,transcriber's ,notes   ,sidenotes were 
printed in italics1 but in the ,plain   
,text format of this e,book1 they are   
indicated by diamonds3 text1 either     
preceding their paragraphs or within    
them4 ,other italic text is indicated by
 underscores4       ,,the ,,story ,,of  
,,paper-,,making  ,illustration3 ,a     
,,modern ,,paper-,,mill       ,,the     
,,story ,,of   ,,paper-,,making    ,,an 
,,account ,,of ,,paper-,,making   ,,from
 ,,its ,,earliest ,,known ,,record      
,,down ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,time      
,,illustrated    ,j4 ,w4 ,,butler       
,,paper ,,company   ,,chicago 33  33  33
  ,,mdcccci       ,,copyrighted   ,,by  
,j4 ,w4 ,,butler ,,paper ,,company      
,,january1 #aija         ,,the ,,absence
 ,,of ,,non-,,technical ,,works ,,upon  
,,this ,,interesting     ,,subject      
,,prompts ,,the ,,authors ,,to ,,present
 ,a ,,treatise ,,from ,,the             
,,standpoint ,,of ,,the ,,layman1 ,,and 
,,for ,,his ,,use     ,,contents        
,,chapter                               

,,page     ,i4 ,,articles ,,supplanted  
,,by ,,paper                       #a   
,,ii4 ,,papyrus ,,and ,,parchment       
#ab    ,,iii4 ,,origin ,,and ,,early    
,,history ,,of ,,paper                  
#bj     ,,iv4 ,,early ,,methods ,,of    
,,paper-,,making                     #di
      ,v4 ,,modern ,,paper-,,making     
#ee     ,,vi4 ,,water-,,marks ,,and     
,,varieties ,,of ,,paper                
#ie    ,,vii4 ,,extent ,,of ,,the       
,,business ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states 
#abc     ,,preface   ,it is a rare      
privilege to stand as we do at the      
meeting-point of the centuries1 bidding 
a reluctant farewell to the old1 while  
simultaneously we cry 8,all hail60 to   
the new2 first looking back over the    
open book of the past1 then straining   
eager eyes for a glimpse of the         
mysteries that the future holds hidden1 
and which are to be revealed only moment
 by moment1 hour by hour1 and day by    
day4  ,the nineteenth century1 so       
preminently one of progress in almost   

every line of mental and material       
activity1 has witnessed a marvelous     
growth in the paper industry4 ,it was in
 the early years of the century that    
crude old methods1 with their meager    
machinery1 began yielding to the        
pressure of advanced thought1 and the   
development since has kept full pace    
with the flying years4 ,the hundred     
years that have written the modern      
history of paper-making mark also the   
period during which the ,j4 ,w4 ,,butler
 ,,paper ,,company1 or its immediate    
predecessors1 have been associated with 
the industry in this country4 ,it has   
therefore seemed to the present         
representatives of the company that the 
closing year of the century was an      
especially fitting time to put into     
story form the history of the wonderful 
and valuable product evolved almost     
wholly from seemingly useless materials1
 and they consider it their privilege1  
as well as the fulfillment of a pleasant
 obligation1 to present this account to 

their friends and associates in the     
paper1 printing1 and auxiliary trades4  
,we     8,know not what the future hath 
,of marvel and surprise10  but we feel  
confident that the incoming century will
 bring changes and improvements as      
wonderful as any the past has wrought1  
and we hope that it may be our good     
fortune to in some measure be           
instrumental in promoting whatever tends
 to a greater development of the        
industry with which our name has been so
 long associated4                       
,j4 ,w4 ,,butler ,,paper ,,company4     
,,chapter ,i  ,,articles ,,early ,,used 
,,for ,,purposes ,,now ,,supplied ,,by  
,,paper   ,full of dignity1             
significance1 and truth is the noble    
conception which finds expression in    
,tennyson's verse1 that we are the heirs
 of the ages1 the inheritors of all that
 has gone before us4  ,we are the heirs 
of the ages  ,through countless cycles  
of time men have been struggling and    
aspiring2 now 8mounting up with wings1  

as eagles10 now thrown back to earth by 
the crushing weight of defeat1 but      
always rising again1 undaunted and      
determined4 8,the fathers have wrought1 
and we have entered into the reward of  
their labors40 ,we have profited by     
their striving and aspiration4 ,all the 
wisdom of the past1 garnered by patient 
toil and effort1 all the wealth of      
experience gained by generations of men 
through alternating defeat and triumph1 
belongs to us by right of inheritance4  
,it has been truly said1 8,we are what  
the past has made us4 ,the results of   
the past are ourselves40  ,tradition    
untrustworthy  ,but to what agency do we
 owe the preservation of our            
inheritance8 ,what conservator has kept 
our rich estate from being scattered to 
the four winds of heaven8 ,for the      
wealth that is ours to-day we are       
indebted in large measure to man's      
instinctive desire1 manifested in all   
ages1 to perpetuate his knowledge and   
achievements4 ,before the thought of a  

permanent record had begun to take shape
 in men's minds1 oral tradition1 passing
 from father to son1 and from generation
 to generation1 sought to keep alive the
 memory of great achievements and       
valorous deeds4 ,but tradition proved   
itself untrustworthy4 ,reports were     
often imperfect1 misleading1            
exaggerated4 ,through dull ears1 the    
spoken words were received into minds   
beclouded by ignorance1 and passed on   
into the keeping of treacherous         
memories4 ,as the races advanced in     
learning and civilization1 they realized
 that something more permanent and      
accurate was necessary2 that without    
written records of some sort there could
 be little1 if any1 progress1 since each
 generation must begin practically where
 the preceding one had begun1 and pass  
through the same stages of ignorance and
 inexperience4  ,hieroglyphic records   
,in this strait1 men sought help from   
,nature1 and found in the huge rocks and
 bowlders shaped by her mighty forces a 

means of perpetuating notable events in 
the histories of nations and the lives  
of individuals4 ,from the setting up of 
stones to commemorate great deeds and   
solemn covenants1 it was but a step to  
the hewing of obelisks1 upon which the  
early races carved their hieroglyphs1   
rude pictures of birds and men1 of      
beasts and plants4 ,as early as four    
thousand years before ,christ1 these    
slender shafts of stone were reared     
against the deep blue of the ,egyptian  
sky1 and for ages their shadows passed  
with the sun over the restless1 shifting
 sands of the desert4 ,most of the      
ancient obelisks have crumbled to dust  
beneath ,time's unsparing hand1 but a   
few fragmentary specimens are still in  
existence1 while the ,british ,museum is
 so fortunate as to be in possession of 
one shaft of black basalt that is in    
perfect condition4 ,a part of it is     
covered with writing1 a part with       
bas-reliefs4 ,in ,egypt these           
hieroglyphs were employed almost        

exclusively for religious writings--a   
purpose suggested by the derivation of  
the word itself1 which comes from the   
,greek1 ieros1 a priest1 and glypha1 a  
carving4  ,inscriptions on stone and    
clay  ,as the obelisk had taken the     
place of the rude stones and unwieldy   
bowlders which marked man's first effort
 to solve an ever-recurring problem1 so 
it in turn was superseded4 ,the temples 
were sacred places1 and especially      
fitted to become the repositories of the
 records that were to preserve for      
coming generations the deeds of kings   
and priests4 ,accordingly1 the pictured 
stories of great events were graven on  
stone panels in the temple walls1 or on 
slabs or tablets of the same enduring   
material4 ,then came a forward step to  
the easier and cheaper method of writing
 on soft clay4 ,the monarchs1 not being 
obliged to take into consideration      
questions of ease or economy1 continued 
to make use of the stone tablets1 but   
private individuals usually employed    

clay1 not only for literary and         
scientific writings1 but in their       
business transactions as well4 ,a       
careful baking1 either by artificial    
heat or in the burning rays of a tropic 
sun1 rendered the clay tablets very     
enduring1 so that many which have been  
dug from ancient ruins are now in a     
remarkable state of preservation1       
bearing letters and figures as clear as 
any of the inscriptions on marble1      
stone1 or metal that have come to us    
from the splendid days of ,greece or    
,rome4 ,the people of ,assyria and      
,chaldea recorded almost every          
transaction1 whether public or private  
in character1 upon tablets of clay1     
forming thus a faithful transcript of   
their daily lives and occupations1 which
 may be read to-day by those who hold   
the key2 thus it is we bridge the gulf  
of centuries4 ,from the ruins of ancient
 ,nineveh and ,babylon1 records of      
almost every sort have been unearthed1  
all inscribed on indestructible         

terra-cotta4 ,there are bank-notes and  
notes of hand1 deeds of property1 public
 records1 statements of private         
negotiations1 and memoranda of          
astronomical observations4 ,the life in 
which they played a part has passed into
 history2 the once proud and mighty     
cities lie prostrate1 and upon their    
ruins other cities have risen1 only to  
fall as they fell4 ,the terra-cotta to  
which they committed their records is   
all that is left1 and the tablets that  
were fashioned and inscribed so long ago
 give to us the best histories of       
,chaldea1 ,babylonia1 and ,assyria4     
,assyrian1 ,babylonian and ,chaldean    
records  ,one of the largest collections
 of these clay-writings is now in the   
,british ,museum and was taken from a   
great edifice in ,assyria1 which was    
probably the residence of ,sennacherib4 
,several series of narratives are       
comprehended in the collection2 one     
referring to the language1 legends1 and 
mythology of the ,assyrians2 another    

recording the story of creation1 in     
which 8,water-deep0 is said to be the   
creator of all forms of life then in    
existence1 while a third relates to the 
deluge and the story of the ,assyrian   
,moses4 ,but however interesting these  
facts may be in themselves1 we refer to 
them only by way of illustration1 since 
we are dealing not so much with the     
writing itself as with the material on  
which writing was done4  ,inscriptions  
on prisms  ,another form of tablet1 a   
somewhat singular variation it may seem1
 was in use among the ,assyrians at a   
very early date4 ,this was a prism1     
having either six or eight sides1 and   
made of exceedingly fine terra-cotta4   
,such prisms were frequently deposited  
by the ,assyrian kings at the corners of
 temples1 after having been inscribed   
with accounts of the notable events in  
their lives1 interspersed with numerous 
invocations4 ,apparently the custom was 
similar to that followed at the present 
day1 and the ancient ,assyrian tablets  

no doubt served the same purpose as the 
records1 newspapers1 and documents that 
are now deposited in the corner-stones  
of public or other important buildings4 
,the prisms used as tablets varied in   
length from a foot and a half to three  
feet1 and were covered very closely with
 small writing4 ,that the writers'      
endeavor was to make the most of the    
space at their disposal is suggested by 
the fact that upon a prism found in the 
ruins of the ancient city of ,ashur the 
inscriptions are so crowded that there  
are thirty lines in the space of six    
inches1 or five lines to the inch4 ,the 
prism recites the valiant deeds of      
,tiglath-,pileser ,i41 who reigned from 
#aabj to #aajj ,b4 ,c41 and undertook   
campaigns against forty-two other       
nations and their kings4 ,he was a      
monarch whose very name inspired terror 
among the surrounding peoples1 and his  
reign was filled with stirring events   
and brilliant achievements4 ,economy of 
space ,small wonder that it was         

necessary to crowd the inscriptions upon
 the prism6 ,rawlinson's 8,ancient      
,monarchies10 in an account of the      
writings that have come down to us from 
the earliest days of the world's        
recorded history1 has this to say3 8,the
 clay tablets are both numerous and     
curious4 ,they are of various sizes1    
ranging from nine inches long by six and
 a half wide to an inch and a half long 
by an inch wide1 or even less4          
,sometimes they are entirely covered by 
writings1 while at others they exhibit  
on a portion of their surface           
impressions of seals1 mythological      
emblems1 and the like4 ,some thousands  
have been recovered4 ,many are          
historical1 and still more are          
mythological40 ,their use in writing and
 drawing was almost universal1 and we   
read that the prophet ,ezekiel1 when    
dwelling with 8them of the captivity at 
,telabib1 that dwelt by the river of    
,chebar10 was commanded1 8,take thee a  
tile and lay it before thee1 and portray

 upon it the city1 even ,jerusalem40    
7,ezekiel iv4 #a47  ,we get a glimpse of
 another side of that ancient life in a 
tablet of ,nile clay1 preserved in the  
,british ,museum1 which is one of the   
earliest specimens of writing now in    
existence4 ,it is a proposal of         
marriage1 and was written about #aecj   
,b4 ,c41 more than thirty-four hundred  
years ago1 by a ,pharaoh asking the hand
 of a daughter of the ,babylonian king4 
,forty years later1 in #adia ,b4 ,c41   
the ten commandments were graven on     
tablets of stone4  ,the works of ,homer 
,in the early efforts of men to find a  
means of preserving in lasting and      
convenient form the records of their    
lives and achievements1 some queer      
materials were pressed into service4    
,plates of metal were used1 even the    
precious gold and silver being employed 
for the purpose4 ,skins of animals1     
tanned to a sort of leather1 found favor
 among many peoples1 while their bones1 
and even their intestines1 were by no   

means disdained4 ,the works of ,homer1  
preserved in one of the great ,egyptian 
libraries in the days of the ,ptolemies1
 were written in letters of gold on the 
skins of serpents4 ,ivory was used1 also
 wood and the bark of trees4 ,in the    
early days of ,rome1 the reports of     
notable events were engraved on wooden  
tablets1 which were then exposed to view
 in public places1 and citizens of all  
classes1 mingling freely1 according to  
custom1 in the great ,forum that was the
 center of the city's life1 were easily 
and quickly informed of the important   
happenings of the day4 ,the greatest    
defect in this method was remedied when1
 later on1 wax was used to form a       
surface upon the wood1 thus admitting of
 corrections and erasures1 and making it
 possible to use the same table         
indefinitely1 simply by scraping off the
 coating after it had served its        
purpose1 and supplying other coatings as
 they were needed4 ,but the first real  
advance toward modern writing materials 

came in the use of the leaves of olive1 
palm1 poplar1 and other trees1 which    
were prepared by being cut in strips1   
soaked in boiling water1 and then rubbed
 over wood to make them soft and        
pliable4  ,old materials necessarily    
discarded  ,it will be readily          
understood1 however1 that these crude   
materials and primitive methods could   
not long keep pace with the steady march
 of progress4 ,the peoples of the earth 
were increasing rapidly2 they were      
advancing in the arts and sciences1 and 
in the experiences that inspire thought1
 poetry1 and philosophy2 they had a     
heritage of knowledge to which they were
 constantly adding1 while business      
transactions1 together with other deeds 
worthy of record1 had greatly           
multiplied4 ,it was but natural that the
 materials which had once been entirely 
adequate should now be discarded as     
cumbersome and unfitted to the new      
conditions4 ,the sands in the hour-glass
 were beginning to run golden2 time was 

taking on a value unknown before4 ,a    
deed of land written in clay and put    
away to bake might answer the purpose   
when real-estate transfers were         
infrequent and attended with much       
ceremony4 ,a clay tablet might serve in 
a marriage proposal by a king who had   
the power to meet and vanquish all      
rivals1 but terra-cotta was not suited  
either for the record of numerous and   
rapid business transactions or for the  
writing of books4 ,the biography of one 
man1 or a single treatise in philosophy1
 would have required a whole building1  
while a library of modern dimensions1 as
 to the number of books1 would probably 
have left little room in a city for the 
dwellings of its inhabitants4           
,discovery of papyrus  ,what was to take
 the place of the old and cumbersome    
materials8 ,even at a very early date   
men were asking this question1 and it   
was the good fortune of ,egypt to be    
able to give answer4 ,along the marshy  
banks of the ,nile grew a graceful      

water-plant1 now almost extinct1 which  
was peculiarly fitted to meet the new   
demands1 as we shall see in the         
succeeding chapter4 ,the discovery of   
its value led to an extensive industry1 
through which the land of the ,pharaohs 
was enabled to take high rank in letters
 and learning1 and1 to maintain a       
position of wealth1 dignity1 power1 and 
influence that otherwise would have been
 impossible1 even in those remote days  
when printing was still many centuries  
beyond the thoughts or dreams of men4   
,,chapter ,,ii  ,,papyrus ,,and         
,,parchment   ,the bulrush of the ,nile 
,the graceful water-plant whose plumy1  
drooping heads were swayed by the       
breezes that ruffled the waters of the  
,nile was one of the most useful plants 
known to ,egypt1 in whose commerce it   
long held a leading place4 ,as early as 
#bjjj ,b4 ,c41 or five hundred years    
before ,moses led the children of       
,israel out of bondage1 there was made  
from its smooth green stems a material  

called by the same name1 papyrus1 a kind
 of crude paper1 which came into        
universal use1 and was so valuable and  
in such great demand that one of the    
kings proposed to maintain his army from
 the sale of this product alone4 ,the   
plant was the familiar bulrush of the   
,nile1 which grew in forest-like        
profusion along the banks of that mighty
 stream2 and from its strong stems was  
woven the ark in which the infant ,moses
 was hidden away 8among the flags by the
 river's brink10 and so saved from the  
death that menaced him under ,pharaoh's 
cruel decree4 ,the ,egyptian papyrus was
 thus the means of preserving to the    
world the life of the greatest law-giver
 of history4 ,it has been equally       
instrumental in perpetuating the code of
 laws whose principles still serve as   
foundation for the jurisprudence of the 
leading nations of the earth1 nearly    
four thousand years after they were     
first promulgated to his own people1 the
 wandering tribes in the desert4  ,many 

uses for papyrus  ,the papyrus1 a tall1 
smooth-stemmed reed of triangular form1 
grew to a height of ten or fifteen feet1
 and terminated in a tufted plume of    
leaves and flowers4 ,like so many plants
 that grow beneath the ardent skies of  
the tropics1 it had numerous uses4 ,it  
was noted especially for the soft1      
cellular substance found in the interior
 of its stems1 which was a common       
article of food1 both cooked and in its 
natural state4 ,it was employed also for
 the making of mats1 sail-cloth1        
cordage1 and wearing apparel2 while in  
,abyssinia1 in whose marshes it is still
 to be found1 boats were fashioned by   
weaving the stems closely together and  
covering them with a sort of resinous   
matter4 ,at a very early day1 judging   
from sculptures of the fourth dynasty1  
,egypt made a similar use of the        
papyrus1 employing it in the            
construction of light skiffs suited to  
the navigation of the pools and shallows
 of the ,nile4 ,it is believed that     

