparation continues they remain in the shelters1 but as soon as it ceases they man the trenches4 ,the artillery must therefore extend its fire to the second line and continue it while the first line is being rushed4 ,back of the second position the enemy holds strong reserves4 ,the entrance of these into action must be prevented4 ,this is accomplished by extending the curtain of fire still further to the rear4 ,the supporting points must receive a lion's share of attention for1 bristling with machine guns and trench mortars1 they are the really dangerous elements to the infantry attack after it passes the first line trenches4 ,the weapon which inflicts the greatest losses on the assaulting infantry is the machine gun1 which appears suddenly out of the ground and lays low whole units4 ,by a careful reconnaissance these machine-gun positions are ferreted out and every possible means are taken to effect their destruction4 ,the effectiveness of the artillery preparation depends simply upon superiority of guns and munitions4 ,in this respect we now possess a great advantage1 for the state of our munition supply is such that our artillery may fire several shells to one of the enemy4 ,this is what established the superiority4 ,,organization ,,of ,,infantry ,,attack ,the organization of the attacking infantry corresponds in a general way to the organization of the position being attacked4 ,a first line of assault is organized4 ,its mission is the capture of the enemy's first line trenches4 ,a second line follows1 having for its mission the assault and capture of the second line trenches4 ,a separate organization of these two lines is necessary for the reason that the first attacking line is generally so disorganized in the fighting that it no longer possesses the cohesion necessary to carry it through to the second line4 ,it has been found necessary to launch a comparatively fresh and intact force against it4 ,as the first position is organized into several separate lines of defense1 so also is the first attacking line organized and launched in two or more waves1 those in rear being in the nature of reinforcements to those in front4 ,,objectives ,each unit of the attacking line is assigned a distinct objective4 ,certain units are given the mission of attacking the supporting points to prevent their enfilading the units advancing through the intervals between them4 ,the main efforts are made along the lines between the supporting points1 as to assault the latter would entail a casualty list not commensurate with the results4 ,the effort against them is made with a view to neutralizing their effect4 ,if the attack is successful in the intervals1 the supporting points will fall as a result4 ,the waves of the first line are directed against the first position1 the second against the second position4 ,the reserves held under the orders of the division commander are employed where the development of the situation dictates4 ,further to the rear1 and under orders of the supreme commander1 large bodies of reinforcements are held ready to be moved rapidly to points where progress has been made to such an extent that maneuver operations are practicable4 ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,assault ,preparatory to the assault1 numerous saps 7trenches7 are run out to the front from the main firing trenches4 ,the night before the attack1 a parallel is broken out connecting the sap heads4 ,this parallel is amply supplied with short ladders and is occupied by the companies composing the first wave of the attack4 ,the saps and the main trenches are also filled with men assigned to the following waves1 who will move into the parallel as soon as the first wave leaves it4 ,as the artillery preparation ceases1 the first waves rush up the ladders in succession and move out to the assault4 ,,the ,,first ,,wave ,as the artillery preparation against the first line is completed and the curtain of fire shifted far into the enemy's position1 the infantry of the first wave emerges from the parallel and moves out4 ,the formation and gait depend upon the distance to the hostile trench4 ,if the artillery preparation has been effective and the distance is not more than #ajj yards1 it is expected that the wave will be able to reach the fire trench without firing1 except possibly when the wire is reached4 ,if the distance is much greater than #ajj yards1 it is necessary to cover the advance with rifle fire4 ,this is accomplished by a line of skirmishers deployed at extended intervals1 which precedes the wave at about #ej yards4 ,the wave starts out at a walk1 carefully aligned4 ,it afterwards takes up the double time and advances by rushes until the wire entanglements are reached4 ,from this moment the period of the charge and individual combat begins4 ,the men can no longer be kept from firing4 ,each tries to protect himself with his rifle4 ,each man locates his opening in the wire through which he is to go and makes for it4 ,the line reforms on the other side4 ,with rifles at the high charge 7a position to our old head parry1 but slanting slightly upward from right to left7 the line rushes upon the enemy4 ,each man runs straight towards the part of the trench in front of him and jumps upon the parapet4 ,by rifle shots and bayonet thrusts he destroys everything in his way4 ,men selected in advance take charge of the prisoners4 ,the line is reformed1 lying down just beyond the fire trench1 and fire is opened against the second line4 ,men are positively forbidden to enter the communication trenches4 ,they are most inviting for cover1 but a man rarely gets out of them4 ,the grenadier squad proceed to their work of clearing the fire and communication trenches4 ,,the ,,second ,,wave ,the second wave of the first line starts forward at the moment the first wave reaches the hostile trenches4 ,if it starts sooner1 it will unite with the first at the entanglement and become involved in the fight for the fire trench4 ,it will be broken up prematurely and will be unable to take advantage of the developments of the fight of the first wave4 ,the reinforcement by the second wave and the disorganization produced by the assault lead to a mixture of units in the trenches of the first position4 ,before starting out to the assault of the next trench it is necessary that order be restored4 ,when this is accomplished the attack is launched against the second line4 ,in