,,lightn+ ,,rod ,,conf]5ce4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,delegates ,,f ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,societies1 ,,viz43 ,,meteorological ,,society4 ,c4 ,,brooke1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/ ,presid5t ,,! ,,late4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,dymond1 ,f4,m4,s41 ,vice-,presid5t4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,presid5t4 ,,royal ,,in/itute ,,( ,,briti% ,,ar*itects4 ,,pr(4 ,,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,vice-,presid5t4 ,j4 ,,:i*cord1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,,society ,,( ,,telegraph ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,( ,,electricians4 ,,latim] ,,cl>k1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,,physical ,,society4 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,adams1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,,c>ey ,,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,,co-,,opt$ ,,memb]s4 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayrton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) a ,code ( ,rules = ! ,erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors2 & v>i\s ,app5dices4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,secret>y1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #ddf1 ,,broome ,,/reet4 #ahhb4 ,,k5ny ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 #be1 ,,camd5 ,,road1 ,n4,w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,report #a ,section #a4--,! purpose :i* a lightn+ conductor is int5d$ to s]ve #a ,section #b4--;,a /atem5t ( ^? features 9 ! ,con/ruction & ,erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 respect+ :i* !re has be51 or is1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & ! f9al decision ( ! ,conf]5ce !reupon #c ,po9ts #c ,mat]ial = ,conductor #e ,size ( ,rod #f ,%ape ( ,rod 7,rod1 ,tube1 ,tape1 ,rope1 ,plait7 #g ,jo9ts #aj ,protection ( ,rod #aj ,pa9t+ #aa ,atta*m5t to ,build+s #aa ,e>? ,plates #aa ,space ,protect$ #ab ,height ( ,upp] ,t]m9al #ad ,te/+ ,conductors #ad ,int]nal ,masses ( ,metal #ae ,ext]nal ,masses ( ,metal #af ,section #c4--;,code ( ,rules = ! ,erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors #af ,,app5dices-- ,a4--,circul> & ,que/ions issu$ to ,manufactur]s1 & _! ,replies 7#a7 ,b4--,analysis (1 & rem>ks ^u1 ! views ( ! ,manufactur]s 7#ag7 ,c4--,reply f ,manufactur]s receiv$ aft] ! completion ( ,app5dix ,b4 7#bc7 ,d4--,report ( ! ,repres5tatives ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects 7#bg7 ,e4--,p>ticul>s ( ,accid5ts by ,lightn+1 collect$ #aheg-ei1 by ,mr4 ,symons1 & ,report ^u ! same 7#dc7 ,f4--,ab/racts ( ,pr9t$ ,docum5ts 7#ea7 ,g4--,catalogue ( ,works ^u ,lightn+ ,conductors 7#adc7 ,h4--,application to1 & ,replies f1 ! ,local ,hon4 ,secret>ies ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & o!r di/+ui%$ ,=eign ,au?orities 7#age7 ,i4--,g5]al ,correspond5ce 7#ahc7 ,j4--,data respect+ ! ,sectional ,area ( ,metal requisite = ,lightn+ ,conductors 7#bbc7 ,k4--,notes respect+ ,lightn+ ,conductors1 collect$ 9 ,p>is 9 ,may1 #ahha1 by ,messrs4 ,preece & ,symons 7#bbe7 ,l4--,on ! ,lightn+ ,conductors at ! ,p>is ,int]national ,electrical ,exhibition1 by ,messrs4 ,dymond & ,symons 7#bbi7 ,m4--,miscellane\s 7#bcc7 ,index to ,app5dices 7#bde7 ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,sket* illu/rative ( t]ms employ$ face x ,sket* illu/rative ( area ( protection #ac ,plans & ,elevation ( ,nott+ham ,ca/le 7#be7 7#bf7 ,t[] ( ,*ur* ( ,week ,/4 ,m>y1 ,cornwall 7#cb7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,twy=d ,moors1 ,w9*e/] 7#cd7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,/4 ,james' ,*ur*1 ,we/-,end1 ,hants4 7#ce7 ,plan & ,elevation ( h\ses at ,lewi%am1 ,w&swor?1 & ,=e/ 7#ch7 ,hill ,view ( ,t[] ( ,holborn ,union ,infirm>y1 ,holl[ay 7#dj7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,laundry at ,graves5d 7#da7 ,regni]'s ,sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors 7#ed7 ,jo9ts & ,e>? ,t]m9als recomm5d$ 9 ,france 9 #ahjg 7#ee7 ,p[d] ,magaz9e1 ) oblique z well z v]tical rods 7#eg7 ,mode ( atta*+ ,conductor to ,upp] ,t]m9al 7#ei7 ,view & ,plan ( ,bruntcliffe ,gunp[d] ,/ore 7#ge7 ,view ( ,bo>d ,h\se1 at ,purfleet 7#gh7 ,view & ,plan ( ,heck+ham ,poorh\se 7#hg7 7#hh7 ,diagrams illu/rative ( space protect$ 7#ace7 7#acf7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,*ur* ( ,/e4 ,croix1 at ,ixelles 7#ada7 ,sket* ( arrangem5ts = ,public ,build+s 9 ,d5m>k 7#agg7 ,plan & ,elevations ( ,sy/ems = ,p[d] ,magaz9es 9 ,d5m>k 7#agh7 ,atta*m5t & ,e>? ,t]m9al us$ 9 ,italy 7#ahj7 ,sections ( ,rods us$ by ! ,tr9ity ,bo>d 7#ahc7 ,eddy/one & ,spurn ,po9t ,ligh?\ses 7#ahd7 ,s\? ,=el& ,high ,light 7#ahe7 ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se 7#aia7 ,plan & ,elevation ( h\se at ,trolley ,bottom1 ,/4 ,albans 7#aig7 ,plan & ,elevation ( wa%h\se ( ,middlesboro' ,fev] ,hospital 7#bjc7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,indian ,pagoda 7#bjg7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,upwood ,gorse1 ,cat]ham 7#baa7 ,sections ( ,rod at ,upwood ,gorse1 ,cat]ham 7#bad7 7#bae7 ,sections ( ,munson's ,rods 7#baf7 ,view & ,section ( ,cutt+'s ,conductor ,c\pl+ 7#bag7 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,c>m>!n 7#bah7 ,plan & ,view ( h\se1 & ( ,boo?am ,b>1 ,york 7#bbj7 7#bba7 ,,preface4 ,al?\gh ,france & o!r nations h tak5 active /eps to give (ficial sanction to ! be/ kn[n means ( protection f ! ill effects ( atmosph]ic electricity1 no?+ 9 ?is way has ev] be5 done 9 ,engl& = ! public g5]ally4 ,! enquiries by h\sehold]s & public bodies = advice & in/ruction 7 s num]\s1 ! abs5ce ( au?oriz$ or well-matur$ directions 0 s m>k$1 ! practice 9 vogue s v>i$ & anomal\s1 t x occurr$ to ! ,meteorological ,society to take "s action 9 ! matt]4 ,accord+ly1 at a ,meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,meteorological ,society1 held on #ae? ( ,may1 #ahgh1 x 0 resolv$-- #8,t ! ,h\se ,committee be in/ruct$ to address ! foll[+ ,societies3-- ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itute ,,( ,,briti% ,,ar*itects1 ,,! ,,physical ,,society1 ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,telegraph ,,eng9e]s1 ask+ !m to "n delegates to co-op]ate 9 consid]+ ! desirability or o!rwise ( issu+ a code ( rules = ! erection ( lightn+ conductors1 & to proce$ 9 prep>+ a code if x is ?\ght desirable4' ,9 accordance ) ?is resolution ! foll[+ lett] 0 address$ to ! ,secret>ies ( ! above ,societies3-- ,,! ,,meteorological ,,society1 #cj1 ,,great ,,george ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,june #ad1 #ahgh4 ,,sir1 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,meteorological ,society h _h "u _! consid]ation = "s "t ! possibility ( =mulat+ ! exi/+ k on ! subject ( ! protection ( prop]ty f damage by electricity1 & ! advisability ( prep>+ & issu+ a g5]al code ( rules = ! erection ( lightn+ conductors4 ,!y are ( op9ion t ?is w\ld be/ be done by a jo9t committee ( repres5tative memb]s ( ^? ,societies be=e :i* su* subjects mo/ naturally come2 & !y h1 !re=e1 decid$ ^u invit+ ! co-op]ation ( y\r ,society by ! nom9ation ( "o or m delegates to jo9 a ,committee by :om ! :ole "q %\ld be consid]$1 & to :om also any writt5 communications w\ld be submitt$4 ,! ,c\ncil tru/ t y\r ,society may be repres5t$ by delegates2 b if t c\rse be impossible1 !y invite any writt5 sugge/ions :i* y may h to (f]4 ,a meet+ ( ! delegates w be call$ = an e>ly date aft] ! receipt f ! ,societies consult$1 ( ! names ( ! g5tlem5 nom9at$ by ea*4 ,we are1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vants1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,,john ,w4 ,,tripe1 ,hon4 ,secret>ies4 ,9 reply to ?is circul> all ! societies invit$ nom9at$ delegates1 & ! ,conf]5ce 0 con/itut$ z foll[s3-- ,meteorological ,society4 ,c4 ,,brooke1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,dymond1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,secret>y4 ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,,pr(4 ,,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,ar*itects4 ,j4 ,,:i*cord1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,vice ,presid5t4 ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,,latim] ,,cl>k1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,pa/ ( ,electricians4 ,presid5t4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,vice ,presid5t4 ,physical ,society4 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,adams1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,presid5t4 ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,,c>ey ,,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/ ,presid5t4 ,! /eps tak5 by ! delegates w be be/ expla9$ by a %ort n>rative *iefly =m$ ( extracts f ! m9ute book ( ! ,conf]5ce4 ,! fir/ meet+ 0 held at ! rooms ( ! ,meteorological ,society1 on ,novemb] #ad?1 #ahgh1 :5 all ! delegates 7 pres5t4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,brooke1 ,f4,r4,s41 0 appo9t$ ,presid5t ( ! ,conf]5ce1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,secret>y4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton 0 elect$ a memb]4 ,a circul>1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,a1 0 draft$ = issue to manufactur]s ( lightn+ conductors4 ,?is 0 s5t to sixty-five firms1 b only eight repli$1 & _! answ]s are pr9t$ v]batim 9 ! same ,app5dix4 ,an analysis ( ! replies =ms ,app5dix ,b4 ,app5dix ,c is a reply receiv$ too late = ins]tion 9 ,app5dix ,a1 & aft] ,mr4 ,preece _h compil$ ,app5dix ,b4 ,ano!r reply f an ,am]ican firm w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,i1 p4 7#aib71 mak+ t5 9 all4 ,at a subsequ5t meet+1 ! delegates f ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects 7 reque/$ to ask ! ,c\ncil ( t body to issue a circul> to _! memb]s invit+ !m to furni% in=mation respect+ build+s injur$ by lightn+4 ,?is circul>1 toge!r ) ab/racts ( ! replies1 & a brief ,introductory ,summ>y1 by ,messrs4 ,lewis & ,:i*cord1 w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,d4 ,mr4 ,symons submitt$ to ! meet+ a mass ( /ati/ics respect+ accid5ts by lightn+ :i* he _h collect$ 9 ! ye>s #aheg-ei2 !y 7 ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,ayrton1 & 8 note ^u !m con/itutes ,app5dix ,e4 ,at ! meet+ on ,augu/ #e?1 #ahgi1 ! ,secret>y ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conf]5ce1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,brooke1 ,f4,r4,s41 a vote ( condol5ce 0 pass$ unanim\sly1 & ord]$ to be =w>d$ to ,mrs4 ,brooke4 ,! ,conf]5ce !n proce$$ to elect a new ,*airman1 & x 0 unanim\sly resolv$ t ,pr(essor ,w4 ,g4 ,adams1 ,f4,r4,s41 be reque/$ to accept ! (fice4 ,! foll[+ circul> 0 approv$ & ord]$ to be =w>d$ to a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ important newspap]s & p]iodicals ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,to ! ,editor ( ---- ,,sir1-- ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgh delegates 7 nom9at$ by ! foll[+ ,societies1 viz41 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ! ,physical ,society1 & ! ,meteorological ,society1 = ! foll[+ purpose3-- 8,to consid] ! possibility ( =mulat+ ! exi/+ k on ! subject ( ! protection ( prop]ty f damage by electricity1 & ! advisability ( prep>+ & issu+ a g5]al code ( rules = ! erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors40 ,! delegates h held sev]al meet+s1 & h already collect$1 fir/ly1 f ! manufactur]s ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 & secondly1 f ! ,memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 a l>ge am\nt ( ?or\ghly practical in=mation4 ,sev]al ( _! numb] are also engag$ 9 =m+ ab/racts ( ! sali5t features ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,! ,memb]s ( ! ,conf]5ce are1 h[ev]1 mo/ anxi\s t _! ,report %\ld be z tru/wor?y & z exhau/ive z possible1 & !y h1 !re=e1 in/ruct$ me to ask y to assi/ !m by publi%+ ?is epitome ( _! proce$+s1 & all[+ !m to invite correspond5ce ^u ! po9ts m5tion$ bel[4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,secret>y to ! ,conf]5ce4 ,,lightn+ ,,rod ,,conf]5ce1 #cj1 ,,great ,,george ,,/reet1 ,s4,w4 ,,class ,,( ,,facts ,,mo/ ,,requir$4 ,full details ( accid5ts by lightn+1 /at+ especially :e!r ! build+ /ruck _h a conductor or n4 ,if !re 0 a conductor1 /ate its dim5sions--con/ruction--mode ( atta*m5t to build+--:e!r its top 0 po9t$--di/ance ( its upp] t]m9al f ! place /ruck--nature & ext5t ( ! connection betwe5 ! conductor & ! e>?1 & :e!r ! e>? 0 dry or moi/--:e!r ! conductor 0 itself injur$--& :e!r ! conductor or ! po9t /ruck 0 ! mo/ sali5t object 9 ! vic9ity4 ,in=mation is also desir$1 ei!r v]bally or by sket*es1 z to ! position ( metal sp\t+ & lead ro(+ relatively to ! po9t /ruck1 & to ! conductor4 ,details ( ! ?icke/ piece ( metal melt$ by a fla% ( lightn+ are mu* ne$$4 ,unimpea*able evid5ce ( ! failure ( conductors is mu* desir$1 z su* failures w\ld be extremely in/ructive4 ,! replies 7 by no means z num]\s z 0 expect$3 ! mo/ important w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,i4 ,at ! meet+1 ,octob] #bg?1 #ahgi1 x 0 resolv$ 8,t ! memb]s ( ! ,conf]5ce w und]take to prep>e ab/racts ( ! pr9cipal ,engli% & ,=eign books ^u ,lightn+ ,conductors40 ,?is "w became extremely heavy1 & occupi$ mu* "t1 z w be se5 f ,app5dix ,f1 :i* conta9s ab/racts ( sixty sep>ate treatises1 ( :i* #bf are f ,engli%1 #ag f ,fr5*1 #f f ,belgian1 #e f ,am]ican1 & #e f ,g]man au?ors1 & "o is f ! ,norwegian4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ omitt+ important works1 x 0 resolv$ 8,t application be made to ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s = advance %eets ( ! ,ronalds ,catalogue40 ,f x1 supplem5t$ by ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k's & o!r li/s1 ! ,secret>y compil$ ,app5dix ,g41 :i* conta9s ! full titles ( no few] ?an #gjd sep>ate works ^u lightn+ conductors1 or on subjects intimately connect$ !re)4 ,at ! same meet+ x 0 resolv$ t ef=ts be made to obta9 a set ( ! (ficial in/ructions issu$ 9 all =eign c\ntries4 ,! circul> issu$1 & an ab/ract ( ! in=mation collect$1 includ+ replies f ,am]ica1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,india1 ,italy1 & ,norway1 w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,h4 ,full details respect+ ! practice 9 ,france w be f\nd 9 ,app5dices ,f1 ,k1 & ,l1 & a notice ( ,z5g]'s ,au/rian sy/em1 on p4 7#ajd74 ,at ! meet+1 ,nov4 #bj?1 #ahgi1 ! ,secret>y 0 unanim\sly reque/$ to act z ,editor ( ! ,report4 ,at ! meet+1 ,jan4 #bbnd1 #ahhj1 a lett] 0 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,secret>y to ! ,meteorological ,c\ncil1 enclos+ a report respect+ ! injury to ! 8,s\!rn ,que510 x 0 resolv$1 8,t "s ( ! delegates visit ! %ip40 ,! report & a note ( ! results ( ! visit w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,i page 7#bje74 ,at ! meet+1 ,april #ae?1 #ahhj1 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes 0 unanim\sly elect$ memb] ( ! ,conf]5ce4 ,at ! meet+1 ,july #f?1 #ahhj1 ! ,secret>y h&$ 9 a sket* ( a h\se ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! lightn+ conductor m>k$ ^u x1 & obta9$ f ! delegates def9ite names = ea* portion1 9 ord] t 9 fram+ ! report !re might be no unc]ta9ty z to :at 0 meant by any special t]m1 great confusion 9 ?is respect hav+ previ\sly exi/$4 ,! t]ms adopt$ h be53 ,conductor4--,! :ole arrangem5t = ! protection ( a build+4 ,po9t4--,! upp] t]m9ation ( ! conductor1 :e!r blunt or %>p1 s+le or bifurcat$4 ,upp] t]m9al4--,t portion ( ! conductor :i* is betwe5 ! top ( ! edifice & ! po9t4 ,jo9t4--,any connection betwe5 any two p>ts ( ! conductor4 ,rod4--,! ma9 portion ( ! conductor1 :e!r x consi/ ( rope1 tape1 tube or solid rod4 ,circuit des ,fates4--,a rod runn+ r\nd ! eaves ( a h\se1 ! battlem5ts ( a t[]1 c4 ,e>? plate4--,! t]m9ation ( ! conductor 9 ! gr\nd1 ! patt]n be+ indicat$ by special t]ms4 ,! accompany+ li?ograph w1 x is hop$1 supply all additional necess>y p>ticul>s4 ,x is desirable to /ate t ! illu/rations 9 ?is ,report h be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,:ite ,wallis1 ,f4,m4,s41 s z to br+ out ! v>i\s features di/9ctly1 & z ne>ly z possible 9 true proportion1 b )\t any attempt at arti/ic f9i%4 ,! meet+s dur+ ! latt] "p ( #ahhj1 & ! e>ly "p ( #ahha1 7 devot$ *iefly to ! discussion ( v>i\s que/ions z bases = ! report4 ,mu* "t 0 also occupi$ 9 p]fect+ ! v>i\s app5dices1 & 9 compil+ an exhau/ive index to !m4 ,9 ,may1 #ahha1 ,messrs4 ,preece & ,symons1 be+ 9 ,p>is1 made c>eful enquiries z to ! exi/+ practice 9 ,france respect+ lightn+ conductors4 ,_! notes =m ,app5dix ,k4 ,at ! meet+ held on ,may #bg?1 #ahha1 ! ,secret>y 0 in/ruct$ to draw up a draft report1 & ?is hav+ be5 put 9 type 0 s5t to all ! delegates2 c>efully consid]$1 revis$1 & am5d$ at v>i\s subsequ5t meet+s1 & f9ally adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,index ,,sket* ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductor1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,t]ms ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,report4 ,,t]ms ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,conductor4 ,crut* ,/rap ,/aple ,wall ,eye ,a ,po9t ,b ,upp] ,t]m9al c ,jo9t ,d ,rod ,e ,ridge ,rod ,f ,circuit des fates ,g ,e>? ,plates ,g#a ,e>? ,plates ,s&]son ,g#b ,e>? ,plates ,borrel ,g#c ,e>? ,plates ,spang ,,report4 ,! ,delegates are ( op9ion t x w conduce to cle>ness ( /atem5t if _! ,report be divid$ into ?ree sections-- 7#a7 ,! purpose :i* a lightn+ conductor is int5d$ to s]ve4 7#b7 ,a /atem5t ( ^? features 9 ! con/ruction & erection ( lightn+ conductors respect+ :i* !re has be51 or is1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & ! f9al decision ( ! ,conf]5ce !reupon4 7#c7 ,code ( rules = ! erection ( lightn+ conductors4 ,,section ,i4--,! purpose :i* a ,lightn+ ,conductor is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ is ! passage ( an electric sp>k betwe5 two bodies oppositely or unequally electrifi$1 & betwe5 :i* ! diff]5ce ( electric pressure or pot5tial is suffici5tly /rong to break across ! air space :i* sep>ates !m1 & to produce :at is kn[n z a disruptive dis*>ge4 ,a fla% may pass ei!r betwe5 "o cl\d & ano!r1 or betwe5 a cl\d & ! e>?4 ,9 ! =m] case damage is n likely to be done1 9 ! latt] damage is or is n done1 accord+ to ! po9t at or f :i* ! lightn+ /rikes4 ,! m any object projects above ! g5]al level1 ! less is ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! cl\d1 & z ! less ! di/ance ! less ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! dis*>ge1 high objects are1 ct]is p>ibus1 mo/ frequ5tly /ruck4 ,"s sub/ances1 su* z copp] or iron1 c conduct a l>ge quantity ( electricity ) facility1 & are call$ good conductors4 ,o!r sub/ances1 su* z liv+ vegetable or animal matt]1 (f] mu* ob/ruction1 & =m only p>tial conductors2 :ile dry e>?1 /one1 & wood almo/ entirely prev5t ! passage ( electricity1 & are v bad conductors--9 fact1 insulators4 ,= in/ance1 a man may ) p]fect impunity clasp a copp] rod an in* 9 diamet]1 ! bottom ( :i* is well connect$ ) moi/ e>?1 :ile ! top ( x receives a viol5t fla% ( lightn+4 ,b if ! electricity does n f9d a pa? prep>$ = x1 x w utilise su* p>tial conductors z may be reasonably ne>1 = example--! heat$ air f a kit*5 *imney1 ! soot inside1 & !n ! metal range at ! bottom2 "h1 h[ev]1 /one or dry mat]ial is g5]ally f\nd1 :i* w n conduct x1 & !n x da%es across ! kit*5 at "s gas or wat] pipe1 or "s pump or dra9 lead+ to damp e>?1 do+ s]i\s damage on ! way3 or x may meet "s tree 9 its c\rse & r5d x f top to bottom1 & if ! human body int]v5e life may be de/roy$4 ,me*anical injury is inflict$ only :]e ! conduction = ! dis*>ge is imp]fect4 ,a lightn+ conductor fulfils two functions3 x facilitates ! dis*>ge ( ! electricity to ! e>?1 s z to c>ry x (f h>mlessly1 & x t5ds to prev5t disruptive dis*>ge by sil5tly neutralis+ ! conditions :i* det]m9e su* dis*>ge 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! conductor4 ,to effect ! fir/ object a lightn+ conductor %\ld (f] a l9e ( dis*>ge m ne>ly p]fect1 & m accessible1 ?an any o!r (f]$ by ! mat]ials or cont5ts ( ! edifice we wi% to protect4 ,to effect ! second object ! conductor %\ld be surm\nt$ by a po9t or po9ts4 ,f9e po9ts & flames h ! prop]ty ( sl[ly & sil5tly dissipat+ ! electrical *>ges2 !y1 9 fact1 act z safety valves4 ,if all ^! conditions be fulfill$2 if ! po9ts be high en\gh to be ! mo/ sali5t features ( ! build+ no matt] f :at direction ! /orm cl\d may come1 be ( ample dim5sions & 9 ?or\ghly p]fect electrical connection ) ! e>?1 ! edifice ) all t x conta9s w be safe1 & ! conductor might ev5 be surr\nd$ by gunp[d] 9 ! heavie/ /orm )\t risk or dang]4 ,all accid5ts may be said to be due to a neglect ( ^! simple elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,! mo/ frequ5t s\rces ( failure are conductors defici5t ei!r 9 numb]1 height1 or conductivity1 bad jo9ts1 or bad e>? connections4 ,!re is no au!ntic case on record :]e a prop]ly-con/ruct$ conductor fail$ to d its duty4 ,,section ,,ii4--,a ,/atem5t ( ^? features 9 ! con/ruction & erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 respect+ :i* !re has be51 or is1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & ! f9al decision ( ! ,conf]5ce !reupon4 ,po9ts4 ,mat]ial = ,conductor4 ,size ( ,rod4 ,%ape ( ,rod4 7,rods1 ,tubes1 ,tape1 ,rope1 ,plait47 ,jo9ts4 ,protection ( ,rod4 ,atta*m5t to ,build+4 ,e>? ,plates4 ,space ,protect$4 ,height ( ,upp] ,t]m9al4 ,te/+ ,conductors4 ,int]nal ,masses ( ,metal4 ,ext]nal ,masses ( ,metal4 ,,po9ts4--,/>t+ ) ! extreme top1 we h fir/ to deal ) ! "q ( po9ts4 ,! utility ( po9ts 0 hotly conte/$ r m ?an a c5tury s9ce1 & an ab/ract ( ! discussion w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,f1 page 7#gi71 & diff]5ce ( op9ion /ill exi/s z to _! precise functions & value4 ,! decision z to ! be/ =m ( po9ts is complicat$ by two oppos+ requirem5ts 7#a71 ! %>p] ! po9t ! m rapid ! sil5t dis*>ge ( electricity1 &1 !re=e1 ! m effective ! conductor2 b 7#b7 ! %>p] ! po9t ! m easily is x de/roy$ by oxidation1 or fus$1 %\ld a heavy disruptive dis*>ge fall ^u x4 ,attempts h be5 made by ! use ( gold1 silv]1 & plat9um1 to obta9 a %>p po9t :i* %\ld n only be durable1 b1 ow+ to its high melt+ po9t1 resi/ fusion by a disruptive dis*>ge4 ,b su* metals are v exp5sive1 & ! /atem5ts 9 ,app5dix ,f1 pages 7#fg1 #fi1 #gc1 #ajc1 #abc1 #abh1 & #aci7 prove t ev5 plat9um po9ts are (t5 damag$4 ,copp] po9ts ^: sectional area is less ?an #je ( a squ>e in* are v liable to be melt$4 ,lightn+ has ev5 fus$ a copp] rod #aj sq4 94 9 sectional area1 i4e41 #jce 94 9 diamet]1 & !re are _m rods /ill /&+ ( :i* ! extremity has be5 melt$ into a button or knob4 ,= ^! reasons x seems be/ to sep>ate ! d\ble functions ( ! po9t1 prolong+ ! upp] t]m9al to ! v summit1 & m]ely bevell+ x (f1 s t1 if a disruptive dis*>ge does take place1 ! full conduct+ p[] ( ! rod may be ready to receive x1 &1 !re=e1 t !re may be no risk ( melt$ p>ticles ( metal sett+ fire to ! build+1 z has occurr$4 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#ic74 ,at ! same "t1 hav+ reg>d to ! importance ( sil5t dis*>ge f %>p po9ts1 we sugge/ t at "o foot bel[ ! extreme top ( ! upp] t]m9al !re be firmly atta*$1 by screws & sold]1 a copp] r+1 be>+ ?ree or f\r copp] ne$les1 ea* #f in*es long & tap]+ f in* diamet] to z f9e a po9t z c be made2 & ) ! object ( r5d]+ ! %>pness z p]man5t z possible1 we advise t !y be plat9iz$1 gild$1 or nickel plat$4 ,vanes1 f9ials1 & ornam5tal ironwork s frequ5tly =m ! upp] portion ( edifices1 t x is ess5tial to consid] _! relation to ! conductor4 ,!y %\ld always be 9 p]fect metallic connection ) ! conductor4 ,! possibility ( su* metal "w induc+ ! *>ge to des]t ! conductor = "s o!r pa? is sometimes sugge/$1 b x c\ld n happ5 unless ! conductor 7 out ( ord]1 e4g41 ( inadequate conduct+ p[]1 or _h an imp]fect e>?-contact4 ,) respect to factory *imneys1 a diff]5t practice prevails 9 ,engl& f t :i* is ne>ly univ]sal on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry "o /raight rod is usually c>ri$ up on "o side ( ! *imney to a height above ! top ab\t equal to ! diamet] ( ! *imney4 ,on ! ,cont95t two ar*es ( iron are put crosswise ov] ! ap]ture ( ! *imney1 & a v]tical rod is c>ri$ up f ! int]section4 ,9 bo? sy/ems ! upp] t]m9al suff]s f ! corrod+ effect ( ! fumes f ! *imney4 ,dr4 ,mann ?\ght1 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#acb71 t consid]+ ! ready pa? = lightn+ af=d$ by ! heat$ smoke dis*>g$ f *imneys1 a coronal conductor %\ld be plac$ ^u !m1 z well z a multiple po9t4 ,messrs4 ,gray say1 p4 7#i73 8,= high *imney %afts we fit a copp] b& r\nd ! top1 & f\r po9ts !reon connect$ to ma9 d[n rod40 ,! ,ed9burgh ,gas ,works *imney1 #cda feet high & #ad feet across at ! top1 0 fitt$ ) a conductor "u ! advice ( ,f>aday1 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#hi74 ,x _h an iron plate on ! top2 ,f>aday direct$ t ! rod %\ld be connect$ ) ?is plate1 & ! upp] t]m9al %\ld rise v]tically #f feet above x4 ,we are ( op9ion t a coronal or copp] b&1 ) /\t copp] po9ts1 ea* ab\t #a ft4 long1 at int]vals ( #b or #c ft4 ?r\gh\t ! circumf]5ce1 w make ! mo/ durable & g5]ally useful protector = a factory *imney1 b ^! po9ts %\ld be gild$ or o!rwise protect$ aga9/ corrosion4 ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,conductor4--,iron & copp] are practically ! only two metals :i* ne$ consid]ation2 brass1 :i* has sometimes be5 us$ is s p]i%able t its employm5t is a self-evid5t error4 ,we w assume ! conductivity ( equal l5g?s & weights ( iron to be1 9 ! case ( /eady curr5ts ( electricity1 ? t ( copp]1 & ! co/ ( iron to be ? t ( copp]1 ?is w\ld make ! co/ ( copp] = equal conduct+ p[] #if?s1 or #ej p] c5t4 de>] ?an iron4 ,b !re are o!r matt]s to be consid]$3 7#a7 ! great weight & bulk ( iron rods2 7#b7 _! det]ioration by ru/2 7#c7 ! s]i\s ob/ruction (f]$ by a ru/y jo9t2 7#d7 ! sudd5ness ( lightn+ dis*>ge :i* modifies ! conductivity2 & la/ly1 t iron is s mu* m rigid ?an copp] t 7except 9 ! =m ( iron wire rope1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]7 x c r>ely be us$ 9 great] l5g?s ?an #bj feet1 & ?us num]\s jo9ts become necess>y1 :]eas e ne$less jo9t %\ld be avoid$4 ,z reg>ds galvaniz+1 we ?9k x sc>cely judici\s to tru/ entirely to x = protection aga9/ oxidation1 = _m in/ances ( imp]fect galvaniz+ h come to our k4 ,on ! o!r h& copp] becomes brittle1 n only :5 expos$ to ! air1 b also by ! passage ?r\gh x ( p[]ful *>ges ( atmosph]ic electricity4 ,frankl9 us$ iron1 & x is employ$ 9 ,am]ica & on ! ,cont95t mu* m g5]ally ?an copp]1 & x is less tempt+ to ! ?ief4 ,nev]!less1 z ! co/ ( erection be>s a consid]able ratio to ! co/ ( ! rod itself1 & z iron possesses ! disadvantages above /at$1 we ?9k t 9 all ord9>y cases a copp] rod w 9 ! end prove ! *eape/1 z x w c]ta9ly be ! mo/ durable4 ,,size ,,( ,,rod4--,?is is p]haps ! mo/ difficult subject :i* has to be det]m9$4 ,we greatly regret ! %ortness ( ,table ,i4 9 ,app5dix ,k2 b we ?9k t x mu/ be assum$ f x t lightn+ has fus$ a copp] rod #aj 94 7?7 9 area1 i4e41 weigh+ #f ounces to ! foot4 ,we h also ! ,cat]ham case1 ,app5dix ,i1 p4 7#bad71 :]e a copp] tube weigh+ #e ounces p] foot 0 heat$ to r$ness4 ,! sav+ ( co/ :i* might be effect$ by us+1 = v l[ build+s1 r slight] rods ?an = ord9>y edifices is n wor? consid]+4 ,9 a #cj feet rod x c\ld h>dly am\nt to #ajs4 ,we !re=e recomm5d z ! m9imum to be us$3-- ,mat]ial4 ,patt]n4 ,diamet]4 ,sectional ,area ( ,metal4 ,weight p] foot4 94 sq4 94 ,copp] ,rope #aj #f oz4 ,copp] ,r\nd ,rod #aa #g oz4 ,copp] ,tape #ji #f oz4 ,iron ,r\nd ,rod #i_/aj #fd #ce oz4 ,,%ape ,,( ,,rod4--,?is dep5ds ^u a subject :i* until lately 0 w>mly discuss$1 viz41 ^u ! relative importance ( ! sectional area1 & ( ! sup]ficial area ( a conductor2 a matt] :i* has be5 ! subject ( active discussion among electrical au?orities4 ,f>aday & ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris1 = example1 held diametrically opposite views respect+ x4 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#hi71 & ,i1 p4 7#aie74 ,!re is abundant & conclusive evid5ce t 9 ! case ( /eady electric curr5ts1 conductivity dep5ds ^u sectional area alone1 & n at all ^u ext5t ( surface1 & exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,preece & ,dr4 ,w>r5 ,de la ,rue t5d to %[ t1 9 ! case ( sudd5 dis*>ges f cond5s]s1 to :i* lightn+ dis*>ges are probably analog\s1 ! influ5ce ( =m is n consid]able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is equally conclusive evid5ce t ! facility ) :i* curr5ts ( %ort duration pass ?r\gh conductors is affect$ by ! =m & arrangem5t1 z well z by ! sectional area ( ! conductors4 ,^u ! :ole we agree ) ! op9ion quot$ bel[1 f a writ] recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a high au?ority on lightn+ conductors1 :o1 aft] describ+ & engrav+ m ?an fifty patt]ns ( rods1 says#a3-- ,footnote #a3 ,spang1 8,a ,practical ,treatise on ,lightn+ ,protection10 p4 #aba4 8,! alleg$ improvem5ts 9 ! said conductors are1 9 ne>ly all cases1 wor?less1 or ( a trifl+ & unimportant "*4 ,! fact is1 ! said conductors are q inf]ior1 & conta9 no ess5tial improvem5t ^u ! ord9>y r\nd iron rod us$ dur+ ! days ( ,frankl940 ,9 ,europe ! only =ms at all g5]ally employ$ are3-- ,rods 7r\nd or squ>e72 ,tubes2 ,tape2 ,ropes 7wire1 or wire ) hemp c5tres72 ,plait4 ,rods 7r\nd or squ>e74--,! advantages & disadvantages ( rods are easily /at$4 ,! advantages are _! durability & _! rigidity1 ! latt] be+ ( importance = long upp] t]m9als4 ,! disadvantages are ! necessity = num]\s jo9ts1 & ! difficulty ( avoid+ s]i\s disfigurem5t to ! build+ to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,tubes h mu* ! same m]its & dem]its1 ) ! additional objection t !y are necess>ily ( l>g] diamet] ?an solid rods1 & !re=e m conspicu\s4 ,!y h also an additional disadvantage 9 t !y are g5]ally jo9$ toge!r by screw coll>s4 ,! cutt+ ( ! ?read 9 ! tube s]i\sly dim9i%es ! sectional area1 & ! jo9t s made is electrically defective4 ,if tubes are us$1 ! jo9ts %\ld be made z direct$ 9 ! code ( rules "u ! head ( jo9ts4 ,tape is a =m ( rod :i* is ( comp>atively rec5t introduction1 & possesses _m advantages4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! l5g? :i* c be suppli$ 9 a s+le piece4 ,:]e1 z at ! junction ) an upp] t]m9al1 a jo9t is ne$$1 x is easily made by clamp+ or rivett+ ! two surfaces toge!r & !n imb$d+ ! :ole 9 a mass ( sold]4 ,no k9d ( c\pl+ kn[n to u is1 9 our op9ion1 equal to ?is v simple "o4 ,ow+ to ! flexibility ( ! tape x c be made to foll[ closely ! outl9es ( a build+1 or may be c\nt]sunk 9 x1 & pa9t$ ov]1 b1 z /at$ fur!r on1 abrupt b5ds %\ld be avoid$1 & ! precautions & in/ruction set =? on page #ah %\ld be foll[$4 ,! objections to tape1 ,app5dix ,a1 pages 7#e7 & 7#af7 w be f\nd to be objections1 n to tape p] se1 b to bad practice on ! "p ( "s p]sons :o h fitt$ x up & avail$ !mselves unduly ( its flexibility4 ,ropes4--,= _m ye>s pa/ rope con/ruct$ ( twi/$ /r&s ( copp] or ( iron wires has be5 l>gely employ$ = lightn+ rods4 ,!re is on record a v rem>kable case ( ! complete de/ruction ( a brass wire rope1 an ev5t :i*1 if x _h be5 repeat$1 might ju/ly h be5 reg>d$ z a s]i\s objection to ! use ( ropes4 ,?is case is fully report$ 9 ,app5dix ,f1 pages 7#fb-fc72 & f x "s ,fr5* electricians h conclud$ t lightn+ may s+le out "s wires f a rope & travel along !m 9 pref]5ce to ! re/1 ev5 :5 ! :ole ( !m are h>dly suffici5t to give x a free passage4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! explanation1 ?is accid5t seems to be unique1 & ev5 if we accept ! explanation giv51 ! only extra precaution :i* x calls =1 is ! sold]+ ( ea* extremity ( ! sev]al wires =m+ ! rod1 & at e jo9t1 into a s+le mass4 ,we agree ) ,m4 ,borrel 9 ?9k+ t s]i\s evil arises f us+ wire ( too small diamet]1 :i* involves an additional numb] ( int]/ices = ! lodgem5t ( dirt1 smoke1 & wat]1 & at ! same "t r5d]s ! wires too ?9 effectually to resi/ oxidation4 ,we h _h be=e u rope 94 9 diamet]1 compos$ ( #di /r&s ( a copp] wire ab\t ,no4 #ai ,b4,w4,g41 say #jjd 94 9 diamet]4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o firm speaks ( employ+ ,no4 #aj ,b4,w4,g41 i4e4 #jad 94 diamet]1 & 9 special cases ,nos4 #h & ev5 #g1 :i* w\ld be ab\t #jag 94 & #jai 94 diamet] respectively3 ^! w\ld n be op5 to ! objection we h rais$4 ,! objection to ?9 wires is necess>ily great] ) iron ropes1 ev5 if galvaniz$1 ?an ) copp]1 = irrespective ( ! d\bt z to ! p]fect galvaniz+ ( e "p1 !re is ! great] brittl5ess1 & consequ5t risk ( damage f defective cont9uity4 ,ropes ) ,hemp ,c5tres4--,"o ,engli% firm s5t u a specim5 ( #f-/r& copp] rope ) a hemp core1 & we und]/& t ! same patt]n is occasionally us$ bo? 9 iron & copp] 9 ,france4 ,we d n "k ! precise object aim$ at--probably flexibility--b consid]+ ! p]i%abl5ess ( su* a core1 its v>iation 9 l5g? ) ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air1 & its inv>iability :5 ! copp] is v>y+ ) temp]ature1 we _c reg>d x z a wise con/ruction4 ,plait4--,?is =m ( rod 0 probably design$ 9 ! belief t ! ess5tial elem5t 9 a lightn+ rod 0 pl5ty ( surface4 ,x is made 9 two sizes1 ) copp] wire1 ab\t ,no4 #af ,b4,w4,g41 plait$ into a sort ( ribbon4 ,x invites oxidation z mu* z is possible1 & is 9 our op9ion nei!r durable nor tru/wor?y4 ,! orig9al =m ( ?is rod 0 ridicul\sly bad2 = x consi/$ ( #ac copp] wires & #a z9c "o4 ,e "t t x became wet1 feeble electric action 0 set up1 & ! z9c wire 0 gradually de/roy$1 )\t ! slighte/ b5efit to anybody4 ,,jo9ts4--,! mo/ fruitful s\rces ( dang] 9 rods are bad jo9ts1 n necess>ily ^? t are me*anically bad1 b ^? t are s electrically4 ,a jo9t is said to be electrically bad :5 x (f]s resi/ance to ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh x4 ,!re %\ld be no resi/ance :atev]4 ,a c>eful inspection by ,capt4 ,bucknill1 ,r4,e4 7,app5dix ,m1 p4 #bdc71 has prov$ t bad jo9ts 9 lightn+ rods are v abundant1 ?\gh !y appe> p]fectly s\nd2 & ev]yone :o has measur$ ! electrical condition ( conductors confirms ?is fact4 ,bad jo9ts h ! same effect z l5g!n+ ! conductor2 &1 9 "o case1 "o bad jo9t 0 f\nd to h ! same effect on a dis*>ge ( electricity z a conductor #a1ijj miles long4 ,x is evid5t t su* rods may be worse ?an useless1 = o!r p>ts ( ! build+ may (f] easi] pa?s = ! dis*>ge to ! e>?4 ,if ! jo9t be imp]fect1 & ! rod convey a *>ge to e>?1 heat w be g5]at$ at ! jo9t1 ! rod may be fus$1 & ! dis*>ge be div]t$ to ! build+4 ,screw$1 sc>f$1 & rivett$ jo9ts1 h[ev] well !y may be made me*anically1 are c]ta9 to ru/ & corrode 9 "t1 ow+ to ! expansions & contractions due to *anges ( temp]ature admitt+ moi/ure1 & ?us caus+ corrosion & resi/ance4 ,no jo9t c possibly be electrically p]fect t is n metallically cont9u\s1 & c>eful sold]+1 9 addition to screw+1 sc>f+1 or rivett+1 is ! only c]ta9 mode ( secur+ ?is4 ,sold]+ is a me?od t has borne ! te/ ( exp]i5ce1 & its success z a means ( secur+ p]fect jo9ts leaves no excuse = its omission4 ,! few] jo9ts ! bett]1 b :]e !re are jo9ts !y c only be made electrically secure by c>eful sold]+4 ,,protection ,,( ,,rod4--,! l[] "p ( copp] rods is sometimes /ol5 = ! sake ( ! metal4 ,?is c be gu>d$ aga9/ by putt+ x inside a l5g? ( iron gas-b>rel1 ext5d+ f "s di/ance bel[ gr\nd to #aj ft4 above x4 ,,pa9t+4--,iron conductors1 ev5 if !y are galvaniz$1 %\ld be pa9t$ ?r\gh\t1 except at ! po9ts1 :i* %\ld be gild$ or nickel-plat$4 ,9 ,france & ,belgium pa9t+ is resort$ to to a consid]able ext5t1 & ! practice 0 recomm5d$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry1 & foll[$ v l>gely 9 ,am]ica4 ,app5dix ,f1 pages 7#ii7 & 7#aac74 ,,atta*m5t ,,to ,,build+s4--,! evid5ce aga9/ ! use ( glass or o!r mat]ial 9 ord] to insulate ! conductor1 is ov]:elm+1 & insulation may be reg>d$ z unnecess>y & mis*iev\s4 ,! ess5tials are 7#a7 t ! rod be atta*$ to ! build+ by fa/5+s ( ! same metal z itself1 7#b7 t ! fa/5+s be ( adequate /r5g?1 7#c7 t !y be ( su* =m z n to compress or di/ort ! rod1 7#d7 t !y all[ play = its expansion & contraction1 7#e7 t !y hold x firmly en\gh to prev5t all ! weight fall+ on any "o be>+4 ,:]e practicable x is well to take ! rod d[n t face ( ! h\se :i* is mo/ expos$ to ra94 ,,e>? ,,plates4--,?is portion ( ! lightn+ conductor is ( ! utmo/ importance1 b has hi!rto be5 ! mo/ neglect$4 ,! majority ( cases 9 :i* lightn+ has caus$ injury v ne> to or ^u conductors are traceable to ^? conductors hav+ imp]fect e>? t]m9als4 ,we "k ( _m cases 9 :i* ! e>? t]m9als h be5 mis]ably imp]fect1 or entirely neglect$1 :5 ! above-gr\nd portion has be5 p]fectly satisfactory4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh x may be admitt$ t ! case f\nd by ,dr4 ,mann1#b ( ! lightn+ rod ( a *ur* t[]1 ! l[] end ( :i* 0 ?ru/ into an empty glass bottle1 is an exceptionally bad "o2 yet !re are sadly too _m1 ( :i* ! ,middlesboro' case1 ,app5dix ,i1 page 7#bag7 is a p]fectly fair type4 ,footnote #b3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ,met4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dbj4 ,a conv5i5t e>? connection is (t5 af=d$ 9 t[ns by ! iron ma9s = gas & wat]--argum5ts bo? = & aga9/ ! utilisation ( bo? wat] & gas ma9s w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix--we1 !re=e1 ne$ only /ate our op9ion 9 fav\r ( connection ) bo?4 ,b no connection %\ld ev] be made ) s(t metal pipes1 because ( ! risk ( _! fusion2 & ! conductor %\ld be kept z f> z possible f int]nal gas pipes on acc\nt ( ! risk ( light+ ! gas at an imp]fect jo9t4 ,z a g5]al rule we advise ! sold]+ ( a plate ( metal1 copp] to copp]1 iron to iron1 to ! l[] end ( ! conductor4 ,! e>? plate %\ld always be ( ! same metal z ! rod1 o!rwise de/ructive galvanic action sets 94 ,?is plate1 :i* may be flat or cyl9drical1 mu/ n h less surface ?an #ah squ>e feet1 i4e41 #i squ>e feet on ea* face2 !re is no advantage 9 not*+ or po9t+ x4 ,a hole mu/ be dug1 or well sunk1 to receive ?is plate1 & ! hole mu/ be s deep t ! e>? surr\nd+ ! plate %all nev] be dry4 ,any available dra9 or o!r wat] %\ld be all[$ to soak into ! e>?1 ov] ! site ( ! plate4 ,aft] ! hole has be5 dug1 & ! plate l[]$ into position1 x %\ld be fill$ ) c9d]s1 or coke4 ,9 extremely dry rocky localities1 x is sometimes impossible to fulfil ^! conditions3 !n ! be/ ?+ to d is to bury ?ree or f\r hundr$weight ( iron at ! foot ( ! conductor1 /ill us+ ! e>? plate & ! coke1 & tak+ especial c>e t ! ra9-wat] & s9k pipes dis*>ge ov] x4 ,all dra9s1 wat]-c\rses1 9 fact1 ev]y?+ :i* w assi/ 9 di/ribut+ ! *>ge ov] a l>ge ext5t ( moi/ e>? %\ld be utiliz$ by lead+ bran*es f ! e>? plate to !m1 or a long l5g? ( ! rod may be laid 9 a dra9 if x be "o :i* w be con/antly wet4 ,,space ,,protect$4--,! "q z to ! ext5t ( ! space :i* w probably be protect$ by a lightn+ rod is "o :i* is ( v great practical importance1 because x gov]ns ! numb] & height ( ! upp] t]m9als :i* are requir$ = ! protection ( any giv5 build+4 ,! index to ! ,app5dix %[s t 8,protection1 ,area (10 is discuss$ ^u tw5ty-n9e pages 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,app5dix4 ,x has be5 laid d[n t ! space protect$ 0 a cone1 hav+ ! po9t = its apex1 & a base ^: radius 0 equal to twice ! height ( ! po9t1 :ile ! late/ ,fr5* (ficial in/ructions1 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#fg71 /ate t a po9t w 8effectively protect a cone hav+ ! po9t = its apex1 & a base ^: radius is #age ( its height40 ,! ,engli% ,w> ,dep>tm5t in/ructions consid]ably r$uce ?is space by ass]t+1 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#ga71 t 8no precise limit c be fix$ to ! protect+ p[] ( conductors4 ,9 ,engl& ! base ( ! protect$ cone is usually assum$ to h a radius equal to ! height f ! gr\nd2 b ?\gh ?is may be suffici5tly correct = practical purposes1 x _c always be reli$ ^u40#c ,footnote #c3 ,on page 7#if7 two in/ances are record$ 9 :i*1 if ! evid5ce c be tru/$1 ! /roke fell )9 a radius equal to ! height1 b x is only "r to say t ! facts are n v cle>ly record$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* illu/rative ( area ( protection ,accord+ to ?is rule1 ! *ur* ( ,/e4 ,croix 7see ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#ada771 w\ld require f\r upp] t]m9als1 "o on /eeple1 "o on *ancel1 & "o 9 ! middle ( ea* half ( ! transept4 ,f !oretical consid]ations /at$ by ,mr4 ,preece1 ,app5dix ,f1 p4 7#acg71 he arrives at ! conclusion t 8,a lightn+ rod protects a conic space ^: height is ! l5g? ( ! rod1 ^: base is a circle hav+ its radius equal to ! height ( ! rod1 & ^: side is ! quadrant ( a circle1 ^: radius is equal to ! height ( ! rod40 ,at pres5t we h n suffici5t data to enable u !oretically to calculate ! space protect$ by a lightn+ rod1 & !re=e we are compell$ to draw up our rules ^u ! "q entirely f exp]i5ce1 & "h we f9d1 t ) ! d\btful exceptions already m5tion$1 !re is no record$ in/ance ( a build+ be+ /ruck by lightn+ )9 a conical space1 ! radius ( ^: base 0 equal to its height1 & we ?9k t ! adoption ( ?is rule may reasonably be expect$ to yield t security 9 ! future1 :i* z f> z we "k1 x has done 9 ! pa/4 ,,height ,,( ,,upp] ,,t]m9al4--,?is matt] is "o :i* may be left entirely to ! option ( individual ar*itects & eng9e]s1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! op9ions express$ "u ! head+ 8,space ,protect$40 ,9 ,france extremely long tiges1 or upp] t]m9als1 g5]ally #cc feet long1 are us$2 b x is obvi\s t !y are necess>ily v /rong & heavy1 & bo? by _! weight & by ! great lev]age :i* !y ex]t :5 !re is any w9d1 !y mu/ produce s]i\s vibrations 9 ! ro(4 ,9 ,engl& hi!rto ! opposite error is almo/ univ]sal1 & we seldom see a conductor c>ri$ high en\gh to protect all ! build+ to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! "q ( appe>ance comes 9 "h1 b conc]n+ x we ne$ only rem>k t :ile 9 ,engl& c>e seems g5]ally tak5 to conceal ! conductors1 9 ,france !y are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 made features ( ! edifice4 ,) a prop] ex]cise ( ta/e1 ! t]m9als ( ! lightn+ conductors c be made to assi/ ! ornam5tation ( ! build+1 z has be5 done 9 _m cases4 ,,te/+ ,,conductors4--,p]iodical exam9ation & c>eful te/+ ( ! lightn+ conductor are requisite to ma9ta9 ! sy/em 9 effici5t ord]4 ,po9ts w corrode f oxidation & fusion2 jo9ts w get loose & bad ?r\gh ! action ( wea!r & workm52 connections w decay bo? above & bel[ gr\nd2 imp]fections w develope !mselves2 alt]ations w be made by l&lords & t5ants2 &1 9 spite ( e precaution dur+ erection1 ! conductor w ?us lose its effici5cy if x be n ma9ta9$ 9 ?or\gh ord]4 ,= ?is purpose inspection %\ld be bo? visual & electrical4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! electrical exam9ation ( ! conductor1 "s firms h erect$ a d\ble rod1 connect$ ) "o upp] t]m9al1 "o on ea* side ( a *imney or %aft2 ?is is a v effici5t arrangem5t1 = x provides a means = te/+ f ! gr\nd4 ,x has also be5 propos$ to c>ry an insulat$ wire alongside or ev5 )9 ! rod1 connect$ to ! t]m9al at ! top1 & to ! te/+ app>atus at ! bottom4 ,a te/+ app>atus has be5 devis$ by ,mr4 ,&]son 7,lightn+ ,conductors1 p4 #fj74 ,m4 ,borrell1 ,app5dix ,k1 p4 7#bbf71 ,capta9 ,bucknill1 ,r4,e41 ,app5dix ,m1 p4 7#bdd71 & ,mr4 ,vyle1 ,app5dix ,m1 p4 7#bdd71 h also introduc$ app>atus = ! purpose4 ,! sy/em 9 use 9 ,p>is1 ,app5dix ,k1 p4 7#bbe71 & ,m1 p4 7#bde71 is p]haps ! simple/ & *eape/1 & is effective z reg>ds te/+ ! effici5cy ( ! conductor1 b n t ( ! e>? connection4 ,! effici5cy bo? ( ! conductor & ( its e>? t]m9al %\ld be annually te/$4 ,z ?is te/+ involves "s skill & famili>ity ) electrical app>atus x w\ld be advantage\s if "s compet5t p]son 7 (ficially appo9t$1 ei!r by ! gov]nm5t or by "s recognis$ au?ority1 to p]=m ?is duty4 ,,int]nal ,,masses ,,( ,,metal4--,all l>ge & long masses ( metal1 su* z beams1 gird]s1 pipes1 hot wat] sy/ems1 & l>ge v5tilators fix$ 9 ! int]ior ( build+s1 %\ld be electrically connect$ ) ! e>?1 or ) ! conductor2 b ! s(t metal gas pipes %\ld nev] be us$ z conductors4 ,! inlet & outlet pipes ( l>ge met]s %\ld always be1 indep5d5tly ( ! met]1 electrically connect$ ) ea* o!r1 = two rem>kable cases ( ! explosion ( a met] h occurr$ ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( a jo9t 9 ! pipe electrically bad ow+ to ! use ( ,india-rubb] pack+4 ,app5dix ,m1 p4 7#bci74 ,,ext]nal ,,masses ,,( ,,metal4--,l>ge con/ructive & decorative ironwork1 su* z gutt]+1 fla%+s1 rail+s1 f9ials1 vanes1 c41 & all masses ( metals us$ 9 build+1 %\ld be connect$ to ea* o!r1 & to ! e>? direct1 or to ! conductor4 ,9 fact1 ! gutt]s & wat] pipes are already frequ5tly utiliz$ z a p>tially protective sy/em4 ,! v5tilators ( soil pipes may also be employ$ 9 ?is way1 & ev5 made sightly by ! addition ( an ornam5tal f9ial fitt$ ) po9ts1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! jo9ts are metallic & n made ) r$ lead or putty2 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! conductivity ( lead is v small1 s t undue reliance mu/ n be plac$ ^u pipes made ( t metal4 ,,section ,,iii4--,code ( ,rules = ! ,erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 ,! foll[+ ,code ( ,rules %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to 9 draw+ out a specification = a ,lightn+ ,conductor1 ! reasons = ea* be+ giv5 9 ! previ\s ,sections & 9 ! ,app5dix3-- ,po9ts4--,! po9t ( ! upp] t]m9al %\ld n be %>p1 n %>p] ?an a cone ( :i* ! height is equal to ! radius ( its base4 ,b a foot l[] d[n a copp] r+ %\ld be screw$ & sold]$ on to ! upp] t]m9al1 9 :i* r+ %\ld be fix$ ?ree or f\r %>p copp] po9ts1 ea* ab\t #f 94 long4 ,x is desirable t ^! po9ts be s plat9iz$1 gild$1 or nickel plat$ z to resi/ oxidation4 ,upp] ,t]m9als4--,! numb] ( conductors or po9ts to be specifi$ w dep5d ^u ! size ( ! build+1 ! mat]ial ( :i* x is con/ruct$1 & ! comp>ative height ( ! sev]al p>ts4 ,no g5]al rule c be giv5 = ?is2 b ! ar*itect mu/ be guid$ by ! directions giv5 at pp4 #ab to #ad4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d t ev5 ord9>y *imney /acks1 :5 expos$1 %\ld be protect$ by %ort t]m9als connect$ to ! ne>e/ rod1 inasmu* z accid5ts (t5 occur ow+ to ! good conduct+ p[] ( ! heat$ air & soot 9 a *imney 7p4 #b74 ,insulators4--,! rod is n to be kept f ! build+ by glass or o!r insulators1 b atta*$ to x by metal fa/5+s4 7,see p4 #aa47 ,fix+4--,rods %\ld pref]5tially be tak5 d[n ! side ( ! build+ :i* is mo/ expos$ to ra94 ,!y %\ld be held firmly1 b ! holdfa/s %\ld n be driv5 9 s tightly z to p9* ! rod1 or prev5t ! contraction & expansion produc$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,factory ,*imneys4--,^! %\ld h a copp] b& r\nd ! top1 & /\t1 %>p1 copp] po9ts1 ea* ab\t #a ft4 long1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree feet ?r\gh\t ! circumf]5ce1 & ! rod %\ld be connect$ ) all b&s & metallic masses 9 or ne> ! *imney4 7,see p4 #e47 ,oxidation ( ! po9ts mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,ornam5tal ,ironwork4--,all vanes1 f9ials1 ridge ironwork1 c41 %\ld be connect$ ) ! conductor1 & x is n absolutely necess>y to use any o!r po9t ?an t af=d$ by su* ornam5tal ironwork1 provid$ ! connection be p]fect & ! mass ( ironwork consid]able4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is risk ( d]angem5t ?r\gh repairs1 x is saf] to h an indep5d5t upp] t]m9al4 7,see p4 #d47 ,mat]ial = ,rod4--,copp]1 weigh+ n less ?an #f oz4 p] foot run1 & ! conductivity ( :i* is n less ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( t ( pure copp]1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( tape or rope ( /\t wires--no individual wire be+ less ?an ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 ,iron may be us$1 b %\ld n weigh less ?an #b lbs4 p] foot run4 7,see pp4 #e to #aj47 ,jo9ts4--,al?\gh electricity ( high t5sion w jump across bad jo9ts1 !y dim9i% ! efficacy ( ! conductor2 !re=e e jo9t1 besides be+ well clean$1 screw$1 sc>f$1 or rivett$1 %\ld be ?or\ghly sold]$4 7,see p4 #aj47 ,protection4--,copp] rods to ! height ( #aj feet above ! gr\nd %\ld be protect$ f injury & !ft1 by be+ enclos$ 9 an iron pipe rea*+ "s di/ance into ! gr\nd4 ,pa9t+4--,iron rods1 :e!r galvaniz$ or n1 %\ld be pa9t$2 copp] ones may be pa9t$ or n accord+ to ar*itectural requirem5ts4 ,curvature4--,! rod %\ld n be b5t abruptly r\nd %>p corn]s4 ,9 no case %\ld ! l5g? ( ! rod betwe5 two po9ts be m ?an half z long aga9 z ! /raight l9e jo9+ !m4 ,:]e a /r+ c\rse or o!r project+ /one "w w admit ( x1 ! rod may be c>ri$ /raight ?r\gh1 in/ead ( r\nd ! projection4 ,9 su* a case ! hole %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! conductor to pass freely1 & all[ = expansion1 c4 ,ext5sive ,masses ( ,metal4--,z f> z practicable x is desirable t ! conductor be connect$ to ext5sive masses ( metal1 su* z hot-wat] pipes1 c41 bo? int]nal & ext]nal2 b x %\ld be kept away f all s(t metal pipes1 & f int]nal gas-pipes ( e k9d1 respect+ :i* see page #ae4 ,*ur* ,bells inside well protect$ spires ne$ n be connect$4 ,e>? ,connection4--,x is ess5tial t ! l[] extremity ( ! conductor be buri$ 9 p]man5tly damp soil2 h5ce proximity to ra9-wat] pipes1 & to dra9s1 is desirable4 ,x is a v good plan to make ! conductor bifurcate close bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & adopt two ( ! foll[+ me?ods = secur+ ! escape ( ! lightn+ into ! e>?4 ,a /rip ( copp] tape may be l$ f ! bottom ( ! rod to ! ne>e/ gas or wat] ma9--n m]ely to a lead pipe--& be sold]$ to x2 or a tape may be sold]$ to a %eet ( copp] #c ft4 #c ft4 & #a_/af 94 ?ick1 buri$ 9 p]man5tly wet e>?1 & surr\nd$ by c9d]s or coke2 or _m y>ds ( ! tape may be laid 9 a tr5* fill$ ) coke1 tak+ c>e t ! surfaces ( copp] are1 z 9 ! previ\s cases1 n less ?an #ah squ>e feet4 ,:]e iron is us$ = ! rod1 a galvaniz$ iron plate ( simil> dim5sions %\ld be employ$4 ,inspection4--,be=e giv+ 8 f9al c]tificate1 ! ar*itect %\ld h ! conductor satisfactorily exam9$ & te/$ by a qualifi$ p]son1 z injury to x (t5 occurs up to ! late/ p]iod ( ! works f accid5tal causes1 & (t5 f ! c>elessness ( workm54 7,see p4 #ad47 ,colli]ies4--,und\bt$ evid5ce exi/s ( ! explosion ( fir$amp 9 colli]ies ?r\gh sp>ks f atmosph]ic electricity be+ l$ into ! m9e by ! wire ropes ( ! %aft & ! iron rails ( ! gall]ies4 ,h5ce ! headge> ( all %afts %\ld be protect$ by prop] lightn+ conductors4 7,sign$7 ,w4 ,,grylls ,,adams4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayrton4 ,,latim] ,,cl>k4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,dymond4 ,g4 ,,c>ey ,,fo/]4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,hughes4 ,t4 ,,hayt] ,,lewis4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons4 ,,john ,,:i*cord4 ,decemb] #ad?1 #ahha4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,circul> ,,& ,,que/ions ,,issu$ ,,to ,manufactur]s ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 ,,& ,,_! ,,replies ,,!reto4 ,,note4--,!re are only two po9ts requir+ m5tion respect+ ! foll[+ replies4 ,fir/1 t 9 ord] to avoid useless repetition ( ! que/ions1 ! answ]s are numb]$1 & ! correspond+ "q w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ circul>4 ,secondly1 t ! replies are v]batim1 z receiv$ f ! manufactur]s1 except t frequ5t entries w be f\nd 9 squ>e brackets1 e4g4 ,a #jaa 94 ,^! repres5t approximately ! sectional area ( ! conductors1 & are giv5 to facilitate ! comp>ison ( ! conduct+ capacities ( ! v v>i\s patt]ns submitt$ to ! ,conf]5ce4 ,,circul>4 ,,lightn+ ,,rod ,,conf]5ce4 #cj1 ,,great ,,george ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,novemb] #ad?1 #ahgh4 ,at ! invitation ( ! ,meteorological ,society delegates h be5 nom9at$ by ! foll[+ ,societies3 ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,physical ,society1 ,meteorological ,society1 to consid] ! pres5t modes ( erect+ ,lightn+ conductors1 & improvem5ts !re94 ,at a l>gely att5d$ meet+ held ?is day ,i 0 in/ruct$ to =w>d to y ! que/ions /at$ bel[1 & to reque/ y to =w>d ) y\r replies any rem>ks :i* y may wi% to lay be=e ! ,conf]5ce4 ,if y desire any specim5s to accompany y\r rem>ks1 ,i %all be glad if1 :5ev] possible1 !y d n exce$ five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,i am1 ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,secret>y to ! ,conf]5ce4 ,,que/ions4 7,x is reque/$ t ! replies be writt5 on foolscap pap]1 on "o side only1 & t !y be numb]$ 9 accordance ) ! que/ions47 #a4 ,=m1 dim5sions1 & mat]ial usually adopt$ by y = upp] t]m9als4 #b4 ,mat]ial & dim5sions ( conductor4 #c4 ,is any def9ite proportion betwe5 ! l5g? & sectional area ( ! conductor obs]v$1 & if any1 :at8 #d4 ,jo9ts1 h[ made4 #e4 ,atta*m5t to build+1 h[ made4 #f4 ,gr\nd connection1 h[ =m$1 & ( :at ext5t4 #g4 ,ext5t ( area suppos$ to be protect$4 #h4 ,if !re is m ?an "o t]m9al1 is ! size ( ! conductor increas$8 ,,replies4 #ci1 ,,wapp+1 ,,london1 ,e4 #a4 ,! upp] t]m9als are made ( a copp] tube in*es 9 diamet] & #a_/af in*es ?ick ,a4 #jaa 94 ,9 ! upp] end ( ! tube is fitt$ #ae in*es ( copp] rod tap]$ to a po9t at ! top1 into :i* is fix$ #c or m small] rods ab\t in* 9 diamet] ,a4 #jje 94 ea* tap]$ to a po9t1 & br\ght into ! p>5t rod 9 a curve 7n at an angle74 ,! next "p ( ! tube1 d[n to ab\t #i in*es f ! bottom1 is fill$ ) a /iff iron rod to /r5g!n x1 ! l[] end ( ! tube be+ left op5 to receive ! rope4 ,?is con/itutes :at is call$ 8! po9t40 ,^! po9ts v>y 9 l5g? f #b or #c to #h or #aj feet :5 us$ = build+s4 ,a squ>e-topp$ t[] w\ld require a mu* high] po9t ?an w\ld be necess>y = ! top ( a spire4 ,sometimes ! po9ts are tipp$ ) plat9um1 :i* we consid] to be altoge!r sup]flu\s4 #b4 ,! conductor is simply a wire rope1 v>y+ 9 size1 & mo/ly ei!r 1 1 or in*es 9 diamet] ,a4 #jaa1 #jbj1 or #jca 94 ,^! ropes are made 9 two diff]5t =ms3 ! "o in* diamet] ,a4 #jaa 941 mo/ suitable = %ips' use1 is compos$ ( #di ,no4 #ah guage copp] wires1 ea* wire hav+ a circumf]5cial measurem5t ( #aeg in*es ,a4 #jjjb 942 ! circumf]5cial or surface measurem5t ( ! :ole ( ! #di wires is equal to #efic in*es ,a4 #jaa 941 or say1 equal to ! surface ( a copp] b& #bhdf in*es wide--i4e41 measur+ bo? sides ( ! b&4 ,! o!r make1 say in* diamet] ,a4 #jbj 941 mu* us$ = l(ty build+s1 is compos$ ( #g ,no4 #g guage copp] wires1 ea* wire hav+ a circumf]5cial measurem5t ( #eha in*es ,a4 #jjbg 942 ! circumf]5cial or surface measurem5t ( ! #g wires is equal to #djfg in*es ,a4 #jai 941 or say equal to ! surface ( a copp] b& #bjcc in*es wide4 #c4 ,!re is no def9ite proportion obs]v$ betwe5 ! l5g? & sectional area ( ! conductor4 ,we take x t ! sectional area %\ld be ! same1 irrespective ( l5g?1 z we d n trace t lightn+ v>ies 9 int5sity :ile pass+ ?r\gh a conductor ( great] or less l5g?4 ,! r preval5t idea t a small] conductor is suffici5t = a l[ build+ is1 we ?9k1 errone\s1 z we d n f9d any data to %[ t lightn+ 9 its desc5t loses any portion ( its =ce until x actually ent]s ! e>?4 #d4 ,! copp] rope is jo9$ to ! upp] t]m9al by pass+ ! end ( ! rope into ! tube at ! l[] end ( ! t]m9al = ! space ( ab\t #i in*es1 & fix+ x ) #c copp] rivets4 ,!re is no o!r jo9 9 ! conductor :atev]--a feature ( mu* great] importance ?an is sometimes admitt$4 #e4 ,! upp] t]m9al is pass$ ?r\gh two /rong e>!nw>e insulators :i* are usually fix$ to ! build+ by two /rong galvaniz$ iron /aples4 ,o!r modes ( fix+ ! t]m9al mu/ sometimes be resort$ to1 z "s factory *imneys are capp$ ) iron1 & build+s ( v>i$ =ms mu/ be treat$ ) accord+ to circum/ances4 ,hav+ fix$ ! t]m9al1 ! rope may !n be l$ d[n ! build+ on ! mo/ conv5i5t side = ! purpose1 & fix$ at int]vals ( #f or #h ft41 accord+ to circum/ances1 ) glass insulators support$ by copp] brackets4 ,! rope %\ld be giv5 ! /raighte/ c\rse practicable f ! upp] po9t d[n to ! e>?1 c>efully avoid+ all angles1 specially an acute angle1 z mu* z possible1 & 9 its passage x %\ld be kept cle> f any o!r metal 9 ! build+4 ,!re are ?ree matt]s to :i* we w\ld call special att5tion1 viz43 ,insulators1 ,angles & ,jo9ts1 ,metal 9 ,build+4 ,insulators4--,:5 copp] rope lightn+ conductors 7 fir/ introduc$1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcg1 a circum/ance occurr$ :i* at once prov$ ! effici5cy ( ! conductor1 & sugge/$ ! use ( insulators4 ,! late ,mr4 ,&rew ,smi?1 ,c4,e41 _h fitt$ a factory *imney 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,london ) a rope conductor1 :i* 0 fix$ to ! *imney by iron /aples4 ,9 a viol5t /orm :i* occurr$ soon aft]w>ds1 ! lightn+ 0 se5 to pass d[n ! conductor1 :i* rema9$ unalt]$ 9 any way2 b on exam9+ ! *imney x 0 f\nd t ! brickwork _h receiv$ a concussion at mo/1 if n all1 ( ! /aples1 %[+ t ! lightn+ 9 pass+ _h exp5d$ "p ( its =ce on ! iron /aples4 ,x is probable t1 if ! /aples _h be5 made ( ?ick] iron1 & _h be5 s plac$ z to lead (f f ! conductor ) easy curves inw>ds1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 into ! wall at "r angles ) ! conductor1 ! concussions w\ld h be5 mu* m viol5t ?an 0 ! case4 ,angles & ,jo9ts4--,x mu/ be obvi\s to any "o t lightn+1 z well z any o!r matt] or ?+ :i* travels at high spe$1 w\ld be greatly ob/ruct$ 9 hav+ to turn corn]s4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t lightn+ is ( int5se heat1 & :ile pass+ 9 a /raight l9e ! effect ( its heat is lo/ 9 ! velocity ( its motion2 b 9 pass+ an angle its mom5t>y pause 7mu* too brief to be calculat$7 is sometimes en\gh to create suffici5t heat to fuse ! conductor at ! angle4 ,= ?is reason all angles mu/ be avoid$1 & easy curves hav+ a d[nw>d t5d5cy sub/itut$4 ,! angles 9 copp] tube conductors are d\bly objectionable1 =1 hav+ jo9s z well z angles1 !y are liable1 by ! effect ( heat1 to become disjo9t$4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to fit a tubul> conductor1 except 9 a /raight l9e f end to end1 )\t ?is d\ble objection4 ,simil> objections apply also1 9 a great] or less ext5t1 to ! copp] b& conductors1 z !y are made ) jo9s1 &1 :5 fix$ up1 are usually c>ri$ into & ov] z _m angles z come 9 _! way4 ,!y d n s readily foll[ all ! s9uosities ( a build+ z a rope does on ! curve pr9ciple4 ,! flat b& conductors1 :i* are compos$ ( a numb] ( galvaniz$ iron & copp] wires comb9$1 are simply a frivolity4 ,metal 9 ,build+s4--,tak+ ! conductivity ( copp] z f #g to #aj times great] ?an t ( iron1 x w\ld probably foll[1 t if two rods1 ! "o ( copp] ! o!r ( iron1 9 ^! proportionate sizes1 7 br\ght toge!r 9 "o common t]m9al or po9t1 & l$ by ! same c\rse to ! e>?1 z mu* ( ! fluid w\ld possibly pass d[n ! "o z ! o!r4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 we avoid contiguity ) any metal 9 a build+1 especially if 9 l>ge masses1 su* z ma*9]y1 c4 ,%ips' ,conductors4--,9 fitt+ ! rope conductor to a %ip's rigg+ x is only necess>y to pass x ?r\gh a hole 9 ! truck1 s t ! end may /& ab\t #f in*es above ! truck4 ,x may be held up by a p9 or key pass$ ?r\gh ! rope close ov] ! truck1 & !n c>ri$ d[n ! topgallant back/ay 7to :i* x %\ld be ti$ at int]vals ) y>n7 to ! gunwale1 :]e a suffici5t l5g? ( ! conductor %\ld be kept 9 a coil to rea* well d[n into ! sea 9 any position ( ! %ip4 ,9 /ormy wea!r ! coil may be unti$1 & by its own weight ! end w drop d[n into ! sea z requir$4 ,sometimes ! rope is %ackl$ at ! gunwale to a /rip ( %eet copp] ab\t #c in*es wide1 :i* is nail$ d[n ! %ip's side till x meets ! %ea?+ at ! bottom4 ,! /rip ( copp] %\ld ov]lay ! %ea?+ = a few in*es4 ,x may be notic$ t ?is k9d ( conductor1 fitt$ ) a coil at ! gunwale1 is )\t any jo9 :atev]1 & t x takes almo/ a /raight c\rse direct f ! truck into ! wat]4 ,! copp] b& conductors let into ! ma/ & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! hull ( ! %ip are objectionable & unsafe1 z1 9 pass+ f ea* portion ( ! ma/1 !y require moveable jo9ts1 s z to admit ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ma/ be+ run up or d[n z requir$4 ,^! jo9ts pres5t angul> int]ruptions :i* may become out ( ord]1 &1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! hull1 any rupture ( ! b& 9 t "p1 or ! contiguity ( o!r metals1 may cause s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re c be no necessity = c>ry+ ! lightn+ ?r\gh ! %ip :51 by a saf] & mu* m simple me?od1 x may be kept altoge!r outside4 ,9 ! small] vessels1 :]e ! ma9ma/ is well above ! o!r ma/s1 x may be suffici5t = t ma/ only to be fitt$ ) a conductor1 b 9 l>g] %ips1 p>ticul>ly long /eam-%ips1 :]e ! ma/s are a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 ea* ma/ %\ld h a conductor4 ,we d n1 ei!r 9 !ory or 9 practice1 "k any necessity = protect+ ! y>ds ) conductors1 ?\gh x is n altoge!r improbable t1 9 ! abs5ce ( conductors on ! ma/s1 ! y>ds might get damag$ :ile ! ma/s rema9 un9jur$4 #f4 ,! end ( ! rope %\ld be buri$ 9 moi/ e>?1 & c>ri$ 9 a curve to #e or #f feet f ! f\ndation4 ,9 clay gr\nd & on ! %ady side ( a build+ ab\t #c feet bel[ ! surface w\ld be deep en\gh2 b 9 light] gr\nd1 & p>ticul>ly on ! sunny side1 x %\ld be buri$ #f or #g feet deep1 to ensure suffici5t moi/ure at all times ( ! ye>4 #g4 ,z ! c\rse by :i* lightn+ approa*es ! e>? is v devi\s1 x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! ext5t ( area protect$2 b1 view+ ! abs5ce ( damage to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! ro(s ( build+s :i* h be5 prop]ly fitt$ ) conductors )9 ! la/ #dj ye>s1 we %\ld ?9k ! area protect$ may be tak5 z equal to f #c to #e or #f times ! height ( ! conductor4 #h4 ,:5 two or m t]m9als are us$1 ! ma9 rope %\ld be some:at enl>g$2 o!rwise1 ! collective quantity ( fluid receiv$ on ! sev]al po9ts may be too great = ! common *annel4 ,,wilk9s ,,wea!rby4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dora ,,/reet1 ,,limeh\se1 ,e4 ,we h to own receipt ( y\r valu$ communication ( ! #ad? ult41 & ) great pleasure to submit = ! consid]ation ( ! ,conf]5ce ! foll[+ replies to _! que/ions4 ,we h endeav\r$ to make !m z explicit z possible1 b x is difficult adequately to describe our sy/em on pap]1 & we sugge/ = ! consid]ation ( ! ,conf]5ce ! advisability ( %[+ any ,committee !y may appo9t "o or two ( ! num]\s public build+s fitt$ by u4 ,any fur!r p>ticul>s or draw+s y may require we %all be glad to s5d y2 & x is ) great pleasure t we add t any s]vices we c r5d] y 9 y\r valuable inve/igations are at y\r disposal4 #a4 ,a five-po9t$ copp] sp9dle1 ! %>p po9ts ( :i* are silv]$1 & s+le po9ts on high *imney %afts to ! numb] ( f\r or five4 #b4 ,copp] solid b&s1 or tubes1 8z samples s5t10 be+ simple1 durable1 *eap1 & ! mo/ capaci\s =m = ! safe conduction ( a heavy /roke ( lightn+1 ! b&s be+ f #a in* to #c in*es 9 wid? & in* ?ick ,a4 #jab to #jcg 941 & ! tubes f to #a in*es 9 diamet] & in* ?ick ,a4 #jbd to #jed 944 #c4 ,yes2 exp]i5ce has prov$ t no?+ less ?an #a in* b&s ,a4 #jah 94 %\ld be us$ = ! ma9 conductor to ord9>y h\ses1 ) ,a4 #jji 94 to #a in* ,a4 #jab 94 b&s = bran*es1 & f #b to #c in*es ,a4 #jbd to #jcg 94 b&s z ma9 conductor to build+s ( l>ge area1 ) #a to #a in* ,a4 #jab to #jah 94 = bran*es2 or1 9 ! case ( *imney %afts1 in* to #a in* tube ,a4 #jbd to ,o#ed 94 = ma9 conductor1 & #b to #c in*es flat b& ,a4 #jbd to #jcg 94 = tops ( same4 #d4 ,! b&s are 9 long l5g?s1 are lapp$1 closely rivett$ & sold]$1 to =m a cont9u\s b&2 :ile ! tubes h pat5t ins]tion jo9ts1 ! upp] end be+ turn$ & fitt$ into ! l[] end1 :i* is bor$1 & ! tube !n =ms a cont9u\s l9e ext]nally & int]nally4 #e4 ,copp] holdfa/s to suit %ape & size ( conductor4 #f4 ,n less ?an #cj feet ( #a in* to #b in* copp] b&s ,a4 ,o#ah to #jbd 94 9 two or ?ree bran*es1 ) =ks at end ( ea* b&1 &1 if wat] is n ne>1 ! tr5*es half fill$ ) c>bonace\s mat]ials & well wat]$1 z ?is mat]ial w readily absorb ! lea/ moi/ure & reta9 x1 :ile be+ 9 itself ! be/ conductor4 ,b mu* w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nd2 = if *alk or rock f\ndation & wat] _c be got at1 ! gr\nd bran*es mu/ be at lea/ d\bl$1 & ! tr5*es deep] & made up ( c>bonace\s mat]ials & e>?4 #g4 ,our exp]i5ce is t no appreciable ext5t is protect$ by a s+le rod conductor 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r influ5ces4 ,! *imney-/acks1 l9$ ) c>bon 9 ! %ape ( soot1 ) ! heat$ gases1 cause a r>efaction 9 ! atmosph]e1 & =m an easi] passage = ! electric fluid4 ,ro(s & build+s hav+ l>ge masses ( metals w be m likely to influ5ce lightn+ ?an ! s+le l9e ( copp] rod g5]ally fitt$4 ,_m cases h occurr$ ( *imney-/acks #d feet to #i feet across be+ /ruck opposite ! conductor1 & lead ro(s1 gutt]s1 lead ridges1 c41 f #aj feet to #bj feet f ! rod conductor4 #h4 ,no2 ! sy/em ( conduction us$ by u does away ) ?is1 ! l9es ( conduction be+ ample4 ,,rem>ks4 ,f our close connection ) ! late ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 advis] to ! ,cr[n = upw>ds ( tw5ty-five ye>s 9 reg>d to lightn+ conductors = ! navy1 & hav+ made lightn+ conductors our especial practical /udy = ?irty-five ye>s1 we may be p>don$ = mak+ a few rem>ks on ! protection ( build+s f lightn+4 ,we w\ld1 fir/ly1 say t ! sy/em ( conductors n[ fitt$ by u is bas$ ^u ^! pa/ ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 & ^u facts collect$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 ( accid5ts to build+s hav+ ! ord9>y s+le l9e ( conduction1 z also f ! practical success ( ! conductors 9 ! navy4 ,! =m ( conductors us$ by u has be5 adopt$ aft] consid]able exp]i5ce1 z be+ ! mo/ simple1 solid1 durable1 & capaci\s =m ( conductor = ! safe conduction ( heavy /rokes ( lightn+4 ,9 place ( insulators z fa/5+s1 we use copp] holdfa/s1 z we f\nd ! =m] dang]\s & useless1 z ! glass1 be+ non-conductive1 ! expansion & heat ( ! electric fluid1 be+ conf9$1 broke !m1 & caus$ an unsafe concussion2 & x is also a disadvantage = a conductor to be away f ! build+1 z ne>ly e mat]ial 9 nature assi/s1 )\t detract+ f1 ! safe dis*>ge ( ! electric fluid ?r\gh a good copp] conductor4 ,we f9d t ! copp] wire rope conductor1 usually appli$1 is seldom m ?an ? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 b we did once remove1 f ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,taunton1 a copp] wire rope conductor ( ? ( an in* 9 diamet] ,a4 #jfj 941 said to be especially made to ord]--c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ we ev] came across2 b x fail$ to give ! necess>y protection 9 a lightn+ /orm1 :i* did mu* damage to ! t[] & ro( ( ! *ur*4 ,z capacity or weight ( copp] is ! mo/ important = safe conduction1 copp] wire rope is v deceptive 9 ?is respect1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ comp>isons1 viz43--,a copp] wire rope conductor ( in* diamet] ,a4 #jaa 94 weighs #b ounces p] foot1 n equal to a pla9 solid b& in* wide & in* ?ick ,a4 #jjdf 941 :i* weighs #bijg ounces p] foot4 ,a copp] wire rope conductor ( in* diamet] ,a4 #jbj 94 weighs #e ounces p] foot1 n equal to a solid b& ( in* wide & in* ?ick ,a4 #jjib 941 :i* weighs #ehad ounces p] foot4 ,a copp] wire rope conductor ( in* ,a4 #jca 94 weighs #i ounces p] foot1 n equal to a solid b& ( #a in* & in* ?ick ,a4 #jaec 941 :i* weighs #ifij ounces p] foot4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ size ( wire rope conductor made or us$4 ,f ! above w be se5 :at protection c be giv5 by conductors ( su* small capacities2 & we may add t solid b& conductors ( ! same weight1 & sup]ior 9 e way1 c be fix$ at less ?an half ! co/ ( ! wire rope1 foot = foot4 ,copp] *a9s & copp] wire b&s1 z conductors1 answ] 9 s unc]ta9 a mann] ) ! galvanomet]1 t !y %\ld nev] be us$4 ,iron 9 any =m %\ld be avoid$1 f its l[] conduct+ p[]1 & its utt] uselessness :5 9 a ru/y & decay$ /ate4 ,) reg>d to te/+ ) ! galvanomet]1 ! m]e te/+ ( ! conductors is no pro( ( ! security ( ! build+ itself4 ,we n only te/ ! conductors1 b also ! build+1 to prove t x is "u safe conduction 9 lightn+ /orms4 ,9 conclusion1 we beg to /ate t our pat5t sy/em ( protection is ! application ( "o or m ma9 d[n & gr\nd copp] conductors & sizes1 accord+ to ! height & area ( ! build+1 ! fitt+ ( ! copp] b&s to ea* *imney-/ack1 & connect+ ! same1 & ! connect+ ( all ! metals on ! ro(s !reto & to ! ma9 conductor1 s t !re %all be no circuit by :i* ! lightn+ fluid w\ld be likely to attack )\t hav+ its exit to ! ma9 conductor4 ,= high work+ *imney-%afts we fit a copp] b& r\nd ! top1 & f\r po9ts !reon connect$ to ma9 d[n conductor4 ,= fur!r in=mation1 we e>ne/ly solicit ! c>eful p]usal ( our pamphlet & pap]s h]e)4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gray ,,son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ipp5dale ,,mews1 ,,h>r[ ,,road4 #a4 ,upp] t]m9als po9t$ ) "o or m po9ts1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! build+ to be protect$4 ,dim5sions v>y 9 l mann]4 ,mat]ial--copp] or brass1 ) electro-gild$ po9ts4 #b4 ,conductor compos$ ( copp] or galvaniz$ rope1 accord+ to height1 c41 ( build+1 c41 dim5sions v>y+ ) resi/ance ( ! circuit4 #c4 ,! sectional area v>ies ) ! l5g?4 #d4 ,jo9ts made1 z f> z possible metallically2 :]e sold] _c be us$1 screw jo9ts are made use (4 #e4 ,atta*m5t to build+ direct by metallic ties ( requisite =m4 #f4 ,gr\nd connection--,:5 practicable1 ! end ( conductor is metallically connect$ ) gas or wat] ma91 o!rwise a hole is dug deep en\gh to meet always moi/ e>?4 ,! end ( conductor is ei!r atta*$ to an e>? plate1 or coil$ up 9 a bundle & surr\nd$ by coke4 #g4 ,! area protect$ is suppos$ to be a radius equal to ! height ( conductor4 #h4 ,if m ?an "o t]m9al is atta*$ to "o conductor1 ! size ( ! latt] is increas$1 except "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,f4 ,,russell ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 #acg1 ,,pr9cess ,,/reet1 ,,man*e/]4 #a4 ,a copp] tube #a in* diamet] or #a in* diamet]1 f9i%$ at ! upp] end1 ) a =g$ copp] po9t or cone1 connect$ ) ! tube by a ca/ copp] 7or gun-metal7 c\pl+1 into :i* c\pl+ are also screw$ ?ree or m small] po9ts r\nd ! l>g] c5tral "o4 ,at ! l[] end ! tube is screw$ into a some:at simil> c\pl+1 to receive also ! braz$ & screw$ end ( ! conductor4 ,or a solid copp] rod in* diamet] ,a4 #jbj 941 or wr\ght iron rod #a in* diamet] ,a4 #jgi 94 7:]e iron conductors are us$7 ! rod 9 ei!r case =g$ to a blunt po9t1 & screw$ at ! l[] end1 l ! tube fir/ describ$1 to fit ! c\pl+4 #b4 7a74 ,copp] wire rope ( #g /r&s ea*1 ,no4 #aj ,birm+ham wire gauge1 or 9 specifi$ cases ( ,no4 #h or #g wire gauge1 mak+1 :5 spun1 a rope ) a sectional area v>y+ f #g_/af to #aa_/af4 7b74 ,solid copp] rods in* diamet] ,a4 #jbj 944 ,solid iron rods #a in* diamet] ,a4 #jgi 944 7c74 ,copp] b& or 8tape0 ( sizes f to #b or #c #c_/af in*es ,a4 #jji to #jch or #jef 944 7d74 ,copp] tube in* diamet] outside1 & in* ?ick ,a4 #jbj 94 #c4 ,al?\gh no def9ite rule exi/s = ! proportional sizes ( ! conductor1 x is usual & prud5t 9 a l>ge build+ to employ = ! ma9 conductors1 :i* %\ld come f ! highe/ & mo/ expos$ po9ts to ! e>? 9 ! mo/ direct way1 a l>g] conductor ?an w\ld be requir$ = a small build+1 & ! bran*es or connections to ?is ma9 conductor may be small] 9 sectional area ?an ! pr9cipal "o4 ,?us1 a *ur* t[] ) f\r angle p9nacles may be protect$ by f\r f9ials or po9ts1 "o to ea* p9nacle1 & ^! f\r p>ts fitt$ to rope ( #g wires ,no4 #aj gauge ,a4 #jaj 941 to be unit$ to a cont9u\s b& r\nd ! p>apet1 f :5ce a rope ( #g wires ,no4 #h gauge ,a4 #jae 94 %\ld desc5d into ! e>?2 or an infirm>y or workh\se built ) w+s w\ld h1 p]haps1 ?ree direct rod conductors1 "o to ea* *imney /ack1 & connections ) ! wat] sp\ts1 or lead fla%+ made ( small copp] tape ,a4 #jji 94 sold]$ to ! lead & work$ r\nd ! rods4 #d4 ,! few] jo9ts ! saf]1 & = ?is reason--! copp] rope or tape is bett] ?an ! rod or tube1 z ! =m] is made conv5i5tly any requir$ l5g?1 & ! dang] ( a fault or break 9 ! cont9uity is avoid$4 ,( ! necess>y jo9ts ! rope requires "o at its junction ) ! top rod or tube2 ?is is made by braz+ a small r+ ( brass 7or copp]7 r\nd ! rope2 ! solid end ?us =m$ be+ *as$ ) a deep male ?read1 :i* fits ! prep>$ base ( ! rod4 ,! bran* conductors or connections1 ) adjac5t con/ructive or decorative iron "w--z beams1 gird]s2 cre/+1 vanes1 c41 are made by ?read+ a bead ) a simil> r+ to receive ! bran*1 z t already describ$4 ,:]e ! bran* rea*es its object a r+ or solid c\pl+ %\ld be 8tapp$0 into ! gird] or cre/+1 to ensure ?or\gh metallic connection1 if ! de/9ation ( ! bran* be ! lead fla%+1 ! sev5 wires mu/ be op5$ l a fan1 & ea* wire /rongly sold]$ ) common plumb]s' sold] to ! lead-- 7b74 ,copp] or iron rods are made cont9u\s by c\pl+s ( ei!r metal1 z ! case may be1 :i* %\ld exce$ ! diamet] ( ! rods by en\gh metal to all[ ( a good ?read4 ,^! c\pl+s %\ld be hexagonal or octagonal 9 plan1 to all[ ! workman a c]ta9 grip2 & ! ?read %\ld be ( ! k9d call$ "r & left1 s t :ile screw+ "o l5g? he may n unscrew ! o!r4 ,^! conductors require v c>eful1 /eady workm51 z a great elem5t ( dang] exi/s 9 ^! num]\s jo9ts4 #e4 ,! v>i\s natures ( ! build+s provid$ ) conductors require sep>ate1 & (t5 diff]5t treatm5t3 b ! pr9ciple 9 all cases is ! same1 viz41 to atta* ! conductor closely to ! fabric1 & ! m ! conductor is made an integral "p1 z x 71 ! m efficaci\s x w be4 ,any attempts at s call$ isolation are oppos$ to ! !ory ( protection by conductors4 ,! me*anical means ( fix+ are be/ illu/rat$ by diagrams1 ! *ief objects to be consid]$ are-- 7e74 ,p]man5ce or /r5g? & durability4 7f74 ,room = expansion ( ! conductor4 7g74 ,facility 9 fix+ )\t cutt+ or break+ ! conductor4 7h74 ,neatness 9 appe>ance4 ,^! objects are ga9$ by a c>eful consid]ation ( ! mat]ials to :i* ! conductors are fix$ by 8holdfa/s10 = /one1 slate or tiles1 wood1 & iron4 ,x is important t %>p b5ds be avoid$4 ,a /r+ c\rse1 = in/ance1 %\ld be drill$1 & ! rod or rope pass$ /raight ?r\gh4 ,also1 t any metal bodies 9 ! l9e ( ! conductor %\ld be connect$ ) x by /aples screw$ into su* bodies4 ,x is mo/ necess>y t ! ends ( vane bolts or rods %\ld be jo9$ to ! conductor1 or1 :]e ?is is impossible1 %\ld be fitt$ ) an indep5d5t wire or rod to ! e>?4 #f4 ,! connection ) ! gr\nd is ( special importance1 z ! object ( ! conductor is to provide a free passage betwe5 ! two curr5ts1 & if ?is be n done1 a lat]al dis*>ge is pretty sure to result4 ,a build+ provid$ ) suitable conductors1 prop]ly fix$1 %\ld at all conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 all[ a free c\rse to ! electricity1 & be 9 all its p>ts electrically equival5t1 & ) ?is int5tion ! sev]al p>ts 7z m5tion$ 9 answ] to "q #c7 are br\ght into connection ) ea* o!r or ) ! gr\nd4 ,! actual l5g? ( ! gr\nd conductor is fix$ by ! nature ( ! subsoil1 z x is obvi\s t dry s&y soil is unsuitable = a t]m9ation4 ,we !re=e cont9ue ! rope or tape until a good damp e>? is rea*$1 if possible1 a spr+ or op5 wat]--g5]ally speak+1 ab\t #e to #aj y>ds w be suffici5t 9 mo/ localities4 ,! conductor is !n buri$ #e to #aj feet1 or upw>ds1 9 ! damp e>? or wat]4 ,if a rope1 ! sev]al /r&s are unravell$ & op5$ out3 if a rod or tape1 a dis*>g+ =k is usually atta*$ to ! end to promote ! easy dis*>ge1 = :i* purpose x is also usual to fill ! tr5* ) *>coal4 ,! tr5* mu/ be dug ) a slight fall f ! build+ d[nw>d4 #g4 ,! ext5t ( area suppos$ to be protect$ by ! conductor is e/imat$ by _m z includ$ 9 a radius ( d\ble ! height ( ! conductor f ! base l9e2 b ! immunity f accid5t enjoy$ by _m build+s situat$ at a great] di/ance f a numb] ( tall factory *imneys2 or to take an opposite example1 9 a city :]e !re are _m l(ty spires or t[]s1 w\ld g to %[ t a numb] ( conductors atta*$ to tail objects1 s]ve to obviate ! dang]s aris+ f lightn+ by provid+1 at _m diff]5t po9ts1 a direct communication betwe5 ! positive & negative curr5ts :i* exi/ 9 ! cl\ds & e>?4 ,we h nev] kn[n a *ur* spire1 :5 ! conductor 0 fix$ 9 accordance ) ord9>y skill1 injur$ by lightn+2 & ! tall factory *imneys ( our manufactur+ t[ns af=d /rong corroborative evid5ce ( ! value ( conductors1 & ?is 9 two ways--fir/1 because ^? to :i* conductors are fix$1 d n get /ruck2 &1 second1 because ^? unprovid$ ) conductors1 d get de/roy$ f "t to "t4 #h4 ,a ref]5ce to ! answ] to ,no4 #c "q1 w %[ t we consid] t :5 sev]al t]m9als are us$1 an increas$ diamet] is advisable 9 ! ma9 or pr9cipal conductor2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ei!r ( ! conductors ref]r$ to 9 ! answ] to "q #b1 is greatly 9 excess ( :at _m em95t electricians consid] necess>y4 ,a s+le wire be+ ?\ght suffici5t ( #c_/cb in* diamet] 7,a4 #jjf 947 = any ord9>y curr5t ( electricity4 ,b bo? ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts h ?\ght x prud5t to specify a copp] body1 ) a sectional area ( in* 9 ,engli%1 or #a c5timetre 9 ,fr5* 7#jdj 947--p>tly to provide aga9/ corrosion1 :i* w\ld rapidly det]iorate a ?9 wire1 & p>tly to obviate ! dang] ( ! melt+ ( ! small] conductor "u ! cont9u$ =ce ( an unusually /rong %ock ( lightn+4 ,we1 !re=e1 respectfully foll[ ! decision ( su* exp]ts z h1 by c>eful exp]im5t & consid]able dilig5ce1 acquir$ ! k !y possess--bo? z to ! sub/ance1 ! =m1 & ! treatm5t ( ?is subject2 & h only to add ! fact1 t any small exp]i5ce we h practically _h1 goes to support ! conclusions already arriv$ at by ^! au?orities4 ,,freeman ,,colli]4 99 99 99 99 99 #bd #bf1 ,,lev] ,,/reet1 ,,man*e/]4 #a4 ,our upp] t]m9als are made ( copp] or brass1 pla9 spike or ball ) spike at top1 & ?ree radiat+ f x1 or f\r or five spikes radiat+ f ! ball4 ,atta*$ to ! ball 7screw$ into x7 is a solid rod ( copp]1 to :i* ! conductor is fa/5$1 z expla9$ bel[4 #b4 ,conductor is made ( good quality copp] wire /r& #g ply3 in* ,a4 #jaa 94 to #g_/af in* ,a4 #jae 94 diamet]4 #d4 ,jo9ts ( ! /r& n usually p]mitt$1 z we sp9 x any reasonable l5g?4 ,! end ( ! conductor is knott$ & drawn ?r\gh a cup-%ap$ r+ ( metal "o end1 ! top ( :i* is screw$ into ! bottom ( ! solid rod ( ! t]m9al4 ,?is makes a good connection4 #e4 ,copp] holdfa/s fa/5 ! rod to ! build+4 #f4 ,gr\nd end is coil$ loosely 9 damp e>? or a well4 ,,ri*>d ,,johnson1 ,,clapham1 ,,morris4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahj1 ,,rottemore1 ,,glasg[4 ,we beg to reply to y\r qu]ies on ! mat]ial1 sy/em1 & fitt+ ( lightn+ conductors1 z practic$ by u = ov] #be ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t we h nev] _h a build+ injur$ 9 :i* we h be5 engag$1 & h fitt$ f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj feet a ye>1 )\t adv]tisem5t4 #a4 ,uni=mly solid copp]1 consi/+ ( #a c5tre concave po9t1 ab\t #ad in*es long1 pres5t+ #h %>p angles #c in* surface2 ?is is surr\nd$ by #d small] po9ts ( same con/ruction4 ,^! all t]m9ate or spr+ out ( a holl[ copp] ball1 :i* is screw$ on a copp] tube in* diamet] inside1 & f #d in*es to #e in*es long1 accord+ to requirem5t4 ,! copp] cable is pass$ ?r\gh ?is tube1 is knott$ inside ( ! ball1 & ! po9ts are all screw$ aga9/ x1 :i* =ms ! po9t ( contact1 & ?or\ghly fixes ! cable at ! top2 b ! fix+ ( ! top or t]m9al rod is fa%ion$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! build+ or mat]ial to be fix$ to4 #b4 ,uni=mly copp] cable con/ruct$ ( #di /r&s1 h>d drawn squ>e copp] wire ,nos4 #ag1 #ah1 or #ai w4g4 #c4 ,we nev] use less ?an #f-;in* surface1 i4e41 measur+ ! circumf]5ce ( ea* wire1 we cont5d+ t surface is ! only p[] ( ! conductor4 ,up to #aej ft4 we use ,no4 #ai 7 in* diam47 ,a4 #jbj 941 in* = a long] l5g? ( cable 7i4e41 #ag or #ah7 ,a4 #jdd 944 #d4 ,usually ) a gun-metal screw$ c\pl]4 #e4 ,) brass holdfa/s1 l9$ ) porcela91 glass1 or guttap]*a4 #f4 ,spread out end ( /r&s ( cable l a fan1 & bury x 9 ! moi/ e>? a few feet deep1 9 an oblique way t5d+ f build+4 #g4 #cj to #dj y>ds4 #h4 ,we inv>iably run "o cable f ea* t]m9al or top rod3 b 9 spires we commonly take a connection f ! bottom ( ! vane rod1 & connect x to ! ma9 conductor1 :i* goes to ! highe/ po9t ( vane or f9al3 if ! =m]1 we fix a copp] bu% or disc to ! vane rod at foot ( vane1 :i* is fa/ to cable1 & a correspond+ "o on vane1 ) cable at highe/ po9t1 :5 ! cable is fr+$ out1 pres5t+ its #di po9ts1 & by ^! discs ! vane revolves ) t portion ( ! conductor atta*$1 & ! po9t ( contact is giv5 by ! discs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,p5nycook ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all ,,sa9ts' ,,works1 ,,d]by4 #a4 ,=m = upp] t]m9als3--,a /raight copp] tube1 in* diamet]2 ?ickness ( metal1 #ae ,b4,w4,g4 ,a4 #jae 941 ) solid copp] po9t 7no bran*es72 ! po9t is sold]$ & rivett$ into ! tube2 or a solid copp] rod1 in* diamet] ,a4 #jbj 941 tap]+ t[>ds ! top4 #b4 ,mat]ial & dim5sions ( conductor3--,ei!r a copp] b& ( #b in*es wide & ,no4 #af ,b4,w4,g4 ?ickness ,a4 #jaf 942 or a copp] wire rope1 in* diamet]1 ( #f /r&s1 ea* /r& conta9+ #f wires ,a4 #jbj 944 #c4 ,proportion betwe5 l5g? & sectional area ( conductor3--,! in* copp] rope ,a4 #jbj 941 or #b #af ,b4,w4,g4 b& ,a4 #jaf 941 is us$ = heights n ov] #abj feet2 = high] build+s1 a in* rope ,a4 #jdd 94 or b&1 #b #ab ,b4,w4,g4 ,a4 #jbg 94 %\ld be us$4 #d4 ,jo9t1 h[ made3--,jo9t is made betwe5 b& & copp] rod ) a brass screw$ socket1 ! rod is sold]$ & rivett$ into socket1 & ! b& is sold]$ r\nd socket1 !n sold]$ & rivett$4 ,:5 ! copp] rope is us$1 a hole is drill$ into socket1 same diamet] z rope1 at ! l[] end1 & turn$ out conical %ape2 ! rope is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! socket1 ! ends spread out1 & ! spaces fill$ up ) sold]4 #e4 ,atta*m5t to build+3--,! conductor is fix$ close to build+ )\t insulators1 & is br\ght into close contact ) ! sp\t+2 is closely atta*$ to *imney & walls by means ( copp] /raps & copp] nails driv5 into ! masonry4 #f4 ,gr\nd connection3--,%\ld a good1 p]man5t dra9 be ne>1 ! conductor is br\ght to x & b\nd r\nd & firmly fix$4 ,if !re %\ld be an op5 dra9 or brook1 ! conductor is br\ght "u x at suffici5t dep? t if ! /ream be dry at any "t !re w be suffici5t moi/ure to c>ry away ! *>ge )\t disruption4 ,%\ld !re be nei!r dra9 pipes nor brook suffici5tly ne>1 ! conductor is tak5 f #ab to #bj feet bel[ ! surface to ! clay1 :]e x is c]ta9 to be always damp1 ev5 9 seasons ( ! greate/ dr\ght ev] kn[n4 ,9 no case %\ld ! e>? connection be tak5 into a clos$ tank or well4 ,if a b& be us$1 x %\ld be cut into /rips ab\t #ah in*es long & laid 9 diff]5t directions2 rope %\ld be unwrapp$ & spread 9 a simil> mann]4 #g4 ,suppos$ area protect$3--,x is impossible to det]m9e exactly ! area ! conductor protects4 ,x is errone\sly suppos$ t ! rod w protect build+s )9 its radius1 b exp]i5ce w n be> out ?is axiom4 ,_m in/ances may be relat$ ( build+s be+ /ruck mu* )9 ! radius ( well-protect$ *ur*es or *imneys4 ,! protection a conductor af=ds dep5ds to a great ext5t on ! relative positions ( ! electric dis*>ge & ! objects t x may meet 9 its c\rse4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a *ur* ) a high spire ) a prop] conductor may be consid]$ to protect ! rema9d] ( ! edifice2 b a l[1 /raggl+ build+ %\ld h sev]al conductors at ! outside highe/ po9ts4 #h4 ,if !re is m ?an "o t]m9al is ! size ( conductor increas$8--,no2 z suffici5t mat]ial %\ld always be us$ to c>ry (f )\t disruption ! heavie/ kn[n *>ge1 x is unnecess>y to increase ! size ( conductor4 ,%\ld two or m upp] t]m9als be connect$ ) ! ma9 conductor1 ! size ( mat]ial ne$ n be increas$2 = if two or m t]m9als receive ! *>ge simultane\sly x necess>ily foll[s t x is sub-divid$2 !re=e ! conductor w h no m "w ?an if "o po9t only _h be5 /ruck4 ,note4--,we q agree ) ,sn[ ,h>ris reg>d+ insulators1 t if !re be any?+ 9 insulators !y are a disadvantage1 = if ! build+ be /ruck 9 any o!r "p ?an ! conductor1 ! curr5t _c easily f9d its way to ! conductor4 ,! curr5t w take ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 !re=e x is reasonable to assume t ! build+ is m c]ta9 to escape ! disruptive =ce ( light+ :5 ! conductor is 9 close proximity ) ! build+4 ,,john ,,davis ,,son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bigg ,,m>ket1 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 #a4 ,= upp] t]m9als ,i g5]ally use in* diamet] solid copp] rod ,a4 #jbj 941 or in* diamet] tube ,a4 #jbd ) f\r po9ts1 & ,i fix !m #d or #f feet above ! build+ !y are int5d$ to protect4 ,i always endeav\r to get ! upp] t]m9al z ne> ! size ( ! conductor z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,i make my po9ts ( ! be/ copp] tipp$ ) plat9um4 #b4 ,= ! conductor ,i use in* diamet] copp] wire rope ,a4 #jbj 941 :i* is 79 my op9ion7 ! be/ & mo/ applicable conductor us$1 z x appe>s to be an op5 "q1 at pres5t1 :e!r x is surface or mass :i* conducts4 ,if x is mass1 !n a tube conductor is insuffici5t4 ,if x is surface1 !n a solid rod is sup]flu\s4 ,! copp] tape conductor ,i consid] ! wor/ =m ( any1 z x b5ds too easily r\nd %>p corn]s1 projections1 c41 ( build+s1 :i* is a ?+ to be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,a conductor %\ld be br\ght to e>? z direct z possible1 & ) no b5ds if !y c be avoid$4 ,! copp] wire rope conductor has bo? surface & mass conduction1 & c be l$ ab\t ro(s & o!r difficult places bett] ?an any o!r =m ( conductor t ,i "k (4 #c4 ,none2 ,i imag9e x is n necess>y4 #d4 ,i avoid jo9ts z mu* z possible2 b1 :5 !y mu/ be made1 ,i scrape ! ends ( my wire bright1 & !n splice or int]lace !m toge!r1 cov]+ ! :ole ) ?9 %eet lead--,i object to sold]1 z ,i ?9k x mu/ int]f]e ) surface conduction2 ! wire is fa/5$ to ! upp] t]m9al1 ) a ,mat!w ,walk] knot let into a holl[ cup1 & ! t]m9al screw$ d[n on x4 #e4 ,i atta* my wire to ! build+ ) a brass or gun-metal holdfa/ #d in*es long1 hav+ a hole1 ! inn] edge be+ flu% ) ! wall ( ! build+1 s z to all[ ! conductor to t\* ! wall ( ! build+ all ! way up1 & /ill all[ pl5ty ( room = ! free passage ( ! electric fluid4 ,i d n approve ( insulators1 nor yet ( t k9d ( holdfa/ t is driv5 9 tight on to ! wire1 = ,i ?9k t mu/ int]f]e ) ! cle> passage ( ! electric fluid4 #f4 ,i cut a tr5* "s #ae or #bj feet long1 gradually deep5+ f #a foot at ! comm5cem5t to #d ft4 at ! t]m9ation1 :i* ,i fill ) p\nd$ *>coal & bury ! wire 9 x4 ,e>?