,transcrib]'s ,notes ,9 ?is e-text1 text pr9t$ 9 bold face & a l>g] font size h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 equal signs1 italics h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 small capitals h be5 replac$ by ,,all ,,capitals1 & blacklett] has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 ha%es4 text repres5t sup]script text2 individual lett]s t repres5t %apes r ?an lett]s are m>k$ ) tildes4 ,! symbol is us$ to repres5t a "r-angl$ ,u-%ape4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s ,,sket*-,,book4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s ,,sket*-,,book ,,( ,,me*anical ,,movem5ts1 ,,devices1 ,,appliances1 ,,contrivances ,,& ,,details ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,e ,,purpose ,,classifi$ ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,eng9e]s1 ,,me*anical ,,draughtsm51 ,,manag]s1 ,,me*anics1 ,,inv5tors1 ,,pat5t ,,ag5ts1 ,,& ,,all ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,arts ,,by ,,?omas ,,walt] ,,b>b] ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,f\r? ,,edition #bfjc ,illu/rations1 ,descriptive ,notes & ,memor&a ,illu/ration ,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,limit$1 #abe ,,/r& ,new ,york3 ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #ab ,,cortl&t ,,/reet #aijb ,,preface4 ,e successful eng9e] is a born inv5tor2 inde$ ! daily "w ( an eng9e] 9 practice l>gely consi/s 9 s*em+ & devis+ f previ\s exp]i5ce new & improv$ processes1 me?ods1 & details = accompli%+ !m1 & = simplify+ or *eap5+ old =ms ( ma*9]y & ! "w !y produce1 to enable him to successfully compete ) o!rs1 :o are p]haps z +5i\s & ent]pris+ z himself4 ,9 ! "w ( design+ ma*9]y ! draughtsman has to rely ma9ly on 8 memory = inspiration2 &1 = lack ( an idea1 has frequ5tly to wade ?r\gh num]\s volumes to f9d a detail or movem5t to effect a p>ticul> purpose4 ,h5ce1 z a rule1 e man's "w runs 9 a groove1 8 productions g5]ally hav+ ! /amp ( 8 p>ticul> exp]i5ce & tra9+ cle>ly m>k$ ^u !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-five ye>s ( su* exp]i5ce1 ,i h f\nd ! want ( su* a volume z ! pres5t1 & endeav\r$ to supply ! defici5cy 9 my own practice by private notes & sket*es1 ga!r$ promiscu\sly1 until ! difficulty ( selection & arrangem5t became s app>5t t ,i began to classify !m1 z !y exi/ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,a few weeks ( unusual leisure h enabl$ me to complete ?is "w & amplify x by num]\s additions1 & x is n[ pres5t$ 9 ! hope t x w be f\nd ( equal s]vice to o!rs engag$ 9 ! head-splitt+1 exhau/+ "w ( s*em+ & devis+ ma*9]y1 ?an :i* ,i c conceive ( no head-"w m we>+ & anxi\s1 ,sev]al valuable works h already f\nd num]\s us]s1 & !re is no lack ( admirable collections ( memor&a1 rules1 & data = design+ & proportion+ ! v>i\s con/ructive details ( ma*9]y2 b1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is no "w 9 exi/5ce :i* aims at ! same purpose z is attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 viz4 to provide side by side sugge/ive sket*es ( ! v>i\s me?ods 9 use = accompli%+ any p>ticul> me*anical movem5t or "w1 9 a =m easily ref]r$ to1 & devoid ( ne$less detail & elaboration4 ,a sket*1 prop]ly execut$1 is--to a practical man--wor? a folio ( description2 & x is to su* t ^! pages are address$4 ,= ! same reason x has be5 deem$ undesirable to add to ! v>i\s sket*es any rules or tables relat+ to /r5g?s or dim5sions1 :i* may be f\nd 9 num]\s well-kn[n volumes4 ,any sugge/ions or additions w be ent]ta9$ & gratefully ackn[l$g$4 ,,?omas ,,walt] ,,b>b]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,pages ,,section ,accumulators #adg #fg ,adju/+ devices #aj1 #bdf #b ,an*or+ #aj1 #bdf #a ,anti-friction be>+s #aeb1 #cjf #gj ,app>atus = draw+ curves #bbd1 #ccj #ih ,automatic cut (f4 ,see ,valve ge> #agb1 #cab #gi ,balance weights #ed1 #beh #bj ,ball & socket jo9ts #ab1 #bdh #d ,beam-eng9es1 types ( #hj1 #bgj #cb ,be>+s #ajb1 #bhb #df ,be>+s1 reliev+ pressure on #aeb1 #cjf #gj ,b$-plates1 f\ndations1 & fram+ ( ma*9es #bb1 #bej #h ,belt ge>+ #ab1 #bdh #c ,belt pulleys #ab1 #bdh #c ,bl[+ & exhau/+ #bj1 #bej #g ,boil]s1 types ( #af1 #bej #f ,bolts1 c4 #afh1 #caj #gh ,bor+1 drill+1 c4 #gb1 #bgj #cj ,brakes & ret>d+ appliances #ad1 #bdh #e ,cams1 tappets1 & wip]s #bd1 #bej #i ,c>riages1 c>s1 c4 #cb1 #beb #ab ,c5tres #afd1 #cjh #gg ,c5trifugal =ce1 applications ( #ch #ad ,*a9s1 l9ks1 & c\pl+s #cj1 #beb #aa ,*opp+1 slic+1 & m9c+ #fh1 #bfd #bg ,*ucks1 grips1 & hold]s #fh1 #bfd #bh ,circul> & reciprocat+ motion #ef1 #beh #ba ,clut*es #dj1 #bed #ae ,comp5sat+ & balance weights #ed1 #beh #bj ,conc5trat$ p[] #fb1 #bfj #bb ,conc5trat+ & sep>at+ #ff1 #bfd #bf ,cond5s+ & cool+ #ff1 #bfd #be ,connect+ rods & l9ks #db1 #bed #ag ,contract+ & exp&+ #hd1 #bgb #cf ,convey+ messages1 c4 #eb #ai ,convey+ motion to movable p>ts #fb1 #bfj #bc ,conveyors #abh1 #bih #eg ,cott]s1 c4 #hf1 #bgd #cg ,c\pl+s #db1 #bed #af ,c\pl+s = %aft+ #db1 #bed #af ,cov]s1 doors1 c4 #bdb1 #ccb #ajf ,cranes1 types ( #df1 #bef #ah ,cranks & ecc5trics #bh1 #beb #aj ,cru%+1 roll+1 & dis9tegrat+ #cf1 #bed #ac ,curves1 app>atus = draw+ #bbd1 #ccj #ih ,cu%ion+ #gb1 #bfh #bi ,cutt+ tools #fd1 #bfj #bd ,diff]5tial ge> #gd1 #bgj #ca ,dis9tegrat+ #cf1 #bed #ac ,doors1 cov]s1 manholes #bdb1 #ccb #ajf ,draw+ & roll+ metals1 c4 #bcd1 #ccb #aja ,draw+ curves1 c41 app>atus = #bbd1 #ccj #ih ,drill+1 bor+1 c4 #gb1 #bgj #cj ,ecc5trics #bh1 #beb #aj ,ela/ic :eels #hd #ce ,elliptical motion #hb1 #bgb #cd ,eng9es & boil]s comb9$1 types ( #hb #cc ,eng9es1 types ( #gf1 #bgj #cb ,exhau/+ & bl[+ #bj1 #bej #g ,exp&+ & contract+ devices #hd1 #bgb #cf ,fa/5+ :eels to %afts #hf1 #bgd #cg ,fe$ ge> #ccd #ajg ,filt]+ #ccd #ajh ,f\ndations & fram+ #bb1 #bej #h ,friction ge> #hh1 #bgf #ch ,ge>1 diff]5tial #gd1 #bgj #ca ,ge>1 friction #hh1 #bgf #ch ,ge>1 rev]s+ #aeh1 #cjh #gd ,ge>1 rope #adf1 #cjb #ff ,ge>1 valve #agb1 #cab #gi ,ge>+1 belt #ab1 #bdh #c ,ge>+1 too!d #ahf1 #cah #hd ,ge>+1 v>i\s devices 9 #ib1 #bgh #dj ,gov]n+ & regulat+ spe$1 p[]1 c4 #if1 #bhj #da ,grips & hold]s #fh1 #bfd #bh ,guides1 slides1 c4 #ij1 #bgf #ci ,h&les1 c4 #bbj1 #cbh #ig ,heat+ appliances #bcd #ajj ,h+es & jo9ts #aaf1 #bib #ej ,hold]s & grips #fh1 #bfd #bh ,hooks1 swivels1 c4 #ih1 #bhj #dc ,hydraulic multiply+ ge> #if #db ,impact4 ,see ,/rik+ & hamm]+ #bch #ajd ,incorporat+ #abb1 #bid #ed ,indicat+ pressure1 c4 #bad1 #cbf #ib ,indicat+ spe$1 c4 #ajj1 #bhb #dd ,int]mitt5t motion #adj1 #cjj #fb ,iron & /eel #bbd1 #ccj #ii ,jets1 nozzles1 c4 #ajb1 #bhb #de ,jo9ts & h+es #aaf1 #bib #ej ,j\rnals1 be>+s1 pivots1 c4 #ajb1 #bhb #df ,keys1 cott]s1 p9s1 c4 #hf1 #bgd #cg ,levell+ & plumb+ #abb #eb ,lev]s #ajh1 #bhf #dh ,l9ks #cj1 #beb #aa ,lock+ devices #aaj1 #bhh #di ,l[]+ #adh1 #cjd #fi ,lubricators #abj1 #bid #ea ,m>9e eng9es1 types ( #bcf #ajc ,mat]ials ( con/ruction #bbd1 #ccj #ii ,measur+ & weigh+ #bad1 #cbf #ib ,me*anical p[]s #abb #ec ,messages1 convey+ #eb #ai ,m9c+ #fh1 #bfd #bg ,mix+ & incorporat+ #abb1 #bid #ed ,motive p[] #acf1 #cjj #fj ,movable p>ts1 convey+ motion to #fb1 #bfj #bc ,multiply+ ge>--hydraulic #if #db ,nozzles & jets #ajb1 #bhb #de ,pack+s1 jo9ts1 /uff+-boxes1 c4 #acb1 #bih #eh ,p>allel motions #abd1 #bif #ee ,pawl & rat*et motions1 int]mitt5t motion #adj1 #cjj #fb ,p9s1 c4 #afd1 #cjh #gg ,pipes & conveyors #abh1 #bih #eg ,pivots #ajb1 #bhb #df ,plate "w #ajf1 #bhf #dg ,plumb+ & levell+ #abb #eb ,p[] & spe$1 to v>y #adf #fd ,p[]1 motive #acf1 #cjj #fj ,p[]1 res]voirs ( #adg #fg ,p[]1 transmission ( #aib1 #cbj #he ,press+ #add1 #cjb #fc ,propulsion #acd1 #cjj #ei ,pump+ & rais+ wat] #abd1 #bif #ef ,pump+ eng9es1 types ( #ach #fa ,quick return motions #adf #fe ,rails & tramroads #aef1 #cjh #gc ,rais+ & l[]+ weights #adh1 #cjd #fi ,rais+ wat]--pump+ #abd1 #bif #ef ,rat*et & pawl motions #adj1 #cjj #fb ,reciprocat+ & circul> motion #adh #fh ,regulat+ & gov]n+ #if1 #bhj #da ,reliev+ pressure on be>+s #aeb1 #cjf #gj ,res]voirs ( p[]1 accumulators #adg #fg ,ret>d+ appliances #ad1 #bdh #e ,rev]s+ ge> #aeh1 #cjh #gd ,riddl+ & scre5+ #aed #gb ,rope1 belt1 & *a9 pulleys #aeb1 #cjf #ga ,rope ge>+ #adf1 #cjb #ff ,roll+ & draw+ #bcd1 #ccb #aja ,rot>y eng9es #afj1 #cjh #ge ,safety appliances #ahb1 #cah #ha ,scre5+ #aed #gb ,screw ge>1 bolts1 c4 #afh1 #caj #gh ,sections ( iron & /eel4 ,see ,mat]ials #bbd1 #ccj #ii ,segm5ts1 :eels 9 #bab1 #cbf #ia ,sep>at+ #ff1 #bfd #bf ,%aft c\pl+s #db1 #bed #af ,%aft+ #afd1 #cjh #gf ,signals1 c4 #eb #ai ,slic+ & m9c+ #fh1 #bfd #bg ,slide & o!r valve ge> #agb1 #cab #gi ,slides1 guides1 c4 #ij1 #bgf #ci ,socket jo9ts #ab1 #bdh #d ,s\nd #bdj #aje ,s\rces ( p[] #acf1 #cjj #fj ,spe$ & p[] #abb #ec ,spe$1 indicat+ #ajj1 #bhb #dd ,sp9dles & c5tres #afd1 #cjh #gg ,spr+s #agh1 #caf #hj ,/>t+ valves #ahd #hc ,/eam traps #ahd1 #cah #hb ,/rik+ & hamm]+--impact #bch #ajd ,/ruts & ties #bcd #ajb ,/uff+ boxes #acb1 #bih #eh ,swivels #ih1 #bhj #dc ,tanks & ci/]ns #aib1 #cbj #hf ,tappets #bd1 #bej #i ,?r[+ 9 & out ( ge> #aib1 #cbj #hg ,ties & /ruts #bcd #ajb ,timb]4 ,see ,mat]ials #bbd1 #ccj #ii ,tools1 cutt+ #fd1 #bfj #bd ,too!d ge>+ #ahf1 #cah #hd ,tramroads #aef1 #cjh #gc ,transmission ( p[] #aib1 #cbj #he ,traps1 /eam #ahd1 #cah #hb ,turb9es #bjh1 #cbf #ij ,valve ge> #agb1 #cab #gi ,valves & cocks #aih1 #cbd #hi ,valves1 />t+ #ahd #hc ,v>iable motion & p[] #aid1 #cbj #hh ,wa%+ #baf1 #cbh #id ,wat]-pressure eng9es #baf #ic ,wat]-:eels & turb9es #bjh1 #cbf #ij ,weigh+ & measur+1 indicat+ pressure #bad1 #cbf #ib ,:eels1 ela/ic #hd #ce ,:eels1 fa/5+ to %afts #hf1 #bgd #cg ,:eels 9 segm5ts #bab1 #cbf #ia ,w9dmills & fea!r+ :eels #bah1 #cbh #ie ,w9d+ app>atus #bbj1 #cbh #if ,wip]s #bd1 #bej #i ,,"p ,i4 ,,sections #a-ajf4 7,= ,,additions see pages #bde-cce47 ,section #a4--;,,an*or+4 #a4 ,rope pulley an*or--a c> :i* grips by s9k+ its :eels 9 ! soil2 employ$ = pl\gh+ tackle4 #b4 ,an*or plate--buri$ 9 ! gr\nd bel[ a mass ( masonry--= atta*+ guys1 tie rods1 c4 ,sometimes a frame1 or plate1 laid on ! gr\nd & balla/$1 is ! me?od us$4 #c4 ,screw moor+1 screw$ into ! gr\nd4 #d4 ,heavy /one sunk 9 ! gr\nd & hav+ a r+ atta*$2 or a mass ( concrete1 simil>ly plac$1 us$ = guy ropes1 tie rods1 & f\ndation bolt atta*m5ts4 #e4 ,grapnel4 #f4 ,mu%room an*or4 #g4 ,d\ble fluke an*or4 #h4 ,m>t9's pat5t an*or1 ) swivell+ flukes4 ,sev]al o!r pat5t an*ors are modifications ( ?is4 ,/akes1 ) or )\t flanges1 v]tical or horizontal1 are sometimes employ$1 ! flanges tak+ ! cross /ra9 ( ! ties1 c4 ,f5c+ po/s1 gate po/s1 tree /akes1 & t5nis poles are ( ?is class4 ,section #b4--;,,adju/+ ,,devices4 ,= adju/m5t by ,screws1 see ,section #gh1 & by ,w$ges1 see ,section #cf1 ,^! are ! commone/ appliances employ$4 ,= ,cams also1 see ,section #i4 ,= adju/+ ,p$e/al ,brasses1 see ,section #df4 ,= adju/m5ts by keys1 cott]s1 c41 see ,section #cg4 ,see also ,nos4 #bea1 #bfi1 & #big4 #i4 ,split cone sleeves & set screw adju/m5t = a revolv+ /&>d1 or simil> detail1 :]e !re is mu* we> or great accuracy is requir$ 9 ! revolv+ be>+4 #aj4 ,c5tre-l9e adju/m5t = la! head/ocks1 c4 #aa4 ,v>iable curve adju/m5t2 us$ 9 compass planes1 in/rum5ts = draw+ arcs ( circles1 c4 #ab4 ,v]tical %aft foot/ep adju/m5t2 employ$ on mill/ones1 horizontal gr9d+ mills1 c41 to regulate ! space betwe5 ! gr9d+ surfaces4 ,see ,no4 #bfa4 ,illu/ration3 #a4-ab4 #ac4 ,side screw adju/m5t = injectors1 jet pumps1 c4 #ad4 ,levell+ adju/m5t2 c be us$ ) ei!r #c or #d screws3 = telescope & level /&s1 !odolites1 c4 #ae4 ,horizontal c5tral adju/m5t = foot/eps1 c4 #af4 ,slott$ l9k & lock nut = adju/+ angle ( a lev]4 #ag4 ,disc & r+ ) p>tial angul> adju/m5t by a screw & nut2 us$ = screw+ dies1 self-c5t]+ *ucks1 c4 ,! nut & be>+ ( ! screw h all[ance = swivell+4 #ah4 ,p9 & hole adju/m5t = a lev] or simil> detail4 #ai4 ,w$ge be>+ = locomotive horn plate guides1 slide b>s1 & simil> p>ts subject to we>4 #bj4 ,"r & left-h& screw & w$ge adju/m5t = roll] be>+s1 c4 #ba4 ,adju/m5t = we> us$ on eng9e cros%eads to take up ! we> ( ! work+ faces4 ,adju/able ,crane ,balance ,weights1 ,section #ah4 ,adju/able ,v-guides1 ,nos4 #gjj & #gjd4 ,section #c4--;,,belt ,,ge>+4 ,mat]ials employ$ are3--,lea!r1 cotton1 guttap]*a1 indi>ubb]1 canvas1 camel-hair1 catgut1 flat wire or hemp rope1 /eel b&s1 flat *a9s1 c4 #bb4 ,ord9>y belt pulley1 8cr[n$0 on face to reta9 ! belt on ! c5tre ( ! pulley4 #bc4 ,d\ble-flang$ pulley1 flat on face1 sometimes 8cr[n$10 z ,no4 #bb4 #bd4 ,s+le-flang$ pulley = horizontal driv+4 #be4 ,op5 belt ge>2 runs be/ z %[n1 ) ! slack half ( ! belt at top4 #bf4 ,cross$ belt to rev]se motion on ! driv5 %aft4 ,also to obta9 m grip = ! belt ?an ) op5 belts4 #bg4 ,mode ( driv+ :5 ! %afts are at "r angles to "o ano!r4 #bh4 ,mode ( driv+ ) %afts at an obtuse angle1 sometimes us$ in/ead ( bevel :eels4 #bi4 ,arrangem5t adopt$ :5 ! pulleys _c be got 9 l9e ) "o ano!r1 or ! %afts are too close toge!r to drive well direct4 ,%ort belts seldom "w well4 ,belts are frequ5tly arrang$ to pass "u & ov] sev]al pulleys s z to drive sev]al %afts by "o belt4 ,= rev]s+ by belt ge>1 see ,section #gd4 ,gut b&s 7r\nd7 are work$ ov] ,v-groov$ pulleys2 see ,rope ,ge>+1 ,section #ff4 ,belts may be kept tight by tight5+ pulleys1 see ,no4 #abjg4 ,= r\nd belts1 see ,rope ,ge>+1 ,section #ff4 ,v-belts are occasionally us$1 =m$ ( ?icknesses ( lea!r rivet$ toge!r1 cut to a ,v-section1 & work$ ov] ,v-groov$ pulleys4 ,section #d4--;,,ball-,,&-,,socket ,,jo9ts4 #cj4 ,univ]sal h+e4 ,! arm c be fix$ 9 any requir$ position by tight5+ ! gl&4 ,useful = /&s = articles to be exhibit$ 9 any position1 telescopes1 c4 #ca4 ,pipe jo9t1 ) simil> capabilities4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4-ca4 #cb4 ,same z ,no4 #af1 b ) screw$ gl&4 ,if us$ )\t ! arm1 x =ms ! ord9>y ball ca/or4 #cc #cd4 ,dr4 ,hooke's univ]sal jo9t4 ,see application1 ,no4 #bib4 ,see also ,nos4 #acei & #gcb4 ,gas p5dants are susp5d$ ) a jo9t simil> to ,no4 #ca1 b ! ball1 hav+ only a re/rict$ angul> motion1 is cut d[n to a segm5t only4 ,section #e4--;,,brakes ,,& ,,ret>d+ ,,appliances4 ,to ret>d or arre/ motion 7revolv+ or rectil9e>74 #ce4 ,/rap & lev] brake4 ,! /rap is usually fac$ ) wood or lea!r1 b sometimes is us$ )\t ei!r4 ,wood is liable to become noisy4 ,lea!r gives ! be/ grip4 ,iron ^u iron1 or wood ^u iron is n safe if liable to become oily or wet4 #cf4 ,block & lev] brake4 ,wood or ca/-iron blocks are us$4 #cg4 ,comp\nd block & lev] brake2 avoids putt+ cross /ra9 on ! %aft--us$ on w9d+ eng9es1 c4 #ch4 ,int]nal toggle brake1 employ$ = friction clut*es4 ,see ,section #ae4 ,! inn] r+ is turn$ to fit loosely inside ! out] r+ & split1 ! toggles be+ arrang$ z %[n to exp& ! r+ till x is lock$ to ! out] r+4 #ci #dj4 ,d\ble block & lev] brake on :eel rim grips ! :eel rim betwe5 ! lev] /ocks or jaws4 ,! /ra9s are self-conta9$4 #da4 ,disc brake2 consid]able end pressure is requir$ ) ?is =m1 & mu/ be arrang$ = 9 ! be>+s ( ! %aft4 #db4 ,comp\nd disc brake4 ,sev]al discs may be employ$1 slid+ on fea!rs on ! %aft4 #dc4 ,fan brake2 may be run op5ly 9 air1 or enclos$ 9 a drum ) wat]1 oil1 or o!r liquid4 7,see ,all5's pat5t ,gov]nor1 c47 #dd4 ,spr+ brake1 act+ on a small groov$ pulley2 = light purposes4 #de4 ,rope brake or grip1 ) toggle motion1 & screw = reliev+4 #df4 ,rope brake3 grips by ! angul> di/ance betwe5 ! jaw c5tres becom+ less z ! lev] end falls4 #dg4 ,rope brake2 ) cam lev] gripp+ motion4 #dh4 ,ecc5tric action lev] & block brake4 ,! ecc5tric is fix$ to ! brake lev]4 ,?is plan also avoids cross /ra9 on ! %aft4 #di4 ,/rap & screw brake4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4-di4 #ej1 #ea1 #eb4 ,?ree =ms ( c> brakes4 ,see also ! common 8skid0 or c>t brake4 #ec4 ,comb9$ /rap & lev] brake4 7,field5's47 #ed4 ,%aft grip1 or brake4 #ee4 ,c5trifugal brake1 or clut*4 ,! weight segm5ts are driv5 into contact ) ! r+ by c5trifugal =ce4 ,spr+s may be us$ to return !m out ( action4 #ef4 ,?ree-segm5t comp\nd brake3 grips ! :eel all r\nd4 #eg4 ,comp\nd b> brake1 ) "r & left h& screw grip lev]s1 us$ = heavy gun compressors4 #eh4 ,comp\nd r+ brake1 on simil> pr9ciple to ,no4 #eg4 ,see rem>ks to ,no4 #da4 #ei4 ,w$ge & split r+1 us$ = int]nal brake r+ or clut*1 9 a simil> way to ,no4 #ch4 #fj4 ,holl[ drums1 ) radial pockets1 half fill$ ) loose mat]ial1 or wat]1 m]cury1 c41 :i* ret>d ! motion ( ! drum by ! weight & friction ( ! loose mat]ial4 ,an hydraulic cyl9d] & pi/on is frequ5tly us$ z a brake or ret>d+ device = reciprocat+ motion1 ! wat] pass+ f "o side ( ! pi/on to ! o!r1 ?r\gh an adju/able valve4 ,friction brakes are employ$ z dynamomet]s to indicate ! p[] giv5 (f or absorb$ by any piece ( ma*9]y4 ,automatic brakes 7see ,sections #ae & #fi7 are us$ = hoi/+ ma*9]y1 c4 ,bru%es1 =m$ ( /iff bri/les or wire1 are us$ z a ret>d+ device = circul> or rectil9e> motion4 ,section #f4--,,types ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,vessels or conta9]s ( e conceivable %ape h be5 us$ z boil]s4 ,_m ( ! old] types are n[ obsolete1 b ! foll[+ are ^! mo/ commonly us$3-- ,,v]tical ,,boil]s4 #fa4 ,ord9>y c5tre flue boil]4 ,sometimes ! c5tre flue is surr\nd$ ) tubes1 z ,no4 #fe4 #fb4 ,v]tical multitubul>4 #fc4 ,v]tical boil]1 ) diagonal tubes & smoke boxes4 #fd4 ,v]tical return-flue4 #fe4 8,pot0 boil]4 #ff4 8,field0 boil]2 ) susp5d$ tubes & int]nal circulat+ tubes4 #fg4 ,v]tical egg-end boil]2 ) spiral flue4 ,l>ge v]tical boil]s sometimes h cross flues1 or l>ge tubes4 ,,horizontal ,,boil]s4 #fh4 ,portable 8loco-type0 multitubul>4 #fi4 ,fix$ return-tube4 ,illu/ration3 #ej4-fi4 #gj4 ,fix$ 8loco-type0 multitubul>2 a favorite & useful =m1 giv+ good results1 & easily clean$4 #ga4 ,fix$ 8loco-type10 ) und]nea? fire-box2 sometimes us$ to economise space1 is self-conta9$1 & usually /&s on ca/-iron feet4 #gb4 ,multitubul>-horizontal2 self conta9$2 on ca/-iron feet4 #gc4 ,egg-end boil]2 n mu* us$ except :]e ! coal burnt p] h4p4 p] h\r is n an important consid]ation4 #gd4 8,corni%02 "o flue1 ) enl>g$ fire-box tube4 ,?is type is (t5 made ) a p>allel flue ) cross tubes fix$ at int]vals ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 #ge4 8,lanca%ire02 two flues2 sometimes has enl>g$ fire-box tubes1 z ,no4 #gd4 #gf4 ,oval flue boil]1 ) 8,gall[ay0 tubes4 ,! ,lanca%ire type is frequ5tly comb9$ ) ?is =m by arrang+ ! two circul> flues to op5 into "o oval "o4 #gg #gh4 8,elephant0 boil]s2 employ$ 9 connection ) coke ov5s & o!r s\rces ( wa/e heat4 ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 #gi4 ,ord9>y box =m1 ) int]nal fire-box & return flue4 #hj4 ,same type1 b ) two fire-boxes & multitubul> return tubes4 #ha4 ,und]nea? fire-boxes & multitubul> return tubes above ! fire-boxes1 sometimes duplicat$1 z ,no4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 #gj4-hb4 #hc4 ,has two c5tral fire-boxes & side return-tubes4 ,! =ego+ box patt]ns are rapidly go+ out ( use1 z unsuitable = ! high] pressures prevail+ ) comp\nd eng9es4 #hd4 ,cyl9drical boil]1 ) ?ree fire tubes & ?ree sets ( return tubes4 ,?is =m is mu* us$1 ! surfaces requir+ /ays be+ v limit$4 ,x is made ) d\ble fire-boxes z %[n1 or ) s+le fire-box1 z ,no4 #ha4 #he4 ,cyl9drical s+le flue & return-tube4 #hf4 ,cyl9drical s+le flue & multitubul>4 #hg4 ,cyl9drical d\ble flue & multitubul>1 longitud9al section simil> to ,no4 #hf4 #hh4 ,cyl9drical saddle boil]1 multitubul>1 us$ = %all[ vessels1 laun*es2 c4 ,,h\sehold ,,boil]s4 #hi4 ,kit*5 8ell0 boil]4 #ij4 ,kit*5 or back boil]1 = ord9>y grates4 #ia4 8,saddle0 boil]4 ,! v>ieties ( ?is type are legion4 ,e conceivable cross-bridge1 wat]-way1 tube1 & flue has be5 add$ to x by v>i\s mak]s4 ,see ,messrs4 ,graham & ,flem+1 & o!r mak]s' ,li/s4 #ib4 ,annul> cyl9drical gre5h\se boil]4 #ic4 ,annul> conoidal gre5h\se boil]4 #id4 ,v]tical cyl9drical1 clos$ top gre5h\se boil]4 ,! la/ f\r are types ( ! gre5h\se boil]s mo/ 9 use4 ,!y are usually ( wr\ght iron1 & all seams weld$4 #ie4 ,back boil] = ord9>y regi/] grate4 #if4 8,boot0 boil]4 #ig4 ,scull]y1 or wa%-h\se boil]4 #ih4 ,scull]y1 or wa%-h\se boil]1 heat$ by /eam4 ,9 public laundries ^! are usually rectangul> 9 plan4 #ii4 ,coil boil]1 us$ = small gre5h\ses1 c4 #ajj4 ,sectional1 or 8,tubul\s0 boil]4 ,root's1 & o!rs1 are on ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ( simple pipes & ,t or ,l pieces1 usually bolt$ toge!r4 ,section #g4--;,,bl[+ ,,& ,,exhau/+4 ,"s ( ! me*anical bl[]s are too well kn[n to ne$ illu/ration "h2 su* are ! ord9>y ,beam ,bl[+ ,eng9e1 z 9 use = bla/ furnaces1 ,v]tical ,bl[+ ,eng9e1 & ,horizontal ,bl[+ ,eng9e4 ,9 all ^! a cyl9d] & pi/on =m ! bl[+ device4 ,ne>ly e =m ( rot>y eng9e 7see ,section #ge7 may1 by rev]sal1 be conv]t$ into a bl[+ ma*9e4 ,see ,root's pat5t1 ,no4 #acjg2 ,bak]'s1 #acbe1 & o!rs 9 common use4 ,fans1 c5trifugal1 7see ,no4 #accg7 are /ill ! commone/ bl[+ ma*9es1 & are especially suit$ = light pressures & l>ge volumes ( air2 b = pressures ( f lb4 p] squ>e in* & upw>ds1 ! rot>y or cyl9d] types are be/4 ,! foll[+ are devices n s well kn[n1 b sometimes useful3-- #aja4 ,! 8,trompe10 or wat]-jet bl[]4 ,wat] "u pressure is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a rose into a funnel-%ap$ inlet1 c>ry+ ) x a quantity ( air 7see ,section #de72 ! wat] runs (f at an ov]fl[1 & ! air is l$ away by a pipe4 #ajb4 ,/eam-jet bl[]4 7,see ,section #de47 ,illu/ration3 #hc4-ajb4 #ajc4 ,organ bell[s4 ,! l[] 8fe$]s0 pump alt]nately into ! d\ble-ti] upp] 8res]voir10 :i* has ! upp] set ( ribs inv]t$1 z %[n1 to equalise ! pressure ?r\gh\t its rise4 ,! res]voir is load$ ) weights to ! requir$ pressure4 #ajd4 ,smi?s' bell[s1 ei!r circul> or h+$ at "o side4 ,! valves us$ = bell[s are pla9 flap valves fac$ ) lea!r simil> to ,no4 #afai4 #aje4 ,bell1 or gasomet] bl[]1 = light pressures & l>ge volumes4 #ajf4 ,regulator1 or res]voir1 = bl[+ eng9es to /eady ! bla/4 ,! weight$ pi/on s]ves ! same purpose z an air vessel to ! ord9>y pump4 #ajg4 ,disc bl[]1 ) ela/ic diaphragm pi/on4 #ajh4 ,"o-crank ?ree-?r[ bl[]1 = organs1 c41 to give a cont9u\s bla/4 ,! ?ree fe$]s deliv] into ! c5tral triangul> box4 ,section #h4--;,,b$plates1 ,,f\ndations1 ,,& ,,fram+ ,,( ,,ma*9es4 ,! skeleton fram+ ( a ma*9e = any purpose %\ld be rigid1 z light z is consi/5t ) /r5g? & /ability 79 "s cases weight is necess>y to m9imise vibration71 & ! ribs1 or memb]s ( ! frame1 %\ld be s dispos$ z to af=d ! requisite support = all be>+s1 c5tres1 c41 )\t r$undance2 & la/ly1 symmetry1 & a c]ta9 degree ( elegance & proportion1 are desirable4 ,! illu/rations are necess>ily typical only1 & sugge/ive4 #aji4 ,gird] section b$plate = horizontal di/ribut$ be>+1 z 9 a horizontal eng9e4 ,x may be us$ d\ble1 & ! two p>ts connect$ by cross pieces & bolts1 z ,no4 #aab4 #aaj4 ,op5 box b$plate4 #aaa4 ,clos$ box b$plate4 #aab4 ,d\ble box b$plate ) cross tie pieces4 ,squ>e or rectangul> b$plates are usually ( simil> sections1 /iff5$ ) ribs und]nea?1 & g5]ally ca/ 9 "o piece4 #aac4 ,side frame & di/ance rod con/ruction1 suitable = light ma*9es4 #aad4 ,side frames & cross b>s on a base plate4 ,?is =ms a m rigid con/ruction ?an ,no4 #aac4 #aae4 ,table & legs4 #aaf4 ,rectangul> op5work box fram+4 ,useful = ma*9es ) sev]al cross %afts4 #aag4 ,holl[ /&>d = hamm]s1 v]tical eng9es1 & any ma*9e rais$ above ! floor4 #aah4 ,soleplate & /&>d = p$e/al bracket1 c4 ,admits ( be+ deta*$ )\t di/urb+ ! f\ndation4 #aai4 ,wall box = %aft be>+s1 c4 #abj4 ,ar*$ cros%ead = d\ble be>+1 bevil ge>1 c4 #aba4 ,wr\ght-iron sideplate & di/ance rod con/ruction4 #abb4 ,wall bracket1 ) wall flange1 or tongue1 to take ! v]tical /ra94 #abc4 ,wr\ght-iron rectangul> b$plate4 ,illu/ration3 #ajc4-abc4 #abd4 ,base plate = column1 c41 ) concrete f\ndation4 ,! bolts are usually ,t head$ 7see ,no4 #adjd71 9 op5 recesses1 s z to be easily remov$ )\t di/urb+ ! base plate4 #abe4 ,dovetail & key fix+ = brackets1 be>+s1 or any sep>ate detail ( fram+4 #abf4 ,f\ndation = box b$plates4 #abg4 ,v]tical column>1 or di/ance rod con/ruction1 us$ = m>9e eng9es1 v]tical eng9es1 presses1 c4 #abh4 ,pl9?1 column1 entablature1 & cross brac+1 us$ = beam eng9es & ma*9]y ( a /raggl+ k9d ) _m deta*$ p>ts4 #abi4 ,flat b> side fram+1 /rong1 light1 & *eap1 b n v rigid4 #acj4 ,wr\ght-iron ,l & flat b> rectangul> frame1 suitable :]e great rigidity is n ne$$1 b :]e ca/-iron is n safe or desirable4 ,wr\ght-iron is becom+ mu* m l>gely employ$ = ! fram+ ( g5]al ma*9]y ?an h]et(ore1 & x is cu/om>y 9 _m cases to supplem5t a ca/ iron base or frame ) wr\ght iron or /eel b>s4 ,section #i4--;,,cam1 ,,tappet1 ,,& ,,wip] ,,ge>4 ,= produc+1 f pla9 circul>1 or reciprocat+ motion1 v>iable spe$ or motion1 also int]mitt5t & e k9d ( irregul> motion4 ,cams are ei!r op5 or cov]$4 ,nos4 #aca1 #acb1 & #acc are op5 cams2 ,nos4 #acg & #ach1 cov]$ cams4 #aca1 #acb1 #acc4 ,?ree =ms ( ! 8he>t0 cam1 = giv+ a regul> or int]mitt5t v]tical motion to a lev] end4 #acd4 ,cr[n cam = v]tical %aft4 #ace #acf4 ,jump+ cams4 #acg4 ,cov]$ he>t cam4 #ach4 ,cov]$ cr[n cam4 #aci4 ,wip] & lev] motion4 #adj4 ,twi/$ b> ) slid+ bu%1 :i* travels f end to end ( ! b>1 & be+ prev5t$ f turn+1 causes ! b> to turn on its axis to ! am\nt ( its twi/4 #ada4 ,crank p9 & slott$ lev]2 gives a v>iable spe$ ) quick return4 ,illu/ration3 #abd4-ada4 #adb4 ,spiral radius b> = op5+ valve4 ,! valve is lift$ (f its seat by ! radial motion ( ! lev] aga9/ ! incl9$ radius b>4 #adc4 ,crank p9 & slott$ lev] motion1 ) slot arrang$ = irregul> or int]mitt5t motion4 #add4 ,ecc5tric & slott$ arm4 ,! p9 at ! top ( ! arm has bo? a v]tical & horizontal motion1 caus+ x to trace an ellipse1 ! p9 ^u :i* ! slot runs be+ fix$4 #ade4 ,wip] & lev] motion1 ) rubb+ plate2 us$ = ,corni% valves1 c4 #adf4 ,/amp mill4 #adg4 ,scroll cam4 #adh4 ,crank & lev]1 int]mitt5t or cont9u\s motion4 #adi4 ,pi/on1 or valve rod & lev] motion4 #aej4 ,simil> movem5t1 b ) anti-friction roll] on end ( lev]4 #aea4 ,rod & lev] reciprocat+ motion1 ) anti-friction roll]4 #aeb4 ,simil> movem5t1 ) a socket =g$ 9 ! rod & ! end ( lev] r\nd$ to all[ = angul> motion4 #aec4 ,diagonal disc cam1 or 8swa% plate40 #aed4 ,motion = belt %ift+ ) dead travel at half /roke4 ,?is all[s ! lev] to move a c]ta9 di/ance on ea* side ( ! c5tre )\t mov+ ! belt %ift+ b>4 #aee #aef4 ,sectors & b5t lev]1 us$ on ,corni% eng9e valve ge>4 #aeg4 ,t lev] valve motion1 us$ 9 rock drills1 "s =ms ( /eam eng9es1 c4 #aeh4 ,f\r-bolt camplate1 us$ = screw+ dies1 locks = firepro( safes1 c4 #aei4 ,slot1 cam1 & lev] motion4 #afj4 ,b>rel motion = musical in/rum5ts1 looms1 c41 9 :i* ! b>rel is provid$ ) p9s or /aples to lift ! respective lev]s4 ,illu/ration3 #adb4-afj4 #afa4 ,drum ) spiral vanes ( long pit*1 op]at$ by a revolv+ arm on a %aft at "r angles to ! cam %aft1 us$ = int]mitt5t circul> motion4 #afb4 ,volute & lev]4 #afc4 ,d\ble screw1 = conv]t+ circul> into reciprocat+ motion2 has a "r & left h& screw ?read1 & a %uttle atta*$ to ! lev] end %ap$ to fit ! ?read1 & capable ( swivell+ to turn ! angle = rev]s+4 #afd4 ,ecc5tric r+ & roll] motion1 = conv]t+ circul> into reciprocat+ motion4 #afe4 ,triangul> cam4 ,gives ?ree reciprocations to ! slid+ b> 9 "o revolution ( ! cam4 #aff4 ,fan = giv+ motion to sev]al rods or arms at "o "t1 us$ = organ composition p$al movem5t1 c4 #afg4 ,cross$ lev] motion ) incl9$ contact surfaces1 ! lev]s be+ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,section #aj4--;,,crank ,,& ,,ecc5tric ,,ge>4 #afh4 ,b5t crank ( r\nd section2 reta9s ! fibre & /r5g? ( ! metal4 #afi4 ,squ>e =g$ crank4 ,! crank arm is usually =g$ solid & ! slot cut out by ma*9e4 #agj4 ,built-up crank4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( build+ !m4 ,see ,me*anical ,_w1 ,decemb] #ahhe4 ,see also ,no4 #ahb4 #aga4 ,s+le crank1 usually ( wr\ght iron1 b (t5 made ) ca/-iron arm4 #agb4 ,disc crank4 ,?is =m is g5]ally adopt$ :5 ca/ iron is employ$1 & ! c\nt]balance weight ca/ ^u x1 to balance ! connect+ rod1 c4 #agc4 ,c\nt]balanc$ s+le or d\ble crank4 #agd #age4 ,two =ms ( crank p9 ecc5trics2 sometimes us$ to drive ! slide valve in/ead ( ! ord9>y %eave & /rap1 z ,no4 #ahc4 #agf4 ,crank p9 set 9 a boss =m$ on ! driv+ :eel4 #agg4 ,d\ble rod crank4 #agh1 #agi1 #aha4 ,h& cranks4 ,^! %\ld always be fitt$ ) a loose f]rule ( wood = ! h& if possible1 z mu* p[] is lo/ by ! slipp+ ( ! h& to *ange its grip z ! crank revolves4 #ahj4 ,solid ?ree-?r[ crank %aft1 turn$ out ( a solid =g+4 ,illu/ration3 #afa4-aha4 #ahb4 ,built crank4 ,sev]al modifications ( ?is are 9 use = l>ge m>9e %afts4 #ahc4 ,solid %eave ecc5tric4 #ahd #ahe4 ,split %eave ecc5trics4 ,l>ge ecc5trics cause great loss f friction1 unless provid$ ) friction roll]s 9 ! %eave2 b are sometimes us$ to avoid an additional crank 9 %aft4 #ahf4 ,ecc5tric motion = multiply+ travel ( ecc5tric by lev]age4 #ahg4 ,crank motion to turn an angle in/ead ( bevil ge> & %aft1 ! cranks be+ ( ! =m ( ,nos4 #agd or #age4 #ahh4 ,%ift+ or v>iable ?r[ ecc5tric4 ,! %eave is slott$ to fit ! %aft1 & its ?r[ is gov]n$ by a disc hav+ a spiral slot & lock+ bolt4 #ahi4 ,ano!r =m ( %ift+ ecc5tric4 ,! slid+ block is arrang$ to lock 9 any "p ( ! slot 9 ! %eave4 #aij4 ,ano!r =m ( %ift+ ecc5tric1 9 :i* ! %eave is loose on an ecc5tric boss ca/ ) ! worm :eel1 & is revolv$ by ! worm1 ! be>+s ( :i* are fix$ to ! %eave4 ,see also ,nos4 #fjf1 #gab1 #gbj1 #gbh1 #gbi4 ,see also ,sections #dj & #gi4 ,section #aa4--;,,*a9s ,,& ,,l9ks4 ,= ,hooks1 ,swivels1 c41 see ,section #dc4 #aia4 ,ord9>y long or %ort l9k *a94 ,x is sometimes made to exact pit* to fit a snug or sprocket :eel4 ,see ,nos4 #abej #abea4 #aib4 ,/ud l9k *a94 #aic4 ,flat *a9 = use on flat rim d\ble-flang$ pulley4 #aid4 ,squ>e l9k pit*$ *a9 = sprocket :eel4 #aie4 ,/amp$ l9k pit*$ *a9 & special sprocket :eel4 #aif4 ,ord9>y pit*$ l9k *a94 ,l9ks drill$ to templet4 #aig #aih4 ,pit*$ *a9s to drive :eels ) ord9>y & special tee?4 #aii4 ,ano!r =m ( squ>e l9k *a94 #bjj4 ,/amp$ l9k *a91 = light purposes4 #bja #bjb4 ,long l9k flat susp5sion *a9s4 #bjc4 ,gib & cott] atta*m5t = long l9k flat susp5sion *a9s4 ,illu/ration3 #ahb4-bjc4 #bjd #bje4 ,drive *a9s4 ,see ,ew>t's pat5t1 ,no4 #bgeb-gf1 & o!rs4 ,^! *a9s are replac+ belts = _m purposes1 z !y give a positive drive1 d n /ret* s mu*1 & la/ long]1 besides :i* !y are easily deta*$ at any po9t1 & a damag$ l9k c be readily replac$4 #bjf #bjg4 ,?ru/ *a9s1 ) friction roll]s at ea* junction1 us$ 9 hydraulic multiply+ cyl9d] ge> 9 "s cases4 #bjh4 ,ew>t & ,dodge's pat5t *a91 ) r5ewable seat+s betwe5 ! l9ks4 ,section #ab4--;,,c>riages ,,& ,,c>s4 ,! design & details ( ^! mu/ always be suit$ to circum/ances4 ,we only propose "h to indicate ! v>i\s types ( "u-fram+ & :eels 9 use1 & to give sket* sections ( bodies or c>s = diff]5t purposes4 ,,"u-,,frames4 #bji4 ,two-:eel susp5sion c> = s+le rail or wire rope1 us$ commonly on "s k9ds ( cranes4 ,see ,section #ah4 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac4 ,?ree-:eel c>s4 ,see also ! v>i\s types ( tricycles 9 use4 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag4 ,v>i\s =ms ( f\r-:eel "u-frames1 ) & )\t swivell+ bogies4 ,a c> ) f\r :eels arrang$ z ,no4 #bag1 b ) ! lead+ & trail+ :eels slightly rais$ (f ! gr\nd1 is us$ z a goods c> or h& truck1 & is v readily swivell$ ab\t1 runn+1 ( c\rse1 actually on ?ree :eels only4 #bah4 ,five-:eel "u-frame1 ) & )\t swivell+ bogies4 #bai #bbc4 ,plans ( six-:eel c>s1 ) swivell+ ge> = curves2 ! c5tre pair hav+ end play1 swivel ! lead+ & trail+ axles by means ( ! jo9t$ /ays4 #bbj4 ,plan ( f\r-:eel c>1 ) swivell+ ge> = curves4 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,six-:eel c>s1 ! latt] ) lead+ & trail+ swivell+ bogies4 #bbe4 ,eight-:eel d\ble-bogie "u-frame4 ,?is is ! plan usually employ$ 9 long c>s2 ea* bogie is free to swivel indep5d5tly1 & is c5trally load$4 ,illu/ration3 #bjd4-bbe4 #bbf4 ,t5-:eel d\ble-bogie "u frame1 ! c5tre pair to h end play or broad flat tyres4 #bbg4 ,twelve :eels & ?ree bogies4 ,! c5tre bogie mu/ h end play1 ei!r z 9 ,nos4 #bbb or #bbf1 or ) transv]se roll]s betwe5 ! bogie & frame4 ,note t 9 ,nos4 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbd ! c5tre pairs1 if runn+ on rails1 mu/ h ei!r end play 9 ! be>+s or flat broad tyres4 #bbh4 ,op5 pass5g] c>1 ei!r ) transv]se or longitud9al seats4 #bbi4 ,cov]$ pass5g] c>1 ) ei!r longitud9al or transv]se seats4 #bcj4 ,pass5g] c>1 ) outside & c5tral longitud9al seats4 #bca4 ,pass5g] c>1 ) upp] & l[] longitud9al seats4 #bcb4 ,pass5g] c>1 z ,no4 #bca1 b ) seats rev]s$4 #bcc4 ,pass5g] c>1 = "o-rail railway4 #bcd4 ,pass5g] c>1 simil> to ,no4 #bcj1 b ) seats rev]s$4 #bce4 ,am]ican plan ( pass5g] c>1 ) transv]se seats & c5tral gangway4 #bcf4 ,goods c>s1 l[ sid$4 #bcg4 ,cov]$ or box wagon4 #bch4 ,hopp] wagon = dis*>g+ bel[4 #bci4 ,side dis*>ge hopp] wagon4 #bdj4 ,side tip 7or end tip7 ?ree-c5tre wagon4 #bda4 ,tip c>t4 #bdb4 ,tip wagon4 ,illu/ration3 #bbf4-bdb4 #bdc4 ,furniture wagon4 #bdd4 ,grafton's pat5t side tip wagon4 #bde4 ,long truck = boil]s1 c4 #bdf4 ,incl9e c> = pass5g]s4 #bdg4 ,segm5tal swivell+ be>+s1 us$ in/ead ( a swivell+ bogie & c5trep94 #bdh4 ,hudson's pat5t tip wagons1 ) ?ree c5tres4 #bdi4 ,hopp] wagon1 ) c5tral dis*>ge4 ,section #ac4--;,,cru%+1 ,,gr9d+1 ,,& ,,dis9tegrat+4 #bej4 ,/amp mill1 g5]ally arrang$ 9 a batt]y ( #d or #f1 = gold & o!r ores4 #bea4 ,/one-break]1 ) *ill$ iron jaw faces & toggle or knapp+ motion4 ,see ,blake's1 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>sd5's1 & o!r modifications 9 common use4 #beb4 ,d\ble edge-runn]s4 ,sometimes driv5 bel[4 ,9 "s designs ! roll]s revolve1 & 9 o!rs ! pan revolves & ! roll] %aft is /ation>y4 #bec4 ,lucop's pat5t c5trifugal pulv]is]4 #bed4 ,c>r's pat5t dis9tegrator4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 ea* r+ ( b>s is driv5 at a high spe$ 9 opposite directions inside a cas+1 ! mat]ial be+ brok5 by ! rapidity & int5sity ( ! bl[s x receives4 #bee4 ,horizontal c5trifugal roll] mill4 ,! mat]ial is cru%$ betwe5 ! roll]s & ! %r\d+ ( ! pan by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! roll]s1 :i* are susp5d$ f a cros%ead4 #bef4 ,cone roll] mill1 ) v]tical sp9dle4 #beg4 ,cone roll] mill1 ) horizontal sp9dle & conical pan4 ,illu/ration3 #bdc4-beg4 #beh4 ,enclos$ cone roll] mill1 ) horizontal sp9dle & spirally groov$ roll] & cas+4 #bei4 ,too!d sector mill4 #bfj4 ,conical edge runn] & pan4 #bfa4 ,ord9>y fl\r mill4 ,! mat]ial is f$ 9 ! c5tre1 passes betwe5 ! /ones1 & falls out into ! out] cas+4 #bfb4 ,rattle b>rel1 = clean+ & burni%+ articles by mutual attrition2 s& or em]y is sometimes us$ to assi/ ! process4 #bfc4 ,ball & pan mill1 = cru%+ ores1 c4 ,! balls are c>ri$ r\nd by a cross arm fix$ to ! c5tral sp9dle4 #bfd4 ,incl9$ ball & pan mill4 #bfe4 ,oscillat+ mill4 #bff4 ,drum & roll] revolv+ mill4 #bfg4 ,cradle & roll] mill4 #bfh4 ,cone disc mill2 ! cones be+ incl9$ axially to "o ano!r1 ! mat]ial is cru%$ at ! l[] side ( ! cones4 #bfi4 ,ano!r =m ( /one break] ) toggle motion4 #bgj4 ,horizontal cone plate mill4 #bga4 ,revolv+ /amp & pan mill = ores4 #bgb4 ,v]tical cone mill4 #bgc4 ,revolv+ pan & ball mill4 #bgd4 ,plani%+ discs = accurately r\nd+ iron b>s4 ,see ! pat5t roll$ %aft+ 9 use1 manufactur$ by ! ,kirk/all ,=ge ,co4 & o!rs4 #bge4 ,v]tical cone gr9d+ & cru%+ mill4 ,! v]tical %aft has an ecc5tric motion at ! foot/ep1 giv+ a sway+ rotatory motion to ! gr9d+ cone4 #bgf4 ,cru%+ roll]s ) spr+ be>+4 ,section #ad4--;,,c5trifugal ,,=ce1 ,,applications ,,(4 #bgg4 ,c5trifugal drill4 ,! cross b> ,a is alt]nately press$ d[n & all[$ to rise1 ! /r+s w9d+ on ! sp9dle alt]nately 9 opposite directions by ! mom5tum ( ! fly-:eel4 a4 ,fly-:eel4 ,use3 to receive & /ore r$undant motive p[]1 & give x (f aga9 :5 ! motive p[] falls bel[ ! av]age4 b4 ,c5trifugal hamm]4 ,"o or m hamm]s are loosely jo9t$ to a revolv+ boss1 & /rike rapid bl[s on an anvil fix$ 9 ! pa? ( _! circumf]5ce4 ,see ,no4 #aiae4 c4 ,pulv]is+ ma*9es4 ,see ,nos4 #bec1 #bed1 #bee4 d4 ,spe$ gov]nors4 ,see ,section #da4 e4 ,cream skimm]s h a pan revolv+ horizontally 9 :i* ! new milk is p\r$4 ,! cream travels to ! out] edge & runs ov] into a receiv+ tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 #beh4-bgb4 f4 ,c5trifugal dry]s4 ,manlove & ,alliott's1 also ,rob9son's cont9u\s fe$ ditto1 are examples4 g4 ,"s =ms ( turb9e4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( ,h]o's ,eolipile1 ,no4 #afif4 h4 ,sw+s4 ,r\ndab\ts4 ,v>i\s toys4 ,! ,gyroscope & tops con/ruct$ on its pr9ciple4 i4 ,juggl+ & o!r tricks p]=m$ ) pivot$ plates & o!r common articles4 j4 ,rattle b>rel1 or revolv+ drum1 = poli%+ small ca/+s1 c41 by c5trifugal motion & mutual friction1 simil> to ,no4 #bfb4 k4 ,v>i\s ma*9es = grad+ :eat1 gra91 & se$s4 ,see ,no4 #dge4 l4 ,c5trifugal filt] = sug>2 a modification ( ! c5trifugal dry+ ma*9e4 m4 ,c5trifugal pumps are =ms ( fans or turb9es 7see ,section #ij72 ,gwynne's1 ,s*iele's1 ,&rews'1 & o!rs are examples4 ,section #ae4--;,,clut*es4 #bgh4 ,common jaw clut* slid+ on a fea!r key1 ! loose half be+ ca/ on ! boss ( a :eel4 #bgi4 ,two =ms ( jaws = ditto4 #bhj4 ,cone clut*4 ,screw ge> %\ld be us$ to op]ate ?is1 z x is liable to 8seize10 & !re is consid]able end pressure on ! %aft to be all[$ =4 #bha4 ,face 7friction clut*7 ) ,v grooves4 ,see rem>ks to ,no4 #bhj4 #bhb4 ,friction clut* ) ?ree or m segm5ts4 ,see also ,nos4 #ch & #ei4 #bhc4 ,p9 & hole clut*4 ,! p9 & holes c ( c\rse be made p>allel to ! %aft in/ead ( radial4 #bhd4 ,cam clut*1 us$ = dext] treadles1 also = reciprocat+ motions driv+ "o way & runn+ loose ! opposite way4 ,see also ,section #fb1 ,nos4 #aace1 #aagh1 c4 #bhe4 ,crank p9 & arm driv]4 #bhf4 ,pick]+'s self-su/a9+ clut* = hoi/s4 ,! box ,a only is key$ to ! %aft1 & drives ! *a9 :eel & sleeve ,b by jamm+ x ) ! flange ( ! rat*et-:eel sleeve ,c by ! slid+ action ( ! too!d faces =m$ at ,d on ! disc & flange ( ! sleeve ,b1 ^! tee? be+ ( ! rat*et =m4 ,sev]al o!r =ms ( ?is clut* are 9 use4 ,edw>ds'1 ,/ev5s & ,major's1 & o!rs may be consult$4 #bhg4 ,disc friction clut*1 ) int]m$iate lea!r discs & screw clamp+ appliance1 only ! c5tral disc is key$ to ! %aft1 ! o!rs run loose4 ,ma!r & ,platt's & ,addyman's pat5t friction clut*es are examples4 ,num]\s =ms ( friction clut*es are 9 use1 modifications *iefly ( ,nos4 #ch1 #ei1 & #bhb4 ,see also ,section #e4 ,illu/ration3 #bgc4-bhg4 ,section #af4--;,,c\pl+s ,,= ,,%aft+4 #bhh4 ,ord9>y flang$ c\pl+1 usually made s t ! end ( ! %aft =ms a spigot jo9t ) ! opposite half ( clut*4 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia4 ,sleeve c\pl+s4 ,see also ,no4 #adcj & ,section #eg4 ,butl]'s pat5t frictional c\pl+1 ,kirk/all ,=ge ,co41 ,le$s1 ,sell]'s d\ble-cone vice c\pl+1 & o!rs1 are sleeve c\pl+s4 #bib4 ,angle c\pl+ on ,dr4 ,hooke's pr9ciple4 ,see also ,nos4 #cc1 #bic4 ,flexible angle c\pl+ = light "w4 #cd1 & #gcb4 #bid4 ,flang$ c\pl+1 ) cross fea!r or key4 ,?is plan gives great torsional /r5g?1 especially if ! c\pl+ flanges are =g$ solid ) ! %afts4 ,section #ag4--;,,connect+ ,,rods ,,& ,,l9ks4 #bie4 ,turn$ & f9i%$ l9k )\t any adju/m5ts2 ends may be solid1 or =k$ z ,no4 #big4 #bif4 ,flat l9k ( simil> description1 ) rais$ bosses = fac+ & we>4 #big4 ,adju/able l9k1 ) "r & left h& screw c\pl+4 ,lock nuts may be add$ to prev5t ! c\pl+ work+ back4 #bih4 ,/rap l9k1 fitt$ ) brasses1 gibs & cott]s1 & di/ance b>4 ,9 ?is l9k ! we> ( brasses is all tak5 up "o way by ! gib & cott]2 !re=e1 if great accuracy 9 ! di/ance ap>t ( c5tres is necess>y1 gibs & cutt]s %\ld be fitt$ at bo? sides ( "o pair ( brasses1 or ,no4 #bii adopt$4 #bii4 ,turn$ l9k ) adju/able end brasses4 ,! =k$ end %\ld be us$ :]e !re is ! greate/ am\nt ( we>4 #cjj4 ,wood connect+- or pump-rod ) wr\ght-iron /rap ends1 fitt$ ) brasses1 gibs1 & cott]s4 ,mu* us$ on m9+ pumps4 ,! %afts or rods are sometimes ( ca/ iron ( cross or ,t section1 b are usually ( a circul> or flat section & swell$ 9 ! middle1 simil> to ,no4 #bii4 ,see ,/ruts & ,ties1 ,section #ajb4 #cja4 ,! mo/ usual =m ( %ift+ l9k = l9k-rev]s+ ge>1 g5]ally got up bright all ov]4 ,illu/ration3 #bhh4-cja4 #cjb4 ,simil> l9k1 b hav+ ! po9t ( susp5sion on a side p91 fix$ by screws to ! l9k1 & rais$ f x suffici5tly to all[ ! slid+ block & p9 to pass "u x4 #cjc4 ,rev]s$ curve l9k4 #cjd4 ,solid b> l9k1 sometimes adopt$ = *eapness & simplicity1 ! valve rod & ecc5tric rods hav+ ( c\rse =k$ ends4 #cje4 ,d\ble b> l9k4 ,?is is also a simple & *eap con/ruction2 ! b>s are pla91 ! rod ends s+le1 & ! block turn$ l>ge en\gh to h a recess on ea* side to fit ! l9ks4 #cjf4 ,/rap head connect+ rod end1 ) squ>e brasses1 d\ble gibs & cott]4 #cjg4 ,/rap head connect+ rod end1 b ) r\nd$ end & set screw fa/5+ = cott]4 #cjh4 ,simil> to ! la/1 b ) screw cott] adju/+ device = ! brasses4 #cji4 ,solid end rod4 ,! brasses take out sideways4 #caj4 ,=k$ end rod4 #caa4 ,/rap end = heavy rods1 hav+ cott] = tight5+ ! /rap to ! ,v's 9 ! rod end4 ,! oil cup is (t5 =g$ & turn$ solid on ! /rap1 z %[n4 #cab4 ,rod end ) side /rap4 ,! brasses take out transv]sely by tak+ (f ! side /rap4 #cac4 ,solid end & d\ble set screw fa/5+ = cott]4 #cad #cae4 ,solid ends = small rods4 ,! brasses are usually secur$ by a set screw4 #caf4 ,solid end1 split ) screw bolt tight5+ device2 may be h+$ z %[n by dott$ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 #cjb4-caf4 #cag4 ,cov]$ solid end = crank p9s1 ) screw adju/m5ts = brasses4 #cah4 ,common =k$ rod end1 ) cap4 #cai4 ,hook bolt atta*m5t = gudgeon2 sometimes useful :]e !re is ?ru/ only on ! gudgeon4 #cbj4 ,d\ble connect+ rod1 9 :i* ! rods =m also di/ance rods & bolts = ! heads1 :i* are 9 halves & fitt$ ) brasses ( ! ord9>y type4 #cba4 ,m>9e type ( rod end1 hav+ solid end1 squ>e brasses & cap4 #cbb4 ,m>9e head1 9 :i* ! brasses are ext5d$ to =m ! c5tral block 9 halves1 ! rod end be+ ( ,t %ape & bolt$ ?r\gh ! brasses & cap4 #cbc #cbd4 ,pla9 l9ks4 ,!re are innum]able v>ieties ( ! illu/rat$ types ( heads 9 use1 e eng9e] hav+ 8 own design4 ,section #ah4--;,,cranes1 ,,types ,,(4 ,our object "h is to indicate or sugge/ g5]al design or arrangem5t only1 f :i* a selection c be made to suit requirem5ts4 #cbe4 ,is ! common type ( :>f crane ) fix$ po/1 ! base plate be+ well bolt$ d[n to a solid mass ( masonry4 #cbf4 ,is also a common type ( :>f crane1 b ) ! po/ revolv+ 9 a foot/ep & base plate2 ?is gives a bett] base ?an ,no4 #cbe4 #cbg4 ,has no po/1 b a revolv+ frame & base plate ) front & back friction roll]s1 & a c5tre p94 #cbh4 ,po/ & jib 9 "o piece1 usually ( wr\ght iron4 ,a balance weight is fix$ at ,a to balance ! ov]hang+ jib4 #cbi4 ,sw+ d]rick crane1 g5]ally ( wood4 ,! jib turns ?ree-f\r?s ( a circle1 & ! two guys are fix$ at an angle ( #ij ap>t1 & well secur$ by an*or+ or load+1 (t5 made ) v long jib = build]'s "w4 #ccj4 ,:>f crane1 ) c5tre t5sion bolt in/ead ( crane po/4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t !re is a v]tical t5sion on ! c5tre bolt & ?ru/ on ! foot ( jib4 ,illu/ration3 #cag4-ccj4 #cca4 ,w>eh\se wall crane4 #ccb4 ,w>eh\se wall crane1 ) high jib-head4 #ccc4 ,:ip crane1 *iefly us$ 9 goods %$s4 ,! b>rel is sometimes work$ by an endless h&rope z %[n1 & sometimes by a second rope & drum ) a h& crank z ,no4 #abji4 #ccd4 ,portable h& crane1 ) balance weight4 ,! balance weight c be %ift$ 9 or out to balance ! load4 #cce4 ,f\ndry crane1 sometimes ) travell+ c>riage on ! jib1 z ,no4 #ccf4 #ccf4 ,sw+ bracket crane & travell]1 usually =m$ ( flat b>s on edge2 us$ only = light loads1 = smi?s' %ops1 c4 #ccg4 ,:>f d]rick1 to turn an entire circle1 simil> to ,no4 #cbi1 b employ$ = heavy loads4 #cch4 ,float+ d]rick4 #cci4 ,light balance crane4 #cdj4 ,truss$ jib crane1 ) c5tre t5sion bolt4 #cda4 ,simple d]rick & w9*1 ) two guy ropes2 = tempor>y purposes only1 & may be easily %ift$ ab\t4 #cdb4 ,%e]s & w9*4 #cdc4 ,tripod & w9*4 #cdd4 ,%e]s ) screw adju/m5t to back leg4 ,?is design is adopt$ = v heavy lifts1 su* z load+ heavy ma*9]y1 %ipp+ ma/s1 boil]s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 #cca4-cdd4 #cde4 ,f\r-guy d]rick & w9*1 us$ = fix+ columns1 bases1 masonry1 c4 #cdf4 ,fix$ po/ /eam crane1 = :>fs1 pi]s1 jetties1 h>b\r works1 c4 #cdg4 ,portable /eam crane1 v l>gely us$ on :>fs1 pi]s1 c41 & sometimes fitt$ ) travell+ ge> 9 addition to hoi/+ & slew+ motions4 #cdh4 ,:>f crane1 ) fix$ eng9e1 c5tre bolt1 & truss$ ar*$ jib4 ,?is is a v good type1 z ! gr\nd is kept cle> = goods1 c41 & ( c\rse all motions1 hoi/+1 l[]+1 & slew+ are controll$ f ! crane above gr\nd by h& lev]s4 #cdi4 ,hydraulic :>f crane1 ) fix$ po/4 ,! common type univ]sally us$ 9 docks1 c41 ) ! ord9>y =m ( multiply+ hydraulic cyl9d] & *a9 ge>2 ! valve = controll+ its movem5ts is op]at$ by h& lev]s ext5d+ up ?r\gh slots 9 ! floor2 ! slew+ is p]=m$ by a sep>ate cyl9d] & *a9 ge>1 ) a di/9ct controll+ lev]4 ,see ,sections #db & #hc4 #cej4 ,hydraulic %ort lift ram1 c5tre crane1 & travell]1 employ$ *iefly to raise ! +ots out ( ! ca/+ pits ( ,bessem] /eel works4 ,! ram is ( c\rse subject to sev]e cross /ra9s1 & _m designs provide an ov]head guide or support = ! ramhead4 #cea4 ,automatic balance crane1 portable or fix$2 ! position ( ! fulcrum v>ies ) ! load4 #ceb4 ,/eam multiply+ cyl9d] crane1 9 :i* ! ram is =c$ out by /eam pressure1 act+ ei!r directly or by an int]v5+ body ( wat]4 #cec4 ,breakwat] sw+ crane4 ,illu/ration3 #cde4-cec4 #ced4 ,ov]hang+ travell+ crane1 = use on breakwat]s1 c4 #cee4 ,ov]head hydraulic travell+ golia?1 to span a railway2 has slew+ motion & a balanc$ jib4 #cef4 ,s+le rail crane ) top guide rail4 #ceg4 ,ov]head travell] on gantry4 #ceh4 ,golia?4 #cei4 ,/eam ov]head crane1 ) c>riage to span a railway4 ,l>gely us$ on dock :>ves1 c41 z !y give a high lift & d n encumb] or encroa* on valuable quay space4 #cfj4 ,hydraulic cyl9d] po/ crane2 sometimes adopt$ in/ead ( ! type ,no4 #cdi4 #cfa4 ,heavy hydraulic crane1 ) susp5d$ cyl9d]2 employ$ = "w ( ! v heavie/ class4 #cfb4 ,%ip's ,davit4 #cfc4 ,balanc$ jib po/ crane1 no tie rod4 ,! weight mu/ be suffici5tly heavy to balance ! jib & load4 #cfd4 ,hydraulic /rut jib crane4 ,! load is rais$ by rais+ ! jib4 #cfe4 ,ov]side dock crane1 = dis*>g+ f %ips into b>ges4 ,! ov]hang be+ v great 9 ?is design1 x mu/ be provid$ ) a heavy frame or balance weight4 #cff4 ,wagon tip crane1 = load+ vessels4 #cfg4 ,d\ble %eave #d to #a pur*ase = crane jib4 ,see also ,section #fi4 ,section #ai4--;,,convey+ ,,messages4 ,messages c be convey$ by-- #a4 ,speak+ tube2 = di/ances up to say #cjj feet1 to #a bore tubes4 #b4 ,telephone2 any di/ance4 #c4 ,telegraph2 any di/ance4 #d4 ,by signals--7a7 ,wire or cord & bell2 7b7 sight signals1 su* z ! semaphore1 lamps1 heliograph1 flags1 & o!r devices2 7c7 by s\nd1 su* z a bell1 trumpet1 sir51 :i/le1 c4 ,see ,section #aje4 #e4 ,by pneumatic despat*3 t is1 by =c+ a pi/on c>riage conta9+ ! message or small p>cel ?r\gh a tube by compress$ air4 #f4 ,c>ri] pigeons4 #cfh4 ,signall+ dials & bevel ge>+4 ,illu/ration3 #ced4-cfe4 ,section #bj4--;,,comp5sat+ ,,& ,,balance ,,weights4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t e revolv+ or reciprocat+ "p ( any ma*9e %\ld be z ne>ly z possible balanc$1 to obta9 smoo? runn+ ) ! lea/ am\nt ( we>4 ,! foll[+ are types ( ! mo/ important devices & _! applications3-- #cfi4 ,balanc$ lev]1 hav+ a slid+ *eese or ball weight fix$ ) a set screw4 #cgj4 ,balanc$ cage ( hoi/4 ,x is usual to ov]-balance ! cage to divide ! "w betwe5 ! up & d[n j\rneys 9 h&-p[] lifts to assi/ ! load2 b 9 p[] & hydraulic lifts ! cage is "u-balanc$ s z to desc5d :5 empty4 #cga4 ,hydraulic balance lift1 9 :i* ! dead or con/ant load ( cage & ram are ne>ly balanc$ by a load$ pi/on 9 a supplem5t>y cyl9d]2 to raise ! load$ cage ! pressure wat] is admitt$ to ! upp] side ( ?is pi/on4 ,_m v>ieties ( ?is type are 9 use2 see ,ell+ton's1 ,johnson's1 ,/ev5s & ,major's1 ,waygood's1 & o!r pat5t lifts4 #cgb4 ,v>iable volute comp5sat+ balance = revolv+ %utt]s1 bl9ds1 curta9s1 c41 to ma9ta9 an ev5 balance 9 all positions1 ,! weight *a9 is z ?ick z ! coil+ %utt] on bl9d1 s t ! act+ radii ( ! %utt] & weight are always proportional4 #cgc4 ,v>iable comp5sat+ balance = hydraulic lift rams1 to comp5sate = loss ( imm]sion ( ! ram z x asc5ds 7,b]ly's pat5t74 ,see also ,/ev5s ,major's pat5t1 :]e bell-crank lev]s & weights are employ$ in/ead ( load$ *a9s4 ,see ,no4 #chc4 #cgd4 ,balanc$ fly-:eel4 ,= balanc$ cranks1 see ,nos4 #agb #agc4 #cge4 ,increas+ balance by sections1 lift$ at int]vals z ! *a9 rises4 #cgf4 ,balanc$ rivet+ ma*9e4 ,see ,tw$dell's pat5ts4 #cgg4 ,v>iable lev] balance4 ,= balanc$ cranes1 see ,section #ah4 #cgh4 ,9 deep lifts1 to balance ! weight ( *a9 or rope1 x is made endless4 #cgi4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,! loose *a9 hung f cage is ( ! same weight p] foot z ! lift+ *a94 #chj4 ,balance weight on a screw arm = adju/m5t1 employ$ on weigh+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 #cff4-chj4 #cha #chb4 ,wor?+ton's comp5sat+ air cyl9d]s1 employ$ on direct-act+ horizontal pumps1 work+ expansively1 9 lieu ( fly-:eel4 ,! oscillat+ or v]tical cyl9d]s are air or spr+ pi/ons1 absorb+ p[] ! fir/ "p ( /roke & giv+ x out dur+ ! latt] "p4 #chc4 ,v>iable balance weight by b5t lev]4 #chd4 ,v>iable balance weight by d\ble l9ks & slid+ jo9ts4 #che4 ,dawson's comp5sat+ gov]nor4 ,see ,me*anical ,_w1 ,augu/ #be?1 #ahhh4 #chf4 ,balanc$ doors1 h+$ v]tically4 #chg4 ,balanc$ sa%es1 or v]tical slid+ doors4 #chh4 ,me?od ( balanc+ a bloom 9 *>g+ or )draw+ f a furnace1 or any simil> use4 #chi4 ,balance = l9k motion4 #cij4 ,weight to keep a cord or rope 9 t5sion4 #cia4 ,mode ( balanc+ two slid+ doors s t !y rise & fall at proportionate spe$s4 ,hoi/+ & w9d+ eng9es 7see ,nos4 #abbb1 #abbc7 are balanc$ by hav+ an asc5d+ & desc5d+ cage1 & two ropes1 "o w9d+ on z ! o!r w9ds (f ! drums4 ,d\ble cage hoi/s simil>ly balance !mselves4 ,heavy slide valves1 & o!r reciprocat+ p>ts ( /eam eng9es1 are balanc$ by small /eam pi/ons4 ,see ,nos4 #afea-afed4 ,foot treadles1 :5 requir$ to always /op at a po9t (f ! dead c5tre1 h a balance weight fix$ to fly-:eel1 at "r angles to ! dead c5tre4 ,a wat] tank is (t5 us$ to s]ve z a c\nt]poise1 or balance1 & may be made v>iable by v>y+ ! quantity ( wat] by a siphon or o!r device4 ,= ,balanc$ ,valves1 see ,section #hi4 ,section #ba4--;,,circul> ,,& ,,reciprocat+ ,,motion4 #cib4 ,! ord9>y type ( pi/on-rod & crank motion z univ]sally us$4 #cic4 ,watt's sub/itute = ! above1 or 8sun-&-planet0 ge>4 ,note t ! crank %aft revolves twice = ea* d\ble /roke or revolution ( ! eng9e4 ,! crank be+ a loose l9k only1 ! planet :eel does n revolve4 #cid4 ,epicycloidal p>allel motion & crank4 ,! p9ion is "o-half ! diamet] ( ! :eel on pit* l9e1 & ! connect+ p9 is fix$ on ! pit* l9e ( p9ion4 #cie4 ,b]nay's pat5t crank motion2 radius ( crank /roke #be4 ,illu/ration3 #cha4-cie4 #cif4 ,slot & crank motion4 ,! p9 usually runs 9 a slid+ block4 #cig4 ,segm5t p9ion & d\ble rack motion4 #cih4 ,rack & p9ion4 ,! p9ion is sometimes made s z to be driv5 on "o /roke & run loose on ! o!r1 by a clut* or rat*et motion1 su* z ,nos4 #aace1 #aagh1 or _! equival5ts4 ,see ,section #fb4 #cii4 ,hydraulic multiply+ ge>4 ,see also ,section #db4 #djj4 ,slott$ cros%ead & disc crank4 ,! p9 runs 9 a slid+ block 9 a groove 9 ! cov]$ cros%ead4 #dja4 ,/annah's pat5t1 works v]tically2 ! fly-:eel c5tre ,a oscillates on ! end ( a l9k ,b1 all[+ ! crank p9 to run 9 a /raight l9e4 #djb4 ,screw & fly nut4 ,may be made to produce cont9u\s rot>y motion by fitt+ ! nut ) a clut* motion simil> to #aace or #aagh1 s z to grip ! :eel only on "o /roke4 #djc4 ,friction ge>2 ! p9ion is driv5 by ! reciprocat+ rod & runs loose on ! out /roke1 ! weight$ lev] ) roll] giv+ frictional grip on ! 9 /roke4 #djd4 ,lev] & roll] crank p94 #dje4 ,treadle motion1 ) cord & spr+4 ,= cont9u\s rot>y motion ! p9ion mu/ be fitt$ z describ$ ) ,no4 #djb4 #djf4 ,ball & socket crank motion4 ,! crank p9 is always horizontal4 #djg4 ,segm5t lev]1 ) cord & pulley4 #djh4 ,d\ble ge>$ cranks1 us$ = driv+ rot>y bl[]s1 c4 #dji4 ,j4 ,w>wick's pat5t2 circul> motion conv]t$ into reciprocat+ by a diagonal %eave groov$ z %[n2 ! crank arm c5tre is 9 l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! %eave1 z %[n 9 dott$ l9es4 #daj4 ,roll+ sectors1 ) ?ru/ motion to crank p94 ,us$ 9 ,outridge's box eng9e ) d\ble pi/ons2 ?is gives a con/ant rectil9e> ?ru/ to ! crank p9 at all po9ts 9 ! /roke1 & no "p is 9 t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 #cif4-daj4 #daa4 ,weight & multiply+ pulleys1 us$ = clock motions1 driv+ any light ma*9es1 c4 #dab4 ,oscillat+ clut* arm & r+1 sil5t fe$ motion4 #dac4 ,slot & roll] motion = crank4 ,! crank p9 has a friction roll]1 :i* runs 9 a cov]$ slot 9 ! cros%ead4 #dad4 ,trammel ge>2 "o revolution ( ! :eel to two d\ble /rokes ( pi/on4 #dae4 ,segm5tal vanes 79 a semicircul> case71 driv5 by a disc crank & p91 runn+ on ! upp] c5tre1 giv+ motion by l9ks to two arms fix$ to ! two vanes1 :i* h indep5d5t motion4 ,us$ z a pump+ or bl[+ ma*9e4 #daf4 ,circul> into reciprocat+ motion by revolv+ arm ,a c>ry+ ! two p9ions1 ! po9t at end ( arm ,b describes a v]tical l9e f\r times ! l5g? ( arm ,b1 ! l>ge :eel ,c is fix$1 & motion is giv5 to ! arm ,b4 ,may be us$ z a pi/on rod & crank motion4 #dag4 ,trammel ge>2 ! slott$ cross moves 9 a "r l9e4 #dah4 ,slot l9k & treadle1 driv+ ! p9ion on bo? /rokes by friction on ! inside ( l9k alt]nately at ! upp] & "u sides4 #dai4 ,*a9 & roll] treadle motion4 #dbj4 ,reciprocat+ :eel & crank motion4 #dba4 ,velocip$e patt]n foot treadle4 #dbb4 ,d\ble cros%eads1 sep>at$ by di/ance rods s arrang$ z to all[ ! crank & connect+ rod to "w betwe5 !m4 ,see ,no4 #fha4 #dbc4 ,mangle rack & p9ion reciprocat+ ge>4 ,! rack moves 9 a "r l9e1 ! p9ion work+ r\nd x by mov+ up & d[n ! slot at ea* end ( ! travel ( ! rack4 #dbd4 ,mode ( connect+ an oscillat+ lev] by a slid+ jo9t to any reciprocat+ "p1 su* z a /eam hamm] head1 eng9e cros%ead1 c4 ,see ,nos4 #hic1 #hid4 #dbe4 ,susp5d$ treadle motion4 #dbf4 ,ecc5tric & slid+ bu% motion = a d\ble pi/on eng9e4 #dbg4 ,rock+ lev] motion by ge>+ & a ti$ crank p94 ,! upp] p9ion drives ! crank disc on ! middle c5tre at ea* revolution1 ( :i* ! lev] ) ! ge>+ atta*$ oscillates f side to side z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 #daa4-dbg4 #dbh4 ,crank p9 & slott$ lev] = giv+ a v>iable spe$ to ! connect+ rod4 ,see ,no4 #aaie4 #dbi4 ,side gudgeon crank motion4 #dcj4 ,bell crank & disc crank motion1 ! bell crank c5tre hav+ horizontal z well z v]tical movem5t4 #dca4 ,worm :eel & screw reciprocat+ motion by means ( a ti$ crank p94 ,useful = sl[ spe$s4 #dcb4 ,treadle1 cord & pulley crank motion4 #dcc4 ,circul> into reciprocat+ motion1 or vice v]s4 #dcd4 ,ano!r =m ( sun-&-planet ge>4 ,! r+ is /ation>y1 & ! bu% on :i* ! planet :eel revolves is slott$ to fit ! r+2 ! planet :eel is fix$ to ! connect+ rod end4 #dce4 ,b5t %aft & arm motion4 #dcf4 ,reciprocat+ motion by a return ?read screw & lev]4 ,see also ,sections #fb1 #ca1 & #gd4 ,section #bb4--;,,conc5trat$ ,,p[]4 ,multiplication ( p[] by great r$uction ( spe$ is accompli%$ by ! foll[+ devices1 & v>i\s obvi\s modifications ( !m4 ,ord9>y me?ods comprise--,ge>+ 7see ,section #hd71 ! screw or comp\nd screws 7see ,section #gh71 & ! w$ge & lev] 7see ,section #ec74 ,by diff]5tial screws1 ,nos4 #acgi1 #achj4 #dcg4 ,comp\nd lev]4 #dch4 ,d\ble too!d-cam & lev] comb9ation4 #dci4 ,d\ble lev] & l9k motion1 ) increas+ pressure4 ,! /ra9s are self-conta9$1 & ?is plan is v suitable :]e an increas+ pressure is requir$4 #ddj4 ,lev] & toggle motion 7see ,section #fc74 ,_m v>iations are 9 use = /one break]s1 c4 ,see ,section #ac4 ,knapp+ toggle motion4 ,see ,nos4 #bfi1 #bea4 ,section #bc4--;,,convey+ ,,motion ,,to ,,movable ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ma*9]y4 ,motion may be convey$ to su* p>ts ( a ma*9e z require to be movable1 or to di/9ct ma*9]y :i* has no fix$ location1 by ! foll[+ means3-- #dda4 ,is an endless rope or o!r r\nd section belt1 kept tight 9 any position 9 ! plane ( ! driv+ pulley by a weight$ pulley4 ,9 ?is plan ! ma*9e c be mov$ to any position 9 ! plane ( ! driv+ pulley1 ! weight$ pulley tak+ up ! slack ( ! belt4 #ddb4 ,flexible %aft = light driv+4 ,x admits ( consid]able flexure1 & is useful = drill+ & simil> incid5tal driv+ purposes 9 difficult positions4 #ddc4 ,radiat+ arm & belt4 ,! movable ma*9e c be driv5 at any po9t 9 circumf]5ce ( ! circle describ$ by ! arm head4 #ddd4 ,simil> plan1 b driv5 by bevil ge> in/ead ( belt4 #dde4 ,bevil ge> & fea!r %aft4 ,! movable ma*9e hav+ a travel 9 a /raight l9e ! l5g? ( ! %aft z well z a radiat+ motion4 ,illu/ration3 #dbh4-dde4 #ddf4 ,screw & worm :eel ge>1 = ! same purpose z #dde4 #ddg4 ,! driv5 :eel ,a has a limit$ travel up & d[n ! slot1 ! idle :eel ,b be+ kept 9 ge> by ! l9k susp5sion4 #ddh4 ,idle :eel & slot4 ,a common device = *ang+ direction or spe$ 9 driv+ ge> by connect+ or disconnect+ x ) int]m$iate ge>+ betwe5 a fix$ driv+ & a driv5 %aft4 #ddi4 ,p>allel motion radiat+ driv+ device1 ) a limit$ v]tical travel & a radial motion4 #dej4 ,motion by belt is convey$ to a driv5 %aft hav+ a radial motion 9 a v]tical plane4 ,us$ = light drill+1 em]y :eels1 c4 #dea4 ,/eam or hydraulic radiat+ arm & cyl9d] device4 #deb4 ,c5tral cyl9d] & radiat+ lev] motion4 #dec4 ,jo9t$ radiat+ arms1 ) belt ge> = convey+ motion f a c5tral sp9dle to "o hav+ a travel cov]+ any po9t )9 a circle ( ! extreme radius ( ! jo9t$ arms4 ,see also ,nos4 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,endless rubb] or wire coil belts are us$ to give motion to ma*9es hav+ "s am\nt ( fre$om ( movem5t z reg>ds ! fix$ position ( ! driv+ pulley4 ,section #bd4--;,,cutt+ ,,tools4 ,besides ! ord9>y cutt+ tools 9 use 9 ! work%op1 su* z ! *isel1 g\ge1 plane1 saw1 drawknife1 scissors1 %e>s1 scy!1 & o!rs1 & :i* d n prop]ly belong to ma*9e devices1 !re are o!rs1 "s ( !m m]e modifications ( ! ord9>y tools t are sometimes ne$$ 9 ! design ( ma*9es1 & are illu/rat$ "h4 ,o!r appliances are--,%e>s3 see ! ord9>y %e>+ ma*9es1 bookb9d]'s %e>s1 ,no4 #dfb1 & o!r modifications4 ,9 "s ! %e>s are h+$ at "o end1 9 o!rs ! movable blade moves ei!r ) equal or unequal motion at ei!r end by cam or crank motion 7see #dfb47 #ded4 ,pipe cutt]1 ) ,v-edg$ cutt+ roll]4 ,sometimes #c cutt+ roll]s are us$4 ,see ,no4 #dff4 #dee4 ,cutt+ discs1 us$ = pap]1 %eet metal1 c4 #def4 ,slitt+ discs1 = cutt+ %eets into /rips4 #deg4 ,revolv+ cutt] head1 = m\ld+1 t5on+1 & num]\s wood work+ uses4 #deh4 ,holl[ revolv+ cutt] head1 = r\nd+ wood rods1 broom h&les1 c4 ,see also ,no4 #dhh4 #dei4 ,reap+ ma*9e cutt]s4 ,a s]ies ( scissor-%ap$ knives1 "o set fix$ & ! o!r reciprocat+4 #dfj4 ,wire cutt] discs1 "o fix$1 ! o!r atta*$ to ! h& lev]1 & hav+ correspond+ holes ( v>i\s sizes 9 bo? discs4 #dfa4 ,*aff ma*9e1 ) revolv+ %e> blades4 #dfb4 ,guillot9e %e>s4 #dfc4 ,mill+ cutt]s4 #dfd4 ,tubul> ma*9e cutt] = wood work+2 easily %>p5$1 & c be revolv$ to pres5t fre% cutt+ edges to ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 #ddf4-dfd4 #dfe4 ,fret saw or jigg]4 #dff4 ,?ree-cutt] tube %e>s1 ) worm ge> motion4 ,section #be4--;,,cond5s+ ,,& ,,cool+ ,,appliances4 ,_! uses g5]ally are to cond5se /eam1 to cool heat$ gases1 air1 or articles ( food requir+ a l[ temp]ature2 di/ill+1 & o!r purposes4 ,= cool+ purposes1 compress$ air ma*9es are 9 mo/ dem&4 ,! air is compress$ 9 a cyl9d]1 !n cool$ to ord9>y temp]ature aga9 9 a surface cond5s]1 su* z ,no4 #dfh1 & !n exp&$ into ! cool+ *amb]1 ?r\gh a cyl9d] & pi/on1 ! expansion r$uc+ its temp]ature usually to #aj or #bj bel[ z]o4 ,o!r cool+ appliances are ammonia ma*9es1 fans1 & bl[]s ( all k9ds1 punkahs1 or wav+ fans1 freez+ mixtures1 c4 #dfg4 ,gravity cond5s]4 ,! pipe %\ld be #cd feet high or m1 9 :i* case no air pump is requir$1 z ! cond5s$ /eam & air are dis*>g$ bel[4 ,9 place ( ! pipe an air pump & foot valve are requir$1 & are commonly us$1 z x is seldom conv5i5t to h a v]tical pipe #cd feet long ) a wat] supply at ! top4 #dfh4 ,surface cond5s]1 multitubul>4 ,! /eam may be l$ into ! tubes1 & ! wat] ar\nd !m1 or vice v]s4 #dfi4 ,worm1 or coil cond5s]1 *iefly us$ = di/ill+4 #dgj4 ,/ill cond5s] = ess5ces1 spirits1 c4 #dga4 ,cond5s+ *amb]s = gases1 c4 ,horizontal or v]tical4 #dgb4 ,wim%ur/'s cond5s]1 requires no air pump4 ,! exhau/ comes d[n ! v]tical pipe1 meet+ ! injection wat] f ! side nozzle1 caus+ sudd5 cond5sation & vacuum4 ,! cond5s$ wat]1 c41 are bl[n out ?r\gh ! foot valves at ea* /roke4 #dgc4 ,ano!r =m ( ejector cond5s] 9 :i* ! /eam & wat] =m a vacuum 9 ! nozzle1 & ! wat]1 c41 are dis*>g$ ?r\gh a foot valve 7n %[n74 #dgd4 ,tray cool]1 or cond5s]2 a s]ies ( wat] trays suppli$ f a tank above4 ,see ,morton's ejector cond5s]1 :i* requires no air pump2 ,hayw>d's exhau/ cond5s]1 :i* employs ! wat] 9 suction pipe ( a pump+ eng9e to cond5se ! /eam4 ,see ,messrs4 ,tangye's li/4 ,wat] tube cool+ coils are us$ = tuy]es & o!r hot surfaces4 ,air-compress+ & gas eng9e cyl9d]s are wat] jacket$ to c>ry (f ! heat ( ! compress$ air or gas4 ,cool+ by expos+ a l>ge surface to air is sometimes employ$ = exhau/ /eam on tram c> eng9es c41 ! app>atus consi/+ g5]ally ( num]\s wr\ght-iron tubes or coils4 ,section #bf4--;,,conc5trat+ ,,& ,,sep>at+4 ,sift+1 riddl+1 & scre5+ are treat$ ( "u ,section #gb4 ,= conc5trat+ ores _m me?ods are 9 use1 ( :i* ! wat] processes are ! mo/ important4 #dge4 ,circul> revolv+ conc5trat+ table4 ,! lighte/ p>ticles are dis*>g$ ov] ! edge1 & ! heavie/ rema9 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ord9>y magnet+ ma*9e1 = sep>at+ p>ticles ( iron or /eel f mix$ bor+s1 c41 consi/s ( a s]ies ( magnets drawn ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 & !n ?r\gh fix$ bru%es1 :i* bru% (f ! iron p>ticles adh]+ to ! magnets4 ,illu/ration3 #dfe4-dgi4 #dgf4 ,sep>at+ du/ f gra91 c41 by a curr5t ( air driv5 ?r\gh ! /ream ( mat]ial z x falls f hopp] to hopp]4 ,see also ,nos4 #abfh1 #abgj4 #dgg4 ,ore conc5trator2 consi/s ( an endless rubb] belt ) flanges 7see ,no4 #ajhb71 hav+ a sl[ longitud9al motion1 & a rapid %ak+ motion1 ei!r sideways1 z 9 ! 8,frue ,vann]10 or endwise1 z 9 ! 8,embrey0 conc5trator2 a /ream ( wat] runs ov] ! ore1 ! heavy p>ticles settle on ! belt1 & ! mud is wa%$ (f4 #dgh4 ,jig = sep>at+ ores by motion ( a pi/on 9 wat]1 ! heavy p>ts settle to ! bottom & ! light p>ts are remov$ at ! top4 ,filtration ?r\gh v>i\s sub/ances--z s&1 *>coal1 calc9$ ores1 c41 is employ$ to sep>ate susp5d$ matt] f liquids4 ,sep>ation by subsid5ce 9 a tank1 simil> to ,no4 #aega1 is employ$ = lime1 c4 ,*emical deposition & evaporation are necess>y 9 _m cases4 ,section #bg4--;,,*opp+1 ,,slic+1 ,,& ,,m9c+4 #dgi4 ,has a disc cutt] ) radial knives & slots2 us$ = roots1 c4 #dhj4 ,disc cutt]1 ) small knives w$g$ 9 sep>ate holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! cutt+s escape 9 %r$s4 #dha4 ,revolv+ cutt] roll]s4 #dhb4 ,h& m9c+ comp\nd knife4 #dhc4 ,spiral tap]$ revolv+ cutt]1 9 a conical case1 hav+ project+ knives on its int]ior4 ,! type ( ! common m9c+ ma*9e4 #dhd4 ,two or m rectangul> cutt]s1 ) v]tical reciprocat+ motion 9 a revolv+ pan = m9c+4 #dhe4 ,s+le roll] revolv+ cutt] ma*9e4 #dhf4 ,revolv+ spiral cutt]s1 z us$ 9 ! common lawn m[]1 9 conjunction ) a fix$ /raight knife or %e> blade4 #dhg4 ,apple slic] & cor] 7cutt] =74 ,! apple is pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! cutt] & divid$ into sectors & c5tral cyl9drical core4 ,see also ,section #bd4 ,section #bh4--;,,*ucks1 ,,grips1 ,,& ,,hold]s4 ,common devices = gripp+ articles comprise ! ord9>y vice1 tongs1 p9c]s1 pli]s1 jo9]s' h&screw1 cramp b5* screw1 p>allel vice1 in/antane\s grip vice1 c4 #dhh4 ,holl[ *uck1 ) radial knives1 = r\nd+ wood rods4 ,see also ,no4 #deh4 #dhi4 ,b>b]'s pat5t grip = %anks ( drills1 brace bits1 c41 hav+ squ>e tap] %anks4 #dij4 ,coll> grip & bolt1 or set screw4 #dia4 ,cone & screw lev] grip1 ) two or m jaws2 ) two jaws only x s]ves z a small vice4 #dib4 ,tap] grip = vices4 #dic4 ,tool box1 = la!s1 plan+ ma*9es1 c41 ) c5tral revolv+ tool po/ & set screw4 ,illu/ration3 #dhj4-dif4 #did4 ,tool box1 ) two tool /ocks & set screws slid+ 9 ,t grooves 9 ! slide re/4 #die4 ,tool box1 ) clamp+ screw & plate1 :i* c be revolv$ to any angle4 #dif4 ,a modification ( #die1 ! tool be+ secur$ by set screws 9 ! clamp+ plate4 #dig4 ,rail grip = hold+ a crane1 c>1 c41 d[n to its railway4 #dih4 ,cam-lev] rail grip = safety ge> on incl9es2 ?is is usually ?r[n into action by a spr+ releas$ by ! breakage ( ! haul+ rope4 #dii4 ,cone c5t]+ grips = ma*9e tools4 #ejj4 ,h+$ clamp1 ) screw & nut4 #eja4 ,fitt]'s clamp or cramp4 #ejb4 ,v grip vice = r\nd rods & tubes4 ,?is is frequ5tly made ) multiple ,v's to hold cyl9drical articles su* z drills1 c41 & is a common device = drill *ucks4 #ejc4 ,la! c>ri]1 = r\nd rods1 sp9dles1 c4 #ejd4 ,b5* cramp2 employ$ to hold d[n to ! b5* "w op]at$ ^u2 ! b5* has a s]ies ( holes bor$ 9 x to receive ! v]tical leg ( ! cramp4 #eje4 ,grip tongs1 us$ = draw b5*es1 c41 ! bite ( ! jaws increas+ ) ! /ra9 on ! *a94 #ejf4 ,split cone exp&+ *uck = rods1 c42 ! c5tre cone is split into ?ree or f\r p>ts1 & ! screw$ r+ or collet contracts ! split cone ^u any cyl9drical article ins]t$ 9 ! c5tral ap]ture4 #ejg4 ,le ,c\nt's pat5t exp&+ m&ril1 ) cone & ?ree slid+ fea!rs :i* are fitt$ into dovetail grooves 9 ! conical m&ril4 ,! travel ( ! fea!rs be+ limit$1 !y are provid$ ) /eps to take v>i\s sizes ( holes4 #ejh4 ,bell *uck & set screws = la!s4 #eji4 ,?ree jaw grip1 or /ay be>+1 us$ z a /eady = long %afts or sp9dles4 #eaj4 ,pipe tongs1 self gripp+2 !re are sev]al modifications 9 use4 #eaa4 ,pap] grip1 us$ = hold+ %eets ( pap]2 releas$ by /rik+ a /op ,a at any po9t 9 ! travel ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 #dig4-eaa4 #eab4 ,split b> grip1 or tool hold]4 #eac4 ,eye-bolt tool hold]4 #ead4 ,h& pad = hold+ small tools4 #eae4 ,self-adju/+ jaws = r\nd articles4 #eaf4 ,adju/able gripp+ tongs = lift+ heavy /ones1 boxes1 c4 ,see also ,no4 #gfa4 #eag4 ,revolv+ tool po/1 or head1 to c>ry a v>iety ( tools1 ea* be+ requir$ 9 use 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 z 9 special repetition turn+ "w4 #eah4 ,d\ble screw gripp+ tongs4 ,see also ,no4 #idd1 #iab1 #iah1 #iag1 #iai1 #ibc4 ,! ord9>y ?ree or f\r-jaw *ucks1 wood *ucks ) c5tre screw or =k1 & num]\s v>ieties ( self-c5t]+ *ucks1 are well kn[n4 ,see tool mak]s' li/s4 ,sp9dle grips1 ,nos4 #iag1 #iah1 #iai4 ,!re are num]\s =ms ( ?ree & f\r-jaw *ucks1 bo? ) univ]sal or c5t]+ motions1 & ) indep5d5t jaws4 ,see ,horton's1 ,cu%man's1 ! ,sweetl&1 ,pratt & ,:itney's1 ,we/cott's & o!rs1 *iefly ,am]ican4 ,^! are v>i\s comb9ations ( ! scroll 7,no4 #achd7 & screw jaws1 z 9 ! ord9>y dog *uck4 ,see also ,nos4 #acgh & #acha4 ,section #bi4--;,,cu%ion+4 ,= *eck+ ! impact ( a bl[1 or m g5]ally ! mom5tum ( a heavy mov+ "p ( a ma*9e4 ,! devices 9 use comprise 7a7 spr+s1 see ,section #hj2 7b7 air cyl9d]1 see ,no4 #adhj2 7c7 pi/ons driv5 by ela/ic fluids1 su* z /eam & air1 c be cu%ion$ by imprison+ a portion ( ! fluid at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]2 7d7 brakes ( v>i\s k9ds1 see ,section #e4 #eai4 ,hydraulic cu%ion4 ,! desc5d+ ram1 by its tap]$ end1 closes gradually ! dis*>ge outlet = ! wat]4 ,hydraulic buff] /ops are con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 #ebj4 ,cu%ion+ device1 at ! upp] end ( a /eam-hamm] cyl9d]4 ,%\ld ! pi/on pass ! exhau/ holes1 ! /eam above is imprison$1 & *ecks ! pi/on )\t %ock4 ,section #cj4--;,,drill+1 ,,bor+1 c4 ,besides ! ord9>y tools 9 use1 z gimlets1 bradawls1 p9 & brace bits1 aug]s1 c41 :i* d n ne$ description1 ! foll[+ are notewor?y3-- #eba4 ,is ! ord9>y ,v drill = metal "w4 #ebb4 ,flat po9t1 or 8bottom+0 drill4 #ebc #ebd4 ,c\nt]s9k+ drills = metal4 #ebe4 ,c5tre bit = wood4 #ebf4 ,twi/ bit = wood2 cle>s its own bor+s4 ,!re is a v>iety ) r\nd$ cutt] edges4 #ebg1 #ebh1 #ebi4 ,rock drills1 or 8jump]s40 #ecj4 ,e>? bor]1 or moor+ screw4 ,illu/ration3 #eab4-ecj4 #eca4 ,twi/ drill = metal4 #ecb #ecc4 ,c\nt]s9k+ drills = wood4 #ecd4 ,diamond drill = rock2 bores an annul> hole1 ! core ( :i* breaks out at int]vals4 #ece to #ede4 ,well bor+ tools = diff]5t k9ds ( /rata2 tools = rais+ brok5 rods1 c4 #edf4 ,holl[ bor+ cutt] = cutt+ a %\ld] on a c5tral core2 d[ell+ bit4 ,section #ca4--;,,diff]5tial ,,ge>4 ,devices to utilise ! diff]5ce ( velocity1 or p[]1 betwe5 two di/9ct mov+ p>ts4 #edg4 ,equational box4 ,two driv]s ,a1 ,a1 equally spe$$ 9 opposite directions1 w drive ! bevil ge> at same velocity )\t revolv+ ! spur :eel ,c :i* is loose on ! %aft2 b any alt]ation 9 ! relative spe$s ( ,a & ,a1 causes ! bevil p9ion to travel r\nd1 c>ry+ ! spur :eel ,c at a spe$ equal to half ! diff]5ce ( ! two velocities4 ,?is ge> is us$ on traction eng9es to drive ! swivell+ :eels r\nd curves1 :]e ! proportionate velocities ( ! :eels w v>y ) ! radius ( ! curve4 ,9 ?is application ( ! ge> ,b is ! driv+ %aft1 & ,a & ,a ! swivell+ :eels4 #edh4 ,is a modification ( #edg4 ,! p9ion ,a may be controll$ 9 spe$ by any h& or automatic device1 to v>y ! spe$ ( ! driv5 p9ion ,b4 ,! belt pulley ,c c>ries r\nd ! bevil :eel ,d1 driv+ ,b at a spe$ v>y+ ) ! motion giv5 to ,a4 #edi4 ,two :eels 7"o ( :i* has a diff]5t numb] ( tee? to ! o!r7 ge>+ into "o p9ion2 us$ = c\nt]s & sl[ motions ( all k9ds4 #eej4 ,is an application ( ,no4 #edi by int]nal or epicycloidal ge> to pulley blocks4 ,moore's pat5t 7,no4 #aede7 & ,pick]+'s pat5t are examples4 ,! arm %[n is n requir$ :]e two int]nal loose :eels are us$ ) diff]5t numb]s ( tee?1 & "o p9ion z 9 ,no4 #aede1 b if us$ is fix$ to ! p9ion s t x is prev5t$ f revolv+1 b reta9s its circul> sway+ motion2 9 ?is case1 "o int]nal :eel is movable & ! o!r fix$1 ! spe$ be+ equal to ! diff]5ce 9 numb] ( tee? ( ! loose :eel & p9ion at ea* revolution ( ! ecc5tric %aft4 #eea4 ,we/on's diff]5tial pulley block1 consi/+ ( a two-groov$ pit*$ *a9-%eave hav+ diff]5t numb]s ( tee?1 9 comb9ation ) a return block & endless *a94 #eeb4 ,diff]5tial screws4 ,^! may be bo? ( ! same h&1 or "o "r & "o left-h&$1 & any fractional spe$ secur$ by proportion+ ! pit*es4 ,illu/ration3 #eca4-eeb4 #eec4 ,two-spe$ ge>1 op]at$ by a d\ble clut*1 :i* ?r[s ei!r pair into ge> z requir$4 #eed4 ,/ew>ts' diff]5tial ge>4 ,two cranks1 "o fix$ to a sleeve & ! o!r to a c5tre %aft1 are driv5 r\nd at v>y+ velocities by a slott$ cros%ead revolv+ ) ! driv+ %aft4 ,! two %afts are n 9 ! same l9e4 #eee4 ,diff]5tial hydraulic accumulator4 ,! effective area ( ! ram is ! annul> %\ld]1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! areas ( ! top & ! bottom rams4 #eef4 ,diff]5tial gov]n+ device4 ,! motive p[] drives ,a :i* w9ds up ! l>ge weight2 ! small weight t5d+ to run d[n1 drives ! fan regulator1 & ! two weights are s adju/$ t :5 ! prop] spe$ is atta9$1 bo? weights are /ation>y2 any *ange ( spe$ causes !m to run up or d[n1 s actuat+ ! regulation by ! bell crank lev] & rod4 #eeg4 ,v>y+ diff]5tial regulator4 ,! upp] rod ,a is connect$ to ! regulator valve or o!r device1 & x is capable ( receiv+ motion f ei!r ! pi/on1 :i* acts aga9/ a spr+1 or f ! rod ,b atta*$ to "s positive reciprocat+ "p1 s t ! nett movem5t ( ,a is due