front of the supporting points the combat rages4 ,the men are barely able to hold on the outer edges4 ,in the interval the advance has reached high tide and has expanded like a wave and stopped4 ,this is the limit that can be expected of the first line4 ,hasty cover is prepared and advantage taken of such cover as may exist4 ,all elements of the attack open fire on the second position4 ,,the ,,second ,,line ,under the cover of these operations the second line has come up in a series of three lines1 where it is built up compact at the position of the stopped first line4 ,from this point its attack against the enemy's second line is launched4 ,the lines are worked up to a point from which the assault is to be made1 and when the time comes the first wave dashes out to the attack1 followed by the second wave in the same manner as the assault against the first position was made4 ,the action of the two lines of attack may be expected to overwhelm the greater part of the two main hostile positions4 ,at certain points1 however1 the resistance will hold out1 and1 if not overcome1 will constitute points of support to which the enemy may bring up reinforcements and even turn the tide of battle by a counter attack4 ,to deal with these points that hold out1 as well as with hostile reinforcements which may arrive1 the reserve is launched into action1 which brings the attack into the open ground beyond the second line of defense1 and maneuver operations are begun4 ,the mobile units are rapidly thrown into action1 and large forces from the general reserve are hurried to the point where the lines of defense are broken through4 ,from what has gone before we may deduce that the following conditions must prevail to attain success in an attack on a prepared position3 #a4 ,the attack must be planned down to the most minute detail4 #b4 ,there must be a greatly superior force of artillery concentrated at the point of attack1 and the artillery preparation must be thorough4 #c4 ,the infantry must be sufficient in number1 training and morale to perform the tasks that will be demanded of them4 #d4 ,the arrangements for the supply of ammunition to the firing line must be planned and carried out in all its details4 #e4 ,plans for meeting counter attacks must be thorough and complete4 ,the capture of a position is often less difficult than its retention4 #f4 ,finally1 every officer and man must know exactly what he is to do4 ,bayonet ,training ,waldron ,the system of ,bayonet ,training stated herein is taken from the provisional ,manual of ,bayonet ,training of the ,british ,army4 ,in the vernacular of the day1 it is the real dope4 ,every battalion should have a bayonet assault practice course constructed along the lines indicated and the work of training should be systematically conducted4 ,the non-commissioned officers should be taken out on a ,tactical ,walk on the course and all the features of the exercises explained4 ,this is followed by their practical training over the course and this in turn is followed by the instruction of the privates of the organization4 ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,bayonet ,to attack with the bayonet effectively requires good direction1 strength and quickness1 during a state of wild excitement and probable physical exhaustion4 ,the limit of the range of a bayonet is about #e feet 7measured from the opponent's eyes7 but more often the killing is at close quarters1 at a range of #b feet or less1 when troops are struggling hand to hand in trenches or darkness4 ,the bayonet is essentially an offensive weapon--go straight at an opponent with the point threatening his throat and deliver the point wherever an opening presents itself4 ,if no opening is obvious1 one must be created by beating off the opponents weapon or making a feint point in order to make him uncover himself4 ,hand to hand fighting with the bayonet is individual1 which means that a man must think and act for himself and rely on his own resources and skill2 but1 as in all games1 he must play for his side and not only for himself4 ,in a bayonet assault all ranks go forward to kill or be killed1 and only those who have developed skill and strength by constant training will be able to kill4 ,the spirit of the bayonet must be inculcated into all ranks so that they go forward with that aggressive determination and confidence of superiority born of continual practice1 without which a bayonet assault will not be effective4 ,the technical points of bayonet fighting are extremely few and simple4 ,the essence of bayonet training is continuity of practice4 ,,method ,,of ,,carrying ,,out ,,bayonet ,,training ,,and ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors ,an important point to be kept in mind in ,bayonet ,training is the development of the individual by teaching him to think and act for himself4 ,the simplest means of attaining this end is to make men use their brains and eyes to the fullest extent by carrying out the practices so far as possible1 without words of command1 i4e41 to point at a shifting target as soon as it is stationary1 to parry sticks1 etc4 ,the class should1 whenever possible1 work in pairs and act on the principle of master and teacher4 ,this procedure in itself1 develops individuality and confidence4 ,sharp jerky words of command which tend to make men act mechanically1 should be omitted4 ,rapidity of movement and alertness are taught by competition in fixing and unfixing the bayonet and by other such quickening movements4 ,as the technique of bayonet fighting is so simple1 long detail is quite unnecessary and makes the work monotonous4 ,all instructions should be carried out on common-sense lines4 ,it should seldom be necessary to give the details of a point or parry more than two or three times1 after which the class should acquire the correct positions by practice4 ,for this reason a lesson or daily practice should rarely last more than half an hour4 ,remember that nothing kills interest so easily as monotony4 ,the spirit of the bayonet is to be inculcated by describing the special features of bayonet and hand to hand fighting4 ,the men must learn to practice bayonet fighting in the spirit and with the enthusiasm that animates them when training for their games1 and to look upon their instructor as a trainer and helper4 ,interest in the work is to be created by explaining the reasons for the various positions1 