,transcrib]'s ,notes   ,sid5otes 7 pr9t$
 9 italics1 b 9 ! ,pla9 ,text =mat ( ?is
 e,book1 !y are indicat$ by diamonds3   
text1 ei!r prec$+ _! p>agraphs or )9 !m4
 ,o!r italic text is indicat$ by        
und]scores4       ,,! ,,/ory ,,(        
,,pap]-,,mak+  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n 
,,pap]-,,mill       ,,! ,,/ory ,,(      
,,pap]-,,mak+    ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,(      
,,pap]-,,mak+   ,,f ,,its ,,e>lie/      
,,kn[n ,,record   ,,d[n ,,to ,,!        
,,pres5t ,,"t    ,,illu/rat$    ,j4 ,w4 
,,butl] ,,pap] ,,company   ,,*icago 33  
33  33  ,,mdcccci       ,,copyright$    
,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,butl] ,,pap] ,,company   
,,janu>y1 #aija         ,,! ,,abs5ce ,,(
 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,works ,,^u ,,?is    
,,int]e/+     ,,subject ,,prompts ,,!   
,,au?ors ,,to ,,pres5t ,a ,,treatise ,,f
 ,,!     ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,layman1 ,,& 
,,= ,,8 ,,use     ,,cont5ts     ,,*apt] 
,,page     ,i4 ,,articles ,,supplant$   
,,by ,,pap]                       #a    
,,ii4 ,,papyrus ,,& ,,p>*m5t            
#ab    ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,e>ly        

,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pap]                 #bj 
,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+ 
#di      ,v4 ,,mod]n ,,pap]-,,mak+      
#ee     ,,vi4 ,,wat]-,,m>ks ,,&         
,,v>ieties ,,( ,,pap]                #ie
    ,,vii4 ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,9
 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates      #abc          
,,preface   ,x is a r>e privilege to /& 
z we d at ! meet+-po9t ( ! c5turies1    
bidd+ a reluctant f>ewell to ! old1 :ile
 simultane\sly we cry 8,all hail60 to ! 
new2 fir/ look+ back ov] ! op5 book ( ! 
pa/1 !n /ra9+ eag] eyes = a glimpse ( ! 
my/]ies t ! future holds hidd51 & :i*   
are to be reveal$ only mom5t by mom5t1  
h\r by h\r1 & day by day4  ,! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 s prem95tly "o ( progress 9     
almo/ e l9e ( m5tal & mat]ial activity1 
has witness$ a m>vel\s gr[? 9 ! pap]    
indu/ry4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury t
 crude old me?ods1 ) _! meag] ma*9]y1   
began yield+ to ! pressure ( advanc$    
?\ght1 & ! developm5t s9ce has kept full
 pace ) ! fly+ ye>s4 ,! hundr$ ye>s t h 
writt5 ! mod]n hi/ory ( pap]-mak+ m>k   

also ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,j4 ,w4 ,,butl] 
,,pap] ,,company1 or its imm$iate       
pr$ecessors1 h be5 associat$ ) ! indu/ry
 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has !re=e seem$ to !  
pres5t repres5tatives ( ! company t !   
clos+ ye> ( ! c5tury 0 an especially    
fitt+ "t to put into /ory =m ! hi/ory ( 
! wond]ful & valuable product evolv$    
almo/ :olly f seem+ly useless mat]ials1 
& !y consid] x _! privilege1 z well z ! 
fulfillm5t ( a pleasant obligation1 to  
pres5t ?is acc\nt to _! fri5ds &        
associates 9 ! pap]1 pr9t+1 & auxili>y  
trades4 ,we     8,"k n :at ! future ha? 
,( m>vel & surprise10  b we feel        
confid5t t ! incom+ c5tury w br+ *anges 
& improvem5ts z wond]ful z any ! pa/ has
 wr\ght1 & we hope t x may be our good  
=tune to 9 "s measure be in/rum5tal 9   
promot+ :atev] t5ds to a great]         
developm5t ( ! indu/ry ) :i* our "n has 
be5 s long associat$4                   
,j4 ,w4 ,,butl] ,,pap] ,,company4       
,,*apt] ,i  ,,articles ,,e>ly ,,us$ ,,= 
,,purposes ,,n[ ,,suppli$ ,,by ,,pap]   

,full ( dignity1 significance1 & tru? is
 ! noble conception :i* f9ds expression 
9 ,t5nyson's v]se1 t we are ! heirs ( ! 
ages1 ! inh]itors ( all t has gone be=e 
u4  ,we are ! heirs ( ! ages  ,?r\gh    
c\ntless cycles ( "t m5 h be5 /ruggl+ & 
aspir+2 n[ 8m\nt+ up ) w+s1 z eagles10  
n[ ?r[n back to e>? by ! cru%+ weight ( 
defeat1 b always ris+ aga91 undaunt$ &  
det]m9$4 8,! fa!rs h wr\ght1 & we h     
ent]$ into ! rew>d ( _! labors40 ,we h  
pr(it$ by _! /riv+ & aspiration4 ,all ! 
wisdom ( ! pa/1 g>n]$ by pati5t toil &  
ef=t1 all ! weal? ( exp]i5ce ga9$ by    
g5]ations ( m5 ?r\gh alt]nat+ defeat &  
triumph1 belongs to u by "r (           
inh]itance4 ,x has be5 truly said1 8,we 
are :at ! pa/ has made u4 ,! results ( !
 pa/ are ourselves40  ,tradition        
untru/wor?y  ,b to :at ag5cy d we owe ! 
pres]vation ( our inh]itance8 ,:at      
cons]vator has kept our ri* e/ate f be+ 
scatt]$ to ! f\r w9ds ( heav58 ,= !     
weal? t is ours to-day we are indebt$ 9 
l>ge measure to man's in/9ctive desire1 

manife/$ 9 all ages1 to p]petuate 8 k & 
a*ievem5ts4 ,be=e ! ?\ght ( a p]man5t   
record _h begun to take %ape 9 m5's     
m9ds1 oral tradition1 pass+ f fa!r to   
son1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s\ght to 
keep alive ! memory ( great a*ievem5ts &
 valor\s de$s4 ,b tradition prov$ itself
 untru/wor?y4 ,reports 7 (t5 imp]fect1  
mislead+1 exagg]at$4 ,?r\gh dull e>s1 ! 
spok5 words 7 receiv$ into m9ds becl\d$ 
by ignorance1 & pass$ on into ! keep+ ( 
trea*]\s memories4 ,z ! races advanc$ 9 
le>n+ & civilization1 !y realiz$ t      
some?+ m p]man5t & accurate 0 necess>y2 
t )\t writt5 records ( "s sort !re c\ld 
be little1 if any1 progress1 s9ce ea*   
g5]ation mu/ beg9 practically :]e !     
prec$+ "o _h begun1 & pass ?r\gh ! same 
/ages ( ignorance & inexp]i5ce4         
,hi]oglyphic records  ,9 ?is /rait1 m5  
s\ght help f ,nature1 & f\nd 9 ! huge   
rocks & b[ld]s %ap$ by h] mighty =ces a 
means ( p]petuat+ notable ev5ts 9 !     
hi/ories ( nations & ! lives (          
individuals4 ,f ! sett+ up ( /ones to   

commemorate great de$s & solemn         
cov5ants1 x 0 b a /ep to ! hew+ (       
obelisks1 ^u :i* ! e>ly races c>v$ _!   
hi]oglyphs1 rude pictures ( birds & m51 
( bea/s & plants4 ,z e>ly z f\r ?\s&    
ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ^! sl5d] %afts ( /one 7
 re>$ aga9/ ! deep blue ( ! ,egyptian   
sky1 & = ages _! %ad[s pass$ ) ! sun ov]
 ! re/less1 %ift+ s&s ( ! des]t4 ,mo/ ( 
! anci5t obelisks h crumbl$ to du/ b5ea?
 ,"t's unsp>+ h&1 b a few fragm5t>y     
specim5s are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 :ile !     
,briti% ,museum is s =tunate z to be 9  
possession ( "o %aft ( black basalt t is
 9 p]fect condition4 ,a "p ( x is cov]$ 
) writ+1 a "p ) bas-reliefs4 ,9 ,egypt  
^! hi]oglyphs 7 employ$ almo/           
exclusively = religi\s writ+s--a purpose
 sugge/$ by ! d]ivation ( ! ^w itself1  
:i* comes f ! ,greek1 i]os1 a prie/1 &  
glypha1 a c>v+4  ,inscriptions on /one &
 clay  ,z ! obelisk _h tak5 ! place ( ! 
rude /ones & unwieldy b[ld]s :i* m>k$   
man's fir/ ef=t to solve an ev]-recurr+ 
problem1 s x 9 turn 0 sup]s$$4 ,!       

temples 7 sacr$ places1 & especially    
fitt$ to become ! repositories ( !      
records t 7 to pres]ve = com+ g5]ations 
! de$s ( k+s & prie/s4 ,accord+ly1 !    
pictur$ /ories ( great ev5ts 7 grav5 on 
/one panels 9 ! temple walls1 or on     
slabs or tablets ( ! same endur+        
mat]ial4 ,!n came a =w>d /ep to ! easi] 
& *eap] me?od ( writ+ on s(t clay4 ,!   
mon>*s1 n be+ oblig$ to take into       
consid]ation que/ions ( ease or economy1
 cont9u$ to make use ( ! /one tablets1 b
 private individuals usually employ$    
clay1 n only = lit]>y & sci5tific       
writ+s1 b 9 _! bus9ess transactions z   
well4 ,a c>eful bak+1 ei!r by artificial
 heat or 9 ! burn+ rays ( a tropic sun1 
r5d]$ ! clay tablets v endur+1 s t _m   
:i* h be5 dug f anci5t ru9s are n[ 9 a  
rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation1 be>+      
lett]s & figures z cle> z any ( !       
inscriptions on m>ble1 /one1 or metal t 
h come to u f ! spl5did days ( ,greece  
or ,rome4 ,! p ( ,assyria & ,*aldea     
record$ almo/ e transaction1 :e!r public

 or private 9 "*1 ^u tablets ( clay1 =m+
 ?us a fai?ful transcript ( _! daily    
lives & occupations1 :i* may be read    
to-day by ^? :o hold ! key2 ?us x is we 
bridge ! gulf ( c5turies4 ,f ! ru9s (   
anci5t ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 records (    
almo/ e sort h be5 une>!d1 all inscrib$ 
on inde/ructible t]ra-cotta4 ,!re are   
bank-notes & notes ( h&1 de$s ( prop]ty1
 public records1 /atem5ts ( private     
negotiations1 & memor&a ( a/ronomical   
obs]vations4 ,! life 9 :i* !y play$ a "p
 has pass$ into hi/ory2 ! once pr\d &   
mighty cities lie pro/rate1 & ^u _! ru9s
 o!r cities h ris51 only to fall z !y   
fell4 ,! t]ra-cotta to :i* !y committ$  
_! records is all t is left1 & ! tablets
 t 7 fa%ion$ & inscrib$ s long ago give 
to u ! be/ hi/ories ( ,*aldea1          
,babylonia1 & ,assyria4  ,assyrian1     
,babylonian & ,*aldean records  ,"o ( ! 
l>ge/ collections ( ^! clay-writ+s is n[
 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 0 tak5 f a great 
edifice 9 ,assyria1 :i* 0 probably !    
resid5ce ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,sev]al s]ies (   

n>ratives are compreh5d$ 9 ! collection2
 "o ref]r+ to ! language1 leg5ds1 &     
my?ology ( ! ,assyrians2 ano!r record+ !
 /ory ( creation1 9 :i* 8,wat]-deep0 is 
said to be ! creator ( all =ms ( life !n
 9 exi/5ce1 :ile a ?ird relates to !    
deluge & ! /ory ( ! ,assyrian ,moses4 ,b
 h[ev] int]e/+ ^! facts may be 9        
!mselves1 we ref] to !m only by way (   
illu/ration1 s9ce we are deal+ n s mu* )
 ! writ+ itself z ) ! mat]ial on :i*    
writ+ 0 done4  ,inscriptions on prisms  
,ano!r =m ( tablet1 a some:at s+ul>     
v>iation x may seem1 0 9 use among !    
,assyrians at a v e>ly date4 ,?is 0 a   
prism1 hav+ ei!r six or eight sides1 &  
made ( exce$+ly f9e t]ra-cotta4 ,su*    
prisms 7 frequ5tly deposit$ by !        
,assyrian k+s at ! corn]s ( temples1    
aft] hav+ be5 inscrib$ ) acc\nts ( !    
notable ev5ts 9 _! lives1 int]sp]s$ )   
num]\s invocations4 ,app>5tly ! cu/om 0 
simil> to t foll[$ at ! pres5t day1 & ! 
anci5t ,assyrian tablets no d\bt s]v$ ! 
same purpose z ! records1 newspap]s1 &  

docum5ts t are n[ deposit$ 9 !          
corn]-/ones ( public or o!r important   
build+s4 ,! prisms us$ z tablets v>i$ 9 
l5g? f a foot & a half to ?ree feet1 & 7
 cov]$ v closely ) small writ+4 ,t !    
writ]s' endeavor 0 to make ! mo/ ( !    
space at _! disposal is sugge/$ by !    
fact t ^u a prism f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( !     
anci5t city ( ,a%ur ! inscriptions are s
 cr[d$ t !re are ?irty l9es 9 ! space ( 
six in*es1 or five l9es to ! in*4 ,!    
prism recites ! valiant de$s (          
,tigla?-,piles] ,i41 :o reign$ f #aabj  
to #aajj ,b4 ,c41 & und]took campaigns  
aga9/ =ty-two o!r nations & _! k+s4 ,he 
0 a mon>* ^: v "n inspir$ t]ror among ! 
surr\nd+ peoples1 & 8 reign 0 fill$ )   
/irr+ ev5ts & brilliant a*ievem5ts4     
,economy ( space ,small wond] t x 0     
necess>y to cr[d ! inscriptions ^u !    
prism6 ,rawl9son's 8,anci5t ,mon>*ies10 
9 an acc\nt ( ! writ+s t h come d[n to u
 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! _w's record$       
hi/ory1 has ?is to say3 8,! clay tablets
 are bo? num]\s & curi\s4 ,!y are (     

v>i\s sizes1 rang+ f n9e in*es long by  
six & a half wide to an in* & a half    
long by an in* wide1 or ev5 less4       
,sometimes !y are entirely cov]$ by     
writ+s1 :ile at o!rs !y exhibit on a    
portion ( _! surface impressions (      
seals1 my?ological emblems1 & ! l4 ,"s  
?\s&s h be5 recov]$4 ,_m are hi/orical1 
& /ill m are my?ological40 ,_! use 9    
writ+ & draw+ 0 almo/ univ]sal1 & we    
read t ! prophet ,ezekiel1 :5 dwell+ )  
8!m ( ! captivity at ,telabib1 t dwelt  
by ! riv] ( ,*eb>10 0 comm&$1 8,take !e 
a tile & lay x be=e !e1 & portray ^u x !
 city1 ev5 ,j]usalem40 7,ezekiel iv4    
#a47  ,we get a glimpse ( ano!r side ( t
 anci5t life 9 a tablet ( ,nile clay1   
pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is "o (
 ! e>lie/ specim5s ( writ+ n[ 9 exi/5ce4
 ,x is a proposal ( m>riage1 & 0 writt5 
ab\t #aecj ,b4 ,c41 m ?an ?irty-f\r     
hundr$ ye>s ago1 by a ,ph>aoh ask+ ! h& 
( a daught] ( ! ,babylonian k+4 ,=ty    
ye>s lat]1 9 #adia ,b4 ,c41 ! t5        
comm&m5ts 7 grav5 on tablets ( /one4  ,!

 works ( ,hom]  ,9 ! e>ly ef=ts ( m5 to 
f9d a means ( pres]v+ 9 la/+ & conv5i5t 
=m ! records ( _! lives & a*ievem5ts1 "s
 que] mat]ials 7 press$ into s]vice4    
,plates ( metal 7 us$1 ev5 ! preci\s    
gold & silv] be+ employ$ = ! purpose4   
,sk9s ( animals1 tann$ to a sort (      
lea!r1 f\nd favor among _m peoples1 :ile
 _! bones1 & ev5 _! inte/9es1 7 by no   
means disda9$4 ,! works ( ,hom]1 pres]v$
 9 "o ( ! great ,egyptian libr>ies 9 !  
days ( ! ,ptolemies1 7 writt5 9 lett]s (
 gold on ! sk9s ( s]p5ts4 ,ivory 0 us$1 
also wood & ! b>k ( trees4 ,9 ! e>ly    
days ( ,rome1 ! reports ( notable ev5ts 
7 engrav$ on wood5 tablets1 :i* 7 !n    
expos$ to view 9 public places1 &       
citiz5s ( all classes1 m+l+ freely1     
accord+ to cu/om1 9 ! great ,=um t 0 !  
c5t] ( ! city's life1 7 easily & quickly
 in=m$ ( ! important happ5+s ( ! day4 ,!
 greate/ defect 9 ?is me?od 0 rem$i$ :51
 lat] on1 wax 0 us$ to =m a surface ^u !
 wood1 ?us admitt+ ( corrections &      
erasures1 & mak+ x possible to use !    

same table indef9itely1 simply by scrap+
 (f ! coat+ aft] x _h s]v$ its purpose1 
& supply+ o!r coat+s z !y 7 ne$$4 ,b !  
fir/ real advance t[>d mod]n writ+      
mat]ials came 9 ! use ( ! leaves (      
olive1 palm1 popl>1 & o!r trees1 :i* 7  
prep>$ by be+ cut 9 /rips1 soak$ 9 boil+
 wat]1 & !n rubb$ ov] wood to make !m   
s(t & pliable4  ,old mat]ials necess>ily
 disc>d$  ,x w be readily und]/ood1     
h[ev]1 t ^! crude mat]ials & primitive  
me?ods c\ld n long keep pace ) ! /eady  
m>* ( progress4 ,! peoples ( ! e>? 7    
increas+ rapidly2 !y 7 advanc+ 9 ! arts 
& sci5ces1 & 9 ! exp]i5ces t inspire    
?\ght1 poetry1 & philosophy2 !y _h a    
h]itage ( k to :i* !y 7 con/antly add+1 
:ile bus9ess transactions1 toge!r ) o!r 
de$s wor?y ( record1 _h greatly         
multipli$4 ,x 0 b natural t ! mat]ials  
:i* _h once be5 entirely adequate %\ld  
n[ be disc>d$ z cumb]some & unfitt$ to !
 new conditions4 ,! s&s 9 ! h\r-glass 7 
beg9n+ to run gold52 "t 0 tak+ on a     
value unkn[n be=e4 ,a de$ ( l& writt5 9 

clay & put away to bake might answ] !   
purpose :5 real-e/ate transf]s 7        
infrequ5t & att5d$ ) mu* c]emony4 ,a    
clay tablet might s]ve 9 a m>riage      
proposal by a k+ :o _h ! p[] to meet &  
vanqui% all rivals1 b t]ra-cotta 0 n    
suit$ ei!r = ! record ( num]\s & rapid  
bus9ess transactions or = ! writ+ (     
books4 ,! biography ( "o man1 or a s+le 
treatise 9 philosophy1 w\ld h requir$ a 
:ole build+1 :ile a libr>y ( mod]n      
dim5sions1 z to ! numb] ( books1 w\ld   
probably h left little room 9 a city = !
 dwell+s ( its inhabitants4  ,discov]y (
 papyrus  ,:at 0 to take ! place ( ! old
 & cumb]some mat]ials8 ,ev5 at a v e>ly 
date m5 7 ask+ ?is "q1 & x 0 ! good     
=tune ( ,egypt to be able to give answ]4
 ,along ! m>%y banks ( ! ,nile grew a   
graceful wat]-plant1 n[ almo/ ext9ct1   
:i* 0 peculi>ly fitt$ to meet ! new     
dem&s1 z we %all see 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 
,! discov]y ( its value l$ to an        
ext5sive indu/ry1 ?r\gh :i* ! l& ( !    
,ph>aohs 0 enabl$ to take high rank 9   

lett]s & le>n+1 &1 to ma9ta9 a position 
( weal?1 dignity1 p[]1 & influ5ce t     
o!rwise w\ld h be5 impossible1 ev5 9 ^? 
remote days :5 pr9t+ 0 /ill _m c5turies 
beyond ! ?\ghts or dreams ( m54         
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,papyrus ,,& ,,p>*m5t    
,! bulru% ( ! ,nile  ,! graceful        
wat]-plant ^: plumy1 droop+ heads 7     
sway$ by ! breezes t ruffl$ ! wat]s ( ! 
,nile 0 "o ( ! mo/ useful plants kn[n to
 ,egypt1 9 ^: comm]ce x long held a     
lead+ place4 ,z e>ly z #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 or
 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,moses l$ !      
*ildr5 ( ,israel out ( bondage1 !re 0   
made f its smoo? gre5 /ems a mat]ial    
call$ by ! same "n1 papyrus1 a k9d (    
crude pap]1 :i* came into univ]sal use1 
& 0 s valuable & 9 su* great dem& t "o (
 ! k+s propos$ to ma9ta9 8 army f ! sale
 ( ?is product alone4 ,! plant 0 !      
famili> bulru% ( ! ,nile1 :i* grew 9    
=e/-l pr(usion along ! banks ( t mighty 
/ream2 & f its /rong /ems 0 wov5 ! ark 9
 :i* ! infant ,moses 0 hidd5 away 8among
 ! flags by ! riv]'s br9k10 & s sav$ f !

 dea? t m5ac$ him "u ,ph>aoh's cruel    
decree4 ,! ,egyptian papyrus 0 ?us !    
means ( pres]v+ to ! _w ! life ( !      
greate/ law-giv] ( hi/ory4 ,x has be5   
equally in/rum5tal 9 p]petuat+ ! code ( 
laws ^: pr9ciples /ill s]ve z f\ndation 
= ! jurisprud5ce ( ! lead+ nations ( !  
e>?1 ne>ly f\r ?\s& ye>s aft] !y 7 fir/ 
promulgat$ to 8 own p1 ! w&]+ tribes 9 !
 des]t4  ,_m uses = papyrus  ,! papyrus1
 a tall1 smoo?-/emm$ re$ ( triangul> =m1
 grew to a height ( t5 or fifte5 feet1 &
 t]m9at$ 9 a tuft$ plume ( leaves &     
fl[]s4 ,l s _m plants t gr[ b5ea? !     
ard5t skies ( ! tropics1 x _h num]\s    
uses4 ,x 0 not$ especially = ! s(t1     
cellul> sub/ance f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( its 
/ems1 :i* 0 a common article ( food1 bo?
 cook$ & 9 its natural /ate4 ,x 0       
employ$ also = ! mak+ ( mats1 sail-clo?1
 cordage1 & we>+ app>el2 :ile 9         
,abyss9ia1 9 ^: m>%es x is /ill to be   
f\nd1 boats 7 fa%ion$ by weav+ ! /ems   
closely toge!r & cov]+ !m ) a sort (    
res9\s matt]4 ,at a v e>ly day1 judg+ f 

sculptures ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 ,egypt made 
a simil> use ( ! papyrus1 employ+ x 9 ! 
con/ruction ( light skiffs suit$ to !   
navigation ( ! pools & %all[s ( ! ,nile4
 ,x is believ$ t ,isaiah ref]r$ to boats
 ( ?is sort :5 he spoke ( ! 8vessels (  
bulru%es ^u ! wat]s40 ,b valuable z !   
papyrus 0 ?r\gh ^! manifold uses1 its   
endur+ fame 0 due to an entirely diff]5t
 s\rce4 ,x held closely wrapp$ )9 its   
gre5 /ems ! scrolls ^u :i*1 ?r\gh       
hundr$s ( ye>s1 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( !
 _w 7 to be writt52 & t fact alone 0    
suffici5t to engrave its "n deeply on ! 
?\ghts & memories ( m54  ,! prep>ation (
 papyrus  ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is        
,egyptian pap]1 papyrus1 ! out] r9d ( ! 
/em 0 fir/ remov$1 expos+ an int]ior    
made up ( num]\s successive fib] lay]s1 
"s tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,^! 7 sep>at$ ) a     
po9t$ in/rum5t1 or ne$le1 arrang$ side  
by side on a h>d1 smoo? table1 cross$ at
 "r-angles ) ano!r set ( slips plac$    
above1 & !n damp5$4 ,aft] pressure _h   
be5 appli$ = a numb] ( h\rs1 ! %eets 7  

tak5 out & rubb$ ) a piece ( ivory1 or )
 a smoo? /one or %ell1 until ! desir$   
surface 0 obta9$1 :5 ! process 0        
complete1 except = dry+ 9 ! sun4 ,! inn]
 lay]s ( ! plant furni%$ ! be/ product1 
! out] ones be+ co>se & suitable only = 
! mak+ ( cordage4 ,s+le %eets made 9 ?is
 way 7 fa/5$ toge!r1 z _m z might be    
requir$1 to =m ! papyrus rolls1 ( :i*   
hundr$s h be5 discov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,x 
is said t ! ,romans1 :5 !y und]took !   
manufacture ( papyrus1 made a great     
improvem5t 9 ! %eets by siz+ !m ) fl\r1 
to :i* a few drops ( v9eg> 7 add$1 & !n 
beat+ ! surface smoo?4 ,e>ly ,*9ese     
discov]ies ,! ,*9ese1 f> away to ! ,ea/1
 also le>n$ "s ( ! secrets ( pap]-mak+4 
,x is believ$ t 9 e>ly times !y us$ silk
 z _! basis1 b lat] on !y made ! s-call$
 rice-pap] by a me?od simil> to t       
employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( papyrus1      
deftly cutt+ a cont9u\s slice f ! pi? ( 
! papyrif]a4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!         
,,?ra%]--,,page #eg  ,f ! re$1 & !      
process ( manufacture ?r\gh :i* x pass$1

