,transcriber's ,notes    ,in this       
e-text1 text printed in bold face and a 
larger font size have   been transcribed
 between equal signs1 italics have been 
transcribed   between underscores1 small
 capitals have been replaced by ,,all   
,,capitals1 and blackletter has been    
transcribed between hashes4   text      
represent superscript text2 individual  
letters that represent   shapes rather  
than letters are marked with tildes4    
,the symbol  is   used to represent a   
right-angled ,u-shape4    ,more         
,transcriber's ,notes may be found at   
the end of this text4       ,,the       
,,engineer',s ,,sketch-,,book4          
,,the   ,,engineer',s ,,sketch-,,book   
,,of   ,,mechanical ,,movements1        
,,devices1 ,,appliances1 ,,contrivances 
,,and ,,details   ,,employed ,,in ,,the 
,,design ,,and ,,construction ,,of      
,,machinery ,,for ,,every ,,purpose     
,,classified  ,,arranged ,,for          
,,reference ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of      
,,engineers1   ,,mechanical             

,,draughtsmen1 ,,managers1 ,,mechanics1 
,,inventors1 ,,patent ,,agents1   ,,and 
,,all ,,engaged ,,in ,,the ,,mechanical 
,,arts    ,,by ,,thomas ,,walter        
,,barber   ,m4 ,,inst4 ,c4 ,e4          
,,fourth ,,edition    #bfjc             
,illustrations1 ,descriptive ,notes and 
,memoranda    ,illustration    ,london3 
,e4  ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,limited1 #abe    
,,strand    ,new ,york3   ,,spon        
,,chamberlain1 #ab ,,cortlandt ,,street 
#aijb     ,,preface4   ,every successful
 engineer is a born inventor2 indeed the
 daily work of an engineer in practice  
largely consists in scheming and        
devising from previous experience new   
and improved processes1 methods1 and    
details for accomplishing them1 and for 
simplifying or cheapening old forms of  
machinery and the work they produce1 to 
enable him to successfully compete with 
others1 who are perhaps as ingenious and
 enterprising as himself4  ,in the work 
of designing machinery the draughtsman  
has to rely mainly on his memory for    

inspiration2 and1 for lack of an idea1  
has frequently to wade through numerous 
volumes to find a detail or movement to 
effect a particular purpose4 ,hence1 as 
a rule1 every man's work runs in a      
groove1 his productions generally having
 the stamp of his particular experience 
and training clearly marked upon them4  
,in the course of twenty-five years of  
such experience1 ,i have found the want 
of such a volume as the present1 and    
endeavoured to supply the deficiency in 
my own practice by private notes and    
sketches1 gathered promiscuously1 until 
the difficulty of selection and         
arrangement became so apparent that ,i  
began to classify them1 as they exist in
 the following pages4 ,a few weeks of   
unusual leisure have enabled me to      
complete this work and amplify it by    
numerous additions1 and it is now       
presented in the hope that it will be   
found of equal service to others engaged
 in the head-splitting1 exhausting work 
of scheming and devising machinery1 than

 which ,i can conceive of no head-work  
more wearing and anxious1 ,several      
valuable works have already found       
numerous users1 and there is no lack of 
admirable collections of memoranda1     
rules1 and data for designing and       
proportioning the various constructive  
details of machinery2 but1 as far as ,i 
am aware1 there is no work in existence 
which aims at the same purpose as is    
attempted in the following pages1 viz4  
to provide side by side suggestive      
sketches of the various methods in use  
for accomplishing any particular        
mechanical movement or work1 in a form  
easily referred to1 and devoid of       
needless detail and elaboration4 ,a     
sketch1 properly executed1 is--to a     
practical man--worth a folio of         
description2 and it is to such that     
these pages are addressed4 ,for the same
 reason it has been deemed undesirable  
to add to the various sketches any rules
 or tables relating to strengths or     
dimensions1 which may be found in       

numerous well-known volumes4  ,any      
suggestions or additions will be        
entertained and gratefully acknowledged4
    ,,thomas ,,walter ,,barber4         
,,contents4                             
,,pages  ,,section   ,accumulators      
#adg       #fg   ,adjusting devices     
#aj1 #bdf        #b   ,anchoring        
#aj1 #bdf        #a   ,anti-friction    
bearings                                
#aeb1 #cjf       #gj   ,apparatus for   
drawing curves                          
#bbd1 #ccj       #ih   ,automatic cut   
off4 ,see ,valve gear                   
#agb1 #cab       #gi    ,balance weights
                                        
#ed1 #beh       #bj   ,ball and socket  
joints                                  
#ab1 #bdh        #d   ,beam-engines1    
types of                                
#hj1 #bgj       #cb   ,bearings         
#ajb1 #bhb       #df   ,bearings1       
relieving pressure on                   
#aeb1 #cjf       #gj   ,bed-plates1     
foundations1 and framing of machines    

#bb1 #bej        #h   ,belt gearing     
#ab1 #bdh        #c   ,belt pulleys     
#ab1 #bdh        #c   ,blowing and      
exhausting                              
#bj1 #bej        #g   ,boilers1 types of
                                        
#af1 #bej        #f   ,bolts1 c4        
#afh1 #caj       #gh   ,boring1         
drilling1 c4                            
#gb1 #bgj       #cj   ,brakes and       
retarding appliances                    
#ad1 #bdh        #e    ,cams1 tappets1  
and wipers                              
#bd1 #bej        #i   ,carriages1 cars1 
c4                                  #cb1
 #beb       #ab   ,centres              
#afd1 #cjh       #gg   ,centrifugal     
force1 applications of                  
#ch       #ad   ,chains1 links1 and     
couplings                          #cj1 
#beb       #aa   ,chopping1 slicing1 and
 mincing                        #fh1    
#bfd       #bg   ,chucks1 grips1 and    
holders                            #fh1 
#bfd       #bh   ,circular and          

reciprocating motion                    
#ef1 #beh       #ba   ,clutches         
#dj1 #bed       #ae   ,compensating and 
balance weights                         
#ed1 #beh       #bj   ,concentrated     
power                                   
#fb1 #bfj       #bb   ,concentrating and
 separating                             
#ff1 #bfd       #bf   ,condensing and   
cooling                                 
#ff1 #bfd       #be   ,connecting rods  
and links                               
#db1 #bed       #ag   ,contracting and  
expanding                               
#hd1 #bgb       #cf   ,conveying        
messages1 c4                            
#eb       #ai   ,conveying motion to    
movable parts                     #fb1  
#bfj       #bc   ,conveyors             
#abh1 #bih       #eg   ,cotters1 c4     
#hf1 #bgd       #cg   ,couplings        
#db1 #bed       #af   ,couplings for    
shafting                                
#db1 #bed       #af   ,covers1 doors1 c4
                                   #bdb1

 #ccb      #ajf   ,cranes1 types of     
#df1 #bef       #ah   ,cranks and       
eccentrics                              
#bh1 #beb       #aj   ,crushing1        
rolling1 and disintegrating             
#cf1 #bed       #ac   ,curves1 apparatus
 for drawing                            
#bbd1 #ccj       #ih   ,cushioning      
#gb1 #bfh       #bi   ,cutting tools    
#fd1 #bfj       #bd    ,differential    
gear                                    
#gd1 #bgj       #ca   ,disintegrating   
#cf1 #bed       #ac   ,doors1 covers1   
manholes                                
#bdb1 #ccb      #ajf   ,drawing and     
rolling metals1 c4                      
#bcd1 #ccb      #aja   ,drawing curves1 
c41 apparatus for                       
#bbd1 #ccj       #ih   ,drilling1       
boring1 c4                              
#gb1 #bgj       #cj    ,eccentrics      
#bh1 #beb       #aj   ,elastic wheels   
#hd       #ce   ,elliptical motion      
#hb1 #bgb       #cd   ,engines and      
boilers combined1 types of              

#hb       #cc   ,engines1 types of      
#gf1 #bgj       #cb   ,exhausting and   
blowing                                 
#bj1 #bej        #g   ,expanding and    
contracting devices                     
#hd1 #bgb       #cf    ,fastening wheels
 to shafts                              
#hf1 #bgd       #cg   ,feed gear        
#ccd      #ajg   ,filtering             
#ccd      #ajh   ,foundations and       
framing                                 
#bb1 #bej        #h   ,friction gear    
#hh1 #bgf       #ch    ,gear1           
differential                            
#gd1 #bgj       #ca   ,gear1 friction   
#hh1 #bgf       #ch   ,gear1 reversing  
#aeh1 #cjh       #gd   ,gear1 rope      
#adf1 #cjb       #ff   ,gear1 valve     
#agb1 #cab       #gi   ,gearing1 belt   
#ab1 #bdh        #c   ,gearing1 toothed 
#ahf1 #cah       #hd   ,gearing1 various
 devices in                             
#ib1 #bgh       #dj   ,governing and    
regulating speed1 power1 c4             
#if1 #bhj       #da   ,grips and holders

                                        
#fh1 #bfd       #bh   ,guides1 slides1  
c4                                      
#ij1 #bgf       #ci    ,handles1 c4     
#bbj1 #cbh       #ig   ,heating         
appliances                              
#bcd      #ajj   ,hinges and joints     
#aaf1 #bib       #ej   ,holders and     
grips                                   
#fh1 #bfd       #bh   ,hooks1 swivels1  
c4                                      
#ih1 #bhj       #dc   ,hydraulic        
multiplying gear                        
#if       #db    ,impact4 ,see ,striking
 and hammering                      #bch
      #ajd   ,incorporating             
#abb1 #bid       #ed   ,indicating      
pressure1 c4                            
#bad1 #cbf       #ib   ,indicating      
speed1 c4                               
#ajj1 #bhb       #dd   ,intermittent    
motion                                  
#adj1 #cjj       #fb   ,iron and steel  
#bbd1 #ccj       #ii    ,jets1 nozzles1 
c4                                      

#ajb1 #bhb       #de   ,joints and      
hinges                                  
#aaf1 #bib       #ej   ,journals1       
bearings1 pivots1 c4                    
#ajb1 #bhb       #df    ,keys1 cotters1 
pins1 c4                                
#hf1 #bgd       #cg    ,levelling and   
plumbing                                
#abb       #eb   ,levers                
#ajh1 #bhf       #dh   ,links           
#cj1 #beb       #aa   ,locking devices  
#aaj1 #bhh       #di   ,lowering        
#adh1 #cjd       #fi   ,lubricators     
#abj1 #bid       #ea    ,marine engines1
 types of                               
#bcf      #ajc   ,materials of          
construction                            
#bbd1 #ccj       #ii   ,measuring and   
weighing                                
#bad1 #cbf       #ib   ,mechanical      
powers                                  
#abb       #ec   ,messages1 conveying   
#eb       #ai   ,mincing                
#fh1 #bfd       #bg   ,mixing and       
incorporating                           

#abb1 #bid       #ed   ,motive power    
#acf1 #cjj       #fj   ,movable parts1  
conveying motion to                     
#fb1 #bfj       #bc   ,multiplying      
gear--hydraulic                         
#if       #db    ,nozzles and jets      
#ajb1 #bhb       #de    ,packings1      
joints1 stuffing-boxes1 c4              
#acb1 #bih       #eh   ,parallel motions
                                        
#abd1 #bif       #ee   ,pawl and ratchet
 motions1 intermittent motion           
#adj1 #cjj       #fb   ,pins1 c4        
#afd1 #cjh       #gg   ,pipes and       
conveyors                               
#abh1 #bih       #eg   ,pivots          
#ajb1 #bhb       #df   ,plate work      
#ajf1 #bhf       #dg   ,plumbing and    
levelling                               
#abb       #eb   ,power and speed1 to   
vary                                    
#adf       #fd   ,power1 motive         
#acf1 #cjj       #fj   ,power1          
reservoirs of                           
#adg       #fg   ,power1 transmission of

                               #aib1    
#cbj       #he   ,pressing              
#add1 #cjb       #fc   ,propulsion      
#acd1 #cjj       #ei   ,pumping and     
raising water                           
#abd1 #bif       #ef   ,pumping engines1
 types of                               
#ach       #fa    ,quick return motions 
#adf       #fe    ,rails and tramroads  
#aef1 #cjh       #gc   ,raising and     
lowering weights                        
#adh1 #cjd       #fi   ,raising         
water--pumping                          
#abd1 #bif       #ef   ,ratchet and pawl
 motions                                
#adj1 #cjj       #fb   ,reciprocating   
and circular motion                     
#adh       #fh   ,regulating and        
governing                               
#if1 #bhj       #da   ,relieving        
pressure on bearings                    
#aeb1 #cjf       #gj   ,reservoirs of   
power1 accumulators                     
#adg       #fg   ,retarding appliances  
#ad1 #bdh        #e   ,reversing gear   

#aeh1 #cjh       #gd   ,riddling and    
screening                               
#aed       #gb   ,rope1 belt1 and chain 
pulleys                        #aeb1    
#cjf       #ga   ,rope gearing          
#adf1 #cjb       #ff   ,rolling and     
drawing                                 
#bcd1 #ccb      #aja   ,rotary engines  
#afj1 #cjh       #ge    ,safety         
appliances                              
#ahb1 #cah       #ha   ,screening       
#aed       #gb   ,screw gear1 bolts1 c4 
#afh1 #caj       #gh   ,sections of iron
 and steel4 ,see ,materials             
#bbd1 #ccj       #ii   ,segments1 wheels
 in                                     
#bab1 #cbf       #ia   ,separating      
#ff1 #bfd       #bf   ,shaft couplings  
#db1 #bed       #af   ,shafting         
#afd1 #cjh       #gf   ,signals1 c4     
#eb       #ai   ,slicing and mincing    
#fh1 #bfd       #bg   ,slide and other  
valve gear                              
#agb1 #cab       #gi   ,slides1 guides1 
c4                                      

#ij1 #bgf       #ci   ,socket joints    
#ab1 #bdh        #d   ,sound            
#bdj      #aje   ,sources of power      
#acf1 #cjj       #fj   ,speed and power 
#abb       #ec   ,speed1 indicating     
#ajj1 #bhb       #dd   ,spindles and    
centres                                 
#afd1 #cjh       #gg   ,springs         
#agh1 #caf       #hj   ,starting valves 
#ahd       #hc   ,steam traps           
#ahd1 #cah       #hb   ,striking and    
hammering--impact                       
#bch      #ajd   ,struts and ties       
#bcd      #ajb   ,stuffing boxes        
#acb1 #bih       #eh   ,swivels         
#ih1 #bhj       #dc    ,tanks and       
cisterns                                
#aib1 #cbj       #hf   ,tappets         
#bd1 #bej        #i   ,throwing in and  
out of gear                             
#aib1 #cbj       #hg   ,ties and struts 
#bcd      #ajb   ,timber4 ,see          
,materials                              
#bbd1 #ccj       #ii   ,tools1 cutting  
#fd1 #bfj       #bd   ,toothed gearing  

#ahf1 #cah       #hd   ,tramroads       
#aef1 #cjh       #gc   ,transmission of 
power                                   
#aib1 #cbj       #he   ,traps1 steam    
#ahd1 #cah       #hb   ,turbines        
#bjh1 #cbf       #ij    ,valve gear     
#agb1 #cab       #gi   ,valves and cocks
                                        
#aih1 #cbd       #hi   ,valves1 starting
                                        
#ahd       #hc   ,variable motion and   
power                            #aid1  
#cbj       #hh    ,washing              
#baf1 #cbh       #id   ,water-pressure  
engines                                 
#baf       #ic   ,water-wheels and      
turbines                                
#bjh1 #cbf       #ij   ,weighing and    
measuring1 indicating pressure          
#bad1 #cbf       #ib   ,wheels1 elastic 
#hd       #ce   ,wheels1 fastening to   
shafts                           #hf1   
#bgd       #cg   ,wheels in segments    
#bab1 #cbf       #ia   ,windmills and   
feathering wheels                       

#bah1 #cbh       #ie   ,winding         
apparatus                               
#bbj1 #cbh       #if   ,wipers          
#bd1 #bej        #i     ,,part ,i4      
,,sections #a-ajf4  7,for ,,additions   
see pages #bde-cce47   ,section         
#a4--;,,anchoring4  #a4 ,rope pulley    
anchor--a car which grips by sinking its
 wheels in the soil2 employed for       
ploughing tackle4  #b4 ,anchor          
plate--buried in the ground below a mass
 of masonry--for attaching guys1 tie    
rods1 c4 ,sometimes a frame1 or plate1  
laid on the ground and ballasted1 is the
 method used4  #c4 ,screw mooring1      
screwed into the ground4  #d4 ,heavy    
stone sunk in the ground and having a   
ring attached2 or a mass of concrete1   
similarly placed1 used for guy ropes1   
tie rods1 and foundation bolt           
attachments4  #e4 ,grapnel4  #f4        
,mushroom anchor4  #g4 ,double fluke    
anchor4  #h4 ,martin's patent anchor1   
with swivelling flukes4 ,several other  
patent anchors are modifications of     

this4    ,stakes1 with or without       
flanges1 vertical or horizontal1 are    
sometimes   employed1 the flanges taking
 the cross strain of the ties1 c4       
,fencing   posts1 gate posts1 tree      
stakes1 and tennis poles are of this    
class4   ,section #b4--;,,adjusting     
,,devices4  ,for adjustment by ,screws1 
see ,section #gh1 and by ,wedges1 see   
,section #cf1 ,these are the commonest  
appliances employed4 ,for ,cams also1   
see ,section #i4 ,for adjusting         
,pedestal ,brasses1 see ,section #df4   
,for adjustments by keys1 cotters1 c41  
see ,section #cg4 ,see also ,nos4 #bea1 
#bfi1 and #big4  #i4 ,split cone sleeves
 and set screw adjustment for a         
revolving standard1 or similar detail1  
where there is much wear or great       
accuracy is required in the revolving   
bearing4  #aj4 ,centre-line adjustment  
for lathe headstocks1 c4  #aa4 ,variable
 curve adjustment2 used in compass      
planes1 instruments for drawing arcs of 
circles1 c4  #ab4 ,vertical shaft       

footstep adjustment2 employed on        
millstones1 horizontal grinding mills1  
c41 to regulate the space between the   
grinding surfaces4 ,see ,no4 #bfa4      
,illustration3 #a4-ab4  #ac4 ,side screw
 adjustment for injectors1 jet pumps1 c4
  #ad4 ,levelling adjustment2 can be    
used with either #c or #d screws3 for   
telescope and level stands1 theodolites1
 c4  #ae4 ,horizontal central adjustment
 for footsteps1 c4  #af4 ,slotted link  
and lock nut for adjusting angle of a   
lever4  #ag4 ,disc and ring with partial
 angular adjustment by a screw and nut2 
used for screwing dies1 self-centering  
chucks1 c4 ,the nut and bearing of the  
screw have allowance for swivelling4    
#ah4 ,pin and hole adjustment for a     
lever or similar detail4  #ai4 ,wedge   
bearing for locomotive horn plate       
guides1 slide bars1 and similar parts   
subject to wear4  #bj4 ,right and       
left-hand screw and wedge adjustment for
 roller bearings1 c4  #ba4 ,adjustment  
for wear used on engine crossheads to   

take up the wear of the working faces4  
,adjustable ,crane ,balance ,weights1   
,section #ah4    ,adjustable ,v-guides1 
,nos4 #gjj and #gjd4   ,section         
#c4--;,,belt ,,gearing4    ,materials   
employed are3--,leather1 cotton1        
guttapercha1 indiarubber1   canvas1     
camel-hair1 catgut1 flat wire or hemp   
rope1 steel bands1 flat   chains1 c4    
#bb4 ,ordinary belt pulley1 8crowned0 on
 face to retain the belt on the centre  
of the pulley4  #bc4 ,double-flanged    
pulley1 flat on face1 sometimes         
8crowned10 as ,no4 #bb4  #bd4           
,single-flanged pulley for horizontal   
driving4  #be4 ,open belt gear2 runs    
best as shown1 with the slack half of   
the belt at top4  #bf4 ,crossed belt to 
reverse motion on the driven shaft4     
,also to obtain more grip for the belt  
than with open belts4  #bg4 ,mode of    
driving when the shafts are at right    
angles to one another4  #bh4 ,mode of   
driving with shafts at an obtuse angle1 
sometimes used instead of bevel wheels4 

#bi4 ,arrangement adopted when the      
pulleys cannot be got in line with one  
another1 or the shafts are too close    
together to drive well direct4 ,short   
belts seldom work well4    ,belts are   
frequently arranged to pass under and   
over several pulleys   so as to drive   
several shafts by one belt4    ,for     
reversing by belt gear1 see ,section    
#gd4 ,gut bands 7round7 are   worked    
over ,v-grooved pulleys2 see ,rope      
,gearing1 ,section #ff4 ,belts   may be 
kept tight by tightening pulleys1 see   
,no4 #abjg4 ,for round   belts1 see     
,rope ,gearing1 ,section #ff4 ,v-belts  
are occasionally used1   formed of      
thicknesses of leather riveted together1
 cut to a   ,v-section1 and worked over 
,v-grooved pulleys4   ,section          
#d4--;,,ball-,,and-,,socket ,,joints4   
#cj4 ,universal hinge4 ,the arm can be  
fixed in any required position by       
tightening the gland4 ,useful for stands
 for articles to be exhibited in any    
position1 telescopes1 c4  #ca4 ,pipe    

joint1 with similar capabilities4       
,illustration3 #ac4-ca4  #cb4 ,same as  
,no4 #af1 but with screwed gland4 ,if   
used without the arm1 it forms the      
ordinary ball castor4  #cc  #cd4 ,dr4   
,hooke's universal joint4 ,see          
application1 ,no4 #bib4 ,see also ,nos4 
#acei and #gcb4    ,gas pendants are    
suspended with a joint similar to ,no4  
#ca1 but the   ball1 having only a      
restricted angular motion1 is cut down  
to a   segment only4   ,section         
#e4--;,,brakes ,,and ,,retarding        
,,appliances4    ,to retard or arrest   
motion 7revolving or rectilinear74  #ce4
 ,strap and lever brake4 ,the strap is  
usually faced with wood or leather1 but 
sometimes is used without either4 ,wood 
is liable to become noisy4 ,leather     
gives the best grip4 ,iron upon iron1 or
 wood upon iron is not safe if liable to
 become oily or wet4  #cf4 ,block and   
lever brake4 ,wood or cast-iron blocks  
are used4  #cg4 ,compound block and     
lever brake2 avoids putting cross strain

 on the shaft--used on winding engines1 
c4  #ch4 ,internal toggle brake1        
employed for friction clutches4 ,see    
,section #ae4 ,the inner ring is turned 
to fit loosely inside the outer ring and
 split1 the toggles being arranged as   
shown to expand the ring till it is     
locked to the outer ring4  #ci  #dj4    
,double block and lever brake on wheel  
rim grips the wheel rim between the     
lever stocks or jaws4 ,the strains are  
self-contained4  #da4 ,disc brake2      
considerable end pressure is required   
with this form1 and must be arranged for
 in the bearings of the shaft4  #db4    
,compound disc brake4 ,several discs may
 be employed1 sliding on feathers on the
 shaft4  #dc4 ,fan brake2 may be run    
openly in air1 or enclosed in a drum    
with water1 oil1 or other liquid4 7,see 
,allen's patent ,governor1 c47  #dd4    
,spring brake1 acting on a small grooved
 pulley2 for light purposes4  #de4 ,rope
 brake or grip1 with toggle motion1 and 
screw for relieving4  #df4 ,rope brake3 

grips by the angular distance between   
the jaw centres becoming less as the    
lever end falls4  #dg4 ,rope brake2 with
 cam lever gripping motion4  #dh4       
,eccentric action lever and block brake4
 ,the eccentric is fixed to the brake   
lever4 ,this plan also avoids cross     
strain on the shaft4  #di4 ,strap and   
screw brake4  ,illustration3 #cb4-di4   
#ej1 #ea1  #eb4 ,three forms of car     
brakes4 ,see also the common 8skid0 or  
cart brake4  #ec4 ,combined strap and   
lever brake4 7,fielden's47  #ed4 ,shaft 
grip1 or brake4  #ee4 ,centrifugal      
brake1 or clutch4 ,the weight segments  
are driven into contact with the ring by
 centrifugal force4 ,springs may be used
 to return them out of action4  #ef4    
,three-segment compound brake3 grips the
 wheel all round4  #eg4 ,compound bar   
brake1 with right and left hand screw   
grip levers1 used for heavy gun         
compressors4  #eh4 ,compound ring brake1
 on similar principle to ,no4 #eg4 ,see 
remarks to ,no4 #da4  #ei4 ,wedge and   

split ring1 used for internal brake ring
 or clutch1 in a similar way to ,no4    
#ch4  #fj4 ,hollow drums1 with radial   
pockets1 half filled with loose         
material1 or water1 mercury1 c41 which  
retard the motion of the drum by the    
weight and friction of the loose        
material4    ,an hydraulic cylinder and 
piston is frequently used as a brake or 
retarding device for reciprocating      
motion1 the water passing from one      
side of the piston to the other1 through
 an adjustable valve4 ,friction   brakes
 are employed as dynamometers to        
indicate the power given off or         
absorbed by any piece of machinery4     
,automatic brakes 7see ,sections #ae    
and #fi7 are used for hoisting          
machinery1 c4    ,brushes1 formed of    
stiff bristles or wire1 are used as a   
retarding   device for circular or      
rectilinear motion4   ,section          
#f4--,,types ,,of ,,boilers4    ,vessels
 or containers of every conceivable     
shape have been used as   boilers4 ,many

 of the older types are now obsolete1   
but the following   are these most      
commonly used3--   ,,vertical ,,boilers4
  #fa4 ,ordinary centre flue boiler4    
,sometimes the centre flue is surrounded
 with tubes1 as ,no4 #fe4  #fb4         
,vertical multitubular4  #fc4 ,vertical 
boiler1 with diagonal tubes and smoke   
boxes4  #fd4 ,vertical return-flue4     
#fe4 8,pot0 boiler4  #ff4 8,field0      
boiler2 with suspended tubes and        
internal circulating tubes4  #fg4       
,vertical egg-end boiler2 with spiral   
flue4 ,large vertical boilers sometimes 
have cross flues1 or large tubes4       
,,horizontal ,,boilers4  #fh4 ,portable 
8loco-type0 multitubular4  #fi4 ,fixed  
return-tube4  ,illustration3 #ej4-fi4   
#gj4 ,fixed 8loco-type0 multitubular2 a 
favorite and useful form1 giving good   
results1 and easily cleaned4  #ga4      
,fixed 8loco-type10 with underneath     
fire-box2 sometimes used to economise   
space1 is self-contained1 and usually   
stands on cast-iron feet4  #gb4         

,multitubular-horizontal2 self          
contained2 on cast-iron feet4  #gc4     
,egg-end boiler2 not much used except   
where the coal burnt per h4p4 per hour  
is not an important consideration4  #gd4
 8,cornish02 one flue1 with enlarged    
fire-box tube4 ,this type is often made 
with a parallel flue with cross tubes   
fixed at intervals throughout its       
length4  #ge4 8,lancashire02 two flues2 
sometimes has enlarged fire-box tubes1  
as ,no4 #gd4  #gf4 ,oval flue boiler1   
with 8,galloway0 tubes4 ,the ,lancashire
 type is frequently combined with this  
form by arranging the two circular flues
 to open into one oval one4  #gg  #gh4  
8,elephant0 boilers2 employed in        
connection with coke ovens and other    
sources of waste heat4   ,,marine       
,,boilers4  #gi4 ,ordinary box form1    
with internal fire-box and return flue4 
#hj4 ,same type1 but with two fire-boxes
 and multitubular return tubes4  #ha4   
,underneath fire-boxes and multitubular 
return tubes above the fire-boxes1      

sometimes duplicated1 as ,no4 #hb4      
,illustration3 #gj4-hb4  #hc4 ,has two  
central fire-boxes and side             
return-tubes4    ,the foregoing box     
patterns are rapidly going out of use1  
as unsuitable   for the higher pressures
 prevailing with compound engines4  #hd4
 ,cylindrical boiler1 with three fire   
tubes and three sets of return tubes4   
,this form is much used1 the surfaces   
requiring stays being very limited4 ,it 
is made with double fire-boxes as shown1
 or with single fire-box1 as ,no4 #ha4  
#he4 ,cylindrical single flue and       
return-tube4  #hf4 ,cylindrical single  
flue and multitubular4  #hg4            
,cylindrical double flue and            
multitubular1 longitudinal section      
similar to ,no4 #hf4  #hh4 ,cylindrical 
saddle boiler1 multitubular1 used for   
shallow vessels1 launches2 c4           
,,household ,,boilers4  #hi4 ,kitchen   
8ell0 boiler4  #ij4 ,kitchen or back    
boiler1 for ordinary grates4  #ia4      
8,saddle0 boiler4 ,the varieties of this

 type are legion4 ,every conceivable    
cross-bridge1 water-way1 tube1 and flue 
has been added to it by various makers4 
,see ,messrs4 ,graham and ,fleming1 and 
other makers' ,lists4  #ib4 ,annular    
cylindrical greenhouse boiler4  #ic4    
,annular conoidal greenhouse boiler4    
#id4 ,vertical cylindrical1 closed top  
greenhouse boiler4    ,the last four are
 types of the greenhouse boilers most in
 use4 ,they   are usually of wrought    
iron1 and all seams welded4  #ie4 ,back 
boiler for ordinary register grate4     
#if4 8,boot0 boiler4  #ig4 ,scullery1 or
 wash-house boiler4  #ih4 ,scullery1 or 
wash-house boiler1 heated by steam4 ,in 
public laundries these are usually      
rectangular in plan4  #ii4 ,coil boiler1
 used for small greenhouses1 c4  #ajj4  
,sectional1 or 8,tubulous0 boiler4      
,root's1 and others1 are on this        
principle4 ,they are constructed of     
simple pipes and ,t or ,l pieces1       
usually bolted together4   ,section     
#g4--;,,blowing ,,and ,,exhausting4     

,some of the mechanical blowers are too 
well known to need illustration here2   
such are the ordinary ,beam ,blowing    
,engine1 as in use for blast furnaces1  
,vertical ,blowing ,engine1 and         
,horizontal ,blowing ,engine4 ,in all   
these a cylinder and piston form the    
blowing device4 ,nearly every form of   
rotary engine 7see ,section #ge7 may1 by
 reversal1 be converted into a blowing  
machine4 ,see ,root's patent1 ,no4      
#acjg2 ,baker's1 #acbe1 and others in   
common use4 ,fans1 centrifugal1 7see    
,no4 #accg7 are still the commonest     
blowing machines1 and are especially    
suited for light pressures and large    
volumes of air2 but for pressures of    
from  lb4 per square inch and upwards1  
the rotary or cylinder types are best4  
,the following are devices not so well  
known1 but sometimes useful3--  #aja4   
,the 8,trompe10 or water-jet blower4    
,water under pressure is discharged     
through a rose into a funnel-shaped     
inlet1 carrying with it a quantity of   

air 7see ,section #de72 the water runs  
off at an overflow1 and the air is led  
away by a pipe4  #ajb4 ,steam-jet       
blower4 7,see ,section #de47            
,illustration3 #hc4-ajb4  #ajc4 ,organ  
bellows4 ,the lower 8feeders0 pump      
alternately into the double-tier upper  
8reservoir10 which has the upper set of 
ribs inverted1 as shown1 to equalise the
 pressure throughout its rise4 ,the     
reservoir is loaded with weights to the 
required pressure4  #ajd4 ,smiths'      
bellows1 either circular or hinged at   
one side4    ,the valves used for       
bellows are plain flap valves faced with
 leather   similar to ,no4 #afai4  #aje4
 ,bell1 or gasometer blower1 for light  
pressures and large volumes4  #ajf4     
,regulator1 or reservoir1 for blowing   
engines to steady the blast4 ,the       
weighted piston serves the same purpose 
as an air vessel to the ordinary pump4  
#ajg4 ,disc blower1 with elastic        
diaphragm piston4  #ajh4 ,one-crank     
three-throw blower1 for organs1 c41 to  

give a continuous blast4 ,the three     
feeders deliver into the central        
triangular box4   ,section              
#h4--;,,bedplates1 ,,foundations1 ,,and 
,,framing ,,of ,,machines4  ,the        
skeleton framing of a machine for any   
purpose should be rigid1 as light as is 
consistent with strength and stability  
7in some cases weight is necessary to   
minimise vibration71 and the ribs1 or   
members of the frame1 should be so      
disposed as to afford the requisite     
support for all bearings1 centres1 c41  
without redundance2 and lastly1         
symmetry1 and a certain degree of       
elegance and proportion1 are desirable4 
,the illustrations are necessarily      
typical only1 and suggestive4  #aji4    
,girder section bedplate for horizontal 
distributed bearing1 as in a horizontal 
engine4 ,it may be used double1 and the 
two parts connected by cross pieces and 
bolts1 as ,no4 #aab4  #aaj4 ,open box   
bedplate4  #aaa4 ,closed box bedplate4  
#aab4 ,double box bedplate with cross   

tie pieces4  ,square or rectangular     
bedplates are usually of similar        
sections1 stiffened with ribs           
underneath1 and generally cast in one   
piece4  #aac4 ,side frame and distance  
rod construction1 suitable for light    
machines4  #aad4 ,side frames and cross 
bars on a base plate4 ,this forms a more
 rigid construction than ,no4 #aac4     
#aae4 ,table and legs4  #aaf4           
,rectangular openwork box framing4      
,useful for machines with several cross 
shafts4  #aag4 ,hollow standard for     
hammers1 vertical engines1 and any      
machine raised above the floor4  #aah4  
,soleplate and standard for pedestal    
bracket1 c4 ,admits of being detached   
without disturbing the foundation4      
#aai4 ,wall box for shaft bearings1 c4  
#abj4 ,arched crosshead for double      
bearing1 bevil gear1 c4  #aba4          
,wrought-iron sideplate and distance rod
 construction4  #abb4 ,wall bracket1    
with wall flange1 or tongue1 to take the
 vertical strain4  #abc4 ,wrought-iron  

rectangular bedplate4  ,illustration3   
#ajc4-abc4  #abd4 ,base plate for       
column1 c41 with concrete foundation4   
,the bolts are usually ,t headed 7see   
,no4 #adjd71 in open recesses1 so as to 
be easily removed without disturbing the
 base plate4  #abe4 ,dovetail and key   
fixing for brackets1 bearings1 or any   
separate detail of framing4  #abf4      
,foundation for box bedplates4  #abg4   
,vertical columnar1 or distance rod     
construction1 used for marine engines1  
vertical engines1 presses1 c4  #abh4    
,plinth1 column1 entablature1 and cross 
bracing1 used for beam engines and      
machinery of a straggling kind with many
 detached parts4  #abi4 ,flat bar side  
framing1 strong1 light1 and cheap1 but  
not very rigid4  #acj4 ,wrought-iron ,l 
and flat bar rectangular frame1 suitable
 where great rigidity is not needed1 but
 where cast-iron is not safe or         
desirable4    ,wrought-iron is becoming 
much more largely employed for the      
framing of   general machinery than     

heretofore1 and it is customary in many 
cases   to supplement a cast iron base  
or frame with wrought iron or steel     
bars4   ,section #i4--;,,cam1 ,,tappet1 
,,and ,,wiper ,,gear4  ,for producing1  
from plain circular1 or reciprocating   
motion1 variable speed or motion1 also  
intermittent and every kind of irregular
 motion4 ,cams are either open or       
covered4 ,nos4 #aca1 #acb1 and #acc are 
open cams2 ,nos4 #acg and #ach1 covered 
cams4  #aca1 #acb1  #acc4 ,three forms  
of the 8heart0 cam1 for giving a regular
 or intermittent vertical motion to a   
lever end4  #acd4 ,crown cam for        
vertical shaft4  #ace  #acf4 ,jumping   
cams4  #acg4 ,covered heart cam4  #ach4 
,covered crown cam4  #aci4 ,wiper and   
lever motion4  #adj4 ,twisted bar with  
sliding bush1 which travels from end to 
end of the bar1 and being prevented from
 turning1 causes the bar to turn on its 
axis to the amount of its twist4  #ada4 
,crank pin and slotted lever2 gives a   
variable speed with quick return4       

,illustration3 #abd4-ada4  #adb4 ,spiral
 radius bar for opening valve4 ,the     
valve is lifted off its seat by the     
radial motion of the lever against the  
inclined radius bar4  #adc4 ,crank pin  
and slotted lever motion1 with slot     
arranged for irregular or intermittent  
motion4  #add4 ,eccentric and slotted   
arm4 ,the pin at the top of the arm has 
both a vertical and horizontal motion1  
causing it to trace an ellipse1 the pin 
upon which the slot runs being fixed4   
#ade4 ,wiper and lever motion1 with     
rubbing plate2 used for ,cornish valves1
 c4  #adf4 ,stamp mill4  #adg4 ,scroll  
cam4  #adh4 ,crank and lever1           
intermittent or continuous motion4      
#adi4 ,piston1 or valve rod and lever   
motion4  #aej4 ,similar movement1 but   
with anti-friction roller on end of     
lever4  #aea4 ,rod and lever            
reciprocating motion1 with anti-friction
 roller4  #aeb4 ,similar movement1 with 
a socket forged in the rod and the end  
of lever rounded to allow for angular   

motion4  #aec4 ,diagonal disc cam1 or   
8swash plate40  #aed4 ,motion for belt  
shifting with dead travel at half       
stroke4 ,this allows the lever to move a
 certain distance on each side of the   
centre without moving the belt shifting 
bar4  #aee  #aef4 ,sectors and bent     
lever1 used on ,cornish engine valve    
gear4  #aeg4 ,t lever valve motion1 used
 in rock drills1 some forms of steam    
engines1 c4  #aeh4 ,four-bolt camplate1 
used for screwing dies1 locks for       
fireproof safes1 c4  #aei4 ,slot1 cam1  
and lever motion4  #afj4 ,barrel motion 
for musical instruments1 looms1 c41 in  
which the barrel is provided with pins  
or staples to lift the respective       
levers4  ,illustration3 #adb4-afj4      
#afa4 ,drum with spiral vanes of long   
pitch1 operated by a revolving arm on a 
shaft at right angles to the cam shaft1 
used for intermittent circular motion4  
#afb4 ,volute and lever4  #afc4 ,double 
screw1 for converting circular into     
reciprocating motion2 has a right and   

left hand screw thread1 and a shuttle   
attached to the lever end shaped to fit 
the thread1 and capable of swivelling to
 turn the angle for reversing4  #afd4   
,eccentric ring and roller motion1 for  
converting circular into reciprocating  
motion4  #afe4 ,triangular cam4 ,gives  
three reciprocations to the sliding bar 
in one revolution of the cam4  #aff4    
,fan for giving motion to several rods  
or arms at one time1 used for organ     
composition pedal movement1 c4  #afg4   
,crossed lever motion with inclined     
contact surfaces1 the levers being at   
right angles to one another4   ,section 
#aj4--;,,crank ,,and ,,eccentric ,,gear4
  #afh4 ,bent crank of round section2   
retains the fibre and strength of the   
metal4  #afi4 ,square forged crank4 ,the
 crank arm is usually forged solid and  
the slot cut out by machine4  #agj4     
,built-up crank4 ,there are other       
methods of building them4 ,see          
,mechanical ,world1 ,december #ahhe4    
,see also ,no4 #ahb4  #aga4 ,single     

crank1 usually of wrought iron1 but     
often made with cast-iron arm4  #agb4   
,disc crank4 ,this form is generally    
adopted when cast iron is employed1 and 
the counterbalance weight cast upon it1 
to balance the connecting rod1 c4  #agc4
 ,counterbalanced single or double      
crank4  #agd  #age4 ,two forms of crank 
pin eccentrics2 sometimes used to drive 
the slide valve instead of the ordinary 
sheave and strap1 as ,no4 #ahc4  #agf4  
,crank pin set in a boss formed on the  
driving wheel4  #agg4 ,double rod crank4
  #agh1 #agi1  #aha4 ,hand cranks4      
,these should always be fitted with a   
loose ferrule of wood for the hand if   
possible1 as much power is lost by the  
slipping of the hand to change its grip 
as the crank revolves4  #ahj4 ,solid    
three-throw crank shaft1 turned out of a
 solid forging4  ,illustration3         
#afa4-aha4  #ahb4 ,built crank4 ,several
 modifications of this are in use for   
large marine shafts4  #ahc4 ,solid      
sheave eccentric4  #ahd  #ahe4 ,split   

sheave eccentrics4    ,large eccentrics 
cause great loss from friction1 unless  
provided   with friction rollers in the 
sheave2 but are sometimes used to avoid 
an additional crank in shaft4  #ahf4    
,eccentric motion for multiplying travel
 of eccentric by leverage4  #ahg4 ,crank
 motion to turn an angle instead of     
bevil gear and shaft1 the cranks being  
of the form of ,nos4 #agd or #age4      
#ahh4 ,shifting or variable throw       
eccentric4 ,the sheave is slotted to fit
 the shaft1 and its throw is governed by
 a disc having a spiral slot and locking
 bolt4  #ahi4 ,another form of shifting 
eccentric4 ,the sliding block is        
arranged to lock in any part of the slot
 in the sheave4  #aij4 ,another form of 
shifting eccentric1 in which the sheave 
is loose on an eccentric boss cast with 
the worm wheel1 and is revolved by the  
worm1 the bearings of which are fixed to
 the sheave4    ,see also ,nos4 #fjf1   
#gab1 #gbj1 #gbh1 #gbi4    ,see also    
,sections #dj and #gi4   ,section       

#aa4--;,,chains ,,and ,,links4    ,for  
,hooks1 ,swivels1 c41 see ,section #dc4 
#aia4 ,ordinary long or short link      
chain4 ,it is sometimes made to exact   
pitch to fit a snug or sprocket wheel4  
,see ,nos4 #abej  #abea4  #aib4 ,stud   
link chain4  #aic4 ,flat chain for use  
on flat rim double-flanged pulley4      
#aid4 ,square link pitched chain for    
sprocket wheel4  #aie4 ,stamped link    
pitched chain and special sprocket      
wheel4  #aif4 ,ordinary pitched link    
chain4 ,links drilled to templet4  #aig 
#aih4 ,pitched chains to drive wheels   
with ordinary and special teeth4  #aii4 
,another form of square link chain4     
#bjj4 ,stamped link chain1 for light    
purposes4  #bja  #bjb4 ,long link flat  
suspension chains4  #bjc4 ,gib and      
cotter attachment for long link flat    
suspension chains4  ,illustration3      
#ahb4-bjc4  #bjd  #bje4 ,drive chains4  
,see ,ewart's patent1 ,no4 #bgeb-gf1 and
 others4 ,these chains are replacing    
belts for many purposes1 as they give a 

positive drive1 do not stretch so much1 
and last longer1 besides which they are 
easily detached at any point1 and a     
damaged link can be readily replaced4   
#bjf  #bjg4 ,thrust chains1 with        
friction rollers at each junction1 used 
in hydraulic multiplying cylinder gear  
in some cases4  #bjh4 ,ewart and        
,dodge's patent chain1 with renewable   
seatings between the links4   ,section  
#ab4--;,,carriages ,,and ,,cars4  ,the  
design and details of these must always 
be suited to circumstances4 ,we only    
propose here to indicate the various    
types of under-framing and wheels in    
use1 and to give sketch sections of     
bodies or cars for different purposes4  
,,under-,,frames4  #bji4 ,two-wheel     
suspension car for single rail or wire  
rope1 used commonly on some kinds of    
cranes4 ,see ,section #ah4  #baj1 #baa1 
#bab1  #bac4 ,three-wheel cars4 ,see    
also the various types of tricycles in  
use4  #bad1 #bae1 #baf1  #bag4 ,various 
forms of four-wheel under-frames1 with  

and without swivelling bogies4    ,a car
 with four wheels arranged as ,no4 #bag1
 but with the leading and   trailing    
wheels slightly raised off the ground1  
is used as a goods car   or hand truck1 
and is very readily swivelled about1    
running1 of   course1 actually on three 
wheels only4  #bah4 ,five-wheel         
under-frame1 with and without swivelling
 bogies4  #bai  #bbc4 ,plans of         
six-wheel cars1 with swivelling gear for
 curves2 the centre pair having end     
play1 swivel the leading and trailing   
axles by means of the jointed stays4    
#bbj4 ,plan of four-wheel car1 with     
swivelling gear for curves4  #bba1 #bbb1
  #bbd4 ,six-wheel cars1 the latter with
 leading and trailing swivelling bogies4
  #bbe4 ,eight-wheel double-bogie       
under-frame4 ,this is the plan usually  
employed in long cars2 each bogie is    
free to swivel independently1 and is    
centrally loaded4  ,illustration3       
#bjd4-bbe4  #bbf4 ,ten-wheel            
double-bogie under frame1 the centre    

pair to have end play or broad flat     
tyres4  #bbg4 ,twelve wheels and three  
bogies4 ,the centre bogie must have end 
play1 either as in ,nos4 #bbb or #bbf1  
or with transverse rollers between the  
bogie and frame4    ,note that in ,nos4 
#bba1 #bbc1  #bbd the centre pairs1 if  
running on   rails1 must have either end
 play in the bearings or flat broad     
tyres4  #bbh4 ,open passenger car1      
either with transverse or longitudinal  
seats4  #bbi4 ,covered passenger car1   
with either longitudinal or transverse  
seats4  #bcj4 ,passenger car1 with      
outside and central longitudinal seats4 
#bca4 ,passenger car1 with upper and    
lower longitudinal seats4  #bcb4        
,passenger car1 as ,no4 #bca1 but with  
seats reversed4  #bcc4 ,passenger car1  
for one-rail railway4  #bcd4 ,passenger 
car1 similar to ,no4 #bcj1 but with     
seats reversed4  #bce4 ,american plan of
 passenger car1 with transverse seats   
and central gangway4  #bcf4 ,goods cars1
 low sided4  #bcg4 ,covered or box      

wagon4  #bch4 ,hopper wagon for         
discharging below4  #bci4 ,side         
discharge hopper wagon4  #bdj4 ,side tip
 7or end tip7 three-centre wagon4  #bda4
 ,tip cart4  #bdb4 ,tip wagon4          
,illustration3 #bbf4-bdb4  #bdc4        
,furniture wagon4  #bdd4 ,grafton's     
patent side tip wagon4  #bde4 ,long     
truck for boilers1 c4  #bdf4 ,incline   
car for passengers4  #bdg4 ,segmental   
swivelling bearings1 used instead of a  
swivelling bogie and centrepin4  #bdh4  
,hudson's patent tip wagons1 with three 
centres4  #bdi4 ,hopper wagon1 with     
central discharge4   ,section           
#ac4--;,,crushing1 ,,grinding1 ,,and    
,,disintegrating4  #bej4 ,stamp mill1   
generally arranged in a battery of #d or
 #f1 for gold and other ores4  #bea4    
,stone-breaker1 with chilled iron jaw   
faces and toggle or knapping motion4    
,see ,blake's1 ,h4 ,r4 ,marsden's1 and  
other modifications in common use4      
#beb4 ,double edge-runners4 ,sometimes  
driven below4 ,in some designs the      

rollers revolve1 and in others the pan  
revolves and the roller shaft is        
stationary4  #bec4 ,lucop's patent      
centrifugal pulveriser4  #bed4 ,carr's  
patent disintegrator4 ,in this machine1 
each ring of bars is driven at a high   
speed in opposite directions inside a   
casing1 the material being broken by the
 rapidity and intensity of the blows it 
receives4  #bee4 ,horizontal centrifugal
 roller mill4 ,the material is crushed  
between the rollers and the shrouding of
 the pan by the centrifugal force of the
 rollers1 which are suspended from a    
crosshead4  #bef4 ,cone roller mill1    
with vertical spindle4  #beg4 ,cone     
roller mill1 with horizontal spindle and
 conical pan4  ,illustration3 #bdc4-beg4
  #beh4 ,enclosed cone roller mill1 with
 horizontal spindle and spirally grooved
 roller and casing4  #bei4 ,toothed     
sector mill4  #bfj4 ,conical edge runner
 and pan4  #bfa4 ,ordinary flour mill4  
,the material is fed in the centre1     
passes between the stones1 and falls out

 into the outer casing4  #bfb4 ,rattle  
barrel1 for cleaning and burnishing     
articles by mutual attrition2 sand or   
emery is sometimes used to assist the   
process4  #bfc4 ,ball and pan mill1 for 
crushing ores1 c4 ,the balls are carried
 round by a cross arm fixed to the      
central spindle4  #bfd4 ,inclined ball  
and pan mill4  #bfe4 ,oscillating mill4 
#bff4 ,drum and roller revolving mill4  
#bfg4 ,cradle and roller mill4  #bfh4   
,cone disc mill2 the cones being        
inclined axially to one another1 the    
material is crushed at the lower side of
 the cones4  #bfi4 ,another form of     
stone breaker with toggle motion4  #bgj4
 ,horizontal cone plate mill4  #bga4    
,revolving stamp and pan mill for ores4 
#bgb4 ,vertical cone mill4  #bgc4       
,revolving pan and ball mill4  #bgd4    
,planishing discs for accurately        
rounding iron bars4 ,see the patent     
rolled shafting in use1 manufactured by 
the ,kirkstall ,forge ,co4 and others4  
#bge4 ,vertical cone grinding and       

crushing mill4 ,the vertical shaft has  
an eccentric motion at the footstep1    
giving a swaying rotatory motion to the 
grinding cone4  #bgf4 ,crushing rollers 
with spring bearing4   ,section         
#ad4--;,,centrifugal ,,force1           
,,applications ,,of4  #bgg4 ,centrifugal
 drill4 ,the cross bar ,a is alternately
 pressed down and allowed to rise1 the  
strings winding on the spindle          
alternately in opposite directions by   
the momentum of the fly-wheel4  a4      
,fly-wheel4 ,use3 to receive and store  
redundant motive power1 and give it off 
again when the motive power falls below 
the average4  b4 ,centrifugal hammer4   
,one or more hammers are loosely jointed
 to a revolving boss1 and strike rapid  
blows on an anvil fixed in the path of  
their circumference4 ,see ,no4 #aiae4   
c4 ,pulverising machines4 ,see ,nos4    
#bec1 #bed1 #bee4  d4 ,speed governors4 
,see ,section #da4  e4 ,cream skimmers  
have a pan revolving horizontally in    
which the new milk is poured4 ,the cream

 travels to the outer edge and runs over
 into a receiving trough4               
,illustration3 #beh4-bgb4  f4           
,centrifugal dryers4 ,manlove and       
,alliott's1 also ,robinson's continuous 
feed ditto1 are examples4  g4 ,some     
forms of turbine4 ,on the principle of  
,hero's ,eolipile1 ,no4 #afif4  h4      
,swings4 ,roundabouts4 ,various toys4   
,the ,gyroscope and tops constructed on 
its principle4  i4 ,juggling and other  
tricks performed with pivoted plates and
 other common articles4  j4 ,rattle     
barrel1 or revolving drum1 for polishing
 small castings1 c41 by centrifugal     
motion and mutual friction1 similar to  
,no4 #bfb4  k4 ,various machines for    
grading wheat1 grain1 and seeds4 ,see   
,no4 #dge4  l4 ,centrifugal filter for  
sugar2 a modification of the centrifugal
 drying machine4  m4 ,centrifugal pumps 
are forms of fans or turbines 7see      
,section #ij72 ,gwynne's1 ,schiele's1   
,andrews'1 and others are examples4     
,section #ae4--;,,clutches4  #bgh4      