the method of handling the rifle and bayonet and the uses of the points4 ,questions should be put to the men to find out if they understand these reasons4 ,when men realize the object of their work they naturally take a greater interest in it4 ,progression in bayonet training is regulated by obtaining first correct position and good direction1 then quickness4 ,strength is the outcome of continual practice4 ,in order to encourage dash and gradually strengthen the leg muscles from the commencement of the training1 classes should be frequently practiced in charging short distances over the bayonet practice courses4 ,all company officers and non-commissioned officers should be taught how to instruct in bayonet training in order that they may be able to teach their squads and platoons this very important part of a soldier's training1 which must be regularly practiced during the whole of his service at home1 and during his periods of rest behind the firing-lines4 ,the greatest care should be taken that the object representing the opponent and its support should be incapable of injuring the bayonet or butt4 ,only light sticks are to be used for parrying practice4 ,the chief causes of injury to the bayonet are insufficient instruction1 in the bayonet training lessons1 failure to withdraw the bayonet clear of the dummy1 and placing the dummies on hard1 unprepared ground4 ,,bayonet ,,lessons ,formation4--,intervals or distances are taken as prescribed in paragraphs #aji and #aaa ,i4,d4,r4 ,bayonets are fixed1 paragraph #ie1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,technique of ,instruction4--,before requiring the soldier to take a position or execute a movement for the first time1 the instructor should show him the position or how to execute the movement1 stating the essential elements and explaining the purpose that they serve4 ,illustrate the position or movement a second time1 requiring careful observation so that the men will be taught to use their eyes and brains right from the beginning4 ,now1 require the men to assume the position or execute the movement under consideration4 ,accuracy and expertness will be developed by practice4 ,fatigue and exhaustion should be carefully guarded against4 ,they prevent proper interest being taken in the exercises and delay the progress of the instruction4 ,the training consists of five lessons and the ,final ,assault practice4 ,lesson ,no4 #a ,the ,first lesson is divided into3 #a4 ,the position of ,guard1 from which the various bayonet attacks are made4 #b4 ,the position of ,high ,port1 which is assumed when advancing4 #c4 ,the ,long ,point1 which is the normal method of bayonet attack4 #d4 ,the ,withdrawal1 which follows the attack4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,guard ,being at the ,order ,arms3 ,raise the piece with the right hand1 throw it to the front4 ,grasp with both hands1 the left at a convenient place above the rear sight so that the left arm is only slightly bent2 right hand at the small of the stock and held just in front of the navel4 ,the rifle is held naturally and easily1 without constraint1 barrel inclined slightly to the left4 ,at the same time the left foot is carried forward to a point in a natural position such as a man walking might adopt on meeting with resistance4 ,the left knee is slightly bent1 right leg straight and braced4 ,the right foot is flat on the ground with the toe inclined to the right front4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,long ,,point ,the common faults that will be noted in assuming the position are3 #a4 ,the body will be leaned back from the hips1 which causes unsteadiness and does not permit quick and aggressive action4 #b4 ,the left arm is bent too much1 which raises the point of the bayonet too high and produces a certain amount of constraint4 ,the left hand should grasp the piece at such a point that will avoid this defect4 ,a little practice will show the exact place to hold the hand to obtain the maximum effect4 #c4 ,the right hand may be held too low and too far back1 which has the effect of raising the point of the bayonet and giving a faulty position to the left arm and hand4 #d4 ,the rifle may be grasped too tightly with the hands1 which produces rigidity and restrains freedom of movement4 ,the left hand merely guides the bayonet in the attack1 the right furnishes the power behind the thrust1 hence great care should be taken to see that the left arm is not deprived of its freedom of action by gripping the rifle too hard with the left hand4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,rest ,the feet are retained at the position of ,guard4 ,the piece is lowered and held in the easiest and most comfortable position4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,high ,,port ,being at the position of ,guard4 ,without changing the position of the hands on the piece1 carry the rifle so that the left wrist is level with and directly in front of the left shoulder4 ,the right hand is level with the belt4 ,practice will be had at the position of ,high ,port with the right hand quitting the piece1 it being held approximately in position with the left hand alone4 ,this will be found advantageous when jumping ditches1 climbing out of trenches1 surmounting obstacles1 etc41 leaving the right hand free4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,long ,,point ,being at the position of ,guard4 ,thrust the point of the bayonet vigorously towards the point of the objective1 to the full extent of the left arm1 the stock running along side of and kept close to the right inner fore arm4 ,the body is inclined forward2 left knee well bent2 right leg braced1 and weight of body pressed well forward with the sole of the right foot1 heel raised4 ,the chief power in the ,point is derived from the right arm with the weight of the body behind it1 the left arm and hand being employed to direct the point of the bayonet at the objective4 ,the eyes must be fixed on the objective4 ,in making the point other than straight to the front the left foot will be moved laterally in the direction to which the point is made4 ,after progress has been made in the execution of the simple point as indicated above1 practice should include stepping forward with the rear foot when the assault is delivered4 ,the common faults in the execution of the ,long ,point will be noted as follows3 #a4 ,the rifle is drawn back