,,libr>y ,,essays ,,pap]s ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,public ,,libr>ies ,,libr>y ,,essays ,,pap]s ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,public ,,libr>ies ,,ar?ur ,e4 ,,bo/wick1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,,! ,h4 ,w4 ,,wilson ,,company ,,new ,,york #aibj ,,preface ,! au?or ( ^! pap]s began 8 s]vice 9 libr>ian%ip 9 ,april1 #ahie4 ,he celebrates 8 silv] jubilee by ga!r+ !m into a s+le volume4 ,be=e becom+ a libr>ian he _h work$ = _m ye>s z tea*]1 editor & j\rnali/1 & ! use ( ! p5 hav+ become second nature1 he took x up 9 behalf ( libr>ies & libr>ians1 some:at soon]1 p]haps1 ?an exp]i5ce w\ld w>rant4 ,h[ev]1 ! pap]s reflect to a c]ta9 ext5t ! progress ( libr>y "w dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] c5tury4 ,a4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,pa9s ,,& ,,p5alties ,,9 ,,libr>y ,,"w #c ,read at ! ,magnolia ,conf]5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,june1 #aijb4 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aijb1 p4 #bi-cd7 ,,h[ ,,libr>ians ,,*oose ,,books #ag 7,public ,libr>ies1 ,april1 #aijc1 p4 #acg-da7 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,public ,,libr>y #bi 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,augu/1 #aijc1 p4 #eif-fjj7 ,,lay ,,control ,,9 ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,else:]e #ci ,read be=e ! ,tru/ees' ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 at ! ,niag>a ,conf]5ce4 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aijc1 p4 #aii-bjb7 ,,! ,,:ole ,,duty ,,( ,a ,,libr>y ,,tru/ee3 ,,f ,a ,,libr>ian',s ,,/&po9t #di ,an address be=e ! ,tru/ees' ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aijf1 p4 #dj-d7 ,,! ,,day',s ,,"w3 ,,"s ,,conditions ,,& ,,"s ,,ideals #ei ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y ,association1 ,lake ,placid1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aijc4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aijc1 p4 #gjd-g7 ,,libr>y ,,/ati/ics #fi 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #aijd1 p4 #e-h7 ,,old ,,probabilities ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y--,,8 ,,mode/ ,,vatic9ations #gi ,read be=e ! ,p5nsylvania ,libr>y ,club1 ,philadelphia1 ,may #i1 #aijd4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aijd1 p4 #eag-bc7 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,books ,,z ,a ,,basis ,,= ,,libr>ian%ip #ig ,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y ,association1 ,twilight ,p>k1 ,septemb]1 #aijf4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y1 #aijg1 p4 #ea-e7 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,z ,,! ,,educational ,,c5t] ,,( ,a ,,t[n #aaa 7,public ,libr>ies1 ,may1 #aijg1 p4 #aga-d7 ,,! ,,libr>ian ,,z ,a ,,c5sor #aba ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,lake ,m9netonka ,conf]5ce1 ,june1 #aijh4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #aijh1 p4 #beg-fd7 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,/&>d ,,( ,,book ,,selection #ada ,read at ! meet+ ( ! ,libr>y commissions ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 ,febru>y #aa1 #aiji4 7,public ,libr>ies1 ,may1 #aiji1 p4 #afc-g7 ,,libr>y ,,circulation ,,at ,,long ,,range #bba 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #cia-d7 ,,conflicts ,,( ,,jurisdiction ,,9 ,,libr>y ,,sy/ems #bca ,read be=e ! r\nd table ( bran* libr>ians at ! ,wa%+ton conf]5ce1 ,may #bh1 #aiad4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,augu/1 #aiad1 p4 #ehh-ia7 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,libr>ians #bda ,read be=e ! ,miss\ri ,libr>y ,association1 ,s$alia1 ,novemb] #ah1 #aiad4 7,public ,libr>ies1 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 p4 #a-d2 ,febru>y1 #aiae1 p4 #dg-ej7 ,,s*ool ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ #bee 7,s*ool ,review1 ,june1 #aiae1 p4 #cie-dje7 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,& ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,man #bfi ,a lun*eon address to ! ,adv]tis+ ,club ( ,/4 ,l\is4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #aiag1 p4 #bei-fd7 ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y #aec ,read be=e ! ,miss\ri ,/ate ,libr>y ,association1 ,columbia1 ,mo41 ,octob] #bh1 #aiji4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 p4 #dgf-hb7 ,,! ,,exploitation ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y #aga ,address be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association at ! ,pasad5a ,conf]5ce1 ,may #ai1 #aiaa4 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aiaa1 p4 #fj-e7 ,,s]vice ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,libr>ies #ahc 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,june1 #aiab1 p4 #bii-cjd7 ,,effici5cy ,,records ,,9 ,,libr>ies #aii 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #aiac1 p4 #aca-c7 ,,mal-,,employm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y #bje ,read be=e ! ,i[a ,libr>y ,association4 7,i[a ,libr>y ,qu>t]ly1 ,octob]1 #aiab1 p4 #bdg-eb7 ,,co/ ,,( ,,adm9i/ration #bag ,report to ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute4 7,public ,libr>ies1 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 p4 #daf-ah7 ,,poets1 ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,realities #bhc ,an address at ! op5+ ( ! new build+ ( ! ,indianapolis ,public ,libr>y4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 p4 #idd-ej7 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y #bii 7,homiletic ,review1 ,june1 #aiah1 p4 #dce-i7 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,libr>y ,,"w #cji 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bullet91 ,septemb]1 #aiai1 p4 #ej-g7 ,,popul>iz+ ,,music ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,libr>y #cbe ,read be=e ! ,national ,association ( ,music ,tea*]s & repr9t$ f ! publi%$ ,proce$+s = #aiah4 ,,two ,,c>d9al ,,s9s #cda ,a ,,message ,,to ,,beg9n]s #ceg ,,luck ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y #cgc ,,! ,,libr>y ,,z ,a ,,museum #cic ,,! ,,libr>y ,,& ,,! ,,locality #dji ,,index #dbi ,,libr>y ,,essays ,,pap]s ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,public ,,libr>ies ,,pa9s ,,& ,,p5alties ,,9 ,,libr>y ,,"w#a ,9 some:at ! same way z ,irv+ makes ,di$ri* ,knick]bock] beg9 8 hi/ory ( ,new ,york ) ! creation ( ! _w1 s we may op5 a discussion ( ?is subject ) a ^w on ! !ory ( puni%m5t4 ,we all "k t nei!r moral philosoph]s nor p5ologi/s are agre$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,d we inflict puni%m5t to satisfy our et]nal s5se ( ju/ice1 to prev5t fur!r wrong-do+ on ! "p ( ! p]son puni%$1 z an example to o!rs1 or to re=m ! del9qu5t8 ,s f> z ! ju/icial !ory goes1 x is unnecess>y "h to discuss :e!r x is f\nd$ m]ely on ! old savage feel+ ( rev5ge1 :i* hav+ done its "p 9 ensur+ puni%m5t to ! wrong-do] 9 ! unciviliz$ pa/1 %\ld n[ be put aside4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! rule1 8,let no guilty man escape10 is a v good "o = practical purposes1 :atev] its !oretical implications4 ,:y %\ld x be necess>y to proce$ accord+ to any "o !ory 9 adm9i/]+ puni%m5t8 ,practically 9 ! home1 at s*ool1 & 9 ! c\rtroom ! simple adm9i/ration ( ju/ice does v well = u1 & :5 we g a little f>!r into ! matt] we see t ea* ( ! o!r elem5ts ent]s into consid]ation4 ,c]ta9ly x is s 9 ! libr>y4 ,p5alties = ! infraction ( our rules %\ld be s inflict$ t future wrong-do+ bo? on ! "p ( ! culprit & on t ( ! rema9d] ( ! public becomes less likely ?an be=e4 ,:e!r we always d ?is 9 ! mo/ satisfactory way may be qu]i$4 ,puni%able acts committ$ 9 a libr>y may be divid$1 accord+ to ! old ecclesia/ical classification1 into mala prohibita & mala 9 se2 9 o!r words1 into acts t are simply contr>y to libr>y regulations & ^? t are absolutely wrong4 ,to /eal a book is wrong any:]e & does n become s m]ely because ! act is committ$ 9 a libr>y2 b ! ret5tion ( a borr[$ book = fifte5 in/ead ( f\rte5 days is n absolutely wrong1 b simply contr>y to libr>y regulations4 ,! keep+ ( books ov]time is a purely libr>y (f5ce1 committ$ aga9/ ! libr>y & to be puni%$ by ! libr>y2 & ) x may be class$ su* infractions ( ! rules z failure to *>ge or dis*>ge a book1 l\d talk+ or misbehavior bel[ ! rank ( really disord]ly conduct1 su* injury to books z does n con/itute wilful mutilation1 ! giv+ ( a fictiti\s "n at ! application desk1 etc4 ,= all ^! /rictly libr>y (f5ces ! favorite p5alties seem to be two 9 numb]--! exaction ( a f9e & exclusion f libr>y privileges--tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,! =m] is m us$ ?an ! latt]1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k unju/ly s4 ,f ! sole /&po9t ( puni%m5t ! great advantage ( a f9e is t x t\*es p 9 _! mo/ s5sitive po9t--! pocket4 ,b ?is is a ganglion ^: s5sitiv5ess is 9 inv]se proportion to its size2 9 "o case ! exaction ( a c5t means ! confiscation ( ! possessor's entire =tune2 9 ano!r ! del9qu5t c\ld "p ) a hundr$ doll>s )\t depriv+ himself ( a necessity or a pleasure4 ,( c\rse ?is lack ( adaptability to ! conditions ( ! p]son to be puni%$ is n conf9$ to ?is "o me?od4 ,imprisonm5t1 = in/ance1 may be ! ru9 ( a life to ! hi!rto respectable p]son1 :ile to ! tramp x may simply mean a mon?'s %elt] & food4 ,b 9 ! case ( a money p5alty ! lack ( adaptability is p>ticul>ly noticeable1 & h5ce :]ev] x is exact$ a l>ge portion ( ! public comes to =get t x is a p5alty at all4 ,in/ead ( a puni%m5t exact$ 9 return = ! commission ( a misdemeanor & int5d$ to disc\rage ! repetition !re(1 x is look$ ^u z paym5t = ! privilege ( committ+ ! misdemeanor1 & x 9 fact becomes ?is v ?+4 ,?us1 9 /ates :]e !re is a prohibitory law1 & p]iodical raids are made on saloons ) ! result+ f9es1 ^! f9es (t5 become 9 effect lic5se fees1 & are s reg>d$ by bo? del9qu5ts & au?orities4 ,:]e a municipality provides t automobiles %all n be spe$$ 9 its /reets "u p5alty ( a heavy f9e1 ! weal?y own]s ( motor-c>riages too (t5 reg>d ?is z p]mission to spe$ on paym5t ( a /at$ am\nt1 & act accord+ly4 ,s 9 ! libr>y1 ! f9e = keep+ books ov]time is widely reg>d$ z a *>ge = ! privilege ( keep+ ! books long] ?an ! =mal rules all[4 ,be+ s reg>d$1 ! f9e loses a great "p ( its punitive effect1 & l>gely becomes 9 fact :at x is popul>ly ?\ght to be4 ,?us we h a free public libr>y grant+ extra privileges to ^? :o c af=d to pay = !m & )hold+ ! same f ^? :o _c af=d to pay--an extremely objectional /ate ( ?+s4 ,9 mak+ ?is *>act]ization ,i am aw>e t ! sale ( additional facilities & privileges by a free libr>y is reg>d$ z prop] by a l>ge numb] ( libr>ians1 & t ! ext5sion ( sy/ems ( :i* x is a feature is widely urg$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,/ ,l\is plan = fiction1 :i* has be5 s successful1 & /ill m 9 ,mr4 ,dewey's propos$ libr>y book/ore4 ,t all ^! plans are admirable 9 _m ways may be freely ackn[l$g$4 ,9 s f> z !y may be adopt$ by end[$ libr>ies !y are c]ta9ly unobjectionable4 ,b 9 spite ( _! advantages1 x seems to me t _! use 9 an in/itution support$ f ! public funds is a mi/ake4 ,! direct paym5t ( money to any in/itution s support$1 ev5 if su* paym5t is logically ju/ifiable1 is op5 to s mu* miscon/ruction & is s commonly misund]/ood or mis9t]pret$1 t ,i w\ld hold up z an ideal ! total abolition ( all money transactions betwe5 ! individual memb]s ( a public & in/itutions support$ by t public z a :ole4 ,! pres5t subject evid5tly does n ju/ify fur!r discussion ( ?is po9t1 b its m5tion "h is prop] because if libr>y f9es h become 9 _m cases paym5ts = a privilege1 t v fact %\ld lead ^? :o agree ) :at has be5 said above to /rive = _! abolition4 ,ano!r objection to ! f9e1 :i* is1 curi\sly en\gh1 also ! *ief reason :y x is almo/ hopeless to look = its abolition1 is ! fact t :]ev] f9es h be5 appli$ !y h become a s\rce ( rev5ue t _c well be neglect$4 ,9 a village n f> f ,new ,york ! receipts f bicycle f9es at "o "t ne>ly paid ! runn+ exp5ses ( ! place4 ,agitation 9 favor ( sub/itut+ o!r me?ods ( puni%+ ! cycli/s :o ride on ! sidewalks & fail to light _! lamps at sund[n w\ld evid5tly be hopeless "h4 ,9 ! same way receipts f f9es h become a v consid]able s\rce ( income 9 l>ge libr>ies1 & are n to be neglect$ ev5 9 small ones4 ,?is is app>5t 9 ! foll[+ table#b3 ,income ,f9es ,bo/on #cji1dag4eb #d1fba4de ,*icago #bhe1iea4bb #g1aca4ai ,philadelphia #ada1ied4de #b1che4eb ,brooklyn #aje1jha4ai #d1jac4bf ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,f4 ,l #ia1fac4ab #d1fdh4ih ,buffalo #hg1idf4he #b1iea4ba ,milwaukee #ga1cbh4hj #a1bie4ii ,san ,francisco #fd1iff4ca #b1bej4he ,new>k #dc1gjf4cf #a1ije4ag ,evid5tly ! abolition ( f9es 9 ^! cases w\ld mean a r$uction ( income t w\ld make itself felt at once4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! k t ! detection ( wrongdo+ is f9ancially pr(itable to ! detector results 9 increas$ vigilance4 ,s f>1 t is a good ?