-plates are n necess>y :5 ?is is done4 #g4 ,x is calculat$ t a conductor w protect a surface 9 ! %ape ( a cone1 ! diamet] ( ! base ( :i* is equal to ! height ( ! conductor4 ,?us1 if a conductor 7 #ajj feet high1 ! space protect$ w\ld be repres5t$ by a /raight l9e drawn f a radius ( #ej feet f ! base ( conductor1 to a radius ( #h or #aj feet f its highe/ po9t4 #h4 ,i consid]1 if !re are two t]m9als1 !re %\ld also be two wires1 or ! wire %\ld be ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry (f a d\ble *>ge1 9 case bo? t]m9als %\ld be /ruck at "o "t4 ,i ?9k ! conductors %\ld c]ta9ly be ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry (f any *>ge t might be receiv$ by ! t]m9als1 be !y few or _m4 ,t4 ,,mass+ham4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,analysis ,,(1 ,,& ,,rem>ks ,,^u1 ,,! ,,views ,,( ,,manufactur]s4 ,on ,nov4 #ad?1 #ahgh1 a circul> 0 issu$ to ! pr9cipal lightn+-rod manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 invit+ _! replies to v>i\s que/ions t 7 submitt$ to !m1 & also any rem>ks t !y might wi% to lay be=e ! ,conf]5ce4 ,replies h be5 receiv$ f-- ,messrs4 ,,wilk9s ,,wea!rby1 ( ,london4 ,messrs4 ,,gray ,,son1 ( ,london4 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,,russell ,,co41 ( ,london4 ,messrs4 ,,johnson1 ,,clapham1 ,,morris1 ( ,man*e/]4 ,messrs4 ,,freeman ,,colli]1 ( ,man*e/]4 ,messrs4 ,,p5nycook ,,co41 ( ,glasg[4 ,messrs4 ,,davis ,,son1 ( ,d]by4 ,messrs4 ,,mass+ham1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,all well-kn[n firms1 :o h writt5 fully & freely1 & ^: exp]i5ce is v ext5sive4 ,x is impossible to read ^! replies )\t feel+ ! absolute ne$ ( su* a ,conf]5ce z t :i* has be5 =m$1 to collect facts1 to dige/ op9ions1 & to endeav\r to =mulate "s guid+ pr9ciples = uni=mity 9 practice--= "h we h ! mo/ div]se modes ( execution detail$1 ! mo/ opposite views express$1 & ! mo/ v>i$ exp]i5ce n>rat$4 ,9 fact1 "s ideas enunciat$ are q oppos$ to ! tea*+s ( sci5ce4 ,:]e practice is s opposite1 error mu/ ab\nd3 &1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be great ne$ = an ef=t to r$uce ! sy/em ( con/ruct+ lightn+ conductors 9 ?is c\ntry to "s uni=m basis4 ,on no "o s+le po9t1 except 9 ! use ( copp] & ! necessity = rea*+ damp e>?1 d any two manufactur]s agree 9 adopt+ simil> measures4 ,i w take ea* "q submitt$ s]iatim4 #a4 ,=m1 dim5sions1 & mat]ial usually adopt$ = upp] t]m9als4 ,!re are s+le po9ts & bran*+ po9ts1 f9e po9ts & blunt po9ts1 cones1 spikes1 balls ) spikes on top1 & balls ) radiat+ spikes4 ,! dim5sions v>y ) ea* =m1 & !y are made ( solid copp] & copp] tube1 ( brass1 ( iron1 & ( gun-metal4 ,! ends are sometimes silv]$1 sometimes gilt1 & sometimes tipp$ ) plat9um4 ,b !re is no rule or uni=mity2 & "o manufactur] ackn[l$ges t1 :ile he sometimes tips ! po9ts ) plat9um1 he consid]s ! practice to be altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,n[ x is cle> t if !re be any electrical efficacy 9 po9ts z po9ts1 !y %\ld be made 9 su* a =m1 & ( su* a mat]ial1 z to ma9ta9 _! effici5cy p]man5tly4 ,! writ] is v /rongly ( op9ion t ! effici5cy ( lightn+ conductors is due pr9cipally to ! peculi> electrical action ( _! po9ts4 ,he sees no advantage :atev] 9 multiply+ ^! po9ts4 ,9 8 op9ion ea* conductor %\ld end 9 "o f9e plat9um po9t4 ,x w\ld ?us act z a dissipator ( ! electric *>ge 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & w\ld !n prev5t1 & n fav\r dis*>ge4 ,moreov]1 po9ts dem& frequ5t inspection1 att5tion1 & r5ewal4 ,he ?9ks t "o function ( ! ,conf]5ce %\ld be to exam9e "s ( ^! po9ts 9 situ1 if possible4 ,at pres5t !y are erect$ & left to _! fate4 #b4 ,! ,mat]ial & ,dim5sions ( ! ,conductor4 ,! use ( copp] is almo/ univ]sal1 b two manufactur]s occasionally use iron4 ,! =m v>ies4 ,! majority use wire rope1 b "s use rods1 o!rs b&s or tapes1 o!rs tubes4 ,"o firm uses a cable 8con/ruct$ ( #di /r&s ( h>d-drawn squ>e copp] wire40 ,ano!r firm uses a wire rope1 simply because 8x appe>s to be an op5 "q1 at pres5t1 :e!r x is surface or mass :i* conducts40 ,! dim5sions are z v>i$ z ! =m1 f a wire rope ? ( an in* 9 diamet] to a copp] b& #c in*es wide & ? ?ick4 ,! only po9t wor?y ( note is1 t no "o uses a small] conductor ?an a copp] rope ? 9 diamet] 7i4e4 #d oz4 ( copp] p] foot run74 ,leav+ ! dim5sions z a "q = future inve/igation1 ! po9ts submitt$ = ! consid]ation ( ! ,conf]5ce "u ?is head are-- #a4 ,is conduction a "q ( surface or ( mass8 #b4 ,is copp] alone to be us$8 #c4 ,is ! conductor to be 9 ! =m ( a rope1 a rod1 a tube1 or a b&8 ,n[1 on ! fir/ po9t ! writ] ent]ta9s no d\bt :atev] t ! conduction ( atmosph]ic electricity is simply a "q ( mass1 & t ! lightn+ protector acts simply z a conductor obey+ ! laws ( ,ohm4 ,on ! second po9t he sees no objection :atev] to ! use ( iron1 :5 prop]ly galvaniz$1 9 situations free f *emical impurities4 ,! reasons urg$ aga9/ its adoption are extremely weak4 ,fir/1 x is said to decay rapidly2 &1 secondly1 x is said to be a v mu* worse conductor ?an copp]4 ,! ru/+ ( iron is almo/ entirely *eck$1 9 pure air1 by galvanis+ or coat+ ) z9c4 ,x is us$ = ne>ly e o!r purpose 9 connection ) build+1 & x is difficult to und]/& :y x %\ld be disc>d$ on acc\nt ( its liability to decay = ?is p>ticul> purpose1 :]e x is always "u sup]vision4 ,aga91 pure copp] conducts ab\t six times bett] ?an pure iron3 b we nev] get pure copp] 9 lightn+ conductors4 ,moreov]1 ! manufacture ( iron wire = telegraphic purposes has increas$ s enorm\sly dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 t ! wire n[ suppli$ conducts #ej p] c5t4 bett] ?an x us$ to4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 ?is respect is n s great z !ory indicates2 & x w\ld be well = ! ,conf]5ce to satisfy itself on ?is po9t by hav+ simil> siz$ wires made ( ! two mat]ials1 & hav+ !m measur$ electrically = _! resi/ance4 ,b x has be5 po9t$ out by ! late ,mr4 ,br\gh 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,may1 #ahgi71 t by reg>d+ 7#a7 ! influ5ce ( ! rise ( temp]ature1 7#b7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! specific heats1 & 7#c7 ! relative dim5sions1 iron conductors c be made mu* small] ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$3 &1 t z iron is s mu* *eap]1 iron rods c be made equally effici5t = a mu* less sum ?an copp]4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( iron enables ! ar*itect to use "o k9d ( metal ?r\gh\t 8 /ructure1 & ?us avoid any:]e ! contact ( dissimil> metals1 :i* always results 9 decay4 ,on ! ?ird po9t1 ! writ] is cle>ly ( op9ion t a galvaniz$ iron rope is amply suffici5t = c\ntry resid5ces & build+s free f *emical actions4 ,9 su* places1 & 9 t[ns1 copp] %\ld be us$4 ,a rope1 :e!r ( iron or copp]1 is easily h&l$1 x c be made ( any size1 x c be l$ 9 any direction )\t b5ds or angles1 x is neat & easily jo9t$1 div]t$1 or l5g!n$4 ,! writ] refra9s f express+ any op9ion on its dim5sions "h1 = ?is is a po9t t w require mo/ c>eful exam9ation by ! ,conf]5ce4 #c4 ,is !re any def9ite proportion betwe5 ! l5g? & sectional area ( ! conductor8 ,! majority ( ! manufactur]s increase ! size ( ! conductors = high build+s--"o mak+ ! limit #abj feet1 ano!r #aej feet1 :ile a ?ird 8v>ies ! sectional area ) ! l5g?40 ,"o firm does n consid] any diff]5ce necess>y1 :ile ano!r takes x t ! sectional area %\ld be ! same irrespective ( l5g?1 = 8lightn+ does n v>y 9 int5sity :ile pass+ ?r\gh a conductor ( great] or less l5g?40 ,n[1 ! laws ( electricity cle>ly %[ t to ma9ta9 equal effici5cy we mu/ v>y ! sectional area z we increase ! l5g? ( ! conductor2 b x is a "q = ! ,conf]5ce to decide :e!r we %\ld n recomm5d a rope ( uni=m dim5sions t w\ld be equally applicable = high & l[ build+s4 ,)9 ord9>y limits ! necessity = increas$ ?ickness = increas$ height is sc>cely evid5t1 b ! rem$y ( an increas$ sectional area1 ) ! numb] ( sep>ate po9ts erect$1 is v cle>4 ,inde$1 ea* po9t %\ld be ! t]m9al ( a conductor1 ^: sectional area %\ld be uni=m to ! e>?4 ,= if x be n s1 & ea* conductor be fully *>g$ ) electricity1 !n :5 ! sectional area dim9i%es !re w be conge/ion1 result+ 9 heat & dis*>ge to ! build+4 ,h5ce ! ?ickness ( ! ma9 conductor mu/ increase ) ! numb] ( sep>ate po9ts erect$4 #d4 ,jo9ts1 h[ made4 ,"s are rivett$1 o!rs are screw$1 o!rs are c\pl$ by "r & left-h&$ screws4 ,tubes are socket$ into ea* o!r4 ,9 "o case 8! end ( ! conductor is knott$ & drawn ?r\gh a cup-%ap$ r+ ( metal40 ,!re c be no d\bt t jo9ts are ! greate/ s\rce ( dang] 9 lightn+ conductors4 ,if a jo9t be imp]fect1 & ! conductor be convey+ a *>ge to e>?1 heat w be g5]at$ !re1 ! conductor may be fus$ & r5d]$ useless1 & ! dis*>ge w be div]t$ to ! build+4 ,or ! jo9t may be s bad--t is1 its resi/ance may be s great--t x r5d]s ! conductor practically useless1 = o!r p>ts ( ! build+ w (f] easi] pa?s to ! e>?4 ,?\gh ! use ( sold] is pretty g5]al1 x is n univ]sal4 ,inde$1 "o manufactur] objects to x because 8x mu/ int]f]e ) surface conduction60 ,x c]ta9ly %\ld be imp]atively us$4 ,no jo9t c possibly be p]fect t is n metallically cont9u\s4 ,c>eful sold]+ is ! only c]ta9 mode ( secur+ ?is1 & t ?is is practicable is evid5t f ! millions ( p]fect jo9ts 9 telegraph wires4 ,to scrape ! ends ( wire bright1 & cov] ! :ole ) ?9 %eet lead1 z is done by "o firm1 is simply to c\rt dang]4 ,! abs5ce ( jo9ts 9 wire rope is "o great elem5t 9 its fav\r4 #e4 ,atta*m5t to build+1 h[ made4 ,"s atta* ! conductor to ! build+ by copp] /raps & nails2 "s use holdfa/s1 ei!r ( copp] wire or gun metal2 o!rs use /aples2 "o uses metallic ties4 ,sev]al pass ! conductor ?r\gh insulators ( glass1 porcela91 or e>!nw>e4 ,b ! majority disc>d insulators z useless4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] !y are q "r1 = x is difficult to und]/& :at useful function ! insulator p]=ms4 ,"o fact t occurr$ 9 #ahcg is giv5 z a reason = _! use1 b ! fact militates aga9/ ! effici5cy ( ! conductor r ?an ! abs5ce ( insulators4 ,if ! conductor 7 p]fect !re c\ld h be5 no concussion at ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,if x 7 imp]fect !re may h be51 = ! dis*>ge w\ld seek o!r pa?s to e>?4 ,"s manufactur]s use holdfa/s ( a diff]5t metal to t ( ! conductor4 ,?is is wrong1 = :]e diff]5t metals are us$ galvanic action sets 91 t5d+ to decay & rupture4 ,! atta*m5ts = ?is reason %\ld always be ( ! same metal z ! conductor4 #f4 ,gr\nd connection1 h[ =m$1 & ( :at ext5t4 ,! necessity = rea*+ moi/ gr\nd is g5]ally recognis$1 b v>i\s curi\s ways = mak+ e>? connection are sugge/$4 ,"o firm consid]s t a b& cut into /rips #ah in*es long w\ld suffice1 :ile ano!r says t n less ?an #cj feet1 9 two or ?ree bran*es1 ) =k at ! end ( ea* b&1 %\ld be us$4 ,"o firm is v brief3 8,gr\nd end is coil$ loosely 9 damp e>? or a well40 ,! use ( coke1 p[d]$ *>coal1 or c>bonace\s mat]ials1 is insi/$ ^u by o!rs4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! difficulty ( fitt+ a good connection ) ! e>? is fully realiz$4 ,none b telegraphi/s "k ! great difficulty !re is 9 do+ ?is4 ,! fir/ object to be secur$ is a good damp soil1 & ! next z l>ge a conduct+ surface z possible4 ,metal pumps1 iron1 gas1 or wat] pipes1 wells 9 :i* plates ( metal #b or #c feet squ>e are plac$1 or simil> plates may be buri$ 9 p]petually damp gr\nd1 or 9 holes well fill$ ) p[d]$ coke4 ,moi/ure 9 "s =m is ess5tial1 & )\t x a lightn+ protector is ( small s]vice4 #g4 ,ext5t ( area suppos$ to be protect$4 ,! majority ( ! firms consid] t ! area protect$ has a radius equal to ! height ( ! conductor2 b "o firm consid]s t ?is %\ld be multipli$ by five or six times2 :ile ano!r ass]ts1 8t no appreciable ext5t is protect$ by a s+le rod conductor20 & ano!r1 t 8_m in/ances may be relat$ ( build+s be+ /ruck mu* )9 ! radius ( well protect$ *ur*es or *imneys40 ,we h no exp]i5ce at pres5t to enable u to =m a def9ite op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 gave ! radius z equal to twice ! height ( ! conductor f ! gr\nd1 b build+s h und\bt$ly be5 injur$ )9 ?is limit4 ,! writ] does n ?9k t a great] radius ?an ! height %\ld be tak53 b ?9ks t ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions t ! ,conf]5ce c\ld det]m9e4 ,calculation might1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 settle ! po9t3 b x is m a case = exp]i5ce4 #h4 ,if !re is m ?an "o t]m9al1 is ! size ( ! conductor increas$8 ,?is "q has be5 p>tially consid]$4 7,see ,no4 #c47 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s firms d n consid] any increase necess>y3 o!rs ?9k t :5 two or m t]m9als are us$1 ! ma9 rope %\ld be some:at enl>g$2 :ile o!rs run "o cable f ea* t]m9al1 or make ! conductor ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry (f ! d\ble *>ge4 ,! writ] consid]s t e conductor %\ld be complete 9 itself3 or1 if ?is is inconv5i5t1 !n ! size ( ! ma9 conductor %\ld be enl>g$ 9 proportion4 ,x does n at all foll[1 z "o firm implies1 t if two or m t]m9als receive ! *>ge simultane\sly1 x is necess>ily sub-divid$4 ,ea* *>ge may be full & complete 9 itself1 & be suffici5t to fill ! wire2 &1 !re=e1 if ! ma9 conductor be n increas$1 accid5t may result4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t great consid]ation %\ld always be giv5 to ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & ! op9ions ( ^? :o h made ! erection ( lightn+ conductors = #ce ye>s _! especial practical /udy1 are mu* entitl$ to weight2 b su* practice may h orig9ally be5 bas$ on error1 & ! tea*+s may n h be5 guid$ by sci5ce4 ,:]e su* v>iety ( practice ab\nds1 !re mu/ be fallacy some:]e1 &1 !re=e1 dang]2 & n ! lea/ ( ! b5eficial lab\rs ( ! ,conf]5ce w be to po9t out to ^! diff]5t practical m51 :]e _! faults & _! dep>tures f tru? exi/4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece4 ,augu/ #h?1 #ahgi4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,reply ,,f ,,manufactur]s1 ,,receiv$ ,,aft] ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,analysis ,,:i* ,,=ms ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,f>aday ,,/eam ,,works1 ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,road1 ,,hudd]sfield4 #aa? ,novemb]1 #ahgi4 ,,sir1 ,enclos$ we h pleasure 9 h&+ y our replies to ! eight que/ions :i* y ask lightn+ rod manufactur]s & erectors1 toge!r ) ?ree trac+s1 %[+ our sy/em ( protection "u diff]5t conditions4 ,9 ! case ( ,nott+ham ,ca/le we consid]$ x necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! rock on :i* ! ca/le 0 built1 to adopt an ext5sive sy/em ( lat]al po9ts 9 e>? t]m9ation1 by runn+ all ! ma9 conductors f ! build+ d[n ! %rubb]y into ! moat1 :]e we =m$ ! flat copp] b& into ! =m ( gridirons1 9 :i* sev]al hundr$ feet ( ! copp] b& has be5 us$1 & ! t]m9i ( ! ribs po9t$1 & ! :ole be+ sunk eight feet1 & two c>t-loads ( gas c>bon laid ov] ea* grid4 ,y\rs ob$i5tly1 ,,s&]son ,,co4 ,,replies ,,to ,,! ,,que/ions ,,( ,,! ,,lightn+-,,rod ,,conf]5ce4 ,i4--,usually a l5g? ( copp] tube #e feet long #a in* diamet] ,no4 #h ,b4,w4,g41 :i* is t]m$ ! elevation rod1 surm\nt$ by a solid copp] po9t1 =g$ f ? ( an in* r\nd b>1 wr\ght ?ree p>ts ( its l5g? to a squ>e tap]+ po9t1 ! said elevation rod & po9t are screw$ toge!r by a copp] ball-%ap$ union1 into :i* are screw$ f\r small] po9ts at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,:5 fix+ lightn+ conductors on *ur* spires & turrets we usually run ! copp] tape a few in*es above ! vane or f9ial1 hav+ previ\sly prep>$ & po9t$ ! tape2 by ?is sy/em all jo9ts are avoid$4 ,,ii4--,we1 ! sole inv5tors1 manufacture ! solid copp] tape lightn+ conductors ( ! foll[+ sizes3-- ,nos4 #a #b #c #d #e #ba #bb #bc 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 #a_/ab #a #a #b #aa_/af #aa_/afba_/af ,a #je #ji #ac #ai #be #jf #ji #ac & 9 cont9u\s l5g?s up to #ejj & #fjj feet4 ,,iii4--,yes4 ,= heights ( say #ej feet we recomm5d our ,no4 #b 7 94 947 size2 = #ajj feet our ,no4 #c 7#a 94 947 size2 & = #bjj feet or ov]1 our ,no4 #d 7#a 94 947 size2 or our ,nos4 #ba 7#a 94 #a_/af 9471 #bb 7#a 94 #a_/af 9471 or #bc 7#b 94 #a_/af 947 accord+ to position & circum/ances4 ,,iv4--,9 ! case ( *ur* spire or turret conductors we h no jo9ts :atev]1 z describ$ 9 ,answ] ,i41 b :]e elevation rods & po9ts are us$ we make a copp] c\pl+1 screw$ at "o end to receive ! elevation rod1 & at ! o!r end to receive ! copp] tape1 :i* is firmly rivett$ into ! c\pl+1 & !nce sold]$ or braz$4 ,b :5 a complete sy/em is employ$ ) bran*es or tribut>ies1 runn+ f sev]al po9ts on to ! ma9 conductors1 we make ! jo9t by means ( copp] rivets1 & !n sold]4 ,v4--,by means ( gun metal clips1 or holdfa/s1 let into ! build+1 :i* secures ! copp] tape 9 close contact ) ! face ( ! build+4 ,"u no circum/ances d we use glass1 ebonite1 or o!r insulators4 ,,vi4--,9 good moi/ e>? #e feet or #f feet deep we simply run ! copp] tape out f ! build+ "s #bj feet1 & !n rivet a copp] e>? plate on to same1 or sometimes employ a l>ge gridiron made ( copp] tape1 us+ z mu* z #bjj l9eal feet 9 its con/ruction4 ,:]ev] we make e>? t]m9ations 9 rocky1 dry1 or gravelly soil1 we always fill 9 ) a load ( small coke1 *>coal1 or o!r c>bonace\s matt]1 & also div]t ! ra9 fall-pipe sy/em ov] ! t]m9ation s =m$2 also1 :]ev] possible1 we connect ! conductor ) ! gas & wat] sy/ems outside ! build+4 ,9 all cases ( e>? t]m9ations1 ! size ( e>?-plate is 9 proportion to ! size ( conductor employ$1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,,vii4--,we are unable to come to any conclusion z to any def9ite area :i* "o lightn+ conductor w effectively protect1 & no two writ]s appe> to agree on ! subject2 b f actual practical exp]i5ce ( #cj ye>s1 comb9$ ) ! close/ obs]vance & rese>*1 we are 9 ! position to say1 emphatically1 t a conductor on "o prom95t elevation--= example1 a turret w n protect a simil> elevation1 be x only #a y>d1 or #ej y>ds di/ant2 b t provid+ t two prom95t features be provid$ ) a conductor po9t on ea*1 !n on ! same f\ndation1 we say t bo? ( !m w\ld be effectively protect$4 ,b = ! purpose ( simplify+ & practically illu/rat+ our views on ?is subject1 we enclose y trac+s & p>ticul>s ( sev]al build+s = :i* we h design$ ! sy/em ( lightn+ conductors1 & :i* we believe to be p]fect4 ,,viii4--,yes1--always1 & 9 proportion to ! numb] ( extra t]m9als adopt$4 ,,s&]son ,,co4 ,,details ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,appli$ ,,to ,,nott+ham ,,ca/le4 ,! foll[+ ?ree engrav+s r5d] v few v]bal details necess>y4 ,fig4 #a gives ! ea/ elevation ( ! ca/le1 x %[s "p ( a flag-/aff #aae feet high1 :i* has a conductor1 also ?ree ( ! pr9cipal t]m9als1 & tw5ty-six m9or po9ts ^u ! build+1 & by two dott$ l9es ! position ( two ( ! ma9 conductors to e>?4 ,! pr9cipal t]m9als are tap]$ iron tubes1 #ac feet long1 c>ry+ copp] tapes #a in* #a_/af? & t]m9at+ ) copp] po9ts tipp$ ) plat9um2 ! m9or po9ts are ( solid copp] #i in*es long4 ,! ma9 conductors to e>? are copp] tapes #b 94 #a_/af?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b give a plan ( ! ro(1 mu* ( :i* is ( glass ) wood5 raft]s4 ,! twelve pr9cipal t]m9als are %[n by small r+s1 ! n9ety-f\r m9or po9ts by r\nd dots1 ! horizontal copp] tape 7#b in*es #a_/af?71 unit+ all ! upp] t]m9als1 by a peck$ l9e1 & ! position ( ! ma9 conductors to e>? by dott$ crosses4 ,all ! gutt]s are metallically connect$ ) ! conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c gives a g5]al plan 7= :i* we are indebt$ to ! ar*itects1 ,messrs4 ,t4 ,c4 ,h9e ,sons7 ( ! ca/le & gr\nds1 & also a little section indicative ( ! precipit\s em95ce on :i* ! ca/le /&s4 ,f ^! x w be se5 t two ( ! ma9 conductors to e>? are c>ri$ und]gr\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #d feet1 "u ! t]race & d[n ! slope & t]m9ate 9 trellis-"w1 ab\t #ad feet squ>e1 ( #b in*es #a_/af? copp] tape rivett$ at e int]section4 ,! o!r e>? contact is obta9$ by bolt+ ! t]m9al on to ! t[n wat]-ma94 ,! total l5g? ( tape us$ 9 ! e>? connections 0 ab\t #ejj feet4 ,,s&]son ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,repres5tatives ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itute ,,( ,,briti% ,,ar*itects ,,to ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,rod ,,conf]5ce4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects s5t out upw>ds ( #fjj circul>s 7a copy ( :i* foll[s ?is ,report7 to _! ,ar*itectural ,memb]s reque/+ in=mation z to injury by lightn+ to any build+s kn[n to !m4 ,! ,c\ncil also reque/$ ! same in=mation f _! ,honor>y ,associates 7upw>ds ( #ajj 9 numb]71 :o are *iefly m5 em95t 9 ! ,sci5tific1 ,lit]>y1 & ,arti/ic _w4 ,! ,c\ncil h receiv$ up to ?is date only #ce answ]s f ,ar*itects1 & #a f ! ,honor>y ,associates4 ,( ^! answ]s _m are to ! effect t no case ( injury has aris5 to works "u _! direction4 ,! rema9d] give #cc in/ances ( damage1 & ent]1 9 _m cases1 v fully into ! details ( !m4 ,! in/ances giv5 may be r\ghly classifi$ ?us3-- ,!re are #bf ( build+s injur$ :]e !re 7 no conductors4 ,9 #i ( ^! ! lightn+ did "s injury to ! *imneys & o!r expos$ p>ts1 & 0 !n conduct$ safely to ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! metal gutt]s & ra9 wat] pipes4 ,9 ?ree o!r in/ances ! lightn+ appe>s1 f ! /atem5t ( p]sons 9 ! build+ /ruck1 to h disp]s$ & pass$ out by op5 doors1 c4 ,we give no op9ion z to ?is1 b ! facts are di/9ctly /at$4 ,9 sev]al o!r cases ! lightn+ pass$ (f 9 sev]al di/9ct directions & curr5ts4 ,!re are #f cases ( build+s be+ injur$ al?\gh protect$ by lightn+ conductors4 ,9 "o ( !m 7,no4 #ad7 ! failure is cle>ly expla9$ by ! fact t ! l[] "p ( ! conductor _h be5 /ol51 leav+ only two or ?ree feet ( x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! lightn+ 9 ?is case broke ?r\gh a wall #d feet #f in*es ?ick1 at a height ( #f feet f ! floor to a gas pipe4 ,9 ano!r case 7,no4 #c7 a gable 0 /ruck1 al?\gh close to a spire & turret :i* _h a lightn+ conductor4 ,9 ano!r 7,no4 #g7 ! "p /ruck 7a *imney7 0 #fd feet away f a t[]1 9 ! same build+ hav+ a lightn+ conductor4 ,9 ,no4 #bd ! conductor 0 suffici5t protection until x pass$ at a %>p b5d r\nd "s m\ld+s2 ^! x injur$1 b did no fur!r damage4 ,9 two cases 7,nos4 #ba & #bc7 ! dis*>ge injur$ "s gas tub+ ne> x1 & set fire to ! gas1 & by its means to ! build+4 ,we beg f9ally to call att5tion to ! draw+s atta*$ to ,no4 #g 7,mr4 ,colson1 ( ,w9*e/]71 %[+ ! injury to trees #acj feet away 9 a direct l9e f a spire :i* 0 de/roy$1 x hav+ no conductor4 ,t4 ,,hayt] ,,lewis1 ,v4,p4 ,,john ,,:i*cord1 ,v4,p4 ,,circul>4 ,,lightn+ ,,rod ,,conf]5ce4 ,,sir1 ,i beg leave to in=m y t ! ,c\ncil h appo9t$ two ( _! memb]s to meet delegates f sev]al sci5tific societies 9 ord] to conf] z to ! be/ me?ods ( protect+ build+s f lightn+2 & 9 accordance ) a resolution ( t conf]5ce ,i h ! hon\r to =w>d to y1 by ! desire ( ! ,c\ncil1 ! que/ions app5d$ bel[4 ,i %all be mu* oblig$ if y w return me ?is pap]1 ) any answ] y may be 9 a position to make to ! que/ions1 on or be=e ,monday ! #bj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgi2 & ,i rema91 ,sir1 ,y\r fai?ful s]vant1 ,,william ,h4 ,,:ite1 ,secret>y4 #i1 ,,conduit ,,/reet1 ,,hanov] ,,/reet1 ,w4 #ai? ,decemb]1 #ahgh4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,h any build+s1 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* y h be5 pr(essionally engag$1 or :i* are o!rwise well kn[n to y1 be5 /ruck by lightn+8 #b4 ,if s1 /ate briefly ! damage done to !m1 describ+ _! g5]al plan & con/ruction by sket*es or o!rwise1 p>ticul>ly not+ ! position ( any metal "w to ro(s1 pipes1 c4 #c4 ,7 ! build+s furni%$ ) lightn+ conductors8 ,if s1 describe !m 9 relation to ! foll[+ heads3-- 7a74 ,_! mat]ials & dim5sions4 7b74 ,_! atta*m5t to build+4 7c74 ,_! connection ) ! gr\nd4 7d74 ,_! upp] t]m9als4 7e74 ,! height ( conductor above *imney or o!r adjac5t "p ( ! build+4 7f74 ,if !re exi/$ m ?an "o conductor /ate ! di/ance f "o ano!r4 #d4 ,:at 0 ! di/ance ( ! po9t /ruck1 horizontally & v]tically f ! conductor8 #e4 ,0 any damage done1 & if s h[ mu*1 to ! conductor1 & 9 :at mann]8 #f4 ,give p>ticul>s z to any trees )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! build+ /ruck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! replies receiv$ to ?is ,circul> are too long to be pr9t$ 9 full1 !y h !re=e _h to be epitomis$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 & consequ5tly _c be giv5 z sep>ate answ]s to ea* "q4 ,! replies 7 all numb]$ consecutively1 s t ! numb]s omitt$ 9 ! li/ ref] to circul>s return$ by memb]s :o _h no in=mation to give on ! subject4 ,,replies ,,to ,,circul>4 #b4 ,/4 ,aubyn1 ,j4 ,p4 ,week ,/4 ,m>y1 ,nor? ,cornwall4--,! t[] ( ?is *ur* /&s on v elevat$ gr\nd1 & has l(ty p9nacles1 ?ree ( :i* h be5 /ruck at diff]5t times1 on ea* occasion "o ( ^! p9nacles 0 %att]$1 & _h to be tak5 d[n & rebuilt4 ,"s ( ! /ones are held by iron cramps1 b no iron or o!r metal sp9dles4 ,! ro( ( ! t[]1 z well z t ( ! *ur*1 is slate1 )\t sp\ts1 & !re are no lightn+ conductors to ! build+4 ,!re is op5 c\ntry all r\nd ! *ur*1 & no tree ( any size )9 a mile ( ! t[]4 ,! foll[+ detail$ report 0 receiv$ direct f ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,hopk9s1 ! rector ( ! p>i%3-- ,an ,acc\nt ( ! position ( ! ,*ur* ( ,week ,/4 ,m>y1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall1 & ! effect ( ,lightn+ ^u ! ,p9nacle & ,t[] :5 /ruck = ! f\r? "t ?is c5tury on ,novemb] #h?1 #ahgh4 ,situation ( ! build+4--,! situation ( ! *ur* is at ! nor!rn angle ( an ext5sive triangul> plateau1 :i* t[>ds ! s\? is mu* brok5 by small valleys & l[ hills1 :ile ! high l& is = ! mo/ "p moor1 brok5 9 places by cultivat$ gr\nd & small plantations4 ,)9 a qu>t] ( a mile f ! *ur*1 on ?ree sides1 ! gr\nd comm5ces to fall v rapidly to a dep? ( #bjj or #bej feet2 x is ?ree miles f1 & ne>ly #ejj feet above1 ! sea2 to ! ,n4,w4 lies ,widem\? ,bay1 "o ( ! v few breaks 9 ! cliff along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,cornwall2 ! entire ext5t ( ?is break is q a mile-&-a-half2 betwe5 ! ,bay & ! extremity ( ! plateau1 at :i* ! *ur* is built1 ! surface is brok5 by l[ hills1 only "o ( :i* exce$s #bej feet above ! sea level1 & ?is exception is sep>at$ by "o valley f ! *ur* hill2 half a mile s\? ( ! *ur* is ! highe/ gr\nd 9 ! p>i%1 b nei!r ?is nor any hill = sev]al miles exce$s 9 height ! p9nacles ( ! t[]4 ,! elevation ( ! build+ above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry c be bett] und]/ood f a local rum\r t #bh *ur*es are visible f ! battlem5ts ( ! t[]1 & ! av]age size ( a p>i% atta*$ to ea* *ur* is #fjjj acres4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! p9nacle is #ij feet above ! gr\nd4 ,no m9es or spr+ ( wat] b5ea? x4--,!re is no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any metallif]\s lode 9 ! p>i%1 & c]ta9ly no su* attractor ( electricity lies b5ea? ! *ur*1 nor is !re any spr+ ( wat] ne> ! f\ndations2 b z ! surface soil is clay1 ! ra9 wat] has no means ( fl[+ away1 except ov] ! surface1 & a few h\rs ( moi/ wea!r make ! soil l a wet sponge4 ,circum/ances4--,! t[] 0 /ruck at #f4de a4m4 on ,novemb] #h?1 #ahgh1 ! wea!r hav+ previ\sly be5 gu/y1 ) sudd5 /orms ( hail & ra9 z ea* heavy cl\d came up f ! sea3 _m times dur+ ! night ! d[nfall ( hail 0 v viol5t1 & x 0 dur+ "o ( ^! /orms t ! s+le electrical dis*>ge took place2 ! hail/ones 7 consid]able1 bo? 9 numb] & size1 :5 ! fla% occurr$1 & !y c]ta9ly comm5c$ fall+ be=e ! %ock took place4 ,brightness ( ! fla%4--,! brightness ( ! lightn+ 0 int5se1 & ,i h be5 at "s tr\ble to inquire into ! effect :i* x _h ^u ^? :o saw x4 ,i 0 awake1 & ! lightn+ illum9at$ ! room ?r\gh d\ble *9tz curta9s & d>k-gre5 bl9ds1 ! w9d[s look+ away f ! *ur*1 & be+ m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile f x2 dur+ ! /orm a f>m] took refuge 9 a clos$ cattle %$1 #bjj y>ds f ! *ur*1 & he spoke aft]w>ds ( 8 impression t he 0 surr\nd$ by fire2 two f>m]s go+ to ,camel=d fair1 7 at ! "t wait+ on ! road1 a mile-&-a-half f ! *ur*1 & _! impression 0 t !y 7 envelop$ 9 flame1 & ! flame came betwe5 !m2 ^! exp]i5ces 7 giv5 to me at diff]5t times1 & 7 indep5d5t evid5ces ( individual op9ion4 ,at ,holswor?y1 eight miles away1 9 a direct l9e1 two ladies 7 att5d+ _! sick "m1 & ! vividness ( ! lightn+ obscur$ ! brightness ( ! light ( two c&les & a p>aff9 lamp4 ,! l\dness ( ! ?und]4--,! l\dness ( ! clap ( ?und] 0 v great2 ( c\rse x %ook my h\se2 & a neighb\r+ rector1 :o lives ?ree miles away1 9 an adjo9+ p>i%1 felt ! effect ( ! clap to an ext5t :i* 0 v unusual2 at ,camel=d1 ly+ ,w4,s4,w41 & di/ant ab\t twelve miles1 ) a consid]able range ( hills betwe51 ! ?und] 0 n he>d2 b two miles ne>]1 & 9 ! same l9e1 x 0 j he>d3 ?is latt] /ation be+ on ! summit ( ! range2 at ,holswor?y1 ly+ ,e4,n4,e41 x 0 he>d z an awful peal2 at ,kilkhampton1 :i* lies directly ,n41 & sep>at$ by a broad brok5 valley1 ! ?und] 0 blam$ ) caus+ colts to break ?r\gh a f5ce f t]ror1 & ! di/ance is t5 miles4 ,i am unable to give any fur!r acc\nt ei!r ( ! di/ance ! ?und] 0 he>d1 or ( ! int5sity ( ! light ( ! fla%4 ,z ! w9d 0 bl[+ f ! we/1 ) a slight be>+ t[>ds nor?1 ! effect ( ! w9d ^u ! s\nd is evid5t4 ,effect ^u ! p9nacle4--,! ,s4,w4 p9nacle 7,a7 0 /ruck1 & app>5tly ! effect ( ! lightn+ 0 n felt ^u ! two upp]mo/ /ones1 namely a small cross & a truncat$ cone1 :i* supports x at ! summit1 bo? ( granite4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! entire fac+ ( ! t[] is granite1 ! int]ior masonry be+ made up ( small /ones ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* exce$s #c feet 9 ?ickness1 :ile ! blocks ( granite :i* face ! t[] v>y f #aj to #ab in*es 9 ?ickness1 & 9 "s cases are ( imm5se size & weight4 ,z soon z ! curr5t c\ld rea* t "p ( ! p9nacle :i* is made up ( c\rses ( sep>ate /ones1 ! mis*ief comm5c$1 & ! effect 0 to =ce ! /ones out all r\nd ! axis ( ! p9nacle1 s t 9 ! same c\rse _m ( ! /ones 7 sep>at$ by int]vals ( f #a to #e in*es2 "o great block1 measur+ #b feet 9 l5g?1 0 ?r[n "r out1 b =tunately fell outside ! t[] walls1 & left a gap 9 ! p9nacle op5+ t[>ds t qu>t] f :i* ! /orm came4 ,! entire p9nacle 0 %att]$1 & all ! c\rses ( /ones :i* make x up dislocat$1 z well z ! two c\rses ( /ones :i* lie b5ea? x4 ,! fi]ce ra9 /orms _h long ago wa%$ away all ! mort> f betwe5 ! /ones :i* compose ! outside ( ! t[]1 & probably e %[] wets ! int]ior ( ! masonry2 & ?is 0 especially ! case at "o "p :]e !re is a consid]able leak ( dra9age f ! ro( ( ! t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] ( ,*ur* ( ,week ,/4 ,m>y1 ,cornwall ,effect ^u ! t[]4--,! c\rse ( action ( ! curr5t 0 f ! p9nacle to ?is leakage1 :]e a /ream ( wat] 0 runn+ d[n ! wall & betwe5 ! granite fac+ & int]ior masonry2 ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ! wat] 0 arre/$ by ! belfry light1 & !n has to fall to ! masonry bel[ ! w9d[2 j above ! w9d[ a l>ge block ( granite ,c 7outside measurem5t #b feet by #ad in*es71 0 ?r[n out 9 su* a way t x hangs l a halfop5 door1 ! project+ edge be+ t :i* lies j bel[ ! leakage1 & /&+ out ab\t #aj in*es f ! wall2 across ! belfry w9d[ runs an horizontal iron b>1 & at ! bottom ( ! w9d[ lies an old iron b>2 ! /onework b5ea? ?is b> 0 mu* knock$ ab\t4 ,f t spot ! effect ( ! lightn+ disappe>s1 until x rea*$ an imm5se c>v$ granite block ,d1 :i* lies on ! s\? side ( ! t[]1 & v ne> its s\?-ea/ corn]2 & a few feet bel[ ?is ! lead5 gutt] ,e 7?r\gh :i* "p ( ! ro( dra9age is p\r$ to ! gr\nd71 runs "s feet d[n ! wall t[>ds ! e>?1 b does n rea* ! e>? by #ab feet4 ,! imm5se c>v$ granite block is brok5 into two almo/ equal p>ts by a l9e p>allel to its v]tical edges1 & ! two p>ts are sep>at$ by q half an in*2 ! fracture ( ! /one is n q /raight nor clean1 & ! p>ts ( ! /one d n project beyond ! surface ( ! t[]4 ,i h be5 unable to trace ! c\rse f>!r2 x may h pass$ along #gj feet ( lead5 gutt]1 betwe5 ! nave & s\? aisle 7,f7 to ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*1 or gone to gr\nd at ! base ( ! t[]4 ,?ree or f\r days lat]1 dur+ a v high w9d1 a second /one fell f ! p9nacle2 ?is same /one _h be5 p>tially ?ru/ out on a previ\s occasion 9 #ahfe4 ,^u exam9ation ! p9nacle 0 f\nd to be 9 su* a prec>i\s condition t a s+le bl[ ) a hamm] on "o small /one w\ld h endang]$ ! :ole4 ,previ\s injuries4--,on ,octob] #ai?1 #ahdc1 at #aj p4m41 ! ,s4,e4 p9nacle 7,b7 0 completely torn d[n1 & two c\rses ( /ones j b5ea? x 7 greatly damag$4 ,! l9e ( action ( ! curr5t 0 to ! nor?-ea/ edge ( ! t[]1 t[>ds ! lead5 gutt]1 betwe5 ! nave & nor? aisle1 ov] ?is x ?rew out a great block ( granite2 f t po9t x pass$ along ! lead5 gutt] & across ! ro( at ! nor? aisle1 to a /rong iron b> runn+ v]tically d[n ! ?ird out ( ! f\r nor? w9d[s2 ?is w9d[ 0 consid]ably damag$1 & /ill be>s m>ks ( r\gh usage2 h[ x happ5$ t two o!r w9d[s ne> ! t[]1 & simil>ly fitt$ up ) iron b>s1 7 pass$ unt\*$ is a my/]y2 to "s ext5t all ! w9d[s 9 ! *ur* 7 some:at damag$1 ! framework be+ ( wood !y 7 mu* %ak51 & p>tially sep>at$ f ! masonry4 ,?is 0 probably caus$ by ! effect ( ! curr5t ^u ! air 9 ! build+3 ! direction ( ! damage be+ due to ! outw>d pressure4 ,9 #ahab ! nor?-ea/ p9nacle 0 /ruck1 & also "s little "t be=e #afhh1 z !re is a /one engrav$ ) t date ^u x1 & ! date ( ! t[] is ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! dates ( ^! mis=tunes h be5 z foll[s3-- ,ab\t #afhh ,n4,e4 p9nacle4 #ahab ,n4,e4 p9nacle4 #ahdc ,s4,e4 p9nacle4 #ahfe ,s4,w4 p9nacle4 #ahgh ,s4,w4 p9nacle4 ,! nor?-we/ p9nacle appe>s to h escap$1 & x /&s j ov] ! t[] /airs4 ,! s\?-ea/ p9nacle1 :i* 0 /ruck 9 #ahdc1 0 at t "t surm\nt$ by a wea!rcock4 ,!re nev] has be5 a lightn+ conductor to any "p ( ! *ur*4 ,"o ^w fur!r4 ,i h be5 ! hold] ( ! b5efice s9ce ! autumn ( #ahgf2 la/ summ] ! specifications = ! complete re/oration ( ! *ur*1 at a co/ ( #bjjj1 7 s5t to me by ! ar*itect2 be=e =w>d+ ! same to ! ,bi%op ( ! ,diocese ,i suppli$ ! omission ( a lightn+ rod 9 ! specification4 ,meteorological ,notes4--,x is a notewor?y fact t on ea* occasion dur+ ?is c5tury :5 a p9nacle has be5 /ruck1 ! season has be5 betwe5 ,novemb] & ,m>*1 ) "o electrical dis*>ge dur+ ! /orm4 ,x is also rem>kable 7an exp]i5ce f\nd$ c]ta9ly on only two summ]s1 b dur+ t "t ! rule has be5 inv>iable7 t all r\nd ! neighb\rhood summ] ?und]/orms may be pass+ 9 _! usual fitful mann] ( /orm & sun%9e1 b imm$iately a summ] ?und]/orm passes ov] ?is village !re is a complete break 9 ! wea!r = eight or t5 days4 ,ra9fall4--#ahgg3 #diaa 941 #bac wet days2 #ahgh3 #dhjc 941 #bab wet days4 #c4 ,bak]1 ,a4 ,j4 ,ro%]ville ,*ur*1 ne> ,graves5d4--,! we/ gable ( ! s\? aisle 0 /ruck by lightn+1 al?\gh close to ! t[] & spire :i* 7 provid$ ) a lightn+ conductor1 & receiv$ no injury4 #e4 ,d4 ,br&on4 ,/4 ,ann's ,hotel1 ,buxton4--,9 #ahge a *imney-/ack 0 %att]$ by lightn+1 ! concussion 9 ! flue drove fire & smoke into ! draw+-room1 displac$ ! mantle-piece1 & broke _m panes ( glass4 ,! hotel occupies half a cresc5t1 ! /ack be+ 9 ! middle ( ! cresc5t4 ,! build+ _h no lightn+ conductor1 & !re 7 no trees ne>] ?an five or six hundr$ feet4 #g4 ,j4 ,colson4 ,twy=d ,moors1 ne> ,w9*e/]4--,/ruck by lightn+ 9 ,june1 #ahgh4 ,?is build+ 7( :i* a plan is giv57 0 provid$ ) "o lightn+ conductor fix$ to ! t[]4 ,! upp] t]m9al bran*$ into five po9ts1 ab\t f\r feet above t[] ro(2 ! conductor1 :i* 0 -in* copp] wire-rope1 0 atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! t[]1 ) glass insulators1 & 9 ! middle nail$ to ! wall ?r\gh lead fla%+1 !n c>ri$ d[n ra9-wat] pipe into cesspit4 ,! po9t ( ! build+ /ruck by ! lightn+ 0 di/ant ab\t sixty-f\r feet horizontally & sixte5 feet v]tically f ! upp] t]m9al ( ! conductor4 ,damage done 0 v slight1 tiles & la?s be+ knock$ (f1 b no sign ( scor*+4 ,! conductor 0 n injur$2 !re are no trees ne> ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,twy=d ,moors1 ,w9*e/] ,c ,conductor4 99 ,po9t /ruck4 ,p ,ra9-wat] pipes atta*$ to iron gutt]s4 #g;a4 ,/4 ,james' ,*ur*1 ,we/ ,end1 ,hants4--,/ruck by lightn+ at #e p4m41 on ,june #ab?1 #ahge4 ,! *ur* /&s on ! top ( a hill ) _m trees ne>1 x is built ( brick ) a lead ridge to ro(1 iron & lead gutt]s1 iron ra9-wat] pipes ,p1 & two iron *imneys4 ,! spire is ( brick1 ) /one angles fix$ by iron cramps2 ! spire 0 f9i%$ by an iron b> at ! top1 b 0 n provid$ ) a lightn+ conductor4 ,! damage done to ! spire 0 consid]able1 z %ewn 9 ! engrav+1 mak+ x necess>y to pull x d[n1 b ! t[] 0 n injur$4 ,/ones f ! spire 7 ?r[n ?r\gh ! trees at ,b1 :i* are #abf feet di/ant f ! *ur*1 cutt+ (f "s ( ! b\ghs4 ,! tree at ,a 0 unt\*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,james ,*ur*1 ,we/ ,end1 ,hants4 #ab4 ,t4 ,hawksley4 ,sev]al ,/eam ,*imneys n provid$ ) lightn+ conductors2 upp] portions knock$ d[n1 *imney split or (t5 sk9n$ by ! lightn+1 i4e41 ! f\r & a half in*es ( brickwork tak5 (f2 details n giv54 ,n[ uses ,gray's sy/em ( lightn+ conductors = su* build+s1 :i* is f\nd successful4 #ac4 ,a4 ,hill4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa h\ses are g5]ally ro($ ) corrugat$ iron1 & protect$ f lightn+ by plant+ a circle ( high trees r\nd !m4 #ad4 ,g4 ,j4 ,h9e4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,*ur*1 ,nott+ham4--,/ruck ab\t twelve ye>s ago2 t[] & spire #aej feet high1 ) "o conductor ( half-in* copp] wire-rope1 ) plat9um t]m9al1 & secur$ by insulat$ brackets1 b e>? contact only two feet long at "t ( accid5t ! re/ hav+ be5 /ol54 ,! lightn+ pass$ d[n ! conductor till )9 six feet f ! gr\nd1 :]e x pass$ ?r\gh a wall ( solid masonry f\r feet six in*es ?ick1 displac+ "s ( ! /ones1 to an in*-iron gas pipe inside ! *ur*4 ,9 pass+ (f along ! gas pipes "u ! floor1 x s f> dis>rang$ !m z to cause a consid]able leakage ( gas1 :i* 0 set fire to by a c&le "s h\rs aft] ! accid5t & explod$4 ,!re 7 no trees1 only a few %rubs ne>4 #af4 ,j4 ,j]man4 ,alph+ton ,*ur*1 ne> ,exet]4--,t[] /ruck ab\t ,m>*1 #ahbh2 ! *ur* _h no lightn+ conductor4 ,! t[] 0 r5t ?r\gh ! masonry v]tically1 damag+ p>apet & unge>+ & injur+ bells1 :i* 7 be+ rung at ! "t2 "o r+] 0 kill$1 & "s ( ! o!rs _h ! heel-plates melt$ (f _! boots4 ,!re are few trees ( any size ne> ! t[]1 :i* surm\nts all adjac5t build+s2 x _h p9nacles & a wea!rcock on ! top1 & a lead ro( ) sp\ts1 no d[n pipe4 ,v few casualties f lightn+ occur 9 ,devon%ire4 #ah4 ,e4 ,j4 ,law4--,! t[]1 surm\nt$ by a ca/ iron vane1 ( a h\se built "u my sup]9t5d5ce1 0 /ruck2 ! slates /ripp$ f ! ro(1 & ! *>ge app>5tly escap$ d[n ! ra9-wat] pipe2 x divid$1 h[ev]1 & pass$ to an adjo9+ ridge1 *ipp$ a piece (f ! iron cre/+ & hurl$ x "s tw5ty y>ds f ! build+4 ,lightn+ conductor ord]$1 b n erect$2 ca/ iron ridges to all ! ro(s4 ,l>ge infirm>y )9 two hundr$ y>ds & high *ur* t[] )9 ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & h\ses ne>]1 ( equal height to ! "o /ruck1 & ) ca/ iron cre/+s1 none ( ^! 7 injur$4 #ah;a4 ,/4 ,sepul*re's ,*ur*1 ,nor?ampton4--,vane on top ( spire /ruck by lightn+1 pass$ d[n ! rod1 !n to frame ( "o ( ! spire w9d[s1 & !nce to clock face1 f clock face x pass$ d[n ! gas pipe1 leav+ no fur!r trace4 #ai4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis4 ,lewi%am1 #ahgb4--,z9c *imney ( h\se /ruck2 lightn+ w5t d[n flue ,a1 !nce to a gasali] 7glass7 ,b1 broke x to pieces & pass$ h>mlessly to ! o!r end ( ! h\se :]e ! pipe end$ at ,c1 broke ?r\gh a p>tition !re & ! w9d[ ,d1 & pass$ d[n ! ra9-wat] pipe ,e to ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section4 #ai;a4 ,w&swor?1 #ahge4--;,*imney ( h\se /ruck & damag$ z %[n 9 sket*1 lightn+ !n pass$ along eaves gutt] ,f1 & d[n ! iron wat]-pipe ,g1 do+ no fur!r injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation4 ,,plan4 #ai;b4 ,addiscombe1 #ahgh4--;,*imney /ruck above ,h1 ! lightn+ pass$ d[n flue1 slightly injur$ ! *imney-pieces1 & app>5tly pass$ ?r\gh ! two op5 doors to ! road1 z ! t5ant /&+ at ,j di/9ctly felt a %ock4 #ai;c4 ,=e/ ,hill4--,*imney 7,k7 /ruck1 lightn+ foll[$ gutt]s %[n by dott$ l9e 9 sket*1 "p no d\bt escap$ by pipe ,l1 b "s pass$ along gutt] to ,m do+ slight injury to brickwork !re1 ! w9d[ ,n 0 brok51 & ! gilt bead "u cornice 9 rooms ,k & ,o 0 black5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation4 #ai;d4 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4--,a *imney has be5 /ruck on two occasions1 b little damage done2 ! lightn+ pass$ (f by gutt]s & ra9 pipes :i* ent] ! dra9s2 ! top ( ! dome1 :i* is ( /one1 has escap$4 #ba4 ,j4 ,murgatroyd4 ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,crumpsall1 ne> ,man*e/]4--,a lightn+ conductor f spire t\*$ ! eaves gutt]1 & a gas pipe t\*$ ! end ( ?is gutt]4 ,! lightn+ pass$ f ! conductor along ! gutt] to ! gas pipe1 melt$ x1 & set ! *ur* on fire by ignit+ ! gas4 #bb4 ,t4 ,oliv]4--,nev] _h a build+ damag$ dur+ ?irty ye>s practice2 uses in* copp] rope = lightn+ conductors1 9 contact ) any iron "w ne>1 & buri$ #h feet 9 gr\nd 9 a%es4 #bc4 ,wyatt ,papwor?4--,tall spire /ruck4 ,! *ur* /&s 9 an op5 position ) no l>ge trees ne>4 ,x 0 provid$ ) an iron lightn+ conductor 94 diam41 fix$ ) iron holdfa/s1 & c>ri$ d[n inside ! spire & t[] into gr\nd2 ! top ( x 0 said to be atta*$ to a bold copp] f9ial on ! spire ab\t #aej feet f ! gr\nd1 & #ej feet above ridge ( ro(2 ! lightn+ is suppos$ to h fir/ /ruck ! f9ial1 x slightly d]ang$ "s b$s ( masonry 9 upp] "p ( spire1 !n desc5d$ by iron rod to belfry1 melt$ a gas tube 9 ! floor1 & set fire to ! belfry by ignit+ ! gas4 #bc;a4 ,h\se 9 c\ntry road4 ,! lightn+ /ruck *imney-pot1 desc5d$ flue to fire-grate & !re divid$1 "o "p pass$ to fire-grate bel[ & damag$ ! gasali]1 ano!r "p de/roy$ a box ( clo!s ne> grate1 !n pass$ out ( door into ano!r room1 /ruck ! grate & pass$ into room bel[ do+ no fur!r damage4 #bc;b4 ,ano!r h\se situat$ at ! corn] ( c\ntry road ) high trees ne>1 lightn+ foll[$ bell wires1 /ripp+ pap]1 c4 #bc;c4 ,at a ?ird h\se1 *imney pot /ruck1 %aft & eaves gutt]s damag$4 #bd4 ,j4 ,l4 ,pe>son4--,wea!rcock ( a tall spire 9 an expos$ situation /ruck4--,!re 0 a wire rope conductor atta*$ to ! b> c>ry+ ! vane & pass+ d[n inside ! spire & out at ! belfry w9d[1 ! bells be+ connect$ ) x2 x 0 atta*$ to ! t[] by ord9>y metal hooks1 & 0 c>ri$ #f or #h feet into ! gr\nd1 & ab\t #aj feet f ! base ( ! t[]1 ! /r&s be+ spread out4 ,! conductor 0 b5t ab\t v awkw>dly "u cop+s1 & 9 "s places1 at "r angles1 ! damage 0 v slight1 & 0 limit$ to projections ( m\ld+s close to a b5d 9 ! conductor ab\t #bj feet above gr\nd4 ,! conductor itself 0 un9jur$4 ,"s insignificant trees #ajj y>ds di/ant4 #bf4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rob9s4 ,/4 ,mat?ias's ,*ur*1 ,brixton4--,no conductor1 al?\gh ! *ur* _h previ\sly be5 /ruck4 ,i h n[ put "o up1 lead+ its l[] end into a ci/]n ( wat]4 ,! portl& /one t]m9al cross 0 %att]$1 & ! /ones ( ! cornice ( ! two topmo/ /ages 7 displac$4 #bh4 ,h4 ,s4 ,snell4 ,! ,holborn ,union ,infirm>y1 ,upp] ,holl[ay1 9 c\rse ( erection4--,conductor n fix$4 ,apex ( t[] ro(1 #afj feet f gr\nd1 hav+ only ro( timb]s1 "s lead-"w ,a at apex1 & vane 7gild$ iron7 fix$4 ,! damage comm5c$ j bel[ lead-"w on apex1 & ?ree out ( f\r hips 7 mu* torn & %att]$1 necessitat+ tak+ d[n & rebuild+2 ! hips 7 ea* fram$ 9 ?ree sections1 bolt$ toge!r ) iron bolts1 & 9 ne>ly e case ! bolts seem to h specially attract$ ! fluid caus+ slight *>r+4 ,"o ( ! dorm] w9d[s ,b 0 also sep>at$ f ! spire4 ,! fluid appe>$ ev5tually to h be5 attract$ by ! wat]-pipes1 :i* rise to top /ory ( build+1 & s pass$ away4 ,x w be not$ z peculi> t ! iron vane 0 n t\*$1 & t ! damage comm5c$ imm$iately bel[ x4 ,! damage evid5tly occurr$ only :]e ! conduct+ mat]ials 7 abs5t1 ! iron vane & ! lead w\ld naturally be> no trace ( injury4--,,ed4 ,no trees ne>] ?an #aej feet1 & ^! mu* bel[ ! top ( t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,t[] ( ,holborn ,union ,infirm>y1 ,holl[ay #cb4 ,j4 ,b4 ,m4 ,)]s4 ,deta*$ h\se1 ne> ,%effield1 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4--,no conductor2 ! top ( a *imney fifty-two feet six in*es above ! gr\nd 0 /ruck & d]ang$ b n ?r[n d[n4 ,! ne>e/ ironwork 0 an ord9>y ca/ gutt]1 tw5ty feet f ! top ( ! *imney4 ,no trees )9 sixty y>ds ( ! build+4 #cd4 ,g4 ,wrottesley 7,col4 ,r4,e474 ,*imney %aft ( a laundry at ! ,b>racks at ,graves5d4--,no conductor4 ,! *imney %aft1 =ty feet high1 0 entirely de/roy$ by a heavy *>ge ( electricity z l[ d[n z ! eaves ( ! build+--at ?is po9t iron gutt]s w5t r\nd ! build+ & outside ! *imney %aft1 & ! *>ge pass$ h>mlessly away to ! e>? by ! ra9 wat] pipes ,p4 ,n a brick 0 left 9 place above & n "o di/urb$ bel[ ! gutt]2 ! %aft appe>$ z if cut (f by a knife at ?is po9t4 ,no trees )9 #ajj or #aej y>ds4 ,! disruptive =ce 0 s great t ! bricks 7 scatt]$ ov] a radius ( #bjj feet1 & ! slate ro( 0 riddl$ l a col&] by ! brickbats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation ,,& ,,plan4 #cf4 ,e4 ,n4 ,clifton4 ,be?nal ,gre5--,a f\r-room$ h\se1 "o ( a r[1 ) a ,v %ap$ ro(1 0 cut 9 two by lightn+2 a fissure 0 made 9 ! front & back walls1 & also 9 ! middle pla/] p>tition4 ,! fluid ent]$ ! h\se betwe5 ! front w9d[s & pass$ ?r\gh ! p>tition & back wall1 r to ! side ( an iron pipe at ! back :i* 0 ! only metal ne>4 ,no trees 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,,app5dix ,e4 ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,accid5ts ,,by ,,lightn+ ,,collect$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>s #aheg1 #aheh ,,& #ahei ,,by ,,mr4 ,,symons1 ,,& ,,report ,,^u ,,! ,,same ,,by ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayrton4 ,select$ accid5ts4 ,i4 ,ab\t a qu>t] pa/ t5 p4m4 on ,aug4 #ad1 #aheg1 an occurr5ce took place at ! ,brick-lane /ation ( ! ,*>t]$ ,gas ,company1 ,/4 ,luke's1 :i* caus$ "s al>m4 ,x appe>s t ! lightn+ /ruck "o ( ! iron columns :i* support$ "o side ( a gasomet]1 or gas hold]1 situate on ! "r h& side ( ! y>d4 ,ow+ to ! column hav+ be5 ?us /ruck by lightn+1 ! gas1 compris+ _m hundr$ ?\s& feet1 became ignit$4 ,=tunately1 ! s]vices ( ! firem5 7 n requir$1 =1 ow+ to ! admirable directions giv5 by ,mr4 ,upw>d1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! works1 & ! ex]tions ( ! m5 "u him1 ! flames 7 subdu$ 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod4 ,=tunately no p]son 0 injur$1 & no damage 0 done to any ( ! surr\nd+ prop]ty4 ,,ii4 ,at half-pa/ elev5 on ,aug4 #ad1 #aheg1 !re 0 a t]rific dis*>ge ( lightn+1 by :i* ! s\?-ea/ p9nacle ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,/am=d1 0 in/antane\sly /ruck d[n4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael is a mod]n /ructure1 erect$ 9 #ahcb4 ,x is situate 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,! s\?-ea/ p9nacle1 :i* receiv$ ! electric fluid1 0 compos$ ( a mass ( masonry1 weigh+ ab\t fifte5 hundr$ weight2 ! iron clamps or ties by :i* ! "w 0 b\nd toge!r s]v$ z p>tial conductors4 ,at e break 9 _! arrangem5t a s]ies ( disruptive dis*>ges ( ! electric fluid took place 9 lat]al directions1 driv+ out l>ge masses ( ! /onework1 spread+ !m ov] ! ro( ( ! nave & *ur*y>d1 do+ consid]able damage to ! ro(+ & tomb/ones4 ,! effect ( ! fluid :5 x rea*$ ! base ( ! p9nacle1 f n meet+ ) a ready conduct+ m$ium1 0 to uplift ! :ole mass imp>t+ to x at ! same "t a k9d ( circul> motion to ! s\?w>d1 ! apex ( ! p9nacle fall+ 9 a l9e ) its orig9al base2 & ! base hav+ trav]s$ ab\t ! eigh? "p ( ! circle1 fell into ! ro( ( ! t[]4 ,imm$iately at ! base ( ! p9nacle !re is a ?ree-in* iron sp\t or tube erect$ to convey ! wat] f ! t[] ro(4 ,?is iron tube ! electric fluid ent]$1 &1 f9d+ ?r\gh x an unoppos$ *annel1 pass$ d[n ! t[]1 & f9ally into ! e>?1 )\t do+ m damage4 ,! iron tube or sp\t+ 9 ?is in/ance1 & by m]e accid5t1 act$ ! "p ( a lightn+ conductor1 & s]v$ to protect ! o!r p>ts ( ! t[] f mo/ s]i\s injury1 if n entire de/ruction4 ,,iii4 ,at ,wal?am/[1 at #g4cj a4m41 on ,june #e?1 #aheh1 ! flag /aff ( ! *ur* 0 %iv]$1 ! gutt]s 7 torn up1 ! rob+ room & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ext]ior injur$1 & ! gas pipes torn op54 ,,iv4 ,effects ( lightn+ on a *imney /alk #bdj feet high4--,facts collect$ by ,alex&] ,cruick%ank1 #bh? ,june1 #ahei3 ,dur+ ! ?und] /orm at ,ab]de51 betwe5 #h & #i a4m41 #bf? ,june1 #ahei1 ! lightn+ /ruck ,messrs4 ,ri*>d ,co's *imney1 #bdj feet high1 at ,rubislaw1 ,blea*field1 "o mile we/ ( ! city4 ,at ! height ( #abj to #adj feet ?ree pat*es ( surface bricks 7 torn (f4 ,by ! aid ( a telescope & kn[+ ! size ( ! bricks & ! ?ickness ( ! mort> betwe5 !m1 ! two l>ge/ pat*es ( d5ud$ bricks 7 #g feet by #c feet & #d feet by #c feet--! longe/ measurem5ts are v]tical4 ,^! pat*es 7 visible to ! nak$ eye at lea/ two miles (f4 ,! p>ts d5ud$ 7 #d in*es ?ick1 or ! bread? ( a brick :5 plac$ ) its l>ge/ surface horizontal & its sides ext]nal & int]nal4 ,e f\r? lay]1 h[ev]1 ( ! bricks h _! ends plac$ ext]nal & int]nal ) respect to ! axis ( ! *imney1 & ^! bricks are brok5 across at ! dep? ( #d in*es1 or midway betwe5 _! int]nal & ext]nal ends1 ! latt] be+ at ! surface ( ! *imney4 ,?us ?ree-f\r?s ( ! bricks ( ! d5ud$ pat*es 7 torn (f ?r\gh ! lime seam p>allel to ! surface ( ! *imney1 :ile a f\r? ( ! numb] has be5 brok5 across 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,ano!r portion ( ! surface bricks1 #aj feet 7v]tical7 by #c feet1 has n be5 entirely deta*$ f ! side ( ! *imney b =ms a bulg+ ( #a foot at its greate/ projection1 & is visible 9 pr(ile half a mile (f4 ,! lightn+ on /rik+ ! *imney appe>$ l a cricket ball1 ( ! brightness ( iron at a :ite heat4 ,?is in/antane\sly pass$ into a blui% flame a little d>k] ?an t ( common salt :5 ?r[n on ! fire4 ,a mom5t>y flick] & a h>d crack 7 p]ceiv$4 ,! lightn+ seems to h /ruck ! *imney #bj feet above ! utt]mo/ d5ud$ pat* at a small abrad$ spot occupy+ a few bricks1 & r$di% :5 se5 f ! gr\nd4 ,! *imney has no lightn+ conductor & ! damage done has n affect$ its /ability & draught4 ,additional rem>ks1 by ,alex&] ,d4 ,milne1 *emi/1 ( ,rubislaw ,works4 #f? ,decemb]1 #ahei4--;,half ! l[] bulg+ "p1 :]e ! =ce ( ! electric fluid seems to h become diffus$ or sp5t1 fell dur+ ! gale ( #crd & #d? ,decemb]4 ,! #crd in/4 _h be5 fro/y1 foll[$ by ?aw1 ra91 & w9d f ,s4,w4 ,! "p newly expos$ is #aj feet 9 v]tical height & #b feet across1 & ! fir/ mort> jo9t =ms also ! plane ( sep>ation1 ! radial bricks be+ cut "r across4 ,! l[] edge ( ! pat* is #ajj feet f ! gr\nd1 & ! f\r pat*es ext5d upw>ds 9 an irregul> l9e = #dj feet1 n v]tically1 b 9 a spiral ( ab\t "o-?ird r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! *imney4 ,! abrad$ spot ?r\gh :i* ! fluid seems to h p5etrat$ is #bj feet f>!r up 9 ! same oblique direction4 ,x seems to be ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! "p appe>s z if brok5 by a hamm] f ! outside1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ out f )91 z 9 ! d5ud$ p>ts bel[4 ,we may =m a conception ( ! imm5se disruptive =ce ex]cis$1 ?us3 #aje bricks are torn (f1 area ( ea* #ad?s squ>e in*es2 total area1 #aefb squ>e in*es4 ,=ce or dead weight requir$ to te> asund]3 #a squ>e in* ( brick has be5 f\nd to be #cjj lbs4 ,total disruptive =ce #dfh1fjj lbs41 or #bji tons1 & ?is on ! bricks cut across alone4 ,9 addition we h a mort> jo9t ?ree times ! above area1 :i* at a mod]ate e/imate ( "o-?ird ! /r5g?1 or #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 gives #bji tons m1 or #dah tons 9 all1 ! approximate dead weight requir$ to te> (f :at has fall54 ,all[+ = :at is damag$ b has n fall51 ! electric fluid mu/ h _h a mom5t>y disruptive =ce ( #ejj tons4 ,v4 ,gl\ce/]1 ,july #bnd1 #ahei4--,two clumps ( objects 7 /ruck1 two elm trees 9 ! ,spa walks & ,rycr(t ,*apel--) ! adjo9+ elm4 ,?is %[s ! lightn+ to h be5 =k$1 z !y 7 bo? /ruck at ! same "t1 & !re 0 a d\ble explosion ( ?und]2 ! extremities ( ! =k 7 #adhj feet f ea* o!r4 ,! trees 9 ! ,spa /&+ close to ea* o!r 7 /ripp$ f a great height1 ( six or sev5 in*es wid? ( b>k1 :i*1 ) ! bran*es1 0 /rew$ to ! di/ance ( sev]al y>ds4 ,! elm at ,cali=nia _h a l>ge b\gh /ruck (f2 ! lightn+ !n ran along ano!r bran*1 /ruck ! /one edg+ ( ! ro( ( ! *apel1 scor*+ ! end ( ! b\gh & *ipp+ great pieces (f ! /one2 x !n ran along ! metallic gutt] to ! end ( ! ro( ne> ! s*oolroom1 :]e x desc5d$ ! iron sp\t+ to ! gr\nd1 bur/+ ! sp\t+ at ! jo9ts1 :]e x 0 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & 9 "o place knock$ a hole 9 ! wall t5 in*es deep1 z if "s sup]ior conductor _h attract$ x inside4 ,,vi4 ,i delay$ answ]+ y\r note until ,i c\ld give y a correct description ( ! damage done to ! *imney by exam9ation f ! scaffold+ 7:i* we 7 erect+ at ! "t ( its receipt47 ,! *imney is a portion ( "s additions made to my manure works only la/ ,novemb]4 ,x 0 /ruck dur+ a fe>ful ?und]/orm on ,tuesday ! #ai? ( ,july1 ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! electric fluid deta*$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! topmo/ /onework1 :i* fell ) great viol5ce ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! build+s bel[2 x !n displac$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! rema9d] ( ! /onework to ! brick %aft4 ,?is octagonal brick %aft x split & %att]$ 9 all directions on ?ree ( its sides1 = a space ( ab\t tw5ty-five feet1 completely deta*+ portions ( ! brickwork sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 bo? inside & out2 aft] :i* x split ! rema9d] ( ! %aft asund] 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh a fur!r space ( ab\t fifte5 feet to ! /one base4 ,?is /one base x also displac$ 7pass+ ?r\gh ! jo9+s17 & ?r\gh sev5 feet m solid brickwork1 to an op5 v5tilator plac$ "u ! ro( ( a build+ at ! foot ( ! *imney4 ,?r\gh ! v5tilator a portion ( ! electric fluid seems to h escap$ f ! *imney into ! int]ior ( a l>ge w>eh\se1 "s ( ! ma9 timb]s ( ! ro( ( :i* x has split & %att]$ v mu*4 ,a portion only ( ! fluid seems to h escap$ 9 ?is way1 z ! *imney is split bel[ ! v5tilator = a fur!r space ( ab\t t5 feet4 ,sev]al p]sons 7 at "w 9 ! w>eh\se at ! "t1 none ( :om 7 injur$ 9 any way 7al?\gh !y felt b5umb$47 ,two /rong horses /&+ 9 a c>t 71 h[ev]1 /ruck d[n by ! lightn+ on its escape f ! w>eh\se4 ,! great] portion ( ! *imney mu/ come d[n2 9 fact1 we are n[ tak+ x d[n4 ,,john ,,/]rik]4 ,driffield1 ,augu/ #h?1 #ahei4 ,p4,s4--,9 ! con/ruction ( ! *imney1 hoop iron 0 imb$d$ 9 ! body ( ! brickwork e five or six c\rses1 to b9d x toge!r2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 prev5t$ ! :ole ( ! upp] %aft f be+ ?r[n d[n1 al?\gh 9 _m places ! iron has be5 completely fus$4 ,! total height ( ! *imney 0 #he feet4 ,extract f ,mr4 ,symons's report on ,?und]/orms 9 #aheg-eh & #ahei4 ,read at ! ,ox=d ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahfj4 ,lightn+ ,conductors4--,no build+ provid$ ) a conductor is record$ to h be5 injur$ dur+ ! ?ree ye>s2 9 a few cases b>s or pipes ( metal act$ z su*1 s f> z !y ext5d$4 ,! fir/ in/ance 0 at ,wibsey ,s*ool1 :]e ! *>ge1 :i* kill$ "o boy & injur$ eight o!rs1 _h pass$ safely d[n an iron p5dant f ! ro(--9 fact1 an iron rod (1 ,i believe1 small diamet]4 ,9 ! case ( a h\se 9 ,camd5 ,squ>e1 ! *>ge :i* ov]turn$ "o end ( a /ack ( *imneys1 pass$ safely d[n ! iron wat]-pipe at ! back ( ! h\se4 ,! fla% :i* injur$ ,ryecr(t ,*apel1 ,gl\ce/]1 fir/ /ruck an elm-tree close to ! *apel & broke (f a l>ge b\gh1 x !n d>t$ to ! ro(1 ran along ! metallic gutt] to ! end ( ! ro(1 :]e x desc5d$ ! iron sp\t+ to ! gr\nd1 bur/+ ! sp\t+ at ! jo9ts1 :]e x 0 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & 9 "o place knock$ a hole 9 ! wall t5 in*es deep1 z if "s sup]ior conductor _h attract$ x inside4 ,i presume few p]sons w n[ oppose ! results obta9$ by ! elaborate inve/igations ( ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris1 ei!r z to ! utility ( conductors1 or _! be/ =m & di/ribution4 ,^! po9ts be+ admitt$1 x rema9s to asc]ta9 :y !y are n m g5]ally us$--:y1 9 %ort1 ! accid5ts ,i h enum]at$ 7)1 p]haps1 z _m m ( :i* ,i h n he>d7 are all[$ to occur--t !y are prev5tible !re is no reasonable d\bt4 ,i believe t ! reason t conductors are s comp>atively seldom us$ may be express$ by "o ^w--exp5se2 a rem>k made by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,?omson1 at ! ,ab]de5 meet+1 0 a /rong illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 8,if ,i urge our manufactur]s to put up lightn+ conductors !y say1 #8,x is *eap] to insure ?an to put up conductors4'0 ,b z no insurance nor ought else c comp5sate = loss ( life1 x becomes important to consid] if any *eap & effectual sub/itute = a regul> conductor c be f\nd4 ,"o plan = effect+ ?is1 z f> z private dwell+s are conc]n$1 is t ( connect+ ! lead gutt]s ( ! ro( ) ! ra9 wat] pipe1 & ) a rod project+ a few feet above ! *imneys2 x is obvi\s t bo? gutt]s & pipe w\ld d]ive additional conduct+ p[] f ! wat] :i* 7at su* times z ! conductor is requir$7 is usually fl[+ along !m4 ,i am n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( electric action to (f] an op9ion on ?is plan2 z f> z my own limit$ exp]i5ce goes1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be decid$ly bett] ?an ! entire neglect :i* n[ s l>gely prevails1 = x w\ld probably induce ! %ock to pass d[n ! outside ( ! h\se in/ead ( d[n ! *imney inside1 :i* has hi!rto be5 its mo/ frequ5t c\rse4 ,i mu* wi% t ^? :o h turn$ _! att5tion to electric action w\ld express a decid$ op9ion on ! matt]4 ,9 "o ( ! =ego+ cases ! iron pipe 0 p]fectly compet5t & effectual 9 convey+ ! *>ge2 & 9 ! o!r ! damage 7limit$1 be x rememb]$1 to bur/+ ! jo9ts7 d\btless arose f ! int]v5tion ( ! lead betwe5 ! two l5g?s ( pipe--consid]+ ! some:at l[ conduct+ p[] ( ! lead1 su* a result might almo/ h be5 anticipat$4 ,k9d ( ,trees ,/ruck4--,9 sixte5 cases ! class ( tree /ruck has be5 m5tion$2 ( ^! "o-?ird 7 elms4 ,! next 9 ord] ( ?is un5viable di/9ction are ! oak1 a%1 & popl>2 in/ances also occurr$ ( ! crab1 ! lime1 & ! will[ be+ injur$ by lightn+4 ,x is satisfactory to f9d t z f> z s %ort a s]ies is compet5t1 x corroborates previ\s op9ions on ! subject4 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to quote "o ( ! e>lie/ ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,9 ! ye> #aghg ,mr4 ,hugh ,maxwell wrote to ! ,am]ican ,academy t he ?\ght he might /ate f 8 own exp]i5ce t ! elm1 *e/nut1 oak1 & p9e1 are (t52 a% r>ely2 & bee*1 bir*1 & maple nev] /ruck4 ,a communication ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ by ,mr4 ,+ram1 ( ,belvoir ,ca/le1 be>s closely on ?is subject1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,he says1 8,i fil$ y\r lett]1 resolv+ to keep a %>p look out 9 my rides ab\t ! neighb\rhood = all ! ?und]-bla/$ trees4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to obta9 p]fectly accurate in=mation1 because trees are tak5 away aft] _! de/ruction2 b ,i h asc]ta9$ t )9 ! area ( ,croxton ,p>k1 tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! trees 7oaks7 h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! p>k is situat$ on high gr\nd2 ! sub/ratum is rock 7lime/one71 :i* has m or less iron 9 x4 ,! oaks1 :]e ! soil is /rongly f]rug9\s1 are useless z timb] trees2 ! wood1 :5 sawn1 splits & rives 9 e direction1 possibly f ! quantity ( iron40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! acc\nts giv5 9 ! notes suppli$ to me by ,mr4 ,symons are ( great int]e/1 b z ! majority ( ! build+s /ruck _h no lightn+ rods ! details ( ! de/ructions d n be> imm$iately on ! object ( our ,conf]5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s few facts :i* may probably be ( int]e/4 #a4--;,damp air al?\gh n a conductor = ord9>y electricity 7see ! writ+s ( ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson7 may be a conductor = lightn+3-- ,= !re are _m in/ances ( %eep & horses be+ kill$ 9 op5 fields4 ,?is may h be5 due to ! %eep collect+ toge!r 9 a flock1 & ! air above !m becom+ moi/ f ! p]spiration aris+ f ! flock4 #b4--;,c]ta9 co9cid5ces ( e>?quake waves & atmosph]ic electrical /orms h be5 obs]v$4--,! foll[+ may1 p]haps1 be "o3-- ,june #e?1 #aheh4--;,dur+ ?und]/orm at ,pegwell ,bay ! wat] 9 ! ,bay1 ! tide be+ !n ab\t two h\rs pa/ flood1 sudd5ly rec$$ ab\t #bjj y>ds1 & return$ to its =m] position )9 ! space ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 #c4--,op5 doors all[ lightn+ to pass ?r\gh4 ,augu/ #ab?1 #aheh1 ,b$=d4--,! lightn+ pass$ ?r\gh five op5 doors 9 its way f a *imney1 :i* 0 orig9ally /ruck1 to an op5 w9d[1 by :i* x w5t out1 all ! doors be+ on ! gr\nd floor4 #d4--;,difficulty ( mak+ lightn+ conductors to protect build+s4 ,augu/ #ah?1 #aheh4 ,neighb\rhood ( ,norwi*--,a boy rid+ on a pony escap$ unhurt1 :ile ! pony 0 kill$ by lightn+4 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,brighton4--,! t[] 0 provid$ ) a lightn+ conductor1 b x 0 only c>ri$ up "o ( ! p9nacles1 h5ce "o ( ! o!r p9nacles ( ! t[] 0 /ruck--! di/ance betwe5 ! p9nacles be+ sc>cely t5 feet4 ,sometimes trees are /ruck 9 ! middle1 & n at ! top4 ,new ,k5t ,road4--,:ile a man 0 saw+ wood1 ! lightn+ ent]$ by ! w9d[1 /ruck ! blade ( ! saw1 burnt ! h&le1 b did n injure ! man4 #e4 ,a small body p]fectly insulat$ f ! gr\nd is n safe f lightn+4 ,octob] #aa?1 #aheh4 ,kilham1 ,york%ire4--,two sea gulls1 :ile fly+1 7 kill$ by lightn+4 #f4 ,advantages ( lightn+ conductors4 ,dur+ #aheg1 -#eh1 -#ei almo/ ! :ole ( ! build+s report$ z damag$ by lightn+ 7 unprovid$ ) lightn+ conductors4 ,among ^? /ruck b n damag$ 7 build+s on :i* metal b>s or pipes act$ z conductors z f> z !y w5t1 prov$ by ! lightn+ hav+ bur/ ! metallic sp\t+ at ! jo9ts4 #g4 ,exp5se ( ,conductors4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris' rule3-- ,copp] solid #je 94 9 diamet] tube #ae 94 9 diamet] 94 ?ick4 ,iron solid #jge 94 9 diamet] tube #bjj 94 9 diamet] 94 ?ick4 ,m9imum co/ "o %ill+ p] foot1 n includ+ co/ ( c>riage & fix+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ab]de51 said 8,if ,i urge on ,glasg[ manufactur]s to put up lightn+ conductors !y say x is *eap] to insure ?an to d s40 ,?is %[s ! importance ( economy 9 ! con/ruction ( conductors1 & consequ5tly ( ! det]m9ation ( ! lea/ exp5sive conductor1 :i* w be safe = any special build+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to det]m9e1 x appe>s to me1 is :e!r an electric curr5t1 :5 ! electro motive =ce is v high1 passes along ! surface or ?r\gh ! body ( a conductor1 s9ce on ! result ( ?is mu/ dep5d :e!r we give a lightn+ conductor l>ge surface1 or l>ge sectional area--9 fact1 :e!r a tube ( l>ge diamet]1 b ) comp>atively ?9 walls1 is bett] ?an a solid rod ( mu* small] diamet]4 ,9 ! ,may numb] = ?is ye> ( ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 !re appe>$ an int]e/+ article1 by ! late ,mr4 ,br\gh1 8,on ! prop] ,relative ,sectional ,areas = ,copp] & ,iron ,lightn+ ,rods10 9 :i* ,mr4 ,br\gh arriv$ at ! result t ! sectional area ( an iron rod conductor %\ld be to ! sectional area ( a copp] rod 9 ! ratio ( #h to #c2 f :i* he concludes t an iron rod w be ! *eap] conductor4 ,b ?is result is obta9$ on ! assumption t ! resi/ance ( rods ( ! same l5g?1 & ( ! same mat]ial = lightn+1 are inv]sely z _! sectional areas1 a result ab\t :i* ,i ?9k !re may well be d\bt4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayrton4 ,,app5dix ,f4 ,,ab/racts ,,( ,,pr9t$ ,,docum5ts4 ,,fr5* ,,(ficial ,,publications4 ,prelim9>y ,note4 ,9 #aghd1 ! att5tion ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t hav+ be5 direct$ to ! desirability ( protect+ ! p[d] magaz9es ( ! k+dom f damage by lightn+ by ! employm5t ( conductors1 a sy/em ( con/ruction 0 propos$ by two (fic]s ( ! ,eng9e]s & ,artill]y4 ,?is sy/em 0 ref]r$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = consid]ation & report4 ,f "t to "t subsequ5tly o!r proposals ( a l nature1 & o!r inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( lightn+ rods 7 consid]$ by ! ,academy1 & report$ ^u by v>i\s ,committees4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,conf]5ce1 ,i h endeav\r$1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 to give 9 z cond5s$ a =m z possible an accurate ab/ract ( _! cont5ts1 & to avoid1 9 all cases1 ! expression ( any op9ion1 ei!r adv]se or concurr5t1 ^u ! pr9ciples or sugge/ions conta9$ 9 !m4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,dymond4 ,,report made to ! ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces1 by ,,frankl91 ,,l]oy1 ,,c\lomb1 ,,de ,,la ,,place1 & ,,ro*on4 #bd? ,april1 #aghd4 ,c]ta9 proposals = erect+ lightn+ rods = protect+ ! p[d] magaz9es at ,m>seilles hav+ be5 submitt$ to ! ,academy = _! op9ion1 a committee1 consi/+ ( ! above-nam$1 0 appo9t$ to exam9e & report4 ,!y beg9 by enunciat+ ! !ory :i* %\ld regulate ! erection ( conductors1 & !y lay d[n ! foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,! ext5t ( ! build+ %\ld fir/ be asc]ta9$ to decide :e!r "o or m conductors %\ld be us$4 ,electrical exp]im5ts _h n yet made kn[n any?+ ( ! ext5t to :i* ! action ( ! po9t ( ! conductor rea*$4 ,b s9ce build+s _h be5 suppli$ ) conductors _m obs]vations _h %[n t ^? p>ts ( !m :i* 7 m ?an #de feet ,fr5* 7#dh ,engli%7 f ! po9t ( ! conductor _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 #b4 ,:5 !re are _m po9ts or arr[s on ! build+ !y %\ld be connect$ toge!r & also connect$ ) all p>ts ( ! ro( :i* are cov]$ ) lead1 & also connect$ ) ! wea!rcocks or ornam5tal metal po9ts s z to =m "o metallic sy/em ) ! conduct+ b>s4 #c4 ,x is n less important t ^! b>s %\ld be ?or\ghly jo9$ toge!r2 = a solution ( cont9uity 9 !m produces a resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electricity accord+ to ! ext5t ( _! sep>ation4 #d4 ,x is necess>y t ! b>s %\ld communicate ?or\ghly ) moi/ e>? or1 bett] /ill1 ) wat]4 ,z to ! height ( ! po9ts !y %\ld be at lea/ #ab or #ae feet 7#ac to #af feet ,engli%71 or ev5 m if ! build+ is a l>ge "o4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! high] !y are ! wid] ! ext5t ( _! action4 ,!y %\ld be #b in*es 7#bb ,engli%7 squ>e at ! base & great] 9 proportion z _! height exce$s #ae feet 7#af ,engli%74 ,if ! conduct+ b>s are #h or #aj l9es 7or1 say #a in*7 squ>e1 x w be m ?an en\gh4 ,no case _h occurr$ 9 :i* iron b>s ( ?is size _h be5 9 any way damag$ or alt]$ by ! passage ( lightn+4 ,! report]s !n proce$ to exam9e ! two proposals = protect+ ! p[d] magaz9es at ,m>seilles1 s5t 9 by ,m4 ,ravel de ,puy ,contal & ,m4 ,pi]ron4 ,!y 7 bo? = ! same build+ :i* 0 #ca toises long & #h toises wide 7ab\t #aih by #ea ,engli% feet74 ,! fir/ provid$ = ! erection ( ?ree po9ts on ! ridge ( ! ro(1 & ( f\r o!rs1 "o at ea* angle ( ! build+2 ! second _h also ?ree po9ts on ! ridge1 b ! o!r f\r 7 alt]nat$ on ! two sides ( ! ro(1 & iron b>s 7 c>ri$ all along & connect$ ) all ! po9ts4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! t]m9als 7 fa/5$ to ! ro( & ! conduct+ b>s fa/5$ toge!r & l$ to ! wat] 0 ! same 9 ea* proposal4 ,! report]s rem>k conc]n+ ! second t ! conduct+ b>s laid horizontally along ! ro( w\ld involve a great & unnecess>y exp5se1 b ! po9ts %\ld be reta9$1 only in/ead ( plac+ !m alt]nately !y %\ld be set up s t ea* ( !m 0 half way betwe5 ! middle & ! end ( ! ro(1 & in/ead ( connect+ ^! po9ts by b>s along ! l5g? ( ! ro(1 !y %\ld be connect$ ) ! "o connect+ ! ?ree po9ts on ! ridge by b>s jo9+ x p]p5dicul>ly4 ,z to ! me?od propos$ = jo9+ ! sev]al p>ts toge!r ! report]s _c help ?9k+ t 9 _! desire to make ?or\ghly good connections ,,mm4 ,pi]ron & de ,ravel _h propos$ a plan involv+ too mu* difficulty & sup]flu\s exp5se ,x seems to h be5 propos$ to screw ! b>s into ea* o!r1 & !y recomm5d in/ead ( ?is to make at ! base ( ea* po9t1 imm$iately above its ins]tion into ! ro(1 a circul> flange ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet] & #b l9es ?ick1 ) a hole half an in* 9 diamet] 9 ! middle & at ! ends ( ea* conduct+ b> to make a simil> flange & to bolt ! flanges toge!r ) a %eet ( lead betwe5 !m4 ,crut*es %\ld be fix$ on ! ro( to c>ry ! conduct+ b>s4 ,! po9ts %\ld be fix$ ?ree on ! ridge & two on ea* side ( ! ro( half way betwe5 ! po9t 9 ! middle & t at ea* end4 ,^! f\r %\ld be connect$ ) ! conduct+ rods runn+ along ! ridge & %\ld ov]top ! ridge by at lea/ #f feet 7#f feet #e in*es ,engli%74 ,by ?is arrangem5t all p>ts ( ! ro( w\ld be well protect$4 ,! report]s highly approve ( ! way 9 :i* ! conduct+ b>s are connect$ ) wat] by be+ l$ into ! sea1 b if at ! o!r end ( ! build+ !re is suffici5t e>? on ! surface1 & ! soil is n entirely rock ! conductor f ! po9t plac$ at t end might be l$ into x4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! po9ts ( copp] %\ld be screw$ to ! t]m9als = conv5i5ce ( removal :5 necess>y4 ,,report made to ! ,,national ,,in/itute1 by ,,l]oy1 ,,la ,,place1 & ,,c\lomb1 on a ,lightn+ ,rod = ,p[d] ,magaz9es propos$ by ,,regni]4 #f ,nivose1 ,ye> #h 7#bcrd ,decemb]1 #aghi47 ,! report]s ?9k x desirable to make "s g5]al obs]vations on lightn+ rods1 ! r t x appe>s t "s p]sons h _h fe>s z to ! c]ta9ty ( _! effect4 ,x is impossible to reject ! !ory ^u :i* ,frankl9 _h proce$$ 9 provid+ lightn+ rods = ! purpose ( protect+ build+s f damage by lightn+4 ,/ill1 z ! !ory ne$$ to be confirm$ by facts1 x might at fir/ h be5 d\bt$ :e!r ! lightn+ rods 7 really effectual2 b n[ t obs]vation1 & exp]im5t _h prov$ ! tru? ( ! !ory !re 0 no long] any room to "q _! utility4 ,x may ev5 be rem>k$ t obs]vations _h n only prov$ t !y 7 effective :5 well con/ruct$1 b t !y conduct$ ! lightn+ d[n )\t accid5ts1 ev5 :5 !y _h "s defects1 :i* might h caus$ "o to d\bt _! efficacy4 ,! defects allud$ to 7 a blunt$ po9t & a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! conductor4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! two cases obs]vations h %[n--#a/4 ,t al?\gh ! po9ts h be5 blunt$1 !y /ill attract ! lightn+ f ! cl\ds to !mselves 9 pref]5ce to ! surr\nd+ objects4 #bnd4 ,t al?\gh ! sev]al p>ts ( ! conductor are n ?or\ghly jo9$ toge!r1 ! lightn+ w /ill1 if ! break be n too consid]able1 pass along ! conductor )\t accid5t4 ,9 support ( ! fir/ proposition !y quote ! obs]vations ( ,doctor ,ritt5h\se1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o _h exam9$ sev]al ( ! po9ts 9 t city1 & _h f\nd !m melt$1 %[+ cle>ly t !y _h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 & probably m ?an once1 z x _h be5 %[n by _m obs]vations t :]e1 f local circum/ances 7n !n fully asc]ta9$17 lightn+ _h /ruck 9 c]ta9 places or on c]ta9 build+s1 x 0 n uncommon to see x /rike aga92 & a numb] ( obs]vations ( a diff]5t sort _h %[n t lightn+ 0 attract$ by metals on build+s ev5 :5 !y 7 b slightly po9t$1 su* z t9 wea!rcocks1 or iron crosses1 & ev5 pla9 %eets ( iron4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples 9 support ( ! second proposition1 0 ! case ( an ,am]ican %ip1 report$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #aggj4 ,dur+ ! night1 9 ! mid/ ( a /orm1 ! crew report$ t !re 0 a /ream ( fire 9 ! rigg+1 j above ! middle ( ! lightn+ conductor4 ,! capta9 saw a /ream ( fire1 sometimes 9 sp>ks1 & sometimes only a /eady light2 & on exam9+ ! conductor next morn+1 f\nd t "o ( ! l9ks ( its *a9 0 brok54 ,=tunately ! two pieces1 be+ kept 9 place by ! fa/5+ to ! %r\ds1 7 only ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ap>t4 ,^! two brok5 ends =m$ a sort ( po9ts1 & on its passage betwe5 !m ! lightn+ _h become visible4 ,b ?is 0 all2 no %ock 0 felt1 nor any?+ :i* caus$ any suspicion t ! fracture ( ! conductor _h 9 any way h9d]$ ! passage ( ! lightn+4 ,frankl9 also _h %[n by exp]im5t t 9 a lightn+ rod :]e ! upp] end 0 only connect$ ) ! "p ent]+ ! gr\nd by a v f9e brass wire1 al?\gh ! wire 0 melt$ by ! passage ( ! lightn+1 x /ill 0 conduct$ f top to bottom )\t any damage to ! h\se2 & 9 o!r in/ances metallic wires1 ?\gh p>tly melt$ by ! lightn+1 _h /ill s]v$ z conductors4 ,b x is n cont5d$ f ^! examples t a v exact & cont9u\s connection ( all ! diff]5t p>ts %\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,! lightn+ rod propos$ by ,regni] consi/$ ( a piece ( wood1 coat$ ) res91 ris+ #b metres 7#f feet #g in*es7 above ! ro(1 & hav+ fix$ on its top a sort ( inv]t$ funnel ( copp]1 at ! upp] end ( :i* 0 fix$ ! po9t4 ,to ! l[] edge ( ! funnel 7 fa/5$ ropes =m$ ( tw5ty-sev5 anneal$ iron wires well b\nd toge!r1 :i* 71 at a suitable di/ance1 connect$ ) iron b>s1 fa/5$ to ma/s1 & lead+ to moi/ e>?4 ,! po9t _h a small piece ( plat9um at its upp] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,regni]'s ,sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors ,! report]s obs]ve t ! wood5 support may be employ$ by way ( extra precaution1 ?\gh !re 0 no kn[n in/ance ( lightn+ leav+ metal = wood2 b x %\ld be /rong en\gh to resi/ ! w9d4 ,!y approve ( ! me?od propos$ = connect+ ! po9t ) ! metal b>s1 metallic ropes be+ v suitable = ?is purpose1 & keep+ !m well away f ! build+ 0 q "r2 b !y add t ! metallic b>s %\ld n only communicate ) moi/ e>?1 b also ) wat] 9 wells or o!rwise4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,erect+ ,,lightn+ ,,rods ,,= ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es1 adopt$ by ! ,,=tifications ,,committee4 #be? ,augu/1 #ahjg4 ,a lightn+ rod is an electrical conductor t]m9at+ 9 a po9t & c>ri$ d[n to ! common receiv]4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a metallic tree1 & divid$ into 7#a7 ! upp] t]m9al1 7#b7 ! trunk1 & 7#c7 ! roots4 #a4 ,! upp] t]m9al is a v po9t$1 conical or pyramidal spike ( metal hav+ a base #c or #d c5timetres 7#a in*es7 9 radius4 ,! po9t is ( gold or plat9um1 sold]$ to a copp] rod #a or #b metres long 7#c feet #c in*es to #f feet #g in*es74 ,?is rod is jo9$ to ! re/ ( ! upp] t]m9al1 :i* is ( iron1 ei!r by sold]1 a screw1 or a p94 ,x is important t all ! p>ts ( ! upp] t]m9al %\ld be jo9$ ) c>e s z to prev5t fracture2 at ! bottom ( ! t]m9al are sev]al feet by :i* x c be lead$ to ! vault or bolt$ to ! fram+ ( ! ro(4 ,sev]al devices = giv+ "s play to ! t]m9al s z to dim9i% ! effect ( vibration h be5 propos$1 b x is bett] to make ! t]m9al /rong en\gh to resi/4 ,at ! bottom ( ! t]m9al is jo9$ ! piece connect+ ) ! conductor2 ?is ought to be v complete & cont9u\s1 especially at ! po9t ( junction ) ! t]m9al4 ,frequ5tly ! t]m9al is enl>g$ at ?is po9t to facilitate ! passage ( ! lightn+4 ,to pres]ve ! t]m9al f ru/ x is sometimes gild$--x has be5 propos$ to t9 x--m frequ5tly x is m]ely pa9t$2 exp]i5ce %[s t ?is is suffici5t4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! :ole t]m9al conical or pyramidal1 a squ>e b> ( iron1 f9i%$ ) a po9t ( copp] tipp$ ) gold or plat9um1 is sometimes us$4 ,?is plan may usually be adopt$ )\t dang]1 b !y are m liable to be brok5 or b5t by vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #d4 #b4 ,! trunk or conductor is made ( iron b>s #ac to #bj millimetres squ>e 7 to in*7 not*$ at ! ends & bolt$ toge!r ) a plate ( lead betwe5 ! two 7,fig4 #a74 ,= p[d] magaz9es a b> ( #bg millimetres 7#a in*7 squ>e is recomm5d$4 ,!y foll[ ! outl9e ( ! ro(1 cornice1 & wall1 & ea* b> is fix$ by a half coll> 7,fig4 #b7 or cramp plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! b> or z f> z possible f ! junction ( two b>s4 ,in/ead ( ! iron b>s ropes ( copp] or iron wire1 or ev5 ( hemp1 may be us$2 ^! la/ may be us$ provisionally1 b = p]man5t conductors !y h no advantage ei!r 9 economy or conductivity4 ,! copp] rope conducts ! lightn+ bett]1 b its small] size & cyl9drical =m1 by dim9i%+ its absolute & relative surface1 c\nt]balances its sup]ior conductivity4 ,! great & real advantage ( metallic1 & especially ( copp] ropes1 is 9 _! cont9uity & _! flexibility4 ,! conductor is l$ d[n to ! surface ( ! gr\nd :]e x is b5t & l$ p>allel to ! surface t[>ds a pit full ( wat]1 or deep en\gh to all[ ! end ( ! conductor to re/ 9 damp e>?2 f #b metres 7#f feet #f in*es7 above ! gr\nd to ! pits ! conductor is enclos$ 9 a *annel or tr\gh l ! fuse ( a m9e1 ! object ( ?is is to protect ! conductor f ! dampness ( ! soil & f contacts4 ,^! w\ld be unimportant s long z !re is a p]fect connection betwe5 ! po9t ( ! conductor & ! common res]voir1 b ?is cont9uity may be de/roy$ by degradation ( ! conductor1 & x is *iefly at ! jo9ts t ?is discont9uity is to be fe>$4 ,:5 ! conductor has to be buri$ x %\ld be 9 an oak5 tr\gh1 well put toge!r & t>r$ or *>r$ or surr\nd$ by p[d]$ *>coal s t ! metal _c be ru/$ by infiltrations or humidity2 9 "s soils x is bett] to make ! subt]ranean "p ( ! conductor ( lead1 tak+ c>e by increas+ ! surface to make up = its inf]ior conductivity4 ,sometimes wat] pipes may be made use (1 b only :5 !y s]ve to lead wat] away & :5 !y t]m9ate 9 an isolat$ res]voir4 ,x is important to lead ! conductor f> away f wat] pipes c>ry+ wat] to public f\nta9s or into ! int]ior ( h\ses4 #c4 ,if ! conductor leads to a well full ( wat] ! roots 7,fig4 #c7 ne$ n be m ?an a few sp9dles t]m9at$ 9 po9ts & long en\gh to be always imm]s$4 ,:5 ! conductor only leads to a b$ ( e>? x is suppli$ ) a sy/em ( roots 7,fig4 #d71 hav+ = its object ! multiplication ( ! po9ts = ! escape ( ! lightn+1 & ^! are increas$ 9 numb] accord+ z ! soil is a less good conductor4 ,! pits %\ld be "s di/ance f ! f\ndations ( ! build+1 s t ! lightn+ may n damage !m1 & x is important1 by all possible means1 to increase ! natural humidity ( ! soil4 ,:5 ! wells _c be clos$ x is necess>y t ! conductor %\ld be insulat$ & plung$ deeply 9 ! wat] = fe> t ! communication ( ! electricity to ! well-*a9s or pump-rods might cause accid5ts or al>m4 ,aft] "s o!r in/ructions x is add$ t ! disp]sal ( ! electricity 9 ! common res]voir is1 next to ! cont9uity ( ! conductor1 t :i* mo/ des]ves ! att5tion ( ! physici/ & ! eng9e]4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t a po9t ext5d$ its sph]e ( activity z f> z #aj metres 7#cb feet #i in*es71 t beyond ?is di/ance its effect became less s5sible1 & t :5 ! po9ts 7 too ne> toge!r !y neutralis$ "o ano!r4 ,s ^u a build+ ( a giv5 size x is necess>y to set up s _m t all p>ts %all be cov]$ by _! sph]es ( attraction1 :i* %\ld meet & n ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,lightn+ 9 pass+ f a cl\d to ! e>? does n always take a v]tical direction1 x sometimes foll[s ! pa? ( ! ra9 drops1 :i* is incl9$ by ! w9d1 s :5 a magaz9e is v l(ty1 or on an elevat$ spot x is n useless to fix horizontal or incl9$ po9ts on ! gables or angles4 ,9 "s places ! magaz9es are dom9at$ by o!r build+s2 9 ^! cases ! neighb\r+ build+s %\ld be protect$1 or ! magaz9es %\ld h horizontal po9ts t[>ds !m4 ,if ! ramp>ts dom9ate ! magaz9e x w be prud5t to set ^u !m a lightn+ rod on a ma/4 ,trees are only /ruck by lightn+ because _! tops s]ve z po9ts b _! trunks are bad conductors1 h5ce x is prud5t n to h plantations1 especially ( l(ty trees ne> magaz9es4 ,h[ev] _m po9ts may be set up on a magaz9e !y %\ld all be connect$ toge!r1 & all jo9$ to ! pr9cipal conductor1 & x w\ld be well to h m ?an "o pr9cipal conductor s t if "o loses its cont9uity ! lightn+ may h a pa? by ! o!r4 ,/one1 wood1 & gunp[d] are bad conductors1 & pieces ( metal may )\t dang] be us$ 9 ! inside ( magaz9es1 provid$ !y are connect$ ) ! pr9cipal conductor by bran* conductors ( suitable size3 /ill x is prud5t to keep ! metal outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[d] ,magaz9e1 ) oblique z well z v]tical rods ,ref]5ce is !n made to 8,regni]'s ,sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,rods10 ,app5dix ,f41 p4 #ec1 :i* is ?\ght to be mu* too exp5sive4 ,,report on ! =ego+ ,in/ructions made by ,,la ,,place1 ,,ro*on1 ,,*>les1 ,,montgolfi]1 & ,,gay ,,lussac to ! ,,national ,,in/itute4 #bnd ,novemb]1 #ahjg4 ,! report]s say t exp]i5ce has taught t ! po9t ( a lightn+ rod #d or #e metres 7#ac to #af feet7 does n effectually protect a space r\nd x great] ?an "o hav+ a radius ( #aj to #ab metres 7#cb to #ci feet74 ,t :5 !re are po9ts or consid]able masses ( metal on a build+ hav+ a lightn+ rod x is absolutely necess>y to connect !m by bran*es ) ! pr9cipal conductor4 ,t x is n less important t ! metallic b>s %\ld be ?or\ghly well connect$ toge!r s t ! electricity may f9d no resi/ance 9 its pa? f ! po9t to ! common receiv]4 ,& la/ly1 t x is necess>y t ! conductor %\ld h a p]fect communication ) moi/ e>?1 or bett]1 ) wat]4 ,!y !n proce$ to discuss ! in/ructions1 or t "p ( !m :i* relates to ! con/ruction ( ! lightn+ rods4 ,!y recomm5d ! use ( gild$ copp] po9ts1 not)/&+ ! d\bt conc]n+ !m :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! det]ioration by oxidation1 & _! be+ blunt$ by lightn+4 ,!y say t exp]i5ce has %[n t an iron rod #bj millimetres 7#h in*7 squ>e is m ?an suffici5t to c>ry ! mo/ viol5t dis*>ge ( lightn+1 & t x is consequ5tly ne$less to make !m l>g]1 z recomm5d$ 9 ! ,in/ructions2 t x is only at ! jo9ts t !re is any cause = fe> because1 9 spite ( ! ins]tion ( ! piece ( lead1 ! contact is n p]fect2 t x w\ld be easy by enl>g+ ! b>s at _! junctions to increase ! numb] ( po9ts ( contact1 & by l5g!n+ ! b>s to make few] jo9ts4 ,t 9 ?is respect ! use ( iron wire ropes w\ld be v advantage\s1 b !y fe> t ! ropes w\ld be easily de/roy$1 & t ! use ( copp] wire rope in/ead ( iron w\ld be too exp5sive4 ,:5 ! conductor rea*es ! gr\nd too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ a free communication betwe5 x & ! soil4 ,x is ^u ?is t its good effect pr9cipally dep5ds1 = h\ses h be5 /ruck al?\gh provid$ ) a conductor1 because x only communicat$ ) a v dry soil4 ,m4 ,patt]son1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,phil4 ,trans41 has publi%$ a means ( mak+ a good contact :i* seems useful4 ,he proposes to lay ! conductor 9 a b$ ( gal5a work$ into a pa/e ) melt$ sulphur4 ,! gal5a is a good conductor1 & w\ld h ! advantage ( protect+ ! iron f ! damp4 ,he has also propos$ a simple means ( provid+ = ! easy disp]sion ( ! electric fluid 9 cases :]e ! soil is n v damp1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd & fill+ x ) *>coal1 into :i* ! conductor is plung$4 ,b ,m4 ,guyton us$ ! conduct+ p[] ( *>coal = ?is purpose m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 & x has be5 appli$ 9 _m ways4 ,*>coal1 l gal5a1 is a good conductor1 & ?is prop]ty r5d]s its employm5t desirable 9 cases :]e ! soil is dry4 ,^u ! proposal to fix incl9$ or horizontal po9ts !y ?9k t v]tical po9ts w suffice2 & ) ref]5ce to ! ,regni] sy/em1 !y rem>k t x w\ld c]ta9ly be v exp5sive1 & t x w\ld n be necess>y to adopt x until ! usual sy/em _h be5 f\nd insuffici5t4 ,,in/ructions ab\t ,,lightn+ ,,rods adopt$ by ! ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces4 ,fir/ ,"p1 #bcrd ,april1 #ahbc4 ,,prep>$ ,,by ,a ,,committee ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,mm4 ,,poisson1 ,,lefevre-,,g9eau1 ,,gir>d1 ,,dulong1 ,,fresnel1 ,,& ,,gay ,,lussac4 ,illu/ration3 ,mode ( atta*+ ,conductor to ,upp] ,t]m9al ,aft] "s !oretical rem>ks ! ,committee describe ! conductor !y recomm5d1 giv+ ! "n ( tige 7upp] t]m9al7 to ! "p ris+ into ! air above ! ro(1 & t ( conductor to t "p ext5d+ f ! upp] t]m9al to ! gr\nd4 ,! upp] t]m9al is a squ>e or r\nd b> ( iron tap]+ f base to summit4 ,if f #g to #i metres 7#bc feet to #bi feet #f in*es7 high1 :i* is ! smalle/ height to be us$ on l>ge build+s1 x %\ld be #ed to #fj millimetres 7#ba to #bc in*es7 squ>e or diamet] at ! base1 if #aj metres 7#cb feet #i in*es7 high1 x %\ld be #fc millimetres 7#be in*es74 ,ab\t fifty-five c5timetres 7#a foot #i in*es7 ( ! upp] end is cut (f & replac$ by a po9t ( copp] ei!r gild$ at ! end or tipp$ ) a little piece ( plat9um4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! t]m9al 7,a71 #h c5timetres 7#cae in*es7 above ! ro(1 is fix$ a base 7,b7 to ?r[ (f ! ra9 :i* w\ld run d[n ! t]m9al1 & above ?is base ! t]m9al is clasp$ by a coll> 7,c71 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 to :i* is bolt$ ! conductor 7,d74 ,! engrav+ %[s ! modification ( ! arrangem5t z adapt$ to bo? r\nd & squ>e t]m9als4 ,! conductor is a b> ( iron #ae to #bj millimetres 7#ei to #gi in*es7 squ>e1 jo9$ firmly to ! upp] t]m9al by bolt+ x tightly betwe5 ! two e>s ( ! coll>4 ,! be/ way ( jo9+ ! b>s toge!r is %[n 9 figure #a1 p4 #ee4 ,x is to be held up at a di/ance ( #ab to #ae c5timetres 7#dg to #ei in*es7 f ! ro( by crut*es1 & to be kept at a l di/ance f ! walls ( ! build+4 ,at #ej or #ee c5timetres 7#aif to #baf in*es7 bel[ ! surface x is turn$ away p]p5dicul>ly f ! wall = a di/ance ( #d or #e metres 7#ac feet #a in* to #af feet #e in*es7 if x does n soon] meet ) wat]4 ,to avoid ru/+ ! rod is c>ri$ 9 a tr5* fill$ ) *>coal1 & !n turn$ d[n a well s z to h at lea/ #fe c5timetres 7#beg in*es7 9 ! wat] :5 at its l[e/ level1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 ?ree or f\r bran*es to facilitate ! exit ( ! electricity f ! conductor4 ,if !re is no well conv5i5t1 a pit %\ld be made #ac to #af c5timetres 7#ea to #fc in*es7 9 diamet]1 & #c to #e metres 7#i feet #aj in*es to #af feet #d in*es7 deep1 d[n ! middle ( :i* ! conductor %\ld be l$ & ! hole fill$ ) *>coal tightly ramm$4 ,z ! iron b>s =m+ ! conductor are n easily b5t to foll[ ! l9es ( ! build+ a metallic rope may be us$4 ,x is made ( f\r /r&s1 ea* compos$ ( #ae iron wires1 & =m+ a rope ( #af or #ah millimetres 7#fb to #g in*es7 9 diamet]4 ,ea* /r& is t>r$ sep>ately1 & ! :ole also well t>r$ :5 put toge!r4 ,x is atta*$ to ! upp] t]m9al 9 ! same way z ! b>s by p9*+ betwe5 ! e>s ( ! coll> 7c74 ,at #b metres 7#f feet #g in*es7 above ! gr\nd x is jo9$ to ! b>s :i* =m ! e>? connection by be+ p9n$ into a socket =m$ at ! end ( ! fir/ b>4 ,ropes ( copp] or brass wire may be us$1 & !y ne$ n be m ?an #af millimetres 7#fb in*es7 9 diamet]4 ,x is necess>y to connect any consid]able metallic masses 7lead ro(s1 metal gutt]s1 or tie rods7 ) ! conductor1 because if ?is be n done1 & ! conductor be brok51 or h a bad e>? connection1 ! lightn+ may leave ! conductor = ! metallic mass4 ,modifications ( ?is =m ( conductor = use on *ur*es1 %ips1 & p[d] magaz9es 7= ! latt] c>ry+ ! conductors on ma/s is recomm5d$7 are !n describ$4 ,! report says t ! t]m9al ( a conductor protects effici5tly a circul> space r\nd its base1 hav+ a radius equal to twice its height2 b t x is prud5t to e/imate t a conductor on a *ur* spire only protects a circle hav+ a radius equal to ! height ( ! conductor4 ,! conductor %\ld g ! %orte/ way to e>?4 ,x %\ld be on ! side mo/ expos$ to ! wea!r1 especially on spires4 ,second ,"p1 #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahed4 ,,prep>$ ,,by ,a ,,committee ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,mm4 ,,becqu]el1 ,,bab9et1 ,,duhamel1 ,,despretz1 ,,cagn>d ,,de ,,lat\r1 ,,& ,,p\illet4 ,not)/&+ ! consid]able advance 9 k s9ce #ahbc1 ! in/ructions ( t date h no ne$ to be alt]$1 at lea/ 9 _! ess5tial pr9ciples2 b ! me?ods ( con/ruction ( build+s hav+ mat]ially alt]$1 & metal hav+ l>gely replac$ wood & /one1 build+s _h1 s to speak1 become metallic masses1 :i* w\ld h incomp>ably great] attraction = ?und] cl\ds4 ,! ,palais d'indu/rie 9 ! ,*amps ,elysees1 = example1 ne>ly #c hect>es 7#gd acres7 9 ext5t1 & #dj metres 7#aca feet7 9 height _h ev]y:]e enorm\s masses ( iron1 brass1 & z9c4 ,! company und]tak+ ! build+ _h s\ght ! advice ( ! ,academy z to ! means to be employ$ to protect x f lightn+1 & x _h be5 f\nd necess>y to revise ! in/ructions ( #ahbc1 9 ord] to introduce su* modifications z 7 necess>y4 ,quot+ ! passage ref]r+ to ! connect+ ( metallic masses ) ! conductor1 ! ,committee ?9k t ! "t _h come to ent] into full] details on ?is po9t4 ,=m]ly ! use ( metal 0 almo/ re/rict$ to ridges1 gutt]s1 & tie rods2 n[ metal 0 us$ ev]y:]e1 & :at is important1 9 l>ge surfaces & great masses2 & ?is new sy/em realis$ on a l>ge scale ! fir/ objection to lightn+ rods--x attracts ! lightn+4 ,:5 ?is objection 0 appli$ to lightn+ rods1 x _h only ! appe>ance ( tru?1 b :5 appli$ to ! masses ( metal !n us$ 9 build+s1 x 0 n only speci\s1 b true1 & f\nd$ ^u well e/abli%$ laws2 ^! build+s d attract ! lightn+1 & r5d] its effects m disa/r\s4 ,9 ! case ( two build+s alike 9 size & %ape1 situat$ on ! same soil1 "o made ( wood & /one z =m]ly1 ! o!r ) mu* metal z n[1 & bo? )\t lightn+ rods--if ! conditions are su* t ! lightn+ mu/ dis*>ge itself1 x w always /rike ! latt]1 & nev] ! =m]2 9 ! same way z on br++ to ! conductor ( an electrical ma*9e a ball ( wood or /one1 & "o ( metal1 x is always ! latt] :i* w receive ! sp>k4 ,lightn+ rods1 !re=e1 are s mu* ! m indisp5sable z ! build+s conta9 great] surfaces & great] masses ( metal4 ,! nature ( ! soil mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 z well z ! build+s & o!r objects ^u x4 ,a dry soil1 ) a subsoil ( dry s&1 *alk1 or granite1 does n attract ! lightn+1 because x is a bad conductor4 ,unless :5 accid5tally wett$ ! build+s on x p>ticipate to "s ext5t 9 ?is immunity1 at lea/ if !y are n built 9 ! mod]n /yle1 & are n v l>ge4 ,b if !re are at a mod]ate dep? und]nea? ?is dry gr\nd1 l>ge metallic ve9s1 va/ cav]ns1 %eets ( wat]1 or only abundant spr+s--^! w attract ! lightn+1 :i* w de/roy ev]y?