,common jaw clutch sliding on a feather 
key1 the loose half being cast on the   
boss of a wheel4  #bgi4 ,two forms of   
jaws for ditto4  #bhj4 ,cone clutch4    
,screw gear should be used to operate   
this1 as it is liable to 8seize10 and   
there is considerable end pressure on   
the shaft to be allowed for4  #bha4     
,face 7friction clutch7 with ,v grooves4
 ,see remarks to ,no4 #bhj4  #bhb4      
,friction clutch with three or more     
segments4 ,see also ,nos4 #ch and #ei4  
#bhc4 ,pin and hole clutch4 ,the pin and
 holes can of course be made parallel to
 the shaft instead of radial4  #bhd4    
,cam clutch1 used for dexter treadles1  
also for reciprocating motions driving  
one way and running loose the opposite  
way4 ,see also ,section #fb1 ,nos4      
#aace1 #aagh1 c4  #bhe4 ,crank pin and  
arm driver4  #bhf4 ,pickering's         
self-sustaining clutch for hoists4 ,the 
box ,a only is keyed to the shaft1 and  
drives the chain wheel and sleeve ,b by 
jamming it with the flange of the       

ratchet-wheel sleeve ,c by the sliding  
action of the toothed faces formed at ,d
 on the disc and flange of the sleeve   
,b1 these teeth being of the ratchet    
form4    ,several other forms of this   
clutch are in use4 ,edwards'1 ,stevens  
and   ,major's1 and others may be       
consulted4  #bhg4 ,disc friction clutch1
 with intermediate leather discs and    
screw clamping appliance1 only the      
central disc is keyed to the shaft1 the 
others run loose4 ,mather and ,platt's  
and ,addyman's patent friction clutches 
are examples4    ,numerous forms of     
friction clutches are in use1           
modifications chiefly   of ,nos4 #ch1   
#ei1 and #bhb4 ,see also ,section #e4   
,illustration3 #bgc4-bhg4   ,section    
#af4--;,,couplings ,,for ,,shafting4    
#bhh4 ,ordinary flanged coupling1       
usually made so that the end of the     
shaft forms a spigot joint with the     
opposite half of clutch4  #bhi1 #bij1   
#bia4 ,sleeve couplings4 ,see also ,no4 
#adcj and ,section #eg4 ,butler's patent

 frictional coupling1 ,kirkstall ,forge 
,co41 ,leeds1 ,seller's double-cone vice
 coupling1 and others1 are sleeve       
couplings4    #bib4 ,angle coupling on  
,dr4 ,hooke's principle4  ,see also     
,nos4 #cc1   #bic4 ,flexible angle      
coupling for light work4   #cd1 and     
#gcb4  #bid4 ,flanged coupling1 with    
cross feather or key4 ,this plan gives  
great torsional strength1 especially if 
the coupling flanges are forged solid   
with the shafts4   ,section             
#ag4--;,,connecting ,,rods ,,and        
,,links4  #bie4 ,turned and finished    
link without any adjustments2 ends may  
be solid1 or forked as ,no4 #big4  #bif4
 ,flat link of similar description1 with
 raised bosses for facing and wear4     
#big4 ,adjustable link1 with right and  
left hand screw coupling4 ,lock nuts may
 be added to prevent the coupling       
working back4  #bih4 ,strap link1 fitted
 with brasses1 gibs and cotters1 and    
distance bar4 ,in this link the wear of 
brasses is all taken up one way by the  

gib and cotter2 therefore1 if great     
accuracy in the distance apart of       
centres is necessary1 gibs and cutters  
should be fitted at both sides of one   
pair of brasses1 or ,no4 #bii adopted4  
#bii4 ,turned link with adjustable end  
brasses4 ,the forked end should be used 
where there is the greatest amount of   
wear4  #cjj4 ,wood connecting- or       
pump-rod with wrought-iron strap ends1  
fitted with brasses1 gibs1 and cotters4 
,much used on mining pumps4    ,the     
shafts or rods are sometimes of cast    
iron of cross or ,t section1   but are  
usually of a circular or flat section   
and swelled in the   middle1 similar to 
,no4 #bii4 ,see ,struts and ,ties1      
,section #ajb4  #cja4 ,the most usual   
form of shifting link for link-reversing
 gear1 generally got up bright all over4
  ,illustration3 #bhh4-cja4  #cjb4      
,similar link1 but having the point of  
suspension on a side pin1 fixed by      
screws to the link1 and raised from it  
sufficiently to allow the sliding block 

and pin to pass under it4  #cjc4        
,reversed curve link4  #cjd4 ,solid bar 
link1 sometimes adopted for cheapness   
and simplicity1 the valve rod and       
eccentric rods having of course forked  
ends4  #cje4 ,double bar link4 ,this is 
also a simple and cheap construction2   
the bars are plain1 the rod ends single1
 and the block turned large enough to   
have a recess on each side to fit the   
links4  #cjf4 ,strap head connecting rod
 end1 with square brasses1 double gibs  
and cotter4  #cjg4 ,strap head          
connecting rod end1 but with rounded end
 and set screw fastening for cotter4    
#cjh4 ,similar to the last1 but with    
screw cotter adjusting device for the   
brasses4  #cji4 ,solid end rod4 ,the    
brasses take out sideways4  #caj4       
,forked end rod4  #caa4 ,strap end for  
heavy rods1 having cotter for tightening
 the strap to the ,v's in the rod end4  
,the oil cup is often forged and turned 
solid on the strap1 as shown4  #cab4    
,rod end with side strap4 ,the brasses  

take out transversely by taking off the 
side strap4  #cac4 ,solid end and double
 set screw fastening for cotter4  #cad  
#cae4 ,solid ends for small rods4 ,the  
brasses are usually secured by a set    
screw4  #caf4 ,solid end1 split with    
screw bolt tightening device2 may be    
hinged as shown by dotted line4         
,illustration3 #cjb4-caf4  #cag4        
,covered solid end for crank pins1 with 
screw adjustments for brasses4  #cah4   
,common forked rod end1 with cap4  #cai4
 ,hook bolt attachment for gudgeon2     
sometimes useful where there is thrust  
only on the gudgeon4  #cbj4 ,double     
connecting rod1 in which the rods form  
also distance rods and bolts for the    
heads1 which are in halves and fitted   
with brasses of the ordinary type4      
#cba4 ,marine type of rod end1 having   
solid end1 square brasses and cap4      
#cbb4 ,marine head1 in which the brasses
 are extended to form the central block 
in halves1 the rod end being of ,t shape
 and bolted through the brasses and cap4

  #cbc  #cbd4 ,plain links4    ,there   
are innumerable varieties of the        
illustrated types of heads in   use1    
every engineer having his own design4   
,section #ah4--;,,cranes1 ,,types ,,of4 
,our object here is to indicate or      
suggest general design or arrangement   
only1 from which a selection can be made
 to suit requirements4  #cbe4 ,is the   
common type of wharf crane with fixed   
post1 the base plate being well bolted  
down to a solid mass of masonry4  #cbf4 
,is also a common type of wharf crane1  
but with the post revolving in a        
footstep and base plate2 this gives a   
better base than ,no4 #cbe4  #cbg4 ,has 
no post1 but a revolving frame and base 
plate with front and back friction      
rollers1 and a centre pin4  #cbh4 ,post 
and jib in one piece1 usually of wrought
 iron4 ,a balance weight is fixed at ,a 
to balance the overhanging jib4  #cbi4  
,swing derrick crane1 generally of wood4
 ,the jib turns three-fourths of a      
circle1 and the two guys are fixed at an

 angle of #ij apart1 and well secured by
 anchoring or loading1 often made with  
very long jib for builder's work4  #ccj4
 ,wharf crane1 with centre tension bolt 
instead of crane post4 ,in this         
arrangement there is a vertical tension 
on the centre bolt and thrust on the    
foot of jib4  ,illustration3 #cag4-ccj4 
#cca4 ,warehouse wall crane4  #ccb4     
,warehouse wall crane1 with high        
jib-head4  #ccc4 ,whip crane1 chiefly   
used in goods sheds4 ,the barrel is     
sometimes worked by an endless handrope 
as shown1 and sometimes by a second rope
 and drum with a hand crank as ,no4     
#abji4  #ccd4 ,portable hand crane1 with
 balance weight4 ,the balance weight can
 be shifted in or out to balance the    
load4  #cce4 ,foundry crane1 sometimes  
with travelling carriage on the jib1 as 
,no4 #ccf4  #ccf4 ,swing bracket crane  
and traveller1 usually formed of flat   
bars on edge2 used only for light loads1
 for smiths' shops1 c4  #ccg4 ,wharf    
derrick1 to turn an entire circle1      

similar to ,no4 #cbi1 but employed for  
heavy loads4  #cch4 ,floating derrick4  
#cci4 ,light balance crane4  #cdj4      
,trussed jib crane1 with centre tension 
bolt4  #cda4 ,simple derrick and winch1 
with two guy ropes2 for temporary       
purposes only1 and may be easily shifted
 about4  #cdb4 ,sheers and winch4  #cdc4
 ,tripod and winch4  #cdd4 ,sheers with 
screw adjustment to back leg4 ,this     
design is adopted for very heavy lifts1 
such as loading heavy machinery1        
shipping masts1 boilers1 c4             
,illustration3 #cca4-cdd4  #cde4        
,four-guy derrick and winch1 used for   
fixing columns1 bases1 masonry1 c4      
#cdf4 ,fixed post steam crane1 for      
wharfs1 piers1 jetties1 harbour works1  
c4  #cdg4 ,portable steam crane1 very   
largely used on wharfs1 piers1 c41 and  
sometimes fitted with travelling gear in
 addition to hoisting and slewing       
motions4  #cdh4 ,wharf crane1 with fixed
 engine1 centre bolt1 and trussed arched
 jib4 ,this is a very good type1 as the 

ground is kept clear for goods1 c41 and 
of course all motions1 hoisting1        
lowering1 and slewing are controlled    
from the crane above ground by hand     
levers4  #cdi4 ,hydraulic wharf crane1  
with fixed post4 ,the common type       
universally used in docks1 c41 with the 
ordinary form of multiplying hydraulic  
cylinder and chain gear2 the valve for  
controlling its movements is operated by
 hand levers extending up through slots 
in the floor2 the slewing is performed  
by a separate cylinder and chain gear1  
with a distinct controlling lever4 ,see 
,sections #db and #hc4  #cej4 ,hydraulic
 short lift ram1 centre crane1 and      
traveller1 employed chiefly to raise the
 ingots out of the casting pits of      
,bessemer steel works4 ,the ram is of   
course subject to severe cross strains1 
and many designs provide an overhead    
guide or support for the ramhead4  #cea4
 ,automatic balance crane1 portable or  
fixed2 the position of the fulcrum      
varies with the load4  #ceb4 ,steam     

multiplying cylinder crane1 in which the
 ram is forced out by steam pressure1   
acting either directly or by an         
intervening body of water4  #cec4       
,breakwater swing crane4  ,illustration3
 #cde4-cec4  #ced4 ,overhanging         
travelling crane1 for use on            
breakwaters1 c4  #cee4 ,overhead        
hydraulic travelling goliath1 to span a 
railway2 has slewing motion and a       
balanced jib4  #cef4 ,single rail crane 
with top guide rail4  #ceg4 ,overhead   
traveller on gantry4  #ceh4 ,goliath4   
#cei4 ,steam overhead crane1 with       
carriage to span a railway4 ,largely    
used on dock wharves1 c41 as they give a
 high lift and do not encumber or       
encroach on valuable quay space4  #cfj4 
,hydraulic cylinder post crane2         
sometimes adopted instead of the type   
,no4 #cdi4  #cfa4 ,heavy hydraulic      
crane1 with suspended cylinder2 employed
 for work of the very heaviest class4   
#cfb4 ,ship's ,davit4  #cfc4 ,balanced  
jib post crane1 no tie rod4 ,the weight 

must be sufficiently heavy to balance   
the jib and load4  #cfd4 ,hydraulic     
strut jib crane4 ,the load is raised by 
raising the jib4  #cfe4 ,overside dock  
crane1 for discharging from ships into  
barges4 ,the overhang being very great  
in this design1 it must be provided with
 a heavy frame or balance weight4  #cff4
 ,wagon tip crane1 for loading vessels4 
#cfg4 ,double sheave #d to #a purchase  
for crane jib4 ,see also ,section #fi4  
,section #ai4--;,,conveying ,,messages4 
,messages can be conveyed by--    #a4   
,speaking tube2 for distances up to say 
#cjj feet1  to #a bore   tubes4    #b4  
,telephone2 any distance4    #c4        
,telegraph2 any distance4    #d4 ,by    
signals--7a7 ,wire or cord and bell2 7b7
 sight signals1 such as   the semaphore1
 lamps1 heliograph1 flags1 and other    
devices2 7c7 by   sound1 such as a bell1
 trumpet1 siren1 whistle1 c4 ,see       
,section #aje4    #e4 ,by pneumatic     
despatch3 that is1 by forcing a piston  
carriage   containing the message or    

small parcel through a tube by          
compressed   air4    #f4 ,carrier       
pigeons4  #cfh4 ,signalling dials and   
bevel gearing4  ,illustration3          
#ced4-cfe4   ,section                   
#bj4--;,,compensating ,,and ,,balance   
,,weights4    ,it is of the utmost      
importance that every revolving or      
reciprocating   part of any machine     
should be as nearly as possible         
balanced1 to   obtain smooth running    
with the least amount of wear4  ,the    
following are types of the most         
important devices and their             
applications3--  #cfi4 ,balanced lever1 
having a sliding cheese or ball weight  
fixed with a set screw4  #cgj4 ,balanced
 cage of hoist4 ,it is usual to         
over-balance the cage to divide the work
 between the up and down journeys in    
hand-power lifts to assist the load2 but
 in power and hydraulic lifts the cage  
is under-balanced so as to descend when 
empty4  #cga4 ,hydraulic balance lift1  
in which the dead or constant load of   

cage and ram are nearly balanced by a   
loaded piston in a supplementary        
cylinder2 to raise the loaded cage the  
pressure water is admitted to the upper 
side of this piston4 ,many varieties of 
this type are in use2 see ,ellington's1 
,johnson's1 ,stevens and ,major's1      
,waygood's1 and other patent lifts4     
#cgb4 ,variable volute compensating     
balance for revolving shutters1 blinds1 
curtains1 c41 to maintain an even       
balance in all positions1 ,the weight   
chain is as thick as the coiling shutter
 on blind1 so that the acting radii of  
the shutter and weight are always       
proportional4  #cgc4 ,variable          
compensating balance for hydraulic lift 
rams1 to compensate for loss of         
immersion of the ram as it ascends      
7,berly's patent74 ,see also ,stevens   
,major's patent1 where bell-crank levers
 and weights are employed instead of    
loaded chains4 ,see ,no4 #chc4  #cgd4   
,balanced fly-wheel4 ,for balanced      
cranks1 see ,nos4 #agb  #agc4  #cge4    

,increasing balance by sections1 lifted 
at intervals as the chain rises4  #cgf4 
,balanced riveting machine4 ,see        
,tweddell's patents4  #cgg4 ,variable   
lever balance4 ,for balanced cranes1 see
 ,section #ah4  #cgh4 ,in deep lifts1 to
 balance the weight of chain or rope1 it
 is made endless4  #cgi4 ,another       
method4 ,the loose chain hung from cage 
is of the same weight per foot as the   
lifting chain4  #chj4 ,balance weight on
 a screw arm for adjustment1 employed on
 weighing machines4  ,illustration3     
#cff4-chj4  #cha  #chb4 ,worthington's  
compensating air cylinders1 employed on 
direct-acting horizontal pumps1 working 
expansively1 in lieu of fly-wheel4 ,the 
oscillating or vertical cylinders are   
air or spring pistons1 absorbing power  
the first part of stroke and giving it  
out during the latter part4  #chc4      
,variable balance weight by bent lever4 
#chd4 ,variable balance weight by double
 links and sliding joints4  #che4       
,dawson's compensating governor4 ,see   

,mechanical ,world1 ,august #beth1      
#ahhh4  #chf4 ,balanced doors1 hinged   
vertically4  #chg4 ,balanced sashes1 or 
vertical sliding doors4  #chh4 ,method  
of balancing a bloom in charging or     
withdrawing from a furnace1 or any      
similar use4  #chi4 ,balance for link   
motion4  #cij4 ,weight to keep a cord or
 rope in tension4  #cia4 ,mode of       
balancing two sliding doors so that they
 rise and fall at proportionate speeds4 
,hoisting and winding engines 7see ,nos4
 #abbb1 #abbc7 are balanced by   having 
an ascending and descending cage1 and   
two ropes1 one winding on   as the other
 winds off the drums4    ,double cage   
hoists similarly balance themselves4    
,heavy slide valves1   and other        
reciprocating parts of steam engines1   
are balanced by small   steam pistons4  
,see ,nos4 #afea-afed4    ,foot         
treadles1 when required to always stop  
at a point off the dead   centre1 have a
 balance weight fixed to fly-wheel1 at  
right angles to   the dead centre4    ,a

 water tank is often used to serve as a 
counterpoise1 or balance1 and   may be  
made variable by varying the quantity of
 water by a siphon or   other device4   
,for ,balanced ,valves1 see ,section    
#hi4   ,section #ba4--;,,circular ,,and 
,,reciprocating ,,motion4  #cib4 ,the   
ordinary type of piston-rod and crank   
motion as universally used4  #cic4      
,watt's substitute for the above1 or    
8sun-and-planet0 gear4 ,note that the   
crank shaft revolves twice for each     
double stroke or revolution of the      
engine4 ,the crank being a loose link   
only1 the planet wheel does not revolve4
  #cid4 ,epicycloidal parallel motion   
and crank4 ,the pinion is one-half the  
diameter of the wheel on pitch line1 and
 the connecting pin is fixed on the     
pitch line of pinion4  #cie4 ,bernay's  
patent crank motion2 radius of crank    
stroke  #be4  ,illustration3 #cha4-cie4 
#cif4 ,slot and crank motion4 ,the pin  
usually runs in a sliding block4  #cig4 
,segment pinion and double rack motion4 

#cih4 ,rack and pinion4 ,the pinion is  
sometimes made so as to be driven on one
 stroke and run loose on the other1 by a
 clutch or ratchet motion1 such as ,nos4
 #aace1 #aagh1 or their equivalents4    
,see ,section #fb4  #cii4 ,hydraulic    
multiplying gear4 ,see also ,section    
#db4  #djj4 ,slotted crosshead and disc 
crank4 ,the pin runs in a sliding block 
in a groove in the covered crosshead4   
#dja4 ,stannah's patent1 works          
vertically2 the fly-wheel centre ,a     
oscillates on the end of a link ,b1     
allowing the crank pin to run in a      
straight line4  #djb4 ,screw and fly    
nut4 ,may be made to produce continuous 
rotary motion by fitting the nut with a 
clutch motion similar to #aace or #aagh1
 so as to grip the wheel only on one    
stroke4  #djc4 ,friction gear2 the      
pinion is driven by the reciprocating   
rod and runs loose on the out stroke1   
the weighted lever with roller giving   
frictional grip on the in stroke4  #djd4
 ,lever and roller crank pin4  #dje4    

,treadle motion1 with cord and spring4  
,for continuous rotary motion the pinion
 must be fitted as described with ,no4  
#djb4  #djf4 ,ball and socket crank     
motion4 ,the crank pin is always        
horizontal4  #djg4 ,segment lever1 with 
cord and pulley4  #djh4 ,double geared  
cranks1 used for driving rotary blowers1
 c4  #dji4 ,j4 ,warwick's patent2       
circular motion converted into          
reciprocating by a diagonal sheave      
grooved as shown2 the crank arm centre  
is in line with the centre of the       
sheave1 as shown in dotted lines4  #daj4
 ,rolling sectors1 with thrust motion to
 crank pin4 ,used in ,outridge's box    
engine with double pistons2 this gives a
 constant rectilinear thrust to the     
crank pin at all points in the stroke1  
and no part is in tension4              
,illustration3 #cif4-daj4  #daa4 ,weight
 and multiplying pulleys1 used for clock
 motions1 driving any light machines1 c4
  #dab4 ,oscillating clutch arm and     
ring1 silent feed motion4  #dac4 ,slot  

and roller motion for crank4 ,the crank 
pin has a friction roller1 which runs in
 a covered slot in the crosshead4  #dad4
 ,trammel gear2 one revolution of the   
wheel to two double strokes of piston4  
#dae4 ,segmental vanes 7in a            
semicircular case71 driven by a disc    
crank and pin1 running on the upper     
centre1 giving motion by links to two   
arms fixed to the two vanes1 which have 
independent motion4 ,used as a pumping  
or blowing machine4  #daf4 ,circular    
into reciprocating motion by revolving  
arm ,a carrying the two pinions1 the    
point at end of arm ,b describes a      
vertical line four times the length of  
arm ,b1 the large wheel ,c is fixed1 and
 motion is given to the arm ,b4 ,may be 
used as a piston rod and crank motion4  
#dag4 ,trammel gear2 the slotted cross  
moves in a right line4  #dah4 ,slot link
 and treadle1 driving the pinion on both
 strokes by friction on the inside of   
link alternately at the upper and under 
sides4  #dai4 ,chain and roller treadle 

motion4  #dbj4 ,reciprocating wheel and 
crank motion4  #dba4 ,velocipede pattern
 foot treadle4  #dbb4 ,double           
crossheads1 separated by distance rods  
so arranged as to allow the crank and   
connecting rod to work between them4    
,see ,no4 #fha4  #dbc4 ,mangle rack and 
pinion reciprocating gear4 ,the rack    
moves in a right line1 the pinion       
working round it by moving up and down  
the slot at each end of the travel of   
the rack4  #dbd4 ,mode of connecting an 
oscillating lever by a sliding joint to 
any reciprocating part1 such as a steam 
hammer head1 engine crosshead1 c4 ,see  
,nos4 #hic1 #hid4  #dbe4 ,suspended     
treadle motion4  #dbf4 ,eccentric and   
sliding bush motion for a double piston 
engine4  #dbg4 ,rocking lever motion by 
gearing and a tied crank pin4 ,the upper
 pinion drives the crank disc on the    
middle centre at each revolution1 of    
which the lever with the gearing        
attached oscillates from side to side as
 shown4  ,illustration3 #daa4-dbg4      

#dbh4 ,crank pin and slotted lever for  
giving a variable speed to the          
connecting rod4 ,see ,no4 #aaie4  #dbi4 
,side gudgeon crank motion4  #dcj4 ,bell
 crank and disc crank motion1 the bell  
crank centre having horizontal as well  
as vertical movement4  #dca4 ,worm wheel
 and screw reciprocating motion by means
 of a tied crank pin4 ,useful for slow  
speeds4  #dcb4 ,treadle1 cord and pulley
 crank motion4  #dcc4 ,circular into    
reciprocating motion1 or vice vers4     
#dcd4 ,another form of sun-and-planet   
gear4 ,the ring is stationary1 and the  
bush on which the planet wheel revolves 
is slotted to fit the ring2 the planet  
wheel is fixed to the connecting rod    
end4  #dce4 ,bent shaft and arm motion4 
#dcf4 ,reciprocating motion by a return 
thread screw and lever4    ,see also    
,sections #fb1 #ca1 and #gd4   ,section 
#bb4--;,,concentrated ,,power4          
,multiplication of power by great       
reduction of speed is accomplished by   
the following devices1 and various      

obvious modifications of them4 ,ordinary
 methods comprise--,gearing 7see        
,section #hd71 the screw or compound    
screws 7see ,section #gh71 and the wedge
 and lever 7see ,section #ec74 ,by      
differential screws1 ,nos4 #acgi1 #achj4
  #dcg4 ,compound lever4  #dch4 ,double 
toothed-cam and lever combination4      
#dci4 ,double lever and link motion1    
with increasing pressure4 ,the strains  
are self-contained1 and this plan is    
very suitable where an increasing       
pressure is required4  #ddj4 ,lever and 
toggle motion 7see ,section #fc74 ,many 
variations are in use for stone         
breakers1 c4 ,see ,section #ac4         
,knapping toggle motion4 ,see ,nos4     
#bfi1 #bea4   ,section                  
#bc4--;,,conveying ,,motion ,,to        
,,movable ,,parts ,,of ,,machinery4     
,motion may be conveyed to such parts of
 a machine as require to be movable1 or 
to distinct machinery which has no fixed
 location1 by the following means3--    
#dda4 ,is an endless rope or other round

 section belt1 kept tight in any        
position in the plane of the driving    
pulley by a weighted pulley4 ,in this   
plan the machine can be moved to any    
position in the plane of the driving    
pulley1 the weighted pulley taking up   
the slack of the belt4  #ddb4 ,flexible 
shaft for light driving4 ,it admits of  
considerable flexure1 and is useful for 
drilling and similar incidental driving 
purposes in difficult positions4  #ddc4 
,radiating arm and belt4 ,the movable   
machine can be driven at any point in   
circumference of the circle described by
 the arm head4  #ddd4 ,similar plan1 but
 driven by bevil gear instead of belt4  
#dde4 ,bevil gear and feather shaft4    
,the movable machine having a travel in 
a straight line the length of the shaft 
as well as a radiating motion4          
,illustration3 #dbh4-dde4  #ddf4 ,screw 
and worm wheel gear1 for the same       
purpose as #dde4  #ddg4 ,the driven     
wheel ,a has a limited travel up and    
down the slot1 the idle wheel ,b being  

kept in gear by the link suspension4    
#ddh4 ,idle wheel and slot4 ,a common   
device for changing direction or speed  
in driving gear by connecting or        
disconnecting it with intermediate      
gearing between a fixed driving and a   
driven shaft4  #ddi4 ,parallel motion   
radiating driving device1 with a limited
 vertical travel and a radial motion4   
#dej4 ,motion by belt is conveyed to a  
driven shaft having a radial motion in a
 vertical plane4 ,used for light        
drilling1 emery wheels1 c4  #dea4 ,steam
 or hydraulic radiating arm and cylinder
 device4  #deb4 ,central cylinder and   
radiating lever motion4  #dec4 ,jointed 
radiating arms1 with belt gear for      
conveying motion from a central spindle 
to one having a travel covering any     
point within a circle of the extreme    
radius of the jointed arms4    ,see also
 ,nos4 #cdh1 #cdi4    ,endless rubber or
 wire coil belts are used to give motion
 to machines   having some amount of    
freedom of movement as regards the fixed

   position of the driving pulley4      
,section #bd4--;,,cutting ,,tools4      
,besides the ordinary cutting tools in  
use in the workshop1 such as the chisel1
 gouge1 plane1 saw1 drawknife1 scissors1
 shears1 scythe1 and others1 and which  
do not properly belong to machine       
devices1 there are others1 some of them 
mere modifications of the ordinary tools
 that are sometimes needed in the design
 of machines1 and are illustrated here4 
,other appliances are--,shears3 see the 
ordinary shearing machines1 bookbinder's
 shears1 ,no4 #dfb1 and other           
modifications4 ,in some the shears are  
hinged at one end1 in others the movable
 blade moves either with equal or       
unequal motion at either end by cam or  
crank motion 7see #dfb47  #ded4 ,pipe   
cutter1 with ,v-edged cutting roller4   
,sometimes #c cutting rollers are used4 
,see ,no4 #dff4  #dee4 ,cutting discs1  
used for paper1 sheet metal1 c4  #def4  
,slitting discs1 for cutting sheets into
 strips4  #deg4 ,revolving cutter head1 

for moulding1 tenoning1 and numerous    
wood working uses4  #deh4 ,hollow       
revolving cutter head1 for rounding wood
 rods1 broom handles1 c4 ,see also ,no4 
#dhh4  #dei4 ,reaping machine cutters4  
,a series of scissor-shaped knives1 one 
set fixed and the other reciprocating4  
#dfj4 ,wire cutter discs1 one fixed1 the
 other attached to the hand lever1 and  
having corresponding holes of various   
sizes in both discs4  #dfa4 ,chaff      
machine1 with revolving shear blades4   
#dfb4 ,guillotine shears4  #dfc4        
,milling cutters4  #dfd4 ,tubular       
machine cutter for wood working2 easily 
sharpened1 and can be revolved to       
present fresh cutting edges to the work4
  ,illustration3 #ddf4-dfd4  #dfe4 ,fret
 saw or jigger4  #dff4 ,three-cutter    
tube shears1 with worm gear motion4     
,section #be4--;,,condensing ,,and      
,,cooling ,,appliances4  ,their uses    
generally are to condense steam1 to cool
 heated gases1 air1 or articles of food 
requiring a low temperature2 distilling1

 and other purposes4 ,for cooling       
purposes1 compressed air machines are in
 most demand4 ,the air is compressed in 
a cylinder1 then cooled to ordinary     
temperature again in a surface          
condenser1 such as ,no4 #dfh1 and then  
expanded into the cooling chamber1      
through a cylinder and piston1 the      
expansion reducing its temperature      
usually to #aj or #bj below zero4 ,other
 cooling appliances are ammonia         
machines1 fans1 and blowers of all      
kinds1 punkahs1 or waving fans1 freezing
 mixtures1 c4  #dfg4 ,gravity condenser4
 ,the pipe should be #cd feet high or   
more1 in which case no air pump is      
required1 as the condensed steam and air
 are discharged below4 ,in place of the 
pipe an air pump and foot valve are     
required1 and are commonly used1 as it  
is seldom convenient to have a vertical 
pipe #cd feet long with a water supply  
at the top4  #dfh4 ,surface condenser1  
multitubular4 ,the steam may be led into
 the tubes1 and the water around them1  

or vice vers4  #dfi4 ,worm1 or coil     
condenser1 chiefly used for distilling4 
#dgj4 ,still condenser for essences1    
spirits1 c4  #dga4 ,condensing chambers 
for gases1 c4 ,horizontal or vertical4  
#dgb4 ,wimshurst's condenser1 requires  
no air pump4 ,the exhaust comes down the
 vertical pipe1 meeting the injection   
water from the side nozzle1 causing     
sudden condensation and vacuum4 ,the    
condensed water1 c41 are blown out      
through the foot valves at each stroke4 
#dgc4 ,another form of ejector condenser
 in which the steam and water form a    
vacuum in the nozzle1 and the water1 c41
 are discharged through a foot valve    
7not shown74  #dgd4 ,tray cooler1 or    
condenser2 a series of water trays      
supplied from a tank above4    ,see     
,morton's ejector condenser1 which      
requires no air pump2 ,hayward's        
exhaust condenser1 which employs the    
water in suction pipe of a   pumping    
engine to condense the steam4 ,see      
,messrs4 ,tangye's list4 ,water   tube  

cooling coils are used for tuyeres and  
other hot surfaces4    ,air-compressing 
and gas engine cylinders are water      
jacketed to carry   off the heat of the 
compressed air or gas4 ,cooling by      
exposing a large   surface to air is    
sometimes employed for exhaust steam on 
tram car   engines c41 the apparatus    
consisting generally of numerous        
wrought-iron tubes or coils4   ,section 
#bf4--;,,concentrating ,,and            
,,separating4  ,sifting1 riddling1 and  
screening are treated of under ,section 
#gb4 ,for concentrating ores many       
methods are in use1 of which the water  
processes are the most important4  #dge4
 ,circular revolving concentrating      
table4 ,the lightest particles are      
discharged over the edge1 and the       
heaviest remain in the centre4    ,the  
ordinary magneting machine1 for         
separating particles of iron or   steel 
from mixed borings1 c41 consists of a   
series of magnets drawn   through the   
material1 and then through fixed        

brushes1 which brush off   the iron     
particles adhering to the magnets4      
,illustration3 #dfe4-dgi4  #dgf4        
,separating dust from grain1 c41 by a   
current of air driven through the stream
 of material as it falls from hopper to 
hopper4 ,see also ,nos4 #abfh1 #abgj4   
#dgg4 ,ore concentrator2 consists of an 
endless rubber belt with flanges 7see   
,no4 #ajhb71 having a slow longitudinal 
motion1 and a rapid shaking motion1     
either sideways1 as in the 8,frue       
,vanner10 or endwise1 as in the         
8,embrey0 concentrator2 a stream of     
water runs over the ore1 the heavy      
particles settle on the belt1 and the   
mud is washed off4  #dgh4 ,jig for      
separating ores by motion of a piston in
 water1 the heavy parts settle to the   
bottom and the light parts are removed  
at the top4    ,filtration through      
various substances--as sand1 charcoal1  
calcined   ores1 c41 is employed to     
separate suspended matter from liquids4 
,separation by subsidence in a tank1    

similar to ,no4 #aega1 is employed   for
 lime1 c4    ,chemical deposition and   
evaporation are necessary in many cases4
   ,section #bg4--;,,chopping1          
,,slicing1 ,,and ,,mincing4  #dgi4 ,has 
a disc cutter with radial knives and    
slots2 used for roots1 c4  #dhj4 ,disc  
cutter1 with small knives wedged in     
separate holes1 through which the       
cuttings escape in shreds4  #dha4       
,revolving cutter rollers4  #dhb4 ,hand 
mincing compound knife4  #dhc4 ,spiral  
tapered revolving cutter1 in a conical  
case1 having projecting knives on its   
interior4 ,the type of the common       
mincing machine4  #dhd4 ,two or more    
rectangular cutters1 with vertical      
reciprocating motion in a revolving pan 
for mincing4  #dhe4 ,single roller      
revolving cutter machine4  #dhf4        
,revolving spiral cutters1 as used in   
the common lawn mower1 in conjunction   
with a fixed straight knife or shear    
blade4  #dhg4 ,apple slicer and corer   
7cutter for74 ,the apple is passed down 

through the cutter and divided into     
sectors and central cylindrical core4   
,see also ,section #bd4   ,section      
#bh4--;,,chucks1 ,,grips1 ,,and         
,,holders4  ,common devices for gripping
 articles comprise the ordinary vice1   
tongs1 pincers1 pliers1 joiners'        
handscrew1 cramp bench screw1 parallel  
vice1 instantaneous grip vice1 c4  #dhh4
 ,hollow chuck1 with radial knives1 for 
rounding wood rods4 ,see also ,no4 #deh4
  #dhi4 ,barber's patent grip for shanks
 of drills1 brace bits1 c41 having      
square taper shanks4  #dij4 ,collar grip
 and bolt1 or set screw4  #dia4 ,cone   
and screw lever grip1 with two or more  
jaws2 with two jaws only it serves as a 
small vice4  #dib4 ,taper grip for      
vices4  #dic4 ,tool box1 for lathes1    
planing machines1 c41 with central      
revolving tool post and set screw4      
,illustration3 #dhj4-dif4  #did4 ,tool  
box1 with two tool stocks and set screws
 sliding in ,t grooves in the slide     
rest4  #die4 ,tool box1 with clamping   

screw and plate1 which can be revolved  
to any angle4  #dif4 ,a modification of 
#die1 the tool being secured by set     
screws in the clamping plate4  #dig4    
,rail grip for holding a crane1 car1 c41
 down to its railway4  #dih4 ,cam-lever 
rail grip for safety gear on inclines2  
this is usually thrown into action by a 
spring released by the breakage of the  
hauling rope4  #dii4 ,cone centering    
grips for machine tools4  #ejj4 ,hinged 
clamp1 with screw and nut4  #eja4       
,fitter's clamp or cramp4  #ejb4 ,v grip
 vice for round rods and tubes4 ,this is
 frequently made with multiple ,v's to  
hold cylindrical articles such as       
drills1 c41 and is a common device for  
drill chucks4  #ejc4 ,lathe carrier1 for
 round rods1 spindles1 c4  #ejd4 ,bench 
cramp2 employed to hold down to the     
bench work operated upon2 the bench has 
a series of holes bored in it to receive
 the vertical leg of the cramp4  #eje4  
,grip tongs1 used for draw benches1 c41 
the bite of the jaws increasing with the

 strain on the chain4  #ejf4 ,split cone
 expanding chuck for rods1 c42 the      
centre cone is split into three or four 
parts1 and the screwed ring or collet   
contracts the split cone upon any       
cylindrical article inserted in the     
central aperture4  #ejg4 ,le ,count's   
patent expanding mandril1 with cone and 
three sliding feathers which are fitted 
into dovetail grooves in the conical    
mandril4 ,the travel of the feathers    
being limited1 they are provided with   
steps to take various sizes of holes4   
#ejh4 ,bell chuck and set screws for    
lathes4  #eji4 ,three jaw grip1 or stay 
bearing1 used as a steady for long      
shafts or spindles4  #eaj4 ,pipe tongs1 
self gripping2 there are several        
modifications in use4  #eaa4 ,paper     
grip1 used for holding sheets of paper2 
released by striking a stop ,a at any   
point in the travel of the machine4     
,illustration3 #dig4-eaa4  #eab4 ,split 
bar grip1 or tool holder4  #eac4        
,eye-bolt tool holder4  #ead4 ,hand pad 

for holding small tools4  #eae4         
,self-adjusting jaws for round articles4
  #eaf4 ,adjustable gripping tongs for  
lifting heavy stones1 boxes1 c4 ,see    
also ,no4 #gfa4  #eag4 ,revolving tool  
post1 or head1 to carry a variety of    
tools1 each being required in use in a  
certain order1 as in special repetition 
turning work4  #eah4 ,double screw      
gripping tongs4    ,see also ,no4 #idd1 
#iab1 #iah1 #iag1 #iai1 #ibc4    ,the   
ordinary three or four-jaw chucks1 wood 
chucks with centre screw   or fork1 and 
numerous varieties of self-centering    
chucks1 are well   known4 ,see tool     
makers' lists4    ,spindle grips1 ,nos4 
#iag1 #iah1 #iai4    ,there are numerous
 forms of three and four-jaw chucks1    
both with   universal or centering      
motions1 and with independent jaws4 ,see
   ,horton's1 ,cushman's1 the           
,sweetland1 ,pratt and ,whitney's1      
,westcott's   and others1 chiefly       
,american4    ,these are various        
combinations of the scroll 7,no4 #achd7 

and screw   jaws1 as in the ordinary dog
 chuck4 ,see also ,nos4 #acgh and #acha4
   ,section #bi4--;,,cushioning4  ,for  
checking the impact of a blow1 or more  
generally the momentum of a heavy moving
 part of a machine4 ,the devices in use 
comprise 7a7 springs1 see ,section #hj2 
7b7 air cylinder1 see ,no4 #adhj2 7c7   
pistons driven by elastic fluids1 such  
as steam and air1 can be cushioned by   
imprisoning a portion of the fluid at   
each end of the cylinder2 7d7 brakes of 
various kinds1 see ,section #e4  #eai4  
,hydraulic cushion4 ,the descending ram1
 by its tapered end1 closes gradually   
the discharge outlet for the water4     
,hydraulic buffer stops are constructed 
on this principle4  #ebj4 ,cushioning   
device1 at the upper end of a           
steam-hammer cylinder4 ,should the      
piston pass the exhaust holes1 the steam
 above is imprisoned1 and checks the    
piston without shock4   ,section        
#cj4--;,,drilling1 ,,boring1 c4         
,besides the ordinary tools in use1 as  

gimlets1 bradawls1 pin and brace bits1  
augers1 c41 which do not need           
description1 the following are          
noteworthy3--  #eba4 ,is the ordinary ,v
 drill for metal work4  #ebb4 ,flat     
point1 or 8bottoming0 drill4  #ebc      
#ebd4 ,countersinking drills for metal4 
#ebe4 ,centre bit for wood4  #ebf4      
,twist bit for wood2 clears its own     
borings4 ,there is a variety with       
rounded cutter edges4  #ebg1 #ebh1      
#ebi4 ,rock drills1 or 8jumpers40  #ecj4
 ,earth borer1 or mooring screw4        
,illustration3 #eab4-ecj4  #eca4 ,twist 
drill for metal4  #ecb  #ecc4           
,countersinking drills for wood4  #ecd4 
,diamond drill for rock2 bores an       
annular hole1 the core of which breaks  
out at intervals4  #ece to #ede4 ,well  
boring tools for different kinds of     
strata2 tools for raising broken rods1  
c4  #edf4 ,hollow boring cutter for     
cutting a shoulder on a central core2   
dowelling bit4   ,section               
#ca4--;,,differential ,,gear4  ,devices 

to utilise the difference of velocity1  
or power1 between two distinct moving   
parts4  #edg4 ,equational box4 ,two     
drivers ,a1 ,a1 equally speeded in      
opposite directions1 will drive the     
bevil gear at same velocity without     
revolving the spur wheel ,c which is    
loose on the shaft2 but any alteration  
in the relative speeds of ,a and ,a1    
causes the bevil pinion to travel round1
 carrying the spur wheel ,c at a speed  
equal to half the difference of the two 
velocities4 ,this gear is used on       
traction engines to drive the swivelling
 wheels round curves1 where the         
proportionate velocities of the wheels  
will vary with the radius of the curve4 
,in this application of the gear ,b is  
the driving shaft1 and ,a and ,a the    
swivelling wheels4  #edh4 ,is a         
modification of #edg4 ,the pinion ,a may
 be controlled in speed by any hand or  
automatic device1 to vary the speed of  
the driven pinion ,b4 ,the belt pulley  
,c carries round the bevil wheel ,d1    

driving ,b at a speed varying with the  
motion given to ,a4  #edi4 ,two wheels  
7one of which has a different number of 
teeth to the other7 gearing into one    
pinion2 used for counters and slow      
motions of all kinds4  #eej4 ,is an     
application of ,no4 #edi by internal or 
epicycloidal gear to pulley blocks4     
,moore's patent 7,no4 #aede7 and        
,pickering's patent are examples4 ,the  
arm shown is not required where two     
internal loose wheels are used with     
different numbers of teeth1 and one     
pinion as in ,no4 #aede1 but if used is 
fixed to the pinion so that it is       
prevented from revolving1 but retains   
its circular swaying motion2 in this    
case1 one internal wheel is movable and 
the other fixed1 the speed being equal  
to the difference in number of teeth of 
the loose wheel and pinion at each      
revolution of the eccentric shaft4      
#eea4 ,weston's differential pulley     
block1 consisting of a two-grooved      
pitched chain-sheave having different   

numbers of teeth1 in combination with a 
return block and endless chain4  #eeb4  
,differential screws4 ,these may be both
 of the same hand1 or one right and one 
left-handed1 and any fractional speed   
secured by proportioning the pitches4   
,illustration3 #eca4-eeb4  #eec4        
,two-speed gear1 operated by a double   
clutch1 which throws either pair into   
gear as required4  #eed4 ,stewarts'     
differential gear4 ,two cranks1 one     
fixed to a sleeve and the other to a    
centre shaft1 are driven round at       
varying velocities by a slotted         
crosshead revolving with the driving    
shaft4 ,the two shafts are not in the   
same line4  #eee4 ,differential         
hydraulic accumulator4 ,the effective   
area of the ram is the annular shoulder1
 or the difference between the areas of 
the top and the bottom rams4  #eef4     
,differential governing device4 ,the    
motive power drives ,a which winds up   
the large weight2 the small weight      
tending to run down1 drives the fan     

regulator1 and the two weights are so   
adjusted that when the proper speed is  
attained1 both weights are stationary2  
any change of speed causes them to run  
up or down1 so actuating the regulation 
by the bell crank lever and rod4  #eeg4 
,varying differential regulator4 ,the   
upper rod ,a is connected to the        
regulator valve or other device1 and it 
is capable of receiving motion from     
either the piston1 which acts against a 
spring1 or from the rod ,b attached to  
some positive reciprocating part1 so    
that the nett movement of ,a is due to  
the difference of motion of ,b and the  
piston ,c4    ,differential ,worm ,gear1
 ,no4 #aeei4   ,section #cb4--;,,engines
 7,,types ,,of74  ,the following        
sketches are type drawings of the most  
important forms of ,steam ,engines in   
use1 and are intended to afford a choice
 of outline arrangements from which in  
any scheme under consideration a        
selection may be made as a basis1       
without reference to details4           