 ! ,engli% language has ga9$ a numb] (  
words4 ,! plant itself1 call$ papyrus 9 
! ,lat9 tongue1 byblos 9 ! ,greek1 has  
giv5 u ! two words pap] & bible4 ,x is  
claim$ fur!r t ! process ( furr[+ (f !  
diff]5t lay]s ( ! pi? gave u1 ?r\gh !   
,greek ^w *>asso 1 to furr[1 & ! ,greek 
& ,lat9 *>ta1 a piece ( pap]1 our sev]al
 words *>t1 c>d1 c>te blan*e1 &1 (      
c\rse1 ! 8*>ta0 ( t fam\s docum5t1      
,magna ,*>ta1 ! great %eet-an*or (      
,engli% lib]ties4 ,9 ! c\rse (          
manufacture1 tw5ty %eets ( papyrus 7    
glu$ toge!r into a scapus by !          
glut9atorie1 ! fir/ kn[n bookb9d]s1 & !n
 into a roll kn[n z a volum]1 f :i* we  
get our ^w volume4 ,! city ( ,p>is boa/s
 a volum] ( ?is sort1 a papyrus         
manuscript1 well pres]v$1 :i* is ?irty  
feet 9 l5g?4  ,ext5sive use ( papyrus   
,! rolls1 or papyri1 are said to h      
become kn[n 9 ,europe ?r\gh ! ,fr5*     
exp$ition into ,egypt 9 #agih1 &        
specim5s 7 reproduc$ 9 pr9t by "o ,cadet
 9 #ahje4 ,! mak+ ( papyrus is m5tion$  

by ,philo/ratus z a /aple manufacture ( 
,alex&ria 9 ,a4 ,d4 #bdd1 & x cont9u$ to
 be us$ 9 ,italy until ! twelf? c5tury4 
,! ext5t to :i* x 0 employ$ may be judg$
 by ! fact t ne>ly #a1hjj rolls 7 une>!d
 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum1 ab\t ! ye>     
#agec4 ,! durability ( ?is sub/ance add$
 greatly to its value1 & x is claim$ t !
 anci5t papyrus manuscripts t h be5     
prop]ly pres]v$ are almo/ z s]viceable  
to-day z :5 fir/ made4 ,x is d\btful    
:e!r a simil> /atem5t c be made f\r ?\s&
 or ev5 two ?\s& ye>s h5ce 9 reg>d to _m
 ( ! books pr9t$ on n9ete5?-c5tury pap]4
 ,*icago has ! l>ge/ collection ( anci5t
 papyri we/ ( ! ,atlantic1 consi/+ (    
?ree hundr$ complete pieces & hundr$s ( 
fragm5ts1 :i* 7 discov]$ by an ,arab    
%eik :ile digg+ along ! banks ( ! ,nile4
  ,p>*m5t a sub/itute = papyrus  ,foll[+
 ! mak+ ( papyrus came ! manufacture (  
p>*m5t1 ! use ( :i* 9 diplomas & c]ta9  
public docum5ts cont9ues to ! pres5t "t4
 ,z ! /ory runs1 ! inv5tion ( ! new     
writ+ mat]ial 0 due to ! _s ( rivalry   

betwe5 two cities ( ! anci5t _w4        
,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 0 anxi\s to    
e/abli% 9 8 capital a libr>y t w\ld     
excel ! spl5did collection at ,alex&ria1
 b ,egypt1 hav+ a monopoly ( papyrus1   
refus$ to sell to him4 ,b no monopoly ( 
t day or ?is c\ld ev] control all !     
means ( supply+ man's ne$s4 ,nature is  
res\rceful1 & man1 :5 driv5 by          
necessity1 soon le>ns t h] treasures are
 practically limitless4 ,:5 ! supply (  
"o article is = any reason curtail$1 %e 
furni%es some?+ z good or bett] to take 
its place4 ,if all ! pap] 9 ! _w to-day 
7 own$ by a monopoly t refus$ to sell1  
some?+ w\ld spe$ily be f\nd to take its 
place4 ,s ! inhabitants ( ,p]gamus1 be+ 
refus$ papyrus1 set ab\t manufactur+ a  
sub/itute1 :i* came to be kn[n among !  
,romans z 8p]gam5a10 f :i* comes our ^w 
p>*m5t4  ,manufacture ( p>*m5t  ,! sk9s 
( %eep & goats 7 employ$ 9 ! mak+ (     
p>*m5t4 ,^! 7 /eep$ 9 pits impregnat$ ) 
lime1 & aft]w>d /ret*$ ^u frames1 :]e _!
 ?ickness 0 r$uc$ by p>+ & scrap+ !m )  

%>p in/rum5ts4 ,to obta9 ! f9e1 uni=m1  
velvety surface *>act]i/ic ( ! be/      
p>*m5t1 x 0 necess>y to spr9kle ! sk9 ) 
*alk1 & rub & poli% x ) f9e             
pumice-/ones1 :i* n only smoo!d & s(t5$ 
! lea!r1 b also improv$ its color4 ,:5 x
 _h be5 r$uc$ to ab\t half its orig9al  
?ickness1 x 0 dri$ = use4 ,vellum1 :i*  
/ill repres5ts ! acme ( luxury 9        
bookb9d+1 0 made 9 a simil> mann]1 f !  
sk9s ( "y calves4 ,z e>ly z #ajhe ,b4   
,c41 ! ,hebrews wrote on ! sk9s (       
animals1 & x is believ$ t ! ,m$es1 at   
ab\t ! same p]iod1 us$ a sub/ance       
resembl+ p>*m5t1 & prep>$ 9 a simil>    
mann]1 ! co/ ( l& c>riage be+ too great 
to admit ( any ext5sive introduction (  
papyrus into we/]n ,asia4 8,= public    
docum5ts1 ! rock1 & = private1 ! p5 & ! 
prep>$ sk91 seem to h be5 pref]r$ by !m1
 & 9 ! e>li] times1 at any rate1 !y     
employ$ no o!r mat]ials40  ,! adv5t (   
pap]  ,= _m ye>s p>*m5t 0 us$ 9 ,engl& =
 all de$s ( real e/ate1 & s l5g?y 7 ^!  
docum5ts t x 0 said x took a flock (    

%eep to convey an acre ( l& or make a   
m>riage settlem5t4 ,z ! age ( /one1 !   
c>v$ obelisk1 ! clay tablet1 & o!r crude
 mat]ials 0 outgr[n1 s 0 t ( papyrus &  
p>*m5t4 ,) ! next /ep =w>d came pap]1 & 
! improvem5ts 9 its manufacture ) reg>d 
to quality1 v>iety1 & increase (        
production1 h kept pace ) ! v>y+ & gr[+ 
dem&s4 ,x is n giv5 u to "k :at ! future
 may br+ =?1 b pap] seems likely to hold
 sway until ! end ( "t4     ,,*apt]     
,,iii  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory  
,,( ,,pap]   ,pap] f mulb]ry b>k  ,to ! 
,*9ese is n[ g5]ally conc$$ ! discov]y (
 ! art ( mak+ pap]1 ( ! sort famili> to 
u1 f fibr\s matt] r$uc$ to a pulp4      
,accord+ to ! old say+1 8,"t & pati5ce w
 *ange ! mulb]ry leaf into sat940 ,!    
+5i\s1 pa9/ak+ sons ( ! ,fl[]y ,k+dom _h
 be5 demon/rat+ its tru? ?r\gh "s       
c5turies1 :51 ab\t #aej ,a4 ,d41 !y     
discov]$ t ! mulb]ry might be put to    
/ill ano!r use4 ,! tree t !y *ose = _!  
new manufacture 0 n id5tical ) ! "o ^u  
:i* !y f$ _! silkworms1 & to :i* !y 7   

indirectly indebt$ = _! s(tly %imm]+    
silks1 b x belong$ to ! same family4 ,f 
its b>k !y made1 by a process t mu/ h   
seem$ to !m some?+ ak9 to magic1 a      
mat]ial :i*1 9 its develop$ & improv$   
=m1 has be5 ( priceless value to ! _w1  
f> exce$+ t ( ! ri* & co/ly /uffs wov5 f
 ! cocoons ( ! silkworm4  ,*9ese me?ods 
,comp>$ ) mod]n me?ods ( pap]-mak+1 ?is 
primitive process1 :i* is said to be    
/ill 9 vogue 9 ,*9a1 0 fairly simple4 ,!
 bran*es ( ! tree 7 fir/ boil$ 9 lye to 
remove ! b>k4 ,!n foll[$ mac]ation 9    
wat] = sev]al days1 aft] :i* ! out] "p 0
 scrap$ (f & ! inn] "p boil$ 9 lye1     
until x 0 sep>at$ into fib]s4 ,^! 7 wa%$
 9 a pan or sieve1 !n work$ by h& into a
 pulp1 :i* 0 spread on a table & beat5  
f9e ) a mallet4 ,! pulp 0 plac$ 9 a tub 
conta9+ an infusion ( rice & a root     
call$ ov5i1 & ?or\ghly /irr$ to mix !   
mat]ials4 ,! %eets 7 =m$ by dipp+ a     
8mold0 made ( /rips ( bulru%es1 conf9$ 9
 a frame1 into ! vat conta9+ ! pulp1 :i*
 0 tak5 out 9 a ?9 lay]1 aft] ! me?od   

foll[$ 9 mak+ pap] by h&4 ,aft] mold+1 !
 %eets 7 laid "o above ano!r1 ) /rips ( 
re$s plac$ betwe51 weights 7 appli$1 & !
 %eets 7 aft]w>d dri$ 9 ! sun4          
,nature's process  ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 
9 regions :]e ! wat]-plant call$ !      
conf]na gr[s1 ,nature h]self tea*es !   
me?od ( mak+ pap] f vegetable fib]s     
beat5 to a pulp4 ,! plant consi/s (     
sl5d] gre5 filam5ts1 simil> to :at is   
call$ frog-spittle4 ,! fib]s are        
dis9tegrat$ by ! action ( ! wat]1 & rise
 to ! surface z a scum4 ,driv5 hi!r &   
?i!r by ! w9ds1 toss$ by ! waves1 &     
c>ri$ on resi/lessly by ! curr5ts1 ?is  
scum is at la/ beat5 into pulp & matt$  
toge!r by ! =ces ^: play?+ x has be54   
,blea*$ by ! sun1 x is f9ally1 9 "s     
ov]fl[ ( ! wat]1 ca/ ^u ! %ore to dry1 z
 v]itable %eets ( pap]4 ,b if ,nature   
taught ! process1 man 0 sl[ to discov] !
 tea*]1 or to le>n ! lesson4  ,crusad]s 
le>n pap]-mak+  ,:5 ! ,arabs captur$ !  
spl5did city ( ,sam>c& f ! ,*9ese1 ab\t 
#gjd ,a4 ,d41 !y ga9$ some?+ m ?an      

mat]ial booty1 = ! art ( pap]-mak+      
fl\ri%$ !re1 & !y c>ri$ ! secret back ) 
!m to _! own t[ns & cities4 ,we/]n      
,europe 9 turn le>n$ x f ! ,arabs1 ?r\gh
 ! ,crusad]s1 :o visit$ ,byzantium1     
,pale/9e1 & ,syria4 ,! foll[]s ( !      
,cross1 _m ( :om 7 grossly ignorant &   
sup]/iti\s1 w5t ea/ to *ri/ianize1 by   
conque/1 ! inhabitants ( ^! anci5t l&s1 
& to wre/ f ! infidels ! tomb ( !       
,savior1 & f\nd to _! surprise _m arts &
 ref9em5ts ( :i* !y _h be5 ignorant4    
,fr5* & ,dut* improvem5ts  ,x 0 9 #aahi 
,a4 ,d4 t ! art ( mak+ pap] f pulp 0    
introduc$ into ,france4 ,at t "t ! ,fr5*
 p 7 f> 9 advance ( ! ,engli% 9         
cultivation & 9 reg>d to ! ref9em5ts (  
life4 ,!y 7 en]getic1 & took great      
delight 9 con/ruction1 manufactur+1 &   
build+4 ,pr(it+ by _! new k1 !y         
prosecut$ ?is art ) su* zeal & indu/ry t
 !y 7 soon 9 a position to supply n only
 ! wants ( ,france1 b ^? ( surr\nd+     
c\ntries z well4 ,! p ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7    
/imulat$ by ! example ( ,france1 & = a  

long p]iod ! ,fr5* & ,dut* 7 ! be/1 &   
inde$ almo/ ! only pap]s produc$ 9      
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sort+ ,,& 
,,%r$d+ ,,room--,,page #eg  ,no reliable
 record c be e/abli%$ z to ! fir/       
pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is /at$ t 9 !    
p]sonal exp5se acc\nt ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 (  
,engl&1 9 #adih1 !re appe>s ! foll[+    
entry3 8,= a rew>de at ! pap] mylne1    
#afs4 #h;d40 ,?is w\ld indicate t "s k9d
 ( pap]1 :i* gave ! "n ( 8pap] mylne0 to
 ! e/abli%m5t :]e x 0 h&l$ or           
manipulat$1 exi/$ 9 ,engl& ne>ly two    
hundr$ ye>s be=e any pat5t 0 issu$ = its
 manufacture4 ,x 0 almo/ two c5turies   
lat] t ! pat5t ref]r$ to f>!r on 9 ?is  
*apt] 0 grant$1 :i* /at$ t no su*       
indu/ry _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! k+dom4 ,9
 an old book1 ,wynk5 de ,worde's 8,de   
,proprietatibus ,r]um0 7,ab\t !         
,prop]ties ( ,?+s71 issu$ 9 #adih1 appe>
 ^! significant l9es3      8,& ,john    
,tate1 ! ,y\ng]1 joye mote he brok6     
8,:i*e late ha! 9 ,engl&1 doo make ?is  
pap] ,?ynne     8,t n[ 9 our ,engly%1   

?is book is pr9t$ ,inne40  ,engli%      
pap]-mills  ,?is mill is said to h be5  
locat$ at ,h>t=d1 ,engl&1 & ! pr9t ( !  
wat]m>k us$ is giv5 9 ,h]b]t's          
8,typographic ,antiquities10 ,vol4 ,i1  
page #bj1 z an eight-po9t$ /> surr\nd$  
by a circle4 ,john ,tate di$ 9 #adih4   
,recognition by royalty  ,9 ! ye> #aeeh 
appe>$ 8,sp>ks ( ,fri5d%ip10 a book by  
,?omas ,*ur*y>d1 :o 0 born 9 #aebj & di$
 9 #afjd1 & :o bore ! title ( 8,ne/or ( 
! ,elizabe?an era40 ,?is book m5tions ! 
pap]-mill ( ,spillman4 ,a poem 9 a "w   
entitl$ 8,progress ( ,que5 ,elizabe?10 9
 #aefe1 has ! title1 8,a ,description & 
,playne ,disc\rse ( ,pap] & ! :ole      
,b5efits t ,pap] ,br+s1 ) ,rehe>sal &   
,sett+ =? 9 v]se a ,pap]-myll ,built ne>
 ,d>?=?1 by a ,high ,g]ma9e1 call$ ,ma/]
 ,spillman1 ,jewel] to ! ,que5's        
,maje/ie40 ,?is is (t5 said to h be5 !  
fir/ mill 9 ,engl&1 b if ! quotation )  
reg>d to ,john ,tate is int5d$ to imply 
t ! pap] 0 made by him 9 ,engl&1 !n     
c]ta9ly !re mu/ h be5 a pap]-mill 9     

op]ation 9 t c\ntry ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s 
be=e1 & ?is1 tak+ ! entry ( ,k+ ,h5ry   
,,vii4 z pro( ( an ,engli% mill1 mu/ h  
be5 ! second1 if n ! ?ird1 ( its k9d4 ,x
 is said t ,spielman1 or ,spillman1 0   
knight$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? z a fitt+    
honor & rew>d = ! noble "w ( hav+ built 
a pap]-mill at ,d>t=d1 ,engl&1 9 #aehh4 
,a lease record$ 9 ! ,l& ,rev5ue        
,records ( ,engl&1 9 #aeia1 reads1      
8,p5lifton ,co41 ,cambridge1 lease (    
wat]1 call$ pap]-mills1 late ( ,bi%opric
 ( ,ely to ,john ,george1 dat$ #ad?4    
,july1 #cd?4 ,elizabe?10 :i* w\ld seem  
to indicate a ?ird or f\r? mill 9 #aeib4
  ,9 #afdi wat]m>k ( ! f9e/ ,engli% pap]
 7:e!r made 9 ,engl& or n7 bore ! royal 
arms1 b lat] on1 9 contempt ( ,*>les    
,i41 a fool ) cap & bells 0 sub/itut$ = 
! k+'s arms4  ,= "s reason1 ! indu/ry ( 
pap]-mak+ langui%$ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 #afgj !
 p ( ! 8"r little1 tight little isl&0 7 
almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u ,france = _!  
supply ( ! indisp5sable fabric1 its     
manufacture1 if c>ri$ on at all 9 _! own

 c\ntry1 meet+ ) b slight success4 ,9 ! 
8,hi/ory ( ,comm]et10 by ,&]son1 publi%$
 9 #afij1 x is claim$ t ?is 0 ! date ( !
 fir/ manufacture ( pap] 9 ,engl&1 & t  
previ\s to ?is "t ,engl& _h b\ght pap] (
 h] neighbor across ! ,*annel to ! am\nt
 ( #ajj1jjj annually4 ,! w> ) ,france   
occasion$ su* high duties on =eign      
products z to make ! co/ ( importation  
too great2 b1 z sometimes happ5s1 !     
tempor>y deprivation 0 9 c\rse ( "t     
transmut$ into a p]man5t b5efit4 ,! way 
0 op5$ = ! home manufactur]1 & !        
opportunity 0 soon improv$ by ,fr5*     
,prote/ant refugees1 :o1 flee+ f        
p]secution 9 _! own l&1 settl$ 9 ,engl& 
& e/abli%$ pap]-mills4 ,:ite writ+-pap] 
,9 #afhg appe>$ a proclamation = !      
e/abli%m5t ( a mill = ! mak+ ( :ite     
writ+-pap]2 9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 /at$1 9  
an article 9 ! 8,briti% ,m]*ant10 t     
h>dly any b br[n pap] 0 manufactur$1    
:ile 9 #afhi1 accord+ to report1 pap]   
became s sc>ce & high t all pr9t+ ceas$4
 ,x is evid5t t up to ! "t :5 ! pat5ts (

 #afge & #afhe 7 grant$1 ! indu/ry 0 9  
any?+ b a prosp]\s condition1 exi/+ only
 9 brief & isolat$ attempts at          
manufacture1 & compreh5d$ m]ely ! crude/
 products4  ,e>ly ,engli% pat5ts  ,!    
fir/ ,briti% pat5t = pap]-mak+ 0 grant$ 
to ,*>les ,hildeg>d1 ,febru>y1 #affe1 = 
8! way & art ( mak+ blue pap] us$ by    
sug> bak]s & o!rs40 ,a decade lat]1 9   
,janu>y1 #afge1 0 grant$ ! second pat5t1
 already ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 :i* 0 = 
! mak+ ( 8:ite pap] = ! use ( writ+ &   
pr9t+1 be+ a new manufacture & nev] be=e
 practic$ 9 any way 9 any ( our k+doms  
or dom9ions40 ,ano!r decade int]v5$     
betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird pat5ts1 ! latt]
 be>+ ! date ( ,july #d1 #afhe1 & be+ 8=
 ! true art & way ( mak+ ,engli% pap] = 
writ+1 pr9t+1 & = o!r uses1 bo? z good &
 s]viceable 9 all respects & z :ite z   
any ,fr5* or ,dut* pap]40  ,a seem+     
contradiction ( ! /atem5t ( ! second    
pat5t is f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry      
,,vi41 :]e ,jack ,cade1 9 #adej1 makes !
 accusation aga9/ ,"l ,say3 8,?\ ha/ mo/

 traitor\sly corrupt$ ! y\? ( ! realm 9 
erect+ a gramm> s*ool1 & :]eas1 be=e1   
our =efa!rs _h no o!r books b ! score & 
! tally1 ?\ ha/ caus$ pr9t+ to be us$2 &
 contr>y to ! k+1 8 cr[n & 8 dignity1 ?\
 ha/ built a pap]-mill40 ,9 ! same act  
,cade obs]ves1 8,is n ?is a lam5table   
?+1 t1 ( ! sk9 ( an innoc5t lamb %\ld be
 made p>*m5t2 t p>*m5t be+ scribbl$ o'er
 %\ld undo a man80 ?us mak+ x evid5t t  
p>*m5t & n pap] 0 9 g5]al use4 ,s9ce1   
h[ev]1 ,%akespe>e del9eat$ ,cade z a l[1
 ignorant rebel1 we are n compell$ to   
believe t he 0 necess>ily tru?ful or    
hi/orically correct 9 all 8 accusations4
 ,! *>ges put into 8 m\? are int5d$ to  
exhibit 8 ignorance1 & 8 prejudice aga9/
 all le>n+ or ref9em5t1 ext5d+ ev5 to   
dec5cy ( dress & comportm5t4  ,wat]m>k (
 ,h5ry ,,viii4  ,!re is always "s       
dispute z to exact dates4 ,x is claim$ t
 ab\t #aedj1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl& us$ 
= 8 private correspond5ce1 a pap] ^:    
wat]m>k repres5t$ a hog ) a mit]4 ,?is 0
 to %[ 8 contempt = ! pope at ,rome1 )  

:om he _h s bitt]ly qu>rel$4 ,x may h   
be5 manufactur$ = him by special ord] 9 
,g]many or ! ,ne!rl&s1 or x may h be5   
made by =eign settl]s :o return$ to _!  
own c\ntry1 s t ! trade 0 aft]w>d lo/ = 
a "t 9 ,engl&1 & its manufacture 0 n    
kn[n to ! au?orities t grant$ ! pat5ts4 
,spani% & ,italian mak]s  ,long be=e    
?is1 pap]-mak+ _h be5 introduc$ into    
,spa9 by ! hordes ( ,s>ac5ic invad]s1   
:o1 com+ ov] f ,africa on a plund]+     
exp$ition1 _h end$ by mak+ conque/ ( !  
:ole p59sula4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! long /ruggle
 betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,moor end$ 9 !       
d[nfall ( ! latt]1 & 8 expulsion f ! l& 
t _h seem$ to him ! p>adise ( ! prophet1
 ! indu/ry decl9$ 9 ,spa91 to be reviv$ 
at ,fabriano1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ancona1 9  
,c5tral ,italy1 :i* soon rose into      
prom95ce z a pap]-mak+ c5t]4 ,lat] on1 9
 #acdj1 a pap]-mill 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,padua4
  ,am]ica's fir/ manufactur]s  ,! beg9n+
 ( ! indu/ry 9 ,am]ica 0 almo/ co9cid5t 
) ! grant+ ( pat5ts = ! manufacture (   
pap] 9 ,engl&4 ,a pap]-mill 0 e/abli%$  

by ,william ,ritt5h\se1 a native (      
,holl&1 at ,g]mant[n1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! 
ye> #afij1 "o ( ! build]s & own]s be+   
,william ,brad=d1 a ,philadelphia pr9t]1
 :o 0 aft]w>d ! own] ( ! fir/ pr9t+     
(fice 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x 0 ?r\gh him
 t ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 #agbc1 receiv$ 8 
fir/ introduction to a tempor>y home1 & 
employm5t1 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! pap] at  
?is fir/ ,am]ican mill 0 made f l95     
rags1 & ! product 0 ab\t two hundr$ &   
fifty p\nds p] day4 ,! mill 0 on a /ream
 subsequ5tly call$ ,pap]-mill ,run1 :i* 
empties into ! ,wissahickon4 ,9 #afig1  
,william ,brad=d1 probably 9 prep>ation 
= 8 int5d$ removal to ,new ,york ,city1 
r5t$ 8 qu>t] int]e/ 9 ?is pap]-mill ne> 
,g]mant[n to ,william & ,ni*olas        
,ritt5h\se1 = a t]m ( t5 ye>s1 ! annual 
r5tal be+ 8ye full quantity ( sev5 reams
 ( pr9t+ pap]1 two reams good writ+ pap]
 & two reams ( blue pap]40 ,william ,de 
,wees1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,ni*olas         
,ritt5h\se1 9 #agaj erect$ ano!r mill 9 
t "p ( ,g]mant[n call$ ,crefeld1 ?is be+

 also on ! banks ( a small /ream t      
empti$ into ! ,wissahickon4             
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rag ,,cutt]s--,,page
 #ei  ,russian mills  ,x is /at$ by     
sev]al au?orities t 9 ! ye> #agab ,pet] 
! ,great ( ,russia visit$ ,dresd51 & 0 s
 pleas$ ) ! process ( pap]-mak+ z he    
witness$ x !re t he secur$ workm5 & s5t 
!m to ,mosc[1 :]e !y erect$ a pap]-mill 
) _m valuable royal grants & privileges4
 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #agac1 saw a revival ( !
 indu/ry 9 ,engl&1 :]e x _h aga9 gone to
 decay1 & :]e ,?omas ,watk91 a /ation] (
 ,london1 br\ght x into great repute 9 a
 %ort "t4  ,rapid advancem5t 9 ,am]ica  
,9 #agad a ,mr4 ,wilcox1 :o1 x is /at$1 
furni%$ pap] to ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 erect$
 a pap]-mill 9 ,delaw>e4 ,! date ( !    
erection ( ?is mill is giv5 by ano!r    
au?ority z #agbi1 & ! place ,*e/]       
,creek1 ,delaw>e ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1  
:]e pap] 0 /ill made by h& z late z     
#ahgj4 ,x may possibly h be5 a second   
mill t 0 built by ,?omas ,wilcox at t   
"t1 9 :i* case !re w\ld be no conflict (

 au?orities4 ,! manufacture made rapid  
/rides 9 ?is "y & gr[+ c\ntry1 s t 9    
#aggj !re 7 =ty pap]-mills 9 ! /ates (  
,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,delaw>e4  
,! advance among ! lead+ nations (      
,europe dur+ ! same p]iod 0 equally     
rapid4 ,! manufacture 0 introduc$ into  
,massa*usetts 9 #agag1 & into ,norwi*1  
,connecticut1 9 #agfh1 b ! progress 9   
,new ,engl& 0 n s rapid z 9 ! /ates :]e 
x _h be5 fir/ e/abli%$4  ,a bill :i*    
came be=e ! ,new ,york ,legislature 9   
#agbd1 b fail$ ( passage1 introduc$ !   
policy ( protection = infant indu/ries1 
9 an exce$+ly n>r[ & discrim9at+ s5se4  
,! b5efici>y ( ! bill 0 ,william        
,brad=d1 d\btless ! same man :o own$ !  
qu>t] int]e/ 9 ! fir/ ,p5nsylvania mill1
 & by its provisions he & 8 assigns 7 to
 be enc\rag$ to make pap]1 :ile all o!r 
p]sons 7 to be prohibit$ f manufactur+ x
 9 ! prov9ce dur+ a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s4
  ,pulp f /one  ,man's untir+ endeavor1 
8 con/ant ef=t ?r\gh ! c5turies to f9d  
some?+ bett] suit$ to 8 ne$s1 _h 9 a    

figurative s5se succe$$ 9 turn+ /one    
into pap]4 ,x rema9$ = two appr5tices ( 
,ritt5h\se1 :o erect$ a ?ird pap]-mill 9
 ,p5nsylvania 9 #agbh1 to advance !     
claim t ?is c\ld be done lit]ally1 t    
/one1 ! primitive mat]ial on :i* _h be5 
c>v$ ! fir/ writt5 *>act]s ( ! race c\ld
 be conv]t$ into a pap] resembl+ asses' 
sk9s4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ :at !       
s-call$ /one 01 nor :at process 0       
foll[$1 b x is safe to assume t bo?     
mat]ial & me?ods 7 simil> to ^? employ$ 
at ! pres5t "t 9 ! manufacture ( asbe/os
 pap]s4  ,a /ate grant  ,! ye> #agbh1   
:i* m>k$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ?ird mill 9   
,p5nsylvania1 0 a notable "o 9 ! annals 
( pap]-mak+4 ,x is /at$ t 9 t ye>       
,william ,brad=d own$ a mill at         
,elizabe?t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 :i* is       
suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ "o 9 ! /ate1    
:ile 9 ! same ye> ! ,g5]al ,c\rt or     
,legislature ( ,massa*usetts grant$ a   
t5-ye> pat5t to a company = ! exclusive 
"r to manufacture pap]4 ,by ! t]ms ( ?is
 grant ! company 0 to make at lea/ #aae 

reams ( br[n & #fj reams ( writ+ pap] 9 
! fir/ fifte5 mon?s1 & to increase a    
c]ta9 am\nt ea* ye> until ! annual      
product ( ! v>i\s qualities %\ld be n   
less ?an #ejj reams a ye>4 ,! mill      
e/abli%$ "u ?is pat5t w5t into op]ation 
at ,milton1 "o ( ! small t[ns ne>       
,bo/on1 9 #agcj4 ,x 0 erect$ by ,daniel 
,h5*man1 an ent]pris+ /ation] ( ,bo/on1 
& is suppos$ to h be5 discont9u$ ow+ to 
! impossibility ( secur+ a skill$       
workman1 ?\gh 9 #agca ,h5*man produc$   
be=e ! ,g5]al ,c\rt samples ( pap] made 
at ! mill4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r /ation]
 ( ,bo/on1 ,ri*>d ,fry1 :o 0 also       
booksell]1 pap]-mak] & rag m]*ant1      
return$ ?anks to ! p = ga!r+ rags1 ( :i*
 he _h already receiv$ sev]al p\nds     
weight1 9 response to a reque/ 9 a      
previ\sly publi%$ adv]tisem5t4  ,crude  
me?ods & ma*9es  ,dur+ ^! e>ly days ( ! 
indu/ry bo? me?ods & ma*9]y 7 crude4 ,x 
0 n until #agej t wove molds came into  
use & did away ) ! r\ghness ( laid pap]4
 ,six ye>s lat] eng9es 7 introduc$ to   

facilitate ! process ( r$uc+ ! rags to  
pulp1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 accompli%$ by
 p\nd+1 :ile 9 #agei cyl9d]s provid$ )  
%>p /eel blades 7 inv5t$ 9 ,holl& = !   
same purpose1 & soon came into g5]al    
use1 tak+ ! place ( ! heavy /amp]s1 :i* 
_h requir$ a great exp5diture ( p[] 9 _!
 op]ation4  ,! mill at ,milton1         
,massa*usetts1 e/abli%$ 9 #agcj1 &      
discont9u$ = lack ( workman1 0 put into 
op]ation aga9 by a citiz5 ( ,bo/on4     
,f9d+ among ! ,briti% troops /ation$ 9 !
 city a soldi] :o 0 also a pap]-mak]1 he
 obta9$ = him a furl\gh ( suffici5t     
duration to enable him to get ! mill    
into runn+ ord] once m4 ,! /ate (       
,connecticut %[$ its appreciation ( !   
important indu/ry by issu+ a special    
*>t] to ! mill at ,norwi*1 already      
m5tion$ z hav+ be5 built 9 #agfh1 & by !
 paym5t ( a b\nty to ! manufactur]1     
,*ri/oph] ,leff+well4  ,sc>city ( rags  
,!re 7 con/ant appeals = rags 9 ?is e>ly
 /age ( ! indu/ry4 ,! ,bo/on ,news      
,lett] 9 #agfi publi%$ an article /at+ t

