,,! ,,blacksmi? 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,,williamsburg ,an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,life ,times & ( 8 ,craft ,williamsburg ,craft ,s]ies ,,williamsburg ,publi%$ by ,colonial ,williamsburg ,,mcmlxxviii ,! ,blacksmi? 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,illu/ration3 ,decorative capital ,iron seeme? a simple metal1 b 9 its nature are _m my/]ies1 wrote ,joseph ,glanvill1 a sev5te5?-c5tury ,engli% *ur*man4 ,to ! contr>y1 ,h5ry ,wadswor? ,longfell[1 two c5turies lat]1 f\nd no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! work] 9 iron4 ,8 brawny blacksmi? 7long hair & all7 embodi$ e simple virtue3 he ow$ money to no man1 pray$ 9 *ur* on ,sundays1 & e>n$ an hone/ liv+ by ! sweat ( 8 hone/ br[4 ,longfell[ may h realiz$ t he 0 p5n+ a swan song = ! village blacksmi?1 ^: =ge & anvil c\ld n la/ f> into ! factory age4 ,mo/ probably1 h[ev]1 ! poet did n ?9k ( himself z r$uc+ to ! level ( small-t[n banality ! lu/y craftsman ^: precursors =g$ ?und]bolts = ! gods4 ,to primitive peoples1 x seems1 !re has always be5 some?+ sup]natural ab\t ! smi?4 ,he tam$ fire to 8 w4 ,he turn$ ! ores ( e>? into magic & inv9cible weapons1 or into prosaically peaceful tools4 ,he himself became a god3 ,osiris ( ,egypt1 ,hephae/us to ! anci5t ,greeks1 ,vulcan ( ,roman !ology1 ,od9 9 ,norse my?4 ,or he turn$ into a :ole race ( demigods--giant ,cyclops or dw>f ,nibelungs--hav+ my/ical skills 9 metalwork4 ,,seek]s ,,= ,,gold ,,& ,,iron ,d[n ?r\gh all record$ civilizations man has valu$ gold z ! mo/ preci\s ( metals4 ,yet 9 e civilization s9ce man le>n$ to smelt & =ge x1 iron has 9 fact be5 ! metal mo/ valuable to him4 ,! p>adox is m app>5t ?an real4 ,iron is a common metal1 & 7) /eel7 c be put to an almo/ unlimit$ v>iety ( uses--includ+ ! work+ ( o!r metals4 ,its real value to man is utilit>ian1 al?\gh x may be employ$ = decorative & ev5 monet>y purposes4 ,gold1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ( some:at limit$ usefulness1 is comp>atively r>e & is valu$ m = t ?an = its durable beauty4 ,x 01 9 "p1 ! hope ( f9d+ gold--z ! ,spani% _h f\nd x 9 ,mexico & ,p]u--t mov$ ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh to s5d coloniz+ v5tures to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b any res\rce t might br+ weal? to ! g5tlem5 adv5tur]s 9 ,london & to ,engl& itself 0 n to be ov]look$4 ,?omas ,h>iot1 "o ( ^? :o rea*$ ,roanoke ,isl& ) ,raleigh's initial coloni/s 9 #aehe1 report$ t3 ,9 two places ( ! c\ntrey specially1 "o ab\t f\rescore1 ! o!r six score miles f ! =t or place :]e we dwelt1 we f\nd n]e ! wat] side ! gr\nd to be rocky1 :i* by ! triall ( a ,m9]all man 0 f\nd to hold iron ri*ly4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m places ( ! c\ntry els4 ,illu/ration3 ,ar\nd ! edges ( a brass clock face made 9 ,engl& ab\t #agej & n[ 9 ! possession ( ,colonial ,williamsburg1 "s unkn[n engrav] depict$ ironwork+ op]ations4 ,"h1 above ! numb]s #aa & #ab on ! clock face1 op5-pit m9]s are %[n digg+ & haul+ ore4 ,no?+ fur!r is kn[n ( ^! discov]ies1 includ+ _! exact location1 = ! ,roanoke colony did n survive4 ,b ! settlem5t made 9 #afjg at ,jame/[n did endure4 ,s5d+ c>eful in/ructions1 ! sponsor+ ,virg9ia ,company ( ,london direct$ ! adv5tur]s to ,virg9ia to look n only = gold b = iron ore4 ,among ! fir/ gr\p ( settl]s 0 ,george ,read1 a blacksmi?1 to be jo9$ ! foll[+ ye> by ,ri*>d ,dole ( ! same craft1 & ,pet] ,keff]1 gunsmi?4 ,no d\bt "s ( ^! work]s 9 iron--p]haps all ?ree ( !m--_h a h& 9 ! exp]im5tal smelt+ & =g+ ( local bog iron dur+ ,jame/[n's fir/ ye> or two4 ,capta9 ,john ,smi? report$ t ! colony's be/ commoditie 0 ,iron :i* we made into little *issels4 ,ar*aeological excavations at ,jame/[n & at ne>by ,d5bigh ,plantation 9 rec5t ye>s h disclos$ ! sites ( :at appe> to h be5 small furnaces = smelt+ iron ore4 ,at ! same "t1 ! coloni/s 7 %ipp+ ore back to ,engl&1 sev5 tons ( iron be+ smelt$ at ,bri/ol f ,virg9ia ore z e>ly z #afjh4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 ,william ,/ra*ey wrote3 ,sir ,?o3 ,dale ha? m5cion$ 9 8 ,lett]s to ! ,wor?ies8 ( ! ,c\ncell ( a goodly ,iron myne1 & ,capt ,newport ha? br\ght home ( t mettell s suffici5t a tryall1 z !re ha? b5e made #af4 or #ag4 tonne ( ,iron1 s good z ! ,ea/ ,indian ,m>*ants b\ght t ( ! ,virg9ian ,company1 pref]r+ t be=e any o!r ,iron ( :at ,c\ntry soev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a conjectural sket*1 aft] ,sidney ,k+1 ( an e>!n furnace = smelt+ iron4 ,furnaces su* z ?is 7 us$ 9 ,engl& e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & simil> ones may h be5 us$ at ,jame/[n4 ,9 fur!r pursuit ( its det]m9ation to set up an iron indu/ry 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,london ,company adv]tis$ = blacksmi?s1 bell[s mak]s1 edgetool mak]s1 cutl]s1 armor]s1 gunsmi?s1 iron m9]s1 iron ref9]s1 iron f\nd]s1 hamm]m51 millwrights = iron mills1 & colli]s = *>coal mak+4 ,be=e ! ,mayfl[] left old ,plym\? ) its c>go ( religi\s refugees1 m ?an "o hundr$ workm5 hav+ ! requir$ skills _h sail$ to ,virg9ia1 "s ( !m to set up a full-scale ironworks at ,fall+ ,creek1 ab\t sixty miles up ! ,james ,riv] f ,jame/[n4 ,h[ mu* iron 0 actually produc$ at ! ,fall+ ,creek furnace & =ge1 :e!r l>gely pig iron1 s[ iron1 or wr\ght iron1 & :e!r consum$ 9 ! colony1 %ipp$ to ,engl&1 or "s ( bo?1 mu/ rema9 matt]s ( conjecture4 ,a s]ies ( tr\bles plagu$ ! project1 b by #afai ! bla/ furnace1 f9]y1 =ge1 & *af]y 7 