,,vertical ,,engines4  #eeh4 ,overhead  
cylinder engine4  #eei4 ,overhead crank 
engine1  #efj4 ,overhead crank engine1  
cylinder oscillating4  #efa4 ,overhead  
cylinder engine1 with oscillating       
cylinder4    #efb4 ,overhead tandem     
compound engine4  ,these can1 of course1
 be                                     
reversed and the crank   #efc4 ,overhead
 double compound engine4  fixed         
overhead4  #efd4 ,overhead one-crank    
compound oscillating engine1 cylinders  
at right angles and receiver between4   
#efe4 ,overhead double-crank compound   
oscillating engine1 with receiver4      
#eff4 ,overhead crank compound tandem   
oscillating engine4  ,illustration3     
#eec4-eff4  #efg4 ,vertical engine1 with
 top guides1 double connecting rods1 and
 underneath crank shaft4  #efh4         
,vertical trunk engine4    ,note that   
the trunk plan is applicable to any of  
the preceding   arrangements1 and is    
employed where a very short engine is   
required4  #efi4 ,vertical triple       

compound engine1 single acting          
cylinders4 ,the high pressure steam acts
 first on the under side of the small   
piston1 is then expanded into the       
annular under side of large piston1 and 
finally expanded into the upper side of 
large piston4  #egj4 ,vertical compound 
engine1 with annular cylinder4 ,the     
central cylinder is the high pressure1  
and the annular cylinder the low        
pressure4  #ega4 ,vertical annular      
cylinder engine1 with crank below4      
#egb4 ,vertical slotted crosshead       
engine4  #egc4 ,standard vertical       
engine2 a type largely used and         
possessing many good points4  #egd4     
,double cylinder engine1 with ,t        
connecting rod4 7,bernay's patent47     
,,horizontal ,,engines4    #ege4 ,box   
bed engine1 high pressure4              
#egf4 ,double box bed engine1 coupled   
end to end4                             
,these can1 of   #egg4 ,oscillating     
cylinder engine1 with crosshead  course1
 be   guides4                           

duplicated side                         
by side4   #egh4 ,trunk engine4         
#egi4 ,return crank engine4             
#ehj4 ,diagonal engine4 ,see also ,no4  
#efd4  ,illustration3 #efg4-ehj4  #eha4 
,horizontal tandem compound engine4     
#ehb4 ,galloway's oblique compound      
engine4  #ehc4 ,double cylinder compound
 engine1 with receiver1 cranks at right 
angles4  #ehd4 ,trunk bed engine4  #ehe4
 ,double piston engine4 ,the pistons are
 sometimes coupled to two crank pins at 
right angles4    ,condensers 7see       
,section #be7 may be driven 7a7 from    
horizontal   engines either direct by   
continuation of the piston rod1 or 7b7  
may   be worked horizontally below by a 
vertical rocking beam coupled to the    
main crosshead1 or 7c7 worked vertically
 below by a bell crank   coupled to the 
main crosshead1 or 7d7 by a separate    
small steam   cylinder working          
independently1 or 7e7 by a connecting   
rod or   gearing from the crank shaft4  
,for ,jet ,condensers see ,section #be4 

,,beam ,,engines1 c4  #ehf4 ,ordinary   
pillar and overhead beam engine4  #ehg4 
,has extended beam and double cylinders1
 either as a compound engine or one     
cylinder may form a pump or blast       
cylinder4 ,in some designs the high and 
low pressure cylinders are placed side  
by side and coupled to the same end of  
the beam by a modified parallel motion4 
#ehh4 ,side lever engine4  #ehi4 ,plan  
of beam engine1 with compound cylinders4
  #eij4 ,walking beam engine4  #eia4    
,diagonal engine4  #eib4 ,three or four 
cylinder high-speed engine1 with        
single-acting cylinders4  #eic4         
,vertical high-speed single-acting      
engine1 with one or more cylinders4     
,illustration3 #eha4-eic4   ,section    
#cc4--;,,engines ,,and ,,boilers        
,,combined 7see also ,boilers1 ,sec4    
#f74   ,,vertical ,,arrangements4  #eid4
 ,in this engine the boiler forms the   
standard for support of engine parts1   
but it is better to fix these on a      
vertical bed-plate bolted to the boiler1

 or as ,no4 #eie4  #eie4 ,any type of   
vertical engine and any type of vertical
 boiler can be combined on this plan4   
#eif4 ,vertical boiler 7any type7 and   
horizontal engine 7any type74  #eig4    
,any type of vertical boiler1 with short
 horizontal engine on crown4  #eih4     
,vertical boiler1 with cylinder sunk in 
the centre of crown4  #eii4 ,overhead   
crank engine and boiler1 the latter     
forming the base to which the engine    
parts are fixed4   ,,horizontal         
,,engines4  #fjj4 ,loco4-type semi-fixed
 horizontal engine4  #fja4 ,loco4-type  
semi-fixed horizontal engine1 with      
engine on top4 ,when placed on wheels   
this type constitutes the well-known    
8,portable40  #fjb4 ,horizontal         
semi-fixed boiler1 with circular shell  
and engine on top4 7,see ,no4 #gb47     
#fjc4 ,horizontal semi-fixed boiler1    
with underneath fire-box4 7,see ,no4    
#ga47   ,section #cd4--;,,elliptical    
,,motion4  #fjd4 ,ellipsograph2 by      
gearing2 the bevil wheel ,a is fixed1   

the other three revolving with the whole
 machine on the fixed central standard1 
the distance ,a should equal the        
difference between the major and minor  
axes of the ellipse4  #fje4 ,performs   
the same operation in a similar way2 ,a 
is fixed2 ,b is same diameter as ,a2 and
 ,c   diameter of ,a and ,b4  #fjf4     
,common trammel or ellipsograph4        
,there are other forms of apparatus for 
drawing ellipses merely 7see   ,knight's
 ,dictionary of ,mechanics74 ,see       
,trammel ,gear1 ,sec4 #dj4  #fjg  #fjh4 
,two forms of ellipsographs or          
elliptical cranks4    ,see also ,no4    
#add4  ,illustration3 #eid4-fjh4        
,section #ce4--;,,elastic ,,wheels4     
,wheels with rubber tyres are the common
 form4 ,wheels with a loose flat tyre   
outside a fixed tyre and with various   
forms of springs inserted between the   
tyres4 7,see ,springs1 ,section #hj47   
#fji4 ,huxley's wheel1 with spring tyre 
and jointed spokes4  #faj4 ,wheel with  
double tyres and intermediate springs4  

#faa4 ,two plans of bent spoke1 spring  
formation4  #fab4 ,two plans of bent    
spoke1 spring formation4  #fac4 ,has an 
outer elastic tyre and an inner rigid   
ring1 to which the tension or           
compression springs are fixed4  #fad    
#fae4 ,sections of rubber tyres4        
,wheels are also made with rubber rings 
applied between the boss and   shaft so 
as to allow a limited amount of         
elasticity between the wheel   and axle4
   ,section #cf4--;,,expanding ,,and    
,,contracting ,,devices4  ,common       
expedients for these purposes           
are--jointed folding rods1 as a         
carpenter's rule2 the telescope tube2   
net work2 diagonally crossed and jointed
 bars2 lattice work2 springs 7see       
,section #hj72 lazy tongs 7,no4 #fbc74  
#faf4 ,telescopic ram hydraulic lift4   
7,see also ,no4 #abag47 ,consisting of  
two or more rams sliding within each    
other4  #fag4 ,parallel bar expanding   
grille1 or gate4  #fah4 ,parallel bar   
expanding grille1 with lazy tongs       

motion1 each alternate bar has slotted  
holes as shown4  #fai4 ,modification of 
#fah4 ,the number of horizontal bars can
 be multiplied indefinitely4  #fbj4     
,venetian blind2 this method is used    
also for movable doors or partitions1   
sliding horizontally4  #fba4 ,venetian  
blind1 but without revolving motion to  
the laths or slats4  #fbb4 ,perforated  
bar and hooked rod suspender4  #fbc4    
,lazy tongs expanding connecting rod4   
#fbd4 ,four-guide expanding link device1
 for varying motion4  #fbe4 ,thorburn's 
tube expander1 operated by a central    
cone and ring of conical rollers4  #fbf4
 ,gasometer4  #fbg4 ,timms' expanding   
boring tool4 ,operated by a central cone
 and three or more diagonal feathers1   
sliding in dovetail grooves in the      
central cone4    ,expanding ,mandrel1   
,no4 #ejg4    ,expanding ,chucks1 ,nos4 
#dhi1 #dia1  #ejf4  ,illustration3      
#fji4-fbg4  #fbh4 ,expanding basket1    
with chain corner suspenders4  #fbi4    
,expanding socket1 with sliding ring    

grip4  #fcj4 ,expanding grating1 formed 
of bent steel laths on edge4  #fca4     
,bridge or flap between cars1 having    
buffers4  #fcb4 ,expanding core barrel1 
in three parts1 expanded by a wedge4    
#fcc4 ,expanding mandril or chuck4 ,see 
also ,section #bh4    ,expansion ,joint1
 ,nos4 #ajgf1 #ajgg4    ,expanding      
,pipes1 ,no4 #ajgi4   ,section          
#cg4--;,,fastening ,,wheels ,,to        
,,shafts4  ,besides the ordinary plan of
 shrinking them on while hot1 the       
following are the chief devices in      
use3--  #fcd4 ,square shaft and single  
key4  #fce4 ,square shaft and two keys  
at right angles2 two keys should always 
be used for a square shaft1 unless it   
has been machined to fit to the hole4   
#fcf4 ,round shaft and hollow key4      
#fcg4 ,round shaft and flat key4  #fch4 
,round shaft and sunk key4  #fci4       
,staked fastening1 four keys1 usually on
 flats cut on shaft1 but better if      
slightly sunk into shaft4  #fdj4 ,set   
screw4 ,cannot be depended on for any   

but light strains4  #fda4 ,taper pin4   
#fdb4 ,split pin2 always used where a   
pin1 bolt1 or centre is liable to work  
loose4  #fdc4 ,cotter and slot4  #fdd4  
,screwed pin through shaft and boss of  
wheel4  #fde4 ,octagonal shaft of cast  
iron1 with four keys1 or the four keys  
may be cast on shaft4  #fdf4 ,cotter or 
pin through side of shaft4  #fdg4 ,large
 wheels are sometimes wedged with iron  
and wood wedges all round on a square or
 octagonal shaft having feathers cast on
 it4  #fdh4 ,set screw1 tapped half into
 shaft and half into wheel4  #fdi4      
,screwed shaft1 nut and clamping plates2
 used for emery wheels1 grindstones1    
circular saws1 and milling cutters4     
,illustration3 #fbh4-fdi4  #fej4        
,screwed end and nut1 the hole in wheel 
being square1 or round and fitted with  
key4  #fea4 ,gib head taper key4  #feb4 
,plain taper key4  #fec4 ,taper round   
pin4  #fed1 #fee4 ,split pins 7round74  
#fef4 ,cotter and split pin4  #feg4     
,cotter and nut4  #feh4 ,dovetail taper 

key1 or fixing for projection1 cutter or
 bracket4  #fei4 ,self-locking pin2     
cannot work out4  #ffj4 ,split collar   
and ring fastening1 sometimes used      
instead of a nut and screwed end2 the   
inner ring is in halves4  #ffa4 ,piston 
rod fastening4  #ffb4 ,locking feather  
and wedge fastening1 for rollers1 c41   
prevents end motion4  #ffc4 ,railway    
chair key4   ,section #ch4--;,,friction 
,,gear4  ,various forms of friction     
gearing are much used1 the chief        
objection to this kind of gear being the
 excess of pressure on the bearings     
required to give sufficient grip to     
drive the gear4  #ffd4 ,the common form 
of flat-faced friction gear for hoisting
 purposes1 c4 ,see ,no4 #abaa4 ,the     
required pressure is given by a weighted
 lever4  #ffe4 ,friction bevils1 plain  
faces1 for governor driving1 c4  #fff4  
,friction bevils1 the pinion being      
usually of hard leather2 the pressure   
may be applied in the direction of      
either of the arrows4  #ffg4 ,multiple  

,v gear4 ,a common mistake is to run    
these too deep in gear2 the narrower the
 surfaces in contact1 short of the      
seizing or crushing point1 the less the 
power wasted in friction4  #ffh4 ,a very
 small pinion of leather1 wood1 or      
rubber is frequently driven by a large  
driving wheel for obtaining high speed  
with steadiness1 for driving dynamos1   
fans1 c4  #ffi4 ,disc wheel and rubber  
pinion1 arranged to reverse motion or   
vary speed4 ,see ,no4 #aeie4 ,the motion
 is reversed by throwing either wheel   
into gear with the pinion1 and the speed
 varied at will by raising or lowering  
the pinion1 used for screw presses4     
#fgj4 ,wedge friction gear4             
,illustration3 #fej4-fgj4  #fga4        
,coupled bearings for friction gear1 to 
allow of any required pressure or       
8bite10 the strains being               
self-contained4    ,see also ,no4 #gcg1 
#gch1 #abid4   ,section #ci4--;,,guides1
 ,,slides1 c4   ,,piston-,,rod ,,guides4
  #fgb4 ,two bars and crosshead2 these  

must be far enough apart to allow for   
the angle of the connecting rod4  #fgc4 
,four bars1 crosshead1 and slide blocks2
 the connecting rod working between the 
two pairs of guides4 ,the bottom guides 
are often cast solid with the bedplate4 
#fgd4 ,bar and slipper4  #fge4          
,adjustable slipper2 there are other    
adjustments for wear by wedge pieces1   
similar to ,no4 #ai4 ,see also ,no4 #ba4
    ,a plain guide bush is sometimes    
used as ,no4 #fhb1 and a forked         
connecting rod with long fork coupled to
 the gudgeon or crosshead4  #fgf4       
,section of ,no4 #fgc and alternative   
crosshead for two round bar guides4     
#fgg4 ,slide bed and slipper4  #fgh4    
,section of trunk guide1 cast with      
engine bed and bored out4  #fgi4        
,oscillating cylinder piston head       
guides4  #fhj4 ,oscillating fulcrum in  
lieu of guides4  #fha4 ,diagonal        
crosshead and guide bars1 to allow the  
crank and connecting rod end to pass the
 guide bars4   ,,valve ,,rod ,,guides4  

#fhb1 #fhc1 #fhd1  #fhe4   ,,guide      
,,rollers4  #fhf  #fhg4 ,guide rollers  
for ropes1 c4  #fhh  #fhi4 ,guide       
rollers for bars of various sections4   
,,lift ,,and ,,hoist ,,guides4  #fij4   
,cage guided by four corner posts4  #fia
  #fib4 ,cage runs on two vertical      
rails1 and is steadied by a third guide4
 ,for large cages4 ,small cages only    
require guides on one side1 as #fib4    
,illustration3 #fga4-fib4  #fic4 ,iron  
wire or rod guides1 strained tight1 are 
sometimes used1 especially in mines1 as 
guides for the cage2 two are used to    
guide the cage and two for the balance  
weight4  #fid4 ,planished round iron    
guides1 with half round fixing brackets 
and runners attached to cage2 these     
guides are equal to planed bars and much
 less costly2 two are usually sufficient
 for any cage4  #fie4 ,t ,l or  iron    
guides1 for goods lifts4  #fif4 ,wire   
rope guides1 with separate pair of wood 
guides for balance weight4  #fig4       
,intermediate guides for double cage    

lifts2 for large cages extra guides at  
each side should be used4  #fih4        
,sloping carriage guides4  #fii4        
,vertical bracket cage guides4          
,,machine ,,guide ,,beds4  #gjj4 ,double
 ,v bed1 with set screw adjustments4    
#gja4 ,guide bed for planing machine1 or
 any machine where the bed is not liable
 to lift in working4  #gjb4 ,round bar  
and flat guide bed4  #gjc4 ,deep ,v     
guide2 much used for crossheads1 tool   
boxes1 c41 requiring accurate movement4 
#gjd4 ,lathe bed with square guides and 
adjustments for wear4  #gje4 ,planing   
machine1 double ,v bed4  #gjf4          
,crosshead for two single bar guides1   
with renewable wearing strips and square
 guide surfaces4  #gjg4 ,radial slide   
for tool box1 usually of same section as
 ,no4 #gjj4   ,,rope ,,guides4    #gjh1 
#gji1  #gaj2 in #gji the rope can be    
threaded without passing the   end      
through4   ,section #dj4--;,,gearing1   
,,various ,,devices ,,in 7not otherwise 
classed74  #gaa4 ,conical rotatory gear4

 ,applied to reaping machines4 ,see also
 ,pan ,screen1 ,no4 #abfd4  #gab4       
,triangular eccentric1 used to obtain a 
pause of one-third revolution at each   
end of the stroke4  #gac4 ,face plate   
worm gear4  #gad4 ,double rack and      
pinion gear4  #gae4 ,double gear wheels4
  ,illustration3 #fic4-gae4  #gaf4      
,eccentric gearing2 the wheel ,a being  
fixed on a crank pin in the driving     
wheel ,b1 drives the dotted gear at a   
speed proportionate to the diameters of 
the wheels ,a and the driven wheel4     
#gag  #gah4 ,forms of epicyclic or      
planet gear4 ,several modes of driving  
these may be employed by fixing one or  
other of the three wheels1 the other two
 revolving4 ,see ,differential ,gear1   
,section #ca4  #gai4 ,multiple trammel  
gear4 ,the pinion is half the diameter  
of the wheel1 and makes two revolutions 
to one of the wheel4  #gbj4 ,trammel    
crank gear2 the crank revolves once to  
two double strokes of the rod4  #gba4   
,knight's noiseless gearing1 for two    

shafts running in opposite directions4  
,each shaft has two equal cranks at     
right angles1 which are coupled by links
 to rocking arms1 which are also coupled
 in pairs4  #gbb4 ,eccentric variable   
speed toothed gear4  #gbc4 ,scroll bevil
 gear4  #gbd4 ,segment reversing gear1  
to obtain two speeds in portions of one 
revolution1 and in opposite directions4 
,see ,reversing ,gear1 ,section #gd4    
#gbe4 ,snail wheel1 or scroll ratchet4  
#gbf4 ,combined spur and bevil wheel4   
#gbg4 ,double screw gear1 for steering  
gear1 c4  #gbh4 ,angular ball-jointed   
crank motion4  #gbi4 ,crank gearing     
between two shafts running in the same  
direction4 ,see ,no4 #ahg4 ,the cranks  
should be similar to ,nos4 #agd or #age4
  #gcj4 ,snail worm gear4  #gca4        
,diagonal engine or pump1 with bevil    
gear revolving motion and three or more 
cylinders4  #gcb4 ,angle coupling on    
,dr4 ,hooke's principle4 ,see ,no4 #bib4
  #gcc4 ,worm and crown gear4 ,used in  
chaff machines2 useful to obtain a slow 

feed on two shafts in opposite          
directions4  ,illustration3 #gaf4-gcc4  
#gcd4 ,ball wheel1 with limited angular 
traverse gearing into one or two        
pinions4  #gce4 ,scroll and rack4  #gcf4
 ,variable speed gear1 from an          
elliptical or other irregular-shaped    
driving wheel1 combined with a tied idle
 intermediate wheel4  #gcg4 ,spring     
friction grip wheels4  #gch4            
,intermittent reversible feed motion4   
,the pinion is of leather1 and drives   
the segment till it runs out of gear2   
when the machine is reversed it travels 
an equal distance the opposite way4     
,section #da4--;,,governing ,,and       
,,regulating ,,speed1 ,,power1 c4  #gci4
 ,is a device for varying the opening of
 a main valve 7connected to rod ,a7 by  
the pressure on the small piston1 which 
moves it against the tension of a       
spring4  #gdj1 #gda1 #gdb1  #gdc4 ,types
 of centrifugal governors1 of which     
numerous varieties are in use4          
,pumping engines may be governed by     

allowing the pressure of water in   the 
rising main to accumulate in a stand    
pipe or equivalent device   until it    
stops the engine by excess of pressure4 
,to prevent such an   engine running    
away a catch is used1 kept open by the  
pressure of   water2 when the pressure  
falls below a certain point the catch is
   released and closes the throttle     
valve4    ,steam engines may also be    
safeguarded in the same way by a catch  
which is released and closes the        
throttle valve when the governor        
becomes fully expanded4  #gdd4 ,screw   
and nut device1 to control the travel of
 any machine1 such as a lift1 by        
reversing the belt or throwing out a    
catch after any specified number of     
revolutions1 the travel being adjusted  
by the stop nuts4  #gde4 ,the cataract  
is one of the oldest governing devices4 
,it consists essentially of a vessel    
which is filled with water by one stroke
 of the engine1 and empties itself      
through an adjustable orifice during the

 return stroke1 the valve motion being  
prevented from reversing till the water 
is all discharged4  #gdf4 ,gas engine   
governor4 ,rod ,a has a reciprocating   
motion from the engine1 and the spur on 
lever ,b strikes the end of the gas     
valve slide when brought in line with it
 by the motion of the governor1 thus    
supplying gas only when the governor    
falls to a certain point4               
,differential ,governor4 ,see ,nos4 #eef
 and #eeg4   ,section #db4--;,,hydraulic
 ,,multiplying ,,gear4  #gdg4 ,is the   
ordinary 8chain and sheave0 multiplying 
gear1 unequally geared1 thus--          
,ram end4     ,cylinder end4   ,with #a 
sheave     #a sheave     it is geared #c
 to #a4       #b           #b           
#e to #a4       #c           #c         
#g to #a2 c4  #gdh4 ,is the same plan1  
but equally geared--       ,ram end4    
,cylinder end4   ,with #a sheave     ,no
 sheaves   it is geared #b to #a4       
#b           #a sheave                  
#d to #a4       #c           #b         

#f to #a2 c4  #gdi4 ,an arrangement of  
the sheaves suitable for vertical       
working1 geared #h to #a4  #gej4 ,an    
arrangement of the sheaves suitable for 
vertical working1 but geared #f to #a4  
,illustration3 #gcd4-gej4  #gea4 ,an    
arrangement of the sheaves suitable for 
vertical working1 but geared #d to #a4  
#geb4 ,stevens and ,major's patent for  
horizontal working4 ,the angle of the   
chain helps to support the weight of the
 ram4  #gec4 ,modification of #geb1     
sometimes used1 and suitable for both   
horizontal and vertical positions1 with 
any required multiplication of speed4   
#ged4 ,rack gear2 short stroke piston   
cylinder plan4  #gee4 ,double rope      
vertical ram gear4  #gef4 ,arrangement  
with the sheaves all at head of         
cylinder4    ,for ,telescopic ,hydraulic
 ,lift1 see ,nos4 #abag  #faf4          
,hydraulic ,balance gear1 ,nos4 #cga1   
#cgc4   ,section #dc4--;,,hooks1        
,,swivels1 c4    ,for ,chains and       
,links1 see ,section #aa4  #geg4 ,double

 or match hook4  #geh4 ,split link4 ,see
 also the common ,key ,ring4  #gei4     
,self-locking hook1 with inclined       
shoulder and pin4  #gfj4 ,the common    
8,lewis40  #gfa4 ,self-gripping claw    
grab4 ,see also #eaf1 #eje4  #gfb4 ,grab
 bucket1 on same principle4  #gfc1 #gfd1
  #gfe4 ,double ,s links4  #gff4 ,hook  
with rope grip4  #gfg4 ,snap hook4      
#gfh4 ,snap link4  #gfi4 ,slip hook for 
a monkey or pile engine2 a rope is      
attached to the eye in end of lever     
which pulls the loop link away from the 
bottom link to which the 8monkey0 is    
suspended1 allowing it to fall4         
,illustration3 #gea4-gfi4  #ggj4        
,automatic slip hook2 slips the ,t end  
of the 8monkey0 by the curved arms      
striking the sides of a fixed stop hole4
  #gga4 ,draw bar hook1 self-locking4   
#ggb4 ,fixed bar hook1 with snap4  #ggc4
 ,slip hook4  #ggd4 ,hook1 with mousing 
ring2 slip hook4  #gge4 ,crane hook1    
with swivel4  #ggf4 ,double swivel      
links1 inserted in a chain to take out  

the twist4  #ggg4 ,triangular link1 to  
attach two chains to one4  #ggh4 ,safety
 link4 ,has a flat on link to slip in   
notch of hook4  #ggi4 ,s link4  #ghj4   
,split link4  #gha4 ,bolt shackle4      
#ghb4 ,double link and bolt connection  
for ordinary chain4  #ghc4 ,pin shackle4
   ,section #dd4--;,,indicating         
,,speeds1 c4  #ghd  #ghe4 ,hand         
7portable7 indicator1 to indicate speed 
of revolution of a shaft1 c41 by simple 
wheel work and dial plate4  #ghf4       
,governor gauge1 indicates the speed by 
the angle of the balls moving a finger  
on a vertical scale4  #ghg4 ,steam      
engine indicator1 of which there are    
many varieties4 ,macnaught's1           
,richards'1 ,darke's1 ,kraft's1         
,casartelli's1 c41 are examples1 in     
which a small steam piston operates a   
marking point by the varying pressure of
 steam acting against a spring2 the     
paper is usually coiled on a cylinder   
having a reciprocating motion by a      
string from the engine4  #ghh4 ,morin's 

dynamometer4 ,consists of two belt      
pulleys connected by a spring2 one      
receives the strain of driving belt1 and
 the other transmits it1 the spring     
indicating the tension on the belts4    
#ghi4 ,regnier's dynamometer indicates  
the tension on the connections by       
contraction of the spring operating a   
dial plate4  #gij4 ,bourdon tube        
pressure indicator4 ,the tube is of flat
 section1 and its curved portion expands
 with the pressure1 operating a finger  
on the dial by rackwork4  #gia4 ,worm   
gear and dial to register the number of 
revolutions4 ,see ,no4 #aeei4    ,other 
forms of pressure gauges are--#ast4 ,the
 mercurial gauge1 in which   the        
pressure is indicated by the height of a
 column of mercury in a   glass tube4   
#bnd4 ,the water gauge1 in which a      
column of water replaces   the mercury4 
#crd4 ,the spring balance 7see ,no4     
#agbi74 ,see also ,nos4   #agcj1 #agbh4 
,illustration3 #ggj4-gia4  #gib  #gic4  
,winding engines are provided with      

indicators on the principle of ,no4     
#gdd4 ,the travelling nut has a pointer 
whose position on a vertical graduated  
scale shows the position of the cage in 
the pit4    ,vertical scale indicators  
are also employed to show the level of  
water   in tanks1 reservoirs1 c4 ,see   
,no4 #agcj4    ,water tube indicators   
are employed to show the level of water 
in   boilers1 c41 as also gauge cocks   
fixed at various heights in the         
boiler4   ,section #de4--;,,jets1       
,,nozzles1 ,,and ,,injectors4  #gid4    
,straight jet1 for long distances4      
#gie4 ,short jet4  #gif4 ,rose jet1 for 
spreading4  #gig4 ,fan jet1 or spreader4
  #gih4 ,blast tuyere4  #gii4 ,smith's  
tuyere and water bosh4  #hjj4 ,jet      
aspirator1 for inducing a mixed current 
of air and water or steam4  #hja4 ,steam
 jet pump2 the steam enters by the      
central jet and causes a vacuum1 into   
which the water rises by the branch     
pipe4  #hjb4 ,insufflator for steam and 
air blast2 used also as a petroleum     

injector1 c4  #hjc  #hje4 ,spray jets2  
the liquid rises by gravity at the small
 vertical nozzles1 and is driven in a   
spray or mist by a cross blast of air   
from the horizontal jets4  #hjd4        
,injector4 ,the varieties of this       
contrivance are too numerous to specify4
 ,see ,graham's1 ,gifford's1 ,hall's1   
,hancock's1 and others in common use4   
#hjf4 ,plain or spreading jet4 ,the     
eight vanes can be pushed into the jet  
of water to cut it up by moving the     
sliding ring4  #hjg4 ,ventilating jet or
 aspirator1 with several lateral        
openings for inducing a current4    ,jet
 condensers4 ,see ,section #be4         
,section #df4--;,,journals1 ,,bearings1 
,,pivots1 c4    ,see also ,section #gj4 
#hjh4 ,plain or solid pedestal4  #hji4  
,half bearing1 sometimes used without a 
cotter4  #haj4 ,half bushed bearing1    
having a half brass on the lower side   
only4  #haa4 ,chambered long bearing4   
#hab4 ,the ordinary double brassed      
pedestal or plummer block2 sometimes    

made with the cap and joint of brasses  
at an angle of #de when the shaft is    
subject to horizontal thrust4 ,numerous 
modifications of this bearing exist4    
#hac4 ,slot bearing for rising and      
falling spindle4  ,illustration3        
#gib4-hac4  #had  #hae4 ,end thrust     
bearings4  #haf4 ,sliding bearing1 with 
vertical or horizontal traverse4  #hag4 
,double ,v bearing to accommodate       
different sizes of shafts4  #hah4       
,vertical shaft footstep4  #hai4        
,vertical pivot4  #hbj4 ,horizontal     
pivot and set screw2 the screw should   
have a lock nut to prevent it being     
worked back by the motion of the        
spindle4  #hba4 ,conical neck1 usually  
with steel bush4  #hbb4 ,spherical      
footstep1 to allow the shaft to sway out
 of the perpendicular4  #hbc4           
,horizontal bearing1 allowing the shaft 
to run out of line4  #hbd4 ,balanced    
bearing1 to bear the weight of a light  
shaft1 and placed between the fixed     
bearings4  #hbe4 ,self-adjusting bearing

 for line shafts1 with ball and socket  
movement4  #hbf4 ,ball and socket       
bearing for vertical spindle1 allowing  
considerable variation from a right     
line4  #hbg4 ,horizontal thrust bearing1
 with multiple flanges and double       
brasses1 each capable of separate       
adjustment2 used for screw shafts in    
steam-ships4  #hbh4 ,a form of pedestal1
 with the cap provided with end joggles 
to prevent looseness4  #hbi4 ,trunnion  
bearing1 for oscillating cylinders1 c4  
,the steam is conveyed through the      
bearing1 which has a stuffing box and   
gland to prevent leakage4  #hcj  #hcb4  
,swinging support for a shaft1 having a 
sliding bevil gear or other motion upon 
it which has to pass the swinging       
support2 used for lathe sliding gear1   
overhead travellers1 c4  #hca4 ,ball and
 socket centre for car bogies1 c4  #hcc4
 ,pedestal with side adjustment for the 
brasses by taper keys and screw         
adjustments4    ,bearings running under 
water are generally lined with strips of

 lignum   vit and require no lubricant4 
,so-called self-lubricator bearings are 
in use1 lined with strips of   patent   
composition metal4  ,illustration3      
#had4-hcc4  #hcd4 ,centre bearing1 with 
annular grip1 for a heavy centre piece  
or car bogie4  #hce4 ,centre bearing1   
with allowance for some amount of       
oscillation4    ,coupled bearings4 ,no4 
#fga4   ,section #dg4--,,plate ,,work4  
#hcf4 ,single riveted lap joint4  #hcg4 
,double riveted lap joint4  #hch4       
,single riveted butt joint4  #hci4      
,double butt joint4  #hdj4 ,t-iron butt 
joint4  #hda1 #hdb1 #hdc1  #hdd4 ,angle 
or edge seams4  #hde4 ,transverse       
tubular seam4  #hdf1 #hdg1  #hdh4       
,reducing ring seams4  #hdi1 #hej1 #hea1
  #heb4 ,bottom seams round water       
spaces1 fire-boxes1 c4  #hec4 ,expansion
 hoop joint in boiler flues1 c4  #hed   
#hee4 ,fire-box stays4  #hef4 ,gusset   
stay for flat ends4    ,flat bar1 tube1 
and round iron stays are also much used 
to stay flat   surfaces in boilers and  

tanks4    ,in household boilers it is   
usual to weld all the seams1 thus       
avoiding   ,l iron and other riveted    
work4 ,see ,nos4 #hi to #if4    ,flue   
tubes in boilers are stayed also by     
cross tubes inserted at   intervals1    
such as ,galloway's patent conical cross
 tubes4  ,illustration3 #hcd4-hef4  #heg
  #heh4 ,cover plates to carry tensile  
strains over joints in plates1 ,l irons1
 c4  #hei1 #hfj1 #hfa1 #hfb1  #hfc4     
,various forms of joints employed in    
plate iron structures1 boxes1 tanks1 c41
 not subject to much strain4 #hfc is a  
dovetailed joint4  #hfd4 ,t or ,l iron  
strut end joint4  #hfe4 ,junction of    
flat bar and diagonal ,t or ,l iron4    
#hff4 ,gusset plate joint for diagonal  
ties and struts4  #hfg4 ,mode of        
jointing boiler plate corners by        
tapering the corners of the plates4     
#hfh4 ,another form of angle joint4     
,section #dh4--,,levers4  ,levers are of
 three orders 7see ,section #ec74 ,the  
fulcrum or rocking centre may be at     

either end or at some intermediate      
point4 ,in practice the fulcra are      
usually shafts or pins 7see ,sections   
#gf and #gg71 and the following are the 
typical forms in use4  #hfi1 #hgj1 #hga1
  #hgb4 ,elevation and plans of plain   
levers1 with end bosses for rod         
attachments4  #hgc4 ,plan of plain      
lever1 with forked end4  #hgd  #hge4    
,bell crank levers1 with plain or forked
 ends4  #hgf4 ,t or double cranked      
lever4  #hgg4 ,forked end1 off-set4     
#hgh4 ,fish bellied lever of the #bnd   
order4  #hgi4 ,balance weight lever4    
,illustration3 #heg4-hgi4  #hhj4 ,hand  
lever1 with round handle4  #hha4 ,hand  
lever1 with flat handle4  #hhb4 ,another
 form of round handle sometimes used4   
#hhc4 ,crank handle4  #hhd4 ,starting   
lever1 with spring catch4  #hhe4        
,another pattern of ditto4  #hhf4       
,similar lever1 with side or crank      
handles4  #hhg4 ,foot lever4  #hhh4     
,foot treadle frame4  #hhi4 ,wrist plate
 or ,t lever4  #hij4 ,hand lever1       

adjustable as to length by means of a   
slot and locking bolt4 ,for this purpose
 a plain round rod passed through a     
central socket and fixed at any radial  
length by a set screw1 is often used2 or
 the hand rod may be cranked as ,no4    
#aghd4  #hia4 ,double hand lever4  #hib4
 ,lever1 formed of two wrought iron or  
steel plates and distance pieces4  #hic 
#hid4 ,rocking levers1 with sliding     
swivel joints4  #hie4 ,forked lever1 to 
span a central bearing4  #hif4 ,hand    
lever1 simple pattern2 wrench or        
spanner4  #hig4 ,headed lever1 for valve
 rod and other movements4 ,see ,nos4    
#adi to #aeb4    ,see also ,section #ig4
   ,section #di4--,,locking ,,devices4  
#hih4 ,common sliding bolt4             
,illustration3 #hhj4-hih4  #hii4 ,common
 latch4  #ijj4 ,cam locking bolt2 locks 
the bolt when either in or out1 so that 
it can only be moved by the cam spindle4
  #ija4 ,crank movement locking bolt1   
similar to the last4  #ijb4 ,bolt of    
common lock4  #ijc4 ,disc and pin4      

#ijd4 ,side pawl4  #ije4 ,locking pawl4 
,for ,pawl and ,ratchet ,gear see       
,section #fb4  #ijf4 ,spring catch1 with
 round end which slips past the socket  
if sufficient force is applied1 used for
 swing doors1 c4  #ijg4 ,another form1  
bevilled on one side4  #ijh4 ,hook      
latch4  #iji  #iaj4 ,hasp and staple4   
#iaa4 ,crossbar and hooks4  #iab4 ,hand 
set screw4  #iac4 ,drop catch for       
turntable1 c4  ,illustration3 #hii4-iac4
  #iad4 ,turning or twisting bolt4      
#iae4 ,rope or rod stopper1 with cam    
lever grip4 ,see ,no4 #dg4  #iaf4 ,chain
 stop4  #iag  #iah4 ,spindle grips1 to  
lock a sliding or revolving spindle in a
 bearing or bush4  #iai4 ,clamp and     
screw4  #ibj4 ,sliding shaft locking    
pin2 used for lathe headstock back-gear 
shafts1 c4  #iba4 ,lever locking hook2  
the lever is hinged so that it can be   
slipped over the hook4  #ibb4 ,bow catch
 for ladles1 skips1 c4  #ibc4           
,segment-slot and bolt fixing for       
swivelling base4  #ibd4 ,pin lock for   

turntable or disc4  #ibe4 ,t catch4     
#ibf4 ,roller and incline slot for      
locking a rod or rope4  #ibg4 ,revolving
 bush lock for catch rod2 the catch rod 
can only slip through the bush when the 
latter is in one position 7see plan     
view74  #ibh4 ,wire fencing notches in  
,l or  iron4  #ibi4 ,trap door automatic
 catch4  #icj4 ,screw and bridle        
suspension1 for blast pipes1 c4  #ica4  
,drop loop fastening for a door4  #icb4 
,spring stud lock4  ,illustration3      
#iad4-icb4  #icc4 ,disc and radial slot2
 the rod can be slipped out sideways    
when the disc is turned so as to bring  
the slots together4  #icd4 ,radial      
hinged lever and crown ratchet4  #ice4  
,locking bar to fix a lever in any      
position4  #icf4 ,pawl for locking      
sliding shaft1 used for winches1 c41    
having double and single purchase gear  
or shifting clutches4  #icg4 ,fastening 
eye bolt for a hinged cover2 the bolt is
 also hinged1 and can be turned down out
 of the way4 ,see also ,no4 #aicj4      

#ich4 ,crank arm device1 to lock a valve
 or lever in two positions4 ,see also   
,no4 #af4  #ici4 ,gun1 breech-loading1  
sliding cylindrical block locked by     
turning the arm into a notch4  #idj4    
,door fastening staple and cotter4      
#ida4 ,common cotter4  #idb4 ,half nut  
locking and unlocking device1 used for  
lathe leading screws2 the half nuts are 
moved simultaneously in opposite        
directions by cams on the lever spindle4
  #idc4 ,swinging catch to secure end of
 a drop bar4  #idd4 ,tool post1 to      
swivel and lock in any position4 ,see   
also ,no4 #dic4  #ide4 ,locking screw1  
to lock the hand wheel and spur pinion  
to the shaft when required to be driven 
by it4    ,see also ,lock ,nuts4 ,the   
common varieties of lever locks with    
stepped   key-wards4    ,see ,no4 #agbc4
   ,section #ej4--;,,hinges ,,and       
,,joints4  #idf4 ,the common double-leaf
 hinge4  #idg4 ,rising hinge1 to cause  
the door to lift slightly as it opens1  
it will then close of itself without a  

spring4  #idh4 ,cup and ball hinge4     
,illustration3 #icc4-idh4  #idi  #iej4  
,pintle hinges4  #iea  #ieb4 ,parchment 
or leather hinging for wood movements4  
#iec4 ,dovetail joint1 used on iron     
bedsteads1 c42 the circular dovetail is 
slightly tapered and fitted tight4      
#ied4 ,hinge for a door1 required to lay
 flat against the wall at either side   
when open4  #iee4 ,hinge pin for rocking
 levers on a knife edge4  #ief4 ,door   
spring hinge1 to return the door always 
to its central position2 the cams press 
against a roller attached to the        
springs4  #ieg4 ,another method1 with   
tension springs4  #ieh4 ,rocking bearing
 or knife edge1 used for weighing       
machines1 c4  #iei4 ,knuckle joint1     
halved together2 the bolt secures the   
two parts together4  #ifj4 ,door spring 
hinge with open springs and toggle      
movement4  #ifa4 ,gate hinges1 with     
double pintle at bottom to cause the    
gate to return to the central position  
without springs4  #ifb4 ,link hinge1 for

 a grid or trap door1 to allow it to lie
 flat when opened4  #ifc4 ,bayonet      
joint4 ,a common device4  #ifd4 ,double 
scarfed and joggled joint1 for pump1    
rods1 c41 with ferrules and keys to     
tighten up4  #ife4 ,universal joint4    
,see ,dr4 ,hooke's ,joint1 ,nos4 #cc and
 #cd4  #iff4 ,knuckle jointed levers4   
,illustration3 #idi4-iff4  #ifg4 ,the   
common male and female or nipple and    
socket rod joint4  #ifh4 ,multiple      
hinges1 with one centre bolt1 for long  
or heavy doors4  #ifi4 ,scarfed rod or  
bar joint4  #igj4 ,another form of      
hinge1 to effect the same object as ,no4
 #ied4    ,see also ,swivel ,joints1    
,nos4 #hic and #hid4 ,sections #di1 #d1 
and #dh4   ,section #ea4--,,lubricators4
  ,i do not propose to attempt to       
illustrate the vast tribe of 8greasers0 
of all kinds4 ,they would easily fill a 
moderate volume1 but scarcely repay the 
reader for perusal4 ,i shall content    
myself here as elsewhere by indicating  
the types of most interest and          

importance to the machine draughtsman4  
,besides the simple cup or enlarged oil 
hole1 oil box1 and grease cup1 the      
following are the most commonly         
employed3--  #iga4 ,oil pan for gearing1
 worms1 wheels1 c4  #igb4 ,revolving    
wire lubricator2 carries a drop of oil  
on to the shaft at each revolution4     
#igc4 ,roller and pan lubricator4 ,can  
be employed also for gum1 paste1 paint1 
c4  #igd4 ,screw ram lubricator1 to     
force lubricant into a cylinder or pipe 
against pressure1 with non-return valve4
  #ige4 ,telescopic tube lubricating    
device1 for reciprocating or revolving  
joints1 such as crank pins4  #igf4      
,another tubular device for crank pins2 
a hollow cup on end of a tube stands    
opposite the centre of the shaft1 and   
can be fed with oil while revolving1 the
 oil running down the tube during the   
lower half revolution4  #igg4           
,stauffer's lubricator for thick oil1   
which is forced in by screwing down the 
cap4  #igh4 ,shaft bearing lubricator by

 the capillary action of pieces of cane1
 the lower ends of which dip into the   
oil cistern4  #igi4 ,endless string     
lubricator4  #ihj4 ,single cock         
lubricator1 with screwed cap for        
filling4  #iha4 ,double cock lubricator4
  #ihb4 ,hollow plug cock4    ,the last 
three are used to feed oil against steam
 pressure4  #ihc4 ,lieuvain's needle    
lubricator4 ,a loose wire 7one end of   
which touches the revolving shaft and   
the other is in the oil72 keeps the oil 
flowing as long as the shaft is running4
  #ihd4 ,the pressure of steam enters   
the cup above the oil1 which is fed     
through an adjustable small valve at    
bottom4  #ihe4 ,plunger or ram and      
cylinder lubricator1 with ratchet feed  
worked from some reciprocating part of  
engine4    ,lubricating or inking       
rollers to evenly cover a flat surface  
are   placed at an angle of about #aj to
 the direction of motion of the         
surface to be lubricated or inked4      
,large engines are fitted with an oil   

reservoir1 and pipes are led to   all   
joints1 bearings1 c41 with small cocks  
for regulation4  ,illustration3         
#ifg4-ihe4   ,section #eb4--,,levelling 
,,and ,,plumbing4  ,the common spirit   
level and plumbline are ordinarily      
employed1 as also the surveyor's        
telescope and spirit level or 8,dumpy40 
#ihf4 ,gravitation level4  #ihg4        
,plumbline and square4  #ihh4 ,water    
tube level2 the tube may be carried a   
long distance and round corners1 c41 in 
any direction below the water level4    
#ihi4 ,spirit level plumbing square4    
,section #ec4--,,mechanical ,,powers4   
,,appliances ,,to ,,vary ,,power ,,and  
,,speed4    #iij4 ,lever of the #ast    
order                                   
#iia4 ,lever of the #bnd order  ,see    
,applications1 ,section #dh4            
#iib4 ,lever of the #crd order   #iic4  
,wheel and axle2 power gained and speed 
reduced in proportion to the diameters  
of the two sheaves4  #iid4 ,return      
block2 power multiplied #b to #a4  #iie4

 ,two double sheave blocks2 power       
multiplied #d to #a4  #iif4 ,four single
 blocks2 power same as ,no4 #iie4  #iig4
 ,three return blocks2 power multiplied 
#h to #a4    ,see ,applications1        
,section #db4  ,the inclined plane is   
simply a modification of the force of   
gravity1 which acts vertically4  ,the   
wedge4 ,see ,section #cg4  ,the screw is
 simply a circular inclined plane4 ,see 
,section #gh4    ,see also ,gearing1    
,sections #dj and #hd4   ,section       
#ed4--,,mixing ,,and ,,incorporating4   
#iih4 ,kneading mill1 with spiral vanes4
  #iii4 ,pug mill1 with radial spiral   
paddles revolving inside a conical case4
  #ajjj4 ,pug mill1 with spiral paddles4
  #ajja4 ,pan mixer4 ,a cylindrical case
 or pan with a set of arms revolving    
with the central shaft4  #ajjb4 ,egg    
beater or mixing machine4 ,two sets of  
open radial frames revolve in opposite  
directions1 the frames being shaped to  
pass through each other1 and are driven 
by mitre gear driving a shaft and       

sleeve4  #ajjc4 ,diagonal mixing barrel1
 with revolving and fixed vanes4  #ajjd4
 ,conical mixing barrel of similar      
construction4  #ajje4 ,diagonal mixing  
pan1 used for confectionery1 c4         
,illustration3 #ihf4-ajje4  #ajjf4      
,mixer1 with two pairs of arms running  
in opposite directions4    ,see ,cross  
section4  #ajjg4 ,a modification of the 
last2 the centres of the arms being     
above one another so that the arms pass 
each other in revolving4  #ajjh4        
,horizontal table mixing machine4 ,the  
stuff works its way from the centre to  
the edge of the table by centrifugal    
force4    ,see also ,no4 #fj4           
,anderson's patent employs this plan to 
continuously   distribute purifying     
material through water with which the   
revolving   drum is charged4    ,see    
,section #ac4 ,crushing1 grinding1 c4   
,section #ee4--,,parallel ,,motions4    
,purpose3 to maintain rectilinear motion
 of a rod or equivalent detail coupled  
to a lever without employing guide bars4