+4 ,b x goes f>!r ?an ?is3 x makes ! au?orities /rict reg>d+ te*nicalities2 x may ev5 lead to ! enc\ragem5t ( infraction ( ! law 9 ord] t ! p5alties may rea* a l>g] am\nt4 ,9 ! t[n t is support$ by bicycle f9es we may fairly conclude t no resid5t calls ! att5tion ( ! unw>y cycli/ to ! w>n+ sign1 pa/ :i* he :eels t[>d ! sidewalk4 ,to d s w\ld decrease ! village rev5ue & raise taxes4 ,s too1 :at libr>ian w\ld wi% to adopt any c\rse t w c]ta9ly r$uce ! money at 8 disposal = sal>ies & books8 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ?is loss c be made up 9 "s way1 is !re any?+ t c be sub/itut$ = ! f9e8 ,x has already be5 /at$ t susp5sion f libr>y privileges is 9 use z a p5alty to a consid]able ext5t1 & !re seems to be no reason :y ?is %\ld n be ext5d$ to ! case ( ov]due books4 ,!re might1 = in/ance1 be a rule t = e day ( illegal ret5tion ( a book ! hold] %\ld be susp5d$ f libr>y privileges = "o week4 ,! date ( expiration ( ! susp5sion w\ld be not$ on ! hold]'s c>d1 & ! c>d w\ld n be return$ to him be=e t date4 ,?is plan w\ld probably h int]e/+ results :i* !re is n "t to anticipate "h4 ,b z long z books co/ money & libr>ians refuse to "w altoge!r = love1 f9ancial consid]ations mu/ play a l>ge "p 9 libr>y *anges4 ,! only way 9 :i* f9es c be aboli%$ )\t decreas+ income is to make ! abolition a condition ( an increas$ appropriation1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld be done by ! appropriat+ body4 ,! mak+ ( su* a condition is extremely unlikely4 ,h5ce1 if we agree t f9es are undesirable we mu/ reg>d _! abolition z an unatta9able ideal4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 treat !m s z to m9imize _! bad effect1 & ?is1 ,i believe1 may be done 9 ei!r or bo? ( ! foll[+ two ways3 7#a7 ,we may emphasize ! punitive value ( ! f9e & at ! same "t increase its value z a s\rce ( rev5ue by mak+ x l>g]4 ,?is w\ld d\btless decrease ! numb] ( ov]due books1 & ! exact po9t :]e ! increase %\ld /op w\ld be ! po9t :]e ?is decrease %\ld s balance ! increase ( f9es z to make ! total receipts a maximum2 or1 if ?is maximum %\ld greatly exce$ ! rev5ue receiv$ f f9es "u ! old arrangem5t1 !n ! rate c\ld be /ill f>!r increas$ until ! total receipts fell to ! old am\nt4 ,! practical me?od w\ld be to increase ! f9es by a fraction ( a c5t p] day at int]vals ( sev]al mon?s1 comp>+ ! total receipts = ea* int]val ) t ( ! correspond+ p]iod "u ! old arrangem5t2 & /opp+ :5 ?is sum %[$ signs ( decrease4 7#b7 ,we may give ! libr>ian ! option ( sub/itut+ susp5sion = ! f9e :5ev]1 9 8 judgm5t1 ?is is advisable4 ,?is is ! c\rse pursu$ by ! law :5 x gives to ! trial judge ! option ( f9+ or imprison+ an (f5d]4 ,9 cases :]e a f9e is no puni%m5t at all1 & :]e books are kept ov]time delib]ately1 susp5sion f libr>y privileges w\ld probably prove salut>y4 ,a v>iant ( ! second plan w\ld be to all[ ! culprit himself to sub/itute susp5sion = 8 f9e4 ,?is 9 effect is :at ! (f5d] 9 ! police c\rt does :5 he av[s t he has n ! money to pay 8 f9e & is s5t to jail to "w x (f4 ,at pres5t :5 a libr>y (f5d] is manife/ly unable to pay 8 f9e !re is usually no alt]native b to remit x or to d5y ! culprit access to ! libr>y until x is paid--9 _m cases an unreasonably heavy puni%m5t4 ,( c\rse !re is no reason :y all ^! modifications ( exi/+ rules %\ld n be made toge!r4 ,accord+ to ?is plan f9es w\ld be rais$ & susp5sion w\ld be sub/itut$ 9 any case at ! libr>ian's option & 9 all cases :]e ! p]son f9$ av[s t he is unable to pay 8 f9e4 ,! rates c be s adju/$ t "u ?is plan !re is no decrease ( rev5ue1 b r a net increase4 ,( c\rse ! adoption ( su* rules w\ld be reg>d$ by a l>ge portion ( ! public z a curtailm5t ( privileges1 b su* an outcry z x w\ld probably raise ought n to be objectionable z x is a necess>y /ep 9 ! in/ruction ( ! us]s ( a libr>y reg>d+ ! prop] function ( p5alties = infraction ( its rules4 ,^! rules are = ! b5efit ( ! majority & ! good s5se ( t majority ought to1 & d\btless w\ld1 come to ! rescue ( ! libr>y au?orities on %ort notice4 ,z long z ! libr>y f9e is a recogniz$ p5alty1 num]\s petty que/ions w cont9ue to arise reg>d+ its collection1 regi/ration1 & use4 ,any exhau/ive treatm5t ( ^! is impossible 9 ! limits ( a s+le pap] & ,i h *os5 to neglect mo/ ( !m 9 ord] to dwell on ! "q 9 its l>g] aspects4 ,x is ! exaction ( ! f9e1 aft] all1 t is ! libr>y p5alty--! money is "p ( ! libr>y income & its collection & disposition are prop]ly que/ions ( f9ance4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ ! disposition ( ! f9es be>s directly on :at has be5 said4 ,9 municipal public libr>ies l t ( ,bo/on1 :]e ! city requires t ! f9es %all be turn$ directly into ! public treasury & n reta9$ = libr>y use1 ! sub/itution ( a diff]5t p5alty w\ld presumably involve no dim9ution ( income4 ,f ord9>y consid]ations ( equity1 h[ev]1 x seems to me t ?is disposition ( ! f9es is objectionable4 ,if ! f9es are to be turn$ into ! city treasury !y %\ld be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! libr>y appropriation z !y are 9 ,brooklyn4 ,reg>d+ ! collection ( f9es !re are "o or two po9ts t be> directly on _! effici5cy z a punitive measure4 ,fir/1 %all f9es be *>g$8 ,x seems a h>d%ip to refuse a well-kn[n memb] a book because he does n happ5 to h ) him ! *ange to pay a #ae c5t f9e4 ,?is po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 loses sight aga9 ( ! elem5t ( puni%m5t4 ,:5 ! del9qu5t :o is f9$ a doll> 9 ! police c\rt does n h ! money ) him1 does he reque/ ! magi/rate to *>ge x & s5d 9 a bill = ! mon?'s p5alties all at once8 ,! true me?od1 ,i am conv9c$1 is to insi/ on ca% paym5t ( f9es1 & if ?is is done promptly _! "* z p5alties w be m g5]ally recogniz$4 ,ano!r po9t 9 reg>d to ! collection ( f9es is _! effect on ! assi/ants !mselves4 ,9 e libr>y a /ream ( money passes 9 at ! desk 9 v small am\nts4 ,?is mu/ all be acc\nt$ =1 & we h ! alt]native ( requir+ v\*]s = e c5t or ( simply keep+ a memor&um acc\nt & see+ t ! ca% corresponds ) x at ! close ( ! day4 ,?is latt] plan1 9 "s =m1 is usually adopt$4 ,to misappropriate funds "u ^! circum/ances is n difficult1 & ,i submit t x is n "r to place a l>ge numb] ( "y girls 9 a situation :]e su* misappropriation is easy & safe4 ,9 spite ( ,m>k ,twa91 :o prays t he may be l$ into temptation e>ly & (t51 t he may get accu/om$ to x1 ,i d n believe t ?is is a good g5]al policy to pursue4 ,we all "k ( cases :]e assi/ants h fall5 into temptation1 & we %\ld n hold ! libr>y altoge!r blameless 9 ! matt]4 ,b on g5]al pr9ciples su* a plan is n good bus9ess4 ,e "o :o is responsible = money collect$ mu/ %[ v\*]s t he turns ov] e c5t t has be5 giv5 to him4 ,:y %\ld ! libr>y assi/ant be an exception8 ,i look to see "s =m ( ca% regi/] on e *>g+ desk 9 ! ideal libr>y ( ! future1 nor c ,i see t its use w\ld be a reflection on ! hone/y ( ! assi/ants any m ?an ! refusal ( a bank to ca% an improp]ly endors$ *eck is a reflection on ! hone/y ( ! hold]4 ,?is is on ! supposition t we are to reta9 ! f9e z a p5alty4 ,su* consid]ations1 ( c\rse1 weigh d[n ! balance /ill m /rongly 9 favor ( its abolition4 ,i h devot$ s mu* space to ! p5alty = keep+ books ov]time because ! rule on ?is subject is ! "o t is *iefly brok5 9 a free public libr>y4 ,o!r (f5ces are usually dealt ) by susp5sion1 & v prop]ly s4 ,= ! loss or accid5tal injury ( a book1 h[ev]1 a f9e is aga9 ! p5alty1 & "h1 z ! (f5ce is ! caus+ ( a def9ite money loss to ! libr>y1 !re is m reason = x ,! money 9 ?is case1 inde$1 is to be reg>d$ z damages1 & its paym5t is r re/itution ?an puni%m5t4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! argum5t aga9/ money transactions ) a free in/itution seems to hold good4 ,!re is no reason 9 ! majority ( cases :y he :o loses or de/roys a book %\ld n give to ! libr>y a new copy in/ead ( ! price !re(1 & = m9or injury susp5sion is surely an adequate p5alty4 ,"h we may pause = a mom5t to ask3 ,:at "r has a libr>y to inflict any p5alties at all8 ,i mu/ leave ! full discussion ( ?is "q to ! lawy]s1 b ,i am q sure t libr>ies1 l "s o!r corporations1 (t5 enact & en=ce rules t !y h no legal "r to make4 ,to cite an in/ance t came "u my own obs]vation1 ! ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y's rules 7 = m ?an a ye>1 accord+ to good au?ority1 absolutely invalid because !y _h n be5 enact$ by ! ,municipal ,assembly1 & t libr>y _h no "r to collect a s+le f9e4 ,yet dur+ ?is "t x did collect f9es am\nt+ to sev]al ?\s& doll>s1 & n a ^w ( prote/ 0 he>d f ! public4 ,9 ?is & simil> cases we are gett+ d[n to fir/ pr9ciples--! cons5t ( ! gov]n$2 :i*1 :e!r bas$ on ignorance or k1 is :at we mu/ rely on 9 ! end = ! en=cem5t ( law 9 self-gov]n+ communities4 ,i am afraid t x is ?is g5]al cons5t1 9 a good _m in/ances1 t is enabl+ u to en=ce our regulations1 r ?an any "r d]iv$ f positive law4 ,to take a relat$ in/ance1 x is by no means c]ta9 t libr>ies are n break+ ! law ( libel e "t !y s5d out an ov]due po/al notice4 ,! c\rts h held t a dun on a po/al is libell\s1 & our ov]due c>ds specifically in=m ! p]son to :om !y are address$ t he owes money to ! libr>y1 & ?reat5 him ) puni%m5t if ! debt is n paid4 ,yet al?\gh occasional del9qu5ts rem>k t ! law is violat$ by ^! po/als1 public libr>ies 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9ue to s5d !m out by ?\s&s daily ) few prote/s4 ,?is seems cle>ly a case :]e ! public cons5ts to a punitive measure ( d\btful legality1 & approves x = ! public good4 ,! second ( ! two classes into :i* we h divid$ infractions ( libr>y rules consi/s ( ^? t are also contr>y to /atute law or municipal regulation4 ,h[ f> %all ^! be dealt ) purely f ! libr>y /&po9t1 & :5 %all !y be turn$ ov] to ! public au?orities8 ,if a small boy yells at ! desk-assi/ant ?r\gh door or w9d[ he is a di/urb] ( ! peace2 if he ?r[s at h] "s h&y missile1 su* z a vegetable or a t9 c1 z occasionally happ5s 9 c]ta9 sections ( unreg5]ate ,new ,york1 he is te*nically committ+ an assault2 %all he be h&$ ov] to ! police8 ,( c\rse "o mu/ n treat trifles too s]i\sly4 ,yet probably libr>ies h be5 some:at too timid ab\t deal+ ) petty (f5ces4 ,!re is an unwill+ness to drag ! libr>ies into ! police reports t seems to be a relic ( ! days :5 all libr>ies 7 haunts ( s*ol>ly seclusion4 ,! mod]n public libr>y _c af=d to be consid]$ an 8easy m>k0 by ^? :o wi% to indulge 9 horse play or commit petty misdemeanors1 & 9 "s cases x is 9 dang] ( gett+ ?is reputation4 ,:5 we come to m s]i\s (f5ces1 ! libr>y's duty is cle>]4 ,!ft1 wilful mutilation ( books1 or grave disord] mu/ ( c\rse be puni%$4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! detection ( ! fir/ two (f5ces is v difficult4 ,!ft f op5 %elves is easy4 ,= ! ?