,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,prov5ce ,,& ,,! ,,rivi]a ,pr9t$ by ,george ,wat]/on ,sons ,,= ,,david ,,d\glas1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,london ,,hamilton1 ,,adams1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,cambridge ,,macmillan ,,& ,,b[es4 ,,glasg[ ,,james ,,maclehose ,,& ,,sons4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,prov5ce ,,& ,,! ,,rivi]a ,,by ,,david ,,macgibbon ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,ca/ellat$ ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,scotl&40 ,illu/ration ,,ed9burgh3 ,,david ,,d\glas #ahhh4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,hav+ be5 call$ on1 a few ye>s ago1 to make frequ5t j\rneys betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,rivi]a1 ! au?or 0 greatly impress$ ) ! extraord9>y v>iety & abundance ( ! anci5t ar*itectural monum5ts ( ,prov5ce4 ,?is c\ntry 0 f\nd to conta9 n only special /yles ( ,m$ival ,art peculi> to itself1 b likewise an epitome ( all ! /yles :i* h prevail$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe f ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,x prov$ to be especially prolific 9 examples ( ,roman ,art f ! age ( ,augu/us till ! fall ( ! ,empire4 ,x also comprises a valuable s]ies ( build+s illu/rative ( ! transition f ,classic to ,m$ival times4 ,^! are succe$$ by a ri* & florid developm5t ( ,romanesque1 accompani$ by a pla9 /yle :i* exi/$ p>allel ) x--bo? be+ peculi> to ?is locality4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,ca/ellat$ ,ar*itecture are also especially gr& & well pres]v$2 :ile ! picturesque t[ns1 mona/]ies1 & o!r /ructures ( ! ,rivi]a h a peculi> *>m & attraction ( _! own4 ,^! ,ar*itectural treasures be+ comp>atively unkn[n1 x is believ$ t a popul> "w br++ _! lead+ features into notice w be n unacceptable to all lov]s ( ar*itecture z well z to ! num]\s visitors to ! s\? ( ,france1 & may be ( use 9 direct+ att5tion to a mo/ int]e/+ dep>tm5t :i* has hi!rto be5 to a great ext5t ov]look$4 ,a prop] hi/ory ( ,prov5ce has un=tunately n yet be5 writt54 ,a %ort acc\nt1 d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 ( ! /ate ( ! c\ntry f e>ly times & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages is !re=e prefix$ to ! description ( ! ,monum5ts1 s z to expla9 ! hi/orical conditions "u :i* ! ,ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce 0 develop$1 & to %[ its connection ) t ( o!r c\ntries & times4 ,! au?or has to ackn[l$ge ! valuable aid he has receiv$ f ! excell5t notes on ! ,ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry by ,prosp] ,mrime 9 8 8,voyage dans les ,midi de la ,france0 7#ahce71--;a "w :i*1 ev5 at ! e>ly date ( its publication1 anticipat$ _m ( ! results m rec5tly arriv$ at4 ,! compreh5sive & invaluable 8,dictionnaire ,raisonn0 ( ,viollet-le-,duc has also be5 ( mu* s]vice1 & is frequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,mo/ ( ! illu/rations are f draw+s & measurem5ts made by ! au?or on ! spot1 & ^! g5]ally be> 8 initials4 ,b :]e ?\ght advisable = full] illu/ration "s ( ! draw+s are tak5 f photographs2 f ,h5ry ,rvoil's beautiful "w on ! 8,ar*itecture ,romane du ,midi de la ,france0 7#ahgc72 & a few f o!r s\rces z m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,special ?anks are due to ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n = 8 k9dness 9 revis+ ! pro( %eets1 & = ! valuable sugge/ions he has made4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,octob] #ahhh4 ,,errata4 ,page vi4 l9e #aa f bottom1 = 8les0 read 8le0 8 #e1 8 #aj 8 top1 8 8two ?\s&0 8 8?ree ?\s&40 8 #bg1 8 #a 8 8 no 7 8 #cf1 8 #g 8 bottom1 = 8,c>e0 8 8,c>re40 8 #ic1 8 #ab 8 8 8 8,dioeletian0 8 8,diocletian40 8 #abf1 8 #d 8 8 8 8l5g?0 8 8wid?40 8 #abh1 ,title1 ,fig4 #da1 8 8,,fetes0 8 8,,tetes40 8 #adg1 l9e #g f bottom1 8 8ap>tmnts0 8 8ap>tm5ts40 8 #aid1 ,title ( ,fig4 #ig1 8 8,,/ ,c,,saire0 8 8,,/ ,,trophime40 8 #baa1 8 #bj f top1 8 8dypticks0 8 8dypti*s40 8 #bab1 8 #ad 8 bottom1 8 8,jocobi0 8 8,jacobi40 8 #bba1 8 #f 8 top1 8 8bonnd$0 8 8b\nd$40 8 #dfb1 8 #ab 8 bottom1 8 8%ews0 8 8%ew40 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,s\? ( ,france comp>atively little kn[n1 #a2 contra/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? 9 climate1 build+s1 c41 #c2 ,prov5ce a v anci5t & indep5d5t ,/ate1 #d2 & sc5e ( important hi/orical ev5ts1 #e4 ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,prov5ce1 ,,& ,,its ,,condition ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,colonis$ by ,phnicians1 #aajj ,b4,c4--,greek culture introduc$1 #g2 occupi$ by ! ,romans ab\t #ajj ,b4,c41 #h2 became _! fav\rite prov9ce1 #i2 ov]run by ,visigo?s 9 f\r? c5tury1 #aj2 ,roman & ,greek colonies 7 9 cities1 & ! reviv$ gov]nm5t also municipal1 #aa2 ! ,*ur* ! *ief in/rum5t ( organis$ gov]nm5t1 #ab2 mona/]ies e/abli%$1 #ac2 an>*ic condition f fif? to eigh? c5tury1 #ad2 invasion ( ,s>ac5s1 #ae2 attempt to e/abli% a 8,holy ,roman ,empire10 #af2 revival "u ,*>lemagne1 #ah2 gr[? ( ! mona/]ies1 ,cluny1 #bj2 ,citeaux1 #bb2 ! ,crusades1 #bc2 effects ( ! above on ,ar*itecture1 #bd4 ,,iii4 ,,political ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,prov5ce4 ,fall ( ! ,empire 9 fif? c5tury4 ,k+s ( ,prov5ce f six? to t5? c5tury1 #bf2 ,k+dom ( ,arles1 #bg2 ,raymond ,brang] becomes ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 #aa1 #ab2 indep5d5ce ( cities attack$1 #bg2 ,albig5sian crusade1 #bh2 9 #abde ,*>les ( ,anj\ becomes ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 #bi2 ,que5 ,joan2 #adhj1 ,k+ ,r5 dies & ,prov5ce becomes "p ( ,france1 #cj4 ,,iv4 ,,description ,,( ,,classic ,,build+s4 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce naturally divid$ into a ,classic & a ,m$ival p]iod--:i* be/ consid]$ sep>ately1 #cb2 ! ,roman p]iod1 #cc2 ,p>is1 ,autun1 caprici\s pres]vation ( ,classic monum5ts1 #cd2 ,lyons1 ,vi5ne1 #ce2 ,temple ( ,augu/us & ,livia1 rema9s ( ,=um1 #cg2 ! pyramid1 #ch2 ,vi5ne re/or$1 #ci2 ,orange1 #dj2 ! !atre1 #db2 triumphal ar*1 #de2 o!r triumphal ar*es at ,cavaillon1 #dg2 ,/ ,remy1 #dh2 mausoleum at ,/ ,remy1 #ej2 ,arles1 hi/ory1 #ea2 amphi!atre1 #eb2 mode ( protect+ spectators 9 ditto1 #ed2 obelisk1 ,place d',hommes1 ,t\r de la ,tr\ille1 #ef2 ,alyscamps1 #eg2 sculpture 9 museum1 #ei2 ,nimes1 hi/ory1 #fd2 amphi!atre1 #fe2 ,maison ,c>re1 #fh2 /atue ( ,v5us1 #ga2 ,nymphum1 #gb2 ,t\r ,magne1 #gc2 ,roman gates1 #gd2 ,pont du ,g>d1 #gf2 ! 8,cam>gue0 & ! 8,crau10 #gg2 ,/ ,*amas1 ,roman bridge at1 #gg2 ,v]ngue1 temple at1 #gh2 paucity ( classic rema9s at ,m>seilles & ,n>bonne1 #gi2 ,pomponiana1 #hj2 ,le ,luc1 #hj2 ,frjus1 hi/ory1 #hj2 gate ( ,gaul1 amphi!atre1 !atre1 aqu$uct1 #hb2 ,via ,aurelia1 #hc2 aqu$uct ( ,clausonne1 ,antibes1 ,v5ce1 #hd2 ,cem5elum1 #hf2 ,turbia1 #hg4 ,v4 ,,transition ,,p]iod4 ,transition f ,classic to ,m$ival ,ar*itecture1 #ij2 pr9ciples ( ,greco-,italian design1 trabeate z oppos$ to ! ar*1 #ia2 gradual introduction & developm5t ( ! latt]1 #ib2 trabeate features dropp$1 #ic2 e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture a cont9uation ( t ( ,rome1 #id2 ! basilica1 #ie2 ! bapti/]y1 #if2 ,san ,vitale1 #if2 ,byzant9e edifices1 ! dome1 #ig2 ,/ ,m>k's1 ,syrian *ur*es1 #ih2 e>ly *ur*es 9 ! ,we/--,romanesque v>ieties1 #ii2 attempts to vault--,san ,m9iato1 #ajj2 ,notre ,dame du ,pr1 ,le ,mans2 =m ( vault+ 9 ,prov5ce1 #ajb2 9 ,aquita9e1 #ajc2 ,/ ,front1 ,p]igueux1 #ajd2 ! dome & s+le nave *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\?1 #aje2 v>ieties ( /yle1 influ5ce ( ,roman rema9s1 #aje2 p[]ful 9 ,prov5ce1 #ajf2 %ewn 9 campaniles1 bapti/]ies1 & especially sculpture1 #ajg2 suppos$ ,byzant9e influ5ce--! po9t$ ar*1 #ajg2 us$ = simplicity ( con/ruction1 #ajh2 ,burgundian /yle1 imitative ( nature1 #aji2 ! sev]e /yle ( ! ,ci/]tians1 #aaj2 ! second /yle ( ,prov5al art2 ! two p]iods describ$1 #aaa2 gr[? ( lay elem5t1 #aab2 traditional ecclesia/ical =ms ab&on$ & new natural =ms adopt$1 #aac2 ,nor!rn ,go?ic develop$1 #aad2 ,go?ic applicable to all requirem5ts1 #aae2 dome/ic & ca/ellat$ ,ar*itecture1 #aaf2 orig9 & gr[? ( ! latt]1 #aag2 peculi>ities 9 ! ,s\?1 #aah2 recapitulation1 #aai2 place ( ,prov5al ,ar*itecture1 #abj4 ,,vi4 ,,description ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,build+s4 ,description ( ,m$ival build+s--,lyons1 ! ,a9ay1 #aba2 ! ca!dral1 #abb2 ,vi5ne1 ,/ ,&r-le-,bas1 & ,/ ,pi]re1 #abd2 ca!dral1 #abf2 anci5t h\ses1 #abg2 ,val5ce1 ,maison des ,ftes1 #abg2 ca/le ( ,crussol1 mona/]y ( ,cruas1 #abh2 *ur* ( ,cruas1 #acb2 ,montlim>1 ,vivi]s--comm5cem5t ( ,prov5al examples1 ,/ ,paul-trois-*teaux1 #acd2 ,/ ,re/itut1 ,pont ,/ ,esprit1 #acf2 ,c\r?zon1 ,avignon1 #acg2 hi/ory1 #ach2 ,notre ,dame des ,doms1 #aci2 imitation ( ,roman "w1 #ada2 palace ( ! ,popes1 #adc2 hi/ory1 #add2 description (1 #ade2 walls ( t[n1 #adh2 gates1 #aea2 ,pont ,/ ,bnezet1 #aea2 t[] ( ,vill5euve1 #aed2 ca/le ( ,/ ,&r1 #aee2 gateh\se1 #aef2 curta9s1 #afa2 gu>d rooms on walls1 #afb2 *ur* ( ,vill5euve1 #afc2 *ur*es ( ,avignon1 ! ,beffroi1 abbey ( ,/ ,ruf1 ,priory ( ,/ ,v]an1 #afd2 ,vaison1 #afe2 ,c>p5tras1 ,v5asque1 ,p]nes1 ,le ,?or1 ,cavaillon1 #afg2 ,le clo*] de ,mollges1 #afh2 ,t>ascon1 hi/ory1 ,/e ,m>!1 #afh2 ca/le1 #agj2 h\ses1 gateway1 #agb2 ,beaucaire ca/le1 #agc2 triangul> keep1 #agf2 oratory1 #agh2 ,les ,baux1 #agi2 ! t[n--! bas-reliefs1 #ahj2 acc\nt ( ! family1 #aha2 ,/ ,gabriel1 #ahb2 ,arles1 ,/ ,trophime1 #ahc2 includes examples ( all p]iods ( ,prov5al ,ar*itecture--! ,ci/]tian nave1 #ahd2 ! we/ portal1 #ahg2 ! cloi/]s1 #ahh2 ! ,alyscamps1 ,/ ,honorat1 #aia2 prosp]ity ( ,arles aft] union to ,france--,r5aissance palaces1 #aib2 ,mont-,maj\r1 ,h]mitage1 #aid2 *ur*1 #aif2 cloi/]1 #aii2 *apel ( ,/e ,croix1 #aii2 ! keep1 #bjc2 ,/ ,gilles1 ,abbey *ur*1 #bjd2 int]rupt$ by ,albig5sian crusade1 #bje2 portal1 #bjf2 s\rces ( ,prov5al art1 #baj2 ,les ,sa9tes ,m>ies1 #bab2 ,m>seilles1 ,/ ,victor1 #bac2 ,aix-en-,prov5ce1 ,/ ,sauveur1 #bag2 cloi/]s1 #bai2 8,les ,villes ,mortes du ,golfe de ,lyon10 #bbj2 ,montpelli]1 ,maguelonne1 #bbb2 ,bzi]s1 #bbb2 ,/ ,nazaire1 #bbd2 ,f\nta91 #bbg2 h\se 9 t[n1 #bbh2 ,puisalicon1 ,/ ,pi]re de ,r$des1 ,/ ,m>t9 de ,londres1 #bbi2 ,n>bonne1 hi/ory1 #bcj2 ca!dral1 #bca2 its =tifications1 #bcb2 ,ar*bi%op's palace1 #bcc2 ! keep1 #bcd2 ,/ ,paul1 ! ,lagunes1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,p]pignan1 #bce2 ! ca/ellet1 ca!dral1 #bcf2 citadel1 c41 ,elne1 #bci2 ca!dral1 #bdj2 ! unf9i%$ *evet1 ! campanile1 #bda2 ! cloi/]s1 #bdd2 ,c>cassonne1 #bdd2 hi/ory1 #bde2 t[]s ( ! ,visigo?s1 #bdf2 ! porte ,n>bonnaise--! b>bican & its def5ces1 #beb2 ! walls & t[]s1 #bed2 ,/ ,nazaire1 #beg2 ,aigues ,mortes1 #bfj2 ,canal1 #bfa2 walls & gateways1 #bfd2 ,porte de ,nimes1 #bff2 ,t\r de ,con/ance1 #bfh2 ,t\r ,c>bonnire1 #bfi4 ,ea/w>ds f ,m>seilles--,t\lon1 #bgj2 ,hyres1 #bga2 ca/le1 #bgb2 ,/ ,paul1 #bgc2 examples ( ,ci/]tian /yle1 #bgd2 ,cannet1 #bge2 abbey ( ,?oronet1 #bgf2 ! cloi/]s1 #bgh2 rem>kable details1 #bhj2 *apt] h\se1 #bha2 ,/ ,maxim91 #bhb2 ,frjus1 ca!dral & ,bi%op's palace1 #bha2 =tifi$1 #bhi2 bapti/]y1 #bia2 8,pan!on0 at ,riez1 #bic2 ! cloi/]s1 ,frjus1 #bif2 ,brass lamp1 #bih2 doorways 9 t[n1 #bii2 di/rict ( ,les ,maures1 h[ to visit1 #cjj2 ,/ ,tropez1 fi% m>ket1 #cja2 ,grimaud1 ca/le1 #cjb2 ,la ,g>de ,fre9et1 ,/ ,raphal1 ! ,e/]elle m\nta9s1 #cjd2 ,nap\le1 #cje2 ,/ ,peyr1 ,mont ,/ ,cassi51 #cjg2 ,cannes1 #cjh2 hi/ory1 ,t\r du ,*evali]1 #caj2 ,/ ,anne1 #cad2 ,notre ,dame d',esprance1 #cag2 ,iles de ,lr9s1 #cai2 ,/ ,honorat1 cloi/]s1 #cbj2 ,/e ,tr9it1 #cbj2 ,/ ,sauveur1 #cbc2 ca/le ( ,/ ,honorat1 #cbd2 /yle ( l[] cloi/]1 #ccj2 /yle ( upp] cloi/]1 #ccd2 additions1 #cdj2 ,/e ,m>gurite1 #cdc2 ,vallauris1 #cdd2 ,le ,cannet1 #cdg2 ,m\g9s1 ,notre ,dame des ,vie1 #cdh2 ,auribeau1 #cej2 ,grasse1 #cea2 ca!dral1 #cec2 keep t[]1 #ced2 ,r5aissance1 #ceg2 l',oratoire1 #ceg2 ,/ ,csaire1 #cei2 *teau de ,t\rnon1 #cfc2 ,montaur\x & ,callian1 #cfd2 ,le ,b>1 #cff2 ,g\rdon1 #cfg2 ,t\rettes1 #cfi2 ,antibes1 #cga2 two keep t[]s1 #cgc2 ,cagnes1 ca/le1 #cgf2 ca/le ( ,vill5euve-,l\bet1 #cgh2 hi/ory1 #cha2 t[] ( ,la ,tr9it1 #chb2 ,biot1 #chg2 ,/ ,paul-du-,v>1 #cib2 approa* to1 #cic2 ,ar*itecture ( %ops & h\ses1 #cie2 /aircase1 #cig2 gateway1 #cih2 *ur*1 #djj2 rem>kable keep-t[]1 #dja2 ,v5ce1 #djg2 ca!dral1 #dji2 keep t[]s1 #daa2 column1 #dac2 comm&]y ( ,/ ,m>t91 #dad2 de/ruction ( ! ,templ>s1 #dag2 ,nice1 hi/ory1 #dah2 ,cimis ,cross1 #dba2 ca/le ( ,/ ,&r1 #dbb2 ,villefran*e1 ,eza1 #dbb2 ,la ,turbie1 #dbh2 gateways1 #dcj2 ,monaco1 #dcb2 hi/ory1 #dcc2 ,ducal ,palace1 #dcd2 ,roquebrune1 #dcg2 ,m5tone1 #dch2 ,gorbio1 ,/e ,agnes1 ,ca/ell>1 #dda2 b\nd>y ( ,prov5al ,ar*itecture1 #dda2 ,v5timiglia1 #dde2 ,dolce ,aqua1 #dde2 ,pigna1 #ddh2 ,san ,remo1 #ddi2 ,taggia1 #dej2 ,bussana1 ,oneglia1 c1 #dea2 ,alb5ga1 #deb2 ,g5oa1 #dee4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,details f ,ca!dral1 ,g5oa1 ,title-page ,map ( ,prov5ce & ,rivi]a1 ,to face page #a ,details f ,ca!dral1 ,arles--,headpiece1 #a ,details f ,arles ,museum--,headpiece1 #g ,head 9 ,arles ,museum--,tailpiece1 #bd ,details f ,ca!dral1 ,g5oa--,headpiece1 #be 8 ( ,tomb ( ,cornelia1 ,arles--,tailpiece1 #ca 8 f ,arles ,museum--,headpiece1 #cb ,,vi5ne1 ,temple ( ,augu/us & ,livia1 #cf 8 ,roman ,=um1 #cg 8 ,! ,pyramid1 #ch 8 ,re/or$1 #ci ,,orange1 ,roman ,!atre--,ext]ior1 #da 8 8 8 ,int]ior1 #dc 8 ,triumphal ,ar*1 #df ,,/ ,,remy1 ,triumphal ,ar* & ,mausoleum1 #di ,,arles1 ,amphi!atre--,ext]ior1 #eb 8 8 ,int]ior1 #ec 8 ,roman ,!atre1 #ee 8 ,place d',hommes1 #eg 8 ,! ,alyscamps1 #eh 8 ,f ! ,museum1 #ei 8 ,tomb ( ,cornelia1 #fj 8 ,f ! ,museum1 #fa 8 8 8 #fb 8 8 8 #fc ,,nimes1 ,amphi!atre--,ext]ior1 #fd 8 8 ,int]ior1 #fe 8 8 ,corridor1 #fg 8 ,maison ,c>re1 #fi ,,nimes1 ,/atue ( ,v5us1 #ga 8 ,nymphum1 #gb 8 ,la ,t\rmagne1 #gd 8 ,le ,pont du ,g>d1 #ge ,,fr,,jus1 ,amphi!atre1 #ha ,,fr,,jus1 ,aqu$uct1 #hc ,,clausonne1 ,aqu$uct1 #hd ,,cimies1 7,look+ ,n4,e47 #he 8 7,look+ ,s4 ,w471 #hf ,,la ,,turbie1 ,monum5t to ,augu/us1 #hg ,f ,arles ,museum--,tailpiece1 #hi 8 --,headpiece1 #ij ,,san ,,m9iato1 #aja ,,t\l\se ,ca!dral1 #ajf ,f ,piazza1 ,san ,matteo1 ,g5oa--,headpiece1 #aba ,,lyons1 ,! ,a9ay1 #abb 8 ,arcades 9 ,ca!dral1 #abc ,,vi5ne1 ,/ ,&r-le-,bas1 #abd 8 ,/ ,pi]re1 #abe 8 ,/ ,maurice1 #abf 8 ,h\se 91 #abg ,,val5ce1 ,maison-des-,ttes1 #abh ,,crussol1 ,ca/le1 #abi ,,cruas1 ,abbey 7f ,s4,w471 #acj 8 ,mona/]y ,*ur*1 #aca 8 ,*ur*1 #acc ,,/ ,,paul-,,trois-,,*,,teaux1 ,"p ( ,ext]ior 7f ,rvoil71 #ace ,,avignon1 ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame des ,doms1 & ,palace ( ! ,popes1 #adj 8 ,monum5t ( ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 #adb 8 ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ! ,popes 7f ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire71 #adc 8 ,portion ( ,city ,wall 7,we/ side71 #adi 8 ,pont ,/ ,bnezet & ,*apel ( ,/ ,ni*olas1 #aeb ,,vill5euve1 ,t[]1 #aed ,,/ ,,&r1 ,oratory 9 ,ca/le1 #aee 8 ,ca/le1 ,vill5euve-lez-,avignon4 ,plan ( ,entrance ,gateway1 #aef 8 ,ca/le (1 ,vill5euve-lez-,avignon4 ,ext]ior ( ,gateway1 #aeg 8 ,ca/le1 ,int]ior ( ,gateway1 #aeh ,,/ ,,&r1 ,ca/le1 ,fireplace 9 ,gateh\se1 #aei 8 8 ,walls ( ,ence9te1 #afj 8 ,gu>d-room on wall1 #afa 8 ,rema9s ( a ,gu>d-room on wall1 #afb ,,vill5euve-,,lez-,,avignon1 ,*ur*1 #afc ,le ,clo*] de ,mollges 7f ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire71 #afh ,,t>ascon1 ,/e ,m>!1 #afi 8 ,ca/le1 #aga ,,t>ascon1 ,h\se1 #agb 8 ,gate1 #agc ,,beaucaire1 ,plan ( ! ,ca/le1 #agd 8 ,ca/le 7f ,s4-,e471 #age 8 8 7f ,n4-,e471 #age 8 ,plans ( ! ,keep1 #agf 8 ,ca/le 7,int]ior ( ,c\rty>d71 #agg ,,les ,,baux1 ,=tress1 #agi ,,/ ,,gabriel1 ,*ur*1 ,we/ ,front4 7,f ,rvoil71 #ahb ,,arles1 ,/ ,trophime1 #ahe 8 ,we/ ,portal ( ,/ ,trophime1 #ahf 8 ,cloi/]s1 ,/ ,trophime1 7,ea/]n ,arcade71 #ahi 8 8,clo*]0 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,honorat1 7,f ,rvoil71 #aia 8 ,r5aissance ,h\se1 #aic ,,mont-,,maj\r1 ,plan ( ,h]mitage1 #aid 8 ,h]mitage--,*apel ( ,/ ,pet]1 #aie 8 ,! ,*ur* & ,keep1 #aig 8 ,cloi/]s1 #aih 8 ,*apelle de ,sa9te ,croix1 #bjj 8 ,mortu>y ,*apel1 #bja 8 ,! ,keep1 ,h]mitage1 etc41 #bjb 8 ,plans & ,section ( ,keep1 #bjc ,,/ ,,gilles1 ,portal1 #bjg 8 ,s\? ,doorway1 7,enl>g$71 #bjh ,,les ,,sa9tes ,,m>ies1 ,*ur*4 7,f ,rvoil47 #bac ,,m>seilles1 ,/ ,victor--,ext]ior1 #bad 8 8 ,int]ior1 #bae 8 ,monum5t 9 ,/ ,victor's1 #baf ,,aix-,,en-,,prov5ce1 ,/ ,sauveur1 ,doorway1 #bag 8 8 8 ,int]ior1 #bah 8 ,cloi/]s1 ,/ ,sauveur1 #bai ,b,,zi]s1 ,f ! ,orbe1 #bbc ,b,,zi]s1 ,t[]1 ,s\? side ( ,/ ,nazaire1 #bbd 8 ,apse1 ,/ ,nazaire1 #bbe 8 ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,nazaire1 #bbf 8 ,f\nta9 9 ,cloi/]s1 #bbg 8 ,h\se1 #bbh 8 ,/ ,pi]re de ,r$des4 7,f ,rvoil47 #bbi ,,n>bonne1 ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,j1 #bca ,,p]pignan1 ,! ,ca/ellet1 #bcg ,,p]pignan1 ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,jean1 #bch ,,elne1 ,m>ble ,gateway1 #bda 8 ,ca!dral1 #bdb 8 ,cloi/]s1 #bdd ,,c>cassonne1 g5]al view1 #bde 8 ,t[]s & ,ca/le1 #bdg 8 ,out] & ,inn] ,walls1 ,nor? ,side1 #bdi 8 ,porte ,n>bonnaise1 #bea 8 ,we/]n ,walls & ,b>bican1 #bec 8 ,int]ior ( ,walls1 #bef 8 ,/ ,nazaire1 #beh ,,aigues ,,mortes1 8,t\r de ,con/ance10 #bfa 8 ,walls on ,ea/ & ,nor? ,sides1 #bfc 8 ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,side ( ,walls1 #bfe 8 ,porte de ,nimes1 #bfg ,,hy,,res1 ,ca/le1 #bgb 8 ,/ ,paul1 #bgc ,,cannet1 #bge ,,?oronet1 ,*ur* f ,s\?-,we/1 #bgf 8 8 ,int]ior1 #bgg 8 ,cloi/]1 #bgi 8 ,caps 9 ,cloi/]1 #bhj 8 ,f\nta9 9 ,gr\nds1 #bhc ,,/ ,,maxim91 ,*ur*1 #bhd ,,fr,,jus1 ,plan ( ,ca!dral1 #bhe 8 ,ca!dral1 ,int]ior1 #bhf 8 ,we/]n ,enclosure & ,ca!dral ,build+s1 #bhg 8 ,ca!dral1 ,ea/]n ,t[] & ,bi%op's ,palace1 #bhh 8 8 ,s\? or ,entrance ,front1 #bij 8 8 ,bapti/]y1 #bib ,,riez1 ,! 8,pan!on10 ,plan 7,f ,texi] & ,pullan71 #bic 8 8 ,section 8 8 #bid ,,fr,,jus1 ,ca!dral1 ,cloi/]s1 #bie 8 8 8 ,int]ior1 #big 8 ,ca!dral1 ,brass ,lamp 7,f a draw+ by ,mr ,r4 ,burns ,begg71 #bih 8 ,doorways1 #bii ,,/ ,,tropez1 g5]al view1 #cjj 8 ,entrance to ,fi%m>ket1 #cja ,,grimaud1 ,f ! ,pla91 #cjb ,,grimaud1 ,ca/le1 #cjc ,,nap\le1 ,ca/le1 #cje 8 8 #cjf ,,mont ,,/ ,,cassi51 #cjg ,,cannes1 ,bay (1 & ! ,e/]elle ,m\nta9s1 #cji 8 ,! ,old ,t[n1 #caa 8 ,t\r du ,*evali]1 #cab 8 8 8 ,plan & ,section1 #cac 8 ,*ur* ( ,/ ,anne1 #cae 8 8 8 ,plan1 #caf 8 8 8 ,doorway1 #caf 8 ,mont du ,*evali]1 #cag 8 ,notre ,dame d',espr5ce1 #cah ,,/ ,,honorat1 ,cloi/]s ( ,mona/]y1 ,int]ior1 #cbj 8 ,/e ,tr9it1 ,int]ior1 #cba 8 8 ,plan1 #cbb 8 8 ,we/ ,end1 #cbc 8 8 ,ea/ ,end1 #cbd 8 8 ,doorway1 #cbe 8 ,/ ,sauveur1 ,lr9s 7f ,rvoil71 #cbe 8 ,ca/le1 ,plan ( ,gr\nd ,floor1 #cbf 8 8 7f ,n4-,w471 #cbg 8 8 ,l[] ,cloi/]1 #cbi 8 8 ,capitals & ,bases1 #ccj 8 8 8 8 ,base1 #cca 8 8 ,l[] ,cloi/]1 #ccc 8 8 7f ,n4-,e471 #cce 8 8 7section f ,n4 to ,s471 #ccf 8 8 ,plan ( ,fir/ ,floor1 #ccg 8 8 ,upp] ,cloi/]1 #cch 8 8 ,upp] ,cloi/]1 ,details1 #cci 8 8 ,refectory1 #cda ,,/e ,,m>gu,,rite1 ,ca/le1 #cdc ,,vallauris1 ,abbot's ,summ] ,palace1 #cde 8 ,*apel ( ,abbot's ,summ] ,palace1 #cde 8 8 8 8 8 #cdf ,,le ,,cannet1 8,maison du ,brig&10 #cdg 8 ,notre ,dame des ,anges1 #cdh ,,m\g9s1 ,notre ,dame de ,vie1 #cdi 8 ,gate to ,t[n1 #cej ,,auribeau1 #cea ,,grasse1 ,view ( ,t[n1 #ceb 8 ,ca!dral1 ,plan (1 #ceb 8 8 ,we/ ,end1 #cec 8 8 7,campanile at ,n4 ,e4 angle71 #ced 8 8 ,int]ior1 #cee 8 ,keep ,t[]1 #cef 8 ,/aircase1 #ceg 8 ,*ur* ( ! ,oratoire1 #ceh 8 8 8 ,cap ( ,ma9 ,pi]1 #cei ,,/ ,c,,saire1 ,anci5t ,gateway1 #cei 8 ,c>v+ ov] ,doorways1 #cfj 8 ,*ur*1 ,ext]ior1 #cfa 8 8 ,int]ior1 #cfb 8 ,plan ( ,*ur*1 #cfc ,,*ateau ,,de ,,t\rnon1 #cfc ,,callian1 ,t[n & ,ca/le1 #cfd ,,le ,,b>1 ,s\? ,doorway ( ,*ur*1 #cfe ,,g\rdon1 ,view (1 #cfg 8 ,h\ses1 #cfh 8 ,*teau1 #cfi ,,t\rettes1 ,*ur*1 #cgj 8 ,font1 #cga ,,antibes 7f ,we/71 #cgb 8 ,t[] or ,keep atta*$ to ,ca!dral1 #cgd 8 8 8 ( ! ,ca/le1 #cge ,,cagnes1 ,ca/le 7f ! ,s\?71 #cgg 8 8 7f ! ,n4-,e471 #cgh ,,vill5euve-,,l\bet1 ,ca/le 7f ! ,n4-,w471 #cgi 8 8 8 7f ! ,s4-,e471 #chj ,,la ,,tr9it1 ,t[] ( 7,plan71 #chb 8 8 7f ! ,*apel71 #chc ,,la ,,tr9it1 ,t[] ( 7f ! ,s4-,w47 #chf ,,biot1 ,view (1 #chg 8 ,*ur*--,ext]ior1 #chi 8 8 ,plan (1 #cij 8 8 ,int]ior1 #cia ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>1 7f ! ,ea/71 #cic 8 78 ,we/71 #cid 8 ,details1 #cie ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>1 ,old ,%ops & ,h\ses1 #cif 8 ,side ,/reet1 #cig 8 ,ma9 ,/reet1 #cih 8 ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,gateway1 #cii 8 ,ma9 ,/reet1 #djj 8 ,*imney-piece 9 ! ,maison ,suraire1 #dja 8 ,/aircase 9 ! ,maison ,suraire1 #djb 8 ,nor? ,gateway1 #djc 8 ,*ur*1 ,we/ ,end (1 #djd 8 8 ,int]ior1 #dje 8 8 ,plan (1 #djf 8 ,t[] or ,keep1 #djg ,,v5ce1 ,ca!dral--,int]ior1 #dji 8 8 ,plan1 #daj 8 8 ,ea/ ,end1 #dab 8 8 ,font1 #dac 8 ,beh9d ,ca!dral1 #dad 8 ,anci5t ,h\se1 #dae 8 ,doorway1 #daf 8 ,t[] or ,keep ( ! ,consul1 #dag ,,/ ,,m>t9-,,les-,,v5ce1 ,comm&]y1 #dah ,,cimies1 ,cross1 #dbj ,,nice1 ,ca/le ( ,/ ,&r1 #dba 8 ,/ ,&r1 #dbc ,,eza1 7f ! ,railway ,/ation71 #dbd 8 7f ! ,ea/71 #dbe 8 ,approa* to ! ,t[n ,gate1 #dbf 8 ,entrance ,gateway to ,t[n1 #dbg 8 ,int]ior ( ,entrance ,gateway1 #dbh 8 ,h\se1 #dbi 8 ,doorway1 #dcj ,,la ,,turbie1 ,out] s\? ,gateway1 #dcj ,,la ,,turbie1 ,inn] ,s\? ,gateway1 #dca 8 ,ea/]n ,gateway1 #dcb 8 ,h\ses1 #dcc ,,monaco1 ,ducal ,palace1 #dce 8 8 8 7,n4 ,w4 ,ba/ion71 #dcf ,,roquebrune1 ,entrance to ,t[n1 #dcg 8 ,font1 #dch 8 ,ca/le1 #dci ,,m5tone1 7f ! ,h>b\r71 #ddj ,,v5timiglia1 ,we/ ,portal ( ,ca!dral1 #ddb 8 ,int]ior ( ,ca!dral1 #ddc ,,dolce ,,aqua1 ,/reet1 #ddd 8 ,ca/le ( ! ,dorias1 #dde 8 8 8 7f ! ,s4 ,w471 #ddf ,,san ,,remo1 ,/reet1 #ddg 8 ,h\ses1 #ddh 8 ,san ,siro 7,nor? ,doorway71 #ddi ,,taggia1 ,gateway & ,/reet1 #dej 8 ,doorway1 #dea 8 8 #deb 8 ,cloi/]s1 ,/ ,*ri/(]o1 #dec ,,alassio1 ,*ur*1 #ded ,,alb5ga1 ,t[]s & ,we/ ,end ( ,*ur*1 #dee 8 7f ,railway ,/ation71 #def 8 ,t[] at ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,*ur*1 #deg ,,g5oa1 ,cloi/]s1 ,san ,matteo1 #dei 8 ,doorway1 ,piazza ,san ,matteo1 #dfj 8 ,*ur*1 ,cloi/]s1 etc41 #dfa 8 ,campanile1 #dfb ,knock]1 ,elne ,ca!dral--,tailpiece1 #dfc ,lamp f ,old ,*ur*1 ,monaco1 #dfd ,details f ,tomb ( ,cornelia1 ,arles ,museum1 #dfg ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,map ,,to ,,accompany 8,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,prov5ce ,,& ,,! ,,rivi]a40 ,scale ( ,engli% ,miles ,illu/ration ,i4 ,! beautiful build+s ( ! ,nor? ( ,france are z well kn[n to all ,engli% lov]s ( ar*itecture z _m ( ! edifices ( our own c\ntry1 & e "o is m or less acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,! v>i\s /yles :i* h prevail$ !re--:e!r ,go?ic or ,r5aissance1 ,ecclesia/ical1 ,ca/ellat$ or ,dome/ic--h all be5 fully illu/rat$ & r5d]$ famili> by num]\s admirable works1 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,besides1 be+ s ne> our own %ores1 & ly+ z x does1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,p>is1 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry is easily accessible1 & is mu* visit$ by ,engli% t\ri/s & /ud5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,! v>i\s /yles ( ,nor!rn ,france1 too1 h _m po9ts ( resemblance to ^? on ?is side ( ! *annel2 & !re ?us exi/s a feel+ ( sympa?y betwe5 ! two :i* r5d]s ! /udy ( bo?1 & a comp>ison ( _! simil>ities & diff]5ces1 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ! ,engli% obs]v]4 ,all ^! circum/ances h contribut$ to make ! great ca!drals ( ,ami5s1 ,beauvais1 ,r\51 ,rheims1 & ,*>tres famili> & attractive2 :ile ! picturesque t[ns ( ,nor!rn ,france1 ) _! qua9t half-timb]$ h\ses1 & ! no less picturesque co/umes ( ! inhabitants1 are con/antly br\ght be=e u 9 ! *>m+ repres5tations ( our arti/s4 ,! anci5t ca/les ( ,norm&y & ,nor!rn ,france1 su* z ! ,*teaux d',arques1 ,gaill>d1 & ,falaise1 are z closely connect$ ) ,engli% z ,fr5* hi/ory2 & z ! dwell+s ( our ,plantaganet ,k+s1 & ! sc5e ( _m important ev5ts 9 _! lives1 !y claim ev5 m att5tion at our h&s ?an !y h yet receiv$4 ,b ! ,s\? ( ,france is a comp>atively unkn[n c\ntry4 ,x is mu* less frequ5t$ by our c\ntrym5 ?an ! ,nor?1 & its build+s & sc5]y r>ely =m ! subject ( our arti/s' pa9t+s4 ,x is inde$ true t a v l>ge numb] ( ,engli% p w9t] 9 ! ,rivi]a or at ,pau2 b ^! visitors are all desir\s to p]=m _! migration at a s+le flight1 & to move1 z by a magic spell1 unconsci\s ( ! horrors ( ! middle passage1 f ! gloom ( ! dre>y w9t] ( ,engl& to ! bright sun%9e & lovely l&scape ( ! ,s\?4 ,t ?is %\ld be ! case is p]haps sc>cely to be wond]$ at1 s _m ( ! visitors be+ !mselves delicate or 9 company ) invalids4 ,b = _! own sakes x is mu* to be regrett$1 z !y ?us pass ?r\gh a great deal ( f9e & novel sc5]y )\t obs]v+ x1 & cat* b a pass+ glimpse ( "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & int]e/+ cities1 *ur*es1 & ca/les 9 ,europe4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$ t ! int]v5+ di/rict betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\? is n a pleasant region 9 mid-w9t]4 ,betwe5 ,lyons & ,m>seilles ! cold is frequ5tly v int5se1 & ! :ole valley ( ! ,rhone suff]s f ! fi]ce & bitt] 8mi/ral0 :i* sweeps d[n x f ! region ( ! ,cev5nes ,m\nta9s on ! nor?-we/4 ,to enjoy a t\r 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone on ! way out to ! ,rivi]a "o mu/ />t e>li] ?an usual1 s z to make ! ,octob] wea!r available1 or delay till ! return j\rney 9 spr+4 ,! ,engli%man travell+ s\?w>ds = ! fir/ "t is *iefly /ruck ) ! entire *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! sc5]y1 ! vegetation1 ! /yle ( ! build+s1 ! col\r ( ! soil & hills1 ! brilliant sun%9e1 & ! cle> blue sky1 :i* ev]y:]e meet ! view 9 desc5d+ ! ,rhone4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 go+ s\? by ! night tra9 f ,p>is4 ,soon aft] leav+ ,lyons daylight comm5ces1 :5 ! travell] awakes to f9d himself 9 a new zone4 ,all ! surr\nd+s are trans=m$3 in/ead ( ! sombre sun & foggy atmosph]e ( ! ,nor?1 he enjoys ! bright light & brea!s ! cle> air ( ! ,s\?1 & f9ds ar\nd him1 in/ead ( b>e trees & froz5 h]bage1 v9ey>ds & g>d5s /ill ri* ) ! lovely t9t$ foliage ( autumn4 ,! build+s 9 ^! g>d5s & fields p>ticul>ly /rike ! eye ( ! ar*itect4 ,!y are s unlike :at he has be5 accu/om$ to1 & left beh9d only a few h\rs ago4 ,! h\ses ( timb]-fram$ "w1 ) _! /eep ro(s cov]$ ) slates or flat tiles1 & ! snug home/eads ( ,engl& & ! ,nor? ( ,france1 h entirely vani%$2 & 9 _! /ead only small squ>e or oblong erections are to be se5 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! fields1 ) pla/]$ & t9t$ walls1 & cov]$ ) til$ ro(s ( ! ribb$ ,italian patt]n1 all laid at flat slopes1 & g5]ally hav+ "o side ( ! ro( mu* long] ?an ! o!r4 ,at ,avignon ! *ange ( aspect is ev5 m complete4 8,on arriv+ at ,avignon10 says ,prosp] ,mrime1 8x appe>$ to me t ,i _h left ,france beh9d4 ,l&+ f ! /eamboat ,i _h n be5 prep>$ by a gradual transition = ! novelty ( ! spectacle :i* pres5t$ itself2 ! language1 ! co/umes1 ! aspect ( ! c\ntry1 ev]y?+ appe>s /range to "o com+ f ! c5tre ( ,france4 ,i believ$ myself 9 ! middle ( a ,spani% t[n4 ,! cr5ellat$ walls1 ! t[]s furni%$ ) ma*icolations1 ! c\ntry cov]$ ) olives & plants ( a tropical vegetation1 recall$ ,val5cia1 c40 ,n less great ?an ! diff]5ces 9 climate & 9 ! aspects ( nature1 are ^? ( ! arts ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?2 & ^! div]sities 9 nature & art1 al?\gh n[ all embrac$ )9 ! compass ( "o great & unit$ c\ntry1 are indications ( ! political diff]5ces :i*1 9 =m] times1 exi/$ betwe5 ! v>i\s portions ( x4 ,! gr[? ( ,france z a k+dom has be5 sl[ & gradual4 ,n to ref] to *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 our own times to modify ! ext5t ( h] surface1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,prov5ce 0 no "p ( ,france till ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n till #adha1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xi41 t ,prov5ce pass$ "u ! rule ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,dur+ ! e>li] & m important epo*s ( ! ar*itectural revolutions 9 t prov9ce1 x =m$ an indep5d5t ,/ate1 & 0 9 advance1 9 art & lit]ature1 ( its nor!rn neighb\rs4 ,9 consid]+ ! hi/ory ( its ar*itecture1 x is important t ?is %\ld be kept cle>ly 9 view4 ,we %all see1 z we glance rapidly ov] ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\!rn prov9ces1 t1 9 mo/ respects1 ! developm5t ( ! civilisation ( ! ,s\? diff]s f t ( ! ,nor!rn k+dom1 & t ! gr[? ( ! ar*itecture naturally foll[s ! progress ( ! respective c\ntries4 ,! art ( ! ,s\?1 al?\gh x rea*$ maturity e>li] ?an t ( ! ,nor?1 0 also ! fir/ to decay2 &1 z ! ,nor!rn ,franks spread _! arms ov] ! ,s\?1 & bit by bit got possession ( ! l&1 s _! noble & vigor\s /yle ( ar*itecture accompani$ !m1 &1 to a great ext5t1 sup]s$$ ! old] & m f9i%$1 b less expansive1 /yles ( ! s\!rn prov9ces4 ,b ! c\ntry we are deal+ ) has a hi/ory :i* ext5ds back = hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! names ( ,gaul or ,france 7 he>d (4 ,?is region has 9 all ages =m$ a c5tre = ! reception ( ! culture & arts ( ! v>i\s nations ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f :i* ^! h aga9 be5 radiat$ to ! remot] c\ntries ( ! ,we/4 ,its rem9isc5ces ?us c>ry u back to ! dawn ( hi/ory1 "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 we f9d ! coa/ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,phnician navigators1 by ^: comm]cial & naval activity x c\ld n fail to be greatly influ5c$4 ,to ! ,phnicians succe$$ ! ,greeks1 :o colonis$ ! c\ntry1 & infus$ into x t _s ( ,grecian culture & art ( :i* x 0 long ! home4 ,! ,romans next took possession ( ! l&1 &1 "u _! dom9ion1 x became a fav\rite prov9ce1 & 0 lavi%ly enri*$ ) ! productions ( ! magnific5t ar*itecture ( ! ,empire4 ,amid/ ! horrors ( ! b>b>ian irruptions :i* foll[$ ! fall ( ! ,empire1 ?is =tunate prov9ce succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ "s relics ( ,roman civilisation2 & :5 ! dawn began to appe> aft] ! t]rible night ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 x 0 among/ ! fir/ to %[ signs ( life & revival4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 song & lit]ature1 enc\rag$ by contact ) ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa91 sprang up & fl\ri%$ ere1 9 ! ,nor?1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce _h produc$ a settl$ condition 9 ! l&4 ,"h too ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* took an e>ly & firm hold1 & has left int]e/+ traces ( its sacr$ edifices ( v e>ly date4 ,x 0 "h also t ! primitive mona/ic societies ( ! ,we/ pres]v$ ! le>n+ & enlight5m5t :]eby ! nations 7 subsequ5tly reviv$ & illum9$4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages we %all likewise f9d t ?is rem>kable region /ill reta9$ its di/9ctive attitude z a c5tre ( arti/ic & comm]cial en]gy betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,x occupi$ 9 ?is respect1 dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 a v rem>kable position1 & 0 at t "t ! sc5e ( action ( "s ( ! *ief political & religi\s movem5ts 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe4 ,:ile connect$ z a fief ) ! 8,holy ,roman ,empire10 x 0 also 9 close proximity to ! gr[+ p[] ( ,france on ! nor?1 & to ,spa9 & ,italy on ! s\?4 ,= a "t inde$ x 0 "u ! suz]a9ty ( ,aragon1 & 0 ?us br\ght into contact ) ! sci5ce & arts ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,f ,italy aga9 x receiv$ an impulse f ! en]gy ( ! gr[+ ,republics ( t c\ntry2 :ile x also felt only too t]ribly & effectively ! sway & p[] ( ! ,pope4 ,at ! same "t x became ! *ief entrept ( ! gr[+ traffic f ! ,ea/1 & ! highway by :i* ! arti/ic & o!r products ( ! ,levant 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh ,france & ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,! importance ( ?is region 0 at t p]iod imm5se1 b 9 c\rse ( "t x gradually dim9i%$1 until at l5g? ! tide ( influ5ce became rev]s$4 ,! increas+ p[] ( ,france ov]%ad[$ ! ,s\?1 & ! policy & arts ( ! ,nor? gradually encroa*$ ^u & f9ally absorb$ x4 ,hav+ to inve/igate ! ar*itecture ( a region s ri* 9 hi/oric & arti/ic records1 x may be well1 be=e consid]+ its monum5ts 9 detail1 to glance a little m fully at ! hi/oric conditions "u :i* ! v>i\s /yles we %all meet ) 7 produc$ & develop$4 ,we %all ?us be ! bett] able to und]/& & appreciate _! place & significance 9 connection ) ! gr[? ( ! ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration ,,ii4 ,! hi/ory ( ! littoral ( ! ,m$it]ranean goes back to ! e>lie/ dawn ( m>itime ent]prise4 ,! coa/ 0 visit$ by ! ,phnicians1 ^? fir/ & adv5tur\s m]*ants & navigators ( ! ,levant1 :o pu%$ _! comm]ce ev5 z f> z ! %ores ( di/ant ,brita94 ,c>?age 0 "o ( ! ,tyrian ,colonies1 & s also 0 ,cadiz1 f\nd$ ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 ,! ,phnicians e/abli%$ _m cities & ports on ! coa/1 su* z ,illib]ris1 ,n>bonne1 & ,m>seilles1 & c>ri$ on a consid]able trade ) !m4 ,"s ( ^! h entirely p]i%$1 :ile 9 ! rema9d] only a few traces h be5 f\nd ( _! ,phnician orig94 ,! next navigators :o explor$ ! ,rivi]a 7 ! ,greek coloni/s f ,phoca1 itself a ,grecian colony on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 =c$ to leave _! c\ntry by ! invasion ( ! ,p]sians "u ,cyrus4 ,^! adv5tur]s1 aft] e/abli%+ !mselves 9 ,corsica1 spread to o!r p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,!y settl$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 by treaty ) ! natives1 at ,massilia or ,m>seilles4 ,ow+ to its f9e rock-%elt]$ h>b\r1 & f its proximity to ! m\? ( ! ,rhone1 :i* !n =m$ ! highway to ! ext5sive & popul\s c\ntry ly+ to ! nor?w>ds1 ?is colony soon grew into a fl\ri%+ seaport4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! ,massiliotes became ri*1 & acquir$ ext5sive l&s ar\nd _! t[n4 ,!y also spread _! canvas ov] ! neighb\r+ seas1 & e/abli%$ num]\s colonies all along ! coa/1 su* z ,n>bonne1 ,antibes1 ,nice1 ,monaco1 c4 ,! ,phocans br\ght ) !m f _! native home1 & introduc$ :]ev] !y w5t1 _! ,greek tongue1 toge!r ) _! ,grecian culture & love ( ,art4 ,! gov]nm5t ( _! t[ns 0 f\nd$ on ! patt]n ( t ( ,phoca1 ! p *oos+ a c\ncil ( #fjj1 a committee ( :om =m$ ! executive4 ,!y _h also s*ools & colleges = ! tea*+ ( gramm> & lett]s1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce & art4 ,! language1 civilisation1 & culture ( ! :ole ( ! ,massiliote t[ns 7 ?us entirely ,greek1 & gave a ,grecian "* to ! fir/ enlight5m5t ( ,s\!rn ,gaul2 a circum/ance :i* left a di/9ct trace 9 ! arti/ic /yle ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 "u ! ,empire1 j z 9 ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy1 ! settlem5t ( ! ,greek coloni/s 9 ^? c\ntries produc$ a simil> result4 ,! ,massiliotes1 be+ rivals ( ! ,c>?ag9ians z m]*ants & navigators1 naturally took "p ) ! ,romans 9 _! ,punic w>s1 furni%$ !m ) %ips1 & became _! allies4 ,9 #aed ,b4,c4 ! ,ligurian tribes ( ,s\? ,gaul rose aga9/ ! ,massiliote colonies1 & ! latt] 9 _! turn appli$ to _! ,roman allies = assi/ance4 ,?is =m$ ! fir/ introduction ( ! ,roman ,legions into ,gaul4 ,o!r disputes ) ! native tribes arose1 & 9 #abc ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,sextus ,calv9us complet$ ! subjugation ( ! ,salyes1 & f\nd$ ! fir/ ,roman settlem5t 9 transalp9e ,gaul at ,aquae ,sextiae 7n[ ,aix71 :]e he _h f\nd ! w>m spr+s attractive4 ,! road f ,italy into ,gaul by ! sea-coa/ 0 ?us secur$1 & a way op5$ = fur!r conque/4 ,9 #aah ,b4,c4 ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus & ,c4 ,domitius ,ah5ob>bus defeat$ ! ,av]nes & ,allobroges1 & became ma/]s ( ! ,s\!rn ,celts4 ,a ,roman colony 0 !n e/abli%$ at ,n>bo ,m>tius 7,n>bonne71 to secure ! c\ntry & protect ! road into ,spa94 ,dur+ ! civil w> ,massilia esp\s$ ! cause ( ,pompey1 a c\rse :i* l$ to ! t[n be+ besieg$ & tak5 by ,caes>4 ,massilia 0 !n ,romaniz$ & lo/ h] colonies1 b %e /ill reta9$ h] lett]s & arts1 & h] s*ools cont9u$ to fl\ri% "u ! ,empire4 ,by ! ye> #ej ,b4,c4 ! :ole ( ,gaul _h be5 subdu$ by ,julius ,caes>4 ,colonies 7 e/abli%$ by him & 8 successors at ,arles1 ,orange1 ,vi5ne1 & all ! important ,gallic t[ns1 & ! c\ntry 0 ?us br\ght "u ,roman rule & influ5ce4 ,traces ( ! gradual passage f ,greek to ,roman culture are to be f\nd 9 ! monum5ts ( ! e>li] c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 ! *ange f ! ,greek to ! ,lat9 language1 ! ,greek names assum+ a ,lat9 =m & be+ inscrib$ 9 ,roman *>act]s4 ,"u ,rome ! t[ns ( ,gaul 7 adorn$ ) ! pr(usion ( spl5did public build+s univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 e t[n be+ provid$ ) its ,=um & ,temples1 its ,!atre1 ,amphi!atre1 ,ba?s1 ,aqu$ucts & ,triumphal ,ar*es4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture adopt$ 0 naturally t ( ! ,romans1 b 9 _m build+s & sculptures ( ! e>ly c5turies1 a /rong ,greek feel+ may be detect$4 ,?is is also ! case at ,pompeii1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* 0 likewise orig9ally a ,greek colony4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies1 ,s\? ,gaul gradually became entirely ,romaniz$1 & 0 ! fav\rite prov9ce ( ! ,empire1 ) ! seat ( ! prefect at ,trves4 ,9 ! fir/ brilliant p]iod ( ! ,empire1 h] ext5sive conque/s add$ to h] /r5g?1 bo? 9 supply+ m5 = h] armies1 & weal? = ! embelli%m5t ( h] cities4 ,h5ce ! magnific5t display ( public build+s !n erect$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w4 ,b x also t5d$ to h] en]vation ?r\gh luxury & sup]fluity4 ,?is gradually enc\rag$ ! gr[+ corruption ( ! ,empire1 & caus$ cont9ually fre% dem&s on ! prov9ces to fe$ ! c5tral crav+ & consumption--:ile ) luxury ! /r5g? ( ,rome relax$1 & %e became unable 9 return to ext5d to ! prov9ces ! support !y requir$4 ,?is weakness w5t on1 gradually increas+1 till 9 ! fif? c5tury ! c\ntry fell an easy prey to ! hordes ( ,b>b>ians :o !n p\r$ 9 ^u x4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,visigo?s _h bur/ ov] ,s\!rn ,gaul1 & settl$ 9 ! f]tile pla9s betwe5 ! ,pyr5ees & ! ,g>onne4 ,t "p ( ! c\ntry be+ well peopl$ & civilis$1 & ! conqu]ors comp>atively small 9 numb]1 !y 7 9 c\rse ( "t1 to a great ext5t1 absorb$ into ! g5]al population4 ,! civilisation & polity ( ! ,romans ?us cont9u$ to pres]ve a comp>atively un9t]rupt$ c\rse 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,gaul4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( all ! ,greek & ,roman colonies1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( mod]n times1 t !y 7 e/abli%$ 9 cities4 ,9 ! cities 7 c5tr$ all ! life & movem5t ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! l& ( c\rse _h to be cultivat$1 b t 0 done by b&s ( slaves l$ out f ! t[ns4 ,! op5 c\ntry 0 un9habit$1 & except )9 a %ort di/ance f ! t[ns1 lay wa/e & uncultivat$4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t ex]cis$ 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 0 f\nd$ on t ( ! t[ns4 ,! supreme p[] ( ,rome h]self1 ) all h] wide-spread comm&1 0 b an ext5d$ municipal au?ority1 & e t[n 0 9 ?is respect a repetition ( ! capital on a small scale4 ,z ! conque/s ( ,rome ext5d$1 ?is =m ( gov]nm5t 0 f\nd inadequate to ! control ( ! num]\s nations f9ally compris$ "u ,roman sway4 ,! ,empire1 ) its /rong] grasp & c5tralis$ control1 ) its multitude ( function>ies1 all appo9t$ by & 9 con/ant relation ) a c5tral w1 alone enabl$ ! exi/5ce ( ,rome to be cont9u$ = "s c5turies4 ,b :5 ! ,empire also f9ally decay$ & fell1 ! old municipal pr9ciple aga9 came to ! front4 ,z ! colonies _h be5 f\nd$ 9 cities1 s :5 ! ,imp]ial sy/em gave way1 ! city aga9 ass]t$ itself2 & 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 :]e ! b>b>ians _h be5 civilis$1 municipal au?ority prevail$1 & ea* t[n became an indep5d5t little ,/ate--! natural t5d5cy ( ^! municipalities be+ to deta* !mselves1 & to wat* jeal\sly ! proce$+s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,?is municipal pr9ciple is a lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,italy & ,s\!rn ,gaul1 & di/+ui%es ^! c\ntries f ! ,nor!rn prov9ces4 ,traces ( x are /ill v app>5t 9 ,italy & ,prov5ce1 & contribute greatly to ! picturesque "* ( ^! prov9ces4 ,!re ev5 yet ! soil is to a great ext5t cultivat$ by peasants1 :o dwell toge!r 9 crumbl+ old cities p]*$ on ! tops ( hills1 & surr\nd$ ) anci5t walls4 ,daily ! m51 wom51 & mules desc5d to _! lab\r 9 ! fields1 till ! ev5+1 :5 !y may be met toil+ up ! /eep & rocky pa?s to a well-e>n$ re/ 9 _! ance/ral t[n4 ,:ile 9 ! ,s\!rn prov9ces ! ,empire 0 ?us dy+ f exhau/ion1 & ! little isolat$ municipal /ates ( ! t[ns rema9$ ! only repres5tatives ( civil gov]nm5t left 9 ! l&1 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians 7 mu* m frequ5t & num]\s1 s t almo/ e trace ( ,roman civilization 0 oblit]at$4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is decay & de/ruction ( g5]al gov]nm5t a new organis+ & c5tralis+ p[] 0 aris+1 9 ! =m ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! fi]y trials ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ,*ri/ianity _h be5 adopt$ by ,con/ant9e 9 ,a4,d4 #cac2 & by ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ! *ur* _h become an ext5sive & unit$ in/itution1 ) a well organis$ hi]>*y ( cl]gy1 rev5ues ( its own1 & prov9cial1 national1 & g5]al c\ncils4 ,! vig\r ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! *ur* sy/em 0 conspicu\s 9 ! g5]al laxity1 & ! control ( affairs naturally fell into ! h&s ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities--! prie/s & bi%ops4 ,_! jurisdiction 0 (ficially recognis$1 & "u ! codes ( ,!odosius & ,ju/9ian ! control ( municipal affairs 0 remitt$ to ! cl]gy & bi%ops1 :o 7 ?us = a "t 9 _! respective cities ! repres5tatives ( gov]nm5t & ord]4 ,f ! date ( ,con/ant9e till ! ov]?r[ ( society1 ,b>b>ism1 ,paganism1 & ,*ri/ianity w5t on side by side4 ,:ile civilisation rema9$ ! s*ools cont9u$1 ,*ri/ians ( antique le>n+ & ,pagan /ud5ts discuss$ toge!r ! same problems ( philosophy1 & ! ,fa!rs endeav\r$ to reconcile !m ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,b z successive waves ( ,b>b>ians ru%$ ov] ! l&1 dr[n+ all be=e !m1 almo/ e semblance ( le>n+ 0 swept away4 ,h5ce arose a desire on ! "p ( le>n$ m5 to retire f ! an>*y & insecurity ( ! conditions ar\nd !m to "s safe retreat1 :]e !y might conv]se on & /udy 9 peace ^? high problems :i* occupi$ _! m9ds4 ,^! societies1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 7 by degrees conv]t$ into mona/]ies4 ,! celebrity ( ! ,ea/]n ascetics & devotees _h p5etrat$ to ,we/]n ,europe1 b ! solit>y =m ( religi\s obs]vance did n at fir/ meet ) mu* enc\ragem5t !re4 ,societies ( recluses 7 !n1 h[ev]1 also common 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,ea/]n mona/]y 0 ! =m adopt$ by ! ,we/]n recluses z _! model4 ,b mona/]ies 7 n at ?is "t religi\s societies1 nor 7 ! monks 9 ,holy ord]s4 ,!y 7 simply associations ( laym5 :o wi%$ to retire f ! confusion & turmoil into :i* all civil gov]nm5t 0 ?r[n1 & f9d peace = /udy & quiet = contemplation4 ,su* 0 ! fam\s mona/]y ( ! ,lr9s1 f\nd$ e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury by ,/ ,honorat1 on an isl& (f ! coa/ ne> ,cannes1 :i* soon became ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ool ( le>n+ & piety 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 & 0 z great a bless+ to ! c\ntries ( ! ,m$it]ranean z ! simil> colony ( ,/ ,columba at ,iona 0 to ! ,nor? ( ,brita94 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 to fancy h[1 9 ! mid/ ( ! /rife & unre/ ( ! fif? & six? c5turies1 su* societies t5d$ to become religi\s1 & ?us obta9 protection f ! ,*ur*4 ,?is !y 7 f9ally compell$ to d1 al?\gh at ! sacrifice ( _! lib]ty1 by plac+ !mselves "u ! au?ority ( ! bi%ops1 :]e alone !y c\ld f9d re/ & safety4 ,= ! ,b>b>ians1 _m ( :om 7 already ,*ri/ians1 /ood 9 awe ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* /rove to secure h] asc5dancy by ma9ta9+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual p[]1 & ! incapacity ( ! temporal p[]s to int]f]e ) x2 a doctr9e :i* aft]w>ds l$ to ! t]rible /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! temporal & spiritual p[]s1 repres5t$ on ! "o h& by ! ,emp]or1 & on ! o!r by ! ,pope1 a /ruggle :i* la/$ s long1 & involv$ s _m cities 9 ! horrors ( ! factions ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es4 ,dur+ ! fe>ful reign ( an>*y & de/ruction :i* prevail$ 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 :5 all security = life & prop]ty _h disappe>$1 & ! arm$ h& ( ! ,b>b>ian bore d[n all rule & ord] be=e x1 ! au?ority ( ! ,bi%ops likewise gave way4 ,_! ,sees 7 invad$ by ,go?s & ,franks1 :o assum$ _! titles & drew _! rev5ues4 ,! fate ( ! mona/]ies 0 simil>4 ,! invad]s seiz$ ! seats ( ! abbots1 & ! recluses 7 disp]s$4 ,ev]y:]e no?+ b decay & dis9tegration prevail$4 ,no wond] !n1 t monum5ts ( ?is p]iod are r>e2 ! m>vel is t any human /ructures %\ld h surviv$ ! %ock ( univ]sal ru9 & de/ruction4 ,only a few ( ! m massive ,roman monum5ts1 built z if to la/ = ev]1 7 able to )/& ! tornado4 ,! small & mode/ ,*ri/ian edifices h be5 almo/ entirely swept away2 b =tunately a few r>e ve/iges h be5 pres]v$ )9 our di/rict1 suffici5t to indicate ! nature ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,ar*itecture "u ! ,empire4 ,by ! eigh? c5tury ! ,b>b>ian invad]s ( ,gaul _h become some:at settl$ 9 _! new possessions1 & _h ab&on$ _! orig9al w&]+ mode ( life4 ,a c]ta9 nom9al supremacy _h always be5 accord$ to ! ,m]ov+ian ,k+s ( ! ,franks1 b ! royal p[]1 toge!r ) ! title1 _h n[ pass$ into ! /rong] & m active h&s ( ! ,c>lov+ians1 "u :om x grew into a di/9ct royal au?ority4 ,at ?is "t a new dang] f an unexpect$ qu>t] ?reat5$ ! sl[ly reviv+ prospects ( ! ,we/1 & seems = ! mom5t to h _h ! effect ( unit+ all ! o!rwise discordant elem5ts = ! purpose ( resi/ance to ! common foe4 ,?is 0 ! invasion ( ! ,s>ac5s f ! ,s\?4 ,^! w>like zealots _h1 aft] ov]-runn+ & de/roy+ ! ,roman civilisation ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 pass$ ov] into ,spa91 & 9 #gai !y cross$ ! ,pyr5ees & invad$ ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,! old ,roman cities 7 at t "t 9 a comp>atively settl$ & prosp]\s condition1 :5 _! tranquility 0 ?us rudely int]rupt$4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 deva/at$ by ! ,s>ac5 invad]s1 ! t[ns 7 besieg$1 & 9 mo/ cases tak5 & de/roy$4 ,we %all f9d1 z we proce$1 t !re is sc>cely "o :i* does n be> ! m>k ( ! de/ructive h& ( ! ,s>ac54 ,! ov]:elm+ flood 01 h[ev]1 at l5g? /emm$ by ,*>les ,m>tel 9 #gcb at ,t\rs1 :5 ! ,moors 7 completely defeat$ & driv5 back beyond ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?is great victory gave repose = a "t2 & ?9k+ m5 be+ we>y ( ! long night ( ,an>*y :i* _h s long oppress$ !m1 began to look r\nd = "s pr9ciple by :i* rule & ord] might aga9 be re/or$4 ,any durable & fix$ sy/em w\ld be bett] ?an ! fluctuation & unc]ta9ty s long exp]i5c$4 ,aft] s _m *anges & s mu* div]sity ( gov]nm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( unity naturally pres5t$ itself to m5's m9ds4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,empire 0 =gott5 "u ! m cru%+ oppressions ( all k9ds :i* _h s9ce _h to be submitt$ to2 :ile its unity & /r5g? 7 rememb]$1 & p began to long = :at n[ appe>$ to be 8! good old times0 ( ! ,empire4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! only satisfactory =m ( gov]nm5t 0 "o :i*1 l ! ,empire1 %\ld include ! :ole ,roman _w4 ,?is 0 consid]$ to be 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,z !re is "o ,god1 s !re %\ld be "o ,emp]or to repres5t ,him on e>? z temporal rul]1 & "o ,pope to repres5t ,him 9 matt]s spiritual z ! head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& by a rem>kable co9cid5ce ?is idea came to be realis$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjj1 9 ! p]son ( ,*>lemagne1 :o ext5d$ 8 sway ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,:at r5d]$ possible at t "t ! app>5t fulfilm5t ( ! dream ( univ]sal temporal & spiritual gov]nm5t1 0 ! fact t dur+ ,*>lemagne's "t ^! two p[]s recognis$ t !y c\ld be ( consid]able s]vice to "o ano!r1 & 7 consequ5tly on v fri5dly t]ms4 ,z ,*>lemagne 0 n[ ! supreme temporal ,emp]or1 s ! ,bi%op ( ,rome _h also fully e/abli%$ 8 supremacy 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is _h be5 br\ght ab\t by v>i\s =tunate circum/ances--by 8 occupy+ ! ,see ( ! great city ^: "n 0 /ill a p[]1 & :]e ! ,bi%op held ! old municipal au?ority & rule :i* _h !re be5 less di/urb$ by ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians ?an else:]e2 by 8 importance z a suz]a91 be+ a v ext5sive proprietor 9 ,italy & ,gaul2 & by means ( ! influ5ce ( mission>ies s5t direct f ,rome by ! ,pope to ,brita9 & ,g]many1 :]e ! conv]ts1 be+ ?us br\ght into imm$iate connection ) ,rome1 naturally gave _! support to ! ,pope z head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,papal sanction _h n[ become usual1 & 0 consid]$ necess>y by ,k+s1 to _! e/abli%m5t on ! ?rone--especially 9 ,g]many1 :]e ,papal supremacy s fully reign$4 ,b :ile ! ,k+ requir$ ! ,pope's c\nt5ance1 ! ,pope also 0 mo/ desir\s to obta9 ! aid ( ! temporal p[]1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ ! au?ority ( ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 & to obta9 possession ( ! ,ex>*ate4 ,_! requirem5ts ?us fitt$ 9 ) "o ano!r1 s t at ! coronation ( ,*>lemagne z ,emp]or by ,pope ,leo1 9 ! ye> #hjj1 ! supremacy & unity ( ! two heads ( affairs1 9 matt]s spiritual & temporal1 seem$ to be complete1 & ! ,holy ,roman ,empire to be e/abli%$ on a secure & p]man5t basis4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 h[ev]1 great disruptions ( 8 empire ensu$2 b ! idea ( a c5tral p[] took root1 & al?\gh n develop$ accord+ to ! orig9al conception1 x l$ 9 "t to ! =mation ( ! v>i\s nations :i* n[ occupy ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! idea ( an univ]sal ,holy ,empire des]ves special att5tion 9 connection ) ,ar*itecture4 ,! same causes z l$ to ?is conception w\ld also prevail ) reg>d to ! art1 & especially ! /yle ( ,ar*itecture to be foll[$ 9 ! ,empire4 ,?is we %all f9d !re is reason to believe 0 ! case1 & t up to ?is "t1 & ev5 till ! t5? c5tury1 ! *ur*es 7 app>5tly erect$ 9 "o traditional /yle1 m or less foll[$ 9 ! :ole ( ! ,we/]n ,empire2 :]eas aft] ! above date ! ar*itecture div]ges into v>i\s national v>ieties 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries into :i* ,europe 0 !n sub-divid$4 ,"u ,*>lemagne a wond]ful revival took place 9 ,lett]s1 ,arts1 ,s*ools1 & ,religion--! fir/ dawn aft] ! long night ( an>*y4 ,9 ,italy1 ,prov5ce1 & ,aquita9e1 :]e ! t[ns _h pres]v$ some?+ ( ! ,roman municipal rule1 & ( ! mann]s1 lett]s1 & arts ( ! ,empire1 ,lit]ature & ,art began sl[ly to improve & revive4 ,! relics ( ,roman culture :i* !y possess$1 toge!r ) ! con/ant int]c\rse ( ! dwell]s 9 ! t[ns ) "o ano!r1 & ! circum/ance t "h1 z 9 ,italy1 ! ,nobles z well z ! ,burgh]s dwelt )9 ! walls1 all help$ to br+ ab\t a m spe$y revival 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! ,nobles dwelt ap>t 9 _! isolat$ ca/les4 ,! rem9isc5ces ( ,roman luxury1 & ! w>m & voluptu\s climate1 :ile !y t5d$ to en]vate & weak51 t5d$ also to ! gr[? ( music1 song & lit]ature4 ,national poets arose1 ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,tr\bad\rs1 :o became s prom95t 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,?is enlight5m5t1 comb9$ ) ! nasc5t *ivalry ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :i* introduc$ ! wor%ip ( ,woman ) gallantry & ! ,c\rts ( ,love1 =m$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! rigid asceticism ( ! ,burgundians1 & compet$ /rongly ) ! expansion ( ! ,mona/ic in/itutions4 ,x 0 ! same _s ( fre$om & progress :i* 9 ! foll[+ c5tury excit$ ! suspicion & hatr$ ( ! cl]gy1 & gave rise to ! dreadful sc5es ( massacre among/ ! ,albig5ses ( ,aquita9e1 & ! horrors ( ! ,inquisition4 ,ar*itecture naturally p>ticipat$ 9 ! g5]al advancem5t & %[$ symptoms ( new life4 ,f ! n9? c5tury evid5ces exi/ ( ?is revival 9 ! monum5ts /ill to be f\nd 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,*>lemagne's relations ) ! ,ea/ 7 ( a fri5dly "*1 & he is said to h s5t to ,byzantium = m5 ( le>n+ & sci5ce4 ,among/ ^! 7 no d\bt ,ar*itects & ,sculptors1 :o w\ld ?us br+ ) !m ! elem5ts ( ! ,byzant9e influ5ce s di/9ctly manife/$ 9 ! e>ly *ur*es ( ! ,rh9el&4 ,! revival ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire "u ,*>lemagne1 al?\gh x pav$ ! way = ! new life :i* 0 to foll[1 0 n 9 itself t new life4 ,up to ?is "t ! %ad[ ( old ,rome 0 /ill ^u ! nations4 ,! ,go?s wond]$ at1 & envi$ ! great c5tral gov]nm5t ( ! ,empire1 & /rove to imitate & revive its p[] 9 _! own p]sons2 & = ?is purpose !y caus$ ! ,roman ,laws to be collat$1 & !y endeav\r$ to adm9i/] !m4 ,?is too1 z we h se51 0 ,*>lemagne's idea4 ,b ! new life ( ! mod]n _w did n look back to ,rome z its model4 ,x 0 glad to borr[ f ,rome all ! laws & culture x c\ld make available1 b its c5tral idea is n t ( univ]sal empire1 b ( sep>ate & indep5d5t k+doms4 ,h5ce ! long /ruggle 9 ! ,nor? betwe5 ! ,au/rasians1 :o /rove to impose ^u ! prov9ces _! missi & (ficials f a c5tral head1 & ! ,neu/rians1 ^: ,g]manic in/9cts ( individual fre$om l$ !m to cont5d = ! indep5d5ce & lib]ty ( action ( ! h]$it>y rul]s ( ! v>i\s prov9ces--! pr9ciple :i* 9 ! end prevail$ & det]m9$ ! condition ( mod]n ,european c\ntries4 ,! dream ( an univ]sal spiritual & temporal ,empire 0 only an attempt to raise ! gho/ ( old ,rome1 b ! new pr9ciple n[ be+ develop$ ( indep5d5t k+doms m>ks ! bir? ( ! new mod]n life4 ,! revival ( ! elev5? c5tury 0 fur!r greatly aid$ by ! ,*ur*1 bo? secul> & regul>4 ,! bi%ops & cl]gy be+ ! be/ educat$ class 9 ! community1 7 ! frequ5t advis]s ( ^? 9 au?ority1 ?us lead+ to ! prop] position ( ! ,*ur* be+ recognis$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! mona/]ies also und]w5t ! same _s ( revival & re=mation4 ,( ?is ! hi/ory ( ! ,abbeys ( ,cluny & ,citeaux =m a rem>kable illu/ration4 ,! ,abbey ( ,cluny 0 f\nd$ ab\t #iji ,a4,d4 by ,guillaume le ,pieux1 duc d',aquita9e1 b ,odon1 ! second ,abbot1 0 ! real creator ( ! h\se4 ,he introduc$ ! idea ( subord9ation & ord] among/ mona/]ies1 i4e41 t !re %\ld be "o head ,abbey1 ) num]\s o!rs subord9ate to1 & dep5d5t on x4 ,?is plan 0 also adopt$ by ! ,h\se ( ,citeaux 7! ,ci/]cians71 f\nd$ ab\t #aajj1 & o!rs4 ,! mona/]ies 71 h[ev]1 z yet all subject to ! rule ( ,/ ,b5$ict--diff]5t ord]s _h n hi!rto be5 introduc$1 only diff]5t controll+ c5tres4 ,su* control & sup]9t5d5ce 7 at ?is "t only too mu* ne$$1 all discipl9e hav+ be5 lo/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al disord]4 ,z has already be5 obs]v$1 _m ( ! abbeys _h become m]e ca/les 9 ! h&s ( lay abbots1 & 7 fill$ ) arm$ m54 ,9 o!r cases ! cl]ical abbots act$ z lay proprietors1 & comm&$ troops1 & mix$ 9 ! qu>rels ( ! nobles4 ,! ,abb ,maeul gov]n$ ,cluny = ! =ty ye>s prec$+ #iid1 dur+ :i* "t a l>ge numb] ( mona/]ies f e "p ( ,europe1 ext5d+ f ,rav5na & ,pavia 9 ,italy to ,t\rs 9 ,france1 & includ+ ! anci5t mona/]y ( ,/ ,honorat de ,lr9s 9 ,prov5ce1 adopt$ ! rule ( ,cluny & became subject to its au?ority4 ,"u ?is re=m$ rule mona/ic in/itutions began to assume a great importance & to ex]cise mu* influ5ce 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! mid/ ( disord] !y 7 ! only repres5tatives ( a well regulat$ gov]nm5t1 & 9 fact produc$ ! model f :i* mod]n society & ord] sprung4 ,cluny n[ began to feel its p[]1 & to long = indep5d5ce f ! au?ority ( ! ,bi%ops1 desir+ to hold f ! ,see ( ,rome alone4 ,abbot ,hugues & 8 fri5d ,hildebr& 7aft]w>ds ,gregory ,,vii47 bo? cont5d$ /rongly = ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual p[]--a /ruggle end+ ) ! f9al victory ( ! ,pope ov] ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,hugues1 l ! o!r sup]iors ( ! mona/ic in/itutions1 su* z ! ,abb ,sug] & ,/ ,b]n>d1 took "p 9 all ! great affairs ( ! "t 7elev5? c5tury74 ,! ,abb ( ,cluny 0 invit$ by ,william ! ,conqu]or to regulate ! religi\s affairs ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,hugues' "t ! dom9ion ( ,cluny ext5d$ ov] #cad mona/]ies4 ,! ,abbot-,g5]al ?us became ! equal ( any temporal pr9ce1 & ow$ 8 allegiance only to ! ,pope4 ,he /ruck 8 own co9age1 & he appo9t$ abbots to all 8 subject mona/]ies1 ( :om he occasionally call$ toge!r a ,c\ncil4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ! mona/]y1 besides be+ a model ( c5tralis$ organisation1 0 ! only place ( repose = intellectual m9ds4 ,! monks also resuscitat$ ! culture ( ! soil-e/abli%+ small conv5ts1 or ,obdi5ces1 9 remote & neglect$ t]ritories1 :]e !y cle>$ ! gr\nd1 dra9$ ! m>%es1 enclos$ fields1 & plant$ v9ey>ds4 ,!y also con/ruct$ roads & e/abli%$ bridges & f]ries4 ,trades ( all k9ds 7 likewise practis$ & enc\rag$ 9 ! mona/]ies1 & ! arts ( ! gold & silv] smi?1 ! glazi] & glass pa9t]1 ! illum9ator1 & ! c>v] 7 specially subjects ( ! monks' att5tion4 ,! h\ses ( ! inhabitants :o c>ri$ on ^! trades clu/]$ r\nd ! walls & increas$ 9 numb] ) ! importance ( ! mona/]y4 ,! workm5 consi/$ ( tann]s1 weav]s1 curri]s1 & drap]s1 :o manufactur$ ! produce ( ! live /ock ( ! abbey4 ,:]e !re 7 m9es on ! prop]ty1 ! necess>y lab\r]s 7 employ$2 & all ! ord9>y trades1 su* z ^? ( bak]s1 but*]s1 %oemak]s1 smi?s1 c41 7 ne$$ & support$4 ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 & ! education ( all provid$ =4 ,! sick 7 att5d$ to1 & all travell]s 7 welcom$ & ent]ta9$4 ,x 0 natural t ! mona/]ies1 well regulat$ z !y 71 & enc\rag+ all k9ds ( indu/ries1 %\ld spe$ily gr[ ri*4 ,b x w\ld be difficult to imag9e h[ weal? c\ld h be5 bett] made available = ! b5efit ( ! community at t "t1 & "u ! conditions !n exi/+1 ?an x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ci/]cian mona/]ies is simil> to t ( ! ,clunisi5s4 ,9 ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury "s monks ( ,molesmes1 ^: mona/]y _h fall5 into ! greate/ laxity1 obta9$ f ! ,papal ,legate p]mission to f\nd an ,abbey on rules ( great /rictness4 ,tw5ty monks e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! =e/ ( ,citeaux1 9 ! diocese ( ,*lon1 on a des]t t]ritory surr5d]$ to !m by ! ,visc\nt ( ,beaune4 ,! monks built an ,oratory & e/abli%$ ,rules--"o ( :i* 0 t !y %\ld live by ! "w ( _! h&s4 ,^! monks 7 soon aft]w>ds jo9$ by ,/ ,b]n>d & 8 companions1 :5 ! rule ( ,citeaux took a great />t4 ,9 less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ^! tw5ty m5 began _! lab\rs 9 ! m>%y =e/ by reclaim+ & cultivat+ a small pat* ( gr\nd1 !y 7 repres5t$ by #fj1jjj ,ci/]cian monks spread ov] e "p ( ,europe4 ,!y 7 call$ 9 by feudal lords f all c\ntries to cle> ! l&1 to e/abli% indu/ries1 to re> flocks & h]ds1 to dra9 ! m>%es1 & cultivate ! soil4 ,9 a %ort "t ,citeaux rul$ ov] ! incr$ible numb] ( #bjjj h\ses ( bo? sexes1 ea* h\se possess+ #e or #f granges4 ,no?+ c bett] illu/rate ! imm5se /rides made 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! elev5? c5tury ?an ! great developm5t ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 & no "p ( ! progress !n made _h great] influ5ce on ,ar*itecture4 ,x is f ?is "t t we may date ! revival ( our art1 aft] ! almo/ total ext9ction ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,x is evid5t t ! v l>ge numb] ( new mona/]ies & *ur*es n[ requir$ w\ld h a great effect 9 /imulat+ ! gr[? ( ,ar*itecture4 ,! position ( ?is & e o!r art 0 at t "t necess>ily 9 ! h&s ( ! monks1 :o alone _h suffici5t k = ! design+ & decorat+ ( any build+4 ,"u ! mona/ic influ5ce1 h[ev]1 ! designs naturally became subject to rule & tradition1 & t5d$ to assume fix$ =ms1 al?\gh ^! v>i$ some:at "u ! regulations ( ! diff]5t ord]s1 & 9 diff]5t localities4 ,ano!r rem>kable ph5om5on1 :i* 0 bo? an indication ( ! new life & religions awak5+ ( ! epo*1 & _h also a v p[]ful effect 9 increas+ ^! movem5ts1 0 ! ,crusades4 ,! same en?usiasm :i* prompt$ ?\s&s to devote _! lives to a holy & useful exi/5ce 9 ! cloi/]1 /irr$ up 9 o!rs ?r\gh ! eloqu5ce ( ,pet] ! ,h]mit & ,/ ,b]n>d1 a resolve to sacrifice ev]y?+ to ! righte\s endeav\r to rescue ! places sanctifi$ by ! great ev5ts 9 our ,savi\r's ,life f ! h&s ( ! ,infidels4 ,among/ ! innum]able multitudes :o jo9$ 9 ! ,crusades1 & visit$ ! ,ea/1 !re mu/ h be5 _m :o 7 able to appreciate ! spl5did ar*itecture & decoration ( ,santa ,sophia & ! o!r great *ur*es & build+s ( ! ,levant2 & ^! travell]s w\ld br+ back ) !m fre% ideas :i* !y w\ld endeav\r to import into ! /ructures ( ! ,we/4 ,besides1 ! eyes ( all 7 op5$ & _! m9ds enl>g$ by contact ) ! culture & ref9em5t ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 :]e ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman civilisation _h cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly dur+ ! c5turies ( d>kness & b>b>ism :i* _h well nigh oblit]at$ !m 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y also saw at ,con/ant9ople ! great m>t :]e ! comm]ce betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ 0 conc5trat$1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! ri* fabrics & beautiful art ( ,p]sia & ,india4 ,! transport ( m5 & mat]ials to ! ,ea/1 = ! prosecution ( ! w>1 likewise gave a great impulse to navigation & m>itime ent]prise1 :ile contact ) ! ,s>ac5s 7!n an enlight5$ & sci5tific p7 taught valuable lessons to ! soldi]s ( ! cross4 ,!y especially acquir$ f !m _m improvem5ts 9 ! art ( ! attack & def5ce ( =tifications1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( milit>y eng9es1 ! results ( :i* ! ,we/]n nobles 7 n sl[ to avail !mselves ( 9 ! great ca/les :i* !y erect$ on _! return f ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! build+s ( ! ,holy places !mselves 7 naturally adopt$ z models1 & ! circul> *ur*es ( ! ,we/ are probably mo/ly imitations 7al?\gh sometimes remote ones7 ( ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 7:i* 0 itself rebuilt by ! ,crusad]s74 ,x w be fur!r po9t$ out 9 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,ar*itecture h[ ! anci5t ,greco-,roman art _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,syria1 & ! direct influ5ce x _h on ! ,ar*itecture ( ! ,we/4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al condition ( affairs1 & _! be>+ on ! art ( ! ,we/ ( ,europe up to ! twelf? c5tury1 let u n[ look a little m closely at ! progress ( ev5ts 9 ! prov9ce ) :i* we are specially conc]n$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,iii4 ,a rapid glance at ! political hi/ory ( ! c\ntry w fur!r %[ ! extraord9>y condition ( fluctuation & unc]ta9ty :i* exi/$ dur+ ! dismal p]iod :i* foll[$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman rule1 z well z ! gradual gr[? ( ! new /ate ( ?