 8! bell c>t w g ?r\gh ,bo/on be=e ! end
 ( next mon? to collect rags = !        
pap]-mills at ,milton1 :5 all ! p t w   
enc\rage ! pap] manufactory may dispose 
( !m10 & foll[$ ) an appeal 9 8rime40   
,app>5tly ! p ( ,new ,engl& did n       
8enc\rage ! pap] manufactory0 to any    
great ext5t1 = at ! outbreak ( !        
,revolution !re 7 only ?ree pap]-mills 9
 t section ( ! c\ntry1 & z a consequ5ce1
 pap] became exce$+ly sc>ce dur+ ! w>4  
,connecticut gave /ate aid to ! mill at 
,norwi* = two ye>s1 b )drew its special 
enc\ragem5t 9 #aggj1 hav+ paid          
,leff+well a b\nty ( #b;d4 p] quire on  
#d1jbj quires ( writ+-pap]1 & #a;d4 a   
quire on #aj1fjj quires ( pr9t+-pap]4   
,mills 9 ! ,s\?  ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! indu/ry 0 
n e/abli%$ z e>ly z 9 ,new ,engl& & !   
,middle ,/ates1 & ! fir/ mills 7        
enc\rag$ by loans & rew>ds4 ,! ,m>yl&   
conv5tion 9 #agge resolv$ t #djj grant$ 
& advanc$ to ,james ,dorsey = />t+ a    
pap]-mill1 he to repay ! same )9 two    
ye>s1 )\t int]e/1 ei!r 9 ca% or 9 writ+ 

or c>tridge pap]4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,s\?   
,c>ol9a (f]$ #ejj curr5cy to ! fir/ "o  
:o %\ld erect & e/abli% a pap]-mill 9 ! 
colony1 ! money to be paid ^u !         
production ( ?ree reams ( good          
writ+-pap] made at ! mill4  ,9 ! ye>    
#aggf1 a pap]-mill at ,ea/ ,h>t=d1      
,connecticut1 suppli$ ! press at ,h>t=d1
 :i* issu$ ab\t #h1jjj pap]s a week1 &  
manufactur$ also ! writ+ pap] us$ 9 !   
/ate1 toge!r ) mu* ( t us$ by !         
,cont95tal ,congress4  ,pap]-mak]s      
exempt f milit>y s]vice  ,) ! outbreak (
 ho/ilities came a ke5] realization ( ! 
importance ( ! pap] int]e/1 & ! greate/ 
c>e 0 ex]cis$ 9 provid+ = all details ( 
! manufacture4 ,9 #aggf ,massa*usetts   
provid$ by law = ! appo9tm5t ( a        
suitable p]son 9 ea* t[n to receive rags
 = ! pap]-mills2 & ! inhabitants 7      
admoni%$ to be c>eful to save ev5 !     
smalle/ quantity ( rags4 ,9 anticipation
 ( ! com+ conflict1 ,new ,york1 9 ! same
 ye>1 by special enactm5t1 exempt$ f    
milit>y s]vice ! ma/] workman & two     

att5dants at ea* pap]-mill4 ,! ,c\ncil (
 ,public ,safety ( ,p5nsylvania w5t a   
/ep fur!r4 ,! ,cont95tal ,congress hav+ 
resolv$ on ! ret5tion ( pap]-mak]s1 !   
,c\ncil took measures to prev5t !m f    
jo9+ ! volunte]s :o 7 ab\t to m>* to    
,new ,j]sey4  ,a s]mon effectively      
deliv]$  ,^! v>i\s provisions &         
enactm5ts furni% a /rik+ object-lesson z
 to ! value ( pap]1 ev5 to ! public     
safety4 ,! wisdom ( ^! precautions soon 
became evid5t4 ,not)/&+ all ! c>e t _h  
be5 ex]cis$1 ! supply ran l[1 & aft]    
adv]tis+ = pap]1 & ord]+ ! p to produce 
all !y _h1 x 0 f\nd necess>y1 j be=e !  
battle ( ,monm\?1 to s5d files ( soldi]s
 to se>* = ! indisp5sable article :]ev] 
!re 0 a likelihood ( f9d+ x4 ,9 ! g>ret 
( a h\se 9 :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h once 
liv$ & _h 8 pr9t+-(fice 7 f\nd ab\t     
tw5ty-five hundr$ copies ( a s]mon by   
,rev4 ,gilb]t ,t5ant1 ^u 8,def5sive     
,w>10 :i* _h be5 pr9t$ by ,frankl94 ,^! 
7 us$ = musket c>tridges & 8wadd+10 & 9 
! battle t rag$ ab\t old ,t5ant *ur*1   

:]e f\ght repres5tatives f e "o ( !     
?irte5 colonies1 m+l+ _! patriotic blood
 ^u ! hi/oric field1 ! s]mon prov$ "o ( 
! mo/ effective ev] deliv]$4 ,! ,rev4   
,mr4 ,t5ant1 :5 he p5n$ 8 disc\rse1     
probably _h no idea t x w\ld ev] be     
deliv]$ 9 s =ceful a mann]1 j outside ! 
doors ( 8 *ur*4 ,! fact t ^! s]mons 7   
/or$ 9 ! g>ret ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91      
pr9t]1 & held = paym5t1 w p]haps call =?
 a rueful smile f ! mod]n pr9t]1 :o has 
himself _h "s exp]i5ce ( simil> sort1 ! 
f9al outcome ( :i* 0 n s satisfactory z 
?is use ( ^! old s]mons mu/ h prov$ to !
 patriot pr9t] ,frankl94  ,illu/ration3 
,,! ,,wa%]s ,,& ,,beat]s--,,pages #fb   
,,& #fd  ,great sc>city ( pap]  ,z ! w> 
advanc$1 ! sc>city ( pap] caus$ mu*     
inconv5i5ce4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t !     
j\rnal ( ! second session ( ! ,new ,york
 ,assembly1 9 #agha1 0 n pr9t$4 ,9      
#aghi1 s x is /at$1 ! pap]-mill ne>e/ to
 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 0 "o at ,b5n+ton1 
9 ! /ate ( ,v]mont4 ,! product 0        
frequ5tly br\ght f ! mill on horseback1 

& al?\gh x 0 v co>se & unblea*$ comp>$ )
 ! pap] ( to-day1 x 0 s valuable t e    
torn or brok5 %eet 0 repair$ ) pa/e4    
,?is "w 0 s neatly & deftly done t 9 old
 copies ( ! 8,regi/]10 pres]v$ 9 !      
,albany ,in/itute1 ! pat*+ c be se5 only
 by hold+ ! pap] to ! light4  ,appeal = 
rags  ,! fir/ mill to be e/abli%$ 9 !   
nor!rn "p ( ,new ,york 0 erect$ at ,troy
 9 #agic4 ,ab\t t "t1 or 9 #ahja1 !     
po/ma/] ( ! city issu$ a special plea "u
 ! head+1 8,please save y\r rags10 9 :i*
 he said3 8,! press contributes m to !  
diffusion ( k & in=mation ?an any o!r   
m$ium2 rags are ! prim>y requisite 9 !  
manufacture ( pap]1 & )\t pap] !        
newspap]s ( our c\ntry1 ^? *eap1 useful1
 & agreeable companions ( ! citiz5 & !  
f>m]1 :i* 9 a political & moral view are
 ( ! highe/ national importance1 mu/    
decl9e40 ,he !n w5t on to %[ h[1 )      
suffici5t rags1 ! pap]-mills ( ! /ate   
c\ld meet all dem&s2 h[ ! patriotic sav+
 ( rags _h be5 inculcat$ & 0 practic$ 9 
,new ,engl&1 sav+ to ,connecticut alone 

#ej1jjj a ye>1 & h[ ! ?rifty ,new ,engl&
 h\sewife _h r$uc$ ! me?ods ( sav+ to a 
sci5ce1 or r to a f9e art1 & clos$ z    
foll[s3 8,! ri*1 :o reg>d ! int]e/ ( _! 
c\ntry1 w direct _! *ildr5 or dome/ics  
to place a bag or box 9 "s conv5i5t     
place z a deposit = rags1 t none may be 
lo/ by be+ swept into ! /reet or fire2 !
 sales ( :i* sav+ w rew>d ! att5tion ( !
 fai?ful s]vant1 & enc\rage ! prosp]\s  
ent]prise ( prud5ce40  ,! e/abli%m5t ( !
 ,crane mills  ,z5as ,crane1 ( ,worce/]1
 ,massa*usetts1 seek+ a favorable site =
 a pap]-mill1 visit$ ,b]k%ire ,c\nty 9  
#agii1 & f9ally decid$ ^u a location on 
! s\? bran* ( ! ,h\satonic1 at ,dalton4 
,t small beg9n+ 0 l ! acorn f :i* spr+s 
! giant oak4 ,x 0 ! f\ndation ( ! great 
pap] int]e/ ( t region1 :i* has made !  
"n ( ! beautiful hill c\nty fam\s1 bo? =
 ! importance & ext5t ( ! manufacture & 
= ! excell5ce & f95ess ( its products4  
,z we h already se51 ! e>ly pap]-mills 7
 greatly hamp]$ by ! sc>city ( rags1 &  
matt]s grew worse in/ead ( bett] dur+ ! 

la/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,b ! ye>    
#ahjj br\ght "s relief4 ,mat!w ,koop]1 (
 ,france1 :o 9 ! foll[+ ye> succe$$ 9   
mak+ pap] f /raw & wood1 inv5t$ a       
process by :i* #gjj reams ( clean1 :ite 
pap] 7 turn$ out weekly f su* old       
writt51 pr9t$1 & wa/e pap] z _h         
previ\sly be5 ?r[n away4 ,9 ! face ( a  
rag fam9e1 su* a process 0 a great boon 
to ! pap] manufactur]4  ,! foll[+       
appeal1 issu$ by ,z5as ,crane & 8       
associates to ! p ( ,worce/] 9 #ahja1   
%[s h[ great 0 ! sc>city ( rags at t "t1
 & helps to complete ! hi/ory lead+ up  
to ! erection ( ! new mill at ,dalton3  
,a rag fam9e      ,,am]icans6           
,,enc\rage ,,y\r ,,own ,,manufactories1 
,,& ,,!y ,,w ,,improve4      ,,ladies1  
,,save ,,y\r ,,rags4      ,z !          
subscrib]s h x 9 contemplation to erect 
a     pap]-mill 9 ,dalton ! ensu+ spr+2 
& ! bus9ess     be+ v b5eficial to !    
community at l>ge1 !y flatt]            
!mselves t !y %all meet ) due           
enc\ragem5t4 ,&     t e woman :o has !  

good ( h] c\ntry & !     int]e/ ( h] own
 family at he>t1 w patronize !m by      
sav+ _! rags & s5d+ !m to _!            
,manufactory1 or to     ! ne>e/         
,/orekeep]--= :i* ! ,subscrib]s w give a
     g5]\s price4                       
,,h5ry ,,wiswall1                       
,,z5as ,,crane1                         
,,john ,,will>d4      ,worce/]1 ,feb4   
#h1 #ahja4  ,! ,butl] mills ( e>ly days 
,a few ye>s lat]1 b yet e>ly 9 ! life ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,zeb$iah ,butl]1 ,sr41
 & 8 son1 ,zeb$iah ,butl]1 ,jr41 7      
int]e/$ 9 a pap]-mill at ,hubbell's     
,falls1 ,vt41 & x 0 "h t ,oliv] ,morris 
,butl]1 eld] bro!r ( ,j4 ,w4 ,butl]1    
le>n$ 8 trade--"h1 too1 ,j4 ,w4 ,butl] 0
 born4 ,! pap] made 0 ( ! k9d n[ kn[n z 
,/raw ,wrapp+4 ,lat] ?is mill became !  
prop]ty ( ,james ,i4 ,cutl]1 & ,oliv]   
,morris ,butl] w5t s\? to ,lee1         
,massa*usetts1 to p]fect 8 k ( ! pap]   
indu/ry1 !re hav+ be5 erect$ at ,lee a  
l>ge & mod]n plant repres5tative ( !    
late/ & be/ ideas !n kn[n to ! art (    

pap]-mak+4 ,9 #ahdj ,oliv] ,morris      
,butl] return$ to ,hubbell's ,falls1 &1 
be+ unable to collect c]ta9 obligations 
due him1 took pap] 9 "p paym5t--?is     
p>ticul> invoice ( f9i%$ pap] he br\ght 
we/ to ,*icago4 ,! v5ture1 :ile n       
pr(itable1 is yet ( mu* int]e/1 z x     
practically m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ,j4
 ,w4 ,butl] ,pap] ,company4  ,! ,butl]  
mills ! fir/ 9 ! ,we/  ,9 #ahda ,oliv]  
,morris ,butl] mov$ we/ into ,ill9ois1  
locat+ at ,/4 ,*>les1 a t[n ab\t ?irty  
miles f ,*icago & situat$ ^u ! ,fox     
,riv]4 ,"h he imm$iately built a        
wrapp+-pap] mill2 lat]1 & ^u ! opposite 
bank ( ! same /ream1 he erect$ a        
pr9t-pap] plant1 ! fir/ ( its k9d we/ ( 
,pittsburg4 ,x is also record$ 9 !      
,atlas ,biographical ,diction>y t       
,simeon & ,asa ,butl]1 memb]s ( ano!r   
bran* ( ! ,butl] family1 made ! fir/    
lett]-pap]1 ! product ( an ,am]ican     
mill1 t 0 us$ 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4  ,! great ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e  ,!   
desire = improvem5t 9 mat]ial           

conditions1 = bett] implem5ts & bett]   
me?ods1 has m>k$ e /age ( man's advance4
 ,! same _s t l$ primitive man to seek a
 bett] & m conv5i5t m$ium ( expression  
?an ! cumb]some b[ld] or ! c>v$ obelisk1
 manife/$ itself aga91 c5turies lat]1 9 
! untir+ zeal ) :i* manufactur]s s\ght  
to improve a product t may be consid]$ !
 f9al successor ( ! b[ld] & ! obelisk4  
,! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury saw _m improvem5ts 
9 ! me?ods ( pap]-mak+4 ,9 #ahjd        
,messrs4 ,h5ry & ,seely ,f\rdr9i]1      
ent]pris+ & public-spirit$ /ation]s do+ 
bus9ess 9 ,engl&1 br\ght to a good      
degree ( p]fection ! great ma*9e :i*    
be>s _! "n1 & :i* is describ$ at "s l5g?
 9 a subsequ5t *apt] deal+ ) ! me?ods ( 
mod]n pap] manufacture4 ,! ma*9e _h be5 
inv5t$1 ?\gh n p]fect$1 a ye> or two    
previ\sly1 by a ,mr4 ,rob]ts 9 ,france2 
9 #ahje1 ,mr4 ,donk91 ! eng9e] ( !      
,f\rdr9i] ,bro!rs1 :o _h built ! ma*9e1 
fur!r improv$ x by alt]+ ! position ( ! 
cyl9d]s s z to disp5se ) an upp] web4   
,by ?is *ange ! process 0 s simplifi$ t 

! "w ( six vats c\ld be done 9 twelve   
h\rs4 ,^! improvem5ts 7 made 9 a        
pap]-mill at ,two ,wat]s1 ,engl&2 b !   
ma*9e t c n[ d 9 a day ! "w t =m]ly     
requir$ ?ree mon?s 0 n imm$iately       
introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4  ,_m new     
mills  ,! increase ( pap]-mills 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 s rapid t 9 #ahaj !
 numb] 9 ! c\ntry 0 /at$ to be #ahe4 ,9 
#ahaa1 ,z5as ,crane1 :o _h built ! fir/ 
mill at ,dalton1 s9ce kn[n z ! ,b]k%ire 
,mills1 erect$ a new mill at ! l[] falls
 ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,^! pione]s gave a     
great impetus to ! manufacture1 &       
pap]-mills sprang up z if by magic along
 all ! swift-fl[+ m\nta9 /reams ( ,new  
,engl&4  ,a pap]-mill1 ! fir/ built 9 ! 
,briti% ,am]ican prov9ces1 0 erect$ at  
:at is n[ ,b$=d1 & 9 ! same ye>1 #ahaf1 
a pap] factory 0 put into op]ation at   
,pittsburg1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x 0 op]at$ by
 a #af horse-p[] /eam-eng9e1 employ$ =ty
 p]sons1 & ) an annual output valu$ at  
only #bj1jjj requir$ ! consumption (    
#aj1jjj bu%els ( coal & ! use ( #abj1jjj

 p\nds ( rags1 %[+ t ! me?od mu/ h be5  
sl[ & cumb]some1 & ! m>g9 ( pr(it small4
  ,duty on books  ,x is believ$ t !     
,gilp9s1 :o 7 celebrat$ pap]-mak]s on ! 
,br&yw9e1 ne> ,philadelphia1 7 ! fir/ to
 introduce pap] ma*9]y f ,france &      
,engl&1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 b ! exp]im5t  
prov$ s exp5sive t x met ) little       
enc\ragem5t at t "t4 ,"s int]e/+ facts 7
 br\ght out dur+ ?is ye> by a petition  
to ,congress f ! pap]-mak]s (           
,p5nsylvania & ,delaw>e1 :o ask$ = a    
duty on pap]1 claim+ t sev5ty           
pap]-mills1 ) n9ety vats1 employ+ #iej  
p]sons1 & us+ #b1fjj tons ( rags1 ) an  
annual output ( #ejj1jjj 9 value1 _h by 
=eign competition be5 r$uc$ to sev5te5  
vats4 ,! alli$ trades ( pr9t+ & publi%+ 
7 s closely connect$ ) pap]-mak+ t :at  
affect$ "o affect$ all2 x 0 ?is         
community ( int]e/s t l$ repres5tatives 
( ! ?ree indu/ries to unite1 9 #ahbb1 9 
a memorial to ,congress1 urg+ t ! duty  
on books %\ld n be r$uc$1 z ! books1    
entirely ( ,am]ican products &          

manufacture1 :i* 7 issu$ 9 ! c\ntry1    
am\nt$ 9 value to m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p]   
annum4  ,illu/ration3    ,,cut--,,page  
#ei    ,,wa%$--,,page #fb               
,,blea*$--,,page #fc  ,,rags ,,9 ,,v>i\s
 ,,/ages  ,! cal5d] inv5t$  ,not)/&+    
=eign competition1 possibly because ( t 
/imulus1 improvem5ts 7 con/antly be+    
made 9 me?ods & ma*9]y4 ,! agitator n[  
us$ on pap] ma*9es1 consi/+ ( a         
semi-cyl9drical cradle vibrat+ s z to   
prev5t ! fib]s f be+ arrang$ p>allel "o 
to ano!r1 ! result ( :i* w\ld be to make
 ! pap] weak] 9 "o direction ?an 9 !    
o!r1 0 pat5t$ by ,reub5 ,fair*ild (     
,trumbull1 ,connecticut1 9 #ahbi4 ,9 !  
foll[+ ye> ,?omas ,gilp9 ( ,philadelphia
 inv5t$ :at are call$ 8cal5d]s10 = giv+ 
! poli%$ surface to pap]4 ,^! are       
describ$ lat]1 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,true       
cyl9d]s 7 fir/ made 9 ?is same ye> by an
 inv5tor 9 ,engl&4 ,! result 0 ga9$ by  
gr9d+ ! roll]s toge!r :ile a /ream (    
wat] fl[$ ov] !m1 ?is op]ation requir+  
_m weeks4 ,?r\gh ^! v>i\s inv5tions &   

improvem5ts1 & ?r\gh ! introduction (   
ma*9]y f ,europe1 by means ( :i* !      
co>se/ ( rags & o!r mat]ials 7 clean$1  
blea*$1 & purifi$1 & increas$ ?ree      
hundr$ p] c5t 9 value1 a decid$ impetus 
0 imp>t$ to ! manufacture4 ,improv$     
ma*9]y ,! advance 9 ! indu/ry dur+ !    
foll[+ ye>s 0 s m>k$ t 9 #ahdb1 accord+ 
to an e/imate made at a meet+ (         
pap]-mak]s held 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 t  
ye>1 ! pap]-mill prop]ty ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates 0 valu$ at #af1jjj1jjj1 & !      
annual output at #ae1jjj1jjj1 :ile !    
value ( rags import$ f ,europe am\nt$ to
 #dfh1bcj1 & ! raw /ock1 rags1 & o!r    
mat]ial collect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
#f1jjj1jjj4 ,) ! adoption1 9 #ahdc1 ( ! 
devices = a rotat+ /ra9]1 = dra9+ wat] f
 ! pulp 9 ! wa%+ or beat+ vats1 came    
ano!r advance 9 ! process ( pap]-mak+4  
,! fir/ pap]-h\se 9 ,*icago  ,9 #ahdd a 
jobb+ h\se 0 op5$ 9 ,*icago by ,oliv]   
,morris ,butl] to dispose ( ! pap] made 
at 8 ,/4 ,*>les ,mill4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]
 ,j4 ,w4 ,butl]1 ! pres5t head ( ! ,j4  