+ 9 its pa? unless protect$4 ,if ! wet or metallic /rata are v deep1 ! dang] ( an explosion is dim9i%$ by ! difficulty ( pass+ ! int]v5+ envelope1 & by ! weak5+ ( ! action ( ! cl\d by ! increase ( di/ance4 ,on ! #ai? ,april1 #ahbg1 ! packet boat ,new ,york 0 twice /ruck by lightn+4 ,on ! fir/ occasion1 hav+ no conductor1 x receiv$ consid]able damage2 on ! second1 ! conductor 0 fix$2 x 0 made ( a po9t$ b> ( iron1 #ab metre 7ab\t #d feet7 long1 & #aa millimetres 7#dc in*7 diamet] at ! base1 & a surveyor's *a9 ab\t #dj metres 7#aca feet7 long1 =m+ a connection betwe5 ! foot ( ! rod & ! sea2 ! *a9 0 made ( iron wire #f millimetres 7#bd in*7 9 diamet]2 ! l9ks 7 #de c5timetres 7#agg in*es7 long1 end+ 9 loops1 & jo9$ toge!r by two r\nd r+s4 ,:5 /ruck ! *a9 0 disp]s$ 9 burn+ fragm5ts & globules1 :i* set ! deck on fire 9 _m places1 not)/&+ ! hail ^u x & ! ra9 :i* fell heavily2 ! b> at ! top 0 melt$ = a l5g? ( #cj c5timetres 7#aah in*es7 f ! po9t1 & d[n to a diamet] ( #f millimetres 7#b in*es74 ,! re/ ( ! rod rema9$ ) ab\t #h c5timetres 7#ca in*es7 ( ! *a9 atta*$ to x1 ! longe/ piece ( *a9 f\nd 0 less ?an #a metre 7#c feet #c in*es7 long1 & 0 bli/]$ z by fire4 ,on ! #ac? ,june1 #ahed1 ! ,jupit] 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! conductors 7 9 place2 t ( ! ma9ma/ :i* 0 /ruck w5t #b metres 7#f feet #f in*es7 into ! sea1 & _h at its end a ball #b kilos 9 weight4 ,aft] be+ /ruck ! conductor _h disappe>$ & ! pieces ( x 7 scatt]$ ev]y:]e4 ,! conductor1 ab\t #gj metres 7#bcj feet7 long1 0 a cable ( ?ree /r&s =m$ ( sixty brass wires1 ea* "o half or two-?irds ( a millimetre 7#jai or #jbf in*es7 ?ick4 ,! cable 0 mo/ly 9 bits no bigg] ?an p9s1 b !re 7 "s pieces a few decimetres long1 ^! _h be5 turn$ violet col\r z by fire1 & ^? fir/ t\*$ 7 /ill burn+ hot4 ,^! two examples %[ t a conductor may be de/roy$1 b !y also %[ t x is n useless ev5 !n1 s9ce x w h receiv$ ! dis*>ge & direct$ x1 & s prev5t$ great] mis*ief4 ,! ,jupit] receiv$ no damage2 :il/ n f> (f1 a ,turki% vessel1 :i* also _h a conductor 7b ! *a9 ( :i* did n rea* ! wat]7 hav+ be5 /ruck by lightn+ 9 ! same /orm1 _h a hole m ?an #cj c5timetres 7#aah in*es7 deep1 & almo/ su* z w\ld h be5 made by a cannon ball1 9 h] side j above ! copp]1 & ne> ! wat] l9e4 ,! "q is1 are su* accid5ts to conductors inevitable1 or are !y ! result ( faulty con/ruction8 ,all ! facts e/abli%$ 9 ! acc\nts ( lightn+ & its ph5om5a1 leave no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,all ! lightn+ rods :i* h be5 de/roy$ 7 ( bad mat]ials1 insuffici5t1 badly con/ruct$1 n 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples :i* !ory has d$uc$ f exp]i5ce4 ,! conductor ( ! ,new ,york _h sev]al faults2 its upp] t]m9al 0 too small1 & too mu* drawn out2 its conductor _h mu* too small a sectional area2 & ! use ( a *a9 9 su* cases %\ld be /rictly exclud$4 ,!re is no example kn[n 9 :i* lightn+ has be5 able to melt iron rods #b c5timetres 7#gh in*7 9 diamet]1 or #c squ>e c5timetres 7#aah in*7 9 section2 & copp] may be us$ 9 /ill small] sizes4 ,! conductor ( ! ,jupit]1 al?\gh bett] ?an ! =m]1 _h also a radical defect4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! conductor :i* 7 exam9$ bore b few traces ( fusion1 & none ( ^! traces ext5d$ to ! entire ?ickness ( ! cable2 !y 7 also limit$ to a gr\p ( "s ( ! sixty wires ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,?is seem$ to %[ t ! dis*>ge 0 n c>ri$ equally by all ! wires1 & t ^? wires :i* x foll[$ be+ insuffici5t to c>ry x1 7 ! ones melt$1 & ! o!rs 7 brok5 or volatilis$ ) explosion4 ,h5ce ! break+ ( ! cable & disp]sion ( fragm5ts ( "s decimetres 9 l5g?1 :i*1 ?\gh too hot to be t\*$1 7 n hot en\gh to set wood on fire4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 raises a s+ul> "q1 :e!r1 9 a cable ( simil> wires twi/$ & b\nd toge!r1 ! lightn+ c *oose "s wires 9 pref]5ce to ! re/1 ev5 :5 ! :ole ( !m are h>dly suffici5t to give x a free passage4 ,und\bt$ly1 yes2 at any rate "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,no d\bt if at bo? ends ( ! cable1 = ! l5g? ( a decimetre1 ! wires fir/ t9n$ sep>ately are aft]w>ds sold]$ toge!r1 s z to make a sort ( metallic cyl9d]1 electricity1 :e!r natural or artificial1 hav+ to pass along ! cable1 w n %[ a pref]5ce = "o wire ov] ano!r2 b :]e ?is is n done--if at ! two ends1 or1 m g5]ally1 at ! two po9ts ( junction ) o!r conductors1 ! wires are isolat$ by lay]s ( du/ or oxide--if1 9 addition1 ! cable only t\*es ! t]m9als by its outside wires1 !n ?+s happ5 v diff]5tly4 ,! electricity takes ^? wires t are 9 contact ) ! t]m9al2 ^! r$uc$ to few 9 numb] become incapable ( c>ry+ x2 & ! :ole cable brok5 by ! explosion exhibits ! ph5om5a %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,jupit]4 ,! defici5cy 9 ea* case 0 due to "o cause--insuffici5cy ( sectional area4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! insuffici5cy is app>5t1 ! iron wires #f millimetres 7#bd in*7 ?ick 7 n9e or t5 times too small2 9 ! second1 ! insuffici5cy is m hidd51 x results f badly made junctions4 ,! two mo/ fundam5tal rules = ! con/ruction ( ! rod & conductors are--#a/4 ,t !y %all h a suffici5t sectional area4 #bnd4 ,t !y %all be cont9u\s & )\t a break f ! po9t ( ! upp] t]m9al to ! common receiv] 7! e>?74 ,b ?is cont9uity may 9 /rictness be int]pret$ 9 two ways3 x may be said t two pieces ( metal 9 contact =m a suffici5tly cont9u\s connection2 & x may be said1 on ! o!r h&1 t mo/ frequ5tly ?is simple contact is no m ?an a break 9 consequ5ce ( oxidation & ! int]position ( =eign bodies4 ,! in/ruction ( #ahbc1 )\t adopt+ ! fir/ int]pretation1 does n appe> to h suffici5tly recomm5d$ ! second1 :i* %\ld exclusively regulate all con/ruction ( lightn+ rods4 ,no d\bt x is possible1 by tak+ great c>e1 to jo9 & bolt toge!r two pieces ( iron or copp] closely en\gh to make a practically cont9u\s conductor1 b :5 !re are _m jo9ts we fe> t evil might arise f ! neglig5ce ( workm51 & /ill m f ! *emical alt]ation ( ! surfaces1 ! deposition ( =eign matt]1 & ! me*anical dislocation produc$ by "t & repeat$ %ocks4 ,h5ce1 ! ?ree foll[+ practical rules %\ld always be obs]v$3--#a4 ,to r$uce z mu* z possible ! numb] ( ! jo9ts4 #b4 ,to make all ! jo9ts ) h>d sold]1 & !y %\ld be ^u surfaces ( at lea/ #aj c5timetres 7#ci in*es7 squ>e1 & fur!r /r5g!n$ by /raps & bolts4 #c4 ,n to make ! upp] t]m9al s gradually po9t$ z usual4 ,! upp] t]m9al ( iron %\ld be n less ?an #b c5timetres 7#gh in*7 diamet]1 ! end %\ld be fil$ d[n & a screw tapp$ #a c5timetre 7#ci in*7 high & #a c5timetre diamet]1 & to ?is a cone ( plat9um #b c5timetres diamet] & #d c5timetres 7#ae in*7 high1 & consequ5tly hav+ an angle at ! po9t ( #bh or #cj %\ld be fitt$1 screw$1 & c>efully sold]$4 ,9 o!r respects ! in/ructions ( #ahbc %\ld be foll[$2 no fact :i* leads to a modification ( ! g5]al rules !re propos$ #a1 = ! sectional area ( ! conductors2 #b1 = ! me?od ( fa/5+ to build+s2 #c1 = ! me?od ( mak+ ! e>? connection1 has s9ce come to light4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 is n exhau/$1 !re /ill rema9s ! important & difficult "q3 :at is ! circle ( protection af=d$ by a well con/ruct$ lightn+ rod8 ,! op9ion g5]ally receiv$ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury 0 t ! circle ( protection _h a radius ( twice ! height ( ! t]m9al1 & ! in/ruction ( #ahbc adopt$ ?is op9ion1 b ) "s re/rictions z 9 ! case ( spires4 ,x is important to rememb] t ^! rules re/ ^u a m or less arbitr>y basis1 & ?is is said n to condemn !m1 b only to prev5t !re be+ atta*$ to !m a value :i* !y d n possess4 ,m obs]vations are requir$1 & x is only ) res]ve t ^! rules are admitt$4 ,!y are nei!r g5]al nor absolute1 !y dep5d ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances1 & especially on ! mat]ials ( ! build+s4 ,= example1 ! radius ( ! circle ( protection1 :i* w\ld be suffici5t = a build+ hav+ only wood tiles or slate on its upp] portion1 w\ld n be suffici5t = a build+ 9 :i* ! cov]+ or ! fram+ ( ! ro( 0 ( metal4 ,9 ! =m] case ! active portion ( ! ?und] cl\d1 al?\gh fur!r f ! lightn+ rod ?an f ! ro(1 w\ld ex]t a great] action on ! rod1 :il/ 9 ! latt] ! action on ! rod & on ! ro( w\ld be almo/ equal at an equal di/ance4 ,a special note ^u %ips1 & ano!r on ! ,palais de l',exposition close ! report4 ,,special ,,report ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,build+s ,,( ,,! ,,l\vre1 #ah ,,decemb]1 #ahed1 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,committee4 ,ref]r+ to ! subject ( ! e>? connection ! ,committee say2 9 ! e>lie/ in/ructions1 x is said t ! conductors %\ld communicate ) ! wat] 9 a riv]1 a pond1 or wells1 or at lea/ ) moi/ e>?4 ,?is rule1 al?\gh q correct 9 itself1 frequ5tly leads to errone\s practice4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght t lightn+ is ext+ui%$ by wat]1 z fire is2 & :5 wat] is sc>ce ! conductors are plung$ into a well-cem5t$ ci/]n4 ,?is is a mo/ dang]\s mi/ake2 ! conductor %\ld be 9 connection ) ! common receiv]1 t is1 ! great wat]-be>+ /rata 7nappes d'eau17 ( mu* great] ext5t ?an ! ?und] cl\d4 ,at o!r times :]e wells are possible b co/ly1 advantage is tak5 ( ! alt]native all[$ by ! in/ructions4 ,in/ead ( wells ! conductors are put 9 connection ) ! e>?1 )\t be+ c>eful to see t x pres]ves suffici5t moi/ure 9 times ( dr\ght :5 /orms are mo/ to be expect$1 & )\t be+ c>eful to see t ! moi/ connection is suffici5tly l>ge4 ,!y specially note ?is latt] error1 z x appe>s to be /ill m common ?an ! =m]4 ,!y d n hesitate to say t rec\rse %\ld nev] be _h to ?is me?od ( connection ) ! common receiv]4 ,!y recomm5d t 9 default ( riv]s or v l>ge ponds1 ! conductor %\ld always be connect$ by l>ge surfaces ) ! inexhau/ible subt]ranean wat]-be>+ /rata4 ,secondly1 :]e ^! /rata are at a mod]ate dep? bel[ ! surface1 ! ,committee consid] x necess>y to make use ( a conductor ) two bran*es1 ! pr9cipal to desc5d to ! subt]ranean wat]2 ! second>y1 leav+ x at ! gr\nd level1 is put 9 connection ) ! surface4 ,& = ?is reason2 aft] great dr\ghts ?und] cl\ds ex]t b a feeble influ5ce ^u a dry1 badly conduct+ soil4 ,all _! en]gy is felt by ! subt]ranean wat]s2 & ! electricity w be c>ri$ by ! pr9cipal bran*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] a summ] %[]1 :5 ! surface soil gets moi/1 x is at once made a good conductor4 ,x is t :i* is affect$ by ! ?und] cl\d3 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x scre5s ! subt]ranean wat] f electrical influ5ce4 ,9 su* a case x is indisp5sable t ! surface ( ! gr\nd %\ld be 9 direct connection ) ! conductor2 & ?is ! second>y bran* supplies4 ,!re is a f9al "q h[ ! conductors %\ld be connect$ ) ! v>i\s metallic portions ( ! build+4 ,! ridges are ?r\gh\t ( iron2 b ! int]ior arrangem5ts require t1 9 "s portions ( ! build+1 !re %\ld be1 prop]ly speak+1 only "o floor1 :il/ 9 o!r p>ts !re are six4 ,ea* floor may be reg>d$ z a great metallic network1 compos$ ( sev]al /rong plate gird]s1 cross$ by num]\s joi/s analag\s to rails1 :ile ^! are1 9 _! turn1 cross$ by a multitude ( small] iron rods2 & ! me%es ( ?is network are fill$ ) tiles4 ,9 enquir+ into ! effect ( a ?und] /orm ^u ^? portions :]e !re are six su* floors "o above ! o!r1 x is easy to see t if ! ro( 7 a great cont9u\s %eet ( metal1 x w\ld take up ! :ole electrical en]gy ( ! cl\d1 at any rate1 z f> z ! floors und]nea? x are conc]n$4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be amply suffici5t if ! cov]+ 7 well connect$ ) ! lightn+ rods4 ,b 9 ?is case ! ro( is metallic1 only 9 a v small portion2 x may be said t ! ridges only =m a network ) v l>ge me%es1 &1 consequ5tly1 is an insuffici5t %ield1 ?r\gh :i* ! upp] floor may /ill receive a consid]able %ock4 ,!re=e ! ,committee propose ! foll[+ arrangem5ts3--#a/4 ,! pr9cipal pieces ( ea* floor %\ld be put 9 connection ) ! conductor4 #bnd4 ,x is v desirable t all ! joi/s ( ! upp] floors %\ld be connect$ toge!r by a rod bolt$1 &1 if possible1 sold]$ to ea*1 :i* rod %\ld be connect$ ) ! conductors4 #crd4 ,x seems probable t1 9 g5]al1 ! ro( frames are 9 good connection ) ea* o!r1 &1 consequ5tly1 x w\ld suffice if all ! upp] t]m9als are connect$ ) !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x happ5s ei!r by *anges ( level 9 ! gutt]s1 or f o!r causes t ! connections become d\btful special iron connections mu/ be made4 #d?4 ,! z9c gutt]s & ridges %\ld be connect$ ) ! lightn+ rods4 ,,report on ! po9ts ( upp] t]m9als made by ,messrs4 ,delieul1 by a ,committee consi/+ ( ,,mm4 ,,becqu]el1 ,,bab9et1 ,,duhamel1 ,,despretz1 ,,cagni>d ,,de ,,lat\r1 ,,regnault1 ,,de ,,s5>mont1 & ,,p\illet4 #e? ,m>*1 #ahee4 ,! committee exam9$ ! po9ts pres5t$ by ,messrs4 ,delieul1 "o ( plat9um1 made exactly z describ$ 9 ! report ( ! previ\s #ah? ,decemb]2 ! o!r1 a cone simil> 9 =m1 size1 & ext]nal appe>ance1 b r less co/ly1 be+ made ( a cap ( plat9um1 fix$ ) h>d sold] ^u ! conical end ( ! iron rod4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ?is second arrangem5t w\ld n practically be inf]ior to ! o!r2 b x mu/ be made by a skilful workman1 :o kn[s h[ to insure t ! sold] %\ld take to ! :ole ( ! surfaces br\ght toge!r4 ,!y see no objection to ! sub/itution ( palladium1 or gold or silv] ( a /&>d ( #iej = ! plat9um4 ,b all ^! metals are co/ly2 few workm5 "k h[ to "w 9 !m1 or at lea/ to employ t precision1 & take t m9ute c>e1 :i* are indisp5sable to success4 ,^! reasons h rais$ aga9 a proposition t 0 discuss$ 9 ! =m] commission1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ! po9ts ( copp]4 ,! copp] po9t is #b c5timetres 7#gh in*7 9 diamet]1 l ! upp] "p ( ! iron rod1 to :i* x is screw$ & braz$2 its l5g? is ab\t #bj c5timetres 7#ghg in*es71 & x t]m9ates 9 a cone #c or #d c5timetres 7#aa or #ae in*es7 high4 ,!y see no reason :y ?is %\ld n be us$ ) almo/ ! same confid5ce z ! prec$+ =ms4 ,if !re is gr\nd to fe> t x may und]go *anges f atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ?is is c\nt]balanc$ by c]ta9 advantages4 #a/1 copp] is ) palladium1 gold1 & silv]1 among ! be/ conductors ( heat & electricity2 & ! po9t ( ! cone w be mu* less heat$ ?an ! plat9um po9t2 & #bnd1 ! t]m9al1 ) a copp] po9t1 is mu* less exp5sive1 & c be made ev]y:]e4 ,on ! report be+ put to ! vote ,m4 ,despretz c\ld n approve ! proposal to employ copp] po9ts1 fe>+ t ! deposition ( c>bonate or "s o!r badly conduct+ matt] w\ld dim9i% ! efficacy ( ! lightn+ rod4 ,,in/ructions ^u ,,lightn+ ,,rods = ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es1 by a ,committee consi/+ ( ,,mm4 ,,becqu]el1 ,,bab9et1 ,,duhamel1 ,,fizeau1 ,,edm ,,becqu]el1 ,,regnault1 le ,m>*al ,,vaillant1 & ,,p\illet4 #ad? ,janu>y1 #ahfg4 ,aft] ref]r+ to "s g5]al pr9ciples1 & to ! con/ruction ( lightn+ rods recomm5d$ 9 ! reports ( ! e>li] ,committees3 ! ,committee recomm5d1 t ! upp] t]m9al includ+ ! copp] po9t %\ld be f #c to #e metres 7#i feet #aj in*es to #af feet #e in*es7 high2 t ! junction ( ! conductor & ! upp] t]m9al1 & also ! sev]al jo9ts ( ! conductor1 %\ld be cov]$ ) sold]1 & insi/ v /rongly ^u ! necessity ( communication ) ! nappe d'eau s\t]ra9e1 :i* !y def9e z 8! wat] level 9 neighb\r+ wells :i* nev] dry up1 & :i* reta9 at lea/ #ej c5timetres 7#aifh in*es7 9 dep? ( wat] 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable seasons40 ,! special arrangem5ts to be adopt$ 9 sett+ up lightn+ rods = p[d] magaz9es are3 n to fix !m on ! build+ itself b outside ! surr\nd+ walls4 ,= ea* l>ge siz$ magaz9e 7#bghi metres1 by #bj metres1 & #aa metres high1 equal to #ia feet #f in*es by #fe feet #g in*es1 & #cf feet high7 !re %\ld be ?ree conductors--two ne> ! ends ( ! long side ( ! enclos+ wall mo/ expos$ to /orms1 & ! ?ird 9 ! middle ( ! opposite side4 ,! upp] t]m9als %\ld be only #e metres 7#af feet #e in*es7 high1 & %\ld be rais$ on a pi]1 a ma/1 or o!r support #ae metres 7#di feet #b in*es7 high1 d[n :i* ! conductor %\ld be l$ to ! gr\nd4 ,!re %\ld be a circuit :i* ! ,committee call circuit de ce9ture c>ri$ entirely r\nd ! enclos+ wall to :i* ea* conductor %\ld be jo9$1 & a conductor %\ld be c>ri$ f ! mo/ conv5i5t po9t ( ?is circuit to ! und]gr\nd wat]4 ,= middle siz$ magaz9es two t]m9als & supports1 & = small magaz9es "o t]m9al & support w suffice2 b 9 all cases !re %\ld be a circuit de ce9ture4 ,?is ne$ n be deep bel[ ! surface1 nor cov]$ ov]2 x may ev5 be 9 an op5 gutt]1 b a conductor mu/ be l$ f x to ! und]gr\nd wat]1 ev5 if 9 ord] to d ?is x is necess>y to c>ry ! conductor sev]al hundr$ metres or sev]al kilometres4 ,x ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be made ( b>s & c>ri$ all ! way 9 a tr5*1 b x may be made ( six wires #f or #g millimetres 7ab\t #be in*es7 9 diamet]1 & c>ri$ on po/s l telegraph wires1 except t !y ne$ n be insulat$4 ,,in/ructions by ! ,committee consi/+ ( ,,mm4 ,,alph&1 ,,belgr&1 ,,fizeau1 ,comte du ,,moncel1 ,,ed4 ,,becqu]el1 ,,desa9s1 ,,*4 ,,sa9te ,,claire-,,deville1 ,,duc1 ,,ballu1 ,,magne1 ,,davi\d1 ,,felix ,,lucas1 & ,r4 ,,francisque ,,mi*el1 appo9t$ to inspect ! ,,lightn+ ,,rods on ! ,,municipal ,,build+s ( ,,p>is4 #bj? ,may1 #ahge4 ,! ,committee f9d t plat9um tips are useless1 & recomm5d in/ead t ! po9t ( ! t]m9al %\ld be made ( pure copp]1 #ej c5timetres 7#aig in*es7 long1 & t]m9at+ 9 a cone1 =m+ an angle ( #cj4 ,?is %\ld be sc>f$1 p9n$1 & sold]$ to ! end ( ! t]m9al4 ,! t]m9al %\ld be ( wr\ght iron 9 "o l5g?1 & :]e possible galvaniz$2 b on no acc\nt pa9t$4 ,! connection ) ! conductor %\ld be by a piece fitt$ & bolt$2 &1 la/ly1 ! :ole jo9t %\ld be well cov]$ ) sold]4 ,! ,committee consid] t on an ord9>y build+ a t]m9al w effectively protect a cone1 hav+ ! po9t = its apex1 & a base ^: radius is #age ( its height4 ,b 9 practice ! t]m9als may be mu* f>!r ap>t1 if !re is a circuit des faites4 ,?is is def9$ z a metallic conductor1 :i* ext5ds )\t break ov] ! ridges ( all ! build+s :i* x is int5d$ to protect1 & :i* is jo9$ by metallic contact to all ! upp] t]m9als & to ! conductor1 & consequ5tly to ! und]gr\nd wat] :i* alone =ms ! common res]voir4 ,all pieces ( metal ( any consid]able size %\ld be connect$ ) ! conductor4 ,if ! conductor is made ( iron b>s1 !y %\ld be galvaniz$ if possible1 & ! jo9ts %\ld be fitt$1 bolt$1 & f9ally cov]$ ) sold]4 ,if ! b>s _c be galvaniz$1 !y %\ld be well pa9t$4 ,! ,committee recomm5d ! employm5t1 especially 9 ! circuit des faites1 ( an arrangem5t = comp5sat+ = ! l5g!n+ & %ort5+ ( ! b>s by ! v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,?is is made by ins]t+ 9 ! circuit a curv$ b& ( copp] :i* w yield to ! movem5t ( ! rods4 ,if ! conductor is made ( galvaniz$ iron wire rope1 ea* wire %\ld be #be or #c millimetres 7#ji to #aa in*7 9 diamet]1 & !re %\ld be su* a numb] ( !m t ! sum ( _! sectional areas %all be equal to "o-fif? m ?an t ( a b> ( iron #bj millimetres 7#gh in*7 squ>e4 ,! rope %\ld be all 9 "o piece1 & ! jo9ts ) ! t]m9al & e>? connection %\ld be cov]$ ) sold]4 ,! supports %\ld n be insulat$1 & !re %\ld be z few z possible ( !m4 ,at ! und]gr\nd end ( ! conductor %\ld be fix$ a l>ge %eet or holl[ cyl9d] ( metal1 & ?is %\ld be always1 ev5 9 ! greate/ dr\ghts1 plung$ at lea/ #a metre 7#c feet #c in*es7 into ! subt]ranean wat]4 ,if f any cause ?is wat] _c be rea*$1 ! conductor may be jo9$ to "o ( ! ma9 wat]-pipes ( ! city2 b if ! conductor _c be l$ ei!r to ! subt]ranean wat] or to a ma9 wat]-pipe1 no lightn+-rod %\ld be erect$4 ,x w\ld d m h>m ?an good4 ,9 ! case ( build+s ( any importance1 two or m conductors lead+ to ! subt]ranean wat] %\ld be employ$4 ,x %\ld be s arrang$ t ! und]gr\nd "p & ! e>? connection may be easily inspect$ & clean$ f ru/1 & ! :ole %\ld be inspect$ & clean$ at lea/ once a ye>1 at ! end ( ! autumn4 ,! ,committee is ( op9ion t x w\ld be bett] to put all ! lightn+-rod "w 9 ! h&s ( special workm51 "u ! control ( an ag5t appo9t$ by ! adm9i/ration1 & n to tru/ x to ! blacksmi?s & locksmi?s usually employ$4 ,! ,committee la/ly recomm5d t !y %\ld be p]man5tly appo9t$1 & meet e ye> aft] ! inspection1 to report & decide ^u ! /eps to be tak5 to rem$y any defects t may be discov]$4 ,,report by ! jo9t ,secret>y 7,,francisque ,,mi*el7 ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,committee to ! ,prefect ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e4 ,?is report gives a detail$ description ( ! /ate ( ! lightn+ rods atta*$ to ! public build+s ( ,p>is4 ,9 mo/ cases ! upp] t]m9als 7 ( great l5g?1 "s ( !m z mu* z #i metres 7ne>ly #cj feet7 9 height2 ! conductors 7 9 almo/ all cases ( iron1 ei!r 9 b>s or wire rope2 ! e>? connections 7 ( v>i\s k9ds & ext5t4 ,! report frequ5tly /ates t ! po9ts 7 blunt$2 t ! upp] t]m9als & ! conduct+ rods 7 deeply ru/$2 t especially at ! jo9ts ! conductors 7 s]i\sly defici5t2 & t ! und]gr\nd portion 0 greatly det]iorat$ by ru/4 ,a description is giv5 ( an accid5t f lightn+ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sulpice2 b ?is build+ _h no lightn+ rod4 ,9 ! case ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,clotilde !re are five upp] t]m9als1 two on ! two spires1 ! rema9+ ?ree along ! ridge ( ! ma9 ro(4 ,! build+ 0 amply protect$ z f> z its l5g? 0 conc]n$1 b ! transept 0 n s ?or\ghly protect$4 ,! five t]m9als 7 jo9$ to a conductor :i* w5t r\nd ! build+1 & 0 connect$ ) ! gr\nd4 ,a second conductor l$ f "o ( ! t]m9als to ! gr\nd1 :]e x t]m9at$ 9 a second pit4 ,! conductors 7 made ( iron rods #ah millimetres 7#ga in*7 9 diamet]1 jo9$ by coll>s & p9n$ & ! :ole cov]$ ) pa9t4 ,!y t]m9at$ 9 di/ributors plung$ 9 ! und]gr\nd wat] 9 wall$ pits4 ,!y 7 support$ by insulat$ coll>s4 ,! build+ has an iron ro(4 ,! *ur* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+ at lea/ f\r times s9ce ! lightn+ rods _h be5 erect$4 ,! fir/ "t1 twelve ye>s ago1 ! lightn+ /ruck ! rod plac$ on ! transept1 & c>ri$ away ! plat9um tip ( ! copp] po9t4 ,s9ce !n ! rod has receiv$ ano!r dis*>ge1 & ! copp] po9t is b5t to ! ,s4,w4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb or #ahgc1 ! lightn+ /ruck ! we/]n t[]1 & %att]$ "o ( ! /ones above "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! /aircase4 8,"o ( ! plat9um tips is gone1 & _m are blunt$4 ,! conductivity ( ! conductor is v bad1 & ! jo9ts are v mu* damag$3 h5ce ! accid5t to ! t[]4 ,! great] numb] ( ! glass insulators are brok51 or gone altoge!r40 ,9 ! case ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eloi1 :i* _h "o t]m9al on ! spire1 "o conductor1 =m$ ( iron wire rope #b c5timetres 7#gh in*7 9 diamet]1 jo9$ at #c metres 7#i feet #aj in*es7 above ! gr\nd to an iron rod #be millimetres 7#ig in*7 9 diamet]1 :i* ent]$ ! gr\nd & end$ )\t bran*es 9 a pit fill$ ) *>coal4 ,! soil 0 dry & calc>e\s4 ,! conductor 0 made up ( _m l5g?s ( rope1 old pieces app>5tly hav+ be5 us$2 ! jo9ts 7 9 bad condition1 & ne$$ sold]+4 ,! und]gr\nd "p 0 deeply ru/$4 8,9 ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 lightn+ /ruck ! spire1 twi/$ ! conductor1 broke ! t]m9al1 ?rew d[n ! "p above ! cross1 & made great cracks 9 ! apse40 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ! ,mairie ( ! #bj? ,arrondissem5t1 ! lightn+ /ruck a fir-pole 9 ! scaffold+4 ,x did n d any damage1 be+ c>ri$ away by ! *a9 atta*$ to ! pole1 f :i* x took all ! ru/1 & be+ !nce conduct$ by "s pieces ( iron ro( fram+ ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are sev]al o!r acc\nts ( accid5ts1 b !y are mo/ly repres5t$ by ! =ego+ examples4 ,,in/ructions z to ! application ( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors = protection ( ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es1 ,,etc4 ,issu$ ) ,army ,circul>s1 dat$ ,may #a/1 #ahge4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 #a4 ,! pr9ciples adopt$ by ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris1 z %[n 9 ! ,app5dices ,a & ,b1 to ?is pap]1 /ill held to be s\nd4 #b4 ,! t]m9at+ plane ( action ( lightn+ is sometimes b5ea? ! surface ( e>?1 :i*1 if moi/1 =ms good m$ium = diffusion ( electricity4 #c4 ,dry soil is to be reg>d$ z non-conduct+ matt]4 #d4 ,!re=e conductor to be tak5 into soil p]man5tly damp4 #e-f4 ,und]gr\nd magaz9es are usually 9 dry soil1 & %\ld !re=e be fitt$ ) conductors z 9 ! case ( simil> magaz9es above gr\nd4 #h-i4 ,casemat$ batt]ies ( mod]n con/ruction1 ) magaz9es 9 basem5t %\ld h conductors on ! p>apet or t]reple9 f end to end ( batt]y1 atta*$ to v]tical conductor into e>?4 ,flag/aff %\ld h conductor4 ,9 l>ge works !re %\ld be sev]al po9ts #e feet above top ( build+4 ,iron v]&ahs & rail+s are good conductors :5 ) good e>? connections4 #aj4 ,iron build+s are good conductors4 ,b if cov]$ ) asphalte1 concrete1 c41 rods or po9ts mu/ be provid$ project+ above asphalte1 c41 & ) good e>? connections4 ,iron %ields %\ld be connect$ ) conductors4 #aa4 ,copp] is recomm5d$ z be/ conductor2 x is n liable to corrosion1 & v durable4 #ab4 ,b if expos$ to injury1 or likely to be /ol5 or corrod$1 copp] may be replac$ by iron1 provision be+ made = its small] conductivity--viz41 ? t ( copp]4 #ac4 ,copp] rods to be in* diamet]2 copp] tubes to be in* ?ick2 copp] b&s to be #a in* ?ick4 #ad4 ,if ! conductor be ( iron1 solid rods to be #a in* diamet]2 solid b&s to be #b in*es wide in*4 #ae-af4 ,! fus+ temp]ature ( copp] is #aiid ,faht42 :]eas t ( iron is #bghf ,faht4 ,s f> !re is a m>k$ advantage ov] copp]4 ,b x ru/s easily1 & !n ! electrical resi/ance is imm5sely increas$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 an equal conduct+ p[] may be obta9$ ei!r 9 iron or copp] = ! same co/1 ! numb] ( iron conductors be+ great] 9 proportion to ! less co/1 & ! m conductors be+ ! bett]4 #ag-ai4 ,expansion & contraction are to be c>efully provid$ aga9/2 e4g4 by suitable b5ds at int]vals 9 long l9es ( horizontal conductors & by be>+ coll>s1 all[+ ( slip 9 v]tical l9es4 #bj4 ,sold]$ or weld$ jo9ts are desirable1 b n absolutely necess>y4 #ba4 ,gives engrav+s ( connections recomm5d$ by ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris1 :]e sold]$ jo9ts _c be us$1 & :i* fulfil ! conditions specifi$ 9 sections #ag-ai4 #bb4 ,sold]$ or weld$ jo9ts to be us$ :]e dis*>ge is possible ) unsold]$ jo9ts1 & likely to ignite du/ or inflammable sub/ances ne>4 #bc4 ,iron may be connect$ by simil> jo9ts z = copp]1 or by screw jo9ts z = gas pipes4 ,no :ite lead to be us$1 x be+ a bad conductor4 #bd4 ,iron flat b&s may be connect$ by rivets or screws1 work+ 9 slots1 to provide = expansion1 ea* surface 9 contact be+ at lea/ six times ! sectional area ( b&4 #be4 ,copp] b&s to be simil>ly connect$4 ,jo9ts betwe5 diff]5t metals may be sold]$1 screw$1 or rivett$1 ! ext5t ( surface 9 contact be+ regulat$ by ! dim5sions ( ! metal ( ! lea/ conduct+ p[]4 ,access ( moi/ure to surfaces 9 contact mu/ be prev5t$1 on acc\nt ( local galvanic action & decomposition4 #bf4 ,no precise limit c be fix$ to protect+ p[] ( conductors4 ,9 ,engl& ! limit is usually assum$ z be+ ! radius ( ! height f gr\nd4 ,x may be suffici5tly correct = practical purposes1 b _c always be reli$ ^u4 #bg4 ,conductors d n attract lightn+2 !y only dim9i% ! resi/ance due to ! air4 ,ev5 a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! soil -ov] :i* a cl\d passes may produce a dis*>ge4 #bh4 ,"o angle ( a build+ may receive a dis*>ge1 ?\gh ano!r angle h a conductor4 ,s e prom95t "p ( a build+ conta9+ explosive mat]ial %\ld h a conductor4 #bi4 ,9 build+s ( uni=m height1 provide a solid rod #e feet above x at ea* end1 & at ea* #de feet 9 l5g?2 if ! conductor be ( iron ! top %\ld be gilt4 #cj4 ,build+s n ov] #bj feet long to h "o v]tical conductor at end1 & a horizontal conductor on ridge4 #ca4 ,if #bj to #dj feet long to h "o v]tical conductor 9 c5tre1 & "o along ridge1 z la/4 #cb4 ,if #dj feet long to h two v]tical conductors2 if #ajj feet long ?ree conductors2 9 bo? cases ) conductor along ridge4 #cc4 ,simil> pr9ciples to be adopt$ 9 l>g] & m complicat$ build+s4 #cd4 ,ea* prom95t "p %\ld h a conductor4 ,! value ( ?ree or f\r po9ts to t]m9als is n app>5t unless ! po9ts are widely sep>at$4 #ce4 ,conductors are to be connect$ horizontally1 e4g41 by ridge or eaves1 :i*1 :5 ( metal1 %\ld be inv>iably connect$ ) conductor4 ,all metal surfaces :atev] to be also s connect$4 #cf4 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris consid]s ! relative conductivity ( ! sev]al metals z be+--( lead #a1 t9 #b1 iron #b1 z9c #d1 copp] #ab4 ,s lead _c be altoge!r dep5d$ on4 #cg4 ,avoid long l5g?s ( horizontal conductors )\t e>? contacts1 z ! curr5ts might leave ! conductor1 & pass to e>?1 caus+ dang]4 ,avoid %>p angles4 #ch4 ,good e>? connections mo/ important4 ,conductors are to be l$ into spr+s or wells or e>? p]man5tly wet4 ,n into wat]tight tanks4 ,%+le1 dry s&1 or dry m\ld are n suffici5t4 ,provide sev]al e>? connections 9 all l>ge sy/ems ( conductors z a precaution4 #ci4 ,lead conductors into gr\nd 9 tr5*es #ah in*es deep4 ,n less ?an #cj feet ( metal to be 9 contact ) moi/ e>?4 #dj4 ,lead a fl[ ( wat] ov] tr5*es if possible1 e4g41 f ra9 wat] pipes4 #da4 ,tr5*es 9 rocky or dry soil to be #cj to #abj feet long1 s z to obta9 all moi/ure possible4 #db4 ,connections 9 tr5*es may be ( old iron1 =m+ cont9u\s metallic surface1 ! tr5*es to be fill$ ) c9d]s or coal a%es4 ,wat] pipes =m excell5t e>? connections1 b gas pipes are dang]\s4 #dc-dd4 ,frequ5tly inspect conductors1 especially z to jo9ts connect+ diff]5t metals & defects 9 iron f ru/4 #de-df4 ,galvanize iron1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! coat+ is good4 #dg4 ,great c>e to be tak5 9 case ( contact ( z9c coat+ ) o!r metals1 especially copp]4 ,april #h?1 #ahge4 ,,fr$4 ,e4 ,,*apman4 ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,=tifications4 ,,app5dix ,a4--,,by ,,! ,,late ,,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a4 ,! e>?'s surface & cl\ds are ! t]m9at+ surfaces ( electric actions1 & build+s1 c41 are only po9ts1 z x 71 ( e>?'s surface 9 :i* ! :ole action vani%es4 #b4 ,electricity :5 conf9$ to sub/ances resi/+ its progress1 z air1 glass1 dry wood1 /ones1 c41 ex]ts a t]ribly explosive p[]4 #c4 ,b :5 conf9$ to bodies1 su* z metals1 (f]+ small resi/ance1 its viol5t expansion or disruptive action is greatly r$uc$ or avoid$ altoge!r1 & becomes a cont9u\s curr5t comp>atively quiesc5t4 ,b if body be small1 z wire1 x may be heat$ or fus$4 ,resi/ance is s small t a %ock has trav]s$ copp] wire at ! rate ( #egf1jjj miles a second2 resi/ance increases ) l5g? & dim9i%es ) area ( section ( conductor4 #d4 ,s a build+ metallic 9 all its p>ts1 or a man 9 arm\r is safe4 #e4 ,s endeav\r to br+ build+s into ! same passive or non-resi/+ /ate z if ( metal4 #f4 ,s conduct+ *annels ( copp] %\ld be sy/ematically appli$ to walls1 ei!r 9 plates unit$ 9 s]ies "o ov] ano!r1 n less ?an #c in*es wide & #a_/af? & ? ( an in* ?ick1 or ( /\t copp] pipe n less ?an #c_/af?s ( an in* ?ick1 & #a to #b in*es diamet]1 fix$ to build+ by braces or copp] nails or clamps4 ,t]m9als to be solid metal rods1 project+ above to a mod]ate & conv5i5t height4 ,e>? connections to be by "o or two bran*es1 lead+ out ab\t a foot bel[ gr\nd--if possible into moi/ gr\nd1 b if dry1 use old iron or o!r metallic *a9s s z to expose a l>ge metallic surface4 #g4 ,all metals 9 ro(1 c41 ( build+ to be connect$ ) ma9 conductors2 any prom95t *imney to h a po9t$ conductor tak5 along x to metals ( ro(4 #h4 ,an electrical dis*>ge nev] leaves a p]fect conductor to pass to a v bad "o1 s ! appreh5sion ( lat]al dis*>ge is absurd4 ,furi\s dis*>ges h fall5 on ! conductors to ! ma/s ( ,h4,m4 %ips1 & pass$ ?r\gh copp] bolts 9 bottom )\t injury ev5 to p]sons lean+ aga9/ ! conductors4 #i4 ,metallic bodies h no specific attraction = electricity m ?an wood or /one h2 all matt] is indiff]5t s f> z reg>ds a specific attraction4 ,lightn+ falls indiscrim9ately ^u trees1 rocks & build+s1 :e!r ) metals ab\t !m or n2 e4g41 at ,plym\? ,docky>d 9 ,may1 #ahda1 a granite *imney1 #abj feet high1 )\t any metal 9 x1 0 /ruck1 & yet x 0 )9 #cjj feet ( a clock-t[] ( equal height1 hav+ metal wea!rcock1 a dome cov]$ ) metal & l>ge conductor along x to gr\nd4 ,! damage ceas$ :]e ! *imney pass$ ?r\gh a massive metallic ro(1 hav+ a conductor f x to ! gr\nd4 ,"h ! lightn+ fell on a build+1 :i*1 accord+ to ! popul> idea1 held no 8invitation0 9 pref]5ce to a /ructure :i* did hold su* 8invitation40 #aj4 ,if effici5t conductors provide free & un9t]rupt$ c\rse = electrical dis*>ge1 x w foll[ t c\rse )\t dang] to g5]al /ructure2 if n1 !n ?is irresi/ible ag5cy w f9d a c\rse = itself & %ake all imp]fect conduct+ matt] 9 pieces 9 do+ s4 ,! great object is to provide a l9e or l9es ( small resi/ance 9 giv5 directions1 less ?an ! resi/ance 9 any o!r l9e ( ! build+4 ,! conductor no m attracts lightn+ ?an a gutt] or wat] pipe attracts a fl[ ( wat]4 #aa4 ,x foll[s t a magaz9e if ( metal w\ld be saf] ?an if built 9 ! usual way4 ,metallic gutt]s & ridges1 ) cont9u\s metallic communications to e>?1 are unobjectionable4 ,,note4--,x is z wrong to isolate conductors f build+s by glass or res91 z x w\ld be to place ra9 wat] pipes #aj feet f ! build+ f :i* !y %\ld c>ry (f ! wat]4 ,an in/ance is giv5 ( an iron conductor :i* 0 plac$ #aj feet f a h\se1 ! latt] be+1 not)/&+1 /ruck at ! po9t ne>e/ to ! conductor1 :i* 0 unt\*$4 #ab4 ,po9t$ t]m9ations t5d to break ! =ce ( lightn+ :5 x falls on !m4 ,be=e explosion a l>ge am\nt ( dis*>ge passes (f ?r\gh po9t$ conductors4 ,po9t$ conductors %\ld be solid copp] rods1 ab\t in* diamet]1 & a foot long1 unit$ by braz+ to ! conduct+ tube4 ,x is n necess>y to gild ! po9ts1 or =m !m ( plat9um4 ,sometimes ev51 ?is w\ld be detrim5tal1 z plat9um has only half ! conduct+ p[] ( copp]4 ,! oxidations ( ! surface ( conductor is ( little mom5t2 & 9 case ( copp] v trifl+4 ,9 any case ! conduct+ surface is bett] ?an ! bad--or non-conduct+ air4 ,! electric telegraph wires "w well1 ?\gh enclos$ by gutta p]*a or o!r non-conduct+ matt]4 ,x is suffici5t if ! t]m9al solid rod be ev5 r\ghly po9t$4 ,b ev5 a ball1 a foot diamet]1 w\ld be a po9t z oppos$ to #a1jjj acres ( *>g$ cl\ds4 ,,note4--,exp]i5ce contradicts ! idea t ! conductor protects a c]ta9 area4 ,! =ema/ ( a %ip has be5 /ruck1 ?\gh ! ma9ma/ has be5 protect$ by conductor4 #ac4 ,copp] l9+s to doors & w9d[s ( magaz9es1 are n objectionable1 b useless = keep+ out lightn+4 ,!y %\ld be connect$ ) ! g5]al sy/em ( conductors4 ,,app5dix ,b4--,,z ,,to ,,solid ,,or ,,holl[ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a4 ,a giv5 quantity ( electricity melts ! same quantity ( metal1 :e!r 9 a solid or holl[ =m4 ,s f> x is immat]ial :i* =m ! conductor has4 ,b suppos+ ! mass ( metal to be s l>ge t ! heat+ effect may be neglect$4 ,x is prov$ t ! great] ! surface1 ! less is its int5sity or p[] at any po9t1 ! int5sity approa*+ ! second p[] or squ>e ( ! surface inv]sely4 ,x is important to give ! *>ge free room ( expansion by increas+ ! surface ( conductor1 s z to r$uce ! me*anical activity ( %ock to ! lea/ possible4 ,rectangul> flat b>s may be employ$4 #b4 ,a ra9 wat] pipe communicat+ ) ma9 conductor1 %\ld h e>? connection4 ,all imp]fect sub/ances1 z masonry1 & %ip ma/s1 transmit a c]ta9 portion ( electricity )\t explosive action4 ,"o great use ( ! conductor is to relieve ! wood or masonry ( ! quantity x _c dis*>ge )\t explosion4 #c4 ,conductors ( small iron rod or wire are v objectionable4 ,!y commonly ru/ at ! jo9ts1 & h fall5 to pieces1 & (t5 be5 knock$ to pieces by lightn+4 ,iron may1 c]ta9ly1 be employ$ ) advantage1 b %\ld be galvaniz$4 ,z9c is an ev5 bett] conductor ?an iron2 & be+ spread ov] ! surface is n op5 to ! objection ( mak+ a conductor ( two metals ( unequal conduct+ p[]4 ,a good & effici5t conductor might be =m$ ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,x %\ld be ( wr\ght iron1 galvaniz$1 ( #b in*es diamet]1 ) screw$ jo9ts ( extra ?ickness4 ,copp] tub+ is1 h[ev]1 always to be pref]r$4 #d4 ,9 dry or rocky soil1 complete ! conductor by lead+ old iron *a9s out f ! walls 9 sev]al directions1 or by lead+ a fl[ ( wat] ov] !m4 ,=tunately a ?und] /orm is usually att5d$ by heavy ra9s4 ,! iron *a9s %\ld ext5d #cj to #ej feet1 & be a foot or #ah in*es "u gr\nd4 ,! t]m9ation 9 a l>ge surface ( moi/ e>? w\ld be pref]able to t 9 a well1 z ! action is a sup]ficial "o ( expansion 9 all directions4 ,9 ! t9 leaf coat+s ( ! electrical j>1 ! *>ge is n influ5c$ by ! ?ickness ( metal4 ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris4 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,by ,,lightn+ ,,( ,a ,,gunp[d] ,,/ore ,,at ,,bruntcliffe1 ,,york%ire4 ,,by ,,major ,y4 ,d4 ,,maj5die1 ,r4,a4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,! ,gunp[d] explod$ at #d4cj p4m4 on ,augu/ #f?1 #ahgh1 dur+ ! greate/ int5sity ( a viol5t ?und]/orm4 ,! build+1 0 brick1 ) brick ar*$ ro(1 l5g? #i feet1 wid? #e feet1 height #f feet 7int]nal dim5sions74 ,! /ore _h a uni=m ?ickness ( ?ree bricks1 & 0 furni%$ at ! "o end ) an iron door1 at ! o!r end ) a lightn+ conductor4 ,! conductor consi/$ ( a copp] wire rope1 #aj gauge copp] wire1 ! rope be+ #g_/af in* ?ick1 hav+ f\r po9ts at ! top 7"o l>ge "o 9 ! c5tre1 & ?ree small] ones r\nd x71 x ext5d$ to ab\t #ac feet above ! top ( ! build+1 & ab\t ! same l5g? 0 c>ri$ into ! gr\nd & t]m9at$ 9 a dra94 ,! conductor _h be5 erect$ 9 #ahgf1 by ,mr4 ,john ,bisby1 ( ,le$s1 & 0 fix$ to a pole di/ant ab\t #b in*es f ! end ( ! build+ opposite to t 9 :i* ! iron door 0 fix$1 x 0 n connect$ ) ! iron door 9 any way4 ,no "o 0 ne> ! /ore :5 ! p[d] explod$1 & x seems probable t ! e>? connection ( ! conductor 0 bad1 t ! mass ( iron 9 ! door (f]$ at lea/ an equally good pa?--& t ! gunp[d] 0 ignit$ by a fla% pass+ betwe51 ! two imp]fect conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,view & ,plan ( ,bruntcliffe ,gunp[d] ,/ore 8,! only /ructural damage effect$ 0 produc$ by ! imp+em5t ( bricks1 :i* /rik+ ) great =ce1 _h 9 a few in/ances1 p>tially p5etrat$ or displac$ brick "w 9 ! dwell+-h\ses & build+s1 & a portion ( ! iron ( an iron *ur* 0 brok5 by a piece ( project$ dbris4 ,a brick 0 driv5 ?r\gh a w9d[ 9 "o ( ! h\ses at ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & broke a b$/ead4 ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov] no o!r /ructural injury 0 occasion$40 ,?is accid5t appe>s to sugge/ sev]al conclusions3-- 8,9 ! fir/ place x appe>s to me to af=d a /rik+ confirmation ( ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 repeat$ly & emphatically enunciat$ by ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris & o!r au?orities on ! subject ( lightn+ conductors1 t 9 ord] to secure an effici5t protection = a giv5 build+1 all ! metal ( ! build+1 & z f> z possible ! :ole ( ! /ructure itself1 %\ld be br\ght into actual connection ) ! sy/em ( conduction2 9 o!r words1 t ! g5]al conduct+ p[] ( ! mass ( ! edifice %\ld be complet$1 & all attractive & prom95t p>ts alli$ 9 "o protective comb9ation1 s z to 8br+ ! :ole0 7z x has be5 express$ by ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris7 8z ne>ly z may be into t passive or non-resi/+ /ate :i* x w\ld assume1 suppos+ ! :ole 7 a mass ( metal40 ,9 ! pres5t case1 assum+ ! conductor itself to h be5 effici5t1 a po9t :i* !re seems no suffici5t reason = d\bt+1 ! sy/em ( conduction 0 obvi\sly defective4 ,n only 0 ! :ole l5g? ( ! build+ left unprotect$1 ! conductor hav+ be5 on a pole at "o end1 & c>efully insulat$ f ! build+1 b ! iron door :i* 0 at ! opposite end1 0 absolutely unconnect$ !re)1 & 0 n itself suppli$ ) any e>? connection40 8,x appe>s cle>1 !re=e1 t ev5 :at may be deem$ p] se an effici5t lightn+ conductor1 i4e4 a conductor1 :i* consid]$ alone1 (f]s a pa? ( little or no resi/ance ev5 to a p[]ful electric curr5t1 does n af=d a reliable protection to a build+ unless x be sci5tifically appli$1 & ) due reg>d to ^? pr9ciples ^u :i* ! m em95t au?orities on electrical sci5ce are agre$4 ,to a disreg>d ( ^! pr9ciples1 especially 9 respect ( ! iron door be+ left out ( ! sy/em ( conduction1 & unconnect$ !re)1 ,i believe ! pres5t accid5t may be attribut$40 ,,reports ,,( ,,committees ,,on ,,! ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es ,,at ,,purfleet4 7,phil4 ,trans41 #aggc1 p4 #db1 & #aggh1 ,"p ,i41 p4 #bcb47 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,adams1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,report ( a ,committee consi/+ ( ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ,mr4 ,j4 ,rob]tson1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 & ,mr4 ,delaval1 appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,society1 8to consid] ( a me?od = secur+ ! p[d] magaz9e at ,purfleet40 ,a p[d] mill at ,brescia hav+ bl[n up 9 consequ5ce ( be+ /ruck by lightn+1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance appli$ to ,mr4 ,b4 ,wilson to "k 9 :at way ! p[d] magaz9e c\ld be protect$4 ,he recomm5d$ t a blunt conductor %\ld be employ$1 :]eas ,dr4 ,frankl9 recomm5d$ a po9t$ conductor4 ,! ,committee met & ,dr4 ,frankl9 read a pap] on ! subject1 & ! report ( ! ,committee 0 9 con=mity ) ,dr4 ,frankl9's views4 ,! ,committee w5t to ,purfleet & exam9$ ! build+s4 ,!y f\nd t ! b>rels ( p[d]1 :5 ! magaz9es 7 full1 lay pil$ on ea* o!r up to ! spr+ ( ! ar*es2 on ea* b>rel 7 f\r copp] hoops1 :i* ) v]tical iron b>s =m$ brok5 conductors )9 ! build+4 ,^! iron b>s 7 ord]$ to be remov$4 ,! ,committee advis$ t at ea* end ( ea* magaz9e a well %\ld be dug 9 or ?r\gh ! *alk1 s deep z to h 9 x at lea/ f\r feet ( /&+ wat]4 ,f ! bottom ( ?is wat] %\ld arise a piece ( lead5 pipe to or ne> to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :]e x %\ld be /rongly jo9$ to ! end ( an upright iron b>1 an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 fa/5$ to ! wall by lead5 /raps1 & ext5d+ t5 feet above ! ridge ( ! build+1 tap]+ f ! ridge upw>ds to a %>p po9t1 ! upp] twelve in*es ( copp]1 ! iron to be pa9t$4 ,lead 0 m5tion$ = ! und]gr\nd "p z less liable to ru/1 9 ! =m ( a pipe z giv+ great] /iffness = ! sub/ance1 & iron = ! "p above gr\nd z /rong]1 & less likely to be cut away4 ,! pieces ( :i* ! b> may be compos$ %\ld be screw$ /rongly into ea* o!r by a close jo9t ) a ?9 plate ( lead betwe5 ! %\ld]s4 ,ea* rod 9 pass+ above ! ridge %\ld be /rongly & closely connect$ by iron or lead1 or bo?1 ) ! lead5 cop+ ( ! ro(1 s mak+ metallic communication betwe5 ! two b>s ( ea* build+4 ,x 0 also advis$ t two wells be dug )9 twelve feet ( ! doors1 "o to ! nor? ( ! nor? build+ & ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! s\? build+1 & t metallic communications be made betwe5 ! wat] 9 !m & ! lead5 cop+ ( ! ro(4 ,! ,bo>d h\se /ood #aej y>ds f ! magaz9es1 on elevat$ gr\nd1 & 0 a 8l(ty build+ ) a po9t$ hip-ro(1 ! cop+s ( lead d[n to ! gutt]s1 f :i* lead5 pipes desc5d at ea* end ( ! build+ into ! wat] ( wells ( =ty feet deep1 = ! purpose ( convey+ wat] =c$ up by eng9es to a ci/]n 9 ! ro(40 ,z to ! ,bo>d-h\se1 !y ?\ght x already well furni%$ ) conductors by ! sev]al lead5 communications above-m5tion$ f ! po9t ( ! ro( d[n into ! wat]1 & t by its height & proximity x may be "s security to ! build+ bel[ x2 !y !re=e propos$ no o!r conductor = t build+1 & only advis$ erect+ a po9t$ iron rod on ! summit1 simil> to ^? be=e describ$ & communicat+ ) ^? conductors4 ,mr4 ,wilson diss5t$ f t "p ( ! ,report :i* recomm5d$ t ea* conductor %\ld be po9t$1 because1 he says1 8by po9ts we solicit ! lightn+1 & may promote ! mis*ief by draw+ ! *>ges f *>g$ cl\ds1 :i* w\ld n dis*>ge at all on ! build+ if !re 7 no po9ts on ! conductors40 ,by exp]im5ts made & appeal$ to at ! ,committee ! diff]5ce 9 ! effects betwe5 po9t$ & blunt$ conductors is z twelve to "o4 ,mr4 ,wilson /ates t1 8,a ?und] cl\d1 !re=e1 if x act$ at #abjj y>ds di/ance ^u a po9t1 w\ld require a blunt$ end to be br\ght )9 ! di/ance ( #ajj y>ds1 & beyond ^? limits w\ld pass ov] x )\t affect+ x at all40 ,he also says1 8,! long] ! conductors are above ! build+1 ! m dang] is to be appreh5d$ f !m4 ,i h always consid]$ po9t$ conductors z be+ unsafe by _! great read9ess to collect ! lightn+ 9 too p[]ful a mann]40 ,mr4 ,wilson adds an acc\nt ( an accid5t to ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*1 & "s curi\s reason+ on x 9 support ( 8 own views4 7,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #aggc1 p4 #ei-fa47 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! #ae? ( ,may1 #aggg1 ! ,bo>d ,h\se at ,purfleet 0 /ruck by lightn+1 & "s ( ! brickwork damag$ 7,see ,phil4 ,tran41 #aggh1 ,pt4 ,i41 p4 #bcb74 ,ab\t #f p4m41 aft] heavy ra9 ?r\gh ! day1 a heavy cl\d hung ov] ! h\se = "s "t1 & ,mr4 ,nickson1 :o wat*$ x f ! h\se & gives ! acc\nt1 says he suspect$ t "s ( ! conductors might f9d employm5t f x4 ,he _h n be5 long at ! w9d[ be=e a viol5t fla% ( lightn+ & clap ( ?und] came toge!r4 ,! lightn+ /ruck "o ( ! iron cramps t hold ! cop+1 & made a d5t 9 ! lead ( ! cramp & ! /one adjo9+ x1 ?r[+ "s /one d[n & slightly di/urb+ ab\t a cubic foot ( brickwork at ,a4 ,! iron cramp 0 situat$ ov] a plate ( lead1 & ! ends ( x1 ins]t$ 9 ! /one1 came )9 #g in*es ( t plate1 :i* communicat$ ) ! gutt]1 & s]v$ z a fillet to x2 ?is gutt] 0 "p ( ! ma9 conductor ( ! build+4 ,! lightn+ /ruck ?r\gh ! /one1 c41 to ! corn] ( ! plate1 fus+ a v small portion ( x4 ,f ?is po9t no f>!r effect ( ! lightn+ c\ld be trac$4 ,at ! di/ance ( sev5 feet & a-half f ! place /ruck1 a l>ge lead5 pipe w5t d[n f ! gutt] to a ci/]n ( wat] 9 ! y>d4 ,x is rem>kable t ! surface ( "o ( ! hip-raft]s1 f\r in*es & a-half 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) lead 7communicat+ ) ! gutt]71 & rea*+ )9 tw5ty-eight in*es ( ! place /ruck1 seems n to h be5 at all affect$4 ,! di/ance f ! po9t ( ! conductor on ! h\se to ! "p /ruck 0 =ty-six feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,bo>d ,h\se1 at ,purfleet ,a fre% ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,h5ly1 ,mr4 ,lane1 ,mr4 ,nairne1 & ,mr4 ,planta1 recomm5d$ a *annel to be made f cramp to cramp r\nd ! p>apet1 fill$ ) lead1 & connect$ 9 f\r places ) ! ma9 conductor on ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,mr4 ,wilson aga9 diss5t$ f _! report1 & attribut$ ! hang+ ( a heavy cl\d ov] ! h\se 7x be+ calm at ! "t7 to ! pres5ce ( ! po9t$ lightn+ conductor4 ,an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,wilson's elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts at ! ,pan!on on a long cyl9d] to illu/rate ! effects ( po9t$ & r\nd$ conductors occupies sev5ty pages ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions2 & ano!r ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 consi/+ ( ,sir ,john ,pr+le1 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 ,w4 ,h5ly1 ,bi%op ,horsley1 ,t4 ,lane1 ,"l ,mahon1 ,e4 ,nairne1 & ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 report 9 fav\r ( hav+ additional conductors t5 feet high1 ) copp] eighte5 in*es long1 f9ely tap]$ & acutely po9t$ plac$ ^u ! magaz9es4 ,!y conclude t 8elevat$ rods are pref]able to l[ conductors t]m9at$ 9 r\nd$ ends1 knobs1 or balls ( metal10 conceiv+ t1 ! exp]im5ts & reasons1 made & alleg$ to ! contr>y by ,mr4 ,wilson1 are inconclusive4 ,mr4 ,wilson's objections are aga9 urg$ by ,dr4 ,musgrave1 b call$ 9 "q by ,mr4 ,nairne 7see ,phil4 ,trans41 #aggh1 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #hbc71 :o makes a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to illu/rate ! advantage ( po9t$ conductors4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,wilson's & ,mr4 ,nairne's exp]im5ts agree 9 %[+ t 8po9t$ conductors draw (f ! electricity f a cl\d at a mu* great] di/ance ?an ^? :i* are blunt$40 ,mr4 ,wilson object+ t ?is draws ! *>g$ cl\d f a great] di/ance2 & ,mr4 ,nairne conclud+ t 8a *>g$ body is exhau/$ ( m ( ! fluid by a po9t$ ?an by a blunt$ conductor10 & s is n likely to cause s mu* damage s9ce x dis*>ges itself m gradually4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 ,fif? edition4 ,london1 #aggd4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?or %[s t po9t$ bodies draw (f electricity mu* m effectually ?an blunt ones4 ,:5 ! l& is hot1 8! l[] air is r>ifi$ & rises2 ! cool]1 d5s] air above1 desc5ds40 ,! cl\ds meet ov] ! heat$ place1 8& if "s are electrifi$ & o!rs n1 lightn+ & ?und] succe$1 & %[]s fall40 8,z electrifi$ cl\ds pass ov] a c\ntry1 high hills & trees1 t[]s1 spires1 ma/s1 *imneys1 c41 z s _m po9ts1 draw ! electrical fire & ! :ole cl\d dis*>ges !re40 ,!re=e x is dang]\s to take %elt] "u a tree4 ,x is saf] to be 9 ! op5 fields1 especially if ! clo!s are wet4 ,metals are fus$1 possibly )\t heat2 ! lightn+ creat+ a viol5t repulsion ( ! p>ticles ( ! metal x passes ?r\gh4 ,he aft]w>ds admits ?is op9ion to be errone\s4 ,describes exp]im5ts ) %>p-po9t$ metallic bodies1 & says3 8,may n ! k ( ?is p[] ( po9ts be ( use to mank9d 9 pres]v+ h\ses1 *ur*es1 %ips1 c41 f ! /roke ( lightn+1 by fix+ on _! highe/ p>ts upright rods ( iron1 made %>p z a ne$le1 & gilt1 to prev5t ru/+2 & f ! feet ( ^! rods lead iron wire d[n ! outside ( ! build+ into ! gr\nd2 or d[n "o ( ! %r\ds ( a %ip & h] side till x rea*es ! wat]40 8,w\ld n po9t$ rods probably draw ! electrical fire sil5tly out ( a cl\d be=e x came nigh en\gh to /rike1 & !reby secure u f t mo/ sudd5 & t]rible mis*ief80 ,he m5tions ! case ( ! topma/ heads ( a %ip be+ /ruck1 b hav+ flames ^u !m l v l>ge tor*es be=e ! /roke4 ,he ?9ks t if !re _h be5 a good wire conductor f ! heads to ! sea !re w\ld h be5 no /roke or damage4 ,he records ! exp]im5ts on ! #aj? ( ,may1 #ageb1 at ,m>ly1 ( ,m4 ,d',alib>d1 :o plac$ ^u an electrical body a po9t$ b> ( iron #dj feet high4 ,9 a ?und] /orm sp>ks ( fire 7 attract$ f x4 ,aga91 at ,p>is1 on ! #ah? ( ,may1 ) ! same result1 by ,m4 de ,lor1 ) a b> ( iron #ii feet high ^u a cake ( res9 #c in*es ?ick & #b feet squ>e4 ,simil>ly 9 ,london 9 ,july1 #ageb1 by ,mr4 ,canton4 ,he ref]s to o!r exp]im5ts4 ,he exp]im5t$ 9 #ageb ) a kite ( ?9 silk 7z be+ able to be> ! wet71 hav+ a v %>p-po9t$ wire fix$ to its top1 above :i* x rose ab\t a foot4 ,! kite 0 rais$ by tw9e1 ! "p 9 ! h& be+ made ( silk & kept q dry4 ,! po9t$ wire w draw ! electric fire f ?und] cl\ds1 & :5 ! ra9 has wet 7sic7 ! kite & tw9e1 s t x conducts ! electric fire freely1 !y w be electrifi$1 & ! electric fire w /ream out pl5tifully on ! approa* ( ! knuckle4 8,spirits may be k9dl$1 c41 z ) a rubb$ glass or tube1 & !reby ! sam5ess ( ! electric matt] ) t ( ! lightn+ be completely demon/rat$40 ,septemb]1 #ageb4 ,he erect$ 8an iron rod to draw ! lightn+ into 8 h\se 9 ord] to exp]im5t on x40 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 he conclud$ t 8! cl\ds ( a ?und]/orm are mo/ commonly 9 a negative /ate ( electricity1 b sometimes 9 a positive /ate40 ,! latt]1 he believ$1 r>e4 8,s t1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ?und]/rokes1 x is ! e>? t /rikes into ! cl\ds1 & n ! cl\ds into ! e>?40 ,9 ! contr>y 7r>e7 case ! cl\d 01 8,i conjecture1 compress$ by ! driv+ w9ds or "s o!r means1 s t "p ( :at x _h absorb$ 0 =c$ out1 & =m$ an electric atmosph]e r\nd x 9 its d5s] /ate1 s communicat$ positive electricity to my rod40 8,! electric fluid1 mov+ to re/ore ! equilibrium betwe5 ! cl\d & ! e>?1 takes1 9 its way1 all ! conductors x c f9d 7v4 page #acb ( ,frankl9's book7--z metals1 damp walls1 moi/ wood1 c4--& w g consid]ably out ( a direct c\rse = ! sake ( ! assi/ance ( a good conductor40 8,explosions only happ5 :5 ! conductors _c dis*>ge x z fa/ z !y receive x1 by reason ( _! be+ incomplete1 disunit$1 or too small1 or n ( ! be/ mat]ials = conduct+40 ,he supposes t a wire in* diamet] w conduct ! electricity ( any "o /roke ( lightn+ ev] kn[n4 ,iron is ! be/ mat]ial1 z lea/ liable to fuse4 8,po9t$ rods erect$ on build+s & communicat+ ) moi/ e>? w\ld ei!r prev5t a /roke1 or1 if n prev5t$1 w\ld conduct x s t ! build+ %\ld suff] no damage4 ,he gives in/ances ( a small wire act+ z conductor & sav+ ! build+1 ?\gh ! wire1 be+ too small1 0 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,8 !ory z to ! crook$ c\rse ( lightn+ is z foll[s3 8,:o kn[s b t !re may be1 z ! anci5ts ?\ght1 a region ( ?is fire 7electric7 above our atmosph]e1 prev5t$ by our air & its own too great di/ance ( attraction f jo9+ our e>?4 ,yet "s ( x be l[ en\gh to atta* itself to our highe/ cl\ds10 :i* !nce become electrifi$1 c4 8,i am /ill at a loss ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* cl\ds become *>g$ ) electricity1 no hypo!sis ,i h yet =m$ p]fectly satisfy+ me40 ,he describes h[ he & o!rs h be5 /ruck d[n by electric %ocks )\t feel+ pa9 or su/a9+ p]man5t injury4 ,= protect+ p[d] magaz9es1 erect a ma/ n f> f x1 & #ae or #bj feet above ! top ( x1 ) a ?ick iron rod fa/5$ to x1 rea*+ d[n till x comes to wat]4 8,9 build+s ! rod may be fa/5$ to ! walls1 *imneys1 c41 ) /aples ( iron4 ,! lightn+ w n leave ! rod 7a good conductor7 to pass into ! wall 7a bad conductor7 ?r\gh ^! /aples4 ,x w\ld r1 if any:]e 9 ! wall1 pass out ( x into ! rod to get m readily into ! e>?40 ,if ! build+ be v ext5sive1 two or m rods may be plac$ at diff]5t p>ts = great] security4 ,x is well n to sit ne> ! *imney1 or gilt objects1 dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,lightn+1 & ! mann] by :i* ! ?und] cl\ds become possess$ ( _! electricity1 d$uc$ f kn[n facts & prop]ties ( t matt]1 to :i* are add$ pla9 directions = con/ruct+ & erect+ safe conductors4 ,by ,,john ,,simmons4 #hvo4 #agge4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 8,z on ! e>? ! op]ation necess>y = ! excitation & collection ( ! electric fluid is attrition40 444 8,s we may rationally conclude t attrition is ! means ( excitation & collection ( electric matt] 9 ! cl\ds z well z on ! e>?40 ,by metallic conductors build+s may be pres]v$ f ! effects ( lightn+ ,electricity asc5ds f ! e>? to ! cl\ds by means ( moi/ air4 8,a conductor is a cont9uation ( metal f a c]ta9 height above ! highe/ "p ( a build+ to moi/ e>? or wat]0 444 8= easy & safe passage ( lightn+40 ,metal is ! be/ ( all conductors4 ,! au?or quotes f ,frankl9 8build+s t h _! ro(s cov]$ ) lead & sp\ts ( lead cont9u$ f ro( into gr\nd to c>ry (f ! wat]1 are nev] hurt by lightn+ :5 x falls on su* a build+40 ,! conductor may be made ( any metal1 & flat or r\nd4 ,b n[h]e less ?an in* diamet] except at t]m9al4 ,b iron ru/s1 s copp] or lead %\ld be us$4 ,lead is be/1 us$ 9 /rips #d in*es wide & ? in* ?ick4 ,good e>? contact requir$ 9 moi/ e>? 7go+ !re9 at lea/ #e feet7 or wat]4 ,! sev]al l5g?s ( ! conductor mu/ be well 9 contact by be+ screw$1 if ( iron2 sold]$1 if ( lead4 ,! upp] t]m9al to be iron or copp] rod #i or #aj feet long1 in* diamet]1 & #b to #e feet above top ( highe/ *imney or o!r "p ( build+4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ z ?is attracts electricity bett]4 ,lead ro(s to be connect$ ) conductor4 7,examples giv5 ( h\se & %ip /ruck47 ,no build+ or object is kn[n to h be5 /ruck by lightn+ )9 #ej feet ( a prop] conductor4 ,b a tree has be5 %iv]$ )9 #eb feet1 s we may conclude t protect+ influ5ce ext5ds to #ej feet horizontally 9 e direction f ! po9t ( conductor4 ,9 gunp[d] /ores1 conductors are n to be fix$ to ! build+s1 b at 7say7 #ab feet away1 fa/5$ to a /&>d1 ! top be+ z high above ! build+ z x c be conv5i5tly4 ,no metal on sides or ro( ( ! build+ is to be expos$ to ! lightn+ s z to attract x4 ,a ,,treatise on ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,john ,,murray4 #ahcj4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,adams1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,9 ,*apt] ,v41 on lightn+ id5tifi$ ) electricity1 ! au?or speaks ( fire-balls & ! ,aurora ,borealis1 & ascribes ! =mation ( %oot+ />s to electrical action4 ,he does n believe !y come f di/ant space into our atmosph]e1 b reg>ds !m z concretions =m$ by a fla% ( lightn+ d>t+ ?r\gh gase\s m$ia & atmosph]ic air exp&$ by heat1 c>ry+ metallic du/ & e>?y p>ticles eject$ f volcanoes1 or c>ri$ up by evaporation or o!r causes1 & diffus$ ov] an imm5se surface 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 8,! lightn+ c>ries1 l a pl\gh%>e1 ! accumulat$ matt] 9 its progress1 &1 by ! p[]ful electrical attraction ?us excit$1 ^! p>ticles w be drawn into ! vortex ( ! lightn+ in/antane\sly2 =1 ! lightn+ f9ally enc\nt]+ an electricity ( an opposite k9d1 an explosion ensues1 & ! collect$ mass is in/antane\sly fus$ & agglut9at$1 :ile ! meteorite ?us =m$ tumbles to ! gr\nd4444 ,we !re=e d n see ! necessity ( consid]+ meteoric /ones extra atmosph]ic40 ,9 ?is way ,john ,murray goes on page aft] page1 b ! above w probably be suffici5t notice ( 8 "w4 ,! foll[+ are ! conditions he lays d[n = a good conductor3-- #a4 ,a f9ely po9t$ summit to (f] an unresi/+ entrance4 #b4 ,a suffici5t l5g? to anticipate1 z x 71 ! desc5d+ electricity1 & receive x on its summit be=e x c\ld rea* any "p ( ! build+4 #c4 ,a sup]ior conduct+ p[] 9 ! mat]ial ( ! rod to facilitate its passage to ! e>?4 #d4 ,a suffici5t ?ickness to prev5t its fusion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w greatly dep5d on ! resi/ance x has enc\nt]$ 9 ent]+ ! conductor4 ,&1 f9ally #e4 ,a safe conduction to a well or moi/ surface bel[ gr\nd4 ,he says3 8,let ! wires bel[ gr\nd 9 contact ) moi/ure pass ?r\gh a cyl9d] ( z9c be=e !y div]ge to =m ! root1 ! copp] wires w 9 ?is case always rema9 free f any oxidation40 ,,h>ris',s ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,report to ! ,committee ^u ,,mr4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris's & o!r ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 7,febru>y #aa?1 #ahdj4 ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]4 ,fcap4 folio74 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton74 ,in/ances are giv5 ( %ips n provid$ ) lightn+ conductors be+ /ruck & damag$1 :il/ o!rs ly+ ne>1 & provid$ ) conductors1 7 n injur$4 ,! "q ( lightn+ conductors attract+ lightn+ consid]$1 & evid5ce %[n to ! contr>y4 ,lat]al dis*>ge f a lightn+ conductor consid]$4 ,evid5ce aga9/ x1 if only ! conductor 7 cont9u\s & ( suffici5t size4 ,f>aday consid]$ t a man lean+ aga9/ "o ( ,h>ris's conductors :5 ! electricity desc5d$ w\ld n be hurt4 ,proposition to place a globe ( glass on ! head ( ! ma/ 9 place ( a lightn+ conductor consid]$1 & ! conclusion arriv$ at t x w\ld d h>m4 ,:eat/one /at$ t 89 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! utility ( lightn+ conductors1 !re is no in/ance on record ( an iron rod ( in* 9 diamet] be+ fus$ or ev5 made r$-hot by a fla%40 ,me*anical objections to lightn+ conductors on %ips consid]$ & discuss$4 ,decid$ t ! application ( ,mr4 ,h>ris's conductor t5d$ r to /r5g!n ?an weak5 ! ma/ & sp>s4 ,!n foll[s a l>ge numb] ( lett]s1 giv+ acc\nts ( accid5ts f lightn+ to %ips1 c4 ,decision arriv$ at t on ! :ole ,mr4 ,h>ris's conductor is ! be/ ( ^? exam9$4 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,leyd5 ,,dis*>ges ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,fla%es4 ,,by ,c4 ,v4 ,,walk]1 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,lon4 ,electrical ,soc4 ,london4 #ahdb4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?or alludes to ! exp]im5ts ( ,frankl91 c4 ,! di/ance to ! l[] surface ( cl\ds1 obs]v$ by ,le ,g5til & o!rs1 %[s an av]age ( #ajjj to #bjjj feet1 :]eas ! greate/ l5g? ( sp>k ) a l>ge ma*9e is #c to #d feet4 ,! inductive action be>s "s inv]se ratio to ! di/ance4 ,leaves ( trees h a rem>kable prop]ty ( sil5tly draw+ (f electricity4 ,he gives ! p>ticul>s ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ) argum5ts !reon1 to prove ! !ory ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,leyd5 dis*>ges & lightn+4 ,quotes examples ( lightn+ on conductors & build+s to %[ t ! conductor takes "p only ( ! *>ge1 ! rema9d] tak+ o!r pa?s4 ,contigu\s semi-insulat$ bodies mu/ n be left unconnect$ ) ! lightn+ rod4 ,he quotes1 ) approval1 ! advice ( ,f>aday1 viz41 to tie toge!r ) a metallic connection all contigu\s readily-conduct+ bodies4 ,cites num]\s o!r op9ions to ! same effect1 viz41 t all metallic p>ts ( a build+ %\ld be connect$ ) ! conductor4 ,he sums up by /at+ 8t ! ,leyd5 *>ge diff]s consid]ably n s mu* 9 nature z 9 degree f t ( ! cl\d1 inasmu* z ! proximity ( ! coat+s 9 ! "o case is inf9itely small comp>$ ) ! di/ance 9 ! o!r10 c4 ,he expresses great confid5ce 9 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's sy/em = protect+ %ips4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,a ,,lightn+ ,,fla% ,,on ,,! ,,/eeple ,,( ,,brixton ,,*ur*1 ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,g5]ally4 ,,by ,c4 ,v4 ,,walk]4 ,london4 #ahdb4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?or ref]s to ,f>aday's exp]im5ts1 z %ew+ in/ances ( lat]al dis*>ge1 & says1 8unless precautions are tak5 to prev5t its proce$+ f a lightn+ conductor1 t in/rum5t lit]ally invites ! enemy )9 doors40 ,he gives detail ( ! accid5t at ,brixton1 !re be+ no lightn+ conductor4 ,! /roke did mu* damage to ! /eeple & !n pass$ (f h>mlessly by ! metal gutt]s & ra9-wat] pipes4 ,"o side ( ! /eeple 0 dr5*$ ) wet & c>ri$ (f "p ( ! /roke4 ,he quotes examples ( ! app>5tly protective action ( high trees4 ,l(ty trees ne> l(ty build+s w\ld mat]ially mitigate1 if n prev5t1 ! viol5ce ( ! /roke4 ,! accid5t at ,brixton %[s t ! lightn+ takes n simply ! %orte/1 b1 9 addition1 ! l>ge/ pa?4 ,_h ! /eeple be5 provid$ ) a lightn+ conductor outside1 pass+ ne> ! clock face or ! bells1 or wat] pipe1 x is m ?an probable t a fla% w\ld pass f x to ^! vic9al conductors4 ,if outside ! t[] ! dang] w\ld be great]4 ,he recomm5ds t ! metal cross on ! /eeple be replac$ by a /one "o1 & t ! pres5t iron ra9 wat]-pipes be connect$ by copp] rods or plates1 :i* are also to be connect$ ) ! lead "w ( ro(4 ,! bells are also to be connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! conductor4 ,e bolt-clamp or o!r piece ( metal )9 8/rik+ di/ance0 ( ! conductor1 unless 9 direct communication ) x1 is liable to cause lat]al dis*>ge4 ,! od\r develop$ by lightn+ 01 at ,brixton1 decid$ly sulphur\s1 z a piece ( /one :i* 0 %att]$ by ! /roke reta9$ ! od\r ( sulphur di/9ctly = sev]al h\rs4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,?und]/orms2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,protect+ ,,build+s ,,& ,,%ipp+ ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,de/ructive ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,,by ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ahdc4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,ayrton47 ,! back/roke may d injury1 t is1 a p]son may be kill$ 9 consequ5ce ( a fla% ( lightn+ pass+ betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! e>? at "s di/ance f ! p]son4 ,9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #aghg1 ,mr4 ,brydone writes to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 & m5tions ! case ( two m5 rid+ 9 two c>ts1 ! front "o drawn by two horses1 ^! horses & ! man driv+ !m 7 kill$21 ! man on ! h9d] c>t & a %eph]d at a di/ance1 saw ! occurr5ce & he>d a report b obs]v$ no lightn+4 ,a metallic scre5 appe>s to protect ! int]ior f ! action ( a curr5t1 z well z f /atic induction4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 f\nd he c\ld n de/roy a wet rat by artificial electricity1 al?\gh he c\ld a dry "o4 ,! fir/ lightn+ conductor 0 erect$ 9 ,engl& at ,payne%ill1 by ,dr4 ,watson1 9 #agfb4 ,! lightn+ conductor %\ld expose a l>ge surface1 & %\ld be unit$ ) all ! great masses ( metal 9 its vic9ity4 ,= /ation>y elevations ! conductor %\ld consi/ ( solid or tubul> rods or flat plates ( metal4 ,we mu/ consid] ! me*anical action ! lightn+ may produce on ! conductor1 z well z any possible heat+ action4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris m5tions t !re 7 no signs ( fusion 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! l9k$ brass rod1 at ,*>les ,*ur*1 ,plym\?1 torn to pieces 9 #ahbd1 or 9 ! small pieces ( ! conductor at ! ,hotel des ,invalides1 at ,p>is1 consi/+ ( a /r& ( tw5ty iron wires1 & :i* 0 sma%$ 9 #ahci4 ,he says ! b5efical effect ( sup]ficial conductors appe>s to dep5d on ! removal ( ! electrical p>ticles fur!r out ( ! sph]e ( ea* o!r's influ5ces4 8,?us we f9d10 says ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris1 89 a v>iety ( cases ( damage by lightn+ t ! pass+ *>ge1 9 /rik+ on l>ge exp&$ %eets ( metal has become comp>atively tranquil1 & has be5 trac$ no fur!r1 :il/ 9 /rik+ on l>ge masses ( metal expos+ b a small surface1 x has assum$ an int5sely active /ate40 ,he goes on to /ate t ! resi/ance ( ! conductor mu/ be kept z l[ z possible1 & z nei!r ! resi/ance nor ! heat develop$ is increas$ by roll+ ! wire out into a flat surface1 he argues t 8!re is1 consequ5tly1 no disadvantage 9 giv+ a lightn+ rod z mu* sup]ficial capacity z possible1 z reg>ds conduct+ p[]1 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 ! dim9i%$ int5sity att5dant on x is v advantage\s3 ?is effect ( sup]ficial conductors appe>s to dep5d on ! removal ( ! electrical p>ticles fur!r out ( ! sph]e ( ea* o!r's influ5ce40 ,:at quantity ( metal is requisite = a lightn+ rod8 ,he concludes f ! results ( a numb] ( accid5ts t 8a copp] rod in* diamet]1 or an equal quantity ( copp] "u any o!r =m1 w\ld )/& ! heat+ effect ( any dis*>ge ( lightn+ :i* has yet come )9 ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d40 ,practical d$uctions4--8,f ! v>i\s enquiries conta9$ 9 ! fir/ #abc pages ( ?is book1 we arrive at ! foll[+ d$uctions3-- 8#a/4 ,copp] is ! be/ k9d ( metal = a conductor4 8#bnd4 ,! quantity ( metal %\ld n be less ?an t repres5t$ by ! section ( a solid cyl9d] in* diamet]4 8#crd4 ,! metal %\ld be plac$ "u z great an ext5t ( surface z is consi/5t ) /r5g?1 & %\ld be p]fectly cont9u\s4 8#d?4 ,! conductor %\ld involve 9 its c\rse ! pr9cipal deta*$ masses ( metal 9 ! build+4 8#e?4 ,x %\ld be plac$ z close z possible to ! walls :i* are to be def5d$1 & n at a di/ance f !m1 & be c>ri$ at once directly into ! gr\nd4 8#f?4 ,x %\ld be atta*$ to ! mo/ prom95t po9ts ( ! build+1 & if ! l5g? be v consid]able its dim5sions %\ld be increas$4 8,la/ly4 ,9 ext5sive ranges ( build+s1 all ! mo/ prom95t p>ts %\ld h long po9t$ rods project+ freely into ! air1 & ! great] ! range ( build+ ! high] !y %\ld be4 8,9 p>ticul> cases1 9 :i* exp5se mu/ necess>ily be consid]$1 wr\ght iron tub+ may be employ$2 x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be less ?an #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & #c_/aj?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness40 ,insulat+ ! lightn+ conductor f ! build+ is q valueless4 ,! me?od ( fix+ lightn+ conductors to %ips is expla9$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,range ov] :i* ! protect+ p[] ( ! lightn+ rod ext5ds4--,great d\bts exi/s z to ! answ] to ?is "q1 s9ce 9 _m cases "o portion ( a build+ has be5 /ruck :ile a lightn+ rod 9 good condition exi/$ close by4 ,= example1 ! p[d] magaz9e at ,bayonne 0 #ef feet long1 #cf feet wide1 cov]$ ) ?ick vault$ masonry & a slop+ ro( ) gable ends1 protect$ by plates ( lead2 ! gutt]s 7 also ( lead1 & !re 7 ! usual sp\ts = dis*>g+ ! ra94 ,! lightn+ rod project$ ab\t #bj feet above ! build+1 & 0 atta*$ to ! lead ( ! ro( by a metallic socket ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 & :i* 0 sold]$ to "o ( ! lead cov]+s4 ,in/ead ( be+ c>ri$1 h[ev]1 directly into ! e>? at ! foot ( ! wall1 x 0 turn$ outw>d at ab\t #b feet f ! gr\nd1 & be+ b5t at "r angles1 0 cont9u$ on semi-insulat+ po/s ( wood into a tr5* fill$ ) *>coal1 di/ant #cc feet f ! wall4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y1 #ahbi1 ! build+ 0 /ruck1 ! po9t ( ! conductor melt$1 & ! lead5 plates by :i* x 0 atta*$ to ! wood po/s at ! foot ( ! wall1 7 m or less torn & p]=at$ by holes4 ,no damage1 h[ev]1 ensu$ to ! build+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! conductor4 ,at ! s\?-we/ corn]1 a %eet ( lead cov]+ ! gable end 0 torn out imm$iately ov] a po9t :]e two /ones ( ! cornice 7 unit$ by an iron cramp4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris consid]s ! possibility ( ?is damage hav+ aris5 8f ! conductor 79 consequ5ce ( be+ cont9u$ at s great a di/ance f ! build+7 n (f]+ a suffici5tly easy l9e ( transit = ! dis*>ge to ! e>?10 b he rejects ?is explanation & concludes t ! damage arose f ! lightn+ /rik+ ! build+ 9 two po9ts4 ,aga91 ! ,heck+ham poorh\se1 al?\gh arm$ ) eight po9t$ lightn+ rods1 0 /ruck1 9 #aghg1 at a po9t m1 #gj feet f ! ne>e/ conductor c4 ,illu/ration3 ,view & ,plan ( ,heck+ham ,poorh\se ,illu/ration3 ,view & ,plan ( ,heck+ham ,poorh\se ,! squ>es at a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 indicate *imneys to :i* lightn+ conductors 7 atta*$4 ,! c5tre range 0 #ajh feet long1 ! flanks ea* ab\t #afj feet long3 ! details ( ! lightn+ conductors are n giv54 ,"o portion ( ! lightn+ dis*>ge /ruck "o ( ! conductors & 0 c>ri$ (f by x )\t damage to ! build+1 "o portion /ruck ! build+ at ! po9t m & also ! %$ at s1 do+ "s damage1 & a ?ird portion /ruck ! gr\nd imm$iately 9 front ( ! build+ ne> a gate1 ,g4 ,! %ip tna 0 /ruck 9 #ahcj by sev]al heavy electrical dis*>ges :5 at ,corfu4 ,^! = ! mo/ "p pass$ d[n a *a9 conductor atta*$ to ! ma9ma/4 ,"o ( ! dis*>ges1 h[ev]1 /ruck ! %ip ne> ! b[1 & explod$ ab\t #ab feet above ! =eca/le close to ! =ema/1 knock+ p d[n1 c4 ,! ,bo>d-h\se at ,purfleet 0 a l(ty build+ ) a po9t$ ro(1 well lead$ & connect$ by lead gutt]s & pipes ) ! e>?1 & ) wells #dj feet deep = ! purpose ( convey+ wat] =c$ up to a ci/]n on ! ro(4 ,x 01 !re=e1 only ?\ght necess>y to add an iron spike ab\t #aj feet long to ! middle ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ro(4 ,! build+1 h[ev]1 9 #aggg1 0 /ruck & slightly damag$ at a po9t #df feet f ! conductor4 ,sev]al o!r examples illu/rat+ h[ small an area a lightn+ rod protects foll[4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris fur!r concludes t exp]i5ce %[s t lightn+ w n leap f a lightn+ rod to a piece ( insulat$ or semi-insulat$ metal ne> x1 al?\gh a dis*>ge may take place betwe5 ! rod & a di/ant metallic mass 9 connection ) ! e>?1 b n o!rwise 9 connection ) ! rod4 ,he la/ly consid]s ! "q1 =m]ly mu* debat$ z to :e!r a lightn+ rod atta*$ to a h\se w attract to ! h\se a dis*>ge t o!rwise w\ld n h /ruck x1 & he concludes t !re is no f\ndation = ! errone\s impression t ! exi/5ce ( a lightn+ conductor c ev] cause damage4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,*imney ,,( ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,gas ,,works4 ,,by ,g4 ,,bu*anan1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,scotti% ,society ( ,arts1 #ahej-ea4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,?is *imney has a total height ( #cda feet 7#cbi feet above gr\nd71 x is circul>2 at ! top ! int]nal diamet] is #aa feet #d in*es1 & ! ext]nal #ac feet #aj in*es2 & at ! bottom1 int]nal diamet] #bj feet1 ext]nal #bf feet #c in*es4 ,respect+ ! conductor ,f>aday 0 consult$1 & repli$ z foll[s3-- 8,! conductor %\ld be ( in* copp] rod1 & %\ld rise above ! top ( ! *imney by a quantity equal to ! wid? ( ! *imney at ! top4 ,! l5g?s ( rod %\ld be well jo9$ metallically to ea* o!r1 & ?is is p]haps be/ done by screw+ ! ends into a copp] socket4 ,! connection at ! bottom %\ld be good2 if !re are any pump pipes at h& go+ into a well !y w\ld be useful 9 t respect4 ,z respects electrical conduction1 no advantage is ga9$ by exp&+ ! rod horizontally into a /rap or tube--surface does no?+1 ! solid section is ! ess5tial elem5t4#d ,!re is no occasion = insulation 7( ! conductor7 = ?is reason4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ has an int5sity t enables x to break ?r\gh _m hundr$ y>ds 7p]haps miles7 ( air1 & !re=e an insulation ( six in*es or "o foot 9 l5g? c\ld h no p[] 9 prev5t+ its leap to ! brickwork1 suppos+ t ! conductor 7 n able to c>ry x away4 ,aga91 six in*es or "o foot is s little t x is equival5t almo/ to no?+4 ,a v feeble electricity c\ld break ?r\gh t b>ri]1 & a fla% t c\ld n break ?r\gh five or t5 feet c\ld d no h>m to ! *imney4 ,footnote #d3 ,! v rev]se ( :at 0 =m]ly held by high au?orities4--,note by ,editor ( ,proc4 ,roy4 ,scot4 ,soc4 ( ,arts4 8,a v great po9t is to h no insulat$ masses ( metal4 ,if1 !re=e1 hoops are put r\nd ! *imney1 ea* %\ld be connect$ metallically ) ! conductor1 o!rwise a fla% might /rike a hoop at a corn] on ! opposite side to ! conductor1 & !n on ! o!r side on pass+ to ! conductor1 f ! ne>e/ "p ( ! hoop !re might be an explosion1 & ! *imney injur$ !re or ev5 brok5 ?r\gh4 ,aga91 no rods or ties ( metal %\ld be wr\ght into ! *imney p>allel to its l5g?1 & !re=e to ! conductor1 & !n be left unconnect$ ) x40 ,9 answ] to "s fur!r inquiry1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday aga9 wrote3-- 8,! rod may be close along ! brick or /one1 x makes no diff]5ce4 ,!re w be no ne$ ( rod on ea* side ( ! build+1 b let ! ca/-iron hoop & ! o!rs y speak ( be connect$ ) ! rod1 & x w be 9 ^? places at lea/1 z if !re 7 rods on e side ( ! *imney4 8 rod is no d\bt bett] ?an in*1 & except = exp5se ,i l x bett]4 ,b in* has nev] yet fail$4 ,a rod at ,c\tt's brew]y has be5 put up at #a in* diamet]--b !y did n m9d exp5se4 ,! ,nelson column 9 ,london has in* rod1 is bett]4 8,i d n "k ( any case ( h>m f hoop-iron inclos$ 9 ! build+1 b if n 9 connection ) ! conductor1 ,i %\ld n l x2 ev5 !n x might cause h>m if ! lightn+ took ! end fur!/ f ! conductor40 ,! foll[+ p>agraph /ates :at 0 done3-- 8,! electric conductor /&s #f feet above ! iron top-plate1 -in* r\nd copp]1 made fa/ to /one & brickwork ) #g-;in* copp] holdfa/s let #d in*es into ! masonry or brickwork1 ) a head on ! inside & an eye on ! outside to receive ! rod z x 0 c>ri$ up4 ,by ^! holdfa/s an asc5t c easily be made to ! top by a small tackle susp5d$ to ! holdfa/s4 ,! conductor is metallically connect$ to all ! ironwork on ! /alk--! plate on ! top1 project+ cope1 malleable iron hoops1 bolts on ! top ( /one p$e/al1 & also ! asc5d+ *a94 ,! rod desc5ds into a well ab\t #aj feet f ! f\ndation1 & is imm]s$ ab\t #h feet deep 9 wat]1 & ! end turn$ up #b feet 9 a horizontal direction1 & flatt5$40 ,,pap]s relative to ,,%ipwrecks ,,by ,,lightn+1 z prep>$ by ,,sir ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,admiralty4 7,augu/ #e?1 #ahed4 ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]4 ,fcap4 folio74 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton74 ,numb] ( m]*ant %ips de/roy$ by lightn+1 loss to ! c\ntry4 ,application ( lightn+ conductors to %ips 9 #ahbj4 ,mode ( apply+ !m4 ,me*anical difficulties2 h[ ov]come4 ,! sav+ to ! ,ex*equ] :i* has result$4 ,long acc\nt ( v>i\s %ips 9 ! ,royal ,navy n provid$ ) lightn+ conductors1 /ruck by lightn+ & damag$4 ,loss ( life & injury t has result$4 ,long acc\nt ( %ips provid$ ) lightn+ conductors1 & s pres]v$4 ,sir ,sn[ ,h>ris /ates t 8al?\gh 8 sy/em ( lightn+ conductors ought to gu>d aga9/ all ^? viol5t & regul> %ocks ( lightn+ fall+ )9 ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 x is n to be expect$ t ! sy/em c\ld gu>d aga9/ e possible k9d ( atmosph]ic electrical dis*>ge1 be ! circum/ances :at !y may1 su* z ?und]bolts1 fire-balls2 nor is x expect$ t x %\ld gu>d aga9/ meteorolites1 or aga9/ sweep+ electrical action mix$ up ) convulsions ( nature2 nor c x quiet ^? m9or electrical effects produc+ electric gl[2 nor c x always obviate t trem5d\s concussion & expansion ( ! atmosph]e 9 cases 9 :i* a ?und]-cl\d dis*>ges its lightn+ 9 a d5se explosion on ! ma/s1 & :i* may rupture1 or me*anically te> to pieces1 frangible matt]40 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,build+s ,,& ,,%ips ,,/ruck ,,by ,,lightn+4 ,,by ,f4 ,,duprez1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,academy4 ,acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,extrait du ,tome #ca des ,mmoires1 #e? ,decemb]1 #aheg4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,m4 ,duprez ref]s to ! ,report ( a ,committee ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 7,vide ,comptes r5dus1 #aheb-f47 ,he divides ! subject into ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* lightn+ rods are /ruck4 #b4 ,_! t]m9al po9ts & ! effects ( ! /roke on !m4 #c4 ,! conductors & _! gr\nd connections4 #d4 ,! protective p[] ( ! lightn+ rods4 #a4 ,conc]n+ ! frequ5cy ) :i* lightn+ conductors are /ruck by lightn+4 ,! au?or cites #add cases ( lightn+ rods hav+ be5 /ruck4 ,( ^! sev5te5 7 /ruck two or ?ree times1 s t ! total numb] ( electric dis*>ges on !m 0 #afh1 z f> z record$4 ,b v _m cases are n record$ at all1 e4g41 f #agic to #ahac only two cases 7 not$4 ,! great numb] ( lightn+ rods /ruck w\ld seem at fir/ to support ! idea t !y attract lightn+4 ,b we mu/ comp>e ! numb] ( rods /ruck ) ^? fix$1 & we f9d f a communication made 9 #aggg to ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 t1 ev5 !n1 a l>ge numb] 7 fix$ to ! mo/ important edifices ( ,n4 ,italy & ,engl&4 ,! same 9 #aghd to ^? 9 ! ports ( ,france & to ! %ips 9 ! said ports4 ,9 #agid ! =tresses ( ,russia 7 ord]$ to be s protect$4 ,9 #agfi !re 7 #aff edifices 9 ,hamburg alone1 & #ajd 9 its environs1 ) conductors4 ,if ! numb] ( conductors 7 s great 9 ! la/ c5tury1 we mu/ conclude t ! numb] ( ^? /ruck mu/ be v inconsid]able z comp>$ ) ^? fix$4 ,9 ,hamburg1 e4g41 n "o rod is record$ z hav+ be5 /ruck4 ,9 #aghe1 ,+5-,h\sz reports t ( all ! lightn+ rods plac$ by 8 direction on ! ,au/rian p[d] magaz9es & o!r build+s only "o _h be5 /ruck4 ,9 #aggb1 ,frankl9 wrote1 t dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s 9 ! c\rse ( :i* lightn+ rods _h be5 fix$ 9 ,am]ica he knew ( five cases only 9 :i* ^! rods _h be5 /ruck4 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris reports 9 #ahed1 z ! results ( tw5ty-two ye>s' exp]i5ce1 t ! numb] ( vessels /ruck unprotect$ by lightn+ rods1 z comp>$ ) t ( vessels protect$ by 8 plan1 0 z ?ree to two4 ,! above %[ t ! idea ( dang] f lightn+ rods is n well f\nd$4 ,besides :i* x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are frequ5tly plac$ 9 ! mo/ expos$ positions1 e4g41 ( ! #add rods /ruck1 sev5ty-f\r 7 on %ips1 & fifte5 o!rs on build+s :i* _h be5 /ruck be=e4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! numb] ( t]m9als plac$ on a build+ w\ld dim9i% ! *ances ( _! be+ /ruck1 b x does n seem to be s2 e4g41 twelve build+s 9 ! fir/ li/ _h _m t]m9als communicat+ ) a common conductor or diff]5t conductors4 ,yet ! lightn+ /ruck1 ) explosive effect1 "o or o!r ( ! rods ( ^! build+s4 ,& 9 ea* ( two cases ! lightn+ /ruck at once ! ?ree rods fix$ to a build+4 ,( ! #add cases above cit$3-- #gd 7 to lightn+ rods fix$ on %ips #cj 7 to lightn+ rods fix$ on t[]s #i 7 to lightn+ rods fix$ on p[d] magaz9es #ca 7 to lightn+ rods fix$ on ord9>y build+s4 ------ #add ,9 =ty-f\r cases :]e "o ( ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris' conductors 0 fix$ to ea* ma/ ( a %ip1 ! ma9ma/ 0 /ruck tw5ty-sev5 times2 ! =ema/ 0 /ruck f\rte5 times2 ! miz5 0 /ruck twice2 bo? ! ma9 & =ema/ twice4 #b4 ,z to ! po9ts ( ! lightn+ rods /ruck1 & ! effect produc$ on !m4 7,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris's sy/em z adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,royal ,navy s9ce #ahcj is describ$4 ,!y are =m$ ( b&s ( copp] let into ! ma/s4 ,!y h no upp] t]m9als or po9ts1 & fifty-five are includ$ 9 ! li/ already quot$ ( #add lightn+ rods /ruck47 ,( ! eighty-n9e cases rema9+ 9 ! li/1 only fifty-"o are record$ z hav+ _! upp] t]m9als end$ ) po9ts4 ,( ^!1 ?irty _h _! po9ts melt$ to a great] or less ext5t2 six ( !m 7 ( copp] or brass2 five 7 ( copp] gilt or iron gilt2 "o 0 ( brass silv]$2 & f\r 7 ( plat9um4 ,! o!rs are n di/9ctly describ$1 & ! sizes seldom giv54 ,"o ( brass 0 #bed c5timetres 7c4 #aj in*es7 long1 & #e millimetres 7? in*7 diamet] at its base1 & 0 melt$ = ? ( its l5g?4 ,"o ( copp] 0 #bd c5timetres 7c4 #i in*es7 long1 & #i millimetres 7c4 rd in*7 diamet] at base1 & 0 almo/ all melt$4 ,"o ( plat9um 0 #h c5timetres 7c4 #c in*es7 long1 & #a c5timetre 7c4 rd in*7 diamet] at base4 ,?is 0 melt$ = a l5g? ( #e or #f millimetres 7c4 ? in*47 ,x results f ! above facts t ! po9ts ( ! lightn+ rods h be5 mu* too sl5d]4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,france recomm5ds1 !re=e1 = ! po9ts #b c5timetres diamet] 7c4 ? in*7 at base1 & only #d c5timetres 7c4 #a in*es7 high1 ) an angle ( op5+ ( #bh to #cj degrees4 ,x has be5 urg$1 especially 9 ,g]many1 aga9/ ! employm5t ( po9t$ upp] t]m9als t ^! po9ts are fus$ by ! lightn+1 ?is fusion be+ reg>d$ z dang]\s on acc\nt ( its action on inflammable sub/ances ne>4 ,z to ?is1 ! au?or cites ?ree cases ( build+s set on fire1 ?\gh protect$ by lightn+ rods4 ,b ! precise cause ( ! fire 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,sev]al obs]vations %[ t ! melt$ metal trickl$ d[n ! side ( ! lightn+ rod4 ,at ,/rasb\rg ! metal 0 press$ d[n on "o side1 & _h b5t l wax s(t5$ by heat4 ,at o!r times ! lightn+ disp]ses ! melt$ metal 9 all directions4 7,examples quot$47 ,) ^! facts be=e u we _c altoge!r d5y t "s dang] may arise f ! fusion ( ! metal at ! po9t ( ! t]m9al4 ,b ?is dang] c be mu* less5$1 if n remov$1 by adopt+ ! size1 etc41 ( ! lightn+ rods recomm5d$ by ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,besides fusion1 ! po9ts sometimes %[ di/9ct traces ( me*anical action caus$ by lightn+4 ,! au?or quotes six examples ( ?is :]e ! po9ts _h be5 curv$4 ,?is %[s ! necessity ( /r5g!n+ ! po9ts ( ! upp] t]m9als4 ,! curvature arises1 probably1 f ! po9ts be+ mu* heat$ by ! lightn+1 & act$ on by ! w9d4 ,"o case is not$ ( a po9t :i* _h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 /ruck viol5tly by a hamm]4 ,also ( "o 9 :i* ! base ( a po9t1 :]e x 0 screw$ to ! re/ ( ! upp] t]m9al1 0 split = a l5g? ( #aa millimetres 7c4 in*74 ,also ( a plat9um po9t screw$ on ! upp] t]m9al 7copp]71 & reta9$ by a p91 :]e ! /roke tore away ! p91 ! po9t fall+ intact at ! foot ( ! lightn+ rod4 #c4 ,( ,conductors ( lightn+ rods /ruck1 & _! contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,! au?or ref]s to =ty-"o cases ( lightn+ rods /ruck :5 n on ,h>ris's pr9ciple4 ,( ^!1 #e 7 ( copp] b&s sold]$ toge!r2 #e 7 ( copp] wire ei!r z rope or *a92 #a 0 made ( b&s ( %eet iron2 #aa 7 ( b>s ( iron jo9$ by screws or by sold]2 #c _h pieces ( lead betwe5 ! p>ts :]e !y 7 screw$ toge!r2 #c 7 ( simple iron wire1 or ( rope or *a9 ( iron wire2 #c 7 ( iron jo9$ toge!r by hooks2 #ab are describ$ z *a9s 7metal n specifi$72 #a is describ$ m]ely z a conductor4 ,! dim5sions ( ! above are seldom giv54 ,! l>ge/ b&s report$ are #af c5timetres 7c4 #f in*es7 9 wid?4 ,! l>ge/ b>s report$ are #ee c5timetres 7c4 #b in*es7 9 wid? & #ae c5timetres 7c4 in*7 9 ?ickness4 ,! description ( ! e>? connection is also imp]fect4 ,( eighty-n9e lightn+ rods describ$ z /ruck1 only twelve are not$ z hav+ _! ends 9 runn+ wat] or wells1 & "o 9 damp soil4 ,fifte5 simply ent]$ ! gr\nd1 x be+ not$ expressly ( six ( ^! t x 0 dry4 ,9 ?ree cases 7 ! lightn+ rods 7 /ruck ! au?or f\nd t ! "p at ! base & 9 ! damp e>? _h t]m9at$ 9 a plate ( lead1 protect$ above ! gr\nd by a wood5 enclosure4 ,?ree conductors ( %ips did n communicate ) ! sea4 ,tw5ty-?ree cases are not$ ( ord9>y conductors 7n on ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's pr9ciple74 ,! lightn+ melt$1 or r$uc$ almo/ to p[d]1 ?ree4 ,! fir/ 0 on a h\se1 & 0 ( copp] wire1 ! diamet] n kn[n1 end+ ) a *a9 ( iron buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! second 0 on a %ip's ma9ma/1 & 0 ( iron wire #f millimetres 7c4 in*71 diamet]1 #df c5timetres 7c4 #ah in*es7 long1 fold$ at _! extremities1 & unit$ by r+s4 ,! ?ird 7also to a %ip7 0 a rope ( ?ree /r&s =m$ 9 ! :ole ( #fj brass wires1 ea* be+ "o half to two-?irds ( a millimetre ?ick4 ,! two la/ conductors _h _! ends 9 ! sea4 ,! p>ts ( ^! conductors1 9 place ( be+ sold]$ or screw$ toge!r1 7 jo9$ m]ely by hooks & r+s l a surveyor's *a94 ,evid5tly a bad =m z _! contact is imp]fect4 ,9 ?ree o!r conductors1 ^: diff]5t p>ts 7 screw$ toge!r ) lead betwe5 !m1 ! /roke melt$ ! lead4 ,?is %[s ! dang] ( lead f its fusibility1 9 addition to its less conduct+ p[]4 ,! au?or gives examples ( ?is1 :]e9 a lead5 pipe1 #h c5timetres 7c4 #c in*es7 ext]nal diamet]1 & #ac millimetres 7c4 in*7 ?ick1 0 melt$4 ,he quotes ,arago z call+ att5tion to ! importance ( ! =m ( ! b5ds 9 conductors1 abrupt b5ds be+ dang]\s4 ,two examples are quot$ to prove ?is1 ! conductors hav+ be5 brok5 by ! lightn+ /roke at a sudd5 b5d4 ,to provide le/ ! lightn+1 aft] hav+ /ruck ! lightn+ rods1 %\ld ab&on !m = l>g] masses ( metal ne> !m1 ^! masses %\ld be made to communicate ) ! conductors4 ,cases are cit$ :]e ! lightn+ quitt$ ! conductor & /ruck metallic bodies ne>4 ,also1 9 respect ( pa9t+ conductors1 ! au?or quotes a case :]e "p ( a bell wire adjo9$ a lead pipe :i* communicat$ ) ! conductor4 ,"p ( ! wire 0 pa9t$ 9 oil col\r1 ! o!r "p n4 ,! latt] 0 melt$1 ! fir/ n1 b ! pa9t 7?