  #ajji4 ,watt's parallel motion for a  
beam engine4  #ajaj4 ,rack and segment  
motion4  #ajaa4 ,epicycloidal parallel  
motion4 ,the pinion is one-half the     
diameter of the wheel at the pitch      
lines1 and the gudgeon is fixed upon the
 pitch line of the pinion4  #ajab4      
,peaucellier's parallel motion4 ,a is a 
fixed centre2 ,b 7for parallel motion7  
must be one-half way to ,c2 power is    
applied to ,c2 ,d parallel centre       
gudgeon4  #ajac4 ,beam1 with rocking    
fulcrum4 ,a ,a are equal1 as also ,b ,b4
  #ajad4 ,single radius bar and link2   
the radius bar to be same length as the 
half beam and the link hinged on its    
centre4  #ajae4 ,all the radius bars to 
be of same length as the half beam4     
#ajaf4 ,two equal radius bars connected 
by a link1 the main gudgeon in its      
centre4  #ajag4 ,beam of the #bnd order 
with rocking fulcrum1 ,a and ,a being   
equal4  #ajah4 ,sector and rack motion4 
,see also ,no4 #gad4   ,section         
#ef4--,,pumping ,,and ,,raising ,,water4

  ,some of the most primitive methods   
are still in use1 and may possibly still
 be found of service in particular      
cases4  #ajai4 ,scoop wheel4  #ajbj4    
,dipping trough4  #ajba4 ,endless chain 
of buckets4  #ajbb4 ,archimedean screw2 
a spiral pipe serves the same purpose as
 the worm revolving in a cylindrical    
case4  ,illustration3 #ajjf4-ajbb4      
#ajbc4 ,chain pump1 frequently used     
still4 ,the lower length of pipe should 
be bored to fit the buckets on chain2   
the rest of the pipe may be a little    
larger in diameter and not bored4       
#ajbd4 ,lifting wheel for raising water4
  ,the following four examples are      
machines for raising water to any height
 by employing a fall of water of        
comparative low pressure3--  #ajbe4     
,hydraulic ram4 ,a stream of water runs 
down the incline pipe and flows away at 
the ball valve2 when its speed reaches a
 certain point it suddenly closes the   
ball valve1 and the shock opens the     
delivery valve1 water flows into the air

 vessel till the power of the stream is 
checked1 when the delivery valve closes1
 the ball drops1 and the action is      
repeated4  #ajbf4 ,the ,robinet4        
,direct-action water pressure           
self-acting pump2 performs the same work
 as the hydraulic ram1 that is by using 
a low fall and large quantity of water  
it raises a smaller quantity to a       
greater height1 the low-pressure water  
acting on the large double-acting       
piston4 ,the valve is reversed by the   
motion of the engine4  #ajbg4 ,hydraulic
 pumping engine4 ,a modification of the 
,robinet4 ,a is the driving cylinder1 ,b
 the pump4 ,the main slide valve is     
worked by two pistons1 and the pressure 
water distributed by an auxiliary       
four-way cock or small slide valve1     
connected to a stop rod from the main   
crosshead4 ,see also ,no4 #agda4 ,see   
,sec4 #ic4  #ajbh4 ,water wheel and     
pump4  #ajbi4 ,single-acting bucket or  
suction pump4  #ajcj4 ,single-acting ram
 force pump4 ,sometimes an open top     

cylinder and piston are used instead of 
a ram1 as ,no4 #ajbi4  #ajca4           
,double-acting ram and piston pump4     
,forces on both strokes2 sucks only on  
the up stroke4  #ajcb4 ,double-acting   
plunger or ram pump1 externally packed2 
a favourite arrangement4  #ajcc4        
,double-acting piston pump1 four valves4
 ,this is of course a type of a very    
great variety of pumps4  #ajcd4         
,double-action piston pump1 without     
valves4 ,the piston has an oscillating  
or radial motion 7see plan71 as well as 
an up and down motion1 so that the two  
ports are alternately open to the upper 
and under side of piston by the small   
passages ,a ,a4 ,the required motion can
 be obtained from ,no4 #djf1 crank      
motion4  #ajce4 ,rope pump4 ,a simple   
endless soft or porous rope absorbs     
water at its lower part 7immersed71     
which water is pressed out of it between
 the rollers at top4  #ajcf4 ,apparatus 
to supply air to air vessels4 ,the main 
pump at every stroke draws a small      

quantity of water from the small air    
vessel ,a1 and on the return stroke     
forces an equal quantity of air from the
 smaller to the larger vessel ,b4 ,c is 
a double air valve4  #ajcg4 ,combined   
bucket and plunger pump draws on the up 
stroke only1 but delivers on both       
strokes4  #ajch4 ,air pump1 with foot   
and head valves4  #ajci4 ,hand or power 
pump4 ,can be thrown into action from   
the crank shaft by fastening the set    
screw1 or may be worked independently by
 the hand lever4  #ajdj4 8,worthington0 
pattern of plunger pump1 double acting4 
,illustration3 #ajbc4-ajdj4  #ajda4     
,double barrel pump1 with bucket        
pistons4 ,the water passes both pistons1
 which are fitted with valves opening   
opposite ways4  #ajdb4 ,oscillating     
sector or quadrant pump1 with one vane  
or piston4  #ajdc4 ,double quadrant     
pump4 ,the two vanes are worked by links
 from a single crank4  #ajdd4           
,oscillating pump1 with two radial vanes
 keyed to a central rocking shaft4      

#ajde4 ,hollow plug2 oil or water       
feeder4  #ajdf4 ,double ram pump4       
,rising mains in mines and wells have   
been used as the main pump rods   in    
some instances4    ,in pumping up to a  
tank or reservoir from which a down     
service pipe is   taken1 the pump can be
 arranged to deliver into this pipe at  
its   nearest convenient point1 instead 
of having a second pipe from the   pump 
to the tank4  #ajdg4 ,schmid's trunk    
cyl4 hydraulic pumping engine utilises a
 low-pressure supply to force from the  
annular side of the piston a            
high-pressure service4    ,see also     
rotary engines and pumps1 ,section #ge4 
,pumping engines1 ,section #fa4         
,section #eg4--,,pipes ,,and            
,,conveyors4  ,plain tubing may be      
either of iron1 brass1 zinc1 lead1 tin  
plate1 sheet iron1 papier mch1          
indiarubber1 guttapercha1 leather1      
cotton1 or canvas4  ,flexible sorts of  
the last five materials named are       
strengthened when required by spiral    

wire1 either inside or outside or       
imbedded in the material2 also1 in the  
case of rubber1 by canvas insertion2 or 
by being payed with yarn or wire1 either
 wound or plaited round the exterior4   
,,cast ,,iron ,,pipes4  #ajdh to #ajec4 
,show sections and elevations of forms  
of flanges employed4 #ajec has a small  
,v space1 in which is inserted a ring of
 guttapercha cord or soft lead4 ,used   
for heavy pressures4  #ajed4 ,socket and
 spigot pipes4    ,the ordinary         
earthenware socket drain pipes1 flue    
pipes1 c41 are   examples4  #ajee4      
,socket and spigot pipes1 with tapered1 
bored1 and turned joint4  #ajef4 ,cup   
and ball joint for uneven ground1 c4    
#ajeg4 ,wrought iron pipes1 with cast   
iron flanges4  #ajeh4 ,diagonal         
universal joint4 ,see ,no4 #ajgh4       
#ajei4 ,swivelling joint4 ,coupling     
quickly opened or closed1 faced with    
rubber or leather4  #ajfj4 ,bayonet     
joint1 for hydrants1 c4 ,see ,no4 #ifc4 
,,wrought ,,iron ,,pipes4  #ajfa4 ,sheet

 iron flue pipes4  #ajfb4 ,wrought iron 
pipe and screwed couplings4  #ajfc4     
,wrought iron flange coupling4  #ajfd4  
,reducing socket or coupling4           
,illustration3 #ajda4-ajfd4  #ajfe      
#ajff4 ,elbows4  #ajfg4 ,bend4  #ajfh4  
,internal coupling for handrailing1 c4  
#ajfi4 ,patent lap-folded pipe4  #ajgj4 
,long screw1 coupling and back nut1 for 
making the last joint in a series of    
pipes when the last piece cannot be     
screwed into both joints4  #ajga to     
#ajgc4 ,screwed unions4 ,the nut may be 
as ,no4 #ajgb or #ajgc4    ,see also    
,section #gh4  #ajgd  #ajge4 ,unions    
with right and left-hand threads4       
#ajgf4 ,expansion joint plain4  #ajgg4  
,expansion joint with gland and safety  
bolt to prevent the joint blowing out4  
,a bent ,u-shaped tube of copper is     
sometimes used as an expansion   piece  
in a line of hot piping4  #ajgh4        
,royle's patent diagonal universal      
joint1 by swivelling the diagonal joint 
the pipes can be set at any angle from  

#j to #ij to each other4  #ajgi4        
,expanding pipes with stuffing boxes at 
each joint1 used for conveying water1   
steam1 or air to a movable engine or    
machine4   ,,conveyors4  #ajhj  #ajha4  
,wood troughs sometimes lined with      
metal4    ,for conveying materials other
 than liquids1 such as sand1 coal1      
grain1   c41 the following contrivances 
are used3--    ,endless bands of canvas1
 rubber1 leather1 c41 sometimes with    
flanges   like #ajhb4    ,sloping wooden
 tubes or shoots4  #ajhb4 ,sectional    
conveyor1 endless1 carried round pulleys
 like ,no4 #ajhc4  #ajhc4 ,creeper1 an  
endless chain of boards or buckets      
sliding along a fixed wood trough4 ,see 
,ewart's patent detachable drive chain1 
which is fitted with special links for  
attachment of boards or buckets4  #ajhd4
 ,worm and trough1 similar in principle 
to an archimedean screw4    ,see ,no4   
#ajbb4    ,elevators for vertical or    
sloping conveyance usually consist of an
   endless band of some flexible        

material or chain with a number of tin  
or metal buckets attached at regular    
intervals 7as ,no4 #ajhf7 like a        
creeper1 ,no4 #ajhc1 but working in an  
enclosed tube4    ,pneumatic tubes4 ,see
 ,section #ai4 ,valves for do41 ,no4    
#afch4  #ajhe4 ,is an improved form of  
worm having no centre shaft4 8,patent   
,anti-,friction ,conveyor40  #ajhf4     
,elevator1 or band and buckets1 may be  
run in any position4  #ajhg  #ajhh4     
,endless web and roller devices for     
conveying sheets of paper1 for printing 
or folding4    ,see also ,raising and   
,lowering1 ,section #fi4  ,illustration3
 #ajfe4-ajhh4   ,section                
#eh4--,,packings1 ,,joints1 ,,stuffing  
,,boxes1 c4   ,,pistons4  #ajhi4 ,piston
 with junk ring2 the packing is         
sometimes cast iron1 steel1 brass1 or   
phosphor bronze rings1 or even hemp or  
asbestos4  #ajij4 ,small pistons have   
generally two rings of steel or brass   
sprung into the grooves4  #ajia4        
,double-acting hydraulic piston for cold

 water2 if single acting1 one leather   
only is required2 for hot water1 rings  
are generally employed4  #ajib4         
,indiarubber rolling ring packing1 used 
on ,kennedy's patent piston water       
meters4  #ajic4 ,piston1 with junk ring 
for fibrous packing4    ,numerous       
patents are in use for springs of       
various kinds applied to   piston rings4
 ,see ,section #hj4   ,,stuffing        
,,boxes1 c4  #ajid1 #ajie1 #ajif1       
#ajig4 ,sections and plans of gland     
stuffing boxes4  #ajih4 ,leather packing
 ring or collar1 used generally for     
higher pressures up to #c or #d tons per
 square inch4  #ajii4 ,stuffing box for 
hydraulic rams1 up to pressures of about
 #ajjj lbs4 per square inch1 with       
special hard packing4  #aajj  #aaja4    
,when the wear on an hydraulic leather  
is considerable a guard-ring should be  
added1 as shown here4  #aajb4 ,stannah's
 patent stuffing box2 the packing is    
tightened by a set screw4  #aajc  #aajd4
 ,ram leathers1 with gland to facilitate

 renewing4  #aaje4 ,grooved steam       
packing4 ,it is said that the steam will
 not readily pass a series of grooves   
round a piston rod4  #aajf4 ,useful form
 of gland for a screwed spindle1 the    
thread being cut in the outer cap4      
#aajg4 ,v-ring piston packing rings4    
,the inner spring ring presses the outer
 rings out against the cylinder4  #aajh4
 8,bottle0 gland to cover a             
reciprocating rod end4  #aaji4 ,gland   
with oil space to keep the rod          
lubricated4  #aaaj4 ,water lute or seal 
for gas holders1 c4  #aaaa4 ,grooved    
joint for packing round covers1 c4      
,illustration3 #ajhi4-aaaa4  #aaab4     
,indiarubber sheet joint for the tubes  
of condensers1 the rubber being pressed 
around the tube joints by a plate with  
projecting rings4 ,see ,plate1 page     
#aci4  #aaac4 ,v-ring metallic gland    
packing4 ,see ,plate1 page #aci4        
,joints of plane surfaces are usually   
made with red-lead for steam and        
water2 asbestos1 millboard1 and         

sometimes rubber insertion1 tape1       
paper1 or wire gauze for steam1 water1  
air1 c4   ,section #ei4--,,propulsion4  
7,see also ,sections #fj1 and #ab47  ,on
 land1 vehicles1 c41 may be propelled   
by3    a4 ,any engine having contained  
in itself its source of power2 such   as
 a steam engine1 compressed-air engine1 
electric motor1 c4    b4 ,any fixed     
source of power1 the moving vehicle     
being connected to   it by3 #a1 a rope  
or chain2 #b1 a tube2 #c1 an electric   
wire or other   electric connection4    
c4 ,by gravitation down an inclined or  
vertical road4 ,see ,section #fi4    d4 
,by wind power1 using sails or windmill4
 ,see ,section #ie4    e4 ,animal power4
  ,on water1 vessels are propelled by3  
a4 ,wind4    b4 ,steam or other heat    
engine4    c4 ,wave motion4    d4       
,natural currents1 tides4    e4 ,animal 
power4  ,in air1 balloons have been     
propelled by3    a4 ,wind4    b4 ,some  
kind of engine power4    c4 ,hand power4
    ,but the two latter sources must be 

at present considered almost            
impracticable4   ,,means ,,employed     
,,for ,,propulsion4  ,on land3    a4    
,steam or other engine and boiler on the
 moving vehicle4    b4 ,a reservoir of  
compressed air or gas1 driving an engine
 on the   vehicle4    c4 ,an electric   
battery or accumulator1 driving an      
engine on the   vehicle4    d4 ,rope    
railway3 the rope may be driven by any  
kind of engine4    e4 ,endless rope     
transmission4 ,see ,section #ff4    f4  
,inclined or vertical hoists4 ,see      
,section #fi4    g4 ,ice vessels1 or    
yachts1 propelled by wind and sails1    
windmills1   c4 ,see ,section #ie4    h4
 ,velocipedes of all kinds1 hand power  
lifts and hoists4 ,see   ,section #fi4  
,on water1 vessels are propelled by3    
a4 ,sails4    b4 ,steamships1 by screw1 
paddle-wheel1 stern wheel1 water jet1   
and   steam jet4    c4 ,wave engine4    
d4 ,barges and rafts usually employ     
tidal motion only4    e4 ,rowing boats1 
c41 hand power paddle and screw boats1  

horse   towage4  ,in air1 balloons are  
propelled by3    a4 ,wind1 acting on the
 inflated balloon1 or on an             
umbrella-shaped or   other sail2 also on
 the under side of inclined planes of   
large area4    b4 ,balloons of elongated
 form have been propelled by an engine  
placed in the car1 driving either a     
large screw propeller or wings4    c4   
,various attempts have been made to work
 flying machines 7generally   having    
some form of wings7 by the power of a   
man's hands and feet1   with very little
 success4   ,section #fj4--,,motive     
,,power4  ,it is assumed that all       
physical energy is derived more or less 
directly from the sun1 whose rays       
combine3 #a1 heat2 #b1 light2 #c1       
actinic or chemical power4  ,heat may be
 obtained3    a4 ,by direct use of the  
sun's rays4    b4 ,from any combustible 
material4    c4 ,from chemical reaction4
  ,light does not separately develop    
power4  ,chemical reactions are employed
 to develop heat1 combustion1           

contraction1 or expansion1 as means of  
developing power4  ,from the foregoing  
elementary physical sources the         
following are the practical sources of  
our power for mechanical purposes4      
,electrical power4    ,magnetic power4  
,tidal motion4    ,falling water4       
,descending weights4    ,wave motion4   
,wind4    ,expansion of air or other    
gases4    ,steam4    ,explosives4       
,fuels1 hydrocarbons1 c4  ,these are    
employed in producing power by the      
following apparatus or motors3--        
,electric motors driven from a dynamo1  
battery1 or accumulator4    ,magnetic   
power cannot be employed continuously as
 a motor1 as it   gives out only as much
 as it receives4    ,tidal motion can be
 utilised to drive any kind of wheel1   
see ,water   ,wheels1 ,section #ij4 ,it 
can also be stored in a reservoir1      
driving a   water engine as it flows in 
and out on the flood and ebb2 or a      
floating vessel may1 by its rise and    
fall1 communicate motion to   machines4 

,falling water2 for machines employed to
 utilise1 see ,water ,wheels1   ,section
 #ij2 ,turbines1 ,water-pressure        
,engines1 c41 ,section #ic4             
,descending weights must first of course
 be raised1 absorbing as much   power in
 raising as they give out in falling1   
neglecting friction4   ,clockwork2      
water2 or compression of a spring 7see  
,section #hj72   multiplying pulleys    
7see ,section #db71 are the apparatus   
employed to   utilise this form of      
energy4    ,wave motion is too uncertain
 and erratic to be a practicable source 
of power4 ,rocking air-compressing      
chambers1 rocking pumps1 c41 have       
obtained some small measure of success4 
,wind1 windmills4 ,see ,section #ie4    
,expansion of air and gases4 ,ascending 
currents of hot air from a   fire are   
used to drive a light screw motor1 fan1 
c4 ,hot-air engines1   see ,ryder's     
patent and numerous others1 which depend
 upon alternate   expansion and         
contraction of air by heating and       

cooling4 ,air   compressed in an        
accumulator or reservoir is employed to 
give motion   to multiplying pulleys or 
an air engine4    ,expansion of liquids1
 other than water 7by heat71 into the   
gaseous   form4 ,engines in which the   
fuel is burnt under pressure and the    
total   products of combustion employed 
7with or without steam7 to drive a      
motor4    ,steam is in reality one of   
the last-mentioned sources of power2 it 
is employed by direct pressure on a     
piston or ram 7see ,section #cb72 or    
to produce direct rotary motion 7see    
,section #ge72 also in the jet   pump1  
,no4 #hja2 or injector 7see ,section    
#de72 or by direct pressure on   a body 
of water contained in a closed vessel1  
as in the pulsometer1   steam           
accumulator1 c4    ,explosives are      
substances which1 by application of     
flame1 heat1   percussion1 c41 suddenly 
assume the gaseous form1 thus increasing
   their bulk many hundred times1       
usually in a small fraction of a second 

of time4 ,a second class comprise       
explosive mixtures of gases1 such as    
hydrogen1 and oxygen1 carburetted       
hydrogen1 and air4 ,some attempts   have
 been made to employ explosive          
substances to drive engines in   various
 ways1 but with no permanent success4   
,the second class of   explosive        
mixtures of gases are largely employed  
in the gas engine1   petroleum engine1  
and their varieties4    ,fuels1         
hydrocarbons1 c41 are employed to       
evaporate water into   steam2 to expand 
air or other gases1 or convert liquids  
into gases2   and also by vaporisation  
to supply gas for use in some forms of  
gas   engine4   ,section #fa4--,,pumping
 ,,engines1 ,,types ,,of4   ,,vertical  
,,engines4  #aaad4 ,vertical            
direct-acting1 with either ram pump1 ram
 and piston pump1 or piston only4 ,see  
,section #ef4  #aaae4 ,slot and crank   
motion1 a variety of the last named4 ,of
 course any other kind of crank driving 
can be employed4 ,see ,section #aj4     

,the frame standards are frequently used
 as air vessels or valve   chests4      
#aaaf4 ,direct-acting ram pump1 with    
fly-wheel worked off crosshead pin4     
#aaag4 ,direct-acting1 with yoke        
crosshead2 much used in the northern    
counties4 ,the standards form air       
vessels and valve boxes1 and they are   
made both of the piston and ram types4  
#aaah4 ,three-cylinder1 with yoke       
crosshead4 ,either the centre cylinder  
or the two side ones can be used as the 
steam motor cylinders1 or the pumps4    
,,horizontal ,,engines4  #aaai4 ,the    
ordinary direct-acting engine1 with     
either steam-moved or tappet valves1 see
 ,tangye's 8,special10 the              
8,coalbrookdale10 and others1 in which  
the slide valve is operated by pistons  
controlled by auxiliary tappet valves on
 the same principle as ,no4 #aejf4      
#aabj4 ,direct-acting1 with crosshead   
and guide bars between the cylinders4   
#aaba4 ,two modifications of ,no4 #aabj4
  #aabc4 ,direct-acting1 with rocking   

lever valve motion2 see the             
8,worthington0 and other 8,duplex0      
pumps1 in which two engines are combined
 so that one works the valve of the     
other4  #aabb1 #aabd1  #aabe4 ,other    
forms of direct-acting engines4  #aabf4 
,horizontal compound direct-acting4 ,the
 high-pressure cylinder1 low-pressure   
ditto1 and receiver are side by side1   
and the air pump and main pump in line  
with the steam cylinders4               
,illustration3 #aaab4-aabf4  #aabg4     
,horizontal pumping engine1 with yoked  
crossheads and crank in centre4  #aabh  
#aabi4 ,horizontal compound lever       
engines4  #aacj4 ,davey's patent        
vertical compound beam mining pump4     
,the ,cornish beam pumping engine is too
 well known to need   illustration4     
,in mining pumps the pump rod has       
occasionally been made of iron pipe     
and employed as the rising main4  #aaca4
 ,geared pumping engine1 with steam     
cylinder and pump side by side2 the     
speed of the steam piston is reduced on 

the pump by spur gearing4   ,section    
#fb4--,,pawl ,,and ,,ratchet ,,motions4 
,,intermittent ,,motion4  #aacb4 ,the   
common ratchet-wheel and pawl1 or       
detent4  #aacc4 ,ditto1 with compound   
pawls to check angular motion less than 
the pitch of the teeth4  #aacd4 ,locking
 pawl4  #aace4 ,strut-action pawl4      
#aacf4 ,indiarubber ball pawl2 sometimes
 a solid roller is substituted for the  
indiarubber ball4  #aacg4 ,reverse      
ratchets1 for continuous feed from an   
oscillating arm4  #aach4 ,ball and      
socket ratchet1 will work at an angle4  
#aaci4 ,pawl1 used with ordinary spur   
teeth1 and sometimes made reversible    
7see dotted lines71 to drive the        
opposite way4  #aadj4 ,ratchet bosses4  
#aada4 ,silent pawl2 the pawl is lifted 
out of gear while reversing by the      
motion of the toggle joint and lever4   
#aadb4 ,crown ratchet and pawl4  #aadc4 
,application of ,no4 #aacf as a silent  
feed motion4  #aadd4 ,click and detent  
continuous feed motion4  #aade4 ,hare's 

foot ratchet motion with detent4  #aadf4
 ,silent feed4 ,the jaw grips the rim of
 wheel when moving in one direction and 
runs loose the other way4  #aadg4       
,reciprocating into intermittent rotary 
motion4  ,illustration3 #aabg4-aadg4    
#aadh4 ,reciprocating circular motion   
into intermittent circular ditto1       
,kaiser's patent4  #aadi4 ,continuous   
circular motion into intermittent ditto1
 ,kaiser's patent4 ,the wheel ,a is     
locked by the ring ,c while the finger  
,b is out of gear1 the ring then passing
 between the teeth of ,a4  #aaej4       
,cam-ring intermittent feed motion4     
#aaea4 ,modification of the last named2 
in both the wheel is locked during the  
dead movement of the cam by the flange  
passing between the teeth4  #aaeb4 ,slot
 wheel and pin gear4  #aaec4            
,segment-wheel intermittent feed motion2
 locked during the dead movement of     
driving wheel4  #aaed4 ,the pawl is     
lifted out of gear at each revolution of
 the pin wheel ,a and the ratchet moved 

one or more teeth4  #aaee4 ,double pawls
 and links for continuous feed motion4  
#aaef4 ,the cam ,a is eccentric to the  
wheel ,b1 and slips out of gear at any  
required point while the driving wheel  
makes a partial revolution4  #aaeg4     
,spring-pawl feed motion2 the large     
wheel with pawl attached drives the     
ratchet wheel4  #aaeh4 ,rocking lever   
and double pawls for raising a rack4    
#aaei4 ,internal pawls1 dropping into   
gear by gravitation4  #aafj4 ,the pawl  
is lifted out of gear by the act of     
putting the handle on the square end of 
shaft1 the handle having a boss shaped  
so as to lift the pawl4  #aafa4 ,star   
wheel and fixed pawl for conveying      
intermittent motion to screw on         
revolving disc2 used for boring-bars1   
slide rests1 c4  #aafb4 ,pendulum and   
ratchet escapement4  #aafc4 ,cylinder   
escapement4  #aafd4 ,pendulum and double
 ratchet wheel escapement4  #aafe4      
,enlarged plan of cylinder escapement4  
#aaff4 ,lever escapement4  #aafg4       

,double pawl and pin wheel escapement4  
#aafh4 ,three-leg pendulum escapement4  
#aafi4 ,self-sustaining ratchet motion4 
,pulling the cord ,a throws the pawl out
 of gear by the straightening of the    
cord forcing back the bent pawl lever4  
#aagj4 ,verge escapement4  #aaga4       
,intermittent circular motion by        
revolving pawl and detent4              
,illustration3 #aadh4-aaga4  #aagb4     
,spanner ratchet2 a simple spanner      
having a pin near one end of one of the 
jaws which slips into the teeth of the  
ratchet wheel4  #aagc4 ,v pawl2 operates
 by wedging itself between the ,v       
flanges4  #aagd4 ,gravity pawls and     
ratchet wheel4  #aage4 ,ratchet wheel1  
used to govern the striking gear of a   
clock4  #aagf4 ,the pawl is hinged to   
the jointed end of the lever1 and is    
pulled out of gear by the return        
movement of the rod--silent feed4       
#aagg4 ,pawl and rack4  #aagh4 ,roller  
and inclined segmental recess for silent
 feed motion4  #aagi4 ,gripping pawls   

and ring for silent feed motion4        
,snail ratchet1 ,no4 #gbe4   ,section   
#fc4--,,pressing4    ,the ordinary      
,screw press and ,hydraulic press are   
well-known machines4  #aahj4 ,rack and  
screw press4  #aaha4 ,power press or    
stamp1 with double crank movement worked
 from below4  #aahb4 ,dick's            
anti-friction press1 with rolling       
contacts throughout4  #aahc4 ,hydraulic 
press1 with dies for lead pipe making2 a
 similar press is used for making       
earthenware drain and flue pipes1 the   
material being forced out of an annular 
orifice4  #aahd4 ,wedge press4  #aahe4  
,ster-hydraulic press2 a strand or rope 
is wound upon a barrel inside the       
cylinder1 thus displacing the water and 
raising the ram4  #aahf4 ,screw fly     
press4  #aahg4 ,combined screw and      
hydraulic press4 ,the screw is worked   
down by hand until the pressure becomes 
too great for hand power1 when the      
pressing is finished by the hydraulic   
ram4  #aahh4 ,revolving dies4  #aahi4   

,the 8,boomer0 double-screw toggle      
press1 with increasing pressure as the  
press follower descends4  #aaij4        
,revolving toggle press1 with similar   
capabilities but more restricted        
movement4  #aaia4 ,sector and link press
 for increasing pressure4               
,illustration3 #aagb4-aaia4  #aaib4     
,press dies1 with sliding plate for     
discharging4  #aaic4 ,screw and toggle  
press2 a modification of ,no4 #aahi4    
#aaid4 ,double ram hydraulic press for  
two pressures2 the small ram is employed
 to give the first pressure1 the large  
ram then finishes the pressing4    ,see 
also ,section #ac4   ,section           
#fd4--,,power ,,and ,,speed1            
,,contrivances ,,to ,,vary4    7,see    
,mechanical ,powers1 ,section #ec47     
,section #fe4--,,quick ,,return         
,,motions4    ,employed for machines    
having a slow movement one way1 and a   
quicker   return movement4  #aaie4 ,slot
 lever and crank motion2 gives a varying
 speed1 quickest when the crank pin is  

at the bottom centre1 and slowest when  
at the top1 with a slight pause at each 
end of stroke4  #aaif4 ,whitworth's     
motion4 ,the pin ,a in the wheel ,b     
travels eccentrically in the crank disc1
 which is eccentric to the fixed boss on
 which the driving wheel ,b runs1 so    
that the radius of the driving motion of
 the pin varies as it revolves and it   
travels up and down the slot in the     
disc4  #aaig4 ,by two belts1 one open   
and one crossed1 and driving drums of   
different diameters4  #aaih4 ,by two    
belts1 one open and one crossed1 but    
driven by the same drum4 ,the middle    
pulley is loose1 the left hand pulley is
 fast to the spur wheel1 and the right  
hand pulley to the spur pinion4         
,segment gear1 gearing alternately with 
the internal ring and the   central     
pinion4 ,see ,no4 #gbd4    ,see ,section
 #gd4   ,section #ff4--,,rope ,,gearing4
  #aaii4 ,v-grooved pulley rim for round
 rope4  #abjj4 ,multiple pulley rim1    
used for rope driving in mills1 c4      

#abja4 ,single ,v-grooved pulley for    
hand ropes4  #abjb4 ,pulley for wire    
rope transmission1 with wood bedding in 
the groove4  #abjc1 #abjd1  #abje4 ,clip
 pulleys1 which grip the rope by its own
 tension4    ,ordinary round grooved    
pulley4 ,see ,section #ga1 ,no4 #abda4  
,rope grip pulley1 with snugs to wedge  
the rope and prevent slipping4   ,see   
,section #ga1 ,no4 #abdb4    ,pit head  
sheave4 ,used for quick running wire    
ropes4 ,the boss is   usually split to  
allow of expansion in cooling1 and the  
arms are of   wrought iron4 ,see        
,section #ga1 ,no4 #abdc4  #abjf4 ,rope 
driving4  #abjg4 ,rope driving1 with    
tightening pulley and weight4  #abjh4   
,rope grip pulleys1 for driving a       
vertical rope1 the large pulley has a ,v
 groove into which the rope is pressed  
by the small pulley4  #abji4 ,jigger    
hoisting rope gear1 used for whip       
cranes1 c41 instead of spur gearing4    
,wire rope transmission4 ,endless wire  
ropes of small diameter are   used      

running over large pulleys and driven at
 a high speed 7usually   #cjjj to #djjj 
feet per minute74 ,this kind of power   
may be carried   considerable distances 
and over uneven ground1 but it is not   
desirable   to have horizontal angles in
 the direction of the rope4   ,section  
#fg4--,,reservoirs ,,of ,,power4        
,,accumulators4  a4 ,the fly-wheel or   
its equivalent4  b4 ,springs4 ,see      
,section #hj4  c4 ,weights4  d4 ,air or 
gas compressed into a reservoir2 air    
vessel1 bellows4 ,see ,section #g4  e4  
,water raised into an elevated reservoir
 or tank1 or pumped into a loaded       
accumulator4 ,variable ,pressure        
,accumulator1 ,no4 #aehf4  f4           
,electricity stored in accumulators4  g4
 ,explosives4  h4 ,pendulum4 ,sometimes 
used to accumulate power to be given out
 suddenly1 as in punching4   ,section   
#fh4--,,reciprocating ,,and ,,circular  
,,motion1 ,,converting ,,one ,,into     
,,the ,,other4    7,see ,circular and   
,reciprocating ,motion1 ,section #ba74  

7,see ,pawl and ,ratchet ,motions1      
,section #fb74   ,section               
#fi4--,,raising ,,and ,,lowering4       
7#a47 ,,by ,,hand ,,power4  a4 ,the     
ordinary winch and crank handle4  b4    
,winch1 worked by an endless hand rope  
and wheel1 similar to ,nos4 #abaj1      
#abbj4  #abaj4 ,hand rope and barrel    
hoist4 ,in this machine gearing may be  
interposed between the hand rope wheel  
and rope drum to increase the power and 
reduce speed4  c4 ,differential blocks  
of various patterns 7see ,weston's1     
,pickering's1 ,moore's1 c474 ,see       
,section #ca4  d4 ,by screw gear1 as in 
the ordinary screw jack4 ,sec4 #gh4  e4 
,rack and pinion gear4 ,see ,no4 #ged4  
f4 ,worm and wheel gear4 ,see ,section  
#hd4    ,note as to brake wheels3 these 
should always be upon the load shaft    
so that the braking is not transmitted  
to the load through toothed   gearing4  
,worm gear usually will not sustain a   
load without a brake   wheel1 unless    
there is an excess of friction which    

should not exist4  g4 ,friction gear4   
,see ,section #ch4   7#b47 ,,by ,,power4
    ,this may be applied to any of the  
above as follows3--    a or b4 ,to the  
ordinary winch by either gearing 7see   
,section #hd71   belts 7see ,section    
#c71 or friction gear 7see ,section     
#ch74  b4 ,by gripping the endless rope 
between grip wheels 7see #abjh7 the     
small wheel can be thrown into gear to  
grip the rope by a lever1 cam or screw4 
c4 ,differential gear may be driven from
 a shaft by belts or gearing4 ,see      
,sections #hd and #c4  d4 ,screw gear4  
,ditto4  e4 ,rack gear4 ,ditto4  f4     
,worm and wheel gear4 ,ditto4  g4       
,friction gear is usually driven as ,no4
 #abaa4  #abaa4 ,where the barrel shaft 
has a slight horizontal movement1 so    
that1 by the lever1 it can be forced    
into gear with the friction pinion to   
raise the load1 or into the brake block 
to sustain the load or lower it4        
,grooved friction ,v gearing is also    
sometimes used4 ,see ,no4 #ffg4         

,illustration3 #aaib4-abaa4  7#c47      
,,hydraulic ,,gear4 ,see ,section #db4  
,the direct-acting plan is simply a ram 
and cylinder1 as in the   hydraulic     
press1 the ram being as long as the     
height of travel of the   cage4 ,for    
multiplying cylinder hydraulic gear1 see
 ,section #db4    ,balancing the dead   
load of cage1 c4 ,this is usually done  
by weights   attached to the end of     
ropes running over overhead pulleys and 
fastened to the cage1 as in ,no4 #cgj1  
or by an auxiliary cylinder and   ram of
 short stroke loaded to the required    
weight1 and communicating   with the    
lift cylinder by a pipe4 ,see ,section  
#bj4   7#d47 ,,for ,,lowering ,,weights 
,,only4  a4 ,an hydraulic cylinder and  
piston may be used1 to which the cage is
 directly attached either above or      
below1 the cage or platform being       
overbalanced by a counterbalance weight 
and rope 7running over a pulley as ,no4 
#cgj71 which is sufficient to raise it  
empty4 ,the speed is controlled by a    

pass valve which allows the water to    
pass from one side of the piston to the 
other4 ,see ,section #e4  b4 ,an        
ordinary ,v wheel and brake wheel may be
 used1 the cage being overbalanced as   
last described2 the motion is controlled
 solely by the brake4 ,or1 an hydraulic 
brake cylinder may be used in connection
 with a rope or chain attached to the   
cage4 ,see note to ,section #e4         
,other hoisting devices are3            
,direct-acting steam or air cylinders1  
the piston rods being coupled   direct  
to the cage4    ,air vessels1 on the    
principle of the gasometer1 but of a    
height   equal to the travel1 and       
diameter proportional to the pressure of
 air   employed4  #abab4 ,internal screw
 elevator4 ,the vertical shaft has a    
feather groove1 and carries a double    
crosshead with a wheel at each end1     
which run on the spiral guides and raise
 the cage4  #abac4 ,screw elevator1 for 
ice1 c4 ,vertical creeper4  #abad4      
,travelling hoist1 with in and out      

motion and rope4  #abae4 ,steam digger  
and hoist4  #abaf4 ,hauling capstan4    
,the rope1 which is payed on and off the
 barrel1 8fleets0 itself as it travels  
along the barrel owing to its conical   
shaped flanges4  #abag4 ,richmond's     
patent differential telescopic hydraulic
 lift4 ,the water under each piston is  
forced into the next cylinder above1 so 
that the rams all travel upwards at     
proportional speeds1 so as to reach the 
top of their stroke at the same time4   
#abah4 ,self-sustaining gear4 ,the      
revolution of the pinion tends to lift  
the barrel and its brake wheel out of   
the brake2 lowering is performed by     
relieving the brake wheel by a lever    
which raises it from the brake4         
,cherry's patent4  #abai4 ,belt hoist4  
,worked by a loose vertical belt1 which 
is tightened by the lever and pulley    
when required to hoist1 and in lowering 
a load the belt friction acts as a      
brake4  #abbj4 ,travelling hand hoist1  
with endless rope4  #abba4 ,travelling  

cathead hoist4 ,the cathead can be run  
back with its load2 the winch is        
sometimes fixed to the travelling beam  
and moves in and out with it4  #abbb4   
,winding engine1 usual type for direct  
acting4  #abbc4 ,geared winding engine4 
#abbd4 ,steam winch1 horizontal         
arrangement4  #abbe4 ,steam winch1      
diagonal arrangement4  #abbf4 ,steam    
winch1 horizontal worm-gear plan4       
,illustration3 #abab4-abbf4  #abbg4     
,continuous lift1 for parcels1 c4 ,has a
 number of small cages1 boxes1 or       
platforms suspended from horizontal     
pivots in two endless chains2 the cages 
are guided so as always to hang         
vertical4  #abbh4 ,continuous lift1 for 
passengers4 ,sometimes the cages are    
suspended from two endless chains at    
their tops1 as last described2 or       
sometimes from two endless chains1 but  
with attachments to the cages at corners
 diagonally opposite each other2 and    
sometimes from a single endless chain at
 the back1 provided with guides1 c4     

#abbi4 ,continuous barrel hoist4    ,see
 also ,cranes1 ,section #ah4   ,section 
#gj4--,,relieving ,,pressure ,,on       
,,bearings4 ,,anti-,,friction           
,,bearings4  #abcj4 ,the pivots of two  
rollers or shafts bear against the      
inside of a stiff ring producing rolling
 contact1 but the rollers or shafts must
 run in the same direction4 ,used for   
roller mills1 c4  #abca4 ,the same      
device1 but for three rollers or shafts4
  #abcb4 ,the shaft is guided vertically
 and its weight is borne by a large     
roller with small pivots4  #abcc4 ,the  
shaft runs in the ,v between two rollers
 as last described4  #abcd4 ,roller or  
ball bearing4 ,the friction is least    
when the rollers have end pivots to run 
in loose rings so that the rollers are  
kept apart and do not rub each other in 
revolving4  #abce4 ,hydraulic bearing1  
the shaft being sustained by water 7or  
preferably oil7 pressure4  #abcf4       
,vertical shaft1 with cone rollers4     
#abcg4 ,vertical shaft1 with ball       

bearing4  #abch4 ,vertical shaft1       
flanged and coned for cone rollers4     
#abci4 ,ordinary swivelling castor4     
#abdj4 ,ball castor4   ,section         
#ga4--,,rope1 ,,belt1 ,,and ,,chain     
,,pulleys4    7,see also ,section #ff47 
#abda4 ,pulley for round rope without   
any grip4  #abdb4 ,round grooved pulley 
for round rope with gripping snugs4     
#abdc4 ,v pulley for round rope2 pithead
 pulley4    ,pulley for wire rope       
transmission1 high speed with wood      
bedding4 ,see   ,section #ff1 ,no4      
#abjb4    ,multiple rope gripping pulley
 for rope driving4 ,see ,section #ff1   
,no4   #abjj4  #abdd4 ,belt pulley1 flat
 fare4  #abde4 ,belt pulley1 crown face4
 ,the rounding tends to keep the belt   
from running off4  #abdf4 ,flanged belt 
pulley4  #abdg4 ,speed cone for belt4   
#abdh4 ,round grooved chain pulley4     
,illustration3 #abbg4-abdh4  #abdi4     
,double grooved chain pulley2 prevents  
the chain twisting4  #abej4 ,pitched    
chain snug pulley or sprocket pulley4   

,the pitch of snugs should be slightly  
longer than the chain1 to allow for wear
 and stretching of the chain4  #abea4   
,chain sprocket wheel1 for long link    
chain at slow speeds4  #abeb4 ,sprocket 
wheel1 for long flat link pitched       
chains4  #abec  #abed4 ,sections of rim 
showing single and double links4  #abee4
 ,sprocket wheel1 for ,ewart's patent   
pitched chains4 ,see ,chains c41        
,section #aa4   ,section                
#gb4--,,riddling ,,and ,,screening4     
#abef4 ,square mesh wire gauze4  #abeg4 
,perforated plate4  #abeh4 ,parallel    
bars or wires4  #abei4 ,hexagon or      
triangular mesh wire work4  #abfj4 ,slit
 and square hole perforations1 used for 
seeds1 c4    ,a form of variable mesh is
 manufactured by parallel series of     
diagonal   bars jointed by pins to      
sliding cross-bars1 so that the angle of
 the   mesh bars can be altered and thus
 the spaces reduced or enlarged1 on     
the same principle as ,no4 #fag4  #abfa4
 ,sloping screen4  #abfb4 ,cylindrical  

or slope reel screen4  #abfc4           
,cylindrical graduated screen or sizer4 
#abfd4 ,rotary screen1 with rolling     
bevil gear motion4 ,see ,no4 #gaa4      
#abfe4 ,rotary horizontal screen4       
#abff4 ,shaking or jigging screen4      
,sometimes supplied with a blast or     
aspirator to carry off the lighter      
particles4  #abfg4 ,eccentric or angular
 barrel screen or mixer4  #abfh4 ,air   
blast sizing or graduating apparatus4   
#abfi4 ,edison's magnetic sizing        
apparatus for iron or steel particles4  
,illustration3 #abdi4-abfi4  #abgj4     
,graduating or sizing screens1 either   
fixed as shown or kept in motion like   
,no4 #abff4    ,see also ,concentrating 
and ,separating1 ,section #bf4          
,section #gc4--,,rail ,,and ,,tram      
,,roads4  #abga4 ,square bar rails4     
#abgb4 ,l-iron tram road2 often made of 
cast-iron with the joints dove-tailed   
together4  #abgc4 ,t-iron tram road4    
#abgd4 ,tram road1 with flanged plates  
for ordinary vehicles4  #abge4 ,tram    

road1 with one channel plate and one    
flat plate4  #abgf4 ,bridge rail4       
#abgg4 ,bulb-head flanged rail4  #abgh4 
,double headed rail4  #abgi4 8,barlow0  
rail4  #abhj4 ,bulb rail4  #abha4 ,flush
 grooved tramway rail4 ,see ,nos4       
#ahci-ahda4  #abhb4 ,rolled joist rail4 
#abhc4 ,bulb-iron rail4  #abhd4 ,edge's 
patent perforated rail and toothed      
wheel4    ,many forms of combined chair 
and sleeper are manufactured in wrought 
iron and steel4  #abhe4 ,left-hand      
switch4  #abhf4 ,shunting carriage1 for 
transverse shunting2 carries a short    
section of the main road and runs across
 it on independent rails laid on a lower
 level2 often used instead of a         
turntable for shunting4  #abhg4 ,tramway
 switch4  ,illustration3 #abgj4-abhg4   
#abhh4 ,right and left-hand switch and  
crossing1 showing arrangement of        
guard-rails4  #abhi4 ,flat bar on edge  
rail4    ,see ,section #ii for other    
sections of rails4   ,section           
#gd4--,,reversing ,,gear4    ,for       

,reversing ,gear of ,steam ,engines1 see
 ,section #gi4  #abij4 ,reversible      
driving motion by open and crossed      
belts1 with two loose and one fast      
pulleys4  #abia4 ,reversible driving    
motion by single belt1 two fast pulleys 
and one loose ditto and bevil gear1 one 
bevil pinion having a sleeve to which   
its fast pulley is keyed1 the other     
bevil pinion being keyed to the shaft4  
#abib4 ,reversible driving motion by    
single belt1 with quick and slow        
motions2 a modification of the last4    
#abic4 ,by double clutch and bevil gear4
  #abid4 ,reversing friction cones or   
bevils4  #abie4 ,three-wheel gear4 ,the 
driving wheel ,a can be put into gear   
either with the driven wheel ,c or idle 
wheel ,b4  #abif4 ,double clutch and    
spur gear reversing motion1 with idle   
wheel4  #abig4 ,reversing pinions1 as   
used on the ordinary screw-cutting      
lathe4 ,there are many varieties of this
 gear in use4  #abih4 ,application of   
single belt gear to ,no4 #abif4  #abii4 

,self-reversing gear1 with one belt1 two
 fast and one loose pulleys4 ,the large 
spur wheel is driven from the bevil     
gear1 and carries the weighted lever    
past the vertical position by a stop on 
the face-plate or disc1 when it falls   
over and reverses the belt fork4 ,see   
,no4 #ajbf4  ,illustration3 #abhh4-abii4
  #acjj4 ,self-reversing gear1 as       
applied to planing machines4 ,the stops 
can be set at any required distance     
apart1 to alter the length of travel of 
the machine bed4 ,this plan requires a  
heavy table to carry the belt across the
 loose pulley to the other fast pulley4 
#acja4 ,reversible belt-shifting hand   
gear4  #acjb4 ,right and left hand screw
 reversing traverse motion4 ,each lever 
has a half nut1 which can be put in gear
 with the screw to drive either way4    
,see also ,no4 #afc4  #acjc4 ,best form 
of fast and loose pulleys for open and  
crossed belt reversing gear1 as used in 
,no4 #abij2 the fast pulley is rather   
larger in diameter than the two loose   

ones4  #acjd4 ,single-belt reversing    
pulleys1 the reverse motion on the shaft
 being obtained by intercepting an idle 
wheel ,a between the epicycloidal wheel 
,b and the shaft pinion ,c1 the middle  
pulley being the loose one2 the idle    
wheel is carried by a fixed bracket and 
pin4    ,,note4--,reversible motion can 
be obtained direct from any steam engine
   fitted with reversing motion4 ,see   
,valve ,motions1 ,no4 #adcf1 c4         
,segment ,reversing ,gear1 ,no4 #gbd4   
,section #ge4--,,rotary ,,engines1      
,,pumps1 c4  ,nearly all rotary engines 
can be used either as motors1 pumps1    
blowers1 or meters1 and most of the     
following typical devices have been     
applied to all four purposes4 ,most of  
them are reversible by simply reversing 
the direction of the motor fluid4       
#acje4 ,disston's2 used as a pressure   
blower4  #acjf4 ,root's1 blower and     
pump4  #acjg4 ,root's4  #acjh4          
,mackenzie's2 may have one1 two1 or     
three vanes4  #acji4 ,gould's4  #acaj4  