report$ to be 9 "s good =w>dnesse1 & a pro(e is s5t ( ,iron made !re4 ,two ye>s lat] a new manag] 0 s5t ov]1 & he promis$ to f9i% ! ,works h pl5tiful provision ( ,iron 444 by next ,ea/]4 ,! =eca/ 0 fateful4 ,ea/] 9 #afbb fell on ,m>* #bd4 ,b on ! morn+ ( ,good ,friday1 ,m>* #bb1 ! ,indians ( ,virg9ia fell on e ,engli% settlem5t along ! ,james ,riv]1 massacr+ m ?an #cej coloni/s1 includ+ #bg at ,fall+ ,creek4 ,! r$sk9s n only slaught]$ ! entire adult complem5t ( ironwork]s1 b de/roy$ ! build+s & suppos$ly heav$ "s ( ! ma*9]y into ! riv] ne>by4 ,! exact details are und]/&ably a little vague1 b ! result 0 conclusive3 ! iron indu/ry 9 ,virg9ia 0 end$ = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,,e>ly ,,ironma/]s ,except = bloom]ies1 :i* c\ld h exi/$ 9 e colony1 ! fir/ successful ironworks 9 ,briti% ,am]ica began production ab\t #afde at ,saugus1 ,massa*usetts4 7,9 a bloom]y op]ation a lump ( iron ore--usually bog iron--is heat$ until x is semimolt51 & !n is hamm]$ on ! anvil until mo/ impurities h be5 =c$ out2 ) mu* labor 9 ?is mann]1 small quantities ( excell5t wr\ght iron c be produc$47 ,! ,saugus works h be5 recon/ruct$ aft] c>eful ar*aeological & hi/orical rese>*2 a sort ( family resemblance is to be presum$ betwe5 !m & ! ironworks built 9 ,virg9ia e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hamm]smi? ironworks on ! ,saugus ,riv] 9 ,massa*usetts z !y are believ$ to h look$ 9 #afej4 ,along ) docum5t>y records1 ext5sive rema9s f\nd bel[ gr\nd at ! site--& "s above--h p]mitt$ a c>eful rebuild+ ( ! entire complex4 ,r$rawn aft] an ar*itectural r5d]+ 9 ! ,saugus ,museum4 ,gov]nor ,alex&] ,spotswood re-laun*$ ! iron indu/ry 9 ,virg9ia ) ! f9ancial back+ ( sev]al g5tlem5 9 ! colony & 9 ,engl&1 & ) ! skill$ labor ( immigrant ironwork]s f ,g]many4 ,by #agah x appe>s t 8 ,tubal works1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rapidan & ,rappahannock riv]s1 7 9 production1 al?\gh he _h n yet receiv$ ! ,london gov]nm5t's p]mission ev5 to />t ! project4 ,f\rte5 ye>s lat] ,spotswood 7by !n out ( (fice7 told ,william ,byrd ,,ii ( ,we/ov] t iron m9es & bla/ furnaces 7 op]at+ at f\r locations 9 ,virg9ia4 ,byrd visit$ & describ$ ^? at ,tubal1 n f> f ,g]manna1 at ,fr$]icksville1 & at ,massaponax 7n[ call$ ,new ,po/7 bel[ ,fr$]icksburg4 ,spotswood _h an int]e/ 9 ! second1 & 0 sole proprietor ( ! fir/ & ?ird1 hav+ b\ght out 8 orig9al back]s4 ,! f\r? 0 at ,accokeek1 ne> ! ,potomac1 on l& belong+ to ,augu/9e ,wa%+ton1 ^: son ,george _h j be5 born4 ,byrd1 :o did n get t f> on 8 #agcb ,progress to ! ,m9es1 nev]!less confid5tly report$ t ,matt]s are v well manag$ !re1 & no exp5se is sp>$ to make !m pr(itable1 :i* is n ! case 9 ! works ,i h already m5tion$4 ,?is judgm5t may h be5 accurate = all we "k1 b x seems unk9d ( ,byrd to ?r[ ! only b\quet to ! "o place he _h n se5 :ile dropp+ brickbats on ! m5 :o _h be5 s hospitable & helpful to him4 ,8 criticism 0 c]ta9ly well f\nd$ 9 "o case4 ,! furnace at ,fr$]icksville 7a place no long] on ! map7 _h be5 idle ! entire summ]4 ,some:at l ! rid] :o 0 lo/ = want ( a horse%oe nail1 "h ! bla/ furnace c\ld n op]ate ev5 ?\gh ore1 lime/one1 *>coal1 wat]p[]1 & skill$ labor 7 all available4 ,! miss+ nail 9 ?is case 0 corn4 ,!re 0 n en\gh to fe$ ! ox5 t haul$ ! c>ts t c>ri$ ! ore f m9e to furnace & ! s[s f furnace to dockside on ! ,rappahannock "s tw5ty-f\r miles away4 ,byrd1 :o _h a notion to become an ironma/] himself1 0 advis$ t a prop] works requir$1 besides an iron deposit ne>by1 a con/ant supply ( wat]p[] to op]ate ! bell[s1 easy access to deep wat] = %ipp+ ! output to ,engl&1 at lea/ two miles squ>e ( woodl& to supply *>coal = a mod]ate furnace1 & #abj slaves to d ! "w1 includ+ "s to gr[ food = bo? m5 & bea/s4 ,two bits ( advice1 :i* he record$ z foll[s1 may h dissuad$ him f tak+ ! plunge3 ,if all ^! circum/ances happily concur1 & y c\ld procure hone/ colli]s & firem51 :i* w be difficult to d4444 ,! f\nd]s f9d x v hot "w to t5d ! furnace1 especially 9 summ]1 & are oblig$ to sp5d no small "p ( _! e>n+s 9 /rong dr9k to recruit _! spirits4 ,spotswood's ,tubal works 7 produc+1 9 #agbc1 ca/iron backs & frames = ,*ymmes *imneys1 ,potts1 doggs1 fry+1 /ew+ & bak+ pans4 ,b ev5 at ! "t ( ,byrd's trip1 ! output ( ! f\r ,virg9ia furnaces consi/$ almo/ entirely ( ca/ iron s[s & pigs t 7 %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,!re 0 n a s+le =ge op]at+ 9 ! :ole ( ,virg9ia1 ,spotswood told ,byrd4 ,j ?ree ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ,gov]nor ,william ,goo* report$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 ,london t "o =ge 0 produc+ b> iron4 ,he seem$ to ?9k ?is 0 en\gh to satisfy ! colony's ne$s = iron = agriculture & ,plant+1 = m5d+ z well z mak+ tools4 ,h[ badly ,goo* misjudg$ ! local dem& = wr\ght iron is evid5t 9 ! rapid increase ( =ges 9 ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,a numb] sprang up ne> ! l[] ,potomac & 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley2 "o1 call$ ,holt's ,=ge1 0 erect$ sometime be=e #agee betwe5 ,williamsburg & ,ri*mond at :at is n[ ,provid5ce ,=ge4 ,its output j be=e ! ,revolution includ$ b> iron & su* plantation supplies z pl[ hoes1 broad hoes1 hill+ hoes1 grubb+ hoes ) /eel edges1 nails1 & axes4 ,legally1 no colonial =ge ) trip hamm]1 roll+ mill to fa%ion wr\ght iron plate1 or slitt+ mill to turn ! plate into b>s c\ld be built aft] ,p>liam5t pass$ ! ,iron ,act ( #agej4 ,b ! law seems to h _h little effect1 & ,virg9ia smi?s call$ = m & m