\gh o!rwise un9jur$7 _h ceas$ to adh]e to x4 ,?ree examples are cit$ ( dang] f conductors end+ 9 wat]tight tanks4 ,9 "o case ! /roke broke ! conductor4 ,9 ano!r x left ! conductor & injur$ ! build+4 ,9 ! ?ird x m]ely melt$ ! po9t ( ! upp] t]m9al4 ,nev]!less1 x (t5 happ5s t ! lightn+1 9 spite ( imp]fect communication ) ! e>?1 disp]ses itself in(f5sively4 ,out ( fifte5 cases ( lightn+ rods /ruck1 9 :i* ! conductors 7 simply buri$1 m or less1 9 ! soil1 !y c>ri$ (f ! /roke 9 elev5 )\t ! build+s be+ injur$1 or any trace be+ left ( x1 except t ! gr\nd 0 upheav$ :]e ! latt] 0 too dry4 ,! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 9 _! report on ! protection ( ! ,l\vre1 consid]$ x necess>y to employ1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 a conductor ) two bran*es1 ! "o desc5d+ into a subt]ranean s\rce ( wat]1 ! o!r communicat+ simply ) ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,arago ?\ght t conductors ne$ n ent] ! gr\nd1 b communicate only ) a metallic surface ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! cases :i* ! au?or m5tions :]e ! surface ( ! e>? be+ wett$ by ra9 =m$ a conductor4 ,nev]!less1 ! two bran*es are desirable1 9 case "o %\ld fail4 ,fifty-five conductors on ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's sy/em are record$ z hav+ be5 /ruck1 b ! damage 0 q trivial4 ,two electrical ph5om5a are to be not$ z sometimes occurr+ :5 a lightn+ rod is /ruck4 ,fir/1 :5 a conductor is =m$ ( metallic plates a peculi> noise is he>d l wat] p\r+ on a fire4 ,second 7indep5d5tly ( ! =m ( ! conductor71 electric sp>ks are emitt$ f bodies ne>4 ,! au?or cites example at ,b]ne1 #ahae4 #d4 ,protective ag5cy ( lightn+ rods4 ,out ( #afh cases ( lightn+ rods /ruck 7vide page #ia7 !re are only tw5ty-sev5 7c4 ?7 9 :i* ! build+s or %ips h n be5 pres]v$1 & ( ?is six? _m ( ! conductors 7 imp]fect2 e4g41 f\r t]m9at$ 9 e>? :i* 0 unusually dry1 & two ( !m 7 ( insuffici5t size4 ,ano!r 0 =m$ ( pieces hav+ _! ends hook$4 ,two conductors end$ 9 wat]tight tanks4 ,ano!r 0 9 ! =m ( a surveyor's *a91 ! p>ts n be+1 consequ5tly1 9 close contact4 ,o!rs 7 badly jo9t$1 or _h imp]fect communication ) ! gr\nd or ) ! sea4 ,9 two cases ! /roke broke ! conductor at po9ts :]e its direction 0 abruptly *ang$4 ,9 two o!r cases ! lightn+ left ! conductors /ruck1 & fell ^u build+s ne> )\t caus+ damage to ^? on :i* ! rods 7 fix$4 ,9 ! in/ance ( a lightn+ rod fix$ to ! ma9ma/ ( ! ,jupit] 7#ahed71 ! conductor 0 made ( sixty brass wires1 "o half to two-?irds ( a millimetre 7#jjb in*7 ?ick1 & 0 brok5 by ! /roke into ?\s&s ( pieces4 ,! ,in/itute ,committee conclud$ t ! lightn+ 0 n conduct$ by all ! wires ( ! conductor4 ,^? :i* x foll[$ 7 insuffici5t to transmit x2 "s 7 melt$1 "s brok54 ,! ,committee recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t ea* metallic wire be t9n$ sep>ately at ! extremity ( ! conductor1 & sold]$ !reto = a l5g? ( ab\t a decimet] 7c4 #jd in*71 s z to =m a metallic cyl9d]4 ,9 ! la/ six cases ! p>ticul>s ( ! lightn+ rods are n giv5 suffici5tly to %[ ! cause ( _! failure1 b five are describ$ z be+ ( *a9 or ropes ( metal wire4 ,x results f ! above facts t :5 ! lightn+ rods h prov$ insuffici5t protection1 _! failure has be5 ow+ to defects 9 _! con/ruction2 x is r surpris+ to f9d h[ well build+s & %ips h be5 protect$1 ev5 :5 ! lightn+ rods h n be5 well con/ruct$4 ,9 e "o ( ! fifty-five cases :]e ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's rods 7 fix$ !y h protect$ ! %ips1 except t n hav+ po9ts "s slight damage has sometimes occurr$ to ! tops ( ! ma/s4 ,?is %[s _! sup]iority ov] ropes or *a9s4 ,arago ?\ght t lightn+ rods 7 protection aga9/ ord9>y lightn+1 b n :5 x assum$ ! =m ( fire-balls4 ,! au?or cites sev]al examples to %[ t ?is op9ion 0 n well f\nd$4 ,he consid]s a p]fectly con/ruct$ lightn+ rod to be a p]fect safegu>d4 ,b he adds t ! lightn+ /roke produces electric di/urbances 9 its vic9ity1 al?\gh ! build+ be intact4 ,he cites an example ( ?is 9 respect ( a prison ^: inmates 7#cjj7 exp]i5c$ a great enfeebl+ ( _! muscul> p[] dur+ "s seconds4 ,v few records exi/ relat+ to ! area ( action ( lightn+ rods1 & ! elem5ts = det]m9+ _! protective p[] are slight4 ,! au?or gives a table %[+ ! heights ( po9ts1 horizontal di/ances1 c41 9 c]ta9 cases1 & cites f\r in/ances ( %ips ^: =ema/s 7 /ruck al?\gh ! ma9ma/s _h lightn+ rods1 & "o :]e ! miz5 0 /ruck ?\gh ! =e & ma9ma/s 7 protect$4 ,,table ,,giv5 ,,by ,m4 ,,duprez4 ,,9 ,,metres4 ,,9 ,,engli% ,,feet4 #a/ #bnd #crd #d? #a/ #bnd #crd #d? ,case4,case4,case4,case4,case4,case4,cas e4,case4 ,l5g? ( upp] #ae #cd #ae #bc #e #aa #e #h t]m9al1 or height ( po9t above t portion ( ! build+ on :i* ! upp] t]m9al 0 fix$4 ,v]tical height ( #ae #gf #fg #gab #e #be #bb #bcb po9t above ! place /ruck4 ,horizontal di/ance #aeb #gc #agd #eii #ej #bd #eg #aig ( place /ruck f ! base ( upp] t]m9al4 ,^! in/ances %[ t we %\ld be misl$ 9 consid]+1 z be+ protect$1 a circul> space ^: radius 0 d\ble ! height ( ! lightn+ rod4 ,! protect$ radius appe>s to be only equal to d\ble ! simple height ( ! upp] t]m9al above any requir$ po9t1 & reckon$ horizontally f a po9t v]tically "u ! conductor4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,m4 ,duprez "h contradicts himself 9 two consecutive s5t5ces1 & 9 a subsequ5t "p ( 8 "w 7p4 #cj7 ( ! ,memoir1 he aga9 says3 8,aucun des cas indiqus dans le numro prcd5t n'infirme la rgle gnralem5t admise1 savoir que la sphre d'action d'un p>atonn]re s't5d1 dans t\tes les circon/ances1 un espace circulaire d'un rayon gal au d\ble de la longeur de la tige1 c'e/-a-dire de la hauteur de la po9te au-dessus de la p>tie du btim5t sur laquelle la tige e/ fixe40 ,b ! table giv5 by ,m4 ,duprez gives two in/ances 9 :i* ! /roke fell )9 ! radius ( once ! height4--,ed4 ,,resum4 ,9 ! p>agraphs :i* ! au?or numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #f1 he ref]s to =m] /atem5ts z to ! proportion ( lightn+ rods /ruck1 c4 7,vide page #ia1 c47 #e4 ,!re be+ sev]al t]m9als on an edifice does n seem to dim9i% ! *ances ( ea* be+ /ruck4 #g4 ,9 vessels1 :5 ! ?ree ma/s h lightn+ rods1 ! ma9ma/ is mo/ frequ5tly /ruck4 #h4 ,ref]s to ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's lightn+ rods z be+ )\t t]m9al rods or po9ts4 #i4 ,! po9ts ( ord9>y lightn+ rods h be5 made too slight4 #aj4 ,out ( fifty-"o cases ( lightn+ /rokes1 ?irty po9ts h be5 m or less melt$2 & ! fusion is n )\t dang] to ! build+s4 #aa4 ,! lightn+ (t5 leaves traces ( me*anical action m or less decid$4 #ab4 ,ref]s to defective con/ructions ( ord9>y lightn+ rods4 #ac4 ,lead plates 9 conductors compos$ ( b>s jo9$ toge!r are dang]\s4 #ad4 ,s are abrupt b5ds4 #ae4 ,conductors %\ld communicate ) ! masses ( metal ne>4 #af4 ,& mu/ n end 9 wat]tight tanks4 ,b #ag4 ,conductors (t5 protect build+s1 ?\gh ! gr\nd connections are imp]fect4 #ah4 ,x is well = a conductor to h two bran*es1 viz41 "o 9 wat]1 & ! o!r on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 #ai1 #bc4 ,ref]s to ! complete effici5cy ( ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's conductors4 #bj4 ,m5tions ! noise1 electric sp>ks1 c41 giv5 (f dur+ a /roke1 z be=e /at$ 7page #ie74 #ba4 ,m5tions ! efficacy ( lightn+ rods g5]ally4 #bb4 ,_! failure be+ ow+ to defective con/ruction4 #bd4 ,!re is no pro( t ! electricity be+ 9 ! =m ( a ball has be5 ! cause ( any conductor's ineffici5cy4 #be4 ,! lightn+ r>ely bur/s on a build+ or %ip )\t /rik+ ! lightn+ rod plac$ on x4 ,exceptions h1 h[ev]1 occurr$ 9 t5 cases1 z "h describ$4 ,b #bf4 ,none ( ^! in/ances invalidate ! rule g5]ally admitt$1 t ! protective action ( ! lightn+ rod ext5ds1 "u all circum/ances1 to a circul> space ^: radius is equal to d\ble ! l5g? ( ! upp] t]m9al1 i4e41 ! height ( ! po9t above ! "p ( ! build+ on :i* ! upp] t]m9al is fix$4 ,,on ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,reub5 ,,phillips4 ,,london1 #ahfc4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,?is is a pamphlet ( sev5 *apt]s1 & fifty-sev5 pages1 writt5 to v5tilate ! au?or's own notions ( ! nature ( electricity & its production 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,he consid]s electricity to be two fluids ( a species ( sub/ance1 consi/+ ( sep>at$ subsidi>y atoms4 8,electricity is comp>able to a fly+ bullet2 ! vis viv ( ! bullet is l electrical int5sity1 & ! mass ( ! bullet answ]s to ! quantity ( electricity40 ,:at ! subsidi>y atoms are l he does n say4 ,*apt] ,i4 is a fair resum ( :at is kn[n ( ! electricity evolv$ by ! friction ( wet /eam aga9/ solids 9 ! hydro-electric ma*9e4 ,he agrees ) ,f>aday t ! cause ( ! evolution ( electricity by ! lib]ation ( conf9$ /eam1 is n evaporation1 b ! friction ( ! wat] p>ticles aga9/ ! sides ( ! jet-piece or orifice4 ,pure gases d n excite electricity2 b impure air1 :5 compress$ does1 f ! friction aga9/ ! orifice ( ^? p>ticles ( wat] :i* are sudd5ly cond5s$ by ! cool+ influ5ce ( ! exp&+ air4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 is an attempt to %[ t electricity is evolv$ by ! friction ( 8gase\s matt]0 aga9/ wat]1 or vice v]s4 ,ord9>ily ! issu+ vap\r 9 ! hydro-electric ma*9e is positively1 & ! boil] negatively1 electrifi$2 b cases occur :]e ?is is rev]s$4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 wat] by friction aga9/ gase\s matt] or air1 becomes positively electrifi$4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 applies ?is !ory to ?und] cl\ds1 :i* are =m$ by ! rapid int]-mixture ( masses ( ! atmosph]e ?r[n into circulation by heat4 ,!re are "s capital descriptions ( ?und] cl\ds4 ,!y are (t5 accompani$ by :irlw9ds1 & always by ra94 ,x is ! friction ( ! :irlw9d on ! drops ( ra9 t developes electricity--! ra9 be+ positively1 & ! air negatively1 electrifi$4 ,hail is due to ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air c>ry+ ! drops ( wat] to ! region ( sn[ & fro/6 ,8 notions are some:at hazy1 ?us3--8,mu* ( ! positive electricity is convey$ to ! e>? by ! lightn+2 b ! correspond+ negative electricity f be+ c>ri$ upw>ds ) ! v]tical w9d1 _c s easily escape to ! e>?1 s t ! /orm cl\d conta9s1 on ! :ole1 m negative electricity ?an positive electricity0 7p4 #ch47 ,*apt] ,v4 conta9s ! au?or's explanation ( fire-balls1 :i* he supposes to be a 8gl[+ dis*>ge10 prep>atory to ! f9al sp>k or fla% ( lightn+4 8,probably mo/ ( ! %oot+ />s are m]ely electrical fire-balls high up 9 ! atmosph]e0767 ,*apt] ,,vi4 is devot$ to ! ,aurora ,borealis1 :i* plays ab\t ! magnetic pole1 & is an electrical ph5om5a ( ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e2 & ,*apt] ,,vii4 is an attempt to expla9 ! auroral light z 8probably produc$ by ! collision ( ! subsidi>y atoms :5 !y are 9 ! act ( electro-apposition40 ,! pamphlet is said to be a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! discov]ies ( ! au?or 9 matt]s connect$ ) atmosph]ic electricity--discov]ies :i* 7 describ$ 9 pap]s h&$ to ! ,royal ,society1 b :i* t ,society did n read4 ,! ,royal ,society 7 wise4 ,,le ,,c\p ,,de ,,f\dre ,,de ,l',,ile ,,du ,,rh9 ,,pres ,,de ,,/rasb\rg4 ,,p> ,m4 ,f4 ,,hugu5y4 #dto4 ,p>is4 #ahfi4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,a v full acc\nt ( an accid5t by ball lightn+4 ,! facts are set out z cle>ly z possible1 ! au?ority is giv5 = e /atem5t1 & mo/ c>efully engrav$ plans & engrav+s are giv5 ( all ! necess>y details4 ,x does n be> ^u ! "q ( lightn+ conductors except 9 t x %[s t a dis*>ge ( globul> lightn+ trav]s$ a horizontal di/ance ( #iai y>ds1 pass$ 9 front1 b bel[ ! top1 ( a build+ :i* _h ?ree good conductors ^u x & /ruck a *e/nut tree1 :i* 0 by no means ! highe/ tree 9 ! locality4 ,,directions ,,= ,,con/ruct+ ,,lightn+ ,,rods4 ,f 8,essays on ,meteorology10 by ,,pr(essor ,,joseph ,,h5ry4 7,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections4 #hvo41 #ahga47 7,ab/ract$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,fro/74 #a4 ,! rod %\ld consi/ ( r\nd iron1 ( n less ?an ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a l>g] size is pref]able to a small] "o 7ord9>y gas pipe may be employ$74 ,o!r =ms ( rod1 su* z flat or twi/$1 w conduct ! lightn+1 & 9 mo/ cases answ] suffici5tly well4 ,!y t5d1 h[ev]1 to give (f lat]al sp>ks f ! %>p edges at ! mom5t ( ! passage ( ! electricity ?r\gh !m1 :i* might1 9 "s cases1 set fire to v combu/ible mat]ials4 #b4 ,x %\ld be ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? 9 p]fect metallic cont9uity1 ei!r by screw+ ! p>ts firmly toge!r or by weld+4 #c4 ,! rod %\ld be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( black pa9t4 #d4 ,x %\ld be t]m9at$ above ) a s+le po9t1 ! cone ( :i* %\ld be encas$ ) plat9um n less ?an #a_/bj in* 9 ?ickness4 #e4 ,! %ort] & m direct ! rod is 9 its c\rse to ! e>? ! bett]2 acute angles %\ld be avoid$4 #f4 ,x %\ld be fa/5$ to ! h\se by iron eyes1 :i* may be insulat$ by cyl9d]s ( glass2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n absolutely necess>y4 #g4 ,! connection to ! e>? %\ld be z p]fect z possible--9 cities no?+ is bett] = ?is purpose ?an to unite x to ! gas or wat] pipes4 ,:5 a connection _c be =m$ 9 ?is way ! rod %\ld t]m9ate 9 a well conta9+ wat]1 or if ?is is n practicable x %\ld t]m9ate 9 a plate ( iron1 or "s o!r metal buri$ 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,x %\ld1 be=e x desc5ds to ! e>?1 be b5t1 s z to pass (f ne>ly at "r angles to ! side ( ! h\se1 & be buri$ 9 a tr5*1 surr\nd$ ) p[d]$ *>coal4 #h4 ,! rod %\ld1 9 pref]5ce1 be plac$ on ! we/ side ( ! h\se1 & on *imnies :]e a curr5t ( heat$ air asc5ds dur+ ! summ] season4 #i4 ,a s+le rod may be plac$ on small h\ses1 & its elevation %\ld be at lea/ half ( ! di/ance to :i* its protection is expect$ to ext5d4 #aj4 ,metallic ro(s %\ld be unit$ ) ! lightn+ rods4 #aa4 ,z a g5]al rule1 l>ge masses ( metal )9 ! build+1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* h p]p5dicul> elevation1 ought to be connect$ ) ! rod4 ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 #bg ,novemb]1 #ahgb47 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?or ref]s to ! ,escurial hav+ be5 on fire sev5 times--f\r ( !m c]ta9ly f lightn+2 yet no lightn+ conductor is fix$ ev5 n[4 ,! av]age dea?s f lightn+ 9 ,engl& are eighte5 p] annum2 9 ,france1 n9ety-five4 ,f ,janu>y #a1 to ,july #ca1 #ahgb1 #ibf p] c5t4 ( in/rum5ts1 ( diff]5t =ms1 us$ 9 ! telegraph (fices1 7 injur$ by lightn+4 ,electricity is =ce1 n matt]1 & ,curr5t is a well-def9$ t]m :i* implies a transf]5ce ( electricity f "o place to ano!r4 ,?und]/orms diff] only 9 degree f ! ph5om5a :i* cause ! ord9>y snapp+ sp>ks f ! ma*9e4 ,9 any case !re mu/ be two conduct+ masses 9 opposite electrical /ates1 sep>at$ by a non-conductor or dielectric4 ,! light is ! effect ( ! dis*>ge1 & is simply inc&esc5t matt]4 ,x indicates ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge & no?+ m4 ,dea? by lightn+ is pa9less4 ,pot5tial is t function ( electricity :i* det]m9es its motion f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,! pa? ( electrical dis*>ge is prep>$ be=eh& by induction4 ,! p>ticles ( air1 c41 are 9 a /ate ( 8tott]+ equilibrium40 ,a mov+ %ip1 a man on horseback may de/roy ?is1 & we h a dis*>ge ) all ! effects ( light1 heat1 & me*anical en]gy4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ?und]-cl\ds are !mselves ! s\rces ( electricity1 produc+ ?und] & lightn+2 !y are m probably1 m]e accumulators z ! coat+s ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,cl\ds h be5 kn[n to be abs5t dur+ a dis*>ge4 ,moreov]1 ! *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> exi/s n 9 ! coat+s b 9 ! dielectric sep>at+ !m4 ,s ! dis*>ge exi/s 9 ! air & n 9 ! cl\ds4 ,%eet lightn+ is a m]e reflection ( =k$4 ,evid5ce proves t "s su* ph5om5a z ball or globul> lightn+ exi/s1 & an explanation ( x has be5 giv5 by ,c4 ,v>ley4 ,dis*>ge is inv>iably ?r\gh ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x may be ?r\gh metals1 bricks1 trees1 animals1 & n always 9 a s+le track2 x is (t5 divid$ into two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r l9es4 ,?us1 an electrical dis*>ge 9 air1 is simply a dis*>ge betwe5 two electrifi$ conductors1 ( su* diff]5t pot5tials z to break ! resi/ance ( ! dielectric sep>at+ !m4 ,!re is no?+ hidd51 my/]i\s1 or unkn[n 9 x4 ,a %ip is a prom95t object2 g5]ally a conductor1 & r$uces ! l9e ( resi/ance betwe5 ! sea 7inn] coat+7 & ! cl\d 7ext]ior coat+ ( ! cond5s]7 det]m9+ dis*>ge4 ,trees1 build+s 7except tall spires1 c47 are less prom95t4 ,! effects ( lightn+ exp]i5c$ on telegraph wires1 poles1 & in/rum5ts by direct dis*>ge are less num]\s ?an ^? by induction1 & seldom de/ructive4 ,!re 7 only two cases 9 ! pa/ season :]e l9e wires 7,no4 #h iron1 diamet] #jagj in*7 7 absolutely fus$4 ,accumulation ( a *>ge ^u a cl\d conv]ts x into a p[]ful induc+ body4 ,x induces 9 ! wire an opposite electrical /ate4 ,dis*>ge takes place4 ,! cl\d sudd5ly loses its co]cive p[]4 ,! wire recov]s its neutral condition1 & produces a p[]ful curr5t 9 opposite direction4 ,wires are affect$ al?\gh buri$ two feet und]gr\nd4 ,unprotect$ poles are (t5 de/roy$4 ,9 "o case1 tw5ty successive poles 7 s4 ,in/rum5ts h _h _! cases bur/ out1 wood-"w has be5 burnt1 & ! wires ( electro-magnets1 c41 be5 fus$4 ,cl\ds are n p]fect conductors1 s d n "p ) all _! dis*>ge at once4 ,!re may be sev]al successive dis*>ges4 ,protection4--,sir4 ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's sy/em approv$4 ,h\ses4--,unnecess>y exp5se is (t5 incurr$ 9 protect+ !m4 ,a w>m flue1 t]m9at+ 9 a metal grate1 is a dang]\s conductor1 z x ends 9 ! room & n 9 e>?3 h5ce s _m accid5ts indoors4 ,a lightn+ conductor %\ld expose a prom95t metallic po9t1 & (f] a pa? ( little or no resi/ance !nce to e>?4 ,hi!rto exp5sive plates or ropes h be5 us$ = ?is4 ,b ! au?or ?9ks galvaniz$ iron wire in* diamet] amply suffici5t = any dwell+ h\se4 ,telegraphic poles1 protect$ by lightn+ conductors ( ,no4 #h wire 7 ! above size71 h nev] be5 injur$4 ,9 "o case1 fifte5 p] c5t4 ( unprotect$ poles h be5 /ruck4 ,b no case ( damage has occurr$ = _m ye>s s9ce ! poles 7 e>?-wir$4 ,! cross-arms are (t5 damag$ z f> z ! e>? wires1 nev] bel[4 ,! au?or c conceive no case 9 :i* in* /&>d galvaniz$ iron wire is n ample4 ,! conductor %\ld be solid & cont9u\s f ! gild$ or plat9um po9t to ! gr\nd4 ,jo9ts %\ld be well sold]$4 ,*a9s & l9k$ rods %\ld n be us$4 ,e>? connections %\ld be =m$ ) iron gas- or wat]-ma9s1 or be sev]al feet 9 coke1 or 9 a well4 ,ea* conductor %\ld make a sep>ate e>?4 ,all masses ( metal 9 ! l9e ( probable dis*>ge are to be connect$ ) conductor4 ,conductors %\ld be exam9$ p]iodically1 !y %\ld n be insulat$1 nor be ne> s(t metal gas-pipes1 nor b5t 9 acute angles4 ,! area ( protection appe>s to be t ( a cone1 ^: radius is equal to ! height ( ! conductor4 ,"o conductor is en\gh = small h\ses1 b ea* /ack ( *imneys %\ld h "o 9 connection ) ! ma9 conductor4 ,lead ro(s & iron pipes are easily made into protectors = build+s4 ,details giv5 = protect+ telegraph app>atus4 ,! telegraph companies ab&on$ ! use ( protectors4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice re-introduc$ !m ) good results4 ,! ,indian telegraph app>atus is protect$1 & accid5ts sc>cely ev] occur4 ,prev5tion4--,po9ts prev5t ! accumulation ( *>ges4 ,b ) v tall conductors--z to spires--a curr5t results con/antly 9 "o direction1 produc+ electrolytic action & de/ruction ( conductor1 z prov$ by "o at ,ll&aff ,ca!dral4 ,s e>? %\ld be made ) l>ge masses ( metal1 z gas- or wat]-ma9s4 ,galvanis$ iron fa/5+s %\ld n be us$ to secure copp] conductors to build+s1 z galvanic action w\ld be set up4 ,app5dix4--,lett]s quot$ f ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k & ,dr4 ,f>aday z to damage to und]gr\nd wires f lightn+4 ,! ,discussion on ,mr4 ,preece's pap] 0 conduct$ by ,pr(4 ,abel1 ,capt ,d4 ,galton1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 :o ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,frankl9's sugge/ion z to cold fusion1 ,pr(4 ,ayrton1 :o ent]$ at l5g? into ! sy/em ( prev5tion us$ ) ! ,indian telegraphs1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 & ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k4 ,mr4 ,preece repli$1 m especially allud+ to ! ph5om5a ( fire balls4 ,,lightn+ ,,rods ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,con/ruct ,,!m4----,,by ,,john ,,ph91 ,c4,e4 ,new ,york4 #ahgc4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,! au?or is n an electrician nor a pat5tee1 b ! ,editor ( an eng9e]+ pap] call$ ! ,te*nologi/4 ,! book is writt5 *iefly to c\nt]act ! ma*9ations ( a great nuisance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 call$ ! 8lightn+ rod man40 ,! ,au?or ?9ks a good rod z important z a fire insurance policy4 ,e case ( injury t he has exam9$ 0 due to defective rods1 or to ! abs5ce ( !m4 ,! lightn+ rod is an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,he m5tions sev]al cases ( m>k$ immunity f accid5t due to prop] conductors1 notably ,/4 ,paul's & ! ,monum5t1 ,london2 ! ,ca!dral1 ,g5eva2 & ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 ,! lightn+ rod %\ld =m ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 & x may be ( iron or ( copp]4 ,if ( iron he pref]s a flat b> #a in* by in*1 weigh+ #ac ounces p] foot1 or ,no4 #jj copp]1 weigh+ #f ounces p] foot4 ,he also advocates copp] rope4 ,he ?or\ghly believes 9 ! conduction ?r\gh ! mass ( ! metal1 & quotes 7p4 #ab7 sev]al exp]im5ts 9 support ( t view4 ,he believes 9 a good e>? & 9 connect+ all wat]sp\ts1 eaves1 gutt]s1 & metal "w g5]ally ) ! e>? & ) ! conductor2 he ?9ks "o good rod en\gh1 & sees no reason :y lightn+ rods %\ld n be pa9t$1 inde$1 ?9ks x bett] to d s1 = !y become less unsightly2 he has no fai? 9 po9ts1 nor 9 gild+1 or plat9is+2 he recomm5ds in/ead ca/ iron caps to *imneys2 he disc>ds insulation z absurd1 & sugge/s t rods may be tack$1 or /apl$1 or /rapp$ to build+s1 al?\gh he pref]s /aples2 recomm5ds /rongly t wet e>? %\ld be rea*$1 & t z l>ge a metal surface z possible %\ld be expos$ to ! gr\nd & emb$d$ 9 coke2 he does n l any connections ) ! gas pipes4 ,he sugge/s t iron conductors may be weld$ or h m]ely butt jo9ts1 b recomm5ds sold] ) copp]1 aft] be+ b\nd ) f9e wire4 ,he adduces ! fact t ,mr4 ,brooks1 ( ,philadelphia1 measur$ ! resi/ance ( ?ree rods atta*$ to ?ree build+s t _h be5 damag$1 & f\nd ! av]age to be above ! resi/ance ( "o hundr$ miles ( telegraph wire4 ,,trait ,,des ,,p>atonn]es1 c4 ,,p> ,a4 ,,callaud4 ,p>is4 #ahgd4 ,royal #hvo4 7,ab/ract$ by ,latim] ,cl>k1 ,c4,e47 ,?is "w consi/s ( #aga pages4 ,x comm5ces ) a %ort hi/ory ( ! subject1 :i* occupies ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! rema9+ n9ete5 *apt]s treat successively ( ! collect+ po9ts & _! mode ( action2 ! conduct+ rods & ! me?ods ( atta*m5t to diff]5t classes ( build+1 & _! connection ) ! e>?1 ) conclud+ obs]vations4 ,! second *apt] treats ( ! height ( conductors & ! area protect$1 9 :i* he foll[s ! usual rules1 & recomm5ds l(ty rods1 _! (fice be+ n only to safegu>d ! build+1 b to )draw electricity sil5tly f ! air & ?us prev5t /rokes ( lightn+ or dim9i% _! viol5ce4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 aft] cit+ ! op9ions ( _m o!r writ]s1 he /rongly advocates protectors furni%$ ) %>p po9ts ( plat9a1 or "s inoxydisable metal1 securely screw$ & sold]$ on to copp] rods1 & condemns po9ts ( iron or copp]4 ,?r\gh\t ! "w he treats co/ z a second>y consid]ation & consid]s x false economy to sp>e any exp5se necess>y to ensure ! ?or\gh p]fection ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 he gives draw+s ( connections & ( v>i\s =ms ( wea!rcocks4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 he recomm5ds multiple po9ts1 especially 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries & :]e /orms are preval5t4 ,he also po9ts out t _m build+s are naturally protect$ by ! metal ro(s & ornam5ts belong+ to !m4 ,s long z ^! are connect$ ) ! gr\nd1 he pref]s t ! project+ rod %\ld be ( r\nd iron ( consid]able l5g? & 9 "o piece1 & ! conduct+ cable %\ld w9d r\nd x z a coll>1 & be /rongly atta*$ to x by set screws & sold]+4 ,he does n advise t all ! masses ( metal )9 a build+ %\ld be connect$ ) a conductor1 especially if !y are 9 proximity ) human be+s1 b ) a well-made conductor he consid]s x saf] to leave !m isolat$4 7,*apt] ,,ix47 ,= ! conductor he recomm5ds ,gay ,lussac's con/ruction1 viz41 a rod ( iron ab\t in* squ>e1 c>ri$ by iron supports1 or a twi/$ cable ( iron wires hav+ a diamet] ( in* to in*1 well t>r$ or galvanis$1 #f or #h feet f ! soil ^! are securely unit$ to an iron b> in* to #a in* diamet]4 ,if ( copp] !y may be small]4 ,has se5 rods ( copp] ( in* effectually protect *ur*es1 b reg>ds ?is z a m9imum size = a l5g? ( #hj feet & in* z a maximum4 ,! s+le wires ( ! cords may h a diamet] ( #a millimetre2 ! jo9ts are made by splic+ ! /r&s toge!r & sold]+ !m4 7,he recomm5ds conductors ( /raw 9 "s cases = c\ntry use4 ,*apt] ,x47 ,! conductor is l$ along ! gr\nd 9 a *annel ( half dra9 tiles1 surr\nd$ ) coke & t]m9ates 9 a copp] grapnel emb$d$ 9 a basket ( coke4 7,*apt] ,,xiii47 ,*apt]s ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 & ,,xvi4 gives details ( ! con/ruction ( lightn+ conductors = tall *imneys1 p[d] magaz9es1 & %ips4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 he gives num]\s examples ( ! utility ( conductors1 & 9 ,*apt] ,,xix4 he gives a resum ( 8 in/ructions1 aga9 insi/+ on ! p]fect cont9uity ( ! connections & ! p]fection ( all ! p>ts2 ^! in/ructions are also embodi$ 9 a note read be=e ! ,academie des ,sci5ces1 9 #ahfb1 a copy ( :i* is giv5 at page #afg ( ,m4 ,callaud's "w4 ,,blitzableit]-,,anlag54 ,,pr(4 ,c4 ,,z5g]',s ,,symmetris*e ,,blitzableit]4 ,c4 ,korte & ,co41 ,prague4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,?is is really a trade circul>1 b x gives1 9 a compact =m1 ! consid]ations :i* h induc$ ,pr(4 ,z5g] to propose 8 new sy/em1 & a description ( ! mode 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be well to repr9t f ! ,meteorological ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 7#ahgc71 page #aee1 ! report ( ! pap] read by ,pr(4 ,z5g] at ! ,briti% ,association ,meet+4 ,,pr(4 ,,z5g]1 ,,on ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,symmetrical ,,conductors ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,pr(essor ,z5g] read a pap]1 on ?is subject1 illu/rat+ x ) ! well-kn[n exp]im5t 9 physics ( plac+ two insulat$ hemisph]es ( brass plate 9 contact ) ano!r insulat$ sph]e ( brass4 ,if ! =m] 7 *>g$ ) electricity & remov$ f ! inn] brass sph]e1 !re 0 f\nd no trace ( electricity on its surface4 ,! electricity 0 %[n to be accumulat$ on ! surface ( ! out] sph]ical conductor1 ) equal t5sion 9 e po9t ( ! surface4 ,pr(essor ,z5g] %[$ t if ! out] hemisph]es 7 replac$ by two circul> wires1 no action :atev] 9 ! inn] conductor 0 f\nd4 ,he said x 0 easy to see t ?is simple exp]im5t might prove useful 9 reg>d to ! con/ruction ( electric app>atus & ( lightn+ conductors to protect build+s1 & ev5 :ole cities1 f ! de/ructive action ( atmosph]ic lightn+4 ,he _h1 !re=e1 endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! effects if any o!r =m ( a symmetrically-arrang$ conductor 7 us$1 in/ead ( a circul> =m4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 he _h tri$ ! p>abolic wires jo9$ to ! electroscope2 next1 a rectangul> wire ) five diff]5t op5+s4 ,if plac$ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! rectangul> wire1 no action 0 obs]v$2 if plac$ ecc5trically1 h[ev]1 !re 0 small b increas+ action2 & if he plac$ a ne$le or ano!r %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t betwe5 ! protect+ wire & ! electroscope1 he /ill bett] obs]v$ ! diff]5t action produc$ by plac+ ! electroscope 9 an ecc5trical position4 ,he !re=e ?\ght t x 0 possible by symmetrical wires plac$ on build+s1 or ov] :ole cities1 s to procure an entire protection f atmosph]ical electricity4 ,if ! electric cl\ds %\ld ev5 ent] betwe5 ! objects protect$ & ! protect+ wires1 _! activity w\ld be greatly dim9i%$1 = ! wires w\ld become imm$iately *>g$1 & ne>ly all ! electricity accumulat$ on _! surface )\t any dang] to ! protect$ build+s4 ,mr4 ,glai%]1 :o _h tak5 ! *air 9 ! tempor>y abs5ce ( ! presid5t1 said _! ?anks 7 due to ,pr(essor ,z5g] = 8 communication ^u a subject s important4 ,:at !y want$ to "k 0 ! di/ance at :i* build+s 7 protect$ by a lightn+ conductor1 & ,pr(essor ,z5g]'s ass]tion t ! sections ( a globe 7 z effective z ! :ole globe itself1 w\ld be an important addition to sci5tific k if prov$ to be s4 ,pr(essor ,cl]k-,maxwell1 :o said he _h paid "s att5tion to ! subject ( %ield+ bodies f electrical action by means ( ! wire1 fe>$ t ! =m t ,pr(essor ,z5g] _h giv5 !m w\ld be r difficult to "w out ma!matically4 ,pr(essor ,z5g] said t ! correspond5t ( ! ,eng9e] newspap] _h j in=m$ him t ! in/rum5t hut ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company at ,val5cia 0 protect$ by wires on ! pr9ciple he _h j m5tion$1 & ! plan ( protect+ ! hut _h be5 devis$ by ,mr4 ,cromwell ,v>ley4 ,we n[ pass on to ,messrs4 ,korte's pap]1 :i* ref]s entirely to ! application ( ?is symmetrical pr9ciple to build+s4 ,!y beg9 by claim+ t ,pr(4 ,z5g]'s sy/em is ! only "o bas$ ^u sci5tific inve/igations & practical exp]im5ts1 & t al?\gh f> bett] ?an ! primitive arrangem5ts g5]ally adopt$ x co/s no m4 ,!y urge t ! conductors %\ld be symmetrically arrang$1 & yet !y say t !y %\ld lead to ! side ( ! h\se mo/ expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,!y recomm5d t ! upp] t]m9al %\ld be a long oval ( gilt brass1 some?+ l a blunt spe>-head1 & t1 9 ord9>y cases1 a s+le copp] rod ( #jbj in* diamet] 7n a rope ( t size7 w be suffici5t2 x is to be tak5 ?r\gh porcela9 insulators1 & ! e>? t]m9al is to be a copp] plate ne>ly ( an in* ?ick1 buri$ f #f to #i feet deep 9 coke4 ,,protection ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,prop]ty ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,by ,w4 ,,mcgregor4 ,b$=d1 #ahge4 #hvo4 #dc pages4 7,ab/ract$ by ,latim] ,cl>k1 ,c4,e47 ,mr4 ,mc,gregor does n give any new facts 9 connection ) lightn+1 b discusses ! !ory & action ( conductors1 & quotes num]\s op9ions f o!r writ]s1 ) practical sugge/ions & precautions to be obs]v$ 9 fix+ conductors4 ,among ! pr9cipal op9ions adduc$ are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,pr(essor ,j5k9's /atem5t1 t if a conductor be arm$ ) a po9t1 ! electricity passes into ! air rapidly 9 times ( excitem5t by induction1 & s equalises ! t5sion ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e z to mitigate1 or1 9 "s cases1 to prev5t ! dis*>ge ( lightn+4 #b4 ,de la ,rive's obs]vation t a slight break ( cont9uity 9 a conductor is fill$ by a succession ( brilliant sp>ks dur+ a /orm1 ?\gh !re be no lightn+2 t blunt po9ts or balls are equally effective :5 /ruck1 b are m usually accompani$ by explosion ?an by cont9u\s dis*>ge4 #c4 ,! op9ions ( ,de la ,rive1 ,dr4 ,mann1 & ,preece1 t a conductor practically protects a conical space--( :i* ! radius is ab\t d\ble ! height--& t ! conductor %\ld !re=e ext5d to "s height above ! build+4 #d4 ,ganot's op9ions t a conductor %\ld t]m9ate 9 a po9t or po9ts1 h suffici5t sectional area1 be ?or\ghly connect$ ) ! e>?1 & be connect$ ) lat]al metallic surfaces ( l>ge ext5t if x passes ne> !m2 ei!r iron or copp] may be us$1 & exi/+ ra9 & wat] pipes1 c41 may be utilis$2 b ! jo9ts %\ld be made c>efully & te/$4 ,*imneys ) soot act z dang]\s conductors1 & %\ld !re=e be protect$4 ,! au?or does n give any precise directions z to ! be/ =m or size ( conductors4 ,,lynild5s ,,f>ligh$ ,i ,,norge4 ,,by ,h4 ,,mohn1 ,kri/iania4 #ahge4 7,ab/ract$ by ,c4 ,t]kels547 ,! au?or1 hav+ be5 specially commission$ to enquire into & inve/igate ! dang] ( lightn+ 9 ,norway1 f\nd t ligh?\ses1 telegraph /ations1 & o!r mu* expos$ build+s1 :i* 7 provid$ ) conductors1 did n by f> suff] s mu* z *ur*es1 :i* 9 ! mo/ cases 7 unprotect$4 ,out ( ab\t #ajj *ur*es report$ to h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 only ?ree 7 provid$ ) lightn+ conductors3 on ! fir/1 ,kongsb]g1 ! conductor 0 9 good ord]1 & ! *ur* 0 comp>atively un9jur$2 ! second *ur*1 ,fossnes1 built ( wood1 _h a conductor1 b made ( z9c wire1 :i* melt$1 & ( c\rse left ! *ur* unprotect$2 on ! ?ird1 ,brn 7/ruck #ag? ,octob]1 #ahgb71 ! wire _h ru/$1 :]e x jo9s ! e>?1 & ! *ur* 0 de/roy$4 ,! au?or gives a full description ( ! diff]5t cases4 ,( #ajj *ur*es /ruck by lightn+1 fifty-six 7 totally de/roy$1 & _h to be rebuilt2 tw5ty-f\r ( t numb] 7 *ur*es built ( /one1 tw5ty-n9e ( wood2 ! build+ mat]ial ( ! rema9+ ?ree is unkn[n4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t /one build+s are almo/ z mu* expos$ to be damag$ by lightn+ z wood5 ones4 ,( ! above-nam$ *ur*es only "o c be said to h be5 sav$ by a lightn+ conductor1 viz41 ,kongsb]g4 ,9 #ahbj ! lightn+ /ruck ! *ur*1 set fire to a great "p ( ! wood-"w1 & did o!r damage4 ,! t[] 0 !n cov]$ ) %eet iron4 ,9 #aheb ! lightn+ /ruck ! t[] aga91 :i*1 h[ev]1 !n 0 provid$ ) a conductor consi/+ ( two ?9 copp] plates1 #b in*es wide1 fa/5$ on ! nor? & s\? side ( ! t[]1 & bo? beg9n+ ) ! iron rod1 on :i* ! vane is fa/5$2 b ?is rod did n end 9 a po9t1 b 9 a gilt cross4 ,! conductors 7 c>ri$ d[n ! brickwork ( ! *ur* to ! field1 & across ! m>ket place1 & end$ 9 an old wat]-butt4 ,:5 ! concussion took place "o ( ! lightn+ conductors 0 disabl$2 b no mat]ial injury 0 done to ! t[]4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,july #af?1 ! lightn+ /ruck a f>mh\se ab\t #gjj feet f ! above-m5tion$ *ur*2 ! f>mh\se be+ ab\t ?irty feet1 & ! t[] ab\t #aej feet high4 ,! con/ruction ( a lightn+ conductor ought to be z foll[s3 ,x consi/s ( ! foll[+ ?ree *ief p>ts4 7#a7 ,! receiv]2 7#b7 ! conductor2 7#c7 ! e>? connection4 ,! receiv] consi/s ( a copp] po9t #h in*es long & in* ?ick2 :i* is screw$ into an iron rod1 #a to #b in*es ?ick4 ,! screw mu/ fit well & ! flats ( ! copp] & iron fitt+s mu/ be well connect$ & aft]w>ds sold]$ r\nd ! jo9t to prev5t wat] & air f ru/+ ! iron4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( fa/5+ ! receiv] to ! build+1 b ! eng9e] is g5]ally guid$ by circum/ances4 ,! conductor may be made ( iron or copp] 9 ! %ape ( rods or wire twi/$ l rope4 ,if made ( iron rods !y %\ld be r\nd & to in* ?ick2 if iron wire-rope is us$ ! ?ickness mu/ be equal to a rod ( in*2 if made ( copp] ! rod mu/ be at lea/ in* ?ick1 or if made ( copp] wire-rope in*4 ,9 bo? cases ! conductor is put 9 metallic connection ) ! receiv]1 & !n guid$ into e>?4 ,! e>? connection is m]ely a cont9uation ( ! conductor & mu/ be buri$ z deep z possible 9 ! e>?1 & rea* ! wat]1 if x is to be f\nd4 ,! end :i* rea*es ! wat] may be con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to circum/ances1 b x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! e>? conductor nev] gets dry4 ,if !re is great difficulty 9 gett+ at ! wat]1 ! e>? conductor may be con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,x is made ( copp]1 & has jo9$ to x z _m bran*es z are ?\ght necess>y4 ,ea* bran* has rivett$ or sold]$ to x a copp] plate #a or #b feet squ>e2 !y are c>ri$ z f> away f ! build+ z possible1 & buri$ deep into ! e>?4 ,besides ?is !re mu/ be laid an extra conductor1 p]fectly metallically connect$ ) ! *ief conductor j "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 alongside ( x1 out f ! build+1 ) z _m bran*es1 & z long1 z possible4 ,?is conductor becomes effici5t1 z soon z ! surface ( ! e>? gets wet ?r\gh ra91 :i* g5]ally falls dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts1 #bh? ,april1 #ahge4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,mann1 ,m4,d4 7,ab/ract$ by ,e4 ,e4 ,dymond1 ,f4,m4,s47 ,draws att5tion 9 ! fir/ place to c]ta9 e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,diff]5t p[]s ( v>i\s sub/ances = conduct+ electricity4 ,electrical induction4 ,9 dull f9e wea!r ! surface ( ! e>? negative1 ! surr\nd+ air commonly positive1 ! surface ( ! sea positive4 ,h[ a ?und] /orm beg9s1 gradually approa*+ cl\d1 lightn+ betwe5 x & e>?4 ,accord+ to ,delisle & ,petit1 a lightn+ /roke may ext5d #i or #aj miles1 b = ord9>y circum/ances ! /rik+ di/ance v>ies betwe5 #fej & #f1ejj feet4 ,! lightn+ /roke foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & inv>iably falls ^u ! mo/ prom95t conduct+ sub/ance1 & passes ?r\gh sub/ances af=d+ an easy way & (f]+ small resi/ance )\t di/urb+ _! molecul> condition2 %att]s bad conductors2 heats1 sometimes melts1 good b insuffici5t ones4 ,describes ! v>i\s =ms ( lightn+--fla%1 diffus$1 %eet1 & ball4 ,a cont9u\s rod ( good conduct+ metal mu/ be c>ri$ f ! top ( ! build+ to ! gr\nd4 ,describes v>y+ c>ry+ capacities ( iron1 z9c1 or copp]2 recomm5ds f 8 exp]i5ce 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #db-/r& rope ( #a_/af? in* galvanis$ iron wire4 ,! dis9tegrat+ en]gy is ma9ly exp5d$ on ! extremities ( ! conductor4 ,9 ,natal he us$ to enclose ! top ( ! rope 9 a tube ( /\t z9c1 f9i%$ at ! top by a gild$ ball ( wood1 & he op5$ ! /r&s ( ! wire above x into a bru%4 ,! ,fr5* electricians /rongly recomm5d a clu/] ( po9ts4 ,! e>? contact mu/ be good & damp4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( ,callaud describ$4 ,gay ,lussac recomm5d$ t all l>ge metallic masses %\ld be br\ght into connection ) ! conductor1 & ! conductor n insulat$ f ! build+4 ,m4 ,callaud1 on ! contr>y1 adopts insulat+ supports = ! conductor1 & condemns ! connect+ ( metals 9 ! build+4 ,! metals us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+s may be utilis$ z conductors2 ra9 pipes1 metal v5tilat+ pipes1 b n s(t metal gas pipes4 ,,on ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,build+s ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,cl]k ,,maxwell1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgf47 ,mo/ ( ^? :o h giv5 directions = ! con/ruction ( lightn+ conductors h paid great att5tion to ! upp] & l[] extremities ( ! conductor4 ,!y recomm5d t ! upp] extremity ( ! conductor %\ld ext5d some:at above ! highe/ "p ( ! build+ to be protect$1 & t x %\ld t]m9ate 9 a %>p po9t1 & t ! l[] extremity %\ld be c>ri$ z f> z possible into ! conduct+ /rata ( ! gr\nd1 s z to 8make0 :at telegraph eng9e]s call 8a good e>?40 ,! electrical effect ( su* an arrangem5t is to tap1 z x 71 ! ga!r+ *>ge1 by facilitat+ a quiet dis*>ge betwe5 ! atmosph]ic accumulation & ! e>?4 ,! erection ( ! conductor w cause a some:at great] numb] ( dis*>ges to occur at ! place ?an w\ld h occurr$ if x _h n be5 erect$1 b ea* ( ^! dis*>ges w be small] ?an ^? :i* w\ld h occurr$ )\t ! conductor4 ,x is probable1 also1 t few] dis*>ges w occur 9 ! region surr\nd+ ! conductor4 ,x appe>s to me t ^! arrangem5ts are calculat$ r = ! b5efit ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & = ! relief ( cl\ds lab\r+ "u an accumulation ( electricity1 ?an = ! protection ( ! build+ on :i* ! conductor is erect$4 ,:at we really wi% is to prev5t ! possibility ( an electric dis*>ge tak+ place )9 a c]ta9 region1 say1 ! inside ( a gunp[d] manufactory4 ,if ?is is cle>ly laid d[n z our object1 ! me?od ( secur+ x is equally cle>4 ,an electric dis*>ge _c occur betwe5 two bodies unless ! diff]5ce ( _! pot5tials is suffici5tly great comp>$ ) ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c keep ! pot5tials ( all bodies )9 a c]ta9 region equal or ne>ly equal1 no dis*>ge w take place betwe5 !m4 ,we may secure ?is by connect+ all ^! bodies by means ( good conductors1 su* z copp]-wire ropes2 b x is n necess>y to d s2 = x may be %[n by exp]im5t t if e "p ( ! surface surr\nd+ a c]ta9 region is at ! same pot5tial1 e po9t )9 t region mu/ be at ! same pot5tial1 provid$ no *>g$ body is plac$ )9 ! region4 ,x w\ld !re=e be suffici5t to surr\nd our p[d]-mill ) a conduct+ mat]ial 7to %ea! its ro(s1 walls1 & gr\nd-floor ) ?ick %eet-copp]71 & !n no electrical effect c\ld occur )9 x on acc\nt ( any ?und]/orm outside4 ,!re w\ld be no ne$ ( any e>?-connection4 ,we might ev5 place a lay] ( asphalt betwe5 ! copp] floor & ! gr\nd1 s z to insulate ! build+4 ,if ! mill 7 !n /ruck ) lightn+1 x w\ld rema9 *>g$ = "s "t1 & a p]son /&+ on ! gr\nd outside & t\*+ ! wall might receive a %ock2 b no electrical effect w\ld be p]ceiv$ inside1 ev5 on ! mo/ delicate electromet]4 ,! pot5tial ( e ?+ inside1 ) respect to ! e>?1 w\ld be sudd5ly rais$ or l[]$1 z ! case might be2 b electric pot5tial is n a physical condition1 b only a ma!matical conception1 s t no physical effect c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y to connect l>ge masses ( metal1 su* z eng9es1 tanks1 c41 to ! walls1 if !y are entirely )9 ! build+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any conductor1 su* z a telegraph wire or a metallic supply-pipe = wat] or gas1 comes into ! build+ f )\t1 ! pot5tial ( ?is conductor may be diff]5t f t ( ! build+1 unless x is connect$ ) ! conduct+ %ell ( ! build+4 ,h5ce ! wat] or gas supply-pipes1 if any ent] ! build+1 mu/ be connect$ to ! sy/em ( lightn+-conductors2 & s9ce to connect a telegraph-wire ) ! conductor w\ld r5d] ! telegraph useless1 no telegraph f )\t %\ld be all[$ to ent] a p[d]-mill1 ?\gh !re may be electric-bells & o!r telegraph app>atus entirely )9 ! build+4 ,i h suppos$ ! p[d]-mill to be entirely %ea!d 9 ?ick %eet-copp]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t any s5sible electric effect tak+ place )9 x1 suppos+ x /ruck by lightn+4 ,x is q suffici5t to enclose ! build+ ) a network ( good conduct+ sub/ance4 ,= in/ance1 if a copp] wire1 say ,no4 #d1 ,b4,w4,g4 7#jbch in* 9 diamet]71 7 c>ri$ r\nd ! f\ndation ( a h\se1 up ea* ( ! corn]s & gables1 & along ! ridges1 ?is w\ld probably be a suffici5t protection = an ord9>y build+ aga9/ any ?und]/orm 9 ?is climate4 ,! copp] wire may be built into ! wall to prev5t !ft1 b x %\ld be connect$ to any outside metal1 su* z lead or z9c on ! ro(1 & to metal ra9-wat] pipes4 ,9 ! case ( a p[d]-mill1 x might be advisable to make ! network clos] by c>ry+ "o or two additional wires ov] ! ro( & d[n ! walls to ! wire at ! f\ndation4 ,if !re are wat]- or gas-pipes :i* ent] ! build+ f )\t1 ^! mu/ be connect$ ) ! sy/em ( conduct+-wires2 b if !re are no su* metallic connections ) di/ant po9ts1 x is n necess>y to take any pa9s to facilitate ! escape ( ! electricity into ! e>?4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to provide = ! safety n only ( ! build+ itself1 b ( ! sy/em ( conductors :i* protects x4 ,! only p>ts ( ?is sy/em :i* are 9 any dang] are ! po9ts :]e ! electricity ent]s & leaves x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sy/em t]m9ates above 9 a tall rod ) a %>p po9t1 & d[nw>ds 9 an 8e>? wire10 ! ext]nal dis*>ge w be almo/ c]ta9 to occur at ! ends ( ^! electrodes1 & ! only possible damage w be ! loss ( a few p>ticles f _! extremities2 b ev5 if ! rod & wire 7 de/roy$ altoge!r1 ! build+ w\ld /ill be safe4 ,,on ,,boil] ,,& ,,factory ,,*imneys ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,r4 ,,wilson4 #ahgg4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?or ref]s to ! wide-spread disbelief 9 ! effici5cy ( conductors1 ! common op9ion be+ t metallic bodies1 especially :5 po9t$1 attract lightn+1 & are !re=e dang]\s4 ,?is is q errone\s4 8,on an electrifi$ cl\d pass+ ov] a po9t$ conductor1 ! opposite & induc$ electricity ( ! e>? is dis*>g$ f ! po9t ( ! conductor1 & ! cl\d & air are (t5 !reby neutraliz$ )\t produc+ lightn+ at all4 ,b :5 a dis*>ge does take place1 ! conductor (f]s a l9e ( comp>atively small resi/ance40 ,! au?or fur!r says t1 8if electrifi$ cl\ds be driv5 to ! erection 9 su* masses t ! opposite electricity does n /ream away f ! po9t ( ! conductor 9 suffici5t quantities to prev5t a sp>k f pass+1 ! sp>k or fla% w pass f cl\d to conductor 9 pref]5ce to any neighb\r+ po9t40 ,he ref]s to ! safety ( conductors1 z %[n by ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's reports4 ,:5 injury to build+s has occurr$ :]e lightn+ rods are fix$1 !y h be5 8ignorantly & wrongly appli$10 or jo9ts h ru/$1 ! rods be5 brok51 or e>? contact has become imp]fect4 ,he ref]s to ,h>ris & ,f>aday z to sectional area ( conductor4 ,consid]s a rope to be bett] ?an a rod1 z x is less liable to be fractur$ & to h badly =m$ jo9ts4 ,! upp] extremity %\ld project into ! air z high z ! diamet] ( ! *imney top4 ,! rod %\ld n be inside a *imney1 z gases are liable to injure x4 ,! conductor %\ld communicate ) all metal 9 ! *imney4 ,insulation is n requir$4 ,all contact betwe5 copp] & iron %\ld be avoid$ on acc\nt ( galvanic action4 ,e>? contact %\ld be te/$ e ye>4 ,&]son's galvanomet] approv$ ( = ?is4 ,,n\veau ,,p>atonn]re ,,accept ,,p> ,l',,acad,,mie ,,des ,,sci5ces4 ,,p> ,,j>riant4 #hvo4 ,p>is4 #ahgg4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,?is pamphlet is really a lett] by ,m4 ,francisque ,mi*el respect+ "s new patt]ns ( lightn+ conductors made by ,m4 ,j>riant1 & submitt$ to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces by ,m4 le ,comte du ,moncel4 ,! au?or /ates t !re h be5 _m !ories z to ! advantage ( conductors ris+ to great heights above build+s1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 "s p]sons h urg$ t build+s %\ld bri/le all ov] ) po9ts1 & ?us prev5t any disruptive dis*>ge4 ,he ?9ks t1 ow+ to ! translation ( ! /orm-cl\d by ! w9d1 ^! %ort po9ts w n always h "t to act1 & says t ! only rational plan is to place a conductor high above ! h\se x is int5d$ to protect1 & s con/ruct$ t x1 & x alone1 (f]s a pa? ( sc>cely appreciable resi/ance to ! electric dis*>ge4 ,he says t 9 ,g]many !y put a metal sph]e on ! top ( ! conductors1 b 9 ,france1 bo? ! ,academy & ! ,commission ( ! ,city ( ,p>is h advis$ t !y %\ld t]m9ate 9 a po9t4 ,m4 ,francisque ,mi*el says t =m]ly a conductor 0 suppos$ to protect all objects )9 a cone ^: base _h a radius ( twice ! height ( ! conductor2 b t he & ,m4 ,flix ,lucas _h inve/igat$ ! "q geometrically1 & h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! radius _c exce$ #age ( ! height4 ,h5ce1 9 _m build+s1 x became necess>y ei!r to increase ! numb] ( ! conductors or to make !m m l(ty1 bo? alt]natives lead+ to increas$ exp5se4 ,m4 ,j>riant's design1 :i* consi/s ( galvaniz$ angle iron bolt$ toge!r1 enables ! increas$ elevation to be obta9$ at a price tw5ty p] c5t4 bel[ t ( ! old patt]ns4 ,! angle irons !mselves (f] mu* surface1 _! angles are useful = dis*>g+ electricity1 & !y c>ry at ! top ! copp] t]m9al recomm5d$ by ! ,acadmie4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,spang4 ,philadelphia4 #ahgg4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 8,! id5tity ( electricity1 manife/$ by friction1 ) t conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 0 n fully v]ifi$ until ,frankl9's exp]im5t ) 8 kite 9 ,june1 #ageb40 8,9 re/or+ ! equilibrium betwe5 ! opposite electricities ( high pot5tial1 ! dis*>ge w pass by ! %orte/ pa?1 ev5 ?\gh a poor conductor1 9 pref]5ce to a long] pa? ?r\gh a good conductor40 ,! electricity ( ! e>? is usually negative--( ! atmosph]e1 usually positive4 ,he quotes exp]im5ts at ,kew to ?is effect4 ,! friction ( solid & liquid p>ticles aga9/ ! e>?1 & aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! air1 produc$ by ! w9d1 is a s\rce ( atmosph]ic electricity4 ,! height ( ! l[] "p ( ! ?und]-cl\ds above ! sea 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates av]ages ab\t #b1ejj feet4 ,d5se ?und]-cl\ds are good conductors1 & are electrifi$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! induction ( ! electricity conta9$ 9 ! surface-e>?4 ,z electricity accumulates 9 ! ?und]-cl\ds x acts by induction on ! surface-e>?1 & causes a correspond+ increase ( pot5tial 9 ! e>? & ! objects !reon4 ,he alludes to ! vitre\s tubes 7fulgurites71 #e feet to #ge feet deep1 z be+ =m$ by electricity pass+ to ! subt]ranean wat]-b$ ?r\gh s& or o!r dry e>?4 ,a highly positively electrifi$ cl\d )9 #c1jjj feet ( a build+ causes ! latt] to be int5sely negatively electrifi$ by induction4 ,s also ! e>? b5ea? ! build+ & ! upp] portion ( ! subt]ranean wat] b$4 ,:atev] (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance to ! /roke w be its *os5 pa? & x w nev] leave a v good l9e ( conductors1 :i* is 9 a %ort pa? betwe5 two opposite electricities1 = an inf]ior "o4 #aea p]sons are kill$ by lightn+ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,switz]l&4 ,he quotes ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's sy/em = ! ,navy z prev5tive4 ,!re is no absolute safety any:]e out ( doors4 ,x c only be f\nd inside a /ructure hav+ good conductors1 ) good e>? connections4 ,conductors _c prev5t disruptive dis*>ge4 ,!y simply furni% a good pa? = lightn+ :i* passes ov] !m )\t do+ any damage4 ,protective ,area4--,a committee appo9t$ 9 #ahge by ! ,prefect ( ! ,se9e reports z protect$1 a circul> space ^: radius is equal to #ade ,%\ld be #age1 see page 7#fg74 ,ed4 ( height ( conductor4 ,b ?is is n always to be reli$ ^u4 ,x is necess>y t a conductor ext5d along ! ridge1 gable ends1 & eaves ( a h\se1 & above ea* *imney4 ,lightn+ is electricity ( v high pot5tial1 & ! diff]5ce ( conductivity betwe5 ! resi/ance ( copp] & iron to a lightn+ dis*>ge is small & practically am\nts to no?+4 ,iron rod conductors n to be less ?an #g_/af in* diamet]4 ,no case is record$ :]e su* a rod1 prop]ly connect$ ) ! e>?1 has be5 fus$ or greatly heat$ by lightn+4 ,pa9t or an ord9>y am\nt ( ru/ does n affect conductivity4 ,a conductor ( l>ge surface ex]cises a mu* great] protective action ?an ! same quantity ( metal 9 ! =m ( a wire or solid rod4 ,n because electricity 9 motion resides on ! surface1 b t ! expansive action ( a dis*>ge may h a wid] scope ?r\gh ! metal4 ,s iron ra9 wat]-pipes are good conductors1 & %\ld be connect$ ) metal sp\t+1 conductor on ridge1 c4 ,cable conductors b5d easily & c be made 9 "o l5g?1 s (t5 answ] bett] ?an b>s4 ,if e>? connection is good1 ru/y jo9ts are ( little consequ5ce4 ,conductors are n to be insulat$4 ,iron pipes = gas1 wat]1 heat+1 c41 also iron columns ext5d+ f basem5t to ne> ! ro( are to be connect$ ) conductor & e>? t]m9als4 ,! pipes on ea* side ( gas met] are to be connect$ by iron b&s4 ,air t]m9als are to rise ab\t #d feet above ea* *imney or o!r elevat$ projection4 ,high /eeples to h horizontal conductors r\nd !m at e #bj feet 9 height connect$ ) v]tical conductors4 ,"o t]m9al 9 ! c5tre ( a build+ n ov] #be feet long or wide is suffici5t1 or "o at ea* end ( ! ridge4 ,"o to ea* #bj feet ( a l>ge build+1 ) "o at ea* end & to ea* *imney1 c4 ,:5 ! horizontal portion ( a lightn+ conductor1 or pa? along ! ro( ( a build+ f ridge to eaves 7sic7 exce$s #ej feet 9 l5g?1 ! pa? becomes r indirect = a lightn+ dis*>ge1 :i* is !n apt to select a %ort] r\te ?r\gh ! build+4 ,! upp] "p ( t]m9al ne$ n be gilt4 ,po9ts are practically ( no use4 ,*imneys are v likely to be /ruck1 ow+ to ! heat$ air ris+ f !m4 ,provide aga9/ ?is by metal caps4 ,!re is dang] also1 ow+ to ! vap\r ris+ f !m1 f b>ns /or$ ) new hay or gra91 /ables1 s*ools1 *ur*es1 c41 conta9+ _m p1 flocks ( %eep1 c4 ,e>? t]m9als mu/ be 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,! au?or quotes ,pr(4 ,f4 ,j5k9 z to ! diff]5ce ( conductivity betwe5 well moi/5$ & p]fectly dry e>? 7z porcela91 c47 9 electricity ( l[ pot5tial1 z #a1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj to #a4 ,gas & wat] ma9s usually #d feet or s deep 9 dry e>?1 !re=e n good conductors4 ,examples quot$ ( injury to _! jo9ts by lightn+1 :i* pass$ f conductors to ! ma9s4 ,sugge/s1 z e>? t]m9al1 an iron pipe1 #aj feet long1 #b in*es diamet]1 op5 at ea* end1 p]=at$ at sides1 put 9 v]tically1 & hav+ ! wat] f pipes = ra9 & wa/e l$ into x4 ,to be #h feet f f\ndation4 ,gives engrav+s ( num]\s =ms propos$ = conductors1 mo/ ( !m be+ defective1 & none %[ improvem5t on ,frankl9's r\nd rod4 ,copp] rods held by iron /aples1 & connect$ ) iron e>? t]m9als1 are bad1 ow+ to galvanic action4 ,copp] wires 9 cable conductors become brittle1 & snap :5 vibrat$ by ! w9d2 sometimes1 also1 !y are eat5 away by electrolytic action4 ,he gives a draw+ ( a h\se protect$ z sugge/$ by him1 viz41 by metal ra9 wat]-pipes connect$ ) ! metal gutt]s & ridge2 also ) 8 improv$ e>? t]m9al by a good iron b> conductor4 ,gas1 wat]1 & o!r pipes are to be connect$ toge!r1 & ) conductor4 ,^! (t5 give bett] pa? = lightn+ ?an ! conductors4 ,b dang]\s if )\t prop] e>? t]m9al4 ,he disagrees ) ,pr(4 ,c4 ,maxwell's !ory z to disconnect+ ! metal cov]+1 c41 ( build+s f ! e>?4 ,lightn+ conductors deta*$ f build+s d n af=d absolute protection4 ,lightn+ has great aff9ity = gas-hold]s1 s "o ( ! ne>e/ guide columns %\ld be connect$ by a metallic conductor ) ! pipe lead+ to /reet ma91 & also ) a v]tical e>? t]m9al4 ,:5 a telegraph l9e is altoge!r metallic1 well insulat$ ^u poles1 c41 & n metallically connect$ ) ! e>?1 ! electricity ( a /orm-cl\d w n ex]t s /rong an inductive influ5ce ^u x z ^u a l9e ^: ends t]m9ate 9 ! e>?4 ,l9e wire is (t5 melt$1 poles & app>atus %att]$1 & employs sometimes kill$4 ,z a rem$y1 a galvanis$ iron wire is n[ fa/5$ to e f\r? pole by iron /aples1 f #d in*es above ! top ( ! pole to a coil ab\t #aj feet long ( iron wire b5ea? its l[] end4 ,,ueb] ,,blitzableit] ,,und ,,blitzs*l,,ge ,,9 ,,geb,,ude ,,wel*e ,,mit ,,blitzableit]n ,,v]seh5 ,,w>54 ,,von ,g4 ,,k>/54 ,kiel4 #hvo4 #ahgg4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,9 ?is pamphlet ,dr4 ,k>/5 gives an acc\nt ( two cases 9 :i* build+s t 7 provid$ ) lightn+ conductors 7 damag$ by lightn+4 ,! au?or /ates t ! /ati/ics = ! ye> #ahgc %[ t 9 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 tw5ty-six p] c5t4 ( all ! cases ( fire 7 caus$ by lightn+2 #a_/acj? "p ( ^! cases occurr$ 9 ! t[ns & ! rema9d] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,d lightn+ conductors gu>antee absolute protection8 ,! au?or answ]s ?is "q z foll[s3 ,!re is no absolute c]ta9ty 9 empirical matt]s2 ea* new case may direct our att5tion to circum/ances t _h be5 ov]look$4 ,if lightn+ conductors _c be said to ensure p]fect safety1 !y c]ta9ly af=d a v high degree ( protection4 ,! fla% ( lightn+ :i* /ruck ! *ur* at ,g>d+1 on ! #ah? ( ,may1 #ahgg1 fractur$ ! conductor 9 fifte5 places & pi]c$ ! wall ( ! /eeple 9 two places4 ,! ineffici5cy ( ! conductor result$ f ! c>elessness ) :i* x 0 fix$2 ! l9e 0 laid d[n ! nor? side ( ! /eeple & fa/5$ ) tw5ty-five wall eyes2 ^! wall eyes 7 hamm]$ too deep into ! wall1 ?us damag+ ! l9e & =m+ a %ort & %>p b5d 9 ea* case1 besides also unduly /ra9+ ! wire4 ,! damage to ! /eeple 0 ! consequ5ce ( a neglect$ second>y circuit4 ,!re are an excessively l>ge numb] ( tie-rods 9 ! /eeple2 ! heads ( ^! rods are n connect$ toge!r1 nei!r are !y1 except 9 "o case1 9 close proximity to any ( ! l>g] masses ( metal t are ab\t ! build+4 ,! conductor pass$ close to "o ( ^? heads2 ! s\? side ( ! /eeple1 :]e ! opposite head is1 becom+ wet ?r\gh ! ra91 a second>y circuit 0 =m$1 & a return %ock foll[$2 ! damage to ! /eeple 0 trifl+4 ,! rod 0 provid$ ) a conical po9t r blunt b surm\nt$ by a %ort plat9um po9t4 ,! copp] l9e-wire 0 ( good mat]ial--n ( a uni=m ?ickness1 b at ! weake/ places n weigh+ less ?an #bdj grammes p] l9eal metre 7#h oz4 p] y>d or r less ?an in* diamet] if solid74 ,! e>?-plate 0 sunk into a well #aj metres deep1 & te/$ faultless aft] ! dis*>ge4 ,,tude ,,sur ,,les ,,p>atonn]res ,,leur ,,con/ruction ,,leur ,,in/allation4 ,,p> ,,j>riant4 #hvo4 ,p>is4 #ahgh4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,?is pamphlet op5s ) two pages devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ,mi*alis's "w publi%$ 9 #aghc1 8,de l'effet des po9tes places sur le ,templ de ,salomon20 !n x becomes m practical1 ref]s to ! ,academy ( ,bordeaux prop\nd+ 9 #agej ! "q z to ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity1 & to ,frankl9's lett] 9 ! same ye> to ,coll9son1 giv+ 8 reasons = believ+ 9 ! analogy2 /ates t ! exp]im5ts sugge/$ by him 7 repeat$ by ,buffon & ,dalib> 9 ,m>*1 #ageb1 & subsequ5tly repeat$ at ,m>ly be=e ,l\is ,,xv4 ,!n ! writ] ref]s to ! erection ( ! fir/ conductor 9 ,france1 to ! popul> displeasure :i* x excit$1 & to ! long legal process be=e ! proprietor 0 all[$ to keep x 9 position4 ,! au?or ?9ks t 9 _m cases x is bett] to slightly increase ! numb] ( conductors ?an to make !m ( excessive l5g?1 because ! latt] c\rse causes !m to fatigue & j> ! ro( timb]s by _! vibration ) ! w9d4 ,respect+ plat9um po9ts he speaks /rongly & to ! foll[+ effect3--8,i h already m5tion$ t ,frankl9's fir/ conductor 0 melt$4 ,s9ce !n1 ! upp] t]m9als ( conductors h be5 made ( plat9um1 because x is ! lea/ fusible1 ! lea/ oxidizable ( all metals1 & a v suitable "o = mak+ into po9ts4 ,moreov]1 ! %>p] a po9t ! great] its prev5tive action1 & h5ce ,i condemn e conductor )\t a plat9um po9t4 ,al?\gh "s manufactur]s employ simple copp] cones1 :i* may c]ta9ly la/ "s "t )\t det]ioration1 believ+ 9 ! desirability ( ! po9ts be+ always 9 p]fect ord]1 ,i reject _! sy/em entirely40 ,few p]sons are us$ to mak+ plat9um po9ts1 x is a ,p>isian speciality1 ^? :i* ! au?or pref]s1 =m a cone ( ab\t #aj degrees at ! op5+ ( ! po9t & are ab\t #a in*es long1 !n screw$ & sold]$ into a mass ( copp] =m+ a nut on ! conical copp] rod1 :i* is #a foot or #a foot #f in*es long4 ,! plat9um po9t ?us m\nt$ c only give rise to a galvanic action s extremely feeble z n 9 ! lea/ to affect ! durability ( ! app>atus4 ,"s p]sons = ! sake ( *eapness suppress ?is plat9um po9t1 b !y are wrong1 ! sav+ is slight & ! result defective4 ,! au?or objects to conductors made ( b> iron because ! jo9ts are always defective1 & if ! section be too small !y may be s heat$ z to set fire to ! *>coal 9 :i* ! l[] extremity is buri$4767 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or pref]s a rope1 b he does n say :e!r ( iron or copp]1 & he puts a /r& ( hemp 9 ! middle s z to make x m pliable4 8,arriv$ at ! gr\nd ! conductor ought n to be 9 imm$iate contact ) ! e>?1 = ! damp w\ld sl[ly de/roy x2 we avoid ?is 787 by mak+ x pass ?r\gh a tr\gh fill$ ) coke4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t iron ?us buri$ 9 coke und]goes no *ange ev5 dur+ ?irty ye>s4444 ,brok5 coke is bett] ?an *>coal because ( ! great quantity ( wat] :i* x absorbs40 ,! au?or !n says t aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?is tr\gh ! conductor mu/ be cont9u$ into a well1 or into v moi/ e>?1 & %\ld end ) a dis*>g] l a =k ) _m prongs4 ,he recomm5ds t all ! iron be galvaniz$4 ,al?\gh ! conclud+ p>agraph1 com+ f a manufactur]1 s\nds r l self-recomm5dation1 x und\bt$ly conta9s important tru?s4 ,m4 ,j>riant says3-- 8,i _c too /rongly advise t 9 erect+ conductors ^? speciali/s %\ld be employ$1 ^: /udies & con/ant practice enable !m to ensure p]fect "w4 ,x is necess>y also t e workman %\ld rememb] t 9 plac+ a lightn+ conductor he holds 9 8 h&s ! lives ( m51 t he %\ld feel consci5ti\sly int]e/$ 9 ! p]fection ( 8 "w1 &1 f9ally1 t he %\ld feel t x is a mission :i* he fulfils1 & n a m]e matt] ( trade at :i* he works40 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,arms ,,ammunition ,,factory ,,at ,,dum ,,dum1 ,,calcutta4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,john/on4 ,gov]nm5t ,telegraph ,press4 #ahgh4 #dto4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,?is is an int]e/+ report ( a c>eful inspection & an electrical te/+1 by a skill$ electrician1 ( ! lightn+ conductors at ?is place4 ,al?\gh mo/ c>efully protect$ by well arrang$ & adequate copp] rods1 copp] b&s1 iron rods1 & iron tubes1 & t]m9at$ 9 po9ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! po9ts 7 cov]$ ei!r ) ru/ or ) pa9t1 & t ! e>? connections 7 s bad z to r5d] ! build+s unsafe1 al?\gh !re 0 no difficulty 9 obta9+ a good e>? at any "p ( ! factory4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,david ,,brooks4 ,philadelphia4 #ahgh4 #hvo4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,a pamphlet by a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican telegraph eng9e]1 giv+ 8 view on ! magnitude & orig9 ( atmosph]ic electricity1 :i* he attributes pr9cipally to ! friction ( air on ice 9 ! ,pol> regions1 & :i* circulates s\?w>ds 9 ! high] regions ( ! air1 & nor?w>ds 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce also ,aurora ,borealis :i* is always prec$$ by high w9ds & mo/ frequ5t :5 ! e>? is cov]$ ) sn[4 ,?und]cl\ds are usually ab\t #b miles high & f #ac to #bc miles ?ick4 ,lightn+ is mu* less frequ5t 9 m\nta9\s ?an 9 pla9 c\ntries4 ,copp] lightn+ conductors are (t5 appli$ to iron %ips & iron build+s1 b absurdly1 z !y are 9 su* cases sup]flu\s4 ,! au?or advocates imm5se e>? plates :]e !re are no gas- & wat]-pipes1 :i* he calls ! be/ lightn+ rods ev] erect$1 because !y are electrically 9 p]fect connection ) ! e>?4 ,! track ( a railway makes a capital e>?4 ,he has nev] kn[n an accid5t :]e prop] conductors 7 us$1 :]eas he has kn[n _m accid5ts f imp]fectly & improp]ly con/ruct$ lightn+ rods1 ?\gh ( ! late/ & mo/ approv$ pat5ts4 ,,catalogue ,,messrs4 ,a4 ,,coll9 ,,et ,,fils1 ,article ,,p>atonn]res4 ,p>is4 #dto4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! au?ors /ate t a ,municipal ,commission has recomm5d$1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r po9ts1 copp] ab\t in* diamet]1 t]m9at+ 9 a cone ( #cj4 ,z to ! area protect$ ,messrs4 ,coll9 ref] to ! reports ( ! ,academy 9 #ahbc & #ahed1 admitt+1 z a limit ( protect$ area1 a circumf]5ce ( :i* ! radius equals d\ble ! height ( ! upp] t]m9al = slightly elevat$ build+s1 & simply ! height = t[]s1 c41 b ?is rule is badly def9$4 ,! au?ors quote =mul bas$ ^u ! assum$ altitude ( ! /orm cl\d1 b /ate !m to be unreliable4 ,! ,academy 9 #ahed reports t an electrifi$ cl\d is equally attract$ at equal di/ances by a metallic "p ( ! ro( & by ! t]m9al ( ! conductor4 ,expos$ po9ts ( p9nacles1 c41 are to be unit$ to ma9 conductors4 ,if copp] be too exp5sive use iron wire4 ,! conductors are to be support$ at ab\t #aj c5timetres 7#d ins47 f walls & ro(s4 ,! ,academy recomm5ds !m to be isolat$ on glass or porcela91 b ! ,new ,commission rejects ?is1 & sugge/s t all metallic p>ts be unit$ to ! conductor1--also recomm5ds t wells be sunk to wat] level1 z e>? connections4 ,b ?is w\ld (t5 entail a dep? ( #bj to #ajj metres1 or ev5 m4 ,s ! conductors may be sunk into moi/ e>? & surr\nd$ ) coke1 & if necess>y1 may t]m9ate 9 a %eet ( copp]4 ,a good e>? is v important4 ,connection ) wat] ma9s advis$4 ,! au?ors h fix$ #h1jjj lightn+ conductors on _! pr9ciple )\t failure4 ,!y give engrav+s ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,!y engrave a diagram ( a p[d] magaz9e :i* !y propose to protect by a tall isolat$ lightn+ conductor fix$ at a di/ance f x1 & at su* a height z t x w be includ$ 9 a cone ^: radius is equal to ! height ( ! conductor4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,,novemb] #a/1 #ahgi4 7,ab/ract$ by ,alfr$ ,j4 ,fro/47 ,we le>n t a lightn+ rod company 9 ,c9c9atti has pat5t$ a sy/em ( lightn+ protection1 :i* consi/s ( an iron rod runn+ along ! ridge ( ! build+ ) po9ts at ea* end project+ upw>ds4 ,x is support$ ^u l>ge glass insulators1 & has no electrical connection ) ! build+1 & no rod runn+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is said t !re are _m public build+s 9 ,i[a :i* h be5 provid$ ) ?is sy/em ( lightn+ rods4 ,pr(essor ,macomb]1 ( ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college1 9 reply to an inquiry1 says t x w\ld be possible t a h\se insulat$ ) a glass f\ndation c\ld be /ruck by lightn+1 b adds1 8,by insulat+ a build+ ! t5d5cy to be /ruck by lightn+ w\ld be v mu* less5$1 & ! sev]ity ( ! %ock mu* decreas$4 ,practical illu/rations ( ?is c easily be obta9$ by means ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,a sp>k c be made to pass f ! ma*9e to an insulat$ body1 al?\gh ! =ce ( ! %ock w be mu* less ?an :5 n insulat$4 ,practically1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to insulate a build+1 because aft] ra9 comm5c$ to fall x w\ld wet x s t communication ) ! e>? w\ld be e/abli%$40 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,,k>/54 #bnd edition4 ,kiel1 #ahgi4 7,ab/ract$ by ,h4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,! au?or ( ?is pamphlet1 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,k>/51 /ates t ?und]/orms are p>ticul>ly dang]\s 9 ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,he attributes t fact to ! sc>city ( woods 9 t prov9ce1 n m ?an five p] c5t4 ( ! surface be+ wood$2 :il/ 9 ! ,prussian empire ! proportion ( woods is tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 ,woods promote a uni=m dampness ( ! atmosph]e & less5 ! up-curr5t ( air1 :i* up-curr5t contributes consid]ably to ! =mation ( ?und]/orms2 & ! woods ?us cause ! dis*>ges ( ! electricity to take place pr9cipally betwe5 ! cl\ds4 ,we d n yet "k ) c]ta9ty :at ! causes ( atmosph]ic electricity are1 b we d "k "u :at conditions or circum/ances ?und]/orms may occur4 ,?und]/orms are only =m$ :5 a viol5t cond5sation ( ! r>ifi$ p>ticles ( wat]1 :i* ! atmosph]e conta9s1 takes place4 ,su* a sudd5 cond5sation1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( a ?und]/orm1 may occur :5 two diff]5t masses ( air--! "o moi/ & w>m1 ! o!r dry & cold--int]mix rapidly4 ,! =m] ( ^! curr5ts we call ! ,s\?1 or ,equatorial curr5t1 ! latt] ! ,nor?1 or ,pol> curr5t4 ,if ^! curr5ts p5etrate ea* o!r1 or int]mix sl[ly1 long cont9u$ falls ( sn[ & ra9 ensue2 if !y mix rapidly ?und]/orms are =m$ dur+ ! w>m] seasons1 & sometimes also dur+ ! cold] seasons4 ,! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 ,prov9cial ,fire ,insurance ,association alone paid1 9 sixte5 ye>s1 ! sum ( #ajb1hcb 7an av]age ( #f1dbg7 = damages caus$ by lightn+4 ,?is prov9ce loses altoge!r #ab1ejj p] annum ?r\gh fires caus$ by lightn+4 ,! au?or's v int]e/+ rem>ks on ! con/ruction ( lightn+ conductors are briefly summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]al rules3 #a4 ,copp] & iron =m ! be/ mat]ials = lightn+ conductors2 lead & z9c may be us$ = second>y conductors4 7,neb5leitung547 #b4 ,if ! conductor be con/ruct$ ( iron1 x %\ld weigh f #a1bjj to #c1djj grammes p] metre 7#b lbs4 to #g lbs4 p] y>d71 accord+ to its l5g?2 a copp] conductor %\ld weigh1 "u ! same circum/ances1 f #bej to #fjj grammes p] metre 7 lb4 to #a lbs4 p] y>d74 #c4 ,! conductor mu/ be connect$ ) all ! project+ corn]s & po9t$ p>ts ( ! build+4 #d4 ,!re mu/ be no %>p curves or b5ds 9 ! conductor4 #e4 ,! conductor mu/ be connect$ ) all ! l>ge & ext5sive masses ( metal t may be ab\t ! build+4 ,?is connection may be made by wires lead+ t[>ds ! rod1 z well z 9 ! direction ( ! e>? contact4 #f4 ,! rods mu/ be surm\nt$ by good po9ts1 :i* mu/ n be liable to be fus$ by ! dis*>ges ( ! electricity4 #g4 ,! height ( ! rods mu/ be 9 proportion to ! size & %ape ( ! build+s2 b x is bett] to erect sev]al %ort rods ?an "o extraord9>ily long "o4 #h4 ,9 mak+ ! connection ) ! e>? all %>p curves mu/ be avoid$4 #i4 ,! und]gr\nd "p ( ! conductor mu/ be made ( galvaniz$ metal1 s z to m9imise ! effects ( oxidation1 or1 9 case a lay] ( coke is us$1 to prev5t ! action ( ! sulphur4 #aj4 ,! e>?-contact %\ld t]m9ate 9 a plate1 :i*1 if possible1 %\ld always be imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,if ?is c be s arrang$ ! plate mu/ h a surface ? ( a squ>e metre 7#a foot squ>e7 = conductors = small build+s1 :il/ a plate ( a surface ( #b squ>e metres 7#e feet squ>e7 w be suffici5t = conductors = ! l>ge/ build+s4 #aa4 ,:]e a p]man5t contact ) wat] _c be e/abli%$1 sev]al plates ( a l>g] size mu/ be us$1 & laid 9 a /ratum ( coke4 #ab4 ,9 ! case ( v l>ge build+s1 provid$ ) sev]al rods & second>y conductors1 sev]al e>?-contacts %\ld be made :i* %\ld be connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,) ref]5ce to ! upp] t]m9al po9t1 ! au?or rem>ks1 9 an app5dix to ! second edition ( 8 pamphlet1 t x %\ld be made ( a conical =m ( a basis ( f #bj to #cj millimetres 7#jh 94 to #ab 9471 & ( a l5g? ( #aej millimetres 7#f in*es72 x mu/ consi/ ( pure copp] & be gild$4 ,x is useful to provide x ) a plat9um ne$le #ae millimetres 7half an in*7 long1 & ab\t #d millimetres 7#jb in*7 ?ick at its base2 or ) a cone ( *emically pure silv]1 ! proportion betwe5 ^: base & height mu/ be z #b 3 #c4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,&]son1 ,london1 #ahgi4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,hi/orical ,facts-- ,! foll[+ are brief ref]5ces to "s ( ! pr9cipal facts record$ 9 ?is volume3-- #afjj ,a4,d4 ,dr4 ,gilb]t %[$ t magnetic & electrical ph5om5a 7 emanations ( "o =ce4 #afej4 ,otto ,von ,gu]icke con/ruct$ a little electrical ma*9e 7ma9ly ( a ball ( sulphur on a revolv+ axis74 ,sir ,i4 ,newton con/ruct$ a ma*9e ( glass1 b us$ x m]ely = amusem5t4 #afge4 ,! pol>ity ( a %ip's compass 0 f\nd to be rev]s$ by a /roke ( lightn+4 #agjh4 ,dr4 ,wall said t ! light & crackl+ ( rubb$ amb] seem$ 9 "s degree to resemble lightn+ & ?und]4 #agji4 ,f4 ,hauksbee1 ,f4,r4,s41 %[$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! electric fla% & lightn+4 #agbj4 ,s4 ,gray1 ,f4,r4,s41 %[$ ?is by exp]im5t1 b 0 discr$it$4 #agde4 ,! fir/ great /ep 9 ?is sci5ce 0 made at ,leyd51 by ,j4 ,n4 ,allam& & ,p4 van ,muss*5broek1 :o discov]$ ! prop]ties ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,! priority ( ?is inv5tion disput$ by ,dr4 ,w9ckl]1 ( ,leipzig2 a mania = exp]im5ts arose4 ,l\is ,,xv4 tri$ !m1 unsuccessfully1 on #ahj ( 8 ,gu>ds2 b ) p]fect success on #gjj ,c>?usian ,monks4 #agdf4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ( ,philadelphia1 saw "s electrical exp]im5ts1 & 9 #agdg receiv$ a glass tube & "s books on electricity f ,london2 !n began to make exp]im5ts2 sold 8 bus9ess1 b\ght app>atus & made electricity 8 /udy4 ,discov]$ t electricity pass$ mo/ easily & quickly ?r\gh %>ply po9t$ metals2 t x 0 positive & negative2 & t lightn+ & electricity 7 id5tical4 ,he s5t ^! results to ! ,royal ,society1 :o refus$ to all[ !m to appe> 9 _! ,transactions2 he !n publi%$ !m 9 a pamphlet4 ,x 0 n appreciat$ 9 ,engl&1 b met ) great applause 9 ,france1 & 0 also translat$ into ,g]man1 ,italian & ,lat94 #agdg4 ,! subject 0 tak5 up 9 ,engl& 9 a ?or\ghly practical mann]4 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,mr4 ,folkes1 ,"l ,c4 ,cav5di%1 ,dr4 ,bevis1 c41 exp]im5t$ on a wire /ret*$ across ! ,?ames4 ,! *>ge 0 f\nd to come back by ! wat]4 ,! same result foll[$ ?r\gh moi/ e>?4 ,a gun 0 fir$ at a di/ance ( f\r miles2 ! passage ( ! *>ge appe>+ to be in/antane\s4 ,new exp]im5ts 7 made by ,dr4 ,watson ) glass rods1 #b & #c feet long & #a in* diamet]4 ,^! %[$ t ! rods1 c41 conta9$ electricity only z a sponge holds wat]4 #ageb4 ,exp]im5ts by ,messrs4 ,dalib>d & ,de ,lor1 at ,m>ly-la-,ville1 ne> ,p>is1 9 ,may1 describ$4 #ageb4 ,july4 ,frankl9 tri$ 8 ,kite successfully1 !n 8 fame 0 e/abli%$1 & he erect$1 on 8 own h\se1 ! fir/ lightn+ rod4 #agec4 ,pr(4 ,ri*mann1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 kill$ :il/ exp]im5t+4 ,! use ( conductors oppos$1 viol5tly 9 ,france1 by ,abb ,nollet4 #agee4 ,an e>?quake at ,massa*usets1 0 laid to ! *>ge ( ! num]\s lightn+ conductors4 ,frankl9 pu%$ _! use by means ( 8 publication1 8,poor ,ri*>d10 :i* _h an enorm\s circulation2 p>ticul>s giv5 %[+ success ( lightn+ conductors4 #agfb4 ,! fir/ lightn+ conductor us$ 9 ,engl&1 & ,dr4 ,watson ask$ to s5d 9 designs = lightn+ rods = %ips4 ,he did s1 b 9 an unpractical way1 & !y 7 disus$4 #agfd4 ,/4 ,bride's /eeple /ruck4 #agfi4 ,! ,dean & ,*apt] ask$ ,royal ,society = advice z to protect+ ,/4 ,paul's4 ,committee ( ,royal ,society disagre$ z to :e!r rods %\ld be po9t$4 ,po9t$ rods 7 us$4 #agfi4 ,! fir/ conductor fix$ to a public build+ 9 ,europe 0 to a *ur* /eeple 9 ,hamburg4 ,de ,saussure1 at ,g5eva1 _h "s difficulty 9 expla9+ to ! citiz5s t 8 conductors 7 n dang]\s to 8 neighb\rs4 ,!re 0 a great fe>1 g5]ally1 z to _! use1 e4g41 a lightn+ rod 0 erect$1 secretly1 by ! ,prie/s at ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a1 & excit$ great t]ror 9 ! t[nsm5 :5 discov]$1 b a t]rific /roke ( lightn+ left ! t[] un9jur$4 #aggb4 ,dr4 ,+5h\sz's exp]im5ts4 #aggd4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,padua protect$ by conductors4 #aggg4 ,a build+ at ,purfleet 0 /ruck ?\gh x _h a conductor1 b ?is 0 %[n to be defective4 ,sir ,j4 ,pr+le _h to resign 8 ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society because he advocat$ po9ts1 b exp]im5ts 7 made & end$ 9 fav\r ( po9ts4 #aggh4 ,! ,v5etians decre$ t lightn+ rods %\ld be erect$ ?r\gh\t ! ,republic4 #ahai4 ,electro-magnetism discov]$ by r/$4 #ahbb4 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris took up ! "q ( provid+ good conductors = %ips1 & aft]w>ds made a li/ ( #bej accid5ts to %ips 9 #dj ye>s2 also ( #bjj seam5 kill$ or w\nd$ 9 t "t4 ,at ?is "t no importance 0 atta*$ to ! subject 9 ,engl&1 except 9 ! case ( ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris4 ,he insi/$ on ! necessity ( lightn+ rods4 ,a commission ( inquiry 0 appo9t$ by ,h4,m4 ,gov]nm5t to inve/igate ! be/ me?od ( apply+ lightn+ rods to ,h4,m4's %ips1 & !y report$ 79 #hj pages folio7 t lightn+ rods 7 r new fangl$ ?+s1 b might be tri$1 )\t special h>m to anybody4 ,s mo/ %ips 7 fitt$ ) !m aft] ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's design4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #ahdg4 ,an iron built %ip1 metal rigg$1 is z well protect$ f lightn+ z ,solomon's ,temple4 ,h>ris combat$ ! op9ion ( ^? :o said t lightn+ rods attract$ lightn+4 ,ev5 9 #ahbf a gov]nm5t eng9e] recomm5d$1 on ?is gr\nd1 t all lightn+ rods %\ld be pull$ d[n1 &1 9 #ahch1 ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,india ord]$ ?is by ! advice ( 8 8sci5tific (fic]s40 ,?is 0 n c\nt]m&$ until sev]al build+s _h be5 de/roy$4 ,army circul>s are n[ regul>ly issu$1 conta9+ ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris's sugge/ions4 7,^! quot$ by ,mr4 ,&]son74 ,sir ,c4 ,b>ry sugge/$ t ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris %\ld design lightn+ conductors = new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,he report$ 9 #ahee4 ,he us$ conductors ( #b in* copp] tubes1 ?-in* ?ick1 to t[]s & o!r elevat$ p>ts1 secur$ to masonry by metal /aples4 ,! co/ 0 #b1cad4 ,z to conductors1 ,le ,roy recomm5d$ t !y %\ld rise n less ?an #ae feet above *imney & summit ( any edifice4 ,mr4 ,&]son gives te*nical names ( p>ts ( lightn+ rods 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,*a9s fir/ us$1 & gave rise to _m accid5ts4 ,t9 & lead conductors tri$2 lead especially1 f its easy application to %>p curves1 c41 b x is liable to be brok51 & is a bad conductor2 s x w5t out ( use4 ,"s p>ticul> build+s are con/antly "u attack f lightn+1 e4g41 ,*ur* ( ,ros5b]g 9 ,c>9?ia1 n /&+ 9 a v high position1 b grevi\sly damag$ 9 #agcj1 c42 rebuilt 9 #aggh1 ) lightn+ rod1 & n injur$ s9ce4 ,"s ( ^! effects may be expla9$ on meteorological gr\nds3 ! height & ?ickness ( ! *>g$ cl\ds only slightly v>y+1 p]haps1 9 di/ricts :]e !re are prevail+ w9ds4 ,! height ( cl\ds sometimes enorm\s4 ,in/ances are giv5 ( _! be+ #ae1jjj to #be1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,b sometimes cl\ds are almo/ flat on ! e>?1 two in/ances are giv5 ( ?is4 ,a rem>kable & (t5 fatal dis*>ge is ! 8return /roke10 always less viol5t ?an ! direct /roke1 b (t5 v p[]ful1 & caus$ by ! inductive action ex]t$ by a ?und]-cl\d4 ,m5 & animals are *>g$ ) opposite electricity to ! cl\d4 ,:5 ! latt] is dis*>g$ by ! recomb9ation ( its electricity ) t ( ! gr\nd1 ! induction ceases1 & all bodies *>g$ by induction return to a neutral condition4 ,h5ce ! dang]\s 8return /roke40 ,"l ,mahon fir/ demon/rat$ ?is by exp]im5t4 ,z to orig9 ( atmosph]ic electricity1 ,de ,saussure consid]$ x due to ! evaporation ( wat] by ! sun's heat4 ,pelti] 7#agfe-ahde7 consid]$ ! e>? itself to be "o imm5se res]voir ( electricity4 ,z light comes f ! sun1 s electricity is g5]at$ by heat f ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,no electricity is produc$ by atmosph]e1 nor held by x1 except tempor>ily4 ,!re is no record$ case 9 :i* a well made lightn+ rod1 ) 8good e>?10 did n d its duty4 ,9 #ahbb !re 0 an extraord9>y numb] ( ?und] /orms 9 ,france1 s lightn+ rods 7 ord]$ by ,m9i/] ( ,int]ior = all public build+s1 & he appli$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = advice4 #ahbc4 ,a ,committee 7,gray ,lussac1 c47 report$4 ,!y laid x d[n1 z a rule1 t a lightn+ rod protect$ a circul> area1 hav+ a radius ( d\ble ! height ( ! rod2 & !y said no?+ ab\t regul> inspection ( lightn+ rods4 ,s disa/]s occurr$1 & ano!r ,committee 0 appo9t$ 7,p\illet1 c474 ,!y report$ #ahed4 ,! !ory z to ! protect$ area 0 ab&on$4 ,x 0 recomm5d$ t lightn+ rods %\ld h z few jo9ts z possible4 ,! jo9ts to be well sold]$1 ! po9ts to be ( copp] 7n plat9um71 & n to be v f9ely po9t$4 ,! rods to be ( copp]1 n iron4 ,! ,l\vre 0 well protect$ by lightn+ rods1 b slightly injur$1 #ahed4 ,ano!r ,committee 0 appo9t$1 &1 #ahee1 ,p\illet aga9 report$ on its behalf4 ,x recomm5d$ t ! po9ts 7always ( copp]7 %\ld be ?ick]1 & ! rod to h a nev]-fail+ connection ) wat] or moi/ e>?1 #ahff4 ,sev]al ,fr5* p[d] magaz9es 7 /ruck ?\gh provid$ ) lightn+ rods1 & ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> ask$ ! ,academy = ano!r report4 ,ano!r ,committee 7,becqu]el1 c47 0 appo9t$1 &1 #ahfg1 ,p\illet aga9 report$4 ,he def9es lightn+ z an imm5se electric sp>k pass+ f "o cl\d to ano!r1 or f cl\d to e>?1 to re/ore equilibrium4 ,! be/ protection = a build+ w\ld be iron rods surr\nd+ x on all sides1 & pass+ deep into gr\nd4 ,conductors %\ld be inspect$ e ye>4 ,! conductor n[ rema9s ess5tially z ,frankl9 inv5t$ x4 ,( ! inn] nature ( 8lightn+0 we are utt]ly ignorant4 ,! fir/ conductors 7 always ( iron z be+ *eap4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy po9t$ out ! diff]5t conduct+ p[]s ( diff]5t metals4 ,becqu]el1 ,l5z1 ,ohm1 & ,p\illet made simil> inve/igations1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,silv]4 ,copp]4 ,lead4 ,t94 ,iron4 ,iron #a ,copp] ,davy #ajia #ajj #fia #adf #fhe ,becqu]el #gce #ajj #hc #aee #aeh #fcc ,l5z #acfbe #ajj #adfb #cjhd #aggd #efd ,ohm #cefj #ajj #ig #afh #agd #ege ,p\illet #habf #ajj #ahb to #edi to #aef #fda 7,! diff]5ce be+ ow+1 probably1 to ! great] or less purity ( ! ,metals47 #ahae4 ,brass wire rope g5]ally us$ 9 ,bav>ia1 b a /eeple 0 /ruck d[n ?\gh ) a brass wire conductor #a in* diamet]4 ,! real defect 0 8bad e>?10 b attribut$ to bad =m ( conductor2 s ?is 0 ab&on$4 ,brass n a reliable metal1 & (t5 de/roy$ by smoke4 ,purity ( copp] ess5tial4 ,pr(essor ,mat?iess5s' exp]im5ts %ew$ t ! conductivity ( copp] v>i$ f-- ,pure #ajj to ,au/ralian #hhhf ,russian #eicd & ,spani%1 ,rio ,t9to #adbd ,hotel de ,ville1 ,brussels1 lightn+ rods design$ by ,pr(essor ,mels5s on ! pr9ciple ( a great numb] ( small ones 9 pref]5ce to "o ( l>ge size1 & cov]+ build+ ) network ( metal1 hav+ _m po9ts & _m e>? contacts4 ,he consid]s t ! relation ( section to surface ( ! lightn+ rod has a m>k$ & def9ite1 ?\gh unkn[n1 result4 ,au?or describes wea!rcocks & me?ods ( fix+ !m4 ,lightn+ rods g5]ally--me?ods us$ 9 ,france3 ,t]m9al rods1 usually ( wr\ght iron1 galvaniz$2 _! height dep5ds on ! size & area ( build+ x protects4 ,?is is g5]ally to be consid]$ to be )9 a cone ( revolution1 ( :i* ! radius height ( rod above ridge #age4 ,po9ts describ$4 ,! conductors are ( iron1 rebat$1 sold]$1 & bolt$ at jo9ts1 ) lead betwe54 ,b5t plates ( copp] introduc$ to provide aga9/ contraction & expansion4 ,9 l>ge build+s1 metallic connections are =m$ on ridge by iron b>s- 94 94 ,precautions are tak5 aga9/ ! de/ruction ( iron und]gr\nd1 viz41 by enclos+ x 9 v]tical spr9ts ( wood1 t>r$ or creosot$1 ris+ a few in*es above gr\nd1 or by a coat+ ( t> or by a wrapp] ( %eet lead4 ,! e>? connection is a tr\gh fill$ ) brok5 *>coal1 ?r\gh :i* ! conductor passes1 end+ 9 sev]al bran*es1 or 9 a grat+ betwe5 lay]s ( *>coal4 ,galvaniz$ iron cables sometimes us$1 & 7r>ely7 copp] ( 94 diamet]4 ,am]ica4 ,gutt]s & wat] pipes1 c41 us$ :]e possible4 ,if ! ro( be ( wood1 slate1 c41 a conductor is laid along ridge1 & connect$ ) gutt]s & ra9 wat] pipes4 ,if ^! latt] be less ?an #c 94 diamet]1 ! conductor is (t5 ext5d$ f ro( d[n ! side ( build+ close to ! pipe4 ,all metal *imney caps1 rail+s1 wat] & gas pipes1 & o!r l>ge or long pieces ( metal1 inside & out1 are connect$ ) conductor4 ,! upp] t]m9al usually projects #d ft4 above *imney or o!r highe/ "p ( build+4 ,x is a r\nd rod1 #g_/af? 94 diamet]1 hamm]$ out to jo9 x to conductor4 ,a build+ #be ft4 wide & broad has "o t]m9al 9 c5tre & "o at ea* end4 ,9 l>g] build+s1 "o t]m9al to ea* #bj ft4 ( ro(4 ,n always po9t$4 ,/eeples h horizontal conductors at e #bj feet1 connect$ ) v]tical conductors1 to provide aga9/ dis*>ge 9 c5tre1 caus$ by deflection ( dis*>ge 9 ! air by ra94 ,conductors are fix$ to build+s by iron /aples or /raps2 ! e>? connections are simil> to ours4 ,also are us$ iron pipes1 ab\t #c 94 diamet] & #aj ft4 long1 plac$ v]tically 9 moi/ e>? & c>efully connect$ ) conductor4 ,newall's sy/em3 ,copp] conductors are ! be/1 & 9 ! end1 *eape/4 ,t]m9al rods are usually #c to #e ft4 long1 & ? to 94 diamet]1 bran*+ out at top4 ,g]man 8reception rod0 describ$ z be+ ( iron1 #aj to #cj ft4 long2 ! area ( protection !ory discr$it$4 ,! electric fire1 seek+ its ne>e/ pa? to e>?1 is n to be div]g$ f x to ! rod4 ,^! high rods ( no use except1 e4g41 ne> high trees1 & are (t5 dang]\s f be+ bl[n d[n4 ,b>ns conta9+ new hay are likely to be /ruck1 z hay s5ds out /ream ( w>m air4 ,designs expla9$ = protect+ private h\ses by %ort t]m9al po9ts to *imneys1 gables1 c4 ,a copp] rope at lea/ ? 94 diamet] %\ld be us$2 a copp] rod1 94 diamet]1 has nev] be5 fus$1 s f> z is kn[n4 ,9 *imneys ( manufactories1 :]e rope is liable to corrosion1 a great] ?ickness %\ld be us$4 ,laughton-en-le-,mor!n /eeple injur$1 ?\gh ) lightn+ rod1 b ?is 0 only a small1 ?9 copp] tube1 ? 94 ext]nal diamet]1 & #a_/cb 94 ?ick2 weigh+ #hoz4 p] foot1 or equal to a rod ab\t #jab 94 diamet]1 ! jo9ts 7 corrod$1 & ! e>? contact 0 imp]fect4 ,nev]!less1 only "o buttress 0 injur$4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r ! conductor be inside or outside1 if x be c>ri$ to e>? by ! %orte/ r\te4 ,at fir/ x 0 m g5]ally put inside 9 ,france1 b ?is 0 giv5 up = fe> ( accid5ts4 ,b x is beyond controv]sy t a good conductor is absolutely h>mless to all surr\nd+ objects1 & a man might lean aga9/ a copp] half-in* rod1 c>ry+ (f a heavy /roke ( lightn+ into 8good e>?10 )\t be+ aw>e ( its pass+4 ,x is useless & dang]\s to isolate conductors f build+s4 ,all masses ( metal %\ld be connect$ ) conductors4 ,pr(4 ,cl]k ,maxwell's !ory describ$ 7z to disconnect+ ! conductors1 c41 f ! e>?73 ,he /ates t x is n necess>y to connect masses ( metal1 z eng9e tanks1 c41 if entirely )9 ! build+1 unless a conductor z1 e4g41 telegraph wire1 wat] or gas pipe come into ! build+ f outside1 !n !y mu/ be connect$ ) conductor4 ,li/ ( accid5ts f lightn+1 also dea?s or injuries 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ,prussia1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,sw$5 & ,au/ria4 ,p>ticul>s ( damage to ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 ,leice/]1 #ahdf1 & to ,we/-end ,*ur*1 ,s\?ampton4 ,also1 to ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,/4 ,bride's ,*ur*1 ,fleet ,/reet1 none ( ^! hav+ lightn+ rods4 ,wrexham ,*ur* /ruck1 ?is _h a copp] conductor1 b x 0 too small & ! e>? contact 0 d\btful4 ,li/ ( build+s /ruck at home & abroad f #aehi to ,septemb]1 #ahgi1 ! au?orities = ! /atem5ts be+ giv54 ,li/ ( p[d] magaz9es /ruck betwe5 #agcb & #ahgh4 ,e>? ,connections4 ,frankl9's report1 #aggb1 /rongly urges ! importance ( ?is1 9 speak+ ( ! p[d] magaz9e at ,purfleet4 ,9 ord9>y cases1 moi/ e>? is suffici5t1 b 9 su* a case z ?is he recomm5ds t a well %\ld be dug at ea* end ( magaz9e1 ) #c to #d ft4 ( wat] 9 x4 ,! importance ( 8good e>?0 is %ewn by num]\s accid5ts to build+s1 z1 e4g41 9 #aggi1 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ,g5oa1 &1 9 #ahgb1 ! ca!dral ( ,alatri1 9 :i* latt] case1 ! dis*>ge left moi/ e>? to pass (f by a wat] pipe1 :i* x broke2 b ! *ur* 0 un9jur$4 ,also at ,clev$on ,*ur*1 :]e ! conductor pass$ into a dra9 :i* 0 dry1 b ! /roke m]ely injur$ "o buttress & pass$ (f by gas & wat] pipes4 ,mr4 ,&]son /ates t e>? contacts mu/ be l>ge4 ,t x is important t metal "w be connect$ ) lightn+ rod 9 at lea/ two p>ts1 to realize a clos$ metallic circuit1 & s (f] entry & exit4 ,! e>? contacts ( ! eight conductors ( ! ,hotel de ,ville1 ,brussels1 describ$1 viz41 _! be+ enclos$ 9 an iron box1 #h 94 #c 94 #c 941 ) ?ree s]ies ( conductors 7details giv573 "o pass+ into a well1 ano!r to ! gas ma91 ! ?ird to wat] ma94 ,9 ord9>y build+s1 ! grat+1 ) *>coal1 coke1 or c9d]s1 c41 z be=e describ$1 may be suffici5t2 b ) l>ge build+s1 contact ) wat] is absolutely necess>y4 ,p]iodical inspection4 ,au?or /rongly urges ?is because conductors det]iorate f action ( w9d & wea!r above gr\nd2 ! 8e>?0 (t5 becomes bad1 ow+ to new dra9s1 c42 build+s may be alt]$ 9 reg>d ( ! quantity & position ( metals4 ,an in/ance is giv5 ( damage to a build+ ow+ to ! *ange ( position ( iron safe4 ,conductors are (t5 displac$ by workm52 & ! numb] & position ( new gas & wat] ma9s1 new trees1 c41 also influ5ce ! p[] ( conductors4 ,app5dix4 ,?is conta9s a v full li/ ( books relat+ to lightn+ conductors4 ,,report ,,^u ,,lightn+ ,,dis*>ges ,,9 ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,s*leswig-,,hol/e94 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,leonh>d ,,web]4 #ahhj4 #hvo4 7,ab/ract$ by ,alex&] ,siem5s74 ,! s]i\s damage caus$ 9 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 by lightn+ l$ to an (ficial inquiry into ! subject1 ! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( ! fir/ report ( ! commission4 ,x is /at$ t trees1 by _! gradual b un9t]rupt$ dis*>ge ( electricity1 h a disp]s+ effect ^u ?und]-cl\ds1 & t5d to less5 ! en]gy ( lightn+4 ,9 six cases out ( ! twelve exam9$1 h\ses ) trees close by1 7 /ruck1 b n s heavily z 9 ano!r case :]e ! build+ _h no protection :atev]4 ,trees d n1 h[ev]1 af=d complete protection to neighb\r+ build+s1 _! conductive capacities n be+ suffici5t to convey1 9 ! immeasurably %ort "t requir$1 su* heavy dis*>ges ( electricity z lightn+ fla%es4 ,?is is in/anc$ by _! be+ (t5 :olly1 or p>tially1 de/roy$ by ! curr5t1 or1 z occurr$ 9 f\r cases1 by _! pass+ x ov] to bett] conductors1 build+s1 c4 ,if a ?und]-cl\d pass$ ov] a p]fectly plane surface1 ! dis*>ge w\ld take place 9 a v]tical l9e betwe5 e>? & cl\d1 b prom95t objects1 su* z isolat$ trees1 build+s1 lightn+ conductors1 & iron pumps1 rea*+ d[n to und]gr\nd wat]1 act z attractive po9ts1 & div]t ! dis*>ge1 ! pa? ( :i* is also influ5c$ by any conductors :i* happ5 to come betwe5 !m & ! ?und]-cl\d1 su* influ5ce dep5d+ ^u ! capacity ( ! conductors4 ,s t1 g5]ally an electric dis*>ge *ooses t pa? :i*1 tak+ ! di/ance into acc\nt1 (f]s ! be/ means ( conduction4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd t inflammable mat]ial is /ruck by lightn+ )\t be+ ignit$1 on acc\nt1 x is presum$1 ( ! %ort duration ( dis*>ge n all[+ ! mat]ial to become suffici5tly hot to burn1 b :e!r ! duration ( dis*>ge is dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! *>ge ( ! ?und]-cl\d1 or solely ^u ! condition ( ! objects /ruck1 has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! latt] is1 h[ev]1 n )\t influ5ce1 z 9 two ( ! f\r cases :i* result$ 9 fire1 ! cause 0 presumably due to newly ga!r$ hay /or$ at ! top ( ! h\ses /ruck1 & 9 ! o!r two cases to trees1 :i* 7 /ruck at ! same "t1 ! hay & ! trees be+ bad conductors1 & prolong+ ! duration ( dis*>ge4 ,f\r cases are giv5 ( build+s hav+ lightn+ conductors be+ /ruck4 ,! fir/ case is t ( a w9dmill1 ! conductor ( :i* t]m9at$ 9 a %eet ( metal plac$ 9 a well ne> ! build+4 ,! dis*>ge 0 exce$+ly heavy1 b beyond ! plat9um po9t be+ almo/ entirely fus$1 no o!r damage 0 done4 ,! second is t ( a h\se ) two sep>ate lightn+ conductors1 ea* end+ 9 a copp] plate1 spirally coil$ up1 & laid 9 und]gr\nd wat]4 ,"o ( ! conductors 0 /ruck1 & ! lightn+ pass$ f x1 &1 runn+ horizontally along ! ?at*$ ro( ( ! h\se1 desc5d$ by ! o!r1 caus+ no damage4 ,! ?ird case ref]s to a *ur* &1 adjo9+ x1 a s*ool build+4 ,a portion ( ! dis*>ge 0 div]t$ f ! conductor by an an*or 9 ! *ur* wall ?ree metres (f 7:i* x magnetiz$71 & =c$ its way ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! s*ool-h\se to a numb] ( gas brackets1 :i* 7 turn$ up t[>ds ! ceil+4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! gr\nd floor ( ! h\se 0 completely "u wat]1 & well connect$ to e>? ?r\gh ! gas ma9s & an iron pump1 a good cont9u\s conductor ?us be+ =m$4 ,accord+ly1 ! report recomm5ds t lightn+ conductors %\ld be connect$ to ! l>ge masses ( metal1 su* z gas & wat] ma9s1 :i* are f\nd 9 our h\ses4 ,9 ! f\r? in/ance a *ur* _h a lightn+ conductor1 :i* 0 connect$ to ! top ( two l>ge iron supports runn+ ?r\gh ! /eeple to ! nave1 & :i* t]m9at$ 9 a coil$ e>?-plate1 #a sq4 metre 7#aa sq4 ft471 suppos$ to lie 9 wat] #g metres 7#bc ft47 und]gr\nd4 ,! lightn+ /ruck ! conductor &1 pass+ to ! iron supports1 sprang f "o ?r\gh ! out] wall1 close to an iron w9d[ frame1 & f ! o!r across ! /ucco ceil+1 go+ to e>? #ajj feet (f ?r\gh ! alt> gild+1 :i* x black5$4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd t ! copp] e>?-plate 0 only metre 7#a ft4 #a 94 sq471 & t x 0 buri$ loosely r\nd ! rod 9 dry s&1 ! rod itself rea*+ #b to #c metres fur!r d[n1 & j t\*+ wat] )\t an e>?-plate1 & also t ! two supports _h no e>? connection1 ?us =m+ a great dang] in/ead ( a safegu>d to ! *ur*4 ,,die ,,kon/ruktion ,,und ,,anlegung ,,d] ,,blitzableit] ,,zum ,,s*utze ,,all] ,,art5 ,,von ,,geb,,ud5 ,,sees*iff5 ,,und ,,telegraf5 ,,/ation54 ,,von ,,dr4 ,,otto ,,bu*n]4 ,weim>4 #ahfg4 #hvo4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,! book is divid$ into two p>ts3 #a4 ,g5]al1 or ,introductory1 & #b4 ,practical4 ,! fir/1 or ,introductory "p1 is sub-divid$ into3 #a4 ,hi/orical & /ati/ical notes2 #b4 ,! !ory ( atmosph]ic electricity1 & ( ! lightn+ conductor2 & #c4 ,a *apt] on natural lightn+ conductors4 ,! great philosoph]1 ,li*t5b]g1 ( ,gott+51 said 9 ! ye> #agid3 8,p are /ruck & _! dwell+s are de/roy$ by lightn+ because !y w h x s4 ,x does n matt] to u :e!r p>simony1 c>elessness1 ignorance1 or any?+ else is ! cause ( ?is40 ,! au?or ass]ts t ?is dictum may be equally appli$ to ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,w9kl]1 ( ,leipzig1 discov]$1 9 ! ye> #agdf1 t electricity is ! pr9cipal cause ( ?und]/orms4 ,! fir/ lightn+ conductor 9 ,g]many 0 erect$ #agfi1 at ,hamburg1 on ! /eeple ( ! ,jacobi ,*ur*4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahce & #ahfc1 a p]iod ( #ai ye>s1 #bbch p]sons 7 kill$ by lightn+ 9 ,france4 ,! maximum 9 "o ye> 7#ahce7 0 #aaa & ! m9imum #dh4 ,! total numb] ( p]sons /ruck by lightn+ am\nt$ to #fgad2 ( ?is l>ge numb] #agjj p]sons w\ld h escap$1 if !y _h be5 c>eful to avoid ! neighb\rhood ( trees1 :il/ ! /orms 7 rag+4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ! accid5ts caus$ by lightn+ occur dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/2 n a s+le fatal case is on record = ! mon?s ( ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,! annual av]age numb] ( p]sons kill$ by lightn+ 0 #c 9 ,belgium1 #bb 9 ,engl&1 & #aj 9 ,sw$54 ,9 ! l[-ly+ ,dep>tm5ts ( ,france ! av]age is #b or #c2 ! av]age increases rapidly = ! ,m\nta9\s ,dep>tm5ts to #bd1 #bh1 #ch1 #dd1 & 79 ,auv]gne7 #dh4 ,! p] c5tage ( males 9 ,france is #fg1 females #aj1 & 9 ! rema9+ cases ! sex 0 n /at$4 ,9 ,prussia ! proportion is #ahd males to #aje females1 9 ,sw$5 #e males to #c females4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( p]sons kill$ by "o dis*>ge is #h or #i4 ,! au?or /ates t ! return %ock is only me*anical 9 its effects4 ,pr(essor ,mll] lays d[n ! foll[+ conditions = lightn+ conductors3-- #a4 ,! rod mu/ end 9 a v %>p po9t4 #b4 ,!re mu/ be no want ( cont9uity betwe5 ! extreme po9t & ! e>? contact3 & #c4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! conductor mu/ be ( ! requisite dim5sions4 ,9 practice we f9d t ! fir/ m5tion$ condition is incorrect1 z %>p po9ts are too liable to be fus$4 ,! rod mu/ be made ( a pyramidal or a conical =m4 ,%ort rods ( n above #b metres 7#f feet #g in*es7 9 l5g? may be made ( a cyl9drical =m4 ,! be/ =m ( rod is "o tap]+ f a base ( f #ej to #fj millimetres 7#b in*es to #bd in*es7 9 diamet] to a diamet] ( n less ?an #ad millimetres 7#jef in*es74 ,z x is difficult to fix rods ( a height ( #aj metres 7#cc feet71 x is bett] to erect "o long rod1 & sev]al %ort] ones on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ro( & connect !m toge!r4 ,! pr9cipal rod %\ld h a height ( f #b to #c metres 7#h to #aj feet7 & ! second>y rods 7,neb5/ang57 %\ld be at lea/ #a metre 7#c feet #c in*es7 high4 ,! =m ( po9t univ]sally us$ 9 ,g]many is a /rongly firegild$ copp] cone4 ,kuhn advocates ! use ( *emically pure silv] = ! po9ts4 ,8 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is metal are incontrov]tible4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( silv] is #acf2 t ( pure copp] be+ #a4 ,! fusibility ( silv] 7#a1jjj c47 is suffici5tly high = ! purpose4 ,! atmosph]e1 unless x conta9s sulphur 9 a gase\s or a liquid =m1 has no effect on silv]4 ,silv] is *eap] ?an plat9um1 & n m exp5sive ?an a gild$ copp] cone1 & x c be easily sold]$ to o!r metals4 ,! po9t %\ld be screw$ on1 z well z sold]$ to ! rod4 ,all o!r b ! conical =m ( po9t %\ld be reject$4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ! e>? contact is galvanis$ iron4 ,z reg>ds ! protection ( sea-go+ vessels1 ,sn[ ,h>ris's arrangem5t1 conv]t+1 z x 71 ! vessel into "o mass ( metal1 is p]fect4 ,! fir/ practicable lightn+ conductor = ! protection ( telegraph wires 0 con/ruct$ by ,/e9heil 9 #ahdf4 ,8 arrangem5t 0 some:at modifi$ by ,breguet & ,f>dely4 ,meiszn] introduc$ a real improvem5t4 ,on ! ,prussian railway telegraphs two 8po9t-sy/ems0 are 9 use1 "o = small /ations1 & ! o!r = l>g] /ations4 ,x is desirable t all lightn+ conductors be exam9$ once a ye>4 ,! metallic connection ?r\gh\t mu/ be p]fect1 ! po9t mu/ be kept free f ru/1 & ! e>? contact mu/ be good4 ,! :ole circuit %\ld also be te/$ by means ( a batt]y & a galvanomet]4 ,,e>? ,,connections ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,,/o!rd1 ,r4,e4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,may #ab1 #ahge47 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,argu+ f ! case ( a p[d] magaz9e at ,ea/ ,london1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :5 ! iron conductor 0 l$ into a cem5t$ wat]-tank1 frequ5tly dry1 & :]e x 0 de/roy$1 ! au?or raises two que/ions3 #a4 ,%\ld su* tanks be us$ = e>?8 #b4 ,is iron ! prop] metal to use8 ,he gives a decid$ negative reply to ! fir/1 & advocates ! use ( galvaniz$ iron prop]ly protect$ f atmosph]ic action4 ,he sugge/s rods #a in* 9 diamet]1 or b&s #b;94 94 ?ick4 ,9 ! discussion :i* foll[$ x 0 m5tion$ t ! gr\nd ab\t ,torquay is s insulat$ t plates _h to be c>ri$ out to sea to secure a good e>? = ! telegraph !re1 & t ( ! num]\s *ur*es :i* _h be5 inspect$1 !re 0 n a s+le conductor t c\ld be pass$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t :5 copp] conductors 7 fix$ ) iron wall-eyes--a frequ5t ?+--galvanic curr5ts 7 set up1 & ! conductor de/roy$ at ! gr\nd l9e4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! e>? connection ( a suppos$ p]fect conductor 0 f\nd to be equal to a resi/ance ( #a1jjj ,ohms4 ,mr4 ,preece1 ,major ,malcolm1 ,r4,e41 ,dr4 ,mann1 ,mr4 ,pidgeon1 ,mr4 ,kempe1 ,mr4 ,graves1 ,mr4 ,spagnoletti1 & ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 took "p 9 ! discussion4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,"s ,,practical ,,po9ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,mann1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,meteor4 ,soc41 ,octob]1 #ahge74 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,/ates t !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples accept$ z e/abli%$ facts1 e4g41 t conductors %\ld be ( metal ( high conductivity1 & ( adequate dim5sions4 ,t 9 #ahed ! ,fr5* electricians held t a 8quadrangul> iron b> 94 diamet]1 0 suffici5t 9 conduct+ p[] = all purposes40 ,s9ce !n1 wire ropes1 ow+ to _! pliability1 h ne>ly sup]s$$ solid rods1 & copp] has be5 pref]r$ to iron because ( its high] conduct+ p[] & less liability to oxidise4 ,b provid$ t ! iron be galvaniz$1 & ( five times ! sectional area ( a copp] conductor1 consid]s ! metal immat]ial4 ,au?or /ates t ! resi/ance ( a conductor increases ) its l5g?1 !re=e sectional area ( conductor mu/ be increas$ = l(ty build+s4 ,mod]n ,fr5* electricians employ copp] rope #jd to #jh 94 diamet]4 ,m4 ,r4 ,francisque ,mi*el consid]s galvaniz$ iron wire rope #jh 94 diamet] suffici5t = all ord9>y cases4 ,copp] wire rope #je 94 diamet] 7#f oz4 p] foot7 rec5tly appli$ to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,importance ( p]fect e>? connection /rongly insi/$ ^u1 b x is matt] ( "s difficulty1 & ! oxidation ( ! e>? t]m9als1 & _! ineffici5cy d\btless lead to mo/ ( ! report$ failures ( lightn+ conductors4 ,au?or quotes ,p\illet & ,becqu]el1 z say+1 t = ! effici5t dis*>ge ( ! lightn+1 :i* c\ld be c>ri$ by a copp] rod #jh 94 diamet]1 contact mu/ be obta9$ ) #a1bjj squ>e y>ds ( moi/ e>?1 b ?is l>ge requirem5t c only easily be obta9$ 9 t[ns by connection ) ! wat] ma9s4 ,v>i\s modes ( obta9+ adequate e>? contact by iron h>r[s1 ,callaud's grapnel 9 basket ( coke1 c41 describ$4 ,expla9s ! rationale ( te/+ goodness ( e>? curr5ts by ! galvanomet]4 ,calls att5tion to ! de/ruction ( upp] t]m9als ( conductors to factory *imneys by ! emission ( sulphur\s fumes1 & sugge/s t !y might be cas$ 9 lead4 ,calls att5tion to ! importance ( e jo9t be+ made absolutely p]fect4 ,urges ! sup]iority ( po9ts = upp] t]m9als1 ow+ to _! facilitat+ sil5t dis*>ge1 & r5d]+ lat]al dis*>ges f ! conductor less probable4 ,?9ks t multiple po9ts ( copp] kept fairly %>p & clean are1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ upp] t]m9als4 ,consid]s t all l>ge masses ( metal 9 a build+ %\ld be connect$ ) ! conductor2 b quotes ,m4 ,callaud1 :o holds ! opposite view4 ,dr4 ,mann1 h[ev]1 po9ts out t if ! conductor be effici5t & p]fect1 ! accid5ts :i* ,m4 ,callaud contemplates1 & on :i* he bases 8 argum5ts1 c\ld n occur4 ,calls att5tion to ! ready pa? af=d$ by ! column ( heat$ smoke dis*>g$ by *imneys1 & h5ce alludes to ! plac+ ( a coronal conductor1 z well z a multiple po9t on important *imneys4 ,sugge/s ! utilization ( ra9 wat] pipes1 by p]fect+ _! jo9ts1 & secur+ a good e>? connection at _! base4 ,,on ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,build+s ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,br\gh1 #dto1 ,,mussoorie1 #ahgh4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,a c>efully prep>$ !oretical & practical pap]1 adapt$ = use 9 ,india4 ,au?or advocates ! use ( iron f its high] temp]ature ( fusion1 & great] specific heat ?an copp]1 its long protection f decay by galvanization & its *eapness4 ,he pref]s wire cables f ! abs5ce ( jo9ts 9 !m4 ,he gives precise in/ructions = ! =mation ( a good e>?1 & advocates p]iodic electrical te/s4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,by ,pr(essors ,,ayrton & ,,p]ry4 7,j\rnal ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s4 ,vol4 ,v41 #ahgf1 p4 #dab47 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e47 ,! au?ors controv]t ,cl>k ,maxwell's views t a build+ w\ld be p]fectly protect$ f lightn+ by be+ enclos$ 9 a network1 or cage ( wires1 )\t ! use ( ! e>?4 ,!y object to ! application ( ! laws ( /atic electricity alone to su* a case4 ,curr5t induction int]v5es1 & ?is is n subject to ! scre5+ action ( a cage4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh a metallic cage may assi/ ! protection ( a h\se1 x does n d s p]fectly4 ,,on ,,! ,,prop] ,,=m ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,c4,e4 7,briti% ,association ,report1 #ahhj74 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,au?or /ates t ev] s9ce lightn+ conductors h be5 us$1 !re h be5 disputes z to :e!r ! dis*>ge passes ov] ! surface ( conductors or ?r\gh _! mass4 ,sn[ ,h>ris1 ,h5ry1 ,mels5s1 & ,guillem9 h held t x pass$ ov] ! surface2 ,f>aday held ! opposite view4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! surface =m are1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 d$uctions f explod$ !ories1 f imp]fect exp]im5ts1 or f errone\s int]pretations ( well asc]ta9$ facts4 ,no direct exp]im5ts h ev] be5 made to solve ! "q1 z f> z ! au?or kn[s4 ,quantities ( electricity1 t is /atic dis*>ges f cond5s]s1 are 9 incessant use = telegraphic purposes1 & are f\nd to foll[ exactly ,ohm's laws1 ev5 ) ! mo/ delicate app>atus4 ,! k ( ! fl[ ( electricity ?r\gh conductors1 ( ! ret>d+ influ5ce ( electro/atic capacity ^u ?is fl[1 & ( ! di/ribution ( *>ge1 has become s mu* great] ( late ye>s ?r\gh ! great ext5sion ( subm>9e telegraphy & ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & o!rs1 t ! au?or que/ions if any ,engli% electrician w\ld n[ be f\nd to argue 9 fav\r ( ! surface =m4 ,nev]!less1 z ribbons & tubes /ill cont9ue to be us$1 & x appe>$ v desirable to settle ! "q exp]im5tally1 ! au?or det]m9$ to try & d s4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5ts1 ,june #bh1 #ahhj4 ,dr4 ,w>r5 de la ,rue1 :o is always ready to place 8 spl5didly equipp$ laboratory at ! s]vice ( sci5ce1 n only all[$ ! au?or to use 8 enorm\s batt]y & 8 v>i\s appliances1 b aid$ him by 8 advice1 & assi/$ him 9 conduct+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,copp] conductors1 #cj feet long1 ( precisely ! same mass1 7a7 drawn into a solid cyl9d]1 7b7 made into a ?9 tube1 & 7c7 roll$ into a ?9 ribbon1 7 fir/ ( all obta9$4 ,! s\rce ( electricity 0 #c1bdj *loride ( silv] cells4 ,! *>ge 0 accumulat$ 9 a cond5s] ( a capacity ( #dbh micr(>ads4 ,x 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh plat9um wire ( #jabe diamet]1 ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! sudd5 dis*>ge ( su* a l>ge quantity ( electricity z t conta9$ by #dbh mf4 rais$ to a pot5tial ( #c1cage volts is v difficult to measure4 ,x p>takes v mu* ( ! "* ( lightn+4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial p] unit l5g? ( air is probably great] ?an t ( ord9>y lightn+ itself4 ,x completely deflagrates #b in*es ( ! plat9um wire1 b by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! wire x c\ld be made to reproduce all ! diff]5t phases ( heat :i* are indicat$ by ! v>i\s %ades ( r$ until we rea* :ite heat1 fusion1 & deflagration4 ,h5ce ! "* ( ! deflagration1 :i* is 7by its scatt]$ p>ticles7 fai?fully record$ on a :ite c>d to :i* ! wire is atta*$1 is a fairly approximate measure ( ! *>ge t has pass$1 :ile ! l5g? ( wire1 rais$ to a dull r$ heat1 is a bett] "o1 = any v>iation 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t )9 mod]ate limits is fai?fully record$ by ! *ange ( col\r4 ,footnote #e3 ,! electromotive =ce ( ! *loride ( ! silv] cell is #ajc volt4 ,exp]im5t #a4--,simil> *>ges 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! ribbon1 tube1 & wire1 & 9 ea* case #b in*es ( wire 7 deflagrat$4 ,no diff]5ce :atev] c\ld be detect$ 9 ! "* ( ! deflagration4 ,exp]im5t #b4--,t5 in*es ( wire 7 tak5 & simil> *>ges pass$ ?r\gh4 ,9 ea* case ! wire 0 rais$ to v bright r$ness1 bord]+ on ! fus+ po9t1 & 9 two cases ! wire broke4 ,9 ea* case ! wire knuckl$ up into wr9kles1 & gave evid5ce ( p[]ful me*anical di/urbance4 ,! same wire 0 n us$ a second "t4 ,no diff]5ce c\ld be detect$ 9 ! effect ?r\gh ! diff]5t conductors4 ,exp]im5t #c4--,silv] wire ( ! same diamet] & l5g? 0 us$1 & simil> *>ges transmitt$ ?r\gh x4 ,r$ness 0 b>ely visible1 b ! behavi\r ( ! wire 0 simil> 9 ea* case4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at unhesitat+ly 01 t *ange ( =m produc$ no diff]5ce :atev] 9 ! "* ( ! dis*>ge1 & t x dep5d$ simply on mass4 ,second ,exp]im5ts1 ,july #ai1 #ahhj4 ,z x might be urg$ t ! l5g? ( conductor te/$ 0 s %ort1 & its resi/ance s small t consid]able v>iations might occur & yet be invisible1 simil> l5g?s 7#cj feet7 ( lead--a v bad conductor1 its resi/ance be+ twelve times t ( copp]--7 obta9$1 drawn z a wire1 made z a tube1 & roll$ z a ribbon1 ea* be+ ( simil> weight4 ,exp]im5t #d4--;,*>ges f ! same cond5s]1 #dbh mf41 b ) #c1bhj cells1 7 pass$ ?r\gh1 & ! dis*>ges obs]v$ on #f in*es ( plat9um wire #jjabe in* diamet]1 :i* 9 ea* case 0 heat$ to bright r$ness4 ,no v>iation :atev] c\ld be detect$1 :e!r ! wire1 ! tube1 or ! ribbon 7 us$4 ,exp]im5t #e4--;,9 ord] to =m "s idea z to h[ closely any v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! dis*>ge c\ld be e/imat$1 a long piece ( plat9um wire 0 us$1 & ! l5g? adju/$ until j visible r$ness 0 obta9$2 !n a dim9ution ( #aj p] c5t4 7#c feet7 produc$ a m>k$ *ange to dull r$ness1 & fur!r excisions rais$ ! temp]ature to bright] & /ill bright] r$4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at 0 t any *ange 9 resi/ance ( #e p] c5t4 w\ld h be5 cle>ly & easily disc]nible4 ,x !re=e appe>s prov$ t ! dis*>ges ( electricity ( high pot5tials obey ! laws ( ,ohm1 & are n affect$ by *ange ( =m4 ,h5ce1 ext5t ( surface does n fav\r lightn+ dis*>ges4 ,no m effici5t lightn+ conductor ?an a cyl9drical rod or a wire rope c !re=e be devis$4 ,,tablissem5t ,,de ,,la ,,=mule ,,relative ,,au ,,rayon ,d',,action ,,des ,,p>atonn]res4 ,p> ,,emile ,,laco9e4 7,l',electricit1 ,octob]1 #ahhj47 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,?is au?or gives a =mula = det]m9+ ! area protect$1 :i* he consid]s to v>y ) ! height ( ! /orm cl\d1 & ! elevation ( ! gr\nd4 ,he /ates t ! mean elevation ( ! /orm cl\ds at ,con/ant9ople is z l[ z ab\t #cbe feet4 ,he says t conductors plac$ ne> ! extremities ( a build+ h _! radius ( protection dim9i%$1 & !re=e recomm5ds a l9e conductor runn+ r\nd ! build+4 7,! circuit des faites ( ! ,p>is ,municipal ,commission1 see ante page #fh74 ,he says t 8 =mula leads to ne>ly ! same results z h hi!rto be5 adopt$1 b he gives ?ree examples1 ! results ( :i* are--l5g? ( conductor be+ #ajj1 radius protect$ is respectively #chj1 #aaj1 & #bbj4 ,,on ,,! ,,space ,,protect$ ,,by ,a ,,lightn+ ,,conductor4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,c4,e4 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,dec41 #ahhj47 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is pap] ! au?or discusses ! di/ribution ( electricity 9 ! space betwe5 ! /orm cl\d & ! e>?'s surface1 & po9ts out t ! air 9 an electric field is 9 a /ate ( t5sion or /ra92 & ?is /ra9 increases along ! l9es ( =ce ) ! electromotive =ce produc+ x until a limit is rea*$1 :5 a r5t or split occurs 9 ! air along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance--:i* is disruptive dis*>ge1 or lightn+4 ,s9ce ! resi/ance :i* ! air or any o!r dielectric opposes to ?is break+ /ra9 is ?us limit$1 !re mu/ be a c]ta9 rate ( fall ( pot5tial p] unit l5g? :i* corresponds to ?is resi/ance4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! numb] ( equipot5tial surfaces p] unit l5g? c repres5t ?is limit1 or r ! /ress :i* leads to disruptive dis*>ge4 ,h5ce we c repres5t ?is limit by a l5g?4 ,we c produce disruptive dis*>ge ei!r by approa*+ ! electrifi$ surfaces produc+ ! electric field ne> to ea* o!r1 or by increas+ ! quantity ( electricity pres5t ^u !m2 = 9 ea* case we %\ld increase ! electromotive =ce & close up1 z x 71 ! equipot5tial surfaces beyond ! limit ( resi/ance4 ,( c\rse ?is limit ( resi/ance v>ies ) e dielectric2 b we are n[ deal+ only ) air at ord9>y pressures4 ,x appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,drs4 ,w>r5 de la ,rue & ,hugo ,mll] t ! electromotive =ce det]m9+ disruptive dis*>ge 9 air is ab\t #dj1jjj volts p] c5timetre1 except = v ?9 lay]s ( air4 ,if we take into consid]ation a flat portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & assume a highly *>g$ ?und]-cl\d float+ at "s f9ite di/ance above x1 !y w\ld1 toge!r ) ! air1 =m an electrifi$ sy/em4 ,!re w\ld be an electric field2 & if we take a small portion ( ?is sy/em1 x w\ld be uni=m4 ,if ! cl\d gradually approa*$ ! e>?'s surface1 ! field w\ld become m int5se1 ! equipot5tial surfaces w\ld gradually close up1 ! t5sion ( ! air w\ld increase until at la/ ! limit ( resi/ance ( ! air w\ld be rea*$2 disruptive dis*>ge w\ld take place1 ) its att5dant ?und] & lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,if ! e>?-surface be n flat b h a hill or a build+1 z ,a or ,b1 ^u x1 !n ! l9es ( =ce & equipot5tial planes w be di/ort$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,if ! hill or build+ be s high z to make ! di/ance ,,hd equal to ! limit ( resi/ance 7fig4 #b71 !n we %all aga9 h disruptive dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,if in/ead ( a hill or build+ we erect a solid rod ( metal1 ,g ,h1 !n ! field w be di/ort$ z %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,n[ x is q evid5t t :atev] be ! relative di/ance ( ! cl\d & e>?1 or :atev] be ! motion ( ! cl\d1 !re mu/ be a space d d along :i* ! l9es ( =ce mu/ be long] ?an c c or ,h ,d2 & h5ce !re mu/ be a circle describ$ ar\nd ,g z a c5tre :i* is less subject to disruptive dis*>ge ?an ! space outside ! circle2 & h5ce ?is area may be said to be protect$ by ! rod ,g ,h4 ,! same reason+ applies to ea* equipot5tial plane2 & z ea* circle dim9i%es 9 radius z we asc5d1 x foll[s t ! rod virtually protects a cone ( space ^: height is ! rod1 & ^: base is ! circle describ$ by ! radius ,g c4 ,x is important to f9d out :at ?is radius is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,let u assume t a ?und]-cl\d is approa*+ ! rod ,a ,b 7fig4 #c7 f above1 & t x has rea*$ a po9t ,d :]e ! di/ance ,d ,b is equal to ! p]p5dicul> height ,d ,c4 ,x is evid5t t if ! pot5tial at ,d be increas$ until ! /rik+-di/ance be atta9$1 ! l9e ( dis*>ge w be along ,d ,c or ,d ,b1 & t ! l5g? ,a ,c is "u protection4 ,n[ ! ne>] ! po9t ,d is to ,d ! %ort] w be ! l5g? ,a ,c "u protection2 b ! m9imum l5g? w be ,a ,c1 s9ce ! cl\d w\ld nev] desc5d l[] ?an ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ,d ,c4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! cl\d _h actually desc5d$ to ,d :5 ! dis*>ge took place4 ,!n ! latt] w\ld /rike to ! ne>e/ po9t2 & any po9t )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! portion ( ! circle ,b ,c 7^: radius is ,d ,b7 w\ld be at a less di/ance f ,d ?an ei!r ! po9t ,b or ! po9t ,c4 8,h5ce a lightn+-rod protects a conic space ^: height is ! l5g? ( ! rod1 ^: base is a circle hav+ its radius equal to ! height ( ! rod1 & ^: side is ! quadrant ( a circle ^: radius is equal to ! height ( ! rod40 ,^u ?is rule ! au?or makes ! foll[+ conclud+ rem>ks3 8,i h c>efully exam9$ e record ( accid5t t ,i c\ld exam9e1 & ,i h n yet f\nd "o case :]e damage 0 inflict$ inside ?is cone :5 ! build+ 0 prop]ly protect$4 ,!re are _m cases :]e ! p9nacles ( ! same turret ( a *ur* h be5 /ruck :]e "o has _h a rod atta*$ to x2 b x is cle> t ! o!r p9nacles 7 outside ! cone2 & !re=e1 = protection1 ea* p9nacle %\ld h _h its own rod4 ,x is evid5t also t e prom95t po9t ( a build+ %\ld h its rod1 & t ! high] ! rod ! great] is ! space protect$40 ,,%ort ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,/rik+ ,,by ,,lightn+ ,,( ,,! ,,railway ,,t]m9us ,,at ,,antw]p1 ,,on ,,! #aj,,? ,,( ,,july1 #ahfe4 ,,by ,m4 ,,mels5s1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,on ! date m5tion$1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 a viol5t /orm bur/ ov] ,antw]p1 dur+ :i* ! lightn+ /ruck ! ,railway ,t]m9us1 )\t1 h[ev]1 occasion+ any o!r damage ?an ! p]=ation ( a s+le hole 9 "o ( ! glass squ>es ( ! ro(4 ,! au?or /ates t ! effect ( ! dis*>ge on ?is squ>e ( glass1 :i* 0 ab\t #dmm 7#jb;947 ?ick1 0 rem>kable2 x appe>$ z if x _h be5 trav]s$ by a projectile f bel[1 ! p]=ation1 view$ f above1 be+ brok5 & *ipp$1 :il/ view$ f bel[ x %[$ a clean edge4 ,! s9uosities caus$ by ! *ipp+ on ! upp] surface _h r\nd$ edges1 & ! glass appe>$ to h be5 subject$ to incipi5t fusion4 ,n a s+le fragm5t ( glass 0 f\nd on ! glass squ>es or 9 ! gutt]s ( ! ro(4 ,! au?or arrives at ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,! squ>e ( glass 0 pi]c$ 9 ! same mann] z any squ>e ( simil> nature & dim5sions1 plac$ 9 id5tical circum/ances1 w\ld be1 7 x trav]s$ by a sph]ical projectile fir$ at a l[ velocity f a fire>m4 ,! fracture resembl$ "o t w\ld be produc$ by a missile ?r[n f bel[1 t is to say1 f ! e>? to ! sky4 ,! =m ( ! op5+ indicat$ t ! e>? 0 positively electrifi$4 ,! au?or notices t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,f4 ,duprez1 negative electricity g5]ally %[s itself 9 abnormal conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 dur+ /orms1 ra9s1 c41 & :5 ! w9d bl[s f ! we/]n qu>t]s betwe5 ,n4 & ,s4 ,n[1 on ! day 9 "q1 x ra9$ & ! w9d blew f ! we/4 ,! au?or publicly ?anks ,m4 ,ruhmkorff = 8 skilful & dis9t]e/$ co-op]ation 9 prov+ ! correctness ( 8 7! au?or's7 view ( ! di/ribution ( ! electricity at ! ,antw]p dis*>ge4 ,m4 ,ruhmkorff has1 at reque/1 pi]c$ squ>es ( ord9>y glass ab\t #amm 7#jjd;947 ?ick by ! dis*>ge ( 8 great induction app>atus *>g$ by a p[]ful ,leyd5 batt]y4 ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,protectors ,,) ,,po9ts1 ,,conductors1 ,,& ,,multiple ,,e>? ,,connections1 ,a ,,detail$ ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,protector ,,erect$ ,,on ,,! ,,t[n ,,hall ,,( ,,brussels ,,9 #ahfe1 ,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,adopt$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction1 ,,by ,m4 ,,mels5s1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,belgium4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,z ! au?or /ates 9 8 prelim9>y obs]vations t x is impossible to give a complete cond5s$ description ( ! ,lightn+ ,protector1 :i* he erect$ on ! ,t[n ,hall at ,brussels1 we w m]ely draw att5tion to a numb] ( facts1 reg>d+ ! sy/em foll[$1 "s ( !m1 we believe1 ( a novel description4 ,m4 ,daniel ,colladon1 ! au?or /ates1 has obs]v$ t z a rule lightn+ does n /rike a s+le "p or prom95t po9t ( ! objects t are /ruck or de/roy$ by x2 & t1 9 ! majority ( cases1 x does n /rike 9 ! =m ( a s+le sp>k1 b 9 ! =m ( a %eet ) "o or m pr9cipal c5tres ( int5sity4 ,! correctness ( ?is obs]vation1 ! au?or consid]s fully borne out by ! ravages :i* ! electric dis*>ge committ$ on ! ,t[n ,hall at ,brussels1 on ! #aj? ,septemb]1 #ahfc4 ,he gives an elaborate description ( ! effects ( ! fla% on ! build+4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ravages pr9cipally took place at ! side expos$ to ! we/ nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* 0 bl[+ at ! "t ! build+ 0 /ruck4 ,9 ! ensu+ w9t] ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,brussels took into consid]ation ! necessity ( protect+ ! ,t[n ,hall aga9/ a simil> disa/]1 & ! au?or 0 reque/$ to sup]9t5d ! erection ( lightn+ protectors on ! build+4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! au?or's sy/em1 z exemplifi$ by ! lightn+ protectors erect$ on ! ,brussels ,t[n ,hall1 may be briefly summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! po9ts are v num]\s--( ?ree k9ds2 "s long1 %>p1 & gild$1 o!rs ( middl+ l5g?1 made ( iron2 & f9ally "s small & v %>p1 consi/+ ( copp]4 #b4 ,! po9ts are replac$ by aigrettes 7bru%es ( po9ts div]g+ f a common base74 #c4 ,! conductor is n insulat$4 #d4 ,! connections are simple & un*angeable1 ! jo9ts are ea* emb$d$ 9 a mass ( z9c4 #e4 ,! surface expos$ to ! air is consid]able4 #f4 ,! conductor consi/s ( ?91 & num]\s wires1 :i* are v flexible1 s z easily to be l$ r\nd all ! corn]s ( ! build+s4 #g4 ,! conductor is made ( galvanis$ iron4 #h4 ,! e>? connections are multiple3 fir/ly1 a well )9 :i* a l>ge surface ( metal is plung$2 &1 secondly1 two enorm\s networks ( metal pipes1 (f]+ an imm5se contact surface ) ! e>?4 ,"o ( ^! networks is 9 direct communication ) all ! res]voirs & all ! wat] s\rces ( ! environs ( ,brussels & also 9 indirect communication ) two riv]s & two canals4 ,! au?or has arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! height ( ! rod is a second>y "q1 z ! radius ( protection has n be5 det]m9$ by irrefutable pro(s1 & z t l5g? is1 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance & ! ext5t ( ! ?und]-cl\ds1 s small a factor t x may safely be neglect$4 ,! au?or /ates t he has be5 greatly gratifi$ to meet ) ! same op9ion 9 a pap] :i* ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece publi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #c1 page #cff1 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s = #ahgb3 8,:5 we consid] ! di/ance ( ! cl\d & ! area ( its surface1 ! height ( a build+ vani%es 9 ! g5]al figure40 ,! au?or po9ts out t ,m4 ,p]rot has endeav\r$ to demon/rate by exp]im5t t ! neutraliz+ area ( a lightn+ protector surm\nt$ by a cr[n ( %>p po9ts is f> m ext5sive ?an t ( an ord9>y protector4 ,m ,p]rott fur!r ?\ght1 & ,,mm4 ,bab9et & ,gav>ret %>$ 8 op9ion1 t x is suffici5t to %elt] ! ord9>y protector f dis*>ges ( lightn+ by arm+ x ) num]\s1 long1 %>p1 & well conduct+ div]g5t po9ts4 ,m4 ,gav>ret aft] hav+ repeat$ ,mr4 ,p]rott's exp]im5ts1 f\nd ! results s conclusive t he wrote to ! au?or 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahfe3 8,x is at ! pres5t "t no long] p]mitt$ to erect lightn+ protectors ) s+le po9ts40 ,! metal ( :i* ! po9ts are made mu/ be a v good conductor4 ,) reg>d to _! conductivity1 ! metals foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 copp]1 silv]1 iron1 plat9um4 ,no metals are us$ b ^? :i* resi/ fusion4 ,! au?or reject$ plat9um & silv]3 ! =m] because x fuses v readily by ! electric dis*>ge2 & ! latt]1 because x has1 9 8 op9ion1 no advantage ov] copp]4 ,! conductor1 al?\gh galvaniz$1 receiv$ sev]al coats ( pa9t2 b ! po9ts 7aigrettes7 ( c\rse rema9$ metallic4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al pr9ciple ( connect+ ! protector ) any masses ( metal :i* may be ab\t ! build+1 ! au?or has ev] s9ce #ahfe endeav\r$ to demon/rate1 t x is n suffici5t1 z might at fir/ sight be suppos$1 to =m t connection at "o s+le po9t2 !re mu/ be at lea/ two po9ts ( contact1 s z always to ensure a clos$ metallic circuit4 ,! contact ) ! wat] pres5ts a surface ( ab\t t5 squ>e metres 7#ab sq4 yds471 br++ bo? surfaces ( ! cyl9d] into acc\nt4 ,) reg>d to ! e>? connection1 ! au?or quotes ,m4 ,p]rot1 :o rem>ks t ) ! ord9>y protector ! surface imm]g$ (f]s a resi/ance at lea/ #aj1jjj times great] ?an ! conductor itself2 x is !re=e necess>y to increase ! surface ( ! e>?-plate z mu* z possible4 ,9 ord] to ret>d z mu* z possible ! oxidation ( ! cyl9d]1 ! au?or introduc$ two hectolitres 7#f bu%els7 ( lime into ! well1 ?us r5d]+ ! wat] alkal9e4 ,,de ,l',,application ,,du ,,rhe-,,lectrom,,tre ,,aux ,,p>atonn]res ,,des ,t,l,,graphes4 ,,p> ,m4 ,,mels5s4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,9 ?is pamphlet ! au?or describes 9 #a an app>atus to %[ ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic electricity 9 telegraph wires4 ,9 #b & #d he expla9s h[ ! app>atus is jo9$ up 9 ! ,belgian telegraph (fices4 #c conta9s a rsum ( obs]vations made at ! gov]nm5t telegraph (fices betwe5 ,june1 #ahge1 & ,m>*1 #ahgf4 ,! au?or /ates 9 ?is p>agraph t1 on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #ahge1 ! ,rheo-,electromet] at ! (fice at ,l\va91 %[$ a deflection ( #he ,ea/1 al?\gh !re 0 n ! slighe/ appe>ance ( atmosph]ic electricity4 ,! fact 01 t at ! "t a ?und] /orm 0 rag+ at ,bev]loo1 di/ant f ,l\va9 ab\t #dj kilometres 7#be miles74 ,,troisi,,me ,,note ,,sur ,,les ,,p>atonn]res4 ,,p> ,m4 ,,mels5s4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,on ! #crd ( ,july1 #ahgd1 ! *ur* ( ,/e4 ,croix1 at ,ixelles1 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! build+ 0 provid$ ) a lightn+ protector1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! po9t consi/$ ( a plat9um cone ( ab\t #cj 7! =m (ficially adopt$ 9 ,france 9 #ahee71 all ! supports ( ! protector 7 sold]$ ) z9c4 ,?is 0 atta*$ to ! /eeple1 & rose to #ec metres or #agd feet above ! pavem5t4 ,x consi/$ ( an iron rod #ah mm4 7#jga 947 9 diamet] 7,m4 ,e4 ,sacr's sy/em74 ,! conductor pass$ f ! pr9cipal ro( along ! ro(s1 desc5d+ to a po9t ne> a pump1 beh9d ! ve/ry1 :]e ! well 7,w7 0 situate4 ,!re is an abundance ( wat] 9 ! well1 :i* is ab\t #g m4 7#bc ft47 deep4 ,! conductor t]m9at$ 9 ! well1 by a ca/-iron plate #jfe m4 7#b ft4 #a 947 by #jej m4 7#a;ft4 #h 9471 ?us pres5t+ a surface ( #jfed m4 7#g sq4 ft474 ,a little 9 front ( ! transept !re is a supplem5t>y rod ,b #ebe m4 7#ag ft4 #c 947 high1 #aa m4 7#cf ft47 di/ant f ! po9t 7c 9 diagram7 :i* 0 /ruck2 & #bb m4 7#gb ft47 di/ant f t po9t !re 0 a second rod ,d1 ^: height 0 #i m4 7#bi ft47 above ! top ( ! ro(4 ,! damage to ! *ur* 0 trifl+1 b ! au?or cont5ds t ! fact ( ! *ur* hav+ be5 /ruck at all1 proves t a build+ arm$ ) a protector con/ruct$ on ! usual pr9ciple is n completely protect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,*ur* ( ,/e4 ,croix1 at ,ixelles ,a4 ,pr9cipal conductor on /eeple4 ,b4 ,d4 ,two supplem5t>y receiv+ rods4 ,c4 ,/one cross at end ( transept1 :i* 0 /ruck1 ,w4 ,well 9 :i* conductor made e>? connection4 ,,quatri,,me ,,note ,,sur ,,les ,,p>atonn]res4 ,,p> ,m4 ,,mels5s4 7,ab/ract$ by ,r4 ,van d] ,broek47 ,?is treats #a ( obs]vations on ! di/ribution ( ! sp>k ( electric batt]ies & ma*9es ov] num]\s metallic conductors ( diff]5t sections1 l5g?s1 & nature1 & on ! passage ( electricity ( t5sion 9 bad conductors4 #b4 ,effects ( sold]$ jo9ts on ! conductivity & ! resi/ance ( conductors4 ,int]rupt$ lightn+ protectors4 #c4 ,! di/ribution ( sp>ks f ,holtz's ma*9e & ,ruhmkorff's coil ov] two conductors outw>dly id5tical1 b "o ( iron & ! o!r ( copp]4 ,comp>ative resi/ance to fusion & rupture = iron & copp] conductors4 ,id5tical damage produc$ by dis*>ges 9 sev]al homog5e\s & solid conductors4 ,,app5dix ,g4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,works ,,^u ,,lightn+ ,,conductors1 ,,) ,a ,,few ,,^u ,,lightn+1 ,,?und]1 ,,& ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,/rokes1 ,*iefly extract$ f ! ,,ronald',s ,,catalogue1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,fro/1 b supplem5t$ & br\ght d[n to #ahhj by extracts f ! ,catalogues ( ,r4 ,,&]son1 ,f4,c4,s42 ,,latim] ,,cl>k1 ,c4,e42 & ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,!re are n _m comm5ts ne$$ ^u ! foll[+ catalogue1 b a few are necess>y4 ,! arrangem5t is1 ) "o exception1 /rictly alphabetical "u au?or's names2 t exception be+ t all ! ,(ficial ,in/ructions issu$ 9 ,france are plac$ toge!r at ! beg9n+ ( ! catalogue4 ,! initials ,r1 ,c1 ,a1 ,s1 are ^? ( ! ,catalogues or ,libr>ies 9 :i* ! works are to be f\nd2 small type indicates t ! title ( ! "w is giv5 9 ! catalogue indicat$2 l>ge type t a copy ( ! book is 9 t ,libr>y4 ,z ,mr4 ,&]son does n /ate di/9ctly :e!r he possesses ! books or has m]ely _! titles1 x has be5 ?\ght saf] to m>k ^? tak5 f 8 catalogue ) ! small ,a4 ,! exi/5ce ( any specifi$ "w 9 a c]ta9 libr>y is absolute pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! book1 & h5ce ! l>g] type has a c]ta9 value1 &1 besides t1 ,i purpose1 imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ?is ,report1 pres5t+ to ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s all ! ,electrical works :i* are 9 my libr>y b are n 9 ! ,ronald's ,libr>y4 ,x may !re=e be assum$ t mo/ ( ! works to :i* a l>ge type initial is prefix$ are1 or soon w be1 9 ! spl5did collections ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians4 ,! small figures 9 ! front column %[ ! pages ( ,app5dix ,f1 ^u :i* ab/racts ( upw>ds ( fifty ( ! foll[+ works w be f\nd--& ?us x =ms an index to ! works ab/ract$4 ,g4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,(ficial ,,in/ructions1 ,,france4 7,ab/racts ( ?is s]ies w be f\nd on pages #ea-fi47 ,r ,s ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res p\r s]vir l',etablissem5t de ces ,app>eils au-dessus des ,magas9s p\dre1 adopte p> le ,comit des ,=tifications dans sa ,sance du #be ,aot #ahjg3 suivie des ,rapports faits 444 l',in/itut et l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 sur cette ,in/ruction et sur l',etablissem5t des ,p>atonn]res en gnral4 ,fol4 #ci pp4 #a plate4 ,p>is1 #ahjh 7,?is pap] conta9s ! reports by ,frankl9 & o!rs1 dat$ #bd? ,april1 #aghd2 by ,l]oy & o!rs1 dat$ #bg? ,decemb]1 #agii2 & by ,la ,place & o!rs1 dat$ #bnd ,novemb]1 #ahjg47 ,r ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #ahbc ,r ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res adopte p> l',acadmie1 #bc ,april1 #ahbc1 7,sign7 ,poisson1 ,lefevre-,g9eau1 ,dulong1 ,fresnel1 et ,gay-,lussac rapporteur4 #dto4 #ea pp4 #b plates4 ,p>is1 #ahbd ,s,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res adopte p> l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces le #bc ,ju91 #ahbc4 #hvo4 #ea pp4 #b plates4 ,p>is1 #ahbd ,r ,s ,supplm5t l',in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res1 prs5t p> la section de physique4 ,,mm4 ,becqu]el1 ,bab9et1 ,duhamel1 ,despretz1 ,cagni>d de ,lat\r1 ,p\illet rapporteur4 #dto4 ,ext4 des ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 xxxix4 #aab1 & xl41 ,sance #ah ,dc4 #ahed4 ,p>is1 #ahed-e ,r ,s ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res adopte p> l',acad4 des ,sci5ces4 #abmo4 #acj pp4 ,cuts4 ,p>is1 #ahee ,r ,s ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res des magas9s p\dre4 ,rapport lu #ad ,janv41 #ahfg4 ,commissaires ,becqu]el1 ,bab9et1 ,duhamel1 ,vaillant1 ,p\illet1 ,fizeau1 ,regnault4 #dto4 #a plate4 #ae pp4 7,ext4 des ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 lxiv4 ,sance #ba ,janv4 #ahfg47 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,s,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res du ,l\vre et des ,tuil]ies4 7,ext4 des ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 lxvii4 ,sance #bj ,juillet1 #ahfh74 #dto4 ,p>is1 #ahfh ,a ,s,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res adopte p> l',acad4 des ,sci5ces4 ,"p ,i41 #ahbc1 ,m4 ,gay ,lussac1 rapporteur2 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahed1 & ,"p ,,iii41 #ahfg1 ,m4 ,p\illet1 rapporteur4 #abmo4 ,p>is1 #ahgd ,met4 ,soc4,analyse des ,rapports de ,m4 de ,fonvielle1 la suite de la mission qui lui avait t confie en #ahgb1 p> ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 p\r faire en ,anglet]re une enqute sur la f\dre et les ,p>atonn]res4 ,fcap4 fol4 ,p>is1 #ahge ,met4 ,soc4,analyse des ,rapports des ,ar*itectes sur l',etat des ,fcap4 fol4 ,p>is1 #ahge ,met4 ,soc4,in/ruction de la ,commission *>ge d'tudi] l'tablissem5t des p>atonn]res des ,edifices ,municipaux de ,p>is1 adopte dans la ,sance du #bj ,mai1 #ahge4 ,fcap4 fol4 ,p>is1 #ahge ,met4 ,soc4,rsum des expri5ces faites l',adm9i/ration des ,lignes ,tlgraphiques sur les p>af\dres tlgraphiques4 ,fcap4 fol4 ,p>is1 #ahge ,,anonym\s4 7,arrang$ *ronologically47 ,s,petit trait du tonn]re1 esclair1 f\dre1 gresle et tremblem5t de t]re4 #abmo4 ,g5ve1 #aeib ,s,dea? ( ,v4 ,tyrrell by ,lightn+ & ,pres]vation ( ,sir ,j4 ,r\s4 #affa ,s,dreadful ,/orm ( ,?und] & ,lightn+1 c41 at ,b$=d1 ,augu/ #ai?4 #dto4 #afgb ,s,extraord9>y ,?und] & ,lightn+ 9 ! ,n4 ( ,irel&1 ) ! sad effects ( ! ,fall ( a ,cl\d4 #afhj ,r ,s----1 ,sir ,r4 ,a ,relation ( ! ,effect ( a ,?und]-clap on ! ,compass ( a ,%ip on ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4 #c pp4 ,also1 a ,lett] conc]n+ ! =m] ,relation4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,trans4 = #afhc1 xiii4 pp4 #ebj-ba47 ,london1 #afhc ,s,difesa della commune1 ed antica s5t5za *e i fulm9i disc5dano dalle nuvole contro l'op9ione del ,s4 ,maffei1 *e si =m9o al basso1 ed asc5dano1 etc4 #dto4 ,v5ezia1 #agdi ,r ,della mani]a di pres]v>e gli edificj dal ,fulm9e3 ,in=mazione al popolo1 c4 #dto4 #ch pp4 7,vide ,toaldo47 ,at p4 #bj is ins]t$ a translation ( ,saussure's ,manife/e1 entitl$ ,manife/o ossia breve esposizione dell' utilit dei ,conduttori elettrici4 ,v5ezia1 #aggb ,r ,della mani]a di pres]v>e 444 dal ,fulm9e4 #hvo4 #bb pp4 ,milano1 #aggf ,r ,neue/e ,v]su*e zur ,be/immung d] zweckmssig/5 ,=m d] ,gewitt]/ang54 7,deuts* ,mus41 ,oct4 #aggh1 pp4 #cea-fb47 #aggh ,r ,encyclopdia ,me?od4 ,arts4 ,article1 ,p>atonn]re4 #aghb ,s,accid5t by ,lightn+ at ,heck+ham4 #dto41 plates4 #aghc ,r ,nuovo metodo di co/ruire i ,p>afulm9i praticato 9 ,padova4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,opuscoli ,scelti1 vi4 #chj47 ,milano1 #aghc ,r ,dell' efficacit dei conduttori elettrici1 ,dubbj propo/i ai ,fisici mod]ni4 #hvo4 #aghd ,r ,mani]a pratica di f>e li ,conduttori #dto4 7,pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,magi/rato della ,sanit di ,v5ezia47 7,vide ,m>z>i47 ,v5ezia1 #aghg ,r ,e9ige geg5 die ,gewitt]ableit] gema*te ,frank=t1 ,e9wrfe beantwrtet4 #hvo4 #agij ,r ,dubbii sull' ,efficacia dei ,conduttori4 #hvo4 #abb pp4 #a plate 7,vide ,bragad947 ,v5ezia1 #agie ,r ,na*ri*t und ,zei*nung von e9] im ,jahre #aggh1 am ,s*los/hurme1 zu ,dresd51 angebra*t5 ,ableitung4 7,s*rift1 d4 ,leipz4 konomis*e ,societt1 ?4 v4 pp4 #bbb-cb47 ,r ,rispo/a dell' autore dei ,dubbii sull' efficacia dei ,conduttori1 alla giunta al ,giornale ,a/rometeorologico del ,gr4 ,toaldo4 7,vide ,bragad947 ,r ,pla9 ,directions = safe ,lightn+ ,conductors = ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #di pp4 ,note4--,"p ( a "w4 ,beg9s at p4 #cc ,r ,acc\nt ( a mass ( #gjjj ,bricks ( a ,wall displac$ sev]al feet by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 ,man*e/]1 7,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ii4 #b47 n4d4 ,r ,relazione del ,turb9e scoppiato 9 ,v5ezia nel ,giorno #af ,giugno1 #ahje4 ,data ,v5ezia1 #ai ,giugno4 #hvo4 7,da ,rio ,giornale1 ix4 #bff47 ,padova1 #ahje ,r 7,r4 ,r47 ,dea? by ,lightn+4 ,man kill$ at ,colwall1 ne> ,l$bury1 #ahag4 #hvo4 7,phil4 ,mag4 #a4 #cae47 ,london1 #ahag ,r ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors ( ,/raw4 7,see ,lapo/olle47 #ahbj ,r ,on ! ,cure ( a case ( ,p>alysis by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 lix4 #bhg47 ,london1 #ahbb ,r ,rem>ks ^u ,mosely's article on ,sol> ,spots ( #ahaf 9 ,phil4 ,mag4 xlix4 #ahb4 #hvo4 #c pp4 7,f ,new ,mon?ly ,mag4 = ,janu>y1 #ahba4 ,at p4 #gb1 ,*a9 ,cables z ,conductors47 ,london1 #ahba ,r ,anleitung zur ,v]f]tigung und ,b5tzung d] ,blizableit]4 #hvo4 #dc pp4 #b plates4 7,translation ( ,fr5* ,(ficial ,report ,/rasb\rg1 ( #ahbd1 )\t "n ( ,translator47 #ahbd ,r ,tubes =m$ by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #a p4 7,phil4 ,mag4 or ,annals1 iv4 #bbh47 ,london1 #ahbh ,r ,memoir on ,lightn+ ,conductors--,reply to a ,prize ,"q4 ,bordeaux1 #ahcg4 7,vide ,b\rges1 ,secret>y ( ! ,bordeaux ,bordeaux1 ,academy1 ,sance #ahcg1 p4 #hc47 #ahcg ,r ,on ! k ( ! ,anci5ts conc]n+ ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 7,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahci87 ,london1 #ahci8 ,r ,sur l',hi/oire du ,p>atonn]re1 #ahdc4 7,le ,portique1 #are livraison1 ,jan4 #ahdc1 p4 #ea47 #ahdc ,r ,"p ( ,bullet9 des ,mois de ,m>s1 ,avril41 ,mai1 ,ju91 ,juillet1 ,aot1 #ahed4 #hvo4 7,t\l\se ,acad4 s]ies #d1 vol4 iv4 ,at p4 #dhc1 ,de ,clos1 ,effets de la ,f\dre sur ,t\l\se1 un ,p>atonn]re47 #ahed ,r ,de la ,con/ruction des ,p>atonn]res4 ,quelques ,rflexions sur le ,rapport de la ,commission de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces du #ad ,janvi]1 #ahfg4 #hvo4 #bi pp4 ,p>is1 #ahfh ,r ,s ,abbadie1 ,a4 ,d'4 ,sur le tonn]re en ,e?iopie4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #aheh ,r ,a ,a*>d1 ,f4 ,k4 ,kurze ,anleitung lndli*e ,gebude vor ,gewitt]s*de si*] zu /ell54 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #agih ,r ,ald51 ,t41 ,jun4 ,effects ( ,lightn+ on ! ,h\se ( ,capta9 ,mann+ 9 ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire2 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,eliot4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,cambridge1 ,acad41 iii4 p4 #ic47 ,u4,s41 #ahji ,c ,a ,&]son1 ,r4 ,lightn+ ,conductors3 _! ,s hi/ory1 nature1 & mode ( application4 7#abj7 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgi ,s ,on ! necessity = a regul> ,inspection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors 7,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep4 #ahhj47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahhj ,r ,arago1 ,f4 ,notices sci5tifiques4 ,sur la ,grle et des ,p>agrles1 c4 #abmo4 ,p>is1 #ahbg ,r ,c ,sur le ,tonn]re4 #abmo4 ,a ,s ,p>is1 #ahcg ,s ,ueb] ,gewitt]4 #abmo4 ,weim>1 #ahci ,r ,a ,meteorological ,essays4 ,translat$ by ,s ,sab9e4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahee ,a ,arnold4 ,blitzableit] zum ,s*utz d] ,wrt]bud54 ,polyt4 ,c5tralblatt4 #fej4 #ahea ,a ,arr[smi?1 ,j4 ,on ! ,use ( ,black ,pa9t 9 av]t+ ! effects ( ,lightn+ on ,%ips4 #ahda ,r ,a/i]1 ,c4 ,b4 ,notice sur les ,p>agrles po9tes2 projet de p>agrles flammes et expri5ces comp>atives du p\voir lectrique des flammes et des po9tes4 ,t\l\se1 #hvo4 #ahbi ,r ,s ,ayrton1 ,w1 ,e41 & ,p]ry1 ,j4 ,lightn+ 7#acb7 ,conductors2 an ,answ] to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell's sugge/ion to surr\nd build+s ) a conduct+ cage4 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,tel4 ,eng41 vol4 v4 p4 #dab47 ,london1 #ahgf ,bab9et4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,bai]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,de ,fulm9e1 fulgure1 et tonitru hiemale4 #agjf ,r ,baldw91 ,l4 ,an ,acc\nt ( a v curi\s appe>ance ( ! ,electric ,fluid produc$ by rais+ a ,kite 9 ! "t ( a ?und]%[]2 9 a ,lett] to ,j4 ,will>d4 #dto4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 i4 "p ii4 #beg1 old s]ies47 ,bo/on1 #aghe ,r ,obs]vations on ,electricity1 & an improv$ mode ( con/ruct+ ,lightn+-rods2 9 a lett] to ,j4 ,will>d4 #dto4 7,lett] dat$ ,janu>y #be1 #agig47 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ii4 "p ii4 ,*>le/[n1 #if1 old s]ies47 ,u4,s41 #ahjd ,r ,a ,b>b]et1 ,d4 ,diss]tation sur le ,rapport qui exi/e entre les ,phnomnes du ,tonn]re et ceux de l',electricit4 #b ,bordeaux1 vols4 #dto4 #agej ,r ,a ,b>bi] de ,t9an4 ,mmoires sur les ,s ,conducteurs p\r prs]v] les difices de la f\dre2 p> l',abb ,jh4 ,toaldo2 traduits de l',itali5 avec des ,notes et des ,additions1 p> ,m4 ,b>bi] de ,t9an4 ,/rasb\rg1 #hvo4 #bda pp4 #c plates4 #aggi ,r 7,nuove7 ,consid]azioni sopra i conduttori del ,sig4 ,b>bi] di ,t9an4 ,traduz4 dal ,francese4 #dto4 #dc pp4 ,v5ezia1 #aggi ,note--,?is is a pr9t]'s translation ( ,b>bi]'s ,consid]ations sur les ,conducteurs en gnral1 app5d$ to 8 translation ( ,toaldo's ,dei ,conduttori p] pres]v>e gli edifizj da ,fulm9i4 #dto4 #aggh1 nuova edizione4 ,r ,b>letti1 ,c4 ,nuove ,sp]i5ze ,elettri*e1 secondo la ,teoria del ,sig4 ,frankl9 e le produzioni del ,p4 ,becc>ia4 #hvo4 #acd pp4 ,milano1 #agga ,r ,b>tletti1 ,c4 ,descrizione de' fulm9i di ,porta ,comas9a1 e del ,duomo di ,milano1 e de' confronti loro coi pr9cipali effetti dei fulm9i4 #aghe ,r ,dei ,conduttori del fulm9e4 ,r ,b>taloni1 ,d4 ,lett]a sopra il fulm9e caduto nel d #ah ,ap4 #aggg1 sulla spranga po/a nella torre del palazzo pubblico della citt di ,si5a4 #hvo4 7,!re is also an ,engli% translation ( ! above74 ,si5a1 #aggg ,r ,mem4 sul conduttore ,elettrico collocato nella torre della ,piazza di ,si5a4 #dto4 #cf pp4 #a plate4 7,atti dell' ,accad4 di ,si5a1 vi4 #bec47 ,si5a1 #agha ,r ,relazione sopra un suppo/o ,fulm9e caduto nella ,cappella della ,piazza di ,si5a il d #g ,giugno dell' ,anno #aghd4 #dto4 #h pp4 7,atti dell' ,accad4 di ,si5a1 vii4 #fa47 ,si5a1 #agid ,c ,b>?olomei 7,glanvilla74 ,opus de r]um proprietatibus inscriptum3 ad comunem /udioso utilitatem1 fol4 7,lib] xix47 #aeai ,s,baudisius1 ,a4 ,de lapide ,fulm9>i4 #dto4 ,witteb]g1 #affh ,a ,beau=t1 ,dr4 ,a4 de4 ,notice sur les ,*ateaur\x1 ,p>atonn]es4 #hvo4 #ahge ,r ,a ,becc>ia1 ,g4 ,b4 ,lett]e dell' ,elettricismo4 ,fol4 ,bologna1 #ageh ,s ,della elettricita t]re/ra atmosf]ica4 #dto4 ,tur91 #agge ,r ,a ,a ,treatise ^u artificial electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggf ,r ,beck1 ,d4 ,fassli*e ,unt]r$ung1 ,gebude vor dem ,e9s*lag5 des ,blitzes zu ,salzburg1 bewahr54 #hvo4 7,he9sius1 i4 #baj47 #aghf ,r ,s ,becqu]el1 ,a4 ,c4 ,e4 ,trait de ,p>is1 l'lectricit4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #ahee-ef 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,s ,b5net1 ,a4 ,new exp]im5ts on ,electricity1 ,?und]1 & ,lightn+4 #hvo4 ,d]by1 #aghi ,a ,b]gman1 ,t4 ,tal on mjelighet5 at frexomma askans skadeliga w]kn+>4 ,/ockholm1 #dto4 #agfd ,r ,r$e von d] ,mgli*keit des ,donn]s ,/ockholm1 s*dli*5 ,wirkung5 vorzukomm54 #dto4 #agfd ,r ,zusatz zu ,vorh]geh5d51 i4e4 ,wilcke1 ,bem]kung5 bei e9em d5 #cj ,may1 #agfi4444 ,donn]s*lage4 #hvo4 #e pp4 7,k4 ,akad4 ,s*w$4 ,abh4 xxxii4 #abh47 ,leipzig1 #aggj ,r ,b]?olon1 de ,/4 ,laz>e4 ,mmoire sur un n\veau moy5 de se prs]v] contre la ,montpelli]1 ,f\dre4 #dto4 #aggg ,r ,lettre ,m4 de la ,t\rette1 sur les ,p>atonn]res asc5dants et desc5dants de la ,ville de ,lyon4 7,samml4 zu ,phys4 xix4 ,mai #aghb1 p4 #chb47 #aghb ,r ,n\velles ,preuves de l'efficacit des ,montpelli]1 ,p>atonn]res4 #dto4 #bh pp4 #c plates4 #aghc ,r ,a ,de l'lectricit des ,mtores4 #b vols4 ,s #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aghg ,r ,s ,die ,electricitt d4 ,luft]s*e9ung54 ,leignitz1 #b vols4 #hvo4 #agib ,r ,bey]4 ,on ,lightn+-conductors1 c4 #hvo4 #b editions4 ,p>is1 #ahjf-i ,r ,bian*9i1 ,g4 ,an ,extract by ,rolli1 ,p41 ( an ,italian ,treatise1 writt5 by ,bian*9i1 ,j41 ^u ! ,dea? ( ! ,c\ntess ,cornelia ,zang>i ne' ,b&i1 ( ,ces5a4 ,to :i* are subjo9$ ,acc\nts ( ! ,dea? ( ,hit*ell1 ,j4 7see ,hilli>d1 ,j471 :o 0 burn$ to dea? by ,lightn+1 & ,grace ,pitt at ,ipswi*1 ^: body 0 consum$ to a coal4 #dto4 ,london1 #ai pp4 7,phil4 ,trans4 xliii4 #ddg47 #agdd-de ,r ,bian*9i1 ,g4 ,f4 ,on ! ,v]tical ,rod on ! ,*teau di ,du9o 9 ! ,friuli4 #dto4 7,mmoires de l' ,acad4 p\r #agfd1 edit4 orig4 p4 #dd47 ,p>is1 #agfd ,r ,a ,bigot1 ,p4 ,anweisung zur ,anlegung1 ,s ,con/ruction und ,v]ans*lagung d] ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 ,glogau1 #ahcd ,c ,biot4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,blad?1 ,p4 ,j4 ,b]i*t von zwei ,blitz-,s*lg51 wel*e das ,s*w$is*e ,s*iff ,/ockholms-,s*loss 9 ,o/-,indi51 #aggg1 getr(f5 hab54 #hvo4 #ad p4p4 7,neue ,s*w$is*e ,akademie ,abh&lung1 i4 #aghj1 p4 #ig7 ,translation4 ,leipzig1 #aghj ,c ,blagd5 ,nairne4 ,proce$+s relative to ! ,accid5t by ,lightn+ at ,heck+ham4 ,report to ,royal ,society4 7,phil4 ,trans47 ,london1 #aghb ,a ,blesson4 ,v]bess]ung an ,blitzableit]n4 ,v]h&l4 des ,v]e9s zur ,be=d]ung des ,gew]befleisses 9 ,preuss54 ,jahrg4 #ahca1 #bej4 #ahca ,r ,a ,bckmann1 ,j4 ,l4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 ,e9e ,s ,abh&lung auf h*/5 ,befehl ,c>lsruhe1 be>beitet4 ,neue ,auflage von ,wu*]]4 #ahcj ,r ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 #c ,auflage von ,g4 ,c>lsruhe1 ,f4 ,wu*]]4 #hvo4 #ahci ,r ,a ,bodde1 ,j4 ,b4 ,grundzge zur ,!orie d] ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 #hd p4p4 ,mn/]1 #ahji 7,&]son says also 8,mun/]1 #ahjd407 ,r ,bodd+ton4 ,an accurate ,/atem5t ( ,facts relative to a ,/roke ( ,lightn+ :i* happ5$ on ! #ac? ,april1 #ahcb4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahcb ,bod9o1 ,j4 ,univ]s natur !atrum 9 quo r]um omnium ,effectrices cause et f9es qu9ques libris discutiuntur4 #hvo4 #fcc pp4 ,lugduni1 #aeif ,r ,a ,boeckmann1 ,j4 ,l4 ,ueb] die ,blitzableit]4 ,s ,e9e ,abh&4 auf h*/5 ,befehl des ,c>lsruhe1 ,fr/54 #hvo4 #hj pp4 #agia ,r ,bona e ,corn]4 ,relazione dell' &am5to ed effetti del ,fulm9e *e colp il ,campanile 444 di ,s4 ,francesco della ,vigna 79 ,v5ezia71 l'anno1 #aghj1 #bd ,maggio4 #dto4 #h pp4 ,v5ezia1 #aghj 7,?is title is abridg$ f t ( an (ficial report made by ,bona & ,corn]1 (fic]s ( ,artill]y47 ,s,bonjean1 ,j4 ,mtorologie2 effets produits ,*ambry1 p> un c\p de f\dre4 #hvo4 #ahdh ,r ,bottis1 ,g4 ,breve relazione degli effetti di un ,fulm9e *e cadde 9 ,napoli il mese di ,giugno del pres5te anno #aggd2 e alcune consid]azioni sopra i m$esimi4 #dto4 #bg pp4 ,napoli1 #aggd ,r ,s ,b\d91 ,m4 ,hi/oire physique et ,mdicale de la ,f\dre1 et de ses effets sur l'homme1 les animaux1 les plantes1 les difices1 les navires4 #hvo4 #ca pp4 7,ext4 ,annales d',hygine1 c47 ,p>is1 #ahed ,r ,de la ,f\dre considre au po9t de vue de l',hi/oire1 de la ,mdec9e lgale1 et de l',hygine publique4 #hvo4 #ej pp4 ,p>is1 #ahee ,r ,hi/oire de la ,f\dre et des ,p>atonn]res4 #hvo4 #eg pp4 cuts4 7,ext4 ,annales d',hygine47 ,p>is1 #ahee ,r ,b\rges4 ,rapport sur les travaux de l',acadmie1 ,sance #ahcg1 #bb ,sept4 #hvo4 7,sances de l',acadmie de ,bordeaux p\r ,bordeaux1 #ahcg1 p4 #hc47 #ahcg ,note4--,conta9s notices ( two memoirs1 z replies to a prize "q on ,lightn+-conductors4 ,! fir/ is an anonym\s "o1 :i* speaks ( ! =ms ( ro(s & ( metallic masses spread ov] ! edifice1 c4 ,! second is by ,m]met1 ( ,pau1 :o receiv$ a gold m$al1 b n ! prize4 ,r ,bragad9 7or ,anonym\s74 ,dubbii sull' efficacia de' ,conduttori elett4 #hvo4 #abb pp4 #a plate4 ,v5ezia1 #agie ,r ,rispo/a dell' autore dei ,dubbii sull' efficacia dei ,conduttori1 alla giunta al ,giornale ,a/rometeorologico del 444 ,toaldo4 #hvo4 #ca pp4 ,s,braun1 ,a4 ,a4 ,ueb] zwei am #bf ,juli bei ,b]l9 v4 ,blitz getr(f4 ,ei*54 ,b]l91 #ahfi ,r ,breit+]1 ,d4 ,reflexion5 ob es wohl g]a!n wre1 ,/rahl5ableit] 9 uns]] ,/adt ,zri* e9zufhr54 ,zuri*1 #aggf ,r ,na*ri*t b] das ,e9s*lag5 des ,blitzes 9 e95 ,wett]ableit]1 neb/ ,b]i*tigung e9ig] ,begriffe b] die ,wirkung d] ,ableit]4 ,zuri*1 #aghf ,r ,breit+]1 ,d4 ,ragguaglio d'un ,fulm9e caduto 9 un ,conduttore4 #dto4 #c pp4 7,opuscoli ,scelti1 ix4 #baj47 ,milano1 #aghf ,r ,in/ruction fr diej5ig51 wel*e si* mit d] ,v]f]tigung und ,visitation d] ,blitzableit] bes*ftig54 ,zri*1 #ahbe ,r ,a ,in/ruction b] ,blitzableit] im ,canton ,zri*4 #dto4 ,zuri*1 #ahcj ,r ,brew/]1 ,sir ,d4 ,on ! ,life ,boat1 ! ,lightn+-conductor1 & ! ,light-h\se4 #hvo4 7,nor? ,briti% ,review1 xxxii4 #dib1 ,novemb]1 #ahei47 #ahei ,a ,bright1 ,e4 ,b4 ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,me*4 ,mag41 lix4 #bdf47 #ahec ,r ,s ,brook1 ,a4 ,miscellane\s exp]im5ts & rem>ks on ,electricity #dto4 ,norwi*1 #aghi ,c ,brooks1 ,d4 ,facts & inf]5ces relat+ to ,lightn+ & ,lightn+ ,rods4 #hvo4 #af ,philadelphia1 pp4 #ahgb ,a ,lightn+ & ,lightn+ ,rods4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute47 lxvi4 #d4 #ahgc 7#aag7 ,s ,atmosph]ic electricity4 #hvo4 ,philadelphia1 #ahgh 7#acb7 ,s,br\gh1 ,r4 ,s4 ,protection ( ,build+s ,mussoorie1 f lightn+4 #dto4 7,li?ograph$47 #ahgh ,c ,br[n1 ,r4 ,disputatio ,philosophica ,de ,trajecti ad ,fulm9e4 #dto4 #af pp4 ,rh5um1 #afib 7#hi7 ,s,bu*anan1 ,g4 ,an acc\nt ( ! *imney ( ! ,ed9burgh ,gas ,works4 #hvo4 7,proc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,roy4 ,scot4 ,soc4 ,arts47 #ahea ,r ,s ,bu*5au1 ,f4 ,mit!ilung5 b] e95 int]ressant5 ,blitzs*lag 9 mehr]5 ,/ielei*54 #dto4 #ae pp4 ,dresd51 #ahfg ,r ,bu*]4 ,e9ige geg5 die ,gewitt]ableit] ,frank=t1 gema*te ,e9wrfe beantwortet4 #hvo4 #agij ,r ,a ,bu*n]1 ,o4 ,die ,con/ruction und ,anlegung ,s d] ,blitzableit]4 zum ,s*utze all] 7#abh7 ,art5 von ,gebud51 ,sees*iff51 & ,telegraf5/ation52 neb/ ,ko/5vorans*lg54 #hvo4 #aeb pp4 mit e9em ,atlas von #f ,foliotafeln4 ,weim>1 #ahfg ,s ,de bliksemafleid]s1 door ,c4 ,j4 v4 ,doorn4 #hvo4 ,ha>lem1 #ahfg ,a ,die ,con/ruction4 #hvo4 #bnd ,ed4 #hvo4 ,weim>1 #ahgf ,r ,buiss>t4 ,mmoire sur les div]s ,avantages qu'on p\rroit retir] de la ,multiplicit des ,conducteurs ,electriques1 ou ,p>atonn]res4 ,lu l',acad4 d',arras4 #bd ,avril1 #agha4 7,saumlez1 ,phys4 ,supplem4 #aghb4 xxi4 pp4 #adj-dh7 #aghb ,r ,mmoire juridique sur les ,conducteurs ,electriques4 7,f ,van ,sw9d51 p4 #acg2 ,van ,troo/wyk & ,kray5h(f1 p4 #bda47 ,a ,buns51 ,j4 ,v]su*1 wie die ,meteora des ,donn]s und ,blitzes des ,auf/eig5s d] ,dn/e1 incl4 des ,nords*e9s1 aus elektr4 ,v]su*51 h]zuleit5 und zu erklr54 #hvo4 ,lemgo1 #agec ,r ,burnaby1 ,a4 ,voyages dans l',amrique ,sept5trionale1 ,traduit de l',anglais4 ,lausanne1 7,conductors melt$ by ,lightn+47 #aggh ,s,burt4 ,miscellane\s ,sci5tific pap]s4 #ahfa-fe ,r ,busse1 ,f4 ,g4 von4 ,b]uhigung b] die neu5 ,wett]ableit]4 #hvo4 #fb pp4 ,leipzig1 #agia ,r ,bes*reibung e9] wohlfeil5 und si*]n ,blitzableitung1 mit neu5 ,grnd5 und ,erfahrung54 #hvo4 #a plate4 ,leipzig1 #ahaa ,r ,a ,buts*any1 ,m4 ,diss]tatio de ,fulgure et ,tonitru ex ,phnom5is ,electricis4 #dto4 ,gtt+51 pp4 #a et #b4 7,pogg5dorf1 i4 #cec47 #ageg ,r ,a ,d] ,blitz ent/eht ni*t dur* ,entzndung e9ig] br5nb>5 ,!il*5 die 9 d] ,luft s*web51 und i/ au* ke9 ,feu]4 7,beitrage zu ,hannov4 ,magaz91 #agfa47 ,hanov]1 #agfa ,r ,e9e ,unvollkomm5heit d] ,blitzableit]1 neb/ ihr] ,v]bess]ung4 #hvo4 7,f ,pogg5dorff1 i4 #cec47 ,hamburg1 #aghg ,cagni>d de ,lat\r4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,c ,a ,callaud1 ,a4 ,trait des ,p>atonn]res4 ,s ,l>ge #hvo4 7#ajc7 ,p>is1 #ahgd ,r ,cam]]1 ,j4 ,w4 b] das ,e9s*lag5 des ,gewitt]s auf zwei mit ,blitzableit]n v]seh55 ,hus]n4 7,tub+4-,bltt]1 #ahae1 ,bd4 ii47 ,tub+1 #ahae ,r ,a ,c>danus1 ,g4 ,de fulgure4 ,lib] unus4 ,fol4 7,c>dani ,g]onimo ,op]a omnia4 #aj vols1 folio1 vol4 ii47 ,lugd4 #affc ,r ,ca/elli1 ,c4 ,diss]tazione sull' orig9e delle /raord9>ie meteore dell' anno #aghc1 e sulla mani]a d' imp$ire i fulm9i e le gr&9i4 #hvo4 7,f ,,ms4 ,catalogue1 ,padua ,academy47 ,milano ,r ,a ,s ,cavallo1 ,t4 ,a complete ,treatise on ,london1 #aggg1 ,electricity4 #hvo4 7,_m editions47 c4 ,r ,c]9i1 ,g4 ,impossibilit fisico-*imica del p>agr&9e4 ,milano1 #ahba ,r ,*amb]layne1 ,j4 ,on ! effect ( ,?und] & ,lightn+ at ,/amp=d ,c\rtney1 9 ,devon%ire4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #agab47 ,london1 #agab ,a ,*antrel4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 7,polyt4 ,j\rn41 lxxxvi4 #agi47 #ahdb 7#gj7 ,s,*apman1 ,sir ,f4 ,e4 ,in/ructions z to ! application ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 7,army ,circul>s47 #ahge ,r ,*appe1 ,d',aut]o*e4 ,obs]vations sur l'orage du #f ,aot1 #agfg1 et d'un c\p de f\dre qui s'e/ lev de la t]rasse de l',obs]vatoire4 #dto4 7,mm4 de ,p>is1 #agfg1 ,mm4 p4 #cdd47 ,p>is1 #agfg ,r ,voyage en ,cali=nie p\r l',obs]vation de ,vnus sur le disque du ,soleil le #c ,ju91 #agfg4444 ,r$ig et publi p> ,m4 ,cass9i fils4 #dto4 #agj pp4 #d plates4 ,s 7,on ,lightn+ 7z asc5d+71 p4 #ca1 & ref]5ce to ! same subject 9 8 ,voyage en ,sibrie74 ,p>is1 #aggb ,r ,voyage en ,sibrie4 7,pogg4 i4 #dbj1 says #c vols4 #dto47 ,p>is1 #agfc ,r ,*evalli]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,in/ruction sur les p>atonn]res4 ,p>is1 #ahbc ,r ,*igi1 ,a4 ,lett]a ad un amico sopra il ,fulm9e caduta1 #ah ,aprile1 #aggg1 nella spranga4444 torre del ,palazzo4444 di ,si5a4 ,si5a1 #ahdd ,r ,*im9ello1 ,v4 ,rispo/a 444 al comm5to 444 nel ,giornale ,a/rometeorologico1 #ahjf1 del ,sig4 ,g4 ,scagull]1 #abmo4 #bd pp4 7,on ,lightn+ ,conductors47 ,v5ezia1 #ahjf ,r ,precauzione d'applic>e il secondo conduttore ovv]o l',emiss>io p] pres]v>e gli edifizii dai ,fulm9i4 7,giornale ,a/rometeorologico1 #ahjf47 ,padova1 #ahjf ,r ,*9ale e ,compa4 ,p>agr&9e4 ,i/ruzione4 #hvo4 #be pp4 #a plate4 7,e/ratti del ,propagatore47 ,tor9o1 #ahbh ,r,c,s,cl>k1 ,latim]4 ,on ! ,/orms exp]i5c$ by ! ,subm>9e ,cable ,exp$ition 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 #ahfi4 7,j\r4 ,met4 ,soc47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgc ,r ,cl]c4 ,compte-r5du4 #a;er ,sme/re de #ahai4 #hvo4 7,lyon's ,acad4 ,comptes-r5dus47 ,lyon1 #ahai ,note4--,m5tion ( a "w receiv$ f le ,comte de ,lezai-,m>nesia 444 sur les ,p>atonn]res et les ,p>agrles--,n4 ,d4 ,r ,close1 ,d4 ,passage d'une lett] 444 sur les effets de la ,f\dre sur la *ane du p>atonn]re d'un vaisseau4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,t\l\se ,acad4 #d;e srie1 tome iv4 p4 ,t\l\se1 #dhc47 #ahed ,r ,cohn1 ,f4 ,e9 int]essant] ,blitzs*lag bes*rieb54 #dto4 #b plates4 7,acad4 ,leop4 #ahef1 vol4 xxvi4 "p i4 p4 #agg47 #ahef ,die ,e9wirkung des ,blitzes auf ,bume4 #dto4 7,acad4 ,leop487 ,s,colladon1 ,d4 ,mmoire sur les effets de la ,f\dre sur les arbres et les plantes ligneuses1 et l'emploi des arbres comme p>ratonn]res4 to4 ,g5ve1 #ahgb 7#aag7 ,s,coll9 et ,fils4 ,p>atonn]res4 7,extract f ,catalogue47 #dto4 ,r ,coll9d]4 ,de fulguribus4 #dto4 7,f ,watts47 ,upsal1 #afhf ,r ,contessi1 ,m4 ,disquisizione sui p>agr&9i4 #dto4 #bf pp4 ,treviso1 #ahbf ,r ,co/ant9i1 ,g4 ,a4 787 ,difesa della 444 ,s5t5za *e i ,fulm9i disc5dono dalle nuvole 444 ,riflessioni4 #dto4 #ahd & #ab ,v5ezia1 pp4 #agdi4 ,r ,c[p]4 7,poet47 ,lett] to ,tillo*1 f ,j4 ,s4 ,s41 conta9+ an ,extract f ! #crd vol4 p4 #agh1 9 a lett] to ! ,rev4 ,john ,newton1 ( ,c[p]'s ,correspond5ce z publi%$ by ,hayley4 ,?is extract conta9s an acc\nt ( two ,fireballs :i* bur/ 8on ! /eeple1 or close to x10 at ,olney4 #hvo4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xix4 #bif47 ,london1 #ahjd ,r ,crause 7,krause71 ,r4 ,w4 ,de fulm9e tactis4 ,j51 #afid ,r ,crse1 ,g4 ,de ,fulm9e4 #dto4 7,f ,am/]dam1 ,watts47 #afei ,r ,s ,crosse1 ,a4 ,memorials ( ! late4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aheg ,d',abbadie4 7,see ,abbadie1 ,d'47 ,a ,dalib>d1 ,m4 ,hi/oire abrge de l',electricit4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #agff ,d',aut]o*e4 7,see ,*appe ,d',aut]o*e47 ,r ,davies1 ,e4 ,an acc\nt ( :at happ5$ f ,?und] 9 ,c>m>!n%ire2 p>tly f ! woman's m\? t suff]$ by x1 p>tly f :at 0 obs]v$ by o!rs2 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,eames ,j41 z he receiv$ x 9 a lett] f ,davies ,e41 dat$ ,p5c>reg1 ,saturday1 ,dec4 #f1 #agbi-cj4 #dto4 #e pp4 ,london1 7,phil4 ,trans4 xxxvi4 #ddd47 #agbi-cj ,r ,daviet de ,fonc5ex1 ,f4 ,rcit d'une f\dre asc5dante clate sur la t\r du fanal de ,villefran*e4 7,biblioteca oltramontana1 #aghi47 #aghi ,r ,davy1 ,sir ,h4 ,pres]vation f ,lightn+4 7,portable conductor47 #hvo4 #a p4 7,phil4 ,mag4 lix4 #dfh47 ,london1 #ahbb ,de ,fonvielle4 7,see ,fonvielle1 ,de47 ,de ,frem]y4 7,see ,frem]y1 ,de47 ,de ,la ,pylaie4 7,see ,la ,pylaie1 ,de47 ,de ,la ,rive4 7,see ,la ,rive1 ,de47 ,r ,a ,delaval1 ,e4 ,h4 ,an acc\nt ( ! effects ( ,lightn+1 c4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #agfd47 ,london1 #agfd ,r ,della ,bella1 ,g4 ,trattato sopra l'utilit dei conduttori elettrici4 7,pogg4 i4 #aci47 ,r ,noticias hi/oricas1 e praticas circa d modo de def5d] os edificios dos ontrages dos raios4 #hvo4 ,lisboa1 #aggc ,r ,dell',acqua1 ,c4 ,norme prati*e p] b5 co/ruire ed applic>e i ,p>afulm9i4 #dto4 #cg pp4 #a plate 7li?47 ,milano1 #ahei ,r ,a ,dempp1 ,k4 ,w4 ,voll/ndig] ,unt]ri*t 9 ,s d] ,te*nik d] ,blitzableit]setzung4 #hvo4 ,mn*51 #ahdb ,de ,romas4 7,see ,romas1 ,de47 ,des ,c>tes ,r5ati4 ,pr9cipia philosophi4 ,am/elodami1 #dto4 #caf pp4 #afej ,despretz4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,de ,/4 ,laz>e4 7,see ,b]?olon de ,/4 ,laz>e47 ,r ,d',hombre ,firmas1 ,l4 ,a4 ,effets de la ,f\dre4 7,rsum des travaux de l',acadmie de ,t\l\se p5dant ,t\l\se1 #ahci-dj-da47 #ahdc ,r ,dietri*1 ,p4 ,f4 von4 ,sur les conducteurs des difices anci5s4 #dto4 7,s*rift4 ,gesells*4 naturf4 ,fr4 9 ,b]l91 xxv4 #aghd47 ,b]l91 #aghd ,r ,s ,d+ley4 ,r4 ,vox ,cli1 or ,obs]vations ( ,?und]4 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #afeh ,r ,divis*1 ,p4 8,erf& e95 ,wett]ableit]4 ,bes*rieb5 9 ,pelzel's ,abbild1 bhm u4 mhr4 ,gelehrt4 ,bd4 iii40 7,f ,pogg5dorff1 i4 #ehj47 ,r ,s ,dove1 ,h4 ,w4 ,ueb] ,electricitt4 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahdh ,r ,dralet4 ,on a ,trombe1 ) ?und]1 c4 ,t\l\se1 #ahcj ,drebble1 ,c4 ,e9kurtz] ,tractat von d] ,natur4 ,d] ,elem5t5 und wie sie d5 ,w9d ,reg5 ,blitz und ,donn] v]orfa*54 #abmo4 ,franckfurt1 #be pp4 #afbh ,duhamel4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,duj>d91 ,c4 ,trait lm5taire de l',electricit extrait en p>tie du gr& ouvrage de ,m4 ,becqu]el1 et r5f]mant un ,article pratique sur les ,p>atonn]res p> ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 ,s4,a4 #abmo4 ,p>is4 ,dulong4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,du ,moncel1 ,t4 ,?orie des clairs4 #hvo4 ,*]b\rg1 #df pp4 #ahed ,r ,notice hi/orique et ?orique sur le tonn]re et les clairs4 #hvo4 #ed pp4 ,p>is1 #aheg ,s ,expos des applications de l',electricit4 #e vols4 #ahgb-gh ,a ,dup91 ,c4 ,obs]vations au sujet du ,rapport sur l',etablissem5t de ,p>atonn]res bords des ,vaisseaux4 7,compt4 ,r5d41 xxxix4 #aaei47 #ahed ,r ,du ,prez1 ,f4 ,mmoire en rponse 444 sur ,bruxelles1 l'lectricit de l'air4 #dto4 #ahdc ,r ,s ,/ati/ique des c\ps de f\dre qui ,bruxelles1 7#ia7 ont frapp des p>atonn]res4 #dto4 #ahei ,r ,du ,t\r1 ,e4 ,f4 ,mmoires sur les effets lectriques du tonn]re tomb prs de ,riom en ,auv]gne4 #dto4 7,mm4 de ,p>is1 an4 #agff1 ,hi/4 p4 #cg47 ,p>is1 #agff ,r ,a ,eb]h>d1 ,j4 ,p4 ,vors*lge zur bequem]n und si*]5 ,anlegung d] ,pulv]magaz94 #hvo4 ,halle1 #agga ,s,edmonds1 ,r4 ,on ! two great ?und]/orms1 ) extraord9>y agitations ( ! sea 9 #ahdf4 #hvo4 ,r ,a ,eeles1 ,h4 ,lett] conc]n+ ! cause ( ,?und]4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ageb1 p4 #ebd47 ,london1 #ageb ,r ,a ,eis5lohr1 ,w4 ,anleitung z4 ,ausfhrung u4 ,c>lsruhe1 ,s ,visitation d4 ,blitzableit]4 #h vo4 #ahdh ,s ,second edition1 ) #c plates4 ,c>lsruhe1 #ahfg ,a ,eitelwe91 ,j4 ,a4 ,kurze ,anleitung auf wel*e ,art ,blitzableit] an d5 ,gebud5 anzuleg5 s9d4 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahjb ,r ,elice1 ,f4 ,lett]a sulla niuna influ5za del suono delle campane p] attr>re il fulm9e4 ,g5ova1 #ahag ,r ,influ5za delle campane sul fulm9e4 #hvo4 #c pp4 7,bibl4 ,ital4 xxxii4 #dbc47 ,milano1 #ahbc ,r ,oss]vazioni sull' ,i/ruzione dei ,p>afulm9i approvata dalla ,r4 ,acad4 delle ,sci5ze di ,p>igi il d #bc ,aprile #ahbc e pubblicata nel #ahbd4 #hvo4 #h pp4 ,g5ova1 #ahbf ,r ,lett]a del 444 ,f4 ,elice 444 al sig4 ,c4,f4 #hvo4 #c pp4 7,bibl4 ,ital4 xlv4 #acf47 ,milano1 #ahbg ,note4--,on ! effects ( lightn+ on ! t[] ( ! ligh?\se at ,g5oa1 ,jan4 #d?1 #ahbg4 ,r ,i/ruzione sui ,p>afulm9i4 ,lett]a 444 al ,p4 ,c4 ,d5tone4 #hvo4 #bd pp4 ,g5ova1 #ahci ,r ,i/ruzione sui ,p>afulm9i2 lett]a 444 indirizzata al ,pittore ,c4 ,d5tone4 ,seconda ,edizione con aggiunte dell' autore4 #hvo4 #cb pp4 ,g5ova1 #ahda ,r ,oss]vazioni sui ,p>afulm9i4 ,luglio #ahdc e ,nota sulla conducibilit di p>ec*i metalli p] l'elettrico1 e propo/a di f>e le punte dei p>afulm9i di palladio4 #a ,ago/o #ahdc4 #hvo4 #aa pp4 ,g5ova1 #ahdc ,r ,ell+]1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur ,erlut]ung d4 ,vor/ellung von ,wett]wolk5 und ,blitz54 ,mun*51 7,mun*5 ,d5ks*r4 #ahjc-f47 #ahjc-f ,r ,englefield1 ,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,"s p>ticul>s respect+ ! ,?und]/orm at ,london & 9 its vic9ity on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 #ahaj4 #hvo4 #d pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xxxvi4 #cdi47 ,london1 #ahaj ,s,esebecius1 ,j4 ,s4 ,de fulm9e et tonitru4 #dto4 #afei ,r ,ess]1 ,f]d4 ,abh&l4 b4 ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 ,mun/]1 #aghe ,fait1 ,e4 ,mac4 7,see ,macfait47 ,c ,falcon]1 ,w4 ,obs]vations on ! k ( ! anci5ts respect+ ,electricity 7,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 vol4 iii4 p4 ,w>r+ton1 #bgh47 #hvo4 #agij ,r ,felbig]1 ,j4 ,i4 von4 ,die ,kun/ ,?u]me1 od] &]e ,gebude1 vor d5 s*dli*5 ,wirkung5 des ,blitzes1 dur* ,ableitung zu bewahr5 7angebra*t an e9em ,?urm74 #hvo4 #aaj pp4 #a plate4 ,breslau1 #agga ,r ,wie weit gewhr5 wohl ,gewitt]ableit]1 ,si*]heit fr ,pressburg1 um/eh5de ,gebude8 #aghg ,r ,felkel1 ,a4 ,wahre ,bes*aff5heit des ,donn]s4 ,wi51 #aghj ,r ,a ,f]guson1 ,j4 ,an introduction to electricity4 7#crd ed47 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggh ,s,f]guson1 ,r4 ,m4 ,electricity4 #abmo4 #ahga ,r ,f]ri1 ,p4 ,riflessioni sopra gli ,argom5ti addotti dal 444 ,maffei 444 intorno la ,=mazione del ,fulm9e4 #dto4 #eb pp4 ,vic5za1 #agdh ,r ,fi$l]1 ,k4 ,g4 ,m]kwrdige ,blitzs*laege4 #hvo4 7,gilb4 ,ann4 lxviii47 #ahdf ,r ,fi$l]1 ,k4 ,w4 ,ueb] ,blitzrohr5 9 ,deuts*l& und ,ung>n4 ,r ,fis*]1 ,d4 ,relatio de fulgure tonitru et fulm9e4 ,de insolito quodam phnom5o ,kesm>k9i die #aj ,aug4 #agag4 ,breslau ,r ,fis*]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,de fno sub combu/ione p] fulm9is ignem 9 massam seu scoriam calc>iam r$acto4 #dto4 7,nov4 ,act4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur4 iii4 #agcc47 ,breslau1 #agcc ,r ,foll9i1 ,g4 ,sul passaggio del fulm9e 444 delli #f ,ago/o1 #agie1 nel ,tempio di ,s4 ,v]celli1 ,&rea 9 ,v]celli4 #hvo4 #di pp4 #a plate4 #agie ,r ,fonda4 ,sopra la mani]a di pres]v>e gli edifizii dal ,fulm9e4 ,roma1 #aggj ,r ,c ,fonveille1 ,w4 de4 ,eclairs et ,tonn]e4 ,s #abmo4 ,p>is1 #ahfg ,s ,?und] & ,lightn+ 7translat$ by ,phipson74 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfh ,a ,s ,eclairs et ,tonn]res4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahfi ,a ,de l',utilit1 des ,p>atonn]res4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgd 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,=bes1 ,eli4 ,an acc\nt ( ! effects ( ,lightn+ on a l>ge rock 9 ,gl\ce/]1 9 a lett] 444 to 444 ,m4 ,cutl]1 7dat$ ,july #c1 #aghc74 #dto4 #d pp4 7,mems4 ( ! ,am]ican ,acad41 ,old ,s]ies1 i4 #bec1 "p ii47 ,bo/on1 #aghe ,r ,=/]1 ,b4 ,description ( an electrical in/rum5t call$ 8,! ,?und]/orm ,al>um40 #hvo4 #b pp4 #a plate4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xlvii4 #cdd47 ,london1 #ahaf ,r ,=/]1 ,t4 ,on simultane\s ,?und]/orms4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 lx4 #aie47 ,london1 #ahbb ,s,f\rnet1 ,j4 ,sur la di/ribution des c\ps de f\dre ,lyon4 #hvo4 ,lyon1 #aheb ,r ,f[l]1 ,t4 ,a rem>kable case ( ! morbid effects ( ,lightn+ successfully treat$4 7,m$ical & ,philosophical ,comm5t>y by a ,society ( ,physicians 9 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 vi47 ,ed9burgh4 ,a ,frankl91 ,b4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations 9 ,electricity made at ,philadelphia1 9 ,am]ica4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agea ,s ,expri5ces et ,obs]vations4 #abmo4 #ageb ,r ,lett] f ,dr4 ,b4 ,frankl9 to ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq41 on ! me?od ( secur+ h\ses f ! effects ( ,lightn+4 ,ed9burgh1 #hvo4 #ae pp4 #agga ,r ,c ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations4 7#e? ,s edition47 #dto4 7#gi7 ,london1 #aggd ,a ,frankl91 ,b4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,utility ( long-po9t$ ,rods = secur+ ,build+s f damage by ,/rokes ( ,lightn+4 ,london1 #aggi ,r ,s ,mmoire sur la manire d'arm] d'un conducteur la ca?drale de ,/rasb\rg et sa t\r4 #hvo4 #aghj ,ent]$ 9 ! ,ronald's ,catalogue1 "u ,b>bi]e de ,t9an1 b issign$ by ,frankl94 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,frecksel4 ,bem]kung5 b] ,blitzs*lge4 #ahai ,r ,fro/1 ,a4 ,j4 ,catalogue ( books & ,c,s pap]s relat+ to ,electricity1 c41 compil$ by ,sir ,francis ,ronalds1 ,f4,r4,s4 #hvo4 xxvii4 #efd pp4 ,london1 #ahhj ,r ,s ,frem]y1 ,n4 ,c4 ,de4 ,diss]tatio philos1 ,lugd4 ,batav41 inauguralis de ,fulm9e4 #dto4 #agij ,fresnel4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,fu*s1 ,j4 ,c4 ,von e9em m]kwrdig5 ,wett]s*lage 9 ,potsdam4 7,all]neue/e ,mannigfaltigkeit51 #aghb47 #aghb ,r ,zustze und ,ergnzung5 d] ,na*ri*t von e9em m]kwrdig5 ,wett]s*lage 9 ,potsdam4444 7,all]neue/e ,mannigfaltigkeit51 ,j4 ii4 ,?4 iii47 ,r ,gallitz91 ,d4 ,a4 ,f4 ,obs]vations sur les conducteurs4 ,addresse l',acad4 de ,bruxelles2 ,july #f1 #aggh4 #dto4 #aj pp4 #a plate4 ,la ,haye1 #aggh ,r ,g>ipuy4 ,mmoire sur un c\p de ,tonn]re arriv prs la ville de ,ca/res 444 ,rflexions sur les conducteurs lectriques4 7,lu #aa ,avril1 #aghb47 #dto4 7,t\l\se ,acad4 #are srie1 tom4 ii4 p4 ,t\l\se1 #ahh47 #aghd ,r ,gattoni1 ,g4 ,c4 ,lett]a all editore sui ,fulm9i di ,ritorno4 7,data ,como1 #ae ,luglio1 #ahjh47 #dto4 #ad pp4 #a plate 7li?474 7,nuova ,scelt4 d',opusc4 ii4 #bhi #caj47 ,milano1 #ahjg ,r ,s ,gav>ret1 ,j4 ,trait d',electricit4 #b ,p>is1 vols4 #hvo4 #aheg-eh ,r ,s ,lehrbu* d4 ,electricitt4 7,translat$ ,leipzig1 by ,ar5dt47 #b bde4 #ahei-fj ,r ,gay-,lussac4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,s,g]sdorf1 ---- v4 ,ueb] die atmosphris*e ,electricitt4 ,grlitz1 #ahjb ,r ,gilb]t1 ,i4 ,a me?od ( af=d+ relief to p]sons injur$ by ,lightn+4 ,9 a lett] f ,mr4 ,isaiah ,gilb]t to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,/eele4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xvii4 #cjf47 ,london1 #ahjc ,r ,gilii1 ,f4 ,l4 ,memoria fisica sopra il ,fulm9e ,caduto 9 ,roma sulla casa dei ,p4 ,p4 ,filipp9i di ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,vallicella1 detta comunem5te la *iesa nuova nel d #bf ,novembre1 #agha4 #abmo4 #bh pp4 ,roma1 #aghb ,r ,breve ragionam5to sopra il conduttore 444 innalzato sulla ,basilica di ,/a4 ,m>ia degli ,angioli4 #hvo4 #bb pp4 ,roma1 #agic ,r ,gilly und ,eytelwe94 ,kurze ,anleitung1 auf wel*e ,art ,blitzableit] an d4 ,gebud5 anzubr+5 s9d4 #hvo4 #c plates4 ,b]l91 #agih ,r ,kurze ,anleit4 c4 7,blitzableit]74 #hvo4 #c plates4 ,b]l91 #ahjb ,r ,kurze ,anleit1 c4 #c;e ,aufl4 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahai ,g9eau4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france4 7 ,r ,giorgi1 ,e4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 7,vide ,majoc*i ,annali1 viii4 #agh47 ,s,gray1 ,j4 ,w4 ,son4 ,lightn+1 its de/ructive action on build+s4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahge8 ,r ,gre51 ,w4 ,p4 ,selection ( pap]s on ! subject ( fix$ ,lightn+ ,conductors to ! ma/s ( ,h4,m4's ,navy1 con/ruct$ s z to pass f ! truck to ! keelson 444 illu/rat$ by engrav+s1 c4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahbd ,r ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors = ,%ips4 #ahbh ,s ,precautions to avoid accid5ts by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #ahcg ,r ,greimble4 ,diss]tatio physica de g5u ,agu/4 ,v9d4 progressu et effectibus fulm9is4 #abmo4 #agei ,a ,gr5et1 ,e4 ,con/ruction des ,p>atonn]res4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgc ,r ,grimm1 ,j4 b] die ,nam5 des ,donn]s4 ,e9e academis*e ,abh&lung vorgeles5 am #ab ,mai1 #ahec4 #dto4 #bh pp4 ,b]l91 #ahee ,r ,a ,gross1 ,j4 ,f4 ,grundstze d] ,blitzableitungskun/ geprft1 und dur* e95 m]k]wrdig5 ,fall erlut]t4 ,na* dem ,tode des ,v]fass]s h]ausgegeb5 von ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,wid5mann4 #hvo4 #bbh pp4 #a plate4 ,leipzig1 #agif ,r ,guazzi1 ,a4 ,transunto del ,ragguaglio d'un ,fulm9e caduto presso ,casalmaggiore con danno di tre p]sone4 #dto4 #c pp4 7,opusc4 ,scelt4 xiv4 #cja47 ,milano1 #agia ,r ,gud51 ,p4 ,p4 ,von d] ,si*]heit wid] die ,gtt+51 ,donn]/rahl54 #hvo4 #bjj pp4 #aggd ,r ,gutle und ,luz4 ,unt]ri*t vom ,blitz und d5 ,blitz-und-,wett] ,ableit]n1 zur ,err9]ung und ,b]uhigung sond]li* d] ungelehrt51 und des geme95 ,mannes von ,f4 ,luz neu be>beitet von ,j4 ,k4 ,gutle4 ,nrnb]g1 ,er/] ,!il4 #hvo4 #bbb pp4 #a plate4 #ahjd ,r ,gutle1 ,j4 ,c4 ,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,blitzableitungskun/ 444 als ,=tsetzung d] 8,!oretis*5 ,blitzableitungslehre40 ,nrnb]g1 #hvo4 #ddf pp4 #af plates4 #ahjd ,r ,a ,algeme9e ,si*]heitsregeln fr ,nrnb]g1 ,j$]man bey ,gewitt]4 #hvo4 #ahje ,r ,fassli*] ,unt]ri*t wie man si* bei ,gewitt]n vor d5 444 ,wirkung5 des ,blitzes ohne ,blitzableit] si*] 444 ,nrnb]g1 v]wahr5 kann4 #hvo4 #adj pp4 #ahje ,r ,a ,neue ,erfahrung5 b] die be/e ,art ,nrnb]g1 ,blitzableit] anzuleg54 #hvo4 #ahab ,r ,neue wiss5s*aftli*e ,erfahrung51 ,entdeckung5 und ,v]bess]ung51 c4 #hvo4 #bgb pp4 #d plates4 ,mn*51 #ahbf ,r ,ha*ette1 ,j4 ,n4 ,p4 ,sur la =mation des tubes fulm9aires4 #hvo4 7,ann4 de ,*im4 xxxvii4 #ahbh47 ,p>is1 #ahbh ,r ,haid+]1 ,w4 ,ritt] ,von4 ,ni$rig/e ,hh5 von ,gewitt]wolk5 7,zwei ,flle 9 ,er9n]ung gebra*t47 #hvo4 #aj pp4 7,aus d5 ,sitzungsb]i*t5 #aheb1 d] k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 abg$ruckt4 ,vol4 ix4 ii4 ,heft47 ,wi51 #ahec ,r ,s ,die sdwe/li*5 ,blitzkugeln am #bj ,octbr4 #ahfh4 ,na*trag zu d] ,mit!ilg4 am #e ,novbr4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,sitzb4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,dec4 ,heft4 #ahfh lviii4 ,bde47 ,wi51 #ahfh ,r ,s ,e9 kugelfrmig] ,blitz am #cj ,aug4 #ahfe1 geseh5 zu ,fei/ritz bei ,peggau 9 ,/i]m>k4 #hvo4 #d pp4 7,sitzb4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,dec4 ,heft4 #ahfh1 lviii4 ,bde47 ,wi51 #ahfh ,s,haj+i1 ,b4 1 ,seu ,giess ,disquisitio de ,fulm9e ,naturalis4 #dto4 ,hassorum1 #affj ,r ,hall5creutz1 ,d4 ,beoba*tung an ,gewitt]wolk5 wel*e ,blitze geg5 e9&] geb5 zu ,pello inn]halb des ,pol>kreises4 #hvo4 #c pp4 #a plate4 7,k4 ,s*w$4 ,akad4 ,abh4 xxxv4 #he47 ,leipzig1 #aggc ,r ,halley1 ,e4 ,obs]vation sur les c\ps de ,tonn]re multiplis et extraord9aires4 #dto4 7,mm4 de ,p>is1 #agca4 ,hi/4 p4 #ai47 ,p>is1 #agca ,s,hamb]g1 ,h4 ,e4 ,om d5 s4 k4 luftelektricitet54 #hvo4 ,upsala1 #ahgb ,r ,hannemann1 ,j4 ,l4 ,de fulm9is effectu miro4 7,miscell4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur47 #afhe ,a ,h>e1 ,r4 ,ueb] die ,ursa*51 w>um ,wett]ableit] 9 e9ig5 ,fll5 ni*t s*tz51 und die ,mittel dieselb5 vollkomm5 s*tz5d zu ma*5 neb/ e9] ,wid]legung d] h]rs*5d5 ,idee dass ,metalle die ,elektricitt vorzgli* anzieh54 ,aus4 ,gill's ,te*nological ,repository1 ,nov41 #ahbg1 im ,polyt4 ,j\rn41 xxvii4 #bfh4 #ahbh ,r ,h>ris 7aft]w>ds ,sir71 ,william ,sn[4 ,electrical ,conductors = ,%ips4 ,exp]im5t 9 ,plym\? ,h>b\r4 #hvo4 #g pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 lx4 #bca47 ,london1 #ahbb ,r ,c ,obs]vations on ! effects ( ,a ,s ,lightn+ on float+ bodies1 c41 ) an acc\nt ( a new me?od ( apply+ fix$ & cont9u\s ,conductors ( ,electricity to ! ,ma/s ( ,%ips4 ,lett] to ,sir ,t4 ,b4 ,m>t94 #dto4 #hi pp4 #e plates4 ,london1 #ahbc ,note4--,! illu/ration accompanies plate i4 ,! l9es on ! pap] orig9ally consi/$ ( gold leaf4444 ,a dis*>ge has be5 pass$ ov] ! gold leaf to %[ by its deflagration ! c\rse ( ! electric matt]4 ,r ,on ! relative p[]s ( v>i\s metallic sub/ances z ,conductors ( ,electricity4 ,read ,dec4 #ad1 #ahbf4 #dto4 #g pp4 #a plate4 7,phil4 ,trans47 ,london1 #ahbg ,r ,a ,on ! utility ( fix+ ,lightn+ ,plym\?1 ,conductors on ,%ips4 #hvo4 #bc pp4 #ahcj ,r ,a s]ies ( pap]s on ! def5ce ( ,%ips & ,build+s f ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #df pp4 7,nautical ,magaz9e1 xxv47 ,london1 #ahce ,r ,s ,inquiries conc]n+ ! elem5t>y laws ( electricity4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahcf ,r ,a s]ies ( ?ree ,pap]s1 t]m$ ,illu/rations ( cases ( damage by ,lightn+ 9 ! ,briti% ,navy4 7,nautical ,magaz9e = #ahch47 ,london1 #ahch ,a ,on ! ,protection ( ,%ips f ,lightn+4 7,annals ( ,electricity1 ii4 #ha47 #ahch ,r ,s ,/ate ( ! "q relat+ to ! protection ( ! ,briti% ,navy f ,lightn+1 by ! me?od ( fix$ ,conductors ( ,electricity1 z propos$ by ,plym\?1 ,mr4 ,sn[ ,h>ris4 ,) app5dix4 #hvo4 #ahch ,c ,s ,hi/ory ( #bbj %ips /ruck by ,lightn+4 #ahci ,r ,a ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 & on c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ,electrical sci5ce2 be+ an inve/igation ( ,mr4 ,/urgeon's exp]im5tal & !oretical rese>*es 9 ,electricity1 publi%$ by him 9 ! ,annals ( ,electricity1 c4 #hvo4 #ab pp4 #a plate4 7,phil4 ,mag4 = ,dec41 #ahci1 p4 #dfc47 ,london1 #ahci ,r ,s ,copy ( ! report & evid5ce f 7#hc7 ! ,commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! plan ( ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris1 relat+ to ! protection ( ,%ips f ! effects ( ,lightn+4 ,ord]$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons to be pr9t$1 #aa? ,feb41 #ahdj4 ,folio4 #if pp4 #ab plates4 ,london1 #ahdj ,s ,/ate ( ! "q relat+ to ! protection ( ! ,briti% ,navy4 #hvo4 #ahdj ,r ,on ! c\rse ( ! ,electrical dis*>ge1 & on ! effects ( ,lightn+ on c]ta9 %ips ( ! ,briti% ,navy4 #hvo4 7,ed9b4 & ,lond4 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,feb4 & ,m>*1 #ahdj47 ,london1 #ahdj ,r ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 & ! effects ( ,lightn+ on ,h4,m4's %ip 8,rodney0 & c]ta9 o!r %ips ( ! ,briti% ,navy2 be+ a fur!r exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,/urgeon's ,memoir on ,m>9e ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 #ab pp4 #a plate4 7,annals ( ,electricity1 iv4 #dhd47 ,london1 #ahdj ,r ,on ! suppos$ ,electro-magnetical effects ( ,m>9e ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,nautical ,magaz9e1 ,enl>g$ ,s]ies1 ,no4 #b1 vol4 = #ahda7 #ahda ,r ,obs]vations on ! action ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,proc4 ,london ,elec4 ,soc4 = #ahdb47 ,london1 #ahdb ,r ,on ! effects ( ,lightn+ on ! ,briti% %ip 8,und]wood10 #hvo4 #h pp4 7,nautical ,mag4 = ,june1 #ahdb47 ,london1 #ahdb ,r ,c ,on ! nature ( ,?und]/orms1 & ,a ,s ! means ( protect+ ,build+s & 7#he7 ,%ipp+ aga9/ 444 ,lightn+4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdc ,r ,h>ris1 ,w4 ,s4 ,a !oretical & practical view ( ,?und]/orms1 & ! protection ( ,build+s & ,%ips f ,lightn+4 ,london1 #ahdc ,r ,on ,damage by ,lightn+ 9 ! ,briti% ,navy4 #hvo4 #ff 7pp4 ,extract f ! ,nautical ,magaz9e1 #ahdc47 ,london1 #ahdc ,s ,brief hi/ory ( #bbj ,%ips4 #hvo4 #ahdd ,r ,s ,meteorology ( ,?und]/orms at ,sea1 ) analytical d$uctions2 & a hi/ory ( ! effects ( ,lightn+ on #baj %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdd ,note4--,! fir/ "p 0 pr9t$ 9 ! 8,nautical ,magaz9e0 aft] ! second "p1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( cases1 _h be5 complet$4 ,! fir/ "p has #ah pp42 ! second "p is entitl$1 8,damage by ,lightn+ 9 ! ,briti% ,navy10 & has #ff pp4 ,r ,rem>kable in/ances ( ! protection ( c]ta9 ,%ips ( ,h4,m4's ,navy f ! de/ructive effects ( ,lightn+2 collect$ f v>i\s au?orities4 #hvo4 ,plym\?1 #ah pp4 #ahdd ,r ,rem>kable in/ances ( def5ce ( c]ta9 ,%ips ( ! ,royal ,navy f ! de/ructive ag5cy ( ,lightn+1 ) practical & !oretical d$uctions4 ,london1 #ahdf ,r ,lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,incorporat$ ,society = ,build+ ,*ur*es1 c41 on ! ,pres]vation ( ,plym\?1 ,public ,build+s f ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #ahdg ,r ,a ,public ,(ficial ,lett] to ! ,india ,bo>d1 dat$ ,june #ba1 #ahdg1 relative to a ,bo>d ,ord] requir+ all ,transports to be fitt$ ) 8 ,conductors4 #ahdg ,s ,hi/ory ( #bbj %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy4 #hvo4 #ahdg ,r ,rem>kable in/ances ( ! protection ( c]ta9 ,%ips 444 f ! de/ructive effects ( ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #fa pp4 #b plates4 ,london1 #ahdg ,r ,s ,in/ructions = ! application ( p]man5tly fix$ ,conductors 9 ,h4,m4's %ips1 drawn up = ! use ( ,h4,m4's docky>ds4 ,pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty4 ,london1 #ahdh ,r ,lett] to ! ,e>l ( ,wilton on returns 444 relative to 444 fix$ ,metallic ,conductors employ$ 9 ,h4,m4's ,plym\?1 ,navy4 #hvo4 #ce pp4 #ahdi ,r ,lett] on ! ,pres]vation ( ,public ,build+s f 444 ,lightn+ 7revis$7 address$ to ! 