slightly before delivering the point1 which makes for a momentary loss of time that may give an opponent the advantage and should be assiduously guarded against4 #b4 ,the stock of the piece is held too high1 which makes the guiding of the point of the bayonet with the left hand more difficult1 and reduces accuracy in delivering the point at the exact spot intended4 ,illustration3 ,,position ,,of ,,guard #c4 ,the eyes are not directed on the point of the attack4 ,this is an error4 ,one that may cause a man to miss his mark4 ,the soldier must realize what this means in hand to hand fighting4 ,the opponent will get him4 #d4 ,the left knee is not sufficiently bent1 which does not allow the point to be made with the force intended4 #e4 ,the body is not thrust sufficiently forward1 which reduces just that much the force of the attack4 #f4 ,the point is started at too great a distance from the objective to make a hit4 ,practice must be conducted in making the point until the soldier knows the exact distance at which he will have to start to produce the maximum effect4 ,this distance is between four and five feet4 ,during the later stages of the instruction the men should also be taught to step forward with the rear foot when delivering the point4 ,,the ,,withdrawal ,,after ,a ,,long ,,point ,illustration3 ,,the ,,withdrawal ,being at the position of ,long ,point4 ,to withdraw the bayonet4 ,draw the piece straight back until the right hand is well behind the hip4 ,immediately assume the position of ,guard4 ,if the leverage or proximity of the object transfixed with the bayonet renders it necessary1 prior to the withdrawal1 the left hand is slipped up close to the stacking swivel4 ,in the preliminary instruction all ,points will be immediately followed by a withdrawal1 prior to assuming the position of guard4 ,,progression ,after the several positions hereinbefore described have been learned1 the ,points should be made at a definite place on a target1 such as the throat1 the stomach1 the head1 etc4 ,as progress is made1 the pause between the point and the withdrawal is shortened until the soldier comes directly to the position of ,guard from the point4 ,proficiency will finally be attained in making a feint point at one part of the target and the real point at another1 for example3 ,feint at the head and point at the right thigh2 feint at the stomach and point at the neck1 etc4 ,attacks at a retreating foe should be made against the kidneys1 the position of which should be shown to the soldier4 ,,vulnerable ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,body ,if possible1 the point of the bayonet should be directed against the opponents throat1 especially in hand to hand fighting4 ,the point of the bayonet will easily enter and make a fatal wound on penetrating a few inches4 ,other and more or less exposed parts are the face1 chest1 lower abdomen1 thighs and the region of the kidneys when the back is turned4 ,four to six inches penetration is sufficient to incapacitate and allow for a quick withdrawal1 whereas if a bayonet is driven home too far it is often impossible to withdraw it4 ,as soon as the nomenclature of the positions and movements are learned the men should work in pairs4 ,they should be practiced in pointing in various directions4 #a4 ,at the opposite man's hand1 which he places in various positions on and off the body4 #b4 ,at thrusting rings tied on the end of a stick4 ,this practice is conducted without word of command1 so that the eyes and brain may be trained4 ,it is not sufficient that a dummy be merely transfixed4 ,some particular spot on the dummy should constitute the target4 ,discs or numbers should be placed on the dummy and the men required to point at a distance of about five feet from it and later as they become more proficient1 to point after advancing several paces4 ,the advance must be made in a practical manner and the point delivered with either foot to the front4 ,the rifle must never be drawn back when making a ,long ,point in a forward movement4 ,the impetus of the body and the forward stretching of the arms supply sufficient force4 ,the bayonet must be withdrawn immediately after the ,point has been delivered1 and a forward threatening attitude assumed by the side of or beyond the dummy4 ,to guard against accidents the men must be at least five feet apart and the bayonet scabbard should be on the bayonet4 ,the principles of this practice should be observed when pointing at dummies in trenches1 standing upright on the ground or suspended from gallows4 ,they should be applied at first slowly and deliberately4 ,no attempt must be made to carry out the ,final ,assault ,practice until the men have been carefully instructed in and have thoroughly mastered the preliminary lessons4 ,lesson ,no4 #b ,,the ,,parries ,being at the position of ,guard3 ,the right or left parry is executed by vigorously straightening the left arm1 without bending the wrist or twisting the rifle in the hand1 and forcing the piece to the right or left far enough to fend off the adversary's weapon4 ,the eyes must be kept on the weapon that is being parried and not on the eyes of the opponent as indicated in our bayonet combat training4 ,the common faults in the execution of the parries consist of3 #a4 ,making a wide1 sweeping parry1 with no forward movement of the bayonet or body in it4 #b4 ,the eyes are taken off the weapon that is being parried4 ,the men should be taught to regard the parry as a part of an offensive movement1 namely of the ,point1 which would immediately follow it in actual combat4 ,for this reason1 as soon as the movements of the parries have been learned they should always be accompanied by a slight forward movement of the body4 ,parries will be practiced with the right as well as with the left foot forward1 preparatory to the practice of parrying when advancing4 ,,practice ,men when learning the parries should be required to observe the movements of the rifle carefully1 and should not be kept longer at this practice than is necessary for them to understand what is required1 that is vigorous1 yet controlled action4 ,the men work in pairs with scabbards on the bayonets1 one man pointing with the stick and the other parrying it4 ,the position of guard is resumed after each parry4 ,at first this practice must be slow and deliberate1 without being allowed to become mechanical1 and will be progressively