+s "u :i* ! great revival ( ! twelf? c5tury occurr$4 ,we %all also obs]ve h[ ! e>ly r5ewal ( civilisation 9 ! ,s\?1 aid$ z x 0 by ! pres]vation ( "s relics ( old ,roman culture1 ultimately yield$ to ! m vigor\s life & gr[? ( ! new political sy/em ( ! ,nor?4 ,we h se5 t ,aquita9e 0 occupi$ by ! ,visigo?s 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :ile ,prov5ce 0 /ill held by ! ,burgundians & ,gallo-,romans4 ,9 #dbe ,aetius made a f9al /& = ! ,roman cause1 b 0 defeat$ by ,!odoric1 ,k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 & ! la/ ve/ige ( ! ,empire 0 swept away4 ,^! two p[]s ( ! ,s\? aft]w>ds unit$ _! =ces aga9/ ,attila1 _! common foe1 & drove back ! ,huns 9 #dea4 ,9 #dhj ,arles 0 captur$ by ,euric = ! ,visigo?s1 :o ?us became ma/]s ( ,prov5ce4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! ,franks ext5d$ _! arms s\?w>ds1 & "u ,clovis1 & ,gundibald1 ,k+ ( ! ,burgundians1 defeat$ ! ,visigo?s at ,b\gl 9 #ejg4 ,9 #eaa ,!odoric1 ,k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s 9 ,nor? ,italy1 defeat$ ! army ( ,clovis :ile engag$ 9 ! siege ( ,arles1 & ?us pres]v$ ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ to ,italy4 ,b ,prov5ce 0 resign$ 9 #ecf by 8 successor ,witiges to ,!odoric1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1 :o _h ov]?r[n ! ,burgundian ,k+dom4 ,at ! dea? ( ,clo?air ,i4 9 #efa1 ,prov5ce 0 divid$ betwe5 8 sons1 ,sigeb]t1 ,k+ ( ,au/rasia obta9+ ,m>seilles1 & ,gontran ( ,burgundy1 ,arles4 ,"u subsequ5t k+s ,prov5ce 0 aga9 reunit$ & aga9 divid$4 ,9 #gai ! ,s>ac5s cross$ ! ,pyr5ees & took possession ( ,langu$oc4 ,!y subsequ5tly unit$ ) ,maurontis1 ! ,byzant9e gov]nor ( ,m>seilles1 = ! purpose ( driv+ out ! ,franks1 b 7 defeat$ by ,*>les ,m>tel1 :o ?us unit$ ,aquita9e & ,prov5ce to ! ,frank k+dom4 ,^! ,s\!rn prov9ces1 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 7 gov]n$ by municipal & ecclesia/ical organisations1 7 too weak ei!r to resi/ ! inroads ( ! ,s>ac5s1 or to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! m vigor\s discipl9e ( ! ,nor?4 ,at ! division ( ! ,c>lov+ian empire1 aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne 9 #hdc1 ,prov5ce fell to ,lo?aire1 along ) ,burgundy4 ,9 #hfc x 0 seiz$ by ,*>les ! ,bald1 & 9 #hgi 8 bro!r-9-law ,boson1 gov]nor ( ,vi5ne1 0 elect$ ,k+ by ! synod ( ,montale1 & ,prov5ce 0 ?us conv]t$ into a sep>ate mon>*y4 ,9 #icb ,hugo obta9$ ! ,italian k+dom1 & c$$ ,prov5ce to ,rudolph ,,ii41 :o unit$ ! two ,burgundies "u ! "n ( ! ,k+dom ( ,arles4 ,?is k+dom exi/$ z a "n till #ajcb2 b ,prov5ce _h 9 ! meantime be5 gov]n$ by ,pr9ces ^: p[] cont9ually increas$1 till1 f be+ appo9t$ ,gov]nors1 !y became h]$it>y hold]s ( ! fief4 ,( ^! ,pr9ces !re 7 sev]al 9 ! t5? c5tury1 :o reign$ "u ! titles ( ,boson ,i4 & ,,ii41 ,william ,i4 7:o drove out ! ,moori% pirates f ! ,frax9et 9 #ifh7 7z w be ref]r$ to 9 ! sequel71 ,ro?bold1 ,william ,,ii41 c4 ,9 #aaab ,raymond ,brang]1 ,c\nt ( ,b>celona1 ( ! h\se ( ,aragon1 m>ri$ ! heiress ( ,prov5ce1 & obta9$ possession ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ,raymond ( ,/ ,gilles1 ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 "o ( ! great lead]s ( ! fir/ crusade 9 #ajif1 claim$ a "p2 & 9 #aacj possession ( ,prov5ce 0 disput$ betwe5 8 son & ,raymond des ,baux1 ( ^: family we %all he> m by-&-bye4 ,9 #aaha ,raymond ,brang]1 :o _h be5 inve/$ 9 ,prov5ce by 8 bro!r ,alphonso ,i4 ( ,aragon1 di$1 & ! fief rev]t$ to ,alphonso ,i4 & ,,ii4 till #aaif4 ,9 #abji an attempt 0 made by ,raymond ,brang]1 f\r? ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 to de/roy ! indep5d5ce ( ! cities4 ,^! _h all along pres]v$ _! municipal fre$om & ,roman =m ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]n+ body 0 elect$ by ! citiz5s1 ! *ief magi/rate be+ orig9ally nom9at$ by ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or1 b latt]ly ! (fice became ve/$ 9 c]ta9 families1 or 0 held by ! bi%op4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury re=ms 7 attempt$ 9 ?is z 9 ev]y?+ else1 & ! citiz5s foll[$ 9 _! re=ms ! example ( ! ,italian ,republics1 & *ose a *ief magi/rate = life ) ! title ( ,pode/4 ,to ?is (fic] 0 entru/$ ! comm& ( ! troops1 & 8 *ief duty 0 to ma9ta9 ord] 9 ! t[n among/ ! diff]5t factions :i* 7 incessantly at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,! p[] ( ! ,pode/s 0 ?us consid]able1 & ! ,c\nt f\nd mu* difficulty 9 subdu+ !m4 ,! ,albig5ses ( ,avignon capitulat$ 9 #abbf2 & ,nice1 ,grasse1 ,t\lon1 & ,m>seilles 7 also subsequ5tly ov]come4 ,! /r5g? ( ! free t[ns _h be5 %ak5 %ortly be=e ?is by ! t]rible crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses ( ,aquita9e4 ,! t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ?is prov9ce _h always diff]$ some:at f ^? ( ,rome1 & ! jeal\sy ( ! ecclesia/ics _h be5 excit$ by ! fre$om ( ! life & language ( ?is comp>atively enlight5$ region4 ,! ,pope hav+ n[ completely e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( ! supremacy ( ! ,see ( ,rome1 c\ld n endure ! idea ( any want ( con=mity to 8 rule2 & he accord+ly enc\rag$ ! ,romani/s ( ! ,nor? to make w> on ^! rebelli\s h]etics4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! ,crusad]s aga9/ ! ,holy ,l& _h n[ worn (f2 b a crusade aga9/ ! ,h]etics ( ,aquita9e _h ! *>m ( novelty1 comb9$ ) ! advantages ( eas9ess ( access1 & ! probability ( abundance ( booty4 ,! crusades aga9/ ! ,albig5ses 7 l$ by ,c\nt ,simon de ,mont=t1 :o attack$ &1 aft] enc\nt]+ 9 mo/ cases a gallant & det]m9$ def5ce1 de/roy$ ! t[ns1 & massacr$ ! inhabitants4 ,at ,bzi]s alone1 :i* fell aft] a protract$ siege1 ! ,abbot ( ,citeaux1 9 report+ to ,innoc5t ,,iii41 express$ regret t he _h only be5 able to slay #bj1jjj h]etics2 b x is believ$ t no less ?an #fj1jjj 7 de/roy$ 9 t indiscrim9ate massacre4 ,! horrors ( w> 7 foll[$ by ! tortures ( ! ,inquisition1 & 9 ! holy h&s ( ,/ ,dom9ic & 8 ord] all diss5t 0 ei!r ext]m9at$ or driv5 into o!r l&s1 !re to s[ ! se$s :i* %\ld "s day spr+ up z a crop1 :i* no ,papal sickle c\ld cut d[n4 ,raymond ,,vii41 ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 hav+ esp\s$ ! cause ( 8 p1 suff]$ ) !m & 0 compell$ to d p5ance & to surr5d]1 by a def9ite treaty ) ,que5 ,blan*e 9 #abbi1 all 8 possessions 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,france to h] husb& ,l\is ,,viii41 & all 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,arles to ! ,pope's ,legate4 ,only a small portion 0 all[$ him = life1 & he 0 requir$ to d p5ance by s]vice 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! ,pope1 h[ev]1 decl9$ to accept ( ! ,k+dom ( ,arles on acc\nt ( its burd5som5ess ow+ to fam9es4 ,he !re=e h&$ x ov] to ,que5 ,blan*e1 :o entru/$ ! adm9i/ration ( x to ! ,s5es*al ( ! ca/le ( ,beaucaire4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds =m$ into ! ,pr9cipality ( ,orange & ! ,c\nt%ip ( ! ,v5aiss94 ,9 #abdc ,raymond ,,vii4 ( ,t\l\se 0 f9ally oblig$ to yield up ev]y?+ to ,k+ ,l\is ,,ix4 ,! suz]a9ty ( anci5t ,aquita9e 0 ?us acquir$ by ! ,cr[n ( ,france1 b ,prov5ce1 ea/ ( ! ,rhone1 /ill reta9$ its indep5d5ce4 ,9 #abde ! latt] pass$ into ! family ( ,anj\ by ! m>riage ( ,*>les ( ,anj\1 bro!r ( ,/ ,l\is1 ) ,beatrice1 heiress ( ,prov5ce4 ,! t[ns ?\ght ?is a fav\rable opportunity = mak+ an ef=t to recov] _! fre$om1 & accord+ly ,arles1 ,avignon1 & ,m>seilles jo9$ 9 a league aga9/ ,*>les4 ,arles & ,avignon submitt$ on 8 return f ! ,ea/ 9 #abea2 b ,m>seilles1 :i* _h resi/$ ,raymond ,brang]1 resolv$ to ma9ta9 its ,republican fre$om4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 x 0 compell$ to submit1 :5 its =tifications 7 raz$4 ,9 #abfb ! t[n aga9 rebell$1 b 0 blockad$ & r$uc$ by fam9e4 ,! anci5t lib]ties ( ,m>seilles 7 pres]v$1 b ,*>les sub/itut$ 9 ?is & ! o!r t[ns an (fic] ( 8 own in/ead ( ! electoral ,pode/4 ,he aft]w>ds acquir$ ,v5timiglia & ! ,m>itime ,alps4 ,*>les next c>ri$ 8 arms into ,italy1 & 9 #abff he drove out ,manfr$1 & took possession ( ! two ,sicilies4 ,he di$ 9 #abhe1 & left ,anj\1 ,prov5ce & ,naples to ,*>les ,,ii41 ^: son ,rob]t 79 #acji7 left a tr\bl$ h]itage to 8 gr&-daught] ,joan ( ,naples4 ,9 #acdc ,joan's husb&1 ,&rew ( ,naples1 hav+ be5 murd]$1 & ,joan be+ suspect$ ( complicity 9 ! de$1 h] husb&'s bro!r1 ,l\is ( ,hung>y1 attack$ & took ,naples 9 #acdg4 ,joan fl$ to ,prov5ce1 & be+ desir\s to raise money 9 ord] to recov] ,naples1 & also wi%+ to be acquitt$ ( all connection ) ! crime ( h] husb&'s murd]1 %e sold ,avignon1 :]e ! ,popes 7 !n resid5t1 to ,clem5t ,,vi41 & obta9$ 8 acquittal4 ,prov5ce _h long enjoy$ a popul> gov]nm5t ) repres5tatives 9 ! ?ree h\ses ( ! ,cl]gy1 ,nobles1 & ,commons1 :o _h control ov] ! national purse4 ,que5 ,joan attempt$ to cut d[n ^! p[]s1 & appo9t$ an ,italian z ,gr& ,s5es*al4 ,b ! nation revolt$ aga9/ ?is int]f]5ce ) its anci5t con/itution1 & ,l\is ( ,anj\ press+ 8 claim on ! prov9ce1 support$ by an army1 ,joan1 9 ord] to escape f h] difficulties1 _h to adopt him z h] heir4 ,he succe$$ to ! ,c\nt%ip 9 #achb1 b he & 8 son ,l\is ,,ii4 7#achd71 & gr&son ,l\is ,,iii4 7#adag7 7 all unsuccessful 9 _! claims on ,naples4 ,l\is ,,iii4 0 succe$$ 9 #adcd by 8 bro!r ,r51 ! well kn[n poet & pa9t] ,k+1 :o _h also claims on ! ?rone ( ,aragon4 ,he di$ 9 #adhj1 leav+ "o daught]1 ,m>g>et1 m>ri$ to ,h5ry ,,vi4 ( ,engl&4 ,r5 bequea!d ,prov5ce to 8 nephew1 ,*>les ,,iii4 ( ,ma9e1 :o soon aft] di$1 mak+ ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france 8 heir4 ,9 #adhf ,*>les ,,viii4 decl>$ ! c\ntry unit$ to ,france4 ,prov5ce ?us became at l5g? "p ( ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,b ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many /ill cont9u$ 8 claim ( suz]a9ty ^u x1 9 :i* he 0 support$ by ! ,con/able1 ,*>les ( ,b\rbon4 ,9 pursuance ( t claim1 ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa9 invad$ ,prov5ce 9 #aecf1 b )\t success4 ,! c\ntry cont9u$ to be frequ5tly attack$ 9 ! subsequ5t w>s betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 b has rema9$ "p ( ,france s9ce ! days ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ,! b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce on ! ea/ rema9$ f t "t till our own day1 ! riv] ,v>4 ,x 0 a fronti] badly =tifi$1 & ev] op5 to attack2 & we %all see :at ef=ts 7 made by ,francis ,i4 to r5d] x secure aga9/ ! attempts ( 8 enemy ( ,spa94 ,9 #ahfa ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,france & ,italy 0 ext5d$ ea/w>ds1 z f> z a rav9e spann$ by ! 8,pont ,/ ,l\is10 a %ort way beyond ,m5tone1 ?us includ+ ,nice & ,m5tone1 =m]ly "p ( ,savoy1 )9 ! ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,9 treat+ ( ! ar*itecture ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 we %all f9d t x be>s 9 its ar*itecture unmi/akable signs ( its =m] ,italian allegiance4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,iv4 ,! =ego+ ,sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ?is region %ews t its ar*itecture mu/ belong to two entirely di/9ct epo*s--! ,roman p]iod & ! ,m$ival p]iod4 ,x is propos$ 9 ! foll[+ description ( ! v>i\s edifices to treat ( ^! two p]iods sep>ately1--tak+ up fir/ ! build+s ( ! ,roman p]iod 9 regul> sequ5ce z !y are met ) 9 desc5d+ ! ,rhone f ,lyons1 & 9 ! v>i\s localities along ! ,rivi]a1 bo? we/ & ea/ ( ,m>seilles4 ,hav+ ?us exhau/$ ! ,roman monum5ts 9 ! prov9ce1 we %all return to ,lyons1 & repeat ! j\rney s\?w>ds to ,m>seilles1 & !nce we/w>ds & ea/w>ds along ! coa/1 tak+ note ( ! m important ( ! _m rem>kable ,m$ival /ructures 9 :i* ^! localities ab\nd4 ,?is me?od w1 we believe1 be f\nd to be mu* m satisfactory ?an any attempt to deal ) ! ar*itecture 9 *ronological ord]4 ,t plan w\ld be v confus+1 ! read] hav+ "u x to be con/antly transf]r+ himself f "o region to ano!r4 ,by ! sy/em adopt$ he w at lea/ always "k :]e he is1 & ! situation ( ! build+s w ?us be fix$ 9 ! m9d4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is me?od admitt$ly is t /ructures ( all ! ,m$ival p]iods are describ$ toge!r z !y occur 9 ea* locality2 b x is hop$ t ?is disadvantage w be to "s ext5t ov]come by ! introduction to ! ,m$ival p]iod1 9 :i* ! hi/oric sequ5ce & developm5t ( ! ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry 9 ! ,middle ,ages is consid]$4 ,foll[+ ! above arrangem5t we %all n[ proce$ ) ! description ( ! build+s1 comm5c+ ) ,,! ,,roman ,,p]iod4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,france !re are few rema9s ( ,roman build+s4 ,?is probably arises f two causes3--#a/1 ,because be=e ! fif? c5tury ,roman civilisation _h n advanc$ s f> 9 ,nor!rn z 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 & consequ5tly ! t[ns 7 n adorn$ ) ! same pr(usion ( magnific5t edifices2--&1 #bnd1 ,because ! ,nor!rn division suff]$ f> m de/ruction ?an ! ,s\!rn1 f ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians4 ,at ,p>is "s ,roman vaults1 p>ts ( a ,palace or ,ba?s1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,muse ,cluny4 ,,autun is celebrat$ = its two f9e ,roman gateways1 "o ( :i* 7! ,porte d',arr\x7 is decorat$ ) ,cor9?ian1 & ! o!r 7! ,porte ,/ ,&r7 ) ,ionic pila/]s1 features :i* aft]w>ds produc$ a /rong influ5ce on ! ,m$ival ,ar*itecture ( ! prov9ce ( ,burgundy4 ,autun also possesses rema9s ( two build+s call$ ,roman ,temples1 a spl5did pavem5t ( mosaic1 a f9e collection ( /atuettes1 bronzes & inscriptions1--all be>+ te/imony to ! importance ( ! t[n 9 ,roman times4 ,b we mu/ pass ^! by )\t fur!r notice1 z our di/rict lies s\? ( ,lyons4 ,9 explor+ ! rema9s ( ,roman ,ar*itecture 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 "o _c help be+ /ruck ) ! extraord9>y & caprici\s mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 pres]v$1--small t[ns l ,orange & ,nimes be+ full ( ,roman "w1 & important ,roman cities l ,m>seilles & ,n>bonne hav+ no?+ left b ! fragm5ts collect$ 9 _! ,museums4 ,avignon1 ! anci5t ,av5io1 01 be=e ! ,roman occupation1 "o ( ! mo/ important cities ( ! tribe ( ! ,cav>es2 & "u ,imp]ial rule 0 no d\bt adorn$ ) spl5did ,temples1 ,amphi!atre1 ,!atres1 & o!r public build+s l ^? ( :i* ! rema9s are /ill to be se5 at ,arles & ,nimes4 ,b ( all su* /ructures !re is practically n a fragm5t n[ left at ,avignon4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,roman antiquities f t t[n & vic9ity h1 h[ev]1 be5 collect$ 9 ! ,muse ,calvet1 s call$ aft] ! physician :o f\nd$ x by bequea?+ 9 #ahaj 8 f9e private collection to ! city4 ,! museum conta9s "s good ,greek sculpture1 & a l>ge numb] ( co9s1 m$als1 & bronzes4 ,at ,,lyons !re are a few subt]ranean rema9s ( aqu$ucts1 b no ,roman ,ar*itecture4 ,"s "t aft] leav+ ,lyons1 ! railway1 :i* foll[s ! c\rse ( ! ,rhone1 ent]s a n>r[ pass among/ ! m\nta9s1 :]e !re is little room = m ?an ! riv] & ! road betwe5 ! precipit\s & rocky banks4 ,! sc5]y is v gr&1 & ! prospect is especially f9e at a b5d ( ! riv] :]e ! anci5t t[n ( ,,vi5ne1 ris+ high ^u a bold promontory surm\nt$ by its ru9$ ca/le1 bur/s ^u ! view4 ,! t[n itself is mo/ int]e/+4 ,vi5ne 0 ! anci5t city & capital ( ! ,alobroges be=e ! "t ( ,cs>4 ,"u ! ,romans x atta9$ great spl5d\r4 ,cs> embelli%$ & =tifi$ x1 & ,augu/us & ,tib]ius be/[$ fav\rs on x4 ,x 0 also ! seat ( a ,prtor1 & _h a ,s5ate & ,c\ncil1 five legions1 & a celebrat$ s*ool4 ,! city increas$ to su* an ext5t t x became necess>y to ext5d x on ! o!r side ( ! ,rhone4 ,vi5ne 0 divid$ into ?ree t[ns3--,vi5ne ! /rong1 conta9+ ! citadel2 ,vi5ne ! ri*1 ! t[n prop]2 & ,vi5ne ! beautiful1 on ! "r side ( ! ,rhone 7n[ call$ ,/ ,colombe71 :]e _m f9e works ( art h be5 f\nd4 ,dur+ ! lat] ,empire ,vi5ne cont9u$ to be a place ( great importance1 n unfrequ5tly ! resid5ce ( ! ,emp]ors1 & play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! num]\s revolutions ( ! times4 ,x 0 also ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,we/1 :i*1 z tradition relates1 0 !re f\nd$ by ,/ ,paul on 8 way into ,spa94 ,! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,vi5ne became = a "t ,primates ( ,gaul4 ,b x 0 soon to enc\nt] ! usual s]ies ( disa/]s :i* ov]took ! ,roman t[ns ( ,s\!rn ,gaul1 be+ conqu]$ by ! ,burgundians 9 #dch1 ravag$ by ! ,lomb>ds 9 #eeh1 & de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 #gcg4 ,boson1 ,k+ ( ! new ,k+dom ( ,burgundy & ,prov5ce1 made ,vi5ne 8 capital4 ,b ! second ,k+dom ( ,burgundy p]i%$ 9 an>*y1 & ,vi5ne became ! capital ( a feudal prov9ce rul$ by a suz]a9 call$ ! ,dauph9 ( ! ,vi5nois4 ,! t[n /&s on ! we/]n slope ( a hill fac+ ! riv]1 ) two /eep heights above x1 viz41 t ( ,salonica1 cr[n$ ) ! ru9s ( a ,m$ival ,ca/le1 & ! ,mont ,pipet1 ^: summit is surr\nd$ ) an enclos+ wall & t[]s1 :i* occupy ! position (1 & may h =m$ ! citadel =1 ! ,roman g>rison1 b ! build+s h be5 alt]$ 9 lat] times4 ,vi5ne possesses sev]al int]e/+ ,roman relics1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! temple d$icat$ to ,augu/us & ,livia 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is build+ has 9 its "t be5 dreadfully abus$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,temple ,,( ,,augu/us ,,& ,,livia1 ,,vi5ne4 ,x 0 =m]ly conv]t$ into a *ur*1 & %ock+ly disfigur$4 ,! columns surr\nd+ ! cella 7 block$ up ) common masonry1 &1 z if ?is 0 n ,b>b>ism en\gh1 ! flut+ ( ! columns 0 scrap$ (f to make !m flu% ) ! l9e ( ! enclos+ wall4 ,! edifice has n[ be5 c>efully & judici\sly re/or$2 & z a complete specim5 ( a temple ( ! ,romans 9 ,gaul is only surpass$ by ! 8,maison ,c>re0 at ,nimes4 ,x is ab\t #hj feet long by #ej feet wide4 ,9 front are six ,cor9?ian columns1 cr[n$ ) entablature & p$im5t1 & on ea* side six deta*$ columns ) two pila/]s 9 re> atta*$ to ! cella4 ,! :ole is plac$ on a /ylobate1 to :i* twelve /eps asc5d 9 front4 ,! temple /ood 9 a ,=um1 "s ( ! pavem5t ( :i* has be5 rec5tly uncov]$1 & ! f\ndations ( ! colonnade :i* surr\nd$ x laid b>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,roman ,,=um1 ,,vi5ne4 ,a l>ge numb] ( antique relics are "h collect$--among/ o!rs1 portions ( %afts1 & bases ( columns ( gigantic size1 :i* mu/ h belong$ to a build+ ( imm5se proportions4 ,! admirably pres]v$ & well kn[n gr\p ( two *ildr5 /ruggl+ = ! possession ( a bird is "o ( ! f9e/ objects 9 ! collection1 :i* also includes _m int]e/+ fragm5ts ( sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,vi5ne possess$ at lea/ "o anci5t !atre1 "s relics ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! ranges ( /eps =m+ ! seats ( ! auditorium4 ,rema9s ( und]gr\nd aqu$ucts & ,roman ways are also to be se5 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,( ! arcade ( ! anci5t ,=um !re n[ only rema9 two ar*es & "p ( a vault 7,fig4 #b74 ,! ,cor9?ian columns are half buri$ 9 ! soil1 & ! entablature has be5 height5$ ) a m$ival upp] /orey1 b ! colossal proportions ( ! orig9al build+ are /ill v /rik+4 ,ne> ?is are "s massive sub-/ructures & a portion ( an imm5se /aircase1 ! /ones ( :i* /ill fit z well z ! day !y 7 built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,pyramid1 ,,vi5ne4 ,a little way s\? ( ! t[n1 & on ! level gr\nd ne> ! riv]1 /&s a rem>kable ?\gh unf9i%$ monum5t call$ ! 8ne$le0 or 8pyramid0 7,fig4 #c74 ,! upp] "p consi/s ( a tall & p>tly holl[ squ>e pyramid4 ,! base is pi]c$ ) f\r ar*es1 ea* flank$ ) two engag$ columns1 ! capitals ( :i* are only r\ghly block$ out4 ,! ,romans 7 9 ! habit ( build+ ?us1 & execut+ ! sculpture aft]w>ds4 ,! masonry is beautifully jo9t$ & put toge!r )\t cem5t2 b ! blocks h be5 cramp$ ) iron1 & ! holes made = ! purpose ( extract+ ^! cramps are un=tunately only too app>5t "h1 z 9 s _m o!r ,roman edifices4 ,!re is no inscription or o!r indication ( ! purpose = :i* ?is monum5t 0 erect$1 b x has mo/ probably be5 commemorative1 & ! "n ( ,alex&] ,sev]us has be5 g5]ally connect$ ) x4 ,prosp] ,mrime is ( ?is op9ion1 & adds t 8! int]ruption ( ! "w might be expla9$ by "o ( ! revolutions s frequ5t 9 ! ,empire1 :i* made m5 =get or d5\nce ! memory ( ! p]son to :om div9e hon\rs _h previ\sly be5 paid40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,vi5ne ,,re/or$4 ,! exi/+ rema9s %[ t ,vi5ne mu/ h be5 a t[n ( great importance & spl5d\r 9 ,roman times4 ,an attempt has be5 made by an ar*itect ( ! di/rict to exhibit 9 a draw+ an illu/ration ( :at ,vi5ne 0 l 9 ! days ( its glory1 ( :i* a reproduction is giv5 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is re/oration1 al?\gh to a great ext5t imag9>y1 at lea/ s]ves to give "s idea ( ! spl5d\r ( a ,roman city4 ,! next ,roman edifices ( importance 9 desc5d+ ! ,rhone are f\nd at ,,orange1 ! anci5t ,arausio1 ! capital ( ! ,cav>es4 ,x 0 tak5 by ,cs>1 & became an important ,roman colony4 ,on approa*+ ! t[n by ! railway1 "o is /ruck by ! appe>ance ( an imm5se pile ( build+ :i* re>s itself high above all ! o!r /ructures ( ! place1 b is at too great a di/ance to all[ its features to be di/+ui%$4 ,on clos] inspection ?is turns out to be ! prosc5ium wall ( ! fam\s ,!atre ( ,orange4 ,ev]yone is acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al outl9e ( ! ,roman amphi!atre1 b ! =m ( ! !atre is probably n g5]ally s well kn[n4 ,! seats 7 arrang$ 9 a simil> mann] to ^? ( ! amphi!atre1 & 7 almo/ inv>iably cut out ( ! side ( a hill1 b !y ext5d$ only r\nd a semicircle4 ,^! con/itut$ ! auditorium1 ! diamet] ( ! semicircle opposite !m be+ occupi$ ) a high wall :i* enclos$ ! !atre & =m$ ! sc5a1 9 front ( :i* 0 ! /age :]e ! actors appe>$4 ,?is wall or sc5a 0 g5]ally elaborately adorn$ ) ar*itectural features1 includ+ a pr(usion ( m>ble columns ) _! entablatures1 ni*es ) /atues1 c4 ,dress+-rooms & o!r ap>tm5ts = ! actors 7 ei!r )9 ! sc5a1 or 9 spaces at ! ends4 ,! !atre ( ,orange corresponds ) ?is description4 ,! seats1 ris+ 9 ti]s1 are holl[$ out ( a hill side1 & :]e natural support 0 awant+1 at ei!r end1 x 0 suppli$ by build+ walls & vaults 9 cont9uation ( ! rock-cut seats4 ,! prosc5ium wall 7,fig4 #e7 is ( great size1 & is a spl5did specim5 ( ,roman con/ruction1 be+ #cce feet long by ab\t #aab feet high1 & is built ) l>ge c>efully fitt$ blocks )\t cem5t4 ,?is example is valuable1 z ! prosc5ium portions ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,roman ,,!atre1 ,,orange4--,ext]ior4 anci5t !atres are g5]ally de/roy$ & ! mat]ials remov$4 ,ext]nally ! wall ( ! sc5a pres5ts a v simple appe>ance1 b has an impos+ effect f its size4 ,! gr\nd floor is design$ ) a s]ies ( ar*es hav+ pila/]s betwe5 !m4 ,!re is a l>ge c5tral entrance1 & two small] side doors arrang$ symmetrically1 & all squ>e-head$4 ,^! probably correspond$ ) ! int]nal entrances1 ! c5tral "o be+ kn[n z ! ,royal doorway1 because ! pr9cipal actor1 call$ ! k+1 ent]$ by x4 ,! fir/ floor is q pla92 ! next floor has an arcade surm\nt$ ) an entablature1 above :i* is a r[ ( l>ge corbels1 ! use ( :i* is d\btful4 ,above ^! is a great gutt]1 !n ano!r r[ ( corbels1 & ! summit is cr[n$ ) a project+ cornice4 ,! six corbels at ea* end ( ! upp] r[ are pi]c$1 z if to =m sockets to receive ! feet ( poles f :i* a vel>ium or great awn+ might be /ret*$ ov] ! !atre 7z 0 ! case at ! ,colosseum 9 ,rome & o!r simil> /ructures71 b if s int5d$ !y c\ld nev] h be5 us$ = t purpose1 ow+ to ! projection ( ! upp] cornice4 ,prosp] ,mrime ?9ks t ! highe/ portion ( ! wall above ! level ( ! upp] corbel c\rse has be5 an addition or e>ly re/oration1 :i* has r5d]$ ! l[] range ( corbels useless1 z well z ! upp] ones1 ow+ to a *ange ( plan & ! introduction ( a wood5 ro(1 in/ead ( a vel>ium1 = ! protection ( ! actors4 ,at ei!r end ( ! prosc5ium great blocks ( build+s conta9$ /aircases1 halls1 dress+-rooms = ! actors1 places = ! ma*9]y1 c4 ,! int]ior ( ! sc5a 7,fig4 #f7 0 decorat$ ) ?ree /oreys ( columns ( poli%$ granite & :ite m>ble1 n[ entirely brok5 d[n1 b ( :i* a l>ge quantity ( fragm5ts is /ill visible1 along ) v>i\s c>v+s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,roman ,,!atre1 ,,orange4--,int]ior4 & o!r works4 ,^! are collect$ 9 ! prosc5ium1 & =m an int]e/+ exhibition1 giv+ "s idea ( ! =m] ri*ness ( ! decoration4 ,! upp] "p ( ! sc5a c>ri$ ! ro( above ref]r$ to4 ,! beams 7 emb$d$ 9 ! solid masonry1 & project$ ov] ! prosc5ium1 ! ap]tures =m$ 9 ! walls to receive !m be+ di/9ctly visible4 ,?is ro( has evid5tly be5 "o s\rce ( ! de/ruction ( ! build+1 z ! calc9$ & black5$ appe>ance ( ! upp] "p ( ! walls %ews t x has suff]$ f a great fire1 ! mat]ials = :i* c\ld only h be5 furni%$ by a wood5 ro( ov] ! prosc5ium4 ,! sket* 7,fig4 #f7 %ews "s ( ! ranges ( seats cut out ( ! rock1--^? at ! bottom be+ 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation2 & also "s ( ! built portion ( "o ( ! w+s :i* unit$ ! great prosc5ium to ! "p ( ! auditorium cut out ( ! hill beh9d4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ?is !atre1 z (t5 happ5$ ) ! massive build+s ( ! ,romans1 0 conv]t$ into a =tification1 & =m$ an outwork ( ! ca/le erect$ by ! ,duke ( ,orange on ! summit ( ! hill above4 ,b s solid is its con/ruction1 be+ compos$ aft] ! ,roman mann] ( build+1 ( great blocks c>efully fitt$ toge!r )\t cem5t1 t x has be5 able to endure = at lea/ #aejj ye>s1 almo/ )\t *ange1 all ! de/ructive influ5ces bo? ( man & ! elem5ts4 ,imm$iately adjo9+ ! !atre on ! we/ 0 a hippodrome1 ! outl9e ( :i* is q disc]nible f ! high gr\nd above4 ,x seems to h run ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! pres5t t[n1 & rema9s ( x may be trac$ at int]vals among ! h\ses4 ,! l5g? & comp>ative n>r[ness ( ! /ructure %ew t x 0 int5d$ = horse & *>iot races1 & n = gladiatorial combats & simil> spectacles4 ,( ?is imm5se build+ almo/ ! only ar*itectural features n[ rema9+ are a l>ge ar* across "o ( ! /reets1 locally1 b errone\sly1 call$ a triumphal gate1 & "s portions ( an arcade incorporat$ ) ! mod]n h\ses4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,orange antique fragm5ts are to be f\nd1 & sev]al /atues & mosaics h be5 discov]$4 ,b by f> ! f9e/ relic 9 an arti/ic po9t ( view is ! well kn[n ,triumphal ,ar* 7,fig4 #g74 ,x /&s at ! nor!rn entrance to ! t[n1 &1 consid]+ ! h>d usage x has receiv$1 x is 9 a wond]fully good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! ar* is ab\t #gj feet long & #gj feet 9 height4 ,su* a massive build+ 0 too tempt+ z a =tress to be pass$ ov] 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & we accord+ly f9d x us$ = t purpose by ,raymond des ,baux1 :o play$ an important "p 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! nor!rn faade is be/ pres]v$4 ,! /ructure1 z 0 usual 9 l>ge monum5ts ( ?is nature1 is pi]c$ ) a pr9cipal c5tral ar* & two small] side ar*es1 & is adorn$ ) f\r atta*$ ,cor9?ian columns betwe5 ! ar*es support+ an entablature ) a c5tral p$im5t4 ,! ea/ flank has also f\r simil> columns plac$ v close toge!r4 ,! ar*ivolts & frieze are enri*$ ) sculptur$ figures1 & ! spaces ov] ! side ar*es conta9 trophies ( arms4 ,! upp] panel ov] ! c5tral ar* is fill$ ) a l>ge bas-relief full ( figures1 b x is h>d to say :at sc5e is repres5t$4 ,! %ields are ornam5t$ ) cresc5t-l =ms1 & on "o ( !m ! "n ( 8,m>io0 c /ill be read1 :ile div]se names 7 =m]ly legible on o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,triumphal ,,ar*1 ,,orange4 ,_m are ! !ories & disputations to :i* ^! words & ornam5ts h giv5 rise1 b no?+ positive has be5 made out ) reg>d ei!r to ! date or orig9 ( ! ,ar*4 ,x has be5 ascrib$ to ,tib]ius1 & its date fix$ ,a4,d4 #ba4 ,b its /yle & ornam5t =bid ?is conclusion4 ,mrime ?9ks t ! great analogy ( /yle betwe5 ! v>i\s ,triumphal ,ar*es ( ,prov5ce1 viz41 ^? at ,orange1 ,/ ,remy1 & ,c>p5tras 7to be aft]w>ds ref]r$ to71 r5d]s probable ! hypo!sis :i* supposes !m to h be5 erect$ at ! same epo* & = ! celebration ( ! same ev5t1 viz41 ! victories ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ,g]many4 ,! pr(usion ( ! ornam5t1 ! =m ( ! arms1 & ! incorrect & pret5ti\s "* ( ^! monum5ts agree well ) ! ar*itecture ( ! second c5tury4 ,mrime also draws att5tion to ! m>itime trophies at ,orange1 & po9ts out h[ picturesquely ! ro/ra ( ! %ips1 ! ma/s1 o>s1 c41 are gr\p$4 ,he believes ^! probably ref] to naval conflicts on ! ,danube4 ,mr ,rusk9 also po9ts to ! execution ( ! sculpture ( ?is ar* z a good example ( sket*+ 9 sculpture2 ! %ields & o!r arms & ornam5ts be+ surr\nd$ ) a deeply cut l9e1 :i* def9es _! outl9e cle>ly z an arti/ w\ld d ) 8 p5cil 9 sket*+ !m4 ,he consid]s su* objects z unwor?y ( any m elaborate treatm5t4 ,! "w ( re/oration has be5 execut$ ) great c>e & success4 ,! we/ side has be5 almo/ rebuilt1 b ) pla9 /one1 appli$ m]ely = ! purpose ( pres]v+ ! re/4 ,no attempt has be5 made to imitate ! old "w1 & :at rema9s ( ! anci5t /ructure is n scrap$ & poli%$ up1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 ,fr5* re/orations1 :]eby ! value ( ! monum5t z an example ( anci5t art is entirely de/roy$4 ,n v f> f ,orange1 z above m5tion$1 ano!r ,triumphal ,ar* is f\nd at ,,c>p5tras4 ,x is mu* simpl] 9 design ?an t at ,orange1 hav+ only "o ar* support$ by flut$ pila/]s ) composite caps4 ,! :ole ( ! upp] p>ts above ! ar* are de/roy$4 ,"s sculptures /ill survive on ! ends1 repres5t+ captives *a9$ to trophies4 ,! v bold projection ( ! bas-reliefs is rem>kable1 & also ! fact t 9 ! sculpture di/ant objects are m>k$ ) a sunk l9e r\nd !m4 ,?is /yle ( emphasis+ %ad[s & outl9es1 & also ! me?od ( do+ s by means ( holes drill$ r\nd objects is common 9 ! sculpture ( ! l[] ,empire4 ,"p ( ano!r s+le ar*1 app>5tly also an ar* ( triumph1 has be5 pres]v$ at ,,cavaillon1 b x is v sadly mutilat$1 & has be5 re/or$ at an anci5t p]iod1 :5 /ones c>v$ ) ornam5ts1 m\ld+s1 & enri*m5ts h be5 all mix$ up 9 ! masonry4 ,at ,,/ ,,remy 7:i* is easily accessible by railway f ,t>ascon7 !re are also ! ru9s ( a triumphal ar*1 toge!r ) a well-pres]v$ & mo/ int]e/+ mausoleum 7,fig4 #h74 ,^! monum5ts are ! sole surviv+ rema9s ( ! ,gallo-,roman t[n ( ,glanum ,livii1 a fl\ri%+ colony "u ! ,romans1 surr\nd$ ) walls & adorn$ ) temples1 aqu$ucts1 & public build+s1 ( :i* "s fa9t traces only n[ exi/4 ,! *ief employm5t ( ! inhabitants 0 to supply /ones f qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood = ! build+s 9 ,arles & else:]e4 ,! t[n 0 de/roy$ by ! ,go?s 9 #dhj4 ,! triumphal ar* has only "o op5+1 :i* is r l[ 9 proportion1 & is flank$ by flut$ pill>s ( :i* ! caps are gone4 ,on ea* side ( ! ar* are well sculptur$ bas-reliefs repres5t+ captives 9 *a9s accompani$ by wom54 ,! flanks h ni*es1 b no /atues rema94 ,mrime admires ! ar*ivolt ( ! ar*way1 :i* he calls a g>l& ( fruit & fl[]s sculptur$ ) ! same p]fection ( imitation1 ) ! same ta/e & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,triumphal ,,ar* ,,& ,,mausoleum1 ,,/ ,,remy4 v>iety ( details1 z is obs]v$ 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod4 ,! ar* is ab\t #dj feet long by #ah feet wide & #be feet to ! "u side ( ! vault4 ,! mausoleum /&s a few y>ds f ! ar*4 ,! ma9 "p is squ>e1 ! l[] portion =m+ a p$e/al set ^u a base1 :i* measures ab\t #bb feet ea* way1 & ! upp] portion be+ an op5 /ory ) f\r ,cor9?ian engag$ columns at ! angles4 ,! :ole is cr[n$ ) a circul> top compos$ ( t5 ,cor9?ian pill>s1 ! entablature ( :i* supports a cupola orig9ally cov]$ ) palm leaf scales4 ,! height ( ! monum5t is ab\t #fj feet4 ,! podium is ornam5t$ ) f9e bas-reliefs1 :i* ,mrime describes z repres5t+--7,s\?7 a hunt2 7,ea/7 a ,battle ( ,amazons2 7,we/7 ! dea? ( ,patrocles2 7,nor?7 a ,cavalry engagem5t4 ,! figures ( ! upp] /orys are also ri*ly c>v$4 ,"u ! dome /& two drap$ /atues4 ,! foll[+ inscription is engrav$ on ! ar*itrave ( ! nor? side3 ,,sex4 ,l4,m4 ,,ivliei4 ,c4,f4 ,,p>5tibus4 ,,sveis4 ,sextus1 ,lucius1 ,m>cus1 ,julii1 ,curav]unt fi]i p>5tibus suis--7,sextus1 ,lucius1 ,m>cus1 ( ! ,julii1 h caus$ ?is monum5t to be con/ruct$ to ! memory ( _! relatives74 ,v>i\s dates are assign$ by diff]5t au?ors to ^! monum5ts2 b probably ,mrime is "r 9 consid]+ ! ar* at lea/ ( ab\t ! same date z t ( ,orange4 ,?is mausoleum & simil> monum5ts1 z w be h]eaft] notic$1 h evid5tly _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! =ms ( ! e>ly ,m$ival *ur* /eeples ( ,prov5ce4 ,,arles4--,we h n[ arriv$ at ! capital ( ,roman ,gaul--! fam\s city ( ,arelate or ,arles4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,greeks f ,massilia z a trad+ c5tre1 & _h become an important t[n be=e ! "t ( ,cs>4 ,! situation occupi$ 0 a v advantage\s "o1 be+ at ! po9t ( ! ,delta ( ! ,rhone1 :]e ! bifurcation ( ! riv] comm5ces4 ,! t[n is also suppos$ to h be5 9 communication ) an int]ior navigable ,lagoon 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 s t commodities c\ld be convey$ by wat] ) great facility 9 all directions4 ,arles ?us =m$ a valuable m]cantile c5tre4 ,! population is believ$ to h rea*$ #ajj1jjj4 ,"h ,cs> _h ! galleys con/ruct$ :i* he requir$ = ! siege ( ,massilia4 ,aft] tak+ t t[n he s5t ,tib]ius to e/abli% a colony at ,arles4 ,) ,con/ant9e ,arles 0 a fav\rite city1 & he made x ! capital ( ,gaul4 ,! t[n 0 at t "t divid$ by ! riv] into two sections1 a "p be+ on ea* side4 ,^! ,con/ant9e unit$ by a bridge ( boats4 ,an abundant wat] supply 0 br\ght by aqu$ucts f ! m\nta9s1 & conduct$ across ! riv] by means ( syphon pipes ( lead1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 f\nd ) ! "n ( ! mak] /amp$ ^u !m1 & are n[ to be se5 9 ! ,museum4 ,ausonius calls ,arles ! 8,gallula ,roma ,arelas10 & praises its hospitable ports1 :i* receiv$ ! ri*es ( ! ,roman _w1 & spread !m 9 turn to ! cities ( ,gaul & ,aquitania4 ,s important a city c\ld n escape ! successive attacks ( ! ,go?s1 ,franks1 & ,s>ac5s4 ,by ^! invad]s h] spl5did edifices 7 all ne>ly de/roy$1 z 0 entirely ! fate ( ^? at ,av5io & ,massilia4 ,b ,arles 0 n q s un=tunate z ! la/ nam$ cities1 & /ill possesses "s impos+ ?\gh sadly ru9$ remnants ( h] =m] greatness4 ,( ! exi/+ rema9s by f> ! mo/ important is ! ,amphi!atre4 ,! walls =m+ ! complete circuit & a l>ge "p ( ! seats ( ! int]ior are /ill pres]v$4 ,! ext]ior 7,fig4 #i71 accord+ to ! usual design ( ?is class ( erections1 consi/s ( two arcades sup]impos$ on "o ano!r--! ar*es be+ sep>at$ by atta*$ columns4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! ar*es are sixty 9 numb] on ea* /ory4 ,! atta*$ columns ( ! l[] arcade are squ>e pila/]s ) ,doric capitals1 & ^? ( ! upp] range are r\nd & ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,amphi!atre1 ,,arles4--,ext]ior4 ,! design may possibly h orig9ally includ$ an attic /ory2 b ?is1 if x ev] exi/$1 :i* seems to be d\btful1 z n a s+le /one ( x has be5 f\nd1 has entirely disappe>$4 ,mrime po9ts out t ! m\ld+s & enri*m5ts ( ! rema9d] are all c>efully f9i%$1 :i* w\ld n likely h be5 ! case _h ! build+ n be5 c>ri$ up to its full height1 z ! ,romans 7 9 ! habit ( execut+ all t class ( c>v$ "w aft] _! build+s 7 complet$--! /ones = ! ornam5t be+ only r\ghly block$ out at fir/4 ,we %all meet ) a quantity ( ?is prep>atory "w 9 ! ,amphi!atre ( ,nimes1 :]e x has be5 left unf9i%$4 ,! ,amphi!atre ( ,arles1 z 0 to be expect$ 9 ! capital1 is ! l>ge/ build+ ( its class 9 ,gaul4 ,x is built aft] ! ,roman mann]1 ) enorm\s blocks ( c>efully cut /one set )\t cem5t1 & ! /aircases1 passages1 c41 are /rongly vault$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,amphi!atre1 ,,arles4--,int]ior4 ,! plan1 z is usual 9 ,roman ,amphi!atres1 is t ( an ellipse1 its longitud9al axis measur+ #dei feet1 & its transv]se axis #cda feet4 ,! seats1 :i* 7 arrang$ 9 =ty-?ree r[s 7,fig4 #aj71 provid$ accommodation = #bf1jjj spectators4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal entrances1 at ! ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 & ,we/1 & eight o!r small] doorways4 ,orig9ally ?is amphi!atre 0 probably built by ,caligula or ,hadrian4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 trans=m$ into a =tress1 & became ! /ronghold ( "s *ief1 or ! citadel ( ! inhabitants4 ,f\r t[]s 7 at t "t erect$ on ! top ( ! build+--?ree ( :i* /ill rema94 ,! amphi!atre is said to h be5 re/or$ by ,*>les ,m>tel aft] 8 victories ov] ! ,s>ac5s2 & "s anci5t /ones h c]ta9ly be5 us$ to repair ! podium or b>ri] betwe5 ! ar5a & ! auditorium 7z may /ill be se574 ,mrime discusses ! "q1 h[ 7 ! spectators 9 ?is & simil> build+s protect$ f ! wild bea/s :i* f\ght ) "o ano!r or ) gladiators by a podium su* z ?is1 n exce$+ #h or #aj feet 9 height8 ,_h ! podium be5 high en\gh to af=d safety1 x w\ld h prev5t$ a l>ge "p ( ! audi5ce1 especially 9 ! back r[s1 f see+ :at pass$ on _! side ( ! ar5a2 an inconv5i5ce :i* w\ld c]ta9ly nev] h be5 endur$2 & 8 idea is1 t lions or simil> animals :i* c\ld spr+ mu/ h be5 conf9$ ) *a9s or 9 cages1 & t only animals :i* d n leap1 su* z wild bo>s1 might be freely bait$ 9 ! op5 ar5a4 ,! 8,*teau des ,ar5es10 z ! amphi!atre 0 call$1 0 almo/ entirely invad$ & *ok$ up ) ! h\ses ( ! poor] inhabitants till #ahbe1 :5 x 0 resolv$ to cle> out ! build+1--a "w :i* requir$ six ye>s = its accompli%m5t4 ,! /ructure is n[ 9 c\rse ( 8,re/oration40 ,besides ! amphi!atre ,arles also possesses "s rema9s ( its ,roman ,!atre4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 extremely scanty1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! nor? & s\? entrance doorways1 & two l(ty m>ble pill>s ) ,cor9?ian caps 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! latt] =m$ "p ( ! ornam5tation ( ! sc5a1 &1 :5 consid]$ along ) ! great wall ( ! sc5a at ,orange1 may help to give "s idea ( ! g5]ally gorge\s aspect ( t feature ( ! ,roman ,!atre :5 p]fect4 ,! plan ( ! or*e/ra1 & a few r[s ( ru9$ seats1 c /ill be disc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,roman ,,!atre1 ,,arles4 ,a l>ge numb] ( m>ble fragm5ts1 compos$ ( portions ( columns1 capitals1 entablatures1 c41 h be5 collect$ 9 ! prec9cts ( ! !atre1 & impress ! spectator ) a s5se bo? ( ! great magnific5ce ( ! build+ :5 complete1 & ( ! t]rible & long cont9u$ s]ies ( disa/]s to :i* x has ow$ a demolition s complete4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be omitt$ to m5tion t x 0 fir/ dismantl$ by ! ,bi%ops1 :o c>ri$ (f its m>bles to decorate _! *ur*es4 ,! rema9s ( ?ree p>allel walls1 ) a space betwe5 !m1 "u ! level ( ! prosc5ium1 h giv5 rise to v>i\s !ories z to _! use4 ,! mo/ likely view seems to be t ! ap]tures 7 us$ = l[]+ ! curta9 into be=e ! p]=mances began1 z 0 !n ! cu/om1 in/ead ( rais+ x1 z is done 9 mod]n times4 ,! !atre is suppos$ to h be5 seat$ = #af1jjj spectators4 ,sev]al f9e sculptures1 n[ 9 ! museum ( ,arles or ! ,l\vre1 h be5 dug out ( ! ru9s ( ?is /ructure4 ,arles possesses ! only anci5t ,obelisk 9 ,gaul4 ,x /&s 9 ! 8place10 opposite ! entrance to ! ca!dral1 & is set on ! backs ( f\r lions1 rais$ ^u a p$e/al4 ,x 0 elevat$ to ?is em95ce 9 #afgf1 aft] hav+ la9 = long 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! %aft is ( grey granite1 #dg feet high1 b x is n ( an elegant =m1 & tap]s too rapidly t[>ds ! summit4 ,x orig9ally =m$ ! sp9a ( a ,roman circus1 :]e x 0 f\nd 9 #achi4 ,9 ! front wall ( ! ,htel du ,nord 79 ! ,place d'hommes7 are ins]t$ ! fragm5ts ( two ,roman granite columns ) ,cor9?ian caps1 & "p ( a p$im5t 7,fig4 #ab74 ,b un=tunately ! travell]1 :ile enjoy+ ! hospitality ( ! patron ( ! 8,nord10 & sleep+ ) 8 head p]haps )9 a few feet ( ^! rema9s1 _c h ! satisfaction ( imag9+ himself a dwell] 9 a real ,roman edifice1 z x is evid5t t !y are n 9 _! orig9al position1 b h be5 br\ght f a di/ance at "s remote "t & set up "h4 ,!re are a few remnants1 close to ! riv]1 ( a build+ said to be ! ,palace ( ,con/ant9e1 includ+ a brick t[] call$ 8,la t\r de la ,tr\ille40 ,?is is a palace :i* has _h _m & v>i$ occupants--pass+ f its ,roman ma/]s d[n to ! ,k+s ( ! ,o/rogo?s & ,visigo?s1 ! ,k+s ( ! ,franks1 & ! ,k+s ( ,arles1 ! 8,holy ,roman ,emp]ors0 7:5 !y came "h to be cr[n$ ,k+s ( ,arles71 & ! ,c\nts ( ,prov5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,place ,d',,hommes1 ,,arles4 ,9 ,roman times !re 0 a space to ! ea/ ( ! t[n us$ z a cemet]y1 & call$ ! ,elysii ,campi1 or ,*amps ,elyses1 n[ ! 8,alyscamps40 ,?is necropolis 0 by tradition suppos$ to h be5 specially consecrat$ by our ,savi\r himself1 & consequ5tly became a v fav\rite place ( burial4 ,pr9ces & dignit>ies ( ,*ur* & ,/ate desir$ to re/ "h4 ,bodies committ$ to ! riv] 7along ) ! suitable burial fees7 7 sure to rea* ! ,alyscamps4 ,x 0 celebrat$ by ! poets ,dante & ,ario/o1 & became ( _w-wide fame4 ,*apels & *ur*es 7 erect$ 9 ! vic9ity1 !re be+ no less ?an n9ete5 at "o "t4 ,b ! translation ( ! body ( ,/ ,trophime1 ,a4,d4 #aaeb1 f ! ,alyscamps to ! ca!dral ( ,arles1 seem$ to take away ! pre/ige ( ! =m]1 & f t "t x gradually decay$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,alyscamps4 ,dur+ its palmy days 9 ! e>ly c5turies1 ?is cemet]y _h become greatly enri*$ ) spl5did monum5ts & s>cophagi1 p>tly hea!n & p>tly ,*ri/ian1 b all design$ & execut$ aft] ! ,roman or ,grecian mann]4 ,at ! ,r5aissance ^! anci5t classic monum5ts 7 specially priz$ & admir$1 & _m ( !m 7 remov$4 ,s>cophagi 7 di/ribut$ z specim5s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art to ,rome1 ,lyons1 & o!r t[ns2 ! place 0 gradually des]t$ & de/roy$1 & ! monum5ts 7 f9ally turn$ to common & ignom9i\s uses su* z cattle tr\ghs & bridges ov] ! dit*es 9 ! fields4 ,n[ ! few rema9+ tombs h be5 collect$ & plac$ on ea* side ( ! road lead+ to ! *apel ( ,/ ,honorat 7,fig4 #ac71 :]e !y produce f _! position & _! classic =ms a /rik+ resemblance to ! burial places ( ! ,romans1 :i* l9$ ! wayside at ! entrances to _! cities1 su* z ! ,appian way at ,rome1 & ! approa* to ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,f ,,arles ,,museum4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! f9e/ s>cophagi h =tunately be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,arles museum4 ,"s ( !m c]ta9ly belong to ,pagan times1 b mo/ ( !m are ( lat] date4 ,_m are adorn$ ) bas-reliefs1 repres5t+ ! hunt ( ! ,/ag or ,wild ,bo>1 ,apollo & ! ,muses1 & o!r classic & allegorical subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,cornelia1 ,,arles4 ,a museum has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! disus$ ,go?ic ,*ur* ( ,/ ,anne1 9 :i* "s f9e examples ( classic sculpture are pres]v$4 ,besides ! ,pagan s>cophagi above ref]r$ to x conta9s "s ,roman or r ,greek sculptures ( consid]able purity & beauty2 ! ,grecian desc5t & culture ( ! c\ntry be+ di/9ctly obs]vable 9 ^! monum5ts--j z ! same ,greek feel+ prevails 9 ! pa9t+s & sculpture ( ,pompeii4 ,! fragm5t ( a /atue ( a female danc] 7,fig4 #ad7 is p>ticul>ly graceful 9 pose & 9 ! execution ( ! drap]y4 ,! s>cophagus 7,fig4 #ae71 ) an inscription & two well c>v$ fe/oons1 is call$ ! ,tomb ( ,cornelia4 ,fig4 #af %ews a f9ely c>v$ oak wrea? & vase on ! monum5t to ! 8good ,goddess10 & a beautifully sculptur$ ?\gh mutilat$ bu/ ( ! ,empress ,livia4 ,fig4 #ag repres5ts a fragm5t ( v spirit$ c>v+ ( foliage said to be f ! frieze ( ! ,arc de ,triomph1 an amphora & a ,cor9?ian capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,f ,,arles ,,museum4 ,! ,museum also includes a l>ge numb] ( e>ly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,f ,,arles ,,museum4 ,*ri/ian monum5ts4 ,t 9 ,fig4 #ah1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! life ( our ,savi\r1 exhibits figures c>v$ 9 ! ,roman mann]1 & we>+ ! ,roman co/ume1 b degrad$ 9 /yle1--evid5tly ! "w ( ! ,l[ ,empire4 ,*ri/ occupies ! c5tral comp>tm5t1 & f\r wide ar*es conta9 figure subjects1--^? on ! extreme "r & left repres5t+ ! ,magdal5e & ,pilate1 :ile ! two c5tral comp>tm5ts conta9 sa9ts be>+ palm bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,f ,,arles ,,museum4 ,! arcade on ?is s>cophagus is support$ on pill>s ) composite caps & bases1 & %afts ornam5t$ ) flut+s & twi/s1 simil> 9 "* to ! %afts ( ! e>ly m$ival cloi/]s4 ,! ar*ivolt is a v]itable ar*itrave ) leaf enri*m5t c>ri$ r\nd ! ar*1 & fill$ 9 ) a scallop %ell4 ,x ?us =ms a di/9ct & in/ructive example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! late ,romans disp5s$ ) ! /raight ar*itrave1 & adopt$ ! ar* spr++ directly f ! caps ( ! columns1 z w be m fully expla9$ fur!r on4 ,x w !n be %ewn h[ ?is monum5t illu/rates ! transition f ! lead+ features ( ! ,greek trabeat$ /yle to ^? ( fully develop$ ,roman ,ar*itecture1 & also ! mode 9 :i* ,roman art 0 cont9u$ into ,*ri/ian times4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagi are c>v$ ) ,biblical subjects symbolical ( ! new bir?1 ! great ,sacrifice1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 c41 su* z ! creation ( ,adam & ,eve1 ,moses /rik+ ! rock or rais+ ! s]p5t1 ,jonah & ! :ale1 ,daniel & ! lions1 ! p>ables & miracles ( our ,"l1 c4 ,^! =m z int]e/+ a s]ies ( e>ly ,*ri/ian sculptures1 comb9$ ) late ,roman features1 z is any:]e to be f\nd4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! t[n are ! rema9s ( "s p>ts ( ! ,roman walls1 built 9 _! usual massive mann]4 ,^! consi/ ( portions ( ! gate ( ! t[n1 by :i* ! ,aurelian way ent]$1 flank$ by ru9$ r\nd t[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,nimes 7,nemausus74 ,situat$ at no great di/ance f ,arles1 & at ! base ( ! hills :i* b\nd ! pla9 ( ! ,rhone1 ,nimes =m$ ! capital ( ! ,volces ,arecomiques 7or inhabitants ( ! flat c\ntry74 ,9 ,b4,c4 #aba x submitt$ volunt>ily to ,rome1 & a few ye>s ,b4,c4 ,augu/us plant$ a colony !re4 ,be+ enri*$ ) ba?s1 c41 by ,agrippa1 ,nimes soon became an important t[n surr\nd$ ) walls & t[]s1 & provid$ ) all ! usual public build+s4 ,x _h rea*$ ! height ( prosp]ity :5 x 0 ravag$ by ! ,v&als 9 #djg4 ,9 #dgb x fell "u ! p[] ( ! ,visigo?s1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! t[n1 & made ! amphi!atre _! =tress4 ,aft] suff]+ ! usual c\rse ( sieges & de/ruction by ! ,s>ac5s & ,franks1 ,nimes e>ly decl>$ itself a ,republic4 ,9 #aahe x came "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 9 :i* condition x cont9u$ to fl\ri% till x f9ally pass$ to ,france "u ,l\is ,,viii41 along ) ! o!r doma9s ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se aft] ! ,albig5sian w>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,amphi!atre1 ,,nimes4 ,al?\gh ,nimes 0 a comp>atively obscure t[n 9 ! days ( ! ,empire1 ! rema9s ( its ,roman monum5ts are ! f9e/ 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,! ,amphi!atre 7,fig4 #ai7 is n q s l>ge z t at ,arles1 nor is ! int]ior 7,fig4 #bj7 s well pres]v$1 b ! ext]ior is m complete4 ,x measures #dcg feet by #ccb feet1 ) ?irty-two r[s ( seats :i* conta9$ ab\t #bj1jjj spectators4 ,! amphi!atre is n[ well se51 ow+ to ! removal ( ! paltry build+s :i* _h invad$ x bo? )9 & )\t4 ,l all su* ,roman works x is con/ruct$ ) ! mo/ massive mat]ials1 built )\t cem5t1 & all b\nd toge!r ) solid /one l9tels & ar*es4 ,fig4 #ba1 a view 9 ! corridor on ! fir/ floor1 gives "s idea ( ! colossal /r5g? ( ! masonry4 ,b ^! great /one l9tels1 massive z !y are1 indicate a vici\s =m ( con/ruction1 _m ( !m be+ crack$ & %att]$ by ! weight ( ! ar*es re/+ ^u !m4 ,! ext]ior is ( ! usual design ( su* edifices hav+ two arcades sup]impos$ "o on ! o!r1 ) upright pila/]s1 or engag$ columns1 betwe5 ! arcades support+ horizontal entablatures4 ,ea* arcade has sixty ar*es4 ,! pila/]s ( ! gr\nd ti] are squ>e1 & h no base1 :ile ! engag$ columns ( ! upp] ti] are r\nd & ( ! ,doric ord]2 above ! latt] is ! attic1 p>tly demoli%$1 b /ill conta9+ #abj bold consoles ) holes to receive ! ma/s :i* support$ ! vel>ium or awn+4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal entrances at ! f\r c>d9al po9ts2 t ( ! ,nor? ornam5t$ ) a cornice re/+ on two bulls' =e qu>t]s4 ,simil> ornam5tal bulls 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,temple :i* /ood :]e ! ,ca!dral is n[ built1 & on ! f9e gate ( ,augu/us ( ?is city4 ,"s !re=e ?9k x a k9d ( coat ( arms giv5 by ! ,emp]ors to ! t[n4 ,o!rs imag9e t ^! features 7 adopt$ 9 ord] to flatt] ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 "s bulls' heads hav+ be5 sculptur$ on ! h\se 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,a few sculptures are /ill visible on ! amphi!atre1 includ+ two gladiators1 & ! ,roman wolf4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! ornam5t is left 9 block1 only ! we/]n division be+ f9i%$1 ! c>v+ ( ! rema9d] nev] hav+ be5 complet$4 ,! podium surr\nd+ ! ar5a is l[1 z at ,arles1 ?us confirm+ ,mrime's views z to ! provisions :i* requir$ to be adopt$ = ! safety ( ! audi5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,! int]ior has be5 greatly re/or$1 s z to make x available = a l>ge mod]n audi5ce1 & ! amphi!atre is n[ us$1 among/ o!r exhibitions1 = ! annual br&+ ( ! "y bulls ( ! ,cam>gue1 :i*1 f ! lively description ( x giv5 by ,alex&re ,dumas1 seems to be a /irr+ spectacle1 n unwor?y ( ?is classic ar5a4 ,9 anci5t times ! l[e/ or fir/ s]ies ( seats 0 set ap>t = ! s5ators2 ! second s]ies = ! knights2 ! ?ird = plebeians2 & ! top r[s = ! slaves4 ,! la/ be+ ! mo/ qu>relsome x 0 consid]$ desirable to endeav\r to prev5t squabbl+ by m>k+ (f ea* p]son's seat4 ,?is 0 effect$ by means ( l9es cut 9 ! /one1 "s ( :i* are /ill visible 9 situ4 ,"s ye>s ago !re exi/$ 9 ! fir/ prec9cts divisions simil> to ^? ( boxes 9 mod]n !atres4 ,! celebrat$ ,maison ,c>re at ,nimes 7,fig4 #bb7 is probably ! pure/ piece ( ,roman "w to be f\nd nor? ( ! ,alps1 & _c fail /rongly to impress ! behold]1 especially if he "h sees = ! fir/ "t a g5u9e ,roman temple4 ,! design d\btless owes mu* ( its beauty & purity to ! ,grecian _s ( ! locality4 ,! build+ is small1 be+ only ab\t #hj feet by #dj feet4 ,! portico1 ) its t5 ,cor9?ian columns1 & enri*$ p$im5t1 is v f9e2 b ! effect ( ! flank view1 9 :i* ! columns atta*$ to ! cella are visible1 is n s satisfactory4 ,! temple is surr\nd$ by ?irty columns 9 all1 includ+ ^? ( ! portico1 :i* /& free1 & ! engag$ columns ( ! flanks & re>4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! pseudo-p]ipt]al plan--! true p]ipt]al temple hav+ ! columns deta*$ s z to =m an ambulatory all r\nd ! cella4 ,! =m] is ! arrangem5t usual 9 ,roman temples1 :i*1 accord+ to ,f]gusson1 nev] foll[ ! g5u9e p]ipt]al type4 ,x is1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,maison ,,c>ree1 ,,nimes4 h[ev]1 wor?y ( note1 t ! ,,plan ( ?is build+ ) its deep por* is r ,italo-,etruscan ?an ,greek1 & ?us adh]es to ! traditional type obs]v$ by ! ,romans4 ,! cornice is p]haps r ov]-enri*$ & is indicative ( a late date1 :5 classic art 0 9 decad5ce2 b ! frieze is beautifully design$1 & ! /yle z a :ole is rem>kably pure & elegant4 ,v>i\s +5i\s attempts h be5 made to deciph] ! lett]s ( ! bronze inscription 7:i* 7 orig9ally fix$ on ! frieze ( ! portico71 by means ( ! holes =m$ by ! bolts :i* atta*$ !m to ! /one "w4 ,! read+ :i* seems mo/ probable f its agree+ ) ! /yle ( ! build+1 indicates t x 0 d$icat$ to two nobles di/+ui%$ ) ! title ( 8pr9ces ( y\?40 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,m4 ,,caes>i ,,augu/i ,f4 ,,cos4 ,l4 ,,caes>i ,,augu/i ,f4 ,,cos4 ,,designato ,,pr9cipibus ,,juv5tutis4 ,?is inscription necess>ily places ! ,temple 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 s9ce ! only pr9ces kn[n to :om ! above names & title ( ,pr9cipes ,juv5tutis w apply1 aft] ! sons ( ,agrippa1 7 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ,lucius ,v]us1 adopt$ sons ( ,anton9us ,pius4 ,f excavations ar\nd ! edifice x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! ,temple =m$ a c5tre f :i* colonnades ext5d$ on ei!r h&4 ,x ?us probably /ood at ! end ( a ,=um1 ! colonnades ar\nd :i* enclos$ %ops & places ( bus9ess or pleasure4 ,?is edifice has pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes2 & x is m>vell\s h[ x has surviv$ all ! v>i\s uses or abuses to :i* x has be5 subject4 ,x 0 naturally 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts fir/ *ang$ f a ,pagan ,temple into a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 9 ! elev5? c5tury x =m$ ! c\ncil *amb] ( ! municipal body2 & at a lat] "t x 0 degrad$ into a /able1 :5 ! flut+s ( ! columns 7 grat$ (f to all[ c>ts to pass betwe5 !m4 ,x !n became atta*$ to an ,augu/9ian ,conv5t1 & 0 us$ z a mausoleum & place ( burial4 ,m rec5tly x 0 occupi$ z ! ,hall ( meet+ ( ! revolution>y tribunal1 & /ill lat] z a corn m>ket4 ,n[ x has be5 put 9 good ord]1 & conta9s ! local museum ( antiquities4 ,?is ,museum comprises "s good sculpture1 especially a f9e /atue ( ,v5us 7,fig4 #bc71 & num]\s antiqu>ian fragm5ts1--_m = want ( room be+ rang$ r\nd an enclosure 9 ! op5 air4 ,portions ( ,roman mosaics & f\ndations ( an e>li] ,roman build+ h be5 discov]$ "u ! soil ( ! ,maison ,c>re1 ?us %ew+ t x has be5 erect$ at a lat] p]iod ?an ! fir/ occupation ( ! site by ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,/atue ,,( ,,v5us4 ,accord+ to ,mrime ! /yle accords ) ! "t ( ! ,anton9es1 :5 ! decad5ce _h begun1 & :5 ri*ness & multiplicity ( details replac$ ! simple maje/y ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,he also po9ts out v>i\s irregul>ities 9 ! /ructure :i* w\ld nev] h be5 tol]at$ 9 ! e>li] p]iod1--su* z1 t ! columns are n equally spac$1 t !re is an unequal numb] ( modillions on ! opposite sides1 t ! caps are too l[1 & ! %afts ( ! columns too long 7be+ #aj diamet]s 9 height74 ,b not)/&+ ^! defects ! ,maison ,c>re is a build+ ( :i* ,nimes & ,france may well be pr\d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,nymph,,um1 ,,nimes ,! ,nymphum or ,temple ( ! ,nymphs at ,nimes 7,fig4 #bd71 ) its accompany+ f\nta91 is ano!r *>m+ & q unique /ructure4 ,! f\nta9 bur/s =? 9 great abundance at ! base ( a hill call$ ,mont ,cavali]4 ,x is enclos$ 9 a space :i* 0 =m]ly a ,roman ,ba?1 & is !n l$ away ?r\gh wide op5 conduits or canals1 all l9$ ) /one & fac$ ) pila/]s4 ,! :ole is situat$ 9 a pretty public g>d5 to :i* ! f\nta9 gives a special "*4 ,9 ?is g>d5 too1 are f\nd ! ru9s ( ! above temple1 =m]ly call$ ( ,diana1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n[ suppos$ to h be5 a ,nymphum1 or ,temple d$icat$ to ! ,nymphs1 & =m+ "p ( ! ,ba?s4 ,! int]ior conta9s twelve ni*es ( good design1 & ! ro( 0 con/ruct$ ) l>ge /one ar*es or transv]se ribs1 betwe5 :i* ! space 0 fill$ 9 ) a pla9 waggon vault or flags ( /one4 ,?is k9d ( vault+ 0 also adopt$1 z w be fur!r expla9$ aft]w>ds1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( ,syria1 & _h und\bt$ly great influ5ce on ! design ( ! fir/ vault$ *ur*es ( ,prov5ce4 ,! ,nymphum n[ conta9s a museum ( bu/s & /atues4 ,?is temple is %ewn1 by an inscription1 to h be5 built along ) ! ,ba?s 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! v>iety & elegance ( its details are fur!r evid5ce ( ! ,grecian ta/e ( ! p ( ! di/rict4 ,! aqu$uct f ! ,pont du ,g>d t]m9at$ 9 a res]voir ne> ?is po9t4 ,! ,t\r ,magne 7,fig4 #be71 on ! top ( ! hill above ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,nymphs1 is a ,roman build+1 ! object ( :i* has giv5 rise to mu* discussion1 )\t any def9ite conclusion be+ arriv$ at4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 mo/ likely to h be5 a mausoleum4 ,! plan is octagonal1 & ! walls are built ) r\gh a%l>4 ,! /ructure is holl[1 & f #ij to #ajj feet high4 ,x 0 atta*$ to ! walls ( ,augu/us1 & 9 lat] times 0 conv]t$ into a =tress by ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se4 ,! g5]al resemblance ( ! design ( ?is monum5t to t ( ,augu/us at ,la ,turbie1 :i* we %all meet ) fur!r on1 is v /rik+4 ,two ( ! ,roman gates ( ,nimes rema94 ,! ,porte d',augu/e1 f\nd$ ,b4,c4 #af1 has a d\ble ar* = vehicles1 & two side op5+s = foot pass5g]s flank$ by two t[]s4 ,l ! ,roman gates ( ,autun ^! two t[]s conta9$ /airs lead+ to ! walls1 & =m$ po/s ( obs]vation4 ,! o!r gate1 ! ,porte de ,france1 lies to ! we/ ( ! amphi!atre1 & has "o wide ar*way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,la ,,t\rmagne1 ,,nimes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,le ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d4 ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d 7,fig4 #bf74 ,?is magnific5t specim5 ( ,roman eng9e]+ is situat$ at a di/ance ( ab\t #ac miles ,n4,e4 f ,nimes1 on ! way to ,avignon1 & c n[ be rea*$ by rail4 ,x =m$ "p ( an aqu$uct 7p>tly 9 tunnel & p>tly 9 op5 canal7 ( ab\t #be miles 9 l5g?1 :i* br\ght an ample supply ( wat] to ,nimes4 ,?is "w is said to h be5 built by ,m4 ,agrippa1 son-9-law ( ,augu/us1 #ai ye>s ,b4,c4 ,x has ?us = #aijj ye>s defi$ all ! attacks ( man1 bo? b>b>ian & civilis$1 z well z ! elem5ts1 to :i* s _m o!r ,roman monum5ts h succumb$1 & /ill /&s almo/ z p]fect z at fir/4 ,! arcades abut at ei!r end on ! slope ( ! hills at ! base ( :i* fl[s ! riv] ,g>don4 ,! aqu$uct measures #afj feet 9 height1 & #hhb feet 9 l5g? on ! top4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree /ages1 all built ) enorm\s blocks ( /one plac$ toge!r )\t cem5t1 & pres5ts probably ! mo/ /up5d\s example ( ! solidity ( ,roman workman%ip 9 ,gaul4 ,b x is r\ghly & irregul>ly con/ruct$1 z if utility alone _h be5 consid]$1 & no reg>d paid to beauty2 ! ar*es are unequal 9 span1 & ! /ructure itself is b5t 9 its l5g?4 ,! ar*es are con/ruct$1 ^? ( ! two upp] arcades ) ?ree1 & ^? ( ! l[] arcade ) f\r di/9ct c\rses 9 ! bread? ( ! /ructure4 ,^! c\rses are compos$ ( /ones ( imm5se size1 plac$ side by side1 b n o!rwise jo9$ toge!r4 ,above ! upp] ti] lies ! conduit = ! wat]1 #e feet high1 & #b feet wide1 cov]$ ov] ) imm5se flags1 :i* ev5 ! ,go?s seem to h despair$ ( be+ able to de/roy4 ,! conduit is l9$ ) /rong ,roman cem5t1 :i* /ill rema9s s\nd & good4 ,! project+ blocks obs]v$ on ! flanks & "u ! ar*es 7 int5d$ to receive scaffold+ = ! execution ( repairs1 %\ld ^! ev] be requir$ 9 a "w s simple & sub/antial4 8,:at a gr& fai?10 exclaims ,mrime1 8mu/ ! con/ructors ( ?is aqu$uct h _h 9 ! et]nal duration ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 !y made provision = repair+ ?is gigantic & endur+ "w60 ,! bridge plac$ alongside ! l[] ar*es is ( mod]n con/ruction1 hav+ be5 erect$ 9 #agdc4 ,leav+ ,arles = ,m>seilles we trav]se a c\ntry z b>e & un9t]e/+ z an ,african des]t4 ,to ! "r1 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,rhone1 lies ! great pla9 ( ! ,cam>gue1 ! delta ( ! riv]1 compos$ ( m+l$ salt mud & /agnant pools1 ! result ( ! conte/ betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! ,rhone & ! sea2 ! =m] con/antly p\r+ d[n imm5se volumes ( dbris1 & ! latt]1 obey+ ! impulse ( ! w9d1 z con/antly driv+ x back ^u ! l&4 ,b ! railway1 keep+ on ! ea/]n side ( ! riv]1 runs ?r\gh a diff]5t b n less rem>kable pla9 call$ ! 8,crau40 ,?is consi/s ( an imm5se accumulation ( %+le1 compos$ ( wat]-worn & r\nd$ /ones ( all sizes--! fabl$ sc5e ( ! fight ( ,h]cules ) ! ,ligurians1 :5 ,jupit] ra9$ d[n ^! /ones to provide ! h]o ) ammunition4 ,?is ext5sive pla9 0 a b>r5 wild]ness until a sy/em ( irrigation 0 introduc$ by ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal de ,craponne1 :]eby ! wat] ( ! ,durance is br\ght d[n = its f]tilisation4 ,hav+ at la/ cross$ ! ,crau we arrive at ,,/ ,,*amas1 :]e ! eye is reliev$ by ! bright & peaceful prospect ov] ! ,etang de ,b]re1 an ext5sive bran* ( ! ,m$it]ranean almo/ entirely surr\nd$ ) l&4 ,/ ,*amas is a qua9t old t[n1 ) "s ( its h\ses holl[$ out ( ! rock & traces ( anci5t ramp>ts4 ,ab\t half-a-mile di/ant may be se5 an int]e/+ ,roman ,bridge call$ ! ,pont ,flavia4 ,x is con/ruct$ ) ! usual solid masonry1 & spans ! riv] ,t\l\bre ) "o ar*1 :i* is abutt$ by ! rocky banks4 ,! entrance at ei!r end to ! roadway ov] ! bridge is ?r\gh an ar*1 decorat$ ) ,cor9?ian columns & entablature4 ,^! ar*ways are well pres]v$ & are illu/rat$ 9 ,f]gusson's 8,h&book ( ,ar*itecture40 ,! columns are surm\nt$ ) lions1 & ! frieze be>s an inscription %ew+ t ! /ructure 0 erect$ by "o ( ! ,flavii4 ,"s di/ance nor? f ?is1 on ! slope ( ! *a9 ( ! ,v]ngues1 :i* divides ! valley ( ! ,durance f t ( ! ,rhone1 are to be f\nd ! relics ( a small ,cor9?ian temple1 orig9ally prec$$ ) a p]i/yle ( f\r columns 9 front1 & pila/]s ( return on ea* side1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only "o s+le pill> n[ survives4 ,?is 0 d\btless ! site ( ! anci5t ,ernag9um4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times ?is temple seems to h be5 conv]t$ into a *ur*1 & a circul>-head$ w9d[ op5$ 9 ! wall ( ! cella4 ,a *apel d$icat$ to ,/ ,csaire 0 9 ! t5? c5tury erect$ aga9/ ! nor? wall1 ) a door into ! ma9 *ur*1 n[ built up4 ,! temple is well illu/rat$ 9 ,texi] & ,pullan's 8,byzant9e ,ar*itecture10 & is said to be 8full ( ! s5tim5t ( pure ,greek art40 ,! c>v+ ( ! capital1 z %ewn 9 ,texi]'s draw+1 is 9 ! be/ /yle4 8,! proportions ( ! entire column1 :i* are excell5t10 says ,texi] 8& ! foliage ( ! capital1 :i* seems to h be5 inspir$ by t ( ! monum5t to ,lysicrates1 prove t ?is little build+1 conceal$ among/ ! m\nta9s ( ,prov5ce1 0 ! "w ( a ,greek arti/ ( ! colony ( ,massilia40 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out h[ caprici\sly ! ,roman rema9s h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,:ile a small prov9cial t[n l ,nimes possesses s _m spl5did examples1 ! great & anci5t cities ( ,m>seilles & ,n>bonne h sc>cely a s+le relic ( _! ,greek or ,roman civilisation left4 ,at ,m>seilles "s fragm5ts ( walls ) an ar*way & "s subt]ranean vaults "u ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,sauveur are ! only rema9s ( ! spl5did edifices :i* no d\bt once adorn$ ?is anci5t & important city4 ,all along ! coa/ betwe5 ! ,rhone & ! ,pyr5ees1 _m t[ns exi/$ & fl\ri%$ "u ! ,empire1 b !re is n[ sc>cely a fragm5t ( ,roman "w to be f\nd 9 ! :ole prov9ce4 ,leav+ !re=e = ! pres5t ?is s\?