,isaiah referred to boats of this sort  
when he spoke of the 8vessels of        
bulrushes upon the waters40 ,but        
valuable as the papyrus was through     
these manifold uses1 its enduring fame  
was due to an entirely different source4
 ,it held closely wrapped within its    
green stems the scrolls upon which1     
through hundreds of years1 the history  
and literature of the world were to be  
written2 and that fact alone was        
sufficient to engrave its name deeply on
 the thoughts and memories of men4  ,the
 preparation of papyrus  ,in the        
manufacture of this ,egyptian paper1    
papyrus1 the outer rind of the stem was 
first removed1 exposing an interior made
 up of numerous successive fiber layers1
 some twenty in number4 ,these were     
separated with a pointed instrument1 or 
needle1 arranged side by side on a hard1
 smooth table1 crossed at right-angles  
with another set of slips placed above1 
and then dampened4 ,after pressure had  
been applied for a number of hours1 the 

sheets were taken out and rubbed with a 
piece of ivory1 or with a smooth stone  
or shell1 until the desired surface was 
obtained1 when the process was complete1
 except for drying in the sun4 ,the     
inner layers of the plant furnished the 
best product1 the outer ones being      
coarse and suitable only for the making 
of cordage4 ,single sheets made in this 
way were fastened together1 as many as  
might be required1 to form the papyrus  
rolls1 of which hundreds have been      
discovered in recent years4 ,it is said 
that the ,romans1 when they undertook   
the manufacture of papyrus1 made a great
 improvement in the sheets by sizing    
them with flour1 to which a few drops of
 vinegar were added1 and then beating   
the surface smooth4 ,early ,chinese     
discoveries ,the ,chinese1 far away to  
the ,east1 also learned some of the     
secrets of paper-making4 ,it is believed
 that in early times they used silk as  
their basis1 but later on they made the 
so-called rice-paper by a method similar

 to that employed in the manufacture of 
papyrus1 deftly cutting a continuous    
slice from the pith of the papyrifera4  
,illustration3 ,,the ,,thrasher--,,page 
#eg  ,from the reed1 and the process of 
manufacture through which it passed1 the
 ,english language has gained a number  
of words4 ,the plant itself1 called     
papyrus in the ,latin tongue1 byblos in 
the ,greek1 has given us the two words  
paper and bible4 ,it is claimed further 
that the process of furrowing off the   
different layers of the pith gave us1   
through the ,greek word charasso 1 to   
furrow1 and the ,greek and ,latin       
charta1 a piece of paper1 our several   
words chart1 card1 carte blanche1 and1  
of course1 the 8charta0 of that famous  
document1 ,magna ,charta1 the great     
sheet-anchor of ,english liberties4 ,in 
the course of manufacture1 twenty sheets
 of papyrus were glued together into a  
scapus by the glutinatorie1 the first   
known bookbinders1 and then into a roll 
known as a volumer1 from which we get   

our word volume4 ,the city of ,paris    
boasts a volumer of this sort1 a papyrus
 manuscript1 well preserved1 which is   
thirty feet in length4  ,extensive use  
of papyrus  ,the rolls1 or papyri1 are  
said to have become known in ,europe    
through the ,french expedition into     
,egypt in #agih1 and specimens were     
reproduced in print by one ,cadet in    
#ahje4 ,the making of papyrus is        
mentioned by ,philostratus as a staple  
manufacture of ,alexandria in ,a4 ,d4   
#bdd1 and it continued to be used in    
,italy until the twelfth century4 ,the  
extent to which it was employed may be  
judged by the fact that nearly #a1hjj   
rolls were unearthed in the ruins of    
,herculaneum1 about the year #agec4 ,the
 durability of this substance added     
greatly to its value1 and it is claimed 
that the ancient papyrus manuscripts    
that have been properly preserved are   
almost as serviceable to-day as when    
first made4 ,it is doubtful whether a   
similar statement can be made four      

thousand or even two thousand years     
hence in regard to many of the books    
printed on nineteenth-century paper4    
,chicago has the largest collection of  
ancient papyri west of the ,atlantic1   
consisting of three hundred complete    
pieces and hundreds of fragments1 which 
were discovered by an ,arab sheik while 
digging along the banks of the ,nile4   
,parchment a substitute for papyrus     
,following the making of papyrus came   
the manufacture of parchment1 the use of
 which in diplomas and certain public   
documents continues to the present time4
 ,as the story runs1 the invention of   
the new writing material was due to the 
spirit of rivalry between two cities of 
the ancient world4 ,attalus1 king of    
,pergamus1 was anxious to establish in  
his capital a library that would excel  
the splendid collection at ,alexandria1 
but ,egypt1 having a monopoly of        
papyrus1 refused to sell to him4 ,but no
 monopoly of that day or this could ever
 control all the means of supplying     

man's needs4 ,nature is resourceful1 and
 man1 when driven by necessity1 soon    
learns that her treasures are           
practically limitless4 ,when the supply 
of one article is for any reason        
curtailed1 she furnishes something as   
good or better to take its place4 ,if   
all the paper in the world to-day were  
owned by a monopoly that refused to     
sell1 something would speedily be found 
to take its place4 ,so the inhabitants  
of ,pergamus1 being refused papyrus1 set
 about manufacturing a substitute1 which
 came to be known among the ,romans as  
8pergamena10 from which comes our word  
parchment4  ,manufacture of parchment   
,the skins of sheep and goats were      
employed in the making of parchment4    
,these were steeped in pits impregnated 
with lime1 and afterward stretched upon 
frames1 where their thickness was       
reduced by paring and scraping them with
 sharp instruments4 ,to obtain the fine1
 uniform1 velvety surface characteristic
 of the best parchment1 it was necessary

 to sprinkle the skin with chalk1 and   
rub and polish it with fine             
pumice-stones1 which not only smoothed  
and softened the leather1 but also      
improved its color4 ,when it had been   
reduced to about half its original      
thickness1 it was dried for use4        
,vellum1 which still represents the acme
 of luxury in bookbinding1 was made in a
 similar manner1 from the skins of young
 calves4 ,as early as #ajhe ,b4 ,c41 the
 ,hebrews wrote on the skins of animals1
 and it is believed that the ,medes1 at 
about the same period1 used a substance 
resembling parchment1 and prepared in a 
similar manner1 the cost of land        
carriage being too great to admit of any
 extensive introduction of papyrus into 
western ,asia4 8,for public documents1  
the rock1 and for private1 the pen and  
the prepared skin1 seem to have been    
preferred by them1 and in the earlier   
times1 at any rate1 they employed no    
other materials40  ,the advent of paper 
,for many years parchment was used in   

,england for all deeds of real estate1  
and so lengthy were these documents that
 it was said it took a flock of sheep to
 convey an acre of land or make a       
marriage settlement4 ,as the age of     
stone1 the carved obelisk1 the clay     
tablet1 and other crude materials was   
outgrown1 so was that of papyrus and    
parchment4 ,with the next step forward  
came paper1 and the improvements in its 
manufacture with regard to quality1     
variety1 and increase of production1    
have kept pace with the varying and     
growing demands4 ,it is not given us to 
know what the future may bring forth1   
but paper seems likely to hold sway     
until the end of time4     ,,chapter    
,,iii  ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,early     
,,history ,,of ,,paper   ,paper from    
mulberry bark  ,to the ,chinese is now  
generally conceded the discovery of the 
art of making paper1 of the sort        
familiar to us1 from fibrous matter     
reduced to a pulp4 ,according to the old
 saying1 8,time and patience will change

 the mulberry leaf into satin40 ,the    
ingenious1 painstaking sons of the      
,flowery ,kingdom had been demonstrating
 its truth through some centuries1 when1
 about #aej ,a4 ,d41 they discovered    
that the mulberry might be put to still 
another use4 ,the tree that they chose  
for their new manufacture was not       
identical with the one upon which they  
fed their silkworms1 and to which they  
were indirectly indebted for their      
softly shimmering silks1 but it belonged
 to the same family4 ,from its bark they
 made1 by a process that must have      
seemed to them something akin to magic1 
a material which1 in its developed and  
improved form1 has been of priceless    
value to the world1 far exceeding that  
of the rich and costly stuffs woven from
 the cocoons of the silkworm4  ,chinese 
methods  ,compared with modern methods  
of paper-making1 this primitive process1
 which is said to be still in vogue in  
,china1 was fairly simple4 ,the branches
 of the tree were first boiled in lye to

 remove the bark4 ,then followed        
maceration in water for several days1   
after which the outer part was scraped  
off and the inner part boiled in lye1   
until it was separated into fibers4     
,these were washed in a pan or sieve1   
then worked by hand into a pulp1 which  
was spread on a table and beaten fine   
with a mallet4 ,the pulp was placed in a
 tub containing an infusion of rice and 
a root called oveni1 and thoroughly     
stirred to mix the materials4 ,the      
sheets were formed by dipping a 8mold0  
made of strips of bulrushes1 confined in
 a frame1 into the vat containing the   
pulp1 which was taken out in a thin     
layer1 after the method followed in     
making paper by hand4 ,after molding1   
the sheets were laid one above another1 
with strips of reeds placed between1    
weights were applied1 and the sheets    
were afterward dried in the sun4        
,nature's process  ,it has been         
suggested that in regions where the     
water-plant called the conferna grows1  

,nature herself teaches the method of   
making paper from vegetable fibers      
beaten to a pulp4 ,the plant consists of
 slender green filaments1 similar to    
what is called frog-spittle4 ,the fibers
 are disintegrated by the action of the 
water1 and rise to the surface as a     
scum4 ,driven hither and thither by the 
winds1 tossed by the waves1 and carried 
on resistlessly by the currents1 this   
scum is at last beaten into pulp and    
matted together by the forces whose     
plaything it has been4 ,bleached by the 
sun1 it is finally1 in some overflow of 
the water1 cast upon the shore to dry1  
as veritable sheets of paper4 ,but if   
,nature taught the process1 man was slow
 to discover the teacher1 or to learn   
the lesson4  ,crusaders learn           
paper-making  ,when the ,arabs captured 
the splendid city of ,samarcand from the
 ,chinese1 about #gjd ,a4 ,d41 they     
gained something more than material     
booty1 for the art of paper-making      
flourished there1 and they carried the  

secret back with them to their own towns
 and cities4 ,western ,europe in turn   
learned it from the ,arabs1 through the 
,crusaders1 who visited ,byzantium1     
,palestine1 and ,syria4 ,the followers  
of the ,cross1 many of whom were grossly
 ignorant and superstitious1 went east  
to christianize1 by conquest1 the       
inhabitants of these ancient lands1 and 
to wrest from the infidels the tomb of  
the ,savior1 and found to their surprise
 many arts and refinements of which they
 had been ignorant4  ,french and ,dutch 
improvements  ,it was in #aahi ,a4 ,d4  
that the art of making paper from pulp  
was introduced into ,france4 ,at that   
time the ,french people were far in     
advance of the ,english in cultivation  
and in regard to the refinements of     
life4 ,they were energetic1 and took    
great delight in construction1          
manufacturing1 and building4 ,profiting 
by their new knowledge1 they prosecuted 
this art with such zeal and industry    
that they were soon in a position to    

supply not only the wants of ,france1   
but those of surrounding countries as   
well4 ,the people of the ,netherlands   
were stimulated by the example of       
,france1 and for a long period the      
,french and ,dutch were the best1 and   
indeed almost the only papers produced  
in ,europe4  ,illustration3 ,,the       
,,sorting ,,and ,,shredding             
,,room--,,page #eg  ,no reliable record 
can be established as to the first      
paper-making in ,england4 ,it is stated 
that in the personal expense account of 
,henry ,,vii4 of ,england1 in #adih1    
there appears the following entry3 8,for
 a rewarde at the paper mylne1 #afs4    
#h;d40 ,this would indicate that some   
kind of paper1 which gave the name of   
8paper mylne0 to the establishment where
 it was handled or manipulated1 existed 
in ,england nearly two hundred years    
before any patent was issued for its    
manufacture4 ,it was almost two         
centuries later that the patent referred
 to farther on in this chapter was      

granted1 which stated that no such      
industry had previously existed in the  
kingdom4 ,in an old book1 ,wynken de    
,worde's 8,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum0   
7,about the ,properties of ,things71    
issued in #adih1 appear these           
significant lines3      8,and ,john     
,tate1 the ,younger1 joye mote he brok6 
8,whiche late hathe in ,england1 doo    
make this paper ,thynne     8,that now  
in our ,englysh1 this book is printed   
,inne40  ,english paper-mills  ,this    
mill is said to have been located at    
,hartford1 ,england1 and the print of   
the watermark used is given in          
,herbert's 8,typographic ,antiquities10 
,vol4 ,i1 page #bj1 as an eight-pointed 
star surrounded by a circle4 ,john ,tate
 died in #adih4  ,recognition by royalty
  ,in the year #aeeh appeared 8,sparks  
of ,friendship10 a book by ,thomas      
,churchyard1 who was born in #aebj and  
died in #afjd1 and who bore the title of
 8,nestor of the ,elizabethan era40     
,this book mentions the paper-mill of   

,spillman4 ,a poem in a work entitled   
8,progress of ,queen ,elizabeth10 in    
#aefe1 has the title1 8,a ,description  
and ,playne ,discourse of ,paper and the
 whole ,benefits that ,paper ,brings1   
with ,rehearsal and ,setting forth in   
verse a ,paper-myll ,built near         
,darthforth1 by a ,high ,germaine1      
called ,master ,spillman1 ,jeweler to   
the ,queen's ,majestie40 ,this is often 
said to have been the first mill in     
,england1 but if the quotation with     
regard to ,john ,tate is intended to    
imply that the paper was made by him in 
,england1 then certainly there must have
 been a paper-mill in operation in that 
country nearly a hundred years before1  
and this1 taking the entry of ,king     
,henry ,,vii4 as proof of an ,english   
mill1 must have been the second1 if not 
the third1 of its kind4 ,it is said that
 ,spielman1 or ,spillman1 was knighted  
by ,queen ,elizabeth as a fitting honor 
and reward for the noble work of having 
built a paper-mill at ,dartford1        

,england1 in #aehh4 ,a lease recorded in
 the ,land ,revenue ,records of         
,england1 in #aeia1 reads1 8,penlifton  
,co41 ,cambridge1 lease of water1 called
 paper-mills1 late of ,bishopric of ,ely
 to ,john ,george1 dated #adth4 ,july1  
#cdth4 ,elizabeth10 which would seem to 
indicate a third or fourth mill in      
#aeib4  ,in #afdi watermark of the      
finest ,english paper 7whether made in  
,england or not7 bore the royal arms1   
but later on1 in contempt of ,charles   
,i41 a fool with cap and bells was      
substituted for the king's arms4  ,for  
some reason1 the industry of            
paper-making languished in ,england1 and
 in #afgj the people of the 8right      
little1 tight little island0 were almost
 entirely dependent upon ,france for    
their supply of the indispensable       
fabric1 its manufacture1 if carried on  
at all in their own country1 meeting    
with but slight success4 ,in the        
8,history of ,commeret10 by ,anderson1  
published in #afij1 it is claimed that  

this was the date of the first          
manufacture of paper in ,england1 and   
that previous to this time ,england had 
bought paper of her neighbor across the 
,channel to the amount of #ajj1jjj      
annually4 ,the war with ,france         
occasioned such high duties on foreign  
products as to make the cost of         
importation too great2 but1 as sometimes
 happens1 the temporary deprivation was 
in course of time transmuted into a     
permanent benefit4 ,the way was opened  
for the home manufacturer1 and the      
opportunity was soon improved by ,french
 ,protestant refugees1 who1 fleeing from
 persecution in their own land1 settled 
in ,england and established paper-mills4
 ,white writing-paper ,in #afhg appeared
 a proclamation for the establishment of
 a mill for the making of white         
writing-paper2 in the following year it 
was stated1 in an article in the        
8,british ,merchant10 that hardly any   
but brown paper was manufactured1 while 
in #afhi1 according to report1 paper    

became so scarce and high that all      
printing ceased4 ,it is evident that up 
to the time when the patents of #afge   
and #afhe were granted1 the industry was
 in anything but a prosperous condition1
 existing only in brief and isolated    
attempts at manufacture1 and            
comprehended merely the crudest         
products4  ,early ,english patents  ,the
 first ,british patent for paper-making 
was granted to ,charles ,hildegard1     
,february1 #affe1 for 8the way and art  
of making blue paper used by sugar      
bakers and others40 ,a decade later1 in 
,january1 #afge1 was granted the second 
patent1 already referred to in this     
chapter1 which was for the making of    
8white paper for the use of writing and 
printing1 being a new manufacture and   
never before practiced in any way in any
 of our kingdoms or dominions40 ,another
 decade intervened between the second   
and the third patents1 the latter       
bearing the date of ,july #d1 #afhe1 and
 being 8for the true art and way of     

making ,english paper for writing1      
printing1 and for other uses1 both as   
good and serviceable in all respects and
 as white as any ,french or ,dutch      
paper40  ,a seeming contradiction of the
 statement of the second patent is found
 in ,shakespeare's ,henry ,,vi41 where  
,jack ,cade1 in #adej1 makes the        
accusation against ,lord ,say3 8,thou   
hast most traitorously corrupted the    
youth of the realm in erecting a grammar
 school1 and whereas1 before1 our       
forefathers had no other books but the  
score and the tally1 thou hast caused   
printing to be used2 and contrary to the
 king1 his crown and his dignity1 thou  
hast built a paper-mill40 ,in the same  
act ,cade observes1 8,is not this a     
lamentable thing1 that1 of the skin of  
an innocent lamb should be made         
parchment2 that parchment being         
scribbled o'er should undo a man80 thus 
making it evident that parchment and not
 paper was in general use4 ,since1      
however1 ,shakespeare delineated ,cade  

as a low1 ignorant rebel1 we are not    
compelled to believe that he was        
necessarily truthful or historically    
correct in all his accusations4 ,the    
charges put into his mouth are intended 
to exhibit his ignorance1 and his       
prejudice against all learning or       
refinement1 extending even to decency of
 dress and comportment4  ,watermark of  
,henry ,,viii4  ,there is always some   
dispute as to exact dates4 ,it is       
claimed that about #aedj1 ,henry ,,viii4
 of ,england used for his private       
correspondence1 a paper whose watermark 
represented a hog with a miter4 ,this   
was to show his contempt for the pope at
 ,rome1 with whom he had so bitterly    
quarreled4 ,it may have been            
manufactured for him by special order in
 ,germany or the ,netherlands1 or it may
 have been made by foreign settlers who 
returned to their own country1 so that  
the trade was afterward lost for a time 
in ,england1 and its manufacture was not
 known to the authorities that granted  

the patents4  ,spanish and ,italian     
makers  ,long before this1 paper-making 
had been introduced into ,spain by the  
hordes of ,saracenic invaders1 who1     
coming over from ,africa on a plundering
 expedition1 had ended by making        
conquest of the whole peninsula4 ,when1 
however1 the long struggle between      
,christian and ,moor ended in the       
downfall of the latter1 and his         
expulsion from the land that had seemed 
to him the paradise of the prophet1 the 
industry declined in ,spain1 to be      
revived at ,fabriano1 in the province of
 ,ancona1 in ,central ,italy1 which soon
 rose into prominence as a paper-making 
center4 ,later on1 in #acdj1 a          
paper-mill was established in ,padua4   
,america's first manufacturers  ,the    
beginning of the industry in ,america   
was almost coincident with the granting 
of patents for the manufacture of paper 
in ,england4 ,a paper-mill was          
established by ,william ,rittenhouse1 a 
native of ,holland1 at ,germantown1     

,pennsylvania1 in the year #afij1 one of
 the builders and owners being ,william 
,bradford1 a ,philadelphia printer1 who 
was afterward the owner of the first    
printing office in ,new ,york ,city4 ,it
 was through him that ,benjamin         
,franklin1 in #agbc1 received his first 
introduction to a temporary home1 and   
employment1 in ,philadelphia4 ,the paper
 at this first ,american mill was made  
from linen rags1 and the product was    
about two hundred and fifty pounds per  
day4 ,the mill was on a stream          
subsequently called ,paper-mill ,run1   
which empties into the ,wissahickon4 ,in
 #afig1 ,william ,bradford1 probably in 
preparation for his intended removal to 
,new ,york ,city1 rented his quarter    
interest in this paper-mill near        
,germantown to ,william and ,nicholas   
,rittenhouse1 for a term of ten years1  
the annual rental being 8ye full        
quantity of seven reams of printing     
paper1 two reams good writing paper and 
two reams of blue paper40 ,william ,de  