\s&s ( books lo/ ye>ly 9 ?is way h>dly a culprit meets puni%m5t4 ,i h kn[n a pr(essional detective to confess t ! op5 %elf baffl$ him4 8,if y w only %ut ! books up10 he said1 8,i c f9d out :o takes 'em2 b "h ev]ybody is tak+ out books & walk+ ar\nd ) !m40 ,:5 ! pr(essional ackn[l$ges himself beat51 :at %all ! libr>ian d8 ,mutilation is ev5 h>d] to detect4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! (f5d] has simply to wait 8 opportunity4 ,soon] or lat] !re w be a second or two :5 no assi/ant is look+1 ev5 if ! man is "u long-/&+ suspicion1 & 9 t brief "t ! book is slipp$ into ! pocket or ! leaf is torn out4 ,ev5 :5 ! (f5d] is caught 9 ! act1 ! magi/rate may n hold1 or ! jury may fail to convict4 ,a p]si/5t mutilator ( books 9 "o ( our bran* libr>ies escap$ puni%m5t la/ w9t] because ! cu/odian ( ! read+-room :]e he 0 caught did n wait until ! leaf on :i* he 0 work+ 0 actually sev]$4 ,! man ass]t$ t ! %>p lead p5cil t he 0 us+ to sep>ate ! leaf 0 m]ely be+ employ$ to m>k a place1 & ?us by confess+ to a m9or defacem5t he escap$ ! p5alty ( ! m s]i\s (f5ce4 ,= a libr>y t is ?us =c$ to appeal cont9ually to ! law to protect its assi/ants1 its us]s1 & its collections1 a manual ( libr>y law w\ld be useful1 & ,i am n sure t ! appo9tm5t ( a committee ( ?is ,association to take ! matt] 9 *>ge w\ld n be em95tly ju/ifi$4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( ?is pap] t x has be5 oblig$ to dwell on ! d>k] side ( libr>y "w4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d an audi5ce ( libr>ians t ?is is n ! prom95t side4 ,all us]s ( a libr>y are n del9qu5ts or law-break]s1 & ! assi/ants h o!r & bett] "w ?an to act z f9e-collectors & detectives4 ,! sombre effect ( :at y h j he>d %\ld h be5 dispell$ by a pap] on 8,rew>ds & delights ( libr>y "w10 b ?is ! ,program ,committee has se5 fit to omit1 probably because x is n necess>y to emphasize ! obvi\s4 ,,h[ ,,libr>ians ,,*oose ,,books ,! =m 9 :i* ?is subject is /at$ removes x f ! region ( e?ics & br+s x d[n to ! h>d realms ( fact ,i am n to tell y h[ libr>ians ought to select books1 b h[ !y d select !m4 ,i %all assume1 h[ev]1 t y d n c>e to h ?is pap] fill$ ) in/ances ( abnormal & unpr(itable selection1 b t y wi% to he> ( ! normal & ! unobjectionable4 ,booksell]s tell u t _m buy]s ( books are gov]n$ 9 _! *oice by ! color ( ! cov]s1 & ,i h suspect$ t "s libr>ians are influ5c$ 9 ! same way4 ,"s libr>ians appe> to object to works t are less ?an "o c5tury old2 o!rs are on record z disc\rag+ ! pur*ase ( fiction less ?an "o ye> ( age4 ,"s libr>ians h a prejudice aga9/ c]ta9 classes ( books & an inord9ate love = o!rs4 ,! only ?+s t %\ld be consid]$ by ! libr>ian 9 buy+ books = 8 libr>y are ! ne$s ( ! community t he s]ves1 ! capability ( ! v>i\s books "u consid]ation to satisfy ^? ne$s1 & ! f9ancial ability ( ! libr>y to secure :at is ne$$4 ,i %all take up ^! po9ts 9 ord]4 ,fir/1 ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,^! are n necess>ily to be measur$ by its dem&s1 o!rwise ! libr>ian's labor w\ld be consid]ably light5$4 ,un=tunately1 :5 a community ne$s a giv5 class ( books v desp]ately x is (t5 s]5ely unconsci\s ( ! fact4 ,to ! libr>ian falls ! task n only ( det]m9+ :at ! ne$ is & ( fill+ x1 b also ( ar\s+ a :olesome consci\sness ( x4 ,9 ?is educational "w he may be1 & (t5 is1 aid$ by ! tea*]1 ! cl]gyman1 or ev5 by ! us]s ( ! libr>y !mselves4 ,h5ce ! importance ( gett+ 9 t\* ) all ! ag5cies t may d "w along ?is l9e4 ,!re is no?+ t calls = m tact4 ,) ! *ildr5 x is comp>atively easy to po9t out a defici5cy1 b a direct attempt ) a self-respect+ adult may end 9 disa/]1 & a season or two ( well-meant ef=t may result 9 weak5+ ! libr>ian's influ5ce or ev5 9 los+ him 8 position4 ,b "o c r>ely tea* tact to ! tactless1 & tact is some?+ t e libr>ian mu/ h1 s t ?is lopp+-(f process1 aft] all1 may simply be reg>d$ z a phase ( nature's elim9ation ( ! unfit4 ,"o way ( asc]ta9+ ! proportional dem& = v>i\s classes ( lit]ature 9 a community1 is by exam9+ ! class-p]c5tage ( circulation4 ,by comp>+ ^! ) ! correspond+ volume p]c5tages we may see :e!r ! dem&s ( ! community are be+ met1 & by comp>ison ) ! p]c5tages ( an ideal libr>y we may see :e!r su* dem& ought to be met or n4 ,( c\rse1 ! ideal is some:at indef9ite4 ,"o may accept ! sugge/$ proportions 9 ! ,a4,l4,a4 catalog1 or av]age ^? ( sev]al libr>ies ( high class2 or "o may con/ruct an ideal ( "o's own4 ,9 any case1 ! ideal proportions w evid5tly v>y ) conditions ( place & "t4 ,to %[ h[ ?is te/ may be appli$1 consid] ! p]c5tage ( sci5ce circulat$ la/ ye> 9 ! ,new ,york ,public libr>y4 ,?is v>i$ f #c to #bh p] c5t 9 ! v>i\s bran*es1 & 0 #i p] c5t = ! :ole libr>y4 ,! p]c5tage ( sci5ce on ! %elves simil>ly v>i$ f #f to #ah p] c5t1 & 0 also #i = ! :ole libr>y4 ,9 our libr>y sociology & philology are includ$ 9 ! sci5ce report1 & ! p]c5tage ( ^! ?ree classes comb9$ 9 ! old ,a4,l4,a4 catalog is #ag4 ,if ?is is to be tak5 z ! /&>d1 !re=e1 ! libr>y z a :ole falls bel[ x1 ?\gh individual bran*es approa* or ev5 exce$ x4 ,z a :ole1 h[ev]1 ! dem& & ! supply balance pretty well4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is & mo/ o!r libr>ies ! dem& 9 ?is class is too small & ne$s /imulation4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is br\ght up m]ely z an in/ance ( h[ f]tile ?is comp>ison ( p]c5tages is 9 in=mation1 & h[ valuable 9 asc]ta9+ :e!r ! dem&s ( a community are suppli$1 & :e!r !y ought to be suppli$1 along any giv5 l9e4 ,we w assume t ei!r 9 ! ways indicat$1 or 9 "s o!r1 ! libr>ian has satisfi$ himself t he und]/&s :at 8 community ne$s4 ,h[ %all he f9d ! books t w satisfy t ne$1 & :5 !y are f\nd 7or1 /ill m1 :5 !y obtrude !mselves on 8 notice7 h[ %all he "k t !y are :at !y claim to be8 ,9 ord] to f9d :at he wants1 ! libr>ian naturally turns at fir/ to su* class$ bibliographies z he has at h&1 includ+ publi%]s' trade li/s4 ,un=tunately1 books v rapidly become out ( pr9t1 & if 8 bibliography or li/ is ev5 two or ?ree ye>s old he _c be sure t 8 "w ( selection is n 9 va94 ,! value ( ! ,a4,l4,a4 catalog has be5 mu* impair$ by its inclusion ( out-(-pr9t books1 & z1 n[ t x is sev]al ye>s old1 ! numb] ( ^! is increas+ daily1 its use has become m & m vexati\s1 bo? to libr>ians & publi%]s4 ,x is to be hop$ t 9 ! new edition n[ prep>+ ! out-(-pr9t books w be omitt$4 ,=tunately we n[ h at our disposal ye>ly alphabetical li/s ( 9-pr9t books4 ,su* are ! index to ! ,trade li/ annual & ! ,unit$ ,/ates catalog = ,am]ican editions1 & ! ,index to ! ref]5ce catalog ( curr5t lit]ature = ,briti% books4 ,if ! ne$s ( y\r libr>y require t "s "o class %\ld be l>gely repl5i%$1 y may call 9 exp]t k4 ,"s tea*] or /ud5t :o is a speciali/ 9 t subject is g5]ally n h>d to f9d1 & 8 advice w be ( ! greate/ value4 ,special bibliographies are valuable 9 inv]se ratio to _! l5g?--a complete li/ ( works on ,egyptology1 = in/ance1 is h>dly m valuable to ! ord9>y small libr>y ?an a full1 unclassifi$ li/ ( books 9-pr9t on all subjects4 ,! majority ( ! small libr>y's pur*ases are books z curr5tly issu$4 ,= ^! ! ,publi%]s' weekly is indisp5sable4 ,"s libr>ians pref] to look at e book be=e pur*as+1 & arrange ) publi%]s or booksell]s to s5d l>ge numb]s ( books weekly or ev5 daily on approval4 ,?is1 if !re is suffici5t "t1 is a good plan1 b x is c]ta9ly wa/eful4 ,!re are _m books :i* we c surely reject or accept f ! au?or & title entry 9 ! ,publi%]s' weekly z well z if ! actual book 7 9 h&4 ,if a mi/ake is made x w be1 or %\ld be1 discov]$ z soon z ! book is receiv$1 & ! volume c !n be ex*ang$4 ,only ! d\btful books ne$ be ask$ = on approval1 & ^! w g5]ally be f\nd to con/itute a relatively small p]c5tage ( ! :ole4 ,! data on :i* ! libr>ian may rely to accept or reject f a m]e li/ ( books are3 #a7 ! au?or's "n2 #b7 ! title1 ) su* brief annotation z may foll[ x2 #c7 notices 9 ! book magaz9es2 #d7 ! publi%]'s "n4 ,! au?or /&s = mu*--! /yle1 me?od ( treatm5t1 ! fitness to pr9t ( :at he has to say1 ! readabl5ess ( 8 book1 & s on4 ,we all "k t !re are au?ors :om we c absolutely rely on 9 ^! respects1 ei!r = acceptance or rejection4 ,x is ?us necess>y t ! libr>ian may "k ! uni=mly good au?or & ! uni=mly bad ones2 b exp]i5ce mu/ be 8 guide1 z ?is lies some:at )\t ! scope ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,! title %\ld tell u some?+ ab\t ! cont5ts ( ! book1 b1 un=tunately1 ! aim ( ! title-mak] is too (t5 n to give in=mation b to /imulate curiosity4 ,9 "s cases ?is is c>ri$ s f> t ! title ( a book leaves u 9 absolute ignorance z to :e!r x is sociology1 travel1 or fiction4 ,"o is1 !re=e1 g5]ally oblig$ to ref] to "s k9d ( descriptive note to get ! desir$ in=mation4 ,su* notes are (t5 app5d$ to li/s & ! libr>ian does well to rememb] t !y are g5]ally n int5d$ to be critical4 ,= criticism we mu/ g to ! reviews1 & "h ,i h always felt1 & /ill feel1 t ! libr>ian has a real grievance4 ,! book p]iodicals are _m1 & e daily pap] has its critical page4 ,?is mass ( matt] is made accessible ?r\gh ! rec5tly issu$ ,index to books review$4 ,yet ) x all !re is n "o place :]e ! libr>ian may look = brief notes on curr5t books1 tell+ him j :at he wants to "k & no m1 & ) ! confid5ce t ! in=mation is q free f bias4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i am q ready to give cr$it to our be/ book reviews = _! _m good qualities4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t ! reviews are writt5 = ! read] or ! booksell]1 nev] = ! libr>ian4 ,9 mak+ use ( ^? at 8 disposal ! libr>ian mu/ le>n to discrim9ate1 to weigh au?orities1 & to pick out ! occasional %>p ne$le ( valuable criticism f ! hay/ack ( discursive talk4 ,la/ly1 ! selector may rely on ! "n ( ! publi%]4 ,?is may tell him mu* or little1 b x may at any rate gu>antee good pap] & type1 & x may also assure him t ! book conta9s no improprieties4 ,un=tunately1 x _c insure aga9/ dullness--publi%]'s read]s are b mortal1 & ! be/ w occasionally reject a pe>l & take 9 a pebble4 ,:5 all is said & done1 ( c\rse ! intellig5t man :o has read a book c>efully kn[s m ab\t x ?an he c\ld h f\nd out by read+ all ! annotations & reviews 9 ! _w4 ,! libr>ian ( a small libr>y c read e book "u consid]ation4 ,! head ( a l>ge libr>y _c d ?is2 ! l>g] 8 daily or weekly ord]1 ! m he mu/ rely on ! recomm5dations & op9ions ( o!rs1 & ev5 ! books t he ord]s on approval he _c read himself4 ,"h1 p]haps1 is ! place to note t n e libr>ian is 8 own selector4 ,! responsible decision 9 ^! matt]s re/s1 ( c\rse1 9 mo/ libr>ies1 ) a committee ( "s sort2 b if ! libr>ian is "o 9 ^: judgm5t ?is committee has confid5ce 7& no o!r %\ld hold ! position at all7 he w h a practically free h&4 ,= decision 9 reg>d to d\btful books1 especially curr5t fiction1 "s libr>ies h special read+ committees1 (t5 compos$ ( ladies1 b x c h>dly be said t ! results arriv$ at 9 ?is way are satisfactory4 ,x is va/ly bett] = ! libr>ian to select a few p]sons1 ei!r on 8 /aff or outside ( x1 on :om he c rely to give him in=mation1 aft] read+ a book1 on specific po9ts reg>d+ :i* he may require x4 ,especially 9 consid]+ curr5t fiction %\ld ! read] be able to di/+ui% betwe5 m]e outspok5ness1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,bible or ,%akespe>e1 & immoral or degrad+ t5d5cy4 ,! ord9>y woman read]1 especially ! "y woman1 w (t5 condemn a book = frankness :5 its t5d5cy is decid$ly good1 & pass a clev]1 pleasant tale ^: influ5ce on _m p]sons is bad1 ?\gh convey$ entirely by indirection4 ,( c\rse ! libr>ian or ! committee may make a g5]al rule to exclude frankness1 :i*1 p]sonally1 ,i ?9k is a mi/ake1 ?\gh ,i am free to ackn[l$ge t !re are b\nd>ies beyond :i* ev5 a well-mean+ writ] %\ld n be all[$ to g4 ,( c\rse1 ,i c say b a ^w "h on ! tra% "q 9 fiction4 ,b be n1 ,i pray1 too /]n a c5sor4 ,:5 select+ = a free public libr>y judge books l>gely by _! fruits4 ,if a /ory s5ds a boy out ) a pi/ol to play robb]--some:at too mu* 9 e>ne/--x is surely bad2 if x makes him love ju/ice & incl9e to pity1 x _c be altoge!r out ( place 9 a libr>y ?\gh x may be unreal & inane4 ,its *>act]s may be wood5 puppets to y1 :ile to ! "y read] !y are h]oes1 full ( ! div9e qualities ( c\rage1 sympa?y1 & t5d]ness4 ,z ! read] ?9ke? s is ! book--n z y1 wise critic1 9 y\r pl5titude ( k1 w\ld h x to be4 ,! ?ird consid]ation t mu/ gov]n u 9 our *oice1 ?\gh ,i h put x la/1 is really ! controll+ "o4 ,unless !re is some?+ 9 ! treasury we may *oose books all day1 & our selection is z unavail+ z ! /reet *ild's *oice ( jewels 9 a %op w9d[2 & ! m money "o has at "o's disposal1 ! easi] x is to sp5d x4 ,i mu/ speak ( ! libr>y's f9ances "h1 h[ev]1 only z !y affect ! libr>ian's *oice ( books4 ,giv5 a specifi$ book appropriation1 ! libr>ian mu/ (t5 h to decide ^u ! be/ way to sp5d x1 & ^u ! prop] di/ribution ( exp5diture ov] ! ye>4 ,all ^! ?+s influ5ce 8 *oice m or less4 ,f "o po9t ( view x seems well to exp5d ! great] "p ( ! am\nt z soon z x becomes available1 especially if a l>ge numb] ( press+ ne$s h be5 wait+ = satisfaction4 ,! tr\ble is t "o _c =esee :at ne$s w also press = satisfaction dur+ ! com+ ye>4 ,ano!r plan is to di/ribute ! exp5diture pretty ev5ly )\t mak+ any too /rict rule 9 ! matt]4 ,) ! fir/ arrangem5t ! libr>ian w be apt to buy a good _m ( ! l>g] & m exp5sive works--&1 p]haps1 be sorry = x aft]w>d4 ,) ! latt] he w pur*ase m curr5t lit]ature & satisfy 8 read]s bett]1 ?