to ! diff]5ce ( motion ( ,b & ! pi/on ,c4 ,diff]5tial ,worm ,ge>1 ,no4 #aeei4 ,section #cb4--;,,eng9es 7,,types ,,(74 ,! foll[+ sket*es are type draw+s ( ! mo/ important =ms ( ,/eam ,eng9es 9 use1 & are int5d$ to af=d a *oice ( outl9e arrangem5ts f :i* 9 any s*eme "u consid]ation a selection may be made z a basis1 )\t ref]5ce to details4 ,,v]tical ,,eng9es4 #eeh4 ,ov]head cyl9d] eng9e4 #eei4 ,ov]head crank eng9e1 #efj4 ,ov]head crank eng9e1 cyl9d] oscillat+4 #efa4 ,ov]head cyl9d] eng9e1 ) oscillat+ cyl9d]4 #efb4 ,ov]head t&em comp\nd eng9e4 ,^! c1 ( c\rse1 be rev]s$ & ! crank #efc4 ,ov]head d\ble comp\nd eng9e4 fix$ ov]head4 #efd4 ,ov]head "o-crank comp\nd oscillat+ eng9e1 cyl9d]s at "r angles & receiv] betwe54 #efe4 ,ov]head d\ble-crank comp\nd oscillat+ eng9e1 ) receiv]4 #eff4 ,ov]head crank comp\nd t&em oscillat+ eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 #eec4-eff4 #efg4 ,v]tical eng9e1 ) top guides1 d\ble connect+ rods1 & und]nea? crank %aft4 #efh4 ,v]tical trunk eng9e4 ,note t ! trunk plan is applicable to any ( ! prec$+ arrangem5ts1 & is employ$ :]e a v %ort eng9e is requir$4 #efi4 ,v]tical triple comp\nd eng9e1 s+le act+ cyl9d]s4 ,! high pressure /eam acts fir/ on ! "u side ( ! small pi/on1 is !n exp&$ into ! annul> "u side ( l>ge pi/on1 & f9ally exp&$ into ! upp] side ( l>ge pi/on4 #egj4 ,v]tical comp\nd eng9e1 ) annul> cyl9d]4 ,! c5tral cyl9d] is ! high pressure1 & ! annul> cyl9d] ! l[ pressure4 #ega4 ,v]tical annul> cyl9d] eng9e1 ) crank bel[4 #egb4 ,v]tical slott$ cros%ead eng9e4 #egc4 ,/&>d v]tical eng9e2 a type l>gely us$ & possess+ _m good po9ts4 #egd4 ,d\ble cyl9d] eng9e1 ) ,t connect+ rod4 7,b]nay's pat5t47 ,,horizontal ,,eng9es4 #ege4 ,box b$ eng9e1 high pressure4 #egf4 ,d\ble box b$ eng9e1 c\pl$ end to end4 ,^! c1 ( #egg4 ,oscillat+ cyl9d] eng9e1 ) cros%ead c\rse1 be guides4 duplicat$ side by side4 #egh4 ,trunk eng9e4 #egi4 ,return crank eng9e4 #ehj4 ,diagonal eng9e4 ,see also ,no4 #efd4 ,illu/ration3 #efg4-ehj4 #eha4 ,horizontal t&em comp\nd eng9e4 #ehb4 ,gall[ay's oblique comp\nd eng9e4 #ehc4 ,d\ble cyl9d] comp\nd eng9e1 ) receiv]1 cranks at "r angles4 #ehd4 ,trunk b$ eng9e4 #ehe4 ,d\ble pi/on eng9e4 ,! pi/ons are sometimes c\pl$ to two crank p9s at "r angles4 ,cond5s]s 7see ,section #be7 may be driv5 7a7 f horizontal eng9es ei!r direct by cont9uation ( ! pi/on rod1 or 7b7 may be work$ horizontally bel[ by a v]tical rock+ beam c\pl$ to ! ma9 cros%ead1 or 7c7 work$ v]tically bel[ by a bell crank c\pl$ to ! ma9 cros%ead1 or 7d7 by a sep>ate small /eam cyl9d] work+ indep5d5tly1 or 7e7 by a connect+ rod or ge>+ f ! crank %aft4 ,= ,jet ,cond5s]s see ,section #be4 ,,beam ,,eng9es1 c4 #ehf4 ,ord9>y pill> & ov]head beam eng9e4 #ehg4 ,has ext5d$ beam & d\ble cyl9d]s1 ei!r z a comp\nd eng9e or "o cyl9d] may =m a pump or bla/ cyl9d]4 ,9 "s designs ! high & l[ pressure cyl9d]s are plac$ side by side & c\pl$ to ! same end ( ! beam by a modifi$ p>allel motion4 #ehh4 ,side lev] eng9e4 #ehi4 ,plan ( beam eng9e1 ) comp\nd cyl9d]s4 #eij4 ,walk+ beam eng9e4 #eia4 ,diagonal eng9e4 #eib4 ,?ree or f\r cyl9d] high-spe$ eng9e1 ) s+le-act+ cyl9d]s4 #eic4 ,v]tical high-spe$ s+le-act+ eng9e1 ) "o or m cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 #eha4-eic4 ,section #cc4--;,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s ,,comb9$ 7see also ,boil]s1 ,sec4 #f74 ,,v]tical ,,arrangem5ts4 #eid4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! boil] =ms ! /&>d = support ( eng9e p>ts1 b x is bett] to fix ^! on a v]tical b$-plate bolt$ to ! boil]1 or z ,no4 #eie4 #eie4 ,any type ( v]tical eng9e & any type ( v]tical boil] c be comb9$ on ?is plan4 #eif4 ,v]tical boil] 7any type7 & horizontal eng9e 7any type74 #eig4 ,any type ( v]tical boil]1 ) %ort horizontal eng9e on cr[n4 #eih4 ,v]tical boil]1 ) cyl9d] sunk 9 ! c5tre ( cr[n4 #eii4 ,ov]head crank eng9e & boil]1 ! latt] =m+ ! base to :i* ! eng9e p>ts are fix$4 ,,horizontal ,,eng9es4 #fjj4 ,loco4-type semi-fix$ horizontal eng9e4 #fja4 ,loco4-type semi-fix$ horizontal eng9e1 ) eng9e on top4 ,:5 plac$ on :eels ?is type con/itutes ! well-kn[n 8,portable40 #fjb4 ,horizontal semi-fix$ boil]1 ) circul> %ell & eng9e on top4 7,see ,no4 #gb47 #fjc4 ,horizontal semi-fix$ boil]1 ) und]nea? fire-box4 7,see ,no4 #ga47 ,section #cd4--;,,elliptical ,,motion4 #fjd4 ,ellipsograph2 by ge>+2 ! bevil :eel ,a is fix$1 ! o!r ?ree revolv+ ) ! :ole ma*9e on ! fix$ c5tral /&>d1 ! di/ance ,a %\ld equal ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! major & m9or axes ( ! ellipse4 #fje4 ,p]=ms ! same op]ation 9 a simil> way2 ,a is fix$2 ,b is same diamet] z ,a2 & ,c diamet] ( ,a & ,b4 #fjf4 ,common trammel or ellipsograph4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( app>atus = draw+ ellipses m]ely 7see ,knight's ,diction>y ( ,me*anics74 ,see ,trammel ,ge>1 ,sec4 #dj4 #fjg #fjh4 ,two =ms ( ellipsographs or elliptical cranks4 ,see also ,no4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 #eid4-fjh4 ,section #ce4--;,,ela/ic ,,:eels4 ,:eels ) rubb] tyres are ! common =m4 ,:eels ) a loose flat tyre outside a fix$ tyre & ) v>i\s =ms ( spr+s ins]t$ betwe5 ! tyres4 7,see ,spr+s1 ,section #hj47 #fji4 ,huxley's :eel1 ) spr+ tyre & jo9t$ spokes4 #faj4 ,:eel ) d\ble tyres & int]m$iate spr+s4 #faa4 ,two plans ( b5t spoke1 spr+ =mation4 #fab4 ,two plans ( b5t spoke1 spr+ =mation4 #fac4 ,has an out] ela/ic tyre & an inn] rigid r+1 to :i* ! t5sion or compression spr+s are fix$4 #fad #fae4 ,sections ( rubb] tyres4 ,:eels are also made ) rubb] r+s appli$ betwe5 ! boss & %aft s z to all[ a limit$ am\nt ( ela/icity betwe5 ! :eel & axle4 ,section #cf4--;,,exp&+ ,,& ,,contract+ ,,devices4 ,common exp$i5ts = ^! purposes are--jo9t$ fold+ rods1 z a c>p5t]'s rule2 ! telescope tube2 net "w2 diagonally cross$ & jo9t$ b>s2 lattice "w2 spr+s 7see ,section #hj72 lazy tongs 7,no4 #fbc74 #faf4 ,telescopic ram hydraulic lift4 7,see also ,no4 #abag47 ,consi/+ ( two or m rams slid+ )9 ea* o!r4 #fag4 ,p>allel b> exp&+ grille1 or gate4 #fah4 ,p>allel b> exp&+ grille1 ) lazy tongs motion1 ea* alt]nate b> has slott$ holes z %[n4 #fai4 ,modification ( #fah4 ,! numb] ( horizontal b>s c be multipli$ indef9itely4 #fbj4 ,v5etian bl9d2 ?is me?od is us$ also = movable doors or p>titions1 slid+ horizontally4 #fba4 ,v5etian bl9d1 b )\t revolv+ motion to ! la?s or slats4 #fbb4 ,p]=at$ b> & hook$ rod susp5d]4 #fbc4 ,lazy tongs exp&+ connect+ rod4 #fbd4 ,f\r-guide exp&+ l9k device1 = v>y+ motion4 #fbe4 ,?orburn's tube exp&]1 op]at$ by a c5tral cone & r+ ( conical roll]s4 #fbf4 ,gasomet]4 #fbg4 ,timms' exp&+ bor+ tool4 ,op]at$ by a c5tral cone & ?ree or m diagonal fea!rs1 slid+ 9 dovetail grooves 9 ! c5tral cone4 ,exp&+ ,m&rel1 ,no4 #ejg4 ,exp&+ ,*ucks1 ,nos4 #dhi1 #dia1 #ejf4 ,illu/ration3 #fji4-fbg4 #fbh4 ,exp&+ basket1 ) *a9 corn] susp5d]s4 #fbi4 ,exp&+ socket1 ) slid+ r+ grip4 #fcj4 ,exp&+ grat+1 =m$ ( b5t /eel la?s on edge4 #fca4 ,bridge or flap betwe5 c>s1 hav+ buff]s4 #fcb4 ,exp&+ core b>rel1 9 ?ree p>ts1 exp&$ by a w$ge4 #fcc4 ,exp&+ m&ril or *uck4 ,see also ,section #bh4 ,expansion ,jo9t1 ,nos4 #ajgf1 #ajgg4 ,exp&+ ,pipes1 ,no4 #ajgi4 ,section #cg4--;,,fa/5+ ,,:eels ,,to ,,%afts4 ,besides ! ord9>y plan ( %r9k+ !m on :ile hot1 ! foll[+ are ! *ief devices 9 use3-- #fcd4 ,squ>e %aft & s+le key4 #fce4 ,squ>e %aft & two keys at "r angles2 two keys %\ld always be us$ = a squ>e %aft1 unless x has be5 ma*9$ to fit to ! hole4 #fcf4 ,r\nd %aft & holl[ key4 #fcg4 ,r\nd %aft & flat key4 #fch4 ,r\nd %aft & sunk key4 #fci4 ,/ak$ fa/5+1 f\r keys1 usually on flats cut on %aft1 b bett] if slightly sunk into %aft4 #fdj4 ,set screw4 ,_c be dep5d$ on = any b light /ra9s4 #fda4 ,tap] p94 #fdb4 ,split p92 always us$ :]e a p91 bolt1 or c5tre is liable to "w loose4 #fdc4 ,cott] & slot4 #fdd4 ,screw$ p9 ?r\gh %aft & boss ( :eel4 #fde4 ,octagonal %aft ( ca/ iron1 ) f\r keys1 or ! f\r keys may be ca/ on %aft4 #fdf4 ,cott] or p9 ?r\gh side ( %aft4 #fdg4 ,l>ge :eels are sometimes w$g$ ) iron & wood w$ges all r\nd on a squ>e or octagonal %aft hav+ fea!rs ca/ on x4 #fdh4 ,set screw1 tapp$ half into %aft & half into :eel4 #fdi4 ,screw$ %aft1 nut & clamp+ plates2 us$ = em]y :eels1 gr9d/ones1 circul> saws1 & mill+ cutt]s4 ,illu/ration3 #fbh4-fdi4 #fej4 ,screw$ end & nut1 ! hole 9 :eel be+ squ>e1 or r\nd & fitt$ ) key4 #fea4 ,gib head tap] key4 #feb4 ,pla9 tap] key4 #fec4 ,tap] r\nd p94 #fed1 #fee4 ,split p9s 7r\nd74 #fef4 ,cott] & split p94 #feg4 ,cott] & nut4 #feh4 ,dovetail tap] key1 or fix+ = projection1 cutt] or bracket4 #fei4 ,self-lock+ p92 _c "w out4 #ffj4 ,split coll> & r+ fa/5+1 sometimes us$ in/ead ( a nut & screw$ end2 ! inn] r+ is 9 halves4 #ffa4 ,pi/on rod fa/5+4 #ffb4 ,lock+ fea!r & w$ge fa/5+1 = roll]s1 c41 prev5ts end motion4 #ffc4 ,railway *air key4 ,section #ch4--;,,friction ,,ge>4 ,v>i\s =ms ( friction ge>+ are mu* us$1 ! *ief objection to ?is k9d ( ge> be+ ! excess ( pressure on ! be>+s requir$ to give suffici5t grip to drive ! ge>4 #ffd4 ,! common =m ( flat-fac$ friction ge> = hoi/+ purposes1 c4 ,see ,no4 #abaa4 ,! requir$ pressure is giv5 by a weight$ lev]4 #ffe4 ,friction bevils1 pla9 faces1 = gov]nor driv+1 c4 #fff4 ,friction bevils1 ! p9ion be+ usually ( h>d lea!r2 ! pressure may be appli$ 9 ! direction ( ei!r ( ! arr[s4 #ffg4 ,multiple ,v ge>4 ,a common mi/ake is to run ^! too deep 9 ge>2 ! n>r[] ! surfaces 9 contact1 %ort ( ! seiz+ or cru%+ po9t1 ! less ! p[] wa/$ 9 friction4 #ffh4 ,a v small p9ion ( lea!r1 wood1 or rubb] is frequ5tly driv5 by a l>ge driv+ :eel = obta9+ high spe$ ) /ead9ess1 = driv+ dynamos1 fans1 c4 #ffi4 ,disc :eel & rubb] p9ion1 arrang$ to rev]se motion or v>y spe$4 ,see ,no4 #aeie4 ,! motion is rev]s$ by ?r[+ ei!r :eel into ge> ) ! p9ion1 & ! spe$ v>i$ at w by rais+ or l[]+ ! p9ion1 us$ = screw presses4 #fgj4 ,w$ge friction ge>4 ,illu/ration3 #fej4-fgj4 #fga4 ,c\pl$ be>+s = friction ge>1 to all[ ( any requir$ pressure or 8bite10 ! /ra9s be+ self-conta9$4 ,see also ,no4 #gcg1 #gch1 #abid4 ,section #ci4--;,,guides1 ,,slides1 c4 ,,pi/on-,,rod ,,guides4 #fgb4 ,two b>s & cros%ead2 ^! mu/ be f> en\gh ap>t to all[ = ! angle ( ! connect+ rod4 #fgc4 ,f\r b>s1 cros%ead1 & slide blocks2 ! connect+ rod work+ betwe5 ! two pairs ( guides4 ,! bottom guides are (t5 ca/ solid ) ! b$plate4 #fgd4 ,b> & slipp]4 #fge4 ,adju/able slipp]2 !re are o!r adju/m5ts = we> by w$ge pieces1 simil> to ,no4 #ai4 ,see also ,no4 #ba4 ,a pla9 guide bu% is sometimes us$ z ,no4 #fhb1 & a =k$ connect+ rod ) long =k c\pl$ to ! gudgeon or cros%ead4 #fgf4 ,section ( ,no4 #fgc & alt]native cros%ead = two r\nd b> guides4 #fgg4 ,slide b$ & slipp]4 #fgh4 ,section ( trunk guide1 ca/ ) eng9e b$ & bor$ out4 #fgi4 ,oscillat+ cyl9d] pi/on head guides4 #fhj4 ,oscillat+ fulcrum 9 lieu ( guides4 #fha4 ,diagonal cros%ead & guide b>s1 to all[ ! crank & connect+ rod end to pass ! guide b>s4 ,,valve ,,rod ,,guides4 #fhb1 #fhc1 #fhd1 #fhe4 ,,guide ,,roll]s4 #fhf #fhg4 ,guide roll]s = ropes1 c4 #fhh #fhi4 ,guide roll]s = b>s ( v>i\s sections4 ,,lift ,,& ,,hoi/ ,,guides4 #fij4 ,cage guid$ by f\r corn] po/s4 #fia #fib4 ,cage runs on two v]tical rails1 & is /eadi$ by a ?ird guide4 ,= l>ge cages4 ,small cages only require guides on "o side1 z #fib4 ,illu/ration3 #fga4-fib4 #fic4 ,iron wire or rod guides1 /ra9$ tight1 are sometimes us$1 especially 9 m9es1 z guides = ! cage2 two are us$ to guide ! cage & two = ! balance weight4 #fid4 ,plani%$ r\nd iron guides1 ) half r\nd fix+ brackets & runn]s atta*$ to cage2 ^! guides are equal to plan$ b>s & mu* less co/ly2 two are usually suffici5t = any cage4 #fie4 ,t ,l or iron guides1 = goods lifts4 #fif4 ,wire rope guides1 ) sep>ate pair ( wood guides = balance weight4 #fig4 ,int]m$iate guides = d\ble cage lifts2 = l>ge cages extra guides at ea* side %\ld be us$4 #fih4 ,slop+ c>riage guides4 #fii4 ,v]tical bracket cage guides4 ,,ma*9e ,,guide ,,b$s4 #gjj4 ,d\ble ,v b$1 ) set screw adju/m5ts4 #gja4 ,guide b$ = plan+ ma*9e1 or any ma*9e :]e ! b$ is n liable to lift 9 work+4 #gjb4 ,r\nd b> & flat guide b$4 #gjc4 ,deep ,v guide2 mu* us$ = cros%eads1 tool boxes1 c41 requir+ accurate movem5t4 #gjd4 ,la! b$ ) squ>e guides & adju/m5ts = we>4 #gje4 ,plan+ ma*9e1 d\ble ,v b$4 #gjf4 ,cros%ead = two s+le b> guides1 ) r5ewable we>+ /rips & squ>e guide surfaces4 #gjg4 ,radial slide = tool box1 usually ( same section z ,no4 #gjj4 ,,rope ,,guides4 #gjh1 #gji1 #gaj2 9 #gji ! rope c be ?read$ )\t pass+ ! end ?r\gh4 ,section #dj4--;,,ge>+1 ,,v>i\s ,,devices ,,9 7n o!rwise class$74 #gaa4 ,conical rotatory ge>4 ,appli$ to reap+ ma*9es4 ,see also ,pan ,scre51 ,no4 #abfd4 #gab4 ,triangul> ecc5tric1 us$ to obta9 a pause ( "o-?ird revolution at ea* end ( ! /roke4 #gac4 ,face plate worm ge>4 #gad4 ,d\ble rack & p9ion ge>4 #gae4 ,d\ble ge> :eels4 ,illu/ration3 #fic4-gae4 #gaf4 ,ecc5tric ge>+2 ! :eel ,a be+ fix$ on a crank p9 9 ! driv+ :eel ,b1 drives ! dott$ ge> at a spe$ proportionate to ! diamet]s ( ! :eels ,a & ! driv5 :eel4 #gag #gah4 ,=ms ( epicyclic or planet ge>4 ,sev]al modes ( driv+ ^! may be employ$ by fix+ "o or o!r ( ! ?ree :eels1 ! o!r two revolv+4 ,see ,diff]5tial ,ge>1 ,section #ca4 #gai4 ,multiple trammel ge>4 ,! p9ion is half ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 & makes two revolutions to "o ( ! :eel4 #gbj4 ,trammel crank ge>2 ! crank revolves once to two d\ble /rokes ( ! rod4 #gba4 ,knight's noiseless ge>+1 = two %afts runn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,ea* %aft has two equal cranks at "r angles1 :i* are c\pl$ by l9ks to rock+ arms1 :i* are also c\pl$ 9 pairs4 #gbb4 ,ecc5tric v>iable spe$ too!d ge>4 #gbc4 ,scroll bevil ge>4 #gbd4 ,segm5t rev]s+ ge>1 to obta9 two spe$s 9 portions ( "o revolution1 & 9 opposite directions4 ,see ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,section #gd4 #gbe4 ,snail :eel1 or scroll rat*et4 #gbf4 ,comb9$ spur & bevil :eel4 #gbg4 ,d\ble screw ge>1 = /e]+ ge>1 c4 #gbh4 ,angul> ball-jo9t$ crank motion4 #gbi4 ,crank ge>+ betwe5 two %afts runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,see ,no4 #ahg4 ,! cranks %\ld be simil> to ,nos4 #agd or #age4 #gcj4 ,snail worm ge>4 #gca4 ,diagonal eng9e or pump1 ) bevil ge> revolv+ motion & ?ree or m cyl9d]s4 #gcb4 ,angle c\pl+ on ,dr4 ,hooke's pr9ciple4 ,see ,no4 #bib4 #gcc4 ,worm & cr[n ge>4 ,us$ 9 *aff ma*9es2 useful to obta9 a sl[ fe$ on two %afts 9 opposite directions4 ,illu/ration3 #gaf4-gcc4 #gcd4 ,ball :eel1 ) limit$ angul> trav]se ge>+ into "o or two p9ions4 #gce4 ,scroll & rack4 #gcf4 ,v>iable spe$ ge>1 f an elliptical or o!r irregul>-%ap$ driv+ :eel1 comb9$ ) a ti$ idle int]m$iate :eel4 #gcg4 ,spr+ friction grip :eels4 #gch4 ,int]mitt5t rev]sible fe$ motion4 ,! p9ion is ( lea!r1 & drives ! segm5t till x runs out ( ge>2 :5 ! ma*9e is rev]s$ x travels an equal di/ance ! opposite way4 ,section #da4--;,,gov]n+ ,,& ,,regulat+ ,,spe$1 ,,p[]1 c4 #gci4 ,is a device = v>y+ ! op5+ ( a ma9 valve 7connect$ to rod ,a7 by ! pressure on ! small pi/on1 :i* moves x aga9/ ! t5sion ( a spr+4 #gdj1 #gda1 #gdb1 #gdc4 ,types ( c5trifugal gov]nors1 ( :i* num]\s v>ieties are 9 use4 ,pump+ eng9es may be gov]n$ by all[+ ! pressure ( wat] 9 ! ris+ ma9 to accumulate 9 a /& pipe or equival5t device until x /ops ! eng9e by excess ( pressure4 ,to prev5t su* an eng9e runn+ away a cat* is us$1 kept op5 by ! pressure ( wat]2 :5 ! pressure falls bel[ a c]ta9 po9t ! cat* is releas$ & closes ! ?rottle valve4 ,/eam eng9es may also be safegu>d$ 9 ! same way by a cat* :i* is releas$ & closes ! ?rottle valve :5 ! gov]nor becomes fully exp&$4 #gdd4 ,screw & nut device1 to control ! travel ( any ma*9e1 su* z a lift1 by rev]s+ ! belt or ?r[+ out a cat* aft] any specifi$ numb] ( revolutions1 ! travel be+ adju/$ by ! /op nuts4 #gde4 ,! cat>act is "o ( ! olde/ gov]n+ devices4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a vessel :i* is fill$ ) wat] by "o /roke ( ! eng9e1 & empties itself ?r\gh an adju/able orifice dur+ ! return /roke1 ! valve motion be+ prev5t$ f rev]s+ till ! wat] is all dis*>g$4 #gdf4 ,gas eng9e gov]nor4 ,rod ,a has a reciprocat+ motion f ! eng9e1 & ! spur on lev] ,b /rikes ! end ( ! gas valve slide :5 br\ght 9 l9e ) x by ! motion ( ! gov]nor1 ?us supply+ gas only :5 ! gov]nor falls to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,diff]5tial ,gov]nor4 ,see ,nos4 #eef & #eeg4 ,section #db4--;,,hydraulic ,,multiply+ ,,ge>4 #gdg4 ,is ! ord9>y 8*a9 & %eave0 multiply+ ge>1 unequally ge>$1 ?us-- ,ram end4 ,cyl9d] end4 ,) #a %eave #a %eave x is ge>$ #c to #a4 #b #b #e to #a4 #c #c #g to #a2 c4 #gdh4 ,is ! same plan1 b equally ge>$-- ,ram end4 ,cyl9d] end4 ,) #a %eave ,no %eaves x is ge>$ #b to #a4 #b #a %eave #d to #a4 #c #b #f to #a2 c4 #gdi4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! %eaves suitable = v]tical work+1 ge>$ #h to #a4 #gej4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! %eaves suitable = v]tical work+1 b ge>$ #f to #a4 ,illu/ration3 #gcd4-gej4 #gea4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! %eaves suitable = v]tical work+1 b ge>$ #d to #a4 #geb4 ,/ev5s & ,major's pat5t = horizontal work+4 ,! angle ( ! *a9 helps to support ! weight ( ! ram4 #gec4 ,modification ( #geb1 sometimes us$1 & suitable = bo? horizontal & v]tical positions1 ) any requir$ multiplication ( spe$4 #ged4 ,rack ge>2 %ort /roke pi/on cyl9d] plan4 #gee4 ,d\ble rope v]tical ram ge>4 #gef4 ,arrangem5t ) ! %eaves all at head ( cyl9d]4 ,= ,telescopic ,hydraulic ,lift1 see ,nos4 #abag #faf4 ,hydraulic ,balance ge>1 ,nos4 #cga1 #cgc4 ,section #dc4--;,,hooks1 ,,swivels1 c4 ,= ,*a9s & ,l9ks1 see ,section #aa4 #geg4 ,d\ble or mat* hook4 #geh4 ,split l9k4 ,see also ! common ,key ,r+4 #gei4 ,self-lock+ hook1 ) incl9$ %\ld] & p94 #gfj4 ,! common 8,lewis40 #gfa4 ,self-gripp+ claw grab4 ,see also #eaf1 #eje4 #gfb4 ,grab bucket1 on same pr9ciple4 #gfc1 #gfd1 #gfe4 ,d\ble ,s l9ks4 #gff4 ,hook ) rope grip4 #gfg4 ,snap hook4 #gfh4 ,snap l9k4 #gfi4 ,slip hook = a monkey or pile eng9e2 a rope is atta*$ to ! eye 9 end ( lev] :i* pulls ! loop l9k away f ! bottom l9k to :i* ! 8monkey0 is susp5d$1 all[+ x to fall4 ,illu/ration3 #gea4-gfi4 #ggj4 ,automatic slip hook2 slips ! ,t end ( ! 8monkey0 by ! curv$ arms /rik+ ! sides ( a fix$ /op hole4 #gga4 ,draw b> hook1 self-lock+4 #ggb4 ,fix$ b> hook1 ) snap4 #ggc4 ,slip hook4 #ggd4 ,hook1 ) m\s+ r+2 slip hook4 #gge4 ,crane hook1 ) swivel4 #ggf4 ,d\ble swivel l9ks1 ins]t$ 9 a *a9 to take out ! twi/4 #ggg4 ,triangul> l9k1 to atta* two *a9s to "o4 #ggh4 ,safety l9k4 ,has a flat on l9k to slip 9 not* ( hook4 #ggi4 ,s l9k4 #ghj4 ,split l9k4 #gha4 ,bolt %ackle4 #ghb4 ,d\ble l9k & bolt connection = ord9>y *a94 #ghc4 ,p9 %ackle4 ,section #dd4--;,,indicat+ ,,spe$s1 c4 #ghd #ghe4 ,h& 7portable7 indicator1 to indicate spe$ ( revolution ( a %aft1 c41 by simple :eel "w & dial plate4 #ghf4 ,gov]nor gauge1 indicates ! spe$ by ! angle ( ! balls mov+ a f+] on a v]tical scale4 #ghg4 ,/eam eng9e indicator1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties4 ,macnaught's1 ,ri*>ds'1 ,d>ke's1 ,kraft's1 ,cas>telli's1 c41 are examples1 9 :i* a small /eam pi/on op]ates a m>k+ po9t by ! v>y+ pressure ( /eam act+ aga9/ a spr+2 ! pap] is usually coil$ on a cyl9d] hav+ a reciprocat+ motion by a /r+ f ! eng9e4 #ghh4 ,mor9's dynamomet]4 ,consi/s ( two belt pulleys connect$ by a spr+2 "o receives ! /ra9 ( driv+ belt1 & ! o!r transmits x1 ! spr+ indicat+ ! t5sion on ! belts4 #ghi4 ,regni]'s dynamomet] indicates ! t5sion on ! connections by contraction ( ! spr+ op]at+ a dial plate4 #gij4 ,b\rdon tube pressure indicator4 ,! tube is ( flat section1 & its curv$ portion exp&s ) ! pressure1 op]at+ a f+] on ! dial by rackwork4 #gia4 ,worm ge> & dial to regi/] ! numb] ( revolutions4 ,see ,no4 #aeei4 ,o!r =ms ( pressure gauges are--#a/4 ,! m]curial gauge1 9 :i* ! pressure is indicat$ by ! height ( a column ( m]cury 9 a glass tube4 #bnd4 ,! wat] gauge1 9 :i* a column ( wat] replaces ! m]cury4 #crd4 ,! spr+ balance 7see ,no4 #agbi74 ,see also ,nos4 #agcj1 #agbh4 ,illu/ration3 #ggj4-gia4 #gib #gic4 ,w9d+ eng9es are provid$ ) indicators on ! pr9ciple ( ,no4 #gdd4 ,! travell+ nut has a po9t] ^: position on a v]tical graduat$ scale %[s ! position ( ! cage 9 ! pit4 ,v]tical scale indicators are also employ$ to %[ ! level ( wat] 9 tanks1 res]voirs1 c4 ,see ,no4 #agcj4 ,wat] tube indicators are employ$ to %[ ! level ( wat] 9 boil]s1 c41 z also gauge cocks fix$ at v>i\s heights 9 ! boil]4 ,section #de4--;,,jets1 ,,nozzles1 ,,& ,,injectors4 #gid4 ,/raight jet1 = long di/ances4 #gie4 ,%ort jet4 #gif4 ,rose jet1 = spread+4 #gig4 ,fan jet1 or spread]4 #gih4 ,bla/ tuy]e4 #gii4 ,smi?'s tuy]e & wat] bo%4 #hjj4 ,jet aspirator1 = induc+ a mix$ curr5t ( air & wat] or /eam4 #hja4 ,/eam jet pump2 ! /eam ent]s by ! c5tral jet & causes a vacuum1 into :i* ! wat] rises by ! bran* pipe4 #hjb4 ,insufflator = /eam & air bla/2 us$ also z a petroleum injector1 c4 #hjc #hje4 ,spray jets2 ! liquid rises by gravity at ! small v]tical nozzles1 & is driv5 9 a spray or mi/ by a cross bla/ ( air f ! horizontal jets4 #hjd4 ,injector4 ,! v>ieties ( ?is contrivance are too num]\s to specify4 ,see ,graham's1 ,gif=d's1 ,hall's1 ,hancock's1 & o!rs 9 common use4 #hjf4 ,pla9 or spread+ jet4 ,! eight vanes c be pu%$ into ! jet ( wat] to cut x up by mov+ ! slid+ r+4 #hjg4 ,v5tilat+ jet or aspirator1 ) sev]al lat]al op5+s = induc+ a curr5t4 ,jet cond5s]s4 ,see ,section #be4 ,section #df4--;,,j\rnals1 ,,be>+s1 ,,pivots1 c4 ,see also ,section #gj4 #hjh4 ,pla9 or solid p$e/al4 #hji4 ,half be>+1 sometimes us$ )\t a cott]4 #haj4 ,half bu%$ be>+1 hav+ a half brass on ! l[] side only4 #haa4 ,*amb]$ long be>+4 #hab4 ,! ord9>y d\ble brass$ p$e/al or plumm] block2 sometimes made ) ! cap & jo9t ( brasses at an angle ( #de :5 ! %aft is subject to horizontal ?ru/4 ,num]\s modifications ( ?is be>+ exi/4 #hac4 ,slot be>+ = ris+ & fall+ sp9dle4 ,illu/ration3 #gib4-hac4 #had #hae4 ,end ?ru/ be>+s4 #haf4 ,slid+ be>+1 ) v]tical or horizontal trav]se4 #hag4 ,d\ble ,v be>+ to accommodate diff]5t sizes ( %afts4 #hah4 ,v]tical %aft foot/ep4 #hai4 ,v]tical pivot4 #hbj4 ,horizontal pivot & set screw2 ! screw %\ld h a lock nut to prev5t x be+ work$ back by ! motion ( ! sp9dle4 #hba4 ,conical neck1 usually ) /eel bu%4 #hbb4 ,sph]ical foot/ep1 to all[ ! %aft to sway out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 #hbc4 ,horizontal be>+1 all[+ ! %aft to run out ( l9e4 #hbd4 ,balanc$ be>+1 to be> ! weight ( a light %aft1 & plac$ betwe5 ! fix$ be>+s4 #hbe4 ,self-adju/+ be>+ = l9e %afts1 ) ball & socket movem5t4 #hbf4 ,ball & socket be>+ = v]tical sp9dle1 all[+ consid]able v>iation f a "r l9e4 #hbg4 ,horizontal ?ru/ be>+1 ) multiple flanges & d\ble brasses1 ea* capable ( sep>ate adju/m5t2 us$ = screw %afts 9 /eam-%ips4 #hbh4 ,a =m ( p$e/al1 ) ! cap provid$ ) end joggles to prev5t loos5ess4 #hbi4 ,trunnion be>+1 = oscillat+ cyl9d]s1 c4 ,! /eam is convey$ ?r\gh ! be>+1 :i* has a /uff+ box & gl& to prev5t leakage4 #hcj #hcb4 ,sw++ support = a %aft1 hav+ a slid+ bevil ge> or o!r motion ^u x :i* has to pass ! sw++ support2 us$ = la! slid+ ge>1 ov]head travell]s1 c4 #hca4 ,ball & socket c5tre = c> bogies1 c4 #hcc4 ,p$e/al ) side adju/m5t = ! brasses by tap] keys & screw adju/m5ts4 ,be>+s runn+ "u wat] are g5]ally l9$ ) /rips ( lignum vit & require no lubricant4 ,s-call$ self-lubricator be>+s are 9 use1 l9$ ) /rips ( pat5t composition metal4 ,illu/ration3 #had4-hcc4 #hcd4 ,c5tre be>+1 ) annul> grip1 = a heavy c5tre piece or c> bogie4 #hce4 ,c5tre be>+1 ) all[ance = "s am\nt ( oscillation4 ,c\pl$ be>+s4 ,no4 #fga4 ,section #dg4--,,plate ,,"w4 #hcf4 ,s+le rivet$ lap jo9t4 #hcg4 ,d\ble rivet$ lap jo9t4 #hch4 ,s+le rivet$ butt jo9t4 #hci4 ,d\ble butt jo9t4 #hdj4 ,t-iron butt jo9t4 #hda1 #hdb1 #hdc1 #hdd4 ,angle or edge seams4 #hde4 ,transv]se tubul> seam4 #hdf1 #hdg1 #hdh4 ,r$uc+ r+ seams4 #hdi1 #hej1 #hea1 #heb4 ,bottom seams r\nd wat] spaces1 fire-boxes1 c4 #hec4 ,expansion hoop jo9t 9 boil] flues1 c4 #hed #hee4 ,fire-box /ays4 #hef4 ,gusset /ay = flat ends4 ,flat b>1 tube1 & r\nd iron /ays are also mu* us$ to /ay flat surfaces 9 boil]s & tanks4 ,9 h\sehold boil]s x is usual to weld all ! seams1 ?us avoid+ ,l iron & o!r rivet$ "w4 ,see ,nos4 #hi to #if4 ,flue tubes 9 boil]s are /ay$ also by cross tubes ins]t$ at int]vals1 su* z ,gall[ay's pat5t conical cross tubes4 ,illu/ration3 #hcd4-hef4 #heg #heh4 ,cov] plates to c>ry t5sile /ra9s ov] jo9ts 9 plates1 ,l irons1 c4 #hei1 #hfj1 #hfa1 #hfb1 #hfc4 ,v>i\s =ms ( jo9ts employ$ 9 plate iron /ructures1 boxes1 tanks1 c41 n subject to mu* /ra94 #hfc is a dovetail$ jo9t4 #hfd4 ,t or ,l iron /rut end jo9t4 #hfe4 ,junction ( flat b> & diagonal ,t or ,l iron4 #hff4 ,gusset plate jo9t = diagonal ties & /ruts4 #hfg4 ,mode ( jo9t+ boil] plate corn]s by tap]+ ! corn]s ( ! plates4 #hfh4 ,ano!r =m ( angle jo9t4 ,section #dh4--,,lev]s4 ,lev]s are ( ?ree ord]s 7see ,section #ec74 ,! fulcrum or rock+ c5tre may be at ei!r end or at "s int]m$iate po9t4 ,9 practice ! fulcra are usually %afts or p9s 7see ,sections #gf & #gg71 & ! foll[+ are ! typical =ms 9 use4 #hfi1 #hgj1 #hga1 #hgb4 ,elevation & plans ( pla9 lev]s1 ) end bosses = rod atta*m5ts4 #hgc4 ,plan ( pla9 lev]1 ) =k$ end4 #hgd #hge4 ,bell crank lev]s1 ) pla9 or =k$ ends4 #hgf4 ,t or d\ble crank$ lev]4 #hgg4 ,=k$ end1 (f-set4 #hgh4 ,fi% belli$ lev] ( ! #bnd ord]4 #hgi4 ,balance weight lev]4 ,illu/ration3 #heg4-hgi4 #hhj4 ,h& lev]1 ) r\nd h&le4 #hha4 ,h& lev]1 ) flat h&le4 #hhb4 ,ano!r =m ( r\nd h&le sometimes us$4 #hhc4 ,crank h&le4 #hhd4 ,/>t+ lev]1 ) spr+ cat*4 #hhe4 ,ano!r patt]n ( ditto4 #hhf4 ,simil> lev]1 ) side or crank h&les4 #hhg4 ,foot lev]4 #hhh4 ,foot treadle frame4 #hhi4 ,wri/ plate or ,t lev]4 #hij4 ,h& lev]1 adju/able z to l5g? by means ( a slot & lock+ bolt4 ,= ?is purpose a pla9 r\nd rod pass$ ?r\gh a c5tral socket & fix$ at any radial l5g? by a set screw1 is (t5 us$2 or ! h& rod may be crank$ z ,no4 #aghd4 #hia4 ,d\ble h& lev]4 #hib4 ,lev]1 =m$ ( two wr\ght iron or /eel plates & di/ance pieces4 #hic #hid4 ,rock+ lev]s1 ) slid+ swivel jo9ts4 #hie4 ,=k$ lev]1 to span a c5tral be>+4 #hif4 ,h& lev]1 simple patt]n2 wr5* or spann]4 #hig4 ,head$ lev]1 = valve rod & o!r movem5ts4 ,see ,nos4 #adi to #aeb4 ,see also ,section #ig4 ,section #di4--,,lock+ ,,devices4 #hih4 ,common slid+ bolt4 ,illu/ration3 #hhj4-hih4 #hii4 ,common lat*4 #ijj4 ,cam lock+ bolt2 locks ! bolt :5 ei!r 9 or out1 s t x c only be mov$ by ! cam sp9dle4 #ija4 ,crank movem5t lock+ bolt1 simil> to ! la/4 #ijb4 ,bolt ( common lock4 #ijc4 ,disc & p94 #ijd4 ,side pawl4 #ije4 ,lock+ pawl4 ,= ,pawl & ,rat*et ,ge> see ,section #fb4 #ijf4 ,spr+ cat*1 ) r\nd end :i* slips pa/ ! socket if suffici5t =ce is appli$1 us$ = sw+ doors1 c4 #ijg4 ,ano!r =m1 bevill$ on "o side4 #ijh4 ,hook lat*4 #iji #iaj4 ,hasp & /aple4 #iaa4 ,crossb> & hooks4 #iab4 ,h& set screw4 #iac4 ,drop cat* = turntable1 c4 ,illu/ration3 #hii4-iac4 #iad4 ,turn+ or twi/+ bolt4 #iae4 ,rope or rod /opp]1 ) cam lev] grip4 ,see ,no4 #dg4 #iaf4 ,*a9 /op4 #iag #iah4 ,sp9dle grips1 to lock a slid+ or revolv+ sp9dle 9 a be>+ or bu%4 #iai4 ,clamp & screw4 #ibj4 ,slid+ %aft lock+ p92 us$ = la! head/ock back-ge> %afts1 c4 #iba4 ,lev] lock+ hook2 ! lev] is h+$ s t x c be slipp$ ov] ! hook4 #ibb4 ,b[ cat* = ladles1 skips1 c4 #ibc4 ,segm5t-slot & bolt fix+ = swivell+ base4 #ibd4 ,p9 lock = turntable or disc4 #ibe4 ,t cat*4 #ibf4 ,roll] & incl9e slot = lock+ a rod or rope4 #ibg4 ,revolv+ bu% lock = cat* rod2 ! cat* rod c only slip ?r\gh ! bu% :5 ! latt] is 9 "o position 7see plan view74 #ibh4 ,wire f5c+ not*es 9 ,l or iron4 #ibi4 ,trap door automatic cat*4 #icj4 ,screw & bridle susp5sion1 = bla/ pipes1 c4 #ica4 ,drop loop fa/5+ = a door4 #icb4 ,spr+ /ud lock4 ,illu/ration3 #iad4-icb4 #icc4 ,disc & radial slot2 ! rod c be slipp$ out sideways :5 ! disc is turn$ s z to br+ ! slots toge!r4 #icd4 ,radial h+$ lev] & cr[n rat*et4 #ice4 ,lock+ b> to fix a lev] 9 any position4 #icf4 ,pawl = lock+ slid+ %aft1 us$ = w9*es1 c41 hav+ d\ble & s+le pur*ase ge> or %ift+ clut*es4 #icg4 ,fa/5+ eye bolt = a h+$ cov]2 ! bolt is also h+$1 & c be turn$ d[n out ( ! way4 ,see also ,no4 #aicj4 #ich4 ,crank arm device1 to lock a valve or lev] 9 two positions4 ,see also ,no4 #af4 #ici4 ,gun1 bree*-load+1 slid+ cyl9drical block lock$ by turn+ ! arm into a not*4 #idj4 ,door fa/5+ /aple & cott]4 #ida4 ,common cott]4 #idb4 ,half nut lock+ & unlock+ device1 us$ = la! lead+ screws2 ! half nuts are mov$ simultane\sly 9 opposite directions by cams on ! lev] sp9dle4 #idc4 ,sw++ cat* to secure end ( a drop b>4 #idd4 ,tool po/1 to swivel & lock 9 any position4 ,see also ,no4 #dic4 #ide4 ,lock+ screw1 to lock ! h& :eel & spur p9ion to ! %aft :5 requir$ to be driv5 by x4 ,see also ,lock ,nuts4 ,! common v>ieties ( lev] locks ) /epp$ key-w>ds4 ,see ,no4 #agbc4 ,section #ej4--;,,h+es ,,& ,,jo9ts4 #idf4 ,! common d\ble-leaf h+e4 #idg4 ,ris+ h+e1 to cause ! door to lift slightly z x op5s1 x w !n close ( itself )\t a spr+4 #idh4 ,cup & ball h+e4 ,illu/ration3 #icc4-idh4 #idi #iej4 ,p9tle h+es4 #iea #ieb4 ,p>*m5t or lea!r h++ = wood movem5ts4 #iec4 ,dovetail jo9t1 us$ on iron b$/eads1 c42 ! circul> dovetail is slightly tap]$ & fitt$ tight4 #ied4 ,h+e = a door1 requir$ to lay flat aga9/ ! wall at ei!r side :5 op54 #iee4 ,h+e p9 = rock+ lev]s on a knife edge4 #ief4 ,door spr+ h+e1 to return ! door always to its c5tral position2 ! cams press aga9/ a roll] atta*$ to ! spr+s4 #ieg4 ,ano!r me?od1 ) t5sion spr+s4 #ieh4 ,rock+ be>+ or knife edge1 us$ = weigh+ ma*9es1 c4 #iei4 ,knuckle jo9t1 halv$ toge!r2 ! bolt secures ! two p>ts toge!r4 #ifj4 ,door spr+ h+e ) op5 spr+s & toggle movem5t4 #ifa4 ,gate h+es1 ) d\ble p9tle at bottom to cause ! gate to return to ! c5tral position )\t spr+s4 #ifb4 ,l9k h+e1 = a grid or trap door1 to all[ x to lie flat :5 op5$4 #ifc4 ,bayonet jo9t4 ,a common device4 #ifd4 ,d\ble sc>f$ & joggl$ jo9t1 = pump1 rods1 c41 ) f]rules & keys to tight5 up4 #ife4 ,univ]sal jo9t4 ,see ,dr4 ,hooke's ,jo9t1 ,nos4 #cc & #cd4 #iff4 ,knuckle jo9t$ lev]s4 ,illu/ration3 #idi4-iff4 #ifg4 ,! common male & female or nipple & socket rod jo9t4 #ifh4 ,multiple h+es1 ) "o c5tre bolt1 = long or heavy doors4 #ifi4 ,sc>f$ rod or b> jo9t4 #igj4 ,ano!r =m ( h+e1 to effect ! same object z ,no4 #ied4 ,see also ,swivel ,jo9ts1 ,nos4 #hic & #hid4 ,sections #di1 #d1 & #dh4 ,section #ea4--,,lubricators4 ,i d n propose to attempt to illu/rate ! va/ tribe ( 8greas]s0 ( all k9ds4 ,!y w\ld easily fill a mod]ate volume1 b sc>cely repay ! read] = p]usal4 ,i %all cont5t myself "h z else:]e by indicat+ ! types ( mo/ int]e/ & importance to ! ma*9e draughtsman4 ,besides ! simple cup or enl>g$ oil hole1 oil box1 & grease cup1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ commonly employ$3-- #iga4 ,oil pan = ge>+1 worms1 :eels1 c4 #igb4 ,revolv+ wire lubricator2 c>ries a drop ( oil on to ! %aft at ea* revolution4 #igc4 ,roll] & pan lubricator4 ,c be employ$ also = gum1 pa/e1 pa9t1 c4 #igd4 ,screw ram lubricator1 to =ce lubricant into a cyl9d] or pipe aga9/ pressure1 ) non-return valve4 #ige4 ,telescopic tube lubricat+ device1 = reciprocat+ or revolv+ jo9ts1 su* z crank p9s4 #igf4 ,ano!r tubul> device = crank p9s2 a holl[ cup on end ( a tube /&s opposite ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 & c be f$ ) oil :ile revolv+1 ! oil runn+ d[n ! tube dur+ ! l[] half revolution4 #igg4 ,/auff]'s lubricator = ?ick oil1 :i* is =c$ 9 by screw+ d[n ! cap4 #igh4 ,%aft be>+ lubricator by ! capill>y action ( pieces ( cane1 ! l[] ends ( :i* dip into ! oil ci/]n4 #igi4 ,endless /r+ lubricator4 #ihj4 ,s+le cock lubricator1 ) screw$ cap = fill+4 #iha4 ,d\ble cock lubricator4 #ihb4 ,holl[ plug cock4 ,! la/ ?ree are us$ to fe$ oil aga9/ /eam pressure4 #ihc4 ,lieuva9's ne$le lubricator4 ,a loose wire 7"o end ( :i* t\*es ! revolv+ %aft & ! o!r is 9 ! oil72 keeps ! oil fl[+ z long z ! %aft is runn+4 #ihd4 ,! pressure ( /eam ent]s ! cup above ! oil1 :i* is f$ ?r\gh an adju/able small valve at bottom4 #ihe4 ,plung] or ram & cyl9d] lubricator1 ) rat*et fe$ work$ f "s reciprocat+ "p ( eng9e4 ,lubricat+ or ink+ roll]s to ev5ly cov] a flat surface are plac$ at an angle ( ab\t #aj to ! direction ( motion ( ! surface to be lubricat$ or ink$4 ,l>ge eng9es are fitt$ ) an oil res]voir1 & pipes are l$ to all jo9ts1 be>+s1 c41 ) small cocks = regulation4 ,illu/ration3 #ifg4-ihe4 ,section #eb4--,,levell+ ,,& ,,plumb+4 ,! common _s level & plumbl9e are ord9>ily employ$1 z also ! surveyor's telescope & _s level or 8,dumpy40 #ihf4 ,gravitation level4 #ihg4 ,plumbl9e & squ>e4 #ihh4 ,wat] tube level2 ! tube may be c>ri$ a long di/ance & r\nd corn]s1 c41 9 any direction bel[ ! wat] level4 #ihi4 ,_s level plumb+ squ>e4 ,section #ec4--,,me*anical ,,p[]s4 ,,appliances ,,to ,,v>y ,,p[] ,,& ,,spe$4 #iij4 ,lev] ( ! #a/ ord] #iia4 ,lev] ( ! #bnd ord] ,see ,applications1 ,section #dh4 #iib4 ,lev] ( ! #crd ord] #iic4 ,:eel & axle2 p[] ga9$ & spe$ r$uc$ 9 proportion to ! diamet]s ( ! two %eaves4 #iid4 ,return block2 p[] multipli$ #b to #a4 #iie4 ,two d\ble %eave blocks2 p[] multipli$ #d to #a4 #iif4 ,f\r s+le blocks2 p[] same z ,no4 #iie4 #iig4 ,?ree return blocks2 p[] multipli$ #h to #a4 ,see ,applications1 ,section #db4 ,! incl9$ plane is simply a modification ( ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* acts v]tically4 ,! w$ge4 ,see ,section #cg4 ,! screw is simply a circul> incl9$ plane4 ,see ,section #gh4 ,see also ,ge>+1 ,sections #dj & #hd4 ,section #ed4--,,mix+ ,,& ,,incorporat+4 #iih4 ,knead+ mill1 ) spiral vanes4 #iii4 ,pug mill1 ) radial spiral paddles revolv+ inside a conical case4 #ajjj4 ,pug mill1 ) spiral paddles4 #ajja4 ,pan mix]4 ,a cyl9drical case or pan ) a set ( arms revolv+ ) ! c5tral %aft4 #ajjb4 ,egg beat] or mix+ ma*9e4 ,two sets ( op5 radial frames revolve 9 opposite directions1 ! frames be+ %ap$ to pass ?r\gh ea* o!r1 & are driv5 by mitre ge> driv+ a %aft & sleeve4 #ajjc4 ,diagonal mix+ b>rel1 ) revolv+ & fix$ vanes4 #ajjd4 ,conical mix+ b>rel ( simil> con/ruction4 #ajje4 ,diagonal mix+ pan1 us$ = confection]y1 c4 ,illu/ration3 #ihf4-ajje4 #ajjf4 ,mix]1 ) two pairs ( arms runn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,see ,cross section4 #ajjg4 ,a modification ( ! la/2 ! c5tres ( ! arms be+ above "o ano!r s t ! arms pass ea* o!r 9 revolv+4 #ajjh4 ,horizontal table mix+ ma*9e4 ,! /uff works its way f ! c5tre to ! edge ( ! table by c5trifugal =ce4 ,see also ,no4 #fj4 ,&]son's pat5t employs ?is plan to cont9u\sly di/ribute purify+ mat]ial ?r\gh wat] ) :i* ! revolv+ drum is *>g$4 ,see ,section #ac4 ,cru%+1 gr9d+1 c4 ,section #ee4--,,p>allel ,,motions4 ,purpose3 to ma9ta9 rectil9e> motion ( a rod or equival5t detail c\pl$ to a lev] )\t employ+ guide b>s4 #ajji4 ,watt's p>allel motion = a beam eng9e4 #ajaj4 ,rack & segm5t motion4 #ajaa4 ,epicycloidal p>allel motion4 ,! p9ion is "o-half ! diamet] ( ! :eel at ! pit* l9es1 & ! gudgeon is fix$ ^u ! pit* l9e ( ! p9ion4 #ajab4 ,peaucelli]'s p>allel motion4 ,a is a fix$ c5tre2 ,b 7= p>allel motion7 mu/ be "o-half way to ,c2 p[] is appli$ to ,c2 ,d p>allel c5tre gudgeon4 #ajac4 ,beam1 ) rock+ fulcrum4 ,a ,a are equal1 z also ,b ,b4 #ajad4 ,s+le radius b> & l9k2 ! radius b> to be same l5g? z ! half beam & ! l9k h+$ on its c5tre4 #ajae4 ,all ! radius b>s to be ( same l5g? z ! half beam4 #ajaf4 ,two equal radius b>s connect$ by a l9k1 ! ma9 gudgeon 9 its c5tre4 #ajag4 ,beam ( ! #bnd ord] ) rock+ fulcrum1 ,a & ,a be+ equal4 #ajah4 ,sector & rack motion4 ,see also ,no4 #gad4 ,section #ef4--,,pump+ ,,& ,,rais+ ,,wat]4 ,"s ( ! mo/ primitive me?ods are /ill 9 use1 & may possibly /ill be f\nd ( s]vice 9 p>ticul> cases4 #ajai4 ,scoop :eel4 #ajbj4 ,dipp+ tr\gh4 #ajba4 ,endless *a9 ( buckets4 #ajbb4 ,ar*im$ean screw2 a spiral pipe s]ves ! same purpose z ! worm revolv+ 9 a cyl9drical case4 ,illu/ration3 #ajjf4-ajbb4 #ajbc4 ,*a9 pump1 frequ5tly us$ /ill4 ,! l[] l5g? ( pipe %\ld be bor$ to fit ! buckets on *a92 ! re/ ( ! pipe may be a little l>g] 9 diamet] & n bor$4 #ajbd4 ,lift+ :eel = rais+ wat]4 ,! foll[+ f\r examples are ma*9es = rais+ wat] to any height by employ+ a fall ( wat] ( comp>ative l[ pressure3-- #ajbe4 ,hydraulic ram4 ,a /ream ( wat] runs d[n ! incl9e pipe & fl[s away at ! ball valve2 :5 its spe$ rea*es a c]ta9 po9t x sudd5ly closes ! ball valve1 & ! %ock op5s ! deliv]y valve1 wat] fl[s into ! air vessel till ! p[] ( ! /ream is *eck$1 :5 ! deliv]y valve closes1 ! ball drops1 & ! action is repeat$4 #ajbf4 ,! ,rob9et4 ,direct-action wat] pressure self-act+ pump2 p]=ms ! same "w z ! hydraulic ram1 t is by us+ a l[ fall & l>ge quantity ( wat] x raises a small] quantity to a great] height1 ! l[-pressure wat] act+ on ! l>ge d\ble-act+ pi/on4 ,! valve is rev]s$ by ! motion ( ! eng9e4 #ajbg4 ,hydraulic pump+ eng9e4 ,a modification ( ! ,rob9et4 ,a is ! driv+ cyl9d]1 ,b ! pump4 ,! ma9 slide valve is work$ by two pi/ons1 & ! pressure wat] di/ribut$ by an auxili>y f\r-way cock or small slide valve1 connect$ to a /op rod f ! ma9 cros%ead4 ,see also ,no4 #agda4 ,see ,sec4 #ic4 #ajbh4 ,wat] :eel & pump4 #ajbi4 ,s+le-act+ bucket or suction pump4 #ajcj4 ,s+le-act+ ram =ce pump4 ,sometimes an op5 top cyl9d] & pi/on are us$ in/ead ( a ram1 z ,no4 #ajbi4 #ajca4 ,d\ble-act+ ram & pi/on pump4 ,=ces on bo? /rokes2 sucks only on ! up /roke4 #ajcb4 ,d\ble-act+ plung] or ram pump1 ext]nally pack$2 a fav\rite arrangem5t4 #ajcc4 ,d\ble-act+ pi/on pump1 f\r valves4 ,?is is ( c\rse a type ( a v great v>iety ( pumps4 #ajcd4 ,d\ble-action pi/on pump1 )\t valves4 ,! pi/on has an oscillat+ or radial motion 7see plan71 z well z an up & d[n motion1 s t ! two ports are alt]nately op5 to ! upp] & "u side ( pi/on by ! small passages ,a ,a4 ,! requir$ motion c be obta9$ f ,no4 #djf1 crank motion4 #ajce4 ,rope pump4 ,a simple endless s(t or por\s rope absorbs wat] at its l[] "p 7imm]s$71 :i* wat] is press$ out ( x betwe5 ! roll]s at top4 #ajcf4 ,app>atus to supply air to air vessels4 ,! ma9 pump at e /roke draws a small quantity ( wat] f ! small air vessel ,a1 & on ! return /roke =ces an equal quantity ( air f ! small] to ! l>g] vessel ,b4 ,c is a d\ble air valve4 #ajcg4 ,comb9$ bucket & plung] pump draws on ! up /roke only1 b deliv]s on bo? /rokes4 #ajch4 ,air pump1 ) foot & head valves4 #ajci4 ,h& or p[] pump4 ,c be ?r[n into action f ! crank %aft by fa/5+ ! set screw1 or may be work$ indep5d5tly by ! h& lev]4 #ajdj4 8,wor?