444 ,society = build+ ,*ur*es1 c41 dat$ ,decemb]1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 #ab pp4 ,london1 #ahej ,r ,s ,on ! relative ,co/ & ,effici5cy ( p]man5t & tempor>y =ms ( ,lightn+ ,conductors z applicable to ! ,plym\?1 def5ce ( ! ,royal ,navy4 #hvo4 #bg pp4 #ahej ,r ,rem>kable in/ances ( ! ,pres]vation ( c]ta9 ,%ips ( ! ,royal ,navy f ,lightn+4 ,abridg$ f ,(ficial & o!r au!nticat$ ,reports4 ,plym\?1 #hvo4 #ai pp4 #ahej ,r ,de/ruction ( ,m]*ant ,%ips4 ,%ipwreck by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #f pp4 7,nautical ,magaz9e = ,novemb]1 #aheb47 ,london1 #aheb ,r ,pap]s relat+ to ,h>ris's ,lightn+ ,conductors & ! de/ructive effects ( ,lightn+ on ,%ips4 ,fol4 #aa pp4 #b plates4 ,london1 #aheb ,r ,pap]s relative to ,h>ris's ,lightn+ ,conductors1 ,app5dix1 ) ,add5dum ( #a %eet4 ,fol4 #cg pp4 ,london1 #aheb ,r ,review ( ! ,hi/ory & ,progress ( ! g5]al sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors 444 9 ! ,royal ,navy4 #hvo4 #aj pp4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,nautical ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #ahec47 #ahec ,r ,s ,%ipwrecks by ,lightn+4 ,copies ( 7#ij7 pap]s relative to ,%ipwrecks by ,lightn+ z prep>$ by ,sir ,sn[ ,h>ris1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,admiralty4 ,fol4 #hb pp4 #e plates4 ,london1 #ahed ,s,h>ris1 ,w4 ,s4 ,on ! relative co/ & effici5cy ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 #ahei ,r ,a ,a treatise on ,frictional ,electricity4 7,edit$ by ,c4 ,toml9son47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfg ,s,h>t+1 ,p4 ,notice sur un cas de =mation de fulgurites et sur la prs5ce d'autres fulgurites dans le sol ,am/]dam1 de la ,nerl&e #dto4 #ahgd ,r ,h>tmann1 ,j4 ,f4 ,v]bess]t] ,v]su* se9es kn/l4 elektr4 ,blitzes4 #hvo4 7,hamb4 ,mag4 xxiv4 #agei47 ,hamburg1 #agei ,a ,g$ank5 b] d5 ,ursprunz d] ,luftelektricitt bei ,gewitt]n4 #agfc ,r ,new5 ,erkl>ung d] ,ent/ehungs>t d] ,donn]wett]4 7,gtt+is*5 geme91 ,gtt+51 ,abh&l4 von ,j4 #agge47 #agge ,r ,s ,h>w>d1 ,s4 ,a ,disc\rse ( ! sev]al ,k9ds & ,causes ( ,lightn+s1 writt5 by occasion ( a fe>efull ,lightn+ :i*1 on ! #ag? day ( ,n\emb]1 ,anno ,dom4 #afjf1 did 9 a v %ort "t1 burne vp ! spire /eeple ( ,blet*+ley1 9 ,surrey1 & 9 ! same melt into fragm5ts a ,goodly ,r+ ( ,bells4 #dto4 ,london1 #afjg ,r ,hass5camp1 ,j4 ,m4 ,wie e9 ,ort dur* ,wett]ableit] su si*]n4 ,r9teln1 #aghb ,r ,von d5 gross5 ,pltz5 d4 ,/rahlableit]1 u4 ihr] vor!ilhafte/5 ,e9ri*tung zur ,bes*tzung ganz] ,/dte4 ,r9teln1 #aghd ,r ,a ,hau*1 ,a4 ,w4 von4 ,von d] ,luftelekt4 besond]s mit ,anw5dung auf ,kop5hag51 ,gewitt]ableit]4 #hvo4 #ahjj ,r ,a ,hehl4 ,anleitung zur ,erri*tung und ,unt]su*ung d] ,blitzableit] fur ,bauv]/ndige1 ,bau- und ,feu]bes*au] ,/uttg>t1 und ,gebude-,inhab]4 #hvo4 #ed pp4 #ahbg ,r ,he9ri*1 ,p4 ,ueb] die ,wirkung des ,ges*tzes auf ,gewitt]wolk54 #dto4 7,neue ,abh&l4 d] ,bai]is*5 ,akad4 ,philos4 v4 p4 i47 ,mn*51 #aghi ,a ,helf5zreid]1 ,j4 ,e4 ,v]bess]ung d] ,ei*/adt1 ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 #aghc ,r ,vors*lag 444 die ,blitzableit] zu ,salzburg1 v]bess]n4 #hvo4 #ae pp4 #aghe ,r ,a new inv5tion 9 ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 7,abh&4 e9e ,privat-,gesells*aft1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #ab47 ,mn*51 #agib ,r ,h&griffe bey ,erri*tung e9es ,blitzableit]s von v]bess]t] ,art4 #hvo4 7,abh&4 e9] ,privat-,ges4 9 ,ob]-,deuts*l&1 ,?4 i4 p4 #aic47 ,mn*51 #agib ,r ,helmu?1 ,j4 ,h4 ,von d4 wohl?tig4 ,erf9dung d4 ,blitzableit]s4 7,brauns*w4 ,anzeig1 #ag #g1 ,s4 #ee47 #aggg ,r ,helvig1 ,c4 ,g4 ,bem]kung5 b] ,blitz und ,donn]1 neb/ ,v]mu?ung5 b] das ,ent/eh5 d] ,luft-,ers*e9ung54 #hvo4 #cb pp4 #a plate4 7,gilb]t's ,ann4 d4 ,physik1 li4 ,s4 #b1 ,s4 #aj47 ,leipsig1 #ahae ,r ,hemm]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,bes*reibung e9ig] m]kwrdig] ,wett]s*lge4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,!odoro-,palat9 iv4 ,mannheim1 ,phys4 p4 #hg47 #aghj ,r ,z]gli$]ung des be/ndig5 ,elektrizitts-,trg]s4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,!odoro-,palat9 iv4 ,phys4 p4 ,mannheim1 #id47 #aghj ,r ,kurz] ,begriff u4 ,nutz5 d4 ,dsseldorf1 ,wett]ableit]1 u4 s4 w4 #hvo4 #aghb ,a ,kurz] ,begriff und ,nutz5 d] ,mannheim1 ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 #aghc ,r ,a ,kurze und deutli*e ,anweisung wie man1 dur* e95 9 j$em ,orte wohn5d5 ,s*mi$1 od] &]e 9 ,metall arbeit5de ,h&w]k]1 e9e si*]e ,wett]ableitung mit sehr g]+5 ,ko/5 9 all]h& ,fri$ri*/adt1 ,gebud5 anleg5 lass5 kann4 #hvo4 #aghc ,hemm]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,de fulm9is ictibus 9 campanas1 qu pulsantur1 ubi electricitas nubium ac fulm9is !oria1 nova et ub]iore luce p]funduntur4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,!odoro-,palat9 v4 ,mannheim1 ,phys4 p4 #bcg47 #aghd b] d4 ,glock5lut5 bey ,gewitt]n4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,mannheim1 ,!odoro-,palat9 v4 #aghd47 #aghd ,a ,s ,anleitung ,wass]ableit] an all5 ,gattung5 von ,gebud5 auf die si*]/e ,frankfurt1 ,art anzuleg54 #hvo4 #aghf ,r ,anleitung ,wett]ableit] 444 ,(f5ba*1 anzuleg54 #hvo4 #aghf ,r ,anleitung ,wett]leit] 444 anzuleg54 ,mannheim1 #bnd edition4 #hvo4 #bcb pp4 #aghh ,r ,s ,v]haltungsregeln w5n man si* zur gewitt]zeit 9 ke9em bewaffnet5 ,mannheim1 gebude bef9det4 #aghi ,r ,unt]r4 z4 si*]/ ,anleg4 d4 ,mannheim1 ,wett]ableit]4 #hvo4 #ahjh ,r ,a ,ra?geb] wie man si* vor ,gewitt]n 9 unbewaffnet5 ,gebud5 v]wahr5 soll4 ,mannheim1 #hvo4 #a plate4 #ahji ,r ,conductorum fulm9eorum vim egregiam tribus rec5tioribus exemplis docet4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,!odoro-,palat9 vi4 ,mannheim1 ,phys4 #eaf47 #agij ,r ,s ,na*ri*t von d5 9 ,kurpfalz angelegt]n ,wett]leit54 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,!odoro-,palat9 iv4 ,phys4 p4 #ba47 ,mannheim ,r ,en>rationes conductorum fulm9is sup]iore qu9qu5nio v>iis 9 locis a se positorum4 #dto4 7,comm5tat4 ,acad4 ,mannheim1 ,!odoro-,palat9 v4 ,phys4 p4 #bie47 #aghd ,r ,s ,h5ley1 ,w4 ,an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( a p]son de/roy$ by ,lightn+ 9 ! ,*apel 9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 & its effects on ! build+2 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h5ley1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,nairne1 & ,mr4 ,wm4 ,jones4 #dto4 #h pp4 #a plate4 7,phil4 ,trans4 lxii4 #acc47 ,london1 #aggc ,r ,c ,exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! diff]5t ,a ,s efficacy ( po9t$ & blunt$ rods 9 secur+ build+s aga9/ ! /roke ( ,lightn+4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans41 #aggd1 p4 #acc47 ,london1 #aggd ,r ,a ,h5ry1 ,j4 ,me?od ( protect+ f ,lightn+ build+s cov]$ ) metallic ro(s4 #hvo4 7,proc4 ( ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 iv4 #agi47 #ahde ,r ,report conc]n+ a lett] ( ,s4 ,d4 ,+ram to ,r4 ,patt]son relative to ! effect ( ,?und] on ,telegraphic wires4 #hvo4 #i pp4 #ahdf ,s ,directions = con/ruct+ ,lightn+ ,wa%+ton1 7#ii7 ,rods4 #hvo4 #ahga ,c ,in/ructions = obs]vations ( ?und]/orms4 #a p4 7,smi?sonian ,in/itution47 ,s,hepburn1 ,j4 ,s4 ,%\ld ,lightn+ ,conductors t]m9ate 9 a po9t or 9 a ball8 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,scot4 ,soc4 ,arts47 ,ed9burgh1 #hvo4 #ahee ,s,h]ic>d de ,?ury4 ,de l'influ5ce des arbres sur la f\dre et ses effets4 #hvo4 #ahch ,r ,h]licius1 ,d4 7,h]li*1 c47 ,tractatus de fulm9e et aliis impressionibus1 prodigiis et miraculis4 ,vom ,blitz1 ,donn] und all]lei ,feurzei*51 u4s4w4 #dto4 ,/>g1 #afjd ,c ,s,h]vieu1 ----4 ,essai sur l'lctricit ,atmosphrique4 #hvo4 #ahce ,r ,s ,highton1 ,e4 ,effects ( ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 #hvo4 #ahdg ,hilli>d1 ,j4 ,acc\nt ( ,fire f ,heav5 burn+ ! body ( ,j4 ,hit*ell1 ( ,*ri/*ur*1 & fe>fully burn+ ! t[n ( ,dor*e/]4 #dto4 ,london1 #afac ,a ,holtz1 ,w4 ,ub] die ,!orie1 die ,anlage1 ,griefswald1 und die ,prfung d] ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 #ahgh ,c ,hooke1 ,r4 ,! ,po/hum\s works (1 conta9+ 8 ,cutl]ian ,lectures1 & o!r discov]ies4 ,publi%$ by ,ri*>d ,wall]1 ,r4,s4 ,sec4 ,fol4 #egb pp4 #a plate4 ,london1 #agje ,r ,hoppe1 ,m4 b] das ,gewitt]4 #dto4 #ah pp4 7,program des ,fr/li*4 ,h$wigs*5 ,gymnasium1 9 ,neu/ett9 444 #aj und #aa ,neu/ett91 ,april #ahfe47 #ahfe ,r ,horn]1 ,j4 ,k4 ,bem]kung b] ,blitzableit] u4s4w4 ,zri*1 #ahaf 7#ii7 ,s,hugu5y1 ,f4 ,le c\p de f\dre de l'ile du ,/rasb\rg1 ,rh94 #dto4 #ahfi ,r ,a ,imh(1 ,m4 b] das ,s*iess5 geg5 h]anzieh5de ,donn]- und ,hagel-,gewitt]4 7,read #bh? ,m>*1 #ahaa47 #dto4 #bd pp4 ,mn*51 #ahaa ,r ,a ,!oretis* prakt4 ,anweisung zur ,anlegung d] ,blitzableit]n4 #hvo4 ,mn*51 #ahaf ,s,james1 ,j4 ,o4 ,n4 ,memor&um on ! ,?und]/orm :i* pass$ ov] ,calcutta #h? ,june1 #ahga 7,proc4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,calcutta1 ,b5gal47 #hvo4 #ahga 7#aaa7 ,s,j>riant4 ,n\veau ,p>atonn]re accept p> l',acadmie des ,sci5ces4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgg 7#aae7 ,s ,etude sur les ,p>atonn]res4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgh 7#aag7 ,s,john/on1 ,w4 ,p4 ,report on ! ,lightn+ ,calcutta1 ,conductors at ,dum ,dum1 ,calcutta4 #dto4 #ahgh ,jungnitz1 ,l4 ,a4 b] d4 ,erfolg4 d4 ,blitzfeu] auf d4 ,s*neekoppe4 #hvo4 ,breslau1 #ahje ,r ,d>/ell1 d4 ,erfolgs d4 auf d4 ,s*neekoppe v4 ,h4 v4 ,l9d5] #ahje ange/ellt5 u4 an mehr]5 ,ort5 beoba*tet5 ,blitzfeu]4 #hvo4 ,breslau1 #ahjf 7#aad7 ,s,k>/51 ,g4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit] und ,blitzs*lge 9 ,gebude wel*e mit ,blitzableit]n v]seh5 w>54 #hvo4 ,kiel1 #ahgg ,s ,geme9fatzli*e ,bem]kung5 ueb] die ,elektricitt des ,gewitt]s und die ,wirkung d] ,blitzableit]4 #a/ edition4 #hvo4 ,kiel1 #ahgi 7#aai7 ,s #bnd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,kiel1 #ahgi ,s #crd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,kiel1 #ahhj ,r ,kir*h(f1 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,zur/ung1 die ,wirkung d] ,gewitt]wolk5 d>zu/ell54 #hvo4 7,gtt4 ,mag4 ,j4 i4 #aghj1 ,/4 ii4 ,gtt+51 pp4 #cbb-bf74 #aghj ,r ,bes*reibung e9] ,zur/ung1 wel*e die anzieh5de ,kraft d] ,erde geg5 die ,gewitt]wolke1 c4444 beweiset 444 neb/ ,b]l91 ,nicolai1 e4 ,bes*reib4 v]s*4444 ,mas*94 #hvo4 #ef & ,hamburg1 pp4 #a plate4 #agha ,r ,kir*mai]1 ,g4 ,c4 ,de fulm9e et tonitru4 ,viteb]g1 #afei ,r ,s ,kir*vogl1 ,a4 ,b4 ,de natura electr4 a]e4 #hvo4 #agfg ,c ,s,klas51 ,l4 ,die ,blitzableit] 9 ihr] ,con/ruction und ,anlage4 #hvo4 #gd pp4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi ,a ,kle91 ,h4 ,j4 ,das ,gewitt] und die dasselbe begleit5d5 ,ers*e9ung54 #hvo4 ,gratz1 #ahga ,r ,klugel1 ,g4 ,s4 ,bes*reib4 d4 ,wirkung1 e94 heftig4 ,gewitt]s d4 #ab ,juli #aghi zu ,halle1 neb/ ,erklrung d4 ,ent/ehung d4 ,gewitt]s4 #hvo4 #fd pp4 ,halle1 #aghi ,s,ko5ig1 ,j4 ,g4 ,de ,fulm9e1 ,fulgure1 ac ,tonitru ,hiemali4 #dto4 ,norica1 #agjf ,s,kray5h(f1 ,b>on4 ,h&leid+ tot het ,nijmeg51 /ell5 van ,bliksemafleid]s4 #hvo4 #ahcf ,a ,krull1 ,j4 ,g4 ,v]su*e zur ,be/tigung d] ,me9ung1 dass die elektris*e ,mat]ie mit d] ,mat]ie des ,donn]s und ,blitzes e9e ,hannov]1 gross ,aehnli*keit habe4 #ageb ,r ,kuhn1 ,k4 ,g4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 8,9 d4 ,gelehrt ,anzeig5 d4 ,knigl4 bay] ,acad4 von4 #ahea u4 #aheb20 or 9 8,a/ronom ,kal5d] #ahej-eb40 #ahea-b ,note4--,x seems unc]ta9 to :i* ?is entry belongs4 ,a ,kuhn1 ,k4 ,g4 ,h&bu* d] angew&t5 ,elektricittslehre4 ,"p ,i4 ,ueb] ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #ahff ,s ,bem]kung5 ueb] ,blitzs*lge4 #hvo4 ,mun*51 #ahfg ,s b4 d4 ,anordnung v4 ,blitzableit]n1 f4 ,pulv]magaz9e4 ,mn*41 #ahfg ,r ,kyp] 7,kiep]71 ,a4 ,disp4 de fulm9e quod a4 #afcf 444 turrim nitr>iam aulicam ,regiomonti p]cussit4 #afcg ,a ,lampadius1 ,w4 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,electricitt d] ,atmosphre4 ,b]l91 #agic ,a ,v]su*e und ,beoba*tung5 b] ,elektricitt und ,wrme d] ,atmosphre4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #ahje ,a ,e9 ,s*neegewitt] und e9 ,vors*lag zur ,v]vollkommung d] ,blitzableit]4 7,gilb]ts ,ann4 d] ,physik1 xxix4 #eh47 #ahje ,r ,lamy1 ,f4 ,conjectures physiques sur deux colomnes 7sic7 de ,nu qui ont p>us depuis quelques annes2 et sur les plus extraord9aires effets du ,tonn]re2 avec une explication de ce qui s'e/ dit jusqu'icy des ,trombes de m]2 et une n\velle addition1 ou l'on v]ra de quelle manire le ,tonn]re tomb n\vellem5t sur une ,eglise de ,lagni a imprim sur une nappe d'autel une p>tie considrable du ,canon de la ,messe4 #abmo4 #bda pp4 #c plates4 ,p>is1 #afhi ,a ,g]man acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y effects ( ,lightn+ at ! ,*ur* ( ,lagni1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,hamburg ,mag4 iii4 #bbf1 & tak5 f ,lamy's ,fr5* "w1 8,conjectures ,phys401 444 dat$ #afif1 #abmo4 is giv5 9 ,bau]1 ,abh&l4 #aggj1 p4 #afa4 ,note4--,?is ,g]man acc\nt conta9s a copy ( 8la p>tie considrable du ,canon de la ,messe10 :i* 0 f\nd pr9t$ by lightn+ ^u ! alt>-clo?1 & also ( c]ta9 p>ts 9 r$ ink n ?us repr9t$4 7#acd7 ,s,laco9e1 ,e4 ,e/ablissem5t de la =mule relative au rayon d',action des p>atonn]res 7,l',electricit1 ,octob]1 #ahhj47 ,p>is1 #ahhj ,r ,l&riani1 ,m4 ,gli effetti del ,fulm9e caduto la s]a del #be ,ago/o1 #aghj1 nel campanile e ,mona/]o di ,s4 ,v9c5zo al ,ca/ello 9 ,milano4 #dto4 #f pp4 7,opus4 ,scelti1 iii4 #cbh47 ,milano1 #aghj ,r ,dell' utilit dei ,conduttori elettrici4 #hvo4 #cjd pp4#a plate4 ,milano1 #aghd ,abh&lung vom ,nutz5 d] ,blitzableit]4 ,auf ,befehl d] ,gub]niss h]ausgegeb54 ,aus dem ,italinis*5 von ,g4 ,mull]4 #hvo4 ,wi51 #aghf ,r ,altra ricaduta del propagatore 444 ossia ultima rispo/a contro la difesa dei ,p>agr&9i4 ,lett]a all' ,at5eo di ,v5ezia4 #hvo4 #fj pp4 ,milano1 #ahbf ,r ,lang5bu*]1 ,j4 ,ri*tige ,begriffe vom ,augsburg1 ,blitz und von ,blitzableit]n4 #hvo4 #aghc ,s,langlois1 ,e4 ,h4 ,notice sur l'inc5die de la ,ca?drale de ,r\5 occasionn p> la f\dre1 le #ae ,septembre1 #ahbb4 #hvo4 ,r\51 #ahbc 7,?is ,ca!dral is report$ to h be5 /ruck by ,lightn+ 9 #aaaj1 #aaag1 #abhd1 #acea1 #afbe1 #afbg1 #afdb1 #agfh & #ahbb47 ,r ,lanteires1 ,j4 ,essai sur le ,tonn]re considr dans ses effets moraux sur les hommes1 et sur un c\p de f\dre rem>quable2 suivis des notes communiques l'auteur p> ,m4 le ,lausanne1 ,pr(esseur ,saussure1 ,g5ve4 #hvo4 #aghi ,la ,place4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,a ,lapo/olle4 ,trait des ,p>af\dres et des ,s ,p>agrles en cordes de paille4 #hvo4 #cbj pp4 c41 also #c supplem5ts4 ,ami5s1 #ahbj ,r ,trattato sul modo di pres]v>e le abitazioni dal ,fulm9e e le campagne dalla ,gr&9e4 ,op]a volg>izzata da ,bodei4 #hvo4 #ahi pp4 #a table4 ,milano1 #ahba ,c ,ueb] ,blitz-und hagelableit] an ,wiln4 u4 ,prag1 ,/roh-,seil54 #hvo4 #ed pp4 #ahbe ,s,la ,pylaie1 ,de4 ,effets extraord9aires de la f\dre4 #hvo4 #ahdi ,r ,s ,la ,rive1 ,de4 ,trait de l',electricit4 #c ,p>is1 vols4 #hvo4 #ahed-eh ,r ,s ,treatise on ,electricity 7translat$ by ,london1 ,walk]47 #c vols4 #hvo4 #ahec-eh ,r ,l>oque4 ,note sur des ,eclairs de =me inusite1 obs]vs ,t\l\se p5dant l'orage du #af ,juillet1 #ahej4 #hvo4 #c pp4 ,t\l\se1 7,t\l\se ,acad4 #c;e ,srie1 vi4 #cdi47 #ahej ,r ,la?rop1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,fatal effects ( ,lightn+4 ,9 a lett] to 444 ,joseph ,will>d4 #dto4 #g pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,*>le/[n1 ,old ,s]ies1 ii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #he47 #ahjd ,r ,an acc\nt ( ! effects ( ,lightn+ on ! h\se ( ,jn4 ,mason1 9 ,bo/on1 9 a lett] to ,joseph ,will>d4 #dto4 #d pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad41 ,old ,s]ies1 ii4 pt4 ,*>le/[n1 ii4 p4 #ia47 #ahjd ,r ,effects ( ,lightn+ on sev]al p]sons 9 ! h\se ( ,samuel ,c>y1 ( ,*elsea1 ,augu/ #b1 #agii1 9 a lett] to ,john ,davis4 #dto4 #d pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,cambridge1 ,acad4 ,old ,s]ies1 iii4 pt4 i4 p4 #hb47 ,u4,s41 #ahji ,r ,effects ( ,lightn+ on ! h\se ( ,capt4 ,d4 ,m]ry1 & sev]al o!r h\ses 9 ! vic9ity1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #aa? ,may1 #ahje1 9 a lett] to ,john ,davis4 #dto4 #f pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,old ,cambridge1 ,s]ies1 iii4 pt4 i4 p4 #hf47 ,u4,s41 #ahji ,s,laue1 ,j4 ,g4 ,de telo fulm9eo4 #dto4 ,lipsi1 #agjf ,r ,lee1 ,a4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! effect ( ,lightn+ on ,two ,h\ses 9 ! city ( ,philadelphia1 9 a lett] f ,a4 ,lee to ,james ,b[do9 7dat$ ,july #bi1 #agha74 #dto4 #f pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,old ,s]ies1 i4 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #bdg1 "p ii47 #aghe ,r ,lehaitre4 ,une in/ruction ?or4 et prat4 sur les ,p>agrles4 ,b\rg1 #ahbe ,c ,s,leigh1 ,j4 ,directions = ensur+ p]sonal safety dur+ /orms1 & = ! "r application ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #f? ,edition4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahce8 ,r ,s ,lei!ad1 ,w4 ,electricity1 its nature1 op]ation1 & importance4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahcg ,r ,le ,norm&1 ,l4 ,s4 ,sull' utilit dei ,p>afulm9i e ,p>agr&9i p] l'agricoltura4 ,seconda edizione4 #hvo4 #ai pp4 ,milano1 #ahbc ,a ,l5z4 ,sur ,combi5 de pi$s c>rs de la surface de la toiture doiton1 en con/ruisant un ,p>atonn]re1 tablir un ,conducteur t]re8 ,bullet4 de la ,classe phisico-ma?matique de l',acad4 ,impriale de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 xv4 #fc4 #ahef ,r ,le ,roy1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lett]a al ,rozi] su i ,p>afulm9i4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,scelta d',opuscoli1 ,nuova ed4 ii4 #bbb4 ,translat$ by ,fromond4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! #ab? 9 ed4 #aggf1 vol4 xviii4 ,! orig9al ,fr5* v]sion 9 ! ,j\rn4 de ,phys41 vol4 ii47 ,milano1 #aghb 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,les*ev94 ,memoir ^u a process employ$ 9 ! ci-devant ,maonnais ( ,france1 to av]t %[]s ( ,hail & to dissipate ,/orms4 ,by ,m4 ,les*ev91 ,*ief ,commiss>y = ,gunp[d] & ,saltpetre at ,dijon4 7,f ,mill9's ,magaz9 ,encyclopdique = #ahjf1 tom4 ii4 p4 #e74 #hvo4 #g pp4 7,9 ,phil4 ,mag4 xxvi4 #bab47 ,london1 #ahjg ,r ,leslie1 ,sir ,j4 ,on ! ,inefficacy ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,f ,arella1 :o says t ?is /atem5t appe>s 9 ,f]nsac1 ,sci5ze fisi*e matemat4 #ahbi1 p4 #acj47 #ahbi ,r ,lezay-,m>nzia1 ,c4 ,f4 ,a41 ,m>quis de4 ,sur les p>atonn]res et les p>agrles4 7,vide ,cl]c47 ,s,li*t5b]g1 ,g4 ,c4 ,v]haltungsregeln bey ,gtt+51 nah5 ,donn]wett]n4 #aggh ,r b] ,gewitt]fur*t und ,gtt+51 ,blitzableitung4 #hvo4 #ahjb ,r ,a ,neue/e ,ges*i*te d] ,blitzableit]4 ,gtt+51 #hvo4 #ahjc ,r ,a ,li*t5b]g1 ,g4 ,c4 ,vors*lag d5 ,donn] auf ,not5 zu se tz5 #hvo4 7,li*t5b]g's ,ma!m4 und ,phys4 ,s*rift51 c41 i4 #dgh47 ,r ,a ,v]su*e zur ,be/immung d] zweckmssig/5 ,=m d] ,gewitt]/ang54 ,gtt+51 #hvo4 #ahjc ,r ,a ,lit*t5b]g1 ,l4 ,c4 ,v]haltungsmaass regeln bey nah5 ,donn]wett] neb/ d4 ,mitteln si* geg5 d4 s*dl ,wirkung5 d4 ,blitzes 9 ,si*]heit zu setz54 #a ,aufl4 #hvo4 #a plate4 ,go?a1 #aggd ,r ,v]haltungsregel bey nah5 ,donn]wett]2 neb/ d4 ,mitteln1 si* geg5 d4 s*dl4 ,wirkung5 d4 ,blitzes 9 ,si*]heit zu setz54 #b;e ,aufl4 #agge4 #hvo4 #gh pp4 #a plate4 ,go?a1 #agge ,r ,limm]1 ,c4 ,p4 ,de ,tonitru4 ,a ,s,l9+1 ,dr4 ,lett] conc]n+ 8 exp]im5ts ( electricity ) a kite4 #dto4 ,london1 #aged ,r ,l9na1 ,e4 ,c4 ,vom ,blitz5 d] indianis*5 ,kresse4 #hvo4 #c pp4 7,sign$ ,hamburg & by ,c4 ,l9nu47 ,leipzig1 #agfb ,r ,litta1 ,a4 ,a4 ,riflessioni sulla capacit de' ,conduttori elettrici espo/e 9 una lett]a al ,volta4 #dto4 #c pp4 7,opus4 ,scelti1 i4 #cdj47 ,milano1 #aggh ,r ,s ,lohmei]1 ,p4 ,de fulm9e4 #dto4 ,r9t1 #afgf ,a ,loomis1 ,e4 ,on ! prop] height ( ,lightn+ ,rods4 7,sillimans' ,j\rn4 7#b71 x4 #cbj47 #ahea ,r ,lorgna1 ,a4 ,m4 ,sopra una ,fulm9azione di t]ra4 ,lett]a al ,volta4 7,v]ona1 #ae ,mag4 #agha47 #dto4 #g pp4 7,opus4 ,scelti1 iv4 #bce47 ,milano1 #agha ,lett]a 7al ,toaldo7 sui ,p>afulm9i4 ,v]ona1 #ad ,mag4 #aggh4 7,on an insulat$ ,conductor = safety & = obs]vations47 #b pp4 ,rispo/a 7to ! above1 ) ! notice 8#ai ,mag4 rec40 #b pp47 7,toaldo1 ,g47 ,padua1 #ahdj 7,! above two articles are b\nd toge!r ) an ,address to "s fri5ds 7or ,d$ication71 & sign$ ,gaetano dott4 ,sorgata e ,jacopo ,pr(4 ,cecconi 7( #a page74 ,! :ole =ms a bro*ure1 )\t any prop] title-page4 ,x is said 9 ! ,d$ication t ! two lett]s 7 f\nd 79 ,,ms47 9 ! ,biblioteca del ,sem9>io47 ,r ,loss1 ,p4 ,de fulm9e 9 g5]e cum auct>io4 7,pogg4 i4 #aejj47 ,g$ani1 #afcf ,r ,loz]an du ,fe*1 ,l4 ,a4 ,diss]tation sur la cause et la nature du ,tonn]re et des ,eclairs4 ,et ,lettre de l',auteur ,m4 ,s>rau1 ,sc4 de l',acad4 viii4 pp4 #abmo4 ,bordeaux1 #ajj pp4 7,accad4 de ,bordeaux47 #agbf ,r ,luc1 ,j4 ,a4 ,de4 ,bem]kung5 b] elektris*e ,bewegung5 und d]5 ,wirkung auf ,spitz52 desglei*5 b] ,blitz1 ,donn] und die sog5annt5 ,wett]-,ableit]4 7,neue ,s*rift5 d] ,gesells*4 ,naturf4 ,freunde1 ii4 #acg47 #hvo4 ,b]l94 ,r ,lucan4 ,on conduct+ ,lightn+4 7,f ,becqu]el1 ,hi/47 ,r ,a ,luz1 ,j4 ,f4 ,unt]ri*t vom ,blitze u4 v4 ,blitz u4 ,wett] ,ableit]n4 #hvo4 #a plate4 ,nuremb]g1 7,f ,kuhn ( #ahff1 p4 #bgi47 #aghc ,r ,a ,lehrbu* d4 !or4 prakt4 ,blitzableitungslehre neu be>beitet von ,gutle1 #ate ,!il4 #hvo4 #ahjd ,r ,a ,unt]ri*t vom ,blitz und d5 ,blitz-und ,wett] ,ableit]n 444 neu be>beitet von ,nurnb]g1 ,gutle4 #a/ ,!il4 #hvo4 #bbj pp4 #a plate4 #ahjd ,r ,lyon1 ,j4 ,acc\nt ( sev]al new & int]e/+ phnom5a discov]$ 9 exam9+ ! bodies ( a man & f\r horses kill$ by ,lightn+ ne> ,dov]4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agif ,r ,a ,macfait1 ,e4 ,obs]vations on ,?und] & ,electricity 7,essays & ,obs4 ,phys4 & ,ed9burgh1 ,lit4 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ahi4 #hvo47 #aged ,c ,s ,mc,gregor1 ,w4 ,protection ( ,life & 7#ajf7 ,prop]ty f ,lightn+4 #hvo4 ,b$=d1 #ahge ,a ,maffei1 ,f ,s4 ,delle =mazione dei ,fulm9i4 #dto4 ,v]ona1 #agdg ,r ,maffioli di ,ud9e4 ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,giornale d',italia1 #be ,ago/o1 #aggj47 #aggj ,r ,magn91 ,a4 ,le feu du ciel1 hi/oire de l'lectricit et de ses pr9cipales applications4 ,ides des anci5s1 premires obs]vations1 ma*9e lctrique1 b\teille de ,leide1 p>atonn]re1 c4 #c;e dition4 #hvo4 #bdj pp4 ,t\rs1 #ahff ,r ,magr9i4 ,l4 ,sopra un metodo di togli]e alle nubi maggiore copia di elettricit *e coll ord9>io p>afulm9e4 ,nota letta #be ,ago/1 #ahei4 #dto4 #c pp4 ,milano1 #ahfj ,r ,sulla meteora *e nella s]a del #d ,m>zo1 #ahfa1 colpiva la catt$rale di ,milano2 e sulla ri=ma de' suoi ,p>afulm9i4 ,memoria4 #dto4 #aa p4 ,milano1 #ahfa ,s ,sulla elettricita atmosf]ica4 #dto4 ,milan1 #ahfc ,r ,s ,mahon1 ,visc\nt4 ,pr9ciples ( ,electricity4 #dto4 #aggi ,r ,mairan1 ,j4 ,j4 d',o4 de4 ,sur les effets de la *ute du ,tonn]re sur un arbre4 #dto4 7,mm4 ,p>4 #agbd47 ,p>is1 #agbd ,c ,s ,maj5die1 ,v4 ,d4 ,report on ! de/ruction 7#gd7 by ,lightn+ ( a ,gunp[d] /ore4 fcp4 fol4 7,(ficial ,report--unpubli%$47 ,london ,r ,majoc*i1 ,g4 ,a4 ,i/ruzione teorica e pratica sui ,p>afulm9i4 #hvo4 #aad pp4 #a plate4 ,milano1 #ahbf ,c ,majoli ,simonis4 ,hoc e/ colloquia physica n\a et admir&a tum lectu incunda et supra fidem recreabilia tum cognitu1 insignia et p5itus necess>ia4 ,fol4 #adbh ,mogunti1 pp4 & ,index4 #afbe ,r ,mako 7von ,k]ek ,g$e71 ,p4 ,diss]tatio physica de natura1 et rem$iis ,fulm9um4 #hvo4 #ajj pp4 ,goriti1 #aggc ,r ,a ,mako1 ,p4 und ,retz]4 ,physikalis*e ,s ,abh&lung von d5 ,eig5s*aft5 des ,donn]s1 und d5 ,mitteln wid] das ,e9s*lag54 ,v]faszt von ,p4 ,mako und von ,j4 ,e4 von ,retz] 9 das ,deuts*e b]setzt4 #a/ ed4 #hvo4 #abe pp4 #a plate4 ,wi51 #aggb ,r ,physikalis*e ,abh&lung von d5 ,eig5s*aft5 des ,donn]s1 u4 d4 ,mitteln wid] das ,e9s*lag54 ,v]faszt von ,p4 ,mako1 und von ,j4 ,e4 ,retz]1 9 das ,deuts*1 b]setzt4 #bte ,aufl4 7,von ,retz] aus d4 late9 ,orig4 das er/4 #aggc ers*i547 ,wi51 #agge ,c ,a ,mann1 ,r4 ,j41 ,m4,d4 ,! ,protection ( ,s ,build+s f ,lightn+4 7,j\rnal ( 7#ajh7 ,society ( ,arts47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahge 7#aca7,s ,rem>ks on "s practical po9ts connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,meteorological ,society47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahge ,r ,m>9i1 ,p4 ,relazione ,memoria sul ,fulm9e caduto 9 ,brescia nella torre della ,paletta #ahjc1 e ,sul ,p>afulm9e co/rutto sopra al palazzo della ,loggia da lui #ahje4 #hvo4 7,comm5t4 dell' ,accad4444 del ,dip>tim5to del ,mella1 tom4 i4 ,el5co delle ,memorie47 ,brescia1 #ahjh ,r ,m>sault1 ,j4 ,p4 ,l4 ,electro-calorique1 ou les ,p>atonn]res r=ms 444 o l'on tr\ve un n\veau plan de p>atonn]re1 etc4 #ahmo4 #gf pp4 ,niort1 #aheb ,r ,m>t94 ,mmoire sur un c\p de ,tonn]re qui a clat dans l',eglise de ,/4 ,nicolas de ,t\l\se 444 #ag ,m>*1 #aghg4 #dto4 #i pp4 7,t\l\se ,acad4 #are srie1 iv4 ,t\l\se1 #ajj47 #agij ,c ,s,m>t91 ,t4 ,h4 ,la f\dre1 l'lectricit et le magntisme *ez les anci5s4 #abmo4 ,p>is1 #ahff ,r ,a ,m>um1 ,m4 van4 ,v]h&el+ ov] het ,gron+51 ,electrize]54 #hvo4 #aggf ,r ,sur les p>atonn]res4 #dto4 7,j\r4 ,phys4 #aghg1 xxxi47 ,p>is1 #aghg ,r ,m>z>i1 ,g4 ,on ,conductors = ,lightn+4 ,acc\nt ( 8 ,admonitions1 c4 7,treviso ,padova1 ,a!num1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gc7 7#ahcb87 ,r 7or ,anon47 ,mani]a pratica di f>e li conduttori ai campanili1 alle *iese1 ed alle case1 descritta p] uso dei fabbri1 falegnami1 e muratori1 c4444 /ampata p] ord9e del ,magi/rato ,excell4 ,alla ,sanit4 #dto4 #cg pp4 ,v5ezia1 #aghg ,r ,mawgridge1 ,r4 ,a4444 relation ( ! 444 effects ( an unusual clap ( ,?und] & ,lightn+4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,trans4 xix4 = #afie-f-g1 p4 #ghb47 ,london1 #afih ,r ,maxwell1 ,h4 ,obs]vations on ,trees z ,conductors ( ,lightn+4 ,communication dat$ ,june #ba1 #aghg4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 old s]ies1 ii4 "p i4 p4 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #adc47 #agic ,c ,s ,maxwell1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,cl]k4 ,on ! 7#aji7 protection ( build+s f ,lightn+4 #hvo4 7,briti% ,association ,report7 ,london1 #ahgg ,r ,may1 ,w4 ,v]hall d] uitw]k+e van e55 enkeld5 blixemslag1 voorgevall5 op e5 van's l&s oorlogs*eep51 9 het ja> #agdi4 7,v]h&el4 van het ,maats*4 te ,ha>lem1 xii4 #cia47 ,ha>lem ,r ,mayr1 ,g4 ,abh&lung b4 ,elektricitt und si*]nde ,blitz-,ableit] fr j$es ,gebude fr ,reise-u4 ,fra*twag51 ,s*iffe1 ,bume u4 ,d5kml]4 ,neb/ e4 ,anh4 b] ,hagel-,ableit]4 ,geprft 7#b ,aufl47 neu4 u4 v]bess4 #abmo4 ,mn*51 #ahci ,r ,mel&ri1 ,g4 ,disquisizione sui ,p>agr&9i4 ,letta nell' ,at5eo di ,treviso il #ae ,dec4 #ahbe4 #dto4 #bf pp4 7,ins]ita nel vol4 x4 del ,gle4 sulle ,sci5ze 444 delle prov9cie ,v5ete47 ,treviso1 #ahbf ,r ,consid]azioni criti*e sopra l'efficacia del ,p>agr&9e metallico 444 #hvo4 #cg pp4 ,fir5ze1 #ahbg ,a ,s ,mels5s1 ,l4 ,f4 ,h4 ,notes sur les ,bruxelles1 7#adj7 ,p>atonn]res 7,nos4 #a-e74 #hvo4 #ahfe-gh ,a ,s ,notice sur le c\p de f\dre de la ,bruxelles1 7#acg7 g>e d',anv]s4 #hvo4 #ahge ,a ,s ,des p>atonn]res po9tes1 7#ach7 conducteurs et raccordem5ts t]re/res ,bruxelles1 multiples4 ,l>ge #hvo4 #ahgg ,s ,communication v]bale4 #hvo4 7,see ,bruxelles1 ,b\rges74 #ahgg ,r ,c ,m]$i?4 ,consid]ations on ! utility ,s ( ,conductors 444 #hvo4 #a plate4 ,london1 #aghi ,r ,m]met1 ,a4 ,c4 ,memoir on ,lightn+ ,conductors4 ,prize "q1 ,bordeaux ,bordeaux1 ,academy4 #hvo4 #ahcg ,r ,mett]kamp1 ,d4 ,c4 b] ,blitzableitung51 geg5 ,busse's ,!orie4 #hvo4 ,leipsig1 #ahab ,r ,a ,meur]1 ,h4 ,abh&l4 v4 d4 ,blitze u4 d4 ,v]wahrungsmitteln dag4 #dto4 ,tri]1 #agia ,r ,mi*aelis4 ,briefwe*sel zwis*5 ,mi*aelis und ,li*t5b]g b] die ,absi*t od] ,folg5 d] ,spitz5 auf ,salomon's ,tempel4 #hvo4 7,gt+is*] ,gtt+51 ,mag4 #c;e anne47 #aghc ,note4--,m>t9 says t ?is is also 9 ,g4 ,c4 ,li*t5b]g's ,physikalis*e und ,ma!m4 ,s*rift51 tom4 iii4 p4 #bea-cja4 ,gtt+51 #ahjc1 9 #abmo41 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 #ahjj-ahje4 #i vols4 #abmo4 ,go?a47 ,r ,mi*aelis und ,li*t5burg4 ,briefwe*sel b] die ,absi*t od] ,folg5 d] ,spitz5 auf ,salomon's ,tempel1 #aghc4 #hvo4 7,li*t5b]g's ,ma?4 und ,phys4 ,s*rift5 iii4 #bea1 & 9 ,gtt4 ,mag4 ,gtt+51 i4 iii41 7#ahgc71 ,/4 v4p4 #gce-fh47 #ahjd ,mi*el1 ,f4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france74 ,s,mittel/rass4 ,die ,blitzableit] na* d5 neue/5 ,erfahrung5 zweckmssig/] ,magdeburg1 ,con/ruction4 #hvo4 #ahga 7#ajf7 ,s,mohn1 ,h4 ,lynild5s f>ligh$ i ,norge4 ,kri/iania1 #dto4 #ahge ,s,monnet1 ,p4 ,a4 ,n\veau procd p\r tudi] l'lectricit atmosphrique4 #hvo4 ,lyon1 #ahfe ,r ,m\nta9e1 ,w4 ,an acc\nt ( "s extraord9>y effects ( ,lightn+1 ,july #af1 #agei1 ) "s rem>ks by ,g[9 ,knight4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 an4 #agei1 p4 #bid47 ,london1 #agei ,r ,mull]1 ,c4 ,h4 b] ,lapo/olle's ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 7,gilb4 ,ann4 lxviii4 #ahba47 ,leipzig1 #ahba ,r ,murray1 ,j4 ,on a s+ul> effect produc$ by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 lx4 #fa47 ,london1 #ahbb ,c ,s ,a ,treatise on ,atmosph]ical 7#hb7 ,electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahcj ,r ,s ,! ,description ( a new ,lightn+ ,conductor4 #hvo4 #a plate4 #fc pp4 ,london1 #ahcc ,r ,a ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 #b pp4 7,annals ( ,electricity1 vii4 #hb47 ,london1 #ahda ,c ,murray1 ,j4 ,electricit atmosph]ique compr5ant les in/ructions ncessaire p\r tablir les p>atonn]res et les p>agrles4 ,traduit de l',anglais4 ,sm4 #hvo4 #bfd pp4 ,p>is1 #ahgg ,a ,murray1 ,n4 ,treatise on ,atmosph]ic ,electricity1 includ+ obs]vations on ,lightn+ ,rods4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahbh ,r ,a ,mylius1 ,c4 ,na*ri*t5 und ,g$ank5 von d] ,elektricitt des ,donn]s4 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ageb ,r ,a ,nairne1 ,e4 ,exp]im5ts on ,electricity1 be+ an attempt to %[ ! advantage ( elevat$ po9t$ ,conductors4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #ah? & #be?1 #aggh4 #dto4 #dj pp4 #d plates4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #aggh1 p4 #hbc47 ,london1 #aggi ,r ,an acc\nt ( ! effect ( ,electricity 9 %ort5+ ,wires4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #aghj1 p4 #ccd47 ,london1 #aghj ,r ,lett]--conta9+ an acc\nt ( ,wire be+ %ort5$ by ,lightn+4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #aghc1 p4 #bbc47 ,london1 #aghc ,r ,nauw]ck1 ,c4 ,l4 ,v]su*e neu] ,erklrung u4 ,folge d] jetzig5 ,witt]ung auf ,oekonomie anw5db>1 mit meteorolog4 ,bem]kk4 die ,gewitt]ableit] betreff5d4 ,dresd5 u4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #aghg ,r ,ne$ham1 ,j4 ,t4 ,re*]*es sur la "q si le son des clo*es p5dant les orages fait clat] la f\dre en la faisant desc5dre sur le clo*]1 etc4 7,mm4 de ,bruxelles1 ,brux4 iv41 #aghc47 #aghc ,r ,neeff1 ,c4 ,e4 ,bes*reib4 u4 ,anw5d4 d4 ,blitzrades4 #hvo4 7,pogg5d4 ,ann4 xxxvi41 #ahce47 ,leipzig1 #ahce ,a ,newall1 ,r4 ,s4 ,lightn+ ,conductors3 _! use z protectors ( build+s1 & h[ to apply !m4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgf ,a ,nippoldt1 ,dr4 ,dim5sions ( ,lightn+ ,rods4 7,telegraphic ,j\rnal1 vi4 #gh47 #ahgh ,r ,a ,nollet1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mmoire sur les effets du ,tonn]re comp>s ceux de l',electricit avec quelques considrations sur les moy5s de se g>antir des premi]s4 #dto4 7,mm4 de ,p>is1 an4 #agfd1 ,hi/4 p4 #a1 ,mm4 p4 #djh47 ,p>is1 #agfd ,s ,v]glei*ung d] ,wrkung5 des ,donn]s mit dem ,wrkung5 d] ,electricitt4 7,mm4 de ,p>is1 #agfd47 #hvo4 ,prag1 #agfi ,r ,oliv]1 ,a4 7,salem74 ,a ,!ory ( ,lightn+ & ,?und] ,/orms4 #dto4 #bh pp4 7,trans4 ,philadelphia1 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,old ,s]ies1 ii4 p4 #gd47 #aghf ,r ,orliaguet1 ,m4 ,essai sur le p>atonn]re ,limoges et et le p>agrle4 #hvo4 #ai pp4 ,p>is1 #ahfe ,r ,o/]tag1 ,j4 ,p4 ,prgrm4 von d4 ,blitzableit]n4 #dto4 7,f ,pogg4 ii4 ,reg5sburg1 #ccg47 #agha ,r ,pasumot1 ,fra4 ,obs]vations sur les effets de la f\dre dans une maison de ,p>is4 #aghd ,r ,patt]son1 ,r4 ,an improvem5t on ,metallic ,conductors1 or ,lightn+ ,rods3 9 a lett] to ,d4 ,ritt5h\se1 hon\r$ ) ! ,magallanic ,premium 444 ,dec41 #agib4 ,read ,nov4 #e1 #agij4 #dto4 #d pp4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,old ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,philadelphia1 #cba47 #agic ,s,peck1 ,f4 ,desid]ata ,curiosa1 vol4 ii41 folio 7conta9s1 8,surpriz+ effect ( ,lightn+ at ,b>ton1 ,notts407 #agce ,r ,pelison4 ,blitzfang]4 7,abh&l4 d4 natur=s*4 ,gesells4 zu ,b]l9 v ,jahr #agib1 x47 ,c ,pelti]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re*]*es sur la cause des phnomnes lectrique e l'atmosphre1 etc4 #hvo4 #di pp4 7,annales de ,*imie47 ,p>is1 #ahdb ,c ,an enquiry into ! cause ( ! ,electric ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1 etc4 #hvo4 #ch pp4 7,taylor's ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iii47 ,london1 #ahdb ,s ,sur le trombe de ,monville 7clivage des arbres p> la f\dre74 #dto4 ,r\51 #ahde ,s ,notice sur la ,f\dre4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahde ,r ,p]ego1 ,a4 ,relazione sul ,fulm9e caduto 9 ,iseo1 il #ag ,mag4 #ahcc4 7,comm5t4 ,at5eo ,brescia1 vol4 pr9t$ 9 #ahcd pro #ahcc47 ,brescia1 #ahcd ,r ,descrizione dei danni cagionati dalla caduta di un fulm9e 9 ,mompiano prov9cia di ,brescia4 ,s,p]r91 ,p4 ,etude sur les ,eclairs4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgc ,r ,a ,pfaff1 ,c4 ,h4 b] ,blitz und ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 7,gehl]'s ,phys4 ,wrt]bu* neu be>b47 ,leipzig1 #ahbe 7#ih7 ,s,phillips1 ,r4 ,on atmosph]ic electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfc ,c,ph91 ,j4 ,pla9 directions = ! ,a,s con/ruction & erection ( ,lightn+ ,new ,york1 7#ajb7 ,rods4 #bnd ,edition4 #abmo4 #ahgc ,s,phipson1 ,t4 ,l4 ,famili> ,lectures--,lightn+ ,po9ts4 #hvo4 ,r ,pickel1 ,g4 ,abh&l4 b] ,blitzableit]1 u4s4w4 7,f ,pogg5dorff1 ii4 #ddd47 #ahba ,r ,pilatre de ,rozi]4 ,sur la cause de la ,f\dre4 7,j\rn4 ,phys4 xvi4 #aghj47 ,p>is1 #aghj ,r ,pilk+ton1 ,j4 7,bi%op ( ,durham74 ,! ,burn+ ( ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur* 9 ,london 9 #aefa1 on ! #d? ,june1 by ,lightn+4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aefa8 ,r ,a ,pli5+]1 ,dr4 b] die ,blitzableit]1 ,s ihre ,v]e9fa*ung und die ,v]m9d]ung ihr] ,ko/54 ,neb/ e9em ,anhang b] das,verhalten d] ,m5s*5 bei ,gewitt]n4 ,e9e geme9fassli*e ,belehrung fr die ,v]f]tig] d] ,blitzableit]1 s[ie fr die ,hausbesitz]4 ,im ,auftrage d] k4 ,c5tral/elle des l&wir?s*aftli*5 ,v]e9s 9 ,wrttemb]g4 #hvo4 #aad pp4 #c ,/uttg>t1 plates4 #ahce ,c ,pl9y1 ,c4 ,! hi/orie ( ! ,_w1 commonly call$ ! ,naturall ,hi/orie ( ,c4 ,pl9ius secundus4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,philemon ,holl&4 ,fol4 ,london1 #afcd ,r ,poy1 ,a4 ,sur les temptes lectriques et la quantit de victimes que la f\dre fait annuellem5t aux ,etats-,unis ,v]sailles1 d',amrique et l'le de ,cuba4 #hvo4 #ahee ,s ,des c>actres physiques des clairs en b\les4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahee ,r ,c ,analyse des hypo?ses 444 ,eclairs ,v]sailles1 ,s sans tonn]re4 ,l>ge #hvo4 #ahef ,s ,sur les nombres de p]sonnes tues p> la f\dre dans le ,royaume de ,gr&e-,bretagne1 de #aheb #ahef1 comp> aux dcs p> fulguration en ,france et dans d'autres p>ties du globe4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #aheh ,s ,sur les clairs sans tonn]re obs]vs la ,havanne1 p5dant l'ann #ahei4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahfj ,r,c ,relation ,hi/orique et !orie des ,s images ,photo-,electriques de la ,f\dre4 #bnd ,ed4 #abmo4 ,p>is1 #ahfa ,poisson4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,r ,poll9i4 ,sul passaggio del ,fulm9e *e nel 444 #f ,ago/o1 #agie 444 scoppi nel 444 ,tempio di ,s4 ,&rea 9 ,v]celli1 e ,v]celli1 sugli effetti4 #hvo4 #agif ,r,c ,poncelet1 ,m4 ,la ,nature dans la =mation ,a ,s du ,tonn]re4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #agff ,c ,pontano1 ,j4 ,j4 ,lib] de meteoris4 ,sm4 #hvo4 #bbe pp4 #aede ,r ,poppe1 ,joh4 ,h4 ,m4 ,gewitt]b*le9 zum ,s*utz und zur ,si*]heit geg5 d4 ,gefahr5 d] ,gewitt]1 besond4 au* b4 d4 ,kun/1 ,blitzableit] auf d4 be/e ,art ,tub+51 anzuleg54 #hvo4 #ahcj ,a ,porro4 ,sub/itution d'un ,tube de ,plomb la ,corde mtallique communm5t employ comme ,conducteur p\r les ,p>ontonn]res4 7,compt4 ,r5d4 xxx4 #hf47 #ahej ,r ,a ,p\illet1 ,c4 ,s4 ,m4 ,elm5ts de ,physique ,s exprim5tale4 #g? ,ed4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahef 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,a ,s ,preece1 ,w4 ,h4 ,on ,lightn+ & ,lightn+ 7#ajj7 ,conductors4 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,tel4 ,eng47 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgc 7#acb7 ,s ,on ! prop] =m ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep41 #ahhj47 ,london1 #ahhj 7#ace7 ,s ,on ! space protect$ by a ,lightn+ ,conductor4 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,dec4 #ahhj47 #hvo4 #d pp4 #a plate4 ,london1 #ahhj ,r ,preibs*1 ,c4 b] ,blitz/rahlableit]4 #cb pp4 #a plate4 ,leipzig1 #ahbe ,r ,a b] ,blitz/rahlableit]1 d]5 ,nutzb>keit und ,anlegung4 #bnd ,edition enl>g$1 c4 7#c ,b47 #hvo4 #df pp4 ,leipzig1 #ahcj ,r ,s ,prie/ley1 ,j4 ,hi/ory ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,electricity4 #bnd ,ed4 #dto4 ,london1 #agfi ,r ,putnam1 ,a4 ,rem>ks on ,l4 ,baldw9's propos$ improvem5t 9 ,lightn+ ,rods1 9 a lett] to ,j$4 ,morse4 ,article dat$ ,janu>y #ab1 #agii4 #dto4 #f pp4 7,mems4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,old ,s]ies1 ii4 "p ii4 p4 ,*>le/[n1 #ii47 #ahjd ,r ,s ,quatrefages1 ,a4 de4 ,action de la ,f\dre ,t\l\se1 sur des tres organiss4 #hvo4 #ahcg ,r ,qu9quet4 ,obs]vations sur les ,p>atonn]res4 7,j\rnal de la ,socit des ,ph>maci5s de ,p>is1 tom4 i4 p4 i4 #ajj47 ,r ,racagni1 ,g4 ,m4 ,sopra alcuni conduttori elettrici *e sono /ati p]cossi dal fulm9e4 ,memoria4 ,ricevuta #ac ,luglio1 #ahah4 #dto4 #ad pp4 7,mem4 della ,soc4 ,ital4 xviii4 #aci47 ,mod5a1 #ahbj ,r ,sopra1 alcuni edifizii muniti di ,p>afulm9i ,frankl9iani /ati dal ,fulm9e danneggiati4 ,memoria4 ,ricevuta #aj ,nov4 #ahba4 #dto4 #bf pp4 #a plate4 7,ital4 ,soc4 ,mem4 xix4 p4 #a47 ,mod5a1 #ahbc ,r ,rav54 ,acc\nt f ,c>ol9a ( ! effects ( ,lightn+ on two ( ! rods affix$ to h\ses = secur+ !m aga9/ ,lightn+4 ,r ,s ,read1 ,j4 ,a summ>y view ( ! spontane\s electricity ( ! e>? & atmosph]e4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agic ,s,r$>s1 ,c4 ,hi/oire abrge du tonn]re4 #dto4 ,avignon1#ahec ,r ,s ,r7d>s71 ,c4 ,n\veaux app>eils contre les dang]s de la f\dre4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahdf ,c ,regii1 ,h4 ,philosophia ,naturalis4 ,editio ,am/elodami1 secunda4 #dto4 #ddb pp4 #afed ,r ,rei*1 ,f4 b] d4 ,wirk4 e9ig] ,blitzs*lge 9 ,freib]g] ,grub54 #hvo4 7,pogg4 ,ann4 lxv4 #ahde47 ,leipsig1 #ahde ,r ,a ,reim>us1 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,die ,ursa*e des ,e9s*lag5s vom ,blitze u4 dess5 natrl4 ,abw5d1 von uns]5 ,gebud51 aus zuv]lssig5 ,erfahrung5 von ,wett]s*lg5 vor ,aug5 gelegt4 #hvo4 #abh ,lang5salsa1 pp4 #agfi ,ursa*e v4 ,e9s*lag5 des ,blitzes4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #aggd ,r ,s ,vors*rift5 zur ,anlegung e9] ,blitz-,ableitung an all]ley ,gebud5 na* zuv]lssig5 ,erfahrung54 #hvo4 #bd pp4 ,hamburg1 #aggh ,r ,a ,vom ,blitze3 i4 ,dess5 ,bahn u4 ,wirk4 ,s auf v]s*4 ,krp]1 c4 #hvo4 #fgh pp4 ,hamburg1 #aggh ,r ,na*ri*t von e9] ,zur/ung1 wel*e die ,wirkung d] ,gewitt]wolke s9nli* d>/elt4 7,deuts*4 ,mus4 ,oct4 #aggi1 p4 #cbi4 f47 #aggi ,r ,reim>us1 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,e9ige geg5 d4 ,blitzableitung gema*te ,e9wrfe ,frankf4-a4-,m41 beantwortet4 #hvo4 #agij ,r ,s ,neu]e ,bem]kung5 vom ,blitze dess5 ,bahn1 ,wirkung1 si*]n und bequem5 ,ableitung1 c4 #hvo4 #chf pp4 #i plates4 ,hamburg1 #agid ,r ,a ,ausfhrli*e ,vors*rift51 c4 #hvo4 ,hamburg1 #agid ,r ,ausfhrli*e ,vors*r4 z4 ,blitzableitung an all]ley ,gebud54 #hvo4 #df pp4 #b plates4 ,hamburg1 #agig ,r b] ,blitzs*lge u4 ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 7,gilb4 ,ann4 vi4 ix4 u4 xxxvi47 ,leipzig ,a ,ueb] die ,si*]ung dur* ,blitzableit]4 7,gilb]t's ,ann4 xxxvi4 #aac47 #ahaj ,c ,s,re9z]1 ,f4 ,meteorologia ,augu/ ,philosophico-politica 9 duodecim ,v9delicorum1 diss]tationes1 c4 ,fol4 #big pp4 #agji ,s,reussius1 ,j4 ,a4 ,de ,fulm9e4 #dto4 ,r9!lii1 #afgf ,r ,s ,ribb5trop1 ,h4 ,g4 ,f4 b] die ,blitzrhr5 od] ,fulgurit5 und besond]s b] das ,vorkomm5 d]s4 am ,reg5/e9e bei ,blank5burg4 #hvo4 #df pp4 #a plate4 ,brauns*weig1 7,s*weigg]1 ,j\rn4 lvii4 #ahbi47 #ahcj ,r ,ri*>dot1 ,c4 ,n\veaux app>eils contre le dang] de la ,f\dre et le flau de la ,grle4 #hvo4 #dd pp4 ,p>is1 #ahbe ,r ,nuovo si/ema di app>ec*i contro i p]icoli de ,fulm9e ed il flagello della ,gr&9e4 ,trad4 dal ,francese4 #hvo4 #de pp4 ,indice e ,lett]a4 ,milano1 #ahbg ,r ,ritt5h\se & ,hopk9son4 ,an acc\nt ( ! effects ( a ,/roke ( ,lightn+ on a h\se furni%$ ) ,two ,conductors2 9 a lett] 444 to ,mr4 ,r4 ,patt]son4 ,read ,oct4 #ae1 #agij4 #dto4 #d pp4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philadelphia1 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,old ,s]ies1 vol4 iii47 #agic ,r ,ritt5h\se & ,jones4 ,acc\nt ( sev]al ,h\ses 9 ,philadelphia /ruck by lightn+1 ,june #g?1 #aghi4 ,read ,july #ag1 #aghi4 #dto4 #d pp4 #a plate4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,old ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 p4 ,philadelphia1 #aai47 #agic ,a ,rob]ts1 ,m4 ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 p>ticul>ly z appli$ to vessels4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahcg ,robespi]re4 ,un ,plaidoy] prononc dans une cause relative un ,p>atonn]re4 #hvo4 7,f ,m>get1 ,etude sur les travaux de ,romas1 page #hj--n ! exact title47 #aghc8 ,a ,romas1 ,j4 de4 ,neu] elektr4 ,v]su* mit dem flieg5d5 ,dra*5 am1 #ad ,nov41 #agec #agec ,r ,s ,mmoire sur les moy5s de se g>antir de la ,f\dre dans les maisons2 suivi d'une ,lettre sur l'inv5tion du ,c]f volant lectrique1 avec les pices ju/ificatives de cette mme lettre4 ,bordeaux1 #abmo4 #aef pp4 #b plates4 #aggf ,! ,pices ,ju/icatives conta9 te/imonials1 a c]tificate ( ! ,bordeaux ,acad41 c41 :i* prove t he _h inv5t$ 7imag97 7b _h n us$7 ! ,electrical ,kite on ! #ab? ,july1 #ageb4 ,m]get1 ,etude sur les travaux de ,romas1 imputes to ,frankl9 7by implication7 ! possibility ( hav+ d]iv$ ! idea f ,romas3 )\t f\ndation1 ,i ?9k4--,f4,r4 ,r,c ,ronalds1 ,sir ,f4 ,catalogue ( books & ,s pap]s relat+ to ,electricity1 c4 ,compil$ by ,sir ,f4 ,ronalds1 ,f4,r4,s41 & publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s4 #hvo4 xxvii4 #efd pp4 ,london1 #ahhj ,s,runnels1 ,j4 ,specim5 inaugurale de causa fulm9is et tonitru4 #dto4 ,leyde1 #agei ,r ,sage1 ,b4 ,g4 ,obs]vations sur les ,p>atonn]res4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahjh ,r ,recueil hi/orique d',effets ,fulm9aires4 #hvo4 #ba pp4 ,p>is1 #ahbb ,/4 ,laz>e4 7,see ,b>?olon de ,/4 ,laz>e47 ,r ,a ,saussure1 ,h4 ,b4 de4 ,manife/e1 ou exposition abrege1 de l',utilit des ,conducteurs lectriques4 #hvo4 ,g5ve1 #agga ,r ,sc>amelli1 ,il ,p>agr&9atore i/ruito sull' arte e sugli usi dei p>agr&9i e p>afulm9i alla ,?ol>d4 #hvo4 #bj pp4 #b plates4 ,v5ezia1 #ahbd ,r ,s ,s*affra?1 ,l4 ,de electricitate coele/i4 #dto4 ,pe/9i1 #aggh ,r ,s*eibel1 ,g4 ,e4 ,d4 d4 ,blitz 9 ,pulv]?urm v]unglckte ,breslau4 #dto4 7,f ,he9sius47 ,breslau1 #agej ,r ,s*eibel1 ,j4 ,e4 ,e9ige ,progr4 b4 d5 a4 d4 ,elisabetkir*e zu ,breslau erri*t4 ,blitzableit]4 #agic-d ,r ,s ,s*ieck1 ,dr4 ,ueb] atmosphris*e ,old5burg1 ,electricitt4 #hvo4 #ahgj ,c ,s*nbe91 ,c4 ,f4 ,on "s second>y physiological effects produc$ by ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahea ,c ,s*w>tz1 ,f4 ,wolk5 und ,w9d1 ,blitz und ,donn]4 #hvo4 #cjg pp4 ,b]l91 #ahgi ,r ,scoresby1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,on ! s+ul> effects ( ,two ,/rokes ( ,lightn+ ^u a ,vessel4 #hvo4 7,brew/]'s ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 viii4 #ahbh47 #ahbh ,r ,scud]y1 ,d4 ,j4 ,f]nglas d4 ,artzney wiss5s*aft4 neb/ ,abhdl4 ,s*iffe und ,hus] v4 d4 ,blitz zu v]wahr5 a4 d4 ,mn/]1 #aggd ,italian54 #hvo4 or #agge ,s,sec*i1 ,a4 ,di alcuni f5om5i accadute nella sc>ica di un fulm9e 9 ,alatri4 #dto4 ,rome1 #ahgb ,r ,s ,se/i]1 ,f4 et ,mhu1 ,c4 ,de la ,f\dre1 de ses =mes et de ses effets sur l'homme1 les animaux1 les vgtaux et les corps bruts2 des moy5s de s'en prs]v]1 et des p>atonn]res p> ,f4 ,se/i]4 ,rdig sur les docum5ts laisss 444 et complt p> ,c4 ,mhu4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahff ,r ,s ,sidney1 ,e4 ,electricity1 its ph5om5a & results4 #afmo4 ,london1 #ahdc ,r ,a ,sigaud de la ,fond1 ,m4 ,prcis hi/orique et exprim5tal des ,phnomnes lectriques4 #bnd ed4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aghe ,r ,c ,simmons1 ,j4 ,an essay on ! cause ( ,s lightn+4 #hvo4 ,ro*e/]1 7#ha7 #agge ,r ,spallanzani1 ,l4 ,lett]a al ,b>letti 444 sopra un fulm9e asc5d5te4 #dto4 #e pp4 7,opusc4 ,scelti4 xiv4 #bif47 ,milano1 #agia ,c,a ,spang1 ,h4 ,w4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,s ,lightn+ ,protection4 #hvo4 ,philadelphia1 7#aab7 #ahgg ,a ,sprague1 ,j4 ,f4 ,electricity3 its ,!ory1 ,s\rces & ,applications4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahge ,r ,/]nb]g1 ,joa*im ,graf von4 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,bildung d] ,donn]-,wolk5 und ,ent/ehung d] ,donn]-,wett]4 7,may]'s ,samml4 ,phys4 ,aufs4 des ,bhmis*5 ,naturf4 iii4 p4 #a47 ,prag1 #agib ,r ,/oik[i*1 ,a4 ,s*utzmittel wid] d4 ,pet]sburg8 ,blitz4 #ahaj ,r b] ,blitzableit]4 ,pet]sburg8 #ahbf ,r ,/oll1 ,j4 ,j4 ,beleu*tung e9ig] ,vorur!ile 9 ,ansehung d] ,donn]wett] und ,blitzableit]4 #hvo4 ,l9dau1 #agij 7#acj7 ,/o!rd1 ,col4 ,e>? connections ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahge ,a ,/rick]4 ,ueb] ,anw5dung des ,galvanismus zur ,prfung d] ,blitzableit]4 7,pogg4 ,ann41 lxix4 #eed4 ,polyt4 ,j\rn4 ciii4 #bfe47 #ahdf ,a ,s,/rick]1 ,w4 ,d] ,blitz und se9e ,wirkung54 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahgb ,r ,s ,/urgeon4 ,annals ( ,electricity4 #aj vols4 #hvo4 #ahcf ,r ,s ,rec5t ,exp]im5tal rese>*es on ,electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahcj ,a ,/urgeon1 ,w4 ,on ,lightn+ & ,lightn+ ,conductors4 7,mem4 ( ! ,man*4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 7#b71 ix4 #ef47 #ahea ,r ,a ,tav]ni]1 ,a4 de4 ,blitzableit]1 g5annt ,s ,antijupit] od] ,tav]ni]'s gewitt]-ableit5de ,sule4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #ahcc ,r ,s ,t$es*i1 ,a4 ,grundl4 u4 auf mehrfahr1 b]uh4 ,anleit z4 ,v]f]t4 u4 ,erri*t1 d4 ,?ol>ds*5 ,blitz- u4 ,hagel-,ableit] u4s4w4 na* d4 ,ital4 m4 e4 ,anh4 #hvo4 #cj pp4 #a plate4 ,prag1 #ahbe ,s,tessi]4 ,obs]vation sur l'effet du tonn]re ,ramb\illet4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #aghe ,r ,a ,tet5s1 ,j4 ,n4 b4 d4 be/e ,si*]ung ,btz[ & ,s e9] ,p]son bey e9em ,gewitt]4 #hvo4 ,wism>1 #aggd ,s ,ano!r ,edition4 ,wism>1 #aghd ,r ,?oll>d de ,t>bes4 ,moy5a prs]vatifs de la ,f\dre et de la ,grle4 ,r ,?oresby1 ,r4 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,"y ,man sla9 ) ,?und] & ,lightn+1 ,dec4 #bb1 #afih4 #dto4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,trans4 xxi4 = #afii1 p4 #ea47 ,london1 #agjj ,r ,tie5k1 ,j4 ,b]i*t weg5s de miswyz+ van het compas1 door d5 dond]s4 7,v]h&el4 van het ,g5oots*te ,vliss9q541 iii4 #fae47 ,r ,tietz1 ,j4 ,die ,erf9dung und er/e ,v]breitung d4 ,blitzableit]s4 #dto4 #ag pp4 7,jahrsb]i*t b] das ,kn4 ,ka?4 ,braunsb]g1 ,gymnasium zu ,braunsb]g1 #ahej-ei47 #ahei ,r ,tilas1 ,d4 ,von e9em ,donn]s*lage 9 ,oe/]wahla4 ,kir*spiele und ,waszmannl&s ,hauptmanns*aft1 im4 ,j4 #agdj4 #hvo4 #f pp4 7,k4 ,s*w$4 ,akad4 ,abh4 iv4 #dc47 ,hamburg1 #agdb ,r ,tilesius von ,til5au1 ,w4 ,g4 ,die ,wirkung des ,blitzes auf d5 m5s*li*5 ,krp] dur* e95 m]kwrdig5 ,fall erlut]t4 #hvo4 #ac pp4 #a plate4 7,j\rn4 f4 ,*em4 ,n4,r4 ix4 #abi47 ,a ,toaldo1 ,g4 ,della ,mani]a di def5d]e gli ,edifizii dal ,fulm9e4 #hvo4 ,fir5ze1 #aggj ,r ,dell' uso dei ,conduttori metallici4444 ,apologia colla ,descrizione del ,conduttore 444 di ,padova4 #dto4 #cb pp4 #a plate4 ,v5ezia1 #aggd ,r ,del ,conduttore elettrico po/o nel ,campanile di ,s4 ,m>co 9 ,v5ezia 444 7#a/ ed47 #dto4 #cg pp4 #a plate4 ,v5ezia1 #aggf ,r ,relazione del fulm9e caduto nel ,conduttore della ,specola di ,padova4 7#a/ ed47 #dto4 ,padova1 #aggg ,r ,a ,dei ,conduttori p] pres]v>e gli edifizj 444 ,memorie1 9 que/a nuova ed4 ritoccate ed accresciute di un' ,app5dice 444 #dto4 #ajd pp4 #b plates4 ,v5ezia1 #aggh ,note4--,?is "w conta9s 8 8,in=mazione al popolo0 ( #aggb1 includ+ 8 translation ( ,saussure's 8,manife/o40 ,8 8,dell4 uso dei ,conduttori 444 ,apologia 444 ( #aggd1 colla ,descriz4 del ,cond4 di ,padova40 ,8 8,del ,condutt4444 di ,s4 ,m>co10 c4 ( #aggf4 ,8 8,relazione del ,fulm9e caduto nel ,condutt4 della ,specola1 ,padova10 ( #aggg4 ,8 8,notizia del ,fulm9e 444 nella ,torre dell' univ]sita1 ,padova40 ,8 8,app5dice sui fatti 444 rec5ti10 #aggh2 new matt]4 ,x also conta9s an ,italian translation ( ,b>bi]'s 8,considrations en gnral10 444 :i* is a memoir app5d$ to ,b>bi]'s ,fr5* translation ( ?is "w ( ,toaldo4 ,?is ,italian translation is by a pr9t]1 & n dat$4 ,note4--,9 8 8,giornale ,a/ro-,meteorologico10 = or ( #aghd1 8,dei pr9cipali accid5ti dell' anno #aghc40 ,! fir/ division is head$ 8,della ,nebbia1 e della ,influ5za de' ,fulm9i10 & 9 :i* he ref]s to mu* writ+ on ^! subjects by himself & o!rs 9 ! 8,giornale enciclop$ico di ,vic5za40 ,r ,f5om5o s+ol>e d'un ,fulm9e descritto1 e propo/o all' esame de' fisici4 #dto4 #d pp4 7,opus ,scelti1 vii4 #ce47 ,milano1 #aghd ,r ,app5dice3 ,riflessioni sopra i colpi di ,fulm9e 7alla ,memoria del ,m>z>i1 8,descrizione d'una tempe/a di fulm9i407 444 ,letta #h ,feb41 #aghg4 #dto4 7,vide ,m>z>i47 ,saggi dell' ,accad4 di ,padova1 iii4 #bab1 pt4 i4 ,padova1 #agid ,r 7or ,anonym47 & ,saussure4 ,della mani]a di pres]v>e gli edifizi dal ,fulm9e3 ,in=mazione al popolo4 #dto4 #ai pp4 #a/ edition4 ,v5ezia1 #aggb ,note4--,annex$ is 8 translation ( ,saussure's ,exposition "u ! title 8,manife/o ossia ,breve esposizione20 ! pag+ be+ cont9u$ f #bj to #ch4 ,! date ( ,saussure's "w is ,g5eva1 #agga4 7,see also ,b>bi] de ,t9an47 ,r ,a ,toml9son1 ,c4 ,! ,?und] ,/orm4 ,an ,s ,acc\nt ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,lightn+1 & ( ,atmosph]ic ,electricity 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,_w4 #hvo4 #cdh pp4 ,london1 #ahei ,s ,on ,lightn+ ,figures4 7,ed4 ,new ,phil4 ,ed9burgh1 ,j\r47 #hvo4 #ahfa ,s ,fur!r ,rem>ks on ,lightn+ ,figures4 ,ed9burgh1 7,ed4 ,new ,phil4 ,j\r47 #hvo4 #ahfb ,c ,! ,?und] ,/orm4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahfd ,r ,t\rdes1 ,g4 ,relation mdicale de l'accid5t occasionn p> la f\dre1 le #ac ,juillet1 #ahfi1 au pont du ,rh91 prs de ,/rasb\rg4 #hvo4 #cb pp4 ,p>is1 #ahfi ,a ,tre*sel1 ,f4 ,bem]kung5 b] ,blitzableit] und ,blitzs*lge1 v]anlas/ dur* e9ige ,ereignisse im ,somm]1 #ahai4 ,gilb]t's ,ann41 lxiv4 #bbg4 #ahbj ,r ,unt]b]g]1 ,l4 ,f4 von4 ,ntzl4 ,begriffe von d4 ,gewitt]mat]ie1 neb/ ,beoba*tung5 b4 die be/e ,art1 ,blitzableit] anzuleg54 #hvo4 7,see next47 ,wi51 #ahaa ,r ,ntzli*e ,anm]kung5 von d5 ,wirkung5 d] ,electricitt und ,gewitt]mat]ie4 #hvo4 ,wi51 #ahaa ,vaillant4 7,see ,(ficial ,in/ructions1 ,france47 ,c ,vallemont ,l4 ,l4 de ,description de l'aimant qui s'e/ =m a la po9te du ,clo*] neuf de ,n4 ,dame de ,*>tres4 #abmo4 #bae pp4 ,p>is1 #afib ,r ,vassalli-,e&i1 ,a4 ,m4 ,conghietture sopra l'arte di tir>e i ,fulm9i appo gli ,anti*i4 #hvo4 7,opuscoli ,scelti di ,milano 9 #dto4 tom4 xiv47 #agia8 ,r ,nota sopra un mezzo facile di pres]v>e le case ru/i*e dal ,fulm9e4 7,cal5d4 ,georg4 #ahad47 #ahaj ,r ,vauquel91 ,c4 ,on ,/ones suppos$ to h fall5 f ! ,cl\ds1 7& discussion !reon7 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,in/itut4 vo4 #b pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xv4 #ahg47 ,london1 #ahjc ,r ,memoir on ! ,/ones said to h fall5 f ! ,heav5s4 ,read 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,in/itute4 #hvo4 #h pp4 7,phil4 ,mag4 xv4 #cdf47 ,london1 #ahjc ,r ,vauquel91 ,l4 ,n4 ,mmoire sur les pi]res dites tombes du ciel4 #hvo4 7,j\rn4 des ,m9es1 xiii4 #ahjb-c47 ,p>is1 #ahjb-c ,a ,v]rati1 ,j4 ,diss]tatione de ,electricitati coele/i4 #hvo4 ,bologna1 #agee ,r ,viac9na1 ,c4 ,del fulm9e e della sicura mani]a di evit>ne gli effetti4 ,dialoghi ,tre4 #hvo4 #aef pp4 ,milano1 #agff ,r ,vism>a1 ,g4 ,dei fulm9i *e hanno colpito il torrazzo di ,cremona4 ,memoria4 #hvo4 #bd pp4 7,extr4 del fascicolo di ,feb4 #ahda1 degli ,ann4 di ,fisica1 c47 ,milano1 #ahda ,r ,volpicelli1 ,p4 ,sulla necessit di protegg]e dal fulm9e le masse metalli*e1 /abilite nella cima degli edifici4 ,nota4 #dto4 #e pp4 7,atti dell' ,accad4 ,pontif4 dei ,nuovi ,l9cei1 sess4 i4 del #c ,dicem4 #ahfe1 tom4 xix4 pp4 #bb-bf47 ,roma1 #ahfe ,c ,wald]1 ,e4 ,ueb] wirkungsweise und ,nrdl+51 ,con/ruction d] ,blitzableit]4 #ahfc ,r ,s ,walk]1 ,c4 ,v4 ,transac4 & ,proc4 ( ! ,london ,electrical ,soc4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,v4 ,w4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahda ,r ,s ,! effects ( a ,lightn+-,fla% on 7#hd7 ! ,/eeple ( ,brixton ,*ur*1 & obs]vations on ,lightn+ ,conductors g5]ally4 ,l>ge #hvo4 #ah pp4 #a plate4 7,proce$4 ,lond4 ,elect4 ,soc47 ,london1 #ahdb ,r ,on ! ,action ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 ,la4 #hvo4 #ae pp4 #a plate4 7,proce$4 ,london ,elect4 ,soc47 ,london1 #ahdb ,r,c ,memoir on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,s ,leyd5 ,dis*>ges & ,lightn+ ,fla%es1 7#hd7 c4 ,la4 #hvo4 #db pp4 7,proce$4 ,lon4 ,elect4 ,soc47 ,london1 #ahdb ,r ,s ,proc4 ( ! ,london ,electrical ,soc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdc ,s,walk]1 ,c4 ,v4 ,! ,electrical ,magaz9e4 ,london1 ,vols4 i4 ii4 #ahde-df ,s,waltsgott1 ,j4 ,f4 ,de ,fulgure1 ,tonitru ac ,fulm9e4 #dto4 #agcd ,r ,s ,watson1 ,w4 ,exp]im5ts on ,electricity4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agdf ,r ,a ,web]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,abh&lung von ,gewitt]n u4 ,zuri* und ,gewitt]ableit]n4 #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #agib ,r ,a ,web]1 ,j4 ,die ,si*]ung uns]] ,gebude dur* ,blitz/rahlableit] !oretis* und praktis* beleu*tet und bewahrt1 samt e9] ,beur!ilung d] ,ableit] aus ,/roh von ,lapo/olle4 ,e9e ,vorlesung4 #hvo4 #df ,l&%ut1 pp4 #ahbb 7#abg7 ,s,web]1 ,l4 ,b]i*te ueb] ,blitzs*lge 9 d] ,prov9z ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 #hvo4 #be pp4 #b plates4 #ahhj ,s ,b]i*te ueb] ,blits*lge 9 d] ,prov9z ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,zweite ,folge4 #hvo4 #gj pp4 #b plates4 ,kiel1 #ahhj ,r ,a ,w5zel1 ,c4 ,a4 ,w4 ,adh&lung b] die ,blitzableit] aus d4 ,franz4 #hvo4 ,wesel1 #ahah ,r ,adh&lung b] die ,blitzableit]2 aus d4 ,franz1 frei b]s4 f4 angeh4 ,b]l91 ,+5ieur-,(ficire4 #b ,ab!il4 #hvo4 #ahbc-d ,a ,:>ton1 ,w4 ,l4 ,! effect ( a ,lightn+ ,/roke4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahda ,r ,wilcke1 ,j4 ,k4 ,die ,meynung5 d] ,natur=s*] von d5 ,ursa*5 des ,donn]s4 #hvo4 #ai pp4 7,s*w$is*e ,akad4 ,hamburg und ,abh&l4 an4 #agei1 pp4 #ha & #aee47 ,leipzig1 #agei ,s ,von d5 ,v]su*5 mit d5 eis]n5 ,/rang51 d5 ,donn]s*lag abzuw5d51 und dem dabei beoba*tet5 ,m]kwrdigot54 #agei ,r ,bem]kung5 bey e9em d4 #cj ,may 9 ,/ockholm ges*eh55 ,donn]-,s*lage4 #hvo4 #aa pp4 #a plate4 7,s*w$is*e ,akad4 ,abh&l4 an4 #aggj1 vol4 xxxii41 p4 #aae47 ,leipzig1 #aggj ,r ,c ,wilson1 ,b4 ,obs]vations on ,lightn+1 & ,a ! me?od ( secur+ ,build+s f its ,effects4 ,9 a lett] to ,sir ,*>les ,fr$]ick4 #dto4 #fh pp4 7,phil4 ,trans4 an4 #aggc1 p4 #di47 ,london1 #aggc ,r ,fur!r ,obs]vations on ,lightn+4 #dto4 #bf pp4 ,london1 #aggd ,r ,new ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! nature & use ( ,conductors4 #dto4 7,phil4 ,trans41 pt4 i4 p4 #bde47 ,london1 #aggg ,r ,a ,an acc\nt ( ,exp]im5ts made at ! ,pan!on1 on ! nature & use ( ,conductors2 to :i* are add$ "s new ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,leyd5 ,phial4 ,read at ! meet+s ( ! ,royal ,society4 #dto4 #ajj pp4 #d plates4 ,london1 #aggh ,a ,s ,wilson1 ,r4 ,boil] & ,factory ,*imneys1 7#aaj7 & on ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgg ,a ,w9kl]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,abh&lung von dem elektris*5 ,ursprung des ,wett]leu*t5s4 #agdf ,a ,de av]t5di ,fulm9is ,artificio secundum ,electricitatis doctr9am ,comm5tatio4 #dto4 ,lipsi1 #agec ,r ,wittib]4 b] atmosphr4 ,electricitt und ,gewitt]1 insbesond]e die ,gewitt] d] ,grafs*aft4 #dto4 #bc pp4 ,glatz1 #ahfj ,a ,wolff4 ,v]su*e b] ,blitzableit]4 #ahja ,r ,woodcr(t1 ,b4 ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions4 ,abridgm5ts ( ,specifications relat+ to ,electricity & ,magnetism2 _! ,g5]ation & ,applications4 ,pr9t$ by ,ord] ( ! ,commission]s ( ,pat5ts4 #hvo4 #gfi pp4 ,london1 #ahei ,r ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions4 ,abridgm5ts ( ,specifications relat+ to ,electricity & ,magnetism2 _! ,g5]ation & ,applications4 ,"p ii4 ,a4,d4 #aheh-ahff4 ,pr9t$ by ,ord] ( ! ,commission]s ( ,pat5ts4 #hvo4 #hfc pp4 ,london1 #ahgj ,r ,s ,wu*]]1 ,g4 ,f4 ,von ,anlegung d4 ,blitzableit] auf ,kir*5 u4 &]5 ,c>lsruhe1 ,ho*gebud54 #hvo4 #ahci ,r ,a ,yel91 ,j4 ,k4v4 b] d4 ,blitzableit] aus ,s ,mess+/rick5 u4 b4 d4 am #cj ,ap4 #ahbb1 erfolgt4 m]kwrd4 ,blitzs*lag auf d4 ,kir*?urm zu ,ros/all4 #hvo4 ,mn*51 #ahbc ,r ,a b] die ,blitzableit] aus ,mess+draht/rick54 #b;e ,aufl4 #hvo4 ,mn*51 #ahbd ,c ,s ,z5g]1 ,pr(4 ,symmetris*e ,blitzableit]4 7#ajd7 #dto4 ,a ,ziegl]4 ,blitzableit] von ,plat9a4 ,allgem4 ,h&lungszeit4 v4 ,leu*s #age4 ,ann4 de l',indu/4 nation4 et trang41 etc4 xviii4 #cbj4 #ahbd ,,app5dix ,h4 ,,application ,,to ,,& ,,replies ,,f ,,! ,,local ,,honor>y ,,secret>ies ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,telegraph ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,c]ta9 ,,o!r ,,di/+ui%$ ,,=eign ,,au?orities4 ,9 accordance ) a resolution pass$ by ! delegates at ! meet+ on ,octob] #bg1 #ahgi1 ! foll[+ circul> 0 prep>$ by ! ,secret>y1 & issu$ to ! g5tlem5 nam$ 9 ! app5d$ table4 #cj1 ,,great ,,george ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,octob] #ca/1 #ahgi ,de> ,sir1--,at ! invitation ( ! ,meteorological ,society1 delegates h be5 nom9at$ by ! foll[+ societies3--,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,physical ,society1 ,meteorological ,society1 to consid] ! pres5t modes ( erect+ lightn+ conductors1 & improvem5ts !re94 ,at ! la/ meet+ ,i 0 in/ruct$ to ask y to h ! k9dness to furni% ! conf]5ce ) copies ( su* pap]s or reports z may be conv5i5t1 & z are g5]ally accept$ z au?oritative 9 y\r c\ntry4 ,y\rs v truly1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons4 ,,"n4 ,,c\ntry4 ,,date ,,( ,,reply4 ,all51 ,j4 ,arg5t9e ,republic ,ap>icio1 ,don ,jos ,spa9 ,aylm]1 ,j4 ,france ,burton1 ,c4 ,bolivia ,cantoni1 ,j4 ,italy ,collette1 ,j4 ,m4 ,ne!rl&s ,nov4 #g?4 ,cracknell1 ,e4 ,c4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,dak]s1 ,j4 ,canada ,d',amico1 ,e4 ,italy ,nov4 #af1 ,dec4 #h4 ,del>ge1 ,f4 ,belgium ,field1 ,s4 ,d4 ,w4 ,am]ica ,jamieson1 ,a4 ,m$it]ranean ,k>/51 ,g4 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 ,nov4 #ac4 ,mads51 ,c4 ,l4 ,d5m>k ,nov4 #e1 ,dec4 #g4 ,mels5s1 ,f4 ,belgium ,nov4 #f1 ,dec4 #d4 ,mi*el1 ,f4 ,france ,morris1 ,j4 ,japan ,my]s1 ,g54 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dec4 #ac4 ,niels51 ,c4 ,norway ,dec4 #a4 ,preece1 ,j4 ,r4 ,p]sia ,siem5s1 ,w4 ,g]many ,teale1 ,f4 ,g4 ,india ,dec4 #ab4 ,todd1 ,c4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,w>d1 ,g4 ,g4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dec4 #i4 ,! foll[+ are ab/racts ( ! replies receiv$3-- ,nov4 #e?1 ,cop5hag54--,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,mads5 ackn[l$g+ receipt ( lett] & promis+ fur!r reply4 ,nov4 #f?1 ,belgium4--,m4 ,mels5s ackn[l$g+ receipt1 & promis+ full reply4 ,nov4 #g?1 ,la ,haye4--,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,collette ackn[l$g+ receipt ( circul> & /at+ t lightn+ conductors are n 9 common use 9 ,holl&1 t !re are no (ficial & sc>cely any o!r publications ^u ! subject4 ,^? :o h to erect conductors ^u public build+s usually rely ^u ! rules adopt$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! use ( lightn+ conductors is m g5]al4 ,nov4 #ac?1 ,kiel1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e94--,dr4 ,k>/5 =w>d+ copy ( ! late/ edition ( 8 "w on lightn+ conductors 7,see ,ab/racts ( ,pr9t$ ,docum5ts1 pages 7#aad7 & 7#aai747 ,nov4 #af?1 ,rome4--,sig4 ,e4 ,d',amico ackn[l$g$ receipt4 ,dec4 #a/1 ,*ri/iana4--,m4 ,c4 ,niels5 ackn[l$g+ receipt1 & =w>d+ copy ( pap] by ,pr(4 ,mohn on 8,lynild5s ,f>ligh$ i ,norgi40 7,see ,ab/racts1 page 7#ajf7 :i* he /ates is ! only pap] on ! subject pr9t$ 9 ,norway47 ,dec #d?1 ,belgium4--,lett] f ,m4 ,mels5s1 s5d+ s]ies ( 8 works4 7,see ,app5dix ,g42 ,catalogue & ,app5dix ,f4 pages 7#acg7 to 7#ada747 ,dec4 #g?1 ,cop5hag54--,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,mads5 writes3 8,9 cont9uation ( my lett] ( #e? ult1 ,i h great pleasure 9 =w>d+ a copy 7enclos$7 ( #8,regulations = ! ,arrangem5t & ,con/ruction ( ,lightn+ ,conductors = ,milit>y & ,public ,build+s 9 ,d5m>k1 z adopt$ by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 #ahfi1' :i* ,i h translat$ f ! ,dani% orig9al1 & obta9$ ! p]mission to place at ! disposal ( ! ,conf]5ce4 ,! rules laid d[n 9 ?is pap] are g5]ally accept$ z au?oritative 9 ,d5m>k1 & h be5 foll[$ 9 ! erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors on ! new ,royal ,!atre 9 ,cop5hag54 8,i beg to add t 9 case a pr9t$ report is to be publi%$ by ! ,conf]5ce1 ,i %all feel mu* oblig$ by hav+ a few copies s5t to me1 & t ,i %all h great pleasure 9 cont9u+ to h my att5tion direct$ to ! subject40 ,,regulations ,,= ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,= ,,milit>y ,,& ,,public ,,build+s ,,9 ,,d5m>k1 ,,z ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,royal ,,eng9e]s1 #ahfi4 7,translat$ f ,dani%47 ,to obta9 a p]fect sy/em ( lightn+ conductors x is necess>y to obs]ve3 #a4 ,t ! lightn+ conductor mu/ be m expos$ to ! /roke ( lightn+ ?an ! build+ itself4 #b4 ,t ! lightn+1 aft] hav+ /ruck ! conductor1 %all trav]se ! conduct+ wire to ! e>? m readily ?an ?r\gh any o!r neighb\r+ object4 #c4 ,t ! lightn+ conductor is n de/roy$ by ! /roke ( lightn+4 ,a4 ,arrangem5t4 ,on ! highe/ po9ts ( ! build+ are plac$ iron rods1 ( su* a l5g? & numb] t no "p ( ! build+ lies f>!r f ! p]p5dicul> l9e ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! rod1 ?an twice ! height ( ! po9t above ! place ( ! rod4 ,! l[] ends ( ! rods are connect$ to a metallic conductor1 top conductor1 :i* foll[s ! upp] l9e ( ! build+4 ,f ! top conductor1 or f ! rods1 & at lea/ f ea* ?ree ( ^!1 conduct+ wires are l$ d[n ! ro( & out] wall 7be/ on ! wea!r-side71 & !nce "o foot "u ! e>?1 until ab\t t5 feet f ! build+4 ,"h ! wires are connect$ to ! e>? plate 9 a well1 ! bottom ( :i* well mu/ rea* a c\ple ( feet "u ! l[e/ /&+ ( ! gr\nd wat]4 ,ea* well1 ) its plate1 ought at ! utmo/ to s]ve ?ree conduct+ wires4 ,if necess>y to employ m wells ?an "o1 ! plates ( ^! are jo9$ up ?r\gh a special conductor1 ! e>? conductor1 "o foot "u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! e>? plate is prop]ly plac$ 9 gr\nd wat]1 t m or less communicates ) ! ocean--a condition :i*1 9 our c\ntry1 w h>dly pres5t insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( arrangem5ts = ,public ,build+s 9 ,d5m>k ,figure #a %[s a sy/em ( lightn+ conductors = a build+ #ajj feet long1 ) gable ro(4 ,,note #a4--;,if ! ro( is cov]$ ) metal1 ! conductors ought 9 sev]al places to be connect$ to x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y mu/ be kept1 electrically1 z di/ant f all o!r p>ts ( ! build+ z possible1 especially f ! metallic p>ts ( x4 ,,note #b4--;,if gr\nd wat] is f\nd at a consid]able dep?1 "u a dry lay] ( s&1 a second plate1 besides ! g5]al e>? plate1 ought to be plac$ j b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! latt] be+ made tempor>ily conductive by ra94 ,,note #c4--;,z to p[d] magaz9es1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ be con/ruct$ ( bricks or wood1 ! lightn+ conductors mu/ n1 )\t inevitable necessity1 be plac$ on ! build+ itself1 b1 reta9+ ! above-m5tion$ dispositions 9 ! ma9 po9ts 7! top conductor except$71 !y ought to be plac$ on ma/s1 ab\t t5 feet f ! magaz9e4 ,figure #b %[s a sy/em ( lightn+ conductor = a p[d] magaz9e1 a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 ) gable ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,end & ,side elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan4 ,b4 ,con/ruction4 ,! po9t ought to consi/ ( a solid copp] cyl9d]1 in* diamet]1 #f in*es high1 conically po9t$1 ! top angle be+ ab\t #cj degrees1 & ) gilt top4 ,at ! l[] end a nut is appli$1 by :i* ! po9t is screw$ & aft]w>ds sold]$ to ! end ( ! rod4 ,mo/ conv5i5tly ! rod is =m$ ( r\nd iron1 :i*1 l ! re/ ( ! conductor above e>?1 if con/ruct$ ( iron1 is pa9t$ ov] or galvaniz$4 ,"u e>? only galvaniz$ iron is suitable4 ,! upp] diamet] ( ! rod is in*2 #ab feet f>!r d[n1 #a in*4 ,! l5g? is prop]ly v>y+ betwe5 #aj & #af feet4 ,x is to be pref]r$ to use a great] numb] ( l[ rods r ?an few] high ones4 ,! conductor1 z also ! top & e>? conductors1 may consi/ ( an iron b>1 ( squ>e in* section1 consequ5tly #i_/af in* 9 ! squ>e side1 or in* 9 diamet]4 ,only = v great l5g?s w x be necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! increas$ resi/ance ( ! conductor1 to use ?ick] b>s4 ,9 place ( iron1 copp] may be us$1 ! section ( :i* ne$ only to be squ>e in*4 ,! conductors mu/ be ( z %ort a l5g?1 & ) z few b5ds z possible2 & ! latt] mu/ be r\nd$ at _! angle po9ts4 ,!y ought n to be bolt$ or spik$ to ! build+1 b1 9 view ( *anges ( =m occasion$ by temp]ature or o!r reasons1 !y mu/ re/ 9 hooks1 or be kept up by cramps t are fa/5$ 9 wood or brick1 f> f ! metallic p>ts ( ! build+4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ necessity t ! conductor be cont9u\s 9 its :ole ext5t1 f ! po9t to ! e>? plate4 ,l9ks ( *a9s or cables are to be reject$4 ,= ?is reason ! numb] ( jo9ts mu/ be limit$1 & a con/ant contact ( ! respective ends1 ext5d+ ov] "o or two squ>e in*es1 procur$ by bolts or rivets & sold]+4 ,! metal %\ld be fil$ on ! contact sides1 s z to cle> x f oxide1 ?is be+ an insulator1 & ! sold]+ made ) t94 ,! e>? plate may consi/ ( galvaniz$ iron or copp]4 ,x ought to h at lea/ a surface ( #aj squ>e feet 9 wat]1 or #e squ>e feet area1 if to s]ve "o conductor2 = ea* conductor 9 addition #ej p] c5t4 mu/ be add$ to ! area4 ,to dim9i% ! circumf]5ce ( ! well1 ! plate may be giv5 a cruci=m transv]se section2 if !n1 = in/ance1 ! plate rea*es #b feet d[n into ! wat]1 ! w+s ne$ only h ! l5g? ( #f in*es4 ,! well is con/ruct$ 9 ! usual mann] by digg+ or bor+4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! conductor f break+1 z ! plate might press deep] into ! gr\nd1 a beam is plac$ across ! well's upp] "p on :i* ! horizontal "p ( ! conductor re/s4 ,inspection ( ! lightn+ conductor mu/ be effect$ once a ye>1 &1 besides1 :5 circum/ances dem& x1 = in/ance1 aft] a /roke ( lightn+4 ,! inspection mu/ especially h ! purpose3 #a4 ,to exam9e :e!r ! metallic cont9uity rema9s p]fect2 to v]ify ?is a galvanomet] is ins]t$1 & a galvanic curr5t l$ ?r\gh ! conductor2 & #b4 ,to exam9e :e!r ! conductivity to gr\nd wat] is 9 ord]4 ,! e>? plate be+ plac$ 9 a well1 in/ead ( be+ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 w greatly facilitate ?is exam9ation4 ,dec4 #h?1 ,rome4--,sig4 ,d',amico s5t a copy ( a lett] receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,tac*9i1 ,director ( ! ,c5tral ,meteorological ,(fice1 9 answ] to ! communication made to him ( ! circul> dat$ ,octob] #ca/4 ,! foll[+ translation has be5 k9dly made by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis3-- ,,meteorological ,,c5tral ,,(fice1 ,,rome4 ,novemb] #bg?1 #ahgi4 ,,lightn+ ,,rods ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,italy4 ,al?\gh ,i h n suffici5t mat]ial = giv+ a complete answ] to ! reque/ made 9 y\r lett]1 z not$ 9 ! m>g91 yet ,i ?9k t ! accompany+ notice z to ! sy/em 9 use 9 ,rome = fix+ lightn+ rods may be useful to ! ,director ,g5]al4 #a4 ,! conductor ( ! lightn+ rod is con/ruct$ ( iron1 #ag millimetres 7c4 rds4 in*7 diamet]4 ,! upp] t]m9al or receiv] is #de metres 7#ad feet #i in*es7 high1 ) a copp] po9t #jej 7c4 #a foot #h in*es71 gilt f #jbe 7c4 #aj in*es71 fix$ on a pila/] ( masonry #b metres 7c4 #f feet #f in*es7 high1 & #fj c5timetres 7c4 #b feet7 wide4 ,ea* t]m9al is int5d$ to protect a horizontal sup]ficies ( radius d\ble its height4 #b4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a conductor z long z requir$1 pieces ( #e metres 7c4 #ah feet7 are unit$ by a holdfa/ ( brass4 ,! fa/5+ ( ! conductor to ! walls & ro(s is made by little pieces ( m>ble ( ! annex$ =m1 connect$ ) ! fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,atta*m5t & ,e>? ,t]m9al us$ 9 ,italy ,a--,wall or ro(4 ,b--,little piece ( m>ble4 ,c--,hole ?r\gh :i* ! conductor passes4 #c4 ,x is ! cu/om to connect ! conductor ) masses ( iron1 & o!r metals 9 ! build+ to be protect$1 avoid+ ! wat] pipes4 7,ref]r+ probably to ,t]ra ,cotta pipes4 ,t4 ,h4 ,lewis47 #d4 ,9 addition to ! upp] t]m9al & *ief receiv]1 x is usual to fix second>y po9ts accord+ to ! =m ( ! build+4 #e4 ,! dis*>g] or l[] t]m9al 79 contact ) ! e>?7 is made ( copp] rod1 #ab millimetres 7c4 in*7 squ>e1 at lea/ #f metres 7c4 #bj feet7 long1 9 #c /rips ) po9ts ( copp] arrang$ 9 ! mann] %[n-- ,illu/ration3 ,atta*m5t & ,e>? ,t]m9al us$ 9 ,italy ,d--,conductor4 ,e--,l[] t]m9al or dis*>g] ) po9ts ( copp]4 #f4 ,! dis*>g] is introduc$ into a dit* or well excavat$ 9 moi/ gr\nd1 v]tically or horizontally1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! locality4 ,! diamet] ( ! well %\ld be #jhj metres 7c4 #b feet #h in*es71 fill$ ) c>bon1 & cov]$ ) e>?4 #g4 ,9 an ord9>y build+ we employ a dis*>g] to ea* #c po9ts4 #h4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 made all ! lightn+ rods ( ,p4 ,sec*i1 by ,signor ,l]igi ,morea1 mak] ( !m 9 ,rome4 #i4 ,9 "s cases ,p4 ,sec*i has made use1 = ! conductor1 ( ! ?ick] wire us$ = ! ,telegraph4 #aj4 ,we may obs]ve t1 9 o!r ,italian cities1 ! same rules are adopt$ = ! con/ruction ( lightn+ rods1 z ,i myself h v]ifi$4 ,only1 9 "s localities1 9 place ( putt+ po9ts ( copp] to ! l[] t]m9al ! latt] is t]m9at$ by a copp] b&4 ,p4 ,,tac*9i1 ,! ,director4 ,dec4 #i?1 ,new ,york4--,mr4 ,g4 ,g4 ,w>d ackn[l$ges receipt1 /ates t ! only pap]s ( any value ^u lightn+ conductors1 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica & kn[n to him are3--7,a7 a pap] by ,pr(4 ,h5ry2 7,b7 a treatise by ,pr(4 ,ph92 7,c7 a pamphlet by ,david ,brooks2 7,d7 a practical treatise by ,h4 ,spang4 ,! writ] furni%$ copies ( ,nos4 ,b & ,d1 & all f\r w be f\nd notic$ 9 ! ,ab/racts ( ,pr9t$ ,docum5ts4 ,see pages 7#ii7 7#ajb7 7#aag7 & 7#aab47 ,dec4 #ab?1 ,calcutta4--,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,teale ackn[l$g+ receipt ( circul> & =w>d+ copies ( two pap]s accept$ z au?oritative 9 ,india1 viz3--7#a7 ,r4 ,s4 ,br\gh on ,protection ( ,build+s f ,lightn+1 & 7#b7 ,w4 ,p4 ,john/on on ! ,lightn+ ,conductors at ,dum ,dum4 7,see ,ab/racts1 pages 7#aag7 & 7#acb747 ,dec4 #ac?1 ,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4,a4--,lieut4 ,kilb\rne ackn[l$ges receipt on behalf ( ,g54 ,my]s1 enclos+ copy ( pap] by ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 & /at+ t ! works ( ,spang & ,ph9 are consid]$ au?oritative4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,correspond5ce4 ,,tr9ity ,,h\se1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 #f? ,febru>y1 #ahhj4 ,,sir1 ,i am direct$ by ! bo>d to transmit to y h]e)1 = ! in=mation ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 copies ( reports made by ,pr(essor ,f>aday to ?is ,corporation1 "o respect+ a rem>kable /roke ( lightn+ :i* occurr$ at ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec1 & ! o!r ^u a simil> accid5t exp]i5c$ at ! ,na% ,lights 9 ,augu/1 #aheb4 ,! case to :i* ,admiral ,sullivan direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,conf]5ce1 z /at$ 9 y\r lett] ( ! #cj? ,octob] la/1 0 probably "o ( ^! two4 ,%\ld y desire any fur!r details 9 connection ) ?is subject1 ! ,corporation desire me to assure y ( ! pleasure ) :i* !y w af=d any in=mation at _! comm&4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,rob9 ,,all54 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons1 ,esq4 ,we h be5 fav\r$ ) copies ( ?ree sep>ate reports by ,pr(essor ,f>aday1 & ?9k t x is bett] to give !m 9 *ronological ord]4 ,!re is only "o o!r po9t 9 ! correspond5ce f ! ,tr9ity ,h\se :i* x seems necess>y to m5tion1 viz41 t ! sections ( ! copp] rods n[ us$ are z "u4--,,ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,conductor4 #a 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,connect+ ,,bran*es4 #a 94 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,rods ,,( ,,ligh?\ses1 #ahdc4 ,,dung5ess4--,dung5ess ,ligh?\se /&s ab\t #ad feet above ! sea & measures #ig feet to ! top ( ! lant]n4 ,! t[] is ( brick ) wood floors2 ! ro( & frame ( ! lant]n are ( metal seat$ ^u a /one p$e/al1 to :i* x is secur$4 ,!re is no conductor to ! build+4 ,! wea!rcock is fitt$ ) a glass repell]1 & a rod simil>ly fitt$ is atta*$ to ! two copp] flues :i* rise by ! side ( ! lant]n4 ,,eddy/one4--,! height ( ! top ( ! lant]n ( ! ,eddy/one above ! sea is ab\t #ie feet4 ,! ro( & fram+ ( ! lant]n are ( metal1 secur$ ?r\gh a /one pl9? to ! gall]y ( ! t[] by metal fa/5+s4 ,a conductor ( copp] rod1 in* diamet]1 is atta*$ to ! outside ( ! build+2 ! rod rises #c feet above ! top ( ! lant]n & t]m9ates 9 ! sea at l[ wat]2 x is fix$ to ! t[] & lant]n by metal /ays & fa/5+s & is isolat$ by glass f]ules4 ,to give /ability to ! build+ eight wr\ght iron ties are fix$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! h\se1 ext5d+ d[nw>ds f ! und]side ( ! lant]n floor ?r\gh ! next two /ories1 t]m9at+ by ins]t+ ! ends into ! /one floor1 ! upp] ends are rivet$ into an iron r+ r\nd ! manhole 9 ! ceil+ & fur!r secur$ by iron bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! /onework & communicat+ indirectly ) ! metal "w ( ! lant]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,eddy/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,spurn ,po9t ,high ,light4 ,,spurn ,,po9t ,,high ,,light4--,! ,spurn ,high ,light /&s ab\t #af feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & measures #ajj feet to ! top ( ! lant]n4 ,! t[] is ( brick ) wood floors2 ! ro( & fram+ ( ! lant]n are ( metal1 seat$ ^u a /one pl9? to :i* x is secur$2 ! wea!rcock is surm\nt$ by a glass repell]4 ,an isolat$ conductor ( copp] rod1 in* diamet]1 is atta*$ to ! outside ( ! t[] ris+ "s feet above ! lant]n & pass+ d[n ! side ( ! t[] bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,,s\? ,,=el&4--,! ,s\? ,=el& ,high ,light /&s above #cjj feet above ! sea1 & measures f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! lant]n #fg feet4 ,! t[] is ( brick1 ! lant]n ro( & fram+ are ( metal ) a ca/ iron p$e/al2 ! wea!rcock is fitt$ ) a glass repell]4 ,a conductor ( copp] rod1 in* diamet]1 is atta*$ to ! outside ( ! t[]1 ( ! same height z ! wea!rcock4 ,! rod is fa/5$ to ! lant]n & t[] ) metal /ays & fa/5+s1 & passes into ! gr\nd1 turn+ (f at "r angles to ! t[] a little bel[ ! surface4 ,a copp] flue connect$ ) a /ove 9 ! base ( ! t[]1 passes up ! c5tre ( ! t[] ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! lant]n1 to ! l[] end ( :i* a copp] rod has be5 atta*$1 :i* is c>ri$ to ! outside ( ! build+ into ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,s\? ,=el& ,high ,light4 ,! und]sign$ h1 accord+ to _! in/ructions1 met & consid]$ ! circum/ances "u :i* ligh?\ses are plac$ z respects lightn+1 & h arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,t ligh?\ses %\ld be well def5d$ f ! top to ! bottom4 ,t z respects ! top1 ! metal ( ! lant]n1 & upw>ds1 is suffici5t to meet e ne$1 & satisfy e desire & fe>4 ,t = ! re/ ( ! c\rse d[n ! t[]1 a copp] rod ( an in* 9 diamet] is q1 & m ?an1 suffici5t4 ,t at ! bottom1 :]e ! rod ent]s ! e>?1 x is desirable at its t]m9ation to connect x metallically ) a %eet ( copp] #c or #d feet long by #b feet or m wide2 ! latt] to be buri$ 9 ! e>?1 s z to give ext5sive contact ) x4 ,t glass repell]s are 9 e case useless4 ,t glass ?imbles are n ne$$1 b d no h>m4 ,t if ! repell] be remov$1 & ! po9t on ! vane be t]m9at$ z ! lightn+ rods usually are1 & !n ! metal ( ! lant]n be /rongly atta*$ to1 & connect$ )1 ! upp] end ( ! copp] rod1 & ! rod cont9u$ d[n ! t[] to ! e>?1 & ! %eet ( copp] buri$ 9 x1 su* a sy/em w be an effectual & p]fectly safe lightn+ conductor4 ,t !n !re ne$ be no rod end ris+ by ! side (1 & above ! lant]n4 ,t ! rod may 7if requir$ on o!r acc\nts7 come d[n on ! inside ( ! build+1 or 9 a groove 9 ! wall2 b %\ld n be unnecess>ily remov$ f obs]vation & inspection4 ,t all l>ge metallic arrangem5ts 9 ! /onework1 or o!r non-metallic p>ts ( ! t[] ( ! ligh?\se1 su* z ty+ b>s1 metal flues1 c41 %\ld be well connect$1 by copp]1 ) ! conductor4 ,t ! vic9ity ( two metallic masses )\t contact1 or metallic communication1 is to be avoid$4 ,t1 z to ! ,s\? ,=el& ,high ,light1 ! lant]n1 ! c5tral /ove1 & ! copp] rod proce$+ f x to ! e>?1 connect$ z !y n[ are1 =m a p]fect lightn+ conductor1 ev5 )\t ! rod t is !re erect$2 b ,t x is important casual arrangem5ts %\ld nev] be dep5d$ ^u = lightn+ conductors2 b a copp] rod be e/abli%$ = ! especial purpose3 =1 if ! =m] be tru/$ to1 ! c>elessness or ignorance ( workm5 may1 at aft] p]iods1 ^u occasions ( repair or cleans+1 cause ! necess>y metallic connection to be left imp]fect or incomplete1 & !n ! arrangem5t is n m]ely useless b dang]\s4 ,t1 z to ! ,eddy/one1 x is desirable to connect ! sy/em ( wr\ght iron ties 9 x ) ! lightn+ conductor1 by jo9+ ! l[] "p ( t iron rod :i* is ne>e/ to ! conductor ) ! latt]1 by a copp] rod or /rap1 equival5t to ! conductor 9 sectional area4 ,t ! ,dung5ess ,ligh?\se is 9 a v anomal\s condition2 to rectify :i* ! two repell]s %\ld be remov$1 & also ! repres5tative ( ! top ( a lightn+ rod atta*$ to ! flue1 & t !n a good copp] conductor %\ld be atta*$ to ! metal ( ! lant]n1 ^u ! pr9ciples already express$4 7,sign$47 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 #be? ,septemb]1 #ahdc4 99 99 99 99 99 #bc1 ,,gt4 ,,george ,,/reet1 #be? ,septemb]1 #ahdc4 ,,sir1 ,! ref]5ce1 on ! important subject ( lightn+ conductors1 is to ,mr4 ,f>aday & to me4 ,on receiv+ x ,i prep>$ draw+s ( ! build+s to :i* our imm$iate att5tion 0 requir$1 ) an explanation ( _! pres5t conductors4 ,^! 7 consid]$ at a meet+ ) ,mr4 ,f>aday1 :5 he expla9$ ! pr9ciples & _! application to ! sev]al cases1 d$uc$ f 8 copi\s exp]im5ts & sci5tific obs]vations4 ,i h s9ce receiv$ f him ! accompany+ ,report = my signature along ) 81 b ! report is altoge!r ,mr4 ,f>aday's & !re=e ,i pref] add+ my approval ( all x conta9s 9 ?is sep>ate %eet1 & recomm5d+ t au?ority be giv5 to me to act ^u x4 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 7,sign$7 ,j4 ,,walk]4 ,,jacob ,,h]b]t1 ,esq4 ,tr9ity ,h\se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,royal ,,in/itution1 #bg? ,septemb]1 #aheb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i =tunately rea*$ ! ,na% ,l[ ,ligh?\se la/ ,?ursday1 be=e any repairs 7 made ( ! injury caus$ by ! dis*>ge ( lightn+ !re1 & f\nd ev]y?+ z x _h be5 left3 ! repairs 7 to be comm5c$ on ! morr[4 ,! night ( ,monday1 #cj? ,augu/1 0 exce$+ly /ormy1 ) ?und] & lightn+2 ! dis*>ge ^u ! ligh?\se 0 at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! #ca/1 j aft] ! keep] _h gone to b$4 ,at ! same "t1 or at lea/ 9 ! same /orm1 ! flag-/aff betwe5 ! upp] & l[] lights 0 /ruck1 & "s corn /acks 7 /ruck & fir$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x is manife/ t ! dis*>ge ^u ! t[] 0 exce$+ly p[]ful1 b ! lightn+ conductor has done duty well--has1 ,i h no d\bt1 sav$ ! build+2 & ! injury is comp>atively slight1 & is ref]able almo/ entirely to circum/ances :i* are gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! report made by myself & ,mr4 ,walk] #bbnd ,septemb]1 #ahdc4 ,! conductor is made fa/ to ! metal ( ! lant]n1 desc5ds on ! inside ( ! t[] to ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & passes ?r\gh ! wall & "u ! flag pavem5t :i* surr\nds ! t[]4 ,x is undi/urb$ ev]y:]e1 b !re are signs ( oxidation on ! metal & ! wall at a place :]e two l5g?s ( copp] are rivett$ toge!r1 :i* %[ h[ great an am\nt ( electricity x has c>ri$4 ,a wat]-butt /&s 9 ! gall]y outside ! lant]n4 ,a small copp] pipe1 #a in* 9 diamet]1 br+s ! wat] f ! ro( ( ! lant]n into ?is butt2 x does n rea* x1 b t]m9ates #aj or #ab in*es above x4 ,a simil> copp] pipe conducts ! surplus wat] f ! butt to ! gr\nd1 b x is n connect$ metallically ) ! o!r pipe1 or ) ! metal ( ! conductor1 or ! lant]n4 ,h5ce a "p ( ! lightn+ :i* has fall5 ^u ! lant]n has pass$ z a fla%1 or1 z we express x1 by disruptive dis*>ge f ! outside ( ! lant]n to ?is tub ( wat]1 ?r[+ (f a portion ( ! cem5t at ! place1 & has us$ ?is pipe z a lightn+ conductor 9 ! re/ ( its c\rse to ! gr\nd4 ,! pipe has holes made 9 x 9 ?ree places1 b ^! are at ! ?ree jo9ts1 :]e1 x be+ 9 diff]5t l5g?s1 x is put toge!r ) t[ & :ite lead1 & :]e ( c\rse ! metallic contact is aga9 abs5t2 & ?us ! injury !re 7:i* is v small7 is acc\nt$ =4 ,! pipe ends bel[ at ! level ( ! gr\nd 9 a small dra91 & at ?is end a disruptive dis*>ge has 7naturally7 occurr$1 :i* has bl[n up a little ( ! cem5t t cov]$ ! place4 ,"s e>? is ?r[n up at ! out] edge ( ! pavem5t r\nd ! t[] ov] ! same small dra91 :i* t5ds to %[ h[ int5se ! dis*>ge mu/ h be5 ov] ! :ole ( ! place4 ,inside ( ! lant]n !re are traces ( ! lightn+1 occurr+ at places :]e pieces ( metal came ne> toge!r b did n t\*1 ?us at ! plat=m :]e a cov]+ copp] plate came ne> to ! top ( ! /air rail+1 b ! effects are v slight4 ,all ! lamps1 v5tilat+ tubes1 c41 rema9$ p]fectly undi/urb$1 & !re 0 no trace ( injury or effect :]e ! conductor & ! lant]n 7 unit$4 ,inside ( ! t[] & ! rooms ?r\gh :i* ! conductor passes !re 7 & are no signs ( any?+ 7except at ! rivett+ above m5tion$7 until we rea* ! kit*5 or liv+-room :i* is on a level ) ! gr\nd1 & "h ! *air 0 brok5 & ! c>pet & oil-clo? fir$ & torn4 ,to und]/& ?is1 x mu/ be kn[n t ! sep>ation betwe5 ?is room & ! oil-cell> b5ea? is made by masonry consi/+ ( l>ge /ones1 ! v]tical jo9ts ( :i* are lead$ ?r\gh\t1 s t ! lead appe>s z a network ^u ! surface1 bo? ( ! kit*5 floor above1 & ! ro( ( ! oil cell> b5ea?1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness 9 diff]5t places up to or m ( an in*1 z 9 a piece t 0 ?r[n out4 ,! ne>e/ "p ( ?is lead to ! conductor is ab\t #i in*es or a little m di/ant1 & x 0 "h t ! skirt+ 0 ?r[n (f1 & ! *air brok52 "h also t ! f5d] 0 upset & ! little cupbo>d aga9/ ! skirt+ empti$ ( its articles4 ,if ?is lead _h be5 connect$ metallically ) ! conductor1 ^! effects w\ld n h happ5$4 ,! electricity :i* 9 its t5d5cy to pass to ! e>? took ?is c\rse1 naturally appe>$ 9 ! oil-cell> b5ea?1 & ?\gh ! great] portion ( x 0 dissipat$ ?r\gh ! build+ itself1 yet a "p appe>$ 9 its effects to h be5 direct$ by ! oil cans1 = ?\gh !y 7 n at all injur$ or di/urb$1 ! wa% or col\r 9 ! wall above f\r or five ( !m 0 di/urb$1 %[+ t slight disruptive connections or sp>ks _h occurr$ !re4 ,at ! "t ( ! %ock1 ra9 0 desc5d+ 9 floods1 & ! side ( ! t[] & ! pavem5t 0 cov]$ ) a coat ( wat]4 ,?is be+ a good conductor ( electricity has %[n its effects 9 connection ) ! int5se =ce ( ! dis*>ge4 ,a "p ( ! electricity leav+ ! conductor at ! edge ( ! pavem5t & ! t[]1 broke up ! cem5t !re1 9 its way to ! wat] on ! surface1 :i* = ! "t act$ to x z ! %eet ( copp]--:i* ,i conclude is at ! end ( ! conductor--does1 i4e41 z a f9al dis*>ge to ! e>?4 ,also on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! t[] ne> ! gr\nd1 portions ( cem5t1 ! size ( half a h&1 h be5 ?r[n (f by ! disruptive dis*>ges f ! body ( ! t[] to ?is coat ( wat]3 all te/ify+ to ! int5sity ( ! %ock4 ,i %\ld /ate t ! keep] says he 0 ?r[n out ( b$ by ! %ock4 ,h[ev]1 no trace ( lightn+ appe>s 9 ! b$room1 /ill !re are evid5ces t p[]ful dis*>ges pass+ at a di/ance1 & on ! o!r side ( ?ick walls may affect bodies & liv+ sy/ems1 especially by spasmodic action1 & some?+ ( ! k9d may h occurr$ "h4 ,x may be z well = me to /ate t ! upp] floors are lead$ toge!r l t ( ! kit*54 ,! reason :y !y did n produce l effect is evid5t 9 t !y f _! position c\ld n s]ve z conductors to ! e>? z ! l[] c\rse c\ld4 ,! keep] said he _h told ! copp]smi? to make ! necess>y repairs 9 ! pipe1 & ,i in/ruct$ him to connect ! wa/e pipe & ! upp] pipe by a flat /rap ( copp] plate4 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! lead ( ! l[] floor be connect$ metallically ) ! conductor to a plate ( copp] 9 ! e>?4 ,i c\ld n see ! end ( ! pres5t conductor1 n be+ able by any tools at ! ligh?\se to raise ! /onework1 b ,i left in/ructions ) ! keep] to h x done1 & report to me ! /ate ( matt]s4 ,i am1 c41 7,sign$7 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,,! ,,secret>y1 ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,,eddy/one ,,light4--,,report ( ,,pr(essor ,,f>aday on ,electrical ,ph5om5on :i* occurr$ !reat on ! #aa? ,janu>y1 #ahec4 ,,royal ,,in/itution1 #bd? ,janu>y1 #ahec4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,9 ref]5ce to ! rem>kable /roke ( lightn+ :i* occurr$ at ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 at midday on #aa? ,janu>y ( ?is ye>1 & made itself manife/ by a p>tial fla% dis*>ge 9 ! liv+ rooms1 ,i h to call y\r att5tion to ! draw+ h]e) return$1 & to ! circum/ances :i* appe> 7f x7 to h accompani$ & conduc$ to ! dis*>ge4 ,9 ! body ( ! /one "w above ! /ore-room exi/ eight r+s ( metal2 ea* go+ r\nd ! build+1 & ea* be+ f\r in*es squ>e ( solid iron & lead4 ,also1 latt]ly ! b$room & sitt+-room h be5 l9$ ) a framework ( iron b>s1 situat$ v]tically1 & p9n$ by long bolts into ! /onework4 ,! "p ( ! t[] above ! floor ( ! liv+-room is1 !re=e1 fill$ ) a metallic sy/em1 :i*1 ) ! metal lant]n1 gives a v m>k$ "* to ! upp] half ( ! /ructure4 ,! rec5t metallic arrangem5ts 7b n ! r+s7 are connect$ ) ! lightn+ rod2 & ! copp] "p ( ?is rod1 beg9n+ at ! floor ( ! liv+-room1 !n proce$s d[nw>ds by ! c\rse :i* c be foll[$ 9 ! draw+1 & t]m9ates on ! outside ( ! rock betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>ks4 ,consid]+ all ^! circum/ances1 ,i 0 l$ to conclude t ! conductor 0 9 a v imp]fect condition at ! "t ( l[ wat]2 & ,i _h little d\bt t ,i %\ld f9d t ! dis*>ge _h tak5 place :5 x 0 9 ?is /ate1 & v probably ) a spr+ tide4 ,! day ( ! /roke 0 ! #aa? ,janu>y--a new moon occurr$ on ! #i?1 s t x 0 at a "t ( spr+ tide4 ,! occurr5ce took place at midday2 &1 accord+ to ! tide tables1 t 0 close ^u ! "t ( l[ wat] at ,devonport4 ,! end ( ! conductor w\ld !n be #f feet f ! wat]1 if ! latt] 7 quiesc5t1 & ,i _c d\bt t ?is circum/ance gave rise to t div]t$ dis*>ge :i* became s manife/ to ! keep]s4 ,mr4 ,burges1 ) :om ,i h conv]s$ ab\t ! matt]1 ?9ks x probable t1 ?r\gh ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 ! conductor does n n[ desc5d s mu* z is repres5t$ 9 ! draw+4 ,i ?9k x ess5tial t ! l[] end ( ! conductor be made m p]fect 9 its action2 & ,i %\ld pref] ?is be+ done on ! outside ( ! t[] & rock1 if ! rod c be r5d]$ p]man5t 9 su* a situation4 ,if x be impossible to prolong & fix ! l[] end ( ! conductor :]e x n[ is1 s t x %all h l>ge contact ) ! sea at l[ wat]1 !n ,i w\ld sugge/1 :e!r or no1 on ! m slop+ "p ( ! rock1 ab\t midway betwe5 high & l[ wat]1 ?ree or f\r holes c\ld n be sunk to ! dep? ( #c feet1 & ab\t #c or #d feet ap>t1 & t copp] rods be+ plac$ 9 ^!1 !y %\ld be connect$ toge!r1 & ! lightn+ rod cont9u$ to !m4 ,if ?is _c be done1 !n x might be "r to consid] ! propriety ( ! mak+ a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! build+ & rock1 ab\t #b or m in*es 9 diamet]1 & #cj feet deep1 & cont9u+ ! conductor to ! bottom4 ,a conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,burges reg>d+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,bi%op's ,rock ,ligh?