,illustration3 ,,industrial ,,despotism1 ,,shrewdly ,,called ,,freedom4 _/ 7,illustrating the ,wage-,earner's 8,freedom of ,contract407 ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,,by ,,george ,r4 ,,kirkpatrick 8,the cannon's prey has begun to think1 and1 thinking twice1 loses its admiration for being made a target40--,victor ,hugo4 8,a nod from a lord is a breakfast--for a fool40--,proverb4 8,the poor souls for whom this hungry war opens its vast jaws40--,william ,shakespeare4 ,first ,edition1 ,august1 #aiaj4 ,second ,edition1 ,october1 #aiaj4 ,third ,edition1 ,december1 #aiaj4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,thirtieth ,thousand1 ,may1 #aiaa4 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,author1 ,,west ,,la ,,fayette1 ,,ohio ,,copyrighted1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,george ,r4 ,,kirkpatrick4 ,all rights reserved1 including that of translation into foreign languages ,,special ,,announcement ,,on ,,page #cej4 ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,,single ,,copy1 #a4bj ,liberal discounts in clubs of #c1 #aj and #be or more4 ,by the same author3 ,,think--,,or ,,surrender ,about #ajj pages of elementary economics1 politics and organization--for the propaganda of ,socialism4 7,nearly ready47 ,illustration ,this book is dedicated to the victims of the civil war in industry2 that is1 to my brothers and sisters of the working class1 the class who furnish the blood and tears and cripples and corpses in all wars--yet win no victories for their own class4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents4 ,,page ,preface #e ,ready #i ,an ,insult from the ,commander-in-,chief #aj ,chapter ,one3 ,a ,confidential ,word with the ,man of the ,working ,class #aa ,chapter ,two3 ,what ,is ,war8 #ba ,chapter ,three3 ,the ,situation--,also the ,explanation #bi ,chapter ,four3 ,the ,cost of ,war--7#a7 ,in ,blood1 7#b7 ,in ,cash #dg ,chapter ,five3 ,hell #gg ,chapter ,six3 ,tricked to the ,trenches--,then ,snubbed #ajg ,chapter ,seven3 ,for ,father and the ,boys #aei ,chapter ,eight3 ,for ,mother and the ,boys--and ,girls #bjg ,chapter ,nine3 ,the ,cross1 the ,cannon1 and the ,cash ,register #bdd ,chapter ,ten3 ,now ,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it8 #bgc ,chapter ,eleven3 ,a ,short ,lesson in the ,history of the ,working ,class #cag ,chapter ,twelve3 ,suggestions--and ,what to ,read #cch ,illustrations3 ,industrial ,despotism1 ,craftily ,called ,freedom ,frontispiece ,leading ,citizens--8,we ,want ,wars0 #ca ,leading ,citizens--8,we ,declare ,wars0 #cc ,citizens ,who ,are ,led--8,we ,fight the ,wars0 #ce ,hired ,hands ,facing p4 #df ,worn-,out ,boxing ,gloves of the ,ruling ,class #ea ,the ,history of ,ignorance and ,meekness #ec ,the ,war ,is the ,class ,war #afi ,the ,beneficiaries of ,hell1 ,flirting with ,heaven ,facing p4 #bjf ,the ,noble ,rle of ,cossacks and ,militiamen ,facing p4 #bjg ,preparing ,boy-,scout ,hired ,hands ,facing p4 #bbj ,four ,victims of ,cheap ,patriotism #bda ,in ,my ,name6 ,after ,nineteen ,hundred ,years6 #bde ,,preface4 ,justice soothes4 ,justice heals the wounds and sores in the social body4 ,justice strikes down all robbery--illegal and legal4 ,justice calms4 ,injustice stings4 ,injustice burns1 irritates--kills sociability and creates conflict4 ,injustice prevents brotherhood4 ,injustice is unsocial--anti-social--and is thus a social sore4 ,injustice1 organized injustice1 is the soul of all class-labor forms of society4 ,the purpose of all class-labor forms of society is ,,robbery4 ,the robbed resist--sometimes4 ,the robbers are ready for resistance--always4 ,in all class-labor forms of society the ruling class always have3 ,,first1 ,,an ,,armed ,,guard--,,ready3 ready to serve as tusk and fist of the robber ruling class1 ready to suppress protesting chattel-slaves1 ready to suppress protesting serfs1 ready to suppress protesting wage-earners1 ready to defend the class-labor system1 ready to extend the class-labor system1 ready to defy and defeat and hold down and kick the robbed working class4 ,,second1 ,,an ,,unarmed ,,guard--composed of prideless purchasable human things1 social chameleons1 moral eunuchs1 political flunkies--intellectual prostitutes--,,ready3 ready to make laws in the interest of the ruling class1 ready to interpret laws in the interest of the ruling class1 ready to execute laws in the interest of the ruling class1 ready to cunningly cajole and beguile the toil-cursed working class1 ready to cunningly teach meekness1 humility and contentment--to the working class1 ready to cunningly teach servility and obedience--to the working class1 ready with grand words to cunningly dupe and chloroform--the working class1 ready to bellow about 8,law and ,order0 when the unemployed call loudly for work or bread and when hungry strikers open their lips in self-defense1 ready 8for ,jesus' sake0 7and a salary7 to glorify war and scream to the 8,god of ,battles0 7also the 8,god of ,peace07 for victory2 ready to baptize wholesale murder and flatter the blood-stained conquerors2 ready to whine and mumble over the shell-torn corpses of the victims and hypocritically sniffle and mouth consolatory congratulations to the war-cursed widows and orphans--ready thus to mock their own ruined victims--for a price2 ready to preach--to the workers--that they must fight like hell to 8get a home in heaven40 ,many of my brothers--my betrayed younger brothers--are soldiers3 they have been seduced to serve as ,armed ,guard4 ,they have been deceived4 ,and they are abused4 ,many of them are even driven insane4 ,insanity ranks third in the long list of disablements for which our betrayed brothers are dismissed from the service4 7,report of the ,department of ,war1 #aijh1 p4 #ba47 ,a whole carload of insane soldiers were shipped through ,pittsburgh--home from the ,philippines--,december #aa1 #aiji4 ,these men are indeed betrayed and abused--and ashamed4 ,they even destroy themselves to hide their shame and escape abuse4 ,,twenty-,,six ,,times ,,as ,,many enlisted men committed suicide in #aijh as in #aijg2 ,,and ,,thirty-,,nine ,,times ,,as ,,many of them committed suicide in #aiji as in #aijg4a ,more and more the boys in the ,army are disgusted with the whole vile business1 but as the boys become increasingly sick of the service and would like to run away1 the ,war ,department more and more prepares to hold them like rats in a trap--just as the ,secretary of ,war boasted in his ,report for #aijh 7p4 #ai7 that he now finally had 8an elaborate system 444 almost perfected well calculated to secure swift and certain apprehension and punishment of deserters1 and will 444 have a marked effect in reducing the crime to a minimum40 ,thus the boys are trapped and stung1--and some of them kill themselves4 ,the working class men inside and outside the ,army are confused4 ,they do not understand4 ,but they will understand4 ,,and ,,when ,,they ,,do ,,understand1 their class loyalty and class pride will astonish the world4 ,they will stand erect in their vast class strength and defend--,,themselves4 ,they will cease to coax and tease2 they will make demands--unitedly4 ,they will desert the armory2 they will spike every cannon on earth2 they will scorn the commander2 they will never club or bayonet another striker2 and in the legislatures of the world they will shear the fatted parasites from the political and industrial body of society4 ,but these things they will not do and can not do till they are roused--roused because they understand4 ,therefore1 ,i 8rise to a point of order03 ,the most important thing on the program in the politics of the world today is to rouse the working class to realize itself1 to be conscious of itself1 to see itself and also see distinctly the age-long conspiracy of the ruling class2 the first thing is to rouse the working class to unite socially and unite industrially and unite politically and seize all the powers of government in all the world--for self-defense2 the supreme business of the hour is to rouse the working class for the crowning victory in the evolution of mankind--for the industrial freedom of the working class1 for the peace and the calm born of justice1 for the beauty and the glory of the brotherhood of man4 ,this book is written to help instruct and rouse the working class2 and if in some small measure this unpretentious book carries light to the brains of my younger brothers on the big steel battleships1 in the barren gloomy barracks1 and to my abused and cheated brothers 7and sisters7 in the mills and mines and on the farms--and thus helps stir my class to a consciousness of their class and thus helps advance the demand for justice and the demand for a reconstructed1 socialized society1 my reward will seem abundant4 ,,george ,r4 ,,kirkpatrick4 ,july #d1 #aiaj4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,fifth ,,edition3 ,a few amusingly oracular and pitifully 7not to say pardonably7 impotent voices have been raised--necessarily not very high1 of course--against the style of this book4 ,deferring1 for the present1 any discussion of certain evident pedagogical exigencies1 my reply is3 ,in the ninth month from the date of first issue1 the book is in its ,fifth ,edition1 ,thirtieth ,thousand4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,may #bd1 #aiaa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the pictures in this book add much to its interest and usefulness4 ,those on pages #ca and #cc were made by ,mr4 ,ryan ,walker1 of ,new ,york2 all the others were made by ,mr4 ,john ,sloan1 also of ,new ,york4 ,the author is genuinely grateful for their kind cooperation4 ,ready4 ,the ,roman slave-owners of two thousand years ago with their armed slave-drivers2 also the slave-owners of sixty years ago with their hireling slave-drivers1 armed with blacksnake whips and pistols1 on horseback in the cotton fields of the ,south--the ancient and the modern chattel slave-owners thus were ready--ready to murder the slave working class4 ,the lords of serfdom with armed hirelings housed near their castles were also ready--ready to murder the serf working class4 ,recently1 in #aijg1 when the number of the unemployed wage-earners in the ,united ,states numbered over three millions1 it was promptly planned by the ,war ,department serving the ,caesars of industry that one machine-gun company with six rapid-fire guns of the ,maxim or some similar type should be added to each of the thirty regiments of infantry and fifteen regiments of cavalry now constituting the ,army--a total of two hundred and seventy of the most terrible murdering machines ever invented4 ,with these guns1 each firing eight hundred shots per minute1 eight million six hundred and forty thousand cold steel nuggets of 8law-and-order0 and 8unparalleled prosperity0 could be handed out to the unemployed in just forty minutes1--to lovingly show the working class how1 under the wage-system-the present class-labor system1--8the interests of the capitalist class and the interests of the working class are practically the same40 ,thus the capitalists of our day are also ready--ready to have wage-paid soldiers1 militiamen and policemen murder the wage-earning working class4 8,although the conventions of popular government are preserved1 capital is at least as absolute as under the ,caesars4 ,the aristocracy which wields this autocratic power is beyond attack1 for it is defended by a wage-earning police1 by the side of which the ,roman legions were a toy--a police so formidable that1 for the first time in history1 revolt is hopeless and is not attempted4 ,the only question which preoccupies the ruling class is whether it is cheaper to coerce or bribe40--,brooks ,adams3 ,the ,law of ,civilization and ,decay1 p4 #bib4 ,an ,insult from the ,commanderin,chief3 8,the fact can not be disregarded nor explained away that for some reason or other the life of the soldier as at present constituted is not one to attract the best and most desirable class of enlisted men4444 8,the military service should be made so attractive that it would not be difficult to obtain intelligent and desirable men and to hold them40--,william ,h4 ,taft1 ,secretary of ,war 7now ,president and ,commander-in-,chief of the ,army and ,navy73 ,annual ,report of ,secretary of ,war1 #aijg1 page #ad4 ,mr4 ,taft repeated this insult in a public speech4 7,see ,new ,york ,times1 ,april #bf1 #aijh47 ,in the ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 #aijg1 page #gi1 is the following from the ,general ,staff3 8,the bulk of recruits come and must always come from the agricultural1 artisan1 and laboring classes40 99 99 99 99 99 ,how long will strong men of the working class accept a kick as a compliment--from so-called 8great0 men8 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,reports of the ,department of ,war for the years #aijg1 '#jh1 '#ji1 pp4 #ag1 #ba1 and #ah respectively4 ,the ,reports of the ,secretaries of ,war include no losses by suicide from #aija to #aijf inclusive4 ,the suicide record reported by the ,secretaries of ,war for #aijg1 '#jh1 '#ji1 are3 #a1 #bf1 #ci respectively4 ,fifty-eight per cent4 of all desertions in #aijf were desertions by men 7boys7 in their first year of service2 over half of these in first half year of their service4 ,see ,index3 8,desertions40 ,,chapter ,,one4 ,a ,confidential ,word ,with the ,man of the ,working ,class4 ,,brother6 ,whoever you are1 wherever you are on all the earth1 ,i greet you4 ,you are a member of the working class4 ,i am a member of the working class4 ,we are brothers4 ,class brothers4 ,let us repeat that3--,class ,brothers4 ,let us write that on our hearts and stamp it on our brains3--,class ,brothers4 ,i extend to you my right hand4 ,i make you a pledge4 ,here is my pledge to you3-- ,i refuse to kill your father4 ,i refuse to slay your mother's son4 ,i refuse to plunge a bayonet into the breast of your sister's brother4 ,i refuse to slaughter your sweetheart's lover4 ,i refuse to murder your wife's husband4 ,i refuse to butcher your little child's father4 ,i refuse to wet the earth with blood and blind kind eyes with tears4 ,i refuse to assassinate you and then hide my stained fists in the folds of any flag4 ,i refuse to be flattered into hell's nightmare by a class of well-fed snobs1 crooks and cowards who despise our class socially1 rob our class economically and betray our class politically4 ,will you thus pledge me and pledge all the members of our working class8 ,sit down a moment1 and let us talk over this matter of war4 ,we working people have been tricked--tricked into a sort of huge steel-trap called war4 ,really1 the smooth 8leading citizens0 tried their best to flim-flam me1 too4 ,they cunningly urged me to join the militia and the army and be ready to go to war4 ,their voices were soft1 their smiles were bland1 they made war look bright1 very bright4 ,but ,i concluded not to train for war or go to war--at least not until the brightness of war became bright enough to attract those cunning people to war who tried to make war look bright to me4 ,i have waited a long time4 ,i am still waiting4 ,thus ,i have had plenty of opportunity to think it all over4 ,and the more ,i think about war the more clearly ,i see that a bayonet is a stinger1 made by the working class1 sharpened by the working class1 nicely polished by the working class1 and then 8patriotically0 thrust into the working class by the working class--for the capitalist class4 ,the busy human bees sting themselves4 ,if ,i should enlist for service in the ,department of ,murder ,i should feel thoroughly embarrassed and ashamed of myself4 ,it is all clear to me now4 ,this is the way of it1 brother3-- ,in going to war ,i must work like a horse and be as poor as a mouse1 must be as humble as a toad1 as meek as a sheep and obey like a dog2 ,i must fight like a tiger1 be as cruel as a shark1 bear burdens like a mule and eat stale food like a half-starved wolf2 for fifteen or twenty dollars a month ,i must turn against my own working class and thus make an ass and a cat's-paw of myself2 and after the war ,i should be socially despised and snubbed as a sucker and a cur by the same distinguished 8leading citizens0 who wheedled me to war and afterward gave me the horse-laugh2--and thus ,i should feel like a monkey and look like a plucked goose in ,january4 ,indeed ,i am glad to see it all clearly4 ,i want you to see it clearly4 ,the 8leading citizens0 shall never have opportunity to laugh at me for doing drill 8stunts0 they would not do themselves and for going to a war they could not be induced to go to themselves4 ,moreover1 no member of the working class can ever say that ,i voluntarily took up arms against my own class4 ,if1 however1 years ago1 ,i had joined the militia or the army ,i should have been entirely innocent of doing voluntary wrong against my class1 because ,i did not understand--then4 ,but it is different now4 ,all is changed now--because ,i do understand now4 ,and ,i want you to understand this matter4 ,indeed we members of the working class should help one another understand4 ,and this book is for that purpose4 ,you will permit me to explain very frankly--won't you8 ,you will notice that this is a small book#b--very much smaller than the vast subject of wholesale murder called war4 ,but kindly remember that this book of suggestions--chiefly suggestions--is written for those1 the working class1 whose lives are too weary and whose eyes are frequently too full of dust and sweat and tears for them to read large and 8learned0 works on war4 ,this book is indeed written in behalf of the working class--and the working class only4 ,the lives and loves of the working class1 the hopes and the happiness of the working class1 the blood and tears of the working class are too sacred to be viciously wasted as they have been wasted and are wasted by the crafty kings1 tsars1 presidents1 emperors1 and the industrial tyrants of the earth4 ,this book contains no flattery4 ,we are flattered too much--by cunning people4 ,flattery confuses most people4 ,flattery blinds us1 and that is why business men and their unarmed guardsmen flatter the working people4 ,a multitude of intelligent honey bees can be confused1 hopelessly confused1 at swarming time1 simply by beating an empty tin pan or drum near them and calling loudly the almost patriotically stupid word1 8,boowah6 ,boowah6 ,woowah6 ,woowah60 ,and1 indeed1 down on the old home farm in ,ohio we often 8brain-stormed0 our swarming bees by just such simple means--in order to hold them in slavery and thus have them near and tame4 ,we wished to rob them when they worked--later on4 ,this device works perfectly in human society also4 ,the capitalist class use this method with great success on the human honey bees1 the working class4 ,millions of intelligent working men can be confused--and more easily robbed later on--simply by flattering them carefully and then beating a drum near them and cunningly calling out the pleasingly empty words1 8,the ,flag6 ,the ,flag6 ,patriotism6 ,patriotism6 ,brave boys60 ,bewildered moths rush into a flame of fire because it is bright4 ,bewildered working people rush to war and singe their own happiness1 snuff out their own lives--like moths--because war is painted bright4 ,in the shining candle flame moths virtually commit suicide4 ,in the glittering 8glory0 of war multitudes of the working class practically commit suicide4 ,this will be clearer to you as you read these chapters4 ,brother1 let me help you tear the mask off this legalized outrage against the working class1 this huge and 8glorious0 crime called war4 ,at this horrible 8,death's feast0 we working people spit in one another's faces1 we scream in wild rage at one another1 we curse and kill our own working class brothers1 we foolishly wallow in our own blood and desolate our own homes--simply because we are craftily ordered to do so4 ,thus we are both savage and ridiculous4 ,ridiculous did ,i say8 ,yes1 ridiculous4 ,that word ridiculous sounds like a harsh word--doesn't it8 ,but1 remember1 in all wars the working class are always meanly belittled1 wronged--outraged4 ,we are the plucked geese in ,january--patriotically4 ,when we working people hear a fife and drum and see some handsomely dressed1 well-fed military officers and see their long butcher-knives called swords--our confused hearts beat fast1 our blood becomes blindly and suicidally hot and eager4444 ,look out1 brother6 ,take care6 ,remember3 ,always in all wars everywhere the working class are confused1 bewildered--then shrewd people make tools1 mules1 fools1 and foot-stools of us6 8,follow the flag60 sounds good--but strikes blind the working class4 8,follow the flag60 sounds brave and grand4 ,very4 8,follow the flag60 is wine for the brain--of the working class4 8,follow the flag60 makes millions of our class blind and useable4 8,follow the flag60 stirs a savage passion cunningly called 8patriotism40 8,follow the flag60 never confuses a man wearing a silk hat4 8,follow the flag60 is bait laid for fools1 8rot0 fed to mules1 by every tyrant king1 tsar and president at the head of governments used by the industrial ruling class4#c ,governments--today under capitalism--are composed of 8leading citizens40 ,these 8leading-citizen0 governments quarrel over business--markets and territory4 ,being proud1 these 8leading-citizen0 governments pompously decide to 8protect their honor0--their alleged honor--8at any cost40 ,lacking sufficient brains1 they can not settle their quarrel with brains4 ,reverting to savagery1 they decide that 8might makes right40 ,being brutal1 they decide to 8fight it out40 ,being cowards1 they decide to avoid personal danger--to themselves4 ,knowing the working class are gullibly useable1 these 8leading-citizen0 governments decide to use the workingmen as fists4 ,being crafty1 they decide to seize the brain of the toiler--to teach the working class3 ,to follow the flag--automatically--that is1 patriotically ,to follow the flag--blindly--tho' 8leading citizens0 do not follow the flag into bloody danger ,to follow the flag--blindly--cheered by silk-hatted cowards ,to follow the flag--blindly--no matter where it goes1 no matter how unjust the war may be ,to follow the flag--blindly--tho' the working class fighters are to be given no voice in declaring the war ,to follow the flag--8patriotically0--like slaves defending masters who buy and sell them as chattels--8patriotically0--like ancient serfs defending the very landlords who robbed the serfs1 insulted their wives and raped their daughters ,to follow the flag--brainlessly--like dumb cattle following a 8trick0 bull to the bloody shambles of the slaughter house ,to follow the flag1 brainlessly1 as a frog will swallow a bait of red calico loaded with a deadly fish-hook ,to follow the flag1 automatically1 to the horrors and hell of the firing line--automatically1 to the flaming cannon's mouth and there butcher other workingmen and be butchered by other workingmen who are also--automatically--following another flag--like fools used as fists for cowards4 ,and the leading citizens have indeed succeeded in doing what they decided to do4 ,they have had us taught disastrously4 ,patriotically we have worn the yoke throughout the centuries--centuries sad with tears and red with blood and fire4 ,patriotically for thousands of years we have stormed the world with the cannon's roar--but never won a real victory for our class4 ,and for a hundred years--when we could vote--we have stupidly followed the political crook to the ballot-box1 and then we have meekly teased for laws1 whined for relief1 and humbly coaxed the 8reformer40 ,gullibly we swallow the traducer's lies that paralyze our brains1 bind our wrists1 and lay us under the employer's lash4 ,deafened and stunned with a fool's 8hurrah10 we wade in our own blood while those we love are broken in the embrace of despair4 ,and when on strike for bread and for the betterment of the women and the little children1 blindly on horseback we ride down and club one another1 blindly we bayonet one another at the factory1 blindly we crush one another at the mines1 blindly with ,gatling guns we sweep the streets and hills with storms of lead and steel1 and in a thousand ways blindly our class destroy our class in the bitter and stupid civil war in capitalist industry--cheaply we lend and rent ourselves for our own ruin4 ,ah1 my friend1 there is a political earthquake coming which will swallow up the political prostitutes and the industrial parasites and ,caesars of society--when our class open wide their eyes and see the great red crime--not only on the battlefield1 but around the factory and before the miner's cabin door4 ,not blindly but proudly and defiantly the workers will then--but not till then-defend ,,themselves4 ,this book is not a parasite's platitudes1 nor a hypocrite's pretenses in a ,fakir's ,parliament2 this book is not a tearful lament about war nor a long-winded essay on militarism1 nor a coward's whine for peace4 ,this book is not intended to be harsh2 it is frankly intended to be a short1 shrill call3 8,danger60 and also a guide-board for the producer's road to power4 ,too long1 too madly and sadly1 too gullibly the flimflammed working class have broken their own hearts and wet the earth with their own blood and tears2 too meekly and weakly the toilers sweat themselves into stupidity and then--like cheated children--gullibly hand over the choicest culture1 clothing1 bread1 wine and shelter to the robbers and rulers who despise them and betray them4 ,what for8 ,they have the habit4 ,o1 my brothers of the working class1 no matter what language you speak1 no matter what ,god you worship1 no matter how bitterly you would curse those who would teach you and rouse you--wherever you are1 in the barracks or in the mines1 in the armories or in the mills1 in the trenches at the front or in the furrows on the farm--let us clasp hands--as a class4 ,let us talk over this matter4 ,and in talking it over among ourselves let us be frank4 ,we must be very frank4 ,and let us be friends4 ,even as ,i write this1 mighty fleets of gun-laden ships of steel are steaming up and down the seas provoking1 insulting1 challenging war2 and in several parts of the world thousands of our working class brothers are slaughtering one another in wars they did not declare1 and they do so simply because they do not understand one another2 and they do not understand one another because ,,they ,,have ,,never ,,talked ,,this ,,matter ,,over ,,among ,,themselves in friendly frankness--like brothers1 without flattery and without bitterness toward one another4 ,as you and ,i consider this matter now by ourselves and for ourselves1 we may for a moment--just for a moment--disagree somewhat2 but if we do disagree1 let us disagree without bitterness toward one another4 ,let us remember that we are class brothers1 and permit nothing to injure our friendship or class loyalty4 ,some things concerning war must be said plainly--even bluntly--things neither flattering nor complimentary to anybody4 ,remember1 too1 that a flattering friend is a dangerous friend4 ,therefore ,i refuse to flatter you4 ,stamp this into your brain3 ,the working class must defend the working class4 ,in national and international fellowship we must stand together as a class in class loyalty4 ,and now1 first thing1 let us get an idea of what war 7one phase of the great class struggle7 is--for our class4 ,but before reading the next chapter on 8,what ,is ,war80 examine the photograph of hell here following3 8,they say there are a great many mad men in our army as well as in the enemy's4 ,in the ,russian and the ,japanese armies4 ,four lunatic wards have been opened in the hospital4444 8,the wire1 chopped through at one end1 cut the air and coiled itself around three soldiers4 ,the barbs tore their uniforms and stuck into their bodies1 and1 shrieking1 the soldiers1 coiled round like snakes1 spun round in a frenzy 444 whirling and rolling over each other4444 ,no less than two thousand men were lost in that one wire entanglement4 ,while they were hacking at the wire and getting entangled in its serpentine coils1 they were pelted by an incessant rain of balls and grapeshot4444 ,it was very terrifying1 and if only they had known in which direction to run1 that attack would have ended in a panic flight4 ,but ten or twelve continuous lines of wire1 and the struggle with it1 a whole labyrinth of pitfalls with stakes driven at the bottom1 had muddled them so that they were quite incapable of defining the direction of escape4 8,some1 like blind men1 fell into funnel-shaped pits1 and hung upon these sharp stakes1 twitching convulsively and dancing like toy clowns2 they were crushed down by fresh bodies1 and soon the whole pit filled to the edges1 and presented a writhing mass of bleeding bodies1 dead and living4 ,hands thrust themselves out of it in all directions1 the fingers working convulsively1 catching at everything2 and those who once got caught in that trap could not get back again3 hundreds of fingers1 strong and blind1 like the claws of a lobster1 gripped them firmly by the legs1 caught at their clothes1 threw them down upon themselves1 gouged out their eyes and throttled them4 ,many seemed as if they were intoxicated1 and ran straight at the wire1 got caught in it1 and remained shrieking1 until a bullet finished them4444 ,some swore dreadfully1 others laughed when the wire caught them by the arm or leg and died there and then4444 8,we walked along 444 and with each step we made1 that wild1 unearthly groan 444 grew ominously1 as if it was the red air1 the earth and sky that were groaning4444 ,we could almost feel the distorted mouths from which those terrible sounds were issuing 444 a loud1 calling1 crying groan4444 ,all those dark mounds stirred and crawled about with out-spread legs like half-dead lobsters let out of a basket4444 8,the train was full1 and our clothes were saturated with blood1 as if we had stood for a long time under a rain of blood1 while the wounded were still being brought in4444 8,some of the wounded crawled up themselves1 some walked up tottering and falling4 ,one soldier almost ran up to us4 ,his face was smashed1 and only one eye remained1 burning wildly and terribly4 ,he was almost naked4444 8,the ward was filled with a broad1 rasping1 crying groan1 and from all sides pale1 yellow1 exhausted faces1 some eyeless1 some so monstrously mutilated that it seemed as if they had returned from hell1 turned toward us4 8,i was beginning to get exhausted1 and went a little way off to 444 rest a bit4 ,the blood1 dried to my hands1 covered them like a pair of black gloves1 making it difficult for me to bend my fingers40#d ,would it not be a strange thing to see a banker1 a bishop1 a railway president1 a coal baron1 an anti-labor injunction judge1 and a ,united ,states ,senator all hanging on stakes in a pit with scores of other men piled in on top of them--all clawing1 kicking1 cursing1 wiggling1 screaming1 groaning1 bleeding1 dying--8following the flag0--patriotically8 ,such would indeed be a strange and interesting sight4 ,strange and interesting1 extremely so--but absolutely impossible4 ,and there is good reason4 ,let me explain4 ----- ,footnote #b3 ,the present wholly unpretentious book has a distinct purpose 7announced in the ,preface and also on this page71 and has1 too1 it is hoped1 an effective plan and method for the realization of that purpose4 ,readers in search of conventionally elaborated theses on war are referred1 for suggestions1 to ,chapter ,twelve1 ,sections #h and #i4 ,footnote #c3 8,an' you'll die like a fool of a soldier4 ,fool1 fool1 fool of a soldier40--,rudyard ,kipling3 8,the ,young ,british ,soldier10 in ,ballads4 ,footnote #d3 ,andreief3 ,the ,red ,laugh1 passim4 7,russian-,japanese ,war literature4 ,published by ,j4 ,fisher ,unwin1 ,london47 ,,chapter ,,two4 ,what ,is ,war8 ,war is wholesale1 scientific suicide for the working class under orders from their political and industrial masters4 ,war is3 ,for working class homes--emptiness1 ,for working class wives--heartache1 ,for working class mothers--loneliness1 ,for working class children--orphanage1 ,for working class sweethearts--agony1 ,for the nation's choicest working class men--broken health or death1 ,for society--savagery1 ,for peace--defeat1 ,for bull-dogs--suggestions1 ,for the ,devil--delight1 ,for death--a harvest1 ,for buzzards--a banquet1 ,for the grave--victory1 ,for worms--a feast1 ,for nations--debts1 ,for justice--nothing1 ,for 8,thou shalt not kill0--boisterous laughter1 ,for literature--the realism of the slaughter house1 ,for the painter--the immortalization of wholesale murder1 ,for the public park--a famous butcher in stone or bronze1 ,for ,roosevelts--opportunity to strut and brag of blood1 and win a 8war record0 for political purposes1 ,for ,bryans--a military title and a 8war record0 for political purposes1 ,for ,christ--contempt1 ,for 8,put up thy sword0--a sneer1 ,for preachers1 on both sides1--ferocious prayers for victory1 ,for ,sunday-school teachers--blood-steaming stories for tender children and helplessly impressible boys1 ,for bankers--bonds1 interest 7and working class substitutes71 ,for big manufacturers--business1 profits 7and working class substitutes71 ,for big business men of all sorts--8good times0 7and working-class substitutes71 ,for leading business men1 for leading politicians1 for leading preachers1 for leading educators1 for leading editors1 for leading lecturers--for all of these windy patriots who talk bravely of war1 who talk heroically of the flag1 who talk finely of national honor and talk and talk of the glory of battle--for all these yawping talkers--never positions as privates in the infantry on the firing line up close where they are really likely to get their delicately perfumed flesh torn to pieces4 ,thus war is hell for the ,,working class4#e ,it is1 of course1 true that in ancient times the leading citizens did much of the fighting--but that was very long ago1 in the days when the machine-gun had not yet been dreamed of4 ,even two thousand years ago the plutocratic snobs were beginning to show traces of intelligence sufficient to avoid going to hell voluntarily--afoot4 ,says ,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross3#f 8,service in the ,roman cavalry1 originally obligatory on all who could furnish two horses1 became after a time a badge of superiority4 #8,young men of rank more and more withdrew from the infantry1 and the legionary cavalry became a close aristocratic corps'4444 ,finally the rich came to feel that wealth ought to buy its possessors clear of every onerous duty4 ,in ,caesar's time #8in the soldiery not a trace of the better classes could any longer be discovered 444 the levy took place in the most irregular and unfair manner4 ,numerous persons liable to serve were wholly passed over4444 ,the ,roman burgess cavalry now merely vegetated as a sort of mounted noble guard1 whose perfumed cavaliers and exquisite high-bred horses only played a part in the festivals of the capital2 the so-called burgess infantry was a troop of mercenaries1 swept together from the lowest ranks of the burgess population4'0 ,at present a movement is being promoted by ,harvard ,university authorities to organize in the ,university 8a fashionable troop of cavalry40#g ,it does not seem likely that many members of the labor unions1 so heartily despised by scab-praising ex-president ,eliot1 will be able to join this 8fashionable troop of cavalry40 ,the labor unionists on strike1 unarmed and helpless1 may later come in handy as targets for practice by the highly educated 8fashionable troop of cavalry40 ,after all is 8said and done0 concerning wars past and present--what is really determined by a so-called great war8 ,which of two warring nations is the nobler--is that what a war decides8 ,not at all4 ,which of the two bleeding nations is the more refined--is the more sensitive to the cry for justice1 or has the greater literature1 or the keener appreciation of the fine arts1 or is more devoted to the useful arts and sciences1 or contributes most to the profounder philosophy--which of the two warring nations is the more truly civilized--is that what is decided by war8 ,not at all4 ,which of the struggling nations is the more wholesomely social8 ,does a war make that evident8 ,not at all4 ,which nation has the better cause8 ,is that1 then1 what a war decides8 ,not at all4 ,which nation does more for the progress of mankind8 ,is that made clear by a war8 ,not at all4 ,a war decides no such questions4 ,well1 then1 what is determined when two nations go to war8 ,simply this3--which can make the better fight4 ,that is all4 ,and that is exactly what is determined when two sharks fight1 or when two tom-cats1 or two bull pups fight1 or when a cruel hawk and a sweet-throated song bird fight3 which is superior as a fighter4 ,war is the ignoble trick of slitting open the blood vessels of the excited working class to 8satisfy0 the 8honor0 and save the pride and business of crowned and uncrowned cowards of the ruling class4 ,there never is a war and never can be a war till the working men are willing to do the marching1 the trench-digging and the actual fighting1 bleeding and dying4 ,and the working men are never willing to butcher and be butchered wholesale till influential but coarse-grained people of the capitalist class or 8highly educated0 panderers to the capitalist class1 craftily or ignorantly excite the humble toilers to the fiend's stupid mood of savage hate4 ,first come the 8powerful editorials10 the 8great speeches10 the 8eloquent sermons10 and ferocious prayers for the war2 then the fife and drum2 then the brain-storm of the humble1 humbugged working men2 then the recruiting2 then the hand-waving and 8,good-bye1 boys1 good-bye1 good-bye02 then the butchering and the blood2 then the tears and taxes4 ,it is1 of course1 true--grandly true--and is here gladly1 gratefully acknowledged--that some educated influential people are too highly civilized1 too finely noble1 to stoop to the shameless business of rousing the slumbering tiger in the human breast4 ,some of them proudly scorn the vicious rle of throwing fire-brands into the inflammable imagination of the weary toilers4 ,these have courage--true courage4 ,these we greet with profound gratitude4 ,but every lily-fingered snob1 every socially gilt-edged coward1 every intellectual prostitute1 every pro-war preacher1 every self-exempting political shark1 and every well-fed money-glutton1 who dares help excite the working class for the hell of war--these1 every one of these--in case of war1 should be forced to dance on the firing line to the hideous music of the cannon's roar till his own torn carcass decorates a 8great battle0 field4 ,and to this end--as part of their own emancipation--the working class should make all haste to seize the powers of government1 and thus be in position1 by being in legal possession of the power1 to make and enforce all laws concerning war4 ,beginning now1 always hereafter1 the labor unions1 the working class political party1 and all the other working class organizations should for future use1 keep a careful record of all male editors1 teachers1 preachers1 lawyers1 lecturers1 and 8prominent business men0 and politicians and 8statesmen10 who speak1 or write or even clap their hands in favor of war2 and in case of a war thus fostered1 these1 all of these1 should be forced by special draft to fight in the infantry1 without promotion1 on the firing line1 till they get their share of the cold lead and the cold steel4 ,thus let the mouthers do the marching1 let the shouters do the shooting1 let the bawlers do the bleeding1 let the howlers have the hell--force them to the firing line and force them to stay on the firing line--and there will be far less yawping about the 8honor0 and the 8glory0 of war1 and there will be fewer humble homes of the poor damned with the desolation of war4 ,but1 you see1 for all such self-defense the working class must as soon as possible capture the powers of government4 ,you see that1 don't you8 ,friend1 don't curse the militiamen and the soldiers4 ,no1 no4 ,they are our brothers4 ,explain--with tireless patience explain--to them that the capitalists seek to make tools and bullet-stoppers of them4 ,explain it like a brother inside and outside the ranks till our working-class brothers everywhere--inside and outside the ranks--are roused to a clear consciousness of the meaning of a ,gatling gun with a working-class 8man behind the gun0 and a working-class man in front of the gun4 ,brother1 stamp this into your brain and explain it into the brain of our brothers3--,the working class must themselves protect the working class4 ,if in imagination the mothers1 sisters1 sweethearts and wives of the world could get the roar of the cannon in their ears and feel the splash of blood in their faces1 could see and hear the horrors of the battlefield and the agonies of the war hospital1 they would never again be fooled into smiling caressingly upon the haughty and jaunty 8higher officers10 when1 like peacocks1 these gilt-braided professional human butchers strut through the ball-rooms and through the streets on military dress parade1 and these women would also regard the pro-war orator with complete contempt4 ,the women of the world owe a great debt of gratitude to the writers of some powerful pen pictures of war4 ,the terrible but accurate realism of some of their descriptions of war makes one hate the word war4 ,emile ,zola's story1 ,the ,downfall1#h is crowded with these pictures4 ,the ,downfall should be in a million ,american private libraries4 ,following is a page of ,zola's flashlights from the battlefields of the ,franco-,prussian ,war1 #ahgj-ga3i 8,at no time during the day had the artillery thundered more loudly than now4444 ,it was as if all the forces of the nether regions had been unchained2 the earth shook1 the heavens were on fire4 ,the ring of flame-belching mouths of bronze that encircled ,sedan1 the eight hundred cannon of the ,german armies 444 were expending their energies on the adjacent fields4444 ,the crash that told of ruin and destruction was heard4444 ,some lay face downward with their mouths in a pool of blood1 in danger of suffocating1 others had bitten the ground till their mouths were full of dry earth1 others1 where a shell had fallen among a group1 were a confused1 intertwined heap of mangled limbs and crushed trunks4444 ,some soldiers who were driving a venerable lady from her home had compelled her to furnish matches with which to fire her own beds and curtains4 ,lighted by blazing brands and fed by petroleum in floods1 fires were rising and spreading in every quarter2 it was no longer civilized warfare1 but a conflict of savages1 maddened by the long-protracted strife1 wreaking vengeance for their dead1 their heaps of dead1 upon whom they trod at every step they took4 ,yelling1 shouting bands traversed the streets amid the scurrying smoke and falling cinders1 swelling the hideous uproar into which entered sounds of every kind3 shrieks1 groans1 the rattle of musketry1 the crash of falling wall4 ,men could scarce see one another2 great livid clouds drifted athwart the sun and obscured his light1 bearing with them an intolerable stench of soot and blood1 heavy with the abominations of the slaughter4 ,in every quarter the work of death and destruction still went on3 the human brute unchained1 the imbecile wrath1 the mad fury1 of man devouring his brother man4444 ,horses were rearing1 pawing the air1 and falling backward2 men were dismounted as if torn from their saddle by the blast of a tornado1 while others1 shot through some vital part1 retained their seats and rode onward in the ranks with vacant1 sightless eyes4444 ,some there were who had fallen headlong from their saddle and buried their face in the soft earth4 ,others had alighted on their back and were staring up into the sun with terror-stricken eyes that seemed bursting from their sockets4 ,there was a handsome black horse1 an officer's charger1 that had been disemboweled1 and was making frantic efforts to rise1 his fore feet entangled in his entrails4444 ,of the brave men who rode into action that day two-thirds remained upon the battlefield4444 ,a lieutenant from whose mouth exuded a bloody froth1 had been tearing up the grass by handfuls in his agony1 and his stiffened fingers were still buried in the ground4 ,a little farther on a captain1 prone on his stomach1 had raised his head to vent his anguish in yells and screams1 and death had caught and fixed him in that strange attitude4444 ,after that the road led along the brink of a little ravine1 and there they beheld a spectacle that aroused their horror to the highest pitch as they looked down into the chasm1 into which an entire company seemed to have been blown by the fiery blast2 it was choked with corpses1 a landslide1 an avalanche of maimed and mutilated men1 bent and twisted in an inextricable tangle1 who with convulsed fingers had caught at the yellow clay of the bank to save themselves in their descent1 fruitlessly4 ,and a dusky flock of ravens flew away1 croaking noisily1 and swarms of flies1 thousands upon thousands of them1 attracted by the odor of fresh blood1 were buzzing over the bodies and returning incessantly40 ,but let this fact burn its way into your brain to save you from hell and rouse you for the revolution--this fact3 ,,nowhere ,,on ,,all ,,that ,,battlefield ,,among ,,the ,,shattered ,,rifles ,,and ,,wrecked ,,cannon1 ,,among ,,the ,,broken ,,ambulances ,,and ,,splintered ,,ammunition ,,wagons1 ,,nowhere ,,in ,,the ,,mire ,,and ,,mush ,,of ,,blood ,,and ,,sand1 ,,nowhere ,,among ,,the ,,bulging ,,and ,,befouling ,,carcasses ,,of ,,dead ,,horses ,,and ,,the ,,swelling ,,corpses ,,of ,,dead ,,men ,,and ,,boys--,,nowhere ,,could ,,be ,,found ,,the ,,torn1 ,,bloated ,,and ,,fly-,,blown ,,carcasses ,,of ,,bankers1 ,,bishops1 ,,politicians1 8,,brainy ,,capitalists0 ,,and ,,other ,,elegant ,,and ,,eminent 8,,very ,,best ,,people40 ,well1 hardly4 ,naturally--such people were not there1 on the firing line--up where bayonets gleam1 sabres flash1 flesh is ripped1 bones snap1 brains are dashed and blood splashes4 ,,why ,,not8 ----- ,footnote #e3 ,see ,chapter ,seven 78,for ,father and the ,boys071 ,sections #ad1 #ae1 #af--8,were not some of the rich men of today soldiers at one time80 ,footnote #f3 ,the ,foundations of ,sociology1 pp4 #bbj-bba4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,new ,york ,world1 ,nov4 #ba1 #aiji4 ,also ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #af4 ,footnote #h3 ,excellent ,english translation published by ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,excerpt printed with kind permission of publishers4 ,footnote #i3 ,in ,chapter ,five1 8,hell10 ,section #a1 8,modern ,murdering ,machinery10 is plenty of proof that since the war of #ahgj-ga the slaughtering equipment has been improved horribly--more than a hundredfold4 ,see ,index3 8,franco-,prussian ,war40 ,,chapter ,,three4 ,the ,situation--,also the ,explanation4 ,the situation1 the 8lay of the land10 must be clearly seen by every member of the working class who wishes to help himself and his fellow workers avoid the vicious sacrifice of the working class by the capitalist class4 ,in ,chapter ,ten of this book the unsocial nature of the present form and structure of society is explained more fundamentally2 but just here notice the clash of class interests in a war4 ,war is a 8good thing0 for one class and war is simply hell for the other class4 ,who want war8--,what for8 ,who declare war8--,what for8 ,who fight the wars8--,what for8 ,get these questions straight in your mind4 ,first study the ,situation2 then the ,explanation4 ,now for the ,situation4 ,here it is3 ,,capitalists--8,,captains ,,of ,,industry0--8,,leading ,,citizens03-- 8,we want war4 8,mr4 ,wage-,earner1 it is none of your business why we business men want war4 ,you are impudent even to inquire about such things4 ,little boys and working men should be seen and not heard4 ,you poor deluded wage-earner1 you just keep right on working and sweating till we have you ordered to the front4 8,ha1 ha1 when we business men want a war we have a war--whether the working people like it or don't like it4 ,we just show them some bright-colored calico and urge them to follow the flag4 ,then they promptly get #8behind the gun' 7also in front of the gun74 ,they like it all right--we have 'em taught to like it4 8,they are so easy40 ,,statesmen--,,politicians--8,,leading ,,citizens03-- 8,we declare war4 8,mr4 ,wage-,earner1 don't you ask any impertinent questions about why we statesmen declare war4 ,that's our business4 ,attend to your own business--working--just working and sweating--till we statesmen order you to the front and #8sic' you on some other working people somewhere4 ,when we conclude to declare war1 we don't consult the working men's wishes4 ,we simply don't have to4 8,they are so easy40 ,,working ,,class ,,brothers--,,off ,,for ,,the ,,front--,,to ,,kill 8,,the ,,enemy10 ,,their ,,working ,,class ,,brothers3 8,we fight the wars4 8,friend1 please don't ask us to explain why we fight the wars4 ,we really do not know why we fight the wars4 ,we modern wage-earners do just as the ancient chattel slaves and serfs did4 ,we meekly do as we are told to do by the #8best people4' ,the sleek1 glossy folks tell us to #8rush to the front'--so we meekly march right to the front and blaze away4 ,we furnish the tears1 blood1 cripples and corpses4 ,we are dead easy--and we don't understand it at all4 ,of course1 we don't like to shoot and bayonet one another4 ,it seems so strange to us that the working men should always be ordered to shoot working men2--but our #8betters1' our #8social superiors1' the #8men with the brains1' tell us to #8show the stuff that is in us'--so it must be all right4 ,great business men tell us frequently1 #8,what this country needs is confidence4' ,well1 we working people have the confidence--also the blisters and the lemons and the cold lead4 8,we are so easy40 ,,the ,,explanation4#aj 7,a7--,,capitalists ,,want ,,war--,,because-- ,war sends up prices--of most things4 ,illustration3 ,,leading ,,citizens3 8,,we want ,,wars0 ,war stimulates business--makes business brisk2--the more blood the more business4 ,war means more investments and more profits2--the more blood the more bonds1 more interest2 more land and more rent2--more unearned income4 ,war helps solve the problem of the unemployed4 ,simply have the surplus workers go into a big field and kill themselves off--butcher one another4 ,it is so simple and easy4 ,war makes the working people clap their hands and yell so loudly they can't think1 and as long as the working people don't think1 it is easy to keep the bridles and saddles on them4 ,it is surely a thoughtful scheme2--really1 it is successful4 ,war--to advocate war1 sometimes makes newspapers vastly more popular and therefore more profitable2 for recent example1 the ,hearst papers for the ,cuban war and the ,english jingo papers in the ,boer war4#aa ,illustration3 ,,leading ,,citizens3 8,,we declare ,,wars0 ,war makes a larger home market for toys2 that is1 for fifes and drums with which the working people excite one another and get themselves into a butchering mood1--8ready to die for their homes and country10 the ,united ,states1 for example1 in which far more than half of all the people have no homes of their own and live in rented houses1 and more than one-eighth of all the people live in mortgaged homes1#ab and in which nearly all of the working class are kept so poor that they can't even have cream--real cream and plenty of it--for their cheap coffee4 ,the fife and drum and some patriotic wind stampede the working class easily4 8,a nod from a lord is a breakfast for a fool40 ,war--you see in a war soldiers produce nothing1 but they consume and destroy vast quantities of many things4 ,thus soldiers in war create a larger market--though they create nothing whatever for that market4 ,this is fine for those capitalists whose puny souls can hope and plan for nothing higher than more markets--and thus have more opportunity to sweat more wage-earners simply in order to make more profits4 ,funerals look good to the coffin trust and the undertaker1 and war looks good to the capitalist class4 ,war--,,preparation for war on the huge scale of the present day--furnishes a market for an enormous amount of commodities for sale by the capitalist class1 such as steel1 clothing1 leather products1 lumber1 food products1 horses1 and the like4 ,true1 these things are worse than wasted2 but just as the capitalist class are willing to destroy part of the coffee crop--in ,brazil1 for example--in order to keep up the price for profit's sake1 so also are the capitalist class willing to fan the flames of war and urge 8preparation for war10 vast and senseless 8preparation for war10 in order to have a market into which to dump at a profit immense stores of commodities4 8,there is money in it40 ,war is a means of opening up or protecting1 for modern capitalistic exploitation1 new territory1 such as ,egypt1 ,algeria1 ,madagascar1 ,south ,africa1 ,india1 ,alaska1 ,the ,philippines1 ,borneo1 ,hawaii1 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 ,china1 ,korea4 ,united ,states ,senator ,a4 ,j4 ,beveredge puts the matter thus3#ac 8,every progressive nation in ,europe today is seeking new lands to colonize and governments to administer40 ,illustration3 ,,citizens ,,who ,,are ,,led3 8,,we fight ,,the ,,wars0 ,j4 ,h4 ,rose3#ad 8,in short1 the crystallization of national existence at home has necessitated the eager exploitation of new lands which forms so noteworthy a feature of the life of today40 ,thus ,john ,jay3#ae 8,it is too true1 however disgraceful it may be to human nature1 that nations will make war whenever they have a prospect of getting anything by it40 ,alexander ,hamilton sneers thus at the windy blood-for-profit statesmen3#af 8,has commerce hitherto done anything more than change the objects of war8 ,is not the love of wealth as domineering and enterprising a passion as that of power or glory8 ,have not there been as many wars founded upon commercial motives since that has become the prevailing system of nations as were before occasioned by the cupidity of territory or dominion8 ,has not the spirit of commerce1 in many instances1 administered new incentives to the appetite1 both for the one and for the other80 ,professor ,simon ,n4 ,patten 7,university of ,pennsylvania7 states the case bluntly3#ag 8,most nations have been formed by conquest1 and have therefore started with a dominant and a subject class4 ,the former seize the surplus1 and force the latter to work for a bare minimum40 ,the ,new ,york ,world is commendably frank concerning this matter3#ah 8,commerce and conquest have always been the main causes of war4 ,back of most slogans of strife has ever been the commercial watchword--#8trade follows the flag4'0 ,as illustrations of wars due to economic causes1 ,the ,world mentions the wars of ,venice and ,genoa1 ,the ,crusades1 our ,french-and-,indian-,war1 the ,american ,revolutionary ,war1 and the ,american ,civil ,war4 ,general ,fred ,d4 ,grant1 of the ,united ,states ,army1 threw this into the teeth of the lard-and-tallow magnates3#ai 8,it is your statesmen and your people that create wars4 ,first the people become irritated1 generally through some commercial transaction4 ,the statesmen then take hold of the matter and they compromise1 or try to1 if the nations are nearly equal4 ,if they are not nearly equal the stronger one slaps the weaker one in the face and the soldier is then called in to settle the matter40 ,war tightens the grip of the industrial ruling class on the working class at home and all over the world4 ,war--mark this--war absolutely concentrates public attention upon one thing1 the war1 the events of the battlefield4 ,this gives the crafty capitalists a perfect opportunity to sneak1 to do things in the dark1 while the people are 8not looking10 opportunity to slip into city council chambers1 state legislatures and national legislatures1 and there get 8good things0--charters1 contracts1 franchises and other profitable privileges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here is the substance of the matter3 ,under capitalism the worker's consuming power is arbitrarily restricted4 ,under a ,,class-labor system the worker's life is always arbitrarily repressed1 the worker is ,,forced ,,to ,,produce ,,more ,,than ,,he ,,is ,,permitted ,,to ,,consume1 leaving a ,,surplus for the ruling class4 ,under chattel slavery1 of course1 the slave's life was arbitrarily restricted by his master4 ,the chattel slave was a human animal used to produce his 8keep0--and a surplus4 ,of course you see that--don't you8 ,under serfdom the serf's life was arbitrarily restricted by his landlord-and-master4 ,the serf was a human animal used to produce his 8keep0--and a surplus4 ,that's easy to see1 isn't it8 ,and now under capitalism the wage-earner's life is arbitrarily restricted1 limited1 by his employer-master who allows the wage-earner a reward called wages4 ,the wage-earner is used as a human animal to produce his 8keep0--a living for himself and his family--and a surplus4 ,,notice3 wages will not buy plenty of excellent food4 ,wages will not buy plenty of good clothing4 ,wages will not buy plenty of thoroughly good shelter4 ,wages will not buy plenty of high-grade furniture4 ,though the wage-earner is able and willing to produce and does produce all these things abundantly1 yet his wages will not permit him to consume these things abundantly4 ,wages will not buy as much value as wage-paid labor produces4 ,thus there is a surplus4 ,if you will think about this a moment 7if you will think7 you will understand how it is that a glossy1 well-fed employer often smilingly asserts that 8there is prosperity--times are good--no cause for complaint10 and so forth--even tho' millions of the poor are in sore want4 ,you see he can smile as gently and fraternally as a hyena--he feels good2 he can smile as long as there is that surplus4 ,that's his4 ,it's lovely--for him4 ,surplus--fascinating surplus4 ,surplus--for 8our very best people40 8444 ,as soon in the evolution of human industry as the amount produced began at all to exceed the immediate requirements of life1 the struggle commenced for the possession of the surplus4 ,the methods employed were as varied as the human mind was fertile40#bj ,not alone chattel slaves and serfs1 but wage-slaves also1 are used simply1 only1 always1 as domesticated human animals to produce a surplus for their masters4 ,slavery was a surplus game4 ,serfdom was a surplus game4 ,capitalism is also a surplus game4 ,by pinching1 repressing1 restricting the wage-earner's life the capitalist employer skims off a surplus4 ,by belittling the wage-earner's life the employer increases his own life--with the surplus legally filched from the life of the wage-earner4 ,the wage-worker1 under capitalism1 is forced by the lash of threatening starvation1 forced by the fear of the bayonet1 forced by the threat of the injunction court--is forced to produce a surplus4 ,besides producing the equivalent of his wages and all other necessary expenses of production the worker is compelled to toil on for weary hours producing for his capitalist employer ,,this ,,surplus4 7,see ,note1 end of present ,chapter47 ,this surplus is the sacred wafer of the capitalist4 ,this surplus is the capitalist's heart's desire4 ,this surplus is the lode-stone1 the purpose1 the one and only true god of the capitalist class4 ,with this surplus the capitalist pays the capitalist's 8other expenses10 and also pays political party campaign expenses1 bribes city councils1 state and national legislatures1 courts1 mayors1 governors1 and presidents--and precinct captains4 ,with this surplus the capitalist buys fine wine1 beautiful automobiles1 yachts1 opera boxes1 and homes--8and so forth40 ,with this surplus the capitalist pets and protects his parasitic favorites1 male and female4 ,this sacred surplus4 ,sweet and juicy surplus1 bubbling1 bubbling1 ever bubbling up from the well-springs of capitalism--that is1 from certain 8sacred0 property rights1 the right to own ,,privately the industrial ,,foundations ,,of ,,society4 ,surplus--stolen life--by means of the wage-system legally pumped from the veins of the wage-paid toilers4 ,surplus4 ,let that word sink deep into your mind4 ,fasten your eye upon that surplus4 ,now1 notice carefully3 ,first--,part of this surplus the capitalists at present consume personally2 ,second--,part of this surplus the capitalists invest profitably2 ,third--,for a part of this surplus a foreign market must be found4 ,even tho' millions of honest workers whose labor produced this surplus1 even tho' these and millions of their wives and children starve and shiver for the use of this surplus--still part of this surplus must be shipped out of the country4 ,for the part of the surplus which the capitalist class do not consume personally and cannot invest profitably--for that part of the surplus a foreign market must be had tho' millions suffer and sicken for higher ,,wages ,,with ,,which ,,to ,,buy that surplus which is being shipped abroad4 ,because your wages will not permit you to buy and enjoy even that part of the surplus1 a foreign market must be found and defended4 ,and now we come to the bayonet and the ,gatling gun--what they are for4 ,commit to memory and discuss with your fellow workers the following3 ,capitalists want soldiers1 marines1 militia1 cossacks1 ,pinkertons1 8coal-and-iron police10 and so forth--chiefly for ,,three general purposes3 ,,first3 ,,to ,,hold ,,down the wage-earners and force them to consent to produce a surplus1--that is1 more than their wages will buy2--or1 in other words1 to force them to consent to produce far more than they are permitted to consume4 ,if the employer can't get a palavering1 lying prostitute to wheedle the workers to consent--well1 there's the bayonet4 ,see that8 ,,second3 ,,to ,,open ,,up ,,foreign ,,markets for that part of the surplus which the workers are not permitted to consume and the capitalists do not consume personally or invest profitably2 ,,third3 ,,to ,,defend ,,the ,,foreign ,,markets for this part of the surplus4 ,professor4 ,t4 ,n4 ,carver 7,department of ,political ,economy1 ,harvard ,university7 states the case perfectly3#ba 8,,while ,,competition ,,is ,,absent1 ,,commerce ,,is ,,indeed ,a ,,bond ,,of ,,peace ,,and ,,good ,,will ,,between ,,those ,,who ,,sell ,,in ,,return4 ,,but ,,the ,,moment ,,that ,,two ,,nations ,,embark ,,extensively ,,in ,,the ,,same ,,line ,,of ,,industry1 ,,that ,,moment ,,commerce ,,becomes ,a ,,sword1 ,,dividing ,,and ,,setting ,,at ,,enmity ,,those ,,who ,,are ,,rivals ,,for ,,the ,,same ,,markets4444 ,,the ,,prosperity ,,of ,,one ,,is ,,the ,,other',s ,,destruction4 ,,such ,,nations ,,stand ,,to ,,each ,,other ,,as ,,two ,,indian ,,tribes ,,where ,,there ,,is ,,but ,,game ,,enough ,,for ,,one40 ,thus commerce develops into militarism4 ,a ,,protective ,,tariff ,,wall ,,is ,,evidence ,,and ,,confession ,,of ,,the ,,existence ,,of ,,embarrassing ,,national ,,surpluses ,,of ,,products4 ,the capitalist employer does not wish the wage-earners to get such things into their minds4 8,don't say a word10 caution the capitalists1--8the workers can't see the point at all4 ,ha1 ha1--all they want is a job4 ,how meek they are4 ,how lamblike4444 ,just suppose they should wake up4444 ,here6 you flunkies1 you bribed lecturers1 orators and editors1 keep busy4 ,keep right on talking to the working people4 ,tell the working class to be satisfied and humble and contented2 preach to them that it will be all right in the #8sweet bye and bye4' ,oh1 ha1 ha1 ha--all right for the workers #8in the end4' ,don't tell them which end4 ,tell the workers that #8something will turn up1 sometime--sure4' ,tell them to be #8patient and hopeful1' to #8hope for a home over there4' 7,see ,chapter ,eleven47 8,it is a #8cinch4' 8,if the workers go on strike to get a small thin slice of the surplus--why1 we ,,capitalists have the militia1 we capitalists have police1 we capitalists have the cossacks1 we capitalists have the mounted ,state guards1 we capitalists have the regular troops and marines1 and we capitalists also have the injunction courts and jails and #8bull-pens1'--we capitalists have all this armed1 bribed outfit to help us starve the workers back to their jobs4 8,we have a #8sure thing4' 8,lie low4 ,keep quiet4 8,let no one speak to the workers about this matter of the surplus4 ,the worker who sees that beautiful thing called surplus1 ceases to be a tame1 blind thing1 a humble lump1 contented with only part of the product of his labor4444 ,but whatever happens--we business men control the powers of government--and that gives us the use of all the judges in gowns and all the armed men in khaki we need to defend our surplus game4 ,a meek1 satisfied1 contented wage-earner is such a useful animal--just as satisfactory as a chattel slave4 ,like the slave1 he's willing to produce a surplus4 ,when he objects we have him whipped and kicked--with a policeman's club or a bayonet40 ,discuss with your fellow-workers this also3-- ,armed men1 ,,more ,,and ,,more ,,armed ,,men1 must be had at once for a new and special reason4 ,a new danger is now growing vast and dark1--like an increasing storm4 ,the army of the unemployed--hungry1 insulted and angry1 not permitted to work1 not permitted to produce1 not permitted to enjoy1 not even permitted to beg1--this army of eager1 disgusted1 angry men and women are looking through the masters' palace windows1 where the masters and their pets feast on good things and sneer at the unemployed4 ,with modern machinery1 modern methods1 modern knowledge1 and modern skill the workers can produce vast surpluses so rapidly that the capitalists can't dispose of it all promptly either in home markets or foreign markets2 and thus cannot--dare not--employ all the workers all the time all the workers are willing to work4 ,thus some factories are run part time1 some are run reduced force1 and thus millions of willing workers are snubbed at the mill1 snubbed at the mine1 and snubbed at the factory door where they coax for permission to serve society by producing useful things4 ,millions in danger of losing their jobs1 millions working part time1 millions with wages reduced1 millions out of work--millions--these millions are growing restless1 fretful1 thoughtful2 the capitalist fears this meek fretfulness and thoughtfulness will grow into a vast1 loud1 ,,bold ,,roar ,,of ,,protest-,,and-,,demand ,,by ,,the ,,working ,,class4 ,therefore1 ,capitalists want more military legislation--and get it4 ,capitalists want the strongest1 healthiest jobless men to join the militia and the army and be ready to crush the other jobless men1 ready to thrust bayonets into the rag-covered breasts of their weaker brothers if they should become loudly desperate with hunger4 ,therefore1 ,congress in #aijg-jh1 legislating1 as usual1 in the service of the capitalist class1 logically1 naturally1 obediently1 still further developed the armed guard--the militia1 the army and the navy--the fighting machine1 the fist of the capitalist class4 ,in ,march1 #aijh1 the ,united ,states ,government suddenly opened up many extra recruiting stations in ,new ,york ,city--in the open air in the public parks1 where tens of thousands of jobless1 discouraged1 hungry men were to be found4 ,the recruiting officers' chief argument was 8plenty of good food and clothing and not much to do40#bb ,capitalists want working class militiamen and soldiers1 in order also to keep them so flattered and excited about 8protecting property0 that they won't notice the fact that the armed defenders of property have no property of their own to protect4 ,it is so simple and easy4 ,capitalists do indeed want war and military servants--but the capitalists are too shrewd1 too self-respecting1 too proud to expose their own well-fed glossy bodies to the modern butchering machinery4 ,in time of war or 8labor troubles0 these 8prominent citizens0 stay at home1 eat fine food1 wear good clothes1 sleep in warm dreamy beds--and secretly laugh at the poor hoodwinked fellows on the firing line eating 8hard-tack02--they stay at home and plan for more profits--ever more profits from the increasing surplus4 ,capitalists band together and stand together4 ,capitalists are ,,class loyal4 ,the capitalist class even hire working-class men to defend the capitalist class with rifles2 shrewdly the employers confuse and hire the working class to get 8behind the gun0 to murder the working class in front of the gun4 7,b7--,,the ,,politicians ,,declare ,,war3 ,because the capitalists want war4 ,the politicians are either capitalists themselves or the political lackeys of the capitalists2 and these ignoble flunkies take their pay in offices and opportunities to get graft4 ,the capitalists pay the campaign expenses of their political flunkies1 and1 of course1 whenever the capitalists want war their political flunkey prostitutes declare war4#bc ,after the war1 on great public occasions1 the politicians serve up some oratorically noisy nonsense to the widows and orphans and the poor old broken-down veterans about the 8glory0 of the war--about the grandeur of slaughtering and being slaughtered4 ,right here is where the fun comes in for the politicians1 and sometimes for some ministers1--in seeing an opera-houseful or a groveful of working men clap their hands together and yell when the politicians1 or some ministers1 sometimes1 whoop and yawp and tell the working class all about the glory and grandeur of war4 ,no wonder the politicians secretly laugh4 ,how stupidly ridiculous6 ,the glory of brothers butchering and being butchered--by themselves6 ,to 8declare war0 makes statesmen and rulers popular4 ,in our own country 8war0 presidents1 8war0 governors1 8war0 congressmen1 are almost invariably re-elected4 8,the temptations of party politicians are of many kinds4444 ,the worst is the temptation to war4444 ,many wars have been begun or have been prolonged in order to consolidate a dynasty or a party2 in order to give it popularity or at least to save it from unpopularity2 in order to divert the minds of men from internal questions which have become embarrassing1 or to efface the memory of past quarrels1 mistakes or crimes4 ,experience unfortunately shows only too clearly how the combative passion can be aroused and how much popularity can be gained from a successful war40#bd ,politicians do not join the militia and the army for actual service on the firing line--oh1 no6 ,no1 thank you4 ,they pass laws 8to make the service attractive0--but they are so very careful not to let the attractions attract them4 ,the fact is1 my friend1 the 8cold shoulder0 from superior officers1 and cold victuals1 cold tents1 cold lead1 cold steel1 and a puny fifteen or twenty dollars per month for murdering and being murdered--and the cold1 cold ground for their own cold corpses--with infinite heartache1 sighs1 sobs1 tears1 and loneliness for their own dear ones--these things have no attraction for the shrewd men who profit by war and the crafty men who declare war4 ,capitalist statesmen--that is1 small men with big manners--politicians of the capitalist class1 politicians financed by and for the capitalist class--these all band together1 stand together4 ,the capitalist 8reformer0 always stands for ,,capitalism--tho' he is willing to spray it heavily with perfume4 ,these are ,,class loyal4 ,they manipulate all the powers of government--including the department of war--in defence of the capitalist ,,class4 ,they even hire working men--with rifles4 7,c7--,,the ,,working ,,men ,,fight ,,the ,,war3 ,because they are meek and modest and humble and docile1 and are always gullibly ready to obediently do whatever their crafty political and industrial masters order them to do4 ,so1 whenever the capitalists want war and the politicians declare war1 the flimflammed1 bamboozled working man straps on a knapsack1 shoulders a rifle 7or takes a policeman's club71 kisses his wife and children good-bye1 and marches away to fight a war he didn't want1 a war he didn't declare1 a war that belittles and wrongs him by injuring his class1--and marches away to butcher other working men whom he doesn't know and against whom he has no quarrel4 ,he yells1 kills1 and slaughters--because--simply because--because--some crafty crooks1 called 8prominent people10 tell him to do so4 ,he screams and gets slain1 he yells and gets slaughtered--simply because he does not understand the sly1 devilish trick that is thus being played upon him and his class4 ,young working men are shrewdly flattered into joining the militia and the army in order to help the capitalist class force the working class to keep still and starve2 or accept cheap food1 cheap clothing1 cheap shelter and cheap furniture as all of their share for all their work for all their lives4 ,suppose the working man has a son in the local militia company1 and suppose ,mr4 ,workingman goes out on strike for two or three more nickels per day with which to buy better food for the young militiaman's own mother and his little brothers and sisters4 ,this young man in the militia company can be ordered to shoot or bayonet his own father who1 on strike1 is struggling for a few cents more with which to buy better food for the humble mother and hungry little brothers and sisters--if the father on strike doesn't keep quiet and remain docile while the local industrial masters starve him back to his old job at his old wages4 ,the capitalist holds the whip of hunger over the working class father's back1 and the working class son holds a rifle at his own father's breast4 ,the father must surrender4 ,thus the young militiaman wrongs his own class1 outrages his own father1 helps humble his own little brothers and sisters1 and spits in his own mother's face4 ,the war is the class war4 ,the militiamen and policemen are local soldiers ready for orders to shoot their neighbors1 friends and relatives in the struggle for existence4 ,in the industrial civil war the capitalist class starve1 seduce and bribe the working class to fight ,,both ,,sides ,,of ,,the ,,battles4 ,the rulers rule4 ,they think--and win ,,by ,,thinking4 ,think it over1 young man4 ,be loyal to your own father and mother and your own brothers and sisters--and your own class4 ,be class loyal4 ,the working class themselves must save the working class4 ,read ,chapter ,ten3 8,now1 ,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it80 ,,note3 ,it is of the greatest importance that the working class reader should learn what his employer does not wish to have him learn concerning value1 surplus value1 rate of surplus value1 profit1 rate of profit1 profit to capitalist class1 profit to individual capitalist employer1 division of the spoils of exploitation among capitalists1 etc41 etc4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,e4 ,cohen's small book1 ,socialism for ,students1 is a model of clearness for the reader who is too busy to read big books and yet wishes to inform himself accurately on the secrets of this legalized robbery4 ,this book 7published by ,charles ,h4 ,kerr and ,company1 ,chicago7 is just what a busy worker needs in making a beginning in those economic and sociological studies which will give him a large outlook upon the world and a deep inlook into the mainsprings of human society4 ,illustration3 ,soldiers1 cossacks and militiamen are to the capitalist class what beaks are to eagles and tusks are to tigers4 ----- ,footnote #aj3 ,on the historical origin of war and of the working class1 see ,chapter ,eleven4 ,footnote #aa3 8,the modern newspaper is a ,roman arena1 a ,spanish bull-fight and an ,english prize fight rolled into one4 ,the popularization of the power to read has made the press the chief instrument of brutality4 ,for a half penny every man1 woman and child can stimulate and feed those lusts of blood and physical cruelty which it is the chief aim of civilization to repress and which in their literal modes of realization have been assigned 444 to soldiers1 butchers1 sportsmen1 and a few other trained professions4444 ,the most momentous lesson of the ,boer war is its revelation of the methods by which a knot of men1 financiers and politicians can capture the mind of the nation1 arouse its passion and impose a policy40--,john ,a4 ,hobson3 ,the ,psychology of ,jingoism1 pp4 #bi and #ajg4 8,the ,bourses the ,european ,wall ,streets of the ,west have made ,cairo and ,alexandria hunting-grounds for their speculation4 ,their class owns or influences half the ,press of ,europe4 ,it influences1 and sometimes makes1 half the ,governments of ,europe40--,frederic ,harrison3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 p4 #bjh4 ,see also ,john ,bascom3 ,social ,theories1 pp4 #ajj-aaf2 and ,w4 ,j4 ,ghent3 ,our ,benevolent ,feudalism1 ,chapter #g4 ,footnote #ab3 ,census ,report1 #aijj4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 cxcii4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the ,meaning of the ,times1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #ad3 ,the ,development of the ,european ,nations1 #ahgj-aijj1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,the ,federalist1 ,number #d4 7,the numbering of ,the ,federalist papers varies slightly in different editions47 ,footnote #af3 ,the ,federalist1 ,number #f4 ,footnote #ag3 ,the ,theory of ,prosperity1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,editorial1 ,oct4 #ac1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ai3 ,may #e1 #aiji1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 at banquet given by the ,chicago ,association of ,commerce2 ,press reports4 ,footnote #bj3 ,lester ,f4 ,ward1 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ehb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,sociology and ,social ,progress1 p4 #agj4 ,emphasis mine4--,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,index3 8,recruiting40 ,footnote #bc3 ,for excellent example1 see ,chapter ,,vi3 8,tricked to the ,trenches--,then ,snubbed10 ,fifth ,illustration4 ,footnote #bd3 ,w4 ,e4 ,lecky3 ,the ,map of ,life1 pp4 #aec-ed4 ,,chapter ,,four4 ,the ,cost of ,war--,in ,blood and ,in ,cash4 ,,section ,i3 ,,the ,,cost ,,in ,,blood4 8,ez fer war--,i call it murder40--,james ,russell ,lowell4#be 8,the hero is a species of assassin40--,victor ,hugo4#bf ,human blood1 human life1 under the present industrial form of society1 is so cheap that even a sweet child's life1 as a wage-earner1 in the factory1 can be bought for a few cents a day--almost a drug on the market1 the 8labor market40 ,so cheap indeed is the life of the wage-working class that the blood cost of war is regarded as comparatively unimportant--considered unimportant by all except those who are sneeringly referred to as 8sentimental people40 ,these 8sentimental people0 presume to assert that the superiority of a nation's civilization is more convincingly indicated by its sacred regard for the purity and dignity of human blood than by its cheap and swaggering boasts about big battleships1 8blooded0 cattle1 8blooded0 horses1 and 8young men not only willing but anxious to fight10#bg or by the nation's strutting announcement of our 8readiness0 to spill the toilers' blood at the factory door and on the battlefield4 ,cheaply spilt human blood surely indicates a civilization fundamentally coarse and cheap4 ,until human blood1 human life1 becomes too sacred to be sold for cash to escape starvation or bought for cash to win a profit on the bartered labor power--too sacred to be thus placed on sale1 exchanged in the 8labor market0 as horses and sheep are bought and sold in the 8live-stock market10--until then it will simply be impossible to realize the hideousness of the blood cost of war1 impossible to compute and realize the vastness of the red crime committed against the working class1--against 8,the poor souls for whom this hungry war opens its vast jaws40 ,the blood cost of war8 ,war spills the blood of slain soldiers4 ,war spills the blood of non-combatants4 ,war weakens the blood of soldiers who are smitten with befouling fevers and whose wounds and sores fester unattended on the battlefield or are ill-attended in rude military hospitals4 ,disease1 in war1 strikes with death four times as many soldiers as are killed with lead and steel4#bh ,war weakens the national blood by selecting the strong-blooded for slaughter1 thus reversing nature's method of selecting the weaker blooded for destruction4 ,war tends to open opportunity in the struggle for existence for the relatively weaker blooded to multiply in disproportionate degree4 ,war1 it is estimated1#bi prevents1 on the average1 the birth of one child per soldier slaughtered on the battlefield1 or serving three years or more in peace or war4 ,war weakens the blood of the nation by worse than wasting enormous supplies of food material and thus underfeeding those who toil4 ,war weakens the national blood by tainting the blood of great numbers of soldiers and through these tainting the blood of women and children--with venereal diseases contracted in unusual degree near the barracks and during war1 and immediately following war4 ,president ,william ,h4 ,taft1 as ,secretary of ,war1 has said3#cj 8,venereal diseases were again by far the most important diseases affecting the efficiency of the ,army during the year4 ,there were constantly on sick report for this class of affections #gci men1 equal to the loss for the entire year of the service of about eleven full companies of infantry4444 ,as a cause for discharge venereal diseases were second40 ,still more recently the ,secretary of ,war1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,dickinson1 reports thus on the befouling of the blood of soldiers3#ca 8,the diseases causing the greatest non-effective rate are in the order of importance3 venereal diseases1 tuberculosis1 malaria1 rheumatism1 tonsilitis1 dysentery1 diarrhea1 bronchitis1 measles1 typhoid fever4 8,,venereal ,,diseases ,,cause ,a ,,greater ,,sick ,,rate ,,than ,,all ,,the ,,others ,,added ,,together40 ,one of the best known publicists in the world1 ,mr4 ,william ,t4 ,stead1 puts the matter thus3 8,four out of five of all ,english soldiers who serve two years or more are tainted with venereal diseases40#cb ,in the present chapter1 devoted to the cost of war in blood and in cash1 there is for the 8blood cost0 space for but little more than some statistics sufficient to indicate1 for illustrative purposes1 the amount of blood actually spilt in war during the last three generations4 ,the authority for the statistical matter following is1 chiefly1 ,chatterton-,hill's ,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology2 ,g4 de ,lapouge's ,les ,selections ,sociales2 and ,j4 ,bloch's ,the ,future of ,war4#cc ,the hot1 red flood gushing from the torn veins of the working class1 seduced or forced to attend 8,death's feast0 to slaughter and be slaughtered in little more than one brief hundred recent years1 may be measured thus3 ,in the ,french ,wars of the ,revolution1 #aghi-agie-- ,frenchmen #a1hjj1jjj ,other ,europeans #b1ejj1jjj ,wars of the ,empire1 #agie-ahae-- ,frenchmen #b1fjj1jjj ,other ,europeans #c1ejj1jjj ,in ,european and ,american wars since #ahae-- ,according to ,lapouge's estimate #i1dej1jjj ,grand 7,extremely ,grand7 ,total #ai1hej1jjjcd ,this total does not show the spilt blood of perhaps one hundred million men wounded1 in battle1 but not killed4 ,it is specially important to consider also that this enormous total of twenty million--in round numbers--does not include many millions of non-combatants who in one way and another were destroyed during the wars and in consequence of the wars1 nor the immense number of non-combatants wounded but not destroyed nor the vast amount of blood befouled and weakened with disease4 ,the number of men destroyed as combatants in the ,franco-,german ,war was #bae1jjj4 ,lapouge estimates that for the brief ,franco-,german ,war the number of deaths among the non-combatants above the number that would have died at the normal death rate within the period consumed by the war if there had been peace1 was #dej1jjj4 ,that is to say1 during that short war of #ahgj-ga the number of non-combatants whose death was due to the war was more than double the number destroyed directly in the war4 ,now if this extra death-harvest rate among the non-combatants be calculated as being somewhat less than half true for all the wars of the civilized world for about one hundred years following #aghi1 we can safely add to the twenty millions slaughtered on the battlefield and in the military hospitals--to these1 ,i say1 we can add twenty millions more1 who1 like the four hundred and fifty thousand non-combatants in #ahgj-ga1 were smitten with the death-breath of war4 ,illustration3 ,,worn-,,out ,,boxing ,,gloves ,,of ,,the ,,ruling ,,class ,this gives us a 8grand0 total of forty millions 7#dj1jjj1jjj7 men1 women1 and children actually slaughtered or otherwise destroyed as a result of one hundred years of 8splendid0 and 8glorious0 and1 8grand0 and 8,christianized0 war2--and 7blessed be the 8mysterious will of ,god who reigns0 but doesn't rule under capitalism7 these forty million lives were mostly ,,working ,,class ,,lives4 ,forty million lives in one brief century slashed down by ,mars1 the 8glorious0 god of battles4 ,one ,christian century--a festival of fiends1 a loud ha1 ha from ,hell4 ,one ,christian century--a gash in the breast of the working class4 ,one ,christian century--,mars and ,caesar spitting in the face of the nobly peaceful ,christ4 ,one ,christian century--a sea of blood4 ,one ,christian century--an ocean of tears4 ,one ,christian century--the butchering of brothers by brothers4 ,one ,christian century--a groan1 a sigh1 a sob4 ,mars1 god of war1 devourer of men1 scourge of women and curse of little children2 ,mars1 8strife and slaughter 444 the condition of his existence10 rushing in 8without question as to which side is right1 444 on his head the gleaming helmet and floating plume02 ,mars1 8well-favored1 stately1 swift1 unwearied1 puissant1 gigantic 444 foe of wisdom and scourge of mortals02 ,mars whose 8emblems are the spear and the burning torch1 his chosen animals the vulture and the dog02#ce ,mars1 butcher of mankind2 ,mars fiendishly drunk on the tears of women and children2 ,mars1 the mock of mothers1--this race-cursing god1 hour after hour1 day and night1 through a whole hundred recent years1 has devoured one human being1 has drunk more than two gallons of human blood--every twenty minutes4 ,a torrent of blood has gushed from the deep1 damned war-wound in the breast of the working class4 ,and in this the morning of the twentieth ,christian century we hear the mouthings of hypocrisy1 but we see the strut and dare of crowned and flattered brutes and buccaneers everywhere4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,ignorance ,,obeying ,,orders 8,base distrust1 the red-eyed hound of hate1 ,rules in a world by phantom foes alarmed40 ,everywhere we see the crowned and consecrated cut-throats preparing for war4 ,soon again the booming roar of 8gun thunder0 will terrify the world4 ,even now in ,turkey1 in ,russia1 in ,spain and in ,africa the blood of humble working class brothers is being splashed in the face of mankind4 ,rouse1 brothers1 rouse6 ,refuse6 ,refuse to paint this sad world red with the blood of the toilers fooled by the mocking flattery of gilded cowards4 ,let us force ,senators1 ,congressmen1 and ,presidents--let us force ,tsars1 ,emperors1 ,kings1 ,lords1 ,dukes and the ,industrial ,masters also--let us force every one of these shrewd1 proud cowards into the bloody mire of the firing line and compel them to stay there till by spilling their own blood they learn what war is--for the working class4 ,the capture of the powers of government by the working class for the working class--that is our first move4 ,the working class must defend the working class4 ,,section ,,ii3 ,,the ,,cost ,,in ,,cash4 ,remember--always remember3 ,all the expenses of all the wars in all the world in all time have been paid with the results of productive labor4 ,always--finally--the working class pay all the expenses of all wars4 ,in a war 7#a7 ,soldiers cease to produce wealth1 7#b7 ,soldiers continue to consume wealth1 7#c7 ,soldiers actively destroy wealth4 ,a war involves three general items of expense2 namely1 ,expenses before the war3--preparation ,expenses during the war3--direct expenses1 destruction of property1 loss of producing power1 etc4 ,expenses after the war3--pensions1 interest on bonds1 etc4 8,in determining the cost of a war10 says one writer1#cf 8the items to be considered may be set down as follows3 7#a7 ,preparations for prospective wars 7#b7 ,direct expenditures 7#c7 ,indirect losses 7a7 ,destruction and depreciation of property 7b7 ,labor value wasted 7c7 ,damage to trade 7d7 ,displacement of capital 7#d7 ,subsequent expenditures 7a7 ,compensation for property destroyed 7b7 ,pensions and relief for the distressed 7c7 ,interest on debt incurred 7#e7 ,deterioration of population 7#f7 ,moral results and effects on the vanquished40 ,now let us try to get an idea of the actual cash cost of war in general by studying1 first1 the cash cost of one war as a specimen4 ,let us take the ,american ,civil ,war4 ,in the statement here following1 items 7#d;b7 and 7#e7 are somewhat over-estimated2 item 7#f7 is greatly underestimated4 ,it is to be noted also that the following on the ,civil ,war does not include all the items of the actual cash cost of that war2 for examples1 the economic loss in the weakening of the national blood1 and the loss of the producing power of the soldiers on both sides during the war1 the latter loss being probably more than #b1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,two other very heavy items omitted here are the more than #b1jjj1jjj1jjj that must in future years be paid out as interest on ,civil ,war bonds and as ,civil ,war pensions2 and the #fjj1jjj1jjj paid out in ,civil ,war pensions from #aijf to #aiaj4 ,however1 if the omissions are carefully noted1 the itemized statement will be found helpful in realizing the cash cost of war4 ,the ,american ,civil ,war--,its ,cost in ,cash3 7#a7 ,direct expenditures1 ,south #e1jjj1jjj1jjj4jj 7#b7 ,direct expenditures1 ,north #e1jjj1jjj1jjj4jj 7#c7 ,increase in ,national ,debt #b1hjj1jjj1jjj4jj 7#d7 ,interest on ,national ,war ,debt3 7a7 #ahfe to #ahih #b1efb1fai1hce4jj 7b7 #ahih to #aiaj 7estimated7 #djj1jjj1jjj4jj 7#e7 ,pensions1 total to ,june #cj1 #aijf #c1bei1aie1cif4fj 7#f7 ,lost labor-power3 ,one million selected men1 slaughtered in battle or destroyed during the war by disease2#cg or from wounds and disease rendered wholly or partially unproductive for an average term of twenty-five years following the war3--an average loss to society per man1 thus killed or weakened1 of #ejj for twenty-five years for one million men #ab1ejj1jjj1jjj4jj ------------------------------------ ,total 78,grand0 ,total7 #ca1eba1hae1bca4fj ,this sum1 more than thirty-one and a half billion dollars1 this sum looks different from the 8,cost of the ,civil ,war0 as it is commonly set forth in elementary school histories for deludable children4#ch ,here is a suggestion3 ,have your child or some child of your acquaintance discuss this matter in the public school4 ,the child should be assisted in preparing an attack upon the misrepresentation in the ordinary common school 8,history of the ,united ,states40 ,this sum1 thirty-one and a half billion dollars1 is well worth consideration4 ,this sum would pay for a #agjj-;dollar home and also for #djj dollars' worth of furniture for each home--for a total population of #ij million people1 estimating six per family in each home2 or1 ,this sum is equivalent to the total savings of two million farmers for thirty weary years1 supposing each farmer to save #ejj per year2--and sufficient besides to establish eighty agricultural colleges and ninety teachers' colleges1 each of these one hundred and seventy institutions provided with four million dollars' worth of land1 buildings and equipment1 each institution also provided with four million dollars as endowment fund to pay running expenses2--with a balance sufficient to construct a double-track railway from ,new ,york ,city to ,san ,francisco at a cost of more than #dh1jjj per mile2 or1 ,this sum is more than equivalent to the total wheat crop worth #a4jj per bushel growing on twenty-five million acres of fine land averaging twenty bushels per acre for over sixty-three years2 or1 ,this sum would pay all the salaries of twenty-five thousand school teachers at #fbe per year from the birth of ,christ to the year #aiji1 and leave sufficient to establish fifty universities1 each institution provided with ten million dollars' worth of buildings and equipment and each institution provided also with a ten-million dollar endowment fund for running expenses2 or1 ,this sum is equal to the total savings of five million wage-earners1 each saving one dollar per day1 three hundred days per year for twenty-one years4 ,and we are not yet through with our ,civil ,war expenses and shall not be for a long time4 ,professor ,albert ,s4 ,bolles calls attention to the fact that we are not even yet through with the expenses of our ,revolutionary ,war of more than one hundred years ago4 ,professor ,bolles also says of the ,civil ,war3#ci 8,a hundred years are likely to pass before the account books for suppressing the ,rebellion will be closed40 ,this is a good place to remind the reader that1 of course1 as soon as the soldiers got home from the ,civil ,war they had to go to work to help create the wealth to pay the principal and the interest on the war bonds held by the bankers and other leading citizens who were too shrewd to go to the war themselves4 ,professor ,john ,c4 ,ridpath wrote thus of the war bond-leech3#dj 8,to him 7the capitalist7 it is all one whether this world blooms with gardens1 ripens with oranges1 smiles with harvest of wheat1 or whether it is trodden into mire and blood under the raging charges of cavalry and the explosions of horrid shells2 that is1 it is all one to him if his coupons are promptly paid and his bond is extended40 ,now1 my friend1 when the ,honorable ,mr4 ,noisy from ,washington or your legislature or elsewhere1 gets you and your neighbors out in the woods next ,thirtieth of ,may or ,fourth of ,july and proceeds to fill the forest full of cheap and stupid noise about the grandeur and glory of war1 you should promptly treat him with the contempt he deserves4 ,you should also protect the young people of your family and community from the savage and dangerous suggestions made by many speakers on such occasions--protect them by having the 8other side0 of war presented4 ,the literature of peace-born-of-justice might well be distributed on such occasions4 ,the cash cost of war is easily made evident by an examination of our annual current national bill for militarism4 ,indeed1 the annual cash cost of prize-fighter statesmanship1 the annual cost of developing the national fist1 the annual cash cost of this hypocritical 8preservation of peace0 by preparing for war1 needs special attention4 ,the combined average annual expense of militarism1 that is1 of the ,department of ,war and the ,department of the ,navy 7the ,departments of ,murder71 is1 for the ,united ,states1 as follows3 ,the ,army and the ,navy #bjj1jjj1jjj ,the loss of producing power1 the worse than lost labor-power1 of #aba1ghf 8picked0 men 7#hc1bhf in the ,army and #ch1ejj in the ,navy71 estimated at #fjj each per year #gc1jga1fjj ,interest on ,public ,debt 7chiefly an expense of militarism71 at present #bb1jjj1jjj ,pensions 7admittedly a war burden7 #aej1jjj1jjj ,depreciation of forts1 arsenals1 ships1 weapons and other war equipments by decay1 and from the necessary discarding of 8outgrown0 murdering machinery #e1jjj1jjj ------------------------ ,total #dej1jga1fjj ,since none of the items here set down is over-estimated and since several of them are much underestimated1 the grand total of four hundred and fifty millions must be regarded as an extremely conservative estimate of the annual cost 7in times of peace7 of keeping the national fist ready for a fight4#da ,but four hundred and fifty million dollars means nothing sufficiently definite to the human mind until it is considered in units larger than single dollars and smaller than a million dollars4 ,the sum of money 8necessary0 to defray a year's expenses of a poor man's son or daughter in a high-grade ,middle ,western college or university--may be taken as a convenient unit of expense in considering the cash cost of war4 ,many worthy young men and women in the ,united ,states pay their total annual expenses in high-grade colleges and universities with #bej4 ,this estimate is confirmed by the author's personal observation and by a letter of recent date from the ,president of the ,university of ,iowa to the author4 ,,our ,,annual ,,national ,,expense ,,of ,,militarism1 #dej1jjj1jjj1 ,,would ,,pay ,,the ,,annual ,,college ,,expenses ,,of #a1hjj1jjj ,,young ,,men ,,and ,,women2 ,,that ,,is1 ,,of ,,nearly ,,twelve ,,times ,,as ,,many ,,as ,,there ,,were ,,in ,,the ,,year ,,ending ,,june #cj1 #aijh1 ,,in ,,the ,,five ,,hundred ,,and ,,seventy-,,three ,,colleges1 ,,universities ,,and ,,technological ,,schools ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,five per cent4 interest on #dej1jjj1jjj for six minutes would provide #bej for a year's college expenses4 ,five per cent4 interest on one year's expense of militarism in the ,united ,states for two weeks and three days would keep one full regiment 7#a1jjj7 young men in college for four years4 ,less than seven per cent4 interest on #dej1jjj1jjj for one year would pay one year's college expenses for a total number of young men and women equal to the total number of men in both the ,army and the ,navy1 officers1 privates and all4 ,the total present-rate cost of militarism in the ,united ,states for two and a half years is #a1abe1jjj1jjj4 ,three and a half per cent4 interest for one year on this amount would be #ci1cge1jjj4 ,this interest would pay the college expenses of the total number of young men and women in all the #egc colleges1 universities and technological schools in the ,united ,states for the one year ending ,june #cj1 #aijh 7that is1 for #aej1ahg students71 estimating the average expense at #bej for the year1--with a balance remaining of almost #b1jjj1jjj for extra expenses4 ,according to ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,dillon1#db 8,the cost of each of the new armored battleships planned for the ,french ,navy is estimated at more than #ae1jjj1jjj40 8,chairman ,tawney of the ,house ,committee on ,appropriations in promising to fight against the new #ah1jjj1jjj battleships1 pledges himself to a worthy cause40#dc ,six and two-thirds per cent4 interest for one year on the cost of a #ae1jjj1jjj battleship would provide a four-year college education for the #a1jjj marines on board4 ,six per cent4 interest for ten hours on the cost of a #ae1jjj1jjj battleship would pay the total expenses of a young man or woman while doing the four years' work for the degree of ,bachelor of ,arts in the great ,university of ,iowa4 ,,one ,,new-,,type 8,,dreadnought0 ,,of ,,the ,,sort ,,now ,,being ,,constructed ,,for ,,the ,,british ,,navy 7,,which ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,practically ,,duplicated ,,by ,,all ,,the ,,other 8,,great ,,powers07--,,one ,,of ,,these ,,monsters ,,will ,,cost ,,three ,,times ,,as ,,much ,,as ,,all ,,of ,,the ,,noble ,,buildings ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,chicago ,,erected ,,up ,,to ,,june #cj1 #aije2 ,,that ,,is1 ,,three ,,times ,,as ,,much ,,as ,,all ,,the ,,beautiful ,,halls ,,constructed ,,during ,,the ,,university',s ,,first ,,thirteen ,,years ,,of ,,unparalleled ,,activity ,,in ,,building4 ,the total value of all gifts and bequests received by all the higher institutions of learning in the ,united ,states in the year ending ,june #cj1 #aijh1 was #ad1hbj1iee2 that is1 #agi1jjj less than the cost of one first class ,british battleship4#dd ,if there are forty-five ,state ,universities in the ,united ,states with a total of #f1gej teachers 7#aej each7 receiving an average salary of #b1jjj1 their combined salaries are less than the cost of one 8,dreadnought40 ,five per cent4 interest on the cost of one 8,dreadnought0 would pay the combined salaries of #a1ejj country school teachers at #ejj per year2 or1 the combined salaries of #gej country preachers at #a1jjj per year4 7,the average salary of a minister in ,massachusetts is less than #hjj47 ,,one ,,per ,,cent4 ,,interest ,,on ,,one 8,,dreadnought0 ,,would ,,pay ,,the ,,combined ,,salaries ,,of ,,the ,,presidents ,,of ,,twenty-,,five ,,of ,,the ,,greatest ,,universities ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states--,,at ,,an ,,average ,,salary ,,of #f1jjj ,,per ,,year4 ,it is to be remembered1 too1 that a battleship is out-classed1 out of date and useless within fifteen years after it first glides proudly into the water4 ,but education--the systematic development of the intellectual and social powers and tastes1 the ripening of the appetites for the deeper1 higher1 finer forms of life1 charging the soul with knowledge and power for pleasure and achievement--education1 which is 8to the human soul what sculpture is to a block of marble10--education1 in its glorious influences1 is immortal4 ,prize-fighter statesmanship sounds loud and is1 therefore1 great2 looks attractive and is1 therefore1 splendid--in the judgment of the gullible4 ,prize-fighter statesmanship rests upon the gullibility of ignorance4 ,of special importance in this connection is the item of information1 furnished in a personal letter to the author of the present volume1 by ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,harris1 who was for many years preceding #aijf our ,national ,commissioner of ,education4 ,the information is3 ,that of all the children in the ,united ,states more than #gf in every #ajj never enter even the first year of the high school or schools of the high-school grade4 ,think of this matter in still another way4 ,the total cost of militarism in the ,united ,states for the year #aijg-h was over six and a half times as great as the total income 7#ff1gij1ibd7 of all our #dfd universities1 colleges and technological schools from all sources and for all purposes for that same year4#de ,,the ,,total ,,cost ,,of ,,militarism ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,the ,,fifteen ,,and ,a ,,half ,,months ,,ending ,,june #cj1 #aiji1 ,,was ,,greater ,,than ,,the ,,total ,,value ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,books1 ,,libraries1 ,,lands1 ,,grounds1 ,,buildings1 ,,furniture1 ,,scientific ,,apparatus1 ,,machinery1 ,,and ,,all ,,the ,,endowments1 ,,all ,,the ,,investments ,,and ,,all 8,,productive ,,funds0 ,,of ,,all ,,kinds ,,belonging ,,to ,,all ,,our #dfd ,,higher ,,institutions ,,of ,,learning4 ,there are in the ,united ,states #dfd colleges1 universities and technological schools admitting men only and both men and women2 these institutions have in their libraries a total of #ab1fcf1fef volumes1 having 7according to our ,commissioner of ,education1 in his ,report for the year ending ,june #cj1 #aijh1 page #fag7 a total value of #af1bfb1jbg--which sum is almost equalled by the cost of one first-class modern murdering machine1 one 8,dreadnought40 ,one #ad-;inch cannon and equipment costs #agj1jjj4 ,one target-practice shot costs as much as ,president ,john ,adams's education at ,harvard ,university4 8,whether your shell hits the target or not1 ,your cost is six hundred dollars a shot4 ,you thing of noise and flame and power1 ,we feed you a hundred barrels of flour ,each time you roar4 ,your flame is fed ,with twenty thousand loaves of bread4 ,silence6 ,a million hungry men ,seek bread to fill their mouths again40#df ,one broadside from a modern 8,dreadnought0 costs almost #bj1jjj4 8,the fact that we are spending during this fiscal year #gb per cent4 of our aggregate revenue in preparing for war and on account of past wars 7pensions1 interest and principal payments on war debts71 leaving only #bh per cent4 of our revenue available to meet all our other governmental expenditures1 including internal improvements1 the erection of public buildings1 the improvement of rivers and harbors1 and the conservation of our natural resources1 is1 to my mind1 appalling40--,congressman ,j4 ,a4 ,tawney4#dg 8,for the fiscal year #aijh-i the ordinary income of the ,united ,states was #fjd1jjj1jjj4 ,of that sum 444 #gj per cent4 was spent for past wars and preparations for war44440#dh ,this same 8civilized0 savagery is rampant everywhere4 8,the great countries are raising enormous revenues 444 it is equally true that one half of the national revenues of the great countries in ,europe is being spent on what are1 after all1 preparations to kill each other40--,sir ,edward ,grey1 ,foreign ,secretary1 ,british ,cabinet4#di ,g4 de ,molinari sums up thus3#ej 8,two-thirds of their ,european nations' combined budgets are devoted to the service of this debt war debt1 and to the maintenance of their armed forces by sea and land40 ,the ,new ,york ,world speaks boldly thus3#ea 8,the preparations for war bear with tremendous weight in times of peace4444 ,six million picked men in the flower of youth are in arms in ,europe4 ,they are all strong men1 those who would be most useful in industry4 ,great ,britain's war-costs today1 in times of peace including national debt service1 #ddd1jjj1jjj1 444 are now nearly six times as great as her elementary school costs4 ,an even more bitter contest over a greater war deficit which must be met by increased taxation is going on in ,germany4444 ,russia runs behind #bjj1jjj1jjj a year in her national finances 444 and famine is perpetual40 ,all the great governments of the world are increasing their murdering equipment--to be 8prepared for war02--that is1 prepared to provoke and dare4 ,the annual expenses for war in ,england have doubled within the last ten years1 and still the stupidity grows4 ,england has #eb battleships1 #d armored cruisers1 #af cruisers1 #hd destroyers1 #bj submarines1 and to these are to be added at once #h 8,dreadnoughts0 costing from #ab1jjj1jjj to #ae1jjj1jjj each1 and also an 8appropriate0 number of auxiliaries--armored and unarmored cruisers1 torpedo boats1 etc41 the additions to the present naval outfit to cost over #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,france has #ba battleships with an 8appropriate0 number of auxiliaries1 and is building #h more battleships with auxiliaries4 ,in ,germany militarism amounts to even greater madness4 ,in #ahgb1 immediately following a great war1 the ,german ,empire spent #gc1gej1jjj as direct expense of militarism2 in #ahih1 not including the loss in labor power1 the cost of the departments of murder was #ccg1ejj1jjj4 ,increases in ,german militarism since #ahih have been startling1 and so furious is the spirit of militarism and so insanely is the government already burdened with 8war charges10 that in the year #aijg-h bonds were sold to the extent of #be1jjj1jjj1 as part of a special effort to raise an extra fund with which to make additions to her murdering equipment4 ,and thus it is with all the other 8great0 nations4 ,although ,russia now staggers under a four-and-a-half billion dollar national debt1 and in #aijh was forced to borrow #ge1jjj1jjj to meet current expenses 7and did her best to borrow #djj1jjj1jjj72 although millions of her citizens face starvation and hundreds of thousands of them are forced into trampdom--yet ,russian statesmen and naval experts are planning a billion-dollar navy4#eb 8,certain facts will surely1 some day1 burn themselves into the consciousness of thinking men4444 ,the extravagance of the militarists will bring about their ruin4 ,they cry for battleships 444 and ,parliament or ,congress votes them4 ,but later on it is explained that battleships are worthless without cruisers1 cruisers are worthless without torpedo boats1 torpedo boats are worthless without torpedo destroyers1 all these are worthless without colliers1 ammunition boats1 hospital boats1 repair boats2 and these all together are worthless without deeper harbors1 longer docks1 more spacious navy yards4 8,and what are all these worth without officers and men1 upon whose education millions of dollars have been lavished8 ,when at last the navy has been fairly launched1 the officials of the army come forward and demonstrate that a navy1 after all1 is worthless unless it is supported by a colossal land force4 ,thus are the governments led on1 step by step1 into a treacherous morass1 in which they are at first entangled1 and finally overwhelmed40#ec ,j4 ,h4 ,rose1 in his ,development of ,european ,nations1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ccf1 surveying the chief events in the evolution of ,europe since #ahgj1 writes3 8,the individual is crushed by a sense of helplessness as he gazes at the armed millions on all sides of him4 ,tho' a freeman in the constitutional sense of the term1 he has entered into a state of military serfdom4 ,there he is but a bondman1 toiling to add his few blocks to the colossal pyramid of war4444 ,from that life there can come no song 444 some malignant ,fury masquerading in the garb of ,peace40 ,nearly everywhere war debts are piled like mountains upon the backs of the people4 ,twenty-three years ago 7#ahhg7 ,professor ,h4 ,c4 ,adams 7,university of ,michigan1 ,department of ,finance7 sounded the alarm and stated the case strikingly3#ed 8,the civilized governments of the present day are resting under a burden of indebtedness computed at #bg1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,this sum1 which does not include local obligations of any sort1 constitutes a mortgage of #gbb now about #iej upon each square mile of territory over which the burdened governments extend their jurisdiction1 and shows a per capita indebtedness of #bc upon their subjects4 ,the total amount of national obligations is equal to seven times the aggregate annual revenue of the indebted states4 ,at the liberal estimate of #a4ej per day1 the payment of the accruing interest1 computed at five per cent41 would demand the continuous labor of three million men4444 ,previous to the present nineteenth century1 ,england and ,holland were the only nations that had learned by experience the weight of national obligations2 but at the present time the phenomenon of public debts is almost universal4444 8,it is all the more difficult to understand this new method of financiering1 because it has made its appearance while wealth has been rapidly increasing4 ,the world is daily growing richer as nature yields her forces with ever increasing willingness to serve the purposes of men2 yet1 notwithstanding increased opulence1 the governments of the world are plunging headlong into debt40 ,the reader should keep in mind that the burdens of debt discussed here by ,dr4 ,adams are almost wholly war debts1 and that they have1 since #ahhg1 increased heavily--to about #ce1jjj1jjj1jjj1 almost three times the total amount of cash in the entire world4 8,reflect for an hour upon the appalling aggregate10 wrote ,professor ,ridpath 7,de ,pauw ,university71#ee 8consider the pressure of this intolerable incubus2 try to estimate the horror of this hell2 weigh the woe and anguish of them who rest under it1 and then--despair and die4 8,twenty thousand millions of dollars2 statesmen1 philanthropists1 preachers1 journalists1 mouthpieces of civilization1 one and all of you1 how do you like the exhibit8 ,does it not suffice8 ,who is going to pay the account8 ,the people4 ,who1 without lifting a hand or turning in their downy beds1 will gather this infamous harvest during all of the twentieth century8 ,plutocracy4 8,it has been the immemorial policy of the ,money ,power to foment wars among the nations2 to edge on the conflict until both parties pass under the impending bankruptcy2 to buy up the prodigious debt of both with a pail full of gold2 to raise the debt to par2 to invent patriotic proclamations for preserving the ,national ,honor2 and finally to hire the presses and pulpits of two generations to glorify a crime40 ,henry ,ward ,beecher put the matter thus3 8,most of the debts of ,europe represent condensed drops of blood40 ,reflect again3 8,in one short eighteen months the ,british war party now sitting on our necks has dissipated in the ,boer ,war more money than the working class managed to accumulate out of their wages during the whole reign of the late ,queen ,victoria40 7,that is1 from #ahcg to #aija47 8,the patient savings of two generations were in the ,boer ,war dissipated at one cruel swoop40#ef ,the following table shows the proportion in which the 8great0 capitalist governments spend the outraged people's substance for education and for militarism--in prize-fighter statesmanship3#eg ,education4 ,militarism4 ,england #a4jj #d4be ,france #a4jj #d4hj ,germany #a4jj #b4eg ,austria #a4jj #d4ej ,united ,states #a4jj #a4be ,denmark #a4jj #c4ff ,greece #a4jj #e4jj ,sweden #a4jj #b4be ,italy #a4jj #i4jj ,belgium #a4jj #b4jj ,switzerland #a4jj 4#ed ,russia #a4jj #ab4jj ,an ,american educator has written thus of the civilized savagery to be seen in these worse than wasted treasures of the people3#eh 8,the national debts of ,europe represent a series of colossal crimes against the people4 ,they were incurred in the prosecution of unnecessary wars1 and for the support of unnecessary standing armies4 ,with relation to these debts the people are divided into two classes--one class owns them and the other pays the interest on them4 ,this relation comprehends the future generations in perpetuity4 ,every child born in ,europe inherits either an estate in these debts or an obligation to pay interest upon them4 ,thus the fruits of a great crime have been transmitted into a vested right in one class of people1 or a vested wrong in another class4 8,if the ,european standing armies and navies had not been raised and kept up1 and if the revenue devoted to their support had been expended for schools1 there would not now be an uneducated person in ,europe4 ,if these standing armies and navies were now disbanded1 and the revenue at present expended for their support diverted to the support of schools1 and so applied for half a century1 there would not be1 at the end of that period1 an illiterate person in ,europe40 ,the following paragraph by ,helmuth v4 ,gerlach is worthy of the workingman's special consideration3#ei 8,of all the ,german political parties one1 viz41 the ,social ,democratic the ,socialist ,party1 has always been a consistent opponent of militarism4 ,it looks upon militarism as the strongest support of the capitalistic rgime1 and therefore attacks it theoretically and actually with equal vigor4 ,its watchword is3 #8,no men and no money4'0#fj ,but everywhere these senseless burdens grow more vast4 ,the end is not yet4 ,the insanity of vanity and greed increases alarmingly--everywhere2 but worst of all1 the people are unwarned by the all-powerful capitalist press4 ,fortunately there are exceptions2 for example1 the ,new ,york ,world4 ,boldly and powerfully the ,world has recently warned the people4 ,on ,july #bj1 #aijh1 the ,world said editorially3 8,no more effective peace sermon could be preached than the estimate of ,general ,blume1 published by the ,german ,general ,staff1 as to the probable cost of a modern ,european war4 ,putting the number of troops that ,germany could call to arms at #d1gei1jjj1 the cost to ,germany1 he says1 of a war with another ,european power would be direct expenses #a1ejj1jjj1jjj a year as long as the war lasted4 ,on the basis of the war between ,russia and ,japan1 in which the ,japanese lost in killed and wounded #bj per cent4 of their armies1 ,germany would lose in the same length of time approximately #ijj1jjj men4444 8,the account in blood and money would be duplicated if ,germany were engaged with only one power4 ,if three or four or even more powers were involved1 as seems probable in the light of existing alliances1 ,europe would be #8bled white' and plunged in lasting disaster4 8,this is the other side of the question which public men who talk glibly about the war seek to have the people forget4 ,they do not dwell on the immense debt of victorious ,japan1 and its practical impoverishment1 nor do they recall to attention the appalling waste of ,russia's resources1 its rickety finances1 its shrunken commerce and the tens of millions of starving subjects of the ,czar4 ,it will be many years before the public credit of ,great ,britain1 proud of the national wealth1 recovers from the setback caused by the ,boer ,war and the government is able to face much-needed reforms at home without misgivings about its income40#fa ,statesmanship6 8,defense of our foreign commerce0 is one of the heaviest arguments offered by capitalist statesmen in defense of the vast cost of militarism--with insufferable ignorance neglecting the fact that the total annual cost of militarism for nineteen ,european countries and the ,united ,states and ,japan 7eight billion dollars7 is equal to more than #ff per cent4 of the total annual export trade of all the nations of all the world4#fb ,statesmanship6 8,great0 men guiding the 8,ship of ,state0--to the rocks6 ,thus the nations stagger round and round in a stupid circle1 the statesmen planning international wholesale butcherings1 the working class blinded with blood and sweat and tears4 ,greater armies1 greater navies1--then still greater armies and still greater navies1--and then still more powerful armies and navies3 then impossible taxation1 intolerable burdens3 then bankruptcy3--then wrath1 rebellion and revolution1--this constitutes the near-future program for at least eight 8great0 nations of the world1 if they continue1 as at present1 to surrender to the vanity of kings1 tsars1 presidents1 mikados1 and give free rein to the profit-lusting capitalist masters of the world4 ,militarism is the international political whirlpool4 ,the maelstrom opens--the chasm yawns1 spreads wide its huge jaws for the capitalist ship of state4 ,be not deceived3 ,,it ,,is ,,sincere1 ,,well-,,founded ,,fear ,,of ,,bankruptcy 7,,and ,,it ,,is ,,not ,,conscience7 ,,that ,,chiefly ,,induces ,,many ,,capitalist ,,statesmen ,,to ,,co-,,operate1 ,,at ,,present1 ,,so ,,loudly 7,,and ,,piously7 ,,with ,,international ,,peace ,,societies4 ,bankruptcy1 rebellion1 revolution-- ,it is time for ,caesar to be pious and whine for 8a limitation on armaments40 ,,the ,,starved ,,slave ,,begins ,,to ,,ask ,,questions ,,of ,,the ,,fat ,,statesman4 ,the ship of state begins to rock in the growing storm4 ,statesmanship6 ,industrial democracy stands by to seize its opportunity4 ,the producers will be the successors to plutocracy4 ,despotism is digging its own grave4 ,anent this matter a truly great authority1 ,professor ,j4 ,e4 ,thorold ,rogers1 says3#fc 8,many parts of the earth were once occupied by rich and industrious peoples which are now wholly waste4 ,such a decline may come from the effects of a destructive conquest1 of long and ruinous wars4 ,but in almost all cases1 the ruin of a race is the fault of its government4444 ,nations will not ruin themselves1 said ,adam ,smith1 but governments may ruin them4444 ,i will not say that spectacles of this kind will never be seen again1 of nations perishing by the vices of those who administer their affairs4444 ,governments may borrow for the purpose of carrying on a war1 or of defending themselves against aggression4 ,the government generally asserts that it is the latter motive which influences it1 when every one sees it is the former4 ,whether their subjects or citizens see it or not1 governments generally1 almost invariably1 avow it so persistently or savagely that their subjects are brought to agree with them40 ,what is the significance of the present cost of militarism for the world annually8 ,no human mind can discern or take in the vast meaning of the blood-and-profit-lust politics that holds and damns the world today4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--;,eight ,billion ,dollars6 ,tossed to ,mars1 the red-stained god of war6 ,while the human race festers in ignorance6 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--to blind and blindfold the multitude with their own blood and rags while their lives are robbed and ravaged by the eminent and respectable profit-glutton parasites of mankind4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--this huge sum baffles comprehension4 ,pronounce it3 8,eight ,billion ,dollars40 ,that sum embarrasses not only the mind1 but the lips and the tongue4 ,think that sum for a moment4 ,now consider the fact that in twenty-one countries1 namely1 those of ,europe and also ,japan and the ,united ,states1 militarism costs more than eight billion dollars--every twelve months4 ,,one ,,item ,,alone ,,in ,,this ,,cost ,,of ,,militarism ,,is ,,almost ,,four ,,billion ,,dollars ,,per ,,year4 ,that single item is the wealth that is not produced1 but could be produced if the six million five hundred thousand strong1 carefully selected young men in the standing armies of these twenty-one countries were engaged in producing wealth with modern tools1 modern machinery1 and modern knowledge of production4 ,it is to be noted that in this estimate all of ,south ,america1 ,china and other large parts of the world are not included4 ,eight ,billion ,dollars--#h1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,men and women shudder when the telegraph flashes over the world that a city has suffered a ten-million or a twenty-million dollar fire4 ,let us try to get an idea of the cost of wealth-wasting militarism by expressing it in terms of loss by the devourer1 fire4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--;,eight ,billion ,dollars4 ,this sum1 this expense of bull-dog-and-tiger statesmanship1 of militarism1 in twenty-one 8highly civilized0 countries--for twelve months in times of peace--is equivalent to a continuous loss by fire1 throughout the year1 day and night1 of more than #iac1jjj an hour2 or1 about #ae1bai per minute4 ,this sum1 worse than wasted annually to be 8prepared0--to slaughter--is equal to a loss by fire1 burning day and night throughout the year1 devouring seven homes per minute1 each home worth #a1gjj and each home containing also #dge worth of furniture4 ,the average working class family contains about six members--two parents and four children2 and the average working class family would consider itself in good fortune to have a home worth #a1gjj and provided with #dge worth of furniture4 ,seven such homes would contain forty-two members4 ,now imagine an unbroken stream of people--men1 women1 and little children1 frightened1 pale1 shuddering1 the children screaming1 the women in tears--fleeing past you through the street1 driven by fire from their ruined homes1 forty-two people rushing by you every minute1 day and night1 year after year1 on and on1 an endless stream of humbled and saddened souls1 plunged in misery1 their happiness swallowed by pitiless fire2 or1 ,imagine a fire rushing faster than a strong man at a brisk walk--imagine a fire rushing forward more than eight miles an hour1 consuming fifty such homes per mile1 making each year thirty-six round trips1 burning going and coming1 from ,new ,york ,city to ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri2 or one such round trip every ten days--imagine these losses1 these annual losses--and you will perhaps have some idea of what it costs these twenty-one countries to brag and strut and piously prepare to settle their disputes as tigers settle theirs--by force4 ,it is as if the fiends of hell were crazed and loose on the earth4 ,and this is statesmanship6 ,eight billion dollars virtually tossed into the flames by the well-fed kings1 emperors1 tsars1 presidents1 and champagne-guzzlers in the national legislatures of twenty-one 8highly civilized0 countries--while tens of millions of the toilers in these same countries shiver and starve1 meanly clothed1 meanly housed1 meanly fed1 their children growing up in the dull ignorance that renders them the easy tools and fools for the firing line4 ,one year's cost of militarism in these twenty-one countries 7#h1jjj1jjj1jjj7 would keep thirty-two million students in college for one year--allowing #bej each4 ,the cost of militarism in these twenty-one countries for less than nine hours and a half would pay all the expenses of #d1ejj students in ,harvard ,university for four years1 allowing each student #ejj per year4 ,,six ,,per ,,cent4 ,,interest ,,on ,,this #h1jjj1jjj1jjj ,,for ,,one ,,year ,,would ,,provide ,a ,,four-,,year ,,college ,,education ,,for #dhj1jjj ,,young ,,men ,,and ,,women1 ,,allowing ,,each ,,student #bej ,,per ,,year4 #h1jjj1jjjj1jjj annually--in time of peace6 ,clap your hands in stupid glee1 ,o1 blind devotees of the blood god ,mars6 ,celebrate6 ,scream 8,hurrah6 ,hurrah60--in idiotic glad madness4 ,yell1 fool1 yell3 8,hurrah for hell60 ,for war6 ,war6 ,war6 ,war6 ,it is great6 ,isn't it8 ,it must be great1 for 8great men0 say it is so4 8,great men0 never deceive humble1 common working men4 ,never4 ,of course not4 ,when 8great men0 call3 8,rally to the flag1 boys60 will my toiling brothers become again the fools and tools for such as they who in ,parliaments and ,congresses vote for this red-dripping stupidity8 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj every twelve months on war and preparations for war--and yet not a single silk-hatted snob sleeps in the dingy barracks1 or eats the cheap 8grub0 fed to the privates1 or submits to humiliating insults from 8superior0 officers1 or spills his blood on the firing line--not one anywhere in all the world4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--the annual cost of lust--war lust4 ,the annual cost of jungle statesmanship4 ,,the ,,cost ,,the ,,working ,,class ,,pay ,,for ,,being ,,meek1 ,,docile1 ,,obedient--,,ready ,,to ,,slaughter ,,themselves1 ,,ready ,,to ,,butcher ,,their ,,brothers ,,of ,,the ,,working ,,class4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj1 the price the working class pay for being prejudiced1 ignorant1 unwilling to read2--and for cringing1 for neglecting to place the working class in the legislatures of the world4 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj--this sum proves the moral bankruptcy1 proves the colossal savagery--of capitalists who want war1 and proves also the intellectual and moral bankruptcy1 the brainless incapacity and unspeakable villainy of the gilt-edged crooks called statesmen who are always ready to declare wars and who perpetually bleed society by thus 8preparing for wars0 in which they themselves1 like the 8business men10 are too proud and cunning to fight on the firing line4 ,this sum also shows that the working class1 stripped and dulled to supply this annual sum1 ignorantly consenting to and blindly hurrahing for their own destruction1 are in the condition of hypnotized children--almost utterly helpless1 their eyes blinded with tears1 their ears stopped with blood1 their souls numb and dumb in a living death4 ,this sum--all this cash cost--is1 in its last analysis1 slyly subtracted from the lives of the producing class1 the working class--sucked from the veins of the humble multitude of toilers1 and the workers are so meek and weak and bloodless and stunned and stunted--so constantly in a dull1 prideless stupor--that they are unable to stand erect in holy indignation1 seize the powers of government and sweep this hell's nightmare from the world4 ,war devours the welfare of the workers4 ,the capitalist class dare not place all the facts frankly before the working class4 ,everywhere it is3 8,hush6 ,hush6 ,the working class must not study the burdens of war40 ,the workers8 8,they must not think4 ,they must not think4 ,they must obey40 ,that is the word for the working class3 ,,obey4 ,a very eminent authority on war#fd says3 8,only once in recent history do ,i remember any attempt on the part of a ,european government to calculate the economic consequences of war under modern conditions4 ,it was when ,m4 ,burdeau was in the ,french ,ministry4 ,he appointed a committee of economists for the purpose of ascertaining how the social organism would continue to function in a time of war1 how from day to day their bread would be given to the ,french population4 ,but no sooner had he begun his investigation than a strong objection was raised by the military authorities1 and out of deference to their protest the inquiry was indefinitely postponed4 ,hence we are going forward blindfold40 ,a real statesman1 ,senator ,charles ,sumner1 has said3#fe 8,all history is a vain word1 and all experience is at fault1 if large war preparations 444 have not been constant provocatives of war4 ,pretended protectors against war1 they have been the real instigators of war4 ,they have excited the evil against which they were to guard4 ,the habit of wearing arms in private life exercised a kindred influence4444 ,the ,standing ,army is to the nation what the sword was to the modern gentleman1 the stiletto to the ,italian1 the knife to the ,spaniard1 the pistol to our slavemaster1--furnishing1 like these1 the means of death2 and its possessor is not slow to use it40 8,were half the power that fills the world with terror1 ,were half the wealth bestowed on camps and courts1 ,given to redeem the world from error1 ,there would be no need of arsenals and forts40#ff 8,workers of the world1 unite60 ,rouse4 ,think4 ,rise4 ,hurl this curse of war from the world4 ,on the battlefield of industry unite4 ,on the battlefield of politics unite4 ,seize the powers of government4 ,use these powers of government--in self-defense4 ,great working class multitude1 great meek majority6 ,stand erect in your vast class might and become--authority4 ,the working class must themselves defend the working class4 8,do not expect your chains to forge themselves into the key of freedom40 ,begin4 ,begin now4 ,begin a campaign to capture the brain of your working class neighbor for the grand new ,movement for the ,freedom of the ,working ,class4 ,do something4 ,be ,somebody4 ,help conquer in our day4 ,war costs4 ,meekness costs--costs the working class its labor1 its blood and tears1 its happiness--its ,life4 ,let us defend ourselves--,,as ,a ,,class4 ----- ,footnote #be3 ,biglow ,papers4 ,footnote #bf3 ,lecture on ,voltaire4 ,footnote #bg3 8,i want for soldiers young men not only willing but anxious to fight10--that foul and savage saying is one of the choice mouthings of ,theodore ,roosevelt1 in a public address in which that cheap1 distinguished and much flattered ,noise disgraced the office of ,president of the ,american 8,republic40 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,chapter ,five1 ,section ,two2 ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #aa2 also ,index3 8,disease in the ,army40 ,footnote #bi3 ,chatterton-,hill3 ,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology1 pp4 #cbj-bb4 ,footnote #cj3 ,annual ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 #aijg1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ca3 ,annual ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 #aiji1 p4 #ag4 ,emphasis mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cb3 ,quoted by ,elbert ,hubbard in ,health and ,wealth4 ,see ,new ,age1 ,aug4 #e1 #aiji4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see also ,president ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan's brilliant sociological studies of war1 references in ,chapter ,,xii4 of present volume4 ,of some interest are ,victor ,hugo's estimates in ,william ,shakespeare1 ,part ,third1 ,book ,,iii41 ,chapter ,i4 ,footnote #cd3 ,chatterton-,hill in ,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology makes the total #ba1jjj1jjj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,see ,galey3 ,classic ,myths of ,english ,literature1 pp4 #eg-h4 ,footnote #cf3 ,restelle3 ,arena1 ,october1 #aijf4 ,footnote #cg3 8,in round numbers 444 so that it is safe to say that more than #gjj1jjj men were killed in the war40--,professor ,mac,master3 ,school ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #dbb4 ,see ,index3 8,non-combatants40 ,footnote #ch3 ,see quotation from ,preface of ,bloch's ,future of ,war near close of present chapter4 ,footnote #ci3 ,financial ,history of the ,united ,states1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #dj3 ,arena1 ,jan41 #ahig4 ,footnote #da3 ,the appropriations for the ,navy alone in #aiaj are #acd1jjj1jjj1--which amount is just ten times as great as in #ahhf4 ,the ,new ,york ,world's estimate 7editorial1 ,march1 #aiaj7 is #ejj1jjj1jjj as the annual cost of militarism in the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #db3 ,the ,contemporary ,review1 ,august1 #aiji4 ,footnote #dc3 ,new ,york ,world1 ,march #a1 #aiaj4 ,see also ,the ,world1 ,february #a1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,see ,report of ,commissioner of ,education1 #aijh1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fag4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ,report of ,commissioner of ,education for #aijh1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #faf-ag4 ,these #dfd admit men only1 or both men and women4 ,footnote #df3 ,p4 ,f4 ,mc,carthy in the ,new ,york ,world4 ,footnote #dg3 ,address delivered at the ,peace ,banquet1 ,chicago1 ,may #d1 #aiji2 quoted in ,unity1 ,june #c1 #aiji4 ,footnote #dh3 ,new ,york ,world1 ,april #d1 #aiaj4 ,see also ,new ,york ,times editorial1 ,february #ai1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #di3 ,in the ,house of ,commons1 ,march #bi1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ej3 ,the ,society of ,tomorrow1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ea3 ,editorial1 ,may #d1 #aiji4 ,footnote #eb3 ,reference for most of the phrasing of this paragraph has been lost4 ,footnote #ec3 ,c4 ,e4 ,jefferson1 in the ,atlantic ,monthly1 quoted in ,public ,opinion 7address871 ,march #bf1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ed3 ,public ,debts1 pp4 #c1 #d1 #f4 ,footnote #ee3 ,arena1 ,january1 #ahih4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,the ,investor's ,review1 ,london1 ,april1 #aija1 and ,national ,review1 ,london1 ,june1 #aijc1 respectively2 quoted by ,walter ,walsh3 ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #daf-ag4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,bloch's ,future of ,war1 pp4 #acg-ci2 recent ,statesman's ,year-,books1 8national expense0 tables2 also ,labor ,leader 7,london71 ,nov4 #a1 #aijg4 ,footnote #eh3 ,kim3 ,mind and ,hand1 pp4 #bij-ib4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #ei3 ,the ,international1 ,july1 #aijh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,index3 8,socialist ,party and ,war40 ,footnote #fa3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #fb3 8,the export trade of all nations combined amounts to less than #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj per annum40 ,harold ,bolce3 ,the ,new ,internationalism1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,economic ,interpretation of ,history1 pp4 #cic-id4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #fd3 ,bloch3 ,the ,future of ,war1 ,preface1 p4 ,,xlviii4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #fe3 ,addresses on ,war1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #ff3 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow3 8,the ,arsenal at ,springfield40 ,,chapter ,,five4 ,hell4 ,,section ,,one3 ,,modern ,,murdering ,,machinery4 ,ah1 so you are on your way to the recruiting station1 are you8 ,well1 there will be plenty of time to enlist tomorrow1 and there are also seven days of next week that have not been touched yet4 ,do not be in a hurry to sign your name4 ,wait a little--wait at least till you have read the first two sections of this chapter4 ,perhaps you are feverish4 ,cool off before you enlist4#fg ,go back to the #fj's and read three or four lines of ,american ,civil ,war history before you enlist4 ,here they are in the words of a distinguished authority1 ,a4 ,s4 ,bolles3#fh 8,with the swift cooling of the war fever bounties became necessary to stimulate enlistment4444 ,in #ahfa the highways were filled with volunteers eagerly rushing to the front2 but in #ahfe they went with much slower pace and with a much better conception of the hazardous game of war40 ,the hateful method called drafting had to be vigorously applied by the ,federal ,government after the young men found out what war really meant--for them4 ,and ,professor ,john ,b4 ,mc,master 7,university of ,pennsylvania7 makes it clear that even the hot blood of the young men of the ,south also cooled down to an extremely rational temperature as the slaughter proceeded4 ,he says3#fi 8,quite as desperate were the shifts to which the ,south was put for soldiers4 ,at first every young man was eager to rush to the front4 ,but as time passed 444 it became necessary to force men into the ranks1 to #8conscript' them44440 ,in this connection read the words of a great ,union soldier1 ,general ,sherman3 8,i confess without shame that ,i am tired and sick of the war4 ,its glory is all moonshine4 ,even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies1 the anguish and lamentations of distant families appealing to me for missing sons1 husbands and fathers4 ,it is only those who have not heard a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded and lacerated that cry aloud for more blood1 more vengeance1 more desolation40#gj ,it is especially important that before you enlist you should get a distinct idea of the horrible deadliness of modern butchering machinery4 ,since ,general ,sherman made the comment just quoted on the ,american ,civil ,war the killing machinery has been improved astonishingly4 ,,in ,,the ,,recent ,,russian-,,japanese ,,war ,,individual ,,soldiers1 ,,as ,,shown ,,by ,,actual ,,count ,,and ,,official ,,report1 ,,received ,,as ,,many ,,as ,,seventy ,,bullet ,,wounds1--,,they ,,were ,,riddled--,,torn ,,to ,,pieces--,,with ,,lead ,,and ,,steel ,,fired ,,from ,,modern ,,slaughtering ,,machines4 ,,if ,,you ,,will ,,read ,,all ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,and ,,the ,,following ,,sections ,,you ,,will ,,no ,,longer ,,wonder ,,why ,,the 8,,very ,,best ,,people0 ,,do ,,not ,,enlist ,,for ,,actual ,,service--,,at ,,the ,,front4 ,i would suggest and even urge1 brothers1 that1 before you enlist1 you visit your dear pastor and read with him all of the present section on 8,hell10 and then ask him whether he and his sons will probably enlist for actual firing-line-sword-rifle-and-bayonet service4 ,also have a heart-to-heart talk with your loving friend1 your banker1 who takes care of your money for you4 ,read these paragraphs to him and ask him whether he is eager to rush to the front and whether he is urging his sons and sons-in-law to be ready to rush with him to the front for real fighting into 8the grasp of death10 into 8the hurricane's fiery breath10 where sabres flash1 bullets hiss1 and cannon roar4 ,by the way1 do you deposit much money in the bank8 ,do you often visit socially at the banker's home8 ,did you ever see a cheap1 fifteen-dollar-a-month soldier courting the banker's or the big manufacturer's daughter8 ,well1 hardly4 ,wake up1 my working class brother4 ,these leading citizens strut before you and fill you full of fierce and splendid talk about becoming 8brave boys behind the gun02 but at the same time they despise you socially4 ,don't foolishly get behind the gun or in front of the gun--not at least till you have studied the gun4 ,a high-grade modern rifle can be fired twenty-five times per minute4 ,this gun will pierce #fj pine boards each one inch thick4 ,it will kill a man at a distance of four miles4 ,a bullet with sufficient force to pierce a one-inch pine board will kill a man or a horse4 ,actual tests show that the best modern rifles will force a bullet through a target made of the following combination3--fifteen folds of cow-hide1 sixteen one-inch pine boards1 and one and four-fifths inches of hard beech wood4 ,bullets fired from rifles used in the ,american ,civil ,war would do little damage after passing into or through the bodies of soldiers in the front ranks4 ,men in the second and third ranks felt much protected by the bodies of men in front of them4 ,,all ,,is ,,different ,,now4 ,the best modern rifles will force a bullet through five horses at #bg yards2 four horses at #bbj yards2 two horses at #a1ajj yards4 ,even as recently as the war of #ahgj-ga and the war of #ahgg-gh1 bullets from rifles then used in the ,german army would not pierce a human skull at a distance of #a1gfj yards1 one mile2 but with the best modern rifles bullets can be fired through the thick bones of an ox at a range of #c1hej yards1 about two and one-fifth miles4 ,experiments demonstrate that the best modern rifles will force a bullet through three human bodies at a range of #c1ijj feet2 and through five human bodies at #a1bjj feet4 ,in the ,american ,civil ,war bullets for long range work had to be fired high1 describing a long high arch1 thus missing all objects on the battlefield between the gun and the object aimed at4 ,a bullet from a modern rifle will fly straight across the field for hundreds of yards with no elevation1 even half a mile and more with but little elevation1 sweeping the whole width of the field between the gun and the target4#ga ,the deadliness of the modern rifle can be made clear in another way4 ,says ,bloch3 8,according to the data of the ,prussian general ,rohne one hundred sharp-shooters will put a battery out of action1 firing at a distance of #hh yards in the course of two and two-fifths minutes1 #a1ajj yards in the course of four minutes1 #a1cbj yards in the course of seven and a half minutes1 #a1fej yards in the course of twenty-two minutes40 8,the new ,springfield rifle10 says ,fitzmorris1#gb 8has a range of five miles1 the bullet having a velocity of #b1cjj feet per second leaving the weapon1 or sufficient to drive it through four and a half feet of white pine40 ,the 8attractiveness0 of war increases1 of course1 with the likelihood that the improving marksmanship of the enemy will increase one's chances for meeting an 8attraction40 ,the accuracy of fire is being rapidly improved by tireless target practice in all the great armies of the world4 ,says ,mr4 ,wright1 ,ex-,secretary of ,war3#gc 8,the results from target practice for the year #aijg and #aijh show that the average battery-hitting capacity has been rapidly increased4444 ,about sixteen times as many hits were made in #aijf from the same gun in a given time at the same range as were made in #aijj40 ,under no circumstances should the delicate flesh of a big business man be exposed to well-aimed bullets fired from a modern rifle4 ,his flesh is1 of course1 specially sensitive and precious4 ,moreover1 it is wholly unnecessary1 because he can buy the flesh of a common working class man for bullet stopper purposes very1 very cheap1 as a substitute4 ,that is a much better arrangement1 the big business man thinks1 and1 of course1 the working men agree with the business men on this matter just as they do on nearly everything else4 ,the ,danish 8,rexer0 rifle is another instrument ready for use in war and in pacifying hungry people on strike4 ,the 8,rexer0 weighs only eighteen pounds1 uses high-power1 small-calibre ammunition1 is easily and accurately operated from a handy1 portable 8rest10 can be conveniently carried on horseback1 rushed up front for short distances by infantry1 can be fired slowly or1 if desired1 by simply holding the trigger1 #cjj times per minute4 ,equipped with this rifle one full regiment of soldiers or militiamen1 each firing only #ge shots per minute1 could fire into the ranks of wildly hungry strikers or unemployed one million five hundred thousand prosperity slugs in twenty minutes4 ,with this gun ten militiamen could 8quiet0 five thousand strikers with twenty-five thousand shots in ten minutes4#gd ,with the improved murdering machine called the ,maxim gun #gjj bullets per minute can be fired1 bullets that will kill a man at a range of one and a half miles1 bullets that will pacify a striker at a range of two miles4 ,the ,gatling gun equipped with an electric motor will discharge #a1hjj death-dealing bullets per minute4#ge 8,the ,gatling gun10 says ,morris1#gf 8444 is now1 in its perfected form1 in use all over the world4 ,this consists of a cluster of rifle-barrels arranged around a central shaft and rotated by a crank4 ,the magazine contains a supply of cartridges1 which drop down and are rammed home one after another as the barrels rotate4 ,this1 in the later improved forms1 is done with such rapidity that the gun can discharge its balls at the rate of #c1jjj per minute4444 ,machine guns were designed for service against bodies of men40 ,,one ,,modern ,,gatling ,,gun ,,will ,,tear ,a ,,board ,,fence ,,to ,,pieces ,a ,,mile ,,away ,,in ,,four ,,minutes1 ,,and ,,at ,a ,,range ,,of ,,one ,,mile ,,it ,,will ,,gnaw ,,off ,a ,,foot-,,thick ,,pine ,,post ,,in ,,seven ,,minutes4 ,don't enlist till next week4 ,no wonder the politicians and big business men are 8too busy0 to get in line on the firing-line--patriotically4 ,and1 of course1 they do not want their sons and sons-in-law to get up close in front of a belching ,gatling gun1--in front of a modern murdering machine--patriotically4 ,,if ,a ,,battery ,,of ,,modern ,,gatling ,,guns1 ,,concealed1 ,,using ,,smokeless ,,powder1 ,,located ,,out ,,of ,,hearing ,a ,,mile ,,away ,,or ,,nearer ,,and ,,equipped ,,with ,a ,,maxim ,,noiseless ,,attachment1--,,should ,,be ,,trained ,,upon ,a ,,regiment ,,of ,,men1 ,,each ,,gun ,,pouring ,,one ,,thousand ,,bullets ,,per ,,minute ,,into ,,an ,,exposed ,,regiment1 ,,the ,,only ,,observable ,,result ,,would ,,be ,,this3 ,,the ,,regiment ,,would ,,melt1 ,,stricken ,,by ,,an ,,unseen1 ,,unheard ,,breath ,,of ,,death4 ,general ,william ,p4 ,duval1 of the ,united ,states ,military ,staff and ,war ,college1 estimates that the ,maxim noiseless attachment for fire-arms 8would produce just as much of a revolution in the art of war as did the smokeless powder4 ,psychologically1 this new gun would double the terror inspired by the enemy possessing it4444 ,the fear of the enemy would 444 at least be doubled40 ,ordering the working class to go to war with the present fire-arms is like ordering a working man to make a gun1 load it1 dig his own grave1 crawl down into it1 and there scream 8,hurrah for death60 and then shoot himself4 ,perhaps the best way1 at least the safest way1 to get an accurate idea of the effectiveness of the slaughtering machinery of our day is to read what these guns accomplish in actual operation on the battlefield1 pouring showers1 streams1 storms of lead and steel into the ranks of men4 ,the propaganda of peace is powerfully served by books giving distinct impressions of war as it may be seen 7and felt7 on the field where modern arms are used4 ,some specially excellent books for such use are3 ,human ,bullets1 by ,t4 ,sakurai1 a ,japanese soldier2#gg ,port ,arthur1 ,a ,monster ,heroism1 by ,richard ,barry2#gh ,the ,red ,laugh1 by ,leonid ,andreief2#gi ,the ,downfall1 by ,emile ,zola2#hj ,the ,future of ,war1 by ,jean ,bloch4#ha ,here following are some paragraphs from a vigorous book of this type1 ,human ,bullets1 just noted1 passim1 which treats of the ,russian-,japanese ,war3 8,the dismal horror of it battle can best be observed when the actual struggle is over4 ,the shadow of impartial ,death visits friend and foe alike4 ,when a shocking massacre is over1 countless corpses covered with blood lie flat in the grass and between the stones4 ,what a deep philosophy their cold faces tell6 ,when we saw the dead at ,nanshan1 we could not help covering our eyes in horror and disgust4444 ,some were crushed in head and face4 ,their brains mixed with dust and earth4 ,the intestines were torn out and blood was trickling from them4444 ,some had photographs of their wives and children in their bosoms1 and these pictures were spattered with blood4444 ,after this battle we captured some damaged machine-guns4 ,this fire-arm was most dreaded by us4444 ,it can be made to sprinkle its shots as roads are watered with a hose4 ,it can cover a larger or smaller space1 or fire to greater or less distance as the gunner wills4444 ,if one becomes the target for this terrible engine of destruction1 three or four shots may go through the same place making a wound very large4444 ,and the sound it makes 444 is like a power-loom4 ,it is a sickening horrible sound6 ,the ,russians regarded this machine as their best friend4 ,and it certainly did very much as a means of defense4 ,they were wonderfully clever in the use of this machine4 ,they would wait till our men came very near them1 four or five ken only1 and just as we were ready to shout a triumphant #8,banzai6' this dreadful machine would begin to sweep over us the besom of destruction1 the result being hills and mounds of dead4 ,after this battle we discovered one soldier 444 who had no less than forty-seven shots in his body4444 ,another soldier of a neighboring regiment received more than seventy shots4 ,these instances prove how destructive is the machine-gun4 ,the surgeons could not locate so many wounds in one body1 and they invented a new name meaning #8whole-body-honey-combed-with-gun-wound s4' 444 ,it was invariably this machine-gun that made us suffer most severely4444 ,the bodies of the brave dead built hill upon hill1 their blood made streams in the valley4 ,shattered bones1 torn flesh1 flowing blood1 were mingled with broken swords and split rifles4 ,what could be more shocking than this scene6 ,we jumped over or stepped on the heaped up corpses and went on holding our noses4 ,what a grief it was to have to tread on the bodies of our heroic dead6444 ,what a horrible sight6 ,their bodies were piled up two or three or even four deep4444 ,a sad groaning came from the wounded who were buried under the dead4 ,when this gallant assaulting column had pressed upon the enemy's forts1 stepping over their dead comrades' bodies1 the terrible and skilful fire of the machine-guns had killed them all1 close by the forts1 piling the dead upon the wounded4444 ,after a while the shells 444 began to burst briskly above our heads4 ,percussion balls fell around us and hurled up smoke and blood together4 ,legs1 hands and necks were cut into black fragments and scattered about4 ,i shut my eyes44440 ,in what unqualified contempt do the masters of the world hold the toilers whom they send into such blood-wasting hells4 ,shakespeare has expressed the masters' scorn for the common soldier's flesh and blood thus3 8,tut1 tut2 good enough to toss2 food for powder2 food for powder2 they'll fill a pit as well as better40 ,here is a glimpse of the battle of ,sedan3#hb 8,let your readers fancy masses of colored rags glued together with blood and brains1 pinned into strange shapes by fragments of bones4 ,let them conceive men's bodies without legs1 and legs without bodies1 heaps of human entrails attached to red and blue cloth1 and disembowelled corpses in uniform1 bodies lying about in all attitudes with skulls shattered1 faces blown off1 hips smashed1 bones1 flesh and gay clothing all pounded together as if brayed in a mortar1 extending for miles1 not very thick in any one place1 but recurring perpetually for weary hours1 and then they can not with the most vivid imagination come up to the sickening reality of that butchery the battle of ,sedan1 #ahgj40 ,,it ,,is ,,reliably ,,estimated ,,that ,,modern ,,artillery ,,is ,,capable ,,of ,,doing ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,sixteen ,,times ,,more ,,damage ,,than ,,the ,,artillery ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,german ,,army ,,in #ahgj4 ,even the simple instrument known as the range-finder adds much to effectiveness1--it enables soldiers to find the range in three minutes and pour death-dealing missiles into the human targets promptly4 ,this instrument weighs about sixty pounds and is being rapidly improved4#hc ,a single battery of modern artillery can hurl #a1dej rounds upon ten regiments of men while they march one mile and a half4 ,these #a1dej shells arranged with time fuses to burst at the target would sweep these ten thousand men with #bge1jjj bullets and ragged iron scraps4 ,bloch says3#hd 8,in #ahgj an ordinary shell when it burst broke into from #ai to #cj pieces4 ,today it bursts into #bdj pieces4 ,shrapnel in #ahgj scattered only #cg death-dealing missiles4 ,now it scatters #cdj4 ,a bomb weighing about #gj pounds1 thirty years ago1 would have burst into #db fragments4 ,today1 when it is charged with peroxilene1 it breaks into #a1bjj pieces1 each of which is hurled with much greater velocity than the larger lumps which were scattered by a gunpowder explosion4 ,it is estimated that such a bomb would destroy all life within a range of #bjj metres about #bjj yards of the point of the explosion4444 ,with the increase in the number of bullets and fragments1 and in the forces which disperse them1 increases also the area which they affect4 ,splinters and bullets bring death and destruction1 not only as in #ahgj1 to those in the vicinity of the explosion1 but at a distance of #bbj yards away1 and this tho' fired from a distance of #c1cjj yards about two miles4444 ,in a time when rifle and artillery fire were beyond comparison weaker than they are now1 those who were left unhelped on the battlefield might hope for safety4 ,but now1 when the whole field of battle is covered with an uninterrupted hail of bullets and fragments of shells at night too1 with a searchlight equipment1 there is little place for such hope40 ,surely you can easily see that a business man's soft1 fat flesh won't do for a bullet-stopper4 ,here is where the cheap1 meek1 weak wage-slaves come in handy--the very stuff for bullet-stoppers4 ,in connection with this subject1 remember that a bullet fired from a modern rifle or a ,gatling gun rotates over #c1hjj times per second4 ,this rotary motion produces the effect of an explosion when the bullet strikes the stomach1 bladder1 or heart--where there are liquids4 ,the effect is horrible2 with terrible violence 8the liquids are cast on all sides with the destructive effect of an explosion40--7,bloch47 ,of course1 the business man knows that his flesh should never be torn with such a horrible thing4 ,he has nothing to fear1 however4 ,he will not go to war4 ,he will send a cheap man1 a wage-slave substitute4 ,he knows it doesn't make any difference in the case of a cheap wage-earner who is only a working-class slave4 ,ah1 my working-class reader1 it will make a difference when the working class become proud enough and shrewd enough to defiantly declare that it shall be different4 ,the business man is too proud and shrewd to stand up before these modern flesh-tearing machines4 ,don't be in a hurry to enlist1 brother4 ,wait a few more days4 ,two weeks after next will do4 ,the 8very best people0 in your town are not hurrying to enlist4 ,can't you see the point8 ,before you enlist1 or before you consent to have your son or younger brother enlist1 be sure to read some books describing real war with improved murdering machinery4 ,a brilliant war correspondent1 ,mr4 ,richard ,barry1 thus describes a modern war-storm in his book1 descriptive of the ,japanese-,russian ,war1 ,port ,arthur1 ,a ,monster ,heroism1 passim3#he 8,toward three o'clock a second advance is ordered 444 nearly #ae1jjj men close in 444 now they are through the wire fence 444 half naked1 savage1 yelling1 even ,japanese stoicism gone4 ,up to the very muzzles of the first entrenchments they surge1 waver and break like the dash of angry waves against a rock-bound coast4444 ,officers are picked off by sharp-shooters1 as flies are flecked from a molasses jug4444 ,so up they go1 for the tenth time4444 ,spottsylvania ,court ,house was no more savage4444 ,thus hand to hand they grapple1 sweat1 bleed1 shout1 expire4 ,the veneer of culture sloughed as a snake his cast-off skin2 they spit and chew1 claw and grip as their forefathers beyond the memory of man4444 ,the cost6 ,the fleeing ones left five hundred corpses in four trenches4 ,the others paid seven times that price--killed and wounded--to turn across the page of the world's warfare that word ,nanshan4444 ,a hospital ship left every day for ,japan carrying from #bjj to #a1jjj4444 ,i lay in the broiling sun watching the soldiers huddle against the barbed-wire1 under the machine guns 444 only to melt away like chaff before a wind4444 ,the #8pioneers' met with the death-sprinkle of the ,maxim guns 444 a machine rattled and the shale beyond spattered4 ,i was carried back in memory to a boiler factory and an automatic riveter4 ,of all war sounds that of the machine gun is least poetic1 is most deadly4444 ,the regiment under fire of the machine guns retreated precipitately1 leaving one-half its number on the slope4444 ,overwhelmed on all sides1 tricked1 defeated1 two-thirds of its men killed or wounded 444 for out of that another brigade of #f1jjj men there are 444 uninjured but #fdj4444 ,moreover in throwing up their trenches 444 corpses had to be used to improvise the walls4444 ,the dead were being used to more quickly fill the embankments4444 ,soon dawn came and with it hell4 ,the battle was on again4 ,within his sight were more than a hundred dead and twice as many wounded4 ,groans welled up like bubbles from a pot4 ,arms tossed feverishly4 ,backs writhed in despair4444 ,almost crazed by thirst and hunger1 he a wounded soldier unattended for days on the battlefield at length severed the arteries of one of his comrades newly dead1 and lived on that is1 sucked blood from a comrade's corpse84 ,he found worms crawling in the wounds of his legs4 ,he tore up the shirt of a corpse and bound them4444 ,how like a living thing a shell snarls--as some wild beast1 in ferocious glee thrusting its cruel fangs in earth and rock1 rending livid flesh with its savage claws1 and its fetid breath of poison powder scorching in the autumn winds4444 ,all the way up the base of the hill 444 they were almost unmolested4444 ,this made them confident4 ,but the ,russian general 444 had ordered his men to reserve their fire till we got within close range1 and then to give it to us with machine guns4444 ,the aim was so sure and firing so heavy that nearly two-thirds of the command was mowed down at once4444 ,then came the thud of a bullet4 ,it was a different thud from any we had heard up to that time1 and though ,i had never before heard bullet strike flesh1 ,i could not mistake the sound4 ,it goes into the earth wholesome and angry1 into flesh ripping and sick with a splash like a hoof-beat of mud in the face4444 ,the parapets of four forts were alive with bursting shrapnel4 ,a hundred a minute were exploding on each 7at fifteen gold dollars apiece74 ,the air above them was black with glycerine gases of the motor shells1 and the wind blowing 444 held huge quantities of dust4444 #8,no1 the truth about war can not be told4 ,it is too horrible4 ,the public will not listen4 ,a white bandage about the forehead with a strawberry mark in the center--is the picture they want of the wounded4 ,they won't let you tell them the truth and show bowels ripped out1 brains spilled1 eyes gouged away1 faces blanched with horror4444 ,archibald ,forbes predicted twenty years ago that the time would come when armies would no longer be able to take their wounded from the field of battle4 ,that day has come4 ,we are living in it4 ,wounded have existed--how1 ,god knows--on that field out there without help for twelve days1 while shells and bullets rained about them1 and if a comrade had dared to come to their assistance1 his would have been a useless suicide4 ,the searchlight1 enginery of scientific trenches1 machine-guns1 rifles point blank at #bjj yards with a range of over #b1jjj--these things have helped to make war more terrible than ever before in history4 ,red ,cross societies and scientific text-books--they sell well and look pretty1 but as for 8humane warfare0--was there ever put into words a mightier sarcasm6'0 ,read all of ,mr4 ,barry's thrilling book and thus learn why the haughty 8very best people10 who despise the workingmen1 socially1 don't go themselves1 up close1 to the foul and bloody hell called war4 ,in the ,russian-,japanese war #bge officers and #a1cdi men were treated in a single hospital for insanity4 ,says ,dr4 ,awtokratow3 8,as might be anticipated1 in the acute insanities1 particularly in neurasthenic and confusional cases1 the influence of the war gave a characteristic color to the mental symptoms1 phases of panic terror1 with hallucinations of bursting shells1 pursuing enemies1 putrefying corpses1 and so forth1 being especially frequent40#hf ,a special despatch in the ,new ,york ,times of ,december #aa1 #aiji1 reads3 8,a carload of insane soldiers from the ,philippines passed through ,pittsburgh ,pennsylvania today in charge of ,major ,j4 ,m4 ,kennedy1 who was taking them to ,washington from the ,pacific ,coast40#hg ,the soldiers of the ,american ,civil ,war did not use--had not even heard of--the terrible explosives of our day4 ,melinite1 dynamite1 cordite1 indurite1 motorite1 ecrasite1 peroxilene and other explosive compounds vastly increase the effectiveness of modern arms and in other ways also multiply the dangers of the modern battlefield4 ,mr4 ,charles ,morris describes a dynamite gun as follows3#hh 8,the dynamite gun1 compressed air usually being employed1 while forty feet long1 has a barrel of three-eighth inch iron1 with one-eighth inch brass tubing4 ,the projectile is of brass1 forty inches long1 rotation being given it by spiral vanes fixed to its base4 ,it has a conical cast-iron point1 twelve inches long4 ,at a trial in #ahie shells were thrown as far as two thousand five hundred yards1 and one containing one hundred pounds of dynamite was thrown a distance of two miles4 ,great accuracy of aim was attained4 ,this dangerous weapon is an object of dread by naval officers40 ,writing of modern explosives1 ,m4 ,bloch says1 in substance3 ,such enormous energy is developed in firing cannon using some of these explosives that gun1 gunners and horses have been dragged a considerable distance4 ,in the case of a shell exploding by slight accident due to excitement the body of the gun was broken into twenty pieces1 the carriage and wheels were reduced to a pile of shapeless steel and wooden splinters2 single fragments of the destroyed gun 8weighed #cfc pounds and were hurled #ii yards forward and backward from the place where the gun was fired1 and nearly #ajh yards on either side40 ,he calls special attention to the dangers due to having such explosives on the field of battle4 ,he says3#hi 8,notwithstanding the distance between guns1 a single explosion might embrace several guns and all their ammunition4 8,not far from the battery ammunition cases will be placed4 ,if these be not exploded by the concussion of the atmosphere they may very easily be exploded by some of the heavy fragments which fall upon them40 ,let us look for a moment at a new kind of storm--a possible dynamite storm4 ,a rifle bullet fired into a stick of dynamite will explode the dynamite4 ,a bullet accidentally fired from a high-power rifle into a dynamite factory even a mile distant might easily destroy the entire factory and destroy at the same time all life in and within hundreds of yards of the factory1 because of the highly explosive nature of the dynamite4 ,the same is true of factories in which other terrible explosives are being prepared for use on the battlefield4 ,such explosive materials in chests on the field of battle create1 of course1 enormous danger that thousands may be destroyed with their own ammunition4 ,one steel bullet1 or one shell1 fired from a modern high-power gun into a chest of shells or bombs1 loaded as they are with highly explosive material1--one such bullet or shell thus fired1 might set off a chest of shells and carry death to all around1 these shells1 exploding other chests of shells1 and these still others1 creating a sort of hell in all directions4 ,the possibilities thus created by modern highly explosive ammunition materials are terrible1 horrible to contemplate4 ,suppose ten thousand men on the battlefield1 and suppose an explosion due to a single shell crashing into a chest of shells4 ,a series of explosions might follow4 ,the first explosion1 caused by one shot1 might be communicated from the first bursting shell to the next1 and so on in succession with startling rapidity4 ,the thundering explosions would cause a cyclone of flying splinters of wood and steel1 scrap-iron1 cannon barrels1 wagon wheels1 the torn carcasses1 the mingled flesh1 blood and bones of dismembered horses and men1--a storm of hopeless and hideous confusion1 a harvest of death utterly indescribable4 ,thousands of brave young fellows from the farm1 factories1 mines and other industries would thus be practically annihilated with their own ammunition4 ,what a place this would be 7up close7 for 8prominent citizens0--bankers1 priests1 preachers1 bishops1 senators1 lawyers and 8captains of industry06 ,a storm of blood and steel6 ,no1 brother1 oh1 no4 ,no dynamite cyclone for these pulmonary patriots4 ,hardly4 ,there is plenty of 8common0 flesh and 8common0 blood of the 8plain people0 which can be bought cheap1 dirt cheap4 ,reflect for a moment on the horrible possibilities of the airship carrying a light machine gun with a good supply of ammunition1 or carrying #a1jjj or #a1ejj pounds of dynamite aloft over an army1 a city1 or a fleet4 ,the airship1 though still very new1 is already sufficiently developed to make it practicable to work wholesale ruin in this way4 ,in ,march1 #aiji1 ,count ,zeppelin's dirigible airship1 #dde feet long1 #ej feet in diameter1 carrying three motors1 a searchlight1 and twenty-five people1 fifteen of them soldiers1 made a hundred-and-fifty-mile trip at the rate of almost forty miles an hour4 ,hudson ,maxim1 the inventor and expert in high explosives1 torpedo boat-destroyers1 noiseless gun attachments1 and the like1 speaks thus of the airship as a fighting machine3#ij 8,the great field for operations with high explosives carried in airships will be the raiders' outfit4 ,aerial raiders would be able to do wide destruction on unprotected inland cities and towns1 destroying railroads1 blowing up bridges1 arsenals1 public stores1 powder magazines and powder mills1 and in levying ransom on moneyed institutions4444 ,in future wars1 the fronts of battle will be skyline and opposing skyline1 and over the stupendous arena missiles of death will shriek and roar1 while sharp-shooters with silent rifles will make ambush in copse and every hedge and highway40 ,now let us look for a moment at the greater cannon4 8,a day will come10 said ,victor ,hugo1#ia 8when a cannon will be exhibited in the public museums1 just as an instrument of torture is now1 and people will be astonished how such thing could have been40 ,the new #ad-;inch gun fires a #a1fjj-pound projectile4 ,used at its maximum capacity it puts itself out of commission in six and one-half hours because of the frightful wear of the gun's heavy charges upon itself4#ib ,the #af-;inch seacoast gun exhibited at the ,world's ,fair in #aijd is officially described as having a 8muzzle energy of projectile 444 #gf1ijd foot tons40 8,the ,masonic ,temple in ,chicago1 until recently the largest office building in the world1 weighs #cj1jjj tons4 ,in firing a #ad-;inch gun1 sufficient energy is developed to lift the ,masonic ,temple two feet in one second4 ,the force behind a single eight-gun broadside from #ad-;inch guns would raise that building sixteen feet in a single second40#ic ,the ,united ,states ,government has a #af-;inch cannon2 it can throw a shot weighing #b1jjj pounds to an extreme range of twenty-one miles1 and has an effective range of twelve miles4 ,it has been fired four times4 ,and now think of a murdering machine #ej feet long1 weighing #bfj1jjj pounds1 consuming #fab pounds of smokeless powder per charge1 firing a projectile weighing #b1djj pounds through #bc inches of ,krupp steel armor1 and having a range of almost nine miles--a monster butchering machine4 ,the ,united ,states ,government exhibited such a gun at the ,world's ,fair1 at ,st4 ,louis1 in #aijd1--;exhibited this hell's masterpiece with pride1 true1 ,christian1 savage pride4 ,this huge gun was exhibited--shrewdly4 ,what for8 ,many youths from ,christian homes looked upon this mechanical monster and themselves became monsters--in their hearts--eager to butcher1 8not only willing1 but anxious to fight40 ,human slaughter has become a science4 ,the machines are perfect and ready1 all ready1 for the working class to use--on the working class4 ,,section ,,two3 ,,the ,,silent ,,destroyer--,,disease4 ,the barking rifle1 the snarling ,gatling gun1 and the booming cannon--these have also on the battlefield a foul and powerful confederate1 ,disease4 ,disease joins in to poison the blood the guns do not spill4 ,on this important matter the reader will appreciate the expert testimony here offered4 8,in every great campaign10 says ,l4 ,l4 ,seaman1#id 8an army faces two enemies3 ,first1 the armed force of the opposing foe with his various machines for human destruction1 met at intervals in open battles2 and1 second1 the hidden foe1 always lurking in every camp1 the spectre that gathers its victims while the soldier slumbers in the barracks or bivouacs1 the greater silent foe--disease4 ,of these enemies1 the history of warfare for centuries shows that in extended campaigns1 the first or open enemy kills twenty per cent4 of the total mortality2 while the second1 or silent1 enemy kills eighty per cent4 ,in other words1 out of every hundred men who fall in war1 twenty die from casualties of battle1 while eighty perish from disease4444 ,it is in these conditions that we find the true hell of war4444 ,health alone1 however1 is no guarantee against the insidious attacks of the silent foe that lingers in every camp and bivouac4 ,it is this foe1 as the records of war for the past two hundred years have proved1 that is responsible for four times as many deaths as the guns of the enemy1 to say nothing of the vast number temporarily invalided or discharged as unfit for duty4444 ,in the ,russo-,turkish war1 the deaths from the battle casualties were #bj1jjj1 while those from disease were #hj1jjj4 ,in our great ,civil conflict 444 #djj1jjj were sacrificed to disease to #ajj1jjj from battle casualties4 ,in a recent campaign of the ,french in ,madagascar #ad1jjj were sent to the front1 of whom #bi were killed in action1 and over #g1jjj perished from preventable diseases4 ,in the ,boer ,war in ,south ,africa the ,english losses were ten times greater from disease than from the bullets of the enemy4 ,in our recent war with ,spain fourteen lives were needlessly sacrificed to ignorance and incompetency for every man who died on the firing line or from results of wounds4 8,in our ,spanish ,army we had3 #agj1jjj men1 #aef1jjj hospital admissions in three months1 #c1igf dead4 8,the remainder were mustered out1 most of them1 in shrunken and shriveled condition which the reader probably remembers4 ,our ,army of ,invasion numbered #bj1jjj2 in #aijh there were #bd1jjj pensioners2 of these #bd1jjj1 over #ai1jjj are invalids and survivors of the war2 and there are over #ah1jjj claims pending40 ,here is ,theodore ,roosevelt's testimony3#ie 8,our army in ,cuba included the great majority of the regulars1 and was1 therefore1 the flower of the ,american force4444 ,every officer other than myself except one was down with sickness at one time or another4444 ,very few of the men indeed retained their strength and energy 444 there were less than fifty per cent4 who were fit for any kind of work40 ,disease as a destroyer appears in the data furnished by ,c4 ,goltz1 a few lines of which interesting facts run thus3#if 8,it is horrible to see trains packed full with sick soldiers sent away from the army4444 ,the loss from sickness is almost incredible1 and one example is sufficient to prove that these losses may put all success at stake4 ,the sanitary conditions of the ,german army in ,france in #ahgj was very favorable2 there were no dangerous infectious diseases4 ,nevertheless1 #djj1jjj men were entered at the hospitals during the campaign1 in addition to those dangerously wounded40 ,anitchkow thus testifies3#ig 8,in such a rich country as ,france1 and in such a splendid climate1 the army lost four times more from disease than from battles4 ,franco-,prussian ,war1 #ahgj-ga4 ,it is evident that the force of modern arms 444 presents less danger than infectious diseases and other sicknesses inseparable from the rough life of large camps40#ih ,an anonymous author1 quoted on a preceding page1 calls attention#ii to a matter of great importance in this connection1 namely1 the decreasing opportunity to carry the wounded off the battlefield and the consequent increasing terrors for the men who lie torn1 feverish and unattended on the field lighted at night with searchlights and raked with machine guns1 not only during the day1 but also at night1 making prompt rescue and surgical attention impossible4 ,he writes3 8,one of the most cruel features in future battles will be the contrast between the great improvement in medical service1 and the increasing difficulty1 despite the ,red ,cross1 of giving aid to the wounded4444 ,his conclusion the conclusions of ,dr4 ,bardeleben1 who was ,surgeon-,general of the ,prussian ,army during the ,franco-,prussian ,war was that the whole system of carrying away the wounded on litters during the battle must be abandoned as altogether impracticable4 ,this ,i believe has proved to be generally true4 ,and now battles last a week or ten days6 ,something1 of course1 can be done under cover of the night--though the custom of fighting at night prevails more and more4444 ,it is probable that1 in spite of all improvements in medicine and ambulance1 the sufferings of the wounded in the great battles in ,manchuria and at the siege of ,port ,arthur have been as great as1 if not greater than1 those of any war of recent times40 ,here it is to be emphasized by the young man who is thinking of joining the army that in spite of the loud outcry against the poor fellows of our army in the ,cuban war in the way of criminally inefficient medical service1 our great and extremely patriotic statesmen who love the common soldiers so dearly have in the twelve years since the war made no adequate preparation to prevent another such outrage4 ,let the following stand as evidence of this statement3#ajj 8,under the existing organization it would be impossible to prevent a breakdown of the ,medical ,department in case of a war involving the mobilization of the volunteer forces1 nor would it be possible to spare the necessary ,regular medical officers to apply in those voluntary forces the modern sanitary measures so vital to the health and efficiency of the troops1 without which unnecessary suffering is produced and disaster is invited40 ,thus also the ,new ,york ,times3#aja 8,the admission rate into the hospitals for the ,american ,army is now in the time of peace #a1bej per #a1jjj each year4 ,the ,british ,annual notes that this enormous rate is well above that for the ,french1 ,german and ,austrian armies1 while the hospital lists for the ,british ,army show a rate of but #cbd per thousand40 ,however1 all this1 so far as personal danger is concerned1 is of small importance to the leading citizens1 because they--these leaders--will never lead or be led to war4 ,they have nothing to fear from hissing bullet1 burning fever1 and the death-grip of devouring diseases in war4 ,the plain1 cheap wage-slave1 the industrial draft-horses1 the common men forced to keep books for a poor little salary1 the fifteen-dollar-a-week clerks1 the blistered miners1 the tanned railroad men1 the grease-stained machinists1 the soil-stained farm toilers1 these1 all these and many others must learn one thing distinctly1 and that thing is this3 ,modern human butchering machinery has been so highly developed1 and disease in war is so hideous1 that 8our best citizens10 8our very best people10 8our most successful men10 politely 7and intelligently7 decline all 8glorious opportunities0 to have their smooth fat bodies exposed to the steel-belching machines1 or have their health ruined on the battlefield and in the 8dead-house0 called a military hospital4 ,the common earth must not drink up their rich aristocratic blood2 no rough army surgeon shall carve and slice and saw the 8leading citizens0 and carelessly toss their severed arms and legs into a bloody heap of flesh as a butcher tosses scraps and trimmings from steaks and chops from his cutting block4 ,why1 certainly not4 ,it should be remembered that such people as bankers1 big manufacturers1 mine-owners1 ,senators1 ,congressmen1 great editors and the like1 do not have much physical exercise and at the same time they eat daintier food4 ,they are not strong in muscle1 except for golf1 horseback riding1 swimming1 hunting trips1 mountain climbing4 ,they are softer in flesh than the wage-earner4 ,they belong to the 8very best families10 and hence their flesh is finer1 their 8blue0 blood is richer and more sacred than the wage-earner's cheap red ooze4 ,they are the social thoroughbreds1 and the thoroughbreds believe that the thoroughbreds should be kept well out of danger1 while just the common social draft-horses are rushed to the front where the modern butchering machinery is ready to mow down men by the thousands and befouling disease is ready to rot the unspilt blood4 ,my working class brothers1 mark it well3 ,in the gilded1 palatial homes of the industrial masters1 in their club houses1 in their elegant business offices1 in the legislative halls where 8statesmen0 meet1--there the so-called best people1 the still-fed1 stall-fed snobs and ,caesars of society never for one moment consider the matter of going themselves to the front1 never for an instant plan to go themselves into the cyclones of lead and steel or into the death-grasp of disease in war4 ,never6 ,to them the idea is so--well1 so unkind--also ridiculous4 ,their minds are made up4 ,they will not go4 ,but you1 you brothers of the working class1 you who toil on and on for cheap clothing1 cheap shelter and cheap food--you whose very lives are bought and sold on the installment plan1 for wages day by day--you who are forced to become the socially despised human oxen--you--you will be forced to the front1 blinded with flattery and confused with gay-colored flags and booming drums--you will virtually be forced to cut your own throats--forced to blow out your own brains and blood with these modern steel destroyers1 and forced to expose your lives to the grim curse1 ,disease4 ,you will groan and scream and slowly rot and die in a dingy hospital tent or shed far from those you love--laughed at 7secretly7 by the prominent people who have already made up their minds not to go to war4 ,how long1 ,o brothers of the working class1 how long can you be seduced to slay yourselves8 ,leading citizens will bring about and brag about the wars4 ,but you1 my brothers1 will fight the wars4 ,grim ,disease waits ready to give you her slimy embrace4 ,the cold steel machines are ready--ready for heated men4 ,keep cool4 ,beware of the 8war fever40 ,,notice ,,carefully3--,your wealthy employers are not enlisting for the firing line4 ,they are immune from the fool's fever4 ,wait a little before you enlist4 ,think it over--till week after next4 ,,you ,,are ,,safe--7,,just ,,think ,,of ,,it7--,,absolutely ,,safe ,,from ,,death ,,in ,,the ,,next ,,war--,,if ,,you ,,can ,,keep ,,off ,,the ,,firing ,,line ,,till ,,the 8,,prominent ,,gentlemen0 ,,of ,,your ,,community ,,have ,,been ,,on ,,the ,,firing-,,line ,,for ,,thirty ,,days4 ,once again1 brother1 admit this thought to your brain3--,the working class must be the protectors of their own class--always4#ajb ,,section ,,three3 ,,peaceful ,,slaughter--,,in ,,industry4 ,surely it is bad enough to have the workingmen slaughtered while on the battlefield where each is armed and has his heart full of stupid hate for his fellow workingman of some other country4 ,but it is outrageous that men1 women1 and little children should be killed and wounded by the hundreds of thousands every year in our own country while they are engaged in the useful1 peaceful pursuits of industry4 ,let us briefly consider this matter4 ,the owner of a chattel-slave worker is careful to ,,protect the chattel-slave from accident1 from sickness and from death4 ,the slave-owner buys the slave1 buys his whole life1 at one purchase2 and he is interested1 therefore1 in having the slave alive and well and sound as long as possible in order to get out of the slave as much labor-power as possible4 ,but the capitalist employer of the ,,wage-slave worker does not buy the wage-earner for life2 he buys the wage-earner1 the wage-slave1 ,,in ,,sections2 that is1 for a month1 or a week or a day at a time--eight or ten hours' labor-power per day4 ,thus there is no risk for the capitalist if the wage-earner falls sick and dies2 he is not responsible for the wage-earner's health4 ,if the grinding toil ages or sickens the wage-earner it is nothing to the employer of the wage-slaves4 ,there are plenty more wage-slaves eager to sell their labor-power if some get sick or wounded1 or die4 ,of course it costs the employer1 it is expensive to him1 it reduces the precious surplus1--it cuts down the profits on the labor-power he buys for wages--to ventilate his factory perfectly1 to keep it clean of dust1 foul odors and poisonous gases1 to arrange safeguards about dangerous machinery in order to protect the wage-earners against accident and sickness4 ,railway companies1 for example1 are very slow to provide all possible safeguards to protect employees--simply because it is expensive1 cuts down profits1 reduces the surplus value4 ,human life1 however1 is very cheap under the wage-system4 ,of course a safety device1 a ventilator1 might save a human arm or a human life--of a wage-earner2 but the life-saving arrangement costs quite a bit of money4 ,a new human arm1 another human life 7another worker7 can easily be found to take the place of the lost arm or the destroyed life--and without extra expense to the capitalist employer4 ,there are plenty of wage-slaves waiting 'round anxious to be hired1 and thus a ,,wage-slave limb or life can be replaced as easily as a wooden plug or a broken wheel in a machine1 and with no such loss as there would be if his workers were ,,chattel-slaves4 ,thus the wage-slave plan is cheaper--more profitable--and surely more convenient4 ,you can see that--can't you8 ,of course 8it is cruel0--there is no sentiment in such a procedure4 ,but that does not matter1 under capitalism3 8,business is business0--and 8there is no sentiment in business10 we are assured of that by leading ,christian business men4 ,hence everywhere there is vicious neglect by the capitalist employers in the matter of protecting the health1 limb and life of the ,,wage-workers1 the ,,wage-slaves4 ,the wage-system is in this respect far more cruel and murderous than the chattel-slave system4 ,of course it seems impossible that capitalism is more inhumanly scornful of human life than was chattel slavery4 ,but here following is some evidence to show how the greed for profits under the wage-system results in the slaughter of men1 women and children--far worse than under the chattel-slave system1 even far heavier slaughter than in actual war1 real war in which even wholesale butchery with sword1 rifle and cannon means magnificent success4 8,it is the common consensus of opinion10 says ,the ,new ,york ,independent1#ajc 8among investigators that industrial casualties in this nation number more than #ejj1jjj yearly4 ,dr4 ,josiah ,strong estimates the number at #efd1jjj4 ,as there are #ebe1fjj minutes in a year1 it may readily be seen that every minute 7day and night7 our industrial system sends to the grave-yard or to the hospital a human being1 the victim of some accident inseparable from his toil4 ,we cry out against the horrors of war4444 ,but the ravages 444 of ,industrial warfare are far greater than those of armed conflict4 ,the number of killed or mortally wounded 7including deaths from accidents1 suicides and murders1 but excluding deaths from disease7 in the ,philippine ,war from ,february #d1 #ahii1 to ,april #cj1 #aijb1 was #a1egc4 ,these fatal casualties were spread over a period of three years and three months4 ,but one coal mine alone in one year furnished a mortality more than #ch per cent4 in excess of this4 8,the ,japanese war is commonly looked upon as