,w4 ,butl] ,pap] ,company1 0 plac$ 9    
sole *>ge ( ! ,*icago bran*4 ,oliv]     
,morris ,butl] 0 also a "p own] &       
presid5t ( ! ,lockport ,pap] ,company1 (
 ,lockport1 ,ill9ois1 a successful plant
 erect$ = ! manufacture ( ,/raw ,bo>d1 &
 he rema9$ active 9 ! trade up to ! "t (
 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 #ahhh4 ,g5ealogy 
( ! ,butl]s z pap]-mak]s ,! /ore :i* he 
e/abli%$ 9 #ahdd & put "u ! managem5t ( 
8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,j4 ,w4 ,butl]1 t\*es    
closely1 ?r\gh him1 8 ance/ors1 & _!    
e>li] ye>s z pap]-mak]s1 ne>ly ! :ole ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! l9e ( ! pap]       
indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t ?is direct     
bran* ( ! ,butl] family may h _h ev5    
e>li] id5tification ) pap]-mak+ is n    
improbable2 ! family l9e is cle>ly &    
directly traceable z cont9u\s resid5ts 9
 ,am]ica back to ! e>li] half ( !       
sev5te5? c5tury1 only a few ye>s        
subsequ5t to ! ,pilgrims' l&+1 b ! meag]
 records ( our e>lie/ settl]s seldom    
speak ( _! vocations1 & our fir/        
positive k ( ! ,butl] family's          

connection ) ! pap] indu/ry is e>ly 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,e>ly
 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+   8,z f> z !
 ,ea/ is f ! ,we/10 s great is !        
diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods & processes ( !
 sl[-go+ ,ori5t & ^? t prevail 9 !      
,occid5t4  ,x is fully a c5tury & a half
 s9ce ,b]keley gave expression to 8 fai?
 9 ! high de/9y ( ! ,we/3     8,we/w>d !
 c\rse ( empire takes its way2       ,! 
f\r fir/ acts already pa/1     ,a fif?  
%all close ! drama ) ! day2       ,"t's 
noble/ (fspr+ is ! la/40  ,progress ( ! 
,we/  ,z ! ye>s foll[$ ea* o!r swiftly 9
 ! pa/1 x became /rik+ly evid5t t ! _w  
mu/ look to ! ,occid5t = indu/rial      
activity & progress1 & = ! practical    
application ( new inv5tions &           
discov]ies4 ,& yet1 ?r\gh ! inevitable  
exception t proves ! rule1 we           
occasionally f9d ,ea/ & ,we/ work+ along
 /rik+ly simil> l9es4 ,! mak+ ( pap] by 
h&1 z c>ri$ on 9 our own c\ntry 9 e>ly  
days1 & to a limit$ ext5t at ! pres5t   
"t1 furni%es su* an exception4 ,9 _m    

respects1 ! process is n unlike t foll[$
 by ! ,*9ese 9 mak+ pap] f ! b>k ( !    
mulb]ry-tree1 :i* has already be5       
describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 ei!r case1
 :atev] ! mat]ial employ$1 ! fir/ /ep1  
:i* 0 ( prime importance1 0 to remove f 
! fib]s all glut9\s1 res9\s1 or o!r     
sup]flu\s matt]4 ,! fib]s are ! sl5d]1  
elongat$ cells1 ! endur+ portion ( !    
plant t gives to ! pap] its /r5g?1      
t\ghness1 & ela/icity4  ,decomposition (
 rags  ,be=e ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry _h be5  
call$ ^u to furni% its pot5t aid 9 !    
process ( pap]-mak+1 ! rags us$ 7 moi/5$
 & pil$ toge!r 9 "s w>m1 damp place1 (t5
 9 a cell>1 :]e !y 7 left to decay = a  
p]iod--tw5ty days or m4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! 
p]i%able portion1 sometimes spok5 ( z   
vegetable glut51 f]m5t$ or decay$ to su*
 an ext5t t x c\ld be wa%$ f ! fibr9e1  
or long1 :ite ela/ic filam5ts4 ,be=e be+
 submitt$ to ! process ( decomposition1 
! rags 7 ( c\rse du/$1 &1 z f> z        
possible1 cleans$ f all m9]al1 =eign1 or
 indissoluble sub/ances1 aft] :i* !y 7  

cut into small pieces4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation 
eng5d]$ by heat & moi/ure _h done its   
important "w1 ! rags 7 boil$ & wa%$1 &  
f9ally beat5 to a smoo? pulp by ! use ( 
mallets4  ,9 ! e>ly days ( pap]-mak+1   
be=e ! discov]y ( ! use ( *emical ag5ts 
to remove ! color+ matt]1 ! color ( !   
pap] 0 det]m9$ by t ( ! rags or o!r     
mat]ial1 modifi$ some:at by ! boil+ &   
wa%+4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t c]ta9 *emicals 
w\ld dissolve or sep>ate ! color+ matt] 
f ! tissue1 "o great factor 9 ! co/ (   
mak+ :ite pap] 0 elim9at$4 ,lye1 lime1  
solutions ( *lor9e & ( *loride ( lime 7 
employ$ = ! purpose4  ,h&-made process  
,! fib]s hav+ be5 sep>at$1 by ?is sl[ & 
t$i\s me?od1 f all =eign matt]1 !y 7    
plac$ 9 a vat1 ) a prop] admixture (    
wat] to =m a s(t1 slightly coh]+ mass ( 
8pulp40 ,! next /ep 9 ! process 0 ! =m+ 
( ! pap] %eets4 ,= ?is purpose !        
pap]-mak] employ$ a f9e wire scre51 or  
clo?1 call$ ! 8mold10 :i* 0 oblong 9    
%ape1 & support$ by a light frame       
und]nea?4 ,above ?is 0 plac$ a v %all[  

frame kn[n z ! 8deckel10 :i* 9 size &   
%ape correspond$ exactly ) ! mold4      
,dipp+ ! mold into ! mass ( pulp1 !     
op]ator fill$ x ev5 ) ! top ( ! deckel1 
! ?ickness ( ! pap] be+ det]m9$ by !    
dep? ( ! deckel-frame4 ,!n z ! wat] f ! 
pulp dra9$ ?r\gh ! wire clo?1 ! op]ator 
mov$ ! mold back & =?1 giv+ a con/ant1  
ev51 & g5tle motion to ! mass )94  ,!   
wat]m>k  ,! mann] 9 :i* ! wires ( ! mold
 7 arrang$ gave to c]ta9 pap]s _!       
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,9 "s molds ! wire
 0 wov5 l clo?1 & ! product 0 !re=e kn[n
 z 8wove0 pap]2 9 o!rs1 ! small wires   
ran only "o way1 /raight & v close      
toge!r1 & 7 cross$ by /rong] wires an   
in* or s ap>t1 ! pap] 9 ?is case be+    
call$ 8laid0 pap]4 ,at "s po9t 9 ! wire 
( ! mold a small figure 0 work$ out1    
also 9 wire1 & z ! pulp 0 %ak5 x became 
a little ?9n] ov] ! design1 leav+ !     
impress kn[n z ! 8wat]m>k40  ,:5 ! pulp 
_h be5 prop]ly dra9$1 & matt$ toge!r1 ! 
mold 0 pass$ on to ano!r op]ator1 :o 0  
kn[n z ! 8c\*]10 f ! fact t 8 "w 0 !    

turn+ ( ! moi/ %eet ( pulp ^u a %eet (  
felt /ret*$ ov] a bo>d t]m$ a 8c\*40    
,ov] ?is fir/ lay] ( pulp 0 plac$ ano!r 
%eet ( felt1 !n ano!r mold full ( !     
pulp1 & s on until !re 0 obta9$ a pile1 
or 8po/10 z x 0 call$1 sev]al quires 9  
?ickness4 ,! lay]s 7 !n subject$ to     
heavy pressure1 by :i* z mu* ( ! wat] z 
possible 0 squeez$ out1 :5 ! %eets (    
felt 7 remov$1 & pressure 0 appli$ a    
second "t to ! pap] t rema9$4 ,! %eets (
 pap] on be+ tak5 out 7 hung ov] ropes  
or poles to dry1 9 "s room or l(t4      
,siz+  ,at ?is po9t 9 ! process ! pap]  
w\ld be op5 & por\s1 & w\ld naturally   
absorb ink1 in/ead ( c>ry+ x 9 l9es or  
lett]s ^u its surface4 ,to ov]come ?is  
defect1 ! pap] 0 dipp$ 9 a solution made
 ( clipp+s ( hides1 horns1 or ho(s1 or 9
 ! gelat9e prep>$ f lea!r & p>*m5t      
clipp+s4 ,! process 01 & is /ill1 t]m$  
8siz+10 :ile ! mat]ial is kn[n z 8size10
 & is us$ to r5d] ! pap] non-absorb5t1  
also to fill up ! pores & give an ev5   
surface4 ,aft] be+ dipp$ 9 ?is solution1

 ! %eets 7 press$ aga91 & = a second "t 
hung up to dry2 if a smoo!r surface 0   
desir$1 x 0 obta9$ by pass+ ! pap]      
betwe5 metal roll]s4  ,bank ( ,engl&    
notes  ,h&-made pap] is n[ made to a    
limit$ ext5t 9 ,am]ica1 & to a /ill     
great] ext5t 9 ,engl&4 ,all ,bank (     
,engl& notes are pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 
two notes to a %eet1 s t ?ree edges ( e 
note are r\gh4 ,work+ "u ! old me?od1 x 
took ?ree m5 a day to mold1 press1 &    
hang up to dry1 or f9i%1 f\r ?\s& small 
%eets ( pap]1 :ile ! process f beg9n+ to
 end requir$ ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,f tree to
 pap] 9 a day ,9 ^! mod]n days1 z w be  
se5 lat]1 pap] c be made 9 tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs f a tree /&+ 9 ! =e/1 9 ! glory (  
its full /r5g? & vigor2 ?\gh 9 actual   
practice a long] "t is tak5 9 cov]+ all 
! diff]5t processes4 ,truly ! times are 
*ang$1 & ev]y?+ is *ang$ ) !m6          
,illu/ration3    ,,aft] ,,leav+ ,,!     
,,beat]s--,,page #fd    ,,aft] ,,leav+  
,,! ,,jordan--,,page #ga  ,,rag ,,pulp  
,,*apt] ,v  ,,mod]n ,,pap]-,,mak+   ,!  

mod]n mill  ,?\gh ! /eady m>* ( progress
 & inv5tion has giv5 to ! mod]n         
pap]-mak] m>vel\s ma*9es by :i* ! output
 is increas$ a ?\s&-fold ov] t ( ! old1 
sl[ me?ods1 he /ill has _m ( ! same     
difficulties to ov]come t confront$ 8   
pr$ecessor4 ,:ile ! use ( wood pulp has 
greatly *ang$ ! conditions z reg>ds !   
*eap] grades ( ?is /aple1 ! ragman is   
to-day almo/ z important to !           
manufactur] ( ! high] grades z he 0 "o  
hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! sav+ ( rags 0     
inculcat$ z a dome/ic virtue & a        
patriotic duty4 ,me?ods h *ang$1 b !    
mat]ial rema9s ! same4 ,9 a complete    
mod]n mill1 mak+ writ+ & o!r high-grade 
pap]s1 ! process beg9s ) unsightly rags 
z ! mat]ial f :i* to =m ! :ite %eets t  
are to receive ^u _! spotless poli%$    
surface ! ?\ghts ( philosoph]s &        
/atesm51 ! t5d] messages ( affection1 ! 
c\nsels & admonitions ( m9i/]s1 !       
decisions ( grave & le>n$ judges1 & all 
!      8,wisdom ( ?+s1 my/]i\s1 div9e10 
t     8,illu/ri\sly do? on pap] %9e10  z

 0 duly set =? 9 rhyme by ! 8,bo/on     
,news ,lett]0 9 #agfi4 8,! bell c>t w g 
?r\gh ,bo/on ab\t ! end ( next mon?10 x 
ann\nc$1 & appeal$ to ! inhabitants ( t 
mod]n seat ( le>n+ & philosophy to save 
_! rags = ! occasion1 & ?us enc\rage !  
indu/ry4  ,! me?ods ( to-day  ,! rags d 
n come to ! mammo? factories ( to-day 9 
8bell c>ts10 b by ! c>load1 9 huge      
bales1 ga!r$ f all sections ( ?is great 
,republic1 z well z f l&s beyond ! ea/]n
 & ! we/]n oceans4 ,! squ>e1 compact1   
/eam-compress$ bundles are c>ri$ by     
elevators well up t[>d ! top ( ! build+1
 :]e !y await ! knife ( ! 8op5]40 ,:5 !y
 h be5 op5$1 ! 8fe$]0 ?r[s ! cont5ts by 
armfuls into ! 8?ra%]40 ,! novice or    
layman1 ignorant ( ! /ate 9 :i* rags    
come to ! mill1 w f9d _! condition a mo/
 unpleasant surprise1 especially        
disagreeable to 8 olfactory n]ves4 ,yet 
! unsavory revelation comes ) m =ce a   
little f>!r on1 9 ! 8assort+-room40 ,!  
?ra%] ,! 8?ra%]0 is a great cyl9drical  
receptacle1 revolv+ rapidly1 :i* is     

suppli$ ) long wood5 beat]s or arms1    
pass+ ?r\gh a wood5 cyl9d]1 & driv5 by  
p[]4 ,! sort+ room ,:5 ! rags h be5     
toss$ 91 !re ensues a great p\nd+ &     
?ra%+1 & ! du/ is c>ri$ (f 9 suction    
air-tubes1 :ile ! :ipp$ rags are dis*>g$
 & c>ri$ to ! 8sort+0 & 8%r$d+0 room4   
,"h ! rags are assort$ z to size1       
condition1 & ! pres5ce ( buttons1 hooks 
& eyes1 or o!r mat]ial t mu/ be remov$4 
,!n ^? t ne$ fur!r att5tion are pass$ on
 to ! 8%r$d]s10 ^! z well z ! 8sort]s0  
be+ wom54 ,! 8%r$d]s0 /& along a n>r[   
c\nt]2 9 front ( ea* "o !re is fa/5$ a  
long scy!-blade1 ) its back t[>d !      
op]ator & its po9t ext5d+ upw>d1 ! %ank 
be+ firmly fix$ to ! table or op]at+    
bo>d4 ,"h buttons1 h>d seams1 & all     
simil> intrud]s are dispos$ (1 & ! l>g] 
pieces ( rags are cut into num]\s small 
ones on ! scy!-blades4 ,! rags ?us      
prep>$ are toss$ by ! wom5 into         
receptacles 9 ! tables4 ,! "w 9 ?is room
 is ! mo/ disagreeable & un:olesome (   
any 9 ! entire process ( manufacture1 & 

?is despite ! fact t ^! rags1 too1 h be5
 ?ra%$1 & fre$ f an am\nt ( du/ & dirt  
beyond ord9>y belief4  ,! high] grades  
,:ile wat*+ ! op]ations c>ri$ on "h1 x  
is impossible to repress ! wi% t rags   
might be b\ght o!rwise ?an by ! p\nd1 =1
 un=tunately1 fil?1 du/1 & dirt weigh1 &
 to wa% rags only r$uces ! weight4 ,:ile
 ?is is a true reflection ( ! condition 
9 ! av]age mill1 x is pleasant to "k1   
h[ev]1 !re are o!rs ( ! high] class t   
are decid$ exceptions1 z f> z du/ & dirt
 are conc]n$4 ,su* are ! mills mak+     
high-grade l$g] & bond pap]s1 z well z !
 mill manufactur+ ! pap] t is us$ = !   
pr9t+ ( our 8gre5backs10 to :i* fur!r   
ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,9 ^!           
exceptional mills ev]y?+ is neat &      
p]fectly clean1 all ! /ock us$ be+ new &
 fre% f ! cotton or l95 mills1 or f     
factories produc+ clo? goods1 l %irt &  
corset factories1 & o!rs ( ! same sort4 
,! sort+ & %r$d+ room is always l>ge &  
light1 ) w9d[s on all sides1 & is well  
v5tilat$1 (f]+ a decid$ contra/ 9 _m    

respects to ! less cleanly mills fir/   
ref]r$ to1 :]e ! wom5 mu/ we> bonnets or
 hoods = ! protection ( ! hair4 ,9 ei!r 
case ! process is c]ta9ly an improvem5t 
ov] ! old plan ( leav+ ! rags to decay 9
 a cell> to exp$ite ! removal ( !       
glut9\s matt]4  ,! cutt]  ,f ! 8sort+0 &
 8%r$d+0 room ! rags are convey$ to !   
8cutt]10 :]e !y are cut & *opp$ by      
revolv+ knives1 leav+ !m 9 small pieces 
& mu* fre] f du/ & grit4 ,v>i\s +5i\s   
devices are employ$ = remov+ metal & o!r
 h>d & injuri\s matt]1 magnetic bru%es  
s]v+ ?is purpose 9 "s mills4 ,! devil   
,:5 ! 8cutt]0 has f9i%$ its "w1 ! /ill v
 dirty rags g = a fur!r cleans+ to !    
8devil10 or 8:ipp]10 a holl[ cone )     
spikes project+ )91 aga9/ :i* "w !      
spikes ( a drum1 da%+ ! rags ab\t at    
great spe$4 ,human lives are (t5 fre$ ( 
_! bas] elem5ts & re/or$ to purity &    
beauty ?r\gh ! *a/5+ influ5ces (        
tribulation or adv]sity2 9 l mann] !    
8:ipp]0 c>ries ! rags =w>d a /ep 9 !    
process ( purification t is necess>y    

be=e !y c be br\ght to _! highe/        
usefulness4 ,b ! cleans+ process1 :i* is
 only a prep>ation = :at is to foll[1   
does n end ) ! 8:ipp]10 ! latt] hav+    
s]v$ m]ely to loos51 n to dislodge1 a   
great deal ( du/ & dirt4 ,! du/] ,! f9al
 op]ation 9 ! prelim9>y clean+ is p]=m$ 
by ! 8du/]0 prop]1 :i* is a conical     
revolv+ sieve4 ,z ! mass ( rags is toss$
 & %ak5 ab\t ! loos5$ du/ is c>ri$ away 
by ! suction ( ! air1 :i* draws ! du/   
p>ticles into tubes furni%$ ) suction   
fans4 ,9 mo/ mod]n mills ! rags are     
c>ri$ =w>d f ! 8du/]0 on an endless     
belt1 & a c>eful wat* is kept ^u !m z !y
 em]ge to detect ! pres5ce ( un*opp$    
pieces1 buttons1 or o!r =eign sub/ances4
 ,! j\rney ( ! rags ov] ?is endless belt
 or conveyor t]m9ates 9 a receiv+-room1 
9 ! floor ( :i* !re are sev]al op5+s1 & 
imm$iately bel[ ^! ! m\?s ( ! 8dige/]s10
 :i* are 9 a room b5ea?4 ,! dige/] ,!   
8dige/]s10 z !y are sugge/ively &       
appropriately t]m$1 are huge revolv+    
boil]s1 usually upright1 :i* (t5 h z    

great a diamet] z eight feet1 ) a height
 ( tw5ty-two feet1 & ^: dige/ive        
capacity is upw>d ( five tons ( rags    
ea*4 ,cook+ ( rags ,! rags t are to be  
8cook$0 are f$ into ! 8dige/]s0 ?r\gh ! 
op5+s 9 ! floor1 & ! great movable      
manhole plates are !n put 9 place &     
clos$1 h]metically seal+ ! op5+s or m\?s
 ?r\gh :i* ! boil]s h be5 f$1 ^! hav+   
fir/ be5 *>g$ ) a mix$ solution ( lime &
 soda1 & ) live hot /eam 9 lieu ( ga/ric
 juice z a dige/+ fluid & =ce4 ,9 "s    
mills ! boil]s are plac$ 9 a horizontal 
position1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are 9 ! =m ( a 
l>ge ball or globe1 9 ei!r case be+     
op]at$ 9 ! mann] describ$2 ^? ( upright 
=m1 h[ev]1 are mo/ commonly 9 use4 ,!   
rags are boil$ "u /eam pressure ( ab\t  
=ty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! cook+ is  
cont9u$ f twelve to f\rte5 h\rs4        
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,f\rdr9i]    
,,ma*9e--,,page #gc  ,! wa%]s or        
,holl&]s  ,x is "h t ! process ( clean+ 
beg9s 9 e>ne/2 & z ! mass ( rags is     
tumbl$ ab\t 9 its scald+ ba? (          

/eam-heat$ lime-wat]1 or 8milk ( lime10 
! color+ & glut9\s matt]s1 z well z all 
o!r impurities1 are loos5$ f ! fib]s1   
:i* are 9 ! end s cleans$ & purifi$ z to
 come =? un/a9$ & ( virg9 purity4 ,hav+ 
be5 suffici5tly boil$ & dige/$1 ! mu%y  
mat]ial1 /ill look+ d>k & =bidd+1 is    
empti$ onto ! floor bel[ or into        
receptacles plac$ directly b5ea? !      
boil]s1 :]e ! color & dirt are all[$ to 
dra9 (f4 ,! mass is !n convey$ to !     
8wa%]s10 great tub-l receptacles1 :i*   
are %[n among ! illu/rations1 & :i* are 
kn[n z 8,holl&]s10 f ! fact t ^! rag    
eng9es 7 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&1 ab\t ! ye>    
#agej ,a4 ,d4 ,!y are oval-%ap$ tubs1   
ab\t tw5ty feet long1 n9e feet wide1 &  
?ree feet high1 v>y+ some:at accord+ to 
! conditions4 ,ea* tub is divid$ =      
two-?irds ( its l5g? by an upright      
p>tition1 or 8mid-fea!r10 z x is call$1 
:i* makes a n>r[ c\rse ar\nd ! vat4 ,on 
"o side ( ! p>tition ! tub is rais$ 9 a 
half-circle1 close to :i* revolves an   
iron roll ab\t ?ree or f\r feet 9       

diamet]1 & cov]$ ) knives2 9 ! bottom ( 
! tub1 & directly "u ! revolv+ roll1 is 
ano!r set ( knives call$ a 8b$-plate10  
:i* is /ation>y1 & aga9/ :i* ! roll c be
 l[]$4 ,b n to anticipate4 ,:5 ! empty+s
 f ! boil] h be5 ?r[n into ! 8wa%]0 a   
cont9u\s /ream ( wat] is turn$ 9 at "o  
end1 ! knife-roll hav+ be5 adju/$ s z to
 op5 up ! rags z !y are set 9 motion4   
,^! !n beg9 a lively *ase ar\nd ! edge (
 ! vat1 ?r\gh ! racec\rse =m$ by !      
8mid-fea!r10 & "u ! rag-op5+ knives1 :]e
 ! wat] is giv5 a *ance to wa% out all  
impurities2 !n on up ! incl9e ov] !     
8back fall10 s-call$ f ! elevation 9 !  
tub4 ,a cyl9d] ( wire clo?1 p>tly imm]s$
 9 ! mov+ mass1 holds back ! n[ rapidly 
:it5+ fib]s1 :ile ! dirty wat] escapes  
into buckets inside ! wire clo? drum1 & 
is dis*>g$ into & ?r\gh an escape-sp\t4 
,! heavy p>ticles ( dirt settle into :at
 is t]m$ a 8s&-trap0 at ! bottom ( !    
tub4  ,blea*+ mat]ial  ,z ! wat] cle>s1 
! roll is l[]$ clos] & clos] to ! bottom
 ( ! b$-plate1 9 ord] to op5 up ! fib]s 

m ?or\ghly = ! free circulation ( ! wat]
 among !m4 ,:5 ! sev]al ag5cies ( !     
8wa%]0 h accompli%$ _! purpose1 & ! wat]
 runs cle> & unsulli$1 a blea*+ mat]ial 
is put into ! mass1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( f   
two to six h\rs becomes z :ite z milk4  
,! dirty (fsc\r+s ( all ragdom1 fir/ se5
 9 ! orig9al bales1 & ga!r$ f ! f\r     
qu>t]s ( ! globe1 h endur$ _m buffet+s1 
_m bruis+s & tribulations1 & hav+ be5   
wa%$ come =? pure1 sweet1 & clean4 ,f ! 
wa%]s ! rags are precipitat$ ?r\gh a    
trap into dra9]s1 :i* are *amb]s made ( 
/one & brick1 ) a false bottom1 ?r\gh   
:i* ! wat] is all[$ to dra94 ,?is rag   
pulp1 n[ call$ half /ock1 is kept 9 ?is 
receptacle until ! wat] & liquor are    
?or\ghly dra9$ (f1 :5 x becomes a :ite &
 compact mass ( fib]s4  ,! dra9]s  ,!   
rags %\ld /& 9 ! dra9]s = at lea/ "o    
week1 ?\gh bett] results are obta9$ if  
!y are left = a p]iod two or ?ree times 
z long1 z ! fib]s become m subdu$4 ,!   
process ( pap]-mak+1 z x has already be5
 describ$1 applies m p>ticul>ly to pap]s

 made f rags4 ,to-day a v l>ge          
proportion ( ! *eap] pap]s are made f   
wood1 ei!r entirely or 9 "p1 & ^!       
wood-made pap]s are subject$ to a       
diff]5t treatm5t1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w
 be made 9 ?is *apt]4  ,! beat]s  ,f !  
dra9] ! mass is c>t$ to ! beat+ eng9e1  
or 8beat]10 :i* is v simil> 9           
con/ruction to ! wa%] j describ$4 ,!    
knives on ! roll 9 ! beat] are gr\p$    
?ree toge!r in/ead ( two1 & are plac$   
ne>] ! bottom or b$-plate 9 ord] to     
sep>ate m ?or\ghly ! fib]s4 ,9 ! beat]  
are p]=m$ _m & v>y+ manipulations1      
design$ n only to secure a m p]fect     
product1 b also to produce diff]5t      
v>ieties ( pap]4 ,x is ! !ory ( ! beat+ 
process t ! fib]s are n cut1 b are drawn
 out to _! utmo/ ext5t4 ,9 wat*+ !      
op]ations ( ! 8beat]10 "o notices on !  
surface ( ! sl[ly revolv+ mass ( fib]s1 
float+ blu+1 su* z ! ?rifty h\sewife    
uses to :it5 f9e fabrics4 ,?is famili>  
ag5cy ( ! laundry is introduc$ into !   
solution ( fib]s ) ! same end 9 view t  

is s\ght 9 ! wa%tub--to give ! cle> :ite
 color t is s desirable4 ,_m ( !        
inv5tions & discov]ies by :i* ! _w has  
pr(it$ l>gely h be5 due prim>ily to "s  
=tunate accid5t1 & accord+ to a pretty  
/ory ^u :i* pap]-mak]s h set ! seal ( _!
 belief = m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 
! use ( blu+ 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! same way4
 ,! blu+ /ory ,ab\t ! ye> #agdf1 s runs 
! /ory1 a ,mrs4 ,button%aw1 ! wife ( an 
,engli% pap]-mak]1 accid5tally dropp$   
into a tub ( pulp ! bag ( blu+1 or its  
cont5ts1 :i* %e 0 ab\t to use 9 a wa%+ (
 f9e l954 ,fright5$ at :at %e _h done1 &
 consid]+ x ! "p ( wisdom to keep       
sil5ce1 %e discreetly held h] peace &   
await$ results4 ,b :5 h] husb& _h       
express$ great wond] & admiration ov] ! 
pap] made f t p>ticul> pulp1 & _h sold x
 9 ,london at an advance ( sev]al %ill+s
 ov] ! price ( 8 o!r pap]1 :i* _h n met 
) any su* accid5t1 %e realiz$ t ! "t =  
sil5ce _h pass$4 ,h] acc\nt ( ! happy   
accid5t l$ h] grateful husb& to pur*ase 
a co/ly sc>let cloak = h] on 8 next     

visit to ,london t[n4 ,?is accid5t      
br\ght ab\t ano!r result :i* 0 to prove 
( ine/imable value to ! future          
pap]-mak]--! use ( blu+ 9 pap] :5       
especial :it5ess is desir$4  ,eng9e-siz+
  ,important z ! blu+ or color+ is1     
h[ev]1 x is only "o ( ! num]\s op]ations
 or manipulations t take place 9 !      
beat]4 ,_m ( ^!1 su* z eng9e-siz+ &     
body-color+1 require skill & con/ant    
wat*fulness4 ,"h1 too1 if any:]e1       
adult]ation takes place4 ,x is sometimes
 necess>y to secure a f9e-appe>+ pap] at
 small co/1 & x is pr(itable to add to  
its weight4 ,9 su* cases1 a process (   
8load+0 takes place "h1 & clay or *eap1 
heavy fib]s are add$4 ,clay is ( value n
 only to increase ! weight1 b also to   
r5d] ! pap] m opaque1 s z to prev5t type
 or illu/rations f %[+ ?r\gh1 :ile at ! 
same "t x makes possible a smoo!r       
surface by fill+ ! pores 9 ! pap]4 ,b   
:ile x adds to ! weight1 clay mu/1 (    
necessity1 weak5 ! pap]4 ,9 eng9e-siz+1 
:i* is done 9 ! beat]1 ! size is        