increased in rapidity and vigor4 ,later a point at that part of the body indicated by the opposite man's hand should immediately follow the parry1 and1 finally sticks long enough to represent the opponents weapon at the position of guard should be attached to dummies and parried before delivering the point4 7,see ,targets47 ,the men must be taught to parry points made at them3 #a4 ,by an enemy in a trench when they are themselves on the parapet4 #b4 ,by an enemy on the parapet when they are on the trench4 #c4 ,when both are fighting on the same level at close quarters in a deep trench4 ,lesson ,no4 #c ,,the ,,short ,,point ,being at the position of ,guard3 ,shift the left hand quickly towards the muzzle and draw the rifle back to the full extent of the right arm1 the butt either upwards or downwards1 according as a low point or high point is to be made4 ,deliver the point vigorously to the full extent of the left arm4 ,the short point is used at a range of about three feet4 ,in close fighting it is the natural point to make when the bayonet has just been withdrawn after a long point4 ,if a strong withdrawal is necessary the right hand should be slipped above the back sight after the short point has been made4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,short ,,point ,by placing two discs on a dummy the short point should be taught in conjunction with the long point1 the first disc being transfixed with the latter and the second with the former4 ,on delivery of the long point if the left foot is forward1 the short point would take place with the right foot forward and vice versa4 ,the parries should be practiced from the position of the short point4 ,lesson ,no4 #d ,,the ,,jab ,,or ,,upward ,,point ,being at the position of ,short ,point3 ,shift the right hand up the rifle and grasp it above the balance1 at the same time bringing the piece to an almost vertical position close to the body4 ,from this position1 bend the knees and jab the point of the bayonet upwards into the throat or under the chin of the opponent4 ,the common faults in this movement are3 #a4 ,the rifle is drawn backward and not held sufficiently upright4 #b4 ,the rifle is grasped too low with the right hand4 ,from the position of ,jab1 the men will be practiced in fending off an attack made on any part of their body by an opponent4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,jab ,when making a ,jab from the position of guard1 the right1 being the thrusting hand1 will be brought up first4 ,the ,jab can be employed successfully in close quarter fighting in narrow trenches or when embraced by an enemy4 ,,methods ,,of ,,injuring ,,an ,,opponent ,it should be impressed upon the soldier that1 although a man's point has missed1 or has been parried or his bayonet has been broken1 he can1 as attacker1 still maintain his advantage by injuring his opponent in one of the following ways3 ,butt ,strike ,i4 ,swing the butt up at the opponent's crotch1 ribs1 forearm1 etc41 using a half arm blow and advancing the rear foot4 ,this is essentially a half arm blow from the shoulder1 keeping the elbow rigid4 ,it can be executed only when the rifle is grasped at the small of the stock4 ,butt ,strike ,,ii4 ,if the opponent jumps back so that the first butt strike misses1 the rifle will come into a horizontal position over the left shoulder1 butt to the front4 ,the attacker will then step in with the rear foot and dash the butt into his opponent's face4 ,butt ,strike ,,iii4 ,if the opponent retires still further out of distance1 the attacker again closes up and slashes his bayonet down on his opponent's head or neck4 ,butt ,strike ,,iv4 ,if the point is beaten or brought down1 the butt can be used effectively by crashing it down on the opponent's head with an over-arm blow1 advancing the rear foot4 ,when the opponent is out of distance ,butt ,strike ,,iii can again be used4 ,in individual fighting the butt can also be used horizontally against the opponent's ribs1 forearm1 etc4 ,this method is impossible in trench fighting or in an attack1 owing to the horizontal sweep of the bayonet to the attacker's left4 ,the men must be impressed with the fact that the butt must never be used when it is possible to use the point of the bayonet effectively4 ,butt ,strikes can be used only under certain conditions and in certain positions4 ,if the soldier acquires absolute control of his weapon under these conditions he will be able to adapt himself to all other phases of close in fighting4 ,for example1 when a man is gripped by an opponent1 so that neither the point nor the butt can be used1 the knee brought up against the crotch or the heel stamped on the instep may momentarily disable him and make him release his hold4 ,when wrestling the opponent may be tripped by forcing his weight on to one leg and then kicking that leg from under him4 ,these methods will only temporarily disable an enemy1 who must be killed with the bayonet4 ,,practice ,when the men have been shown the methods of using the butt and the knee1 they should be practiced by affixing several discs on a dummy and executing combination exercises at them4 ,for example1 point at one disc1 use the knee on another fixed low down1 jab at a third1 etc4 ,for practice with the ,butt1 light dummies should be used to prevent injury to the piece4 ,,tactical ,,application ,,of ,,the ,,bayonet ,a bayonet assault should preferably be made under cover of fire1 or darkness or as a surprise4 ,under these circumstances the prospect of success is greatest1 for a bayonet is useless at any range except in hand to hand fighting4 ,the bayonet is essentially a weapon of offense to be used with skill and vigor4 ,to await an opportunity for using the bayonet entails defeat4 ,an approaching enemy will simply stand out of bayonet range and shoot down the defenders4 ,in an assault the enemy should be killed with the bayonet4 ,firing should be avoided4 ,a bullet passing through an opponent's body may kill a friend who happens to be in the line of fire4 ,,the ,,bayonet ,,assault ,training in the final assault is conducted only after the soldier has received a thorough course of instruction in the preliminary lessons and has acquired complete control over his weapons4 ,this training must approximate as nearly as possible the conditions of actual fighting4 ,instructors should endeavor by every means in their power to arouse the interest and