+ton0 patt]n ( plung] pump1 d\ble act+4 ,illu/ration3 #ajbc4-ajdj4 #ajda4 ,d\ble b>rel pump1 ) bucket pi/ons4 ,! wat] passes bo? pi/ons1 :i* are fitt$ ) valves op5+ opposite ways4 #ajdb4 ,oscillat+ sector or quadrant pump1 ) "o vane or pi/on4 #ajdc4 ,d\ble quadrant pump4 ,! two vanes are work$ by l9ks f a s+le crank4 #ajdd4 ,oscillat+ pump1 ) two radial vanes key$ to a c5tral rock+ %aft4 #ajde4 ,holl[ plug2 oil or wat] fe$]4 #ajdf4 ,d\ble ram pump4 ,ris+ ma9s 9 m9es & wells h be5 us$ z ! ma9 pump rods 9 "s in/ances4 ,9 pump+ up to a tank or res]voir f :i* a d[n s]vice pipe is tak51 ! pump c be arrang$ to deliv] into ?is pipe at its ne>e/ conv5i5t po9t1 in/ead ( hav+ a second pipe f ! pump to ! tank4 #ajdg4 ,s*mid's trunk cyl4 hydraulic pump+ eng9e utilises a l[-pressure supply to =ce f ! annul> side ( ! pi/on a high-pressure s]vice4 ,see also rot>y eng9es & pumps1 ,section #ge4 ,pump+ eng9es1 ,section #fa4 ,section #eg4--,,pipes ,,& ,,conveyors4 ,pla9 tub+ may be ei!r ( iron1 brass1 z9c1 lead1 t9 plate1 %eet iron1 papi] m*1 indi>ubb]1 guttap]*a1 lea!r1 cotton1 or canvas4 ,flexible sorts ( ! la/ five mat]ials nam$ are /r5g!n$ :5 requir$ by spiral wire1 ei!r inside or outside or imb$d$ 9 ! mat]ial2 also1 9 ! case ( rubb]1 by canvas ins]tion2 or by be+ pay$ ) y>n or wire1 ei!r w\nd or plait$ r\nd ! ext]ior4 ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,pipes4 #ajdh to #ajec4 ,%[ sections & elevations ( =ms ( flanges employ$4 #ajec has a small ,v space1 9 :i* is ins]t$ a r+ ( guttap]*a cord or s(t lead4 ,us$ = heavy pressures4 #ajed4 ,socket & spigot pipes4 ,! ord9>y e>!nw>e socket dra9 pipes1 flue pipes1 c41 are examples4 #ajee4 ,socket & spigot pipes1 ) tap]$1 bor$1 & turn$ jo9t4 #ajef4 ,cup & ball jo9t = unev5 gr\nd1 c4 #ajeg4 ,wr\ght iron pipes1 ) ca/ iron flanges4 #ajeh4 ,diagonal univ]sal jo9t4 ,see ,no4 #ajgh4 #ajei4 ,swivell+ jo9t4 ,c\pl+ quickly op5$ or clos$1 fac$ ) rubb] or lea!r4 #ajfj4 ,bayonet jo9t1 = hydrants1 c4 ,see ,no4 #ifc4 ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,pipes4 #ajfa4 ,%eet iron flue pipes4 #ajfb4 ,wr\ght iron pipe & screw$ c\pl+s4 #ajfc4 ,wr\ght iron flange c\pl+4 #ajfd4 ,r$uc+ socket or c\pl+4 ,illu/ration3 #ajda4-ajfd4 #ajfe #ajff4 ,elb[s4 #ajfg4 ,b5d4 #ajfh4 ,int]nal c\pl+ = h&rail+1 c4 #ajfi4 ,pat5t lap-fold$ pipe4 #ajgj4 ,long screw1 c\pl+ & back nut1 = mak+ ! la/ jo9t 9 a s]ies ( pipes :5 ! la/ piece _c be screw$ into bo? jo9ts4 #ajga to #ajgc4 ,screw$ unions4 ,! nut may be z ,no4 #ajgb or #ajgc4 ,see also ,section #gh4 #ajgd #ajge4 ,unions ) "r & left-h& ?reads4 #ajgf4 ,expansion jo9t pla94 #ajgg4 ,expansion jo9t ) gl& & safety bolt to prev5t ! jo9t bl[+ out4 ,a b5t ,u-%ap$ tube ( copp] is sometimes us$ z an expansion piece 9 a l9e ( hot pip+4 #ajgh4 ,royle's pat5t diagonal univ]sal jo9t1 by swivell+ ! diagonal jo9t ! pipes c be set at any angle f #j to #ij to ea* o!r4 #ajgi4 ,exp&+ pipes ) /uff+ boxes at ea* jo9t1 us$ = convey+ wat]1 /eam1 or air to a movable eng9e or ma*9e4 ,,conveyors4 #ajhj #ajha4 ,wood tr\ghs sometimes l9$ ) metal4 ,= convey+ mat]ials o!r ?an liquids1 su* z s&1 coal1 gra91 c41 ! foll[+ contrivances are us$3-- ,endless b&s ( canvas1 rubb]1 lea!r1 c41 sometimes ) flanges l #ajhb4 ,slop+ wood5 tubes or %oots4 #ajhb4 ,sectional conveyor1 endless1 c>ri$ r\nd pulleys l ,no4 #ajhc4 #ajhc4 ,creep]1 an endless *a9 ( bo>ds or buckets slid+ along a fix$ wood tr\gh4 ,see ,ew>t's pat5t deta*able drive *a91 :i* is fitt$ ) special l9ks = atta*m5t ( bo>ds or buckets4 #ajhd4 ,worm & tr\gh1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to an ar*im$ean screw4 ,see ,no4 #ajbb4 ,elevators = v]tical or slop+ conveyance usually consi/ ( an endless b& ( "s flexible mat]ial or *a9 ) a numb] ( t9 or metal buckets atta*$ at regul> int]vals 7z ,no4 #ajhf7 l a creep]1 ,no4 #ajhc1 b work+ 9 an enclos$ tube4 ,pneumatic tubes4 ,see ,section #ai4 ,valves = d41 ,no4 #afch4 #ajhe4 ,is an improv$ =m ( worm hav+ no c5tre %aft4 8,pat5t ,anti-,friction ,conveyor40 #ajhf4 ,elevator1 or b& & buckets1 may be run 9 any position4 #ajhg #ajhh4 ,endless web & roll] devices = convey+ %eets ( pap]1 = pr9t+ or fold+4 ,see also ,rais+ & ,l[]+1 ,section #fi4 ,illu/ration3 #ajfe4-ajhh4 ,section #eh4--,,pack+s1 ,,jo9ts1 ,,/uff+ ,,boxes1 c4 ,,pi/ons4 #ajhi4 ,pi/on ) junk r+2 ! pack+ is sometimes ca/ iron1 /eel1 brass1 or phosphor bronze r+s1 or ev5 hemp or asbe/os4 #ajij4 ,small pi/ons h g5]ally two r+s ( /eel or brass sprung into ! grooves4 #ajia4 ,d\ble-act+ hydraulic pi/on = cold wat]2 if s+le act+1 "o lea!r only is requir$2 = hot wat]1 r+s are g5]ally employ$4 #ajib4 ,indi>ubb] roll+ r+ pack+1 us$ on ,k5n$y's pat5t pi/on wat] met]s4 #ajic4 ,pi/on1 ) junk r+ = fibr\s pack+4 ,num]\s pat5ts are 9 use = spr+s ( v>i\s k9ds appli$ to pi/on r+s4 ,see ,section #hj4 ,,/uff+ ,,boxes1 c4 #ajid1 #ajie1 #ajif1 #ajig4 ,sections & plans ( gl& /uff+ boxes4 #ajih4 ,lea!r pack+ r+ or coll>1 us$ g5]ally = high] pressures up to #c or #d tons p] squ>e in*4 #ajii4 ,/uff+ box = hydraulic rams1 up to pressures ( ab\t #ajjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ) special h>d pack+4 #aajj #aaja4 ,:5 ! we> on an hydraulic lea!r is consid]able a gu>d-r+ %\ld be add$1 z %[n "h4 #aajb4 ,/annah's pat5t /uff+ box2 ! pack+ is tight5$ by a set screw4 #aajc #aajd4 ,ram lea!rs1 ) gl& to facilitate r5ew+4 #aaje4 ,groov$ /eam pack+4 ,x is said t ! /eam w n readily pass a s]ies ( grooves r\nd a pi/on rod4 #aajf4 ,useful =m ( gl& = a screw$ sp9dle1 ! ?read be+ cut 9 ! out] cap4 #aajg4 ,v-r+ pi/on pack+ r+s4 ,! inn] spr+ r+ presses ! out] r+s out aga9/ ! cyl9d]4 #aajh4 8,bottle0 gl& to cov] a reciprocat+ rod end4 #aaji4 ,gl& ) oil space to keep ! rod lubricat$4 #aaaj4 ,wat] lute or seal = gas hold]s1 c4 #aaaa4 ,groov$ jo9t = pack+ r\nd cov]s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 #ajhi4-aaaa4 #aaab4 ,indi>ubb] %eet jo9t = ! tubes ( cond5s]s1 ! rubb] be+ press$ ar\nd ! tube jo9ts by a plate ) project+ r+s4 ,see ,plate1 page #aci4 #aaac4 ,v-r+ metallic gl& pack+4 ,see ,plate1 page #aci4 ,jo9ts ( plane surfaces are usually made ) r$-lead = /eam & wat]2 asbe/os1 millbo>d1 & sometimes rubb] ins]tion1 tape1 pap]1 or wire gauze = /eam1 wat]1 air1 c4 ,section #ei4--,,propulsion4 7,see also ,sections #fj1 & #ab47 ,on l&1 vehicles1 c41 may be propell$ by3 a4 ,any eng9e hav+ conta9$ 9 itself its s\rce ( p[]2 su* z a /eam eng9e1 compress$-air eng9e1 electric motor1 c4 b4 ,any fix$ s\rce ( p[]1 ! mov+ vehicle be+ connect$ to x by3 #a1 a rope or *a92 #b1 a tube2 #c1 an electric wire or o!r electric connection4 c4 ,by gravitation d[n an incl9$ or v]tical road4 ,see ,section #fi4 d4 ,by w9d p[]1 us+ sails or w9dmill4 ,see ,section #ie4 e4 ,animal p[]4 ,on wat]1 vessels are propell$ by3 a4 ,w9d4 b4 ,/eam or o!r heat eng9e4 c4 ,wave motion4 d4 ,natural curr5ts1 tides4 e4 ,animal p[]4 ,9 air1 balloons h be5 propell$ by3 a4 ,w9d4 b4 ,"s k9d ( eng9e p[]4 c4 ,h& p[]4 ,b ! two latt] s\rces mu/ be at pres5t consid]$ almo/ impracticable4 ,,means ,,employ$ ,,= ,,propulsion4 ,on l&3 a4 ,/eam or o!r eng9e & boil] on ! mov+ vehicle4 b4 ,a res]voir ( compress$ air or gas1 driv+ an eng9e on ! vehicle4 c4 ,an electric batt]y or accumulator1 driv+ an eng9e on ! vehicle4 d4 ,rope railway3 ! rope may be driv5 by any k9d ( eng9e4 e4 ,endless rope transmission4 ,see ,section #ff4 f4 ,incl9$ or v]tical hoi/s4 ,see ,section #fi4 g4 ,ice vessels1 or ya*ts1 propell$ by w9d & sails1 w9dmills1 c4 ,see ,section #ie4 h4 ,velocip$es ( all k9ds1 h& p[] lifts & hoi/s4 ,see ,section #fi4 ,on wat]1 vessels are propell$ by3 a4 ,sails4 b4 ,/eam%ips1 by screw1 paddle-:eel1 /]n :eel1 wat] jet1 & /eam jet4 c4 ,wave eng9e4 d4 ,b>ges & rafts usually employ tidal motion only4 e4 ,r[+ boats1 c41 h& p[] paddle & screw boats1 horse t[age4 ,9 air1 balloons are propell$ by3 a4 ,w9d1 act+ on ! inflat$ balloon1 or on an umbrella-%ap$ or o!r sail2 also on ! "u side ( incl9$ planes ( l>ge area4 b4 ,balloons ( elongat$ =m h be5 propell$ by an eng9e plac$ 9 ! c>1 driv+ ei!r a l>ge screw propell] or w+s4 c4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to "w fly+ ma*9es 7g5]ally hav+ "s =m ( w+s7 by ! p[] ( a man's h&s & feet1 ) v little success4 ,section #fj4--,,motive ,,p[]4 ,x is assum$ t all physical en]gy is d]iv$ m or less directly f ! sun1 ^: rays comb9e3 #a1 heat2 #b1 light2 #c1 act9ic or *emical p[]4 ,heat may be obta9$3 a4 ,by direct use ( ! sun's rays4 b4 ,f any combu/ible mat]ial4 c4 ,f *emical reaction4 ,light does n sep>ately develop p[]4 ,*emical reactions are employ$ to develop heat1 combu/ion1 contraction1 or expansion1 z means ( develop+ p[]4 ,f ! =ego+ elem5t>y physical s\rces ! foll[+ are ! practical s\rces ( our p[] = me*anical purposes4 ,electrical p[]4 ,magnetic p[]4 ,tidal motion4 ,fall+ wat]4 ,desc5d+ weights4 ,wave motion4 ,w9d4 ,expansion ( air or o!r gases4 ,/eam4 ,explosives4 ,fuels1 hydroc>bons1 c4 ,^! are employ$ 9 produc+ p[] by ! foll[+ app>atus or motors3-- ,electric motors driv5 f a dynamo1 batt]y1 or accumulator4 ,magnetic p[] _c be employ$ cont9u\sly z a motor1 z x gives out only z mu* z x receives4 ,tidal motion c be utilis$ to drive any k9d ( :eel1 see ,wat] ,:eels1 ,section #ij4 ,x c also be /or$ 9 a res]voir1 driv+ a wat] eng9e z x fl[s 9 & out on ! flood & ebb2 or a float+ vessel may1 by its rise & fall1 communicate motion to ma*9es4 ,fall+ wat]2 = ma*9es employ$ to utilise1 see ,wat] ,:eels1 ,section #ij2 ,turb9es1 ,wat]-pressure ,eng9es1 c41 ,section #ic4 ,desc5d+ weights mu/ fir/ ( c\rse be rais$1 absorb+ z mu* p[] 9 rais+ z !y give out 9 fall+1 neglect+ friction4 ,clockwork2 wat]2 or compression ( a spr+ 7see ,section #hj72 multiply+ pulleys 7see ,section #db71 are ! app>atus employ$ to utilise ?is =m ( en]gy4 ,wave motion is too unc]ta9 & erratic to be a practicable s\rce ( p[]4 ,rock+ air-compress+ *amb]s1 rock+ pumps1 c41 h obta9$ "s small measure ( success4 ,w9d1 w9dmills4 ,see ,section #ie4 ,expansion ( air & gases4 ,asc5d+ curr5ts ( hot air f a fire are us$ to drive a light screw motor1 fan1 c4 ,hot-air eng9es1 see ,ryd]'s pat5t & num]\s o!rs1 :i* dep5d ^u alt]nate expansion & contraction ( air by heat+ & cool+4 ,air compress$ 9 an accumulator or res]voir is employ$ to give motion to multiply+ pulleys or an air eng9e4 ,expansion ( liquids1 o!r ?an wat] 7by heat71 into ! gase\s =m4 ,eng9es 9 :i* ! fuel is burnt "u pressure & ! total products ( combu/ion employ$ 7) or )\t /eam7 to drive a motor4 ,/eam is 9 reality "o ( ! la/-m5tion$ s\rces ( p[]2 x is employ$ by direct pressure on a pi/on or ram 7see ,section #cb72 or to produce direct rot>y motion 7see ,section #ge72 also 9 ! jet pump1 ,no4 #hja2 or injector 7see ,section #de72 or by direct pressure on a body ( wat] conta9$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 z 9 ! pulsomet]1 /eam accumulator1 c4 ,explosives are sub/ances :i*1 by application ( flame1 heat1 p]cussion1 c41 sudd5ly assume ! gase\s =m1 ?us increas+ _! bulk _m hundr$ times1 usually 9 a small fraction ( a second ( "t4 ,a second class comprise explosive mixtures ( gases1 su* z hydrog51 & oxyg51 c>burett$ hydrog51 & air4 ,"s attempts h be5 made to employ explosive sub/ances to drive eng9es 9 v>i\s ways1 b ) no p]man5t success4 ,! second class ( explosive mixtures ( gases are l>gely employ$ 9 ! gas eng9e1 petroleum eng9e1 & _! v>ieties4 ,fuels1 hydroc>bons1 c41 are employ$ to evaporate wat] into /eam2 to exp& air or o!r gases1 or conv]t liquids into gases2 & also by vaporisation to supply gas = use 9 "s =ms ( gas eng9e4 ,section #fa4--,,pump+ ,,eng9es1 ,,types ,,(4 ,,v]tical ,,eng9es4 #aaad4 ,v]tical direct-act+1 ) ei!r ram pump1 ram & pi/on pump1 or pi/on only4 ,see ,section #ef4 #aaae4 ,slot & crank motion1 a v>iety ( ! la/ nam$4 ,( c\rse any o!r k9d ( crank driv+ c be employ$4 ,see ,section #aj4 ,! frame /&>ds are frequ5tly us$ z air vessels or valve *e/s4 #aaaf4 ,direct-act+ ram pump1 ) fly-:eel work$ (f cros%ead p94 #aaag4 ,direct-act+1 ) yoke cros%ead2 mu* us$ 9 ! nor!rn c\nties4 ,! /&>ds =m air vessels & valve boxes1 & !y are made bo? ( ! pi/on & ram types4 #aaah4 ,?ree-cyl9d]1 ) yoke cros%ead4 ,ei!r ! c5tre cyl9d] or ! two side ones c be us$ z ! /eam motor cyl9d]s1 or ! pumps4 ,,horizontal ,,eng9es4 #aaai4 ,! ord9>y direct-act+ eng9e1 ) ei!r /eam-mov$ or tappet valves1 see ,tangye's 8,special10 ! 8,coalbrookdale10 & o!rs1 9 :i* ! slide valve is op]at$ by pi/ons controll$ by auxili>y tappet valves on ! same pr9ciple z ,no4 #aejf4 #aabj4 ,direct-act+1 ) cros%ead & guide b>s betwe5 ! cyl9d]s4 #aaba4 ,two modifications ( ,no4 #aabj4 #aabc4 ,direct-act+1 ) rock+ lev] valve motion2 see ! 8,wor?+ton0 & o!r 8,duplex0 pumps1 9 :i* two eng9es are comb9$ s t "o works ! valve ( ! o!r4 #aabb1 #aabd1 #aabe4 ,o!r =ms ( direct-act+ eng9es4 #aabf4 ,horizontal comp\nd direct-act+4 ,! high-pressure cyl9d]1 l[-pressure ditto1 & receiv] are side by side1 & ! air pump & ma9 pump 9 l9e ) ! /eam cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 #aaab4-aabf4 #aabg4 ,horizontal pump+ eng9e1 ) yok$ cros%eads & crank 9 c5tre4 #aabh #aabi4 ,horizontal comp\nd lev] eng9es4 #aacj4 ,davey's pat5t v]tical comp\nd beam m9+ pump4 ,! ,corni% beam pump+ eng9e is too well kn[n to ne$ illu/ration4 ,9 m9+ pumps ! pump rod has occasionally be5 made ( iron pipe & employ$ z ! ris+ ma94 #aaca4 ,ge>$ pump+ eng9e1 ) /eam cyl9d] & pump side by side2 ! spe$ ( ! /eam pi/on is r$uc$ on ! pump by spur ge>+4 ,section #fb4--,,pawl ,,& ,,rat*et ,,motions4 ,,int]mitt5t ,,motion4 #aacb4 ,! common rat*et-:eel & pawl1 or det5t4 #aacc4 ,ditto1 ) comp\nd pawls to *eck angul> motion less ?an ! pit* ( ! tee?4 #aacd4 ,lock+ pawl4 #aace4 ,/rut-action pawl4 #aacf4 ,indi>ubb] ball pawl2 sometimes a solid roll] is sub/itut$ = ! indi>ubb] ball4 #aacg4 ,rev]se rat*ets1 = cont9u\s fe$ f an oscillat+ arm4 #aach4 ,ball & socket rat*et1 w "w at an angle4 #aaci4 ,pawl1 us$ ) ord9>y spur tee?1 & sometimes made rev]sible 7see dott$ l9es71 to drive ! opposite way4 #aadj4 ,rat*et bosses4 #aada4 ,sil5t pawl2 ! pawl is lift$ out ( ge> :ile rev]s+ by ! motion ( ! toggle jo9t & lev]4 #aadb4 ,cr[n rat*et & pawl4 #aadc4 ,application ( ,no4 #aacf z a sil5t fe$ motion4 #aadd4 ,click & det5t cont9u\s fe$ motion4 #aade4 ,h>e's foot rat*et motion ) det5t4 #aadf4 ,sil5t fe$4 ,! jaw grips ! rim ( :eel :5 mov+ 9 "o direction & runs loose ! o!r way4 #aadg4 ,reciprocat+ into int]mitt5t rot>y motion4 ,illu/ration3 #aabg4-aadg4 #aadh4 ,reciprocat+ circul> motion into int]mitt5t circul> ditto1 ,kais]'s pat5t4 #aadi4 ,cont9u\s circul> motion into int]mitt5t ditto1 ,kais]'s pat5t4 ,! :eel ,a is lock$ by ! r+ ,c :ile ! f+] ,b is out ( ge>1 ! r+ !n pass+ betwe5 ! tee? ( ,a4 #aaej4 ,cam-r+ int]mitt5t fe$ motion4 #aaea4 ,modification ( ! la/ nam$2 9 bo? ! :eel is lock$ dur+ ! dead movem5t ( ! cam by ! flange pass+ betwe5 ! tee?4 #aaeb4 ,slot :eel & p9 ge>4 #aaec4 ,segm5t-:eel int]mitt5t fe$ motion2 lock$ dur+ ! dead movem5t ( driv+ :eel4 #aaed4 ,! pawl is lift$ out ( ge> at ea* revolution ( ! p9 :eel ,a & ! rat*et mov$ "o or m tee?4 #aaee4 ,d\ble pawls & l9ks = cont9u\s fe$ motion4 #aaef4 ,! cam ,a is ecc5tric to ! :eel ,b1 & slips out ( ge> at any requir$ po9t :ile ! driv+ :eel makes a p>tial revolution4 #aaeg4 ,spr+-pawl fe$ motion2 ! l>ge :eel ) pawl atta*$ drives ! rat*et :eel4 #aaeh4 ,rock+ lev] & d\ble pawls = rais+ a rack4 #aaei4 ,int]nal pawls1 dropp+ into ge> by gravitation4 #aafj4 ,! pawl is lift$ out ( ge> by ! act ( putt+ ! h&le on ! squ>e end ( %aft1 ! h&le hav+ a boss %ap$ s z to lift ! pawl4 #aafa4 ,/> :eel & fix$ pawl = convey+ int]mitt5t motion to screw on revolv+ disc2 us$ = bor+-b>s1 slide re/s1 c4 #aafb4 ,p5dulum & rat*et escapem5t4 #aafc4 ,cyl9d] escapem5t4 #aafd4 ,p5dulum & d\ble rat*et :eel escapem5t4 #aafe4 ,enl>g$ plan ( cyl9d] escapem5t4 #aaff4 ,lev] escapem5t4 #aafg4 ,d\ble pawl & p9 :eel escapem5t4 #aafh4 ,?ree-leg p5dulum escapem5t4 #aafi4 ,self-su/a9+ rat*et motion4 ,pull+ ! cord ,a ?r[s ! pawl out ( ge> by ! /raight5+ ( ! cord =c+ back ! b5t pawl lev]4 #aagj4 ,v]ge escapem5t4 #aaga4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion by revolv+ pawl & det5t4 ,illu/ration3 #aadh4-aaga4 #aagb4 ,spann] rat*et2 a simple spann] hav+ a p9 ne> "o end ( "o ( ! jaws :i* slips into ! tee? ( ! rat*et :eel4 #aagc4 ,v pawl2 op]ates by w$g+ itself betwe5 ! ,v flanges4 #aagd4 ,gravity pawls & rat*et :eel4 #aage4 ,rat*et :eel1 us$ to gov]n ! /rik+ ge> ( a clock4 #aagf4 ,! pawl is h+$ to ! jo9t$ end ( ! lev]1 & is pull$ out ( ge> by ! return movem5t ( ! rod--sil5t fe$4 #aagg4 ,pawl & rack4 #aagh4 ,roll] & incl9$ segm5tal recess = sil5t fe$ motion4 #aagi4 ,gripp+ pawls & r+ = sil5t fe$ motion4 ,snail rat*et1 ,no4 #gbe4 ,section #fc4--,,press+4 ,! ord9>y ,screw press & ,hydraulic press are well-kn[n ma*9es4 #aahj4 ,rack & screw press4 #aaha4 ,p[] press or /amp1 ) d\ble crank movem5t work$ f bel[4 #aahb4 ,dick's anti-friction press1 ) roll+ contacts ?r\gh\t4 #aahc4 ,hydraulic press1 ) dies = lead pipe mak+2 a simil> press is us$ = mak+ e>!nw>e dra9 & flue pipes1 ! mat]ial be+ =c$ out ( an annul> orifice4 #aahd4 ,w$ge press4 #aahe4 ,/]-hydraulic press2 a /r& or rope is w\nd ^u a b>rel inside ! cyl9d]1 ?us displac+ ! wat] & rais+ ! ram4 #aahf4 ,screw fly press4 #aahg4 ,comb9$ screw & hydraulic press4 ,! screw is work$ d[n by h& until ! pressure becomes too great = h& p[]1 :5 ! press+ is f9i%$ by ! hydraulic ram4 #aahh4 ,revolv+ dies4 #aahi4 ,! 8,boom]0 d\ble-screw toggle press1 ) increas+ pressure z ! press foll[] desc5ds4 #aaij4 ,revolv+ toggle press1 ) simil> capabilities b m re/rict$ movem5t4 #aaia4 ,sector & l9k press = increas+ pressure4 ,illu/ration3 #aagb4-aaia4 #aaib4 ,press dies1 ) slid+ plate = dis*>g+4 #aaic4 ,screw & toggle press2 a modification ( ,no4 #aahi4 #aaid4 ,d\ble ram hydraulic press = two pressures2 ! small ram is employ$ to give ! fir/ pressure1 ! l>ge ram !n f9i%es ! press+4 ,see also ,section #ac4 ,section #fd4--,,p[] ,,& ,,spe$1 ,,contrivances ,,to ,,v>y4 7,see ,me*anical ,p[]s1 ,section #ec47 ,section #fe4--,,quick ,,return ,,motions4 ,employ$ = ma*9es hav+ a sl[ movem5t "o way1 & a quick] return movem5t4 #aaie4 ,slot lev] & crank motion2 gives a v>y+ spe$1 quicke/ :5 ! crank p9 is at ! bottom c5tre1 & sl[e/ :5 at ! top1 ) a slight pause at ea* end ( /roke4 #aaif4 ,:itwor?'s motion4 ,! p9 ,a 9 ! :eel ,b travels ecc5trically 9 ! crank disc1 :i* is ecc5tric to ! fix$ boss on :i* ! driv+ :eel ,b runs1 s t ! radius ( ! driv+ motion ( ! p9 v>ies z x revolves & x travels up & d[n ! slot 9 ! disc4 #aaig4 ,by two belts1 "o op5 & "o cross$1 & driv+ drums ( diff]5t diamet]s4 #aaih4 ,by two belts1 "o op5 & "o cross$1 b driv5 by ! same drum4 ,! middle pulley is loose1 ! left h& pulley is fa/ to ! spur :eel1 & ! "r h& pulley to ! spur p9ion4 ,segm5t ge>1 ge>+ alt]nately ) ! int]nal r+ & ! c5tral p9ion4 ,see ,no4 #gbd4 ,see ,section #gd4 ,section #ff4--,,rope ,,ge>+4 #aaii4 ,v-groov$ pulley rim = r\nd rope4 #abjj4 ,multiple pulley rim1 us$ = rope driv+ 9 mills1 c4 #abja4 ,s+le ,v-groov$ pulley = h& ropes4 #abjb4 ,pulley = wire rope transmission1 ) wood b$d+ 9 ! groove4 #abjc1 #abjd1 #abje4 ,clip pulleys1 :i* grip ! rope by its own t5sion4 ,ord9>y r\nd groov$ pulley4 ,see ,section #ga1 ,no4 #abda4 ,rope grip pulley1 ) snugs to w$ge ! rope & prev5t slipp+4 ,see ,section #ga1 ,no4 #abdb4 ,pit head %eave4 ,us$ = quick runn+ wire ropes4 ,! boss is usually split to all[ ( expansion 9 cool+1 & ! arms are ( wr\ght iron4 ,see ,section #ga1 ,no4 #abdc4 #abjf4 ,rope driv+4 #abjg4 ,rope driv+1 ) tight5+ pulley & weight4 #abjh4 ,rope grip pulleys1 = driv+ a v]tical rope1 ! l>ge pulley has a ,v groove into :i* ! rope is press$ by ! small pulley4 #abji4 ,jigg] hoi/+ rope ge>1 us$ = :ip cranes1 c41 in/ead ( spur ge>+4 ,wire rope transmission4 ,endless wire ropes ( small diamet] are us$ runn+ ov] l>ge pulleys & driv5 at a high spe$ 7usually #cjjj to #djjj feet p] m9ute74 ,?is k9d ( p[] may be c>ri$ consid]able di/ances & ov] unev5 gr\nd1 b x is n desirable to h horizontal angles 9 ! direction ( ! rope4 ,section #fg4--,,res]voirs ,,( ,,p[]4 ,,accumulators4 a4 ,! fly-:eel or its equival5t4 b4 ,spr+s4 ,see ,section #hj4 c4 ,weights4 d4 ,air or gas compress$ into a res]voir2 air vessel1 bell[s4 ,see ,section #g4 e4 ,wat] rais$ into an elevat$ res]voir or tank1 or pump$ into a load$ accumulator4 ,v>iable ,pressure ,accumulator1 ,no4 #aehf4 f4 ,electricity /or$ 9 accumulators4 g4 ,explosives4 h4 ,p5dulum4 ,sometimes us$ to accumulate p[] to be giv5 out sudd5ly1 z 9 pun*+4 ,section #fh4--,,reciprocat+ ,,& ,,circul> ,,motion1 ,,conv]t+ ,,"o ,,into ,,! ,,o!r4 7,see ,circul> & ,reciprocat+ ,motion1 ,section #ba74 7,see ,pawl & ,rat*et ,motions1 ,section #fb74 ,section #fi4--,,rais+ ,,& ,,l[]+4 7#a47 ,,by ,,h& ,,p[]4 a4 ,! ord9>y w9* & crank h&le4 b4 ,w9*1 work$ by an endless h& rope & :eel1 simil> to ,nos4 #abaj1 #abbj4 #abaj4 ,h& rope & b>rel hoi/4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ge>+ may be int]pos$ betwe5 ! h& rope :eel & rope drum to increase ! p[] & r$uce spe$4 c4 ,diff]5tial blocks ( v>i\s patt]ns 7see ,we/on's1 ,pick]+'s1 ,moore's1 c474 ,see ,section #ca4 d4 ,by screw ge>1 z 9 ! ord9>y screw jack4 ,sec4 #gh4 e4 ,rack & p9ion ge>4 ,see ,no4 #ged4 f4 ,worm & :eel ge>4 ,see ,section #hd4 ,note z to brake :eels3 ^! %\ld always be ^u ! load %aft s t ! brak+ is n transmitt$ to ! load ?r\gh too!d ge>+4 ,worm ge> usually w n su/a9 a load )\t a brake :eel1 unless !re is an excess ( friction :i* %\ld n exi/4 g4 ,friction ge>4 ,see ,section #ch4 7#b47 ,,by ,,p[]4 ,?is may be appli$ to any ( ! above z foll[s3-- a or b4 ,to ! ord9>y w9* by ei!r ge>+ 7see ,section #hd71 belts 7see ,section #c71 or friction ge> 7see ,section #ch74 b4 ,by gripp+ ! endless rope betwe5 grip :eels 7see #abjh7 ! small :eel c be ?r[n into ge> to grip ! rope by a lev]1 cam or screw4 c4 ,diff]5tial ge> may be driv5 f a %aft by belts or ge>+4 ,see ,sections #hd & #c4 d4 ,screw ge>4 ,ditto4 e4 ,rack ge>4 ,ditto4 f4 ,worm & :eel ge>4 ,ditto4 g4 ,friction ge> is usually driv5 z ,no4 #abaa4 #abaa4 ,:]e ! b>rel %aft has a slight horizontal movem5t1 s t1 by ! lev]1 x c be =c$ into ge> ) ! friction p9ion to raise ! load1 or into ! brake block to su/a9 ! load or l[] x4 ,groov$ friction ,v ge>+ is also sometimes us$4 ,see ,no4 #ffg4 ,illu/ration3 #aaib4-abaa4 7#c47 ,,hydraulic ,,ge>4 ,see ,section #db4 ,! direct-act+ plan is simply a ram & cyl9d]1 z 9 ! hydraulic press1 ! ram be+ z long z ! height ( travel ( ! cage4 ,= multiply+ cyl9d] hydraulic ge>1 see ,section #db4 ,balanc+ ! dead load ( cage1 c4 ,?is is usually done by weights atta*$ to ! end ( ropes runn+ ov] ov]head pulleys & fa/5$ to ! cage1 z 9 ,no4 #cgj1 or by an auxili>y cyl9d] & ram ( %ort /roke load$ to ! requir$ weight1 & communicat+ ) ! lift cyl9d] by a pipe4 ,see ,section #bj4 7#d47 ,,= ,,l[]+ ,,weights ,,only4 a4 ,an hydraulic cyl9d] & pi/on may be us$1 to :i* ! cage is directly atta*$ ei!r above or bel[1 ! cage or plat=m be+ ov]balanc$ by a c\nt]balance weight & rope 7runn+ ov] a pulley z ,no4 #cgj71 :i* is suffici5t to raise x empty4 ,! spe$ is controll$ by a pass valve :i* all[s ! wat] to pass f "o side ( ! pi/on to ! o!r4 ,see ,section #e4 b4 ,an ord9>y ,v :eel & brake :eel may be us$1 ! cage be+ ov]balanc$ z la/ describ$2 ! motion is controll$ solely by ! brake4 ,or1 an hydraulic brake cyl9d] may be us$ 9 connection ) a rope or *a9 atta*$ to ! cage4 ,see note to ,section #e4 ,o!r hoi/+ devices are3 ,direct-act+ /eam or air cyl9d]s1 ! pi/on rods be+ c\pl$ direct to ! cage4 ,air vessels1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! gasomet]1 b ( a height equal to ! travel1 & diamet] proportional to ! pressure ( air employ$4 #abab4 ,int]nal screw elevator4 ,! v]tical %aft has a fea!r groove1 & c>ries a d\ble cros%ead ) a :eel at ea* end1 :i* run on ! spiral guides & raise ! cage4 #abac4 ,screw elevator1 = ice1 c4 ,v]tical creep]4 #abad4 ,travell+ hoi/1 ) 9 & out motion & rope4 #abae4 ,/eam digg] & hoi/4 #abaf4 ,haul+ cap/an4 ,! rope1 :i* is pay$ on & (f ! b>rel1 8fleets0 itself z x travels along ! b>rel ow+ to its conical %ap$ flanges4 #abag4 ,ri*mond's pat5t diff]5tial telescopic hydraulic lift4 ,! wat] "u ea* pi/on is =c$ into ! next cyl9d] above1 s t ! rams all travel upw>ds at proportional spe$s1 s z to rea* ! top ( _! /roke at ! same "t4 #abah4 ,self-su/a9+ ge>4 ,! revolution ( ! p9ion t5ds to lift ! b>rel & its brake :eel out ( ! brake2 l[]+ is p]=m$ by reliev+ ! brake :eel by a lev] :i* raises x f ! brake4 ,*]ry's pat5t4 #abai4 ,belt hoi/4 ,work$ by a loose v]tical belt1 :i* is tight5$ by ! lev] & pulley :5 requir$ to hoi/1 & 9 l[]+ a load ! belt friction acts z a brake4 #abbj4 ,travell+ h& hoi/1 ) endless rope4 #abba4 ,travell+ ca!ad hoi/4 ,! ca!ad c be run back ) its load2 ! w9* is sometimes fix$ to ! travell+ beam & moves 9 & out ) x4 #abbb4 ,w9d+ eng9e1 usual type = direct act+4 #abbc4 ,ge>$ w9d+ eng9e4 #abbd4 ,/eam w9*1 horizontal arrangem5t4 #abbe4 ,/eam w9*1 diagonal arrangem5t4 #abbf4 ,/eam w9*1 horizontal worm-ge> plan4 ,illu/ration3 #abab4-abbf4 #abbg4 ,cont9u\s lift1 = p>cels1 c4 ,has a numb] ( small cages1 boxes1 or plat=ms susp5d$ f horizontal pivots 9 two endless *a9s2 ! cages are guid$ s z always to hang v]tical4 #abbh4 ,cont9u\s lift1 = pass5g]s4 ,sometimes ! cages are susp5d$ f two endless *a9s at _! tops1 z la/ describ$2 or sometimes f two endless *a9s1 b ) atta*m5ts to ! cages at corn]s diagonally opposite ea* o!r2 & sometimes f a s+le endless *a9 at ! back1 provid$ ) guides1 c4 #abbi4 ,cont9u\s b>rel hoi/4 ,see also ,cranes1 ,section #ah4 ,section #gj4--,,reliev+ ,,pressure ,,on ,,be>+s4 ,,anti-,,friction ,,be>+s4 #abcj4 ,! pivots ( two roll]s or %afts be> aga9/ ! inside ( a /iff r+ produc+ roll+ contact1 b ! roll]s or %afts mu/ run 9 ! same direction4 ,us$ = roll] mills1 c4 #abca4 ,! same device1 b = ?ree roll]s or %afts4 #abcb4 ,! %aft is guid$ v]tically & its weight is borne by a l>ge roll] ) small pivots4 #abcc4 ,! %aft runs 9 ! ,v betwe5 two roll]s z la/ describ$4 #abcd4 ,roll] or ball be>+4 ,! friction is lea/ :5 ! roll]s h end pivots to run 9 loose r+s s t ! roll]s are kept ap>t & d n rub ea* o!r 9 revolv+4 #abce4 ,hydraulic be>+1 ! %aft be+ su/a9$ by wat] 7or pref]ably oil7 pressure4 #abcf4 ,v]tical %aft1 ) cone roll]s4 #abcg4 ,v]tical %aft1 ) ball be>+4 #abch4 ,v]tical %aft1 flang$ & con$ = cone roll]s4 #abci4 ,ord9>y swivell+ ca/or4 #abdj4 ,ball ca/or4 ,section #ga4--,,rope1 ,,belt1 ,,& ,,*a9 ,,pulleys4 7,see also ,section #ff47 #abda4 ,pulley = r\nd rope )\t any grip4 #abdb4 ,r\nd groov$ pulley = r\nd rope ) gripp+ snugs4 #abdc4 ,v pulley = r\nd rope2 pi!ad pulley4 ,pulley = wire rope transmission1 high spe$ ) wood b$d+4 ,see ,section #ff1 ,no4 #abjb4 ,multiple rope gripp+ pulley = rope driv+4 ,see ,section #ff1 ,no4 #abjj4 #abdd4 ,belt pulley1 flat f>e4 #abde4 ,belt pulley1 cr[n face4 ,! r\nd+ t5ds to keep ! belt f runn+ (f4 #abdf4 ,flang$ belt pulley4 #abdg4 ,spe$ cone = belt4 #abdh4 ,r\nd groov$ *a9 pulley4 ,illu/ration3 #abbg4-abdh4 #abdi4 ,d\ble groov$ *a9 pulley2 prev5ts ! *a9 twi/+4 #abej4 ,pit*$ *a9 snug pulley or sprocket pulley4 ,! pit* ( snugs %\ld be slightly long] ?an ! *a91 to all[ = we> & /ret*+ ( ! *a94 #abea4 ,*a9 sprocket :eel1 = long l9k *a9 at sl[ spe$s4 #abeb4 ,sprocket :eel1 = long flat l9k pit*$ *a9s4 #abec #abed4 ,sections ( rim %[+ s+le & d\ble l9ks4 #abee4 ,sprocket :eel1 = ,ew>t's pat5t pit*$ *a9s4 ,see ,*a9s c41 ,section #aa4 ,section #gb4--,,riddl+ ,,& ,,scre5+4 #abef4 ,squ>e me% wire gauze4 #abeg4 ,p]=at$ plate4 #abeh4 ,p>allel b>s or wires4 #abei4 ,hexagon or triangul> me% wire "w4 #abfj4 ,slit & squ>e hole p]=ations1 us$ = se$s1 c4 ,a =m ( v>iable me% is manufactur$ by p>allel s]ies ( diagonal b>s jo9t$ by p9s to slid+ cross-b>s1 s t ! angle ( ! me% b>s c be alt]$ & ?us ! spaces r$uc$ or enl>g$1 on ! same pr9ciple z ,no4 #fag4 #abfa4 ,slop+ scre54 #abfb4 ,cyl9drical or slope reel scre54 #abfc4 ,cyl9drical graduat$ scre5 or siz]4 #abfd4 ,rot>y scre51 ) roll+ bevil ge> motion4 ,see ,no4 #gaa4 #abfe4 ,rot>y horizontal scre54 #abff4 ,%ak+ or jigg+ scre54 ,sometimes suppli$ ) a bla/ or aspirator to c>ry (f ! light] p>ticles4 #abfg4 ,ecc5tric or angul> b>rel scre5 or mix]4 #abfh4 ,air bla/ siz+ or graduat+ app>atus4 #abfi4 ,edison's magnetic siz+ app>atus = iron or /eel p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 #abdi4-abfi4 #abgj4 ,graduat+ or siz+ scre5s1 ei!r fix$ z %[n or kept 9 motion l ,no4 #abff4 ,see also ,conc5trat+ & ,sep>at+1 ,section #bf4 ,section #gc4--,,rail ,,& ,,tram ,,roads4 #abga4 ,squ>e b> rails4 #abgb4 ,l-iron tram road2 (t5 made ( ca/-iron ) ! jo9ts dove-tail$ toge!r4 #abgc4 ,t-iron tram road4 #abgd4 ,tram road1 ) flang$ plates = ord9>y vehicles4 #abge4 ,tram road1 ) "o *annel plate & "o flat plate4 #abgf4 ,bridge rail4 #abgg4 ,bulb-head flang$ rail4 #abgh4 ,d\ble head$ rail4 #abgi4 8,b>l[0 rail4 #abhj4 ,bulb rail4 #abha4 ,flu% groov$ tramway rail4 ,see ,nos4 #ahci-ahda4 #abhb4 ,roll$ joi/ rail4 #abhc4 ,bulb-iron rail4 #abhd4 ,edge's pat5t p]=at$ rail & too!d :eel4 ,_m =ms ( comb9$ *air & sleep] are manufactur$ 9 wr\ght iron & /eel4 #abhe4 ,left-h& swit*4 #abhf4 ,%unt+ c>riage1 = transv]se %unt+2 c>ries a %ort section ( ! ma9 road & runs across x on indep5d5t rails laid on a l[] level2 (t5 us$ in/ead ( a turntable = %unt+4 #abhg4 ,tramway swit*4 ,illu/ration3 #abgj4-abhg4 #abhh4 ,"r & left-h& swit* & cross+1 %[+ arrangem5t ( gu>d-rails4 #abhi4 ,flat b> on edge rail4 ,see ,section #ii = o!r sections ( rails4 ,section #gd4--,,rev]s+ ,,ge>4 ,= ,rev]s+ ,ge> ( ,/eam ,eng9es1 see ,section #gi4 #abij4 ,rev]sible driv+ motion by op5 & cross$ belts1 ) two loose & "o fa/ pulleys4 #abia4 ,rev]sible driv+ motion by s+le belt1 two fa/ pulleys & "o loose ditto & bevil ge>1 "o bevil p9ion hav+ a sleeve to :i* its fa/ pulley is key$1 ! o!r bevil p9ion be+ key$ to ! %aft4 #abib4 ,rev]sible driv+ motion by s+le belt1 ) quick & sl[ motions2 a modification ( ! la/4 #abic4 ,by d\ble clut* & bevil ge>4 #abid4 ,rev]s+ friction cones or bevils4 #abie4 ,?ree-:eel ge>4 ,! driv+ :eel ,a c be put into ge> ei!r ) ! driv5 :eel ,c or idle :eel ,b4 #abif4 ,d\ble clut* & spur ge> rev]s+ motion1 ) idle :eel4 #abig4 ,rev]s+ p9ions1 z us$ on ! ord9>y screw-cutt+ la!4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ?is ge> 9 use4 #abih4 ,application ( s+le belt ge> to ,no4 #abif4 #abii4 ,self-rev]s+ ge>1 ) "o belt1 two fa/ & "o loose pulleys4 ,! l>ge spur :eel is driv5 f ! bevil ge>1 & c>ries ! weight$ lev] pa/ ! v]tical position by a /op on ! face-plate or disc1 :5 x falls ov] & rev]ses ! belt =k4 ,see ,no4 #ajbf4 ,illu/ration3 #abhh4-abii4 #acjj4 ,self-rev]s+ ge>1 z appli$ to plan+ ma*9es4 ,! /ops c be set at any requir$ di/ance ap>t1 to alt] ! l5g? ( travel ( ! ma*9e b$4 ,?is plan requires a heavy table to c>ry ! belt across ! loose pulley to ! o!r fa/ pulley4 #acja4 ,rev]sible belt-%ift+ h& ge>4 #acjb4 ,"r & left h& screw rev]s+ trav]se motion4 ,ea* lev] has a half nut1 :i* c be put 9 ge> ) ! screw to drive ei!r way4 ,see also ,no4 #afc4 #acjc4 ,be/ =m ( fa/ & loose pulleys = op5 & cross$ belt rev]s+ ge>1 z us$ 9 ,no4 #abij2 ! fa/ pulley is r l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! two loose ones4 #acjd4 ,s+le-belt rev]s+ pulleys1 ! rev]se motion on ! %aft be+ obta9$ by int]cept+ an idle :eel ,a betwe5 ! epicycloidal :eel ,b & ! %aft p9ion ,c1 ! middle pulley be+ ! loose "o2 ! idle :eel is c>ri$ by a fix$ bracket & p94 ,,note4--,rev]sible motion c be obta9$ direct f any /eam eng9e fitt$ ) rev]s+ motion4 ,see ,valve ,motions1 ,no4 #adcf1 c4 ,segm5t ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,no4 #gbd4 ,section #ge4--,,rot>y ,,eng9es1 ,,pumps1 c4 ,ne>ly all rot>y eng9es c be us$ ei!r z motors1 pumps1 bl[]s1 or met]s1 & mo/ ( ! foll[+ typical devices h be5 appli$ to all f\r purposes4 ,mo/ ( !m are rev]sible by simply rev]s+ ! direction ( ! motor fluid4 #acje4 ,dis/on's2 us$ z a pressure bl[]4 #acjf4 ,root's1 bl[] & pump4 #acjg4 ,root's4 #acjh4 ,mack5zie's2 may h "o1 two1 or ?ree vanes4 #acji4 ,g\ld's4 #acaj4 ,bagley & ,sewall's4 #acaa4 ,gre9dl's rot>y pump4 #acab1 #acac1 #acad1 #acae4 ,v>ieties ( int]ge>$ pi/on rot>y eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 #acjj4-acad4 #acaf4 ,! small cresc5t-%ap$ pi/on revolves ?ree times to "o revolution ( ! ?ree-arm$ pi/on4 #acag4 ,! h+$ %utt] is ?r[n out ( ! way ea* "t ! revolv+ arm passes x4 #acah4 ,slid+ %utt] & cam pi/on device4 #acai #acbj4 ,v>ieties ( ! 