?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! fib]s z ^!     
revolve or fl[ ar\nd ! eng9e4 ,?is siz+ 
r5d]s ! pap] m ne>ly imp]vi\s to        
moi/ure4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a pap] t is 
siz$1 & t has a repell5t surface :i*    
prev5ts ! ink f settl+ into x :5 x is   
writt5 ^u1 & an ord9>y blott+-pap] ) its
 absorb5t surface1 is due entirely to ! 
fact t ! =m] is mo/ c>efully treat$ )   
siz+1 bo? 9 ! beat+ eng9e & 9 ! size tub
 or vat ref]r$ to lat]1 :]eas 9 ! latt] 
pap] x is omitt$4 ,body-color+ ,if !    
pap] is to be t9t$ or body-color$1      
colors made f anil9e are g5]ally us$4   
,only 9 ! highe/ grade ( writ+-pap]1 & 9
 "s few pap]s t dem& colors fa/ to !    
light1 is any o!r ord] ( color+ matt]   
employ$4 ,z may be easily imag9$1       
consid]able skill is requir$ to secure  
exactly ! desir$ t9t1 & to get ! color+ 
matt] s ev5ly mix$ t ea* small fib] %all
 receive its prop] t9t1 ?us insur+ t !  
pap] :5 f9i%$ %all be ( uni=m color & n 
pres5t a mottl$ appe>ance4  ,ma*9e =    
mak+ cont9u\s web  ,:5 ! op]ations ( !  

beat+ eng9e h be5 complet$1 a mo/       
int]e/+ process beg9s1 :i* m>ks a va/   
advance ov] ! e>li] me?od ( =m+ ! %eets 
( pap] ) mold & deckel1 /ra9+ (f ! wat]1
 & %ak+ ! frame ) a quick motion to mat 
! fib]s toge!r4 ,! pati5t /riv+ t[>d    
some?+ bett]1 :i* has m>k$ all !        
c5turies s9ce man fir/ le>n$ to c>ve 8  
rude records1 f9ds its consummation 9 ! 
process ( mak+ pap] 9 a cont9u\s web4   
,?is result is accompli%$ by a ma*9e    
fir/ inv5t$ by ,l\is ,rob]t1 a workman 9
 a mill at ,enonnes1 ,france1 :o obta9$ 
a ,fr5* pat5t1 ) a b\nty ( eight ?\s&   
francs = its developm5t4 ,?is he lat]   
sold to ,m4 ,didot1 ! proprietor ( !    
mill1 & ! latt] cross$ ! ,*annel into   
,engl&1 :]e1 ) ! aid ( a skill$ me*anic1
 ! ma*9e 0 9 a measure p]fect$1 & !n    
sold to ,h5ry & ,sealy ,f\rdr9i]4 ,!y1 )
 ! fur!r aid ( ,bryan ,donk91 _! employe
 & exp]t eng9e]1 made _m additional     
improvem5ts1 & sunk 9 ! ent]prise "s    
sixty ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 = :i* _! only    
rew>d 0 blight$ hopes & embitt]$ lives4 

,9 #ahdg ! ,london 8,times0 made a      
fruitless appeal on behalf ( ! surviv+  
bro!r1 :o 0 eighty ye>s ( age1 & 9 great
 pov]ty4 ,x is seldom t ! _w volunt>ily 
makes return to ^? :o h be/[$ ^u x great
 mat]ial or moral b5efits1 ?\gh x is ev]
 ready to exp5d its treasure = eng9es ( 
de/ruction1 & to magnify & rew>d ^? :o h
 be5 mo/ successful 9 de/roy+ human     
life4  ,fir/ ma*9e mill  ,! fir/ 8ma*9e0
 mill 0 />t$ at ,frogmore1 ,h]tz1       
,engl&1 9 #ahjc1 :i* 0 ! ye> ( ! great  
,l\isiana ,pur*ase by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
 x is n difficult to say :i* ev5t has   
be5 productive ( ! great] & m b5eficial 
results to ?is nation4 ,?r\gh ?is       
inv5tion & its improvem5ts ! mod]n      
newspap] & magaz9e1 ) _! t5s & hundr$s (
 ?\s&s ( copies daily1 h be5 made       
possible1 & m5 ( all classes h be5      
br\ght 9 t\* ) ! be/ ?\ght ( ! day4     
,:atev] makes = great] intellig5ce &    
enlight5m5t ?r\gh\t a nation makes = !  
great] /ability ( ! national life1 &    
gives new emphasis to ,bulw]'s words3   

8,take away ! sword2     ,/ates c be    
sav$ )\t x--br+ ! p540  ,! p[] ( ! p5   
,if to-day ! p[] ( ! p5 ov] ! sword is  
great] ?an x has ev] be5 be=e1 its      
increas$ & increas+ influ5ce mu/ be     
cr$it$ 9 l>ge measure to ! inv5tive     
g5ius & ! public-spirit$ ent]prise t has
 made possible ! great output ( our     
mod]n pap]-mills4 ,s ?or\ghly did ^!    
=ces d _! "w 9 ! beg9n+1 t 9 ! c5tury t 
has elaps$ s9ce ! ,f\rdr9i] bro!rs      
sacrific$ !mselves & _! means 9 !       
p]fect+ ( _! ma*9e1 !re h be5 really no 
*anges 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,^? t h 
be5 made h be5 9 ! nature ( fur!r       
developm5t & improvem5t1 su* z increas+ 
! spe$ & wid5+ ! web1 !reby multiply+ ! 
product _m fold4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!     
,,fir/ ,,press ,,rolls--,,page #ge  ,!  
,jordan eng9e  ,b to resume ! int]e/+   
j\rney ( ! rags1 :i* _h rea*$ a /ate (  
purification & p]fection z pulp1 & :i*  
we left 9 ! beat]s4 ,9 "s grades ( pap] 
! p]fect$ & prep>$ pulp is tak5 f !     
beat]s & pass$ ?r\gh :at is kn[n z a    

8ref9+0 or 8,jordan0 eng9e2 ?is = !     
purpose ( m ?or\ghly sep>at+ ! fib]s &  
r$uc+ !m to extreme f95ess4 ,! ref9+    
eng9es1 are1 h[ev]1 us$ only 9 !        
manufacture ( c]ta9 grades ( pap]4 ,!   
/uff *e/ ,! pulp is next tak5 f ! beat] 
or ref9+ eng9e1 z ! case may be1 to :at 
is call$ a 8/uff-*e/10 an inclos$ vat   
p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* a contrivance 
= %ak+ & %ift+1 prop]ly call$ an        
8agitator10 keeps ! fib]s 9 susp5sion4  
,! scre5  ,f ! /uff-*e/ ! mixture is    
pump$ into :at is kn[n z ! 8mix+0 or    
8regulat+0 box4 ,"h ! /ream fir/ passes 
ov] ! 8s&-tables0 9 a cont9u\s fl[4 ,^! 
are compos$ ( little tr\ghs )           
cross-pieces1 & are cov]$ at ! bottom ) 
long-hair$ felt1 to cat* any s& or dirt 
t may /ill adh]e aft] ! num]\s op]ations
 to :i* ! pulp has be5 subject$4 ,! fl[ 
is !n =c$ ?r\gh ! 8scre510 :i* is a     
horizontal piece ( metal pi]c$ ) slots4 
,= v f9e pap]1 ^! slots are s small z to
 be only "o "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 wid?4 
,!y are usually ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*   

ap>t4 ,?r\gh ^! t9y ap]tures ! fib]s mu/
 f9d _! way1 leav+ beh9d 9 _! difficult 
passage all lumps1 dirt1 or knott$ fib]s
 :i* w\ld m> ! p]fection ( ! product    
t[>d :i* !y are t5d+4 ,a vibrat+ motion 
is giv5 to ! scre5 z ! fl[ passes ov] x1
 or revolv+ /ra9]s may be us$4  ,! fl[  
onto ma*9e  ,:5 ! scre5 has f9i%$ its   
"w1 ! wat] c>ry+ ! pulp 9 solution fl[s 
9 an ev5 /ream1 ^: volume v>ies accord+ 
to ! wid? ( ! web ( pap] to be produc$1 
?r\gh a dis*>ge-cock onto ! ,f\rdr9i] or
 cyl9d] ma*9e1 z ! case may be1 ea* (   
:i* w be duly describ$4 ,?is /ream has a
 filmy appe>ance1 & is ( div]se color1  
dep5d+ ^u ! %ade ( pap] to be produc$4  
,f its consi/5cy1 :i* is ab\t t ( milk1 
x is difficult to imag9e t x floats     
sep>ate p>ticles ( fib] 9 su* quantities
 z1 :5 ga!r$ on ! wire clo? & pass$ to a
 felt blanket & !n press$ betwe5 roll]s1
 to =m 9 a second ( "t a broad web (    
embryo pap] suffici5tly /rong & firm to 
take def9ite =m4 ,man's ma/]y ( !       
process by :i* ?is />tl+ & wond]ful     

*ange is effect$ has come z "o ( !      
rew>ds ( 8 long & pati5t /udy4  ,!      
,f\rdr9i] ma*9e1 :i* pres]ves at lea/ ! 
"n ( ! ent]pris+ develop]s ( ! inv5tion1
 takes up ! "w t 0 =m]ly done by !      
mold]4 ,! wire clo? ^u :i* ! fib]s are  
dis*>g$ z describ$ is an endless belt1 !
 full wid? ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,^u ?is !    
fib]s spread out ev5ly1 be+ aid$ by a   
fan-%ap$ rubb] or oil clo?1 :i* deliv]s 
! smoo? /ream "u a gate regulat$ to     
insure p]fect ev5ness & to fix uni=mly !
 fib]s ( ! web n[ comm5c+ its f9al      
=mation4 ,deckel-/raps ,deckel-/raps (  
india-rubb] are fa/5$ on bo? sides ( !  
wire scre51 & move ) x1 ?us hold+ !     
wat]y pulp 9 place4 ,! deckel-/raps are 
adju/able1 & fix or regulate ! wid? ( ! 
pap]4 ,^! & ! gate1 or 8slic]10 are     
atta*$ to :at is t]m$ ! deckel-frame1   
:i* corresponds to ! deckel us$ by      
pap]-mak]s 9 ! days :5 ! manufacture 0  
c>ri$ on by h&4 ,endless wire clo? ,z ! 
/ream fl[s onto ! endless belt ( wire   
clo?1 ! wat] :i* has borne ! fib]s      

filt]s into ! tr\gh b5ea?4 ,be+ *>g$ ) v
 f9e fib]s1 size1 color+ matt]1 & o!r   
simil> +r$i5ts1 x is c>ri$ back into !  
pulp-*e/1 to save ^! mat]ials1 z well z 
to contribute aga9 to ! extra supply (  
wat] ne$$4 ,! save-all ,= ?is reason !  
tr\gh into :i* x falls f ! revolv+      
8wire0 is call$ ! 8save-all40 ,a %ak+   
motion is imp>t$ to ! 8wire0 f ! frame  
^u :i* re/ ! rolls t keep x 9 its       
nev]-end+ r\nd4 ,?is aids 9 dra9+ away !
 wat]1 & mats or int]laces ! fib]s      
toge!r4 ,at ! end ( ! 8save-all10 :]e ! 
fib]s are to leave ! 8wire0 = ! next    
/age ( _! j\rney1 suction-boxes are     
plac$1 provid$ ) an air-pump to take up 
! surplus wat] t has n yet f\nd its way 
?r\gh ! me%es4 ,! d&y roll ,betwe5 ^!   
suction-boxes above ! wire is a         
wire-cov]$ roll1 :i* impresses ! newly  
=m$ %eet2 ?is impression cyl9d] is call$
 a 8d&y roll10 & x is f ?is t ! web     
receives ! m>k+s or impressions t       
*>act]ize diff]5t pap]s4 ,all wat]m>ks1 
patt]ns1 & designs :i* x is desir$ to h 

appe> 9 ! pap] are put ^u ?is roll1 & "h
 impress$ ^u ! s(t %eet1 :i* is cl>ifi$ 
& left transp>5t at ! po9ts ( contact4  
,?us ! impression is p]man5tly fix$ 9 ! 
fib]1 s t x c be se5 at any "t by hold+ 
! %eet to ! light4 ,! p[] ( sugge/iv5ess
 is a quality :i* is highly e/eem$ :]ev]
 x is f\nd1 & :i* frequ5tly furni%es a  
/&>d ( judgm5t4 ,judg$ by su* a         
crit]ion1 ! impression cyl9d]1 or 8d&y  
roll10 has an add$ value1 = 9 all       
probability its op]ation sugge/$ ! idea 
( pr9t+ f cyl9d]s1 z 9 our pres5t web or
 p]fect+ presses4  ,! press-rolls  ,!   
matt$ pulp1 n[ hav+ suffici5t body1     
passes on betwe5 two rolls cov]$ ) felt1
 :i* deliv] ! web ( damp pap] ^u an     
endless belt ( moi/ felt1 :ile ! 8wire0 
passes "u & back to cont9ue a fre%      
supply4 ,! pap] is z yet too fragile to 
travel alone1 & ! web felt c>ries x     
betwe5 two metal rolls call$ ! fir/     
press-rolls4 ,^! squeeze out m wat]1    
give a great] degree ( compactness to ! 
fib]s1 smoo? ! upp] surface1 & f9ally   

deliv] ! web ( pap] to a second felt    
apron1 :i* c>ries x "u & to ! back ( !  
second press-rolls4 ,9 ?is way ! "u     
surface comes to ! top1 & is 9 its turn 
subject$ to ! smoo?+ process4 ,a        
delicate scrap] or blade1 ! l5g? ( !    
press-rolls1 is s plac$ on ea* roll t   
%\ld ! endless web f any cause be brok51
 ! blade may op]ate ) suffici5t =ce to  
prev5t ! wet pap] f cl++ to ! rolls &   
w9d+ ab\t !m4 ,f ?is po9t ! pap] travels
 alone1 hav+ become firm & /rong en\gh  
to su/a9 its own weight2 pass+ above !  
second press-rolls1 x resumes its onw>d 
j\rney ar\nd ! dry+ cyl9d]s1 pass+ ov] &
 "u & ov] & "u4 ,! dry]s ,! dry+ cyl9d]s
 are holl[ & heat$ by /eam1 _!          
temp]ature be+ regulat$ accord+ to      
requirem5ts4 ,^! dri]s1 made f iron or  
/eel1 are usually f ?ree to f\r feet 9  
diamet]1 & v>y 9 l5g? accord+ to ! wid? 
( ! ma*9e4 ,!re are f twelve to fifty ( 
^! cyl9d]s1 _! numb] dep5d+ ^u ! "* &   
weight ( ! pap] to be produc$1 v heavy  
%eets requir+ _m m dry+ cyl9d]s ?an     

%eets ( light] weight4  ,t5sile /r5g?   
,/range1 almo/ ph5om5al1 conditions come
 ab\t 9 ! trans=mation f filmy pulp to  
f9i%$ pap]4 ,a %eet :i*1 ?\gh =m$1 is at
 ! fir/ press-roll too fragile to c>ry  
its own weight1 becomes possess$ ( a    
f9al /r5g? & p[] t is almo/ incr$ible4  
,! myriad ( m9ute fib]s compos+ ! %eet1 
^u dry+ uni=mly1 possesses great        
aggregate /r5g?4 ,a %eet ( pap] yields  
readily to te>+1 b ! same %eet1 :5 a    
p]fectly ev5 t5sion is appli$1 w        
demon/rate t x is possess$ ( wond]ful   
resi/+ p[]4 ,9 evid5ce may be cit$ an   
in/ance t seems almo/ beyond belief4    
,?r\gh "s curi\s mi%ap a web ( heavy    
pap]1 9 fact1 bri/ol bo>d1 :i* _h be5   
?or\ghly =m$1 0 sudd5ly sup]heat$ & !n  
cool$ :ile /ill on ! dri]s4 ,?is 0 caus$
 by a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! dri]s & 
result$ 9 ! sudd5 contraction ( ! web ( 
bri/ol2 ! /ra9 on ! ma*9e 0 s great t n 
only 7 ! driv+-cogs brok5 on two ( !    
dri]s ar\nd :i* ! pap] 0 at ! mom5t     
pass+1 b ! dri]s !mselves 7 actually    

lift$ out ( place1 %[+ a resi/+ p[] 9 ! 
pap] ( at lea/ sev]al tons4 ,! cal5d]s  
,! pap] n[ passes to ! upright /ack (   
rolls %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 :i* are kn[n
 z 8cal5d]s40 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f cal5dra2 
a corruption ( cyl9drus1 a roll] or     
cyl9d]1 !y are simply roll]s revolv+ 9  
contact1 & heat$ f ! int]ior by /eam4   
,^! cal5d]s are us$ = giv+ to ! pap] a  
smoo? & ev5 surface1 & are also employ$ 
9 ! smoo?+ & f9i%+ ( clo?4 ,spe$ (      
ma*9es ,! spe$ ) :i* ! pap] passes ?r\gh
 ^! cyl9d]s is rem>kable1 f "o hundr$ to
 five hundr$ feet runn+ ?r\gh & ov] !   
ma*9e 9 a m9ute2 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ rec5t   
mills ! web is z wide z "o hundr$ &     
fifty-six in*es 7?irte5 feet72 ?is is v 
ne>ly d\ble ! av]age ma*9e wid? ( a few 
ye>s ago1 :ile ! spe$ has increas$ 9    
proportionate ratio2 only a v few ye>s  
ago ! maximum spe$ 0 f two hundr$ &     
fifty to ?ree hundr$ feet p] m9ute2 at  
?is writ+ 7#aijj7 !re are ma*9es 9      
op]ation :i* run z high z five hundr$   
feet p] m9ute4 ,b great z has be5 !     

increase 9 ! production ( pap]1 ! dem&  
has kept pace /eadily4 ,! wond]ful      
product ( ! rag-bag holds an inv9cible  
position 9 ! _w's economy4              
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,size-,,tub--,,page  
#ha  ,five miles 9 a roll  ,=           
ma*9e-f9i%$ book & pr9t pap]s1 z well z 
= o!r *eap] grades1 ! process ends ) !  
cal5d]s1 aft] :i* ! pap] is slit into   
requir$ wid?s by disk-knives1 :i* are   
revolv+1 & s cut cont9u\sly4 ,pap]      
int5d$ = web newspap] presses is tak5 (f
 9 cont9u\s rolls ( ! wid?s requir$1    
v>y+ f sev5te5 to sev5ty-six in*es1     
accord+ to ! size ( ! pap] to be pr9t$4 
,^! reels conta9 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five 
?\s& l9eal feet ( pap]1 or f ?ree to    
five miles4 ,! am\nt ( pap] us$ 9       
dissem9at+ ! news ( ! day is enorm\s2   
sometimes "o or two mills are requir$ to
 manufacture ! supply = a s+le          
metropolitan daily1 :ile "o ,new ,york  
newspap] claims to h us$ f\r hundr$ &   
fifty tons ( pap] 9 "o ,*ri/mas edition1
 :i* is ab\t f\r times ! am\nt ( its    

regul> daily consumption4  ,aft] hav+   
be5 slit into ! prop] wid?s by ! revolv+
 knives1 ord9>y flat & book pap]s are   
cut into %eets by a /raight knife       
revolv+ at prop] int]vals on a          
horizontal drum4 ,! pap]1 9 %eets1 is   
c>ri$ by a travel+ apron onto a receiv+ 
table at ! end ( ! ma*9e1 :]e ! %eets z 
!y fall are c>efully exam9$ by exp]ts1  
usually wom51 :o remove any t may be    
imp]fect4  ,! imm5sity ( mod]n ma*9es   
,! entire l5g? ( a pap] ma*9e1 f !      
scre5s to ! cal5d]s1 is ab\t "o hundr$ &
 tw5ty-five feet1 :ile ! height v>ies1 !
 av]age be+ ab\t t5 feet4 ,! ma*9es1    
:ile necess>ily ( ! f9e/ adju/m5t1 are  
pond]\s & heavy1 weigh+ 9 "s cases z mu*
 z f\r hundr$ tons1 ?is be+ ! weight ( !
 ma*9e itself1 exclusive ( its          
f\ndations4 ,! ma*9e-room is ( necessity
 well light$ & ?or\ghly v5tilat$1 & %\ld
 be kept clean ?r\gh\t1 z cleanl9ess is 
an ess5tial factor 9 ! mak+ ( good pap]4
  ,deckel edg+  ,:ile ! same g5]al      
process applies to all classes ( pap]   

made1 ! p>ticul> "* ( any pap] t is to  
be produc$ det]m9es exactly ! details ( 
! process ?r\gh :i* x %all pass1 &      
regulates ! deviations to be made f !   
g5]al op]ations 9 ord] to secure special
 results4 ,= example1 "s pap]s are want$
 ) a r\gh or 8antique0 f9i%1 z x is     
call$2 9 su* cases cal5d]+ is omitt$4   
,ano!r special process is t by :i* !    
pap] is made ) a ragg$ or 8deckel edge02
 ?is result is obta9$ 9 "s mills by     
play+ a /ream ( wat] ^u ! edge ( ! pulp1
 cru%+ & ?9n+ x1 & ?us giv+ x a jagg$   
appe>ance4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is          
8deckel-edge0 pap] is be+ q ext5sively  
us$ 9 high-class bookwork4  ,9 ! case ( 
writ+-pap]s1 z has already be5 /at$ 9 ! 
description ( ! beat+ eng9es1 a         
vegetable siz+ made f res9\s matt] is   
introduc$ into ! pap] pulp :ile x is    
/ill 9 solution1 & mixes ) x ?or\ghly1  
?us fill+ m or less completely ! pores (
 ! pulp fib]s4 ,?is is f\nd suffici5t = 
all ord9>y book-pap]s1 = pap]s t are to 
be pr9t$ ^u 9 ! usual way1 & = ! *eape/ 

grades ( writ+-pap]1 :]e ! requirem5ts  
are n v exact+1 & :]e a curtailm5t (    
exp5se is necess>y4 ,= ! high] grades ( 
writ+-pap]1 h[ev]1 a di/9ctly sep>ate & 
additional process is requir$4 ,tub siz+
 ,^! pap]s :ile on ! ma*9e 9 web =m are 
pass$ ?r\gh a vat :i* is call$ !        
size-tub1 & :i* is fill$ ) a liquid siz+
 made ( gelat9e f clipp+s ( ! horns1    
hides1 & ho(s ( cattle1 ?is gelat9e or  
glue be+ mix$ ) dissolv$ alum & made    
fluid 9 ! vat4 ,pap]s :i* are treat$ 9  
?is way are kn[n z 8animal10 or         
8tub-siz$40  ,l(t dry+  ,we h duly      
describ$ ma*9e-dri$ pap]s1 b ^! high]   
grades ( writ+-pap]s are dri$ by :at is 
kn[n z l(t1 or pole-dri$ process4 ,su*  
pap] is p]mitt$ to dry v sl[ly 9 a l(t  
specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 :]e x  
is hung on poles sev]al days1 dur+ :i*  
"t ! l(t is kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t 
#ajj ,fahr5heit4  ,ano!r detail (       
consid]able importance is t ( ! 8f9i%0  
or surface ( ! pap]4 ,:5 pap] ) a       
p>ticul>ly high or glossy surface is    

desir$ x is subject$ to a sep>ate       
process aft] leav+ ! pap] ma*9e1 kn[n z 
sup]cal5d]+4  ,sup]cal5d]+              
8,sup]cal5d]+0 is effect$ by pass+ ! web
 ?r\gh ! /ack ( rolls %[n 9 !           
illu/ration1 :i* are simil> to ! ma*9e  
cal5d]s already describ$4 ,^! rolls are 
compos$ ( metal cyl9d]s1 alt]nat+ )     
rolls made ( solidifi$ pap] or cotton1  
turn$ exactly true1 ! top & bottom rolls
 be+ ( metal & heavi] ?an ! o!rs2 a /ack
 ( sup]cal5d]s is necess>ily compos$ (  
an odd numb] ( rolls1 z sev51 n9e1 or   
elev54 ,! pap] passes & repasses ?r\gh  
^! cal5d]s until ! requisite degree (   
smoo?ness & poli% has be5 acquir$4      
,electricity 9 pap] ,! friction 9 ?is   
ma*9e produces s mu* electricity t gr\nd
 wires are (t5 us$ to c>ry x (f1 9 ord] 
t ! pap] may n become s highly *>g$ z to
 attract du/ or cause ! %eets to cl+    
toge!r4 ,:5 ! f9e poli% has be5 imp>t$1 
! rolls ( pap] g to ! cutt+ ma*9es1 :i* 
are automatic 9 action1 cutt+ regul>    
%eets ( ! requir$ l5g? z ! pap] is f$ to

 !m 9 a cont9u\s web4 ,9 ! manufacture (
 "s high grades ( pap]1 su* z l95s &    
bonds1 :]e an especially f9e1 smoo?     
surface is requir$1 ! %eets aft] be+ cut
 are arrang$ 9 piles ( f twelve to      
fifte5 %eets1 plates ( z9c are ins]t$   
alt]nately betwe5 !m1 & !y are subject$ 
to p[]ful hydraulic pressure4 ,plat+    
,?is process is t]m$ 8plat+10 & is1 (   
c\rse1 v mu* m exp5sive ?an ! process ( 
sup]cal5d]+ describ$ above4  ,sort+  ,f 
! cutt]s1 ! %eets are c>ri$ to !        
inspectors1 :o are seat$ 9 a r[ along an
 ext5d$ bo>d table1 be=e two divisions )
 p>titions t5 or twelve in*es high1     
af=d+ spaces = ! %eets be=e & aft]      
sort+4 ,! "w ( inspection is p]=m$ by   
wom51 :o detect almo/ in/antly any      
blemi% or imp]fection 9 ! f9i%$ product 
z x passes ?r\gh _! h&s4 ,if ! pap] is  
to be rul$ = writ+ purposes1 x is !n    
tak5 to ! rul+ ma*9es1 :]e x is pass$ "u
 revolv+ disks or p5s1 set at regul>    
int]vals4 ,^! convey ! rul+ ink to !    
pap] z x passes on ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & ?us 