-we/]n di/rict1 we %all n[ foll[ ! great ,aurelian way :i* conduct$ f ,spa9 & ,gaul ea/w>d into ,italy4 ,?is road passes ?r\gh ! celebrat$ ,rivi]a1 ! fav\rite w9t] resort ( ! delicate f e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & ev5 f ,am]ica4 ,x consi/s ( a n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! l[] spurs ( ! ,alps & ! sea2 b ?is level /rip is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by bran*es or roots s5t d[n f ! m\nta9s :i* run out z ,capes into ! ,m$it]ranean1 enclos+ 9 _! arms beautifully %elt]$ sunny bays1 ea* hav+ a t[n or village ( its own4 ,! ,roman road clung to ! m\nta9s1 ! eng9e]s f9d+ x easi] to span ) bridges ! high] rugg$ rav9es ( ! torr5ts ?an ! broad *annels ( ! riv]s ne> _! m\?s1 :]e ! %+ly & %ift+ f\ndation 0 f\nd insecure4 ,( ! t[ns & /ations :i* exi/$ along ?is r\te 9 ,roman times1 "s ve/iges may /ill be trac$4 ,,t\lon1 n[ ! great naval ars5al ( ,france 9 ! ,m$it]ranean 7=m]ly ,telo ,m>tius71 conta9s no ,roman build+s2 b "s miles to ! ea/w>d1 on ! road by ! coa/ lead+ to ,hyres1 ! ru9s ( an anci5t ,roman t[n call$ ,,pomponiana h be5 discov]$ & p>tly excavat$--expos+ to view portions ( ! walls ( h\ses1 vaults1 walls ( ence9te1 frescoes1 fragm5ts ( sculpture1 aqu$ucts1 ba?s1 c4 ,! wall ( a quay pres5ts ! peculi>ity ( be+ built above a basem5t =m$ ( l>ge cubes ( /one1 sup]impos$1 b n unit$ ) cem5t1 :i* seems to be ( ,cyclopean "w4 ,mov+ ea/w>d we pass ,,le ,,luc 7,=um ,voconii7 9 ! middle ( ! f]tile 8g>d5 ( ,prov5ce10 :]e "o ,roman sculpture ( a bo> hunt has be5 pres]v$2 & foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,arg5s1 ) ! rocky m\nta9s ( ,les ,maures on ! "r we arrive at ,,fr,,jus1 an important sea-port 9 ,roman times1 & !n kn[n z ,julii ,=um4 ,?is t[n is suppos$ to h be5 fir/ occupi$ by ! ,phnicians1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,greek coloni/s4 ,x 0 enl>g$ & improv$ by ,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us4 ,x !n possess$ a valuable h>b\r at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,arg5s1 to :i* ,augu/us s5t ! fleet ( galleys :i* he took f ,an?ony at ! battle ( ,actium2 b ! s$im5t ( ! riv] has n[ silt$ up ! h>b\r1 & =m$ a flat pla9 ( ab\t a mile 9 bread? betwe5 ! anci5t port & ! sea4 ,! protect+ walls ( ! h>b\r1 ) a solid obelisk at ! end1 :i* no d\bt m>k$ ! entrance1 /ill rema91 b are n[ high & dry on ! pla94 ,adjo9+ ^! are ! walls ( a /rong =t or ca/ellum = ! protection ( ! port1 built ) ,roman masonry ( small siz$ cubic /ones4 ,! 8,porte dore10 is an ar*way close to ! railway1 built ) simil> masonry1 divid$ ) c\rses ( brick "w1 n[ greatly re/or$ & r5ew$4 ,x is ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,amphi!atre1 ,,fr,,jus4 suppos$ to h be5 ! gate betwe5 ! port & ! t[n4 ,"s ru9s ( ! ba?s h be5 discov]$ adjo9+ ?is4 ,consid]able rema9s ( ! anci5t ,roman city walls1 enclos+ five times ! ext5t ( ! pres5t t[n1 /ill rema94 ,close to ! railway /ation relics ( ! 8gate ( ,gaul10 & o!r ,roman works are obs]vable4 ,foll[+ ^! f ! railway /ation t[>ds ! left1 ! ru9s ( ! ,roman ,amphi!atre 7,fig4 #bg71 ?r\gh :i* ! public road passes by a picturesque ar*way1 are soon rea*$4 ,! int]ior is fairly pres]v$1 toge!r ) ! ar*es :i* su/a9$ ! seats1 /aircases1 c41 b ! ext]ior walls & arcades 7if ! build+ ev] _h an ornam5tal ext]ior1 :i* is d\btful7 are n[ completely awant+4 ,! ,amphi!atre is #cge ft4 long by #bgc ft4 wide4 ,! ea/ side re/s on ! slope ( a hill1 s t little build+ 0 requir$ 9 t position1 b ! we/ side ( ! /ructure is rais$ f ! level pla94 ,cont9u+ r\nd ! old walls ( ! t[n to ! ea/w>d1 we f9d 9 a g>d5 ! ru9s ( a ,roman ,!atre4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is build+1 :i* 0 ( small size comp>$ to ^? we h met ) at ,orange & ,arles1 are q traceable1 b ! sc5a is gone all b ! f\ndations1 & only "s walls & ru9$ ar*es ( ! auditorium rema9 above gr\nd4 ,a little fur!r r\nd ! walls1 traces are obs]v$ ( ! great aqu$uct :i* br\ght ! wat] ( ! riv] ,siagnolles to ,frjus f a di/ance ( above #bj miles4 ,on turn+ ! nor?-ea/ angle ( ! walls1 ! ru9$ pi]s ( ! aqu$uct are se5 /ret*+ across ! pla94 ,at ! above po9t ! conduit is 9 a canal ow+ to ! height ( ! gr\nd4 ,on rea*+ ! ma9 road lead+ f ,frjus to ! ea/w>ds1 ! aqu$uct takes a sudd5 b5d to ! ea/1 & foll[s ! road = a consid]able di/ance4 ,at ?is b5d 0 an entrance gate ( ! t[n1 call$ ! gate ( ,rome1 a portion ( :i* /ill exi/s4 ,f "h a bran* canal took ! wat] to ! port4 ,9 its long c\rse ! aqu$uct is sometimes 9 cutt+1 & sometimes c>ri$ on l(ty pi]s & ar*es #hg feet wide4 ,^? ne> ! t[n 7,fig4 #bh7 are among/ ! f9e/ specim5s1 b "s portions 9 ! m remote valleys also /ill reta9 _! ar*es1 & at "o place ! aqu$uct is c>ri$ 9 two p>allel canals on sep>ate ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,aqu$uct1 ,,fr,,jus4 ,betwe5 ,frjus & ,cannes1 ! ,roman ,via ,aurelia passes inl& ?r\gh ! *a9 ( ! ,e/]elle m\nta9s1 :5ce ! ,romans obta9$ mu* ( ! granite & porphyry f\nd 9 _! monum5ts4 ,at ,cannes & neighb\rhood !re are a few ,roman relics4 ,a bridge ov] "o ( ! small /reams :i* desc5d f ! hills ?r\gh ! t[n is said 7b ?is is d\btful7 to be ( ,roman orig94 ,a delightful walk ( an h\r f ,cannes ov] ! hills leads by ,vallauris to ,,clausonne1 :]e ! well pres]v$ rema9s ( ! ,roman aqu$uct 7,fig4 #bi7 :i* convey$ ! wat] supply to ,antibes are /ill to be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,aqu$uct ,,( ,,clausonne4 ,at ,,antibes1 ! anci5t ,roman ,antipolis1 !re are no ,roman rema9s2 b accord+ to ,m4 ,l5?ric1 a /one has be5 f\nd "h ) a ,greek inscription1 giv+ pro( ( ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! ,hell5es 9 ?is region 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,at ,,v5ce1 ! anci5t ,v5tium1 a t[n "s sev5 miles inl&1 a numb] ( ,roman inscriptions are built into ! wall ( ! ,ca!dral1 & two granite columns are pres]v$1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 anci5tly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,cimi,z 7,look+ ,n4,e47 pres5t$ to ! t[n by ! city ( ,m>seilles 7see ,"p ,,vi47 ,cross+ ! wide & dang]\s *annel ( ! ,v> 7=m]ly ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,france & ,savoy7 we arrive at ,nice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,cimiez 7,look+ ,s4,w47 ,,nice 7or ,nizza71 al?\gh n[ ! mo/ important t[n on ! ,rivi]a1 possesses no anci5t build+s4 ,9 ,roman times ,cem5elum 7n[ ,cimiz71 ! *ief city ( ! ,m>itime ,alps1 /ood on a l(ty site ab\t ?ree miles up ! riv] ,paglione f ! mod]n t[n4 ,?is anci5t city has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 its only relics be+ ! ru9s ( a small amphi!atre 7,figs4 #cj & #ca71 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* ! public road n[ passes1 & "s excavat$ hypocau/s 9 ! g>d5 ( a villa adjo9+4 ,! amphi!atre measures #bad feet long by #agh feet wide1 & x has be5 calculat$ t x 0 capable ( conta9+ ab\t #hjjj spectators4 ,! =m ( ! ar5a & ! slope ( ! fir/ s]ies ( seats c be di/9ctly se51 b o!rwise ! build+ is a complete ru94 ,a few ( ! p]=at$ corbels = ! support ( ! poles :i* c>ri$ ! vel>ium may1 h[ev]1 be /ill obs]v$ on ! ext]ior4 ,b ! want ( ar*itectural features is to "s ext5t comp5sat$ by ! gr&eur ( ! views obta9$ f ! walls1 compris+ ! :ole ( ! coa/ f ,bordigh]a on ! ea/1 to ! ,cap d',antibes on ! we/4 ,proce$+ 9 t direction1 a drive along ! magnific5t ,cornice-road soon br+s u to ! anci5t b\nd>y betwe5 ,gaul & ,italy at ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,monum5t ,,to ,,augu/us1 ,,la ,,turbie4 ,,la ,,turbie 7,turbia or ,tropha71 a small t[n /&+ on an inl& pass =m$ by a not* 9 ! m\nta9s1 :i* "h rise 9 great precipices directly f ! sea4 ,on ?is neck a trophy 0 built 9 commemoration ( ! victories ( ,augu/us ov] ! ,alp9e tribes4 ,! monum5t 7,fig4 #cb7 has be5 ( great size1 & is built ) l>ge blocks ( /one4 ,x probably /ood on a squ>e base1 on :i* 0 erect$ ! great circul> mass above4 ,x 0 adorn$ ) /atues1 & a colossal figure ( ! emp]or cr[n$ ! top4 ,! design w\ld ?us resemble a great _m ( ! spl5did mausoleums erect$ ab\t t "t 9 ,italy4 ,z above notic$ ?is edifice be>s a /rong lik5ess to ! ,t\r ,magne at ,nimes4 ,! massive ,roman "w is /ill traceable 9 ! l[] p>ts fill$ 9 ) rubble betwe54 ,fragm5ts ( an inscription h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s commemorat+ ! triumphs ( ! div9e ,emp]or & ,high ,prie/ ,augu/us4 ,9 m$ival times ?is monum5t 01 z usual1 conv]t$ into a =tress1 z ! "w ( ! upp] "p /ill %ews4 ,x is execut$ 9 inf]ior masonry1 & ! cornice is ,italian 9 "*4 ,! =tress 0 bl[n up by ,m>%al de ,vill>s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! gateways ( ! t[n 7see ,"p ,,vi47 & o!r /ructures h be5 built ) massive /ones f ! ru9s ( ! trophy1 :i*1 z s (t5 happ5s1 has be5 us$ z a conv5i5t qu>ry4 ,a spl5did view ( ! coa/ is obta9$ f ! summit1 includ+ ,monaco1 ,monte ,c>lo1 ,m5tone1 & po9t aft] po9t to ! ea/w>d lead+ into ,italy4 ,b ?\gh we n[ /& on ! bord]s ( ,italy1 we %\ld /ill h f> to travel ?r\gh ! l& ere we enc\nt]$ su* a f9e s]ies ( ,roman /ructures z ^? we h j be5 contemplat+4 ,n till we rea* ,v]ona1 or ,rome itself1 are monum5ts to be f\nd comp>able ) ! amphi!atres ( ,arles & ,nimes1 or ! !atre ( ,orange2 & !re is probably no temple ev5 9 ,rome s complete & /rik+ 9 its unity & _s z ! ,maison ,c>re at ,nimes4 ,b our way lies n across ?is bord]4 ,we mu/ n[ turn back & foll[ 9 ! lat] edifices ! c\rse ( ,roman ,art aft] ! ,fall ( ! ,empire1 & ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! new /yles :i* sprung f x4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,v4 ,! transition f ! ar*itecture ( ,rome to t ( m$ival times =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive epo*s 9 our art4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,roman art is t ( a transition f ! ext]nal trabeat$ /yle1 ) its horizontal entablature1 :i* 0 common to ! e>ly races ( ,greece & ,italy1 to ! complete developm5t ( ! int]nal ar*$ ar*itecture1 :i* 0 ! f9al outcome ( ,roman con/ructional =ms4 ,! lead+ features ( t ,italo-,greek ar*itecture conta9 a rem9isc5ce or survival ( ! primitive elem5ts ( wood5 con/ruction1 f :i* !y 7 d\btless traditionally d]iv$1 al?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( "t _! orig9 _h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,?us ! upright pill>s ) _! flut+s are idealis$ desc5dants ( ! ,egyptian column1 :i* aga9 repres5ts a bundle ( re$s ti$ toge!r4 ,! horizontal entablature is d]iv$ f ! beams laid across ! heads ( ! pill>s1 9 accordance ) ! e>lie/ & mo/ natural mode ( wood5 con/ruction4 ,! p$im5t is ! evid5t cont9uation 7bo? 9 place & "t7 ( ! c\ples & ties ( a wood5 ro( ( ! simple/ & mo/ primitive design2 :ile ! side cornice repres5ts ! projection ( ! eaves1 & ! triglyphs & modillions are ! imitative survivals ( ! ends ( ! cross beams or ties & ! slop+ raft]s ( ! wood5 ro(4 ,= c5turies ?is trabeat$ pr9ciple prevail$ 9 ,rome2 b toge!r ) x !re exi/$ a di/urb+ elem5t1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be small & insignificant1 b :i* nev]!less conta9$ ! elem5ts ( ! greate/ revolutions 9 ar*itecture :i* ! _w has yet se54 ,t little feature 0 ! ar*1 ! di/+ui%+ pr9ciple ( true /one con/ruction--! se$ conta9+ ! g]m f :i*1 ?r\gh ,roman cultivation1 h sprung all ! great families ( m$ival ar*itecture1 :e!r ,byzant9e1 ,go?ic1 or ,s>ac5ic4 ,! e>li] ar*itecture ( ! ,romans 0 d\btless *iefly d]iv$ f t ( ! ,etruscans1 :o1 l ! ,greeks1 foll[$ ! trabeat$ pr9ciple4 ,?is orig9 is di/9ctly traceable 9 ! plans ( ! ,roman temples1 :i* are nev] truly p]ipt]al1 or surr\nd$ ) a deta*$ colonnade1 l ^? ( ! ,greeks1 b h a deep portico at "o end only1 9 front ( ! cella4 ,( ?is arrangem5t we h se5 a beautiful example 9 ! ,maison ,c>re at ,nimes4 ,b ! ,c5tral ,italians mu/ h e>ly receiv$ "s impressions f ! ,hell5ic art ( ,magna ,grecia1 & ! way w\ld ?us be op5$ = ! introduction at a lat] p]iod ( ! f9] developm5ts ( ,greek ar*itecture :i* 7 s univ]sally foll[$ dur+ ! ,empire4 ,mean:ile ! ar*1 ! antagoni/ic elem5t to ! trabeat$ pr9ciple1 0 gradually progress+2 & f its primitive obscure use 9 sub/ructures1 conduits1 & simil> eng9e]+ situations1 x _h =c$ itself into notice above gr\nd1 & _h ga9$ recognition 9 ! elevations z a prop] ar*itectural elem5t4 ,h5ce arose ! comb9ation1 s conspicu\s 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,romans1 ( trabeat$ features1 su* z pila/]s & entablatures1 ) ! ar*$ me?od ( con/ruction :i* !y _h adopt$ f an e>ly p]iod1 & ( :i* !y ultimately %ew$ !mselves su* ma/]s4 ,! amphi!atres & ! triumphal ar*es ( ! empire well illu/rate ?is mixture ( ar*$ con/ruction1 z %ewn 9 ! r\nd-head$ wall op5+s1 comb9$ ) trabeat$ decoration1 9 ! =m ( horizontal entablatures support$ on engag$ columns or pila/]s4 ,?is mix$ /yle long prevail$1 & examples ( x are to be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! ,roman _w4 ,b 9 lat] times1 :5 purity ( ta/e _h begun to decay1 ! ,romans gradually gave full] scope to _! noble con/ructive p[]s1 & all[$ !m to f9d a wor?i] expression 9 _! designs4 ,?is took place *iefly 9 _! eng9e]+ works1 su* z ! ,pont du ,g>d1 & 9 _! int]ior ar*itecture1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! great halls ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian & ,c>acalla1 ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e 7or ,max5tius7 & o!r simil> works1 9 "s ( :i* imm5se int]sect+ vaults 7 successfully execut$4 ,! simple b>rel or tunnel vault is ( v anci5t orig91 & 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans f ! e>lie/ times4 ,!y also freely employ$ r\nd int]sect+ vaults = cov]+ spaces ( all sizes up to ! great examples above ref]r$ to4 ,b ! mo/ a/oni%+ feat ( ! ,romans 9 connection ) vault con/ruction is _! adoption & application ( ! dome4 ,9 ! ,pan!on at ,rome we h an example ( t species ( vault introduc$ at once 9 its p]fect =m 9 ! l>ge/ example 9 ! _w4 ,! portico ( ?is temple belongs to ! age ( ,augu/us1 & x is !re=e ?\ght by _m t ! rotunda & dome are ( ! same date4 ,x is v rem>kable t no small] ,roman domes ( e>li] date are to be f\nd1 & t ?is /yle %\ld1 z x 71 be born 9 p]fect manhood )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages ( infancy & gr[?4 ,^! no d\bt exi/$1 al?\gh we h z yet be5 unable to trace !m4 ,possibly1 z ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n sugge/s1 ! dome is ( ea/]n orig91 & its enl>g$ con/ruction may h be5 work$ out 9 "s ( ! ,hell5i/ic cities1 su* z ,alex&ria1 :]e ! e>li] examples h n[ p]i%$4 ,along ) ! introduction ( ! above new & spl5did developm5t ( vault+ 9 _! int]iors1 ! ,romans /ill adh]$ 9 ! decoration ( _! ext]iors to ! ,italo-,grecian portico1 ) its entablature & p$im5t4 ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ! ,l[] ,empire t ^! elem5ts came to be modifi$ & sl[ly ab&on$4 ,! /ages by :i* ! trabeat$ =ms 7 by degrees /ripp$ (f c1 h[ev]1 be di/9ctly trac$4 ,! ar*es & vaults employ$ 9 ! ba?s1 tombs1 c41 no d\bt conduc$ to t result4 ,9 ^! ! ar* became ! important feature int]nally1 & naturally 9 c\rse ( "t x assum$ a m prom95t position ext]nally also4 ,ar*ivolts1 or curv$ ar*itraves runn+ r\nd ! ar*es1 su* z 7 9 common use 9 build+s l ! ,colosseum1 _h gradually intrud$ !mselves among/ ! ,greek pila/]s & entablatures ( ! ext]ior elevations2 :ile 9 lat] edifices1 su* z ! palace ( ,diocletian at ,spalatro1 ! /raight ar*itrave 0 omitt$1 & only ! ar*$ "o reta9$4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagi %ew ! same important /ep4 ,9 ^! a common design consi/s ( an arcade conta9+ ! figure ( an apo/le 9 ea* ar*1 & ^! ar*es or ar*ivolts spr+ directly f ! caps ( ! columns1 )\t any /raight ar*itrave be+ employ$4 ,( ?is a good example has be5 giv5 above1 page #fc4 ,9 all transitional /yles x is difficult1 & inde$ sc>cely possible1 to draw ! l9e :]e "o /yle t]m9ates & ano!r beg9s4 ,?is is especially difficult 9 connection ) ! passage f ,roman to m$ival ar*itecture4 ,! latt] 0 9 fact = c5turies n a diff]5t /yle b simply a cont9uation ( t ( ! ,empire4 ,aft] ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity ! purposes to :i* ! ,*ri/ian build+s 7 appli$ 0 c]ta9ly v diff]5t f t ( _! prototypes1 b ! ar*itecture 0 ! same4 ,! circul> dom$ edifices rais$ by ! ,romans z mausoleums 7 imitat$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! circul> bapti/]ies2 :ile ! /yle ( con/ruction employ$ 9 ! great basilica or pill>$ hall light$ by a cl]e/ory1 0 exactly copi$ 9 ! nave or l>ge vessel ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! cont9uity ( /yle is complete2 !re is no break4 ,! same ,cor9?ian or ,ionic pill>s1 ! same entablatures1 ! same ro(s & vault are us$ 9 bo?4 ,s close is ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian circul> bapti/]ies 7sev]al ( :i* we %all meet ) 9 ,prov5ce7 & ,roman circul> monum5ts1 t ! =m] are g5]ally reg>d$ z ,roman temples conv]t$ to ,*ri/ian uses4 ,! e>ly *ur*es are usually call$ basilicas1 & h hi!rto be5 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,roman basilica4 ,b ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n1 9 8 rec5t int]e/+ & le>n$ "w 8,f ,s*ola to ,ca!dral10 endeav\rs to prove t ?is is n ! case4 ,! basilica _h no d\bt ! =m ( a pill>$ hall ) c5tral & side aisles1 ! =m] lit by a cl]e/ory1 b x _h no apse1 or if !re 0 "o x did n occupy ! prom95t position ( t feature 9 ! e>ly *ur*es4 ,! orig9 ( ! apse1 :i* 0 an ess5tial feature 9 all *ur*es1 conta9+ z x did ! seat ( ! ,bi%ops 9 ! c5tre & ^? ( ! presbyt]s on ei!r side1 is attribut$ by ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n to ! memorial cellae erect$ by ,pagans & ,*ri/ians alike 9 ! cemet]ies4 ,^! (t5 assum$ a dom$ or apsidal =m1 & 7 mu* resort$ to on sa9ts' natal days1 = commemorative fe/ivals & religi\s c]emonies1 held 9 ! cemet]ies above ! spot :]e ! m>tyr's bones repos$ 9 ! catacomb bel[4 ,at a lat] "t1 :5 ^! relics _h be5 transf]r$ to crypts bel[ ! alt>s ( ! *ur*es1 ! apse 0 a feature naturally introduc$ to complete ! resemblance to ! orig9al tomb4 ,z reg>ds ! nave1 ! s*olae or halls ( meet+ ( private societies are reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n z ! pr9cipal model ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,"u ! emp]ors ! ,*ri/ians 7 all[$ to =m burial guilds1 & ^!1 l o!r guilds1 _h _! s*olae4 ,! s*ola (t5 _h an apse conta9+ ! seat ( ! presid5t2 & ! above au?or is ( op9ion t ! l>ge *ur*es built aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e are r enl>g$ s*olae ?an copies ( basilicas4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! type ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur* or basilica pres5t$ to view an elongat$ hall ) two or f\r r[s ( pill>s1 divid+ x into ?ree or five aisles1 ) a l(ty triumphal ar* at ! end ( ! c5tral nave1 lead+ into a wide op5 space rais$ "s /eps high] ?an ! nave1 & 9 :i* /ood ! alt>4 ,beyond ?is 0 ! inv>iable apse ) its semi-dom$ ceil+ adorn$ ) mosaics1 & conta9+1 elevat$ by a few /eps above ! floor1 ! ?rone ( ! ,bi%op1 & ! seats ( ! ,presbyt]s4 ,! :ole build+ 0 cov]$ ) an op5 wood5 ro(4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly *ur*es h be5 pres]v$ or re/or$ 9 ,rome--su* z ,san ,paolo fuori le ,mura1 ,/a ,m>ia ,maggiore & ,san ,clem5te4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! above 0 ! usual =m ( e>ly *ur*es 9 ! ,we/4 ,at ,rav5na1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal city 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,l[] ,empire1 be+ ! seat ( ! ,ex>*1 ! repres5tative ( ! ,emp]or 9 ! ,we/1 !re are f9e examples ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( e>ly ,*ri/ian religi\s edifices1 dat+ f ! fif? to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! great ,*ur* or ,basilica1 us$ = ! assembly ( ! :ole congregation1 is repres5t$ 9 ,/ ,apoll9>e ,nuovo4 ,x has ! usual r[ ( columns on ei!r side ( ! nave1 sep>at+ x f ! side aisles1 & support+ a flat upp] wall spl5didly decorat$ ) mosaics1 ! :ole be+ ornam5t$ ) ,roman details4 ,! upp] portion ( ! wall is pi]c$ ) cl]e/ory w9d[s1 & at ! ea/ end is ! great apse4 ,! ,bapti/]y or ,c]emonial ,*ur* is z usual octagonal & is dom$4 ,"h also ! walls are cov]$ ) f9e mosaics4 ,ano!r extremely int]e/+ build+ at ,rav5na is ! *ur* ( ,san ,vitale4 ,?is edifice 7:e!r design$ z a monum5t or z a *ur* is unc]ta97 is octagonal & dom$1 v mu* aft] ! /yle ( ! temple ( ,m9]va ,m$ica & simil> ,roman /ructures4 ,san ,vitale has a special int]e/ f its hav+ =m$ ! model adopt$ by ,*>lemagne = ! *ur* :i* he erect$ at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 to s]ve also z 8 own mausoleum4 ,x ?us con/itutes an example ( a ,roman design reproduc$ 9 ,rav5na1 "u ! late ,empire1 z a ,*ri/ian /ructure1 & aga9 s]v+ z a model = a m$ival mausoleum z late z ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?is %[s di/9ctly ! cont9uity ( ,roman design & its direct influ5ce on ! art ( lat] times4 ,! above ?ree edifices at ,rav5na pres5t fully develop$ examples ( ! ?ree *ief build+s requir$ 9 connection ) ! *ur* s]vices up to ! n9? c5tury1 viz41 ! *ur*1 ! bapti/]y1 & ! mausoleum4 ,z we proce$ we %all meet ) pro(s t ! same classes ( edifices 7 9 use & 7 c>ri$ out 9 a simil> mann] 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,! circul> or octagonal bapti/]y is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,examples ( circul> *ur*es are also n awant+1 b !re is e gr\nd = believ+ t ! basilican =m ( *ur*1 l t ( ,/ ,apoll9>e1 0 ! plan mo/ g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,at ,rav5na1 an e>ly circul> t[] or campanile1 g5]ally simil> to ! squ>e ones at ,rome & else:]e1 /ill exi/s4 ,?is is a feature ! orig9 ( :i* has n yet be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,! prevail+ op9ion1 h[ev]1 n[ is t ^! t[]s 7 at fir/ erect$ z places ( obs]vation & def5ce1 be+ 9 t respect some:at simil> 9 _! conception to ! r\nd t[]s ( ,irel&4 ,z 9 ,san ,vitale1 "o =m ( a ,roman octagonal-dom$ build+ is foll[$1 s at ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,milan ano!r design ( a some:at simil> "* is c>ri$ out1 %[+ t ! basilican =m1 al?\gh g5]al1 0 n univ]sal4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction caus$ by ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians1 by fire or o!rwise1 v few edifices n[ exi/ 9 ,we/]n ,europe ( ! "t betwe5 ,ju/9ian & ,*>lemagne4 ,dur+ all t "t ( disa/] 9 ! ,we/1 ! ,ea/]n ,empire /ill ma9ta9$ itself 9 spl5d\r1 & gave enc\ragem5t to ar*itecture & ! f9e arts4 ,f an e>ly "t ! ,byzant9e ar*itects %[$ a pref]5ce = ! dome ov] ! int]sect+ vault1 & x is possible to foll[ 9 ! /ill exi/+ edifices1 ! mode 9 :i* ! domical =m ( ro( 0 gradually work$ out1 until 9 ! great *ur* ( ,/a4 ,sophia1 erect$ "u ,ju/9ian1 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! l>ge/ & noble/ build+ ( ! /yle 0 successfully complet$4 ,9 ! details ( ! /yle ( ! ,l[] ,empire1 z practis$ 9 ! ,ea/1 !re is consid]able evid5ce ( ,greek ta/e4 ,! %>p ?i/le-l sculpture ( ! foliage is design$ 9 a mann] n unlike t ( ! ,cor9?ian capitals ( ! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates at ,a!ns4 ,! ,byzant9es also excell$ 9 flat & delicate c>v+1 su* z t g5]ally execut$ 9 ivory or f9e wood1 & 9 ornam5tal metal "w & jewell]y4 ,:5 ! ,we/ began to revive1 ?is ,byzant9e art naturally produc$ "s influ5ce on x4 ,a v rem>kable example ( ?is occurs 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 erect$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #iej1 :i* 9 e feature--9 plan1 9 di/ribution ( p>ts1 9 ! use ( ! dome1 & 9 its mosaic decorations1--is a di/9ct importation f ,con/ant9ople4 ,b ! art ( ! ,ea/ 0 de/9$ to produce1 at a lat] p]iod1 a mu* /rong] effect1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 9 ,prov5ce & ,aquita9e4 ,besides ! domical /ructures ( ,con/ant9ople1 ano!r s]ies ( ,*ri/ian build+s :i* _h a great influ5ce on ,we/]n ar*itecture exi/s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *ur*es h be5 br\ght to light 9 ,syria by ! "w ( ,c\nt ,mel*ior de ,vog4 ,^! correspond 9 g5]al features ) ! e>ly *ur*es ( ! ,we/4 ,!y comprise a c5tral nave & side aisles1 sep>at$ by r[s ( pi]s1 ) nave ar*es ?r[n longitud9ally betwe5 !m4 ,! nave is also cross$ transv]sely ) ar*es ca/ betwe5 ! pi]s1 & ^! are abutt$ by ar*es ?r[n ov] ! side aisles4 ,! latt]1 9 ord] to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! c5tral ar*1 require to be plac$ at a consid]able height4 ,! side aisles are ?us r5d]$ unnecess>ily l(ty1 & are !re=e divid$ into two /orys ) a floor :i* =ms a gall]y4 ,! nave pi]s & _! transv]se ar*es are plac$ pretty close toge!r 9 ord] to c>ry ! great flag /ones ( :i* ! ro( is frequ5tly compos$1 & :i* are support$ ^u !m4 ,al?\gh ! ro( is 9 "s cases flat1 ! g5]al sy/em ( con/ruction ( ^! ,syrian *ur*es is v simil> to :at is f\nd 9 ! olde/ *ur*es ( ,s\!rn ,gaul2 & :i*1 z already m5tion$1 0 also us$ 9 ! ,nymphum at ,nimes4 ,!re c be little d\bt b t ! ,syrian /ructures 7 c>efully /udi$ by ! num]\s monks :o visit$ ! ,ea/ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :ile ,pale/9e 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,crusad]s1 & t !y 7 !reby help$ =w>d 9 ! ent]prise :i* 0 !n absorb+ ! att5tion ( ! ,we/]n ar*itects1 viz41 h[ to ro( _! *ur*es ) /one vaults4 ,hi!rto ! ,we/]n basilicas _h be5 ro($ ) timb]4 ,a few examples ( ^! e>ly basilicas h escap$ ! univ]sal de/ruction1 & s]ve to indicate :at ! o!r *ur*es :i* exi/$ be=e ! elev5? c5tury 7 l4 ,! ,basse uvre at ,beauvais is a well kn[n specim54 ,x has a r[ ( squ>e pi]s on ea* side ( ! nave1 sep>at+ x f ! side aisles & c>ry+1 on r\nd ar*es1 ! upp] walls conta9+ ! w9d[s ( ! cl]e/ory--! :ole be+ cov]$ 9 ) a wood5 ro(4 ,x 0 probably t]m9at$ to ! ea/ ) a semicircul> apse1 & at ! we/ ) a n>!x or por*4 ,^! e>ly *ur*es 7 no d\bt all ( v simple con/ruction1 ! only ornam5ts be+ ! m>ble columns & c>v$ "w :i* 9 "s localities 7 available f ,roman build+s4 ,:]e ^! exi/$ ! /yle adopt$ naturally foll[$ ! ,roman =ms1 b 9 di/ricts :]e !y 7 abs5t ! /yle gradually pass$ into ! ,romanesque1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! new elem5ts import$ by ! ,nor!rn invad]s4 ,we h se5 h[ ,*>lemagne attempt$ to foll[ a ,roman /ructure 9 8 great *ur* at ,aix1 & t is a di/9ct indication ( ! g5]al t5d5cy4 ,! *ief object at ?is p]iod ( transition 0 to produce an effective int]nal design1 ! ext]ior be+ inv>iably v simple4 ,9 ?is also ! sy/em by :i* ,roman ar*itecture _h be5 develop$ cont9u$ to be c>ri$ out4 ,:5 ! new political conditions ( ! diff]5t divisions ( ,europe _h become some:at settl$1 ^! pr9ciples 7 work$ out sep>ately & indep5d5tly 9 ea* c\ntry & prov9ce1 & produc$ a great v>iety ( /yles1 all compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al title ( ,romanesque4 ,!y 7 9 reality all d]iv$ f anci5t ,roman ar*itecture1 b by _! v v>iety !y indicate ! new _s :i* 0 n[ beg9n+ to express itself4 ,z above m5tion$ ! great desid]atum 9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 a simple =m ( /one ro(4 ,! e>li] wood5 ro( _h be5 f\nd s liable to de/ruction by fire1 t great ef=ts 7 n[ made to provide a fire-pro( cov]+4 ,at ,san ,m9iato1 ne> ,flor5ce1 !re /ill /&s a v f9e basilica ( ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :i* %ews "o me?od 9 :i* ?is 0 attempt$ to be done1 & :i* recalls ! mode ( con/ruction ( ! ,syrian ,*ur*es above ref]r$ to4 ,san ,m9iato is divid$ into ?ree long bays 9 its l5g? by circul> /one ar*es1 spr++ f clu/]$ pi]s1 ?r[n across ! nave1 ea* bay be+ aga9 subdivid$ by ?ree longitud9al ar*ivolts re/+ on simple pill>s4 ,! above great transv]se ar*es d n1 z 9 ! ,syrian examples1 c>ry ! ro(1 :i* is 9 ?is in/ance ( wood1 & is ?us n q firepro(2 b ev5 if ! timb]s 7 de/roy$ by fire1 ! ?ree transv]se ar*es w\ld t5d to b9d ! /ructure all toge!r1 & prev5t fur!r ru94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,san ,,m9iato4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame du ,pr at ,le ,mans 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,france1 !re is ano!r example ( a simil> =m ( ro(1 con/ruct$ 9 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 ,prov5ce ! sy/em ( vault+ g5]ally adopt$ 0 ( a m complete "*1 d]iv$ 9 all probability1 z already m5tion$1 f ! ,roman sy/em 7z us$ 9 ! ,nymphum at ,nimes71 & p]haps also aid$ by ! examples ( ! vault$ *ur*es se5 by ! ,crusad]s 9 ,syria4 ,:5 ! revival ( ! elev5? c5tury took place1 ! ,prov5al *ur*es 7 usually erect$ on ! basilican plan1 :i* d\btless 0 ! traditional "o4 ,^! *ur*es are small1 b !y g5]ally embrace a c5tral nave ) two side aisles1 ea* t]m9at$ to ! ea/w>d ) an apse4 ,! ro( is almo/ inv>iably compos$ ( a po9t$ b>rel or tunnel vault1 ) /r5g!n+ transv]se ribs spr++ f ! caps ( pila/]s c>ri$ up f ! nave pi]s1 z = in/ance 9 ,/ ,trophime at ,arles4 ,! side aisles are also ar*$1 ea* ) "o half ( a po9t$ vault ?r[n aga9/ ! upp] "p ( ! nave wall1 s z to abut ! c5tral vault4 ,! ro( consi/s ( tiles laid directly on ! extrados ( ! ar*es1 aft] ! ,roman mann]1 s t !re is "h no?+ liable to suff] f fire4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 x w be notic$1 "o rem>kable div]g5ce f ! ,roman model1 9 :i* ! vaults & ar*es are always r\nd4 ,9 ,prov5ce !y are inv>iably po9t$4 ,?is =m ( vault1 z m5tion$ by ,mrime1 ,f]gusson1 & o!rs1 0 adopt$1 n f *oice b z a necessity1 or at lea/ a conv5i5ce ( con/ruction4 ,! po9t$ =m 0 f\nd to h sev]al advantages ov] ! r\nd4 ,x 0 easi] ( con/ruction1 a matt] ( great consequ5ce 9 ^? rude times2 x ex]t$ less ?ru/ on ! side walls1 & 0 !re=e m /able2 & x fitt$ bett] ! slope ( ! til$ ro( cov]+4 ,x is evid5t t ! ro( ( ! side aisles1 9 ord] prop]ly to abut ! c5tral vault1 _h to be c>ri$ up to a consid]able height4 ,?is height be+ m ?an 0 necess>y 9 ! aisles1 is sometimes divid$ into two /orys1 ! upp] "o =m+ a gall]y--an arrangem5t :i* 0 frequ5tly adopt$ 9 ,lomb>dy & ! ,rh9el&1 & also1 z we h se51 9 ! ,syrian *ur*es above ref]r$ to4 ,"o great objection to ! ,prov5al sy/em ( vault+ is t ! *ur*es are v d>k--a cl]e/ory be+ obvi\sly impossible consi/5tly ) safety4 ,num]\s exp$i5ts 7 adopt$ to provide m light1 su* z by introduc+ w9d[s 9 ! gables1 & by height5+ ! side walls s z to admit ( a small cl]e/ory ov] ! ro( ( ! aisles4 ,b ! latt] 0 f\nd to be a v unsafe c\rse1 & at ! be/ only cl]e/ory w9d[s ( v small size c\ld be introduc$1 s t ! long b>rel vaults /ill rema9$ d>k & gloomy4 ,9 ,aquita9e an entirely diff]5t sy/em ( vault+ 0 accid5tally introduc$1 & ?reat5$ at "o "t to spread itself ov] ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,! /ory ( ! importation ( ?is /yle1 & ! v>i\s modifications aris+ out ( x1 is some:at /range & rem>kable4 ,ow+ to ! pirates :o infe/$ ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! trade f ! ,levant ) ! ,we/ ( ,france & ,brita91 0 c>ri$ on by means ( c>avans1 :i* convey$ ! goods across ! c\ntry1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,! goods l&$ at ,m>seilles or ,n>bonne 7 ?us c>ri$ by ,limoges to ,la ,ro*elle & ,nantes1 :]e !y 7 aga9 %ipp$ = ! ,nor? ( ,france & ,brita94 ,! t[n ( ,p]igueux1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,aquita9e1 at t "t probably ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ,gaul1 became ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,v5etian m]*ants1 by :om ?is traffic 0 *iefly c>ri$ on4 ,^! ,v5etians1 z !y _h 9 ! t5? c5tury import$ ! plan & decorations ( ,/ ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 f ! ,ea/1 s !y soon aft]w>ds resolv$ to c>ry ! same model ) !m into ,aquita9e4 ,at ,p]igueux !y erect$ a *ur* exactly aft] ! plan ( ,/ ,m>k's1 be+ 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross1 cr[n$ ) "o dome ov] ! c5tral cross+1 & f\r domes ov] ! f\r arms ( ! cross4 ,! g5]al idea ( ?is *ur* ( ,/ ,front at ,p]igueux is und\bt$ly borr[$ f ,/ ,m>k's1 b ! execution seems to h be5 entru/$ to a native arti/2 =1 al?\gh ! conception is ,ea/]n1 ! /yle ( workman%ip1 is t ( ! locality4 ,9 ! orig9al ! ar*es & domes are sph]ical1 :ile "h !y are polygonal & po9t$1 :i* we h se5 0 ! ,prov5al sy/em ( con/ruction4 ,! p5d5tives :i* fill up ! angles "u ! domes are rudely execut$ 9 horizontal corbell+1 n dress$ z portions ( a sph]ical vault1 z !y w\ld h be5 by a sci5tific ,ea/]n ar*itect4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,front at ,p]igueux _h great influ5ce on ! subsequ5t ar*itecture ( ,aquita9e & ! ,we/ ( ,france4 ,! plan ( ,/ ,m>k's 0 n foll[$ 9 o!r examples1 ! old traditional basilican plan be+ pref]r$ & adh]$ to2 b ! dome rais$ ^u p5d5tives1 z introduc$ at ,/ ,front1 became ! common =m ( vault+ 9 ,aquita9e & ! ,we/ ( ,france 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,9 ! *ur*es ?us con/ruct$ ! side aisles are frequ5tly omitt$1 & ! build+ consi/s ( a s+le hall1 ro($ ) a s]ies ( domes re/+ on transv]se ar*es1 :i* are abutt$ ) l>ge int]nal buttresses4 ,we ?us f9d 9 ,aquita9e & ! ,s\? g5]ally two important d]ivations f ,/ ,front1 viz41 #a/1 ! dom$ sy/em ( vault+1 & #bnd1 ! s+le or aisleless nave1--! latt] be+ sometimes vault$ ) domes & sometimes ) gro9$ ar*es4 ,z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ! dome made itself felt 9 ! *ur*es ( ,aquita9e1 ,poit\1 & ,anj\2 :ile ! influ5ce ( ! plan ( ! s+le aisleless nave cont9u$ to be prom95t 9 ! *ur*es ( ,langu$oc long aft] ! dome 0 ab&on$1 & ev5 aft] ! ,go?ic ( ! ,nor? _h invad$ ! ,s\!rn prov9ces4 ,x ?us happ5s t e>ly *ur*es su* z ! ,ca!drals at ,t\l\se 7,fig4 #cd7 & ,frjus 7see ,"p ,,vi47 pres5t a mixture ( ^! ideas1 be+ sometimes f\nd design$ on ! plan ( ! aisleless hall1 b at ! same "t ro($ ) gro9$ vault+4 ,! buttresses 9 all ^! s+le nave *ur*es are frequ5tly int]nal1 & =m deep recesses1 :i* are utilis$ z side *apels4 ,at a di/ance f ,p]igueux z a c5tre1 domes are sometimes us$1 z is ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ,auv]gne1 b 9 ,prov5ce ! dome is g5]ally limit$ to ! space ov] ! cross+4 ,9 ! latt] locality ! ,byzant9e influ5ce exhibits itself 9 a diff]5t direction1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to details & subord9ate features4 ,b "h ano!r factor comes into play4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,roman monum5ts /ill exi/+ 9 ,prov5ce has evid5tly t5d$ to impress a ,roman "* on ! ar*itecture ( ! di/rict4 ,s /rik+ly inde$ does "s ( ! ,prov5al ar*itecture resemble ,roman "w1 bo? 9 g5]al design & detail1 t x has frequ5tly be5 ma9ta9$ t x is actually ! "w ( ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,! /yle ( ,prov5ce 9 ! twelf? c5tury diff]s on ?is acc\nt consid]ably f t ( ! o!r ,romanesque /yles4 ,! revival :i* took place all ov] ,europe 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies occurr$ 9 ,prov5ce also1 b ! result !re 0 some:at peculi>1 ! effect ( ! ,roman rema9s be+ to produce 9 _m ( ! features ( ,prov5al ar*itecture a clos] resemblance to ! ,romanesque /yle ( ,rome & ,italy ?an to t ( ! ,rh9el& & ! ,nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,t\l\se ,,ca!dral4 ,! t[]s & campaniles ( ,prov5ce also ei!r correspond 9 design ) ^? ( ,italy or are imitat$ f ,roman monum5ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! circul> bapti/]ies1 ( :i* a good _m examples survive1 are l ^? 9 ,rome1 con/ruct$ ) columns & caps f anci5t build+s1 or are wr\ght 9 imitation ( !m4 ,sculpture also ab\nds 9 ,prov5ce1 be+ inspir$ by ! abundant rema9s ( anci5t "w 9 ?is fav\r$ prov9ce ( ! ,empire4 ,along ) ! imitations ( ,roman "w1 !re is also1 z already rem>k$1 a consid]able infusion ( ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,viollet-le-,duc1 may be obs]v$ 9 ! polygonal =m ( ! apses2 9 ! polygonal cupolas support$ on a s]ies ( corbell$ p5d5tives2 9 ! flat arcades employ$ to decorate ! walls2 9 ! m\ld+s ) small projection & num]\s memb]s2 9 ! flat & delicate ornam5t2 & 9 ! %>p & too!d c>v+ ( ! foliage4 ,o!r writ]s1 h[ev]1 are ( op9ion t too mu* weight has be5 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ,byzant9e art1 & t almo/ all ! above elem5ts may be acc\nt$ = by ! ,roman traditions ( ! locality4 ,x is d\btful 9 h[ f> ! ,roman build+s :i* surviv$ 9 ,prov5ce & ! import$ classic ta/e ( ,byzantium 7 b5eficial to ! arts 9 t c\ntry4 ,!y no d\bt gave an impetus & motive :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 awant+1 & ?us assi/$ ! ,prov5als 9 mak+ ! e>ly />t !y did 9 ! revival ( _! ar*itecture4 ,b on ! o!r h& !y act$ prejudicially to t revival1 9 impress+ on x ! /amp ( ! classic trabeat$ /yle1 :i* 9 _! abs5ce x w\ld h escap$1 & might probably h be5 develop$ 9 ! fre] & m natural mann] :i* occurr$ at a lat] date 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! e>ly use ( ! po9t$ ar* 9 ! vault+ ( ! ,prov5al *ur*es is ano!r /rik+ feature ( ! ar*itecture ( ! di/rict4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! orig9 ( ! po9t$ ar* & ! date ( its introduction into ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,france its fir/ use occurr$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & x 0 at "o "t ma9ta9$ t ! ,prov5al *ur*es1 f _! hav+ po9t$ vaults1 mu/ necess>ily be lat] ?an t date4 ,!re is n[1 h[ev]1 no "q z to ! great] antiquity ( _m ( ! ,s\!rn build+s1 ?us prov+ t ! use ( ! po9t$ ar* 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,s\? consid]ably e>li] ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,we h already se5 t t =m ( ar* 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,prov5ce z a con/ructional exp$i5t1 & n f any pref]5ce = ! po9t$ =m4 ,! orig9al idea may possibly h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 among/ :om ! po9t$ ar* 0 common f e>ly times1 & 0 employ$ z a decorative feature4 ,9 ,prov5ce its use 0 limit$ to ! vault+1 ! r\nd ar* be+ pref]r$ = all ! ornam5tal p>ts ( ! ar*itecture1 & x cont9u$ to be s employ$ till ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is a /rik+ circum/ance1 obs]ves ,mrime1 t at ! mom5t :5 ! r\nd ar* 0 entirely ab&on$ 9 ! ,nor? ! po9t$ ar* exp]i5c$ ! same disgrace 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! po9t$ ar* became ! decorative =m1 :5 9 ! ,s\? ! r\nd ar* 0 pref]r$4 ,! position ( ! po9t$ ar* is ?us completely rev]s$ 9 ! ,nor? & 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! great] "p ( ! vault$ con/ructions ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ! ,s\? are exclusively r\nd1 ! advancem5t 9 skill1 bo? 9 execution & 9 ! use ( mat]ials1 hav+ r5d]$ t =m m g5]ally available4 ,num]\s examples ( ?is employm5t ( ! r\nd ar* w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! ,roman & ,byzant9e influ5ces 7 naturally /ronge/ :]e ! anci5t rema9s & ,ea/]n ornam5ts 7 mo/ frequ5tly met )4 ,z we retire f ! ,m$it]ranean nor?w>ds & we/w>ds ! ,roman build+s become less num]\s & ! signs ( ,byzant9e comm]ce dim9i%4 ,9 ^? v>i\s c\ntries diff]5t /yles 7 naturally develop$4 ,^! are divid$ by ,viollet-le-,duc into ! s*ools ( ,t\l\se1 ,poit\1 ,auv]gne1 ,burgundy1 c41 all hav+ di/9ct *>act]i/ics 9 plans1 elevations1 =m ( t[]s1 ornam5t1 sculpture1 & e detail4 ,( ^! v>i\s s*ools ! ,burgundian 01 dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 9 advance ( all ! o!rs1 n only 9 ! size & magnific5ce ( its build+s1 b also z reg>ds progress 9 design--ef=ts be+ !re made to free ! ornam5ts f ! conv5tional & /]eotyp$ patt]ns ( classic art4 ,viollet-le-,duc endeav\rs to acc\nt = ?is advancem5t 9 ,burgundian ar*itecture by ! sugge/ion t x possibly arose f ! /udy ( ! pa9t+s ( ,byzant9e ,,mss41 :i* 7 num]\s 9 ! mona/]ies1 & !re=e m frequ5tly "u ! eyes ( ! monks ?an ! purely ar*itectural =ms ( build+s4 ,^! pa9t+s pres]ve consid]able fre$om ( treatm5t bo? z reg>ds natural expression 9 ! features & dramatic action 9 ! figure1 & are mu* less b\nd & fix$ by traditional & conv5tional rules ?an ! ar*itectural =ms & ornam5t4 ,! arti/ monks ( ! ,burgundian conv5ts 7 ?us l$ to look to nature z _! model 9 sculpture1 & _! att5tion 0 gradually turn$ to natural objects z _! guide 9 ! repres5tation ( foliage1 z well z figures4 ,?is process1 9 c\rse ( "t1 op5$ ! way = an entire dep>ture f anci5t prec$5t1 & l$ to ! wond]ful developm5t ( ! natural s*ool ( ! ,royal ,doma91 :i* took place 9 ! end ( ! twelf? & beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,at ! head ( ! ,burgundian s*ool /ood ! great ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,cluny4 7,see ante1 p4 #bj74 ,! *ur* ( ?is ,abbey 0 ! l>ge/ build+ ( its "t1 al?\gh un=tunately n "o /one ( x n[ rema9s ^u ano!r4 ,cluny _h num]\s dep5d5cies & (f%oots :i* 7 all animat$ ) ! same _s1 & spread a ta/e = ri*ness & magnific5ce 9 ar*itecture1 :]ev] !y 7 plant$4 ,b ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+ 0 "o ( awak5+ & expansion1 n only 9 ! direction ( ar*itectural art1 b also 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual & religi\s developm5t4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at t all m5 7 n actuat$ by ! same feel+ ( admiration = spl5did build+s & pa9t+s4 ,_m ( ! religi\s r sympa?is$ ) ! sev]ity ( ! old ascetics4 ,x appe>$ to ^! re=m]s t all ?is sumptu\s & spl5did mode ( life 0 n 9 accordance ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( _! religion1 & !y long$ to return to ! simplicity ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,among/ ^? :o rais$ _! voices mo/ /r5u\sly 9 ?is behalf1 0 ! great ,/ ,b]n>d1 :o ev5 w5t ! l5g? ( sep>at+ f ! ,clunisians1 & devot$ 8 en]gy to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! new ord] ( ! ,ci/]tians1 :i* 0 de/9$ to play an important "p 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & its ar*itecture4 ,( ! sev]e rules ( ?is ord]1 ^? relat+ to ! erection ( build+s1 7 among/ ! mo/ /r+5t4 ,^! 7 requir$ to be ( ! simple/ =m1 & to be entirely free f ornam5t & decoration ( e k9d4 ,at fir/ ?is maxim 0 /rictly adh]$ to 9 all ! build+s ( ! ,ci/]tians1 :i* are !re=e ( ! balde/ possible description1 z ! num]\s examples h]eaft] illu/rat$ 9 ,prov5ce & else:]e %[4 ,b ?is v sev]ity ( /yle seems to h _h great influ5ce 9 cle>+ ! way = ! introduction ( a new & m natural art1 by sweep+ away ! la/ rema9s ( ! anci5t traditional =ms1 & leav+ ! c\rse cle> = ! inv5tion ( novel ornam5tation d]iv$ f natural objects4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! second phase ( ,prov5al art4 ,! fir/ compris$ all ^? primitive /ructures1 ! /yle ( :i* 0 f\nd$ on ,roman or classic design4 ,b ?is second phase disc>d$ all su* ornam5t1 & reta9$ only ! /ructural elem5ts :i* _h up to ?is "t be5 develop$4 ,^! ( c\rse includ$ ! use ( ! po9t$ ar*1 :i* is always employ$ 9 ! vault+ & all ! important /ructural features1 :ile ! r\nd =m is frequ5tly reta9$ 9 ! m9or ar*es4 ,( ?is b>e b vigor\s /yle no f9] example c be cit$ ?an ! ,abbey ( ,?oronet 7to be aft]w>ds describ$71 b ! :ole c\ntry ab\nds 7z we %all f9d7 ) examples1 bo? l>ge & small1 ( ?is re=m$ or second p]iod ( ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,aft] a "t ! ,ci/]tian /rictness 0 gradually relax$4 ,! m ornate /yle ( ! ,clunisians 0 f\nd to be m 9 accordance ) ! feel+s & ta/e ( ! times2 & ! ,ci/]tians ultimately came to vie ) !m 9 ! beauty & ri*ness ( _! edifices4 ,b1 z above po9t$ out1 ! traditional ,roman & ,byzant9e elem5ts 7 entirely bani%$1 & a new & natural sy/em ( ornam5t adopt$4 ,up to ! date :i* we h n[ rea*$ ! progress ( ! great mona/ic c5tres ( ,burgundy & ! cities ( ! ,s\? _h be5 9 advance ( t ( ! ,royal ,doma91 & ! ,nor!rn prov9ces g5]ally4 ,b f ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury _m circum/ances comb9$ to rev]se t position4 ,! c\ntry ( ! ,franks _h become settl$--! re/less _s ( t p1 :i* _h f\nd expression 9 ! ,crusades1 _h exhau/$ itself2 ! idea ( ! "o great & holy ,roman ,empire _h pass$ away1 & ! v>i\s c\ntries ( mod]n ,europe 7 gradually consolidat+ !mselves & =m+ sep>ate nationalities4 ,! ,feudal sy/em1 :i* t5d$ to break up all g5]al au?ority1 0 gradually be+ subject$ to ! gr[+ p[] ( a c5tral supreme rul]4 ,trade & comm]ce 7 reviv+4 ,! t[ns & corporations :i* _h gr[n up "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! mona/]ies1 or "u ! %ad[ ( ! great ca/les ( ! nobility1 7 n[ assum+ a m prom95t & indep5d5t position4 ,!y p]sev]+ly press$ _! claims on _! sup]iors1 :e!r lay or ecclesia/ical1 & 7 by sl[ degrees obta9+ *>t]s & lib]ties4 ,! ,bi%ops ^: sees 7 connect$ ) ! t[ns enc\rag$ ! citiz5s 9 ?is c\rse1 ) ! view ( /r5g!n+ _! own p[] & importance1 s z to enable !m to keep pace ) & if possible ov]come ! great influ5ce ( _! rivals ! mona/]ies4 ,?is gr[? ( ! popul> elem5t 9 ! t[ns naturally l$ to ! employm5t ( laym5 9 connection ) ! design+ & execution ( ! works ( ! ca!dral & o!r ecclesia/ical edifices atta*$ to ! v>i\s sees4 ,! monks1 :o _h hi!rto be5 ! sole possessors ( ! requisite k & practical skill1 _h by _! s*ools1 & by ! guilds ( tradesm5 :i* !y _h enc\rag$1 s[n ! se$s :i* 7 n[ spr++ up 9 a =m !y _h n look$ =1 & produc+ a crop ( lay arti/s1 :o 7 soon to leave _! old ma/]s beh9d4 ,! mona/ic sy/em ( c>ry+ on ev]y?+ accord+ to rule _h long held ar*itecture 9 bondage4 ,"u ! new impulse all conv5tional rules 7 ab&on$1 & ! arti/s tru/$ to ! inspiration ( nature = _! guidance4 ,h5ce x foll[$ t :e!r 9 plann+1 9 con/ruction1 or 9 ormam5tation1 ! =ms s long rev]5tly foll[$ by ! ar*itects ( ! mona/]ies1 7 spe$ily dropp$ by ! lay arti/s ( ! t[ns1 & a new art sprung up ) ! mo/ m>vell\s rapidity4 ,to ! new s*ool ( arti/s no?+ :i* w\ld naturally & logically suit _! requirem5ts came amiss4 ,! r\nd ar* 0 ! traditional =m ( ! ecclesia/ics1 b1 ! lay ar*itects ( ! ,nor? f9d+ 7z ! build]s ( ! ,s\? _h long previ\sly done7 t ! po9t$ ar* 0 m flexible & am5able to _! requirem5ts1 =?) adopt$ x4 ,?is enabl$ !m to ov]come :at _h hi!rto be5 ! great difficulty ) ! r\nd ar*1 viz41 to erect int]sect+ vaults ov] spaces ( any =m1 :e!r squ>e or oblong1 & at ! same "t to keep ! apex ( all ! vaults at any desir$ height4 ,! transv]se ar*es & ! wall ar*es be+ ?us po9t$1 soon l$ 9 ! mo/ natural mann] to ! w9d[ ar*es )9 ! latt] be+ also made ( a po9t$ %ape1 s z to con=m to ! outl9e ( ! wall ar*1 & by an easy transition ! po9t$ ar* 0 soon adopt$ = all ! wall op5+s z ! mo/ flexible1 & mo/ 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! new /yle4 ,9 l mann] ! old conv5tional =ms ( decoration1 d]iv$ f ,byzant9e c>v+s & ,,mss4 or f ,roman rema9s1 7 entirely ab&on$1 & inspiration 9 decorative design 0 s\ght 9 ! natural fl[]s & plants ( ! soil4 ,! intellectual developm5t1 no less ?an ! arti/ic1 ( ?is great p]iod ( revival 0 boldly repres5t$ 9 its ar*itecture4 ,! timid =ms ( traditional con/ruction 7 soon left beh9d1 & sci5tific me?ods 7 introduc$4 ,! clumsy mode ( su/a9+ ! c5tral vault by ! half vault ( ! side aisles 0 sup]s$$ by ! bold & beautiful =m ( ! fly+ buttress1 load$ ) p9nacles :]e ne$$ to secure /ability4 ,?is sci5tific inv5tion enabl$ ! ar*itects to disp5se ) heavy walls & to br+ ! :ole pressure ( ! vaults on to po9ts1 :]e !y 7 dis*>g$ by ! fly+ buttresses4 ,! side walls 7 only requir$ z enclos+ scre5s1 n z supports1 s t !re 0 free scope & e inducem5t = ! expansion ( ! w9d[s1 :i* rapidly progress$ till ! :ole build+ became1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! d>k & gloomy /ructures ( ! mona/ic regime1 an edifice ( m>vell\s lightness & elegance1 illum9at$ f floor to vault ) walls ( gl[+ glass4 ,! rapid & ext5sive developm5t ( ! ,go?ic /yle ( ! ,nor? is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,)9 ! c5tury foll[+ ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! /yle 9 ! po9t$ vault+ ( ! abbey *ur* ( ,/ ,d5is1 erect$ "u ! ,abb ,sug] 9 #aadd1 ?is /yle rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,dur+ t p]iod x f\nd expression 9 mo/ ( ! great ca!drals ( ! ,nor? ( ,france1 su* z ,p>is1 ,*>tres1 ,s5s1 ,ami5s1 ,beauvais1 c4 ,?is occurr$ contemporane\sly ) ! long & brilliant reign ( ,philip ,augu/us1 "u :om ! royal p[] became consolidat$1 & ! royal doma9 ext5d$ to an extraord9>y degree4 ,z ! royal doma9 ext5d$1 its ,go?ic ar*itecture ext5d$ ) x1 & ev5 pass$ beyond x1 & produc$ a /rik+ effect on ! prov9ces1 su* z ,prov5ce1 n yet absorb$ into ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,( ?is we %all meet ) sev]al rem>kable examples1 z 9 ! ca!drals ( ,c>cassonne & ,n>bonne1 :]e ! designs are pure ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 & 7 furni%$ by a nor!rn ar*itect4 ,b ^! & simil> /ructures always /rike "o z hav+ ! appe>ance ( exotics2 !y are evid5tly import$ plants1 n native to ! soil4 ,!re are also1 z we %all see1 _m o!r build+s 9 ! ,s\? 9 :i* "s ( ! features only ( ! ,go?ic /yle are adopt$1 & :i* exhibit v>i\s attempts to +raft its details on ! native art4 ,b ev5 ?is is n successful1 ! build+s hav+ nei!r ! lightness & elegance ( ! ,go?ic1 nor ! massive gr&eur ( ! native /yle4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 ,prov5ce & a great "p ( ! ,rivi]a _h pass$ into ! k+dom ( ,france1 its p]iod ( vig\r & indep5d5ce _h fad$ away1 & its ar*itecture only pres5ts a picture ( ! v>i\s =eign influ5ces "u :i* x lay4 ,?is is se5 9 ! examples ( ! flamboyant "w ( ! ,fr5*1 & 9 ! ,italian ,go?ic introduc$ by ! ,g5oese1 :o 7 long ma/]s ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,all o!r ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 soon yield$ to ! revival ( ! classic /yle1 :i* "h1 among/ s _m ,roman relics1 f\nd a cong5ial soil4 ,! great developm5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ! ,nor? 0 n limit$ to *ur*es & o!r ecclesia/ical /ructures1 b ext5d$ to e species ( build+4 ,= x is "o ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,go?ic1 t x is available = e v>iety ( ar*itectural requirem5t4 ,x is a free & natural /yle1 n subject to ! arbitr>y rules ( mona/ic or academic sy/ems1 b ready to apply itself 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct mann] to all human wants 9 ! way ( build+4 ,! ,go?ic lay ar*itects !re=e naturally direct$ _! skill to ! prop] developm5t ( ,dome/ic & ,ca/ellat$ ,ar*itecture1 z well z ,ecclesia/ical & ,mona/ic4 ,( ! =m]1 _m mo/ int]e/+ examples are to be se5 9 ! ,s\!rn t[ns2 & ( ! ca/ellat$ ar*itecture1 we %all meet ) n only su* spl5did examples z ! ,pope's ,palace at ,avignon1 & ! great ca/les ( ,vill5euve & ,beaucaire2 b we %all also h an opportunity ( exam9+1 at ,c>cassonne & ,aigues ,mortes1 ! t[ns :i* possess probably ! complete/ & be/ pres]v$ specim5s1 n[ extant1 ( ! milit>y ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t k9d ( ar*itecture 01 z 0 natural1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 to a consid]able ext5t f\nd$ on t ( ! ,romans4 ,?is w be m fully expla9$ & illu/rat$1 :5 we come to treat ( ! =tifications ( ,c>cassonne1 :i* are p>tly ,roman or ( ,roman f\ndation4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! e>ly =tresses consi/$ ( e>!n m\nds1 protect$ by palisades & dit*es4 ,su* 7 ! def5ces ( ! native ,gauls1 :i* ,cs> f\nd s boldly def5d$4 ,to ^! succe$$ ! /rong t[]s ( masonry1 ( :i* ! ,norman keep is ! well kn[n type4 ,/one-built t[]s ( t description gradually sup]s$$ ! wood5 =t set ^u ! top ( an e>!n 8motte0 or m\nd :i* =m$ ! c5tral /ronghold ( ! e>li] =tresses4 ,masonry !n1 /ep by /ep1 took ! place ( wood 9 ! def5ces2 fir/1 z we h se51 9 ! keep1 & !n 9 ! enclos+ walls4 ,z ! sci5ce ( attack improv$1 ! latt] 7 made /rong]1 & 7 fur!r =tifi$ by ! con/ruction 9 connection ) !m ( num]\s /rong t[]s4 ,^! 7 g5]ally r\nd 9 ! ,nor? & squ>e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! means ( active def5ce 7 *iefly f ! p>apet4 ,at fir/ ! p>apets ( ! walls & t[]s 7 arm$ 9 "t ( w> ) wood5 enclosures1 call$ 8ho>ds0 or 8brt*es10 project$ on %ort wood5 beams4 ,^! enabl$ ! def5d]s to ov]look & protect ! base ( ! works1 :i* 7 !n ! weak po9ts ( ! =tifications1 & 7 liable to attack by sapp+ or m9+4 ,! assailants c>ri$ out ?is k9d ( assault by roll+ up _! sapp]s to ! walls 9 8cats0 or 8s[s0 7small wagons /rongly con/ruct$ & def5d$ on ! top ) bags ( wool & wet hides71 :i* c\ld only be de/roy$ by great /ones & beams1 hurl$ d[n f ! project+ 8ho>ds0 above4 ,! sockets = ?is wood5 armature ( ! walls /ill exi/s unalt]$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury =tifications ( ,c>cassonne & ,aigues ,mortes4 ,by degrees ! wood5 ho>ds 7 ab&on$1 be+ f\nd liable to de/ruction by ! fire balls or 8,greek fire10 :i* ! crusad]s _h le>n$ ! use ( 9 ! ,ea/4 ,p>apets ( masonry 7 !n sub/itut$ = !m1 project$ on bold /one corbels1 :i* left int]vals betwe5 ! p>apet & ! face ( ! wall1 call$0 ma*icolations10 ?r\gh :i* ! def5d]s c\ld ra9 missiles on ! assailants4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ^! corbell$ p>apets are among/ ! mo/ prom95t & picturesque features ( ! ca/les & =tifications ( ! p]iod4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! /one p>apets 7 fur!r improv$ & height5$ into sev]al /orys1 ! l[] ones be+ cov]$1 & ! upp] =m+ an op5 cr5ellat$ walk4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ?is sy/em rea*$ its height1 & produc$ 9 ! l(ty t[]s & walls1 cr[n$ ) _! num]\s boldly ov]hang+ works1 "s ( ! mo/ magnific5t works ( ! milit>y ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we %all h occasion to ref] to ! v>i\s sy/ems ( def5ce adopt$ 9 ! diff]5t ca/les & t[ns to be visit$1 :5 att5tion w also be drawn to ! diff]5ces ( ! sy/ems adopt$ 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,we %all also f9d a rem>kable application ( ca/ellat$ features 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,s\?1 :]e1 aft] ! twelf? c5tury1 almo/ e ecclesia/ical /ructure is c>efully =tifi$4 ,?is produces 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,s\? "o ( _! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities1 & gives !m1 in/ead ( ! light & gracefully aspir+ "* ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic /ructures1 a reflection ( ! grim & /]n aspect ( ! feudal ca/le4 ,! peculi> *ur* ar*itecture j ref]r$ to1 no d\bt d]iv$ its orig9 f ! con/ant /ate ( al>m & di/urbance 9 :i* ! ,s\!rn prov9ces 7 kept by ! ,albig5sian w>s1 & ! attacks ( ! ,moors & ,corsairs by sea & l&4 ,"s place ( refuge & def5ce 0 requir$ by ! h>ass$ inhabitants1 :o naturally fl$ to ! *ur* & =tifi$ !mselves !re94 ,frequ5tly ! ca!drals 7 compris$ )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,bi%op's ,palace1 :i* 0 =tifi$ l a feudal ca/le4 ,! ca!dral be+ ! l>ge/ build+ 0 eag]ly seiz$ ^u z an important "p ( ! =tifications1 & ev5 :5 ! design 0 9 ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 _h ext]nally at lea/ to adopt _m ( ! def5sive features ( ! ,s\?4 ,( ?is rem>kable illu/rations occur at ,n>bonne1 ,bzi]s1 & ,frjus4 ,we h n[ rapidly sket*$ ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ,roman ar*itecture 0 gradually trans=m$1 f be+ 9 its decorative features an imitation ( ! classic trabeat$ /yle1 into an embodim5t ( ! true pr9ciples ( arcuat$ or g5u9e /one con/ruction1 z exhibit$ 9 ! fully develop$ ,go?ic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t ?is 0 by no means a simple process1 & t x 0 only accompli%$ by ! ordeal ( ! de/ructive ?\gh purify+ dissolution ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 :5ce ! true _s ( ,roman con/ruction em]g$1 cle>$ to a great ext5t ( ! extrane\s elem5ts ) :i* x _h be5 s long encru/$4 ,b al?\gh ! true features ( arcuat$ ar*itecture n[ sl[ly began to be develop$1 !y 7 bo? aid$ & ret>d$ by ! surviv+ relics ( ,roman art :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,we/1 z well z by ! influ5ce ( ! classic ta/e :i* cont9u$ to prevail1 al?\gh 9 a modifi$ & exp&$ condition1 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* we are ab\t to travel is rem>kably fav\rable = ! /udy ( ! effects ( ^! v>i\s influ5ces4 ,we h already se5 h[ ri* x is 9 g5u9e ,roman /ructures4 ,9 our fur!r progress we %all note h[ ^! examples s]v$ z models = ! revival ( ! ar*itecture2 = s closely 7 ! anci5t designs frequ5tly foll[$ t ! new /ructures 7 almo/ complete resuscitations ( ! /yle ( ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,we %all also h _m opportunities ( obs]v+ ! influ5ce ( ! modifi$ classic art import$ f ,byzantium4 ,!nce came ! dome :i* =ms "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! m$ival ar*itecture ( ,aquita9e & ! ,s\?1 z well z num]\s details & ornam5ts :i* s]v$ z ! f\ndation or motive = mu* ( ! ar*itectural decoration ( ! ,we/1 especially 9 ,prov5ce4 ,h[ /rongly ^! influ5ces produc$ _! impress on ! ar*itecture ( ! region we are to trav]se1 w be app>5t2 & x w probably be agre$ by all t al?\gh ! art ( ,prov5ce 0 !reby advanc$ at fir/1 ! *ief t5d5cy ( ^! classic rem9isc5ces 0 to enc\rage an adh]5ce to traditional =ms1 :i* prev5t$ su* a free gr[? & developm5t z 0 aft]w>ds display$ 9 ! ,nor!rn di/ricts1 :]e ! classic elem5ts 7 less abundant4 ,b 9 "o respect at lea/ ! ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce des]ves our gratitude & admiration1 =1 amid/ all its classic surr\nd+s1 x boldly adopt$ & adh]$ to ! true pr9ciple ( arcuat$ con/ruction1 & introduc$ ! use ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,al?\gh 9 its e>li] /ages ?is important feature 0 accompani$ & encumb]$ ) ! reviv$ details ( ,roman "w1 /ill1 z we %all see1 9 its lat] phase1 x entirely & completely disc>d$ !m2 & 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,ci/]tians1 ,prov5ce produc$ a simple & natural /yle ( arcuat$ ar*itecture 9 :i* e feature is regulat$ by /rict adh]5ce to ! g5u9e pr9ciples ( /one con/ruction4 ,( ?is simple b /rong & impressive /yle we %all meet ) _m f9e examples4 ,up to ?is "t ! ,prov5al ar*itects _h l$ ! way1 b ! p]iod _h n[ arriv$ :5 _! pr9ciples 7 to be tak5 up & c>ri$ out ) ! boldness & en]gy ( ! ,nor!rn k+dom ( ,france1 !n 9 its y\?ful prime4 ,! lay ar*itects ( ! ,nor?1 seiz+ on ! ,prov5al pr9ciple ( ! po9t$ ar*1 :i* !y at once p]ceiv$ to be s flexible & easy ( application to e requirem5t1 soon develop$ f x ! magnific5t sy/em ( ! p]fect$ ,go?ic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 at once felt & ackn[l$g$ on all h&s to be an imm5se /ep 9 advance ( any?+ hi!rto attempt$ 9 ! ,we/1 & 0 spe$ily all[$ to ov]%ad[1 & f9ally to sup]s$e all o!r v>ieties ( m$ival developm5t4 ,( ?is result num]\s illu/rations w occur 9 ! c\rse ( our j\rney2 b we %all also obs]ve h[ t5aci\sly ! orig9al =ms ( con/ruction & plan 7 adh]$ to 9 ! ,s\?1 ev5 aft] ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic _h be5 accept$ z supreme 9 all m9or details4 ,illu/ration ,,vi4 ,hav+ n[ glanc$ rapidly at ! g5]al hi/ory & v>i\s phases ( ! ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 we %all recomm5ce our j\rney at ,lyons1 & visit ! v>i\s places on our r\te s\?w>ds to ,m>seilles1 & !nce we/w>ds & ea/w>ds along ! ,rivi]a1 :]e ar*itectural subjects are to be f\nd1 giv+ a m detail$ acc\nt ( ea* 9 its turn1 & specially not+ ^? ( ! ,,m$i,,val ,,p]iod4 ,at ,,lyons ! travell] is at once introduc$ to ! local /yle 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,a9ay1 :i* h[ev] is mu* mod]nis$ & re/or$4 ,"s portions ( ! walls may be z old z ! t5? c5tury1 b ! consecration ( ! exi/+ build+ 7b>r+ subsequ5t re/orations7 took place 9 #aajg4 ,! f\r granite columns ( ! *oir are possibly antique4 ,! *ur* has ! ,basilican =m1 ) c5tral nave & side aisles4 ,! squ>e lant]n ov] ! cross+1 :i* =ms a dw>f t[] ext]nally & cupola int]nally1 is peculi> to ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! squ>e t[] at ! we/ end 7,fig4 #ce7 ) its successive /ages ( small w9d[s1 has a f>-(f resemblance to ! anci5t brick campaniles ( ,italy--a resemblance :i* we %all f9d m /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 m ,s\!rn examples4 ,! peculi> incru/ations 9 r$ & o!r col\r$ /ones1 :i* h a pleas+ & ,ea/]n effect1 are a feature ( common occurr5ce 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,auv]gnat1 n f> di/ant f ,lyons t[>ds ! s\?-we/4 ,! po9t$ doorways are mod]n1 b are reproductions ( a re/oration ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,! ,,a9ay1 ,,lyons4 ,! ca!dral is a f9e specim5 ( ! mix$ /yle ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! *oir be+ p>tly ,romanesque ( ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! flat arcades ( ! int]ior 7,fig4 #cf71 compos$ ( l>ge trefoil$ ar*es1 re/+ on flut$ pila/]s1 are v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,burgundian /yle4 ,! idea ( ^! pila/]s is d]iv$ f ^? ( ! ,roman gates at ,autun4 ,9 ! ca!dral !re z well z at ,t\rnus1 & o!r t[ns ( ,upp] ,burgundy1 su* pila/]s are ( frequ5t use4 ,! =m ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s seems to h be5 borr[$ f ^! arcades4 ,! *oir has an apse1 b no aisle runn+ r\nd x1 z inv>iably happ5s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,ext]nally x pres5ts a curi\s gall]y ) twi/$ %afts & inlaid col\r$ /ones1 l ^? ( ! ,a9ay4 ,! t[]s at ! transepts are a rem>kable feature4 ,! nave is ,no!rn ,go?ic "w ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1--b ! vault+ is sexp>tite1 a =m entirely ab&on$ 9 ! ,nor? at t date4 ,"s ( ! c>v+ on ! we/ front is v vigor\s & f9e1 recall+ ! spl5did "w on ! portals ( ! nor? & s\? transepts ( ,r\54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,arcades ,,9 ,,ca!dral1 ,,lyons4 ,altoge!r ?is build+ pres5ts 9 ! *oir & transepts a s+ul> mixture ( ! /yles ( ,upp] ,burgundy1 ) ^? ( ! ,rh9e on ! ,ea/1 & ,auv]gne on ! ,we/2 :ile ! nave is an example ( a transplant$ design ( ,no!rn ,go?ic4 ,9 desc5d+ ! ,rhone ! valley soon n>r[s1 & we pass into ! gorges among/ ! m\nta9s4 ,on "o ( ! rocky heights :i* jut out into ! valley1 ! anci5t spires ( ,vi5ne1 & ! summit ( ,mont ,pipet1 cr[n$ ) its ,roman citadel1 /& boldly out aga9/ ! sky4 ,! t[n occupies a /rong position & comm&s ! pass1 h5ce x 0 occupi$ z a =tress by ! ,allobroges f e>ly times4 ,aft]w>ds an important city "u ! ,romans 7z already m5tion$ 9 ,"p ,,iv471 x cont9u$ s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b x suff]$ sev]ely f ! attacks ( invad]s1 be+ fir/ ravag$ by ! ,lomb>ds1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ,boson1 ,k+ ( ,burgundy & ,prov5ce1 made ,vi5ne 8 capital4 ,aft] ! fall ( t k+dom1 ! city decl9$1 & became ! possession ( ! ,dukes ( ,albon1 :o gov]n$ "u ! title ( ,dauph9s ( ,vi5nois1 till #acdi1 :5 ,humb]t ,,ii4 c$$ ! c\ntry to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,/ ,,&r-,,le-,,bas1 ,,vi5ne4 ,! t[]s ( ! two mo/ anci5t *ur*es1 viz41 ,/ ,&r-le-bas & ,/ ,pi]re 7,figs4 #cg & #ch71 are v f9e examples ( ! campanile-l designs ( ! ,s\?1 & /rik+ly resemble t ( ! ,a9ay at ,lyons4 ,! =m] is ornam5t$ ) ! arcad+ s *>act]i/ic ( ! *ur*es ( ! ,rh9e & ,lomb>dy1 "s ( ! m9iature ar*es re/+ on corbels c>v$ ) grotesque heads4 ,! t[] ( ,/ ,pi]re has ! l>ge trilob$ ar*1 also common 9 ! region to ! ea/w>d4 ,/ ,pi]re is v anci5t & %ews masonry con/ruct$ some:at aft] ! ,roman mann]1 ) c\rses ( brickwork divid+ ! rubble4 ,! we/ entrance is prec$$ by a por* or n>!x 9 an e>ly /yle4 ,/ ,&r-le-bas 0 ! *apel ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,?is *ur* has a s+le nave 79 ! /yle ( ! s\?