\se1 n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 induces me also to sugge/ ! propriety ( mak+ provision = ! lightn+ conductor z ! "w proce$s4 ,x w\ld be easy n[ to fix t]m9al rods ( copp]1 & to comb9e !m upw>ds ) ! "w4 ,consid]+ ! isolat$ & peculi>ly expos$ condition ( a ligh?\se on ?is site1 ,i w\ld propose t !re be two conduct+ rods f ! lant]n1 d[n ! outside on opposite sides ( ! t[]1 ea* t]m9at+ bel[ 9 two or ?ree prolongations1 ent]+ z propos$ into ! rock1 or into fissures bel[ l[ wat] m>k1 s z to be well & p]man5tly fix$4 ,i am1 c41 7,sign$7 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,,! ,,secret>y1 ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,! pres5t ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 t is ! /one "o erect$ 9 #ageg-ei f ,smeaton's designs1 has a total height f l[ wat] level to ! top ( ! vane ( #ajg feet4 ,! annex$ engrav+ %[s two conductors1 ! old & defective "o pass+ d[n ! left h& side & t]m9at+ half way betwe5 high & l[ wat] level1 & ! propos$ new "o on ! "r t]m9at+ 9 holes 9 ! rock4--,,ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eddy/one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ lett] w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ,app5dix ,a4 along ) ! replies f ,briti% ,manufactur]s ( ,lightn+ ,conductors2 b x did n arrive until long aft] !y _h be5 pr9t$ (f4--,,ed4 ,please f9d enclos$ answ] to y\r que/ions4 ,9 addition to manufactur+ rods1 we h be5 protect+ build+s ) ^! rods = ?irty ye>s4 ,we sell 9 ?is way at retail f five to six hundr$ ?\s& feet ea* ye>4 ,we also issue a gu>antee ( #ejj 7#ajj7 on ea* build+ t we protect1 :i* we hold ourselves ready to make good 9 case ( failure4 ,n[1 9 ?is ext5sive bus9ess1 we h only _h to pay "o doll> damage done by lightn+4 ,we reg>d ?is z a practical demon/ration t our me?od ( protect+ build+s ) iron rods is z ne> p]fect z x c be4 ,!re is m pr(it to be made out ( ! copp] rod1 z x is made *eaply out ( %eet copp]1 & c be sold mu* high] ?an ! iron rod4 ,b kn[+ t iron = all practical purposes is ! be/ mat]ial = lightn+ rods1 we feel x to be our duty to d all we c to introduce x4 ,we w\ld mo/ respectfully ask ! ,conf]5ce to inve/igate ?is "q z to :at k9d ( metal is be/ = rods = practical use1 iron or copp]4 ,our own late ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( iron4 ,we h _m facts 9 relation to build+s be+ /ruck by lightn+ :i* we c\ld give at "s future "t if desir$4 ,we h ga!r$ up a l>ge numb] ( po9ts t h be5 melt$ by lightn+ /rokes4 ,!y are melt$ d[n ab\t in*4 ,!y all look z if ! same am\nt ( heat _h be5 appli$ to ea*1 %[+ v cle>ly t ! quantity ( electricity 9 lightn+ /rokes is q uni=m4 ,we h nev] 9 any in/ance kn[n ( ! rod be+ melt$1 %[+ t ! rod :i* we use is ( suffici5t size4 99 99 99 99 99 #a #b4 ,we make spiral twi/$ iron rods weigh+ #de lbs4 to ! hundr$ feet #g oz4 p] foot4 ,! rod is ( ! same siz$ mat]ial ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 except t a copp] po9t1 plat$ ) silv] & tipp$ ) plat9um1 is screw$ on ! upp] t]m9al4 #c4 ,no proportion is obs]v$ betwe5 ! l5g? & sectional area4 #d4 ,jo9ts are made by means ( copp] nuts4 #e4 ,atta*$ to build+ by means ( z9c /rips1 or a ca/+ t fits closely to ! rod1 :i* is screw$ d[n4 #f4 ,! rod ext5ds f #i to #aj feet 9 ! gr\nd4 #g4 ,a circle twice ! diamet] ( height ( rod above ro(4 #h4 ,all t]m9als on ! ro( are connect$4 ,!re are nev] less ?an two gr\nd rods1 & ^! are increas$ z ! numb] ( upp] t]m9als are increas$4 ,we also manufacture copp] rods1 b d n use !m :]e we protect build+s1 nor d we recomm5d !m to o!r deal]s f ! fact t our exp]i5ce ( ?irty ye>s has demon/rat$ t iron is ! be/ mat]ial = lightn+ rods4 ,,cole ,,bro!rs4 ,,m\nt ,,pleasant1 ,,i[a1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a colli]y *imney ne> ,sund]l&1 #ahj feet high1 0 /ruck by ,lightn+1 ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahgh1 & ,i 0 s5t = to repair x4 ,^u gett+ to ! top1 :i* 0 ab\t #ae feet diamet]1 ,i f\nd a great _m ( ! bricks displac$1 & ! upp] t]m9al ( ! conductor 7:i* 0 a tube #jej 94 int]nal1 & ab\t #jfb 94 ext]nal diamet]1 & :i* _h /ood ab\t #a foot above ! top ( ! *imney7 _h be5 fus$ & 0 ly+ on ! top ( ! *imney1 x 0 q brittle1 & easily brok5 by ! h&4 ,! upp] #aj feet ( in* wire rope 0 9 a simil> /ate2 x seem$ z if x _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh an exce$+ly hot furnace1 & ,i rubb$ x to du/ 9 my h&s4 ,?is #aj feet l5g? 0 above ! fir/ holdfa/1 bel[ ! holdfa/ ! wire rope 0 p]fectly good4 ,! holdfa/ 0 "o ( ^? :i* are driv5 into a wood5 plug let into ! wall & p9n$ tightly d[n on ! rope1 :i* _h be5 badly bruis$ 9 ! fix+--9 fact1 knock$ almo/ flat4 ,i believe t ?is 0 ! cause ( ! accid5t1 & t ! lightn+ travell$ d[n z f> z ?is holdfa/1 & !re meet+ ob/ruction1 return$ de/roy+ ! wire & rod & %att]+ ! brickwork4 ,! e>? connection 0 good1 ! end 0 buri$ 9 a tr5* #b feet deep & #ae feet long4 ,t4 ,,mass+ham4 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h be5 9 communication ) sev]al ( ! pr9cipal brick build]s "h by :om ! great majority ( ! *imney /alks 9 ,glasg[ & ! we/ ( ,scotl& are erect$1 & ,i believe ! foll[+ /atem5ts may be tak5 z correct3-- 7#a7 ,v few /alks "u n9ety feet 9 height h lightn+ conductors1 b1 z a rule1 ! high] /alks h conductors4 ,"o ( my correspond5ts says t 8?is rule holds good 9 f\r cases out ( five40 7#b7 ,a *imney be+ /ruck by lightn+ is an extremely r>e occurr5ce 9 ?is di/rict4 ,"o build] ( long exp]i5ce 7,mr4 ,mc,donald7 says1 8,i h kn[n ( sev]al /alks t 7 /ruck by lightn+1 t _h no conductors4 ,i _c po9t to "o t 0 /ruck by lightn+ & _h a conductor40 ,ano!r firm ( old /&+ 7,allan & ,mann7 say--8,9 our exp]i5ce we h n kn[n ( a *imney /alk1 ) lightn+ conductor fix$1 damag$ by lightn+40 ,ano!r firm 7,bell1 ,hornsby & ,co47 say--8,9 our exp]i5ce we h n kn[n an ord9>y /alk ) or )\t a conductor /ruck by lightn+10 & ,mr4 ,goldie says--8,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,i c rememb] only "o su* case10 & he is n sure :e!r ! /alk _h a conductor or n4 ,!re are ?ree cases kn[n to h occurr$ 9 ,glasg[1 b ,i nev] he>d ( any o!rs among ! hundr$s--,i may say ?\s&s--( *imneys :i* are "h4 ,! great /alk at ,/4 ,rollox 0 /ruck %ortly aft] its erection4 ,a /alk at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,alex&] ,paul & ,co41 0 /ruck ab\t n9e ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,goldie makes ! rem>k--& ,i ?9k x is well wor?y ( notice--t 9 all ^! cases ! accid5t happ5$ %ortly aft] ! completion ( ! /alk4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! /alk w\ld /ill1 no d\bt1 conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,i ?9k ! ,/4 ,rollox /alk _h a conductor fix$ be=e x 0 /ruck1 b ,i am n aw>e :e!r ei!r ( ! o!rs _h4 ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am 7,todd & ,higg9bo?am7 tells me t ! /alk at _! works 0 /ruck be=e x 0 q complet$4 ,x 0 v slightly injur$4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds /ruck z m5tion$ 9 my lett]4 ,on t occasion x _h a lightn+ conductor4 ,! damage done 0 n v s]i\s1 b necessitat$ ! b9d+ ( ! /alk ) num]\s iron hoops--z ?us /r5g!n$ x /ill /&s4 ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am says t ! op9ion at ! "t 0 t ! conductor sav$ ! /alk f complete de/ruction1 b t x 0 too small4 ,!y1 !re=e1 _h x replac$ by a mu* heavi] "o--copp] rope ? ( an in* diamet]1 kept #a in*es f ! brickwork by glass insulators--:i* /ill rema9s4 ,j4 ,,honeyman4 #adj1 ,,ba? ,,/reet1 ,,glasg[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re 0 no lightn+ conductor ( any k9d at ,wells ,*ur*4 ,! electric fluid /ruck ! ea/ side ( ! ,t[] j above ! ridge ( ! nave ro(4 ,! t[] /&s1 or /ood1 at ! we/ end4 ,i enclose an acc\nt ( ! fire f a local pap]3-- ,,wells4--,,total ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--8,ne> midnight ( ,saturday la/1 ,augu/ #bnd1 #ahgi1 a t]rific ?und]/orm bur/ ov] ?is t[n & a l>ge di/rict ar\nd1 caus+ mo/ int5se al>m & un=tunately end+ 9 sad disa/]4 ,! /orm rag$ ?r\gh\t ! night1 & 0 accompani$ 9 _m places by a p]fect deluge ( ra94 ,betwe5 ?ree & f\r a4m4 ( ,sunday1 ! #crd1 x appe>$ to rea* its height1 ! lightn+ be+ ( a mo/ vivid & al>m+ nature1 & ! ?und] rev]b]at+ 9 cont9u\s peals4 ,a lull !n occurr$1 b betwe5 five & six a4m4 ! /orm aga9 bur/ out ) great fury1 & at #e4ej ! electric fluid /ruck ! *ur* on ! ea/]n face ( ! t[] imm$iately above ! apex ( ! ro(1 driv+ out a l>ge portion ( ! /one "w1 ! fl9ts fly+ hundr$s ( feet ar\nd4 ,"o l>ge /one fell ^u ! ro( ( a h\se1 ne> ! ea/ w9d[1 & p5etrat$ to ! room bel[1 :i* 0 =tunately unoccupi$2 b ! t5ant1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,:>f1 :o slept 9 ! next room1 0 ar\s$1 & "o or two p]sons 9 ! road see+ :at _h occurr$1 & obs]v+ smoke directly aft] issu+ f ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 rais$ an al>m ( fire1 :i* quickly awak5$ ! :ole t[n4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,phipson4 ,,norwi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ visible injury to ,wells ,*ur* 0 ! 8sk9n+0 ( a portion ( ! t[] 7ab\t #aj feet high by #e feet broad7 ext5d+ d[nw>ds f ! ea/ w9d[ ( ! t[] 7i4e41 ! w9d[ :i* look$ ov] ! ro( ( ! nave17 to ! po9t at :i* ! lead-cov]$ nave jo9$ ! t[]4 ,! lightn+ is believ$ to h set fire to ! ro( at ?is po9t1 & also to h travell$ along ! lead ro( to ! *ancel1 & 9 cross+ ! ve/ry to h ignit$ ! surplices1 z ! *ur* 0 se5 to be on fire at bo? ends be=e ! middle 0 t\*$4 ,! 8sk9n+0 0 accompani$ by great disruptive =ce1 z ! /ones f ! t[] 7 n only %ot ! full l5g? ( ! *ur*1 b "o l>ge "o fell on ! ro( ( a h\se #fj feet beyond ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*4 ,,wells1 ,,norfolk4 ,f4 ,,long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z y\r que/ions 9 ! ,times ( to-day allude only to protection to build+s f lightn+1 ,i ne$ n say any?+ on ! p]fect protection af=d$ to ,h] ,maje/y's %ips by ! conductors ( ,sir ,sn[ ,h>ris1 f ! "t !y 7 us$ 9 e %ip 9 ! s]vice4 ,h4,m4,s4 8,beagle10 ,comm&] ,fitz,roy1 0 "o ( ! fir/ %ips fitt$ ) !m4 ,at ,monte ,video a heavy %ock ( lightn+ pass$ d[n ! ma9ma/ & ?r\gh ! %ip )\t do+ ! slighte/ injury2 b z ! vane /aff :i* tap]$ to a f9e po9t1 0 fus$ at ! po9t1 x enables me to answ] "o ( y\r que/ions4 ,! copp] 0 melt$ till ! diamet] 0 ab\t "o eigh? ( an in*1 b bel[ t po9t ! conductor 0 n injur$ 9 any way4 ,y w l to "k a case 9 :i* a copp] wire act$ z a p]fect conductor1 ?\gh fus$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,x 0 at ,monte ,video1 9 ! h\se ( ! ,engli% ,consul1 a flag-/aff 0 /ruck1 & conduct$ ! lightn+ ?r\gh a flat ro(1 ne> ! bell wire ( a suite ( rooms 7! wire ran 9 sight ne> ! cornice7 ?r\gh a hole 9 ea* divid+ wall1 & !n d[n to ! bell 9 ! basem5t2 ! wire 0 melt$ into drops l %ot1 :i* burnt a r[ ( small holes 9 ! c>pet ( ea* room4 ,a d>k m>k1 on ! cornice above1 %[$ :]e ! wire _h be54 ,at ! bell !re 0 a slight explosion1 & "s little damage1 b ,i d n recollect :e!r any?+ act$ p>tially z a conductor f t po9t1 & s c>ri$ (f t "p ( ! *>ge4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 %[s t ev5 an ord9>y bell wire w act z a conductor = a r /rong /roke ( lightn+1 z ! l>ge flag-/aff 0 %att]$4 ,i am anxi\s to call ! att5tion ( y\r conf]5ce to a po9t t x w be int]e/+ to cle> up4 ,t is1 :e!r a conductor %\ld be a solid rod1 or 9 a %ape to give ! l>ge/ am\nt ( surface 9 ! section8 ,:5 ,i tell y t ,f>aday & ,h>ris ea* told me t ! o!r 8knew no?+ ab\t x10 because !y diff]$ entirely on ?is po9t1 ,i ?9k y w see ! importance ( x4 ,i _h at ! "t to approve ( ! conductors = ligh?\ses4 ,i w1 if y wi% x1 give y m p>ticul>s on ?is po9t1 z ,i believe x has nev] yet be5 settl$3 ligh?\ses hav+ be5 fitt$ ) ,f>aday's1 & %ips & public build+s ) ,h>ris' conductors4 ,! "o be+ a solid bolt1 ! o!r a holl[ tube or d\ble ?9 plates4 ,if ,h>ris 0 "r !re is an unnecess>y am\nt ( copp] 9 ,f>aday's solid conductors2 if ,f>aday is "r1 !re is an unnecess>y outlay 9 putt+ a giv5 am\nt ( copp] into ! %ape ( a tube1 in/ead ( us+ x z a solid rod4 ,b4 ,j4 ,,sulivan1 ,admiral4 ,p4,s4--,y %\ld get f ! ,tr9ity ,h\se p>ticul>s ( a case 9 :i*1 ) a good solid conductor1 ! iron floor ( a ligh?\se1 aid$ by "s lead 9 ! wall1 div]t$ ! lightn+ f ! conductor1 & caus$ damage inside4 ,i ?9k x 0 a ,portl& ligh?\se1 b x is s _m ye>s s9ce t ,i may n be "r4 ,,treg51 ,,b\rnem\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ree or f\r ye>s s9ce1 ,i 0 look+ out ( my (fice w9d[ 9 ,f9sbury1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+ /ruck ! t[] ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,giles'1 ,cripplegate1 t[>ds :i* my sight happ5$ at ! "t to be direct$4 ,z a portion only ( ! flag-/aff1 plac$ at "o corn] ( ! t[]1 0 de/roy$1 ,i obta9$ p]mission to asc5d ! t[] & discov] ! reason4 ,i f\nd a sub/antial copp] rope conductor fix$ 9 a some:at c>eless fa%ion to ! back ( ! t[]1 & pass+ "s di/ance into ! e>?4 ,?is copp] rope 0 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & 0 c>ri$ upw>ds1 "u & ov] sev]al projections & cornices1 & across ! ro( ( ! t[] to its c5tre--:]e x /ood erect1 & evid5tly did its assign$ "w admirably4 ,clumsy & unsatisfactory z ! fix+ ( ?is b5t copp] rope seem$ to me to be1 x is q c]ta9 t x 0 mo/ effici5t2 & _h x n be5 = ! flag-/aff1 capp$ ) lead1 :i* 0 c>ri$ up consid]ably high] ?an ! copp] rope1 no evid5ce :atev] ( ! lightn+'s pa? w\ld h be5 reveal$4 ,z x 01 ! dis*>ge ( lightn+ /ruck ! lead5 cap ( ! flag-/aff1 & desc5d$ d[n ! wet1 wood5 pole1 until ! summit ( ! copp]-rope conductor 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[] 0 rea*$1 :5 ! dis*>ge flew across to ! metallic e>? conductor1 leav+ ! l[] "p ( ! flag-/aff unhurt1 b %att]+ to spl9t]s t portion :i* 0 high] ?an ! summit ( ! copp] rope4 ,,ri*>d ,,h]r+4 #bg1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,road1 ,,highbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a small public-h\se ( m9e 7! 8,:eat%eaf07 /&s at ,trolley ,bottom1 9 ! p>i% ( ,flam/ead1 betwe5 ,/4 ,albans & ,dun/able4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,augu/ #f?1 #ahgi1 ab\t #b p4m41 dur+ a /orm1 n o!rwise v sev]e1 my t5ant 0 seat$ by ! tap-room w9d[ 7,a on ! plan7 8 wife be+ seat$ opposite to him1 & hav+ ! w9d[ on h] left1 :il/ %e held h] *ild ) h] "r h&2 !re 7 at ! same "t 9 ! room ab\t five m5 besides4 ,a %>p fla% ( lightn+ occurr$1 & ! poor woman 7:5 ! smoke cle>$ away7 0 obs]v$ to h fall5 backw>ds4 ,%e gasp$ twice1 nev] spoke1 & di$ imm$iately1 & bore no fur!r m>k ( injury1 ,i und]/&1 ?an a slight m>k z ( scor*+ on h] neck1 bel[ ! left e>4 ,i fail to recollect :e!r h] clo?+ 0 scor*$ or n1 ! *ild's %oe & sock 7 bo? burnt1 b %e1 h]self1 0 unh>m$4 ,all pres5t 7 s5sible ( an atmosph]e heavily lad5 ) sulphur\s fumes2 b1 except+ z above1 7 absolutely unhurt4 ,on visit+ ! h\se ab\t a week aft]w>ds1 ) a view to its repair1 ,i f\nd a small r\nd hole z if made ) a bullet 9 a pane ( ! w9d[ 7,a7 close to :i* ! woman 0 sitt+1 b c\ld discov] no fur!r injury ei!r to ! o!r panes1 ! w9d[-frame1 ! floor1 or any?+ 9 ! room4 ,9 ! p>l\r1 ,b1 ! w9d[-frame 0 viol5tly wr5*$ outw>ds two or ?ree in*es1 sev]al ( ! panes 7 brok51 "o sa%-l9e be+ scor*$1 z also ! frame & l9+s 9 places1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sa%-weights 7iron74 ,! wood5 *imney-piece ,e1 0 slightly mov$ f its position1 ! v>i\s articles ^u x 7 scatt]$1 & a bottle ( ink :i* /ood !re1 0 ?r[n ) "s viol5ce to ! ceil+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! *imney to t room1 ,g1 & a portion ( ! wall1 ( :i* x 0 a "p1 =m+ ! gable end to ! h\se 7 %att]$1 & at ,h a /\t po/1 contigu\s to ! h\se wall1 & support+ ! ro( ( a lean-to1 0 split & wr5*$ f its position4 ,! w9d[s & frames up/airs1 ,c ,d1 7 9 ! same /ate z t at ,b4 ,! *imney1 ,k1 to ! tap-room1 0 q un9jur$1 & no h>m 0 done to any "p ( ! back ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation4 ,,plan4 ,flam/ead is ab\t f\r miles f ,luton1 & six f ,/4 ,albans1 & /&s on high l&4 ,trolley ,bottom is a hamlet half-a-mile di/ant1 & is1 z its "n implies1 l[-ly+4 ,my h\se is1 p]haps1 ! l[e/ 9 position !re4 ,x faces ! ,nor?-,we/4 ,i fe> t my exp]i5ces w be f\nd to h b little be>+ ^u ! ma9 po9t y h 9 view1 viz41 ! comp>ative m]its ( diff]5t descriptions ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t !y are n altoge!r )\t int]e/ z illu/rat+ ! effects ( lightn+ 9 a by no means expos$ situation4 ,i am writ+ only f memory :at 0 told me at ! "t1 & %\ld y desire fur!r in=mation on any po9ts1 %all be happy to endeav\r to obta9 x = y4 ,x w\ld int]e/ me v mu* to "k h[ x is to be acc\nt$ = t1 :il/ 9 ! room 9 :i* ! poor woman 0 /ruck1 no fur!r damage 0 done1 o!r p>ts ( ! h\se 71 comp>atively speak+1 wreck$4 ,,john ,,edw>d ,,groome4 ,,k+',s ,,langley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i 0 9 a h\se at ,cannes 7,france7 belong+ to my late fa!r on ! occasion ( its be+ /ruck by lightn+ ab\t five or six ye>s ago4 ,! /orm 9 :i* x occurr$ 0 a v %ort "o1 consi/+ ( only f\r explosions1 e "o ( :i* took effect on "s build+ 9 ,cannes4 ,! ra9 0 fall+ 9 torr5ts1 & to ?is ,i consid] we ow$ our safety z ! %oots & /ack-pipes be+ full ( wat] act$ z conductors4 ,! villa /ood high1 b ano!r build+ v mu* high]1 & on high] gr\nd1 0 )9 #ajj y>ds4 ,! lightn+ /ruck ! metal c[l ( a brick *imney1 :i*1 be+ an addition1 0 l$ d[n outside ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! explosion ! front ( ! grate ( ! room to :i* ?is *imney belong$1 toge!r ) fire-irons1 c41 7 all project$ across ! room 7a l>ge "o71 ab\t #cj feet2 b no m>ks ( lightn+ hav+ ent]$ ! room 7 app>5t4 ,9 fact ! lightn+ aft] bl[+ up ?is *imney1 toge!r ) mu* ( ! ro( & wall ( ! h\se 7great portions ( ! solid masonry ( :i* ,i f\nd #ej & #fj y>ds (f67 appe>s to h left ! *imney &1 tak+ ! c\rse ( ! iron %oot r\nd ! h\se1 to h divid$ into ?ree /reams1 ea* ( :i* ultimately f\nd its way d[n a sep>ate /ack-pipe1 melt+ 9 its way all ! sold]+ ( ! jo9ts1 b o!rwise leav+ !m un9jur$4 ,"o /ream pass$ ?us into a well1 ! door ( :i* 7lock$ ! night be=e7 0 bur/ op51 ,i presume by ! sudd5 expansion ( ! air1 ano!r /ream ( ! electric fluid pass$ into an und]gr\nd dra91 :i* x bur/ up1 hurl+ into ! air ! trees plant$ above x1 ! ?ird pass+ across a level asphalt ro(1 :i* x melt$ 9 spite ( ! wat] ly+ on x1 desc5d$ into ! e>? h>mlessly4 ,y w see by ?is t ! am\nt ( electric fluid mu/ h be5 v great to require all ^! modes ( disp]sion1 & x sugge/s ! "q :e!r ! diamet] ( ! ord9>y conductors w\ld be suffici5t to c>ry (f s great a /ream4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is case1 !re 0 no conductor1 & !re=e no means ( te/+ x4 ,h4 ,,radcliffe ,,dugmore4 ,,! ,,lodge1 ,,p>k/one1 ,,dorset4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ank y v mu* = ! ,pamphlet1 :i* ,i h read ) great int]e/4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,w4 7page #f7 /ate t conductors 9 ma/s 7l ,h>ris's7 are 8mo/ objectionable40 ,! be/ answ] to t is3 t :ile %ips 7 /ruck 9 ! ,navy1 & lives lo/ e ye> be=e !y 7 introduc$1 no %ip fitt$ ) !m ev] receiv$ ! slighte/ damage2 & s9ce all %ips 7 ord]$ to be fitt$--n[ ab\t #cj to #ce ye>s--,i h nev] he>d ( ! slighte/ damage1 or ! loss ( "o life--t fact upsets all !ories on ! subject6 ,!n connections betwe5 ! high] & l[] ma/s1 & especially at "r angles1 are object$ to on ! gr\nd t at a b5d ! conductor may be fus$2 su* a ?+ 0 nev] he>d ( 9 ! ?\s&s ( conductors t mu/ h be5 fitt$ 9 ! navy4 ,ev5 if ! movable plate 7 turn$ back ! lightn+ foll[+ ! longe/ conductor w\ld leave "o ma/ = ! o!r1 z ! conductor w5t "r ov] ! ma/heads1 & ! two conductors ne>ly t\*$ ea* o!r4 ,at ,spr+ ,grove1 ne> ,islewor?1 ! *ur* _h a high spire :i* 0 fitt$ ) a conductor1 b ! ,vic>age 0 /ruck & "s damage done to x1 ?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 mu* ne>] to ! t[] ?an its height4 ,i believe _m are cont5t$ ) "o or two conductors to a build+ t %\ld h _m m4 ,my small h\se "h is ab\t #gj feet long by #ch feet wide1 & ,i h sev5 conductors--"o to ea* *imney4 ,if x is once decid$ beyond dispute1 t copp] conducts 9 proportion to its volume2 !n a rod1 or flat-plate1 ( ab\t ! proportions ( "o to f\r or five1 = ! purpose ( fitt+ clos] r\nd projections1 w\ld be ! *eape/ & simple/ =m2 b if x conducts 9 proportion to surface !n ( c\rse a tube1 d\ble plate1 or wire rope1 w\ld give ! greate/ protection at a giv5 co/4 ,i firmly believe 9 ! surface !ory ( ,h>ris4 ,i _h be5 ) him (t5 :5 he made exp]im5ts ne>ly fifty ye>s s9ce1 & witness$ a /rip ( t9 foil ( ! ?9ne/ k9d1 & ab\t in* wide1 protect a model ma/ ( ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] f electric %ock1 t )\t x split ! ma/ to pieces1 aid$ by a small hole ?r\gh its c5tre fill$ ) gunp[d]4 ,& ,i always ?\ght t ! surface-conduct+ !ory ( ,h>ris 0 indisputable4 ,b ab\t #bj ye>s s9ce1 hav+ to approve a proposal ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se = a new conductor ( a ,ligh?\se1 :i*1 l previ\s ones1 0 an in* 9 diamet] copp] rod call$ 8,f>aday's ,plan10 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld g up to ! ,royal ,in/itution & ask him :y he did n use a copp] tube in/ead1 giv+ mu* great] conduct+ p[] ) less copp]4 ,i did s1 & he ass]t$ positively t ! conduct+ p[] dep5d$ entirely on ! volume ( copp] 9 ! section ( ! conductor1 no matt] :e!r x 0 9 a bolt1 plates1 or tube2 & t if ,h>ris said diff]5tly1 8,he kn[s no?+ :atev] ab\t x20 ( c\rse1 ,i approv$ ! rod conductor4 ,b s+ul>ly en\gh1 ?\gh ,i _h n se5 ,h>ris = ye>s1 he came to t[n a few days aft]1 & came to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to see me1 & br+ me a piece ( 8 l>ge tube conductor1 ) a connection1 t he 0 fitt+ to ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,:5 ,i told him :at ,f>aday's op9ion 01 he answ]$1 8,!n he kn[s no?+ ab\t x40 ,i 0 /ill incl9$ to believe 9 ,h>ris2 b a few ye>s aft]1 a "y ,indian ,r4,e4 ,(fic]--,lieut4-,col4 ,/ew>t--^: dea? n long aft] 0 a s]i\s loss to ! s]vice1 0 s5t home to procure ! electric cables = connect+ diff]5t ,indian ports4 ,i 0 ask$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,indian ,(fice to give him all ! help ,i c\ld4 ,"o day he came to me ) a piece ( ! cable he propos$ us+4 ,inside ! iron wires 0 a s+le /\t copp] wire ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,i ask$ him :y he _h n ! c5tral wire ( sev]al /r&s z usual1 z ,i believ$ x w\ld greatly increase ! conductive p[]4 ,he said t he _h c>ri$ out a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ?is po9t be=e decid+2 & t he 0 satisfi$ ! conduct+ p[] dep5d$ on ! am\nt ( copp] 9 ! conductor1 & consequ5tly a solid wire 0 bett] ?an "o ( ! same size made up by twi/+ small wires toge!r4 ,?is ( c\rse %ook my confid5ce 9 ,h>ris' !ory2 b x is a po9t t c be easily decid$ by exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale2 & ,i hope y\r ,committee w be able to decide x f9ally4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,w4 pref] to a conductor on ! ma/s a wire rope c>ri$ d[n f ! truck1 /opp$ to a back /ay4 ,! foll[+ fact w %[ its dang]3--,a ,fr5* frigate1 "s fifty ye>s s9ce1 _h "o s fitt$ z an exp]im5t2 :ile /rik+ ,t4,g4 ma/s ! conductor =m$ a l>ge bight z ! ma/ 0 l[]$2 a man /&+ on cap or cross-trees--,i =get :i*--=m$ a %ort] conductor betwe5 two p>ts ( ! wire rope & 0 kill$ )\t any o!r damage be+ done4 ,b4 ,j4 ,,sulivan4 ,,b\rnem\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ref]5ce to y\r rec5t lett] 9 ! 8,times10 ,i %all be glad if y w in=m me :e!r !re has come "u ! consid]ation ( ! ,conf]5ce ! "q ( lightn+ conductors on bo>d iron %ips ) iron ma/s2 = my "p !y w\ld seem to be useless1 & t if ! iron ma/ h suffici5t metallic communication1 ?r\gh ! bottom1 ) ! outside ( ! %ip ei!r by means ( ! screw %aft or 9 "s o!r way2 no additional conductor1 copp] ribbon1 or /rip1 d[n ! ma/s & along ! decks ov] ! %ip's side1 or copp] tube d[n ! %r\ds & ov] ! %ip's side c\ld be ( ! slighte/ b5efit4 ,9 "s %ips "o or o!r ( ^! arrangem5ts has be5 adopt$1 & 9 o!rs bo? h be5 appli$ at same "t4 ,c4 ,m4 ,l4 ,mc,h,a,r,d,y4 ,,f]n ,,hill ,,cottage1 ,,w9dsor ,,=e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h obs]v$ y\r lett] 9 8,! ,ar*itect0 ( ,saturday la/4 ,) ref]5ce to ! subject on :i* x treats1 ,i *ance to h notic$ s9ce my resid5ce "h 7a p]iod ( eight ye>s7 :at ,i suppose to be an unusual frequ5cy ( lightn+ /rik+ objects imm$iately r\nd ?is spot1 & ! neighb\rhood g5]ally4 ,?is inf]5ce is sugge/$ by ! fact t )9 ! p]iod m5tion$ lightn+ has fall5 )9 fifty y>ds ( ! same spot ?ree times--t ?is summ] 7"o ( ^? occasions7 two o!r h\ses1 bo? 7say7 )9 #ejj y>ds 9 a direct l9e f ?is spot1 7 also /ruck--& g5]ally1 ,i believe1 m objects are /ruck 9 ?is neighb\rhood ?an usually happ5s to be ! case4 ,my idea may be a fallacy1 = ,i h no sort ( /ati/ics by :i* to te/ x2 b if y suppose x is n s1 & if su* po9ts come )9 ! scope ( y\r inquiry1 ,i %\ld be glad to s5d y a map m>k$ ) ! spots :]e1 & ! dates :51 lightn+ has fall5 9 or ne> ?is t[n4 ,! only local peculi>ities ,i notice are3 #a4 ,an unusual numb] ( h\ses close to ?is h lightn+ conductors 7a m]e co9cid5ce1 & n plac$ !re on any impression l my own74 #b4 ,we are at ! bottom ( a deep bay ( p>abolic plan :i* may influ5ce ! movem5ts ( electrical di/urbance4 #c4 ,a soil ( s& & gravel conta9+ mu* oxide ( iron4 ,a4 ,,baldry4 ,,a!lney1 ,,b\rnem\?1 ,,hants4 ,mr4 ,baldry k9dly suppli$ ! map1 & we f9d t a half circle ( half a mile radius /ruck f ! cliff-edge half a mile we/ ( ,b\rnem\? ,pi] includes ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ) "o conductor1 & ,holy ,tr9ity ) ?ree2 eight private h\ses ) conductors1 ( :i* f\r h\ses h "o ea*1 & ! o!r f\r h two1 five1 six & sev5 respectively1 & )9 ?is area six objects are kn[n to h be5 /ruck--?ree 9 ! ye> #ahgi1 two 9 #ahga1 & "o 9 #ahgj4 ,we d n "k ( any ,engli% locality :]e !re are s _m h\ses ) conductors2 b !re are _m m rem>kable cases ( repeat$ injury )9 small areas--e4g41 9 "o /orm 9 ,june1 #ahgh1 !re 7 at lea/ eight sep>ate build+s injur$ )9 a circle ( half a mile radius /ruck f ! ,metropolitan ,cattle ,m>ket 9 ! nor? ( ,london4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x occurs to me t x is wor? :ile = ! delegates ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects to raise ! "q1 &1 if possible settle1 :e!r or n ! gas pipes :i* p]meate _m build+s might or might n be utiliz$ z lightn+ conductors2 & :e!r any risk ( gas explosion w\ld be incurr$ !reby4 ,9 my own practice !re occurr$ ! case ( a l(ty build+1 ) a dom$ ro(1 & a sun-burn] ) a #a in* gas-pipe to supply x1 ris+ to ! summit ( ! dome1 & a l>ge iron c[l ov] ! sun-burn]4 ,! same circum/ance occurs 9 mo/ mod]n !atres4 ,if ! c[l 7 /ruck by lightn+ !re 0 p]fect metallic connection !nce to ! /reet gas ma9s--& "o ( l>g] sectional & sup]ficial area ?an an ord9>y lightn+ conductor w\ld give4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,davis4 #b1 ,,f9sbury ,,circus1 ,,city1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lightn+ conductors h be5 a great hobby ) me = _m ye>s1 & ,i h induc$ a great numb] ( cl]gym5 & o!rs to fix !m to _! t[]s & h\ses4 ,dur+ my "t 9 ! navy & m]*ant s]vice ,i witness$ _m fe>ful effects ( lightn+1 & = ! la/ ?irty ye>s ,i h be5 /riv+ to p]suade my fri5ds to secure _! h\ses f ^! t]rific visitations4 ,on ! #bd? ,decemb]1 #afii1 ! upp] half ( ! f9e /eeple ( ?is t[n 0 hurl$ to ! gr\nd1 & a l>ge portion ( ! *ur* brok5 94 ,p9nacles 7 !n sub/itut$ = ! upp] portion ( ! /eeple1 to :i* ,i h _h an effici5t conductor atta*$4 ,z f> z ,i c ga!r f records1 & f ! abortions s frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! orig9al p9nacles ( t[]s1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t ne>ly e t[] 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 /ruck by lightn+ dur+ ! la/ #djj ye>s1 :5 ne>ly all ! t[]s 7 built4 ,_m ye>s s9ce1 ! ,illu/rat$ ,news gave a sket* ( a beautiful /eeple 79 ,norfolk1 ,i believe7 de/roy$ by lightn+4 ,x 0 /at$ t ?is 0 ! second /eeple :i* _h met ) s sad a fate4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! fir/1 a second /eeple 0 built by subscription1 at a co/ ( #a1jjj1 & ! scaffold+ _h be5 remov$ only t5 days :51 dur+ a t]rific ?und]/orm1 ?is second /eeple 0 entirely de/roy$6 ,i wrote imm$iately to ! incumb5t to ask ab\t ! conductor1 & 8 answ] 0 t none _h be5 fix$1 b t x 0 q decid$ t an effici5t "o %\ld be atta*$ to ! ?ird /eeple6 ,?is w\ld almo/ appe> incr$ible1 & ,i regret t ,i did n dot d[n ! "n ( ! ,p>i% & o!r data1 b ,i ?9k x 0 ab\t #bj ye>s s9ce4 ,! conductors ,i recomm5d are simply copp] rods ( in* diamet]1 atta*$ to ! highe/ *imney1 & br\ght to ! gr\nd two or ?ree feet "u ! surface4 ,:5 build+s are long] ?an !y are high1 ,i always advise a conductor at ea* end4 ,i g5]ally place ! conductor f\r or five feet above ! *imney1 & br+ x out f ! base ( ! build+4 ,:]e a /eeple or p9nacle has a vane x is only necess>y to fix ! conductor to ! base ( ! sp9dle4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris recomm5d$ mu* heavi] copp] conductors1 b _! great exp5se has prev5t$ _! adoption4 ,! old conductors 9 m5-(-w> 7 compos$ ( long copp] l9ks1 ( :i* n9e feet w5t to ! lb41 & ^! 7 always effici5t :5 9 place4 ,n[ ( in* copp] rod !re are only five feet to a lb41 s t ,i give a l>g] m>g9 = security4 ,,james ,,liddell4 ,,bodm94 99 99 99 99 99 ,i obs]v$ y\r notice t y requir$ in=mation 9 ref]5ce to lightn+ & lightn+ conductors4 ,a case 0 br\ght to my att5tion la/ ye> :i* occurr$ 9 ,middlesbor\gh4 ,i enclose y p>ticul>s ( ! same extract$ f my report1 toge!r ) a trac+ %ew+ ! elevation & plan ( ! *imney %aft :i* 0 /ruck ) lightn+4 ,,baldw9 ,,la?am4 #g1 ,,we/m9/] ,,*amb]s1 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,s4,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & ,elevation ( wa%h\se ( ,middlesboro' ,fev] ,hospital ,a4 ,wood5 cov] ov] boil]4 ,b4 ,boil]4 ,c4 ,iron dis9fect+ app>atus4 ,d4 ,iron flue into *imney4 ,e4 ,conductor4 99 ,position ( fracture4 ,extract f a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,la?am1 ,c4,e41 ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,middlesbor\gh1 dat$ ,octob] #aa?1 #ahgh1 ) ref]5ce to ! /rik+ by lightn+ ( ! *imney 9 connection ) ! wa%h\se at ! ,middlesbor\gh ,fev] ,hospital at ,l9?orpe3-- 8,! *imney1 :i* is a brick "o1 is ab\t #ej feet high & #e feet squ>e at ! base & /&s at ! nor? end ( ! wa%h\se1 z %[n on ! accompany+ sket*4 ,! conductor1 a ? in* copp] rope1 is fix$ on ! s\? side ( ! *imney ) holdfa/s1 no insulators1 & f9i%es 9 ! usual mann]1 ab\t #b feet above ! top4 ,! conductor is c>ri$ "u ! gr\nd = a di/ance ( ab\t #i feet f ! *imney1 & t]m9ates at a dep? ( ab\t #d feet 9 h>d1 r dry clay1 ! end be+ wrapp$ ab\t ?ree times r\nd a common brick buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,at a di/ance ( ab\t #i feet above ! gr\nd at ! same side z ! conductor1 & only ab\t "o foot f x !re is a fracture 9 ! brickwork :]e ! electric fluid appe>s to h p5etrat$ ! *imney & gone a %ort di/ance d[n ! inside1 to ! flue connect$ ) ! iron dis9fect+ app>atus1 :i* /&s at ! side ( ! clo!s boil]1 z %[n on ! plan4 ,! /one "w ( ! top ( ! boil] 0 brok5 & o!r damage done40 ,extract f ! reply ( ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am1 ,c4,e41 to ! above communication3-- 8,x is no uncommon ?+ = build+s provid$ ) :at are call$ lightn+ conductors to be damag$ by lightn+1 & ! cause is due to ! inadequacy ( ! conductor to c>ry ! electric fluid1 :i* w leave ! conductor = a bett] or a l>g] conductor4 ,wire ropes are f\nd to be "o ( ! wor/ =ms1 ! same am\nt ( metal :5 appli$ 9 a solid rod or ribbon is f> m effici5t1 z x (f]s less resi/ance ?an ! /r&s ( a rope4 ,y say y\r conductor is p]fect1 b by exam9ation ( ! draw+s x w be se5 t ! lightn+ desc5d$ ! conductor to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,at ?is po9t ! iron flue ent]s ! %aft1 b "s di/ance f ! conductor2 ! mass ( metal locat$ !re 0 a bett] conductor ?an ! rope1 s t 9 leav+ ! rope = ! bett] conductor1 ! electric fluid pass$ ?r\gh ! brickwork & caus$ ! damage4 ,if ! boil] & flues did n jo9 9 metallic communication1 damage w\ld arise f ! fluid pass+ f ! flue to ! boil]1 & if ! boil] 7 n 9 metallic communication ) ! e>?1 f>!r damage w\ld arise :5 ! fluid left ! boil] = ! e>?4 ,x is well kn[n t electricity ( high t5sion w leave small conductors = l>ge ones1 & ! k ( ?is fact is made use ( 9 protect+ ! telegraph sy/em ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,_m build+s & *imneys h be5 /ruck t h be5 fitt$ ) s-call$ lightn+ conductors4 ,a p]fect sy/em ( protection aga9/ lightn+ consi/s 9 l9k+ toge!r all ! conductors ab\t ! build+s4 ,su* 0 ! sy/em introduc$ by ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris & adopt$ by ! ,gov]nm5t40 99 99 99 99 99 ,reply ( ,dec4 #ab?1 #ahgh1 ackn[l$g+ receipt ( ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am's ,lett]4 8,i am direct$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil to t5d] y _! ?anks = ! tr\ble y h tak51 & ! valuable in=mation y h giv5 ) ref]5ce to ! lightn+ conductor at ! ,middlesbor\gh ,fev] ,hospital4 ,,george ,,bambridge4 ,t[n ,cl]k4 ,,corporation ,,hall1 ,,middlesbor\gh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,subsequ5t action4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,eng9e]s ( ! ,telegraphs 9 ! di/rict1 ! e>? portion ( ! rope has be5 imb$d$ 9 a mass ( coke1 & a quantity ( old iron has be5 plac$ at ! bottom ( x1 to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! boil] & dis9fect+ app>atus4 ,i beg to report an incid5t :i* occurr$ on bo>d ! b>que 8,s\!rn ,que510 f ,p5sacola1 :ile com+ up ,*annel on ! morn+ ( ! #cj? ( ,decemb]1 #ahgi1 ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se be>+ ab\t nor?1 di/4 #bj miles4 ,at #f a4m4 ( ! above date1 saw a t]rific squall ris+ 9 ! ,w4,n4,w4 po9t ( ! horizon1 ) vivid ,lightn+ 9 x4 ,we imm$iately r$uc$ sails d[n to l[] topsails & =esail1 & ab\t #g a4m4 ! squall ( w9d & hail/ones ov]took u3 x blew furi\sly = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & 9 ! height ( ! squall a ?und]bolt broke on ! %ip1 %att]+ ! ma9 royal ma/-head1 !nce ! ,lightn+ ran d[n ! ma9 royal /ay to ! =e topma/ head1 & %att]+ t also4 ,!nce x ran d[n ! *a9 ( ! =e-topsail hauly>d & %att]$ ab\t a fa?om ( ! *a9 9 bits4 ,:5 ! bolt /ruck ! %ip x made a report l a hundr$ ton gun fir$ (f4 ,! concussion on ! %ip ?rew e man (f 8 feet4 ,x fill$ ! cab9 ) smoke1 & also ! hold3 ! smoke _h a sulphury smell2 also all ! compasses 9 ! %ip 7 s magnetiz$ t !y 7 fly+ "r r\nd4 ,& on arrival into ! ,comm]cial ,docks we obs]v$ t a plank on ea* side ( ! %ip1 9 ! wake ( ! ma9 *a9s1 _h be5 bl[n out by ! ,lightn+4 ,on ! port side ! oakum has be5 bl[n out ( ! seams1 & ! edges ( ! planks %att]$4 ,s9ce ! %ip has light5$ up out ( ! wat]1 we h discov]$ t ! electric fluid has pass$ out by a copp] bolt1 cut ! copp] %ea?+ 9 ! %ape ( a />1 & turn$ x back4 ,any fur!r p>ticul>s ,i w be mo/ happy to supply if requir$4 ,d4 ,,morgan1 ,ma/]1 8,s\!rn ,que540 #ag1 ,,lime ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,two ( ! delegates visit$ ! %ip1 b ) ! exception ( le>n+ f ! mate t he saw 8a ball ( fire desc5d f ! miz5 & g ov] ! port side0 !y _h n be5 able to obta9 any additional p>ticul>s4 ,!y obta9$ "s fragm5ts ( ! brok5 *a91 a mu* ru/$ iron "o1 weigh+ h[ev] ab\t two p\nds p] foot4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! patt]ns ( lightn+ conductors obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,h>t1 z reque/$1 are an improvem5t on ! fir/ 8,spratt's ,pat5t0 pur*as$ by ! above-nam$ firm2 ! orig9al 0 a mixture ( copp] & z9c wire1 :i*1 :5 x 0 expos$ to a wet & smoky atmosph]e1 a galvanic action took place & soon de/roy$ x4 ,ab\t two mon?s ago ,i engag$ ,messrs4 ,davis1 ( ,d]by & ,newgate ,/reet1 to te/ a rope ( ! above con/ruction t _h be5 fix$ ab\t t5 ye>s at ,no4 #a1 ,ab]de5 ,t]race1 ,blackhea?1 & ,i 0 pres5t at ! "t1 & ?\gh we _h a v p[]ful batt]y we c\ld n get a curr5t ?r\gh any "p ( x1 z bo? ! copp] & z9c _h decay$3 ! copp] wire is n /\t en\gh to all[ = corrosion 9 ?is climate4 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,blackhea? ,p>k1 ) ! ne$le spire1 z we call x--built j fifty ye>s ago--_h a in* iron rod2 & z x n[ runs ?r\gh ! new ve/ry j built ,i h advis$ ! *ur*w>d5s to h x te/$1 & !y are go+ to h x done 9 ! c\rse ( a week or s4 ,/4 ,alphege ,*ur*1 ,gre5wi*1 has a ribbon ( copp] ab\t #a in*es wide by in* ?ick1 & t has be5 up _m ye>s1 & is z s\nd z :5 x 0 fix$1 = ,i exam9$ x ab\t two mon?s ago4 ,i h advis$ ! own] ( ,no4 #a ,ab]de5 ,t]race1 to h a ribbon ( copp]1 z ,i am c]ta9 t wire ropes are n to be dep5d$ on 9 ?is climate4 ,hop+ ^! few rem>ks w n be deem$ out ( place1 ,,*>les ,j4 ,,h]yet4 #ie1 ,,blackhea? ,,hill1 ,,gre5wi*1 ,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ! honor to =w>d notes ( an accid5t f lightn+1 :i* ,i lately witness$1 hav+ be5 in=m$ t y\r ,committee desires su* in=mation4 ,! v r\gh sket* :i* ,i atta* is1 ,i believe1 accurate2 b ,i 0 only all[$ to look 9 at ! door :ile a /rong light 0 held )91 & to view ! outside ( ! build+4 ,a native draughtsman belong+ to ! (fice1 h[ev]1 0 all[$ to make "s measurem5ts1 :i* he communicat$ to me4 ,x seem$ to me t ! case 0 wor?y ( record1 because ! build+ 0 s little injur$4 ,,john ,,a/$1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,r4,e4 ,,masulipatam1 ,,madras ,,presid5cy1 #ag? ,may1 #ahgh4 ,may #h?1 #ahgh4--;,camp$ at ,p$da ,kondur1 a village on ! we/ bank ( ! ,ki/na riv]1 ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,bezo>ah anicut4 ,all ! morn+ !re 0 a s\!rly w9d bl[+ un/eadily2 by noon x fell calm1 & 0 v hot1 cl\ds ga!r+ 9 ! ea/4 ,soon aft] midday ?und] 0 he>d to ! ea/1 & a /orm 0 evid5tly approa*+4 ,ab\t #c p4m4 w9d began to bl[ f ! ea/1 & soon rose to a gale1 br++ ?ick cl\ds ( du/1 & ! ?und] s\nd$ v ne>4 ,x ra9$ r heavily1 :i* laid ! du/1 & black cl\ds c\ld !n be se5 ov]-head1 & ne>ly all r\nd3 ! ?und]1 :i* 0 v l\d1 sometimes s\nd+ q ov]-head4 ,by half-pa/ f\r ! ra9 _h slack5$1 b ?und] 0 almo/ incessant1 & v l\d4 ,j at ?is "t a /ream ( lightn+ desc5d$ )9 #hj y>ds ( ! t5t1 & 0 accompani$ by a trem5d\s explosion4 ,! lightn+ /ruck a small pagoda ne> ! village1 & "s ( ! natives said t !y obs]v$ smoke rise f ! summit :5 ! lightn+ desc5d$4 ,! accompany+ r\gh sket* w %[ :at ! build+ is l4 ,! ma9 "p ( x is a squ>e pyramid1 ea* side ( ! squ>e1 outside measurem5t1 be+ ab\t #ah feet2 height ( apex above gr\nd1 #cb feet4 ,built on to "o side ( ! pyramid is an entrance *amb]1 ) flat ro(1 ab\t #aj feet squ>e1 & ! same 9 height4 ,! apex ( ! pyramid is surm\nt$ by a metal 7probably copp]7 f9ial1 ab\t #a foot 9 height2 ! ord9>y atta*m5t ( su* a f9ial to masonry is by means ( a small /ake built into ! masonry1 on :i* ! f9ial--:i* is ca/ holl[--is fix$1 & r\nd :i* x is pla/]$ ) mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & ,elevation ( ,indian ,pagoda ,! int]ior ( ! pyramid =ms "o room1 ab\t #aj feet squ>e1 ) a dom$ ceil+1 ! ?ickness ( ! dome at cr[n be+ #b feet4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is room is plac$ ! idol1 9 ?is case a l+am1 or cyl9drical /one pill>1 #a foot #d in*es high1 & ab\t #i in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* /&s on a squ>e holl[ /one tray 7n cut out ( "o /one1 b fitt$ 9 two or m pieces7 9 :i* ! (f]+s ( ghee1 c4 are plac$4 ,?is tray has a small sp\t on ea* face to c>ry (f ! liquid ghee & wat] ) :i* ! prie/s' ablutions are made4 ,! tray is rais$ on masonry1 s t ! height ( ! top ( ! l+am is #c feet #d in*es f ! floor4 ,! floor ( ! room is #a foot above ! surr\nd+ gr\nd2 !re is only "o doorway lead+ f ! por* or entrance room above m5tion$2 & ! sacr$ edifice is clos$ by a sub/antial wood5 door1 ) iron h+es & lock1 on ! out] face ( ! entrance *amb]4 ,! :ole build+ is ( brick 9 mort>1 unpla/]$1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( be+ wea!r worn4 ,! pagoda is at a di/ance ( ab\t #bj y>ds f "s l[ native h\ses1 & /&s 9 an op5 space1 on two sides ( :i* is ! native village2 r\nd ! h\ses are "s trees1 mo/ly ( small size1 b )9 #ej y>ds ( ! pagoda are two sep>ate trees1 :i* c]ta9ly exce$ x 9 height4 ,! village is situat$ on ! m>g9 ( ! ,ki/na riv]1 & ! surface ( wat] 9 wells is at lea/ #aj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! lightn+ /ruck ! metal f9ial on ! top ( ! pagoda1 & pass$ v]tically ?r\gh ! dome1 travell$ along ! ea/ side ( ! l+am )\t leav+ any m>k1 & bor$ a small r\nd hole 9 ! /one tray b5ea? x1 pass+ into ! gr\nd bel[ )\t di/urb+ ! idol or its f\ndation4 ,! hole 9 ! tray 0 n q l>ge en\gh to admit ! po9t ( a little f+]1 & x 0 situat$ on a jo9t ( ! /one1 a place :]e moi/ure w\ld probably l+]4 ,! f9ial appe>$ undi/urb$1 b ! masonry imm$iately r\nd its base 0 %att]$1 & a %[] ( pieces ( brick & mort> 0 s5t f ! top ( ! pyramid & scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd on ! ea/ side to a di/ance ( ab\t #bj feet f ! base4 ,! masonry ( ! apex ( ! pyramid 0 crack$ 9 ?ree places1 & a small hole 0 bor$ 9 x1 on ! ea/ side ( ! f9ial1 app>5tly ab\t ! same size z t 9 ! /one tray2 b o!rwise ! masonry ( ! build+ appe>$ totally un9jur$--n a crack c\ld be f\nd any:]e4 ,! soil at ?is place is a clayey loam1 r light] ?an ! ord9>y delta alluvial soil4 ,:5 ! build+ 0 /ruck a sulphur\s smell 0 notic$4 ,,john ,,a/$1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,r4,e4 ,,masulipatam1 #ag? ,may1 #ahgh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iri% ,,lights ,,(fice1 ,,dubl91 #ac? ,m>*1 #ahhj4 ,,sir1 ,adv]t+ to y\r lett] ( ! #ac? ultimo1 ,i h n[ ! hon\r to =w>d h]e) = ! in=mation ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce copies ( two ,reports relat+ to ! ligh?\se at ,b]ehav5 be+ /ruck by lightn+1 9 #ahgg1 :i*1 no d\bt1 is ! ,/ation allud$ to by ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 8 conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,+lis1 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,w4 ,,lees1 ,secret>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iri% ,,lights ,,(fice1 ,,dubl91 ,febru>y1 #ahgg4 ,,sir1 ,i mo/ respectfully beg leave to /ate t1 9 accordance ) y\r in/ructions ,i proce$$ to ,b]ehav5 ,ligh?\se1 & on my arrival at t /ation ,i made a v c>eful exam9ation & f\nd t ! lightn+ 0 convey$ into ! lant]n by ! iron /ay b>s t 7 connect$ to ! lightn+ conductor at a coll> ab\t #e feet ov] ! gutt] on ! outside ( ! dome = ! purpose ( secur+ x1 & bolt$ to ! dome ( lant]n by iron bolts4 ,aft] bur/+ (f ! sev]al coats ( pa9t at ! heads ( ! bolts1 x put out ! lights1 break+ ! glasses1 & knock+ d[n bo? light keep]s ins5sible2 x hav+ twi/$ (f ! lead voice-tube :]e x 0 secur$ to ! side ( ! lightroom by a holdfa/1 bur/+ out ! /one %eet+ betwe5 ! iron pill>s support+ ! m>ble top2 x !n pass$ ?r\gh ! voice tube to ! pr9cipal keep]'s b$room1 :]e x bur/ out ! /udd+ & la? & pla/]1 & te>+ away ! voice-tube1 ! foot-bo>d ( ! b$1 & de/roy+ ! pictures t 7 hang+ on ! walls4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! curr5t 0 int]rupt$ 9 its c\rse by ! sudd5 b5d ( ! voice-tube2 =1 aft] hav+ dealt de/ruction 9 ?is ap>tm5t x 0 attract$ by ! iron holdfa/s & spikes t secur$ ! voice-tube & /udd+ to ! walls1 & pass$ out ?r\gh ! ext]nal walls ( dwell+ to ! out (fices1 :]e x pass$ along ! eave gutt]s to ! end ( !m2 x !n foll[$ "o ( ! iron holdfa/s1 & ent]$ ! wall1 de/roy+ x1 & bur/+ out ! cut-/one kneel] & b>ge c\rse1 x !n pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! l[ build+s1 de/roy+ ! slat+1 pass+ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! pantry1 c41 te>+ up portions ( ! #c in* ,york%ire flagg+ ( ! floor & y>d1 deal+ de/ruction to ! %elv+1 doors1 door frames1 brickwork1 glass1 c41 & bur/+ up ! seat ( pr9cipal keep]'s w4c41 x pass$ along ! sew] to ! assi/ant keep]'s w4c41 break+ up ! flags & seat & !n pass$ out ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,ano!r curr5t 0 attract$ by ! eave gutt]s at ! ea/ angle ( ! dwell+ ne> ! t[]1 & pass$ along !m to ! nor? ea/ angle1 splitt+ !m ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,at ?is po9t its c\rse 0 *ang$ to ! we/1 & pass$ into ! assi/ant keep]'s y>d & d[n ! ra9 wat] pipe to ! wat] tank1 spl9t]+ x & ! slat+ & brick wall1 c42 x also appe>s t ! lightn+ /ruck ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! t[] & ent]$ x 9 sev]al places at ! base & ne> ! lightn+ conductor1 & app>5tly glanc$ (f x :]e x 0 secur$ by holdfa/s to ! t[]1 root+ up ! solid rock1 b giv+ no indication t x _h be5 convey$ to e>? by ! conductor z int5d$3 ! lightn+ also ent]$ ! assi/ant keep]'s kit*5 ?r\gh ! *imney1 knock+ d[n a portion ( ! brickwork1 c4 ,i may rem>k t ! lightn+ conductor is =m$ by a copp] rod1 :i* /&s ab\t #aj feet ov] ! gutt] on ! outside ( ! lant]n1 & is secur$ by ?ree iron /ays to ! dome1 z be=e describ$1 & passes d[n ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! gutt] to ! "u side1 :]e x is connect$ to a -in* copp]-wire rope1 :i* cont9ues d[n ! outside ( ! lant]n close to ! glass to ! floor ( ! balcony1 pass+ ?r\gh ! /one floor by means ( a hole1 jump$ ?r\gh x1 !n cont9ues d[n ! face ( ! t[] closely press$ to x by ! iron holdfa/s & copp] b&s1 :i* secure x until x rea*es ! rock at ! base ( ! t[]1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a small hole #c in*es by #c in*es1 jump$ out ( ! rock ab\t #f in*es "u ! surface4 ,aft] hav+ made a c>eful survey ( ! damage done1 ,i deem$ x advisable1 & at ! solicitation ( ! pr9cipal keep]1 :o seems to h be5 greatly %ak5 & n]v\s1 to h ! iron /ay-b>s disconnect$ f ! dome ( ! lant]n & ! bolt-holes plugg$ up ) timb]1 fe>+ a recurr5ce ( ! accid5t1 z ! wea!r 0 v /ormy1 & %\ld lightn+ come on no p]son on ! rock w\ld ent] ! lant]n4 ,i also consid]$ x prud5t to h ! loose gutt]s & cut-/one1 also a "p ( ! gable ( ! out (fices1 tak5 d[n1 z x 0 9 dang] ( fall+ into ! n>r[ y>d1 :i* might cause a sad accid5t4 ,hav+ provid$ workm5 & mat]ials & scaffold+ = do+ ?is "w ,i aga9 l&$ on ! rock on ,saturday la/1 ) great difficulty1 hav+ be5 deta9$ a day by ! /orm1 & po9t$ out ! tempor>y repairs t 7 necess>y to be done = ! protection ( ! p on ! rock4 ,! probable co/ ( repair+ ! damage done ! build+s1 indep5d5t ( ! lightn+ conductor1 & :i* require to be done )\t delay1 w be #abj4 ,hop+ ! action ,i h tak5 9 ?is matt] w meet ) y\r k9d approval1 ,i h ! hon\r to be ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t ,s]vant1 7,sign$7 ,a4 ,j4 ,,b]gim4 ,! o!r report is to ! same effect z ! above1 & is !re=e omitt$4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,accid5t ,,by ,,lightn+ at ,upwood ,gorse1 ,cat]ham1 ! resid5ce ( ,j4 ,,tomes1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 #bh ,may1 #ahgi4 ,z ,i happ5$ to be visit+ ,mr4 ,tomes1 9 ! autumn ( #ahgi1 ,i took ! opportunity ( obta9+ all ! p>ticul>s ,i c\ld ) ref]5ce to ! accid5t :i* occurr$ on ! night ( ! #bh? ,may1 #ahgi1 :5 8 h\se 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! h\se1 a sket* plan & elevation ( :i* are annex$1 /&s ^u a hill upw>ds ( #gjj feet above sea level1 & is some:at high] ?an any o!r object 9 ! vic9ity4 ,x is cov]$ by a /eep til$ ro(1 t ( ! pr9cipal portion ( ! h\se be+ some:at high] ?an ! re/1 & ^u ! ridge ( ?is ro( /& two brick *imney /acks ( equal height4 ,^u ! ea/]n /ack1 at its s\!rn end1 0 fix$ a lightn+ conductor 7%[n by ! l9e1 ,a4 ,b4 ,c41 on ! s\? elevation71 ! upp] "p consi/+ ( a po9t & a l5g? ( copp] tube an in* ext]nal & in* int]nal diamet]1 :i* 0 screw$ into a coll> connect$ to a wov5 b& ( "o z9c & ?irte5 copp] wires c>ri$ ?r\gh glass insulat+ r+s along ! slope ( ! ro(1 ov] ! ra9-wat] gutt]s & d[n ! side ( ! h\se into ! gr\nd1 go+ only #ab in*es into dry *alk4 ,! electric fluid /ruck ! lightn+ conductor1 hurl$ ! rod d[n & %att]$ ! *imney pots & "s ( ! brickwork4 ,! rod 0 brok5 at ! po9t m>k$ ,a on ! s\? elevation1 :]e ! sectional area ( ! copp] rod 0 r$uc$ by ! screw be+ cut into x = ! coll>1 :i* connect$ ! rod ) ! wov5 b&4 ,?is junction & a portion ( ! b& are =w>d$ = inspection1 f :i* x w be se5 !re are no r\gh brok5 surfaces1 b t ! ?read ( ! screw 0 p>tly melt$4 ,! copp] wires compos+ ! b& 7 bright & nodulat$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 %[+ t x _h be5 heat$ up to a sweat+ temp]ature4 ,! z9c wire 0 n cont9u\s1 hav+ be5 wa/$ by oxidization4 ,x %[$ no indication ( hav+ be5 hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,upwood ,,gorse1 ,,cat]ham4 ,scale--#a in* #cb feet4 ,hav+ brok5 ! conductor1 ! dis*>ge appe>s to h divid$ at ! ridge ( ! ro(1 a portion pass+ d[n ! s\!rn & a portion d[n ! nor!rn slope ( ! ro(4 ,t portion :i* pass$ d[n ! s\!rn slope app>5tly foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! conductor b& z f> z ! iron ra9-wat] gutt]1 :i* x crack$1 & p]=at$ two holes1 ab\t half an in* diamet]1 9 two panes ( glass at ,b4 ,"h ! curr5t app>5tly aga9 divid$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e f ,d to ,e on ! s\? elevation1 "s pass+ we/w>ds & "s ea/w>ds along ! ra9-wat] gutt] r\nd ! eaves ( ! h\se1 z trac$ by ! brok5 jo9ts ( ! gutt]4 ,we/w>ds ^! jo9ts 7:i* 7 made ( r$ lead7 7 only brok5 f ,b to ,d1 b ea/w>ds !y 7 brok5 f ,b to ,e1 & "r r\nd ! ea/]n side ( ! h\se to ,f1 & along ! nor!rn side z f> z ,g4 ,:at seem$ to be ! great] portion ( ! dis*>ge1 h[ev]1 pass$ d[n ! nor!rn slope ( ! ro( & along ! c\rse %[n by ! dott$ l9es on ! ,plan & nor? elevation4 ,! lightn+ fir/ foll[$ ! lead fla%+ ,h ( ! *imney /ack1 next broke "s tiles at ,i1 & !n )\t di/urb+ any ( ! re/ ( ! til+1 leapt across ! ro(1 a di/ance ( "s #ae feet1 to two galvanis$ iron wat] ci/]ns 9 ! ro( at ,k1 p]=at+ a hole ?r\gh ! #i-;in* brick wall ( ! h\se 9 its c\rse4 ,?is hole1 :i* 0 circul>1 0 l>ge en\gh to admit "o's f+] easily & 0 black5$ on its int]ior2 :5 fir/ exam9$1 eight or t5 m9utes aft] ! occurr5ce1 x 0 /ill q hot4 ,"o edge ( ! lead fla%+ outside ! wall 0 fus$ at ,g1 close to ! ra9-wat] gutt]1 f :i* x w\ld seem t ! curr5t aga9 divid$ at ! wall ( ! h\se4 ,!re are two galvanis$ iron ci/]ns at ,k1 connect$ by a pipe und]nea? 7see adjo9+ sket* plan71 & ! dis*>ge appe>s to h pass$ f "o ci/]n to ! o!r & !n along ! #a in* iron b>rel ris+ ma91 f pumps1 to ! po9t ,l#a 9 ! back kit*51 :]e ! iron pipe sep>at$ into two bran*es lead+ to ! two pumps ,l#b & ,m4 ,probably a portion ( ! dis*>ge pass$ d[n ! iron suction pipe f ! pump ,l#b into ! ra9-wat] tank ,p1 b h[ev] ?is may h be51 a consid]able portion pass$ f po9t ,l#a along ! #a in* iron pipe ,,lm to ! pump ,m 9 ! scull]y1 & !nce along a in* iron pipe to a wat] tap fix$ ov] ! iron s9k ,n1 b n 9 metallic connection ) x4 ,"h ! lightn+ broke ! slate at ! back ( ! s9k & s5t x %[]+ across ! scull]y1 break+ ! ?+s on ! opposite side ( ! room4 ,! iron s9k 0 set on brick pi]s & connect$1 by means ( a #a in* iron pipe1 ) ! self-act+ syphon 8,flu% ,tank0 ,o 9 ! y>d4 ,?is 8,flu% ,tank0 consi/$ ( a cyl9drical ca/-iron tank ab\t #bf in*es 9 diamet] & #bf in*es deep1 buri$ two-?irds 9 ! gr\nd1 s t x =m$ a fair e>? connection4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( ! accid5t 9 a lett] by ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,tomes 9 ,nature1 ( #ab ,june1 #ahgi 7:i* has be5 made use ( 9 ! pres5t description71 & !re is also a lett] ab\t ! accid5t by ,mr4 ,newall on ! next page ( ,nature to ,mr4 ,tomes' lett]4 ,! description 9 ?is latt] lett] is1 h[ev]1 errone\s 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 especially :]e x speaks ( ! lightn+ pass+ r\nd ! iron gutt]s to ! iron wat] ci/]ns4 ,,rog]s ,,field1 ,b4,a4 ,lond41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,f4,m4,s4 ,,cannon ,,r[1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,,note4--,mr4 ,tomes has mo/ k9dly s5t ! :ole ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! conductor2 & z ! accid5t appe>s a v in/ructive "o we give full details1 toge!r ) engrav+s ( ! m important portions ( ! conductor4--,,ed4 ,?is conductor 0 ( ! patt]n kn[n z ,spratt's pat5t4 ,! upp] t]m9al 0 :at ! v5dors call a 8reproduc+ po9t10 :i* !y say is 8=m$ ( two or m metals3 ! inn] or core be+ /eel1 & ! out] ( silv] alloy1 tipp$ ) plat9um20 ! idea ( ! inv5tor is said to h be5 t 8%\ld ! out] coat+ become fus$ by an extraord9>y *>ge ( electricity1 ! core w rema9 intact to receive any fur!r dis*>ge40 ,9 ! pres5t case ! top is brok5 & ! iron c5tre is ru/$ & b5t1 b !re is no indication on ! rema9+ portion ( heat or fusion4 ,?is po9t ,a 0 well screw$ into a /\t copp] coll> ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,d ,illu/ration3 ,f ,into ! same coll> 0 screw$ ! upp] end ( a copp] tube ,c1 #e ft4 #a 94 long1 ext]nal diamet]1 #je 941 & int]nal diamet] ab\t #jcf 941 giv+ a ?ickness ( only #jjg 941 or b little m ?an a sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! mass ( copp] 0 !re=e ab\t equal to a tape #a #a_/af1 or 1 or to a rod "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]--! area be+ z ne>ly z possible #jji 94 ,! tube weighs #bi ounces1 :i* corroborates ! above measurem5ts & %[s t x weighs r less ?an #f ounces p] foot4 ,?is "p ( ! conductor 0 evid5tly greatly heat$1 z !re are di/9ct m>ks ( sweat+ 9 sev]al places4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is tube 0 screw$ into ! coll> ,d 7:i* is drawn ( its actual size 9 ! annex$ sket*7 9 ord] to make connection ) ! %ort l5g? ( copp] tube ,f1 a portion ( :i* is also engrav$1 ( its actual size4 ,x 0 at ,e t ! rupture occurr$4 ,! *>ge pass$ ! po9t ,a1 !n ! top coll> ,b1 & al?\gh x greatly heat$ ! #e ft4 copp] tube ,c1 /ill no damage 0 done1 & s x pass$ into ! second coll>4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re seem to h be5 two faults3 ! %ort copp] tube ,f1 0 v slight1 weigh+ b little ov] #c ozs4 to ! foot1 & ?is1 :i* repres5ts b a v slight conductor1 0 greatly less5$ by a deeply-cut ?read to ! upp] end1 :]eby ! area 0 r$uc$ to less ?an #a_/bj? ( an in*4 ,z ?is 0 n screw$ home1 ! total sectional area at ,e imm$iately bel[ ! coll> 0 r$uc$ to ! above small am\nt1 rupture & fusion occurr$1 & mu* ( ! *>ge left ! conductor4 ,?is %ort l5g? ( tube 01 h[ev]1 rais$ to a sweat+ temp]ature 9 two places4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,rod at ,upwood ,gorse1 ,cat]ham ,! conductor consi/$ ( #ad wires made into a flat plait1 ! wires seem to h be5 ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3-- ,ea* ( ,no4 ,total area4 #ab copp] wires1 #ae ,b4,w4,g41 dia4 ( ea* #jgb 943 #jjdh 94 #a copp] wire1 #ah ,b4,w4,g41 dia4 ( ea* #jdi 943 #jjja 94 #a z9c wire1 ( ea* #jdi 943 #jjja 94 ,?us ! total sectional area ( ! plait ,g w\ld be ab\t #jjej 941 or r m ?an t ( ! %ort copp] tube into ! l[] end ( :i* x 0 r\ghly ?ru/ & rivet$--b ! jo9t 0 bad1 !re 0 no sold] at all1 & ! metallic contact 0 v imp]fect4 ,z to ! /ate ( ?is plait 7:i* 0 less ?an an in* wide1 & less ?an 94 ?ick71 & z to ! ridicul\sly imp]fect e>? t]m9al1 details are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,field's lett]4 ,x may be well to recapitulate ! dim5sions3-- ,,description4 ,,l5g?4 ,,dim5sions4 ,,sectional ,,heat ,,effects4 ,,area4 8,reproduc+ #i 94 #jde #jde #jbj ,none visible4 po9t0 94 ,coll> #a 94 #jge 94 #jbd ,none visible4 diam4 ,ext]nal #je 94 dia4 ,sweat$ 9 ,copp] tube #e ft4 #a 94 ,int]nal #jji places4 #jcf 94 dia4 ,ext]nal #jge 94 dia4 ,coll> #a 94 ,int]nal #jbd ,none visible4 #jej 94 dia4 ,ext]nal #jej 94 dia4 ,sweat$ 9 ,%ort tube #g 94 ,int]nal #jji places4 #jcge 94 dia4 ,ext]nal ,%ort tube #jdch 94 :]e 94 dia4 #jjd ,fus$4 ?read$ ,int]nal #jcge 94 dia4 ,plait #ec ft4 8 #jg #jjgb #jje ,sweat$ 9 94 places4 ,g4 ,j4 ,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h]e) h& y our circul>1 sett+ =? our ideas z to lightn+ conductors4 ,we claim t if "o or m %>p edges or po9ts is s ess5tial on ! mo/ elevat$ "p or p>ts ( a conductor1 :y n e/abli% ?is pr9ciple ! entire l5g? ( ! conductor8 or :y n leave ^! mo/ elevat$ "p or p>ts blunt1 or erect a small gilt ball8 ,,david ,,munson ,co4 ,,indianapolis1 ,,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,munson's ,rods ,! engrav+s are n drawn to scale1 b are "h reproduc$2 ! %ad$ p>ts are galvaniz$ iron1 ! light] p>ts copp]4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ?9k t x w\ld be v valuable if ! ,conf]5ce consid]$ h[ f> iron v5tilat+ pipes to dra9s w safely act z lightn+ conductors4 ,^! pipes g5]ally consi/ ( iron jo9t$ ) r$ lead or putty4 ,w n ^! jo9ts int]f]e8 ,v (t5 also a portion ( ! pipe is :olly ( lead4 ,s _m ( ^! pipes are n[ c>ri$ up to a v high level t ! "q is important4 ,,rog]s ,,field1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,cannon ,,r[1 ,s4,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our op9ion is t ! dra9 to our ,p[d] ,magaz9e at ,bruntcliffe 7see ante page #gd7 _h no wat] 9 x at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce4 ,,john ,,haigh ,,sons4 ,,victoria ,,colli]ies1 ,,gild]some4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h ! pleasure to s5d y a plat$ model ( our new ,conductor ,c\pl+1 & hope y w be pleas$ ) x4 ,:5 screw$ up1 ! contact betwe5 ! rod & ! copp] tape is p]fect4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a v simple ?+1 b x ov]comes ! difficulty ( sold]+1 :i* is always m or less unc]ta91 & rivett+ up al(t is apt to be scamp$4 ,& z to sold]$ connections1 ap>t f ! unc]ta9ty ( p]man5t contact1 x is v important to keep ! sold]+ iron away f ro(s1 x (t5 damages ! lead1 & 7z at ,cant]bury7 ! fire-pot is a s\rce ( great dang] to build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a is ! copp] tape conductor4 ,b is a screw plug1 hav+ two slots1 a a 7see fig4 #c71 & an int]v5+ division b1 all ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,! tape or rope ,a is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! slots a1 & b5t ov] ! division piece b1 ! b5t portion ,a#a is !n return$ ?r\gh ! o!r slot4 ,a screw socket =m+ ! c\pl+ ,c1 be>+ a coll> to re/ 9 a r+ bolt built into ! /ructure to be protect$1 is !n screw$ on to ! plug ,b1 & into ?is socket ! rod or tube ,d is screw$1 x be+ suitably tapp$ = its reception1 until ! l[] end ( ! rod or tube is 9 firm contact ) ! tape or rope4 ,^! latt] are !n firmly held toge!r1 & _c by any possibility come ap>t4 ,,note4--,9 fig4 #b ! rod & tape are n %[n 9 actual contact1 ! draw+ be+ int5d$ to exhibit ! sep>ate p>ts4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,cutt+ ,co4 #adg1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ! pleasure ( furni%+ details ( ! rec5t damage to ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 at ,c>m>!n4 ,! circum/ances are ^!3 ,at ! ,ea/]n end ( ! *ur* /&s an ord9>y squ>e t[]1 cov]$ ) a slop+ slat$ ro(2 ?is ro( is capp$ by an ornam5tal op5 ironwork ridg+1 t]m9at+ at ea* end 9 a light op5 iron p9nacle1 & hav+ 9 ! c5tre ano!r p9nacle simil> to ^? at ! extremities4 ,a is a view ( ?is ironwork f ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*4 ,! conductor consi/$ ( sev5 copp] ropes /r&$ toge!r1 ea* rope consi/+ ( sev5 /r&s ( ,no4 #ah wire1 ! :ole hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t an in*4 ,x 0 fix$ to ! build+ by ord9>y copp] /aples2 x ran up1 & 0 atta*$ to ! s\!rn portion ( ! ornam5tal rail+1 & x t]m9at$ 9 a s+le po9t4 ,!re 0 no special connection betwe5 ! conductor & ! iron gutt]+ ( ! *ur*4 ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 9 :at mann] ! e>? 0 made1 b x 0 an imp]fect "o1 giv+ a resi/ance ( #aae ohms1 & ?is resi/ance w\ld h be5 great] b = an accid5tal circum/ance m5tion$ fur!r on4 ,! lightn+ /ruck ! c5tral iron p9nacle ( ! ornam5tal ridge & broke x (f4 ,9 fall+ to ! gr\nd x 0 %att]$ into ab\t tw5ty pieces2 b on ! upp] extremity1 :i* 0 a solid ca/-iron spike1 ab\t in* squ>e1 !re 7 m>ks ( fusion across ! :ole ( ! top to ! dep? ( ? ( an in*4 ,i c\ld n obs]ve o!r m>ks ( fusion at ! po9t :]e ! p9nacle 0 brok5 (f1 b ! lightn+ made its way to ! conductor1 & on rea*+ ! gr\nd1 at a di/ance ( #d feet f ! po9t :]e x ent]$1 x bur/ out ) explosive viol5ce1 bl[+ a circul> hole 9 ! gr\nd #b feet 9 diamet] & #h in*es deep 7m>k$ ,b 9 plan74 ,! e>? f ?is hole 0 bl[n into ! air1 & fell 9 a f9e %[] on objects /&+ #c or #d feet high & #ad or #ae feet f ! hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*1 ,,c>m>!n4 ,a second fla% /ruck ! iron gutt]+ at ! s\?-we/]n extremity ( ! *ur* 7,c71 broke (f a #b feet l5g?1 & ran d[n ! wat]sp\ts 7,d ,d74 ,opposite "o ( ^! a second hole1 #i in*es deep & a foot 9 diamet]1 0 bl[n out ( ! gr\nd1 "s #c feet f ! base ( ! sp\t4 ,on exam9+ m closely ! surr\nd+s ( ! lightn+ conductor1 ,i obs]v$ t ! *ur* gas-pipe1 an iron "o1 ab\t #a in*es 9 diamet]1 pass$ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! build+ ab\t #f feet f ! conductor1 & 0 c>ri$ 9 a direction correspond+ ) ! hole caus$ by ! explosion 7see plan74 ,i imm$iately conclud$ t ?is explosion 0 due to ! curr5t break+ across f ! conductor to ! gas-pipe1 & on op5+ up ! hole ,i f\nd ?is to be ! fact4 ,! conductor cross$ ! gas-pipe at ne>ly a "r angle1 be+ ab\t a foot above x4 ,! "u portion ( ! conductor bore evid5t m>ks ( fusion1 &1 m int]e/+ /ill1 ! gas-pipe 0 slightly coat$ ) a v ?9 deposit ( copp]1 s ?9 t x p]i%$ 9 my attempt to remove x2 b /ill !re 0 an und\bt$ coat+ at "o spot4 ,b = ! proximity ( ! conductor to ! gas-pipe1 ! e>? resi/ance ( ! =m] w\ld d\btless h be5 great] ?an x 01 & ! damage w\ld probably h be5 increas$4 ,i 0 sorry t no means exi/$ = exam9+ ! ornam5tal ridge1 b d\btless ! metallic contact betwe5 ! sections 0 v imp]fect1 & to ?is cause 0 due ! rupture ( ! p9nacle4 ,! fact1 too1 t ! protector did n prev5t ! s\?-we/]n portion ( ! build+ be+ /ruck be>s on ! "q ( ! area made safe by a protector4 ,! t[] /ood #hi feet above ! gr\nd1 ! top ( ! iron p9nacle #ii feet1 & ! protector ext5d$ #a foot #f in*es above ! latt]1 ?us rea*+ a total height ( #ajj feet #f in*es4 ,! total l5g? ( ! *ur* 0 #abc feet4 ,! po9t ,c :]e ! gutt] 0 /ruck 0 #hd feet 9 a direct l9e f ! conductor1 & /ood #bd feet above ! gr\nd4 ,?is gives a v]tical height ( ! conductor ( #gf feet #f in*es above ! po9t /ruck1 ! di/ance ( ! latt] be+ a radius #h feet great] ?an ! height ( ! =m]4 ,j4 ,,gavey4 ,,c>diff1 ,janu>y #aj?1 #ahhj4 ,,accid5t ,,at ,,boo?am ,,b>1 ,,york1 ,,compil$ ,,f ,,notes ,,& ,,measurem5ts ,,tak5 ,,by ,j4 ,,edmund ,,cl>k4 ,! dis*>ge occurr$ ab\t #c a4m41 #bbnd ,june1 #ahgf4 ,! pr9cipal injury occurr$ to ! bracket lamp at ,a4 ,?is lamp1 :i* 0 an ord9>y /reet "o1 0 support$ by an iron bracket #b ft4 #f 94 long1 & #aa ft4 #f 94 above ! pavem5t4 ,! gas 0 convey$ to x by #aa ft4 #f 94 ( v]tical iron gas b>rel1 & !nce to ! burn] by ab\t #c ft4 ( ord9>y 94 composition pipe4 ,! glass ( ! lamp 0 n brok51 b ab\t #ah in*es ( ! composition pip+ 0 twi/$ & split op5 z ) a %>p knife1 & ! o!r #ah in*es 0 melt$2 ! gas 0 ignit$ & burn+ f ! top ( ! iron b>rel1 ?us produc+ a l>ge flame :i* ignit$ ! h\se to :i* x 0 fix$4 ,t "p ( ! lead pipe :i* 0 inside ! lamp 0 un9jur$1 :5ce x w\ld appe> t ! po9t /ruck 0 at or ne> to ! top ( ! iron gas b>rel2 & ?is is support$ by ! fact t ! lead ov] ! %op w9d[ & close to ! bracket 0 turn$ up (f ! wood-"w4 ,! lamp1 z w be se5 by ! plan1 is atta*$ to ! corn] ( a h\se1 ! eaves ( :i* 7 #bj ft4 above ! lamp1 :ile ! ridge1 ) a little lead fla%+1 0 #bd ft41 & ! *imney pots 7 #ca ft4 above ! lamp1 & n #ae ft4 di/ant horizontally4 ,?is h\se 0 slat$ & _h wood gutt]s1 & an iron ra9-wat] pipe1 b ! latt] 0 #cc ft4 horizontally f ! po9t /ruck4 ,! wood5 gutt]s 7 v old & rott51 & "o ( !m 0 v slightly %ift$2 x is n c]ta9 t ?is 0 done by ! lightn+1 & !re 0 no o!r indication ( its pres5ce4 ,c is a lamp bracket ext5d+ #d ft4 f ! wall ( ! h\se1 & at ,d are two old iron brackets4 ,at ! di/ance ( only #h ft4 f ! lamp 9 ! opposite direction 7,n4,w4 ( ! lamp7 rises ,boo?am ,b>1 a massive /one /ructure1 ( :i* ! f\r turrets rise to #dd ft4 #c 94 above ! pavem5t1 & !re=e #cc ft4 above ! lamp4 ,! :ole ro(1 ab\t #gej squ>e feet1 is cov]$ ) ?ick %eet lead1 & ! build+ also conta9s ! old portcullis ,b heavily %od ) iron4 ,! notewor?y feature ( ! case appe>s to be1 t ! only injury is f\nd at a spot surr\nd$ by objects close to x1 & greatly exce$+ x 9 height2 9 fact1 t ! lightn+ dipp$ into a sort ( cavity1 in/ead ( /rik+ at ! high] objects4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is case1 al?\gh ! composition pipe 0 melt$1 ! iron "o af=d$ ample conduction1 & ! city gas ma9s a p]fectly safe e>? t]m9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,view ,,( ,,boo?am ,,b>4 ,,accid5t ,,at ,,boo?am ,,b>1 ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,h\se ,,& ,,section ,,( ,,b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,h\ses ,,& ,,( ,,b>4 ,,ref]5ces4 ,a ,gas bracket /ruck4 ,b ,iron %ea!d portcullis4 ,c ,old gas bracket4 ,d ,old ,iron brackets4 ,,app5dix ,j4 ,,data ,,respect+ ,,! ,,sectional ,,area ,,( ,,metal ,,requisite ,,= ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 7,n4,b4--,9 ord] to avoid confusion1 all areas ( iron h be5 r$uc$ to ? ( _! actual sizes1 s t virtually tables ,i4 & ,,ii4 may be reg>d$ z giv+ all details = copp]--b ! metal is specifi$ 9 ea* case47 ,,table ,i4--,,li/ ,,( ,,metals ,,melt$4 ,mat]ial ,=m ,size ,,rem>ks ,diamet]4,area ( ,copp]4 94 94 ,,copp] ,rod #ce #aj ,duprez1 ,app41 p4 #ib ,,copp] ,rope#ca #jge ,at ,nantes1 ,callaud's ,trait1 p4 #hi #f,n ,specifi$4,rope #jg ,at ,c>cassone1 ,callaud's ,trait1 p4 #hi ,,iron ,rod #jc ,h>ris on ,?und]/orms1 p4 #aji ,,brass ,rod #bj #jc ,duprez1 ,app41 p4 #ib ,,copp] ,rod #ac8 #ja8 ,sullivan1 ,app41 p4 #aie ,footnote #f3 ,assum$ to h be5 ,iron1 ! dim5sion giv5 is 8#ah mm40 #gj 94 diam41 or #ch 94 area4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,rem>ks ,,respect+ ,,dim5sions4 ,mat]ial ,=m ,size ,,rem>ks ,diamet] ,area ( ,copp]4 94 94 ,,copp] ,rod #fa ,tr9ity ,h\se smalle/1 ,app41 p4 #ahc ,,copp] ,rod #ge #dd ,w c>ry any fla%1 ,h>ris on ,?und]/orms1 p4 #aae ,,copp] ,rod #ej #bj ,nev] yet fail$1 ,f>aday1 ,app41 p4 #hi ,,copp] ,tube #bj ,w> ,(fice smalle/1 ,app41 p4 #gj ,,copp] ,tape #ai ,gray ,son's smalle/1 ,app41 p4 ,,iron ,rod #af ,nev] affect$1 ,frankl91 ,app41 p4 #eb ,,copp] ,any #aa ,recomm5d$ by ,ph91 ,app41 =m p4 #ajc ,,iron ,rod #aa ,m ?an suffici5t1 ,gay ,lussac1 ,app41 p4 #eh ,,copp] ,rope#ch #aa ,recomm5d$ by ,callaud1 ,app41 p4 #ajd ,,copp] ,tape #ji ,freeman ,colli]'s smalle/1 ,app41 p4 #aj ,,iron ,rod #jh ,nev] kn[n to be melt$1 ,p\illet1 ,app41 p4 #fb ,,iron ,rod #jh ,%\ld n be less1 ,h5ry1 ,app41 p4 #ii ,,copp] ,rope#ci #jf ,c>ri$ (f heavy dis*>ge1 ,callaud ,trait1 p4 #hi ,,iron ,rod #jf ,recomm5d$ by ,callaud1 ,app41 p4 #ajd ,,iron ,rod #jf ,recomm5d$ by ,mohn1 ,app41 p4 #ajg ,,copp] ,rod #be #je ,recomm5d$ by ,mohn1 ,app41 p4 #ajg ,,iron ,rod #jd ,recomm5d$ by ,ph91 ,app41 p4 #ajc ,,copp] ,rod #bj #jc ,recomm5d$ by ,z5g]1 ,app41 p4 #ajf ,,iron ,rope #jb ,recomm5d$ by ,mann1 ,app41 p4 #ajh ,,iron ,wire #ja ,suffici5t = any h\se1 ,preece1 ,app41 p4 #aja ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,rods--,,copp]4 ,p>tly extract$ f ! ,app5dix at ! pages quot$1 & p>tly compil$ f specim5s collect$ by ! ,conf]5ce1 & f trade circul>s4 ,weight,rem>ks1 & ,patt]n ,diamet],bread?,?ickness,sup]ficies,area p] ,ref]5ces foot to ,app5dices4 ,in*es ,in*es ,in* ,in*es ,in* oz4 ,ext4 #a ,ext4 #dga ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,,tube ,int4 #a ,int4 #cad #ih #fj ,h>ris 7#di7 ,tr9ity ,,hemicyl9d] #a #chf #hh #ed ,h\se1 ,ma9s 7#ahc7 ,tr9ity ,,hemicyl9d] #a #cba #fa #cg ,h\se1 ,bran*es 7#ahc7 ,freeman ,,tape #c #c_/af #fch #ef #cd ,colli]'s l>ge/ 7#aj7 ,,tube ,ext4 #a ,ext4 #dga #ed #cc ,int4 #a ,int4 #cic ,f>aday pref]r$ ,,rod #bce #dd #bg ?is to small] 7#hi7 ,gray ,son's ,,tape #c #fbe #cg #bc l>ge/ 7#g7 ,,tube ,ext4 #a ,ext4 #cad #cd #ba ,int4 ,int4 #bcf ,s&]son's ,,tape #b #dbe #be #ae l>ge/ 7#bc7 ,,tape #a #ae #ccj #bc #ad ,w> ,(fice 7#gj7 ,,rod #aeg #bj #ab ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris 7#di7 ,w> ,(fice 7#gj7 ,,tape #a #cbe #ai #ab 8,smalle/ desirable0 ,gray ,son 7#g7 ,,tube ,ext4 ,ext4 #aif #bj #ab,w> ,(fice ,int4 ,int4 #aah 7#gj7 ,,tape #b #a_/af #eab #ae #i;,j4 ,davis ,son 7#ad7 ,,rope 7#di ,p5nycook squ>e #ajgh #ae #i ,co4 wires7 ,,tape #b #a_/af #dab #ac #h ,,tape #a #bbe #ac #h,ph91 ( ,new ,york 7#ajc7 ,mass+ham ,,rope 7#di #hjj8 #aj #f 7#ae7 wires7 ,newall's ,rope ,,tape #a #a_/af #cab #ji #f ,freeman ,,tape #age #ji #f ,colli]'s smalle/ 7#aj7 ,ext4 ,ext4 #bge ,,tube ,int4 #a_/cb ,int4 #bee #jh #e #ac_/af ,,rope 7#cf wires #g_/af #ejj8 #jh #e;,j4 ,davis hemp ,son 7#ad7 c5tre7 ,,spratt',s ,,pat5t #a #deb #jh #e ,,plait 7#bj wires7 ,,tape #a #a_/af #bab #jf #d ,,rope 7#di #fjj8 #jf #d,newall's wires7 ,rope ,s&]son's ,,tape #a_/ab #adb #je #c smalle/ 7#bc7 ,,spratt',s ,,pat5t #a #caf #je #c ,,plait 7#ad wires7 ,,h>t',s ,,plait 7#ac copp] wires & #cjh #je #c #a z9c "o7 ,,app5dix ,k4 ,,notes ,,respect+ ,,lightn+ ,,conductors1 ,,collect$ ,,9 ,,p>is ,,9 ,,may1 #ahha1 ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,preece ,,symons4 ,! in=mation :i* we obta9$ may p]haps be mo/ conv5i5tly gr\p$ "u ! names1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 ( ! au?orities ^: op9ions or ^: practice we quote4 ,^! g5tlem5 are ,m4 ,&r\t1 :o1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,alph&1 ! ,city ,eng9e]1 has *>ge ( all ! lightn+ conductors atta*$ to ! municipal build+s ( ,p>is1 ,m4 ,borrel1 ( #dg1 rue des ,petits ,*amps1 :o has be5 mak+ lightn+ conductors ne>ly all 8 life1 ,m4 le ,comte du ,moncel1 :o is well kn[n z p]haps ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,france ^u ! practical application ( electricity1 & la/ly ,m4 ,j>riant :o is manufactur] to ! municipality1 & also1 we believe1 to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 besides hav+ a l>ge connection among ar*itects & eng9e]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,&r\,t accompani$ u 9 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! conductors z !y are n[ fix$ ^u ! s\? gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 tempor>ily occupi$ z ! ,hotel de ,ville de ,p>is4 ,!y 7 /at$ to be only tempor>ily fix$1 because ! (fices ( ! ,prfet ( ! ,se9e w be remov$ to ! new ,hotel de ,ville z soon z x is rebuilt1 b !y 7 said nev]!less to be 9 almo/ all respects con=mable to ! in/ructions issu$ by ! municipality4 ,! tiges 7 iron rods1 #aj m4 7#cc feet7 high1 ) r blunt t]m9als ( gild$ copp]2 !y 7 #ce m4 7#aae ft47 ap>t4 ,all 7 unit$ by a horizontal copp] rope1 in* diamet] 7us$ in/ead ( iron b>s #jh 94 squ>e1 because ( ! tempor>y nature ( ! "w71 :i* 0 l$ along ! ro( ?r\gh iron holdfa/s or crut*es1 :i* 7 c>efully sold]$ to ! metal ro(4 ,all jo9ts 9 ! rope 7 splic$ & heavily sold]$4 ,= /hetic reasons ! ma9 conductor is c>ri$ d[n inside ! build+1 ?r\gh v>i\s closets1 c41 & f9ally1 aft] a r circuit\s c\rse1 x f9ds its e>? t]m9al 9 a plate ( copp] #a m4 7#c ft4 #c 947 squ>e1 imm]s$ 9 ! ,se9e4 ,al?\gh ! ro( is well cov]$ ) metal no sep>ate connections ) e>? are made4 ,m4 ,&r\t te/s ! conductivity f e tige 9 ! spr+ ( ea* ye>1 us+ a v portable app>atus1 consi/+ ( two ,leclan*'s cells & a trembl+ bell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,borrel %[$ u v>i\s specim5s ( conductors1 ( e>? t]m9als1 & also 8 portable te/+ app>atus4 ,he also gave u a copy ( ! ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res1 :i* he issues1 & f :i* we make a few extracts1 especially z 9 sev]al respects ,m4 ,borrel's views are express$ ) unusual cle>ness1 & al?\gh 9 hold+ "s ( !m he /&s alone3 8,a lightn+ conductor is a prev5tive ag5t de/9$ to convey to moi/ e>?1 or pref]ably to wat]1 ! electricity conta9$ 9 a cl\d4 ,:5 /rong e>? t5sion is produc$ by ! passage ( an oppositely electrifi$ cl\d1 ! b5eficial action ( ! conductor is indicat$ by ! lum9\s bru% dis*>ge f ! top ( ! conductor4 8,x is g5]ally consid]$ t a conductor protects a cone ( revolution1 hav+ = its base ! height ( ! po9t above ! ro( multipli$ by #age1 & = its summit ! po9t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! po9t be #f m4 7#bj ft47 above ! ro(1 x w protect a base #aj m4 7#ce ft47 radius4 ,m4 ,borrel supplies r\nd upp] t]m9als ( galvanis$ wr\ght iron ab\t #aj m4 7#cc ft4 high71 & tap]+ f a diamet] ( #d in*es at ! base to in* at ! top4 8,hav+ f\nd t long exposure to ! wea!r de/roys iron wire ropes1 & ev5 copp] ones1 if made ( _m small wires1 he has adopt$ :]e ropes are necess>y1 f\r or five rods ne>ly #jbj 94 diamet]1 s slightly twi/$ z n to /ra9 ! metal4 ,by ?is means ! num]\s int]/ices ( ! ord9>y ropes are avoid$1 & mu* great] durability is insur$4 8,:]e iron b>s are us$ he employs galvanis$ wr\ght iron 9 squ>e b>s1 ! sides rang+ f #jfc 94 to #jij 94 8,to all[ = v>iations ( l5g? produc$ by *anges ( temp]ature1 he always ins]ts1 9 long ro( conductors1 a comp5sator1 :i* is m]ely a loop ( copp] tape4 8,m4 ,borrel says t x is especially ^u ! e>? connection t ! efficacy ( a conductor l>gely dep5ds2 !re mu/ be a metallic mass1 ) a l>ge surface1 & he describes 8 patt]n ( #8p]d fluide4' ,x is compos$ ( two %eets ( galvanis$ wr\ght iron #c ft4 long1 #f 94 wide1 & an in* ?ick1 hack$ into %>p po9ts 9 ord] to facilitate ! dis*>ge ( ! electricity4 ,he alludes to ,callaud's basket ( coke1 b says t its effici5cy has n be5 absolutely demon/rat$4 ,m4 ,borrel insi/s ^u ! p]d fluide be+ imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ( a well1 & "o pref]ably n less ?an #b ft4 9 diamet]4 ,he /rongly objects to insulators1 & says t he always makes metallic connection betwe5 ! gutt]s1 ra9-wat] pipes1 c4 & 8 conductors4 ,f ! surface ( ! e>? to #f ft4 above x1 he encloses 8 conductor 9 a wood5 case 9 ord] t no "o may t\* x dur+ a /orm40 99 99 99 99 99 ,we _h a long conv]sation ) ,m4 ,,le ,,comte ,,du ,,moncel1 ( ^: rem>ks ! foll[+ is a prcis3-- ,he objects to squ>e iron b>s because _! angles h a t5d5cy to facilitate lat]al dis*>ge4 ,he objects to conductors be+ pa9t$1 because he believes t ! surface ( a conductor acts electro-/atically4 ,he kn[s t ! brass wire rope occasionally us$ = ligh?\ses is (t5 de/roy$1 b ?9ks t ! !ory enunciat$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahed 7see ,app5dix ,f41 p4 #fb71 c h>dly be ma9ta9$1 & believes x to be m probable t ! rope 0 9 a v bad /ate ( oxidation4 ,?9ks t conductors %\ld possess bo? sectional area & surface4 ,does n atta* mu* importance to extremely %>p po9ts1 b ?9ks t ! sugge/ion ( "o /\t c5tral "o to receive a disruptive dis*>ge1 surr\nd$ by ?ree or f\r ne$les to facilitate sil5t dis*>ge1 w\ld be good4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t 0 quot$ f ! ,report ( #bj? ,may1 #ahge 7see ,app5dix ,f41 page #fh71 t1 8if a conductor _c be l$ ei!r to ! subt]ranean wat] or to a ma9 wat]-pipe1 no lightn+ rod %\ld be erect$4 ,x w\ld d m h>m ?an good40 ,c\nt du ,moncel said t ! p>agraph ref]r$ *iefly to build+s on l>ge solid rocks1 b t obvi\sly !re is e degree ( quality 9 ! e>? contact :i* c be obta9$2 & t al?\gh x is easy to decide at ! two extremes1 x is difficult to say h[ bad ! e>? mu/ be 9 ord] to r5d] ! erection ( a conductor inadvisable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,j>riant1 :o is ! manufactur] employ$ ^u ! ,municipal build+s ( ,p>is 7& au?or ( two pamphlets1 ( :i* ab/racts are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,f1 pages 7#aaa7 & 7#aae771 accompani$ u ?r\gh 8 works1 & af=d$ u all ! in=mation :i* we c\ld desire4 ,he %[$ u a l>ge collection ( plat9um po9ts ( v>i\s patt]ns1 rang+ 9 co/ f #abs4 to #fjs4 ea*2 he also %[$ u "s :i* _h be5 employ$ by o!r mak]s1 :i* 7 m]ely holl[ %ea?s ( plat9um fill$ 9 ) s(t metal 9 ord] to r$uce ! co/4 ,he _h also a l>ge v>iety ( upp] t]m9als1 includ+ ! patt]ns us$ by ! ,city ( ,p>is1 by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t = its milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 & by civil eng9e]s & ar*itects4 ,we saw specim5s ( ! ropes1 rods1 c41 usually suppli$4 ,! iron ropes 7 galvaniz$ & 94 diamet]4 ,! copp] ropes 7 made ( six twi/$ /r&s ( copp] wire enclos+ a c5tral core ( hemp1 ! total diamet] be+ an in*4 ,! iron b>s 7 squ>e galvaniz$ wr\ght iron #jhj 94 squ>e1 9 l5g?s ( #af feet1 rabbett$ at ! ends ) two holes = bolts4 ,to make a jo9t a /rip ( foil is laid betwe5 ! two faces1 ! bolts are screw$ up1 & !n ! :ole jo9t is v heavily sold]$4 ,among v>i\s works 9 progress1 we saw a highly decorat$ wr\ght iron cross = ! ro( ( a *ur*1 :i* cross w\ld become ! summit ( ! conductor1 its top & ! extremity ( ea* arm be+ furni%$ ) a %ort copp] t]m9al tipp$ ) a plat9um po9t4 ,we 7 mu* /ruck by ! fact t 9 ,france1 :]e s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to lightn+ protection1 !re %\ld be s mu* div]sity ( practice4 ,! ,municipality adopt "o sy/em1 ! ,/ate ano!r1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t a ?ird1 & ea* individual manufactur] has1 z 9 ,engl&1 8 hobby4 ,we desire to record our ?anks to ,mr4 ,j4 ,aylm]1 ,c4,e41 = mak+ ! v>i\s arrangem5ts1 by :i* we 7 able to see s mu* 9 ! comp>atively %ort "t at our disposal1 & also = accompany+ u ?r\gh\t4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons4 ,p4,s4--,a v conv5i5t =m ( a r\gh te/+ app>atus has be5 made1 by ! ,silv]t[n ,co41 = "o ( ! writ]s2 x consi/s ( "o ,leclan* cell1 a trembl+ bell1 a key1 & a pair ( t]m9als to atta* insulat$ wires to ! top & bottom ( ! lightn+ rod1 all fix$ 9 a neat portable mahogany box1 & ) its aid any "o c readily exam9e ! conductivity ( 8 lightn+ rod4 ,,app5dix ,l4 ,,on ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,int]national ,,electrical ,,exhibition1 ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,dymond ,,& ,,symons4 ,x 0 hop$ t at ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition w\ld be f\nd examples ( ! v>i\s /yles & patt]ns ( lightn+ rods us$ 9 ! sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & we accord+ly visit$ ! ,exhibition & inspect$ all ! exhibits 9 any way relat+ to ! subject4 ,^? f ,france 7 naturally ! mo/ num]\s 7#ae71 b !re 7 "s v elaborate specim5s ( ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ,belgium1 9 accordance ) ! recomm5dations ( ,m4 ,mels5s2 & !re 0 also s5t by ,dr4 ,web]1 ( ,kiel1 a v int]e/+ collection ( #ab po9ts :i* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 all m or less fus$ & damag$4 ,! ,fr5* exhibitors %[$ a great v>iety ( po9ts1 b !y 7 = ! mo/ "p ref]able to two or ?ree types or classes1 & only v>i$ 9 size4 ,! fav\rite =m appe>$ to be t %[n by ,fig4 #a1 a r f9ely tap]+ brass rod t]m9at$ by an acorn%ap$ piece1 f ! upp] end ( :i* project$ a small ne$le4 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ to be screw$ to ! top ( ! iron tige4 ,!y v>i$ 9 size f #a ft4 long & 94 diamet] at ! base1 tap]+ to 94 at ! acorn1 to #b ft4 #f 94 long & #a 94 diamet]1 tap]+ to 94 ,! acorns 7 g5]ally ab\t twice ! diamet] ( ! po9t to :i* !y 7 jo9$1 & 7 ab\t #a diamet] long4 ,! ne$les 7 always made ( plat9um ab\t #a 94 long & #a 94 diamet]4 ,"s exhibitors %[$ a v simil> patt]n1 b made 9 copp] in/ead ( brass4 ,!re 7 also sev]al specim5s ( blunt po9ts 9 copp]--! ,po9t ,municipal1 ,fig4 #b1 tap]+ f #a 94 to 94 diamet] & #a ft4 #h 94 long2 tap]+ brass & iron rods1 "s ( !m hav+ plat9um cones1 7 also exhibit$4 ,all ^! po9ts 7 int5d$ to be m\nt$ on exce$+ly long upp] t]m9als4 ,! conductors 7 g5]ally made ( wire rope1 copp]1 brass1 or galvaniz$ iron1 & 9 ! majority ( cases compos$ ( /r&s ( small wires1 ?\gh !re 7 a few specim5s ( ropes made ( l>ge wires 7say7 #a 94 9 diamet]2 & !re 7 also "s specim5s ( conductors made ( iron b>s ) copp] expansion b&s4 ,^! la/ specim5s 7 ab\t #h 94 squ>e1 b almo/ all ! ropes seem$ to u too small1 g5]ally ab\t #d 94 diamet]1 & we 7 surpris$ to see t ! iron ropes 7 no l>g] ?an ! copp] or brass ones4 ,illu/ration3 #d ,illu/ration3 #c ,illu/ration3 #b ,illu/ration3 #a ,! me?ods adopt$ = jo9+ !m to ! upp] t]m9als 7 ei!r to pu% ! end into a socket & p9 !m across1 or m frequ5tly to tie !m m or less loosely r\nd ! base4 ,! practice z to insulation seem$ to v>y1 "s mak]s supply+ insulators & o!rs n1 b !y almo/ all provid$ = c>ry+ ! conductor f #f to #i 94 away f ! face ( ! build+4 ,!re 7 b few specim5s ( e>? plates1 !y 7 9 ! =m ( grapnels1 & seem$ v inadequate2 n "o w\ld af=d #c sup]ficial feet ( e>? contact4 ,"s models & draw+s %[$ t ! ,fr5* electricians assum$ a cone ( protection ^: radius 0 at lea/ #age ( its height4 7,see ante page 7#fg747 ,except+ ,france ! mo/ num]\s s]ies ( exhibits 0 t f ,belgium1 :i* also conta9$ a complete model ( ! monum5t erect$ at ,lack5 9 memory ( ,leopold ,i41 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* x _h be5 fitt$ ) conductors "u ! sup]9t5d5ce1 or accord+ to ! sy/em1 ( ,m4 ,mels5s4 ,! monum5t ref]r$ to is a t5-sid$ ,go?ic build+1 ) p9nacles on two /oreys & a spire4 ,on ! top ( ! spire1 b bel[ ! figure1 is a consid]able numb] ( radiat+ po9ts1 & !re is a simil> frill r\nd ! top ( ea* ( tw5ty p9nacles4 ,ea* aigrette consi/s ( sev5 copp] po9ts1 ea* ab\t #jd 94 9 diamet] & #b ft4 long1 tap]+ to a v %>p po9t2 !y are all lead$ into a coll> or b& encircl+ ! /one "w2 & f !m g ! rods ab\t #jd 94 9 diamet]1 :i* are fir/ tak5 into a ca/ iron box ab\t #h 94 #e 94 #b 942 into ?is box are also tak5 rods :i* lead to connections ) 7#a7 a well1 7#b7 ! wat] ma9s1 & 7#c7 ! gas ma9s4 ,:5 ^! two s]ies ( rods are all 9 position 9 ! box x is fill$ ) melt$ lead1 & ?us p]fect connection is secur$4 ,!re 7 specim5s ( ! aigrette1 & also ( ! mann] ( jo9+ ! rod to ! gas & ! wat] ma9s1 & to ! l>ge iron pipe :i* is sunk 9 ! well4 ,?is is effect$ by br++ all ! rods p>allel ) ! ma91 & arrang+ !m1 at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 ar\nd x4 ,!y are !n held tightly to x by two semicircul> clamps bolt$ toge!r1 & melt$ lead is p\r$ 9 & caulk$4 ,! ma91 & probably ! inside ( ! clamps1 0 fil$ bright :5 ! jo9t 0 made4 ,! o!r exhibits--patt]ns ( po9ts & conductors--d n call = any special m5tion1 b we may notice t ! ,belgian mak]s 7 g5]ally mu* m c>eful ?an ! ,fr5* to make good electric contact at ! jo9ts1 & "s conductors 7 exhibit$ cut ?r\gh ! jo9ts to %[ ! c>e be/[$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,f ,g]many 7 s5t "s specim5s ( wire rope = conductors1 made ( ! usual /r&s ( small wires4 ,! iron ropes 7 slightly l>g] & ( slightly l>g] wires ?an ! copp]1 b ! =m] 7 n m ?an #jf 94 9 diamet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,,web]1 ( ,kiel1 exhibit$ a collection ( #ab po9ts1 all :i* h be5 /ruck by lightn+--_! l5g? v>ies f #d 94 to #g 941 !y are ( gild$ copp]1 ab\t #a 94 9 diamet] at ! ?icke/ po9t1 & v>y 9 ! acut5ess ( _! extremities--"s h plat9um ne$les1 ab\t #jjh 94 diamet]1 screw$ into _! po9ts2 ^! ne$les h1 9 mo/ cases1 be5 :olly fus$4 ,9 "s cases ! plat9um is some:at ?imble-%ap$1 & fitt$ ov] ! copp]--9 ^! cases ! plat9um is g5]ally :olly melt$1 & ! copp] un9jur$4 ,plat9um ( #jab 94 diamet] has be5 melt$1 b !re is n "o ( ^! po9ts ( :i* copp] ( t size has be5 fus$4 ,!re is no indication t ^! po9ts h be5 fix$ to tiges--on ! contr>y1 !y are all holl[ at ! base1 & h _h sold]$ into !m copp] ropes1 none exce$+ #jcc 94 diamet]1 & mo/ ( !m consi/+ ( ?ree /r&s ( six wires ea* 7#ah wires71 ! wires be+ ab\t ,no4 #ah ,b4,w4,g4 ,!re 7 a few specim5s ( gild$ copp] po9ts1 s5t f ,au/ria1 su* z ,fig4 #c2 & our ,engli% mak]s also s5t a few examples ( po9ts1 ! cr[ foot1 ,fig4 #d1 = in/ance1 ( upp] t]m9als1 & ( rope & tape conductors4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,dymond4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,symons4 ,,app5dix ,m4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,,means ,,to ,,be ,,adopt$ ,,= ,,ensur+ ,,p]sonal ,,safety ,,f ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+4 7,ab/ract$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,c>ey ,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,,works ,,consult$3-- ,receiv$ f ! ,correspond5ce address$ to ,lightn+ ,rod ,secret>y ( ,conf]5ce4 ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce4 ,directions = ,insur+ ,p]sonal ,safety dur+ ,/orms ( ,?und] & ,lightn+2 & = 99 99 99 ,by ,john ,leigh1 pp4 #fj4 ,london 7no date74 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,complete ,works4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahjf4 ,gehl]4 ,physikalis*es ,wrt]bu*4 ,article 8,blitz10 ,leipzig1 #ahbe4 ,franois ,arago4 ,meteorological ,essays1 f ! ,fr5* by ,sab9e4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,c4 ,kuhn4 ,h&b4 d4 angew&t5 ,elektricittslehre4 ,leipzig1 #ahff4 ,! dang] to m5 & animals f ! effects ( lightn+ arises f ! fact t ! bodies ( liv+ animals =m comp>atively good conductors ( electricity1--bett]1 t is1 ?an ra9-wat] 7probably bett] ev5 ?an sea-wat]71 or ?an trees1 walls ( brick or /one1 hay-/acks1 or 9 fact ?an almo/ any common objects consi/+ ( non-metallic mat]ials4 ,x may be assum$ t ! pa? ( a lightn+-dis*>ge /rik+ ! e>? is det]m9$ by ! l9e ( lea/ inductive resi/ance betwe5 ! ?und]-cl\d & ! e>?4#g ,h5ce1 a man /&+ on an op5 pla91 or walk+1 or rid+ on horseback1 or 9 an op5 vehicle1 across x1 is liable to be /ruck by lightn+4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! motion ( walk+ or rid+ makes ! liability ei!r great] or less ?an x w\ld be if he 7 at re/4 ,! dang] is increas$1 o!r conditions be+ ! same1 by ne>ness to wat]1 or to l>ge masses ( metal1 or o!r conduct+ mat]ial1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd or ris+ only a little way f x4 ,an umbrella held ov]-head is probably dang]\s1 b ,i d n f9d direct evid5ce t x is s among record$ cases4#h ,su* small metallic articles--money1 keys1 c41--z may be commonly c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 h probably no p]ceptible effect4 ,9 ! op5 c\ntry1 beyond ! rea* ( %elt]1 l[-ly+ positions1 if dry1 are saf] ?an ^? :i* are m elevat$ & expos$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 wat]-c\rses are to be avoid$4 ,x is also saf] to lie flat on ! gr\nd ?an to /& or sit4 ,if %elt] is )9 rea*1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to get completely "u cov]4 ,!re is (t5 mu* m dang] 9 /&+ "u ! lee ( a h\se1 or wall1 or hay-/ack1 or ?icket ( trees1 ?an 9 rema9+ q expos$4 ,!re is b little dang]1 h[ev]1 inside a b>n or ou?