,wees1 a brother-in-law of ,nicholas    
,rittenhouse1 in #agaj erected another  
mill in that part of ,germantown called 
,crefeld1 this being also on the banks  
of a small stream that emptied into the 
,wissahickon4  ,illustration3 ,,the     
,,rag ,,cutters--,,page #ei  ,russian   
mills  ,it is stated by several         
authorities that in the year #agab      
,peter the ,great of ,russia visited    
,dresden1 and was so pleased with the   
process of paper-making as he witnessed 
it there that he secured workmen and    
sent them to ,moscow1 where they erected
 a paper-mill with many valuable royal  
grants and privileges4 ,the following   
year1 #agac1 saw a revival of the       
industry in ,england1 where it had again
 gone to decay1 and where ,thomas       
,watkin1 a stationer of ,london1 brought
 it into great repute in a short time4  
,rapid advancement in ,america  ,in     
#agad a ,mr4 ,wilcox1 who1 it is stated1
 furnished paper to ,benjamin ,franklin1
 erected a paper-mill in ,delaware4 ,the

 date of the erection of this mill is   
given by another authority as #agbi1 and
 the place ,chester ,creek1 ,delaware   
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where paper was 
still made by hand as late as #ahgj4 ,it
 may possibly have been a second mill   
that was built by ,thomas ,wilcox at    
that time1 in which case there would be 
no conflict of authorities4 ,the        
manufacture made rapid strides in this  
young and growing country1 so that in   
#aggj there were forty paper-mills in   
the states of ,pennsylvania1 ,new       
,jersey1 and ,delaware4 ,the advance    
among the leading nations of ,europe    
during the same period was equally      
rapid4 ,the manufacture was introduced  
into ,massachusetts in #agag1 and into  
,norwich1 ,connecticut1 in #agfh1 but   
the progress in ,new ,england was not so
 rapid as in the states where it had    
been first established4  ,a bill which  
came before the ,new ,york ,legislature 
in #agbd1 but failed of passage1        
introduced the policy of protection for 

infant industries1 in an exceedingly    
narrow and discriminating sense4 ,the   
beneficiary of the bill was ,william    
,bradford1 doubtless the same man who   
owned the quarter interest in the first 
,pennsylvania mill1 and by its          
provisions he and his assigns were to be
 encouraged to make paper1 while all    
other persons were to be prohibited from
 manufacturing it in the province during
 a period of fifteen years4  ,pulp from 
stone  ,man's untiring endeavor1 his    
constant effort through the centuries to
 find something better suited to his    
needs1 had in a figurative sense        
succeeded in turning stone into paper4  
,it remained for two apprentices of     
,rittenhouse1 who erected a third       
paper-mill in ,pennsylvania in #agbh1 to
 advance the claim that this could be   
done literally1 that stone1 the         
primitive material on which had been    
carved the first written characters of  
the race could be converted into a paper
 resembling asses' skins4 ,we have no   

means of knowing what the so-called     
stone was1 nor what process was         
followed1 but it is safe to assume that 
both material and methods were similar  
to those employed at the present time in
 the manufacture of asbestos papers4  ,a
 state grant  ,the year #agbh1 which    
marked the establishment of the third   
mill in ,pennsylvania1 was a notable one
 in the annals of paper-making4 ,it is  
stated that in that year ,william       
,bradford owned a mill at               
,elizabethtown1 ,new ,jersey1 which is  
supposed to have been the first one in  
the state1 while in the same year the   
,general ,court or ,legislature of      
,massachusetts granted a ten-year patent
 to a company for the exclusive right to
 manufacture paper4 ,by the terms of    
this grant the company was to make at   
least #aae reams of brown and #fj reams 
of writing paper in the first fifteen   
months1 and to increase a certain amount
 each year until the annual product of  
the various qualities should be not less

 than #ejj reams a year4 ,the mill      
established under this patent went into 
operation at ,milton1 one of the small  
towns near ,boston1 in #agcj4 ,it was   
erected by ,daniel ,henchman1 an        
enterprising stationer of ,boston1 and  
is supposed to have been discontinued   
owing to the impossibility of securing a
 skilled workman1 though in #agca       
,henchman produced before the ,general  
,court samples of paper made at the     
mill4 ,in the following year another    
stationer of ,boston1 ,richard ,fry1 who
 was also bookseller1 paper-maker and   
rag merchant1 returned thanks to the    
people for gathering rags1 of which he  
had already received several pounds     
weight1 in response to a request in a   
previously published advertisement4     
,crude methods and machines  ,during    
these early days of the industry both   
methods and machinery were crude4 ,it   
was not until #agej that wove molds came
 into use and did away with the         
roughness of laid paper4 ,six years     

later engines were introduced to        
facilitate the process of reducing the  
rags to pulp1 which had previously been 
accomplished by pounding1 while in #agei
 cylinders provided with sharp steel    
blades were invented in ,holland for the
 same purpose1 and soon came into       
general use1 taking the place of the    
heavy stampers1 which had required a    
great expenditure of power in their     
operation4  ,the mill at ,milton1       
,massachusetts1 established in #agcj1   
and discontinued for lack of workman1   
was put into operation again by a       
citizen of ,boston4 ,finding among the  
,british troops stationed in the city a 
soldier who was also a paper-maker1 he  
obtained for him a furlough of          
sufficient duration to enable him to get
 the mill into running order once more4 
,the state of ,connecticut showed its   
appreciation of the important industry  
by issuing a special charter to the mill
 at ,norwich1 already mentioned as      
having been built in #agfh1 and by the  

payment of a bounty to the manufacturer1
 ,christopher ,leffingwell4  ,scarcity  
of rags  ,there were constant appeals   
for rags in this early stage of the     
industry4 ,the ,boston ,news ,letter in 
#agfi published an article stating that 
8the bell cart will go through ,boston  
before the end of next month to collect 
rags for the paper-mills at ,milton1    
when all the people that will encourage 
the paper manufactory may dispose of    
them10 and followed with an appeal in   
8rime40 ,apparently the people of ,new  
,england did not 8encourage the paper   
manufactory0 to any great extent1 for at
 the outbreak of the ,revolution there  
were only three paper-mills in that     
section of the country1 and as a        
consequence1 paper became exceedingly   
scarce during the war4  ,connecticut    
gave state aid to the mill at ,norwich  
for two years1 but withdrew its special 
encouragement in #aggj1 having paid     
,leffingwell a bounty of #b;d4 per quire
 on #d1jbj quires of writing-paper1 and 

#a;d4 a quire on #aj1fjj quires of      
printing-paper4  ,mills in the ,south   
,in the ,south1 the industry was not    
established as early as in ,new ,england
 and the ,middle ,states1 and the first 
mills were encouraged by loans and      
rewards4 ,the ,maryland convention in   
#agge resolved that #djj granted and    
advanced to ,james ,dorsey for starting 
a paper-mill1 he to repay the same      
within two years1 without interest1     
either in cash or in writing or         
cartridge paper4 ,in the same year1     
,south ,carolina offered #ejj currency  
to the first one who should erect and   
establish a paper-mill in the colony1   
the money to be paid upon the production
 of three reams of good writing-paper   
made at the mill4  ,in the year #aggf1 a
 paper-mill at ,east ,hartford1         
,connecticut1 supplied the press at     
,hartford1 which issued about #h1jjj    
papers a week1 and manufactured also the
 writing paper used in the state1       
together with much of that used by the  

,continental ,congress4  ,paper-makers  
exempt from military service  ,with the 
outbreak of hostilities came a keener   
realization of the importance of the    
paper interest1 and the greatest care   
was exercised in providing for all      
details of the manufacture4 ,in #aggf   
,massachusetts provided by law for the  
appointment of a suitable person in each
 town to receive rags for the           
paper-mills2 and the inhabitants were   
admonished to be careful to save even   
the smallest quantity of rags4 ,in      
anticipation of the coming conflict1    
,new ,york1 in the same year1 by special
 enactment1 exempted from military      
service the master workman and two      
attendants at each paper-mill4 ,the     
,council of ,public ,safety of          
,pennsylvania went a step further4 ,the 
,continental ,congress having resolved  
on the retention of paper-makers1 the   
,council took measures to prevent them  
from joining the volunteers who were    
about to march to ,new ,jersey4  ,a     

sermon effectively delivered  ,these    
various provisions and enactments       
furnish a striking object-lesson as to  
the value of paper1 even to the public  
safety4 ,the wisdom of these precautions
 soon became evident4 ,notwithstanding  
all the care that had been exercised1   
the supply ran low1 and after           
advertising for paper1 and ordering the 
people to produce all they had1 it was  
found necessary1 just before the battle 
of ,monmouth1 to send files of soldiers 
to search for the indispensable article 
wherever there was a likelihood of      
finding it4 ,in the garret of a house in
 which ,benjamin ,franklin had once     
lived and had his printing-office were  
found about twenty-five hundred copies  
of a sermon by ,rev4 ,gilbert ,tenant1  
upon 8,defensive ,war10 which had been  
printed by ,franklin4 ,these were used  
for musket cartridges and 8wadding10 and
 in the battle that raged about old     
,tenant church1 where fought            
representatives from every one of the   

thirteen colonies1 mingling their       
patriotic blood upon the historic field1
 the sermon proved one of the most      
effective ever delivered4 ,the ,rev4    
,mr4 ,tenant1 when he penned his        
discourse1 probably had no idea that it 
would ever be delivered in so forceful a
 manner1 just outside the doors of his  
church4 ,the fact that these sermons    
were stored in the garret of ,benjamin  
,franklin1 printer1 and held for        
payment1 will perhaps call forth a      
rueful smile from the modern printer1   
who has himself had some experience of  
similar sort1 the final outcome of which
 was not so satisfactory as this use of 
these old sermons must have proved to   
the patriot printer ,franklin4          
,illustration3 ,,the ,,washers ,,and    
,,beaters--,,pages #fb ,,and #fd  ,great
 scarcity of paper  ,as the war         
advanced1 the scarcity of paper caused  
much inconvenience4 ,it was on this     
account that the journal of the second  
session of the ,new ,york ,assembly1 in 

#agha1 was not printed4 ,in #aghi1 so it
 is stated1 the paper-mill nearest to   
,albany1 ,new ,york1 was one at         
,bennington1 in the state of ,vermont4  
,the product was frequently brought from
 the mill on horseback1 and although it 
was very coarse and unbleached compared 
with the paper of to-day1 it was so     
valuable that every torn or broken sheet
 was repaired with paste4 ,this work was
 so neatly and deftly done that in old  
copies of the 8,register10 preserved in 
the ,albany ,institute1 the patching can
 be seen only by holding the paper to   
the light4  ,appeal for rags  ,the first
 mill to be established in the northern 
part of ,new ,york was erected at ,troy 
in #agic4 ,about that time1 or in #ahja1
 the postmaster of the city issued a    
special plea under the heading1 8,please
 save your rags10 in which he said3     
8,the press contributes more to the     
diffusion of knowledge and information  
than any other medium2 rags are the     
primary requisite in the manufacture of 

paper1 and without paper the newspapers 
of our country1 those cheap1 useful1 and
 agreeable companions of the citizen and
 the farmer1 which in a political and   
moral view are of the highest national  
importance1 must decline40 ,he then went
 on to show how1 with sufficient rags1  
the paper-mills of the state could meet 
all demands2 how the patriotic saving of
 rags had been inculcated and was       
practiced in ,new ,england1 saving to   
,connecticut alone #ej1jjj a year1 and  
how the thrifty ,new ,england housewife 
had reduced the methods of saving to a  
science1 or rather to a fine art1 and   
closed as follows3 8,the rich1 who      
regard the interest of their country1   
will direct their children or domestics 
to place a bag or box in some convenient
 place as a deposit for rags1 that none 
may be lost by being swept into the     
street or fire2 the sales of which      
saving will reward the attention of the 
faithful servant1 and encourage the     
prosperous enterprise of prudence40     

,the establishment of the ,crane mills  
,zenas ,crane1 of ,worcester1           
,massachusetts1 seeking a favorable site
 for a paper-mill1 visited ,berkshire   
,county in #agii1 and finally decided   
upon a location on the south branch of  
the ,housatonic1 at ,dalton4 ,that small
 beginning was like the acorn from which
 springs the giant oak4 ,it was the     
foundation of the great paper interest  
of that region1 which has made the name 
of the beautiful hill county famous1    
both for the importance and extent of   
the manufacture and for the excellence  
and fineness of its products4  ,as we   
have already seen1 the early paper-mills
 were greatly hampered by the scarcity  
of rags1 and matters grew worse instead 
of better during the last fifteen years 
of the century4 ,but the year #ahjj     
brought some relief4 ,matthew ,kooper1  
of ,france1 who in the following year   
succeeded in making paper from straw and
 wood1 invented a process by which #gjj 
reams of clean1 white paper were turned 

out weekly from such old written1       
printed1 and waste paper as had         
previously been thrown away4 ,in the    
face of a rag famine1 such a process was
 a great boon to the paper manufacturer4
  ,the following appeal1 issued by      
,zenas ,crane and his associates to the 
people of ,worcester in #ahja1 shows how
 great was the scarcity of rags at that 
time1 and helps to complete the history 
leading up to the erection of the new   
mill at ,dalton3  ,a rag famine         
,,americans6      ,,encourage ,,your    
,,own ,,manufactories1 ,,and ,,they     
,,will ,,improve4      ,,ladies1 ,,save 
,,your ,,rags4      ,as the subscribers 
have it in contemplation to erect a     
paper-mill in ,dalton the ensuing       
spring2 and the business     being very 
beneficial to the community at large1   
they flatter     themselves that they   
shall meet with due encouragement4 ,and 
that every woman who has the good of her
 country and the     interest of her own
 family at heart1 will patronize them by

     saving their rags and sending them 
to their ,manufactory1 or to     the    
nearest ,storekeeper--for which the     
,subscribers will give a     generous   
price4                      ,,henry     
,,wiswall1                     ,,zenas  
,,crane1                     ,,john     
,,willard4      ,worcester1 ,feb4 #h1   
#ahja4  ,the ,butler mills of early days
  ,a few years later1 but yet early in  
the life of the nineteenth century1     
,zebediah ,butler1 ,sr41 and his son1   
,zebediah ,butler1 ,jr41 were interested
 in a paper-mill at ,hubbell's ,falls1  
,vt41 and it was here that ,oliver      
,morris ,butler1 elder brother of ,j4   
,w4 ,butler1 learned his trade--here1   
too1 ,j4 ,w4 ,butler was born4 ,the     
paper made was of the kind now known as 
,straw ,wrapping4 ,later this mill      
became the property of ,james ,i4       
,cutler1 and ,oliver ,morris ,butler    
went south to ,lee1 ,massachusetts1 to  
perfect his knowledge of the paper      
industry1 there having been erected at  

,lee a large and modern plant           
representative of the latest and best   
ideas then known to the art of          
paper-making4 ,in #ahdj ,oliver ,morris 
,butler returned to ,hubbell's ,falls1  
and1 being unable to collect certain    
obligations due him1 took paper in part 
payment--this particular invoice of     
finished paper he brought west to       
,chicago4 ,the venture1 while not       
profitable1 is yet of much interest1 as 
it practically marks the beginning of   
the present ,j4 ,w4 ,butler ,paper      
,company4  ,the ,butler mills the first 
in the ,west  ,in #ahda ,oliver ,morris 
,butler moved west into ,illinois1      
locating at ,st4 ,charles1 a town about 
thirty miles from ,chicago and situated 
upon the ,fox ,river4 ,here he          
immediately built a wrapping-paper mill2
 later1 and upon the opposite bank of   
the same stream1 he erected a           
print-paper plant1 the first of its kind
 west of ,pittsburg4 ,it is also        
recorded in the ,atlas ,biographical    

,dictionary that ,simeon and ,asa       
,butler1 members of another branch of   
the ,butler family1 made the first      
letter-paper1 the product of an         
,american mill1 that was used in the    
,senate of the ,united ,states4  ,the   
great ,fourdrinier machine  ,the desire 
for improvement in material conditions1 
for better implements and better        
methods1 has marked every stage of man's
 advance4 ,the same spirit that led     
primitive man to seek a better and more 
convenient medium of expression than the
 cumbersome bowlder or the carved       
obelisk1 manifested itself again1       
centuries later1 in the untiring zeal   
with which manufacturers sought to      
improve a product that may be considered
 the final successor of the bowlder and 
the obelisk4 ,the beginning of the      
century saw many improvements in the    
methods of paper-making4 ,in #ahjd      
,messrs4 ,henry and ,seely ,fourdrinier1
 enterprising and public-spirited       
stationers doing business in ,england1  

brought to a good degree of perfection  
the great machine which bears their     
name1 and which is described at some    
length in a subsequent chapter dealing  
with the methods of modern paper        
manufacture4 ,the machine had been      
invented1 though not perfected1 a year  
or two previously1 by a ,mr4 ,roberts in
 ,france2 in #ahje1 ,mr4 ,donkin1 the   
engineer of the ,fourdrinier ,brothers1 
who had built the machine1 further      
improved it by altering the position of 
the cylinders so as to dispense with an 
upper web4 ,by this change the process  
was so simplified that the work of six  
vats could be done in twelve hours4     
,these improvements were made in a      
paper-mill at ,two ,waters1 ,england2   
but the machine that can now do in a day
 the work that formerly required three  
months was not immediately introduced   
into this country4  ,many new mills     
,the increase of paper-mills in the     
,united ,states had been so rapid that  
in #ahaj the number in the country was  

stated to be #ahe4 ,in #ahaa1 ,zenas    
,crane1 who had built the first mill at 
,dalton1 since known as the ,berkshire  
,mills1 erected a new mill at the lower 
falls of the ,housatonic4 ,these        
pioneers gave a great impetus to the    
manufacture1 and paper-mills sprang up  
as if by magic along all the            
swift-flowing mountain streams of ,new  
,england4  ,a paper-mill1 the first     
built in the ,british ,american         
provinces1 was erected at what is now   
,bedford1 and in the same year1 #ahaf1 a
 paper factory was put into operation at
 ,pittsburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it was     
operated by a #af horse-power           
steam-engine1 employed forty persons1   
and with an annual output valued at only
 #bj1jjj required the consumption of    
#aj1jjj bushels of coal and the use of  
#abj1jjj pounds of rags1 showing that   
the method must have been slow and      
cumbersome1 and the margin of profit    
small4  ,duty on books  ,it is believed 
that the ,gilpins1 who were celebrated  

paper-makers on the ,brandywine1 near   
,philadelphia1 were the first to        
introduce paper machinery from ,france  
and ,england1 about the year #ahbj1 but 
the experiment proved so expensive that 
it met with little encouragement at that
 time4 ,some interesting facts were     
brought out during this year by a       
petition to ,congress from the          
paper-makers of ,pennsylvania and       
,delaware1 who asked for a duty on      
paper1 claiming that seventy            
paper-mills1 with ninety vats1 employing
 #iej persons1 and using #b1fjj tons of 
rags1 with an annual output of #ejj1jjj 
in value1 had by foreign competition    
been reduced to seventeen vats4 ,the    
allied trades of printing and publishing
 were so closely connected with         
paper-making that what affected one     
affected all2 it was this community of  
interests that led representatives of   
the three industries to unite1 in #ahbb1
 in a memorial to ,congress1 urging that
 the duty on books should not be        

reduced1 as the books1 entirely of      
,american products and manufacture1     
which were issued in the country1       
amounted in value to more than          
#a1jjj1jjj per annum4  ,illustration3   
,,cut--,,page #ei    ,,washed--,,page   
#fb    ,,bleached--,,page #fc  ,,rags   
,,in ,,various ,,stages  ,the calender  
invented  ,notwithstanding foreign      
competition1 possibly because of that   
stimulus1 improvements were constantly  
being made in methods and machinery4    
,the agitator now used on paper         
machines1 consisting of a               
semi-cylindrical cradle vibrating so as 
to prevent the fibers from being        
arranged parallel one to another1 the   
result of which would be to make the    
paper weaker in one direction than in   
the other1 was patented by ,reuben      
,fairchild of ,trumbull1 ,connecticut1  
in #ahbi4 ,in the following year ,thomas
 ,gilpin of ,philadelphia invented what 
are called 8calenders10 for giving the  
polished surface to paper4 ,these are   

described later1 in ,chapter ,v4 ,true  
cylinders were first made in this same  
year by an inventor in ,england4 ,the   
result was gained by grinding the       
rollers together while a stream of water
 flowed over them1 this operation       
requiring many weeks4 ,through these    
various inventions and improvements1 and
 through the introduction of machinery  
from ,europe1 by means of which the     
coarsest of rags and other materials    
were cleaned1 bleached1 and purified1   
and increased three hundred per cent in 
value1 a decided impetus was imparted to
 the manufacture4 ,improved machinery   
,the advance in the industry during the 
following years was so marked that in   
#ahdb1 according to an estimate made at 
a meeting of paper-makers held in ,new  
,york ,city in that year1 the paper-mill
 property of the ,united ,states was    
valued at #af1jjj1jjj1 and the annual   
output at #ae1jjj1jjj1 while the value  
of rags imported from ,europe amounted  
to #dfh1bcj1 and the raw stock1 rags1   

and other material collected in the     
,united ,states to #f1jjj1jjj4 ,with the
 adoption1 in #ahdc1 of the devices for 
a rotating strainer1 for draining water 
from the pulp in the washing or beating 
vats1 came another advance in the       
process of paper-making4  ,the first    
paper-house in ,chicago  ,in #ahdd a    
jobbing house was opened in ,chicago by 
,oliver ,morris ,butler to dispose of   
the paper made at his ,st4 ,charles     
,mill4 ,several years later ,j4 ,w4     
,butler1 the present head of the ,j4 ,w4
 ,butler ,paper ,company1 was placed in 
sole charge of the ,chicago branch4     
,oliver ,morris ,butler was also a part 
owner and president of the ,lockport    
,paper ,company1 of ,lockport1          
,illinois1 a successful plant erected   
for the manufacture of ,straw ,board1   
and he remained active in the trade up  
to the time of his death1 which occurred
 in #ahhh4 ,genealogy of the ,butlers as
 paper-makers ,the store which he       
established in #ahdd and put under the  

management of his younger brother1 ,j4  
,w4 ,butler1 touches closely1 through   
him1 his ancestors1 and their earlier   
years as paper-makers1 nearly the whole 
of the nineteenth century in the line of
 the paper industry in this country4    
,that this direct branch of the ,butler 
family may have had even earlier        
identification with paper-making is not 
improbable2 the family line is clearly  
and directly traceable as continuous    
residents in ,america back to the       
earlier half of the seventeenth century1
 only a few years subsequent to the     
,pilgrims' landing1 but the meager      
records of our earliest settlers seldom 
speak of their vocations1 and our first 
positive knowledge of the ,butler       
family's connection with the paper      
industry is early in the nineteenth     
century4     ,,chapter ,,iv  ,,early    
,,methods ,,of ,,paper-,,making   8,as  
far as the ,east is from the ,west10 so 
great is the difference between the     
methods and processes of the slow-going 