=m true & cont9u\s l9es4 ,rul+ & fold+  
,if ! pap] is to be fold$ aft] rul+1 z 9
 ! case ( f9e note-pap]s1 ! %eets pass  
on f ! rul+ ma*9e to ! fold+ ma*9es1 :i*
 are entirely automatic 9 _! action4 ,! 
pap] is /ack$ at ! back ( ! fir/ fold+  
guide1 & is f$ 9 by ! action ( small    
rubb] roll]s1 :i* loos5 ea* %eet f ! "o 
b5ea?1 & pu% x =w>d until x is caught by
 ! fold+ app>atus4 ,man's me*anical     
+5uity has giv5 to ! ma*9es ( 8 inv5tion
 some?+ t seems almo/ l human           
intellig5ce1 & 9 ! case ( ! fold+ ma*9e1
 ! action is s regul> & p]fect t !re    
seems to be no ne$ ( an att5dant1 save  
to furni% a con/ant supply ( %eets4 ,!  
fold+ complet$1 cutt+ ma*9es are aga9   
br\ght into requisition1 to cut & trim !
 %eets to ! size ( fold$ note or lett]  
pap]1 :i* is ! f9al op]ation be=e !y are
 s5t out into ! _w on _! mission (      
usefulness4 ,! f9i%$ pap] may or may n h
 pass$ ?r\gh ! rul+ & fold+ process1 b 9
 ei!r case x goes f ! cutt]s to !       
wrapp]s & pack]s1 & !n to ! %ipp+-cl]ks1

 all ( :om p]=m ! duties indicat$ by _! 
names4 ,! wond]ful trans=mation wr\ght  
by ! magic w& ( sci5ce & human inv5tion 
is complete1 & :at came into ! factory z
 great bales ( (f5sive rags1 disgu/+ to 
sight & smell1 goes =? z delicate1      
beautiful1 p]fect$ pap]1 r$eem$ f fil?1 
& glorifi$ into a high & noble use4     
,beauty ( p]fect$ pap] ,purity & beauty 
h come f :at 0 f\l & un:olesome2 !      
highly useful has be5 summon$ =? f !    
seem+ly useless2 a product t is "o ( !  
ess5tial factors 9 ! _w's progress1 & t 
promises to s]ve an ev]-increas+        
purpose1 has be5 develop$ f a mat]ial t 
app>5tly held n ! slighte/ promise4     
,well might ! 8,bo/on ,news ,lett]0 (   
#agfi exclaim 9 qua9t old rhyme3        
8,rags are z beauties :i* conceal$ lie1 
,b :5 9 pap]1 *>m+ to ! eye6     ,pray  
save y\r rags1 new beauties to discov]1 
,= ( pap] truly e "o's a lov]2     ,by !
 p5 & press su* k is display$     ,z    
w\ld n exi/ if pap] 0 n made40  ,& well 
may man pride himself on ?is a*ievem5t1 

?is m>vel\s trans=mation1 :i* repres5ts 
! fruitage ( c5turies ( /riv+ &         
endeavor6  ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[pipes     
,,cool+ ,,cal5d] ,,rolls  ,wood pulp    
,up to ?is po9t ! ref]5ce has be5 almo/ 
entirely to pap] made f rags1 b radical 
improvem5ts h be5 made1 caus$ by !      
introduction ( wood pulp1 & ^! are ( su*
 importance t ! acc\nt w\ld n be        
complete )\t "s m5tion ( !m4 ,^! *anges 
are ma9ly 9 ! me?ods ( manipulat+ ! wood
 to obta9 ! pulp1 = :5 t is ready1 !    
process1 f & includ+ ! 8wa%]s0 &        
8beat]s10 is v simil> to t already      
describ$4 ,all pap]s1 :e!r made f rags  
or wood1 dep5d ^u vegetable fib] = _!   
sub/ance & fundam5tal base1 & x is f\nd 
t ! diff]5t fib]s us$ 9 pap]-mak+1 :5   
f9ally subdu$1 d n diff]1 9 fact1 :e!r  
obta9$ f rags or f ! tree gr[+ 9 ! =e/4 
,9 ! latt] case ! raw wood is subject$  
to *emical treatm5t :i* de/roys all     
res9\s & =eign matt]s1 leav+ m]ely !    
cellul> tissue1 :i*1 x is f\nd1 does n  
diff] 9 sub/ance f ! cell tissue obta9$ 

aft] treat+ rags4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?is     
cellul> tissue1 ?r\gh ! treatm5t to :i* 
! raw mat]ial is subject$1 becomes      
p]fectly pla/ic or moldable1 & :ile !   
pap] made f "o diff]s slightly 9 c]ta9  
*>act]i/ics f ! pap] made f ! o!r1 !y   
are nev]!less v simil>1 & x might be    
safe to pr$ict t fur!r p]fect+ (        
processes w ev5tually make !m           
practically alike4  ,me*anical wood  ,! 
woods us$ = ?is purpose are pr9cipally  
popl> & spruce1 & !re are ?ree classes (
 ! wood pulp3 7#a7 me*anical wood1 7#b7 
soda process wood1 & 7#c7 sulphite wood 
pulp4 ,! fir/ me?od 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many 9
 #ahdd4 ,! logs are hewn 9 ! =e/1 r\ghly
 b>k$1 & %ipp$ to ! factory1 :]e ! fir/ 
op]ation is to cut !m up by /eam saws   
into blocks ab\t two feet 9 l5g?4 ,any  
b>k t may /ill cl+ to ! log is remov$ by
 a rapidly revolv+ corrugat$ :eel (     
/eel1 :ile ! l>g] blocks are split by a 
/eam splitt]4 ,! next /age ( _! j\rney  
takes ^! blocks to a great mill/one1 set
 p]p5dicul>ly in/ead ( horizontally4 ,"h

 a v /rong & +5i\s ma*9e receives "o    
block at a "t1 & ) an automatically     
ela/ic pressure holds x sidewise aga9/ !
 mill/one1 :i*1 l ! mills ( ! gods1     
8gr9ds exce$+ f9e10 & ) ! aid (         
con/antly fl[+ wat] rapidly r$uces ^!   
blocks to a pulpy =m4 ,?is pulp is c>ri$
 into tanks1 f :i* x is pass$ betwe5    
roll]s1 :i* leave x 9 ?ick1 damp %eets1 
:i* are fold$ up ev5ly = %ipm5t1 or =   
/orage = future use4 ,if a pap]-mill is 
op]at$ 9 connection ) ! pulp-mill1 !    
wood pulp is n necess>ily roll$ out 9   
%eets1 b is pump$ directly f ! tanks to 
! beat]s4  ,9 ! prep>ation ( pulp by !  
o!r processes1 ! blocks are fir/ ?r[n   
into a *ipp+ ma*9e ) great :eels1 ^:    
%ort1 slant+ knives quickly cut ! blocks
 into small *ips4  ,! soda process  ,9 !
 soda process1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,mel9] 9   
,france 9 #ahfe1 ! *ips f spruce & popl>
 logs are boil$ "u pressure 9 a /rong   
solution ( cau/ic soda4  ,! sulphite    
process  ,:5 sulphite wood pulp is to be
 prep>$1 ! *ips are convey$ f ! *ipp]   

into hopp]s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! build+4 ,"h 
!y are ?r[n into great upright iron     
boil]s or dige/]s *>g$ ) lime-wat] & f$ 
) ! fumes ( sulphur1 :i* is burn$ = !   
purpose 9 a furnace adjo9+ ! build+1 &  
:i* ?us =ms acid sulphide ( lime4 ,!    
sulphite process 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by a
 celebrat$ ,philadelphia *emi/1 b 0     
p]fect$ 9 ,europe4  ,! 8cook+10 or      
boil+1 to :i* ! wood is subject$ 9 bo? !
 soda & sulphite processes1 effects a   
complete sep>ation ( all res9\s & =eign 
sub/ances f ! f9e & true cell tissue1 or
 cellulose1 :i* is left a pure fib]1    
ready = use z describ$4 ,9 ! case ( all 
fib]s1 :e!r rag or wood1 pa9/ak+ "w     
c\nts1 & ! excell5ce ( ! pap] is l>gely 
dep5d5t ^u ! "t & c>e giv5 to ! r$uction
 ( ! pulp f ! orig9al raw mat]ial4      
,compon5ts ( pr9t-pap]  ,*emical wood   
pulp ( ! be/ quality makes an excell5t  
product1 & is l>gely us$ = bo? pr9t &   
book pap]2 x is frequ5tly mix$ ) rag    
pulp1 mak+ a pap] t c sc>cely be        
di/+ui%$ f t made entirely f f9e rags1  

?\gh x is n ( ! prop] firmness = ! be/  
flat or writ+ pap]s4 ,all ord9>y        
newspap]s1 z well z "s ( ! *eap] grades 
( book & wrapp+ pap]1 are made entirely 
f wood1 ! sulphite or soda process      
supply+ ! fib] & gr\nd wood be+ us$ z a 
fill]4 ,9 ! av]age newspap] ( to-day's  
issue1 tw5ty-five p] c5t ( sulphite fib]
 is suffici5t to c>ry sev5ty-five p] c5t
 ( ! gr\nd wood fill]4 ,! value ( ! idea
 is an economical "o entirely1 z ! gr\nd
 wood employ$ co/s less ?an any o!r ( ! 
compon5t p>ts ( a pr9t-pap] %eet4  ,!   
cyl9d] ma*9e1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made     
e>li] 9 ! *apt]1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahji by a  
prom95t pap]-mak] ( ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,john  
,dick9son4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 a cyl9d] cov]$ 
) wire clo? revolves ) its l[] portion  
dipp+ into a vat ( pulp1 :ile by suction
 a p>tial vacuum is ma9ta9$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 
caus+ ! pulp to cl+ to ! wire until x is
 convey$ to a cov]$ cyl9d]1 :i* takes x 
up & c>ries x =w>d 9 a mann] simil> to !
 sy/em already describ$4 ,?is ma*9e is  
employ$ 9 mak+ /rawbo>d & o!r heavy &   

*eap grades ( pap]4  ,esp>to  ,g5]\s ,"m
 ,nature1 :o supplies man's wants 9 su* 
b\ntiful fa%ion1 has furni%$ on h] pla9s
 & 9 h] =e/s an abundance ( mat]ial t   
may be trans=m$ into ?is f9e product (  
human +5uity4 ,esp>to1 a ,spani% grass  
gr[n 9 ,s\? ,africa1 has ent]$ l>gely   
into ! mak+ ( pr9t-pap] 9 ,engl&4 ,mix$ 
) rags x makes an excell5t product1 b ! 
*emicals requir$ to free x f res9 &     
gritty silica are exp5sive1 :ile ! co/ (
 importation has r5d]$ its use 9 ,am]ica
 impractical4 ,flax1 hemp1 manila1 jute 
& /raw1 & ( c\rse old pap] t has be5    
once us$1 are ext5sively employ$ 9 ?is  
manufacture1 ! process beg9n+ ) !       
*emical treatm5t & boil+ t are f\nd     
necess>y 9 ! manipulation ( rags4 ,!    
successful use ( ^! mat]ials has met    
dem&s t w\ld n o!rwise h be5 suppli$4 ,z
 a result1 ! price has be5 s *eap5$ t ! 
dem& = pap] has greatly increas$1 & its 
use has be5 ext5d$ to _m & v>i\s        
purposes1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+    
*apt]1 9 an enum]ation ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( 

pap]4  ,_m additional items ( int]e/    
might be describ$ 9 connection ) !      
me?ods ( manufactur+ pap]1 b z ?is "w is
 int5d$ = ! g5]al read]1 r ?an = !      
manufactur]1 ^? wi%+ fur!r in=mation are
 ref]r$ to te*nical works on ! subject4 
,gov]nm5t bank-note pap]  ,! be/ l95    
rags are us$ = ! highe/ grades ( writ+ &
 bond pap]s1 :ile ord9>y note1 lett]1 & 
flat pap]s are made f cotton rags4 ,9 "s
 mills1 su* z ! gov]nm5t mill at        
,dalton1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e gov]nm5t    
pap] is made = bank-notes1 & 9 o!rs :]e 
! f9e/ l$g] pap]s are manufactur$1 none 
b new1 clean l95 rags are us$4 ,^! come 
f ! remnants left 9 ! mak+ ( l95 goods4 
,9 ! gov]nm5t mill :]e is made ! pap] = 
our national curr5cy1 or 8gre5backs10   
!re is a special atta*m5t on ! ma*9e =  
introduc+ into ! pap] ! silk ?reads t   
are always to be se5 9 our pap] money4  
,?is atta*m5t is j above ! 8wire0 on !  
ma*9e1 & consi/s ( a little conduct+    
tr\gh1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s1 f a receptacle   
ne> ! ma*9e1 a /ream ( wat] hold+ ! silk

 ?reads 9 solution4 ,! tr\gh ext5ds     
across ! ma*9e1 & is provid$ at int]vals
 ) op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! %ort pieces ( silk
 ?read are automatically releas$1 &     
spr9kl$ cont9u\sly onto ! web ( pulp z x
 passes b5ea?4 ,to prev5t c\nt]feit+ ,! 
pap] is ?us di/+ui%$1 & infr+em5t &     
possible c\nt]feit+ are made extremely  
difficult by ! fact t ! gov]nm5t        
absolutely =bids ! mak+ ( pap] by o!rs  
"u a simil> process1 z well z !         
production ( any pap] conta9+ ^! silk   
?reads4 ,! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+
 to any?+ t bord]s on infr+em5t ( our   
v>i\s money issues1 bo? metal & curr5cy1
 are mo/ rigid2 any?+ approa*+ a        
simil>ity ( impression is prohibit$1 & a
 cut1 /amp1 or impression ( any "* t    
approa*es 9 its appe>ance any money     
issue ( our gov]nm5t is consid]$ a      
violation ( ! law aga9/ c\nt]feit+1 & is
 dealt ) sev]ely4 ,! gov]nm5t takes !   
same uncompromis+ position 9 reg>d to ! 
fabrics us$ 9 pr9t+ its pap]-money      
issues1 & x w be quickly se5 t ! silk   

?read process above describ$ is s great 
a v>iation f any?+ requir$ 9 ! m]cantile
 _w t x w\ld be difficult to produce a  
pap] at all simil> )\t an ult]ior       
purpose be+ at once app>5t4 ,= ?is      
reason1 ! silk ?read int]sp]sion is 9   
reality a v effective m$ium 9 prev5t+   
c\nt]feit+1 n only on acc\nt ( its      
peculi> appe>ance1 b also because ( !   
elaborate me?ods necess>y 9 its         
production4  ,9 ^? mills mak+ ! f9e/    
grades ( pap]1 mu* ( ! process ( ?ra%+1 
beat+1 du/+1 & clean+ necess>y 9 !      
ord9>y mill is omitt$4 ,! cleanl9ess &  
brightness :i* are rea*$ only at !      
8wa%]0 & 8beat]0 eng9es 9 ! process (   
manufactur+ ! l[] grades ( pap] f *eap] 
rags1 prevail at e /ep 9 ^! high] grade 
mills4  ,pure wat] necess>y  ,"o ( !    
fir/ requisites 9 mak+ good pap]1       
especially ! bett] grades1 is an        
abundance ( pure wat]1 & spr+-wat]1 :]e 
available1 is pref]r$4  ,! ef=t has be5 
made 9 ! description giv5 to cov] !     
process ( mak+ pap] f ! crude/ rags4 ,9 

enum]at+ ! sev]al k9ds ( pap]1 9 ano!r  
*apt]1 brief ref]5ce w be made to ! v>y+
 me?ods requir$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,9 ?is
 *apt]1 no attempt has be5 made to cov] 
m ?an ! pr9cipal divisions or v>ieties (
 pap]--writ+1 pr9t1 & wrapp+ pap]s4  ,! 
c5t] ( ! indu/ry  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )   
*>act]i/ic ent]prise1 leads ! _w 9      
pap]-mak+1 supply+ ab\t "o-?ird ( all t 
is us$ on ! globe4 ,! city ( ,holyoke1 9
 ,massa*usetts1 is ! greate/ pap] c5t] 9
 ! _w1 turn+ out ea* work+-day "s two   
hundr$ tons ( pap]1 ne>ly "o-half ( :i* 
is 8tub-siz$10 8l(t-dri$0 writ+s4 ,!    
region 9 ! vic9ity ( ,holyoke is dott$ )
 pap]-mills1 & )9 a few miles ( ! city  
is made ab\t "o-half ( all ! 8l(t-dri$0 
writ+s produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! t9y
 acorn plant$ two c5turies ago has wax$ 
) ! ye>s1 ga9+ /r5g? & vigor ) !        
increas+ /r5g? ( ! nation1 till n[ x has
 become a giant oak1 ^: bran*es ext5d to
 ! l&s beyond ! seas4  ,illu/ration3    
,,slitt+ ,,& ,,w9d+--,,page #gh         
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,wat]-,,m>ks ,,&         

,,v>ieties ,,( ,,pap]   ,importance (   
wat]-m>ks  ,?\gh ! wat]-m>k 9 a %eet (  
pap] may at fir/ ?\ght seem a           
comp>atively unimportant detail1 ! /ory 
( wat]-m>ks & ! "p !y h play$ 9 mom5t\s 
transactions w\ld easily furni% mat]ial 
= a volume4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! 
e>ly wat]-m>ks1 ) :i* !re is connect$   
mu* int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,!y h ev5 become    
important witnesses 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 
:]e _! sil5t b eloqu5t te/imony has     
br\ght confusion to seem+ly clev]       
crim9als4 ,! pro( ( ! "t :5 a wat]-m>k 0
 introduc$ has be5 ! means ( fix+ !     
crime ( =g]y1 :]e ! =g]1 9 ord] to rea* 
! end s\ght ?r\gh ! =g$ docum5t1 dat$ ! 
same back1 & unconsci\sly us$ a pap]    
be>+ a wat]-m>k ( a lat] date4 ,z ! e>ly
 wat]-m>ks h sugge/$ ! names ( _m       
v>ieties ( pap]1 ! two subjects are     
fitt+ly c\pl$4  ,x is n kn[n exactly h[ 
long a hi/ory ! wat]-m>k has2 ! fir/    
evid5ce ( "o1 9 ! =m ( a ram's horn1 is 
said to h be5 f\nd 9 a book ( acc\nts 9 
#accj4 ,simple designs ( common objects1

 su* z a pot1 urn1 or jug1 7 popul> =ms 
( ! wat]-m>k 9 e>ly days4 ,m5tion has   
already be5 made ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & !    
curi\s me?od he adopt$ ( %[+ 8 contempt 
= ! ,pope1 by hav+ 8 pap] m>k$ ) a hog  
we>+ a mit]4 ,orig9 ( 8fool's cap0 ,!n  
foll[$ ! coat-(-arms ( ! k+1 & :5 ,*>les
 ,i4 0 driv5 f ! ?rone & behead$1 !     
8fool's cap0 & bells 0 9 d]ision        
sub/itut$ = ! royal arms1 foll[$ lat] by
 ! figure ( ,britannia4 ,*ang+ wat]-m>ks
 9 ^? days meant /irr+ hi/ory4 8,pot0   
pap] _h a tank>d = its wat]-m>k1 & !    
8fool's cap0 gave its "n to a l>g] siz$ 
pap]1 :i* has borne ! "n to ! pres5t    
day4 8,po/0 0 ! old size made = lett]s1 
& bore a 8po/-horn0 z its wat]-m>k1 ! "n
 be+ pres]v$ to-day 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by
 8folio-po/40 8,cr[n0 pap]1 z its "n    
sugge/s1 bore ! wat]-m>k ( a cr[n4  ,9  
rec5t ye>s1 wat]-m>ks h be5 us$ z a     
means ( designat+ ! manufactur]1 r ?an =
 ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ ! pap] itself4 ,! 
crane1 = in/ance1 appropriately         
designates ! pap] made by ! ,cranes1 a  

family ^: "n has be5 long & prom95tly   
associat$ ) ! indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4     
,pap] 9 ! me*anical arts  ,! _m & div]s 
uses to :i* ! pap] product c be put h   
op5$ up a practically unlimit$ field to 
! orig9ality & g5ius ( ! pap]           
manufactur]1 :o has le>n$ to s          
manipulate 8 raw mat]ials z to p]mit ( !
 f9i%$ product's be+ sub/itut$ = iron1  
lumb]1 clo?1 etc41 & 9 _m cases x bett] 
s]ves ! desir$ purpose4  ,z has already 
be5 /at$1 pap]1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to   
its g5]al quality & ! me?od (           
manufacture1 falls into ?ree ma9        
divisions1 viz41 writ+1 pr9t1 & wrapp+  
pap]s1 b ^! divisions give only an      
inadequate idea ( ! _m v>ieties4 ,! mo/ 
( ^! are obta9$ by ! v>y+ manipulations 
( pap] already complete 9 "o or ano!r ( 
! ?ree =ms4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( bo>ds furni%
 an int]e/+ example ( "o ( ! mo/        
compreh5sive classes ( pap]4 ,bri/ol    
bo>d1 s nam$ f ! place :]e x 0 fir/     
manufactur$1 c>dbo>d1 pressbo>d1 b9d]'s 
bo>d1 trunk-bo>d1 & ! l1 all hold v     

prom95t positions 9 ?is1 "o ( ! mo/     
important ( indu/ries4 ,! heavi] ( ^!   
bo>ds are made by comb9+ z _m %eets (   
pap] z are necess>y to give ! desir$    
?ickness1 & !n by us+ pa/e or apply+    
hydraulic pressure1 consolidat+ !m4 ,!  
numb] ( %eets us$ is indicat$ by ! ^w   
8ply10 us$ z a suffix1 z two-ply1       
?ree-ply1 f\r-ply1 & s on4  ,l o!r      
articles ( ! comm]cial _w1 pap]s take _!
 names f v>y+ circum/ances1 & !re is a  
l>ge class ^: designations h be5 d]iv$ f
 ! mat]ials or processes employ$ 9 _!   
manufacture1 z well z f ! purposes = :i*
 !y are to be us$4  ,coat$ pap]  ,coat$ 
pap]1 or pap] hav+ an enamel$ surface1  
is made by apply+ a mixture ( clay &    
glue to ord9>y pap]4 ,:5 ref]r$ to 9    
connection ) coat$ pap]1 ?is ord9>y pap]
 is call$ raw /ock or body pap]4 ,x is  
manufactur$ 9 ! regul> way1 b is made   
slack-siz$ & s5t to ! coat+ factory 9   
web or roll =m1 & be=e x has be5        
cal5d]$4 ,! clay us$ is pure kaol9 or   
*9a clay1 =m$ by ! dis9tegration (      

feldspa?ic rock4 ,! clay is l>gely f\nd 
ne> ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 & ! pure :ite    
v>iety1 pr9cipally us$1 is kn[n z       
leemore clay1 :ile ! f9e/ is call$ blanc
 fixe4 ,! clay is gr\nd to ! f95ess (   
f9e :eat fl\r & mix$ into solution (    
ab\t ! consi/5cy ( milk4 ,its purpose 9 
! pap]-coat+ process is to cov] ! body  
pap]1 giv+ x an ev5 surface1 susceptible
 ( a high & glossy f9i%4 ,! glue us$ is 
( ! ord9>y sort s well kn[n 9 ! regul>  
m>ket4 ,its pres5ce r5d]s ! clay        
solution v adhesive :5 appli$ to ! body 
pap]4  ,extreme smoo?ness requir$  ,!   
co/ ( illu/rations hav+ be5 greatly     
r$uc$ ?r\gh ! p]fection ( photogravure  
or half-tone processes1 a l>ge &        
increas+ dem& exi/s = a pap] ( extremely
 smoo?1 firm1 & s5sitive surface1       
suitable = ! reproduction ( ! f9e/      
half-tone cuts2 a pap] ) su* delicate   
f95ess & susceptibility t ! m9ute l9es (
 a photogravure cut--s m9ute 9 in/ances 
z to be indi/+ui%able to ! t\* ( !      
f+]--w be p]fectly reproduc$ :5 pr9t$ ^u

 its enamel$ surface4  ,l>ge factories  
are devot$ entirely to ! coat+ process4 
,!y d n necess>ily make _! own body     
pap]1 b frequ5tly pur*ase x f outside   
s\rces4 ,at fir/1 ?is clay solution 0   
c>ri$ to & spread ^u ! surface ( pap] by
 ! use ( a f9e hair bru%4 ,?is 0 appli$ 
to "o side or surface ( ! pap] at a "t1 
! same process be+ repeat$ on ! opposite
 side1 if bo? 7 to be coat$4 ,s9ce its  
e>li] introduction1 ! process (         
surface-coat+ pap] has und]gone great   
improvem5t1 & ! me?od to-day 9 vogue1   
:ile seem+ly complete & exce$+ly rapid1 
is yet readily und]/ood1 & ! ma*9]y     
requir$ is q simple4 ,?is consi/s (3    
,p>ts ( coat+ ma*9e  ,fir/--,a vat1 to  
hold ! enamel+ solution4                
,second--,roll]s1 to regulate its       
di/ribution ^u ! web ( pap]4            
,?ird--,bru%es1 to "w out small lumpy   
p>ticles & ov]come any t5d5cy to        
unev5ness ( coat+4  ,f\r?--,an automatic
 c>ri]1 to convey ! coat$ web ?r\gh a   
dry+-room2 aft] :i* x is cal5d]$ to !   