\gh ! g5]al quality ( 8 pur*ases may n be s high4 ,p]haps a compromise may br+ ! be/ results4 ,he :o decides at ! outset :at ref]5ce works he c af=d to buy dur+ ! ye>1 & h[ mu* he mu/ sp5d at once on replacem5ts & duplicates1 & aft] d$uct+ ^! fix$ *>ges f 8 appropriation divides ! rema9d] into weekly or mon?ly portions = curr5t pur*ases1 w n g f> wrong4 ,to ! f9ancial section ( ?is discussion belongs also ! "q ( editions4 ,%all ! libr>ian *oose ! be/ or ! *eape/8 ,:i* is ! be/ & :i* is ! *eape/ = 8 purpose8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may exclude ! extremes4 ,editions de luxe h no place 9 ! ord9>y free libr>y1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld n ?9k ( (f]+ to a self-respect+ read] books pr9t$ on bad pap] ) worse type1 simply because !y c be pur*as$ at a ph5om5ally l[ figure4 ,b betwe5 ^! two !re are _m grades ( beauty & durability4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 !re is safety 9 ! gold5 mean4 ,z f> z b9d+s ( exceptional durability g1 ! "q ( pay+ extra = !m dep5ds on ! use t is to be made ( ! book4 ,if x w circulate s little t ! ord9>y b9d+ w la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :y sp5d money = any?+ /rong]8 ,aga91 if x get su* h>d treatm5t t x mu/ be replac$ 9 a ye>'s "t1 :y put on x a b9d+ t w\ld outlive t5 ye>s ( su* vicissitudes8 ,/ill aga91 ) curr5t books ( popul> int]e/1 ! libr>y _c wait to h !m put into special b9d+s1 b = /&>d1 popul> works1 :i* w h /eady b n h>d use1 & :i* c be ord]$ ?ree mon?s be=e !y are to be us$1 money sp5t on special b9d+s may be economy 9 ! end4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are drift+ a little way f our subject4 ,! ?ree po9ts t we mu/ take into consid]ation 9 select+ books1 namely1 ! community's ne$1 ! det]m9ation ( :at books w satisfy x1 & ! consid]ation ( h[ f> ! libr>y's f9ancial condition w all[ x to g 9 t direction1 h be5 treat$ sep>ately1 b x mu/ be evid5t t !y are 9 reality s closely connect$ t !y act & react on ea* o!r4 ,no "o ( !m c 9 practice be consid]$ ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,?us ! fir/ necessity ( ! libr>y may be books on music1 & a second>y ne$ may be books on wat] supply4 ,x may s happ51 h[ev]1 t a complete & up-to-date "w on ! latt] subject1 we w say1 has j be5 issu$ at a mod]ate price1 :ile ! works on music mo/ ne$$ are exp5sive4 ,! result w\ld be q diff]5t f t rea*$ by a consid]ation ( ! fir/ po9t alone4 ,aga91 we w take ! case ( a l>ge libr>y ) a book appropriation l>ge en\gh to buy practically all t x wants 9 curr5t lit]ature4 ,?is fact drops po9t ?ird out ( consid]ation entirely & modifies bo? ! o!rs consid]ably4 ,if ! libr>y wants bo? music & hydraulics1 & has money en\gh = only "o1 we mu/ consid] c>efully :i* c be/ be sp>$2 b if ! funds are at h& = bo?1 all ?is ?\ght is n ne$$4 ,9 l mann]1 ev5 if !re are funds = bo?1 b only = "o or two books on ea* subject1 we mu/ select ! books we ne$ mo/1 :i* we ne$ to d if we h money to buy all we want on bo? subjects4 ,9 %ort1 ! "w ( select+ is m difficult1 z has be5 said1 ) a few books ?an ) _m1 b ! consolation mu/ be t ! result is bett]4 ,! temptation1 :5 "o has pl5ty ( money1 is to let selection g by ! bo>d altoge!r & to g>n] 9 :eat & t>es alike1 tru/+ to ! public to d ! sort+4 ,we may be almo/ al>m$ to le>n f ! physiologi/ ( ! complicat$ vital processes t g on )9 u1 ( :i* ! cessation means dea?1 & yet ( :i* we rema9 9 daily ignorance4 ,^! ?+s (t5 regulate !mselves4 ,! selection ( books1 l ! inflation ( ! lungs1 may be p]=m$ almo/ automatically1 yet ) sub/antial success4 ,x is in/ructive to see h[ ne>ly ! class p]c5tages 9 ! ord9>y libr>y approximate to ! av]age )\t any consci\s regulation by ! libr>ian4 ,! community is apt to get ab\t :at x ne$s 9 fairly good quality & )\t runn+ its libr>y into debt4 ,yet !re c surely be no h>m 9 analyz+ a little ! "w ( selection1 nor c !re be any objection to supplem5t+ by consci\s action "w t has gone on1 h[ev] well1 *iefly 9 ! comb9$ subconsci\sness ( a libr>ian & ! community4 ,especially is ?is desirable 9 mak+ ! di/9ction1 already emphasiz$ at ! op5+ ( ?is pap]1 betwe5 :at ! community wants & :at x ne$s4 ,! fev] pati5t :o ne$s acid sometimes cries = a pickle1 & ?us cures himself 9 spite ( 8 nurse2 b x is m commonly ! case t ! pati5t's ne$ is mask$ by "s abnormal desire1 & t he cries = pork-*ops or lob/]1 or some?+ else t w\ld kill him4 ,we c h>dly give up ! nurse1 !re=e1 provid$ %e kn[s h] bus9ess1 & "p ( t bus9ess is to realize ! diff]5ce betwe5 a m]e want & a vital ne$4 ,s ) ! libr>ian1 ! nurse ( ! read+ public4 ,left altoge!r to !mselves h] pati5ts may kill !mselves ) pork or lob/]2 x is h] bus9ess to see t su* an unt[>d ev5t does n occur4 ,^? ( u to :om ?is duty has be5 intru/$1 :e!r we are libr>ians1 tru/ees1 or ! memb]s ( book-committees1 des]ve bo? ! good-w & ! sympa?y ( ! public2 &1 l ! we/]n organi/1 ,i pray t we may n be %ot4 ,we are do+ our be/4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,public ,,libr>y ,we _c too (t5 rem9d ourselves ( ! fact t a circulat+ libr>y is a di/ribut+ ag5cy1 & z su* has po9ts 9 common ) o!r su* ag5cies4 ,! :ole progress ( civilization is dep5d5t on di/ribution--! br++ to ! individual ( ! ?+ he wants or ne$s4 ,! libr>y's activities are1 !re=e1 9 ! same class ) comm]ce1 & ! t5d5cy ( mod]n *anges 9 ! libr>y is to make ! analogy clos] & clos]4 ,to recognize ?is fact is by no means to degrade libr>y "w4 ,all work]s fall into ! two great classes ( produc]s & di/ributors4 ,civilization c get along )\t nei!r2 we mu/ h ! f>m] to gr[ ! :eat & ! railway to m>ket x2 we mu/ h ! au?or to write ! book & ! publi%] & ! booksell] & ! libr>ian to place x 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o c use x4 ,! libr>ian is n a produc]2 he takes ! product ( o!r p's bra9s & di/ributes x2 & 8 problem is h[ to d ?is mo/ effectively4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,!re h be5 "s rec5t prote/s aga9/ treat+ ! libr>y z a comm]cial in/ead ( an educational in/itution4 ,! free libr>y is n a comm]cial in/itution1 b x is an ag5cy = di/ribut+ some?+1 & !re are also hundr$s ( o!r ag5cies = di/ribut+ o!r ?+s4 ,! objects & ! me?ods ( di/ribution are v>i\s1 b c]ta9 laws apply to all k9ds ( di/ribution4 ,h5ce we may le>n a good deal ab\t libr>y "w by exam9+ to see :at x has 9 common ) o!r k9ds ( di/ribution & 9 :at respect x diff]s f !m4 ,n[1 ! prime factors 9 any k9d ( di/ribution are3 #a1 ! products to be di/ribut$2 #b1 ! p]sons to :om !y are to be di/ribut$2 #c1 ! di/ributors & me?ods ( di/ribution4 ,i "k no bett] way ( lay+ ! basis ( an effici5t & successful di/ribution ?an ! brief /udy1 9 ord]1 ( ^! ?ree factors4 ,fir/ let u consid] ! ?+s t we are to di/ribute1 namely1 books4 ,& at ! outset let u rememb] t al?\gh ^! ?+s are app>5tly mat]ial1 z mu* s z butt] or hats1 !y are mu* m ?an ?is4 ,!y are ! vehicles = convey+ ideas1 s t a libr>y is a conc]n = ! dissem9ation ( ideas4 ,?is br+s x 9 l9e ) ano!r great intellectual & moral di/ribut+ ag5cy--! s*ool4 ,9 ! s*ool ! di/ributor is m (t5 a produc] ?an 9 ! libr>y1 especially 9 ! univ]sities1 :]e ! discov]] ( new facts or laws himself imp>ts !m to 8 /ud5ts4 ,yet ! s*ool is ess5tially a di/ribut+ r ?an a produc+ ag5cy4 ,9 ! s*ool1 h[ev] ! means ( di/ribution are n limit$1 :ile 9 ! libr>y !y are pretty /rictly conf9$ to ! pr9t$ book4 ,i "k t !re are "s p :o believe t ! libr>y is gr[+ out ( su* re/rictions1 & t its mission is to be ! di/ribution ( ideas ?r\gh any & all m$iums--! spok5 ^w1 9 lectures2 ! pictures1 9 exhibitions ( art2 ! museum specim52 & s on4 ,we %\ld welcome all ^! z adjuncts to our own bus9ess1 & :5 we h ma/]$ t bus9ess ?or\ghly p]haps we may take !m up ea* on its own acc\nt4 ,^? :o love books1 h[ev]1 w want to see ! di/ribution ( books always at ! head ( ! libr>y's activities4 ,& x may be kept !re1 provid$ we make ev]y?+ else 9 ! libr>y s]ve z guide-po/s to ! pr9t$ records on ! %elves4 ,a picture bullet91 = in/ance1 may be bo? beautiful & useful1 b x %\ld nev] be an end 9 itself4 ,x is ! bait1 if we may s speak1 = ! li/ ( books t accompanies x4 ,! pictures excite ! int]e/ ( a *ild :o sees !m & he wants to "k m ab\t !m4 ,! li/ tells him :]e he c f9d out1 & ! result is increas$ use ( ! libr>y4 ,9 l mann] if y h a lecture c\rse1 or a loan exhibition 9 y\r libr>y1 see t x is made a means ( /imulat+ int]e/ 9 y\r books4 ,i h said t 9 di/ribution we br+ to ! individual :at he wants or :at he ne$s4 ,t s\nds a little tautological1 b x is n4 ,a man (t5 wants :iskey :5 he doesn't ne$ x at all1 & conv]sely a boy sometimes ne$s a :ipp+--b he doesn't want x4 ,s ) ! read+ public4 ,!y (t5 want fiction ( a class t !y d n ne$1 & h no long+ = books t w\ld really b5efit !m4 ,"h we may mote a diff]5ce betwe5 ! free libr>y & all m]ely comm]cial sy/ems ( di/ribution4 ,z ! purpose ( ! latt] is to make money1 wants are reg>d$ r ?an ne$s4 ,b ev5 ) a /ore !re are limitations4 ,if any "o wants an injuri\s article--= in/ance1 a poison or an explosive--! law /eps 9 to prohibit or regulate4 ,& ev5 outside ! limits ( su* regulation1 ! p]sonal s5se ( responsibility to ! community t gov]ns ! actions ( an hone/ m]*ant w prev5t 8 attempt+ to satisfy c]ta9 wants t he believes w\ld bett] rema9 unsatisfi$4 ,s1 too1 c]ta9 books are )\t ! pale ( ! law--!y w\ld be confiscat$ & ! libr>ian w\ld be puni%$ if !y 7 circulat$4 ,beyond ^! !re are _m books t we d n circulate simply f our s5se ( g5]al responsibility to ! community4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 our "w & t ( ! m]*ant 9 ?is reg>d lies *iefly 9 ! m ext5d$ scope left = our own judgm5t4 ,no libr>ian ?9ks ( circulat+ illegal lit]ature2 8 only c>e is to exclude su* ( ! all[able books z he believes %\ld n1 = any reason1 be plac$ on 8 %elves4 ,"h1 sometimes1 popul>ity & usefulness "p company4 ,! libr>ian may yield entirely too mu* to ! wants--! dem&s--( ! community & neglect its ne$s4 ,8 aim %\ld be to br+ ! wants & ! ne$s into h>mony s f> z possible1 to make 8 p want :at w d !m good4 ,?is might be dubb$ 8! :ole duty ( a libr>ian40 ,few1 ,i am afraid1 atta9 to ! full measure ( x1 & too _m fail ev5 to realize its desirability4 ,( c\rse if y c br+ ! full =ce ( a read]'s consci5ce to be> on 8 read+--if y c make him feel t x is 8 duty to read "s good book t /rikes him z /upid1 y may make him /ick to x to ! bitt] end1 b su* p]functory read+ does little good4 ,! pleasure "o gets 9 read+ is a sign ( b5efits receiv$4 ,ev5 ! smile ( ! boy :o reads ,george ,ade is a sign t ! book is furni%+ him ) ne$$ recreation4 ,! pleasure exp]i5c$1 we w say1 9 read+ ,%akespe>e is ( c\rse ( a f> high] type2 yet ,i v5ture to say t if t pleasure is abs5t1 ! b5efit is abs5t too4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! di/a/e felt = good /&>d books by ! av]age read] is ! result ( ! mi/ak5 ef=ts ( "s "o to =ce him to read "o ( ^! books by some?+ 9 ! nature ( an appeal to duty4 ,!re is no moral obligation to read ,%akespe>e if y d n l x1 & if a fri5d p]suades y ( su* an obligation y are apt to end by rightly conclud+ t he is wrong4 ,b ) ?is conclusion comes an un=tunate di/a/e = good lit]ature2 a conviction t /&>d works are all dull1 & t ! only k9d ( pleasure to be _h f read+ is ! mo/ sup]ficial k9d4 ,! moral = libr>ians is3 cultivate 9 y\r read]s a ta/e = good lit]ature2 get !m into ! frame ( m9d & ! grade ( culture :]e !y l ,%akespe>e & !n turn !m loose4 ,no injunctions w be necess>y2 !y w n cease to read until !y h dev\r$ ! utmo/ s5t5ce4 ,b h[ %all ?is ta/e be cultivat$8 ,i wi% ,i knew4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld give y a =mula = caus+ ! fl[] ( lit]>y appreciation to unfold4 ,! rule is diff]5t 9 e case4 ,fir/ & =emo/ !re mu/ be some?+ to cultivate4 ,y _c g out into ! des]t ) wat]+-pot & raise /rawb]ries or asp>agus4 ,b y c take a poor little sp9dl+ plant & dig ab\t x & f]tilize x until x waxes into a robu/ tree ^: bran*es are lad5 ) big1 juicy ideas4 ,if y are skilful en\gh to f9d out :at intellectual g]ms !re are 9 y\r read]'s m9d y c cultivate !m little by little1 b if y ?r[ ,%akespe>e & ,milton at ! heads ( all alike !y w be likely to fall on b>r5 gr\nd4 ,! gold5 rule = mak+ y\r libr>y bo? attractive & useful 7! two ?+s g h& 9 h&7 is to adapt y\r books to ^? aptitudes ( y\r read]s t ne$ & w be> cultivation4 ,?is means t 9 select+ books = y\r libr>y y mu/ n disreg>d ! dem&s & reque/s ( y\r read]s4 ,x also means t y mu/ h ! acut5ess to detect :at !y ought to reque/4 ,x may be1 = in/ance1 t ne> y\r libr>y is ! home ( "s great indu/ry employ+ l>ge numb]s ( intellig5t me*anics :o w\ld ga9 bo? enjoym5t & b5efit by read+ "s ( ! te*nical lit]ature be>+ on _! "w4 ,only x has nev] occurr$ to !m to ?9k t ?is lit]ature1 mu* ( x p]haps exp5sive or inaccessible1 c be obta9$ at ! public libr>y4 ,x is y\r bus9ess to get x1 if y c1 & to let !m "k t y h x & t !y are welcome to read x4 ,rememb]1 too1 t he gives twice :o gives quickly4 ,mu* ( ! ephem]al lit]ature ( ! day1 :i* is pur*as$ = recreative purposes1 is rightly & prop]ly read = curiosity4 ,p l to read ! late/ book & talk to ea* o!r ab\t x4 ,we are all embryo critics4 ,?is desire to read ! la/ ?