-we/ prov9ces71 ) gro9$ vault+ & heavy buttresses1 b ! int]ior has be5 completely re/or$4 ,an inscription fixes its date z #aadb4 ,!re are also "s rema9s ( a f9e cloi/] adjo9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,/ ,,pi]re1 ,,vi5ne4 ,! ca!dral ( ,/ ,maurice is1 l t ( ,lyons1 a mixture ( diff]5t /yles1 & has few ( ! m]its ( any4 ,x 0 begun 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & n complet$ till ! sixte5?4 ,! plan is t ( a basilica ) an apse at ! ea/ end ( ! *oir4 ,!re are a c5tral nave & side aisles1 b ! latt] /op at _! ea/]n extremity ) squ>e ends1 & are n cont9u$ r\nd ! c5tral apse4 ,! eight ea/mo/ pill>s ( ! nave belong to ! twelf? c5tury1 & are p>tly decorat$ ) flut$ pila/]s 9 ! /yle ( ,upp] ,burgundy4 ,! caps are 8hi/ori$10 or c>v$ ) ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,/ ,,maurice1 ,,vi5ne4 figures aft] ! ,romanesque /yle2 :ile ! ar*es are po9t$ & ornam5t$ ) billet m\ld+s4 ,above & bel[ ! tri=ium gall]y is a c\rse ( r$ /one conta9+ sculptures ( all sorts ( subjects1 l ! inlaid "w ( ,auv]gne4 ,! vault+ is ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! proportions ( ! ca!dral 7 f\nd defective1 ! build+ be+ consid]$ too %ort = its l5g?1 & sev]al bays 7 !n add$ to ! we/ end 9 ! florid ,nor!rn /yle ( ! p]iod4 ,! we/ portal 7,fig4 #ci71 ) its ri*ly c>v$ trac]y & sculpture1 /&+ z x does at ! top ( a l(ty flight ( /eps1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! slope ( ! gr\nd to ! we/w>d1 mu/ h be5 a f9e example ( its /yle be=e ! /atues & c>v+1 :i* s pr(usely adorn$ x1 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! w>s ( religion1 by ! ,b>on des ,adrets1 9 #aefb4 ,! ca!dral is #cjj feet long by #ajj feet wide1 b1 ow+ to ! mix$ "* ( its design1 x is some:at heavy 9 effect4 ,a rem>kable example ( a d\ble r\nd t[] ( ,r5aissance art 7,fig4 #dj7 /&s close to ! anci5t ,=um1 & sev]al specim5s ( antique h\ses ( all ages are to be se5 9 ! busy & picturesque /reets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,h\se ,,9 ,,vi5ne4 ,! next t[n ( importance rea*$ is ,,val5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n v ri* 9 ar*itectural subjects4 ,! ca!dral 7,/ ,apoll9aire7 is ( ! twelf?c5tury1 & %ews "s special features indicative ( ! influ5ce ( ! /yle ( ,auv]gne1 su* z an arcade on ! outside ( ! nave1 ) alt]nate r\nd & /raight sid$ ar*es4 ,! caps ( ! nave pi]s are v ,cor9?ian 9 "*1 & ! ro( is a tunnel vault4 ,! apse is r\nd1 & is /r5g!n$ ) buttresses 9 ! =m ( small %afts1 a feature v common 9 ,auv]gne4 ,b ?is & ! o!r *ur*es h all be5 recon/ruct$ 9 ,r5aissance times4 ,! ,maison-des-,ttes 7,fig4 #da71 ne> ! ,place des ,cl]cs is a well pres]v$ & tell+ specim5 ( a florid dome/ic faade ( #aecd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,maison-,,des-,,fetes1 ,,val5ce4 ,9 desc5d+ ! ,rhone ! travell] _c fail to notice t ! precipit\s m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! pla9 on ! we/ side ( ! riv] are frequ5tly cr[n$ ) ! %att]$ rema9s ( m$ival ca/les4 ,( ^! "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ is ! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,crussol 7,fig4 #db7 opposite ,val5ce4 ,?is great ca/le1 n[ r$uc$ to a m]e fragm5t>y heap ( ru9s1 0 =m]ly ! /ronghold ( ! family ( ,crussol1 ,ducs d',uzs4 ,x =ms a f9e feature 9 ! l&scape1 & comm&s a spl5did view ( ! c\rse ( ! ,rhone & ! valley ( ! ,isre1 ) ! ,alps to ! ea/w>d4 ,b x is n[ s ru9$ t a clos] inspection is some:at disappo9t+ to ! ar*itect4 ,a few miles l[] d[n ! v int]e/+ ru9s ( ! ,,mona/]y ,,( ,,cruas are se5 on ! same side ( ! riv]4 ,?is may be conv5i5tly rea*$ by ! railway on t side1 or f ,montlim>4 ,! latt] c\rse =ms a beautiful drive1 )\t tak+ ! travell] go+ s\? f> f 8 direct l9e4 ,cross+ ! ,rhone by ! bridge ( boats n f> f ! /ation1 ! ru9s ( :at once 0 ! p[]ful ca/le ( ,ro*emaur meet ! view1 cr[n+ ! rocky height 9 front1 & ext5d+ great walls ( ence9te d[n to ! village at ! base4 ,! deta*$ t[] =m+ ! keep1 :i* c\ld only be approa*$ by a draw-bridge1 n[ /&s a %att]$ ru9 on its isolat$ peak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,crussol4 ,a drive ( a few miles along a level road1 above :i* on ! left rise great masses ( basaltic rock =m+ fanta/ic figures n unlike ! ru9s we h j pass$1 br+s u to ! village ( ,,cruas1 :]e we discov] two ar*itectural subjects ( "s importance4 ,on ! hill above ! village /& ! ru9s ( ! anci5t mona/]y1 n[ greatly dilapidat$1 & hav+ ! space betwe5 ! walls *ok$ up ) ! /eep & irregul> /reets ( a small t[n4 ,! mona/ic build+s h almo/ entirely disappe>$1 ! mat]ials hav+ d\btless s]v$ = ! con/ruction ( ! %abby h\ses :i* n[ occupy _! place4 ,"s portions ( ! enclos+ walls1 h[ev]1 /ill survive1 toge!r ) "o v int]e/+ edifice1 :i* rema9s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,abbey ,,( ,,cruas ,,f ,s4-,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,mona/]y ,,*ur*1 ,,cruas4 tol]ably entire4 ,?is is ! anci5t *apel ( ! abbey1 orig9ally a build+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 b :i* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 engulph$ by ! enclos+ walls & =tifications !n erect$1 & height5$ s z to be conv]t$ into a keep 7,fig4 #dc74 ,! int]ior has1 h[ev]1 be5 pres]v$ unt\*$1 & %ews ! simple /yle ( ! ,ci/]tians ( ! twelf? c5tury 7,fig4 #dd74 ,! plan consi/s ( a s+le nave ) pla9 pila/]s set aga9/ ! side walls1 f :i* spr+ ! flat transv]se ar*es :i* /r5g!n ! r\nd tunnel vault4 ,! ea/ end is t]m9at$ ) a semi-circul> apse ro($ ) a sph]ical dome1 & ornam5t$ ) ! small arcad$ patt]n s common at t p]iod4 ,on ! left or nor!rn side wall ar*es are introduc$1 z if = a side aisle1 b !re is no appe>ance ( any aisles ev] hav+ exi/$4 ,! pla9 r\nd ar*$ we/ doorway /ill exi/s1 & ! l9e ( ! orig9al gable above x is di/9ctly obs]vable 9 ! masonry 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,! keep built r\nd & ov] ! *ur* is ( rem>kable design4 ,l>ge r\nd buttresses h be5 add$ at ! out] angles1 ) squ>e buttresses at ! sides1 & bo? are c>ri$ up s z to receive ! ar*es :i* support ! p>apet on ! top4 ,^! ar*es spr+ f bold corbels project+ f ! buttresses1 & are set well =w>d f ! face ( ! walls1 s z to leave a space betwe5 ! ma9 wall & ! p>apet4 ,?is space =ms a long op5+ or ma*icolation1 by means ( :i* ! base ( ! walls c\ld be def5d$ aga9/ ho/ile op]ations4 ,we %all see by & by t ?is is ! same =m ( ma*icolation z 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,pope's ,palace at ,avignon1 & else:]e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! p>apet is cr5ellat$1 &1 f ! beam holes /ill visible 9 ! walls1 we may inf] t x 0 provid$ ) wood5 ho>d+s = def5ce4 ,! *ur* 9 ! village at ! base ( ! hill 7,fig4 #de7 has also "s po9ts ( special int]e/4 ,x is ( e>ly twelf? c5tury design1 & has a vault$ subt]ranean crypt ) num]\s sculptur$ caps4 ,! upp] *ur* has a squ>e t[] at ! we/ end1 & a transept ) ?ree circul> apses op5+ out ( x to ! ea/1--! c5tral apse =m+ ! *oir1 & ! side apses lat]al *apels4 ,ov] ! cross+ rises an octagonal lant]n1 conta9+ a dome cr[n$ ) a small] circul> lant]n4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,*ur* ,,at ,,cruas4 :ole composition & /yle ( ornam5tation /rongly recall ! ar*itecture ( ! ,rh9el& & ,lomb>dy4 ,! ?9 /rips ( pila/]s on ! apses & lant]n1 ) small arcade-enri*m5t betwe51 toge!r ) ! g5]al =m ( ! lant]n1 /rik+ly recall ! *ur*es ( ,bonn & ,cologne4 ,! we/]n t[] aga9 is simil> to ^? we h left beh9d at ,vi5ne & ,lyons4 ,?is *ur*1 l _m o!rs we %all enc\nt]1 illu/rates :at has above be5 /at$ z to ! univ]sality ( ! "o /yle :i* prevail$ ov] ! 8,empire10 be=e x 0 brok5 up into sep>ate nationalities4 ,soon aft] leav+ ,montlim> ) its fr[n+ citadel1 9 :i* !re are "s anci5t ,romanesque details1 & a great t[] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury call$ ! 8,t\r de ,n>bonne10 we obs]ve on ! opposite side ( ! ,rhone ! picturesque t[n ( ,,vivi]s1 clu/]+ on a pyramidal rock1 & appropriately cr[n$ ) ! ca!dral & spire4 ,! *ur* is ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a s+le nave )\t aisles4 ,x is said t ! cr[d$ & n>r[ /reets conta9 "s old h\ses1 b ! place is app>5tly m picturesque ?an ar*itectural4 ,we n[ approa* ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! peculi> elem5ts ( ! ,prov5al /yle become di/9ctly app>5t4 ,ab\t f\r miles nor?-ea/ f ,pi]relatte1 ! anci5t t[n ( ,g>de ,adhm> may be se5 t[]+ al(t on ! cre/ ( a bold promontory ab\t #ejj feet high4 ,?is t[n conta9s a ,romanesque *ur* ) an ea/]n & we/]n apse1 aft] ! ,g]man fa%ion1 a r rem>kable feature "h1 b %[+1 l ! ornam5ts already ref]r$ to1 an influ5ce f ! ,rh9e4 ,! side aisles are vault$ ) qu>t]-circle ar*es1 & ! ext]ior is f9i%$ ) a small belfry & /eeple4 ,ab\t six miles to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,pi]relatte lies ! village ( ,,/ ,,paul-,,trois-,,*,,teaux1 :]e ano!r v rem>kable *ur* is f\nd4 ,! t[n 0 ( "s importance f ,roman times d[nw>d1 & reta9$ its bi%op's see till ! ,revolution4 ,sev]al f9e ,roman sculptures h be5 f\nd 9 ! locality1 & are pres]v$ 9 ! ,calvet museum at ,avignon2 & a few rema9s ( ,roman /ructures & columns are /ill to be se54 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ edifice 9 ! t[n is ! anci5t ca!dral ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ build+ we h met ) :i* is *>act]i/ically ,prov5al 9 /yle1 s x is also "o :i* pres]ves 9 a v di/9ct & m>k$ mann] ! traditional ,roman ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,/ ,,paul-,,trois-,,*ateaux4 ,"p ( ,ext]ior 7f ,rvoil74 features ( t /yle4 ,! annex$ geometric view ( "o ( ! ext]ior bays 7,fig4 #df47 %ews h[ close is ! imitation 9 ! ,prov5al ar*itecture ( ! twelf? c5tury ( t ( ! ,roman /ructures :i* no d\bt !n exi/$ on ! spot4 ,! pila/]s1 cr[n$ ) _! complete entablature ( ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice1 & fill$ 9 ) an int]m$iate arcade1 might be "p ( a ,roman amphi!atre 7su* z ^? at ,nimes & ,arles72 & inde$ x is suppos$ t traces ( an anci5t amphi!atre h be5 discov]$ at ,/ ,paul4 ,e detail might belong to ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! cornice are directly imitat$ f ! modillions & leaf enri*m5ts ( ,roman "w2 & ! egg & d>t1 & o!r classic details are freely us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! int]ior ornam5t is equally ,roman 9 design4 ,! ea/ end is t]m9at$ ) an apse1 :i* has eight flut$ columns4 ,! two side aisles are cov]$ ) half wagon vaults1 & ! nave1 :i* is unusually high1 ) a simple tunnel vault4 ,?is locality br+s u = ! fir/ "t into contact ) a tradition ( :i* we %all f9d _m traces 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,prov5ce1 viz41 t ! ,gospel 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ! family ( ,laz>us1 & "s o!r contempor>ies ( ,*ri/1 :o _h be5 driv5 hi!r by p]secution4 ,at ,/ ,paul ! /ory goes t ! fir/ bi%op 0 ! bl9d man ^: sight 0 re/or$1 & :o assum$ ! "n ( ,re/itutus4 ,ab\t ?ree miles f ,/ ,paul may be se5 ! monum5t ( ?is sa9t1 said to be ( v anci5t & curi\s con/ruction4 ,x is p>tly built into ! *ur*1 & is ornam5t$ ) a rem>kable frieze1 conta9+ a rude repres5tation ( ! la/ supp]4 ,! /ation ( ,la ,croisire is ! ne>e/ to a v rem>kable specim5 ( m$ival con/ruction1 ! ,,pont ,,/ ,,esprit4 ,?is celebrat$ bridge 0 plann$ & begun 9 #abfe by ,jean de ,t5sanges1 ! abbot ( ! ord] ( ,cluny1 9 ! di/rict ( ,/ ,sav\r9 du ,port1 :i* belong$ to ! abbey4 ,x 0 ?irty ye>s 9 build+1 b we h pro( t ! "w 0 well plann$ & skilfully execut$1 9 ! fact t x subsi/s till ! pres5t day4 ,! l5g? ( ! bridge is ab\t #cjjj feet1 & ! wid? ( ! roadway is #af feet4 ,!re are tw5ty-two ar*es1 all semi-circul> 9 =m1 & con/ruct$ ) c>efully wr\ght c\rses ( ar* /ones1 =m+ sep>ate r+s set toge!r side by side1 b n bond$ into "o ano!r4 ,?is mode ( con/ruction 0 probably borr[$ f ! bridge ( ,/ ,bnezet at ,avignon1 :i* aga9 d]iv$ x f ! ,roman ,pont du ,g>d4 ,ov] ! pi]s are small] ar*$ op5+s to all[ ! wat] ( ! high floods ( ! ,rhone to pass freely ?r\gh4 ,l ! ,pont ,/ ,bnezet at ,avignon ! ,pont ,/ ,esprit does n run /raight across ! riv]1 b is b5t at an obtuse angle aga9/ ! curr5t s z to resi/ its pressure4 ,! bridge 0 =tifi$ at bo? ends by ca/les erect$ by ! suz]a9s on ! opposite sides ( ! riv]4 ,^! rema9$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 "o ( !m 0 br\ght into connection ) ! citadel ( ! t[n con/ruct$ by ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,?is 0 ! la/ bridge erect$ by ! 8,frres hospitali]s pontifes0 7( :om we %all he> m at ,avignon74 ,aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury nei!r ,communes nor ,nobles f\nd x necess>y to apply to ! monks = _! aid z ar*itects & eng9e]s4 ,by t "t ! lay ar*itects _h sup]s$$ !m1 9 ! mann] above describ$ 7,"p ,v47 ,pass+ next close "u ! rocky heights cr[n$ ) ! picturesque ru9s ( ! ca/les ( ,montdragon & ,mornas1 ! massive wall ( ! !atre ( ,orange ris+ high above ! pla9 arre/s ! eye4 ,a little fur!r on ! ramp>ts & gates ( ! small wall$ t[n ( ,,c\r?,,zon are visible close to ! railway2 soon aft] pass+ :i*1 ! bold outl9e ( ! great ,palace ( ! ,popes discov]s itself to view t[]+ on its rock above ! t[n ( ,,avignon4 ,on ne>] approa*1 ! city walls & gates1 surm\nt$ ) bold corbels & ma*icolations1 & ! num]\s t[]s & spires ( ! *ur*es1 unite to give a /rik+ fir/ impression ( ! city4 ,z x is *ef-lieu ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,vaucluse1 & ! ,see ( an ,ar*bi%op1 ,avignon is a t[n ( "s bus9ess & prom95ce4 ,! travell] w "h f9d bett] accommodation ?an he g5]ally meets ) 9 ! c\ntry t[ns4 ,?is may !re=e be reg>d$ z a good place to e/abli% "o's headqu>t]s = a few days1 bo? = ! purpose ( see+ ! v spl5did monum5ts ( ! t[n1 & also z a conv5i5t c5tre f :i* excursions may be made to ! int]e/+ ,prov5al *ur*es ( e>ly date1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,al?\gh ,avignon 0 an important ,roman colony1 x has already be5 rem>k$ h[ b>r5 x is 9 ,roman rema9s4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,rome1 x pass$ successively ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! ,burgundians1 ! ,franks1 & ! ,visigo?s3 x 0 twice tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s 7#gcj & #gcg71 & twice deliv]$ by ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,aft]w>ds x became "p ( ! ,k+dom ( ,arles1 & subsequ5tly capital ( ! ,m>quisate ( ,prov5ce4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! community decl>$ itself a free & indep5d5t city1 & erect$ new walls & =tifications4 ,avignon rang$ h]self on ! side ( ! ,albig5ses2 &1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 %e 0 besieg$ & tak51 & 9 #abea became subject to ! ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce4 ,9 #acjh an ev5t happ5$ :i* _h a v important be>+ on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! city4 ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 f9d+ 8 position 9 ,italy insecure amid/ ! dreadful factions :i* r5t t c\ntry1 judg$ x prud5t to retire to ,avignon1 :]e he w\ld be "u ! protection 7if also "u ! p[]7 ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,avignon !reaft] cont9u$ = m ?an a c5tury ! ,holy ,see1 & dur+ t "t sev5 ,pontiffs & two ,anti-,popes reign$ 9 ?is new ,rome4 ,z already n>rat$1 ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi4 pur*as$ ! suz]a9ty ( ,avignon & ! control ( ! ,v5aiss9 f ,jeanne1 ! ,que5 ( ,naples & ,c\ntess ( ,prov5ce1 9 #acdh4 ,successive ,popes us$ e ex]tion to r5d] ! place secure1 & especially built !mselves1 on ! ,ro*]-des-,doms1 ! imm5se ,palace1 :i* /ill =ms ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! t[n4 ,! walls & =tifications 7 begun 9 #acdi1 & f9i%$ 9 #acfh4 ,:5 ! ,popes return$ to ,rome1 ,avignon 0 gov]n$ = !m by a ,legate1 :o 0 displac$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,republic 9 #agig4 ,! ,palace ( ! ,popes is well situat$ = def5ce4 ,x /&s on ! top ( an abrupt rock1 r\nd ! base ( :i*1 on ! nor?1 sweeps ! deep & rapid curr5t ( ! ,rhone4 ,! rock is p]p5dicul> all r\nd ! ea/ & s\? sides1 & is ?us cut (f f ! t[n2 :ile on ! we/1 :]e alone ! site is approa*able1 ! access is /eep1 & is protect$ by ! l(ty & m5ac+ walls ( ! ,palace 7see ,plan1 ,fig4 #di74 ,! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame des ,doms 7,a7 occupies ! summit ( ! rock1 & is ( mu* old] date ?an ! ,pope's ,palace4 ,! por* ( ?is *ur* 7,fig4 #dg7 is extremely int]e/+ z an example ( ,prov5al ar*itecture s /rik+ly anci5t 9 "* z to h be5 long held to be a classic /ructure ( ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,x exactly resembles a ,roman design 9 its g5]al idea1 =m+1 z x 71 a comp>tm5t ( a classic edifice1 ) a flut$ ,cor9?ian column at ea* side1 & an ar*$ doorway or op5+ betwe54 ,on ! columns re/s an entablature1 & ! :ole is cr[n$ ) a triangul> p$im5t4 ,! ,cor9?ian capitals1 ! cornices ) egg & leaf enri*m5ts1 ! m\ld+s1 impo/s1 c41 are all /rik+ly ,roman 9 "*4 ,! inn] doorway to ! *ur* is simil>4 ,mrime po9ts out t ! size ( ! /ones us$ 9 ?is por* does n correspond ) ,roman "w1 be+ small] ?an ,roman l>ge "w & l>g] ?an ,roman small "w4 ,also t ! /ones ( :i* ! columns are compos$ are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,notre ,,dame ,,des ,,doms ,,& ,,palace ,,( ,,! ,,popes1 ,,avignon4 wr\ght ) tails bond$ into ! wall 7alt]nat+ "r & left71 :i* he reg>ds z contr>y to classic practice4 ,! bull's-eye ( ! tympanum is also n ,roman1 b might be an addition4 ,x is probable t ! sides ( ! por* 7 orig9ally op54 ,! date ( ?is por* has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion2 b x seems mo/ likely t x belongs to ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x 0 at t date t ar*itecture began sl[ly to revive2 & ?is is probably "o ( ! fir/ ef=ts4 ,design]s w\ld !n naturally fall back on ! classic =ms1 ( :i* examples 7 abundant ar\nd !m4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* ! e>ly m$ival ar*itecture c be trac$ to ,roman /ructures f\nd 9 _! vic9ity4 ,we h already met ) "o /rik+ example at ,/ ,paul-trois-,*teaux2 & x 0 previ\sly %ewn h[ ! gates ( ,autun influ5c$ ! ar*itecture ( a l>ge di/rict1 9 :i* pila/]s1 copi$ f ^? ( ! ,porte d',arr\x1 are univ]sally us$ in/ead ( r\nd %afts4 ,we %all also pres5tly see h[ ! dome-topp$ campaniles ( ,prov5ce are also copi$ f ,roman monum5ts1 su* z t at ,/ ,remy2 & h[ 9 almo/ all ! *ur*es ?r\gh\t ,prov5ce ,roman columns1 caps1 cornices1 m\ld+s1 & enri*m5ts are freely imitat$4 ,b ^! imitations are g5]ally incomplete1 & inv>iably conta9 defects or omissions1 :i* %ew t !y are imp]fect copies1 & n real ,roman "w4 ,su* imp]fections affect ! details r ?an ! g5]al /yle4 ,9 ! in/ance be=e u1 x is /at$ t ! cornice ( ! antique "p ( ! t[] above ! por* is copi$ exactly f t ( ! attic ( ! ,ar* at ,orange4 ,! int]ior ( ,notre ,dame des ,doms is an example ( an e>ly ,prov5al *ur*1 b n a v fav\rable "o1 z x has be5 frequ5tly alt]$ & add$ to4 ,! *oir is ( #afga1 & ! lat]al *apels are ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :ile ,r5aissance balconies 9 m>ble h be5 add$ 9 front ( ! gall]y1 ov] ! side aisles4 ,9 ! *oir is a rem>kable *air ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 :ite m>ble1 :i* 0 ! seat ( ! ,pope2 & ! tomb ( ,john ,,xxii4 7,fig4 #dh71 9 "o ( ! side *apels1 is a f9e specim5 ( ! import$ ,nor!rn ,go?ic /yle4 ,! t[]1 p>tly de/roy$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 repair$ 9 #adcj2 & ! colossal /atue ( ! ,virg9 0 add$ 9 #ahei4 ,! walls ( ! int]ior 7 once decorat$ ) frescoes by ,simone ,memmi1 b !y are n[ almo/ oblit]at$2 & ! int]ior is s d>k1 t ! few fragm5ts rema9+ _c be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,monum5t ,,( ,,pope ,,john ,,xxii4 ,orig9ally ! *ur* consi/$ ( a s+le nave1 )\t aisles1 vault$ ) a po9t$ b>rel-vault1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs & int]nal buttresses1 be+1 z above expla9$1 "o ( ! arrangem5ts common 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! ea/ end t]m9at$ ) an apse1 ! bay 9 front ( :i* is vault$ 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,a dome is frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ?is position2 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ow+ to ! wid? ( ! bay be+ small comp>$ to ! wid? ( ! *ur*1 a squ>e space on :i* to raise ! dome c\ld n readily be obta9$4 ,to ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,palace ,,( ,,! ,,popes1 ,,avignon1 f ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire4 accompli% ?is1 successive ar*es are ?r[n across betwe5 ! transv]se ribs1 ris+ ) ! curve ( ! latt] & advanc+ ov] "o ano!r1 till ! c5tral space becomes a squ>e1 on :i* a lant]n1 ) eight ,roman-look+ columns1 is rais$ & supports an octagonal dome above4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! rock1 on ! summit ( :i* /&s ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame des ,doms1 0 cov]$ ) habitations & g>d5s1 :i* 7 dom9at$ by ! anci5t ca/les ( ! ,pode/ & ! ,bi%op4 ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 on 8 fir/ arrival at ,avignon1 occupi$ ! ,conv5t ( ! ,dom9icans2 & ,john ,,xxii41 9 #acaf1 liv$ 9 ! build+ :i* exi/$ 9 8 day :]e ! ,pope's ,palace n[ /&s4 ,9 #accf ,b5$ict ,,xii4 demoli%$ :at 8 pr$ecessors _h erect$1 & rebuilt ! nor!rn "p ( ! exi/+ ,palace 7,plan1 ,fig4 #di--;f ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire71 be+ ! side next ! ,ca!dral1 on a gr& scale1 f plans by ! ar*itect ,pi]re ,obr]i4 ,8 works t]m9at$ at ! 8,t\r de ,tr\illas10 or ! great donjon 7,b7 at ! ,n4-,e4 angle1 & is m>k$ by ano!r imm5se t[] 7,b7 at ! we/ end ( ! range1 call$ ! 8,t\r de la ,ga*e40 ,! s\? face 7,e7 ( ! nor!rn c\rty>d1 & ! s\!rn walls ( ence9te 7 con/ruct$ "u ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi4 ,x 0 also he :o acquir$ ! suz]a9ty ( ,avignon & ! ,comtat ,v5aiss9 f ,que5 ,jeanne 9 #acdg4 ,! s\!rn front ( ! palace 0 complet$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,vi41 includ+ ! great ,*apel1 or ,consi/orial ,hall 7,g71 a build+ ab\t #agj feet long by #ej feet wide1 ro($ ) po9t$ & gro9$ vault+4 ,! great t[] 7,h7 adjo9+ to ! s\? conta9s ! sacri/y1 c4 ,urban ,v4 levell$ ! space :i* =ms ! ,c\r d'honneur 7,d71 excavat+ ! plat=m out ( ! solid rock4 ,ow+ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 ?is c\rt is ab\t "o /ory l[] ?an ! old] nor!rn c\rt4 ,! same pontiff fur!r erect$ ! ea/ w+1 & add$ ! sev5? t[]1 call$ ! ,t\r des ,anges4 ,gregory ,,xi4 left ,avignon & return$ to ,rome 9 #acgf4 ,avignon 0 ?us occupi$ by ! ,popes f #acaf to #acgf1 or sixty ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t !re reign$ six ,popes4 ,!y 7 all ,s\!rn ,fr5*m51 a circum/ance :i* probably _h consid]able influ5ce on ! /yle ( ! ar*itecture1 :i* is und\bt$ly q t ( ,prov5ce1 & has small aff9ity ) ! /yle !n 9 use 9 ,italy1 not)/&+ t ! "n ( ! ar*itect ,obr]i s\nds some:at ,italian4 ,! con/ruction1 m\ld+s1 vaults1 & def5ces1 are all 9 ! /yle ( ,s\!rn ,fr5* "w1 & d n recall ,italian features4 ,! only ,italian details are ! pa9t+s on ! vaults & ceil+s1 said to h be5 execut$ by ,giotto & ,simone ,memmi4 ,( ^! !re are un=tunately only a few fragm5ts left4 ,! vault ( ! great ,consi/orial ,hall 0 completely pa9t$1 b ! build+ hav+ be5 cut up into sev]al floors 9 ord] to conv]t x into b>racks 79 :i* occupation x /ill rema9s71 ! fad$ & damag$ condition ( ! pa9t+s c well be conceiv$4 ,! ,anti-,popes ,clem5t ,,vii4 & ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 occupi$ ,avignon f #acgi to #adjc4 ,! latt] 0 besieg$ 9 ! palace by ,g5]al ,b\cicaut 9 #acih4 ,! ,pope fl$1 b ! palace did n capitulate till #adaa4 ,! build+s suff]$ sev]ely f fires :i* occurr$ 9 #acgh & #adac4 ,! pr9cipal entrance to ! palace is on ! we/ side1 & op5s f an esplanade :i* comm&s ! surr\nd+s1 & 0 =m]ly divid$ into sev]al baileys or c\rts1 ) walls1 t[]s & gates4 ,! entrance gateway 0 def5d$ ) two portcullises1 ) fold+ gates & d\ble ma*icolations4 ,x _h orig9ally an advanc$ "w 9 front1 :i* 0 replac$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by a cr5ellat$ wall4 ,! appe>ance ( ! build+1 :e!r x be reg>d$ ext]nally or f ! c\rty>d1 is gr& & impos+ f its va/ness & height4 ,! t[]s & walls are1 ev5 9 _! pres5t crippl$ condition1 mo/ comm&+ f _! magnitude1 ! =m] be+ ab\t #aej feet 9 height1 :ile ! walls rise to ab\t #ajj feet4 ,on ent]+ ! great c\rty>d 7,d71 evid5ce pres5ts itself ( ! diff]5ce 9 level betwe5 x & ! old] nor!rn c\rt 7,c71 9 ! rugg$ f\ndation on :i* ! s\? front ( ! latt] /&s1 ! rock hav+ be5 cut d[n1 z above m5tion$1 to ! level ( ! l[] c\rt4 ,! fr[n+ ma*icolations ( t side1 :i* look some:at out ( place 9 a ,c\r d'honneur1 are expla9$ :5 we rememb] t "u ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xii4 ?is =m$ ! ext]ior ( ! s\? face ( ! palace1 be=e ! s\? c\rty>d 0 add$ by ,clem5t ,,vi4 & ,innoc5t ,,vi4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! ar*itectural details ( ! palace is ! ma*icolations ( ! p>apet4 ,^! consi/ 9 long grooves op5+ betwe5 ! inside ( ! p>apet & ! ext]nal face ( ! walls1 ! p>apet be+ c>ri$ on po9t$ ar*es ?r[n betwe5 buttresses :i* project at int]vals 7see ,fig4 #dg74 ,?is =m ( ma*icolation 7:i* we h already obs]v$ at ,cruas7 is mu* us$ 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces1 p]haps f ! preval5ce ( su* works 9 ! *ur*es1 mo/ ( :i* 7 =tifi$1 & :]e ! buttresses :i* exi/$ = o!r reasons1 7 f\nd conv5i5t1 & 7 ?us utiliz$4 ,^! long ma*icolations h ! advantage ( all[+ beams1 & o!r l5g?y missiles to be ?r[n d[n on assailants2 b ! frequ5tly recurr+ broad buttresses or wall spaces1 :i* h no def5ce imm$iately ov] !m1 are a drawback4 ,9 ! ,nor? ^! long grooves are v r>ely us$2 a cont9u\s s]ies ( ma*icolations betwe5 bold corbels be+ ! =m almo/ inv>iably pref]r$4 ,at ,avignon ! t[]s 7 cr[n$ ) ! latt] k9d ( def5ces1 z ! relics ( ! brok5 corbels /ill %ew4 ,! ,c\r d'honneur communicates freely ) e "p ( ! /ructure4 ,to ! "r1 on ent]+1 is obs]v$ ! arcade :i* conta9s ! great /aircase lead+ 9 two flights to ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts on ! fir/ floor4 ,two po/]ns op5 f ?is c\rty>d1 & ^! are c>efully mask$ 9 ! re-ent]+ angles by buttresses1 & def5d$ ) a portcullis4 ,a /aircase also leads to ! upp] c\rty>d4 ,! mo/ anci5t "p ( ! palace is ! ,t\r de ,tr\illas1 at ! nor?-ea/ angle1 an imm5se mass :i* t[]s above all ! o!r works & =m$ ! ,keep4 ,! ,pope's ap>tm5ts 9 ! "t ( ,urban ,v4 7 on ! fir/ floor ( ! build+s surr\nd+ ! ,c\r d'honneur4 ,f ! l&+ ( ! great /aircase1 :i* gave access to ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts1 passages 7 c>ri$ r\nd ! build+ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall next ! c\rty>d4 ,^! 7 c>efully con/ruct$ & f9i%$ ) po9t$ & gro9$ vaults4 ,!y communicat$ ) ! v>i\s rooms1 & also ) sev]al /aircases :i* connect$ ! diff]5t floors1 & l$ to ! def5ces on ! ro(4 ,! ap>tm5ts ( ! s\? c\rt 7 also jo9$ to ^? ( ! nor? c\rt by ^! passages4 ,! great kit*5 0 situat$ on ! fir/ floor ( ! build+ next ! keep4 ,x has a high pyramidal vault1 :i* gives x a my/]i\s look1 & p]haps l$ to its be+ long reg>d$ z ! *amb] ( torture & hall ( execution ( ! ,inquisitors4 ,! banquet+ hall 0 9 ! nor? c\rt1 ne> ! kit*5 & ! keep4 ,! small] t[] 7,m7 9 ! c5tre ( ! ea/ flank 7n[ call$ ! ,salle de la ,ju/ice7 conta9s 9 two floors "s admirable pa9t+s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 :i* are 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! entire build+ is ( ! mo/ massive masonry--! :ole ( ! basem5t be+ vault$ & con/ruct$ s z to defy de/ruction4 ,comm5c+ ) ! great keep at ! nor?-ea/ angle1 & proce$+ r\nd ! palace by ! we/1 s\?1 & ea/1 ! t[]s occur 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--nor?-ea/--,t\r de ,tr\illas2 nor?-we/--,t\r de la ,ga*e1 foll[$ by ! ,t\r de ,/ ,jean1 ,t\r de ,/ ,laur5t1 ,t\r de la ,clo*e1 ,t\r des ,anges1 ,t\r d',e/rapade4 ,"o circum/ance specially noticeable ab\t ! design ( ! palace ( ! ,popes is ! entire abs5ce ( ef=t aft] symmetry 9 ! elevations1 su* z is g5]ally aim$ at 9 ! case ( ! l>ge palaces or halls ( ! late ,go?ic & ,r5aissance p]iods4 ,"h ! v>i\s blocks ( build+ are simply plac$ :]e !y are requir$1 & ! diff]5t levels & irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd are made available 9 ! mo/ natural & conv5i5t mann]1 ) ! result t ! effect is delightfully v>i$ & impressive f e po9t ( view1 & at e turn+4,a ,! rock on ! nor? side is almo/ p]p5dicul>1 b "h also ! access _h a def5ce call$ ! ,t\r ,/ ,m>t91 :i* is n[ remov$4 ,f ?is po9t slopes l$ d[n to ! gate ( ! *telet :i* protect$ ! bridge ov] ! ,rhone4 ,! walls1 ) _! gateways1 :i* /ill encircle ,avignon1 7 erect$ betwe5 #acdh & #acfd dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! ,popes 9 ! city4 ,^! walls 7,fig4 #ej47 d n repres5t a v important def5sive "w1 ev5 = ! "t :5 erect$2 !y are nei!r suffici5tly high nor are ! t[]s ( suitable con/ruction = a really /rong ence9te4 ,!y are r an outwork 9 front ( ! palace1 :i* 0 itself a citadel ( impregnable /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,portion ,,( ,,city ,,wall1 ,,avignon4 ,we/ side4 ,at ,avignon1 z 9 ! ,s\? g5]ally1 & also 9 ,italy ! t[]s are squ>e1 & !y are con/ruct$ ) ! side next ! t[n left op51 s t 9 case ( be+ tak5 by an enemy !y c\ld n be held aga9/ ! inhabitants4 ,!y are n built1 z ! t[]s on ! walls ( ence9te ( ! great ca/les 71 ( size & /r5g? en\gh to /& an indep5d5t siege4 ,! l>ge squ>e t[]s occur at pretty wide int]vals1 & int]m$iate small] turrets are occasionally introduc$ to /r5g!n ! curta9s betwe5 !m4 ,^! are compos$ ( two pla9 buttresses ) a po9t$ ar* ?r[n across betwe5 !m ne> ! p>apet1 beh9d :i* !re is a long ma*icolation on ! same pr9ciple z ^? ( ! ,palace4 ,at ! base ( ! wall1 & betwe5 ^! buttresses1 a bold slope or talus is introduc$1 ) ! d\ble object ( ?ick5+ ! wall at a po9t :]e x might be attack$ by sap1 & also to int]cept any /one balls or o!r projectiles ?r[n f ! ma*icolation1 & cause !m to rico*et obliquely aga9/ 8cats0 or o!r eng9es br\ght up to assail ! wall4 ,! talus w\ld ( c\rse be design$ 9 e case ( su* a slope z might be be/ suit$ = def5ce1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! l[] "p ( ! =tifications1 :e!r a dit* or a rocky esc>pm5t4 ,! walls ( ,avignon 7 entirely surr\nd$ ) a wet dit* above #bj y>ds wide1 & #ae feet deep bel[ ! cre/ ( ! c\nt]-sc>p4 ,! dit* 0 suppli$ ) wat] f ! ,rhone1 ! ,sorgue1 & bran*es ( ! ,durance4 ,( ! two la/ riv]s ! =m] jo9s ! ,rhone above & ! latt] bel[ ,avignon4 ,! bottom ( ! dit* 0 pav$ to enable ! sludge to be clean$ out4 ,! dit*es h n[ be5 completely fill$ up1 & ! spaces outside ! walls conv]t$ into a public prom5ade4 ,! t[]s1 z above rem>k$1 are = ! mo/ "p ( ! squ>e =m g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! ,s\?1 z di/+ui%$ f ! r\nd =m :i* 0 usually employ$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! latt] 0 consid]$ saf]1 f its n pres5t+1 l ! squ>e t[]s1 any flat surface unprotect$ by ! adjo9+ curta9s aga9/ :i* m9]s c\ld op]ate 9 comp>ative safety4 ,! p>apet is c>ri$ on v bold corbels ( f\r & five c\rses 9 height1 ) po9t$ ar*es betwe5 !m4 ,! corbels at ! angles be+ set diagonally1 h a r great] projection ?an ^? at "r angles to ! wall1 & h !re=e an additional c\rse 9 ! height4 ,! ar*es adjo9+ ! angles w\ld naturally be wid] ?an ^? on ! faces1 b to obviate ?is ! corbels next ! angle ones are slightly incl9$ t[>ds !m1 s z to equalise ! wid? ( ! op5+s4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule 9 all squ>e t[]s ( ?is description4 ,! gates ( ! t[n are simple ar*$ passages pass+ ?r\gh squ>e t[]s1 be+ a type ( gateway ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!y are n protect$ ) flank+ t[]s or angle turrets1 su* z are inv>iably employ$ = great] security 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! gate-t[]s 7 def5d$ ) *telets on ! out] side ( ! fosse4 ,( ^!1 ! 8,porte ,/ ,laz>e0 on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! t[n is ! be/ pres]v$4 ,?is _h a =ework atta*$ to ! gateway :i* protect$ ! drawbridge4 ,! latt] desc5d$ on a l&+ :i* =m$ a deta*$ squ>e b>bican1 =tifi$ ) a p>apet & angle turrets1 & surr\nd$ ) a dit*4 ,f ?is outwork ano!r drawbridge 9 "o ( ! sides1 & !re=e at "r angles to ! ma9 gateway1 gave access to ! ext]ior roadway4 ,?is gateway 0 de/roy$ by an inundation ( ! ,durance 9 #aceh1 & 0 recon/ruct$ 9 #acfd by ,pi]re ,obr]i1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,papal ,palace4 ,! gateways ( ,prov5ce1 su* z ^? ( ,orange & ,m>seilles1 7 usually simil> 9 design to ^? ( ,avignon4 ,at ,c>p5tras & ,aigues ,mortes examples /ill exi/ ( gateways pi]c$ 9 squ>e t[]s )\t flank+ t[]s or turrets4 ,,pont ,,/ ,b,,nezet4--,! two opposite banks ( ! ,rhone 7 g5]ally 9 anci5t times 9 ! h&s ( diff]5t sup]iors4 ,?us1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :ile ! ,comtat ,v5aiss9 on ! ea/ belong$ to ! ,popes1 ! opposite side ( ! riv] =m$ "p ( ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,9 ord] to protect ! diff]5t doma9s ca/les 7 erect$ at bo? ends ( ! bridge :i* connect$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,pont ,,/ ,b,,nezet ,,& ,,*apel ,,( ,,/ ,,ni*olas1 ,,avignon4 ,! bridge ( ,/ ,bnezet 7,fig4 #ea71 :i* unit$ ,prov5ce ) ! we/ side ( ! ,rhone opposite ,avignon1 is said to h be5 built by ,petit ,b5x1 a %eph]d ( ! ,viv>ais1 :o believ$ himself inspir$ ) a mission to c>ry out ?is great project4 ,b5x became ! *ief ( a society ( 8hospitali]s10 in/itut$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury = ! purpose ( build+ bridges1 e/abli%+ f]ries1 & assi/+ travell]s4 ,he _h already con/ruct$ a bridge at ,maupas1 :5 9 #aagh he in/igat$ ! great und]tak+ ( bridg+ ! ,rhone opposite ,avignon4 ,?is he began 9 #aagh & f9i%$ 9 #aahh4 ,! bridge 0 almo/ #ajjj y>ds long1 & ! roadway is ab\t #af feet wide includ+ ! p>apets4 ,l ! ,pont ,/ ,esprit x =ms an obtuse angle aga9/ ! /ream1 & ! c5tre re/s on a flat isl& 9 ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,!re 7 #ah ar*es 9 all1 includ+ ^? on ! isl&4 ,! pi]s are ( a long l[ =m1 & _! %>p beaks project a consid]able way up & d[n ! riv] beyond ! bridge1 giv+ ! :ole1 z se5 f ! heights ( ! ,ro*] des ,doms1 v mu* ! appe>ance ( a bridge ( boats4 ,! alt]nate pi]s seem to h _h recesses = all[+ vehicles to pass1 & all _h ar*ways above ! level ( ! beaks to all[ ! passage ( ! flood wat]s ( ! ,rhone :i* are sometimes excessive4 ,! ar*es are slightly elliptical1 or egg-%ap$1 :i* r5d]s !m /rong] at ! apex ?an ! semicircle w\ld be4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ) f\r r+s ( ar* /ones 9 ! wid? ( ! bridge1 =m$ ) c>efully cut v\ssoirs--ea* r+ be+ sep>ate f1 b plac$ close alongside (1 ! o!rs4 ,?is idea 0 probably d]iv$ f ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ! ,roman ,pont du ,g>d 7z above expla9$71 :i* is n f> di/ant4 ,! bridge 0 cut = def5sive purposes 9 #acie1 dur+ ! siege ( ,avignon4 ,x 0 probably !reaft] imp]fectly repair$1 & 9 #afjb ?ree ( ! ar*es fell2 9 #afcc two o!r ar*es gave way1 & 9 #afgj two m4 ,x is n[ r$uc$ to ! ?ree ar*es adjo9+ ! *telet on ! side next ! t[n4 ,on ! pi] ne>e/ ! l& /ill /&s a picturesque *apel d$icat$ to ,/ ,ni*olas 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! floor ( ?is *apel be+ on ! level ( ! top ( ! pi] 0 consid]ably bel[ t ( ! roadway ( ! bridge2 b ! build+ 0 s contriv$ t pass5g]s on ! bridge c\ld see d[n ?r\gh an arcade into ! int]ior4 ,access to ! *apel 0 provid$ by /eps corbell$ out on "o side ( ! bridge4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! /ructure has be5 rais$ & mod]nis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,vill5euve4 ,! passage ( ! bridge 0 def5d$ on ! "r bank by ! ,,t[] ,,( ,,vill5euve1 7,fig4 #eb71 erect$ 9 #acjg by ,philippe le ,bel1 "u 8 ar*itect ,rodolphe de ,m]uel4 ,l mo/ ( ! "w ( ?is p]iod1 ! walls are fac$ ) /ones squ>e-dress$1 b ) ! surface left r\gh4 ,! t[] is f9i%$ ) ! usual bold corbell+1 ma*icolations1 & angle b>tizans1 & is surm\nt$ by a l(ty wat*-turret4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! /yle ( ?is ,fr5* t[] is t ( ! ,nor?1 & diff]s mat]ially f ! t[]s ( ,avignon above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,oratory ,,9 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r4 ,9 ord] m completely to protect ?is "p ( 8 doma9s1 ,philip con/ruct$1 9 ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! important =tress ( ,,/ ,,&r1 imm$iately opposite ,avignon1 & close to ! small t[n ( ,vill5euve-lez-,avignon4 ,?is citadel enclos$ a l>ge space occupy+ ! summit ( a rocky hill1 & compris$ num]\s build+s1 includ+ a mona/]y4 ,! ext5t ( ! =tress may be conceiv$1 :5 x is notic$ t enclos$ )9 ! walls1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! l>ge space ( vacant gr\nd1 may /ill be se5 a conv5t1 ) its g>d5s1 & a small t[n4 ,a portion ( ! m anci5t build+s /ill survives 9 ! =m ( a small oratory 7,fig4 #ec7 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ) polygonal apse1 hav+ a circul> arcade1 & a cornice conta9+ modillions aft] ! classic mann]4 ,?is great ca/le _h b "o gate1 :i* op5$ to ! s\?w>ds1 on ! only accessible side ( ! site4 ,t gateway 7,fig4 #ed7 is a spl5did specim5 ( milit>y ar*itecture1 hav+ a vault$ ar*way #ac feet 9 wid?1 ) f9ely m\ld$ jambs & ar*es 7,fig4 #ef74 ,on ei!r side is a l>ge r\nd t[]1 cr[n$ ) a ma*icolat$ p>apet 7,fig4 #ee74 ,! vault$ passage ?r\gh ! gateh\se 0 def5d$ at ea* end ) a portcullis & fold+ gates4 ,! ap>tm5ts 9 ! t[]s ) r\nd fronts1 are l>ge & f9ely vault$ ) po9t$ gro9s1 & ! floors are all pav$4 ,! plat=m on ! top is also ( pavem5t re/+ on ! vault bel[4 ,! :ole build+ is ?us put out ( dang] f fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r1 ,,vill5euve-,,lez-,,avignon4 ,plan ( ,entrance ,gateway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r1 ,,vill5euve-,,lez-,,avignon4 ,ext]ior ( ,gateway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r4 ,int]ior ( ,gateway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r4 ,fireplace 9 ,gateh\se4 ,ov] ! c5tral gateway1 & above ! t[]s1 rises a l>ge squ>e turret1 :i* 0 also vault$ & flagg$ on ! top1 & provid$ ) a ma*icolat$ p>apet4 ,?is plat=m1 z well z ^? ov] ! t[]s1 7 ?us well adapt$ to receive ! l>ge catapults1 mangonels1 & o!r milit>y eng9es 9 use 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! diagonal walls :i* fill up ! angles next ! walls ( ence9te conta9$ /aircases1 c41 & are set at an angle s z to pres5t a front aga9/ assailants approa*+ f ! flanks4 ,! r\nd wells ( ! /aircases 7 cont9u$ above ! ro( ) r\nd enclosures1 :i* 7 visible above ! p>apet 9 ! =m ( cr5ellat$ turrets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r4 ,walls ( ,ence9te4 ,! rooms 9 ! gateh\se are well f9i%$ 9 a%l> "w1 & h ornam5tal *imneys1 ( :i* ,fig4 #eg is a specim54 ,t ov] ! entrance gateway conta9$ ! app>atus = work+ ! portcullis4 ,^! *amb]s h be5 us$ z political prisons at v>i\s times2 & ! un=tunate occupants h reliev$ _! we>y h\rs by c>v+ all k9ds ( memor&a on ! walls & floor1 among/ :i* religi\s symbols & pictures m+le ) armorial be>+s1 initials1 & scraps ( v]se4 ,^! c>v+s are (t5 well execut$1 & !y =m a v int]e/+1 al?\gh melan*oly exhibition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,gu>d-,,room ,,on ,,wall1 ,,/ ,,&r4 ,"s rema9s ( ! out] b>bican :i* protect$ ! approa* to ! gateway may /ill be obs]v$4 ,! walls ( ence9te ( ,/ ,&r pres5t "s int]e/+ & picturesque details4 ,! great r\nd t[] at ! s\?-we/ angle 7,fig4 #eg7 & ! pla9 curta9s adjo9+ x are v *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 & h m ( a ,nor!rn ?an a ,s\!rn aspect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,gu>d-,,room ,,on ,,wall1 ,,/ ,,&r4 ,! int]ior ( ! walls1 ) _! p>apets & p>apet walks1 are 9 good pres]vation1 & =m f9e illu/rations ( ^! features4 ,9 ! long /ret* ( ! nor? wall1 9 :i* !re are no t[]s to protect ! p>apet walks or to conta9 gu>d-rooms or po/s = reliefs ( s5tries1 small *amb]s 7 =m$ at int]vals = t purpose on ! top ( ! wall 7,figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,^! n[ pres5t a v qua9t appe>ance1 & are sugge/ive ( _m a cold & we>y wat*4 ,!y 7 only l>ge en\gh to hold half-a-doz5 m51 b !y con/itut$ po9ts :i* gu>d$ ! circulation on ! 8*em9s de rondes40 ,!y 7 provid$ ) a fireplace & loops to ! ext]ior1 & _h little spy-holes look+ along ! p>apet walks4 ,! latt] are wid5$ t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! walls ) corbell+1 & foll[ ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 ) /eps at int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,vill5euve-,,lez-,,avignon4 ,!re are sev]al int]e/+ ar*itectural relics 9 ! t[n ( ,,vill5euve4 ,! *ur*1 a ,go?ic edifice ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is design$ on ! ,s\!rn plan ( a wide hall1 b is execut$ ) ,go?ic details1 & po9t$ vault+4 ,! t[] at ! ea/ end 7,fig4 #fa7 is a good specim5 ( ! massive =tifi$ type ( *ur* t[]s s common 9 ! ,s\?4 ,f ! ramp>ts ( ! ca/le ! ru9s ( ! 8,,*>treuse ,,du ,,val ,,de ,b,n,,diction0 are se5 9 ! valley b5ea?4 ,?is mona/]y 0 f\nd$ 9 #acef by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,vi41 :o 0 buri$ !re1 & ov] ^: grave a spl5did monum5t 9 ! /yle ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic 0 erect$4 ,aft] be+ sadly neglect$ & abus$ = _m ye>s1 x has n[ be5 remov$ to ! *apel ( ! hospital4 ,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,avignon are mo/ly on ! ,s\!rn plan ( a s+le wide nave ) int]nal buttresses conta9+ *apels betwe5 !m1 :ile ! ornam5tal features are almo/ all d]iv$ f ,nor!rn ,go?ic4 ,!y are all ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t ( ,/ ,pi]re has an elaborate ,go?ic front 9 ! flamboyant /yle practis$ 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! 8beffroi0 ( ! anci5t ,htel-de-,ville1 ! emblem ( ! city's indep5d5ce1 built 9 #aced1 /ill exi/s1 b is s surr\nd$ ) build+s z n to be prop]ly visible4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,avignon1 or at lea/ m easily got at f !re ?an any o!r com=table re/+-place1 are _m mo/ int]e/+ examples ( e>ly ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood are ! ru9s ( ! ,,abbey ,,( ,,/ ,,ruf--situat$ ab\t "o mile to ! s\?w>d4 ,! *ur* has a good apse1 & is p>tly =tifi$4 ,two miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! t[n are f\nd ! rema9s ( ! ,,priory ,,( ,,/ ,v,,ran1 f\nd$ #aadj1 & /ill conta9+ "s traces ( e>ly pa9t+s4 ,bo? are figur$ by ,rvoil4 ,at a great] di/ance f ,avignon _m m v primitive & picturesque illu/rations ( e>ly ,prov5al ar*itecture are to be met )4 ,( ^! sev]al may be visit$ toge!r z !y lie 9 ! same ea/]ly direction1 su* z ,c>p5tras1 ,p]nes1 & ,le ,?or4 ,,vaison is also a place ( consid]able ar*itectural int]e/1 b x is some:at remote f ,avignon1 & may be be/ rea*$ f ,orange4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,empire ! t[n ( ,vaison1 :i* 0 ( great antiquity1 /ood on ! pla9 ( ! riv] ,ouvze1 :]e ! soil /ill ab\nds 9 relics ( ,roman sculpture1 tiles1 mosaics1 hypocau/s1 & o!r works4 ,"s good /atues h also be5 f\nd & convey$ to ! museum at ,avignon4 ,! ca!dral 0 orig9ally f\nd$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! same l[ situation1 b ! t[n be+ expos$ to frequ5t assaults1 ! inhabitants f\nd x necess>y 9 ! twelf? c5tury to remove _! h\ses to a secur] site on ! hill above4 ,! two divisions ( ! t[n are unit$ by a ,roman bridge ( "o span ( ov] sixty feet1 :i* is built1 ) ! usual solidity1 across ! ,ouvze4 ,connect$ ) ! old t[n are two v anci5t *ur*es1 ,/ ,qu991 & ! ca!dral1 :i* h surviv$ ! _m attacks ( ! ,b>b>ians1 & ! f9al demolition ( ! t[n by ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,^! *ur*es are illu/rat$ by ,rvoil1 & %ew 9 all _! details a close adh]5ce to ,roman design4 ,/ ,qu99 is s v ,roman 9 _m ( its features t x has be5 frequ5tly suppos$ to belong to ! six? c5tury1 b f ! asc]ta9$ dates ( _m p>allel in/ances x is n[ reg>d$ z a rem>kable example ( ! mode 9 :i* ! build]s ( ! elev5? c5tury copi$ ! ornam5t ( ! ,roman works !y saw ar\nd !m1 :ile !y at ! same "t add$ features ( _! own inv5tion4 ,?us ! caps are ma9ly ,cor9?ian 9 design1 b h "s figures mix$ ) ! acan?us leaves1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,romance 8/ori$0 c>v+s1 ! foliage be+ well execut$ aft] an exi/+ patt]n1 & ! figures rudely cut accord+ to ! orig9al design ( ! p]iod4 ,! plan ( ,/ ,qu99 is v rem>kable1 ! apse be+ triangul> ext]nally1 & semi-circul>1 or r triapsal1 int]nally4 ,! vaults are ( ! usual po9t$ wagon =m4 ,! ca!dral is a *ur* ) c5tral nave & side aisles1 t]m9at$ ) ?ree apses4 ,! c5tral "o is semi-circul> 9 ! int]ior1 b is enclos$ 9 a squ>e envelope on ! ext]ior4 ,! latt] is an addition made at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! orig9al con/ruction1 & may h be5 9 connection ) def5ce2 an arrangem5t ( :i* we %all f9d simil> examples at ,frjus & else:]e4 ,! c5tral nave is ro($ ) a po9t$ wagon vault1 & ! side aisles ) truncat$ wagon vaults1 hav+ a long curve t[>ds ! out] wall1 & a %ort "o t[>ds ! nave1 & ?us act+ z fly+ buttresses aga9/ ! latt]4 ,! cloi/] & t[]1 or campanile1 are notewor?y2 & a v r>e feature is "h f\nd 9 ! orig9al bi%op's ?rone1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! apse1 z at ,torcello & o!r primitive *ur*es4 ,f hi/orical data1 x seems mo/ probable t ?is ca!dral exi/$ 9 its pres5t /ate be=e ! de/ruction ( ! t[n 9 #aafj2 & z ! squ>e envelope ( ! apse & ! vault+ are probably a re/oration ( a /ill e>li] /ructure1 x seems likely t ! olde/ portions belong to ! previ\s c5tury4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,gallo-,roman t[n1 ! bi%op built himself a ca/le on ! summit ( ! hill on :i* ! new t[n 0 erect$4 ,! *apel ( ! ca/le s]v$ z 8 ca!dral till ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! exi/+ *ur* ( ! new t[n 0 con/ruct$ 9 lieu ( ! *apel1 :i* 0 f\nd too small = ! gr[+ population4 ,! excursion to ,,c>p5tras may be made by rail1 & f t po9t ! anci5t ar*itectural rema9s at ,p]nes & ,v5asque may be easily rea*$4 ,at ,c>p5tras1 besides ! ,roman ar* already describ$1 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,siffre9 & ! ,go?ic gateways ( ! t[n are well wor? visit+4 ,,v5asque conta9s a v anci5t bapti/]y cov]$ ) a dome1 & ornam5t$ ) m>ble columns & classic capitals4 ,! :ole /ructure is believ$ to belong to ! ,roman p]iod4 ,at ,,p]nes !re is a *ur* p>tly ,romanesque & p>tly ,go?ic1 ) a cupola ov] ! *oir support$ on p5d5tives1 & a crypt ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,,le ,,?or1 a small village ab\t #ab miles ea/ f ,avignon on ! road to ,aix1 conta9s1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/e-,m>ie-au-lac1 a mo/ int]e/+ example ( ! mixture ( ,roman & ,romanesque features 9 ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,! nave consi/s ( a s+le hall ro($ ) a tunnel vault1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs1 except ! bay next ! apse1 :i* is cov]$ ) an octagonal dome1 =m]ly surm\nt$ by a belfry4 ,! we/ faade & por* are v f9e1 & be> a /rik+ resemblance 9 /yle to ,notre ,dame des ,doms & ,/ ,gabriel4 ,,cavaillon1 besides its ,roman rema9s1 conta9s an int]e/+ e>ly *ur*4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le nave f9i%$ ) an apse1 :i* is semi-circul> )9 & hexagonal ext]nally4 ,! orig9al side aisles h be5 conv]t$ into *apels1 & ! po9t$ tunnel vault is c>ri$ on great pi]s1 ) twi/$ or flut$ %afts 9 ! angles t[>ds ! top 7z at ,aix & ,arles74 ,amid/ ! m>%es1 ab\t half way betwe5 ,cavaillon & ,/ ,remy1 is f\nd ! small *ur* ( ,mollges1 =m]ly ! *apel ( a ,ci/]tian mona/]y4 ,! belfry ( ?is *ur* 7,fig4 #fb7 is cit$ by ,viollet-le-,duc z a /rik+ example ( ! influ5ce ( ,roman monum5ts1 su* z t at ,/ ,remy1 on ! design ( "s ( ! ,prov5al /eeples4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ?is tell+ illu/ration %\ld occur s ne> ! orig9al 7see p4 #di74 ,9 approa*+ ,,t>ascon1 we aga9 obs]ve ! opposite banks ( ! ,rhone occupi$ by two ca/les repres5t+ ! dom9at+ p[]s on ei!r side4 ,! massive rock on ! "r bank1 cr[n$ ) high cr5ellat$ walls & l(ty keep1 is ! royal ca/le ( ,beaucaire2 & ! l[] b m solid look+ pile close to ! left bank ( ! ,rhone is ! ca/le said to h be5 f9i%$ & occupi$ by ,k+ ,r5 ( ,prov5ce4 ,illu/ration3 #fb4 ,,le ,,clo*] ,,de ,,moll,,ges4 f ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire47 ,! hi/ory ( ,t>ascon is simil> to t ( ! o!r t[ns on ! ,rhone4 ,orig9ally a m>ket1 e/abli%$ by ! ,greek coloni/s ( ,m>seilles1 x 0 conv]t$ into a ,roman settlem5t1 & reta9$ "s ( its municipal in/itutions & lib]ties "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,c\nts ( ,prov5ce1 till !y 7 gradually lo/ "u ! feudal sy/em4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>?a1 orig9ally built 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 on ! ru9s ( a ,roman temple1 0 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,/e ,,m>!1 ,,t>ascon4 recon/ruct$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & is ( ! usual ,s\!rn plan ) ,go?ic details4 ,! s\? por* ( ! twelf? c5tury *ur* h[ev] /ill exi/s1 & is a v beautiful example ( ! ,prov5al /yle 7,fig4 #fc74 ,9 g5]al "* x corresponds ) ! f9] in/ances we %all meet ) at ,arles & ,/ ,gilles1 al?\gh on a r$uc$ scale4 ,! r\nd & octagonal nook %afts h caps p>tly copi$ f ! ,cor9?ian1 & p>tly c>v$ ) ,romanesque figures4 ,! num]\s f9e m\ld+s ( ! ar* conta9 a curi\s mixture ( ,roman & ,m$ival ornam5ts1 9 ! classic egg comb9$ ) ! ,go?ic dog-too? enri*m5ts4 ,! small arcade above1 ) alt]nate flut$ pila/]s & r\nd %afts1 all f9i%$ ) enri*$ caps re/+ on a cornice support$ on c>v$ heads1 h an advanc$ ,romanesque "*4 ,?is *ur* is d$icat$ to ,m>?a1 ! si/] ( ,m>y1 :o along ) ,laz>us & o!r primitive sa9ts1 are traditionally suppos$ to h conv]t$ ! s\? ( ,gaul to ,*ri/ianity4 ,m>?a is said to h ende>$ h]self to ! p ( ,t>ascon1 by deliv]+ ! t[n f ! p[] ( a hide\s dragon1 :i* feat is celebrat$ annually by an extraord9>y procession1 9 :i* ! ,t>asque 7a pantomimic dragon7 makes a great figure1 foll[$ by repres5tatives ( all ! memb]s ( ! holy family1 & att5d$ by multitudes ( p4 ,! ,ca/le ( ,t>ascon 7,fig4 #fd7 /&s on a rock :i* rises b little above ! level ( ! riv]4 ,begun by ,l\is ,,ii4 ( ,prov5ce 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x 0 f9i%$ by ,k+ ,r5 9 ! fifte5?4 ,x is n[ a prison1 s t ! int]ior is n easily accessible4 ,!re is "h a curi\s mixture ( ! ,s\!rn squ>e t[] ) ! ,nor!rn r\nd =m1 :ile ! small] details are all ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic /yle4 ,! g5]al ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,t>ascon4 effect is f9e1 al?\gh some:at heavy1 & ! details ( ! entrance gateway1 ) its sep>ate drawbridges = c>riages & foot pass5g]s1 & its ornam5tal p>apet & corbels are p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,h\se ,,9 ,,t>ascon4 ,t>ascon has "s good bits ( ar*itecture 9 its n>r[ b some:at picturesque /reets1--! w9d+ /air & project+ turret be+ v effectively treat$ 9 "o in/ance 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! gateway ( ! t[n 7,fig4 #ff7 on ! ea/ is also simple b good1 & q ,nor!rn 9 /yle1 hav+ two r\nd t[]s flank+ ! entrance ar*way4 ,,beaucaire4--,cross+ ! bridge ( boats f ! ca/le ( ,k+ ,r51 ! b>e lime/one rock surm\nt$ by ! ,ca/le ( ,beaucaire meets ! view 7,fig4 #fh74 ,?is ca/le 0 anci5tly a possession ( ! ,c\nts ( ,t\l\se4 ,dur+ ! ,albig5sian crusade x 0 besieg$ by ,simon de ,mont=t1 & an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! siege op]ations by himself /ill exi/s4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! siege he 0 attack$ & defeat$ by ,raymond ,,vii4 7#abaf74 ,al?\gh n[ a complete ru9 int]nally1 ! walls exi/ all r\nd & %ew ! great ext5t ( ! =tress 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! out] ence9te1 & its long approa* by wide flights ( /airs f ! we/1 c /ill be trac$1 z also ! outl9e ( ! out] & inn] bailey4 ,! gateway ( ! latt]1 9 a fragm5t>y /ate1 /ill survives4 ,! imm5se /r5g? ( ! =talice is di/9ctly app>5t1 ow+ to ! height & /eepness ( ! nak$ rock on :i* x /&s 7,fig4 #fi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,gate ,,( ,,t>ascon4 ,almo/ ! only def5sive build+ 9 fair pres]vation ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,beaucaire4 is ! rem>kable donjon :i* rises high above ! walls4 ,?is t[] 7,fig4 #gj7 is ( ! v unusual =m ( a triangle 9 plan2 t %ape hav+ probably be5 adopt$ 9 ord] to fit a project+ spur ( ! rock4 ,! basem5t floor 7n accessible7 0 d\btless ent]$ f a trap door 9 ! floor above4 ,x has no op5+s to ! outside4 ,! /air ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,beaucaire ,,f ,s4-,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,beaucaire ,,f ,n4-,e4 to ! fir/ floor is /raight & is c>ri$ up 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,! fir/ floor =ms a triangul> hall ) gro9$ vault ( peculi> =m1 has a fireplace 9 "o angle1 & is light$ ) small loops4 ,f ?is floor ! /aircase is c>ri$ up z a :eel 9 ! s\? angle ( ! walls4 ,! top floor has a segm5tal vault :i* c>ries ! flat /one ro(4 ,?is is =m$ ( /one flags all ov]lapp$ & laid 9 regul> c\rses1 ea* slightly high] ?an ! o!rs z !y rise t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,plans ,,( ,,! ,,keep4 ,! /aircase turret /&s indep5d5tly ^u ?is plat=m1 & has a slop+ /one ro(4 ,! p>apet is v p]fect1 & is1 z usual1 project$ on bold corbels 7,fig4 #ga74 ,ow+ to ! %>p angles ( ! plan1 ! incl9ation ( ! corbels ne> ! angles t[>ds "o ano!r 79 ord] to keep ! ar*es ov] !m z equal z possible7 is mu* great] ?an usual--m m>k$ ?an t1 = in/ance1 ( ! corbels at ,avignon 7above ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,beaucaire4 7,int]ior ( ,c\rty>d47 ref]r$ to1 p4 #aej74 ,! corbels at ! angles :i* are "r angles h ! usual additional c\rses 9 ! height4 ,a bold ovolo m\ld+ runs r\nd b5ea? ! corbel-c\rse1 ! object ( :i* is to keep ! inn] face ( ! ma*icolation well cle> ( ! front ( ! wall1 s t /one balls or o!r missiles ?r[n d[n w\ld run no risk ( be+ div]t$ f _! c\rse by /rik+ any ( ! projections ( ! r\gh-fac$ masonry ) :i* ! t[] is built4 ,! p>apet is provid$ ) l>ge embrasures1 & ! m]lons or spaces betwe5 are pi]c$ ) loops ( ! cross$ %ape adopt$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! p>apet wall p>tly c>ri$ on corbels is se5 w9d+ r\nd ! summit ( ! wall ( ence9te 7see ,fig4 #ga71 ) /eps :]e ! heights v>y2 & 9 ! s\?-ea/ angle ( ! inn] c\rty>d adjo9+ ! ru9$ gateway f ! out] to ! inn] c\rty>d1 !re /ill /&s ! v int]e/+ twelf? c5tury *apel ( ! ca/le4 ,?is oratory is g5]ally simil> 9 design to ! "o )9 ! ca/le at ,vill5euve 7ante1 ,fig4 #eb74 ,! doorway at ! we/ end is r\nd-ar*$1 & conta9s details :i* are rem>kably *>act]i/ic ( ,prov5ce1 ! purely ,roman egg & leaf enri*m5ts be+ mix$ ) dogtoo? & o!r ornam5ts ( ,romanesque design4 ,! small squ>e t[] :i* cr[ns ! we/ gable is peculi>1 be+ m 9 ! /yle ( ! belfries fur!r ,nor? & ,ea/1 ?an ^? ( ! ,s\?4 ,f ,t>ascon a bran* railway runs to ,/ ,remy 7! ,roman ru9s at :i* h already be5 describ$71 & f t po9t ! /range old t[n ( ,les ,baux may be rea*$4 ,,les ,,baux4--,?is anci5t b decay$ =tress is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque & rem>kable objects 9 ! di/rict4 ,x is situat$ on ! top ( a rocky height 7,fig4 #gb71 n f> f :]e ! ,alp9es beg9 to rise f ! pla9 ( ! ,rhone1 ov] :i* x has a comm&+ & ext5sive prospect4 ,=m]ly a consid]able =tifi$ t[n1 x is n[ des]t$1 save by a few w&]]s & begg>s1 & pres5ts ! melan*oly appe>ance ( an ab&on$ city1 ( :i* ! empty h\ses are fa/ fall+ into ru94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z we %all h]eaft] notice1 is by no means a solit>y example ( a ,s\!rn t[n ov]tak5 by a simil> fate4 ,b ,les ,baux has ?is /rik+ peculi>ity to di/+ui% x1 t x is a city n built1 b excavat$ out ( ! rock4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d h\ses cut 9 ! rock 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,france1 :]e a dry & s(t =mation r5d]s su* an op]ation suitable1 &1 z is well kn[n1 rock-hewn temples1 tombs1 & o!r build+s ab\nd 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ! ,ea/4 ,possibly "s ( ! great *iefs ( ! family ( ,les ,baux 7:o 7 di/+ui%$ ,crusad]s7 may h adopt$ ! idea f examples !y saw 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,=tress ,,( ,,les ,,baux4 ,! t[n is n[ almo/ a heap ( ru9s1 al?\gh "s faades ( good ,r5aissance design /ill adorn ! sil5t /reets4 ,! ca/le1 :i* cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! site1 _h walls compos$ ( solid rock1 ! sup]flu\s mat]ial be+ cut away bo? on ! inside & outside4 ,9 "s cases ! rock1 :i* is a s(t lime/one1 & decays by exposure1 has giv5 way quick] on "o side ?an ano!r1 ) ! result t l>ge masses ( 8wall0 h fall5 ei!r flat on ! gr\nd1 or 9 solid blocks d[n ! cliffs4 ,9 o!r in/ances t[]s h toppl$ aga9/ t[]s1 l trees cut at ! foot1 produc+ a mo/ confus$ & ov]turn$ appe>ance1 z if ! result ( siege or e>?quake4 ,) respect to ! ar*itecture1 says ,mrime1 8,! exceptional situation ( ! t[n ( ,les ,baux has giv5 rise to a /yle :i* sc>cely furni%es any indications ( ! anci5t epo*s ( its hi/ory2 h[ev]1 ,i h se5 no?+ :i* appe>$ to be old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a *ur* 9 fair condition seems to be ( ! epo* ( transition4 ,9 ! "r aisle are se5 a cornice & transv]se ar* enri*$ ) dog-too? & zig-zag ornam5ts4 ,! re/ ( ! *ur* has be5 repair$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & sev]al v elegant *apels h be5 add$ to x40 ,?is *ur* is illu/rat$ by ,rvoil4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! t[n a bas-relief ( ?ree l>ge figures & "p ( a ,lat9 inscription1 c>v$ to a great scale on ! face ( ! rock1 h giv5 rise to "s extraord9>y !ories4 ,! figures are call$ ,les ,trois ,m>ies or ,tremai4 ,_m obs]v]s reg>d !m z ,roman1 & suppose t !y repres5t ,m>ius 7! conqu]or ( ?is di/rict1 ab\t #ajj ,b4,c471 8 wife ,julia1 & a ,syrian prophetess or sorc]ess call$ ,m>?a1 :o accompani$ ! great lead] & =etold 8 victories4 ,b ,m4 ,l5?ric1 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ! ,villes ,mortes de la ,mdit]rane1 already ref]r$ to1 takes an entirely diff]5t view4 ,he cont5ds t ^! figures repres5t ,laz>us & ! two ,m>ys2 & consid]s ! exi/5ce ( ! *ur* d$icat$ to ! 8,sa9tes ,m>ies0 7:i* we %all rea* by & bye71 toge!r ) ! above figures & inscription1 & ! traditions ( ! c\ntry1 suffici5t pro( t ! family ( ,laz>us & _! companions 7 really ! fir/ mission>ies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge inscription & two m figures on ano!r rock1 b !y are too mu* decay$ to be accurately int]pret$4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t a t[n has exi/$ "h f ! "t ( ! ,romans1 al?\gh no ,roman ar*itecture c n[ be detect$4 ,9 m$ival times x 0 ! home ( ! fam\s family ( ,les ,baux1 ^: hi/ory 7writt5 by ,jules ,canonge7 comprises mu* ( t ( ,prov5ce f ! t5? to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,les ,baux 0 already "o ( ! l>ge/ t[ns ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 = long ! seat ( a fam\s ,c\rt ( ,love4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! 