b> iron to make f>m tools & ironwork = wagons1 mills1 & %ips4 ,! dem& 0 s great t mo/ b> iron produc$ 9 ! colonies 0 consum$ by local blacksmi?s4 ,9 #agfd1 = example1 ,colonel ,john ,tayloe1 :o own$ ironworks 9 ,k+ ,george ,c\nty1 f\nd he c\ld sell 8 :ole output locally4 ,rob]t ,c>t]1 ! plant]-entrepr5eur ( ,nom9i ,hall & p>tn] 9 ! ,baltimore iron ,works1 sold l>ge quantities ( b> iron 9 ,williamsburg & to blacksmi?s else:]e 9 ,virg9ia4 ,by #aggj ,william ,hunt]'s works at ,falm\?1 said to be ! l>ge/ 9 ,am]ica at t "t1 7 turn+ "o & "o-half tons ( pig iron into b>s e day4 ,9 #agha ,?omas ,jeff]son1 :o _h a small int]e/ 9 ?ree bla/ furnaces 9 8 home c\nty ( ,alb]m>le & :o lat] own$ a nail mak+ ma*9e & sold its output1 c\nt$ eight ironworks 9 ,virg9ia4 ,he report$ t !y produc$ ab\t #d1djj tons ( pig iron & m ?an #ijj tons ( b> iron annually4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,blacksmi? ,two blacksmi?s & a gunsmi?1 z we h se51 came to ,jame/[n ) ! e>lie/ settl]s1 recruit$ = ! obvi\s reason t _! crafts 7 vital to ! survival ( any settlem5t 9 ! wild]ness4 ,f ! />t1 bo? ! ,london ,company & ! colonial assembly tri$ to p]suade smi?s to migrate1 &1 :5 !y rea*$ ! ,new ,_w1 to practice _! craft4 ,by way ( enc\ragem5t1 ! assembly exempt$ f taxes & levies artisans :o engag$ 9 _! crafts & did n plant tobacco4 ,9 #afeg1 9 ord] to assure smi?s1 tann]s1 & weav]s ample raw mat]ials to "w )1 x =bade ! exportation ( iron1 hides1 & wool4 ,?is latt] law _h a *eck]$ c>e]3 x 0 repeal$ ! next ye>1 re5act$ two ye>s lat]1 repeal$ z a failure aft] elev5 ye>s1 re5act$ once m aft] ano!r elev5 ye>s1 & imm$iately repeal$ by royal ord] z a ?reat to ! trade & comm]ce ( ,engl&4 ,?r\gh x all ! supply ( work+ smi?s rema9$ small 9 ! colony ( ,virg9ia1 & _! *>ges skyrocket$4 ,! c\nty c\rts 7 giv5 regulatory p[]s by reason ( ! unconscionable rates1 t smi?s d exact on ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntrey = _! worke4 ,lat] & = ano!r reason--! runaway inflation t accompani$ ! ,revolution--prices ( _m commodities 7 commonly fix$4 ,= in/ance1 ! price ( b> iron 7a consum] item = smi?s7 0 set by a ,williamsburg t[n meet+ ( ,july #af1 #aggi1 at #hjj %ill+s p] ton & eightp5ce p] p\nd = ! pres5t mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[n 9 ?is illu/ration f ,joseph ,moxon's ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 publi%$ 9 sev]al eighte5?-c5tury editions 9 ,london1 are ! basic pieces ( equipm5t 9 a blacksmi?'s %op--!n & s9ce4 ,actually1 ! bell[s connection %[n is faulty3 ! draft mu/ come up ?r\gh ! fireb$1 n bl[ across ! top ( x4 ,actually ! greate/ ob/acles to ! gr[? 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,virg9ia ( any l>ge manufactory ( iron & /eel articles 7 ! sc>cities ( ca% money &1 ev5 m simply1 ( t[ns4 ,h>twell1 ,blair1 & ,*ilton1 9 _! report to ! ,london ,bo>d ( ,trade1 entitl$ ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 & ! ,college1 describ$ ! situation 9 #afig3 ,= want ( ,t[ns1 ,m>kets1 & ,money1 !re is b little ,enc\ragem5t = ,tradesm5 & ,artific]s1 & !re=e little ,*oice ( !m1 & _! ,lab\r v de> 9 ! ,c\ntry4 ,a ,tradesman hav+ no ,opportunity ( a ,m>ket :]e he c buy ,meat1 ,milk1 ,corn1 & all o!r ?+s1 mu/ ei!r make ,corn1 keep ,c[s1 & raise ,/ocks himself1 or mu/ ride ab\t ! ,c\ntry to buy ,meat & ,corn :]e he c f9d x2 & !n is puzzl$ to f9d ,c>ri]s1 ,drov]s1 ,but*]s1 ,salt+ 7= he c't buy "o ,joynt or two7 & a great _m o!r ,?+s1 :i* !re w\ld be no ,occasion =1 if !re 7 ,t[ns & ,m>kets4 ,!n a great deal ( ! ,tradesman's ,"t be+ necess>ily sp5t 9 go+ & com+ to & f 8 ,"w1 9 disp]s'd ,c\ntry ,plantations1 & 8 ,pay be+ g5]ally 9 /raggl+ ,p>cels ( ,tobacco1 ! ,collection :]e( co/s ab\t #aj p] ,c5t4 & ! be/ ( ?is ,pay com+ b once a ,ye>1 s t he _c turn 8 ,h& frequ5tly ) a small ,/ock1 z ,tradesm5 d 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 all ?is occasions ! ,de>? ( all ,tradesm5's ,lab\r1 & likewise ! ,disc\ragem5t1 ,sc>city1 & ,insuffici5cy ( ,tradesm54 ,:5 ,james ,blair & 8 co-au?ors wrote ( ! difficulties fac$ by artific]s1 ,williamsburg 0 ab\t to be made ! capital ( ! ,virg9ia colony4 ,sev5ty ye>s lat] ,williamsburg 0 enjoy+ ! height ( its gold5 age--b ! soil cont9u$ less ?an f]tile = ! gr[? ( l>ge-scale & urban iron work%ops4 ,gov]nor ,fauqui] report$ to ! bo>d ( ,trade 9 #agff3 ,!re is b "o manufactory ( ! lea/ importance c>ri$ on 9 ?is ,colony1 :i* is1 ! mak+ ( ,iron bo? 9 pigs & b>rs1 :i* receives no publick enc\ragem5t1 & :i* :5 made is *iefly export$ to ,great ,brita94 ,b 444 e g5tleman ( mu* prop]ty 9 l& & negroes h "s ( _! own negroes br$ up 9 ! trade ( blacksmi?s1 & make axes1 hoes1 pl\gh%>es1 & su* k9d ( co>se "w = ! use ( _! plantations4 ,i d n "k t !re is a :ite-smi? or mak] ( cutl]y 9 ! ,colony4 ,fauqui]'s report may be disc\nt$ z a politically motivat$ ef=t to allay ! home gov]nm5t's suspicions t ! coloni/s 7 engag+ too heavily 9 iron manufacture4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 0 a :itesmi? 7t is1 t9smi? or work] 9 :ite metal7 by ! "n ( ,john ,bell 9 ,williamsburg at ! "t ,fauqui] wrote4 ,records ( ! p]iod m5tion cutl]s at "w 9 ,williamsburg & else:]e 9 ! colony4 ,b ! po9t ( p>am\nt significance 9 8 report lies 9 ! und5iable fact t agricultural blacksmi?