imagination of the men4 ,each problem should be carefully explained beforehand so that every man may have a complete knowledge of just exactly what is being attempted4 ,each target must be regarded as an armed opponent and each line of targets as an enemy line1 attacking1 defending or retiring1 to be disposed of accordingly4 ,any tendency towards carelessness and slackness must be corrected at once and all the men must be impressed with the fact that a practice assault that is not carried out with quickness1 vigor and determination is worse than useless4 ,lack of imagination or lack of understanding of what is being attempted1 leading to a violation of the principles of tactics in practice assaults against dummy targets1 can only lead to disaster in a real assault against the enemy4 ,nervous tension1 due to the anticipation of an attack1 the advance across the open and the final dash at the enemy all combine to tire an assaulting party4 ,it is only by their physical fitness and superior skill with the bayonet that they can overcome a comparatively fresh foe4 ,accuracy in directing the bayonet when moving rapidly or surmounting obstacles2 a thrust of sufficient force to penetrate clothing and equipment2 a clean withdrawal1 which requires no small effort1 especially when the bayonet is fixed by a bone2 are all of the greatest importance4 ,,method ,,of ,,carrying ,,the ,,rifle ,,with ,,bayonet ,,fixed #a4 ,a quick1 short advance4 ,carry the rifle at the position of ,high ,port4 ,this position is suitable for close formations4 ,it minimizes risks of accidents when surmounting obstacles4 ,it can be maintained with the left hand alone1 allowing a free use of the right when necessary4 #b4 ,long advance1 in close formation4 ,carry the rifle slung over the left shoulder1 barrel perpendicular1 sling to the front4 ,this allows the free use of both hands4 #c4 ,long advance1 in open order4 ,carry the rifle at the ,trail4 ,,teamwork ,the importance of teamwork1 discipline1 and organized control throughout the conduct of the bayonet assault cannot be too strongly impressed upon the men4 ,in this1 as well as in all other tactical operations1 success can only be achieved through the closest cooperation of all concerned4 ,while individual initiative is to be encouraged1 it must be strictly subordinated to the will of the leader of the assaulting party4 ,the failure of an enterprize can usually be traced to the lack of this close cooperation4 ,,the ,,advance #a4 ,all members of the attacking party must go over the top1 that is1 leave the trench1 or rise from cover simultaneously4 #b4 ,the first stage1 especially of a long advance1 is slow and steady--not faster than the pace of the slowest man4 ,such an advance has a decided moral effect on the enemy4 ,it will produce the maximum shock at the moment of impact4 ,it allows the attacking force to reach its objective without undue exhaustion4 ,on the other hand1 if the assault is allowed to develop without control and in a haphazard fashion1 the moral effect of the steady advance of a resistless wall of men is lost and the defenders will be given time to dispose of their opponents in detail4 ,,the ,,charge ,the actual charge will not be delivered over a greater distance than #bj paces4 ,within the last ten paces the piece will be brought to the position of guard4 ,the alignment will be maintained as far as possible until actual contact is gained4 ,as soon as a position is carried and prior to any further advance or any other operation whatsoever1 the line must be reformed and every precaution taken against a counter attack4 ,in ,trench ,warfare1 the indiscriminate pursuit with the bayonet must never be permitted unless orders to that effect have been given by the leaders of the assaulting party4 ,the attacking troops are not so fresh as the enemy and experience has shown that unorganized pursuit is exposed to ambuscades and machine gun fire4 ,in most cases the work of immediate pursuit is better accomplished by the supporting artillery assisted by the rapid fire of the infantry on the retreating enemy4 ,,assault ,,practice ,throughout the period of training the men1 the men should be constantly practiced in3 #a4 ,the recognized method of carrying the rifle with the bayonet fixed4 #b4 ,the rapid advance out of deep trenches4 #c4 ,teamwork and control of advancing line4 ,fire discipline1 direction and control4 #d4 ,the art of using the bayonet with effect in the cramped space of communication and fire trenches4 #e4 ,reforming and opening fire after an assault4 #f4 ,acting as leaders of an attacking party4 ,,final ,,assault ,,practice ,one of the best methods of training a command in the final assault is to construct a section of trench1 forming a course1 over which the training may be conducted4 ,the edges of the trenches should be protected by logs anchored back in the parapets or solid ground4 ,constant use will soon wear them down if this precaution is not taken4 ,cinders placed on the course are a great advantage1 for they prevent the men from slipping4 ,when dummy targets are laid on the ground or on parapets1 care should be taken to see that the earth under them is free from stones1 otherwise bayonets will be injured when the thrust penetrates clear through the dummy and into the ground4 ,for this practice work it will be well to select the bayonets of the company that are most worn and use them exclusively4 ,most interesting and practical problems in the tactics of trench warfare can be solved by combining the assault practice with other forms of training such as the operations of grenadier squads in clearing fire trenches and communication trenches2 throwing hand grenades1 to cover the assault2 barricading with sandbags and the construction of trenches4 ,the illustration herein shows a type of ,final ,assault ,practice course1 that may be prepared with a minimum expenditure of labor and material4 ,it occupies a space of about #ajj feet in width and may be of varying depth according to the elements that it is desired to introduce4 ,a platoon of four squads with the squad leaders taken out of the line and placed in rear to direct their squads1 may be run over the course with safety after the men have had sufficient preliminary training4 ,the elements of this course are3 #a4 ,a line of traversed type of fire trench4 ,there being four bays1 #ah feet long with #f foot traverses4 ,this trench is