8,seigneurs des ,baux0 possess$ sev5ty-n9e free burghs4 ,!y 7 among/ ! mo/ p[]ful & bolde/ b>ons ( ! l&1 & acquir$ great titles & possessions1 be+ 9 turn ! ,pr9ces ( ,orange1 ! ,c\nts ( ,prov5ce1 ,k+s ( ,arles & ,vi5ne1 & ,emp]ors ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,!y comm&$ fleets & armies1 & became pode/s ( ! free t[ns4 ,!y also di/+ui%$ !mselves z ,crusad]s1 & jo9$ ,*>les ( ,anj\ 9 8 conque/ ( ,naples4 ,9 foll[+ ! hi/ory ( ?is di/+ui%$ race "o gets a m lively & impressive idea ( ! life & mann]s ( ^? /irr+ m$ival times 9 ,prov5ce ?an c easily be f\nd else:]e4 ,b ! family lo/ _! pre/ige :5 ,b>ral des ,baux1 pode/ ( ! free t[n ( ,arles1 betray$ ! republic to ,*>les ( ,anj\4 ,les ,baux f ?is "t decl9$1 & ! ca/le 0 f9ally dismantl$ by ! ,duke ( ,guise2 ! t[n 0 ab&on$ & ! f9e mansions fell into decay1 a process :i* is /ill 9 progress1 bo? by ! action ( nature & at ! h&s ( ! peasantry ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,les ,baux may be got at ei!r f ,fontvieille 7fam\s = its qu>ries ( 8,arles /one071 to :i* !re is a railway f ,arles1 or f ,t>ascon1 9 ei!r case driv+ to ,p>ad\ 7six kilometres f ,fontvieille1 & sixte5 f ,t>ascon71 or f ,/ ,remy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,,gabriel4 ,we/ ,front4 7,f ,rvoil47 ,a few miles f ,t>ascon1 on ! road to ,arles1 ! anci5t *ur* ( ,,/ ,,gabriel rises amid/ ! ru9s ( ! /ill m anci5t ,roman city ( ,ernag9um4 ,a l>ge numb] ( tombs1 simil> to ^? we %all pres5tly meet ) at ! ,alyscamps ne> ,arles1 b ( ! pla9e/ =m1 are "h f\nd along ) fragm5ts ( inscriptions1 /atues1 & o!r antique relics4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,gabriel1 l s _m o!rs 9 ,prov5ce1 comprises 9 its design a mixture ( classic & ,romanesque features4 ,! we/ front 7,fig4 #gc7 is "o ( ! f9e/ ( its k9d4 ,! entrance doorway1 ) its flut$ column1 its imitat$ ,cor9?ian capitals1 & high pit*$ p$im5t full ( classic enri*m5ts1 might easily pass = a /ructure ( ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,! bas-reliefs repres5t ! creation & ! visit ( ! angel ,gabriel to ! ,virg91--! p]sonages be+ id5tifi$ by _! names inscrib$ beside !m4 ,! upp] "p ( ! front exhibits a great ar*ivolt spr++ f impo/s on ea* side ( ! portal1 above :i* is a /raight cornice support+ a second po9t$ ar*ivolt4 ,! latt] conta9s a small circul> w9d[ ri*ly ornam5t$ ) classic leaves & o!r enri*m5ts1 & hav+ ! symbols ( ! f\r evangeli/s plac$ ar\nd x4 ,! *ur* has a s+le nave1 cov]$ ) a po9t$ tunnel vault4 ,! buttresses are m pron\nc$ ?an usual1 :i* may indicate a transition t[>ds ! lat] ,prov5al /yle1 & seem to po9t to ! date ( ! build+ be+ late 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 not)/&+ its v classic features4 ,a %ort j\rney n[ br+s u to ,,arles1 ! anci5t capital ( ! prov9ce1 & "o ( ! *ief ar*itectural c5tres ( our di/rict1 bo? z reg>ds classic & m$ival art4 ,! pr9cipal m$ival edifice ( ,arles is ! *ur* ( ,/ ,trophime1 ! patron sa9t4 ,x is a l>ge & important /ructure1 conta9+ specim5s ( all ! peculi>ities ( ,prov5al ar*itecture on a complete & ext5sive scale4 ,! nave ( ! *ur* 0 erect$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & is q di/9ct 9 "* f ! beautiful we/]n por* & ! spl5did cloi/]s :i* belong to ! old] & m ornate p]iod ( ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,! *oir & apse 7 rebuilt 9 #adcj 9 ! ,nor!rn /yle4 ,! nave 7,fig4 #gd71 l t ( all ! ,s\!rn *ur*es ( ! same age is v simple int]nally4 ,?is is ! fir/ f9e example we h met ) ( ! second p]iod ( ,prov5al ar*itecture--9 :i* ! pla9 & rigid ,ci/]tian /yle sup]s$$ ! e>li] & ri*] ar*itecture ( :i* we h obs]v$ s _m rem>kable specim5s4 ,?us ! pi]s 7,fig4 #gd7 are m]ely squ>e blocks ( masonry1 ) flat projections or pila/]s on ea* face1 c>ri$ up to receive ! small m\ld+s or impo/s f :i* spr+ ! wall ar*es on ea* side ( ! nave 7betwe5 x & ! side aisles71 & ! transv]se ar*es1 :i* /r5g!n ! po9t$ b>rel vault ( ! c5tral nave4 ,! latt] consi/ ( two r+s1 ! inn] ar* spr++ f ! ma9 pi]1 & ! side ord]s f flut$ classic-look+ columns introduc$ 9 ! angles ( ! ma9 pi]s to receive !m4 ,! side aisles are v n>r[ & l(ty1 & are ro($ ) "o half ( a po9t$ vault ?r[n z an abutm5t aga9/ ! upp] "p ( ! nave wall4 ,! nave w9d[s are flank$ by twi/$ columns ) ,romanesque caps4 ,! po9t$ ar*es1 re/+ on f\r /rong pi]s1 :i* c>ry ! c5tral t[]1 are se5 at ! cross+ ( ! *ur*1 ) a l(ty pla9 wall =m+ ! l[] "p ( ! t[]1 re/+ ^u !m4 ,?is p>tially cuts (f ! view ( ! *oir f ! nave1 & indicates t ! vault ( ! orig9al *ur* 0 mu* l[] ?an t ( ! exi/+ nave1 ! ro( ( :i* is ne>ly twice ! height ( ! ar*es ( ! cross+4 ,! latt]1 =m+ ! support ( ! t[]1 c\ld n be remov$ :5 ! nave 0 rebuilt & enl>g$4 ,! t[] 7,fig4 #aa7 rises high above ! ro( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,/ ,,trophime1 ,,arles4 ( ! *ur*4 ,x ext5ds to ?ree full /orys & an attic cr[n$ ) a po9t$ ro( hav+ a v flat slope4 ,! two l[] /orys h ! arcad$ ,romanesque ornam5t s common 9 ,lomb>dy & ,g]many1 :ile ! upp] /ory %ews ?ree ,cor9?ian pila/]s on ea* side4 ,! t[] is heavy1 b recalls ! g5]al effect ( ! ,italian campanile1 & corresponds 9 /yle ) ! e>li] "w ( ! portal & cloi/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,we/ ,,portal ,,( ,,/ ,,trophime1 ,,arles4 ,! elaborate & beautiful we/]n portal 7,fig4 #ge7 is =tunately well pres]v$4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 add$ 9 front ( ! pla9] wall ( ! nave1 & is ?us g5]ally /at$ to be ( m rec5t con/ruction ?an ! nave1 b we believe t ! portal is mu* m likely to be "p ( an old] build+1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! re-con/ruction ( ! nave4 ,portals be+ g5]ally highly ornam5tal features1 7 frequ5tly s pres]v$4 ,we h met ) good examples ( ?is at ,notre ,dame des ,doms & at ,t>ascon1 & o!rs w occur z we proce$4 ,! c5tral ar* is almo/ ins5sibly po9t$2 b :e!r int5tionally or accid5tally x is difficult to say1--mo/ likely ! latt]1 f its be+ s indi/9ct4 ,?is por* is probably an imitation on a small scale ( ! mu* gr&] "o ( ,/ ,gilles 7to be ref]r$ to imm$iately74 ,! engag$ pill>s1 ) _! c>v$ caps & bases s /rongly ak9 bo? to classic & ,romanesque "w1 /& on a high /ylobate approa*$ by a wide flight ( /eps4 ,! space betwe5 ! pill>s is =m$ into a s]ies ( ni*es1 bord]$ on ea* side ) an enri*$ pila/] & fill$ ) ! figure ( an apo/le or an e>ly sa9t4 ,! sculpture ( ^! figures1 al?\gh ,roman 9 g5]al "*1 %ews a lean+ t[>ds ,byzant9e design1 especially 9 ! ri* c>v+ ( ! jewels & ornam5ts on ! dresses4 ,! tympanum ov] ! c5tral doorway1 :i* is divid$ into two op5+s ) a c5tral %aft1 conta9s ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 glory surr\nd$ ) ! emblems ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 & 9 ! s(fit ( ! ar* are two ti]s ( half l5g? ador+ angels4 ,on ! l9tel are sculptur$ ! twelve apo/les seat$2 :ile ! frieze on ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ conta9s ! j1 clo!d & receiv$ by ,abraham1 & t on ! left ! unju/1 repres5t$ z nak$ & be+ dragg$ by a demon ) a *a9 backw>ds ?r\gh flames4 ,! leaf1 egg1 & o!r enri*m5ts are q classic1 :ile ! modillions support+ ! cornice ( ! gablet ov] ! por* h ! usual ,romanesque "*4 ,?is por* /rikes "o at a glance z be+ ( a totally diff]5t /yle f ! body ( ! *ur*4 ,! latt] belongs1 z already m5tion$1 to ! re=m$ ,ci/]tian /yle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :ile ! =m] is 9 ! old] & m florid ,prov5al /yle ( ,romanesque1 al?\gh probably e>li] 9 ! same c5tury4 ,b ! mo/ delightful /ructure connect$ ) ?is v int]e/+ *ur* is ! cloi/]s4 ,! olde/ portions ( ^! belong to ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! f\r arcades enclos+ ! cloi/] g>? are complete4 ,t adjo9+ ! *ur* wall 7! nor? side7 is ! olde/1 :ile ! ea/]n side 7repres5t$ 9 ! sket* ,fig4 #gf7 is n mu* lat] 9 date4 ,! o!r two sides are ,go?ic re/orations ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! two fir/ gall]ies are spl5did specim5s ( ! florid /yle ( ,prov5al art4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ) pi]s ( consid]able size & solidity1 :i* occur at ! angles & at regul> int]vals1 ! int]m$iate spaces be+ fill$ ) r\nd ar*es re/+ on c\pl$ columns4 ,! ro( is cov]$ ) a b>rel vault1 built ) c>efully wr\ght ar* /ones1 & /r5g!n$ ) boldly m\ld$ transv]se ribs ?r[n betwe5 ! solid pi]s & consoles on ! inn] wall4 ,! latt] & ! /r+ c\rse betwe5 !m are ab\t two feet high] ?an ! cornice on ! side ( ! arcade f :i* ! vault spr+s1 ?us giv+ an awkw>d %ape to ! transv]se ribs4 ,?is arrangem5t probably arose f ! orig9al con/ruction ( ! ro(1 :i* 0 compos$ ( tiles laid on ! outside ( ! vault1 & =m$ a 8lean-to0 aga9/ ! *ur*1 l t ( ! cloi/]s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,/ ,,trophime1 ,,arles4 7,ea/]n ,arcade47 ( ,mont-,maj\r1 to be treat$ ( pres5tly4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! two o!r sides ( ! cloi/] 7 re/or$1 ! out] wall 0 rais$ s z to conv]t ! slop+ ro( into a level prom5ade1 furni%$ ) /one seats along ! p>apet4 ,! angle pi]s are s design$ z to receive ! spr++ ( ?ree transv]se ribs--"o at "r angles across ea* ( ! adjo9+ gall]ies1 & "o diagonally "u ! l9e ( ! junction ( ! two b>rel vaults4 ,! int]m$iate pi]s are /r5g!n$ ) an ext]nal buttress 9 ! %ape ( a squ>e classic-look+ pila/]1 flut$ & provid$ ) a capital imitat$ f ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! pi]s are all adorn$ ) sculptur$ figures ( l>ge size4 ,^? 9 ! orig9al "w are well pres]v$1 hav+ be5 cut 9 ! solid1 :ile ! /atues 9 ! two ,go?ic arcades1 :i* 7 execut$ 9 sep>ate /ones1 h be5 remov$ & de/roy$4 ,! c\pl$ columns & caps are all execut$ 9 grey m>ble1 & ! latt] are among/ ! f9e/ examples ( ! 8/ori$0 c>v+ ( ! p]iod1 e cap conta9+ a subject f sacr$ hi/ory4 ,! wall ( ! *ur* next ! nor? cloi/] conta9s a beautiful ,romanesque arcade1 ) flut$ pila/]s 7,fig4 #gf47 ,! ,go?ic p>ts ( ! cloi/] h pi]s alt]nat+ ) c\pl$ columns1 & ! details h evid5tly 7z sometimes occurs7 be5 execut$ s z to correspond 9 design ) ! old] "w4 ,( ! bas-reliefs on ! pi]s ! be/ are ! mo/ anci5t4 ,! same g5]al rem>ks on ! /yle apply "h z 9 ! case ( ! por*2 !re be+ a great mixture ( classic & ,romanesque influ5ce 9 bo?4 ,9 ?is great /ructure we ?us f9d an epitome ( ,prov5al art4 ,! cloi/]s & por*1 repres5t+ ! ri*ly decorat$ ,prov5al =m ( ,romanesque2 ! nave1 ! pla9 re=m$ /yle ( ! ,ci/]tians2 :ile ! *oir exhibits ! weak sort ( ,nor!rn ,go?ic import$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* is entirely )\t int]e/ beside ! m impressive examples ( g5u9e ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! ma9 /ructural features ! po9t$ ar* is employ$1 :ile 9 ! portal1 cloi/]s & w9d[s ! r\nd ar* is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 8,,clo*]0 ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat1 ,,arles4 7,f ,rvoil47 ,at ! 8,alyscamps10 ! fam\s cemet]y ( ,arles 7describ$ 9 ,"p ,,iv471 sev]al rema9s ( ! num]\s *ur*es & *apels =m]ly connect$ ) x may /ill be se54 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,honorat is ! mo/ important4 ,x is ( v anci5t f\ndation1 b has be5 frequ5tly repair$ & re/or$4 ,! we/ doorway1 ) its zigzag & o!r enri*m5ts1 is evid5tly ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! t[] or 8clo*]0 7,fig4 #gg7 also appe>s to be ( t date1 & be>s ! usual "* ( ,prov5al ,romanesque4 ,! dome :i* cov]s x is1 h[ev]1 a some:at unusual feature4 ,a few o!r anci5t *ur*es are to be se5 at ,arles1 b !y are all mu* decay$ or alt]$4 ,! *ur*es ( ,notre ,dame la ,majeure & ,/e ,magdele9e1 are v anci5t f\ndations1 b !re is little ( ! old "w left4 ,/ ,csaire is also anci5t1 b is conv]t$ into private h\ses1 & !re are only scraps ( ! orig9al /ructure rema9+4 ,aft] be+ unit$ to ,france1 & ?us deliv]$ f ! incessant /ruggles ma9ta9$ 9 e>li] times betwe5 ! ,bi%ops1 ! ,pode/s & ! c\nts ( ,prov5ce1 ,arles exhibit$ num]\s signs ( gr[+ prosp]ity4 ,! union ) an e/abli%$ p[] seems to h imp>t$ a consid]able impulse to ! prosp]ity ( ,prov5ce1 :i* began to revive "u a settl$ gov]nm5t2 & ,arles1 z ! *ief t[n1 naturally b5efit$ greatly f ! improvem5t4 ,indications ( ?is amelioration are met ) at e turn 9 ! n>r[ /reets1 :i* ab\nd 9 f9e examples ( ,r5aissance "w4 ,! e>ly picturesque /yle ( ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 s usual 9 ,anj\ & on ! banks ( ! ,loire1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce "h4 ,( ! above t5d5cy ,fig4 #gh may be tak5 z an example1 %ew+ by ! /rik+ arrangem5t ( ! /aircase 9 ! c\rty>d1 h[ picturesque ?is /yle may be made :5 suitably & naturally treat$4 ,we may also obs]ve 9 ! mid/ ( ! abundant ru9s ( ! anci5t ,roman ar*itecture ( ?is city1 num]\s palaces 9 ! classic /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! revival ( :i* ! anci5t works _h liv$ to witness1 & probably _h also help$ to =w>d ) sugge/ions = _! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,r5aissance ,,h\se ,,9 ,,arles4 ,! build+s ( ?is p]iod 9 ,arles are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 tab]nacles or ni*es at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 fill$ ) ! image ( a sa9t1 be=e :i* hangs a lamp4 ,^! are n uncommon 9 mo/ cont95tal t[ns1 b "h "s ( !m are v f9ely design$ & add mu* to ! g5]ally qua9t & /rik+ "* ( ! h\ses4 ,( ! ,r5aissance build+s ( ,arles ! ,htel de ,ville is wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,! ,t\r de l',horloge 7#aeej71 is a good specim51 & ! vault+ & g5]al effect ( ! pill>$ hall & /aircase are f9e 7#afge74 ,ab\t ?ree miles f ,arles /& ! ru9s ( ! great mona/ic e/abli%m5t ( ,,mont-,,maj\r1 :i* comprise a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( /ructures1 illu/rative ( ,prov5al ar*itecture 9 all its /ages1 f ! primitive rock-hewn h]mitage ( ,/ ,trophime to ! fully develop$ *ur* ( ! ,ci/]tian /yle1 conclud+ ) a ri* & luxuri\s edifice ( ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,plan ,,( ,,h]mitage ,,( ,,/ ,,cesaire1 ,,mont-,,maj\r4 ,?is mona/]y is situat$ on a rocky hill :i* rises out ( ! flat pla9 ( ! ,rhone1 & :i*1 9 ,roman times1 0 und\bt$ly an isl& surr\nd$ by ! wat]s ( ! riv]4 ,ne> ! base ( ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! rock1 a cave is said to h =m$ ! h]mitage ( ,/ ,trophime1 ! patron sa9t ( ,arles 7,fig4 #gi74 ,to pres]ve & consecrate ?is h]mitage x 0 conv]t$ into a *apel1 & enclos$ ) an arcade 7! inn] "o7 cut 9 ! rock4 ,to ?is aga9 at a lat] "t an out] wall has be5 add$ s z to =m a *apel1 d$icat$ to ,/ ,pet]1 on ! ext]ior ( ! cave4 ,beyond ! ea/ end ( ! *apel !re are ?ree additional rude *amb]s holl[$ out ( rock4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* is ne>ly fill$ ) a great /one seat1 is call$ ! confessional ( ,/ ,trophime4 ,at ! we/ end !re is a space =m+ a k9d ( entrance por* or n>!x4 ,! anci5t *apel or h]mitage is entirely excavat$ 9 ! rock1 & has a seat left along ! inn] side1 :i* be+ cont9u$ r\nd ! ea/ end =ms a /ep up to ! *oir4 ,?is *apel may be ( a v e>ly date1 b x is impossible to fix its age f ! total abs5ce ( ar*itectural features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,h]mitage ,,( ,,/ ,,trophime1 ,,mont-,,maj\r--,,*apel ,,( ,,/ ,,pet]4 ,! out] *apel 7,fig4 #hj7 is n ( s great antiquity1 b ! ornam5t ( ! caps & =m ( ! tunnel vault belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,prov5al /yle--probably ! n9? or t5? c5tury4 ,! ext]ior is se5 at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #he4 ,! mona/]y 0 erect$ on ! upp] "p ( ! rock1 & 0 surr\nd$ l a feudal ca/le ) a =tifi$ wall ( ence9te4 ,x 0 also protect$ by a keep or citadel1 su* z frequ5tly occurs 9 ^! ,s\!rn mona/]ies1 expos$ z !y 7 to attack on all h&s4 ,! *ur* ( ! mona/]y ( ,mont-,maj\r is an example ( ! sev]e /yle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & likewise ( ! aisle-less plan ( ! ,s\!rn prov9ces4 ,?is *ur* 0 f\nd$ 9 #ajaf1 & 0 conceiv$ on a v l>ge scale1 b little seems to h be5 done dur+ ! foll[+ hundr$ ye>s1 ! mo/ ( ! "w be+ 9 ! /yle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( an upp] *ur* & a l[] *ur* or v l>ge crypt4 ,! latt] ext5ds "u a l>ge "p ( ! space occupi$ by ! upp] *ur*1 &1 l x1 is 9 ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,! nave ( ! *ur* is v %ort1 ow+ to ! works hav+ be5 /opp$ = want ( funds to complete x on ! ext5sive scale on :i* x 0 orig9ally project$4 ,! crypt is all vault$ ) circul> ar*es1 & is extremely d>k1 ! only light admitt$ be+ :at c p5etrate into x f ! small w9d[s 9 ! apse4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! *oir ( ! crypt is peculi>4 ,! alt> /&s 9 ! c5tre1 & r\nd x runs a wall ) five wide ar*es op5+ on a gall]y :i* foll[s r\nd ! apse1 & f :i* *apels radiate 9 ! v>i\s faces ( ! octagon4 ,! *ief alt> is ?us visible f almo/ any "p ( ! *oir4 ,! upp] *ur* =ms "o great hall ) a transept & apse1 & is ro($ ) po9t$ tunnel vaults /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs1 b is entirely )\t ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,keep ,,mont-,,maj\r4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 an effect ( simple gr&eur & spaci\sness ow+ to its size2 b f ! %ortness ( ! nave1 !re is a want ( due proportion 9 ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! *oir1 z is usual 9 ,ci/]tian *ur*es ( ?is date1 is v %ort1 ! apse beg9n+ almo/ at ! transept4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,mont-,,maj\r4 ,! :ole build+ is solidly con/ruct$ ) good a%l> "w4 ,! we/ doorway is r\nd ar*$1 & is surm\nt$ ) a l>ge po9t$ w9d[ f :i* ! pr9cipal light 9 ! *ur* is obta9$4 ,! ext]ior is z unornam5tal z ! int]ior4 ,! ea/ end 7,fig4 #ha7 is f9i%$ ) a polygonal apse1 ! w9d[s ( :i* 9 ! upp] *ur* are simple r\nd ar*es spr++ f %afts recess$ 9 ! jambs4 ,! ext]ior ( ! apse ( ! crypt is peculi>1 ow+ to ! =m ( ! segm5tal depress$ ar*es1 enclos+ deep recesses1 at ! inn] end ( :i* are ! small w9d[s ( ! crypt4 ,! depress$ =m ( ar* 0 probably adopt$ ow+ to ! want ( height & ! desire to admit z mu* light z possible4 ,! same segm5tal =m is also employ$ 9 ! cloi/] arcades4 ,! apse has be5 height5$ at a late p]iod & ! int]ior made circul>4 ,an enri*$ ,go?ic *apel has be5 add$ to ! nor? transept 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ext5sive ,go?ic build+s1 n[ 9 a /ate ( total ru9 7see ,figs4 #ha1 #hb7 h be5 ext5d$ to ! s\? ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,abbey ( ,mont-,maj\r conta9s a cloi/] 7,fig4 #hb7 ) ! same /yle ( ornam5t & sculpture1 b mu* simpl] 9 design ?an t ( ,/ ,trophime4 ,! cloi/] walk is cov]$ ) a pla9 b>rel vault con/ruct$ ) c>efully wr\ght /ones1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs re/+ on 8/ori$0 consoles built into ! wall4 ,! arcade is =m$ ) segm5tal ar*es spr++ f solid pi]s1 & flut$ pill>s1 ) ! simple/ cornice4 ,ea* l>ge ar* is fill$ 9 ) ?ree small r\nd ones1 spr++ f light %afts ) elaborately c>v$ caps4 ,! buttresses are flut$ l ^? ( ,/ ,trophime4 ,! orig9al lean-to ro(1 cov]$ ) /one flags & provid$ ) l>ge rude g>goyles & corbels1 is "h pres]v$1 & %ews :at t at ,arles 0 l :5 fir/ con/ruct$4 ,! cloi/] "h1 z at ,/ ,trophime1 is 9 ! orig9al ,prov5al /yle1 & is probably a relic ( an old] s]ies ( /ructures :i* exi/$ be=e ! pres5t *ur* 0 erect$ 9 ! second ,prov5al /yle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a rem>kable specim5 ( a plan m common 9 ! ,ea/ ?an ! ,we/ occurs 9 ! *apel ( ,,/e ,,croix 7,fig4 #hc71 :i* seems to h be5 ! mortu>y *apel ( ! monks4 ,! ma9 build+ consi/s ( f\r apses arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross1 & cr[n$ ov] ! ,illu/ration3 ,,*apelle ,,de ,,sa9te ,,croix ,,montmaj\r ,,fig4 #hc4 cross+ ) a squ>e dome4 ,?is is prec$$ by a squ>e por* ) simple b>rel vault1 sep>at$ by a door f ! *apel4 ,! :ole aspect 7,fig4 #hd7 & arrangem5ts ( ! edifice h a /range & =eign appe>ance1 & recall ! ar*itecture ( ! ,ea/4 ,at ! same "t ! high triangul> p$im5ts ( ! ext]ior1 & ! cornices1 egg m\ld+s1 modillions1 & ! simple circul> ar* ( ! doorway1 are all features *>act]i/ic ( ! late ,empire2 :ile ! ornam5tal cre/+ & o!r details are illu/rative ( ! ,ea/]n "* impress$ on ,roman "w at ,byzantium1 & !nce transport$ into ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! por* is an inscription attribut+ ! f\ndation to ,*>lemagne1 b ,mrime cle>ly proves t ?is is a =g]y1 & t ! date ( ! build+ is #ajai4 ,! *apel is only light$ ) ?ree small w9d[s1 :i* op5 ^u a little enclosure :]e num]\s %all[ graves h be5 excavat$ 9 ! rock4 ,a door 9 ! s\? apse also op5s into ?is gravey>d1 s t ! bodies might be c>ri$ into x f ! *apel aft] ! s]vice _h be5 p]=m$4 ,sev]al simil> graves are cut 9 ! rock 9 front ( ! por*4 ,^! excavations are all v ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,mortu>y ,,*apel1 ,,mont-,,maj\r4 small1 "s no m ?an #c feet long1 & d n appe> ev] to h be5 occupi$4 ,mrime is ( op9ion t 9 ord] to give _! %r9e z mu* appe>ance ( antiquity & sanctity z possible1 & especially to enable x to compete ) ! v successful cemet]y ( ! ,alyscamps at ,arles1 ! monks _h n only put up ! fabricat$ inscription above ref]r$ to1 b _h also caus$ ^! tr5*es to be cut 9 ! rock to repres5t ! graves ( m>tyrs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,mont-,,maj\r--,,! ,,keep1 ,,h]mitage1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,mont-,,maj\r--,,plans ,,& ,,section ,,( ,,keep4 ,we h already se5 t ?is mona/]y 0 =tifi$ & surr\nd$ ) walls4 ,b x 0 *iefly /r5g!n$ ) a great donjon1 su* z ! abbots1 :o 7 also great feudal lords1 frequ5tly con/ruct$ = _! own security1 & t ( ! monks & _! treasures1 9 case ( extremity4 ,?is keep 7,fig4 #he7 0 erect$ 9 #acfi by ,pons de l',orme4 ,x is v sub/antially built ) squ>e-dress$ /ones1 ! surface be+ left r\gh or bossy1 z 0 ! cu/om at t "t4 ,! build+ 7,fig4 #hf7 is a simple p>allelogram1 #dh feet by #cb feet1 ) a slight projection at "o angle to conta9 ! /aircase4 ,! doorway gives direct access to ! gr\nd floor1 :i* is vault$ ) a po9t$ tunnel vault1 ornam5t$ ) ribs spr++ f corbels 7see section74 ,a cell> occupies "p ( a l[] /ory1 :i* also conta9s a well4 ,! vault ov] ! gr\nd floor may possibly h =m$ a sep>ate d>k l(t or /ore1 = /orage ( provisions1 c4 ,! l[] portion ( ?is floor has "o w9d[ only4 ,! hall1 or *ief liv+ room1 0 on ! fir/ floor4 ,x is provid$ ) fire-places & cupbo>ds1 & is light$ by two w9d[s on "o side1 furni%$ ) /one seats4 ,! height ( ! t[] f ! basem5t to ! p>apet is ab\t #hj feet1 & ! top =ms a plat=m support$ on a po9t$ ar*4 ,! space betwe5 ! l[] & upp] vaults 0 divid$ into ?ree floors1 ) wood5 beams & joi/+4 ,! corbels = ^! /ill rema91 b all ! woodwork is de/roy$4 ,! plat=m on ! top is surr\nd$ ) a p>apet support$ on bold corbels4 ,at ! angles ! p>apet is r\nd$ (f1 s z to give ! effect ( project+ angle b>tizans4 ,f ! corbels se5 on ! ext]ior ( ! s\? side ( ! t[]1 at ! fir/ floor level1 x seems probable t "s k9d ( wood5 plat=m 0 con/ruct$ betwe5 ! keep & ! out] wall1 f :i* ! passage betwe5 !m1 :i* =m$ a pr9cipal access to ! abbey1 might be vigor\sly def5d$4 ,"o _c help be+ /ruck ) ! peculi>ly milit>y aspect ( ! t[]1 & its /range proximity to ! m sacr$ /ructures ( ! abbey4 ,! ru9s ( "s ,go?ic erections & ( ! sumptu\s edifice1 begun by ! ,b5$ict9e monks ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b int]rupt$ by ! break+ out ( ! ,revolution1 are visible 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a %ort run by rail we/w>d f ,arles takes to ! anci5t t[n & abbey *ur* ( ,,/ ,,gilles4 ,?is *ur*1 :i* is un=tunately b a fragm5t1 possesses ! f9e/ portal 9 ,prov5ce1 9 ! same /yle z t ( ,/ ,trophime at ,arles4 ,! t[n /&s on ! bran* ( ! ,rhone call$ ,le ,petit-,rhne1 :i* b\nds ! delta on ! we/4 ,x bore orig9ally ! "n ( ,vallis ,flaviana1 & is suppos$ to /& ne> ! site ( an anci5t ,roman city4 ,an abbey 0 f\nd$ "h by ,/ gidius 7or ,/ ,gilles7 9 ! six? c5tury1 ar\nd :i* ! t[n gradually clu/]$4 ,/ ,gilles 0 ! *ief priory ( ! ,knights ( ,/ ,john ( ,j]usalem1 & became a place ( su* importance t ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se took "o ( 8 titles f x1 be+ also call$ ! ,c\nt ( ,/ ,gilles4 ,x 0 "h t ,raymond ,,vi41 ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 9 #abji1 did p5ance = ! murd] ( ! ,papal legate1 ,pi]re de ,ca/elnau1 & = ! "p he took on ! side ( ! ,albig5ses4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,gilles 0 design$ on a gr& scale1 befitt+ ! condition ( ! place at ! "t1 b seems nev] to h be5 complet$1 ! works hav+ be5 int]rupt$ & de/roy$ dur+ ! crusades ( ! ,nor!rn ,franks aga9/ ! ,albig5ses ( ! ,s\?4 ,^! w>s =m$ a sort ( sequel to1 or cont9uation ( ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians4 ,! ,s\? ( ,gaul1 hav+ pres]v$ mu* ( its ,roman civilisation & municipal in/itutions1 _h become soon] settl$1 & _h m quickly reviv$ f an>*y ?an ! ,nor?4 ,?is l$ to an indep5d5t intellectual & religi\s developm5t1 :i* did n con=m to ! ideas ( religi\s unity !n preval5t4 ,crusades aga9/ ! ,infidels 9 ,syria & ,africa _h n[ become some:at /ale & unpr(itable2 b a crusade aga9/ ! ri* prov9ces ( ! ,s\? _h great attractions1 & 0 he>tily support$ by ! re/less & unsettl$ p ( ! ,nor?4 ,h5ce arose 7z already po9t$ out7 ! long & cruel w> 9 ,aquita9e & ,langu$oc--! ,crusad]s be+ l$ by ,simon de ,mont=t1 & ! p ( ! ,s\? by ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se4 ,9 ^! disa/r\s & bloody campaigns ! :ole c\ntry suff]$ t]ribly4 ,! t[ns 7 besieg$ & sack$1 & ! build+s de/roy$4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,/ ,gilles dates its decl9e f ! deva/ation !n inflict$ on x1 & f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,! foll[+ inscription1 said to be copi$ f an old] "o n[ lo/1 occurs on ! wall ne> :]e ! anci5t cloi/] /ood3--8,,anno ,,dom9i1 #aaaf1 ,,hoc ,,templum ,,sancti ,,egidii ,,dific>e ,,cepit ,,m5se ,,aprili ,,f]ia #b;,a ,,9 ,,octava ,,pas*ae40 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,gilles 0 ?us begun 9 #aaaf by ,alphonse ,j\rda91 son ( ,raymond ,,iv4 ( ,t\l\se4 ,!re /ill rema9s a portion ( a subt]ranean *ur*1 :i* =m$ ! sub/ructure ( ! int5d$ great build+ above1 & :i* dates f ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is well light$1 & divid$ into two ) a r[ ( columns support+ two l[ cross vaults1 ornam5t$ ) dog-too? enri*m5ts4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! outl9e ( ! great] works1 :i* c /ill be trac$1 rises ! exi/+ small *ur*1 :i* has all ! appe>ance ( a tempor>y erection4 ,x is 9 a late /yle & ( small importance ar*itecturally1 b x m>ks ! decl9e ( ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! t[n f its /ate at ! "t :5 ! great *ur* 0 f\nd$4 ,! really great & valuable "w1 h[ev]1 at ,/ ,gilles is ! spl5did triple portal 7,fig4 #hg71 :i* is by f> ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ example ( ,prov5al decoration4 ,e "p ( ! surface is cov]$ ) "w1 ei!r sculptur$ ) figures or enri*$ ) ornam5t1 & al?\gh ! rema9d] ( ! build+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,portal ,,( ,,/ ,,gilles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,s\? ,,doorway ,,( ,,/ ,,gilles4 7,enl>g$74 is incomplete1 e detail ( ! portal is f9i%$ 9 ! m9ute/ mann]4 ,at ! top ( a wide flight ( /eps rises an elevation consi/+ ( six pill>s 7five pla9 & "o flut$7 ) capitals closely imitat$ f ! ,cor9?ian model4 ,! bases are ( unequal height1 %ew+ t ! %afts h be5 possibly borr[$ f an anci5t s\rce4 ,! columns su/a9 an ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are int]rupt$ by ! r\nd ar*es ( ! ?ree doorways4 ,! ar*es ( ! two side entrances re/ on ! two end pill>s1 :ile t ( ! c5tral doorway1 :i* is wide & is divid$ into two op5+s by a c5tral pila/]1 spr+s f two small] columns set ^u p$e/als1 & also provid$ ) ,cor9?ian caps4 ,on ! bases ( ! columns ( ! lat]al doors 7,fig4 #hh7 bas-reliefs repres5t ,david z %eph]d & conqu]or ( ,golia?4 ,! %afts support+ ! l9tels ( ! doors re/1 z 0 g5]ally ! case 9 ,romanesque designs1 on lions4 ,! abbot1 sitt+ 9 ! gate to r5d] ju/ice1 0 plac$ betwe5 ^! lions2 h5ce ,*>t]s giv5 by him are sometimes dat$ 8int] leones40 ,a /ylobate ( ! height ( ! p$e/als is cont9u$ along beh9d ! pr9cipal columns1 on :i* re/s a s]ies ( pila/]s divid+ ! backgr\nd into recesses or ni*es conta9+ l>ge /atues ( ! apo/les4 ,! figures are execut$ ) "s fre$om aft] ! ,roman mann]1 & h n su* a m$ival aspect z ^? ( ,arles4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 evid5ce ( ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 ! ?9 folds ( ! drap]y1 & ! jewels & embroid]$ ornam5ts c>v$ ^u ! dresses4 ,! p$e/als1 ar*itrave1 cornice1 & ar* m\ld+s are enri*$ ) ,roman leaf & egg & bead ornam5ts1 mix$ ) fanciful ,romanesque c>v+s ( heads ( animals c41 9 ! modillions4 ,! frieze is cov]$ ) sculptures 9 bas-relief ( ,scripture subjects4 ,! c5tral tympanum conta9s ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 glory surr\nd$ by ! emblems ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s--t ( ! nor? doorway ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 ! c5tre1 ) ! adoration ( ! ,magi on "o side1 & ! annunciation ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ to ! %eph]ds on ! o!r4 ,9 ! s\? doorway is repres5t$ ! crucifixion4 ,?is portal 0 probably complet$ be=e ! break+ out ( ! ,albig5sian conflict1 ab\t #aaej4 ,! portals ( ,/ ,gilles & ,arles are ! mo/ spl5did productions ( ,prov5al art4 ,!y /& almo/ alone z portals among/ ! ,romanesque "w ( ! p]iod1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! impression t !y are importations f a di/ance r ?an a natural sequ5ce f simpl] prec$+ =ms out ( :i* !y might h gr[n4 ,x has be5 above po9t$ out t 9 ,syria _m *ur*es 7 built 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era 9 :i* ! ,greco-,roman /yle 0 p]petuat$ & receiv$ new developm5ts4 ,_m ( ^! *ur*es exi/ betwe5 ,antio* & ,aleppo1 9 :i* ! g5]al design & details ( m\ld+s are v simil> to ^? ( ! ,prov5al portals1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! ,syrian examples !re are no /atues1 z all su* images 7 =bidd5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,t c\ntry 0 tak5 by ! ,crusad]s 9 #ajih1 & rema9$1 z ! k+dom ( ,antio*1 "u ,we/]n gov]nm5t till #abfh4 ,! seaports ( ,prov5ce be+ ! natural c5tres ( communication betwe5 ! ,frank k+doms ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 x seem$ natural t "s new & =eign ideas %\ld be import$ !re4 ,h5ce x is ma9ta9$ by "s t ,syrian models _h consid]able influ5ce on ! ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce1 & t x is to t connection t mu* ( ! art express$ 9 ! portals ( ,/ ,gilles & ,arles is due4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 really no necessity to g s f> afield = ! models on :i* ,prov5al art 9 g5]al1 & ^! portals 9 p>ticul>1 7 bas$4 ,we h _h sev]al /rik+ opportunities ( obs]v+ h[ closely ! ,roman examples 7 foll[$ 9 ,prov5al ar*itecture2 :ile innum]able in/ances ( ! ,romanesque _s :i* p]vad$ x be=e & dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 might be adduc$ f ! _m beautiful cloi/]s 7simil> 9 /yle to ^? ( ,/ ,trophime & ,mont-maj\r7 :i* ab\nd all ov] ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,^! h be5 pres]v$1 :ile ! *ur*es h 9 _m cases be5 enl>g$ & recon/ruct$ 9 ! lat] & pla9] ,prov5al /yle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t elem5ts 9 ! old] /yle is ! figure sculpture1 & !re c be no "q b t ! idea ( ! /atues 0 d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( anci5t art s pl5tifully scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,/atues be+ entirely prohibit$ by ! ,ea/]n iconocla/s1 t elem5t c h _h no connection ) ! ,ea/1 al?\gh ! treatm5t ( ! ornam5t may be to "s ext5t influ5c$ by ,byzant9e feel+4 ,! trade betwe5 ! ,levant & ! ,we/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 consid]able1 & includ$ all k9ds ( arti/ic articles1 su* z furniture1 ornam5tal boxes1 dypticks1 wood5 cases = manuscripts1 & c>v$ ivory & goldsmi?'s "w4 ,^! 7 all cov]$ ) exquisite c>v+s1 :i*1 no d\bt1 s]v$ z models to ! ,we/]n nations1 & f :i* !y acquir$ a ta/e = ! special k9d ( sculpture kn[n z ,byzant9e4 ,x is f ! above s\rces t ! complete & elaborate ,prov5al art display$ 9 ! portals ( ,/ ,trophime & ,/ ,gilles sprang4 ,viollet-le-,duc rem>ks ( x t x is ri* & /rik+1 b gives ! idea ( an art ei!r fix$ by traditional maxims or 9 its decad5ce4 ,he /ates fur!r1 t x only succe$$ 9 produc+ a curi\s mixture ( div]se imitations ( o!r /yles4 ,! orig9ality & vig\r ( ! ,nor!rn art 0 entirely awant+4 ,! =m] /yle 0 satisfi$ ) ! imitation ( works already done1 :ile ! latt] borr[$ f ant]ior art only ! g5]al idea1 & creat$ = itself a new developm5t4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,roman rema9s act$ on ,prov5al ar*itecture bo? fav\rably & prejudicially2 9 ! fir/ place1 by /imulat+ x into a k9d ( e>ly classic revival1 & 9 ! second place1 by ?us prev5t+ ! free & heal?y developm5t ( a natural & untramell$ /yle1 su* z took place 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b1 s f> z ! ,romanesque /yle is conc]n$1 t ( ,prov5ce is probably q z int]e/+ & in/ructive z any o!r4 ,! connection ) ! art ( ,rome is cont9u$ almo/ )\t a break1 :ile ! conv]sion ( 8,roman0 into 8,romanesque0 is c>ri$ out ) a ref9em5t & complet5ess :i* is n to be f\nd else:]e1 & to :i* ! lat] ,nor!rn /yles are consid]ably indebt$1 especially 9 ! matt] ( sculpture4 ,/ ,gilles is ! mo/ conv5i5t po9t f :i* to visit ! solit>y & n[ desolate t[n ( ,,les ,,sa9tes ,,m>ies4 ,situat$ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,petit-,rhne x 0 =m]ly a place ( "s di/9ction4 ,"h l&$1 accord+ to tradition1 corroborat$ by ! inve/igations ( ,l5?ric1 ,m>y ,jacobi1 si/] ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ,m>y ,salome1 ,"m ( ! ,apo/les ,james 7! ,great]7 & ,john1 _! s]vant ,s>ah1 ,laz>us1 ,m>?a1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ,/ ,maxim9 7:o _h receiv$ 8 sight by ! ^w ( ,*ri/71 hav+ all be5 driv5 f ,j]usalem by p]secution4 ,m>y ,jacobi & ,m>y ,salome rema9$ "h1 & 7 "h buri$1 :5ce ! "n & fame ( ! t[n & ! cr[ds ( pilgrims :o at "o "t frequ5t$ x4 ,! *ur* 7,fig4 #hi7 is a v rem>kable "o4 ,x 0 built 9 ! twelf? c5tury on ! site ( "o de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & consi/s ( ! usual s+le nave1 hav+ sev5 bays 9 its l5g?1 ro($ ) a po9t$ b>rel vault1 & f9i%$ ) an ea/]n apse4 ,ext]nally ! :ole build+ is surm\nt$ ) a cr5ellat$ & ma*icolat$ p>apet1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a /rong =tification1 ) a keep t[] ris+ above ! ea/]n end4 ,! latt] includes ! apse1 :i* comprises ?ree *apels1 "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! l[e/1 or crypt1 conta9s ! tomb ( ,s>ah2 ! middle apse =ms ! *oir ( ! *ur*2 :ile above ?is !re rises a ?ird *apel 9 ! t[] above ! ro(1 conta9+ ! relics ( ! 8,sa9tes ,m>ies40 ,rudely sculptur$ lions adorn ! s\? entrance door1 & 9 ! nave !re is a well1 to supply wat] to ! congregation1 :o w\ld likewise =m ! g>rison 9 case ( siege4 ,?is rem>kable /ructure may be reg>d$ z a typical example ( ! def5sive /yle s mu* practis$ 9 ! ,s\?-,we/ ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,les ,,sa9tes ,,m>ies4 7,f ,rvoil47 ,,m>seilles4--,few relics are pres]v$ 9 ?is anci5t city ( its ,roman or m$ival /ructures2 ( ! latt] ! mo/ rem>kable is ! *ur* ( ,,/ ,,victor4 ,we h "h an in/ance ( ! p>tial adoption ( ! ,go?ic /yle 9 ! ,s\?1 & an attempt to comb9e ,go?ic details ) ,s\!rn /ructural features4 ,?is curi\s *ur*1 :i* /&s ne> ! anci5t port1 is all t rema9s ( ! once ext5sive build+s ( ! fam\s mona/]y f\nd$ 9 ! fif? c5tury by ,/ ,cassi54 ,"s portions ( ! primitive masonry are /ill to be se5 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,/ ,,victor1 ,,m>seilles4 ! crypt4 ,! build+s 7 sev]al times de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 b !y 7 f9ally rebuilt 9 _! exi/+ =m ab\t ! ye> #acej by ,pope ,urban ,v4 7=m]ly abbot ( ?is mona/]y71 :o also caus$ to be erect$ ! great squ>e t[]s & cr5ellat$ p>apets :i* give ! build+ ext]nally ! appe>ance ( a =tress 7,fig4 #ij74 ,"s relics ( ! e>ly ,romanesque "w are /ill visible 9 ! entrance por*4 ,! g5]al design ( ! int]ior 7,fig4 #ia7 is t ( a basilica1 ) c5tral nave & side aisles1 ! =m] ro($ ) a po9t$ tunnel vault /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs1 & orig9ally )\t a cl]e/ory1 al?\gh op5+s h m rec5tly be5 cut 9 ! vault4 ,^! g5]al dispositions are common 9 ,prov5al ar*itecture4 ,b ! details ( ! nave pi]s1 ) _! num]\s small %afts & foliat$ caps & bases are all borr[$ f ! ,go?ic ( ! ,nor?2 :ile ! tomb erect$ 9 ! we/-mo/ bay ( ! s\? aisle 7,fig4 #ib7 is a completely ,nor!rn design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,/ ,,victor1 ,,m>seilles4 ,! =tification ( ! ext]ior is a feature ( almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,s\?1 z has be5 already notic$1 & we %all meet ) o!r in/ances4 ,?is peculi> *>act]i/ic probably dates f ! "t ( ! crusades aga9/ ! ,albig5ses 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 :5 ! inhabitants 7 glad to adopt e means 9 _! p[] to obta9 protection1 & _h to turn ev5 _! *ur*es1 :i* 7 n sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( _! assailants1 into =tresses = _! def5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,monum5t ,,9 ,,/ ,,victor',s1 ,,m>seilles4 ,! frequ5t attacks ( ! ,s>ac5s may also h _h "s influ5ce 9 produc+ ?is /yle ( ext]ior 9 ! *ur*es ne> ! sea-coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,/ ,,sauveur1 ,,aix-,,en-,,prov5ce4 ,,aix-,,en-,,prov5ce1 :i* is easily rea*$ f ,m>seilles by a delightful railway r\te ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 reta9s few m>ks ( its di/9ction z ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! ,romans 9 ,gaul4 ,a few ,roman walls & pill>s f ! temple ( ,apollo1 toge!r ) "s fragm5ts 9 ! ,museum1 are all t ,aix c %ew ( ! orig9al ,aqu ,sexti4 ,b ! anci5t *ur* ( ,/ ,sauveur & its octagonal bapti/]y exhibit ! ,roman influ5ce1 ext5d+ d[n to a comp>atively late date4 ,! bapti/]y is ( ! six? c5tury1 b ! upp] portion has be5 re/or$ 9 ! /yle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & has ?us completely lo/ its prop] "*4 ,x is octagonal on plan1 ) eight monoli?ic granite columns tak5 f ! anci5t temple ( ,apollo set 9 ! angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,/ ,,sauveur1 ,,aix4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,sauveur 0 erect$ 9 #aajc1 & is suppos$ to h be5 built on "p ( ! cella ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,x n[ =ms ! s\? aisle ( ! enl>g$ ca!dral erect$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,/ ,,sauveur1 ,,aix-,,en-,,prov5ce4 ?is old *ur* 7accord+ to ,mrime7 is itself a re/oration ( a /ill m anci5t build+1 ( :i* "s rema9s are yet pres]v$ 9 ! we/]n portal 7,fig4 #ic71 ! ar*itecture ( :i* /rongly recalls t ( ,notre ,dame des ,doms at ,avignon4 ,"h we h ! same flut$ ,cor9?ian columns & cornice ) ,roman enri*m5ts1 & ar*$ op5+ betwe54 ,! small engag$ columns ) twi/$ & flut$ %afts & /raight ar*$ l9tel are1 h[ev]1 re/orations ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,to t date also belongs ! int]ior 7,fig4 #id71 ) its po9t$ tunnel vault /r5g!n$ at int]vals ) transv]se ar*es4 ,! ar*es :i* c>ry ! dome ov] ! orig9al c5tral comp>tm5t are r\nd4 ,! dome itself is octagonal1 ! angles be+ fill$ ) ar*$ p5d5tives4 ,! pi]s are simple pila/]s1 ) small classic-l pill>s introduc$ 9 ! angles ne> ! top1 to c>ry ! spr++ ( ! transv]se ar*es4 ,?is 0 a common arrangem5t 9 ,prov5al *ur*es1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,/ ,trophime1 ,arles4 ,! cloi/] ( ,/ ,sauveur 7,fig4 #ie7 is a f9e specim5 ( ! twelf? c5tury erections ( t description1 s num]\s 9 ?is "p ( ,france4 ,x is built 9 :ite m>ble1 & enri*$ ) a great v>iety ( ! ,romanesque or ,lomb>dic sculpture :i* di/+ui%$ ! "w ( ! ,nor!rn races4 ,! %afts are p>ticul>ly rem>kable f ! great v>iety ( _! =ms & ornam5t4 ,"s are octagonal1 :ile o!rs are twi/$ & flut$1 & "s are actually knott$ toge!r1 & ne>ly all are cov]$ ) c>v$ ornam5tation4 ,9 ^! & simil> works we h v palpable examples ( ! innovations on ! old] traditional =ms = :i* ! twelf? c5tury is s mu* not$4 ,( ! lat] *ur*1 ! c>v$ ,go?ic we/ doors 7execut$ #aejc71 conta9+ figures ( !ological virtues1 prophets1 c41 m+l$ ) ,go?ic canopies & trac]ies1 are wor?y ( c>eful inspection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 exhau/ive "w1 entitl$ 8,les ,villes ,mortes du ,golfe de ,lyon10 ,mons4 ,c4 ,l5?ric gives a full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! anci5t t[ns ( ,s\!rn ,gaul betwe5 ! ,rhone & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,_! orig9 & fall are %ewn to be bo? attributable to causes aris+ f ! natural configuration ( ! coa/4 ,! l& 9 ?is locality is flat1 & ! bea* %all[ & s&y1 :ile at ! same "t x is expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! viol5t /orms rais$ by ! ea/ w9ds :i* sweep ov] x f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! riv]s empty+ into ?is %all[ sea br+ d[n l>ge quantities ( s& & mud1 :i*1 be+ driv5 back by ! tides & /orms1 h 9 ! c\rse ( ages =m$ b>s or long l9es ( s&y dunes at "s di/ance f ! l&4 ,)9 ^! s& banks are ?us enclos$ long lagunes1 simil> to ! %all[ sea1 b\nd$ by ! well kn[n ,lido1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,v5ice /&s4 ,^! lagunes =m$ conv5i5t & safe h>b\rs = ! e>ly ,phnicians & o!r navigators1 & 7 suitable 9 dep? = ! size ( ! craft !n 9 use4 ,b gradually ! floods ( ! riv]s br\ght d[n m deposits1 & ev5 9 ,roman times ?reat5$ to block up ! passages ?r\gh ! lagunes to ! op5 sea4 ,x 0 only by build+ a /rong wall = ! purpose ( =c+ ! riv] ,aude to keep 9 a c]ta9 *annel1 s t :5 9 flood x might sc\r out ! passage1 & by ! erection ( beacons 9 ! lagune to m>k ! navigable c\rse1 t ! ,roman port ( ,n>bonne c\ld be kept op54 ,9 #acbj a great flood de/roy$ ! reta9+ wall & *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 aft] :i* ! ru9 ( ,n>bonne z a seaport 0 complete4 ,! t[n is n[ #h miles f ! sea1 & is connect$ ) 8la ,rob9e0 bran* ( ! ,canal du ,midi1 :i* unites ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,a simil> process to t at ,n>bonne has contribut$ to ! ru9 ( sev]al o!r anci5t t[ns 9 ?is prov9ce1--a di/rict :i* has also suff]$ m sev]ely ?an any o!r at ! h&s ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,=m+ z x does ! easie/ access f ,spa9 into ,prov5ce1 x necess>ily lay op5 to con/ant attack4 ,besides1 ! ,moors1 al?\gh driv5 across ! ,pyr5ees1 7 /ill ma/]s ( ! sea1 & z corsairs or pirates !y sc\r$ ! ,m$it]ranean = _m c5turies aft] ! "t ( ,c4 ,m>tel1 attack+ & plund]+ ! small] t[ns all r\nd ! coa/1 & 9 "s in/ances =tify+ !mselves on l& 9 /rong places :5ce !y c\ld issue to plund] ! m inl& c\ntry4 ,su* 0 _! e/abli%m5t at ! ,gr& ,frax9et1 9 ! m\nta9\s di/rict ly+ to ! ea/ ( ,t\lon1 :i* is /ill kn[n z ! 8*a9e des ,maures40 ,we %all h occasion to obs]ve "s ar*itectural effects result+ f _! invasions1 p>ticul>ly h[ ! inhabitants 7 =c$ to seek refuge on ! rocky heights1 & to build _! t[ns on ! top ( almo/ inaccessible m\nta9s4 ,! ,moors h also left traces ( _! pres5ce bo? 9 ! g5]al design & details ( sev]al ( ! edifices ( ! ,we/]n ,rivi]a4 ,proce$+ we/w>ds f ,m>seilles by rail & pass+ ,/ ,gilles1 we rea* ,montpelli]1 ! ar*itecture ( :i* is *iefly mod]n4 ,! anci5t *ur* ( ,maguelonne1 situat$ on ! out] b\nd>y ( ! lagunes1 may h[ev]1 be visit$ f "h4 ,x 0 =tifi$ & n unlike t ( ! ,/es4 ,m>ies4 ,omitt+ = ! pres5t ! wond]ful t[n ( ,aigues-,mortes1 to :i* we %all aga9 return1 we cont9ue our j\rney among/ ! lagunes1 pa/ ! cr[d$ mod]n seaport ( ,cette1 & ! anci5t t[n ( ,agde1 ) its d>k *ur* cr[n$ ) fr[n+ =tifications1 & at la/ rea* ,bzi]s1 a place ^: ar*itecture claims our att5tion4 ,b,,zi]s is an anci5t ,roman t[n1 :i* has /ill a few relics 9 ! %ape ( ,roman walls1 b no classic build+s ( any importance4 ,x /&s ^u a /eep hill ) almo/ p]p5dicul> faces t[>ds ! riv] ,orbe1 :i* fl[s r\nd its base4 ,! t[n 0 /rongly =tifi$1 & held a prom95t place z a =tress 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,l>ge masses ( ^! =tifications are /ill obs]vable to ! "r ( ! t]race at ! we/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,b,,zi]s1 ,,f ,,! ,,orbe4 end ( ! ca!dral 7,fig4 #if71 n[ cr[n$ ) a l>ge block ( build+ occupi$ z a ,h\se ( ,det5tion4 ,! spaci\s ma9 /reet ( ! t[n asc5ds ! hill f ! s\?-ea/1 & pres5ts on ei!r h& indications ( ! *ief indu/ry ( ! place 9 ! imm5se & cav]n\s-look+ cell>s fill$ ) innum]able b>rels ( alcohol1 :i*1 be+ 9 _m cases too num]\s = ! cell>s to conta91 encumb] ! /reet 9 great piles4 ,! effect ( a /reet compos$ ( ^! great vault$ caves is unique & rem>kable4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,nazaire /&s on ! summit ( ! hill4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ ) a =tifi$ ence9te1 &1 =m+ ! *ief citadel ( ! t[n1 x 0 /rongly built & design$ = def5ce4 ,! transept is ! olde/ portion1 dat+ f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! s\!rn angle buttresses are cr[n$ ) a p>apet1 pi]c$ ) flank+ loop-holes1 angl$ s z to s5d missiles 9 e direction4 ,! cornice ( ^! p>apets is rem>kable1 & pres5ts a good illu/ration ( ! ,ori5tal or ,s>ac5ic influ5ce above ref]r$ to 7,fig4 #ig74 ,! s\? transept comm&s ! cloi/]1 ! walls ( :i* 7 cr5ellat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,t[] ,,s\? ,,side ,,( ,,/ ,,nazaire1 ,b,,zi]s4 ,bzi]s suff]$ m1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r place dur+ ! ,albig5sian ,crusades4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! t[n 0 tak51 e human be+ 0 put to ! sword1 to ! numb]1 x is said1 ( #fj1jjj s\ls4 ,! build+s & def5ces 7 9 great measure de/roy$1 & ! ca!dral 0 p>tly rebuilt & re-=tifi$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! we/ end comm&s ! walls :i* cr[n ! esc>pm5ts above ! ,orbe1 & is /rongly def5d$ ) two cr5ellat$ t[]s1 & by a wide ar*$ ma*icolation surm\nt+ ! we/ doorway & ,rose w9d[ above x 7,fig4 #if74 ,an embrasur$ p>apet is plac$ above ?is1 & ?ree ornam5tal corbels jut out f ! face ( ! wall1 to enable ! def5d]s to approa* ! p>apet & man x4 ,^! corbels are1 h[ev]1 n jo9$ to ! p>apet1 al?\gh !y divide ! long ar*$ ma*icolation into f\r small] ones4 ,! embrasures & ma*icolations are all provid$ 7z usual 9 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5tury "w7 ) bold beads or m\ld+s1 to prev5t arr[s & bolts f rico*et+ )9 ! p>apet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,apse1 ,,/ ,,nazaire1 ,b,,zi]s4 ,! ea/]n apse 0 also rebuilt 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,"h also 7,fig4 #ih7 wide ma*icolations are =m$ by ar*es ?r[n across betwe5 ! buttresses1 :ile ! p>apet above is f9i%$ ) an op5 arcad$ balu/rade1 :i*1 9 an ecclesia/ical build+1 is m appropriate ?an an ord9>y cr5ellation1 & s]ves ! same purpose equally well4 ,^! def5ces protect ! l>ge w9d[s bel[ f be+ tak5 by escalade1 :ile1 = /ill fur!r security1 ! w9d[s !mselves are completely cov]$ ) /rong ornam5tal iron grilles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,/ ,,nazaire1 ,b,,zi]s4 ,! int]ior 7,fig4 #ii7 exhibits a f9e in/ance ( ,go?ic design engraft$ on ! ,s\!rn gr\nd plan4 ,! *oir is a simple wide hall1 t]m9at$ ) an apse ( ! full wid?1 & conta9+ n9e bays2 :ile ! gro9$ & ribb$ vault+1 & all ! details ( ! w9d[s1 ar*es1 & %afts1 ) _! ornam5tation1 is entirely ,go?ic4 ,! l[] "p has be5 f9i%$ at a mu* lat] p]iod ) ,r5aissance woodwork4 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! apse vault+ is c>ri$ out !re is a /rong rem9isc5ce ( ! domical =m2 :ile ! upright wall above ! vault+1 ) its circul> eye at ! junction ( apse & *oir1 is a feature :i* recalls _m ,prov5al examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,f\nta9 ,,9 ,,cloi/]s1 ,b,,zi]s4 ,! cloi/]s are situat$ to ! s\? ( ! *ur*1 & are 9 good pres]vation4 ,_! design is completely ,nor!rn1 ( ! some:at cold /yle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! arcade is op51 & )\t trac]y1 ) l>ge buttresses betwe51 c>ri$ up ) p9nacles above ! balu/rade4 ,! f\nta9 9 ! c5tre ( ! cloi/]-g>? is simple b effective 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,! view ( ! t[n & ca!dral f ! riv] 7,fig4 #ih7 is v f9e4 ,! great mass ( ! ca!dral is se5 t[]+ above ! huge rema9s ( ! anci5t =tifications2 :ile 9 ! =egr\nd ! ,orbe is damm$ up1 & =ms ! motive p[] ( a numb] ( picturesque mills 9 ! =m ( t[]s4 ,an anci5t bridge spans ! riv] l[] d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,h\se ,,9 ,b,,zi]s4 ,ne> ! ca!dral is a h\se ( ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury1 ) a qua9t b[ w9d[ 7,fig4 #aja74 ,! great corbels ov] ! w9d[ to ! left h no d\bt be5 = ! purpose ( support+ "s k9d ( balcony 9 connection ) ! def5ce ( ! entrance doorway bel[4 ,9 ! di/rict we are n[ trav]s+ _m int]e/+ examples /ill exi/ ( ! anci5t ,prov5al /yle simil> to ^? already illu/rat$4 ,at ,puisalicon1 ne> ,bzi]s1 !re occurs a rem>kable specim5 ( a campanile1 ) ?ree ti]s ( ar*$ op5+s1 l ^? ( ,italy 7see ,f]gusson's ,h&book74 ,at ,/ ,pi]re de ,r$des1 ne> ,b$>ieux1 ! anci5t *ur* consi/s ( a long nave ) b>rel vault1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs1 :i* spr+ f a s]ies ( d\ble columns1 ( :i* ! arrangem5t is evid5tly borr[$ f ! ,antique 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,/ ,,pi]re ,,de ,,r$des4 7,f ,rvoil74 ,/ ,m>t9 de ,londres 7,h]ault7 may also be m5tion$ z hav+ a tri-apsal ea/ end1 :ile ! ext]ior is ornam5t$ ) ! arcad$ patt]n s common on ! ,rh9e & 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,,n>bonne4--,:5 ! ,romans1 ,b4,c4 #aah1 became ma/]s ( ,s\!rn ,gaul1 !y e/abli%$1 "u ! lead]%ip ( an en?usia/ic "y patrician call$ ,lic9ius ,crassus1 a colony 9 ! anci5t ,phnician port1 d$icat+ x to ,m>s1 & giv+ x ! "n ( ,n>bo ,m>tius4 ,a pr9cipal object ( ?is colony 0 to secure ! road into ,spa94 ,aft] a "t ! fir/ f\ndation became weak1 &1 ,b4,c4 #de1 a new colony 0 l$ out f ,rome by ,tib]ius ,claudius ,n]o4 ,n>bo ,m>tius 0 !n capital ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1 :i* ext5d$ f ! ,alps to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,"u ! ,empire1 !re arose 9 ?is fav\r$ colony1 on ! banks ( ! ,atax or ,aude1 a complete image on a small scale ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 ) its curia1 duumvirs1 consuls1 pretors1 que/ors1 etc41 & x 0 adorn$ ) a ,=um1 ,temples1 ,m>kets1 ,ba?s1 & ,amphi!atre4 ,( ^! f9e ,roman edifices n "o rema9s4 ,su* ( !m z escap$ ! deva/ations ( ! ,go?s & ,s>ac5s are said to h be5 demoli%$ by ,ri*elieu1 t ! mat]ials might be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! new =tifications ( ! t[n erect$ by him4 ,! eng9e] ( ^! works seems to h _h m rev]5ce = anci5t art ?an 8 pr9cely ma/]1 = he collect$ all ! sculptur$ fragm5ts1 & built !m into ! walls :]e !y c\ld easily be se54 ,! =tifications ?us =m$ a k9d ( op5 air museum ( anci5t sculptures & inscriptions2 b !y h n[1 9 _! turn1 be5 remov$ to make room = ! expansion ( ! t[n4 ,! ,roman monum5ts1 h[ev]1 h be5 pres]v$1 & are plac$ 9 ! m$ival ,episcopal ,palace1 :i* has be5 p>tly conv]t$ into a museum4 ,! important ar*itectural works :i* /ill exi/ are all conc5trat$ r\nd ! ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,j 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,z at ,bzi]s1 ! ,ca!dral =m$ "p ( ! =tifications ( ! ,ar*bi%op's ,palace4 ,x is "o ( ^? designs 9 ,nor!rn ,go?ic :i* look z if transplant$ into ,s\!rn soil4 ,! :ole "* ( ! build+s is ,nor!rn4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! /eep ro(s & gables1 ! sub-divid$ =ms ( ! vault+1 ! sections ( ! m\ld+s1 ! "* ( ! cloi/]s1 ! %ape ( ! w9d[s1 ! dispositions ( ! plan1 or ! def5sive arrangem5ts1 ! :ole design app]ta9s to ! /yle ( ! ,royal ,doma94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,/ ,,j1 ,,n>bonne4 ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc %ews ! v close resemblance betwe5 ! plans ( ,/ ,j & ^? ( ! ,ca!drals ( ,limoges & ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne4 ,^! he reg>ds z ! ?ree mo/ spl5did & rem>kably simil> examples ( ! ,go?ic ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & he ?9ks t !y h probably all be5 design$ by ! same man4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,n>bonne is di/+ui%$ by ! beauty & skill ( its con/ruction4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,go?ic ar*itects _h arriv$ at great p]fection 9 ! art ( build+4 ,! v>i\s =ces 9 connection ) ! vault+ _h become p]fectly und]/ood1 & "h ! ar*itect has endeav\r$ to %ew h[ accurately he c\ld calculate !m4 ,all ! m\ld+s are c>efully pr(il$1 & ! p5etrations & junctions admirably manag$2 b sculpture is almo/ entirely disp5s$ )1 ev5 ! caps ( ! columns hav+ no foliage4 ,z a piece ( ar*itectural eng9e]+ ! build+ is p]fect1 & has /ood )\t a flaw2 b x r wants int]e/ ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ornam5tation4 ,x 0 begun on a great scale1 b1 ow+ to want ( funds1 only ! *oir has be5 erect$4 ,! vault is ne>ly z high z ^? ( ,beauvais & ,cologne4 ,! abs5ce ( decoration 9 ! build+ itself is1 to "s ext5t1 comp5sat$ by ! ri*ness & beauty ( ! tombs & monum5ts ins]t$ betwe5 ! pi]s ( ! *oir4 ,t ( ,ar*bi%op ,pi]re de la ,juge is specially ri* 9 sculpture1 & /ill reta9s "s f9e pa9t+4 ,l mo/ ( ! *ur*es 9 ! ,s\?1 ,/ ,j is =tifi$1 &1 along ) ! ,ar*bi%op's ,palace1 =m$ ! citadel ( ! city1 & occupi$ ! site ( ! ,roman ,=um4 ,! =tifications consi/ 9 a d\ble ti] ( cr5ellations1 :i* take ! place ( ! usual balu/rades ov] ! *apels1 & are cont9u$ r\nd ! apse1 ) ar*$ passages :i* re/ on pi]s br\ght up f ! *apels ( ! 8rond po9t10 & are cr[n$ ) turrets :i*1 z well z ! connect+ bridges1 are all provid$ ) cr5ellat$ p>apets4 ,^! airy provisions = def5ce give an unusual & v s+ul> appe>ance to ! ext]ior ( ! apse 7see view1 ,fig4 #ajc74 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ,n>bonne 0 a place ( great importance1 b1 ow+ to ! silt+ up ( ! h>b\r 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 its comm]ce & rev5ues 7 greatly dim9i%$4 ,! ,ar*bi%op's ,palace 0 an imm5se ca/le1 some:at aft] ! type ( ! ,pope's ,palace at ,avignon4 ,! anci5t city ( ,n>bonne pres]v$1 till ! twelf? c5tury1 mu* ( its ,roman municipal adm9i/ration--! ,commune hav+ c\ncillors ) ! title ( probi hom9es1 aft]w>ds *ang$ to t ( consuls1 :o n only c>ri$ on ! int]nal affairs ( ! city1 b negotiat$ treaties ) ,g5oa1 ,pisa1 & o!r p[]s4 ,z inv>iably happ5$1 h[ev]1 ^! rights 7 encroa*$ ^u by ! feudal sup]iors4 ,at ,n>bonne ! ,ar*bi%op claim$ ! sup]iority1 & 9 #abab he decl>$ himself ,duke1 & receiv$ ! homage ( ! ,c\nt1 :o 0 ! lay sup]ior4 ,^! diff]5t p[]s 9 ! t[n 7 naturally 9 a /ate ( con/ant w>f>e1 &1 9 accordance ) ! usage ( ! times1 ! ,ar*bi%op resolv$ to =tify himself )9 a ca/le ( /r5g? & dignity comm5surate ) 8 importance z ,primate ( ,gaul--a title assum$ by ! prelate :o 0 9 (fice 9 #ajif4 ,a few portions ( ! palace ( ! twelf? c5tury rema91 b x has ne>ly all giv5 way to works erect$ at lat] p]iods4 ,! build+ is n[ conv]t$ into ! ,htel de ,ville & ,museum2 &1 9 ord] to c>ry out ! alt]ations requir$1 toge!r ) ! new works 7:i* 7 execut$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,viollet-le-,duc7 "s ( ! old build+s & f\ndations _h to be cle>$ out4 ,?is new "w occupies ! c5tral space betwe5 ! two old t[]s 7see ,fig4 #ajc74 ,! ar*itect _h ?us an excell5t opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! exact =m & arrangem5t ( ! anci5t palace1 & ( prep>+ ! plan ( x giv5 9 8 8,dictionnaire40 ,at ! s\?-ea/ angle /&s ! great t[] or keep 7to ! left 9 ! view71 comm&+ ! canal & ! 8place10 & ov]topp+ ! t[] ( ! ,c\nt1 :i* /ood opposite to x4 ,?is t[] 0 built by ,ar*bi%op ,gilles ,ascel9 9 #acah1 & =ms an indep5d5t r$\bt4 ,x is f\r /orys 9 height4 ,! basem5t is circul> int]nally1 &1 z usual1 has no op5+s to ! ext]ior1 be+ only rea*$ f ! floor above by an ap]ture 9 ! vault4 ,! fir/ floor is octagonal int]nally & vault$4 ,x is int5d$ = def5ce1 & is provid$ ) passages 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 f :i* div]g+ loopholes comm& ! ext]ior 9 all directions4 ,! ?ird floor is squ>e int]nally1 & has be5 ! liv+ room1 be+ furni%$ ) w9d[s on ?ree sides & a fireplace1 & _h a wood5 ceil+4 ,! top /ory is also squ>e1 & is cov]$ ) a po9t$ vault4 ,x has ?ree w9d[s1 & *amb]s 9 ! wall provid$ ) loops = def5ce4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ro( & angle turrets is some:at rem>kable4 ,! c5tral plat=m ( ! ro( is "s feet l[] ?an ! p>apet walk1 & is connect$ ) x by a s]ies ( /eps ris+ along ea* side4 ,! angle turrets are ?ree /orys 9 height1 & access is obta9$ to ! diff]5t /ages1 #a/1 f ! plat=m ro(2 #bnd1 f ! p>apet walk2 & #crd1 by /eps up f ! latt] to ! p>apet on ! top ( ! turrets4 ,! t[] 0 =tifi$ on its ?ree angles next ! outside1 ) ! above =midable turrets1 :i* 7 probably fur!r arm$ ) "s k9d ( wood5 ma*icolations 9 "t ( dang]4 ,! f\r? angle1 next ! inn] c\rty>d1 conta9$ ! /aircase ) a wat* turret c>ri$ up above x4 ,! o!r portions ( ! palace compris$ an imm5se hall1 & ! num]\s liv+ ap>tm5ts ( ! ar*bi%op & 8 reta9]s4 ,! entrance 0 by a long op5 passage well def5d$ f high walls on ei!r side4 ,)9 ! =tifi$ enclosure 7 also ! cloi/]s & *apt] h\se4 ,^! are ( a some:at late & cold design1 dat+ f #acge4 ,! ro(1 :i* is flat1 =m$ an agreeable prom5ade )9 ! walls4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,paul1 beyond ! canal1 is an example ( ! mixture ( ! ,go?ic & ,s\!rn /yles4 ,! pi]s are light & l(ty1 & exhibit a ,go?ic "* mix$ ) s\v5irs ( ! heavi] prec$+ /yle1 9 ! small & few w9d[s1 ! 8hi/ori$0 caps1 c4 ,on ! way betwe5 ,n>bonne & ,p]pignan ample opportunity is af=d$1 z ! railway runs along betwe5 ! l5g?y lagunes & ?r\gh ! dre>y salt m>%es1 ( obs]v+ ! process ( silt+ up :i* has "h be5 9 progress = c5turies1 & :i* has _h su* a m>k$ influ5ce 9 *ang+ ! "* ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 affect+ ! =tunes ( ! v>i\s cities :i* =m]ly fl\ri%$ on ! prosp]\s banks ( ^! inl& seas1 n[ s desolate & pe/if]\s4 ,aft] pass+ ! lagunes we rea* ! wide & f]tile pla9 ( ,r\ssillon1 :]e ! process ( silt+ up has long be5 complet$1 & :]e fruitful g>d5s n[ take ! place ( m>%y wa/es4 ,"h too ! sn[-capp$ ,pyr5ees1 surm\nt$ by ! l(ty peak ( ,mont ,canig\1 come into view1 b\nd+ ! prospect to ! s\?1 & po9t+ to ! vic9ity ( ! ,spani% fronti]4 ,! language & ar*itecture ( ! prov9ce also emphasise its ,spani% "*4 ,,p]pignan1 :i* /&s ne> ! rapid riv] ,tet1 has _m po9ts :i* di/+ui% x f ! t[ns we h j pass$ fur!r nor?4 ,a prom95t feature ( ! ar*itecture1 d\btless ,moori% 9 orig91 is ! enorm\s size ( ! v\ssoirs ( ! ar*es4 ,9 "o old build+1 call$ ! ,b\rse1 ! v\ssoirs ( ! circul> ar* ( ! doorway are q #f feet 9 l5g?4 ,num]\s fragm5ts ( ?is peculi> /yle1 & ( walls built ) ! h]r+-bone "w *>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntry1 are to be met ) 9 ! t[n1 b !re are no really good & complete specim5s4 ,"s ( ! int]ior c\rty>ds1 ) _! wood5 balconies1 are v =eign look+ & picturesque examples ( ! ,spani% influ5ce4 ,! ca/ellet 7,fig4 #ajd7 :i* def5ds ! gate ( ! city close to ! riv]1 has q a diff]5t aspect f t ( ,fr5* ca/ellat$ "w4 ,x is entirely built 9 brickwork1 ev5 ! great corbels ( ! p>apet be+ ( t mat]ial4 ,?is small ca/le 0 erect$ by ,*>les ,v41 & =m$ ! orig9al gateway ( ! t[n4 ,x consi/s ( two ne>ly r\nd t[]s1 ) project+ circul> turrets on _! faces1 & a d\ble curta9 wall betwe51 ?r\gh :i* ! d\ble gates no d\bt =m]ly pass$4 ,! /ructure is surm\nt$ ) an octagonal t[]1 hav+ a boldly ov]hang+ p>apet1 :i* recalls ! milit>y ar*itecture ( ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 z exhibit$ 9 build+s su* z ! ,badia at ,flor5ce & ! ,ca/le ( ,f]r>a4 ,! inn] ar*way ) its enorm\s v\ssoirs /ill exi/s4 ,! gateway n[ 9 use adjo9s ! ca/ellet on ! ea/ side 7on ! left 9 ! sket*71 & is provid$ ) a drawbridge4 ,?is 0 probably erect$ :5 ! sy/em ( =tification 0 alt]$1 & ! out] works %ewn 9 ! sket* & conta9+ embrasures = cannons 7 erect$4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,jean 7,fig4 #aje7 we h a v *>act]i/ic example ( ! ,s\!rn /yle4 ,x consi/s1 z usual1 ( "o great hall or nave1 )\t side aisles1 & ) a s]ies ( l(ty *apels1 betwe5 ! buttresses1 :i* are ?us enclos$ )9 ! build+4 ,! *ur* has a vault ( fully #fj feet 9 wid?1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,! ,,ca/ellet1 ,,p]pignan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,/ ,,jean1 ,,p]pignan4 is lightly & boldly spann$ ) po9t$ & gro9$ vault+4 ,! apse is simil> 9 "* to t at ,bzi]s4 ,! vault+ ( ?is "p 0 complet$ "u ,*>les ,v41 & indicates its late date by its int]p5etrat+ ribs4 ,!re is almo/ no ornam5t1 ! ar*itects ( ! "t giv+ _! att5tion *iefly to ! sci5tific con/ruction ( _! edifices4 ,/ ,jean 0 f\nd$ by ,san*o ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,majorca1 9 #acbd4 ,?is 0 long be=e ,r\ssillon came "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,france1 :i* only took place "u ,l\is ,,xi4 ,! /yle ( ! build+ is ?us n affect$ by ! importation ( ! /yle ( ! ,nor?1 z at ,n>bonne1 except z reg>ds ! vault+1 :i* is ( a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,"s relics ( a m anci5t ,*ur* ( ,/ ,jean 7le ,vieux7 adjo9 ! ca!dral1 & conta9 "s int]e/+ ,romanesque "w4 ,/ ,jacques 7?irte5? c5tury7 has a rem>kable t[]1 & ! ru9s ( ! ,dom9ican conv5t & *ur* conta9 good cloi/]s1 two sides be+ ,romanesque1 & ! o!rs f\rte5? c5tury "w1 ) caps be>+ %ields1 etc4 ,! citadel1 :i* occupies ! site ( ! ca/le ( ! k+s ( ,m9orca is n[ a p[]ful =tress1 a la ,vauban4 ,x conta9s ! ru9s ( an anci5t *ur* ) a doorway1 ! v\ssoirs ( :i* are l>ge1 & compos$ ( alt]nate r$ & :ite /one 9 ! /yle ( ,catalonia4 ,a v int]e/+ & agreeable excursion may be made f ,p]pignan to ,elne1 a few miles fur!r s\?4 ,,elne1 ,,9 ,,r\ssillon1 /&s on a height 9 ! mid/ ( ! great pla9 :i* ext5ds to ! base ( ! ,pyr5ees ne> ! fronti] ( ,spa91 & is a t[n ( great antiquity4 ,x 0 9 anci5t times a seaport1 b is n[ sep>at$ f ! sea by a wide & level expanse ( c\ntry4 ,elne1 or z x 0 anci5tly call$1 ,illib]ris1 0 a ,celtic city be=e x 0 frequ5t$ by ! ,phnicians z "o ( _! ports4 ,! fir/ ,phnician colony 0 de/roy$ be=e we h any detail$ hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 rebuilt by ! ,illib]ians1 & aga9 ru9$4 ,once m re/or$ by ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 x cont9u$1 s long z its connection ) ! sea la/$1 an opul5t & popul\s place4 ,b :51 ?r\gh ! silt+ up ( ! wat]-way1 x ceas$ to be a seaport1 its prosp]ity dep>t$1 & ! t[n has gradually decl9$1 till x is n[ r$uc$ to a m]e village p]*$ on ! top ( a rock4 ,con/ant9e gave x ! title ( ,ca/rum ,hel51 :5ce its pres5t "n is d]iv$4 ,9 #abhe & #adgd ,elne 0 aga9 besieg$ & de/roy$4 ,^! ev5ts help$ to ha/5 its decay1 & f9ally its ,bi%op's ,see1 :i* _h exi/$ f ! fif? c5tury1 0 remov$ to ,p]pignan 9 #afjb4 ,"s portions ( ! anci5t walls1 built ) ! h]r+-bone "w s common 9 ?is di/rict1 h n yet entirely crumbl$ away1 & ! t[n is /ill ent]$ ?r\gh a po9t$ gateway 7,fig4 #ajf7 built ) :ite m>ble1 ! passage ?r\gh :i* is provid$ ) a portcullis groove4 ,! anci5t *ur* occupies ! highe/ "p ( ! rocky site4 ,x is v pla9 ext]nally & %ews ! m>ks ( _m alt]ations4 ,! ca!dral _h be5 twice built 9 ! pla91 b 0 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,?is l$ ! ,bi%op ,brang] 9 #ajai to transf] x to its pres5t secur] site )9 ! walls ( ! ca/le4 ,! exi/+ /ructure is ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! masonry is r\ghly built1 p>tly ) h]r+-bone "w1 & 9 "s cases ! ar*es ( ! w9d[s are di/+ui%$ ) d>k-col\r$ /ones4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into a nave & two aisles1 ! tunnel vault ( ! nave be+ po9t$ & /r5g!n$ ) r\nd transv]se ribs4 ,! side aisles are vault$ ) a half ar* ?r[n aga9/ ! walls ( ! nave l a cont9u\s fly+ buttress4 ,! vaults next ! we/ end h1 h[ev]1 be5 recon/ruct$ ) cross ribs1 a re/oration probably ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! :ole ( ! "w is ( ! simple/ "* & almo/ )\t ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,m>ble ,,gateway1 ,,elne4 ,at ! ea/ end 7,fig4 #ajg7 ! anci5t apse ) its circul> arcade is visible1 ris+ above ! f\ndations ( a l>g] *oir :i* 0 begun 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b /ill /&s unf9i%$1 ! works hav+ evid5tly be5 int]rupt$ be=e !y _h rea*$ ! height ( #aj feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! new *oir is design$ on ! plan ( a ,nor!rn 8*evet0 or apsidal ea/ end1 ) radiat+ *apels4 ,! campanile is notewor?y z a design ( t class ( edifices closely imitat$ f ^? ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,elne ,,ca!dral ,b ! mo/ truly attractive & rem>kable "p ( ! antiquities ( ,elne is ! beautiful cloi/] 7,fig4 #ajh71 :i*1 =tunately1 is /ill complete & 9 f9e pres]vation4 ,ea* side ( ! enclosure has1 besides ! angle pi]s1 ?ree int]m$iate squ>e pi]s1 ! spaces betwe5 !m be+ ea* divid$ into a triple arcade1 support$ on c\pl$ columns1 ! %afts ( :i* are ornam5t$ ) all k9ds ( twi/s & foliat$ decoration4 ,! :ole is execut$ 9 :ite m>ble1 & f9i%$ ) great delicacy1 =m+ ! ri*e/ example rema9+ ( ?is class ( cloi/]1 ( :i* s _m f9e specim5s occur 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! "w is ( v>i\s p]iods1 f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ portions exhibit1 9 _! ornam5t1 a /rong ,byzant9e feel+1 :i* ! arti/s ( ! lat] p]iods h endeav\r$ to imitate 9 ! portions ( ! cloi/]s subsequ5tly built4 ,! %afts & caps ( ! lat] columns are z ri*ly c>v$ z ! old] ones1 b !y are cov]$ ) ornam5t ( a mu* less conv5tional "*1 & m 9 ! /yle ( ! natural foliage univ]sally employ$ 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,to a lat] p]iod also belong ! gro9$ & ribb$ vaults ) :i* ! cloi/] is ro($1 & ! corbels 9 ! walls f :i* ! ribs spr+ & :i* are =m$ z panels conta9+ figure subjects f9ely execut$4 ,! doorway f ! cloi/] into ! *ur* is po9t$1 & has v\ssoirs ( :ite & r$ m>ble alt]nat+--a /yle ( decoration v usual 9 ! ,s\?1 & :i* may p]haps be ! result ( ! proximity to ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,sev]al int]e/+ bas-reliefs & o!r anci5t fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$ by be+ built into ! walls4 ,,c>cassonne4--,an ar*itectural description ( ! edifices ( ,prov5ce & ! ,rivi]a w\ld be incomplete )\t "s acc\nt ( ! two mo/ p]fect examples ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,cloi/]s ,,at ,,elne4 ,m$ival ca/ellat$ ar*itecture :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! t[ns ( ,c>cassonne & ,aigues ,mortes4 ,^! are1 f _! excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 q unique1 & f> surpass 9 ext5t & int]e/ ! rema9s ( ! =tifications ( any ( ! o!r cities ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! t[n ( ,c>cassonne is situat$ on ! riv] ,aude1 :i* is spann$ by two bridges1 "o ( !m dat+ f #aahd4 ,! portion on ! left or nor? bank 0 a 8ba/ide10 or deta*$ t[n1 laid out 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,l\is2 ! /reets be+ all drawn at "r angles1 z 0 usual 9 ! t[ns !n erect$ on new sites4 ,su* 7 ! num]\s villes-neuves con/ruct$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 9 ! ,s\?-we/ ( ,france1 & :i* he end[$ ) c]ta9 privileges1 9 ord] to induce m5 to settle 9 !m1 & ?us increase ! population & /r5g? ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,c>cassonne4 ,! anci5t cit ( ,c>cassonne /&s on ! summit ( a hill on ! "r bank ( ! riv]4 ,x is /ill surr\nd$ by its d\ble wall ( ence9te1 /udd$ ) r\nd & squ>e t[]s1 & dom9at$ by ! masses ( ! anci5t ca/le1 :i* rise boldly above ! /eep & rocky hillside1 & pres5t a sight z novel & picturesque z c well be imag9$ 7,fig4 #aji74 ,! site is naturally a /rong "o1 & 0 d\btless occupi$ f a v e>ly p]iod z a primitive =tress4 ,x aft]w>ds became a ,roman t[n1 & 0 surr\nd$ by ! ,romans ) walls4 ,! ,visigo?s1 :o 7 absorb$ into ! native population & cont9u$ ! ,roman civilisation1 rebuilt ! walls1 "s ( :i* /ill survive1 app>5tly on ! ,roman f\ndations & aft] ! ,roman mann]4 ,! ,roman sy/em ( =tification consi/$ 9 erect+ two walls to =m an out] & inn] face1 ! space betwe5 :i* 0 fill$ up ) e>? & /ones4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd on ! inside ( ! =tress 0 kept mu* high] ?an t on ! ext]ior1 & a broad p>apet walk1 easily accessible f ! int]ior level1 ran r\nd ! top ( ! wall1 & 0 protect$ t[>ds ! outside ) a p>apet4 ,at ,c>cassonne ! m anci5t p>ts ( ! curta9s are compos$ ( two walls built ) small cubic masonry1 alt]nat+ ) c\rses ( ?9 bricks 7,fig4 #aaj71 ! c5tral space be+1 h[ev]1 fill$1 n ) e>?1 b ) rubble masonry & mort>4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd is mu* high] next ! t[n ?an t[>ds ! ext]ior4 ,"s ( ! t[]s ( ! ,visigo?s /ill rema91 & rise consid]ably above ! curta9s4 ,^!1 l ! t[]s ( ! ,romans1 are circul> to ! ext]ior & squ>e next ! city1 on :i* side !y are also op51 bo? = ! purpose ( admitt+ ( munitions be+ easily hoi/$ up to !m f bel[1 & also to r5d] !m useless 9 ! h&s ( an enemy z aga9/ ! t[n4 ,ext]nally !y are furni%$ ) embrasures at ! top1 :i* 7 provid$ ) a sw++ wood5 %utt] = def5ce1 to support ! pivots ( :i* /one hooks are ins]t$ at ! eaves4 ,! top is cov]$ ) a po9t$ ro( 7see ,fig4 #aaj74 ,! t[]s 7 deta*$ f ! curta9s by ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,c>cassonne--,,t[]s ,,& ,,ca/le4 a pit or gap 9 ! p>apet walk :]e x adjo9$ !m1 s t ea* t[] might =m a sep>ate po/1 & be def5d$ indep5d5tly4 ,! l[] "p ( ! walls1 be+ bel[ ! int]ior level ( ! gr\nd1 0 peculi>ly liable to be attack$ by m9+ & batt]+1 aga9/ :i* ! def5d]s c\ld make no direct resi/ance4 ,! besieg]s1 z !y knock$ out p>ts ( ! wall1 support$ ! sup]/ructure 9 a tempor>y mann] ) wood5 props1 & :5 !y _h complet$ _! m9+ op]ations1 !y set fire to ! props1 & ! wall above fell & =m$ a brea*4 ,l ! ,roman p]man5t camps1 ^! =tifi$ cities _h a ca/le or citadel1 :i* 0 almo/ inv>iably plac$ on ! highe/ po9t ( ! site1 & adjo9$ ! ence9te s z to comm& & def5d ! t[n1 &1 at ! same "t1 be 9 a position to receive supplies & re9=cem5ts f )\t4 ,)9 ! ca/le1 aga91 0 a /ill fur!r security 9 ! donjon1 or r$\bt1 :i* 0 deta*$ f ! o!r works1 & (t5 _h a dit* & an enclos+ wall1 or *emise1 ( its own1 & c\ld be held aft] all ! o!r def5ces _h succumb$4 ,su* walls z ^? ( ! ,visigo?s at ,c>cassonne 7 suffici5t to resi/ ! means ( attack employ$ f ! fif? to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,at t p]iod ( revival a great improvem5t took place all r\nd1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! e>ly ,crusad]s le>n$ mu* 9 ! ,ea/ ) reg>d to ! sci5ce ( attack & def5ce ( /rongholds4 ,9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 t[]s l ^? ( ! ,normans 7 erect$1 :i* dep5d$ = _! security on ! natural /r5g? ( ! site1 & ! great height & ?ickness ( ! walls--_! height protect+ !m aga9/ assault by scal+1 & _! mass & position aga9/ ! m9e & batt]+ ram4 ,!y 7 fur!r /r5g!n$ ) out] walls & dit*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,c>cassonne--,,out] ,,& ,,inn] ,,walls1 ,n4 ,,side4 ,a v int]e/+ description1 illu/rative ( ! mann] ( c>ry+ on & resi/+ siege op]ations1 is quot$ by ,viollet-le-,duc f a report r5d]$ by ,guillaume des ,ormes1 ,s5es*al ( ,c>cassonne1 to ,que5 ,blan*e1 on ! rais+ ( ! siege ( t t[n by ,tr5ceval 9 #abdj4 ,! report details h[ ! besieg]s & def5d]s batt]$ "o ano!r ) mongonneaux2 h[ !y m9$ & c\nt]m9$2 h[ "p ( ! wall 0 sapp$1 & a brea* =m$1 inside ( :i* ! def5d]s rais$ a wood5 bret*e1 cr[n$ ) ho>ds1 & arm$ ) ar*]s4 ,on ,/ ,l\is' return f 8 fir/ crusade1 he 0 desir\s to /r5g!n 8 position 9 ! newly-acquir$ dom9ions ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se4 ,he1 !re=e1 resolv$ to make a /rong citadel ( ,c>cassonne4 ,= ?is purpose ! h\ses 9 ! suburbs 7 cle>$ away1 & a new t[n1 or ba/ide1 0 e/abli%$1 z above m5tion$1 = ! eject$ inhabitants on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 :]e ! new t[n n[ /&s4 ,"u ,k+ ,l\is ! out] ence9te ( ,c>cassonne 0 rebuilt 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,betwe5 ?is & ! inn] wall ( ence9te a space is left1 call$ ! 8lices10 9 :i* troops c circulate1 & patrols & s5tries move 9 safety4 ,! gr\nd ( ! 8lices0 is ne>ly on ! same level z ! pres5t p>apet ( ! out] wall1 :ile ! wall is ab\t ?irty feet above ! soil outside4 ,! t[]s are built ) an op5 side next ! 8lices10 s t1 ev5 if tak5 by ! enemy1 !y c\ld n be held by him aga9/ ! inn] walls4 ,/ ,l\is also erect$ an imm5se b>bican1 or r\nd r$\bt1 at ! base ( ! hill1 betwe5 ,c>cassonne & ! ,aude1 s z to comm& ! riv]1 & all[ ( sorties be+ made on ! level gr\nd adjo9+ x4 ,philippe le ,h>di cont9u$ ! works ( ! =tifications ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,c>cassonne--,,porte ,,n>bonnaise4 till 8 dea? 9 #abhe1 8 op]ations be+ *iefly on ! ea/ & s\? sides4 ,!re are two pr9cipal gateways 9 ! walls1 ! ,porte de l',aude & ! ,,porte ,,n>bonnaise 7,fig4 #aab71 bo? /rongly def5d$ ) t[]s & o!r works4 ,!re are also six po/]ns1 all plac$ 9 angles s z to be mask$ by ! t[]s1 & g5]ally sev]al feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! 7 useful = reliev+ s5tries1 & = ! movem5t ( troops 9 ! 8lices40 ,opposite "s ( ! po/]ns ! out] walls are provid$ ) l>ge b>bicans 7,fig4 #aac71 9 :i* soldi]s might be conc5trat$ = sorties4 ,z above m5tion$1 ! great circul> b>bican at ! base ( ! hill 0 also employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,no?+ c\ld give a bett] idea ( ! multiplicity & complication ( ! means ( def5ce !n employ$ ?an ! mode ( connection betwe5 ?is b>bican & ! ca/le4 ,! ramp>t or passage :i* l$ to ! ca/le above 0 especially well =tifi$4 ,x 0 /eep1 & ! asc5t 0 int]rupt$ ) sev]al cross walls ) doors1 approa*$ by /eps :i* 7 all comm&$ f ! walls & curta9s above1 & f a great t[] at ! top1 all arm$ ) bret*es or ho>ds4 ,t[>ds ! upp] end ! passage turn$ to ! "r1 & 0 flank$ by ! def5ces above4 ,a small gate 0 !n rea*$1 )9 :i* ! passage d\bl$ back aga9 to ! left1 & 0 /opp$ by ano!r gate1 beyond :i* x ent]$ a n>r[ cov]$ way ( ?ree /orys 9 height1 ea* comm&+ ! "o bel[ by means ( ma*icolations or ap]tures 9 ! floor1 s t1 if ! fir/ floor 0 ga9$1 ! assailant f\nd himself 9 a trap1 & 0 batt]$ f above4 ,if all ^! def5ces 7 surm\nt$1 ! besieg] 0 only ! l5g? ( ! 8lices10 & _h /ill above him ! l(ty walls & t[]s ( ! ca/le1 & ! /rongly-=tifi$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,c>cassonne--,,we/]n ,,walls ,,& ,,b>bican4 po/]n1 ) its movable bridge1 d\ble ma*icolations1 loop-holes1 portcullis1 & gates4 ,ev5 )9 ?is1 ! entrance to ! ca/le 0 imp$$ by a slop+ & turn+ passage1 furni%$ ) num]\s doors1 & ris+ = tw5ty-?ree feet be=e ! level ( ! c\rty>d 0 rea*$4 ,su* def5ces 7 almo/ impregnable1 & are a good illu/ration ( ! intricacy ( ! =tifications adopt$ at t p]iod4 ,at a lat] "t su* contrivances 7 f\nd to be a mi/ake1 z !y imp$$ ! movem5ts ( ! g>rison4 ,!y prov$ a weakness r ?an a /r5g? by prev5t+ m5 f be+ mov$ rapidly to a critical po9t at ! requir$ "t4 ,! lead+ idea1 at ?is p]iod1 0 to r5d] e po9t ( ! def5ces indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,ea* t[] is1 !re=e1 a sep>ate =t2 ! ca/le & b>bican are indep5d5t ( ! city walls1 & c\ld hold out al?\gh ! t[n 0 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy2 & )9 ! ca/le !re are two indep5d5t t[]s or donjons1 :i* might /ill =m a refuge = ! g>rison = "s "t aft] ! ca/le 0 tak54 ,! l(ty squ>e t[] 7see ,fig4 #aaj71 :i* 0 cr[n$ ) a bret*e1 0 c>ri$ up to a suffici5t height to dom9ate ! t[n & ! :ole surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,?is /ructure & "s ( ! adjo9+ walls date f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! o!r build+s on ! nor? side ( ! ca/le are ( ! "t ( ,/ ,l\is4 ,! inn] ence9te ( ! ca/le ) its t[]s & gates built by ,philippe le ,h>di 7! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury7 are spl5did examples ( ! milit>y works ( ! p]iod4 ,! walls ( ! t[]s surr\nd+ ! t[n are built ) solid masonry 9 regul> c\rses1 ) ! face left r\gh4 ,! l[] "p ( ! curta9s is pi]c$ ) ! long loops1 sometimes #aa or #ab feet 9 l5g?1 !n 9 use1 & ! top 0 =tifi$ ) ho>d+s or project+ wood5 gall]ies1 f ! floor ( :i* ! def5d]s c\ld drop /ones & o!r missiles on ! assailants1 s z to keep !m (f f ! base & prev5t m9+4 ,all ! walls & t[]s 7 furni%$ ) ^! ho>d+s4 ,! squ>e holes 9 :i* ! beams 7 ins]t$ = c>ry+ ! gall]ies are /ill visible bo? 9 ! out] & inn] walls 7,figs4 #aaj-aac74 ,! t[]s are plac$ at suitable int]vals to enable ! curta9s to be def5d$ f !m by lat]al fire1 & "s ( !m are /r5g!n$ ) a project+ beak to prev5t ! sapp]s f approa*+ :5 ! angle c\ld n be well comm&$ f ! adjo9+ p>apets1 z is ! case 9 ! t[] at ! ,n4,w4 angle ( ! walls se5 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,"o l>ge squ>e t[] 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa7 call$ ! 8,t\r de l',evque0 jo9s ! out] & inn] ence9tes toge!r by bridg+ ov] ! space betwe5 !m4 ,x has ?us complete control ov] ! lices bo? f ap]tures 9 ! vault1 & f ! ho>d+s :i* 7 project$ on ! flanks4 ,?is t[] d]ives additional int]e/ f hav+ be5 us$ by ,viollet-le-,duc z 8 /udio :ile sup]9t5d+ ! "w ( re/oration1 & x conta9s a numb] ( f9e pla/] ca/s prep>$ by him4 ,! p>apet walk ( ! inn] wall runs all r\nd ! battlem5ts4 ,9 "s cases x is int]rupt$ by ! t[]s 7,fig4 #aad71 & passes ?r\gh !m2 9 o!r cases x is c>ri$ r\nd ! ext]ior ( ! t[]s on ! side next ! t[n1--! =m] t[]s be+ po/s = gu>ds & s5t9els1 & ! latt] be+ int5d$ to s]ve z indep5d5t po/s = def5ce4 ,access to ! walls is provid$ by good op5 /airs on ! side next ! t[n1 z %ewn 9 ,fig4 #aad1 :i* repres5ts ! int]ior ( ! walls at ! same place1 z ,fig4 #aac %ews ! ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,,c>cassonne--,,int]ior ,,( ,,walls4 ,! ramp>ts ( ,c>cassonne h be5 to a l>ge ext5t re/or$ )9 rec5t ye>s2 b /ill rema9 unt\*$ on ! ea/]n side 7see ,fig4 #aab71 :]e h\ses h be5 erect$ aga9/ ! inn] & ^u ! top ( ! out] walls1 s z to conv]t ! 8lices0 into a /reet4 ,on ?is side ! walls ( ! t[n are sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ l&1 :i* "h is r high1 by a wide & deep dit*4 ,! high gr\nd beyond ! dit* 0 orig9ally =tifi$ ) a l>ge r\nd t[] 7n[ de/roy$7 :i* is suppos$ to h communicat$ ) ! t[n by a subt]ranean passage4 ,above ! old h\ses on ! walls are se5 ris+ ! great t[]s ( ! ,porte ,n>bonnaise1 ea* /r5g!n$ ) a sali5t beak4 ,betwe5 ^! t[]s is ! gateway4 ,x _h no drawbridge1 b 0 def5d$ 9 front by a great *a91 a wide ma*icolation1 a portcullis1 & fold+ gates4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! vault ov] ! ar*way !re 0 a l>ge op5+1 & ! inn] gateway 0 /r5g!n$ ) a wide ma*icolation1 a second portcullis1 & a second gate4 ,besides ^! ! t[]s 7 ( c\rse provid$ ) _! ho>d+s & a bret*e project$ ov] ! gateway4 ,! great angle t[]1 call$ ! 8,trsau10 & a l>ge angle b>tizan fur!r protect$ ! approa* ( ! gateway1 z se5 9 ! sket*4 ,su* 7 ! =tifications ( ,c>cassonne1 ! *ief fronti] =tress on ! side ( ,aragon1 & !re c be little d\bt t aga9/ ! means ( attack !n employ$1 !y 7 practically impregnable4 ,! anci5t ,*ur* ( ,/ ,nazaire at ,c>cassonne may be tak5 z an example ( ! rud] =m :i* ! ,romanesque /yle assum$ 9 a di/rict n f> remov$ f ,prov5ce4 ,x occupies ! highe/ po9t ( ! height on :i* /&s ! anci5t =tifi$ cit ( ,c>cassonne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,/ ,,nazaire1 ,,c>cassonne4 ,! *ur* is plac$ ne> ! walls ( ! city1 & ! we/ end is elevat$ & =tifi$ s z to =m "p ( ! def5ces4 ,! entrance to ! nave is by a twelf? c5tury doorway 9 ! nor? aisle4 ,! build+ consi/s ( two portions1 :i* =m a /rik+ contra/ ) "o ano!r 7,fig4 #aae72 ! nave ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! ,romanesque *oir ( ! f\rte5?1 ! =m] ( a massive & gloomy design1 ! latt] ( ! lighte/ & mo/ elegant ,go?ic4 ,! old] portion consi/s ( a c5tral nave & two side aisles1 sep>at$ by enorm\s pi]s1 :i* are alt]nately pla9 cyl9d]s & squ>es ) an engag$ column on ea* face4 ,! bases ( ! pi]s v>y greatly 9 =m--none ( !m be+ ( ,roman design1 b all set ^u a great squ>e block4 ,! caps ( ! cyl9drical pi]s diff] consid]ably1 b consi/ ( l>ge m\ld+s1 ) corbels & billet ornam5ts4 ,! pi] ar*es are circul>1 & ! aisles l(ty1 & vault$ ) r\nd ar*es4 ,ris+ f ! caps ( ! cyl9drical pi]s are %ort columns1 ! caps ( :i* c>ry ! po9t$ transv]se ribs ( ! tunnel vault ( ! nave1 :i* is also po9t$1 & probably belongs to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! caps ( ^! %ort columns1 & ( ! atta*$ %afts ( ! squ>e pi]s1 are all v l>ge & bold1 & seem to be f\nd$ on ,roman designs4 ,! light ,go?ic "w ( ! *oir1 ) its tall sl5d] %afts1 & walls compos$ almo/ entirely ( mullions & /a9$ glass1 =ms a brilliant t]m9ation to ! vi/a ( ! pond]\s nave4 ,x belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! latt]1 hav+ be5 erect$ by ,bi%op ,pi]re de ,ro*e=t1 #acbj-cj4 ,x is a palpable in/ance ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,go?ic /yle ( ! ,royal ,doma9 along ) t ( ! ,royal ,p[]1 hav+ be5 erect$ %ortly aft] ,c>cassonne 0 unit$ to ,france4 ,viollet-le-,duc consid]s ?is *oir "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive in/ances ( ! sci5tific me?od ( con/ruction adopt$ by ! ,go?ic ar*itects ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & he po9ts out t ! ar*itect has endeav\r$ to keep up ! idea ( ! anci5t nave 9 ! new "w by pres]v+ 9 ! *oir ! plan ( ! nave pi]s--^? ( ! c5tral comp>tm5ts be+ squ>e1 ) atta*$ %afts1 :ile ! o!rs are r\nd on plan4 ,we %all n[ return to ,aigues ,mortes1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 res]v$ = consid]ation along ) ,c>cassonne4 ,,aigues ,,mortes is ano!r t[n ( ! age ( ,/ ,l\is & 8 son ,philip ! ,bold1 ! =tifications ( :i* h1 by great good =tune1 be5 pres]v$ almo/ unt\*$ s9ce ! date ( _! erection4 ,?is probably arises f ! fact t ,aigues ,mortes pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( ! 8villes mortes10 ^: hi/ory is s feel+ly depict$ by ,m4 ,l5?ric4 ,x /&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! lagunes & m>%es :i* "h cov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry connect$ ) ! delta ( ! ,rhone4 ,! orig9 ( ! t[n dates f ! "t ( ,/ ,l\is4 ,at t p]iod ! ,k+dom ( ,france _h n z yet ext5d$ to ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ,k+ ,l\is1 be+ a devot$ ,crusad]1 0 v desir\s t 8 c\ntry %\ld possess a port on t sea1 f :i* 8 armies might emb>k 9 _! exp$itions aga9/ ! ,infidels4 ,?is !re 0 "s difficulty 9 obta9+1 ! h>b\rs on ! coa/ be+ almo/ :olly subject to ! ,c\nt ( ,bzi]s or ! ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t a small portion ( ! sea-coa/1 includ+ a lagune & a navigable canal1 :i* belong$ to ! anci5t & weal?y ,abbey ( ,psalmodi 0 available1 & ?is ,k+ ,l\is secur$ f ! monks 9 ! ye> #abdh1 9 ex*ange = o!r l&s ne> ,sommire4 ,at ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,aigues ,,mortes--8,,t\r ,,de ,,con/ance40 ?is place !re exi/$ an anci5t t[]1 call$ ! 8,t\r de ,matafre10 said to be ( ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 :o _h be/[$ x on ! abbey4 ,! ,t[] ( ,matafre 0 rebuilt by ,/ ,l\is1 & r5am$ ! 8,t\r de ,con/ance0 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,x is ( great size1 & 0 design$ to =m ! citadel ( ! project$ t[n ( ,aigues ,mortes4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 suppos$ t1 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,l\is1 ?is t[] 0 wa%$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & t ! sea1 :i* is n[ "s miles di/ant1 has rec$$ s9ce !n4 ,b ,m4 ,l5?ric %ews mo/ di/9ctly t ?is is a complete mi/ake1 & t ! coa/ l9e 01 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 precisely :]e x n[ is4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ! t[n 0 surr\nd$ ) ! wat]s ( an inl& lagune1 ?r\gh ! %all[s & m>%es connect$ ) :i* a canal _h to be kept op5 = access to ! sea1 z 0 =m]ly ! case at ,n>bonne1 & /ill is 9 ! lagune ( ,v5ice4 ,! canal by :i* ,/ ,l\is emb>k$ on 8 crusades 0 call$ ! ,canal ,viel4 ,x 0 ab\t five miles 9 l5g? f ! t[n to ! op5+ 9 ! s& dunes1 call$ ! 8,grau ,l\is10 :]e x deb\*$ into ! sea4 ,s9ce t "t ! canal f ! t[n to ! sea has ?ree times *ang$ its c\rse4 ,= ab\t a c5tury aft] ! "t ( ,/ ,l\is ?is port 0 greatly frequ5t$ by m]*ants f ,g5oa1 b x has long be5 little us$1 & all ! comm]ce ( ,aigues ,mortes has n[ di$ away4 ,! walls ( ,aigues ,mortes 7 trac$ out by ,/ ,l\is1 b ! sup]/ructure 0 execut$ by 8 son1 ,philip ! ,bold4 ,! latt] 9 #abgb took possession ( ! c\ntry ( ,t\l\se & arrang$ ) ! ,g5oese ,boccan]a to con/ruct ! walls ( ,aigues ,mortes = a sum equal to #hh1ejj francs4 ,! t[n is laid out z a regul> p>allelogram ) /reets at "r angles1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,aigues ,,mortes--,,walls ,,on ,,ea/ ,,& ,,nor? ,,sides4 l ! ba/ide ( ,c>cassonne on ! nor? side ( ! ,aude4 ,! walls are built ) solid masonry1 hav+ ! natural surface left r\gh or bossy4 ,fifte5 t[]s surr\nd ! city & /r5g!n ! curta9s at ! angles & on ! flanks4 ,!re are n9e gates1 two pr9cipal ones1 & ! o!rs small]4 ,be+ only a =tification ( ! second ord] ! def5ces ( ,aigues ,mortes are n ne>ly ( s complete a type z ^? ( ! important =tress ( ,c>cassonne4 ,! t[]s are g5]ally r\nd1 ?\gh "s ( !m1 foll[+ ! ,s\!rn fa%ion1 are squ>e & project only slightly 7,fig4 #aag74 ,! gateways pass directly ?r\gh ! squ>e t[]s1 :i*1 z we h se5 at ,avignon1 0 a decid$ly ,s\!rn cu/om2 & none ( ! circul> t[]s h /r5g!n+ beaks4 ,! t[]s are s plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! walls t "s ( !m1 z at ,c>cassonne1 int]rupt ! p>apet walk1 :ile 9 o!rs x is c>ri$ r\nd ! outside ( ! inn] face ( ! t[]1 & is support$ on l>ge m\ld+s :i* =m a cont9u\s corbell+4 ,?is is %ewn 9 ! view ( "o ( ! t[]s above a gateway tak5 f )9 ! walls 7,fig4 #aah74 ,! /airs giv+ access to ! walls & ! int]ior ( ! loopholes are also se5 9 ?is view4 ,! walls ( ! t[n1 :i* are ab\t #cj feet high1 are all provid$ ) a cr5ellat$ p>apet1 hav+ long loops 9 ! m]lons betwe5 ! embrasures4 ,! wall heads h also be5 def5d$ ) wood5 ho>d+s1 ! holes = ! beams :i* c>ri$ !m be+ v di/9ctly visible all r\nd ! =tress4 ,! l[] "p ( ! wall is p]=at$ ) v long n>r[ slits4 ,! int]ior recesses connect$ ) ^! are =m$ ) wide splays l w9d[ bays1 & are provid$ ) /one seats = ! def5d]s 7see ,fig4 #aah74 ,probably ! great ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,s\? ,,side ,,( ,,walls4 l5g? ( ! loops 0 to enable b[m5 to op]ate bo? :ile /&+ on ! floor & on ! seats1 or ev5 on tempor>y wood5 plat=ms at diff]5t heights1 & also to aim _! arr[s ei!r high or l[4 ,! op5 /aircases lead+ to ! walls are c>ri$ up on ! side next ! t[n 9 ! same way z ^? ( ,c>cassonne4 ,9 approa*+ ! t[n f ! nor? ! ,,porte ,,de ,,nimes 7,fig4 #aai7 is fir/ se5 9 front1 :ile a long vi/a ( ! nor!rn wall ) its t[]s /ret*es to ! left1 & ! ,t\r de ,con/ance t]m9ates ! view to ! "r4 ,?is gateway has z usual a l>ge /r5g!n+ r\nd t[] on ea* side1 conta9+ gu>drooms1 c41 & is s arrang$ z to =m an indep5d5t po/4 ,till ! f\rte5? c5tury1 gateways ( ?is description 7 def5d$ ) fold+ gates1 portcullis1 ma*icolations 7or ap]tures 9 ! vault ov] ! entrance passages71 & ) bret*es or ho>d+s project+ ov] ! entrance1 pi]c$ ) s+le1 d\ble1 or ev5 triple ti]s ( loopholes f :i* to attack ! assailants4 ,b !re 7 z yet no drawbridges4 ,at ! ,porte de ,nimes evid5ces may be obs]v$ ( a drawbridge1 wr\ght ) long balanc$ beams or lev]s pass+ ?r\gh ! wall1 hav+ be5 us$2 b x has evid5tly be5 introduc$ at a lat] "t4 ,! walls ( ,aigues ,mortes 7 entirely surr\nd$ ) a wet dit* 7a few indications ( :i* /ill rema971 b x has = ! mo/ "p be5 fill$ up & conv]t$ into a prom5ade4 ,! dit* w\ld be cross$ ) moveable wood5 bridges :i* c\ld be easily remov$ or de/roy$4 ,a project+ /one balcony is corbell$ out f "o ( ! r\nd t[]s ( ! ,porte de ,nimes4 ,?is 0 no d\bt a /ation f :i* audi5ce c\ld be giv5 to h]alds or o!rs wi%+ to communicate ) ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,,porte ,,de ,,nimes1 ,,aigues ,,mortes4 t[n )\t ! necessity ( op5+ any ( ! gates or o!r def5ces4 ,! =tifications pres5t on plan a "r angl$ p>allelogram ab\t #fjj y>ds f ea/ to we/1 by #aej y>ds f nor? to s\?1 ) a curv$ portion cut out ( ! nor?-we/ angle4 ,at ?is po9t /&s ! donjon1 or ,t\r de ,con/ance 7see ,fig4 #aaf71 built by ,/ ,l\is1 z above m5tion$1 on ! site ( ! anci5t ,t\r de ,matafre 9 ord] to =m ! citadel ( ! t[n4 ,?is t[] is ( ! simple/ possible design1 be+ a pla9 cyl9d] ab\t #gj feet 9 diamet]1 ) a talus or slope ne> ! base4 ,x is ab\t #ajj feet high1 & 0 no d\bt orig9ally cr[n$ ) ov]hang+ ho>d+s1 & :5 fully equipp$ w\ld pres5t an appe>ance n unlike ! well kn[n great ,keep ( ,c\ci ,ca/le4 ,! ,t\r de ,con/ance 0 surr\nd$ ) a special dit*1 & 0 connect$ ) ! t[n walls by means ( n>r[ wood5 gangways1 :i* c\ld be easily remov$4 ,! top has be5 alt]$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & made into a plat=m1 & provid$ ) a p>apet suitable = guns4 ,above ! circul> /aircase 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall ! wat* turret rises to a consid]able height1 & is cr[n$ ) ! iron grille :i* = long conta9$ ! fire :i* illum9$ ! canal1 & s]v$ z a beacon to ! %ips4 ,simple z is ! ext]ior ( ?is keep1 its int]ior is full ( int]e/ & beauty4 ,! walls1 z high z ! fir/ floor1 are #bj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! basem5t conta9s ! /orage & has a well 9 ! c5tre1 ov] :i* an eye 9 ! vaults above all[s wat] to be rais$ to e floor4 ,! entrance door is on ! fir/ floor on ! side next ! t[n1 & !re is also a po/]n on ?is floor on ! side next ! c\ntry4 ,f ! l&+ at ! =m]1 a /aircase leads to ! second floor1 & is s contriv$ t ! l[] "p is completely ov]look$ & comm&$ f ! upp] "p4 ,at ! l&+ :]e ! /aircase gives access to ! great ap>tm5t on ! upp] floor1 a beautifully ar*$ & gro9$ lobby is con/ruct$1 & is decorat$ ) ,go?ic %afts & enri*$ caps4 ,! great hall on ! fir/ floor is vault$ 9 "o span1 ) l>ge po9t$ ribs spr++ f f9ely-c>v$ caps4 ,on ! level ( ! floor !re are recesses 9 ! ?ick walls1 giv+ access to long loops :i* desc5d f> bel[ ! floor1 s z to enable ! def5d]s to %oot d[n z close z possible to ! base ( ! t[]4 ,! po/]n is also se5 f ! inside 7al?\gh n[ built up ext]nally71 ) its portcullis 7or r a mod]n imitation7 9 situ4 ,! int]ior is lit only by ! n>r[ loop-holes1 & is1 !re=e1 v d>k4 ,a gall]y runs r\nd 9 ! ?ickness ( ! upp] "p ( ! walls ( ! hall1 ) w9d[s look+ into ! ap>tm5t f :i* x might be wat*$ & comm&$4 ,betwe5 ! recess ( "o ( ! loops & ! po/]n a fireplace is introduc$1 ) an ov5 9 ! wall beh9d x4 ,! he>? is cov]$ ) a boldly project+ hood1 support$ on two brackets c>v$ ) foliage4 ,! angles ( ! hood h ornam5tal crockets1 & ! hood itself is c>v$ 9 imitation ( tiles4 ,! :ole "w is massive & yet f9e1 & specially recalls1 bo? 9 con/ruction & ornam5t1 ! /yle ( ,c\ci4 ,x has evid5tly be5 ! "w ( a ,nor!rn ar*itect br\ght ) him by ,k+ ,l\is4 ,ab\t two miles to ! nor? ( ,aigues ,mortes /&s ! 8,t\r ,c>bonnire10 :i* =m$ an outpo/ ( ! t[n4 ,x 0 erect$ at ! same "t z ! =tifications1 & 0 plac$ s z to comm& ! approa*1 :i* 0 only practicable by "o c\rse ?r\gh ! m>%es & canals4 ,x is a good example ( a deta*$ ?irte5? c5tury t[]1 & 9 /yle /rongly resembles t ( ,vill5euve1 at ! we/ end ( ! bridge ( ,/ ,bnezet1 at ,avignon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n[ return to ,m>seilles1 & /rike ea/w>ds by ! ,m$it]ranean ,railway1 along ! ,rivi]a4 ,= a consid]able di/ance no ar*itectural rema9s ( importance are met )4 ,! l9e passes ?r\gh a rocky & m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ! b>e summits ( ! l(ty peaks contra/+ /rongly ) ! ri* v]dure & luxuriant gr[? ( ! valleys bel[ !m1 9 :i* ! subtropical vegetation ( ! ,rivi]a n[ beg9s to %ew itself4 ,aft] p5etrat+ a m\nta9 range by tunnel1 ! seacoa/ is rea*$1 & "s lovely bays are pass$ be=e sight+ ! l(ty peaks ( ! m\nta9s1 ea* cr[n$ ) its =t1 :i* surr\nd & protect ,t\lon1 ! great ars5al ( ,france on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,ar*itecturally !re is little ( int]e/ 9 ! t[n1 b ! h>b\r ) its n>r[ antique quay1 l9$ ) h\ses front+ ! bas91 :i* is cr[d$ ) ! peculi>ly rigg$ trad+ vessels ( ! di/rict1 is well wor?y ( a visit4 ,x recalls 9 "s respects ! ,riva de' ,s*iavoni at ,v5ice1 ) its bu/le & v>i$ int]e/4 ,! railway to ,hyres bran*es (f ! ma9 l9e at ,la ,paul9e ,/ation4 ,j be=e rea*+ ?is1 ! anci5t & picturesque t[n ( ,la ,g>de is pass$4 ,its h\ses are clu/]$ on ! slope ( a basaltic rock1 ! summit ( :i* is cr[n$ ) ! ru9s ( an anci5t ca/le1 & a *ur*4 ,! aspect ( ?is old place =ms a good introduction to ! picturesque & decay$ "* ( ! num]\s anci5t t[ns to be met ) all along ! ,rivi]a4 ,,hy,,res is ! fir/ rea*$ 9 travell+ ea/w>ds ( ! great heal? resorts ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,x /&s on ! s\!rn slope ( a hill fac+ ! sea1 :i* is visible at a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles (f4 ,! rocky summit ( ! hill is cr[n$ ) ! ru9s ( an anci5t ca/le1 f :i* ! /eep & n>r[ /reets ( ! old t[n radiate d[nw>ds4 ,! t[n 0 =m]ly surr\nd$ ) walls1 :i* h n[ be5 remov$1 & ! space conv]t$ into a wide prom5ade1 on :i* fl\ri% ! palms1 oranges1 & o!r tropical plants = :i* ,hyres is fam\s4 ,! mod]n h\ses & hotels are also situat$ on ?is fair t]race1 :ile "s rema9s ( ! gateways connect$ ) ! old ramp>ts are /ill pres]v$4 ,hyres /&s high above ! level ( ! sea & ! pla9 :i* ext5ds betwe5 x & ! foot ( ! hill4 ,x ?us comm&s an ext5sive view to ! s\? & s\?-we/ ov] ! p59sula ( ,gi5s1 & ! ,m$it]ranean dott$ ) ! gr\ps ( ,isl&s nam$ aft] x1 8les ,iles d',hyres40 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hyres4 ,9 ,roman times a =tress exi/$ "h call$ ,ca/rum ,ararum4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! place 0 held by ! ,c\nt ( ,fos1 :o 0 dispossess$ by ,*>les ( ,anj\4 ,!reaft] ! ca/le & t[n pass$ ?r\gh ! usual assaults & *anges1 & dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 0 9 possession ( ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 9 turn4 ,! ence9te ( ! ca/le 7,fig4 #abj7 is well pres]v$1 _m ( ! t[]s :i* /r5g!n x be+ almo/ entire4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p squ>e & l(ty1 & h ?us q a ,s\!rn aspect4 ,! orig9al cr5ellations /ill exi/1 toge!r ) ! holes = ! %ort beams :i* c>ri$ ! wood5 ho>d+s = def5ce at ! summit4 ,! op5+s are g5]ally long n>r[ slits1 b 9 ! ea/]n angle t[] ?ree small po9t$ w9d[s occur4 ,! keep is almo/ entirely demoli%$4 ,x occupi$ ! summit ( ! rock1 & f its ru9s a comm&+ & ext5sive prospect is obta9$4 ,! walls are probably n old] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,)9 ! ence9te ! gr\nd is laid out z a private v9ey>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,hy,,res ,,ca/le4 ,9 ! middle ( ! old t[n /&s ! picturesque *ur* ( ,/ ,paul1 approa*$ f a t]race comm&+ a beautiful view seaw>ds1 by a wide /aircase cr[n$ ) a corbell$ t[]4 ,x is orig9ally ( ! twelf? c5tury1 b has be5 alt]$4 ,! walls ( ! ea/ end h _h to be br\ght up f a consid]able dep?1 ow+ to ! great slope ( ! gr\nd1 & ! l[] "p ( ! buttresses %ew "w l t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b ! upp] "p is lat]4 ,int]nally ! *ur* has f\r bays & an apse--all late--! caps ( ! pi]s be+ ( ,r5aissance "w4 ,! c5tral nave & aisles are all gro9$4 ,a wide *apel crosses ! build+ at ! we/ end1 & is surm\nt$ ) a pla9 squ>e t[] 7,fig4 #aba7 ( ! type ( ! ,italian campanile1 ( :i* num]\s specim5s are to be met ) at ,grasse & else:]e along ! ,rivi]a4 ,! upp] r\nd ar*$ doorway1 ) its imm5se v\ssoirs1 indicates a /yle ( "w ( :i* sev]al examples are to be met ) 9 ! t[n1 & :i* is d\btless ( ,moori% or ,spani% orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,/ ,,paul1 ,,hy,,res4 ,! ,htel de ,ville1 on ! place ,massillon 9 ! old t[n1 occupies ! *apel ( a ,comm&]y ( ! ,templ>s4 ,x has be5 mu* alt]$ & r5ovat$1 b ) its picturesque r\nd t[] at "o side x has a good deal ( "*4 ,a few portions ( old h\ses pres5t "s good fragm5ts ( ,m$ival ,ar*itecture "h & !re4 ,! ma9 l9e ( railway betwe5 ,t\lon & ,frjus makes a great curve inl&1 s z to pass ?r\gh ! level & f]tile valley ly+ betwe5 ! deta*$ & rugg$ di/rict ( 8,les ,maures0 on ! s\?1 & ! ,alp9es on ! nor?4 ,half way along ?is valley is ! /ation ( ,le ,luc1 ab\t six miles to ! nor?w>d ( :i* /&s a /ructure ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,ar*itecture4 ,we h already expla9$ ! ascetic s5tim5ts :i* actuat$ ! e>ly ,ci/]tians 9 ! con/ruction ( _! build+s4 ,)\t "s k ( ! pr9ciples ( ^! primitive re=m]s x w\ld be difficult to und]/& ! orig9 & mean+ ( mu* ( ! ar*itecture ( ,prov5ce4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! usually ornate /ructures ( ! c\ntry1 we come occasionally on "s important & rem>kable *ur*es1 :i*1 f ! pla9ness & simplicity ( _! /yle1 pres5t a complete contra/ to ! =m]4 ,su* are ! ?ree e>ly daught]s ( ,citeaux erect$ dur+ ! twelf? c5tury at ,s5anque1 ,silvacanne1 & ,?oronet4 ,! *ur*es ( ^! mona/]ies are all rem>kably simil> 9 design1 & c>ry out to ! lett] ! pla9ness & abs5ce ( decoration requir$ by ,/ ,b]n>d4 ,( ?is ,?oronet is a /rik+ example4 ,?is abbey is situat$ 9 a retir$ rural valley1 ab\t six miles nor? f ,le ,luc ,/ation4 ,on leav+ ! /ation1 ! road1 aft] pass+ a l>ge mona/]y ) its *apel & cypresses1 asc5ds by a /eep footpa? ! hill on :i* /&s ! anci5t t[n ( ,,cannet 7,fig4 #abb7 /ill p>tly surr\nd$ ) its m$ival walls4 ,a delightful walk ( two or ?ree miles ?r\gh a n>r[ & rocky valley clad ) olives leads to ! village ( ,?oronet1 two miles beyond :i* ! mona/]y is rea*$4 ,x /&s conceal$ by olive groves on ! we/]n slope ( a n>r[ valley1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s a small /ream1 a tribut>y ( ! ,arg5s4 ,! *ur*1 ) its pla9 apse & little spire1 fir/ meets ! view1 foll[$1 on ne> approa*1 by ! ru9\s b ext5sive build+s ( ! mona/]y :i* disappe> among/ foliage d[n ! slope ( ! hillside4 ,! public road n[ runs ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! enclosure ( ! abbey1 & close along ! s\? side ( ! *ur*2 :ile "p ( ! mona/ic build+s to ! we/ are occupi$ z a tav]n or f>mh\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,cannet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,?oronet--,,*ur* ,,f ,s4,w4 ,,! ,,mona/]y ,,( ,,?oronet 0 f\nd$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 on gr\nd grant$ by ,raymond de ,brang]1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 to ! monks ( ,citeaux1 & cont9u$ to be occupi$ by t ord] till _! prop]ty 0 secul>is$ & sold at ! ,revolution4 ,! plan is t usual 9 ,ci/]tian build+s ( ! p]iod4 ,! *ur* has a nave1 ) c5tral & side aisles1 cross$ at ! ea/ end by a l>ge transept1 f :i*1 9 ! c5tre1 a %ort *oir hav+ a circul> apse1 & two small] *apels ) alt>s 9 ea* transept1 ext5d t[>ds ! ea/4 ,at ,?oronet ! *oir & *apels h apsidal t]m9ations1 b 9 "s ,ci/]tian *ur*es ! ea/ end is squ>e4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! unadorn$ nature ( ! design1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 ,! we/ end 7,fig4 #abc7 %ews ! pr9cipal entrance1 :i* is a pla9 r\nd-head$ doorway1 )\t ev5 a m\ld+4 ,! tall w9d[s & ! r\nd "o 9 ?is gable are treat$ equally simply4 ,^!1 & a r\nd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,abbey ,,*ur* ,,( ,,?oronet4 w9d[ ov] ! apse1 give ! pr9cipal light 9 ! *ur*1 :i*1 l ! o!r ,s\!rn *ur*es vault$ on ! same pr9ciple1 has no cl]e/ory4 ,!re is an alcove = a tomb 9 ! ext]ior ( ! wall ( ! s\? aisle1 b x is n[ empty4 ,! int]ior 7,fig4 #abd7 pres5ts1 z x 71 ! b>e skeleton ( ! o!r *ur*es ( ,prov5ce :i* we h already consid]$1 )\t any ( _! ornam5tation4 ,! pi]s ( ! nave are simply portions ( a side wall set on squ>e slabs z a base1 ) a pla9 break to su/a9 ! inn] memb] ( ! nave ar*4 ,above ^! rises ! p]fectly pla91 po9t$1 b>rel vault1 /r5g!n$ ) simple squ>e-cut transv]se ar*es1 :i* spr+ f r\nd atta*$ vault+ %afts1 re/+ on ! pla9e/ possible corbels1 & hav+ caps ( a v simple =m4 ,! vault ( ! c5tral nave is buttress$ by half vaults 9 ! side aisles1 :i* are ( ! same design4 ,! tiles ( ! ro(1 bo? ( ! c5tral nave & ! side aisles1 re/ directly on ! outside ( ! vaults )\t any wood5 con/ruction4 ,?is1 z we h se51 is ! usual arrangem5t 9 ! *ur*es ( ,prov5ce1 su* z ,notre ,dame des ,doms1 ,avignon1 & ,/ ,trophime1 ,arles4 ,! cloi/]1 & "s ( ! mona/ic build+s adjo9+1 are well pres]v$4 ,a simil> simplicity reigns ?r\gh\t ^!4 ,! cloi/] consi/s1 z usual1 ( f\r arcades enclos+ a g>? on ! nor? side ( ! *ur*4 ,! arcade next ! nave is on a high] level ?an ! o!r ?ree1 ow+ to ! slope ( ! hill1 & is only "o /ory high1 !re be+ no rooms on ?is side = an upp] gall]y to give access to4 ,! o!r ?ree sides ( ! cloi/] _h orig9ally an upp] floor1 ) op5 ar*es next ! g>?1 & an op5 timb] ro(4 ,^! gall]ies gave access to ! dormitory & o!r ap>tm5ts on ! upp] floor4 ,! arcades ( ! cloi/]s 7,fig4 #abe7 are ( a v ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,?oronet--,,cloi/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,,?oronet--,,caps ,,9 ,,cloi/]4 simple =m1 consi/+ ( pla9 r\nd ar*es 9 ! wall1 fill$ 9 ) a s+le solid %aft support+ two small] r\nd ar*es1 & a circul> eye above4 ,! ar*es are absolutely )\t m\ld+s4 ,! caps & bases ( ! c5tral %afts 7,fig4 #abf7 are ( v simple design--a small leaf or unc>v$ set-(f be+ all t is all[$ to cov] ! passage f r\nd to squ>e1 & any su* enri*m5ts are mo/ elem5t>y1 bo? 9 design & execution4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ^! primitive ornam5ts1 al?\gh simple1 are orig9al4 ,!y %[ no trace ( ,roman traditions1 :i*1 z =m]ly po9t$ out1 7 entirely r5\nc$ by ! ,ci/]tians 9 _! re=m$ ,prov5al art4 ,^! v elem5t>y =ms are ?us ! prototypes ( ! new & natural /yle ( ornam5tation above ref]r$ to 9 ,"p ,v4 z hav+ be5 introduc$ by ! ,ci/]tian ,ord]4 ,! small ar*es re/ on an impo/ =m$ ( a pla9 /r+ c\rse1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! pla9 splay ( ! base1 are cut (f at ! out] face ( ! wall1 & d n return r\nd x4 ,?is mode ( cutt+ (f /r+s1 etc41 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 build+s ( ?is type4 ,! cloi/] walks are cov]$ ) pla91 po9t$1 tunnel vaults1 /r5g!n$ at int]vals ) squ>e transv]se ribs re/+ on pla9 corbels1 :i* are ins]t$ 9 a /r+ c\rse1 =m$ ( a simple ovolo4 ,at ! int]section ( ! cloi/] walks ! po9t$ vaults meet1 & ! junction is cov]$ ) a pair ( squ>e diagonal ribs int]sect+ "o ano!r 9 ! angle4 ,op5+ f ! nor? side ( ! cloi/] is a hexagonal *amb]1 :i* s]v$ z ! lavatory ( ! monks4 ,x projects into ! g>? f ! arcade 7see ,fig4 #abe71 & has five w9d[s1 ?ree ( :i* are pla9 r\nd-head$ op5+s1 & ! two o!rs are ea* f9i%$ ) two small ar*es & a circul> eye l ^? ( ! cloi/]s4 ,a d\ble doorway gives access f ! cloi/] walk4 ,! bas9 or vase = wa%+1 :i* =m]ly /ood 9 ! c5tre1 n[ lies brok5 9 ! g>d54 ,! *apt]-h\se op5s into ! ea/]n side ( ! cloi/]s by a doorway ) a po9t$ ar*1 & two side w9d[s1 ) ?ree op5+s 9 ea*4 ,^! op5+s 7 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! monks 9 ! cloi/] to he> :at pass$ 9 ! *apt]-h\se4 ,! latt] is vault$ ) gro9$-po9t$ vaults--! ribs be+ squ>e ) bead on angles1 support$ by two %ort & dumpy pill>s1 ) spurr$ bases & rem>kable caps1 some:at m ornam5tal ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ! ea/ w+1 ov] ! *apt]-h\se1 ! dormitory /ill exi/s1 ro($ ) a wide b>rel vault1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs4 ,f ! simple design ( ! cloi/] x is app>5t h[ completely ! ,ci/]tians r5\nc$ ! f9e %afts & delicate c>v+ ( ! cloi/]s ( ! e>ly ,prov5al type l ^? ( ,aix1 ) _! light wood5 ro(s1 & gave pref]5ce to vaults1 z be+ m endur+1 :ile at ! same "t !y reject$ all sculpture & ornam5t4 ,al?\gh simple & pla9 to a degree1 !re is a unity ( purpose & an orig9ality ( "* 9 ?is new & vigor\s /yle :i* comm&s respect if n admiration4 ,s5anque1 ,silvacanne1 & ,?oronet 7 all built 9 ! sev]e /yle ( ! fir/ f]v\r ( ! ,ci/]tians e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ?is fir/ en?usiasm became an affectation ( simplicity & 0 gradually temp]$ by ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! ,clunisi5s1 :o 7 m 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( ! times ?an ! rigid ,ci/]tians1--! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! age be+ to great ri*ness 9 ar*itecture4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! mona/]y ( ,?oronet seems to h be5 enclos$ ) walls1 )9 :i* ! gr\nds 7 laid out ) ta/e & elegance4 ,few examples ( ?is ref9em5t h escap$ de/ruction2 b a f\nta91 ) its bas9 set 9 an alcove 9 ! out] wall1 /ill survives 7,fig4 #abg71 & s]ves to refre% ! travell] on ! du/y highway :i* n[ passes ?r\gh ! pleasure g>d5s ( ! monks4 ,at ,,/ ,,maxim91 :i* lies consid]ably to ! we/ ( ,?oronet & is mo/ conv5i5tly approa*$ by ! railway betwe5 ,aix & ,c>n\lles by ,brignoles1 !re exi/s a *ur* ( a totally diff]5t "*4 ,x is said to be ! mo/ p]fect specim5 9 ,prov5ce ( a build+ 9 ! pure ,go?ic /yle4 ,! design has evid5tly be5 import$ directly f ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,,?oronet--,,f\nta9 ,,9 ,,gr\nds4 ,nor?1 & is precisely su* an edifice z "o w\ld expect to meet ) 9 ! ,ile de ,france4 ,its pres5ce "h !re=e /rikes "o ) surprise1 & ) a s5se ( incongruity ) its surr\nd+s4 ,?is *ur* 0 begun t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury by ,*>les ( ,anj\1 b 0 n f9i%$ till ! close ( ! fifte5? ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,,maxim94 c5tury4 ,! plan %ews a c5tral nave ) side aisles1 ea* t]m9at$ to ! ea/ ) an apse4 ,!re is no transept4 ,! vaults are po9t$ & simple 9 =m4 ,! c5tral vault 7,fig4 #abh7 is l(ty1 be+ ab\t #ij feet to ! apex4 ,:5 complete ! aspect ( ! *ur* mu/ h be5 extremely light & fairy-l4 ,! l(ty w9d[s ( ! cl]e/ory & apse1 :i* are all po9t$1 fill up ) _! trac]ies ne>ly ! :ole visible space1 ! masonry be+ r$uc$ to its smalle/ limits4 ,! same idea 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! side aisles1 :]e ! w9d[s 7 orig9ally br\ght d[n almo/ to ! pavem5t4 ,:5 ^! w9d[s 7 all fill$ ) /a9$ glass1 z !y are believ$ to h be5 7al?\gh x is n[ completely gone71 ! effect mu/ h be5 v f9e1 & all ! m spl5did f ! rem>kable contra/ x w\ld pres5t to ! usually some:at d>k & gloomy "* ( ,s\!rn *ur*es4 ,side *apels h n[ be5 add$1 & ! aisle w9d[s %ut up by !m2 & x is /at$ t ! /ructure is g5]ally v mu* de/roy$4 ,un=tunately ! we/ faade has nev] be5 complet$4 ,f ,le ,luc ! railway foll[s ! c\rse ( ! wide & f]tile valley ( ! ,riv] ,arg5s to ,frjus1 ! anci5t ,roman ,=um ,julii1 s ri*1 z we h already se51 9 ,roman rema9s2 & its ,m$ival build+s w be f\nd to be n less int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,,plan ,,( ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,frjus1 erect$ probably 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 is a prom95t example ( ! adoption 9 ,prov5ce ( ! 8s+le-hall0 /yle ( *ur*1 :i* 7z expla9$ 9 ,"p ,v47 0 s univ]sal 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,france4 ,! orig9al *ur* 7,fig4 #abi7 consi/s ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,,fr,,jus--,,we/]n ,,enclosure ,,& ,,ca!dral ,,build+s4 a nave ( ?ree divisions or bays1 ea* cov]$ ) r\nd int]sect+ vaults1 /r5g!n$ ) l>ge squ>e gro9s1 & t]m9at$ at ! ea/ end ) a circul> apse1 ! :ole ext5d+ to #abj feet 9 l5g? by #bh feet 9 wid?4 ,! vaults spr+ f pi]s1 :i* are really l>ge int]nal buttresses1 ) recesses betwe5 !m #g feet deep 7,fig4 #acj74 ,! nor? side wall has1 h[ev]1 be5 cut out1 & a side aisle add$ at a lat] date1 ) /ill lat] *apels beyond4 ,! /r+ c\rses1 caps1 etc41 are all ( ! same simple =ms employ$ 9 s _m build+s ( ! p]iod4 ,no?+ c\ld be pla9] or m devoid ( ornam5t ?an ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral1 ,,ea/]n ,,t[] ,,& ,,bi%op',s ,,palace4 ?is massive & impressive edifice4 ,! ext]ior ( ! ca!dral has und]gone _m *anges4 ,! ,bi%op's ,palace adjo9s x on ! s\?1 & cov]s a l>ge "p ( ! s\? wall4 ,! :ole s]ies ( build+s connect$ ) ! ca!dral1 h at "o "t be5 enclos$ ) a /rong wall1 built 9 regul> c\rses1 left r\gh on ! surface4 ,"s portions ( ?is "w are visible 9 ! out] wall next ! /reet at ! we/ end4 ,!re1 int]m+l$ ) a great deal ( mod]n addition & alt]ation1 may /ill be trac$ ! rema9s ( two w9d[s 7,fig4 #aca7 ( ! twelf? or e>ly ?irte5? c5tury1 ) circul> ar*es spr++ f c>v$ caps4 ,9 ! jambs ( "o ( ^! w9d[s ! caps /ill surm\nt project+ %afts /&+ on corbels1 b !y h disappe>$ f ! o!r4 ,! details are giv5 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,sev]al ( ! orig9al small w9d[s ( ! basem5t1 h[ev]1 rema9 unalt]$4 ,!y h ! circul> heads & ! deeply splay$ ext]nal +o+ ( ! p]iod4 ,! ea/ end ( ! ca!dral 7,fig4 #acb7 is v rem>kable4 ,! apse1 :i* is circul> )91 is only slightly r\nd$ ext]nally1 & is c>ri$ up to a consid]able height z a t[] ( def5ce1 & arm$ ) an embattl$ p>apet at ! top1 support$ on bold corbels ) ma*icolations betwe5 !m4 ,frjus ,ca!dral is ?us ano!r in/ance ( ! num]\s =tifi$ *ur*es s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\?1 & =m$ "p ( ! g5]al =tifi$ enclosure :i* protect$ ! ,bi%op's ,palace & ! o!r ecclesia/ical build+s connect$ ) ! see4 ,adjo9+ ! apse consid]able rema9s ( ! anci5t ,bi%op's ,palace may /ill be trac$1 %ew+ 7amid/ mod]n alt]ations7 "w simil> to t ( ! we/ end1 & conta9+ c\pl$ po9t$ w9d[s & doors ) r\nd ar*es4 ,! enclos+ & =tify+ ( ! prec9cts seem to h be5 c>ri$ out at a "t subsequ5t to ! erection ( ! ca!dral4 ,?is expla9s ! peculi> =m ( ! t[] ov] ! apse1 & likewise ! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5t bapti/]y is enclos$ 9 a simil> mural envelope4 ,! "w 0 probably execut$1 to judge f ! /yle1 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral--,,s\? ,,or ,,entrance ,,front4 c5tury too ! t[] at ! we/ end ( ! *ur* seems to h be5 erect$ ov] :at 0 probably ! orig9al n>!x or anti-*ur*4 ,int]nally ! l[] portions are execut$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,go?ic ( ! ,nor?1 & ! heavy t[] above 7,fig4 #acc7 may possibly be ( ! same date4 ,! col\r$ tiles1 :i* give ! spire a special "*1 are no d\bt mu* m mod]n4 ,we also f9d "h o!r examples ( "w ( diff]5t k9ds & v>i\s p]iods4 ,( ^! ! anci5t bapti/]y 7,fig4 #acd7 is a /ructure ( great int]e/4 ,x /&s at ! we/ end ( :at seems to h be5 orig9ally1 al?\gh n[ cov]$ 91 a small op5 c\rt1 su* z g5]ally exi/$ 9 front ( ! we/]n entrances to ! e>ly *ur*es4 ,! plan ( ! bapti/]y is octagonal1 be+ ! same z t adopt$ = ! primitive bapti/]ies 9 ,italy4 ,octagonal or circul> edifices su* z ?is are frequ5tly call$ ,roman temples2 b1 al?\gh !y v closely resemble ,roman "w1 !y are f\nd1 on an exam9ation ( ! details1 to be only imitat$ f classic design1 & are cle>ly ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,at ,frjus1 ! bapti/]y is ornam5t$ ) a granite monoli?ic column 9 ea* ( its eight angles1 provid$ ) caps ( :ite m>ble4 ,! caps & bases 7,fig4 #acd7 are v>i$ 9 design1 & are all closely imitat$ f ! ,cor9?ian1 al?\gh none ( !m are exactly aft] t patt]n4 ,! massive fragm5t ( /one1 m\ld$ on ! front1 :i* is plac$ ov] ea*1 is probably a survival or rem9isc5ce ( ! entablature :i* 0 always ?\ght necess>y 9 classic times4 ,! upp] portion1 :i* 0 mo/ likely an octagonal dome 9 ! orig9al build+1 is n[ mod]nis$4 ,! plan %ews an attempt to make ! floor z squ>e z possible1 by means ( f\r deep ni*es introduc$ 9 ! f\r angles4 ,! c5tral font is peculi> 9 =m1 & /&s on a fragm5t ( an anci5t column4 ,9 connection ) ?is bapti/]y x may be int]e/+ "h to call att5tion to ! fact t a monum5t 9 ! same /yle1 b sup]ior 9 size & design1 /ill exi/s at ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral1 ,,bapti/]y4 ,,riez1 an anci5t ,roman colony in/itut$ "u ! patronage ( ,augu/us1 "s di/ance to ! nor?-we/ ( ,dragu9on4 ,! orig9al t[n 0 built on ! pla9 wat]$ by ! riv] ,cola/re 7a tribut>y ( ! ,v]don71 b ! inhabitants h long ab&on$ ! l[ gr\nd1 & ! h\ses n[ /& an ! slope ( ! ,mont ,sa9t-,maxim9 above4 ,9 ! des]t$ pla9 are to be f\nd f\r ,cor9?ian columns ( grey granite f ! ,e/]el ) caps1 bases1 & ar*itraves ( m>ble4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,texi] & ,pullan1 =m$ ! faade ( a pro/yle temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,,! 8,,pan!on10 ,,riez 7,f ,texi] & ,pullan74 ,! num]\s fragm5ts ( pott]y & mosaics :i* are con/antly dug up1 & a l>ge quantity ( portions ( columns & ar*itraves built into ! mod]n walls1 %ew t ! ,roman works "h 7 at "o "t consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,! 8,,pan!on10 ,,riez 7,f ,texi] & ,pullan74 ,9 ! *apel ( ,/ ,maxime six ,roman columns h be5 utiliz$4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable monum5t ( ! place is ! s-call$ 8,temple0 or 8,pan!on40 ,?is consi/s ext]nally ( a pla9 squ>e /ructure1 #cg feet ea* way1 b int]nally x is octagonal 9 plan 7,fig4 #ace71 ) f\r deep ni*es 9 ! sides opposite ! angles ( ! squ>e4 ,)9 ! octagon are eight columns /&+ deta*$1 s z to =m an aisle all r\nd1 :ile !y support an octagonal drum 7,fig4 #acf71 ro($ ov] ) a dome4 ,! aisle is vault$1 ) an irregul> =m1 compos$ ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a po9t$ ar*4 ,! columns are anci5t1 b !y h evid5tly be5 remov$ f _! orig9al position1 be+ unequal 9 ! l5g? ( ! %afts1 & ! size & design ( ! capitals1 & h no d\bt be5 collect$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,texi] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral1 ,,cloi/]s4 & ,pullan believe t ?is 0 an anci5t ,roman /ructure conv]t$ to ,*ri/ian uses 9 ! six? c5tury2 b excavations 9 ! floor h reveal$ ! rema9s ( a l>ge baptismal bas91 simil> to ! orig9al ,italian ones1 ?us leav+ no d\bt z to ! primitive de/9ation ( ! /ructure4 ,! po9t$ ar* ov] ! aisle is also a sign ( its belong+ to po/-,roman times4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian edifices 9 ,prov5ce4 ,return+ to ,frjus1 we obs]ve t ! cloi/]s1 :i* are on ! nor? side ( ! small c\rt or lobby adjo9+ ! bapti/]y1 7 erect$ at a some:at lat] date ?an ! t[]1 9 a /yle /rongly recall+ ! ,italian-,go?ic ( ,flor5ce & ,g5oa1 :i* we "h meet ) = ! fir/ "t 9 our ea/w>d progress 7,fig4 #acg74 ,! arcades ( ! cloi/]s are pla91 & re/ on c\pl$ columns1 ) caps c>v$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,italian-,go?ic ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! :ole be+ c>efully & elegantly execut$ 9 :ite m>ble2 &1 ?\gh n[ sadly built up & mutilat$1 !y /ill possess a wond]fully picturesque & *>m+ effect4 ,! c\pl$ columns 7 evid5tly n int5d$ to support vault+1 b to c>ry ! unique & effective wood5 ro( 7,fig4 #ach71 "p ( :i* /ill exi/s1 b is s greatly decay$ t x has to be support$ ) r\gh props & w$ges4 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod ! entrance front ( ! ca!dral has be5 alt]$ & f9i%$ 9 its pres5t unga9ly =m 7,fig4 #acc74 ,! floor ( ! ca!dral1 ow+ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 is sev]al feet bel[ ! pres5t level outside1 & has to be approa*$ by desc5d+ /eps4 ,orig9ally ! entrance to ! n>!x 0 no d\bt on ! level ( ! ca!dral floor4 ,! outside level has app>5tly1 h[ev]1 be5 height5$ be=e ! pres5t entrance doorway 0 built1 z x ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral1 ,,cloi/]s4 con=ms to ! level ( ! 8place0 on ! s\? ( ! *ur*4 ,! late ,go?ic /yle ( ?is doorway1 9 :i* ,r5aissance details are mix$ ) ,go?ic =ms1 belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! wall adjo9+ has be5 rebuilt & height5$ at ! same date1 & an attempt has be5 made to br+ ! :ole faade into a symmetrically balanc$ design1 9 accordance ) "o ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! classic /yle !n beg9n+ to be reviv$4 ,! wood5 doors are beautifully c>v$ ) ,scripture subjects m+l$ ) ,go?ic details4 ,?is build+ is a specim5 ( ! imp]fect & fragm5t>y mann] 9 :i* ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic /yle 0 employ$ 9 ,prov5ce4 ,we h "h also an example 7& we %all meet ) m frequ5t in/ances z we proce$ ea/w>ds7 ( ! spread ( ! ,italian-,go?ic /yle beyond its ord9>ily und]/ood b\nd>y4 ,b z all ! c\ntry betwe5 ,g5oa & ,t\lon 0 = long ei!r "u ! sway ( ,g5oa or ( ! ,grimaldi ( ,monaco1 x is only natural to f9d traces ( ,italian ta/e 9 ! ,rivi]a1 :i* inde$ is 9 all respects f> m ,italian ?an ,fr5*4 ,fig4 #aci %ews an anci5t lamp ( brass "w susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,,brass ,,lamp ,,9 ,,fr,,jus ,,ca!dral 7,f a ,draw+ by ,mr ,r4 ,burns ,begg74 ,! h\ses 9 ! t[n ( ,frjus possess _m qua9t bits ( ar*itectural detail1 among/ :i* ! woodwork ( ! old doorways may be specially m5tion$ 7,fig4 #adj74 ,simil> tell+ & orig9al specim5s ( wood & iron "w1 x may be rem>k$1 are n uncommon ?r\gh\t ! ,rivi]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,doorways ,,9 ,,fr,,jus ,/ ,raphal1 a small t[n a few miles to ! ea/w>d1 n[ =ms ! port ( ,frjus4 ,! m\nta9\s di/rict ( 8,les ,maures10 :i* lies along ! coa/ betwe5 ,t\lon & ,frjus1 may ei!r be visit$ f ,hyres on ! we/ 7by dilig5ce71 or f ,/ ,raphal on ! ea/ 7by /eam]74 ,! latt] mode =ms a long b v pleasant day's excursion4 ,a small trad+ /eam] leaves ,/ ,raphal on c]ta9 days 7m5tion$ 9 ! 8,indicateur07 at #h4cj a4m41 & rea*es ,/ ,tropez ab\t #aj4ae1 aft] a pleasant voyage r\nd ! headl&s betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,frjus & t ( ,grimaud4 ,/ ,tropez occupies ! site ( ! anci5t ,h]aclea ,caccab>ia1 an important naval /ation 9 ,roman times4 ,! t[n has sev]al times be5 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s & ,corsairs1 :o 9 ! n9? c5tury took possession ( ! :ole ( ! deta*$ *a9 ( m\nta9s /ill call$ aft] !m by ! "n ( 8,les ,maures40 ,! %elt]$ gulf ( ,grimaud =m$ a f9e h>b\r = _! %ips1 & ! port ,/ ,tropez 0 !n a place f :i* a consid]able trade 0 c>ri$ on ) ! ,african coa/4 ,9 ! lat] c5turies x suff]$ ! usual di/urbances "u ,*>les ( ,anj\1 & 9 ! w>s ( ,religion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,,/ ,,tropez4 ,! t[n /ill possesses "s trade1 & !re is a fair numb] ( coa/+ vessels 9 ! h>b\r1 to :i*1 ) _! l>ge br[n sails1 !y give a peculi> & pleas+ effect 7,fig4 #ada74 ,"s ( ! h\ses %ew signs ( hav+ se5 bett] days1 b ! :ole place has a some:at decay$ & crumbl+ appe>ance4 ,! t[n is surm\nt$ by a ca/le1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 #agic1 on ! top ( ! hill to ! s\?4 ,x is surr\nd$ ) high walls loophol$ = musketry & /r5g!n$ ) ba/ions4 ,! traffic 9 fi% seems to be consid]able1 & is c>ri$ on 9 a d>k vault$ m>ket place1 :]e ! fi% are expos$ = sale1 & :]e !y are kept cool] ?an 9 ! op5 air4 ,! entrance to ?is fi%y cave is some:at picturesque 7,fig4 #adb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,fi%m>ket1 ,,/ ,,tropez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,grimaud ,,f ,,! ,,pla94 ,a daily omnibus runs f ,/ ,tropez to ,cogol9 at ! upp] end ( ! ,gulf ( ,grimaud1 =m+ a v pretty drive ( an h\r & a qu>t]4 ,at ,cogol9 ! road to ,hyres bran*es (f to ! left1 & t to ,le ,luc to ! "r4 ,a daily dilig5ce runs ea* way betwe5 ,cogol9 & ,le ,luc4 ,!re is "t1 aft] ! arrival ( ! omnibus f ,/ ,tropez1 to walk on to ,grimaud & wait = ! dilig5ce !re4 ,9 cross+ ! pla9 ! t[]+ ru9s ( ! ca/le1 cr[n+ a l(ty pyramidal hill1 are se5 ris+ ab\t two miles (f1 & give promise ( a spl5did subject4 ,f ! base ( ! hill 7,fig4 #adc7 ! :ite h\ses ( ! t[n clu/]+ r\nd ! grey walls ( ! ca/le h a comm&+ appe>ance1 & ev5 :5 se5 close !y =m "s f9e & picturesque comb9ations4 ,b f an ar*itectural po9t ( view ! ca/le is disappo9t+1 be+ r$uc$ to a m]e skeleton ( two t[]s1 connect$ by a ru9$ wall ( ence9te 7,fig4 #add74 ,x 0 built 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,italian ar*itects = ! ,grimaldi1 to :om ?is c\ntry !n belong$1 & x 0 occupi$ till ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,grimaud4 ,_m ( ! h\ses ( ! t[n are new1 b !re are also "s v old & picturesque /reets1 bord]$ ) rude arcades4 ,! *ur*1 ?\gh mod]nis$1 has reta9$ its old tunnel vault1 ) transv]se ribs1 & simple ,prov5al m\ld+s4 ,x has also a semi-circul> apse1 & a r\nd ar*$ door1 ) v deep v\ssoirs1 l t ( ,hyres--possibly a survival ( ! art ( ! ,moors4 ,! dilig5ce passes "h at #b ,p4,m41 & rea*es ,le ,luc ab\t #d4cj1 aft] a v f9e drive ?r\gh a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 cov]$ ) noble old =e/ trees4 ,^! consi/ *iefly ( *e/nuts & cork oaks1 :i* h gr[n to a great size1 ! latt] furni%+ ! mat]ials = ! *ief indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,! road consi/s ( a long hill up to ! ,col or pass1 on :i* /&s ,,la ,,g>de ,,fre9et1 & !n a long desc5t d[n to ! pla9 ( ! ,arg5s4 ,la ,g>de ,fre9et is a small t[n occupy+ ! site ( ! fam\s ,frax9et1 or *ief citadel ( ! ,moors1 :i* gave its "n to all _! o!r settlem5ts 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! ,moors took possession ( ?is l(ty di/rict 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & f x1 z a secure c5tre1 !y made _! pr$atory desc5ts on ! surr\nd+ f]tile pla9s4 ,b 9 #igc1 aft] a sev]e /ruggle1 !y 7 driv5 out by a comb9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ,prov5ce4 ,! anci5t ,frax9et /ood on ! summit ( a p]p5dicul> rock to ! nor? ( ! village2 b !re are almo/ no ve/iges left ( ! =tress1 save a squ>e ci/]n = wat]4 ,! t[n1 z se5 f ! desc5t on ! nor? side1 ) its backgr\nd ( precipit\s rocks & ! deep wood$ valley 9 front1 pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & rem>kable pictures 9 ?is s+ul> locality4 ,! drive d[n to ,le ,luc is delightful2 ! p9e woods & rocky gl5s recall+ ! peculi> sc5]y *>act]i/ic ( our ,scotti% ,highl&s4 ,aft] pass+ ,/ ,raphal1 ! railway has to cut its way ?r\gh ! rocky promontories :i* "h t]m9ate ! ,e/]el range1 & jut boldly out into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 alt]nate tunnels & viaducts x sweeps r\nd ! ,cap ,r\x1 pass+1 on its way1 ! lovely bay ( ,agay1 & ! wond]fully col\r$ rock masses ( ! r$ porphyritic m\nta9s1 :i* contra/ s admirably ) ! ri* gre5 p9e woods fill+ ! rav9es :i* furr[ ! hillsides4 ,^! m\nta9s 7 qu>ri$ by ! ,romans1 & furni%$ !m ) supplies ( r$ & blue porphyry = ! adornm5t ( _! build+s4 ,!y are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,nap\le4 /ill work$1 & yield a consid]able quantity ( h>d mat]ials us$ = /reet pav+4 ,on r\nd+ ! po9t ( ! ,cap ,r\x1 ! wide & beautiful bay ( ,cannes op5s to view1 ) its long range ( :ite villas1 back$ by ! d>k p9e-cov]$ hills1 beyond :i* ! sn[y peaks ( ! ,basses ,alpes are visible 9 ! di/ance4 ,! prom95t mass ( ! ,mont du ,*evali] m>ks ! c5tre1 :ile ! picture is b\nd$ on ! left by ! valley ( ! ,siagne1 & on ! "r by ! ,iles de ,lr9s1 ) ! ,ca/le ( ,/ ,honorat ris+ boldly f ! sea on ! fur!/ po9t4 ,9 ! holl[ ( ! bay1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,siagne1 & comm&+ a f9e view ( ,cannes1 /&s ! anci5t ,ca/le ( ,nap\le 7,fig4 #ade71 :]e "s fragm5ts ( old "w /ill survive2 b a new *teau occupies ! pr9cipal portion ( ! old site4 ,two ( ! orig9al squ>e t[]s are 9 fair pres]vation1 &1 toge!r ) ! *apel & cr5ellat$ walls1 =m an int]e/+ gr\p 7,fig4 #adf74 ,! /yle seems to h be5 p>tly t ( ! ca/ellat$ build+s ( ,italy1 ) ,v-%ap$ m]lons betwe5 ! embrasures1 :ile ! v\ssoirs ( ! ar*es are ( ! deep =m obs]v$ at ,grimaud & ,hyres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,nap\le4 ,nap\le is suppos$ to h be5 a ,roman port1 hav+ a dept = gra9 connect$ ) x4 ,! ca/le 0 built by ! ,c\nts ( ,vill5euve 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x belong$ to t bran* ( ! family call$ ,vill5euve ,franc1 & aft]w>ds to ! family ( ,montgr&4 ,close to ,nap\le rises ! conical hill ( ,/ ,peyr1 on ! top ( :i* are ! scanty ru9s ( a ca/le & a *apel ) an apse4 ,at ! base ( ! hill1 & close to ! public road1 may be se5 ! rema9s ( ano!r apsidal *apel4 ,beyond ?is v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,siagne are cross$1 :5 a small conical hill cr[n$ ) ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,,mont ,,/ ,,cassi54 wood rises abruptly on ! left1 to :i* ! di/ant t[]s ( ,grasse & ,m\g91 ) ! m\nta9s beyond1 =m a backgr\nd4 ,?is hill is ! ,mont ,/ ,cassi51 :]e a fam\s h]mitage exi/$1 & :]e a great popul> fe/ival is /ill held annually on ! #bcrd ( ,july4 ,an entr5*$ po/ 0 =m$ "h "u ! ,romans1 = ! def5ce ( ! ,aurelian ,way4 ,on ?is spot 0 also erect$ a ,temple ( ,v5us surr\nd$ ) a sacr$ grove call$ ! ,ara ,luci 7h5ce ! mod]n ,arluc1 a small t[n 9 ! vic9ity74 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ?is hea!n temple 0 demoli%$ by ! religi\s ( ! ,lr9s1 & a conv5t erect$ in/ead1 :i*1 9 its turn1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,a *apel ) an op5 arcad$ por* n[ m>ks ! spot 7,fig4 #adg71 :i*1 surr\nd$ z x is ) anci5t cypresses & p9es1 is "o ( ! be/ design$ /ructures ( ! k9d 9 ! di/rict4 ,small op5-air *apels or %r9es ( ?is description1 ) arcad$ por*es1 are v common all ov] ! ,rivi]a1 & (t5 =m v pleas+ objects 9 ! l&scape1 occupy+1 z !y frequ5tly d1 some:at prom95t sites4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably 9 a late ,r5aissance /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,,cannes is ! "o ( ! heal? resorts :i* has p]haps made ! greate/ progress )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 hav+ develop$ f ! small fi%+ village :i* ,"l ,br\gham f\nd x 9 #ahca1 :5 he erect$ ! fir/ ,engli% villa1 into a t[n ( f9e resid5ces & spl5did hotels ext5d+ = ab\t f\r miles along ! coa/1 & ris+ on ! wood$ hills1 or ne/l+ 9 ! %elt]$ rav9es :i* seam _! flanks4 ,l mo/ ( ! t[ns on ! ,rivi]a1 ,cannes ow$ its fir/ exi/5ce to a rocky em95ce 9 ! middle ( a bay1 =m+ at once a naturally %elt]$ h>b\r & a suitable site = a =tification = its def5ce 7,fig4 #adh74 ,x is !re=e probably a place ( v anci5t orig91 & 0 9 all likelihood ! primitive ,ligurian settlem5t ( gitna1 :]e ! ,roman ,consul ,qu9tus ,opimius obta9$ a victory ov] ! ,ligurian tribes ,b4,c4 #aee4 ,! t[n 0 !n h&$ ov] to ! ,massiliotes1 ! allies ( ! ,romans1 & w5t by ! "n ( ,ca/rum ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,bay ,,( ,,cannes ,,& ,,! ,,e/]elle ,,m\nta9s4 ,massiliorum dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sometime be=e ! t5? c5tury x became a fief ( ! p[]ful ,abbey ( ! ,lr9s1 to :i* ! :ole ( ! adjac5t c\ntry _h gradually become subject4 ,! ecclesia/ical suz]a9 0 repres5t$ on ! ma9l& by a 8*evali]10 :o occupi$ ! ca/le ( ,cannes1 :i* cr[n$ ! rock above ref]r$ to1 & 0 surr\nd$ ) walls4 ,on ! slopes ( ! ca/le hill & r\nd ! h>b\r at its base 7 erect$ ! h\ses ( ! anci5t t[n1 & 9 ! same position /ill /& ! dwell+s ( ! native population1 approa*$ by /eep & n>r[ alleys 7,fig4 #adi74 ,! summit ( ! hill is cr[n$ ) ! only build+s 9 ,cannes hav+ any claim to antiquity4 ,^! consi/ ( ! 8,t\r du ,*evali]10 ! anci5t ,*ur* ( ,/ ,anne 7=m]ly ! *apel ( ! ca/le71 & ! m mod]n p>i% *ur* ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ ) ! rema9s ( walls1 t[]s1 & ba/ions ( v>i\s p]iods1 enclos+ op5 spaces & c\rty>ds1 & pres5t+ a v v>i$ & picturesque ensemble4 ,! 