,bagley and ,sewall's4  #acaa4          
,greindl's rotary pump4  #acab1 #acac1  
#acad1  #acae4 ,varieties of intergeared
 piston rotary engines4  ,illustration3 
#acjj4-acad4  #acaf4 ,the small         
crescent-shaped piston revolves three   
times to one revolution of the          
three-armed piston4  #acag4 ,the hinged 
shutter is thrown out of the way each   
time the revolving arm passes it4       
#acah4 ,sliding shutter and cam piston  
device4  #acai  #acbj4 ,varieties of the
 8,root0 engine4  #acba4 ,the hinged    
vanes are closed upon the revolving     
piston as they pass the flat side of the
 casing4  #acbb4 ,has an eccentric      
piston and two hinged vanes4  #acbc4    
,eccentric piston and sliding diaphragm4
  #acbd4 ,klein's motion4 ,the eccentric
 ring revolves in contact with the inner
 and outer casings1 but is prevented    
from revolving on its axis by the fixed 
shutter and slot4  #acbe4 ,baker's      
pressure blower4  #acbf4 ,a modification
 of ,no4 #acbc4  #acbg4 ,the eccentric  

ring revolves on its centre1 allowing   
the vanes to alternately project into   
the steam space as the wheel revolves4  
#acbh4 ,ivory's4 ,an eccentric cam and  
two sliding shutters1 with a central    
steam inlet4  #acbi4 ,mellor's has a    
rocking vane oscillated by an eccentric 
piston carried round by a crank4  #accj4
 ,eccentric piston and two sliding vanes
 or steam stops4  #acca4 ,differential  
rotary engine1 with elliptical gear 7see
 ,section #cd71 or ,stewart's           
differential gear 7,no4 #eed7 may be    
employed4    ,the 8,tower0 spherical    
engine is a well-known form of rotary   
engine4   ,see ,engineer1 ,august #ajth1
 #ahhc4  #accb4 ,an eccentric four-armed
 piston1 with four rolling stoppers or  
packings4  #accc4 ,mellor's patent pump 
has a rocking vane or partition1 with   
packing device which accommodates itself
 to the revolving oval piston4          
,illustration3 #acae4-accc4  #accd4     
,bisschop's disc engine1 with three or  
four cylinders1 single acting1 whose    

rams press alternately on the edge of   
the disc4  #acce4 ,another form of disc 
engine1 in which partitions 7rising and 
falling vertically7 form the steam      
stops4  #accf4 ,a modification of #acaf4
  #accg4 ,rotary or centrifugal pump or 
fan1 numerous varieties of which are in 
use4 ,many of the later forms1 as       
,blackman's and others1 have the vanes  
fixed diagonally so as to propel the air
 at right angles to the plane of motion4
   ,section #gf4--,,shafting4  ,employed
 to convey motion from a motor to       
various forms of driven machinery by    
gearing of various kinds4 ,see ,sections
 #c1 #aa1 #ch1 #dj1 and #hd4            
,materials employed are3--,round1       
square1 or polygonal wrought iron or    
steel bars1 cast iron1 wood1 iron or    
steel tubes1 planished round iron   and 
steel bars1 c4    ,stow's flexible      
shafting4 ,see ,no4 #ddb4  #acch4       
,longitudinal section of a cast-iron    
shaft4 ,these are sometimes made of a ,x
 section4  #acci4 ,wooden shaft with end

 ferrules and iron end centres4  #acdj1 
#acda1  #acdb4 ,end view and sections of
 ditto1 solid hexagonal and hollow      
circular4  #acdc1 #acdd1  #acde4        
,arrangements of line shafting in a     
machine-shop or factory1 with or without
 overhead travelling crane4  #acdf4     
,example of a line shaft1 showing       
bearings 7see ,section #df71 couplings  
7see ,section #af71 pulleys 7see        
,section #c71 and gearing 7see ,sections
 #c1 #hd74    ,shafts to be used as     
rollers are usually made hollow of      
wrought iron   or other metal tube1 tin 
plate1 zinc plate1 or sheet iron        
riveted2 or   sometimes1 as ,no4 #acdb1 
of wood laggings fixed to solid         
polygonal   blocks or centres1 either   
continuous or in short pieces fixed at  
intervals4    ,see also next ,section   
7#gg74   ,section #gg4--,,spindles ,,and
 ,,centres4  #acdg4 ,spindle with sunk  
end bearings4  #acdh4 ,spindle with one 
sunk bearing and one collar4  #acdi4    
,plain spindle with two loose collars4  

,where pedestals with loose caps are    
used 7see ,section #df7 the collars may 
be solid with the spindle1 but with a   
long shaft the collars should be at one 
end only as shown1 to allow of          
expansion4 ,a wheel frequently occupies 
the place of one or both collars1 and   
serves the same purpose4  ,illustration3
 #accd4-acdi4  #acej4 ,coned centre1    
fixed4  #acea4 ,collar centre pin or    
stud bolt1 fixed4  #aceb4 ,coned centre 
for roller or similar detail1 driven in 
place4  #acec4 ,parallel centre for     
roller or similar detail1 keyed in      
place4  #aced4 ,square centre for crane 
barrel1 c4 ,see ,nos4 #fcd and #fce4    
#acee  #acef4 ,lathe headstock spindles1
 solid or hollow2 sometimes made with   
conical and sometimes with parallel     
necks4  #aceg4 ,conical crane post4     
#aceh4 ,conical cart axle4  #acei4      
,universal centres1 employed to allow of
 a machine 7or part of ditto71 such as a
 drill1 to be adjusted at any possible  
angle1 the machine being fixed to one   

end of bar ,a4  #acfj4 ,railway carriage
 axle4 ,for cranked axles1 see ,section 
#aj4  #acfa4 ,square neck centre bolt4  
,the square neck prevents the bolt      
turning and loosening the nut4  #acfb4  
,coned and cottered crank pin or centre1
 sometimes secured by a nut1 as ,no4    
#acej4  #acfc4 ,centre pin and bracket1 
adjustable to various angles4  #acfd    
#acfe4 ,two methods of securing end of  
rod to any solid part of machine2 used  
for steam hammer heads4  #acff4 ,hollow 
post centre1 with water or steam channel
 to allow for swivelling4  #acfg4 ,group
 of sleeve centres1 employed to allow of
 several pairs of lever or wheel motions
 being taken independently on a single  
shaft4  #acfh4 ,ordinary centre pin1    
with nut1 washer1 and split pin4  #acfi4
 ,ordinary centre pin1 with split pin   
and washer4  ,illustration3 #acej4-acfi4
   ,section #gh4--,,screw ,,gear1       
,,bolts1 c4  #acgj4 ,square thread      
screw4 ,single1 double1 or multiple     
thread4  #acga4 ,v thread screw4  #acgb4

 ,enlarged section of ,v thread4  #acgc4
 ,strongest thread when the strain is   
always in one direction4  #acgd4 ,round 
thread screw4  #acge4 ,geared thread1 to
 be used with ordinary wheel teeth1 the 
section of thread being that of a rack  
of the same pitch as wheel4  #acgf4     
,earth screw1 screw pile1 screw mooring1
 earth borer4 ,see ,no4 #ecj4  #acgg4   
,fixed screw1 with hand wheel to revolve
 the nut1 the screw having no rotation4 
#acgh4 ,conical screw2 used for chucks1 
c4 ,with two1 three1 or more sliding    
jaws chased to fit the conical thread4  
#acgi  #achj4 ,differential screws4 ,one
 fixed1 the other revolving1 impart a   
motion equal to the difference of pitch 
of the two screws 7see ,section #ca74   
,see ,no4 #adcj4  #acha4 ,screw1 with   
half nut2 the bearings of the screw     
being fixed act as a fulcrum for the    
motion of the half nut1 which may be    
attached to any sliding device2 employed
 for jaw chucks4  #achb4 ,screw and worm
 gear1 used for screw jacks1 c4 ,the    

worm gears with a worm wheel having a   
central nut running on the main screw4  
#achc4 ,mutilated screw and nut4 ,in one
 position the nut can slide on the      
screw1 and a partial turn locks it4     
,used for instantaneous grip vices1 c4  
#achd4 ,spiral worm for three or four   
jaw chucks1 expanding devices1 c4       
,see ,sections #bh and #cf4  #ache1     
#achf1  #achg4 ,screw driver heads for  
screws4  #achh  #achi4 ,hexagon and     
square heads for ordinary spanners4     
#acij4 ,form of head requiring special  
spanner or pointed bar4  ,illustration3 
#acgj4-acij4  #acia4 ,cylinder head     
bolt1 with drilled holes and special    
spanner4  #acib4 ,cylinder head1 but    
with flutes instead of holes for        
spanner4  #acic4 ,cylinder head1 but    
with two flats cut on the head to suit  
an ordinary spanner4  #acid4 ,socket    
head1 to receive a second screw4  #acie4
 ,eye bolt4  #acif4 ,thumb screw4       
#acig4 ,thumb or shutter screw4  #acih4 
,milled head screw4  #acii4 ,t head     

screw4  #adjj4 ,thumb or fly nut and    
screw4  #adja4 ,hexagon collar stud to  
receive a nut or other female screwed   
fixing4  #adjb4 ,bolt head for forked   
spanner1 used for sunk or countersunk   
heads4  #adjc4 ,hexagon head1 with solid
 washer or collar4  #adjd4 ,t head bolt 
for ,t grooves in castings4  #adje      
#adjf4 ,countersunk heads4  #adjg4 ,eye 
bolt1 with flat sides and straight eye  
for a pin or bolt4  #adjh4 ,snap head4  
#adji4 ,hook bolt4  #adaj  #adaa4 ,lewis
 bolts1 rag bolts4  #adab4 ,cottered    
bolt4  #adac1 #adad1  #adae4 ,lewis     
bolts and key pieces4  ,illustration3   
#acia4-adae4  #adaf4 ,collar stud4      
#adag4 ,split spring head bolt4  #adah4 
,hook bolt4  #adai4 ,solid head and     
collar bolt1 bed bolt4  #adbj  #adba4   
,heads for bolts to slide and turn in ,t
 grooves of planing machines1 c4  #adbb4
 ,countersunk bed bolt4 ,boiler stay4   
#adbc1 #adbd1  #adbe4 ,methods of       
finishing screw heads to prevent        
catching passing articles4  #adbf4      

,screw head1 with cross dovetails to    
carry a key or screwing lever4  #adbg   
#adbh4 ,right and left-hand screw       
couplings for tie rods1 c4  #adbi4 ,ring
 coupling for #b1 #c1 #d or more rod    
ends for tie bracing4  #adcj4 ,right and
 left-hand screw couplings with halved  
ends to prevent the rods turning2 may be
 made with one fine and one coarse      
thread for differential motion1 or with 
right and left-hand threads4  #adca4    
,rifling1 as used in ordnance1 c41 i4e4 
an internal multiple screw thread of    
very long pitch4  #adcb4 ,screw spanner2
 the weight prevents it working loose4  
#adcc4 ,belt screw4  #adcd4 ,gib cotter 
bolts4    ,see also pipe couplings1     
,nos4 #ajga1 #ajgb1 #ajgc1 #ajgd1 #ajge1
 and #ajfb1   #ajfh1 #ajgj4    ,for     
spiral worms and creepers1 see ,section 
#eg4    ,spiral pump1 ,no4 #ajbb4       
,note that it is possible to construct a
 screw with an increasing or            
decreasing pitch1 as is done with the   
screw propeller4 ,see also ,no4   #acgh4

    ,double screw gear1 ,no4 #gbg4      
,snail worm gear1 ,no4 #gcj4    ,worm   
and crown gear1 ,no4 #gcc4    ,worm and 
spiral gear1 see ,section #hd4          
,section #gi4--,,slide ,,and ,,other    
,,valve ,,gear4  ,it would be neither   
easy nor useful1 besides being beyond   
the scope of this work1 to attempt to   
illustrate all the varieties of gear    
employed to work the valves of steam and
 other motor engines4 ,i shall therefore
 only illustrate the more important     
types in general use1 the details of    
which may be varied to suit individual  
cases4  #adce4 ,is the ordinary slide   
valve gear with single eccentric for    
engines running always in one direction4
  #adcf4 ,ordinary link motion reversing
 gear with two eccentrics2 the link1    
having a shifting motion1 is so arranged
 that either eccentric can be put into  
gear with the slide valve1 the other    
eccentric running idle2 or when in the  
mid position1 as in sketch1 both        
eccentrics run idle and the slide valve 

has no motion4 ,by setting the link at  
intermediate positions the travel of the
 valve can be varied1 and consequently  
the cut off also within certain limits4 
,illustration3 #adaf4-adcf4  #adcg4     
,nicholson's patent reversing gear1     
without eccentrics4 ,the drawing        
explains itself4 ,this gear cannot be   
run in the intermediate positions1 as a 
link motion to vary the cut off4 ,this  
limits its usefulness to simple         
reversing only4  #adch4 ,automatic      
governor expansion for single eccentric 
engine2 the position of the connecting  
rod end in the swinging link is         
dependent on the governor1 and thus also
 the travel of the slide valve4  #adci4 
,side shaft motion for operating        
,cornish1 ,corliss1 and spindle valves4 
,the valves can be driven from this     
shaft by cams1 eccentrics1 or gearing4  
#addj4 ,gab lever for throwing the      
eccentric out of gear and thus stopping 
the engine4  #adda4 ,sector and link    
reversing motion for oscillating engine2

 sometimes a shifting eccentric is used 
instead of link motion1 as ,no4 #addc4  
#addb4 ,reversing sector link motion for
 an oscillating engine2 the valve is    
operated from the link1 the angle of    
which is altered by the hand lever1     
there is therefore no lead to the valve4
  #addc4 ,shifting eccentric and balance
 sometimes used for reversing instead of
 double eccentrics and link2 the loose  
eccentric is carried round in either    
direction by a stop piece on the shaft1 
fixed so as to give the correct lead    
both ways4  #addd4 ,murdoch's variable  
expansion gear 7see ,mechanical ,world1 
,september #bith1 #ahhh7 has one        
eccentric which operates a double arm   
lever1 the outer end of which moves a   
sliding fulcrum along the valve rod     
lever1 so that the leverage of the valve
 rod lever varies at different parts of 
the stroke4 ,the sliding fulcrum is     
attached to a radius rod4  #adde4       
,proell's automatic expansion gear4     
,shown applied to special double beat   

valves1 but is sometimes applied to a   
special throttle valve1 and is then     
applicable to any ordinary engine4 ,the 
action of the governor alters the lap of
 the catches upon the ends of the valve 
levers1 thus varying the time that the  
valves are kept open2 the catches are   
centered on an oscillating ,t lever1    
operated from an eccentric on the main  
shaft4  #addf4 ,marshall's valve gear1  
driven by one eccentric on crank shaft4 
,the sector rocking centre is moved     
along the curved slot to reverse the    
engine1 giving similar motion to the    
valve rod as in the case of the ordinary
 link reversing gear ,no4 #adcf4        
,illustration3 #adcg4-addf4  #addg4 ,the
 ,bremm valve gear with single          
eccentric2 the valve rod is operated by 
a lever and bent connecting rod from the
 end of the eccentric rod2 the latter is
 constrained to move in an arc by a     
three-link attachment to a fixed bearing
 behind the eccentric rod and a movable 
one at the right-hand end of the        

horizontal link4 ,to reverse1 the arm   
and sector are turned to the dotted     
position by the worm and hand wheel     
shaft4  #addh4 ,joy's valve gear1       
operated by a pin on the connecting rod4
 ,the slotted ,t lever is connected to  
the hand lever for reversing1 and when  
reversed stands at the same angle from a
 vertical line but on the opposite side4
 ,the fulcrum of the valve rod lever has
 a sliding motion in the slot of the ,t 
lever4  #addi4 ,variable expansion gear 
by hand power4 ,there are many          
applications of this type used to vary  
the travel of a cut-off valve4  #adej4  
,corliss valve gear1 operated by a      
single eccentric1 has two steam and two 
exhaust valves similar to ,no4 #afdb1   
worked from pins on a rocking wrist     
plate4 ,the steam valves have trips1    
regulated by the governor1 on a similar 
principle to ,no4 #adde4  #adea4 ,crank 
shaft governor with shifting eccentric3 
the centrifugal action of the weights1  
acting against springs1 is used to      

revolve the inner eccentric so as to    
vary the throw of the main eccentric    
from which the slide valve is driven4   
#adeb4 ,another form3 in this also the  
throw of the eccentric is varied by the 
action of the governor ball4  #adec4    
,another form of automatic governor     
expansion trip gear in connection with  
,cornish valves2 a single eccentric     
operates the four valves1 and the       
contacts of the catches and steam valve 
levers are regulated by the governor1   
the lower or exhaust valves having a    
constant motion4  ,illustration3        
#addg4-adec4  #aded4 ,double angular    
slide valve for varying the cut off by a
 transverse motion given to the valve   
from outside1 either by hand gear or by 
the governor1 the valve being made wider
 than the valve face1 as dotted lines4  
#adee4 ,h4 ,jack's variable expansion   
gear1 with one eccentric4 ,patent ,no4  
#dafg_/he4  #adef4 ,variable cut-off    
valve on the back of the main slide1 the
 rod of which can be revolved by hand or

 from the governor to vary the opening  
of the cut off valves4  #adeg4 ,a plan  
to effect the same object but by a      
cylindrical cut off valve4  #adeh4      
,english's expansion gear4 ,two         
eccentrics4 ,the expansion valve has no 
lap1 and the gear gives a constant      
relative motion to both valves4  #adei4 
,tappet gear1 sometimes used for        
water-pressure engines1 c4   ,section   
#hj4--,,springs4  #adfj4 ,open spiral   
spring for tension4  #adfa4 ,close      
spiral spring4  #adfb4 ,open spiral     
spring for compression4  #adfc4 ,open   
spiral spring 7square thread7 for       
compression4  #adfd4 ,double volute     
chair spring4  #adfe4 ,spindle-shaped   
open or close spiral spring for tension4
  #adff4 ,parallel open or close spiral 
spring with coned ends4  #adfg  #adfh4  
,volute springs4  ,illustration3        
#aded4-adfg4  #adfi4 ,torsional spiral  
spring4  #adgj4 ,wire staple torsional  
spiral spring1 used for hinging2 the    
ends of the wire are bent at a right    

angle and driven into the wood4  #adga4 
,fixed spring4  #adgb  #adgc4 ,sear     
springs4  #adgd4 ,flat spiral spring4   
#adge4 ,plate spring4  #adgf4           
,indiarubber spring for tension4  #adgg4
 ,wire spring4  #adgh4 ,ribbon spring   
for torsion4  #adgi4 ,compound rubber   
disc spring4  #adhj4 ,air cushion or    
spring piston4  #adha4 ,laminated plate 
wagon spring4  #adhb4 ,compound dished  
disc or bent plate spring4  #adhc4 ,loop
 spring4  #adhd4 ,flat spiral spring1   
clock spring or coil spring4  #adhe4    
,split ring spring4  ,illustration3     
#adfh4-adhe4  #adhf4 ,spring pole for   
foot hammer motion1 c4  #adhg to #adhi4 
,spring washers4  #adij4 ,spindle-shaped
 compression spring4  #adia4 ,flat      
spiral spring for piston rings4    ,see 
also ,nos4 #agbi1 #fcj1 #aeja1 #aejc1   
#aa1 #gfg1 #gfh2 and ,section #ce       
7,elastic ,wheels7 for other forms of   
springs and applications of them4       
,for equalising the tension of a spring1
 see ,no4 #aeib and #afjb4   ,section   

#ha4--,,safety ,,appliances ,,for       
,,various ,,uses4   ,,for ,,hoist       
,,cages1 c4  #adib4 ,cam gear2 operates 
by gripping the wood guides by a        
serrated eccentric cam surface on the   
breakage of the rope1 the cam being     
pulled round by a spring which is kept  
out of action by the tension of the rope
 until it breaks4  #adic4 ,strut or pawl
 gear2 explains itself4  #adid4 ,double 
wedge gear4  #adie4 ,governor gear4 ,the
 rope attached to the cage drives a     
governor acting on a brake or catch     
which is thrown into action if the cage 
gains excessive speed1 used in ,attwood 
,beaver's ,patent2 ,american ,elevator  
,co41 c4  #adif4 ,rack and pawl gear4   
#adig4 ,cross grip lever gear4  #adih4  
,safety hook to prevent accident from   
overwinding2 the projecting horns ,a ,a 
strike the edges of the plate ,b1 and   
throw the shackle ,c at top out of gear4
    ,for hoist doors the best appliance 
is an ordinary spring lock opened   only
 by a key1 the doors being provided with

 springs to close them4   ,various      
automatic doors1 revolving shutters1 and
 other devices have   also been tried4  
,a simple and effectual protection is a 
continuous   open-work screen wound upon
 a roller at top and bottom of lift1 and
   attached to the top and bottom of    
cage and rising and falling with it1    
so that the doors into lift are all     
covered at all times except the   one at
 which the cage happens to stand4       
,safety valves 7see ,section #hi74      
,various automatic alarm signals are    
applied to boilers to warn against low  
water or excessive pressure4            
,automatic valves and other devices are 
applied to pumping and steam   engines  
to prevent running away4 ,see note to   
,section #da4  ,illustration3           
#adhf4-adih4   ,section #hb4--,,steam   
,,traps4  ,to collect and discharge     
condensed steam from pipes1 c4  #adii4  
,trap operated by a modified form of    
ball cock1 which rises as the box fills 
with condensed water and opens the      

discharge valve4  #aejj4 ,effects the   
same object by a floating basin4 ,the   
condensed water enters the box outside  
the basin1 fills it1 and lifts the basin
 which closes the discharge outlet2 when
 the box is full the water overflows    
into the basin and sinks it1 thus       
opening the outlet valve4  #aeja4 ,trap 
operated by expansion of a bent spring  
which closes the valve1 on the principle
 that live steam is hotter than the     
water condensed from it4  #aejb4        
,tredgold's trap4 ,the valve is opened  
by a simple float4  #aejc4 ,wilson's    
trap1 like #aeja1 is dependent on the   
different expansion of a spring under   
the difference of temperature of the    
steam and condensed water4 ,in this case
 the spring is formed of a steel and    
brass plate riveted together4    ,there 
are many other forms upon similar       
principles to the foregoing4   ,section 
#hc4--,,starting ,,valves4  ,the valves 
used for starting steam and other       
engines are usually merely of the       

ordinary screw down or sliding types4   
,see ,section #hi4    ,for starting and 
controlling all other forms of          
reciprocating cylinder   motors1 such as
 hydraulic lifting cylinders and presses
 for all   purposes1 the ordinary slide 
valve with either two or three ports is 
the common device2 also the ordinary    
three or four way cock4 ,see   ,section 
#hi4  #aejd4 ,locke's #c-way balanced   
valve1 which is balanced in all         
positions4 ,a is the supply1 ,b the     
cylinder branch1 and ,c exhaust4  #aeje4
 ,fenby's #c-way equilibrium starting   
valve4 ,a supply1 ,b cylinder branch1 ,c
 exhaust4  #aejf4 ,auxiliary valve and  
pistons to start large slide valves too 
heavy for direct hand power4 ,a #c-way  
cock is shown as the auxiliary valve1   
but a small slide valve or piston valve 
may be substituted4 ,see note at foot of
 ,section #ic1 also ,nos4 #agdj and     
#agda4  #aejg4 ,auxiliary valve and     
bellows for air1 as sometimes used in   
large organs to open heavy 8pallets40   

,the small valve ,a is opened by the    
pressure of the finger on the           
corresponding key of keyboard1 and      
allows the pressure of air to enter the 
small bellows which operates the large  
valve ,b4  #aejh4 ,four plunger valve1  
used for double power hydraulic lift    
cylinders employing a trunk piston4 ,for
 the low power the pressure water acts  
on both sides of the piston2 for the    
double power it acts only on the back of
 piston1 the front side being then open 
to the exhaust4  #aeji4 ,a starting     
valve1 having two ordinary wing or      
spindle valves1 either of which is      
lifted by a double cam or wiper on a    
spindle passing through a stuffing box  
on side of valve case4 ,a supply1 ,b    
cylinder port1 ,c exhaust4              
,illustration3 #adii4-aeji4  #aeaj      
#aeaa4 ,two methods of operating        
starting valves for hydraulic lifting   
machines4 #aeaj acts by counter balance 
weights and a single rope1 each of the  
weights being heavy enough to move the  

valve1 and #aeaa by an endless rope4    
#aeab4 ,low pressure starting valve1    
used for piston hydraulic cylinders in  
which the lifting is performed by the   
down stroke of the piston rod1 and in   
lowering1 the valve allows the water to 
pass from above to below the piston1 the
 water being exhausted from below the   
piston on its down stroke when the valve
 is in the position shown4  #aeac4      
,oscillating valve1 with plunger face   
kept up by a spring4 ,the oscillating   
valve has two ports passing out at      
opposite ends1 through stuffing boxes1  
to either end of the cylinder2 the inlet
 is at top and discharge at bottom4     
#aead4 ,balanced self-acting starting   
valve1 suitable for large machines and  
low pressure4 ,the upper piston is      
larger than the lower or main piston1   
and the space above the upper piston can
 be put in communication with the       
pressure water below it1 or the exhaust 
port by the small piston valve at top   
operated by the hand gear2 so that the  

main piston is operated by the pressure 
water acting on it4   ,section          
#hd4--,,toothed ,,gearing4  #aeae4 ,spur
 gearing4 ,for construction of teeth see
 text books4  #aeaf4 ,strongest form of 
spur teeth for motion in one direction  
only4  #aeag4 ,half shrouded spur teeth4
  #aeah4 ,whole shrouded spur teeth4    
#aeai4 ,double helical spur teeth1      
stronger by #ae per cent4 than straight 
teeth2 work without backlash or noise1  
and may be half or whole shrouded2      
section of tooth on plane of motion is  
the same as the ordinary spur teeth     
7,no4 #aeae74  #aebj4 ,crown wheel and  
pinion4  #aeba4 ,long teeth spur wheels 
or 8star0 wheels4 ,used on roller       
mangles1 c41 where the centres rise and 
fall4  ,illustration3 #aeaj4-aeba4      
#aebb4 ,plain bevil gear2 shafts at     
right angles4  #aebc4 ,plain bevil gear2
 shafts at acute angles4  #aebd4 ,plain 
bevil gear2 shafts at obtuse angle4     
#aebe4 ,plain bevil gear2 four shafts at
 right angles4  #aebf4 ,skew bevils2    

shafts not in line with one another4    
,,note4--,where the pair are both of    
same diameter they are called 8mitre    
wheels40  #aebg4 ,spur wheel and pinion2
 to increase or decrease power and speed
 the diameters can be varied to almost  
any proportion4  #aebh4 8,screw gear02  
single helical gear4  #aebi4 ,skew spur 
wheels2 shafts not parallel4  #aecj4    
,dr4 ,hooke's gear4 ,three or more      
separate wheels of similar or dissimilar
 pitch fixed together so as to divide   
the pitch and reduce backlash4  #aeca4  
,the same result obtained by two wheels1
 one fixed to shaft1 the other loose and
 forced round by a spring so as to      
follow the pitch of the pinion and      
destroy all backlash4  #aecb4 ,mortise  
wheel teeth4  #aecc4 ,mortise wheel     
teeth2 another method4    ,,note4--,wood
 teeth are usually one-third thicker    
than the iron teeth   they gear into4   
#aecd4 ,pin wheel and pinion gear4      
#aece4 ,lantern wheel4  #aecf4 ,screw   
gear1 used in place of bevil gear4      

,shafts at right angles2 teeth at an    
angle of #de4  #aecg4 ,variable speed   
cone gear4  #aech4 ,variable speed      
square gear4  #aeci4 ,variable speed    
oval or elliptical gear4  #aedj4        
,irregular gear4  #aeda4 ,internal or   
epicycloidal gear4 ,see ,nos4 #eej and  
#aede4    ,used for differential blocks1
 c4 ,note that both wheel and pinion run
   in the same direction1 and that more 
teeth are in gear at one time   than    
with external gear as ,no4 #aebg4       
,illustration3 #aebb4-aeda4  #aedb      
#aedc4 ,varieties of 8mangle0 gear4 ,the
 pinion being revolved continuously in  
one direction produces a reciprocating  
motion of the wheel2 the pinion shaft   
travels from inside the wheel to        
outside1 and vice vers1 by rising and   
falling in the slot in the frame4 ,see  
also ,no4 #dbc4  #aedd4 ,differential   
gear4 ,see ,section #ca4 ,one wheel has 
one or more teeth more than the other2  
used for counters1 c4  #aede4 ,moore's  
patent differential epicycloidal gear4  

,the pinion and wheel are loose on the  
shaft and eccentric4 ,one wheel has one 
tooth more than the other4  #aedf4      
,multiplying bevil gear4 ,a is a fixed  
wheel1 the cross ,c is keyed to shaft1  
,b loose on ditto1 ,d and ,e loose on   
,c2 then ,b is driven at a speed greater
 than the shaft in proportion to the    
diameters of the gear4 ,see ,patent ,no4
 #ab1fif1 #ahhd4  #aedg4 ,double worm   
gear1 right and left hand threads4      
,neutralises the end thrust on shaft4 ,a
 and ,b may be geared together4  #aedh4 
,pointed gear2 used for light work and  
for minimum of friction4  #aedi4 ,curved
 worm gear1 for heavy strains4 ,several 
teeth are in gear at once1 but the      
thread1 having a varying section and    
pitch1 is difficult to cut4  #aeej4     
,antifriction worm gear 7,hawkins'74    
,the wheel has four rollers2 when one   
pair is nearly out of gear with the     
worm1 the next pair is coming into gear4
 ,this worm is also difficult to cut4   
#aeea4 ,crown worm gear4  #aeeb4 ,ball  

joint mitre gear4  #aeec4 ,multiplying  
rack gear4 ,the upper moving rack is    
driven at twice the speed of the spur   
wheel rod4 ,the lower rack is fixed2    
used on planing and printing machines4  
#aeed to #aeeg4 ,varieties of worm gear1
 with straight1 hollowed1 and curved    
teeth2 the latter are strongest4  #aeeh4
 ,worm and rack gear4  ,illustration3   
#aedb4-aeeh4  #aeei4 ,differential worm 
gear4 ,the worm gears into two wheels1  
one having one tooth more than the      
other4    ,see also ,sections #dj and   
#ca4   ,section #he4--,,transmission    
,,of ,,power4  a4 ,by belt1 chain1 or   
rope4 ,see ,sections #c1 #ff4  b4 ,by   
shafting4 ,see ,section #gf4  c4 ,by    
gearing4 ,see ,sections #hd and #dj4  d4
 ,by steam or air conveyed in pipes     
7elastic fluids74  e4 ,by water1        
glycerine1 or oil conveyed in pipes     
7non-elastic fluids74  f4 ,by stiff rods
 running over guides4  g4 ,by wires or  
ropes running over guide pulleys--wire  
rope transmission4 ,see ,section #ff4   

h4 ,by electricity conveyed along wire  
conductors4   ,section #hf4--,,tanks    
,,and ,,cisterns4  #aefj4 ,plan of      
square tank of ordinary form2 formed of 
cast iron flanged plates and wrought    
iron tie rods1 the joints are either    
made with rust cement or planed and     
jointed with tape and red lead4  #aefa4 
,plan of square tank with rounded       
angles4  #aefb4 ,circular tank4 ,no tie 
rods required4  #aefc4 ,elliptical tank4
 ,requires tie rods across the flat     
sides4  #aefd4 ,polygonal tank4 ,no tie 
rods required4  #aefe4 ,elevation of    
square or polygonal tank4  #aeff4       
,elevation of cylindrical or circular   
tank4  #aefg  #aefh4 ,condensing or     
cooling tanks4 ,surface condensers with 
sloping trays or tubes4  #aefi4 ,wrought
 iron tank1 usual section1 formed of    
sheets and ,l irons riveted together4   
#aegj  #aega4 ,circulating or depositing
 tanks4  #aegb4 ,boiler saddle tank4    
#aegc4 ,circulating tank for hot water4 
,the level of water may be maintained in

 tanks by either an overflow   pipe or  
notch1 or by a ball cock on the supply  
pipe4 ,glass water   gauges can be fixed
 outside to show the level of the water 
inside2 and   floats are used1 attached 
to a cord and pulleys1 for the same     
purpose4   ,see also ,no4 #agcj4        
,section #hg4--,,throwing ,,in ,,and    
,,out ,,of ,,gear4  #aegd4 ,the driving 
wheel is loose on shaft1 and is locked  
to its shaft by the hand wheel nut 7see 
,no4 #ide71 or by a ratchet wheel and   
locking pawl4  #aege4 ,two half-nuts are
 lifted in or out of gear with the screw
 by cam or lever motion4 ,see ,no4 #idb4
  #aegf4 ,one shaft runs in eccentric   
bearings1 which can be revolved so as to
 throw it out of gear with the other    
shaft4  ,illustration3 #aeei4-aegf4     
#aegg4 ,radius bar and slot4 ,the stud  
wheel can be shifted in or out of gear  
along the slot4  #aegh4 ,sliding back   
shaft1 slides out of gear4 ,see dotted  
lines4  #aegi4 ,method of throwing a    
pulley out of gear by slacking the belt4

 ,this is done either by a cam bearing  
or sliding motion to the driver shaft4  
,works best vertically4 ,see also ,no4  
#abai4  #aehj4 ,cam slot motion for back
 shaft4 ,to throw it in or out of gear4 
#aeha4 ,motion employed for punching    
machines1 c4 ,to set the punch in or out
 of action by a cam and hand lever4     
,section #hh4--,,variable ,,motion ,,and
 ,,variable ,,power4  ,for variable     
speed and power by spur gear1 see       
,sections #hd and #dj4  ,for variable   
speed and power by bevil gear1 see      
,section #hd4  ,for variable speed and  
power by cam gear1 see ,section #i4     
,for variable speed and power by belt   
gear1 see ,section #c4  #aehb4 ,variable
 speed belt cones1 for crossed belts4   
,angle of cones should not exceed #ae4  
#aehc4 ,stepped cone gear4  #aehd4      
,variable throw crank pin4 7,see        
,hastie's ,patent1 #cefa1 #ahgh2        
,knowelden and ,edwards'1 #biif1 #aheh47
  #aehe4 ,beam motion1 with variable    
fulcrum to alter the proportionate      

lengths of stroke of driving and driven 
cylinders4 ,see also ,no4 #afjf4  #aehf4
 ,variable pressure accumulator4 ,both  
cylinders are in communication by a     
pipe1 and the pressure varies with the  
angle between the rams4  #aehg4         
,wright's variable gear4 ,the radius of 
frictional contact of the wheels varies 
as they are moved closer together or    
separated4  #aehh4 ,olmsted's variable  
cone friction gear1 with intermediate   
double cone idle wheel instead of belt4 
#aehi4 ,convex and concave cones for    
open belts4  #aeij4 ,three speed gear1  
each separate pair of spur gear being   
driven by its own belt pulley on        
separate sleeve pieces4  #aeia4         
,irregular or elliptical gear4  #aeib4  
,lever combination to obtain an even    
tension from a spring throughout its    
motion4  ,illustration3 #aegg4-aeib4    
#aeic4 ,scroll spur gear4  #aeid4       
,scroll gear for obtaining a variable   
pull from a weight4  #aeie4 ,variable   
friction gear4 ,the pinion can be moved 

up or down from the centre to the       
outside of disc to vary the speed4      
#aeif4 ,owen's compound lever variable  
pressure air pumps4 ,the pressure       
increasing and speed decreasing as the  
pistons rise to the top of their stroke4
  #aeig4 #b-speed gear by one belt4 ,one
 loose pulley ,b carries a transverse   
mitre wheel1 which1 gearing into the    
fixed mitre wheel ,a1 drives the mitre  
wheel pulley ,c keyed to shaft at twice 
the speed of pulley ,b when the belt is 
on ,b2 by shifting the belt to pulley   
,c1 the speed is #a to #a4 ,the third   
pulley is loose for running idle4       
#aeih4 #b-speed bevel gear with three   
wheels and sliding shaft1 by which      
either pair can be put into gear4       
#aeii4 #b-speed bevel gear with four    
wheels and sliding shaft4  #afjj4       
,increasing speed cone and screw1       
friction gear4 ,the cone is driven by   
frictional contact with the pinion4     
#afja4 ,variable fulcrum lever1 with    
shifting pin and hole adjustment4       

#afjb4 ,fusee barrel1 as used in clocks 
and watches to equalise the tension of  
spring on the movement2 may also be     
employed to give a variable speed4 ,the 
spring is usually similar to ,no4 #adhd1
 and coiled in the upper barrel4  #afjc4
 ,variable throw crank pin and slot1    
much used for variable feed motions in  
combination with some type of pawl and  
ratchet gear4  #afjd4 ,variable travel  
imparted to the piston rod from the     
crank by altering the point of          
attachment of the link ,a to the slot4  
#afje4 ,variable power pistons1         
single-acting4  #afjf4 ,effects the same
 ends as ,no4 #afja or #aehe1 by        
shifting the fulcrum point along the    
slot by means of a screw4               
,illustration3 #aeic4-afjf4  #afjg4     
,variable throw crank pin by means of a 
jointed crank and radial adjusting      
screw4  #afjh4 ,variable throw crank pin
 by attaching the crank pin to an       
eccentric disc4 ,see ,section #aj4      
#afji4 ,wind motor-fan or turbine1 with 

variable-angle vanes actuated by a      
central sleeve and cam or lever gear4   
#afaj4 ,variable friction cone gear2 the
 small friction pinion can be moved     
radially to and fro to alter the        
leverage and consequently speed of      
driving radius from the cone4    ,in the
 steam engine1 compressed air engine1   
and gas engine 7these   being all       
elastic fluids71 the power given out is 
varied by altering   the supply of      
steam1 air1 or gas4 ,in the water wheel 
the power may be   varied by altering   
the quantity of water 7or head of water7
 supplied   to the wheel4 ,in the       
turbine the power can be varied by      
altering the   head of supply water and 
the angle of vanes2 altering the        
quantity   reduces the speed and        
efficiency4 ,the turbine will not work  
well under   great variations of either 
head or quantity4    ,see also ,nos4    
#gcf1 #gbb1 #gbc1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #cha1   
#chb1 #chd1 #che1 #cgg1 #cgb1   #cgc2   
and ,sections #bj and #dj4    ,for      

variable pressure or tension by springs1
 see ,section #hj4    ,variable balance 
weights1 ,section #bj4   ,section       
#hi4--,,valves ,,and ,,cocks4  ,of the  
almost innumerable varieties of valves  
and cocks in use the following are      
selected as types without reference to  
special uses1 each type having its      
peculiar value1 and the drawings are    
only intended to indicate the special   
features of each type without such      
details as may be varied to suit each   
particular requirement or application4  
#afaa4 ,the common plug cock4  #afab4   
,the same1 but with screwed gland4      
#afac4 #b-way or #c-way plug cock1 with 
packed gland4  #afad4 ,hollow plug      
blow-off cock1 with packed gland4       
#afae4 ,back pressure or check valve1   
self closing4  #afaf4 ,ball valve and   
guard1 self closing4  #afag4            
,indiarubber disc and grating valve4    
#afah4 ,double flap indiarubber or      
leather and grating valve4  #afai4      
,simple flap valve faced with rubber or 

leather4  #afbj4 ,rocking or rolling    
valve4 ,for opening and closing         
gradually and easily against pressure4  
#afba4 ,roll-up valve4 ,for same        
purposes as the last named4             
,illustration3 #afjg4-afba4  #afbb4     
,sector full-way screw down valve1 shown
 closed2 when open the disc is up in the
 chamber out of the waterway4  #afbc4   
,double face valve2 the spindle is      
screwed into the stuffing-box neck and  
the lower valve1 the upper one being    
pinned to the spindle2 the thread in the
 lower valve is twice the pitch of the  
upper thread4  #afbd  #afbe4 ,spring    
relief valves2 the springs are adjusted 
to blow off at any stated pressure1     
which may be regulated by a screw or nut
 7not shown74  #afbf4 ,weighted lever   
relief valve or safety valve4  #afbg4   
,reducing valve1 can be adjusted by the 
balance weight to pass fluids from a    
high pressure to any lower pressure4    
#afbh4 ,another form1 with spring       
balance adjustment and equilibrium      

valve4  #afbi4 ,equilibrium valve4      
#afcj4 ,equilibrium valve1 not steam    
tight1 but serrated1 to cut off         
gradually1 employed for governors of    
steam engines4  #afca4 ,equilibrium     
cylindrical grating valve1 may be used  
to open and close either by vertical or 
revolving motion4  #afcb4 ,common       
throttle or butterfly valve4  #afcc4    
,duplex throttle or damper for a        
three-way pipe or flue4  ,illustration3 
#afbb4-afcc4  #afcd4 ,hydraulic         
high-pressure check valve1 with long    
guide wings4  #afce4 ,hydraulic plug or 
spindle valve and seating2 all seatings 
for high pressure should be narrow and  
hard4  #afcf4 ,duplex or ,ramsbottom    
safety valve2 each valve serves as a    
fulcrum by which to lift the other4 ,one
 fulcrum point should be jointed to the 
lever and the latter move in a vertical 
guide1 or else the point of attachment  
of the spring to the lever be placed    
below the level of the valve seatings4  
#afcg4 ,a modification of the last      

named4  #afch4 ,pass valve1 used for    
pneumatic despatch tubes4  #afci4       
,oscillating lever duplex valve4  #afdj4
 ,simple radial disc valve or sluice4   
#afda  #afdb4 ,oscillating cylindrical  
valves4 ,corliss valves2 sometimes made 
tapered or conical4  #afdc4 ,multiple   
ball valve1 for high lift delivery valve
 of large pumping engines4 ,balls are of
 guttapercha1 and open and close without
 shock4  #afdd4 ,multiple ring valve4   
,the rings open and close in succession1
 thus avoiding shocks4  #afde4 ,double  
beat ring valve4  #afdf4 ,double beat   
equilibrium or ,cornish valve4 ,the     
upper seating can be made of such area  
as to partly or entirely balance the    
valve4  #afdg4 ,multiple ring valve4    
,the indiarubber rings expand and       
contract over the perforations4         
,illustration3 #afcd4-afdg4  #afdh4     
,double-beat valve1 with sunk seating4  
#afdi4 ,common ,d slide valve1 with     
three ports4  #afej4 ,duplex or double  
,d slide4  #afea4 ,another form1 partly 

in equilibrium4  #afeb4 ,equilibrium    
slide valve1 with circular packed trunk 
on back1 of area sufficient to balance  
the face area of valve4  #afec4 ,similar
 result obtained by a piston and link4  
#afed4 ,equilibrium piston valve        
employed in lieu of the slide valve4 ,a 
steam pipe1 ,b ,b exhaust4  #afee4      
,gridiron slide valve4  #afef4 ,common  
plate slide valve or sluice1 used for   
blast pipes4  #afeg4 ,floating ball     
valve1 for automatic discharge of air   
from water mains4  #afeh4 ,ordinary     
double-faced sluice valve1 lifts clear  
of the water way4  ,illustration3       
#afdh4-afeh4  #afei4 ,single face sluice
 valve1 for sewage water1 c4  #affj4    
,flap sluice valve4 ,tidal outlet valve4
  #affa4 ,diaphragm valve4  #affb4      
,oscillating disc valve1 for gas4       
#affc4 ,large #c or #d-way plug cock4   
#affd4 ,finger valve1 closed by a       
spring4  #affe4 ,taper cone valve1 for  
gradually closing an outlet4  #afff4    
,dome valve1 used for hot blast1 hot    

gases1 c4 ,this form retains its shape  
when heated1 expanding evenly4  #affg4  
,common floating ball tap4  #affh4      
,three-way air valve4  #affi4 ,duplex   
slide1 used to close a number of        
openings at once4  #afgj4 ,west's spiral
 valve1 with indiarubber cord which     
expands and contracts over a spiral     
perforated groove4  #afga4 ,dennis'     
self-lifting valve4 ,the valve is kept  
to its seat by the pressure being       
admitted on to its back through small   
hole ,a2 when the larger hole ,b is     
opened by the spindle the back pressure 
is relieved and the valve lifted by the 
pressure below its conical underside4   
#afgb4 ,common cone plug4               
,illustration3 #afei4-afgb4  #afgc4     
,equilibrium plug or cylindrical valve1 
double ported4  #afgd4 ,another form of 
self-lifting valve4 ,see ,no4 #afga for 
description4  #afge4 ,compound flap     
valve4  #afgf4 ,indiarubber pump valve4 
#afgg4 ,venetian shutter or compound    
butterfly valve4  #afgh4 ,bye pass used 

to allow a small flow when the main     
valve is shut off4 ,used also to        
equalise pressure on both sides of a    
large valve to enable it to open easily4
  #afgi4 ,bell and hopper1 or cup and   
cone2 used for blast furnaces1 coke     
ovens1 and gas generators4  #afhj4 ,cup 
valve and suspended weight4  #afha4     
,four-way valve for hot water pipes1 c4 
#afhb4 ,oscillating valve4  #afhc4 ,gas 
purifier centre valve1 for four         
purifiers2 to work one purifier off and 
three on1 or all four on at once4 ,it is
 similar in plan to ,no4 #afhd1 but has 
an additional top valve which allows the
 gas to pass into the fourth purifier2  
the top valve has an independent sleeve 
and lever motion4  #afhd4 ,gas purifier 
centre valve1 employed to deliver and   
discharge gas into and out of any one1  
two1 or three out of four purifiers4    
,the motion of the gas is shown by the  
arrows4  #afhe4 ,conical grating valve  
with radial slots1 opened or closed by  
revolving motion4   ,section            