8,root0 eng9e4 #acba4 ,! h+$ vanes are clos$ ^u ! revolv+ pi/on z !y pass ! flat side ( ! cas+4 #acbb4 ,has an ecc5tric pi/on & two h+$ vanes4 #acbc4 ,ecc5tric pi/on & slid+ diaphragm4 #acbd4 ,kle9's motion4 ,! ecc5tric r+ revolves 9 contact ) ! inn] & out] cas+s1 b is prev5t$ f revolv+ on its axis by ! fix$ %utt] & slot4 #acbe4 ,bak]'s pressure bl[]4 #acbf4 ,a modification ( ,no4 #acbc4 #acbg4 ,! ecc5tric r+ revolves on its c5tre1 all[+ ! vanes to alt]nately project into ! /eam space z ! :eel revolves4 #acbh4 ,ivory's4 ,an ecc5tric cam & two slid+ %utt]s1 ) a c5tral /eam inlet4 #acbi4 ,mellor's has a rock+ vane oscillat$ by an ecc5tric pi/on c>ri$ r\nd by a crank4 #accj4 ,ecc5tric pi/on & two slid+ vanes or /eam /ops4 #acca4 ,diff]5tial rot>y eng9e1 ) elliptical ge> 7see ,section #cd71 or ,/ew>t's diff]5tial ge> 7,no4 #eed7 may be employ$4 ,! 8,t[]0 sph]ical eng9e is a well-kn[n =m ( rot>y eng9e4 ,see ,eng9e]1 ,augu/ #aj?1 #ahhc4 #accb4 ,an ecc5tric f\r-arm$ pi/on1 ) f\r roll+ /opp]s or pack+s4 #accc4 ,mellor's pat5t pump has a rock+ vane or p>tition1 ) pack+ device :i* accommodates itself to ! revolv+ oval pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 #acae4-accc4 #accd4 ,biss*op's disc eng9e1 ) ?ree or f\r cyl9d]s1 s+le act+1 ^: rams press alt]nately on ! edge ( ! disc4 #acce4 ,ano!r =m ( disc eng9e1 9 :i* p>titions 7ris+ & fall+ v]tically7 =m ! /eam /ops4 #accf4 ,a modification ( #acaf4 #accg4 ,rot>y or c5trifugal pump or fan1 num]\s v>ieties ( :i* are 9 use4 ,_m ( ! lat] =ms1 z ,blackman's & o!rs1 h ! vanes fix$ diagonally s z to propel ! air at "r angles to ! plane ( motion4 ,section #gf4--,,%aft+4 ,employ$ to convey motion f a motor to v>i\s =ms ( driv5 ma*9]y by ge>+ ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,see ,sections #c1 #aa1 #ch1 #dj1 & #hd4 ,mat]ials employ$ are3--,r\nd1 squ>e1 or polygonal wr\ght iron or /eel b>s1 ca/ iron1 wood1 iron or /eel tubes1 plani%$ r\nd iron & /eel b>s1 c4 ,/['s flexible %aft+4 ,see ,no4 #ddb4 #acch4 ,longitud9al section ( a ca/-iron %aft4 ,^! are sometimes made ( a ,x section4 #acci4 ,wood5 %aft ) end f]rules & iron end c5tres4 #acdj1 #acda1 #acdb4 ,end view & sections ( ditto1 solid hexagonal & holl[ circul>4 #acdc1 #acdd1 #acde4 ,arrangem5ts ( l9e %aft+ 9 a ma*9e-%op or factory1 ) or )\t ov]head travell+ crane4 #acdf4 ,example ( a l9e %aft1 %[+ be>+s 7see ,section #df71 c\pl+s 7see ,section #af71 pulleys 7see ,section #c71 & ge>+ 7see ,sections #c1 #hd74 ,%afts to be us$ z roll]s are usually made holl[ ( wr\ght iron or o!r metal tube1 t9 plate1 z9c plate1 or %eet iron rivet$2 or sometimes1 z ,no4 #acdb1 ( wood lagg+s fix$ to solid polygonal blocks or c5tres1 ei!r cont9u\s or 9 %ort pieces fix$ at int]vals4 ,see also next ,section 7#gg74 ,section #gg4--,,sp9dles ,,& ,,c5tres4 #acdg4 ,sp9dle ) sunk end be>+s4 #acdh4 ,sp9dle ) "o sunk be>+ & "o coll>4 #acdi4 ,pla9 sp9dle ) two loose coll>s4 ,:]e p$e/als ) loose caps are us$ 7see ,section #df7 ! coll>s may be solid ) ! sp9dle1 b ) a long %aft ! coll>s %\ld be at "o end only z %[n1 to all[ ( expansion4 ,a :eel frequ5tly occupies ! place ( "o or bo? coll>s1 & s]ves ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 #accd4-acdi4 #acej4 ,con$ c5tre1 fix$4 #acea4 ,coll> c5tre p9 or /ud bolt1 fix$4 #aceb4 ,con$ c5tre = roll] or simil> detail1 driv5 9 place4 #acec4 ,p>allel c5tre = roll] or simil> detail1 key$ 9 place4 #aced4 ,squ>e c5tre = crane b>rel1 c4 ,see ,nos4 #fcd & #fce4 #acee #acef4 ,la! head/ock sp9dles1 solid or holl[2 sometimes made ) conical & sometimes ) p>allel necks4 #aceg4 ,conical crane po/4 #aceh4 ,conical c>t axle4 #acei4 ,univ]sal c5tres1 employ$ to all[ ( a ma*9e 7or "p ( ditto71 su* z a drill1 to be adju/$ at any possible angle1 ! ma*9e be+ fix$ to "o end ( b> ,a4 #acfj4 ,railway c>riage axle4 ,= crank$ axles1 see ,section #aj4 #acfa4 ,squ>e neck c5tre bolt4 ,! squ>e neck prev5ts ! bolt turn+ & loos5+ ! nut4 #acfb4 ,con$ & cott]$ crank p9 or c5tre1 sometimes secur$ by a nut1 z ,no4 #acej4 #acfc4 ,c5tre p9 & bracket1 adju/able to v>i\s angles4 #acfd #acfe4 ,two me?ods ( secur+ end ( rod to any solid "p ( ma*9e2 us$ = /eam hamm] heads4 #acff4 ,holl[ po/ c5tre1 ) wat] or /eam *annel to all[ = swivell+4 #acfg4 ,gr\p ( sleeve c5tres1 employ$ to all[ ( sev]al pairs ( lev] or :eel motions be+ tak5 indep5d5tly on a s+le %aft4 #acfh4 ,ord9>y c5tre p91 ) nut1 wa%]1 & split p94 #acfi4 ,ord9>y c5tre p91 ) split p9 & wa%]4 ,illu/ration3 #acej4-acfi4 ,section #gh4--,,screw ,,ge>1 ,,bolts1 c4 #acgj4 ,squ>e ?read screw4 ,s+le1 d\ble1 or multiple ?read4 #acga4 ,v ?read screw4 #acgb4 ,enl>g$ section ( ,v ?read4 #acgc4 ,/ronge/ ?read :5 ! /ra9 is always 9 "o direction4 #acgd4 ,r\nd ?read screw4 #acge4 ,ge>$ ?read1 to be us$ ) ord9>y :eel tee?1 ! section ( ?read be+ t ( a rack ( ! same pit* z :eel4 #acgf4 ,e>? screw1 screw pile1 screw moor+1 e>? bor]4 ,see ,no4 #ecj4 #acgg4 ,fix$ screw1 ) h& :eel to revolve ! nut1 ! screw hav+ no rotation4 #acgh4 ,conical screw2 us$ = *ucks1 c4 ,) two1 ?ree1 or m slid+ jaws *as$ to fit ! conical ?read4 #acgi #achj4 ,diff]5tial screws4 ,"o fix$1 ! o!r revolv+1 imp>t a motion equal to ! diff]5ce ( pit* ( ! two screws 7see ,section #ca74 ,see ,no4 #adcj4 #acha4 ,screw1 ) half nut2 ! be>+s ( ! screw be+ fix$ act z a fulcrum = ! motion ( ! half nut1 :i* may be atta*$ to any slid+ device2 employ$ = jaw *ucks4 #achb4 ,screw & worm ge>1 us$ = screw jacks1 c4 ,! worm ge>s ) a worm :eel hav+ a c5tral nut runn+ on ! ma9 screw4 #achc4 ,mutilat$ screw & nut4 ,9 "o position ! nut c slide on ! screw1 & a p>tial turn locks x4 ,us$ = in/antane\s grip vices1 c4 #achd4 ,spiral worm = ?ree or f\r jaw *ucks1 exp&+ devices1 c4 ,see ,sections #bh & #cf4 #ache1 #achf1 #achg4 ,screw driv] heads = screws4 #achh #achi4 ,hexagon & squ>e heads = ord9>y spann]s4 #acij4 ,=m ( head requir+ special spann] or po9t$ b>4 ,illu/ration3 #acgj4-acij4 #acia4 ,cyl9d] head bolt1 ) drill$ holes & special spann]4 #acib4 ,cyl9d] head1 b ) flutes in/ead ( holes = spann]4 #acic4 ,cyl9d] head1 b ) two flats cut on ! head to suit an ord9>y spann]4 #acid4 ,socket head1 to receive a second screw4 #acie4 ,eye bolt4 #acif4 ,?umb screw4 #acig4 ,?umb or %utt] screw4 #acih4 ,mill$ head screw4 #acii4 ,t head screw4 #adjj4 ,?umb or fly nut & screw4 #adja4 ,hexagon coll> /ud to receive a nut or o!r female screw$ fix+4 #adjb4 ,bolt head = =k$ spann]1 us$ = sunk or c\nt]sunk heads4 #adjc4 ,hexagon head1 ) solid wa%] or coll>4 #adjd4 ,t head bolt = ,t grooves 9 ca/+s4 #adje #adjf4 ,c\nt]sunk heads4 #adjg4 ,eye bolt1 ) flat sides & /raight eye = a p9 or bolt4 #adjh4 ,snap head4 #adji4 ,hook bolt4 #adaj #adaa4 ,lewis bolts1 rag bolts4 #adab4 ,cott]$ bolt4 #adac1 #adad1 #adae4 ,lewis bolts & key pieces4 ,illu/ration3 #acia4-adae4 #adaf4 ,coll> /ud4 #adag4 ,split spr+ head bolt4 #adah4 ,hook bolt4 #adai4 ,solid head & coll> bolt1 b$ bolt4 #adbj #adba4 ,heads = bolts to slide & turn 9 ,t grooves ( plan+ ma*9es1 c4 #adbb4 ,c\nt]sunk b$ bolt4 ,boil] /ay4 #adbc1 #adbd1 #adbe4 ,me?ods ( f9i%+ screw heads to prev5t cat*+ pass+ articles4 #adbf4 ,screw head1 ) cross dovetails to c>ry a key or screw+ lev]4 #adbg #adbh4 ,"r & left-h& screw c\pl+s = tie rods1 c4 #adbi4 ,r+ c\pl+ = #b1 #c1 #d or m rod ends = tie brac+4 #adcj4 ,"r & left-h& screw c\pl+s ) halv$ ends to prev5t ! rods turn+2 may be made ) "o f9e & "o co>se ?read = diff]5tial motion1 or ) "r & left-h& ?reads4 #adca4 ,rifl+1 z us$ 9 ordnance1 c41 i4e4 an int]nal multiple screw ?read ( v long pit*4 #adcb4 ,screw spann]2 ! weight prev5ts x work+ loose4 #adcc4 ,belt screw4 #adcd4 ,gib cott] bolts4 ,see also pipe c\pl+s1 ,nos4 #ajga1 #ajgb1 #ajgc1 #ajgd1 #ajge1 & #ajfb1 #ajfh1 #ajgj4 ,= spiral worms & creep]s1 see ,section #eg4 ,spiral pump1 ,no4 #ajbb4 ,note t x is possible to con/ruct a screw ) an increas+ or decreas+ pit*1 z is done ) ! screw propell]4 ,see also ,no4 #acgh4 ,d\ble screw ge>1 ,no4 #gbg4 ,snail worm ge>1 ,no4 #gcj4 ,worm & cr[n ge>1 ,no4 #gcc4 ,worm & spiral ge>1 see ,section #hd4 ,section #gi4--,,slide ,,& ,,o!r ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,x w\ld be nei!r easy nor useful1 besides be+ beyond ! scope ( ?is "w1 to attempt to illu/rate all ! v>ieties ( ge> employ$ to "w ! valves ( /eam & o!r motor eng9es4 ,i %all !re=e only illu/rate ! m important types 9 g5]al use1 ! details ( :i* may be v>i$ to suit individual cases4 #adce4 ,is ! ord9>y slide valve ge> ) s+le ecc5tric = eng9es runn+ always 9 "o direction4 #adcf4 ,ord9>y l9k motion rev]s+ ge> ) two ecc5trics2 ! l9k1 hav+ a %ift+ motion1 is s arrang$ t ei!r ecc5tric c be put into ge> ) ! slide valve1 ! o!r ecc5tric runn+ idle2 or :5 9 ! mid position1 z 9 sket*1 bo? ecc5trics run idle & ! slide valve has no motion4 ,by sett+ ! l9k at int]m$iate positions ! travel ( ! valve c be v>i$1 & consequ5tly ! cut (f also )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,illu/ration3 #adaf4-adcf4 #adcg4 ,ni*olson's pat5t rev]s+ ge>1 )\t ecc5trics4 ,! draw+ expla9s itself4 ,?is ge> _c be run 9 ! int]m$iate positions1 z a l9k motion to v>y ! cut (f4 ,?is limits its usefulness to simple rev]s+ only4 #adch4 ,automatic gov]nor expansion = s+le ecc5tric eng9e2 ! position ( ! connect+ rod end 9 ! sw++ l9k is dep5d5t on ! gov]nor1 & ?us also ! travel ( ! slide valve4 #adci4 ,side %aft motion = op]at+ ,corni%1 ,corliss1 & sp9dle valves4 ,! valves c be driv5 f ?is %aft by cams1 ecc5trics1 or ge>+4 #addj4 ,gab lev] = ?r[+ ! ecc5tric out ( ge> & ?us /opp+ ! eng9e4 #adda4 ,sector & l9k rev]s+ motion = oscillat+ eng9e2 sometimes a %ift+ ecc5tric is us$ in/ead ( l9k motion1 z ,no4 #addc4 #addb4 ,rev]s+ sector l9k motion = an oscillat+ eng9e2 ! valve is op]at$ f ! l9k1 ! angle ( :i* is alt]$ by ! h& lev]1 !re is !re=e no lead to ! valve4 #addc4 ,%ift+ ecc5tric & balance sometimes us$ = rev]s+ in/ead ( d\ble ecc5trics & l9k2 ! loose ecc5tric is c>ri$ r\nd 9 ei!r direction by a /op piece on ! %aft1 fix$ s z to give ! correct lead bo? ways4 #addd4 ,murdo*'s v>iable expansion ge> 7see ,me*anical ,_w1 ,septemb] #bi?1 #ahhh7 has "o ecc5tric :i* op]ates a d\ble arm lev]1 ! out] end ( :i* moves a slid+ fulcrum along ! valve rod lev]1 s t ! lev]age ( ! valve rod lev] v>ies at diff]5t p>ts ( ! /roke4 ,! slid+ fulcrum is atta*$ to a radius rod4 #adde4 ,proell's automatic expansion ge>4 ,%[n appli$ to special d\ble beat valves1 b is sometimes appli$ to a special ?rottle valve1 & is !n applicable to any ord9>y eng9e4 ,! action ( ! gov]nor alt]s ! lap ( ! cat*es ^u ! ends ( ! valve lev]s1 ?us v>y+ ! "t t ! valves are kept op52 ! cat*es are c5t]$ on an oscillat+ ,t lev]1 op]at$ f an ecc5tric on ! ma9 %aft4 #addf4 ,m>%all's valve ge>1 driv5 by "o ecc5tric on crank %aft4 ,! sector rock+ c5tre is mov$ along ! curv$ slot to rev]se ! eng9e1 giv+ simil> motion to ! valve rod z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y l9k rev]s+ ge> ,no4 #adcf4 ,illu/ration3 #adcg4-addf4 #addg4 ,! ,bremm valve ge> ) s+le ecc5tric2 ! valve rod is op]at$ by a lev] & b5t connect+ rod f ! end ( ! ecc5tric rod2 ! latt] is con/ra9$ to move 9 an arc by a ?ree-l9k atta*m5t to a fix$ be>+ beh9d ! ecc5tric rod & a movable "o at ! "r-h& end ( ! horizontal l9k4 ,to rev]se1 ! arm & sector are turn$ to ! dott$ position by ! worm & h& :eel %aft4 #addh4 ,joy's valve ge>1 op]at$ by a p9 on ! connect+ rod4 ,! slott$ ,t lev] is connect$ to ! h& lev] = rev]s+1 & :5 rev]s$ /&s at ! same angle f a v]tical l9e b on ! opposite side4 ,! fulcrum ( ! valve rod lev] has a slid+ motion 9 ! slot ( ! ,t lev]4 #addi4 ,v>iable expansion ge> by h& p[]4 ,!re are _m applications ( ?is type us$ to v>y ! travel ( a cut-(f valve4 #adej4 ,corliss valve ge>1 op]at$ by a s+le ecc5tric1 has two /eam & two exhau/ valves simil> to ,no4 #afdb1 work$ f p9s on a rock+ wri/ plate4 ,! /eam valves h trips1 regulat$ by ! gov]nor1 on a simil> pr9ciple to ,no4 #adde4 #adea4 ,crank %aft gov]nor ) %ift+ ecc5tric3 ! c5trifugal action ( ! weights1 act+ aga9/ spr+s1 is us$ to revolve ! inn] ecc5tric s z to v>y ! ?r[ ( ! ma9 ecc5tric f :i* ! slide valve is driv54 #adeb4 ,ano!r =m3 9 ?is also ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric is v>i$ by ! action ( ! gov]nor ball4 #adec4 ,ano!r =m ( automatic gov]nor expansion trip ge> 9 connection ) ,corni% valves2 a s+le ecc5tric op]ates ! f\r valves1 & ! contacts ( ! cat*es & /eam valve lev]s are regulat$ by ! gov]nor1 ! l[] or exhau/ valves hav+ a con/ant motion4 ,illu/ration3 #addg4-adec4 #aded4 ,d\ble angul> slide valve = v>y+ ! cut (f by a transv]se motion giv5 to ! valve f outside1 ei!r by h& ge> or by ! gov]nor1 ! valve be+ made wid] ?an ! valve face1 z dott$ l9es4 #adee4 ,h4 ,jack's v>iable expansion ge>1 ) "o ecc5tric4 ,pat5t ,no4 #dafg_/he4 #adef4 ,v>iable cut-(f valve on ! back ( ! ma9 slide1 ! rod ( :i* c be revolv$ by h& or f ! gov]nor to v>y ! op5+ ( ! cut (f valves4 #adeg4 ,a plan to effect ! same object b by a cyl9drical cut (f valve4 #adeh4 ,engli%'s expansion ge>4 ,two ecc5trics4 ,! expansion valve has no lap1 & ! ge> gives a con/ant relative motion to bo? valves4 #adei4 ,tappet ge>1 sometimes us$ = wat]-pressure eng9es1 c4 ,section #hj4--,,spr+s4 #adfj4 ,op5 spiral spr+ = t5sion4 #adfa4 ,close spiral spr+4 #adfb4 ,op5 spiral spr+ = compression4 #adfc4 ,op5 spiral spr+ 7squ>e ?read7 = compression4 #adfd4 ,d\ble volute *air spr+4 #adfe4 ,sp9dle-%ap$ op5 or close spiral spr+ = t5sion4 #adff4 ,p>allel op5 or close spiral spr+ ) con$ ends4 #adfg #adfh4 ,volute spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 #aded4-adfg4 #adfi4 ,torsional spiral spr+4 #adgj4 ,wire /aple torsional spiral spr+1 us$ = h++2 ! ends ( ! wire are b5t at a "r angle & driv5 into ! wood4 #adga4 ,fix$ spr+4 #adgb #adgc4 ,se> spr+s4 #adgd4 ,flat spiral spr+4 #adge4 ,plate spr+4 #adgf4 ,indi>ubb] spr+ = t5sion4 #adgg4 ,wire spr+4 #adgh4 ,ribbon spr+ = torsion4 #adgi4 ,comp\nd rubb] disc spr+4 #adhj4 ,air cu%ion or spr+ pi/on4 #adha4 ,lam9at$ plate wagon spr+4 #adhb4 ,comp\nd di%$ disc or b5t plate spr+4 #adhc4 ,loop spr+4 #adhd4 ,flat spiral spr+1 clock spr+ or coil spr+4 #adhe4 ,split r+ spr+4 ,illu/ration3 #adfh4-adhe4 #adhf4 ,spr+ pole = foot hamm] motion1 c4 #adhg to #adhi4 ,spr+ wa%]s4 #adij4 ,sp9dle-%ap$ compression spr+4 #adia4 ,flat spiral spr+ = pi/on r+s4 ,see also ,nos4 #agbi1 #fcj1 #aeja1 #aejc1 #aa1 #gfg1 #gfh2 & ,section #ce 7,ela/ic ,:eels7 = o!r =ms ( spr+s & applications ( !m4 ,= equalis+ ! t5sion ( a spr+1 see ,no4 #aeib & #afjb4 ,section #ha4--,,safety ,,appliances ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,uses4 ,,= ,,hoi/ ,,cages1 c4 #adib4 ,cam ge>2 op]ates by gripp+ ! wood guides by a s]rat$ ecc5tric cam surface on ! breakage ( ! rope1 ! cam be+ pull$ r\nd by a spr+ :i* is kept out ( action by ! t5sion ( ! rope until x breaks4 #adic4 ,/rut or pawl ge>2 expla9s itself4 #adid4 ,d\ble w$ge ge>4 #adie4 ,gov]nor ge>4 ,! rope atta*$ to ! cage drives a gov]nor act+ on a brake or cat* :i* is ?r[n into action if ! cage ga9s excessive spe$1 us$ 9 ,attwood ,beav]'s ,pat5t2 ,am]ican ,elevator ,co41 c4 #adif4 ,rack & pawl ge>4 #adig4 ,cross grip lev] ge>4 #adih4 ,safety hook to prev5t accid5t f ov]w9d+2 ! project+ horns ,a ,a /rike ! edges ( ! plate ,b1 & ?r[ ! %ackle ,c at top out ( ge>4 ,= hoi/ doors ! be/ appliance is an ord9>y spr+ lock op5$ only by a key1 ! doors be+ provid$ ) spr+s to close !m4 ,v>i\s automatic doors1 revolv+ %utt]s1 & o!r devices h also be5 tri$4 ,a simple & effectual protection is a cont9u\s op5-"w scre5 w\nd ^u a roll] at top & bottom ( lift1 & atta*$ to ! top & bottom ( cage & ris+ & fall+ ) x1 s t ! doors into lift are all cov]$ at all times except ! "o at :i* ! cage happ5s to /&4 ,safety valves 7see ,section #hi74 ,v>i\s automatic al>m signals are appli$ to boil]s to w>n aga9/ l[ wat] or excessive pressure4 ,automatic valves & o!r devices are appli$ to pump+ & /eam eng9es to prev5t runn+ away4 ,see note to ,section #da4 ,illu/ration3 #adhf4-adih4 ,section #hb4--,,/eam ,,traps4 ,to collect & dis*>ge cond5s$ /eam f pipes1 c4 #adii4 ,trap op]at$ by a modifi$ =m ( ball cock1 :i* rises z ! box fills ) cond5s$ wat] & op5s ! dis*>ge valve4 #aejj4 ,effects ! same object by a float+ bas94 ,! cond5s$ wat] ent]s ! box outside ! bas91 fills x1 & lifts ! bas9 :i* closes ! dis*>ge outlet2 :5 ! box is full ! wat] ov]fl[s into ! bas9 & s9ks x1 ?us op5+ ! outlet valve4 #aeja4 ,trap op]at$ by expansion ( a b5t spr+ :i* closes ! valve1 on ! pr9ciple t live /eam is hott] ?an ! wat] cond5s$ f x4 #aejb4 ,tr$gold's trap4 ,! valve is op5$ by a simple float4 #aejc4 ,wilson's trap1 l #aeja1 is dep5d5t on ! diff]5t expansion ( a spr+ "u ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! /eam & cond5s$ wat]4 ,9 ?is case ! spr+ is =m$ ( a /eel & brass plate rivet$ toge!r4 ,!re are _m o!r =ms ^u simil> pr9ciples to ! =ego+4 ,section #hc4--,,/>t+ ,,valves4 ,! valves us$ = />t+ /eam & o!r eng9es are usually m]ely ( ! ord9>y screw d[n or slid+ types4 ,see ,section #hi4 ,= />t+ & controll+ all o!r =ms ( reciprocat+ cyl9d] motors1 su* z hydraulic lift+ cyl9d]s & presses = all purposes1 ! ord9>y slide valve ) ei!r two or ?ree ports is ! common device2 also ! ord9>y ?ree or f\r way cock4 ,see ,section #hi4 #aejd4 ,locke's #c-way balanc$ valve1 :i* is balanc$ 9 all positions4 ,a is ! supply1 ,b ! cyl9d] bran*1 & ,c exhau/4 #aeje4 ,f5by's #c-way equilibrium />t+ valve4 ,a supply1 ,b cyl9d] bran*1 ,c exhau/4 #aejf4 ,auxili>y valve & pi/ons to />t l>ge slide valves too heavy = direct h& p[]4 ,a #c-way cock is %[n z ! auxili>y valve1 b a small slide valve or pi/on valve may be sub/itut$4 ,see note at foot ( ,section #ic1 also ,nos4 #agdj & #agda4 #aejg4 ,auxili>y valve & bell[s = air1 z sometimes us$ 9 l>ge organs to op5 heavy 8pallets40 ,! small valve ,a is op5$ by ! pressure ( ! f+] on ! correspond+ key ( keybo>d1 & all[s ! pressure ( air to ent] ! small bell[s :i* op]ates ! l>ge valve ,b4 #aejh4 ,f\r plung] valve1 us$ = d\ble p[] hydraulic lift cyl9d]s employ+ a trunk pi/on4 ,= ! l[ p[] ! pressure wat] acts on bo? sides ( ! pi/on2 = ! d\ble p[] x acts only on ! back ( pi/on1 ! front side be+ !n op5 to ! exhau/4 #aeji4 ,a />t+ valve1 hav+ two ord9>y w+ or sp9dle valves1 ei!r ( :i* is lift$ by a d\ble cam or wip] on a sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh a /uff+ box on side ( valve case4 ,a supply1 ,b cyl9d] port1 ,c exhau/4 ,illu/ration3 #adii4-aeji4 #aeaj #aeaa4 ,two me?ods ( op]at+ />t+ valves = hydraulic lift+ ma*9es4 #aeaj acts by c\nt] balance weights & a s+le rope1 ea* ( ! weights be+ heavy en\gh to move ! valve1 & #aeaa by an endless rope4 #aeab4 ,l[ pressure />t+ valve1 us$ = pi/on hydraulic cyl9d]s 9 :i* ! lift+ is p]=m$ by ! d[n /roke ( ! pi/on rod1 & 9 l[]+1 ! valve all[s ! wat] to pass f above to bel[ ! pi/on1 ! wat] be+ exhau/$ f bel[ ! pi/on on its d[n /roke :5 ! valve is 9 ! position %[n4 #aeac4 ,oscillat+ valve1 ) plung] face kept up by a spr+4 ,! oscillat+ valve has two ports pass+ out at opposite ends1 ?r\gh /uff+ boxes1 to ei!r end ( ! cyl9d]2 ! inlet is at top & dis*>ge at bottom4 #aead4 ,balanc$ self-act+ />t+ valve1 suitable = l>ge ma*9es & l[ pressure4 ,! upp] pi/on is l>g] ?an ! l[] or ma9 pi/on1 & ! space above ! upp] pi/on c be put 9 communication ) ! pressure wat] bel[ x1 or ! exhau/ port by ! small pi/on valve at top op]at$ by ! h& ge>2 s t ! ma9 pi/on is op]at$ by ! pressure wat] act+ on x4 ,section #hd4--,,too!d ,,ge>+4 #aeae4 ,spur ge>+4 ,= con/ruction ( tee? see text books4 #aeaf4 ,/ronge/ =m ( spur tee? = motion 9 "o direction only4 #aeag4 ,half %r\d$ spur tee?4 #aeah4 ,:ole %r\d$ spur tee?4 #aeai4 ,d\ble helical spur tee?1 /rong] by #ae p] c5t4 ?an /raight tee?2 "w )\t backla% or noise1 & may be half or :ole %r\d$2 section ( too? on plane ( motion is ! same z ! ord9>y spur tee? 7,no4 #aeae74 #aebj4 ,cr[n :eel & p9ion4 #aeba4 ,long tee? spur :eels or 8/>0 :eels4 ,us$ on roll] mangles1 c41 :]e ! c5tres rise & fall4 ,illu/ration3 #aeaj4-aeba4 #aebb4 ,pla9 bevil ge>2 %afts at "r angles4 #aebc4 ,pla9 bevil ge>2 %afts at acute angles4 #aebd4 ,pla9 bevil ge>2 %afts at obtuse angle4 #aebe4 ,pla9 bevil ge>2 f\r %afts at "r angles4 #aebf4 ,skew bevils2 %afts n 9 l9e ) "o ano!r4 ,,note4--,:]e ! pair are bo? ( same diamet] !y are call$ 8mitre :eels40 #aebg4 ,spur :eel & p9ion2 to increase or decrease p[] & spe$ ! diamet]s c be v>i$ to almo/ any proportion4 #aebh4 8,screw ge>02 s+le helical ge>4 #aebi4 ,skew spur :eels2 %afts n p>allel4 #aecj4 ,dr4 ,hooke's ge>4 ,?ree or m sep>ate :eels ( simil> or dissimil> pit* fix$ toge!r s z to divide ! pit* & r$uce backla%4 #aeca4 ,! same result obta9$ by two :eels1 "o fix$ to %aft1 ! o!r loose & =c$ r\nd by a spr+ s z to foll[ ! pit* ( ! p9ion & de/roy all backla%4 #aecb4 ,mortise :eel tee?4 #aecc4 ,mortise :eel tee?2 ano!r me?od4 ,,note4--,wood tee? are usually "o-?ird ?ick] ?an ! iron tee? !y ge> into4 #aecd4 ,p9 :eel & p9ion ge>4 #aece4 ,lant]n :eel4 #aecf4 ,screw ge>1 us$ 9 place ( bevil ge>4 ,%afts at "r angles2 tee? at an angle ( #de4 #aecg4 ,v>iable spe$ cone ge>4 #aech4 ,v>iable spe$ squ>e ge>4 #aeci4 ,v>iable spe$ oval or elliptical ge>4 #aedj4 ,irregul> ge>4 #aeda4 ,int]nal or epicycloidal ge>4 ,see ,nos4 #eej & #aede4 ,us$ = diff]5tial blocks1 c4 ,note t bo? :eel & p9ion run 9 ! same direction1 & t m tee? are 9 ge> at "o "t ?an ) ext]nal ge> z ,no4 #aebg4 ,illu/ration3 #aebb4-aeda4 #aedb #aedc4 ,v>ieties ( 8mangle0 ge>4 ,! p9ion be+ revolv$ cont9u\sly 9 "o direction produces a reciprocat+ motion ( ! :eel2 ! p9ion %aft travels f inside ! :eel to outside1 & vice v]s1 by ris+ & fall+ 9 ! slot 9 ! frame4 ,see also ,no4 #dbc4 #aedd4 ,diff]5tial ge>4 ,see ,section #ca4 ,"o :eel has "o or m tee? m ?an ! o!r2 us$ = c\nt]s1 c4 #aede4 ,moore's pat5t diff]5tial epicycloidal ge>4 ,! p9ion & :eel are loose on ! %aft & ecc5tric4 ,"o :eel has "o too? m ?an ! o!r4 #aedf4 ,multiply+ bevil ge>4 ,a is a fix$ :eel1 ! cross ,c is key$ to %aft1 ,b loose on ditto1 ,d & ,e loose on ,c2 !n ,b is driv5 at a spe$ great] ?an ! %aft 9 proportion to ! diamet]s ( ! ge>4 ,see ,pat5t ,no4 #ab1fif1 #ahhd4 #aedg4 ,d\ble worm ge>1 "r & left h& ?reads4 ,neutralises ! end ?ru/ on %aft4 ,a & ,b may be ge>$ toge!r4 #aedh4 ,po9t$ ge>2 us$ = light "w & = m9imum ( friction4 #aedi4 ,curv$ worm ge>1 = heavy /ra9s4 ,sev]al tee? are 9 ge> at once1 b ! ?read1 hav+ a v>y+ section & pit*1 is difficult to cut4 #aeej4 ,antifriction worm ge> 7,hawk9s'74 ,! :eel has f\r roll]s2 :5 "o pair is ne>ly out ( ge> ) ! worm1 ! next pair is com+ into ge>4 ,?is worm is also difficult to cut4 #aeea4 ,cr[n worm ge>4 #aeeb4 ,ball jo9t mitre ge>4 #aeec4 ,multiply+ rack ge>4 ,! upp] mov+ rack is driv5 at twice ! spe$ ( ! spur :eel rod4 ,! l[] rack is fix$2 us$ on plan+ & pr9t+ ma*9es4 #aeed to #aeeg4 ,v>ieties ( worm ge>1 ) /raight1 holl[$1 & curv$ tee?2 ! latt] are /ronge/4 #aeeh4 ,worm & rack ge>4 ,illu/ration3 #aedb4-aeeh4 #aeei4 ,diff]5tial worm ge>4 ,! worm ge>s into two :eels1 "o hav+ "o too? m ?an ! o!r4 ,see also ,sections #dj & #ca4 ,section #he4--,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 a4 ,by belt1 *a91 or rope4 ,see ,sections #c1 #ff4 b4 ,by %aft+4 ,see ,section #gf4 c4 ,by ge>+4 ,see ,sections #hd & #dj4 d4 ,by /eam or air convey$ 9 pipes 7ela/ic fluids74 e4 ,by wat]1 glyc]9e1 or oil convey$ 9 pipes 7non-ela/ic fluids74 f4 ,by /iff rods runn+ ov] guides4 g4 ,by wires or ropes runn+ ov] guide pulleys--wire rope transmission4 ,see ,section #ff4 h4 ,by electricity convey$ along wire conductors4 ,section #hf4--,,tanks ,,& ,,ci/]ns4 #aefj4 ,plan ( squ>e tank ( ord9>y =m2 =m$ ( ca/ iron flang$ plates & wr\ght iron tie rods1 ! jo9ts are ei!r made ) ru/ cem5t or plan$ & jo9t$ ) tape & r$ lead4 #aefa4 ,plan ( squ>e tank ) r\nd$ angles4 #aefb4 ,circul> tank4 ,no tie rods requir$4 #aefc4 ,elliptical tank4 ,requires tie rods across ! flat sides4 #aefd4 ,polygonal tank4 ,no tie rods requir$4 #aefe4 ,elevation ( squ>e or polygonal tank4 #aeff4 ,elevation ( cyl9drical or circul> tank4 #aefg #aefh4 ,cond5s+ or cool+ tanks4 ,surface cond5s]s ) slop+ trays or tubes4 #aefi4 ,wr\ght iron tank1 usual section1 =m$ ( %eets & ,l irons rivet$ toge!r4 #aegj #aega4 ,circulat+ or deposit+ tanks4 #aegb4 ,boil] saddle tank4 #aegc4 ,circulat+ tank = hot wat]4 ,! level ( wat] may be ma9ta9$ 9 tanks by ei!r an ov]fl[ pipe or not*1 or by a ball cock on ! supply pipe4 ,glass wat] gauges c be fix$ outside to %[ ! level ( ! wat] inside2 & floats are us$1 atta*$ to a cord & pulleys1 = ! same purpose4 ,see also ,no4 #agcj4 ,section #hg4--,,?r[+ ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,( ,,ge>4 #aegd4 ,! driv+ :eel is loose on %aft1 & is lock$ to its %aft by ! h& :eel nut 7see ,no4 #ide71 or by a rat*et :eel & lock+ pawl4 #aege4 ,two half-nuts are lift$ 9 or out ( ge> ) ! screw by cam or lev] motion4 ,see ,no4 #idb4 #aegf4 ,"o %aft runs 9 ecc5tric be>+s1 :i* c be revolv$ s z to ?r[ x out ( ge> ) ! o!r %aft4 ,illu/ration3 #aeei4-aegf4 #aegg4 ,radius b> & slot4 ,! /ud :eel c be %ift$ 9 or out ( ge> along ! slot4 #aegh4 ,slid+ back %aft1 slides out ( ge>4 ,see dott$ l9es4 #aegi4 ,me?od ( ?r[+ a pulley out ( ge> by slack+ ! belt4 ,?is is done ei!r by a cam be>+ or slid+ motion to ! driv] %aft4 ,works be/ v]tically4 ,see also ,no4 #abai4 #aehj4 ,cam slot motion = back %aft4 ,to ?r[ x 9 or out ( ge>4 #aeha4 ,motion employ$ = pun*+ ma*9es1 c4 ,to set ! pun* 9 or out ( action by a cam & h& lev]4 ,section #hh4--,,v>iable ,,motion ,,& ,,v>iable ,,p[]4 ,= v>iable spe$ & p[] by spur ge>1 see ,sections #hd & #dj4 ,= v>iable spe$ & p[] by bevil ge>1 see ,section #hd4 ,= v>iable spe$ & p[] by cam ge>1 see ,section #i4 ,= v>iable spe$ & p[] by belt ge>1 see ,section #c4 #aehb4 ,v>iable spe$ belt cones1 = cross$ belts4 ,angle ( cones %\ld n exce$ #ae4 #aehc4 ,/epp$ cone ge>4 #aehd4 ,v>iable ?r[ crank p94 7,see ,ha/ie's ,pat5t1 #cefa1 #ahgh2 ,kn[eld5 & ,edw>ds'1 #biif1 #aheh47 #aehe4 ,beam motion1 ) v>iable fulcrum to alt] ! proportionate l5g?s ( /roke ( driv+ & driv5 cyl9d]s4 ,see also ,no4 #afjf4 #aehf4 ,v>iable pressure accumulator4 ,bo? cyl9d]s are 9 communication by a pipe1 & ! pressure v>ies ) ! angle betwe5 ! rams4 #aehg4 ,wright's v>iable ge>4 ,! radius ( frictional contact ( ! :eels v>ies z !y are mov$ clos] toge!r or sep>at$4 #aehh4 ,olm/$'s v>iable cone friction ge>1 ) int]m$iate d\ble cone idle :eel in/ead ( belt4 #aehi4 ,convex & concave cones = op5 belts4 #aeij4 ,?ree spe$ ge>1 ea* sep>ate pair ( spur ge> be+ driv5 by its own belt pulley on sep>ate sleeve pieces4 #aeia4 ,irregul> or elliptical ge>4 #aeib4 ,lev] comb9ation to obta9 an ev5 t5sion f a spr+ ?r\gh\t its motion4 ,illu/ration3 #aegg4-aeib4 #aeic4 ,scroll spur ge>4 #aeid4 ,scroll ge> = obta9+ a v>iable pull f a weight4 #aeie4 ,v>iable friction ge>4 ,! p9ion c be mov$ up or d[n f ! c5tre to ! outside ( disc to v>y ! spe$4 #aeif4 ,ow5's comp\nd lev] v>iable pressure air pumps4 ,! pressure increas+ & spe$ decreas+ z ! pi/ons rise to ! top ( _! /roke4 #aeig4 #b-spe$ ge> by "o belt4 ,"o loose pulley ,b c>ries a transv]se mitre :eel1 :i*1 ge>+ into ! fix$ mitre :eel ,a1 drives ! mitre :eel pulley ,c key$ to %aft at twice ! spe$ ( pulley ,b :5 ! belt is on ,b2 by %ift+ ! belt to pulley ,c1 ! spe$ is #a to #a4 ,! ?ird pulley is loose = runn+ idle4 #aeih4 #b-spe$ bevel ge> ) ?ree :eels & slid+ %aft1 by :i* ei!r pair c be put into ge>4 #aeii4 #b-spe$ bevel ge> ) f\r :eels & slid+ %aft4 #afjj4 ,increas+ spe$ cone & screw1 friction ge>4 ,! cone is driv5 by frictional contact ) ! p9ion4 #afja4 ,v>iable fulcrum lev]1 ) %ift+ p9 & hole adju/m5t4 #afjb4 ,fusee b>rel1 z us$ 9 clocks & wat*es to equalise ! t5sion ( spr+ on ! movem5t2 may also be employ$ to give a v>iable spe$4 ,! spr+ is usually simil> to ,no4 #adhd1 & coil$ 9 ! upp] b>rel4 #afjc4 ,v>iable ?r[ crank p9 & slot1 mu* us$ = v>iable fe$ motions 9 comb9ation ) "s type ( pawl & rat*et ge>4 #afjd4 ,v>iable travel imp>t$ to ! pi/on rod f ! crank by alt]+ ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! l9k ,a to ! slot4 #afje4 ,v>iable p[] pi/ons1 s+le-act+4 #afjf4 ,effects ! same ends z ,no4 #afja or #aehe1 by %ift+ ! fulcrum po9t along ! slot by means ( a screw4 ,illu/ration3 #aeic4-afjf4 #afjg4 ,v>iable ?r[ crank p9 by means ( a jo9t$ crank & radial adju/+ screw4 #afjh4 ,v>iable ?r[ crank p9 by atta*+ ! crank p9 to an ecc5tric disc4 ,see ,section #aj4 #afji4 ,w9d motor-fan or turb9e1 ) v>iable-angle vanes actuat$ by a c5tral sleeve & cam or lev] ge>4 #afaj4 ,v>iable friction cone ge>2 ! small friction p9ion c be mov$ radially to & fro to alt] ! lev]age & consequ5tly spe$ ( driv+ radius f ! cone4 ,9 ! /eam eng9e1 compress$ air eng9e1 & gas eng9e 7^! be+ all ela/ic fluids71 ! p[] giv5 out is v>i$ by alt]+ ! supply ( /eam1 air1 or gas4 ,9 ! wat] :eel ! p[] may be v>i$ by alt]+ ! quantity ( wat] 7or head ( wat]7 suppli$ to ! :eel4 ,9 ! turb9e ! p[] c be v>i$ by alt]+ ! head ( supply wat] & ! angle ( vanes2 alt]+ ! quantity r$uces ! spe$ & effici5cy4 ,! turb9e w n "w well "u great v>iations ( ei!r head or quantity4 ,see also ,nos4 #gcf1 #gbb1 #gbc1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #cha1 #chb1 #chd1 #che1 #cgg1 #cgb1 #cgc2 & ,sections #bj & #dj4 ,= v>iable pressure or t5sion by spr+s1 see ,section #hj4 ,v>iable balance weights1 ,section #bj4 ,section #hi4--,,valves ,,& ,,cocks4 ,( ! almo/ innum]able v>ieties ( valves & cocks 9 use ! foll[+ are select$ z types )\t ref]5ce to special uses1 ea* type hav+ its peculi> value1 & ! draw+s are only int5d$ to indicate ! special features ( ea* type )\t su* details z may be v>i$ to suit ea* p>ticul> requirem5t or application4 #afaa4 ,! common plug cock4 #afab4 ,! same1 b ) screw$ gl&4 #afac4 #b-way or #c-way plug cock1 ) pack$ gl&4 #afad4 ,holl[ plug bl[-(f cock1 ) pack$ gl&4 #afae4 ,back pressure or *eck valve1 self clos+4 #afaf4 ,ball valve & gu>d1 self clos+4 #afag4 ,indi>ubb] disc & grat+ valve4 #afah4 ,d\ble flap indi>ubb] or lea!r & grat+ valve4 #afai4 ,simple flap valve fac$ ) rubb] or lea!r4 #afbj4 ,rock+ or roll+ valve4 ,= op5+ & clos+ gradually & easily aga9/ pressure4 #afba4 ,roll-up valve4 ,= same purposes z ! la/ nam$4 ,illu/ration3 #afjg4-afba4 #afbb4 ,sector full-way screw d[n valve1 %[n clos$2 :5 op5 ! disc is up 9 ! *amb] out ( ! wat]way4 #afbc4 ,d\ble face valve2 ! sp9dle is screw$ into ! /uff+-box neck & ! l[] valve1 ! upp] "o be+ p9n$ to ! sp9dle2 ! ?read 9 ! l[] valve is twice ! pit* ( ! upp] ?read4 #afbd #afbe4 ,spr+ relief valves2 ! spr+s are adju/$ to bl[ (f at any /at$ pressure1 :i* may be regulat$ by a screw or nut 7n %[n74 #afbf4 ,weight$ lev] relief valve or safety valve4 #afbg4 ,r$uc+ valve1 c be adju/$ by ! balance weight to pass fluids f a high pressure to any l[] pressure4 #afbh4 ,ano!r =m1 ) spr+ balance adju/m5t & equilibrium valve4 #afbi4 ,equilibrium valve4 #afcj4 ,equilibrium valve1 n /eam tight1 b s]rat$1 to cut (f gradually1 employ$ = gov]nors ( /eam eng9es4 #afca4 ,equilibrium cyl9drical grat+ valve1 may be us$ to op5 & close ei!r by v]tical or revolv+ motion4 #afcb4 ,common ?rottle or butt]fly valve4 #afcc4 ,duplex ?rottle or damp] = a ?ree-way pipe or flue4 ,illu/ration3 #afbb4-afcc4 #afcd4 ,hydraulic high-pressure *eck valve1 ) long guide w+s4 #afce4 ,hydraulic plug or sp9dle valve & seat+2 all seat+s = high pressure %\ld be n>r[ & h>d4 #afcf4 ,duplex or ,ramsbottom safety valve2 ea* valve s]ves z a fulcrum by :i* to lift ! o!r4 ,"o fulcrum po9t %\ld be jo9t$ to ! lev] & ! latt] move 9 a v]tical guide1 or else ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! spr+ to ! lev] be plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! valve seat+s4 #afcg4 ,a modification ( ! la/ nam$4 #afch4 ,pass valve1 us$ = pneumatic despat* tubes4 #afci4 ,oscillat+ lev] duplex valve4 #afdj4 ,simple radial disc valve or sluice4 #afda #afdb4 ,oscillat+ cyl9drical valves4 ,corliss valves2 sometimes made tap]$ or conical4 #afdc4 ,multiple ball valve1 = high lift deliv]y valve ( l>ge pump+ eng9es4 ,balls are ( guttap]*a1 & op5 & close )\t %ock4 #afdd4 ,multiple r+ valve4 ,! r+s op5 & close 9 succession1 ?us avoid+ %ocks4 #afde4 ,d\ble beat r+ valve4 #afdf4 ,d\ble beat equilibrium or ,corni% valve4 ,! upp] seat+ c be made ( su* area z to p>tly or entirely balance ! valve4 #afdg4 ,multiple r+ valve4 ,! indi>ubb] r+s exp& & contract ov] ! p]=ations4 ,illu/ration3 #afcd4-afdg4 #afdh4 ,d\ble-beat valve1 ) sunk seat+4 #afdi4 ,common ,d slide valve1 ) ?ree ports4 #afej4 ,duplex or d\ble ,d slide4 #afea4 ,ano!r =m1 p>tly 9 equilibrium4 #afeb4 ,equilibrium slide valve1 ) circul> pack$ trunk on back1 ( area suffici5t to balance ! face area ( valve4 #afec4 ,simil> result obta9$ by a pi/on & l9k4 #afed4 ,equilibrium pi/on valve employ$ 9 lieu ( ! slide valve4 ,a /eam pipe1 ,b ,b exhau/4 #afee4 ,gridiron slide valve4 #afef4 ,common plate slide valve or sluice1 us$ = bla/ pipes4 #afeg4 ,float+ ball valve1 = automatic dis*>ge ( air f wat] ma9s4 #afeh4 ,ord9>y d\ble-fac$ sluice valve1 lifts cle> ( ! wat] way4 ,illu/ration3 #afdh4-afeh4 #afei4 ,s+le face sluice valve1 = sewage wat]1 c4 #affj4 ,flap sluice valve4 ,tidal outlet valve4 #affa4 ,diaphragm valve4 #affb4 ,oscillat+ disc valve1 = gas4 #affc4 ,l>ge #c or #d-way plug cock4 #affd4 ,f+] valve1 clos$ by a spr+4 #affe4 ,tap] cone valve1 = gradually clos+ an outlet4 #afff4 ,dome valve1 us$ = hot bla/1 hot gases1 c4 ,?is =m reta9s its %ape :5 heat$1 exp&+ ev5ly4 #affg4 ,common float+ ball tap4 #affh4 ,?ree-way air valve4 #affi4 ,duplex slide1 us$ to close a numb] ( op5+s at once4 #afgj4 ,we/'s spiral valve1 ) indi>ubb] cord :i* exp&s & contracts ov] a spiral p]=at$ groove4 #afga4 ,d5nis' self-lift+ valve4 ,! valve is kept to its seat by ! pressure be+ admitt$ on to its back ?r\gh small hole ,a2 :5 ! l>g] hole ,b is op5$ by ! sp9dle ! back pressure is reliev$ & ! valve lift$ by ! pressure bel[ its conical und]side4 #afgb4 ,common cone plug4 ,illu/ration3 #afei4-afgb4 #afgc4 ,equilibrium plug or cyl9drical valve1 d\ble port$4 #afgd4 ,ano!r =m ( self-lift+ valve4 ,see ,no4 #afga = description4 #afge4 ,comp\nd flap valve4 #afgf4 ,indi>ubb] pump valve4 #afgg4 ,v5etian %utt] or comp\nd butt]fly valve4 #afgh4 ,bye pass us$ to all[ a small fl[ :5 ! ma9 valve is %ut (f4 ,us$ also to equalise pressure on bo? sides ( a l>ge valve to enable x to op5 easily4 #afgi4 ,bell & hopp]1 or cup & cone2 us$ = bla/ furnaces1 coke ov5s1 & gas g5]ators4 #afhj4 ,cup valve & susp5d$ weight4 #afha4 ,f\r-way valve = hot wat] pipes1 c4 #afhb4 ,oscillat+ valve4 #afhc4 ,gas purifi] c5tre valve1 = f\r purifi]s2 to "w "o purifi] (f & ?ree on1 or all f\r on at once4 ,x is simil> 9 plan to ,no4 #afhd1 b has an additional top valve :i* all[s ! gas to pass into ! f\r? purifi]2 ! top valve has an indep5d5t sleeve & lev] motion4 #afhd4 ,gas purifi] c5tre valve1 employ$ to deliv] & dis*>ge gas into & out ( any "o1 two1 or ?ree out ( f\r purifi]s4 ,! motion ( ! gas is %[n by ! arr[s4 #afhe4 ,conical grat+ valve ) radial slots1 op5$ or clos$ by revolv+ motion4 ,section #ij4--,,wat] ,,:eels ,,& ,,turb9es4 #afhf4 ,simple und]%ot :eel4 #afhg4 ,brea/ :eel4 ,illu/ration3 #afgc4-afhg4 #afhh4 ,high brea/ :eel4 #afhi4 ,ov]%ot :eel4 #afij4 ,return ov]%ot :eel4 #afia4 ,int]nal fe$ re-action :eel4 #afib4 ,sunk :eel1 driv5 by air3 may be us$ z a met] = gas or air4 #afic4 ,curr5t :eel1 driv5 by tidal or riv] curr5t4 #afid4 ,flutt] :eel1 ) high fall4 #afie4 ,horizontal :eel4 #afif4 ,re-action :eel1 ! olde/ =m ( turb9e4 #afig4 ,engel's diagonal :eel4 #afih4 ,scoop :eel = rais+ wat]4 ,see also ,no4 #ajbd4 #afii4 ,:eel1 ) int]nal buckets & fe$4 ,note t mo/ ( ^! may be rev]s$ & made into wat] rais+ ma*9es1 z ,no4 #afih4 #agjj to #agjc4 ,sections ( v>i\s =ms ( buckets 9 wood & iron4 ,no4 #agjc is a v5tilat$ bucket :i* all[s air to escape z ! wat] ent]s4 ,= gov]n+ spe$ ( wat] :eels & turb9es1 see ,section #da4 #agjd4 ,f\rneyron's turb9e1 outw>d fl[2 ! out] vanes are fix$1 ! inn] ones revolve ) ! %aft4 #agje4 ,jonval's turb9e1 d[nw>d fl[2 ei!r ! upp] or l[] set is fix$4 #agjf4 ,swa9's turb9e1 inw>d & d[nw>d fl[1 ) inw>d curv$ vanes or flumes4 ,illu/ration3 #afhh4-agjf4 #agjg4 ,leffel's turb9e1 inw>d & d[nw>d fl[2 has "o out] r+ ( fix$ vanes & two inn] sets revolv+1 b hav+ diff]5t angles ( fl[4 #agjh4 ,und]%ot jet :eel = high pressure wat]4 ,_m o!r =ms ( turb9es are extant1 b are mo/ly modifications ( ! above types4 ,! be/ types h means ( v>y+ ! angle ( ! vanes & areas ( passages to suit v>y+ quantities ( wat]4 ,section #ia4--,,:eels ,,9 ,,segm5ts4 #agji4 ,heavy ge>+ = roll+ mills1 c41 ) dovetail$ jo9ts w$g$ & pack$4 #agaj4 ,:eel ca/ 9 sectors bolt$ toge!r4 #agaa4 ,bevil :eel 9 halves4 #agab4 ,:eel ) rim 9 segm5ts bolt$ toge!r1 & provid$ ) bor$ & cott]$ sockets = arms 9 bo? rim & boss4 #agac4 ,fly :eel rim1 cott]$ & d[ell$ toge!r4 #agad4 ,arms & boss ca/ 9 "o3 ! rim 9 segm5ts1 bolt$ toge!r & to ! arms4 #agae4 ,t5sion :eel4 ,! tie spokes are sometimes arrang$ 9 two sets at a slight angle to ea* o!r to prev5t ! rim turn+ )\t ! boss4 ,bicycle :eels are ( ?is class4 #agaf4 ,wr\ght-iron :eel1 ) ca/ boss4 #agag4 ,wr\ght-iron :eel1 ) ca/ boss4 #agah4 ,rim 9 segm5ts bolt$ toge!r1 wood arms & ca/ boss1 ) sockets to receive arms2 ?is type is mu* us$ = wat] :eels4 ,illu/ration3 #agjg4-agah4 #agai4 ,railway :eel3 boss ( ca/ iron ) wr\ght-iron arms ca/ 94 ,! rim is ( roll$ iron or /eel rivet$ on4 ,!re are num]\s me?ods ( fa/5+ ! tyres to arms1 detail$ 9 ! ,eng9e]1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahhj4 #agbj4 ,spr+ rim split pulley4 #agba4 ,segm5t fly-:eel1 ) long radial bolts to secure ! rim1 arms1 & boss toge!r4 #agbb4 ,l>ge c5tre boss1 ) rim segm5ts bolt$ to x4 #agbc4 ,:eel 9 halves2 ! boss is held toge!r by two bolts act+ z cott]s4 ,section #ib4--,,weigh+1 ,,measur+1 ,,indicat+ ,,pressures1 etc4 #agbd4 ,weigh+ by a beam ) equal arms4 ,weights ,a package ,b4 #agbe4 ,weigh+ by a beam ) unequal arms4 ,weight ,a con/ant2 lev]age ( ditto v>iable by %ift+ x along ! graduat$ arm ( lev]4 #agbf4 ,graduat$ measur+ vessel4 #agbg4 ,simil> pr9ciple appli$ by comp\nd lev]s ) unequal arms4 ,! table is support$ on f\r po9ts on ! arms ( lev]s loosely jo9t$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre2 "o lev] is ext5d$ & c\pl$ by a rod to a graduat$ lev] ) slid+ weight4 ,knife edges are us$ = be>+s = all weigh+ ma*9es by lev]age4 ,see ,no4 #ieh4 ,?is con/ruction is ! basis ( mo/ ( ! ord9>y weigh+ ma*9es 9 use4 #agbh4 ,duckham's pat5t hydraulic weigh+ ma*9e4 ,! article to be weigh$ is susp5d$ f ! hook1 & ex]ts a pressure on ! ram4 ,! correspond+ pressure on ! liquid 7usually oil or glyc]9e7 is indicat$ on ! pressure gauge1 :i* is graduat$ to %[ ! weight4 #agbi4 ,spr+ balance4 #agcj4 ,appliance = indicat+ dep? ( wat] 9 a ci/]n by an air bell & pipe connect$ to a ,u wat] gauge4 ,! pressure on ! air 9 ! bell v>ies ) ! dep? or head ( wat] above x1 & is indicat$ on ! gauge4 ,a modification ( ?is is employ$ = s\nd+ at sea4 ,weights ( sub/ances may be asc]ta9$ by _! displacem5t 9 wat] or m]cury1 or by support+ ! weigh+ scale on a free pi/on re/+ on an asc]ta9$ area ( wat] or m]cury1 ! pressure produc$ be+ indicat$ by a gauge4 #agca4 ,micromet] gauge4 #agcb4 ,radial arm weigh+ ma*9e4 #agcc4 ,small weigh+ device1 dep5d+ ^u ! angle ! c>d assumes 9 respect ( ! v]tical po9t]1 :i* is on a free pivot4 #agcd4 ,automatic measur+ or weigh+ device4 ,! mat]ial fills "o comp>tm5t until x ov]balances1 :5 x falls & empties itself2 ! mat]ial !n fills ! o!r comp>tm5t1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 #agai4-agcd4 #agce4 ,wet gas met]4 ,! gas ent]s at ! c5tre1 & z ! comp>tm5ts fill !y rise out ( ! wat]1 ! gas be+ dis*>g$ at ! out] ports into ! cas+4 #agcf4 ,measur+ :eel4 #agcg4 ,measur+ :eel4 #agch4 ,d\ble slide measur]4 #agci4 ,automatic tipp+ scale4 ,:5 full1 to equal ! weight1 x falls & tips by /rik+ a fix$ /op2 ! scale !n turns ov] & returns to its position1 & is refill$4 #agdj4 ,an ord9>y pi/on & cyl9d] are (t5 employ$ to measure liquids1 & fitt$ ) a rev]s+ valve on ! same pr9ciple z ,nos4 #ajbf1 #ajbg1 & #agda4 ,see also note to ,sec4 #ic4 ,mo/ ( ! rot>y devices 7see ,section #ge7 h be5 employ$ z met]s = liquids & gases4 ,see ,no4 #afib4 ,dry gas met]s usually employ an exp&+ bell[s1 or light pi/on1 ) a self-rev]s+ valve1 simil> to ,nos4 #abii & #ajbf4 ,see also ,section #dd4 ,section #ic4--,,wat]-,,pressure ,,eng9es4 ,see also ,section #ef4 ,hydraulic ram4 ,see ,no4 #ajbe4 ,rob9et4 ,see ,no4 #ajbf4 ,two- or ?ree-cyl9d] eng9es1 ) slide valves op]at$ ei!r by ecc5trics z 9 ! /eam eng9e1 or by ! oscillation ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! slide valves h no lap or lead2 !re is no cu%ion+ except :at is giv5 by an air vessel on ! supply pipe4 ,?ree-cyl9d] eng9es are usually made s+le act+ ) rams4 ,see ,no4 #agdc4 #agda4 ,s+le cyl9d] eng9es4 ,^! mu/ h ! slide or o!r di/ribut+ valve rev]s$ by pi/ons ,a1 ,a1 op]at$ by ! pressure ( ! supply wat]4 ,?is is usually done by an auxili>y valve ,b1 rev]s$ by ! ma9 pi/on rod ,c4 ,?is valve admits ! pressure wat] to ! pi/ons ,a1 ,a1 :i* rev]se ! ma9 slide valve4 ,see ,no4 #aejf4 ,see note bel[4 #agdb4 ,mode ( work+ an und]gr\nd pump+ eng9e by wat] cyl9d]s above gr\nd1 connect$ to ^? bel[ by pipes ,a1 ,a4 ,b is ! suction1 ,c ! deliv]y4 #agdc4 ,"o1 two1 or ?ree cyl9d] wat] eng9e4 ,! ports are 9 ! segm5tal base ( ! cyl9d]1 h no lap1 & are op5$ & clos$ by ! oscillation ( ! cyl9d]4 #agdd4 ,circul> oscillat+ cyl9d]1 9 a case :i* op5s & closes its ports by its own oscillation4 ,9 lieu ( ! weight$ lev] valve ge> = s+le cyl9d] wat] pressure eng9es1 ! eng9e may be arrang$ to compress a spr+ dur+ ! /roke1 :i* at ! end ( ! /roke %all be releas$1 & by its expansion rev]se ! valve4 ,section #id4--,,wa%+4 #agde4 ,cyl9drical revolv+ scre5 wa%]1 = roots1 c4 #agdf4 ,tub & paddle wa%]4 ,illu/ration3 #agce4-agdf4 #agdg4 ,coal wa%]4 ,! wat] is kept 9 motion up & d[n ?r\gh ! scre5 ,a by a cyl9d] & pi/on ,b2 ! mud s9ks to ,c & ! wa%$ coal passes ov] to ,d4 ,bo? are remov$ cont9u\sly by elevators or worms4 ,see ,section #eg4 ,= wa%+ ores slop+ scre5s ei!r pla9 or p]=at$ are (t5 us$1 a /ream ( wat] be+ kept fl[+ ov] ! ore1 :i* is kept 9 motion4 ,see ,nos4 #abff & #dgg1 also ,cyl9drical ,revolv+ ,scre5s1 z ,no4 #abfb4 #agdh4 ,cyl9drical p]=at$ drum1 ) int]nal fix$ spiral flange :i* causes ! mat]ial to travel at a fix$ rate ( motion4 ,! cyl9d] may be revolv$ 9 a wat] tr\gh z ,no4 #agde1 or wat] may be f$ 9 ) ! mat]ial & ! cas+ be unp]=at$4 #agdi4 ,a contrivance to keep a cont9u\s circulation 9 a boil+ tub or copp] 9 :i* clo!s1 c41 are wa%$4 ,! hot wat] f ! bottom rises up ! t9 tube1 & is dis*>g$ on ! surface4 #agej4 ,corrugat$ roll]s wa%+ device1 = fabrics4 #agea4 ,wat] tr\gh & dipp+ b&1 = wa%+ clo?s1 wool1 pap]1 c4 ,dome/ic wa%]s comprise1 besides ! ord9>y tub & dolly1 wa%+ bo>ds1 hav+ corrugat$ surfaces2 rock+ & revolv+ boxes1 hav+ a *urn-l motion4 ,bru%es also are sometimes us$4 ,section #ie4--,,w9dmills ,,& ,,fea!r+ ,,:eels4 #ageb4 ,fea!r+ paddle :eel4 ,ea* float has a bracket & p9 at back1 ) connect+ rod to a common ecc5tric 7fix$71 ?r\gh :i* ! %aft revolves4 #agec4 ,spiral vane or c[l1 = *imney top4 ,us$ to drive a v]tical worm inside ! *imney cap to ma9ta9 an upw>d draught1 by employ+ ! w9d z a motive p[]4 #aged4 ,w9dmill sails1 ) angul> adju/m5t by a slid+ device on ! %aft4 #agee4 ,fea!r+ horizontal w9dmill4 ,ea* float is h+$ a little out ( c5tre to ! arms1 s t ! pressure ( w9d 7see arr[7 turns ! floats to ! positions 9 ! sket* z !y revolve4 #agef4 ,holl[ semi-sph]ical cup w9dmill or motor4 #ageg4 ,w9d motor1 ) curv$ vanes4 ,^! la/ two revolve 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 because ! w9d has m hold ^u ! holl[ sides ( ! cups & vanes ?an on ! convex side4 #ageh4 ,self-fea!r+ w9d :eel4 #agei4 ,spiral w9d :eel4 ,illu/ration3 #agdg4-agei4 ,section #if4--,,w9d+ ,,app>atus4 #agfj4 ,b>rel or drum1 = wire1 c4 #agfa4 ,w9d+ b>rel1 = cranes1 w9*es1 c4 #agfb4 ,fusee b>rel4 ,see ,no4 #afjb4 #agfc4 ,groov$ b>rel1 = *a94 ,prev5ts ! *a9 rid+ z x coils4 #agfd4 ,hexagon frame w9d]1 = y>n1 c4 #agfe4 ,spool4 #agff4 ,c>d w9d]4 #agfg #agfh4 ,bobb9s4 ,!re are a great _m patt]ns 9 use = v>i\s trades4 #agfi4 ,appliance = w9d+ bobb9s ( cotton1 & o!r ma*9]y4 ,! bobb9 is /ation>y & ! fly] revolves1 ! ?read pass+ up its c5tre & d[n "o arm ?r\gh ! eye1 :i* has an up & d[n fe$ motion to w9d ! ?read on ev5ly4 #aggj4 ,mode ( fe$+ ! ?read on to ! sp9dles to cause x to coil ev5ly by an oscillat+ arm & p9 ov] :i* ! ?read passes4 #agga4 ,drum1 = flat rope or *a9 w\nd ^u itself4 ,= w9d+ eng9es & w9*es1 see ,nos4 #abbb to #abbf4 ,see also ,rope ,ge>1 ,section #ff4 ,section #ig4--;,,h&les1 c41 ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,purposes4 #aggb4 ,knob h&le4 #aggc4 ,loop h&le1 h+$4 #aggd4 ,loop h&le1 fix$4 #agge4 ,t h&le4 #aggf4 ,pla9 h&le4 #aggg4 ,sa% lift or draw] h&le4 #aggh4 ,h& b>4 #aggi4 ,sw+ door h&le4 #aghj4 ,sunk or flu% loop h&le4 #agha4 ,h+$ lift+ lev]s4 #aghb4 ,b5t h&le1 = radial motion4 ,illu/ration3 #agfj4-aghb4 #aghc4 ,h& :eel4 #aghd4 ,crank$ ,t h&le4 #aghe4 ,cap/an :eel4 #aghf4 ,b[ or lift+ h&le1 = ladles1 buckets1 c4 #aghg4 ,t b> h&le1 = two h&s4 #aghh4 ,cross h& lev]1 f\r1 six1 or eight arms4 #aghi4 ,loop h&le1 sometimes ca/ into a ca/+4 #agij4 ,r+ h&le4 #agia4 ,d\ble b> pu%+ h&les4 #agib4 ,b5t h&le1 = radial motion4 #agic4 ,weight$ h&le4 #agid4 ,vice h&le1 ) slid+ lev] b>4 #agie4 ,h& b>1 ) =k$ lev] atta*m5t = pumps1 c4 #agif4 ,s lev] d\ble crank$ h&le4 #agig4 ,/irrup h&le4 #agih4 ,t lift+ h&le or key1 = op5+ flu% doors or manhole cov]s4 #agii4 ,?umb screw head4 #ahjj4 ,/raight h&le1 ) susp5d+ eye4 #ahja4 ,cap/an :eel1 = screw ge>4 #ahjb4 ,v5tilat$ twi/$ h&le4 #ahjc #ahjd4 ,loop h&les4 ,illu/ration3 #aghc4-ahjc4 #ahje4 ,spr+ lock lev] h&le4 #ahjf4 8,c(fee pot0 h&le4 ,see also ,section #dh4 ,section #ih4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,draw+ ,,curves4 ,see ,ge>+1 ,section #dj2 ,ellipsograph1 ,section #cd4 #ahjg4 ,cyclograph1 = describ+ arcs1 ! *ord & v]s$ s9e be+ giv54 ,fix p9s at ,a & ,b1 fa/5 toge!r at ,c two slips ( wood1 hold ! p5cil at ,d1 & move ! slips r\nd1 keep+ !m aga9/ ! p9s4 ,see also ,no4 #aa4 #ahjh4 ,hyp]bolagraph4 ,height & focus are giv5 z = #ahji1 & /r+ fix$ to ,b1 & focus ,a2 ! arm is pivot$ at ,c1 & ! p5cil us$ z describ$ = ,no4 #ahji4 #ahji4 ,p>abolagraph4 ,! height ( p>abolic curve ,h & focus ,a are giv54 ,a /r+ is fa/5$ to end ( set squ>e at ,b1 rea*+ to ,c1 & ! o!r end fix$ to a p9 9 ! focus ,a4 ,a p5cil held 9 ! loop & kept aga9/ edge ( set squ>e z x is mov$ to left or "r w describe ! p>abolic curve4 #ahaj4 ,cycloidograph1 describes ! hypo- or epi-cycloid4 ,a modification ( ?is is us$ to draw ! curves ( ! tee? ( :eels4 ,p5tagraph1 = r$uc+ or enl>g+ outl9e draw+s1 ,no4 #aibd4 ,helicograph1 to describe a regul> helix by a c5tral fix$ bevil :eel :i* drives ! radial bevil :eel screw & scrib+ p5cil1 ,no4 #aibe4 ,a simple helicograph1 ) radial screw & roll] nut1 :i* travels along ! screw z ! app>atus is revolv$ on its c5tre p91 ,no4 #aibf4 ,section #ii4--,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,con/ruction ,! foll[+ memor&a relate only to su* mat]ials z are requir$ 9 connection ) ma*9]y or me*anical con/ructions1 & are int5d$ to supply p>ticul>s ( ! dim5sions ( ! manufactur$ or raw mat]ial1 giv+ ! sections manufactur$ & ! limits z to size available = incorporation 9 any design "u consid]ation4 ,roll$ iron & /eel b>s are manufactur$ z bel[3-- #ahaa4 ,r\nds1 f to #g diamet]1 & up to #ah long4 #ahab4 ,squ>es1 f to #f squ>e1 & up to #ah long4 #ahac4 ,flats1 f to #ad wide1 & up to #ah long4 #ahad1 #ahae1 #ahaf1 #ahag1 #ahah1 #ahai4 ,l iron sections are made f up to #ad #c1 or to #ab unit$ in*es1 ) equal or unequal flanges1 & up to #cj long2 b ! acute1 obtuse1 & r\nd angl$ sections are n usually /ock$4 #ahbj #ahba4 ,t irons1 f #a #a up to #ab unit$ in*es1 or to #i #d1 & up to #cj long4 #ahbb4 ,roll$ gird] iron1 f #c deep to #bj deep #aj flanges1 & to #cf long1 9 hundr$s ( sections4 #ahbc4 ,zore gird]s1 f #c to #h deep1 & to #bd long4 #ahbd4 ,*annel iron1 f to #ab wide1 & to #be long4 #ahbe4 ,convex iron1 f #a to #f wide1 & up to #bj long4 #ahbf4 ,cope iron1 f #a to #d wide1 & to #bj long4 ,illu/ration3 #ahjd4-ahbf4 #ahbg4 ,half-r\nd iron1 f to #d wide1 & to #bj long4 #ahbh4 ,funnel r+ iron1 f #c to #h wide1 & up to #ah long4 #ahbi4 ,jack/ay iron4 #ahcj4 ,holl[ cope iron4 #ahca1 #ahcb1 #ahch4 ,rail sections 7see ,section #gc71 usually made 9 #ah to #cj l5g?s1 & num]\s sections ( f #bb lbs4 to #hd lbs4 p] y>d4 #ahcc4 ,bulb ,l iron4 #ahcd4 ,deck beam or bulb ,t iron1 up to #af #f4 #ahce4 ,bulb ,l iron1 up to #aj #d4 #ahcf4 ,bulb iron1 to #ac wide4 #ahcg4 ,pile iron4 #ahci1 #ahdj1 #ahda4 ,flu% tram rails1 #ah to #cj long4 #ahdb1 #ahdc1 #ahdi4 ,fire b> iron4 #ahdd4 ,d\ble ,l iron1 #a to #e #e 4 #ahde4 ,cross iron4 #ahdf1 #ahdg1 #ahec4 ,sa% b> iron4 ,hundr$s ( special sections are manufactur$4 #ahdh4 ,bevil edge iron4 #ahej4 ,octagon b> iron4 #ahea4 ,hexagon b> iron4 #aheb4 ,tyre iron1 made 9 _m sections4 ,see note to ,no4 #agai4 ,illu/ration3 #ahbg4-ahec4 #ahee4 ,bevill$ flat iron4 #ahef4 ,tr\gh iron4 ,us$ = bridge floor+1 fire-pro( floors1 c4 #aheg4 ,d\ble convex iron4 #aheh #ahei4 ,tramplate iron4 #ahfj #ahfa4 ,*air or sleep] iron4 #ahfb4 ,oval iron4 #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfe4 ,r\nd edg$ flats4 #ahff4 ,segm5t r\nd iron4 #ahfg4 ,r\nd edg$ convex iron4 #ahfh4 ,bevill$ flat iron4 #ahfi4 ,bevil edge flat iron4 #ahgj4 ,bevill$ flat iron4 #ahga4 ,r\nd edg$ holl[ convex iron4 #ahgb4 ,tap] edg$ holl[ convex iron4 #ahgc4 ,boil] tube expansion r+ iron4 #ahgd4 ,m\ld$ flat b>4 ,9 addition to ! above1 iron ornam5tal m\ld+s are roll$ ) m\ld$ & relief ornam5ts 9 b>s1 f to #b wide1 & up to #af or #ah long4 ,also pla9 m\ld+s simil> 9 sections to ^? us$ 9 jo9]y4 ,plates 7iron & /eel7 are manufactur$ f to ?ick ord9>y4 ,?ick] plates are roll$ to ord] up to #bj ?ick4 ,/ock$ sizes ( ord9>y plates are #d #b up to #ad #d #f4 ,/rips f #g to #bb wide1 & up to #cj long4 ,*equ]$ plates1 ) diamond1 oval or squ>e recess$ patt]ns1 are made #f #b up to #h #c #f4 ,%eets1 pla91 9 ?icknesses f ,no4 #aj w4g4 to ,no4 #cf w4g41 & f #f #b to #aj #d4 ,corrugat$ %eets1 pla9 or galvanis$1 f ,no4 #af to ,no4 #bf w4g41 & f #f #b to #i #b4 ,t9n$ %eets1 same z above4 ,cold roll$ %eets1 same z above4 ,plani%$ %eets1 same z above4 ,lead-coat$ %eets1 same z above4 ,t9 plates1 t]ne plates1 #ad #bj1 #ag #ab1 #ae #aa1 #ad #aj1 #bd #bj1 #bh #aj1 #bh #bj4 ,hoops1 f to #g wide1 & f ,no4 #h to ,no4 #bd w4g4 #ahge4 ,wire2 sections manufactur$ 9 h>d iron1 s(t iron1 s(t /eel1 h>d /eel1 temp]$ /eel1 piano wire1 cov]$ wire 7w\nd ) ei!r cotton1 silk1 guttap]*a1 flax1 c471 or copp] wire4 ,also brass1 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 & o!r metal wire1 h>d or s(t2 t9n$ iron wire1 galvanis$ iron wire1 t9n$ brass wire1 copp]$ iron wire1 lead-coat$ iron wire4 ,illu/ration3 #ahed4-ahge4 ,pipes 7see ,section #eg7 & tubes ( wr\ght iron1 ei!r butt or lap weld$1 or solid drawn1 are made 9 f\r qualities or /r5g?s3--#a4 ,gas tube2 #b4 ,/eam or wat] tube2 #c4 ,boil] flue tube2 #d4 ,hydraulic tube4 ,^! are manufactur$ f to #c int]nal diamet]s2 boil] flue tubes to #i diamet]1 b mu* l>g] sizes c be made to ord]4 ,solid drawn /eel tubes are made up to #aj diamet]2 l>g] sizes are made to ord]4 ,special /eel or wr\ght iron pipes1 flang$ ) ,l iron1 are made up to #d diamet] ) weld$ jo9ts1 & weld$ /eel or wr\ght iron socket & spigot pipes up to #bd diamet]4 ,ca/ iron pipes are made 9 ! foll[+ /r5g?s3--,ra9wat] pipes1 hot-wat] pipes1 gas ma9s1 wat] ma9s1 hydraulic ma9s = high pressure1 & ! ?icknesses ( metal v>y accord+ to ! pressures4 ,diamet]s f #a up to #d1 & l5g?s usually #f & #i4 ,see ,section #eg4 ,ca/+s are made 9 ca/ iron ( v>i\s mixtures1 accord+ to /r5g?1 t\ghness1 or h>dness requir$1 & ( any weight up to #bj tons4 ,*ill$ iron ca/+s are made = h>d we>1 z 9 cru%] rolls1 c41 b _c be ma*9$2 !y are usually gr\nd smoo? by a gr9d/one or em]y :eel4 ,/eel ca/+s are made 9 ei!r ,bessem]1 ,siem5s-,m>t91 ,?omas-,gil*ri/1 or 9 crucible /eel1 ! latt] be+ mo/ reli$ ^u4 ,!y require anneal+ to s(t5 !m suffici5tly = ma*9+1 are almo/ inv>iably 8bl[n0 or honeycomb$1 & r>ely homog5e\s1 or twice alike f ! same patt]n or ca/4 ,wr\ght-iron ca/+s1 ,mitis metal1 c41 are also obta9able1 b malleable ca/ iron ca/+s are mo/ reli$ ^u = t\ghness1 ! process hav+ n[ atta9$ great p]fection1 b is n applicable to v ?ick ca/+s4 ,press$ iron on /eel =g+s ( simple =ms are n[ obta9able at l[ prices4 ,=g+s 9 wr\ght iron & /eel c n[ be made to almo/ any size1 %ape1 & weight1 & are replac+ _m /ructures =m]ly made ( ca/ iron or built up4 ,o!r metals employ$ are copp]1 brass1 t91 z9c1 phosphor-bronze1 lead1 antimony1 bismu?1 pewt]1 ,muntz metal1 alum9ium1 sodium1 potassium1 plat9um1 gold1 silv]1 nickel1 & a great v>iety ( ! bronzes1 :i* are valuable comp\nds v>y+ 9 t5acity & h>dness f ! h>de/ /eel to t ( s(t copp]4 ,mo/ ( ! above are manufactur$ into wire1 %eets1 tubes1 rods1 c41 & c 9 addition be ca/ into any =m f a crucible4 ,copp] c be =g$ b n weld$2 jo9ts 9 x are g5]ally braz$ or sold]$4 ,o!r mat]ials employ$ comprise-- ,timb]4 ,yell[1 :ite1 & r$ p9e 9 logs1 deals1 & batt5s2 logs1 up to ab\t #c diamet] by #ce to #dj long2 deals1 #i1 #aj1 & #aa wide1 & f #a to #d ?ick--a few wide deals are import$ up to #bb wide--spruce & fir1 sycamore1 pe> tree1 will[1 popl>1 c4 ,! foll[+ table gives a li/ ( woods & _! applications3-- ,,tabul> ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,woods ,,commonly ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,,= ,,build+4 ,%ip-build+4--,c$>s1 deals1 elms1 firs1 l>*es1 locu/1 oaks1 c41 c4 ,wet works1 z piles1 f\ndations1 c4--,ald]1 bee*1 elm1 oak1 plane-tree1 :ite c$>4 ,h\se c>p5try4--,deals1 oaks1 p9es1 sweet *e/nut4 ,,= ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,mill-,,"w4 ,frames1 c4--,a%1 bee*1 bir*1 deals1 elm1 mahogany1 oak1 p9es4 ,roll]s1 c4--,box1 lignum vit1 mahogany4 ,tee? ( :eels1 c4--,crab-tree1 hornbeam1 locu/4 ,f\ndry patt]ns4--,ald]1 deal1 mahogany1 p9e4 ,,= ,,turn]y4 ,common wood = toys 7s(te/74--,ald]1 bee* 7small71 bir* 7small71 sall[1 will[4 ,be/ woods = ,tunbridge w>e4--,holly1 horse *e/nut1 sycamore 7:ite woods72 apple-tree1 pe>-tree1 plum-tree 7br[n woods74 ,h>de/ ,engli% woods4--,bee* 7l>ge71 box1 elm1 oak1 walnut4 ,,= ,,furniture4 ,common furniture & inside works4--,bee*1 bir*1 c$>s1 *]ry-tree1 deal1 p9es4 ,be/ furniture4--,amboyna1 black ebony1 *]ry-tree1 ,corom&el1 mahogany1 maple1 oak 7v>i\s k9ds71 rose-wood1 sat9-wood1 s&al-wood1 sweet *e/nut1 sweet c$>1 tulip-wood1 walnut1 zebra-wood4 ,=eign h>d woods1 sev]al ( :i* are only us$ = ornam5tal turn]y4-- #a4 ,amboyna4 #ac4 ,gre5he>t4 #be4 ,p]uvian4 #b4 ,beef-wood4 #ad4 ,gr5adillo4 #bf4 ,pr9ces-wood4 #c4 ,black ,bot4 ,b4 wood4 #ae4 ,iron-wood4 #bg4 ,purple-wood4 #d4 ,black ebony4 #af4 ,k+-wood4 #bh4 ,r$ s&]s4 #e4 ,box-wood4 #ag4 ,lignum vit4 #bi4 ,rosetta4 #f4 ,brazil-wood4 #ah4 ,locu/4 #cj4 ,rose-wood4 #g4 ,braziletto4 #ai4 ,mahogany4 #ca4 ,s&al-wood4 #h4 ,bullet-wood4 #bj4 ,maple4 #cb4 ,sat9-wood4 #i4 ,cam-wood4 #ba4 ,mu/aiba4 #cc4 ,snake-wood4 #aj4 ,cocoa-wood4 #bb4 ,olive-tree root4 #cd4 ,tulip-wood4 #aa4 ,corom&el4 #bc4 ,palmyra4 #ce4 ,yacca-wood4 #ab4 ,gre5 ebony4 #bd4 ,p>tridge-wood4 #cf4 ,zebra-wood4 ,nos4 #c1 #h1 #af1 #cc1 & #cd are frequ5tly sc>ce4 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #aj are g5]ally close1 h>d1 ev5 t9t$1 & ! m prop] = ecc5tric turn+1 b o!rs may also be employ$4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #cj1 #cb are g5]ally abundant & ext5sively us$4 ,all ! woods may be us$ = pla9 turn+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,prop]ties4 ,ela/icity4--,a%1 hazel1 hickory1 lance-wood1 sweet *e/nut 7small71 snake-wood1 yew4 ,inela/icity & t\ghness4--,bee*1 elm1 lignum vit1 oak1 walnut4 ,ev5 gra91 prop] = c>v+4--,lime-tree1 pe>-tree1 p9e4 ,durability 9 dry works4--,c$>1 oak1 popl>1 sweet *e/nut1 yell[ deal4 ,col\r+ matt] 7r$ dyes74--,brazil1 braziletto1 cam-wood1 log-wood ,nic>agua1 r$ s&]s1 sapan-wood4 ,col\r+ matt] 7gre5 dye74--,gre5 ebony4 ,col\r+ matt] 7yell[ dyes74--,fu/ic1 zantes4 ,sc5t4--,camphor wood1 c$>1 rose-wood1 s&al-wood1 sat9-wood1 sassafras4 ,indi>ubb]1 manufactur$ into %eets1 ) or )\t canvas ins]tion ( s+le1 d\ble1 or treble ?ickness1 up to #cf wide & to ?ick2 cord to #a diamet]2 tubes1 pla91 or ) canvas ins]tion or wire coil$ inside or outside1 f to #d bore1 usually 9 #cj & #fj l5g?s4 ,wa%]s1 r+s1 roll]s1 /rips1 belts1 & m\ld$ articles ( e =m4 ,guttap]*a is manufactur$ into simil> articles4 ,lea!r4 ,mo/ ( ! v>ieties are manufactur$ f ! sk9s ( ox51 %eep1 goats1 de]1 horses1 dogs1 hogs1 & seals1 & ! l>g] sk9s are divid$ into butts1 %\ld]s1 *eeks1 & bellies1 ! dim5sions dep5d+ ( c\rse ^u ! size ( ! animals4 ,ox hides are ! l>ge/ & kid sk9s ! smalle/ 9 g5]al use4 ,= me*anical purposes ox hide1 raw or tann$1 is *iefly us$1 z = valves1 seat+s1 belts1 pi/on lea!rs1 c4 ,%eep sk9s c be obta9$ ei!r /ra9$1 half-/ra9$1 or un/ra9$2 ! fir/ are h>d & comp>atively /iff1 ! la/-nam$ s(t & pliable z clo?4 ,o!r s(t v>ieties are goats' sk9s & *amois lea!r4 ,!re are _m imitations ( lea!r1 b !y are r>ely employ$ 9 me*anical con/ructions4 ,vulcanis$ fibre is (t5 us$ = simil> purposes to lea!r1 z = valves1 seat+s1 jo9ts1 c4 ,x is made 9 two v>ieties1 m$ium & h>d1 & 9 %eets up to #a ?ick4 ,ebonite4 ,a h>d1 black1 horny sub/ance1 m\ld$ into any requir$ %ape4 ,papi] m*4 ,solid pap]1 m\ld$ f pulp into any requir$ =m4 ,asbe/os1 9 %eets1 cord1 pack+ ( v>i\s sections1 loose fibre1 millbo>d1 c4 ,ivory1 f tusks & tee?4 ,bone4 ,vegetable ivory2 nuts ab\t ! size ( eggs4 ,pack+s = gl&s1 c41 are made ( cotton1 hemp1 & o!r fibres1 asbe/os1 indi>ubb]1 c41 9 r\nd1 squ>e1 & o!r sections4 ,section #ajj4--;,,heat+ ,,app>atus4 ,= g5]al purposes ?is comprises ,furnaces1 ,/oves1 ,ranges1 ,ov5s1 ,boil]s 7see ,section #f71 ,hot-bla/1 ,/eam-heat$ ,vessels1 ,gas ,jets1 c41 mo/ ( :i* are tol]ably well kn[n & 9 common use4 ,= special purposes 9 connection ) ma*9]y v>i\s heat+ devices are requir$1 ( :i* /eam & gas are ^? mo/ univ]sally us$4 ,/eam tubes or coils may be c>ri$ ?r\gh any fix$ or movable "p ( a ma*9e4 ,/eam-heat$ surfaces1 su* z tables1 pans1 *amb]s1 c41 /eam-jacket$ cyl9d]s1 & simil> contrivances1 are mu* us$4 ,gas jets f p]=at$ tubes1 :i* may be %ap$ to any requir$ position1 are also conv5i5t = dry heat & high] temp]atures ?an c be obta9$ f /eam4 ,hot irons are sometimes us$1 %ap$ to fit a cavity1 b ( c\rse require to be replac$ p]iodically4 ,hot wat] 9 pipes or jackets1 & hot air 9 flues are common appliances = w>m+ & dry+2 ) ! =m] its circulation mu/ be provid$ =1 & ) ! latt]1 ei!r a =c$ draught or an upw>d incl9ation giv5 to ! flues to ma9ta9 circulation4 #ahgf4 ,gill pipes = radiat+ ! beat ( /eam or hot wat]4 #ahgg4 ,gill /ove1 on simil> pr9ciple1 pres5ts an ext5sive surface 9 contact ) ! air = radiation ( heat4 ,section #aja4--;,,draw+ ,,& ,,roll+ ,,metals1 c4 #ahgh4 ,rolls = b> iron1 groov$ to suit ! section requir$1 "o-half ! groove be+ usually 9 ea* roll1 & ! size & %ape ( ! grooves are graduat$ d[n f t ( ! squ>e billet to ! f9i%$ b>4 #ahgi4 ,groov$ rolls = produc+ a tap]$ b>4 #ahhj4 ,roll]s = turn+ up & weld+ tubes f a flat /rip4 #ahha4 ,b5d+ roll]s4 #ahhb4 ,rolls = solid tyres1 )\t a weld4 #ahhc4 ,wire draw+ app>atus4 ,= grips = draw+ wire1 c41 see ,nos4 #eje1 #eah4 ,la?s ( v>i\s sections are drawn ?r\gh suitable /eel dies by a draw b5*2 ! end ( ! la? is held by a grip tongs & ! la? drawn =cibly ?r\gh ! dies 7us+ a lubricant7 & aft]w>ds /raight5$4 ,roll+ does n answ] = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! draw+ frame us$ = cotton & o!r fibres has two1 ?ree1 or m pairs ( roll]s2 ! l[] roll]s are groov$ longitud9ally & ! upp] ones weight$ & cov]$ ) lea!r1 ! l[] ones be+ ge>$ toge!r to drive at proportionate spe$s1 s t 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 ! mat]ial is /ret*$ betwe5 ea* pair ( roll]s1 ! object be+ to ext5d & lay all ! fibres p>allel4 ,= draw+ lead pipes1 see ,no4 #aahc4 ,e>!nw>e pipes are made by a simil> process4 ,section #ajb4--,,/ruts ,,& ,,ties4 #ahhd4 ,ord9>y solid swell$ di/ance rod ) coll>s1 us$ = compressive /ra9s4 #ahhe4 ,simil> /rut1 b =m$ ( tube ) end coll>s screw$ 94 #ahhf4 ,d\ble flat-b> camb]$ /rut1 /iff5$ by di/ance pieces & bolts4 #ahhg1 #ahhh1 #ahhi1 #ahij4 ,sections ( v>ieties ( ! =ego+4 #ahia4 ,brac$ /rut2 usually ( flat b>s on edge1 rivet$ toge!r at ! int]sections4 #ahib4 ,tubul> swell$ /rut1 ( plate iron1 us$ = ma/s1 %e] legs1 crane jibs1 c4 #ahic4 ,built up /rut1 f segm5tal b>s4 #ahid4 ,truss$ /rut2 ! truss+ is #ij ap>t1 b may be at any angle2 ! c5tral b> ( c\rse takes ! actual ?ru/1 & ! truss rods keep x f b5d+ or buckl+4 ,see also ,nos4 #bie to #cjj1 #cbj4 ,ties1 = t5sile /ra9 only are usually ( r\nd iron1 flat or o!r simple section1 tube1 or ev5 *a91 rope1 or wire4 ,illu/ration3 #ahgf4-ahid4 ,section #ajc4--,,m>9e ,,eng9es 7,,types ,,(74 ,_m v>ieties w be f\nd illu/rat$ "u ,section #cb4 ,! foll[+ are mod]n types3-- #ahie4 ,diagonal paddle eng9es1 = light draught vessels4 ,may ( c\rse be ei!r ( two or ?ree cyl9d] type & ei!r high pressure or comp\nd4 #ahif4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fav\rite types ( v]tical ov]head cyl9d] screw eng9es1 ) half /&>ds & di/ance rods1 "o1 two or ?ree cyl9d]s1 simple or comp\nd4 ,! cond5s] is usually 9 ! back /&>ds & ! pumps beh9d4 ,simplicity & accessibility are its *ief advantages4 #ahig4 ,/]n :eel1 side lev] eng9es1 n (t5 requir$ 9 practice4 ,! ord9>y con/ruction ( horizontal eng9es usually accommodates itself = /]n :eel driv+4 ,see ,nos4 #ege to #egi1 c4 #ahih4 ,d\ble /&>d v]tical ov]head cyl9d] screw eng9es1 ! type commonly adopt$ = ! heavi] class ( vessels1 & frequ5tly made = triple expansion4 ,x is ( v rigid con/ruction1 b n q s conv5i5t = accessibility to ! work+ p>ts z ,no4 #ahif4 ,! cond5s] & pumps are at "o side1 built into ! /&>d1 & ! eng9es are h&l$ f ! opposite side or f an elevat$ plat=m4 #ahii4 ,ov]head cyl9d] & di/ance rod type1 ! lighte/ & simple/ =m 9 use = small eng9es4 ,e "p is easily se5 & got at1 & ! top weight is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 #aijj4 ,is a v>iety ( ,no4 #ahif1 ) t&em cyl9d]s & two cranks = triple expansion4 #aija4 ,is also a v>iety ( ,no4 #ahih1 ) t&em cyl9d]s = triple expansion4 ,9 ?is plan ! int]m$iate /uff+ box is got rid ( by us+ two pi/on rods to ! l[] cyl9d]1 c\pl$ to ! pi/on rod ( ! upp] or high-pressure cyl9d] by a cros%ead4 #aijb4 ,comp\nd ov]head /&>d eng9es1 = tw9 screws4 #aijc4 ,diagonal tw9 screw eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 #ahie4-aijc4 #aijd4 ,horizontal tw9 screw eng9es4 #aije4 ,plan ( cyl9d]s z usually employ$ = ,no4 #aijb4 #aijf4 ,oscillat+ paddle eng9es1 sometimes made ) cyl9d]s at #ij ap>t & a s+le crank1 z ,no4 #efd4 #aijg4 ,ov]head oscillat+ tw9 screw eng9es4 #aijh4 ,annul> cyl9d] paddle eng9es4 #aiji4 ,ov]head cyl9d] side-lev] paddle eng9es4 ,9 addition to ! above "s special types are occasionally employ$1 z ! ,willan's ?ree-cyl9d] plan = screw eng9es4 ,see ,no4 #eib1 also v>ieties ( ,no4 #eic1 high-spe$ types4 ,section #ajd4--,,/rik+ ,,& ,,hamm]+3 ,,impact4 ,! ord9>y appliances = ^! purposes comprise hamm]s ( all k9ds & anvils or blocks ( all %apes to suit ! "w1 ramm]s & mallets ( wood4 ,! /eam hamm] be+ ! ma*9e almo/ inv>iably us$1 is too well kn[n to ne$ illu/ration4 ,x is made ) s+le or d\ble /&>ds1 & ?\gh diff]+ some:at 9 details is practically ! same ma*9e :]ev] manufactur$4 ,! foll[+ are app>atus employ$ = p>ticul> cases1 & n s well kn[n4 #aiaj4 ,! drop hamm]1 = p[]4 ,! grip pulleys are put 9 ge> by ! h& lev] to raise ! hamm] & %aft3 x is sometimes work$ by h& by a simple cord & pulley4 #aiaa4 ,dead bl[ p[] hamm]4 ,! cresc5t-%ap$ cros%ead b> has a positive motion f ! crank p91 b ! hamm] head is atta*$ to x by /rong horizontal spr+s1 & !re=e has "s little play above & bel[ a horizontal l9e4 #aiab4 ,! pile eng9e & monkey4 ,! latt] is g5]ally rais$ by a h& or p[] w9*1 b a multiply+ ge> /eam or hydraulic cyl9d] has be5 employ$4 #aiac4 ,ano!r =m ( dead bl[ p[] hamm]1 b ) a /raight lam9at$ plate spr+1 to :i* ! hamm] head is fix$4 #aiad4 ,ano!r type ( spr+ p[] hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 #aijd4-aiad4 #aiae4 ,revolv+ c5trifugal rapid bl[ hamm]4 #aiaf4 ,! old-fa%ion$ tilt hamm]1 /ill 9 use 9 _m places1 especially :]e wat]-p[] is employ$4 ,= /amps1 c41 see ,nos4 #bej #bga4 ,besides ! =ego+ !re is ! gas hamm] ( ,messrs4 ,tangye1 ! pneumatic hamm]1 & a v>iety ( p[] hamm]s ) v>iable /roke4 ,see ,no4 #afjf4 ,section #aje4--,,s\nd4 ,in/rum5ts = ! production ( s\nd are sc>cely )9 ! prov9ce ( ! me*anical eng9e]1 b ( late ye>s sev]al ( !m h be5 employ$ 9 connection ) me*anical means = produc+ s\nd--= fog signals1 :i/l+1 & o!r =ms ( s\nd signall+4 ,musical s\nds are produc$ by vibration ( air f w9d1 /r+1 or re$ in/rum5ts4 ,9 w9d in/rum5ts ! vibration is produc$ by ! lips & modifi$ by ! %ape & l5g? ( ! tube4 ,/r+s are ei!r b[$1 z 9 ! fiddle1 /ruck1 z 9 ! piano1 or f+]$1 z 9 ! h>p4 ,re$s are spr+s vibrat$ by a curr5t ( air4 ,9 ! h>monium & conc]t9a class ( in/rum5ts !re are no tubes or pipes add$ to ! re$s to modify ! s\nds produc$2 b 9 ! organ pipe ! re$s h pipes add$ :i* greatly augm5t & qualify ! s\nds4 ,o!r special s\nd-produc+ in/rum5ts are illu/rat$ "h4 #aiag4 ,! ,sir51 or /eam turb9e :i/le1 ! l\de/ in/rum5t kn[n1 consi/s ( a slott$ cyl9drical drum revolv+ inside a fix$ drum2 ! slots are angul> 7see plan71 s t ! ru% ( /eam revolves ! inn] loose drum rapidly & ! s\nd is direct$ by ! trumpet-%ap$ hood4 ,a pair ( slott$ discs is also sometimes us$ = ! same purpose in/ead ( ! slott$ drums4 #aiah4 ,me*anical fog-horn2 ord9>y bell[s are (t5 us$ to supply ! bla/4 #aiai4 ,iron gong1 /ruck ) a muffl$ hamm]4 #aibj4 ,h>monium re$s1 or free re$s2 ! tongue cov]s a slot ( same size & %ape1 & c vibrate into & out ( x1 b )\t t\*+ its edges2 ! gravity ( tone or pit* dep5ds on ! size & ?ickness ( ! tongue4 #aiba4 ,organ re$ pipe2 ! tongue ,a 9 ?is case beats1 ) a roll+ contact1 ^u ! re$ ,b1 :i* is tubul>1 clos$ at bottom & op5+ at top into ! pipe ,c1 :i* ext5ds upw>ds f ! block ,d2 ,e is ! tun+ wire :i* regulates ! vibrat+ or free l5g? ( ! tongue4 #aibb #aibc4 ,wood & metal organ pipes1 :i* are practically l>ge :i/les1 ! vibration ( ! column ( air 9 ! pipe be+ produc$ by ! w9d /rik+ ! edge ( ! lip ,a4 ,/eam :i/les are bells ) a r+-%ap$ slit bel[1 f :i* ! issu+ /eam /rikes ! l[] edge ( ! bell4 ,o!r =ms are n[ made giv+ a m musical s\nd1 & 9 "s cases a d\ble note1 usually an int]val ( a major ?ird1 z ,c-,e1 by a modifi$ =m ( pipe ) two lips4 ,/rik+ bells ( v>i\s %apes are ext5sively us$4 ,gongs are *eese-%ap$ metallic holl[ susp5d$ vessels1 & are /ruck by a muffl$ hamm]4 ,musical s\nds are also produc$ f slips ( glass1 or *ill$ iron1 glass bells & tumbl]s1 & also f resonant magnetic iron blocks4 #aibd1 #aibe1 #aibf4 ,see ,sec4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 #aiae4-aibf4 ,section #ajf4--;,,doors1 ,,manholes ,,& ,,cov]s4 #aibg4 ,application ( a s+le cros%ead & bolt to close two cov]s1 z 9 a pump clack-box4 #aibh4 ,cone seat$ cov]1 ) h&-lift+ crossb> & recess4 #aibi4 ,cros%ead & man- or mud-hole1 z commonly us$ = boil]s1 c4 #aicj4 ,ca/-iron manhole & block2 ,t-head bolts are g5]ally us$1 b also eye-bolts1 z 9 ,no4 #icg4 #aica4 ,wr\ght-iron plate lid1 or cov] = a tank4 #aicb4 ,wr\ght-iron di%$ cov]1 ) h+$ crossb> & ,t-screw us$ l>gely = gas retorts4 #aicc4 ,furnace door2 h+$1 ) inside plate to protect ! door f ! heat4 #aicd4 ,manhole door ) wat] seal1 or pack$ recess to keep back gases1 smell1 c4 #aice4 ,screw$ plug h&hole4 #aicf4 ,wr\ght-iron boil] manhole cov]1 & block1 a special manufacture4 #aicg4 ,type ( slid+ door2 c be made airtight by plan+ ! seat+s4 ,h+$ doors are well-kn[n4 ,= h++1 see ,section #ej4 ,= fa/5+s1 see ,lock+ ,devices1 ,section #di4 ,see also ,nos4 #ica1 #icg1 #idj1 #ifb4 ,illu/ration3 #aibg4-aicg4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,additions ,,to ,,sections #a-ajf4 ,section #a4--;,,an*or+4 7,see also p4 #aj47 #aich4 ,rock an*or = susp5sion bridge *a9 or a guy4 ,sea an*or2 any float+ body 7imm]s$7 pres5t+ a l>ge area to ! wat]1 z a sp> & sail1 quantity ( bulky c>go1 or raft ( timb]4 ,concrete an*or3 masses ( concrete are us$ z an*ors "u wat]1 or sunk 9 ! gr\nd4 ,portable ma*9es are an*or$ by atta*+ movable weights to ! legs or base plates ( ! ma*9e1 also by driv+ /akes into ! gr\nd ar\nd ! ma*9e4 ,section #b4--;,,adju/+ ,,devices4 7,see also p4 #aj47 #aici4 ,rat*et rod = adju/+ & lock+ a lev] 9 any requir$ position4 #aidj4 ,micromet] screw adju/m5t = a lev] or crank arm1 :i* may be lock$ to its %aft by ! clip boss & screw1 or releas$ at w4 #aida4 ,spr+ pawl adju/m5t2 has suffici5t grip to hold aga9/ a mod]ate pressure1 b may be mov$ by increas$ pressure4 #aidb4 ,micromet] adju/m5t = a cam lev] grip4 #aidc4 ,micromet] screw1 ) swivel motion4 #aidd4 ,w$ge & p9ion adju/m5t1 us$ = apply+ pressure to type 9 pr9t]s' =mes4 #aide4 ,adju/able rack = any fix+1 secur$ by a /aple bolt4 #aidf4 ,adju/m5t = a spiral torsion spr+ to regulate its t5sion4 #aidg4 ,callip]s ) f9e adju/m5t by a tap] screw1 tapp$ into a hole 9 ! split leg1 s t ! tap] screw spr+s op5 ! slit & ?us ext5ds ! op5+ ( ! callip] legs4 #aidh4 ,adju/+ pawl & head = adju/+ ! t5sion or compression ( a torsion spr+1 :i* is fix$ to ! sp9dle4 #aidi4 ,screw adju/m5t = roll]s to ma9ta9 p>allelism4 ,illu/ration3 #aich4-aidi4 #aiej4 ,adju/m5t = exp&+ a split bor]1 ream] or rose bit1 ) micromet] graduation4 #aiea4 ,screw adju/m5t = a lev]4 #aieb4 ,adju/able c5tre p91 trav]s$ by a screw1 & fix$ aft] adju/m5t by a nut & wa%]4 #aiec4 ,f9e screw adju/m5t = any movable "p4 #aied4 ,f9e screw adju/m5t = a radial arm4 #aiee4 ,division plate1 ) diff]5tial divid+ on its opposite faces4 ,belts1 b&s1 c41 are adju/$ by correspond+ s]ies ( holes & laces1 screws or rivets to fit !m4 ,section #c4--;,,belt ,,ge>+4 7,see also p4 #ab47 #aief4 ,fa/ & loose pulleys2 ! fa/ pulley is l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! loose pulley1 to all[ ! belt to run slack :5 runn+ idle4 #aieg4 ,r\nd rubb] belt ge>4 #aieh4 ,device = tight5+ a belt2 two guide pulleys are run on /uds fix$ to a lock+ lev]1 ! pull ( ! belt rocks ?is lev] z f> z ! slack ( belt w all[1 ?us keep+ ! belt tight4 #aiei4 ,wide belt pulleys1 ca/ ) a d\ble set ( arms 7%[n 9 section74 #aifj4 ,belt drive = two pulleys4 ,vee belts are us$ to run ov] ,v groov$ pulleys4 ,see ,no4 #abdc4 ,l9k belts2 =m$ ( lea!r l9ks connect$ by /eel wire c5tres 9 ! =m ( a wide pit*$ *a9 7z ,no4 #aif74 ,cord belts are =m$ ( guttap]*a1 indi>ubb]1 lea!r1 