the bloodiest of modern wars4 ,according to the official statement of the ,japanese ,government1 #df1ahj ,japanese were killed1 and #aj1igj died of wounds4 ,our industrial war shows a greater mortality year by year4 8,but we are all of us more familiar with the ,civil ,war1 and we know what frightful devastation it caused in households ,north and ,south4 ,it was1 however1 but a tame conflict compared with that which rages today1 and which we call #8peace4' ,the slaughter of its greatest battles are thrown in the shade by the slaughter which particular industries inflict today4 ,ask any schoolboy to name three of the bloodiest battles of that war1 and he will probably name ,gettysburg1 ,chancellorsville and ,chickamauga4 ,the loss on both sides was3 ,killed4 ,wounded4 8,gettysburg #e1ffb #bg1bjc ,chancellorsville #c1bga #ah1hdc ,chickamauga #c1ibd #bc1cfb ------------ ------------ ,total #ab1heg #fi1djh 8,but our railroads1 state and interstate1 and our trolleys in one year equal this record in the number of killings and double it in the number of woundings4444 8,but whose interest is it that the lives of the workers shall be 444 guarded8 ,the employer class has no material interest in the matter4 ,the worker is #8free1' legally1 to refuse to work under dangerous conditions4 ,if1 economically1 he must accept work under these conditions or starve1 that is another matter40 ,another witness#ajd sets forth the murderous carelessness of the lives of the workers in modern industry thus3 8,in ,allegheny ,county1 ,pa41 including ,pittsburgh1 #ag1gjj persons were killed or injured last year in the mills and on the railroads or in some of the workshops of that interesting ,inferno4 ,this number has been recorded and reported1 and there were1 of course1 others whose deaths or injuries were not reported4444 ,life and limb are needlessly sacrificed--hundreds of thousands of lives every decade4 ,this is one of the penalties that we pay for quick industrial success40 8,quick industrial success0 is good1 a fine phrase indeed--in the mining industry1 for example1 in which in the ,united ,states from #ahhi to #aiji over #cj1jjj men were killed4#aje ,if a war were on in the ,philippines and #aejj of our men were being slaughtered every year the generals and captains in charge of our forces would be regarded as failures4 ,yet the captains of industry1 in the capitalist administration of the mining industry alone1 in the ,united ,states sacrifice more than #aejj brave men of the great industrial army every year4 ,that the modern industry1 inspired by insane lust for profits for part of the people rather than by welfare for all the people--that this modern industry is far more deadly than real war on a large scale--this seems impossible4 ,yet it is not at all an impossibility2 it is reality2 it is experience2 it is fact2 it is the savagery of capitalist civilization4 ,,all ,,the ,,profit-,,mongers' ,,proud ,,and ,,stupid ,,boasting ,,of ,,the ,,noble ,,triumphs ,,of ,,capitalist 8,,philanthropy0 ,,can ,,not ,,hush ,,the ,,loud-,,shouting ,,fact ,,that ,,the ,,sickle ,,of ,,death ,,cuts ,,down ,,the ,,toilers ,,far ,,more ,,rapidly ,,while ,,peacefully ,,on ,,duty ,,in ,,the ,,industries ,,than ,,it ,,slashes ,,down ,,in ,,time ,,of ,,war ,,on ,,the ,,firing-,,line ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,military ,,hospital--,,far ,,more ,,than ,,the ,,rifle1 ,,sword1 ,,bayonet1 ,,and ,,disease ,,combined4 ,this is true1 horrible and important4 ,and because it is true1 horrible and important1 all doubt concerning the matter should1 as far as possible1 be dispelled4 ,and1 therefore1 still more evidence is here offered to make the matter clear4 ,the eminent publicist1 ,dr4 ,josiah ,strong1 testifies3#ajf 8,we might carry on a half dozen ,philippine wars for three-quarters of a century with no larger number of total casualties than take place yearly in our peaceful industries4 8,,taking ,,the ,,lowest ,,of ,,our ,,three ,,estimates ,,of ,,industrial ,,accidents1 ,,the ,,total ,,number ,,of ,,casualties ,,suffered ,,by ,,our ,,industrial ,,army ,,in ,,one ,,year ,,is ,,equal ,,to ,,the ,,average ,,annual ,,casualties ,,of ,,our ,,civil ,,war1 ,,plus ,,those ,,of ,,the ,,philippine ,,war1 ,,plus ,,those ,,of ,,the ,,russian-,,japanese ,,war4 8,think of carrying on three such wars at the same time1 world without end40 ,losses from sickness in war and from sickness contracted in industry are1 it should be remembered1 not included in ,dr4 ,strong's calculations4 ,president ,roosevelt in his ,annual ,message of #aijg bluntly stated the facts as follows3 8,,industry ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,now ,,exacts 444 ,a ,,far ,,heavier ,,toll ,,of ,,death ,,than ,,all ,,of ,,our ,,wars ,,put ,,together4444 ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,deaths ,,in ,,battle ,,in ,,all ,,the ,,foreign ,,wars ,,put ,,together ,,for ,,the ,,last ,,century ,,and ,a ,,quarter1 ,,aggregate ,,considerably ,,less ,,than ,,one ,,year',s ,,death ,,record ,,for ,,our ,,industries40 ,it is inevitable that this slaughter of the toilers both in industry and in war will work rapidly and disastrously against the general blood-vigor of society4 ,serious and conservative students of the blood-letting and blood-weakening tendencies of capitalistic society are beginning to sound the alarm4 ,the startlingly visible results in ,british society serve as excellent illustrative material4 ,for more than two hundred years vast numbers of the soundest1 strongest ,british workingmen have been slaughtered or weakened in war2 and for more than a hundred years 7the era of intense machine production7 the ,british workingmen1 women1 and children have been cruelly overworked1 underfed and ill-clad in the struggle for existence--in the industrial civil war called capitalism4 ,and here are some of the results3 8,in ,manchester10 says ,thomas ,burke1#ajg 8out of #ab1jjj would-be recruits for the ,south ,african ,war1 #h1jjj were rejected as virtually invalids1 and only #a1bjj could be regarded as fit in all respects4444 ,general ,sir ,frederick ,maurice declared that1 according to the best evidence he could obtain1 it was the fact that for many years out of every five recruits only two were found to be physically fit after two years' service4444 ,it was1 indeed1 a startling fact that #fj per cent4 of the men offering themselves for active service were physically unfit40 ,thus the well-known preacher and lecturer1 ,dr4 ,newell ,dwight ,hillis1 of ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york3#ajh 8,many forms of public charity1 from a scientific viewpoint1 seem a curse1 while wars and many industries seem the enemies of the blood of the nation4444 ,the national physique has suffered an incalculable loss4 ,in one factory town in ,england the military commission1 examining young men for the ,south ,african ,war1 rejected nineteen out of twenty1 because of some defect in the eyes or lungs or legs40 ,it is to be remembered that many thousands of men who report for examination as candidates for military service are so evidently defective that no formal examination is necessary for their prompt rejection4 ,it is also important to consider the fact that there are many thousands of men who would gladly join the army1 but make no application1 knowing well1 in advance1 that they would be rejected as unfit4 ,thus the statistics showing that a large per cent4 of those reporting to the military department as candidates for the service are 8rejected on examination10 even these statistics do not fully reveal the unfortunate condition of affairs4 ,in ten of the largest cities of ,england and ,scotland in the year ending ,september #cj1 #aijg1 there were #cd1hjh applicants for admission to the army4 ,forty-seven per cent4 of these applicants were rejected as physically unfit4#aji ,of course1 the percentage of rejections would have been far heavier if all had applied who would have been glad to join the army4 ,the next generation of ,english working-class people will probably be far more physically defective than the present generation4 ,in ,westham public school 7,london7 it was recently found3 8444 ,that #hg per cent4 of the infants and #gj per cent4 of the older children were below the normal physique4 ,these were all children of the dockers4 8,neglecting the kindly and assuageable problem of rural poverty1 we seem driven to the conclusion that some seven and a half millions of people are at the present moment in ,england living below the poverty line--a problem which if only definitely realized in its squalid immensity is surely enough to stagger humanity40#aaj ,in ,england1 because of the physical decline of the working class1 the ,government has so much difficulty in finding a sufficient number of sound men to fill the ranks that it has been necessary1 since the ,battle of ,waterloo1 to repeatedly lower the physical requirements for enlistment4 ,thus do our brothers and sisters of the working class decay--driven to death--in the mills and mines and other industries4 ,and in many parts of the world the fleshless skulls of the toilers slaughtered on the battlefield stare and grin at the present generation of workers decaying1 dying in the capitalist industrial warfare4 ,the president of ,stanford ,university1 ,dr4 ,david ,starr ,jordan1 writes3#aaa 8,it is claimed on authority 444 that the ,french soldier of today is nearly two inches shorter than the soldier of a century ago4444 ,there in ,novara1 ,italy the farmers have ploughed up skulls of men till they have piled up a pyramid ten to twelve feet high4444 ,these were the skulls of the young men of ,savoy1 ,sardinia1 and ,austria1--men of eighteen to thirty-five1 without physical blemish so far as may be4444 ,you know the color that we call magenta1 the hue of the blood that flowed out over the olive trees4444 ,go over ,italy as you will1 there is scarcely a spot not crimsoned with the blood of ,france1 scarcely a railway station without its pile of ,french skulls4 ,you can trace them across to ,egypt1 to the foot of the ,pyramids4 ,you will find them in ,germany1 at ,jena and ,leipzig1 at ,ltzen and ,bautzen and ,austerlitz4 ,you will find them in ,russia1 at ,moskow2 in ,belgium1 at ,waterloo4 #8,a boy can stop a bullet as well as a man1' said ,napoleon2 and with the rest are the skulls of boys 444 #8born to be food for powder1' was the grim epigram of the day40 ,this vast crime1 this phase of hell for the working class1 is well stated by ,j4 ,h4 ,rose3#aab 8,amidst the ever deepening misery they ,napoleon's army struggled on1 until of the #fjj1jjj who had proudly crossed the ,niemen for the conquest of ,russia1 only #bj1jjj famished1 frost-bitten1 unarmed spectres staggered back across the bridge of ,lorno in the middle of ,december4444 ,despite the loss of the most splendid army ever marshalled by man1 ,napoleon 444 strained every effort to call the youth of the empire to arms4444 ,,the ,,mighty ,,swirl ,,of ,,the ,,moskow ,,campaign ,,sucked ,,in #aej1jjj ,,lads ,,under ,,twenty ,,years ,,of ,,age ,,into ,,the ,,vortex4444 ,the peasants gave up their sons as food for cannon4444 ,in less than half a year after the loss of half a million men a new army nearly as large was marshalled4444 ,but the majority were young4444 ,soldiers were wanting1 youths were dragged forth40 ,president ,jordan1 quoting ,mr4 ,otto ,seek1 said3#aac 8,napoleon in a series of years seized all the youth of high stature and left them scattered over many battlefields1 so that the ,french people who followed them are mostly men of smaller stature4 ,more than once in ,france since ,napoleon's time has the physical limit been lowered40 ,the ancient ,romans1 a large robust people1 spilt so much of the best blood of the best men in their 8glorious0 wars that their modern descendants1 the ,italians1 are conspicuously inferior1 physically1 to their ancient ancestors2 comparatively they are stunted4 ,the 8glorious0 victories of ,caesar alone cost more than a million picked men on the battlefield4#aad ,these vast1 incalculable wrongs thrust into the lives of the working class--will they ever be righted8 ,day dawns even now4 ,the lust for blood and profits will yet be cheated of its victories and victims--in the hastening future4 ,our working class brothers in ,europe are already rousing and shaking off the cruel spell of the gilt-braided butchers and silk-hatted capitalist statesmen and industrial ,neros2 the toilers in ,europe are learning to seize the powers of government in self-defense1--quietly and legally1 of course1 but--,,defiantly4#aae ,we--driven1 robbed and despised in the factory2 betrayed1 buncoed and slaughtered on the battlefield2 voiceless in the control of industry1 voiceless in the capitalist political party conventions1 voiceless in the judiciary1 voiceless in state and national legislatures1 voiceless in the state and national executive councils1 ridiculed by 8high society10 scorned everywhere--we also must learn to defend ourselves4 ,we must seize the powers of government and defend our class--everywhere4 ,brothers1 my ,american brothers1 brothers of all the world1--if you have minds exercise them--for your own class2 if you have pride1 show it--for your class2 if you have loyalty1 prove it--for your class2 if you have power1 use it--use it in self-defense--for your class2 if you can climb1 why1 climb1 united with your class altogether--climb out of hell1 the hell of capitalism4 ,divided1 your masters despise you4 ,united1 your masters dread you4 ,get together1 brothers1 and get up off your knees4 ,refuse to go to hell--the hell of war4 ,refuse to stay in hell--the hell of capitalist industry4 ,unite6 ,for peace and freedom--unite6 ,form1 toilers1 form6 ,organize6 ,a solid front on the battlefield--of industry4 ,a solid front on the battlefield--of politics4 ,a suggestion3 ,let each one of a hundred thousand men and women patiently and repeatedly bear light to the brain of one new man or woman each month for two years1 and teach each new man to become a teacher of other men and women4 ,get some good book1 a book that burns1 a book that kindles a passion for freedom and justice2 and lend that book to a new person each month till the book is worn out4#aaf ,light a lamp in your neighbor's brain4 ,strike a fire in your neighbor's heart4 ,revolutionize him4 ,dare4 ,today4 ,society is1 and always will be--as free as the majority have sense enough and pride enough to make it2 or as tyrannical as the majority are meek enough to permit it to be4 ,conditions always express the will or lack of will of the majority4 ----- ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,index3 8,desertion10 also 8,suicide1 startling increase of1 in ,american ,army40 ,footnote #fh3 ,financial ,history of the ,united ,states1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #fi3 ,school ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote #gj3 ,quoted in ,mead's ,patriotism and the ,new ,internationalism1 pp4 #ah-ai4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,j4 ,bloch3 ,the ,future of ,war1 a volume of great value1 packed with information concerning several different phases of war under present conditions4 ,published by ,ginn and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #gb3 ,the ,making of ,america1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,special ,article1 8,army and ,navy10 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,report for #aijh1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,a4 ,williams3 ,romance of ,modern ,mechanics1 ,chapter #bg4 ,footnote #ge3 ,mc,laren3 ,put ,up ,thy ,sword1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,the ,nation's ,navy1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #gg3 ,published by ,houghton1 ,mifflin and ,company1 ,boston4 ,footnote #gh3 ,published by ,moffat1 ,yard and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #gi3 ,published by ,j4 ,fisher ,unwin1 ,london4 ,footnote #hj3 ,published by ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #ha3 ,published by ,ginn and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #hb3 ,arbeiter in ,council 7,anonymous71 pp4 #aee-ef2 published by ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,a valuable book4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see ,bloch3 ,the ,future of ,war2 also ,morris3 ,the ,nation's ,navy1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #hd3 ,the ,future of ,war1 ,preface1 p4 ,,xxv41 also pp4 #i and #aeg4 ,footnote #he3 ,published by ,moffat1 ,yard and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,see pp4 #hb-hc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see ,literary ,digest1 ,nov4 #i1 #aijg4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see ,index3 8,insanity in ,american ,army40 ,footnote #hh3 ,the ,nation's ,navy1 pp4 #bhi-ij4 ,footnote #hi3 ,the ,future of ,war1 pp4 #ba and #bb4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #ij3 ,lecture1 8,the ,war of the ,future10 at ,amherst ,college1 ,dec4 #c1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ia3 ,quoted in ,charles ,sumner's ,addresses on ,war1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,scientific ,american1 ,sept4 #ba1 #aijg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,j4 ,f4 ,haskins1 ,new ,york ,globe and ,commercial ,advertiser1 ,feb4 #a1 #aiji4 ,footnote #id3 ,appleton's ,magazine1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,footnote #ie3 ,the ,rough ,riders1 pp4 #bjb1 #bji4 ,footnote #if3 ,the ,nation in ,arms1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #ig3 ,war and ,labor1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ih3 ,but see ,professor ,mayo-,smith's ,statistics and ,sociology4 ,footnote #ii3 ,arbeiter in ,council1 pp4 #aej-ea4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,annual ,report of the ,secretary of ,war 7,william ,h4 ,taft71 #aijg1 p4 #be4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aja3 ,editorial1 ,oct4 #g1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,index3 8,another ,war40 ,footnote #ajc3 ,march #ad1 #aijg4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,world's ,work1 ,march1 #aijf4 ,footnote #aje3 ,museum of ,safety and ,sanitation1 ,bulletin1 issued ,december1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,north ,american ,review1 ,nov41 #aijf4 ,emphasis mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,the ,forum1 ,jan41 #aije4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,brooklyn ,daily ,eagle1 ,feb4 #ac1 #aijg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,labor ,leader1 ,london1 ,july #ag1 #aijh4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,masterman3 ,contemporary ,review1 ,jan41 #aijb4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,the ,blood of the ,nation1 pp4 #de-dg4 ,footnote #aab3 ,the ,history of ,napoleon4 ,emphasis mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aac3 ,in an address1 8,the ,biology of ,war10 ,may #c1 #aiji1 ,chicago4 ,footnote #aad3 ,reference for substance and part of phrasing of this paragraph has been lost4 ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,index3 8,four ,historic ,events40 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see 8,what to ,read10 ,chapter ,twelve4 ,,chapter ,,six4 ,tricked to the ,trenches--,then ,snubbed4 8,on the whole1 the patriotism of the average citizen rises and falls inversely with the ,income ,tax2 4440#aag ,imagine ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 rifle in hand1 doing picket duty on a dark1 sleet-drizzling night4 ,imagine ,j4 ,ogden ,armour1 ,george ,gould and ,thomas ,f4 ,ryan with heavy shovels digging trenches1 stopping at noon to eat some salt pork1 embalmed beef and stale crackers4 ,imagine ,reggie ,vanderbilt as a freighter hurrying rations to the front and taking care of six mud-covered horses at night4 ,imagine the strong younger ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller on the firing line with his breast exposed to the hellish rain of lead from a ,gatling gun4 ,yes1 indeed1--just imagine a whole regiment of big bankers and manufacturers dressed in khaki1 breakfasting on beans and bacon1 then rushing sword in hand to storm a cannon-bristled fort belching fire and lead and steel into their smooth1 smug faces--for fifty cents a day4 ,brother1 when you are ordered to the front just glance around and notice the noisily patriotic gentlemen who keep to the rear--at home where it is safe and delightfully quiet4 ,these patriots in the rear will sweetly say1 8,see you later60 ,if you ever get back from the war1 they will see you when they flatteringly give you a 8welcome home40 ,mark you3 ,when war breaks out these 8best people0 do not say1 8,come on1 boys1 come on--follow us40 ,hardly4 ,it is 8,go on1 boys1 go ahead1 go right on4 ,we will be with you40 ,that is1 they will be with you as far as the railway station1 and after that these 8prominent people0 will give the 8brave boys0 absent treatment4 ,the man in the factory and in the mine is the 8hand10 the 8hired hand10 of capitalist society2 and when he shoulders a rifle for military service he becomes the steel-toothed jaw of capitalist society4 ,,soldiers ,,are ,,to ,,the ,,capitalist ,,class ,,what ,,teeth ,,are ,,to ,,tigers ,,and ,,beaks ,,are ,,to ,,eagles4 ,soldiers are often called the 8dogs of war02 and they are1 indeed1 the watchdogs of capitalism--with barracks1 armories and tents for kennels4 ,bankers1 manufacturers1 mine owners and the like despise the very thought of living themselves in the military 8war-dog0 kennels4 ,such men can not be tricked to the tents and trenches4 ,in wheedling young men to join the army and the navy the ,national ,government is hard put to it2 must even make fun of the poverty and ignorance of the humble toilers in the industries--and openly sneers at them4 ,here is a sample of the vile means used by the ,government to shame green young fellows into the army and the navy4#aah 8,,wanted--for the ,united ,states ,marine ,corps--,able-bodied men who wish to see the world4444 8,regular pay #ab4hj 8,post ,mechanics1 fifty cents per day #ac4jj ------------ 8,total #be4hj 8,which is better for a young man who can never hope to travel on his own account3 to enlist in the ,marine ,corps for four years 444 where he will be able to see a great portion of the world and perform a loyal duty to his country1--or1 to drudge away on the farm1 in the shop and various other places1 for from ten to fifteen hours per day in all kinds of weather1 and at the end of the month or better still1 of four years1 not have as much clear cash to show for all his hard and wearisome labor as he would have1 had he enlisted8444 he the enlisted man is always clean40 ,there you have it1 young farmer1 young mechanic3 the ,government throws it right into your teeth--the sneer that as a wage-earner in the shop and mine and on the farm1 you are cornered2 that with all your toiling and sweating you will always be a 8dirty-faced tender-foot0 living humbly around the old home place1 never having opportunity to see the world you live in2 that you can not even hope to travel on your own account1 simply because as a wage-earner you don't own enough of 8your0 country--you can not get ahead far enough financially--to enable you to do so4 ,if you want to see the world you will have to join the butchers in the service of the rulers4 ,in its effort to tease and trick you aboard its great warships1 into the 8armed guard0 work1 your own ,government makes fun of your humble income and taunts you for always staying around home like a 8sissy boy40 ,the ,government also tells you that your face is dirty and that a military man's face 8is always clean40 ,the ,government's advertisement just quoted is like the sneer at the soldier's poverty by that elegant aristocrat1 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson3#aai 8,where there is no property the people will put on the knapsack for bread40 ,think of ten million five hundred thousand trained strong men in five ,european countries ready to leap into the trenches at the word of command4 #8,in a war between the ,dual ,alliance and the ,triple ,alliance there would be over ten million men under arms1 thus3#abj ,germany #b1ejj1jjj ,austria #a1cjj1jjj ,italy #a1cjj1jjj ,france #b1ejj1jjj ,russia #b1hjj1jjj ---------------------- ,total #aj1djj1jjj' ,these would not so much be tricked to the trenches as they would be forced to the trenches4 ,emperor ,william of ,germany at ,potsdam1 in ,november1 #ahia1 addressed the young men who had just been compelled to take the military oath4 ,he said3 8,you are now my soldiers1 you have given yourselves to me body and soul4 ,there is but one enemy for you1 and that is my enemy4444 ,it may happen that ,i shall order you to fire on your brothers and fathers4444 ,but in such case you are bound to obey me without a murmur40#aba ,think of ten or fifteen million men ready to be forced or tricked to war to do the bidding of rulers whom these big strong men outnumber ten thousand to one2 ready to do the bidding of a coterie of parasitic cowards2 ready--cheap1 weak1 humble and contemptible--ready to scramble to the trenches and obey the murderers' orders3 8,kill6 ,kill6 ,kill6 ,kill6 ,slay6 ,slaughter6 ,butcher60 ,that millions of strong men should1 like whipped dogs1 grovel on the ground before their masters and fight at the word of command--this1 of course1 is ridiculous2 and naturally these millions of meek1 weak1 prideless1 grovelling common soldiers--all over ,europe--all over the world--are held socially in supreme contempt by the political and industrial masters of society4 ,but whether the soldier is conscripted1 8drafted10 or volunteers to serve1 the masters' contempt is complete4 ,the soldiers during a war1 the workers who support a war1 and both the soldiers and the toilers after a war--are held in contempt even by those who praise them most4 ,it will help somewhat in realizing this to make a short study of several actual cases as illustrations4 ,the examples following are1 most of them1 from ,english and from ,american history4 ,in all the illustrations the mocking insincerity of the profit-lusting1 long-distance patriot is easily seen4 ,,first ,,illustration3 ,,the ,,english ,,in ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,wars1 ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,boer ,,war4 ,never in modern times did a nation of toilers longer or more loyally support a war than did the working class of ,england support the ,british ,government in the ,napoleonic ,wars--a fifth of a century of continuous blood-letting4 ,never before or since did the working class of a nation longer or more gladly give up its choicest men to butcher and be butchered than did the ,english working class for the ,napoleonic ,wars4 ,never did men serve more loyally or longer or fight more bravely4 ,this long storm of death closed with the awful ,battle of ,waterloo in #ahae4 ,after such service we might expect the patriotic capitalists of ,england to be most thoughtfully and finely kind to the toilers who supported the wars and to the veterans who fought the wars4 ,but what happened8 ,after the ,battle of ,waterloo1 leaving tens of thousands of their comrades on the skull-strewn plains of the ,continent1 the hypnotized veterans--scarred1 ragged and proud--returned home--home from hell--returned to ,england with glad hearts ignorantly and gullibly expecting a joyous 8welcome home0 by the masters who had flattered1 brutalized1 ruled1 and used them4 ,welcome home6 ,the cruel mockery of it6 ,the hideous irony of the masters' prompt treatment of them6 ,promptly these brave and ignorant men from the battlefields were openly scorned and threatened by the industrial masters of ,england4 ,never were masters more cruel toward deluded veteran patriots4 ,never were masters more heartless toward millions of half-starved toilers--than were the ,british masters toward the half-starved ragged ,british workers whose labor had supported the army in the field for twenty years4 ,promptly at the close of the ,napoleonic wars a movement was made in the ,british ,parliament to relieve the leisure class of one-half the income tax1 but none was made to ease the burdens of the starving working class4 ,there was biting irony in the fact that 8,one of the first parliamentary struggles following the war was the proposal of the government to reduce the income tax from #aj to #e per cent41 and to apply this half the unremitted half of it1 producing about #cg1ejj1jjj1 toward the expense of maintaining a standing army of #aej1jjj men40#abb ,of course the purpose of this to-be-increased army was to have an armed guard ready to crush the 8hobo0 heroes home from the war and unemployed1 ready also to hold down the great multitude of poorly paid or unemployed toilers--all now loudly complaining against the increasing misery thrust into their lives4 ,the landlords at once advanced the land rents and the house rents so outrageously that many thousands of feeble working class veterans were forced into trampdom1 and were then brutally abused for vagrancy4 ,the huge and hungry army of the unemployed actually found that in some ways peace was1 at that time1 even worse than war--for the working class4 ,this outrageous treatment1 this brutal contempt for the workers from their pretentiously patriotic rulers may seem to the reader impossible4 ,the case1 however1 is so typical as to be worth space for evidence4 ,and here is some testimony from witnesses not prejudiced1 perhaps1 in favor of the workers4 ,professor ,j4 ,e4 ,thorold ,rogers writes thus of the matter3#abc 8,in point of fact1 the sufferings of the working classes 7in ,england7 during this dismal period the first twenty years of the nineteenth century 444 were certainly intensified by the harsh partiality of the law2 but they were due in the main to deeper causes4 ,thousands of homes were starved in order to find means to support the great war1 the cost of which was really supported by the labor of those who toiled on and earned the wealth which was lavished freely1 and at a good rate of interest for the lenders1 by the government4 ,the enormous taxation and the gigantic loans came from the store of accumulated capital1 which the employers wrung from the poor wages of labor1 or the landlords extracted from the growing grains of their tenants4 ,to outward appearance1 the strife was waged by armies and generals2 but in reality the resources on which the struggle was based were the stint and starvation of labor1 the over-taxed and underfed toils of childhood1 the underpaid and uncertain employment of men4 ,wages were mulcted in order to provide the waste of war1 and the profits of commerce and manufacture40 ,the case is summed up by another authority3#abd 8,distress instead of plenty1 misery instead of comfort--these were the first results of peace40 ,the ,english historian1 ,j4 ,r4 ,green1 is thus frank3#abe 8,the war enriched the landowner1 the farmer1 the merchant1 the manufacturer2 but it impoverished the poor4 ,it is indeed from these fatal years that we must date that war of the classes1 that social severance between employers and employed1 which still forms the main difficulty of ,english politics40 ,s4 ,r4 ,gardiner furnishes this testimony3#abf 8,towards the end of #ahaf riots broke out in many places1 which were put down4444 ,the government ignored the part which physical distress played in promoting the disturbances4444 ,the ,manchester ,massacre 444 a vast meeting of at least #ej1jjj gathered on ,august #af1 #ahaf1 in ,st4 ,peter's ,field1 ,manchester4444 ,the ,hussars charged1 and the weight of disciplined soldiery drove the crowd into a huddled mass of shrieking fugitives1 pressed together by their efforts to escape4 ,when at last the ground was cleared many victims were piled one upon another40 ,the people who had fed and clothed and armed the soldiers1 were now cut down and trampled down in heaps by mounted soldiers4 ,the historians ,brodrick and ,frotheringham summarize the matter as follows3#abg 8,four troops of ,hussars then made a dashing charge 444 the people fled in wild confusion before them2 some were cut down1 more were trampled down2 an eye-witness describes #8several mounds of human beings lying where they had fallen4'0 ,justin ,mc,carthy's statement of the case is instructive3#abh 8,there was widespread distress in #ahaf4 ,there were riots in the counties of ,england arising out of the distress4 ,there were riots in various parts of ,london4444 ,the ,habeas ,corpus ,act was suspended4444 ,a large number of working men conceived the idea of walking to ,london to lay an account of their distress before the heads of government ,perfectly reasonable84444 ,the nickname of ,blanketeers was given to them because of their portable sleeping arrangements4 7,every man carried a blanket47 444 ,the #8,massacre of ,peterloo' 444 took place not long after4444 ,it was a vast meeting--some #hj1jjj men and women are stated to have been present4444 ,the yeomanry1 a mounted militia force1 444 dashed in upon the crowd1 spurring their horses and flourishing their sabres4 ,eleven persons were killed and several hundred were wounded4 ,the government brought in 444 the famous ,six ,acts4 ,these ,acts were simply measures to render it more easy to put down and disperse meetings 444 and to suppress any manner of publication which they chose to call seditious4444 ,it was the conviction of the ruling class that the poor and the working classes of ,england were preparing a revolution4444 ,in #ahah1 a motion for annual parliaments and universal suffrage was lost by a majority of #ajf to nobody40 ,says ,professor ,jesse ,macy3#abi 8,by a series of repressive measures popular agitation was arrested4444 ,popular agitation was brought to an end by force4 ,so complete was the repression that there occurred no great political consequences until the movement which carried the ,reform ,bill #ahcb40 8,silence60 is always the order of despotism when the 8bruised lips0 of starving slaves speak loud for freedom4 ,thus did the proud1 8patriotic0 masters of ,england spit in the faces of the starving working class who supported the war and laugh to scorn the old working class soldiers who had fought the long and horrible war4 ,thus were the battle-scarred heroes--and their families--sabred and bayoneted4 ,thus were some of the rights they already had1 torn from their hands4 ,thus were they denied a voice in the government they served4 ,thus were the toilers and veterans outraged--duped1 despised1 snubbed--during and after the 8glorious0 ,napoleonic wars4 ,the shameless ,caesars who constituted the ,english government of the time heaped wrong upon wrong by sending police spies into the great public meetings of the ragged veterans of war and industry to stir them up to violence1 thus furnishing the government excuse for its brutalities and repressive legislation4#acj ,an anonymous author furnishes interesting fact and comment3#aca 8,the world will have to revise its notions of patriotism in the light of modern commerce4444 ,look at the strength of the interests4 ,where is the ,government that would dare prohibit ,birmingham firms from executing filling orders for a foreign ,government8 ,even in our small frontier wars ,british soldiers must expect to be shot at with ,british rifles40 ,at one time in the ,napoleonic wars ,english manufacturers1 8patriotic business men10 of course1 filled one order for #af1jjj military coats1 #cg1jjj jackets1 and #bjj1jjj pairs of shoes to be used1 as the commercial patriots knew1 by the ,french army while slaughtering ,english soldiers4#acb ,that was about a hundred years ago4 ,but the silk-hat patriot is still the same hypocrite1 talking loudly about 8honoring the hero0 whom he despises both socially and industrially4 ,british veterans of the ,boer ,war of recent years--tens of thousands of them--have cursed the day they enlisted1 with the patriotism of ignorance1 to serve in ,south ,africa4 ,the ,government broke its promises with them shamelessly and wholesale2 and many of these veterans1 on returning from the war1 were scorned at the ,english factory door1 turned down at the shops and mines1 and had to beg on the streets of ,london and other cities4 ,it is the old story3 duped1 tricked1 teased to the trenches--then snubbed1 as usual4 ,when the soldier boys got back to ,england from the ,boer war they were weak1 poor1 ragged and very weary1 many hundreds of them scarcely able to walk4 ,but no matter3 they were at once driven from the ships like cattle1 forced to fall into line1 and march wavering and staggering from weakness and weariness--forced to march past the ,queen's reviewing stand1 to be smiled at and flattered by a bunch of royal and noble parasites and thus be 8honored0 while they starved1 8honored0 as they staggered past in their rags1 gazed at by shining gluttons and fat-headed lords who were too shrewd and cowardly to go themselves to ,south ,africa to slaughter the ,boers1 steal gold and diamond mines and otherwise defend their own capitalist interests4 ,on this cruel reviewing march of many weary miles past the ,queen of the home-coming butchers a great number of the men fainted in their famished weakness4 ,many eye-witnesses to this outrage were in tears4444 ,the march ended4 ,the guns were put away with pride4 ,the blood of ,dutch workingmen was wiped from the ,english swords--with ,british pride4 ,blood-stained banners were piously placed in libraries1 museums1 and churches--with true ,christian pride4 ,the war was over4 ,the butchers had come back to 8their0 dear country--and washed their hands4 ,then--then what8 ,then these cheap and stupid assassins of their class went to look for a job--teased the lordly parasites of ,england for whom they had been fighting--teased them for a job1 whined like spaniels at the feet of the industrial masters of ,england1 begged for a job4 ,and received insults4 ,a ,,job ,,is ,,not ,,guaranteed ,,by ,,any ,,capitalist ,,constitution ,,on ,,all ,,the ,,earth1 ,,even ,,tho' ,a ,,job ,,may ,,mean ,,salvation ,,from ,,starvation44 ,a hunting dog1 having found the shot-mangled bird in the grass and briars1 brings the game to his master confident of substantial favors--and gets the favors4 ,these ,english human hunting dogs had obediently hunted human game in ,south ,africa1 and they returned to their masters1 their faces shining with the expectancy 7and1 almost1 with the intelligence7 of a retriever with a bleeding bird in his mouth4 ,and they were slapped in the face at the factory door with 8,not wanted60 ,snubbed4 8,honored40 8,reviewed40 ,reviewed8 ,certainly4 ,that is part rule-by-wind trick4 ,flattered--then kicked in the face when they asked for permission to work and by work save their own lives from the wolves of poverty4 8,a nod from a lord is a breakfast--for a fool40 ,,second ,,illustration3 ,,the ,,american ,,working ,,class ,,revolutionists3 ,the ,american working class soldiers a hundred and twenty-five years ago were also equally despised by the industrial and political masters of that time4 ,the poor men1 the working class men1 in ,washington's army after fighting for years1 half starved1 always in rags1 sleeping in wind-swept tents at night1 oftentimes shoeless1 making bloody tracks in the snow and on the ice as they marched1--these battle-scarred veterans of the working class1 after fighting for years in the 8great ,revolutionary ,war for freedom10--these were not permitted to vote for many years after the war4 ,it was not1 indeed1 till many years after the adoption of the 8great0 new ,federal ,constitution of the 8free0 people that these humble working class veterans were permitted to take part as voters in the government4 ,this was contempt supreme4 ,tricked to the 8war for freedom0--then1 after 8glorious victory10 snubbed1 as usual4 ,of course1 this page of 8splendid0 ,revolutionary ,war history1 this bright particular page of unqualified contempt of the so-called 8great leaders0 for the working class soldiers after the fighting was all over--this page is shrewdly hidden from the working class children in the common schools1 the grammar schools and high schools of the ,united ,states1--this page is practically suppressed4 ,the working class child in the public school is wheedled into being a blind devotee of the 8great0 ,constitution and an ignorant worshipper of the 8great men0 who so cordially despised the men of the class to which the child belongs4 ,there is plenty of evidence1 however1 that these 8prominent0 and 8very best people0 of ,american ,revolutionary ,war times had nothing but political contempt for the working class veterans4 ,president ,woodrow ,wilson 7,princeton ,university7 writes3#acc 8,there were probably not more than #abj1jjj men who had a right to vote out of all the #d1jjj1jjj inhabitants enumerated at the first census #agij40 ,the political and social contempt felt for the poor men of the times of ,george ,washington is made clear by ,professor ,f4 ,n4 ,thorpe 7,university of ,pennsylvania7 thus3#acd 8,an unparalleled political enfranchisement from #ahjj to #aijj extended the right to vote1 which in #agif reposed in only one-twentieth of the population1 but a century later in one-sixth of it--the nearest approach to universal suffrage in history40 ,this same scorn for the thirteen-dollar-a-month men1 who do the actual fighting1 is seen in one form or another in the more recent ,american wars4 ,the purse-proud rulers of the present day are so blatant in their expressions of patriotic admiration for the 8brave boys0 that the following illustrations are deemed worthy of the space required for their presentation--in order that the working class reader may not fail to recognize the mocking hypocrite in the gold-lust patriotic shouters who now decorate their palaces on holidays with 8,old ,glory40 ,,third ,,illustration3 ,,the ,,american ,,civil ,,war--,,the ,,bankers ,,and 8,,promoters0--,,and ,,the ,,boys ,,in ,,blue3 ,thousands of ,union veterans have declared3 8,the ,american ,civil ,war was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight4 ,we were duped4 ,but we shall never be duped again40 7,see ,chapter ,,vii41 ,sections #ad to #af47 ,the volunteer ,union soldiers who1 at ,lincoln's first call1 hurried to enlist for the war1 understood distinctly that the government would pay them 8in gold or its equivalent40 ,but the soldiers were forced to accept even their puny #dc cents a day in greenbacks containing the famous 8exception clause10 which clause destroyed from #bj to more than #fe per cent4 of the purchasing power of the money during the war and for years following the war4 ,but the silk-hatted patriots1 the 8leading citizen0 manufacturers1 the bankers and the heroic sharks in ,congress at the time1 these who issued greenbacks and bought ,government bonds1 these noble gentlemen not only despised the very money they forced the soldiers to take for fighting1 but1 at the same time1 arranged1 virtually1 for an iron-clad agreement that not only the principal of1 but also the interest on1 the ,government bonds they 8patriotically0 bought1 must be paid in gold4#ace ,gold for the patriot in business--8rag money0 for the patriots in the trenches4 ,at one time1 owing to the 8exception clause0 on the paper money forced upon the soldiers1 one gold dollar would buy as much as two dollars and eighty-five cents of paper money4 ,of course1 the soldiers and the 8common people0 complained loudly4 ,says a high authority3#acf 8,much opposition was caused by the clause inserted by the ,senate1 which provided for payment of interest on bonds in coin1 which practically meant discrimination in favor of one class of creditors1 and1 as ,stevens said1 #8depreciated at once the money which the bill created4'0 ,the ,wall ,street patriots never miss an opportunity to remind us with great show of pride that they 8furnished the money with which to carry on the ,civil ,war40 ,they did furnish a good deal of money1 and like true patriotic ,shylocks they took blood-sealed1 interest-bearing bonds in exchange for their cash4 ,on every possible occasion the bonds were bought at such a sacrifice price as to almost bleed the nation to death in the presence of its enemies4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,adams 7,university of ,michigan1 ,department of ,finance7 says3#acg ,that1 8estimated on the average price of gold10 the ,federal ,government1 8for the forty-five months of the ,civil ,war0 realized from public obligations of all sorts less than #fg per cent4 ,that is to say1 certain bloodless patriots' lack of faith and their desire also to 8push a good thing0 and take at least a 8full pound of flesh0--resulted in their dear ,government's loss of blood in its financial transactions to the extent of more than #cc per cent4 ,this disastrous shrinkage was due unquestionably in a very large measure to the bankers' manipulation of the ,government's financial affairs for their own private benefit4 ,these glittering ,shylocks were beautifully1 even prayerfully1 enthusiastic in their hand-clapping for their dear country's welfare2 and yet they showed almost perfect emotional self-control4 ,mr4 ,lincoln hated their gold-lust 8patriotism10 but he was compelled to bow low before their power4 ,the lovingly patriotic embrace which our country received from the bond-leech capitalists during the ,civil ,war clearly revealed their amiable intention to bleed their country just as nearly to death as possible--and yet not kill it lest the precious goose should cease to lay such interesting eggs4 ,your 8patriotic0 war-bond buyer is a temperamentally calm person4 ,some citizens bleed for their country1 others bleed their country4 8,guard against the impostures of patriotism40--,george ,washington4#ach ,professor ,j4 ,e4 ,thorold ,rogers#aci states as follows the spirit of much of the argument in the ,british ,parliament1 even by many conservatives1 concerning the bond-leech patriots who purchased ,british ,napoleonic ,war bonds3 8,but we have to endure1 in addition to our misfortunes1 the sight of the stock-jobbers and fund-holders1 who have fattened on our misery1 and are now receiving more than half our taxes4 ,and for what8 ,we have put down the ,corsican usurper1 and restored peace to ,europe1 legitimacy to its thrones4 ,these people the bondholders not only get under our funding system at par1 stock1 with a number of incidental advantages1 in exchange for some #ej or less1 but they paid even this inadequate quota in notes which were constantly at a discount of #cj per cent4 ,it is intolerable1 it is unjust1 that we should redeem such stock under the terms of so monstrous and one-sided a bargain40 ,perhaps1 reader1 you are one of the old gray men who 8fought under ,grant and are proud of it40 ,i do not criticize you1 gray old man4 ,i am offering you and younger men things to think about4 ,a distinguished historian assures us that there were at one time during the ,war one hundred and fifty bankers in ,congress4 ,inside and outside of ,congress these1 and other leading-citizen ,mammonites1 connived to bleed you and bleed the nation--utterly without shame4 ,they alarmed ,president ,lincoln repeatedly4 ,they never let up in their swinish scramble for gold during the ,war4 ,and after the ,war they continued their unholy manoeuvring--patriotically4 ,for example1 at one time following the ,war1 after you soldiers had elected your ,general to the ,presidency1 these blushless blood-suckers sought to corner the gold market and thus scoop up a barrel of profits4 ,to accomplish this it was necessary to have the ,president out of the way for a short time in order to render it impossible for him to rush to the rescue with the ,federal ,treasury4 ,read their plan to 8turn the trick0 in the words of a ,wall ,streeter himself1 ,mr4 ,henry ,clews3#adj 8,he ,grant was prevailed upon to go to a then obscure town in ,pennsylvania1 named ,little ,washington4 ,the thing was so arranged that his feelings were worked upon to visit that place for the purpose of seeing an old friend who resided there4 ,the town was cut off from telegraphic communication1 and other means of access were not very convenient4 ,there the ,president was ensconced1 to remain for a week or so about the time the ,cabal was fully prepared for action40 ,mr4 ,henry ,clews' own case is so finely typical of the banker-buncombe-patriot that a few lines may profitably be given here to him to illustrate his class4 ,this glittering patriot1 ,mr4 ,clews1 was a young man when the ,civil ,war broke out4 ,his young heart--just as a banker's heart should be1 for business purposes--was warm with the holy fervor of a patriot4 ,he loved the flag--tenderly1 of course1 just as a banker always loves an 8attractive proposition40 ,the war was an opportunity--a splendid opportunity--to 8make money0 or to 8fight for the flag40 ,after much patriotic 7and no doubt prayerful7 meditation he reached the conclusion 7his first fear was confirmed7 that if he went to the war he might unkindly be crowding out some other young fellow who also wanted to 8fight for the flag40 ,so1 just as a banker patriot would naturally do1 he modestly decided to stay at home and humbly take the opportunity to 8make money40 ,he at once organized a bond-buying1 gold-lust syndicate1 and as its organizer he went to ,washington to buy bonds--at a discount 7as he confesses71 tho' believing there was to be only a mere flurry 7as he confesses71 and especially to examine carefully 7as he confesses7 into the precise degree of risk assumed in buying the ,government's bonds4 ,patriots in the trenches risk all4 ,patriots in the bond-buying business are not that kind2 and they study the risk with great care1 and coolly avoid not only the blood risk1 but also the money risk--with skill1 also with patriotism4 ,calmly4 ,it seems that ,mr4 ,clews went to ,washington on a night train4 ,he relates that when he awoke in the morning he raised the car window-shade and cautiously peeped out4#ada ,he saw a long line of cars loaded with cannon4 ,he was astonished--he confesses4 ,naturally1 a banker is afraid of a cannon4 8,as ,i went around collecting information10 he says1 8the sight of those cannon that at first had made such an indescribable impression upon me continued to haunt my vision wherever ,i went4444 ,i felt that the contest would be a long and bloody one4444 ,i was convinced that war to the knife was imminent1 and that ,government bonds must have a serious fall in consequence40 ,he telegraphed his syndicate to 8sell out0 and 8clear the decks10 8to unload40#adb ,note that as soon as these far-from-the-firing-line patriots sniffed danger for their gold they were1 as ,mr4 ,clews virtually confesses1 ready to leave the ,government in the lurch and let the boys in the trenches starve till the bonds could be bought at a strangle-hold advantage in the way of discounts4 ,mr4 ,clews relates1 with unmanageable pride1 that the ,secretary of the ,treasury received him with great courtesy and supplied him with a large amount of useful information--information of the 8inner0 8ground-floor0 sort so extremely helpful to the organizer of a bond-buying syndicate2 also that the information and suggestions and encouragements he received from the ,secretary were really the beginning of what he1 with blushingly modest confession and a caress for himself1 calls his 8brilliant career40 ,early in life ,mr4 ,clews made a profound impression upon himself--a lasting impression1 as his books and speeches always reveal2 a not uncommon experience with 8prominent people40 ,thus ,mr4 ,clews chose the humbler and more healthful rle in patriotism4 ,many of ,mr4 ,clews' old neighbors 7hot-headed young men of the ,war time7 are dead4 ,they have been dead a long time4 ,cannon balls tore some of them to pieces4 ,bayonets were thrust through some of them4 ,some were starved to death in prisons4 ,their once hot blood is mold now4 ,long ago their flesh was eaten by the battle-grave worms4 ,time is busy in their nameless graves gnawing at their bones4 ,but1 now fifty years after the terrible war began1 ,mr4 ,clews is alive and well--he even boasts of his good health and often gives suggestions on how to keep one's health till ripe old age4 ,and he is still buying bonds4 ,his special delight is giving advice to--mankind4 ,mr4 ,clews lectures frequently4 ,his favorite themes are 8patriotism10 8the stars and stripes10 8the man behind the gun10--and 8how to succeed40 ,he is a sort of chairman of the committee on wind for patriots in the 8greenhorn0 stage4 ,all this space is given to ,mr4 ,clews simply because he is so perfectly typical of the shrewd and powerful capitalist class who rule--rule by wind and a pompous manner when possible and by lead and steel when 8necessary40 ,his case should be explained carefully to the boys and girls of the working class4 ,in the ,south such men are ,democrats2 in the ,north1 ,republicans4 ,in both regions the working men are neither1 if they understand4 ,,fourth ,,illustration3 ,,the ,,seven ,,days' ,,battle--,,the 8,,brainy0 ,,promoters ,,and ,,the ,,boys ,,in ,,blue3 ,a nation in tears is the business man's opportunity4 ,any reference by a ,thirtieth-of-,may orator to the ,seven ,days' ,battle makes 8big business men0 and statesmen throw out their chests1 pat their soft white hands and vociferate with perfectly beautiful patriotism4 ,but let us look a little at the record4 ,in ,chapter ,three of the present volume it was briefly stated that one reason for the capitalists' wanting war is that war completely concentrates a nation's attention upon one thing and one thing only2 namely1 the war2 and that while the people are thus 8not looking10 the business man and the politicians have a perfect opportunity to arrange 8good things0 for themselves4 ,and here ,i shall present a sample of ,american business men filching 8good things0 while the public's attention is wholly absorbed in war4 ,for shameless1 treasonable corruption this sample can not be surpassed with the foulest page in the history of the ancient and rotten pagan ,roman ,empire4 ,washington during the ,american ,civil ,war was a robber's roost for eminently respectable thieves1 industrial 8bunco-steerers10 and prominent and pious 8come-on0 financial pirates who were never near the firing line4 ,the very best hotels in the city of ,washington were constantly crowded with these patriotic citizens1 8brainy men10 distinguished business men--from all parts of the ,north--a continuous thieves' banquet by men who socially despised the humble fellows at the front4 ,cunningly during the entire war these gilt-edged1 gold-dust bandits1 far from danger of the firing line1 plotted deals and steals and stuffed their pockets with 8good things0--while brave men from the farms1 mines and factories bled and died on the battlefield1--while working class wives and mothers agonized in their desolated humble homes4 ,president ,lincoln hated and dreaded these 8hold-up0 men1 and sometimes he vented his splendid wrath against them in immortal words of warning to the people4#adc ,washington is such a pleasant place in the kindly1 smiling springtime4 ,business men enjoy that town--while ,congress is in session4 ,for many months preceding ,july1 #ahfb1 a certain group of these broadclothed money-gluttons camped in ,washington--alert as hawks1 keen as hungry tigers sniffing warm blood4 ,this precious group of eminently stealthy ,christian business men planned and plotted4 ,cunningly these pirate patriots arranged a specially 8good thing0--of which ,i wish to tell you here4 ,there was1 you remember1 one battle in the late ,civil ,war called the ,seven ,days' ,battle4 ,mark the dates very carefully3 ,june #be to ,july #a1 #ahfb--seven days--a bloody1 horrible week4 ,for several reasons this battle was regarded as most critical2 many thoughtful people1 ,north and ,south1 believed the ,union would stand or fall with this battle4 ,president ,lincoln ordered ,general ,mc,clellan to capture the ,confederate capital1 ,richmond1 or hurry north and protect ,washington4 ,as the conflict came closer and closer capitalists and statesmen grew busier--timing a master stroke4 ,june #bd1 the nation watched ,virginia3 one of the most prolonged and savage struggles in the whole history of mankind was imminent4 ,june #bd1 therefore1 was1 for certain men1 the last day of special preparation4 ,the cannon would surely begin next day to roar around ,richmond4 ,all was ready 7in ,washington74444 ,the understanding was perfect 7in ,washington74 8,without a single syllable of debate10 a certain bill 7precisely as it had been handsomely amended by the ,senate7 was passed by the ,house by a vote of #ajd to #ba4 ,the finishing touch was thus put upon a carefully constructed trap1 a trap set by 8leading citizens10 a trap for big game4 ,next day--,june #be--the cannon did begin to boom around the ,confederate capital4 ,the first day's struggle--,june #be--was awful4 ,the news flashed through the land4 ,millions turned pale4 ,but the bandits in ,washington were cool4 ,the trap was set4 ,they waited4 ,the second day was a slaughter4 ,more smiles and confidence in the best ,washington hotels4 ,the third day of the battle was a butchering contest4 ,the whole people watched1 listened4 ,the news flamed north and south4 ,millions1 terrified1 read the dead roll4 ,but the broadcloth gentlemen wept not4 ,they waited--patriotically4 ,the fourth day was a storm of blood and iron4 ,but the eminent business men1 bankers1 statesmen1 promoters and other patriotic looters1 safe in ,washington--far from the firing line--waited1 drank fine wine and very confidently waited--waited as lions wait--to spring to the throats of their victims4 ,mr4 ,lincoln held back his signature from that 8certain ,bill40 ,he was doing his best for the boys in the trenches1 and was justly suspicious of the promoter-banker patriotism in ,washington4 ,the fifth day millions looked toward ,virginia--and were sickened with grief4 ,but certain prominent gentlemen in ,washington cheerfully jested1 ate the best food on earth1 lolled in easy chairs1 gracefully reclined on elegantly upholstered sofas1 craftily plotted--and waited1 in calm confidence waited4 ,the sixth day of the battle was 8,death's feast40 ,the nation1 ,north and ,south1 was stupefied with the horror of the war4 ,but certain 8highly respected leading citizens10 ,christian business men--flag-waving patriots all of them--quaffed their wine1 chatted gaily1 plotted1 and1 like reptiles1 coiled to strike--waited1 confident4 ,the seventh day1 the last day1 the baptism of blood and fire broke the nation's heart4 ,as morning dawned the nation's one thought was3 ,the war--the awful battles--the week-long harvest of death in ,virginia4 ,millions sobbed and eagerly sought more news4 ,the storm of death completely absorbed the nation's attention4 ,the ,seven ,days of slaughter was the nation's one heart-gripping thought4 ,for this day certain patriots1 certain 8men of energy and push and enterprise10 certain distinguished business men1 had patiently and craftily waited4 ,the psychological moment6 ,the nation was blinded with rage1 tears and despair4 ,half insane with an awful joy and a sickening sorrow1 the people1 millions of them1 wildly screamed1 sobbed and cursed--on ,july #a4 ,intense day4 ,the ,union army in retreat--defeated4 ,the ,president in profound alarm1 half crazed with the agony of it all1 decided1 ,july #a1 to call for #cjj1jjj more soldiers for three years' service4 ,supreme moment--for the business man4 ,now6 ,the people are not looking4 ,now6 ,strike1 viper1 strike6 ,leap1 gold-hungry patriot6 ,leap6 ,leap now--leap for your country's throat6 ,not another hour's delay4444 ,place the final pressure on the ,president4 8,mr4 ,president6 ,mr4 ,lincoln6 ,sign our bill6 ,please sign our bill now--right now4 ,quickly1 ,mr4 ,president6 ,don't delay longer4 ,now60 ,hundreds of cannon were roaring in ,virginia4 ,the ,president was devouring the telegraphic news from the firing line4 ,business men--,christian business men--including flag-loving ,congressmen1 very noble ,senators1 and many other dollar-mark statesmen1 were directly and indirectly urging that the bill be signed--at once1 8for the country's welfare10 of course4 ,the ,president1 urged by these money-hungry patriots1 urged by these 8men of high standing10 thus urged1 the ,president1 writhing with grief over the ,seven ,days' slaughter of his brave volunteers1 almost sweating blood in his profound fear1--signed the bill1 ,july #a4 ,what bill8 ,the bill that legalized a vast and shameless wrong against the wives and children of brave men on the firing line2 the bill that legalized a rape of the ,national ,domain and the ,federal ,treasury by gilded cowards1 while from the ,atlantic ,ocean to the ,rocky ,mountains1 hundreds of thousands of brave men1 ill fed1 ill clothed1 faced hell under the flag on the firing line2 the bill that suddenly made plutocrats of ,christian statesmen1--made millionaires of flag-waving traitors piously masquerading as patriots2 the bill that created the ,union ,pacific ,railway charter1 the astounding terms of which are given presently4 ,the ,president was numb and dumb with sadness and a thousand worries4 8,the news of the ,seven ,days' ,battle10 says ,rhodes1#add 8was a terrible blow to the ,president4 ,the finely equipped army which had cost so much exertion and money1 had gone forward with high hopes of conquest1 and apparently bore the fate of the ,union1 had been defeated1 and was now in danger of destruction or surrender4 ,this calamity the head of the ,nation must face4444 ,the elaborate preparations of the ,north had come to naught4444 ,lincoln grew thin and haggard and his dispatches 444 of these days are an avowal of defeat40 ,but the business men and the statesmen who were 8in on the deal0 winked wisely1 smiled blandly1 and made merry as they quaffed their champagne4 ,they had 8turned the trick0--they had made a fine bargain4 8,business is business40 ,july #b came4 ,certain statesmen and business men in ,washington were happy1 so very1 very happy--far from the firing line4 ,july #b came4 ,and while a cloud of buzzards circled confidently over the ,seven ,days' battlefield eager for a feast on the rotting flesh of the brave working class soldier boys2 while the torn corpses of humble working class men were hurriedly pitched into the ditches and the dirt and gravel were shoveled upon them2 while the grave-worms began their feast and revel in the flesh and blood of the men and boys from the farms1 mines and factories2 while1 ,july #b1 the wounded men and boys screamed under the surgeons' knives and saws in the hospitals2 while1 ,july #b1 millions mourned2--at such a time1 while the ,union army was retreating1 defeated--the 8big1 brainy business men0 in ,washington celebrated their victory1 the securing of the ,union ,pacific ,railway charter4 ,for months these distinguished patriotic sneaks had been preparing1 hatching this 8good thing10 the ,union ,pacific charter4 ,after months of patriotic treason and fox-like watchfulness they had 8landed0 their prize4 ,they won4 ,they celebrated4 ,a nation in tears is the business man's opportunity--for bargains4 ,this ,union ,pacific charter was1 as shown below1 unquestionably one of the most shameless pieces of corruption in the entire history of the civilized1 unsocialized world1 including even pagan ,rome in her most degraded days4 ,the crime was so foul and vast that many of the records were burned later--which1 perhaps1 saved some eminent gentlemen from being lynched4 ,mr4 ,henry ,clews relates3#ade 8,the investigation of the refunding committee of the ,pacific railroads at ,washington brought the most remarkable evidence from one of the principal witnesses1 who stated that the books connected with the construction of the road had been burned or destroyed as useless trash involving the superfluous expense of room rent1 though they contained the record of transactions involving hundreds of millions of dollars1 a record which became absolutely necessary to the fair settlement between the government and its debtors4 ,also the fact was put in evidence that a certain party in the interest had testified before another committee1 on a former occasion1 that he was present when #ed1jjj1jjj of profits were divided equally among four partners1 himself and three others4 ,none of the books of record containing this valuable information escaped the flames40 ,the charter as originally granted1 ,july #a1 #ahfb1 was treasonably generous2 but these far-from-the-firing-line patriots were insatiably gluttonous1 and they teased and bribed till exactly two years later 7,july #b1 #ahfd1 precisely at a time when the war was terribly intense and especially critical71 the liberality of the terms of the charter was almost doubled4 ,study the terms--the chief features--of the charter as granted and amended4 ,remember the date1 ,june #bd to ,july #a1 #ahfb1--the week of the ,seven ,days' ,battle4 ,also look sharply for the patriotism--in the charter4 ,the terms1 in outline1 of the ,union ,pacific charter3 ,,first3 ,at a time when the nation was straining every nerve to carry on the war1 at a time when the soldiers in the trenches were paid only #dc cents a day1 and even that in depreciated paper money1 and were given salt pork and mouldy crackers for rations--at such a time1 business men 7cunningly assisted by patriotic ,congressmen and noble ,senators7 dipped their greedy hands into the ,national ,treasury and took out a government 8loan0 to the railway company of #fj1jjj1jjj in interest-bearing government bonds worth more than sufficient to build the road4 ,professor ,w4 ,z4 ,ripley 7,harvard ,university7 says3#adf 8,from the books of the ,union ,pacific and the ,credit ,mobilier it appears that the expenditures by the ,union ,pacific directly amounted to #i1gdf1fhc4cc2 and that the actual expenditures under the ,hoxie1 ,ames and ,davis contracts were #ej1gbj1ieg4id1 making the total cost of the road #fj1dfg1fda4bg40 ,this good-as-cash loan from the government was 8assistance0 and 8incentive0 given to the genteel promoters of the ,union ,pacific ,railway3 #af1jjj per mile from the ,missouri ,river to the ,rocky ,mountains2 #dh1jjj per mile through the ,rocky ,mountains2 and #cb1jjj per mile beyond the ,rockies4 ,this was a liberal allowance1 surely4 ,collis ,p4 ,huntington1 long time president of the ,southern ,pacific1 claimed afterward that the road could be built at an average cost of less than #aj1jjj per mile4 ,more recently the ,union ,pacific ,railway ,company 7contending with the ,state of ,utah over tax burdens7 proved before the ,board of ,equalization at ,salt ,lake ,city1 by the sworn testimony of engineers1 that the average cost of the ,utah ,central line1 in a rough country1 was only #g1bih4bj per mile4 ,the dear capitalist government was rich enough to stuff the pockets of the glistening1 flag-waving traitors with #fj1jjj1jjj in bonds like gold as 8assistance0 and 8incentive0 for self-preservation patriotism4 ,but at the same time this dear government could give the 8boys in blue0 only #dc cents a day in cheap rag money as 8incentive40 ,these 8enterprising business men0 drank champagne and slept in soft beds2 but the 8boys in blue0 drank water from muddy horse-tracks and slept on the ground4 ,,second3 ,the ,union ,pacific ,company1 it was cunningly arranged1 might make elsewhere a private1 cash1 mortgage-bonded loan equal to the government loan1 #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,,third3 ,the noble ,christian statesmen in ,congress and the noble ,christian business men 7patriots all7 cunningly agreed that a first mortgage should be given for the private loan of #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,,fourth3 ,the government 7bunco-steerers inside and outside of ,congress7 cunningly agreed to take a second mortgage on the road for the government loan of #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,,fifth3 ,it was cunningly arranged by these business men in politics and these politicians in business that ninety-five per cent4 of the government second mortgage loan should not bear interest till thirty years later2 but that all the private loans should bear interest at once4 ,,sixth3 ,the ,railway ,company was cunningly given permission to sell #ajj1jjj1jjj in railway stocks4 ,stocks were sold to ,congressmen and very noble ,senators4 ,stocks were sold to these very noble statesmen below the market price4 ,stocks sold to statesmen--it was cunningly arranged--need not be paid for till after the road was finished and the stocks were paying dividends4 ,for example1 ,congressman ,w4 ,b4 ,allison1 afterward ,senator ,allison1 of ,iowa 7so sly and stealthy that he became known as 8,pussy-,foot071 bought some of the stocks 8on the quiet10 too1 from the infamous ,ames2 he paid out nothing for the stocks1 but when he had owned the stocks for only a brief time and while the unfinished road was yet in comparatively poor condition1 his dividends more than paid for his stocks4#adg ,the ,union ,pacific scandal snuffed out numerous lesser lights and sadly bedimmed the lustre of twenty-two other 8great0 names1 such as ,blaine1 ,logan1 ,garfield1 ,colfax4#adh ,this villainy of the nation's 8great0 men is worthy of ,emerson's interesting flattery of eminent prostitutes3 8,when ,i read the list of men of intellect1 of refined pursuits1 giants in law1 or eminent scholars1 or of social distinction1 men of wealth and enterprise in the commercial community1 and see what they have voted for and what they have suffered to be voted for1 ,i think no community was ever so politely and elegantly betrayed40--78,lecture on ,woman407 ,one ,congressman was given #ejj1jjj for his assistance in getting the charter granted4 8,another expense10 says ,professor ,ripley 7,harvard ,university71#adi 8of a worse sort concerned a government commissioner1 ,cornelius ,wendell1 appointed to examine the road and report whether or not it met the requirements of the law1 who flatly demanded #be1jjj before he would proceed to perform his duty 444 his demand was paid in the same spirit in which it was made--as so much blood money40 ,another authority thus3#aej 8,oakes ,ames1 member of ,congress1 from ,massachusetts1 and a promoter of the ,union ,pacific and its bills before the national legislature1 distributed ,credit ,mobilier stock to influential ,congressmen on the understanding that it should be paid for out of the dividends1 which dividends depended largely on the passage of the bills giving grants of land and money to the ,u4 ,p4 ,the bills were passed4 ,the dividends of the very first year paid for the stock and left a balance to the credit of the donees2 and the total construction profits were #dc1ibe1cbh above all expenses1 in which profits the stock-holding ,congressmen who passed the railroad grants had an important share40 ,,seventh3 ,the statesmen-business men cunningly agreed that when the government used the road 7which it had furnished more than sufficient means to construct7 one-half the regular rate should be paid in cash and the other half should apply as credit on the government loan4 ,,eighth3 ,the ,union ,pacific ,railway ,company1 including the ,central ,pacific 7same system71#aea was cunningly presented--scot free--one-half of all the land within twenty miles of the right-of-way1 and 8all the timber1 iron and coal within six miles0 of the right-of-way1--a total of #be1jjj1jjj acres of land4 8,at #b4ej per acre10 says ,president ,e4 ,b4 ,andrews 7,university of ,nebraska71#aeb 8the land values alone would more than build the road40 ,the ,northern ,pacific ,company received1 just two years later1 #dg1jjj1jjj acres of land as a gift which a land expert#aec estimated to be worth probably #iij1jjj1jjj and possibly #a1cbj1jjj1jjj1--which gives us some idea of the value of the #be1jjj1jjj acre gift to the ,union ,pacific4 ,it is worth the space to add3 ,that 8the promoters of the ,northern ,pacific1 through unfair construction contracts and other frauds1 made the capitalization of #fjj miles of that line constructed down to #ahgd amount to #adc millions on an actual expenditure of twenty-two millions40#aed ,,ninth3 ,again and again the ,union ,pacific1 when it suited its purpose to do so1 refused to comply with the treasonably easy terms of its charter2 but always the patriots in ,washington and the distinguished railway gentlemen cunningly 8got together10 made some 8gentlemen's agreement0--and the charter was not revoked4 ,as suggested above1 this charter1 as amended by the ,senate and in the form signed by the ,president1 ,july #a1 #ahfb1--was1 when it was finally 8considered0 in the ,house of ,mis-,representatives1 voted #ajd to #ba 8without a single syllable of debate40#aee ,professor ,parsons sums up the case thus3#aef 8,the promoters got from ,congress more than the cost of the road1 bonded it again to private investors for all it was worth1 issued stock also beyond the cost of construction1 sold and gave away a good deal of it1 and still had the road and the control of its earnings for themselves40 ,the magnitude of this statesmen-patriot-thieves' masterpiece 78for love of country and home and ,god07 can not be realized without a further word concerning the land grants4 ,seventy-nine land-grant railroads 7twenty-one of them 8direct beneficiaries of ,congress07 have been granted #bjj1jjj1jjj acres of land 7reduced by forfeiture to #aeh1bhf1fbg acres74 8,,over ,,one-,,half ,,of ,,this ,,acreage ,,was ,,granted ,,by ,,acts ,,passed ,,between #ahfb ,,and #ahfd40aeg ,that is to say1 during twenty-four terrible months1 just while the nation was sweating blood from every pore1 while the people were not looking at anything except the war1 precisely at that time1 patriotic statesmen gave away to railway promoters who shed no 8blood for the flag10 gave to these 8gentlemen of push and enterprise0 a sufficient amount of the people's lands to provide a hundred and twenty-five-acre farm for every one of the #hjj1jjj men mustered out of the ,union armies in #ahfe4 ,professor ,parsons says 8the total national land-grants alone have aggregated #bae1jjj1jjj acres0--7#ae1jjj1jjj acres higher than the estimate by ,professors ,cleveland and ,powell74 8,it could be said of more than one railroad company as was said by an ,english capitalist who inspected 444 the properties of the ,illinois ,central1 #8,this is not a railway company2 it is a land company4'0#aeh ,it is interesting 7and instructive7 to note that the charter of the ,northern ,pacific ,railway with its #dg1jjj1jjj acre land gift1 with astoundingly liberal amendments to the ,u4 ,p4 charter1 was granted ,july #b1 #ahfd1 precisely at a time when the nation's attention was again riveted to two specially terrible campaigns which absorbed the nation wholly in the war3 ,grant and ,lee1 with immense armies1 were fighting bitterly1 and ,sherman with #ih1jjj men and ,johnston with #de1jjj men had been fighting fiercely and almost continuously from ,june #aj to ,july #b1 #ahfd4 ,as stated above1 the ,northern ,pacific got #dg1jjj1jjj acres of land4#aei ,the three railways1 says ,professor ,parsons in substance1#afj the ,union ,pacific1 the ,central ,pacific and the ,northern ,pacific1 cost somewhat less than #acb1jjj1jjj1 and were capitalized at more than #chc1jjj1jjj--that is to say1 about #bej1jjj1jjj 7two-thirds of the capitalization7 was fictitious1--a fraud1 a lie1 commercial patriotism4 ,while at wining and dining tables in closely guarded private parlors in the best hotels in ,washington this unmatchable plundering was cunningly arranged 78to develop the country1 of course07 working class men and boys1 half starved and weary1 were obediently slaughtering themselves at the word of command--for #dc cents a day1 in depreciated paper money forced upon them by pirate patriots4 ,while the nation is blinded with tears and the common men's blood gushes from their torn veins1 the 8business0 man1 with pious patriotism talking grandly of the 8glorious flag10 cunningly sneaks to the nation's store-house1 a blushless burglar2 he climbs aboard the ship of state1 a conscienceless pirate4#afa ,,fifth ,,illustration3 8,,freeing ,,cuba0--8,,remembering ,,the ,,maine40 ,so you were--or wished to be--in the ,spanish-,american ,war8 ,well1 ,i wish to explain why the capitalists excited some young men--carefully excited them--and then sent them to ,cuba in #ahih4 ,there were very strong reasons for their doing so4 7#a7 ,american capitalists already had investments in ,cuban industries1 and they knew that if the ,united ,states took charge of ,cuba1 their investments would be more secure1 would thus increase in value--and thus yield more profits4 7#b7 ,american capitalists wanted ,spanish capitalists crowded out in order to give still more opportunity to ,american capitalists to extend their ,american capitalism in ,cuba--and thus make more profits4 7#c7 ,some ,american capitalists and craftily noble statesmen also secured some ,cuban ,revolutionary bonds at extremely low prices or as gifts1 and they hoped and struggled to have the interest and principal guaranteed by the ,united ,states ,government1 and thus have these bonds rise in price at least to par--which would mean enormous profits4 7#d7 ,there was also at least some possibility 7seriously discussed by prominent statesmen in ,washington7 that ,spanish-,cuban bonds1 said by some to aggregate hundreds of millions1 already issued by the ,spanish ,government against the revenues of the ,island of ,cuba1--a possibility that these bonds also would be guaranteed by the ,united ,states ,government4#afb ,in case of war these bonds would become doubtful1 would fall very low in price1 and then they could1 of course1 be bought up for almost nothing4 ,then1 if guaranteed by our ,government1 they would rise high in price and become a 8good thing0 for those who bought them at a sacrifice price and then made all haste to have them thus guaranteed4 ,here again the goal was profits4 7#e7 ,american capitalists well knew that intervention in ,cuba would involve a costly war--so expensive as to make 8necessary0 the issuing of interest-bearing ,united ,states bonds1 purchasing which1 the buyers could milk the nation in interest for a generation or more4 ,house ,bill ,no4 #aj1ajjafc actually proposed that our ,government should issue1 8for ,cuban ,war expenses10 #ejj1jjj1jjj in #c per cent4 untaxable bonds1 which1 if purchased at par1 would annually yield the purchasers the snug little sum of #ae1jjj1jjj1 in profits1 besides other immense pecuniary advantages4 8,and under the authority to borrow conferred by the ,act of ,june #ac1 #ahih1 #bjj1jjj1jjj of #c per cent4 bonds were actually sold4444 ,the total subscriptions offers for the bonds amounted to #a1djj1jjj1jjj4444 ,within a few months the original holdings passed into the possession of a comparatively few persons and corporations40#afd ,that is1 the bond-buying patriots who were not at the front eating canned beef were willing to buy seven times as many bonds as were offered and thus in tender 8love of country10 fasten themselves1 like leeches1 to the social body--profitably4 7#f7 ,it was absolutely certain that such a war would vigorously stimulate business--and thus increase profits4 7#g7 ,a war in ,cuba was also certain to make 8necessary0 a larger standing army4 ,and an army is very useful to the capitalist class in holding down the working class--in the game of profits4 ,thus there were seven1 or more1 patriotic 7and profitable7 reasons for having ,cuba 8freed40 ,they fooled us--didn't they8 ,they shouted3 8,remember the ,maine60 ,that made our blood hot--stampeded us--didn't it8 ,but we are cooler now--aren't we8 ,let us see3 ,suppose a great ship should sink in a shallow harbor1 as the ,maine did1 and suppose it had on board three dozen young men from the homes of the leading capitalists of ,america--millionaires' sons4 ,what think you--would the vessel be raised or not8 ,did you ever think of this8 ,if the ,spaniards blew up the ,maine with a sunken mine1 how can you explain the fact that the ,maine's armor-plate was bent outward and not inward at the points of fracture8 ,why does not the ,united ,states ,government push the investigation to the very limit8 ,why stop the investigation very suddenly just as things get extremely interesting8--just as it seems likely that information is about to come out which would astonish the whole world8 ,ever think of it8 ,would it not have been profitable for some ,american capitalists to have bribed some scoundrel to blow up the ,maine from the inside8 ,it was profitable for capitalists in the ,american ,civil ,war to furnish ,union soldiers with rifles so defective that thousands of them exploded in the hands of the soldier boys4 ,thousands of the guns when sold to the ,government and handed on to the soldiers bore the mark 8,condemned40 ,look this matter up in ,gustavus ,myers' ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #abg-ch4 ,then when you hear some 8,remember the ,maine0 music you will not become so violently excited and eager to enlist4 ,of course you were told that the purpose of ,american interference in ,cuba was to free the poor1 suffering1 abused ,cubans3--the usual dose of philanthropy1 flattery and bombast4 ,some eloquent speeches were made by ,senators and ,congressmen1 speeches of unusual power and rare beauty4 ,but the beauty and the power and the eloquence did not induce any of the eloquent statesmen to go to the war4 ,hardly4 ,if the ,united ,states ,government had promptly recognized the revolutionary ,cubans' right to become a sovereign nation possessing international rights and privileges1 the ,cubans could have freed themselves4 ,france thus recognized the puny1 rebellious ,american ,revolutionary government in #aggh2 and that recognition helped us along wonderfully4 ,american capitalists in #ahig-ih were simply searching the world for an opportunity to line their pockets4 ,excitable young men and boys came in handy as armed hired hands1 hired fists2 though1 of course1 these same hired men were left in the lurch1 got disease1 broken health--and contemptuous laughter4 ,brothers1 you veterans of the ,cuban ,war1 crafty men excited you1 amused you1 confused you1 then used you and despised you so thoroughly that they gave some of you horse meat while in camp within five miles of ,washington on your way to the war--so some of your number have said--and gave you on the battlefield embalmed meat canned years before1 meat that even fizzed with a vile odor when the point of a knife-blade was thrust into the can1 meat unfit for a mangy cur or a buzzard4 ,excited you8 ,yes1 that is exactly what happened to you4 ,a man is pretty thoroughly excited and confused--isn't he8--when he is singing 8,my ,country6 'tis of ,thee60 at the very time that country is feeding him meat unfit for a dog4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt confesses that a special effort was made to excite you1 and he also tells us some other things3#afe 8,and from the moment when the regiment began to gather1 the higher officers kept instilling into those under them the spirit of eagerness for action1 of stern determination to grasp at death rather than forfeit honor 444 fever sickened and weakened them so that many of them died from it during the few months following their return4444 ,we found all our dead and all the badly wounded4444 ,one of our own dead and most of the ,spanish dead had been found by the vultures before we got to them2 and their bodies were mangled1 their eyes and wounds being torn4444 ,a very touching incident happened in the improvised open-air hospital after the fight1 where the wounded were lying4444 ,one of them suddenly began to hum1 #8,my ,country1 ',tis of ,thee1' and one by one the others joined in the chorus1 which swelled out through the tropic1 where the victors lay in camp beside their dead40 ,how lovely--so perfectly sweet of them4 ,so extremely touching--8grasping at death40 ,the buzzards tore out the eyes of some of the brave young fellows and feasted on them2 the grave-worms got some of them2 vile diseases sickened many thousands of them2 and many of them came home to 8their dear country0--so poor in purse that they had to beg on the streets of ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york and elsewhere4 ,their dear country4 ,they had been 8grasping at death0 for their dear country4 ,remember3 ,the buzzards and the battlefield grave-worms did not get the 8prominent people0 who actually own this dear country4 8,higher officers0 can not instill or fill a banker or a manufacturer so full of the 8spirit of eagerness0 that he becomes eager to 8grasp at death0 and have his eyeballs ripped out and his shattered body eaten by vultures4 ,these men were not excited--not in the least4 ,these men were thinking4 ,these were not 8grasping at death02 they were grasping for ,cuba4 ,cuba looked good and you looked easy4 ,these men needed you in their business4 ,and they got you1 you ,cuban ,war veterans4 ,some items of interest concerning this matter leaked out and got into the papers--into obscure columns of a few of the papers4 ,it improves one's enthusiasm for 8patriotism0 to read a few of these 8leaks40 ,following are a few of the items1 from the ,new ,york ,tribune3#aff 8,according to the statement given out by the ,cuban ,junta yesterday1 the ,republic of ,cuba issued #b1jjj1jjj of bonds1 payable in gold1 at #f per cent4 interest1 ten years after the war with ,spain had ended4 ,of this lot #ejj1jjj were sold at an average of #ej per cent4444 ,among the purchasers of these bonds were many prominent financiers of this city2 and now the bonds which were originally sold at #ej per cent4 of their face value have increased to #fj per cent4444 8,the disposition of the bonds of the ,cuban ,republic has been a question discussed in certain quarters during the last few days 444 and the graver charge has been made that the bonds have been given away indiscriminately in the ,united ,states to the people of influence who would therefore become interested in seeing the ,republic of ,cuba on such terms with the ,united ,states as would make the bonds valuable pieces of property4 ,men of business1 newspaper and even public officials have been mentioned as having received these bonds as a gift4444 8,some interesting facts were developed before the ,foreign ,affairs ,committee of the ,house today4 ,b4 ,f4 ,guerra1 ,deputy-,treasurer of the ,cuban ,republic1 appeared with his books1 and they were inspected by the ,committee4 ,he explained that of the #aj1jjj1jjj in bonds authorized 444 the lowest price at which any were sold was #be cents on the dollar4444 ,one million of the bonds were locked up in the safe of ,belmont and ,company1 of ,new ,york1 to be sold when the price fixed1 #de cents on the dollar1 had been obtained4 8444 ,mr4 ,guerra was asked about the ,spanish-,cuban bonds issued against the revenues of the island4 ,he replied that he did not know their amount1 which report placed at #djj1jjj1jjj4444 ,deputy-,treasurer ,guerra was also before the ,senate ,committee on ,foreign ,relations today4 ,he said the ,cuban bonds which had been sold had been disposed of for an average of about #dj cents on the dollar4444 8,some of the ,republicans in ,congress 444 are investigating the question as to whether the ,united ,states under international law1 if it intervened in ,cuba and cut off the revenues1 could be held responsible for the ,spanish bonds1 said to aggregate #djj1jjj1jjj1 which have been issued against the revenues of the island4 ,mr4 ,bromwell says he is looking into the question1 and finds some warrant in law for such responsibility4444 8,congressman #8,blank'#afg in the ,house on ,monday1 said he had #aj1jjj worth of ,cuban bonds in his pocket 444 while ,h4 ,h4 ,kohlsaat1 in an editorial in one of the ,chicago papers1 charges the ,junta with offering a bribe of #b1jjj1jjj of ,cuban bonds to a ,chicago man to one man6 to use his influence with the administration for the recognition of the provisional government4444 8,mr4 ,guerra made the somewhat startling statement that a man representing certain individuals at ,washington has sought to coerce the ,junta into selling #aj1jjj1jjj worth of bonds at #bj cents on the dollar4 #8,this man practically threatened us that unless we let him have the bonds at the price he quoted1 ,cuba would never receive recognition4 ,he said he was prepared to pay on the spot #b1jjj1jjj in ,american money1 for #aj1jjj1jjj of ,cuban bonds1 but his offer was refused4'0 ,as the possibility of 8good things0 increased1 the statesmen's tender hearts were deeply stirred1 naturally1 and they set up a melodiously patriotic howl for intervention4 ,many powerful newspapers were turned upon the public to 8work0 the working class1 and soon tens of thousands of humble fellows of the working class were wild with eagerness to rush to the front and 8help the poor ,cubans40 ,but a very high authority1 ,professor ,mc,master 7,university of ,pennsylvania71 assures us#afh that the outrages committed against the ,cubans by the ,spanish ,government had been common for more than fifty years4 8,the ,cubans had rebelled six times in these fifty years40 ,but not until ,american capitalistic interests were well developed did it seem 8noble0 and 8grand0 and 8the will of ,god0 to intervene4 ,but by the year #ahie 8upwards of #ej1jjj1jjj of ,american money were invested in mines1 railroads and plantations there4 ,our yearly trade with the ,cubans was valued at #if1jjj1jjj40 ,it was time to weep--profitably4 ,hence the tearful orations and powerful editorials for intervention4 ,how the orators and business men far from the firing line loved 8the men behind the guns40 ,here is some more evidence3#afi 8,the canned roast meat 444 a great majority of the men found it uneatable4 ,it was coarse1 stringy and tasteless and very disagreeable in appearance1 and so unpalatable that the effort 6 to eat it made some of the men sick4 ,most of them preferred to be hungry rather than eat it4444 ,as nine-tenths of the men were more or less sick1 the unattractiveness of the travel-rations was doubly unfortunate4444 ,in some respects the ,spanish rations were preferable to ours4444 ,we had nothing whatever in the way of proper nourishing food for our sick and wounded men during most of the time4444 ,on the day of the big fight1 ,july #a1 as far as we could find out there were but two ambulances with the army in condition to work--neither of which did we see4444 ,on several occasions ,i visited the big hospitals in the rear4 ,their condition was frightful beyond description from lack of supplies1 lack of medicine1 lack of doctors1 nurses1 and attendants4444 ,the wounded and the sick who were sent back to the hospitals suffered so much that1 whenever possible1 they returned to the front4444 ,the fever began to make heavy ravages among our men 444 not more than half our men could carry their rolls4444 ,but instead of this the soldiers were issued horrible stuff called #8canned fresh beef4'444 ,at best it was stringy and tasteless1 at the worst it was nauseating4 ,not one-fourth of it was ever eaten at all even when the men became very hungry4444 ,the canned beef proved to be practically uneatable4444 ,when we were mustered out1 many of the men had lost their jobs1 and were too weak to go to work at once4 ,of course there were a few weaklings among them2 and there were others1 entirely brave and self-sufficient1 who from wounds or fevers were so reduced that they had to apply for aid44440 ,while our government was feeding its soldiers on meat unfit for a dog1 our export trade included millions of pounds of the best meat on earth--sent to ,europe to be eaten by the aristocratic snobs of the 8better class40 ,shakespeare has asked the thoughtful man's question3 8,what would you have me do8 ,go to the wars1 would you8 ,where a man may serve seven years for the loss of a leg1 and have not money in the end to buy a wooden one40 8,freeing ,cuba0 was--was what8 ,a change of masters for the ,cuban working class1 and a 8fool's errand0 for the ,american working class soldiers1 as many of them have confessed--confessed with curses for the crafty prominent people who seduced them to the battlefields4 ,,sixth ,,illustration3 ,,standing ,,at ,,attention ,,for ,,civilized ,,cannibals3 ,consider a moment the recent war between ,christian ,russia and pagan ,japan1 a war for the capitalist control of ,manchuria1 the working class of course doing the fighting--as usual4 ,it is well-known that the economic interests