,orient and those that prevail in the   
,occident4  ,it is fully a century and a
 half since ,berkeley gave expression to
 his faith in the high destiny of the   
,west3     8,westward the course of     
empire takes its way2       ,the four   
first acts already past1     ,a fifth   
shall close the drama with the day2     
,time's noblest offspring is the last40 
,progress of the ,west  ,as the years   
followed each other swiftly in the past1
 it became strikingly evident that the  
world must look to the ,occident for    
industrial activity and progress1 and   
for the practical application of new    
inventions and discoveries4 ,and yet1   
through the inevitable exception that   
proves the rule1 we occasionally find   
,east and ,west working along strikingly
 similar lines4 ,the making of paper by 
hand1 as carried on in our own country  
in early days1 and to a limited extent  
at the present time1 furnishes such an  
exception4 ,in many respects1 the       
process is not unlike that followed by  

the ,chinese in making paper from the   
bark of the mulberry-tree1 which has    
already been described in the preceding 
chapter4 ,in either case1 whatever the  
material employed1 the first step1 which
 was of prime importance1 was to remove 
from the fibers all glutinous1 resinous1
 or other superfluous matter4 ,the      
fibers are the slender1 elongated cells1
 the enduring portion of the plant that 
gives to the paper its strength1        
toughness1 and elasticity4              
,decomposition of rags  ,before the     
science of chemistry had been called    
upon to furnish its potent aid in the   
process of paper-making1 the rags used  
were moistened and piled together in    
some warm1 damp place1 often in a       
cellar1 where they were left to decay   
for a period--twenty days or more4      
,during this time1 the perishable       
portion1 sometimes spoken of as         
vegetable gluten1 fermented or decayed  
to such an extent that it could be      
washed from the fibrine1 or long1 white 

elastic filaments4 ,before being        
submitted to the process of             
decomposition1 the rags were of course  
dusted1 and1 as far as possible1        
cleansed from all mineral1 foreign1 or  
indissoluble substances1 after which    
they were cut into small pieces4 ,when  
the fermentation engendered by heat and 
moisture had done its important work1   
the rags were boiled and washed1 and    
finally beaten to a smooth pulp by the  
use of mallets4  ,in the early days of  
paper-making1 before the discovery of   
the use of chemical agents to remove the
 coloring matter1 the color of the paper
 was determined by that of the rags or  
other material1 modified somewhat by the
 boiling and washing4 ,when it was      
discovered that certain chemicals would 
dissolve or separate the coloring matter
 from the tissue1 one great factor in   
the cost of making white paper was      
eliminated4 ,lye1 lime1 solutions of    
chlorine and of chloride of lime were   
employed for the purpose4  ,hand-made   

process  ,the fibers having been        
separated1 by this slow and tedious     
method1 from all foreign matter1 they   
were placed in a vat1 with a proper     
admixture of water to form a soft1      
slightly cohering mass of 8pulp40 ,the  
next step in the process was the forming
 of the paper sheets4 ,for this purpose 
the paper-maker employed a fine wire    
screen1 or cloth1 called the 8mold10    
which was oblong in shape1 and supported
 by a light frame underneath4 ,above    
this was placed a very shallow frame    
known as the 8deckel10 which in size and
 shape corresponded exactly with the    
mold4 ,dipping the mold into the mass of
 pulp1 the operator filled it even with 
the top of the deckel1 the thickness of 
the paper being determined by the depth 
of the deckel-frame4 ,then as the water 
from the pulp drained through the wire  
cloth1 the operator moved the mold back 
and forth1 giving a constant1 even1 and 
gentle motion to the mass within4  ,the 
watermark  ,the manner in which the     

wires of the mold were arranged gave to 
certain papers their distinguishing     
characteristics4 ,in some molds the wire
 was woven like cloth1 and the product  
was therefore known as 8wove0 paper2 in 
others1 the small wires ran only one    
way1 straight and very close together1  
and were crossed by stronger wires an   
inch or so apart1 the paper in this case
 being called 8laid0 paper4 ,at some    
point in the wire of the mold a small   
figure was worked out1 also in wire1 and
 as the pulp was shaken it became a     
little thinner over the design1 leaving 
the impress known as the 8watermark40   
,when the pulp had been properly        
drained1 and matted together1 the mold  
was passed on to another operator1 who  
was known as the 8coucher10 from the    
fact that his work was the turning of   
the moist sheet of pulp upon a sheet of 
felt stretched over a board termed a    
8couch40 ,over this first layer of pulp 
was placed another sheet of felt1 then  
another mold full of the pulp1 and so on

 until there was obtained a pile1 or    
8post10 as it was called1 several quires
 in thickness4 ,the layers were then    
subjected to heavy pressure1 by which as
 much of the water as possible was      
squeezed out1 when the sheets of felt   
were removed1 and pressure was applied a
 second time to the paper that remained4
 ,the sheets of paper on being taken out
 were hung over ropes or poles to dry1  
in some room or loft4  ,sizing  ,at this
 point in the process the paper would be
 open and porous1 and would naturally   
absorb ink1 instead of carrying it in   
lines or letters upon its surface4 ,to  
overcome this defect1 the paper was     
dipped in a solution made of clippings  
of hides1 horns1 or hoofs1 or in the    
gelatine prepared from leather and      
parchment clippings4 ,the process was1  
and is still1 termed 8sizing10 while the
 material is known as 8size10 and is    
used to render the paper non-absorbent1 
also to fill up the pores and give an   
even surface4 ,after being dipped in    

this solution1 the sheets were pressed  
again1 and for a second time hung up to 
dry2 if a smoother surface was desired1 
it was obtained by passing the paper    
between metal rollers4  ,bank of        
,england notes  ,hand-made paper is now 
made to a limited extent in ,america1   
and to a still greater extent in        
,england4 ,all ,bank of ,england notes  
are printed on hand-made paper1 two     
notes to a sheet1 so that three edges of
 every note are rough4 ,working under   
the old method1 it took three men a day 
to mold1 press1 and hang up to dry1 or  
finish1 four thousand small sheets of   
paper1 while the process from beginning 
to end required about three months4     
,from tree to paper in a day ,in these  
modern days1 as will be seen later1     
paper can be made in twenty-four hours  
from a tree standing in the forest1 in  
the glory of its full strength and      
vigor2 though in actual practice a      
longer time is taken in covering all the
 different processes4 ,truly the times  

are changed1 and everything is changed  
with them6  ,illustration3    ,,after   
,,leaving ,,the ,,beaters--,,page #fd   
,,after ,,leaving ,,the ,,jordan--,,page
 #ga  ,,rag ,,pulp     ,,chapter ,v     
,,modern ,,paper-,,making   ,the modern 
mill  ,though the steady march of       
progress and invention has given to the 
modern paper-maker marvelous machines by
 which the output is increased a        
thousand-fold over that of the old1 slow
 methods1 he still has many of the same 
difficulties to overcome that confronted
 his predecessor4 ,while the use of wood
 pulp has greatly changed the conditions
 as regards the cheaper grades of this  
staple1 the ragman is to-day almost as  
important to the manufacturer of the    
higher grades as he was one hundred     
years ago1 when the saving of rags was  
inculcated as a domestic virtue and a   
patriotic duty4 ,methods have changed1  
but the material remains the same4 ,in a
 complete modern mill1 making writing   
and other high-grade papers1 the process

 begins with unsightly rags as the      
material from which to form the white   
sheets that are to receive upon their   
spotless polished surface the thoughts  
of philosophers and statesmen1 the      
tender messages of affection1 the       
counsels and admonitions of ministers1  
the decisions of grave and learned      
judges1 and all the      8,wisdom of    
things1 mysterious1 divine10 that       
8,illustriously doth on paper shine10   
as was duly set forth in rhyme by the   
8,boston ,news ,letter0 in #agfi4 8,the 
bell cart will go through ,boston about 
the end of next month10 it announced1   
and appealed to the inhabitants of that 
modern seat of learning and philosophy  
to save their rags for the occasion1 and
 thus encourage the industry4  ,the     
methods of to-day  ,the rags do not come
 to the mammoth factories of to-day in  
8bell carts10 but by the carload1 in    
huge bales1 gathered from all sections  
of this great ,republic1 as well as from
 lands beyond the eastern and the       

western oceans4 ,the square1 compact1   
steam-compressed bundles are carried by 
elevators well up toward the top of the 
building1 where they await the knife of 
the 8opener40 ,when they have been      
opened1 the 8feeder0 throws the contents
 by armfuls into the 8thrasher40 ,the   
novice or layman1 ignorant of the state 
in which rags come to the mill1 will    
find their condition a most unpleasant  
surprise1 especially disagreeable to his
 olfactory nerves4 ,yet the unsavory    
revelation comes with more force a      
little farther on1 in the               
8assorting-room40 ,the thrasher ,the    
8thrasher0 is a great cylindrical       
receptacle1 revolving rapidly1 which is 
supplied with long wooden beaters or    
arms1 passing through a wooden cylinder1
 and driven by power4 ,the sorting room 
,when the rags have been tossed in1     
there ensues a great pounding and       
thrashing1 and the dust is carried off  
in suction air-tubes1 while the whipped 
rags are discharged and carried to the  

8sorting0 and 8shredding0 room4 ,here   
the rags are assorted as to size1       
condition1 and the presence of buttons1 
hooks and eyes1 or other material that  
must be removed4 ,then those that need  
further attention are passed on to the  
8shredders10 these as well as the       
8sorters0 being women4 ,the 8shredders0 
stand along a narrow counter2 in front  
of each one there is fastened a long    
scythe-blade1 with its back toward the  
operator and its point extending upward1
 the shank being firmly fixed to the    
table or operating board4 ,here buttons1
 hard seams1 and all similar intruders  
are disposed of1 and the larger pieces  
of rags are cut into numerous small ones
 on the scythe-blades4 ,the rags thus   
prepared are tossed by the women into   
receptacles in the tables4 ,the work in 
this room is the most disagreeable and  
unwholesome of any in the entire process
 of manufacture1 and this despite the   
fact that these rags1 too1 have been    
thrashed1 and freed from an amount of   

dust and dirt beyond ordinary belief4   
,the higher grades  ,while watching the 
operations carried on here1 it is       
impossible to repress the wish that rags
 might be bought otherwise than by the  
pound1 for1 unfortunately1 filth1 dust1 
and dirt weigh1 and to wash rags only   
reduces the weight4 ,while this is a    
true reflection of the condition in the 
average mill1 it is pleasant to know1   
however1 there are others of the higher 
class that are decided exceptions1 as   
far as dust and dirt are concerned4     
,such are the mills making high-grade   
ledger and bond papers1 as well as the  
mill manufacturing the paper that is    
used for the printing of our            
8greenbacks10 to which further reference
 will be made later4 ,in these          
exceptional mills everything is neat and
 perfectly clean1 all the stock used    
being new and fresh from the cotton or  
linen mills1 or from factories producing
 cloth goods1 like shirt and corset     
factories1 and others of the same sort4 

,the sorting and shredding room is      
always large and light1 with windows on 
all sides1 and is well ventilated1      
offering a decided contrast in many     
respects to the less cleanly mills first
 referred to1 where the women must wear 
bonnets or hoods for the protection of  
the hair4 ,in either case the process is
 certainly an improvement over the old  
plan of leaving the rags to decay in a  
cellar to expedite the removal of the   
glutinous matter4  ,the cutter  ,from   
the 8sorting0 and 8shredding0 room the  
rags are conveyed to the 8cutter10 where
 they are cut and chopped by revolving  
knives1 leaving them in small pieces and
 much freer from dust and grit4 ,various
 ingenious devices are employed for     
removing metal and other hard and       
injurious matter1 magnetic brushes      
serving this purpose in some mills4 ,the
 devil ,when the 8cutter0 has finished  
its work1 the still very dirty rags go  
for a further cleansing to the 8devil10 
or 8whipper10 a hollow cone with spikes 

projecting within1 against which work   
the spikes of a drum1 dashing the rags  
about at great speed4 ,human lives are  
often freed of their baser elements and 
restored to purity and beauty through   
the chastening influences of tribulation
 or adversity2 in like manner the       
8whipper0 carries the rags forward a    
step in the process of purification that
 is necessary before they can be brought
 to their highest usefulness4 ,but the  
cleansing process1 which is only a      
preparation for what is to follow1 does 
not end with the 8whipper10 the latter  
having served merely to loosen1 not to  
dislodge1 a great deal of dust and dirt4
 ,the duster ,the final operation in the
 preliminary cleaning is performed by   
the 8duster0 proper1 which is a conical 
revolving sieve4 ,as the mass of rags is
 tossed and shaken about the loosened   
dust is carried away by the suction of  
the air1 which draws the dust particles 
into tubes furnished with suction fans4 
,in most modern mills the rags are      

carried forward from the 8duster0 on an 
endless belt1 and a careful watch is    
kept upon them as they emerge to detect 
the presence of unchopped pieces1       
buttons1 or other foreign substances4   
,the journey of the rags over this      
endless belt or conveyor terminates in a
 receiving-room1 in the floor of which  
there are several openings1 and         
immediately below these the mouths of   
the 8digesters10 which are in a room    
beneath4 ,the digester ,the 8digesters10
 as they are suggestively and           
appropriately termed1 are huge revolving
 boilers1 usually upright1 which often  
have as great a diameter as eight feet1 
with a height of twenty-two feet1 and   
whose digestive capacity is upward of   
five tons of rags each4 ,cooking of rags
 ,the rags that are to be 8cooked0 are  
fed into the 8digesters0 through the    
openings in the floor1 and the great    
movable manhole plates are then put in  
place and closed1 hermetically sealing  
the openings or mouths through which the

 boilers have been fed1 these having    
first been charged with a mixed solution
 of lime and soda1 and with live hot    
steam in lieu of gastric juice as a     
digesting fluid and force4 ,in some     
mills the boilers are placed in a       
horizontal position1 while in others    
they are in the form of a large ball or 
globe1 in either case being operated in 
the manner described2 those of upright  
form1 however1 are most commonly in use4
 ,the rags are boiled under steam       
pressure of about forty pounds to the   
square inch1 and the cooking is         
continued from twelve to fourteen hours4
  ,illustration3 ,,the ,,modern         
,,fourdrinier ,,machine--,,page #gc     
,the washers or ,hollanders  ,it is here
 that the process of cleaning begins in 
earnest2 and as the mass of rags is     
tumbled about in its scalding bath of   
steam-heated lime-water1 or 8milk of    
lime10 the coloring and glutinous       
matters1 as well as all other           
impurities1 are loosened from the       

fibers1 which are in the end so cleansed
 and purified as to come forth unstained
 and of virgin purity4 ,having been     
sufficiently boiled and digested1 the   
mushy material1 still looking dark and  
forbidding1 is emptied onto the floor   
below or into receptacles placed        
directly beneath the boilers1 where the 
color and dirt are allowed to drain off4
 ,the mass is then conveyed to the      
8washers10 great tub-like receptacles1  
which are shown among the illustrations1
 and which are known as 8,hollanders10  
from the fact that these rag engines    
were invented in ,holland1 about the    
year #agej ,a4 ,d4 ,they are oval-shaped
 tubs1 about twenty feet long1 nine feet
 wide1 and three feet high1 varying     
somewhat according to the conditions4   
,each tub is divided for two-thirds of  
its length by an upright partition1 or  
8mid-feather10 as it is called1 which   
makes a narrow course around the vat4   
,on one side of the partition the tub is
 raised in a half-circle1 close to which

 revolves an iron roll about three or   
four feet in diameter1 and covered with 
knives2 in the bottom of the tub1 and   
directly under the revolving roll1 is   
another set of knives called a          
8bed-plate10 which is stationary1 and   
against which the roll can be lowered4  
,but not to anticipate4 ,when the       
emptyings from the boiler have been     
thrown into the 8washer0 a continuous   
stream of water is turned in at one end1
 the knife-roll having been adjusted so 
as to open up the rags as they are set  
in motion4 ,these then begin a lively   
chase around the edge of the vat1       
through the racecourse formed by the    
8mid-feather10 and under the rag-opening
 knives1 where the water is given a     
chance to wash out all impurities2 then 
on up the incline over the 8back fall10 
so-called from the elevation in the tub4
 ,a cylinder of wire cloth1 partly      
immersed in the moving mass1 holds back 
the now rapidly whitening fibers1 while 
the dirty water escapes into buckets    

inside the wire cloth drum1 and is      
discharged into and through an          
escape-spout4 ,the heavy particles of   
dirt settle into what is termed a       
8sand-trap0 at the bottom of the tub4   
,bleaching material  ,as the water      
clears1 the roll is lowered closer and  
closer to the bottom of the bed-plate1  
in order to open up the fibers more     
thoroughly for the free circulation of  
the water among them4 ,when the several 
agencies of the 8washer0 have           
accomplished their purpose1 and the     
water runs clear and unsullied1 a       
bleaching material is put into the mass1
 which in the course of from two to six 
hours becomes as white as milk4 ,the    
dirty offscourings of all ragdom1 first 
seen in the original bales1 and gathered
 from the four quarters of the globe1   
have endured many buffetings1 many      
bruisings and tribulations1 and having  
been washed come forth pure1 sweet1 and 
clean4 ,from the washers the rags are   
precipitated through a trap into        

drainers1 which are chambers made of    
stone and brick1 with a false bottom1   
through which the water is allowed to   
drain4 ,this rag pulp1 now called half  
stock1 is kept in this receptacle until 
the water and liquor are thoroughly     
drained off1 when it becomes a white and
 compact mass of fibers4  ,the drainers 
,the rags should stand in the drainers  
for at least one week1 though better    
results are obtained if they are left   
for a period two or three times as long1
 as the fibers become more subdued4 ,the
 process of paper-making1 as it has     
already been described1 applies more    
particularly to papers made from rags4  
,to-day a very large proportion of the  
cheaper papers are made from wood1      
either entirely or in part1 and these   
wood-made papers are subjected to a     
different treatment1 to which further   
reference will be made in this chapter4 
,the beaters  ,from the drainer the mass
 is carted to the beating engine1 or    
8beater10 which is very similar in      

construction to the washer just         
described4 ,the knives on the roll in   
the beater are grouped three together   
instead of two1 and are placed nearer   
the bottom or bed-plate in order to     
separate more thoroughly the fibers4 ,in
 the beater are performed many and      
varying manipulations1 designed not only
 to secure a more perfect product1 but  
also to produce different varieties of  
paper4 ,it is the theory of the beating 
process that the fibers are not cut1 but
 are drawn out to their utmost extent4  
,in watching the operations of the      
8beater10 one notices on the surface of 
the slowly revolving mass of fibers1    
floating bluing1 such as the thrifty    
housewife uses to whiten fine fabrics4  
,this familiar agency of the laundry is 
introduced into the solution of fibers  
with the same end in view that is sought
 in the washtub--to give the clear white
 color that is so desirable4 ,many of   
the inventions and discoveries by which 
the world has profited largely have been

 due primarily to some fortunate        
accident1 and according to a pretty     
story upon which paper-makers have set  
the seal of their belief for more than  
one hundred and fifty years1 the use of 
bluing was brought about in the same    
way4 ,the bluing story ,about the year  
#agdf1 so runs the story1 a ,mrs4       
,buttonshaw1 the wife of an ,english    
paper-maker1 accidentally dropped into a
 tub of pulp the bag of bluing1 or its  
contents1 which she was about to use in 
a washing of fine linen4 ,frightened at 
what she had done1 and considering it   
the part of wisdom to keep silence1 she 
discreetly held her peace and awaited   
results4 ,but when her husband had      
expressed great wonder and admiration   
over the paper made from that particular
 pulp1 and had sold it in ,london at an 
advance of several shillings over the   
price of his other paper1 which had not 
met with any such accident1 she realized
 that the time for silence had passed4  
,her account of the happy accident led  

her grateful husband to purchase a      
costly scarlet cloak for her on his next
 visit to ,london town4 ,this accident  
brought about another result which was  
to prove of inestimable value to the    
future paper-maker--the use of bluing in
 paper when especial whiteness is       
desired4  ,engine-sizing  ,important as 
the bluing or coloring is1 however1 it  
is only one of the numerous operations  
or manipulations that take place in the 
beater4 ,many of these1 such as         
engine-sizing and body-coloring1 require
 skill and constant watchfulness4 ,here1
 too1 if anywhere1 adulteration takes   
place4 ,it is sometimes necessary to    
secure a fine-appearing paper at small  
cost1 and it is profitable to add to its
 weight4 ,in such cases1 a process of   
8loading0 takes place here1 and clay or 
cheap1 heavy fibers are added4 ,clay is 
of value not only to increase the       
weight1 but also to render the paper    
more opaque1 so as to prevent type or   
illustrations from showing through1     