raw hide or catgut4 ,raw hide is frequ5tly us$ = belts2 x is /rong] ?an lea!r1 h>d] 9 sub/ance & less por\s4 ,section #d4--;,,ball ,,& ,,socket ,,jo9ts4 7,see also p4 #ab47 #aifa4 ,sw++ fix+1 ) ball & cup jo9t4 #aifb4 ,ball jo9t = any sw++ fix+ requir$ to be releas$ or secur$ 9 v>i\s positions4 ,section #e4--;,,brakes ,,& ,,ret>d+ ,,appliances4 7,see also p4 #ad47 #aifc4 ,/eam eng9e da%-pot2 a /eam cu%ion+ device = valve movem5ts4 ,! cyl9d] is always full ( /eam "u pressure1 & a small bye-pass groove provid$ to all[ /eam to pass ! pi/on :5 a bl[ or pu% is receiv$4 ,see ,no4 #adhj4 ,illu/ration3 #aiej4-aifc4 #aifd4 ,railway c> brake1 fulcrum$ on ! axle spr+1 s t ! load$ c> gives ! pressure appli$ ?r\gh ! lev]4 #aife4 ,d\ble c> brake2 applies ! grip to ! :eel rim )\t cross or side /ra9 on ! axle4 ,bru% brake4 ,a bru% ( /iff bri/les or /eel wires is sometimes us$ z a brake to a revolv+ pulley4 ,section #f4--;,,boil]s1 ,,types ,,(4 7,see also p4 #af47 #aiff4 ,boil]1 ) furnace = consum+ t[n refuse4 ,meldrum ,bros4 pat5t1 fitt$ ) =c$ draught furnace4 ,section #g4--;,,bl[+ ,,& ,,exhau/+4 7,see also p4 #bj47 #aifg4 ,type ( air propell]1 or w9d turb9e1 n c5trifugal2 ! air is driv5 p>allel to ! axis ( ! fan4 ,section #h4--;,,b$-,,plates1 ,,f\ndations ,,& ,,fram+ ,,( ,,ma*9es4 7,see also p4 #bb47 #aifh4 ,%runk r+ fa/5+ = segm5ts ( :eels1 b$-plates & fram+4 ,a wr\ght-iron r+ is %runk ov] two lugs ca/ on ! adjo9+ pieces ( ! frame1 c4 #aifi4 ,f\ndation = gas eng9e on a fire-pro( floor1 ) sev]al lay]s ( felt betwe5 to dim9i% vibration & noise4 #aigj4 ,box b$-plate1 sometimes us$ z a tank1 air res]voir1 surface cond5s]1 c4 #aiga4 ,/&>d type ( /& = a light ma*9e4 #aigb4 ,box-b$1 frame or pl9?1 con/ruct$ ( flat ca/+s jo9$ by grooves & fillets & long bolts or rivets4 ,columns1 h&rail+1 & o!r p>ts ( ma*9e fram+s are us$ z air-vessels1 dra9-pipes1 & = enclos+ work+ rods & p>ts ( ma*9es4 ,section #i4--;,,cam1 ,,tappet ,,& ,,wip] ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #bd47 #aigc4 ,cam plate & lev]s1 ) rock+ motion2 ! slots c be =m$ to give any int]mitt5t1 or v>iable motion to ! lev] ends4 #aigd4 ,cam lev] motion f a reciprocat+ rod4 ,illu/ration3 #aifd4-aigd4 #aige4 ,spiral or :eel cam to give a reciprocat+ motion to a b>4 #aigf4 ,comp\nd cam to op]ate a numb] ( radial grips or arms4 #aigg4 ,int]nal comp\nd cam to op]ate a numb] ( radial slides = int]nal grip4 ,section #aj4--;,,crank ,,& ,,ecc5tric ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #bh47 #aigh4 ,h+$ h&-crank4 #aigi4 ,joy's pat5t hydraulic ecc5tric = /eam eng9e rev]s+ ge>4 ,! c5tre block--key$ to ! crank %aft--has two small rams work+ 9 cyl9d]s 9 ! %eave1 & ! position ( ! ecc5tric is controll$ by a h&-lev] & pump =c+ oil into ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh a *annel 9 ! crank %aft & rams4 #aihj4 ,d\ble ecc5tric1 ) two diamet]s or ?r[s to give alt]nately two diff]5t l5g?s ( /roke to an ecc5tric rod4 ,%ift+ ecc5trics4 ,see ,valve ge>1 ,section #gi4 ,crank %aft gov]nor ge>4 ,see ditto1 ditto4 #aiha4 ,?ree-?r[ b5t crank4 #aihb4 ,diagonal crank p9 to give a rot>y reciprocat+ motion z well z an up & d[n motion to a pi/on or rod4 ,adju/able h& crank4 ,see ,nos4 #begj1 #bbfe1 #bebc4 ,adju/able ecc5trics4 ,see ,nos4 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,ecc5tric crank motion4 ,see ,nos4 #agd1 #age4 #aihc4 ,ecc5tric v>iable-?r[ crank p94 ,! p9 is =m$ on an ecc5tric /ock :i* c be revolv$ by a worm & :eel4 #aihd4 ,crank motion to give1 f "o crank hav+ a regul> motion1 an irregul> motion to a second crank or vice v]s4 ,! spe$ ( ! slott$ crank v>ies ?r\gh\t its circle ( revolution4 ,section #aa4--;,,*a9 ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #cj47 #aihe4 8,*a9 ,ge> ,co4's0 pat5t pit* *a94 ,! t5d5cy ( ! *a9 to travel to ! po9t ( ! tee? is believ$ to keep x always up to pit*4 #aihf4 ,pit*$ *a91 ) flat l9ks1 op5 c5tre & cyl9drical di/ance p9s ,a ,a to fit a sprocket :eel4 ,bicycle drive *a9s are ( ?is class4 ,see p4 #aeb = ,*a9 ,:eels4 ,section #ab4--;,,c>riages ,,& ,,c>s4 7,see also p4 #cb47 #aihg4 ,swivell+ ge> = c> :eels4 ,illu/ration3 #aige4-aihg4 ,section #ac4--;,,cru%+1 ,,gr9d+ ,,dis9tegrat+4 7,see also p4 #cf47 #aihh4 ,ecc5tric disc gr9d+ mill4 ,! discs h groov$ faces1 annul>1 radial or spiral4 #aihi4 ,gr9d+ face tool1 ) segm5ts ( /one or em]y4 #aiij4 ,hunt+don's /amp mill4 ,surface gr9d+1 fil+ & poli%+2 are p]=m$ by means ( em]y1 files1 glass & em]y pap] & clo?1 revolv+ /ones & em]y :eels1 bru%es1 endless b&s f$ ) em]y & o!r p[d]s1 c4 #aiij;,a4 ,ball mill = gr9d+ v>i\s sub/ances4 ,section #ae4--;,,clut*es4 7,see also p4 #dj47 #aiia4 ,coil-grip friction clut*4 ,by ! ,%aw ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,bri/ol4 ,! coil is ( /eel1 9 ! =m ( a spr+4 #aiib4 ,int]nal grip friction clut*4 ,! int]nal r+ is split at "o side & exp&$ by ! oval p9 atta*$ to ! arm4 ,! latt] is usually reciprocat$ by a slid+ sleeve on ! %aft 7z ,no4 #bhb74 #aiic4 ,jaw clut* ?r[n into ge> by p>tial revolution4 ,section #af4--;,,c\pl+s ,,= ,,%aft+4 7,see also p4 #db47 #aiid4 ,c\pl+ to all[ two %aft ends to run a little out ( l9e2 ! c5tre piece has a cross fea!r at ea* end at "r angles to ea* o!r1 :i* engage ) cross grooves 9 ! %aft end pieces4 #aiie4 ,split sleeve c\pl+ tight5$ on ! %aft by two cone bu%es & nuts4 #aiif4 ,flange c\pl+1 ) recess$ grooves = ! bolt heads & nuts4 #aiig4 ,angle c\pl+ = %afts1 in/ead ( bevil ge>+4 #aiih4 ,angle c\pl+ = %afts at any angle 7%[n at angle ( #ij7 consi/+ ( f\r crank p9s slid+ & revolv+ 9 holes bor$ 9 ! %aft ends4 ,section #ag4--;,,connect+ ,,rods ,,& ,,l9ks4 7,see also p4 #db47 #aiii4 ,spr+ connect+ rod ( /eel or wood4 #bjjj4 ,atta*m5t = connect+ rod to a pump ram1 ) provision = tak+ up ! brasses by a long screw4 #bjja4 ,connect+ rod end1 ! back brass be+ set up by a set screw ) con$ po9t1 :i* displaces by p5etration a numb] ( /eel balls or %ot4 #bjjb4 ,solid rod end1 ) w$ge gib & nut adju/m5t = brasses2 ! latt] take out sideways4 #bjjc4 8,m>9e0 connect+ rod end4 ,illu/ration3 #aihh4-bjjc4 #aiij4;,a #bjjd4 8,m>9e0 connect+ rod end1 ) metal cap1 & "o half brass4 #bjje4 ,w$ge cott] & brass be>+ to take ! ?ru/ ( a connect+ rod (f its c5tre p94 #bjjf4 ,solid end = connect+ rod2 brasses are set up by a cap/an screw4 #bjjg4 ,anti-friction rod end1 :]e ! /ra9 is all on "o /roke 7z 9 s+le-act+ pumps71 ! /ra9 com+ on ! friction roll]4 #bjjh4 ,simple connect+ rod end & half brass = s+le-act+ pumps1 c4 #bjji4 ,solid l9k1 ) swivell+ segm5ts h\s$ 9 a box =m$ on ! valve sp9dle4 #bjaj4 ,connect+ rod end1 ) end block to take out sideways :5 ! brasses c be remov$4 #bjaa4 ,rod end1 ) fix$ p9 secur$ by a cott] & nut4 #bjab4 ,connect+ rod end1 cros%ead & gudgeon1 %[+ metal r5ewable plugs let 9 on ! we>+ faces ( ! gudgeon p94 #bjac4 ,/rap end1 ) diagonal key4 ,sometimes m accessible ?an a /raight key4 ,section #ah4--;,,cranes1 ,,types ,,(4 7,see also p4 #df47 #bjad4 ,crane1 ) slid+ jib4 #bjae4 ,susp5d$ travell+ h& crane4 #bjaf4 ,basem5t crane1 project$ diagonally upw>d :5 9 use4 ,! w9* is a fix$ "o4 #bjag4 ,loophole crane1 project$ horizontally :5 9 use by a h&rope ge> work+ a p9ion & rack1 or by a *a9 w\nd ^u a b>rel4 ,illu/ration3 #bjjd4-bjag4 #bjah4 ,travell+ :>f crane to span a railway4 ,section #bj4--;,,comp5sat+ ,,& ,,balance ,,weights4 7,see also p4 #ed47 #bjai4 ,balance = a susp5d$ light1 lamp or simil> article1 all[+ x to be rais$ or l[]$ :ile ! balance weight only travels half ! di/ance1 & is !re=e twice ! weight ( ! articles balanc$4 #bjbj4 ,balance box4 ,! cov] is made z heavy z ! box4 #bjba4 ,balanc$ cutt] head = a mill+ or m\ld+ ma*9e4 ,section #ba4--;,,circul> ,,& ,,reciprocat+ ,,motion4 7,see also p4 #ef47 #bjbb4 ,! 8,dake0 squ>e pi/on eng9e2 has a reciprocat+ d\ble pi/on & a transv]se slid+ block1 by :i* rot>y motion is communicat$ to ! crank p94 #bjbc4 ,*apman's pat5t crank motion4 ,9 ?is ge> ! cyl9d]s are fix$ at "r angles & _! /rokes are f\r times ! radius ( ! crank1 :i* is c\pl$ by a l9k ) equal arms 7( ! same radius z ! crank7 to ! two cros%eads direct4 #bjbd4 ,crank motion4 ,! crank p9 runs 9 a sleeve hav+ a slid+ motion along ! lev]4 #bjbe4 ,crank motion 79 plan71 ) side connect+ rod & (f guide4 ,! crank %aft crosses ! pi/on rod z ne> z may be4 #bjbf4 ,crank motion1 ) semi-yoke cros%ead4 #bjbg4 ,crank motion1 ) yoke connect+ rod4 #bjbh4 ,crank motion1 = a pump1 ! h&le describes an elliptic pa?4 #bjbi4 ,b\*et's crank motion to avoid dead c5tres4 #bjcj4 ,ecc5tric h& crank motion4 ,! connect+ rod has a r+-%ap$ end1 & ! /rap is revolv$ on ! c5tre p9 by a h&le fix$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 #bjah4-bjcj4 #bjca4 ,crank motion to "w a slid+ tool or movem5t on a b> or guide4 #bjcb4 ,(fset cros%ead & guide crank motion = a pump or air compressor4 #bjcc4 ,crank motion to drive a sw+ arm1 or vice v]s4 #bjcd4 ,side crank motion4 #bjce4 ,atk9son's crank motion to drive ! fly:eel two revolutions to "o d\ble /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,section #bb4--;,,conc5trat$ ,,p[]4 7,see also p4 #fb47 #bjcf4 ,comp\nd lev] %e>s4 #bjcg4 ,lev] & frame ge> = apply+ great lev]age1 ) a det5t to prev5t runn+ back4 ,section #bc4--;,,convey+ ,,motion ,,to ,,movable ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ma*9]y4 7,see also p4 #fb47 #bjch4 ,jo9t$ tube = a travell+1 hydraulic1 /eam1 or compress$ air1 hoi/+1 or o!r eng9e4 #bjci4 ,a travell+ :eel may be driv5 by a long p9ion )\t affect+ ! travell+ movem5t ( ! :eel4 #bjdj4 ,travell+ spur ge> simil> to la/1 to convey cont9u\s motion to a travell+ ma*9e4 ,hydraulic transf]4 ,two rot>y motors 7hydraulic7 are us$1 "o z driv]1 ! o!r z motor1 & connect$ toge!r by two pipes =m+ ! suction & deliv]y pipes1 by :i* a cont9u\s circulation is kept up1 & ! motor driv5 by ! driv]1 ! latt] be+ driv5 f a %aft or eng9e4 ,! pipes may be tak5 a great di/ance1 if made l>ge en\gh4 ,section #bd4--;,,cutt+ ,,tools4 7,see also p4 #fd47 #bjda4 ,p9 bor]1 = cutt+ out circul> blanks ) a c5tral hole1 su* z wa%]s1 c4 #bjdb4 ,wobbl+ circul> saw to cut dovetail grooves4 #bjdc4 ,expansive fac+1 or bor+ p9 bit4 #bjdd4 ,revolv+ cutt]1 ) adju/able ins]t$ circul> cutt]4 #bjde4 ,ins]t$ circul> saw tee?1 easily %>p5$1 reset1 or replac$4 #bjdf4 ,*a9 cutt]4 #bjdg4 ,holl[ tap] bung bor]4 ,bores a tap] hole by enl>g+ a pla9 hole bor$ by an ord9>y bit4 #bjdh4 ,squ>e hole bor+ bit1 = wood4 ,a squ>e *isel conta9+ a twi/ bor]4 #bjdi4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,front tool4 #bjej4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,knife tool4 #bjea4 ,*as+ tool = ,v ?reads4 #bjeb4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,screw tool = squ>e ?read4 ,illu/ration3 #bjca4-bjeb4 #bjec4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,v tool4 #bjed4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,v tool = inside ?reads4 #bjee4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,side tool = squ>e %\ld]s4 #bjef4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,side tool = squ>e %\ld]s1 "r h&4 #bjeg4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,bor+ tool4 #bjeh4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,bor+ tool = squ>e %\ld]s4 #bjei4 ,turn+ tool = metal4 ,bor+ tool = squ>e %\ld]s4 #bjfj4 ,h& plan+ tool = s(t metals--lead1 pewt]1 c4 #bjfa4 ,h& plan+ tool = wood1 ) ! gra94 #bjfb4 ,h& plan+ tool = wood1 end gra94 #bjfc4 ,p>+ g\ge = wood4 #bjfd4 ,holl[+ g\ge = wood4 #bjfe4 ,cross groov+ plane4 ,has two cutt]s1 "o to m>k ! cut on ea* side1 ! o!r to plane out ! %av+4 #bjff4 ,tool = cutt+ circul> holes 9 wr\ght-iron plates2 guid$ *isel & hamm]4 ,! 8,sundale0 pat5t4 #bjfg4 ,holl[ cone p>+ tool = po9t+ p9s1 lead p5cils1 c4 #bjfh4 ,tool head = a drill+ ma*9e1 ) ?ree or f\r h+$ drill hold]s4 #bjfi & #bjgj4 ,adju/able bor+ bits4 #bjga & #bjgb4 ,bottom+ or rose drills4 #bjgc & #bjgd4 ,cyl9d] & flut$ drills = enl>g+ & f9i%+ holes4 ,illu/ration3 #bjec4-bjgd4 #bjge4 ,comp\nd cyl9d] drill1 flut$1 & provid$ ) oil *annel4 #bjgf4 ,bor+ b> head4 #bjgg4 ,tool hold] = la!1 %ap]1 or plan] tools4 ,section #be4--;,,cond5s+ ,,& ,,cool+4 7,see also p4 #ff47 #bjgh4 ,kle9's atmosph]ic cool]4 ,! hot wat] is spray$ aga9/ ! upp] surfaces ( a numb] ( v]tical metal %eets1 & trickles d[n into a tr\gh4 ,! natural circulation ( air betwe5 ! %eets1 comb9$ ) a p>tial evaporation1 cools ! wat] to z l[ z #bj bel[ normal temp]ature4 #bjgi4 ,injector cond5s]1 ) hot well1 foot valve1 & air pump4 #bjhj4 ,cool+ f\nta9 & trays = cond5s] wat]4 ,cool+ ponds ( area proportionate to ! quantity & temp]ature ( ! wat]1 are us$ to cool cond5s] wat] :]e ! supply is limit$4 ,f\nta9 & spray jets are also us$ 9 conjunction ) a pond = cool+ cond5s] wat]4 ,krt+'s jet cond5s]4 ,see ,no4 #bbab4 ,section #bf4--;,,conc5trat+ ,,& ,,sep>at+4 7,see also p4 #ff47 #bjhj;,a4 ,c5trifugal sep>ator ) air bla/4 ,! mat]ial is f$ into ! top cone on ! revolv+ v]tical %aft1 & travels d[n aga9/ an air bla/ f bel[4 ,section #bg4--;,,*opp+1 ,,slic+ ,,& ,,m9c+4 7,see also p4 #fh47 #bjha4 ,ma*9e = slic+ roots4 ,! roll] has cutt]s %ap$ to %r$ ! roots to any gauge ( f95ess requir$1 & a fix$ rack or bru% at ,a to clean ! tee?4 #bjhb4 ,mill = *opp+ or gr9d+1 9 :i* ! two roll]s are driv5 at diff]5t p]iph]al spe$s4 ,section #bh4--;,,*ucks1 ,,grips ,,& ,,hold]s4 7,see also p4 #fh47 #bjhc4 ,sockets = v>i\s tools1 c4 ,sections3 ^! are made ei!r ) p>allel or tap] holes4 ,) p>allel holes a set screw or key is us$ to secure ! tool 9 ! socket4 ,see ,sec4 #cg4 #bjhd4 ,screw *uck = wood turn+4 #bjhe4 ,=k *uck = wood turn+4 #bjhf4 ,screw$ cup *uck = wood turn+4 #bjhg4 ,cup *uck1 ) tap] fea!rs1 = wood4 ,illu/ration3 #bjge-bjhg4 #bjhj;,a #bjhh4 ,adju/able tap wr5*4 #bjhi4 ,elevat+ tool box4 #bjij4 ,tool head = mill+ or surfac+4 #bjia4 ,?ree-jaw guide or *uck4 ,! ?ree slid+ jaws are usually set up by screws4 #bjib4 ,two-jaw *uck4 ,! jaws are travell$ simultane\sly opposite ways by a "r & left-h& screw4 #bjic4 ,drill socket1 ) diagonal p9 to grip ! drill %ank :5 screw$ up4 #bjid4 ,in/antane\s grip = vice1 c4 ,! worm ,a is ecc5tric1 & lifts or l[]s ! too!d abutm5t block ,b into or out ( ge> ) ! fix$ rack by a s+le movem5t ( ! h&le ,c4 ,:5 out ( ge> ,a ,b ,c1 ) ! %aft & front jaw1 c be slid 9 or out freely to any size ( op5+ requir$4 #bjie4 ,clip = a rod or cord4 #bjif4 ,split sleeve & nut to grip a rod or %aft4 #bjig4 ,screw cramp4 #bjih4 ,screw cramp4 ,ano!r =m4 #bjii4 ,cap/an drill or cutt] head1 = la! or bor+ ma*9e4 ,! head revolves diagonally1 & may h sockets = sev]al tools to foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession 9 op]at+ on a piece ( "w4 #bajj4 ,adju/able tool box4 #baja4 ,spann]1 ) adju/able jaw4 #bajb4 ,spr+ tap] socket1 ) slid+ r+4 #bajc4 ,too!d ,v grip = *ucks1 c4 #bajd4 ,too!d ,v grip4 ,ano!r =m1 ) alt]nate vees4 #baje4 ,simple/ =m ( ,v grip = p>allel cyl9drical articles4 ,illu/ration3 #bjhh4-baje4 #bajf4 ,?ree-jaw face *uck4 ,! jaws are made to act toge!r or sep>ately by a spiral plate1 or by screws4 ,see ,nos4 #aeh1 #achd4 #bajg4 ,split tool hold] 7,b>b]'s pat5t71 ) tap] ?read & nut to grip a r\nd 7or o!r7 section tool4 #bajh4 ,cap & socket = drills4 #baji4 ,socket & set screw = drills4 #baaj4 ,split tool b>1 ) transv]se cutt] 7see ,no4 #bjdc71 fitt$ ) sunk screw1 hav+ a recess$ head = a special spann]4 #baaa4 ,/epp$ jaw = la! face *ucks trav]s$ by a screw4 ,see ,no4 #dji4 #baab4 ,spr+ grip = p5cils1 small drills1 p9s1 c4 #baac4 ,bau]'s pat5t spann]1 or pipe wr5*4 ,! h+e p9 is ( ! =m ( ,no4 #babf4 #baad4 ,*uck = :eels1 hav+ ?ree or m slid+ dogs set up by a cone & h& :eel nut4 #baae4 ,split end grip = a rod4 #baaf4 ,d\ble vee grip = pipes1 c41 :i*1 hav+ an equal movem5t to bo? jaws1 rema9s always c5tral4 ,! l>ge screw mu/ be twice ! pit* ( ! small] c5tral screw1 & "o is "r h&1 ! o!r left h&4 #baag4 ,h& screws1 ) ,v grip4 ,section #bi4--;,,cu%ion+4 7,see also p4 #gb47 #baah4 ,rubb] pad or buff]4 #baai4 ,cu%ion tyre = road :eels4 #babj4 ,cu%ion tyre1 pneumatic4 ,! resi/ance 9 ?is tyre is increas$ by compression ( ! enclos$ air by a portable pump4 ,duplex pumps are cu%ion$ at ea* end ( ! /roke by trapp+ "p ( ! exhau/ /eam by ! pi/on clos+ ! port4 ,air vessels are us$ to cu%ion ! action ( a pump1 bo? on ! deliv]y & suction4 #baba4 ,a spr+ pi/on is us$ = ! same purpose4 ,pads or cu%ions ( rubb]1 felt1 lea!r1 c41 are us$ z buff]s to cu%ion bl[s4 ,%aw ,spiegle's /eam t[+ ma*9e provides an ela/ic /eam cu%ion :i* yields to prev5t ov]/ra9+ ! cable1 ! eng9e !n runn+ backw>ds "u ! /ra91 b w9ds up aga9 z ! /ra9 goes (f1 ?us pay+ 9 & out to suit ! motion ( ! vessel4 ,illu/ration3 #bajf4-babd4 ,section #cj4--;,,drill+1 ,,bor+1 c4 7,see also p4 #gb47 ,see ,exp&+ ream]s1 ,nos4 #badi1 #baea4 ,see ,exp&+ cutt]s1 ,nos4 #bjfi1 #bjgj1 #fbg4 ,see ,exp&+ aug]1 ,section #cf4 ,section #ca4--;,,diff]5tial ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #gd47 #babb4 ,diff]5tial pi/on indicator = /eam eng9es4 #babc4 ,h>rison's diff]5tial epicycloidal hoi/ ge>4 ,p9ion ,a is fa/ to ! b>rel & loose on ! %aft1 ,b is key$ to ! %aft1 ,c & ,d are ca/ toge!r1 & run on a /ud 9 ! l>ge :eel ,e1 :i* is loose on ! %aft2 ,a & ,b h diff]5t numb]s ( tee?4 #babd4 ,diff]5tial screw bolt & sleeve movem5t4 #babe4 ,diff]5tial screw valve fitt+1 ) cone seat1 tight5$ up by ! ,t head & f9e ?read c5tral screw2 us$ = gas bottles4 #babf4 ,*9ese w9dlass4 ,! orig9 ( mod]n diff]5tial ge>4 ,section #cb4--;,,eng9es1 ,,types ,,(4 7,see also p4 #gf47 #babg4 ,beam eng9e1 comp\nd2 ) diagonal cyl9d]s = compactness4 #babh4 ,/eam cyl9d]1 ) diagonal flange jo9t = ! valve *e/--enables ! valve face to be easily plan$1 & disp5ses ) a sep>ate ca/+ & jo9t = ! box4 #babi4 ,pump+ or bl[+ eng9e1 ) side rod-crank motion4 #bacj4 ,"o crank & "o ecc5tric eng9e1 ) cyl9d]s at "r angles4 ,! same ecc5tric op]ates bo? slide valves4 #baca4 ,"o crank eng9e1 z la/ describ$4 #bacb4 ,"o crank ?ree-cyl9d] eng9e4 #bacc4 ,slid+ cyl9d] eng9e1 ) ?ree-?r[ crank & ?ree connect+ rods4 ,! di/ribution ( /eam is made by ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! cyl9d] ov] ports 9 ! b$plate4 #bacd4 ,comp\nd high-spe$ enclos$ eng9e4 #bace4 ,comp\nd eng9e1 ) ,t connect+ rod & "o crank1 no dead c5tre4 ,crank motions4 ,see ,section #ba4 #bacf4 ,?ree-cyl9d] high-spe$ box eng9e1 s+le act+4 ,illu/ration3 #babe4-bacf4 #bacg4 ,am]ican type ( walk+ beam paddle eng9es4 #bach4 ,diagonal eng9e1 ) v]tical air pump1 work$ by a bell-crank lev]4 ,vacuum eng9es4 ,two =ms ( ?is type ( eng9e h be5 manufactur$ 9 :i* /eam is employ$ at atmosph]ic pressure & cond5s$ 9 a jet or surface cond5s]1 ! work+ pressure be+ !re=e atmosph]ic & nev] exce$+ #ad lbs4 p] squ>e in* absolute4 ,^! eng9es & _! boil]s are free f risk ( explosion1 b require a good supply ( cond5s+ wat]4 ,section #cd4--;,,elliptical ,,motion4 7,see also p4 #hb47 #baci4 ,crank motion to describe ovals 7egg %ap$1 n true ellipses74 #badj4 ,ellipsograph4 ,! po9t ,a is fix$ & ! po9t ,b travell$ along ! l9e ,a ,b4 #bada4 ,/r+ ellipsograph2 ,a & ,b are fix$ 9 ! foci ( ! ellipse & ! /r+ jo9$ s t ! p5cil ,c 7) /r+ :eel on x7 w rea* ! end ( m9or axis ,d2 ! p5cil w describe a true ellipse4 ,section #cf4--;,,exp&+ ,,& ,,contract+ ,,devices4 7,see also p4 #hd47 #badb4 ,exp&+ gate4 ,=m$ ( v]tical1 r\nd1 or simple b>s1 fitt$ ) slid+ f]rules hav+ c5tre p9s pass+ ?r\gh diagonal b>s1 ^! c5tres be+ ev5ly spac$4 #badc4 ,exp&+ m&rel2 has ?ree p>allel fea!rs1 exp&$ by a c5tral bolt hav+ two equal cones4 #badd4 ,exp&+ socket1 =m$ ( spr+ wire4 #bade4 ,exp&+ legs = telescope or cam]a tripod4 #badf4 ,exp&+ tripod1 =m$ to close up into a cyl9drical gr\p4 #badg4 ,exp&+ table ( ?ree or m slides4 #badh4 ,exp&+ tripod4 ,! legs are h+$ to a triangul> prism1 & =m a cyl9drical gr\p :5 clos$4 #badi4 ,exp&+ ream]4 ,! body is split up 9 ?ree p>ts z f> z ! end ( ! bolt4 #baej4 ,addy's exp&+ coll> consi/s ( two r+s ) ! adjac5t faces spiral1 s t by revolv+ !m !y sep>ate to ! ext5t ( ! pit*4 ,! coll> !re=e exp&s longitud9ally1 n diametrically4 #baea4 ,exp&+ split ream] or m&rel ) tap] screw4 #baeb4 ,exp&+ riddle or scre51 to v>y ! spaces betwe5 ! b>s4 ,illu/ration3 #bacg4-baeb4 #baec4 ,exp&+ coll>s or sleeves1 screw$ "o ^u ano!r4 #baed4 ,exp&+ collet1 split 9 ?ree or m p>ts4 #baee4 ,exp&+ pipe grip or coll> ) bevel ge> & "r & left-h& screws to op]ate ! ?ree segm5ts toge!r4 #baef4 ,exp&+ pipe /opp] ) rubb] r+4 ,see ,section #bi4 ,bell[s & rubb] bags are us$ z exp&+ devices = gases1 c4 ,rubb] balloons are exp&$ by air bl[n 9 "u pressure4 #baeg4 ,exp&+ pulley or :eel4 ,exp&+ plug4 ,see ,no4 #bceh4 #baeh4 ,exp&+ lev]4 ,! m]cury bulb tube is an exp&+ device actuat$ by temp]ature4 7,see also ,cu%ion+2 ,*ucks1 ,section #bh47 ,section #cg4--;,,fa/5+ ,,:eels1 c41 ,,to ,,%afts4 7,see also p4 #hf47 #baei4 ,crank arm or lev] arm1 secur$ to %aft by a clip boss & bolt4 #bafj4 ,ditto1 secur$ by a screw$ %ank pass$ ?r\gh ! %aft & drawn up by a nut4 #bafa4 ,pi/on & rod fa/5+4 #bafb4 ,ditto1 ditto4 #bafc4 ,?omas' pat5t w$ge bu% = secur+ pla9 bor$ pulleys1 c41 to %afts4 #bafd4 ,tap] screw$ bu% fa/5+ = a :eel1 ) frictional grip4 ,! bu% is split on "o side only4 #bafe4 ,tap] split bu% fix+1 ) frictional grip4 ,! bu% is split into ?ree p>ts4 #baff4 ,set-screw fix+ = a lev] or arm4 ,illu/ration3 #baec4-baff4 #bafg4 ,split boss or coll>1 ) two =ms ( sunk screws = fix+ & tight5+4 ,split :eels & pulleys are n[ commonly us$ z ! be/ means ( fa/5+ to %afts4 ,see ,no4 #agaa4 #bafh4 ,cone sleeve 7split7 & nut fa/5+ = a :eel or pulley4 #bafi4 ,s]rat$ w$ges4 ,section #ch4--;,,friction ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #hh47 #bagj4 ,c>riage driv+ ge>4 ,! c>riage :eel be>s upw>d aga9/ ! driv+ sp9dle :i* drives x by friction1 or ! latt] is =c$ d[n into frictional ge> ) ! c>riage :eel by load+ or by spr+s4 #baga4 ,friction1 spr+ clip1 = giv+ t5sion to cotton ?read pass$ betwe5 ! convex discs4 ,lea!r cov]$ p9ions ge>$ ) pla9 rimm$ :eels or discs4 ,^! %\ld always h ! p9ion z driv]1 o!rwise ! p9ion is liable to we> 9 fits & become useless4 ,section #ci4--;,,guides1 ,,slides1 c4 7,see also p4 #ij47 #bagb4 ,eng9e cros%ead1 =m$ ( two slide blocks1 ca/ ) ! gudgeon 9 "o piece & two caps bolt$ toge!r1 enclos+ ! pi/on rod end & bolt$ to ! slide blocks4 #bagc4 ,cros%ead s+le-b> guide1 ) or )\t ! l[] atta*m5t = pump rod4 #bagd4 ,slid+ b$ guid$ by two squ>e groov$ /rips 7"o ( :i* may be fix$7 adju/$ by diagonal set screws4 #bage4 ,vee guides1 ) r5ewable /rip4 #bagf4 ,ditto1 ditto1 ) set screw adju/m5t4 #bagg4 ,ditto1 ditto1 ) bevell$ adju/+ /rip & set screws4 #bagh4 ,ditto1 ditto1 ) loose ,v /rip set up by screws on top4 #bagi4 ,guide block = eng9e cros%ead =m$ ( a bronze %ell fill$ ) :ite metal or antifriction metal4 #bahj4 ,curv$ segm5t guide = a l9k movem5t to turn an angle4 #baha4 ,cros%ead guide1 ) two slide b>s1 ,am]ican type4 #bahb4 ,v guide b> & guide4 #bahc4 ,d\ble ,v guide = cros%ead4 #bahd4 ,cros%ead guides ( squ>e section4 ,illu/ration3 #bafg4-bahd4 #bahe4 ,guide b$1 ) squ>e guides & r5ewable /rip adju/$ by set screws4 #bahf4 ,vee guide1 ) ,v /rip & set screw adju/m5t4 #bahg4 ,ditto1 d41 ) bevell$ /rip & set screw4 #bahh4 ,ditto1 d41 adju/$ at ! top4 #bahi4 ,simple guide atta*m5t to a pla9 b>4 #baij4 ,guide b>s1 adju/able1 = we>4 #baia4 ,eng9e cros%ead1 ) adju/able guide brasses1 set up by tap] keys & nuts4 #baib4 ,cros%ead1 t5t r\nd ! rod4 #baic4 ,cros%ead side guide = eng9e or pump1 plan view4 ,section #dj4--;,,ge>+1 ,,v>i\s ,,devices ,,94 7,see also p4 #ib47 #baid4 ,turn-ov] ge> = rev]s+ a /amp1 table or plat5 by rack & p9ion4 #baie4 ,d\ble driv+ motion by belt = two saws1 cutt]s1 drills1 c41 s t ei!r may be put 9 "w at v>i\s po9ts 9 a half circle ( ! radius ( ! arm4 #baif4 ,sun & planet ge>4 ,a is a fix$ :eel1 ,b is key$ to ! b>rel %aft1 ,c & ,d are ca/ toge!r & run loose on a /ud on ! crank arm4 #baig4 ,two-too? p9ion ge>4 #baih4 ,cam spur ge>1 to give simil> v>iable movem5ts to ^? giv5 by cams4 #baii4 ,motion to v>y ! angle ( a screw propell] blade1 a w9dmill1 fea!r+ :eel1 c41 by bevel ge> & a c5tral %aft4 ,illu/ration3 #bahe4-baii4 ,section #da4--;,,gov]n+ ,,& ,,regulat+ ,,spe$1 c4 7,see also p4 #if47 #bbjj4 ,atmosph]ic gov]nor4 ,rod ,a is connect$ to reciprocate ) ! eng9e1 ,b is connect$ to ! equilibrium ?rottle valve1 ,c is an inlet valve = air1 & ,d an adju/able outlet valve by :i* ! spe$ is regulat$4 ,= cont9u\s in/ead ( int]mitt5t action on ! rod & pi/on ,b1 ! air pump ,a %\ld =ce air into an int]m$iate *amb] above ! pi/on ,b by addition ( a diaphragm & deliv]y valve4 #bbja4 ,gas eng9e p5dulum gov]nor4 ,hit & miss4 ,! rock+ trip ,c falls out ( ge> by its own weight :5 ! p5dulum moves s fa/ z to release x4 ,! upp] ball is us$ to adju/ ! motion ( ! p5dulum to ! spe$ requir$4 ,crank-%aft gov]nors4 ,see ,section #gi4 ,self-regulat+ damp]s are appli$ to boil] flues1 & are op]at$ by ! pressure ( /eam1 s z to regulate ! draught4 ,gov]n+ ! spe$ ( hoi/s4 ,see ,no4 #adie4 #bbjb4 ,gas eng9e gov]nor4 ,! revolv+ cam ?r[s ! v]tical arm ( ! lev] f> en\gh to close ! gas valve :5 ! spe$ increases beyond ! normal4 #bbjc4 ,/eam valve-regulator1 to move a valve or o!r detail any fractional "p ( its /roke & hold x at t po9t4 ,! ma9 /eam & oil cyl9d] valves move ) ! pi/ons4 ,! cut-(f valves are controll$ by a h& lev] & admit /eam & oil to ! same ends ( _! respective cyl9d]s simultane\sly2 ! pi/ons only travel till !y cut (f _! own supply1 ! oil fluid prev5t+ expansive action ( ! /eam4 #bbjd4 ,c5trifugal ball gov]nor1 ) cone :eel motion to op]ate ! cut (f4 #bbjd;,a4 ,ev5-fl[ regulator or gov]n+ valve1 = draw+ (f f a tank4 ,section #dc4--;,,hooks1 ,,swivels1 c4 7,see also p4 #ih47 #bbje4 ,hook eye = a guy rope4 #bbjf4 ,slip hook = pile driv]1 monkey1 c4 #bbjg4 ,wire hook atta*m5t = electric wires4 ,illu/ration3 #bbjj4-bbjd;,a41 #bbje4-bbjg4 #bbjh4 ,loop or eye %ackle4 #bbji4 ,swivel %ackle = guy1 rod1 or hook4 #bbaj4 ,slip hook4 ,section #dd4--;,,indicat+ ,,spe$s1 c4 7,see also p4 #ajj47 ,indicators are employ$-- ,to regi/] ! entry & exit ( workm5 to or f a factory2 ,to regi/] spe$s & v>iation ( load1 /eam pressure1 c41 on an eng9e2 ,to regi/] w9d pressure1 b>ometric v>iations--ra9fall1 sun%9e1 c42 ,to regi/] p]iodical visits ( a wat*man or o!r (ficial1 & ! h\rs ( su* visits2 ,to regi/] visits to a bank safe4 #bbaa4 ,indicator to regi/] ! fl[ ( wat] by its spe$ & pressure aga9/ a float+ ball1 :i* actuates a p5cil mov+ v]tically aga9/ a pap] cyl9d] :i* is kept revolv+ sl[ly by clockwork4 ,section #de4--;,,jets1 ,,nozzles ,,& ,,injectors4 7,see also p4 #ajb47 #bbab4 ,krt+'s wat] jet cond5s]2 requires #c feet head ( cond5s+ wat]4 #bbac4 ,spray jet = petroleum1 wat]1 c41 ) air bla/4 ,automatic spray jets or spr9kl]s are con/ruct$ to spread or spray wat] ov] a consid]able area by ! =ce ( ! issu+ curr5t1 = ext+ui%+ fires1 wat]+ g>d5s1 c4 ,f\nta9 jets are ( _m =ms to deliv] ! wat] 9 close1 spread+1 or fan-%ap$ =ms1 arti/ically arrang$4 #bbad4 ,spray jet1 ) spiral core4 #bbae4 ,spray jet1 ) annul> orifice & di%-plate4 ,section #df4--;,,j\rnals1 ,,be>+s1 ,,pivots1 c4 7,see also p4 #ajb47 #bbaf4 ,p$e/al be>+1 ) f\r brasses & set screw adju/m5ts4 #bbag4 ,hydraulic oil pivot = v]tical sp9dle4 ,oil "u pressure is =c$ into ! *annels betwe5 ! be>+ faces1 ! area & pressure be+ adju/$ to ! load4 ,! surplus oil is return$ f ! oil well to ! pump4 #bbah4 ,adju/able int]m$iate be>+ = a v]tical %aft4 ,x has ?ree brasses set up by set screws & w$ges4 ,illu/ration3 #bbjh4-bbah4 #bbai4 ,long be>+1 ) oil circulation4 #bbbj4 ,v be>+1 or support = a %aft or telescope4 #bbba4 ,pla9 d\ble be>+1 ) "o cap & "o bolt4 #bbbb4 ,v]tical %aft be>+1 =m$ ( two simil> toe-pieces ( v h>d /eel runn+ 9 oil4 #bbbc4 ,p$e/al1 ) side adju/+ brasses1 set up by set screws4 #bbbd4 ,v]tical %aft be>+1 simil> to ,no4 #bbbb1 b ) small con$ toe-piece ( v h>d /eel4 #bbbe4 ,?ru/-be>+ = coll> screw1 hav+ a loose coll> secur$ by two p9s1 drill$ half 9 ! coll> & half 9 ! base4 #bbbf4 ,simil> be>+1 ) a loose coll> screw$ 9 & lock$ by a set p94 #bbbg4 ,simil> be>+2 ! screw has a ?ick coll>1 ) a turn$ groove & a p9 drill$ half into ! coll> & half into ! base4 #bbbh4 ,v]tical pivot1 ) h>d5$ screws4 ,ball be>+s4 ,see ,section #gj4 ,roll] be>+s4 ,see ,section #gj4 #bbbi4 ,be>+1 ) side brasses1 set up by a set screw4 #bbcj4 ,be>+1 ) #c brasses1 set up by a set screw4 #bbca4 ,be>+1 ) #c brasses1 ! side brasses set up by w$ge bolts1 regulat$ on top4 #bbcb4 ,be>+1 ) #c brasses1 set up by side w$ges & top screws4 #bbcc4 ,s*iele's v]tical %aft be>+4 ,:ite metal is mu* us$ = be>+s1 & may be run 9 ar\nd a %aft4 ,! brasses are sometimes made ( skeleton =m to receive :ite metal 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 #bbai4-bbcc4 ,section #dg4--,,plate ,,"w4 7,see also p4 #ajf47 ,,%eet ,,metal ,,jo9ts4 #bbcd4 ,r+ seam1 ) cov] /rip4 #bbce4 ,fold$ r+ seam4 #bbcf4 ,half fold$ seam4 #bbcg4 ,fillet$ r+ seam4 #bbch4 #bbci4 #bbdj4 #bbda4 ,bottom seams2 #bbdd is /r5g!n$ by a ?ick wire r+4 #bbdb4 #bbdc4 #bbdd4 #bbde4 #bbdf #bbdg4 ,int]m$iate seams1 or diaphragms4 #bbdh4 ,elb[ seam4 #bbdi4 ,fold$ pipe seam4 ,,plate ,,& ,,b> ,,jo9ts4 #bbej4 ,junction ( ,t iron1 plate & ,t or ,l iron v]ticals4 #bbea4 ,gusset plate corn] /iff5]4 #bbeb4 ,plate end = a tie rod4 #bbec4 ,h iron junction1 z 9 a floor fram+4 #bbed4 ,gusset plate junction = a brac$ fram+4 #bbee4 ,gusset plate junction = ,h gird]s ( equal dep?s4 ,section #dh4--,,lev]s4 7,see also p4 #ajh47 #bbef4 ,lev]1 ) univ]sal motion4 #bbeg4 ,h& />t+ lev]1 *eap con/ruction1 =m$ ( light *annel-iron1 ) a b5t lock b> engag+ ) holes 9 a sector plate ca/ on ! be>+4 ,lock+ lev]s4 ,see ,section #di4 ,illu/ration3 #bbcd4-bbeg4 #bbeh4 ,d\ble lev]1 h& motion1 = fire-eng9e1 pumps1 c4 #bbei4 ,lock+ lev] =m$ ( iron tube ) slid+ cat* rod inside4 #bbfj4 ,/>t+ lev]1 ) hook$ cat*1 tak+ into holes 9 a sector plate4 #bbfa4 ,convex worm = lock+ & adju/+ a />t+ lev]4 #bbfb4 ,equalis+ lev]s = spr+s & v>iable movem5ts4 #bbfc4 ,lev] & rack lift+ appliance4 #bbfd4 ,spr+ lev] to lock 9 two positions4 #bbfe4 ,h& lev] adju/able to radius4 ,) a b5t h&le x =ms an adju/able h& crank4 ,spr+ lev] =m$ ( /eel plates4 ,see ,no4 #aiad4 ,comp\nd lev]s4 ,see ,no4 #acfg4 8,roll] bo>d0 movem5ts 9 organs are ( ?is type1 b ea* pair ( arms & its %aft or roll] is m\nt$ indep5d5tly on a pair ( end c5tres4 #bbfe;,a4 ,d\ble lev] = a plug cock1 to be op]at$ by two cords4 ,section #di4--,,lock+ ,,devices4 7,see also p4 #aaj47 #bbff4 ,lev] action = a door1 c41 to lock x1 op5 or %ut1 9 fix$ positions4 #bbfg4 ,lev] action = a gate or door1 to op5 or close x & lock x 9 ei!r position4 #bbfh4 ,revolv+ eyelet to lock or release a rod or cord4 #bbfi4 ,abutm5t lock4 ,c only be op5$ by revolv+ ! tumbl] by a key4 ,illu/ration3 #bbeh4-bbfe;,a4 #bbff4-bbfi4 #bbgj4 ,secret screw atta*m5t4 ,! screw is fix$ to ! back ( any article1 & fa/5$ to ! fix+ ,a by slid+ along ! slot4 ,two1 ?ree or f\r screws & slots are g5]ally us$4 #bbga4 ,bolt lock4 ,! bolt c be releas$ by revolv+ x #ahj4 #bbgb4 ,gib-key fa/5+ = a slid+ block or bracket on a pla9 b>4 #bbgc4 ,simil> fa/5+1 us+ a wood5 b>4 #bbgd4 ,lock+ /ud1 us$ = iron b$/ead la?s4 #bbge4 ,cat* & hook4 #bbgf4 ,h+$ cat* to lock a screw$ gl& or nut4 #bbgg4 ,lett] lock1 or comb9ation lock4 ,any numb] ( discs may be arrang$ on a sp9dle hav+ a fea!r key1 s t !y mu/ be all 9 a c]ta9 position to all[ ! key to slide ?r\gh a not* or key way cut 9 ea* disc1 s z to op5 ! loop4 #bbgh4 ,lock$ nut4 #bbgi4 ,spr+ pawl1 umbrella cat*4 #bbhj4 ,spr+ snap1 releas$ by press+ ! op5 ends toge!r4 #bbha4 ,lock+ pawl = spur tee?4 #bbhb4 ,spr+ h&le4 #bbhc4 ,spr+ pawl1 locks ! :eel aga9/ a mod]ate =ce1 b gives way to a great] =ce4 ,lock$ pawl motions4 ,see ,section #fb4 #bbhd4 ,lock+ device = la! head/ock or tool re/4 ,! head ( ! c5tral p9 runs 9 a ,t groove or "u ! la! b$1 & is clamp$ by ! cone po9t$ set screw1 :i* be>s aga9/ a conical recess 9 ! c5tral p94 #bbhe4 ,radius b>1 ) not*es to lock a h& lev] 9 v>i\s positions4 ,! lev] may be h+$ to lift out ( ! not*es1 or made ?9 en\gh to spr+ suffici5tly = ?is purpose4 #bbhf4 ,con$ screw lock = a /&>d foot1 p91 or socket & spigot4 ,illu/ration3 #bbgj4-bbhf4 #bbhg4 ,set screw fix+ = ne$les1 wires1 cord1 c4 #bbhh4 ,split block to grip a rod1 ) h&le nut4 #bbhi4 ,cam cat* to lock a :eel or sp9dle4 #bbij4 ,lock+ ge> = a %aft driv5 by spur ge>+1 us$ 9 place ( a clut*4 #bbia4 ,simil> lock = a revolv+ head1 /&>d tool po/1 c4 #bbib4 ,tee groove = a ,t head bolt = ,nos4 #bbij & #bbia4 #bbic4 ,horse-%oe di/ance piece to place betwe5 a slid+ p9ion & ! %aft coll> to keep x ei!r 9 or out ( ge>4 #bbid4 ,w$ge plate & screw fa/5+ = cutt]s1 c4 #bbie4 ,lock+ device = a spr+ lev]1 h&le1 button hook1 c4 #bbif4 ,lock$ c5tre p94 #bbig4 ,cott] to lock a slid+ sp9dle4 ,section #ej4--;,,h+es ,,& ,,jo9ts4 7,see also p4 #aaf47 #bbih4 ,l9k h+es = rev]s+ a seat back4 #bbii4 ,tape h++ all[s ! door to sw+ ?r\gh #cfj4 #bcjj4 ,l9k h+es = rev]s+ a door or %utt] 9 op5+ or clos+4 #bcja4 ,=k$ jo9t = pump rods1 c41 ) /epp$ gibs4 #bcjb4 ,=k$ jo9t & swivel block = screw atta*m5t4 #bcjc4 ,swivel jo9t = pipe "w4 #bcjd4 ,door h+$ to an int]m$iate squ>e /rip1 s z to sw+ ?r\gh #cfj4 ,spr+ h+es4 ,see ,nos4 #adfi1 #adgj4 #bcje4 ,sc>f$ jo9t = pump rods1 lock$ by a cross cott] & tap]$ f]rule4 #bcjf4 ,swivel jo9t = pump rods1 c4 ,illu/ration3 #bbhg4-bcjf4 #bcjg4 ,screw socket & spigot jo9t = rods4 #bcjh4 ,conical socket jo9t & set screw4 #bcji1 #bcaj1 #bcaa #bcab4 ,socket jo9ts1 v>i\s =ms (4 ,see also ,section #bh4 #bcac4 ,tap] drill socket4 ,! drill socket end is %ap$ to fit a cross slot 9 ! hold]1 into :i* a tap] cott] c be driv5 to loos5 ! drill2 ! slot gives a positive drive to ! drill4 ,section #ea4--,,lubricators4 7,see also p4 #abj47 #bcad4 ,lieuva9's ne$le lubricator1 ) b5t ne$le = oil+ a crank p94 ,! latt] has a pad atta*$1 :i* rubs 9 pass+ ! b5t ne$le & ?us takes (f ! oil4 #bcae4 ,pan lubricator = crank p91 to assi/ oil+ f an oil c :5 revolv+4 #bcaf4 ,crank p9 lubricator4 ,a fix$ oil cup1 ) a pad ( flannel atta*$2 ! connect+ rod end hav+ a b5t plate atta*$1 :i* at e revolution rubs oil (f ! pad into its oil cup4 #bcag4 ,lubricat+ a loose pulley on a fix$ or revolv+ %aft by a 8,/auff]0 lubricator fitt$ to ! %aft end4 #bcah4 ,lubricat+ a loose pulley on a fix$ /ud4 #bcai4 ,mode ( lubricat+ a v]tical sp9dle1 c>ry+ a :eel or o!r top ge> :i* prev5ts access to ! be>+4 ,sight fe$ lubricators1 %[ ! actual fe$ ( oil 9 a glass tube fill$ ) wat] ?r\gh :i* ! oil passes 9 drops2 !re are _m v>ieties4 ,comp\nd lubricators are n[ be+ introduc$ ^: function is to supply lubricant to e jo9t or "p ( an eng9e or ma*9e requir+ x1 by automatic fe$ action f "o res]voir4 #bcbj4 ,syphon wick lubricator4 #bcba4 ,automatic lubricator1 ) int]mitt5t fe$4 ,! revolv+ sp9dle is driv5 f ! eng9e by a rat*et & pawl motion1 & has a recess 9 x :i* 9 revolv+ deliv]s its cont5ts ( oil into ! tube bel[4 #bcbb4 ,spr+ pi/on lubricator4 #bcbc4 ,gl&1 ) oil well4 ,section #ed4--,,mix+ ,,& ,,incorporat+4 7,see also p4 #abb47 #bcbd4 ,d\gh mix]1 or knead+ ma*9e4 #bcbe4 ,mix+ ma*9e4 #bcbf4 ,mix] = confection]y1 work$ by a crank4 ,mix+ ( gases by comp\nd jets4 ,see ,section #de4 ,mix+ ( liquids is p]=m$ by jets1 by /irr+ devices1 & by runn+ !m ?r\gh a pipe f two or m taps into a comb9+ vessel4 ,illu/ration3 #bcjg4-bcbf4 ,section #ee4--,,p>allel ,,motions4 7,see also p4 #abd47 #bcbg4 ,p>allel motion = an indicator p5cil4 #bcbh4 ,p>allel motion beam eng9e1 ) rock+ l9k beam c5tres4 #bcbi4 ,p>allel mov+ sw++ bracket = gas1 c4 #bccj4 ,p>allel motion4 #bcca4 ,p>allel mov+ slides1 hamm]s1 or o!r devices4 ,section #ef4--,,pump+ ,,& ,,rais+ ,,wat]4 7,see also p4 #abd47 #bccb4 ,quadruple-act+ pump ) two pi/ons1 "o atta*$ to a rod ! o!r to a sleeve work$ by lev] ,a & l9ks ,b ,b4 #bccc4 ,v>iable deliv]y s+le-act+ pumps2 ! ecc5trics c be %ift$ r\nd ! %aft #ahj by a sleeve & p9 motion simil> to ,no4 #bdfg4 ,:5 ! ecc5trics are opposite ea* o!r ! pump does n deliv] any wat]1 b :5 ! ecc5trics are side by side ! pump deliv]s ! full cont5ts ( bo? rams4 ,!re is "o suction & "o deliv]y valve4 #bccd4 ,screw pump = apply+ heavy pressure to a ram2 sometimes us$ z an adjunct to give ! f9al heavy pressure to an hydraulic press aft] ! pumps h =c$ ! ram z f> z _! p[] p]mits4 #bcce4 ,duplex-action pump1 9 :i* bo? pi/on & cyl9d] move 9 opposite directions1 b ! ge> may be appli$ to two pi/ons 9 "o pump 7fix$71 z ,no4 #bccb4 #bccf4 ,fr5* pump1 ) bucket pi/ons1 ma9ta9s a direct fl[ )\t rev]s+ or *eck4 ,illu/ration3 #bcbg4-bccf4 #bccg4 ,oke's pat5t sewage pump1 simple & accessible1 ?ree valves4 ,slide valves or pi/on valves are occasionally us$ to di/ribute ! wat] 9 pumps1 b mu/ h no lap or lead1 & be accurately adju/$4 ,air vessels are us$ on ! deliv]y side ( a pump to cu%ion ! dis*>ge ( wat] & prev5t concussion1 wat] be+ incompressible4 ,!y are also sometimes useful on ! suction side1 :]e ! lift is consid]able4 ,a pi/on & spr+ may be employ$ in/ead ( an air vessel4 ,see ,no4 #baba4 ,pumps requir$ to run con/antly1 b deliv] wat] int]mitt5tly only1 are work$ 7a7 by an air valve on ! suction side :i*1 :5 op51 /ops ! wat] suction2 7b7 by a pass valve betwe5 suction & deliv]y :i*1 :5 op51 passes ! deliv]y into ! suction aga92 & 7c7 by a wa/e valve on ! deliv]y4 ,section #eg4--,,pipes ,,& ,,conveyors4 7,see also p4 #abh47 #bcch4 ,boil] tube1 int]nally ribb$4 ,s]ve's pat5t4 #bcci4 ,boil] tube flue1 corrugat$1 to add to its /r5g? & heat+ surface4 ,fox's pat5t4 #bcdj4 ,pipe jo9t1 ) toggle clips4 #bcda4 ,pipe flange1 ) caulk+ groove4 ,flexible tubes1 metallic1 are n[ manufactur$ by ! ,flexible ,metallic ,tub+ ,co4 9 mo/ metals1 includ+ /eel1 & 9 v>i\s /r5g?s & ) v>i\s degrees ( flexibility1 f t ( pla9 rubb] to su* /iffness z requires a little =ce to b5d x4 ,^! tubes are p]fectly air-tight1 & w /& great pressures4 ,wire rope transmission2 ,telph] ge>4 ,see ,section #ff4 ,section #eh4--,,pack+s1 ,,jo9ts1 ,,/uff+-,,boxes ,,& ,,pi/ons4 7,see also p4 #acb47 #bcdb4 ,pi/on r+ jo9t lapp$ & sc>f$4 #bcdc4 ,int]m$iate /uff+-box & sleeve = high & l[ pressure cyl9d]s4 #bcdd4 ,di%$ /eel pi/on4 #bcde4 ,bucket pi/on1 ) valve & bridle & lea!r pack+4 #bcdf4 ,/uff+-box1 ) screw$ cap gl&4 #bcdg4 ,pi/on lea!r = cold wat]4 #bcdh to #bceb4 ,pi/on r+ jo9ts4 #bcec4 ,d\ble cone jo9t = a swivell+ fitt+ = /eam or wat]4 ,! jo9ts are gr\nd 9 l a mu%room valve4 #bced4 ,pipe connection1 ) rubb] disc jo9t1 = mod]ate pressures4 ,swivel pipe jo9t4 ,see ,no4 #bcjc4 ,illu/ration3 #bccg4-bcef4 #bcee4 ,coll> pack+ = a valve sp9dle1 :]e ! pressure t5ds to compress ! pack+4 #bcef4 ,pi/on ) two ,l section r+s1 exp&$ bo? v]tically & radially by a spiral spr+4 ,?is makes a tight jo9t ) ! cyl9d] & also ) ! junk r+4 #bceg4 ,adju/able pi/on or pi/on valve4 ,f4 ,h4 ,ri*>ds' pat5t1 ,u4,s4,a4 #bceh4 ,rubb] exp&+ plug4 #bcei4 ,gas eng9e pi/on1 ) ?ree r+s & junk r+s betwe5 !m4 #bcfj #bcfa4 ,valve sp9dle jo9ts )\t pack+ or /uff+-boxes1 kept tight by cone seat+s & set screws4 #bcfb4 ,pi/on 7spr+7 r+ jo9t1 ) glut4 ,section #ei4--,,propulsion4 7,see also p4 #acd47 #bcfc4 ,/eam & air jet appli$ to propel a vessel4 ,section #fj4--,,motive ,,p[]4 ,,motors4 7,see also p4 #acf47 #bcfd4 ,comp\nd weight motor1 ) limit$ fall4 ,sev]al weights may be us$ z %[n1 slightly decreas+ 9 weight t[>ds ! motor4 ,:5 weight ,d has run d[n1 ,c w beg9 to fall1 & g on till all ! weights h run d[n4 #bcfe4 ,hot-air motor4 ,a curr5t ( hot air pass+ up ! flue revolves ! turb9e4 ,naph?a eng9es are gas eng9es employ+ ! vap\r ( naph?a & air z an explosive mixture1 in/ead ( t ( petroleum 7oil eng9e7 or c>burett$ hydrog5 gas 7gas eng9e74 ,section #fb4--,,pawl ,,& ,,rat*et ,,motions4 7,see also p4 #adj47 #bcff4 ,friction grip pawl1 z appli$ to a :eel1 may be us$ also = a rod4 #bcfg4 ,rat*et brace1 or fe$ lev]1 9 :i* ! pawl is a fix$ too?1 & ! lev] is slott$ to all[ ! pawl to cle> ! tee? on ! back /roke4 #bcfh4 ,rat*et brace1 ) slott$ pawl4 #bcfi4 ,rat*et brace1 ) friction grip pawl4 #bcgj4 ,rat*et brace1 )\t pawl4 ,! h&le is h+$ to ! socket arm1 & has a too? ge>+ ) ! rat*et1 & ?r[n 9 & out by ! movem5t ( ! h&le4 #bcga4 ,d\ble-act+ pawls & lev]4 #bcgb4 ,int]nal hook$ pawl4 #bcgc4 ,int]nal /rut-action pawl4 #bcgd4 ,gravity pawl & cr[n rat*et4 ,illu/ration3 #bceg4-bcgd4 #bcge4 ,rat*et rack1 crank & connect+ rod1 int]mitt5t movem5t1--a det5t may be add$ to return ! rack4 #bcgf4 ,int]nal spr+ pawls = a rat*et brace4 #bcgg4 ,rock+ escapem5t4 #bcgh4 ,rock+ escapem5t4 #bcgi to #bchd4 ,=ms ( lock$ int]mitt5t movem5ts4 #bche #bchf4 ,int]mitt5t rot>y movem5ts on sp9dles at "r angles4 ,section #fc4--,,press+4 7,see also p4 #add47 #bchg4 ,lev] press = hay1 /raw1 c41 ) rack & pawl at ea* side op]at$ by two h& lev]s4 #bchh4 ,cont9u\s press = coal du/1 c4 ,! ram has a reciprocat+ motion1 & ! mat]ial is =c$ into a tap]$ *amb]1 ! result+ friction 9 :i* gives suffici5t resi/ance to press ! mat]ial to ! d5sity requir$4 ,section #ff4--,,rope ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #adf47 #bchi4 ,end atta*m5t = rope by a /aple bolt & plate4 ,illu/ration3 #bcge4-bchi4 #bcij4 ,d\ble vee pulley rim = two ropes4 #bcia4 ,wire or hemp rope atta*m5t1 ) two bolt clips4 #bcib4 ,simil> atta*m5t1 ) a ?imble & "o bolt clip & a seiz+ or y>n4 #bcic4 ,d\ble-bolt clip = wire ropes4 #bcid4 ,tap] socket end atta*m5t = wire ropes4 ,! end wires are cut to diff]5t l5g?s1 & all b5t back at "o po9t4 ,?is /r&$ end ( ! rope is !n =c$ into ! tap] socket1 & ! spaces fill$ ) melt$ lead or pewt]4 #bcie4 ,! same me?od appli$ to a flat tap] socket4 ,section #fi4--,,rais+ ,,& ,,l[]+4 7,see also p4 #adh47 #bcif4 ,ri*mond's pat5t balance hydraulic lift4 ,a is ! lift cyl9d]1 connect$ op5ly to ! balance cyl9d] ,b1 :i* is weight$ to ne>ly balance ram ,a & cage4 ,pressure wat] is appli$ to ram ,c to raise ! load 9 cage4 #bcig4 ,waygood's pat5t hydraulic balance lift4 ,a is ! lift cyl9d] communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( cyl9d] & ram ,b :i* are fix$2 cyl9d] ,c & ram ,d are load$ to ne>ly balance ! cage & ram ,a1 & ! load is rais$ by admitt+ pressure wat] to cyl9d] ,c4 #bcih4 ,lev] & rack lift+ motion4 ,! rack may be held up at ea* lift by a pawl4 #bcii4 ,rack & lev] susp5d$ hoi/4 ,a pawl or brake may be add$ to su/a9 ! load4 #bdjj4 ,spani% w9dlass4 ,illu/ration3 #bcij4-bdjj4 #bdja4 ,d\ble hoi/+ b>rels1 ge>$ toge!r2 ! rope passes r\nd bo? b>rels4 ,! 8,otis0 l[ pressure elevator 7hydraulic7 is work$ f an ov]head air accumulator at #hj lbs4 pressure1 ! hydro/atic head be+ #dj lbs4 ,!re is "o desc5d+ ma9 pipe connect$ to a small tank or close vessel1 into :i* ! pumps deliv]1 & f :i* ! lift pressure wat] is tak54 ,section #gj4--;,,anti-,,friction ,,be>+s4 7,see also p4 #aeb47 #bdjb4 ,roll] be>+s = c5trifugal milk sep>ators1 c4 ,! pan is c>ri$ on ?ree l>ge roll]s runn+ aga9/ an inv]t$ cone1 z %[n4 #bdjc4 ,ball be>+ = v]tical %aft4 ,by ,sir ,gabriel ,/okes4 #bdjd #bdje4 ,=ms ( grooves = ball be>+s1 runn+ horizontally1 %[+ po9ts ( be>+ 9 grooves4 #bdjf4 ,roll] be>+ = a v]tical %aft1 ) /eel balls betwe5 ! ends ( ! cone roll]s to sep>ate !m & r$uce _! friction4 #bdjg4 ,roll] be>+ = a door1 or o!r article hav+ a limit$ travel4 ,! roll] runs on ! floor1 or a rail1 & its sp9dle rolls along ! slot1 ! l5g? ( :i* is proportion$ to ! travel ( ! door4 #bdjh4 ,d\ble cone roll]s = a table hav+ a horizontal circul> motion4 #bdji4 ,roll] be>+ = wagon axle1 ) balls betwe5 ! roll] ends to sep>ate !m & prev5t int]nal friction4 ,anti-friction screws4 ,see ,nos4 #bdac1 #bdad4 ,anti-friction worm ge>4 ,see ,no4 #bdea4 #bdaj4 ,v]tical ball be>+1 ) be>+ surfaces adju/$ to receive ! direct ?ru/ ( ! balls4 #bdaa4 ,susp5d$ ball be>+4 #bdab4 ,ball or roll] axle be>+4 #bdac4 ,:ite's anti-friction ball be>+ screw & nut4 ,a4,d4 #ahbb4 ,squ>e ?read screw1 ! balls travel r\nd ! screw ?read1 & by a pass-groove back to ! o!r end aga94 #bdad4 ,lieb's anti-friction screw & nut1 simil> to ! la/1 b ) a concave groov$ screw4 ,a4,d4 #ahij4 ,section #ga4--,,rope1 ,,belt ,,& ,,*a9 ,,pulleys4 7,see also p4 #aeb47 #bdae4 ,rope grip pulley4 ,de>d5's pat5t4 ,illu/ration3 #bdja4-bdae4 ,section #gc4--,,rail ,,& ,,tram ,,roads4 7,see also p4 #aef47 #bdaf4 ,c5tre rail1 ) friction grip = mod]ate incl9es4 ,rack railways = /eep incl9es ( an angle1 9 "s cases ( #dj1 are made ) c5tral rack rails 79 addition to ! ord9>y rails71 & ! eng9es h /eel ge>+1 :i* ge>s into ! tee? cut 9 ! rack rail4 ,section #gd4--,,rev]s+ ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #aeh47 #bdag4 ,rev]s+ motion on ! same %aft by "o belt & two pulleys2 ,a is fa/ to ! %aft & ,b fa/ to ! bevel :eel ,c1 ,d runs on a fix$ /ud4 #bdah4 ,friction cone rev]s+ motion on %afts at "r angles4 ,section #ge4--,,rot>y ,,motors4 7,see also p4 #afj47 #bdai4 ,rot>y d\ble-pi/on motor1 pump1 or met] w "w 9 ei!r direction4 #bdbj4 ,rot>y motor1 ) h+$ /eam abutm5t4 ,section #gf4--,,%aft+4 7,see also p4 #afd47 #bdba4 ,iron c5tre = a wood %aft secur$ by an end plate1 f\r bolts ) recess$ nuts1 & a wr\ght-iron b&4 #bdbb4 ,iron c5tre = a wood %aft1 driv5 9 a c5tral bor$ hole1 & secur$ by a cross cott] & two wr\ght-iron b&s4 #bdbc4 ,iron c5tre = a wood %aft4 ,! p9 is driv5 into an iron cross1 :i* is also driv5 into ! end ( ! %aft 9 transv]se cuts made to receive x1 & secur$ by two wr\ght-iron b&s4 ,section #gg4--,,sp9dles ,,& ,,c5tres4 7,see also p4 #afd47 #bdbd4 ,la! fa/ head/ock sp9dle1 %[+ con$ j\rnals & adju/m5ts4 #bdbe4 ,atta*m5t ( a loose end c5tre to a %aft1 ) con$ end1 :i* prev5ts ! hole bur/+ f cross /ra9 on ! c5tre4 #bdbf4 ,hook c5tre p91 easily dis5gag$4 #bdbg4 ,/ud c5tre1 ) wa%] rivet$ on or secur$ by a nut4 #bdbh4 ,ram or trunk pi/on c5tre = connect+ rod1 fa/5$ by an int]nal nut4 #bdbi4 ,ram or trunk pi/on c5tre1 screw$ into ! pi/on4 #bdcj4 ,ram or trunk pi/on c5tre1 ) a transv]se p9 pass$ "r ?r\gh ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 #bdaf4-bdcj4 #bdca4 ,sway+ ball c5tre4 #bdcb4 ,rock+ or sway+ c5tre4 #bdcc4 ,rock+ or sway+ c5tre4 #bdcd4 ,eyelet c5tre = two or m lev]s4 #bdce4 ,c5tre p91 ) lug & screw1 to prev5t x f work+ out4 #bdcf1 #bdcg #bdch4 ,me?ods ( fitt+ up connect+ rod c5tres 9 trunk pi/ons or rams4 ,section #gh4--,,screw ,,ge>1 ,,bolts1 c4 7,see also p4 #afh47 #bdci4 ,ball head bolt & nut to all[ x to draw up out ( l9e4 #bddj4 ,univ]sal bolt head4 #bdda4 ,ball jo9t bolt & nut4 #bddb4 ,flu% head con$ bolt4 #bddc4 ,mutilat$ screw & nut4 #bddd4 ,nut lock1 by a fix$ lug & split p94 #bdde4 ,con$ bolt = secur+ & key+ two p>ts ( a ma*9e 9 exact relation4 #bddf4 ,d\ble-nutt$ bolt1 easily made ( r\nd iron4 #bddg4 ,lev] & comp\nd nuts to obta9 great lev]age on a screw1 z 9 a press2 "o nut arm is us$ z a fulcrum by :i* ! lev] =ces ! o!r r\nd4 ,/epp$ pawls are us$ to prev5t ! fir/ nut be+ loos5$ :ile mov+ ! second4 ,illu/ration3 #bdca4-bddg4 #bddh4 ,screw ge> to op]ate ?ree worm :eels 9 ! same direction1 = *ucks1 c4 #bddi4 ,screw$ /ay bolt1 z a di/ance /ay = boil] plates1 c4 #bdej4 ,screw eye & h&le nut4 #bdea4 ,anti-friction worm ge>4 ,! worm :eel has friction roll]s runn+ on p9s1 :i* ge> ) ! worm4 #bdeb4 ,/aple bolt & wa%] plate4 #bdec4 ,fang plate wa%] = wood4 #bded4 ,fang plate wa%] = wood4 #bdee4 ,sunk set screw1 ) diff]5tial ?reads1 to draw two plates or pieces toge!r4 #bdef4 ,tap] screw1 quickly releas$4 #bdeg4 ,mutilat$ screw to slide into a nut hav+ correspond+ sections ( ! ?read cut away1 & to fix by a p>tial turn4 ,us$ = bree*-pieces ( cannon4 #bdeh4 ,bolt head1 ) transv]se holes1 = a pla9 8tommy0 b> wr5*4 #bdei4 ,backla% nut = a squ>e ?read screw4 #bdfj4 ,cap nut4 ,screw /opp]4 ,see ,no4 #bedd4 #bdfa4 ,slott$ nut & set p9 = f9e adju/m5t1 or = tak+ up we>4 ,lock nuts2 usually two nuts are employ$1 ! ?icke/ "o out]mo/4 ,!re are _m =ms ( pat5t nuts design$ to prev5t loos5+ by vibration4 ,nuts c be ca/ ar\nd a screw 9 :ite metal or brass4 ,section #gi4--,,slide ,,& ,,o!r ,,valve ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #agb47 #bdfb4 ,cut-(f ge>4 ,two cut-(f valves simil> to ,no4 #adef1 regulat$ by an ext]nal h& :eel =m+ ! valve sp9dle guide bu%4 #bdfc4 ,duplex motion = a valve1 to op]ate x by ei!r rod1 us+ ! o!r z a fulcrum4 ,illu/ration3 #bddh4-bdfc4 #bdfd4 ,valve ge>1 ) s+le ecc5tric1 & v>iable travel1 adju/able by h& :eel4 ,! ecc5tric drives a block to & fro 9 a slot1 ! angle ( :i* 9 respect ( ! slide valve c5tre l9e is v>iable by a rock+ motion controll$ by a h& :eel4 #bdfe4 ,newall's high spe$ eng9e1 s+le-act+4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! connect+ rod trunk c5tre & ! pi/on are made to di/ribute ! /eam z %[n4 #bdff4 ,rev]s+ movem5t = a valve1 :]e ! p[] w only move ! valve to ! half /roke or mid position1 z 9 a slide valve hydraulic eng9e 7see ,no4 #ajbf71 ! roll+ weight !n completes ! movem5t 7see also ,no4 #agdj74 #bdfg4 ,automatic or gov]nor cut-(f ge>4 ,! gov]nor op]ates ! sleeve1 :i* has a screw movem5t on ! p9 fix$ to ! crank %aft2 a p>allel fea!r on ! sleeve revolves ! cut-(f ecc5tric1 & v>ies ! travel ( ! cut-(f valve4 ,! slide valves are ( ! =m ( ,no4 #adef4 #bdfh4 ,ecc5tric motion to op]ate two slide valves4 #bdfi4 ,crank %aft gov]nor4 ,! c5trifugal ge> acts on an outside crank to :i* ! ecc5tric rod is atta*$1 in/ead ( a %eave & /rap4 ,a spr+ is appli$ to return ! crank to full ge>4 ,illu/ration3 #bdfd4-bdfi4 #bdgj4 ,s+le ecc5tric adju/able cut (f = a 8,f9k0 l9k ge>2 pla9 ,d valve gives equal di/ribution ( /eam at any cut-(f2 ! travel ( ! valve is regulat$ by ! h& :eel4 #bdga4 ,cam-b> movem5t = op]at+ two valves us$ = hydraulic />t+ valves4 #bdgb4 ,crank %aft gov]nor cut-(f ge>4 ,two h+$ c5trifugal weights are c\pl$ by l9ks to ! cut-(f ecc5tric %eave1 & return$ to ! full op5 position by spr+s4 #bdgc4 ,joy's locomotive valve ge> op]at$ by ! connect+ rod2 ! rod ,a is connect$ to ! />t+ lev] to rev]se1 v>y1 or /op ! di/ribution ( /eam by ! slide valve1 z 9 ! ord9>y l9k motion4 #bdgd4 ,lev] & ,t cros%ead to op5 a valve by ei!r motion ( ! lev] to "r or left4 ,see also ,no4 #bdfc4 #bdge4 ,crank %aft gov]nor 7,pr(4 ,sweet's71 cut-(f ge> to v>y ! ?r[ ( a cut-(f ecc5tric4 #bdgf4 ,rev]s+ l9k motion1 ) s+le ecc5tric2 ! slot l9k is h+$ to ! rev]s+ lev]4 #bdgg4 ,sleeve & ecc5tric motion = gov]nor cut-(f4 ,! inn] 7longe/7 sleeve has a longitud9al movem5t f ! gov]nor along a /raight fea!r groove 9 ! %aft1 & has a spiral groove 9 its p]iph]y into :i* projects a p9 or fea!r on ! ecc5tric sleeve1 s t ! longitud9al motion ( ! inn] sleeve revolves ! ecc5tric & alt]s ! travel ( ! cut-(f slide4 #bdgh4 ,! ,wals*a]ts valve ge>1 "o ecc5tric4 ,! slott$ l9k is hung at its c5tre to a fix$ h+e p91 & ! rev]s+ ge> %ifts ! l9k block up or d[n ! slot l9k4 ,slide valves may be work$ by rack & p9ion on ! back or side flanges ( ! valve1 or by a screw & nut2 ! nut be+ let into ! body ( ! valve 9 a recess4 ,section #hj4--,,spr+s4 7,see also p4 #agh47 #bdgi4 ,wood5 spr+s ( lance wood or a%4 #bdhj4 ,c>riage spr+1 ) splay$ l9k susp5sion4 ,?is improves ! play & action ( ! spr+ ov] ! v]tical me?od4 #bdha4 ,duplex compression spr+4 ,! two spr+s are coil$ opposite ways4 #bdhb4 ,equalis+ lev] to di/ribute ! load on two c> spr+s4 #bdhc4 ,d\ble-end$ volute spr+ = compression4 #bdhd4 ,spr+ b&4 ,spr+ pi/on r+s4 ,see ,section #eh4 #bdhe4 ,conoidal spiral spr+4 #bdhf4 ,adju/able spiral spr+4 ,a wa%] on top has f\r vanes bel[ x drill$ ) holes to suit ! diamet] & pit* ( ! spr+ wire1 :i*1 be+ ?read$ ?r\gh ! vanes1 is r5d]$ inactive1 s f> z x is held by ! vanes4 ,?is appliance1 !re=e1 is us$ to %ort5 or l5g!n ! live or active "p ( a spiral spr+4 ,illu/ration3 #bdgj4-bdha4 ,section #ha4--,,safety ,,appliances4 7,see also p4 #ahb47 #bdhg4 ,gu>d = spur ge>+4 #bdhh4 ,gu>d = bevil ge>+4 #bdhi4 ,safety nut = a runn+ screw4 ,! nut takes no /ra9 until ! ?read 9 ! ma9 nut gives way f we>4 ,fire al>ms 7automatic7 dep5d = _! action on increase ( temp]ature above a normal maximum4 ,diaphragms are ins]t$ 9 ! pipe connections to hydraulic lift cyl9d]s to admit or dis*>ge ! wat] at mod]ate spe$s only1 s t 9 case ( a bur/ ! lift %\ld n desc5d too rapidly4 ,reta9+ valves1 or non-return valves1 are employ$ to conf9e any sudd5 %ocks f hydraulic ma*9es or f breakages1 to local pipes4 ,relief valves are appli$ to all hydraulic pressure sy/ems to obviate ! effects ( %ock4 ,an extra wire rope is frequ5tly employ$ on susp5d$ lifts to act z a safety rope4 #bdij4 ,safety c5trifugal hooks to arre/ a revolv+ %aft :5 ! spe$ becomes excessive4 ,! hooks fly out & engage ) p9s on a fix$ disc4 ,rope gu>ds bo>ds1 scre5s1 gu>d rails1 c41 are necess>y to protect p]sons f runn+ ropes 9 hoi/+ & rope-driv+ ge>s4 #bdia4 ,coll> & set screw1 to prev5t a key f work+ out4 ,a set screw only--tapp$ into ! %aft--is sometimes employ$ = ?is s]vice4 ,section #hb4--,,/eam ,,traps4 7,see also p4 #ahd47 #bdib4 ,/eam trap1 op]at$ by expansion ( a b5t b>1 :i* closes ! inlet valve4 ,section #hd4--,,too!d ,,ge>+4 7,see also p4 #ahf47 #bdic4 ,circul> rack 7revolv+7 & sector1 us$ on gov]nors4 #bdid4 ,skew worm & :eel ge>4 #bdie4 ,oval ge>1 l9k$ toge!r4 #bdif4 ,mitre ge>1 angle ( %afts v>iable4 ,! two be>+s are h+$ toge!r on ! pit* l9e ( ! pair ( :eels4 #bdig4 ,wood-fac$ spur ge>1 to run ) ! wood faces 9 contact = quietness4 ,! wood faces are r5ewable1 l mortise tee?4 ,see ,nos4 #aceb & #acec4 #bdih4 ,ela/ic spur ge>1 to prev5t backla%4 ,illu/ration3 #bdhb4-bdih4 #bdii4 ,bevil ge>1 ) roll] tee? 9 "o :eel ( ! pair4 #bejj4 ,circul> rack & p9ion ge>4 ,! rack c revolve indep5d5tly ( ! v]tical movem5t4 ,section #he4--,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 7,see also p4 #aib47 #beja4 ,hydraulic transmission by two motors 7rot>y71 see ,section #ge1 "o ( :i* is ! driv] & ! o!r ! driv5 motor connect$ by two pipes1 ?r\gh :i* ! oil or wat] is kept 9 circulation f "o motor to ! o!r4 ,section #hf4--,,tanks1 ,,ci/]ns ,,& ,,res]voirs4 7,see also p4 #aib47 #bejb4 ,/eel bottle = compress$ gases1 c4 ,b>rels & casks are us$ z tanks4 ,tuns & vats are l>ge casks =m$ ( plank+ hoop$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,squ>e or rectangul> vats are =m$ ei!r ( wood1 held toge!r by long bolts1 or ( slate slabs secur$ 9 a simil> way4 ,comp\nd tanks4 ,:]e x is inconv5i5t to employ or erect "o l>ge tank1 sev]al small] ones are connect$ toge!r by circulat+ pipes4 ,section #hg4--,,?r[+ ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,( ,,ge>4 7,see also p4 #aib47 #bejc4 ,press] foot = sew+ ma*9es1 or = int]mitt5t hold+ ( any flat articles2 lift$ out ( ge>1 & held by ! fea!r end re/+ on ! slid+ socket4 #bejd4 ,belt %ift+ b>1 adju/able e way4 #beje4 ,revolv+ worm = op]at+ a belt %ift+ b>1 lock+ x at ! same "t4 #bejf4 ,worm ge> may be ?r[n out or 9 by mov+ ! :eel sideways on its %aft4 #bejg4 ,bolt & slot device = ge>+ two :eels toge!r on "o %aft1 us$ on la! head/ocks4 #bejh4 ,half nut = ?r[+ out ( ge>1 ) screw1 & fitt$ ) spr+ to take up ! we> ( ! nut4 #beji4 ,slid+ %aft = w9* or o!r ge>1 to %ift ! p9ion out ( ge> or *ange to ano!r spe$ 7z 9 ,no4 #bbic74 #beaj4 ,ano!r me?od ( lock+ a slid+ %aft 9 or out ( ge>4 ,section #hh4--,,v>iable ,,motion ,,& ,,p[]4 7,see also p4 #aid47 #beaa4 ,v>iable belt drive by elliptic pulley4 #beab4 ,v>iable drive by an int]m$iate friction :eel1 & two friction cones at "r angles4 #beac4 ,! same device appli$ to two discs runn+ 9 opposite directions on ! same axis4 ,illu/ration3 #bdii4-beac4 #bead4 ,v>iable drive by a ,v belt runn+ betwe5 cone discs1 ! space betwe5 :i* c be v>i$ by a h& lev] or screw motion4 #beae4 ,v>iable comp5sation weight & p>allel motion = /eam eng9es1 by ,m4 ,n4 ,=ney1 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 #beaf4 ,v>iable cone driv+4 ,evans' v>iable friction ge>2 a loose lea!r b&1 ) a trav]s+ motion by h& screw1 =ms ! gripp+ m$ium betwe5 ! cones4 #beag4 ,v>iable radius lev]1 op]at$ by a crank motion to give v>iable angul> reciprocat+ motion to a %aft4 #beah4 ,v>iable crank p9 adju/$ by a sector & bolt4 #beai4 ,v>iable crank p9 adju/$ by a transv]se screw4 #bebj4 ,v>iable driv+ friction ge> to give a v>iable spe$ to ! bevil-:eel %aft ,a by v>y+ ! position ( ! friction p9ions z reg>ds ! disc ,b4 #beba4 ,v>iable adju/m5t = a spiral spr+4 #bebb4 ,adju/able c5tre-piece or be>+ = a sp9dle or rod4 #bebc4 ,v>iable radius h& crank4 #bebd4 ,v>iable ?r[ crank p94 #bebe4 ,v>iable motion tak5 f a revolv+ cyl9d] or %aft by a friction :eel1 ^: angle c be v>i$4 #bebf4 ,simil> motion tak5 f a revolv+ disc4 ,illu/ration3 #bead4-bebf4 ,section #hi4--,,valves ,,& ,,cocks4 7,see also p4 #aih47 #bebg4 ,slide valve ports1 ) gradual cut-(f4 #bebh4 ,pi/on valve 9 section4 ,see ,no4 #afed4 ,?is con/ruction avoids spr+ r+s1 :i* d n run well across ! ports1 ! entire valve be+ sprung into ! bore4 #bebi4 ,tube air valve4 ,c be made to op5 & %ut by revolv+1 or by longitud9al motion4 #becj4 ,corliss valve1 ) rectangul> rock+ sp9dle4 #beca4 ,flume valve = wat]4 #becb4 ,d\ble cone valve = /eam or wat]1 closes ! leakage r\nd ! screw :5 op5$1 & requires no pack+4 #becc4 ,d\ble port$ slide valve4 #becd4 ,cone plug & rubb] r+ = plugg+ a pipe4 #bece4 ,rev]s+ valve = gas or air bla/4 #becf4 ,slide valve to give a wide port op5+ ) %ort travel4 #becg4 ,removable valve seat1 or gl&1 secur$ by ?ree set screws & lugs inside ! valve box4 #bech4 ,safety valve1 ) d\ble ball jo9t seat+s1 held d[n by dead weight1 hung on ! out] case4 #beci4 ,oscillat+ r+ valve4 ,high-pressure hydraulic slide valves are n[ made ( h>d wood1 su* z lignum vit1 runn+ on a bronze face2 ! wood valve is sometimes enclos$ 9 a bronze body or /rap4 #bedj4 ,hydraulic high-pressure valve1 ) r5ewable face4 ,illu/ration3 #bebg4-bedj4 #beda4 ,tap1 ) crank movem5t1 to op5 & close an ord9>y mu%room valve4 #bedb4 ,spr+ load$ valve4 ,may be op5$ by lift+1 z %[n1 or by a horizontal pull 9 any direction1 ! pull rod be+ atta*$ to ! top ( a fix$ /ud 9 ! c5tre ( ! valve1 :i* !n tilts 9 op5+4 #bedc4 ,safety valve1 ) knife edge4 #bedd4 ,screw plug bottle /opp]4 7,codd's pat5t47 #bede4 ,di%$ grat+ valve4 ,section #ij4--,,wat] ,,:eels ,,& ,,turb9es4 7,see also p4 #bjh47 #bedf4 ,wat]-jet d\ble turb9e motor4 ,section #ia4--,,:eels ,,9 ,,segm5ts4 7,see also p4 #bab47 #bedg4 ,spid] :eel or t5sion :eel4 ,cycle :eels are con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 z also 7 ! great :eels at ,*icago & ,e>l's ,c\rt4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ?is type4 #bedh4 ,/eel railway :eel1 ) di%$ web4 ,wr\ght iron or /eel disc fly-:eels are n[ 9 "s cases replac+ :eels ) arms4 ,fly-:eels are also con/ruct$ ) ! rim =m$ ( wr\ght-iron b>s w\nd r\nd & rivett$ toge!r1 or ( heavy wire coil$ r\nd & secur$ ) /eel belts4 ,section #ib4--,,weigh+ ,,& ,,measur+4 7,see also p4 #bad47 #bedi4 ,diff]5tial weigh+ beam4 ,! l[] hook is susp5d$ v ne> ! c5tre l9e ( ! upp] "o1 giv+ a close adju/m5t ) a %ort graduat$ arm4 #beej4 ,measur+ or fe$ :eel1 = se$s1 c4 ,! little cups dip into ! mat]ial1 & c>ry x up to a %oot4 ,ev5-fl[ regulator1 = a tap4 ,see ,no4 #bbjd;,a4 #beea4 ,wire & %eet ,v gauge4 #beeb4 ,balance1 ) angul> weight1 & graduat$ sector4 #beec4 ,measur+ tap4 ,illu/ration3 #beda4-beec4 ,section #id4--,,wa%+4 7,see also p4 #baf47 #beed4 ,rot>y clo!s wa%]4 ,consi/s ( an int]nal p]=at$ drum driv5 r\nd 9 alt]nate directions inside a fix$ drum1 or o!r vessel conta9+ soap & wat]4 #beee4 ,ar*im$ean circulator1 = a wa%+ tr\gh4 ,section #ie4--,,w9dmills ,,& ,,fea!r+ ,,:eels4 7,see also p4 #bah47 #beef4 ,fea!r+ paddle :eel1 or tide :eel4 ,! ?ree floats are ma9ta9$ v]tical by spur :eels on _! sp9dle ends1 :i* ge> ) idle p9ions driv5 by a fix$ c5tral spur :eel ( same size z ^? on ! floats4 #beeg4 ,w9d turb9e4 ,! vanes are =m$ z ,no4 #aifg1 to receive ! w9d p>allel to ! axis4 ,w9dmills are fitt$ ) automatic regulat+ devices to adju/ _! angle area & direction to ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d4 ,section #if4--,,w9d+ ,,app>atus4 7,see also p4 #bbj47 #beeh4 ,fusee = r\nd rope4 ,section #ig4--;,,h&les1 ,,h&:eels1 ,,keys ,,& ,,spann]s4 7,see also p4 #bbj47 #beei4 ,di%$ h&:eel4 #befj4 ,b5t h&le1 ) loop$ end4 #befa4 ,h&le key = cock4 #befb4 ,h&:eel lock nuts = a screw$ bolt or o!r fa/5+4 #befc4 ,con$ h&le4 #befd4 ,crank$ key or spann]4 #befe4 ,loop h&le = pla9 lev]4 #beff4 ,h+$ spann] = tight5+ nuts or screw$ gl&s1 hav+ p9 holes or not*$ edges4 #befg4 ,crank$ h&le1 (fset4 #befh4 ,b[ h&le4 ,may be fix$ or made to swivel4 #befi4 ,balanc$ h& crank4 #begj4 ,h& crank1 ) holes to v>y ! radius4 ,illu/ration3 #beed4-begj4 #bega4 ,lock$ h&:eels = valves1 to be movable 9 a c]ta9 ord] only4 ,section #ih4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,draw+ ,,curves4 7,see also p4 #bbd47 #begb4 ,cycloidograph4 ,! p5cil is fix$ to a slid+ rod ,a1 slid+ 9 a socket on ! p9ion sp9dle ,b1 & also is =c$ to travel along ! slot ,c1 9 an op5 disc revolv+ betwe5 f\r roll]s ,d4 ,section #ii4--,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,con/ruction4 7,see also p4 #bbd47 #begc4 ,ribb$ plate or tram plate4 #begd4 ,tr\gh plate = floor+ bridges c4 #bege4 ,tr\gh plate = floor+ bridges c4 #begf4 ,curv$ ditto4 ,hobson's pat5t4 #begg4 ,wr\ght-iron or /eel di%$ pi/on =g+4 #begh4 ,wr\ght-iron flang$ manhole =g+4 #begi4 ,tr\gh floor+4 #behj4 ,tr\gh floor+4 ,iron & ,/eel ,plates4--,x is ess5tial to possess "s k ( :at sizes & weights are obta9able at ord9>y prices1 because x is frequ5tly desirable to utilise ! l>ge/ available1 9 ord] to save ! co/ ( mak+ jo9ts4 ,frequ5tly jo9ts are made by rivet+1 n because !y are want$ at all1 b simply because !y co/ less ?an s+le plates w\ld d4 ,in=mation ( ?is k9d is only to be obta9$ f ! price-li/s ( ! iron & /eel manufactures1 :i* are suppli$ to ! trade4 ,! mean+ ( 8maximum dim5sions0 is ?us3--,tak+ a #a plate1 = example1 ! maximum dim5sions ( :i* are giv5 9 a li/ z #dj 9 l5g? by #aj 9 wid?1 x is n possible to get a plate measur+ #dj by #aj1 = t w\ld make a unit$ area ( #djj1 & ! li/ limit is #aej area4 ,b ! area c be tak5 out ei!r 9 l5g? or 9 wid?1 )9 ! limit+ l5g? ( #dj & wid? ( #aj4 ,! maximum area divid$ by any l5g? 9 feet n exce$+ ! maximum1 w give ! maximum wid? = t l5g?2 & ! maximum area divid$ by any wid? 9 feet n exce$+ ! maximum1 w give ! maximum l5g? = t wid?4 ,?us1 #aej area divid$ by ! maximum l5g?1 i4e4 #dj1 gives #c #i wid? ( plate4 ,or #aej divid$ by ! maximum wid?1 i4e4 #aj1 gives #ae l5g? ( plate4 ,& = any?+ ov] ^! maximum dim5sions special quotations h to be made4 ,b no plate c be roll$ to conta9 ! greate/ l5g? & ! greate/ wid? at ! same "t4 ,aga91 9 ref]5ce to 8extras10 _m po9ts h to be borne 9 m9d4 ,?us1 z reg>ds %ape1 any dep>ture f ! rectangul> =m is an extra1 z tap]$ plates1 sket*es1 i4e4 any irregul> outl9es1 & also circles4 ,! extra1 "u ?is head1 may be ab\t #bes4 p] ton4 ,z reg>ds ?ickness1 plates "u ?ick are an extra1 rat$ at f #ajs4 to #bjs4 p] ton m4 ,z reg>ds wid? & l5g?1 q special t]ms are made1 am\nt+ to #es4 p]haps on ea* #c1 a s]i\s item4 ,& z reg>ds weight1 /eel plates ov] ab\t #dj cwt4 are *>g$ extra1 at ! rate ( ab\t #es4 p] #e cwt4 ,to give examples3 ,! ,/eel ,co4 ( ,scotl& roll /eel plates f to #a ?ick1 & f an area 9 ! fir/ case ( #cj to #aej 9 ! latt]4 ,! ?icknesses advance by ?irty-seconds 9 ?ickness up to 1 by sixte5?s up to & by eigh?s up to #a4 ,! foll[+ table w give an idea ( _! limit+ sizes1 :i* may be tak5 z fairly typical ( /eel plates 9 g5]al4 ,x w be se5 t ,i h includ$ only a few ( ! ?icknesses nam$ above4 ,,maximum4 ------------------------------------- ,?ickness4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,area4 ------------------------------------- 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 #bb #j #e #j #ej #cc #j #f #c #ij #ch #j #g #d #ajj #dj #j #h #c #aaj #dj #j #i #c #adj #a #dj #j #aj #j #aej #a #dj #j #aj #j #aej #a #dj #j #aj #j #aej ------------------------------------- ,david ,colville & ,sons roll plates f to to #a 9 ?ickness ) an area ( #hj 9 ! fir/ & #adj 9 ! la/2 o!r sizes int]m$iate4 ,b by special arrangem5t plates ?ick c be roll$ to #adj area1 & #a ( #agj4 ,?irty hundr$weight is ! limit ( weight 9 %ip plates1 & #dj 9 boil] plates4 ,plates up to #f tons weight ea* c be roll$ at special prices4 ,x is impossible to roll plates exactly to weight1 & x is usual to all[ a deviation ( f #b p] c5t4 to #e p] c5t4 ov] weight = boil] plates1 & "u or ov] = ord9>y plates4 ,! ,p>khead ,/eel ,works roll plates to a maximum area ( #cf1 plates to #gj1 plates ( #aaj1 plates ( #adj1 #a plates ( #aej1 & #a plates ( #aej area4 ,! limit+ weights are #bj cwt4 = %ip plates1 & #dj cwt4 = boil] plates4 ,above ^! #es4 p] #e cwt41 or "p ( ! same1 is *>g$4 ,! ,we>dale ,iron & ,coal ,co4 roll /eel plates f to to #a ?ick1 ) a maximum area ( #fj 9 ! fir/1 & #abj 9 ! second2 #cj is ! maximum l5g?1 & #h ! maximum wid?4 ,circul> plates are also roll$ f #e #f diamet] ( ?ick1 to #h #f diamet] 9 #a ?ick4 ,all ord9>y ?icknesses1 also int]m$iate betwe5 ^!1 are roll$4 ,! limit+ weights & dim5sions ( ! /eel plates ( ,bolek[1 ,vaughan & ,co4 are #ah cwt4 #hj sq4 ft4 9 area1 #bc 9 l5g?1 & betwe5 #ab & #fj 9 wid?4 ,extras are1 = e hundr$weight1 or "p ( ! same above #ah cwt41 #ajs42 = e foot1 or "p ( a foot1 above #bc 9 l5g?1 #es42 = e squ>e foot above #hj sq4 ft41 #as4 ,john ,br[n & ,co41 ,%effield1 roll /eel plates f to to #a 9 ?ickness4 ,a few select$ ?icknesses are giv5 bel[4 ------------------------------------- ,?ickness4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,area4 ------------------------------------- 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 #cj #j #f #j #gb #ce #j #f #i #abj #dj #j #h #j #acj #dj #j #i #f #ahj #a #dj #j #i #f #ahj #a #dj #j #i #f #ahj ------------------------------------- ,circul> & squ>e plates ( ! same ?icknesses c be roll$ z foll[s3-- -------------------------------- ,?ickness4 ,diamet]4 ,squ>e4 -------------------------------- 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #f #f #f #f #g #j #g #j #h #c #h #c #aj #f #i #i #a #aj #f #i #i #a #aj #f #i #i -------------------------------- ,! ,dalzell ,/eel ,works ( ,david ,colville & ,sons1 make a diff]5ce 9 ! extras 9 ! case ( /eel boil] & ( %ip plates4 ,ord9>y prices are *>g$ to #hd wide 9 boil] plates1 b to #gb only 9 %ip plates4 ,above t !y *>ge #es4 p] ton = e #c1 or "p ( #c4 ,s 9 weight1 #dj cwt4 is ! limit = boil] plates1 & #cj cwt4 = %ip plates2 ov] ^? #es4 p] ton is *>g$ = e #e cwt41 or "p ( #e cwt4 ,circul> plates = boil] ends & cr[ns are roll$ by ,david ,colville & ,sons1 :o supply at ord9>y prices ! foll[+3 ?ick1 #i #aj diamet]2 1 #i #f2 1 #i1 & 1 #h #f4 ,z a sample ( ! usual limit+ sizes ( iron plates1 ,i give ! foll[+3--,x consi/s ( a few select$ ,sn$%ill plates roll$ by ! ,lille%all ,company1 "o ( ! mo/ fav\rably kn[n ,%rop%ire h\ses4 ,!y roll iron %eets & boil] plates f to #a 9 ?ickness1 advanc+ by ?irty-seconds to 1 & by sixte5?s to #a4 ------------------------------------- ,?ickness4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,area4 ------------------------------------- 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 #cj #j #e #j #e #cj #j #e #f #g #cj #j #f #j #h #cj #j #f #j #hj #cj #j #f #j #hj #a #cj #j #f #j #hj ------------------------------------- ,x w be obs]v$ t ! limit+ sizes ( iron are mu* less ?an ^? ( /eel4 ,! ,butt]ly ,company roll bo? iron & /eel plates4 ,! limit+ weights & dim5sions are z foll[s3--,= iron boil] quality1 #h cwt41 above t ! extra prices are1 #bjs41 #djs41 #fjs41 #hjs4 respectively1 f #h cwt4 to #aj cwt41 #aj cwt4 to #ab cwt41 #ab cwt4 to #ad cwt41 & #ad cwt4 to #af cwt4 respectively4 ,= bridge quality1 #aj cwt4 is ! limit1 & extras are #bjs4 & #djs41 f #aj cwt4 to #ab cwt41 & f #ab cwt4 to #af cwt4 respectively4 ,area #fj1 & = e #aj or "p above t1 #bjs42 l5g? #be2 wid? #df2 ov] ^? v>i\s extras1 rang+ f #bjs4 to #hjs4 ,section #aja4--;,,draw+ ,,& ,,roll+ ,,metals1 c4 7,see also p4 #bcd47 #beha4 ,b5d+ block1 = b> iron4 ,section #ajf4--;,,doors1 ,,manholes ,,& ,,cov]s4 7,see also p4 #bdb47 #behb4 ,screw plug1 ) two lugs to screw x up by a pla9 b> plac$ betwe5 !m4 #behc4 ,new =m ( manhole door4 #behd4 ,screw fix+ = a plug1 door1 or valve1 quickly releas$ or secur$4 #behe4 ,holl[ plug1 ) squ>e recess = a key or spann]4 ,flu% plug4 #behf4 ,soot door4 #behg4 ,funnel plug1 = fill+ oil res]voirs1 c4 #behh4 ,wr\ght iron or /eel manhole door1 di%$4 #behi4 ,ov5 door1 lifts out ( ! cat* by leav+ suffici5t play 9 ! top h+e4 ,illu/ration3 #bega4-behi4 #beij4 ,soot door4 #beia4 ,soot door 9 section1 op5$ by pull+ outw>ds & d[nw>ds2 ! hook at top prev5ts x fall+ out4 #beib4 ,screw cap or cov]4 #beic4 ,revolv+ door4 #beid4 ,slid+ door = furnaces1 c4 ,! weight ( door may be reliev$ by roll]s at top1 z %[n4 #beie4 ,door or manhole held up by two w$ges4 ,s traps4 ,d traps4 ,^! are divid$ *amb]s1 or b5t portions ( pipes1 design$ to always conta9 a well ( wat] s z to cut (f any curr5ts ( air or gases t w\ld o!rwise pass along ! pipes4 ,/reet manholes & lampholes are r\nd1 rectangul>1 or oval cov]s1 /rongly made to c>ry /reet traffic1 & fitt$ 9 /rong ca/-iron frames1 s z to be easily removable1 & yet practically air-tight4 ,^? fitt$ ov] sew] manholes are frequ5tly provid$ ) *>coal filt]s to arre/ f\l gases4 ,section #ajg4--;,,fe$ ,,ge>4 #beif4 ,ink fe$1 = pr9t+ ma*9es4 #beig4 ,ticket fe$+ ge>4 #beih4 ,fe$ worm1 ) air bla/4 #beii4 ,h& or p[] fe$ ge>1 = a drill1 bor+ ma*9e1 c4 #bfjj4 ,fe$ motion = %ap]s1 c41 rev]sible4 #bfja4 ,fe$ motion = %ap]s1 c41 rev]sible4 #bfjb4 ,friction pawl fe$ motion1 sil5t4 ,see also ,section #fb4 ,section #ajh4--;,,filt]+4 ,?r\gh por\s pots4 ,?r\gh por\s solids1 su* z *>coal4 ,?r\gh pumice /one1 *alk1 c4 ,?r\gh por\s fabrics1 flannel1 pap]1 c4 ,?r\gh sponge1 spongy plat9um4 ,?r\gh s&1 gravel1 calc9$ ores1 c4 ,?r\gh wire gauges1 hair gauge1 c4 ,rev]sible filt]s1 su* z ! 8,?ames10 c41 are made self-cleans+ by rev]s+ ! fl[ = a %ort "t ?r\gh a wa/e pipe1 ?us wa%+ out ! deposit4 #bfjc4 ,filt]+ cone1 =m$ ( wire clo? inside a pipe4 ,illu/ration3 #beij4-bfjc4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$4 ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w41 ,,& ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! use ( 7l9e>7 feet z unit ( area has n be5 correct$4 ,page #ah-bj3 ,!re is no sep>ate description = ,numb] #hb4 ,page #bbj1 ,numb] #agfi1 444 & o!r ma*9]y3 possibly a mi/ake = 444 & o!r mat]ials4 ,page #bbh-bcj1 ,numb] #ahed3 !re is no description = ?is item2 presumably x is ! same z t = ,numb] #ahee 7,bevill$ flat iron74 ,sections #ajg & #ajh may be f\nd at ! end ( ,"p ,,ii4 ,*anges made3 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,lett]s ref]r+ to elem5ts 9 illu/rations & *>act]s repres5t+ %apes r ?an lett]s h be5 /&>dis$ to sans-s]if4 ,9 sev]al in/ances1 ditto1 d4 & h be5 replac$ ) a repetition ( ! ditto$ text4 ,page #dj3 ,eilipile has be5 *ang$ to ,eolipile4 ,page #cbj3 #ge has be5 *ang$ to #ge1