+--& ,virg9ia 0 an almo/ entirely agricultural colony--took place on ! individual plantations4 ,9 addition to ,negro slaves1 "s ind5tur$ s]vants1 free j\rneym51 & ma/] craftsm5--! latt] occasionally it9]ant--c\ld be f\nd work+ at _! craft on f>ms ?r\gh\t ! colony4 ,rob]t ,c>t]1 memb] ( ! c\ncil & sometime own] ( a l>ge home next to ! ,gov]nor's ,palace 9 ,williamsburg1 _h work]s on 8 plantations1 :ite & black app>5tly1 tra9$ z coop]s1 c>p5t]s1 weav]s1 blacksmi?s1 mill]s1 sailors1 bricklay]s1 %oemak]s1 & 9 o!r skills4 ,he sold iron articles made on 8 ,nom9i ,hall plantation to 8 neighbors = ca% or produce--su* items z hoes1 axes1 pl[s1 & nails4 ,al?\gh ,c>t] 0 by no means typical1 he be+ "o ( ,virg9ia's weal?ie/ & mo/ successful f>m entrepr5eurs1 ! example ( plantation blacksmi?+ c\ld be repeat$ _m times ov]4 ,an in/ance ( ! availability ( ind5tur$ s]vants is f\nd 9 ! #aggc adv]tisem5t ( ,james ,mills 9 ! ,virg9ia ,gazette3 ,j arriv$ ! ,success's ,increase1 ,capta9 ,curtis1 ) ab\t eighty *oice heal?y ,s]vants1 among :om are _m ,tradesm51 viz4 ,%oemak]s1 ,weav]s1 ,c>p5t]s1 ,black & ,:ite ,smi?s1 ,tail]s1 a ,sailmak]1 a ,tann]1 a ,glazi] & ,pa9t]1 a ,bricklay]1 a ,brass ,f\nd]1 a ,turn]1 an ,uphol/]]1 ,surgeons1 & ,apo!c>ies1 ,hair ,dress]s1 ,s*oolma/]s & ,book-,keep]s1 ) _m ,f>m]s1 ,lab\r]s1 c4 c4 ,! sale w comm5ce at ,le$s ,t[n1 on ,monday ! #c;d ( ,janu>y & w cont9ue till all are sold4 ,reasonable ,cr$it w be all[$4444 ,tobacco w be tak5 9 ,paym5t = ! above4 ,john ,tait1 ano!r plant]1 wrote to ,engl& = a blacksmi? :o 0 accu/om$ to co>se ,c\ntry "w1 su* z hoes & axes1 to be ind5tur$ = f\r or five ye>s & to receive #aj /]l+ p] ye> 9 wages1 plus meat1 dr9k1 wa%+ lodg+4 ,francis ,j]done1 a plant] & m]*ant ( ,l\isa ,c\nty1 _h an ind5tur$ s]vant :o did all ( ! plantation's blacksmi?+ & also br\ght 9 z mu* #g 9 "o mon? ( #agfg = "w done = neighbor+ f>m]s4 ,! foll[+ bill ( ,john ,cock indicates ! k9ds ( "w done by rural ,virg9ia blacksmi?s & ! prices !y *>g$ 9 #agei3 ,to mak+ ,niles & ,%u+ "o :ele #j #ab #f ,to mak+ a hoop "o ,/aple & two ,r+s & #j #e #f ,rivat+ ! :eles by ,j4 ,l4 #agei ,janu>y #d ,to ,%u+ a pr ( five foot & a half :eles & #c #j #j ,rivat+ !m ,r\nd ,a4 ,l4 #i ,to mak+ #e ,/aples #a ,r+ & #c goosnecks #j #i #j #ab ,to mak+ #e ,/aples = ! yokes bees #j #d #j ,to mak+ #c hooks & #f ,r+s #j #e #j ,to mak+ #a l>ge ,r+ #j #a #j ,to mak+ #h small p9s ,cut+ a ,*ane & #j #c #f mak+ a traces #bj ,to mak+ #d hooks & #d ,r+s #j #d #j ,to mak+ an ox *ane #j #g #f ,to ,lan?+ an ox ,*ane & mak+ a ,/aple & #j #b #j ,r+ ,to mak+ a pl\g ,l>ge #j #f #j ,to mak+ an ax #j #b #j ,f4#a ,to mak+ ?ree axes "o ( my iron #j #f #f #ab ,to ,cut+ a pl\gh hoe #j #c #i #ba ,to ,lay+ ,eight hill+ hoes #j #ab #j #bd ,to ,lay+ a fluck hoe ( my iron #j #d #f ,to mak+ a pl\gh ( my iron #j #aj #j ,to mak+ #c hill+ hoes #j #d #f ,to mak+ #e hill+ hoes #j #g #f #h #aj #i ,,! ,,village ,,blacksmi? ,:5 ! ,virg9ia ,assembly fir/ met 9 #afii at ,middle ,plantation 7soon to be r5am$ ,williamsburg71 its memb]s li/5$ to spee*es deliv]$ by sev]al /ud5ts at ! br& new ,college ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,urg+ t ! colony's capital %\ld be mov$ !nce f ,jame/[n1 "o ( ! /ud5ts po9t$ out t ,middle ,plantation already conta9$ z _m sub/antial h\sekeep]s 444 z is to be f\nd aga9 9 ! :ole ,c\nty4 ,he specifically li/$ a smi?'s %op z "o ( sev]al great helps & advances made t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( a t[n4 ,despite ! "y speak]'s ef=t to make x s\nd impressive1 ,middle ,plantation 0 f> f be+ a t[n by any /ret* ( ! ^w4 ,b x 0 no accid5t t a m]e scraggle ( /ructures 9 a l&scape ( woods & fields includ$ a smi?y4 ,z 9 ! fir/ ye>s at ,jame/[n1 ! pres5ce ( a blacksmi? to make & m5d tools 0 ess5tial to ! success ( ! settlem5t4 ,un=tunately1 no?+ is kn[n ( ! id5tity ( t fir/ ,williamsburg smi?--n 8 "n1 or ! exact location ( 8 %op1 or ! k9d ( "w he did4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bru%-,ev]>d ,h\se is "o ( "s eighty orig9al /ructures n[ re/or$ to _! colonial appe>ance 9 ,williamsburg4 ,john ,bru% 0 ! e>lie/ ,williamsburg smi? ^: "n is kn[n today4 ,he 0 prim>ily a gunsmi? & armor]1 b may h done blacksmi?+ too4 ,he b\ght two lots 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,gov]nor's ,palace 9 #agag1 & ! mode/ home he built !re 7lat] enl>g$ by ,?omas ,ev]>d7 /ill /&s on ,palace ,gre54 ,s f> z surviv+ records h reveal$1 he 0 foll[$ by no m ?an f\rte5 individuals ov] ! next ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury :o work$ iron & /eel 9 "o or m ( ! smi?y crafts3 blacksmi?1 gunsmi?1 locksmi?1 cutl]1 nailmak]1 & f>ri]4 ,only f\rte54 ,ev5 grant+ ! possibility t "s blacksmi?s nev] left _! "n or m>k 9 a writt5 record1 ?is seems rem>kably few = s long a p]iod 9 "o ( ,virg9ia's *ief t[ns4 ,! small numb] c probably be tak5 z ano!r indication t mo/ ( ! colony's smi?s--l eighty to n9ety p]c5t ( its population--liv$ & work$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,surviv+ adv]tisem5ts1 invoices1 & inv5tories ( ,williamsburg blacksmi?s sugge/ t ! "w !y did 0 ( a some:at diff]5t nature f t ( ! rural smi?4 ,! foll[+ extracts f acc\nt books ( ,james ,&]son & ,?omas ,pate indicate some?