+ out1 j because x is ! la/1 has _h ana!mas pil$ on x until x ought to be cru%$1 b x is /ill lively4 ,i confess ,i h x myself & ,i _c blame my neighbor if he has x too4 ,unless we are :olly to reject ! recreative use ( ! libr>y or to accept x ) a m5tal res]vation t ! public %all enjoy itself accord+ to a prescrib$ =mula or n at all--we %all h to buy "s ( ^! books4 ,i am afraid t o!rwise "s future hi/orian ( lit]ature may say ( u 9 p>ody ( ,macaulay's celebrat$ epigram on ! ,puritans & be>bait+1 t ! tw5tie?-c5tury libr>ian condemn$ ! tw5tie?-c5tury novel1 n because x did h>m to ! libr>y1 b because x gave pleasure to ! read]4 ,n[1 if we are go+ to buy ?is ephem]al lit]ature1 we mu/ get x quickly or n at all4 ,! late/ novel mu/ g on y\r %elves hot f ! presses1 or /ay (f4 ,& ?is is true ( mu* o!r lit]ature t is n ephem]al b t dep5ds = its effect on its timel9ess4 ,x w c]ta9ly lose read]s if x is n on y\r %elves promptly1 & if x des]ves read]s1 z mu* ( x does1 ! net result is a loss to ! community4 ,s we come next to ! "q ( read]s4 ,h[ %all we get !m8 ,:at k9d d we want1 & h[ %all we rea* t k9d8 ,9 comm]cial sy/ems ( di/ribution ! m]*ant gets cu/om]s 9 two ways3 by giv+ good quality & good measure & by adv]tis+4 ,"s k9d ( adv]tis+ is g5]ally ess5tial4 ,ev5 if y\r community is a v small "o x is "r t y %\ld occasionally rem9d x ( y\r exi/5ce & ( :at y h to (f]4 ,legitimate adv]tis+ is simply in=m+ p :]e !y c obta9 some?+ t !y are likely to want4 ,! address ( y\r libr>y %\ld be 9 y\r railway /ation2 9 ! s*ools2 9 ! drug /ore4 ,y\r late/ accessions %\ld be ann\nc$ 9 ! local pap]s & bullet9$ 9 ! same places4 ,:5 y h an item ab\t y\r libr>y t w\ld int]e/ ! read] s5d x y\rself to ! pap]4 ,!re is no?+ undignifi$ ab\t ?is4 ,d n =get t y are 9 *>ge ( c]ta9 articles t ! public ne$s & desires & t x is y\r bus9ess to let ! public "k x4 ,! new-com] to y\r t[n _c "k intuitively t y\r libr>y is at su* & su* an address2 ! old resid5t :o likes to read ,h[ells _c asc]ta9 by telepa?y t y h j receiv$ ! la/ volume by 8 favorite au?or4 ,y may ev5 s5d a special c>d ( in=mation to a read] :o y "k w be glad to get x4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t if !re 0 any?+ di/9ctive ab\t our sy/ems ( di/ribution1 comm]cial or o!rwise1 x 0 ! great degree to :i* we adv]tise & ! money t we sp5d 9 s do+4 ,b ) x all1 ?is feature 9 its misdirect$ en]gy & lack ( me?od is ! weak po9t ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,mu* ( ! money sp5t 9 adv]tis+ is devot$ to attempts to get p to buy :at !y d n want4 ,any "o kn[s t :5 he desires a v special or def9ite ?+ x is (t5 impossible to f9d x1 ?\gh x may be next door4 ,9 our libr>y "w1 s f> z read]s are conc]n$1 our weak po9ts are two3 fir/1 failure to make kn[n our pres5ce & our "w to all :o might use ! libr>y2 second1 failure to hold our read]s4 ,^! ?+s are bo? s]i\s4 ,we ourselves see s mu* ( libr>ies t we f9d x difficult to und]/& h[ l>ge a proportion ( any community is ignorant ( !m & _! "w4 ,9 l>ge cities1 ( c\rse1 ?is is m likely to be ! case ?an 9 small t[ns4 ,yet if y w comp>e ! numb] ( names on y\r regi/ration li/ ) ! population y s]ve1 ev5 mak+ all[ance = ! fact t ea* book )drawn may be read by sev]al p]sons1 & d$uct+ "y *ildr5 :o _c read1 y w be surpris$ at ! discrepancy4 ,!re are _m p :o d n "k ( y\r libr>y's exi/5ce or :o d n realize :at x means4 ,y\r fir/ duty is to f9d "s way ( giv+ !m ! in=mation & ( see+ t !y %all n =get x4 ,reg>d+ ! second failure1 y may get "s idea ( t if y w comp>e ! gr[? ( y\r regi/ration li/ ) t ( y\r circulation4 ,! circulation nev] gr[s z fa/ z ! memb]%ip4 ,x may ev5 be /ation>y or decreas+ :ile new us]s are com+ 9 daily4 ,! fact is1 ( c\rse1 t =m] us]s are all ! "t dropp+ (f4 ,:y d !y drop (f8 ,x is y\r bus9ess to f9d out & to keep !m if y c4 ,! libr>ian 9 a small community has a great advantage 9 ?is respect1 = %e c "k h] con/itu5cy p]sonally & keep track ( !m individually4 ,b ! p]sonal relations ( ! libr>ian & h] assi/ants ) ! public belong z mu* 9 ! ?ird section ( our subject z 9 ! second4 ,! importance ( !m _c be exagg]at$4 ,i am n sure t ,i %\ld n pref] a sunny-fac$1 pleasant-voic$1 intellig5t1 good-temp]$ assi/ant 9 a tumble-d[n build+ ) a lot ( second-h&1 badly arrang$ books1 r ?an ! late/ ,c>negie libr>y /ock$ ) lit]>y treasures if ^! _h to be disp5s$ by a haughty "y lady ) monosyllabic answ]s & a fatigu$ expression4 ,i "k ( no m exasp]at+ duty ?an t ( cont9ually meet+ a libr>y public--& ,i "k ( no pleasant] "o4 ,= ! public is j y & me & "s o!r p1 & l y & me x is v>i\s 9 its moods4 ,! mood ( ! public 9 a libr>y is (t5 a reflection ( t ( ! libr>ian4 ,! gold5 rule "h is direct p]sonal contact2 & don't =get ! la/ syllable--tact4 ,don't =ce y\r s]vices or y\r advice on p t nei!r wi% nor require !m1 b don't =get t y may h pleasant1 intellectual int]c\rse )\t (f]+ ei!r aid or advice4 ,:5 an ag$ man :o kn[s m ( lit]ature ?an y dream$ ( 9 y\r wilde/ visions wants 8,! ,dolly dialogues10 don't try to get him to take 8,m>ius ! ,epicurean0 in/ead4 ,b if y get into ! habit ( talk+ ) him x may make ! libr>y seem pleasant & homelike to him1 &1 besides1 he may tell y some?+ t y d n "k--t is a n remote & c]ta9ly fasc9at+ possibility4 ,i ne$ n say t no libr>y c be useful or attractive unless x is prop]ly arrang$ & catalog$1 & unless x has a simple & effective *>g+ sy/em2 & unless ! public is admitt$ directly to ! %elves & all[$ to h&le & select ! books4 ,b ,i d ne$ to say--because "s ( u are apt to =get x--t ^! ?+s are n ends 9 !mselves1 b means to an end1 namely1 ! br++ toge!r ( ! man & ! book1 ! di/ribution ( ideas4 ,d n assume t = "s occult reason y mu/ classify & catalog y\r libr>y precisely l "s l>ge public libr>y ) :i* y are famili>4 ,d n assume1 if y are a tra9$ catalog]1 t !re is any virtue1 = in/ance1 9 subject c>ds4 ,"o subject head+ t br+s ! book 9 t\* ) y\r public outweighs a doz5 t d n affect x4 ,to br+ toge!r man & book break all rules & /rike out 9 all k9ds ( new directions4 ,y\r p>ticul> locality & y\r p>ticul> public may h special requirem5ts t are pres5t n[h]e else4 ,rules 7 made = ! aid & com=t ( ! public1 n = _! confusion & h9drance4 ,me?ods are ! libr>ian's tools1 n 8 h&cuffs & %ackles4 ,to d any?+ well we mu/ d x ) me?od & sy/em2 b ^!1 l a gr[+ boy's clo!s1 ne$ frequ5t r5ewal4 ,if y\r libr>y has /opp$ gr[+ & has rea*$ s5ility1 !n ! same suit w fit x ye> aft] ye>1 b premature old age is n a good goal to /rive =4 ,,lay ,,control ,,9 ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,else:]e#c ,! sy/em by :i* ! control ( a conc]n is ve/$ 9 a p]son or a body hav+ no exp]t te*nical k ( its work+s has become s common t x may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( mod]n civilization4 ,if ?is seems to any "o an extreme /atem5t1 a little reflection w conv9ce him to ! contr>y4 ,to cite only a few examples1 ! bo>ds ( directors ( comm]cial or f9ancial in/itutions l our manufactur+ corporations1 our railways & our banks1 ( *>itable f\ndations l our hospitals & our asylums1 ( educational e/abli%m5ts l our s*ools & colleges1 are n[ n expect$ to und]/& ! detail ( ! in/itutions "u _! *>ge4 ,_! fir/ duty is to put at ! head ( _! "w an exp]t ) a /aff ( compet5t assi/ants to see to t "p ( x4 ,ev5 9 mo/ ( our *ur*es ! m9i/] or pa/or--! exp]t head--is employ$ & practically controll$ by a lay body ( "s k9d--a ve/ry1 a session or ! l4 ,gov]nm5t itself is simil>ly conduct$4 ,nei!r ! legislative nor ! executive bran* is expect$ to be made up ( exp]ts :o und]/& ! te*nical detail ( dep>tm5tal "w2 all ?is is left to subord9ates4 ,ev5 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts (t5 "k no?+ at all ( ! p>ticul> "w ov] :i* !y h be5 set until !y h held _! position = "s "t4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is sy/em ( lay control is ( int]e/ to u "h & n[1 because x obta9s 9 mo/ libr>ies1 :]e ! gov]n+ body is a bo>d ( tru/ees or directors :o are g5]ally n exp]ts1 b :o employ a libr>ian to sup]9t5d _! "w4 ,to multiply examples w\ld be sup]fl\s4 ,lay control1 z above illu/rat$1 is n univ]sal1 b ,i po/pone = ! pres5t a consid]ation ( its anti!ses & its exceptions4 ,x looks illogical1 & :5 ! ord9>y citiz5's att5tion is br\ght to ! matt] 9 any way he g5]ally s consid]s x4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x is ev5 a famili> object ( satire4 ,! g5]al public is apt1 ,i ?9k1 to reg>d lay control z improp] or absurd4 ,) ! exp]t & 8 /aff1 :o are conc]n$ directly ) ! managem5t ( ! in/itution 9 "q1 ! feel+ is a little diff]5t4 ,x is m l t ( ,presid5t ,clevel& :5 he 8_h ,congress on 8 h&s0--a sort ( anxi\s tol]ance4 ,!y be> ) ! bo>d t employs !m because x has ! p[] ( ! purse1 b !y are glad :5 x adj\rns )\t int]f]+ unduly ) !m4 ,are ei!r ( ^! po9ts ( view ju/ifi$8 ,%\ld lay bo>ds ( directors be aboli%$8 ,or1 if reta9$1 %\ld ^? )\t exp]t k be b>r$8 ,n[ at fir/ sight x c]ta9ly seems z if ! ultimate control ( e bus9ess or op]ation %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o ?or\ghly und]/& x1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly b> out lay control4 ,i believe t ?is view is sup]ficial & w n be> close analysis4 ,! idea t ^? :o control an in/itution %\ld be famili> ) its details appe>s to orig9ate 9 an analogy ) a man's control ( 8 own private affairs1 :5 8 occupation & income make x necess>y t he %\ld att5d to all ^? affairs p]sonally4 ,! citiz5 :o digs & plants 8 own g>d5 mu/ und]/& "s ( ! details ( g>d5+4 ,! man :o does 8 own 8odd jobs0 ab\t ! h\se mu/ be able to drive a nail & h&le a pa9t bru%4 ,?is necessity vani%es1 h[ev]1 z ! man's int]e/s become m v>i$ & 8 f9ancial ability to c>e = !m becomes great]4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t p]sonal att5tion to detail becomes n only unnecess>y b impossible4 ,to expect ! ma/] ( a great e/ate to und]/& ! details ( 8 g>d51 8 /able1 8 k5nels1 z well z ! exp]ts to :om he entru/s !m1 is absurd4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 z a matt] ( amusem5t1 busy himself 9 "s "o dep>tm5t1 b if he tries to sup]9t5d ev]y?+ p]sonally1 /ill m to und]/& & regulate matt]s ( detail1 he is wa/+ 8 "t4 ,we mu/ seek our analogy1 !n1 bo? = lay control & = ! attitude ( ! ord9>y citiz5 t[>d x 9 t citiz5's managem5t ( 8 private affairs4 ,he kn[s 8 own bus9ess--or ?9ks he does--& he f9ds x h>d to realize t ! details ( t bus9ess c\ld ev] gr[ beyond 8 p]sonal control4 ,b1 aft] all1 ?is progress is "o t[>ds ! normal4 ,att5tion to details 9 ! case ( ! poor man is =c$ ^u him4 ,except 9 r>e cases1 he does n really c>e to %ovel 8 own sn[2 he w\ld pref] to hire a man to d x1 & z soon z he c he does d s4 ,s long z 8 sidewalk is prop]ly cle>$ he is will+ to leave ! details to ! man :o cle>s x4 ,he does n c>e :e!r t man beg9s at ! nor? or ! s\? end1 or :e!r 8 %ovelfuls are small or l>ge4 ,"h1 if we exam9e1 we %all f9d a common *>act]i/ic ( ^? k9ds ( "w :]e laym5 are 9 control--! p]sons = :om ! "w is done c>e v mu* ab\t results2 !y are c>eless ( me?ods s long z ^? results are atta9$4 ,& 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases ! p]sons = :om ! "w is done w be f\nd to be ! public1 or s l>ge a section ( x t x is practically a gr\p ( laym5 s f> z ! p>ticul> "w 9 "q may be conc]n$4 ,a lay bo>d ( directors or a lay dep>tm5tal head1 !n1 is simply & prop]ly a repres5tative ( a great] lay body t is p>ticul>ly anxi\s = results & n p>ticul>ly anxi\s ab\t me?ods4 ,lay control is ?us n illogical1 b is ! outcome ( a regul> & v prop] developm5t4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 x is n ! only me?od ( controll+ a great in/itution4 ,an in/itution may be manag$ by a grad$ body ( exp]ts4 ,s 7 ! old guilds ( craftsm5 manag$4 ,s are _m ecclesia/ical bodies1 notably ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,we may call ?is me?od ( control hi]>*ical4 ,x has "s advantages ov] lay control & "s disadvantages4 ,we may imag9e su* a sy/em appli$ to libr>ies4 ,all ! libr>ies 9 a /ate1 we w say1 w\ld !n be manag$ by ! /ate libr>ian1 & all ^! (fic]s w\ld be subject to ! ord]s ( ! libr>ian ( ! national libr>y1 :o w\ld be supreme & acc\ntable to no "o4 ,)\t go+ into detail$ discussion ( ?is extremely supposititi\s case1 we may say t ! objection to x w\ld be t ! p]sons :o are especially int]e/$ 9 ! results ( ! "w done are n repres5t$ 9 ! controll+ hi]>*y4 ,:]e ! p]sons int]e/$ are all exp]ts1 z 9 a guild ( craftsm51 !re c p]haps be no objection to control by exp]ts2 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is case we are leav+ out ( consid]ation ! p]sons1 g5]ally laym51 = :om ! craftsm5 d _! "w4 ,9 fact1 any tr\ble t may arise f ! lay control ( a body ( exp]t work]s lies j "h--9 ! failure ei!r ( ! controll+ au?ority or ! tra9$ subord9ates to recognize & keep )9 _! limitations4 ,x %\ld be ! function ( ! supreme lay au?ority to decide :at results x wants & !n to see t x gets !m--to call att5tion to any deviation f !m & to replace ^? :o _c a*ieve !m by o!rs :o c4 ,x %\ld be ! "p ( ! exp]t /aff ( subord9ates to discov] by :at me?ods ^! results c be/ be rea*$ & !n to foll[ out ^! me?ods4 ,:5 ! lay head attempts to direct ! details ( me?od1 or :5 ! tra9$ subord9ate ?9ks x 8 duty to influ5ce ! policy ( ! in/itution1 !n !re is apt to be tr\ble4 ,su* results are apt to foll[1 on ! "o h&1 ! inclusion 9 a bo>d ( tru/ees ( a man ) a passion = detail & a great p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w "u him1 b )\t a ke5 realization ( ! necessity = /rict organization & discipl9e 9 8 exp]t /aff2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! pres5ce 9 t /aff ( a ma/]ful man :o _c re/ until he is 9 virtual control ( :atev] he conc]ns himself ab\t4 ,i say tr\ble is apt to foll[ 9 su* cases4 ,x does n always foll[1 = ! organization may adapt itself to circum/ances4 ,! int]e/$ tru/ee may play ) ease 8 two roles1 fitt+ into 8 bo>d z a lay memb] & becom+ practically also a "p ( ! exp]t /aff4 ,! ma/]ful subord9ate may dom9ate 8 bo>d s z to become its dictator1 & ?us d away = a "t ) 8 lay control4 ,we h all se5 bo? ^! ?+s happ51 n only 9 libr>ies1 b 9 banks1 9 hospitals1 9 *>itable in/itutions4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 well t !y h happ5$4 ,b al?\gh an occasional /ick is flexible en\gh to be ti$ into a knot1 x w\ld be haz>d\s to try ! exp]im5t ) all /icks4 ,"s may b5d b m w break4 ,is x n bett] to accept frankly ! division ( labor t seems to h be5 po9t$ out by ! developm5t ( our in/itutions = ! guidance ( _! managem5t8 ,bo>ds ( tru/ees 9 ?is case w\ld f9d x necess>y to decide fir/ on ! desirable results to be rea*$ 9 _! "w4 ,?is is a phase ( libr>y discussion t has be5 some:at neglect$4 ,:at is ! public libr>y try+ to get at8 ,n /at$ 9 vague t]ms1 b 9 concrete =m1 s t ! tru/ees c call ! libr>ian to acc\nt if he fails to accompli% x8 ,x is only fair to ! libr>ian t he %\ld be in=m$ at ! outset precisely :at he is expect$ to d1 & !n x is only fair t he %\ld be left to d x 9 8 own way4 ,?is is an unoccupi$ field1 & x w\ld be an em95tly prop] "o = ! ,tru/ees' ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association4 ,we libr>ians %\ld be v glad to "k j :at y expect u to accompli%1 = on t dep5ds our mann] ( sett+ to "w4 ,d y wi% u to aim at decreas+ ! p]c5tage ( illit]acy 9 ! community8 or ! arre/s = drunk5ness8 ,are we to /rive = an increas$ circulation8 ,& w an absolute increase be satisfactory1 or mu/ x be an increase proportionate to population8 ,is x def9itely dem&$ ( u to decrease our fiction p]c5tage8 ,%all we1 9 any giv5 case1 devote our att5tion *iefly to ! home use or ! ref]5ce use ( ! libr>y8 ,%all we favor ! /ud5t or ! ord9>y citiz58 ,^! que/ions1 ( c\rse1 _c receive a g5]al answ]2 !y mu/ be decid$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t cases1 b at lea/ we may agree on ! type ( "q t x is admissible to answ] at all & on ! degree ( detail to :i* x is p]missible to g 9 /at+ a requirem5t4 ,= in/ance1 is x admissible = a bo>d to say to its libr>ian1 8,! results t we require y to %[ include ! foll[+3 ,a well-ord]$ collection ( books classifi$ accord+ to ! ,dewey sy/em1 b\nd 9 half duck & di/ribut$ ) ! aid ( ! ,br[ne *>g+ sy/em80 ,i ?9k x w be grant$ t ?is w\ld be an attempt to control ! details ( me?od 9 ! guise ( a /atem5t ( desir$ results4 ,b :]e %all we draw ! l9e8 ,h[ specific may be ! ?+s t a bo>d may prop]ly require ( its exp]t /aff8 ,t is ! "q ^: solution by ?is ,section w\ld be an ine/imable b5efit to all libr>ies & libr>ians4 ,at pres5t !re is wide diff]5ce ( op9ion & ( practice on ?is po9t4 ,_m p w\ld n agree at all ) ! limitations t h j be5 laid d[n2 ev5 ^? :o d agree w\ld diff] widely ov] _! int]pretation4 ,!re is h>dly "t to anticipate & meet criticism4 ,i %all be rem9d$1 ,i suppose1 t ! funds = c>ry+ on ! libr>y's "w are 9 ! h&s ( ! tru/ees1 & t "o ( ! ma9 objects ( _! exi/5ce is to see t ! money is hone/ly sp5t1 n /ol5 or wa/$4 ,h[ c !y d ?is )\t close ov]sight ( me?ods8 ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply t ?is important function ( ! bo>d is di/9ctly ! requirem5t ( a result1 t result be+ ! hone/ adm9i/ration ( ! libr>y4 ,! me?od by :i* x may be adm9i/]$ mo/ hone/ly is be/ left to ! exp]t head4 ,naturally1 if evid5ce ( peculation or wa/e comes be=e ! bo>d ! libr>ian w be held to acc\nt z hav+ fail$ to a*ieve ! requir$ result ( hone/ adm9i/ration4 ,9 ?is & 9 o!r respects ! necessity t ! bo>d %\ld "k :e!r or n ! desir$ results are be+ atta9$ means t ! "w ( ! executive (fic] %\ld be foll[$ ) att5tion4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is does n involve control & dictation ( me?ods4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t :at has be5 said ref]s only to ! adm9i/rative control ( ! in/itution4 ,! duties ( tru/ees z cu/odians ( an end[m5t fund1 if su* !re be1 or 9 solicit+ & receiv+ contributions z well z o!r f9ancial consid]ations1 are sep>ate f ?is & h n be5 consid]$4 ,aga91 ,i %all be told t ! head ( ! executive /aff is n only a subord9ate b also an exp]t advis] ( 8 bo>d4 ,?is is true2 & z a consult+ exp]t x is 8 duty to give advice outside ( 8 own adm9i/rative field if he is ask$ = x4 ,x may ev5 be 8 duty to give x unask$ occasionally1 b ?is comes v ne> to ! int]f]5ce t ,i h deprecat$4 ,he :o w\ld tread ?is bord]l& mu/ tread s(tly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]t may & %\ld ask ! advice ( memb]s ( 8 bo>d z individuals or ( ! bo>d z a :ole :5 he ne$s x & :5 he feels t x w\ld give him confid5ce or /r5g!n 8 h&4 ,9 ?is :ole matt] !re is a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! advisory & executive function on "o h& & on ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 ! view tak5 9 ?is pap] may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 ,lay control 9 libr>ies & else:]e is a logical & prop] developm5t4 ,x w\ld n1 on ! :ole1 be well = "o :o %\ld wi% to end[ a libr>y to make an exp]t libr>ian sole tru/ee = life ) p[] to select 8 successor4 ,t w\ld be a f9e ?+ = ! libr>ian1 b x w\ld be nei!r desirable nor prop]4 ,x is well t ! tru/ees %\ld be responsible repres5tatives ( ! lay public1 = ^: b5efit ! libr>y is to be conduct$4 ,b z ! public is int]e/$ *iefly 9 results1 ! tru/ees %\ld conf9e !mselves l>gely to ! indication & requirem5t ( ^! results1 leav+ me?ods 9 ! h& ( _! exp]t /aff ( subord9ates4 ,& x is em95tly desirable t libr>ians %\ld he> f a repres5tative body ( tru/ees "s expression ( op9ion reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ?is limitation4 ,,! ,,:ole ,,duty ,,( ,a ,,libr>y ,,tru/ee3 ,,f ,a ,,libr>ian',s ,,/&po9t#d ,at a =m] meet+ ( ?is section ! pres5t writ] _h ! honor ( read+ a pap] 9 :i* he made an attempt to %[ t ! tru/ee ( ! public libr>y is ! repres5tative ( ! public &1 z su*1 int]e/$ especially 9 results z di/+ui%$ f me?ods1 :i* are ! bus9ess ( ! libr>ian z an exp]t adm9i/rator4 ,9 mak+ ?is di/9ction ,i urg$ tru/ees to give p>ticul> att5tion to ! =mulation ( su* results z !y %\ld consid] desirable1 t libr>ians on _! "p might conf9e !mselves m to ! consid]ation ( appropriate me?ods = ! atta9m5t ( ^! results4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 h[ev]1 ?is "w rema9s to be accompli%$1 & x is because ,i /ill ?9k x desirable t ,i welcome ?is opportunity ( re/at+ ! situation & mak+ "s attempt to illu/rate x & to indicate :at may & %\ld be done 9 ! premises4 ,accord+ to ?is view x is n only ! duty ( a bo>d ( tru/ees to consid] :at %\ld be ! results aim$ at by its libr>y1 to =mulate its conclusions1 to communicate !m to ! libr>ian & !n to hold him responsible = _! atta9m5t1 b ev]y?+ t ! bo>d may prop]ly d may be br\ght "u ?is head2 & to /ate x broadly is !re=e to set =? compreh5sively ! 8:ole duty ( a tru/ee10 :i* may s]ve z ! ju/ification ( my some:at ambiti\s title4 ,! layman's influ5ce1 control ex]cis$ by & ?r\gh ! viewpo9t ( ! g5]al public1 is a mo/ excell5t ?+1 h[ev] mu* ! exp]t may *afe "u x4 ,?is is app>5t 9 e art & craft4 ,! exp]t1 ! man :o has made a /udy ( te*nique1 ( ! way to d x1 comes m & m to ?9k ( ! me?od r ?an ! result--to elaborate detail & mann] & to take ke5 joy 9 _! recognition & comp>ison4 ,s x is ) ! work] 9 art or 9 lit]ature1 & ?us we h :at are call$ pa9t]'s pictures & musician's music & poet's poems--works t int]e/ & delight ^? ^: bus9ess x is to produce !m1 b :i* leave ! g5]al read] or he>] cold4 ,x is evid5t t ^!1 no matt] h[ valuable or int]e/+ !y may be f "o /&po9t1 are n ! highe/ examples ( _! class4 ,bett] are ! crude attempts ( native g5ius :i* k9dle en?usiasm & ar\se ! be/ impulses :ile break+ e canon ( art4 ,be/ ( all1 ( c\rse1 are ! works :]e ! te*nique & ! result are bo? admirable & :]e ! te*nical res\rces ( ! work]s are br\ght to be> consci\sly1 directly & successfully ^u ! atta9m5t ( ! result4 ,& to produce su* works two =ces mu/ g5]ally co-op]ate--! tra9$ skill & en?usiasm ( ! arti/ & ! requirem5t ( ! g5]al public t 8 "w mu/ appeal to !m1 int]e/ !m1 take !m a message4 ,n[ ?is is ( int]e/ to u "h & n[1 because1 j z we occasionally h 8compos]'s music0 & 8ar*itect's build+s10 s1 x is 8to be fe>$1 we may h libr>ian's libr>ies--in/itutions t are c>ri$ on ) ! highe/ degree ( te*nical skill & ) en?usiasm & int]e/ & yet fail ( adequate a*ievem5t because ! libr>ian makes ! mi/ake ( reg>d+ ! te*nique z an end in/ead ( z a means--( ?9k+ t if 8 me?ods be precise1 sy/ematic & correct1 good results mu/ ne$s foll[1 in/ead ( aim+ directly at 8 results & adapt+ 8 me?ods to _! atta9m5t4 ,x is "h t ! tru/ee1 z ! (ficial repres5tative ( ! g5]al public1 may apply a corrective influ5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! arti/ or ! writ] ?is influ5ce is br\ght to be> g5]ally 9 a f9ancial way--by a weal?y patron :o w ord] a picture or /atue provid$ x accords ) 8 own ideas--by ho/ile criticism1 public or private1 t drives away pur*as]s4 ,9 a public libr>y1 public op9ion r>ely makes itself felt 9 ?is way2 inde$1 x c\ld d s only 9 cases :]e disreg>d ( ! public am\nt$ to mismanagem5t & l$ to ! r$uction ( appropriations or ! dis*>ge ( ! libr>ian4 ,public criticism1 z 9 ! press1 might also affect a libr>ian's c\rse2 x und\bt$ly (t5 does1 b x ne$ n2 & he may safely disreg>d x z a g5]al ?