of the pagan ,japanese capitalists in ,manchuria inspired the ,japanese statesmen to the recent war with ,russia4 ,the ,christian ,russian capitalists had precisely the same sort of inspiration for the war4 ,here are presented some facts to be considered by the spiritual followers of ,christ who presume to scorn the 8sordid materialism of the #8unsaved' pagan ,japanese03 7#a7 ,for years preceding #aijc the ,christian ,tsar and the ,christian ,empress and many of their ,christian friends had opposed the threatening war in ,manchuria4 7#b7 ,in #aijc the ,royal ,timber ,company was organized to scoop up many millions of dollars in profits to be made out of the vast lumber forests in the ,yalu ,river valley 8secured0 from the pagan ,corean government4 7#c7 ,in #aijc the ,tsar and the ,empress and many of their friends joined the ,royal ,timber ,company1 taking stock to the amount of many millions of dollars4 7#d7 ,having become involved in ,corea as capitalists with economic interests to be protected1 the ,tsar1 the ,empress and their friends immediately and completely reversed their position on the question of war--vigorously favored the war which now seemed to be necessary to protect their ,yalu ,river lumber interests4 ,it now1 of course1 became perfectly clear that 8the kingdom of ,christ could be advanced among the heathen0--on the point of the bayonet4 ,hence the two years of butchering of brothers by brothers--who were duly informed that they were 8enemies40#agj ,it seems barely possible that the #dg1chg ,japanese soldiers who were killed in that war could have no proper appreciation of the ,tsar's spiritual motives in promoting the war2 but1 on the other hand1 during the war #cbj1jjj sick and wounded were sent from ,manchurian battlefields to ,japan4 ,these1 while nursing their festering wounds and their wasting health1 had some leisure to have explained to them the somewhat elusively spiritual element of a ,christian war inaugurated for 8,jesus' sake0 and the protection of a saw-mill enterprise4 ,this terrible war lasted two years4 ,but it would certainly have closed in six months because of lack of funds--if ,christian business men and gentle1 8cultivated0 ,christian women of the world had refused to lend money to the two sleek groups of official brutes in ,japan and ,russia who were forcing hundreds of thousands of humble working men into ,manchuria to slaughter one another4 ,just charge up twenty-four months of that ferocious blood-spilling--charge it1 not only to the ,christian barbarians the ,tsar and his friends1 and the un-,christian ,mikado and his pagan capitalist friends1 but also to the civilized1 fur-lined1 orthodox savages of ,western ,europe and of the ,united ,states who were so wolfishly eager for unearned incomes in interest on war bonds that they were willing1 by lending money to fan the flames of war1--willing to foster wholesale murder1 willing to wet the earth with working class blood and tears--willing thus to sink their industrial tusks deep into the quivering flesh of the toilers of ,japan and ,russia4 ,always there is a reason4 ,at one time in the war ,japanese statesmen offered interest-bearing1 ,japanese national bonds for sale in ,san ,francisco4 ,there was instantly a swinish scramble by lily-fingered ,christian ladies and gentlemen of that city to buy those pagan blood-wet bonds2 the bonds were thus purchased immediately--with the unblushing promptness of greed4 ,the offers of cash vastly exceeded the amount of the bonds offered4 ,and now these 8leading ,christian citizens10 having thus stuck out their tongues in scorn at the ,christ of ,peace1 having thus given the loud laugh of contempt for the noble sentiment of the brotherhood of man1--these eminently respectable cannibals by means of their bond purchases having adjusted their scornful lips to the veins of the far-away working class of ,japan--are satisfied2 and for a generation they will suck and tug--like beautiful tigers at the throats of common work horses--will suck the industrial blood of the working class they despise4 ,this blood-sucking process will be called 8business40 ,the blood they suck will be called 8interest40 ,these gilt-edged cannibals will continue to be called 8the very best people of ,san ,francisco40 ,their occasional contribution to ,christian missionary work in ,japan will be called 8splendid generosity40 ,their 8views0 on the 8harmony of capital and labor0 will be quoted in many capitalist newspapers as 8sound advice40 ,and1 strangely enough1 these smooth murderers--particeps criminis--will actually go unhung1 such is the irony of the present order4 ,and these distinguished abettors of international assassination will--with crafty thoughtfulness--occasionally visit the armories and barracks in ,san ,francisco and carefully flatter the working class militia and the working class 8regulars10 flatter them into the folly of standing guard for those who despise and betray and bleed the working class of the whole world4 ,brothers1 will you be tricked to the trenches1 march in the mud1 murder your class and bleed yourselves for such as these8 ,will you stand at 8attention0 for these international leeches8 ,what about loyalty to your own class8 ,concerning these international bond-buying leeches the ,reverend ,dr4 ,walter ,walsh writes3#aga 8,by the very condition of its existence international capitalism has no country--save ,eldorado2 no king--save ,mammon2 no politics--save ,business4444 ,mammon worshippers of all nations forswear every allegiance whensoever and in whatsoever part of the world it clashes with their allegiance to capital and interest2 that heterogeneous and polyglot crowd of millionaires1 exploiters1 money-lenders1 gamblers 444 or the adoring circle of political women who worship them--being moved by no other consideration than profit and loss4444 ,by the transference of its investments from native to foreign countries capitalism ceases to be national 444 this bloated order of capitalism40 ,the ,english philosopher1 ,frederic ,harrison1 hands these international profit-gluttons the following compliment3#agb 8,turn which way we will1 it all comes back to this--that we are to go to war really for the money interests of certain rich men4444 ,all this is very desirable to the persons themselves4 ,but it is not the concern of this country to guarantee them these profits1 privileges and places4 ,it would be blood guilt in this country to enforce these guarantees at the cost of war4 ,the interests of these rich and adventurous persons are not ,british interests2 but the interests of certain ,british subjects4 ,and between their interests and war and conquest1 domination and annexation--how vast is the gulf40 8,war seldom enters but where wealth allures40--,dryden3 8,hind and ,panther40 8,gold and power the chief causes of war40--,tacitus3 ,history1 ,book #d4 8,a great and lasting war can never be supported on this principle patriotism alone40--,george ,washington3 ,in a letter to ,john ,bannister1 ,april #ba1 #aggh4 8,let the gulled fool the toils of war pursue ,where bleed the many to enrich the few40 --,shenstone3 8,judgment of ,hercules40 8,when wars do come1 they fall upon the many1 the producing class1 who are the sufferers40#agc ,,seventh ,,illustration3 ,,the ,,american ,,cossack4#agd 8,the man on horseback0 has always typified despotism4 ,he means 8,silence60 to all opposition4 ,he is the assassin of discussion and the destroyer of democracy4 ,historically he has usually been the ambitious general usurping political powers and becoming an autocrat4 ,he has always been dreaded by all who have worked for the progress of freedom4 8,the man on horseback0 has ceased to be a myth in ,america4 ,he has been recreated by the ,neros of ,american capitalism whom he proudly serves for rations and flattery1 the pet of the 8captains of industry40 ,the ,tsars of ,russia have used the ,cossack and recommend him to all the rulers of the world4 ,the ,american ,cossack has been on duty for several years in some parts of the ,united ,states4 ,he is shameless1 dangerous1 effective4 ,he will probably be multiplied by thousands1 in numbers1 and by infinity1 in insolence1--within the next ten years--in the ,united ,states4 ,he must be understood--by the working class4 ,here is a sample3 ,in the anthracite coal strike of #aijb1 #ade1jjj humble miners whose average income was #a4bi per day1 struggled for a few pennies more for their toil with which to feed and clothe themselves and their families4 ,in that strike the following brave deed was done by a mounted militiaman1 an ,american ,cossack1 in the service of the tyrants who own the vast stores of anthracite coal4 ,a mounted militiaman1 armed with a modern rifle and a powerful revolver1 a double row of cartridges and a club in his belt1 rode pompously through the street of a mining village1 bravely daring the unarmed toilers and heroically glaring at the humble women and the helpless little children at the cabin doors4 ,ready--with him fed1 petted1 armed1 mounted and brutal--the capitalists were ready1 ready though the capitalists themselves were a hundred miles or ten thousand miles away4 ,that ,,automatic ,,tusk of the capitalist class was on duty4 ,suddenly he cried out to an old man1 a 8mine helper10 on strike1 an old veteran of the ,civil ,war3 8,halt60 ,then1 pointing down the dusty road1 8the man on horseback10 the ,american ,cossack1 said to the hungry old man3 8,march6 ,git6 ,damn you1 git6 ,right down that road right now--and keep marching--straight ahead of me6 ,mind you--,i'll be right behind you1 you damned lazy scoundrel6 ,walk pretty--damn you6 ,if you make a mis-step or even look side-wise1 ,i'll put a bullet through you6 ,now march60 ,the march began at once4 ,thus this well-dressed1 well-mounted1 well-armed young working man1 an ,american ,cossack1 rode hour after hour--for half a day--a few steps behind the weary old wage-slave1 a veteran of the ,civil ,war1--on and on in the hot sun for many weary miles1 down the ,susquehanna ,river 7in the direction of ,gettysburg74 ,finally1 after the long march1 the noble hero on horseback called out to the old hero on foot1 8,halt6 ,do you see that trail over yon mountain8 ,yes8 ,well1 now1 you damned old cheap skate1 you scratch gravel over that mountain--quick1 too6 ,and let me tell you one thing--if you ever show your damned skinny old face in the anthracite coal region again1 we'll shoot you like a dog4 ,now1 you old gray-headed ---- ---- ----1 git up that mountain--git up that mountain and out of sight or ,i'll shoot you4 ,go60 ,wearily the old ,union veteran climbed the mountain4 ,when he finally got away from his noble tormentor he sat down to rest--and think--to think of 8our free country40 ,long ago that old gray man--when in his excitable youth--had marched proudly under the 8,stars and ,stripes0 on gory battlefields1 risking all1 all1 to defend 8his country10 and his dear 8,old ,glory40 ,once1 he told me1 the flag was reddened with his own blood4444 ,but now 8,old ,glory0 mocked him4 ,captains of industry1 capitalists1 industrial ,caesars1 had captured the flag and with devilish craftiness used that same flag to defend their industrial despotism4 ,sons and grandsons of veterans of the ,civil ,war were now shrewdly flattered and bribed into the ignoble rle of ,russianizing ,america4 ,sons and grandsons were becoming ,cossacks1 and they cursed his gray hairs for demanding of ,american capitalists a few more pennies a day for ill-fed1 ill-clad1 ill-housed women and children in the dismal homes of the miners4444 ,a cursing ,cossack wearing khaki and flying the flag virtually spat in the old veteran's face4 8,a cold-blooded organization that ,pennsylvania ,state ,constabulary40#age ,when ,decoration ,day comes1 when the ,fourth of ,july is to be celebrated1 when 8patriotic0 displays are to be made--at such times--bankers1 big business men1 politicians and statesmen--many of these--should put on black masks1 wrap themselves in black flags1 and sneak 7blushingly1 if possible7 down into dark cellars and stay there during the celebration--with their memories crowded with soldiers1 widows and orphans brutally wronged1--with their memories crowded with congresses corrupted1 treasuries looted1 lands stolen1 charters1 privileges and 8good things0 shamelessly raped from the unseeing public while brave but deluded working men agonized on bloody battlefields4 ,and on such days the working class should shout less and think more4 8,the man on horseback0 should have some special thought4 ,and the working class are thinking today more than ever before4 ,and1 thinking1 they begin to see that hand-clapping1 fife-playing1 drum-beating and buncombe from a prostituted orator are neither freedom nor justice1 nor even the sign of such2 but are1 rather1 just what ,mark ,twain called them#agf--;a 8bastard patriotism40 ,the motive of the young men who voluntarily join the army or the militia is possibly1 in many cases1 a good motive4 ,perhaps they do not see the tricks of the string-pullers behind the scenes1 the powerful motives of the industrial masters behind the curtains4 ,it is not always easy for the young man to realize that he is to be used to punish the half-nourished1 pale-faced working class baby that vainly tugs weak-lipped at the withered and milkless breasts of the ill-fed1 ill-clothed1 discouraged working class mother4 ,however1 the cheap rle of the armed protector of industrial parasites is becoming more and more clearly understood1 and consequently more and more disgusting to the entire working class--including both the militia and the regulars themselves4 ,,light ,,is ,,breaking ,,in ,,the ,,toilers' ,,mind4 ,,the ,,hideous ,,business ,,of ,,standing ,,ready ,,to ,,bayonet ,,the ,,millions ,,of ,,men ,,and ,,boys ,,and ,,women ,,and ,,girls ,,whose ,,lives ,,are ,,made ,,up ,,of ,,meanly ,,paid ,,drudgery--,,this ,,vile ,,business ,,is ,,rapidly ,,sinking ,,below ,,the ,,level ,,of ,,contempt4 ,,strong ,,young ,,fellows ,,in ,,the ,,army ,,and ,,the ,,militia ,,and ,,the ,,navy ,,incline ,,more ,,and ,,more ,,to ,,line ,,up ,,with ,,their ,,own ,,class1 ,,the ,,working ,,class1 ,,and ,,refuse ,,to ,,assassinate ,,their ,,brothers ,,who ,,are ,,struggling ,,for ,a ,,few ,,pennies ,,advance ,,in ,,wages4 ,they see the trick4 ,some of the militiamen resigned in the anthracite coal strike of #aijb1 resigned when they realized that they were being used simply as watchdogs for industrial masters who were cheating even the little ten-year-old boys in the coal-breakers1 cheating even these little fellows whose fingers1 worn through the skin1 were bleeding on the coal they sorted with their hands4 ,that was in ,republican ,pennsylvania4 ,not long ago when the street railway union men were on strike in ,new ,orleans some of the militiamen1 with splendid contempt and defiance1 threw their rifles down on the cobblestones rather than obey orders to shoot their old neighbors who were struggling for a larger share of life4 ,that was in ,democratic ,louisiana4 ,workingmen1 both ,democrats and ,republicans1 begin to see the trick4 ,thousands of young men desert--and thousands more would like to desert--the ,united ,states army every year4 ,they cannot stand the snubs and sneers of their 8superior officers10 and the contempt now increasingly felt by the working class for the armed handy man serving as a fist for the ruling class4 ,so many young men in ,america understand the working class soldier's disloyalty to his own class that the ,department of ,murder now has much difficulty in keeping the ranks full4 ,the ,government now has to tease and coax young men to join the army and the navy4 ,in the autumn of #aijg1 the capitalist press began to discuss boldly the necessity of conscription for filling the ranks of our standing army1 the ,european plan of forcing young men to assume the rle of armed flunkies4 ,but just as the capitalist papers began to discuss and commend compulsory military service1 the panic1 the hard times1 broke upon the country2 hundreds of thousands were suddenly thrown out of employment4 ,instantly the ,government and the capitalist papers ceased discussion of conscription1 knowing well that thousands of jobless men could easily be recruited to save themselves from rags and hunger4 ,at the same time ,congress advanced the pay of regular soldiers--while millions of toilers were out of work1 millions were reduced to 8part time10 millions had their wages cut3 the destroyers' wages were advanced1 but the producers' wages were cut down4 ,these facts made millions think4 ,thinking whets the edge of the working class mind4 ,this sharpened mind cuts through the noisy mockery and the glittering sham of capitalist patriotism4 ,the workers wake4 ,they see the trick4 ,volunteers8 8,the ,british volunteer army is in reality recruited to the extent of #hj per cent4 by the peril of starvation4 ,the yearly average of desertions from the ,british ,regular ,army is #g1jjj40agg ,the writer of the present volume has heard of young men volunteering for the ,american ,regular ,army who enlisted in the fall and deserted in the spring1 some of them doing this even three times4#agh ,the capitalists would not hire them and they were too proud to beg4 ,they 8wintered0 in the army4 ,but they despised the whole thing4 ,they see the trap4 ,a ,,workingman',s ,,meditations3 8,,we ,,appreciate ,,it40 ,in time of peace the 8leading citizens0 give us horny-handed working people the cold gaze--socially4 ,we are not invited to dine with them--socially1 or dance with them--socially1 or otherwise visit with them--socially4 ,they say we are ignorant and coarse-grained--socially2 and they turn us down 8cold and hard0--socially1 in time of peace4 ,but in time of war these 8very best people0 don't neglect us so much--and we appreciate it4 ,then the 8best people0 give us glad1 stimulating glances and speak up kindly--and we appreciate it4 ,they tell us we are brave and intelligent and patriotic--and we appreciate it4 ,they tell us that soldier clothes look good 7on us7--and we appreciate it4 ,when our newly enlisted working class company are ready to go away to war the bankers and the other big business men chip in a quarter apiece to get the brass band out to give us a 8send off0--and we appreciate it4 ,the bankers and the big business men and the band go down to the railway station with us3 we grin1 then they smile--and we appreciate it4 ,as our train of dirty old second-class coaches pulls away we look out through the car windows and see the bankers and the other leading citizens waving their soft white hands and sweetly smiling at us1 saying1 8,you are the very thing0--and we appreciate it4 ,the 8best people0 know we are going to feast on embalmed beef and show our patriotism3 they wipe their eyes sympathetically--and we appreciate it4 ,the 8best people0 modestly and courteously remain at home in order that we working people may have all the honor and glory of butchering and being butchered--and we appreciate it4 ,the 8best people10 with beautiful forethought1 give us working people the blessed privilege of leaving our homes lonely1 leaving our wives desolate and widowed1 our children orphaned--and we appreciate it4 ,the 8leading citizens0 fraternally let us working people do the fighting and the bleeding and the dying for the country--and we appreciate it so much4 ,with gracious manner these 8prominent people0 show us a 8hot time0 and tell us to 8go to it0--and we appreciate it4 ,with melting tenderness the 8very best people0 give us working people the 8hot air0 and the 8frosty lemons0--and we begin to appreciate the trick4 ,when the southern slave-driver gave the slave fifteen lashes instead of sixteen the slave appreciated it4 ,reader1 in nearly every country in ,europe1 in ,america--in all parts of the civilized world--the workers are having their eyes opened4 ,they begin to understand the crafty flattery of the dollar-marked patriots who never get on the firing line4 ,a ,,special ,,warning ,,to ,,the ,,working ,,class ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states3 ,open wide your eyes1 brothers--and sisters4 ,the next trick-to-the-trenches is being prepared4 ,there is talk of peace--but preparation for war4 ,for more than twenty-five hundred years the great sea wars have been fought on the ,atlantic ,ocean and the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,the bottoms of these oceans are strewn with shattered ships and human bones4 ,but the vast butcherings at sea in the near future will probably be1 most of them1 on the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,like hungry wolves hotly eager in sight of prey1 like clouds of vultures swooping confidently over a field strewn with a vile feast--thus the capitalist nations are gathering together their drums1 their rifles1 cannon1 dynamite1 lyddite1 embalmed beef1 hospitals1 soldiers1 marines1 battleships1 and boat-destroyers1 preparing to assemble on the ,pacific ,ocean for bloody struggles4 ,there is talk of peace--but preparation for war4 ,what for8 ,simply to secure more opportunity to make more profits for more money-hungry cowards1 who will loll at home--safe--while the 8brave boys0 do the fighting4 ,there is talk of peace--and preparation for war4 ,what for8 ,eastern ,asia is the prize4 ,working-class boys everywhere who are socially snubbed at home--and even turned down at the factory--these boys will join the armies and the navies of the world for these future struggles4 ,huge guns will roar1 big shells will boom across the waves1 splendid ships will shudder1 then plunge to the bottom of the deep1 filled with boys enticed from the homes of the humble4 ,the sharks will send the innocents to the sea4 ,it will be 8great0 and 8glorious40 ,very4 ,and especially profitable3 which is the main thing4 ,perhaps your own bones or your son's bones will bleach at the bottom of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the fundamental cause of these future wars on the ,pacific ,ocean and in ,eastern ,asia1 the cause1 will be ignored or concealed by all ,international ,peace ,conferences and ,conventions4 ,and1 afraid to admit the cause1 they can not treat the cause of these wars2 they will thus be unable to prevent these wars--these wolfish struggles for ,eastern ,asia as a capitalist prize4 ,the leading capitalist citizens of the world have no confidence in these ,international ,peace ,conferences4 ,therefore they continue building more cannon1 more battleships and more than ever they are teasing the boys--our own younger brothers of the working class--teasing them on board these great butchering machines4 ,warn your neighbor--right away4 ,more and more defiantly the purpose is announced4 ,in the year #aijh the ,president of the great ,american 8,republic0 uttered an imperial fiat--and lo6 #ah battleships1 #h armored cruisers and a flock of torpedo-boat destroyers1 with thousands of cheap and humble young fellows on board1--a fleet of butchering machines with the butchers aboard--pompously steamed 'round the earth on a forty-five thousand-mile cruise and carouse1 meaning--meaning what8 ,precisely this3 ,the capitalists of the ,united ,states are prepared with 8civilized0 weapons1 a shark's appetite and a tiger's methods1 to conquer a lion's share of the vast profits to be wrung from ,eastern ,asia if they can find enough gullible jackies to do the fighting4 ,be warned--you toilers in the mills and mines and on the farms4 8,during the last half century10 writes ,dr4 ,josiah ,strong1#agi 8,european manufactures have risen from #e1jjj1jjj1jjj to #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,this increase of production has led the ,european ,powers to acquire tropical regions nearly one-half greater than ,europe4 ,but while ,european manufactures were increasing threefold1 ours increased sixfold1 and we1 too1 must find an outlet4 8,all this means that the great manufacturing peoples are about entering on an industrial conflict which is likely to be much more than a #8thirty years' war1' and like all war will cause measureless misery and loss40 ,the interocean ,panama ,canal1 costing our country hundreds of millions of dollars1 is simply one part of the ,american plutocrats' plan to dominate the ,pacific1 bleed ,asia1 convert the 8,republic0 into a still less veiled despotism for conquest1 commerce and profits to stuff the pockets of the modern ,caesars who talk of patriotism and always lust for gold4 ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 in an interview1 spoke thus threateningly in #aijh3 8,the foremost issue of the coming campaign will be the question of expansion and the affairs of our insular possessions4 8,the ,american ,chinese trade is sufficiently great to require the government of the ,united ,states to take every legitimate means to protect it against diminution or injury by any political preference of any of its competitors4 8,the merchants of the ,united ,states are being aroused to the importance of their ,chinese export trade and will view political obstacles to its expansion with deep concern4 ,this feeling of theirs would be likely to find its expression in the attitude of the ,united ,states ,government4 8,the ,japanese have no more to do with our policy as a people than any other nation4 ,if they have or develop a policy that conflicts with ours1 that is another matter4444 8,i am an advocate of a larger navy40#ahj ,there is talk of peace--but preparation for war4 ,but mark it well1 brothers of the working class3 ,mr4 ,taft's sons will not be butchered as cheap ,american marines fighting on the ,pacific ,ocean for a larger market for ,american capitalists4 ,no capitalist shark shall make a sucker of his sons and tease them to the sea4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt's sons1 ,mr4 ,bryan's sons1 and the sons of ,senators and of ,congressmen1 the sons of bankers1 great merchants and manufacturers--the flesh of these will never rot at the bottom of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,no1 oh1 no4 ,scarcely4 ,they are too proud and shrewd to do anything of the sort--for fifty cents a day4 ,the mothers and sisters and sweethearts of these thoroughbred boys will never weep in homes made desolate by the thoughts of skulls of loved ones shining and grinning at the bottom of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,brothers1 ,i warn you4 8,tell them who are so fond of touring around the globe to import--7,i would rather say to inflict7--their civilization on the backward nations and tribes10 says ,mr4 ,frederic ,harrison1#aha 8tell them that you want civilization here at home1 if you can get it genuine4444 ,tell them that there are fifty burning social questions at home to solve4444 ,tell these noisy philanthropists 444 whilst #8civilization' is making the tour of the world on board iron-clads1 with eighty-ton guns1 civilization is terribly wanted 444 at home4444 ,therefore it is1 ,i say1 that peace1 international justice1 and quiet relations with all our neighbors1 are first of all the interest of the workingmen 444 they lose most heavily by war1 both in what they immediately suffer and in what they have to surrender4 ,they may leave their bones to wither in distant lands1 but they bring back no fortunes1 no honors 444 no new honors for their class4 ,they only can speak out boldly and with the irresistible voice of conscience1 because they only have no interest in injustice1 nothing to gain by conquest1 and everything to lose by interference40 ,refuse1 brothers1 refuse4 ,be proud4 ,refuse4 ,stand by your own class4 ,refuse4 ,bankers refuse4 ,manufacturers refuse4 ,all the shrewd 8prominent people0 refuse4 ,you also should refuse to let your flesh rot and your bones bleach at the bottom of the ocean in the interest of these international leeches4 ,lift up your meek faces1 you tricked toilers of the world4 ,the war trenches are yawning for your lives--a gulf in which the hopes1 the happiness1 the blood and the tears of your class will be swallowed4 ,refuse4 ,when you understand1 brothers1 you will defend yourselves4 ,the day is dawning when the working class will not only shrewdly refuse to be tricked to the trenches1 but will also proudly seize all the powers of government in defense of the working class4 ,the working class must defend the working class4 ,the state1 the school1 the press1 the lecture platform1 and even part of the church1 all these powerful institutions1 are at present used to fasten and hold the burdens of toil and the curse of war on the backs of the brutalized and despised working-class producers and the working-class destroyers4 ,it is our move1 brothers4 ,have we sense enough for self-defense8 ,see ,chapter ,ten3 8,now ,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it80 ----- ,footnote #aag3 ,j4 ,h4 ,rose3 ,the ,development of the ,european ,nations1 #ahgj-aijj1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #aah3 ,copied from a ,government advertisement in front of recruiting headquarters in ,allegheny1 ,pennsylvania1 ,september #g1 #aijg4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,this same form of advertisement has also been used in many other cities4 ,footnote #aai3 8,lecture on ,war40 ,footnote #abj3 ,see ,bloch3 ,future of ,war1 ,preface ,,xxxii4 ,footnote #aba3 ,see ,charles ,seignobos3 ,the ,political ,history of ,europe ,since #ahae1 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see ,brodrick and ,frotheringham3 ,the ,political ,history of ,england1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 p4 #agb1 et seq4 ,footnote #abc3 ,work and ,wages1 p4 #ejg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,jephson3 ,the ,platform--,its ,rise and ,progress1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #abe3 ,history of the ,english ,people1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #abf3 ,a ,student's ,history of ,england1 pp4 #hgg-hj4 ,footnote #abg3 ,the ,political ,history of ,england1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 ,ch4 #h4 ,footnote #abh3 ,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,ch4 #c4 ,footnote #abi3 ,the ,english ,constitution1 p4 #dbc4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see1 for example1 ,j4 ,f4 ,bright3 ,a ,history of ,england1 ,period ,,iii41 p4 #aceb4 ,footnote #aca3 ,arbeiter in ,council1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #acb3 ,bourienne's ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 c4 #bj4 ,reference in ,arbeiter in ,council1 p4 #dii4 ,for cases equally monstrous in the ,american ,civil ,war history1 see ,myers' ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #abg-ch1 #bia-cja2 ,chapters #aa and #ab2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #afj-agf4 ,footnote #acc3 ,history of the ,american ,people1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,a ,history of the ,american ,people1 p4 #eef4 ,footnote #ace3 8,apart from the phraseology of the statutes it appears during the early years of the ,war the possibility of the payment of the bonds in other than coin was hardly raised4 ,according to the explicit statement of ,garfield in #ahfh1 when the original five-twenty bond bill was before the ,house in #ahfb1 all who referred to the subject stated that the principal of these bonds was payable in gold1 and coin payment was the understanding of every member of the committee of ways and means4444 ,it thus became practically an unwritten law to pay the obligations of the ,united ,states in coin40--,dewey3 ,financial ,history of the ,united ,states1 paragraph #adh4 ,footnote #acf3 ,hepburn3 ,the ,contest for ,sound ,money1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #acg3 ,finance1 p4 #edj1 also ,public ,debts1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #ach3 ,rice3 ,the ,father of ,his ,country--,year ,book4 ,footnote #aci3 ,the ,economic ,interpretation of ,history1 p4 #ded4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #adj3 ,twenty-,eight ,years 7new edition ,fifty ,years7 of ,wall ,street1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ada3 ,mr4 ,clews relates this whole matter in detail in his ,twenty-,eight ,years in ,wall ,street 7new edition ,fifty ,years1 etc471 in which noble tome naive conceit and the pleasures of self-contemplation beget an almost equal degree of incautious loquacity and innocent candor4 ,footnote #adb3 ,by 8clear the decks10 and 8unload10 when financial storms threaten1 bankers mean that any soon-to-shrink stocks and bonds held by them are to be at once sold to 7dumped upon7 somebody else1 to let somebody else stand the certain loss--just as a sinful deacon might sell to his neighboring fellow-worshipper a horse he was sure would die next day1 or as an enterprising grocer might sell a rotten lemon to a blind child4 ,it is 8legitimate40 ,it is 8opportunity40 ,it is 8business40 ,and conscience is a nuisance to some people when there is 8opportunity0 to do 8business40 ,footnote #adc3 8,it is a well-known fact that the ,war of the ,rebellion was prolonged as a result of the manipulations of the speculators who invested in bonds4 ,while the boys in blue were baring their breasts to the enemy in a heroic struggle to save the ,union1 for #ac per month1 the bond sharks were speculating upon their necessities and the necessities of the ,government4 ,at one time ,president ,lincoln was so exasperated by their greedy and unpatriotic actions that he declared they #8ought to have their devilish heads shot off4'0--,congressman ,vincent1 of ,kansas1 in the ,house of ,representatives1 ,april #ah1 #ahih4 ,footnote #add3 ,history of the ,united ,states1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 #dd-ef4 ,footnote #ade3 ,the ,wall ,street ,point of ,view1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #adf3 ,railway ,problems1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ,davis3 ,the ,union ,pacific ,railway1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #adh3 ,davis3 pp4 #hi-bjb4 ,footnote #adi3 ,railway ,problems1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #aej3 ,professor ,frank ,parsons 7,boston ,university73 ,the ,railways1 the ,trusts and the ,people1 p4 #fd4 ,and see ,report of the ,wilson ,investigating ,committee1 pp4 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 et seq41 and ,parsons' ,chapter on 8,railroad ,graft40 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aea3 8,similar franchises and subsidies were at the same time given to the ,central ,pacific ,railroad ,company40--,parsons3 ,the ,railways1 the ,trusts and the ,people1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,the ,united ,states in ,our ,own ,time1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aec3 ,wilson1 for several years ,land ,commissioner for the ,illinois ,central ,railway ,company1 cited by ,andrews4 ,footnote #aed3 ,parsons3 ,the ,railways1 the ,trusts and the ,people1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #aee3 ,davis3 ,the ,union ,pacific ,railway4 ,footnote #aef3 ,the ,railroads1 the ,trusts and the ,people1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,professors ,cleveland and ,powell 7,university of ,pennsylvania73 ,railroad ,promotion and ,capitalization1 p4 #bej4 ,emphasis mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,professors ,cleveland and ,powell3 ,railroad ,promotion and ,capitalization1 pp4 #bej1 #bee4 ,footnote #aei3 ,see ,lalor's ,cyclopedia of ,political ,science1 ,political ,economy1 and ,united ,states ,history1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #afj3 ,the ,railways1 the ,trusts and the ,people1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #afa3 ,the ,fourth ,illustration was prepared before the appearance of ,mr4 ,gustavus ,myers' ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes1 in which the reader can find much concerning the land steals4 ,myers' three volumes are brimful of bombshells for the 8noble record0 of the glistening barnacles that have clung to the body politic ever since ,george ,washington was under indictment for swearing off his taxes4 ,mr4 ,myers has sadly bedimmed the glory of the illustrious 8solid men of business40 ,the work serves as a great contribution to the literature on social parasitism concerning which the wage-earner should make all haste to get all possible information4 ,footnote #afb3 ,see discussions in ,congressional ,record of the period4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see ,congressional ,records4 ,footnote #afd3 ,d4 ,r4 ,dewey3 ,the ,financial ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #afe3 ,the ,rough ,riders1 passim4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aff3 ,april #a1 #f1 #i1 and #bj1 #ahih4 ,footnote #afg3 ,see ,tribune for real name in full4 ,footnote #afh3 ,school ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #afi3 ,roosevelt3 ,the ,rough ,riders1 passim4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see ,mc,clure's ,magazine1 ,sept41 #aijh4 ,footnote #aga3 ,the ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #ccb-cc4 ,footnote #agb3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 pp4 #baa-ab4 ,footnote #agc3 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s4 ,grant4 ,compare also ,grant's comment on the cause of the ,mexican ,war3 ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,footnote #agd3 ,see ,chapters ,seven1 ,section #g-ab4 ,footnote #age3 ,new ,york ,evening ,sun1 ,editorial1 ,feb4 #bd1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #agf3 ,in an address1 ,new ,york1 ,may #be1 #aijh4 ,footnote #agg3 ,british authority for this statement2 but exact citation unfortunately lost4 ,footnote #agh3 ,but see ,index3 8,desertion40 ,footnote #agi3 ,expansion1 pp4 #aja-b4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aha3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 pp4 #ahf-hh4 ,,chapter ,,seven4 ,for ,father and the ,boys4 ,following are 8,topics for ,discussion10 commended especially to working men as themes for conversations by fathers 7and mothers7 and sons1 daughters also4 ,it is hoped1 too1 that many of these themes may be brought up for discussion by labor union bodies4 ,the reader will kindly refer to the footnote on page #ac4 ,the divisions--or 8sections0--of the present chapter and of the succeeding chapter are not always materially related1 and for the author's purpose it is not necessary that they should be4 ,the section numbering is for convenience in cross reference and for indexing4 7#a7 ,the ,tsar of ,russia and ,germany's famous general ,von ,moltke positively refused to permit the young soldiers to see ,verestchagin's pictures of war4 ,why8 ,because the pictures are true3 they look like hell4 ,hell is not alluring4 8,if my soldiers should think carefully1 not one of them would remain1 in the ranks40--,frederick ,,ii4 ,did you ever notice the attractive pictures of well-dressed1 well-fed soldiers and marines displayed as our government's advertisements for army and navy recruits8 ,the pictures are lovely4 ,they are intended to make war look good to the young and hungry wage-earners1 especially to those out of a job4 ,but let me tell you3 ,recently when a crowded transport reached ,san ,francisco back from the ,philippines1 some of the soldiers1 on seeing again the advertising pictures displayed as decoys in ,san ,francisco1 shook their fists at the pictures and loudly and bitterly cursed them as part of the bait used to lure them to the hell of war4 ,they had been thinking it all over4 ,a good time to think it over is before you enlist--before you agree to go to hell4 7#b7 ,comment on war3 ,german proverb3 8,when war comes the devil makes hell larger40 ,the ,rev4 ,doctor ,albert ,barnes3 8,war resembles hell40 ,bishop ,warburton3 8,the blackest mischief ever breathed from hell40 ,lord ,clarendon3 8,war 444 an emblem of hell40 ,william ,shakespeare3 8,o1 ,war1 thou son of hell40 ,general ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman3 8,war is hell40 ,well1 really1 it does seem as if the workingmen should at least be sharp enough to stay out of hell4 ,now1 since 8war is hell0 and the business men want hell and the politicians declare hell--why not let these gentlemen go to hell8 7#c7 ,suppose we should have two laws passed and suppose we were in political position to rigidly enforce these two laws3-- ,,first ,,law1--,requiring that when ,congressmen and ,senators are elected there shall be elected at the same time an alternate for each and every one of the ,congressmen and ,senators elected--to fill easily and promptly any vacancies that may occur from any cause4 ,,second ,,law1--,requiring that all ,senators and ,congressmen who vote for war and thus 8declare war0 shall be forced1 according to this law1 to instantly resign their offices1 and1 by special draft provided for in this law1 be forced to join the army immediately1 infantry department1 and1 with the common instruments of war 7rifles1 swords1 etc471 fight on the firing line1 as privates1 without promotion1 till the war is finished or till they themselves are slaughtered4 ,it is significant that3 8,universal military service1 adopted by all the great states on the ,continent1 in imitation of ,germany following the ,franco-,prussian ,war1 has1 by making the young men of wealthy families join the army1 personally interested the members of the governments and parliaments in avoiding war40#ahb ,when1 in #aiji1 the ,spanish ,war in ,africa became intense and dangerous1 the ,spanish government renewed an old 8exemption0 law permitting wealthy and 8noble0 and elegant ,spanish gentlemen to send substitutes to the war and thus avoid the hell of the firing line themselves4#ahc ,our 8,dick0 ,military ,law1 passed by ,congress in #aijc1 exempts ,congressmen1 ,senators1 judges1 etc41--also 7by agreement with the ,state laws7 preachers and priests--exempts all these from the clutches of the ,war ,department1 though that same law sweeps millions of other men--all able-bodied1 male citizens over eighteen and under forty-five years of age--sweeps millions more than before into the absolute control of the ,department of ,slaughter4 7,see ,section #aa1 below47 ,does it not seem that if war is good enough to vote for or pray for it is good enough to go to rifle in hand8 ,if not1 why not8 ,those who vote for or pray for blood-stained victories should be forced to go after them4 7,see ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #ad47 7#d7 ,mr4 ,workingman1 would you for any reason permit any statesman or other leading citizen to compel you personally and individually to go out into a neighboring pasture-field and open fire with a ,winchester upon your neighbor who had done you no injury1 against whom you felt no enmity8 ,scorn the thought6 ,well1 suppose you are multiplied by #ejj1jjj and your neighbor is also multiplied by #ejj1jjj1 and instead of a neighboring pasture-field you have a neighboring territory on the other side of some national boundary line1 and no quarrel1 no enmity1 no injury to be righted between the two groups of #ejj1jjj workingmen--what then8 ,can't you see the point--till you have a bayonet thrust into you8 ,suppose the ,congress of the ,united ,states and the ,diet of ,japan should declare war against each other4 ,why not have all the fighting and the bleeding and the dying done by the ,mikado and the national legislature of ,japan and our ,president and our national legislature8 ,simply have these two small groups of glistening strutters forced to face each other with rifles1 swords and ,gatling guns out on some nice level county fair-ground or big cornfield--forced to furnish the blood1 cripples1 corpses and funerals4 ,this plan would be far more fun and less worry and less work--for the working class2 it would require so much less time and money and blood and tears4 ,take the last great war between ,germany and ,france1 in #ahgj-ga4 ,the ,king of ,prussia and the ,emperor of ,france had a personal quarrel about who should be or who should not be the new ,king of ,spain--which was none of their business4 ,they got 8real mad40 ,war was declared4 ,the 8honor0 of this precious pair of handsome parasites was at stake4 ,nothing but blood would wash out the stain upon their 8honor40 ,of course1 royal blood was too precious for this laundering process4 8,noble blood0 was1 of course1 not available--for such purposes4 ,the blood of common working class men would do very well for these two brutes to do their washing in4 ,they were too cowardly to take each a sword and a ,winchester and go out behind the barn or into the woodshed and 8settle it10 risking their own putrid blood4444 ,no--oh1 no6 ,the red ooze of kings and nobles is not to be wasted as long as a lot of cheap wage-slaves are standing around willing to be butchered--with pride1--for the experience and honor of it4 8,to the front6 ,to the front6 ,a million men to the front60 ,instantly a multitude of the strong men of the working class blindly rushed to the front--as ordered1 and asking no more questions about the justice of the war than the cavalry horses asked4#ahd ,did the working people of ,france and ,germany have any grudge against one another8 ,not the slightest4 ,but they butchered one another by the tens of thousands4 ,it is true that the ,king of ,prussia and the ,emperor of ,france were actually in this war1 8at the front0 7somewhat--or 8as it were074 ,but the working class reader should not be deceived by that fact4 ,the ,king and the ,emperor were rarely in any danger whatever--up very close4 ,they 8enjoyed0 the battles from the high ground overlooking the slaughter--watching bravely through telescopes4 8,how1 then1 did the ,germans capture the ,emperor at the ,battle of ,sedan80 ,his troops were overwhelmed by the ,germans4 ,his soldiers swept back--crowded into ,sedan4 ,five hundred ,german cannon pounding the town made the ,emperor long for home4 ,he did his grandest deeds of heroism--in trying to escape4 ,he hadn't time to get out of the way4 ,bravely he dressed in women's clothes in order not to be recognized1 hoping by a perfectly ladylike manner to get back to his throne on which his heroism would be more apparent and his martial spirit more assertive4 7#e7 ,well-paid federal injunction judges1 well-paid generals and naval officers 7and their widows7 are provided with liberal old-age government pensions--to make sure that their last years may be absolutely secured against toil and worry and the humiliation and social damnation of poverty4 ,now if these well-paid men1 receiving salaries of from #b1jjj to #ab1ejj a year for many years1--if these and those they love should be carefully protected against want and worry in their gray old age1 then why should not useful industrial workers who serve long and well in the mills and mines and on the farms and railroads for a meagre living where their lives are full of risk--why should not these also be made absolutely secure when the sunset of their lives draws near8 ,why not8 ,the present annual cost of our two ,departments of ,murder--the ,army and the ,navy--7including interest on war bonds and the loss of the 8regular0 soldiers' labor-power1 but not including the military pensions7 would furnish an annual old-age industrial pension of more than #bij each for one million four hundred and fifty thousand people4 ,you old men and old women of the working class1 wouldn't it give you a feeling of peace and confidence if you were absolutely certain that1 after a life of useful labor in the grand army of industry1 you1 every pair of you1 would receive yearly1 not as charity1 but as a right provided for all1 over #ehj8 ,the lives of many working class men and women are today filled with fear of hunger and rags and shelterless1 helpless days when they pass the capitalists' deadline1 the employers' 8age-limit40 ,says the ,new ,york ,world3#ahe 8,the unemployed of ,new ,york ask that on ,decoration ,day there be a service in the honor of the workingmen who have lost their lives at the post of duty4 ,not much attention has been paid to the suggestion4444 ,these are the legacies which a people devoted to industry have received from an ancestry devoted to war4 ,the heroes most honored in all ages have been warriors1 and yet every generation has produced countless examples of devotion and sacrifice remote from the field of carnage4 8,more than any other great nation this republic might be expected to glorify the martyrs of industry1 whose lives have been as truly for progress as any of those sacrificed in the ranks of armies4 ,there are many dangerous callings in which the risks are as great as those of war4 ,there are hundreds of thousands of working men and women fighting fiercer battles daily than many a soldier ever knew4 ,on the industrial firing line1 where no quarter is given to the invalid or the incompetent1 courage is not sustained by excitement and passion1 and there are no illusions of fame to strengthen the faltering toiler when he comes face to face with defeat and death4 8,it is well that we should remember the fine patriotism of our citizen soldiers1 but even they were workers before they were warriors4 ,if we would celebrate heroism it is to be found all about us in the humble stations among the men and women--even the children--who toil40 ,think about this matter1 carefully1 you men and women of the working class4 ,discuss it with your children and your neighbors4 7#f7 ,the owner of a factory1 protected by law1 by the constitution1 by the flag1 by the politicians and the soldiers and militia1 can 8turn down0 a skilful1 effective wage-earner because his hair is gray1 because he is 8too old10 is 8past the age limit0--even though his old wife starve for support4 ,the 8glorious flag0 protects even such vile industrial tyranny4 ,the flag that the old man has worshipped1 the constitution he defended1 and the politicians he voted for--all these are no protection for him4 ,thus our old industrial soldiers are helpless even though the industrial tyrant spit on their gray beard4 7#g7 ,the patriotic militiamen and the 8regulars0 often say3 8,we believe in protecting property in time of strikes40 ,how much property have you8 ,and what kind of property is it8 ,is your property in danger8 ,indeed1 was your property even remotely threatened8 ,do those who own the property you protect actually help you in protecting their property--help you in actual struggles where the lead flies8 ,american capitalists often refer to the 8splendid service0 of the militia and the regular troops in ,chicago in #ahid in 8protecting railway property from being burned by the strikers40 ,but let us see3 ,certain railway companies in #ahid knew that the government of ,chicago could be forced or 8persuaded0 to pay for all the cars destroyed within the city limits during the strike by claiming insufficient protection of property had been furnished4 ,if1 then1 hundreds of old worn-out cars worth 8old-iron0 prices could be destroyed by fire within the city limits during the strike1 and if the railway companies could by trickery collect from the city1 say1 #ejj for each such car burnt1 it would be 8good business0 to have such cars set on fire by paid incendiaries4 ,the burning of this precious property would also create powerful sentiment against the strikers when 8played up0 luridly by the capitalist newspapers4 ,thus there was powerful motive for having the precious property burnt4 ,it would be both awful and profitable4 ,employees of some of the railways entering ,chicago have told the writer that old worn-out cars from railway shop towns far out in ,iowa were actually hauled to ,chicago and burnt within the city limits in #ahid4 ,did you know that in #ahie in court the railway union men were charged with burning the cars during the strike2 and did you know that when the union men brought into court the proof that detectives were caught in the act of setting fire to cars1 court adjourned1 and the case has never been called since1 though there has been a standing challenge to the courts to do so8 ,thousands of such facts as these are suppressed4 8,it is in evidence and uncontradicted10 says ,carroll ,d4 ,wright1#ahf 8that no violence or destruction of property by strikers or sympathizers took place in ,pullman ,illinois1 and that until ,july #c;d when the federal troops came upon the scene no extraordinary protection was had from the police or military against even anticipated disorder40 7#h7 ,in #aijg there was a bitter strike at the iron mines in northern ,minnesota4 ,in all the 8strike0 mining towns1 except one1 armed men1 8special guards10 were officially placed on duty at once--ready to 8keep order10 ready to 8quell the riots10 etc4 ,in ,sparta1 an iron-mining town1 there were over three hundred men on strike1 hotly eager to win the strike4 ,but the strikers and the town officials united in an urgent request that no special armed guards be sent to ,sparta4 ,the strikers and the town officials agreed that 8the guards only stir up trouble10 and without the guards they could and would keep order themselves4 ,guards were sent to all the 8strike0 towns but ,sparta4 ,turmoil and bitterness promptly broke out and continued for weeks in every 8strike0 town except ,sparta4 ,there was no trouble whatever in ,sparta during the entire strike4 ,the only man arrested in ,sparta for disorder during the entire strike was a special guard that sneaked into the town and got viciously drunk4 ,he was promptly thrust into jail by the police1 with the glad sanction of the strikers1 and on the following morning he was escorted to the town limits and forced to get away and stay away4 ,another day during the strike several special guards came to the borders of the town1 plainly seeking trouble4 ,they were promptly forced to leave4 ,well-fed1 well-paid1 well-armed men in a strike town ready to bayonet poor fellows struggling for crusts against a brutal corporation--simply stir up trouble4 ,and the capitalist employers know this well4 ,surely you have noticed that during troublous times of strike the chief use made of police1 militia1 cossacks and 8regulars0 is to protect the haughty employer who blurts out3 8,nothing to arbitrate60 ,he would promptly come to terms--there would instantly be 8something to arbitrate0--if he did not feel sure that the toilers would be promptly jailed or shot if they became maddened in their fear and hunger and humiliation4 7#i7 ,you must have noticed that in turbulent strike times in your community hungry1 humiliated1 angry men never for a moment think of doing the least damage to the publicly-owned school houses1 the publicly-owned libraries and the publicly-owned art galleries and the ,state ,university and the publicly-owned park4 ,you see1 the workers are in a more social relation to this social property4 ,and if the mills1 mines1 factories1 and railways and the like were socially owned and socially controlled1 the workers would also be in a far more social relation toward this socialized industrial property4 ,then there would be no class war raging around the mines and shops4 ,then this property would need no protection from cheated1 hungry1 humiliated1 maddened working people nor from detective crooks in the service of capitalists as incendiaries4 ,then the workers could not be haughtily turned down with the brutal 8,nothing to arbitrate60 ,then indeed there would be no industrial kings and emperors to demand3 8,bring out the ,gatling guns and the cossacks6 ,this is our business60 ,notice3 ,political justice is impossible under a political despotism4 ,political democracy is the only known cure for political despotism4 ,industrial justice is impossible under an industrial despotism4 ,industrial democracy is the only cure for industrial despotism4 ,industrial democracy would end the civil war in industry4 8,the right to rule the political state is mine60--says the king4 8,you are wrong60 answer the most enlightened people4 ,the king steps down4 ,he must4 ,the people step--up--to power4 ,they must4 ,this is progress4 8,the right to rule in industry is ours60 say the capitalist industrial masters1 the industrial kings4 8,you are wrong60 is the increasing answer of the increasing multitude of the increasingly intelligent members of the working class4 ,the kings of capitalism will come down4 ,they must4 ,the working class will go up--to industrial democracy4 ,they must4 ,this will be progress4 ,,if ,,despotism ,,is ,,all ,,wrong ,,in ,,politics1 ,,it ,,can ,,not ,,be ,,all ,,right ,,in ,,industry4 ,,increasing ,,democracy ,,is ,,on ,,the ,,increasing ,,program ,,of ,,mankind4 ,the master of ceremonies is the political party of the working class to secure1 to inaugurate1 to 8render the next number on the program10--industrial democracy4 ,this is the 8road to power40 ,forward6 ,forward6 ,on6--to the last great battle in the civil war in industry4 8,evolution makes hope scientific40 ,evolution leads to revolution4 ,that is a law of nature4 ,laws of nature cannot be ignored1 suspended1 amended or repealed4 ,learn the road to power1 great splendid multitude of toilers4 ,the world is ours just as soon as we learn the road to power4 ,prepare for the revolution--and ,life4#ahg 7#aj7 ,that there is civil war in industry under capitalism has concrete illustration in the facts of strikes and lockouts4 ,here are some of them for a short term of years--in our own country3-- ,from #ahha to #aija there were in the ,united ,states #bb1gic strikes1 which involved #aag1eji establishments1 threw #f1aje1fid persons out of employment for an average of #ba and #h_/aj ,illustration3 ,,the ,,war ,,is ,,the ,,class ,,war days1 lost these workers in wages #beg1hfc1dgh1 consumed #af1agd1gic in assistance from labor organizations1 and lost to the employers over #abb1gca1aba4 ,of these strikes less than #ea per cent4 succeeded1 slightly more than #ac per cent4 partly succeeded1 and over #cf per cent4 failed altogether4 ,during these same years there were #a1jje lockouts which involved #i1icc establishments1 threw #ejd1cjg persons out of employment for an average of #ig days1 lost #dh1hai1gde in wages1 cost #c1dea1gde in assistance from labor organizations1 lost for the employers #ai1ibg1ihc4 ,about #ea per cent4 of these lockouts succeeded1 less than #g per cent4 partly succeeded1 and about #dc per cent4 failed4#ahh 8,in legalizing labor wars10 says ,waldo ,f4 ,cook1#ahi 8the state virtually recognizes industrial classes as belligerents2 and enough time has now elapsed to enable one to say that the long series of these wars and their highly probable continuance for an indefinite period under present conditions1 establishes the presumption that the wage-system is a failure and must sometime be replaced by another1 which will not produce industrial classes with hostile interests and exacerbate society by their class antagonisms and hates4 ,for the labor war1 no less than the war between nations1 cultivates prejudice1 bitterness and hatred--only these feelings affect classes within a nation rather than the nations themselves in their relations with each other4444 ,law makes violence by nations right2 law makes violence by strikes wrong40 8,war is a collision of interests40--,general ,von der ,goltz4 7,quoted by ,mr4 ,cook1 above47 7#aa7 ,,the ,,dick ,,militia ,,law3 ,a ,,quiet ,,revolution4 ,everywhere our capitalist government prepares to serve the capitalist interests in the 8collision of interests10--in the civil war in industry4 ,the highest literary honor that can come to an officer of the ,united ,states ,army is the ,gold ,medal of the ,military ,service ,institution4 ,this honor was won in the year #aijh by ,captain ,bjornstad of the ,twenty-,eighth ,infantry--with an essay urging a standing army of #bej1jjj men and a reserve army of #gej1jjj men4 ,would not the following be a fruitful subject for discussion in the labor union halls3 ,what is the connection between the threatening increase in the insulted1 starving army of the unemployed and the threatening increase of the bribed standing army8 ,study and discuss this matter till our class realize that strong men of the working class are bribed with bread to slay those who earn bread4 ,all working men should read the ,annual ,report made by ,mr4 ,elihu ,root1 ,secretary of ,war1 in #aijb-c4 ,mr4 ,root1 shrewd1 shameless and powerful lackey of the capitalist class1 forcibly set forth in his ,report the great advantages that would result 7to the capitalist class7 from certain almost revolutionary changes that could be easily made by vastly increasing the 8,state0 militia forces and at the same time constituting these 8,state0 forces as an organic1 instantly commandable part of the national army--to be used precisely like 8regular0 troops for any purpose desired by the capitalists in control of the national government4 ,mr4 ,root's ,report attracted instant wide and favorable attention4 ,the capitalists were delighted4 ,the workers were deluded4 ,immediately the ,report became the basis of the 8,dick ,militia ,law0 which was passed in #aijc4 ,the author of ,war--,what ,for8 has urged capitalist editors all over the ,united ,states to publish this law4 ,he has offered to pay for space at liberal advertising rates in which to print from ten to one hundred lines of this law4 ,he has not succeeded in finding a capitalist editor who would thus reveal the treachery of his class lurking in this law4 ,this law is a rough-ground sword against the rousing1 rising working class in the ,united ,states1 a law more important to the working class than any other law passed since the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,this law is loaded with death for the workers when in future years the army of the unemployed or the ill-paid toilers gather around the mines and factories and roar for work or bread4 ,instead of work they will get sneers4 ,instead of bread they will get lead and steel--provided for by this ,dick ,militia ,law4 ,the capitalists do not dare permit the working class to read and study this 8,dick0 law in the newspapers4 ,note some of the features of this law3 ,the purpose3 8,an ,act to promote the efficiency of the militia and for other purposes40 ,what is meant by 8other purposes0 will become clearer as the army of the unemployed grows larger4 8,other purposes0--exactly3 food for reflection when out of work and hungry4 ,,section #a1--8,the militia shall consist of every able-bodied male citizen of the respective ,states1 ,territories1 and the ,district of ,columbia 444 who is more than eighteen and less than forty-five years of age40 ,the males of military age1 all from eighteen to forty-five inclusive1 in #ahij numbered #ac1bcj1afh4aij ,,section #d1--8444 ,it shall be lawful for the ,president to call forth for a period not exceeding nine months such number of the militia as he may deem necessary 444 and to issue his orders 444 as he may think proper40 ,the law was amended with an iron hand during the winter and spring of the hard times of #aijg-h1 when millions were thrown out of employment and into the muttering1 angry army of the unemployed4 ,for example1 the nine-months limit was struck out of ,section #d1 which is more food for reflection--for any one who has brains enough to reflect with4 ,,section #g1--8;,any officer or enlisted man of the militia who shall refuse or neglect to present himself to such mustering officer upon being called forth 444 shall be subject to trial by court martial1 and shall be punished as such court martial may direct40 ,the law creates a vast reserve army now rapidly being perfected4 ,the law1 especially as amended recently1 gives the ,president power greater than is possessed by some of the most dangerous and hated tyrants on earth today4 ,issuing a general order by telegraph and post1 the ,president could suddenly place under orders from five to ten millions of the strongest men in the land--including the strikers themselves2 and to neglect or refuse to obey such orders would mean a 8court-martial0 trial with rigorous punishment4 ,a court-martial jury is not noted for gentleness2 famously different from a jury of one's 8old neighbors40 ,,section #i1--8,the militia1 when called into actual service of the ,united ,states1 shall be subject to the same rules and articles of war as the regular troops40 ,that is to say1 for the time they are 8on call10 they are virtually federal soldiers4 ,the law as amended by ,congress in ,may1 #aijh1 provides 8that every officer and enlisted man of the militia who shall be called forth in the manner hereinbefore prescribed shall be mustered for service without further enlistment40 ,italics in ,report4 8,the call of the ,president will1 therefore1 of itself accomplish the transfer of the organized militia which is called forth by him from its state relations to its federal relations4 ,it becomes part of the ,army of the ,united ,states and the ,president becomes its commander-in-chief4 8,the ,president is the exclusive judge of the existence of an emergency which would justify the calling forth of the ,organized ,militia40#aia ,this law contains twenty-six sections1 every one of which should be studied carefully by the working class of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,union labor bodies should urge local newspapers to publish parts of the law selected by the unions4 ,the more the law is examined the more food for reflection will be found in it4#aib ,the ,english capitalist government has also recently enacted a new military law1 a species of 8,dick0 law1 called the ,territorial ,force ,act4 ,this law transforms a 8voluntary citizen soldier0 into a 8regular0 soldier4 ,says ,justice3#aic 8,under the new act the ,volunteer must #8enlist' and serve under #8military law4' ,he will be as much a regular soldier as a ,life ,guard or a ,lancer1 and can be called out to shoot down strikers in labor disputes as was actually done at ,featherstone 444 and at ,belfast only a few months ago40 8,the ,volunteer10 says the ,morning ,post1 8will no longer be a citizen soldier1 he will be a soldier without the blur of citizenship4444 ,he may be mechanic2 many of the best ,volunteers are mechanics4 ,if there is a strike in his works1 ordered by the trade union to which he subscribes1 and if the ,mayor is afraid of the ,strikers1 and wants soldiers to shoot them1 in case of need1 the ,volunteer1 renamed #8man of the ,territorial ,force1' is just the man he wants2 and the bill empowers the ,mayor to call him out for the purpose40 ,the 8,dick0 law was passed by capitalist 8friends of labor10 of course1 both ,republicans and ,democrats2 and the 8,territorial ,force ,act0 was similarly passed by capitalist 8friends of labor10 both ,liberals and ,conservatives4 ,as the unarmed army of the unemployed grows threateningly larger and the armed army of bribed butchers grows larger--ready to murder those who starve--it is in order1 in 8,old ,england10 in 8,new ,america10 everywhere in order1 for the working class to give more careful attention to the 8good men0 who are so tearfully and fearfully 8friendly to labor40 7#ab7 ,why should the working class give the capitalist governments a free hand in the murder of the workers8 ,why not rigorously restrict the power to call millions of men to arms8 ,what would happen if the working class should refuse to fight8 8,that #8the government can not put the whole population in prison1 and if it could1 it would still be without material for an army1 and without money for its support1' is an almost irrefutable argument4 ,we see here #8in passive resistance1 not simply in theory1 but in practice' at least the beginnings of a sentiment that shall1 if sufficiently developed1 make war impossible to an entire people44440#aid ,five points to be emphasized here3 7#a7 ,require all the school teachers to teach all the children to despise and hate war4 7#b7 ,arm everybody or nobody4 7#c7 ,train everybody or nobody4 7#d7 8,the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed40--,constitution of the ,united ,states3 ,third ,amendment4 7#e7 ,the working class should diligently study the folly of requiring one regiment of the working class to fight the united and class-loyal capitalist class in strikes4 ,these five propositions suggest a plan that would1 even under capitalism1 render the working class far less helpless and hopeless than they are at present in their class struggle against the capitalist class of masters who may legally order the working class soldiers to fire on the working class4 ,however1 the triumphantly effective work can be accomplished in this matter when--and not until--the working class have seized the powers of government4 7,see ,chapter ,ten1 which is wholly devoted to the fundamentals of 8,what to do407 ,it is significant that the first ,secretary of ,war1 ,henry ,knox1 appointed by ,president ,washington1 made a ,report ,january #ah1 #agij1 on the proper basis for the military defense of the ,united ,states4 ,his plan was 8to reject a standing army1 as possessing too fierce an aspect and being hostile to the principles of liberty40 ,a scholar of world-renown1 ,francis ,lieber1 ,german-,american soldier1 historian1 economist and publicist1 has this to say of standing armies3#aie 8,standing armies are not only dangerous to civil liberty because depending upon the executive4 ,they have the additional evil effect that they infuse into the whole nation 444 a spirit directly opposed to that which ought to be the general spirit of a free people devoted to self-government4 ,habits of disobedience and contempt for the citizens are produced1 and a view of government is induced which is contrary to liberty1 self-reliance1 self-government4444 ,where the people worship the army1 an opinion is engendered as if courage in battle were really the highest phase of humanity2 and the army1 in turn1 more than aught else1 leads to the worship of one man--so detrimental40 7#ac7 8,for the ,french and ,italians and especially the ,german and ,russian adolescent of the lower classes 444 the army is called 444 the poor man's university40#aif 8,the poor man's university60--in which he is drilled and kicked into spineless subserviency and is taught the noble art of killing himself1 his class1 scientifically4 ,the degraded1 docile1 and despised millions of the working class men of the standing armies of the world are indeed educated when they are willing to wade in their own blood in defense of the parasitic capitalist class who rule1 ride and ruin the toilers of all the world4 ,a standing army is a joke and a yoke on the working class4 ,a standing army is a compound human machine educated to spank the working class when it cries for milk--and bread and meat4 ,a soldier1 a militiaman1 is an educated boot with which the employers kick the working class4 7#ad7 ,do not rich men's sons sometimes voluntarily join the militia8 ,yes1 sometimes--but very1 very rarely4 ,one of the bluest-blooded ,vanderbilts of ,new ,york was recently a captain in a specially handsome ,regiment4 ,but1 mark you--in ninety-nine cases in a hundred1 well-armed1 well-trained militiamen fight unarmed1 untrained workingmen 7and women71 which is not so very1 very dangerous--for the militiamen4 ,to an intelligent rich man an unarmed wage-earner on strike for an extra nickel to buy bread1 as 8the enemy10 and an armed trained soldier whose business is murder1 as 8the enemy10--these look different1 you know4 ,for years ,new ,york millionaires and all the other 8best people0 8pointed with pride0 to the famous ,seventh ,regiment of the ,national ,guard1 the 8rich men's regiment10 the 8gilt-edged regiment0 of lovely young millionaires1 many of whom rode to the armory for drill in their automobiles4 ,this regiment of the ,american nobility of lard-and-tallow-steel-coal-and-railway millionaires1 ready at any moment to defend and save the dear country from 8the enemy10--this regiment was1 indeed1 the pride of the village called ,new ,york4 ,these glistening patricians taught the common people patriotism4 8,so they did40 ,until the ,spanish ,war broke out4 ,then these fakir patriots--what did they do--then8 ,resigned4 ,or they did what amounted to the same thing--voted not to go to the war4 ,certainly they did4 ,promptly1 too--and intelligently4 ,why not8 ,surely you do not expect a lot of intelligent men to leave their happy homes1 go to hell and make themselves ridiculous1 do you8 ,why1 the cost of a rubber tire for one wheel of an automobile would pay the war wages of a cheap man of the 8lower classes0 for six months4 7#ae7 8,didn't one millionaire go to the war in ,cuba80 ,yes4 ,out of our six thousand patriotic1 flag-waving millionaires1 one1 just one1 a young green one1 went to the war in ,cuba--8for a little excitement and a lark10 he said4 ,he found large quantities of excitement 8all right10 and some cold lead4 ,he was killed4 ,as a millionaire 8patriotically0 going to war his case is an exception1 clearly an exception1 a conspicuously lonely1 vain and stupid exception2 and that exception will never be imitated4 ,too much intelligence--among the millionaires4 ,even his millionaire friends laughed at him for going to war4 ,but he wanted a 8hot time40 ,he got the 8hot time0--and the cold lead4 ,there were several thousand other millionaire flag-wavers instructively conspicuous in that war--by their intelligent patriotic absence4 ,,it ,,is ,,instructively ,,significant ,,that ,,the ,,capitalist ,,newspapers ,,gave ,,more ,,than ,a ,,hundred ,,times ,,as ,,much ,,space ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,the ,,one ,,millionaire ,,soldier ,,in ,,the ,,spanish-,,american ,,war ,,as ,,they ,,gave ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,any ,,hundred ,,humble ,,working ,,class ,,soldiers ,,who ,,were ,,slaughtered ,,in ,,the ,,same ,,war4 7#af7 ,were not some of the rich men of today soldiers at one time--8years ago08 ,yes4 ,some of the rich men of today were soldiers at one time--years ago2 but they are not soldiers now when they are rich1 and they were not rich when1 years ago1 they were soldiers4 7#ag7 ,if politicians do not go to war1 what about ,mr4 ,bryan's case8 ,didn't ,mr4 ,bryan patriotically go to the war in ,cuba8 ,no4 ,mr4 ,bryan did not go to the war in ,cuba4 ,he simply went toward the war4 ,mr4 ,bryan was1 of course1 patriotic1 fervently1 noisily so2 but1 like the intelligent people of his class1 he always had his enthusiasm under perfect control4 ,mr4 ,bryan at no time showed an unmanageable desire to get up close in front1 on the firing line4 ,and his class was true to him1 respected his strong preference for war five hundred miles from the flaming1 snarling ,gatling gun2 and1 accordingly1 his class--in power at ,washington--kept him well out of danger4 ,at one time he got the impression he was in danger of being sent to the front4 ,at once he cried out1 8,it's politics60 and promptly resigned his noble command1 double quick1 patriotically4 ,mr4 ,bryan1 mounted on a splendid horse1 with uplifted sword in hand1 grandly vowing to 8defend the flag against the enemy0 as he headed his noble braves1 assembled for review1 and admiration1 before the ,omaha ,bee building1 ready to start toward the front--at that sublime moment ,colonel ,william ,jennings ,bryan was1 well1 simply beautiful1 not to say pretty4 ,as the golden tones of this ,nebraskan ,achilles1 this ,alexander from the ,platte ,valley1 rolled forth in his heroic vow to bleed 7if necessary7 for his flag1 the nation was comforted--felt saved already4 ,patriotism is1 after all1 worth all it costs--that is1 worth all it costs ,mr4 ,bryan4 ,mr4 ,bryan1 like ,mr4 ,hearst and many others1 is patriotic1 even intemperately so--with his mouth4 ,but the reader may ask1 8,was not ,mr4 ,roosevelt in the ,cuban ,war a case of a politician actually on the firing line80 ,clearly an exception4 ,name a few other 8great statesmen0 or international noises who went to the ,cuban ,war--to the actual firing line4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt loves excitement and danger4 ,and what indescribable dangers there were for the ,americans in the ,cuban ,war6 ,the mightiest 8republic0 on earth was pitted against the most toothless1 decadent old political grandma in ,europe4 ,the dangers8--equal to those that threaten an armed1 athletic hunter alone and face to face with a sucking fawn4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt himself has heroically--and carefully--recounted and printed his own brave deeds in that war4 ,with ,christian love and humility1 with charming modesty and delicacy1 with the diffident ingenuousness of a blushing schoolgirl1 characteristic of him1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt tenderly recites one of his noble deeds as follows3#aig 8,lieutenant ,davis's ,first ,sergeant1 ,clarence ,gould1 killed a ,spaniard with his revolver4444 ,at about the same time ,i also shot one4444 ,two ,spaniards leaped from the trenches 444 not ten yards away4 ,as they turned to run ,i closed in and fired twice1 missing the first and killing the second ,oh1 joy64444 ,at the same time ,i did not know of ,gould's exploit1 and ,i supposed my feat to be unique40 ,surely it requires courage1 rare and noble courage1 for a wealthy graduate of ,harvard ,university to boast in print that he shot a poor1 ignorant fleeing ,spanish soldier--very probably a humble working man drafted to war1 torn from his weeping wife and children--that he shot such a man1 in the back4 ,oh1 bliss--elation--ecstasy divine6 8,i got him6 with my revolver too6 in the back60 ,manly pastime of an ,american gentleman1 a mongrel mixture of patrician and brute4 ,yes1 reader1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 politician1 was in the ,cuban ,war--with a purpose2 and secured a military title and a 8war record0 worth at least #ge1jjj votes in his campaign for the governorship of ,new ,york which immediately followed the war4 ,for details consult ,the ,rough ,rider4 ,with shrewd patriotism1 political foresight1 rare courage--and girlish bashfulness--,mr4 ,roosevelt's picture is repeatedly presented in the book1 the poses expressing his usual audible modesty and ferocious gentleness4 ,emerson finely says3 8,every hero becomes a bore at last40 7#ah7 ,the noble ,professor ,paulsen 7,berlin ,university7 wrote3#aih 8,hate impels men to seek quarrels1 and pride turns their heads4444 ,nay1 arrogance and hatred are really always the signs of an irritable1 diseased self-consciousness4444 ,that selfish1 arrogant1 vain and narrow-minded self-conceit1 which the flatterers of the popular passion call patriotism40 ,the distinguished ,italian historian1 ,g4 ,ferrero1 has written3#aii 8,thus in destroying or creating1 man can procure for himself strong emotions1 and persuade himself of his own superiority4444 ,two passions have divided the human heart throughout the annals of human history3 the divine passion for creation1 and the diabolical passion for destruction4444 ,nineteenth-century man may seek after violent and inebriating emotions that permit him to assert his superiority over his fellows44440 ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll understood the hero-brute mongrel3 8,courage without conscience is a wild beast4 ,patriotism without principle is the prejudice of birth1 the animal attachment to place40 ,thus ,victor ,hugo3#bjj 8,to be1 materially1 a great man1 to be pompously violent1 to reign by virtue of the sword-knot and cockade 444 to possess a genius for brutality--this is to be great1 if you will1 but it is a coarse way of being great40 ,the cannon's roar1 the bayonet's thrust1 the crush of flesh1 the splash of blood1--such things in battle make men gentle1 tender1 gallant1 even heroic1 fit subjects for the adoration of women4#bja ,for example3 ,when the ,christian heroes captured ,magdeburg3 8,now began a scene of massacre and outrage which history has no language1 and poetry no pencil1 to portray4 ,neither the innocence of childhood nor the helplessness of old age1 neither youth nor sex1 neither rank nor beauty1 could disarm the fury of the conquerors4 ,wives were dishonored in the very arms of their husbands1 daughters at the feet of their parents1 and the defenseless sex exposed to the double loss of virtue and life4444 ,fifty-three women were found in one church with their heads cut off4 ,the ,croats amused themselves by throwing children into the flames1 and ,pappenheim's ,walloons with stabbing infants at their mothers' breasts40#bjb ,but it may be said that those things were done far back in the seventeenth century4 ,consider1 then1 the fact that in the ,french civil war of #ahga the government's noble heroes1 having conquered the revolutionists1 took thousands of unarmed prisoners--men1 women1 and children--to an open space at the city limits of ,paris and shot them1 children and all2 in many cases the brave1 armed ruffians stood up rows of helpless prisoners one behind the other and amused themselves by testing their rifles on living human flesh1 noting how many men1 women and children could be butchered with one bullet4 ,many of the 8better class10 8refined ladies and gentlemen10 8leading citizens10 conspicuous by their elegance of manners and dress1 were present watching the fun1 smiling encouragement and making helpful suggestions to the 8civilized0 butchers4 ,and still more recently3 ,a ,british hero thus describes a 8funny0 incident in the ,south ,african war3 8,really1 sir1 ,i never saw anything quite so funny in all my life4 ,just fancy1 ,i saw a ,kaffir woman pick up the headless body of her baby and strap it on her back4 ,funny1 oh1 ,lord6 ,it makes me laugh when ,i think of it now40 ,the same authority 7the ,westminster ,review1 quoted by ,walter ,walsh7 also gives the following case of ,christian military heroism3 8,a contingent of ,german scouts in ,south ,africa took five native women prisoners 444 an officer ordered ten men to fix bayonets4 ,five stood in front and five behind the women1 and stabbed the women to death40 ,ten armed1 ,christian heroes with bayonets ripping the breasts of five unarmed women4 ,great6 ,isn't it8 ,at least it is war4 ,one scarcely knows which to despise the more--the soldiers or the lazy parasites for whom they committed a thousand crimes of basest cruelty and cowardice4 ,dr4 ,walter ,walsh#bjc lets the soldiers tell in their own heroic language of their manly deeds--thus3 8#8,our progress was like the old-time forays in ,scotland two centuries ago4444 ,we moved on from valley to valley 444 burning1 looting and turning out the women and children to sit and cry beside the ruins of their once beautiful farmsteads 444 my men fetched bundles of straw4 ,the women cried1 and the children stood holding to them and looking with large frightened eyes at the burning house4444 ,the people had thought we had come for refreshments1 and one of them went to get milk4444 ,we then set the whole place on fire4 ,they dropped on their knees and prayed and sang1 weeping bitterly the while4 ,one of the poor women went raving mad4 ,when the flames burst from the doomed place the poor woman threw herself on her knees1 tore open her bodice1 and bared her breasts1 screaming1 8,shoot me1 shoot me1 ,i've nothing to live for1 now that my husband is gone1 and our farm is burnt1 and our cattle taken60'0 ,these foul deeds are samples of thousands4 8,war1 is it80 says ,dr4 ,walsh4 8,be it war3 then an army is a manufactory for cowards and a school for cowards40 8,a war hero10 says the distinguished ,roman ,catholic ,bishop ,john ,spaulding1#bjd 8supposes a barbarous condition of the race2 and when all shall be civilized1 they who know and love the most shall be held to be the greatest and the best40 ,and ,robert ,ingersoll thus3 8,every good man1 every good woman1 should try to do away with war1 to stop the appeal to savage force4 ,man in a savage state relies upon his strength1 and decides for himself what is right and what is wrong40#bje 8,nothing is plainer10 says ,emerson1 8than that sympathy with war is a juvenile and temporary state40#bjf ,dr4 ,john ,fiske1 historian and philosopher1 makes the following observations on the slow grand march from brutality to brotherhood4#bjg 8,for thousands of generations1 and until very recent times1 one of the chief occupations of men has been to plunder1 bruise and kill one another4 ,the 444 ugly passions 444 have had but little opportunity to grow weak from disuse4 ,the tender and unselfish feelings1 which are a later product of evolution1 have too seldom been allowed to grow strong from exercise 444 the whims and prejudices of militant barbarism are slow in dying out4444 ,the coarser forms of cruelty are disappearing and the butchery of men has greatly diminished 444 in the more barbarous times the hero was he who had slain his thousands4444 ,and thus we see what human progress means4 ,it means throwing off the brute inheritance1 gradually throwing it off through ages of struggle that are by and by to make struggles needless4 ,man is slowly passing from a primitive social state 444 toward an ultimate social state in which his character shall have become so transformed that nothing of the brute can be detected in it4 ,the ape and the tiger in human nature will be extinct40 ,how encouraging6 ,we can confidently look forward to a time when not even a pervert candidate for the presidency of a great ,christian 8republic0 will be either tiger enough to butcher a human being or peacock and monkey enough to brag of doing so4 8,who loves war for war's own sake ,is fool1 or crazed1 or worse40--,tennyson4 8,one of the commonest popular mistakes is to confound aggressiveness and belligerency with genius4 ,these qualities are almost in inverse proportion4444 ,but usually great energy and determination1 and especially combative qualities are associated with rather meagre abilities40#bjh ,there is really too much bull-dog greatness4 8,no blood-stained victory1 in story bright1 ,can give the philosophical mind delight2 ,no triumph please1 while rage and death destroy3 ,reflection sickens at the monstrous joy40#bji 8,cursed is the man1 and void of law and right2 ,unworthy property1 unworthy light1 ,unfit for public rule1 or private care1-- ,that wretch1 that monster1 who delights in war40#baj ,imagine a ,sioux ,indian chief1 pagan ,alexander1 pagan ,caesar1 ,christian ,napoleon1 also the ,christian bullies ,emperor ,william and ,theodore ,roosevelt1 also the quiet ,christ--imagine these seven 8not only willing1 but anxious to fight10 mounted on foam-stained horses galloping across a bloody battlefield strewn with wounded and slaughtered men and boys1 imagine these seven galloping1 bravely and boisterously galloping1 waving red-stained swords1 yelling1 squawking1 yawping1 hurrahing for war1 8glorious0 war--the iron-shod hoofs of their rushing horses crushing into the breasts and faces of dead and dying young men and boys4 ,the savage ,sioux1 the immortal pagan brutes ,alexander and ,caesar1 the renowned ,christian bullies ,napoleon1 ,william and ,theodore--these six 8geniuses10 these coarse-grained1 blood-stained egotists fit that picture perfectly1 as a shark fits the ocean1 as a wolf fits the forest1 as a tiger fits the jungle1 as a savage fits a cannibal feast1--as the ,devil fits ,hell4 ,but ,christ1 ,christ in whose breast lurked no tiger and no savage1--,christ with a long sword1 a hero's butcher-knife in hand1 plunging it into the breast of his brothers1 screaming like the 8dee-lighted0 brute1 calling it 8great10 8splendid10 8bully60-- ,impossible6 ,but why impossible for ,christ and 8dee-lightful0 for the other six8 ,because1 simply because1 these six blood-lusting heroes are savage or at best only civilized2 but ,christ was socialized4 ,socialization opposes assassination--both wholesale and retail4 ,christ is immortal--by his wide love and brotherhood4 ,the 8great general0 is promoted and immortalized for his narrow hates and brilliant brutalities4 7#ai7 ,has not war been natural and necessary in the life of the human race1 and has not war been a potent factor in the intellectual development of mankind8 ,professor ,ferrero has this to say3#baa 8,thus the duty of every well-meaning man today is to diffuse knowledge of the fact that war no longer serves the purpose it once served in the struggle for civilization4 8,war necessary to civilization80 ,well1 for a long time in the life of the human race nature was so ill understood1 man had such insufficient knowledge and control of nature1 that it was extremely difficult to get a living for all4 ,our ancestors naturally quarreled2 perhaps it was necessary for some of them to kill others in order that some of them might live--ignorant as the people were in those times of how to make nature yield bountifully and easily for all4 ,and no doubt the struggle developed the race--the part that did not get killed4 ,in those struggles were developed1 at first1 strong muscles1 skin-ripping claws or knife-like finger-nails1 tusks in the mouth1 and thick skins2 and1 later1 clubs1 spears1 cross-bows1 bows-and-arrows2 and still later1 rifles1 cannon1 battleships and lignite shells1 and also the methods and tactics of struggle2--all these were developed4 ,always1 too1 cunning1 deception1 malignance1 egoism1 egotism1 coarse-grained dispositions1 cheap ambitions1 swaggering manners1 fierce eyes1 and the soft1 bull-like military voices and hero worship--all these were developed4 ,the muscles and the mentality thus developed are still extremely useful4 ,indeed1 the mentality1 developed in war 7but neither wholly nor chiefly in war71 is worth all it cost1 whatever it did cost1 because with this godlike mentality1 and only with this mentality1 we can now have the higher and finer forms and phases of life1 the pleasures that distinguish man from the brutes2 that is1 with this mentality we can have these more glorious forms of life3 ,provided1 that the low cunning1 deception1 malignance1 egoism1 egotism and the coarse-grained strain of the ancient brute are not even yet too strong in our veins and characters4 ,in spite of one's intelligence he may be 8not only willing1 but anxious to fight40 ,such a person may no longer have the skin-ripping finger-claws1 but he has the skin-ripping disposition that was developed when the skin-ripping finger-claws were developed1 and developed in the same way4 ,now1 of course1 we still need the muscle and the intelligence1 every one of us4 ,but we do not any longer need the skin-rippers1 or the tusks1 or the club1 the 8big stick10 the spear1 the bow and arrow1 the rifle and the battleship2 nor do we any longer need the arrogant egotism1 the cheap cunning1 the prize-fighter ambitions or the tiger's readiness to take blood4 ,nor should we any longer need the ancient method of struggle1 every-fellow-for-himself1 in the industrial process of life--in a rationally organized society1 with our present control of nature4 ,and we should no longer enjoy any of these brute means and methods if we were civilized in the noblest sense1 that is1 if we were decently socialized4 8,are you ready for the question80 ,this is the question3 ,can you use1 do you prefer to use--your developed mentality like a brute1 like a savage1 or like a truth-seeking1 socialized man8 ,are you 8not only willing1 but anxious to fight10 or are the business and the methods of the brute disgusting to you8 ,what o'clock is it in your personal evolution8 ,do you prefer a library to an armory1 books rather than bayonets8 ,is a fight natural1 or necessary1 or helpful in your personal development8 ,if a fight1 actual part in a fight rifle-in-hand1 is not necessary to the preacher1 the senator1 the professor1 the banker or the manufacturer1 why should it seem necessary in your case--and why should you permit these 8better class0 citizens to have you ordered and led around like a prize-winning bull-dog to fight in the international prize-ring called the struggle for the world market8 ,war as a developer and a civilizer is a flat failure in your case if the capitalist class can seduce you for fifty cents a day to fight for a foreign market for ,american porter-house steak while you and your father and mother are fed on third-rate meat1 beans1 cheap syrup and mock-coffee without cream4 ,brother1 you may indeed be a 8brave boy10 and a 8good shot10 and you may have heroically stained your hands in other men's blood2 but1 really1 the 8upper class0 have marked you as an easy victim1 a useable cheap 8guy0 of the 8lower class40 7#bj7 ,john ,ruskin keenly appreciated the capitalist's craftiness and the workingman's buffoonery in 8a war for civilization40 ,he wrote3#bab 8,capitalists1 when they do not know what to do with their money1 persuade the peasants that the said