the simple type of standing trench shown in the profile4 #b4 ,a supervision trench located parallel to and about #ej feet in rear of the fire trench4 ,profile shown4 #c4 ,communication zigzags from the supervision trench to the fire trench4 #d4 ,two communication zigzags of three legs each running to the rear from the supervision trench4 #e4 ,the location of squad dugouts in rear of the bays of the fire trench and platoon dugouts just in rear of the supervision trench are indicated4 ,it is not necessary for the purposes to excavate these4 ,the location of the entrances in the trenches should be indicated4 ,the starting line is #dj feet in front of the traversed fire trench4 ,this may be a deep trench or merely a line as desired4 ,the trench gives good practice for the men in getting out of a fire trench1 quickly and forming a line beyond4 ,the whole system of trenches should be constructed on ground that can be easily drained4 ,,accessories #a4 ,portable gallows for the suspension of from one to four targets are constructed and located at such points as may be desired in the area between the fire trench and the supervision trench and that to the rear of the latter4 ,illustration3 ,gallows with ,dummy4 #b4 ,shell craters may be excavated in the open spaces mentioned above in which dummy targets may be placed4 #c4 ,portable ,turk's ,head may be constructed and placed at such points as may be desired in the trenches or in the open spaces above ground4 #d4 ,dummy targets may be placed where-ever desired4 ,illustration3 ,illustration3 ,,turk',s ,,head4 ,illustration3 ,dummies in ,trenches4 ,illustration3 ,types of ,dummies4 ,,targets ,target ,a4 ,consists of a portable gallows having one dummy target4 ,target ,b4 ,consists of a portable gallows having two or more dummy targets4 ,target ,c4 ,consists of a portable gallows the same as ,target ,a1 having a dummy target with the stick protruding to the front to represent the opponent's bayonet4 ,target ,d4 ,consists of a dummy target to lie on the ground or rest against the side wall of the trench4 ,target ,e4 ,is a ,turk's ,head4 ,,construction ,,of ,,gallows ,the gallows for targets ,a1 ,b1 and ,c is constructed as shown in the plate4 ,two standards are made as indicated and joined together by pieces of #bd of the desired length at ,a and ,b4 ,for ,target ,a this length should be about #f feet2 for ,target ,b at least #e feet should be allowed for each dummy4 ,where more than two targets are hung the top cross piece had better be a #dd instead of a #bd4 ,illustration3 ,plan for ,gallows for ,dummies4 ,,construction ,,of ,,dummies ,the dummy may consist of a gunny sack filled with straw and packed tightly4 ,it may be an old uniform stuffed with straw4 ,a more elaborate form that tends to hold the bayonet when it is thrust into it may be made as follows3 #a4 ,split a sack along the side and across the end forming a manta4 ,lay it on the ground4 #b4 ,place a layer of straw about #bj inches wide and nearly the length of the sack1 allowing a few inches at the top and bottom for folding over4 ,now place a layer of good stiff sod on the straw4 ,follow this with another layer of straw4 ,follow this of sod and straw until the dummy is #h or #aj inches thick4 ,then put a one-quarter board with the grain up and down on top of the whole4 #c4 ,fold in the sides and top tight and sew them together with a strong twine and a baling needle4 #d4 ,run a strong rope around the outside edges1 turning it at each corner to make a loop by which the dummy may be hanged to the gallows4 ,for those dummies that are to sit on the ground a piece of #b-;inch plank placed across the bottom before the sacking is folded and sewed will form a good base4 ,on these the rope will be omitted4 ,,construction ,,of ,,turk',s ,,head ,on the end of a pole about six feet long place a ball of straw about #i inches in diameter1 packed tightly in gunny sacking4 ,sharpen the other end of the pole so that it may be stuck in the ground4 ,,construction ,,of ,,parrying ,,dummy ,,target ,take one of the ordinary dummies4 ,put a ,turk's ,head on a stick about #d feet long and nail some canvas or gunny sacking to the other end so that the edges will spread out4 ,sew the canvas to a point on the dummy about two-thirds of the way down the front and suspend it from the top with strong ropes attached to the upper corners of the dummy4 ,,discs ,,on ,,target ,with a view to attaining accuracy in the points1 cardboard discs about #c inches in diameter should be placed on the front of the dummies4 ,the soldier should not merely try to hit the dummy with his bayonet1 but he should endeavor to make hits on the discs4 ,illustration3 ,,each ,,dummy ,,must ,,be ,,regarded ,,as ,,an ,,actual ,,armed ,,opponent ,,exercises ,the exercises that may be devised with this equipment are of an infinite variety1 ranging from practice runs of one man to each bay of the trench1 merely going into and out of the trenches1 to an entire squad assaulting each bay with targets placed all along the course4 ,the following are suggested exercises3 ,exercise #a ,number of men to make the run3 ,four1 one at each bay4 ,targets3 ,no4 #a4 ,one ,target ,d1 half exposed on parapet at the left corner of ,bay #d to represent a man firing over the parapet4 ,no4 #b4 ,one ,target ,d1 resting against the rear wall of the fire trench of ,bay #d1 at the opening of the dugout1 to represent a man just emerging from the squad dugout4 ,no4 #c4 ,one ,target ,a1 midway between the fire trench and the supervision trench4 ,no4 #d4 ,one ,target ,e1 in supervision trench4 ,no4 #e4 ,one ,target ,d1 in supervision trench at the entrance to the communication trench4 ,no4 #f4 ,one ,target ,d1 on the ground to the rear of the supervision trench4 ,note4 ,targets for the man making the run against ,bay #d are stated4 ,those for the other men making the run are similarly located4 ,,the ,,run ,the method of making the run will be explained for the man making the run at ,bay #d4 ,the other men proceed in a similar manner4 ,being in the prone position at the starting point the soldier rises quickly to his feet and advances at the double time 7not running7 towards ,target ,no4 #a1 the piece being carried at the ,high ,port4 ,when within about #h paces of ,target ,no4 #a the piece is brought to the position of guard and when at the proper distance the target is attacked with a vigorous ,long ,point4 ,this