surface want$ & cut into sizes requir$4 
,a roll ( body pap] ready to be enamel$ 
is plac$ be=e ! vat :i* conta9s ! coat+ 
solution4 ,! end ( ! pap]-web is />t$   
?r\gh ! solution by be+ pass$ "u a wood5
 roll] hung 9 ! vat--! purpose ( ! roll]
 is to insure an ev5 t5sion & uni=m     
imm]sion ( ! web4 ,aft] pass+ "u ! roll]
 ! pap]-web leaves ! vat1 & is pass$    
betwe5 two roll]s t regulate ! ?ickness 
( ! coat+ & remove all surplus4 ,f !    
roll]s ! web passes =w>d ?r\gh two sets 
( bru%es1 "o above & "o bel[1 bo? sets  
work+ back & =? transv]sely ^u ! top &  
bottom ( ! coat$ web4 ,di/ribution (    
coat+ ,ea* set ( bru%es is compris$1    
fir/1 ( a co>se1 !n int]m$iate1 & f9ally
 ( extremely delicate bru%es1 made      
usually ( camel's hair1 :i* z !y play ^u
 ! coat$ surface "w out all r\ghness or 
small lumpy p>ticles1 & r$uce ! coat+ to
 uni=m f95ess4 ,c>ri] ,^u leav+ !       
bru%es1 ! pap] rea*es an automatic      
c>ri]4 ,?is consi/s ( wood5 slats       
convey$ at int]vals ^u two endless *a9s 

t pass at ei!r side ( ! ma*9e j outside 
( ! coat$ web1 ! *a9s support+ ! slats  
at _! ends4 ,z ! pap] rea*es ! slats x  
falls ^u "o1 :i* by an +5i\s device is  
c>ri$ =w>d & upw>d1 p]mitt+ ! coat$ web 
( damp pap] to fall 9 long loops or     
folds--succe$+ slats foll[ ^u ! c>ri] at
 regul> int]vals1 & prev5t any m>r+ ( ! 
damp surface by keep+ x f =eign contact4
 ,! slats ^u ! c>ri] convey ! web 9 ?is 
fe/oon$ =m ?r\gh a dry+-room1 kept at a 
temp]ature ( ab\t #adj ,fahr5heit1 ?us  
?or\ghly dry+ ! coat$ web4 ,! pap]1 dri$
 by its passage ?r\gh ! dry+-room1 is   
r]oll$ ^u reels1 & is !n f9i%$ by be+   
pass$ rapidly betwe5 alt]nate /eel &    
pap] roll]s1 aft] ! ord9>y me?od (      
cal5d]+ pap]4 ,! gloss or f9i% ,! roll]s
 are susceptible to regulation or       
adju/m5t1 s t almo/ any degree ( gloss c
 be put ^u ! coat$ surface2 h5ce1 = !   
highe/ f9i%$ pap] ! rolls are set       
slightly clos] toge!r1 giv+ great]      
pressure2 & if necess>y1 ! web c be run 
?r\gh a second or ?ird "t4 ,aft]        

cal5d]+1 ! pap] is cut to sizes requir$1
 ?is be+ done 9 ! same mann] all roll$  
pap] is cut into %eets1 except t if ?ree
 or f\r rolls are run ?r\gh ! cutt] at  
once--z is frequ5tly ! case to          
facilitate rapid cutt+--a device is us$ 
t causes ! %eets f ea* roll to fall 9   
sep>ate piles1 s t all ( ! %eets 9 ea*  
pile w be f "o roll1 insur+ uni=mity4   
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sup]cal5d]s--,,page 
#hb  ,! quality & value ( coat$ pap]    
dep5d ^u ! quality ( ! body pap]1 !     
f95ess ( ! clay & o!r +r$i5ts us$ 9 !   
coat+1 toge!r ) ! p]fection ( its       
manufacture4  ,glaz+ processes  ,glaz$  
pap] is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & useful =ms 
( coat$ pap]4 ,! glaz+ is done by two   
processes1 kn[n z friction & fl9t glaz+4
 ,9 ei!r process ! me?od ( coat+1 up to 
& includ+ ! dry+1 is practically ! same 
z t foll[$ 9 ! coat+ ( o!r pap]s1 except
 t wax is mix$ ) ! coat+ to act z a     
lubricator1 & to p]mit ( secur+ ! desir$
 glassy f9i%4  ,9 friction-glaz+1 ! pap]
 is pass$ ?r\gh a friction cal5d]1 :i*  

consi/s ( a cotton roll & a *ill$ iron  
roll1 ! latt] revolv+ at mu* great] spe$
 ?an ! =m]1 ! friction g5]at$ giv+ !    
pap] a v high poli%4  ,9 ! fl9t process1
 ! pap] is f$ into a special burni%+    
ma*9e1 & passes ov] a groove 9 :i*      
op]ates a fl9t-/one1 fitt+ closely 9 !  
groove & work+ back & =? ^u & across !  
%eet4 ,z w readily be se51 ?is is a v   
sl[ process z well z exp5sive1 al?\gh x 
produces a f9i%1 high] & m la/+1 ?an c  
be secur$ by ! friction me?od4  ,pap]   
made by ! two processes c be di/+ui%$ by
 ! l9es appe>+ on ! fl9t-pap] made by ! 
/one 9 its travels across ! %eet4       
,glaz$ pap]s are us$ l>gely 9 !         
manufacture ( boxes & num]\s fancy      
articles4  ,li?ographic /ock            
,li?ographic pap] is a product          
especially prep>$ to take impressions f 
/ones 9 li?ograph+4 ,= ord9>y use1      
common book or pr9t pap]s are employ$1 b
 ^! are usually giv5 extra c>e &        
att5tion 9 ! c\rse ( _! manufacture2 !  
/ock is s manipulat$ z to n only secure 

! desir$ quality & f9i%1 b also to      
c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! pap] to /ret*1 :i*
 if n ov]come is apt to de/roy ! regi/] 
& injuri\sly affect ! quality ( ! "w4 ,!
 bett] grades ( li?ograph+-pap] are made
 by apply+ a clay coat+ especially      
prep>$ to br+ ab\t ! desir$ results4    
,asbe/os-pap] is made by comb9+ pap]    
pulp & ! m9]al amian?us4 ,its firepro( &
 non-conduct+ qualities make x a /aple  
commodity = _m purposes1 su* z          
drop-curta9s = !at]s1 insulation (      
electric wires1 pack+ ( /eam-pipes1 etc4
  ,t>-pap] is a co>se1 ?ick pap] soak$ )
 a t> product1 & us$ = cov]+ ro(s & l9+ 
walls1 to secure w>m? & dryness4  ,pap] 
coat$ ) ! :ite ( eggs is kn[n z         
album5-pap]1 & is employ$ z a vehicle = 
silv] pr9ts 9 photography4              
,photographic  ,pap] :i* has be5 s      
*emically treat$ t ! color ( its surface
 may be alt]$ by ! action ( light is    
kn[n z s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,"u ?is g5]al     
designation are includ$ num]\s pap]s    
diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 ! details (          

manufacture1 ?\gh ! "n is mo/ commonly  
appli$ to pap] t has be5 float$ 9 a ba? 
( nitrate ( silv]1 or coat$ ) an        
emulsion ( silv]-nitrate ( *loride4 ,=  
blue-pr9ts ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( pap]s   
includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m is t kn[n 9 g5]al
 trade z blue-process pap]1 :i* is      
prep>$ by float+ :ite pap] 9 a solution 
( potassium f]rocyanide4 ,x is us$ =    
copy+ plans & maps1 z well z = pr9t+    
photographic negatives4 ,aft] exposure  
to ! light = ! prop] l5g? ( "t1 "u !    
subject to be reproduc$1 ! pr9t is f9i%$
 by imm]sion 9 sev]al *anges ( clean    
wat]4 ,v simil> to ! blue-process pap]  
is ! blue or f]ro-prussiate pap]1 :i* is
 s5sitiz$ or made s5sitive by be+ treat$
 ) a solution 9 wat] ( r$ prussiate (   
pota% & p]oxide ( iron4 ,?is may be     
appli$ z a coat+ to ! surface ( ! pap]1 
or ! latt] may be float$ ^u ! solution4 
,:5 expos$ to light "u a draw+1 ^? p>ts 
( ! %eet to :i* ! light has access ?r\gh
 ! transp>5t portions ( ! draw+ are m or
 less affect$1 accord+ to ! great] or   

less transp>5cy1 z well z to ! l5g? ( ! 
exposure4 ,:5 ?is pr9t+ has proce$$ z f>
 z desir$1 ! %eet is wa%$ 9 cle> wat]1 &
 ^? p>ts t h be5 protect$ f ! light1    
become :ite1 :ile ^? expos$ to ! light &
 affect$ by x take on1 :5 dry1 a p]man5t
 blue4  ,o!r s5sitiz$ pap]s  ,ano!r     
v>iety ( :at may prop]ly be t]m$        
s5sitiz$ pap] is ! arr[root-pap] us$ 9  
photography = positive pr9ts4 ,x is pla9
 or non-glossy1 & is coat$ ) a weak     
solution ( arr[root 9 wat]1 ) sodium1   
*loride1 & a trace ( citric acid4       
,photographic pap]1 z su*1 includes a   
great v>iety ( ^! s5sitiz$ pap]s1       
employ$ 9 v>i\s processes ( ! art2      
album5iz$1 salt$1 coat$ ) emulsion1 or  
o!rwise treat$4 ,"o ( ^!1 kn[n z        
,pizzighelli pap]1 a s5sitiz$           
plat9um-pap]1 gives a neat surface1 &   
s(t1 cle>1 gray tones1 :i* are mo/      
arti/ic & pleas+ = _m subjects4  ,c>bon 
or transf]  ,o!r pap]s are s treat$     
*emically z to produce c]ta9 effects "u 
! application ( pressure1 in/ead ( by ! 

action ( light4 ,su* is ! transf]-pap]  
us$ = transf]r+ a design me*anically1   
:i* is prep>$ by coat+ ! %eet ) adhesive
 pigm5ts ( lampblack1 v]milion1 indigo1 
or o!r *emical4 ,! c>bon-pap] univ]sally
 us$ 9 typewrit+ :5 m ?an "o copy ( a   
lett] or pap] is desir$1 is pap] fac$ ) 
c>bon or lampblack4 ,alt]nate %eets (   
writ+ & c>bon pap]1 plac$ "o above !    
o!r1 are put into ! typewrit]1 & !      
impression ( ! lett] on ! surface ( "o  
%eet s]ves to pr9t ?ree or f\r %eets    
und]nea?4  ,manifold  ,manifold writ+ or
 copy+ pap]s are made f /rong unsiz$    
pap]s adapt$ to receive writ+ or pr9t+1 
& to transf] ?is readily "u pressure to 
ano!r %eet :i* has be5 damp5$4 ,x is !  
common rule to-day to make p]man5t      
record ( correspond5ce & bus9ess        
transactions by ! use ( ?is sy/em (     
impression-copy+4 ,! manifold pap]      
l>gely us$ by railroads is v ?91 mak+   
possible a l>ge numb] ( copies f a s+le 
impression1 ?us effect+ a great sav+ (  
"t & labor4  ,/5cil  ,/5cil-pap] is     

produc$ by giv+ to a %eet ( fibr\s pap]1
 z f9e & ?9 z gauze1 a ?ick1 ev5 coat+ (
 p>aff91 & f ?is ! /5cil may be prep>$ 9
 two diff]5t ways4 ,ei!r x may be plac$ 
9 ! typewrit]1 f :i* ! ink-pad or ribbon
 has be5 remov$1 & ! /5cil cut by all[+ 
! type to /rike ! wax %eet1 or x may be 
plac$ ^u a flat /eel plate1 ! surface ( 
:i* is cut into multitud9\s microscopic 
/eel po9ts1 & !n writt5 ^u by a /ylus1 a
 /eel p5cil made especially = ! purpose1
 :i* cuts ! wax )\t te>+ ! gauzy body ( 
! %eet4 ,copies are produc$ 9 ! same    
mann] z ) o!r /5cils1 viz41 by plac+ !  
blank %eet "u ! /5cil & !n pass+ an ink$
 roll] ov] ! latt]4  ,lum9\s pap] is    
prep>$ by comp\nd+ ! pulp ) gelat9e &   
phosphoresc5t p[d]4  ,transp>5t pap]    
,transp>5t pap]s are made by sev]al     
diff]5t me?ods4 ,! usual "o employ$ is  
to apply a ?9 coat+ ( a solution (      
,canada balsam 9 turp5t9e1 or a solution
 ( ca/or or l9se$ oil 9 absolute        
alcohol1 ! alcohol 9 ! latt] case be+   
p]mitt$ to evaporate1 !reby r5d]+ ! pap]

 transp>5t4 ,su* pap] is l>gely us$ =   
trac+ purposes1 & may be re/or$ to its  
orig9al /ate ( opacity1 ) ! trac+s left 
un*ang$1 by remov+ ! oil ) a fre% ba? ( 
alcohol4  ,safety  ,safety-pap] is a    
pap] s treat$ or coat$ ) *emicals t any 
ink-writ+ ^u its surface _c be eras$1   
effac$1 or remov$ )\t leav+ indelible   
m>ks on ! pap]4 ,z its "n implies1 x is 
us$ = safety 9 bank-*ecks or o!r        
comm]cial pap]1 to protect aga9/        
alt]ation4  ,gunp[d]-pap] is prep>$ by  
spread+ an explosive sub/ance on pap]1  
:i* is !n dri$ & roll$ up 9 ! =m ( a    
c>tridge4  ,s& & em]y  ,s& & em]y pap]s 
are produc$ by coat+ a /\t pap] ) glue1 
& !n spr9kl+ s& or em]y-du/ ^u !        
surface4 ,man's skill has devis$ = ?is  
purpose an +5i\s ma*9e4 ,?is fir/ coats 
! pap] ) glue f a revolv+ bru%1 :i*     
plays ov] ! surface ( melt$ glue 9 a    
/eam glu+-pot bel[4 ,hav+ accompli%$ ?is
 result1 x s(t5s ! glue ) a spray (     
/eam1 & sifts ! s& ^u ! surface1 all    
surplus s& dropp+ into a box bel[ z !   

s&$ or em]y-surfac$ pap] passes ov] a   
roll]4 ,o!r loose p>ticles are bl[n (f  
by a fan1 :ile ! rema9+ ones are /ill m 
firmly fix$ by a second jet ( /eam4     
,cork  ,cork-pap]1 an ,am]ican inv5tion1
 is made by coat+ "o side ( a ?ick1 s(t 
& flexible pap] ) a prep>ation ( glue1  
gelat9e1 & molasses1 & cov]+ x ) f9ely  
gr\nd cork lightly roll$ 94 ,?is pap] is
 us$ = pack+ bottles1 glassw>e1 etc4    
,slate  ,slate-pap]1 :i* takes its "n f 
! fact t x c be cleans$ l a slate1 is   
prep>$ f ! regul> product1 ( ! requir$  
?ickness & consi/5cy1 by ! use ( b5z9e1 
foll[$ by a prep>ation made ( lead1 z9c 
oxide1 turp5t9e1 se$-oil1 copal1 &      
s&>a*4  ,s(t plate-pap] is a ?ick unsiz$
 pap]1 especially adapt$ to receive     
impressions = f9e engrav+s pr9t$ f /eel 
& o!r plates4  ,filt]  ,filt]+-pap]1 mu*
 us$ by *emi/s & druggi/s1 is simply    
unsiz$ op5 or por\s pap]4 ,) su* pap]1 (
 c\rse1 ! process ( manufacture ceases  
at ! fir/ dry+ or cru%+ roll]s1 all !   
f9i%+ or h>d5+ op]ations be+ omitt$4    

,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,f ,,!           
,,roll--,,page #hb  ,wat]pro(  ,wat]pro(
 pap]s comprise a l>ge & mo/ useful     
class4 ,x is practically only )9 ! pa/  
tw5ty-five ye>s t a process has be5 kn[n
 & employ$ = r5d]+ a pap] wat]pro( by   
de/roy+ its absorptive prop]ties4 ,at ! 
pres5t "t !re are _m & v>i\s me?ods us$ 
9 wat]pro(+1 su* z soak+ ! /ock 9       
dissolv$ %ellac & borax4 ,?is me?od is  
f\nd especially satisfactory 9 wat]pro(+
 heavy pap] & bo>ds4 ,ano!r process is  
by bru%+ ! surface ( ! pap] ) boil$ oil1
 & pap] ?us prep>$ 0 =m]ly us$ l>gely 9 
lieu ( bladd]s & gut-sk9s = wrapp+      
butt]1 cov]+ fruit-j>s1 etc41 b x has   
be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by !         
introduction ( p>*m5t-pap]1 ( :i* m5tion
 w be made lat]4  ,p>aff9  ,s9ce !      
inv5tion ( ! process ( clay-coat+ pap]1 
x has be5 f\nd possible to incorporate 9
 ! coat+ solution c]ta9 mat]ials :i*    
r5d] x wat]pro(4 ,! application ( wax or
 p>aff9 to pap] to make x wat]pro( is a 
common me?od2 & al?\gh ?is product is   

l>gely us$1 ! process has nev] rea*$ !  
/ate ( developm5t expect$4 ,a great     
am\nt ( "t & money has be5 sp5t 9 !     
endeavor to p]fect ! process1 & at !    
same "t *eap5 ! co/1 b s f> ) only      
indiff]5t success1 & ! exp]im5t has     
usually prov$ v disc\rag+ & exp5sive to 
its support]s4  ,9 its simple/ =m1 ?is  
me?od consi/s 9 dipp+ ! pap] 9 a ba? (  
melt$ p>aff91 ! pap] be+ at a temp]ature
 l[] ?an ! melt+-po9t ( ! p>aff91 &     
promptly remov+ x f ! ba?1 :]eby ! adh]+
 p>aff9 is prev5t$ f ent]+ ! pap] to any
 consid]able ext5t1 & =ms a ?9 coat+ ^u 
its surface4 ,?is pap] is odorless1 & is
 us$ = wrapp+ meats1 fi%1 butt]1 c&ies1 
etc4  ,vegetable p>*m5t  ,p>*m5t-pap]1  
:i* is almo/ l ! real p>*m5t made f !   
sk9s ( animals1 is prep>$ f unsiz$      
rag-pap] by imm]s+ x = a few seconds 9 a
 solution ( two p>ts ( sulphuric acid1  
or oil ( vitriol1 9 "o "p ( wat]1 at a  
temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr5heit1 !n wa%+ x 9
 cold wat] & remov+ any rema9+ traces ( 
! acid by dipp+ x 9 a weak solution (   

ammonia4 ,by ?is treatm5t x is r5d]$    
t\gh1 transluc5t1 glossy1 & almo/       
imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,x is kn[n z vegetable
 p>*m5t1 & is ext5sively us$ 9 wrapp+   
l>d1 butt]1 meats1 etc41 & also to      
h]metically seal j>s & pots = pres]v+   
fruit4  ,grass-blea*$  ,silv] tissue1 or
 :at is kn[n to ! trade z grass-blea*$  
tissue1 is ext5sively us$ = wrapp+      
silv]w>e4 ,x is specially treat$ to     
remove all *emicals t w\ld t5d to       
corrode or t>ni% silv]4 ,! be/ qualities
 ( ?is pap] are made 9 ,engl&4          
,metallic pap] is pap] wa%$ ) a solution
 ( :it+1 lime1 & z9c4 ,*>act]s writt5 on
 ?is pap] ) a pewt] p5cil are almo/     
indelible4  ,litmus  ,te/ or litmus     
pap]s are us$ 9 laboratories & factories
 = indicat+ ! pres5ce ( acids or        
alkalies & v>i\s liquids4 ,x is prep>$  
by treatm5t ) a peculi> color+ matt] t  
gives its "n to ! pap]4 ,x is ( a blue  
or yell[ t9t1 accord+ to ! *emical      
employ$ 9 its prep>ation1 & *anges color
 "u ! influ5ce ( diff]5t *emical ag5ts4 

,! blue litmus pap]1 = in/ance1 :5 ?ru/ 
into an acid solution becomes r$1 b may 
be re/or$ to its normal color by be+    
subject$ to ! action ( an alkali4  ,!   
enum]ation already giv5 by no means     
exhau/s ! uses ( ! wond]ful product     
evolv$ & p]fect$ by c5turies ( /udy &   
toil4 ,widespread z is its use 9 ! v>i\s
 dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry1 & 9 all ! graphic 
arts1 x fills an equally wide field (   
usefulness 9 ! me*anic arts1 :]e x has  
become a /aple4  ,pap] c>-:eels  ,"o (  
its mo/ curi\s uses 9 ?is field is 9 !  
manufacture ( c>-:eels4 ,! mat]ial is   
cal5d]$ rye-/raw bo>d1 or ?ick pap]1 & !
 cr$it ( ! inv5tion belongs to ,ri*>d   
,n4 ,all51 a locomotive eng9e]4 ,! pap] 
is s5t to ! c>-:eel %ops 9 circul> %eets
 measur+ f tw5ty-two to =ty in*es 9     
diamet]1 & ov] ea* ( ^! is spread an ev5
 coat+ ( fl\r pa/e4 ,! %eets are !n     
plac$ "o above ! o!r until a doz5 are   
pa/$ toge!r1 :5 all are subject$ to a   
hydraulic pressure ( five hundr$ tons or
 m4 ,aft] two h\rs' pressure1 ^!        

twelve-%eet blocks ( pap] are kept = a  
:ole week 9 a dry+-room heat$ to a      
temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr5heit1 aft] :i* a
 numb] are pa/$ toge!r1 press$1 & dri$ =
 a second week2 a ?ird comb9+ ( lay]s is
 !n made1 foll[$ by a mon?'s dry+1 until
 !re is obta9$ a solid block1 conta9+ f 
"o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & sixty  
?icknesses or %eets ( ! orig9al pap]4 ,!
 ?ickness is only f f\r & "o-half to    
five & "o-half in*es1 & 9 weight1       
d5sity1 & solidity ! block resembles m !
 f9e/ gra9$1 heavie/ metal ?an x does ! 
orig9al pap] product4 ,x may be call$   
c>-:eel pap]4 ,to complete ! :eel1 !re  
are requir$ a /eel tire1 a ca/-iron hub1
 wr\ght-iron plates to protect ! pap] on
 ei!r side1 & two circles ( bolts1 "o   
set pass+ ?r\gh ! flange ( ! tire1 ! o!r
 ?r\gh ! flange ( ! hub1 & bo? sets     
?r\gh ! pap]4 ,! pap] blocks are turn$  
on a la!1 :i* also reams out ! c5t]-hole
 = ! hub2 two coats ( pa9t are appli$ to
 keep out moi/ure2 ! ca/-iron hub is    
press$ ?r\gh by hydraulic pressure2 !   

o!r p>ts are =c$ into place1 & ! pap]   
c5t] is =c$ into ! /eel tire by l       
hydraulic p[]2 & !re1 a product ( human 
+5uity1 is a pap] c>-:eel1 :i* nev] is  
injur$ by vibrations1 & is saf] &       
long]-liv$1 ?\gh co/+ m1 ?an any o!r    
c>-:eel made4  ,pap] lumb]  ,pap] lumb] 
is ano!r curi\s =m ( ! /aple4 ,x is     
produc$ by mak+ ! ord9>y /rawbo>d on a  
cyl9d] ma*9e1 runn+ x ?r\gh a vat ( res9
 & o!r wat]pro(+ heat$ to a temp]ature (
 #cej ,fahr5heit1 !n plac+ toge!r !     
%eets s res9$ & subject+ !m to hydraulic
 pressure4 ,! result is a pap] bo>d     
?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ( a d>k  
or blacki% color4 ,x c be cut ) a saw or
 *isel1 is v h>d & solid1 & has be5     
m>ket$ 9 slabs ?irty-two in*es 9 wid? by
 twelve feet 9 l5g? at =ty doll>s a     
?\s&4 ,x is us$ = ! int]iors (          
railway-c>s & = p]=at$ *airs4  ,*amois  
fib]  ,a product ( ! pap]-mill has be5  
us$ q ext5sively ! la/ few ye>s = clo?+4
 ,x is call$ *amois fib] or mangl$ fib]4
 ,x is made f a long-fib]$1 /rong       

sulphite /ock1 & is pass$ ?r\gh a       
specially con/ruct$ ma*9e :i* mangles or
 cru%es ! fib]1 giv+ x a s(t & flexible 
"*1 l *amois4 ,x has be5 us$ 9          
dress-skirts & = "u-ve/s1 & has an add$ 
advantage ov] clo? 9 be+ practically    
imp]vi\s to air4  ,pap] boats are made (
 especially prep>$ pap] pulp1 mold$ &   
press$ into %ape4  ,pap] fl\r-b>rels1   
wat]-pails1 & o!r l articles are made by
 /amp+ out _! =m f pap] pulp or heavy   
cyl9d]-made pap] possess+ fold+         
prop]ties4  ,papi]-ma*  ,papi]-ma* is   
ano!r product ( pap] almo/ unlimit$ 9   
its uses4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* x is made1 =
 ! common] classes ( "w1 are old wa/e & 
scrap pap]1 repulp$ & mix$ ) a /rong    
size ( glue & pa/e4 ,to ?is are (t5 add$
 quantities ( gr\nd *alk1 clay1 & lime4 
,= ! f9e/ class ( "w1 a me?od inv5t$ 9  
#aggb by ,h5ry ,clay1 ( ,birm+ham1      
,engl&1 is foll[$4 ,%eets ( specially   
made pap] are soak$ toge!r 9 a /rong    
size ( pa/e & glue1 mold$ into ! desir$ 
%ape & dri$ 9 an ov51 o!r lay]s be+     

add$1 if necess>y1 to secure ! requir$  
size & %ape4 ,! dri$ object is h>d5$ by 
be+ dipp$ 9 oil1 & is !n trimm$ & prep>$
 = japann+ & ornam5tation4 ,9 delicate  
relief-"w1 a pulp is prep>$ ( scrap     
pap]1 :i* is dri$1 !n gr\nd to p[d] &   
mix$ ) pa/e & a proportion ( pota% until
 a v f9e1 ?9 pa/e is =m$4 ,papi]-ma* is 
an exce$+ly /rong1 t\gh1 durable        
sub/ance1 slightly ela/ic1 & n liable to
 w>p or fracture4 ,! articles = :i* x is
 us$ make a long li/1 includ+ ornam5tal 
boxes1 trays1 mat*-safes1 dolls' heads1 
toys1 anatomical & botanical models1    
arti/s' lay-figures1 picture-frames1    
panels1 & o!r mural ornam5ts4 ,x has    
also be5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction (      
coa*es & = door-panels1 :ile "u ! "n (  
c>ton pi]re1 :i* is practically ! same  
sub/ance1 are mold$ ornam5ts = walls &  
ceil+s4 ,ord9>y ro(+ & c>pet felts are  
simil> 9 manufacture4 ,! use ( moi/5$   
papi]-ma* 9 electrotyp+1 & ! me?od      
foll[$1 is too well kn[n to ne$         
description4  ,wall-pap]  ,9 ! use (    

pap] = wall-hang+s1 ! arti/ic &         
practical come toge!r4 ,f ! e>lie/ days 
:5 m5 made = !mselves p]man5t abodes1   
mural decoration ( "o =m or ano!r has   
be5 kn[n1 & e bran* ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 
& decorative art has be5 call$ into     
s]vice4 ,x is n /range t pap]1 ) its _m 
adaptations & wond]ful possibilities1   
%\ld1 :5 x rea*$ ! prop] /age (         
developm5t1 f9d "o ( its pr9cipal uses 9
 mak+ beautiful ! walls ( our homes4 ,! 
eighte5? c5tury 0 well advanc$ :5       
wall-pap]s came into use 9 ,europe1 b x 
is claim$ t !y 7 us$ mu* e>li] by !     
,*9ese1 :o1 ) *>act]i/ic +5uity1 h made 
clo?+1 h&k]*iefs1 napk9s1 & a great     
v>iety ( o!r useful articles out ( pap]4
 ,! fir/ patt]ns 7 v crude1 b ?r\gh !   
sl[ processes ( developm5t & improvem5t 
a wond]ful degree ( p]fection has be5   
atta9$4 ,beauty & ta/e 9 ! decorative   
art f9d _! highe/ expon5t 9 ! 8repp$    
morocco0 & f9e color$ pap]s4 ,repp$ or  
cord$ pap]s are ^? hav+ rais$ designs1  
:i* are produc$ by pass+ ! web betwe5   

roll]s on :i* ! ribs or o!r devices h   
be5 cut or engrav$4 ,! emboss+ ( morocco
 & o!r pap] ( rais$ design is done 9 !  
same way4 ,! morocco & lea!r pap]s are  
imitations ( ! old /amp$ lea!r hang+s ( 
e>li] days1 :i* 7 usually made ( ! sk9s 
( goats & calves1 cut into rectangul>   
%ape4 ,emboss$ effects ,^! sk9s 7 /amp$ 
& emboss$1 hav+ be5 fir/ cov]$ )        
silv]-leaf & v>ni%$ ) a transp>5t yell[ 
lacqu] t gave to ! silv] ! appe>ance (  
gold4 ,! reliefs 7 pa9t$ by h& 9 _m     
bright colors4 ,lea!r wall-pap]s are    
treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & are capable (
 be+ br\ght to any desir$ degree (      
ri*ness4 ,! ri*] grades ( flat-surfac$  
figur$ wall-pap]s are pr9t$ ) wood5     
blocks1 ^u :i* ! designs are cut 9      
relief1 !re be+ a block = ea* color4 ,^!
 blocks are appli$ by h&1 aft] hav+ be5 
dipp$ 9 an ela/ic clo? sieve *>g$ )     
temp]a pigm5ts4 ,c>e is us$ to place ea*
 block on exactly ! "r place1 ?us secur+
 p]fect regi/]4 ,9 _m cases ! figures on
 ! block are inlaid ) copp]1 especially 