while at the same time it makes possible
 a smoother surface by filling the pores
 in the paper4 ,but while it adds to the
 weight1 clay must1 of necessity1 weaken
 the paper4 ,in engine-sizing1 which is 
done in the beater1 the size is         
thoroughly incorporated with the fibers 
as these revolve or flow around the     
engine4 ,this sizing renders the paper  
more nearly impervious to moisture4 ,the
 difference between a paper that is     
sized1 and that has a repellent surface 
which prevents the ink from settling    
into it when it is written upon1 and an 
ordinary blotting-paper with its        
absorbent surface1 is due entirely to   
the fact that the former is most        
carefully treated with sizing1 both in  
the beating engine and in the size tub  
or vat referred to later1 whereas in the
 latter paper it is omitted4            
,body-coloring ,if the paper is to be   
tinted or body-colored1 colors made from
 aniline are generally used4 ,only in   
the highest grade of writing-paper1 and 

in some few papers that demand colors   
fast to the light1 is any other order of
 coloring matter employed4 ,as may be   
easily imagined1 considerable skill is  
required to secure exactly the desired  
tint1 and to get the coloring matter so 
evenly mixed that each small fiber shall
 receive its proper tint1 thus insuring 
that the paper when finished shall be of
 uniform color and not present a mottled
 appearance4  ,machine for making       
continuous web  ,when the operations of 
the beating engine have been completed1 
a most interesting process begins1 which
 marks a vast advance over the earlier  
method of forming the sheets of paper   
with mold and deckel1 straining off the 
water1 and shaking the frame with a     
quick motion to mat the fibers together4
 ,the patient striving toward something 
better1 which has marked all the        
centuries since man first learned to    
carve his rude records1 finds its       
consummation in the process of making   
paper in a continuous web4 ,this result 

is accomplished by a machine first      
invented by ,louis ,robert1 a workman in
 a mill at ,enonnes1 ,france1 who       
obtained a ,french patent1 with a bounty
 of eight thousand francs for its       
development4 ,this he later sold to ,m4 
,didot1 the proprietor of the mill1 and 
the latter crossed the ,channel into    
,england1 where1 with the aid of a      
skilled mechanic1 the machine was in a  
measure perfected1 and then sold to     
,henry and ,sealy ,fourdrinier4 ,they1  
with the further aid of ,bryan ,donkin1 
their employe and expert engineer1 made 
many additional improvements1 and sunk  
in the enterprise some sixty thousand   
pounds sterling1 for which their only   
reward was blighted hopes and embittered
 lives4 ,in #ahdg the ,london 8,times0  
made a fruitless appeal on behalf of the
 surviving brother1 who was eighty years
 of age1 and in great poverty4 ,it is   
seldom that the world voluntarily makes 
return to those who have bestowed upon  
it great material or moral benefits1    

though it is ever ready to expend its   
treasure for engines of destruction1 and
 to magnify and reward those who have   
been most successful in destroying human
 life4  ,first machine mill  ,the first 
8machine0 mill was started at ,frogmore1
 ,hertz1 ,england1 in #ahjc1 which was  
the year of the great ,louisiana        
,purchase by the ,united ,states1 and it
 is not difficult to say which event has
 been productive of the greater and more
 beneficial results to this nation4     
,through this invention and its         
improvements the modern newspaper and   
magazine1 with their tens and hundreds  
of thousands of copies daily1 have been 
made possible1 and men of all classes   
have been brought in touch with the best
 thought of the day4 ,whatever makes for
 greater intelligence and enlightenment 
throughout a nation makes for the       
greater stability of the national life1 
and gives new emphasis to ,bulwer's     
words3                          8,take  
away the sword2     ,states can be saved

 without it--bring the pen40  ,the power
 of the pen  ,if to-day the power of the
 pen over the sword is greater than it  
has ever been before1 its increased and 
increasing influence must be credited in
 large measure to the inventive genius  
and the public-spirited enterprise that 
has made possible the great output of   
our modern paper-mills4 ,so thoroughly  
did these forces do their work in the   
beginning1 that in the century that has 
elapsed since the ,fourdrinier brothers 
sacrificed themselves and their means in
 the perfecting of their machine1 there 
have been really no changes in the      
fundamental principle4 ,those that have 
been made have been in the nature of    
further development and improvement1    
such as increasing the speed and        
widening the web1 thereby multiplying   
the product many fold4  ,illustration3  
,,the ,,first ,,press ,,rolls--,,page   
#ge  ,the ,jordan engine  ,but to resume
 the interesting journey of the rags1   
which had reached a state of            

purification and perfection as pulp1 and
 which we left in the beaters4 ,in some 
grades of paper the perfected and       
prepared pulp is taken from the beaters 
and passed through what is known as a   
8refining0 or 8,jordan0 engine2 this for
 the purpose of more thoroughly         
separating the fibers and reducing them 
to extreme fineness4 ,the refining      
engines1 are1 however1 used only in the 
manufacture of certain grades of paper4 
,the stuff chest ,the pulp is next taken
 from the beater or refining engine1 as 
the case may be1 to what is called a    
8stuff-chest10 an inclosed vat partly   
filled with water1 in which a           
contrivance for shaking and shifting1   
properly called an 8agitator10 keeps the
 fibers in suspension4  ,the screen     
,from the stuff-chest the mixture is    
pumped into what is known as the        
8mixing0 or 8regulating0 box4 ,here the 
stream first passes over the            
8sand-tables0 in a continuous flow4     
,these are composed of little troughs   

with cross-pieces1 and are covered at   
the bottom with long-haired felt1 to    
catch any sand or dirt that may still   
adhere after the numerous operations to 
which the pulp has been subjected4 ,the 
flow is then forced through the         
8screen10 which is a horizontal piece of
 metal pierced with slots4 ,for very    
fine paper1 these slots are so small as 
to be only one one-hundredth of an inch 
in width4 ,they are usually about a     
quarter of an inch apart4 ,through these
 tiny apertures the fibers must find    
their way1 leaving behind in their      
difficult passage all lumps1 dirt1 or   
knotted fibers which would mar the      
perfection of the product toward which  
they are tending4 ,a vibrating motion is
 given to the screen as the flow passes 
over it1 or revolving strainers may be  
used4  ,the flow onto machine  ,when the
 screen has finished its work1 the water
 carrying the pulp in solution flows in 
an even stream1 whose volume varies     
according to the width of the web of    

paper to be produced1 through a         
discharge-cock onto the ,fourdrinier or 
cylinder machine1 as the case may be1   
each of which will be duly described4   
,this stream has a filmy appearance1 and
 is of diverse color1 depending upon the
 shade of paper to be produced4 ,from   
its consistency1 which is about that of 
milk1 it is difficult to imagine that it
 floats separate particles of fiber in  
such quantities as1 when gathered on the
 wire cloth and passed to a felt blanket
 and then pressed between rollers1 to   
form in a second of time a broad web of 
embryo paper sufficiently strong and    
firm to take definite form4 ,man's      
mastery of the process by which this    
startling and wonderful change is       
effected has come as one of the rewards 
of his long and patient study4  ,the    
,fourdrinier machine1 which preserves at
 least the name of the enterprising     
developers of the invention1 takes up   
the work that was formerly done by the  
molder4 ,the wire cloth upon which the  

fibers are discharged as described is an
 endless belt1 the full width of the    
paper machine4 ,upon this the fibers    
spread out evenly1 being aided by a     
fan-shaped rubber or oil cloth1 which   
delivers the smooth stream under a gate 
regulated to insure perfect evenness and
 to fix uniformly the fibers of the web 
now commencing its final formation4     
,deckel-straps ,deckel-straps of        
india-rubber are fastened on both sides 
of the wire screen1 and move with it1   
thus holding the watery pulp in place4  
,the deckel-straps are adjustable1 and  
fix or regulate the width of the paper4 
,these and the gate1 or 8slicer10 are   
attached to what is termed the          
deckel-frame1 which corresponds to the  
deckel used by paper-makers in the days 
when the manufacture was carried on by  
hand4 ,endless wire cloth ,as the stream
 flows onto the endless belt of wire    
cloth1 the water which has borne the    
fibers filters into the trough beneath4 
,being charged with very fine fibers1   

size1 coloring matter1 and other similar
 ingredients1 it is carried back into   
the pulp-chest1 to save these materials1
 as well as to contribute again to the  
extra supply of water needed4 ,the      
save-all ,for this reason the trough    
into which it falls from the revolving  
8wire0 is called the 8save-all40 ,a     
shaking motion is imparted to the 8wire0
 from the frame upon which rest the     
rolls that keep it in its never-ending  
round4 ,this aids in draining away the  
water1 and mats or interlaces the fibers
 together4 ,at the end of the           
8save-all10 where the fibers are to     
leave the 8wire0 for the next stage of  
their journey1 suction-boxes are placed1
 provided with an air-pump to take up   
the surplus water that has not yet found
 its way through the meshes4 ,the dandy 
roll ,between these suction-boxes above 
the wire is a wire-covered roll1 which  
impresses the newly formed sheet2 this  
impression cylinder is called a 8dandy  
roll10 and it is from this that the web 

receives the markings or impressions    
that characterize different papers4 ,all
 watermarks1 patterns1 and designs which
 it is desired to have appear in the    
paper are put upon this roll1 and here  
impressed upon the soft sheet1 which is 
clarified and left transparent at the   
points of contact4 ,thus the impression 
is permanently fixed in the fiber1 so   
that it can be seen at any time by      
holding the sheet to the light4 ,the    
power of suggestiveness is a quality    
which is highly esteemed wherever it is 
found1 and which frequently furnishes a 
standard of judgment4 ,judged by such a 
criterion1 the impression cylinder1 or  
8dandy roll10 has an added value1 for in
 all probability its operation suggested
 the idea of printing from cylinders1 as
 in our present web or perfecting       
presses4  ,the press-rolls  ,the matted 
pulp1 now having sufficient body1 passes
 on between two rolls covered with felt1
 which deliver the web of damp paper    
upon an endless belt of moist felt1     

while the 8wire0 passes under and back  
to continue a fresh supply4 ,the paper  
is as yet too fragile to travel alone1  
and the web felt carries it between two 
metal rolls called the first            
press-rolls4 ,these squeeze out more    
water1 give a greater degree of         
compactness to the fibers1 smooth the   
upper surface1 and finally deliver the  
web of paper to a second felt apron1    
which carries it under and to the back  
of the second press-rolls4 ,in this way 
the under surface comes to the top1 and 
is in its turn subjected to the         
smoothing process4 ,a delicate scraper  
or blade1 the length of the press-rolls1
 is so placed on each roll that should  
the endless web from any cause be       
broken1 the blade may operate with      
sufficient force to prevent the wet     
paper from clinging to the rolls and    
winding about them4 ,from this point the
 paper travels alone1 having become firm
 and strong enough to sustain its own   
weight2 passing above the second        

press-rolls1 it resumes its onward      
journey around the drying cylinders1    
passing over and under and over and     
under4 ,the dryers ,the drying cylinders
 are hollow and heated by steam1 their  
temperature being regulated according to
 requirements4 ,these driers1 made from 
iron or steel1 are usually from three to
 four feet in diameter1 and vary in     
length according to the width of the    
machine4 ,there are from twelve to fifty
 of these cylinders1 their number       
depending upon the character and weight 
of the paper to be produced1 very heavy 
sheets requiring many more drying       
cylinders than sheets of lighter weight4
  ,tensile strength  ,strange1 almost   
phenomenal1 conditions come about in the
 transformation from filmy pulp to      
finished paper4 ,a sheet which1 though  
formed1 is at the first press-roll too  
fragile to carry its own weight1 becomes
 possessed of a final strength and power
 that is almost incredible4 ,the myriad 
of minute fibers composing the sheet1   

upon drying uniformly1 possesses great  
aggregate strength4 ,a sheet of paper   
yields readily to tearing1 but the same 
sheet1 when a perfectly even tension is 
applied1 will demonstrate that it is    
possessed of wonderful resisting power4 
,in evidence may be cited an instance   
that seems almost beyond belief4        
,through some curious mishap a web of   
heavy paper1 in fact1 bristol board1    
which had been thoroughly formed1 was   
suddenly superheated and then cooled    
while still on the driers4 ,this was    
caused by a difference in temperature of
 the driers and resulted in the sudden  
contraction of the web of bristol2 the  
strain on the machine was so great that 
not only were the driving-cogs broken on
 two of the driers around which the     
paper was at the moment passing1 but the
 driers themselves were actually lifted 
out of place1 showing a resisting power 
in the paper of at least several tons4  
,the calenders ,the paper now passes to 
the upright stack of rolls shown in the 

illustrations1 which are known as       
8calenders40 ,the word is derived from  
calendra2 a corruption of cylindrus1 a  
roller or cylinder1 they are simply     
rollers revolving in contact1 and heated
 from the interior by steam4 ,these     
calenders are used for giving to the    
paper a smooth and even surface1 and are
 also employed in the smoothing and     
finishing of cloth4 ,speed of machines  
,the speed with which the paper passes  
through these cylinders is remarkable1  
from one hundred to five hundred feet   
running through and over the machine in 
a minute2 and in some of the most recent
 mills the web is as wide as one hundred
 and fifty-six inches 7thirteen feet72  
this is very nearly double the average  
machine width of a few years ago1 while 
the speed has increased in proportionate
 ratio2 only a very few years ago the   
maximum speed was from two hundred and  
fifty to three hundred feet per minute2 
at this writing 7#aijj7 there are       
machines in operation which run as high 

as five hundred feet per minute4 ,but   
great as has been the increase in the   
production of paper1 the demand has kept
 pace steadily4 ,the wonderful product  
of the rag-bag holds an invincible      
position in the world's economy4        
,illustration3 ,,the                    
,,size-,,tub--,,page #ha  ,five miles in
 a roll  ,for machine-finished book and 
print papers1 as well as for other      
cheaper grades1 the process ends with   
the calenders1 after which the paper is 
slit into required widths by            
disk-knives1 which are revolving1 and so
 cut continuously4 ,paper intended for  
web newspaper presses is taken off in   
continuous rolls of the widths required1
 varying from seventeen to seventy-six  
inches1 according to the size of the    
paper to be printed4 ,these reels       
contain from fifteen to twenty-five     
thousand lineal feet of paper1 or from  
three to five miles4 ,the amount of     
paper used in disseminating the news of 
the day is enormous2 sometimes one or   

two mills are required to manufacture   
the supply for a single metropolitan    
daily1 while one ,new ,york newspaper   
claims to have used four hundred and    
fifty tons of paper in one ,christmas   
edition1 which is about four times the  
amount of its regular daily consumption4
  ,after having been slit into the      
proper widths by the revolving knives1  
ordinary flat and book papers are cut   
into sheets by a straight knife         
revolving at proper intervals on a      
horizontal drum4 ,the paper1 in sheets1 
is carried by a traveling apron onto a  
receiving table at the end of the       
machine1 where the sheets as they fall  
are carefully examined by experts1      
usually women1 who remove any that may  
be imperfect4  ,the immensity of modern 
machines  ,the entire length of a paper 
machine1 from the screens to the        
calenders1 is about one hundred and     
twenty-five feet1 while the height      
varies1 the average being about ten     
feet4 ,the machines1 while necessarily  

of the finest adjustment1 are ponderous 
and heavy1 weighing in some cases as    
much as four hundred tons1 this being   
the weight of the machine itself1       
exclusive of its foundations4 ,the      
machine-room is of necessity well       
lighted and thoroughly ventilated1 and  
should be kept clean throughout1 as     
cleanliness is an essential factor in   
the making of good paper4  ,deckel      
edging  ,while the same general process 
applies to all classes of paper made1   
the particular character of any paper   
that is to be produced determines       
exactly the details of the process      
through which it shall pass1 and        
regulates the deviations to be made from
 the general operations in order to     
secure special results4 ,for example1   
some papers are wanted with a rough or  
8antique0 finish1 as it is called2 in   
such cases calendering is omitted4      
,another special process is that by     
which the paper is made with a ragged or
 8deckel edge02 this result is obtained 

in some mills by playing a stream of    
water upon the edge of the pulp1        
crushing and thinning it1 and thus      
giving it a jagged appearance4 ,at the  
present time this 8deckel-edge0 paper is
 being quite extensively used in        
high-class bookwork4  ,in the case of   
writing-papers1 as has already been     
stated in the description of the beating
 engines1 a vegetable sizing made from  
resinous matter is introduced into the  
paper pulp while it is still in         
solution1 and mixes with it thoroughly1 
thus filling more or less completely the
 pores of the pulp fibers4 ,this is     
found sufficient for all ordinary       
book-papers1 for papers that are to be  
printed upon in the usual way1 and for  
the cheapest grades of writing-paper1   
where the requirements are not very     
exacting1 and where a curtailment of    
expense is necessary4 ,for the higher   
grades of writing-paper1 however1 a     
distinctly separate and additional      
process is required4 ,tub sizing ,these 

papers while on the machine in web form 
are passed through a vat which is called
 the size-tub1 and which is filled with 
a liquid sizing made of gelatine from   
clippings of the horns1 hides1 and hoofs
 of cattle1 this gelatine or glue being 
mixed with dissolved alum and made fluid
 in the vat4 ,papers which are treated  
in this way are known as 8animal10 or   
8tub-sized40  ,loft drying  ,we have    
duly described machine-dried papers1 but
 these higher grades of writing-papers  
are dried by what is known as loft1 or  
pole-dried process4 ,such paper is      
permitted to dry very slowly in a loft  
specially constructed for the purpose1  
where it is hung on poles several days1 
during which time the loft is kept at a 
temperature of about #ajj ,fahrenheit4  
,another detail of considerable         
importance is that of the 8finish0 or   
surface of the paper4 ,when paper with a
 particularly high or glossy surface is 
desired it is subjected to a separate   
process after leaving the paper machine1

 known as supercalendering4             
,supercalendering  8,supercalendering0  
is effected by passing the web through  
the stack of rolls shown in the         
illustration1 which are similar to the  
machine calenders already described4    
,these rolls are composed of metal      
cylinders1 alternating with rolls made  
of solidified paper or cotton1 turned   
exactly true1 the top and bottom rolls  
being of metal and heavier than the     
others2 a stack of supercalenders is    
necessarily composed of an odd number of
 rolls1 as seven1 nine1 or eleven4 ,the 
paper passes and repasses through these 
calenders until the requisite degree of 
smoothness and polish has been acquired4
 ,electricity in paper ,the friction in 
this machine produces so much           
electricity that ground wires are often 
used to carry it off1 in order that the 
paper may not become so highly charged  
as to attract dust or cause the sheets  
to cling together4 ,when the fine polish
 has been imparted1 the rolls of paper  

go to the cutting machines1 which are   
automatic in action1 cutting regular    
sheets of the required length as the    
paper is fed to them in a continuous    
web4 ,in the manufacture of some high   
grades of paper1 such as linens and     
bonds1 where an especially fine1 smooth 
surface is required1 the sheets after   
being cut are arranged in piles of from 
twelve to fifteen sheets1 plates of zinc
 are inserted alternately between them1 
and they are subjected to powerful      
hydraulic pressure4 ,plating ,this      
process is termed 8plating10 and is1 of 
course1 very much more expensive than   
the process of supercalendering         
described above4  ,sorting  ,from the   
cutters1 the sheets are carried to the  
inspectors1 who are seated in a row     
along an extended board table1 before   
two divisions with partitions ten or    
twelve inches high1 affording spaces for
 the sheets before and after sorting4   
,the work of inspection is performed by 
women1 who detect almost instantly any  

blemish or imperfection in the finished 
product as it passes through their      
hands4 ,if the paper is to be ruled for 
writing purposes1 it is then taken to   
the ruling machines1 where it is passed 
under revolving disks or pens1 set at   
regular intervals4 ,these convey the    
ruling ink to the paper as it passes on 
through the machine1 and thus form true 
and continuous lines4 ,ruling and       
folding ,if the paper is to be folded   
after ruling1 as in the case of fine    
note-papers1 the sheets pass on from the
 ruling machine to the folding machines1
 which are entirely automatic in their  
action4 ,the paper is stacked at the    
back of the first folding guide1 and is 
fed in by the action of small rubber    
rollers1 which loosen each sheet from   
the one beneath1 and push it forward    
until it is caught by the folding       
apparatus4 ,man's mechanical ingenuity  
has given to the machines of his        
invention something that seems almost   
like human intelligence1 and in the case

 of the folding machine1 the action is  
so regular and perfect that there seems 
to be no need of an attendant1 save to  
furnish a constant supply of sheets4    
,the folding completed1 cutting machines
 are again brought into requisition1 to 
cut and trim the sheets to the size of  
folded note or letter paper1 which is   
the final operation before they are sent
 out into the world on their mission of 
usefulness4 ,the finished paper may or  
may not have passed through the ruling  
and folding process1 but in either case 
it goes from the cutters to the wrappers
 and packers1 and then to the           
shipping-clerks1 all of whom perform the
 duties indicated by their names4 ,the  
wonderful transformation wrought by the 
magic wand of science and human         
invention is complete1 and what came    
into the factory as great bales of      
offensive rags1 disgusting to sight and 
smell1 goes forth as delicate1          
beautiful1 perfected paper1 redeemed    
from filth1 and glorified into a high   

and noble use4 ,beauty of perfected     
paper ,purity and beauty have come from 
what was foul and unwholesome2 the      
highly useful has been summoned forth   
from the seemingly useless2 a product   
that is one of the essential factors in 
the world's progress1 and that promises 
to serve an ever-increasing purpose1 has
 been developed from a material that    
apparently held not the slightest       
promise4 ,well might the 8,boston ,news 
,letter0 of #agfi exclaim in quaint old 
rhyme3     8,rags are as beauties which 
concealed lie1     ,but when in paper1  
charming to the eye6     ,pray save your
 rags1 new beauties to discover1        
,for of paper truly every one's a lover2
     ,by the pen and press such         
knowledge is displayed     ,as would not
 exist if paper was not made40  ,and    
well may man pride himself on this      
achievement1 this marvelous             
transformation1 which represents the    
fruitage of centuries of striving and   
endeavor6  ,illustration3 ,,blowpipes   