peasants want guns to shoot each other with4 ,the peasants accordingly borrow guns1 out of the manufacture of which the capitalists get a percentage1 and men of science much amusement and credit4 ,then the peasants shoot a certain number of each other until they get tired1 and burn each other's houses down in various places4 ,then they put the guns back into towns1 arsenals1 etc41 in ornamental patterns1 and the victorious party put also some ragged flags in churches4 ,and then the capitalists tax both annually1 ever afterwards1 to pay interest on the loan of the guns and powder40 ,the ,italian historian ,ferrero sees the swinish snout of the ruling class greed in the wars of three thousand years of 8civilization40 ,he writes3#bac 8,during those thirty centuries from which dates our historical knowledge1 war has been more a social system than a cruel pastime for kings--the first most violent and brutal means adopted by ruling minorities to acquire wealth40 7#ba7 ,is it said that wars always have been and always will be8 ,that wars always have been is an unproved proposition4#bad ,that 8wars always will be0 depends upon the working class4 ,the clouds of confusion are clearing from the mind of the working class4 ,a revolution is ripening in the toilers' thought on war4#bae 7#bb7 ,is it said by the leading citizens that wars are necessary in order to kill off the surplus population8 ,if wars are necessary for such purpose1 why not have ,mr4 ,leading ,citizen and his friends classified as a part of the surplus population on the ground that they are criminally unsocial1 and have them taken out to the battlefield and forced to shoot one another8 ,the theory of having the surplus population killed off would thus quickly lose its popularity with the 8upper classes40 7#bc7 ,it may be said that the ,napoleonic wars removed more than #g1ejj1jjj men from competition in the labor market2#baf and it might be argued by the working man that since war reduces the competition among the workers1 the working class should on this account welcome war4 ,let us see3 ,if four men are competing for two jobs1 should two of them be satisfied1 and even glad1 to have the competition for the jobs reduced by having the other two climb upon their backs and cease to bid for the jobs8 ,it should be kept distinctly in mind that the workers who do not go to war support those who do go to war--always1 everywhere1 absolutely no exceptions4 7#bd7 ,there is a somewhat popular1 and simian1 assumption that in war--even in beautiful ,christian war--the results are 8the survival of the fittest10 meaning1 in the case of modern wars1 the survival of 8the more highly civilized10 also the biologically 8best40 ,of course a 8bullet carefully selects its victim40 ,and do not statesmen tell us on the ,fourth of ,july all about the 8splendid intelligence0 and the 8noble spirit0 and the 8superiority0 of the 8brave boys who died in battle08 ,does not the recruiting officer try to get the soundest men for slaughter8 ,let the orthodox worshippers answer3 ,is pagan ,japan more fit for survival than ,christian ,russia8 ,what show for survival would ,belgium have in a contest with ,turkey1 ,spain or ,russia8#bag 7#be7 ,a kindred and stupid assumption in all wars is this3 ,might makes right4 ,but if might makes right between two warring nations1 then why does not might make right when a strong man by force compels a weaker man to hand over his pocket-book8 7#bf7 ,a ,scotch philosopher on the 8brave boys03#bah 8,omitting much1 let us impart what follows3 ,horrible enough6 ,a whole march-field strewed with shell-splinters1 cannon-shots1 ruined tumbrils and dead men and horses2 stragglers remaining not so much as buried4 ,and those red mound-heaps3 aye1 there lie the ,shells of ,men1 out of which the life and virtue have been blown2 and now they are swept together and crammed down out of sight1 like blown ,eggshells6444 ,how has thy breast1 fair plain1 been defaced and defiled6 ,the green sward is torn up1 hedge-rows and pleasant dwellings blown away with gunpowder1 and the kind seed-field lies a desolate ,place of ,skulls4 ,nevertheless1 ,nature is at work 444 all that gore and carnage will be shrouded in1 absorbed into manure4444 8,what1 speaking in quite unofficial language1 is the net purport and upshot of the war8 ,to my own knowledge1 for example1 there dwell and toil1 in the ,british village of ,dumrudge1 usually some five hundred souls4 ,from these1 by certain #8natural enemies' of the ,french1 there are successively selected1 during the ,french war1 say thirty able-bodied men3 ,dumrudge1 at her own expense1 has suckled and nursed them2 she has1 not without difficulty and sorrow1 fed them up to manhood1 and even trained them up to crafts1 so that one can weave1 another build1 another hammer1 and the weakest can stand under thirty stone avoirdupois4 ,nevertheless1 amid much weeping and swearing1 they are selected2 all dressed in red and shipped away1 at the public charges1 some two thousand miles1 or say only to the south of ,spain1 and fed there till wanted4 ,and now to that same spot in the south of ,spain1 are thirty similar ,french artisans--in like manner wending their ways2 till at length1 after infinite effort1 the two parties come into actual juxtaposition1 and thirty stand facing thirty1 each with his gun in hand4 ,straightway the word #8,fire6' is given1 and they blow the souls out of one another2 and in the place of sixty brisk1 useful craftsmen1 the world has sixty dead carcasses1 which it must bury1 and anew shed tears for4 8,had these men any quarrel8 ,busy as the ,devil is1 not the smallest6 ,they lived far enough apart2 were the entirest strangers2 nay1 in so wide a universe1 there was even1 unconsciously1 by commerce1 some mutual helpfulness between them4 8,how then8 8,simpleton6 ,their governors had fallen out2 and instead of shooting one another1 had these poor blockheads shoot40 7#bg7 ,in that part of biology treating of parasitic life the technical terms 8host0 and 8guest0 are used4 ,the host is the living thing that furnishes a living not only for itself1 but also for the life-filching intruder which fastens itself upon the body of the 8host40 ,the intruder1 the robber residing upon the body of the 8host10 is the 8guest10 that is1 the parasite4 ,now one of the strangest things in the entire live world is this3 ,when in some life-forms a certain stage of parasitism is reached1 when the guest has permanently fastened itself upon the body of the host and the host has become thoroughly accustomed to and adjusted to the parasitic arrangement1 the host stupidly inclines to defend the parasitic guest4 ,it is remarkable 7and discouraging7 that this law of nature1 this tendency1 is found in operation in the social life of man4 ,for thousands of years multitudes of men1 women and children have been held in the grip of this law1 mentally strangled in their effort to think ,justice and ,freedom2 the vast majority of the working class are always quickly and easily rendered 8peaceful10 8law-abiding10 and 8satisfied10 and 8patriotic40 ,millions of chattel slaves have 8loyally0 defended their parasitic masters4 ,millions of serfs have 8loyally0 defended their landlords-and-masters4 ,and today tens of millions of wage-earners strongly incline to 8loyally0 defend their parasitic employer masters4 ,moreover1 the employer1 by craftily praising the wage-earner1 can induce the wage-earner to ignorantly1 blindly1 stupidly praise and defend not only the employer1 but also the whole wage-system of robbery and social parasitism4 ,not only that1 the employers1 by controlling certain institutions such as the school1 the library1 the press1 and the lecture platform1 can have the wage-earning hosts taught to teach their own children to defend and praise the parasitic employer guests and the parasitic social system under which their lives are belittled by being sucked up as rent1 interest and profits and fed to the parasitic capitalist class4 ,what the employer calls a contented and loyal working man is simply a stupidly acquiescent 8host10 biologically considered4 ,and a working class man with a rifle in his hand defending the class that1 as social parasites1 rob the working class--such a workingman is the best possible illustration of the fact that the great laws of nature are careless of the so-called 8dignity of man10 totally careless of the ridiculous spectacle of a human being reverting to the behavior of creatures far1 far down below even the simian cousins of the human race4 ,nature does not care whether a man behaves like a crab or a sucker1 a tiger or a monkey1 a sycophantic slave or a defiantly self-respecting man4#bai 7#bh7 ,toward the prideless working class as a social 8host0 defending the ruling class1 the defended ruling class take nature's contemptuous attitude4 ,and the working-class soldier as professional defender of the parasitic capitalist class1 tho' much flattered1 is cordially despised4 ,what the ,united ,states government thinks of the soldier may be seen1 for example1 in the fact that a ,civil ,service employee1 in the ,weather ,department1 travelling about on duty on long trips1 is allowed one dollar1 and even more than a dollar per meal in his expense account2 while the 8brave boys0 in khaki who agree to stand ready to butcher their brothers for a living are lucky if they get a thirty-cent meal at any time4 ,in this connection the following from ,mr4 ,taft's ,report as ,secretary of ,war for #aijg 7p4 #ib-ic7 is of interest4 ,under the head of 8,rations0 we find3 8,the present ration1 while liberal and suitable1 falls considerably short of the ,navy ration in variety4 ,butter1 milk and molasses1 or syrup1 at least1 should be added to the garrison ration4 ,these are articles almost necessary in the preparation of desserts4444 ,they are part of the ration in ,alaska and they should be everywhere40#bbj ,the present ration 8liberal and suitable10 yet lacking butter1 milk and molasses and even syrup4 ,such things are 8almost necessary60 ,the reckless epicureanism thus proposed by 8the great secretary0 in offering some cheap syrup as an addition to the dessert gives us an illuminating suggestion as to the ,war ,department's estimate of the cheapness of the hungry greenhorn who can be lured into the rulers' 8service0 with cheap syrup4 ,an ordinary house fly can be coaxed into a trap with syrup--good syrup4 ,the ,united ,states soldier's meals are estimated by the ,war ,department to be worth six and two-thirds cents apiece1 as will appear from the following passage taken from the ,report of the ,war ,department for #aijg1 page #he3 8,the pay of the private1 at present1 is #dc and one-third cents a day4 ,adding the daily cost of his ration as #bj cents1 clothing allowance and right to quarters each at #ae cents1 and his remaining privileges at1 say1 six and two-thirds cents1 his present pay still falls #be cents short of the average laborer throughout the ,united ,states40 ,this is the ,war ,department's estimate of the soldier's average total daily income in cash and allowances1 made by the ,department in order to compare the soldier's incentive with that of the farm hand and general day laborer4 ,on page #hd of the same ,report is the ,government's estimate of the average daily income of the 8farm and the general laborer03 ,for #aijb the average for these two classes was 7according to the ,report7 #a4bj a day2 and 8allowing for the increase in wages since #aijb0 the government's estimate for the 8farm and general laborer0 in #aijg was #a4be per day4 ,this1 the ,report says1 is #g4ej per month better than the soldier's incentive in #aijg4 ,it is matter of common knowledge that the ,united ,states soldiers and marines are forced to spend a considerable portion of their cash incomes for food that the ,government is too stingy to furnish4 ,that is1 the ruling class have such contempt for their human 8watch dogs0 that they furnish them a meaner living than is received by the most meanly paid group of the working class over whom they stand guard and stand ready to murder if they strike and struggle for more4 ,in the same ,report1 under the heading 8,quarters10 is this3 8,the fact that he is living in a #dj1jjj building impresses the soldier less if he finds in it only iron bunks1 cheap chairs1 and unpainted tables--the absolute necessities for his use and nothing for his comfort4 ,the barrack is the home of the soldier while he remains in the service4 ,it is possible that he might think oftener of continuing there if it presented more the appearance of a home4 ,so far as the squad rooms are concerned1 mere room adornment is neither necessary nor advisable 6 444 ,the squad rooms are sleeping rooms only4 ,there is space only for bunks1 lockers and a few chairs2 but these last might in part be something more than the present cheap and uncomfortable article4 ,but it is the reading and amusement rooms that are meant particularly4 ,there is no reason why they should not be made habitable4 ,indeed6 ,really1 ,mr4 ,taft6 ,how daring of you6 ,a few barrack chairs and rough tables1 with possibly a billiard table1 ordinarily constitute their furniture now4 ,there is little to tempt a man to stay there4 8,tempt0 is good4 444 ,these rooms might be made comfortable and pleasant4 ,a rug on the floor1 a few prints on the walls1 substantial chairs1 a few writing tables and writing materials could all be supplied at no serious expense to the ,united ,states4444 ,there is nothing degenerating in such furnishings2 there is much that is homelike40 ,like whose home8 8,a few prints0--not many of course1 and cheap ones1 let us say about ten cents each2 and 8a rug0--a dull1 unexciting mat of rags--simply these and nothing more1 lest the degenerating influences of fine art should soften the syrup-baited lads' blood-lusting temper too much for the more glorious art of butchering4 ,as ,mr4 ,taft profoundly remarks1 8,there is little to tempt a man to stay there0 at present2 but1 as he sagaciously suggests1 about #ih cents expended in baiting the bunk-room trap with a few original ,italian1 or1 say1 ,dutch1 masterpieces1 and a few imported ,persian fascinations of emotional red--this #ih cents for the seductions of fine art added to a nickel's worth of skimmed milk and molasses would be an effective allurement for the khaki heroes to re-enlist and 8stay there40 ,recently ,congressmen and ,senators advanced their own salaries from #e1jjj up to #g1ejj per year4 ,this is one sign of self-respect4 ,this advance of #b1ejj per year will of course be sufficient to provide a fair quality of syrup and skimmed milk for the statesmen's dessert4 ,does it seem probable that cheap molasses added to the dessert of the soldier's ration and a few ten-cent prints hung on the walls of the soldiers' living rooms will attract ,taft's sons or ,roosevelt's sons or the sons of ,senators and ,congressmen and the sons of the 8better class leading citizens0 to the dreary1 barren barracks provided for men who stand ready to slaughter for less than #ej cents a day and cheap 8keep08 ,says ,major-,general ,j4 ,f4 ,bell1 ,chief of ,staff3#bba 8,that men enlist believing they will love the life is likely1 but their mental picture is oftentimes so different from the reality that disappointment is the almost inevitable consequence40 ,fifty-eight per cent4 of all the desertions from the military service in the year #aijf were desertions of men in their first year of service1 and considerably more than half of these desertions were during the first six months of service4#bbb ,twenty-six times as many enlisted men in our army committed suicide in #aijh as in #aijg1 and thirty-nine times as many of the 8tempted0 and trapped young men in our army committed suicide in #aiji as in #aijg4 ,no suicides are reported for the years #aija to #aijf inclusive4 ,the record for the three years #aijg1 '#jh1 '#ji is #a1 #bf1 #ci1 respectively4#bbc ,it would seem likely that a young fellow whose loathing for the army life had become unendurable would desert rather than commit suicide to escape the hideous business4 ,but no doubt the following line from the ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 ,mr4 ,wright1 in #aijh1 will help explain somewhat the increase of suicide in the army4 ,mr4 ,wright says 7page #ai73 8,an elaborate system 444 now almost perfected is well calculated to secure swift and certain apprehension and punishment of deserters and will 444 have a marked effect in reducing the crime to a minimum40#bbd ,an illustrative feature of this 8highly perfected system0 is to furnish the run-away soldiers' pictures to the police of a city to which the lads can be traced1 and offer the police #ej a head cash for the arrest of the soldiers4 ,the #ej results in a human 8bloodhound0 search4 ,this 8highly perfected system0 makes a young man's enlistment a good deal like swallowing a barbed fish-hook4 ,a great number of the boys go insane4 ,in #aijh insanity ranked third in the long list of causes of discharge from the army for disability4#bbe ,army service1 even in time of peace1 is not exactly a picnic dream4 ,on this point ,general ,frederick ,funston offers some helpful information1 thus3#bbf 8,there is too much of the everlasting grind of drill and practice marches1 and at some of the posts too much #8fatigue' in the way of keeping the reservations in apple-pie order4 ,it is pretty much of a shock to many of the men who have entered the army service to taste the delights of military life to find that1 from the standpoint of the post-commanders1 the most important part of their training consists in cutting brush and weeds40 ,in his ,report of #aijg1 page #ad1 ,mr4 ,taft said3 8,a noteworthy feature in the recruitment of the ,army under present conditions is the increasing number of men who fail to re-enlist and of those who leave the ,army before the expiration of their term of service by purchasing their discharge4444 ,the fact cannot be disregarded nor explained away that for some reason or other the life of the soldier as at present constituted is not one to attract the best and most desirable class of men40 ,in the excerpt just quoted ,mr4 ,taft makes it pretty clear that in his judgment the present enlisted men in the 8regular0 army are 8undesirable citizens40 ,hence the 8great secretary's0 recommendation of milk-and-syrup additions to the soldier's dessert1 a few cheap prints on the walls1 and a coat of paint on the tables used by the soldiers--in order to catch a better and more desirable class of men2 that is1 a better and more desirable class of workingmen2 for be it remembered the ,government does not expect to get any well-fed capitalist class men into the army by means of cheap syrup and cheap milk and cheap #8print' pictures and the like4 8,the soldier in peace10 says the ,report just quoted1 8is better fed and better clothed than the average man of his class in civil life40#bbg ,how interesting and instructive6 ,in #aije almost #gc per cent41 and in #aijf almost #gd per cent4 of the applicants for examination for enlistment in our army 8were rejected as lacking either mental1 moral or physical qualifications40#bbh ,president ,roosevelt1 in his ,message of ,december1 #aijg1 virtually ridiculed the patriotism of the men in the army and those who may contemplate entering the army4 ,he wrote3 8,the prime need of our present ,army and ,navy is to secure and retain competent non-commissioned officers4 ,the difficulty rests fundamentally on the question of pay40 8,fundamentally on the question of pay40 ,how suggestively patriotic6 ,did ,colonel ,roosevelt join the army for the cash there was in it8 8,oh1 certainly not40 ,but why should he insultingly say that1 for other men1 joining the army is fundamentally a question of cold cash8 ,the ,war ,department1 with ,mr4 ,taft at the head1 in #aijg1 joined ,mr4 ,roosevelt in his sneering contempt for the soldier's motive in joining the army4 ,the ,report runs3#bbi 8,under a voluntary system men enlist either to aid their country or to promote their own ends2 that is1 through self-sacrifice or self-interest4444 ,self-sacrifice of this sort is patriotism1 an emotion necessary to arouse4444 ,to keep it through long periods of peace at a pitch high enough to maintain an army would be impossible4444 ,self-interest is1 therefore1 the only cause of enlistment necessary to consider2 4440#bbg ,it thus appears that1 in the judgment of the 8great secretary10 now ,president1 patriotism is not at all a matter of brains1 of reason steadily sustained by logic1 but is1 on the contrary1 a matter of emotion1 passion1 8brain-storm10 induced with fife and drum and sustained with godlike sky-climbing aspiration to have one's stomach filled with 8butter1 milk and molasses1 or syrup1 at least0--as 8dessert40 ,the two ,presidents1 the anti-labor injunction judge and the lion-hunting monkey murderer1#bcj agree that what looks like patriotism in the long-service 8regular0 is after all simply a matter of getting less than fifty cents a day and 8keep40 ,of course1 such things as this are not mentioned on the ,fourth of ,july nor in campaign speeches when the 8great secretary0 or his chattering predecessor is courting the #8brave boys' for their votes4 7#bi7 ,when a young man joins the army or the navy he virtually agrees to pocket his pride and submit to a series of insults from his 8superior0 officers for a term of years4 ,the recruiting officer is to some degree1 at least temporarily1 a man of pleasant manners1 and the callow patriot taking the bait in the recruiting office is treated alluringly4 ,but when the youth signs his name in the books and becomes a soldier patriot1 matters take a change4 ,it is a case of being 8stuck0 or 8stung40 ,for following the hour of his enlistment1 humble1 prideless submission to strutting1 swaggering bosses is the soldier's portion4 ,from 8superior0 officers he must meekly accept insults for which1 in private life1 he would promptly knock a man down4 ,in the service he must bend his neck and take the yoke for years4 ,here is a sample of the spirit of the haughty airs assumed by the 8superiors40 ,mr4 ,taft1 speaking as ,secretary of ,war1 ,february #ad1 #aijh1 to the young men at ,west ,point ,military ,school1 said3 8,the plainest of your duties is to keep your mouths shut and obey orders4 ,as a soldier you must forego the privilege of free speech4444 ,you will meet with injustices1 others will get all to which they seem entitled4 ,your wives will have heart-burnings4 ,your children will have heart-burnings4 ,in spite of all that you must do your duty1 honestly and devotedly40 ,here is a soldier's letter3#bca 8444 ,we are supposed to work eight hours a day1 but we get dismissed when the officers see fit to let us go--all for fifty-two cents a day4 ,the negroes working at ,panama get more money and are better treated than the enlisted men out here4 ,our #8little brown brothers' are treated better over here4 ,and to cap the climax1 over comes a high statesman ,mr4 ,taft8 and makes a speech to a mob of our #8little brown brothers' and tells them not to judge the ,americans by the enlisted men1 as the enlisted men are composed of the roughest elements in the ,states44440 ,president ,david ,starr ,jordan 7,leland ,stanford ,university7 writes of the contemptuous treatment of the men in the ranks by the 8superior0 officers3#bcb 8,one soldier in the ,philippines says1 #8,if the ,united ,states were on fire from end to end1 ,i would never raise my hand to put it out4' ,another would #8toss in a blanket the officials at ,washington1 as we toss a cheating corporal4' ,another says in print1 referring to the abuse of the soldiers by their superiors in pay3 #8,yes1 ,i knew that war would be hell before ,i got into it4 ,but ,i did not know that war would be hell deliberately and fanatically inflicted4 ,i expected to sleep in mud puddles with my head on a stone for a pillow1 and go hungry for days on forced marches and away from a base of supplies4 ,but ,i never dreamed that ,i would have to sleep in a leaky and exposed shed when there was plenty of good shelter elsewhere1 and when thirty officers had fine apartments in which there was room for five hundred men2 neither did ,i expect to be fed on coffee-grounds and foul canned meat for weeks when we were right next to a base of supplies1 and when our officers lived on the choice of the commissary's department4'0 ,but the question naturally occurs to one3 ,why shouldn't the working class soldiers be treated thus8 ,surely it is to be expected that the great majority class will get what they permit from their 8superiors40 ,note how the soldier boys are snubbed and bull-dozed in the ,german army4 ,says ,dr4 ,walsh3#bcc 8,in a trial reported ,dec4 #ag1 #aijc1 a lieutenant of the infantry has been convicted of #fah cases of maltreatment and #eg cases of improper treatment of soldiers under him1 and a sergeant in another regiment has been convicted of #a1ebj cases of maltreatment and #ajj cases of improper treatment4444 ,the men deposed were so afraid1 that nobody ventured to complain40 ,there is a yearly average of #g1jjj desertions from the ,english regular army4 ,quite naturally4 ,frozen1 starved and despised1 the thirty-cent patriots make a break for bread and freedom from the 8noble0 snobbery of the aristocratic pets in control4 ,the record of desertions from the ,american ,army is1 for the years #aijg1 #aijh1 and #aiji1 respectively1 #d1ecd1 #d1ebe1 #e1jbc4 7#cj7 ,how is it possible to interest young men in the brutal business of war8 ,there are some paragraphs on this matter in the chapter following1 8,for ,mother and the ,boys40 ,here the matter of military parades is suggested for consideration by 8father and the boys40 ,sometimes the boys' interest in war begins in so simple a thing as a parade4 ,a military parade is a trap--for the working class4 ,a writer in the ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,april #bb1 #aijh1 makes several artful suggestions as to the value of military parades in snaring young toilers into the army4 ,he suggests3 ,that 8parades1 so far as circumstances permit1 be through or near 444 sections of the city 444 where they may encourage enlistment among a 444 class of prospective recruits 444 instead of on ,riverside ,drive where the #8better classes' live1 to which the public has access with difficulty and which is not frequented by the class of young men to whom the ,national ,guard appeals4444 ,these suggestions reflect the views of many citizens 444 with whom the writer has conferred40 ,the writer also points out that bright-colored uniforms for the paraders have excellent effect on the imagination of the prospective recruits4 ,there can be no doubt that the masters are well aware of the hypnotizing influence of marching loud1 gay-colored bands1 festively uniformed infantry1 and fascinating cavalrymen through the streets where they may be seen and admired by the working class1 admired by many thousands of ill-fed1 ill-clothed1 meanly sheltered young men and women whose lives are dull and sad1 consumed with the killing monotony and hurry of the factory4 ,a cavalry captain in the ,united ,states ,army1 a part of whose business is to wheedle the gullibles into the dreary army life1 has this to say of parades3 8,the good influence in popularizing the army by having it stationed in large cities is exemplified in ,london4 ,the various guards and other bodies of troops marching through the streets1 preceded by their gorgeously dressed bands1 all the uniforms recalling traditions of brave1 gallant deeds1 gain friends every time40 ,the best known butcher of modern times 7,napoleon7 also understood this matter4 8,you call these toys8 ,well1 you manage men with toys60 said that red-stained egoist1 speaking of the ribbons and crosses and other gewgaws of his ,legion of ,honor4#bcd ,when at the street-side a boy of seven1 watching a military parade1 shouts in gleeful admiration and claps his small hands in happy hurrahs1 ,mars1 the bloody god of war1 begins to fasten his clutches on the little fellow1 the child's imagination takes fire with visions and hopes1 his soul begins to thrill with the kill-lust1 then and there he is being prepared to enlist--when he 8gets big40 ,how different it would be for the small boys if1 when soldiers were marched through a city1 these armed slayers of their kind should march at night with all lights out and with the rumble of drums and the frequent boom of cannon in the darkness making the air tremble4 ,the working class mother might well consider this matter4 ,she has all to lose4#bce ,in the average parade-and-review the workingman is made ridiculous4 ,did you ever see prominent bankers or other 8better class0 business men in large numbers trudging along afoot in the middle of the dusty or muddy street1 marching and sweating miles and miles past a gay-colored reviewing-stand to be 8reviewed0 and grinned at by a bunch of sugar-coated crooks in the 8reviewers' stand08 ,no6 ,and you never will4 ,the trudging and the sweating1 as usual1 are handed over to the 8common people10 chiefly the wage-slaves4 ,when the 8very best people0 do take part in the parading before the 8grand-stand10 they ride1 up front1 in carriages or on horseback4 ,they laugh and chat and gaily enjoy the stupid gullibility of the working men as the humble fellows are thus 8bell-weathered0 through the dirt and heat4 ,on the occasion of a recent great parade in ,new ,york ,city a well-known capitalist gliding along in a handsome automobile swaggeringly called out1 8,we've got the ships1 we've got the men1 and we've got the money too60 ,a seedy1 hungry-looking young man proudly answered back1 8,you bet we have60 ,on the same occasion thousands of ten-dollar-a-week clerks and factory workers were charmed into hand-clapping as the gaudily dressed soldiers marched by carrying the very rifles they were ready to use to crush the admiring toilers if they should strike and struggle for justice4 ,the usual 8review0 is a pompous occasion on which hundreds or thousands of meek1 ill-fed1 cotton-lined1 callous-palmed working men 8hoof it0 for an hour or so past a 8reviewing-stand0 occupied by some grinning1 well-fed1 silk-lined1 lily-fingered1 decorated 8great0 men who scorn even the thought of the working class having a political party of their own for their own self-defense4 7#ca7 ,a great many fathers and sons are thinking a good deal about an 8era of peace0 to be ushered in mainly through the good offices of peace societies4 ,the ,hague ,peace ,conference is1 in the judgment of many people1 8the hope of the world40#bcf ,the first meeting of the ,hague ,conference was called--in ,jesus' name1 of course--by the most infamous blood-stained butcher of feeble old men and women and thoughtful1 aspiring young men and women1 in all the world1--that is1 by the ,tsar of ,russia4 ,the sincerity of this crowned murderer may in some measure be realized by a brief study of his gross inconsistency in the year #aijc and in the years immediately preceding4 7,see ,chapter ,six1 and ,sixth ,illustration47 ,the second meeting of the ,society was held in #aijg1 and another is scheduled for the year #aiae4 ,the serene confidence the world's rulers have in the ,society is easily seen in their frantic efforts to increase their armies and navies4 ,they are bleeding their people white with taxes to make the enormously expensive preparations for what is likely to be the most vast and terrible butchering of the working class by the working class that has ever horrified mankind4 ,secretly the crowned and uncrowned ruling butchers of the world have nothing but contempt for the ,conference at ,the ,hague4 ,very naturally1 however1 they are all shrewd enough to make a large and beautiful profession of faith and desire for peace through the ,conference1 while at the same time they all 8want for soldiers young men who are not only willing1 but anxious to fight40 ,the man who inaugurated the ,conference promptly scorned the ,conference when he believed his interests would be served by a war with ,japan4 ,the famous ,french anti-militarist ,g4 ,herv shrewdly pointed out the hopelessly weak place in the 8authority0 of the capitalist ,hague ,peace ,court3#bcg 8,governments so far are unanimous in withdrawing from ,the ,hague ,tribunal all questions affecting #8the honor and vital interests of the country1' a convenient formula permitting them to refuse arbitration when they please40 ,and here is a frank admission3 8,the ,hague ,tribunal has nothing compulsory about it2 all its members are left in perfect freedom as to whether they submit questions to it or not4444 ,in all treaties hitherto the ,great ,powers have retained power to withhold submission of questions affecting #8their honor or vital interest4'0#bch 8,honor and vital interests10--convenient phrase--a matter of business--cash and commerce1 8plain dollars and cents10--under capitalism4 ,it is of interest to note that another peace society1 ,the ,peace ,society1 founded in ,london in #ahaf1 has been busy for almost a hundred years trying to mop up the blood1 so to speak1 never daring1 or not knowing how1 to uncover the fundamental cause of war4 ,in at least some respects a 8,conference0 of ,the ,hague ,peace ,society is1 itself1 hopelessly ridiculous and1 in appearance1 wickedly insincere4 ,for example1 at the 8,conference0 of #aijg the delegates learnedly and laughably discussed the 8,humanizing of ,war10#bci and1 after much brain-fagging effort1 the delegates to the fakirs' feast duly and heavily concluded as follows3 8,it is especially prohibited to employ poison or poisoned arms40 ,,well ,,be ,,it ,,known3-- ,,that ,,kleptomaniacs' ,,periodical ,,luncheon1 ,,or 8,,thieves' ,,supper10 ,,called ,,the ,,hague ,,conference1 ,,would ,,have ,,no ,,more ,,work ,,to ,,do ,,for ,,the ,,next ,,thousand ,,years1 ,,would ,,never ,,again ,,have ,,anything ,,whatever ,,to ,,meet ,,for1 ,,if ,,all ,,bullets ,,and ,,all ,,swords ,,and ,,all ,,bayonets ,,used ,,in ,,all ,,the ,,armies ,,were ,,dipped ,,in ,a ,,deadly ,,poison2 ,,for1 ,,in ,,that ,,case1 ,,the ,,working ,,class ,,of ,,the ,,whole ,,world ,,would ,,flatly ,,refuse ,,to ,,volunteer ,,or ,,be ,,drafted ,,to ,,serve ,,in ,,any ,,war ,,anywhere ,,under ,,any ,,circumstances4 ,,and1 ,,of ,,course1 ,,the ,,soft-,,voiced1 ,,well-,,fed 8,,humanizers ,,of ,,war0 ,,would ,,not ,,go ,,to ,,war--,,poison ,,or ,,no ,,poison4 ,,the ,,universal ,,use ,,of ,,poisoned ,,bullets1 ,,swords ,,and ,,bayonets ,,would ,,make ,,war ,,absolutely ,,impossible1 ,,because ,,the ,,inauguration ,,of ,,such ,a ,,policy ,,would ,,make ,,the ,,working ,,class ,,think4 ,a thinking slave is the terror of the plunder-bloated rulers of the world--always4 ,when the workers once think about war they will promptly do two things3 ,first1 ,they will refuse to go to war2 ,second1 ,they will find the cause of war1 and will remove it4 ,of course1 it requires the deep and prayerful investigation of 8great0 and 8prominent ,christian0 gentlemen in peace conference assembled to discover that it is wrong for men to butcher men with swords and bullets dipped in poison1 but that it is not wrong for men to destroy men with clean lead and clean steel1 their souls charged with hate as an adder's fang jetting venom into its victim's flesh2 to discover that it is wrong to have soldiers thrust poison-dipped bayonets into one another's stomachs1 but that it is not wrong for a 8,christian business men's0 government to feed its soldiers on poisoned canned beef4 ,the poor dupes who butcher one another at the word of command are1 of course1 too 8common0 and ignorant to understand the logical legerdemain of these prayerfully discovered distinctions2 but the learned and prominent gentlemen in peace conference assembled1 far1 far from the battle line1 smoking #ej-;cent cigars1 quaffing the world's costliest champagne--these noble braves1 these bottle-scarred heroes1 can tell us all about it4 ,certainly4 ,with thoughtful tenderness many ,christian governments1 influenced by peace societies1 have made an international agreement that1 in case of war1 no bullet used weighing #ad ounces or less shall be an explosive bullet1--that is1 a bullet that easily expands1 flattens and shatters when it strikes flesh4 ,however1 these same 8more refined and civilized0 nations are all at perfect liberty to use a cannon bullet1 or shell1 weighing hundreds of pounds1 charged with explosives1 flesh-tearing materials and deadly gases1 arranged with time-fuses in order to explode over the heads of1 or among1 a great body of men on the field1 or in the midst of men when it has pierced the armor of a war vessel4 ,it is not definitely known how these wise ,christian statesmen and scholars discovered that a three-hundred pound explosive bullet might properly and lovingly be used by gently sensitive ,christian butchers1 but that a thirteen-ounce explosive bullet might not with propriety be used by these loving followers of the gentle ,jesus4 ,possibly the discovery was made by some deep-seeing pot-house statesmen and scholars after a prayerful study of the ,sermon on the ,mount1--with champagne on the side4 ,war is 8human0 or 8inhuman0 according to the orations1 discussions1 confusions1 delusions1 conclusions1 decisions and provisions of these perfumed1 patent-leathered fighters after a long fast--on terrapin1 porter-house and 8,mumm's ,extra ,dry40 ,the eloquence of the ,hague ,peace ,conference literature concerning its long list of extremely 8glorious achievements0 would lead the uninstructed to suppose that till this organization came on the field there had never been a dispute settled without war4 ,it modestly claims everything in view4 ,note here the fact that3 8,there is no period known to history in which instances are not found of arbitration as a substitute for force1 and we can only wonder when we consider the historical antiquity of the former that the latter should have maintained its hold so long1 so constantly and so fiercely40#bdj 8,where are thy portents1 ,peace8 ,what sign on land or sea ,of thy great coming1 of thy rule to be8 ,the fighting and the drumming do not cease2 ,gun-thunder smites the air1 ,and shakes the earth beneath4 ,bait we not the war-dogs in their lair1 ,and toil at harvesting of dragon's teeth8444 ,must it forever be a poet's dream-- ,the land secure1 the mind at rest1 ,the cut-throat tamed and laboring at an oar1 ,the braggart silent and ashamed1 ,the toiler as a monarch seem1 ,the woman with her baby at her breast1 ,aglow with joy that war shall be no more84440 --,j4 ,i4 ,c4 ,clarke1 in ,new ,york ,times4 ,prominent people--prominent chiefly because they are elevated upon the shoulders of the working class--have been talking about peace for a long time4 ,but peace born of justice1 peace founded upon fairness1--that is neither thought of nor talked of1 by the ruling class1 in the pompous and pretentious peace conferences2 it is not on the program4 ,father and the boys of the working class will themselves have to place peace on the program of mankind4 ,and one of the first things to do is to bring up the subject of war and peace in every working class organization in the world--for discussion4 7,see pages #bgb1 #bhc-bhi4 ,index3 8,carnegie407 ,a ,special ,notice to the ,hague ,peace ,society3 ,as to 8limited armaments0--whether the swords are long or short1 the working class more and more clearly see that you intend that the working class shall continue to do all the fighting in case of war4 ,a ,special ,challenge to the ,hague ,peace ,society3 ,that all delegates to the ,conferences shall discuss1 not the problems of 8disarmament10 but 7#a7 the problem of striking the bands from the wrists of the wage-slaves2 7#b7 the artificial arbitrary restriction placed upon the consuming power of the wage-earners1 out of which fact grows the imminent world-struggle for the 8world-market40 ,a ,second ,special ,challenge to the ,hague ,peace ,society3 ,that the ,society shall frankly announce in all its ,conferences1 in all its ,reports1 in all its leaflets1 in all its lectures and sermons1 that the ,socialist ,party's method of preventing war is to frankly and loudly ,,warn ,,the ,,victims ,,of ,,war1 the working class1 just what war always means to the working class2 and that this method has succeeded in preventing two wars in recent years in cases where the ,hague ,peace ,society was powerless4 ,a ,third ,special ,challenge to the ,hague ,peace ,society3 ,that the ,society shall explain why the ,capitalist masters of the ,hague ,peace ,society will not permit their vassals in the ,conferences to accept the ,second ,challenge4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,beneficiaries ,,of ,,hell1 ,,flirting ,,with 8,,heaven0 ,the author of ,,war--,,what ,,for81 in the summer of #aiaj1 attended a ,national ,peace ,conference in ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,conference was attended by some of the most distinguished peace-wishers in the ,united ,states1 including capitalists1 orators and college professors4 ,the author was given the floor to address the ,convention4 ,everything went well until the author began to urge that all who want peace should make every possible effort to ,,warn ,,the ,,victims of war1 the working class1 of what war means to the working class4 ,instantly there was manifest discomfort all through the audience1 and very soon the chairman left his seat1 came close to the speaker and urged that the speech be concluded at once4 ,no other speaker was thus interrupted4 ,illustration ----- ,footnote #ahb3 ,charles ,seignobos3 ,political ,history of ,europe ,since #ahae1 p4 #hai4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,similar practice was common in our ,civil ,war4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,but see ,index3 8,four ,historic ,events40 ,footnote #ahe3 ,may #ba1 #aiji4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,report of the ,united ,states ,pullman ,strike ,commission3 ,carroll ,d4 ,wright1 ,chairman4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,see ,chapter ,ten on 8,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it80 ,footnote #ahh3 ,see article by ,labor ,commissioner ,c4 ,d4 ,wright3 ,north ,american ,review1 ,june1 #aijb2 also ,r4 ,t4 ,ely3 ,outlines of ,economics1 ,edition of #aijh1 pp4 #cig-ih4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,international ,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,footnote #aij3 ,c4 ,d4 ,wright3 ,practical ,sociology1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aia3 ,see ,report of ,secretary of ,war1 #aijh1 p4 #aee4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #aib3 ,an excellent edition of the law with notes1 analysis1 history1 and suggestions by ,mr4 ,ernest ,untermann1 can be had for #e cents1 of any ,socialist literature agent4 ,footnote #aic3 ,london1 ,march #ba1 #aijh4 ,footnote #aid3 ,miss ,jane ,addams3 ,newer ,ideals of ,peace1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #aie3 ,civil ,liberty1 pp4 #aaf-aag4 ,footnote #aif3 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall3 ,adolescence1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bbb-bc4 ,footnote #aig3 ,the ,rough ,riders1 p4 #aci4 ,found in ,edition of #ahii1 published by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons2 page #aeb1 as published by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,footnote #aih3 ,system of ,ethics1 p4 #ffj4 ,footnote #aii3 ,militarism1 pp4 #fj-fa4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,william ,shakespeare1 ,pt4 #c1 ,bk4 #c1 ,ch4 ,i4 ,footnote #bja3 ,see ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #aa1--of special interest to women who incline to be 8perfectly delighted0 with soldiers4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,quoted by ,thomas ,e4 ,will1 ,arena1 ,dec41 #ahid4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #adf-dg4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,education and the ,higher ,life1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #bje3 ,works1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 ,dresden ,edition1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #bjf3 8,lecture on ,war40 ,footnote #bjg3 ,the ,destiny of ,man1 pp4 #ajj-ajc4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,lester ,f4 ,ward3 ,applied ,sociology1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #bji3 ,bloomfield3 8,farmer's ,boy40 ,footnote #baj3 ,pope's ,homer's 8,iliad40 ,footnote #baa3 ,militarism1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #bab3 ,quoted by ,john ,a4 ,hobson3 ,john ,ruskin3 ,social ,reformer1 p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #bac3 ,militarism1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #bad3 ,see ,chapter ,eleven4 ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,chapter ,ten1 also ,index3 8,revolution of ,opinion40 ,footnote #baf3 ,see ,mc,cabe and ,darien3 ,can ,we ,disarm8 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #bag3 ,see ,index3 8,what ,war ,decides02 also 8,blood ,cost of ,war40 ,footnote #bah3 ,thomas ,carlyle3 ,sartor ,resartus1 ,book ,,ii41 ,chapter #h4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see ,index3 8,parasites40 ,footnote #bbj3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bba3 ,report1 #aijg1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,see ,report of ,department of ,war1 #aijf4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,see ,annual ,reports of the ,secretaries of ,war for the years named2 also ,preface of the present volume4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,see ,report of the ,war ,department1 #aijh1 p4 #ba2 see also ,index3 8,insanity40 ,footnote #bbf3 ,the ,world's ,work1 ,may1 #aijg4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,see ,reports of the ,department of ,war for the respective years4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 #aijg1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,mr4 ,roosevelt's kill-for-pleasure hunting trip in ,africa in #aiji-aj included1 according to the press reports1 8a splendid time10 8a corking time10 shooting monkies--murdering his ancestral cousins1 so to speak--8a careful count being kept of the exact number0 of the jolly1 playful little creatures butchered for the brave and noble gentleman's amusement on his 8old home0 trip4 ,footnote #bca3 ,a private1 writing from the ,philippines1 in ,everybody's ,magazine1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,imperial ,democracy1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,the ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #aej-ea4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,quoted by ,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 in his ,social ,control1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #bce3 ,see ,chapter ,eight3 8,for ,mother and the ,boys10 ,section #a4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,see ,index3 8,bankruptcy1 ,danger of40 ,footnote #bcg3 ,the ,international1 ,july1 #aijh4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bch3 ,documents of the ,american ,association for ,international ,conciliation1 #aijg-jh1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #bci3 ,see ,the ,peace ,conference at ,the ,hague1 pp4 #ic-abj1 and #aea4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,harper's ,magazine1 ,vol4 #hg4 ,see ,international ,conciliation--,documents of the ,american ,association for ,international ,conciliation1 #aijg-jh3 ,third ,paper--8,a ,league of ,peace40 ,,chapter ,,eight4 ,for ,mother and the ,boys and ,girls4 ,topics for consideration1 especially by the mothers in the working class4#bda 7#a7 8,will there be1 indeed1 more wars80 ,yes1 undoubtedly4#bdb 8,what shall be done about it80 ,there are two things to be done1 by the mother1 right away3 ,think about war and talk about war with other mothers and the boys--also with the girls4 ,let us see3 ,in the next war whose sons shall be shot8 ,the aristocrat's wife is not worrying about whose children are to be destroyed in the next war4 ,she knows already that her sons will not be destroyed in battle2 her sons will not stand before ,gatling guns2 her sons will not be torn and lie bleeding1 groaning1 screaming and cursing on the steel-swept battlefield by day or through the long night2 her sons will not fester and sicken and die in dismal battlefield hospitals2 she knows that her sons will not be pitched into nameless trenches--buried like dogs2 her flesh and blood1 her slain sons1 will not be brought home to mock her aching heart4 ,that is settled--positively4 ,she belongs to the ruling class4 ,the ruling class protect her and the men and boys she loves--loyally4 ,but the working class mother--the humble mother of wage-slaves--she feels no such security4 ,herod and ,mars invade her home to steal the men and boys she loves4 ,the rude fist of war is ever ready to crush her4 ,this humble woman is wholly unprotected against war by the ruling class4 ,she is also unprotected against war by the voting men of her own class4 ,this woman must protect herself--for the present4 ,let it be remembered that in the gentle heart of a humble mother whose loving sons have been butchered in battle1 it is always winter4 ,the cheap rhetoric and hypocritical compliments of the coarse-grained political orator1 the honeyed words of any man in any profession--sacred or secular--craftily exempted from the war which slew her loved ones1 these can not charm the wintry desolation of her life into rare ,june weather4 ,nor can the wound in her mother heart be healed with a stingy quarterly allowance of filthy money called a pension4 ,when her loved ones were slaughtered her joys were slain4 ,this woman must indeed protect herself2 and she can protect herself1 somewhat1--if she will4 ,she can do this3 ,she can teach her child to hate--to hate war4#bdc 7#b7 ,mother1 is your five-year-old son strong1 healthy and handsome8 ,yes8 ,well1 that is fine4 ,but think of him at the age of twenty in slaughtering clothes1 being transformed into a swaggering armed bully4 ,mother1 if he should be tricked into the army and butchered and his torn corpse should be brought home to you1 you would then know what other mothers feel when their boys1 whom your son butchers1 are brought home to them4 ,then1 perhaps1 war would seem quite different--far less 8great0 and 8glorious0 to you4 ,you see1 mother1 in a war some mothers' boys must be butchered4 ,perhaps a false patriotism has been taught to you--just as a false patriotism is taught your sons4 ,both the mother and her sons are confused4 ,to get the working class boy ready for war the capitalist must first confuse and trick the mother4 ,kings1 emperors1 presidents1 tsars1 and capitalists of all lands are lovingly interested in the problem of 8race suicide10 the problem of small families1--interested in the 8food-for-powder0 crop1 the 8bullet-stopper0 crop1--,,eager ,,that ,,every ,,working ,,class ,,mother ,,should ,,become ,a ,,breeder4 ,after ,napoleon ,bonaparte had had multitudes of the men and boys of ,france butchered1 making it difficult to find soldiers1 he impatiently exclaimed1 8,what ,france needs is mothers60 ,what he meant was that ,france needed more human breeders flattered into bearing and rearing more butchers for ,napoleon4 ,of course ,napoleon was shrewd enough to confuse the humble mothers with plenty of cheap flattery concerning their 8patriotism40#bdd ,capitalists today want larger working class families for more soldiers1 also for a larger army of unemployed--in order that the capitalists may1 in the industrial civil war1 more tyrannically dictate the wage terms to the workers and also more easily secure substitutes in case of a war4 ,and to this end the capitalists are willing to pay the price2 that is1 willing to pay for the social chloroform1 for the false teachings1 necessary to beget a slave's blind enthusiasm for the master that betrays him--called patriotism4 7#c7 ,thomas ,carlyle called working class soldiers simpletons4 ,a person of good mind1 however1 if caught young1 can be confused till he will actually volunteer to butcher his fellowman4 ,this can be done in many ways2 for example1 take ,fitchburg1 ,massachusetts1 ,may #bi-cj1 #aijh4 ,the very small children1 also ten-year-olds1 and those still older1 were assembled1 according to age1 in halls1 churches1 the ,young ,men's ,christian auditorium1 and elsewhere1 ,may #bi2 and for long weary hours gory stories of 8bravery0 in war were recited to them1 horrible pictures were displayed before them1 blood-curdling suggestions were urged upon them1 cheap lusts for cheap glory were inspired in the helpless youngsters1--just as a savage might teach his little sons to rip the scalp from a screaming victim's skull4 ,and humble mothers of the working class were tricked into co-operating in this anti-social 8patriotism40 ,such abominable performances stunt the children4 ,their social development is arrested4 ,they become jingoists1 ignorant little bigots--utterly incapable of sincere international love4 ,their political philosophy is a shallow and silly 8,hurrah60 ,their 8patriotism0 becomes a belittling conceit and a readiness for cruel deeds4 ,everybody1 of course1 loves a frank1 finely social child4 ,international and national murder is a coarse and unsocial thought2 and when parents1 teachers1 preachers1 or lecturers1 speak enthusiastically of wholesale murder or of famous national and international murderers in the presence of a child1 the child's social development is checked1 stunted2 when a few suggestions of international jealousy and malice have been ignorantly 7or cunningly7 thrust into a child's mind it becomes simply impossible for the child to develop into an 8international man10 a finely social person sincerely loving his fellowmen4 ,this would be a charming world if all men and women were social--socialized1 unblasted1 unstung by shriveling national jealousy and malice2 but everywhere the vile business of blasting the social nature of the rising generation is being extended4 ,the school1 even1 is invaded4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,walter ,walsh warns parents thus3#bde 8,the school has become not only the training ground1 but actually a recruiting ground for the army4 ,the ,british ,war ,office issues a circular pressing secondary schools to teach boys over twelve the use of the rifle2 issues ,morris tube carbines to schools having suitable ranges2 and supplies ammunition at cost price4 ,the inevitable next step is the formation of cadet corps in the schools1 with inspection by military chiefs4444 ,the capture of the schools by the militarists is one of the most ominous signs of the times4 ,the militarist has long looked with wistful eye at this happy hunting grounds4444 ,parliaments have already been strongly urged to make military drill compulsory in all public schools4444 ,the scholar is rapidly transformed into the conscript40 ,the shameless audacity of using a socializing institution1 the school1 to cultivate national malice in the helpless children6 7#d7 ,if only the children could get one good look at the hell behind the curtain it would be more difficult to beguile and betray them4 ,let the wonderful ,zola tell what the boys in the public schools are not taught and are not permitted to realize till later when they are grown up and are seduced to the battlefield with the crafty cry1 8,follow the flag60 ,here following are some paragraphs on the battlefield hospital4 ,a military hospital1 it may be said1 is an institution in which sick and shell-torn men are hastily repaired in order that they may go again to the battle line--perchance to faint or be ripped to pieces again4 ,thus ,zola3#bdf 8444 ,outside in the shed the preparations were of another nature3 the chests were opened and the contents arranged in order4444 ,on another table were the surgical cases with their blood-curdling array of glittering instruments1 probes1 forceps1 bistouries1 scalpels1 scissors1 saws1 an arsenal of implements of every imaginable shape adapted to pierce1 cut1 dice1 rend1 crush4444 ,the wagons kept driving up to the entrance in an unbroken stream4444 ,the regular ambulance wagons of the medical department1 two-wheeled and four-wheeled1 were too few in number to meet the demand 444 provision vans1 everything on wheels that could be picked up on the battlefield1 came rolling up with their ghastly loads2 and later in the day carrioles and market-gardeners' carts were pressed into the service and harnessed to horses that were found straying along the roads4444 ,it was a sight to move the most callous to behold the unloading of those poor wretches1 some with the greenish pallor on their faces1 others suffused with the purple hue that denotes congestion2 many were in a state of coma1 others uttered piercing cries of anguish 444 the keen knife flashed in the air1 there was the faint rasping of the saw barely audible1 the blood spurted in short sharp jets4444 ,as soon as the subject had been operated on another was brought in1 and they followed one another in such quick succession that there was barely time to pass the sponge over the protecting oil-cloth4 ,at the extremity of the grass plot1 screened from sight by a clump of lilac bushes1 they had set up a kind of morgue whither they carried the bodies of the dead1 which were removed from the beds without a moment's delay in order to make room for the living1 and this receptacle also served to receive the amputated legs and arms1 whatever dbris of flesh and bone remained upon the table4444 ,rents in tattered1 shell-torn uniforms disclosed gaping wounds1 some of which had received a hasty dressing on the battlefield1 while others were still raw and bleeding4 ,there were feet1 still encased in their coarse shoes1 crushed into a mass like jelly2 from knees and elbows1 that were as if they had been smashed by a hammer1 depended inert limbs4 ,there were broken hands1 and fingers almost severed1 ready to drop1 retained only by a strip of skin4 ,most numerous among the casualties were the fractures2 the poor arms and legs1 red and swollen1 throbbed intolerably and were as heavy as lead4 ,but the most dangerous hurts were those in the abdomen1 chest1 and head4 ,there were yawning fissures that laid open the entire flank1 the knotted viscera were drawn into great hard lumps beneath the tight-drawn skin1 while as the effect of certain wounds the patient frothed at the mouth and writhed like an epileptic4444 ,and finally the head1 more than any other portion of the frame1 gave evidence of hard treatment2 a broken jaw1 the mouth a pulp of teeth and bleeding tongue1 an eye torn from its socket and exposed upon the cheek1 a cloven skull that showed the palpitating brain beneath4444 ,although the sponge was kept constantly at work the tables were always red4444 ,the buckets 444 were emptied over a bed of daisies a few steps away4444 ,some seemed to have left the world with a sneer on their faces1 their eyes retroverted till naught was visible but the whites1 the grinning lips parted over the glistening teeth1 while in others with faces unspeakably sorrowful1 big tears still stood on the cheeks4 ,one1 a mere boy1 short and slight1 half whose face had been shot away by a cannon ball1 had his two hands clasped convulsively above his heart1 and in them a woman's photograph1 one of those pale1 blurred pictures that are made in the quarters of the poor1 bedabbled with his blood4 ,and at the feet of the dead had been thrown in a promiscuous pile the amputated arms and legs1 the refuse of the knife and the saw of the operating table1 just as the butcher sweeps into a corner of his shop the offal1 the worthless odds and ends of flesh and bone4444 ,bourouche1 brandishing the long1 keen knife1 cried3 #8,raise him6' seized the deltoid with his left hand and with a swift movement of the right cut through the flesh of the arm and severed the muscle2 then1 with a deft rear-ward cut1 he disarticulated the joint at a single stroke1 and1 presto6 the arm fell on the table1 taken off in three motions4444 #8,let him down6' 444 he had done it in thirty seconds4444 ,their strength all gone1 reduced to skeletons1 with ashen1 clayey faces1 the miserable wretches suffered the torments of the damned4444 ,the patients writhed and shrieked in unceasing delirium1 or sat erect in bed with the look of spectres4444 ,there were others again who maintained a continuous howling4444 ,often gangrene kept mounting higher and higher1 and the amputation had to be repeated until the entire limb was gone40 ,and that is hell--for which your children are prepared4 ,this phase of war is shrewdly kept from the children4 ,no child's mind could be poisoned1 no child's imagination could be set on fire for war1 no child's heart could be made to lust for the 8glory0 of the battlefield of carnage--if he were shown this side of war4 ,but the child is an easy victim4 ,even some cheap jingo jingle called patriotic poetry renders the working class the easy1 fooled tool of despots4 ,the victimizing of the helpless child is rendered especially easy when the mother1 blindfold with flattery1 gullibly lends assistance in strangling the child's sociability4 7,see ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #cj47 7#e7 ,here is a specimen of the poison craftily used in the public schools under the control of the capitalist class3 8,a soldier is the grandest man ,that ever yet was made4 ,he's valiant on the battlefield ,and handsome on parade4 ,by strict attention to my drill ,it should not take me long ,for me to be an officer ,when ,i am big and strong4 ,then1 when my country needs me1 ,in case of war's alarms1 ,i'd run and get my uniform#bdg ,and call the boys to arms6 ,with sword in hand ,i'd lead the charg ,my orders ,i would yell ,above the noise of cannon's roar ,and storms of shot and shell4 ,we'd dash upon the foreign foe1 ,as ,teddy did of yore1 ,who took the hill while covered with ,dust1 victory and gore6 ,with banners gay1 while bugles play1 ,we'd seek our native land4 ,upon a horse ,i'd ride that day1 ,the ,general in ,command60#bdh ,will the mothers protect their children's nature against the unsocial small souls who are always ignorantly or maliciously ready to thrust fangs and venom into the generous natures of frank and social children by having them recite stupid praise of distinguished human butchers and 8famous victories08 ,an ,american literary man of great eminence1 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 thus rebuked the poisoners of school children3 8,but even now1 think how much more care you give to the study of the histories of war than to the histories of peace4 ,there are ten times as many people who know who commanded at the ,battle of ,new ,orleans as there are who could tell me the name of the great apostle who made freedom the law for ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 ,north ,dakota1 ,south ,dakota and ,michigan4 ,this man died leaving no memorial40#bdi 7#f7 ,the working class should speedily get control of public libraries and throw out and keep out books written especially to exalt war and puff the brilliant butchers who have guided millions of working men to death on blood-soaked battlefields1--throw out and burn all books designed to praise the ,christian or pagan cannibalism1 or the civilized savagery called war4 ,,labor ,,unions ,,and ,,all ,,other ,,working ,,class ,,bodies ,,should ,,make ,,formal ,,and ,,vigorous ,,protest ,,against ,,having ,,anything ,,said ,,in ,,the ,,public ,,schools ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,war ,,and ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,distinguished ,,butchers4 ,let them reflect too that military drills1 given as such1 with martial songs and war tales1 cultivate blood lust in the children1 blind them to the true meaning of war1 make them an easy prey1 later1 to the crafty cowards who will seek to use them in future savage contests1 and are thus an outrage on the children4 ,for a dozen reasons the working class should get control of local school boards4#bej 7#g7 ,the following lines from a poem written by an elegant coward1 are often used in the primary grades of the public schools3 8,form6 ,form6 ,riflemen1 form6 ,ready6 be ready to meet the storm6 ,riflemen6 ,riflemen6 ,riflemen1 form60 ,a ,,school ,,teacher ,,can ,,make ,a ,,fool ,,and ,a ,,murderer ,,of ,a ,,boy ,,of ,,eight ,,or ,,ten ,,years ,,with ,,such ,,lines4 ,,remember ,,that ,,poets ,,and ,,teachers ,,who ,,furnish ,,the ,,war-,,song ,,chloroform ,,for ,,school ,,children ,,usually 8,,side-,,step0 ,,when ,,the ,,storm ,,breaks--,,no ,,rifle ,,business ,,for ,,them--,,they ,,let ,,others 8,,meet ,,the ,,storm0 ,,which ,,their ,,poetry ,,and ,,teaching ,,helped ,,stir ,,up4 ,,the ,,war-,,song ,,poet ,,and ,,the ,,war-,,song ,,school ,,teacher1 ,,if ,,you ,,please1 ,,are ,,too 8,,cultivated ,,and ,,respectable0 ,,to ,,be ,,patriotically ,,butchered4 ,under no circumstances should a working class father and mother keep silent while a public school teacher or a ,sunday-school teacher thrills the children's blood and blasts the glorious sentiments of human brotherhood with recitals of war-tales and fulsome praise of men whose 8glory0 is red with the blood of tens of thousands of working class men4 ,such stories and such praise scar and brutalize the social natures of the children as distinctly as a hot branding iron would disfigure their tender faces4 7#h7 ,the little lovers1 the children1 who are conceived in love1 born in love1 and live on love1 who hunger for love1 long to love1 glorify the home with love and make the sad world hope for--almost mad for--love1 one generation of these sweet little lovers1 these prattling sweethearts of mankind1 would1 when grown up1 fill the world with an international love1 if they were not bitten by the viper of petty1 local patriotism4 ,the mother who will think about this matter somewhat will promptly realize that there is something disastrously wrong with the education which stings her little lovers with a murderer's aspiration4 ,there is something wrong when the gracious neighborliness and charming sociability of children give way to swaggering insolence and savage blood-lust4 ,let the mother think of it3 ,even their playthings1 their toys1 are craftily used to sting1 to debauch the imagination of the children1 to write the hopes of brutes in the hearts of gentle children4 ,lately there has been enormous increase in the business of manufacturing toy soldiers1 toy cavalry horses1 toy cannon and toy ,gatling guns1 also khaki soldier clothing for children4 8#abj1jjj bales of scrap tin from the ,puget ,sound canneries were sent recently to ,hamburg1 ,germany1 to be made into toy soldiers40#bea ,there can be no doubt about the results of using such garb and playthings4 ,that the child is thus scarred is revealed when the tiny boy assumes the attitudes and the strut and swagger of the professional man-slaughterer4 ,his very conversation with his military toys shows he is marked--ready4#beb ,william ,lloyd ,garrison wrote3 8,my country is the world1 my countrymen are all mankind40 ,but the stung child can not learn the meaning of ,garrison's noble words4 7#i7 ,boy1 kill one human being1 and you will be called a murderer--despised and hanged4 ,but kill a thousand human beings in war--and you become 8great06 ,deluded women smile upon you1 little children gape at you1 preachers praise you1 politicians pet you1 orators glorify you1 capitalists grin at you1 universities honor you1 and the ,government medals and pensions you2--but lonely1 war-orphaned children and war-robbed widows1 these despise you exactly in proportion as they understand you4 ,remember1 boy1 the soldier's sword reaches through the slaughtered father to others--reaches the hearts of helpless women and helpless children4 ,which would you rather be1 boy1 a dead and useless slaughterer of men1 or a live and useful man of peace8--a dead butcher or a live brother8 7#aj7 ,here1 of course1 the thought of patriotism occurs4 ,a great ,american1 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 wrote3 8,we hesitate to employ a word so much abused as patriotism1 whose true sense is almost the reverse of the popular sense4 ,we have no sympathy with that boyish egotism1 hoarse with cheering for one side1 for one state1 for one town2 the right patriotism consists in the delight which springs from contributing our peculiar legitimate advantages to the benefit of humanity40 ,and thus ,james ,russell ,lowell3#bec 8,there is a patriotism of the soul whose claim absolves us from our other and terrene fealty4444 ,when1 therefore1 one would have us throw up our caps and shout with the multitude1 #8,our country1 however bounded6' he demands of us that we sacrifice the larger to the less1 the higher to the lower1 and that we yield to the imaginary claims of a few acres of soil our duty and privilege as liegemen of ,truth4 ,our true country is bounded on the north and the south1 on the east and the west1 by justice4444 ,veiling our faces1 we must take silently the hand of ,duty to follow her40 ,the fallacy of false patriotism is exploded in the following quotation by ,james ,mackaye3#bed 8,there is a school of patriotism more or less popular which teaches that a man owes to his country a duty which he owes to no other aggregate of the human race1 and that he should render service to the constituted authorities thereof1 whatever policies they may choose to pursue4 ,the motto of this school is #8,my country1 right or wrong4' ,had this been the motto of ,washington and his compatriots the ,united ,states would still be a part of the ,british ,empire4 ,the particular aggregate of men which constitutes a nation is a matter of the merest accident4444 ,indeed the patriotism whose dictum is #8,my country1 right or wrong' is but one degree of egotism1 for if my country right or wrong1 why not my state right or wrong2 if my state right or wrong1 why not my town 444 my neighborhood 444 my family 444 my great uncle 444 or why not myself right or wrong80 ,george ,washington was disloyal to his own government1 the greatest national government in the world in his day1 simply because that government did not do things to suit him4 ,washington took up arms against his own government because it did not suit him4 ,washington was unpatriotic toward his great national government because it did not please him4 ,washington even trampled upon the flag of his own national government because that government's policy did not suit him4 ,but ,washington was loyal to his own interests4 ,he was patriotic toward the new revolutionary government that did suit him4 ,he transferred his allegiance to a new flag and a new constitution and a new government and thus protected his economic interests4 ,and all these things are true1 strictly true1 of almost every great ,american in the times of ,washington4 ,nearly every 8leading citizen0 in ,england at that time thought the behavior of the great ,americans was 8simply awful10 8outlandishly anarchistic40 ,the 8patriotic0 great men in ,england were protecting their economic interests and used their government to protect those interests4 ,the 8unpatriotic0 ,americans were protecting their economic interests1 and they despised the government that would not protect their interests1 and they straightway constructed a government which they could use in protecting their interests4 ,then they became patriotic toward the new government which they were using to protect their interests4 ,always those in possession of the powers of government use the ,government to protect themselves--that is1 to protect their interests2 and they never fail to shrewdly shout1 8,patriotism60 and teach 8patriotism02 nor do they ever fail to shout1 8,unpatriotic60 at any group or class who seek to reorganize government in self-defense4 8,patriotism60 8,love of our country60 ,yes1 indeed6 ,but1 doesn't the average ,american working class man look ridiculous shouting1 8,hurrah for our country--our land of the free08 ,he has no voice in the control of the factory where he works2 has no voice as to the use of the militia and the soldiers2 has no right to demand a job and thus defend his life2 he could not have the service of one petty village marshal1 to open up a 8shut-down0 factory1 even though the opening of the factory would save him and five thousand other men and their twenty-five thousand women and children from starvation2 in the mill and mine and factory he has no voice as to who shall be his foreman or superintendent any more than black chattel slaves in ,georgia cotton fields in #ahej4 ,our country6 ,land of the free6 ,where the president of the ,american ,federation of ,labor could be clapped into jail if he should use the 8freedom of the press0 to publish even a short list of boycotted industrial tyrants2 where the officers of the ,western ,federation of ,miners were kidnapped and the kidnapping was declared to be constitutional by the highest court in the land1 and the untried prisoners 7constitutionally entitled to all the presumptions of innocence7 were declared guilty by the cheap ,president of the political mockery called a 8free republic40 7#aa7 ,mothers and fathers are not permitted to learn of many of the foul things happening at barracks or far away whither their sons have been 8flimflammed0 for bullet-stoppers4 ,for ,president ,william ,h4 ,taft's official testimony on the sexual degradation of the soldier sons of loving mothers1 see ,chapter ,four1 ,section ,one1 of the present volume4 8,on the #agth of ,july1 #ahii1 the staff correspondents of ,american newspapers stationed in ,manila stated unitedly in public protest3 8#8,the ,press censorship has compelled us to participate in this misrepresentation by excising or altering uncontroverted statements of fact1 on the plea1 as ,general ,otis said1 that 8they would alarm the people at home10 or 8have the people of the ,united ,states by the ears40'0#bee ,some things1 you know1 must be concealed4 ,president ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan 7,leland ,stanford ,university7 writes3#bef 8,does the ,outlook editor know what ,manila is becoming under military rule8 ,we hear of four hundred saloons on the ,escolta1 where two were before2 that twenty-one per cent4 of our soldiers are attacked with venereal disease1 that according to the belief of the soldiers1 #8even the pigs and dogs have the syphilis4'0 ,following the ,spanish war1 venereal diseases as cause of ineffectiveness and cause for discharge from the army increased two and a half fold2 that is1 two hundred and fifty per cent4#beg ,the statement by the ,secretary of ,war1 ,mr4 ,dickinson 7,report for #aiji1 p4 #ag7 is sufficient to disgust and anger every woman in the land with the entire filthy business of militarism4 ,for the startling statement see ,chapter ,four1 ,section ,one1 of present volume4 ,in this connection read the words of an officer in the ,department of ,war1 ,col4 ,john ,van ,rensselaer3#beh 8,i have but one word to say4 ,i am an officer of the ,medical ,corps of the ,army1 and will speak on this important subject from that standpoint4 8,every soldier excused from duty on account of sickness of any kind has a record made of his case4 ,by reason of this fact1 ,i believe ,i may safely say that military vital statistics1 including venereal diseases1 are the most complete extant4 8,the authorities observing that there has been in recent years a progressive increase of these diseases in the ,army1 until the non-efficiency from them with us now exceeds that of any other army1 and despairing of help from the civil control of prostitution1 have instituted a plan within the service by which they hope to reduce the excessive non-efficiency from venereal4 ,medical officers are required to instruct the men in the nature and dangers of these diseases1 the non-necessity of exposure to them4444 8,such instruction is valuable to a certain extent1 but only to a certain extent4444 ,we cannot1 therefore1 expect all of our men1 so many of whom are at the age of highest virility1 to avoid exposure by reason of any moral suasion we may bring to bear4 ,some certainly will not1 so we say to them1 #8,be continent1 but if you cannot1 then protect yourself6' ,and we tell them how to do it40 ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,boy-,,scout ,,hired ,,hands4 7,see sample of 8finished product0 of a ,boy ,scout1 pages #ea1 #ec and1 especially1 opposite page #bjg47 ,how splendid1 how grandly noble1 it must have been to see a regular army physician1 wearing the official professional uniform marked 8,u4 ,s410 going1 officially1 at stated intervals1 to the officially 8segregated0 houses of prostitution in ,manila to officially examine the condition of professional prostitutes1 and1 having examined them1 officially report them 8unfit0 7for whom87--or 8fit0 7for whom874 ,how sublime6 ,how patriotic6 ,how lovingly ,christian6 ,great flag-waving1 constitutional government1 performing a noble function nobly and1 of course1 constitutionally6 ,all in the name of ,christ1 of course--for 8,this is a ,christian nation0--officially4 ,life on board a war vessel is unnatural4 ,so far as social and sex relations are concerned the men are virtually kept in solitary confinement for weeks1 even months1 at a time4 ,under such profoundly unnatural conditions human beings behave unnaturally4 ,many strong characters and all the weak ones collapse1 utterly collapse2 and the wild1 ugly1 worse than brute monster1 ,perverted ,sex ,appetite1 has a vile festival weeks at a time1 enticing1 embracing1 befouling1 devouring many of the finest youths in the land4 ,it is said to be common knowledge with many who know and with many it is a source of horrible jest--that under such unnatural conditions on board a battleship men sexually associate with men in ways worse 7if possible7 than the most degrading ways mentioned 7and cursed7 in the ,old ,testament4 ,and when1 after weeks or months at sea1 the warship touches at a port for a few days or weeks1 there is a wild rush of unfortunate boys for unfortunate women whose diseased condition is an unspeakable abomination4 ,and this should be known too3 ,certain ,christian and un-,christian governments' officials provide the boys with certain preventive chemicals 7as they leave the ship for a 8lark0 on shore71 knowing that the boys1 many of them1 are sure to be the victims of victims reeking with disease4 ,and then if the reader could witness the 8round-up0 the night before the ship sets out to sea again1--could see scores of fine young marines1 pride of loving mothers1--if the reader could see them taken on board dead drunk and horribly befouled1 taken on board in wheel barrows and dumped like big lumps of diseased1 drunken1 snoring and slobbering flesh1 to be sobered up and 8treated0 when the ship gets out to sea1--if the reader could see all this and very much more1 for example in ,new ,york harbor1 he would then better understand why very few of 8our very best people0 of the 8upper class0 are not easily wheedled into giving up their own sons to defend our great and glorious country on board a big steel fighting machine called a battleship--to cruise and carouse around the world4 ,just in proportion as the working class mother thinks about this matter her sons will be safer from the wheedling seductions of the recruiting officer4 ,mothers1 what is the blind sentiment that makes you clap your hands in admiration of the 8great statesmen0 or the 8great government0 that has prostitutes examined for the sons you bore and carefully reared and tenderly love8 8,,lead ,,us ,,not ,,into ,,temptation10 ,,said ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,,yet ,a 8,,civilized0 ,,christian ,,government ,,recently ,,not ,,only ,,examined1 ,,but ,,provided ,,prostitutes ,,for ,,the ,,soldier ,,boys4 ,,the ,,great ,,british ,,government ,,within ,,recent ,,years ,,provided ,,prostitutes ,,for ,,her ,,soldiers ,,in ,,india4 ,circular memoranda were sent to all the cantonments of ,india by ,quarter-,master ,general ,chapman1 in the name of the commander-in-chief of the army of ,india 7,lord ,roberts74 ,here are three excerpts from those documents and from official reports3#bei 8,in regimental bazaars it is necessary to have a sufficient number of women2 to take care that they are ,,sufficiently ,,attractive2 to provide them with proper houses1 and above all to insist upon means of ablution being always available to prevent venereal diseases4444 ,if young soldiers are carefully advised in regard to the advantages of ablution1 and recognize that convenient arrangements exist in the regimental bazaar 7that is1 in the chacla1 or brothel71 they may be expected to avoid the risks involved in association with women who are not recognized that is1 not examined and licensed by the regimental authorities40 ,another commanding officer writes in his report3 8,,please ,,send ,,young ,,and ,,attractive ,,women ,,as ,,laid ,,down ,,in ,,the ,,quarter-,,master ,,general',s ,,circular1 ,,no4 #ba;,a4444 ,,there ,,are ,,not ,,women ,,enough2 ,,they ,,are ,,not ,,attractive ,,enough4 ,,more ,,and ,,younger ,,women ,,are ,,required4444 ,i ,,have ,,ordered ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,prostitutes ,,to ,,be ,,increased 444 ,,and ,,have ,,given ,,special ,,instructions ,,as ,,to ,,additional ,,women ,,being ,,young ,,and ,,of ,,attractive ,,appearance40 ,and this3 8,the total number of admissions to hospital of cases of venereal diseases amongst troops in ,india rose in #ahie to #ebb per #a1jjj40 ,and this from another authority3#bfj 8,in #aijb1 in ,india1 the enormous number of #ab1fhf men were admitted into hospitals suffering from sexual diseases alone2 more than #a1jjj military victims were always in the hospital--and the report from which these figures are taken deals with the healthiest year for #bj years past4 ,in the ,home ,army 444 in a single period of twelve months1 of #aed1jjj troops1 there were #bd1agf sexual complaint cases--or one in every six4 ,in the author's judgment1 #hj per cent4 of the entire ,british ,army in ,india1 and a proportion slightly smaller for the ,home ,army1 have been at some time affected40 8,the worst of war and war service is that the soldier is a ruined man40#bfa ,general ,sherman has spoken on the refining influences of war3 8,long after the ,civil ,war1 ,general ,sherman1 defending the conduct of his troops in ,south ,carolina1 said to ,carl ,schurz3 #8,before we got out of that state the men had so accustomed themselves to destroying everything along the line of march that sometimes1 when ,i had my headquarters in a house1 that house began to burn before ,i was fairly out of it4 ,the truth is--human nature is human nature4 ,you take the best lot of young men--all church members if you please--and put them into an army and let them invade an enemy's country and let them live upon it for any length1 and they will gradually lose all principle#bfb and self-restraint to a degree beyond the control of discipline4 ,it has always been so and always will be so4'0#bfc 7#ab7 ,an anonymous author writes thus3#bfd 8,real war is a very different thing from the painted image that you see at a parade or review4 ,but it is the painted image that makes it popular4 ,the waving plumes1 the gay uniforms1 the flashing swords1 the disciplined march of innumerable feet1 the clear-voiced trumpet1 the intoxicating strains of martial music1 the pomp1 the sound1 and the spectacle--these are the incitements to war and to the profession of the soldier4 ,they are not what they are4 ,but they still form a popular prelude to a woeful pandemonium4 ,and when war bursts out it is at first1 as a rule1 but a small minority even of the peoples engaged that really sees and feels its horrors4 ,the populace is fed by excitements2 the defeats are covered up2 in most countries the lists of killed and wounded are suppressed or postponed2 victories are magnified2 successful generals are acclaimed1 and the military hero becomes the idol of the people4 ,the over-fed1 seedy malingerers of a small society join with the starving loiterers about the gin palace in applauding the execution of ruin4 ,if their heroes are successful1 what are their trophies8--prisons crowded with captives1 hospitals filled with sick and wounded1 towns sacked1 farms burnt1 fields laid waste1 taxes raised1 plenty converted to scarcity or famine1 and vast debts accumulated for posterity4 ,then when these military heroes have done their work1 the heroes of peace 444 appear1 and by long and patient labor amid scenes of universal lamentation seek to mitigate the suffering of their repentant fellow-countrymen40 ,the poet ,byron was in a war and described war thus3 8,all the mind would shrink from of excesses2 ,all the body perpetrates of bad2 ,all that we read1 hear1 dream1 of man's distresses2 ,all that the devil would do if run stark mad2 ,all that defies the worst which pen expresses2 ,all that by which hell is peopled1 or is sad ,as hell--mere mortals who their power abuse-- ,was here 7as heretofore and since7 let loose4444 ,war's a brain-spattering art40#bfe 7#ac7 ,in connection with the foregoing section #ab examine ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #ah4 8,war6 ,war6 ,war6444 ,god send the women sleep in the long1 long night1 when the breasts on whose strength they leaned heave no more40#bff ,wives and mothers of the working class1 as soon as the government has had your choicest sons slaughtered1 the government is through with you--except to send you a miserable1 blood-stained1 silver sop1 a sort of cash bribe1 once a quarter4 ,then as you receive the vile cash1 you can1 in imagination1 hear the shrieks of your dead loved ones4 ,the government seeks to win your approval and to silence your hearts' protests against human butchery with the cheap jingle of some filthy dollars--as if you had sold your sons and husbands for a price4 ,such a pension is a form of hush money4 8,if the stroke of war fell certain on the guilty heads1 none else 444 but alas6 ,that undistinguishing and deathful storm ,beats heaviest on the exposed and innocent2 ,and they that stir its fury1 while it raves ,safe at a distance send their mandates forth40--,crowe4 ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll wrote3#bfg 8,nations sustain the relations of savages to each other4444 8,no man has imagination enough to paint the agonies1 the horrors1 the cruelties1 of war4 ,think of sending shot and shell crashing through the bodies of men6 ,think of the widows and orphans6 ,think of the maimed1 the mutilated1 the mangled64440 ,let the working class mothers beware of crafty and cowardly politicians and business men seeking to excite them with the shallow cry3 8,the flag6 ,our country6 ,our homes60 ,for the mothers' sake it is worth the space to restate the fact here3 ,that more than half of all the mothers in the ,united ,states have no homes of their own and must live in rented homes1 and more than one-eighth of them live in mortgaged homes4#bfh ,and vast numbers of the mothers in the ,united ,states live in mean1 small houses with scarcely a single modern convenience4 ,mothers1 keep your eyes on the bankers and the manufacturers and the other 8leading citizens03 they and their sons and sons-in-law are not shedding a large quantity of their 8blue0 blood for 8our0 country and 8our0 homes and 8our0 flag2 and they can not be wheedled into doing so4 ,watch them closely1 mothers1 both before a war and during a war4 ,don't get excited4 ,remember ,christ's 8,put up thy sword40 ,st4 ,paul said1 8,follow peace with all men40 ,you have heard of this doctrine3 8,thou shalt not kill40 8,war has no pity10 said ,schiller4 8,god is forgotten in war1 and every principle of ,christianity is trampled under foot10 said ,sidney ,smith4 8,to be tender-minded ,does not become a sword40--,shakespeare4 8,war is one of the greatest plagues that can afflict humanity2 it destroys religion 444 it destroys families4 ,any scourge1 in fact1 is preferable to it4444 ,cannon and fire-arms are cruel and damnable machines40--,martin ,luther4 ,the gentle and charming lover of little children1 ,eugene ,field1 wrote3 8,i hate wars1 armies1 soldiers1 guns1 and fireworks40#bfi 8,and he shall judge among the nations1 and he shall rebuke many people4 ,and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning hooks3 nation shall not lift sword against nation1 neither shall they learn war any more40#bgj ,james ,russell ,lowell3#bga 8,the laborin' man and laborin' woman ,have one glory and one shame2 ,ev'y thin' thet's done inhuman ,ingers all on 'em the same40 ,and ,tolstoi thus3#bgb 8,every war--even the briefest--with its accompaniment of ruinous expenses1 destruction of harvests1 thefts1 plunder1 murders1 and unchecked debauchery1 with the false justifications of its necessity and justice1 the glorification and praise of military exploits1 of patriotism and devotion to the flag1 with the pretense of care for the wounded1 etc41--will1 in one year1 demoralize men incomparably more than thousands of thefts1 arsons and murders committed in the course of centuries by individual men under the influence of passion40 ,let the women's literary clubs and circles1 many of them devotees of ,john ,ruskin1 consider the following lines from his pen3#bgc 8,but ,occult ,theft--,theft which hides itself even from itself1 and is legal1 respectable1 and cowardly1--corrupts the body and soul of man1 and to the last fibre of them4 ,and the guilty thieves of ,europe1 the real sources of all deadly war in it1 are the ,capitalists1--that is to say1 those who live by percentages on the labor of others4--,the ,real war in ,europe--is between these thieves and the workman1 such as these thieves have made him4 ,they have kept him poor1 ignorant1 and sinful1 that they might without his knowledge gather for themselves the produce of his toil4 ,at last a dim insight into the fact of this begins to dawn upon him40 ,as to thieves3 ,think of stealing several years of a man's life when he is in the prime of young manhood1 by tearing him from his own friends and loved ones1 forcing a rifle into his hands1 and compelling him for years to learn the vile science and art of human butchery4 ,thus are the best years of millions of the choicest young men in ,europe stolen--stolen by a class1--a class of prominent kidnappers1 industrial and political thieves1 8leading citizens0 hypocritically wearing a mask called 8,patriotism40 ,think of many millions thus stolen--stolen from their parents1 stolen from their brothers and sisters1 stolen from their wives and children4 ,when the working class think about war and see the vast theft of their lives they will astound the world with their protest4 ,and the mothers will take part in this protest4 7#ad7 ,didn't ,christ say in substance3 8,i came not to send peace1 but a sword80 ,yes4 ,at least that is what some of the gentle ,christ's followers are said to have reported that they heard he had been reported to have been heard to say4 ,and it is true1 too1 that tyrants1 hypocritically mumbling interpolated malignance ascribed to ,christ1 draw the sword to combat the brotherhood of man--as1 doubtless1 ,christ expected they would do4 ,but it is worse than blasphemous nonsense to teach children--young or old--that ,christ1 the ,great ,lover of ,mankind1 was a cheap jingoist1 recommended the sword and counseled wholesale butchery of brothers by brothers4 ,the distinguished intellectual prostitutes who argue ,christ into the same butchers' list with ,alexander1 ,caesar1 ,napoleon and the ,tough ,rider1 are pridelessly down on their faces in the dust cringing before their industrial masters2 they are simply betraying ,christ again for 8thirty pieces0 of blood-stained silver called salaries4#bgd ,christ1 according to the reports1 also said3 8,blessed are the peacemakers3 for they shall be called the children of ,god40 ,also3 8,ye have heard it hath been said3 #8,an eye for an eye1 and a tooth for a tooth'2 but ,i say unto you3 #8,that ye resist not evil4'0 ,and this3 8,they that take up the sword1 shall by the sword perish40 ,and this on authority3 8,thou shalt not steal40 ,one of the most eminent bishops in the ,united ,states went1 in the winter of #aijg-h1 before a ,congressional ,committee and argued eloquently for a large cash donation from ,congress for a certain 8boys' academy0 managed by his church4 ,his chief argument was that the little fellows 8are carefully trained in the use of arms and would be ready for use in case of trouble40 ,many schools thus prepare boys to