9 ! ?9 outl9es4 ,block pr9t+ ,9 8block0 
& gold & silv] pr9t+ ! design is fir/   
pr9t$ 9 a /rong size2 ! f9ely cut wool (
 ! requir$ color1 call$ 8flock10 or !   
metallic p[d] imitat+ gold or silv]1 is 
!n spr9kl$ on by h& all ov] ! pap]1 &   
adh]es closely to ! size4 ,:]e ! patt]n 
is to /& out 9 relief1 ! process is     
repeat$ until ! desir$ results are      
obta9$4 ,! *eap] sorts ( wall-pap]s1 z  
well z "s t are v ri*1 are pr9t$ by     
ma*9]y f ! web1 on roll]s or cyl9d]s    
c>ry+ ! designs1 "u :i* ! pap] passes4  
,surface t9t+  ,ref]5ce has be5 made to 
! process ( color+ pap] by mix+ ! colors
 9 ! eng9e1 b wall-pap]s & _m o!rs are  
surface-t9t$ by be+ run ?r\gh a         
color-vat4 ,an iridesc5t or 8ra9b[0     
surface is giv5 by treat+ ! pap] ) a wa%
 conta9+ sulphates ( iron & ( indigo1 & 
!n expos+ quickly to ammoniacal vapors4 
,illu/ration3 ,,sort+ ,,( ,,f9i%$       
,,%eets--,,page #hc  ,"m-(-pe>l pap] is 
produc$ by a some:at simil> process4    
,glaz$ pap] is fir/ float$ on a solution

 ( silv]1 lead1 or o!r metal1 !n1 :5    
dry1 expos$ to ! vapors ( sulphide (    
hydrog51 aft] :i* collodion is p\r$ ov] 
! surface1 produc+ ri* & fasc9at+ color 
effects4  ,m>bl$ pap]  ,m>bl$ pap]1 us$ 
l>gely 9 b9d+1 is prep>$ f a %all[ ba? (
 gum tragacan?1 or goat's-horn1 ^u :i* !
 workm5 spr9kle f a flat bru% ! films ( 
colors ne$$ = ! desir$ patt]n4 ,:5 !    
:ole surface is cov]$ ) b&s & spla%es ( 
color1 ! workman takes a huge comb1 :i* 
he draws ) a wavy motion ! l5g? ( ! tub4
 ,! practic$ m>bl] w s lay ! colors &   
manipulate ! comb z to copy any desir$  
patt]n4 ,! m>bl+ is done by deftly lay+ 
! smoo? :ite pap] on ! ba? = a mom5t1 & 
!n remov+ x1 :5 ! entire film ( color   
comes ) ! %eet1 s t a respr9kl+ ( ! ba? 
is necess>y4 ,9 m>bl+ ! edges ( ! leaves
 ( a book1 ! body ( ! book1 )\t ! cov]s1
 is s held t ! edges may be quickly     
dipp$ into ! ba?4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 
"o cov]+ ( color+ matt] w m>ble a numb] 
( volumes4 ,pap] is also color$1 z has  
be5 not$1 by pass+ ! web ?r\gh a        

color+-ba?4  ,! pap]s briefly describ$ 9
 ?is *apt] h be5 classifi$ l>gely       
accord+ to ! me?ods ( manufacture or    
*emical treatm5t1 or to ! purposes = :i*
 !y 7 to be us$4 ,ano!r basis =         
classification is f\nd 9 ! size4 ,9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ! usual writ+ pap]s (    
comm]ce are divid$1 accord+ to sizes1 z 
foll[s3  ,sizes ( writ+ pap]            
,comm]cial note      #e   #h   ,lett]   
#h  #aj   ,flat cap            #ad  #ag 
,cr[n cap           #ae  #ai   ,demy    
#af  #ba   ,folio po/          #ag  #bb 
,d\ble cap          #ag  #bh   ,m$ium   
#ah  #bc   ,royal               #ai  #bd
   ,sup] royal         #bj  #bh   ,d\ble
 demy         #ba  #cb   ,d\ble folio   
#bb  #cd   ,d\ble m$ium       #bc  #cf  
,imp]ial            #bc  #ca   ,elephant
            #bc  #bh   ,d\ble royal     
#bd  #ch   ,columbi]           #bc  #cd 
,atlas               #bf  #cc           
,antiqu>ian         #ca  #ec     ,,*apt]
 ,,vii  ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,bus9ess   
,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates   ,! c5tury j   

pa/ has witness$ a m>vel\s gr[? 9 ! pap]
 indu/ry4 ,z a se$l+ oak1 fir/ /ruggl+ =
 root-hold & !n pu%+ its way /eadily    
upw>d ?r\gh difficulties & ob/ructions1 
x has assum$ giant proportions1 be+ n[  
firmly e/abli%$ beyond any possibility (
 di/urbance1 & s5d+ its bran*es 9 e     
direction4 ,_m causes h contribut$ to   
?is wond]ful developm5t4  ,publications 
( #aggf comp>$ ) #aijj  ,9 no c\ntry ( !
 _w are books & newspap]s read s        
ext5sively z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: p mu/
 be ?or\ghly cosmopolitan if1 z has be5 
said1 8e man :o reads ! newspap] is a   
citiz5 ( ! _w40 ,9 #aggf1 ! natal ye> ( 
our indep5d5ce1 !re 7 9 all ! colonies  
?irty-sev5 publications1 ^: total ye>ly 
output did n exce$ z _m ?\s&s2 9 #aijj1 
accord+ to tabulat$ /ati/ics1 !         
?irty-sev5 _h increas$ to tw5ty ?\s&    
eight hundr$ & six regul> daily1 weekly1
 & mon?ly publications1 & _! aggregate  
output is c\nt$ n by ?\s&s1 nor ev5     
millions1 b by billions4 ,?is too has no
 ref]5ce :atev] to ! myriad (           

publications :i*1 :ile appe>+           
int]mitt5tly1 are n issu$ at /at$       
p]iods2 x ref]s only to regul>          
p]iodicals1 includ+ our daily pap]s4    
,ill9ois' rank 9 numb] ( publications ,9
 an analysis ( ^! int]e/+ /ati/ics we ( 
,ill9ois f9d occasion = great           
gratification1 z x develops t 9 ! numb] 
( h] publications ,ill9ois out/rips all 
( h] si/] /ates except ,new ,york1 rank+
 a close second 9 ! gr& total1 & ev5    
tak+ fir/ place 9 ! numb] ( h] weekly   
issues4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! exact     
figures & _! divisions ( ! f\r lead+    
/ates3                 ,daily4 ,weekly4 
,mon?ly4 ,qu>t]ly4 ,total4    ,new ,york
      #ahf    #ajhf    #eib        #df  
#aiaj   ,ill9ois      #ahj    #aaji     
#cje        #ah      #afab              
,p5nsylvania  #aif     #ijj    #bba     
#ab      #acbi   ,ohio          #aga    
#ghe    #ahj        #ab      #aadh  ,an 
increase ( su* ph5om5al proportions z   
indicat$ by ^! figures makes trem5d\s   
dem&s ^u alli$ & tribut>y indu/ries1 b !

 increase 9 ! production ( pap] ( !     
v>iety requir$ has be5 suffici5t to meet
 ^! dem&s4 ,^! conditions1 h[ev]1 affect
 only "o bran* ( ! indu/ry4 ,! increase 
9 ! publication ( books1 toge!r ) !     
multiplicity ( comm]cial & indu/rial    
uses to :i* pap] may be put1 z briefly  
outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 expla9 an      
expansion t w\ld o!rwise be             
inexplicable4 ,ano!r cause to be tak5   
into acc\nt1 a ?ird factor 9 ! wond]ful 
gr[? ( ! c5tury1 is ! export trade4     
,presid5t ,hugh ,j4 ,*i%olm1 9 8 annual 
report to ! ,am]ican ,pap] & ,pulp      
,association 9 ,new ,york ,city1        
,febru>y #ae1 #ahii1 made ! foll[+      
/atem5t3  ,export /ati/ics      8,! pa/ 
ye> has be5 "o ( m>vel\s expansion 9 !  
export trade ( ?is c\ntry4 ,our indu/ry 
has %>$ 9 ?is     increase ( =eign      
trade1 b n to ! ext5t t x ought4        
,our own m>kets be+ ! be/ 9 ! _w1       
manufactur]s 9     pa/ ye>s h naturally 
conf9$ _! ef=ts practically to     !m1 b
 we h rea*$ su* proportions 9 our       

ability to     manufacture all k9ds (   
pap] t x seems z ?\gh !re     0 nev] a m
 opportune "t to explore & make conque/ 
(     ! =eign pap] m>ket4 ,! am\nt (    
pap] export$ dur+     ! elev5 mon?s end+
 ) ,novemb]1 #ahig1 0 #d1jad1hdb1     & 
= ! elev5 mon?s end+ ,novemb]1 #ahih1   
#e1adc1jee1     %[+ an increase (       
#a1abh1bac40  ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s !re  
has be5 ev5 a great] proportionate      
increase4 ,consid]+ ! fact t t5 ye>s ago
 ! exportation ( pap] 0 practically     
unkn[n1 x w be quickly se5 t we are fa/ 
=g+ to ! front & tak+ ! position 9 =eign
 fields :i*1 z ! lead+ pap] manufactur+ 
c\ntry ( ! _w1 we n[ fully m]it4 ,our   
products are g5]ally at a premium 9     
=eign m>kets1 & ,am]ican g5ius1         
ent]prise1 & v]satility are ev]y:]e     
recogniz$4 ,?is export trade also acts z
 a safety-valve aga9/ ov]production1 &  
by ?us pres]v+ equality betwe5 supply & 
dem& l5ds /ability & confid5ce to !     
indu/ry4  ,numb] ( mills 9 op]ation 9   
,unit$ ,/ates  ,!re are to-day 9 !      

,unit$ ,/ates #gfb diff]5t conc]ns own+ 
& n[ op]at+ "o ?\s& & sev5ty pap] & pulp
 mills2 ^! are di/ribut$ ?r\gh          
?irty-five diff]5t /ates4 ,( ^!1 ,new   
,york %[s ! greate/ output1 ! capacity (
 h] mills be+ #g1hed1jjj p\nds daily1 or
 ne>ly "o-qu>t] ! total daily output ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,next to ! ,empire ,/ate
 comes ,ma9e1 ) a daily capacity (      
#c1gbc1jjj p\nds1 :ile ,wiscons9 &      
,massa*usetts take ?ird & f\r? rank1 _! 
mills produc+1 respectively1 #b1fgd1jjj 
& #b1aie1jjj p\nds daily4 ,massa*usetts 
upholds h] lit]>y reputation by rank+   
fir/ 9 ! production ( bo? writ+ & book  
pap]s4 ,9 ! production ( wood-pulp pap] 
,new ,york easily out/rips all          
competitors1 h] output be+ ne>ly d\ble t
 ( any o!r /ate1 :ile ,ma9e /&s second &
 ,wiscons9 ?ird4 ,! total daily capacity
 7n production7 ( ! pap] & pulp mills ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates is e/imat$ at           
#bh1ajj1jjj p\nds1 divid$ accord+ to    
v>ieties z foll[s3  ,division ( product 
,writ+                                  

#a1jgd1jjj   ,book                      
#b1fej1jjj   ,news                      
#d1hef1jjj   ,wrapp+                    
#c1fag1jjj   ,bo>ds                     
#c1bcj1jjj   ,miscellane\s1 includ+     
v>ieties     too num]\s to m5tion       
#a1gjg1jjj   ,gr\nd wood & *emical wood 
pulp  #aj1iff1jjj  ,! process (         
pap]-mak+ is cont9u\s1 ow+ to ! great   
exp5se involv$ 9 wip+ or clean+ !       
ma*9]y1 an op]ation necess>y to prev5t !
 pulp f dry+ to or ru/+ ! _m p>ts ?r\gh 
:i* x passes f ! "t ( its entrance into 
! wa%] & beat] until x comes =? z a     
f9i%$ & p]fect product4 ,all[+ ?ree     
hundr$ work+-days a ye> to ea* mill1 !  
total annual output possible w\ld be    
#d1bae1jjj tons1 :i*1 all[+ ?irty ?\s&  
p\nds to a c>1 w\ld make #bha1jjj       
c>loads4 ,accord+ to /ati/ics ga!r$ by !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor = !
 fir/ six mon?s ( #ahih1 ! sev5 hundr$ &
 tw5ty-?ree plants1 _m ( !m hav+ two or 
?ree sep>ate mills1 actually produc$    
#a1gcc1jai tons ( pap] & pulp4 ,?is w\ld

 make #c1dff1jch tons = ! entire ye>1   
al?\gh ! mills 7 n run to _! full       
capacity1 by any means4 ,! six mon?s f  
,octob] #a1 #ahii1 to ,m>* #ca1 #aijj1  
m>k probably ! greate/ activity ! pap]  
trade ev] exp]i5c$4 ,! mills 7 tax$ to  
_! utmo/ to supply dem&s :i* 7 fi]ce &  
exact+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual     
production z e/imat$ = ! ye> #ahih & !  
pres5t e/imat$ capacity ( ! mills is    
#gej1jjj tons2 & z ! increas$ dem& has  
tak5 up a l>ge proportion ( ?is1 x is   
safe to assume t n = _m ye>s h ! mills  
run s ne>ly to _! full capacity z dur+ !
 two j pa/4 ,e/imat$ value ( total      
output = #aijj ,e/imat+ an av]age price 
on all ! diff]5t classes ( pap]1 n      
includ+ pulp1 ! total value ( ! output =
 #aijj w\ld am\nt to ab\t #aej1jjj1jjj4 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,press   
,pap] ranks ?ird among /aple commodities
  ,/ati/ics br+ out ! int]e/+ fact t ov]
 "o-qu>t] ( ! pap] output is roll & %eet
 news pap]4 ,if an av]age value ( #b    
c5ts p] p\nd at ! mills be all[$ = ?is1 

x is evid5t t ! us]s ( news pap] pay out
 "s ?irty-two million doll>s e ye> = ?is
 important product4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t   
?is pap] is sold = "o-six? ( ! curr5t   
price ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 x is yet   
greatly improv$ 9 quality4 ,z a /aple 9 
?is c\ntry1 pap] has come to rank ?ird 9
 importance 9 ! li/ ( man's wants4 ,!   
products ( "m e>? hold fir/ place1      
includ+ food/uffs1 raim5t1 etc42 & !    
second place mu/ be giv5 to iron & /eel1
 ! bulw>k ( our comm]cial life4 ,pap]   
foll[s next1 z ! key/one ( our          
intellectual life1 & promises 9 ! ye>s  
to come to play ev5 a m important "p 9 !
 upbuild+ ( our mod]n advancem5t &      
bus9ess4 ,! conditions ( civilization   
are su* t intellig5t read+ is "o ( !    
ess5tials 9 individual progress4 ,af=d+ 
z x does food = ! m9d1 & op5+ up ! way  
to pr(itable employm5t ?r\gh :i* !      
bodily wants are suppli$1 read+ might   
almo/ be class$ z next 9 importance to !
 food t n\ri%es & gives /r5g? to ! body4
 ,on acc\nt ( its l>ge production ( !   

high] grades ( writ+1 book1 & l$g]      
pap]s1 ,massa*usetts leads 9 ! value ( !
 output2 if our e/imates are correct1 ! 
value ( ! pap] ( all v>ieties           
manufactur$ 9 ! /ate 0 ab\t #be1jjj1jjj 
= ! ye> #aijj1 or "o-six? ( ! entire    
e/imat$ product4 ,new ,york foll[s ) an 
almo/ equal am\nt 9 ! value ( ! product1
 :ile ,ma9e1 ,wiscons91 & ,p5nsylvania w
 %[ ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj ea*1 ! five /ates  
?us mak+1 9 value1 ov] "o-half ( ! pap] 
manufactur$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 consid]+ ^!  
figures x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t by  
increas+ ! wid? ( ! webs & ! rate ( spe$
 at :i* ! pap] passes ov] ! ma*9e1 !    
possible output has 9 _m plants be5 m   
?an quadrupl$ dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 :i* 9 
"p expla9s ! d\bl+ ( ! value ( ! output 
s9ce #ahij1 dur+ :i* ye>1 accord+ to !  
gov]nm5t c5sus1 ! output am\nt$ 9 value 
to #gd1cjh1chh4  ,numb] ( mills & _!    
value  ,! numb] ( pap]-mak+ e/abli%m5ts 
is plac$ at #gfb1 op]at+ #a1jgj mills1 &
 ! value ( ! plants is #ajg1gei1igd2    
#eb1cia p]sons f9d employm5t 9 !        

indu/ry1 & are paid wages aggregat+     
#bc1ege1iej1 :ile ! value ( ! mat]ial   
us$ rea*es #gh1jfg1hhb4  ,av]age output 
p] plant  ,dur+ ! decade betwe5 #ahhj & 
#ahij ! numb] ( pap] plants prop] _h    
decreas$ f #fib to #efg1 #abe 9 all1 or 
eighte5 p] c5t4 ,9 #ahhj ! av]age numb] 
( employes to ea* factory 0 ?irty-five1 
) an av]age ye>ly output f ea* plant (  
#gi1fci4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s t foll[$1 !    
av]age numb] ( employes 9 a factory rose
 to #ec1 & ! av]age ye>ly output f ea*  
plant to #aca1jef4 ,) a decrease ( #abe 
mills dur+ t p]iod1 !re mu/ h be5 an    
increase ( #e1hca employes & (          
#ai1aih1efd 9 ! value ( ! output4  ,:ile
 ! /ately array ( figures already m>%al$
 is an impressive rem9d] ( ! wond]ful   
developm5t ( ! pap] indu/ry1 :i* we     
accept un?9k+ly z "o ( ! b5efits ( a    
m>vel\s c5tury1 m]e num]als c nev] tell 
! :ole /ory4 ,!y mu/ be =ev] sil5t z to 
! aims & purposes1 ! pati5t ef=ts1 !    
det]m9ation & p]sev]ance1 ! alt]nation (
 defeat & triumph :i* are embodi$ 9 !   

p]fect$ product ( to-day4 ,x is n = !m  
to *ronicle ! crude beg9n+s ( ! indu/ry 
9 ! days ( ! dim & f>-away pa/1 nor to  
trace ! sl[ /eps by :i* x has advanc$ to
 its pres5t comm&+ position4 ,z our     
e>li] *apt]s rec\nt1 its mo/ m>vel\s    
/rides =w>d h occurr$ dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s
 j pa/4  ,pap] aids o!r indu/ries  ,!   
c5tury t has m>k$ su* mat]ial progress 9
 ! production ( pap] has be5 pre-em95tly
 "o ( va/ intellectual & indu/rial      
activity & advancem5t1 & x is a fair    
/atem5t t pap] has n only contribut$    
l>gely to ! g5]al progression t has tak5
 place1 b ?r\gh x z a m$ium /&>ds h be5 
rea*$ t mu/ h rema9$ unkn[n 7 x n = its 
effici5t s]vice4 ,?r\gh man's inv5tive  
g5ius ! utility ( ?is valuable product  
has be5 increas$ a hundr$-fold1 & its   
wid] use has be5 ! means ( broad5+ &    
ext5d+ o!r manufactories4 ,x has aid$   
inv5tion1 & is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* new    
discov]ies1 !ories1 & conclusions h be5 
proclaim$4 ,x is ! h&maid ( lit]ature & 
music1 & ?r\gh its fo/]+ ag5cy ! highe/ 

culture is to-day plac$ )9 ! possible   
rea* ( ! masses4 ,=m]ly1 any consid]able
 degree ( le>n+ 0 conf9$ to ! favor$    
few--!y 7 ! 8wise m50 & ! 8magi02 ^? :o 
c\ld read ev5 ! simple/ =ms ( language 7
 ! decid$ exception1 & works to be read 
7 r>e1 & conf9$ to ! libr>ies ( ! great 
cities4 ,to-day1 ?r\gh ! abundance &    
*eapness ( publications1 all m5 may hold
 close communion ) ! m9ds ( lead+ ?9k]s 
pa/ & pres5t1 & ! melodies ( ! great    
ma/]s are br\ght )9 ! he>+ ( all4       
,pap]'s s]vice to ! f9e arts ,9 art x   
has s]v$ z noble a purpose z 9 lit]ature
 & music4 ,! f95ess & delicacy (        
surface1 atta9$ ?r\gh mod]n processes1  
make possible ! half-tone & o!r         
fac-simile reproductions1 :i* cultivate 
an appreciation ( ! beautiful & c>ry    
into ev5 ! humble/ ( homes ! ref9+      
influ5ces ( great works ( art2          
reproductions us$ 9 illu/ration also    
elucidate & r5d] great assi/ance to !   
correct int]pretation ( sci5tific & o!r 
publications4  ,b d ^! mat]ial atta9m5ts

 m>k1 9 !mselves1 man's greate/         
a*ievem5ts8 ,va/ & complete z !y are1   
our answ] mu/ be no4 ,ea*1 )9 itself a  
type ( highe/ ?\ght1 becomes an integral
 factor 9 ! progression ( ! race1 !     
p]fectability ( man1 8 nature &         
condition4  ,pap] aids great re=ms  ,!  
advanc$ ?9k]s ( to-day agree t ! hundr$ 
ye>s j end$ h be5 especially rem>kable f
 a humanit>ian /&po9t4 ,!y h be5 made   
notable by movem5ts t5d+ t[>d man's     
elevation1 t[>d ! right+ ( 8 wrongs1 & !
 alleviation ( 8 suff]+s4 ,victor ,hugo 
decl>es3 8,?is c5tury is ! gr&e/ (      
c5turies 444 because x is ! sweete/4    
,?is c5tury 444 fre$ ! slave 9 ,am]ica1 
elevat$ ! p>iahs 9 ,asia1 ext+ui%$ !    
fun]al pile 9 ,india1 & cru%$ ! la/     
fire-br&s at ! m>tyr's /ake 9 ,europe40 
,if we ask h[ ^! great re=ms 7 wr\ght1 !
 answ] mu/ be1 9 "p at lea/1 t _!       
accompli%m5t 0 ! result ( public s5tim5t
 prop]ly educat$ & direct$4 ,?is 7      
surely impossible )\t pap]4 ,by d9t ( ! 
univ]sality ( its s]vice to mank9d !    

rul+ m9ds ( all ?9k+ nations are        
frequ5tly plac$ ^u a common plane1      
becom+ possess$ ( common convictions1 & 
^u ! sudd5 pres5tation ( important      
int]national problems1 (t5 act ) a      
degree ( unison t /rik+ly illu/rates h[ 
mu* ( "o m9d we are1 h[ ne>ly ^u "o     
plane ! ?\ghts ( m5 are mov+4 ,z a =ce  
bo? 9 %ap+ & giv+ expression to public  
op9ion1 ! press wields a p[] t is at    
once unque/ion$ & inv9cible4 ,z ,*ap9   
says1 ! productions ( ! press 8g abroad 
?r\gh ! l&1 sil5t z sn[flakes1 b pot5t z
 ?und]40 ,p[] )\t an ag5cy ( expression 
is helpless1 & ! pap] %eet is ! m$ium t 
makes possible ! pot5cy ( ! press4 ,on  
its :ite w+s x be>s abroad ! inspir$    
words t /ir m5's he>ts & prove ! h]alds 
( 8lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity40  ,!  
p[] ( education  ,:5 man has be5 set    
free f 8 fett]s1 :e!r !y be ! physical  
ones ( iron or ! no less b9d+ *a9s (    
ca/e & cu/om1 he is helpless until      
education & enlight5m5t re/ore to him ! 
manhood1 indep5d5ce1 & self-reliance :i*

 he has be5 d5i$4 ,x is ! *ief glory (  
?is c5tury t mank9d has be5 help$ to a  
high] intellectual plane & ! bless+s (  
tru? & k h be5 m widely dissem9at$ ?an  
ev] be=e4 8,! /atesman is no long] clad 
9 ! /eel ( special education1 b e read+ 
man is 8 judge40 ,high] education has   
br\ght to man a quick5$ s5se ( ! inh]5t 
nobility ( 8 nature1 & has *ang$ 8      
conceptions ( ! relations t exi/ betwe5 
8 own life & t :i* pulsates ab\t him4   
,to quote aga9 f ! great ,fr5* writ]3   
8,?is c5tury proclaims ! sov]eignty ( ! 
citiz5 & ! inviolability ( life2 x cr[ns
 ! p & consecrates man40 ,& ?is broad5$ 
enlight5m5t1 ?is deep5$ s5se ( man's    
dignity & nobility1 h 9 _! turn         
contribut$ to ! humanit>ian side ( life1
 mak+ x easi] to r$ress wrong & e/abli% 
ju/ice4  ,9 all ^! great movem5ts ( !   
c5tury1 pap] has be5 ! means (          
transmitt+ intellectual =ce2 x has be5 !
 mess5g] & h]ald ( bett] ?+s ?an ! _w _h
 kn[n4 ,its hi/ory has always be5       
closely l9k$ ) t ( man2 x has be5 !     

pace-mak] ( 8 progress1 9 ! realm (     
me*anics & ( economics z well z 9 music1
 lit]ature1 & art4 ,!y h come up toge!r 
out ( ! pa/2 !y are associat$ 9 noble & 
uplift+ "w 9 ! pres5t2 toge!r !y g =w>d 
to su* broad] fields ( usefulness z !   
future may disclose4     ,transcrib]'s  
,notes   ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made   
consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 
9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4       
,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2
 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks    
reta9$4  ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends (   
l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t  
hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4  ,bo?         
8wat]m>k0 & 8wat]-m>k0 occur frequ5tly4 
,text uses 8,pittsburg01 n              
8,pittsburgh04  ,page #bg3 8,h5ry ,,vi0 
0 mis-pr9t$ z 8,h5ry ,,vii02 correct$   
"h4