+ ( ! urban v>iety3 #agga ,mr4 ,h5ry ,morse ,dr to ,james ,&]son ,jan #bb ,to ,clean+ #c guns #c_/ #a #i #j ,m>* #bb ,to ,clean+ #c ,d #c_/ #j #i #j ,augu/ #bh ,to plat+ ,*air ,%afts 8 8 #c ,to m5dg a spr+ #j #b #f #aggb ,may #be ,to a ,new tumbl] pr lock #j #b #f ,june #c ,to ,m5d+ ,bridle ,bitt #j #j #g #g ,to ,m5d+ a ,*air #j #b #f ,july #cj ,to ,alt]+ a spr+ #j #c #i ,to ,d #b bolts #j #a #c ,may #ah ,to fe$+ #b horses #bj days #d_/ #d #j #j ,to la+ axletree pr ,*air #j #ae #j ,to #c ,ti> ,nails #a;d #j #j #d ,to pr ,clamps pr ,:eels #j #b #f ,july #e ,to #b gallons oats #j #a #c ,decmb #g ,to a key pr lock #b_/f m5dg lock #a_/c #j #c #i 4444 #aggd ,jany #ah ,to a ,nutt = ,*air #j #j #g ,augt #bb ,to #h ,dog ,nails #h;d ,cleang a ,gun #b_/f #j #c #b #agge ,may #ag ,to a ,key = a lock #j #b #f ,"w done = ! ,capitol ,by ,james ,&]son #aggc ,may #bd ,to ,clean+ a ,/ove #a #j #j ,july #bf ,to #d ,b>s prs ,/atue #b #d #e ,octr #c ,to #c ,b>s prl ,doors #b_/f #j #g #f ,to #d ,d #e_/ 4 #bj m5dg a h+e #b_/f #a #b #f #d ,to ,eight hooks #g #j #e #j #ae ,to #b ,keys prs locks #c_/i #j #g #f ,to a ,box prs d #j #a #f #aggc ,c\ntry ,dr ,apr #be ,to half a ,ye> ,sal>y z ,arm\r] to ! ,magaz9e #aj #agfj ,collo ,cu/is ,e/ate to ,?os ,pate ,dr4 ,feb4 #aa ,to l5!n+ a ,*a9 & m5d+ a ,b$ p9 = #j #c #j ,c>t ,to alt]+ a ,sett ( ,clamps ,d #j #b #f #ai ,to ,po9t+ a ,pl\gh #j #b #f #bb ,to ,mak+ a ,screw key = ! mill #j #b #f #bc ,to ,m5d+ #b ,keys = ,locks #j #b #f #bg ,to ,mak+ #b ,b$ p9s & #b ,l9* p9s = ,c>t #j #f #c ,to mak+ ,cleavey & ,p9 ,d #j #c #i ,to mak+ ,iron "w = a ,ox yoke #j #e #j ,m>* #e ,to ,mak+ a ,ox ,*a9 #j #aj #f ,to mak+ ,iron ,"w = a ,ox ,yoke #j #c #i #aa ,to ,alt]+ #c ,mill ,hoops #j #c #i ,april #d ,to m5d+ a ,lock & ,key #j #b #j #bf ,to ,altr+ a ,mill ,sp9dle #j #e #j ,may #a ,to ,po9t+ a fluke hoe #j #b #f #b ,to ,mak+ #b ,w$ges = ! ,mill #j #b #f #g ,to ,m5d+ a ,sane #j #a #c #cj ,to ,po9t+ a fluke hoe #j #b #f ,june #c ,to ,dress+ #c mill ,peaks & ,l5g!n+ a crane #j #e #j #cj ,to ,po9t+ a fluke hoe #j #b #f ,july #e ,to ,mak+ a ,hoope = ,mill #aj p\nds #j #g #h ,to mak+ #b ,w$ges ,d #j #b #f #aa ,to m5d+ a ,broad ,ax #j #a #c #bd ,to m5d+ a ,key = a ,lock #j #j #g ,novm #ag ,to mak+ a box = a :ip saw #j #c #i #agfa ,feb4 #c ,to mak+ #b pe$ p9s = ,small ,c>t #j #b #f #i ,to ,m5d+ a ,lock #j #a #c ,x w be notic$ t ,pate made or repair$ sev]al items = ! mill4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 ! w9dmill %[n on ! ,fr5*man's ,map ( #aghb z /&+ on or ne> ,cu/is's prop]ty to ! s\? ( t[n4 ,! millwright1 ! :eelwright1 ! coa*mak]1 & ! %ipwright all dep5d$ heavily on ! blacksmi? to produce ess5tial p>ts ( _! respective products4 ,! build] ( h\ses1 too1 c\ld d little )\t ! nails & ! tools t came f ! local smi?y4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! public hospital1 = p]sons ( insane & disord]$ m9ds 0 built 9 ,williamsburg 9 #agga1 ! removable iron grat+s & padlocks to be in/all$ at all ! w9d[s 7 import$ f ,engl&4 ,= ?is l>ge specialty job1 ev5 ,james ,&]son1 ! t[n's =emo/ smi?1 0 pass$ ov]4 ,simil>ly1 wr\ght-iron gates & balconies on ! public build+s ( ,williamsburg appe> to h be5 ord]$ f ,engl&4 ,! ,capitol 0 to h on ea* ,side 444 an ,iron ,balcony ^u ! fir/ ,floor1 & ! assembly explicitly emp[]$ ! ov]se]s 9 *>ge ( build+ bo? ! fir/ ,capitol & ! ,gov]nor's ,palace to s5d to ,engl& = ironwork1 glass1 & o!r mat]ials necess>y4 ,likewise1 ! elaborate gates at ,we/ov] plantation 7 made = ,william ,byrd ,,ii 9 ,engl&4 ,a ,set ( ,iron ,palisades & ,gates curi\sly wr\ght1 sold z "p ( a prize c>go 9 ,norfolk 9 #agdh1 probably came f ,france4 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses 9 #agfh commission$ a /atue ( ! belov$ ,gov]nor ,botet\rt1 ! sculptor1 ,ri*>d ,hayw>d ( ,london1 0 also to provide ! iron rail+ t surr\nd$ ! base ( ! /atue :5 x 0 set up 9 ! portico ( ! ,capitol4 ,"o reason = import+ ironwork = ^! l>ge jobs may h be5 t local smi?s 7 n equipp$ to h&le !m2 m likely1 ! importation 0 politically wise s9ce manufactur+ 9 ! colonies 0 disc\rag$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,ornam5tal ironwork is less *>act]i/ic ( ! colonial ,virg9ia sc5e ?an ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,orleans4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s survivals1 none f9] ?an ^! two gates at ,we/ov] plantation on ! ,james ,riv]4 ,,tools ,,& ,,te*niques ,! bills & acc\nts quot$ a few pages back1 & o!rs1 give ample evid5ce t mo/ colonial smi?s c\ld read & write--al?\gh _! spell+ 7l ,george ,wa%+ton's7 might h a way ( its own4 ,at lea/ "o ,williamsburg blacksmi?1 ,hugh ,orr1 seems to h be5 q a read]2 at 8 dea? 9 #agfd he left a libr>y ( ab\t =ty books4 ,b nei!r he nor any o!r colonial smi? sat d[n to write out & illu/rate a description ( ! "w he did & h[ he did x4 ,?is is n int5d$ to be a h[-to-d-x manual ei!r4 ,a few pages ( text & pictures c h>dly sub/itute = ! appr5tice%ip ( z mu* z sev5 ye>s ?r\gh :i* a blacksmi? ga9$ ma/]y ( 8 craft4 ,only ! close daily sup]vision ( an exp]t & ye>s ( practice w enable a smi? to "k :5 ! eye ( 8 fire is l>ge en\gh--b n too l>ge 444 :5 ! =c$ draft ( 8 bell[s has made ! fire hot en\gh--b n too hot 444 :5 8 iron is r$ en\gh--b n too r$ 444 :5 8 hamm] bl[s fall heavily en\gh--b n too heavily to accompli% ! p>ticul> job at h&4 ,read]s unfamili> ) ! processes & products ( a smi?y are likely to be /rang]s also to _m ( ! smi?'s tools--:i* makes = some?+ ( a problem 9 try+ to describe !m4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons x seems wise to />t ) :at may be ! mo/ famili> items today4 ,nails4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,jame/[n colony l& 0 pl5tiful & nails 7 sc>ce4 ,!y1 l e o!r object ( iron--except ! little *issels m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,john ,smi?