#ij4--,,water ,,wheels ,,and ,,turbines4
  #afhf4 ,simple undershot wheel4       
#afhg4 ,breast wheel4  ,illustration3   
#afgc4-afhg4  #afhh4 ,high breast wheel4
  #afhi4 ,overshot wheel4  #afij4       
,return overshot wheel4  #afia4         
,internal feed re-action wheel4  #afib4 
,sunk wheel1 driven by air3 may be used 
as a meter for gas or air4  #afic4      
,current wheel1 driven by tidal or river
 current4  #afid4 ,flutter wheel1 with  
high fall4  #afie4 ,horizontal wheel4   
#afif4 ,re-action wheel1 the oldest form
 of turbine4  #afig4 ,engel's diagonal  
wheel4  #afih4 ,scoop wheel for raising 
water4 ,see also ,no4 #ajbd4  #afii4    
,wheel1 with internal buckets and feed4 
,note that most of these may be reversed
 and made into water raising   machines1
 as ,no4 #afih4  #agjj to #agjc4        
,sections of various forms of buckets in
 wood and iron4 ,no4 #agjc is a         
ventilated bucket which allows air to   
escape as the water enters4    ,for     
governing speed of water wheels and     

turbines1 see ,section #da4  #agjd4     
,fourneyron's turbine1 outward flow2 the
 outer vanes are fixed1 the inner ones  
revolve with the shaft4  #agje4         
,jonval's turbine1 downward flow2 either
 the upper or lower set is fixed4       
#agjf4 ,swain's turbine1 inward and     
downward flow1 with inward curved vanes 
or flumes4  ,illustration3 #afhh4-agjf4 
#agjg4 ,leffel's turbine1 inward and    
downward flow2 has one outer ring of    
fixed vanes and two inner sets          
revolving1 but having different angles  
of flow4  #agjh4 ,undershot jet wheel   
for high pressure water4    ,many other 
forms of turbines are extant1 but are   
mostly modifications   of the above     
types4 ,the best types have means of    
varying the angle of   the vanes and    
areas of passages to suit varying       
quantities of water4   ,section         
#ia4--,,wheels ,,in ,,segments4  #agji4 
,heavy gearing for rolling mills1 c41   
with dovetailed joints wedged and       
packed4  #agaj4 ,wheel cast in sectors  

bolted together4  #agaa4 ,bevil wheel in
 halves4  #agab4 ,wheel with rim in     
segments bolted together1 and provided  
with bored and cottered sockets for arms
 in both rim and boss4  #agac4 ,fly     
wheel rim1 cottered and dowelled        
together4  #agad4 ,arms and boss cast in
 one3 the rim in segments1 bolted       
together and to the arms4  #agae4       
,tension wheel4 ,the tie spokes are     
sometimes arranged in two sets at a     
slight angle to each other to prevent   
the rim turning without the boss4       
,bicycle wheels are of this class4      
#agaf4 ,wrought-iron wheel1 with cast   
boss4  #agag4 ,wrought-iron wheel1 with 
cast boss4  #agah4 ,rim in segments     
bolted together1 wood arms and cast     
boss1 with sockets to receive arms2 this
 type is much used for water wheels4    
,illustration3 #agjg4-agah4  #agai4     
,railway wheel3 boss of cast iron with  
wrought-iron arms cast in4 ,the rim is  
of rolled iron or steel riveted on4     
,there are numerous methods of fastening

 the tyres to arms1 detailed in the     
,engineer1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahhj4  #agbj4  
,spring rim split pulley4  #agba4       
,segment fly-wheel1 with long radial    
bolts to secure the rim1 arms1 and boss 
together4  #agbb4 ,large centre boss1   
with rim segments bolted to it4  #agbc4 
,wheel in halves2 the boss is held      
together by two bolts acting as cotters4
   ,section #ib4--,,weighing1           
,,measuring1 ,,indicating ,,pressures1  
etc4  #agbd4 ,weighing by a beam with   
equal arms4 ,weights ,a  package ,b4    
#agbe4 ,weighing by a beam with unequal 
arms4 ,weight ,a constant2 leverage of  
ditto variable by shifting it along the 
graduated arm of lever4  #agbf4         
,graduated measuring vessel4  #agbg4    
,similar principle applied by compound  
levers with unequal arms4 ,the table is 
supported on four points on the arms of 
levers loosely jointed together in the  
centre2 one lever is extended and       
coupled by a rod to a graduated lever   
with sliding weight4 ,knife edges are   

used for bearings for all weighing      
machines by leverage4 ,see ,no4 #ieh4   
,this construction is the basis of most 
of the ordinary weighing machines in    
use4  #agbh4 ,duckham's patent hydraulic
 weighing machine4 ,the article to be   
weighed is suspended from the hook1 and 
exerts a pressure on the ram4 ,the      
corresponding pressure on the liquid    
7usually oil or glycerine7 is indicated 
on the pressure gauge1 which is         
graduated to show the weight4  #agbi4   
,spring balance4  #agcj4 ,appliance for 
indicating depth of water in a cistern  
by an air bell and pipe connected to a  
,u water gauge4 ,the pressure on the air
 in the bell varies with the depth or   
head of water above it1 and is indicated
 on the gauge4 ,a modification of this  
is employed for sounding at sea4        
,weights of substances may be           
ascertained by their displacement in    
water or mercury1 or by supporting the  
weighing scale on a free piston         
resting on an ascertained area of water 

or mercury1 the pressure   produced     
being indicated by a gauge4  #agca4     
,micrometer gauge4  #agcb4 ,radial arm  
weighing machine4  #agcc4 ,small        
weighing device1 depending upon the     
angle the card assumes in respect of the
 vertical pointer1 which is on a free   
pivot4  #agcd4 ,automatic measuring or  
weighing device4 ,the material fills one
 compartment until it overbalances1 when
 it falls and empties itself2 the       
material then fills the other           
compartment1 and so on4  ,illustration3 
#agai4-agcd4  #agce4 ,wet gas meter4    
,the gas enters at the centre1 and as   
the compartments fill they rise out of  
the water1 the gas being discharged at  
the outer ports into the casing4  #agcf4
 ,measuring wheel4  #agcg4 ,measuring   
wheel4  #agch4 ,double slide measurer4  
#agci4 ,automatic tipping scale4 ,when  
full1 to equal the weight1 it falls and 
tips by striking a fixed stop2 the scale
 then turns over and returns to its     
position1 and is refilled4  #agdj4 ,an  

ordinary piston and cylinder are often  
employed to measure liquids1 and fitted 
with a reversing valve on the same      
principle as ,nos4 #ajbf1 #ajbg1 and    
#agda4 ,see also note to ,sec4 #ic4     
,most of the rotary devices 7see        
,section #ge7 have been employed as     
meters for liquids and gases4 ,see ,no4 
#afib4    ,dry gas meters usually employ
 an expanding bellows1 or light piston1 
with a self-reversing valve1 similar to 
,nos4 #abii and #ajbf4 ,see also        
,section #dd4   ,section                
#ic4--,,water-,,pressure ,,engines4     
,see also ,section #ef4  ,hydraulic ram4
 ,see ,no4 #ajbe4  ,robinet4 ,see ,no4  
#ajbf4  ,two- or three-cylinder engines1
 with slide valves operated either by   
eccentrics as in the steam engine1 or by
 the oscillation of the cylinder4 ,the  
slide valves have no lap or lead2 there 
is no cushioning except what is given by
 an air vessel on the supply pipe4      
,three-cylinder engines are usually made
 single acting with rams4 ,see ,no4     

#agdc4  #agda4 ,single cylinder engines4
 ,these must have the slide or other    
distributing valve reversed by pistons  
,a1 ,a1 operated by the pressure of the 
supply water4 ,this is usually done by  
an auxiliary valve ,b1 reversed by the  
main piston rod ,c4 ,this valve admits  
the pressure water to the pistons ,a1   
,a1 which reverse the main slide valve4 
,see ,no4 #aejf4 ,see note below4       
#agdb4 ,mode of working an underground  
pumping engine by water cylinders above 
ground1 connected to those below by     
pipes ,a1 ,a4 ,b is the suction1 ,c the 
delivery4  #agdc4 ,one1 two1 or three   
cylinder water engine4 ,the ports are in
 the segmental base of the cylinder1    
have no lap1 and are opened and closed  
by the oscillation of the cylinder4     
#agdd4 ,circular oscillating cylinder1  
in a case which opens and closes its    
ports by its own oscillation4    ,in    
lieu of the weighted lever valve gear   
for single cylinder water   pressure    
engines1 the engine may be arranged to  

compress a spring   during the stroke1  
which at the end of the stroke shall be 
released1   and by its expansion reverse
 the valve4   ,section #id4--,,washing4 
#agde4 ,cylindrical revolving screen    
washer1 for roots1 c4  #agdf4 ,tub and  
paddle washer4  ,illustration3          
#agce4-agdf4  #agdg4 ,coal washer4 ,the 
water is kept in motion up and down     
through the screen ,a by a cylinder and 
piston ,b2 the mud sinks to ,c and the  
washed coal passes over to ,d4 ,both are
 removed continuously by elevators or   
worms4 ,see ,section #eg4    ,for       
washing ores sloping screens either     
plain or perforated are often   used1 a 
stream of water being kept flowing over 
the ore1 which is kept   in motion4 ,see
 ,nos4 #abff and #dgg1 also ,cylindrical
 ,revolving ,screens1   as ,no4 #abfb4  
#agdh4 ,cylindrical perforated drum1    
with internal fixed spiral flange which 
causes the material to travel at a fixed
 rate of motion4 ,the cylinder may be   
revolved in a water trough as ,no4      

#agde1 or water may be fed in with the  
material and the casing be unperforated4
  #agdi4 ,a contrivance to keep a       
continuous circulation in a boiling tub 
or copper in which clothes1 c41 are     
washed4 ,the hot water from the bottom  
rises up the tin tube1 and is discharged
 on the surface4  #agej4 ,corrugated    
rollers washing device1 for fabrics4    
#agea4 ,water trough and dipping band1  
for washing cloths1 wool1 paper1 c4     
,domestic washers comprise1 besides the 
ordinary tub and dolly1 washing         
boards1 having corrugated surfaces2     
rocking and revolving boxes1   having a 
churn-like motion4 ,brushes also are    
sometimes used4   ,section              
#ie4--,,windmills ,,and ,,feathering    
,,wheels4  #ageb4 ,feathering paddle    
wheel4 ,each float has a bracket and pin
 at back1 with connecting rod to a      
common eccentric 7fixed71 through which 
the shaft revolves4  #agec4 ,spiral vane
 or cowl1 for chimney top4 ,used to     
drive a vertical worm inside the chimney

 cap to maintain an upward draught1 by  
employing the wind as a motive power4   
#aged4 ,windmill sails1 with angular    
adjustment by a sliding device on the   
shaft4  #agee4 ,feathering horizontal   
windmill4 ,each float is hinged a little
 out of centre to the arms1 so that the 
pressure of wind 7see arrow7 turns the  
floats to the positions in the sketch as
 they revolve4  #agef4 ,hollow          
semi-spherical cup windmill or motor4   
#ageg4 ,wind motor1 with curved vanes4  
,these last two revolve in the direction
 of the arrows1 because the wind has    
more hold upon the hollow sides of the  
cups and vanes than on the convex side4 
#ageh4 ,self-feathering wind wheel4     
#agei4 ,spiral wind wheel4              
,illustration3 #agdg4-agei4   ,section  
#if4--,,winding ,,apparatus4  #agfj4    
,barrel or drum1 for wire1 c4  #agfa4   
,winding barrel1 for cranes1 winches1 c4
  #agfb4 ,fusee barrel4 ,see ,no4 #afjb4
  #agfc4 ,grooved barrel1 for chain4    
,prevents the chain riding as it coils4 

#agfd4 ,hexagon frame winder1 for yarn1 
c4  #agfe4 ,spool4  #agff4 ,card winder4
  #agfg  #agfh4 ,bobbins4 ,there are a  
great many patterns in use for various  
trades4  #agfi4 ,appliance for winding  
bobbins of cotton1 and other machinery4 
,the bobbin is stationary and the flyer 
revolves1 the thread passing up its     
centre and down one arm through the eye1
 which has an up and down feed motion to
 wind the thread on evenly4  #aggj4     
,mode of feeding the thread on to the   
spindles to cause it to coil evenly by  
an oscillating arm and pin over which   
the thread passes4  #agga4 ,drum1 for   
flat rope or chain wound upon itself4   
,for winding engines and winches1 see   
,nos4 #abbb to #abbf4    ,see also ,rope
 ,gear1 ,section #ff4   ,section        
#ig4--;,,handles1 c41 ,,for ,,various   
,,purposes4  #aggb4 ,knob handle4       
#aggc4 ,loop handle1 hinged4  #aggd4    
,loop handle1 fixed4  #agge4 ,t handle4 
#aggf4 ,plain handle4  #aggg4 ,sash lift
 or drawer handle4  #aggh4 ,hand bar4   

#aggi4 ,swing door handle4  #aghj4 ,sunk
 or flush loop handle4  #agha4 ,hinged  
lifting levers4  #aghb4 ,bent handle1   
for radial motion4  ,illustration3      
#agfj4-aghb4  #aghc4 ,hand wheel4       
#aghd4 ,cranked ,t handle4  #aghe4      
,capstan wheel4  #aghf4 ,bow or lifting 
handle1 for ladles1 buckets1 c4  #aghg4 
,t bar handle1 for two hands4  #aghh4   
,cross hand lever1 four1 six1 or eight  
arms4  #aghi4 ,loop handle1 sometimes   
cast into a casting4  #agij4 ,ring      
handle4  #agia4 ,double bar pushing     
handles4  #agib4 ,bent handle1 for      
radial motion4  #agic4 ,weighted handle4
  #agid4 ,vice handle1 with sliding     
lever bar4  #agie4 ,hand bar1 with      
forked lever attachment for pumps1 c4   
#agif4 ,s lever double cranked handle4  
#agig4 ,stirrup handle4  #agih4 ,t      
lifting handle or key1 for opening flush
 doors or manhole covers4  #agii4 ,thumb
 screw head4  #ahjj4 ,straight handle1  
with suspending eye4  #ahja4 ,capstan   
wheel1 for screw gear4  #ahjb4          

,ventilated twisted handle4  #ahjc      
#ahjd4 ,loop handles4  ,illustration3   
#aghc4-ahjc4  #ahje4 ,spring lock lever 
handle4  #ahjf4 8,coffee pot0 handle4   
,see also ,section #dh4   ,section      
#ih4--;,,apparatus ,,for ,,drawing      
,,curves4    ,see ,gearing1 ,section    
#dj2 ,ellipsograph1 ,section #cd4       
#ahjg4 ,cyclograph1 for describing arcs1
 the chord and versed sine being given4 
,fix pins at ,a and ,b1 fasten together 
at ,c two slips of wood1 hold the pencil
 at ,d1 and move the slips round1       
keeping them against the pins4 ,see also
 ,no4 #aa4  #ahjh4 ,hyperbolagraph4     
,height and focus are given as for      
#ahji1 and string fixed to ,b1 and focus
 ,a2 the arm is pivoted at ,c1 and the  
pencil used as described for ,no4 #ahji4
  #ahji4 ,parabolagraph4 ,the height of 
parabolic curve ,h and focus ,a are     
given4 ,a string is fastened to end of  
set square at ,b1 reaching to ,c1 and   
the other end fixed to a pin in the     
focus ,a4 ,a pencil held in the loop and

 kept against edge of set square as it  
is moved to left or right will describe 
the parabolic curve4  #ahaj4            
,cycloidograph1 describes the hypo- or  
epi-cycloid4 ,a modification of this is 
used to draw the curves of the teeth of 
wheels4    ,pentagraph1 for reducing or 
enlarging outline drawings1 ,no4 #aibd4 
,helicograph1 to describe a regular     
helix by a central fixed bevil   wheel  
which drives the radial bevil wheel     
screw and scribing pencil1   ,no4 #aibe4
    ,a simple helicograph1 with radial  
screw and roller nut1 which   travels   
along the screw as the apparatus is     
revolved on its centre   pin1 ,no4      
#aibf4   ,section #ii4--,,materials     
,,employed ,,in ,,construction  ,the    
following memoranda relate only to such 
materials as are required in connection 
with machinery or mechanical            
constructions1 and are intended to      
supply particulars of the dimensions of 
the manufactured or raw material1 giving
 the sections manufactured and the      

limits as to size available for         
incorporation in any design under       
consideration4    ,rolled iron and steel
 bars are manufactured as below3--      
#ahaa4 ,rounds1 from  to #g diameter1   
and up to #ah long4  #ahab4 ,squares1   
from  to #f square1 and up to #ah long4 
#ahac4 ,flats1 from  to #ad wide1 and up
 to #ah long4  #ahad1 #ahae1 #ahaf1     
#ahag1 #ahah1  #ahai4 ,l iron sections  
are made from    up to #ad  #c1 or to   
#ab united inches1 with equal or unequal
 flanges1 and up to #cj long2 but the   
acute1 obtuse1 and round angled sections
 are not usually stocked4  #ahbj  #ahba4
 ,t irons1 from #a  #a up to #ab united 
inches1 or to #i  #d1 and up to #cj     
long4  #ahbb4 ,rolled girder iron1 from 
#c deep to #bj deep  #aj flanges1 and to
 #cf long1 in hundreds of sections4     
#ahbc4 ,zore girders1 from #c to #h     
deep1 and to #bd long4  #ahbd4 ,channel 
iron1 from  to #ab wide1 and to #be     
long4  #ahbe4 ,convex iron1 from #a to  
#f wide1 and up to #bj long4  #ahbf4    

,cope iron1 from #a to #d wide1 and to  
#bj long4  ,illustration3 #ahjd4-ahbf4  
#ahbg4 ,half-round iron1 from  to #d    
wide1 and to #bj long4  #ahbh4 ,funnel  
ring iron1 from #c   to #h   wide1 and  
up to #ah long4  #ahbi4 ,jackstay iron4 
#ahcj4 ,hollow cope iron4  #ahca1 #ahcb1
  #ahch4 ,rail sections 7see ,section   
#gc71 usually made in #ah to #cj        
lengths1 and numerous sections of from  
#bb lbs4 to #hd lbs4 per yard4  #ahcc4  
,bulb ,l iron4  #ahcd4 ,deck beam or    
bulb ,t iron1 up to #af  #f4  #ahce4    
,bulb ,l iron1 up to #aj  #d4  #ahcf4   
,bulb iron1 to #ac wide4  #ahcg4 ,pile  
iron4  #ahci1 #ahdj1  #ahda4 ,flush tram
 rails1 #ah to #cj long4  #ahdb1 #ahdc1 
#ahdi4 ,fire bar iron4  #ahdd4 ,double  
,l iron1   #a   to #e  #e  4  #ahde4    
,cross iron4  #ahdf1 #ahdg1  #ahec4     
,sash bar iron4 ,hundreds of special    
sections are manufactured4  #ahdh4      
,bevil edge iron4  #ahej4 ,octagon bar  
iron4  #ahea4 ,hexagon bar iron4  #aheb4
 ,tyre iron1 made in many sections4 ,see

 note to ,no4 #agai4  ,illustration3    
#ahbg4-ahec4  #ahee4 ,bevilled flat     
iron4  #ahef4 ,trough iron4 ,used for   
bridge flooring1 fire-proof floors1 c4  
#aheg4 ,double convex iron4  #aheh      
#ahei4 ,tramplate iron4  #ahfj  #ahfa4  
,chair or sleeper iron4  #ahfb4 ,oval   
iron4  #ahfc1 #ahfd1  #ahfe4 ,round     
edged flats4  #ahff4 ,segment round     
iron4  #ahfg4 ,round edged convex iron4 
#ahfh4 ,bevilled flat iron4  #ahfi4     
,bevil edge flat iron4  #ahgj4 ,bevilled
 flat iron4  #ahga4 ,round edged hollow 
convex iron4  #ahgb4 ,taper edged hollow
 convex iron4  #ahgc4 ,boiler tube      
expansion ring iron4  #ahgd4 ,moulded   
flat bar4    ,in addition to the above1 
iron ornamental mouldings are rolled    
with   moulded and relief ornaments in  
bars1 from  to #b wide1 and up   to #af 
or #ah long4 ,also plain mouldings      
similar in sections to those   used in  
joinery4    ,plates 7iron and steel7 are
 manufactured from  to  thick           
ordinary4 ,thicker plates are rolled to 

order up to #bj thick4    ,stocked sizes
 of ordinary plates are #d  #b up to #ad
  #d #f4    ,strips from #g to #bb wide1
 and up to #cj long4    ,chequered      
plates1 with diamond1 oval or square    
recessed patterns1   are made #f  #b up 
to #h  #c #f4    ,sheets1 plain1 in     
thicknesses from ,no4 #aj w4g4 to ,no4  
#cf w4g41 and   from #f  #b to #aj  #d4 
,corrugated sheets1 plain or galvanised1
 from ,no4 #af to ,no4 #bf w4g41   and  
from #f  #b to #i  #b4    ,tinned       
sheets1 same as above4    ,cold rolled  
sheets1 same as above4    ,planished    
sheets1 same as above4    ,lead-coated  
sheets1 same as above4    ,tin plates1  
terne plates1 #ad  #bj1 #ag  #ab1 #ae   
#aa1 #ad    #aj1 #bd  #bj1 #bh  #aj1 #bh
  #bj4    ,hoops1 from  to #g wide1 and 
from ,no4 #h to ,no4 #bd w4g4  #ahge4   
,wire2 sections manufactured in hard    
iron1 soft iron1 soft steel1 hard steel1
 tempered steel1 piano wire1 covered    
wire 7wound with either cotton1 silk1   
guttapercha1 flax1 c471 or copper wire4 

,also brass1 copper1 lead1 zinc1 and    
other metal wire1 hard or soft2 tinned  
iron wire1 galvanised iron wire1 tinned 
brass wire1 coppered iron wire1         
lead-coated iron wire4  ,illustration3  
#ahed4-ahge4    ,pipes 7see ,section    
#eg7 and tubes of wrought iron1 either  
butt or   lap welded1 or solid drawn1   
are made in four qualities or           
strengths3--#a4 ,gas tube2 #b4 ,steam or
 water tube2 #c4 ,boiler flue tube2     
#d4 ,hydraulic tube4 ,these are         
manufactured from  to #c internal       
diameters2 boiler flue tubes to #i      
diameter1 but much larger sizes can   be
 made to order4    ,solid drawn steel   
tubes are made up to #aj diameter2      
larger sizes are   made to order4       
,special steel or wrought iron pipes1   
flanged with ,l iron1 are made   up to  
#d diameter with welded joints1 and     
welded steel or wrought iron   socket   
and spigot pipes up to #bd diameter4    
,cast iron pipes are made in the        
following strengths3--,rainwater        

pipes1 hot-water pipes1 gas mains1 water
 mains1 hydraulic mains for   high      
pressure1 and the thicknesses of metal  
vary according to the   pressures4      
,diameters from #a up to #d1 and lengths
 usually #f and   #i4 ,see ,section #eg4
    ,castings are made in cast iron of  
various mixtures1 according to          
strength1 toughness1 or hardness        
required1 and of any weight up to #bj   
tons4 ,chilled iron castings are made   
for hard wear1 as in crusher   rolls1   
c41 but cannot be machined2 they are    
usually ground smooth by   a grindstone 
or emery wheel4    ,steel castings are  
made in either ,bessemer1               
,siemens-,martin1   ,thomas-,gilchrist1 
or in crucible steel1 the latter being  
most relied   upon4 ,they require       
annealing to soften them sufficiently   
for   machining1 are almost invariably  
8blown0 or honeycombed1 and rarely      
homogeneous1 or twice alike from the    
same pattern or cast4    ,wrought-iron  
castings1 ,mitis metal1 c41 are also    

obtainable1 but   malleable cast iron   
castings are most relied upon for       
toughness1 the   process having now     
attained great perfection1 but is not   
applicable to   very thick castings4    
,pressed iron on steel forgings of      
simple forms are now obtainable at   low
 prices4    ,forgings in wrought iron   
and steel can now be made to almost any 
size1 shape1 and weight1 and are        
replacing many structures formerly      
made of cast iron or built up4    ,other
 metals employed are copper1 brass1 tin1
 zinc1 phosphor-bronze1   lead1         
antimony1 bismuth1 pewter1 ,muntz metal1
 aluminium1 sodium1   potassium1        
platinum1 gold1 silver1 nickel1 and a   
great variety of the   bronzes1 which   
are valuable compounds varying in       
tenacity and hardness   from the hardest
 steel to that of soft copper4 ,most of 
the above are   manufactured into wire1 
sheets1 tubes1 rods1 c41 and can in     
addition   be cast into any form from a 
crucible4 ,copper can be forged but not 

welded2 joints in it are generally      
brazed or soldered4    ,other materials 
employed comprise--    ,timber4 ,yellow1
 white1 and red pine in logs1 deals1 and
 battens2   logs1 up to about #c        
diameter by #ce to #dj long2 deals1 #i1 
#aj1 and   #aa wide1 and from #a to #d  
thick--a few wide deals are imported up 
to #bb wide--spruce and fir1 sycamore1  
pear tree1 willow1 poplar1 c4   ,the    
following table gives a list of woods   
and their applications3--   ,,tabular   
,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,woods          
,,commonly ,,in ,,use ,,in ,,great      
,,britain4   ,,for ,,building4          
,ship-building4--,cedars1 deals1 elms1  
firs1 larches1 locust1 oaks1 c41 c4     
,wet works1 as piles1 foundations1      
c4--,alder1 beech1 elm1 oak1 plane-tree1
 white cedar4  ,house                   
carpentry4--,deals1 oaks1 pines1 sweet  
chestnut4   ,,for ,,machinery ,,and     
,,mill-,,work4  ,frames1 c4--,ash1      
beech1 birch1 deals1 elm1 mahogany1 oak1
 pines4  ,rollers1 c4--,box1 lignum vit1

 mahogany4  ,teeth of wheels1           
c4--,crab-tree1 hornbeam1 locust4       
,foundry patterns4--,alder1 deal1       
mahogany1 pine4   ,,for ,,turnery4      
,common wood for toys                   
7softest74--,alder1 beech 7small71 birch
 7small71 sallow1 willow4  ,best woods  
for ,tunbridge ware4--,holly1 horse     
chestnut1 sycamore 7white woods72       
apple-tree1 pear-tree1 plum-tree 7brown 
woods74  ,hardest ,english              
woods4--,beech 7large71 box1 elm1 oak1  
walnut4   ,,for ,,furniture4  ,common   
furniture and inside works4--,beech1    
birch1 cedars1 cherry-tree1 deal1 pines4
  ,best furniture4--,amboyna1 black     
ebony1 cherry-tree1 ,coromandel1        
mahogany1 maple1 oak 7various kinds71   
rose-wood1 satin-wood1 sandal-wood1     
sweet chestnut1 sweet cedar1 tulip-wood1
 walnut1 zebra-wood4  ,foreign hard     
woods1 several of which are only used   
for ornamental turnery4--     #a4       
,amboyna4            #ac4 ,greenheart4  
#be4 ,peruvian4    #b4 ,beef-wood4      

#ad4 ,grenadillo4         #bf4          
,princes-wood4    #c4 ,black ,bot4 ,b4  
wood4 #ae4 ,iron-wood4          #bg4    
,purple-wood4    #d4 ,black ebony4      
#af4 ,king-wood4          #bh4 ,red     
sanders4    #e4 ,box-wood4              
#ag4 ,lignum vit4        #bi4 ,rosetta4 
#f4 ,brazil-wood4        #ah4 ,locust4  
#cj4 ,rose-wood4    #g4 ,braziletto4    
#ai4 ,mahogany4           #ca4          
,sandal-wood4    #h4 ,bullet-wood4      
#bj4 ,maple4              #cb4          
,satin-wood4    #i4 ,cam-wood4          
#ba4 ,mustaiba4           #cc4          
,snake-wood4   #aj4 ,cocoa-wood4        
#bb4 ,olive-tree  root4  #cd4           
,tulip-wood4   #aa4 ,coromandel4        
#bc4 ,palmyra4            #ce4          
,yacca-wood4   #ab4 ,green ebony4       
#bd4 ,partridge-wood4     #cf4          
,zebra-wood4    ,nos4 #c1 #h1 #af1 #cc1 
and #cd are frequently scarce4    ,nos4 
#c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #aj are generally close1
 hard1 even tinted1 and the   more      
proper for eccentric turning1 but others

 may also be employed4    ,nos4 #d1 #e1 
#aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #cj1 #cb  
are generally abundant and   extensively
 used4 ,all the woods may be used for   
plain turning4   ,,miscellaneous        
,,properties4    ,elasticity4--,ash1    
hazel1 hickory1 lance-wood1 sweet       
chestnut   7small71 snake-wood1 yew4    
,inelasticity and toughness4--,beech1   
elm1 lignum vit1 oak1 walnut4    ,even  
grain1 proper for carving4--,lime-tree1 
pear-tree1 pine4    ,durability in dry  
works4--,cedar1 oak1 poplar1 sweet      
chestnut1 yellow   deal4    ,colouring  
matter 7red dyes74--,brazil1 braziletto1
 cam-wood1   log-wood ,nicaragua1 red   
sanders1 sapan-wood4    ,colouring      
matter 7green dye74--,green ebony4      
,colouring matter 7yellow               
dyes74--,fustic1 zantes4                
,scent4--,camphor wood1 cedar1          
rose-wood1 sandal-wood1 satin-wood1     
sassafras4  ,indiarubber1 manufactured  
into sheets1 with or without canvas     
insertion of single1 double1 or treble  

thickness1 up to #cf wide and to  thick2
 cord to #a diameter2 tubes1 plain1 or  
with canvas insertion or wire coiled    
inside or outside1 from  to #d bore1    
usually in #cj and #fj lengths4         
,washers1 rings1 rollers1 strips1 belts1
 and moulded articles of every form4    
,guttapercha is manufactured into       
similar articles4  ,leather4 ,most of   
the varieties are manufactured from the 
skins of oxen1 sheep1 goats1 deer1      
horses1 dogs1 hogs1 and seals1 and the  
larger skins are divided into butts1    
shoulders1 cheeks1 and bellies1 the     
dimensions depending of course upon the 
size of the animals4 ,ox hides are the  
largest and kid skins the smallest in   
general use4    ,for mechanical purposes
 ox hide1 raw or tanned1 is chiefly     
used1 as   for valves1 seatings1 belts1 
piston leathers1 c4 ,sheep skins can be 
obtained either strained1 half-strained1
 or unstrained2 the first are   hard and
 comparatively stiff1 the last-named    
soft and pliable as   cloth4 ,other soft

 varieties are goats' skins and chamois 
leather4   ,there are many imitations of
 leather1 but they are rarely employed  
in   mechanical constructions4          
,vulcanised fibre is often used for     
similar purposes to leather1 as for     
valves1 seatings1 joints1 c4 ,it is made
 in two varieties1 medium and hard1 and 
in sheets up to #a thick4  ,ebonite4 ,a 
hard1 black1 horny substance1 moulded   
into any required shape4  ,papier mch4  
,solid paper1 moulded from pulp into any
 required form4  ,asbestos1 in sheets1  
cord1 packing of various sections1 loose
 fibre1 millboard1 c4  ,ivory1 from     
tusks and teeth4  ,bone4  ,vegetable    
ivory2 nuts about the size of eggs4     
,packings for glands1 c41 are made of   
cotton1 hemp1 and other fibres1         
asbestos1 indiarubber1 c41 in round1    
square1 and other sections4   ,section  
#ajj4--;,,heating ,,apparatus4    ,for  
general purposes this comprises         
,furnaces1 ,stoves1 ,ranges1 ,ovens1    
,boilers 7see ,section #f71 ,hot-blast1 

,steam-heated ,vessels1 ,gas ,jets1     
c41 most of which are tolerably well    
known and in common use4    ,for special
 purposes in connection with machinery  
various heating   devices are required1 
of which steam and gas are those most   
universally used4 ,steam tubes or coils 
may be carried through any   fixed or   
movable part of a machine4 ,steam-heated
 surfaces1 such as   tables1 pans1      
chambers1 c41 steam-jacketed cylinders1 
and similar   contrivances1 are much    
used4 ,gas jets from perforated tubes1  
which may   be shaped to any required   
position1 are also convenient for dry   
heat   and higher temperatures than can 
be obtained from steam4    ,hot irons   
are sometimes used1 shaped to fit a     
cavity1 but of course   require to be   
replaced periodically4    ,hot water in 
pipes or jackets1 and hot air in flues  
are common   appliances for warming and 
drying2 with the former its circulation 
must be provided for1 and with the      
latter1 either a forced draught or   an 

upward inclination given to the flues to
 maintain circulation4  #ahgf4 ,gill    
pipes for radiating the beat of steam or
 hot water4  #ahgg4 ,gill stove1 on     
similar principle1 presents an extensive
 surface in contact with the air for    
radiation of heat4   ,section           
#aja4--;,,drawing ,,and ,,rolling       
,,metals1 c4  #ahgh4 ,rolls for bar     
iron1 grooved to suit the section       
required1 one-half the groove being     
usually in each roll1 and the size and  
shape of the grooves are graduated down 
from that of the square billet to the   
finished bar4  #ahgi4 ,grooved rolls for
 producing a tapered bar4  #ahhj4       
,rollers for turning up and welding     
tubes from a flat strip4  #ahha4        
,bending rollers4  #ahhb4 ,rolls for    
solid tyres1 without a weld4  #ahhc4    
,wire drawing apparatus4    ,for grips  
for drawing wire1 c41 see ,nos4 #eje1   
#eah4 ,laths of various   sections are  
drawn through suitable steel dies by a  
draw bench2 the   end of the lath is    

held by a grip tongs and the lath drawn 
forcibly   through the dies 7using a    
lubricant7 and afterwards straightened4 
,rolling does not answer for this kind  
of work4    ,the drawing frame used for 
cotton and other fibres has two1 three1 
or   more pairs of rollers2 the lower   
rollers are grooved longitudinally   and
 the upper ones weighted and covered    
with leather1 the lower ones   being    
geared together to drive at             
proportionate speeds1 so that in        
passing through1 the material is        
stretched between each pair of          
rollers1 the object being to extend and 
lay all the fibres parallel4    ,for    
drawing lead pipes1 see ,no4 #aahc4     
,earthenware pipes are made by a        
similar process4   ,section             
#ajb4--,,struts ,,and ,,ties4  #ahhd4   
,ordinary solid swelled distance rod    
with collars1 used for compressive      
strains4  #ahhe4 ,similar strut1 but    
formed of tube with end collars screwed 
in4  #ahhf4 ,double flat-bar cambered   

strut1 stiffened by distance pieces and 
bolts4  #ahhg1 #ahhh1 #ahhi1  #ahij4    
,sections of varieties of the foregoing4
  #ahia4 ,braced strut2 usually of flat 
bars on edge1 riveted together at the   
intersections4  #ahib4 ,tubular swelled 
strut1 of plate iron1 used for masts1   
sheer legs1 crane jibs1 c4  #ahic4      
,built up strut1 from segmental bars4   
#ahid4 ,trussed strut2 the trussing is  
#ij apart1 but may be at any angle2 the 
central bar of course takes the actual  
thrust1 and the truss rods keep it from 
bending or buckling4 ,see also ,nos4    
#bie to #cjj1 #cbj4    ,ties1 for       
tensile strain only are usually of round
 iron1 flat or   other simple section1  
tube1 or even chain1 rope1 or wire4     
,illustration3 #ahgf4-ahid4   ,section  
#ajc4--,,marine ,,engines 7,,types      
,,of74  ,many varieties will be found   
illustrated under ,section #cb4 ,the    
following are modern types3--  #ahie4   
,diagonal paddle engines1 for light     
draught vessels4 ,may of course be      

either of two or three cylinder type and
 either high pressure or compound4      
#ahif4 ,one of the most favourite types 
of vertical overhead cylinder screw     
engines1 with half standards and        
distance rods1 one1 two or three        
cylinders1 simple or compound4 ,the     
condenser is usually in the back        
standards and the pumps behind4         
,simplicity and accessibility are its   
chief advantages4  #ahig4 ,stern wheel1 
side lever engines1 not often required  
in practice4 ,the ordinary construction 
of horizontal engines usually           
accommodates itself for stern wheel     
driving4 ,see ,nos4 #ege to #egi1 c4    
#ahih4 ,double standard vertical        
overhead cylinder screw engines1 the    
type commonly adopted for the heavier   
class of vessels1 and frequently made   
for triple expansion4 ,it is of very    
rigid construction1 but not quite so    
convenient for accessibility to the     
working parts as ,no4 #ahif4 ,the       
condenser and pumps are at one side1    

built into the standard1 and the engines
 are handled from the opposite side or  
from an elevated platform4  #ahii4      
,overhead cylinder and distance rod     
type1 the lightest and simplest form in 
use for small engines4 ,every part is   
easily seen and got at1 and the top     
weight is reduced to a minimum4  #aijj4 
,is a variety of ,no4 #ahif1 with tandem
 cylinders and two cranks for triple    
expansion4  #aija4 ,is also a variety of
 ,no4 #ahih1 with tandem cylinders for  
triple expansion4 ,in this plan the     
intermediate stuffing box is got rid of 
by using two piston rods to the lower   
cylinder1 coupled to the piston rod of  
the upper or high-pressure cylinder by a
 crosshead4  #aijb4 ,compound overhead  
standard engines1 for twin screws4      
#aijc4 ,diagonal twin screw engines4    
,illustration3 #ahie4-aijc4  #aijd4     
,horizontal twin screw engines4  #aije4 
,plan of cylinders as usually employed  
for ,no4 #aijb4  #aijf4 ,oscillating    
paddle engines1 sometimes made with     

cylinders at #ij apart and a single     
crank1 as ,no4 #efd4  #aijg4 ,overhead  
oscillating twin screw engines4  #aijh4 
,annular cylinder paddle engines4       
#aiji4 ,overhead cylinder side-lever    
paddle engines4    ,in addition to the  
above some special types are            
occasionally employed1   as the         
,willan's three-cylinder plan for screw 
engines4 ,see ,no4 #eib1   also         
varieties of ,no4 #eic1 high-speed      
types4   ,section #ajd4--,,striking     
,,and ,,hammering3 ,,impact4  ,the      
ordinary appliances for these purposes  
comprise hammers of all kinds and anvils
 or blocks of all shapes to suit the    
work1 rammers and mallets of wood4 ,the 
steam hammer being the machine almost   
invariably used1 is too well known to   
need illustration4 ,it is made with     
single or double standards1 and though  
differing somewhat in details is        
practically the same machine wherever   
manufactured4  ,the following are       
apparatus employed for particular cases1

 and not so well known4  #aiaj4 ,the    
drop hammer1 for power4 ,the grip       
pulleys are put in gear by the hand     
lever to raise the hammer and shaft3 it 
is sometimes worked by hand by a simple 
cord and pulley4  #aiaa4 ,dead blow     
power hammer4 ,the crescent-shaped      
crosshead bar has a positive motion from
 the crank pin1 but the hammer head is  
attached to it by strong horizontal     
springs1 and therefore has some little  
play above and below a horizontal line4 
#aiab4 ,the pile engine and monkey4 ,the
 latter is generally raised by a hand or
 power winch1 but a multiplying gear    
steam or hydraulic cylinder has been    
employed4  #aiac4 ,another form of dead 
blow power hammer1 but with a straight  
laminated plate spring1 to which the    
hammer head is fixed4  #aiad4 ,another  
type of spring power hammer4            
,illustration3 #aijd4-aiad4  #aiae4     
,revolving centrifugal rapid blow       
hammer4  #aiaf4 ,the old-fashioned tilt 
hammer1 still in use in many places1    

especially where water-power is         
employed4    ,for stamps1 c41 see ,nos4 
#bej  #bga4    ,besides the foregoing   
there is the gas hammer of ,messrs4     
,tangye1 the   pneumatic hammer1 and a  
variety of power hammers with variable  
stroke4   ,see ,no4 #afjf4   ,section   
#aje4--,,sound4    ,instruments for the 
production of sound are scarcely within 
the   province of the mechanical        
engineer1 but of late years several of  
them   have been employed in connection 
with mechanical means for producing     
sound--for fog signals1 whistling1 and  
other forms of sound   signalling4      
,musical sounds are produced by         
vibration of air from wind1   string1 or
 reed instruments4 ,in wind instruments 
the vibration is   produced by the lips 
and modified by the shape and length of 
the tube4   ,strings are either bowed1  
as in the fiddle1 struck1 as in the     
piano1   or fingered1 as in the harp4   
,reeds are springs vibrated by a current
   of air4 ,in the harmonium and        

concertina class of instruments there   
are   no tubes or pipes added to the    
reeds to modify the sounds produced2    
but in the organ pipe the reeds have    
pipes added which greatly augment   and 
qualify the sounds4 ,other special      
sound-producing instruments are         
illustrated here4  #aiag4 ,the ,siren1  
or steam turbine whistle1 the loudest   
instrument known1 consists of a slotted 
cylindrical drum revolving inside a     
fixed drum2 the slots are angular 7see  
plan71 so that the rush of steam        
revolves the inner loose drum rapidly   
and the sound is directed by the        
trumpet-shaped hood4 ,a pair of slotted 
discs is also sometimes used for the    
same purpose instead of the slotted     
drums4  #aiah4 ,mechanical fog-horn2    
ordinary bellows are often used to      
supply the blast4  #aiai4 ,iron gong1   
struck with a muffled hammer4  #aibj4   
,harmonium reeds1 or free reeds2 the    
tongue covers a slot of same size and   
shape1 and can vibrate into and out of  

it1 but without touching its edges2 the 
gravity of tone or pitch depends on the 
size and thickness of the tongue4       
#aiba4 ,organ reed pipe2 the tongue ,a  
in this case beats1 with a rolling      
contact1 upon the reed ,b1 which is     
tubular1 closed at bottom and opening at
 top into the pipe ,c1 which extends    
upwards from the block ,d2 ,e is the    
tuning wire which regulates the         
vibrating or free length of the tongue4 
#aibb  #aibc4 ,wood and metal organ     
pipes1 which are practically large      
whistles1 the vibration of the column of
 air in the pipe being produced by the  
wind striking the edge of the lip ,a4   
,steam whistles are bells with a        
ring-shaped slit below1 from which the  
issuing steam strikes the lower edge of 
the bell4    ,other forms are now made  
giving a more musical sound1 and in some
   cases a double note1 usually an      
interval of a major third1 as ,c-,e1    
by a modified form of pipe with two     
lips4    ,striking bells of various     

shapes are extensively used4    ,gongs  
are cheese-shaped metallic hollow       
suspended vessels1 and are   struck by a
 muffled hammer4    ,musical sounds are 
also produced from slips of glass1 or   
chilled iron1   glass bells and         
tumblers1 and also from resonant        
magnetic iron blocks4  #aibd1 #aibe1    
#aibf4 ,see ,sec4 #ih4  ,illustration3  
#aiae4-aibf4   ,section #ajf4--;,,doors1
 ,,manholes ,,and ,,covers4  #aibg4     
,application of a single crosshead and  
bolt to close two covers1 as in a pump  
clack-box4  #aibh4 ,cone seated cover1  
with hand-lifting crossbar and recess4  
#aibi4 ,crosshead and man- or mud-hole1 
as commonly used for boilers1 c4  #aicj4
 ,cast-iron manhole and block2 ,t-head  
bolts are generally used1 but also      
eye-bolts1 as in ,no4 #icg4  #aica4     
,wrought-iron plate lid1 or cover for a 
tank4  #aicb4 ,wrought-iron dished      
cover1 with hinged crossbar and ,t-screw
 used largely for gas retorts4  #aicc4  
,furnace door2 hinged1 with inside plate

 to protect the door from the heat4     
#aicd4 ,manhole door with water seal1 or
 packed recess to keep back gases1      
smell1 c4  #aice4 ,screwed plug         
handhole4  #aicf4 ,wrought-iron boiler  
manhole cover1 and block1 a special     
manufacture4  #aicg4 ,type of sliding   
door2 can be made airtight by planing   
the seatings4    ,hinged doors are      
well-known4 ,for hinging1 see ,section  
#ej4 ,for   fastenings1 see ,locking    
,devices1 ,section #di4    ,see also    
,nos4 #ica1 #icg1 #idj1 #ifb4           
,illustration3 #aibg4-aicg4     ,,part  
,,ii4  ,,additions ,,to ,,sections      
#a-ajf4   ,section #a4--;,,anchoring4   
7,see also p4 #aj47  #aich4 ,rock anchor
 for suspension bridge chain or a guy4  
,sea anchor2 any floating body          
7immersed7 presenting a large area to   
the water1 as a spar and sail1 quantity 
of bulky cargo1 or raft of   timber4    
,concrete anchor3 masses of concrete are
 used as anchors under water1   or sunk 
in the ground4    ,portable machines are

 anchored by attaching movable weights  
to the   legs or base plates of the     
machine1 also by driving stakes into the
   ground around the machine4   ,section
 #b4--;,,adjusting ,,devices4  7,see    
also p4 #aj47  #aici4 ,ratchet rod for  
adjusting and locking a lever in any    
required position4  #aidj4 ,micrometer  
screw adjustment for a lever or crank   
arm1 which may be locked to its shaft by
 the clip boss and screw1 or released at
 will4  #aida4 ,spring pawl adjustment2 
has sufficient grip to hold against a   
moderate pressure1 but may be moved by  
increased pressure4  #aidb4 ,micrometer 
adjustment for a cam lever grip4  #aidc4
 ,micrometer screw1 with swivel motion4 
#aidd4 ,wedge and pinion adjustment1    
used for applying pressure to type in   
printers' formes4  #aide4 ,adjustable   
rack for any fixing1 secured by a staple
 bolt4  #aidf4 ,adjustment for a spiral 
torsion spring to regulate its tension4 
#aidg4 ,callipers with fine adjustment  
by a taper screw1 tapped into a hole in 

the split leg1 so that the taper screw  
springs open the slit and thus extends  
the opening of the calliper legs4       
#aidh4 ,adjusting pawl and head for     
adjusting the tension or compression of 
a torsion spring1 which is fixed to the 
spindle4  #aidi4 ,screw adjustment for  
rollers to maintain parallelism4        
,illustration3 #aich4-aidi4  #aiej4     
,adjustment for expanding a split borer1
 reamer or rose bit1 with micrometer    
graduation4  #aiea4 ,screw adjustment   
for a lever4  #aieb4 ,adjustable centre 
pin1 traversed by a screw1 and fixed    
after adjustment by a nut and washer4   
#aiec4 ,fine screw adjustment for any   
movable part4  #aied4 ,fine screw       
adjustment for a radial arm4  #aiee4    
,division plate1 with differential      
dividing on its opposite faces4         
,belts1 bands1 c41 are adjusted by      
corresponding series of holes and       
laces1 screws or rivets to fit them4    
,section #c4--;,,belt ,,gearing4  7,see 
also p4 #ab47  #aief4 ,fast and loose   

pulleys2 the fast pulley is larger in   
diameter than the loose pulley1 to allow
 the belt to run slack when running     
idle4  #aieg4 ,round rubber belt gear4  
#aieh4 ,device for tightening a belt2   
two guide pulleys are run on studs fixed
 to a locking lever1 the pull of the    
belt rocks this lever as far as the     
slack of belt will allow1 thus keeping  
the belt tight4  #aiei4 ,wide belt      
pulleys1 cast with a double set of arms 
7shown in section74  #aifj4 ,belt drive 
for two pulleys4    ,vee belts are used 
to run over ,v grooved pulleys4 ,see    
,no4 #abdc4    ,link belts2 formed of   
leather links connected by steel wire   
centres   in the form of a wide pitched 
chain 7as ,no4 #aif74    ,cord belts are
 formed of guttapercha1 indiarubber1    
leather1 raw hide   or catgut4    ,raw  
hide is frequently used for belts2 it is
 stronger than leather1   harder in     
substance and less porous4   ,section   
#d4--;,,ball ,,and ,,socket ,,joints4   
7,see also p4 #ab47  #aifa4 ,swinging   

fixing1 with ball and cup joint4  #aifb4
 ,ball joint for any swinging fixing    
required to be released or secured in   
various positions4   ,section           
#e4--;,,brakes ,,and ,,retarding        
,,appliances4  7,see also p4 #ad47      
#aifc4 ,steam engine dash-pot2 a steam  
cushioning device for valve movements4  
,the cylinder is always full of steam   
under pressure1 and a small bye-pass    
groove provided to allow steam to pass  
the piston when a blow or push is       
received4 ,see ,no4 #adhj4              
,illustration3 #aiej4-aifc4  #aifd4     
,railway car brake1 fulcrumed on the    
axle spring1 so that the loaded car     
gives the pressure applied through the  
lever4  #aife4 ,double car brake2       
applies the grip to the wheel rim       
without cross or side strain on the     
axle4    ,brush brake4 ,a brush of stiff
 bristles or steel wires is sometimes   
used as a brake to a revolving pulley4  
,section #f4--;,,boilers1 ,,types ,,of4 
7,see also p4 #af47  #aiff4 ,boiler1    

with furnace for consuming town refuse4 
,meldrum ,bros4 patent1 fitted with     
forced draught furnace4   ,section      
#g4--;,,blowing ,,and ,,exhausting4     
7,see also p4 #bj47  #aifg4 ,type of air
 propeller1 or wind turbine1 not        
centrifugal2 the air is driven parallel 
to the axis of the fan4   ,section      
#h4--;,,bed-,,plates1 ,,foundations     
,,and ,,framing ,,of ,,machines4  7,see 
also p4 #bb47  #aifh4 ,shrunk ring      
fastening for segments of wheels1       
bed-plates and framing4 ,a wrought-iron 
ring is shrunk over two lugs cast on the
 adjoining pieces of the frame1 c4      
#aifi4 ,foundation for gas engine on a  
fire-proof floor1 with several layers of
 felt between to diminish vibration and 
noise4  #aigj4 ,box bed-plate1 sometimes
 used as a tank1 air reservoir1 surface 
condenser1 c4  #aiga4 ,standard type of 
stand for a light machine4  #aigb4      
,box-bed1 frame or plinth1 constructed  
of flat castings joined by grooves and  
fillets and long bolts or rivets4       