,,cooling ,,calender ,,rolls  ,wood pulp
  ,up to this point the reference has   
been almost entirely to paper made from 
rags1 but radical improvements have been
 made1 caused by the introduction of    
wood pulp1 and these are of such        
importance that the account would not be
 complete without some mention of them4 
,these changes are mainly in the methods
 of manipulating the wood to obtain the 
pulp1 for when that is ready1 the       
process1 from and including the         
8washers0 and 8beaters10 is very similar
 to that already described4 ,all papers1
 whether made from rags or wood1 depend 
upon vegetable fiber for their substance
 and fundamental base1 and it is found  
that the different fibers used in       
paper-making1 when finally subdued1 do  
not differ1 in fact1 whether obtained   
from rags or from the tree growing in   
the forest4 ,in the latter case the raw 
wood is subjected to chemical treatment 
which destroys all resinous and foreign 
matters1 leaving merely the cellular    

tissue1 which1 it is found1 does not    
differ in substance from the cell tissue
 obtained after treating rags4 ,in      
either case1 this cellular tissue1      
through the treatment to which the raw  
material is subjected1 becomes perfectly
 plastic or moldable1 and while the     
paper made from one differs slightly in 
certain characteristics from the paper  
made from the other1 they are           
nevertheless very similar1 and it might 
be safe to predict that further         
perfecting of processes will eventually 
make them practically alike4            
,mechanical wood  ,the woods used for   
this purpose are principally poplar and 
spruce1 and there are three classes of  
the wood pulp3 7#a7 mechanical wood1    
7#b7 soda process wood1 and 7#c7        
sulphite wood pulp4 ,the first method   
was invented in ,germany in #ahdd4 ,the 
logs are hewn in the forest1 roughly    
barked1 and shipped to the factory1     
where the first operation is to cut them
 up by steam saws into blocks about two 

feet in length4 ,any bark that may still
 cling to the log is removed by a       
rapidly revolving corrugated wheel of   
steel1 while the larger blocks are split
 by a steam splitter4 ,the next stage of
 their journey takes these blocks to a  
great millstone1 set perpendicularly    
instead of horizontally4 ,here a very   
strong and ingenious machine receives   
one block at a time1 and with an        
automatically elastic pressure holds it 
sidewise against the millstone1 which1  
like the mills of the gods1 8grinds     
exceeding fine10 and with the aid of    
constantly flowing water rapidly reduces
 these blocks to a pulpy form4 ,this    
pulp is carried into tanks1 from which  
it is passed between rollers1 which     
leave it in thick1 damp sheets1 which   
are folded up evenly for shipment1 or   
for storage for future use4 ,if a       
paper-mill is operated in connection    
with the pulp-mill1 the wood pulp is not
 necessarily rolled out in sheets1 but  
is pumped directly from the tanks to the

 beaters4  ,in the preparation of pulp  
by the other processes1 the blocks are  
first thrown into a chipping machine    
with great wheels1 whose short1 slanting
 knives quickly cut the blocks into     
small chips4  ,the soda process  ,in the
 soda process1 invented by ,m4 ,meliner 
in ,france in #ahfe1 the chips from     
spruce and poplar logs are boiled under 
pressure in a strong solution of caustic
 soda4  ,the sulphite process  ,when    
sulphite wood pulp is to be prepared1   
the chips are conveyed from the chipper 
into hoppers in the upper part of the   
building4 ,here they are thrown into    
great upright iron boilers or digesters 
charged with lime-water and fed with the
 fumes of sulphur1 which is burned for  
the purpose in a furnace adjoining the  
building1 and which thus forms acid     
sulphide of lime4 ,the sulphite process 
was originally invented by a celebrated 
,philadelphia chemist1 but was perfected
 in ,europe4  ,the 8cooking10 or        
boiling1 to which the wood is subjected 

in both the soda and sulphite processes1
 effects a complete separation of all   
resinous and foreign substances from the
 fine and true cell tissue1 or          
cellulose1 which is left a pure fiber1  
ready for use as described4 ,in the case
 of all fibers1 whether rag or wood1    
painstaking work counts1 and the        
excellence of the paper is largely      
dependent upon the time and care given  
to the reduction of the pulp from the   
original raw material4  ,components of  
print-paper  ,chemical wood pulp of the 
best quality makes an excellent product1
 and is largely used for both print and 
book paper2 it is frequently mixed with 
rag pulp1 making a paper that can       
scarcely be distinguished from that made
 entirely from fine rags1 though it is  
not of the proper firmness for the best 
flat or writing papers4 ,all ordinary   
newspapers1 as well as some of the      
cheaper grades of book and wrapping     
paper1 are made entirely from wood1 the 
sulphite or soda process supplying the  

fiber and ground wood being used as a   
filler4 ,in the average newspaper of    
to-day's issue1 twenty-five per cent of 
sulphite fiber is sufficient to carry   
seventy-five per cent of the ground wood
 filler4 ,the value of the idea is an   
economical one entirely1 as the ground  
wood employed costs less than any other 
of the component parts of a print-paper 
sheet4  ,the cylinder machine1 to which 
reference was made earlier in the       
chapter1 was patented in #ahji by a     
prominent paper-maker of ,england1 ,mr4 
,john ,dickinson4 ,in this machine1 a   
cylinder covered with wire cloth        
revolves with its lower portion dipping 
into a vat of pulp1 while by suction a  
partial vacuum is maintained in the     
cylinder1 causing the pulp to cling to  
the wire until it is conveyed to a      
covered cylinder1 which takes it up and 
carries it forward in a manner similar  
to the system already described4 ,this  
machine is employed in making strawboard
 and other heavy and cheap grades of    

paper4  ,esparto  ,generous ,mother     
,nature1 who supplies man's wants in    
such bountiful fashion1 has furnished on
 her plains and in her forests an       
abundance of material that may be       
transformed into this fine product of   
human ingenuity4 ,esparto1 a ,spanish   
grass grown in ,south ,africa1 has      
entered largely into the making of      
print-paper in ,england4 ,mixed with    
rags it makes an excellent product1 but 
the chemicals required to free it from  
resin and gritty silica are expensive1  
while the cost of importation has       
rendered its use in ,america            
impractical4 ,flax1 hemp1 manila1 jute  
and straw1 and of course old paper that 
has been once used1 are extensively     
employed in this manufacture1 the       
process beginning with the chemical     
treatment and boiling that are found    
necessary in the manipulation of rags4  
,the successful use of these materials  
has met demands that would not otherwise
 have been supplied4 ,as a result1 the  

price has been so cheapened that the    
demand for paper has greatly increased1 
and its use has been extended to many   
and various purposes1 which are         
mentioned in the following chapter1 in  
an enumeration of the various kinds of  
paper4  ,many additional items of       
interest might be described in          
connection with the methods of          
manufacturing paper1 but as this work is
 intended for the general reader1 rather
 than for the manufacturer1 those       
wishing further information are referred
 to technical works on the subject4     
,government bank-note paper  ,the best  
linen rags are used for the highest     
grades of writing and bond papers1 while
 ordinary note1 letter1 and flat papers 
are made from cotton rags4 ,in some     
mills1 such as the government mill at   
,dalton1 ,massachusetts1 where          
government paper is made for bank-notes1
 and in others where the finest ledger  
papers are manufactured1 none but new1  
clean linen rags are used4 ,these come  

from the remnants left in the making of 
linen goods4 ,in the government mill    
where is made the paper for our national
 currency1 or 8greenbacks10 there is a  
special attachment on the machine for   
introducing into the paper the silk     
threads that are always to be seen in   
our paper money4 ,this attachment is    
just above the 8wire0 on the machine1   
and consists of a little conducting     
trough1 through which flows1 from a     
receptacle near the machine1 a stream of
 water holding the silk threads in      
solution4 ,the trough extends across the
 machine1 and is provided at intervals  
with openings1 through which the short  
pieces of silk thread are automatically 
released1 and sprinkled continuously    
onto the web of pulp as it passes       
beneath4 ,to prevent counterfeiting ,the
 paper is thus distinguished1 and       
infringement and possible counterfeiting
 are made extremely difficult by the    
fact that the government absolutely     
forbids the making of paper by others   

under a similar process1 as well as the 
production of any paper containing these
 silk threads4 ,the laws of the ,united 
,states pertaining to anything that     
borders on infringement of our various  
money issues1 both metal and currency1  
are most rigid2 anything approaching a  
similarity of impression is prohibited1 
and a cut1 stamp1 or impression of any  
character that approaches in its        
appearance any money issue of our       
government is considered a violation of 
the law against counterfeiting1 and is  
dealt with severely4 ,the government    
takes the same uncompromising position  
in regard to the fabrics used in        
printing its paper-money issues1 and it 
will be quickly seen that the silk      
thread process above described is so    
great a variation from anything required
 in the mercantile world that it would  
be difficult to produce a paper at all  
similar without an ulterior purpose     
being at once apparent4 ,for this       
reason1 the silk thread interspersion is

 in reality a very effective medium in  
preventing counterfeiting1 not only on  
account of its peculiar appearance1 but 
also because of the elaborate methods   
necessary in its production4  ,in those 
mills making the finest grades of paper1
 much of the process of thrashing1      
beating1 dusting1 and cleaning necessary
 in the ordinary mill is omitted4 ,the  
cleanliness and brightness which are    
reached only at the 8washer0 and        
8beater0 engines in the process of      
manufacturing the lower grades of paper 
from cheaper rags1 prevail at every step
 in these higher grade mills4  ,pure    
water necessary  ,one of the first      
requisites in making good paper1        
especially the better grades1 is an     
abundance of pure water1 and            
spring-water1 where available1 is       
preferred4  ,the effort has been made in
 the description given to cover the     
process of making paper from the crudest
 rags4 ,in enumerating the several kinds
 of paper1 in another chapter1 brief    

reference will be made to the varying   
methods required in their manufacture4  
,in this chapter1 no attempt has been   
made to cover more than the principal   
divisions or varieties of               
paper--writing1 print1 and wrapping     
papers4  ,the center of the industry    
,the ,united ,states1 with              
characteristic enterprise1 leads the    
world in paper-making1 supplying about  
one-third of all that is used on the    
globe4 ,the city of ,holyoke1 in        
,massachusetts1 is the greatest paper   
center in the world1 turning out each   
working-day some two hundred tons of    
paper1 nearly one-half of which is      
8tub-sized10 8loft-dried0 writings4 ,the
 region in the vicinity of ,holyoke is  
dotted with paper-mills1 and within a   
few miles of the city is made about     
one-half of all the 8loft-dried0        
writings produced in the ,united        
,states4 ,the tiny acorn planted two    
centuries ago has waxed with the years1 
gaining strength and vigor with the     

increasing strength of the nation1 till 
now it has become a giant oak1 whose    
branches extend to the lands beyond the 
seas4  ,illustration3 ,,slitting ,,and  
,,winding--,,page #gh     ,,chapter ,,vi
  ,,water-,,marks ,,and ,,varieties ,,of
 ,,paper   ,importance of water-marks   
,though the water-mark in a sheet of    
paper may at first thought seem a       
comparatively unimportant detail1 the   
story of water-marks and the part they  
have played in momentous transactions   
would easily furnish material for a     
volume4 ,especially is this true of the 
early water-marks1 with which there is  
connected much interesting history4     
,they have even become important        
witnesses in the courts of justice1     
where their silent but eloquent         
testimony has brought confusion to      
seemingly clever criminals4 ,the proof  
of the time when a water-mark was       
introduced has been the means of fixing 
the crime of forgery1 where the forger1 
in order to reach the end sought through

 the forged document1 dated the same    
back1 and unconsciously used a paper    
bearing a water-mark of a later date4   
,as the early water-marks have suggested
 the names of many varieties of paper1  
the two subjects are fittingly coupled4 
,it is not known exactly how long a     
history the water-mark has2 the first   
evidence of one1 in the form of a ram's 
horn1 is said to have been found in a   
book of accounts in #accj4 ,simple      
designs of common objects1 such as a    
pot1 urn1 or jug1 were popular forms of 
the water-mark in early days4 ,mention  
has already been made of ,henry ,,viii4 
and the curious method he adopted of    
showing his contempt for the ,pope1 by  
having his paper marked with a hog      
wearing a miter4 ,origin of 8fool's cap0
 ,then followed the coat-of-arms of the 
king1 and when ,charles ,i4 was driven  
from the throne and beheaded1 the       
8fool's cap0 and bells was in derision  
substituted for the royal arms1 followed
 later by the figure of ,britannia4     

,changing water-marks in those days     
meant stirring history4 8,pot0 paper had
 a tankard for its water-mark1 and the  
8fool's cap0 gave its name to a larger  
sized paper1 which has borne the name to
 the present day4 8,post0 was the old   
size made for letters1 and bore a       
8post-horn0 as its water-mark1 the name 
being preserved to-day in the ,united   
,states by 8folio-post40 8,crown0 paper1
 as its name suggests1 bore the         
water-mark of a crown4  ,in recent      
years1 water-marks have been used as a  
means of designating the manufacturer1  
rather than for the purpose of          
distinguishing the paper itself4 ,the   
crane1 for instance1 appropriately      
designates the paper made by the        
,cranes1 a family whose name has been   
long and prominently associated with the
 industry in this country4  ,paper in   
the mechanical arts  ,the many and      
divers uses to which the paper product  
can be put have opened up a practically 
unlimited field to the originality and  

genius of the paper manufacturer1 who   
has learned to so manipulate his raw    
materials as to permit of the finished  
product's being substituted for iron1   
lumber1 cloth1 etc41 and in many cases  
it better serves the desired purpose4   
,as has already been stated1 paper1     
considered in reference to its general  
quality and the method of manufacture1  
falls into three main divisions1 viz41  
writing1 print1 and wrapping papers1 but
 these divisions give only an inadequate
 idea of the many varieties4 ,the most  
of these are obtained by the varying    
manipulations of paper already complete 
in one or another of the three forms4   
,the various kinds of boards furnish an 
interesting example of one of the most  
comprehensive classes of paper4 ,bristol
 board1 so named from the place where it
 was first manufactured1 cardboard1     
pressboard1 binder's board1 trunk-board1
 and the like1 all hold very prominent  
positions in this1 one of the most      
important of industries4 ,the heavier of

 these boards are made by combining as  
many sheets of paper as are necessary to
 give the desired thickness1 and then by
 using paste or applying hydraulic      
pressure1 consolidating them4 ,the      
number of sheets used is indicated by   
the word 8ply10 used as a suffix1 as    
two-ply1 three-ply1 four-ply1 and so on4
  ,like other articles of the commercial
 world1 papers take their names from    
varying circumstances1 and there is a   
large class whose designations have been
 derived from the materials or processes
 employed in their manufacture1 as well 
as from the purposes for which they are 
to be used4  ,coated paper  ,coated     
paper1 or paper having an enameled      
surface1 is made by applying a mixture  
of clay and glue to ordinary paper4     
,when referred to in connection with    
coated paper1 this ordinary paper is    
called raw stock or body paper4 ,it is  
manufactured in the regular way1 but is 
made slack-sized and sent to the coating
 factory in web or roll form1 and before

 it has been calendered4 ,the clay used 
is pure kaolin or china clay1 formed by 
the disintegration of feldspathic rock4 
,the clay is largely found near         
,cornwall1 ,england1 and the pure white 
variety1 principally used1 is known as  
leemore clay1 while the finest is called
 blanc fixe4 ,the clay is ground to the 
fineness of fine wheat flour and mixed  
into solution of about the consistency  
of milk4 ,its purpose in the            
paper-coating process is to cover the   
body paper1 giving it an even surface1  
susceptible of a high and glossy finish4
 ,the glue used is of the ordinary sort 
so well known in the regular market4    
,its presence renders the clay solution 
very adhesive when applied to the body  
paper4  ,extreme smoothness required    
,the cost of illustrations having been  
greatly reduced through the perfection  
of photogravure or half-tone processes1 
a large and increasing demand exists for
 a paper of extremely smooth1 firm1 and 
sensitive surface1 suitable for the     

reproduction of the finest half-tone    
cuts2 a paper with such delicate        
fineness and susceptibility that the    
minute lines of a photogravure cut--so  
minute in instances as to be            
indistinguishable to the touch of the   
finger--will be perfectly reproduced    
when printed upon its enameled surface4 
,large factories are devoted entirely to
 the coating process4 ,they do not      
necessarily make their own body paper1  
but frequently purchase it from outside 
sources4 ,at first1 this clay solution  
was carried to and spread upon the      
surface of paper by the use of a fine   
hair brush4 ,this was applied to one    
side or surface of the paper at a time1 
the same process being repeated on the  
opposite side1 if both were to be       
coated4 ,since its earlier introduction1
 the process of surface-coating paper   
has undergone great improvement1 and the
 method to-day in vogue1 while seemingly
 complete and exceedingly rapid1 is yet 
readily understood1 and the machinery   

required is quite simple4 ,this consists
 of3  ,parts of coating machine         
,first--,a vat1 to hold the enameling   
solution4  ,second--,rollers1 to        
regulate its distribution upon the web  
of paper4  ,third--,brushes1 to work out
 small lumpy particles and overcome any 
tendency to unevenness of coating4      
,fourth--,an automatic carrier1 to      
convey the coated web through a         
drying-room2 after which it is          
calendered to the surface wanted and cut
 into sizes required4  ,a roll of body  
paper ready to be enameled is placed    
before the vat which contains the       
coating solution4 ,the end of the       
paper-web is started through the        
solution by being passed under a wooden 
roller hung in the vat--the purpose of  
the roller is to insure an even tension 
and uniform immersion of the web4 ,after
 passing under the roller the paper-web 
leaves the vat1 and is passed between   
two rollers that regulate the thickness 
of the coating and remove all surplus4  