8,t\r du ,*evali]0 7,fig4 #aej7 is a /ructure ( peculi> int]e/1 be+ ! fir/ we h met ) ( a s]ies ( simil> t[]s :i*1 we %all f9d z we proce$1 7 erect$ 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies = ! def5ce ( ! t[ns & *ur*es ( ?is di/rict4 ,^! t[]s are g5]ally1 l t at ,cannes1 squ>e on plan 7,fig4 #aea71 & h walls built ) c\rses ( squ>e dress$ /ones1 hav+ ! faces left r\gh4 ,! gr\nd floor is vault$1 & is ent]$ only f ! fir/ floor by an ap]ture 9 ! vault4 ,! entrance doorway to ! t[] is on ! fir/ floor1 at a consid]able height above ! gr\nd2 be+ s plac$ = security & be+ only approa*able by a moveable ladd]4 ,! project+ /ep ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,,! ,,old ,,t[n ,,( ,,cannes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,,t\r ,,du ,,*evali]1 ,,cannes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,plan ,,& ,,section ,,( ,,! 8,,t\r ,,du ,,*evali]10 ,,cannes4 to receive ! top ( ! ladd] is visible 9 ! ,t\r du ,*evali]1 b5ea? ! entrance door4 ,! latt] has a /raight l9tel recess$ )9 a pla9 r\nd ar*$ op5+4 ,f ! fir/ floor level a /one /air corbell$ out f ! int]ior ( ! wall & runn+ r\nd ! sides ( ! ap>tm5ts l$ to ! upp] floors1 :i* 7 orig9ally =m$ ( timb]1 al?\gh n[ vault$ ) flat ar*es ( m rec5t con/ruction1 probably ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ro( 0 no d\bt flat & 0 provid$ ) a cr5ellat$ p>apet1 project$ on corbels ) ma*icolations betwe5 !m4 ,?is p>apet 0 only de/roy$ "s ye>s ago1 :5 ! t[] 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! op5+s = light are small squ>e ap]tures 9 ! masonry )\t splay or ornam5t4 ,!y h no int]nal bay1 b are m]e oblong holes pass+ ?r\gh ! walls4 ,^! holes might almo/ be suppos$ to h be5 us$ = project+ beams ?r\gh1 on :i* to re/ wood5 ho>d+s = def5ce1 b !re are no doors = access to su* works4 ,accord+ to ! ,abb ,alli]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! 8,iles de ,lr9s10 ?is t[] 0 begun 9 #ajgc by ! ,abb ,aldeb]t ,,ii41 p>tly on ,roman sub/ructures4 ,! p>apet 01 h[ev]1 n complet$ till #acie by ! ,abb ,jean de ,?orna=t4 ,?is t[] & ! o!r simil> t[]s ( ?is di/rict 7( :i* m h]eaft]7 occupi$ 9 _! design an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! keeps ( ! ,nor?1 su* z t ( ,montmaj\r1 & ! l(ty t[]s ( ! ,italian cities1 ( :i* ^? ( ,si5na & ,v]ona are well kn[n examples4 ,! c\rty>d ( ! ca/le 0 enclos$ ) walls =tifi$ ) t[]s1 ( :i* "s portions /ill rema91 b ! ence9te has be5 greatly alt]$ 9 lat] times1 & conv]t$ into ba/ions ) plat=ms = guns1 & p>apets loophol$ = musketry4 ,?is 0 probably done dur+ ! ,spani% w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,)9 ! walls !re 7 no d\bt build+s = ! resid5ce ( ! ,*evali] & ! g>rison1 ! t[] be+ only us$ = wat*+1 & z a keep or la/ resort 9 case ( siege4 ,( ! orig9al /ructures ! only "o besides ! t[] n[ rema9+ is ! *ur* ( ,/ ,anne1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,abb ,alli]1 0 erect$ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,?is *ur* =ms an example ( ! simple /yle ( ,ci/]tian ar*itecture1 :i*1 z already rem>k$1 0 l>gely adopt$ 9 ,prov5ce--especially1 z we %all see1 9 _m ( ! small] *ur*es4 ,9 ^! we f9d ! ,ci/]tian pla9ness comb9$ ) ! plan ( a simple nave )\t aisles1 t]m9at$ ) an apse at ! ea/ end4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,anne 7,fig4 #aeb71 al?\gh erect$ 9 connection ) ! ca/le1 also s]v$ orig9ally z ! ,t[n ,*ur*4 ,x is ( ! same simple type z ,?oronet1 b on a mu* small] scale4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #aec7 consi/s ( "o long nave1 #hg feet 9 l5g? by #bj feet wide1 ) a r\nd apse at ! ea/ end2 & x has no aisles ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,,anne4 or transept4 ,! walls are p]fectly pla91 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 & ! ro( is con/ruct$ ) a po9t$ vault1 /r5g!n$ ) squ>e transv]se ribs1 :i* spr+ f simple pila/]s 9 ! wall4 ,! cornice betwe5 ! wall head & ! ar* consi/s ( ! same pla9 ovalo m\ld+ z at ,?oronet1 & ! "p ( x =m+ ! impo/ ( ! transv]se ribs is 8cut (f0 at ! sides1 l ! impo/ ( ! cloi/] ar*es at t abbey4 ,"s ( ^! impo/s1 adjo9+ ! c5tral door1 h a few rude & sc>cely intelligible c>v+s on !m--app>5tly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,,plan ,,( ,,/ ,,anne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,,doorway ,,( ,,/ ,,anne4 ( human heads4 ,! apse is semi-circul>1 ) a v %ort *oir rais$ "o /ep1 & cov]$ ) a semi-dome z at ,?oronet1 b !re is no r\nd w9d[ above ! *oir ar*4 ,! orig9al doorway 7,fig4 #aed7 ent]s f ! nor? side1 :]e1 probably1 ! out] bailey ( ! ca/le 0 situat$4 ,x is compos$ ( a simple out] & inn] r\nd ar*1 =m+ "o nook4 ,! impo/ is a pla9 cavetto1 ! portion support+ ! inn] ar* be+ 8cut (f0 at ! sides4 ,! doorway is #e feet wide2 b1 9 lat] times1 ?is 0 f\nd too l>ge1 & x has be5 p>tly built up & r$uc$4 ,x 0 probably plac$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! *ur*1 & made ( ! above wid? = ! conv5i5ce ( ! t[n's p4 ,!re is a door 9 ! we/ bay ( ! *apel1 plac$ on a high level1 :i* may h be5 us$ = access f ! ca/le to a gall]y or upp] floor1 su* z 0 frequ5tly introduc$ 9 simil> ca/le *apels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,,mont ,,du ,,*evali]1 ,,cannes4 ,at a comp>atively rec5t date ! walls ( ! *apel h be5 rais$ 7,fig4 #aee71 & ! top ( its vault us$ to =m a plat=m = guns1 to aid 9 ! def5ce ( ! t[n & ca/le4 ,! exi/+ p>i% ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame d',esprance occupies a prom95t position on ! ,mont du ,*evali]4 ,x is a heavy build+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! only r$eem+ feature x possesses is ! we/ doorway 7,fig4 #aef71 :i* is a good example ( ! ,r5aissance "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! t[] at ! nor?-ea/ angle ( ! *ur* 7se5 9 ! above view7 has be5 rais$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times on ! sub/ructure ( "o ( ! orig9al t[]s ( ! ca/le4 ,! l[] portion ) its r\nd ar*way is c]ta9ly anci5t4 ,! upp] "p1 :i* is n[ ! clock t[] ( ! t[n1 =ms a prom95t & tell+ feature 9 all ! views ( ,cannes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,,notre ,,dame ,d',,esp,,r5ce1 ,,cannes4 ,9 ! bay1 opposite ,cannes1 lie ! two ,iles de ,lr9s1 d$icat$ respectively to ,/e ,m>gurite & ,/ ,honorat4 ,ar*itecturally speak+1 ! ,isl& ( ,/ ,honorat possesses ! mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( build+s 9 ! ,rivi]a1 comb9+1 z x does1 "s features ( ! ar*itecture ( e p]iod & /yle ( ,prov5al art1 :e!r ,ecclesia/ical or ,civil4 ,?is isl&1 :i* is ! out] & small] ( ! two1 held1 = "s c5turies1 an important & hon\rable position 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe4 ,x 0 orig9ally occupi$ z a po/ by ! ,romans1 ! mat]ials ( ^: build+s1 9 ! =m ( brok5 bricks1 etc41 are scatt]$ ov] ! soil4 ,we %all also f9d t "s ,roman columns h be5 pres]v$ & utilis$ 9 ! ca/le1 :ile num]\s ,lat9 inscriptions may be se5 built into ! walls ( ! mod]n cloi/]s4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! isl& seems to h be5 des]t$ :5 ,/ ,honorat retir$ to x1 & !re f\nd$ a mona/]y1 :i* 0 de/9$ to become fam\s4 ,x con/itut$ = long ! *ief repository ( all ! le>n+ & education :i* rema9$ 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul2 &1 l ,iona1 became a c5tre f :i* mission>ies issu$ to enlight5 ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 & spread religion among/ ! ,b>b>ians4 ,besides _m o!r celebrities1 ,/ ,patrick1 ! patron sa9t ( ,irel&1 is said to h be5 educat$ "h4 ,a mona/]y 0 erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! little isl&1 :i* is only ab\t half-a-mile 9 l5g?4 ,"s rema9s ( a *ur* ( ! elev5? c5tury 7 /ill extant 9 #ahcf1 :5 ,mrime visit$ ! isl&4 ,x 0 a simple basilica1 hav+ a nave ( six bays1 cov]$ ) a po9t$ b>rel vault1 & side aisles ) abutt+ vaults1 l ,?oronet4 ,b1 9 #ahgf1 ^! rema9s 7 swept away1 & a new *ur* erect$ 9 ! ,prov5al /yle1 b )\t any special features4 ,! only anci5t portion n[ rema9+ is ! cloi/] 7,fig4 #aeg71 built 9 ! simple ,ci/]tian /yle1 ) a circul> vault1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs4 ,! side next ! cloi/] g>? is enclos$ ) a wall1 9 :i* only small op5+s or w9d[s are p]=at$--n ! usual wide arcade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,/ ,,honorat4 ,( ! antique /ructures ( ! isl& an extremely int]e/+ example /ill survives 9 ! *apel ( ! ,/e ,tr9it 7,fig4 #aeh71 situat$ at ! ea/]n po9t ( ! isl&1 opposite ! islet ( ,f]reol4 ,x is v peculi> 9 design1 & is und\bt$ly "o ( ! e>lie/ build+s 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #aei7 %ews a nave ( two bays1 hav+ "o transv]se ar* support$ on simple columns1 ) rude caps ( ! same section z ! /r+ c\rses or impo/s ( ! ar*es1 beyond :i* is a triapsal *oir1 cr[n$ ) a small & rudely-=m$ dome4 ,! apses h _! semi-dom$ vaults fairly well con/ruct$1 b ! c5tral dome is n rais$ f any def9ite p5d5tives1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,/e ,,tr9it1 ,,/ ,,honorat4 b z be/ x c\ld be done by ! workm5 ( ! "t out ( a l[] dome :i* fills 9 ! angles betwe5 ! apses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,plan ,,( ,,/e ,,tr9it4 ,! orig9al ext]ior 7,figs4 #afj & #afa7 is extremely pla91 ! quo9s & doorway ) its squ>e l9tel be+ con/ruct$ ) l>ge /ones1 probably d]iv$ f a ,roman build+ 7,fig4 #afb74 ,! upp] "p ( ! walls 0 rais$ by ! ,spani>ds1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 to =m a plat=m = guns4 ,! e>li] =m ( ! we/]n gable is visible 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,we h evid5tly1 9 ?is primitive /ructure1 a rude attempt to imitate ! triapsal & domical =ms orig9ally us$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture ( ! cemet]ies at ,rome1 & aft]w>ds m fully develop$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,viollet-le-,duc attributes its erection to ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,we/ ,,end ,,( ,,/e ,,tr9it4 ,( ! sev5 *apels :i* once ext5d$ r\nd ! isl&1 & =m$ ! object ( _m pilgrimages1 ^? ( ,/e ,tr9it 7j describ$71 & ,/ ,sauveur ne> ! c5tre ( ! nor? side1 alone survive4 ,! latt] 7,fig4 #afc7 is octagonal on plan1 ) ni*es on ea* ( ! sides1 & a l>g] c5tral "o1 =m+ an apse opposite ! door4 ,?is apse alone is visible on ! outside4 ,! *apel is un=tunately greatly mod]nis$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! mona/]y naturally became ri*1 & =m$ a tempt+ bait to ! ,corsairs ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :e!r ,s>ac5 or ,*ri/ian1 :o attack$ & plund]$ x sev]al times4 ,x is said t on ! occasion ( "o ( ^! desc5ts 9 #gbe ,/ ,por*aire & five hundr$ monks 7 massacr$4 ,a re/or$ *apel to ! s\? ( ! conv5t /ill be>s ! "n ( t m>tyr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,/e ,,tr9it1 ,,ea/ ,,end4 ,to provide a safe place ( retreat 9 case ( simil> attacks 9 future x 0 resolv$ to erect a keep or ca/le on a promontory ( rock :i* juts out into ! sea at ! s\? side ( ! isl&4 ,"h a p]petual look-out c\ld be kept ov] ! sea f ! wat*-t[] on ! summit1 & notice ( dang] giv5 by r++ ! bell 7! belfry = :i* /ill exi/s7 9 "t to enable ! monks to take refuge ) _! valuables )9 ! keep4 ,! ca/le is /at$ to h be5 begun ab\t #ajgc by ! ,abb ,aldeb]t ,,ii41 p>tly on ,roman sub/ructions & p>tly on ! rock1 & ! *apel 0 consecrat$ 9 #ajhh 7see 8,les ,iles de ,lr9s10 by ! ,abb ,alli]47 ,9 fifte5 ye>s ! second floor 0 comm5c$1 & 9 #aaij ! t[] 0 f9i%$4 ,hav+ be5 frequ5tly sack$ & de/roy$ !re is "s difficulty 9 mak+ out ! orig9al plan4 ,besides1 conta9+ z x does1 an op5 cloi/]1 x diff]s s greatly o!rwise ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,doorway1 ,,/e ,,tr9it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,/ ,,sauveur1 ,l,,r9s 7f ,rvoil74 f ! feudal ca/les ( ! "t1 t _! plans give little aid 9 deciph]+ t ( ! mona/ic keep4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 orig9ally 7,fig4 #afd7 an oblong build+ measur+ #he feet f ea/ to we/1 & #eh feet f nor? to s\?1 ) a w+ project+ to ! s\?w>ds4 ,?is block 0 divid$ into two portions by a c5tral wall runn+ nor? & s\?1 & conta9$ 9 ! ea/]n division an op5 cloi/]1 =m]ly ?ree1 ?\gh n[ r$uc$ to two /orys 9 height1 & 9 ! we/]n division ! refectory1 dormitory1 & o!r ap>tm5ts4 ,to ! ea/ a small projection or t[] conta9$ on ! fir/ floor ! lavatory & latr9es1 & at ! top 0 c>ri$ up z a wat*-t[] above ! p>apet1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 surm\nt$ by ! belfry = ! al>m bell4 ,! space at ! nor? end ( ! cloi/] is 7z we %all pres5tly see7 a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #afe4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat 7f ,n4-,w47 lat] ext5sion ( ! orig9al keep4 ,! entrance door is 9 ! nor? wall 7,fig4 #afe71 sev]al feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,x has a squ>e l9tel1 ) a r\nd sav+ ar* ov] x1 & ! door 0 /r5g!n$ ) a slid+ b>4 ,a n>r[ passage at "r angles1 furni%$ ) a second door1 leads by a few /eps up to ! level ( ! pr9cipal floor & op5s on ! cloi/]4 ,?is is ! mo/ /rik+ & rem>kable "p ( ! ca/le4 ,x is #dj feet long by #bg feet wide1 & is surr\nd$ ) a vault$ gall]y 7,fig4 #aff71 support$ on six columns--?ree on ea* side--leav+ op5 to ! sky a c5tral space ( #ai feet by #aj feet4 ,! fir/ view ( ?is cloi/] is mo/ impressive4 ,! anci5t appe>ance ( ! granite columns1 ) _! qua9t caps & bases1 surm\nt$ by bold po9t$ ar*es1 above :i* rises an upp] & light] arcade2 ! ri* col\r ( ! walls2 ! sombre effect ( ! d>k arcades contra/$ ) ! bright light ( ! op5 c5tral c\rt2 & ! unusual "* ( ! /ructure1 all comb9e to produce a p[]ful & la/+ effect on ! m9d4 ,nor does a clos] inspection dim9i% ! int]e/4 ,"s ( ! pill>s are f\nd to be g5u9e ,roman ones1 br\ght f "s anci5t build+1 & "h utilis$ 9 a v matt]-(-fact ?\gh tell+ mann]4 ,! columns be+ g5]ally too %ort1 "s ( !m h be5 piec$ up ) ! yell[ lime/one ( ! di/rict1 :ile o!rs h be5 elevat$ on bases ( extra height4 ,?ree ( ! anci5t %afts are ( granite1 "o ( r$ m>ble1 & ! rema9+ two ( lime/one4 ,on "o ( ! =m] 7t at ! s\?-we/ angle7 c be read "p ( an inscription 9 hon\r ( ,con/ant9e4 ,?is %aft has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 long expos$ 9 ! op5 air1 & _m ( ! lett]s are worn away1 s t "s p>ts ( ! inscription are difficult to deciph]4 ,! foll[+ is ! r5d]+ ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,,l[] ,,cloi/]1 ,,/ ,,honorat4 ,abb ,alli]2 ! lett]s )9 brackets be+1 h[ev]1 illegible3-- ,,imp ,c,s ,,fl ,,val ,,con/an ,,t9o ,,pf ,,aug ,,divimax ,,imiani ,,aug ,,nepoti ,,divi ,,con ,,/ant ,,aug ,,pii ,,filio ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,,capitals ,,& ,,bases1 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg;a4 ,,capitals ,,& ,,base1 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t connect$ ) ^! pill>s is ! =m & decoration ( _! capitals & bases 7,figs4 #afg & #afg;a74 ,at fir/ sight !y look v rude & primitive1 b on c>eful exam9ation !y are se5 to possess c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* belong to a comp>atively late p]iod1 ?us rais+ a suspicion z to _! antiquity1 :i* ! evid5tly late vault+ ( ! cloi/] t5ds to confirm4 ,"o is !re=e some:at puzzl$ h[ to reg>d !m1 & :at date to assign to !m4 ,b a comp>ison ( ! caps & bases ( ,/ ,honorat ) ^? ( ! cloi/] ( ,?oronet at once removes all difficulty4 ,orig9al & qua9t z bo? are1 !y are evid5tly 7) ! exception ( "s :i* are lat]1 & w be aft]w>ds ref]r$ to7 ! product ( ! same /yle & p]iod4 ,! ,abb ,alli] in=ms u t 9 #abie ! ,abbot ,gancelme de ,mayr]is did mu* "w 9 ! int]ior ( ! t[]1 & 9 #acae a g5]al *apt] grant$ c]ta9 f9es 9 ord] to raise funds = its completion4 ,to ?is p]iod probably belongs ! fir/ con/ruction ( ! cloi/]4 ,b 9 #adjj ! mona/]y 0 attack$ by ,g5oese pirates1 comm&$ by "o ,salag]i1 :o took ! ca/le by assault1 imprison$ ! monks1 & pillag$ ! mona/]y4 ,^! ,corsairs kept possession ( ! ca/le = ab\t a ye>1 & 7 only got rid ( by a g5]al mu/] ( ! nobility ( ,prov5ce1 ) _! reta9]s4 ,! invad]s probably greatly de/roy$ ! build+2 = we le>n t aft] #adjj ! cloi/]s1 8,l',escali] t\rnant10 & o!r works 7 comm5c$1 & c>ri$ on by "o ,ga/olius de ,grasse1 :o di$ 9 #adbb4 ,^! facts indicate two p]iods ( consid]able op]ations at ! ca/le1 "o 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? & ! o!r ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! caps 7su* z ,a1 ,d1 & ,e71 :i* s /rik+ly resemble ^? ( ! cloi/]s ( ,?oronet1 probably belong to ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods2 :ile o!rs 7l ,b7 h be5 execut$ 9 imitation ( !m1 b conta9 details :i* are und\bt$ly ( ! p]iod ( ! lat] "w4 ,! capital 7,b7 & mo/ ( ! bases are cle>ly ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ! /yle ( ! ogee & o!r m\ld+s1 & ! foliage ( ! griffes or claws at ! angles & on ! cap ,b1 be+ ( a late "*4 ,! =m ( ! vault+ 7,fig4 #afh71 ) its ?9 gro9s all dy+ away to "o %>p po9t at ! spr++1 & )\t caps or corbels to re/ on1 also corresponds ) t date4 ,! cloi/] ar*es are po9t$1 b h no m\ld+s4 ,x 0 9 #acid1 %ortly be=e ! second ( ! above p]iods1 t ! body ( ,/ ,honorat 0 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,,l[] ,,cloi/] ,,9 ,,ca/le1 ,,/ ,,honorat4 br\ght to ! isl& f ,=calqui]4 ,altoge!r1 at ?is "t ! mona/]y seems to h be5 9 great activity1 & ext5sive works appe> to h be5 !n c>ri$ out at ! ca/le4 ,! portion adjo9+ ! nor? side ( ! cloi/] 0 at t "t ext5d$1 s z to =m a projection to ! nor?w>d1 conta9+ ! 8,escali] t\rnant0 above m5tion$4 ,! elliptical ar* ( ! doorway to ?is :eel-/air 7see ,fig4 #aff7 is evid5tly a late "w1 & a wide jo9t or crack 9 ! masonry1 %ew+ ! po9t f :i* ! ext5sion nor?w>d took place1 c be di/9ctly se5 9 ! ext]ior ( ! ea/ wall 7,fig4 #afi71 :]e x ext5ds f top to bottom ( ! ca/le4 ,! /yle ( ! masonry ( ?is portion is also smoo!r ?an ! orig9al "w1 :i* is left r\gh or 8bossy0 on ! surface4 ,! object ( ?is addition has probably be5 to provide a space = a gu>d-room ne> ! entrance to ! ca/le ) a wide /aircase1 & a broad plat=m on ! ro( = def5sive purposes4 ,b5ea? ! cloi/] is a l>ge ci/]n or tank1 /at$ by ! ,abb ,alli] to h be5 con/ruct$ by ,ga/olius de ,grasse e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 x conta9s a supply ( good wat]4 ,a /eep /air opposite ! entrance door leads d[n to "s small cell>s1 arrang$ 9 two /orys 7,fig4 #agj71 "u a portion only ( ! we/]n "p ( ! t[]4 ,asc5d+ ! 8,escali] t\rnant10 ! /eps ( :i* are f\r feet long1 we arrive at ! upp] cloi/] 7,fig4 #aga74 ,?is conta9s a gall]y all r\nd1 ) a p>apet next ! op5 c\rt1 on :i* /& twelve octagonal columns support+ z _m po9t$ ar*es 7,fig4 #agb74 ,! :ole is built 9 f9e :ite m>ble1 & ! design is 9 ! ,italian-,go?ic /yle1 some:at simil> to t ( ! cloi/] ar*es at ,frjus4 ,"s ( ! %afts & caps are evid5tly re/orations 9 imitation ( old] ones 7,fig4 #agc74 ,alli] /ates t ! arms ( ! ,grimaldi family ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat 7f ,n4-,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat 7section f ,n4 to ,s47 c\ld be trac$ on "o side ( ?is cloi/]1 two memb]s ( t h\se hav+ be5 ,abbots comm5datory ( ! ,lr9s4 ,?is probably m>ks ! date ( ! re/oration--fifte5? c5tury--b ! orig9al pill>s seem to be at lea/ a c5tury old]4 ,"s ( ! tiles ( ! floor1 :i* are ( a pla9 r$ col\r & squ>e1 /ill rema94 ,al?\gh ! cloi/] is n[ ro($ 9 ov] ! fir/ floor1 ! section 7see ,fig4 #agj7 indicates t !re 0 =m]ly a ?ird /ory4 ,! corbels 9 ! wall to support ! beams ( ! ro( are di/9ctly visible4 ,! ro( may h =m$ a plat=m ne>ly on ! level ( ! battlem5ts4 ,! two upp] floors 7 n vault$1 b ar*es 7 ?r[n across at ! f\r angles 7see ,fig4 #agb7 aga9/ ! out] wall s z to /r5g!n & /eady ! :ole /ructure4 ,on ! fir/ floor 7,fig4 #aga7 ! nor!rn addition =ms a recess1 cov]$ ) a pla9 circul> vault1 & light$ by a wide w9d[ provid$ ) /one seats4 ,! ea/ projection also =ms a recess ) a small w9d[ & a lock] 9 ! wall4 ,?is 0 probably ! sacri/y1 z x adjo9s ! *apel 9 ! s\? w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat1 ,l,,r9s4 ,! s\!rn w+ or projection seems to be ( ! same date z ! orig9al ca/le1 & to h =m$ "p ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,,upp] ,,cloi/]1 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat4 ( x4 ,on ! gr\nd floor x is cov]$ ) a pla9 semicircul> tunnel vault simil> 9 con/ruction to t ( ! nor!rn projection1 b !re is no indication on ! ext]ior ( !re hav+ be5 any ext5sion ( ! masonry1 su* z above indicat$ at ! nor!rn end4 ,! fir/ floor ( ! s\? w+ conta9s ! *apel1 #be feet by #bf feet ) a gro9$ vault ab\t #bh feet high 7see ,fig4 #agj74 ,! ribs are l>ge & ( a squ>e section1 & re/ on pla9 corbels 9 ! angles1 ! con/ruction ( ! :ole be+ v simple4 ,! w9d[s are small & h ! same recesses deeply splay$ t[>ds ! outside1 z occur 9 ! old "p ( ! ea/ wall 9 ! upp] cloi/]1 & :i* indicate an e>ly date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,,upp] ,,cloi/]1 ,,/ ,,honorat1 ,,details4 ,! *apel 0 probably "p ( ! orig9al design1 & 0 re/or$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we read t 9 #acdb1 ! ,abbot ,ge(frey _h ! 8*oir0 con/ruct$ 9 ,t\lon4 ,?is no d\bt ref]s to a wood5 gall]y or /alls1 :i* 7 !n fitt$ up1 b h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,! we/]n portion ( ! ca/le 0 divid$ 9 ! c5tre by a wall runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! nor!rn division seems to h conta9$ ! kit*51 & ! o!r half ! orig9al refectory4 ,! /one s9k /ill exi/s 9 ! kit*5 w9d[ to ! nor?4 ,! w9d[s look+ to ! we/ are small & high1 ! sill be+ /epp$ up4 ,! upp] floors 9 ?is w+ w\ld conta9 ! dormitories1 be+ provid$ ) fireplaces & g>d]obes 9 ! walls4 ,b ?is "p ( ! build+ 0 mu* alt]$ 9 ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5turies1 & ,mrime m5tions t :5 he visit$ ! ,isl& 9 #ahcd1 ! place 0 divid$ up into small rooms ) pla/] p>titions1 &1 he adds1 8"s ( ! *amb]s are /ill pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 sev]al ( ! panels ov] ! doors repres5t+ %eph]ds & %eph]desses 9 ! /yle ( ,van ,loo1 decorations "o w\ld sc>cely look = among/ ! monks40 ,at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! orig9al erection ( ! ca/le1 ! angle conta9$ betwe5 ! s\!rn projection & ! ma9 build+ 0 enclos$ ) a wall & add$ to ! /ructure4 ,! walls ( ?is addition are mu* ?9n] ?an ! old ones1 be+ only ab\t #d feet1 :ile ^? ( ! orig9al ca/le are f #h to #aj feet ?ick4 ,t ?is portion is an addition is evid5t f ! /yle ( ! masonry ( ! old s\!rn wall1 :i* is visible 9 ! int]ior ( ! ext5sion1 & corresponds ) ! r\gh a%l> ( ! ext]ior walls g5]ally 7see ,fig4 #agd1 "r side74 ,! pr9cipal floor ( ?is addition1 ent]+ (f ! l[] cloi/]1 0 us$ z ! refectory 7,fig4 #agd74 ,x is #dg feet long by #af feet wide1 & is ro($ ) a r\nd tunnel vault /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs4 ,?is /ructure mu/ belong to a comp>atively late p]iod--probably ! fifte5? c5tury--b x is notewor?y t ! old ,prov5al /yle ( tunnel vault+1 /r5g!n$ ) transv]se ribs1 hav+ a simple ovalo = ! /r+ c\rse or impo/1 & 8cut (f0 corbels1 is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,,refectory1 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,honorat4 ,! cu/om ( read+ to ! monks dur+ meals by "o ( _! numb] 0 evid5tly obs]v$ "h1 f ! semi-circul> recess or pulpit1 rais$ a few /eps above ! floor1 :i* is =m$ 9 ! wall at ! nor?-ea/ angle4 ,! basem5t ( ?is addition may h be5 us$ z cell>s & /ores1 & 0 rea*$ by a :eel /air 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,! upp] floor 7n[ de/roy$7 0 ! libr>y1 :i* conta9$ a l>ge numb] ( valuable ,,mss41 n[ disp]s$ & lo/4 ,at ! re/oration ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! top ( ! ca/le on ! sides next ! l& 7,figs4 #afe & #afi7 0 cr[n$ ) a /one p>apet project$ on bold corbels1 ) wide ma*icolations or ap]tures = def5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 #aebd1 & aga9 9 #aecf1 ! ca/le 0 attack$ & tak5 by ! ,spani>ds1 :o1 on ! latt] occasion1 7 comm&$ by ! fam\s ,g5oese ,capta9 ,&rea ,doria1 on ! "p ( ,*>les ,v4 ,"s additional build+s 7 add$ by ! ,spani>ds to r5d] ! ca/le m def5sible accord+ to ! ideas ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a n>r[ gangway only #d to #e feet wide 0 built1 by :i* alone access c\ld be obta9$ to ! entrance doorway2 & ?is 0 def5d$ by a d\ble doorway at its out] end1 :]e also x c\ld only be rea*$ by a n>r[ /air plac$ at "r angles4 ,to ! nor? ( ?is 0 a dit* & drawbridge4 ,an out] wall seems also to h enclos$ ! ca/le on ! we/ side1 & "s additional build+s 7 erect$ at ! s\?-we/ angle1 b ^! h n[ almo/ entirely crumbl$ away4 ,?is anci5t ru91 s int]e/+ hi/orically & ar*itecturally1 is n less s arti/ically4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! v5]able aspect ( ! antique cloi/] or ! ri* gold5 col\r ( ! ext]ior1 contra/+ s beautifully ) ! d>k-gre5 ( ! p9es & ! deep blue ( ! s\!rn sea & sky1 no?+ c\ld be m *>m+ or delightful4 ,aft] ! above dates ! ca/le seems to h be5 g>rison$ by ! ,cr[n ( ,france1 & 0 frequ5tly tak5 & retak5 by ! ,spani>ds & ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! ,*apel ( ,/e ,tr9it 0 height5$1 & =tifi$ ) two cannons2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 o!r batt]ies 7 erect$ at diff]5t po9ts r\nd ! isl&4 ,mean:ile ! mona/]y _h dw9dl$ away1 b ! monks /ill reta9$ _! suz]a9ty ov] ,cannes1 ,vallauris1 ,nap\le1 & o!r villages on ! ma9l&4 ,f9ally1 9 #aghh1 ! numb] ( monks _h become r$uc$ to f\r1 :51 on ! reque/ ( ! ,bi%op ( ,grasse1 ! mona/]y 0 secul>is$4 ,!reaft] ! isl& has sev]al times *ang$ h&s1 & n[ x is occupi$ by a body ( ,ci/]tian ,monks1 :o cultivate ! soil & sup]9t5d an orphanage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/e ,,m>gu,,rite4 ,! adjo9+ isl& ( ,,/e ,,m>gu,,rite has b little int]e/ ar*itecturally4 ,! =t1 :i* is built on ! precipit\s rock on ! nor? side ( ! isl&1 fac+ ! ,croisette po9t at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! bay ( ,cannes1 0 erect$ by ,ri*elieu4 ,sc>cely f9i%$1 x 0 attack$ & tak5 by ! ,spani>ds 9 #afce1 :o enl>g$ x1 & aft] be+ recov]$ by ! ,fr5*1 0 repair$ by ,vauban4 ,! view ( ! ca/le f ! ,croisette is picturesque & pleas+ 7,fig4 #age72 b ! only po9t wor? inspect+ close at h& is ! prison 9 :i* ! 8man ) ! iron mask0 0 conf9$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,! extreme ?ickness ( ! walls 7above #ab feet71 ! w9d[ def5d$ by ?ree successive grat+s 9 ! dep? ( ! wall1 ! d\ble doors cov]$ ) iron /uds & secur$ ) iron b>s1 give "s idea ( ! importance ( t my/]i\s prison]4 ,9 ! environs ( ,cannes !re are num]\s delightful walks & excursions among/ ! olives & v9es ( ! valleys1 or by footpa?s ov] ! p9e-clad hills4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fav\rite ( ^! is to ! t[n ( ,,vallauris1 fam\s = its f9e pott]y w>e4 ,x may be rea*$ by a road ?r\gh a rocky valley1 :i* bran*es (f ! ma9 road to ,antibes1 at ,golfe ,juan1 or by a footpa?1 =m+ a pleasant walk ( "s f\r miles across ! hills1 pa/ ! wayside *apel ( ,/ ,anto9e1 :i* cr[ns ! 8col0 betwe5 ! two valleys4 ,f ?is po9t a spl5did view is obta9$ ov] ,vallauris & its surr\nd+ hills1 above :i*1 9 ! di/ance1 rise ! sn[y peaks ( ! ,m>itime ,alps4 ,at ,vallauris !re /ill exi/s an int]e/+ ar*itectural relic1 be+ ! orig9al *apel ( ! summ] palace ( ! ,abbot ( ! ,lr9s4 ,?is resid5ce1 situat$ z x is among/ ! hills "s way inl& f ! sea1 enjoys 9 summ] a m temp]ate climate ?an ! ,isl& ( ,/ ,honorat1 :i* is said to be ! hotte/ place 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! prop]ty 0 acquir$ by ! mona/]y 9 #ajdb1 "u a *>t] ( ,aldeb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,antibes1 & "h ! abbots built _! seignorial ca/le4 ,! *apel probably dates f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! rema9d] ( ! palace 0 demoli%$ 9 ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury by a fam\s brig&1 ,raymond de ,tur5ne1 :o deva/at$ ! :ole coa/ ( ,prov5ce4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury "o ( ! monks ( ! ,lr9s1 ,rgni] de ,lasc>is1 rebuilt ! t[n on a regul> plan1 ) good /reets plac$ at "r angles1 pres5t+ a v /rik+ contra/ to ! network ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,,abbot',s ,,summ] ,,palace1 ,,vallauris4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,abbot',s ,,summ] ,,palace1 ,,vallauris4 n>r[ tortu\s lanes :i* =m ! usual /reets ( ,prov5al t[ns4 ,! h\ses 7 con/ruct$ = ! accommodation ( ! workm5 employ$ at ! celebrat$ pott]ies ( ! valley1 :i* 7 well kn[n ev5 9 ,roman times1 & are /ill ( _w-wide fame4 ,! palace 0 probably rebuilt ab\t ! same "t1 & possesses "s picturesque features 7,fig4 #agf74 ,! *apel is 7,fig4 #agg7 l t ( ,cannes1 a simple nave1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,abbot',s ,,summ] ,,palace1 ,,vallauris4 #ca feet long by #af feet wide1 ) r\nd apse ab\t #aj feet deep4 ,x is ro($ 9 two bays 7,fig4 #agh71 ) a po9t$ b>rel-vault1 hav+ "o squ>e transv]se rib 9 ! c5tre1 support$ by a simple pila/] on ea* side1 ) a /r+ c\rse at ! wall-head1 & impo/ 8cut (f10 all z at ! ,mont du ,*evali]4 ,! apse is r\nd1 & has a po9t$ semi-dome in/ead ( a r\nd "o1 z at ! latt]4 ,! w9d[s are small & po9t$1 & h ! deep ext]nal splay s common 9 all ^! build+s4 ,!re are two doors1 also po9t$1 "o ( :i* ent]s at ! s\? side f ! ca/le c\rt1 & ! o!r at ! we/ end f ! outside4 ,! po9t$ ar*es 9 ! doors & w9d[s probably indicate a some:at lat] date ?an ! r\nd ones ( ! 8,mont du ,*evali]40 ,! *apel is n[ occupi$ z an oil mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 8,,maison ,,du ,,brig&10 ,,le ,,cannet4 ,a wide b\lev>d has rec5tly be5 con/ruct$1 lead+ f ! c5tre ( ,cannes /raight nor?w>ds = a di/ance ( ab\t two miles1 ?r\gh ! only gr\nd ne> ! t[n :i* is at all level1 to ! village ( ,,le ,,cannet4 ,"h an anci5t ma*icolat$ t[] 7,fig4 #agi71 call$ ! 8,maison du brig&0 7n[ cr[n$ ) a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,,notre ,,dame ,,des ,,anges1 ,,le ,,cannet4 peaceful photograph]'s /udio71 contra/s /rangely ) ! new h\ses rapidly ris+ ar\nd x1 along ! rec5tly con/ruct$ & improv$ roads2 b on ! high] gr\nd "s ( ! m antique h\ses & n>r[ lanes are /ill pres]v$ ne> ! qua9t old *ur* ( ,notre ,dame des ,anges 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,le ,cannet =ms an agreeable prom5ade f ,cannes2 & x is well wor? :ile to cont9ue ! walk or drive nor?w>ds = ab\t two miles ?r\gh ! magnific5t groves ( olives :i* "h clo! ! valley1 z f> z ! base ( ! hill1 on ! summit ( :i* /&s ! anci5t t[n ( ,,m\g9s4 ,:e!r view$ f bel[1 or f ! hill above on ! "r close by ! anci5t & picturesque *ur* ( ,notre ,dame de ,vie 7,fig4 #aha71 ! effect ( ! old t[n cr[n+ its rocky & olive-clad height is always /rik+4 ,! climb up ! /eep & _m-/epp$ mule pa? to ! habitations on ! summit is no small task1 b ! lab\r is well repaid by ! spl5did ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,,notre ,,dame ,,de ,,vie ,,& ,,m\g9s4 views !nce obta9$ 9 all directions1 especially t[>ds ,grasse1 & by ! picturesque vi/as :i* meet ! eye at e turn 9 ! anci5t n>r[ /reets4 ,"o ( ! orig9al gateways ( ! t[n 7,fig4 #ahb7 is /ill pres]v$1 ) its ma*icolat$ p>apet & ! grooves = ! portcullis beh9d its pla9 po9t$ ar*4 ,x is suppos$ t ,m\g9s is ! ,mons gitna to :i* ! native tribes retir$1 & :]e !y =tifi$ !mselves aft] be+ driv5 f ,cannes 7or gitna7 by ! ,romans4 ,9 return+ to ,cannes1 ! r\te may be delightfully v>i$ by a walk ov] ! hills1 pa/ ,notre ,dame de ,vie1 & along ! footpa? beside ! aqu$uct1 :i* br+s ! wat] supply f ! s\rces ( ! ,siagne 7"s tw5ty miles (f by road1 b d\ble ! di/ance measur$ r\nd ! w9d+s ( ! canal7 to ,cannes & ,antibes4 ,ca/ell>as1 ab\t a c\ple ( miles nor? f ,m\g9s1 is ano!r spl5did po9t ( view4 ,an anci5t ca/le "h occupies ! summit ( a hill1 & is p>tly surr\nd$ ) its old wall ( ence9te1 b ! mo/ ( ! build+s connect$ ) x are mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,,m\g9s1 ,,gate ,,to ,,t[n4 ,! mo/ important place1 h[ev]1 ly+ a few miles inl& f ,cannes1 is ,,grasse1 an anci5t t[n ( "s celebrity1 & /ill a place ( consid]able bus9ess & movem5t4 ,x lies ab\t t5 miles nor? f ,cannes1 & may be approa*$ by sev]al roads or by railway4 ,"o road goes to ! we/w>d1 by ! pla9 ( ,laval & ! valley ( ! ,siagne1 pass+ ?r\gh ! little t[n ( ,pgomas1 & )9 a %ort di/ance ( ,,auribeau 7,fig4 #ahc71 an anci5t city p]*$ on ! cre/ ( a l(ty hill4 ,f ?is po9t ! road /eadily asc5ds1 till1 aft] a long climb1 ,grasse1 :i* /&s ab\t #ajjj feet above ! sea1 comes into view1 its h\ses clu/]+ r\nd ! old ca!dral1 & ris+ 9 ! =m ( an amphi!atre 7,fig4 #ahd71 ti] ov] ti] up ! hillside on :i* x is built4 ,f ! height at :i* ! t[n /&s1 ! view ov] ! luxuriant l[] gr\nd betwe5 x & ,cannes is v comm&+ & delightful1 ! :ole ( ! valley be+ laid out z g>d5s = ! cultivation ( ! roses1 violets1 & o!r sweet sc5t$ fl[]s1 f :i* ! p]fumes = :i* ,grasse is fam\s are di/ill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,auribeau4 ,f an e>ly "t ,grasse 0 an indu/ri\s & comm]cial t[n4 ,x ?us became ri*1 & its weal? br\ght ^u x frequ5t attacks f ! ,s>ac5s :ile !y _h _! headqu>t]s at ! ,great ,frax9et4 ,e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! inhabitants foll[$ ! example ( ! ,italian t[ns ) :i* !y _h comm]ce by con/itut+ !mselves a free republic4 ,_! consuls =m$ treaties ) ,pisa & ,g5oa1 & un=tunately ! t[n got mix$ up ) ,italian politics & ! disputes ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es4 ,?is l$ to ! usual unhappy result ( divid+ ! p into viol5t factions1 & enabl$ ,raymond ,brang]1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 9 #abbf1 "u pretext ( aid+ ! ,guelph p>ty1 to r5d] himself ma/] ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,grasse %>$ ! unhappy fate ( ! re/ ( ?is "p ( ,france1 :5 ,francis ,i4 f\nd himself unable to def5d x aga9/ ,*>les ,v41 & !re=e laid ! :ole c\ntry wa/e4 ,! t[n also suff]$ greatly dur+ ! religi\s w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,,grasse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,plan ,,( ,,grasse ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,,grasse ,,ca!dral1 ,,we/ ,,end4 ,! mo/ important build+ 9 ,grasse is ! ca!dral4 ,x is ! fir/ *ur* we h se51 on our way ea/w>ds1 :i* repres5ts a type ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ,prov5ce1 & m>k$ly ak9 to ! ar*itecture ( ,italy--a *>act]i/ic :i* we %all f9d m & m /rongly develop$ 9 our progress along ! ,rivi]a4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #ahe71 l t ( mo/ ( ! *ur*es ( ,italy1 consi/s ( a c5tral nave & side aisles1 all orig9ally t]m9at$ ) ea/]n apses1 ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,,grasse ,,ca!dral 7,campanile at ,n4,e4 angle74 exi/+ *oir1 :i* is squ>e1 be+ a late addition4 ,! "* ( ! ext]ior is ess5tially ,italian 7,fig4 #ahf71 be+ simil> 9 its =ms & ornam5t to ! *ur*es ( ,pisa & ,g5oa1 ) :i* t[ns1 z above-m5tion$1 ,grasse _h comm]cial relations4 ,! arcad$ ornam5t at ! eaves is v ,lomb>dic1 & ! doorways ( ! we/ front & nor? side 7,fig4 #ahg7 are ( ! ord9>y ,italian design ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) l[ pit*$ ro(4 ,! tall & simple squ>e campanile is also ,italian 9 conception4 ,! design ( ! int]ior 7,fig4 #ahh7 is some:at rem>kable1 ! massive circul> pi]s ) _! cu%ion caps hav+ m ( ! "* ( a ,nor!rn ?an ( a ,s\!rn edifice4 ,!y rem9d "o1 h[ev]1 ( ^? ( ,c>cassonne4 ,! solid squ>e gro9s ( ! vault1 spr++ f v simple corbels1 are ( a usual ,prov5al =m--su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ( ,frjus ,ca!dral4 ,close to ! ca!dral /&s "o ( ! squ>e t[]s 7,fig4 #ahi71 simil> to t ( ! ,mont du ,*evali] at ,cannes1 :i* we h notic$ z be+ common 9 ! t[ns ( ?is ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,,grasse ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,,keep ,,t[]1 ,,grasse4 prov9ce4 ,x is built ) ! usual r\gh-fac$ a%l> "w1 b its o!r di/9ctive features are n[ lo/1 ! int]ior be+ occupi$ z dwell+-rooms4 ,?is t[] adjo9s ! anci5t ,bi%op's ,palace1 n[ ! ,municipal ,build+s4 ,ne> ?is--&1 inde$1 scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! n>r[ & busy /reets ( ,grasse--are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,,/aircase1 ,,grasse4 to be se5 _m fragm5ts ( ! massive ar*itecture ( its anci5t palaces4 ,^! are easily di/+ui%$ f _! be+ built ) ! same r\gh-fac$1 solid masonry z ! t[]2 & !y (t5 /ill reta9 a door or w9d[ ( po9t$ =m1 recall+ ! old] palaces occasionally f\nd 9 ! simil> cr[d$ lanes ( ,g5oa4 ,!re are also "s examples 9 ,grasse ( ! great h\ses ( ! m]*ant pr9ces ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 s di/9ctive ( ! ,italian cities4 ,! picturesque /aircase ( "o ( ^! is /ill pres]v$ 7,fig4 #aij74 ,?is build+ /&s at ! ea/ end ( "o ( ! *>m+ op5 8places10 surr\nd$ ) arcades1 plant$ ) trees1 & enliv5$ ) f\nta9s1 9 :i* ,grasse ab\nds1 & :i* =m su* attractive subjects = ! arti/4 ,9 "o ( ! n>r[ /reets /&s ! ,*ur* ( ! 8,oratoire10 7,fig4 #aia71 ! /rik+ly ,italian faade ( :i* at once arre/s att5tion4 ,x is evid5tly a build+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is exactly su* a design z may be f\nd 9 any ( ! cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,! annex$ sket* 7,fig4 #aib7 ( "o ( ! caps ( ! ma9 pi]s is sugge/ive1 & corresponds ) simil> details ( ! same p]iod 9 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,oratoire1 ,,grasse4 ,f ,grasse sev]al v int]e/+ excursions may be made1 & a numb] ( anci5t build+s inve/igat$4 ,a v f9e1 al?\gh a long day's exp$ition1 is ! drive to ,/ ,csaire & ,callian4 ,! =m] is rea*$ by a side road1 :i* bran*es (f ! ma9 road to ,draguignon1 ab\t six miles we/ ( ,grasse1 & aft] a climb ( ?ree miles fur!r up among/ ! m\nta9s f9ally arrives at ,/ ,csaire1 beyond :i* all progress we/w>ds is /opp$ on ! cre/ ( ! great cliffs :i* hem 9 ! gorge ( ! ,siagne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,,f ,l',,oratoire1 ,,grasse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,,/ ,c,,saire1 ,,anci5t ,,gateway4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to return to ! ma9 road1 itself suffici5tly w9d+ & romantic1 along :i* a fur!r c\rse ( eight to n9e miles conducts to ,montaur\x & ,callian4 ,! :ole j\rney !re & back to ,grasse ?us ext5ds to ab\t ?irty-sev5 miles1 b c easily be accompli%$ 9 "o day ) a pair ( ! h>dy ponies ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ma9 road f ,grasse desc5ds by num]\s wide loops t[>ds ! valley1 & skirts ! l(ty m\nta9s on ! "r1 :]e sev]al picturesque look+ villages are se5 clu/]+ on ! hillsides4 ,at ,tignet ! ru9s ( an anci5t comm&]y ( ! templ>s are pass$1 b !re is no?+ ( ar*itectural int]e/ suffici5t to deta9 ! travell] till ,/ ,csaire1 among/ its remote & sn[-clad hills1 is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,,at ,,/ ,c,,saire4 ,! t[n ( ,,/ ,c,,saire is *>m+ly situat$ ab\t n9e miles we/ f ,grasse4 ,x /&s on ! edge ( a l(ty precipice ov]look+ ! valley ( ! ,siagne1 :i* is "h full ( rem>kable sc5]y & int]e/+ grottoes & f\nta9s1 =m+ a romantic region1 f :i* />ts ! aqu$uct :i* supplies fre% wat] to ,cannes & ,antibes4 ,/ ,csaire possesses /ill "s rema9s ( its anci5t walls & gates 7,fig4 #aic71 "s qua9t pieces ( c>v+ ov] doorways etc4 7,fig4 #aid74 ,b its mo/ int]e/+ feature ar*itecturally1 is ! anci5t *ur* :i* /&s 9 its quiet *ur*y>d outside ! t[n1 reliev$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( sn[y m\nta9s 7,fig4 #aie74 ,x is simil> 9 its ,ci/]tian simplicity to ^? ( ,cannes & ,vallauris1 & diff]s only 9 hav+1 in/ead ( pla9 pila/]s1 r\nd$ vault+ %afts1 ) simple caps & bases 7,fig4 #aif71 ! =m] v simil> to ^? ( ,?oronet4 ,! *ur* is #de feet long by #bj wide 7,fig4 #aig71 divid$ into ?ree bays1 ) apse #i feet deep to ! ea/w>d4 ,z at ,vallauris !re are two doors1 "o at ! we/ end & "o 9 ! s\? side1 ! latt] po9t$ ext]nally & r\nd int]nally4 ,! w9d[s h r\nd ar*es1 ) ! usual deep ext]nal splay1 at ! inn] edge ( :i* ! op5+ is n>r[$ by two half roll m\ld+s1 probably ) a view to prev5t draughts 9 ?is l(ty & expos$ region4 ,= ! same reason !re are only ?ree v small w9d[s1 two on ! s\? side & "o 9 ! apse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,c,,saire4 ,?is *ur* probably dates f ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,bo? ! ext]ior & ! int]ior are well pres]v$4 ,! walls h be5 height5$ at a lat] date1 b :y is n cle>4 ,z ! alt]ation does n affect ! int]ior1 x has probably be5 done to make ! slope ( ! ro( h>monise ) ! we/ front1 :i* has be5 alt]$ & a belfry add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,c,,saire4 ,z 9 all ! *ur*es ( ! /yle1 ! tiles ( ! ro( re/ directly on ! outside ( ! ar*es4 ,an anci5t c>v$ front 7%ewn 9 ,fig4 #aid7 is ly+ outside ! *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,,plan ,,( ,,*ur*1 ,,/ ,csaire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,,*,,teau ,,de ,,t\rnon1 ,,ne> ,,/ ,c,,saire4 ,! ma9 road1 f ! po9t :]e ! bran* to ,/ ,csaire leaves x1 cont9ues we/w>ds & desc5ds ) _m wide & bold sweeps till x rea*es ! ,siagne1 :i* x crosses at ,les ,veyans1 & aga9 asc5ds ! /eep & wood$ valley on ! opposite side4 ,soon ! rugg$ ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,t\rnon 7,fig4 #aih7 are se5 fr[n+ ov] ! pass f _! rocky em95ce1 :i* c only be rea*$ aft] a h>d climb ?r\gh ! ?ick wood & ?orny hea? :i* clo! ! hillside4 ,b t tr\ble is rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a rude & rem>kable edifice4 ,?is consi/s ( a ,keep ( semi-circul> =m built on ! edge ( a precipice :i* =ms ! diamet] ( ! circle1 & has app>5tly be5 consid]$ a suffici5t def5ce ( ! /ructure on t side4 ,a semi-circul> l(ty wall ( ence9te surr\nds ! keep on ! side next ! hill4 ,! entrance gateway 0 d\btless 9 ?is wall :]e !re is n[ a ru9\s gap4 ,! build+ is r$uc$ to b>e & %att]$ walls1 s t its int]ior arrangem5ts _c be det]m9$1 b x mu/ h be5 a v s+ul> & unique /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,,t[n ,,& ,,ca/le ,,( ,,callian4 ,ne> ! highe/ po9t ( ! road1 9 cont9u+ we/w>ds1 ! village ( ,la ,colle-,noire /&s across ! way1 & 9 old5 times /opp$ all passage by means ( gates 9 its walls4 ,beyond ?is1 an op5 c\ntry ri* 9 v9es & olives is trav]s$1 f :i* ano!r long asc5t leads to ! t[n ( ,montaur\x1 /&+ on a promontory1 cr[n$ ) ! ru9s ( ! ,=t ,/ ,b>?lemy1 de/roy$ 9 #aeib4 ,a wide curve ( ! road1 r\nd a f9e amphi!atre ( t]rac$ l&s1 leads f ,montaur\x to ,callian1 ano!r little t[n p]*$ on ! hillside1 & comm&$ by ! imm5se ru9s ( an old ca/le 7,fig4 #aii71 :i* l all ! o!rs 9 ! prov9ce1 0 sack$ 9 #agib1 & ( :i* only ! %att]$ %ell rema9s4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! mullion$ w9d[s & r\nd t[]1 to h be5 built 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & has evid5tly be5 alt]$ 9 ! sev5te5?1 by ! ins]tion ( num]\s l>ge oblong op5+s4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?is pile 0 inhabit$ by ,jean de ,grasse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,,le ,,b>1 ,s4 ,,doorway ,,( ,,*ur*4 ,f ,grasse ano!r excursion ( surpass+ int]e/1 n only on acc\nt ( ! magnific5t natural sc5]y pass$ ?r\gh1 b also f ! v>iety ( ! ar*itectural rema9s1 may be made to ! ea/w>d lead+ by ,le ,b> & ,v5ce to ,cagnes1 :]e ! ,p>is1 ,lyons1 & ,m$it]ranean ,railway is rea*$4 ,! :ole di/ance is ab\t tw5ty-five miles4 ,! fir/ place ( note arriv$ at aft] leav+ ,grasse is ,,le ,,b>1 ab\t six miles to ! ea/w>d4 ,x /&s on a plat=m at a consid]able height & enjoys a f9e view to ! s\?w>ds4 ,! *ur*1 n rem>kable o!rwise1 has a ,roman inscription built into ! t[]1 & a f9e ,italian ,go?ic doorway 7,fig4 #bjj7 9 ! s\? side4 ,?is doorway1 ) its twi/$ nook %afts & ar* m\ld+s1 pla9 caps1 & enclos+ not*$ wea!r table1 might h be5 f\nd 9 almo/ any "p ( ,italy4 ,wood5 doors cov]$1 l ?is "o ( ,le ,b>1 ) elaborate c>v+s1 are a feature ( common occurr5ce 9 e "p ( ! prov9ce1 & are (t5 ( mu* int]e/ & beauty4 ,! *ur* conta9s two rem>kable ,m$ival pa9t+s :i* 7 ?\ght wor?y ( notice at ! great ,exhibition ( ,p>is1 to :i* !y _h be5 s5t4 ,! t[n is /ill dom9at$ by ! relics ( a great ca/le ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ( :i* "s t[]s rema91 b x is n[ greatly ru9$ & %orn ( its gr&eur4 ,"s ( ! old walls ( ! t[n also /ill survive1 & give ?is qua9t old place1 p]*$ z x is on ! /eep slope ( ! hill1 an unusual & /rik+ aspect4 ,f ,le ,b> ! ma9 road desc5ds 9 wide curves t[>ds ! valley ( ! riv] ,l\p1 b long be=e rea*+ ! bottom ( ! gorge ! eye is attract$ by ! unusual appe>ance ( t[]s & p9nacles ris+ f ! summit ( a l(ty pyramidal m\nta9 to ! nor?w>ds 7,fig4 #bja74 ,^! di/ant peaks are f\nd on ne>] approa* to be ! edifices ( ! t[n ( ,,g\rdon1 an eyrie built = security f ! assaults ( ! ,corsairs on ?is inaccessible & naturally =tifi$ em95ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,,g\rdon4 ,a po/ road1 bran*+ (f ! ma9 road at ,le ,b>1 passes1 aft] _m w9d+s & asc5ts r\nd ! rocky sides ( ! opposite cliffs1 )9 a %ort di/ance ( ,g\rdon2 b = ^? :o int5d go+ on to ,v5ce1 ! latt] c\rse is too great a deviation f ! r\te4 ,_! only way ( rea*+ ,g\rdon is by ! /eep & /ony footpa? :i* is se5 ris+ to x 9 innum]able zig-zags f ne> ! bridge ov] ! ,l\p4 ,x is a spl5did asc5t1 al?\gh a some:at ardu\s "o1 & af=ds a lovely s]ies ( views2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r "o is suffici5tly rew>d$ by ! specim5s ( ar*itecture :i* he f9ds 9 ,g\rdon4 ,x is n[ a melan*oly & des]t$ village1 occupi$ app>5tly only by a few wom5 & *ildr54 ,"s ( ! h\ses are picturesque 9 _! gr\p+1 l ^? 9 ,fig4 #bjb1 b !re is no?+ f9e ab\t ! place except ! magnific5t view to ! s\?1 ea/1 & we/ f ! t]race 9 front ( ! old *ur*4 ,"o v l>ge build+ seems to swamp all ! re/ ( ! little t[n4 ,?is is a great *teau 7,fig4 #bjc71 built by ! family ( ,lomb>d 9 ! /yle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :i*1 we believe1 is /ill occupi$ 9 summ]1 :5 ! cool breezes ( ?is elevat$ p9nacle =m a grateful *ange f ! heat ( ! pla9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,,h\ses ,,9 ,,g\rdon4 ,f ! po9t :]e ! ma9 road crosses ! ,l\p1 a delightful excursion may be made up ! gorge among/ ! m\nta9s1 z f> z a fam\s wat]fall call$ ! 8,saut du ,l\p40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,,*,,teau1 ,,g\rdon4 ,! road n[ gradually asc5ds ! nor!rn side ( ! valley ( ! ,l\p1 :i* is se5 fl[+ at "s di/ance bel[ on ! "r ?r\gh a ri*ly cultivat$ pla94 ,9 "s ( ! cutt+s by :i* ! road is c>ri$ r\nd ! rocks1 num]\s oy/] & o!r fossil %ells may be obs]v$1 *>act]i/ic ( ! t]ti>y lime/one :i* "h occurs ( great ?ickness1 & =ms ! imm5se cliffs :i* at "s p>ts ( ! coa/ ov]hang ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,on approa*+ ,,t\rettes ! road sweeps r\nd ! abrupt side ( a gorge :]e ! rock is holl[$ out into cav]ns1 "s ( :i* are occupi$ z h\ses & /ores4 ,f ?is po9t a f9e view is obta9$ ( ! grey old t[n ( ,t\rettes1 ) its crumbl+ walls & h\ses ris+ f ! m>g9 ( precipit\s rocks ( ! same sad du/y col\r4 ,!re seems to be no?+ ( special int]e/ 9 ! t[n1 b outside ! walls on ! nor? side !re is a wide op5 8place10 on :i* /& ! ,htel de ,ville & ! *ur* ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! latt] is a specim5 built on ! plan ( ! simple hall )\t aisles4 ,9 ?is in/ance x is vault$ ) gro9$ ar*es 7,fig4 #bjd71 ! ribs hav+ ! unusual =m ( a pla9 bead1 & spr++ f small primitive look+ corbels1 su* z are common 9 ,prov5al *ur*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,,*ur*1 ,,t\rettes4 ,! font 7,fig4 #bje7 9 ?is *ur* is ( a r rem>kable design4 ,a few miles' fur!r drive ?r\gh f9e m\nta9 sc5]y br+s u to ! anci5t city ( ,v5ce 7describ$ fur!r on71 :5ce ! railway /ation ( ,v5ce-,cagnes is ab\t six miles di/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,,font1 ,,t\rettes4 ,we %all n[ return to ,cannes & foll[ ! r\te ea/w>ds along ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is takes u fir/ by ! f9e %elt]$ road/ead ( ,golfe ,j\an to ! city ( ,,antibes1 :i* /&s ^u a rocky p59sula jutt+ out into ! sea1 & enclos+ a %elt]$ bay & h>b\r1 def5d$ on ! opposite po9t by a great />-%ap$ =tification call$ ! ,=t ,c>r1 erect$ by ,vauban4 ,! t[n itself is surr\nd$ ) walls1 & /rongly =tifi$ 9 ! /yle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ( :i* x is a good & little alt]$ specim54 ,! views ( ! t[n f ! sea coa/ are *>m+ 7,fig4 #bjf74 ,surr\nd$ on ! l& side ) its great /one ravel9s & ba/ions1 & protect$ on ! s\? by its rocky seabo>d1 ) ! sn[y peaks ( ! ,m>itime ,alps =m+ a backgr\nd1 & ! bright blue ( ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! =egr\nd1 a f9] picture c h>dly be imag9$4 ,! t[n ( ,antibes is ( v anci5t orig94 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,l5?ric1 a sacr$ /one ( ! ,phnicians has "h be5 f\nd1 ) a ,greek inscription1 giv+ pro( ( ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! ,hell5es hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is locality 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is t[n 0 also an important /ation "u ! ,romans4 ,9 v e>ly ,*ri/ian times x became ! see ( a bi%op1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,,antibes 7f ,w47 b be+ greatly expos$ to ! attacks ( ! ,s>ac5 ,corsairs1 f :om x suff]$ sev]ely1 ! see 0 9 #abdc remov$ = security to ,grasse4 ,!re 7 orig9ally f\r bi%oprics 9 ?is "p ( ! ,rivi]a1 viz43--,nice1 ,antibes 7aft]w>ds ,grasse71 ,v5ce1 & ,frjus4 ,! :ole are n[ compris$ 9 ! two dioceses ( ,nice & ,frjus4 ,z a fronti] t[n ,antibes 0 necess>ily mu* damag$ dur+ ! w>s betwe5 ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v41 be+ frequ5tly attack$ & pillag$4 ,its anci5t build+s h ?us be5 almo/ entirely demoli%$1 ei!r by ! direct effects ( w> or 9 ! con/ruction ( ! =tifications1 s t sc>cely a trace ( ,roman occupation rema9s1 save 9 "s tombs1 inscriptions1 & urns :i* h be5 dug up4 ,! olde/ exi/+ /ructures /& on ! highe/ po9t ( ! rock fac+ ! sea4 ,"h we f9d "s p>ts ( ! ca!dral ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & two t[]s 9 ! /yle ( ^? ( ! ,mont du ,*evali] at ,cannes4 ,! *ur* is v simple 9 design1 & seems to h be5 orig9ally simil> to t ( ,v5ce1 b x has be5 greatly alt]$ & a new front add$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7,fig4 #bjg74 ,! two t[]s at ,antibes are ( peculi> int]e/4 ,at ,cannes !re is only "o t[] or keep1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! ca/le ( ! ,*evali]4 ,at ,antibes "o ( ! t[]s 7,fig4 #bjh7 is 9 connection ) an old palace 7n[ a b>rack71 :i* d\btless occupies ! site ( ! anci5t ca/le1 be+ on ! summit ( ! rock1 & suitably plac$ = keep+ a look-out seaw>ds4 ,! o!r t[] is close to ! ca!dral 7,fig4 #bjg71 & is /ill connect$ ) x by a cov]$ way on ! fir/ floor4 ,x seems probable t ! fir/ 0 ! keep ( ! temporal ,comm&ant & ! o!r t ( ! spiritual ,"l4 ,! frequ5t incursions ( ! ,corsairs w\ld r5d] su* a place ( security desirable 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,,t[] ,,or ,,keep ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,ca!dral1 ,,antibes4 connection ) ! ca!dral1 & w\ld also enable ! bi%op to be indep5d5t ( ! temporal p[]4 ,bo? keeps are con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! ,mont du ,*evali] ) r\gh fac$ a%l> blocks1 & 9 bo? ! entrance doorway is on ! fir/ floor4 ,t ( ! ca/le 7,fig4 #bjh7 is recess$ "u a pla9 r\nd ar*1 & has a m\ld$ /ep to receive ! ladd] or moveable /air by :i* x 0 approa*$4 ,!re are also two corbels1 "o on ea* side ( ! doorway1 z if = ! purpose ( c>ry+ a p5t h\se ro(4 ,! /air is c>ri$ up r\nd ! inside ( ! walls & support$ on corbels z at ,cannes4 ,! ca/le t[] has 9 mod]n times be5 l[]$ & cov]$ ) a slop+ ro(4 ,! bi%op's t[] is n[ us$ z ! belfry ( ! *ur*1 & has _h l>ge r\nd head$ op5+s cut 9 x ne> ! top to let out ! s\nd ( ! bells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,,t[] ,,or ,,keep ,,( ,,! ,,ca/le1 ,,antibes4 ,on ! left ( ?is t[] 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #bjg7 may be obs]v$ "s rema9s ( simil> workman%ip 9 ! masonry1 :i* indicate ! position ( ano!r anci5t /ructure above :i* a mod]n h\se has be5 erect$4 ,"s fragm5ts ( anci5t walls1 & a gateway ) two l>ge r\nd t[]s1 may be obs]v$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,rue ,aub]non1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! arcades on ! opposite side1 & ! d\ble r[ ( trees :i* l9e ! b\lev>d1 =m a /rik+ & picturesque prom5ade4 ,^! walls d\btless enclos$ ! anci5t cit1 & ! ,rue ,aub]non occupies ! position ( ! orig9al dit*4 ,! =tifications ( ! exi/+ t[n ext5d a long way beyond ?is anci5t b\nd>y4 ,9 pass+ along ! coa/ ea/w>ds f ,antibes a f9e view is obta9$ on ! "r ov] ! sea t[>ds ,nice1 :ile on ! o!r h& glimpses occur betwe5 ! olive groves & up ! valleys to ! m\nta9s beyond4 ,! fir/ ( ^! op5+s1 ! valley ( ! ,brague1 %ews ! int]e/+ old t[n ( ,biot 9 ! di/ance1 set z usual on a rocky height4 ,a little fur!r on ! t[] ( ! ca/le ( ,vill5euve-,l\bet rises above ! riv] ,l\p1 & imm$iately !reaft] ! t[n ( ,cagnes bur/s sudd5ly ^u ! view4 ,?is t[n consi/s z usual ( a s]ies ( h\ses clu/]+ 9 t]races r\nd ! sides ( a deta*$ & precipit\s hill1 cr[n$ ) an anci5t ca/le on its summit4 ,! /ation ( ,v5ce-,cagnes is easily rea*$ by railway ei!r f ! direction ( ,nice or ,cannes1 & f x sev]al pleasant excursions may be made to ! places above ref]r$ to1 :i* h j be5 pass$1 & also to ! anci5t t[ns ( ,/ ,paul-du-,v> & ,v5ce1 already m5tion$4 ,,cagnes is a place ( "s indu/ry1 be+ ! po9t ( export = ! products ( ! valleys ( ! ,l\p1 ! ,malvan1 & ! ,cagne4 ,on leav+ ! railway /ation & approa*+ ! t[n1 ! l[] "p ( ! hill on :i* x /&s is se5 to be ri*ly clad ) ! d>k gre5 foliage ( ! orange trees1 enliv5$ ) _! gold5 fruit1 plant$ 9 /one-built t]races ris+ /eeply "o ov] ! o!r up to ! walls ( ! t[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,cagnes 7f ! ,s47 ,ent]+ at ! s\? end ( ! hill a /eep & n>r[ /reet leads /raight up to ! top at ! nor? end1 :]e /&s ! old ca/le ( ! ,grimaldis 7,fig4 #bji74 ,?is is evid5tly an anci5t /ructure1 hav+ ! bold ma*icolat$ p>apet ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,b x has be5 greatly alt]$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 l>ge w9d[s h be5 op5$ 9 ! walls1 ! ma*icolations be+ 9 num]\s places cut away to receive !m 7,fig4 #baj72 :ile at ! entrance front a wide out] /aircase ) d\ble ramp & m>ble balu/rade has be5 introduc$ lead+ up to a pr9cipal entrance doorway on ! fir/ floor4 ,f ?is access is obta9$ to a small inn] c\rty>d surr\nd$ ) ,r5aissance columns =m+ a /aircase & corridor above ( two /orys 9 height1 :i*1 adorn$ z x is ) beautiful plants by ! pres5t proprietor1 has a peculi>ly pleas+ effect4 ,"s ( ! ap>tm5ts are f9ely decorat$4 ,t ( ! 8,belle ,*em9e0 has a sculptur$ m>ble fireplace & a ceil+ pa9t$ ) ! fall ( ,phaeton1 said to be by ,c>l[e4 ,f ! plat=m ly+ to ! nor? ( ! *teau a magnific5t view is obta9$ to ! nor?w>d up ! valley ( ! ,malvan t[>ds ,/ ,paul & ,v5ce1 & ! l(ty precipices ( ,/ ,jeannot beyond1 back$ to ! "r ) ! sn[y ridges ( ! di/ant ,alps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,cagnes 7f ! ,n4,e47 ,! ne>e/ place ( prom95ce f ,cagnes is ! ,ca/le ( ,,vill5euve-,,l\bet--ab\t two miles to ! nor?-we/4 ,?is ca/le has be5 mod]nis$ & ne>ly rebuilt1 b en\gh ( ! orig9al "w rema9s to r5d] a visit v int]e/+4 ,on ne>+ x1 ! edifice 7,fig4 #baa7 is se5 to consi/ ( a c5tral ca/le /r5g!n$ ) f\r t[]s at ! angles1 & surm\nt$ by a l(ty1 qua9t1 & ,moori%-look+ wat*-t[]1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ ) a /rong wall ( ence9te1 def5d$ ) r\nd t[]s at ! angles 7,fig4 #bab71 provid$ ) l>ge port-holes = guns1 & sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ c\nty by a deep dit*4 ,! entrance gateway consi/s ( an iron grat+1 gu>d$ by two r\nd t[]s1 & furni%$ ) a drawbridge ov] ! moat4 ,! r\nd t[]s & walls ( ence9te are by no means mod]n2 !y probably belong to ! sixte5? c5tury1 b !y h be5 %orn ( _! pr\d battlem5ts1 & ?us pres5t a v squat & subdu$ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,vill5euve-,,l\bet 7f ! ,n4,w47 ,! c5tral ca/le is 9 "p mu* m anci5t1 b also = ! mo/ "p greatly alt]$ & mod]nis$4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,vill5euve-,,l\bet 7f ! ,s4,e47 orig9al plan 0 probably n dissimil> to ! exi/+ "o1 compris+ a c5tral c\rty>d ) build+s surr\nd+ x4 ,! ext]ior walls are mod]n1 b ^? ( ! int]ior ( ! c\rty>d are p>tly anci5t1 al?\gh alt]$4 ,!y are built ) ! r\gh-fac$ a%l> ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & conta9 "s decay$ coats ( arms on :i* may /ill be trac$ ! lances ( ! ,vill5euves & ! /> ( ,les ,baux4 ,ext]nally1 ! ea/ face 7,fig4 #bab7 pres5ts two notewor?y features 9 ! apse ( ! *apel & ! tall wat*-t[]4 ,! *apel1 al?\gh n[ conv]t$ into ap>tm5ts1 /ill reta9s ! outl9es & buttresses ( an apse :i* seems to belong to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! wat*-t[] is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect examples ( ^? *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,m>itime ,alps4 ,x is ( ! same nature z ! keep t[]s we h met ) at ,cannes1 ,grasse1 & ,antibes1 hav+ ! same r\gh a%l> fac+1 b in/ead ( be+ squ>e on plan l !m1 x has ! ea/]n side project$ 9 ! =m ( a %>p angle 7l ! t[] ( ,la ,tr9it 9 ! same locality1 to be describ$ imm$iately1 & ( :i* a plan is giv574 ,! access to ! top is by a n>r[ :eel-/air on ! side next ! quadrangle4 ,! important po9t ab\t ! t[] is t x pres]ves its battlem5t$ top almo/ unalt]$4 ,x is c>ri$ up to ! height ( ab\t #ij feet1 & ne> ! summit has sev]al c\rses ( a d>k-col\r$ /one1 :i* give x a ,moori% or ,italian "*4 ,^! may at "o "t h be5 enri*$ ) c>v+1 ( :i* "o fancies "s traces may /ill be obs]v$1 b !y are s completely wea!r-worn t no =ms c be di/+ui%$4 ,! level plat=m on ! top is def5d$ ) a simple cr5ellat$ p>apet )\t ma*icolations4 ,f ?is l(ty /ation a wide outlook c\ld be kept ov] sea & l&4 ,?is ca/le & t[] belong$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury to ,rome de ,vill5euve1 ! *ief ( t p[]ful family & ! gu>dian ( ,beatrix1 daught] ( ,raymond ,brang] ,,iv41 ! la/ ( ! ,c\nts ( ,prov5ce ( t l9e4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! m>riage ) ! heiress ,beatrix t ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ! bro!r ( ,/ ,l\is1 succe$$ to ! title & e/ates ( ! ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce4 ,! e/ate 0 sold at a lat] p]iod to ! ,lasc>es ( ,v5timiglia1 & is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,c\nt ( la ,panisse-,pacy4 ,9 #aech ?is ca/le ent]ta9$ an illu/ri\s gue/ 9 ! p]son ( ,francis ,i41 :o /ay$ "h :ile ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 c>ri$ on negotiations betwe5 him & ,*>les ,v4 ,! latt] _h l&$ at ,villefran*e 9 ord] to meet ! ,fr5* k+2 b s great 0 ! antipa?y & di/ru/ ( ! two mon>*s = ea* o!r1 t !y c\ld n be br\ght to enc\nt] a p]sonal int]view4 ,^! negotiations end$ 9 ! signature1 by ,francis 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,vill5euve-,l\bet1 ( ! ,treaty ( ,nice 7,see 8,! ,m>itime ,alps & _! ,sea ,bo>d407 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,la ,,tr9it 7,plan74 ,f ! top ( ,rome de ,vill5euve's t[] ano!r simil> t[] is obs]v$ ris+ above ! p9e wood ab\t a mile up ! valley to ! nor?-we/4 ,to rea* x we desc5d f ! ca/le s z to ga9 ! bridge across ! ,l\p1 & 9 do+ s ! /eep /reets ( ! old t[n ( ,vill5euve1 t]rac$ 9 ti]s on ! slope ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,la ,,tr9it 7f ! ,*apel74 hill1 are trav]s$1 & ! old *ur* on its f9e plat=m is pass$ on ! left4 ,! road up ! valley is easy & agreeable1 b ! asc5t ( ! conical hill1 ! summit ( :i* is cr[n$ ) ! t[] ( ,,la ,,tr9it1 is no light "w4 ,f a di/ance ?is t[] looks l a l(ty p$e/al erect$ to support ! colossal /atue ( ! ,virg9 & *ild :i* n[ surm\nts x4 ,b on clos] inspection x is f\nd to be a rem>kable example ( a keep1 def5d$ ) t accumulation ( ob/acles ) :i* ! old build]s us$ to block up ! access to _! /rongholds4 ,aft] ! /eep hillside has be5 climb$1 "o f9ds himself at ! base ( ! po9t$ rock on :i* ! keep is set 7,fig4 #bac74 ,f "h a slop+ pa? leads up to ! ru9s ( ! *apel1 ( :i* only ! ve/iges ( wall %ewn 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #bad71 m+l$ ) ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! font & o!r relics1 n[ rema94 ,! ru9s ( a /rong gateway 9 ! out] walls :i* clos$ ! access are pass$ j be=e rea*+ ! *apel1 & a l[] ba/ion$ t]race is cont9u$ r\nd ! nor!rn "p ( ! em95ce at ?is level4 ,f ! *apel1 :5 "o turns 8 eyes upw>ds to ! t[] 7z 9 ,fig4 #bad71 he discov]s su* a s]ies ( w9d+ /airs int]rupt$ at frequ5t int]vals ) walls & gateways z mu/ c]ta9ly h r5d]$ a ho/ile approa* 9 t direction impracticable1 :ile p]p5dicul> rocks & l(ty walls made ! access equally hopeless on ! o!r sides4 ,besides ?is1 on ! side next ! hill1 :i* 0 p]haps ! lea/ invuln]able po9t1 /&s ! keep 7,fig4 #bae71 /r5g!n$ ) a project+ beak ( simil> =m to t ( ! t[] ( ,rome de ,vill5euve4 ,! l[] /ory is orig9al1 & conta9$ ! doorway at ! level ( ! top ( ! rock4 ,?is inaccessible po9t1 on :i* !re is a small plat=m1 0 probably rea*$ by a rude /air cut 9 ! rock 7z indicat$ on ! plan7 & 0 def5d$ ) outworks1 ! approa* to :i* 0 ov]look$ f ! upp] plat=m4 ,! doorway1 x w be obs]v$1 is plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! t[] f ! plat=m1 at a po9t :]e ! foo?old is n>r[1 & ! door !re=e all ! m secure4 ,! upp] portion ( ! t[] dates f #ahfc1 :51 z ! foll[+ inscription1 :i* is c>v$ on a m>ble slab let into ! wall1 ann\nces1 ! old t[] 0 recon/ruct$ by ! ,comte & ,comtesse de la ,panisse-,pacy1 & d$icat$ to ! bless$ ,virg93-- ,,hoc ,,antiquum ,,ca/ellum ,,vulgo ,,dictum ,,la ,,tr9it ,,h5ricus ,,de ,,m>ck ,,tripoli ,,comes ,,de ,,panisse-,,passis ,,et ,,m>ia ,,!resa ,,de ,,rob9 ,,de ,,b>b5tane ,,ejus ,,uxor ,,in/aurav]unt ,,beat,,que ,,m>iae ,,virg9i ,,immaculatae ,,te/imonium ,,fidei ,,ac ,,pietatis ,,d$icav]unt ,,anno ,,dom9i ,,mdccclxiii4 ,! t[] alone has be5 re/or$ 9 ! mann] %ewn by ! sket*es2 all ! o!r portions rema9 undi/urb$ 9 _! ru9s4 ,! rooms 9 ! t[] are only #aj ft4 #f 94 long by #g ft4 wide1 & !re is no indication ( any o!r habitation connect$ ) ! =t4 ,! place has all ! appe>ance ( a typical robb]'s /ronghold1 &1 z ,james ,v4 said ( a simil> ,scotti% keep1 8,he t built x 0 a ?ief 9 8 he>t40 ,accord+ to tradition1 ,la ,tr9it 0 orig9ally a keep ( ! ,templ>s4 ,t ord] _h ext5sive possessions 9 ?is "p ( ,prov5ce1 & !y may h erect$ ?is t[] z a po/ = wat*+ & giv+ notice ( ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,aft] ! suppression ( ! ord] ,la ,tr9it pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,ma?ur9s or ,r$fri>s4 ,!y 7 also call$ ! ,ord] ( ! ,tr9ity1 & _! special duty 0 to succ\r prison]s4 ,! "n ( ! t[] may possibly h be5 d]iv$ f !m4 ,! *apel is #bi ft4 long by #ad ft4 wide1 & ! rais$ /ep at ! ea/ end is /ill traceable4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,la ,,tr9it 7f ! ,s4,w47 walls h be5 ab\t #h ft4 #f 94 high to ! pla9 ovalo =m+ ! /r+ c\rse f :i* sprung ! semi-circul> b>rel vault ( ! ro(4 ,f ! upp] plat=m ( ! =tress a spl5did view is obta9$ 7,fig4 #bae71 especially to ! nor?w>ds1 compris+ ,/ ,paul-du-,v> 9 ! middle di/ance1 & ,v5ce back$ by ! t[]+ precipices ( ,/ ,jeannet4 ,b5ea? ^! /ood ! p[]ful ,comm&]y ( ! ,templ>s at ,/ ,m>t9 7to be aft]w>ds describ$71 f :i* a signal at _! wat*-t[] ( ,la ,tr9it w\ld be easily obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,,biot4 ,f ,la ,tr9it a r\gh footpa? leads across ! p9e-clad hills to ,,biot1 a di/ance ( ab\t two & a half miles z ! cr[ flies1 b ab\t an h\r's walk ov] ! hea?