,columns1 handrailing1 and other parts  
of machine framings are used   as       
air-vessels1 drain-pipes1 and for       
enclosing working rods and parts   of   
machines4   ,section #i4--;,,cam1       
,,tappet ,,and ,,wiper ,,gear4  7,see   
also p4 #bd47  #aigc4 ,cam plate and    
levers1 with rocking motion2 the slots  
can be formed to give any intermittent1 
or variable motion to the lever ends4   
#aigd4 ,cam lever motion from a         
reciprocating rod4  ,illustration3      
#aifd4-aigd4  #aige4 ,spiral or wheel   
cam to give a reciprocating motion to a 
bar4  #aigf4 ,compound cam to operate a 
number of radial grips or arms4  #aigg4 
,internal compound cam to operate a     
number of radial slides for internal    
grip4   ,section #aj4--;,,crank ,,and   
,,eccentric ,,gear4  7,see also p4 #bh47
  #aigh4 ,hinged hand-crank4  #aigi4    
,joy's patent hydraulic eccentric for   
steam engine reversing gear4 ,the centre
 block--keyed to the crank shaft--has   
two small rams working in cylinders in  

the sheave1 and the position of the     
eccentric is controlled by a hand-lever 
and pump forcing oil into the cylinders 
through a channel in the crank shaft and
 rams4  #aihj4 ,double eccentric1 with  
two diameters or throws to give         
alternately two different lengths of    
stroke to an eccentric rod4    ,shifting
 eccentrics4 ,see ,valve gear1 ,section 
#gi4    ,crank shaft governor gear4 ,see
 ditto1 ditto4  #aiha4 ,three-throw bent
 crank4  #aihb4 ,diagonal crank pin to  
give a rotary reciprocating motion as   
well as an up and down motion to a      
piston or rod4    ,adjustable hand      
crank4 ,see ,nos4 #begj1 #bbfe1 #bebc4  
,adjustable eccentrics4 ,see ,nos4 #ahh1
 #ahi1 #aij4    ,eccentric crank motion4
 ,see ,nos4 #agd1 #age4  #aihc4         
,eccentric variable-throw crank pin4    
,the pin is formed on an eccentric stock
 which can be revolved by a worm and    
wheel4  #aihd4 ,crank motion to give1   
from one crank having a regular motion1 
an irregular motion to a second crank or

 vice vers4 ,the speed of the slotted   
crank varies throughout its circle of   
revolution4   ,section #aa4--;,,chain   
,,gear4  7,see also p4 #cj47  #aihe4    
8,chain ,gear ,co4's0 patent pitch      
chain4 ,the tendency of the chain to    
travel to the point of the teeth is     
believed to keep it always up to pitch4 
#aihf4 ,pitched chain1 with flat links1 
open centre and cylindrical distance    
pins ,a ,a to fit a sprocket wheel4     
,bicycle drive chains are of this class4
    ,see p4 #aeb for ,chain ,wheels4    
,section #ab4--;,,carriages ,,and       
,,cars4  7,see also p4 #cb47  #aihg4    
,swivelling gear for car wheels4        
,illustration3 #aige4-aihg4   ,section  
#ac4--;,,crushing1 ,,grinding           
,,disintegrating4  7,see also p4 #cf47  
#aihh4 ,eccentric disc grinding mill4   
,the discs have grooved faces1 annular1 
radial or spiral4  #aihi4 ,grinding face
 tool1 with segments of stone or emery4 
#aiij4 ,huntingdon's stamp mill4        
,surface grinding1 filing and polishing2

 are performed by means of   emery1     
files1 glass and emery paper and cloth1 
revolving stones and   emery wheels1    
brushes1 endless bands fed with emery   
and other powders1   c4  #aiij;,a4 ,ball
 mill for grinding various substances4  
,section #ae4--;,,clutches4  7,see also 
p4 #dj47  #aiia4 ,coil-grip friction    
clutch4 ,by the ,shaw ,engineering ,co41
 ,bristol4 ,the coil is of steel1 in the
 form of a spring4  #aiib4 ,internal    
grip friction clutch4 ,the internal ring
 is split at one side and expanded by   
the oval pin attached to the arm4 ,the  
latter is usually reciprocated by a     
sliding sleeve on the shaft 7as ,no4    
#bhb74  #aiic4 ,jaw clutch thrown into  
gear by partial revolution4   ,section  
#af4--;,,couplings ,,for ,,shafting4    
7,see also p4 #db47  #aiid4 ,coupling to
 allow two shaft ends to run a little   
out of line2 the centre piece has a     
cross feather at each end at right      
angles to each other1 which engage with 
cross grooves in the shaft end pieces4  

#aiie4 ,split sleeve coupling tightened 
on the shaft by two cone bushes and     
nuts4  #aiif4 ,flange coupling1 with    
recessed grooves for the bolt heads and 
nuts4  #aiig4 ,angle coupling for       
shafts1 instead of bevil gearing4       
#aiih4 ,angle coupling for shafts at any
 angle 7shown at angle of #ij7          
consisting of four crank pins sliding   
and revolving in holes bored in the     
shaft ends4   ,section                  
#ag4--;,,connecting ,,rods ,,and        
,,links4  7,see also p4 #db47  #aiii4   
,spring connecting rod of steel or wood4
  #bjjj4 ,attachment for connecting rod 
to a pump ram1 with provision for taking
 up the brasses by a long screw4  #bjja4
 ,connecting rod end1 the back brass    
being set up by a set screw with coned  
point1 which displaces by penetration a 
number of steel balls or shot4  #bjjb4  
,solid rod end1 with wedge gib and nut  
adjustment for brasses2 the latter take 
out sideways4  #bjjc4 8,marine0         
connecting rod end4  ,illustration3     

#aihh4-bjjc4  #aiij4;,a  #bjjd4         
8,marine0 connecting rod end1 with metal
 cap1 and one half brass4  #bjje4 ,wedge
 cotter and brass bearing to take the   
thrust of a connecting rod off its      
centre pin4  #bjjf4 ,solid end for      
connecting rod2 brasses are set up by a 
capstan screw4  #bjjg4 ,anti-friction   
rod end1 where the strain is all on one 
stroke 7as in single-acting pumps71 the 
strain coming on the friction roller4   
#bjjh4 ,simple connecting rod end and   
half brass for single-acting pumps1 c4  
#bjji4 ,solid link1 with swivelling     
segments housed in a box formed on the  
valve spindle4  #bjaj4 ,connecting rod  
end1 with end block to take out sideways
 when the brasses can be removed4       
#bjaa4 ,rod end1 with fixed pin secured 
by a cotter and nut4  #bjab4 ,connecting
 rod end1 crosshead and gudgeon1 showing
 metal renewable plugs let in on the    
wearing faces of the gudgeon pin4       
#bjac4 ,strap end1 with diagonal key4   
,sometimes more accessible than a       

straight key4   ,section                
#ah4--;,,cranes1 ,,types ,,of4  7,see   
also p4 #df47  #bjad4 ,crane1 with      
sliding jib4  #bjae4 ,suspended         
travelling hand crane4  #bjaf4 ,basement
 crane1 projected diagonally upward when
 in use4 ,the winch is a fixed one4     
#bjag4 ,loophole crane1 projected       
horizontally when in use by a handrope  
gear working a pinion and rack1 or by a 
chain wound upon a barrel4              
,illustration3 #bjjd4-bjag4  #bjah4     
,travelling wharf crane to span a       
railway4   ,section                     
#bj4--;,,compensating ,,and ,,balance   
,,weights4  7,see also p4 #ed47  #bjai4 
,balance for a suspended light1 lamp or 
similar article1 allowing it to be      
raised or lowered while the balance     
weight only travels half the distance1  
and is therefore twice the weight of the
 articles balanced4  #bjbj4 ,balance    
box4 ,the cover is made as heavy as the 
box4  #bjba4 ,balanced cutter head for a
 milling or moulding machine4   ,section

 #ba4--;,,circular ,,and ,,reciprocating
 ,,motion4  7,see also p4 #ef47  #bjbb4 
,the 8,dake0 square piston engine2 has a
 reciprocating double piston and a      
transverse sliding block1 by which      
rotary motion is communicated to the    
crank pin4  #bjbc4 ,chapman's patent    
crank motion4 ,in this gear the         
cylinders are fixed at right angles and 
their strokes are four times the radius 
of the crank1 which is coupled by a link
 with equal arms 7of the same radius as 
the crank7 to the two crossheads direct4
  #bjbd4 ,crank motion4 ,the crank pin  
runs in a sleeve having a sliding motion
 along the lever4  #bjbe4 ,crank motion 
7in plan71 with side connecting rod and 
off guide4 ,the crank shaft crosses the 
piston rod as near as may be4  #bjbf4   
,crank motion1 with semi-yoke crosshead4
  #bjbg4 ,crank motion1 with yoke       
connecting rod4  #bjbh4 ,crank motion1  
for a pump1 the handle describes an     
elliptic path4  #bjbi4 ,bouchet's crank 
motion to avoid dead centres4  #bjcj4   

,eccentric hand crank motion4 ,the      
connecting rod has a ring-shaped end1   
and the strap is revolved on the centre 
pin by a handle fixed to it4            
,illustration3 #bjah4-bjcj4  #bjca4     
,crank motion to work a sliding tool or 
movement on a bar or guide4  #bjcb4     
,offset crosshead and guide crank motion
 for a pump or air compressor4  #bjcc4  
,crank motion to drive a swing arm1 or  
vice vers4  #bjcd4 ,side crank motion4  
#bjce4 ,atkinson's crank motion to drive
 the flywheel two revolutions to one    
double stroke of the piston4   ,section 
#bb4--;,,concentrated ,,power4  7,see   
also p4 #fb47  #bjcf4 ,compound lever   
shears4  #bjcg4 ,lever and frame gear   
for applying great leverage1 with a     
detent to prevent running back4         
,section #bc4--;,,conveying ,,motion    
,,to ,,movable ,,parts ,,of ,,machinery4
  7,see also p4 #fb47  #bjch4 ,jointed  
tube for a travelling1 hydraulic1 steam1
 or compressed air1 hoisting1 or other  
engine4  #bjci4 ,a travelling wheel may 

be driven by a long pinion without      
affecting the travelling movement of the
 wheel4  #bjdj4 ,travelling spur gear   
similar to last1 to convey continuous   
motion to a travelling machine4         
,hydraulic transfer4 ,two rotary motors 
7hydraulic7 are used1 one as   driver1  
the other as motor1 and connected       
together by two pipes   forming the     
suction and delivery pipes1 by which a  
continuous   circulation is kept up1 and
 the motor driven by the driver1 the    
latter   being driven from a shaft or   
engine4 ,the pipes may be taken a great 
distance1 if made large enough4         
,section #bd4--;,,cutting ,,tools4      
7,see also p4 #fd47  #bjda4 ,pin borer1 
for cutting out circular blanks with a  
central hole1 such as washers1 c4       
#bjdb4 ,wobbling circular saw to cut    
dovetail grooves4  #bjdc4 ,expansive    
facing1 or boring pin bit4  #bjdd4      
,revolving cutter1 with adjustable      
inserted circular cutter4  #bjde4       
,inserted circular saw teeth1 easily    

sharpened1 reset1 or replaced4  #bjdf4  
,chain cutter4  #bjdg4 ,hollow taper    
bung borer4 ,bores a taper hole by      
enlarging a plain hole bored by an      
ordinary bit4  #bjdh4 ,square hole      
boring bit1 for wood4 ,a square chisel  
containing a twist borer4  #bjdi4       
,turning tool for metal4 ,front tool4   
#bjej4 ,turning tool for metal4 ,knife  
tool4  #bjea4 ,chasing tool for ,v      
threads4  #bjeb4 ,turning tool for      
metal4 ,screw tool for square thread4   
,illustration3 #bjca4-bjeb4  #bjec4     
,turning tool for metal4 ,v tool4       
#bjed4 ,turning tool for metal4 ,v tool 
for inside threads4  #bjee4 ,turning    
tool for metal4 ,side tool for square   
shoulders4  #bjef4 ,turning tool for    
metal4 ,side tool for square shoulders1 
right hand4  #bjeg4 ,turning tool for   
metal4 ,boring tool4  #bjeh4 ,turning   
tool for metal4 ,boring tool for square 
shoulders4  #bjei4 ,turning tool for    
metal4 ,boring tool for square          
shoulders4  #bjfj4 ,hand planing tool   

for soft metals--lead1 pewter1 c4       
#bjfa4 ,hand planing tool for wood1 with
 the grain4  #bjfb4 ,hand planing tool  
for wood1 end grain4  #bjfc4 ,paring    
gouge for wood4  #bjfd4 ,hollowing gouge
 for wood4  #bjfe4 ,cross grooving      
plane4 ,has two cutters1 one to mark the
 cut on each side1 the other to plane   
out the shaving4  #bjff4 ,tool for      
cutting circular holes in wrought-iron  
plates2 guided chisel and hammer4 ,the  
8,sundale0 patent4  #bjfg4 ,hollow cone 
paring tool for pointing pins1 lead     
pencils1 c4  #bjfh4 ,tool head for a    
drilling machine1 with three or four    
hinged drill holders4  #bjfi and #bjgj4 
,adjustable boring bits4  #bjga and     
#bjgb4 ,bottoming or rose drills4  #bjgc
 and #bjgd4 ,cylinder and fluted drills 
for enlarging and finishing holes4      
,illustration3 #bjec4-bjgd4  #bjge4     
,compound cylinder drill1 fluted1 and   
provided with oil channel4  #bjgf4      
,boring bar head4  #bjgg4 ,tool holder  
for lathe1 shaper1 or planer tools4     

,section #be4--;,,condensing ,,and      
,,cooling4  7,see also p4 #ff47  #bjgh4 
,klein's atmospheric cooler4 ,the hot   
water is sprayed against the upper      
surfaces of a number of vertical metal  
sheets1 and trickles down into a trough4
 ,the natural circulation of air between
 the sheets1 combined with a partial    
evaporation1 cools the water to as low  
as #bj below normal temperature4  #bjgi4
 ,injector condenser1 with hot well1    
foot valve1 and air pump4  #bjhj4       
,cooling fountain and trays for         
condenser water4    ,cooling ponds of   
area proportionate to the quantity and  
temperature   of the water1 are used to 
cool condenser water where the supply is
   limited4    ,fountain and spray jets 
are also used in conjunction with a pond
 for   cooling condenser water4         
,krting's jet condenser4 ,see ,no4      
#bbab4   ,section #bf4--;,,concentrating
 ,,and ,,separating4  7,see also p4     
#ff47  #bjhj;,a4 ,centrifugal separator 
with air blast4 ,the material is fed    

into the top cone on the revolving      
vertical shaft1 and travels down against
 an air blast from below4   ,section    
#bg4--;,,chopping1 ,,slicing ,,and      
,,mincing4  7,see also p4 #fh47  #bjha4 
,machine for slicing roots4 ,the roller 
has cutters shaped to shred the roots to
 any gauge of fineness required1 and a  
fixed rack or brush at ,a to clean the  
teeth4  #bjhb4 ,mill for chopping or    
grinding1 in which the two rollers are  
driven at different peripheral speeds4  
,section #bh4--;,,chucks1 ,,grips ,,and 
,,holders4  7,see also p4 #fh47  #bjhc4 
,sockets for various tools1 c4          
,sections3 these are made either with   
parallel or taper holes4 ,with parallel 
holes a set screw or key is used to     
secure the tool in the socket4 ,see     
,sec4 #cg4  #bjhd4 ,screw chuck for wood
 turning4  #bjhe4 ,fork chuck for wood  
turning4  #bjhf4 ,screwed cup chuck for 
wood turning4  #bjhg4 ,cup chuck1 with  
taper feathers1 for wood4               
,illustration3 #bjge-bjhg4  #bjhj;,a    

#bjhh4 ,adjustable tap wrench4  #bjhi4  
,elevating tool box4  #bjij4 ,tool head 
for milling or surfacing4  #bjia4       
,three-jaw guide or chuck4 ,the three   
sliding jaws are usually set up by      
screws4  #bjib4 ,two-jaw chuck4 ,the    
jaws are travelled simultaneously       
opposite ways by a right and left-hand  
screw4  #bjic4 ,drill socket1 with      
diagonal pin to grip the drill shank    
when screwed up4  #bjid4 ,instantaneous 
grip for vice1 c4 ,the worm ,a is       
eccentric1 and lifts or lowers the      
toothed abutment block ,b into or out of
 gear with the fixed rack by a single   
movement of the handle ,c4 ,when out of 
gear ,a ,b ,c1 with the shaft and front 
jaw1 can be slid in or out freely to any
 size of opening required4  #bjie4 ,clip
 for a rod or cord4  #bjif4 ,split      
sleeve and nut to grip a rod or shaft4  
#bjig4 ,screw cramp4  #bjih4 ,screw     
cramp4 ,another form4  #bjii4 ,capstan  
drill or cutter head1 for lathe or      
boring machine4 ,the head revolves      

diagonally1 and may have sockets for    
several tools to follow each other in   
succession in operating on a piece of   
work4  #bajj4 ,adjustable tool box4     
#baja4 ,spanner1 with adjustable jaw4   
#bajb4 ,spring taper socket1 with       
sliding ring4  #bajc4 ,toothed ,v grip  
for chucks1 c4  #bajd4 ,toothed ,v grip4
 ,another form1 with alternate vees4    
#baje4 ,simplest form of ,v grip for    
parallel cylindrical articles4          
,illustration3 #bjhh4-baje4  #bajf4     
,three-jaw face chuck4 ,the jaws are    
made to act together or separately by a 
spiral plate1 or by screws4 ,see ,nos4  
#aeh1 #achd4  #bajg4 ,split tool holder 
7,barber's patent71 with taper thread   
and nut to grip a round 7or other7      
section tool4  #bajh4 ,cap and socket   
for drills4  #baji4 ,socket and set     
screw for drills4  #baaj4 ,split tool   
bar1 with transverse cutter 7see ,no4   
#bjdc71 fitted with sunk screw1 having a
 recessed head for a special spanner4   
#baaa4 ,stepped jaw for lathe face      

chucks traversed by a screw4 ,see ,no4  
#dji4  #baab4 ,spring grip for pencils1 
small drills1 pins1 c4  #baac4 ,bauer's 
patent spanner1 or pipe wrench4 ,the    
hinge pin is of the form of ,no4 #babf4 
#baad4 ,chuck for wheels1 having three  
or more sliding dogs set up by a cone   
and hand wheel nut4  #baae4 ,split end  
grip for a rod4  #baaf4 ,double vee grip
 for pipes1 c41 which1 having an equal  
movement to both jaws1 remains always   
central4 ,the large screw must be twice 
the pitch of the smaller central screw1 
and one is right hand1 the other left   
hand4  #baag4 ,hand screws1 with ,v     
grip4   ,section #bi4--;,,cushioning4   
7,see also p4 #gb47  #baah4 ,rubber pad 
or buffer4  #baai4 ,cushion tyre for    
road wheels4  #babj4 ,cushion tyre1     
pneumatic4 ,the resistance in this tyre 
is increased by compression of the      
enclosed air by a portable pump4        
,duplex pumps are cushioned at each end 
of the stroke by trapping   part of the 
exhaust steam by the piston closing the 

port4    ,air vessels are used to       
cushion the action of a pump1 both on   
the   delivery and suction4  #baba4 ,a  
spring piston is used for the same      
purpose4    ,pads or cushions of rubber1
 felt1 leather1 c41 are used as buffers 
to cushion blows4    ,shaw  ,spiegle's  
steam towing machine provides an elastic
 steam   cushion which yields to prevent
 overstraining the cable1 the engine    
then running backwards under the strain1
 but winds up again as the   strain goes
 off1 thus paying in and out to suit the
 motion of the   vessel4  ,illustration3
 #bajf4-babd4   ,section                
#cj4--;,,drilling1 ,,boring1 c4  7,see  
also p4 #gb47    ,see ,expanding        
reamers1 ,nos4 #badi1 #baea4    ,see    
,expanding cutters1 ,nos4 #bjfi1 #bjgj1 
#fbg4    ,see ,expanding auger1 ,section
 #cf4   ,section #ca4--;,,differential  
,,gear4  7,see also p4 #gd47  #babb4    
,differential piston indicator for steam
 engines4  #babc4 ,harrison's           
differential epicycloidal hoist gear4   

,pinion ,a is fast to the barrel and    
loose on the shaft1 ,b is keyed to the  
shaft1 ,c and ,d are cast together1 and 
run on a stud in the large wheel ,e1    
which is loose on the shaft2 ,a and ,b  
have different numbers of teeth4  #babd4
 ,differential screw bolt and sleeve    
movement4  #babe4 ,differential screw   
valve fitting1 with cone seat1 tightened
 up by the ,t head and fine thread      
central screw2 used for gas bottles4    
#babf4 ,chinese windlass4 ,the origin of
 modern differential gear4   ,section   
#cb4--;,,engines1 ,,types ,,of4  7,see  
also p4 #gf47  #babg4 ,beam engine1     
compound2 with diagonal cylinders for   
compactness4  #babh4 ,steam cylinder1   
with diagonal flange joint for the valve
 chest--enables the valve face to be    
easily planed1 and dispenses with a     
separate casting and joint for the box4 
#babi4 ,pumping or blowing engine1 with 
side rod-crank motion4  #bacj4 ,one     
crank and one eccentric engine1 with    
cylinders at right angles4 ,the same    

eccentric operates both slide valves4   
#baca4 ,one crank engine1 as last       
described4  #bacb4 ,one crank           
three-cylinder engine4  #bacc4 ,sliding 
cylinder engine1 with three-throw crank 
and three connecting rods4 ,the         
distribution of steam is made by the    
reciprocating motion of the cylinder    
over ports in the bedplate4  #bacd4     
,compound high-speed enclosed engine4   
#bace4 ,compound engine1 with ,t        
connecting rod and one crank1 no dead   
centre4    ,crank motions4 ,see ,section
 #ba4  #bacf4 ,three-cylinder high-speed
 box engine1 single acting4             
,illustration3 #babe4-bacf4  #bacg4     
,american type of walking beam paddle   
engines4  #bach4 ,diagonal engine1 with 
vertical air pump1 worked by a          
bell-crank lever4    ,vacuum engines4   
,two forms of this type of engine have  
been   manufactured in which steam is   
employed at atmospheric pressure and    
condensed in a jet or surface condenser1
 the working pressure being   therefore 

atmospheric and never exceeding #ad lbs4
 per square inch   absolute4 ,these     
engines and their boilers are free from 
risk of   explosion1 but require a good 
supply of condensing water4   ,section  
#cd4--;,,elliptical ,,motion4  7,see    
also p4 #hb47  #baci4 ,crank motion to  
describe ovals 7egg shaped1 not true    
ellipses74  #badj4 ,ellipsograph4 ,the  
point ,a is fixed and the point ,b      
travelled along the line ,a ,b4  #bada4 
,string ellipsograph2 ,a and ,b are     
fixed in the foci of the ellipse and the
 string joined so that the pencil ,c    
7with string wheel on it7 will reach the
 end of minor axis ,d2 the pencil will  
describe a true ellipse4   ,section     
#cf4--;,,expanding ,,and ,,contracting  
,,devices4  7,see also p4 #hd47  #badb4 
,expanding gate4 ,formed of vertical1   
round1 or simple bars1 fitted with      
sliding ferrules having centre pins     
passing through diagonal bars1 these    
centres being evenly spaced4  #badc4    
,expanding mandrel2 has three parallel  

feathers1 expanded by a central bolt    
having two equal cones4  #badd4         
,expanding socket1 formed of spring     
wire4  #bade4 ,expanding legs for       
telescope or camera tripod4  #badf4     
,expanding tripod1 formed to close up   
into a cylindrical group4  #badg4       
,expanding table of three or more       
slides4  #badh4 ,expanding tripod4 ,the 
legs are hinged to a triangular prism1  
and form a cylindrical group when       
closed4  #badi4 ,expanding reamer4 ,the 
body is split up in three parts as far  
as the end of the bolt4  #baej4 ,addy's 
expanding collar consists of two rings  
with the adjacent faces spiral1 so that 
by revolving them they separate to the  
extent of the pitch4 ,the collar        
therefore expands longitudinally1 not   
diametrically4  #baea4 ,expanding split 
reamer or mandrel with taper screw4     
#baeb4 ,expanding riddle or screen1 to  
vary the spaces between the bars4       
,illustration3 #bacg4-baeb4  #baec4     
,expanding collars or sleeves1 screwed  

one upon another4  #baed4 ,expanding    
collet1 split in three or more parts4   
#baee4 ,expanding pipe grip or collar   
with bevel gear and right and left-hand 
screws to operate the three segments    
together4  #baef4 ,expanding pipe       
stopper with rubber ring4 ,see ,section 
#bi4    ,bellows and rubber bags are    
used as expanding devices for gases1 c4 
,rubber balloons are expanded by air    
blown in under pressure4  #baeg4        
,expanding pulley or wheel4             
,expanding plug4 ,see ,no4 #bceh4       
#baeh4 ,expanding lever4    ,the mercury
 bulb tube is an expanding device       
actuated by   temperature4  7,see also  
,cushioning2 ,chucks1 ,section #bh47    
,section #cg4--;,,fastening ,,wheels1   
c41 ,,to ,,shafts4  7,see also p4 #hf47 
#baei4 ,crank arm or lever arm1 secured 
to shaft by a clip boss and bolt4       
#bafj4 ,ditto1 secured by a screwed     
shank passed through the shaft and drawn
 up by a nut4  #bafa4 ,piston and rod   
fastening4  #bafb4 ,ditto1 ditto4       

#bafc4 ,thomas' patent wedge bush for   
securing plain bored pulleys1 c41 to    
shafts4  #bafd4 ,taper screwed bush     
fastening for a wheel1 with frictional  
grip4 ,the bush is split on one side    
only4  #bafe4 ,taper split bush fixing1 
with frictional grip4 ,the bush is split
 into three parts4  #baff4 ,set-screw   
fixing for a lever or arm4              
,illustration3 #baec4-baff4  #bafg4     
,split boss or collar1 with two forms of
 sunk screws for fixing and tightening4 
,split wheels and pulleys are now       
commonly used as the best means of      
fastening to shafts4 ,see ,no4 #agaa4   
#bafh4 ,cone sleeve 7split7 and nut     
fastening for a wheel or pulley4  #bafi4
 ,serrated wedges4   ,section           
#ch4--;,,friction ,,gear4  7,see also p4
 #hh47  #bagj4 ,carriage driving gear4  
,the carriage wheel bears upward against
 the driving spindle which drives it by 
friction1 or the latter is forced down  
into frictional gear with the carriage  
wheel by loading or by springs4  #baga4 

,friction1 spring clip1 for giving      
tension to cotton thread passed between 
the convex discs4    ,leather covered   
pinions geared with plain rimmed wheels 
or discs4   ,these should always have   
the pinion as driver1 otherwise the     
pinion is   liable to wear in fits and  
become useless4   ,section              
#ci4--;,,guides1 ,,slides1 c4  7,see    
also p4 #ij47  #bagb4 ,engine crosshead1
 formed of two slide blocks1 cast with  
the gudgeon in one piece and two caps   
bolted together1 enclosing the piston   
rod end and bolted to the slide blocks4 
#bagc4 ,crosshead single-bar guide1 with
 or without the lower attachment for    
pump rod4  #bagd4 ,sliding bed guided by
 two square grooved strips 7one of which
 may be fixed7 adjusted by diagonal set 
screws4  #bage4 ,vee guides1 with       
renewable strip4  #bagf4 ,ditto1 ditto1 
with set screw adjustment4  #bagg4      
,ditto1 ditto1 with bevelled adjusting  
strip and set screws4  #bagh4 ,ditto1   
ditto1 with loose ,v strip set up by    

screws on top4  #bagi4 ,guide block for 
engine crosshead formed of a bronze     
shell filled with white metal or        
antifriction metal4  #bahj4 ,curved     
segment guide for a link movement to    
turn an angle4  #baha4 ,crosshead guide1
 with two slide bars1 ,american type4   
#bahb4 ,v guide bar and guide4  #bahc4  
,double ,v guide for crosshead4  #bahd4 
,crosshead guides of square section4    
,illustration3 #bafg4-bahd4  #bahe4     
,guide bed1 with square guides and      
renewable strip adjusted by set screws4 
#bahf4 ,vee guide1 with ,v strip and set
 screw adjustment4  #bahg4 ,ditto1 do41 
with bevelled strip and set screw4      
#bahh4 ,ditto1 do41 adjusted at the top4
  #bahi4 ,simple guide attachment to a  
plain bar4  #baij4 ,guide bars1         
adjustable1 for wear4  #baia4 ,engine   
crosshead1 with adjustable guide        
brasses1 set up by taper keys and nuts4 
#baib4 ,crosshead1 tent round the rod4  
#baic4 ,crosshead side guide for engine 
or pump1 plan view4   ,section          

#dj4--;,,gearing1 ,,various ,,devices   
,,in4  7,see also p4 #ib47  #baid4      
,turn-over gear for reversing a stamp1  
table or platen by rack and pinion4     
#baie4 ,double driving motion by belt   
for two saws1 cutters1 drills1 c41 so   
that either may be put in work at       
various points in a half circle of the  
radius of the arm4  #baif4 ,sun and     
planet gear4 ,a is a fixed wheel1 ,b is 
keyed to the barrel shaft1 ,c and ,d are
 cast together and run loose on a stud  
on the crank arm4  #baig4 ,two-tooth    
pinion gear4  #baih4 ,cam spur gear1 to 
give similar variable movements to those
 given by cams4  #baii4 ,motion to vary 
the angle of a screw propeller blade1 a 
windmill1 feathering wheel1 c41 by bevel
 gear and a central shaft4              
,illustration3 #bahe4-baii4   ,section  
#da4--;,,governing ,,and ,,regulating   
,,speed1 c4  7,see also p4 #if47  #bbjj4
 ,atmospheric governor4 ,rod ,a is      
connected to reciprocate with the       
engine1 ,b is connected to the          

equilibrium throttle valve1 ,c is an    
inlet valve for air1 and ,d an          
adjustable outlet valve by which the    
speed is regulated4 ,for continuous     
instead of intermittent action on the   
rod and piston ,b1 the air pump ,a      
should force air into an intermediate   
chamber above the piston ,b by addition 
of a diaphragm and delivery valve4      
#bbja4 ,gas engine pendulum governor4   
,hit and miss4 ,the rocking trip ,c     
falls out of gear by its own weight when
 the pendulum moves so fast as to       
release it4 ,the upper ball is used to  
adjust the motion of the pendulum to the
 speed required4    ,crank-shaft        
governors4 ,see ,section #gi4           
,self-regulating dampers are applied to 
boiler flues1 and are   operated by the 
pressure of steam1 so as to regulate the
 draught4    ,governing the speed of    
hoists4 ,see ,no4 #adie4  #bbjb4 ,gas   
engine governor4 ,the revolving cam     
throws the vertical arm of the lever far
 enough to close the gas valve when the 

speed increases beyond the normal4      
#bbjc4 ,steam valve-regulator1 to move a
 valve or other detail any fractional   
part of its stroke and hold it at that  
point4 ,the main steam and oil cylinder 
valves move with the pistons4 ,the      
cut-off valves are controlled by a hand 
lever and admit steam and oil to the    
same ends of their respective cylinders 
simultaneously2 the pistons only travel 
till they cut off their own supply1 the 
oil fluid preventing expansive action of
 the steam4  #bbjd4 ,centrifugal ball   
governor1 with cone wheel motion to     
operate the cut off4  #bbjd;,a4         
,even-flow regulator or governing valve1
 for drawing off from a tank4   ,section
 #dc4--;,,hooks1 ,,swivels1 c4  7,see   
also p4 #ih47  #bbje4 ,hook eye for a   
guy rope4  #bbjf4 ,slip hook for pile   
driver1 monkey1 c4  #bbjg4 ,wire hook   
attachment for electric wires4          
,illustration3 #bbjj4-bbjd;,a41         
#bbje4-bbjg4  #bbjh4 ,loop or eye       
shackle4  #bbji4 ,swivel shackle for    

guy1 rod1 or hook4  #bbaj4 ,slip hook4  
,section #dd4--;,,indicating ,,speeds1  
c4  7,see also p4 #ajj47    ,indicators 
are employed--    ,to register the entry
 and exit of workmen to or from a       
factory2    ,to register speeds and     
variation of load1 steam pressure1 c41  
on an   engine2    ,to register wind    
pressure1 barometric                    
variations--rainfall1 sunshine1   c42   
,to register periodical visits of a     
watchman or other official1 and the     
hours of such visits2    ,to register   
visits to a bank safe4  #bbaa4          
,indicator to register the flow of water
 by its speed and pressure against a    
floating ball1 which actuates a pencil  
moving vertically against a paper       
cylinder which is kept revolving slowly 
by clockwork4   ,section #de4--;,,jets1 
,,nozzles ,,and ,,injectors4  7,see also
 p4 #ajb47  #bbab4 ,krting's water jet  
condenser2 requires #c feet head of     
condensing water4  #bbac4 ,spray jet for
 petroleum1 water1 c41 with air blast4  

,automatic spray jets or sprinklers are 
constructed to spread or   spray water  
over a considerable area by the force of
 the issuing   current1 for             
extinguishing fires1 watering gardens1  
c4    ,fountain jets are of many forms  
to deliver the water in close1          
spreading1 or fan-shaped forms1         
artistically arranged4  #bbad4 ,spray   
jet1 with spiral core4  #bbae4 ,spray   
jet1 with annular orifice and           
dish-plate4   ,section                  
#df4--;,,journals1 ,,bearings1 ,,pivots1
 c4  7,see also p4 #ajb47  #bbaf4       
,pedestal bearing1 with four brasses and
 set screw adjustments4  #bbag4         
,hydraulic oil pivot for vertical       
spindle4 ,oil under pressure is forced  
into the channels between the bearing   
faces1 the area and pressure being      
adjusted to the load4 ,the surplus oil  
is returned from the oil well to the    
pump4  #bbah4 ,adjustable intermediate  
bearing for a vertical shaft4 ,it has   
three brasses set up by set screws and  

wedges4  ,illustration3 #bbjh4-bbah4    
#bbai4 ,long bearing1 with oil          
circulation4  #bbbj4 ,v bearing1 or     
support for a shaft or telescope4       
#bbba4 ,plain double bearing1 with one  
cap and one bolt4  #bbbb4 ,vertical     
shaft bearing1 formed of two similar    
toe-pieces of very hard steel running in
 oil4  #bbbc4 ,pedestal1 with side      
adjusting brasses1 set up by set screws4
  #bbbd4 ,vertical shaft bearing1       
similar to ,no4 #bbbb1 but with small   
coned toe-piece of very hard steel4     
#bbbe4 ,thrust-bearing for collar screw1
 having a loose collar secured by two   
pins1 drilled half in the collar and    
half in the base4  #bbbf4 ,similar      
bearing1 with a loose collar screwed in 
and locked by a set pin4  #bbbg4        
,similar bearing2 the screw has a thick 
collar1 with a turned groove and a pin  
drilled half into the collar and half   
into the base4  #bbbh4 ,vertical pivot1 
with hardened screws4    ,ball bearings4
 ,see ,section #gj4    ,roller bearings4

 ,see ,section #gj4  #bbbi4 ,bearing1   
with side brasses1 set up by a set      
screw4  #bbcj4 ,bearing1 with #c        
brasses1 set up by a set screw4  #bbca4 
,bearing1 with #c brasses1 the side     
brasses set up by wedge bolts1 regulated
 on top4  #bbcb4 ,bearing1 with #c      
brasses1 set up by side wedges and top  
screws4  #bbcc4 ,schiele's vertical     
shaft bearing4    ,white metal is much  
used for bearings1 and may be run in    
around a   shaft4 ,the brasses are      
sometimes made of skeleton form to      
receive   white metal in this way4      
,illustration3 #bbai4-bbcc4   ,section  
#dg4--,,plate ,,work4  7,see also p4    
#ajf47   ,,sheet ,,metal ,,joints4      
#bbcd4 ,ring seam1 with cover strip4    
#bbce4 ,folded ring seam4  #bbcf4 ,half 
folded seam4  #bbcg4 ,filleted ring     
seam4    #bbch4             #bbci4      
#bbdj4             #bbda4               
,bottom seams2 #bbdd is strengthened by 
a thick wire ring4   #bbdb4             
#bbdc4             #bbdd4               

#bbde4  #bbdf  #bbdg4 ,intermediate     
seams1 or diaphragms4  #bbdh4 ,elbow    
seam4  #bbdi4 ,folded pipe seam4        
,,plate ,,and ,,bar ,,joints4  #bbej4   
,junction of ,t iron1 plate and ,t or ,l
 iron verticals4  #bbea4 ,gusset plate  
corner stiffener4  #bbeb4 ,plate end for
 a tie rod4  #bbec4 ,h iron junction1 as
 in a floor framing4  #bbed4 ,gusset    
plate junction for a braced framing4    
#bbee4 ,gusset plate junction for ,h    
girders of equal depths4   ,section     
#dh4--,,levers4  7,see also p4 #ajh47   
#bbef4 ,lever1 with universal motion4   
#bbeg4 ,hand starting lever1 cheap      
construction1 formed of light           
channel-iron1 with a bent lock bar      
engaging with holes in a sector plate   
cast on the bearing4    ,locking levers4
 ,see ,section #di4  ,illustration3     
#bbcd4-bbeg4  #bbeh4 ,double lever1 hand
 motion1 for fire-engine1 pumps1 c4     
#bbei4 ,locking lever formed of iron    
tube with sliding catch rod inside4     
#bbfj4 ,starting lever1 with hooked     

catch1 taking into holes in a sector    
plate4  #bbfa4 ,convex worm for locking 
and adjusting a starting lever4  #bbfb4 
,equalising levers for springs and      
variable movements4  #bbfc4 ,lever and  
rack lifting appliance4  #bbfd4 ,spring 
lever to lock in two positions4  #bbfe4 
,hand lever adjustable to radius4 ,with 
a bent handle it forms an adjustable    
hand crank4    ,spring lever formed of  
steel plates4 ,see ,no4 #aiad4          
,compound levers4 ,see ,no4 #acfg4      
8,roller board0 movements in organs     
are of this type1 but each pair of arms 
and its shaft or roller is   mounted    
independently on a pair of end centres4 
#bbfe;,a4 ,double lever for a plug cock1
 to be operated by two cords4   ,section
 #di4--,,locking ,,devices4  7,see also 
p4 #aaj47  #bbff4 ,lever action for a   
door1 c41 to lock it1 open or shut1 in  
fixed positions4  #bbfg4 ,lever action  
for a gate or door1 to open or close it 
and lock it in either position4  #bbfh4 
,revolving eyelet to lock or release a  

rod or cord4  #bbfi4 ,abutment lock4    
,can only be opened by revolving the    
tumbler by a key4  ,illustration3       
#bbeh4-bbfe;,a4  #bbff4-bbfi4  #bbgj4   
,secret screw attachment4 ,the screw is 
fixed to the back of any article1 and   
fastened to the fixing ,a by sliding    
along the slot4 ,two1 three or four     
screws and slots are generally used4    
#bbga4 ,bolt lock4 ,the bolt can be     
released by revolving it #ahj4  #bbgb4  
,gib-key fastening for a sliding block  
or bracket on a plain bar4  #bbgc4      
,similar fastening1 using a wooden bar4 
#bbgd4 ,locking stud1 used for iron     
bedstead laths4  #bbge4 ,catch and hook4
  #bbgf4 ,hinged catch to lock a screwed
 gland or nut4  #bbgg4 ,letter lock1 or 
combination lock4 ,any number of discs  
may be arranged on a spindle having a   
feather key1 so that they must be all in
 a certain position to allow the key to 
slide through a notch or key way cut in 
each disc1 so as to open the loop4      
#bbgh4 ,locked nut4  #bbgi4 ,spring     

pawl1 umbrella catch4  #bbhj4 ,spring   
snap1 released by pressing the open ends
 together4  #bbha4 ,locking pawl for    
spur teeth4  #bbhb4 ,spring handle4     
#bbhc4 ,spring pawl1 locks the wheel    
against a moderate force1 but gives way 
to a greater force4    ,locked pawl     
motions4 ,see ,section #fb4  #bbhd4     
,locking device for lathe headstock or  
tool rest4 ,the head of the central pin 
runs in a ,t groove or under the lathe  
bed1 and is clamped by the cone pointed 
set screw1 which bears against a conical
 recess in the central pin4  #bbhe4     
,radius bar1 with notches to lock a hand
 lever in various positions4 ,the lever 
may be hinged to lift out of the        
notches1 or made thin enough to spring  
sufficiently for this purpose4  #bbhf4  
,coned screw lock for a standard foot1  
pin1 or socket and spigot4              
,illustration3 #bbgj4-bbhf4  #bbhg4 ,set
 screw fixing for needles1 wires1 cord1 
c4  #bbhh4 ,split block to grip a rod1  
with handle nut4  #bbhi4 ,cam catch to  

lock a wheel or spindle4  #bbij4        
,locking gear for a shaft driven by spur
 gearing1 used in place of a clutch4    
#bbia4 ,similar lock for a revolving    
head1 standard tool post1 c4  #bbib4    
,tee groove for a ,t head bolt for ,nos4
 #bbij and #bbia4  #bbic4 ,horse-shoe   
distance piece to place between a       
sliding pinion and the shaft collar to  
keep it either in or out of gear4       
#bbid4 ,wedge plate and screw fastening 
for cutters1 c4  #bbie4 ,locking device 
for a spring lever1 handle1 button hook1
 c4  #bbif4 ,locked centre pin4  #bbig4 
,cotter to lock a sliding spindle4      
,section #ej4--;,,hinges ,,and ,,joints4
  7,see also p4 #aaf47  #bbih4 ,link    
hinges for reversing a seat back4       
#bbii4 ,tape hinging allows the door to 
swing through #cfj4  #bcjj4 ,link hinges
 for reversing a door or shutter in     
opening or closing4  #bcja4 ,forked     
joint for pump rods1 c41 with stepped   
gibs4  #bcjb4 ,forked joint and swivel  
block for screw attachment4  #bcjc4     

,swivel joint for pipe work4  #bcjd4    
,door hinged to an intermediate square  
strip1 so as to swing through #cfj4     
,spring hinges4 ,see ,nos4 #adfi1 #adgj4
  #bcje4 ,scarfed joint for pump rods1  
locked by a cross cotter and tapered    
ferrule4  #bcjf4 ,swivel joint for pump 
rods1 c4  ,illustration3 #bbhg4-bcjf4   
#bcjg4 ,screw socket and spigot joint   
for rods4  #bcjh4 ,conical socket joint 
and set screw4  #bcji1 #bcaj1 #bcaa     
#bcab4 ,socket joints1 various forms of4
 ,see also ,section #bh4  #bcac4 ,taper 
drill socket4 ,the drill socket end is  
shaped to fit a cross slot in the       
holder1 into which a taper cotter can be
 driven to loosen the drill2 the slot   
gives a positive drive to the drill4    
,section #ea4--,,lubricators4  7,see    
also p4 #abj47  #bcad4 ,lieuvain's      
needle lubricator1 with bent needle for 
oiling a crank pin4 ,the latter has a   
pad attached1 which rubs in passing the 
bent needle and thus takes off the oil4 
#bcae4 ,pan lubricator for crank pin1 to

 assist oiling from an oil can when     
revolving4  #bcaf4 ,crank pin           
lubricator4 ,a fixed oil cup1 with a pad
 of flannel attached2 the connecting rod
 end having a bent plate attached1 which
 at every revolution rubs oil off the   
pad into its oil cup4  #bcag4           
,lubricating a loose pulley on a fixed  
or revolving shaft by a 8,stauffer0     
lubricator fitted to the shaft end4     
#bcah4 ,lubricating a loose pulley on a 
fixed stud4  #bcai4 ,mode of lubricating
 a vertical spindle1 carrying a wheel or
 other top gear which prevents access to
 the bearing4    ,sight feed            
lubricators1 show the actual feed of oil
 in a glass tube   filled with water    
through which the oil passes in drops2  
there are   many varieties4    ,compound
 lubricators are now being introduced   
whose function is to   supply lubricant 
to every joint or part of an engine or  
machine   requiring it1 by automatic    
feed action from one reservoir4  #bcbj4 
,syphon wick lubricator4  #bcba4        

,automatic lubricator1 with intermittent
 feed4 ,the revolving spindle is driven 
from the engine by a ratchet and pawl   
motion1 and has a recess in it which in 
revolving delivers its contents of oil  
into the tube below4  #bcbb4 ,spring    
piston lubricator4  #bcbc4 ,gland1 with 
oil well4   ,section #ed4--,,mixing     
,,and ,,incorporating4  7,see also p4   
#abb47  #bcbd4 ,dough mixer1 or kneading
 machine4  #bcbe4 ,mixing machine4      
#bcbf4 ,mixer for confectionery1 worked 
by a crank4    ,mixing of gases by      
compound jets4 ,see ,section #de4       
,mixing of liquids is performed by jets1
 by stirring devices1 and by   running  
them through a pipe from two or more    
taps into a combining   vessel4         
,illustration3 #bcjg4-bcbf4   ,section  
#ee4--,,parallel ,,motions4  7,see also 
p4 #abd47  #bcbg4 ,parallel motion for  
an indicator pencil4  #bcbh4 ,parallel  
motion beam engine1 with rocking link   
beam centres4  #bcbi4 ,parallel moving  
swinging bracket for gas1 c4  #bccj4    