+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 8 bo>d ( tru/ees calls him to acc\nt1 he mu/ li/51 & :5 x tells him :at he is expect$ to d1 x is !n 8 bus9ess to devise ! be/ way to d x4 ,a r\gh classification & analysis ( ! results t a libr>ian may be expect$ to accompli% may n be out ( place "h4 ,we may treat !m "u f\r heads3 f9ancial1 educational1 recreational & social4 ,f9ancial results4--,a libr>y mu/ %[ a good mat]ial return = money exp5d$4 ,by ?is is meant t its books & supplies mu/ be pur*as$ at fair rates1 its sal>ies reasonably proportion$ to quantity & quality ( s]vices r5d]$1 its prop]ty economically adm9i/]$4 ,a bo>d ( tru/ees is d]elict 9 its duty if x does n require all ?is1 & also hold its libr>ian rigidly to su* requirem5t4 ,?is means t x mu/1 along ! broade/ l9es1 "k ! ratio ( exp5diture to return 9 ^! v>i\s dep>tm5ts2 x does n mean t ! libr>ian %\ld be hamp]$ by ! prescription ( details4 ,x means1 = example1 t ! exp]t adm9i/rator %\ld be call$ to acc\nt if 8 bills = light+ & heat+ are excessive1 & t he %\ld be ask$ to %[ cause :y !y %\ld n be kept )9 b\nds2 x does n mean t he %\ld be requir$ to use lights ( a c]ta9 c&le-p[] or turn (f ! light 9 a p>ticul> room at a giv5 h\r4 ,9 mo/ libr>ies1 ! mak+ ( annual appropriations "u designat$ heads & ! requirem5t t cause %all be %[n = a transf] f "o ( ^! categories to ano!r1 are suffici5t measures ( f9ancial control4 ,among ! f9ancial results t h already attract$ ! att5tion ( ! public & h5ce engag$ ! int]e/ ( bo>ds ( tru/ees is ! atta9m5t ( a prop] ratio ( exp5diture = books to ! exp5se ( adm9i/ration4 ,?is ratio is g5]ally reg>d$ by ! lay critic z abnormally small1 b tru/ees h g5]ally acquiesc$ 9 ! libr>ian's explanation ( ! causes t seem to him to make x necess>ily s4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! tru/ee's duty to call 8 exp]t adm9i/rator's att5tion to ?is & all o!r seem+ discrepancies 9 exp5diture1 & to make sure t !y are n c>ry+ ! libr>y too f> t[>d te*nical p]fection at ! exp5se ( practical effici5cy4 ,educational results4--,x is only "r to require t a libr>y %\ld be able to %[ t x is increas+ ! educational cont5t ( ! community1 or rais+ its educational /&>d1 or at lea/ t x is ex]t+ itself to d s1 bo? directly & by co-op]ation ) o!r ag5cies1 especially ) ! public s*ools4 ,a bo>d ( tru/ees is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 asc]ta9+ by any means 9 its p[] :e!r ?is is be+ done1 & if n1 9 ask+ an explanation ( its libr>ian4 ,does ev]yone 9 ! community "k :]e ! libr>y is8 ,is ev]yone :o w\ld be b5efit$ by x mak+ use ( x8 ,is x a help to ! s*ools1 & d ! tea*]s recognize ?is fact8 ,does ! community 9 g5]al reg>d x z a place :]e mat]ial = ! acquisition ( k is /or$ & discrim9at+ly giv5 out8 ,^! are que/ions t c be settl$ n s mu* by ! exam9ation ( /ati/ics z by asc]ta9+ ! g5]al feel+ ( ! community4 ,x is mu* easi] = a tru/ee to f9d ?is out ?an x is = a libr>ian2 & tru/ees1 bo? individually & z a body1 %\ld cont9ually be> 9 m9d ! value to !m ( in=mation along ?is l9e4 ,libr>ians are apt to talk a good deal ab\t ! educational function ( ! libr>y z an adjunct & supplem5t to ! s*ool4 ,x is to _! cr$it t !y h made x an educational =ce n "u pressure b volunt>ily1 z a recognition ( ! necessities ( ! situation4 ,b :]e su* necessities h n yet be5 recogniz$ or :]e _! full import has be5 sl[ ( realization1 ! educational side ( libr>y "w rema9s undevelop$4 ,let ! bo>d ( tru/ees notify its executive (fic] t x expects him to look to ?is feature ( 8 "w z ?or\ghly z to ! condition ( 8 build+ or ! economical exp5diture ( 8 light+ appropriation1 & all su* in/itutions w exp]i5ce a *ange ( he>t4 ,recreational results4--,no?+ is m important to ! physical & moral heal? ( a community1 z ( an individual1 ?an ! quality ( ! recreation t x takes4 ,! "q ( :e!r recreation is or is n tak5 ne$ n be consid]$4 ,ev]yone takes recreation2 if means = ! heal?y normal v>iety are n provid$1 ! o!r k9d w occupy its place4 ,& ! heal?y normal individual--*ild or adult--pref]s ! fir/ k9d if he c get x4 ,) ! physical v>iety ! libr>y has no?+ to d2 b to purvey prop] intellectual recreation is "o ( its mo/ important prov9ces4 ,is ?is adequately done8 ,is x done at all8 ,does ! libr>ian exalt o!r functions ( 8 great ma*9e & neglect ?is "o8 ,! l>ge am\nt ( fiction circulat$ 9 mo/ public libr>ies is g5]ally tak5 z an indication t ! quantity ( its recreational cont5t is consid]able1 :atev] may be said ( ! quality2 b ?is is a v sup]ficial way ( look+ at ! matt]4 ,!re is educational mat]ial ( ! highe/ value 9 fiction & ne>ly e non-fiction class conta9s books ( value = recreation4 ,moreov]1 :at may be recreation to "o man may be ! h>de/ k9d ( /udy to ano!r4 ,! en?usia/ 9 high] ma!matics may extract z pure amusem5t f a book on ! !ory ( functions z 8 neighbor w\ld f ! works ( 8,john ,h5ry40 ,9 %ort1 x is v difficult to sep>ate education & recreation4 ,good "w presupposes good play4 ,x is simply our duty to view ! libr>y z a :ole & to decide :e!r x conta9s ! means ( satisfy+ s mu* ( ! community's dem& = recreation z is :olesome & prop]4 ,:e!r x does ?is may be judg$ f ! fre$om ) :i* ! libr>y is us$ = recreational purposes comp>$ ) o!r ag5cies4 ,a prop] admixture ( physical & intellectual amusem5t is requir$ by ev]ybody2 is ! libr>y do+ its %>e t[>d ! purvey+ ( ! latt] =m8 ,i d n "k any bett] way ( f9d+ out ?an = ! libr>y tru/ees to use _! eyes & e>s1 nor any m effective rem$y = inadequate results along ?is l9e ?an ! pressure t !y c br+ to be> on _! libr>ian4 ,social results4--,"u ?is head we may gr\p a v l>ge numb] ( results t are apt to be ov]look$ or tak5 = grant$4 ,!y may p]haps be summ>iz$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! libr>y %\ld take its prop] place 9 ! in/itutional life ( ! community4 ,:at ?is is w dep5d l>gely on ! community's size & its social cont5t4 ,9 _m small t[ns ! libr>y naturally assumes great social importance2 9 a city x may be relatively ( less weight1 ?\gh p]haps its influ5ce 9 ! aggregate may be ev5 great]4 ,:e!r x is do+ ?is "p ( its "w prop]ly may probably be be/ asc]ta9$ by comp>ison ) ! "w ( o!r in/itutions t g to build up ! social fabric--! *ur*1 ! home1 ! club1 ! social assembly4 ,does ! dwell] 9 ! community turn z naturally to ! libr>y = intellectual help z he does to ! *ur* = religi\s consolation8 ,does he seek intellectual recreation !re z he seeks physical recreation at 8 a?letic club or social ent]ta9m5t at a dance8 ,& s seek+1 does he f9d8 ,does he come to reg>d ! libr>y z 8 intellectual home & ! libr>ian & 8 assi/ants z fri5ds8 ,:at1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! attitude ( ! libr>y /aff t[>d ! public8 ,is x invit+ or repell5t1 fri5dly or coldly ho/ile1 helpful or indiff]5t8 ,"h is a :ole body ( results t are1 9 a way1 ! mo/ important t a libr>y c produce1 & yet x is impossible to set !m d[n 9 figures2 !y c sc>cely ev5 be express$ 9 words4 ,! social /atus ( a libr>y is l a man's reputation or 8 cr$it2 x is built up by ?\s&s ( sep>ate acts & by an attitude ma9ta9$ consi/5tly = ye>s2 yet a brea? may bla/ x ,( ?is position a bo>d ( tru/ees %\ld be p>ticul>ly pr\d & its memb]s %\ld d _! be/ to uphold x4 ,if !y realize by ^? _m delicate indications t we all recognize b _c =mulate1 t ! libr>y is fail+ to ma9ta9 x1 ! libr>ian %\ld he> f !m4 ,!y %\ld let him "k t some?+ is wrong & t !y expect him to "r x4 ,if he does n "k h[1 t is an indication t 8 p]sonality & ability are p>ts ( ! failure4 ,?is1 !n f ! writ]'s /&po9t1 is ! :ole duty ( a tru/ee--or r ( a bo>d ( tru/ees--to see cle>ly :at x wants1 to give ! libr>ian 8 ord]s1 & to require an acc\nt+4 ,i am frequ5tly /ruck ) ! attitude ( libr>ians t[>d _! bo>ds ( tru/ees1 n z %[n 9 _! public acts1 b z reveal$ 9 conv]sation among !mselves4 ,a bo>d is apt to be adjudg$ good or bad1 satisfactory or unsatisfactory1 z x takes a m or less passive "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! libr>y4 ,if x acts simply to approve :at ! libr>ian does & to see t he gets ! necess>y funds1 x is reg>d$ z ideal4 ,all t mo/ libr>ians seem to want is to be giv5 pl5ty ( money & !n to be let alone4 ,?is is a view ( ! :ole duty ( a tru/ee ) :i* ,i d n sympa?ize4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n to be d5i$ t bo>ds ( tru/ees h done mu* to enc\rage ?is attitude because :5 !y are really active 9 _! int]e/ _! activity looks too closely to detail4 ,!y are !n apt to int]f]e 9 ! regulation ( me?ods r ?an to require results & aft]w>d asc]ta9 :e!r & 9 :at degree ^! results h be5 rea*$4 ,a bo>d ( tru/ees is ! supreme au?ority 9 a libr>y4 ,i w\ld h ?is fact realiz$ 9 its fulle/ mean+ by bo? tru/ees & libr>ian4 ,& ,i w\ld h ! bo>d ex]cise its supremity 9 :at may be call$ ! ,am]ican mann]4 ,! p con/itute ! supreme au?ority bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! =m] c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ?is au?ority is symboliz$ by ! p]son ( a mon>*1 :o reigns b does n gov]n2 & ! m9ute/ details ( adm9i/ration are att5d$ to by ! p 9 ! p]sons ( _! p>liam5t>y repres5tatives & ( ! cab9et1 :i* is1 9 effect1 a p>liam5t>y committee4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 on ! o!r h&1 we entru/ adm9i/rative details v l>gely to our *ief magi/rate & 8 p]sonally appo9t$ advis]s4 ,we tell him :at to d & leave him to d x z he ?9ks be/2 & ?\gh ,congress is dispos$ at times to int]f]e 9 ! details ( adm9i/ration1 ^! usually consi/ m l>gely ( dep>tm5tal decisions & rul+s ?an ( def9ite provisions ( a legislative act4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! p's g5]al executive (fic] & adm9i/rative exp]t 9 precisely ! same s5se t ! libr>ian occupies t (fice 9 8 own libr>y4 ,congress & ! bo>d ( tru/ees be> simil> relations to ^! (fic]s4 ,& al?\gh ?is may be c>ry+ ! comp>ison ( small ?+s ) great to ! po9t ( absurdity1 x %[s cle>ly t ! ,am]ican idea ( delegat$ au?ority is to make ! au?ority great & ! correspond+ responsibility /rict4 ,t ! be/ results h be5 atta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by foll[+ out ?is plan 9 all fields1 f ! highe/ gov]nm5t positions to ! humble/ comm]cial po/s1 seems to be und\bt$2 & ,i believe t ! libr>y has be5 a conspicu\s example4 ,appo9t a good man1 !n1 z y\r adm9i/rative exp]t2 give him a free re91 b n 9 ! s5se ( foll[+ him to dictate ! :ole policy ( y\r libr>y4 ,decide = y\rselves ! broad l9es ( t policy1 rely+ on y\r own common s5se toge!r ) 8 exp]t advice2 require him to foll[ out ^? l9es to a successful issue1 & hold him responsible = ! outcome4 ,s do+ y %all fulfil1 s f> z ! limit$ vision ( "o libr>ian enables him to see1 ! :ole duty ( a tru/ee4 ,,! ,,day',s ,,"w3 ,,"s ,,conditions ,,& ,,"s ,,ideals#e ,:at is ! libr>y =8 ,:at are we1 :o are 9 *>ge ( x1 to d ) x8 ,:at po9t are we /riv+ to rea*1 & h[ %all we get !re8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! libr>y is a collection ( books4 ,books are to be us$ by read+ !m4 ,! :ole ma*9]y ( ! libr>y1 its build+s1 its dep>tm5ts1 its regulations1 its discipl9$ /aff1 are to br+ toge!r ! read] & ! books4 ,:atev] auxili>y "w ! libr>y may und]take1 ?is mu/ be its fir/ task4 ,n[ to :at end is ?is done8 ,a book f ! mat]ial po9t ( view is s mu* lea!r1 pap] & pr9t]'s ink1 b on ! intellectual & spiritual side x is a /orage batt]y ( ideas4 ,to put a book into a read]'s h& is to complete a my/]i\s circuit betwe5 ! writ]'s & ! read]'s m9d4 ,?is *>g+ ( ! m9d ) ideas is :at we call education4 ,to ! physiologi/ x is a m]e modification ( bra9 /ructure2 to ! economi/ & ! hi/orian x spreads fur!r out2 x is a modification ( ! individual's action t[>d ! :ole _w2 x is ! alt]ation ( ! _w's pres5t /atus & future hi/ory4 ,education _c be accompli%$ by books alone2 x c ev5 be accompli%$ :olly )\t !m2 b if !y are us$ prop]ly1 !re is no "o ag5t t c d m = education ?an ^! devices = ! /orage & transmission ( ideas4 ,t ! libr>y is an educational in/itution is n[ g5]ally recogniz$4 ,x is common to call x an adjunct to ! s*ool1 or to speak ( x z cont9u+ ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,t ! s*ool & ! libr>y %\ld "w h& 9 h& :]e x is possible1 goes )\t say+4 ,b ,i ?9k we may prop]ly object to any phraseology t implies ! subord9ation ( ! libr>y to ! s*ool4 ,! libr>y /ores books & makes !m available4 ,"p ( ! s*ool's "w also is to make available ! cont5ts ( books4 ,! libr>y may cont9ue ! "w ( ! s*ool2 b s 9 "s cases may ! s*ool m]ely complete ! "w ( ! libr>y4 ,_m a /ud5t has receiv$ 8 fir/ inspiration & in/ruction 9 ! libr>y & has be5 !reby /imulat$ to ent] a regul> c\rse ( /udy4 ,x is bett] to let ! libr>y /& on its own m]its z an in/ructional ag5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! s*ool1 fundam5tally1 is t ! libr>y's educational en]gy is *iefly pot5tial :ile t ( ! s*ool is1 or %\ld be1 dynamic4 ,yet ?\gh ! libr>y is only a pot5tial =ce--en]gy 9 /orage--! libr>y plus ! libr>ian may & %\ld be dynamic too4 ,we !n h 9 bo? s*ool & libr>y ! book & ! tea*]1 ) ! diff]5ce t 9 ! s*ool ! book is only ! tea*]'s tool1 :ile 9 ! libr>y ! libr>ian exi/s to c>e = ! book1 to place x 9 8 h&s :o ne$s x1 & to make x effective4 ,b :5 we h emphasiz$ ! educational side ( ! libr>y's activity we h by no means exhau/$ its field4 ,its recreative function is h>dly less important4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! libr>y's us]s g to x = recreation or relaxation4 ,!y obta9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! same way t !y obta9 education f books1 namely1 by ! acquisition ( new ideas or m5tal images4 ,! recreation comes 9 f ! fact t ^! ideas tempor>ily di/ract ! att5tion f o!r ideas connect$ ) daily "w & worry1 & t !y ease ! bra9 9 ! same way t a /ra9$ muscle may be eas$ by g5tle ex]cise4 ,evid5tly x is impossible to draw a l9e betwe5 ^! two classes ( a libr>y's activity4 ,a zoological or a botanical g>d5 is an educational in/itution1 s is an art museum4 ,yet ! l>ge majority ( ^? :o g to !m d s = amusem5t1 & ! educational b5efits obta9$ are incid5tal4 ,^? b5efits1 h[ev]1 are none ! less real1 & x w\ld evid5tly be impossible to give sep>ate /ati/ics ( ^? :o h made educational & recreative use ( ! in/itution4 ,yet we f9d p try+ to d ?is v ?