-cov]$ heights1 & ?r\gh ! deep rav9es :i* h to be trav]s$4 ,"s ext5sive qu>ries are pass$ on ! way at ,les ,aspres4 ,aft] a hot tramp ov] ^! rocky & b>r5 hills1 x is refre%+ to rea* ! f]tile & cultivat$ valley ( ! ,brague ) its /eep & t]rac$ banks ri*ly clad ) olive & orange trees4 ,a v /eep desc5t leads to ! bottom ( ! valley1 f :i* ! walls & t[]s ( ,biot are se5 ris+ on ! cre/ ( ! hill above 7,fig4 #baf74 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ primitive old t[ns 9 ! di/rict4 ,a v circuit\s po/ road has n[ be5 con/ruct$ up to x1 b ! old accesses by long flights ( wide /eps1 on :i* ! peasants & _! mules are con/antly asc5d+ & desc5d+1 are /ill pres]v$1 & are 9 _! way among/ ! mo/ picturesque /reets 9 ! ,rivi]a4 ,climb+ pati5tly up flight aft] flight1 & w9d+ r\nd ! n>r[ /reets1 we at l5g? rea* ! highe/ po9t1 on :i* /&s ! *ur*4 ,! foll[+ inscription is c>v$ 9 ! int]ior wall3--8,hanc ,ecclesiam consecravit ,illus1 primus et rev]$ismus ,inxpo ,p4,d4,d4 ,isndus ,d4 ,grassa ,episcopus ,grass51 #adgb ,illu/ration3 r\nd symbol ,,die #ai4 ,,janu40 ?us %ew+ t ! *ur* 0 consecrat$ by ! bi%op ( ,grasse at ! above date4 ,"s ( ! "w corresponds ) t p]iod1 e4g41 ! doorway 9 ! we/ end 7,fig4 #bag74 ,b ! s\? doorway 7,fig4 #bag7 has an e>li] "*4 ,! ext]ior is all alt]$1 & ! int]ior has also be5 mod]nis$ 9 a v extraord9>y mann]1 b "s traces ( ! orig9al build+ are /ill obs]vable4 ,biot belong$ to ! ,templ>s 9 #abdg1 & aft]w>ds to ! knights ( ,malta4 ,9 #adgj ! bi%op ( ,grasse br\ght hi!r =ty-eight ,g5oese families1 probably to help to re-p ! t[n aft] ! plague or "s de/ructive assault ( ! ,corsairs4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! occasion on :i* ! bi%op re-consecrat$ ! *ur*1 :i* !n no d\bt requir$ to ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,biot4 be to a great ext5t rebuilt4 ,b "s ( x be>s ! signs ( hav+ be5 erect$ at an e>li] date by ! ,templ>s4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #bah7 is v unusual4 ,a simple oblong divid$ into ?ree aisles ) ?ree t]m9al apses su* z we see "h is common en\gh1 b ! pla9 r\nd columns :i* sep>at$ ! nave & aisles are v uncommon4 ,! bases & caps are ( a simple & e>ly "* 7,fig4 #bai74 ,! pill>s are too light to h be5 int5d$ to c>ry vault+1 & ! orig9al *ur* w\ld ?us seem to h _h a r[ ( pla9 ar*es on ea* side1 ) p]haps a cl]e/ory wall above support+ a wood5 ro(4 ,! build+ w\ld ?us h orig9ally ! *>act]i/ics ( a primitive basilica1 some:at l ,san ,m9iato at ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #cc1 p4 #aja74 ,b ?is design has n[ be5 +5i\sly alt]$ & de/roy$1 & ! :ole "* ( ! int]ior degrad$ f be+ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *ur*es ( ,prov5ce into a commonplace ,r5aissance *apel4 ,by means ( /ucco ! old r\nd pill>s h be5 conv]t$ on ! side next ! nave into flat ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,,plan ,,( ,,*ur* ,,( ,,biot4 pila/]s :i* are c>ri$ up & f9i%$ ) ,ionic caps1 support+ an entablature :i* runs along ea* side ( ! *ur* above ! old ar*es4 ,a gro9$ vault 9 pla/] spr++ f ! top ( ! cornice is ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,biot4 ?r[n across ! nave4 ,! old pill>s ) _! caps & bases h1 h[ev]1 be5 all[$ to rema9 un*ang$ on ! side next ! aisles1 :]e _! ar*aic =ms contra/ /rik+ly ) ! mod]n pla/] "w on ! o!r side4 ,an attempt has be5 made to ,italianise ! apse also1 b ! pila/]s & entablature fit lamely into ! old apse4 ,a wide flight ( /eps at ! we/ end leads d[n f ! doorway into ! *ur*1 & has a r peculi> effect4 ,?is no d\bt arose f ! irregul>ity ( ! site4 ,to ! we/ ( ! *ur* lies ! public place1 surr\nd$ ) pla9 h\ses1 all arcad$ on ! gr\nd floor1 & pres5t+ a pleas+ example ( t picturesque feature ( ! t[ns ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,a walk ( ab\t ?ree miles ?r\gh ! olive g>d5s ( ! valley ( ! ,brague leads to ! ,antibes ,railway /ation4 ,biot may ( c\rse be visit$ directly f ! latt]2 !re is a good c>riage road4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delightful excursions f ,cagnes is t to ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>1 & ,,v5ce1 two ( ! mo/ int]e/+ old t[ns ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,! di/ance to ,/ ,paul is f ?ree to f\r miles1 & to ,v5ce two to ?ree miles fur!r4 ,?is may be accompli%$ ei!r by driv+ or on foot4 ,a c>riage may be hir$ ne> ! ,cagnes ,railway ,/ation4 ,! r\te 9 driv+ goes by a r circuitu\s road r\nd ! we/ side ( ! valley ( ! ,malvan1 pass+ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! ca/le ( ,vill5euve-,l\bet4 ,! mo/ direct road is ei!r along ! base ( ! hill on :i* ,cagnes /&s1 or ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,= ! p$e/rian ! latt] is by f> ! mo/ agreeable4 ,/>t+ f ! t]race ( ! old ca/le 7already describ$71 a r\gh footpa? is foll[$ along ! ridge :i* sep>ates ! valley ( ! ,malvan f t ( ! ,cagne1 & af=ds a delightful prospect ( bo?4 ,! ri* col\r ( ! russet leaves ( ! =e/ trees1 m+l$ ) ! d>k gre5 ( ! p9es & ! grey t9t ( ! olives1 gives a special *>m to ! walk4 ,look+ nor?w>ds ! t[ns ( ,la ,gaude & ,/ ,jeannet /& out prom95tly on _! rocky heights aga9/ ! l(ty & precipit\s m\nta9s imm$iately beh9d !m2 :ile 9 ! di/ance ! :ite peaks ( ! ,m>itime ,alps close ! valley ( ! ,v>4 ,to ! s\? !re is a spl5did view ( ,cagnes ) ! ,m$it]ranean on ! horizon4 ,aft] half an h\r's walk ! footpa? jo9s ! ma9 road ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v> 7f ! ,e47 opposite ,/ ,paul1 & ne> ! po9t :]e ! mule pa? bran*es (f to desc5d to ! ,malvan1 be=e aga9 asc5d+ by a r\gh & /eep track to ! t[n4 ,f ! ma9 road a f9e view is obta9$ ( ,/ ,paul 7,fig4 #bbj71 surr\nd$ ) its massive walls1 & /&+ on a deta*$ promontory1 ) /eep t]rac$ slopes desc5d+ to ! riv]4 ,o!r pleas+ & v>i$ prospects ( ! t[n & valley occur at int]vals among/ ! anci5t olives 9 foll[+ ! above footpa? 7,fig4 #bba74 ,ab\t half way up ! pa? on ! side next ! t[n an outwork on a deta*$ peak is pass$1 !n a ru9$ =tification b>s ! road1 & f9ally ! anci5t gateway & b>bican1 & ! cemet]y j outside ! walls1 are rea*$1 & ! ma9 /reet ( ! t[n1 :i* is b a n>r[ lane1 is be=e u4 ,! ar*itectural int]e/ ( ! place is at once app>5t4 ,on e h& are evid5ces ( g5u9e anci5t & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v> 7f ! ,w47 unalt]$ "w4 ,! doorways 7,fig4 #bbb7 are ( old & v>i$ =ms1 almo/ e "o hav+ a panell$ l9tel1 support$ by corbels1 _m ( ! =m] conta9+ c>v$ %ields & ornam5ts1 & ! latt] be+ enri*$ ) leaves & scrolls4 ,mo/ ( ^! doorways are ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & indicate e>ly ,r5aissance "w4 ,o!rs aga9 are c>v$ & m\ld$ ) ! d\ble curvature ( ! late ,go?ic /yle1 & a few %ew m>ks ( a simpl] & e>li] design 7,figs4 #bbc & #bbd74 ,! w9d[s also conta9 _m specim5s ( ,go?ic %afts & mullions1 b !y are mu* m alt]$ ?an ! doorways4 ,ev5 ! anci5t woodwork ( ! latt] is 9 _m in/ances reta9$1 & ! unpa9t$ oak or walnut give1 9 addition to ! picturesque & fanciful designs1 a ri* & antique "*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts connect$ ) ! ma91 & almo/ ! only /reet 9 ! t[n1 is ! pres]vation ( its ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,,details ,,f ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 anci5t %ops4 ,at almo/ e /ep "o meets ) ! wide ar* :i* conta9$ bo? ! door & w9d[ ( ! %op1 ! =m] be+ cut d[n to ! door /ep1 :ile ! latt] _h ! /onework built s z to =m a sill ab\t #b feet high1 on :i* ! goods 7 exhibit$4 ,^! sills are sometimes project$ & m\ld$ on ! edge4 ,at ,/ ,paul _m ( ! %op fronts are n[ built up1 b sev]al are /ill 9 use 7,fig4 #bbc71 & :5 pil$ up ) _! complex /ore ( vegetables & fruits1 mix$ ) ! qua9t & ri*ly col\r$ j>s ( ! c\ntry1 pres5t v tempt+ subjects = ! arti/4 ,! /reet floor ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,,old ,,%ops ,,& ,,h\ses1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ( ! h\ses adjo9+ ! nor? gateway 7,fig4 #bbf7 is among/ ! olde/ & lea/ alt]$ examples4 ,num]\s n>r[ lanes bran* (f ! ma9 /reet & desc5d by /eps & arcades to ! roads :i* run r\nd ! walls4 ,9 o!r cases ar*es are ?r[n across ! /reet1 & picturesque effects are ?us produc$ 7,figs4 #bbe & #bbg74 ,mo/ ( ! build+s 9 ! ma9 /reet date f ! "t ( ,francis ,i4 ,aft] ! de/ructive invasion ( ,prov5ce by ,*>les ,v41 ,francis f\nd t 8 fronti] 9 ?is qu>t] 0 insuffici5tly protect$1 & employ$ an eng9e] f ,arles call$ ,m&on to inspect ! locality & fix on ! be/ site = a =tress4 ,m&on *ose ! isolat$ hill on :i* /ood ! anci5t t[n ( ,/ ,paul z ! be/ suit$ = ?is purpose2 & x 0 accord+ly =tifi$ & surr\nd$ ) ! walls & ba/ions :i* /ill subsi/ almo/ 9 _! entirety4 ,/ ,paul 0 ?us rais$ into a place ( "s importance & security1 & became ! resid5ce ( a gov]nor & sev]al families ( di/9ction4 ,?is no d\bt l$ to ! improvem5t ( ! ar*itecture ( :i* we h se5 s _m examples4 ,( ! t[n h\ses ( ! gov]nor & nobility "s specim5s /ill rema9--"o well pres]v$ mansion ( a some:at lat] p]iod is se5 9 sket*1 ,fig #bbe1 & relics ( o!rs are also to be f\nd1 ?\gh 9 a sadly degrad$ & dilapidat$ /ate4 ,9 ! ,maison ,suraire 7=m]ly ,du ,port71 rema9s ( anci5t magnific5ce /ill exi/ 9 two ri*ly decorat$ mantelpieces1 ( :i* ,fig4 #bbh is "o4 ,! orig9al /aircase ( ?is h\se is also /ill 9 use2 its ri*ly-c>v$ & ornam5tal balu/rade ( m>ble 7,fig4 #bbi7 =m+ a /range contra/ ) its pres5t humble position z an access to peasants' h\ses4 ,! mode ( junction ( ! p$e/als at ! turn ( ! /aircase by plac+ a boldly cut lion rampant betwe5 !m is novel & effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,,side ,,/reet1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,?is h\se /&s 9 ! v dim9utive & only little 8place0 9 ! t[n1 :]e also is ! f\nta91 & :5ce bran*es (f ! way to ! *ur*1 :i* /&s on ! highe/ po9t ( ! site4 ,! ma9 /reet1 & all ! side alleys1 are b cont9uations ( ! mule pa?s ( ! c\ntry1 int]rupt$ "h & !re ) /eps1 & all too n>r[ to admit a c>t or c>riage ( any k9d4 ,!y are ?us (t5 s completely swept by ! loads ( firewood & bru%wood on ! mules' backs1 t pass5g]s h to seek %elt] 9 ! recesses ( ! doorways4 ,! walks r\nd ! walls are 9 "p wid]1 & ! small g>d5s ( ! h\ses slop+ d[n to !m1 ) ! d>k foliage & gold5 fruit ( _! orange groves1 =m a f9e =egr\nd to ! lovely prospects visible 9 e direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,,ma9 ,,/reet1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,! gateway 7,fig4 #bcj7 at ! entrance to ! t[n f ! nor? has an old] "* ?an ! =tifications ( ,m&on4 ,?is gateway seems to h =m$ ! anci5t entrance ?r\gh a squ>e t[] plac$ = def5ce on ! neck ( l& :i* jo9s ! promontory to ! ma9l&4 ,x pres5ts ! same "* z ! squ>e gate t[]s ( ,avignon1 hav+ a pla9 po9t$ ar*way & portcullis groove on ! ext]ior1 def5d$ by a ma*icolat$ p>apet above1 ! int]ior ( ! t[] be+ left op5 t[>ds ! t[n1 s t1 if captur$1 x c\ld n be turn$ to acc\nt aga9/ x 7see ,fig4 #bbf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,n4 ,,gateway1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,?is t[] has be5 incorporat$ by ,m&on 9 8 works1 & is /r5g!n$ ext]nally by a ba/ion ) ano!r portcullis1 & a n>r[ passage comm&$ f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,,ma9 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,b ,/ ,paul possesses memorials ( a mu* old] "t ev5 ?an ?is f\rte5? c5tury t[]1 9 ! anci5t *ur* & keep :i* cr[n ! summit ( its rocky site4 ,! *ur* is a small b rem>kable monum5t4 ,ext]nally ! we/ front 7,fig4 #bca7 %ews a c5tral portion ( pla9 a%l> "w1 ) a simple po9t$ doorway1 & a small po9t$ w9d[ above4 ,!re are also "s corbels rema9+1 :i* probably support$ ! wall plate ( ! lean-to ro( ( an out] por* or n>!x4 ,! adjo9+ walls at ! sides1 & above ! corbels1 are all evid5tly mu* m mod]n ?an ! c5tral portion4 ,! l(ty squ>e t[] atta*$ to ?is front appe>s1 f an inscription x be>s1 to h be5 erect$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on ent]+ ! build+1 ! l[ness ( ! c5tral nave 7,fig4 #bcb71 & ! extreme simplicity ( its con/ruction & vault+1 are se5 to correspond ) ! /yle ( ! c5tral "p ( ! ext]ior4 ,! pla9 "* ( ! :ole recalls ! "w ( ! e>ly ,ci/]tian s*ool4 ,! *ur* has probably be5 orig9ally a simple nave1 l ,frjus on a small scale4 ,! aisles appe> to h be5 add$ aft]w>ds1 ! side walls hav+ be5 cut ?r\gh to give access to !m 7see ,plan1 ,fig4 #bcc74 ,b s devoid is ! build+ ( ornam5t or features :]eby a date may be det]m9$1 t ! aisles may possibly h be5 orig9al1 al?\gh alt]$ at a lat] date4 ,! vault+ ( ! aisles1 ) its r\nd$ or octagonal ribs1 is c]ta9ly ( m rec5t date ?an ! pla9 int]sect+ vault )\t ribs ( ! c5tral nave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,,*imney-,,piece ,,9 ,,! ,,maison ,,suraire1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,close to ! *ur* /&s a v int]e/+ example ( ! t[]-built keeps ( ! ,m>itime ,alps 7,fig4 #bcd74 ,x is simil> 9 g5]al "* to ^? ( ! ,mont ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,,/aircase ,,9 ,,! ,,maison ,,suraire1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 du ,*evali]1 ,grasse1 & ,antibes1 b has "s peculi> & rem>kable features ( its own4 ,! orig9al masonry is ( ! usual r\gh-fac$ k9d1 b x has be5 repair$ 9 sev]al places ) "w ( a smoo!r description4 ,! top has evid5tly be5 mod]nis$1 & is cov]$ ) a tile ro( in/ead ( ! prop] cr5ellat$ p>apet4 ,w9d[s ( an antique "* are provid$ to light ! ap>tm5ts on ! upp] floors1 in/ead ( m]e squ>e holes 9 ! wall l ^? ( ! ,t\r du ,*evali]4 ,inde$1 ?is keep seems to h be5 m ( a habitation ?an ! o!rs we h met )1 & 0 app>5tly connect$ ) an anci5t build+ ( ! same description ( masonry1 a few rema9s ( :i* are visible to ! left 9 ! sket*4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable features ab\t ?is t[] are ! entrances & _! def5ces4 ,! l[e/ doorway is on ! fir/ floor level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,,nor? ,,gateway1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,x is semi-circul> & is n[ built up4 ,?is doorway seems to h giv5 access only to a gu>droom on ! fir/ floor1 f :i* ! vault$ basem5t w\ld be ent]$ 9 ! usual mann] by an ap]ture 9 ! floor4 ,at ! level ( ! doorway !re 0 evid5tly a wood5 plat=m project$ outside ( ! door1 f :i* a wood5 ov]hang+ /air l$ up to ! *ief entrance to ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts ( ! keep on ! floor above4 ,! /one-"w %ews a project+ l$ge at ! l9e ( junction ( ! wood5 /air ) ! wall4 ,! corbels1 :i* support$ a level plat=m above ?is /air1 /ill rema91 & x w be obs]v$ t !re is no corbel opposite ! place :]e ! /air w\ld pass ?r\gh1 z no floor w\ld be requir$ at t po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,,we/ ,,end ,,( ,,*ur*1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,! two /r+ c\rses on ! next floor 7 no d\bt ins]t$1 "o = ! purpose ( c>ry+ ! /ruts ( a slop+ ro(1 & ! o!r to cov] ! junction ( ! ro( ) ! /one-"w4 ,al?\gh p>tly cut away1 ^! /r+s are yet fairly pres]v$4 ,! slop+ ro( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 w\ld cov] ! wood5 gall]y or ho>d+ :i*1 we h se51 protect$ ! pr9cipal doorways & /aircase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,,plan ,,( ,,*ur*1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,! out] approa*es to ?is keep 7 ?us mo/ c>efully def5d$4 ,an assailant1 :o manag$ by scal+ ladd]s to get up to ! fir/ floor or gu>droom level & ov]p[] ! gu>d1 w\ld f9d no access f ! int]ior to ! upp] floors4 ,to rea* ^! he w\ld h to climb a /eep /air1 enclos$ )9 a wood5 cas+ ) trapdoor %ut1 & w\ld ?us be expos$ to attack ) all k9ds ( missiles f ! plat=m above1 :]e ! def5d]s /ood )9 ! %elt] ( _! project+ ho>d+ or gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,,t[] ,,or ,,keep1 ,,/ ,,paul-,,du-,,v>4 ,a some:at simil> wood5 balcony = ! def5ce ( ! doorway exi/$ at ,pre/on ,t[] 9 ,scotl&1 b s f> z we h obs]v$1 t ( ,/ ,paul is q unique 9 ! ,rivi]a4 ,! ref9em5t %ewn1 bo? 9 ! def5sive features & 9 ! w9d[s ( ?is t[]1 indicate a some:at lat] date ?an ^? ( ,cannes or ,antibes4 ,! def5sive works "h correspond ) ! ho>d+s s common 9 ,france 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 su* z ^? at ,c>cassonne & ,aigues ,mortes4 ,,v5ce4--,a walk ( ab\t ?ree miles along a good road gradually asc5ds f ,/ ,paul to ,v5ce on ei!r side ( ! ,malvan ,valley4 ,t on ! ea/]n side is ! ne>]1 if ! direct old mule pa? is tak5 ab\t a mile f ,v5ce1 in/ead ( ! c>efully eng9e]$ b w9d+ mod]n roadway4 ,%\ld ! visit be made 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y1 a f9e opportunity w probably pres5t itself ( witness+ ! olive h>ve/ on ! way4 ,l>ge %eets are spread out into :i* ! ripe blackb]ries are %[]$ d[n by %ak+ ! bran*es4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 all unite to exp$ite ! "w1 & help to ga!r up ! fruit :i* may h dropp$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! road on ! we/]n side ( ! valley is m w9d+ ?an ! o!r1 9 consequ5ce ( a great gorge 9 ! rocky m\nta9 side hav+ to be compass$ & cross$4 ,! desc5t to ! po9t1 :]e bridg+ x is practicable1 also adds to ! l5g? & /eepness ( ! asc5t to ! t[n4 ,b ! rugg$ way is int]e/+1 ! rocks be+ full ( natural caves1 evid5tly ! result ( ! waves ( a previ\s geological epo*4 ,! t[n consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts--! old t[n enclos$ )9 a circul> or oval ence9te 7n[ repres5t$ by a l9e ( h\ses71 & a circle ( h\ses built outside ! anci5t ramp>ts4 ,! position ( ! latt] is n[ occupi$ by a wide /reet or b\lev>d runn+ all r\nd betwe5 ! old & new divisions4 ,"o or two anci5t gateways 7simil> to t ( ,m\g9s1 ,fig4 #ahb7 are /ill pres]v$1 b !y are small & unimportant4 ,9 ! n>r[ /reets specim5s ( old %op fronts1 l ^? ( ,/ ,paul1 may be detect$ "h & !re1 & 9 ! new] "p ( ! t[n "s fair ,r5aissance designs are obs]vable 9 ! h\ses1 t ( ! ,htel de ,ville be+ ! f9e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,,v5ce ,,ca!dral4 ,v5ce is a v anci5t city4 ,x 0 ! ,v5tium ( ,roman times1 ( :i* p]iod num]\s inscriptions & relics are pres]v$ & built into ! nor!rn wall ( ! ca!dral4 ,9 m$ival times ,v5ce 0 orig9ally ! see ( a bi%op1 b 0 aft]w>ds jo9$ to t ( ,frjus4 ,! t[n suff]$ ! usual casualties f ! attacks ( ! ,s>ac5s & assaults dur+ ! w>s ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,,plan ,,( ,,v5ce ,,ca!dral4 religion4 ,! ca!dral1 :i* is evid5tly v old1 is suppos$ to h be5 rebuilt aft] ! de/ruction ( ! orig9al "o by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! n9? or t5? c5turies4 ,ow+ to ! simplicity ( its /yle int]nally 7,fig4 #bce71 x has a mo/ ar*aic appe>ance4 ,un=tunately1 ! ext]ior _c be well se5 9 consequ5ce ( ! *apels1 h\ses1 c41 :i* are built aga9/ x4 ,orig9ally ! *ur* has consi/$ 7,fig4 #bcf7 ( a c5tral nave #ah ft4 #f 94 wide1 ) two side aisles ea* ab\t #aj ft4 wide4 ,! *apels %ewn project+ beyond ! aisles are comp>atively mod]n1 & are light$ f ! ro(4 ,! nave pi]s are 7z reg>ds design7 simply portions ( ! side walls left /&+1 :ile ! rema9d] is omitt$ s z to =m r\nd ar*$ op5+s into ! aisles4 ,! side aisles are c>ri$ 7z 0 (t5 done7 to a suffici5t height to abut ! c5tral vault ( ! nave1 & are divid$ into two /orys--! upp] /ory be+ a gall]y--an arrangem5t v common 9 ,lomb>dy & ,g]many4 ,a m total abs5ce ( any?+ l ornam5t c sc>cely be conceiv$4 ,?is pla9ness1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! some:at simil> "w at ,/ ,paul's1 seems to indicate t ! design "h owes its orig9 to ! reign ( ! e>ly ,ci/]tian pr9ciples 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! *oir & ! t[] at ! nor?-ea/ angle 7,fig4 #bcg7 are evid5tly ( a m rec5t date4 ,! *oir1 ) its circul> apsidal t]m9ation1 int]nally1 conv]t$ into a squ>e ea/ end ext]nally1 is some:at rem>kable4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! ea/]n t]m9ation ( ! *ur*es ( ,antibes & ,/ ,paul are also squ>e ext]nally4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ,italian "* ab\t ! ea/ end ( ,v5ce ,ca!dral ) its s+le v small po9t$ w9d[ & its cornice enri*$ ) modillions4 ,! impo/ ( ! ea/]n door 7,fig4 #bcf7 is also q ,italian1 & judg+ f ! /yle ( ?is "p ( ! *ur*1 x probably belongs to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! campanile adjo9+ ! *ur* likewise recalls ^? ( ! ,italian cities4 ,at ,v5ce1 z at ,antibes1 !re are two su* t[]s or keeps = def5ce1 "o be+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,,ea/ ,,end1 ,,v5ce ,,ca!dral4 atta*$ to ! *ur*1 :ile ! o!r 0 =m]ly connect$ ) ! ca/le1 & n[ ) ! ,htel de ,ville 7see ,fig4 #bdb74 ,! gr\nd floor ( ! =m] t[] ent]s f ! *ur*1 & =ms a *apel :]e are deposit$ two v f9ely c>v$ ,go?ic doors1 :i* no d\bt once s]v$ z ! doors to ! *ur*4 ,! font 7,fig4 #bch7 /&s 9 a small *apel at ! we/ end4 ,its design is peculi> & /rik+1 & x is said to be v anci5t4 ,adjo9+ ! ca!dral on ! nor? are "s ru9\s remnants ( ! bi%op's palace1 n[ conv]t$ into o!r uses 7,fig4 #bci74 ,9 ! 8place0 at ! ea/ end ( ! ca!dral 7see ,fig4 #bcg7 /&s a granite column rais$ on a p$e/al1 & said to h be5 ! gift ( ! city ( ,massilia to h] si/] ( ,v5ce4 ,9 ! same place "s picturesque fragm5ts ( old h\ses are /ill pres]v$ 7,fig4 #bdj71 ! late ,go?ic doorway on ! "r be+ giv5 on a l>g] scale 9 ,fig4 #bda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,,font1 ,,v5ce ,,ca!dral4 ,!re are sev]al small 8places0 9 ! old t[n all conta9+ a few relics ( old5 times4 ,! t[] ( ! ,consuls 7= ,v5ce1 l ! o!r t[ns 9 ! prov9ce1 _h h] consuls & an indep5d5t gov]nm5t71 has already be5 m5tion$1 & is %ewn 9 ,fig4 #bdb1 adjo9+ a gateway lead+ into a 8place0 ) a f\nta9 on "o side1 & ! ,htel de ,ville on ! o!r4 ,?is t[] is ( ! same /yle ( masonry z ^? we h met ) 9 o!r t[ns1 b x is n[ cut up into %ops & h\ses1 & has lo/ its primitive features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,,beh9d ,,ca!dral1 ,,v5ce4 ,f ! wide t]race 9 front ( ! ,htel de ,ville1 a magnific5t view is obta9$ ( ! m\nta9s to ! nor?w>ds4 ,at ! base ( _! l(ty precipices ! ru9s ( ! ,comm&]y ( ,/ ,m>t9 may be obs]v$4 ,x seems to be a v %ort way (f1 b is f\nd to be a good half h\r's walk & a /iff climb4 ,h[ev]1 ! tr\ble is repaid1 = ! view pres5t$1 :5 ! l(ty po9t on :i* ! ,comm&]y /&s is atta9$1 is magnific5t1 ext5d+ ov] ,v5ce1 ,/ ,paul1 & ,cagnes to ! sea1 & embrac+ ! :ole coa/ f ! ,cap d',antibes to ! headl&s beyond ,nice4 ,! ,comm&]y itself is a %apeless ru9 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,! ea/]n wall & ! great gateway1 ) its wide ma*icolation 9 ! /yle ( ! ,pope's palace1 are ! only p>ts suffici5tly entire to ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,,anci5t ,,h\se1 ,,v5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,,doorway ,,9 ,,v5ce4 give any indication ( ! nature ( ! build+s1 :i* f ^! seem r to h resembl$ a ca/le ?an a mona/]y4 ,?is 0 ! *ief h\se ( ! ,templ>s 9 ! di/rict1 & ov]look$ num]\s & ext5sive l&s ) :i* ! ord] 0 enri*$4 ,! t[] ( ,la ,tr9it1 z already m5tion$1 =m$ "o ( ! outly+ =ts ( ! ,templ>s1 & is well se5 f ! ,comm&]y4 ,:5 viol5t h&s 7 laid ^u ! ord] by ,philip ! ,fair1 ,hugorian 0 ,ma/] ( ,/ ,m>t9-les-,v5ce4 ,he 0 seiz$ 9 #acjh1 & c>ri$ (f to prison 9 ,t>ascon4 ,?is c\ntry 0 !n "u ! dom9ion ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,naples & ,duke ( ,prov5ce1 :om ,philip _h p]suad$ to jo9 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,templ>s4 ,b 9 ,prov5ce ! great] numb] ( ! ,knights 7 all[$ to escape1 only =ty-eight 9 all be+ captur$4 ,_! l&s 7 *iefly be/[$ on ! ,knights ,hospitall]s1 :o ?us acquir$ great possessions 9 ?is "p ( ,prov5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,,t[] ,,or ,,keep ,,( ,,! ,,consul1 ,,v5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,,comm&]y ,,( ,,/ ,,m>t9-,,les-,,v5ce4 ,a %ort railway j\rney conducts f ,v5ce-,cagnes to ,,nice1 across ! ,v>1 ! 8dyke0 or wall :i* keeps ! floods ( ?is impetu\s riv] )9 b\nds be+ "o ( ! mo/ notable ( ,fr5* ,eng9e]+ ,works4 ,! exi/+ t[n ( ,nice is almo/ entirely mod]n4 ,! /reets1 ) _! r[s ( %ops & l9es ( trees1 look l a small piece ( ,p>is transport$ to ! s\?4 ,! wide prom5ade des ,anglais by ! %ore1 h[ev]1 comm&s a prospect :i* no?+ 9 ,p>is c mat*4 ,! old t[n1 ) its n>r[ /reets cr[d$ r\nd ! port1 is ( anci5t orig91 be+ "o ( ! orig9al ,phocan colonies1 & 9 ! mod]n 8,nice0 may /ill be recognis$ its orig9al ,greek "n ( ,nike 7victory74 ,b x became a place ( second>y importance "u ! ,romans1 :o made ,cem5elum1 an anci5t t[n ( ! ,ligurians on ! hill :i* ov]looks ,nice f ! nor?1 ! *ief city ( ! ,m>itime ,alps1 to :i* ,nice act$ m]ely z ! port4 ,be+ s ne> ! fronti]1 bo? ,cem5elum & ,nice 7 expos$ to attack on all h&s1 & suff]$ sev]ely f ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians4 ,9 #egh ! ,lomb>ds de/roy$ ! /rong city ( ,cem5elum or ,cimis1 an ev5t :i*1 to "s ext5t1 re/or$ ! anci5t importance ( ,nice4 ,9 #fag ,nice jo9$ ! o!r t[ns ( ! coa/ 9 a league to free !mselves f ! ,franki% k+s4 ,! t[n 0 frequ5tly attack$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & m ?an once tak5 & de/roy$4 ,b aft] ! ,moors 7 driv5 f ! ,great ,frax9et 9 #ige1 ! inhabitants ( ! t[n 7 comp>atively free f _! inroads4 ,al?\gh ,nice /\tly def5d$ h] indep5d5ce1 %e 01 l ! o!r t[ns ( ,prov5ce1 =c$ to yield to ! ,c\nts ( ,prov5ce1 :o rebuilt ! ,ca/le bo? z a def5ce & m5ace to ! inhabitants4 ,*>les ( ,anj\ 0 greatly indebt$ to ,nice = %ips to enable him to c>ry out 8 designs ^u ,naples4 ,! incessant /ruggles betwe5 ! p[]ful ,nobles 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! ,grimaldi ( ,monaco1 ! ,lasc>is ( ,t5de1 & ! ,dorias ( ,dolce ,aqua deva/at$ ! l&1 & br\ght fam9e & plague 9 _! tra94 ,9 ! w>s :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,que5 ,jeanne1 ! ,niois took ! side ( ,ladislaus ( ,hung>y1 & call$ 9 ! ,c\nt ( ,savoy to aid !m aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,"u ! protection ( ,savoy1 ,nice soon rega9$ h] prosp]ity4 ,! ,c\nts ( t h\se /r5g!n$ ! ,ca/le by e means 9 _! p[]1 & = ?is purpose ! anci5t ,ca!dral & ,bi%op's ,palace 7 remov$4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ,nice 0 expos$ to damage f ! armies bo? ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,emp]or1 & suff]$ sev]ely--s mu* s t ! m]e/ fragm5t is all t rema9s ( ! anci5t ca/le ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,,cross ,,at ,,cimi,s4 :i* gallantly )/ood s _m sieges1 & n a s+le anci5t build+ is pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,/ ,,&r1 ,,ne> ,,nice4 ,! environs ( ,nice1 al?\gh full ( natural beauties1 are rem>kably de/itute ( ar*itectural int]e/4 ,! few ,roman relics at ,cem5elum h already be5 describ$4 ,ne> ^! is an old conv5t1 :]e f ! *ur*y>d a f9e view ( ! l(ty & rugg$ banks ( ! valley ( ! ,paillon 7:i* runs ?r\gh ,nice7 may be obta9$4 ,9 ! ,p>vis 9 front /&s a rem>kable cross 7,fig4 #bdd71 be>+ ! image ( ! crucifi$ s]aph :o appe>$ to ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,! cross be>s a quatrefoil on ea* ( its ?ree upp] po9ts1 ) ! figure ( a ,bi%op & a ,monk c>v$ 9 ! side quatrefoils1 & t ( ! emblematic ,pelican on h] ne/ fe$+ h] "y 9 ! top quatrefoil4 ,! cross is support$ on a twi/$ m>ble %aft1 "s #i or #aj feet high1 hav+ a composite capital1 conta9+ a %ield be>+ ! arms ( ! f\nd]4 ,an inscription runs along ! abacus1 9 :i* #adgg is legible4 ,?is date q corresponds ) ! "* ( ! design4 ,desc5d+ by a /eep mule pa? f ! height ( ,cimis to ! valley ( ! ,paillon pa/ "s great mona/]ies1 or simil> e/abli%m5ts1 includ+ t ( ,/ ,pons1 all surr\nd$ ) walls & /udd$ ) cypresses1 we rea* ! high road4 ,foll[+ ?is road = ?ree miles up ! valley br+s u 9 view ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/ ,&r1 ! sket* ( :i* 7,fig4 #bde7 gives "s idea ( ! nature ( ! sc5]y4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! village ( ,/ ,&r1 & p5etrat+ a %ort way fur!r up ! gorge ( ! torr5t ( ! same "n1 ,falicon is rea*$1 fam\s = its grotto & natural bridge4 ,! view look+ back ^u ,/ ,&r 7,fig4 #bdf7 is /rik+ly picturesque4 ,f ,nice ! railway proce$s ea/w>ds by a long tunnel "u ! ridge1 =m]ly dom9at$ by ! old ,ca/le1 on em]g+ f :i* we f9d ourselves 9 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ sc5es 9 ! ,rivi]a1 ! l&-lock$ bay ( ,,villefran*e4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ?is %elt]$ & beautiful arm ( ! sea /&s ! old 8,free-t[n10 surr\nd$ ) =tifications1 & reflect$ 9 ! quiet wat]s1 on :i*1 too1 !re are g5]ally afloat "o or two maje/ic repres5tatives ( =eign fleets4 ,betwe5 ?is & ,monaco ! railway passes along ! n>r[ /rip ( %ore :i* lies betwe5 ! sea & ! l(ty precipices ( t]ti>y lime/one :i* "h t[] above x4 ,at "o ( ! %>p turns r\nd ! rocks1 a fir/ di/ant glimpse is caught ( ! old t[n & ,ca/le ( ,,eza 7,fig4 #bdg71 set l an eyrie on ! summit ( its b>e & l(ty pyramidal peak4 ,!re is a railway /ation at ! base ( ! m\nta91 & "o feels tempt$ to alight & scale ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,,/ ,,&r1 ,,ne> ,,nice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,,eza1 ,,f ,,! ,,railway ,,/ation4 ! height1 ! build+s look s entic+ly picturesque4 ,b x is no easy task2 !re is sc>cely any track = "p ( ! way1 & :5 visible1 ! pa? is r\gh & full ( runn+ /ones1 z well z /eep & w9d+4 ,"o is glad to take a re/ occasionally1 & enjoy ! v>i\s f9e views ( ! t[n on its l(ty p9nacle1 & ! ext5sive seabo>d visible f ?is elevation4 ,fig4 #bdh gives "s idea ( ! "* ( "o ( ^! prospects4 ,:5 at la/ ! asc5t is scal$1 ! result1 z reg>ds ! ar*itecture1 is1 x mu/ be confess$1 on ! :ole r disappo9t+4 ,! entrance gateway to ! t[n is int]e/+ f ! rem>kable & /rong way 9 :i* its def5ces are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,,eza 7f ,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,t[n ,,gate1 ,,eza4 arrang$4 ,! out] approa* 7,fig4 #bdi7 is by a passage fac$ by a cannon port-hole4 ,f ?is access a gate at "r angles leads to a second n>r[ enclos$ passage comm&$ by a ma*icolat$ t[]1 ?r\gh :i* a w9d+ & asc5d+ vault$ way conducts into ! t[n 7,fig4 #bej47 ,! view ( ! int]ior ( ?is gateway is v picturesque 7,fig4 #bea47 ,! t[n itself consi/s ( a few n>r[ tortu\s lanes bord]$ by decay+ h\ses1 *iefly t5ant$ by donkeys1 pigs1 & p\ltry4 ,on ! top ( ! b>e rock1 & approa*$ by great /eps cut 9 ! solid lime/one1 a few scanty & un9telligible fragm5ts ( ! ca/le are yet visible1 b ! great] portion has be5 entirely swept away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,,entrance ,,gateway ,,to ,,t[n1 ,,eza4 ,eza 0 ! ,arisium ( ,anton9e's ,it9]>y1 & x =m$1 l ,g\rdon1 dur+ m$ival times1 a pretty secure retreat f ! assaults ( ! ,corsairs4 ,! ca/le 01 h[ev]1 demoli%$ by ! ,turks "u ,b>b>ossa 9 #aedc4 ,! arcad$ t[] h\se1 & ! door l9tel1 %ewn 9 ,figs4 #beb & #bec1 7 ! only objects ( ar*itectural int]e/ discov]able 9 ! place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,entrance ,,gateway1 ,,eza4 ,betwe5 ,eza & ,monaco ! railway cont9ues to run along ! base ( ! imm5se cliffs :i* ov]hang ! sea1 or ?r\gh ! frequ5t tunnels :i* p5etrate !m4 ,"o /ation %ort ( ,monaco we arrive at t = ,,la ,,turbie2 f :i*1 by a v /eep & zig-zag pa?1 "o may asc5d ! b>e & ne>ly v]tical hill above ! railway1 :5ce a pleasant walk ( a mile or two ?r\gh ! p9e =e/ leads to ! t[n ( ,la ,turbie4 ,?is elevat$ situation is1 h[ev]1 m easily approa*$ by a long well-pav$ b /eep mule-pa? f ,monaco4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,,h\se ,,9 ,,eza4 monum5t to ,augu/us1 :i* "h m>ks ! limit betwe5 ,gaul & ,italy1 has already be5 describ$ 7ante1 p4 #hg74 ,?is monum5t has provid$ a qu>ry1 out ( :i* ! m important build+s ( ! t[n h be5 con/ruct$4 ,?is is app>5t f ! great size ( ! /ones us$ 9 ! erection ( ! out] gateway to ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,,doorway ,,9 ,,eza4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,,out] ,,s\? ,,gateway1 ,,la ,,turbie4 s\? 7,fig4 #bed47 ,pass+ ?r\gh ?is ar*way1 an inn] encircl+ /reet is ent]$1 f :i* ano!r picturesque & po9t$ gateway 7,fig4 #bee7 gives access to ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,!re is also a ?ird gateway ( po9t$ =m1 ) a long ma*icolation ov] x at ! ea/]n entrance 7,fig4 #bef71 & "s fur!r fragm5ts ( ! old5 "t are to be se5 9 ! /reets 7,fig4 #beg74 ,! great trophy ( ,augu/us1 f :i* ! place d]ives its "n1 0 conv]t$ 9 m$ival ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,,inn] ,,s\? ,,gateway1 ,,la ,,turbie4 times into a =tress1 :5 ! upp] "p has be5 rebuilt4 ,! d\ble ti] ( po9t$ arcade-ornam5ts 7,fig4 #cb71 :i* =m$ ! support ( ! p>apet1 h q an ,italian "*4 ,!y rem9d "o ( ! simil> ornam5t on ,grasse ,ca!dral4 ,?is t[] 0 bl[n up by ,m>%al ,vill>s at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,,ea/]n ,,gateway1 ,,la ,,turbie4 ,9 desc5d+ by ! /eep & well-pav$ footpa? f ,la ,turbie to ,monaco1 delightful glimpses are obta9$ f among/ ! luxuriant olives & citrons ( ! latt] t[n on its isolat$ rock4 ,mo/ ( ! t[ns on ! sea-bo>d h a prom95t rock = _! site1 b t on :i* ,monaco is built is ! mo/ deta*$ & sea-girt ( !m all4 ,x is ( consid]able height1 & has p]p5dicul> faces on all sides4 ,on ?ree sides ^! plunge %e] d[n into ! sea1 & on ! f\r? or nor!rn side ( ! p59sula ! precipit\s rock is only jo9$ to ! ma9l& by a n>r[ /rip ( l[-ly+ s&y bea*4 ,on ! inaccessible plat=m above ^! precipices /&s ! anci5t t[n1 surr\nd$ ) its walls & ba/ions1 & giv+ %elt] & protection to ! quiet h>b\r on its ea/]n flank4 ,( all ^! features we h a comm&+ prospect z we desc5d f ! heights ( ! ,cornice road1 :i* passes by ,la ,turbie4 ,! hi/ory or traditions ( ,monaco ext5d fur!r back ?an ^? ( mo/ ( ! localities ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,x d]ives its "n f ,h]cules1 :o is suppos$ to h t\*$ "h on 8 way into ,spa91 & to h ga9$ a great victory ov] ! native tribes4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,portus ,h]culis1 by :i* ! place 0 kn[n 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to ,portus ,h]culis ,monci1 & f9ally into ,monaco4 ,! rocky =tress subsequ5tly fell into ! h&s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 :o are said to h be5 expell$ f x 9 ! t5? c5tury by ! same ,grimoald or ,grimaldi :o dislodg$ ! ,moors f ! ,gr& ,frax9et1 & ^: successors became ! ,pr9ces ( ,monaco4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,,h\ses ,,at ,,la ,,turbie4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ! place seems to h be5 ab&on$1 & 9 #aafb ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 pres5t$ x to ! ,republic ( ,g5oa1 :o took possession1 & rebuilt ! =tifications 9 #abae4 ,dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! ,italian ,republics1 & ! w>s ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es1 ,monaco sev]al times *ang$ h&s1 b 0 mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! possession ( ! ,grimaldi1 & sometimes became ! %elt] ( b&s ( pirates :o sc\r$ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,grimaldi sid$ ) ! ,fr5* 9 ! ,italian w>s ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii41 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! latt] became ! gov]nors ( ! :ole ( ! ,we/]n ,rivi]a4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ,monaco 0 alt]nately "u ! protection ( ea*4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! pr9cipality !n includ$ ,m5tone & ,roquebrune1 b 9 #ahdh ,m5tone decl>$ itself a free t[n4 ,s9ce ! annexation ( ! c\nty ( ,nice by ,france1 ! pr9cipality1 :i* is ab\t ?ree miles long by ab\t half a mile wide1 is entirely surr\nd$ by ! ,fr5* ,canton ( 8,m5ton40 ,a comp>atively easy drive to ! t[n has n[ be5 made up ! ea/ side ( ! rock1 b ! orig9al approa* 0 by a /eep flight ( /eps1 c>efully def5d$ ) /rongly =tifi$ gates1 & comm&$ by ! battlem5ts above 7see sket*1 ,fig4 #beh74 ,! exi/+ works at ?is po9t are evid5tly ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! nor? side1 :i* ov]looks ! ma9l&1 0 =tifi$ ) a l>ge circul> ba/ion at ! we/]n angle 7,fig4 #bei71 & a squ>e "o at ! ea/]n angle4 ,! =m] /ill reta9s "s ( ! l>ge corbels :i* c>ri$ ! orig9al p>apet ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b ! ba/ions h be5 height5$ & made suitable = artill]y at a lat] date4 ,on arriv+ at ! top ( ! entrance to ! t[n1 a wide op5 /aircase asc5ds to ! front ( ! ,ducal ,palace 7,fig4 #beh74 ,?is edifice is a picturesque assemblage ( build+s ( sev]al dates1 *iefly ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,"s ( ! old t[]s reta9 _! =k$ battlem5ts1 a =m common 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy4 ,! :ole place is va/ & palatial1 & f its l(ty site & spl5did backgr\nd1 compos$ ( a rugg$ m\nta9 call$ ! ,tte de ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,,ducal ,,palace1 ,,monaco4 ,*i51 has a noble & impressive appe>ance4 ,! c\rty>d ( ! palace is also a f9e ?\gh some:at peculi> specim5 ( ,italian design1 ! fresco pa9t+s on ! walls giv+ x a ri* & s\!rn aspect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,,ducal ,,palace1 ,,monaco 7,n4,w4 ,ba/ion47 ,! t[n consi/s ( ?ree p>allel /reets1 & conta9s "s good bits ( old "w4 ,a l>ge new *ur* 9 ! e>ly ,romanesque or ,prov5al /yle ( ar*itecture has rec5tly be5 erect$4 ,! old *ur* conta9$ specim5s ( capitals1 & o!r details v simil> to ^? ( ! l[] arcade 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,/ ,honorat4 ,! g>d5s ( ! palace1 :i* ext5d r\nd ! we/]n side ( ! rock1 :]e e *9k & crevice is fill$ ) fig trees1 aloes1 pe>s1 & palms1 =m a delightful prom5ade2 & ! views f ! walls t[>ds ,monte ,c>lo & ,m5tone1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,t[n1 ,,roquebrune4 ) ! m\nta9 ranges beh9d !m1 are mo/ *>m+4 ,only a few miles (f 7ab\t an h\r's walk7 ! rem>k rem>kable t[n ( ,,roquebrune is se5 embosom$ 9 orange groves on ! slope ( ! m\nta94 ,! asc5t f ! railway /ation is by a /eep & n>r[ pa?1 :i* p5etrates into ! t[n by a long vault$ & /epp$ passage1 ! entrance to :i* is ?r\gh a small ar*$ gateway1 def5d$ by a wide ov]hang+ ma*icolation 7,fig4 #bfj74 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>g>et is !n rea*$1 9 :i* ! old font 7,fig4 #bfa7 is wor?y ( note4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is t[n arises f ! huge masses ( rock :i* /& up among/ ! h\ses1 & at a %ort di/ance pres5t ! appe>ance ( a great ca/le4 ,^! give ! t[n its "n1 & "o ( !m1 l>g] ?an ! re/1 is actually cr[n$ ) ! rema9s ( ! anci5t =tress ( ! ,lasc>is 7,fig4 #bfb71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n[ b an empty %ell4 ,"o or two op5 8places0 among/ ! great rocks =m beautiful t]races1 comm&+ f9e & ext5sive prospects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,,font1 ,,roquebrune4 ,! railway1 aft] leav+ ,roquebrune1 sweeps r\nd ! ,cap ,m>t91 & ent]s ! bay ( ,,m5tone1 :i* is only ab\t f\r miles (f4 ,?is t[n1 l all ! o!rs on ! coa/1 _h its ca/le on ! summit ( a promontory :i* juts out into ! sea1 & divides ! coa/ into two portions1 call$ ! ea/]n & we/]n bays4 ,! ,c\nts ( ,v5timiglia & ! ,g5oese _h1 at diff]5t times1 possession ( ! t[n & ca/le1 b x 0 = ! mo/ "p an appanage ( ,monaco1 & foll[$ its =tunes4 ,9 #ahdh ! inhabitants =m$ !mselves into a free ,republic1 & enjoy$ autonomy = ?irte5 ye>s1 aft] :i* ,m5tone became ! 8*ef lieu0 ( a ,fr5* ,canton4 ,! t[n 0 at "o "t surr\nd$ ) walls1 :i* rose /raight up f ! sea4 ,x ?us completely occupi$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,,roquebrune ,,ca/le4 ! n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! %ore & ! hill on :i* ! ca/le /ood1 & b>r$ ! way along ! coa/4 ,! ea/]n gate ( ! t[n1 & ! 8,long ,/reet10 :i* is also a v n>r[ "o1 lead+ ?r\gh x1 /ill rema91 b a new & wid] roadway1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,cornice ,road1 has be5 con/ruct$ along ! back ( ! h\ses 9 ! ea/]n bay1 & n[ encloses ! h>b\r on ! side next ! t[n4 ,an old squ>e t[] at ! extreme po9t ( ! promontory is "o ( ! few relics ( ! =tifications ( ! t[n4 ,above ! 8,long ,/reet0 ! h\ses are built 9 t]races1 ris+ rapidly ti] above ti] on ! hillsides1 & approa*$ by long flights ( /eps & n>r[ vault$ lanes4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! /& ! *ur*es1 build+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ( clumsy "*4 ,! t[]s & spires1 h[ev]1 =m a picturesque gr\p 7,fig4 #bfc72 & along ) ! h\ses1 z se5 f ! h>b\r1 toge!r ) ! magnific5t backgr\nd ( l(ty & p>tly sn[-clad m\nta9s :i* %elt] ,m5tone on ! nor?1 !y compose a spl5did picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,,m5tone 7f ! ,h>b\r74 ,! old ca/le :i* =m]ly cr[n$ ! summit1 has be5 entirely demoli%$1 & its site is occupi$ z a cemet]y1 f :i* v f9e views are obta9$ bo? ( ! coa/ l9e & ( ! m\nta9s on ! nor?4 ,num]\s n>r[ valleys & gorges run up f ! sea t[>ds ! m\nta9s1 =m+ beautiful & int]e/+ prom5ades & excursions1 b !re is little to attract ! /ud5t ( ar*itecture4 ,at ,,gorbio1 beautifully situat$ ab\t five miles f ,m5tone to ! we/1 & "s di/ance up a *>m+ valley1 !re are an old *ur* ) a d>k nave1 & ! rema9s ( a ca/le ( ! ,lasc>is4 ,! h\ses "h are unit$ by ar*es ?r[n across ! n>r[ /reets1 an arrangem5t v common 9 ?is di/rict1 & suppos$ to be = ! purpose ( resi/+ to "s ext5t ! effect ( e>?quakes4 ,,/e ,,agn,s1 n f> f ,gorbio1 is also a fav\rite excursion4 ,x is a l(ty & beautiful spot1 ) ! rema9s ( an old ca/le said to be ( ,s>ac5ic orig94 ,! asc5t to ,,ca/ell> =ms ano!r delightful walk ( ab\t an h\r & a-half1 giv+ a f9e idea ( ! ri*ness ( ! valleys ( ,m5tone 9 lemons1 9 ! gr[? ( :i* !y excel e place nor? ( ,pal]mo4 ,! t[n ( ,ca/ell> is ( "s ext5t1 & its situation on a 8col0 at ! top ( a /eep asc5t is f9e1 b !re is no ar*itecture ( importance4 ,x is clumsily built1 & has be5 at "o "t surr\nd$ ) walls1 :i* n[ =m ! ext]ior ( h\ses4 ,"s rema9s ( dit*es & t[]s--"o ( ! latt] be+ conv]t$ into ! belfry ( ! *ur*--also /ill exi/4 ,ab\t a mile ea/w>ds f ,m5tone ! ,cornice ,road crosses by ! bold ar* ( ! ,pont ,/ ,l\is ! rav9e :i* n[ =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,france & ,italy4 ,s9ce #ahfa ! limits ( ,france h be5 ext5d$ consid]ably fur!r ea/w>ds ?an 9 anci5t times1 :5 ,la ,turbie m>k$ ! b\nd>y ( ,gaul4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our j\rney we h obs]v$ t z we approa* ! fronti]1 ! t[ns possess a good deal ( ! ,italian "*1 & t bo? hi/orically & ar*itecturally !y h mu* 9 common ) ,italy4 ,! ar*itectural /yles ( ,france & ,italy 7 obs]v$ to ov]lap ea* o!r 9 ! di/rict we h j exam9$4 ,b :5 we pass ! mod]n b\nd>y ( ,france at ! ,pont ,/ ,l\is1 we may ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,,we/ ,,portal ,,( ,,ca!dral1 ,,v5timiglia4 be said to h left ne>ly all trace ( ,fr5* & ,prov5al ar*itecture beh9d1 & 9 our fur!r progress ea/w>ds we %all meet ) almo/ no?+ :i* is n entirely ,italian 9 /yle4 ,we %all !re=e 9 conclud+ our j\rney give only a rapid sket* ( "s ( ! m important build+s betwe5 ,m5tone & ,g5oa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,ca!dral1 ,,v5timiglia4 ,! railway ea/w>ds f ,m5tone foll[s ! coa/ l9e1 & cuts ?r\gh "s l(ty rocks at ! m\? ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,dolce ,,aqua4 torr5t ( ,/ ,l\is1 fam\s f conta9+ ! caves 9 :i* h be5 discov]$ human rema9s1 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals1 su* z ! mammo?1 ! great be>1 ! elk1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,,ca/le ,,( ,,! ,,dorias1 ,,dolce ,,aqua4 ,ab\t sev5 miles f ,m5tone1 ! l9e passes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,,dolce ,,aqua 7f ! ,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,san ,,remo4 ?r\gh a tunnel1 on em]g+ f :i* ! fronti] t[n ( ,,v5timiglia is se5 t[]+ above ! pla9 ( ! riv] ,roya4 ,x /&s on a bold rocky headl&1 def5d$ on "o side by ! sea1 & on ! o!r by ! riv]4 ,l all bord] t[ns1 its possession 0 con/antly disput$ by ! neighb\r+ suz]a9s1 & x endur$ _m sieges1 b 0 g5]ally "u ! au?ority ( ! t[n ( ,g5oa4 ,! /reets are n>r[ & tortu\s1 & h ! usual picturesque /aircases & ar*es4 ,! por* ( ! ca!dral se5 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #bfd7 is old1 & is decid$ly ,italian 9 "*1 b ! re/ ( ! front is mod]n4 ,! int]ior aga9 7,fig4 #bfe7 might be a ,prov5al ,ci/]tian design1 su* z t ( ,?oronet4 ,two miles ea/w>ds f ,v5timiglia1 ! valley ( ! ,n]via op5s to ! left4 ,an easy & agreeable walk ( ab\t five miles up ! valley leads to ! v qua9t old t[n ( ,,dolce ,,aqua4 ,on ! way we pass ?r\gh ! decay+ b picturesque t[n ( ,campo ,rosso ) an op5 8place0 l9$ ) arcad$ footways4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,,h\ses ,,9 ,,san ,,remo4 ,! mo/ anci5t "p ( ,dolce ,aqua lies on ! left side ( ! riv]1 :i* is cross$ by an old bridge ( "o span1 hav+ ! roadway /epp$ up on ea* side1 & %[+ traces ( old =tifications4 ,above ?is ! h\ses rise 9 ti]s1 =m+ a d5se & confus$ labyr9? ( n>r[ lanes & d>k tunnels--_m ( ! =m] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,,san ,,siro1 ,,san ,,remo 7,n4 ,doorway74 cross$ by /r5g!n+ ar*es ?r[n betwe5 ! h\ses on ea* side 7,fig4 #bff74 ,dom9at+ ! :ole /& ! pr\d ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ! ,dorias 7,fig4 #bfg71 a family fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g5oa & ! ,rivi]a4 ,x is a build+ ( a late date 7sev5te5? c5tury71 & has be5 def5d$ ) great ba/ions m\nt$ ) cannons 7,fig4 #bfh71 surr\nd$ ) walls1 & provid$ ) a drawbridge4 ,! ca/le has evid5tly conta9$ l>ge & sumptu\s ap>tm5ts1 b ! int]ior is n[ r$uc$ to total ru94 ,! t[n has also be5 provid$ ) =tifications1 ( :i* "o t[] ne> ! riv] has be5 appropriat$ & height5$ into a *ur* /eeple 7,fig4 #bfh74 ,! ca/le has be5 ab&on$ s9ce ! w>s ( #agdh1 & ! desc5dants ( ! ,dorias n[ occupy a mansion1 situat$ "u ! walls1 9 :i* !re is a f9ely c>v$ *imney piece1 & an int]e/+ collection ( family portraits4 ,! t[n ( ,,pigna1 ab\t t5 miles fur!r up ! valley1 is said to conta9 a good *ur* ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) po9t$ ar*es1 & a f9e pa9t+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,,gateway ,,& ,,/reet ,,9 ,,taggia4 ,pass+ ! anci5t republic ( ,bordigh]a1 ) its arcad$ /reets & spl5did palm g>d5s1 we soon rea* ,,san ,,remo4 ,?is anci5t t[n1 orig9ally indep5d5t1 came ultimately1 l ! re/ ( ! ,rivi]a1 "u ! au?ority ( ,g5oa4 ,x consi/s z usual ( "o pr9cipal /reet along ! n>r[ /rip ( gr\nd betwe5 ! base ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,,doorway ,,9 ,,taggia4 ( ! hill on :i* ! old t[n /&s & ! sea4 ,! t[n consi/s ( ! ord9>y pile ( t]rac$ h\ses ) n>r[ tortu\s /reets & /eep flights ( /eps lead+ up to !m4 ,!re is "h an extraord9>y pr(usion ( ! ar*es1 ( :i* we h met ) examples else:]e1 ?r[n across ! n>r[ /reets1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! h\ses aga9/ ! %ocks ( e>?quake to :i* ?is region is liable4 ,^! features sometime produce1 toge!r ) ! /airs & tall h\ses1 extraord9>y comb9ations & effects 7,figs4 #bfi & #bgj74 ,! ca!dral ( ,san ,siro1 :i* /&s deta*$ 9 a small 8place10 has "s good ,italian features /ill pres]v$1--among/ :i* are ! nor? & s\? doorways 7,fig4 #bga71 ! rema9d] hav+ be5 greatly mod]nis$ & spoil$4 ,9 ! ma9 /reet !re are "s fair specim5s ( ,r5aissance palaces1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ^? ( ,g5oa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,,doorway ,,9 ,,taggia4 ,f ! railway /ation ( ,arma di ,taggia1 "s miles ea/ ( ,san ,remo1 an exp$ition may be made ab\t five miles up ! valley to ! exquisitely qua9t old t[n ( ,,taggia4 ,x conc5trates 9 itself all ! v>i\s rem>kable features ( ! t[ns ( ! ,rivi]a 9 its arcad$ /reets & vault$ footpa?s1 n>r[ lanes cross$ ) ar*es1 & approa*$ by /eep /airs & d>k tunnels2 & ^! features are "h all comb9$ 9 s pr(use & picturesque a mann] z to pres5t an epitome ( ^? ( all ! re/4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! /rik+ g5]al ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,/ ,,cri/(]o1 ,,taggia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,,*ur* ,,at ,,alassio4 effects1 s captivat+ to ! arti/1 x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to pick out any?+ :i* may be reg>d$ z really good ar*itecture4 ,fig4 #bgb gives "s idea ( ! picturesqu5ess ( ! arcad$ /reets & gateways1 :ile ,figs4 #bgc & #bgd give a few good ar*itectural details4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #bgc7 might1 f its /yle1 be ! l9tel ( any fifte5? c5tury h\se 9 ,g5oa 7a spl5did example ( a simil> /yle ( doorway at ,g5oa be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #bha71 & ! o!r 7,fig4 #bgd7 is a ,r5aissance doorway 9 black m>ble ornam5t$ ) rais$ arabesques4 ,close to ! t[n is ! mona/]y ( ,san ,cri/(]o1 :]e ! anci5t cloi/] & t[] 7,fig4 #bge7 are good specim5s ( e>ly ,italian "w4 ,! vault+ ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,,t[]s ,,& ,,we/ ,,end ,,( ,,*ur*1 ,,alb5ga4 ! cloi/] is late1 ! orig9al ro( be+ probably ( timb]4 ,! t[] is a good ,italian campanile1 ) /r+ c\rses ( ! arcad$ ornam5t s common 9 ,lomb>dy & ! ,rh9el&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,,alb5ga 7f ,railway ,/ation74 ,we are n[ 9 ! c5tre ( ! di/rict :i* suff]$ s sev]ely f ! e>?quakes ( #ahhg4 ,,bussana is pass$ on ! "r 9 return+ to ! railway4 ,! t[ns ( ,,porto ,,maurizio 7:i* /&s on a solit>y rock71 ,,oneglia1 & ,,diano ,,m>9a1 all names too well kn[n 9 connection ) ! above cata/rophe1 are rea*$ 9 succession be=e arriv+ at ,,alassio1 ! fur!/ ea/ ( ! heal? resorts ( ! ,rivi]a4 ,! t[] ( ! *ur* "h 7,fig4 #bgf7 has ! usual =m ( ! ,italian campanile4 ,a few miles fur!r ea/ br+ u to ,,alb5ga1 :i* is1 ar*itecturally speak+1 ! mo/ int]e/+ t[n on ?is "p ( ! coa/4 ,x lies 9 a holl[ ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,acosia1 & is def5d$ f ! cold w9ds ( ! ,nor? by an amphi!atre ( l(ty1 sn[-clad m\nta9s4 ,! g5]al view ( ! t[n f ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,,t[] ,,at ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,,( ,,*ur*1 ,,alb5ga4 railway /ation 7,fig4 #bgh7 %ews ! peculi> prepond]ance ( squ>e t[]s = :i* x is rem>kable4 ,on clos] inspection ^! are f\nd to be no less surpris+ ?an :5 se5 f a di/ance4 ,!y are g5]ally q pla9 & are built ( brick4 ,! view ( ! we/ end ( ! *ur* 7,fig4 #bgg7 %ews f\r ( ^! t[]s cr[d$ close toge!r1 exhibit+ examples ( sev]al diff]5t designs4 ,t ov] ! nor? entrance to ! *ur* has a /rong resemblance to ! campaniles ( ,lomb>dy1 su* z t ( ,mantua1 & is ?or\ghly ,italian 9 e detail1 :ile ! pla9 squ>e t[]s adjo9+ recall simil> examples at ,bologna & else:]e 9 ,italy4 ,t aga9 at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*1 :i* has ! figure ( ! lion at its base 7,fig4 #bgi71 ) its pla9 brick %aft1 its triple arcad$ top1 & =k-%ap$ battlem5ts1 is almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,v]ona4 ,! *ur* has orig9ally be5 an ,italian design ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh n[ mu* alt]$ & spoil$ x has evid5tly _h ! same arcad$ ornam5t at ! eaves z we h obs]v$ at ,grasse1 ,san ,remo1 & else:]e4 ,! doorways also correspond 9 /yle ) ! above *ur*es4 ,to ! nor? ( ! *ur* is a v int]e/+ bapti/]y1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ^? ( ,frjus & ,aix4 ,x is ( octagonal =m1 #bh feet long by #bf feet wide1 ) a vault support$ on ,cor9?ian-l pill>s1 & has a v anci5t b dismal & neglect$ appe>ance4 ,"o ( ! w9d[s is fill$ ) /one trac]y ( a ,byzant9e or ,moori% "*4 ,9 mov+ ea/w>ds we pass 9 succession ,,c]iale1 ) its =tifications1 & ,,loano ) its great mona/]ies1 ,,v]ezzi ) "o good campanile1 & ,,flnalm>9o ) two4 ,f ! latt] a view is obta9$ ( ,,f9alborgo 9 ! di/ance 7ab\t two miles (f71 :]e !re are evid5tly ! rema9s ( a f9e ca/ellat$ /ructure4 ,at ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,san ,,matteo1 ,,g5oa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,,doorway1 ,,piazza ,,san ,,matteo1 ,,g5oa4 ,noli !re is an anci5t entrance t[] ) an ar*way ?r\gh x4 ,savona reta9s its =tifications ( ! ,vauban ,s*ool1 & ,v]azze ! %att]$ ru9s ( an old ca/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,,*ur*1 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,etc41 ,,g5oa4 ,x is n int5d$ to attempt to describe ! ar*itecture ( ,,g5oa4 ,t has already =m$ ! subject ( special works1 & w\ld require a volume to itself4 ,only1 9 clos+ ?is acc\nt ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,rivi]a1 "o or two examples f ,g5oa are giv51 9 ord] to make m di/9ct ! analogies to :i* att5tion has be5 drawn betwe5 ! ar*itecture ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,rivi]a & t ( ! fam\s ,republic1 z well z ! /yle ( ,italy g5]ally4 ,?us ! side doorway ( ! ca!dral exhibits1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! same imitation ( ,roman ar*itecture 7see ,vignette on title page1 & ,head+ p4 #be71 modifi$ by ! introduction ( ,romanesque or ,teutonic ornam5t1 :i* we obs]v$ at ,/ ,gilles1 ,arles1 & o!r *ur*es ( ,prov5ce4 ,?is doorway is "p ( ! orig9al build+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! great] "p ( ! ca!dral 0 re/or$ ab\t #acjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,,campanile1 ,,g5oa4 ,! faade ( ,san ,matteo1 on :i* are engrav$ s _m inscriptions 9 hon\r ( ! v>i\s di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! family ( ,doria & t ( ,san ,/efano1 %ew ! arcad$ caves1 & ! inlaid m\ld+ "u ! cornice :i* exi/ at ,grasse1 ,san ,remo1 ,v5timiglia1 c4 ,! doorways ( ^! *ur*es h ! same flat por*1 ) small projection1 & pla9 po9t$ gable1 & ! same sort ( ar* & %afts z sev]al ( ! examples we h met ) 9 ! ,rivi]a4 ,san ,matteo dates f #abgh4 ,! cloi/] 7,fig4 #bhj7 :i* adjo9s t *ur* is ( ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & conta9s ! monum5ts ( ! ,dorias1 :i* h be5 br\ght "h f ! suppress$ *ur* ( ,santa ,dom9ica4 ,! cloi/]s ( ,san ,matteo1 & also ^? ( ,san ,lor5zo1 pres5t %afts & caps 9 ! same ,italian /yle z we h obs]v$ ext5d$ z f> we/w>ds z ! cloi/]s at ,frjus1 & ! upp] cloi/] ( ! ca/le ( ,/ ,honorat4 ,! sculptur$ l9tel 9 ! ,piazza ,san ,matteo 7,fig4 #bha71 exhibit+ ! combat ( ,/ ,george & ! ,dragon1 al?\gh m elaborate1 is simil> 9 /yle to ! l9tel ( ! h\se at ,taggia 7,fig4 #bgc72 :ile ! campaniles & arcades ( o!r *ur*es 9 ,g5oa 7,figs4 #bhb & #bhc7 recall ! ,italian /yle1 ( :i* we h met ) s _m examples 9 ,prov5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,,knock]1 ,,elne ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,,lamp ,,f ,,old ,,*ur*1 ,,monaco4 ,,index4 ,aegitna1 #cjh4 ,aigues ,mortes1 #bjf4 ,aix-en-,prov5ce1 #bag4 ,alassio1 #ded4 ,alb5ga1 #def4 ,albig5sian ,crusades1 #bg4 ,antibes1 #hd1 #cga4 ,arles1 #ej1 #ahc4 ,autun1 #cc4 ,aurelian ,way1 #gi4 ,auribeau1 #chj4 ,avignon1 #c1 #cd1 #acg4 ,b>b>ians1 ,invasions (1 #ad4 ,beaucaire1 #agc4 ,bzi]s1 #bbb4 ,biot1 #chg4 ,burgundy1 ,/yle (1 #aji4 ,bussana1 #def4 ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture1 #ig4 ,cagnes1 #cgf4 ,callian1 #cfd4 ,cam>gue1 ,!1 #gg4 ,cannes1 #hc1 #cjh4 ,cannet1 #bge4 ,c>cassonne1 #bdc4 ,c>p5tras1 #dg1 #afg4 ,ca/ell>1 #dda4 ,ca/ell>as1 #cej4 ,ca/ellat$ ,ar*itecture1 #aaf4 ,cavaillon1 #dh1 #afg4 ,cem5elum 7,cimis71 #hf1 #dba4 ,c]iale1 #deh4 ,*>lemagne1 ,revival "u1 #ag4 ,*>treuse du ,val de ,bndiction1 #afd4 ,*ri/ian ,build+s1 ,e>ly1 #ie4 ,*ur*1 ,e>ly ,organisation (1 #ab2 ,revival (1 #ai4 ,ci/]tian ,ar*itecture1 #aaj1 #bgd4 ,citeaux1 ,monks (1 #bb4 ,clausonne1 #hd4 ,cluny1 ,abbey (1 #ai4 ,cogol91 #cjb4 ,c\r?zon1 #acg4 ,crau1 ,!1 #gg4 ,cruas1 #abh4 ,crusades1 #bc4 ,crussol1 #abh4 ,dolce ,aqua1 #ddh4 ,dome1 ,! use (1 #aje4 ,elne1 #bci4 ,e/]el1 #cjd4 ,eza1 #dbd4 ,feudal ,sy/em1 #aab4 ,f9alborgo1 #deh4 ,f9alm>9o1 #deh4 ,france1 ,nor!rn ,ar*itecture1 #a4 8 ,s\!rn 81 #c4 ,frax9et1 le ,gr&1 #cjd4 ,frjus1 #hj1 #bhe4 ,g>de ,adhm>1 #acd4 ,gaul1 ,s\!rn1 ,hi/ory1 #e1 #i4 ,g5oa1 #dfa4 ,gorbio1 #ddj4 ,go?ic1 ,nor!rn1 #aad4 ,g\rdon1 #cff4 ,grasse1 #cej4 ,greek & ,roman ,colonies--9 ,t[ns--#aj4 ,grimaud1 #cjb4 ,holy ,roman ,empires1 #ae4 ,hyres1 #bgj4 ,iles de ,lr9s1 #cai4 ,la ,g>de ,fre9et1 #cjd4 ,lagunes1 ,!1 #bba1 #bce4 ,la ,tr9it1 ,t[] (1 #chb4 ,la ,turbie1 #hg1 #dbh4 ,le ,b>1 #cfe4 ,le ,cannet1 #cdg4 ,le ,luc1 #hj4 ,le ,?or1 #afg4 ,les ,baux1 #agh4 ,les ,maures1 #bii4 ,les ,sa9tes ,m>ies1 #bab4 ,loano1 #deh4 ,lyons1 #cd1 #aba4 ,m>seilles1 #gi1 #bac4 ,m$it]ranean1 ,littoral (--,hi/ory1 #g4 ,m5tone1 #ddj4 ,mollges1 #afh4 ,monaco1 #dcb4 ,mona/]ies1 ,orig9 (1 #ab4 8 ,gr[? (1 #ai4 ,mont ,maj\r1 #aid4 ,mont ,/ ,cassi51 #cjg4 ,m\g9s1 #cdh4 ,municipalities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #aa4 ,muse ,calv]t1 #cd4 ,nap\le1 #cje4 ,n>bonne1 #bcj4 ,nice1 #hf1 #dah4 ,nimes1 #fd4 ,noli1 #dfa4 ,notre ,dame de ,vie1 #cdi4 8 8 du ,pr1 ,le ,mans1 #ajb4 ,oneglia1 #def4 ,orange1 #dj4 ,p]nes1 #afg4 ,p]pignan1 #bce4 ,phocans 9 ,gaul1 #g4 ,phnicians d41 #g4 ,pigna1 #ddi4 ,po9t$ ,ar*1 #ajg1 #aac4 ,pomponiana1 #hj4 ,pont du ,g>d1 #gf4 8 ,/ ,bnezet1 #aea4 8 ,/ ,esprit1 #acf4 ,porto ,maurizio1 #def4 ,prov5ce1 ,hi/ory (1 #be4 8 pass$ to ,france1 #cj4 ,prov5al ,ar*itecture1 #aje1 #aah1 #baa4 ,puisalicon1 #bbi4 ,rav5na1 #if4 ,riez1 #bib4 ,rivi]a1 ,!1 #gi4 ,roman ,ar*itecture1 ,e>ly1 #ij4 8 8 ,! ,ar* 91 #ia4 ,roman ,ar*itecture1 ,cont9u$ "u ,*ri/ianity1 #id4 ,roman ,ar*itecture1 ,rema9s 9 ,prov5ce1 #cc4 ,roquebrune1 #dcg4 ,/e ,agns1 #dda4 ,/ ,&r1 ,ca/le (1 #aee1 #dba4 8 ,csaire1 #cei4 8 ,*amas1 #gg4 8 ,front1 ,p]igueux1 #ajd4 8 ,gabriel1 #ahb4 8 ,gilles1 #bjd4 8 ,honorat1 ,ca/le (1 #cbc4 8 8 ,isl& (1 #cai4 8 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 #ih4 ,/e ,m>gurite 7,lr9s71 #cdc4 ,/ ,m>t9 de ,londres1 #bbi4 8 8 les ,v5ces1 #dah4 8 ,maxim91 #bhb4 8 ,paul-,trois-,*teaux1 #acd4 8 8 -du-,v>1 #cib4 8 ,peyr1 #cjf4 8 ,pi]re de ,r$des1 #bbi4 8 ,raphel1 #bii4 8 ,remy1 #dh4 8 ,ruf1 #afd4 8 ,sauveur 7,lr9s71 #cbc4 ,/e ,tr9it 7,lr9s71 #cbj4 ,/ ,tropez1 #cjj4 8 ,v]an1 #afd4 ,san ,m9iato1 #ajj4 8 ,remo1 #dej4 ,s>ac5s1 ,invasion (1 #ae4 ,saut du ,l\p1 #cfi4 ,savona1 #dfa4 ,sculpture 9 ,prov5ce1 #ajg4 ,s+le-nave ,*ur*es1 #aje4 ,syrian ,*ur*es1 #ih1 #baj4 ,taggia1 #deb4 ,t>ascon1 #afh4 ,?oronet1 #bgd4 ,t\lon1 #gi4 ,t\rettes1 #cfi4 ,t\rnon1 #cfc4 ,vaison1 #afe4 ,val5ce1 #abg4 ,vallauris1 #cdd4 ,vault+1 ,introduction (1 #ajj4 8 9 ,prov5ce1 #ajb4 ,vault+ 9 ,aquita9e1 #ajc4 ,v5asque1 #afg4 ,v5ce1 #hd1 #djh4 ,v5timiglia1 #ddb4 ,v]azze1 #dfa4 ,v]ezze1 #deh4 ,v]ngues1 #gh4 ,vi5ne1 #cd1 #abd4 ,vill5euve1 ,t[n (1 #aed4 8 ,*ur*1 #afc4 ,vill5euve-,l\bet1 #cgh4 ,villes ,mortes1 #bbj4 ,visigo?s1 #aj4 ,vivi]s1 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9is ,,f ,,arles ,,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ca/ellat$ ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,scotl& ,,f ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,by ,,david ,,macgibbon & ,,?omas ,,ross ,,ar*itects ,) ab\t #ajjj ,illu/rations ( ,gr\nd ,plans1 ,sections1 ,views1 ,elevations1 & ,details4 ,9 #b ,volumes4 ,royal #hvo4 ,f\r ,gu9eas nett4 8,"o ( ! mo/ important & complete books on ,scotti% ar*itecture t has ev] be5 compil$4 ,its value to ! ar*itect1 ! ar*ologi/1 & ! /ud5t ( /yles is at once app>5t4 ,x consi/s almo/ exclusively ( :at may be call$ illu/rat$ ar*itectural facts1 well dige/$ & arrang$1 & con/itut+ a monum5t ( pati5t rese>*1 capable draughtsman%ip1 & ( well su/a9$ ef=t1 :i* d ! au?ors inf9ite cr$it40--,scotsman4 8,_! descriptions are good1 & _! argum5ts always wor? att5tion & g5]ally conv9c+4444 ,! plans 444 are cle> & good1 & by !mselves make ! book a mo/ valuable addition to ! libr>y ( any man :o wi%es to /udy & und]/& ! def5sive ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! book has ano!r value 9 t x pres]ves a record ( s _m build+s 9 ! /ate !y are n[4 ,_m are neglect$ & daily fall+ m & m into ru940--,a!num4 8,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,great ,brita9 c take up ?is neatly-b\nd volume 444 )\t be+ at once /ruck by its c>eful complet5ess & extreme ar*ological int]e/1 :ile all /ud5ts ( ar*itectural /yle w welcome ! "w specially = its te*nical ?or\ghness40--,build+ ,news4 8,! au?ors m]it ! ?anks ( all ar*itectural read]s1 pr(essional & amateur1 = ! production ( a v well /udi$ & illu/rat$ h&-book ( a mo/ int]e/+ class ( anci5t build+s40--,! ,build]4 8,c>eful obs]vation & accurate description appe> to specially *>act]ise ?is "w40--,briti% ,ar*itect4 8,9 its complete =m ! m]its ( ! "w are m app>5t1 & we h no hesitation 9 say+ t we consid] x to be f> sup]ior to any ( ! prec$+ books on ! subject40--,! ,ar*itect4 8,a le>n$1 pa9/ak+1 & highly important "w40--,scotti% ,review4 8,! be/ au?ority ^u ! ar*itecture ( ,scotti% ,ca/les yet issu$40--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 8,to ! intellig5t read]s ( all classes1 we c cordially recomm5d x z a v int]e/+ & sugge/ive book40--,daily ,free ,press1 ,ab]de54 8,messrs4 ,mac,gibbon & ,ross n[ %[ 9 sket*es ( gr\nd plans & elevations su* a s]ies ( dome/ic /ructures z n only indicates ! gradual progress ( ,scotti% ar*itecture f times comp>atively rude1 b p]mits ! developm5t to be trac$ 9 su* a way z det]m9es ! /ages ( progress or #8,p]iods' into :i* its hi/ory may be naturally divid$40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,highly int]e/+ & picturesque "w40--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,david ,,d\glas1 #ae ,,ca/le ,,/reet4 ,,footnote3 ,a ,elevations & details are giv5 9 ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire1 to :i* we are also indebt$ = mo/ ( ! above p>ticul>s4