,from the rollers the web passes forward
 through two sets of brushes1 one above 
and one below1 both sets working back   
and forth transversely upon the top and 
bottom of the coated web4 ,distribution 
of coating ,each set of brushes is      
comprised1 first1 of a coarse1 then     
intermediate1 and finally of extremely  
delicate brushes1 made usually of       
camel's hair1 which as they play upon   
the coated surface work out all         
roughness or small lumpy particles1 and 
reduce the coating to uniform fineness4 
,carrier ,upon leaving the brushes1 the 
paper reaches an automatic carrier4     
,this consists of wooden slats conveyed 
at intervals upon two endless chains    
that pass at either side of the machine 
just outside of the coated web1 the     
chains supporting the slats at their    
ends4 ,as the paper reaches the slats it
 falls upon one1 which by an ingenious  
device is carried forward and upward1   
permitting the coated web of damp paper 
to fall in long loops or                

folds--succeeding slats follow upon the 
carrier at regular intervals1 and       
prevent any marring of the damp surface 
by keeping it from foreign contact4 ,the
 slats upon the carrier convey the web  
in this festooned form through a        
drying-room1 kept at a temperature of   
about #adj ,fahrenheit1 thus thoroughly 
drying the coated web4 ,the paper1 dried
 by its passage through the drying-room1
 is rerolled upon reels1 and is then    
finished by being passed rapidly between
 alternate steel and paper rollers1     
after the ordinary method of calendering
 paper4 ,the gloss or finish ,the       
rollers are susceptible to regulation or
 adjustment1 so that almost any degree  
of gloss can be put upon the coated     
surface2 hence1 for the highest finished
 paper the rolls are set slightly closer
 together1 giving greater pressure2 and 
if necessary1 the web can be run through
 a second or third time4 ,after         
calendering1 the paper is cut to sizes  
required1 this being done in the same   

manner all rolled paper is cut into     
sheets1 except that if three or four    
rolls are run through the cutter at     
once--as is frequently the case to      
facilitate rapid cutting--a device is   
used that causes the sheets from each   
roll to fall in separate piles1 so that 
all of the sheets in each pile will be  
from one roll1 insuring uniformity4     
,illustration3 ,,the                    
,,supercalenders--,,page #hb  ,the      
quality and value of coated paper depend
 upon the quality of the body paper1 the
 fineness of the clay and other         
ingredients used in the coating1        
together with the perfection of its     
manufacture4  ,glazing processes        
,glazed paper is one of the most        
interesting and useful forms of coated  
paper4 ,the glazing is done by two      
processes1 known as friction and flint  
glazing4 ,in either process the method  
of coating1 up to and including the     
drying1 is practically the same as that 
followed in the coating of other papers1

 except that wax is mixed with the      
coating to act as a lubricator1 and to  
permit of securing the desired glassy   
finish4  ,in friction-glazing1 the paper
 is passed through a friction calender1 
which consists of a cotton roll and a   
chilled iron roll1 the latter revolving 
at much greater speed than the former1  
the friction generated giving the paper 
a very high polish4  ,in the flint      
process1 the paper is fed into a special
 burnishing machine1 and passes over a  
groove in which operates a flint-stone1 
fitting closely in the groove and       
working back and forth upon and across  
the sheet4 ,as will readily be seen1    
this is a very slow process as well as  
expensive1 although it produces a       
finish1 higher and more lasting1 than   
can be secured by the friction method4  
,paper made by the two processes can be 
distinguished by the lines appearing on 
the flint-paper made by the stone in its
 travels across the sheet4  ,glazed     
papers are used largely in the          

manufacture of boxes and numerous fancy 
articles4  ,lithographic stock          
,lithographic paper is a product        
especially prepared to take impressions 
from stones in lithographing4 ,for      
ordinary use1 common book or print      
papers are employed1 but these are      
usually given extra care and attention  
in the course of their manufacture2 the 
stock is so manipulated as to not only  
secure the desired quality and finish1  
but also to counteract the tendency of  
the paper to stretch1 which if not      
overcome is apt to destroy the register 
and injuriously affect the quality of   
the work4 ,the better grades of         
lithographing-paper are made by applying
 a clay coating especially prepared to  
bring about the desired results4        
,asbestos-paper is made by combining    
paper pulp and the mineral amianthus4   
,its fireproof and non-conducting       
qualities make it a staple commodity for
 many purposes1 such as drop-curtains   
for theaters1 insulation of electric    

wires1 packing of steam-pipes1 etc4     
,tar-paper is a coarse1 thick paper     
soaked with a tar product1 and used for 
covering roofs and lining walls1 to     
secure warmth and dryness4  ,paper      
coated with the white of eggs is known  
as albumen-paper1 and is employed as a  
vehicle for silver prints in            
photography4  ,photographic  ,paper     
which has been so chemically treated    
that the color of its surface may be    
altered by the action of light is known 
as sensitized paper4 ,under this general
 designation are included numerous      
papers differing from each other in the 
details of manufacture1 though the name 
is most commonly applied to paper that  
has been floated in a bath of nitrate of
 silver1 or coated with an emulsion of  
silver-nitrate of chloride4 ,for        
blue-prints ,one of the most common of  
papers included under the general term  
is that known in general trade as       
blue-process paper1 which is prepared by
 floating white paper in a solution of  

potassium ferrocyanide4 ,it is used for 
copying plans and maps1 as well as for  
printing photographic negatives4 ,after 
exposure to the light for the proper    
length of time1 under the subject to be 
reproduced1 the print is finished by    
immersion in several changes of clean   
water4 ,very similar to the blue-process
 paper is the blue or ferro-prussiate   
paper1 which is sensitized or made      
sensitive by being treated with a       
solution in water of red prussiate of   
potash and peroxide of iron4 ,this may  
be applied as a coating to the surface  
of the paper1 or the latter may be      
floated upon the solution4 ,when exposed
 to light under a drawing1 those parts  
of the sheet to which the light has     
access through the transparent portions 
of the drawing are more or less         
affected1 according to the greater or   
less transparency1 as well as to the    
length of the exposure4 ,when this      
printing has proceeded as far as        
desired1 the sheet is washed in clear   

water1 and those parts that have been   
protected from the light1 become white1 
while those exposed to the light and    
affected by it take on1 when dry1 a     
permanent blue4  ,other sensitized      
papers  ,another variety of what may    
properly be termed sensitized paper is  
the arrowroot-paper used in photography 
for positive prints4 ,it is plain or    
non-glossy1 and is coated with a weak   
solution of arrowroot in water1 with    
sodium1 chloride1 and a trace of citric 
acid4 ,photographic paper1 as such1     
includes a great variety of these       
sensitized papers1 employed in various  
processes of the art2 albumenized1      
salted1 coated with emulsion1 or        
otherwise treated4 ,one of these1 known 
as ,pizzighelli paper1 a sensitized     
platinum-paper1 gives a neat surface1   
and soft1 clear1 gray tones1 which are  
most artistic and pleasing for many     
subjects4  ,carbon or transfer  ,other  
papers are so treated chemically as to  
produce certain effects under the       

application of pressure1 instead of by  
the action of light4 ,such is the       
transfer-paper used for transferring a  
design mechanically1 which is prepared  
by coating the sheet with adhesive      
pigments of lampblack1 vermilion1       
indigo1 or other chemical4 ,the         
carbon-paper universally used in        
typewriting when more than one copy of a
 letter or paper is desired1 is paper   
faced with carbon or lampblack4         
,alternate sheets of writing and carbon 
paper1 placed one above the other1 are  
put into the typewriter1 and the        
impression of the letter on the surface 
of one sheet serves to print three or   
four sheets underneath4  ,manifold      
,manifold writing or copying papers are 
made from strong unsized papers adapted 
to receive writing or printing1 and to  
transfer this readily under pressure to 
another sheet which has been dampened4  
,it is the common rule to-day to make   
permanent record of correspondence and  
business transactions by the use of this

 system of impression-copying4 ,the     
manifold paper largely used by railroads
 is very thin1 making possible a large  
number of copies from a single          
impression1 thus effecting a great      
saving of time and labor4  ,stencil     
,stencil-paper is produced by giving to 
a sheet of fibrous paper1 as fine and   
thin as gauze1 a thick1 even coating of 
paraffin1 and from this the stencil may 
be prepared in two different ways4      
,either it may be placed in the         
typewriter1 from which the ink-pad or   
ribbon has been removed1 and the stencil
 cut by allowing the type to strike the 
wax sheet1 or it may be placed upon a   
flat steel plate1 the surface of which  
is cut into multitudinous microscopic   
steel points1 and then written upon by a
 stylus1 a steel pencil made especially 
for the purpose1 which cuts the wax     
without tearing the gauzy body of the   
sheet4 ,copies are produced in the same 
manner as with other stencils1 viz41 by 
placing the blank sheet under the       

stencil and then passing an inked roller
 over the latter4  ,luminous paper is   
prepared by compounding the pulp with   
gelatine and phosphorescent powder4     
,transparent paper  ,transparent papers 
are made by several different methods4  
,the usual one employed is to apply a   
thin coating of a solution of ,canada   
balsam in turpentine1 or a solution of  
castor or linseed oil in absolute       
alcohol1 the alcohol in the latter case 
being permitted to evaporate1 thereby   
rendering the paper transparent4 ,such  
paper is largely used for tracing       
purposes1 and may be restored to its    
original state of opacity1 with the     
tracings left unchanged1 by removing the
 oil with a fresh bath of alcohol4      
,safety  ,safety-paper is a paper so    
treated or coated with chemicals that   
any ink-writing upon its surface cannot 
be erased1 effaced1 or removed without  
leaving indelible marks on the paper4   
,as its name implies1 it is used for    
safety in bank-checks or other          

commercial paper1 to protect against    
alteration4  ,gunpowder-paper is        
prepared by spreading an explosive      
substance on paper1 which is then dried 
and rolled up in the form of a          
cartridge4  ,sand and emery  ,sand and  
emery papers are produced by coating a  
stout paper with glue1 and then         
sprinkling sand or emery-dust upon the  
surface4 ,man's skill has devised for   
this purpose an ingenious machine4 ,this
 first coats the paper with glue from a 
revolving brush1 which plays over the   
surface of melted glue in a steam       
gluing-pot below4 ,having accomplished  
this result1 it softens the glue with a 
spray of steam1 and sifts the sand upon 
the surface1 all surplus sand dropping  
into a box below as the sanded or       
emery-surfaced paper passes over a      
roller4 ,other loose particles are blown
 off by a fan1 while the remaining ones 
are still more firmly fixed by a second 
jet of steam4  ,cork  ,cork-paper1 an   
,american invention1 is made by coating 

one side of a thick1 soft and flexible  
paper with a preparation of glue1       
gelatine1 and molasses1 and covering it 
with finely ground cork lightly rolled  
in4 ,this paper is used for packing     
bottles1 glassware1 etc4  ,slate        
,slate-paper1 which takes its name from 
the fact that it can be cleansed like a 
slate1 is prepared from the regular     
product1 of the required thickness and  
consistency1 by the use of benzine1     
followed by a preparation made of lead1 
zinc oxide1 turpentine1 seed-oil1 copal1
 and sandarach4  ,soft plate-paper is a 
thick unsized paper1 especially adapted 
to receive impressions for fine         
engravings printed from steel and other 
plates4  ,filter  ,filtering-paper1 much
 used by chemists and druggists1 is     
simply unsized open or porous paper4    
,with such paper1 of course1 the process
 of manufacture ceases at the first     
drying or crushing rollers1 all the     
finishing or hardening operations being 
omitted4  ,illustration3 ,,cutting      

,,from ,,the ,,roll--,,page #hb         
,waterproof  ,waterproof papers comprise
 a large and most useful class4 ,it is  
practically only within the past        
twenty-five years that a process has    
been known and employed for rendering a 
paper waterproof by destroying its      
absorptive properties4 ,at the present  
time there are many and various methods 
used in waterproofing1 such as soaking  
the stock in dissolved shellac and      
borax4 ,this method is found especially 
satisfactory in waterproofing heavy     
paper and boards4 ,another process is by
 brushing the surface of the paper with 
boiled oil1 and paper thus prepared was 
formerly used largely in lieu of        
bladders and gut-skins for wrapping     
butter1 covering fruit-jars1 etc41 but  
it has been almost entirely superseded  
by the introduction of parchment-paper1 
of which mention will be made later4    
,paraffin  ,since the invention of the  
process of clay-coating paper1 it has   
been found possible to incorporate in   

the coating solution certain materials  
which render it waterproof4 ,the        
application of wax or paraffin to paper 
to make it waterproof is a common       
method2 and although this product is    
largely used1 the process has never     
reached the state of development        
expected4 ,a great amount of time and   
money has been spent in the endeavor to 
perfect the process1 and at the same    
time cheapen the cost1 but so far with  
only indifferent success1 and the       
experiment has usually proved very      
discouraging and expensive to its       
supporters4  ,in its simplest form1 this
 method consists in dipping the paper in
 a bath of melted paraffin1 the paper   
being at a temperature lower than the   
melting-point of the paraffin1 and      
promptly removing it from the bath1     
whereby the adhering paraffin is        
prevented from entering the paper to any
 considerable extent1 and forms a thin  
coating upon its surface4 ,this paper is
 odorless1 and is used for wrapping     

meats1 fish1 butter1 candies1 etc4      
,vegetable parchment  ,parchment-paper1 
which is almost like the real parchment 
made from the skins of animals1 is      
prepared from unsized rag-paper by      
immersing it for a few seconds in a     
solution of two parts of sulphuric acid1
 or oil of vitriol1 in one part of      
water1 at a temperature of #fj          
,fahrenheit1 then washing it in cold    
water and removing any remaining traces 
of the acid by dipping it in a weak     
solution of ammonia4 ,by this treatment 
it is rendered tough1 translucent1      
glossy1 and almost impervious to water4 
,it is known as vegetable parchment1 and
 is extensively used in wrapping lard1  
butter1 meats1 etc41 and also to        
hermetically seal jars and pots for     
preserving fruit4  ,grass-bleached      
,silver tissue1 or what is known to the 
trade as grass-bleached tissue1 is      
extensively used for wrapping           
silverware4 ,it is specially treated to 
remove all chemicals that would tend to 

corrode or tarnish silver4 ,the best    
qualities of this paper are made in     
,england4  ,metallic paper is paper     
washed with a solution of whiting1 lime1
 and zinc4 ,characters written on this  
paper with a pewter pencil are almost   
indelible4  ,litmus  ,test or litmus    
papers are used in laboratories and     
factories for indicating the presence of
 acids or alkalies and various liquids4 
,it is prepared by treatment with a     
peculiar coloring matter that gives its 
name to the paper4 ,it is of a blue or  
yellow tint1 according to the chemical  
employed in its preparation1 and changes
 color under the influence of different 
chemical agents4 ,the blue litmus paper1
 for instance1 when thrust into an acid 
solution becomes red1 but may be        
restored to its normal color by being   
subjected to the action of an alkali4   
,the enumeration already given by no    
means exhausts the uses of the wonderful
 product evolved and perfected by       
centuries of study and toil4 ,widespread

 as is its use in the various           
departments of chemistry1 and in all the
 graphic arts1 it fills an equally wide 
field of usefulness in the mechanic     
arts1 where it has become a staple4     
,paper car-wheels  ,one of its most     
curious uses in this field is in the    
manufacture of car-wheels4 ,the material
 is calendered rye-straw board1 or thick
 paper1 and the credit of the invention 
belongs to ,richard ,n4 ,allen1 a       
locomotive engineer4 ,the paper is sent 
to the car-wheel shops in circular      
sheets measuring from twenty-two to     
forty inches in diameter1 and over each 
of these is spread an even coating of   
flour paste4 ,the sheets are then placed
 one above the other until a dozen are  
pasted together1 when all are subjected 
to a hydraulic pressure of five hundred 
tons or more4 ,after two hours'         
pressure1 these twelve-sheet blocks of  
paper are kept for a whole week in a    
drying-room heated to a temperature of  
#abj ,fahrenheit1 after which a number  

are pasted together1 pressed1 and dried 
for a second week2 a third combining of 
layers is then made1 followed by a      
month's drying1 until there is obtained 
a solid block1 containing from one      
hundred and twenty to one hundred and   
sixty thicknesses or sheets of the      
original paper4 ,the thickness is only  
from four and one-half to five and      
one-half inches1 and in weight1 density1
 and solidity the block resembles more  
the finest grained1 heaviest metal than 
it does the original paper product4 ,it 
may be called car-wheel paper4 ,to      
complete the wheel1 there are required a
 steel tire1 a cast-iron hub1           
wrought-iron plates to protect the paper
 on either side1 and two circles of     
bolts1 one set passing through the      
flange of the tire1 the other through   
the flange of the hub1 and both sets    
through the paper4 ,the paper blocks are
 turned on a lathe1 which also reams out
 the center-hole for the hub2 two coats 
of paint are applied to keep out        

moisture2 the cast-iron hub is pressed  
through by hydraulic pressure2 the other
 parts are forced into place1 and the   
paper center is forced into the steel   
tire by like hydraulic power2 and there1
 a product of human ingenuity1 is a     
paper car-wheel1 which never is injured 
by vibrations1 and is safer and         
longer-lived1 though costing more1 than 
any other car-wheel made4  ,paper lumber
  ,paper lumber is another curious form 
of the staple4 ,it is produced by making
 the ordinary strawboard on a cylinder  
machine1 running it through a vat of    
resin and other waterproofing heated to 
a temperature of #cej ,fahrenheit1 then 
placing together the sheets so resined  
and subjecting them to hydraulic        
pressure4 ,the result is a paper board  
three-sixteenths of an inch thick1 and  
of a dark or blackish color4 ,it can be 
cut with a saw or chisel1 is very hard  
and solid1 and has been marketed in     
slabs thirty-two inches in width by     
twelve feet in length at forty dollars a

 thousand4 ,it is used for the interiors
 of railway-cars and for perforated     
chairs4  ,chamois fiber  ,a product of  
the paper-mill has been used quite      
extensively the last few years for      
clothing4 ,it is called chamois fiber or
 mangled fiber4 ,it is made from a      
long-fibered1 strong sulphite stock1 and
 is passed through a specially          
constructed machine which mangles or    
crushes the fiber1 giving it a soft and 
flexible character1 like chamois4 ,it   
has been used in dress-skirts and for   
under-vests1 and has an added advantage 
over cloth in being practically         
impervious to air4  ,paper boats are    
made of especially prepared paper pulp1 
molded and pressed into shape4  ,paper  
flour-barrels1 water-pails1 and other   
like articles are made by stamping out  
their form from paper pulp or heavy     
cylinder-made paper possessing folding  
properties4  ,papier-mach  ,papier-mach 
is another product of paper almost      
unlimited in its uses4 ,the materials of

 which it is made1 for the commoner     
classes of work1 are old waste and scrap
 paper1 repulped and mixed with a strong
 size of glue and paste4 ,to this are   
often added quantities of ground chalk1 
clay1 and lime4 ,for the finest class of
 work1 a method invented in #aggb by    
,henry ,clay1 of ,birmingham1 ,england1 
is followed4 ,sheets of specially made  
paper are soaked together in a strong   
size of paste and glue1 molded into the 
desired shape and dried in an oven1     
other layers being added1 if necessary1 
to secure the required size and shape4  
,the dried object is hardened by being  
dipped in oil1 and is then trimmed and  
prepared for japanning and              
ornamentation4 ,in delicate relief-work1
 a pulp is prepared of scrap paper1     
which is dried1 then ground to powder   
and mixed with paste and a proportion of
 potash until a very fine1 thin paste is
 formed4 ,papier-mach is an exceedingly 
strong1 tough1 durable substance1       
slightly elastic1 and not liable to warp

 or fracture4 ,the articles for which it
 is used make a long list1 including    
ornamental boxes1 trays1 match-safes1   
dolls' heads1 toys1 anatomical and      
botanical models1 artists' lay-figures1 
picture-frames1 panels1 and other mural 
ornaments4 ,it has also been employed in
 the construction of coaches and for    
door-panels1 while under the name of    
carton pierre1 which is practically the 
same substance1 are molded ornaments for
 walls and ceilings4 ,ordinary roofing  
and carpet felts are similar in         
manufacture4 ,the use of moistened      
papier-mach in electrotyping1 and the   
method followed1 is too well known to   
need description4  ,wall-paper  ,in the 
use of paper for wall-hangings1 the     
artistic and practical come together4   
,from the earliest days when men made   
for themselves permanent abodes1 mural  
decoration of one form or another has   
been known1 and every branch of         
painting1 sculpture1 and decorative art 
has been called into service4 ,it is not

 strange that paper1 with its many      
adaptations and wonderful possibilities1
 should1 when it reached the proper     
stage of development1 find one of its   
principal uses in making beautiful the  
walls of our homes4 ,the eighteenth     
century was well advanced when          
wall-papers came into use in ,europe1   
but it is claimed that they were used   
much earlier by the ,chinese1 who1 with 
characteristic ingenuity1 have made     
clothing1 handkerchiefs1 napkins1 and a 
great variety of other useful articles  
out of paper4 ,the first patterns were  
very crude1 but through the slow        
processes of development and improvement
 a wonderful degree of perfection has   
been attained4 ,beauty and taste in the 
decorative art find their highest       
exponent in the 8repped morocco0 and    
fine colored papers4 ,repped or corded  
papers are those having raised designs1 
which are produced by passing the web   
between rollers on which the ribs or    
other devices have been cut or engraved4