\se1 z f> z possible f ! walls1 or und]nea? a wagon or ! ar* ( a bridge4 ,! inside ( a wood is also a tol]ably safe situation if we keep cle> ( ! bran*es ( ! trees & z f> z may be f _! trunks4 ,if isolat$ trees af=d ! only %elt] )9 rea*1 x is advisable to g ne> !m 7)9 two or ?ree y>ds ( _! project+ bran*es7 b n "u !m4 ,lean+ aga9/ ! trunk ( an isolat$ tree dur+ a ?und]/orm is v dang]\s4 ,9 ?is case ! dang] arises f ! fact t ! tree is a mu* bett] conductor ?an ! air surr\nd+ x1 ?\gh a worse conductor ?an ! human body4 ,h5ce1 if a man /&s aga9/ a tree1 a l9e ( lea/ inductive resi/ance is likely to be det]m9$ ?r\gh 8 body & cont9u$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! tree4 ,l consid]ations apply 9 ! case ( a p]son /&+ aga9/ a wall1 or o!r high object1 consi/+ ( v imp]fectly conduct+ mat]ials & unprovid$ ) effici5t lightn+ conductors4 ,footnote #g3 ,! app>5tly caprici\s way 9 :i* lightn+ (t5 /rikes is n inconsi/5t ) ?is /atem5t4 ,x proves1 h[ev]1 t ! l9e ( lea/ inductive resi/ance is p>tly det]m9$ by atmosph]ic or t]re/rial conditions :i* are n p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,footnote #h3 ,is !re any evid5ce to %[ t soldi]s we>+ spik$ helmets1 or m>*+ ) fix$ bayonets1 are specially liable to be /ruck by lightn+8 ,v>i\s anci5t writ]s--,cs>1 ,s5eca1 ,livy1 ,pl9y1 & o!rs--m5tion lum9\s appe>ances 78,fire ( ,/4 ,elmo07 pres5t$ by ! javel9s or pikes ( soldi]s dur+ ?und]/orms at night4 ,z to p indoors1 we ne$ only consid] ! case ( ^? :o are 9 build+s :i* are ei!r n at all or only imp]fectly protect$ by conductors2 =1 if a build+ is ?or\ghly protect$1 :atev] is inside x is protect$ also4 ,indoors1 z out ( doors1 we h to avoid =m+ "p ( a l9e ( lea/ inductive resi/ance4 ,?is consid]ation leads to su* rules z ! foll[+3--,keep to ! l[] rooms ( a h\se1 r ?an to ! upp] rooms2 also keep z mu* z possible 9 ! middle ( ! room y are 91 b avoid be+ "u a metal *&eli]1 or a lamp1 or o!r object hung by a metal *a9 or wire2 keep away f a /ove or fire-place1 especially :5 a fire is burn+ 9 x2 keep away f l>ge metallic objects :i* are n 9 electrical connection ) ! gr\nd1 especially if !y are above ! level ( ! head 7z mirrors1 or pictures ) gilt frames1 hung aga9/ ! wall71 or bel[ ! feet 7z an iron pill> or beam support+ ! floor1 or an iron /aircase lead+ to a l[] /orey b n cont9u$ to "o above74 ,frankl9 recomm5ds 8sitt+ 9 "o *air & lay+ ! feet up 9 ano!r10 or z a fur!r precaution 8to br+ two or ?ree mattresses or b$s into ! middle ( ! room1 &1 fold+ !m up d\ble1 to place ! *air ^u !m40 ,b be/ ( all he says is1 8:]e x c be _h1 a hammock1 or sw++ b$ susp5d$ by silk cords equally di/ant f ! walls on e side1 & f ! ceil+ & floor above & bel[40 ,doors & w9d[s are bett] %ut ?an op51 b x does n seem t ?is condition is ( mu* importance4 ,x may be add$ = ! com=t ( ! timid t ,arago concludes t ! dang] ( be+ /ruck by lightn+ 9 a t[n 7,p>is7 8is less ?an ! dang] ( be+ kill$ 9 pass+ along ! /reet by ! fall ( a *imney1 or fl[]-pot1 or ( a workman engag$ ^u a ro(2 ?is latt] dang] be+ he imag9es "o :i* occasions v little uneas9ess40 ,also x seems to be ! univ]sal te/imony ( ^? :o h be5 re/or$ aft] be+ /ruck by lightn+ t !y _h n be5 consci\s ( ei!r ?und] or lightn+4 ,we may accord+ly conclude t all dang] f a giv5 dis*>ge is ov]1 n m]ely by ! "t we he> ! ?und]1 b z soon z ev] we see ! fla%4 ,g4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,injury ,,to ,,gas ,,& ,,wat]-,,pipes ,,by ,,lightn+4 ,! city gas company ( ,b]l91 hav+ express$ ! fe> t gas-pipes may be injur$ by lightn+ pass+ d[n a rod t is connect$ ) ! pipes1 ,pr(essor ,kir*h(f has publi%$ ! foll[+ reply3-- 8,z ! erection ( lightn+-rods is old] ?an ! sy/em ( gas & wat]-pipes z !y n[ exi/ 9 ne>ly all l>ge cities1 we f9d sc>cely any?+ 9 e>ly lit]ature 9 reg>d to connect+ ! e>? end ( lightn+-rods ) ^! metallic pipes1 & 9 mod]n times mo/ manufactur]s ( lightn+-rods1 :5 putt+ !m up1 pay no att5tion to pipes 9 or ne> ! build+ t is to be protect$40 ,kir*h(f is ( ! op9ion1 support$ by ! views ( a s]ies ( pr(essional au?orities1 t ! frequ5t rec5t cases ( injury f lightn+ to build+s t _h be5 protect$ = ye>s by _! rods1 are due to a neglect ( ^! l>ge masses ( metal4 ,! ,nicolai ,*ur*1 9 ,griefswald1 has be5 frequ5tly /ruck by lightn+1 b 0 protect$ f injury by its rods4 ,9 #ahgf1 h[ev]1 lightn+ /ruck ! t[] & set x on fire4 ,a few weeks be=e1 ! *ur* _h _h gas-pipes put 9 x4 ,no "o seems to h ?\ght t ! new masses ( metal :i* _h be5 br\ght into ! *ur* c\ld h any effect on ! c\rse ( ! lightn+1 o!rwise ! lightn+-rods w\ld h be5 connect$ ) ! gas-pipes1 or ! e>? connection be5 prolong$ to proximity ) ! pipe4 ,a simil> circum/ance occurr$ 9 ! ,nicolai ,*ur* 9 ,/ralsund4 ,! lightn+ de/roy$ ! rod 9 _m places1 al?\gh x receiv$ sev]al /rokes 9 #ahef1 & conduct$ !m safely to ! e>?4 ,"h1 too1 ! cause ( injury 0 9 ! neglect ( ! gas-pipes1 :i* 7 fir/ laid 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! *ur* 9 #ahef1 %ortly be=e ! lightn+ /ruck x4 ,! injury done to ! s*ool-h\se 9 ,elm%orn1 9 #ahgf1 & to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce' ,*ur*1 at ,itzehoe1 9 #ahgg1 bo? build+s be+ provid$ ) rods1 c\ld h be5 avoid$ if ! rods _h be5 connect$ ) ! adjac5t gas-pipes4 8,if x 7 possible10 says ,kir*h(f1 8to make ! e>? connection s l>ge t ! resi/ance :i* ! electric curr5t meets ) :5 x leaves ! metallic conduct+ surface ( ! rod to ent] ! moi/ e>?1 or e>? wat]1 w\ld be z]o1 !n x w\ld be unnecess>y to connect ! rods ) ! gas & wat]-pipes4 ,we are n able1 ev5 at imm5se exp5se1 to make ! e>? connections s l>ge z to compete ) ! conduct+ p[] ( metallic gas & wat]-pipes1 ! total l5g? ( :i* is frequ5tly _m miles1 & ! surface 9 contact ) ! moi/ e>? is ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,h5ce ! electric curr5t pref]s = its dis*>ge ! ext5sive net ( ! sy/em ( pipes to t ( ! e>? connection ( ! rods1 & ?is alone is ! cause ( ! lightn+ leav+ its own conductor40 ,reg>d+ ! fe> t gas & wat]-pipes c\ld be injur$1 ! au?or says3 8,i "k ( no case :]e lightn+ has de/roy$ a gas or wat]-pipe :i* 0 connect$ ) ! lightn+-rod1 b ,i d "k cases already 9 :i* ! pipes 7 de/roy$ by lightn+ because !y 7 n connect$ ) x4 ,9 ,may1 #ahji1 lightn+ /ruck ! rod on ,c\nt ,von ,seefeld's ca/le1 & sprang f x to a small wat]-pipe1 :i* 0 ab\t #hj metres f ! end ( ! rod1 & bur/ x4 ,ano!r case happ5$ 9 ,basel1 ,july #i1 #ahdi4 ,9 a viol5t %[] "o /roke ( lightn+ foll[$ ! rod on a h\se d[n into ! e>?1 !n jump$ f x to a city wat]-pipe1 a metre di/ant1 made ( ca/ iron4 ,x de/roy$ sev]al l5g?s ( pipe1 :i* 7 pack$ at ! jo9ts ) pit* & hemp4 ,a ?ird case1 :i* 0 relat$ to me by ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 occurr$ la/ ye> 9 ,gratz4 ,!n1 too1 ! lightn+ left ! rod & sprang ov] to ! city gas-pipes2 ev5 a gas explosion is said to h result$4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! rods 7 n connect$ ) ! pipes4 ,if !y _h be5 connect$ ! me*anical effect ( lightn+ on ! metallic pipes w\ld h be5 null 9 ! fir/ & ?ird cases1 & 9 ! second ! damage w\ld h be5 slight4 ,if ! wat]-pipes 9 ,basel _h be5 jo9$ ) lead in/ead ( pit*1 no me*anical effect c\ld h be5 produc$4 ,! me*anical effect ( an electrical dis*>ge is greate/ :]e ! electric fluid spr+s f "o body to ano!r4 ,! wid] ?is jump ! m p[]ful is ! me*anical effect4 ,! electrical dis*>ge ( a ?und] cl\d ^u ! po9t ( a lightn+ rod may melt or b5d x1 :ile ! rod itself rema9s un9jur$4 ,if ! conductor1 h[ev]1 is insuffici5t to receive & c>ry (f ! *>ge ( electricity1 x w leap f ! conductor to ano!r body4 ,:]e ! lightn+ leaves ! conductor its me*anical effect is aga9 ex]t$1 s t ! rod is torn1 melt$1 or b5t4 ,s1 too1 is t spot ( ! body on :i* x leaps4 ,9 ! examples above giv5 x 0 a lead pipe 9 ! fir/ place1 a gas-pipe 9 ! la/ place1 to :i* ! lightn+ leap$ :5 x left ! rod1 & :i* 7 de/roy$4 ,su* injuries to wat] & gas-pipes ne> lightn+-rods mu/ c]ta9ly be q frequ5t4 ,x w\ld be desirable to br+ !m to light1 s z to obta9 pro( t x is m advantage\s1 bo? = ! rods & ! build+ :i* x protects1 z well z = ! gas & wat]-pipes1 to h bo? intimately connect$4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld m5tion two cases ( lightn+ /rik+ rods closely unit$ ) ! gas & wat]-pipes4 ,! fir/ happ5$ 9 ,dsseldorf1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahgh1 on ! new ,art ,academy2 ! o!r ,augu/ #ai?1 la/ ye>1 at ,/eglitz4 ,9 bo? cases ! lightn+-rod1 ! build+s1 & ! pipes 7 un9jur$40--,deuts*5 ,bauzeitung4 ,quot$ 9 ,! ,build+ ,news1 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahhj4 ,,colli]y ,,work+s ,,/ruck ,,by ,,lightn+4 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]s4 ,a meet+ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,in/itute ( ,m9+ & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s took place 9 ! ,wood ,memorial ,hall on ,saturday1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,gre5well 9 ! *air1 :5 ! secret>y read an acc\nt ( an inve/igation :i* _h be5 made into a /atem5t t lightn+ _h ent]$ ,tanfield ,moor ,colli]y on ! #ab? ( ,july la/1 & trav]s$ ! work+s 9 sev]al directions4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,joicey k9dly gave p]mission to exam9e ! witnesses ( ! occurr5ce1 & ! work+s ( ! colli]y1 s t a complete & accurate report c\ld be drawn up ( ! circum/ance2 & on ! #cj? ( ,july1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b]kley1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,simpson1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h$ley1 & ! secret>y w5t out to ! colli]y1 & 7 met by ,mr4 ,w4 ,joicey1 "o ( ! own]s2 ,mr4 ,pr+le1 ! view]2 & ,mr4 ,arkless1 ! resid5t view]4 ,! top ( ! work+ %aft at ! colli]y is #cd fa?oms f ! ,%ield ,r[ seam4 ,an incl9e bank leads nor?w>ds f ! work+ %aft & ultimately rea*es ! day by a drift1 & a little to ! s\? is an up-ca/ %aft4 ,! eng9e way leads s\? f ! work+ %aft1 & goes 9-bye to a goaf4 ,betwe5 ! goaf & ! work+ %aft are two d[n-ca/ %afts4 ,f :at c be ga!r$ ! lightn+ pass$ d[n ! work+ %aft & /ruck ! flat %eets1 & !n divid$ itself into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* w5t nor? up ! incl9e way & probably pass$ out to ! day by ! drift1 :]e x 0 suppos$ to h left traces ( its exit 9 m>ks ^u a bank ne> by4 ,! o!r "p w5t s\? along ! eng9e way2 b aft] pass+ a po9t :]e x 0 notic$ its fur!r c\rse 0 n kn[n4 ,! ?ill ( ! seam is compos$ ( s(t sagg]1 & ! ro( ( /rong po/1 bo? ( :i* w\ld (f] great ob/ruction to ! absorption ( ! electric fluid2 & ! probability 0 t ?is portion ( ! fluid _h be5 dissipat$ 9 ! goaf1 or _h =c$ an exit by way ( ! d[n-ca/ %aft4 ,! evid5ce tak5 0 app5d$4--,joseph ,kirtley1 back-ov]man1 said a light1 di/9ct b n v bright1 fell & /ruck ! flat %eets1 & split up into sev]al lights l a lot ( light$ mat*es4 ,he c\ld only see ! light = a mom5t among ! tub :eels4 ,x /ruck ! pull]-out1 ,wm4 ,watson1 on ! arm1 & he compla9$ t 8 arm 0 numb1 & :5 he got home x 0 yell[ f ! wri/ to ! elb[4 ,a heavy peal ( ?und] 0 he>d v di/9ctly almo/ at ! same mom5t4 ,no injury 0 done ei!r 9 ! %aft or on ! road :]e ! lightn+ 0 said to h pass$4 ,he c\ld lik5 x to no?+ bett] ?an a box ( mat*es all /ruck at once4--,james ,(=d1 onsett]1 said he he>d a crack l ! report ( a small pi/ol1 & saw a light close to 8 feet4--,william ,watson1 pull]-out at ! bottom ( ! pit1 said he saw a fla% ( light come d[n & he>d a noise l a gun3 x /ruck on ! plate or flat %eet4 ,he saw ! light divide :5 x /ruck4 ,! light :5 x /ruck 0 v bright1 b did n bright5 up ! place to any di/ance4--,?omas ,*risp1 a deputy1 said he saw some?+ l a lot ( fire fly+1 & ?\ght ! tram _h cut ! po9t4 ,x 0 z ?\gh a p]son _h trodd5 ^u mat*es & !y _h gone (f4 ,! fire seem$ a little l>g] ?an ! light ( a c&le1 & to ! be/ ( 8 judgm5t came along ! metals4--,john ,gre5] saw a light on ! rail ab\t ! size ( a c&le flick]+1 n /eady4 ,x appe>$ to travel along ! rail1 & z x pass$ ! tram made a noise l ! crack ( a pi/ol1 & he ?\ght x 0 mat*es or some?+ on ! way t 0 crack+4--,john ,hagan1 a putt]1 said he saw ! lightn+ come along ! plates4 ,x caught him z x pass$ & gave him a que] feel+ 9 ! legs4 ,x made a %>p1 crack+ noise 9 ! plates l a gun4--,george ,*risp1 a sid+ m9d]1 said he 0 ab\t #ej y>ds f ! %aft1 & he>d a crack+ noise1 & saw a bright light & fla% ( fire aga9/ ! big w9d+ %eave1 two feet diamet]1 l five or six mat*es go+ (f at once4 ,!re 7 no tubs runn+ by at ! "t4--,mat!w ,h>dy1 an eng9e flatt]1 :o 0 ab\t #ajj y>ds along ! %aft sid+1 said he saw a light l a sp>k f a lamp1 & !re 0 a noise l a mat* be+ /ruck by a tub pass+ ov] x4 ,! light appe>$ to be close to him on ! rope1 :i* 0 runn+4--,x fur!r appe>$ t ! rails 7 fi%$2 t x 0 n notic$ :e!r ! lightn+ came d[n ! rails or ! rope2 t x 0 a self-act+ incl9e2 t a noise z ( a pi/ol or gun %ot 0 he>d :5 ! light came to ! tram2 t a simil> noise 0 he>d z ! light left ! tram2 & t ! metallic contact might h be5 brok5 "h by a fi%-plate be+ (f4 ,! g5tlem5 :o conduct$ ! inquiry _h e reason to believe t ! in=mation ?us obta9$ =ms a valuable record ( ! occurr5ce1 & places beyond d\bt ! possibility ( lightn+ p5etrat+ into ! work+s ( colli]ies4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion :i* foll[$ ! read+ ( ! pap]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,/ev5son m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( a simil> circum/ance at ,page ,bank1 ab\t #aj ye>s ago4--,pr(essor ,h]s*ell said t 9 ord] to produce an explosion ! electric fluid mu/ come 9 contact ) a highly explosive mixture2 & ! occurr5ce 9 "q %[$ ! desirability ( lightn+ conductors at colli]ies1 & ( ! subject be+ inve/igat$ by m9+ & electrical eng9e]s4--,cordial votes ( ?anks 7 giv5 to ! au?ors ( ! pap]s4--,newca/le ,daily ,j\rnal4 ,octob] #e?1 #ahhj4 ,,accid5ts ,,by ,,lightn+ ,,at ,,! ,,swan ,,cotton ,,mill1 ,,*add]ton1 ,,oldham4 ,,report ,,by ,j4 ,,doh]ty1 ,a4,s4,t4,e4 ,on ,july #ac?1 #ahhj1 dur+ a ?und]/orm1 ! l>ge #djj light gas met] ( ?is mill1 ?\gh lock$ up 9 a cell>1 & ) no light ne> x1 explod$1 & ! gas1 :i* is suppli$ ?r\gh a #d-;in* ma91 0 ignit$4 ,?is 0 repair$1 b on ,july #e?1 #ahha1 dur+ ano!r ?und]/orm1 precisely ! same accid5t occurr$4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,mr4 ,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,mr4 ,doh]ty1 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,po/al ,telegraph ,s]vice1 w5t & inspect$ ! works1 & =w>d$ ! foll[+ report4--,,ed4 #ba/ ,july1 #ahha4 ,a v c>eful inve/igation ( ! ,swan ,mill premises has be5 made1 ) a view ( arriv+ at "s explanation ( ! rec5t injury to ! gas met]1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly caus$ by lightn+4 ,! build+ is a l>ge "o1 hav+ = its int]nal supports a numb] ( ca/ iron columns runn+ f floor to basem5t1 & on ! top ( ! build+1 ,i am told1 !re are num]\s iron gutt]s2 r\nd ! v>i\s rooms are c>ri$ l>ge iron gas pipes1 & 9 num]\s in/ances ?is gas pip+ is dead aga9/ ! iron caps ( ! columns1 ?us ! lightn+ may h /ruck any portion ( ! build+1 & ! curr5t h be5 convey$1 safely1 by ! gas pip+ to ! l>ge gas met]1 :]e an imp]fect jo9t 7electrically imp]fect7 exi/$1 viz41 an india-rubb] r+ plac$ betwe5 ! faces ( ! iron jo9t4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! connect+ pipes 7 n on ! premises at ! "t ( my visit1 o!rwise ,i c\ld h spok5 ) a great] degree ( c]ta9ty1 b ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt 9 my own m9d z to ! insulat+ r+ betwe5 ! jo9ts be+ ! cause ( rupture4 ,te/s 7 made1 %[+ t ! cont9uity ( ! pres5t pipe is less5$ by ! exi/5ce ( ano!r india-rubb] r+1 & ! oxidation ( ! connect+ screws at ano!r jo9t4 ,i advis$ ! ,directors ( ! ,sp9n+ ,company to connect ! outlet & inlet ma9 pipes by iron or copp] wire /raps4 ,i feel conv9c$ t if ?is _h be5 done prior to #e? ,july ! accid5t w\ld n h occurr$4 ,j4 ,,doh]ty4 ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,heavy ,,dis*>ges ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity1 ,,z ,,exemplifi$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/orms ,,( ,,! ,,summ] ,,( #ahdf 99 99 99 99 ,,& ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,e4 ,,highton1 ,,esq41 ,c4,e4 7,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts = #ahdf-dg4 ,london4 ,sm4 #dto74 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,! au?or's prim>y object 9 /udy+ ! subject 0 ! discov]y ( a me?od ( protect+ telegraphic app>atus f injury & dang]4 ,t has long be5 accompli%$1 b "s rem>ks 9 ! ,pap] seem wor?y ( extraction4 ,mr4 ,highton w5t ov] ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 ,leice/]1 a few days aft] x 0 wreck$ by ! lightn+4 ,he says t ! sexton told him t ?ree m9utes be=e ! fla% he _h be5 toll+ ! curfew bell1 &1 8:ile 9 ! belfry1 he notic$ a k9d ( light on ! clapp] ( ! bell1 & he>d also1 z x 71 a sort ( hiss+ noise40 ,?is seems to prove two ?+s--7#a7 ,! fallacy ( ! old notion t r++ ! *ur* bells s5t away ?und]/orms 7see also ante1 p4 7#cg727 & 7#b7 t ev5 v imp]fect conductors1 su* z ?is conductorless /eeple1 c>ry (f mu* electricity by ! sil5t or bru% dis*>ge4--,g4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mr4 ,highton f\nd t ! lead5 fla%+s 7 frequ5tly bur/ up1 ! lead be+ sometimes =c$ up some:at l a m9iature volcano4 ,?is he attributes to ! explosion ( conf9$ atmosph]ic air1 b obvi\sly wat] conv]t$ into sup]heat$ /eam w\ld yield a great] expansive =ce4 ,! au?or quotes a case at ,wat] ,newton1 ,wans=d1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 :]e1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* _h t[] & spire1 & ! :ole ro( 0 cov]$ ) lead1 a tree #ij feet f ! spire1 & n "o-?ird ! height ( ! spire1 0 /ruck1 b ! ,*ur* 0 n4 ,?is ! au?or attributes p>tly to ! action ( ! leaves ( ! trees1 & p>tly to !re be+ no iron or o!r v]tical sp\t+ to ! ,*ur*4 ,mr4 ,highton's 8,practical ,rules0 are lit]atim et v]batim3-- #a/4 ,:]e a build+ has any quantity ( v]tical metallic "w1 x is q necess>y1 = its protection aga9/ ,lightn+1 t x %\ld h an artificial ,lightn+ ,conductor1 7unless ! mat]ials ( !mselves =m a natural "o74 #bndly4 ,x is v desirable1 t all metallic circuits1 especially ^? 9 a v]tical direction1 %\ld be metallically connect$ ) ! sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #crdly4 ,t1 9 _m in/ances1 a s+le insulat$ ,lightn+ ,conductor atta*$ to a build+ may become positively injuri\s & dang]\s2 z x may cause _m a cl\d to dis*>ge its electric =ce at t po9t1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h pass$ ov]1 & p\r$ its p[] 9 "s o!r *annel4 #d?ly4 ,t1 :]e ,lightn+ ,conductors are employ$1 !y ought to be ?or\ghly well erect$1 & e c\rse or *annel t ! ,electric fluid has op5 to x c>efully consid]$1 & a division ( ! *>ge 9 ^? qu>t]s provid$ aga9/4 #e?ly4 ,t a ,lightn+ ,conductor1 or a sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 :]e prop]ly & sci5tifically erect$1 are p]fect safegu>ds aga9/ ! effects ( heavy dis*>ges ( ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 ,b1 if improp]ly appli$1 !y may become a mo/ dang]\s addition to a build+4 #f?ly4 ,t x is ess5tially necess>y = ! safety ( ! public1 t all public build+s1 & especially *ur*es1 %\ld1 if naturally defici5t 9 safe & secure ,lightn+ ,conduction1 h artificial ,lightn+ ,conductors erect$ = _! protection4 ,! above are giv5 z a few g5]al rules4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 & almo/ impossible1 to lay d[n any fix$ & def9ite rules = ! erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 to be applicable to e build+2 z ! v =m1 %ape1 & position ( ! build+1 & ! relative position ( build+s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 s mat]ially affect ! data = ! =mation ( ^? rules4 ,9 all cases1 !re=e1 ,i consid] x mu* bett] & saf] = an ,ar*itect to call 9 a p]son ( k & exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 = directions = ! prop] erection ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 ?an to tru/ to any pr9t$ rules :atev] on ! subject4 ,t1 z x is bett] 9 cases ( illness :]e life is 9 dang] to call 9 a m$ical man ?an to apply oneself ! rem$ies set =? 9 works on m$ic9e1 s is x bett]1 9 ! protection ( build+s f ! disa/r\s effects ( ,lightn+1 to tru/ only to ! op9ions & directions ( ^? :o h giv5 to ?is difficult bran* ( sci5ce _! /udy & att5tion4 ,,?und]/orms4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,tait1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,deliv]$ 9 ! ,city ,hall1 ,glasg[4 ,nature ,aug4 #ab?1 #ai?1 ,sept4 #bnd1 #i?1 #ahhj4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,esq41 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s47 ,:ile a few ye>s ago no qualifi$ physici/ w\ld h v5tur$ an op9ion z to ! nature ( electricity1 n[1 ?anks to ,cl]k-,maxwell1 electric & magnetic ph5om5a are reg>d$ z m]e /resses & motions ( ! e!r1 & are br\ght )9 ! res\rces ( ma!matical analysis4 ,?und]/orms are accompani$ by d>kness1 ! result ( ! int5se %ad[ ( peculi> ?ick cl\ds *>g$ ) electricity1 ^: height v>ies f #cj y>ds to #c miles4 ,! air is nev] free f electricity4 ,sn[1 sleet1 hail1 & 8lum9\s ra90 are frequ5tly indications ( great electrification4 ,! atmosph]ic electric *>ge is usually positive1 & is probably ! result ( evaporation1 b cl\ds !mselves are m g5]ally negative4 ,lightn+1 z a s\rce ( light1 is v brilliant1 comp>able ev5 ) ! sun1 b its duration is extremely %ort1 h5ce its int5sity is ab\t equal to t ( full moon4 ,! motion ( a fla% _c be detect$2 h5ce :5 p say !y saw a fla% go+ upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 !y mu/ be mi/ak54 ,x is an optical illusion4 ,! peculi> zigzag =m1 occasionally bifurcat$1 is t ( a v l>ge electric sp>k1 v>i$ by local electrification & heat4 ,! motion ( electricity is due to a diff]5ce ( pot5tial or electrical pressure4 ,! p[] ( a ma*9e is measur$ by ! utmo/ pot5tial x c give to a conductor1 & ! "t requir$ to *>ge ! conductor dep5ds on its capacity4 ,! damage :i* c be done by a dis*>ge is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! *>ge1 & inv]sely to ! capacity ( ! receiv]4 ,d\bl+ a *>ge gives f\rfold a %ock4 ,electricity is entirely di/ribut$ on ! surface ( conductors4 ,! quantity p] squ>e in* ( surface is ! d5sity1 & ! d5sity v>ies ) ! =m ( ! conductor4 ,on a v elongat$ body1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 ! d5sity becomes s exce$+ly great t ! outw>d pressure ( ! electricity t5d+ to escape =ces a passage ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ air4 ,prop] lightn+ rods mu/ be surr\nd$ ) a numb] ( %>p po9ts1 le/ "o %\ld be injur$4 ,! prop] function ( a lightn+ rod is n to p>ry a dang]\s fla% ( lightn+3 x ought r1 by sil5t b cont9u\s dra9+ to prev5t any s]i\s accumulation ( electricity 9 a cl\d ne> x4 ,h5ce x mu/ be ?or\ghly connect$ ) ! e>?4 ,at ,piet]m>itzburgh1 :i* is well cov]$ ) lightn+ conductors1 ?und]/orms are frequ5t1 b !y cease to give lightn+ fla%es :5ev] !y rea* ! t[n1 & !y beg9 to d s z soon z !y h pass$ ov] x4 ,! viol5t disruptive effects produc$ by lightn+ are pr9cipally due to ! sudd5 vaporization ( moi/ure4 ,heat$ air conducts bett] ?an cold air4 ,h5ce ! kill+ ( flocks & h]ds4 ,!re is little or no dang] inside a ?und]-cl\d4 ,?und]-bolts 7s call$7 are due to ! vitrification ( s& ?r\gh :i* a dis*>ge has pass$4 ,! smell t accompanies lightn+ is due to ozone4 ,%eet lightn+ & summ] lightn+ are due to ! light+ up ( ! cl\ds by fla%es ( =k$ lightn+ n directly visible to ! spectator1 sometimes ev5 b5ea? ! horizon4 ,?und] corresponds to ! snap ( ! electric sp>k1 int5sifi$ & re-e*o$ f cl\ds & surfaces4 ,a long] zigzag fla% acts successively & int]mitt5tly f portions f>!r & f>!r f ! li/5]4 ,h5ce ! cra%1 clap1 roll+ & peal+ ( ?und]4 ,! extreme di/ance t x is he>d is ab\t t5 miles1 al?\gh guns h be5 he>d fifty miles4 ,fireball or globe lightn+ und\bt$ly exi/s & is probably due to a species ( natural ,leyd5 j>1 v highly *>g$1 :i* no lightn+ rod c de/roy1 except1 p]haps1 a close net "w ( /\t copp] wires4 ,wat] is ! *ief ag5t 9 ?und]/orms4 ,copi\s ra9 & hail always accompany !m4 ,hot moi/ air precipitat+ its moi/ure z cl\ds z x asc5ds1 cool+ by expansion b w>m$ by ! lat5t heat ( ! cond5s$ vap\r is ! ma9 spr+4 ,! cond5sation ( aque\s vap\r is accompani$ by an enorm\s developm5t ( en]gy4 ,a fall ( "o-t5? ( an in* ( ra9 ov] ! :ole ( ,brita9 gives heat equival5t to ! "w ( a million millions ( horses = half an h\r4 ,! m]e contact ( p>ticles ( aque\s vap\r ) ^? ( air produces a sep>ation ( ! two electricities4 ,aque\s vap\r cond5ses into cl\d p>ticles1 & ! agglom]ation ( cl\d p>ticles into ra9 drops w\ld enorm\sly increase ! orig9al pot5tial ( ! electrifi$ vap\r4 ,! column ( smoke & vap\r dis*>g$ by an active volcano gives out fla%es ( lightn+4 ,cl\d caps on m\nta9s frequ5tly d ! same4 ,asc5d+ curr5ts ( air mean *ange ( d5sity1 diff]5ce ( pressure1 heat cond5sation1 & all ! conditions requir$ to produce a ?und]/orm1 ) its effects =m+ 8"o ( ! mo/ exquisite ( ! magnific5t spectacles :i* nature f "t to "t s lavi%ly provides40 ,,on ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,build+s ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,,by ,,capta9 ,j4 ,p4 ,,bucknill1 ,r4,e4 7,ab/ract$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s47 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 pap] ! au?or popul>ly expla9s 8 own views ( electricity1 ! causes ( ?und]/orms1 & ! purpose s]v$ by a lightn+ conductor4 ,he urges ! !ory t lightn+ is mo/ly to be fe>$ by ^? :o live on well conduct+ areas2 & t non-conduct+ areas1 su* z *alk hills1 suff] ! lea/1 because _! inductive influ5ce on *>g$ cl\ds is less ?an 9 ! =m] case1 ev5 ?\gh !y be on l[ gr\nd4 ,po9ts act z leaks1 w>d+ (f lightn+ by neutralis+ h>mlessly ! opposite electricities4 ,! trees ( a =e/ act z a mass ( po9ts1 sil5tly dis*>g+ ?und] cl\ds4 ,! pot5tial ( a ?und] cl\d is (t5 a million & a-half volts4 ,! function ( a lightn+ conductor is 87fir/7 to attract ! lightn+ to ano!r spot if possible1 & 7second7 to arrange t ev5 if ! build+ be /ruck1 ! "w %all be giv5 out at o!r portions ( ! pa? ( ! /roke40 ,he advocates /range views z to ! space protect$ by a lightn+ conductor1 :i*1 if true1 w\ld t5d to %[ t !re is no safety 9 lightn+ conductors at all1 = accord+ to him1 ! safe area rule may be upset 9 practice by all sorts ( accid5tal circum/ances4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 n grasp$ ! mean+ ( ! rule4 ,he advocates ! use ( iron z ! be/ metal to use1 specify+ a weight ( #b lbs4 p] foot4 ,he ?9ks wire ropes are m easily appli$ ?an rods1 ribbons1 or tubes1 & pref]s a rope #ab 94 diam4 ( six /r&s ( sev5 ,no4 #aa ,b4,w4,g4 wire1 ea* r\nd a hemp core--co/+ ab\t #e;d4 p] foot4 ,conductors %\ld be specifi$ 9 t]ms ( electrical units1 viz43 #c ohms p] #ajjj y>ds1 & be cont9u\s4 ,e unavoidable jo9t %\ld be sold]$4 ,he has f\nd 9 practice _m bad jo9ts1 especially 9 copp] conductors4 ,at ,tipn] "o gave #aj1jjj ohms1 & "o 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight #gjj ohms4 ,ea* jo9t 0 app>5tly q s\nd4 ,he consid]s t l(ty conductors require no additional conductivity p] unit ( l5g?1 & t high lightn+ rods are only requir$ 9 exceptional situations4 ,sev]al po9ts are pref]able to a s+le po9t1 because ! 8ga!r+ p[]0 is increas$ !reby1 & ! *ance ( lightn+ /rik+ o!r ?+s 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! conductor is proportionately dim9i%$2 ! top ( ! rod is less likely to be fus$ :5 /ruck1 ! /roke be+ divid$ betwe5 ! v>i\s po9ts2 & also because ! bru% dis*>ge is !reby facilitat$4 ,he dwells ) mu* emphasis on ! importance ( ! e>? connection1 :i* he reg>ds z a jo9t1 & advocates great] surface ?an is usual at pres5t4 ,he illu/rates an excell5t deep e>? connection =m$ by a galvanis$ ca/-iron pipe1 #aj feet long & #a foot 9 diamet]1 sunk 9 a well bel[ ! wat] level 9 ! drye/ season4 ,he insi/s t bo? deep & %all[ surface e>?s are requir$4 ,la/ly he insi/s on p]iodical inspection1 & ! c>eful application ( electrical te/s4 ,9 an app5dix he describes 8 own te/+ arrangem5ts1 ) ! results ( ne>ly #ejj te/s made by him = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 f :i* he concludes 8t ) ! lightn+ conductors erect$ z !y are at pres5t by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 electrical te/+ is ( small value40 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ?is /rong condemnation he ass]ts t ! conductors n[ exi/+ on our magaz9es & =tifications h nev] yet fail$4 ,,specification 7,no4 #cibe4 ,septemb]1 #ahhj7 ( ,,samuel ,,vyle4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 7,ab/ract$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,! inv5tion may be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! inv5tor proposes t 9 lieu1 = in/ance1 ( ! c5tral /r& ( a sev5-/r& copp] wire rope1 !re %all be a c5tral wire insulat$ f ! o!rs1 & only connect$ to !m at ! junction ) ! upp] t]m9al1 :ile at ! bottom ?is insulat$ wire is l$ up f ! e>? to "s place :]e x is easy ( access4 ,secondly1 !re is a diff]5tial galvanomet]1 resi/ance coil1 & o!r app>atus1 :i* be+ connect$ ) ! conductor & ) ! insulat$ wire1 w enable ! efficacy ( ! conductor to be read (f at any "t4 ,,on ,,! ,,p>tial ,,protection ,,( ,,build+s4 7,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt] ,lewis1 ,f4,s4,a47 ,! foll[+ are sugge/ions :]eby ! ord9>y mat]ials us$ 9 build+ may1 to "s ext5t1 be utilis$ z protectors aga9/ lightn+3-- 7#a7 ,:5 ! ro(s & sides ( a build+ are cov]$ ) galvaniz$ %eet iron on a framework ( wood1 if ^! cov]+s h good e>? contacts1 ei!r by !mselves or ?r\gh ! ord9>y iron ra9-wat] pipe1 ! build+ may be consid]$ safe4 7#b7 ,cottages & small h\ses h usually iron eaves gutt]s1 slate or tile hips & ridges1 cem5t fla%+s1 & iron ra9-wat] pipes4 ,if ! jo9ts be s\nd1 & ! e>? at ! foot ( ! ra9-wat] pipes be moi/1 ! h\ses w1 to a consid]able ext5t1 be protect$ f ! level ( ! eaves gutt]s d[nw>ds4 ,b z !y w be q unprotect$ ab\t t level1 a wire rope or metal tape f ! top ( ! highe/ *imney to ! gutt]s1 :i* w v mu* dim9i% ! risk1 is desirable4 7#c7 ,9 l>g] build+s ! gutt]s1 ra9-wat] pipes1 hips1 ridges1 & fla%+s ( ! ro( are (t5 made ( lead4 ,if ! pipes h good e>? contacts1 & conductors be fix$ f ! *imneys or o!r projections to ! lead-"w1 ! build+s w be to "s ext5t protect$4 7#d7 ,:5 ! hips & ridges ( ro(s are ( slate1 t]ra cotta1 or o!r non-conduct+ mat]ials1 conductors along ! ridges1 connect$ ) ! ra9-wat] pipes1 & ) po9ts along ! ridge1 & to ! *imneys1 w be requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b all ! build+s above describ$ w\ld be expos$ to ! risk ( imp]fect jo9ts1 bad workman%ip1 c42 s t no /ructure c be consid]$ z secure unless x be protect$ by "o or m conductors ( approv$ size & metal1 & ) c>efully con/ruct$ connections & e>? contacts4 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,app5dices4 ,,note4--,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t no responsibility = ! /atem5ts or views indicat$ by ?is index or set =? 9 ! app5dices is assum$ ei!r by ! delegates collectively or by ! ,editor4 ,abel1 ,pr(41 on ,mr4 ,preece's ,pap]1 #ajb ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,report made to1 #ea et seq4 ,accid5t at ,a!lney1 ,b\rnem\?1 #bja at ,c>m>!n1 #bag at ,cat]ham1 #baj ,masulipatam1 #bjf ,trolley ,bottom1 ,h]ts1 #aif 9 ,belgium1 #abi 9 ,engl&1 #ch1 #abi 9 l[-ly+ p>ts ( ,france1 #abi 9 m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,france1 #abi to a ,fr5* frigate1 #bjj v>i\s1 #abf )9 small areas1 #bja ,action1 ,me*anical1 ( lightn+1 #he ,adams1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g41 ,ab/racts by1 #gf1 #hb ,addiscombe1 *imney ( h\se /ruck1 #ch 8tna10 ,%ip1 /ruck at ,corfu1 #hh ,aigrettes or bru%es ( po9ts1 #aci 7,see ,,po9ts ,,multiple74 ,air 9 electric field 9 /ate ( /ra91 #ace t]m9als 7,see ,,po9ts74 ,alatri1 ,ca!dral (1 #abf ,all51 ,r41 ,lett] f1 #ahc ,all ,sa9ts' ,*ur*1 ,nott+ham1 /ruck1 #cg ,alph&1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,alph+ton ,*ur*1 ne> ,exet]1 /ruck1 #cg ,am]ica1 gutt]s & wat] pipes us$1 #abe ,analysis ( ,manufactur]s' ,rem>ks1 c41 #ag ,&]son1 ,r41 on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 #abj on te/+1 #aaa1 #abg ,&r\t1 ,m41 8 assi/ance1 #bbe ,angle iron conductors1 advantages (1 #aaa ,angles1 ,%>p1 to be avoid$1 #aa1 #af1 #bh1 #ga1 #id1 #ii1 #agh useful = dis*>g+ electricity1 #aaa ,arago1 on b5ds 9 conductors1 #id e>? t]m9als1 #ie ,ar*itects1 ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti%1 ,report (1 #bg ,area protect$ 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,sectional1 #ae1 #ah1 #bb1 #di1 #aaj1 #aca1 #acb1 #aie1 #bbc insuffici5cy (1 #fc v>i$ ) l5g?1 #g1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #aca n v>i$ ) l5g?1 #d1 #af1 #bdc ,a/$1 ,col41 ,report ( ,accid5t1 #bjf ,atmosph]ic ,electricity1 #aab1 #aai by ,d4 ,brooks1 #aag by ,r4 ,phillips1 #ih orig9 (1 #aag ,atta*m5t %\ld always be ( same metal z conductor1 #ba to build+1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #bd1 #ca1 #ci1 #ha1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aae1 #abe1 #acj1 #aic ,attraction1 ,conductors d n attract lightn+1 #ga ,specific1 equal 9 all bodies1 #gc ,attractive po9ts1 #abg ,au/ria1 ,accid5ts 91 f ,lightn+1 #abf ,aylm]1 ,j41 8 assi/ance1 #bbh ,ayrton1 ,pr(41 ,ab/racts by1 #dc1 #hc1 #he1 #ij on ,cl]k ,maxwell's ,lightn+ ,conductors1 #acb on ,indian telegraphs1 #ajb ,bab9et1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fj1 #ff ,back/roke ( lightn+ dang]\s1 #he ,bak]1 ,a4 ,j41 8 ,report1 #cd ,ball1 ,holl[1 ) small po9ts 7,see ,,po9ts ,,multiple7 #ac1 #bc is a po9t :5 comp>$ to a cl\d1 #gc lightn+1 7,see ,,lightn+ ,,ball47 ,ballu1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,b& 7,see ,,tape & ,,plait74 ,b>ns full ( new hay likely to be /ruck1 #abe ,b>que 8,s\!rn ,que50 /ruck1 #bje ,b> ( iron1 bad jo9ts 91 #aaf ,melt$ by lightn+1 #fa ,rectangul> flat1 #gd ,small1 become heat$1 #aaf ,base ( conductor %\ld bifurcate1 #fe1 #bdc ,batt]ies1 ,casemat$1 #gj ,bayonne1 ,p[d] magaz9e at1 #hg 8,beagle10 ,h4,m4,s41 /ruck by lightn+1 #aie ,beams1 h[ connect$1 #aj ,becqu]el1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fj1 #ff on dis*>ge ( lightn+1 #aca on conduct+ p[] ( metals1 #abd ,belgr&1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,bell1 ,hornsby ,co4's exp]i5ce1 #aic ,bells 9 *ur* /eeple1 #he ,bell wire acts z a conductor1 #ci1 #aie ,b5ds1 ,%>p1 to be avoid$ 7,see ,,angles74 ,b]ehav5 ligh?\se /ruck by lightn+1 #bjh ,bisby1 ,mr41 ( ,le$s1 8 conductor1 #ge ,bi%op's ,rock ,ligh?\se1 #aij ,blitzableit]1 ,von ,g4 ,k>/51 #aad ,blunt conductor 7,see ,,ball & ,,po9ts74 ,boat1 ,packet1 /ruck 7,see ,,%ips7 #fa ,bolts1 ,iron1 attract$ lightn+1 #dj to be connect$ ) conductor1 #aa ,books on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 ,catalogue (1 #adc ,boo?am ,b>1 ,york1 #bai ,borrel1 ,m41 8 views1 #bbf ,boy on pony1 pony kill$1 boy escap$1 #dh ,bran*es1 ,connect+1 #ahc ,br&on1 ,d41 8 ,report1 #cd ,brass n a reliable metal1 #fb1 #abd1 #bbg wire rope us$ 9 ,bav>ia1 #abd ,break 9 conductor n fatal1 #ec to be avoid$1 #fc ,brescia p[d] magaz9e bl[n up1 #gf ,briti% ,association ,report1 #ahfj1 #df ,brixton ,*ur* /ruck1 #hd ,broek1 ,r4 ,van d]1 ,ab/racts by1 #aad1 #aai1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada ,brook1 ,conductor to be c>ri$ to x1 #ad ,brooks1 ,d4 #ajc1 #aha ,br\gh1 ,mr41 on ,lightn+ ,rods1 #ai1 #di1 #aha ,bruntcliffe1 ,york%ire1 ,gunp[d] /ore de/roy$1 #gd1 #baf ,brussels1 ,t[n ,hall at1 ,lightn+ protector at1 #ach ,brydone1 ,mr41 ,report ( an accid5t1 #he ,bu*anan1 ,g41 on gas works *imney1 #hi ,bucknill1 ,capt41 on ! protection ( build+s1 #bdc ,build+1 conta9+ masses ( metal1 #fa cont9ually "u attacks1 #abc injur$1 ?\gh protect$1 #bg1 #abh ,long1 to h sev]al conductors1 #be1 #bjb ,metallic1 safe1 #gb protect$ by cage ( wires1 #acb /ruck f1 #aehi to1 #ahgi1 #abf ,burges1 ,mr41 #aij ,cable conductors 7,see ,,rope74 ,cagni>d de ,lat\r1 ,m41 8 ,report on ,po9ts1 #fj1 #ff ,calcutta1 ,report on conductors at1 #aag ,callaud1 ,a41 8 ,treatise1 #ajc 8 grapnel 9 basket ( coke1 #aca ,canton1 ,mr41 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,london1 #hj ,capacity ( conductors1 #abg ,caps1 ,ca/-iron1 to *imneys1 #ajc ,c>bon 9 well1 #ahj ,c>m>!n1 ,accid5t at1 #bag ,cas+ ( lead or wood = iron e>? t]m9als1 #abe ,catalogue ( works ^u lightn+ conductors1 #adc ,cat]ham1 accid5t at1 #baj ,ca!dral ( ,alatri1 #abf ,cav5di%1 ,hon4 ,h41 8 ,report1 #gf1 #gi ,cem5t$ wat] tank1 iron conductor 9 x1 #acj ,*a9 conductors melt$1 #fa1 #fb ?\gh brok51 /ill useful1 #ed objectionable1 #i1 #fa1 #fb1 #hh1 #abc ,e>ly use (1 z conductors1 #abb ,old iron1 = e>? t]m9als1 #gd1 #bjd ,*apel1 ,rycr(t1 /ruck1 #de1 #df ,*apman1 ,g54 ,sir ,f4 ,e41 8 ,report1 #gb ,*>coal = e>? t]m9als1 #ab1 #af1 #eh1 #abe1 #abf ,*>les1 ,m41 8 ,report on ,in/ructions = erect+ conductors1 #eg ,*eapness ( galvaniz$ iron1 #acb ,*imney1 ,accid5ts to1 soon aft] erection1 #aid ,granite1 9 ,plym\? ,docky>d1 /ruck1 #gc ,metal ,caps to be jo9$ to ,conductors1 #abe ,new1 conta9 mu* moi/ure1 #aid n /ruck t _h conductors1 #aic ( ,ed9burgh ,gas-works1 #hi ov]1 #ij feet h conductors1 #aic rod to be on1 #ajj rope on1 liable to corrosion1 #abe ,%afts1 copp] b& r\nd top (1 #i ,/acks are ,conductors1 #g /ruck1 #bg1 #bh1 #dj1 #de1 #aic1 #aid /ruck because ( heat$ air1 #aac /ruck be=e completion1 #id /ruck t _h no conductors1 #ch1 #aic v r>ely /ruck at ,glasg[1 #aic ) soot dang]\s conductors1 #ajf ,z9c1 /ruck1 #cg ,*ur*1 ,brixton1 /ruck1 #hd ,*>les1 at ,plym\?1 #hf ,*ri/1 ,c>m>!n1 #bag ,ros5b]g1 9 ,c>9?ia1 de/roy$1 #agcj1 #abc ,/4 ,bride1 ,fleet ,/reet1 damag$1 #abf ,/e4 ,croix1 ,ixelles1 /ruck by lightn+1 #adj ,/4 ,george1 ,leice/]1 damage to #abf1 #bdj ,/4 ,giles1 ,cripplegate's truck1 #aif ,/4 ,m>y1 ,g5oa1 #abf ,s\?ampton1 damage to1 #abf ,/eeple at ,bodm91 de/ruction (1 #bjb /ruck1 #bi1 #cg1 #ajf1 #abf1 #acg1 #aii /ruck ne> ,islewor?1 #aii t[]1 ) p9nacles1 #aj1 #bi1 #acg t[]s /ruck 9 pa/1 #djj ye>s1 #bjb ) lightn+ conductor1 #abh )\t lightn+ rods damag$1 #abf ,c9d]s ) grat+ 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,circuit to be te/$ by galvanomet]1 #acj1 #bdd ,ci/]n dang]\s = base ( conductor1 #fd ,claire-,deville1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,clamps1 ,iron1 act$ z conductors1 #dc ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,e41 ,accid5t at ,boo?am ,b>1 ,york1 #bai ,latim]1 ,ab/racts by1 #ajc1 #ajf ,clay1 ,conductor to be tak5 bel[ surface (1 #ad ,clev$on ,*ur* /ruck1 #abf ,clifton1 ,e4 ,n41 8 ,report1 #da ,clips1 ,gun-metal1 #bd ,cl\ds are n p]fect conductors1 #aja ,clu/] ( po9ts 7,see ,,po9ts ,,multiple74 ,coke1 brok51 bett] ?an *>coal1 #aaf prev5ts action ( sulphur1 #abj r\nd conductors1 #i1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abf1 #aca c5t]7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,cole ,bro!rs1 #aib ,colli]y ,*imney ne> ,sund]l& /ruck1 #aic ,work+s1 ,lightn+ 91 #bcg ,colson1 ,j41 8 ,report1 #bh1 #cd ,commission on damage by lightn+1 #abg ,comp>ative resi/ance to fusion1 #ada rupture1 #ada ,conduct+ p[] dep5ds on am\nt ( copp] 9 conductor1 #bjj ( metals1 #gd1 #abd1 #aca1 #aci ( wires1 #agg ,conduction1 is x a "q ( surface or ( mass8 #ae1 #ah1 #di1 #acb ,conductive capacity defici5t 9 trees1 #abg ,conductor at ends ( build+s has radius ( protection less5$1 #acd ,con/ruction (1 #fc1 #ajg1 #agh1 #agi ,co/ (1 = ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 #bcad1 #abb damag$ by holdfa/s1 #aae1 #aic de/roy$ at gr\nd l9e1 #aca p>tly de/roy$1 yet useful1 #fb det]iorate1 #abg dim5sions ( 7,see ,,size ,,(74 d n attract lightn+1 #hh ,conductor1 e1 %\ld be complete 9 itself1 #bb ,exam9ation (1 #i1 #gb1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #abd1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #agi1 #bdd ,expansion (1 #aa1 #gj1 #abe1 #abh1 #bbf ,fir/1 #aba 9 ,engl&1 #he1 #aba 9 ,europe1 #abb1 #abi = ligh?\ses1 #aie1 #aii = iron %ips1 #abb1 #bjj = wood5 %ips1 ,sn[ ,h>ris's1 #aie1 #aii = /eeples1 ) horizontal b&s1 #abe h[ to be connect$ ) metal portions ( build+s1 #fe1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh imp]fect1 ,effect (1 #ba1 #bji 9 contact ) metal 9 *imney1 #aaa influ5c$ by new wat] & gas ma9s1 #abg influ5c$ by trees1 #abg is x to be a rope1 rod1 tube1 or b&81 #ah1 #acb1 #aie jo9ts 9 7,see ,,jo9ts74 laid 9 und]gr\nd wat]1 #abh l$ into cem5t$ wat] tank1 #acj wat] butt1 #ajg ,ma91 #ahc mu/ protect ridge1 gable ends1 & eaves1 #aab n to be insulat$ 7,see ,,insulation74 n to rise less ?an1 #ae;ft4 above *imney1 #abb n[ same z ,frankl9's1 #abd numb] necess>y1 h[ det]m9$1 #ea ( copp]1 #ajg1 #acj & z9c wire1 #bje tape1 #bjf rope1 #aif1 #bjc ! be/1 #abe ( holl[ tube1 #abb1 #aif ( ,hotel de ,ville1 ,brussels1 #abf ( iron1 #ee1 #ajg1 #abe1 #aca1 #aci1 #adj ( l>ge surface bett] ?an rod1 #aac ( l9ks ( copp]1 #bjb ( num]\s ?9 wires1 #aci ( solid bolt1 #aif ( z9c wire melt$1 #ajg ,conductor on build+s1 to be l9k$ toge!r1 #bjd on *ur*es at ,torquay defective1 #acj on ridge ( ro(1 #abe outside1 #fj1 #abf ,po9ts ( 7,see ,,po9ts47 prop]ly made1 & prop]ly fix$1 insures safety1 #ab protects conical space 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 rea*$ wat] )\t e>? plate1 #abh ,ridge1 #fh1 #agg %\ld ext5d above build+1 #ajf1 #bjb %\ld x pres5t a l>ge surface section8 7,see ,,area ,,sectional74 size (1 #aj1 #ab1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #hf1 #aai1 #abe1 #abf1 #abi1 #aca1 #aib1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bdc spirally coil$ up1 #abh /ruck by lightn+1 #abh suppos$ p]fect1 prov$ defective1 #aca !ory & action (1 #ajf to be close to wall ( build+1 #aa1 #ae1 #hf to be cont9u\s1 #agi to be fix$ by iron /aples1 #abe to be1 #d in*es f walls & ro(s1 #aah to be inside1 #abf1 #bbe to be on side mo/ expos$ to wea!r1 #fj to be ( metal ( high conductivity1 #aca to be symmetrically arrang$1 #aje to e>? by %orte/ r\te1 #abf to gas & wat] ma9s 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 to ,middlesboro' ,hospital1 #bjd to re/ 9 hooks1 #agi to ,/4 ,alphege ,*ur*1 ,gre5wi*1 #bjf to ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,blackhea?1 #bje ,cone ( plat9um 7,see ,,plat9um74 ,conic ,t]m9als 7,see ,,po9ts74 ,conf]5ce ,circul>s by ! ,lightn+ ,rod1 #c1 #age ,conic ,space1 protect$ 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,connection 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als1 & also ,,jo9ts74 ( metallic masses1 #i1 #aj1 #gf1 #gg1 #ahf n necess>y1 #abf ,contact betwe5 iron & copp] to be avoid$1 #aaa ,cont9uity betwe5 po9t & e>? contact1 #abi ,contraction to be provid$ =1 #gj1 #abe1 #abh ,copp] & iron =m be/ conductors1 #aai & iron sold]$1 #ajg & z9c wire bad = conductors1 #bje ,au/ralian1 #abd bett] ?an silv]1 #aci conduct+ p[] (1 #ai1 #abd1 #aca1 #aci conductors1 #ah1 #gj1 #hf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj conductor too small1 #abf e>? plate 9 dry s&1 #abh is x alone to be us$81 #ah less liable to oxidise1 #aca n to be 9 contact ) galvaniz$ iron1 #ajb nuts1 #aib or iron conductors1 #gj1 #aib plates1 b5t1 #abe plate end+ = conductors1 #abh plates to provide = expansion1 #abe po9ts 7,see ,,po9ts74 pref]r$ to iron1 #aca purity (1 #ai1 #abd r>ely us$1 #abe tape recomm5d$1 #bjf rod conductor1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bjb rod1 94 diam4 has nev] be5 fus$1 #abe rod on ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 #ahd rope conductor c>elessly fix$1 #aif rope conductor insulat$1 #aid rope to be us$1 #abe1aca ( ?ick wires ,russian1 #abd ,spani%1 #abd tub+1 #gd1 #abb wire fus$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 #aie wires1 det]ioration (1 #aad wire rope appli$ to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 #aca wire rope1 dim5sions (1 #h1 #bbc ,corn /acks fir$ by lightn+1 #ahg ,coronal to be plac$ on *imneys1 #acb ,corrosion ( jo9ts ( rod1 #abf ,cotton ,mill1 ,explosion at1 #bci ,c\lomb1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #ea1 #ec ,c\pl+s1 =m ( 7,see ,,jo9ts74 ,c\tt's ,brew]y1 a rod at1 #hi ,cramps1 iron1 /ones held by1 #bi ,cross1 ,metal1 #ec1 #he1 #bbg ,croxton ,p>k1 trees /ruck1 #dh ,cruick%ank1 ,a41 8 ,report1 #dd ,crut*es on ro( to c>ry rod1 #eb1 #bbg ,curr5t1 :at x is1 #ajj ,cutt+ & ,co41 _! conductor c\pl+1 #baf ,cyl9d] 9 wat] 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,cyl9drical rod or wire rope ! be/1 #acd ,d',alib>d1 ,m41 8 exp]im5ts at ,m>ly1 #hj ,damage to build+ by alt]ation ( position ( safe1 #abg ,d',amico1 ,sig41 #agi ,damp air1 a conductor1 #dh ,dampness ( new *imneys cause ( be+ /ruck1 #aid ,dang] ( explosion f use ( gas pipes1 #bja ,davi\d1 ,m41 8 report1 #fg ,davis1 ,h4 ,d41 sugge/ion ab\t gas pipes1 #bja ,jno4 ,son1 _! answ]1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag ,davy on conduct+ p[] ( metals1 #abd ,dea?s f lightn+1 #ajj1 #abf ,de la ,place1 ,m41 8 ,report to ,fr5* ,academy1 #ea ,de la ,rive says blunt po9ts or balls equally effective1 #ajf ,de la ,rue's 7,dr4 ,w>r57 exp]im5ts1 #acc1 #ace ,delaval1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #gf ,delieul1 ,messrs41 po9ts made by1 #ff ,de ,lor1 ,m41 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,p>is1 #hj ,d5m>k1 lightn+ conductors 91 #agf ,desa9s1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,de ,saussure's neighb\rs fright5$ at 8 conductors1 #abb ,de ,s5>mont1 ,m41 8 ,report on po9ts1 #ff ,designs = protect+ private h\ses1 #abe ,despretz1 ,m41 8 ,report on po9ts1 #ff ,de/ruction ( conductors by use ( iron wall eyes1 #aca ,dim5sions ( conductors 7,see ,,conductors1 ,,sizes ,,(74 ,dim5sions ( upp] t]m9als1 #ag1 #ah ,dis*>ge div]t$ f conductor by an an*or1 #abh f ?und] cl\d ov] plane surface w\ld be v]tical1 #abg ( electricity by trees less5s en]gy ( lightn+1 #abg ( electricity ( high pot5tial obeys laws ( ,ohm1 #acd ( lightn+--,e>? contact1 #aca passes ?r\gh conductor1 ,f>aday1 #acb ,dis*>g+ =k to be atta*$ to l[] end ( conductor1 #aa1 #bca ,doh]ty1 ,j41 on explosion at ,swan ,cotton ,mill1 #bci ,doors1 copp]1 to magaz9es1 #gd iron1 to p[d] /ore1 #gf lightn+ pass$ out (1 #bg1 #dh ,dra91 conductor to be l$ into1 #ad ,duc1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fg ,dugmore1 ,mr41 8 evid5ce1 #aih ,duhamel1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #fj1 #ff ,dulong1 ,m41 8 jo9t in/ructions1 #ei ,dum ,dum1 accid5t at1 #aha ,du ,moncel1 ,comte1 #fg1 #bbf ,dung5ess ,ligh?\se1 #ahc1 #ahf ,duprez1 ,m41 8 /ati/ics ( build+s & %ips /ruck1 #ia on height ( po9ts1 #if ,dymond1 ,e4 ,e41 ,ab/racts by1 #ea1 #ajh ,e>?1 8bad01 #aaj1 #aag1 #abf1 #abg1 #bji1 #baj1 #bah moi/1 bett] ?an a well = end ( conductor1 #gd plate1 pipe1 or tube1 #i1 #bd1 #ajj1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #abj1 #abh1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahf1 #bca plates at ,torquay c>ri$ out to sea1 #acj unnecess>y1 #af ,t]m9als1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba1 #ef1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abf1 #aca1 #adj1 #ahj at base ( ra9 wat] pipe1 #acb bad1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abf1 #abg1 #bji1 #baj1 #bah ,borrell's1 #bbf ,callaud's1 #ajd1 #abe1 #aca de/roy$ 9 moi/ e>?1 #aaf ,discussion on1 #aca ,duplicate1 #fe important1 #aa1 #ga1 #abf1 #aca1 #bdc ,e>? ,t]m9als ( conductors 9 iron box1 #abf1 #bca ( conductors1 ,/o!rd1 ,lt4-,col41 #acj 9 wells1 #ae1 #ef1 #fj1 #gd1 #gg1 #ajj1 #aah1 #abf1 #aci1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bca1 #bdc iron %\ld be galvanis$1 #abj l5g? (1 #aa multiple1 #aci1 #bdc ,oxidation (1 #abe1 #aca ,rules =1 #fd1 #gb1 #acb to be accessible1 #fh to be c>ri$ away f build+1 #ajg to be connect$1 #abj to be deep & wet1 #ajg to be good1 #abf1 #acj to be 9 moi/ gr\nd1 #ba1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #gd1 #aac1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca to be te/$1 #aaa1 #aca ) *>coal c9d]s or coke1 #i1 #ab1 #af1 #bc1 #bd1 #eh1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #abj1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca ) coil ( conductor1 #i ) gal5a1 c41 #eh ) gas pipes 7,see ,,gas74 ) iron =ks or h>r[s1 #aa1 #aca ) old iron1 #gd1 #bjd ) wat]1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg1 #fh1 #abf1 #acj1 #adj pipes1 #i1 #bf1 #df1 #ee1 #ef1 #fh1 #aah1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #acb1 #bca1 #bce1 #bdc ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aia ,effects ( climate on copp] & z9c wire ropes1 #bje ,electric curr5t *eck$1 #aic dis*>ge takes pa? ) be/ conduction1 #abg fire n div]t$ f its pa? by rod1 #abe ,electricity a t]ribly explosive p[]1 #gb ,atmosph]ic1 #ih1 #aab1 #aag1 #aai ,electricity1 frictional & atmosph]ic ! same1 #hb1 #aab c>ri$ (f by wat] pipe1 #abf = telegraphic purposes foll[s ,ohm's laws1 #acc is =ce1 n matt]1 #ajj ( e>? negative--atmosph]e positive1 #aab ,/atic1 laws (1 #acb w leave small conductors = l>ge ones1 #bjd ,electrodes1 #aaj ,elevat$ rods pref]able to l[ conductors1 #gi ,end ( conductor1 l[]1 to be coil$ up1 #i ,en]gy ( lightn+ less5$ by trees1 #abg ,engl&1 accid5ts f lightn+1 #abf ,escurial1 no conductor on1 #ajj ,exam9ation ( ,conductors 7,see ,,conductors1 ,,exam9ation ,,(74 ,expansion ( conductor to be all[$ =1 #aa1 #gj1 #abe1 #abh1 #bbf1 #bbi ,exp]im5t on wire across ,?ames1 #aba on plait ( copp] & z9c wire at ,blackhea?1 #bje ) a v ?9 /rip ( t9foil1 #aii ) glass rods1 #aba ,explosion ( a gas met]1 #bci ,explosions1 electrical1 _! cause1 #ha ,ext5t ( surface does n fav\r lightn+ dis*>ges1 #acd ,eyes = fa/5+ conductors1 #ii1 #aae 7,see ,,atta*m5t74 ,f>aday on conductors1 #hc1 #hd1 #hi1 #ajb1 #acb1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aie1 #aif1 #aii4 ,field1 ,rog]s1 ,c4,e41 on accid5t at ,cat]ham1 #baj on v5tilat+ pipes1 #baf ,fire ( inflammable mat]ials1 #abg ,fir/ conductor erect$ 9 ,engl&1 #he1 #aba ,fir/ conductor fix$ 9 ,europe at ,hamburg1 #abb1 #abi ,fix+ conductors to %ips1 #hg ,fizeau1 ,m41 8 report on p[d] magaz9es1 #ff1 #fg ,flag/aff %\ld h a conductor1 #gj /ruck1 #dd1 #ahg1 #aif ,fla%+1 ,lead1 h[ to connect wire rope )1 #aj1 #aa1 #cd ,fla%1 lightn+1 effects (1 #hd ,fl[ ( electricity ?r\gh conductors1 #acc ,flues copp]1 #ahc1 #ahe lightn+ pass$ d[n1 #ch1 #ci w>m1 & an iron grate1 a dang]\s conductor1 #aja ,=e/ ,hill1 *imney ( h\se /ruck1 #ch ,=ms ( upp] t]m9als 7,see ,,po9t74 ,=mula = det]m9+ area protect$ 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,fo/]1 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,c>ey1 on ,p]sonal safety1 #bcc ,f\nta9s1 ,public1 conductor lead away f1 #ef ,frankl91 ,dr41 & wet rat1 #he discov]$ po9t$ metal be/ conductor1 #aba erect$ lightn+ rod to 8 h\se1 #aba exp]im5ts1 #gi1 #hd repeat$ by ,buffon ,dalib>1 #aae fir/ conductor 0 melt$1 #aaf 8 report to ,fr5* ,academy1 #ea on cold fusion1 #ajb on connection ( lightn+ rod1 #ed report on ,purfleet1 #gf1 #abf r\nd rod be/1 #aad success 9 pu%+ use ( conductors1 #aba tri$ 8 kite successfully1 #aba ,freeman ,colli]1 _! answ]1 #aj1 #ag ,fr5* in/ructions1 #ea on area protect$1 #bb ,fresnel1 ,m41 8 in/ructions1 #ei ,fro/1 ,a4 ,j41 ,ab/racts by1 #ii1 #aah ,fusion1 metals :i* resi/1 only to be us$1 #aci ( defective conductor1 #bae ( rod1 ,:eat/one on1 #hc ,gable ne> conductor /ruck by lightn+1 #bh ,gal5a1 & melt$ sulphur1 ,b$ ( = end ( conductor1 #eh ,galvanic action betwe5 iron & copp]1 #aaa1 #acj ( wet & smoke on conductors1 #bje ,galvanis$ conductor pa9t$1 #aci iron1 #ai1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 #aja1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #acb1 #aci n to be 9 contact ) copp]1 #ajb ,galvanis$ iron be/ mat]ial = e>? contact1 #acj ,galvanomet] = te/+ e>? curr5ts1 #aca ,gas & wat] ma9s1 #aac utilisation (1 #i1 #bh1 #cg1 #ci1 #dd1 #gb1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aad1 #aag1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #ach1 #bja1 #bca1 #bce ,gas coke = e>? t]m9al1 #bc1 #bd ,gases f *imney injure conductors1 #aaa ,gas ignit$1 #bai met] explod$1 #bci ,gasomet] /ruck1 #dc ,gas-pipes1 ,s(t metal1 n to be us$ z conductors1 #ajh ,gav>ret's1 ,m41 exp]im5ts1 #aci ,gavey1 ,j41 on accid5t at ,c>m>!n1 #bag ,gay ,lussac's iron conductor recomm5d$1 #ajd ,g]man 8reception rod0 ( iron1 #abe ,g5eva ca!dral1 #ajc ,g5oa1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 #abf ,gilb]t1 ,dr4 7#afjj7 magnetic & galvanic action "o =ce1 #abj ,gilt po9t 7,see ,,po9t ,,gild$47 ,gir>d1 ,m41 8 in/ructions1 #ei ,gird]s1 h[ connect$1 #aj ,glass1 f\ndation ( h\se insulat$1 #aah insulators 7,see ,,insulators47 repell]1 #hc1 #ahe1 #ahf ,globul> ,lightn+ 7,see ,,lightn+1 ,,ball74 ,goldie's1 ,mr41 exp]i5ce1 #aic ,gov]nm5ts1 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 size ( rod sanction$ by1 #ab ,grapnels & grat+s = e>? plates1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca ,gray1 ,j4 ,w4 & ,son1 _! answ]1 #g-i1 #ag 8,gridiron10 ,t]m9i ( ribs po9t$1 #bc1 #bd ,groome's1 ,j4 ,e41 evid5ce1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,gr\nd connection 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 conta9+ iron/one1 #dh ,guillem9's1 ,m41 op9ion1 #acb ,gunp[d] /ores1 conductor1 h[ to be fix$1 #hb ,gutt]s1 ,metallic1 #dj1 #da1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #fj1 #abe1 #bac mu/ be connect$ ) conductor1 #fj utilization (1 #dg1 #abe1 #bdd ,guyton1 ,m41 8 practice ) *>coal1 #eh ,haigh ,son's ,colli]y1 #gd1 #baf ,h>ris1 ,sir ,william ,sn[1 ,cr[n advis]1 #h combat$ ! idea t rods attract$ lightn+1 #abb conductors to %ips & build+s1 #hc1 #abb1 #acj1 #aif 9 conflict ) ,f>aday1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjj on ,sectional ,area1 #aaj on copp] conductors1 #bjb on exp5se ( conductors1 #di on fusion1 #hf on holl[ or solid conductors1 #gd on relative conductivity ( metals1 #ga on %ipwrecks by lightn+1 #ij on ?und]/orms1 #he ,pr9ciples adopt$ by1 #gj1 #aja reg>d+ insulators1 #ae report on safety ( conductors1 #gb1 #aaj says dis*>ges pass ov] surface1 #acb sugge/ions issu$ 9 army circul>s1 #abb ,hauksbee1 ,f41 ,f4,r4,s41 simil>ity ( electric fla% & lightn+1 #aba ,hawksley1 ,t41 8 report1 #cg ,hay a bad conductor1 #abg ,hay newly ga!r$1 inflammable1 #abg ,heat$ smoke f *imney1 a conductor1 #acb ,heck+ham poorh\se /ruck1 #hg ,height ( rods1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #aci1 #agg ,hemisph]es ( brass1 exp]im5ts )1 #aje ,h5ly1 ,w41 8 report1 #gh1 #gi ,h5ry1 ,pr(4 ,joseph1 on con/ruction ( lightn+ rods1 #ii1 #aha ,h]r+'s1 ,mr41 evid5ce1 #aif ,h]yet1 ,*as4 ,j41 8 op9ion1 #bjf ,higg9bo?am's1 ,mr41 evid5ce1 #aid ,high build+s a s\rce ( safety to l[] ones ne>1 #ab ,highton1 ,e41 on lightn+ conductors1 #bci ,hill1 ,a41 8 ,report1 #cg ,h9e1 ,g4 ,j41 8 ,report1 #cg ,h9e1 ,t4 ,c41 & ,sons1 ,ar*itects1 gr\nd plan ( ,nott+ham ,ca/le1 #bf ,holborn ,union ,infirm>y1 ,upp] ,holl[ay1 /ruck1 #ci ,holdfa/1 brass1 #af copp]1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #bd1 #ci driv5 9 too tight1 #af1 #aic 7,see ,,atta*m5t47 ,hole 9 %ip's side1 made by lightn+1 #fb ,honeyman's1 ,j41 evid5ce1 #aid ,hook & r+s us$ z jo9ts1 #id ,hoop iron 9 brickwork ( *imneys /ruck1 #df ,hoops r\nd *imney1 #hi ,hopk9s1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,h41 8 ,report1 #cj ,horizontal conductor1 #ga conductors = /eeples1 #abe ,horsley1 ,bi%op1 8 ,report1 #gi ,hotel des ,invalides1 ,p>is1 conductor on1 #hf ,hotel de ,ville1 ,brussels1 conductors (1 #abf ,h\se at ,be?nal ,gre5 cut 9 two by lightn+1 #da at ,b\rnem\? )1 #g conductors1 #aii at ,cannes 7,france7 /ruck1 #aih ne> trees /ruck1 #abg ( ,p>liam5t protect$ by ,h>ris's conductors1 #abb ) two sep>ate conductors1 #abh ,hugu5y1 ,m4 ,f41 on 8,le c\p de f\dre de l'ile du ,rh901 #ii ,ignition dep5ds on ret>dation ( dis*>ge1 #abg ,infirm>y1 h[ to be protect$1 #aj ,+5h\sz's1 ,dr41 exp]im5ts1 #abb ,+ram1 ,mr41 ( ,belvoir ,ca/le1 on trees /ruck1 #dg ,inspection ( conductors1 #i1 #gb1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #abd1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #agi1 #bdd ,in/ructions1 #fc1 #ii1 #agf1 #aha1 #bdj ,briti% ,army ,circul>1 #gj ,fr5* ,(ficial1 #ei = =mation ( good e>?1 #fd1 #gb1 #acb ,in/rum5t hut at ,val5cia1 h[ protect$1 #aje ,insulation1 %ock decreas$ by1 #aah ,insulators1 #cd1 #cg1 #gf1 #ii1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aid approv$1 #ac1 #aah object$ to1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #bd1 #fh1 #fi1 #gc1 #hf1 #hi1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aah1 #abf1 #aci1 #ahf1 #bbf ,iron a bett] conductor ?an =m]ly1 #ai & copp] =m be/ conductors1 #aai z a conductor1 n object$ to if galvanis$1 #ai b>1 #aca1 #bbf melt$1 #fa b>s on ridge = metallic connection1 #abe bett] ?an copp]1 #aib1 #bdc box = e>? contact ( conductors1 #abf ,iron build+s cov]$ ) asphalte1 #gj built %ip1 metal-rigg$1 if protect$1 #abb1 #bjj cables1 galvaniz$1 sometimes us$1 #abe conductors1 #ah1 #fi1 #gd1 #aaf1 #abe bad1 #i1 #ci1 #aib good1 #ha1 #bdc co/ (1 #ai1 #gj1 #abd1 #acb %\ld weigh1 #ac to1 #cg oz4 p] foot1 #aai galvaniz$ = conductor1 #gd1 #aaf1 #acb1 #aci has great] specific heat ?an copp]1 #acb its high temp]ature at fusion1 #acb 9 coke und]goes no *ange1 #aaf ,jo9ts 9 defective1 #aaf n to be us$ = rods1 #abc po9ts1 #hh1 #ach pumps rea*+ to wat] act z attractive po9ts1 #abg ra9 wat] pipes1 good conductors1 #ajb1 #aac 8reception rod0 us$ 9 ,g]many1 #abe rods on all sides be/ protection1 #abd safe 9 alt]$ position caus$ damage to build+1 #abg /aples & wall eyes1 #abe1 #acj t]m9al rods1 #abd1 #abe und]gr\nd1 de/ruction ( prev5t$1 #abe wires surr\nd+ copp] wire1 #bjj ,isolators 7,see ,,insulators74 ,italy1 ,lightn+ rods us$ !re1 #agi ,j>riant1 ,m41 8 books ab/ract$1 #aaa1 #aae 8 manufactory1 #bbg ,j5k91 ,pr(essor1 says po9t prev5ts dis*>ge1 #ajf ,j]man1 ,j41 8 report1 #cg ,johnson1 ,clapham ,morris1 _! answ]1#ac ,john/on1 ,w4 ,p41 #aha ,jo9ts1 avoid$ 9 wire cables1 #acb ,cutt+ ,co41 #baf damag$1 #fi1 #aaj1 #abf h[ avoid$ 9 upp] t]m9als1 #bc h[ made1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #bj1 #bd1 #eb1 #ee1 #ei1 #fc1 #gj1 #ga1 #ajc1 #agi1 #aib1 #bdc mu/ be p]fect1 #eh1 #aca ( b>s always defective1 #aaf ( extra ?ickness1 #gd ( ra9 wat] pipes1 #acb ,jo9ts %\ld be metallically cont9u\s1 #bj sold]$1 #i1 #bd1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #ajb1 #abc1 #abe1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #bdc to be avoid$1 #aj1 #aa1 #af1 #bj1 #fc ,j\rnal ( ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,may1 #ab1 #ahge1 #acj 8,jupit]0 %ip /ruck1 #fb1 #ie ,k>/51 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,g41 lightn+ conductors1 by1 #aai ,kew1 exp]im5ts at1 on atmosph]ic electricity1 #aab ,kilb\rne1 ,lieut41 #aha ,kir*(f1 ,pr(41 on connection ) gas ma9s1 #bce ,kite1 ,silk1 ,frankl9's exp]im5ts )1 #hj ,korte's1 ,messrs41 ,pap]1 #aje ,laco9e1 ,m41 on area protect$1 #acd ,lane1 ,t41 8 ,report1 #gi ,lant]n on ligh?\se1 #ahd1 #ahf ,la ,place1 ,m41 8 ,reports1 #ec1 #eg ,lat]al dis*>ge1 #gc1 #hc1 #hd1 #he ,la?am1 ,baldw91 on conductors1 #bjb ,law1 ,e4 ,j41 8 ,report1 #cg ,laws ( ,/atic electricity1 #acb ,lead a bad conductor1 #abc at jo9ts1 #id1 #abe cas+ = upp] t]m9als1 #aca floors1 #ahh1 #ahi lik$ because ( fitt+ %>p curves1 #abc pipe = e>? connection1 #gg ro(s & sp\ts1 #ea1 #hb1 #ajb ?9 %eet (1 cov]+ ends ( wire1 v dang]\s1 #bj ,leaves ( trees draw (f electricity1 #hd ,lefevre-,g9eau1 ,m41 8 in/ructions1 #ei ,le ,g5til1 ,m41 8 obs]vations1 #hd ,l5g? & sectional areas1 proportion betwe51 #ad ( conductor above top holdfa/ de/roy$1 #aic ( conductor det]m9es am\nt ( resi/ance1 #aca ,l5z1 ,m41 on conduct+ p[] ( metals1 #abd ,l]oy1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #ea1 #ec ,lewis1 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt]1 ,ab/racts by1 #gj1 #gi1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajj1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aag1 #abj1 #agi 8 jo9t ,report1 #bh1 #cg ,leyd5 dis*>ges & lightn+ fla%es1 #hd ,j>1 #aba ,li*t5b]g ( ,gott+51 8 op9ion1 #abi ,liddell1 ,j41 on lightn+ conductors1 #bjb ,ligh?\ses & expos$ build+s protect$ did n suff]1 #ajf ,ligh?\se at ,b]ehav5 /ruck by lightn+1 #bjh damag$ by lightn+1 #aif lightn+ rods on1 #ahc1 #aij ,lightn+ an imm5se electric sp>k1 #abc ,ball1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #bje1 #bdb ,bifurcat$1 #de conductor 7,see ,,conductor74 diffus$1 #ajh does x pass inside or outside conductor81 #ae1 #ah1 #di1 #acb ,fla%1 #ajh foll[s l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 #ajh ,=ce (1 exemplifi$1 #de ,globul> 7,see supra ,,ball74 go+ to e>? )\t conductor1 #abh id5tical ) electricity1 #hb inc&esc5t matt]1 #ajj 9 colli]y work+s1 #bcg leaves conductor & ent]s *imney1 #bjc pass$ d[n ma9ma/ & ?r\gh %ip1 #aie pass$ to iron supports1 #abh pass+ out ( a %ip by a copp] bolt1 #bje ,p]sonal safety f1 #bcc protectors 7,see ,,conductors74 ran along a bell wire1 #aie ?at*$ ro( ( h\se1 #abh ,rod ,conf]5ce1 _! ,circul>1 #bh ,rods 7,see ,,conductors74 ,%eet1 #ajh ! cause (1 #ha v>i\s =ms (1 #ajh ,lime1 to prev5t oxidation ( cyl9d]1 #adj ,l9e1 conductor %\ld run r\nd build+1 #acd ,l9k$ sy/em ( conductors introduc$ by ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris1 #bjd ,l9ks ( *a9s1 #agi ,ll&aff ,ca!dral1 conductor on1 #ajb ,l(ty build+s require l>g] rods 7,see ,,area1 ,,sectional74 ,long conductors above build+s1 _! effect1 #gg ,long's1 ,f41 acc\nt ( injury to ,wells ,*ur*1 #aie ,l\vre1 ,new ,build+s ( !1 ,special ,report =1 #fd slightly injur$ by lightn+1 #abc ,l[ /raggl+ build+s %\ld h sev]al conductors1 #ae ,lucas1 ,mr41 8 ,report1 #fg ,lussac1 ,gay1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #eg1 #ei ,mc,donald's1 ,mr41 exp]i5ce1 #aic ,mc,gregor1 ,w41 protection f ,lightn+1 #ajf ,magaz9e1 copp] doors & w9d[s to1 #gd1 #baf ( metal1 ! safe/1 #gc und]gr\nd1 #gj well at ea* end (1 #abf 7,see also ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es74 ,magne1 ,mr41 8 ,report1 #fg ,mahon1 ,"l1 8 ,report1 #gi ,mairie1 (1 #bj? ,arrondissem5t /ruck1 #fi ,maj5die1 ,major ,v4 ,d41 8 ,report1 #gd1 #baf ,malcolm1 ,major1 ,r4 ,e41 discussion on lightn+ conductors1 #aca ,mann1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,j41 ,lecture at ,society ( ,arts1 #ajh discussion on e>? connections1 #aca discussion on lightn+ conductors1 #aca ,man might t\* conductor 9 ?und] /orm1 #abf ,m>seilles1 ,p[d] ,magaz9e at1 h[ to be protect$1 #ea1 #eb ,mass+ham1 ,t41 evid5ce & lett]1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #aic ,masses1 metallic mu/ be connect$ ) conductor1 #fj1 #id1 #ajd1 #abf1 #acb1 #bdj ,mass or surface1 :i* conducts81 #ac1 #ae1 #ah1 #di1 #gd1 #acb1 #bbg ,ma/s ( l>ge vessels1 ea* to h a conductor1 #f ,masulipatam1 accid5t ne>1 #bjf ,mat]ials1 inflammable1 n ignit$1 #abg ,maxwell1 ,hugh1 on k9d ( trees /ruck1 #dg ,maxwell's1 ,cl]k1 ,!ory1 #aji1 #abf1 #acb1 #acc ,me*anical action ( lightn+1 #he ,meiszn]'s improvem5t1 #acj ,mels5s says dis*>ge passes ov] surface1 #acb ,sy/em ( protection z appli$ to monum5t at ,lack51 #bcj v>i\s works by1 #abd1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada ,m5-(-w>1 old conductors 91 #bjb ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 damag$1 #abf ,metallic cap may assi/ protection ( h\se1 #acb circuit1 #abf connection mu/ be p]fect1 #acj connections on ridge by iron b>s1 #abe jo9ts1 #hi ,metals1 contact ( dissimil>1 results 9 decay1 #ai1 #ba ,metal c[l ( *imney /ruck1 #aih = po9ts mu/ be good conductor1 #aci immat]ial if sectional area be l>ge1 #aca 9 build+s1 contiguity ) to be avoid$1 #e inside or out1 to be connect$ ) conductor1 #abe1 #abf melt$1 dim5sions (1 #fa1 #hc1 #bbc1 #bca ( high conductivity = conductors1 #aca /ays & fa/5+s1 #ahd1 #ahe ,mi*el1 ,m41 ,pap]s by1 #fg1 #fh1 #aaa1 #aca on galvanis$ wire rope1 #aca ,milne1 ,d41 8 ,report1 #dd ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,enquiry by1 #bcg ,mohn's1 ,h41 ,lynild5s ,f>ligh$ ,i ,norge1 #ajf ,moi/ e>? de/roys t]m9al1 #aaf = l[] t]m9al1 ess5tial1 #ba1 #eb1 #ef1 #eh1 #abe1 #abf c5t]7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,moi/ure1 ,access (1 to surfaces 9 contact1 #ga ,moncel1 ,comte du1 8 ,report1 #fg 8 op9ions1 #bbf ,monte ,video1 ,engli% ,consul's h\se /ruck1 #aie ,montgolfi]1 ,m41 8 ,report1 #eg ,monum5t1 ,london1 its immunity f injury by lightn+1 #ajc ,morea1 ,signor ,l]igi1 #ahj ,mll]'s1 ,pr(41 conditions = lightn+ conductors1 #abi ,mll]'s1 ,dr4 ,hugo1 exp]im5ts1 #ace ,municipal build+s 9 ,p>is1 lightn+ rods =1 #fg1 #bbe ,munson1 ,d41 ,co41 _! rods1 #baf ,murgatroyd1 ,j41 8 report1 #ci ,murray1 ,j41 on ,atmosph]ic ,electricity1 #hb ,musgrave1 ,dr41 8 report1 #gi ,my]s1 ,g541 #aha ,nails1 copp]1 us$ 9 atta*+ conductor to build+1 #ad c5t]7,see also ,,atta*m5t74 ,nairne1 ,e41 8 report1 #gi ,na% lights1 #ahc1 #ahg ,national ,in/itute 7( ,france7 report made to1 #ec ,nelson column1 #ij ,newton1 ,sir ,i41 ma*9e ( glass1 #abj 8,new ,york10 packet boat1 /ruck1 #fa1 #fb ,nickson1 ,mr41 8 report1 #gh ,nott+ham1 ,ca/le1 h[ protect$1 #bc1 #bd ,nuts1 copp]1 #aib c5t]7,see ,,jo9ts74 ,numb] ( p]sons kill$ by "o dis*>ge1 #abi ,objects on pla9s attract lightn+1 #abg ,od\r1 sulphur\s1 ( lightn+1 #he ,(ficial in/ructions3 ,d5m>k1 #agf ,engl&1 #gj-gd ,france1 #ea-fi ,india1 #aha ,italy1 #agi ,norway1 #ajf1 #agf ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aha ,ohm1 8 laws1 #ah1 #acc on conduct+ p[] ( metals1 #abd ,oldham1 ,explosion at1 #bci ,oliv]1 ,t41 8 report1 #ci ,oxidation1 h[ to be avoid$1 #hc ( copp] less ?an t ( iron1 #aca ( cyl9d]1 #adj e>? t]m9als1 #aca surface ( conductor unimportant1 #gc t]m9als leads to failures ( conductors1 #aca ,pa9t$ conductor1 #fi1 #id1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aag galvaniz$ conductor1 #aci ,pa9t object$ to1 #fg1 #bbg ,palais de l',indu/rie1 ,p>is1 its con/ruction1 #fa ,p>atonn]res1 ,trait des1 #ajc ,a ,coll9 et ,fils1 ,p>is1 #aag ,n\veau p> ,j>riant1 #aaa p> ,j>riant1 #aae ,p>tial protection1 #aid1 #bdd ,passage ( electricity ( t5sion 9 bad conductors1 #ada ,patt]son1 ,mr41 ( ,philadelphia1 on good contact1 #eh ,payne%ill1 site ( fir/ conductor1 #he ,pe>son1 ,j4 ,l41 8 report1 #ci ,pegwell ,bay1 tide rec$$1 #dh ,p5nycook ,co41 _! answ]1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag ,p]fect lightn+ conductor1 #aca1 #ahf ,p]=at$ iron pipe z e>? t]m9al1 #aad ,p]rott's1 ,m41 exp]im5ts1 #aci rem>ks on e>? contacts1 #adj ,p]ry1 ,pr(41 on conductors1 #acb ,p]sonal safety f ,lightn+1 #bcc ,p]sons kill$ by lightn+ 9 ,france1 #abi ,p]spiration f flock ( %eep1 a conductor1 #dh ,phillips1 ,r41 on atmosph]ical electricity1 #ih ,ph91 ,john1 on lightn+ rods1 #ajb1 #aha ,phipson1 ,r4,m41 acc\nt ( de/ruction ( ,wells ,*ur*1 #aid ,pidgeon1 ,mr41 discussion on e>? connections1 #aca ,pi]ron1 ,m41 8 proposal1 #eb ,p9nacles on *ur* t[]s1 #aj1 #bi1 #acg ,pipes1 gas1 7,see ,,gas1 ,,wat]1 & ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 h>d metal1 z conductors1 #ajh iron1 easily made into protectors1 #ajb ( t]ra cotta1 #ahj ra9-wat]1 #cd1 #gd z e>? t]m9al1 #aad ,plait ( copp] wire1 #e1 #i1 #bje1 #baj1 #bae ,planta1 ,mr41 8 report1 #gi ,plate1 ,e>? 7,see ,,e>? ,,plate74 ,plat9um po9ts1 #cg1 #aae1 #adj1 #bbg approv$ (1 #ae1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #fc1 #ff1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #abj object$ to1 #fg1 #gc1 #ajc1 #abc1 #aci only half ! conduct+ p[] ( copp]1 #gc blunt$1 #fi fus$1 #abh1 #bca ,plym\?1 ,*>les ,*ur* at1 #hf ,po9t ,aigrettes 7,see infra ,,multiple74 attracts electricity1 #hb blunt$1 #ec1 #fi breaks ! =ce ( lightn+1 #gc coronal 7,see infra ,,multiple74 dim5sions (1 #ag1 #ah1 #abj1 #acj1 #agh ,duhamel ^u1 #ff ,engrav+s ( "s mod]n ones1 #bcj facilitate dis*>ge1 #aca ,po9t g5]ally1 #i1 #ag1 #ah1 #gf1 #gi1 #ha1 #hf1 #ib1 #abb1 #abe1 #aca1 #aci gild$1 #i1 #ee1 #ei1 #ga1 #abj1 #ach ne$less1 #gc1 #ajc1 #aac height (1 #eb1 #ach h[ to be fix$1 #ad1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #eh1 #acj 9 situ1 exam9ation ( necess>y1 #ah melt$1 #ec1 #hg1 #ib1 #aib1 #aie1 #bca multiple1 #cd1 #bca recomm5d$1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #abe1 #acb1 #aci1 #bdc object$ to1 #ah1 #ga n to be fusible1 #ic1 #abj ( attraction1 #abg copp]1 #aj1 #ac1 #bc1 #ff1 #fg1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aag1 #abj1 #abc1 #acb1 #aci iron1 #hh1 #ach brass1 #ac p9nacles to be unit$ to ma9 conductors1 #aah plat9um 7,see ,,plat9um74 silv]1 #g1 #abj1 #acj1 #aci ?ree k9ds1 #ach vane1 #ahf c5t]7,see ,,vanes74 or blunt conductors1 #gg1 #gi1 #ajf r5d] lat]al dis*>ges less probable1 #aca ,report ^u1 #fj1 #ff %>p1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #ach1 #aci n too1 #ib1 #abc1 #abi1 #bdb exp]im5ts )1 #ea1 #hj %\ld be kept clean1 #acj1 #acb ( good conduct+ metal1 #aci %\ld x be pa9t$8 7,see ,,pa9t$74 space protect$ by 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 squ>e tap]+1 #bc us$ 9 ,g]many1 fire gild$ copp] cone or sph]e1 #aje1 #aaa1 #acj useful1 #ajb1 #abb useless1 #gg1 #ajc1 #aac v]tical1 horizontal1 or p]p5dicul>1 #eh ,poisson1 ,m41 8 jo9t in/ructions1 #ei ,pol>ity ( %ip's compass rev]s$ by lightn+1 #aba ,poles1 ,telegraphic1 h[ protect$1 #aja ,p\illet1 ,m41 8 jo9t ,report1 #fj1 #ff on ,conduct+ ,p[]s ( ,metals1 #abd ,dis*>ge ( ,lightn+1 #aca ,p[d] magaz9es1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #ha1 #hg1 #aji1 #aah1 #abc1 #abf1 #acj1 #agg1 #agh1 #baf ,preece's1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 ,ab/ract ( ,replies ( ,manufactur]s1 #bb ,discussion on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 #aca ,discussion on ,e>? ,connection1 #aca ,ab/racts by1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aag1 #acj1 #acb1 #bda1 #bdc on ,conductors1 #ajj ,ball ,lightn+1 #aja1 #ajb ,pap] ,discussion on1 #ajb ,prop] ,=m ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 #acb ,space protect$1 #ace ,prie/ly1 ,dr41 8 ,report1 #gi ,pr+le1 ,sir ,john1 8 ,report1 #gi advocat$ use ( po9ts1 #abb ,protector 7,see ,,conductor74 ,protection1 ,area (1 #f1 #i1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #eg1 #fj1 #fd1 #fg1 #ga1 #gc1 #hb1 #hg1 #if1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aag1 #abc1 #abe1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ahj1 #aib1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bdc ( build+s f lightn+1 #aie build+s f lightn+1 ,r4 ,s4 ,br\gh1 #acb iron f decay by galvaniz+1 #acb telegraph wires by lightn+ conductor1 #acj p>tial1 #aid1 #bdd ,prussia1 accid5ts f lightn+1 #abf ,purfleet1 ,bo>d ,h\se /ruck1 #gf1 #gh1 #hh1 #abb1 #abf ,purity ( copp] ess5tial1 #abd ,quadrangul> iron b> = conductor 7,see ,,iron1 ,,b> ,,(74 ,que/ions respect+ damage by lightn+1 #bh1 #bi ,radius ( ,protection 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,rail+s to be jo9$ to conductor1 #abe ,railway ,t]m9us at ,antw]p /ruck1 #acg track makes capital e>?1 #aag ,ra9-wat] pipe z conductor1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #acb1 #bac ,rat1 ,wet1 inde/ructible by electricity1 #he ,ravel1 ,m4 de ,puy ,contal1 8 proposal1 #eb 8,reception rod0 ( iron us$ 9 ,g]many1 #abe ,regnault1 ,m41 8 reports1 #ff ,regni]'s sy/em ( lightn+ rods1 #ed1 #eg ,regulations = lightn+ conductors 9 ,d5m>k1 #agf ,repell]s1 ,glass1 #ahf ,resi/ance ( conductor v>ies ) its l5g? 7,see ,,area1 ,,sectional74 ,ret>d+ influ5ce ( electro/atic capacity1 #acc ,return %ock me*anical 9 effect1 #abi ,ribbons & tubes /ill 9 use1 #acc or rods (f] less resi/ance ?an ropes1 #bjd c5t]7,see also ,,tape47 ,ri*>d ,co41 _! tall *imney /ruck1 #dd ,ri*mann1 ,pr(41 kill$1 #agec1 :il/ exp]im5t+1 #aba ,ridges1 metallic conductor cov]+1 #fh1 #agg ,ritt5h\se1 ,dr41 ( ,philadelphia1 8 obs]vations1 #ec ,rivets1 copp]1 us$ = jo9ts1 #bd ,rob9s1 ,e4 ,c41 8 report1 #ci ,rob]tson1 ,j41 8 report1 #gf ,ro*on1 ,m41 8 report1 #ea1 #eg ,rods bett] ?an ropes or *a9s1 #if1 #bjd solid copp]1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #gc1 #hi1 #aag1 #abc1 #ahd1 #aie copp] n fusible1 #abe copp]1 _! size1 #gj1 #ahj ,e>? t]m9als ( 7:i* see74 elevation1 h[ c\pl$1 #bd horizontal1 on ro(1 #eb1 #aah h[ to be fa/5$ to build+s1 7,see ,,atta*m5t74 iron1 conductor1 #aj1 #df1 #dg1 #gg1 #ii1 #aag1 #agg t>r$ or galvaniz$1 #ajd ! size (1 #eb1 #eh1 #gj1 #gd1 #acj ,jo9ts 9 7,see ,,jo9ts74 ,lightn+1 & h[ to con/ruct !m1 #ajb ,munson's1 #baf mu/ be ?or\ghly jo9$1 #eb n to be inside *imney1 #aaa ( greate/ l5g? gives mo/ protection1 #acg ( spirally twi/$ iron1 #aib ,po9ts ( 7,see ,,po9ts74 %\ld be pa9t$ 7,see ,,pa9t$74 ,rods1 size ( 7,see ,,conductor1 ,size (74 ,tie1 mu/ be connect$ ) conductor1 #fj to be diamet] ( *imney above top1 #aaa to be made ( conical =m1 #abi w n div]t electric fire f its pa?1 #abe ,rome1 sy/em ( rods us$ !re1 #agi ,ro(1 all metals 91 to be connect$1 #fj1 #gb cov]$ ) metal1 #cg1 #fi1 #agg lead1 easily made into protector1 #ajb ( wood or slate has conductor on ridge1 #abe ) masses ( metal1 difficult to protect1 #g ,rope bett] ?an rod1 #e1 #aj1 #fj1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aca1 #bdc brass wire1 #fj1 #abd conductor1 h[ to fit to %ip's rigg+1 #f l[] end ( to be op5$1 #aa1 #ae copp] & z9c wire decay$1 #bje copp] bett] ?an iron = t[ns1 #ai copp]1 its advantages & disadvantages1 #h1 #ef1 #fc1 #aca1 #acd copp] wire1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #cd1 #cg1 #ci1 #fj1 #ge1 #ajc1 #abe1 #aca1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg dim5sions (1 #h1 #i1 #bbc has bo? surface & mass1 #af too exp5sive1 #eh easily b5t )\t angles1 #ai jo9$1 div]t$1 or l5g!n$1 #ai hemp1 = conductors1 #ef ,iron wire1 #ai1 #eh1 #fh1 #abe1 #bbg1 #bdc sma%$1 #hf liable to corrosion on factory *imneys1 #abe ( ?ick copp] wire1 #bbf1 #bbi or cable1 fr+$ out at upp] t]m9al1 #ad metallic1 disadvantages (1 #fb1 #fc1 #ie1 #bjd = connect+ po9ts ) metal b>s1 #ee ) hemp /r& 9 middle1 #aaf1 #bbg ,wire1 conductor1 badly erect$1 #ci damag$1 #aic ,ro%]ville ,*ur* /ruck ?\gh provid$ ) a conductor1 #cd ,r\nd$ & po9t$ conductors1 #gi c5t]7,see ,,po9t47 ,r\te to e>? = conductor1 #abf ,royal ,society1 ,committee (1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi ,rules = erect+ ,conductors c5t]7,see ,,in/ructions74 ,russell1 ,f4 ,co41 _! answ]s1 #i1 #ag ,ru/ increases electrical resi/ance1 #gj1 #ajg ,sacr's1 ,m4 ,e41 sy/em1 #adj ,safety f ,lightn+1 ,p]sonal1 #bcc ,/4 ,ann's ,hotel1 ,buxton1 /ruck1 #cd ,/4 ,aubyn1 ,j4 ,p41 #bi ,/4 ,clotilde ,*ur*1 ,p>is1 /ruck1 #fi ,/4 ,eloi ,*ur*1 ,p>is1 /ruck1 #fi ,/4 ,george's1 ,leice/]1 #abf1 #bdj ,/4 ,james' ,*ur*1 ,we/-,end1 ,hants1 /ruck1 #cd ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,crumpsall1 ne> ,man*e/]1 /ruck1 #ci ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 #ajc ,/4 ,mat?ias's ,*ur*1 ,brixton1 /ruck1 #ci ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,/am=d1 /ruck1 #dc ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,accid5t to1 #gh fitt$ ) copp] wire rope1 #aca its immunity f injury by lightn+1 #ajc ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,brighton1 p9nacle /ruck1 #dh ,/4 ,sepul*re's ,*ur*1 ,nor?ampton1 /ruck1 #cg ,/4 ,sulpice ,*ur*1 ,p>is1 /ruck1 #fi ,s&]son ,co41 _! answ]s1 #bc1 #bd 8,sci5tific ,am]ican10 #aah ,scre51 metallic1 a protection1 #he ,sec*i1 ,p41 #ahj ,sectional ,area 7,see ,,area1 ,,sectional74 ,%>p ,po9ts 7,see ,,po9ts74 ,%eets1 ,iron1 /ruck1 #ec ,%eet lightn+ is ! reflection ( =k$1 #aja1 #bdb ,%ips /ruck1 #ec1 #fa1 #fb1 #hh1 #ie1 #aie1 #bje conductors1 #f1 #ij1 #aba1 #abb1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjj ,%ort t]m9al po9ts to *imneys1 #abe ,siem5s1 ,a41 ab/ract by1 #abg ,silv] ,po9ts 7,see ,,po9ts ,,( ,,silv]74 ,simmons1 ,j41 8 ,essay1 #ha ,size ( conductor 7,see ,,conductor1 ,,size ,,(74 ,small conductor replac$ by heavi] "o1 #aid ,smoke dis*>g$ f *imney a conductor1 #acb ,smoke (t5 de/roys brass1 #abd ,snell1 ,h4 ,s41 8 report1 #ci ,soil1 *ange 9 nature (1 its effect1 #ga dry1 a non-conductor1 #gj metallic ve9s b5ea?1 #fa wat] b5ea? w attract lightn+1 #fa ,sold]$ jo9ts 7,see ,,jo9ts74 ,sold]1 objectionable1 #af ! use (1 imp]ative1 #bj n univ]sal1 #bj ) copp]1 #ajc ,solid rods sup]s$$ by ropes ( wire 7,see ,,ropes71 #aca ,s\? ,=el& ,ligh?\se1 #ahe1 #ahf ,spagnoletti1 ,mr41 discussion on lightn+ conductors1 #aca ,spang1 ,h4 ,w41 ,treatise on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 #aab1 #aha ,sp>ks f ,holtz's ma*9e1 #ada ,ruhmkorff's coil1 #ada ,space protect$ 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,specific attraction1 equal 9 all bodies1 #gc heat ( iron great] ?an copp]1 #acb ,sph]e1 ,metal1 on top ( conductors1 #aaa ,spike ( iron 7,see ,,po9t74 ,spiral twi/$ iron rods1 #aib ,spires1 ,*ur*1 conductor =1 h[ fix$1 #bc ,spire1 ,*ur*1 conductors = )\t jo9ts1 #bd ,spires1 connection f bottom ( vane rod1 #ad ,sp\t1 ,iron1 ent]$ by lightn+1 #dc ,sp\t split at jo9ts1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #di ,spratt's pat5t conductors1 #bje1 #baj1 #bae ,spurn ,po9t ,high ,light1 #ahd ,squ>e build+ to h t]m9al at ea* end1 #abe wire1 #ac1 #baf ,/aples = atta*+ conductor 7,see ,,atta*m5t74 ,/atic dis*>ges f conductors1 #acc electricity1 laws (1 #acb ,/ays1 ,metal1 #ahd1ahe ,/eeple ( ,jacobi ,*ur*1 at ,hamburg1 #abi ,/eeples to h horizontal conductors1 #aac1 #abe ,/eeple ) lightn+ rod injur$1 #abd1 #abe ,/e9heil's lightn+ protector1 #acj ,/]rik]1 ,john1 8 report1 #de1 #df ,/raps & nails 7,see ,,atta*m5t74 ,/rasb\rg1 accid5t at1 #ii ,/raw conductors = c\ntry use1 #ajd ,/rata1 wat] be>+1 connection to be made ) 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9al74 ,/ream ( fire 9 rigg+ ( %ip1 #ed ,/rik+ di/ance1 #fej to1 #fejj feet1 #ajh ,/roke1 lightn+1 #i or1 #aj miles1 #ajh ,sullivan1 ,adml4 #ahc1 #aie1 #aii ,sulphur ,pa/e made ( gal5a & melt$1 = end ( conductor1 #eh ,sulphur\s fumes de/ructive to t]m9als1 #aca od\r ( lightn+1 #he ,sun burn] to l(ty build+1 #bja ,sup]ficial conductors1 advantages (1 #hf ,supports ( protector sold]$ ) z9c1 #adj ,suppos$ p]fect conductor1 #aca ,surface expos$ to air consid]able1 #aci or mass1 :i* conducts81 #ac1 #ae1 #ah1 #di1 #gd1 #hi1 #acb ,swan ,cotton ,mill1 #bci ,sw$51 accid5ts f lightn+1 #abf ,symons1 ,g4 ,j41 #dc1 #df1 #ahc ab/racts by1 #gd1 #hi1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace ,tac*9i1 ,pr(41 #agi1 #ahj ,tait1 ,pr(41 on ?und]/orms1 #bda ,tanks1 #ae1 #ga1 #id1 #ajg1 #acj ,tape1 jo9ts1 if any1 %\ld be rivett$ & sold]$1 #g copp] bett] ?an rope1 #h1 #bjd objections to1 #e1 #f1 #af let into ma/s1 #ib l[] end to h a dis*>g+ =k1 #aa ,ph91 ^u1 #ajc to be cut 9 /rips = e>? t]m9al1 #ae1 #bc copp]1 ! sizes & l5g?s made1 #g1 #aj1 #ad1 #bc1 #gj1 #acc *eap] ?an rope1 #h1 #i ,t>r$ cas+ ( wood to enclose iron1 #abe metallic rope1 #fj ,taunton ,*ur*1 l>ge copp] rope conductor1 #h ,teale1 ,f4 ,g41 ( ,calcutta1 #aha ,telegraph in/rum5ts injur$1 #ajj poles1 h[ protect$1 #aja wires affect$ und]gr\nd1 #aja ,temp]ature1 v>iations (1 affect+ l5g? ( conductor1 #fh1 #abe1 #bbf ,t]kels51 ,c41 ab/ract by1 #ajf ,t]m9al area protect$ by 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,t]m9als 7,see ,,po9ts74 ,t]m9al1 e>? 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9al74 ,t]m9al = e1 #bj ft4 ( ro(1 #abe h[ fa/5$ to ro(1 #eb if num]\s1 %\ld h proportionately ?ick] conductor 7,see ,,area1 ,,sectional74 long upp]1 #fh1 #gg1 #bbe1 #bbi j> ro( by vibration by w9d1 #aaf1 #abg n always po9t$1 #ib1 #abe pa9t$ or t9n$1 #ee rods1 #ag1 #ee1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb1 #abd to bran* out at top c5t]7,see ,,po9ts74 ,upp]1 h[ atta*$ to conductor1 #fj fus$1 #aic %\ld be cas$ 9 lead to protect f sulphur\s fumes1 #aca to be a r\nd rod1 #abe to be iron or copp]1 #hb too small1 #fb :at x is1 #ei :at made (1 #ac ,t]ra ,cotta wat] pipes1 #ahj ,te/+ app>atus1 #aaa1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bdc1 #bdd ( build+ z well z ( conductor1 #i ( conductors ) galvanomet]1 #i1 #aca to be p]iodical1 #acb1 #bdd ,!ory ( protection 7,see ,,protection1 ,,area ,,(74 ,?imbles1 glass1 #ahf ,?omson1 ,pr(4 ,sir ,w41 on conductors1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ajb1 #acc ,?und]/orms dang]\s :]e no woods are1 #aai 9 ,france1 #ahbb1 #abc nature (1 #he ,ties1 ,metallic 7,see ,,atta*m5t74 ,t9 & lead conductors tri$1 #abc ,t9foil1 exp]im5ts )1 #aii ,t9n$ metallic wire1 #ie ,tips 7,see ,,po9ts74 ,tomes1 ,j41 ,f4,r4,s11 accid5t to 8 h\se1 #baj ,top conductor 7,see ,,conductor ,,ridge74 ,torquay1 no good e>? !re1 #acj ,t[] ( *ur* /ruck1 #bi ( h\se /ruck1 #cg ,trees bad conductors1 #abg ,trees1 ,high1 _! protective action1 #he1 #abg1 #bdc injur$ :ile pass+ lightn+ to bett] conductor1 #abg on pla9s attract lightn+1 #abg /ruck1 #de1 #dg1 #di ,tr5*es1 ,connections 91 #gb fill$ ) c>bonace\s mat]ials1 #g1 #ab1 #ajj1 #abe 9 rocky or dry soil1 #gb 7,see also ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,tr\gh1 ,oak51 = l[] t]m9als to pass ?r\gh1 #ef ,tr9ity ,h\se1 #ahc ,tube conductor = ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 #aii ,copp]1 #g1 #aj1 #ad1 #gj1 #gd1 #acc hav+ copp] cable pass+ ?r\gh x1 #ac pat5t ins]tion jo9ts1 #g ,iron1 #hf1 #aag conductors1 :y objectionable1 #e ,turrets1 conductors =1 h[ fix$1 #bc1 #bd ,twy=d ,moors1 ne> ,w9*e/]1 #cd ,und]gr\nd connection 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9al74 ,unit$ ,/ates1 accid5ts f lightn+1 #abf ,univ]sity ,coll41 ,*imney /ruck1 #ch ,univ]sity ( ,padua protect$ by conductors1 #abb ,upp] t]m9al 7,see ,,t]m9al ,,upp] & ,,po9ts74 ,upwood ,gorse1 ,cat]ham1 accid5t at1 #baj ,vaillant1 ,le ,m>*al1 8 ,report1 #ff ,vanes1 h[ connect$1 c41 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #bc1 #ci1 #dj1 #eb1 #ec1 #ajd1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bjb ,v>ley1 ,c41 quot$1 #aja ,v5etians decre$ to use lightn+ rods 9 ,republic1 #abb ,v5tilat+ pipes1 #baf ,vitre\s tubes 7,fulgurites7 =m$ by electricity1 #aab ,vyle's1 ,s41 rod te/+ app>atus1 #bdd ,walk]1 ,c4 ,v41 on conductors1 #hd on ,leyd5 dis*>ges1 #hd ,j41 #ahg ,mat!w1 ,8 knot1 #af ,wall eyes ( iron1 #acj c5t]7,see also ,,atta*m5t74 ,w&swor?1 *imney ( h\se /ruck1 #ch ,w>d1 ,g4 ,g41 ( ,new ,york1 #aha ,wat] ma9s & und]gr\nd wat] g5]ally 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,wat] sp\ts to be connect$1 #aj1 #bbf ,watson's1 ,dr41 conductor at ,payne%ill1 #he = %ips1 #aba report1 #gf1 #gi ,wea!rcock 7,see ,,vanes74 ,web]1 ,dr4 ,l41 on lightn+ dis*>ges 9 ,s*leswig ,hol/e91 #abg1 #bca ,week1 ,/4 ,m>y1 ! ,*ur* (1 #bi1 #cj ,weight ( conductors 7,see ,,conductors1 ,,size ,,(74 ,wells 7,see ,,e>? ,,t]m9als74 ,wells ,*ur*1 ,norfolk1 de/ruction (1 by lightn+1 #aid ,we/ side ( h\se1 rod to be on1 #ajj ,:eat/one quot$1 on fusion ( rod1 #hc ,:i*cord1 ,j41 8 jo9t ,report1 #bh ,:ite1 ,w4 ,h41 ,secret>y ,r4,i4,b4,a41 circul> sign$ by him1 #bh ,wilk9s ,wea!rby1 _! answ]1 #d-f1 #ag ,wilson1 ,mr41 8 report & views1 #gf1 #gi ,wilson1 ,r41 on conductors on *imneys1 #aaj ,w9d1 action ( on conductors1 #aaf1 #abg ,w9dmill ) conductor /ruck1 #abh ,w9d[s1 copp]1 to magaz9es1 #gd ,w9kl]1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 7#agdf71 electricity cause ( ?und]/orm1 #abi ,wire cables 7,see ,,rope74 cage z protection )\t use ( e>?1 #acb melt$ into drops l %ot1 #aie ( z9c melt$1 #ajg ru/$ 9 e>? & 0 useless1 #ajg squ>e1 #ac1 #baf ,)]s1 ,j4 ,b4 ,m41 8 report1 #dj ,wood to be creosot$ to =m case = iron1 #abe coat$ ) res91 z a conductor1 #ed ,workh\se1 h[ to be protect$1 #aj ,wrexham ,*ur* /ruck1 #abf ,wrottesley1 ,col4 ,g41 ,r4,e41 8 report1 #dj ,wr\ght iron 7,see ,,iron74 ,wyatt ,papwor? ,*ur* /ruck1 #ci ,york1 accid5t at1 #bai ,z5g]'s1 ,pr(4 ,c41 ,symmetris*e ,blitzableit]1 #ajd ,z9c bett] conductor ?an iron1 #gd coat+1 #gb *imney ( h\se /ruck1 #cg cyl9d]1 wire to pass ?r\gh1 #hc /rips1 #aib wire melt$1 #ajg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #agj1 *ang$ 8,annals ( ,electricity4 #aj vols4 #hvo4 #ahcfc-d0 to 8,annals ( ,electricity4 #aj vols4 #hvo4 #ahcf04 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & also v>iations 9 spell+4 #c4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #e4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 #f4 ,enclos$ small font 9 curr5cy signs4 #g4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4 #h4 ,subscripts are d5ot$ by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4