murder hungry working men who are out on strike for a few pennies a day to feed their families--which is a 8case of trouble40 ,now imagine ,christ training tender boys for human butchery and teasing the brutal government of his time for cash with which to buy spears and swords for the children6 8,there is a powerful section of the ,christian church which teaches its entire membership that the ,church has a right to exempt them--the clergy--from the usual duties of citizenship1 and especially from military duty40#bge ,now1 it does not matter what church we may or may not be members of1 all the men and all the women of the working class--in all the churches and out of the churches--should band together in a world-wide fellowship and effort of the working class to drive war from the world and thus protect the helpless women and children4 ,remember1 mothers1 it is not fair that your husbands and sons should be torn from your homes1 have cruel rifles thrust into their hands1 and be forced into a war where they may be destroyed1--and you be thus widowed and your younger children be left fatherless2 and1 at the same time1 the minister who by prayer and public speech exerted powerful influence to bring about the war1--that he should be exempted from the horrors of the battlefield1 the horrors up close1 where human blood and brains are pounded into the mud by cannon balls and the hoofs of horses4 ,remember1 too1 that tens of thousands of ministers have no wives and no children to be desolated4 ,does it not seem rather that these wifeless1 childless men who want war should themselves go to the war instead of having your lovers go8 ,it should be repeated3 ,,no ,,matter ,,what ,,denomination ,,they ,,belong ,,to1 ,,those ,,men ,,who ,,pray ,,for ,,war ,,or ,,pray ,,for ,,victories ,,in ,,war1 ,,or ,,help ,,train ,,boys ,,for ,,war--,,those ,,men ,,should ,,go ,,and ,,fight ,,the ,,war4 ,,if ,a ,,war ,,is ,,good ,,enough ,,to ,,pray ,,for ,,it ,,is ,,good ,,enough ,,to ,,go ,,to4 ,,those ,,who ,,want 8,,great ,,victories0 ,,should ,,be ,,forced ,,to ,,go ,,after ,,them1 ,,right ,,up ,,to ,,the ,,front ,,too1 ,,where ,,cannon ,,shells ,,burst ,,striking ,,hundreds ,,with ,,death--,,up ,,to ,,the ,,front1 ,,into 8,,hell',s ,,hurricanes40 ,how does this matter seem to you1 mother8 ,won't you think it over and bring up the subject for friendly and earnest discussion in your community8 ,why not urge all women everywhere to take up this subject--and thus chain the attention of society to this subject of the degradation and slaughter of the men you love8 7#ae7 ,in ,the ,westminster ,review of ,july1 #aijg1 is the following suggestion of a topic suitable for discussion in women's societies and newspapers3 8,there is another insidious form of ,militarism that is very widespread and popular4 ,i refer to the ,lads' ,brigades in ,england which are attached to so many churches of different denominations4 ,under pretext of giving them physical training1 boys are taught the spirit of submission to another's will1 and to love the trappings of ,militarism4444 ,this coupling together of military training with religion has been well described by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,aked of ,liverpool now of ,new ,york1 as #8preaching heaven and practicing hell4'0 ,the ,american mother can not solace herself with the thought that what ,dr4 ,aked referred to was a practice in far-away ,england and does not much concern her4 ,for this new crucifixion of ,jesus and the degradation of the little boys1 a strong society exists in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,united ,boys' ,brigade is an organization for training the trigger-fingers and the blood-lusts of boys nine years and upward in the basement rooms of ,christian churches4 8,the object of the organization10 as announced in the monthly magazine of the organization1 ,the ,american ,brigadier1 is 8to 444 promote reverence and discipline 444 to create in them a love for their country 444 and while the boys are thoroughly drilled in military discipline and tactics1 it only serves to make them true ,christian soldiers40#bgf ,the ,american ,brigadier announces officially that 8there is nothing equal to it in drawing them into the ,sabbath ,school40 ,thus the church is to be made like a prize-fighting ring in order to make it look good to the little boys4 ,the ,american ,brigadier1 of ,december1 #aijg1 gives away its secret in a lengthy account1 headed1 8,securing a ,new ,recruit10 as follows3 7,one boy says to another73 8,we go to ,bible drill every ,saturday night and have setting-up exercises and ,bible drill1 and sometimes we visit other companies4 ,gee6 but our company can show them how to drill4 ,and we go camping in summer1 and we have a bully time4444 ,bible drill8444 ,gee6 but there are some bully stories in the ,bible4444 ,we read about ,samson1 the strong man that beat ,sandow all hollow1 and ,king ,david1 the siege of ,jericho1 and last week we read about a shepherd boy killing a giant with a sling-shot44440 ,in ,the ,brigadier of ,november1 #aijg1 is an article1 8,what it ,means to be a ,soldier10 in which is the following3 8,there is but one word that covers all1 and that is obedience3 obedience to orders and strict discipline4 ,the foundation of all military organizations rests upon this one basis40 ,precisely3 obedience4 ,that is to say1 an innocent little fellow who has been drilled thus for several years to forget that he has a brain and a will of his own1 drilled to obey all orders instantly--such a boy at the age of twenty will1 of course1 automatically and stupidly obey any order--no matter how vile--even the order3 8,fire6 ,charge60--though 8the enemy10 the target1 be little silk-mill wage-slave girls ten or twelve years old who must toil a whole week for #a4fj1 and are out on strike for a dime more per week1 and while out on strike are starved into being 8riotous40 ,armed rowdies--with riot guns--for starving1 8rioting0 children6 ,the ,american ,brigadier is primarily a religious magazine1 so they say2 but it offers a breech-loading ,springfield rifle as a premium to the boy who will send in the most subscribers4 ,imagine ,christ making his cause popular with little boys by offering them a weapon with which to murder6 ,the ,brigadier wins the boys to ,jesus by seductively baiting the savage that still lurks in the 8civilized0 breast2 the magazine gives pictures of armories1 battle monuments1 gun drills1 military parades1 camp life1 gay military uniforms1 little boys with guns1 swords1 tents1 banners1 cannon1 pictures also of pompous-looking1 gilt-braided 8big men10 famous professional human butchers4 ,the magazine prints alluring stories of army-and-navy life2 and makes a specialty of advertising military arms1 military clothing1 ,west ,point story books1 and so forth4 ,this organization works in and through the church4 ,it is strong and is gaining ground4 ,it boasts of having branches in many states4 ,in the 8,city of ,churches10 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 the society is specially strong4 ,much of the military drill work is done openly in the streets1 when the weather permits4 ,many pastors1 8in the name of ,jesus10 of course1 are energetically--and patriotically--hustling for the movement1 some of them proudly 7and craftily7 having their pictures taken with the training companies4 ,the pastors' poses in these pictures make the pastors look like valuable assets to the capitalists of their churches1 but the poses somehow do not suggest the quiet and gentle ,jesus4 8,put up thy sword0 is out of date with these kerosened procurers political4#bgg ,there are many thousands of innocent little church boys thus in training4 ,october #e1 #aijg1 twenty-five hundred of these little fellows marched on ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 carrying guns and swords1 four of the betrayed children dragging a light cannon4 ,the ,federal ,government at ,washington1 by a 8judicious mingling0 of winks and smiles1 is heartily encouraging this 8,christian soldier0 enterprise4 ,says the ,commander-in-,chief1 ,h4 ,b4 ,pope1 in his ,report3#bgh 8,in general 444 it can be said that in the quarters where we have desired to obtain recognition1 our influence is greater1 and the respect tendered to us is much more cordial than ever before4 ,our own ,government has paid special attention in several directions to the work of this organization 444 and our development is carefully followed by those highest in authority1 who appreciate the possibilities of the splendid soldiery which the organization is making1 should the necessity ever arise when this body might be needed in a strike for example4444 ,drill should never be allowed to take the place of religious exercises4 ,at the same time a judicious mingling of both constitutes means through which we can obtain highest results40 ,and the following is from a report on a meeting of the organization held in ,calvary ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,may #ac1 #aijg3 8,there were also present a number of ,army ,officers1 ,national ,guard officers and veterans of the ,civil ,war4444 ,the ,church was beautifully decorated with flags4444 ,general ,campbell presided and presented messages of good will and good wishes from the ,president of the ,united ,states1 from ,colonel ,fred ,grant 444 and from many other influential men40 ,how interestingly consistent--8,good will and good wishes0 from the presidential chairman of the executive committee of the capitalist class in ,america2 that is1 the ,national ,government1--8good will and good wishes0 to the seducers of small boys to serve as fist and tusk for the ruling class4 ,the 8,boy ,scout0 movement is the latest manifestation of this christened and kerosened cunning to seduce the innocent small boys for the blood-and-iron embrace of ,mars and ,mammon4 ,mothers1 take notice4 ,be warned4 ,defend yourselves4 ,president ,roosevelt 7international mentor7 also furnished bewildering flattery to the boys themselves who show skill in the use of the deadly rifle4 ,the ,philadelphia ,public ,ledger1 and many other newspapers about the same date1 ,july #af1 #aijg1 printed the following cunning letter written by ,president ,roosevelt to a ,brooklyn school boy4 ,the news item with the letter runs thus3 8,oyster ,bay1 ,july #ag4 ,president ,roosevelt has put his hearty approval on public school rifle practice4 ,in a letter of congratulation to ,ambrose ,scharfenberg1 of ,brooklyn1 winner of the shooting trophy of the ,public ,school ,athletic ,league1 he takes occasion to encourage the system of rifle practice inaugurated by ,general ,george ,b4 ,wingate1 retired4 8,that the letter to young ,scharfenberg may have as far-reaching influence as possible1 it was made public at the ,president's direction today4 ,it is as follows3 8#8,my ,dear ,young ,friend3--,i heartily congratulate you upon being declared by the ,public ,school ,athletic ,league to stand first in rifle shooting among all the boys of the ,high ,schools of ,new ,york ,city who have tried during the last year4 ,many a grown man who regards himself as a crack rifle shot would be proud of such a score4 ,your skill is a credit to you1 and also to your principal1 your teachers1 and to all connected with the manual training school which you attend1 and ,i know them all4 ,the usual diffident confession of omniscience4 8#8,practice in rifle shooting is of value in developing not only muscles1 but nerves4444 ,it is a prime necessity that the volunteer should already know how to shoot4444 ,the graduates from our schools and colleges should be thus trained so as to be good shots with the military rifle4 ,when so trained they constitute a great addition to our national strength and great assurance for the peace of the country4'0 ,that is to say3 ,tho' the capitalists should refuse to employ #e1jjj1jjj men and virtually spit in their faces and order these willing-to-work men out of the factories and mines to shiver and starve in rags1 and thus infinitely humiliate millions of working class wives and daughters with the terrors of poverty--no matter1 the rifle-practiced graduates of high schools1 colleges and universities will be 8ready for use10 ready to crush the unemployed if they loudly protest1 ready to help the master class thrust all the injustices of a class-labor system into the lives of the working class1 ready to thrust bayonets into the out-of-work wage-slaves who cry aloud for work1 for bread1 for justice in the industrial civil war of capitalism4 ,bright and early every school day1 in ,new ,york ,city1 about #fjj1jjj children are compelled to salute the flag and recite some mocking lies about the 8glorious freedom they have0 and the 8bounteous blessings they enjoy0--under the 8friendly folds of the ,stars and ,stripes0--tho' a whole half million of the children have no homes of their own and in a hundred ways are stung with the lash of poverty4 7#ag7 ,many additional instructors in military tactics have in recent years been appointed to service in high schools1 colleges and universities4 ,united ,states ,army officers are now in ninety-three universities1 colleges and schools1 drilling #bb1iaj students in 8military departments40 ,improved rifles1 riot cartridges1 and killing equipment are being distributed among the ,state militia forces2 local armories are being improved and made attractive1--all made 8ready for use0 when needed to pacify the out-of-work wage-earners4 ,recently in one ,state1 ,colorado1 military training was being systematically taught in the high schools of six of the largest cities4 ,the ,secretary of ,war in #aiji reported forty-four schoolboy rifle clubs4 ,in the newspapers and magazines1 in the sermons and speeches and especially in the public school1--by all such means--the size and perfection of rifles1 cannon1 battleships and the like1 are held up to the children for their admiration and as evidences of our superiority and of our 8splendid civilization40 ,the children are taught to clap their hands for our readiness to engage in some great international butchering contest4 ,but the children are not taught what arsenals1 armories1 cannon1 rifles1 soldiers1 militia1 riot guns and riot cartridges--what all these things mean and what war means for the working class4 ,never6 7#ah7 ,let a philosopher speak to the mother and her children in plain language3 8,europe is still in arms3 each nation watching every other with suspicion1 jealousy1 or menace4444 ,and what is the result8 ,russia overwhelmed with a military cancer1 a prey to social confusion such as has not been seen in this century4 ,germany1 with her intelligence and industry1 bound in the fetters of military service1 governed as if she were a camp1 as if the sole object of peace were to prepare for war4 ,france staggering4444 ,italy weighted with a useless army1 uneasy1 intriguing1 restless4444 ,spain weak from the drain of a series of wars4444 ,england uncertain1 divided in action1 continually distracted and dishonored by an endless succession of miserable wars in every quarter of the globe4 8,such is the picture of ,europe after a generation of imperialism and aggressive war4 8,who is the gainer8 ,is the poor ,russian moujic1 torn from his home to die in ,central ,asia or on the passes of the ,balkans1 doomed to a government of ever deepening corruption and tyranny8 ,is the workman of ,berlin the better1 crushed by military oppression and industrial recklessness8 ,who is the gainer--the ruler or the ruled8 ,is the ,french peasant the gainer now that ,alsace and ,lorraine are gone1 and nothing exists of the empire but its debt1 its conspirators1 and its legacy of confusions8 8444 ,who is the gainer by this career of bloodshed and ambition8444 ,we hear the groans of the millions--the working1 suffering millions--who are yearning to replace this cruel system1 none of their making1 none of their choice1 by which they gain nothing1 from which they hope nothing40#bgi ,who indeed is the gainer8 ,the workers lose2 and the mothers lose most of all--their children4 ,yet everywhere complete contempt for the working class mothers of the whole world1 absolute scorn for the blood of men and the tears of women--of the working class4 ,what magnificent protest will roll round this world when the working class is roused to think of these things6 7#ai7 ,in the dollar-hunting spirit of the age it may be inquired3 ,doesn't war make business brisk1 and thus furnish work for the wage-earners8 ,yes1 certainly4 ,but so also would a lunatic in the streets armed with a repeating shotgun shooting down the children at play3 he would make business brisk for the coffin trust1 the undertakers and their employees--and the grave-digger4 7#bj7 ,following are several special suggestions for the mothers and fathers of the working class3 7#a7 ,teach the children anti-war recitations and declamations4 ,faithfully and patiently help the boys and girls master a half dozen or more passages of the strongest prose and poetry to be found against war2 help them in this work till they understand--till their eyes kindle1 till their hearts burn1 till their imagination is aflame with disgust and detestation for war and for the foul rle of the armed guard of the ruling class4 7,see page #cej1 last two lines47 7#b7 ,teach the children the pledge on the first page of ,chapter ,one of the present volume4 ,teach them to teach that pledge1 or some similar pledge1 to other children4 7#c7 ,teach the boys and girls the historical origin of the working class4 7,see ,chapter ,eleven47 7#d7 ,explain to the boys and girls1 page by page1 all of ,chapter ,ten1 and urge them to explain the matter to other children4 7#e7 ,patiently and clearly explain the meaning and the purpose of the local militia and the army4 7#f7 ,interest the children in a circulating anti-war library1 and co-operate with them in promoting the enterprise4 7#g7 ,a ,ten-,dollar ,cash ,prize for the best definition of a militiaman who is willing to shoot the fathers and brothers of the little working class children of his neighborhood when those fathers and brothers are on strike struggling to better the condition of the mothers and the children--such a prize contest would induce a great amount of helpful thoughtfulness and discussion4 7#h7 ,further suggestions will be found at the opening of ,chapter ,twelve4 ,see also ,index3 8,suggestions40 7#ba7 ,following are several passages suitable for children as declamations4 ,also see ,index1 8,declamations40 7,a7 ,the ,soldier's ,creed3#bhj 8,captain1 what do you think10 ,i asked1 8,of the part your soldiers play80 ,but the captain answered1 8,i do not think2 ,i do not think1 ,i obey60 8,do you think you should shoot a patriot down1 ,or help a tyrant slay80 ,but the captain answered1 8,i do not think2 ,i do not think1 ,i obey60 8,do you think your conscience was made to die1 ,and your brain to rot away80 ,but the captain answered1 8,i do not think2 ,i do not think1 ,i obey60 8,then if this is your soldier's creed10 ,i cried1 8,you're a mean unmanly crew2 ,and for all your feathers and gilt and braid1 ,i am more of a man than you6 8,for whatever my place in life may be1 ,and whether ,i swim or sink1 ,i can say with pride1 #8,i do not obey2 ,i do not obey1 ,i think6'0 7,b7 ,,robert ,g4 ,,ingersoll',s ,,musings ,,at ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,napoleon3#bha 8,a little while ago ,i stood by the grave of the old ,napoleon--a magnificent tomb of gilt and gold1 fit almost for a deity dead--and gazed upon the sarcophagus of rare and nameless marble1 where rest at last the ashes of that restless man4 ,i leaned over the balustrade and thought about the career of the greatest soldier of the modern world4 8,i saw him walking upon the banks of the ,seine1 contemplating suicide4 ,i saw him at ,toulon--,i saw him putting down the mob in the streets of ,paris--,i saw him at the head of the army of ,italy--,i saw him crossing the bridge of ,lodi with the tricolor in his hand--,i saw him in ,egypt in the shadows of the pyramids--,i saw him conquer the ,alps and mingle the eagles of ,france with the eagles of the crags4 ,i saw him at ,marengo--at ,ulm and ,austerlitz4 ,i saw him in ,russia1 where the infantry of the snow and the cavalry of the wild blast scattered his legions like winter's withered leaves4 ,i saw him at ,leipsic in defeat and disaster--driven by a million bayonets back upon ,paris--clutched like a wild beast--banished to ,elba4 ,i saw him escape and retake an empire by the force of his genius4 ,i saw him upon the frightful field of ,waterloo1 where ,chance and ,fate combined to wreck the fortunes of their former king4 ,and ,i saw him at ,st4 ,helena1 with his hands crossed behind him1 gazing out upon the sad and solemn sea4 8,i thought of the orphans and widows he had made--of the tears that had been shed for his glory1 and of the only woman who had ever loved him1 pushed from his heart by the cold hand of ambition4 ,and ,i said1 ,i would rather have been a ,french peasant and worn wooden shoes4 ,i would rather have lived in a hut with a vine growing over the door1 and the grapes growing purple in the amorous kisses of the autumn sun4 ,i would rather have been that poor peasant1 with my loving wife by my side1 knitting as the day died out of the sky--with my children upon my knee and their arms about me--,i would rather have been that man1 and gone down to the tongueless silence of the dreamless dust1 than to have been that imperial impersonation of force and murder1 known as ,napoleon the ,great40 7,c7 ,,victor ,,hugo',s ,,reflections ,,on ,,war3#bhb 8,the antique violence of the few against all1 called right divine1 is nearing its end4444 ,a stammering1 which tomorrow will be speech1 and the day after tomorrow a gospel1 proceeds from the bruised lips of the serf1 of the vassal1 of the laboring man1 of the pariah4 ,the gag is breaking between the teeth of the human race4 ,the patient human race has had enough of the path of sorrow1 and refuses to go farther4444 ,glory advertised by drumbeats is met with a shrug of the shoulder4 ,these sonorous heroes have1 up to the present day1 deafened human reason1 which begins to be fatigued by this majestic uproar4 ,reason stops eyes and ears before those authorized butcheries called battles4 ,the sublime cut-throats have had their day4444 ,humanity1 having grown older1 asks to be relieved of them4 ,the cannon's prey has begun to think1 and1 thinking twice1 loses its admiration for being made a target40 99 99 99 99 99 8,whoever says today1 #8might makes right1' performs an act of the ,middle ,ages1 and speaks to men a hundred years behind their times4 ,gentlemen1 the nineteenth century glorifies the eighteenth century4 ,the eighteenth proposed1 the nineteenth concludes4 ,and my last word shall be a declaration1 tranquil but inflexible1 of progress4 8,the time has come4 ,right has found its formula3--human federation4 8,today force is called violence1 and begins to be judged2 war is arraigned4 ,civilization1 upon the complaint of the human race1 orders the trial1 and draws up the great criminal indictment of conquerors and captains4 ,the ,witness1 ,history1 is summoned4 ,the reality appears4 ,the fictitious brilliancy is dissipated4 ,in many cases1 the hero is a species of assassin4 ,the people begin to comprehend that increasing the magnitude of a crime can not be its diminution2 that1 if to kill is a crime1 to kill much can not be an extenuating circumstance2 that if to steal is a shame1 to invade can not be a glory2 that ,te ,deums do not count for much in this matter2 that homicide is homicide2 that bloodshed is bloodshed2 that it serves nothing to call one's self ,caesar or ,napoleon2 and that in the eyes of the eternal ,god1 the figure of a murderer is not changed because1 instead of a gallow's cap1 there is placed upon the head an ,emperor's crown4 8,ah6 let us proclaim absolute truths4 ,let us dishonor war4 ,no2 glorious war does not exist4 ,no2 it is not good1 and it is not useful1 to make corpses4 ,no2 it can not be that life travails for death4 ,no2 ,o1 mothers who surround me1 it can not be that war1 the robber1 should continue to take from you your children4 ,no2 it can not be that women should bear children in pain1 that men should be born1 that people should plow and sow1 that the farmer should fertilize the fields1 and the workmen enrich the city1 that industry should produce marvels1 that genius should produce prodigies1 that the vast human activity should1 in the presence of the starry sky1 multiply efforts and creations1 all to result in that frightful international exposition called war40 7,d7 ,,ingersoll',s ,,vision ,,of ,,war3#bhc 8,the past rises before me like a dream4444 ,we hear the sound of preparation1 the music of boisterous drums--the silver voices of heroic bugles4 ,we see thousands of assemblages1 and hear the appeals of orators4 ,we see the pale cheeks of women1 and the flushed faces of men1 and in those assemblages we see all the dead whose dust we have covered with flowers4 ,we lose sight of them no more4444 ,we see them part with those they love4 ,some are walking for the last time in quiet1 woody places1 with maidens they adore4 ,we hear the whisperings and the sweet vows of eternal love as they lingeringly part forever4 ,others are bending over cradles1 kissing the babes that are asleep4 ,some are receiving the blessings of old men4 ,some are parting with mothers who hold them and press them to their hearts again and again1 and say nothing4 ,kisses and tears1 tears and kisses--the divine mingling of agony and love6 ,and some are talking with wives1 and endeavoring with brave words1 spoken in the old tones1 to drive from their hearts the awful fear4 ,we see them part4 ,we see the wife standing in the door with the babe in her arms--standing in the sunlight sobbing4 ,at the turn of the road a hand waves--and she answers by holding high in her loving arms the child4 ,he is gone1--and forever4444 ,illustration3 ,,four ,,victims ,,of ,,cheap ,,patriotism 8,we go with them1 one and all4 ,we are by their side on all the gory fields--in all the hospitals of pain--on all the weary marches4 ,we stand guard with them in the wild storm and under the quiet stars4 ,we are with them in ravines running with blood--in the furrows of old fields4444 ,we see them pierced by balls and torn with shell1 in the trenches1 by the forts1 and in the whirlwind of the charge4444 8,we are at home when the news comes that they are dead4 ,we see the maiden in the shadow of her first sorrow4 ,we see the silvered head of the old man bowed with the last grief4444 8,they sleep 444 under the solemn pines1 the sad hemlocks1 the tearful willow and the embracing vines4 ,they sleep beneath the shadows of the clouds1 careless alike of sunshine or storm1 each in the windowless ,palace of ,rest44440 7,e7 ,,ingersoll',s ,,vision ,,of ,,the ,,future4#bhd 8,a vision of the future rises3 444 ,i see a world where thrones have crumbled and where kings are dust4 ,the aristocracy of idleness has perished from the earth4 8,i see a world without a slave4 ,man at last is free4 ,nature's forces have by science been enslaved4 ,lightning and light1 wind and wave1 frost and flame1 and all the secret subtle powers of the earth and air are the tireless toilers for the human race4 8,i see a world at peace1 adorned with every form of art1 with music's myriad voices thrilled1 while lips are rich with words of love and truth2 a world in which no exile sighs1 no prisoner mourns2 a world on which the gibbet's shadow does not fall2 a world where labor reaps its full reward1 where work and worth go hand in hand1 where the poor girl1 trying to win bread with a needle--the needle that has been called #8the asp for the breast of the poor1'--is not driven to the desperate choice of crime or death1 of suicide or shame4 8,i see a world without the beggar's outstretched palm1 the miser's heartless1 stony stare1 the piteous wail of want1 the livid lips of lies1 the cruel eyes of scorn4 8,i see a race without disease of flesh or brain--shapely and fair1 married harmony of form and function1 and1 as ,i look1 life lengthens1 joy deepens1 love canopies the earth2 and over all in the great dome1 shines the eternal star of human hope40 ,these golden words1 these words of immortal beauty1 are1 8like love1 wine for the heart and brain40 ,they fire the soul1 especially the mother's soul1 with a glorious joy1 a splendid vision of unstained1 untroubled pleasure3 ,mankind at ,peace--,socialized4 ,the children safe4 ,the future vast and beautiful and kind for her and for those that call her ,mother4 ,but again and yet again the cannon's roar will banish the vision4 ,the future holds agony for the mother1 especially for the humble mother in the working class4 ,her husband and her older sons will go to war4 ,they will even thoughtlessly sink to the level of joining the local militia for local war--for strike service4 ,the men she loves have been poisoned--poisoned with the base teaching that brutality is bravery1 that the drawn sword marks the patriot4 ,they are ready1 ready now1 at the word of command from a cheap commander to murder the men of their own class1 and break the hearts and mock the tears of the wage-slave mothers of the world4 ,these mothers must defend themselves--for the present4 ,these mothers can defend themselves only through their younger sons and daughters--by teaching them a class loyalty which is a new patriotism that will close the local armory1 shame the assassin back to the factory1 to the farm1 to the mine1 and silence all the cannon on all the earth4 ----- ,footnote #bda3 ,see footnote on page #ac2 and also introductory paragraph1 ,chapter ,seven1 preceding ,section #a4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,see ,index3 8,another ,war40 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #cj4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,see ,index3 8,napoleon40 ,footnote #bde3 ,the ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #ig-ii4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,see ,the ,downfall1 passim1 ,part ,,ii41 also p4 #ddf4 ,this powerful story 7published by the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york7 is here again heartily commended to all readers of ,war--,what ,for8 ,again the author thanks the publishers for reprint privileges4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,precisely6 ,never stopping to inquire3 ,who declared this war8 or what for8 ,footnote #bdh3 ,quoted by ,george ,allan ,england1 in ,new ,york ,daily ,call1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,see ,lucia ,a4 ,mead's ,patriotism and the ,new ,internationalism1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #bej3 ,read ,walter ,walsh's ,moral ,damage of ,war1 ,chapter ,three on the 8,moral ,damage of ,war to the ,children40 ,the chapter is of startling importance4 ,footnote #bea3 ,new ,york ,world1 editorial1 ,may #f1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #beb3 ,see ,new ,york ,times1 ,october #ca1 #aijh1 long article on the increasing manufacture of such toys4 ,footnote #bec3 ,quoted by ,walter ,walsh3 ,moral ,damage of ,war1 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #bed3 ,the ,economy of ,happiness1 pp4 #eai-bj4 ,footnote #bee3 ,walter ,walsh3 ,moral ,damage of ,war1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #bef3 ,imperial ,democracy1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #beg3 ,see ,annual ,report of the ,secretary of ,war1 #aijh1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #beh3 ,see ,social ,diseases1 p4 #bd1 ,march1 #aiaj2 ,contents--,a ,symposium concerning a phase of venereal diseases1 being addresses and discussions at a meeting of the ,american ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis1 held at the ,new ,york ,academy of ,medicine1 ,december #ith1 #aiji4 ,address3 ,social ,diseases1 #i ,east #db;d ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see ,walter ,walsh3 ,moral ,damage of ,war1 pp4 #aea-eb4 ,emphasis mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,edmondson3 ,john ,bull's ,army from ,within4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,elbert ,hubbard3 ,health and ,wealth1 quoted in the ,new ,age1 ,august #e1 #aiji4 ,see ,index3 8,venereal ,diseases40 ,footnote #bfb3 ,see ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #ah4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,international ,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,arbeiter in ,council1 pp4 #ch-ci4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,don ,juan1 ,,viii41 ,,ix4 ,footnote #bff3 ,e4 ,c4 ,stedman3 8,alice of ,monmouth40 ,footnote #bfg3 ,works1 passim4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,see ,census ,report1 #aijj1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 ,,cxcii4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,autobiographical ,note4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,isaiah3 ,chapter ,,ii41 par4 #d4 ,footnote #bga3 8,biglow ,papers40 ,footnote #bgb3 ,the ,kingdom of ,god4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,quoted by ,john ,a4 ,hobson3 ,john ,ruskin--,social ,reformer1 p4 #cdf4 ,italics mine except for 8,the ,real ,war40 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,see ,index3 8,christ40 ,footnote #bge3 ,see ,the ,world ,to-,day1 p4 #ief1 ,sept41 #aije4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,see ,chapters ,nine and ,eleven4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,american ,brigadier1 ,november1 #aijg4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,frederic ,harrison3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 pp4 #bcg-dj4 ,written in #ahhj4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,ernest ,crosby3 ,swords and ,ploughshares4 ,published by ,funk and ,wagnalls1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #bha3 ,see ,prose-,poems and ,selections from the ,writings and ,sayings of ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll4 ,published by ,c4 ,p4 ,farrell1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ,william ,shakespeare1 ,part ,third1 ,book ,,iii2 ,m4 ,b4 ,anderson's ,translation4 ,published by ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg and ,company1 ,chicago2 and ,an ,oration on ,voltaire1 delivered in ,paris1 ,may #cj1 #ahgh4 ,it is worthy of remark that the orator was repeatedly applauded while delivering the oration1 and at the close the entire audience rose and wildly cheered4 ,in the declamation1 as here arranged in two parts 7to be given together1 if desired71 the excerpt from the oration begins1 8,whoever says today40 ,footnote #bhc3 ,slightly abbreviated excerpt from an ,oration at the ,soldiers and ,sailors' ,reunion1 ,indianapolis1 ,september #ba1 #ahgf4 ,reprinted from ,prose-,poems and ,selections from ,writings and ,sayings of ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll4 ,published by ,c4 ,p4 ,farrell1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,very slightly abbreviated excerpt from a ,decoration ,day ,oration1 delivered at the ,metropolitan ,opera ,house1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,may #cj1 #ahhh4 ,reprinted from ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #dec1 ,dresden ,edition of ,ingersoll's ,complete ,works4 ,published by ,c4 ,p4 ,farrell1 ,new ,york4 ,,chapter ,,nine4 ,the ,cross1 the ,cannon1 and the ,cash-,register4 8,never land long lease of empire won whose sons sat silent while base deeds were done40--,james ,russell ,lowell4 ,speak6 ,speak6--you leaders of the toil-stained multitude whom the ,great ,christ of ,peace so boldly defended4 ,speak6 ,rebuke the brutes who betray ,christ's humble followers6 ,speak6 ,there is no excuse for silence--on your part4 ,speak defiantly--and clearly4 ,you have for nearly two thousand years held the brain of vast portions of the human race in your hands4 ,have you taught peace--effectively8 ,look--see that gaping war-stab in the breast of the working class4 ,,the ,,cash ,,cost ,,of ,,militarism ,,in ,,the ,,world ,,for ,,forty-,,eight ,,hours ,,would ,,be ,,sufficient ,,to ,,provide ,a #aej-,,page ,,book ,,against ,,war ,,for ,,every ,,person ,,on ,,earth ,,who ,,can ,,read4#bhe ,,three ,,sermons ,,per ,,year ,,against ,,war ,,in ,,every ,,one ,,of #afj1jjj ,,churches ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,could ,,be ,,paid ,,for1 ,,at ,,the ,,rate ,,of #ej ,,per ,,sermon1 ,,with ,,less ,,than ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,two ,,first-,,class ,,battleships4 8,nothing can be clearer than that the leaders of ,christianity immediately succeeding ,christ1 from whom authentic expressions of doctrines have come down to us1 were well assured that their ,master had forbidden the ,christians the killing of men in war or enlisting in the legions4 ,one of the chief differences which separated ,roman non-,christians and ,christians was the refusal of the latter to enlist in the legions and be thus bound to kill their fellows as directed40#bhf ,illustration3 ,,in ,,my ,,name6 ,,after ,,nineteen ,,hundred ,,years6 ,eagerly we search the world for relief from the hell's horror of war4 ,there6 ,there is the ,church--the ,church with her vast influence6--and she breathes1 8,peace1 good will to all men40 ,the ,church8 ,will the ,church save us from war8 ,we shall see4 ,reader1 let us always open wide our souls to every man and to every influence great enough to make us socially wholesomer4 ,sincerely1 ,i admire every great ,priest1 every great ,rabbi1 and every great ,preacher of our time who is too fine1 too proud1 too nobly social and international to rent his eloquent voice to the captains of industry for the blood-spilling business of conquering the markets of the world with sword and cannon and for the equally brutal business of benevolently stealing large sections of the earth to be swinishly exploited by money-greedy capitalists4 ,these men are masculine--unafraid4 ,let us salute them3 8,good cheer1 noble friends60 ,boldly these greater ,priests refuse to toady to industrial and political masters and thus refuse to scream for war4 ,defiantly these greater ,rabbis refuse to inflame the tiger lurking in every human breast and thus refuse to prepare men for war4 ,nobly these greater ,preachers refuse ,caesar and ,shylock1 and thus they stand by the ,man of ,peace and abhor war4 ,but1 unfortunately1 these grand bold souls are in helpless minority--at present4 ,and thus again we find the following question burning for an answer3 ,which way shall the working class turn for deliverance from the curse of war8 ,who will rescue the working class from these cyclones of lead and steel8 ,the ,church8 ,the ,clergy8 ,let us study this matter4 ,long ago when the deluded soldiers of an 8established0 church 8patriotically0 murdered the ,great ,carpenter1 the 8established0 church of his locality hypocritically stood by the pagan ,roman government1 lending assistance to the pagan government and urging the pagan soldiers to slay ,jesus ,christ4 ,and today the ,christian church flatters the soldiers1 8stands by the government10--any and all 8,christian0 governments1--in any and all wars1 and thus refuses to protect the working class from the sword and cannon2 refuses to draw the bayonet from the breast of the humble working man2 refuses to defend the working class woman from the blood and tears of war2 refuses to shield the faces of the little children of the working class from the steel-shod hoofs of the galloping war horse4 ,this ,chapter is a discussion of one of mankind's misfortunes1 to show the despotism of the dollar1--,,to ,,show ,,the ,,tyranny ,,of ,,the ,,economic ,,element ,,of ,,human ,,life2 and let me here give most sincere assurance that this ,chapter is written with not even the slightest degree of malice toward the ,church4 ,however1 the ,church taught me3 8,speak the truth40 ,well1 here is a truth1 a truth to be stripped naked and expressed because it is so vitally important to hundreds of millions who toil3-- ,the three mighty hosts of the ,peace-,preaching ,christ1 the ,greek ,catholic ,church1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church and the ,protestant ,church1 these1 bitterly at war with one another and defending the industrial despotism called capitalism1--refuse1 flatly refuse1 to unite their powerful voices in a defiant and effective declaration against war2 refuse thus to help lift the huge burden and curse of war from the toil-bent shoulders of the working class2 refuse to remove the thorn-crown of war from the brow of labor4 ,the working class1 millions of them loving ,christ sincerely as ,i do1 must learn and face the fact that the ,church of the ,great ,carpenter ,christ refuses to save the working class from the periodic baptisms of blood and fire called war4 8,put up thy sword10 said ,christ4 8,business is business6 ,there is no sentiment in business6 ,we must conquer the markets of the world10 say the capitalists4 ,and there is the parting of the ways for toads and men1 for the time-server and the prophet1 for the emasculate and the masculine4 ,in #ahih a certain man lived in a small western 8city0--and took notes4 ,a local company of working class volunteers was organized to go to ,cuba to slaughter the working men in the ,spanish army and thus secure greater opportunity for ,american capitalists4 ,on the day of departure of the volunteer company the people1 thousands of them1 assembled on a wide public square1 surrounding the local volunteers4 ,suddenly1 when interest was intense1 a high table was rushed to the center of the square1 a banker thoughtfully assisting4 ,hastily a meek and lowly follower of the ,peaceful ,jesus--a preacher--took his place upon this table1 his eyes flashing hate and his chest bulging heroically4 ,all hats were off4 ,all heads1 but two1 were bowed in prayer4 ,with head erect and eyes open the preacher1 in prayer1 addressed--the audience4 ,with his eyes to the sky1 the preacher1 praying1 used the name of ,god and the ears of the people4 ,there was no 8praying in secret0 about that 8eloquent effort40 ,the prayer was 8powerful40 ,that prayer was an assault--an assault upon the finest sentiments that bloom in the human heart1 the sentiments of the brotherhood of man4 ,but what of that8 8,business is business40 ,that eloquent prayer electrified the vast audience4 ,the preacher became an incendiary--he committed arson4 ,his ferocious rhetoric set on fire the gullible souls of young men1 humble women1 innocent small boys and tender little girls4 ,with crafty eloquence he petted the working class volunteers till they stood more erect in manly pride and licked their lips for the blood of almost equally ignorant ,spanish working men2 with flattering phrases he seductively praised the plain women who bore these 8brave boys0 now ready to butcher1 praised them till these gentle1 humble mothers were warm with an elation known only to mothers of strong men1 praised them till they were keen with a savage gladness that they had borne these men now burning to slaughter humble toilers from the working class homes in ,spain4 ,with artful power of phrase and voice the preacher praised the small boys present1 praying for 8more brave boys in future years to stand by the flag0--caressed them thus till the poor little fellows longed to be men in order that they too might rend the flesh of humble working-class men in war--somewhere1 anywhere1 somehow1 sometime4 ,and then with cunning suggestiveness and with vulgar boldness this handsome panderer to capitalist masters rudely invaded the holy of holies1 the innocent imagination of tender little girls present1 brutally outraged the sacred instincts of kindness natural to these dainty little maids till these young doll-lovers were half excited with a dim but horrible hope1 till their faces flushed in anticipation of the patriotic part they too in future years might have in sending their assassin sons to the front4 ,the prayer ended4 ,the preacher rolled his fine dark eyes and fervently bellowed1 8,amen60 ,he had done his work4 ,he had played his part4 ,souls had been branded4 ,human brotherhood had been suffocated in the hearts of gullible working men--strangled with elegant 7and pious7 eloquence4 ,then the thousands of humble working class people moved off1 8hoofing it10 marching behind the soldiers to the railway station4 ,a half dozen bankers1 a dozen lawyers1 and many other 8leading business men0 lingered1 left their carriages1 surrounded the preacher and congratulated him on his 8splendid effort02--and that was part of his pay for his eloquent ferocity4 ,well-dressed women of the 8best families in the city0 gave the preacher their gloved right hands and practically embraced him with the virtuous and caressing fondness in their eyes2--and that was part of his pay for scarring the souls of men1 women1 and little children with the branding-iron of ,old ,testament ferocity4 ,that savage prayer made him more popular in the city2--and that was part of his pay for his noble ferocity4 ,he was now more secure in his job2--and that was part of his pay for his ecclesiastical buncombe and flap-doodle1--for his jungle growl of civilized ferocity4 ,the collections were for some time larger in his church2--and that1 yea1 that also1 was part of his pay for serving the cash-register and thus playing the rle of betrayer of the ,prince of ,peace4 ,the handsome preacher had performed a miracle4 ,he had so fixedly riveted the attention of the 8brave boys0 upon the ,spaniards that the gullible volunteers noticed nothing strange in the fact that strong1 healthy bankers1 lawyers1 merchants and preachers 7patriots all of them of course7--with the stealthy quiet of a cat on a carpet--remained at home just at the very time when 8great deeds of glory and patriotism0 and manly heroism were to be done4 ,doubtless many a shot-torn boy soldier wallowing in his own blood1 his chest half crushed with the hoofs of galloping cavalry horses1 his splintered bones grinding together at every move1 the roar of cannon and the din of curses1 prayers1 yells1 sobs and groans of dying comrades crowding into his ears--thinks of his well-fed1 soft-voiced pastor at home far away 7and safe71 the good man1 the nice man1 who fired his and his fellow-fighters' hearts with 8lust of death and vulgar slaughter10 who helped betray him and his fellows to the human butchering field4 ,no doubt many working class people fondly hope that the ministers of the ,christ of ,peace will presently combine and use their vast influence against war--to drive the red demon from the earth that it may no longer desolate the homes of the humble4 ,vain hope4 ,long ago the cynical1 shrewd 7and carefully baptized7 ,napoleon ,bonaparte remarked1 with biting irony1 8,god is always on the side of the heaviest battalions40 ,today it is easy to see that not ,christ1#bhg but the ,church of ,christ1 is on the side of the business man and the politician concerning war4 ,and thus the bayonet still sticks in the breast of the working class4 ,thus the ,cross dips to the cannon4 ,really1 will not the followers of the gentle ,christ of ,peace presently sweep war from the world8 ,they most certainly will do nothing of the kind--as long as war is profitable for the 8leading citizens40 8,leading citizens0 actually lead4 ,they are the capitalists4 ,industrially and politically the capitalists have the world by the throat4 ,they force their ambitions1 their purposes1 and their policies upon both the preacher and the wage-earner4 ,their purpose is3 profits1 more profits and still more profits4 ,their policy is3 more markets and more territory--for more profits1 at all hazard1 in absolute defiance of ,confucius1 in defiance of ,buddha1 in defiance of ,christ1 in shameless defiance of the sacredness of human blood4 ,they will1 if need be1--that is1 if business1 commercial exigencies1 require it--they will order the high-salaried generals to wash the earth with the blood of the socially despised working class1 while safe in their palatial homes these 8leading citizens0 will masquerade as patriots1 and on the 8holy ,sabbath day0 they will virtually force their salaried pastors to pray and shout for blood-dripping victory4 ,this is the industrial rulers' history4 ,this is the industrial rulers' present politics4 ,this is the industrial rulers' future program4 ,and the preacher must therefore salute the cash-register and baptize the cannon--or lose his job just like any other hired man who fails to please his economic master4 8,business is business10--that is 8the law and the gospel0 of capitalism4 ,let us study the matter a little further4 ,when a war is on the world's stage the bright lights are so confusing that it is difficult to see the 8leading citizens0 in the background1 8in the wings10 so to speak4 ,for example3 ,the ,american people are still clapping their hands and hurrahing for 8our noble ,christian ,president0 for his part in bringing about peace between ,russia and ,japan4 ,but why--just why--did not the 8noble ,christian ,president0 nobly interfere many months before he did interfere8 ,the blood of tens of thousands of humble working-class soldiers in both armies was running down the hillsides in ,manchuria in streams--months before4 ,but no interference by the 8noble ,christian ,president0 7recently so boisterously boastful of 8his0 own noble slaughtering on ,san ,juan ,hill74 ,let us understand4 ,for many months it seemed that ,christian ,russia would surely win the war and still be able to pay interest and principal of ,american investments in ,russia4 ,later the ,russian ,government and ,russian credit became very unsteady4 ,immediately the capitalist actors in the background1 with money invested in ,russian enterprises1 put on the pressure1 applied 8influence10 to our government1 and then1 and not till then1 did ,president ,roosevelt rush to the footlights of the world's stage and whine and scream for peace4 ,for many months1 while the blood of ,japanese and ,russian working class men was gushing from a million wounds1 while the humble wives and children of these 8common0 men were wild with grief--all the while 8our noble ,christian ,president10 like all other ,christian rulers1 was as silent as a fish2 but when principal and interest of ,american parasites got in danger1 our 8noble ,christian ,president0 promptly became nobly noisy and craftily pious and peaceful4 ,and that is a fair sample of a 8,christian government's0 influence for peace4 ,at no time did the ,church urge or demand peace1 and at no time did the ,church throw its powerful influence upon our ,president or upon the head of any other government to bring about peace4#bhh ,our gentle ,christian ,president1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 head of the greatest ,christian republic on earth1 said recently to a hand-clapping ,christian audience1 8,i want for soldiers young men not only willing but anxious to fight02 that is1 anxious to murder4 ,that foul sentiment should have been drowned with hisses4 ,the ferocious ,christian ,tsars of ,russia1 the blood-thirsting ,caesars of the ancient pagan ,roman ,empire1 the chiefs of savage tribes and modern republics1--all the ancient and modern1 savage and civilized hero rulers who have sat on thrones and stood on the necks of nations--all these bullies have always been eager to have for soldiers 8young men not only willing but anxious to fight0--that is1 willing and anxious to cut the throats of their fellowmen in an intertribal or international festival of blood called a patriotic war4 ,and always1 since society was first organized on a class-labor plan1 the organized 8spiritual guides0 of society have 8stood by the government10 leagued with the hero ruler for the ruling class4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 for the moral improvement and spiritual guidance of small boys who may read his heroic record as a patriotic warrior1 sets it down with evident pride that he shot a ,spanish soldier 7probably a humble workingman7 in the back as the poor1 ignorant1 frightened fellow fled from the bloody field4#bhi ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 as related in ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #af1 urged in an ,annual ,message that rifle-practice ranges be provided in the public schools for young school boys--presumably that the little fellows may become 8not only willing but anxious to fight40 ,and the ,church of the ,peaceful ,christ did not dare rebuke the 8great ,christian ,president0 for urging such a barbarous outrage upon the schoolboys' dawning social consciousness and their finer sentiments of the brotherhood of man4 ,recently a school teacher in the city of ,washington1 where this swaggering-bull-pup patriotism has been most effectively suggested1 asked her school children3 8,what is patriotism80 ,she got the answer3 8,killing ,spaniards60 ,thus have the little people been outraged with befouling suggestions that cheap race-hatred is patriotism4 ,but the ,church does not dare cry out1 in defense of 8these little ones03 8,stop that6 ,you noisy betrayer6 ,cease pouring venom into the hearts of these helpless little children60 8,with a hero at head and a nation ,well gagged and well-drilled and well cowed1 ,and a gospel of war and damnation1 ,has not an empire a right to be proud80#bij ,quite naturally no protest is made4 ,the working man wonders why1 ,the working woman wonders why1 ,the children wonder why-- ,why do not the ,christian emperors1 and ,christian kings1 the ,christian tsars and ,christian presidents1 the ,christian ,parliaments1 congresses1 diets and cabinets of the whole ,christian world promptly call a world convention of the ,christian rulers of the ,christian world1 and in this convention declare at once that never1 never again1 under any circumstances1 shall there be a war between ,christian nations8 ,yes1 indeed1 why not8#bia ,for this reason3--,the ,christian nations are capitalist nations managed for the capitalist class4 ,each great ,christian nation knows that it must find a foreign market for the ,,embarrassingly ,,large ,,surplus of goods which its capitalists do not consume or invest and its working class is1 by the wage-system1 not permitted to consume4 ,each and all these nations know that this ,,foreign ,,market ,,must ,,be ,,found ,,opened ,,and ,,protected--with ,christian sword and cannon if need be--in order that the capitalists of these countries may make more profits4 ,indeed1 when markets must thus be had1 ,christians1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans1 ,buddhists1 ,confucians--with lust for profits--trample down all things fine1 sand-bag everything noble1 spit in the face of every man of peace1 and shout1 8,stand back6 ,stand back6 ,bring on the cannon6 ,business is business6 ,there is no sentiment in business6 ,to hell with the mollycoddles6 ,we are in business for profits60 ,with noble exceptions1 at such times ,christian preachers1 priests1 and bishops of the warring nations1 with the swagger and pomp of cheap 8fighting parsons10 step briskly to the front of the stage1 consecrate the cannon1 8bless0 the sword1 baptize the butcher1 and1 on both sides1 with pious savagery scream to the 8,god of battles10 also to the 8,god of peace10 for victory 8in this righteous war10 for victory in this 8armed crusade for ,christ10 for victory in this 8glorious effort to advance ,his kingdom10--always1 always1 of course1 some lofty name1 some swelling phrase1 to veil the huge and pious murder4 ,sacred wholesale assassinations--for the ,peaceful ,jesus' sake6 ,even every massacre of the peaceful ,jews in ,russia is sanctioned by the ,greek ,christian ,church1--and the ,roman and the ,protestant churches and the ,christian governments of the world do not unite and demand peace for the peaceful ,jews4 8,god moves in a mysterious way his wonders to perform10 we are piously taught4 ,mysterious4 ,very4 ,but it is not mysterious why pro-war preachers1 priests1 and bishops are not slaughtered on the battleline and then eaten by buzzards when the cannon's feast is finished4 ,these men are too intelligent--too cunning--for the buzzards' banquet4 ,every distinguished professional butcher in modern times has been a 8member in good standing0 in his denomination and his blood-stenched fame is recited with pride4 ,that mysterious8 ,all soldiers are blessed as they march away to 8,death's feast40 ,the preacher consecrates the cut-throat4 ,the bayonet is prepared--with prayer--to be thrust into the bowels of the toilers4 ,all wars are somehow pronounced 8mysteriously the will of ,god02 and the cannoneers who hurl shot and shell into a city or village and cannonade helpless women and children--these are 8the servants of the ,lord0--mysteriously4 ,and thus to the appalling music of the cannon's roar the ,cross is dragged down into the bloody mire where men die cursing the preachers safe at home who helped trick them to the hell called war4 ,and thus1 too1 the spirit of the great fraternal ,christ is banished from the lives of the betrayers and the betrayed--and ,christ is crucified anew4 ,because it is profitable4 ,thus in all ,christian nations the ,cross dips obsequiously to the red-throated cannon--and to the cash-register4 ,business is business2 the rulers rule2 and gold is ,god4 ,that is1 under capitalism4 ,reader1 name one 8civil0 war or one international war of modern times powerfully1 effectively hindered by the ,church of the ,man of ,peace4#bib ,just one4 ,but no matter6 ,since long before the slaughter of the ,carpenter our brothers of the working class have furnished the blood and tears--cheap blood1 cheap tears1--about forty cents a day for ,american 8regulars0 in the 8year of our ,lord0 #aiaj4 ,learn this1 you toilers3 ,the capitalists have the preacher cornered and shackled4 ,the working class must be their own saviors from the horrors of war4 ,in ,chapter ,ten ,i shall explain how this can be done and even now begins to be done by the working class4 ,but the workers should learn from history and keep distinctly in mind this great lesson3 ,with noble individual exceptions the ministry1 the religious leaders1 have in times past defended chattel slavery with its unspeakable horrors for the working class2 and have defended serfdom with its hell for the working class2 and have ignobly defended all ,christian national and international wars of modern capitalism praying on both sides to the 8,god of battles0 for 8glorious victory0 regardless of the blood spurting from a million wounds in the torn breast of the working class4 ,the path of human progress in modern times is steep and slippery with the carcasses and blood of the socially despised working men--and the ,church has not defied the cash-register idolater and demanded peace4 ,unrebuked1 right proudly the cash-register devotee1 the business man1 blurts out3 8,there is no sentiment in business40 ,that proposition1 8,no sentiment10 is enough to make a cannibal blush4 ,yet that doctrine is at the heart of capitalism4 ,if there is no sentiment in business1 then there is no brotherhood in business1 for brotherhood is a sublime and beautiful sentiment4 ,and if there is no brotherhood in business there can not be ,christian fellowship in business4 ,thus business banishes ,christ and the ,cross retreats before the onslaughts of the cash-register4 ,but it is actually and sadly true that business1 competitive business1 is too little and belittling1 too wolfishly fierce1 for deep and loyal brotherhood4 ,this is also true of the great class competition1 the class struggle1 the embittering clash of industrial class interests4 ,and where there is no deep and loyal brotherhood1 no great socializing unity of interest stretching from the centre to the rim of society1 including all1 peace is impossible4 ,thus it is that in the great competitive business world1 like quarrelsome dogs1 every business man's hand is against every other business man's hand competing in the 8same line10 to 8put him out of business0 and thus 8get more business40 ,thus local neighbors are at war in a ,christless scramble for business4 ,thus nations also1 fiercely struggling for markets and territory1 are at war--commercial war--sometimes needing sword and cannon4 7,see pp4 #dj-da47 ,now1 notice3 ,christian business men in this brotherless1 ,christless scramble called business must have the scramble made 8respectable40 ,for this purpose the minister is most serviceable4 ,the business men need the minister--8need him in their business0--to consecrate and sanctify the ways and means1 even the sword1 the cannon and the vast human slaughterings called war4 8,put up thy sword10 said ,christ4 8,business is business6 ,bless the butcher6 ,grind sharp the sword10 commands the business man4 ,but 8no man can serve two masters40 ,here the minister1 just like the 8common working man10 is face to face with the ,,most ,,domineering ,,fact ,,and ,,force ,,in ,,human ,,life2 namely1 ,,economic ,,necessity4 ,the preacher and the plumber1 the rabbi and the sweat-shop tailor1 the priest and the hod-carrier--these must live2 they must 8get a living40 ,but the capitalist controls the opportunities to 8get a living40 ,the 8common working man0 is embarrassed4 ,the minister is also embarrassed--tho' he may be--and very often is--one of the noblest men in the world1 he is embarrassed4 ,this ,,economic force grips them both like a vise4 ,they must live4 ,to live they must kneel before the king--the kings in industry4 ,,obey ,,or ,,starve4 ,the inevitable follows3 ,the plain common working man and the haughty and cultivated minister--both of them--bow their heads and submit their necks to the cruel yoke1 the yoke of capitalism4 ,the rulers rule4 ,capitalism1 internationally1 is--for capitalists--a struggle for a strangle hold among jealously competing1 unneighborly neighbors1 a struggle for business4 ,capitalism thus becomes a stupid snarl of 8foreigners0--to each nation all other nations are 8foreigners40 ,and thus the world is petty1 unsocial1 8foreign10--a war always possible and threatening between 8foreigners10--the unfortunate ministers1 most of them1 not to the contrary4 ,,but1 ,,reader1 ,,there ,,are ,,no 8,,foreigners0--,,for ,,me ,,and ,,my ,,international ,,friend ,,christ ,,and ,,my ,,international ,,comrades4 ,then why should a group of ,christless1 plutocratic political crooks and flunky-champagne-guzzlers in ,paris or ,tokio1 in ,berlin or ,london1 in ,madrid or ,washington--why should any such group of political bunco-steerers by a pompous declaration of assassination officially decide for you and me and our brothers of some so-called 8foreign nation0--that we working class brothers are 8enemies0 and that we must lay down the instruments of production and take up the weapons of destruction and butcher ourselves by the tens of thousands8 ,why should we permit a band of cheap 8statesmen0 to order us to tear one another's throats like dogs8 ,why should we fight8 ,we have no quarrels4 ,the thing is ridiculous--utterly ridiculous1 is it not8 ,and an equally important question is3--,why should we working class brothers of all the world ever permit any ecclesiastical savages to fan the flames of international hatred in our souls by means of pious prayers and sermons in favor of war8 ,even more ridiculous1 isn't it8 ,let us refuse to murder4 ,the blood-spilling business is too small for brothers1 too savage for socialized men1 no matter what their religious faith may be4 ,perhaps1 brother1 you and ,i do not agree on ,christ4 ,but we can be good friends any way1 can't we8 ,now1 ,i will tell you frankly1 the ,peaceful ,christ seems to me to be so much grander than a war-preaching preacher1 so much nobler than a flunky 8fighting parson10 that he gains my sincere admiration4 ,such a great brave brother he was4 ,christ was the most defiant preacher that ever walked the earth or flashed as a character conception in the human brain4 ,christ1 the historical revolutionary ,christ1 or ,christ1 splendid creation of imagination1 or ,christ divine--whichever or whatever he was--he wins and compels my gratitude3 ,because he was neither an automaton nor a tool2 ,because official ruffians even before his mockery of a trial viciously pronounced him an 8undesirable citizen02 ,because 8leading citizens0 could not use him1 could not rent his influence2 ,because he scorned the opportunity to become 8successful in life0 in the contemptible rle of intellectual prostitute2 ,because he despised the lusting devotees of ,mammon2 ,because he forgave the 8duly convicted0 crucified thieves and whipped the unconvicted bankers from the temple2 ,because with stinging words he lashed the whited sepulchres called 8the very best people02 ,because he was so fine and great he promptly became extremely unpopular with coarse and savage little 8prominent people02 ,because he was so gentle and terrible that the noisy and cruel 8law-abiding leading citizens0 in their swaggering ignorance and malignance decided he was an anarchist and proceeded to shut off his free speech2 ,because he was neither narrow enough to be national nor ignorant enough to be orthodox2 ,because on the last morning of his life be so proudly despised the official political bull-pups who teased him and insulted him--and could not understand him2 ,because1 on the same morning1 he so finely scorned the bigoted little orthodox holy bullies who hindered him and wolfishly screamed for the ,carpenter's blood2 ,because children charmed him2 ,because the humble 8common people0 swarmed around him and loved him--in spite of their pious and orthodox 8spiritual advisers02 ,because he scorned the 8dignity0 of some men and saw the ,dignity of ,man2 ,because he came from the bottom up and never forgot--never hesitated to defend--8even the least of these10 including his sad1 shamed1 outlawed sister2 ,because he did not whimper and cringe when certain religiously eminent small souls spat in the face of the ,world ,soul2 ,because the great wholesome brother was a true ,social ,soul1 loving all mankind2 ,because1 especially because1 he so finely forgave the thoughtless working class soldiers who mocked him1 forced a thorn crown upon his head1 drove nails through his flesh1 sneered at his agonies1 and thrust a spear into their working class ,brother ,carpenter2 ,because he said1 8,put up thy sword10 regarded no man as 8foreigner10 and died for ,international ,fraternalism4 ,a ,social ,man4 ,a ,sample4 ,i love him4 ,let us1 too1 brother1 be social and international4 ,let us bury the hatchet1 break the rifle1 spike the cannon1 despise the sword1 accept the ,sermon on the ,mount for its spirit of peace1 and scorn any sermon that urges us to war against our own class brothers4 ,let us detest any sermon that stirs and fosters the tiger within us and arrests our social development4 ,social development4 8,social development10 did ,i say8 ,yes1 reader1 that is what we need1 social development4 ,man on his long march upward--up from the jungle--has been impeded by a heavy burden--in his blood4 ,he has carried the menagerie--in his veins4 ,here permit me to use a very homely metaphor1 a figure of speech neither to your taste nor to mine1 yet needed and defensible3 ,in its social development the world is hindered by too much bull-pup4 ,a bull-pup is at a disadvantage--socially4 ,his social development is stunted4 ,the malignant wrinkles of his prize-fighter face obstruct his vision4 ,his outlook is restricted4 ,thus his notion of the world is small4 ,hence the bull-pup is narrow1 local and unsocial4 ,being socially local and mean--and therefore petty and pugnacious--he enjoys a fight4 ,in the world of dogs he is a tough1 a 8rough-rider0 and a 8war-lord40 ,all other dogs are 8foreigners10 8guilty10 and 8undesirable citizens40 ,peace is too large and fine for the bull-pup4 ,war is 8dee-lightful10 8just bully0--for the bull-pup4 ,thus even the humble dog world is worried and hindered by the socially narrow and pugnaciously strenuous bull-pups--8great0 and 8successful10 in their estimation4 ,thus littleness and localism hinder even brutes in their social development4 ,and it is thus in the human world also4 ,confucius was a great man4 ,but ,confucius is hindered--hindered by littleness--little ,confucians4 ,christ8 ,christ is great1 fascinatingly1 commandingly great4 ,but ,christ is hindered--hindered by the pettiness of pugnacity1 hindered by littleness1 little ,christians4 ,let us be brothers8 ,let us have peace8 ,not yet4 ,we can't4 ,we must wait4 ,strange1 but true1 we must wait for the most reasonable thing in the world--peace4 ,peace is on the program--next number4 ,from the warring tribes of the long1 long ago1 up1 up1 upward to the federated races of the world1--that is the first number on the program--a long steep climb for the human mind1 up1 up through the hundreds of centuries1 a half million years consumed in expanding the human heart1 in refining the human affections1 in strengthening the social vision to see all the way 'round the world1 in widening the diameter of ,society1 in creating1 revising1 and re-creating a definition of 8,brother10--the race generating the ,social ,man1 the ,world ,patriot1 the ,international ,citizen4 ,the arithmetic of history--,given3 ,life4 ,to find1 or produce1 or deduce1 the god1 the god of aspiring intelligence1 the god of a socialized race4 ,a puzzling problem--how to subtract the brute1 add the brother and multiply the brains2 how to proceed to the next number on the program--,peace2 how to move our bruised lips to say3 8,put up thy sword4 ,we are of one blood40 ,we are hindered4 ,brotherhood and peace--divinely high thought6 ,but1 alas6 the thought is too high for low-browed strenuosity of the tough-rider type2 the thought is too large and fine for the poor brain of a bull-dog or a human bully or a socially blunted holy man or any other breed of stunted runts4 ,the strutting1 thin-brained rooster in the farmyard crows1 8,hurrah for this our very own dunghill1 the finest filth pile on earth40 ,thus this spurred and feathered patriot virtuously cultivates his vanity by boisterously challenging 8the enemy0 in the neighboring farmyards4 8,hurrah for our tribe10 screams the savage--patriotically4 8,hurrah for our village of ,squeedunk10 yells the local human shrimp4 ,more patriotism4 8,hurrah for our great city60 squeals the boastfully 8metropolitan0 small man sweltering in unspeakable corruptions4 8,hurrah for the nation--right or wrong60 yelps the patriotic national mongrel4 ,and thus these socially puny creatures1 these social runts1 stand ready1 as it were1 to 8patriotically0 throw carbolic acid at their national and international neighbors4 8,hurrah for ,mankind1 hurrah for ,life60 finely calls the socially developed man1 the ,increasing ,international ,man4 ,really1 reader1 the narrow-visioned provincial1 the local sniveling1 the social shrimp1 the pugnacious nationalist1 the racial bigot1 and the stunted1 sacerdotal manlet--really1 these unsocial people are1 as yet1 too local and little and narrow for a federated world1 for an internationally social ,christ4 ,really1 these unsocial human runts can not sincerely and effectively carry 8to all the world0 any magnificent social gospel of 8peace on earth1 good will toward all men10 and 8make of one blood all nations0--even tho' they be baptized4 ,now please do not misunderstand me4 ,i do not belittle the rite of baptism4 ,but baptism has no effect on a declaration of war by an extremely narrow local bull-dog1 whether he be a humble canine wearing a brass collar1 or a strutting puny human being wearing a 8,prince ,albert10 or a lard-and-tallow millionaire worshipping a cash-register4 ,none of these is emotionally and socially fine4 ,as usual1 the world is embarrassed when trying to make a silk purse of a sow's ear4 ,a ,christian assassin mounted on the throne of ,russia remains an assassin--in spite of his baptism4 ,a ,christian bully elevated to the throne of the ,german ,empire or to ,american presidential distinctions1 remains a pugnacious ruffian1 spoiling for trouble1 always 8not only willing but anxious to fight40 ,sacerdotal ceremonies have no effect on a leopard's spots1 a tiger's stripes1 a bull-pup disposition1 or a cash-register ambition4 ,war among brothers is civil war4 ,all men are brothers4 ,therefore all war is civil war4 ,but peace is hindered by local littleness--especially by the belittling1 localizing effects of the sacred cash-register and its smaller unsocial time-servers4 ,the ,confucian capitalist1 the ,christian capitalist1 and all other kinds of capitalists of the whole world stand behind their blessed and belittling cash-registers1 plot in their ,wall ,street dens1 cheating1 cheating1 cheating--and snarling at one another4 ,and this unsocial snarling is called business1 and this ,christless business is morally legitimated1 8made respectable10 by too many unsocialized 8spiritual advisers40 ,some of the holy men are finely social1 nobly large1 splendidly fearless2 and these great social souls refuse1 proudly refuse1 to 8sic0 or urge the 8dogs of war40 ,but unfortunately these truly greater holy men are too few and they are threatened and bullied by the over-fed1 fat-pursed industrial ,caesars in the best pews of the house of ,god2 and1 moreover1 these greater holy men are abused and outvoted in the church conventions by their less developed brethren1 if they oppose a war--especially if there is a 8national crisis40 ,and there is always a 8national crisis0 imminent when greater markets must be had and new territory is to be scrambled for by the capitalists of the world4 ,whenever there is a 8crisis on10 whenever the cash-register captains1 the politicians and unsocial 8spiritual leaders0 believe1 or announce1 that there is a 8crisis upon us10--at such times ,christ1 the peaceful1 nobly social ,christ1 is thrust to the rear of the stage and forced to be silent1 while the 8fighting parsons0 and the politicians and the money-mongers and some glory-hunting buccaneers rush to the front of the stage and scream for war--a 8patriotic war40 ,and more and more the actual necessity for a larger foreign market produces a 8crisis40 ,it is coming--another war4#bic ,then for brotherhood--a sneer4 ,then for the man of peace--a scornful 8,mollycoddle60 ,then for ,christ--coarse jeers4 ,then for markets1 for profits--blood and tears4 ,then will the malignant manikins patriotically and profitably shout for 8national honor40 ,then ,christ must wait4 ,peace must wait4 ,brotherhood must wait4 ,international federation1 social grandeur1 the human race1 must wait4 ,all these must wait for the poor little fellows to get the emotions of the prize-fighter and the savage heat and hate of the bull-pup out of their veins2 all these must wait1 too1 while the cash-register devotee and his man ,friday get the money--and 8divide up40 ,possibly1 reader1 some of these paragraphs seem unfair4 ,very well2 perhaps it will seem fair to let a clergyman speak with frankness on this matter4 ,here following are some paragraphs from a powerful book1 ,the ,moral ,damage of ,war1 by the fearless ,dr4 ,walter ,walsh1 a distinguished and eloquent clergyman of ,dundee1 ,scotland4#bid ,in the chapter1 8,the ,moral ,damage of ,war to the ,preacher10 ,dr4 ,walsh speaks to his clerical brethren with the courage and directness of the ancient ,jewish prophets4 ,here are some illustrative paragraphs 7reprinted with kind permission of publishers73 8,the belief that ,christianity is incompatible with war1 was designed to abolish war 444 was held by all the ,christians of the first three centuries4444 ,christianity is the religion of peace4 ,how then is ,christendom still at war8 ,we naturally turn to the professional teachers of religion for an answer4 8,the paid teachers of ,christendom are numbered by hundreds of thousands3 ,priests1 bishops1 ministers1 catechists and so on1--while their lay helpers--deacons1 church-wardens1 elders1 ,sunday-school teachers1 missioners1 lay preachers--may be counted by the million and it is incomprehensible that war should continue to exist in ,christendom unless by first demoralizing these formers of religious opinion4 ,the fact also that all ,christian countries alike compete in the equipment and spoils of war can be understood only as a proof of a corrupt or undeveloped conscience4 ,the reason why ,christendom is today in such straits and that so many countries wallow in debt1 waste1 ignorance1 covetousness1 poverty and misery unspeakable1 is chiefly that the paid teachers of ,christianity with their hosts of unpaid assistants have capitulated to the war god4444 ,war is never pure1 but is hell2 and it can never be permissible to inaugurate heaven by the help of hell4444 ,here and there a smaller ,elijah refuses to bow the knee to the military ,baal1 a faithful ,micaiah1 tho' smitten on the mouth1 continues to bear his testimony to the true significance of the gospel4444 #8,for centuries the church met the hostility of a pagan and unscrupulous world and never flinched4444 ,no revenge or bitterness marred the security of her soul4'444 ,the appalling nature of the preacher's defection is seen by the contrast with the magnificent opportunity war time affords him1 than which prophet or apostle never had a greater4444 ,a trial of strength between conflicting nations is also a trial of the preacher's moral character2 the height of noble opportunity to which it lifts him has its counterpart in the base opportunism to which he may descend4 ,he may temporize like a politician4444 ,he may accept the carnal policies of the parliament as limitations of his gospel and hang his head like a dumb dog when statesmen fling ,christianity incontinently out of the house of legislation4 ,he may soothe his conscience with the lie that war is a matter of politics1 having nothing to do with the preaching of the gospel1 and slide gently down into the dastard1 blind equally to the humor and the atheism of his position4 ,between the churches which cry1 8,no politics in the gospel60 and parliaments which cry1 8,no gospel in politics60 the ,son of ,man is hard put to it to maintain a footing in modern affairs4444 ,few invocations to the ,prince of ,peace are heard in time of war1 but many to the ,god of battles4444 ,the conscience of ecclesiasticism lies limp and voiceless before the uplifted sword1 bribed by gold1 paralyzed by fear 444 shielding itself4444 ,the federated tribes of ,israel slink to their tents1 murmuring some safe platitudes about peace and prayer meetings whilst the world triumphs1 the flesh riots and the devil grins with infinite content4444 ,it were hard to say which is worse1--the silence of the pulpit or the timidity or wickedness of its speech when it does find tongue4444 ,a dumb dog is bad1 but a bloodhound baying upon the trail is worse4444 ,what is to be said of a preacher1 who1 when the war spirit and the peace spirit are trembling in the balance1 either can not speak or speaks only to blaspheme his own gospel8444 ,it can not be doubted that the church1 exerting herself in accordance with her principles1 could make all bloodshed impossible1 and could have averted every war of recent times2 yet on many such occasions the multitude of ministers stir no finger1 preach no sermon1 sign no petition1 sound no note that the government1 willing enough to know the temper of a nation1 can interpret as hostile to their project4444 ,the appalling truth has to be faced3 that the church1 contrary to every expectation that might be formed from her principles and the character of the ,being she worships1 is always1 as a whole1 for the war of the day4 ,it is true that when peace is the popular cry1 the preachers are also for peace4 ,if there is a peace crusade on hand which excites the shallow enthusiasms of the fashionables1 the preachers will also catch the excitements of the hour2 but when the white banner yields to the red1 the pastors beat the drums for the fighters as furiously as they had previously denounced the savagery of armed conflict4444 ,organized ,christianity divests herself of her robe of righteousness and her garments of meek humility to clothe herself in khaki4444 ,a thousand pulpits are manned by ,bible bullies who cite every obsolete and bloody precedent of the wars of the ,jews and show themselves destitute of the elementary humanities and of the faculties necessary to discriminate between ,judaism two thousand years before ,christ and ,christianity two thousand years after him4444 ,what can mankind do with a church that peels itself like a pugilist and reveals the murdering pagan instead of the martyred ,christian2 which for carnal reasons cancels the ,sermon on the ,mount1 contradicts the ,beatitudes1 flatly denies the gospel1 repudiates every specific ,christly ideal1 and unseats ,jesus in order to elevate ,mars to the throne of conscience8444 ,at frequent intervals the cross with its suffering victim recedes and out of the blood-red mist emerges the foul idol of war erect on his crimson chariot4444 ,the sanctification of revenge is1 indeed1 the vilest function performed by a war-poisoned1 blood-stained church4444 ,it is thus that the masses are kept from seeing the degenerate nature of the thing4444 ,their pastors lead them into the blood-red fields of ,jahveh when the politicians give the word1 and into the green pastures of the ,nazarene only when there is no national scheme of murder and robbery afoot4444 ,the churches as they are today can not prevent war4 ,their palsied lips can not echo1 however feebly1 the words of the master1 #8,put up again thy sword into its place6' ,there is not spiritual power left in organized ,christianity to insure the substitution of reason for brute force4444 ,alas6 it has hitherto been impossible to get ,christianity to obey ,christ40#bie ,that is the language of a brave ,christian preacher4 ,in connection with the reverend ,doctor ,walsh's chastisement of the church in the morning of the twentieth century it is interesting to read on the same subject the words of a philosopher of the eighteenth century1 ,voltaire4#bif 8,this universal rage which devours the world4444 ,the most wonderful part of this infernal enterprise war is1 that each chief of murderers causes his colors to be blest1 and solemnly invokes ,god before he goes to exterminate his neighbors4444 ,a certain number of orators are everywhere paid to celebrate these murderous days4444 ,all of them speak for a long time1 and quote that which was done of old in ,palestine4444 ,the rest of the year these people declaim against vices4444 ,all the united vices of all ages and places will never equal the evils produced by a single campaign4 ,miserable physicians of souls6 you exclaim for five quarters of an hour on some pricks of a pin1 and say nothing on the malady which tears us into a thousand pieces4444 ,can there be anything more horrible throughout nature80 ,and now let us get at this matter from the point of view of a political economist1 a really great economist1 ,john ,a4 ,hobson--who puts the case thus3#big 8,when has a ,christian nation ever entered on a war which has not been regarded by the official priesthood as a sacred war8 ,in ,england the ,state ,church has never permitted the spirit of the ,prince of ,peace to interfere when statesmen and soldiers appealed to the passions of race-lust1 conquest and revenge4 ,wars1 the most insane in origin1 the most barbarous in execution1 the most fruitless in results have never failed to get the sanction of the ,christian ,churches4444 ,there is no record of the clergy of any ,church having failed to bless a popular war1 to find reasons for representing it as a crusade40 ,the following lines from a ,british philosopher1 ,frederic ,harrison1#bih are to the point for the workingman's instruction3 8,the official priests of the old faiths accept without questioning the authorized judgment of the political government4 ,they are engaged 444 in calling upon their ,god of ,battles 7can it be1 their ,god of ,mercy87 to keep the ,british soldiers--the invaders1 the burners of villages1 the hangmen of native priests--in his good and holy keeping4444 ,a system of slavery prepares the slave-holding caste for any inhumanity that may seem to defend it4444 ,if it hardens our politicians1 it degrades our churches4 ,the thirst for rule1 the greed of the market1 and the saving of souls1 all work together in accord4 ,the ,churches approve and bless whilst the warriors and the merchants are adding new provinces to empire2 they have delivered the heathen to the secular arm4444 ,christianity in practice1 as we know it now1 for all the ,sermon on the ,mount1 is the religion of aggression1 domination1 combat4 ,it waits upon the pushing trader and the lawless conqueror2 and with obsequious thanksgiving it blesses his enterprise40 ,who1 indeed1 shall deliver us from war8 ,our pastors8 ,hardly4 ,the pastors' economic masters will not permit them to do so4 ,tho' the machine guns mow down a million of the world's choicest working men1 pile up windrows of human carcasses and desolate the huts1 flats1 hovels and 8homes0 of the poor2 tho' ten million pairs of calloused hands of agonizing working class women be stretched toward well-fed1 comfortable pastors1 begging for a united1 effective declaration against war2 tho' these ten million humble working class mothers1 their eyes streaming with tears1 on their knees beseech the 8holy men of ,god0 to unitedly cry aloud against the accursed 8,death's feast0 where their dear ones are devoured2 tho' multitudes of little working class children in mute despair dread the roar of the belching cannon that slay their fathers and brothers2 still the pastors 7most of them7 will 8stand by the administration0 in any and all wars1 as usual4 8,the administration10 8the government10 under capitalism1 is simply the executive committee of the capitalist class4 ,the capitalist class are internationally struggling for the world market4 ,in these international struggles the capitalists need the support of public opinion4 ,public opinion can be created and controlled by the pastor4 ,the pastor must therefore be controlled by the capitalist4 ,the campaign begins--to capture the market and the minister4 ,the soldier goes to war and the capitalist goes to church4 ,the soldier takes a gun1 the capitalist takes gold4 ,the soldier slays4 ,the capitalist prays--by proxy4 ,being 8the will of ,god0 it is1 of course1 8mysterious40 ,the capitalist occupies the very best pew in the house of ,god--and lays beautiful bank-bills in the collection plate4 ,the minister is embarrassed--and impressed4 ,the pastor and his master divide up4 ,the war8 ,isn't war hell8 ,it beats hell4 ,but it is 8all for the best0--mysteriously4 ,with conscience 8seared as with a hot iron0 the preacher joins the politician2 and the precious pair unite their rented voices in patriotic melody in support of the capitalist class4 ,brother1--you of the working class1--,jew1 ,roman ,catholic1 ,greek ,catholic1 ,protestant1 peaceful ,buddhist or peaceful ,confucian1 or what else1--wherever you are1 whatever you are in religion1 worshipping1 searching1 groping through the universe for ,god1 worship as you prefer1 worship whom you prefer3 ,i do not seek to break your church allegiance4 ,but1 sir1 to save your life1 to save your own wife's tears1 to defend your own children1 to protect your own working class1 ,i do wish to have you realize distinctly that3-- ,the working class must draw the bayonet from its own breast4 ,so far as war is concerned the working class must band together and stand together against war4 ,the working class must themselves protect the working class against the industrial system through which they are robbed and betrayed4 ,the workers of the world need a political party of their own class--and as wide as the world1 ,international1 and committed to justice and therefore to peace4 ,listen to the confession of the editor of a very powerful capitalist newspaper3 8,it is significant that the ,socialists of different races1 and speaking different tongues1 strangers in blood and customs1 in ,germany1 ,france1 ,great ,britain1 ,austria1 and ,italy1 constitute the one great peace party of the world40#bii ,listen again--to the best-known and the best loved ,christian woman in the ,united ,states1 ,miss ,jane ,addams1 of ,hull ,house1 ,chicago3#cjj 8,the ,socialists are making almost the sole attempt to preach a morality sufficiently all-embracing and international to keep pace with even the material internationalism which has standardized even the threads of screws and the size of bolts1 so that machines become interchangeable from one country to another4444 ,existing commerce has long ago reached its international stage1 but it has been the result of business aggression and constantly appeals for military defense and for the forcing of new markets40 ,you1 you who are to be tricked and shot at the factory door and on the battlefield1 go to your public library and get ,christianity and the ,social ,order1 and read there the words of a preacher great enough for the ,city ,temple of ,london1 great enough to be the worthy successor of the world-known ,joseph ,parker1 read the ,reverend ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,campbell's splendid tribute to the ,socialist ,party as the only political party in the world today scorning the belittling jealousies of capitalist statesmen and working effectively for international brotherhood4 ,reader1 you working class reader1 a special word here3 ,perhaps your working class neighbor's son is at this moment falling into a patriotic trance1 gullibly planning to join the local militia or the standing army or the navy1 meditating on butcheries4 ,go to him4 ,with a firm grasp on his mind 7if he has one7 wake him1 rouse him1 from that race-cursing dream1 rouse him from the spell that for thousands of years has damned his class4 ,be kind4 ,be patient4 ,but--wake him4 ,wake him for the world movement for the working class4 ,wake him for the war--the war without a sword1 the war without a cannon2 the war with a printing press1 the war with a book4 ,teach him that salvation is through information4 ,teach him that the 8truth will make him free40 ,in his brain kindle a fire1 a divine unrest1 a desire that can not die1 the desire for peace born of justice4 ,otherwise1 beware lest your neighbor's son be wheedled at any moment into the militia or the standing army or the navy--ready to be consecrated1 sanctified1 blessed1--for wholesale assassination1 ready as a militiaman1 as a ,cossack1 as a soldier1 to stain his consecrated sword with the blood of his neighbors and brutally--patriotically--laugh at the tears of women and children4 ,read to your neighbor the next ,chapter3 8,now1 ,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it80 ----- ,footnote #bhe3 ,see ,chapter ,four1 ,section ,two1 8,the ,cost of ,war in ,cash40 ,footnote #bhf3 8,documents of the ,american ,association for ,international ,conciliation10 #aijg-jh4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,see ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #ac and #ad4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,it is mildly encouraging to reflect that very heavy and very general international investments in national and industrial bonds would have at least some tendency to dampen the bond-buying capitalists' enthusiasm for war2 because1 in some cases1 a disastrous war might result in the repudiation of bonds and1 in most cases1 might easily result in a great temporary reduction of dividends from industrial investments4 ,another thing to be noted here is that sometimes the investors in the bonds of an unstable nation about to go to war1 may regret the threatening war and urge against it and even decline to buy war bonds1 before the war is declared1 in order to protect their investments already made4 ,but after the war is once entered upon these same regretful investors feel almost compelled to purchase the new issue of war-bonds in order to make victory more certain for the nation whose bonds they already hold1 and thus protect the market value of their original investments4 ,french investors in ,russian bonds and enterprises to the extent of more than a billion dollars found themselves in this predicament in the case of the recent ,russian-,japanese war4 ,see ,index3 8,bankruptcy1 ,danger of40 ,footnote #bhi3 ,see ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #ag4 ,footnote #bij3 ,swinburne3 8,a ,word for the ,country40 ,footnote #bia3 ,see ,index3 8,the ,hague ,peace ,conference40 ,footnote #bib3 ,see ,chapter ,four1 ,section ,one4 ,footnote #bic3 ,see ,index3 8,another ,war40 ,footnote #bid3 ,published by ,ginn and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #bie3 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #bif3 ,voltaire's ,philosophical ,dictionary4 ,footnote #big3 ,the ,psychology of ,jingoism1 pp4 #da1 #acc4 ,footnote #bih3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 pp4 #beb-ec4 ,footnote #bii3 ,the ,new ,york ,world1 editorial1 ,august #ae1 #aijg4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,newer ,ideals of ,peace1 pp4 #aad-ae4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,,chapter ,,ten4 ,now ,what ,shall ,we ,do ,about ,it8 8,no people will toil and sweat to keep a class in idleness unless cajoled or compelled to do so4444 ,there are various devices by means of which a body of persons may sink their fangs into their fellows and subsist upon them4 ,slavery 444 is the primary form of the parasitic relation4 ,by modifying this into serfdom the parasitic class1 without the least abating its power of securing its nourishment from others1 places itself in a position more convenient to it and less irritating to the exploited4444 ,finally1 the institution of property is so shaped as to permit a slanting exploitation under which a class is able to live in idleness4 ,the parasitic class is always a ruling class1 and utilizes as many as it can of the means of control40--,professor ,edward ,a4 ,ross1 ,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,wisconsin4#cja 8,the various institutions1 political1 ecclesiastical1 professional1 industrial1 etc41 including the government1 are devices1 means1 gradually brought into existence1 to serve interests that develop within the ,state40--,professor ,albion ,w4 ,small1 ,head of ,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,chicago4#cjb 8,the non-industrial or parasitic classes are often the most active4444 ,they are wonderfully successful in creating the belief that they are the most important of all the social elements40--,dr4 ,lester ,f4 ,ward1 ,department of ,sociology1 ,brown ,university4#cjc ,the preceding chapters have1 it is hoped1 been of some assistance to the reader in realizing in what unqualified contempt the working class are held in our boasted civilized society1--how utterly the working class are tricked and betrayed1 brutalized and bled1 degraded and despised1 robbed1 starved and stung1--their flesh torn1 their blood spilt1 their bodies tossed to the buzzards and grave-worms1 and even the widows and orphans insulted with thirty dirty pieces of silver in payment for the life and love and joy lost in war4 ,having tried to make this1 and more1 clear1 now let me explain 8what to do about it40 ,what1 indeed1 shall the working class do to rid themselves of the curse called war8 ,we can do nothing1 absolutely nothing1 with sweeping effectiveness1 till we understand the industrial structure and purpose of the present order of society1 and1 as a class1 also understand the art of self-defense--political and industrial class-defense4 ,repeatedly in preceding chapters ,i have written of two classes4 ,are there indeed two classes8 ,get distinctly in mind the three following propositions stating the three largest facts of all concerning the present order of society3 ,first ,proposition3 ,in the present capitalist form society is divided into two classes1 two industrial classes3 the capitalist class and the working class4 ,second ,proposition3 ,industrially1 society is organized and managed for the special benefit of part of society--for one class1 the capitalist class4 ,third ,proposition3 ,each of these two classes has industrial interests as a class2 these class interests conflict2 and there is1 therefore1 as a part of and because of the class form of society1 a constant class conflict1 a class struggle4 ,let me try to make these three propositions clear4 ,please note carefully the exact wording of the propositions to be explained4 ,the explanation1--first proposition3 ,of course you wish to live and be comfortable4 ,to live and be comfortable you must consume useful things4 ,but before you can consume useful things they must be produced4 ,and since this is true of all the members of society it is readily seen that the first task of society1 the primary social function1 is production4 ,production1 industry1 is the foundation of society4 ,now1 in performing this industrial work1 in doing this first thing1 we use raw materials1 mines1 forests1 fields1 mills1 factories1 tools1 machinery1 railways1 etc41 etc42 and these things are called the ,,means ,,of ,,production4 ,we make use of these things1 these means of production1 in applying our labor-power--that is1 in producing the things society wishes to consume4 ,but3-- ,one class privately own the coal mines and iron mines and buy labor-power2 ,the other class work in the coal mines and iron mines and sell labor-power4 ,one class privately own lumber forests and marble quarries1 and buy labor-power2 ,the other class work in the lumber forests and marble quarries1 and sell labor-power4 ,one class privately own cotton mills1 steel mills1 and flour mills1 etc41 and buy labor-power4 ,the other class work in cotton mills1 steel mills1 and flour mills1 etc41 and sell labor-power4 ,one class privately own railroads and buy labor-power2 ,the other class work on railroads and sell labor-power4 ,or1 to say it briefly1 ,one class1 the capitalist class1 privately ,,own the chief material means of production--and ,,buy labor-power4 ,the other class1 the working class1 ,,use the chief material means of production--and ,,sell labor power4 ,surely you can see that there are two industrial classes4 ,there are1 under capitalism1 not only two industrial classes1 but also two social classes4 ,industrial classes become social classes4 ,johan ,kaspar ,bluntschli1 one of ,germany's most eminent writers on political science1 has this to say3 8,classes have very often been founded on the basis of property4 ,in these constitutions 444 property becomes the determining political force1 and citizens are valued by amount of their income4444 ,the ,proletariate 444 consists mainly of the waste of other classes1 of those fractions of the population who1 by their isolation and their poverty1 have no place in the established order of society40 ,that is1 they are in no commanding relation to the industrially vital property4#cjd 8,conversely1 social rank depends on economic conditions2 the state is made 444 conservative 444 by the economic interests at its foundation4444 8,perhaps its property's most important social effect has come to be the fact that the possession of property is so generally the basis of social differentiation4 ,in earlier times1 physical force1 later1 institutions of caste1 were the basis of differentiation in society2 wealth is the most universally recognized source of power1 so that social rank is often determined by the possession of wealth40--,professor ,fairbanks1 ,yale ,university4#cje ,and now the second proposition3 ,are these industries and the other industries really operated for the special benefit of part of society8 ,the answer is clear in the following illustration3 ,if the profits on all these industries should1 during the next twelve months1 rise two billion dollars higher than usual1 would the wages of the workers engaged in these industries be increased in that proportion8 ,most certainly they would not4 ,you know very well they would not4 ,but why not8 ,simply because these industries1 like all other industries1 are1 under capitalism1 operated for the special benefit of those1 the capitalist class1 who privately own these industries and buy labor-power1 and1 by this arrangement1 live on profits1--on surplus value4#cjf ,and1 finally1 the third proposition3 ,do the industrial interests of these two industrial classes fundamentally conflict8 ,perhaps the answer will be clear in the following homely illustration3 ,if you are selling a horse1 you wish to sell him for--say #cjj4 ,but the buyer of the horse wishes to buy the horse for1 say1 #aej4 ,clearly there is a conflict of interests between the buyer of the horse and the seller of the horse4 ,a wage-earner selling labor-power wishes to sell1 say1 eight hours labor-power for #f4 ,the capitalist employer buying labor-power wishes to buy1 say1 nine hours labor-power for #b4ej--;in order to get the surplus value--that fascinating surplus4 ,thus there is a fundamental conflict between the industrial interests of this buyer of labor power and the industrial interests of this seller of labor-power4 ,and it is just so with the two industrial classes4 ,there is a fundamental conflict of industrial interests between the employer class buying labor-power and the working class selling labor-power4 ,between these two industrial classes there is a struggle1 a class struggle--to defend their conflicting industrial interests4 ,this class struggle takes on many different forms--but it is always the same thing down at the bottom--a class struggle in industry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the three propositions explained above are most important4 ,a clear understanding of these three propositions always--always--revolutionizes the political thinking of the working class man1 or woman1 who has not1 before1 understood them4 ,these three truths destroy old political prejudices and customs1 cut the reins by which the political tricksters misguide the workers1 clear the air of 8hot air10 reveal the blind alleys of old party politics1 point the road to power and freedom for the working class1 and make a rock-bottom foundation for a working class political philosophy and policy and tactics4 ,the capitalist class 7who rule and ruin the toilers7 regard these three truths as more dangerous than any other1 or all other1 teachings that ever reach the working class mind4 ,it is to the capitalists' interest that the workers should not learn these three truths4 ,but it is to the interest of the working class that the working class should learn these three truths4 ,with these three primary facts of present society clearly in mind let us proceed4 ,in addition to their powerful position as capitalist ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,means ,,of ,,production1 the capitalist class have three special advantages over the working class in this class struggle3 7#a7 ,the capitalist class are more class conscious than the working class are--at present4 ,that is1 the capitalists more distinctly realize that1 as capitalists1 they constitute a class--with class interests to defend4 7#b7 ,the capitalists1 because they are more class conscious1 are1 naturally1 more class loyal than the working class are--at present4 ,in obedience to the biological law of self-preservation1 a class1 as well as an individual1 will defend themselves1 as a class--that is1 will be class loyal--in proportion as they are class conscious1 or in proportion as they are aware of and understand the interests of their class4 ,tho' the capitalists understand that they are a class with class interests1 they are always cooing softly to all workers who are ignorant enough to listen1 cooing sweetly about 8no classes10 8all in the same boat10 8harmony of interests10 8,capital and ,labor are brothers10 etc4 7#c7 ,the capitalists study tactics of class warfare--tactics of industrial struggle1 far more than the working class do--at present4 ,being more class conscious and therefore more class loyal and consequently more eager1 as a class1 for self-defense1 the capitalist class naturally study more patiently the ways and means for their own class defense4 ,and because they do study more they really know more--at present--about politics1 about the game called the class struggle1 about the art of self-defense1 class defense in industry4#cjg ,in all the modern forms of this unhappy class struggle1 one phase of which is called war1 the capitalist class are awake and watchful1 united and victorious--seated in the saddle of power at the head of the procession2 and the working class are drowsy and confused1 divided and defeated--limping afoot and ridiculous at the tail end of the grand march of the world's affairs4 ,all great military leaders in all wars--in all struggles--in all time have always used the two following tactics3 ,,first3 ,divide the enemy1 if possible1 and have them crush one another2 or1 ,,second3 ,if circumstances hinder the first tactics1 then divide the enemy and crush them one part at a time4 ,and the captains of industry1 the capitalists1 right now employ these tactics with success4 ,they themselves band together1 but they divide and rule the working class4 ,more class conscious1 more class loyal and more studious of the ways and means of struggle than the working class are1 the capitalist class proceed as follows3 7,a7 ,on the ,economic ,field the capitalists divide the working class and have them fight one another2 and thus the capitalist class are easily able to defeat and fleece the workers all the time1 everywhere4 ,the workers1 having no part in the ownership of the means of production and being thus divorced from a commanding relation to the economic foundations of society1 craftily fooled with false teaching of 8capital-and-labor-harmony-of-interests1 0 sore and humble with disappointment1 whipped with the lash of hunger1 stung to desperation1 confused and traduced by bribed pets1 spies and traitors1--the workers angrily1 blindly1 split up into jealous groups1 shamefully turn against one another1 fight one another1 under-bid one another1 8scab0 on one another1 desert one another1--defeat one another4 ,moreover one part of the working class is flattered and cheaply bribed into volunteering to organize and arm themselves and proudly stand guard over their brothers and against their brothers2 and thus the workers spy and inform on one another1 arrest one another1 jail one another1 8bull pen0 one another1 bayonet one another and shoot one another--under the capitalist system--the present class-labor system4 ,the working class1 of course1 are thus easily defeated and robbed industrially4 ,the busy human bees sting themselves--and lose the honey of their own industry4 ,and all this is entirely satisfactory to the industrial masters--great and small4 7,see page #age1 #e47 ,the rulers rule4 7,b7 ,on the ,political ,field the capitalist class divide the working class into two or more groups and have them politically antagonize themselves1 have all the workers all the time politically sting and defeat one another--that is1--have them cancel the political class-power of the working class4 ,one part of the working class vote one capitalist class party ticket1 another part of the working class vote another capitalist class party ticket1 another another1 and so on4 ,thus millions of the confused working class politically defeat the working class and politically support their industrial masters by politically supporting political parties 7variously and craftily labeled7 which unanimously stand for the capitalist system4 ,thus the confused working class are easily defeated politically--which makes it far easier to rob them industrially4 ,by electing to political power any political party standing for any form of the capitalist class-labor system the working class give the capitalist class complete control not only of all the political institutions1 but also of all other institutions useable by a class in self-defense2 because the control of political institutions carries with it the legal right to control all other institutions4 ,in this political confusion1 division and eclipse1 the working class are as helpless as sheep1 and1 like sheep1 are shorn by their political and industrial shepherds4 ,and this also is entirely satisfactory to the masters of industry--both great and small4 ,the rulers rule4 ,we must learn this3 ,everywhere1 always and under all circumstances the working class must stand together in the use of all forms of power we have in defense of our class4 ,having distinctly in mind1 then1 these important preliminaries1--and especially the fact that whatever we do in self-defense we must do as a class banded together1 let us consider still further the source--the fountain-head--of the trouble called the class struggle1 one form of which is commonly called war4 ,society has many functions to perform4 ,in order to perform these functions society must be organized4 ,always1 it is most important to note1 society is organized primarily with respect to the function of wealth production1 because the production of things to live on comes before every other social function4 ,for the performance of this function of wealth production society1 developed beyond tribal communism1 can be organized in two ways and only two ways3 ,first ,possible ,form of ,social ,organization3 ,on the ,plan of ,mutualism--under which the ,,industrial ,,foundations of society are ,,public ,,property4 ,society can be organized for the performance of this great industrial function of production on the plan of mutualism--all of the people having ,joint-ownership and joint-control of the chief material means of production1 all of the people of proper age and condition of health performing useful1 necessary social service1--there being no industrial master class and no industrial dependent class1--the industrial independence of all the members of society being due to the fact that each is an owner1 a joint owner1 of the chief material means of production4 ,every one is thus commandingly related to the absolutely necessary means of life4 ,with equality in ownership and equality in control of the things used in getting a living the people become equals in opportunity to get a living1--that is1 industrially free4 ,the dominant institution would be the institution of public property in the dominant means used in performing the dominant social function4 ,this would render impossible the domination of society by a group or class within society--,,all the members of society would have their feet firmly planted upon the foundations of life1 the means of life1 the means of production2 and could not be crowded off the foundations and robbed by private owners of these foundations4 ,this form of society may properly be called an industrial democracy4 ,the purpose of this form of society is the welfare of all the members of society4 ,under this form of society there would be no industrial classes2 and therefore1 class robbery would not be and could not be organized1 legalized and easy4 ,second ,possible ,form of ,social ,organization3 ,on the ,plan of ,antagonism--that is1 with a ,class-,labor ,system--under which the ,,industrial ,,foundations of society are ,,private ,,property1--privately owned by one class and productively used by the other class4 ,society can1 indeed1 be organized for the performance of this great industrial function of production on the plan of a class-labor system--one part of society being in the strategic position of industrial masters1 a ruling class1 their mastery being due to the fact that they own as private property the chief material means of production2--the other part of society being in the helpless position of industrial dependents1 a working class1--their industrial dependence being due to the fact that they have no effective share in the ownership and control of the chief material means of production4 ,this form of society we may properly call an industrial despotism4 ,the purpose of this form of society is the special welfare of part of the members of society4 ,under this class-labor form of society1 class robbery is organized1 legalized1 and easy4 ,the foundation institution of all despotism is the institution of private property in the economic foundations of society--that is1 in the means of production4 ,this is the rock-bottom of organized1 legalized and easy robbery of the workers by the shirkers4 ,historically society has been organized in a class-labor form in three different ways1--as follows3 7#a7 ,,chattel ,,slavery1 instituted thousands of years ago1 was a class-labor system1--an organized1 legalized opportunity for wholesale class robbery2 and under that form of class-labor system1 with class robbery legally arranged for1 class robbery was1 of course1 respectable1 profitable and easy--and therefore inevitable4 ,peace was impossible4 ,the purpose of this form of society was unsocial4 ,under this form of society the masters were in legal possession of the means of production and also of the forts1 courts1 and legislatures 7such as existed72 and were thus in perfect position to defend and extend their industrial robbery4 ,the chattel slave owners were thus parasites1 aggressive social parasites4 ,that is admitted4#cjh 7#b7 ,,serfdom1 common in ,europe only a hundred years ago1 was also a class-labor system--an organized1 legalized opportunity for wholesale class robbery2 and under that form of class-labor system1 with class robbery legally arranged for1 class robbery was1 of course respectable1 profitable and easy--and therefore inevitable4 ,peace was impossible4 ,the purpose of this form of society was unsocial4 ,under this form the masters were still in legal possession of the means of production and also of the forts1 courts and legislatures1 and were thus in perfect position to defend and extend their industrial robbery4 ,the landlords-and-masters of the ancient serfs were thus also parasites1 aggressive social parasites4 ,that is admitted4 7#c7 ,,capitalism1 the present system1 is also a class-labor system1 an organized1 legalized opportunity for wholesale class robbery2 and under this form of class-labor system1 with class robbery legally arranged for1 class robbery is1 today1 of course1 altogether respectable1 abundantly profitable and temptingly easy--and therefore1 naturally1 inevitable4 ,the purpose of the present capitalist form of society is the special welfare of only a part of society1 the capitalist class1 and is1 therefore1 an unsocial purpose4 ,peace is impossible--while capitalism lasts4 ,under this form of society the masters1 the capitalist class1 are in possession of the means of production2 that is1 in legal possession of the industrial foundations of society1 and also in legal control of the arsenals1 cannon1 soldiers1 forts1 courts and legislatures1 and are thus in perfect position to defend and extend their industrial robbery4 ,the capitalists 7so far as they receive social incomes without rendering equivalent social service7 are thus parasites1 aggressive social parasites4 7,see footnote1 pages #bih-ii47 ,that is admitted4 ,that is admitted1 explained and condemned even by the ,president of the ,american ,sociological ,society1 ,dr4 ,lester ,f4 ,ward1 ,professor of ,sociology in ,brown ,university4#cji ,this parasitism of capitalism is easily seen in this way3 ,wealth equivalent to three hundred and sixty-nine tons of gold 7#bjj1jjj1jjj7 was given by inheritance to ,william ,h4 ,vanderbilt's eight children4#caj ,if the daughter of ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 senior1 should by inheritance receive one-half of the present six-hundred-million-dollar fortune1 she would receive1 without rendering any service whatever1 wealth equivalent to five hundred and fifty-three tons of gold4 ,billions of dollars' worth of mines1 railways1 factories1 forests and other means of production1 will1 by inheritance1 without function1--that is1 without service--legally fall into the hands of the children of the present capitalist class1 whether those children are intelligent1 virtuous and industrious1 or stupid1 vicious and lazy4 ,and thus1 like the children of kings and nobles1 they will be in position to win the race of life without running1 in position to prey upon others in the struggle for existence1 in legal position to procure substance without service4 ,this whole vast scheme of robbery--social parasitism--is 8correct0 and 8proper10--that is1 the process is ,,elaborately ,,legalized4 ,parasitism is robbery4 ,parasitism does not cease to be parasitism1 nor does robbery cease to be robbery1 when1 like chattel slavery1 it shrewdly gets itself organized1 baptized and legalized as an 8eminently respectable0 and profitable righteous institution for committing perpetual grand larceny4#caa ,thus at present1 as in the past under slavery1 as in the past under serfdom1 the ruling class1 as intelligent parasites1 prepare for class aggression1 prepare for class robbery4 ,they as a class create and secure their opportunity for legally robbing the producing class by arranging to control the industrial structure of society and thus control the performance of the industrial function--that is1 the fundamental function1 the first function1 of society4 ,the ruled and robbed working class must get it in mind distinctly and unforgettably that the foundation of all class-labor forms of society1 that which gives to part of society the control of society1 the foundation upon which industrial parasitism rests1 the substructure of all despotism--is the institution of private property in the chief material means of production4 ,this institution ,,splits ,,society ,,into ,,two ,,classes1 namely1 the producers and the parasites4 ,political parties do not create classes4 ,political parties are a consequence of industrial classes and are intended to defend industrial classes4 ,sometimes1 to make sure of victory1 the capitalist class have several political parties in the field--under shrewdly confusing names4 ,a class-labor system1 any class-labor system1 all class-labor systems--provide1 by means of institutions1 the ,,legal conditions and opportunities at the industrial foundations of society for part of society1 a class1 to act directly or indirectly as parasites2 and it is entirely natural that that part of society1 in pursuing their own interests1 should use their opportunity to act like parasites4 ,and it is entirely natural also that there should be resistance by the producers1 and therefore class struggle1 class war4 ,indeed all class-labor forms of society are industrially so brutally unjust and therefore so irritating that the largest fact in such societies is an eternal1 internal1 infernal conflict of industrial class interests--an endless civil war in industry1 a class war1 a class struggle1 around and around the industrial foundations of society4 7,see pages #afg-gj47 ,antagonism is thus in the ,structure of class-form society4 ,this helps to an understanding of past and present conflicts4 ,it becomes evident that the source of war is to be found at the industrial foundations of society4 ,war--war broadly considered--the class struggle1 throughout the history of civilized society is no more and no less than the natural aggressive robbery by a part of society provided with an opportunity to rob and the natural resistance of the class that is robbed4 ,,war1 ,,the ,,war1 ,,is ,,aggression ,,and ,,resistance--,,robbery ,,and ,,resistance--,,plunder ,,and ,,protest3-- 7#a7 ,the aggressive industrial robbery by one class1 and 7#b7 ,the resistance to industrial robbery by the other class4 ,not only in the history of civilized peoples everywhere for thousands of years1 but also in our own present-day capitalist society everywhere1 we see this natural aggression and natural resistance4 ,the result today--as in the past--is struggle1 war1 class war--between the parasites and the producers4 ,the war is the class war4 ,modern 8foreign0 wars are simply contests between different groups of capitalists 7the workers of course doing the fighting and bleeding7 to extend the area of opportunity for industrial class robbery1 and are thus simply phases and extensions of the class war4 ,war1 then1 begins with aggression1 continues with aggression2 and is at present extended by aggressive foreign wars of industrial or commercial conquest4 ,to summarize4 7a7 ,war1 conflict1 class aggression and class resistance1 are inherent in all class-labor forms of society4 7b7 ,capitalism is a class-labor form of society4 7c7 ,therefore1 under capitalism there will be1 there must be as long as capitalism lasts--class aggression and class resistance1 class conflict--class war4 ,,the ,,conclusion ,,cannot ,,be ,,dodged3 ,,peace ,,is ,,impossible--,,under ,,capitalism4 ,a million sermons and a million peace talk-fests cannot heal the smarting wounds in the robbed toiler's breast2 cannot pull the fangs of the capitalists from the flesh of the toilers1 as long as capitalism lasts4 ,organized eloquence can not stop a cannon ball or persuade the rulers to resign4 ,under capitalism1 as under slavery and serfdom1 the employers are in a position down at the industrial foundations of society to legally filch their livings from the working class--thus3--the capitalists privately own and privately control the means of production--the things the workers must use in getting a living4 ,like leeches the capitalist class are thus fastened to the very foundations of society4 ,here at the industrial foundations of society the industrial blood of society1 wealth1 is produced4 ,and here are the leeches2 and here they are in absolute control of the industrial blood of society4 ,and it is natural1 entirely natural1 that here1 in such position with such opportunity1 they should1 like leeches1 suck this industrial blood1 that is1 behave like parasites4 ,the capitalists--with society arranged in this manner--are indeed in position to rob the world wholesale1 in position to hold up all the weary producers on all the earth4 ,this organized1 legalized hold-up and the resistance to this hold-up--this is war1 the war4 ,the policeman1 the militiaman1 the cossack and the soldier are all always ready to rush upon the world's stage to serve4 ,to serve whom8 ,in all the conflicts due to class-labor forms of society1 the ruling class1 as already indicated1 have always a heavy social fist1 a social weapon--an armed guard1 such as militia1 heavy police forces1 and standing armies to extend the robbery and to protect the industrial ruling class in their unjust1 unsocial position of legalized robbers of the working class4 ,all talk1 all hope1 all prayer1 for peace and quiet and harmony are idle as long as society is unjustly organized--that is1 unsocially organized1 down at its very foundations1 one part of society being in the position of industrial masters1 the other part of society being in the position of industrial dependents4 ,the yawning chasm in society thus created between the two warring classes--can never be bridged with wishes1 hopes and prayers1 nor by peace conferences dominated by profit-stuffed masters and their well-fed intellectual serfs who dare not admit the fundamental cause of war4#cab ,,thus ,,it ,,becomes ,,clear ,,what ,,the ,,future ,,has ,,for ,,the ,,working ,,class--,,while ,,capitalism ,,lasts3 ,in spite of all the sincere and insincere hopes and prayers for peace there will always be1 under capitalism1 legalized wholesale plundering of the workers by the capitalist employers--a form of aggressive social parasitism by the employers and vigorous resistance by the workers in proportion to their realization of the robbery2--and consequently there will be wage struggles1 wage reductions1 compulsory under-consumption1 8over-production10 unemployment1 bread lines1 soup kitchens1 rent riots1 evictions1 8demand-work0 marches1 strikes1 picketing1 8scabbing10 boycotting1 lockouts1 injunctions1 8bull-pens10 blacklisting1 interstate kidnapping2 and also anti-picket thugs1--policemen1 ,pinkertons1 deputy sheriffs1 constabulary1 cossacks1 militiamen and the 8regulars0 shooting down underpaid1 underfed workers2 everywhere the belittled lives and the spilt blood of the working class4#cac ,and there will be increasing opposition to free assemblage1 opposition to free speech1 opposition to free press--in order to silence discussion and stop the spread of knowledge of what is fundamentally wrong4 ,also there will continue to be1 from time to time1 naturally1 under capitalism1 wars of conquest to widen the field of exploitation--to enlarge the opportunity for aggressive social parasitism1--wars to open up foreign markets1 wars to protect foreign markets for products which the producers' wages will not permit them to consume and the employers are not able to consume2--and everywhere the world will be stormy with the stirring trumpet call1 8,to arms6 ,to arms60--stormy with the crafty and confusing cry1 8,to the front6 ,to the front6 ,the flag60--stormy with the shrilling fife1 the roll of drums1 the rattle of musketry1 the flash of swords1 the booming roar of cannon1 burning cities1 sinking warships and the thundering tread of galloping cavalry horses1--the class struggle in a thousand visible bitter forms1--and everywhere windrows and ditchfuls of dead men1 dead working men1 everywhere the torn flesh1 the slit veins1 the streaming blood and tears of the working class3 hell everywhere except in the homes of our 8very best people0 who in times of trouble as in times of peace are always calmly feeding 7like leeches ever feeding7 on the surplus legally filched from the working class4 ,thus capitalist society is everywhere cursed with a festering social sore1 an unhealable sore1 poisoning1 withering the best things in society1 blasting the finer forms and feelings of brotherhood and peace4 ,everywhere the lives of the toilers are vulgarized and brutalized and wasted4 ,and all these things will always be natural and unescapable facts and parts of any class-labor form of society1 an unsocially organized society1 with injustice organized1 legalized and easy1 down deep in the industrial foundations of society1--ever an endless civil war in industry between the two1 the only two1 industrial classes4 ,now what shall we do about it8 ,it is as plain as 8a1 b1 c40 ,war and all the forms of the class struggle are excessive social inflammation4#cad 99 99 99 99 99 7a7 ,injustice violently inflames society4 7b7 ,social parasitism is monstrously unjust4 7c7 ,social parasitism therefore inflames society--and should be destroyed4 99 99 99 99 99 7a7 ,any form of society that produces and protects a class of social parasites will always inflame society1 and should therefore be destroyed4 7b7 ,capitalism produces and protects a class of social parasites1 and thus inflames society4 7c7 ,capitalism must therefore be destroyed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,justice soothes society4 ,society must be organized with justice in its structure4 ,we must search for justice--for a new social structure4 ,we must construct a form of society that will 8make it easier to do right and more difficult to do wrong40#cae ,shall we be non-resistant8 ,no1 emphatically1 no4 ,non-resistance is not natural 7especially for the class conscious workers7--for workers who understand their interests as a class2 and non-resistance is not reasonable1 is not safe1 and is not possible4 ,non-resistance would mean defeat and degradation for the working class--forever4#caf ,then is peace a childish dream and is war to be an endless wrangle and blood-spilling nightmare--for the working class8 ,no--not necessarily4 ,we must resist4 ,but we should not resist first and only by physical force4 ,the working class must ,,think--or they will have to struggle and bleed and weep and wait forever1--wait and whimper like babies in the woods for 8some one0 or some 8good people0 to come and 8save0 them4 ,the workers must think till they find a form of social organization in which the fundamental cause of war1 that is1 class robbery1 will have no opportunity1 and will therefore cease to exist4 ,what ,dr4 ,ward calls the 8spirit of aggression0 will fade and finally expire when the condition 7the parasitic opportunity7 which cultivates the 8spirit of aggression0 is destroyed4 ,the founders of the ,american republic resisted fearlessly1 by force too4 ,but the working class in the ,united ,states at present should not1 and cannot now1 with advantage1 resist by force and force alone1 and that for very good reasons3 ,,first3--,we of the working class in the ,united ,states have now for our own class defense another1 and better1 form of power1 a form of power less dangerous1 less expensive1 quieter and more legal and therefore more strategic1--a form of power that makes the capitalist class dread the awakening of the working class2 namely1 our political power--our united ballots4 ,,second3--,until we are intelligent enough to strategically defend our class with our united ballots we shall be too dull1 even if it should be necessary1 to use force of arms successfully in defense of our class4 ,it seems unwise to counsel the use of the ruder methods of armed force until1 having developed the necessary intelligence1 we have by trial fairly tested our peace powers1 our political powers--our united ballots4 7,see special paragraph1 page #cjc47 ,,third3--,we are not politically prepared1--that is1 we are not legally in possession of the powers of government1 and therefore we are not in strong position to protect our class with all our forms of power legally4 ,and until we are prepared we shall be used and abused4 ,thus it is evident we can not1 with advantage1 use physical force4 ,what must we do8 ,we must destroy capitalism and close the class struggle4 ,in all the variations of the struggles or wars of capitalism the working class are hired1 flattered1 fooled1 or forced to do all the actual fighting4 ,this must cease--as soon as possible--as a preliminary4 ,this will cease--when the conscious workers successfully explain capitalism and war to the confused and deluded workers4 ,war will cease when we have explained the national and international conspiracy of the capitalist class4 ,war will cease when we rouse the workers of the world by explaining4 ,by explaining we inform4 ,by informing we increase intelligence4 ,by increasing intelligence we increase self-respect and the passion for a greater life and for the freedom necessary for a greater life4 ,therefore1 ,explain--inside and outside the ranks--everywhere--in shop1 mill1 mine and on the farm4 ,explain till emperors and presidents dread their own conscripted and 8volunteer0 armies4 ,explain till murder for board and clothes and #af a month looks vile4 ,explain till young working-class men inside and outside the ranks see the light4 ,explain till an advertisement for human butchers and military fists becomes utterly disgusting to the working class4 ,explain till our class becomes class conscious--till it sees itself1 sees its class interest and its class power4 ,explain till our class can not be fooled1 hired1 flattered or forced to butcher or be butchered4 ,explain till our class1 like the capitalist class1 understand the political method of class defense4 ,explain till millions of the roused workers of all political parties clasp hands at the ballot box in a political party of their own class for the defiant self-defense of their own class4 ,explain till our class clearly sees and proudly declares that we must destroy the capitalist class-labor form of society and reconstruct society on a plan of rational mutualism4#cag ,all such explanations1 all such teachings tend powerfully to rouse the working class to a consciousness of themselves1 make them eager to defend themselves1 both on the industrial field and on the political field--with all their forms of power4 ,chattel slavery has been destroyed4 ,certainly4 ,why not8 ,serfdom has been destroyed4 ,of course4 ,why not8 ,capitalism must be destroyed4 ,of course---- ,what6 ,shall we destroy the rich men1 the capitalists8 ,no1 of course not4 ,that would not be fair4 ,capitalists are capitalists legally--permitted by the working class4 ,by politically created laws and institutions capitalists are legally in position to rule and rob the working class4 ,and by politically created laws and institutions the ruling class shall cease to be in that position4 ,the personal destruction of thousands1 or hundreds of thousands of capitalists would not in the least degree mend matters4 ,the children of chattel slave owners became slave owners by the politically created laws of inheritance4 ,just so the children of capitalists become capitalists through neither virtue nor vice of theirs--they become capitalists through politically created laws of inheritance4 ,the legal right to own privately the industrial foundations of society must be destroyed1 legally4 ,if the capitalists should become anarchists and illegally resist legal methods they could not reasonably object to having their own laws against anarchists applied to themselves vigorously4 ,of course it is true that the capitalists fleece the workers of surplus value all the time1 and many of the capitalists are malignant and cruel toward the workers and by a thousand persecutions invite their own personal destruction4 ,some of the capitalists have destroyed themselves1 have committed suicide1 to escape the disgrace of their crimes4 ,some capitalists are now in the penitentiary2 many more capitalists should be in the penitentiary--as many of their own class confess2 a far larger number of capitalists1 if the laws were enforced1 would promptly leave the country to keep out of the penitentiary--some have done so2 and a large number of capitalists are also bribing juries and prosecuting attorneys in order to avoid the penitentiary2 many prominent business men1 trust magnates1 have had the anti-trust law changed to enable them to more easily avoid the penitentiary--so ,president ,taft said in ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,august #ai1 #aijg4cah ,and the capitalist class outrage the working class in a thousand ways4 ,this is all true4 ,the multitude of capitalist outrages are sufficient to provoke revenge4 ,but we do not seek revenge4 ,revenge is not fine4 ,revenge is not noble4 ,moreover we cannot escape war by means of revenge1 and1 still more important1 rich men and women are not a form of society4 ,they are members of society and they behave naturally--under the circumstances2 that is1 being a ruling class in a class-form society1 they behave as masters4 ,capitalism as a form of society must be destroyed4 ,is it meant that we shall destroy the means of production--the mills1 mines1 forests1 railroads and such things8 ,certainly not4 ,the means of production are material1 mechanical things4 ,they are not a form of society4 ,what then8 ,are we to 8destroy society08 ,are we to turn society upside down1 inside out and 8other end to10--suddenly--8some dark night10 so to speak8 ,not at all4 ,here is what we must do3--,rapidly1 just as rapidly as possible we must destroy the present class-labor form of society called capitalism1--and to do this we must strike at and strike out the foundation of the capitalist form of society4 ,but what is the foundation of this capitalist class-labor form of society8 ,as already pointed out1 the foundation of capitalism is the institution of private property in the means of production4 ,the capitalists1 the employers1 the ruling class1 stand legally between the means of production and the users of the means of production2 thus a legal obstruction is raised between the workers and the things they work with in getting a living4 ,the capitalist class legally control the conditions under which the workers may use the means of production4 ,the capitalist class are in a legalized parasitic relation or connection to the means of production4 ,this relation is the key-stone in the arch of capitalism2 this relation is the prime element in the present form of society4 ,this parasitic relation enables the capitalists to rule1 rob and ruin the working class all the time everywhere4 ,this relation must be destroyed2 this despotic1 parasitic relation must be cut4 ,the capitalist class must be legally pared off1 legally pushed off1 legally shorn from1 the chief material means of production--as ,,private owners4 ,yes1 this robbery1 this organized1 legalized robbery called capitalism--must be destroyed4 8,the vast individual and corporate fortunes1 the vast combinations of capital1 which have marked the development of our industrial system1 create new conditions and necessitate a change from the old attitude of the state and nation toward property40#cai ,the case1 the circumstances1 require unflinching social surgery4 ,you believe in surgery1 don't you4 ,of course you do4 ,surgery is recognized the world over as a rational and necessary means of saving life1 the life of the individual4 ,well1 extend the application of the principle and practice of surgery to society--to the social body4#cbj ,parasites never voluntarily let go their grasp on the source of their lives1 never voluntarily let go the living things from which they suck their livings4 ,and the parasitic capitalist class will stick to the means of production1 as private owners1 till they are legally dislodged--shorn from the means of production4 ,what is here written concerning social parasites should not be misunderstood as malicious reflection on the ancient slave owner or the ancient feudal landlord or the modern capitalist4 ,in the course of human evolution the appearance and activity of social parasites has been--and is now--as natural as the appearance and activity of parasites in the lower animal world and in the vegetable world4 ,and the effort to dislodge human parasites from society should be1 as far as is humanly possible1 free from personal malice4#cba ,however1 on the farm1 in the care of plants and animals no matter how small or helpless or innocent or beautiful parasites may be which interfere with the wheat crop or the flock of sheep1 the parasites must be dislodged--rigorously and promptly4 ,and1 in society1 no matter how handsome1 polite1 pious1 learned1 philanthropic1 or ancestrally distinguished and blue-blooded a human parasite may be who lives on the labor of the workers1 that parasite1 old or young1 male or female1 must dismount promptly1 must be forced from the shoulders of the working class4 ,those who1 at the time of social reconstruction1 endeavor to defend themselves by polishing their family coat-of-arms and climbing their ancestral trees in search of credentials1 will simply be making monkeys of themselves4 ,they will be even more ridiculous than the ,royalists in the ,american ,revolution4 ,those of 8gentle breeding0 will have to learn the gentle art of getting a living by producing a living2 that awful saying1 8,if he will not work1 neither shall he eat10 will mean more and more4 ,the working class must1 then1 legally1 do whatever is necessary to protect themselves from the strangling clutches of the capitalist class4 ,and here is what is necessary3 ,the working class must themselves become organized political authority1 must seize the powers of government--and thus secure legal control of sovereign political power which carries with it the legal right#cbb to control1 or revise1 or abolish1 or reorganize industrial institutions2 must thus secure the legal right 7and power7 to construct and inaugurate that industrial form of society which will destroy capitalism with its organized1 legalized opportunity for class robbery1 and which will1 at the same time1 substitute organized1 legalized opportunity for every member of society to make a living without being robbed1 opportunity to live without wasting and vulgarizing his life in a struggle against his fellow men4 ,and this destruction of unsocial capitalism and the construction1 at the same time1 in place of capitalism1 the necessary social substitute1 can be accomplished by the industrial reorganization of society on the following plan-- ,the ,plan of ,rational ,mutualism3 7#a7 ,the ,,social ownership of the means of production4 7#b7 ,the ,,social control of the means of production4 7#c7 ,equality of ,,opportunity ,,to ,,use the means of production1 under regulations made by the workers themselves4 7#d7 ,the production of goods primarily for ,,social ,,service ,,of ,,all1--instead of primarily for ,,profits ,,for ,a ,,part ,,of ,,society4 7#e7 ,the ,,self-,,employment of all who are willing to do useful work1--by virtue of the fact of their joint ownership and joint control of the things the workers must collectively use in production1 the reward of each to be undiminished by rent1 interest or profits4 7#f7 ,,the ,,possession ,,and ,,control ,,of ,,the ,,powers ,,of ,,government ,,by ,,and ,,in ,,behalf ,,of ,,those ,,who ,,seek ,,the ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,working ,,class1 ,,by ,,those ,,who ,,seek ,,to ,,destroy ,,the ,,tyrannical ,,capitalist ,,wage-,,system ,,and ,,thus ,,secure ,,industrial ,,liberty4 ,this plan connects every life with the source of life4 ,this plan plants firmly the feet of all members of society upon the industrial foundations of society4 ,safe4 ,unafraid4 ,free4 ,this mutualism in industry will not interfere with such private affairs as religious life1 family life and social life1--any more than the mutual ownership of the public library now interferes with such private affairs4 ,thus we must1 in short1 ,,socialize ,,society1--by socializing the ownership1 socializing the control1 socializing the management1 and socializing the purpose of the industrial foundations of society4 ,this would be the destruction of that class-labor system called capitalism which now rests on the institution of private property in the means of production2 and this would1 at the same time1 also constitute a rational substitute--social in its nature4 ,,mutualism would thus be in the ,,structure of society4 ,the purpose of this form of society would be a fundamentally social purpose1 namely1 the welfare of all the willing-to-be-industrious members of society4 ,the capitalist class1 as such1 would cease to exist4 ,the working class1 as such1 would cease to exist4 ,all--all the people would be in full1 vital1 unhindered1 unrobbed connection with the industrial foundations of society1 the chief material means of production4 ,all people of proper age and condition of health would become workers4 ,industrial class lines would disappear4 ,industrial mastery would disappear4 ,industrial dependence would disappear4 ,this would be the foundation of industrial democracy4 ,this would be reorganization4 ,this would be revolution4 ,a revolution is a rapid1 fundamental change in a fundamental institution4 ,the rapid reorganization of industry into the form called the trust is a revolution--now in process4 ,the trust magnates are revolutionists--so far as it suits their economic interests4 ,revolutions are neither noisy nor bloody1 unless there is violent effort to prevent the growth of society4 ,as to the matter of being afraid of revolutions3 ,why should we clap our hands in praise of the ,american ,revolutionists 7who employed sword1 rifle1 bayonet and cannon in their revolution7 and then harshly condemn the peaceful ,socialists who stand for peace in all parts of the world and always urge the orderly methods of procedure in accomplishing the revolution 7the fundamental change7 they seek to effect4 ,don't be afraid4 ,fortunately millions of ,american school boys and girls are required to commit to memory the following words of splendid defiance and self-respect3 8,we hold these truths to be self-evident3 444 ,that governments are instituted among men1 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed2 that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends 7the inalienable rights 444 life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness7 it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it1 and to institute a ,,new government1 laying its foundation on such principles1 and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem ,,most ,,likely to effect their safety and happiness4444 ,when a long train of abuses and usurpations1 pursuing invariably the same object1 evinces a design to reduce them under an absolute despotism1 it is their ,,right1 it is their ,,duty1 to ,,throw ,,off ,,such ,,government and to provide ,,new guards for their future security40--,american ,declaration of ,independence4 ,don't be afraid4 8,the ,state must from time to time readjust the relation of government to liberty4444 ,as the people of the ,state advance in civilization1 the domain of liberty must be widened40--,professor ,john ,w4 ,burgess1 ,head of ,department of ,political ,science1 ,columbia ,university4#cbc ,don't be afraid4 ,the time has come for the workers to use their political liberty to secure industrial liberty--to 8widen the domain of liberty10 to secure a fair race1 to secure equality of opportunity4 ,equality8 ,yes1--equality of opportunity4 ,certainly4 ,why not8 8,a race that is fair requires an equal start4444 ,the state must aim at perpetual renewal of the opportunities of life in every man and class of men40--,dr4 ,john ,bascom1 ,ex-,president of the ,university of ,wisconsin4#cbd ,don't be afraid4 ,there will be no noise1 no bloodshed2 all will be orderly1 legal and sociable--unless the capitalists anarchistically refuse to obey the law4 ,in that case1 of course1 the roused1 proud and powerful working class will do whatever is made necessary by the anarchistic capitalists4 ,,be ,,it ,,remembered--,,distinctly3 ,,the ,,roused ,,working ,,class1 ,,roused ,,to ,,self-,,respect1 ,,roused ,,to ,,clearness ,,of ,,vision ,,by ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,facts1 ,,roused ,,to ,,realize ,,the ,,wrongs ,,thrust ,,into ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,workers ,,past ,,and ,,present1 ,,roused ,,to ,,see ,,their ,,rights ,,and ,,realize ,,their ,,power ,,as ,a ,,class1--,,such ,a ,,working ,,class ,,will ,,be ,a ,,wholly ,,different ,,class ,,from ,,the ,,present ,,meek1 ,,weak1 ,,cheated ,,grateful ,,slaves4 ,don't be afraid4 ,we are weary of ,antagonism4 ,we seek ,mutualism4 ,the ,american ,revolutionists said plainly in their ,declaration that it is a ,,duty to reorganize society1 under certain circumstances4 ,we recognize our duty4 ,we make no cheap and noisy boast of insulting defiance4 ,we see our goal--,peace and ,freedom4 ,we shall build ,peace and ,freedom into the ,structure of ,society4 ,we scorn any wheedler who would betray us from the correct1 direct path to our goal4 ,we accept any challenge from those who would by force defeat us4 ,social reconstruction--that is our plain duty4 ,thus we of the working class must1 to this extent1 unify1--that is1 mutualize1 socialize1--society4 ,the class aggression of the capitalist class would cease with the disappearance of the capitalist class in the reconstructed society4 ,and the class resistance by the working class would cease with the disappearance of the robbing of the workers in the reconstructed society4 ,thus would disappear the unsocial clashing of class interests--the class struggle4 ,and thus also would disappear the dominant motives for 8foreign0 wars and 8civil0 wars4 ,thus the working class could remove war--both from the shop and from the battlefield4 ,thus we would inaugurate peace simply by removing the cause of war4 ,is a political party of the working class necessary for this political work of the working class8 ,to accomplish the work of industrial reconstruction we must first secure the political powers of government and thus secure the right1 the legal right1 and legal power to do this work4 ,a ,,political ,,party ,,is ,,simply ,a ,,legitimated ,,organization ,,with ,,which ,,to ,,seize ,,and ,,use ,,sovereign ,,power--,,to ,,become ,,authority4 7,see page #bhj47 ,the political power and privilege necessary to accomplish this industrial reconstruction of society--this political power and privilege--can be secured only by means of a political party2 and that party must1 of course1 be a party wholly committed to this industrial reconstruction of society4#cbe ,only a political party of the working class can be ,,sincerely committed to this work of industrial reconstruction for the working class4 ,,indeed1 ,,no ,,political ,,party ,,standing ,,for ,,any ,,form ,,of ,,capitalism ,,will ,,permit ,,itself ,,to ,,be ,,sincerely ,,committed ,,to ,,this ,,prompt1 ,,thorough ,,industrial ,,reconstruction4 ,therefore1 banded together in a political party of the working class the workers must seize the political powers to make laws1 must seize the political powers to interpret laws1 must seize the political powers to enforce laws4 ,then and then only shall we be in position by legally possessing the power to defend ourselves1 our class4 ,then and then only shall we be in position to destroy the parasitic class aggression1 the class robbery1 out of which grows the class struggle--the civil war in the shop1 and the war1 the civil war1 of the toil-stained brothers of the working class on the battlefield4 ,then1 and then only1 shall we be in best position to declare war against war4 ,then we shall cease forever to foolishly wet the earth with our blood and tears and cease to be robbed in the shop and factory2 and then we shall claim our own1 a greater life4 ,the only safety therefore for the working people in all lands is to organize themselves into a political party1 an international political party1 of the working class1 and patiently build their party big enough for each national group of workers to seize the political powers of government in their own country--always1 everywhere1 loudly declaring war against war4 ,there is but one working class political party on all the earth4 ,that party sincerely proclaims3 8,freedom for the working class6 ,no more war60 ,and loudly and patiently that party sounds an immortal call of brotherhood to all the workers on all the blood-stained earth3--8,workingmen of all countries1 unite4 ,you have nothing to lose but your chains2 you have a world to gain40 ,that working-class party is the ,socialist ,party4 ,already this working class party1 loudly calling1 8,freedom in the shop and freedom from the battlefield0--already this party is beginning to save the blood and tears and homes and joys of the working class4 ,every working man and woman should learn--and teach the children to recite at school--the following page of history1 four historic events3 ,,first ,,event3 ,in #ahdg two men1 geniuses1 wrote a very small1 but powerful book4#cbf ,the book was published in #ahdh4 ,kings1 emperors1 tsars and presidents have turned pale when their common people began to understand that small book4 ,the first proposition in that astonishing book is3 8,the recorded history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles40 ,that is a great fact4 ,pack it into your mind4 ,that sentence has opened wide the mental windows of millions of working men--and women4 ,the last sentence of that book of social lightning is this3--8,workingmen of all countries1 unite4 ,you have nothing to lose but your chains1 you have a world to gain60 ,that is a sublime call4 ,that call has thrilled millions of weary working-class people4 ,every year it thrills millions more4 ,some day that call will enter your soul4 ,then you will know the meaning of this next event4 ,,second ,,event3 ,in #ahgj two distinguished crowned assassins sent hundreds of thousands of working men to the boundary between ,france and ,germany to butcher and be butchered4#cbg ,even then--forty years ago--the shrewdest workers in ,germany1 ,france and other ,european countries realized what war meant for the working class4 ,these men were banded together in the ,international ,working-,men's ,association4 ,these keen1 studious toilers warned the working class against the war4 ,in #ahgj they sent out this general announcement3 8,they 7the members of the ,international ,working-,men's ,association7 feel deeply convinced that whatever turn the impending horrid war may take1 the alliance of the working classes of all countries will ultimately kill war40 ,the ,paris branch of the ,international issued an address saying3 8,french1 ,german1 ,spanish working men6 ,let our voices unite in a cry of reprobation against war4444 ,working men of all countries6 ,whatever may be the result of our common efforts1 we members of the ,international ,association of ,working-,men1 who know no frontiers1 we send you1 as a pledge of indissoluble solidarity1 the good wishes and the salutation of the workingmen of ,france40 ,the ,berlin section of the ,international finely responded3 8,we join with you heart and hand in protestation4444 ,solemnly we promise you that neither the noise of drums nor the thunder of cannon1 neither victory nor defeat1 shall turn us aside from our work for the union of the workingmen of all countries40 ,german delegates at ,chemnitz1 ,saxony1 representing fifty thousand workingmen also made noble reply3 8,we are happy to grasp the fraternal hand stretched out to us by the workingmen of ,france4444 ,we shall never forget that the workingmen of all countries are our friends1 and the despots of all countries our enemies40 ,the grand old ,international has become the ,socialist ,party of our day4 ,the ,socialist ,party is indeed the political party of the working class4 ,in recent years election returns show in one country1 the best educated country in ,europe1 this political party of the working class1 the ,socialist ,party1 with over three million four hundred thousand serious1 loyal workingmen banded together voting solidly together4 ,every year a larger and larger number of them take their seats in the world's leading legislatures4 ,in ten countries in ,europe this party has from one to eighty members of the working class in the national legislatures in legal position to defend the working class4 ,and right vigorously these brave working-class comrades have defended the working class in every possible way they could4 ,with the increasing election victories of this working-class party1 the working class have increasing power to defend themselves4 ,and everywhere this party is down on war4 ,the influence of this party has already been effectively exerted against war4 ,the vast influence of this party against war is admitted by the most bitter and powerful enemies of the working class4 ,,third ,,event3 ,in #aije-f the ,norwegian and the ,swedish armies 7working men1 of course7 were ordered to the front to butcher one another4 ,they were assembled at the national boundary4 ,tens of thousands of homes were desolate4 ,fear was an agony in the hearts of a multitude of women and children4 ,reporters were present from all parts of the world to flash the news of the butchery around the earth4 ,the capitalist coffin trust was exceedingly glad1 business was about to pick up4 ,gilt-braided buccaneer commanders were about to shout3 8,form6 ,fire6 ,charge6 ,slaughter60 8,everything was ready0--it seemed4 ,then something happened--something sublime and new in the sad and 8somber march of mankind40 ,no sword was drawn4 ,no cannon roared4 ,no ,gatling gun mowed down thousands4 ,no wild cavalry charged4 ,no hospital became a hell of cursing1 groaning1 screaming1 mangled men4 ,yet 8everything was ready0--ready to defend the sacred honor of 8royal0 and 8noble0 coward parasites4 ,everything was ready except one thing--the consent of the working class4 ,the conscripted ,socialist soldiers in both armies and the ,socialists everywhere throughout both countries had passed the sign of working-class brotherhood all through both armies and through both countries3 8,we working class men are brothers4 ,let us not slit the veins of our own class simply to satisfy the vicious pride of snobbish masters4 ,let us save our own blood and tears40 ,this international brothers' cry was like a splendid flash of lightning at midnight4 ,brothers saw brothers1 working-class brothers1 in the night1 the midnight of capitalism4 ,the soul of the working class in both these countries flashed response3 8,brothers6 ,brothers6 ,we understand60 ,the human race seemed to smile4 ,the ,swedish and the ,norwegian soldiers mingled4 ,these armed workers fraternized4 ,armed men embraced armed men4 ,they shouted and wept--for joy4 ,they sneered at the frowns of their commanders4 ,proudly and promptly they refused to butcher and be butchered4#cbh ,that settled it4 ,there was no war4 ,there can not be war unless the working class agree to it4 ,no working men were butchered1 and the international misunderstanding had to be settled without opening the blood vessels of the toilers4 ,for of course you know1 reader1 that the broadclothed capitalist snobs of these countries were too cowardly to fight the war themselves4 ,and now there are many more happy homes1 happy wives1 happy mothers and happy children in ,norway and ,sweden than there would have been if the humble working people of these two countries had permitted a precious lot of gilt-edged cowards to excite them and confuse them and then 8sic0 them at one another's throats4 ,,fourth ,,event3 ,very recently1 in #aijf-g1 the ,socialist ,party in ,germany and ,france prevented war between ,germany and ,france over the 8,morocco affair40 ,this is admitted even by distinguished ,european enemies of the ,socialist ,party4 ,this threatened war might easily have cost five hundred thousand lives--working-class lives--and five billions of treasure and desolated hundreds of thousands of homes and darkened both countries with an international hatred lasting half a century4 ,but the ,socialists blocked the game4 ,again and again in their ,international ,congresses the ,socialists have protested against war and militarism as being1 for the working class1 nothing but a burden and a curse4#cbi ,political masters and industrial masters on all the earth--these recognize the ,socialist ,party as the ,working-,class ,political ,party4#ccj ,you1 my brother1 should also recognize the ,socialist ,party as your own ,working-,class ,political ,party4 ,reread propositions numbered #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 and #f1 p4 #cjj4 ,the outline of industrial reconstruction there given in the six propositions is the outline of the constructive platform and program of the working-class political party1 the ,socialist ,party1 everywhere4#cca ,because the ,socialist ,party recognizes and points out the clash of class interests in the present class-labor system2 ,because the ,socialist ,party proposes industrial freedom for the working class2 ,because the ,socialist ,party proposes the destruction of the class-labor system called capitalism2 ,because the ,socialist ,party proposes that every person who renders useful social service shall have the value of his service--undiminished by the modern legalized forms of filching1 namely1 rent1 interest and profits2 ,because the ,socialist ,party proposes that the working class band together and save themselves2 ,for such reasons the ,socialist ,party is the ,political ,party of the ,working ,class4 ,the ,socialists urge3 ,that no longer shall the workers whimper for the protecting wings of that strange political bird1 that large male angel1 called a 8good man02 ,that no longer shall the workers childishly accept the treacherous advice from political stalking horses1 called 8political reformers10 and 8political saviors02 ,that no longer shall the workers rest in dull dependence upon the advice of eager-to-be-elevated capitalist 8leaders of the people02 ,that no longer shall the workers go gullibly chasing after still-fed 8statesmen0 on election day2 ,that no longer shall the workers in stupid expectation meekly linger at the back door of legislative halls1 teasing smooth1 stall-fed capitalist 8statesmen0 for labor legislation2 ,that the workers band together and emancipate themselves from war1 from the wholesale robbery1 tyranny and blood-letting of ,capitalism4 ,with heads and hearts and hopes together the working class should read together1 study together1 reason together1 band together1 struggle together1 and altogether in a political party of the working class stand together and vote together and capture the power of government for the freedom and protection of the working class4 ,let us respect our own working class4 ,let us have faith in our own working class4 ,let us protect ourselves4 8,let us get up off our knees--and our masters won't seem so tall40 ,down with industrial despotism and its wars6 ,up with industrial democracy and its peace6 99 99 99 99 99 7,before reading the following paragraphs examine last four ,pages of ,chapter ,six1 paragraph headed3 8,a ,special ,warning to the ,working ,class of the ,united ,states407 ,one more word here3 ,brothers1 beware6 ,with pride and defiance hold up your heads--and think4 ,prepare to say3 8,,we ,,refuse40 ,beware4 ,another war is brewing4 8,another war is necessary60--your betrayers will presently tell you4 ,true6 ,from the capitalist's point of view another war will1 indeed1 presently be necessary2 another war becomes more and more imperatively necessary--and for a new and increasing reason4 ,the much plundered working people are beginning to think4 ,thought is revolutionary4 ,a thought is a file1 a keen saw1 with which a soul may escape from the gloomy dungeon of prejudice4 ,thought is intellectual nitroglycerine for blasting the flinty mountains of prejudice4 ,thought utterly destroys mental rubbish4 ,thought kills what ought to die4 ,thinking slaves promptly become defiant and dare to do for freedom4 ,thought kills--kills slavery4 ,thought1 however1 can still be prevented4 ,even the splendid thought of peace and freedom can still be strangled in a wild delirium called 8patriotic0 war4 ,hence every purchasable educated human thing with influence must play its prostitute part in resurrecting and perpetuating the ferocious thirst for war4 ,for capitalist purposes another war is necessary4 ,therefore strangle brotherliness4 ,therefore stifle man's grand sweet dream of peace4 ,a fat living of domineering idleness for industrial pirates and their pampered pets and shameless hangers-on is not much longer possible1 unless the masters as usual can set the working people clutching at one another's throats1 draining one another's sweat and blood in a hateful spasm of international epilepsy called 8patriotic0 war4 ,therefore drug the working people4 ,therefore read again to the weary multitude the goriest pages of history1 and declare to them that an act must be soaked in a brother's blood before it is magnificent4 ,the people must lust again for another savage storm of stupid wrath called war4 ,therefore we see the war-flag of capitalism shrewdly waved before the bulging1 easily inflamed eyes of the multitude3 8,good fighters--war02 8young men not only willing1 but anxious to fight--war02 8heroes1 heroes--war02 8glory1 military glory--war02 8noble1 noble soldiers--war02 8ours the most improved arms in the world--war02 8greatest navy on earth--war02 8splendid victories--war02 8better militia--larger army--war02 8our national honor--war02 8we never surrender--war02 8,america in the ,orient--war02 8we must defend our foreign markets--war02 8see the brave boys behind the guns--war02 8send the fleets around the earth and dare the world to war02 8we are all ready for war1 war1 war02--over and over this oratorical flag1 this ,christless vocabulary of blood-spilling cruelty1 on and on1 year after year--till these disgusting phrases steam in memory with the spurting blood of the long-mourned slain4 ,another war is necessary4 ,therefore fill the trenches with the carcasses of citizens and with fixed bayonets march on--on--on to noisy glory1 on to the red madness of the brutal battlefield4 ,this is the pagan text of literary and oratorical hirelings before a nation of ,christians and peaceful ,jews2 this is the loveless refrain bellowed before blushing school girls2 this is the ,alexandrian slogan before excitable1 impressible boys2 this is the gore-stained banner to be gallantly flaunted on holidays before the tear-wet eyes of the sad old widows and the hobbling cripples of the ,civil ,war2 this is the race-cursing call to ninety millions of people sick of stupidly disputing with sword and cannon1 longing to embrace one another in caressing fraternalism4 ,hideous echoes of the cruel voice of ,caesar1 savage whoop from the tomb of ,napoleon1 the assassin of ,france1 barbarous yell from the war-cursed plains of the long1 long ago--this--yes1 this is the sublime height reached by the average orthodox teacher and preacher of patriotism4 ,and from all parts of this thinly veiled despotism of foxy1 industrial tsars1 comes enthusiastic approval of all such teaching2--approval from the profit-stuffed leeches whose pouting lips suck and tug at the veins of the toiling multitude2 approval from the supercilious snobs at ,palm ,beach1 ,newport and ,monte ,carlo2 approval from the editorial intellectual prostitutes of a subsidized press2 approval from the 8leading citizens0 that roll contemptuously along carefully smoothed streets in rubber-tired carriages and from those who sneer through the palace car windows at the common 8hired hands0 who man the trains and keep the track in repair2 approval from the masters who own the mills and mines and stick out their tongues in scorn at the hundreds of thousands out of work or on strike for a few cents more a day2 approval from the 8great business men0 who search the earth for markets for goods produced by the sweating wage-slaves shrewdly kept too poor to buy what their own weary minds and their puffed and blistered hands create2 and1 saddest of all1 approval from the millions of shame-faced wage-earners viciously seduced with ironically empty 8prosperity0 phrases1 chloroformed with pompous military rhetoric1 stupefied with the proud strut and cheap swagger of 8prominent0 and 8cultivated0 vulgarians--yes1 approval also from these modest modern slaves through whose veins seems to slip the inherited taint of long1 low-bowing servitude4 ,another war is 8necessary40 ,therefore from ,mississippi to ,minnesota and from ,florida to ,oregon there is a wide-grinning chuckle of lip-smacking satisfaction in the palaces and club-houses of ,america's industrial masters when the easily deceived multitude clap their calloused palms in thoughtless approval as the bribed orator makes fierce visaged ,war stalk with hypnotic fascination across the stage before the plain deludable people4 ,the people's delight in arms is thus artfully deepened2--and thus and therefore both the walls of prejudice and the defiant fortresses of glittering steel--behind which the gorged masters of the multitude have for ages fattened and threatened in security--these fortresses of prejudice and force are with increasing diligence made stronger with every possible opportunity1 made stronger by every possible means4 ,another war8 ,expect it and prepare for it by resolving not to go to the next war till the bankers and statesmen have been bleeding on the firing line for at least six weeks4 ,yes--yes1 it is true that the employers' fortress of riot-guns is still strong1 defiantly strong4 ,no doubt the rent-interest-and-profit game1 the game of gouge and grab and keep1 will be played securely yet a while by the plunder-bloated masters of our great and glorious country4 ,undoubtedly millions of our thoughtless young working class men are still ready for plutocratic ,senators and ,congressmen and uncrowned cruelty in the ,white ,house to craftily yell3 8,sic 'em1 boys1 sic 'em40 ,but light breaks4 ,everywhere1 every day the toilers of the world listen--listen more respectfully1 listen more intelligently1 listen more gratefully to the glad new gospel of justice and peace4 ,the change comes and come it must4 ,that cruel spell wrought over the mind of the multitude by the bribed orator1 by the purchased writer1 by the blood-lusting 8man on horseback10 and by the far-looking masters of industry--that spell will be1 must be1 broken4 ,the iron shackles on the wrists and ankles of the toilers have already been broken4 ,the wage-slaves' shackles also must be rended1 not only the industrial1 but the mental slavery of the modern workers must be destroyed4 ,and comes now swiftly forward that soft-toned1 but all-conquering gospel of peace and freedom--freedom for the dumb1 voiceless multitude1 now deadened with the deafening roar of machinery1 deadened with the stifling dust and withering heat of the mills1 deadened with the poisonous gases in the mines1 freedom for the multitude soon to be glad1 happy1 loving1 laughing in the commonwealth of cooperation1 of mutualism1 of fraternalism--of ,socialism4 ,courage1 courage4 ,put the strong shoulders of your twelve million ballots to the 8stalled world's wheel0 and push4 ,strike4 ,march4 ,dawn-ward toward peace4 ,know this1 you toil-tormented horde3 ,that shrewd juggler's word war--word with which the swinishly selfish masters have for ages seduced the gullible multitude into the ditches across which those same masters have then rolled on sneering1 snickering and safe1 that spell-working word reeking with the blood-rotting stench of centuries1 that word war and all that that word war now stands for must be stricken from the language of brothers1 struck from the affairs of mankind1--forgotten forever--forever replaced by the sweetening peace and the sane abiding power of warless ,socialism4 ,brothers of the working class1 wherever you are on all the earth1 let us all say1 altogether3 ,peace is patriotism to mankind4 ,we do not want other people's blood and we refuse to waste our own4 ,for thousands of years the ruling class have bled us pale4 ,all cannon have always been aimed at us--by us4 ,we did not see4 ,our eyes were blinded with our own blood2 our minds were paralyzed with lies4 ,but now we see4 ,now we understand4 ,and therefore now we stand erect in self-respect4 ,now in sincere fellowship we extend the right hand of brotherhood to all the working men--and to all the women and to all the children--of the whole world2 and to all these we promise3 ,we will not fight4 ,we refuse to plunge bayonets into one another's breasts4 ,we refuse to slay the fathers of tender children4 ,we refuse to murder the brothers and lovers of women4 ,we refuse to butcher the husbands of devoted wives4 ,we refuse to 8,hurrah0 over victories that break the heart and blind the world with tears4 ,we refuse the cheap rle of ,armed ,guard--as the salaried assassins in the service of the plunder-bloated coward ruling class4 ,if the masters want blood let them cut their own throats4 ----- ,footnote #cja3 ,social ,control1 pp4 #cgf-gi4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,general ,sociology1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ehb4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,see ,the ,theory of the ,state1 ,bk ,,ii41 ,chs4 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #cje3 ,introduction to ,sociology1 pp4 #acb-cf4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,see ,chapter ,three1 ,the ,explanation4 ,footnote #cjg3 8,classes differ in readiness to twist social control to their own advantage4444 ,in general1 the more distinct1 knit together1 and self-conscious the influential minority1 the more likely is social control to be colored with class selfishness40--,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 ,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,social ,control1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,see ,chapter ,eleven for suggestions on the origin of large-scale parasitic aggression2 and on the origin and history of the working class and of the class-labor form of society4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #eha-ig2 ,psychic ,factors in ,civilization1 ,chapter #bd4 ,note carefully the quotation on methods of social parasites at the head of the present chapter from ,dr4 ,ross's ,social ,control4 ,professor ,ross is generally recognized as one of the most profound and brilliant writers on ,sociology4 ,it is important to consider1 too1 that1 as a ,socialist1 ,dr4 ,franklin ,h4 ,giddings1 ,head of ,department of ,sociology in ,columbia ,university1 recognizes the capitalist class's parasitic relation to society4 ,dr4 ,giddings is recognized in all the universities of the world as having few equals as a sociologist4 ,the social parasites of the world will never forgive the learned ,socialist1 ,dr4 ,thorstein ,veblen1 recently of the ,university of ,chicago1 for writing his bold and astonishing book1 ,the ,theory of the ,leisure ,class4 ,the screaming mockeries and glittering pretensions of the 8princely-fortune0 parasites of capitalism are mercilessly explained by him4 ,it is noteworthy too that the ,editor-in-,chief of the ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 and ,head of the ,department of ,sociology in the ,university of ,chicago1 ,dr4 ,albion ,w4 ,small1 has for many years been calling attention1 in lectures1 to the parasitic nature of one of the forms of capitalist income1 thus3 8,there is no moral justification for the taking of interest incomes40 ,in his ,general ,sociology1 pp4 #bfh-fi1 ,dr4 ,small says3 8,in the first place1 capital produces nothing4 ,it earns nothing40 ,see also his suggestions on social parasites on page #bff1 where he is clearly in considerable degree in agreement with ,dr4 ,ward4 ,gustavus ,myers' ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes is here again commended as an extraordinary record of remarkable social parasitism in ,american history4 ,footnote #caj3 ,see ,twenty-,eight ,years in ,wall ,street1 p4 #chh2 by ,henry ,clews1 a very well known banker of ,wall ,street4 ,footnote #caa3 ,see ,chapter ,three1 8,explanation0--,surplus4 ,footnote #cab3 ,andrew ,carnegie is a sample of a profit-stuffed tyrant whose parasitic industrial income is tens of millions per year without rendering industrial service1 whose legally parasitic heirs1 rendering no industrial service1 will1 like leeches1 suck up many millions per year4 ,the audacity of his hypocrisy is typical of his class4 ,in recent international peace congresses ,carnegie has been steadily grinning and chattering in the spot light4 ,but study this man for a moment3 7#a7 ,in the ,homestead industrial civil war1 in #ahib1 ,pinkertons received #e per day and expenses for murdering ,carnegie steel workers4 7#b7 ,the ,carnegie ,company furnished the ,russian ,government steel armor for warships at about one-half the price the same company patriotically charged ,carnegie's own dear1 dear country4 7#c7 8,our records show that the companies governed by ,mr4 ,carnegie received more rebates in anarchistic defiance of his country's laws during the time when rebates were given by our road1 than any other shipper in any line of business40--,first ,vice-,president ,green of the ,pennsylvania ,railway ,company4 ,quoted in the ,new ,york ,independent4 7#d7 ,this same crafty gentleman recently provided enormous old-age pension funds for college and university professors4 ,this will perhaps tightly seal the lips of thousands of teachers on the raging civil war in industry in which war ,carnegie is already a blood-stained tzar4 ,fearing to lose their old age pensions1 teachers may find it easier and more 8respectable0 to desert the working class in its struggle against the capitalist class--,carnegie's class4 7,see ,index3 8,hague ,peace ,conference02 also ,chapter ,two1 pages #bd-be47 ,footnote #cac3 8,if1 however1 there occurs some general industrial disturbance of a serious sort1 such as a condition of over-production1 444 it is likely to turn out that these vocational groupings will be weakened or even destroyed4 ,in their place the economic classes will enter the political arena1 and carry on the conflict with great energy4444 ,it may be that the standard of life of an industrial class may be so seriously threatened that this class struggle will reach the extreme of absolute hostility40--,professor ,albion ,w4 ,small1 ,head of ,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,chicago3 ,general ,sociology1 p4 #bfd4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cad3 ,reread first page of ,preface4 ,footnote #cae3 ,william ,e4 ,gladstone4 ,footnote #caf3 8444 ,non-resistance would be fatal4444 ,if ever war is done away1 it will be when the spirit of aggression1 not of protection1 shall have been quenched40--,lester ,f4 ,ward3 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fhd4 ,footnote #cag3 ,see ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #ab4 ,footnote #cah3 ,william ,howard ,taft3 ,present-,day ,problems1 pp4 #afb-fc3-- 8444 ,it is also true that had the ,elkins bill never been passed1 the same acts could and doubtless would have been prosecuted 444 under the ,interstate ,commerce ,act of #ahhi which the ,elkins law supplanted4444 ,under the #ahhi amendment1 however1 the individuals convicted could have been sent to the penitentiary1 whereas under the ,elkins ,act the punishment by imprisonment was taken away4444 ,the chief effect of the ,elkins law had on these particular prosecutions 444 was 444 to save the guilty individual perpetrators from imprisonment4 8,it was well understood that the ,elkins bill was passed without opposition by1 and with the full consent of1 the railroads1 and the chief reason was the elimination of the penitentiary penalty for unjust discriminations4444 ,the imprisonment of two or three prominent officers of a railway company1 or a trust 444 would have greater deterrent effect for the future than millions in a fine40 ,theodore ,roosevelt knows a good deal about the capitalist class4 ,he wrote on pages #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj of his book1 ,american ,ideals1 as follows3 8,the people that do harm in the end are not the wrong-doer whom all execrate4444 ,the career of ,benedict ,arnold has done us no harm as a nation4444 ,the foes of order harm quite as much by example as by what they actually accomplish4 ,so it is with the equally dangerous criminals of the wealthy classes4 ,the conscienceless stock speculator who acquires wealth by swindling his fellows1 by debauching judges1 and corrupting legislatures1 and who ends his days with the reputation of being among the richest men in ,america1 exerts over the minds of the rising generation an influence worse than that of the average murderer or bandit1 because his career is even more dazzling in its success1 and even more dangerous in its effects upon the community4 ,any one who reads the essays of ,charles ,francis ,adams and ,henry ,adams1 entitled ,a ,chapter of ,erie1 and the ,gold ,conspiracy in ,new ,york1 will read about the doings of men whose influence for evil upon the community is more potent than that of any band of anarchists or train robbers4444 ,too much cannot be said against men who sacrifice everything to getting wealth4 ,there is not in the world a more ignoble character than the mere money getting ,american1 insensible to every duty1 regardless of every principle1 bent only on amassing a fortune 444 whether 444 to speculate in stocks and wreck railroads himself1 or to allow his son to lead a life of foolish and expensive idleness and gross debauchery1 or to purchase some scoundrel of high social position1 foreign or native1 for his daughter4 ,such a man is only the more dangerous if he occasionally does some deed like founding a college or endowing a church which makes those good people1 who are also foolish1 forget his real iniquity40 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cai3 ,theodore ,roosevelt3 in a speech at the ,state ,fair1 ,minneapolis1 ,minnesota1 ,september #c1 #aija4 ,footnote #cbj3 8,if the public economy of a people be an organism1 we must expect to find that the perturbations1 which affect it1 present some analogies to the diseases of the body physical4 ,we may1 therefore1 hope to learn much that may be of use in practice1 from the tried methods of medicine40 ,roscher3 ,political ,economy1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #he-hf4 ,footnote #cba3 ,it must be added for the sake of clearness 7and fairness73 7#a7 ,that some members of the capitalist class detest the capitalist system2 that these regret their unsocial relation to the social body2 and that while they are living under the capitalist system they are in somewhat the same difficulty that a democrat is in ,russia4 ,one can believe in democracy in ,russia1 but he can not practice democracy under the autocratic form of ,russian government4 ,so under ,capitalism3 one may believe in industrial democracy1 but he cannot practice it under an industrial despotism4 7#b7 ,that some members of present society belong partly to the capitalist class and partly to the working class4 7,the ,theory of the ,leisure ,class1 a brilliant book by ,dr4 ,thorstein ,veblen1 helpful in understanding social parasites1 is urged upon the reader's attention4 ,also ,w4 ,j4 ,ghent's ,mass and ,class47 ,footnote #cbb3 8,the government which has the right to do an act and has imposed upon it the duty of performing the act1 must1 according to the dictates of reason1 be permitted to select the means40--,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 ,march #g1 #ahai4 ,see ,supreme ,court ,reports1 ,vol4 #ag1 pp4 #dji1 #dcj4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,political ,science and ,constitutional ,law1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,sociology1 pp4 #de1 #dg4 ,footnote #cbe3 8,it is the peculiarity of the social struggle that it must be conducted by a collective whole 444 ,,every ,,society ,,or ,,class ,,must ,,secure ,,some ,,suitable ,,organ ,,for ,,conducting ,,the ,,social ,,struggle4 8,thus the ruling classes1 through their parliaments1 exercise the legislative power and are able1 by legal institutions1 to further their interests at the cost of others4444 ,thus the rulers themselves forge the weapons with which the ruled and powerless classes successfully attack them and complete the natural process40--,gumplowitz3 ,outlines of ,sociology1 pp4 #ade-adf4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,the ,communist ,manifesto4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,reread ,chapter ,seven1 ,section #d4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,fearing that the powerful suggestion might reach and rouse the slumbering working class the capitalist press of the world kept silent as an oyster on the behavior of the clear-visioned soldiers of ,norway and ,sweden4 ,only the working-class press properly reported the sublime event4 7,see ,challenge1 page #bjf et seq47 ,footnote #cbi3 ,for an excellent and convenient discussion of the ,socialist ,party's opposition to war and militarism1 see ,werner ,sombart's ,socialism and the ,socialist ,movement1 pp4 #aic-baa2 ,morris ,hillquit's ,socialism in ,theory and ,practice1 pp4 #bif-cjb4 ,footnote #ccj3 8,it is no easy task to detect and follow the tiny paths of progress which the unencumbered proletarian with nothing but his life and capacity for labor is pointing out for us4 ,these paths lead to a type of government founded upon peace and fellowship as contrasted with restraint and defence4444 ,from the nature of the case1 he who would walk these paths must walk with the poor and oppressed1 and can only approach them through affection and understanding4 ,the ideals of militarism would forever shut him out from this new fellowship40--,miss ,jane ,addams1 of ,hull ,house1 ,chicago3 ,newer ,ideals of ,peace1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #cca3 ,the class who despise you so thoroughly that they would be willing to have you murdered on the battlefield--would these hesitate to tell you a lie8 ,certainly not4 ,and they have lied to you about 8different kinds of ,socialism10 8,socialists don't seem to know what they want10 etc41 etc4 ,but secretly the capitalists are worrying because they know that the ,socialists of all the world do know what they want and also know how to organize the necessary power to get what they want4 ,,chapter ,,eleven4 ,a ,short ,lesson in the ,history of the ,working ,class4 7,a very careful distinction should always be made between those who abuse and those who nobly use great offices and powers47 8,we have repeatedly pointed out that every social institution weaves a protecting integument of glossy idealization about itself like a colony of caterpillars in an apple-tree4 ,for instance1 wherever militarism rules1 war is idealized by monuments and paintings1 poetry and song4 ,the stench of the hospitals and the maggots of the battlefield are passed in silence1 and the imagination of the people is filled with waving plumes and the shout of charging columns40--,professor ,walter ,rauschenbusch1 ,rochester ,theological ,seminary4#ccb ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,working ,,class1 ,,which ,,includes ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,war1 ,,will ,,cement ,,the ,,workers ,,inseparably ,,together--,,socially1 ,,industrially ,,and ,,politically1 ,,and ,,will ,,thus ,,many ,,times ,,multiply ,,their ,,power ,,for ,,self-,,defense4 ,when the working class understand the history of the working class1 a bronze monument erected in honor of a great general will look to the workers like a vote of thanks to the ,superintendent of ,hell1 and an ornamental cannon in a public park will look like a viper on a banquet table spread for a feast of brothers4 ,in the public schools of the world the history of the working class is almost wholly neglected4 ,no text-book gives the facts1 and no teacher is permitted to tell the truth--clearly--about the martyrdom of labor since the dawn of class-form1 8civilized0 society4 ,the union labor men and women of the world could with great advantage to the working class devote a few thousand dollars for the expense of a five-hundred-page book summarizing3 ,the ,history of ,labor--,the ,tragedy of ,toil4 7,at this point please reread first two pages of the preface of the present volume47 ,the following pages are offered as suggestions for a half-hour lesson chiefly on the origin of the working class4 ,it is suggested to the working class reader that he teach this lesson to the children of his family and of his neighborhood4 ,now1 no living thing can be understood without a study of its history1 and the study of the history of a living thing requires special attention to the origin of the thing studied4 ,the working class are a living reality1 and in order to understand themselves the working class must study their class history--with the very special attention to their origin as a class4 ,long1 long ago--thousands of years ago--our ancestors lived in tribes4 ,these tribes grew1 expanded till finally the pressure of population forced the tribes to enlarge their territories2 and thus the tribes trespassed--aggressed upon one another's territory4 ,this caused wars--intertribal wars4 ,this was the origin of war4 ,this led to the opening of hell--for the workers4 ,after a while a working class arose--and began to fall into hell4 ,here is the way it came about3 ,for a long time in these intertribal wars it was the practice to take no prisoners 7except the younger women71 but to kill1 kill1 kill1 because the conquerors had no use for the captive men4 ,when1 however1 society had developed industrially to a stage enabling the victors to make use of live men as work animals1 that new industrial condition produced a new idea--one of the greatest and most revolutionary ideas that ever flashed in the human brain2 and that idea was simply this3--,a live man is worth more than a dead one1 if you can make use of him as a work animal4 ,when industrially it became practicable for the conquerors to make use of live men captured in war1 it rapidly became the custom to take prisoners1 save them alive1 beat them into submission--tame them--and thus have them for work animals1 human work animals4 ,here the human ox1 yoked to the burdens of the world1 started through the centuries1 centuries sad with tears and red with blood and fire4 ,thus originated a class of workers1 the working class4 ,thus also originated the ruling class4 ,thus originated the 8leading citizens40 ,thus1 originally1 in war1 the workers fell into the bottomless gulf of misery4 ,it was thus that war opened wide the devouring jaws of hell for the workers4 ,thus was human society long ago divided into industrial classes1--into two industrial classes4 ,of course the interests of these two classes were in fundamental conflict1 and thus originated the class struggle4 ,of course the ruling class were in complete possession and control of all the powers of government--and of course they had sense enough to use the powers of government to defend their own class interests4 ,of course the ruling class made all the laws and controlled all institutions in the interest of the ruling class--naturally4 ,of course the ruling class socially despised the slaves--that is1 despised the working class2 this 8upper0 class felt contempt for the 8lower0 class--naturally2 and thus originated the social degradation1 the social stigma that still sticks to the working class1 so clearly clings to the workers that1 for example1 the banker's daughter does not marry the wage-earning carpenter2 the mine-owner's son does not marry the wage-earning house-maid2 the rank and file of union labor are not welcome in the palatial parlors and ball-rooms where the 8very best people0 are sipping the best champagne and are rhythmically hugging themselves in the dance2 the servants1 both white and black1 in a high-grade 7high class1 8upper0 class7 hotel are not even permitted to take a drink of water at the guests' water fountain tho' the guest-list may include scores of blas old reprobates1 scores of polygamous parasites1 scores of the most infamous1 dollar-lusting1 law-breaking disreputables in the world4 ,the working class are indeed even yet openly or secretly despised socially by their 8betters40 ,it was thus and there and then that1 long ago1 in war1 originated the first class-labor form of society1 the institution called slavery4#ccc ,a class of despised human work animals and a class of domineering masters thus appeared2 and these two classes developed1 this ,,method ,,of ,,production developed1 to such vast proportions that this ,,class-labor system became the ,,fundamental ,,thing ,,in ,,the ,,industrial ,,structure ,,of ,,society4 ,it was in this manner that1 long ago1 one part of society climbed upon the shoulders of the other part of society and became parasites1 social parasites1 and as a class sunk their parasitic beaks into the industrial flesh of those who had become a working class4 7,reread carefully the three quotations at the head of ,chapter ,ten4 ,they are specially important47 ,of course the industrial blood of the workers tasted good to the masters--that is to say1 the more work the slaves did the less work the masters had to do1--and that was lovely1 for the masters1 for the 8leading citizens40 ,the 8leading citizens0 knew they had a bright idea--just like a 8leading citizen's0 idea of course4 ,the new idea became popular1 extremely so--of course4 ,the 8leading citizens0 were so pleased--with themselves and their 8brainy0 idea4 ,they were 8superior0 people--their idea proved that1 of course4 ,at that point in human history a ruling class began to flatter themselves and talk in a loud and handsome manner about 8the best people10 8the right to ride inferior people10 8the progressive1 enterprising part of society10 and so forth4 ,the 8leading citizens0 knew very well that they had a 8good thing0--for the 8leading citizens10 for the upper class who thus became so very pleasantly located as an upper class--that is1 upon the industrial shoulders of the 8lower class10 the working class4 7,note carefully the quotation from ,dr4 ,ward at ,head of ,chapter ,ten47 ,very naturally the ruling class at once busied themselves promoting and protecting their new class-work plan1 their new idea4 ,the idea was their idea and it was such a splendid idea4 ,indeed slavery was such a perfectly delightful idea--for the rulers--that1 being 8gentlemen of push and enterprise10 they eagerly studied the problem of developing ways and means of extending their new advantage4 ,they thought4 ,they planned--to manage the new human mule4 ,their first idea was--force4 ,kick the mule--and rule4 ,an institution1 an armed guard1 was1 therefore1 promptly organized for holding down the slaves1 the 8lower class10 by force1--to hold the toilers1 as it were1 by the wrists4 ,but an armed guard was expensive1 and it was expensive simply because one armed guard could not hold many slaves to their tasks--by force4 ,now1 the ancient slave-holding ruling class1 like the modern capitalist ruling class1 were1 of course1 eager to 8reduce expenses and increase efficiency40 ,thus the rulers had another idea1 a big bright idea4 ,mark well the masters4 ,their second idea was--fraud4 ,fool the mule--and rule4 ,the brilliant idea of using fraud in ruling slaves1 that is1 in ruling the working class1 was simply this3 to have an unarmed guard teach the human horse to 8stand hitched10 as it were1 or1 rather1 to work like a trained horse without requiring an armed driver to whip him1 to force him to his tasks4 ,this unarmed guard was to hold the workers to their tasks by getting a grip on their minds1 on their brains1 rather than on their wrists4 ,this was more 8refined40 ,this was also much cheaper4 ,this method has always been cheaper4 ,it is cheaper for this reason3 ,one unarmed deceiver acting as a guard by holding the mind1 the brain1 of the workers1 can hold to their tasks hundreds of times as many as one armed guard can hold by force4 ,this was a most happy idea--for the ruling class4 ,a new era opened4 ,the ruler smiled at the deceiver4 ,the deceiver smiled at the ruler4 ,they understood--each other1 and agreed upon 8the best interests of society40 ,precisely so4#ccd ,here originated the vile rle of the intellectual prostitute1 the cheap part of the chloroformer of the working class1 the contemptible business of the professional palaverer4 ,here1 right at this point in human history1 the perfumed intellectual prostitute joined the blood-stained soldier1--in the ruler's service of holding down the robbed and ruined working class4 ,the palaverer taught the toil-cursed workers to be obedient and grateful and humble and meek and lowly and contented1 to 8forget it0 that they have poverty here and keep in mind that 8it will be all right over there0--8up above0 7over in behind beyond the stars7 where they will be 8richly rewarded1 in the sweet bye and bye1 for all their sufferings in this world02 taught them that they should not be 8resentful10 but 8in patience bear all sufferings10--bear even the agony of having their daughters raped by rulers1 and their sons run through with spears4 ,thus the toiler was kept in his 8proper place0 7at work7 by the soldier and the palaverer1 compelling and cajoling the domesticated human work animal4 ,they held him fast4 ,one seized his wrists1 the other seized his reason2 one used force1 the other used fraud2 one used a lash1 the other used a lure2 one used a club1 the other used chloroform2 one frowned threateningly1 the other smiled seductively4 ,with curses and cunning these two have taught the toiler ,,law ,,and ,,order--,,the ,,law ,,and ,,the ,,order ,,made ,,by ,,the ,,masters ,,for ,,the ,,masters4 ,both guards were 8necessary0--in the business of robbing the working class4 ,both have served the ruling class long and well4 ,through the long sad centuries these three1 the ruler and his two 8standbys10 the soldier and the palaverer1 have ridden the human beast of burden1 the working class4 ,the mailed fist of the hired assassin and the soft voice of the bribed palaverer have held the worker utterly helpless while the ruler robbed him4 ,both guards have been rewarded--with provender and flattery1 with pelf and popularity4 ,the whipper and the wheedler of the toiler1 the slayer and the seducer of the working class1 have been the specially petted patriots whose ignoble rle has been to help defend the class-labor system4 ,the workers have been kicked and tricked for ten thousand years1 but chiefly tricked1 betrayed into helpless consent and stupid approval4 ,the more fraud the less force4 ,undoubtedly far more important than the physical conquest over the working class was the conquest over the mind of the working class4 ,undoubtedly the idea of teaching the slave to be a slave and to be satisfied with slavery and thus make the slave1 the serf1 the wage-earner1 an ,,automatic human ox to bear and draw the burdens of the world in brainless obedience and dull humility--undoubtedly that idea has done more solid service in the successes of injustice than any other idea ever born in the brain of tyrants4 ,the ruling class have always carefully secured the services of many of the world's ablest men to play ,judas to the carpenters--to the working class4 ,profound men1 gifted men1 trained men1 eloquent men1 enjoying the world's choicest food1 blissfully happy with the world's finest wine1 living in homes of comfort and splendor1 dressed in softest raiment1 many of these have traduced the slave1 the serf and the wage-earner without shame4 ,tho' the splendid ,christ said3 8,the truth shall make you free10 these ,judases have taught the working class that learning is a useless or an evil thing for the working people2#cce that the toilers' poverty is the will of ,god1 that unrewarded toil in this world would reap a 8specially rich reward beyond the grave40 ,these paid and powerful human things1 palavering about the 8dignity of honest toil10 palavering about the 8joy of the hope of good things beyond0 7always beyond7--these themselves have been practical and careful to take cash-down-good-things for their collect-on-delivery services1 careful to take a rich and prompt reward here and now in this world1 while at the very same time they were advising and urging the slave1 the serf1 and the wage-earner to accept unsigned cheques payable in heaven4 ,always this for the worker3 8,your turn will come next0--that is1 in the next world4 ,following this vanishing lure1 hundreds of millions of toilers have1 as it were1 walked barefoot on broken glass and lain down in their beds of misery mentally paralyzed on the subject of justice4 ,hundreds of millions of toilers have not only accepted these teachings2 but1 saddest of all1 have been tricked into teaching these same things to their children4 ,thus it was that almost the entire working class were tamed and trained for many centuries into spineless meekness1 into the docility of humility--helpless--policed by prejudice and fear founded on shrewdly perpetuated ignorance4 8,slaves1 obey your masters10 has been taught in a thousand ways for ten thousand years by the stuffed prophets for the profit-stuffed rulers of the robbed and ruined workers of the world4 ,this perhaps will make it somewhat easier to understand the present intellectual condition of the working class4 ,it thus becomes easier to understand why the workers were taught 7and are taught now7 to be 8satisfied with their lot10 taught the 8identity and harmony of interests of capital and labor40 ,this explains the meekness of the multitude1 the docility of the majority1 and their political modesty4 ,sheepish meekness1 self-contempt and prideless obedience long ago took the place of defiant and splendid rebellious self-respect--in the character and the thinking of the working class4 ,in every possible way the shackles have been riveted to the wrists and brains of the working class--what for8--in order to perpetuate the class-labor system4 ,under slavery1 under serfdom and under capitalism1 laws1 constitutions1 customs1 religious teachings1 secular teachings1 and all the social institutions have been shrewdly conformed or adjusted to ,,the ,,prevailing ,,method ,,of ,,production for the ,,protection of that method of production in order thus to ,,support ,,the ,,class who1 in the struggle for existence1 have had ,,grossly ,,unfair ,,advantage ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,that ,,method ,,of ,,production4#ccf ,ferocious wrongs were studiously developed into vast institutions4 ,for example1 man-stealing and slave-breeding became the chief business of the mightiest of the ancient pagan societies1 the ,roman ,empire1 and was also a flourishing enterprise under the most highly developed modern ,christian societies1 the ,british ,empire and the ,american ,republic4 ,christian ,queen ,anne1 of ,england1 unrebuked by her 8spiritual adviser10 was a pious stockholder in a slave-hunting corporation composed of prominent and pious ,christian ladies and gentlemen4#ccg ,the ,christian churches1 colleges1 newspapers1 of the ,united ,states not long ago1 ,north and ,south1 were almost unanimous in their eloquent and pious defense of human slavery4#cch ,the business was eminently respectable1 the business of legally 7and piously7 sucking the industrial blood out of one's fellowmen--living like a parasite1--the business of producing nothing and living upon the results of the worker's labor-power4 ,thus keep in mind3#cci 7#a7 ,the origin of the working class1 7#b7 ,the origin of the first class-labor system1 7#c7 ,the origin of the class struggle1 7#d7 ,the origin of the social degradation1 the socially 8down-and-out0 condition1 the loss of social standing--of the working class people1 7#e7 ,the origin and growth of the humility of the working class1 of the sheepish meekness of the working class1 the meekness which today shows itself in the politics of most working men--always suspecting and despising their own working-class political party1 always in our day tagging along after some smooth1 well-dressed crook candidates on capitalist class party tickets4 7#f7 ,the perpetuation of ignorance--in the working class4 7#g7 ,the origin of the intellectual prostitute1 the moral emasculate4 ,now1 help your satisfied fellow worker1 help him understand why he is satisfied4 ,without malice1 without anti-culture prejudice1 without anti-religious hatred1 without anti-church spite1 but with knowledge of the naturalness of human behavior domineered by economic necessity1 with knowledge of the great historical process1 with your vision clear1 your heart kind1 your courage high1 and your purpose fraternal--explain1 explain this matter of meekness to your humble1 contented wage-slave neighbor4 ,explain3 ,that long ago the working man was forced and taught to be docile and meek4 ,under slavery1 later under serfdom and still later under capitalism--for thousands of years--he industrially1 socially1 and politically surrendered4 ,he was compelled to do so4 ,he was taught to do so4 ,he got the habit4 ,he had the manhood and the courage beaten out of him1 kicked out of him--and coaxed out of him4 ,he lost heart4 ,he humbly took his place--as a chattel-slave class1 as a serf-slave class1 as a wage-slave class4 ,he has produced wealth4 ,he has reproduced slaves4 ,the wings of his aspiration have been clipped4 ,he can hope no higher than a job--for himself4 ,he hopes no higher than a job--for his children4 ,the top of the plans of his life is--toil4 ,and therefore even now as a wage-slave he teaches his own children to 8respect their betters0--their employer masters4 ,he forgets4 ,he is so cringingly grateful for a job that he forgets he should have not only the right to breathe the air1 the right to look at the sun1 the right to read in the library1 the right to walk on the highway1 and the right to sit in the park1--but also the right to work1 the right to work unrobbed1 the right to work under dignifying conditions1 and thus maintain himself on this earth at the upmost levels of life1 enjoying the full result of his applied labor power1--and without whining for permission to do so4 ,he forgets4 ,he is still so very humble4 ,he is1 under the wage-system1 forced to obey orders all his life in the factory1 the shop and the mine4 ,he is thus habitually so obedient that he will obey any order4 ,he prides himself on his obedience4 ,under orders he will even plunge a bayonet into the breast of his fellow workers--in the interest of the capitalist class4 ,he forgets the thousand wrongs thrust into his weary life and into the life of his class4 ,he does indeed forget4 ,he is still in a dull1 dumb slumber4 ,but he is beginning to rouse from the slumber of meekness--from the social damnation of brainless obedience4 ,he is beginning to study the history of his own working class2 and therefore he is rousing1 waking1 rising4 ,following are some additional short paragraphs on the history of the working class from books by distinguished writers and teachers4 ,it is hoped that these quoted paragraphs will induce further working class study of working class history4 ,these passages confirm the main points of this lesson4 7,see ,chapter ,twelve1 ,suggestion #d47 ,professor ,lester ,f4 ,ward 7,brown ,university73#cdj 8,still1 the world has never reached a stage where the physical and temporal interests have not been largely in the ascendant1 and it is these upon which the economists have established their science4 ,self-preservation has always been the first law of nature and that which best insures this is the greatest gain4444 ,all considerations of pride or self-respect will give way to the imperious law of the greatest gain for the least effort4 ,all notions of justice which would prompt the giving of an equivalent vanish before it44440 ,thus wrote ,sir ,henry ,maine3#cda 8,the simple wish to use the bodily powers of another person1 as a means of ministering to one's own ease or pleasure1 is doubtless the foundation of slavery40 ,and thus ,professor ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner 7,yale ,university73#cdb 8,the desire to get ease or other good by the labor of another and the incidental gratification to vanity seem to be the fundamental principles of slavery1 when philosophically regarded1 after the rule of one man over others has become established4444 ,it appears that slavery began historically with the war captive1 if he or she was not put to death1 as he was liable to be by the laws of war4444 ,it seems to be established that it slavery began where the economic system was such that there was gain in making a slave of a war captive1 instead of killing him4444 ,the defeated in war were forced to it slavery and learned to submit to it4444 ,it seemed to be good fun1 as well as wise policy1 to make the members of a rival out-group do these tasks1 after defeating them in war4444 ,inasmuch as slavery springs from greed and vanity1 it appeals to primary motives and is at once entwined with selfishness and other fundamental vices4444 ,it rises to an interest which overrules everything else4444 ,the motive of slavery is base and cruel from the beginning4444 ,the interests normally control life4444 ,slavery is an instinct which is sure to break over all restraints and correctives4444 ,it is a kind of pitfall for civilization40 ,here are a few lines from ,professors ,ely and ,wicker 7,university of ,wisconsin1 ,department of ,economics73#cdc 8,it follows from the need of larger territories in the hunting stage that war becomes an economic necessity wherever there is not an abundance of unoccupied land4 ,this same condition of things gives us one of the causes of cannibalism4 ,the pressure of increasing numbers bringing people continually to the verge of starvation1 they fall1 little by little1 into the custom of eating enemies1 taken in war4444 ,captives later came to be recognized as of use in serving their captors1 and thus slavery succeeds cannibalism4444 8,the ,origin of a ,working ,class4 ,perhaps the most important result of the change which produced the agricultural stage was the growth of slavery as an institution4 ,as we have said1 slavery had its beginnings in the preceding periods hunting and pastoral1 but it is only in the agricultural stage that it becomes an important1 almost a fundamental1 economic institution4 ,tending the herds did not call for persistent labor1 but the prose of tilling the soil is undisguised work1 and primitive men were not fond of work4444 ,it is not strange then that they should have saved the lives of men conquered in battle with the design of putting upon them the tasks of tilling the soil40 ,on the origin of slavery the eminent ,french sociologist1 ,gabriel ,tarde1 writes3#cdd 8,what do all our modern inventions amount to in comparison with this capital invention of domestication4 ,this was the first decisive victory over animality4 ,now1 of all historic events the greatest and most surprising is1 unquestionably1 the one which alone made history possible1 the triumph of man over surrounding fauna animals of the region4444 ,to us the trained horse that is docile under the bit is merely a certain muscular force under our control4444 ,the idea of reducing men to slavery1 instead of killing and eating them1 must have arisen after the idea of training animals instead of feeding on them1 for the same reason that war against wild beasts must have preceded that against alien tribes4 ,when man enslaved and domesticated his own kind1 he substituted the idea of human beasts of burden for that of human prey40 ,and this from ,wallis3#cde 8,but whatever its merits1 the consideration of slavery introduces a much larger subject--the place of class relations in social development as a whole4 ,in its material aspect1 property in men is an institution by means of which one class of people appropriates the labor product of another class without economic repayment4 ,this relation is brought about also by other institutions than slavery4 ,for instance1 if a class engross the land of a country and force the remainder of the population to pay rent1 either in kind or in money1 for the use of the soil1 such a procedure issues1 like slavery1 in the absorption of labor products by an upper class without economic repayment4 8,we have observed the origin of the social cleavage into upper and lower strata on this general basis at the inception of social development4 ,if we scrutinize the field carefully1 it is evident that one of the greatest and far reaching facts of ancient civilization1 as it emerges from the darkness of prehistoric times1 as well as one of the most considerable facts of subsequent history is just this cleavage into two principal classes40 ,herbert ,spencer has written3#cdf 8,the sequence of slavery upon war in ancient times is shown us in the chronicle of all races4444 8,ready obedience to a terrestrial ruler is naturally accompanied by ready obedience to a supposed celestial ruler2 444 ,examination discloses a relation between ecclesiastical and political governments 444 and in societies which have developed a highly coercive secular rule there habitually exists a high coercive religious rule4444 8,the ,clergy were not the men who urged the abolition of slavery1 nor the men who condemned regulations which raised the price of bread to maintain rents4 ,ministers of religion do not as a body denounce the unjust aggression we continually commit on weaker societies40 ,dr4 ,ward writes3#cdg 8,passing over robbery and theft1 which1 though prevalent everywhere1 are not recognized by society1 let us consider war for a moment as a non-industrial mode of acquisition4 ,in modern times1 most wars have some pretext besides that of aggrandizing the victorious parties engaged in them1 although in nearly all cases this latter is the real casus belli justification of war4 ,this shows that the world is so far advanced as to be ashamed of its motives for its conduct1 but not enough so to affect that conduct materially4 ,in olden times no secret was made of the object of military expeditions as the acquisition of the wealth of the conquered people4444 ,we may regard war1 then1 strictly considered1 as a mode of acquisition4444 ,war1 then1 when waged for conquest1 is simply robbery on so large a scale that in the crude conceptions of men it arouses the sentiments of honor40 ,in ,dealy and ,ward's ,text ,book of ,sociology1 pp4 #hf-hh1 is this luminous passage3 8,the stage of race antagonism is reached and the era of war begins4 ,the chase for animal food is converted into a chase for human flesh1 and anthropophagous cannibal races arise1 spreading terror in all directions4444 ,the use of the bodies of the weaker races for food was1 of course1 the simplest form of exploitation to suggest itself4 ,but this stage was succeeded by that social assimilation through conquest and subjugation4 ,the profound inequality produced by subjugation was turned to account through other forms of exploitation4 ,the women and the warriors were enslaved1 and the system of caste that arose converted the conquered race into a virtually servile class1 while this service and the exemptions it entailed converted the leaders of the conquering race into a leisure class4 8,such was the origin of slavery1 an economic institution which is found in the earlier stages of all the historical races40 ,the next selected paragraph is from ,professor ,simon ,patten 7,university of ,pennsylvania71 ,ex-,president of the ,american ,academy of ,political and ,social ,science3#cdh 8,the human hordes turned upon each other1 and their prowlings about the precarious supplies of food evolved in the course of time the #8wars of civilization4' ,there was little peace where nature was most productive1 and the conquering populations of the better lands1 governing and protecting by conquest1 built up whole states on the traditions and practice of fighting4444 ,statesmen and philosophers set forth the necessity and beneficence of destruction4 ,it was in such a world1 where a man's death was his neighbor's gain1 that ,,our social institutions were grounded4444 ,predatory habits1 which originated in the hunting of game1 developed a zest for hunting men as soon as conquests and the possession of slaves made the agricultural resources of the valleys more desirable than those of the mountain or upland plain4444 ,the contests evolved social institutions1 which do perpetuate and conserve1 and which do not improve1 man's adjustment to nature4 ,here arises the distinction between the social institutions 444 and the economic institutions4444 ,the former establish status and the rights of possession and exploitation2 the other increase nobility of men and goods1 promote industry1 and give each generation renewed power to establish itself in closer relations with nature4 8,the result of these conditions is two kinds of obstacles that hinder advance4 ,on the one hand are the obstacles economic1 maladjustments between man and nature1 which forced men in the past to submit to a poverty they did not know how to escape2 and on the other hand are the obstacles social which do not originate in nature1 but in those past social conditions retaining present potency that have aligned men into antagonistic classes at home and into hostile races abroad4 ,the economic obstacles are being slowly weakened by the application of knowledge1 science and skill2 but the social obstacles will never be overcome until an intellectual revolution shall have freed men's minds from the stultifying social traditions that hand down hatreds1 and shall have given to thought the freedom that now makes industrial activity4 ,the extension of civilization downward does not depend at present so much upon gaining fresh victories over nature1 as it does upon the demolishment of social obstacles which divide men into classes and prevent the universal democracy that unimpeded economic forces would bring about4 ,the social status1 properly determined by a man's working capacity1 has now intervened between him and his relations with nature until ,,opportunity1 which should be impersonal and self-renewed at the birth of a man1 has dwindled and become partisan40#cdi ,thus ,professor ,patten1 tho' a conservative and a nonsocialist1 frankly points out the necessity of such social reorganization as will destroy the artificial barriers to equality of opportunity for each to secure an abundance4 ,and it is certainly true1 as ,dr4 ,patten suggests1 that we have arrived at that stage in our knowledge of nature and in our industrial evolution1 which renders industrial reconstruction of society logically necessary--both to avoid war and to secure industrial justice and freedom for the working class4 ,anent this matter one of ,america's noblest and most scholarly women1 ,miss ,jane ,addams1 writes as follows3#cej 8,existing commerce has long ago reached its international stage1 but it has been the result of business aggression1 and constantly appeals for military defense and for the forcing of new markets4444 ,it has logically lent itself to warfare1 and is indeed the modern representative of conquest4 ,as its prototype rested upon slavery and vassalage1 so this commerce is founded upon a contempt for the worker1 and believes that he can live on low wages4 ,it assumes that his legitimate wants are the animal ones1 comprising merely food and shelter and the cost of its replacement40 ,frederic ,harrison thus3#cea 8,within our social system there rages the struggle of classes1 interests1 and ambitions2 the passion for wealth1 the restlessness of want4 ,the future of industry1 the cause of education1 social justice1 the very life of the poor1 all tremble in the balance in our own country1 as in other countries2 this way or that way will decide the well-being of generations to come40 ,the wars of long ago originated because it was extremely difficult to get a living out of nature's store-house of supplies--when men were ignorant of nature's resources and ignorant of how to make nature yield abundantly4 ,those wars were due chiefly to ignorance of physical nature1 due to our inability to get into right relations ,,with ,,physical ,,nature4 ,but the wars of the present are carried on1 and the wars of the future will be carried on1 chiefly because of the following combination of circumstances3 7a7 ,we have so much knowledge of nature's forces and resources that it is easy1 now1 to get livings from nature's store-house1 easy to produce abundantly2 and 7b7 ,under the wage-system the worker's power to produce abundantly is so much greater than his permitted consuming power that the surplus product becomes so large as to make a foreign market1 a world-market1 necessary2 and1 7c7 ,since many nations have reached and more nations are rapidly approaching this stage of development in production1 yet still remain under the wage-and-profit plan of distribution1 ,,the ,,world ,,market ,,is ,,insufficient ,,for ,,all ,,of ,,them4 ,hence there will be wars1 if the working class permit them4 ,the future wars will be due chiefly to ignorance of social nature1 due to our inability to get into right relations ,,with ,,one ,,another industrially4 ,war produced slavery1 chattel slavery4 ,chattel slavery evolved into serf-slavery4 ,serf-slavery evolved into wage-slavery4 ,and wage-slaves produce so much and are permitted to consume so small a proportion of what they produce1 that the capitalists must order the wage-slaves to fight for a foreign market for what the wage-slaves produce and the capitalist employers do not consume or invest and the wage-slaves are not permitted to consume4 ,war thus originated slavery and now slavery wage-slavery ends in war4 ,war1 conflict1 struggle1 ,antagonism is in the social structure wherever there is slavery4 ,slavery is fundamentally unsocial--anti-social4 ,now1 the capitalist employer insists that the wage-earner and the employer are in proper relation to each other4 ,the capitalist is satisfied to have had the first two class-labor forms of society 7slavery and serfdom7 pass away4 ,but he accepts the present class-labor form of society 7the wage-system7 as correct2 it is satisfactory--to him4 ,and he craftily has it taught in the high schools1 colleges and universities that the employer and the wage-earner are at present in proper relation to each other4 ,the capitalist enjoys his own freedom at the expense of the worker's freedom4 ,he is eager to have the wage-earner believe that he too is free2 and that1 being free1 he should be satisfied ,,and ,,keep ,,quiet4 ,the capitalists explain that the wage-earners are free because the wage-earners have the privilege of making a contract1 a contract to work for wages2 that the wage-earners being thus at last free to make a contract1 they have reached their final status1 an ideal status2 and that thus 7,blessed be the ,lord67 evolution has finally finished its great work--the work is done and well done4 ,capitalists and the intellectual flunkies of the capitalist class do all possible to have the world believe the following proposition3 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,human ,,relations ,,is ,,finished--,,perfect--,,in ,,industry2 ,,and1 ,,therefore1 ,,the ,,wage-,,earners ,,are ,,foolish ,,and ,,ungrateful ,,to ,,be ,,discontented1 ,,after ,,having ,,developed ,,to ,,their ,,present ,,stage ,,of ,,industrial ,,freedom4 ,following is a sample of the familiar soothing congratulation on our having reached the present noble form of industrial freedom and civilization4 ,professor ,fairbanks 7,yale ,university7 writes thus3#ceb 8,when captives taken in war could be utilized for work instead of being destroyed or eaten1 a genuine means of production was secured4444 ,feudalism marked a decided advance on slavery4444 ,the serf had certain interests of his own1 not wholly identical with his lord's4444 ,then masters gradually learned that hired labor the wage-system was more profitable than forced labor1 and the principle of serfdom1 like that of slavery before it1 had to give way to a higher form of organization for production the wage-system4444 8,the laborer at present under the wage-system is bound to his master by no tie except such as he voluntarily assumes40 ,how frankly profits are admitted to have been the motive inspiring the origin of the wage-system4 ,and how entertainingly ridiculous is the last proposition quoted above4 ,what cheap palavering about freedom4 ,what clownish antics pleasing to the kings--the industrial kings4 ,it certainly pleases the industrial ,caesars to have the ,professor turn intellectual somersaults to induce the wage-slave to smile sweetly and admire the slave-bands on his own wrists4 ,are not those bands plainly marked 8,free08 ,notice that ,professor ,fairbanks uses the words 8master0 and 8bound0 in referring to the relation between the employer and the 8free-contracting0 wage-earner4 ,a free man does not voluntarily ,,bind himself to a master4 ,with the lash of hunger cutting him and the wolf of want at the throats of his wife and children1 the 8free-contracting0 hired laborer1 the wage-earner1 promptly and voluntarily seeks an employer--8master10 and 8voluntarily0 8contracts0 to produce a dollar's worth of value for twenty or forty cents in wages and thus 8voluntarily0 degrades himself and thus 8voluntarily0 submits to have his wife and little children robbed of the abundant livings he wishes to provide for them4 ,this is the freedom1 the free contract1 of the wage-system1 the present 7the third7 form of class-labor system4 ,this glorious freedom of the modern wage-slave is easily seen in the picture opposite the title-page of this book4 ,the 8freedom0 of the wage-earner in thus making a contract1 with starvation behind him1 vagrancy laws reaching for him1 police1 militia1 soldiers1 jails and bull-pens ready for him1 this freedom is about as complete as that of a citizen facing an armed and threatening highwayman who commands1 8,hands up60 ,the wage earner and the held-up citizen are free to comply1 free to surrender and free to be robbed1 and also free to decline and take the consequences--all 8voluntarily0 of course4 ,,no ,,one ,,is ,,free ,,indeed ,,till ,,he ,,is ,,free ,,in ,,the ,,most ,,fundamental ,,activity ,,of ,,life1 ,,the ,,activity ,,of ,,getting ,a ,,living4 ,in the evolution of mankind the worker has1 in some parts of the world1 secured3 ,freedom to investigate1 ,freedom of thought1 ,freedom of assemblage1 ,freedom of speech1 ,freedom of the press1 ,freedom of suffrage--for male workers1 ,freedom of political party organization and association4 ,this indicates the stage at which we have arrived in the development of freedom for the working class4 ,these preliminary forms of freedom are the means with which1 if we have pride enough1 we shall secure freedom indeed--freedom in getting a living1 freedom from capitalist employers who1 with soldiers and the lash of starvation1 force us into wage contracts1 freedom from the blue-blood social parasites who despise our common blood in social relations1 suck our blood in industrial relations1 and waste our blood in war4#cec ,in the evolution of mankind the ancient free barbarian1 taken prisoner in war1 loudly and grandly protesting1 became a chattel slave without any kind of freedom2 the chattel slave became a serf without industrial freedom or any other kind in reality and completeness2 the serf became a wage-earner1 a wage-slave1 without industrial freedom--that is1 without the fundamental freedom1 freedom in getting a living4 ,however1 in very recent times the wage-earner has come into the possession of several of those extremely important forms of freedom with which he can defend himself as soon as he has sufficient self-respect to do so4 ,thus and therefore the ,,question ,,of ,,our ,,day is this3 ,,are ,,the ,,working ,,class ,,proud ,,and ,,keen ,,enough ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,freedom ,,they ,,have1 ,,to ,,secure ,,the ,,freedom ,,they ,,need ,,most--,,namely1 ,,freedom ,,in ,,industry1 ,,freedom ,,in ,,getting ,a ,,living ,,in ,a ,,socialized ,,society1 ,a ,,society ,,with ,,equality ,,of ,,opportunity ,,for ,,all1 ,,all ,,of ,,us ,,with ,,our ,,feet ,,firmly ,,planted ,,on ,,the ,,collectively ,,owned ,,industrial ,,foundations ,,of ,,society1 ,a ,,society ,,of ,,rational ,,mutualism1 ,,with ,,justice1 ,,plenty ,,and ,,peace8 ,reader1 if you are with us in our peaceful struggle to win the world for the workers1 start a fire--in your neighbor's mind 7if he has one7--hand him a torch1 a torch of truth4 ,let us shake hands and fight--the enemy--with light4 ,with the truth we shall halt the galloping cavalry1 silence the cannon1 8ground arms10 and close the class struggle--in a co-operative commonwealth4 ,with a dollar's worth of literature you can reach a hundred brains4 ,it is your move4 ----- ,footnote #ccb3 ,christianity and the ,social ,crisis1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,it is true that even before this time woman occupied a servile position and virtually constituted an industrial class4 ,see ,august ,bebel's ,woman--,past1 ,present and ,future4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross 7,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,wisconsin7 gently hints thus 7,social ,control1 p4 #hf73 8,under the ascendency of the rich and leisured1 property becomes more sacred than persons1 moral standards vary with the pecuniary status1 and it is felt that #8,god will think twice before ,he damns a person of quality4'0 ,footnote #cce3 ,even great literatures1 regarded as divinely inspired and boasted to be ,the ,truth1 have been kept from the free access of the people--the 8plain people10 too plain to understand the literature said to have life in it4 ,such literature has been hidden from the people for many hundreds of years--or 8rightly divided0 and diluted4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,the inauguration of human slavery was a profound change in human relations--the greatest possible 8change in circumstances0--down at the very foundations of society4 ,vast fundamental changes resulted--inevitably--in changed1 and even new1 institutions4 8,institutions must change with changing circumstances1 since they are of the nature of an habitual method of responding to stimuli which these changing circumstances afford4444 ,the institutions are1 in substance1 prevalent habits of thought with respect to particular relations and particular functions of the individual and of the community44440--,thorstein ,veblen3 ,the ,theory of the ,leisure ,class1 p4 #aij4 ,see quotation from ,dr4 ,small at the head of ,chapter ,ten4 ,also consult ,ross's ,social ,control4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,see ,thomas's ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #cch3 ,see ,hyndman3 ,the ,economics of ,socialism1 ,lecture #a1 ,methods of ,production4 ,footnote #cci3 ,and get these things into the minds of the children4 ,if the teacher at your nearest school does not know these things1 have the children teach the teacher4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,pure ,sociology1 p4 #fa4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cda3 ,ancient ,law1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,folkways1 pp4 #bfb-c and #cjg4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,elementary ,economics1 pp4 #bg-cc4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,laws of ,imitation1 ,parson's translation1 pp4 #bgg-gi4 ,footnote #cde3 ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 ,may1 #aijb1 pp4 #gfd-fe4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,principles of ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #hd1 #ib1 #adh1 #ddh2 ,appleton's ,edition1 #ahii4 ,see also ,lester ,f4 ,ward3 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhg-ij4 7,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k47 ,footnote #cdg3 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ehc-he4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,the ,new ,basis of ,civilization1 pp4 #fg1 #fi4 ,italics mine4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,see discussion of parasites in ,chapter ,ten4 ,footnote #cej3 ,newer ,ideals of ,peace1 pp4 #aae-af4 ,footnote #cea3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,introduction to ,sociology1 pp4 #acf-ci4 ,footnote #cec3 ,for a powerful argument showing the intellectual equality of the working class and the ruling class see ,professor ,lester ,f4 ,ward's ,applied ,sociology4 ,the political foolishness of the working class is not due to lack of brains1 but to lack of books--books that tell the truth1 the truth that clears the vision and rouses the passion for freedom and points the way4--,suggestions1 next chapter4 ,,chapter ,,twelve4 ,more ,suggestions and ,what to ,read4 7#a7 ,invite your pastor to preach against war1 urge him to do so1 and render him any assistance you can in the way of literature on war4 ,help get out an audience to hear the sermon4 ,urge others to do likewise4 7#b7 ,inform your own children and other children concerning the class struggle and war1 and urge them to talk about the class struggle and against war1 at school4 ,teach them the cause of war4 ,see also ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #bj1 and ,index1 8,recitations40 ,rouse the children4 7#c7 ,wherever possible--in colleges1 high schools1 labor unions1 fraternal organizations1 women's clubs1 churches1 ,sunday schools1 at picnics1 and so forth--have debates1 declamations and essays on war4 ,help the debaters1 writers and speakers1 find literature on war1 and1 if possible1 get the subject presented from a working-class point of view1 showing especially the fundamental cause of war and what war always means for the working class4 7,see page #cej1 last two lines47 7#d7 ,have as many persons as possible call at your public library for books on war1 and suggest books on war to be called for4 ,suggest books for purchase by your public library management4 ,if the books you urge for the library are not purchased1 discuss the reason4 ,all the sociological works quoted in ,chapter ,eleven should be in your public library4 7#e7 ,get articles and letters on war into your local newspapers and labor union journals4 7#f7 ,on the #cjth of ,may1 the #dth of ,july and other 8great0 days1 when the blood-steaming praise of human butchery is poured forth by the noisy 8patriotic0 orators1 pass around all possible literature helpful in counteracting the befouling suggestions commonly thrust into the minds of the people at such times4 ,chapter ,two and other selections from ,war--,what ,for8 making an inexpensive sixteen-page booklet1 may be had1 printed separately1 for such purpose4 ,it is possible to compel an entire community to think about the vast outrages against the working class4 ,as long as the workers have the privilege of spreading the printed page1 one of their highest pleasures and powers will be found in forcing society to consider the case of the working class4 ,the first thing on the program in every community is to take the community by the shoulders1 so to speak1 and compel it to consider the most vital subject of the hour4 7#g7 ,a ,ten-,dollar ,cash ,prize for the best essay or debate1 or declamation on war as a phase of the class struggle by local school-children under eighteen years of age would create much interest in the vicious slaughter of men of the working class and in the new working class politics1 if the proper literature were brought to the young people's attention4 ,see ,chapter ,eight1 ,section #bj1 ,suggestion 7#g74 7#h7 ,it would be easy to make here a pretentious parade of a discouragingly long list of books on war4 ,but ,war--,what ,for8 is primarily for the class of readers who are usually too busy in the present warlike struggle for existence to find time to read a roomful of books on war4 ,however1 it is hoped that the present volume may also have readers with opportunity to make extensive studies of the subject4 ,such readers will find abundant bibliographies already prepared4 ,excellent book lists for the student of war are as follows3 7a7 ,the ,political ,science ,quarterly1 ,december1 #aijj3 over #bjj titles1 at the close of an elaborate article of great worth1 8,war and ,economics in ,history and in ,theory10 by ,edward ,van ,dyke ,robinson4 7b7 ,a pamphlet1 ,international ,peace1 a list of ,books with ,references to ,periodicals3 #fjj titles with comment on contents1 published by the ,brooklyn ,public ,library1 #aijh4 7c7 ,a well selected list of readings in ,the ,arena1 ,december1 #ahid4 ,following is a list of pamphlets1 magazine articles and books1 directly or indirectly on the subject of social conflict1 of which war is a phase4 ,the list is short1 tho' sufficient1 it is hoped1 to make a helpful beginning1 a short reading course1 for any one who would understand the subject of social conflicts1 that is1 would understand1 not the science of war1 but the cause1 the meaning and results of class struggles and war4 ,there is a vast amount of worthless1 or worse than worthless1 literature on war3 worthless because of the writers' neglect of the heart of the problem1 namely1 the industrial structure of all class-labor forms of society1 with their unsocial purpose and method of production1 resulting in the class struggle4 ,whoever would understand war must give special attention3 7#a7 to the economic interpretation of history2 7#b7 to the class struggle1 considered historically and currently2 and 7#c7 to surplus value1 produced by the workers1 but legally escaping from their control to the capitalist class--as a result of the institution of private ownership and private control of the collectively used means of production4 ,the fact1 the method1 the purpose1 and the result of the legal confiscation of that part of the world's wealth which the workers produce and are not permitted to enjoy--must have careful study4 ,in the light of such studies1 national and international policies1 politics and war can be understood4 ,and as war is thus understood we can make rapid headway against war4 ,pretty little speeches and essays on the beauties of peace1 with 8please-be-good0 perorations1--such efforts1 however carefully prepared1 tearfully punctuated1 elegantly printed and prayerfully delivered1 will result in--nothing4 ,that is to say1 occasional literary and oratorical snowballs ignorantly1 gracefully and grammatically tossed in the direction of hell will have no effect on the general temperature of that warlike region4 7,see ,index3 8,another ,war10 8,the ,hague ,peace ,conference10 and 8,the ,explanation407 ,a ,reading ,course4 ,in the following list of readings those indicated by parenthesis thus 77 would serve as a shorter course4 7#a7 ,kautsky3 ,the ,capitalist ,class2 ,the ,working ,class2 ,the ,class ,struggle2 ,ethics and the ,materialistic ,conception of ,history2 and ,the ,road to ,power1 ,chapters #h and #i4 7#b7 ,simons3 ,the ,man ,under the ,machine1 and ,class ,struggles in ,america4 7#c7 ,marx3 ,wage-,labor and ,capital2 ,marx and ,engels3 ,the ,communist ,manifesto4 7#d7 ,massart and ,vandervelde3 ,parasitism--,social and ,organic4 7#e7 ,myers3 ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes1 entire work is an account of social parasitism in ,america2 special references3 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #abg-ch1 #bia-cja2 ,chapters #aa and #ab2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #afj-agf4 7#f7 ,veblen3 ,the ,theory of the ,leisure ,class4 7#g7 ,ross3 ,social ,control2 ,the ,foundations of ,sociology1 pp4 #bai-bc1 #bgb-gf2 ,social ,psychology1 ,chapters on ,suggestibility1 ,the ,crowd1 and ,mob ,mind4 7#h7 ,l4 ,f4 ,ward3 ,dynamic ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #efe-eig2 ,psychic ,factors in ,civilization1 ,chapters #cc and #ch2 ,applied ,sociology1 pp4 #bbd-bie1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjg-cac1 #cai-cbf2 ,pure ,sociology1 pp4 #bff-gb2 8,social ,classes in the ,light of ,modern ,sociological ,theory10 ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 ,march1 #aijh2 ,education and ,progress1 ,address delivered before the 8,plebs0 ,league1 ,oxford1 ,england1 ,august #b1 #aiji4 #i ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner3 ,folkways1 ,chapter #f4 7#aj7 ,morgan3 ,ancient ,society1 pp4 ,v4-,,viii42 ,pt4 ,i4 ,chs4 #a-c2 and all of ,pt4 ,,iv4 7#aa7 ,j4 ,o4 ,ward3 ,ancient ,lowly1 ,chapter--8,spartacus40 #ab ,shoaf3 ,the ,story of the ,mollie ,mc,guires4 #ac ,hanford3 ,the ,labor ,war in ,colorado4 #ad ----3 8,secret ,army ,guards ,new ,york ,against a ,traffic ,strike10 ,new ,york ,herald1 ,mag4 ,section1 ,march #bj1 #aiaj4 7#ae7 ,debs3 ,class ,conflict in ,colorado4 7#af7 ,wright1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,labor3 ,a ,government ,report on the ,great ,strike in ,colorado4 #ag ,darrow3 ,speech to the ,jury in the ,haywood ,case4 7#ah7 ,untermann3 ,the ,dick ,militia ,law 7,u4 ,s41 #aijc74 #ai ,commons3 8,is ,class ,conflict in ,america ,growing and ,is ,it ,inevitable80 99 99 99 ,carver3 8,the ,basis of ,social ,conflict02 99 99 99 ,keasby3 8,competition40 ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 ,march1 #aijh4 ,see also ,papers and ,proceedings of the ,american ,sociological ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,special ,topic3 8,social ,conflicts40 #bj ,small3 ,general ,sociology1 ,chapters #bf and #bg4 7#ba7 ,shaler3 8,the ,natural ,history of ,war10 ,international ,quarterly1 ,sept41 #aijc2 also ,the ,neighbor4 #bb ,ridpath3 8,plutocracy and ,war10 ,arena1 ,jan41 #ahih4 7#bc7 ,jordan3 8,the ,biology of ,war10 an ,address1 ,chicago1 #aiji1 reported in ,unity1 ,june #aj1 #aiji2 ,imperial ,democracy1 ,chapters #a1 #b1 #c1 and #g2 ,the ,human ,harvest2 ,the ,blood of the ,nation4 #bd ,chatterton-,hill3 ,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology1 pp4 #caf-bd4 ,thompson3 ,heredity1 pp4 #ecb-cd4 7#be7 ,jefferson3 8,the ,peace-at-any-,price ,men10 ,the ,independent1 ,feb4 #d1 #aiji2 8,the ,delusions of the ,militarist10 ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,march1 #aiji4 7#bf7 ,charles ,edward ,russell3 ,why ,i ,am a ,socialist4 #bg ,tolstoi3 ,bethink ,yourselves2 ,patriotism and ,christianity1 and ,thou ,shalt ,not ,kill4 7#bh7 ,robinson3 8,war and ,economics in ,history and in ,theory10 ,political ,science ,quarterly1 ,dec41 #aijj4 7#bi7 ,ghent3 ,mass and ,class4 7#cj7 ,london3 ,the ,war of the ,classes2 ,revolution1 ,chapter1 8,the ,yellow ,peril02 also1 8,revolution10 ,contemporary ,review1 ,jan41 #aijh4 7#ca7 ,w4 ,t4 ,mills3 ,the ,struggle for ,existence1 ,chapters #d-bc4 7#cb7 ,hillquit3 ,socialism in ,theory and ,practice1 pp4 #cf-fe1 #aec-afg1 #bif-cjb4 7#cc7 ,spargo3 ,socialism1 ,chapters #d1 #e1 #f1 and ,common ,sense of ,socialism1 ,chapters #b-g4 7#cd7 ,ferri3 ,socialism and ,modern ,science1 ,chapter #g4 #ce ,seligman3 ,the ,economic ,interpretation of ,history4 #cf ,boudin3 ,the ,theoretical ,system of ,karl ,marx1 ,chapters #a-e1 #h-aj4 #cg ,patten3 8,the ,economic ,causes of ,moral ,progress10 ,annals of ,amer4 ,soc4 ,pol4 and ,soc4 ,sci41 ,sept41 #ahib4 7#ch7 ,engels3 ,the ,origin of the ,family1 ,property and the ,state1 special attention to ,chapters #h1 #i2 and ,socialism--,utopian and ,scientific4 7#ci7 ,hobson3 ,the ,evolution of ,modern ,capitalism2 ,imperialism1 special attention to first six chapters2 ,the ,psychology of ,jingoism2 ,the ,war in ,south ,africa1 ,part ,,ii42 and ,john ,ruskin--,social ,reformer1 ,chapters #c-h inclusive1 and ,appendix #a4 #dj ,ferrero3 ,militarism4 #da ,liebknecht3 ,militarismus und ,anti-,militarismus4 #db ,bchner3 ,industrial ,evolution 7,wickett's translation71 ,chapters #d-e4 7#dc7 ,robinson and ,beard3 ,the ,development of ,modern ,europe1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,chapters #ah1 #cj-ca4 7#dd7 ,weale3 ,the ,coming ,struggle in ,asia1 special attention to ,parts ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 #de ----3 8,peace on ,earth10 ,public ,opinion1 ,dec4 #d1 #aijh1 p4 #fce4 #df ,schierbrand3 ,america1 ,asia and the ,pacific4 #dg ,harrison3 ,national and ,social ,problems1 ,part ,i41 ,chapters #a1 #f-aa4 7#dh7 ,strong3 ,expansion1 ,chapters #b1 #c1 #d4 #di ,bolce3 ,the ,new ,internationalism1 ,chapters #a-f inclusive1 and #ae4 #ej ,fisk3 ,international ,commercial ,policies1 ,chapters #ac-af4 #ea ,reinsch3 ,world ,politics4 #eb ,asakawa3 ,the ,russo-,japanese ,conflict4 #ec ,kennan3 8,the ,military and ,political ,memoirs of ,general ,kuropatkin10 ,mc,clure's ,magazine1 ,sept4 #aijh4 #ed ,smith3 ,the ,spirit of ,american ,government1 ,chapters #d1 #aa1 #ab4 #ee ,mc,cabe and ,darien3 ,can ,we ,disarm8 #ef ,carver3 ,sociology and ,social ,progress1 pp4 #acb-gc4 #eg ,jaurs3 8,socialism and ,international ,arbitration10 ,north ,american ,review1 ,aug4 #aijh4 #eh ,broda3 8,the ,federation of the ,world10 ,the ,international1 ,july1 #aijh4 7#ei7 ,herv3 8,anti-,militarism10 ,the ,international1 ,july1 #aijh2 ,anti-,patriotism2 ,my ,country--,right or ,wrong4 #fj ,edmondson3 ,john ,bull's ,army from ,within4 #fa ,mead3 ,patriotism and the ,new ,internationalism4 #fb ,kampffmeyer3 ,changes in the ,theory and ,tactics of the 7,german7 ,social ,democracy 7,gaylord's ,translation71 ,chapter #c4 7#fc7 ,sombart3 ,socialism and the ,socialist ,movement 7,epstein's ,translation71 ,sixth ,enlarged ,edition1 pp4 #age-bbc4 7#fd7 ,stoddard3 ,the ,new ,socialism1 ,chapters #ad1 #ae4 7#fe7 ,campbell3 ,christianity and the ,social ,order1 pp4 #agf-bcj4 #ff ,warner3 ,the ,ethics of ,force4 #fg ,wallace3 ,the ,wonderful ,century1 ,chapters #ai1 #bj4 #fh 7,anonymous37 ,arbeiter in ,council4 7#fi7 ,walsh3 ,the ,moral ,damage of ,war4 #gj ,mc,laren3 ,put ,up ,thy ,sword4 7#ga7 ,bloch3 ,the ,future of ,war4 #gb ,molinari3 ,the ,society of ,tomorrow4 #gc ,brooks3 ,the ,social ,unrest1 ,chapter #f4 7#gd7 ,kim3 ,mind and ,hand1 ,chapters #b1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd4 7#ge7 ,seidel3 ,industrial ,instruction4 7#gf7 ,eastman3 ,work-,accidents and the ,law2 ,oliver3 ,dangerous ,trades4 #gg ,addams3 ,the ,newer ,ideals of ,peace4 #gh ,anitchkow3 ,war and ,labor4 #gi ,cooley3 ,human ,nature and the ,social ,order1 ,chapters #a1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #ab4 #hj ,lloyd3 ,man the ,social ,creator1 ,chapters #a1 #f1 #aa4 #ha ,kropotkin3 ,mutual ,aid4 #hb ,bellamy3 ,equality1 ,chapters #bb-bg and first half of #cc4 #hc ,henry ,george3 ,progress and ,poverty1 ,book #aj1 ,chapter #c4 #hd ,amos3 ,political and ,legal ,remedies for ,war1 ,chapters #a1 #b4 #he ,charles ,sumner3 ,addresses on ,war4 #hf ,fiske3 ,the ,destiny of ,man4 #hg ,kelly3 ,government and ,human ,evolution1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#hh7 ,barry3 ,siege of ,port ,arthur--,a ,monster ,heroism4 7#hi7 ,sakurai3 ,human ,bullets4 7#ij7 ,von ,suttner3 ,lay ,down ,your ,arms4 7#ia7 ,andreief3 ,the ,red ,laugh4 7#ib7 ,zola3 ,the ,downfall4 7#ic7 ,wells3 ,the ,war in the ,air4 #id ,channing3 ,lectures on ,war4 7#ie7 ,hugo3 ,les ,misrables--the ,battle of ,waterloo2 also ,william ,shakespeare1 ,anderson's translation1 pp4 #bid-cab1 #cda-dh1 #chd-ie4 #if ,sienkiewicz3 ,with ,fire and ,sword4 7#ig7 ,crosby3 ,captain ,jinks--,hero1 and ,swords and ,ploughshares4 #ih ,mr4 ,dooley3 ,in ,peace and ,war4 #ii ,kipling3 ,barrack-,room ,ballads--8,tommy40 #ajj ,mrs4 ,browning3 ,mother and ,poet4 ,the various 8peace societies0 have published considerable literature on war and peace--in most cases with good intentions1 no doubt4 ,however1 there could be no peace between a chattel slave and a chattel slave's master2 nor can there be peace between a wage-slave and a wage-slave's employer--if the wage-slave be awake2 nor between the wage-slave class and the capitalist class4 ,until 8peace societies0 cry out against capitalism1--the heart of which is the wage-system1--until then their literature will be discouragingly ineffective4 ,reread first page of ,chapter ,nine1 paragraph beginning 8,the cash cost of militarism40 ,the one war sublime is3 ,light against ,darkness4 ,the printing press is the machine-gun for the slaves against slavery4 ,it is a high privilege to make a human brain ferment--with facts4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,index4 ,abuse of ,soldiers1 #aia-aii1 #bai-bbc ,advertisements for ,soldiers1 #ajh1 #aii-bja1 #bic ,aggression and ,robbery1 ,social1 #bgc-ccg ,airships1 ,dirigible1 #ij 8,all ,war1 ,civil ,war10 #bfd 8,american ,brigadier1 ,the10 ,church ,militarism1 #bcj et seq4 ,american ,civil ,war1 #aci ,american ,civil ,war1 ,cash ,cost of1 #ee-eh ,american ,revolutionists1 ,resistance by ,force1 #bib ,american ,revolutionary ,war1 ,betrayal of ,working-,class ,soldiers in1 #aag-aah ,anarchists1 ,capitalists as1 #bie-bif1 #cjc ,andreief1 ,leonid1--8,the ,red ,laugh01 #ah-ai1 #hc ,another ,war1 #cj-dc1 #ig1 #aed-aeh1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bfe1 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bhi-bij1 #cab-caf1 #ccc-ccd1 ,antagonism in ,present ,social ,structure1 #bgc-ccg ,antagonism--,mutualism--in the ,social ,structure1 #bha et seq4 ,antagonism--,second ,possible ,plan of ,social ,organization1 #bhb ,antagonism1 ,social1 ,basis of1 #bhb ,anti-patriotism of ,george ,washington1 #bag-bah ,arbitration1 #bjb-bjf1 #cjh-cji ,arbitration1 8,nothing to ,arbitrate10 #aff-afg ,aristocrats1 ,roman1 ,avoiding ,infantry1 #bb ,armed ,guard1 ,rapidly ,increasing1 ,necessity of1 ,new ,danger1 #db1 #afd-agd 8,arm ,everybody or ,nobody10 #age ,arms1 ,defective1 ,provided ,union ,soldiers1 #aci ,arms1 ,modern1 ,improved1 #gg-ig ,arms1 ,rapid ,improvement of1 #bf ,arms1 ,right to ,bear1 #age ,army1 ,composed of ,working-,class1 ,general ,army ,staff ,quoted1 #aj 8,army1 the ,poor ,man's ,university10 #agf ,bankruptcy1 #fd-gc ,barry1 ,richard1 #hb-hc1 #hh ,battles in ,industry ,compared ,with ,battle in ,war1 #afd ,bayonet1 a ,stinger1 #ab ,births ,prevented by ,life in ,military ,service1 #dh ,block1 ,j41 #di1 #ef1 #ge1 #hj1 #he1 #hi1 #aji ,blood ,cost of ,war1 in ,general1 #dg-ed2 in ,manchuria1 #ade ,blood ,lust1 ,fostering of1 in ,children1 #bac et seq4 ,boer ,war1 #cb1 #fg1 #ic1 #aha et seq4 ,bond ,leech1 ,international1 #adf-adh 8,boys in ,blue10 ,the1 #aah et seq4 8,boy ,scout0 ,movement1 ,the1 #bbh-bcc ,british ,government1 ,its ,betrayal of ,soldiers in ,napoleonic ,wars and in the ,boer ,war1 #aaj-aah ,brutality of ,soldiers1 #ahj et seq4 ,bryan1 ,w4 ,j41 #ba ,in ,cuban ,war1 #agh-agi ,sons of1 #aeg ,bullets1 ,dumdum1 #bjd-bje ,business and ,government in ,impending ,war1 #aef-aeg 8,business ,is ,business10 #bdd-bgb ,caesar's ,victories1 #aje ,capitalism1 #cj-df1 #bhc et seq4 ,capitalism1 ,destruction of1 #bia et seq4 ,capitalism1 ,peace ,impossible ,under1 #bhf-bhi 8,capital ,produces ,nothing10 #bhd-bhe ,canned ,beef for ,soldiers1 #acg-add ,cannibals1 8,civilized10 #add-adh ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 on the 8,brave ,boys10 #ahi-aij ,carnegie1 ,andrew1 #bhi ,carnegie ,steel ,company1 ,patriotism of1 #bhi ,cause of ,war1 ,chap4 ,three1 ,six1 ,ten1 ,eleven ,challenge to ,hague ,peace ,society1 #bjf et seq4 ,chattel ,slave1 ,protection of1 #ig-ii ,chattel ,slavery1 #bhb et seq4 ,children1 #bjg-bdc1 #cch-cci ,chinese ,export ,trade1 #aef-aeg ,christ1 #ba1 #eb1 #add et seq41 #ahd1 #bbf-bgh1 #bdd1 #bei-bfj ,characterization of1 #bfj-bfa ,christian ,governments in the ,rle of ,procurers1 #bbj-bbc 8,christianized0 ,war1 #eb ,church1 ,the1 and ,war1 #bdd-bgb ,defense of ,chattel ,slavery1 ,serfdom and ,capitalism1 #bef et seq4 ,training ,children for ,strikes and ,war1 #bbh-bcb 8,civil ,war1 ,all ,war ,is10 #bfd ,civil ,war1 ,american1 #ed-eh1 #ajj-aja1 #aah-abd ,civil ,war--in ,industry1 #cg-df1 #afh-agd ,origin and ,perpetuation of1 #cah-cg ,see also ,chapter ,ten ,classes--,industrial1 #bgd et seq4 ,classes--,industrial1 ,property as ,basis of1 ,professors ,bluntschli and ,fairbanks1 #bge-bgf ,classes1 ,social--,what ,creates1 #bhf ,see ,civil ,war in ,industry4 ,class ,interests--,clash of1 #bi-df1 #bgc-ccg ,class ,war1 ,raging ,around ,unsocialized ,industrial ,property1 #afg et seq4 ,see ,civil ,war in ,industry4 ,clergy and ,war1 ,the1 #bbh-bcd1 #bdd-bgb ,clews1 ,henry1 #aba-abd1 #bhe ,commander-in-,chief1 ,insult ,from1 #aj 8,come ,on6 or ,go ,ahead601 #ajg ,commerce ,develops into ,militarism1 #bi-df1 #acg-aeh ,competition and ,war1 #dj ,laborers ,relieved of1 by ,war1 #ahh ,conciliation1 ,see ,arbitration4 ,conscription1 in ,caesar's ,time1 #bb1 #gg1 #aeb ,for ,napoleon's ,armies1 #ajd-je ,conservatives1 ,liberals1 #agc-agd ,constabulary1 ,the ,state1 #adh-aec1 #agj-age ,corruption of ,soldier ,youths1 ,taft1 ,dickinson1 ,jordan1 ,col4 ,van ,rensselaer1 ,general ,sherman and others1 #bai-bbg ,cossack1 ,the ,american1 ,see ,constabulary4 ,cost of ,war1 in ,blood #ajj years following #aghi1 total1 #ej ,cost in ,cash1 of ,war1 #ed et seq4 ,in ,manchuria1 #ade ,cost of ,war in ,cash1 #ed-gf ,credit ,mobilier1 #abd-acg ,crosby1 ,ernest1 #bcg 8,cross1 ,cannon1 and ,cash ,register10 #bdd-bgb ,cruelty of ,soldiers1 #ahj et seq4 ,cuban ,war1 #cb1 #id1 #acg-add ,cyclone of ,dynamite1 etc41 on ,battlefield1 #hi-ij ,debts1 ,war1 #dg1 #ed-gf ,decadence1 ,physical1 #de-ed1 #ib-ajf ,declamations for ,children1 #bcg et seq4 ,declaration of ,independence1 ,american1 #cjb ,democracy1 ,increasing1 #gj1 #afg-afh1 #bgc-caf1 #cce-ccg ,deserters1 ,system for ,catching1 #g1 #gg1 #aec1 #aic1 #aii ,despotism1 ,foundation1 and ,historical ,forms1 of1 #bhb et seq4 ,also ,chapter ,eleven4 8,dick0 ,militia ,law1 ,the1 #afa1 #agj et seq4 ,disappointment of ,young ,soldiers1 #aid et seq4 ,disarmament1 #bjf et seq4 ,disease in ,war1 #dh1 #ib-ig1 #bbj-bbc 8,dreadnoughts10 #fj-fe ,dumdum ,bullets1 #bjd-bje ,economic ,determinism--,applications and ,illustrations of1 ,chapters ,six1 ,nine1 ,ten1 ,eleven ,education and ,militarism1 #bd-be1 #ei-gf #h1jjj1jjj1jjj1 #fi-gd ,elkins ,law1 #bie-bif ,employer ,class1 ,interest of1 ,josiah ,strong1 #ajj ,enlistment1 #gg-hf1 #ig1 #ajb-ajc1 #ajg-aji ,expansion of ,capitalism1 #cd ,exemptions1 ,substitutes1 #afj-afa1 #bbh-bcj 8,explain601 #bic-bid ,explosives1 ,modern1 #gg-ib ,father and the ,boys1 #aei et seq4 ,ferrero1 ,g41 on ,roosevelt ,type of ,greatness1 #ahj1 #ahg ,on ,war as a ,promoter of ,civilization1 #ahe 8,fighting ,parsons01 #bdd-bgc ,firing ,line1 the ,industrial1 #afd ,fiske1 ,john1 on ,evolution of ,social ,man1 #ahc ,fittest1 ,survival of1 in ,war1 #dg-ed1 #ahh-ia ,force1 ,resistance ,by1 #bia-bic 8,foreigners01 #beg-bfd ,foundation of ,democracy1 #bha et seq4 ,foundations of ,society1 ,privately ,owned1 #ci2 ,see ,chapter ,ten ,foreign ,markets1 #cj-df1 #aee-aeg1 #bed-bee1 #ccc-ccd ,four ,great ,events1 #cjf et seq4 ,franchise1 ,right of1 in ,america1 #aag-aah ,franco-,prussian ,war1 #bf1 #ic1 #afj-afc1 #baj ,freedom1 ,evolution of1 #ccd-ccg ,foundation of1 #bgc-caf 8,freeing ,cuba01 #acg-add ,french ,wars of the ,revolution1 #di ,functions1 ,social--,organization ,necessary for1 #bha ,future ,wars1 ,see 8,another ,war40 ,garrison1 ,william ,lloyd1 on ,patriotism1 #baf 8,governments ,destroy ,nations01 #gj ,government's1 the ,federal1 ,sneer at the ,poverty of the ,working ,class1 #ajh-aji ,government1 ,use of1 in ,defense of ,interests1 by ,washington and ,others1 #bag-bai2 ,discussion and ,suggestion of1 ,frequent4 ,habit1 ,force of in ,working ,class1 #cbf et seq4 ,hague ,peace ,conference1 #bja-bje1 #bad1 #bhi-bij ,hale1 ,edward ,everett1 ,rebukes ,teachers of ,blood ,lust1 #bad ,harvard ,university1 8,fashionable ,cavalry01 #bc ,hearst 7,newspapers71 #cb ,hearst1 ,mr41 ,patriotic1 #agh ,hell1 #gg-ajf ,heroes1 #ahj-ahd ,history of ,great ,american ,fortunes1 ,gustavus ,myers1 #acg1 #aci ,humanizing ,war1 #bjc-bjd ,illinois ,central ,railway ,company1 ,lands ,secured by1 #ace-acf ,impending ,war1 ,see 8,another ,war40 ,income-,tax and ,patriotism1 #ajg ,industrial ,function--,society ,always ,organized ,primarily with ,reference to1 #bha et seq4 ,industrial ,despotism1 ,historic ,forms and ,foundation of1 #bhb et seq4 ,ingersoll1 ,r4 ,g41 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bbe1 #bce1 #bcg-bch-bda ,insanity ,among ,soldiers1 #f-g1 #hh1 #aie ,institutions1 ,origin of1 ,illustrations1 #cag-ccg ,international ,citizens1 #bfb-bfd ,japanese-,russian ,war1 #ii1 #add ,jingoism1 ,the ,beginning of1 #bji-baj ,jordan1 ,president ,d4 ,s41 #ajd-aje1 #aih ,kidnapping and ,militarism1 #bbg ,labor ,market1 ,see ,labor-power4 ,labor-power1 ,buying and ,selling of1 #bi-dg1 #ig-ii1 #ajf1 #bgd-bge1 #ccc-ccg ,lad's ,brigade1 ,the1 #bcj et seq4 8,land-,grant0 ,railroads1 ,land ,gifts1 etc41 #abd1 #acg ,law and ,order1 #f1 #cba-cbb ,liberals1 ,conservatives1 #agc-agd ,limitation of ,armaments1 #fi-gj2 ,see ,hague ,peace ,society1 ,the4 ,lincoln1 ,president1 and the ,wall ,street ,patriots1 #aah-acg ,lockouts1 ,strikes1 ,statistics of1 #afh-afi 8,love of ,country01 #bag-bai 8,man on ,horseback1 ,the01 #adh et seq4 ,marines1 #ajh1 #aed-aeh1 #bba-bbb ,markets1 ,see ,foreign ,markets1 and ,labor-power4 ,medical ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government's ,criminal ,neglect of1 ,utterly ,inadequate1 #id-ie1 #adc-add ,meditations of a ,workingman1 #aec et seq4 ,mexican ,war1 #adh 8,might ,makes ,right01 #ba-bh1 #ahe-aij ,militarism1 #bi-ajf2 ,in ,public ,schools1 ,chapter ,eight4 ,militarism and ,education1 #ei-gf ,militarism and ,kidnapping1 #bbg ,militarism in ,churches1 #bbh-bcc ,military ,tactics1 ,applied in ,politics1 #bgh-bhj ,militia and ,army--,rich ,men's ,sons in1 #afj1 #agf-agg ,militiamen and ,soldiers1 #be1 #dj1 #de1 #df1 #adh1 #aea-aeb ,millionaires in ,cuban ,war1 #agf-agh ,ministers and ,war1 #f1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #da1 #dd1 #gh1 #bdd-bgb ,modern ,machinery1 ,knowledge1 ,methods1 ,specially ,import ,result1 #db ,moral ,decline of ,youth in ,army1 #ahj-ahg1 #bai-bbg ,morocco-affair1 ,the1 #cji ,moskow ,campaign1 #ajd-aje ,mother--and the ,boys and ,girls1 #bjg-bdc ,mothers1 ,special ,suggestions for1 #bcf et seq4 ,murdering ,machinery1 ,modern1 #gg-ib ,mutualism--,antagonism in the ,social ,structure1 #bha et seq4 8,my ,country is the ,world1 ,my ,countrymen ,all ,mankind01 #baf ,napoleon1 #ajd-aje1 #aaj-aae1 #abd1 #bjj1 #bjh-bji1 #bcg ,naturalness of ,social ,parasites' ,behavior1 #bhf et seq4 ,naval ,life1 ,unnaturalness of and ,disastrous ,moral ,results1 #bba-bbb ,navy1 #eh-ei1 #fi1 #ajh1 #aia ,next ,war1 ,the--,how to ,avoid ,being ,wounded in1 #ig ,non-,combatants1 ,destruction of1 in ,time of ,war1 #dh-ej ,non-,resistance1 #bia et seq4 ,northern ,pacific ,railway ,company1 ,land ,gifts to1 #acd-acf ,norwegian-,swedish ,war1 ,see 8,four ,great ,events40 8,no ,sentiment in ,business01 #bdd-bgb ,notice1 ,special1 to ,hague ,peace ,society1 #bjf et seq4 8,obey or ,starve01 #beg-beh1 #ccd-ccg 8,off for the ,front01 #cj 8,old ,glory10 ,abuse of1 #aej ,old ,veteran and ,young ,cossack11 #adh et seq4 ,one ,christian ,century of ,war1 #eb-ec ,opportunity1 ,equal ,basis of1 #bha 8,our ,country601 #bah-bai1 #bbe-bbf ,over-production1 #cg-db1 #ccc-cce ,panic of #aijg--,regular ,soldiers' ,pay ,advanced in by ,congress1 #aeb-aec ,parades1 ,military1 ,purpose and ,results1 #aii et seq4 ,parasites1 #g1 #ag1 #acg1 #aij-aia1 #bgc-ccg ,parents1 ,suggestions to1 #bjg-bdc ,patriotism1 #bbg1 #aif-aig ,patriotism a ,matter of ,cash4 ,w4 ,h4 ,taft and ,t4 ,roosevelt1 #aif-aig ,patriotism1 ,capitalist1 ,specimens of1 #ajg-aeh ,patriotism1 ,fallacy of ,false1 ,exploded by ,james ,mackaye1 #bag ,patriotism1 ,false1 ,taught to ,children1 #bjh et seq4 8,patriotism is ,killing ,spaniards101 #beb-bec ,patriotism of ,buyers of ,war ,bonds1 #aah-abd ,patriotism--of ,george ,washington1 #bag-bah ,patriotism--,lowell1 ,j4 ,r41 on1 #bag ,patriotism1 ,petty1 ,interferes ,with ,social ,evolution of ,child1 #bac1 #bae et seq4 ,patriotism1 ,professor ,paulsen on1 #ahj ,patriotism1 ,r4 ,g4 ,ingersoll on1 #ahj ,patriotism1 ,r4 ,w4 ,emerson on1 #bag ,patriots1 ,some ,petty1 #bfb-bfd ,peaceful ,slaughter--in ,industry1 #ig-ajf ,peace ,impossible ,without ,socializing ,unity of ,interest1 #beg et seq41 #bhb et seq4 ,peace on the ,program1 #bfb-bfc ,peace ,societies1 #bja-bje ,peace1 ,talk of1 but ,preparation for ,war1 #aed et seq4 ,peace1 ,the ,hague ,conference1 #bja-bje ,penitentiary for the ,rich1 #bie-bif ,pensions1 #ee-ei ,industrial ,pensions and ,military ,service ,pensions1 #afc-afe ,perverted ,sex-,appetite in ,life at ,sea1 #bba-bbb ,philippines1 ,a ,soldier's ,letter from the1 #aih ,philippine ,war1 #ii-aja ,pledge to ,working ,class1 #aa ,poetry that ,poisons1 #bac1 #bad ,poisoned ,arms1 ,a ,revolution ,produced by1 #bjc-bjd ,political ,logic1 ,elementary1 #afg et seq4 ,political ,parties--,do ,not ,create ,classes1 #bhf ,political ,party1 ,definition of1 #cjd ,political ,resistance1 #bic et seq4 ,politics1 ,elementary1 ,chap4 ,ten4 ,politics1 ,military ,tactics ,applied in1 #bgh-bhj ,poverty of ,soldiers ,following ,war1 #aaj-aag1 #acg-add ,power1 the ,road to1 #afg-afh ,powers of ,government1 ,necessity of ,capturing1 #be1 #da-db1 #ge-gf1 #aje-ajf1 #aei-bjf1 #bgc-caf ,preachers on the ,firing ,line1 #bbh-bcj 8,preaching ,heaven1 ,practising ,hell01 #bcj ,preparation for ,war1 #cd1 #ed-gf ,talk of ,peace and ,preparation for ,war1 #aed-aee ,press1 ,the1 #bd1 #cb1 #agg-agh1 #ccf-ccg1 #cch-cdd ,prevention of ,war1 #bd-be1 #aje-ajf1 #aeh1 #afj1 #agd-agf1 #bja-bjf1 #bce-bdc1 ,chapters ,nine1 ,ten2 8,four ,great ,events10 pp4 #cjf et seq4 ,prize-,fighter ,statesmanship1 #eh-gf ,procurers1 ,christian ,governments as1 #bbj-bbc ,progress ,promoted by ,war1 #ahd et seq4 ,property ,basis of ,social ,classes--,professors ,bluntschli and ,fairbanks1 #bge-bgf ,property ,rights1 8,sacred01 #ci1 #cbb-cbe ,property1 ,socialized1 #afg-afh ,prostitutes ,furnished by ,christian ,governments to ,their ,soldiers1 #bai-bbc ,quarters1 ,soldiers'1 #aib et seq4 ,race ,suicide1 #bjg-bji ,rag-,money for 8,boys in ,blue101 #aai-abj ,rations--,for ,soldiers1 #aia et seq4 8,real ,war1 ,the10 ,ruskin1 ,j41 #bbg ,rebellion1 #fi-gj ,see ,washington4 ,recitations1 ,declamations1 ,selections from ,chapters ,one1 ,two1 ,four1 ,five1 ,six1 ,eight1 ,nine1 ,ten4 ,see ,suggestions ,chapter ,twelve4 ,recruiting1 #db1 #dc ,recruiting--,devices1 #ajh ,red ,cross ,society1 #hh 8,remembering the ,maine10 ,see 8,freeing ,cuba40 ,resistance by all ,forms of ,power1 #bib-bid ,revolution1 #cjj-cjc ,revolutionary ,war1 ,american1 #eg ,revolutionists1 ,american1 #bag-bah1 #bib1 #cjb-cjc ,revolution of ,opinion1 #aeb-aec1 #ahg ,revolution1 ,prepare ,for1 #afg-afh ,revolution1 ,produced by ,poisoned ,arms1 #bjc-bjd ,rifle ,practice ,clubs in ,public ,schools1 #bcc et seq4 ,rifle ,ranges in ,public ,schools1 #baj et seq4 8,righteous ,war01 ,chapter ,nine ,risks in ,war--,at the ,front and in ,wall ,street4 ,see 8,clews40 ,see also1 #afc-afd ,road to ,power1 ,the1 #afg-afh ,robbery1 ,institutional1 #bhb et seq4 ,romans1 ,decadence of1 #aje ,roosevelt1 ,t41 #ba1 #dg1 #ic1 #ajb1 #ada-adc1 #aeg1 #agi-ahj1 #aig1 #bcc1 #bea-bec ,rough ,riders1 ,the1 #adj ,royal ,timber ,company1 ,the1 #add et seq4 ,russian-,japanese ,war1 #ah-ai1 #fh-fi1 #hf-hh1 #aja1 #add et seq4 ,school ,children1 ,deception of1 #ef ,schools1 ,public1 ,abuse of1 by ,militarists1 ,chapter ,eight ,schools1 ,use of1 to ,betray and ,poison ,children1 #bac et seq4 ,sedan1 ,battle of1 #hd1 #he1 #afc ,senate1 ,u4 ,s41 ,dignity and ,nobility of1 #abd-acg 8,sentiment in ,business01 #bdd-bgb ,seven ,days' ,battle1 #abd et seq4 ,seventh ,regiment 7,n4 ,y471 ,the1 #agf-agg 8,silence60 ,the ,command of ,despotism1 #aac-aad1 #adh ,silent ,destroyer1 ,disease1 ,the1 #ib-ig ,slavery as a ,revolution1 #cah ,slavery1 ,serfdom1 ,capitalism1 ,purpose of1 #ch ,socialist ,party and ,war1 #fh1 #bgj-bgb1 ,chapter ,ten1 #ccf-ccg ,social ,organization--,mutualism1 ,antagonism1 ,two ,possible ,social ,forms1 #bha et seq4 ,south-,african ,war1 #ajc ,spanish-,american ,war1 #ic1 #agf-agg ,special ,warning1 ,a1 #aed et seq4 ,standing ,army1 ,a1 #aji-aaj1 #agj-agf ,statesmen1 ,politicians1 in ,war1 #cj ,temptations of1 #dd ,strikes1 #ag ,militiaman's ,cheap ,rle in1 #de-df1 #ahid1 #afe-aff ,at ,iron ,mines in ,minnesota1 #aijg1 #aff et seq4 8,great ,coal ,strike01 #adh et seq4 ,strikes1 ,lockouts1 ,statistics of1 #afh-afi ,schoolboys ,prepared for ,strikes1 #bcc-bce ,substitutes1 ,exemptions1 #afj-afa ,suggestions1 #be1 #ed1 #ef1 #eh1 #fh1 #gd-gf1 #ig1 #aje-ajf1 #agd-age1 #ahd1 #baj-bad1 #bcf et seq41 #bic-bid2 ,chapters ,eleven1 ,twelve ,suicide1 #f-g1 #gg1 #aid et seq4 ,surgery ,applied to ,society1 #bih-bii ,surplus1 #cg-dc ,surplus ,products1 ,embarrassingly large1 #bed1 #bee ,swedish-,norwegian ,war1 ,see 8,four ,great ,events01 #cjf et seq4 ,taft1 ,w4 ,h41 #aj1 #dh1 #aed-aeg1 #aia et seq41 #aie et seq41 #bai1 #bie-bif ,teachers1 ,school1 ,their ,power to ,blast or ,develop ,social ,nature of ,child1 #bji-baf ,teaching ,youths ,how to ,avoid ,venereal ,disease in ,associating ,with ,women 7,u4 ,s4 ,government and ,british ,government71 #bai-bbc ,temptations ,frankly ,offered by ,federal ,government1 #aib et seq4 ,territorial ,force ,act 7,english71 8,dick0 ,law1 #agc-agd ,the ,hague ,peace ,society1 #bjb et seq4 8,the ,war is the ,class ,war01 #cg-df1 #bhf 8,to ,arms6 ,to ,arms601 #ac-ag1 #bhi-bia 8,topics for ,discussion01 #aei-bdc ,toys1 ,military1 #baf 8,train ,everybody or ,nobody01 #age 8,trade ,follows the ,flag01 #cf ,trust ,laws1 #bie-bif ,tsar of ,russia1 and ,the ,hague ,peace ,conference1 #bja-bjb ,tyranny ,protected by the ,flag1 ,chapter ,six1 ,seventh ,illustration1 and #adh-aec1 #afd-afe 8,undesirable ,citizens10 ,soldiers as1 ,w4 ,h4 ,taft1 #aie et seq41 #bfj-bfb ,unemployed1 ,the1 #db1 #aeb-aec ,union ,pacific ,railway ,charter1 #abd-acg ,universal ,military ,service1 ,chapter ,seven 7#c71 7#aa71 7#ab7 ,venereal ,diseases1 #dh1 #di1 #bai-bbc 8,vision of the ,future10 ,ingersoll's1 #bdb 8,vision of ,war10 ,ingersoll's1 #bdj-bda ,volunteers1 #gg ,wage-,system1 ,see ,labor-power1 ,buying and ,selling of4 ,wall ,street ,patriots1 #aah-abd ,walsh1 ,dr4 ,walter1 #adg1 #ahb1 #aii1 #baj1 #bbb-bbc1 #bff et seq4 8,war a ,collision of ,interests10 ,general ,von der ,goltz1 #agj ,war and ,industry1 ,comparative ,destruction of ,life in1 #gg-ib ,war1 and the ,survival of the ,fittest1 #ahh ,war and ,women1 #bjg-bdc ,war as ,hell1 ,chap4 ,five1 #afj1 #bhi-bia ,war as a ,relief to ,competition ,among ,laborers1 #ahh ,war as a ,system of ,exploitation1 ,ferrero1 #ahg ,war1 ,comment on1 #afj ,war1 ,definition of1 #ba ,ward1 ,lester ,f41 #ch1 #ahc1 #bhd1 #bib1 #cbh ,war1 ,explanation of1 ,motives and ,occasions of1 ,chaps4 ,three1 ,six1 ,ten1 ,eleven 8,war is ,hell01 #aei-afj ,war ,necessary to ,progress1 #ahd et seq4 ,war1 ,origin of1 #cag-ccg ,warning1 ,special1 #ad1 #ag1 #aed-aeh1 #bhh-bij1 #caa-caf 8,war0 ,statesmen1 ,popularity of1 #dd ,war--,the ,class ,struggle1 #bhf et seq42 ,see ,classes ,war1 ,the ,next1 ,see 8,another ,war40 ,war1 ,what is ,determined ,by1 #ba-bh1 #ahe-ahh ,war--,what to ,do ,about ,it1 #aei-bdc1 #bgc-caf2 passim ,war1 ,who ,want1 ,who ,declare1 ,who ,fight1 #bi et seq4 ,washington1 ,anti-,patriot1 #bag-bah ,letter to ,john ,bannister on ,patriotism1 #adh ,waterloo1 ,battle of1 #aaj-aaa 8,welcome ,home601 #ajg-aeh 8,wintering0 in the ,army1 #aec ,women and ,war1 #ah1 #bf1 #bjg-bdc ,working ,class1 ,self-,defense of1 #a-cdd ,wounded1 the ,difficulties in ,attending to in ,modern ,war1 #id 8,young ,men ,not ,only ,willing but ,anxious to ,fight10 ,origin of ,saying1 #dg ,youth1 ,conscription of1 for ,napoleon's ,armies1 #ajd-aje ,zeppelin's1 ,count1 ,airship1 #ij ,zola1 ,emile1 ,the ,downfall1 #bf1 #hc1 #baa-bab ,illustration3 #8,isaac ,,special ,,announcement3 ,discussion destroys wrongs and develops rights4 ,hence the absolute importance of discussion4 ,the ,three ,great ,rights are3 ,freedom of ,assemblage 7for discussion71 ,freedom of ,speech 7for discussion71 and ,freedom of the ,press 7for discussion74 8,why are these the three great rights80 ,because with these three rights we hold these three rights and other rights we already have1 and also get any other and all other rights we need4 ,it is most unwise and dangerous for any one to hesitate for one moment in defending these three rights for everybody and for anybody and for all organizations4 ,salvation comes and can come only through information4 ,information is multiplied and spread through discussion4 ,war--,what ,for8 was written1 in part1 to discuss what the ,government dare not admit and is challenged to deny4 ,the author has been informed from several sources that the suppression of this book has been seriously considered4 ,this book has been excluded from several public libraries4 ,this book has been excluded from ,fort ,myer1 ,virginia 7near ,washington74 ,a dozen copies circulated in ,fort ,snelling 7near ,minneapolis1 ,minn47 produced remarkable results alarming to the officers in command4 ,distinguished officers of the ,army have been overheard cursing this book bitterly--so the author has been informed by a well-known ,army officer in ,new ,york ,city4 ,the power of this book has been admitted4 7,see following pages47 ,you can help circulate this book very1 very easily4 ,thus3 ,a large1 handsome1 two-color circular with full information relative to the book1 and twenty-five facts that challenge and create discussion of the ,war ,department1 will be sent free to any address furnished to the publisher4 ,a post card request is sufficient4 ,address3 ,publisher of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,box #bic1 ,west ,la ,fayette1 ,ohio4 ,care of ,j4 ,m4 ,k4 ,,two ,,letters 8#adbf ,hoyt ,ave41 ,everett1 ,washington1 ,april #ba1 #aiaa4 8,publisher of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,west ,la ,fayette1 ,ohio4 8,,dear ,,sir3 ,enclosed find #h4dj for which send me #ab copies of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,every one who tastes the book buys it if he can1 and those who have not the price to buy it outright1 rent it at a small sum per week4 ,one person told me that he knew of six boys that were going to enlist in the ,army1 but after reading ,,war--,,what ,,for8 they had all the war they wanted without getting into the ,army4 ,so let us keep up the good work of spreading the book wherever we can4 8,yours for no more war1 7,signed7 8,,mrs4 ,,helen ,,roeder40 ,why should a boy enlist1 when even the ,commander-in-,chief publically sneers at those who are already in the ,army8 7,see pages #aj and #aia-aii of this book47 8,smith ,building1 ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 ,may #be1 #aiaa4 8,,dear ,,mr4 ,,kirkpatrick3 8,i know you will be more than gratified to hear that your invaluable book1 ,,war--,,what ,,for8 is fulfilling its mission among the farmers in this section4 8,over four months ago a farmer called and asked me if ,i had anything to place in the hands of a boy which would #8take the ,army ,bug out of his head4' ,the boy was about to join the ,regular ,army4 ,his mother and father had appealed to him--had tried to talk the idea out of the boy's mind4 8,on my table was a copy of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,i said1 #8,here is a book that will sterilize the love for murder instinct4' ,a week later he called and informed me that the boy had read the book and now it is #8,no ,army for me6' 8,both parents also read the book4 ,it has been going the rounds among the farmers ever since4 ,each week ,mr4 ,marquis calls and asks to extend the loan of your book4 ,he says that some farmers stay up all night reading its contents4 ,parents are thanking ,marquis1 with tears in their eyes1 for placing the book in their hands4 8,so far as ,i can learn1 no farmer boy in this section has joined the ,army since ,,war--,,what ,,for8 found its way into the farm houses4444 ,i hear the work is never laid aside1 but having been read by someone1 in a few days it is in the hands of a new reader4444 7,signed7 8,fraternally1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,gohl40 ,,comment ,the ,springfield1 ,mass41 ,republican 7over half column review73 8444 ,brimful of indictment of war 444 a valuable book4444 ,much startling information which ought to be widely disseminated4 ,peace advocates might well have ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick's book in their knapsacks4 ,the book is crowded with facts and figures1 official reports and other authoritative documents being freely quoted44440 ,the ,chicago ,evening ,post 7two-thirds column review73--8,but it ,war--,what ,for8 is1 in fact1 exquisitely designed to capture the interest and win the belief2 it is as well calculated to impress its readers as ,paine's #8,rights of ,man4'0 ,the ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 ,herald also frankly ranks ,,war--,,what ,,for8 equal to ,paine's ,rights of ,man in its power to impress its readers4 ,charles ,edward ,russell1 well known to a million readers of ,everybody's ,magazine3 8444 ,the most powerful blow ever dealt against the insanity of militarism4 ,a remarkable book4 ,no one can escape the logic of its massed-up facts40 ,new ,york ,american 7review by ,mr4 ,edwin ,markham1 poet73 8444 ,he tatters all the shibboleths that influence men to go to war4 ,he masses his facts in a cumulative horror4444 ,his style is telegraphic 444 breathless2 and he certainly makes a black case against militarism44440 ,the ,progressive ,journal of ,education3 8,here is a book certainly worth while4 ,it is unique--something that stands wholly in a class by itself4444 ,the array of facts 444 concerning war1 here gathered together1 is something more than remarkable44440 ,the ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 ,sunday ,advertiser3 8444 ,a remarkable book on the futility1 the brutality and the criminality of war44440 ,the ,st4 ,louis ,post-,despatch 7editorial on ,,war--,,what ,,for873 8444 the forces now working for universal peace--to mention but one1 there is ,george ,r4 ,kirkpatrick1 an ,american1 who has written a book entitled ,,war--,,what ,,for8 which appears to be making a genuine sensation4444 ,it is well illustrated1 is stuffed full of facts and figures4444 ,the jingos of the world will have to get busy and meet thought with thought1 and fact with fact40 ,the ,new ,york ,independent3 8444 ,the volume shows evidence of much study and research1 and certainly makes interesting reading44440 ,the ,religious ,telescope3 8,,war--,,what ,,for8 is a remarkable book no matter how you take it4 ,the logic of its mass of facts furnishes food for reflection2 trenchant discussion of the war question1 444 burning vigor1 biting sarcasm1 444 gruesome illustrations and hideous word pictures--simply command attention and get it4 ,the author 444 intensifies every aspect of woe attaching to every phase of militarism1 which it knocks down and out4444 ,it is a strange and striking book and you cannot pooh-pooh it44440 ,the ,platform1 ,chicago 7full column editorial review73 8444 ,if at this moment we had the power to put one book into the hands of each man1 woman and child on earth1 that book would be ,,war--,,what ,,for8444 ,the most powerful1 convincing and humane book that has ever fallen into ye editor's hands44440 ,upton ,sinclair1 ,author of the ,jungle3 8444 ,take my advice about this book and get it 444 a most extraordinary book 444 a perfect cyclopedia of 444 material1 the most effective material that can be imagined1 and presented with extraordinary fire and conviction44440 ,rev4 ,peter ,molyneaux1 ,pastor of ,first ,unitarian ,church1 ,wheeling1 ,w4 ,va43 8,let me thank you for writing ,,war--,,what ,,for8444 ,the spirit of a toiling1 suffering1 upward struggling humanity speaks from its pages40 ,eugene ,v4 ,debs3 8444 ,this wonderful book--the book of an epoch1 an immortal achievement4 ,,war--,,what ,,for8 has set fire to all the blood in my veins44440 ,timothy ,walsh1 ,assistant ,financial ,editor of the ,new ,york ,world3 8,a book that should be in the hands of every parent in the land44440 ,appeal to ,reason3 8444 ,it is the most scathing indictment of war1 and the most terrible impeachment of the powers and personalities responsible for war ever written44440 ,st4 ,louis ,labor3 8,a powerful indictment of war44440 ,international ,socialist ,review3 8,this book is a denunciation1 an exposition1 a revelation and a terrible indictment of war 444 a wealth of data44440 ,rev4 ,j4 ,alexander ,cairns1 ,d4,d41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j43 8444 ,a masterpiece4444 ,this book is worthy the struggle and toil of a lifetime44440 ,circulars free to names and addresses furnished4 ,,it ,,is ,,up ,,to ,,the ,,government6 ,karl ,liebknecht was recently imprisoned for eighteen months by the ,german government as punishment for writing his book against the brutalities1 stupidities1 and villainies of war and militarism4 ,gustave ,herv is now serving a four-year sentence in a ,french prison for writing his book on the same subject4 ,just what there is in store1 in this line1 for the author of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 he does not know4 ,he has at least had plenty of hints1 suggestions1 warnings and veiled threats of dire things1 but just as long as there is an intelligent degree of popular appreciation of the three great rights mentioned on page #cej of this book1 and as long also as working men--inside and outside the ,army--give the author plenty of assurance1 as they do1 that in their judgment this book is manifestly written in fraternal sincerity to protect them and those they love1--these hints and warnings will be accepted as simply too ridiculous to be interesting4 ,the author of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 is neither inviting1 nor avoiding1 nor expecting1 nor afraid of persecution on account of this book4 ,we have the facts and we also have the three great rights of discussion4 ,,notice ,,to ,,agents6 ,,war--,,what ,,for8 is1 at the present time1 the bestselling1 non-fiction1 cloth-bound book in ,american revolutionary literature4 ,in selling ,,war--,,what ,,for8 stick to the facts4 ,the burning facts in the book sell the book4 ,present the facts to parents4 ,present the facts to the boys4 ,present the facts to organized and unorganized workers4 ,present the facts to farmers4 ,present the facts to professional people4 ,present simply a few of the many facts to be easily found in the book--and the book will sell itself4 ,,be ,,your ,,own ,,employer6 ,there are about #b1gjj counties in the ,united ,states where a great number of employed and unemployed persons could employ themselves selling ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,a book that defends the working class and is at the same time thoroughly suitable as a book for solicitors--such a book presents a very unusual opportunity for those who wish to feel safe while they fight for a living and for freedom4 ,send for ,agents' ,rates1 ,circulars and ,suggestions--not only for yourself1 but also for two or three friends4 ,address3 ,the ,publisher of ,,war--,,what ,,for8 ,west ,la ,fayette1 ,ohio4 ,care of ,j4 ,m4 ,k4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #agc1 ,added 8,footnote #aig3 ,the ,rough ,riders1 p4 #aci4 ,found in ,edition of #ahii1 published by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons2 page #aeb1 as published by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons40 ,footnote from #dth and #fth editions to correct a typo in the #eth edition4 #b4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and also variations in spelling4 #c4 ,retained anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #d4 ,added 7e4g4 example1444 changed to example1 4447 and removed spaces 7e4g41 example 1 to example17 but otherwise retained non-standard punctuation as printed4 ,many paragraphs do not end with terminal punctuation4 #e4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #f4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4