--_h to be br\ght ov] f ,engl&4 ,:5 ! soil ( _! tobacco fields 0 worn out1 plant]s simply took up1 cle>$1 & plant$ new l& f>!r we/4 ,sometimes !y set fire to build+s on ! ab&on$ l& 9 ord] to salvage ! nails = re-use1 a practice t 0 =bidd5 by law 9 #afdd4 ,h[ev]1 nails 7 n difficult to make if "o _h a supply ( wr\ght-iron rods & a few tools4 ,fronti] f>m]s--:i* 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,virg9ia meant ^? liv+ "o or two hundr$ miles to ! we/ ( ,williamsburg--sometimes sp5t w9t] days 9 nailmak+4 ,! fireplace s]v$ z =ge1 & ev5 ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! family c\ld wield tongs1 hamm]s1 & cold *isel or man ! vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,nails & tacks ( v>i\s sizes & %apes & = v>i\s special uses1 f ,did]ot's encyclop$ia4 ,figure #ad at ! l[] "r is a :eel nail1 = example4 ,:]e !re 0 a blacksmi?1 z we h already se51 he--or m likely 8 appr5tice--made ! nails4 ,james ,&]son e/imat$ t eight boys c\ld turn out tw5ty-five ?\s& nails 9 a week4 ,isaac ,zane1 :o _h an ironworks 9 ! neighborhood ( ,w9*e/]1 own$ #ag nailors tools great small & #b nailors anvills4 ,! smi? probably />t$ ) iron sev]al feet long1 ab\t "o-qu>t]-in* 9 wid? & ! same ?ickness1 produc$ 9 a slitt+ mill4 ,8 fir/ proc$ure 0 to draw !m d[n--& "h we come to ! fir/ t]m9ological /umbl+ block4 ,draw+ d[n 7or draw+ out or beat+ out7 is ! smi?'s phrase = ?9n+ & l5g!n+ a piece ( metal by heat+ & hamm]+ x4 ,! contr>y process ( ?ick5+--by hamm]+ on ! end ( a rod--is call$ upsett+ & is ! te*nique us$ 9 mak+ ! head ( ! nail4 ,be=e he did t1 ?\gh1 ! smi?1 hav+ drawn d[n ! rod to ! prop] ?ickness = ! nails to be made1 cut !m to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,mo/ likely he did ?is on a h>die1 :i* is l a *isel held ) ! po9t upw>d 9 ! squ>e h>die hole ( ! anvil4 ,horse%oes4 ,hugh ,jones 9 #agbd wrote t horse%oes 7 seldom us$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e !re are few /ones4 ,x is true t ! soil ( tidewat] ,virg9ia t5ds to be s&y & free ( /ones1 s t horses c\ld & did g un%od mu* ( ! "t4 ,yet !re is ample evid5ce--"s ( :i* we h se5 9 ! acc\nts exc]pt$ above--t blacksmi?s & f>ri]s work$ 9 ! ,williamsburg area at mak+ & m\nt+ horse%oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! =ge ( ,ma/] ,delafosse1 royal f>ri]1 9 ,p>is 9 ! mid-eighte5? c5tury4 ,f ,did]ot's encyclop$ia4 ,a smi? :o made1 fitt$1 & appli$ %oes to horses1 mules1 & ox5 0 prop]ly call$ a f>ri]4 ,! trade dem&s k & skill 9 h&l+ iron1 & also k & skill 9 h&l+ ! animals be+ %od4 ,because ( 8 close famili>ity ) ^! animals1 8 horse s5se1 s to speak1 ! f>ri] (t5 s]v$ ! function ( vet]9>ian too4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 x 0 ! blacksmi? :o also s]v$ z f>ri]4 ,horse%oes 7 made f b> iron1 & !y 7 normally cu/om made to fit n j a p>ticul> horse1 b a p>ticul> "o ( 8 feet4 ,ea* %oe ( a set ( f\r w diff] 9 "o or m respects--size1 %ape1 or weight--f its fell[s1 & ea* set may diff] f o!rs dep5d+ on ! type ( horse involv$--draft1 rid+1 c>riage1 etc4--& ! condition ( surface on :i* ! %oes are to be us$--ice1 mud1 /one1 etc4 ,9 addition1 special %oes c correct defects 9 gait1 gu>d aga9/ lam5ess1 & ! l4 ,to describe h[ a smi? made all ( ^! possible v>iations is no "p ( ?is booklet4 ,suffice x to say t 9 ! mak+ ( a horse%oe all ( ! blacksmi?'s basic tools come into use3 =ge1 anvil1 tongs1 & vise4 ,"s att5tion to ea* ( ^! 9 turn w help to r\nd out an und]/&+ ( ! work+s ( ! smi?y4 ,=ge4 ,! blacksmi?'s =ge1 :i* he sometimes calls 8 fire1 is ! mo/ important feature ( 8 %op4 ,x consi/s ( a squ>e he>?1 usually rais$ ab\t two & "o-half feet & made ( brick1 ) a bell[s at ! side or back to bl[ ! fire1 a hood or hovel above to c>ry smoke & fumes away1 & a tr\gh or tub ( wat] close by 9 :i* to qu5* ! iron or cool ! tongs4 ,! fire itself1 ( coal r ?an *>coal1 is always small & conc5trat$1 a few in*es across 9 ! c5t] ( a he>? t may be f\r or five feet squ>e4 ,ar\nd x lies unburnt fuel t ! smi? c h&ily br+ clos] :5 ne$$4 ,) 8 slice--a long-h&l$1 light-weight %ovel--8 fire-hook--a simil>ly long-h&l$ rake--& 8 wa%]--a bun* ( twigs to flick wat] ar\nd ! fire--he c>efully manages ! size & dep? ( ! fire4 ,) ! bell[s he regulates its int5sity4 ,! blacksmi? mu/ be able to judge :5 8 /ock is hot en\gh1 & he does x by eye1 ! "r degree ( heat = a p>ticul> op]ation be+ reveal$ by ! color ( ! iron4 ,blood-r$ heat is call$ = :5 ! iron is n to be re%ap$ b only ! surface to be smoo!d4 ,flame heat or :ite heat is necess>y :5 ! "w is to be hamm]$ to a diff]5t %ape1 drawn d[n1 or upset4 ,sp>kl+ heat or weld+ heat is us$ only = ! delicate & highly skill$ process ( weld+4 ,anvil4 ,?is is h>dly less important to ! smi? ?an ! =ge1 z he does practically all ( 8 "w on x4 ,! common smi?'s anvil1 made ( ca/ or wr\ght iron1 may weigh up to ab\t ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,x has _h ! same basic %ape s9ce anci5t times1 ea* ( its features be+ functionally tri$ & p]fect$ ages ago4 ,! anvil's upp] surface1 call$ ! face1 is flat1 smoo?1 s h>d t a file w n cut x1 & made ( ca/ /eel weld$ to ! wr\ght iron body4 ,"o end ( ! anvil is a cone-%ap$ projection call$ ! horn 7also call$ beak1 bick1 bick]n1 or pike71 us$ to "w curv$ or r\nd$ pieces ( iron su* z r+s1 l9ks1 or %ackles4 ,betwe5 ! horn & ! face ( ! anvil is a small squ>e area call$ ! table4 ,its surface is n z h>d z t ( ! face1 & ! smi? places on x any "w he wants to cut ) a cold *isel4 ,ne> ! o!r end or heel ( ! anvil are two holes1 "o r\nd1 call$ ! prit*el hole1 & ! o!r squ>e1 call$ ! h>die hole4 ,:5 ! smi? int5ds to pun* a hole ?r\gh a piece ( metal1 he positions x ov] ! prit*el hole s t ! pun* w pass into ! hole r ?an /rike ! face ( ! anvil4 ,! h>die hole 7also call$ ! swage hole7 is design$ to take ! squ>e %anks ( a v>iety ( special-purpose bottom tools--:i* make _! impact on ! und]side ( ! "w :5 ! smi? /rikes x f above4 ,tongs4 ,iron be+ a metal t transmits heat readily1 ! blacksmi? (t5 _c hold ! piece he is work+ on1 ev5 ) a glov$ h&4 ,he ne$s tongs to d ! hold+1 & because ( ! diff]+ %ape ( diff]5t objects be+ work$1 he ne$s a v>iety ( tongs ( diff]5t %apes & sizes4 ,^! he ord9>ily makes himself4 ,john ,bru% ( ,williamsburg1 = in/ance1 own$ #g pair ( ,smi?s ,tongs4 ,hamm]s4 ,x has already be5 said t ! smi?'s =ge & anvil are among 8 ess5tial tools4 ,s is 8 hamm]--or r hamm]s1 = he ne$s sev]al ( diff]5t %apes & weights1 z well z a sl$ge or two4 ,illu/ration3 ,a small selection ( tools su* z w\ld be f\nd 9 almo/ any blacksmi?'s %op3 fire tools1 tongs1 p9c]1 hamm]s1 *isels1 /amps1 & /akes or h>dies4 ,f ,did]ot4 ,vises4 ,smi?s' vises are ( two types1 ! l>ge /&+ vise1 us$ to hold iron = b5d+1 rivet+1 fil+1 or poli%+1 & ! small or h& vise to hold "w ( simil> size4 ,9 bo? cases ! "w w h already und]gone ! major "p ( its =m+ on ! anvil1 & ! vise comes into use almo/ solely = f9i%+ op]ations4 ,o!r tools t h p>ticul> uses may be no less important to ! smi? :5 he has occasion to use !m4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ drills1 swages1 swage blocks1 h>dies1 /akes1 pun*es1 cold *isels1 files1 screw plates1 flatt]1 full]1 head]1 & m&rel4 ,x is recomm5d$ to ! read] :o wants to "k ! nature & uses ( ^! & o!r tools 9 a smi?y t he become an appr5tice to ! ne>e/ blacksmi?2 !re is no bett] way to le>n4 ,c]ta9ly no "o c le>n to anneal1 braze1 case-h>d51 temp]1 lay1 & weld iron j by read+ ab\t x4 ,b we c at lea/ (f] "s def9itions3 ,anneal+ is ! process ( s(t5+ /eel s t x c be work$ by cutt+ tools4 ,x is done by heat+ ! piece 9 ! fire to blood-r$ heat1 !n all[+ x to cool sl[ly4 ,braz+ jo9s toge!r two or m pieces ( metal by ! use ( a brass sold]1 call$ spelt]4 ,x is us$ :5 ! pieces to be jo9$ are too ?9 to be weld$4 ,case h>d5+ is ! process ( h>d5+ ! out] surfaces ( iron or /eel1 :ile leav+ ! core s(t & !re=e t\gh]4 ,accord+ to ,joseph ,moxon's ,me*anick ,ex]cises 7?ird edition publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agjc7 x 0 to be accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,cov] ! iron all ov] ) a cem5t made ( p[d]$ c[ horn or ho(1 co>se sea salt1 /ale ur9e or :ite w9e v9eg>1 & clay1 ) m clay add$ to enclose ! :ole2 :5 ! clay has dri$ h>d1 put ! :ole lump 9 ! fire & br+ x to blood-r$ heat1 no m2 !n take ! iron out & qu5* x4 ,temp]+ is ! opposite ( anneal+1 9 t x slightly s(t5s & t\gh5s iron or /eel4 ,x is accompli%$ by br++ ! object to ! prop] heat--:i* may diff] accord+ to ! 444 ,lay+ 0 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t op]ations p]=m$ by colonial smi?s4 ,su* implem5ts z axes1 hoes1 & pl[s usually _h wood5 h&les & wr\ght-iron heads1 ) a /rip ( /eel weld$ on to make ! cutt+ edge or face4 ,:5 ! la/ become worn1 ! process ( replac+ x 0 call$ lay+ or /eel+4 ,weld+ two pieces ( iron is at ! same "t v simple 9 !ory & v difficult 9 fact4 ,at ! prop] heat ! two pieces plac$ firmly face to face w--if ! faces are clean--/ick toge!r )\t fur!r ado4 ,b accompli%+ ?is feat requires great skill ) ! fire & great quickness ) ! hamm] s t scale w n =m on ! surfaces to be weld$4 ,normally ! weld is hamm]$ toge!r on ! anvil to ref9e ! gra9 ( ! metal z x cools4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r f>ri]'s %op1 no d\bt drawn on ! spot ) tools & equipm5t j z !y 7 se5 by ! arti/4 ,f ,did]ot4 ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,craft ,james ,&]son 0 describ$ e>li] 9 ^! pages z ,williamsburg's =emo/ blacksmi? dur+ ! ye>s :5 8 %op occupi$ a lot on ,francis ,/reet4 ,sev]al ( 8 l$g] books are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 "s ( !m treasur$ possessions ( ,colonial ,williamsburg4 ,among endless entries cov]+ ! lay+ ( axes1 hoes1 pl[s1 & colt]s1 appe> o!rs t %[ ! less r\t9e aspects ( ,&]son's daily "w3 m5d+ a pok]2 mak+ a nut = a bolt ( a *air 7probably a rid+ *air72 dress+ two mill picks2 m5d+ a lock2 alt]+ #dj w9d[ hooks2 mak+ a hasp & /aple = a h5h\se2 provid+ h&le1 w$ges1 & r+ = a scy!2 fix+ a new end to an oy/] clamp2 putt+ a h&le on a teakittle2 =g+ a well *a92 mak+ a /rike ti]1 i4e41 /rakes = wagon :eel & nails to atta* !m2 sp9dle = a :eel2 prong = a dung =k2 putt+ a hoop on a b>rel2 m5d+ a c(fee mill2 #i fronts & a rib = a griddle2 #ej spikes2 a pair ( flatirons2 m5d+ & in/all+ locks1 keys1 w9d[ b>s1 leg irons1 & *a9s = ! lunatick hospital2 l5g!n+ ! be>] & add+ a new middle foot to an &iron2 a ,sett ( ,iron = a dress+ table2 f\r brea/ plate buckles 7= a h>ness72 drill+ a gun2 m5d+ an umbrella2 trim+ a horse feet2 mak+1 m5d+1 putt+ on1 & tak+ (f leg irons & h& cuffs = ! jail4 ,cle>ly ev]yone 9 t[n _h to patronize ! blacksmi? soon] or lat]4 ,he 01 9 a v real s5se1 a craftsman = all seasons4 ,,! ,,blacksmi?s ,,( ,,williamsburg ,?is li/ includes only ! m5 :o 7 prim>ily blacksmi?s or :o cle>ly did blacksmi?