 ,the embossing of morocco and other    
paper of raised design is done in the   
same way4 ,the morocco and leather      
papers are imitations of the old stamped
 leather hangings of earlier days1 which
 were usually made of the skins of goats
 and calves1 cut into rectangular shape4
 ,embossed effects ,these skins were    
stamped and embossed1 having been first 
covered with silver-leaf and varnished  
with a transparent yellow lacquer that  
gave to the silver the appearance of    
gold4 ,the reliefs were painted by hand 
in many bright colors4 ,leather         
wall-papers are treated in a similar    
manner1 and are capable of being brought
 to any desired degree of richness4 ,the
 richer grades of flat-surfaced figured 
wall-papers are printed with wooden     
blocks1 upon which the designs are cut  
in relief1 there being a block for each 
color4 ,these blocks are applied by     
hand1 after having been dipped in an    
elastic cloth sieve charged with tempera
 pigments4 ,care is used to place each  

block on exactly the right place1 thus  
securing perfect register4 ,in many     
cases the figures on the block are      
inlaid with copper1 especially in the   
thin outlines4 ,block printing ,in      
8block0 and gold and silver printing the
 design is first printed in a strong    
size2 the finely cut wool of the        
required color1 called 8flock10 or the  
metallic powder imitating gold or       
silver1 is then sprinkled on by hand all
 over the paper1 and adheres closely to 
the size4 ,where the pattern is to stand
 out in relief1 the process is repeated 
until the desired results are obtained4 
,the cheaper sorts of wall-papers1 as   
well as some that are very rich1 are    
printed by machinery from the web1 on   
rollers or cylinders carrying the       
designs1 under which the paper passes4  
,surface tinting  ,reference has been   
made to the process of coloring paper by
 mixing the colors in the engine1 but   
wall-papers and many others are         
surface-tinted by being run through a   

color-vat4 ,an iridescent or 8rainbow0  
surface is given by treating the paper  
with a wash containing sulphates of iron
 and of indigo1 and then exposing       
quickly to ammoniacal vapors4           
,illustration3 ,,sorting ,,of ,,finished
 ,,sheets--,,page #hc  ,mother-of-pearl 
paper is produced by a somewhat similar 
process4 ,glazed paper is first floated 
on a solution of silver1 lead1 or other 
metal1 then1 when dry1 exposed to the   
vapors of sulphide of hydrogen1 after   
which collodion is poured over the      
surface1 producing rich and fascinating 
color effects4  ,marbled paper  ,marbled
 paper1 used largely in binding1 is     
prepared from a shallow bath of gum     
tragacanth1 or goat's-horn1 upon which  
the workmen sprinkle from a flat brush  
the films of colors needed for the      
desired pattern4 ,when the whole surface
 is covered with bands and splashes of  
color1 the workman takes a huge comb1   
which he draws with a wavy motion the   
length of the tub4 ,the practiced       

marbler will so lay the colors and      
manipulate the comb as to copy any      
desired pattern4 ,the marbling is done  
by deftly laying the smooth white paper 
on the bath for a moment1 and then      
removing it1 when the entire film of    
color comes with the sheet1 so that a   
resprinkling of the bath is necessary4  
,in marbling the edges of the leaves of 
a book1 the body of the book1 without   
the covers1 is so held that the edges   
may be quickly dipped into the bath4 ,in
 this case1 of course1 one covering of  
coloring matter will marble a number of 
volumes4 ,paper is also colored1 as has 
been noted1 by passing the web through a
 coloring-bath4  ,the papers briefly    
described in this chapter have been     
classified largely according to the     
methods of manufacture or chemical      
treatment1 or to the purposes for which 
they were to be used4 ,another basis for
 classification is found in the size4   
,in the ,united ,states1 the usual      
writing papers of commerce are divided1 

according to sizes1 as follows3  ,sizes 
of writing paper    ,commercial note    
#e   #h   ,letter               #h  #aj 
,flat cap            #ad  #ag   ,crown  
cap           #ae  #ai   ,demy          
#af  #ba   ,folio post          #ag  #bb
   ,double cap          #ag  #bh        
,medium              #ah  #bc   ,royal  
#ai  #bd   ,super royal         #bj  #bh
   ,double demy         #ba  #cb        
,double folio        #bb  #cd   ,double 
medium       #bc  #cf   ,imperial       
#bc  #ca   ,elephant            #bc  #bh
   ,double royal        #bd  #ch        
,columbier           #bc  #cd   ,atlas  
#bf  #cc   ,antiquarian         #ca  #ec
     ,,chapter ,,vii  ,,the ,,extent    
,,of ,,the ,,business ,,in ,,the        
,,united ,,states   ,the century just   
past has witnessed a marvelous growth in
 the paper industry4 ,as a seedling oak1
 first struggling for root-hold and then
 pushing its way steadily upward through
 difficulties and obstructions1 it has  
assumed giant proportions1 being now    

firmly established beyond any           
possibility of disturbance1 and sending 
its branches in every direction4 ,many  
causes have contributed to this         
wonderful development4  ,publications of
 #aggf compared with #aijj  ,in no      
country of the world are books and      
newspapers read so extensively as in the
 ,united ,states1 whose people must be  
thoroughly cosmopolitan if1 as has been 
said1 8every man who reads the newspaper
 is a citizen of the world40 ,in #aggf1 
the natal year of our independence1     
there were in all the colonies          
thirty-seven publications1 whose total  
yearly output did not exceed as many    
thousands2 in #aijj1 according to       
tabulated statistics1 the thirty-seven  
had increased to twenty thousand eight  
hundred and six regular daily1 weekly1  
and monthly publications1 and their     
aggregate output is counted not by      
thousands1 nor even millions1 but by    
billions4 ,this too has no reference    
whatever to the myriad of publications  

which1 while appearing intermittently1  
are not issued at stated periods2 it    
refers only to regular periodicals1     
including our daily papers4 ,illinois'  
rank in number of publications ,in an   
analysis of these interesting statistics
 we of ,illinois find occasion for great
 gratification1 as it develops that in  
the number of her publications ,illinois
 outstrips all of her sister states     
except ,new ,york1 ranking a close      
second in the grand total1 and even     
taking first place in the number of her 
weekly issues4 ,the following table     
shows the exact figures and their       
divisions of the four leading states3   
,daily4 ,weekly4 ,monthly4 ,quarterly4  
,total4    ,new ,york      #ahf    #ajhf
    #eib        #df      #aiaj          
,illinois      #ahj    #aaji    #cje    
#ah      #afab   ,pennsylvania  #aif    
#ijj    #bba        #ab      #acbi      
,ohio          #aga     #ghe    #ahj    
#ab      #aadh  ,an increase of such    
phenomenal proportions as indicated by  

these figures makes tremendous demands  
upon allied and tributary industries1   
but the increase in the production of   
paper of the variety required has been  
sufficient to meet these demands4 ,these
 conditions1 however1 affect only one   
branch of the industry4 ,the increase in
 the publication of books1 together with
 the multiplicity of commercial and     
industrial uses to which paper may be   
put1 as briefly outlined in the         
preceding chapter1 explain an expansion 
that would otherwise be inexplicable4   
,another cause to be taken into account1
 a third factor in the wonderful growth 
of the century1 is the export trade4    
,president ,hugh ,j4 ,chisholm1 in his  
annual report to the ,american ,paper   
and ,pulp ,association in ,new ,york    
,city1 ,february #ae1 #ahii1 made the   
following statement3  ,export statistics
      8,the past year has been one of   
marvelous expansion in the     export   
trade of this country4 ,our industry has
 shared in this     increase of foreign 

trade1 but not to the extent that it    
ought4     ,our own markets being the   
best in the world1 manufacturers in     
past years have naturally confined their
 efforts practically to     them1 but we
 have reached such proportions in our   
ability to     manufacture all kinds of 
paper that it seems as though there     
was never a more opportune time to      
explore and make conquest of     the    
foreign paper market4 ,the amount of    
paper exported during     the eleven    
months ending with ,november1 #ahig1 was
 #d1jad1hdb1     and for the eleven     
months ending ,november1 #ahih1         
#e1adc1jee1     showing an increase of  
#a1abh1bac40  ,during the past two years
 there has been even a greater          
proportionate increase4 ,considering the
 fact that ten years ago the exportation
 of paper was practically unknown1 it   
will be quickly seen that we are fast   
forging to the front and taking the     
position in foreign fields which1 as the
 leading paper manufacturing country of 

the world1 we now fully merit4 ,our     
products are generally at a premium in  
foreign markets1 and ,american genius1  
enterprise1 and versatility are         
everywhere recognized4 ,this export     
trade also acts as a safety-valve       
against overproduction1 and by thus     
preserving equality between supply and  
demand lends stability and confidence to
 the industry4  ,number of mills in     
operation in ,united ,states  ,there are
 to-day in the ,united ,states #gfb     
different concerns owning and now       
operating one thousand and seventy paper
 and pulp mills2 these are distributed  
through thirty-five different states4   
,of these1 ,new ,york shows the greatest
 output1 the capacity of her mills being
 #g1hed1jjj pounds daily1 or nearly     
one-quarter the total daily output of   
the ,united ,states4 ,next to the       
,empire ,state comes ,maine1 with a     
daily capacity of #c1gbc1jjj pounds1    
while ,wisconsin and ,massachusetts take
 third and fourth rank1 their mills     

producing1 respectively1 #b1fgd1jjj and 
#b1aie1jjj pounds daily4 ,massachusetts 
upholds her literary reputation by      
ranking first in the production of both 
writing and book papers4 ,in the        
production of wood-pulp paper ,new ,york
 easily outstrips all competitors1 her  
output being nearly double that of any  
other state1 while ,maine stands second 
and ,wisconsin third4 ,the total daily  
capacity 7not production7 of the paper  
and pulp mills of the ,united ,states is
 estimated at #bh1ajj1jjj pounds1       
divided according to varieties as       
follows3  ,division of product          
,writing                                
#a1jgd1jjj   ,book                      
#b1fej1jjj   ,news                      
#d1hef1jjj   ,wrapping                  
#c1fag1jjj   ,boards                    
#c1bcj1jjj   ,miscellaneous1 including  
varieties     too numerous to mention   
#a1gjg1jjj   ,ground wood and chemical  
wood pulp  #aj1iff1jjj  ,the process of 
paper-making is continuous1 owing to the

 great expense involved in wiping or    
cleaning the machinery1 an operation    
necessary to prevent the pulp from      
drying to or rusting the many parts     
through which it passes from the time of
 its entrance into the washer and beater
 until it comes forth as a finished and 
perfect product4 ,allowing three hundred
 working-days a year to each mill1 the  
total annual output possible would be   
#d1bae1jjj tons1 which1 allowing thirty 
thousand pounds to a car1 would make    
#bha1jjj carloads4 ,according to        
statistics gathered by the ,united      
,states ,commissioner of ,labor for the 
first six months of #ahih1 the seven    
hundred and twenty-three plants1 many of
 them having two or three separate      
mills1 actually produced #a1gcc1jai tons
 of paper and pulp4 ,this would make    
#c1dff1jch tons for the entire year1    
although the mills were not run to their
 full capacity1 by any means4 ,the six  
months from ,october #a1 #ahii1 to      
,march #ca1 #aijj1 mark probably the    

greatest activity the paper trade ever  
experienced4 ,the mills were taxed to   
their utmost to supply demands which    
were fierce and exacting4 ,the          
difference between the actual production
 as estimated for the year #ahih and the
 present estimated capacity of the mills
 is #gej1jjj tons2 and as the increased 
demand has taken up a large proportion  
of this1 it is safe to assume that not  
for many years have the mills run so    
nearly to their full capacity as during 
the two just past4 ,estimated value of  
total output for #aijj ,estimating an   
average price on all the different      
classes of paper1 not including pulp1   
the total value of the output for #aijj 
would amount to about #aej1jjj1jjj4     
,illustration3 ,,the ,,hydraulic ,,press
  ,paper ranks third among staple       
commodities  ,statistics bring out the  
interesting fact that over one-quarter  
of the paper output is roll and sheet   
news paper4 ,if an average value of #b  
cents per pound at the mills be allowed 

for this1 it is evident that the users  
of news paper pay out some thirty-two   
million dollars every year for this     
important product4 ,notwithstanding the 
fact that this paper is sold for        
one-sixth of the current price of       
twenty-five years ago1 it is yet greatly
 improved in quality4 ,as a staple in   
this country1 paper has come to rank    
third in importance in the list of man's
 wants4 ,the products of mother earth   
hold first place1 including foodstuffs1 
raiment1 etc42 and the second place must
 be given to iron and steel1 the bulwark
 of our commercial life4 ,paper follows 
next1 as the keystone of our            
intellectual life1 and promises in the  
years to come to play even a more       
important part in the upbuilding of our 
modern advancement and business4 ,the   
conditions of civilization are such that
 intelligent reading is one of the      
essentials in individual progress4      
,affording as it does food for the mind1
 and opening up the way to profitable   

employment through which the bodily     
wants are supplied1 reading might almost
 be classed as next in importance to the
 food that nourishes and gives strength 
to the body4 ,on account of its large   
production of the higher grades of      
writing1 book1 and ledger papers1       
,massachusetts leads in the value of the
 output2 if our estimates are correct1  
the value of the paper of all varieties 
manufactured in the state was about     
#be1jjj1jjj for the year #aijj1 or      
one-sixth of the entire estimated       
product4 ,new ,york follows with an     
almost equal amount in the value of the 
product1 while ,maine1 ,wisconsin1 and  
,pennsylvania will show about           
#aj1jjj1jjj each1 the five states thus  
making1 in value1 over one-half of the  
paper manufactured in the country4 ,in  
considering these figures it must be    
taken into account that by increasing   
the width of the webs and the rate of   
speed at which the paper passes over the
 machine1 the possible output has in    

many plants been more than quadrupled   
during the past ten years1 which in part
 explains the doubling of the value of  
the output since #ahij1 during which    
year1 according to the government       
census1 the output amounted in value to 
#gd1cjh1chh4  ,number of mills and their
 value  ,the number of paper-making     
establishments is placed at #gfb1       
operating #a1jgj mills1 and the value of
 the plants is #ajg1gei1igd2 #eb1cia    
persons find employment in the industry1
 and are paid wages aggregating         
#bc1ege1iej1 while the value of the     
material used reaches #gh1jfg1hhb4      
,average output per plant  ,during the  
decade between #ahhj and #ahij the      
number of paper plants proper had       
decreased from #fib to #efg1 #abe in    
all1 or eighteen per cent4 ,in #ahhj the
 average number of employes to each     
factory was thirty-five1 with an average
 yearly output from each plant of       
#gi1fci4 ,during the ten years that     
followed1 the average number of employes

 in a factory rose to #ec1 and the      
average yearly output from each plant to
 #aca1jef4 ,with a decrease of #abe     
mills during that period1 there must    
have been an increase of #e1hca employes
 and of #ai1aih1efd in the value of the 
output4  ,while the stately array of    
figures already marshaled is an         
impressive reminder of the wonderful    
development of the paper industry1 which
 we accept unthinkingly as one of the   
benefits of a marvelous century1 mere   
numerals can never tell the whole story4
 ,they must be forever silent as to the 
aims and purposes1 the patient efforts1 
the determination and perseverance1 the 
alternation of defeat and triumph which 
are embodied in the perfected product of
 to-day4 ,it is not for them to         
chronicle the crude beginnings of the   
industry in the days of the dim and     
far-away past1 nor to trace the slow    
steps by which it has advanced to its   
present commanding position4 ,as our    
earlier chapters recount1 its most      

marvelous strides forward have occurred 
during the hundred years just past4     
,paper aids other industries  ,the      
century that has marked such material   
progress in the production of paper has 
been pre-eminently one of vast          
intellectual and industrial activity and
 advancement1 and it is a fair statement
 that paper has not only contributed    
largely to the general progression that 
has taken place1 but through it as a    
medium standards have been reached that 
must have remained unknown were it not  
for its efficient service4 ,through     
man's inventive genius the utility of   
this valuable product has been increased
 a hundred-fold1 and its wider use has  
been the means of broadening and        
extending other manufactories4 ,it has  
aided invention1 and is the medium      
through which new discoveries1 theories1
 and conclusions have been proclaimed4  
,it is the handmaid of literature and   
music1 and through its fostering agency 
the highest culture is to-day placed    

within the possible reach of the masses4
 ,formerly1 any considerable degree of  
learning was confined to the favored    
few--they were the 8wise men0 and the   
8magi02 those who could read even the   
simplest forms of language were the     
decided exception1 and works to be read 
were rare1 and confined to the libraries
 of the great cities4 ,to-day1 through  
the abundance and cheapness of          
publications1 all men may hold close    
communion with the minds of leading     
thinkers past and present1 and the      
melodies of the great masters are       
brought within the hearing of all4      
,paper's service to the fine arts ,in   
art it has served as noble a purpose as 
in literature and music4 ,the fineness  
and delicacy of surface1 attained       
through modern processes1 make possible 
the half-tone and other fac-simile      
reproductions1 which cultivate an       
appreciation of the beautiful and carry 
into even the humblest of homes the     
refining influences of great works of   

art2 reproductions used in illustration 
also elucidate and render great         
assistance to the correct interpretation
 of scientific and other publications4  
,but do these material attainments mark1
 in themselves1 man's greatest          
achievements8 ,vast and complete as they
 are1 our answer must be no4 ,each1     
within itself a type of highest thought1
 becomes an integral factor in the      
progression of the race1 the            
perfectability of man1 his nature and   
condition4  ,paper aids great reforms   
,the advanced thinkers of to-day agree  
that the hundred years just ended have  
been especially remarkable from a       
humanitarian standpoint4 ,they have been
 made notable by movements tending      
toward man's elevation1 toward the      
righting of his wrongs1 and the         
alleviation of his sufferings4 ,victor  
,hugo declares3 8,this century is the   
grandest of centuries 444 because it is 
the sweetest4 ,this century 444 freed   
the slave in ,america1 elevated the     

pariahs in ,asia1 extinguished the      
funeral pile in ,india1 and crushed the 
last fire-brands at the martyr's stake  
in ,europe40 ,if we ask how these great 
reforms were wrought1 the answer must   
be1 in part at least1 that their        
accomplishment was the result of public 
sentiment properly educated and         
directed4 ,this were surely impossible  
without paper4 ,by dint of the          
universality of its service to mankind  
the ruling minds of all thinking nations
 are frequently placed upon a common    
plane1 becoming possessed of common     
convictions1 and upon the sudden        
presentation of important international 
problems1 often act with a degree of    
unison that strikingly illustrates how  
much of one mind we are1 how nearly upon
 one plane the thoughts of men are      
moving4 ,as a force both in shaping and 
giving expression to public opinion1 the
 press wields a power that is at once   
unquestioned and invincible4 ,as ,chapin
 says1 the productions of the press 8go 

abroad through the land1 silent as      
snowflakes1 but potent as thunder40     
,power without an agency of expression  
is helpless1 and the paper sheet is the 
medium that makes possible the potency  
of the press4 ,on its white wings it    
bears abroad the inspired words that    
stir men's hearts and prove the heralds 
of 8liberty1 equality1 and fraternity40 
,the power of education  ,when man has  
been set free from his fetters1 whether 
they be the physical ones of iron or the
 no less binding chains of caste and    
custom1 he is helpless until education  
and enlightenment restore to him the    
manhood1 independence1 and self-reliance
 which he has been denied4 ,it is the   
chief glory of this century that mankind
 has been helped to a higher            
intellectual plane and the blessings of 
truth and knowledge have been more      
widely disseminated than ever before4   
8,the statesman is no longer clad in the
 steel of special education1 but every  
reading man is his judge40 ,higher      

education has brought to man a quickened
 sense of the inherent nobility of his  
nature1 and has changed his conceptions 
of the relations that exist between his 
own life and that which pulsates about  
him4 ,to quote again from the great     
,french writer3 8,this century proclaims
 the sovereignty of the citizen and the 
inviolability of life2 it crowns the    
people and consecrates man40 ,and this  
broadened enlightenment1 this deepened  
sense of man's dignity and nobility1    
have in their turn contributed to the   
humanitarian side of life1 making it    
easier to redress wrong and establish   
justice4  ,in all these great movements 
of the century1 paper has been the means
 of transmitting intellectual force2 it 
has been the messenger and herald of    
better things than the world had known4 
,its history has always been closely    
linked with that of man2 it has been the
 pace-maker of his progress1 in the     
realm of mechanics and of economics as  
well as in music1 literature1 and art4  

,they have come up together out of the  
past2 they are associated in noble and  
uplifting work in the present2 together 
they go forward to such broader fields  
of usefulness as the future may         
disclose4     ,transcriber's ,notes     
,punctuation and spelling were made     
consistent when a predominant preference
 was found in this book2 otherwise they 
were not changed4  ,simple typographical
 errors were corrected2 occasional      
unbalanced quotation marks retained4    
,ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines 
were retained2 occurrences of           
inconsistent hyphenation have not been  
changed4  ,both 8watermark0 and         
8water-mark0 occur frequently4  ,text   
uses 8,pittsburg01 not 8,pittsburgh04   
,page #bg3 8,henry ,,vi0 was mis-printed
 as 8,henry ,,vii02 corrected here4