,parallel motion4  #bcca4 ,parallel     
moving slides1 hammers1 or other        
devices4   ,section #ef4--,,pumping     
,,and ,,raising ,,water4  7,see also p4 
#abd47  #bccb4 ,quadruple-acting pump   
with two pistons1 one attached to a rod 
the other to a sleeve worked by lever ,a
 and links ,b ,b4  #bccc4 ,variable     
delivery single-acting pumps2 the       
eccentrics can be shifted round the     
shaft #ahj by a sleeve and pin motion   
similar to ,no4 #bdfg4 ,when the        
eccentrics are opposite each other the  
pump does not deliver any water1 but    
when the eccentrics are side by side the
 pump delivers the full contents of both
 rams4 ,there is one suction and one    
delivery valve4  #bccd4 ,screw pump for 
applying heavy pressure to a ram2       
sometimes used as an adjunct to give the
 final heavy pressure to an hydraulic   
press after the pumps have forced the   
ram as far as their power permits4      
#bcce4 ,duplex-action pump1 in which    
both piston and cylinder move in        

opposite directions1 but the gear may be
 applied to two pistons in one pump     
7fixed71 as ,no4 #bccb4  #bccf4 ,french 
pump1 with bucket pistons1 maintains a  
direct flow without reversing or check4 
,illustration3 #bcbg4-bccf4  #bccg4     
,oke's patent sewage pump1 simple and   
accessible1 three valves4    ,slide     
valves or piston valves are occasionally
 used to distribute   the water in      
pumps1 but must have no lap or lead1 and
 be accurately   adjusted4    ,air      
vessels are used on the delivery side of
 a pump to cushion the   discharge of   
water and prevent concussion1 water     
being incompressible4   ,they are also  
sometimes useful on the suction side1   
where the lift is   considerable4 ,a    
piston and spring may be employed       
instead of an air   vessel4 ,see ,no4   
#baba4    ,pumps required to run        
constantly1 but deliver water           
intermittently   only1 are worked 7a7 by
 an air valve on the suction side which1
 when   open1 stops the water suction2  

7b7 by a pass valve between suction     
and delivery which1 when open1 passes   
the delivery into the suction   again2  
and 7c7 by a waste valve on the         
delivery4   ,section #eg4--,,pipes ,,and
 ,,conveyors4  7,see also p4 #abh47     
#bcch4 ,boiler tube1 internally ribbed4 
,serve's patent4  #bcci4 ,boiler tube   
flue1 corrugated1 to add to its strength
 and heating surface4 ,fox's patent4    
#bcdj4 ,pipe joint1 with toggle clips4  
#bcda4 ,pipe flange1 with caulking      
groove4    ,flexible tubes1 metallic1   
are now manufactured by the ,flexible   
,metallic ,tubing ,co4 in most metals1  
including steel1 and in various         
strengths and with various degrees of   
flexibility1 from that of plain   rubber
 to such stiffness as requires a little 
force to bend it4 ,these   tubes are    
perfectly air-tight1 and will stand     
great pressures4    ,wire rope          
transmission2 ,telpher gear4 ,see       
,section #ff4   ,section                
#eh4--,,packings1 ,,joints1             

,,stuffing-,,boxes ,,and ,,pistons4     
7,see also p4 #acb47  #bcdb4 ,piston    
ring joint lapped and scarfed4  #bcdc4  
,intermediate stuffing-box and sleeve   
for high and low pressure cylinders4    
#bcdd4 ,dished steel piston4  #bcde4    
,bucket piston1 with valve and bridle   
and leather packing4  #bcdf4            
,stuffing-box1 with screwed cap gland4  
#bcdg4 ,piston leather for cold water4  
#bcdh to #bceb4 ,piston ring joints4    
#bcec4 ,double cone joint for a         
swivelling fitting for steam or water4  
,the joints are ground in like a        
mushroom valve4  #bced4 ,pipe           
connection1 with rubber disc joint1 for 
moderate pressures4    ,swivel pipe     
joint4 ,see ,no4 #bcjc4  ,illustration3 
#bccg4-bcef4  #bcee4 ,collar packing for
 a valve spindle1 where the pressure    
tends to compress the packing4  #bcef4  
,piston with two ,l section rings1      
expanded both vertically and radially by
 a spiral spring4 ,this makes a tight   
joint with the cylinder and also with   

the junk ring4  #bceg4 ,adjustable      
piston or piston valve4 ,f4 ,h4         
,richards' patent1 ,u4,s4,a4  #bceh4    
,rubber expanding plug4  #bcei4 ,gas    
engine piston1 with three rings and junk
 rings between them4  #bcfj  #bcfa4     
,valve spindle joints without packing or
 stuffing-boxes1 kept tight by cone     
seatings and set screws4  #bcfb4 ,piston
 7spring7 ring joint1 with glut4        
,section #ei4--,,propulsion4  7,see also
 p4 #acd47  #bcfc4 ,steam and air jet   
applied to propel a vessel4   ,section  
#fj4--,,motive ,,power4 ,,motors4  7,see
 also p4 #acf47  #bcfd4 ,compound weight
 motor1 with limited fall4 ,several     
weights may be used as shown1 slightly  
decreasing in weight towards the motor4 
,when weight ,d has run down1 ,c will   
begin to fall1 and go on till all the   
weights have run down4  #bcfe4 ,hot-air 
motor4 ,a current of hot air passing up 
the flue revolves the turbine4          
,naphtha engines are gas engines        
employing the vapour of naphtha and     

air as an explosive mixture1 instead of 
that of petroleum 7oil engine7   or     
carburetted hydrogen gas 7gas engine74  
,section #fb4--,,pawl ,,and ,,ratchet   
,,motions4  7,see also p4 #adj47  #bcff4
 ,friction grip pawl1 as applied to a   
wheel1 may be used also for a rod4      
#bcfg4 ,ratchet brace1 or feed lever1 in
 which the pawl is a fixed tooth1 and   
the lever is slotted to allow the pawl  
to clear the teeth on the back stroke4  
#bcfh4 ,ratchet brace1 with slotted     
pawl4  #bcfi4 ,ratchet brace1 with      
friction grip pawl4  #bcgj4 ,ratchet    
brace1 without pawl4 ,the handle is     
hinged to the socket arm1 and has a     
tooth gearing with the ratchet1 and     
thrown in and out by the movement of the
 handle4  #bcga4 ,double-acting pawls   
and lever4  #bcgb4 ,internal hooked     
pawl4  #bcgc4 ,internal strut-action    
pawl4  #bcgd4 ,gravity pawl and crown   
ratchet4  ,illustration3 #bceg4-bcgd4   
#bcge4 ,ratchet rack1 crank and         
connecting rod1 intermittent            

movement1--a detent may be added to     
return the rack4  #bcgf4 ,internal      
spring pawls for a ratchet brace4       
#bcgg4 ,rocking escapement4  #bcgh4     
,rocking escapement4  #bcgi to #bchd4   
,forms of locked intermittent movements4
  #bche  #bchf4 ,intermittent rotary    
movements on spindles at right angles4  
,section #fc4--,,pressing4  7,see also  
p4 #add47  #bchg4 ,lever press for hay1 
straw1 c41 with rack and pawl at each   
side operated by two hand levers4       
#bchh4 ,continuous press for coal dust1 
c4 ,the ram has a reciprocating motion1 
and the material is forced into a       
tapered chamber1 the resulting friction 
in which gives sufficient resistance to 
press the material to the density       
required4   ,section #ff4--,,rope       
,,gear4  7,see also p4 #adf47  #bchi4   
,end attachment for rope by a staple    
bolt and plate4  ,illustration3         
#bcge4-bchi4  #bcij4 ,double vee pulley 
rim for two ropes4  #bcia4 ,wire or hemp
 rope attachment1 with two bolt clips4  

#bcib4 ,similar attachment1 with a      
thimble and one bolt clip and a seizing 
or yarn4  #bcic4 ,double-bolt clip for  
wire ropes4  #bcid4 ,taper socket end   
attachment for wire ropes4 ,the end     
wires are cut to different lengths1 and 
all bent back at one point4 ,this       
stranded end of the rope is then forced 
into the taper socket1 and the spaces   
filled with melted lead or pewter4      
#bcie4 ,the same method applied to a    
flat taper socket4   ,section           
#fi4--,,raising ,,and ,,lowering4  7,see
 also p4 #adh47  #bcif4 ,richmond's     
patent balance hydraulic lift4 ,a is the
 lift cylinder1 connected openly to the 
balance cylinder ,b1 which is weighted  
to nearly balance ram ,a and cage4      
,pressure water is applied to ram ,c to 
raise the load in cage4  #bcig4         
,waygood's patent hydraulic balance     
lift4 ,a is the lift cylinder           
communicating with the interior of      
cylinder and ram ,b which are fixed2    
cylinder ,c and ram ,d are loaded to    

nearly balance the cage and ram ,a1 and 
the load is raised by admitting pressure
 water to cylinder ,c4  #bcih4 ,lever   
and rack lifting motion4 ,the rack may  
be held up at each lift by a pawl4      
#bcii4 ,rack and lever suspended hoist4 
,a pawl or brake may be added to sustain
 the load4  #bdjj4 ,spanish windlass4   
,illustration3 #bcij4-bdjj4  #bdja4     
,double hoisting barrels1 geared        
together2 the rope passes round both    
barrels4    ,the 8,otis0 low pressure   
elevator 7hydraulic7 is worked from an  
overhead air accumulator at #hj lbs4    
pressure1 the hydrostatic head   being  
#dj lbs4 ,there is one descending main  
pipe connected to a small   tank or     
close vessel1 into which the pumps      
deliver1 and from which the   lift      
pressure water is taken4   ,section     
#gj4--;,,anti-,,friction ,,bearings4    
7,see also p4 #aeb47  #bdjb4 ,roller    
bearings for centrifugal milk           
separators1 c4 ,the pan is carried on   
three large rollers running against an  

inverted cone1 as shown4  #bdjc4 ,ball  
bearing for vertical shaft4 ,by ,sir    
,gabriel ,stokes4  #bdjd  #bdje4 ,forms 
of grooves for ball bearings1 running   
horizontally1 showing points of bearing 
in grooves4  #bdjf4 ,roller bearing for 
a vertical shaft1 with steel balls      
between the ends of the cone rollers to 
separate them and reduce their friction4
  #bdjg4 ,roller bearing for a door1 or 
other article having a limited travel4  
,the roller runs on the floor1 or a     
rail1 and its spindle rolls along the   
slot1 the length of which is            
proportioned to the travel of the door4 
#bdjh4 ,double cone rollers for a table 
having a horizontal circular motion4    
#bdji4 ,roller bearing for wagon axle1  
with balls between the roller ends to   
separate them and prevent internal      
friction4    ,anti-friction screws4 ,see
 ,nos4 #bdac1 #bdad4    ,anti-friction  
worm gear4 ,see ,no4 #bdea4  #bdaj4     
,vertical ball bearing1 with bearing    
surfaces adjusted to receive the direct 

thrust of the balls4  #bdaa4 ,suspended 
ball bearing4  #bdab4 ,ball or roller   
axle bearing4  #bdac4 ,white's          
anti-friction ball bearing screw and    
nut4 ,a4,d4 #ahbb4 ,square thread screw1
 the balls travel round the screw       
thread1 and by a pass-groove back to the
 other end again4  #bdad4 ,lieb's       
anti-friction screw and nut1 similar to 
the last1 but with a concave grooved    
screw4 ,a4,d4 #ahij4   ,section         
#ga4--,,rope1 ,,belt ,,and ,,chain      
,,pulleys4  7,see also p4 #aeb47  #bdae4
 ,rope grip pulley4 ,dearden's patent4  
,illustration3 #bdja4-bdae4   ,section  
#gc4--,,rail ,,and ,,tram ,,roads4      
7,see also p4 #aef47  #bdaf4 ,centre    
rail1 with friction grip for moderate   
inclines4    ,rack railways for steep   
inclines of an angle1 in some cases of  
#dj1   are made with central rack rails 
7in addition to the ordinary rails71    
and the engines have steel gearing1     
which gears into the teeth cut in   the 
rack rail4   ,section #gd4--,,reversing 

,,gear4  7,see also p4 #aeh47  #bdag4   
,reversing motion on the same shaft by  
one belt and two pulleys2 ,a is fast to 
the shaft and ,b fast to the bevel wheel
 ,c1 ,d runs on a fixed stud4  #bdah4   
,friction cone reversing motion on      
shafts at right angles4   ,section      
#ge4--,,rotary ,,motors4  7,see also p4 
#afj47  #bdai4 ,rotary double-piston    
motor1 pump1 or meter will work in      
either direction4  #bdbj4 ,rotary motor1
 with hinged steam abutment4   ,section 
#gf4--,,shafting4  7,see also p4 #afd47 
#bdba4 ,iron centre for a wood shaft    
secured by an end plate1 four bolts with
 recessed nuts1 and a wrought-iron band4
  #bdbb4 ,iron centre for a wood shaft1 
driven in a central bored hole1 and     
secured by a cross cotter and two       
wrought-iron bands4  #bdbc4 ,iron centre
 for a wood shaft4 ,the pin is driven   
into an iron cross1 which is also driven
 into the end of the shaft in transverse
 cuts made to receive it1 and secured by
 two wrought-iron bands4   ,section     

#gg4--,,spindles ,,and ,,centres4  7,see
 also p4 #afd47  #bdbd4 ,lathe fast     
headstock spindle1 showing coned        
journals and adjustments4  #bdbe4       
,attachment of a loose end centre to a  
shaft1 with coned end1 which prevents   
the hole bursting from cross strain on  
the centre4  #bdbf4 ,hook centre pin1   
easily disengaged4  #bdbg4 ,stud centre1
 with washer riveted on or secured by a 
nut4  #bdbh4 ,ram or trunk piston centre
 for connecting rod1 fastened by an     
internal nut4  #bdbi4 ,ram or trunk     
piston centre1 screwed into the piston4 
#bdcj4 ,ram or trunk piston centre1 with
 a transverse pin passed right through  
the piston4  ,illustration3 #bdaf4-bdcj4
  #bdca4 ,swaying ball centre4  #bdcb4  
,rocking or swaying centre4  #bdcc4     
,rocking or swaying centre4  #bdcd4     
,eyelet centre for two or more levers4  
#bdce4 ,centre pin1 with lug and screw1 
to prevent it from working out4  #bdcf1 
#bdcg  #bdch4 ,methods of fitting up    
connecting rod centres in trunk pistons 

or rams4   ,section #gh4--,,screw       
,,gear1 ,,bolts1 c4  7,see also p4      
#afh47  #bdci4 ,ball head bolt and nut  
to allow it to draw up out of line4     
#bddj4 ,universal bolt head4  #bdda4    
,ball joint bolt and nut4  #bddb4 ,flush
 head coned bolt4  #bddc4 ,mutilated    
screw and nut4  #bddd4 ,nut lock1 by a  
fixed lug and split pin4  #bdde4 ,coned 
bolt for securing and keying two parts  
of a machine in exact relation4  #bddf4 
,double-nutted bolt1 easily made of     
round iron4  #bddg4 ,lever and compound 
nuts to obtain great leverage on a      
screw1 as in a press2 one nut arm is    
used as a fulcrum by which the lever    
forces the other round4 ,stepped pawls  
are used to prevent the first nut being 
loosened while moving the second4       
,illustration3 #bdca4-bddg4  #bddh4     
,screw gear to operate three worm wheels
 in the same direction1 for chucks1 c4  
#bddi4 ,screwed stay bolt1 as a distance
 stay for boiler plates1 c4  #bdej4     
,screw eye and handle nut4  #bdea4      

,anti-friction worm gear4 ,the worm     
wheel has friction rollers running on   
pins1 which gear with the worm4  #bdeb4 
,staple bolt and washer plate4  #bdec4  
,fang plate washer for wood4  #bded4    
,fang plate washer for wood4  #bdee4    
,sunk set screw1 with differential      
threads1 to draw two plates or pieces   
together4  #bdef4 ,taper screw1 quickly 
released4  #bdeg4 ,mutilated screw to   
slide into a nut having corresponding   
sections of the thread cut away1 and to 
fix by a partial turn4 ,used for        
breech-pieces of cannon4  #bdeh4 ,bolt  
head1 with transverse holes1 for a plain
 8tommy0 bar wrench4  #bdei4 ,backlash  
nut for a square thread screw4  #bdfj4  
,cap nut4    ,screw stopper4 ,see ,no4  
#bedd4  #bdfa4 ,slotted nut and set pin 
for fine adjustment1 or for taking up   
wear4    ,lock nuts2 usually two nuts   
are employed1 the thickest one          
outermost4 ,there are many forms of     
patent nuts designed to prevent         
loosening by vibration4    ,nuts can be 

cast around a screw in white metal or   
brass4   ,section #gi4--,,slide ,,and   
,,other ,,valve ,,gear4  7,see also p4  
#agb47  #bdfb4 ,cut-off gear4 ,two      
cut-off valves similar to ,no4 #adef1   
regulated by an external hand wheel     
forming the valve spindle guide bush4   
#bdfc4 ,duplex motion for a valve1 to   
operate it by either rod1 using the     
other as a fulcrum4  ,illustration3     
#bddh4-bdfc4  #bdfd4 ,valve gear1 with  
single eccentric1 and variable travel1  
adjustable by hand wheel4 ,the eccentric
 drives a block to and fro in a slot1   
the angle of which in respect of the    
slide valve centre line is variable by a
 rocking motion controlled by a hand    
wheel4  #bdfe4 ,newall's high speed     
engine1 single-acting4 ,in this engine  
the connecting rod trunk centre and the 
piston are made to distribute the steam 
as shown4  #bdff4 ,reversing movement   
for a valve1 where the power will only  
move the valve to the half stroke or mid
 position1 as in a slide valve hydraulic

 engine 7see ,no4 #ajbf71 the rolling   
weight then completes the movement 7see 
also ,no4 #agdj74  #bdfg4 ,automatic or 
governor cut-off gear4 ,the governor    
operates the sleeve1 which has a screw  
movement on the pin fixed to the crank  
shaft2 a parallel feather on the sleeve 
revolves the cut-off eccentric1 and     
varies the travel of the cut-off valve4 
,the slide valves are of the form of    
,no4 #adef4  #bdfh4 ,eccentric motion to
 operate two slide valves4  #bdfi4      
,crank shaft governor4 ,the centrifugal 
gear acts on an outside crank to which  
the eccentric rod is attached1 instead  
of a sheave and strap4 ,a spring is     
applied to return the crank to full     
gear4  ,illustration3 #bdfd4-bdfi4      
#bdgj4 ,single eccentric adjustable cut 
off for a 8,fink0 link gear2 plain ,d   
valve gives equal distribution of steam 
at any cut-off2 the travel of the valve 
is regulated by the hand wheel4  #bdga4 
,cam-bar movement for operating two     
valves used for hydraulic starting      

valves4  #bdgb4 ,crank shaft governor   
cut-off gear4 ,two hinged centrifugal   
weights are coupled by links to the     
cut-off eccentric sheave1 and returned  
to the full open position by springs4   
#bdgc4 ,joy's locomotive valve gear     
operated by the connecting rod2 the rod 
,a is connected to the starting lever to
 reverse1 vary1 or stop the distribution
 of steam by the slide valve1 as in the 
ordinary link motion4  #bdgd4 ,lever and
 ,t crosshead to open a valve by either 
motion of the lever to right or left4   
,see also ,no4 #bdfc4  #bdge4 ,crank    
shaft governor 7,prof4 ,sweet's71       
cut-off gear to vary the throw of a     
cut-off eccentric4  #bdgf4 ,reversing   
link motion1 with single eccentric2 the 
slot link is hinged to the reversing    
lever4  #bdgg4 ,sleeve and eccentric    
motion for governor cut-off4 ,the inner 
7longest7 sleeve has a longitudinal     
movement from the governor along a      
straight feather groove in the shaft1   
and has a spiral groove in its periphery

 into which projects a pin or feather on
 the eccentric sleeve1 so that the      
longitudinal motion of the inner sleeve 
revolves the eccentric and alters the   
travel of the cut-off slide4  #bdgh4    
,the ,walschaerts valve gear1 one       
eccentric4 ,the slotted link is hung at 
its centre to a fixed hinge pin1 and the
 reversing gear shifts the link block up
 or down the slot link4    ,slide valves
 may be worked by rack and pinion on the
 back or side   flanges of the valve1 or
 by a screw and nut2 the nut being let  
into   the body of the valve in a       
recess4   ,section #hj4--,,springs4     
7,see also p4 #agh47  #bdgi4 ,wooden    
springs of lance wood or ash4  #bdhj4   
,carriage spring1 with splayed link     
suspension4 ,this improves the play and 
action of the spring over the vertical  
method4  #bdha4 ,duplex compression     
spring4 ,the two springs are coiled     
opposite ways4  #bdhb4 ,equalising lever
 to distribute the load on two car      
springs4  #bdhc4 ,double-ended volute   

spring for compression4  #bdhd4 ,spring 
band4    ,spring piston rings4 ,see     
,section #eh4  #bdhe4 ,conoidal spiral  
spring4  #bdhf4 ,adjustable spiral      
spring4 ,a washer on top has four vanes 
below it drilled with holes to suit the 
diameter and pitch of the spring wire1  
which1 being threaded through the vanes1
 is rendered inactive1 so far as it is  
held by the vanes4 ,this appliance1     
therefore1 is used to shorten or        
lengthen the live or active part of a   
spiral spring4  ,illustration3          
#bdgj4-bdha4   ,section #ha4--,,safety  
,,appliances4  7,see also p4 #ahb47     
#bdhg4 ,guard for spur gearing4  #bdhh4 
,guard for bevil gearing4  #bdhi4       
,safety nut for a running screw4 ,the   
nut takes no strain until the thread in 
the main nut gives way from wear4       
,fire alarms 7automatic7 depend for     
their action on increase of             
temperature above a normal maximum4     
,diaphragms are inserted in the pipe    
connections to hydraulic lift           

cylinders to admit or discharge the     
water at moderate speeds only1 so   that
 in case of a burst the lift should not 
descend too rapidly4    ,retaining      
valves1 or non-return valves1 are       
employed to confine any   sudden shocks 
from hydraulic machines or from         
breakages1 to local   pipes4    ,relief 
valves are applied to all hydraulic     
pressure systems to   obviate the       
effects of shock4    ,an extra wire rope
 is frequently employed on suspended    
lifts to act   as a safety rope4  #bdij4
 ,safety centrifugal hooks to arrest a  
revolving shaft when the speed becomes  
excessive4 ,the hooks fly out and engage
 with pins on a fixed disc4    ,rope    
guards boards1 screens1 guard rails1 c41
 are necessary to   protect persons from
 running ropes in hoisting and          
rope-driving gears4  #bdia4 ,collar and 
set screw1 to prevent a key from working
 out4 ,a set screw only--tapped into the
 shaft--is sometimes employed for this  
service4   ,section #hb4--,,steam       

,,traps4  7,see also p4 #ahd47  #bdib4  
,steam trap1 operated by expansion of a 
bent bar1 which closes the inlet valve4 
,section #hd4--,,toothed ,,gearing4     
7,see also p4 #ahf47  #bdic4 ,circular  
rack 7revolving7 and sector1 used on    
governors4  #bdid4 ,skew worm and wheel 
gear4  #bdie4 ,oval gear1 linked        
together4  #bdif4 ,mitre gear1 angle of 
shafts variable4 ,the two bearings are  
hinged together on the pitch line of the
 pair of wheels4  #bdig4 ,wood-faced    
spur gear1 to run with the wood faces in
 contact for quietness4 ,the wood faces 
are renewable1 like mortise teeth4 ,see 
,nos4 #aceb and #acec4  #bdih4 ,elastic 
spur gear1 to prevent backlash4         
,illustration3 #bdhb4-bdih4  #bdii4     
,bevil gear1 with roller teeth in one   
wheel of the pair4  #bejj4 ,circular    
rack and pinion gear4 ,the rack can     
revolve independently of the vertical   
movement4   ,section                    
#he4--,,transmission ,,of ,,power4      
7,see also p4 #aib47  #beja4 ,hydraulic 

transmission by two motors 7rotary71 see
 ,section #ge1 one of which is the      
driver and the other the driven motor   
connected by two pipes1 through which   
the oil or water is kept in circulation 
from one motor to the other4   ,section 
#hf4--,,tanks1 ,,cisterns ,,and         
,,reservoirs4  7,see also p4 #aib47     
#bejb4 ,steel bottle for compressed     
gases1 c4    ,barrels and casks are used
 as tanks4    ,tuns and vats are large  
casks formed of planking hooped at      
frequent   intervals4    ,square or     
rectangular vats are formed either of   
wood1 held together   by long bolts1 or 
of slate slabs secured in a similar way4
    ,compound tanks4 ,where it is       
inconvenient to employ or erect one     
large tank1 several smaller ones are    
connected together by circulating       
pipes4   ,section #hg4--,,throwing ,,in 
,,and ,,out ,,of ,,gear4  7,see also p4 
#aib47  #bejc4 ,presser foot for sewing 
machines1 or for intermittent holding of
 any flat articles2 lifted out of gear1 

and held by the feather end resting on  
the sliding socket4  #bejd4 ,belt       
shifting bar1 adjustable every way4     
#beje4 ,revolving worm for operating a  
belt shifting bar1 locking it at the    
same time4  #bejf4 ,worm gear may be    
thrown out or in by moving the wheel    
sideways on its shaft4  #bejg4 ,bolt and
 slot device for gearing two wheels     
together on one shaft1 used on lathe    
headstocks4  #bejh4 ,half nut for       
throwing out of gear1 with screw1 and   
fitted with spring to take up the wear  
of the nut4  #beji4 ,sliding shaft for  
winch or other gear1 to shift the pinion
 out of gear or change to another speed 
7as in ,no4 #bbic74  #beaj4 ,another    
method of locking a sliding shaft in or 
out of gear4   ,section #hh4--,,variable
 ,,motion ,,and ,,power4  7,see also p4 
#aid47  #beaa4 ,variable belt drive by  
elliptic pulley4  #beab4 ,variable drive
 by an intermediate friction wheel1 and 
two friction cones at right angles4     
#beac4 ,the same device applied to two  

discs running in opposite directions on 
the same axis4  ,illustration3          
#bdii4-beac4  #bead4 ,variable drive by 
a ,v belt running between cone discs1   
the space between which can be varied by
 a hand lever or screw motion4  #beae4  
,variable compensation weight and       
parallel motion for steam engines1 by   
,m4 ,n4 ,forney1 ,new ,york1 #ahic4     
#beaf4 ,variable cone driving4 ,evans'  
variable friction gear2 a loose leather 
band1 with a traversing motion by hand  
screw1 forms the gripping medium between
 the cones4  #beag4 ,variable radius    
lever1 operated by a crank motion to    
give variable angular reciprocating     
motion to a shaft4  #beah4 ,variable    
crank pin adjusted by a sector and bolt4
  #beai4 ,variable crank pin adjusted by
 a transverse screw4  #bebj4 ,variable  
driving friction gear to give a variable
 speed to the bevil-wheel shaft ,a by   
varying the position of the friction    
pinions as regards the disc ,b4  #beba4 
,variable adjustment for a spiral       

spring4  #bebb4 ,adjustable centre-piece
 or bearing for a spindle or rod4       
#bebc4 ,variable radius hand crank4     
#bebd4 ,variable throw crank pin4       
#bebe4 ,variable motion taken from a    
revolving cylinder or shaft by a        
friction wheel1 whose angle can be      
varied4  #bebf4 ,similar motion taken   
from a revolving disc4  ,illustration3  
#bead4-bebf4   ,section #hi4--,,valves  
,,and ,,cocks4  7,see also p4 #aih47    
#bebg4 ,slide valve ports1 with gradual 
cut-off4  #bebh4 ,piston valve in       
section4 ,see ,no4 #afed4 ,this         
construction avoids spring rings1 which 
do not run well across the ports1 the   
entire valve being sprung into the bore4
  #bebi4 ,tube air valve4 ,can be made  
to open and shut by revolving1 or by    
longitudinal motion4  #becj4 ,corliss   
valve1 with rectangular rocking spindle4
  #beca4 ,flume valve for water4  #becb4
 ,double cone valve for steam or water1 
closes the leakage round the screw when 
opened1 and requires no packing4  #becc4

 ,double ported slide valve4  #becd4    
,cone plug and rubber ring for plugging 
a pipe4  #bece4 ,reversing valve for gas
 or air blast4  #becf4 ,slide valve to  
give a wide port opening with short     
travel4  #becg4 ,removable valve seat1  
or gland1 secured by three set screws   
and lugs inside the valve box4  #bech4  
,safety valve1 with double ball joint   
seatings1 held down by dead weight1 hung
 on the outer case4  #beci4 ,oscillating
 ring valve4    ,high-pressure hydraulic
 slide valves are now made of hard wood1
 such   as lignum vit1 running on a     
bronze face2 the wood valve is sometimes
   enclosed in a bronze body or strap4  
#bedj4 ,hydraulic high-pressure valve1  
with renewable face4  ,illustration3    
#bebg4-bedj4  #beda4 ,tap1 with crank   
movement1 to open and close an ordinary 
mushroom valve4  #bedb4 ,spring loaded  
valve4 ,may be opened by lifting1 as    
shown1 or by a horizontal pull in any   
direction1 the pull rod being attached  
to the top of a fixed stud in the centre

 of the valve1 which then tilts in      
opening4  #bedc4 ,safety valve1 with    
knife edge4  #bedd4 ,screw plug bottle  
stopper4 7,codd's patent47  #bede4      
,dished grating valve4   ,section       
#ij4--,,water ,,wheels ,,and ,,turbines4
  7,see also p4 #bjh47  #bedf4          
,water-jet double turbine motor4        
,section #ia4--,,wheels ,,in ,,segments4
  7,see also p4 #bab47  #bedg4 ,spider  
wheel or tension wheel4 ,cycle wheels   
are constructed on this principle1 as   
also were the great wheels at ,chicago  
and ,earl's ,court4 ,there are many     
varieties of this type4  #bedh4 ,steel  
railway wheel1 with dished web4 ,wrought
 iron or steel disc fly-wheels are now  
in some cases replacing wheels with     
arms4    ,fly-wheels are also           
constructed with the rim formed of      
wrought-iron   bars wound round and     
rivetted together1 or of heavy wire     
coiled round   and secured with steel   
belts4   ,section #ib4--,,weighing ,,and
 ,,measuring4  7,see also p4 #bad47     

#bedi4 ,differential weighing beam4 ,the
 lower hook is suspended very near the  
centre line of the upper one1 giving a  
close adjustment with a short graduated 
arm4  #beej4 ,measuring or feed wheel1  
for seeds1 c4 ,the little cups dip into 
the material1 and carry it up to a      
shoot4    ,even-flow regulator1 for a   
tap4 ,see ,no4 #bbjd;,a4  #beea4 ,wire  
and sheet ,v gauge4  #beeb4 ,balance1   
with angular weight1 and graduated      
sector4  #beec4 ,measuring tap4         
,illustration3 #beda4-beec4  ,section   
#id4--,,washing4  7,see also p4 #baf47  
#beed4 ,rotary clothes washer4 ,consists
 of an internal perforated drum driven  
round in alternate directions inside a  
fixed drum1 or other vessel containing  
soap and water4  #beee4 ,archimedean    
circulator1 for a washing trough4       
,section #ie4--,,windmills ,,and        
,,feathering ,,wheels4  7,see also p4   
#bah47  #beef4 ,feathering paddle wheel1
 or tide wheel4 ,the three floats are   
maintained vertical by spur wheels on   

their spindle ends1 which gear with idle
 pinions driven by a fixed central spur 
wheel of same size as those on the      
floats4  #beeg4 ,wind turbine4 ,the     
vanes are formed as ,no4 #aifg1 to      
receive the wind parallel to the axis4  
,windmills are fitted with automatic    
regulating devices to adjust   their    
angle area and direction to the force   
and direction of the wind4   ,section   
#if4--,,winding ,,apparatus4  7,see also
 p4 #bbj47  #beeh4 ,fusee for round     
rope4   ,section #ig4--;,,handles1      
,,handwheels1 ,,keys ,,and ,,spanners4  
7,see also p4 #bbj47  #beei4 ,dished    
handwheel4  #befj4 ,bent handle1 with   
looped end4  #befa4 ,handle key for     
cock4  #befb4 ,handwheel lock nuts for a
 screwed bolt or other fastening4       
#befc4 ,coned handle4  #befd4 ,cranked  
key or spanner4  #befe4 ,loop handle for
 plain lever4  #beff4 ,hinged spanner   
for tightening nuts or screwed glands1  
having pin holes or notched edges4      
#befg4 ,cranked handle1 offset4  #befh4 

,bow handle4 ,may be fixed or made to   
swivel4  #befi4 ,balanced hand crank4   
#begj4 ,hand crank1 with holes to vary  
the radius4  ,illustration3 #beed4-begj4
  #bega4 ,locked handwheels for valves1 
to be movable in a certain order only4  
,section #ih4--;,,apparatus ,,for       
,,drawing ,,curves4  7,see also p4      
#bbd47  #begb4 ,cycloidograph4 ,the     
pencil is fixed to a sliding rod ,a1    
sliding in a socket on the pinion       
spindle ,b1 and also is forced to travel
 along the slot ,c1 in an open disc     
revolving between four rollers ,d4      
,section #ii4--,,materials ,,employed   
,,in ,,construction4  7,see also p4     
#bbd47  #begc4 ,ribbed plate or tram    
plate4  #begd4 ,trough plate for        
flooring bridges c4  #bege4 ,trough     
plate for flooring bridges c4  #begf4   
,curved ditto4 ,hobson's patent4  #begg4
 ,wrought-iron or steel dished piston   
forging4  #begh4 ,wrought-iron flanged  
manhole forging4  #begi4 ,trough        
flooring4  #behj4 ,trough flooring4     

,iron and ,steel ,plates4--,it is       
essential to possess some knowledge of  
what sizes and weights are obtainable at
 ordinary prices1 because it   is       
frequently desirable to utilise the     
largest available1 in order to   save   
the cost of making joints4 ,frequently  
joints are made by   riveting1 not      
because they are wanted at all1 but     
simply because they   cost less than    
single plates would do4 ,information of 
this kind is   only to be obtained from 
the price-lists of the iron and steel   
manufactures1 which are supplied to the 
trade4    ,the meaning of 8maximum      
dimensions0 is thus3--,taking a #a      
plate1   for example1 the maximum       
dimensions of which are given in a list 
as   #dj in length by #aj in width1 it  
is not possible to get a plate          
measuring #dj by #aj1 for that would    
make a united area of #djj1 and   the   
list limit is #aej area4 ,but the area  
can be taken out either in   length or  
in width1 within the limiting length of 

#dj and width of   #aj4 ,the maximum    
area divided by any length in feet not  
exceeding the   maximum1 will give the  
maximum width for that length2 and the  
maximum   area divided by any width in  
feet not exceeding the maximum1 will    
give   the maximum length for that      
width4 ,thus1 #aej area divided by the  
maximum length1 i4e4 #dj1 gives #c #i   
width of plate4 ,or #aej divided   by   
the maximum width1 i4e4 #aj1 gives #ae  
length of plate4 ,and for   anything    
over these maximum dimensions special   
quotations have to be   made4 ,but no   
plate can be rolled to contain the      
greatest length and   the greatest width
 at the same time4    ,again1 in        
reference to 8extras10 many points have 
to be borne in mind4   ,thus1 as regards
 shape1 any departure from the          
rectangular form is   an extra1 as      
tapered plates1 sketches1 i4e4 any      
irregular outlines1   and also circles4 
,the extra1 under this head1 may be     
about #bes4 per   ton4 ,as regards      

thickness1 plates under  thick are an   
extra1   rated at from #ajs4 to #bjs4   
per ton more4 ,as regards width and     
length1 quite special terms are made1   
amounting to #es4 perhaps on   each #c1 
a serious item4 ,and as regards weight1 
steel plates over   about #dj cwt4 are  
charged extra1 at the rate of about #es4
 per #e cwt4    ,to give examples3 ,the 
,steel ,co4 of ,scotland roll steel     
plates from    to #a thick1 and from an 
area in the first case of #cj to   #aej 
in the latter4 ,the thicknesses advance 
by thirty-seconds in   thickness up to 1
 by sixteenths up to  and by eighths up 
to   #a4 ,the following table will give 
an idea of their limiting sizes1   which
 may be taken as fairly typical of steel
 plates in general4 ,it   will be seen  
that ,i have included only a few of the 
thicknesses named   above4  ,,maximum4  
-------------------------------------   
,thickness4  ,length4  ,width4   ,area4 
-------------------------------------   
in4      ft4 in4  ft4 in4   ft4         

#bb   #j    #e   #j     #ej             
#cc   #j    #f   #c     #ij             
#ch   #j    #g   #d    #ajj             
#dj   #j    #h   #c    #aaj             
#dj   #j    #i   #c    #adj        #a   
#dj   #j   #aj   #j    #aej        #a   
#dj   #j   #aj   #j    #aej        #a   
#dj   #j   #aj   #j    #aej             
-------------------------------------   
,david ,colville and ,sons roll plates  
from to  to #a in thickness   with an   
area of #hj in the first and #adj in the
 last2 other sizes   intermediate4 ,but 
by special arrangement plates  thick can
 be   rolled to #adj area1 and #a of    
#agj4 ,thirty hundredweight is the      
limit of weight in ship plates1 and #dj 
in boiler plates4 ,plates up to   #f    
tons weight each can be rolled at       
special prices4 ,it is   impossible to  
roll plates exactly to weight1 and it is
 usual to allow   a deviation of from #b
 per cent4 to #e per cent4 over weight  
for   boiler plates1 and under or over  
for ordinary plates4    ,the ,parkhead  

,steel ,works roll  plates to a maximum 
area of #cf1    plates to #gj1  plates  
of #aaj1  plates of #adj1 #a   plates of
 #aej1 and #a plates of #aej area4 ,the 
limiting weights   are #bj cwt4 for ship
 plates1 and #dj cwt4 for boiler plates4
 ,above   these #es4 per #e cwt41 or    
part of the same1 is charged4    ,the   
,weardale ,iron and ,coal ,co4 roll     
steel plates from to  to #a   thick1    
with a maximum area of #fj in the first1
 and #abj in the   second2 #cj is the   
maximum length1 and #h the maximum      
width4 ,circular   plates are also      
rolled from #e #f diameter of  thick1 to
 #h #f   diameter in #a thick4 ,all     
ordinary thicknesses1 also intermediate 
between these1 are rolled4    ,the      
limiting weights and dimensions of the  
steel plates of ,bolekow1   ,vaughan and
 ,co4 are #ah cwt4 #hj sq4 ft4 in area1 
#bc in length1 and   between #ab and #fj
 in width4 ,extras are1 for every       
hundredweight1 or   part of the same    
above #ah cwt41 #ajs42 for every foot1  

or part of a   foot1 above #bc in       
length1 #es42 for every square foot     
above #hj sq4   ft41 #as4    ,john      
,brown and ,co41 ,sheffield1 roll steel 
plates from to  to #a   in thickness4 ,a
 few selected thicknesses are given     
below4                                  
-------------------------------------   
,thickness4  ,length4  ,width4   ,area4 
-------------------------------------   
in4      ft4 in4  ft4 in4   ft4         
#cj   #j    #f   #j     #gb             
#ce   #j    #f   #i    #abj             
#dj   #j    #h   #j    #acj             
#dj   #j    #i   #f    #ahj        #a   
#dj   #j    #i   #f    #ahj        #a   
#dj   #j    #i   #f    #ahj             
-------------------------------------   
,circular and square plates of the same 
thicknesses can be rolled as            
follows3--                              
--------------------------------        
,thickness4  ,diameter4  ,square4       
--------------------------------        
in4       ft4  in4  ft4 in4             

#f    #f    #f   #f                 #g  
#j    #g   #j                 #h    #c  
#h   #c                #aj    #f    #i  
#i        #a          #aj    #f    #i   
#i        #a       #aj    #f    #i   #i 
--------------------------------    ,the
 ,dalzell ,steel ,works of ,david       
,colville and ,sons1 make a difference  
in the extras in the case of steel      
boiler and of ship plates4 ,ordinary    
prices are charged to #hd wide in boiler
 plates1 but to #gb only in   ship      
plates4 ,above that they charge #es4 per
 ton for every #c1 or   part of #c4 ,so 
in weight1 #dj cwt4 is the limit for    
boiler plates1 and   #cj cwt4 for ship  
plates2 over those #es4 per ton is      
charged for every   #e cwt41 or part of 
#e cwt4 ,circular plates for boiler ends
 and crowns   are rolled by ,david      
,colville and ,sons1 who supply at      
ordinary prices   the following3  thick1
 #i #aj diameter2 1 #i #f2 1 #i1   and 1
 #h #f4    ,as a sample of the usual    
limiting sizes of iron plates1 ,i give  

the   following3--,it consists of a few 
selected ,snedshill plates rolled by    
the ,lilleshall ,company1 one of the    
most favourably known ,shropshire       
houses4 ,they roll iron sheets and      
boiler plates from  to #a in            
thickness1 advancing by thirty-seconds  
to 1 and by sixteenths to   #a4         
-------------------------------------   
,thickness4  ,length4  ,width4   ,area4 
-------------------------------------   
in4      ft4 in4  ft4 in4   ft4         
#cj   #j    #e   #j     #e              
#cj   #j    #e   #f     #g              
#cj   #j    #f   #j     #h              
#cj   #j    #f   #j    #hj              
#cj   #j    #f   #j    #hj         #a   
#cj   #j    #f   #j    #hj              
-------------------------------------   
,it will be observed that the limiting  
sizes of iron are much less than   those
 of steel4    ,the ,butterly ,company   
roll both iron and steel plates4 ,the   
limiting   weights and dimensions are as
 follows3--,for iron boiler quality1 #h 

cwt41 above that the extra prices are1  
#bjs41 #djs41 #fjs41 #hjs4              
respectively1 from #h cwt4 to #aj cwt41 
#aj cwt4 to #ab cwt41 #ab cwt4 to   #ad 
cwt41 and #ad cwt4 to #af cwt4          
respectively4 ,for bridge quality1 #aj  
cwt4 is the limit1 and extras are #bjs4 
and #djs41 from #aj cwt4 to   #ab cwt41 
and from #ab cwt4 to #af cwt4           
respectively4 ,area #fj1 and for   every
 #aj or part above that1 #bjs42 length  
#be2 width #df2 over   those various    
extras1 ranging from #bjs4 to #hjs4     
,section #aja4--;,,drawing ,,and        
,,rolling ,,metals1 c4  7,see also p4   
#bcd47  #beha4 ,bending block1 for bar  
iron4   ,section #ajf4--;,,doors1       
,,manholes ,,and ,,covers4  7,see also  
p4 #bdb47  #behb4 ,screw plug1 with two 
lugs to screw it up by a plain bar      
placed between them4  #behc4 ,new form  
of manhole door4  #behd4 ,screw fixing  
for a plug1 door1 or valve1 quickly     
released or secured4  #behe4 ,hollow    
plug1 with square recess for a key or   

spanner4 ,flush plug4  #behf4 ,soot     
door4  #behg4 ,funnel plug1 for filling 
oil reservoirs1 c4  #behh4 ,wrought iron
 or steel manhole door1 dished4  #behi4 
,oven door1 lifts out of the catch by   
leaving sufficient play in the top      
hinge4  ,illustration3 #bega4-behi4     
#beij4 ,soot door4  #beia4 ,soot door in
 section1 opened by pulling outwards and
 downwards2 the hook at top prevents it 
falling out4  #beib4 ,screw cap or      
cover4  #beic4 ,revolving door4  #beid4 
,sliding door for furnaces1 c4 ,the     
weight of door may be relieved by       
rollers at top1 as shown4  #beie4 ,door 
or manhole held up by two wedges4    ,s 
traps4 ,d traps4 ,these are divided     
chambers1 or bent portions   of pipes1  
designed to always contain a well of    
water so as to cut off   any currents of
 air or gases that would otherwise pass 
along the   pipes4    ,street manholes  
and lampholes are round1 rectangular1 or
 oval   covers1 strongly made to carry  
street traffic1 and fitted in strong    

cast-iron frames1 so as to be easily    
removable1 and yet practically          
air-tight4 ,those fitted over sewer     
manholes are frequently provided   with 
charcoal filters to arrest foul gases4  
,section #ajg4--;,,feed ,,gear4  #beif4 
,ink feed1 for printing machines4       
#beig4 ,ticket feeding gear4  #beih4    
,feed worm1 with air blast4  #beii4     
,hand or power feed gear1 for a drill1  
boring machine1 c4  #bfjj4 ,feed motion 
for shapers1 c41 reversible4  #bfja4    
,feed motion for shapers1 c41           
reversible4  #bfjb4 ,friction pawl feed 
motion1 silent4 ,see also ,section #fb4 
,section #ajh4--;,,filtering4           
,through porous pots4    ,through porous
 solids1 such as charcoal4    ,through  
pumice stone1 chalk1 c4    ,through     
porous fabrics1 flannel1 paper1 c4      
,through sponge1 spongy platinum4       
,through sand1 gravel1 calcined ores1 c4
    ,through wire gauges1 hair gauge1 c4
    ,reversible filters1 such as the    
8,thames10 c41 are made   self-cleansing

 by reversing the flow for a short time 
through a waste   pipe1 thus washing out
 the deposit4  #bfjc4 ,filtering cone1  
formed of wire cloth inside a pipe4     
,illustration3 #beij4-bfjc4   ,,london3 
,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and 
,,sons1 ,,limited4  ,,great ,,windmill  
,,street1 ,w41 ,,and ,,duke ,,street1   
,,stamford ,,street1 ,s4,e4             
,transcriber's ,notes     ,inconsistent 
spelling and hyphenation have been      
retained1 except as   mentioned below4  
,the use of 7linear7 feet as unit of    
area has not been   corrected4    ,page 
#ah-bj3 ,there is no separate           
description for ,number #hb4    ,page   
#bbj1 ,number #agfi1 444 and other      
machinery3 possibly a mistake for   444 
and other materials4    ,page #bbh-bcj1 
,number #ahed3 there is no description  
for this item2   presumably it is the   
same as that for ,number #ahee          
7,bevilled flat   iron74    ,sections   
#ajg and #ajh may be found at the end of
 ,part ,,ii4     ,changes made3    ,some

 obvious minor typographical errors have
 been corrected silently4    ,letters   
referring to elements in illustrations  
and characters   representing shapes    
rather than letters have been           
standardised to   sans-serif4    ,in    
several instances1 ditto1 do4 and  have 
been replaced with a   repetition of the
 dittoed text4    ,page #dj3 ,eilipile  
has been changed to ,eolipile4    ,page 
#cbj3 #ge has been changed to #ge1