+ along ) _! "w 9 o!r iron crafts4 ,! dates designate ! ye>s :5 !y are kn[n to h be5 9 ,williamsburg4 ,james ,&]son1 #agfb-agih4 ,born 9 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty 9 #agdj4 ,public armor] 9 ,williamsburg f #agff1 & suppli] ( arms to ! ,revolution>y =ces ( ,virg9ia4 ,8 =ge probably occupi$ ! lot on ,francis ,/reet 9 ,williamsburg next to ! ,b>raud ,h\se4 ,he employ$ a numb] ( j\rneym5 gunsmi?s1 blacksmi?s1 & nail]s1 & at "o "t _h z _m z n9e appr5tices4 ,he & 8 %ops 7 mov$ to ,ri*mond along ) o!r gov]nm5t ag5cies :5 t city became ! seat ( gov]nm5t 9 #aghj2 9 #agic he turn$ 8 ,ri*mond %op ov] to 8 son & mov$ back to ,williamsburg4 ,william ,a%burn1 #aggd4 ,adv]tis$ 9 ,april ( t ye> t he _h op5$ %op ne> ! ,capitol 9 ,williamsburg4 ,may h be5 9 t[n ?ree ye>s e>li]1 b little else is kn[n ( him4 ,john ,bell1 #agec-aggf4 ,call$ himself bo? :itesmi? & blacksmi?4 ,s]v$ z public armor] f #agfc to #agff1 :5 he mov$ to ,portsm\?4 ,james ,bird1 #agdj-ageh4 ,e/abli%$ 8 %op 9 ! ,m>ket ,squ>e on l& leas$ f ! tru/ees ( ! city ( ,williamsburg4 ,0 lack+ bo? z ma/] & z bus9essman3 an appr5tice su$ 9 c\rt & obta9$ release f 8 ind5ture2 plead+ t ! blacksmi? misus$ him1 & aft] 8 cr$itors =eclos$ ! mortgage on 8 prop]ty1 ,bird dep>t$ t[n 9 l[ ,circum/ances4 ,rob]t ,bond1 #agfa-aghc4 ,le>n$ blacksmi?+ z an appr5tice 9 ,yorkt[n4 ,b\ght l>ge quantities ( b> iron f ,rob]t ,c>t]4 ,work$ = ! /ate dur+ ! ,revolution & got caught 9 a bureaucratic vise3 :5 ! ,briti% de/roy$ 8 bell[s he c\ld n1 despite an ord] f ! commission] ( w>1 obta9 any ,le!r ,) out ! ,money & i am 9 tyl]ly idle !ay wont ,let ,me ,draw any ,provisions because i ant at ,"w & i ,cant ,doe any?+ ,) out my ,bellus4 ,john ,bru%1 #agag-agbf4 ,prim>ily a gunsmi?2 may also h engag$ 9 ! blacksmi?'s trade4 ,?\ght to h be5 a protg ( ,gov]nor ,spotswood because he did "w & rep>ations ab\t ! ,gov]nors ,h\se1 & built 8 home on ! ,palace ,gre5 ne>by4 ,0 keep] ( ! public arms & ^? ( ! gov]nor2 9 #agbc petition$ ! legislature 79 va97 = an all[ance = 8 mis=tune 9 be+ bl[n up & hurt 9 fir+ ! ,guns on 8 ,majtys ,bir?day4 ,?omas ,c[les1 #aggb-agge4 ,he 0 a pati5t ( ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,galt1 b\ght b> iron f ,rob]t ,c>t]1 & repair$ ! arms ( ,capt4 ,lynes ,compy ( ,m9ute ,m54 ,no?+ else is kn[n ( him4 ,john ,drap]1 #agfi-aghi4 ,blacksmi?1 f>ri]1 & vet]9>y1 ^: %op 0 on ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] ,/reet & :o liv$ on ! corn] ( ,francis & ,wall] /reets :]e ! ,old ,play ,h\se lately /ood4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution he made guns1 r5t$ out rid+ *airs1 rode express1 repair$ arms1 & suppli$ nails & %ot4 ,james1 ,david1 & ,william ,g$dy1 #agcf-;ab\t #aghj4 ,james ,g$dy1 gunsmi?1 fa!r ( ,david & ,william 7also ( ,james ,g$dy1 ,jr41 ! silv]smi?71 e/abli%$ 8 %op 9 ,williamsburg sometime be=e #agcf2 he di$ 9 #agdd4 ,he & two ( 8 sons did cutl]y "w1 brass ca/+1 & iron f\nd+ z well z gunsmi?+2 ! sons also purvey$ rupture b&s & a v]mifuge = horses1 & (f]$ to cure ! mo/ invet]ate ,pole-evils & ,fi/ulas 444 & all ,diseases incid5t to ,horses4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution ,william 0 paid = repair+ arms & ca/+ ball2 he di$ 9 #aghd4 ,john ,moody1 #aggf-aggi4 ,smi? & f>ri]1 f ,philadelphia by way ( ,norfolk1 adv]tis$ 8 %op ne> ! *ur* 9 #aggf4 ,0 paid on sev]al occasions = %oe+ horses1 b little m is kn[n ( him be=e 8 dea? 9 #aggi4 ,hugh ,orr1 #agch-agfd4 ,capta9 ,orr call$ himself bo? blacksmi? & hamm] man1 & settl$ 9 ,williamsburg by #agch4 ,8 h\se & smi?y 7 on ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] ,/reet4 ,he may h act$ z f>ri]1 & ei!r he or a slave tra9$ to d s p]=m$ phlebotomy--ble$+4 ,he s]v$ z armor] = ! colony = ?ree ye>s & may h be5 an (fic] 9 ! ,williamsburg militia4 ,he is buri$ 9 ,bruton *ur*y>d4 ,?omas ,pate1 #agfj-ahad4 ,did blacksmi? "w = ,john ,cu/is & ,"l ,botet\rt among o!rs1 & repair$ arms = ,virg9ia troops dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,! location ( 8 %op is n kn[n1 b 8 pur*ase ( m ?an #c1jjj p\nds ( b> iron f ,rob]t ,c>t] 9 #aggc alone indicates a lively trade4 ,william ,willis 7or ,willess71 #agfh-aggj4 ,came f ,birm+ham & op5$ 8 gunsmi? & blacksmi? %op ne> ! playh\se & bel[ ! ,capitol1 b soon mov$ to ,norfolk4 ,sugge/ions = ,fur!r ,read+ ,alex ,w4 ,beal]1 ,! ,art ( ,blacksmi?+4 rev4 ed4 ,new ,york1 ,funk & ,wagnalls1 #aigf4 ,g>ry ,hogg1 ,hamm] ,tongs3 ,blacksmi!ry ,d[n ! ,ages4 ,london1 ,hut*9son ,co41 #aifd4 ,j4 ,g4 ,holm/rom1 ,mod]n ,blacksmi?+ & ,horse%oe+4 ,*icago1 ,f4 ,j4 ,drake ,co41 #aida4 ,john ,j]nb]g1 ,=g+3 ,manual ( ,practical ,in/ruction 9 ,h& ,=g+ ( ,wr\ght ,iron4444 ,*icago1 ,am]ican ,te*nical ,society1 #aiag4 ,william ,allyn ,ri*>ds1 ,=g+ ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 #aiae4 ,f4 ,w4 ,rob9s1 ,! ,smi?3 ,! ,traditions & ,lore ( an ,anci5t ,craft4 ,london1 ,rid] & ,co41 #aiec4 ,h4 ,r4 ,bradley ,smi?1 ,blacksmi?s' & ,f>ri]s' ,tools at ,%elburne ,museum3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,_! ,developm5t f ,=ge to ,factory4 ,%elburne1 ,vt41 ,%elburne ,museum1 #aiff4 ,alb]t ,h4 ,sonn1 ,e>ly ,am]ican ,wr\ght ,iron4 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aibh4 ,aldr5 ,a4 ,watson1 ,! ,village ,blacksmi?4 ,new ,york1 ,?omas ,y4 ,cr[ell ,co41 #aifh4 ,! ,blacksmi? 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiga1 is bas$ l>gely on an unpubli%$ monograph by ,h>old ,b4 ,gill1 ,jr41 ( ! ,colonial ,williamsburg rese>* /aff4 ,x has be5 prep>$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,?omas ,k4 ,=d1 editor until #aigf1 ,colonial ,williamsburg ,dep>tm5t ( ,publications4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,m>k$ a lacuna 9 ! orig9al pr9t$ edition ) 4444