is followed by a clean withdrawal4 ,the soldier then jumps into the fire trench and attacks ,target ,no4 #b or attacks from over the fire trench as is desired4 ,he then climbs out of the fire trench and continues his advance attacking ,target ,no4 #c with a ,long ,point2 ,no4 #d with a ,long ,point2 ,no4 #e with a ,short ,point and ,no4 #f with a ,long ,point1 each being followed by a clean withdrawal of the bayonet4 ,exercise #b ,number of men to make run3 ,two squads1 one at ,bays #a and #b1 and the other at ,bays #c and #d4 ,targets3 ,the targets are given only for the four men making the run against ,bay #d4 ,those for the other three bays are similarly arranged4 ,no4 #a4 ,four ,targets ,d1 half exposed on parapet of bay to represent men firing over the parapet4 ,no4 #b4 ,four ,targets ,d1 lying on ground or in shell crater a few feet in rear of the bay4 ,no4 #c4 ,four ,targets ,a or ,c1 in the open area about midway between the fire trench and the supervision trench4 ,no4 #d4 ,four ,targets ,d in the bottom of the supervision trench4 ,no4 #e4 ,four ,targets ,e1 a few yards in rear of the supervision trench4 ,the run is conducted in the same manner as explained for ,exercise #a4 ,additional precautions will have to be taken to prevent the men from injuring one another with their bayonets4 ,the line attacks ,target ,no4 #a4 ,the men jump over the fire trench landing on the parados and immediately attack ,target ,no4 #b4 ,the line passes on towards ,target ,no4 #c1 jumping all trenches encountered and attack ,target ,no4 #c with a parry and a point if ,target ,c is used and with a point if ,target ,a is used4 ,the line then goes into the supervision trench and attacks ,target ,no4 #d1 climbing out immediately and advancing on ,target ,no4 #e which is attacked by a ,jab4 ,in order to save time a second line may be started from the starting line when the first has passed beyond the fire trench and towards the supervision trench4 ,after the men have been taken through a thorough course of training in the individual instruction1 problems should be devised in which a squad assaults a section of the trench system under the direction of the squad leader4 ,this is followed by exercises conducted by the platoon leader1 the strength of the platoon being as many squads as can be employed at one time on the front of the section of trench system available4 ,,end4 ,,advertisements4 ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton ,,publisher ,,of ,,military ,,books #a ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,eastern ,distributers for ,,the ,,moss ,,publications 7,colonel ,jas4 ,a4 ,moss7 ,,colonel ,m4,b4 ,,stewart ,,the ,,banta ,,publications and ,,colonel ,w4,h4 ,,waldron ,any ,military or ,naval ,book desired ,what ,sammy's ,doing ,,by ,colonel ,,james ,a4 ,,moss ,colonel ,,william ,h4 ,,waldron ,united ,states ,army ,being a ,pictorial ,sketch of the ,soldier's ,life ,the mission of this book is to tell and show the folks back home what you1 ,jack1 their boy1 are doing at the big training camps throughout the country4 ,telling them in a simple text that they can readily understand1 and by pictures true to life what you are doing this morning1 this afternoon1 this evening ,order ,your ,copy ,to-day ----,price #ge ,cents1 postage paid---- ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton ,no4 #a ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,,the ,,waldron ,,books ,the ,infantry ,soldier's ,hand ,book ,an illustrated text-book covering the training of the ,infantry soldier for war4 ,every soldier in the army should have a copy4 ,postpaid1 #a4jj4 ,company ,admimstration ,a reference book that no ,company ,commander1 ,first ,sergeant or ,company ,clerk can afford to be without4 ,the most complete and practical treatment of the subject that has been produced4 ,postpaid1 #a4be4 ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton #a ,broadway ,new ,york ,,the ,,waldron ,,books ,scouting and ,patrolling ,cloth ,bound4 ,fits the ,pocket4 ,,what ,,to ,,do--,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it ,covers the duties of the individual scout and the operation of the ,patrol in ,no ,man's ,land4 ,postpaid1 #ej;c4 ,tactical ,walks ,a system of instruction for ,officers and ,non-commissioned ,officers for the duties that will devolve upon them in actual service4 ,no glittering generalities--a book of detail--just what to do1 written so you can understand it4 ,postpaid1 #a4ej4 ,elements of ,trench ,warfare ,including ,bayonet ,training ,cloth ,bound ,fits the ,pocket ,compiled from the latest information of how they are going about it on the ,western front4 ,profusely illustrated4 ,postpaid1 #ge;c4 ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton #a ,broadway ,new ,york ,military ,sketching and ,map ,reading ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,barnes ,major ,fifth ,u4,s4 ,infantry1 ,graduate of ,army ,service ,school1 ,graduate of ,army ,staff ,college1 ,instructor ,plattsburg ,instruction ,camp1 #aiaf1 ,instructor ,plattsburg ,officers' ,training ,camp1 #aiag4 ,major ,barnes' book is based on an expert knowledge of the subject as taught by the ,service ,schools1 ,fort ,leavenworth1 and an appreciation of the needs of beginners through his wide experience as an instructor of ,national ,guard ,officers1 and at ,officers' ,training ,camps4 ,written with a view of self-instruction1 with new and original illustrations that explain simply and graphically the points that are usually found troublesome by beginners4 ,the new and important subject of ,landscape ,sketching is thoroughly explained and illustrated4 ,map ,reading is explained in a few pages4 ,scales are already constructed4 ,postpaid1 #ge;c4 ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton #a ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,,edwin ,n4 ,,appleton ,military ,text ,books ,exclusively ,,wholesale--,,retail ,,no4 #a ,,broadway ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,eastern ,,distributer for ,,colonel ,,jas4 ,a4 ,,moss ,,lt4-,,colonel ,,merch ,b4 ,,stewart ,,lt4-,,colonel ,,william ,h4 ,,waldron ,,lt4-,,colonel ,,frank ,h4 ,,lawton ,,lt4-,,colonel ,d4,t4 ,,merrill ,,major ,,ralph ,m4 ,,parker ,,major ,,lincoln ,c4 ,,andrews ,,major ,o4,o4 ,,ellis ,,major ,e4,b4 ,,garey ,,major ,,john ,b4 ,,barnes ,any ,military ,publication not listed herein will gladly be obtained for you4