+ 9 ! case ( ! public libr>y1 :i* case is q comp>able ) ^? /at$ above4 ,x is assum$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! use ( fiction is purely recreative1 :ile t ( non-fiction is educational2 &1 9 ! second place1 t ! recreative use ( ! libr>y is to be condemn$ or at lea/ disc\rag$1 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r4 ,t ei!r ( ^! c be su/a9$ is v d\btful4 ,! attempt$ subord9ation ( ! recreative "w ( ! libr>y to ! educational is at be/ invidi\s4 ,ea* has its place 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s & comp>ison 9 ?is case is worse ?an odi\s1 x is mislead+4 ,fur!r1 x is positively impossible to draw a l9e betwe5 educational & recreative books4 ,s f> z motives g1 "o may read ,gibbon = ent]ta9m5t & ,madame de ,/ael's 8,cor9ne0 z an ,italian guide book4 ,s f> z results are conc]n$1 ! intellig5t read] always acquires new ideas z he reads2 & 9 mo/ cases ! v same idea may & does h bo? an educational & a recreative function4 ,b al?\gh we c draw no l9e1 x is q possible to pick out books on ! "o side & on ! o!r1 & to ass]t t ^! are read *iefly = educational purposes & ^? = recreation4 ,on :i* side %all ! libr>y ?r[ its influ5ce8 ,!re are _m good libr>ians :o feel t ! popul> t5d5cy is too /rong t[>ds recreation & t ! libr>y %\ld re/ore ! balance by ?r[+ its weight on ! o!r side4 ,o!rs see 9 ! popul> desire = recreative read+ only a hopeful reaction f ! m5tal t5sion & ov]work ) :i*1 z a nation1 we are d\btless *>geable4 ,betwe5 ^! two po9ts ( view ,i believe t ! equilibrium ( ! public libr>y is safe1 & t x is 9 no dang] ( develop+ unduly ei!r on ! recreative or on ! educational side4 ,p]sonally ,i h nev] felt t ! us] ( libr>ies or any o!r type ( ! av]age ,am]ican 0 9 dang] f too mu* recreation4 ,if !re is any use ( a libr>y t may h a vici\s t5d5cy x is its use = pure pa/ime 9 ! etymological s5se--! read+ ( books ) absolutely no aim at all save to make ! "t pass4 ,n[ to make "t pass pleasantly or pr(itably may be a mo/ legitimate object4 ,n t1 & n any lawful aim is objectionable4 ,b aimlessness--! lack ( an aim--! tak+ out ( books to skim or to glance at1 or to look at ! pictures1 ) no desire = amusem5t1 or pr(it1 or any?+ else--t is c]ta9ly wor?y ( condemnation4 ,!re is m ( x ?an we "k1 & x con/itutes a m5ace to our intellectual future4 ,newspap] read+ fo/]s x1 b n necess>ily4 ,newspap] read+ ) an aim is f> bett] ?an aimless skimm+ & skipp+ ( a lit]>y classic1 & ,i %\ld r see a boy ( m9e read+ ! mo/ s5sational dime novel he c\ld lay h&s on1 ) ! def9ite desire & int5tion ( f9d+ out h[ ,bloody ,bill got 8 rev5ge1 ?an lazily turn+ ov] ! pages ( ,scott ) no idea ( :at ! /ory 0 ab\t4 ,! fir/ w\ld be ! case ( a good read] & a bad book2 ! second t ( a good book & a bad read]4 ,! libr>y c easily deal ) ! book2 x _c s easily manage ! read]1 ?\gh x may try to d s4 ,9 ! case ( ! bad read] ! /orage batt]y ( ideas has lo/ its connection4 ,x w\ld be well = "s ( u if we %\ld =get = ! mom5t ! diff]5ce betwe5 fiction & non-fiction & %\ld try to m5d ?is brok5 l9k4 ,& n[ a ^w ab\t ourselves4 ,:at are we1 :o are engag$ 9 ?is "w1 labor+ =8 ,:y are we work+1 & :at d we expect to accompli%8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q x w be bett] = u to free ourselves entirely f ! bondage ( words t mean no?+4 ,"s ( u--,i hope v _m ( u--are 9 ! libr>y "w solely because we love x & _c keep out ( x4 ,o!rs are try+ ) m or less success to p]suade !mselves t ?is is _! reason4 ,/ill o!rs _c tru?fully say t !y h _h a 8call to libr>y "w10 & "s ( ^! are consci5ti\s en\gh to fe> t !y are 9 ! wrong place & t ! "w is suff]+ !reby4 ,to ^! ,i desire to address a ^w ( consolation & enc\ragem5t4 ,! impression is v g5]al t ! greate/ "w ( ! greate/ m9ds _h no motive b ! productive impulse4 ,! poet1 accord+ to ?is view1 s+s because he _c help s++2 ! arti/ pa9ts solely to satisfy ! creative long+ )9 him2 ! musician composes = ! same reason4 ,n[ ! fact is t a man :o is capable ( great "w1 or ( ord9>ily good "w1 may produce x "u a v>iety ( impulses4 ,"s act m /rongly on "o man2 o!rs on ano!r2 or ! same man may be m susceptible to a giv5 impulse at "o "t or place ?an at ano!r4 ,)\t a d\bt1 _m ( our immortal works 7 ! result ( simple inability to keep f produc+ !m4 ,b j z c]ta9ly1 o!rs 7 ! "w ( m5 :o _h to s*ool !mselves by long practice & !n to hold !mselves to ! "w ) iron det]m9ation4 8,g5ius0 says ,c>lyle1 8is no?+ b an inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s40 ,to :i* a mod]n critic replies1 8,on ! contr>y1 g5ius is an inf9ite capacity = do+ ?+s )\t tak+ any pa9s at all40 ,bo? are "r4 ,!re are bo? ^! k9ds ( g5ius--& _m o!rs4 ,! writ] :o attempts to b9d d[n g5ius to rules & =mulae w h a h>d task4 ,& :at is true ( g5ius is also true ( ord9>ily good "w--! "w t y & ,i are try+ to d 9 our libr>ies4 ,"s ( u d x easily because we _c help x2 o!rs d x ) m or less difficulty "u ! pressure ( "o or ano!r ne$4 ,"o1 ?\gh ! "w itself comes h>d to him1 loves ! result to be accompli%$2 ano!r1 p]haps1 is toil+ prim>ily to support himself & ^? dep5d5t on him4 ,:at ( t8 ,we h be5 plac$ :]e we are1 to secure c]ta9 results4 ,we want ! help ( e "o :o c contribute a %>e ( hone/1 intellig5t "w t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ^! results1 & we %all n ask = motives or inquire into ! exact am\nt ( ef=t t 0 necess>y1 provid$ ! "w has be5 done & done well4 ,i h ! greate/ sympa?y = ! consci5ti\s libr>y assi/ant :o feels t %e ought to love h] "w 9 ! same way p]haps t %e loves music or skat+1 or a walk ?r\gh ! autumn woods1 & :o1 because %e does n sit d[n to pa/e labels or /& up to wait on ! desk ) ! feel+ ( exhil>ation t accompanies ^! o!r acts1 is afraid t libr>y "w is n h] mti]4 ,su* work]s %\ld possess _! s\ls 9 peace4 ,x is v common = r\t9e "w to pall ^u him :o does x1 & we are all apt to ?9k t no "w b ours has any r\t9e4 ,our we>y eyes see only ! glori\s mom5ts ( success 9 ! lives ( o!r toil]s2 we are bl9d to ! ye>s ( drudg]y t l$ to !m4 ,! rem$y is to look =w>d4 ,y may n enjoy climb+ ! m\nta9 /ep by /ep1 b ! view f ! summit is glori\s4 ,& if to su/a9 y\rself on ! climb y ?9k ( ! bread & *eese t y h 9 y\r lun* basket1 ,i _c see t !re is aught to compla9 (4 ,all ov] ! _w !re are work]s :o feel t !y are n wor?y ( _! "w4 ,x is dull2 x palls on !m4 ,b if _! lot _h only be5 diff]5t6 ,if _! "w _h be5 t ( ! musician or ! arti/6 ,!n toil w\ld become pleasure1 & ! h\rs t n[ drag heavily w\ld flit on w+s4 ,v little ( ?is feel+ is ju/ifiable1 & ^! dissatisfi$ work]s w d bett] "w if !y are made to realize t x is only ! favor$ few :o c br+ en?usiasm to ! daily r\t9e4 ,! mo/ t we c ask ( ! av]age work] is a conviction ( ! usefulness ( 8 "w & a det]m9ation to make x z useful z possible4 ,m3 su* a det]m9ation hone/ly liv$ up to is sure to beget int]e/--t concrete int]e/ 9 "o's "w t is wor? mu* m1 practically1 ?an an ideal love = x4 ,! woman :o goes into slum "w impell$ only by a vague love = humanity is apt to give up aft] a little :5 %e disc]ns t humanity 9 ! concrete is (f5sive 9 s _m ways4 ,b if %e =ces h]self to keep on1 & to make h]self z useful z possible1 !re comes ! p]sonal int]e/ t w b9d h] to h] task & t w increase its usefulness4 ,s x is ) libr>y "w2 y ne$ n love x ideally to succe$ 9 x2 y ne$ only buckle d[n to x until y feel ! p]sonal int]e/ t w c>ry y ?r\gh triumphantly4 ,& :at is x all ab\t8 ,9 ! broade/ s5se1 z ,i h already said1 we libr>ians are ! purveyors ( ideas /or$ up 9 books4 ,^! ideas are m to man ?an m]e education--!y are life itself4 ,life is gr[?1 n /agnation--x involves *ange & acquisition4 8,life is *ange10 says ,c>d9al ,newman1 8& to be p]fect1 "o mu/ h *ang$ _m times40 ,to contribute ! opportunity & ! /imulus = su* *ange is our bus9ess4 ,! *ild cries out to 8 environm5t--8,give me ideas & exp]i5ces2 good & pleasurable if y c1 bad or pa9ful1 if y mu/1 b give me ideas & exp]i5ces40 ,"p ( ?is crav+ x is ! duty ( ! public libr>y to satisfy4 ,! crav+ may gr[ less ke5 z we gr[ old]1 b x nev] really ceases to exi/4 ,to satisfy t crav+ 9 legitimate ways & to guide & control x if we c is our bus9ess1 /at$ 9 ! broade/ possible t]ms4 ,t is :at we are aim+ at4 ,! libr>ian %\ld be ! broade/ m9d$ ( mortals4 ,he %\ld be a man 9 ! wide/ s5se--to him no?+ human %\ld be ali54 ,?is is decid$ly broad & correspond+ly vague4 ,be+ s1 x may be int]pret$ by e work] 9 ! way t appeals to him mo/4 ,to "o1 ! educational "w ( ! libr>y w make ! /ronge/ appeal2 to ano!r its recreational function4 ,"o may pref] to lay /ress on ! guidance ( *ildr5's read+2 ano!r on ref]5ce "w ) adults4 ,^! are all phases ( "o & ! same g5]al class ( acts--! imp>t+ ( ideas by means ( books--& !re is no reason :y ea* work] %\ld n ga9 int]e/ 9 t "w by & ?r\gh ! p>ticul> phase t appeals to him4 8,i wi%10 says "o ( ,james ,lane ,all5's *>act]s1 8t "s virtue--say ! virtue ( tru?fulness--c\ld be kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w z ! unfail+ m>k ( ! ,am]ican4 ,suppose ! re/ ( mank9d w\ld agree t ?is virtue con/itut$ ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican6 ,t w\ld be fame = ages40 ,we libr>ians1 9 l mann]1 n only wi% b /rive to make "s "o virtue *>act]i/ic ( our "w--say ! virtue ( usefulness4 8,z useful z a libr>ian10 8,z indisp5sable z ! public libr>y0--^! are n yet1 ,i am afraid1 h\sehold phrases4 ,b :y %\ld we n make !m s8 ,,libr>y ,,/ati/ics ,x is a valuable ex]cise to exam9e into ! orig9 & uses ( ! ?+s t we h be5 accu/om$ to take = grant$ & to reg>d almo/ z "p ( ! accept$ ord] ( nature4 ,! result w (t5 be />tl+ & x w always be salut>y1 if ! exam9] be sane & cons]vative4 ,!re=e a v good way to beg9 a discussion ( /ati/ics is to qu]y :e!r !y are ( pres5t value at all1 or :e!r !y are old fa%ion$ rubbi% & _h bett] be disc>d$4 ,/ati/ics are ! num]ical /atem5ts ( results or facts4 ,n[ ?\s&s ( individuals & ?\s&s ( bodies--families1 clans1 associations1 t accompli% mu* 9 ?is _w1 g on v well )\t keep+ any record at all ( :at !y d4 ,?is is indisputable4 ,on ! o!r h& we %all see t z "w is done well & c>efully !re is an increas+ disposition to make & keep a record ( results2 & z ! "w ext5ds 9 scope & complexity1 ! record1 too1 becomes m complex4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! record ( s app>5tly simple a transaction z ! paym5t & receipt ( money4 ,! individual :o has little ( x to receive & disburse may g all 8 life )\t keep+ s mu* z a ca% acc\nt1 mu* less a set ( books4 ,he may ev5 sp5d a consid]able income 9 ! same way1 includ+ ! ma9t5ance ( a h\sehold & ! support ( a family1 & he may1 on ! :ole1 d x wisely & well4 ,yet ( two m5 ( ! same means1 "o ( :om %\ld conduct 8 affairs ?us1 :ile ! o!r kept a rational sy/em ( h\sehold & p]sonal acc\nts1 ! latt] w\ld univ]sally be reg>d$ z pursu+ ! bett] c\rse4 ,& z we pass f ?is to ! conduct ( a bus9ess we recognize t ! man :o engages 9 comm]ce )\t keep+ prop] acc\nts is a fool & c\rts failure1 & t ! l>g] ! bus9ess & ! m widespread ! int]e/s1 ! m complicat$ & ext5sive mu/ be ! bookkeep+4 ,a l>ge comm]cial conc]n may ?us employ a special dep>tm5t ) a l>ge /aff ( m5 simply to keep record ( its f9ancial transactions4 ,?is is probably ! mo/ anci5t k9d ( /ati/ical record & ! "o ^: usefulness is mo/ g5]ally recogniz$4 ,9 l mann] ano!r common & useful /ati/ical record--! inv5tory1 or li/ ( articles on h&--al?\gh n commonly & regul>ly tak5 by ! individual1 becomes absolutely necess>y 9 ! smalle/ k9d ( bus9ess1 & )\t x ! m]*ant c h absolutely no idea1 ( :e!r he is conduct+ 8 bus9ess at a pr(it or a loss4 ,:5 we g on fur!r & exam9e1 ! conduct ( great comm]cial or manufactur+ conc]ns we f9d t ! /ati/ical dep>tm5t becomes ( increas+ importance1 ! details collect$ by x multiply & ! /aff ( p]sons ^: sole duty x is to collect & to discuss !m may be v consid]able4 ,t a great manufactur+ company w\ld wa/e "t & money on a task ( no value is inconceivable1 & !re is ?us a v /rong presumption t /ati/ics are wor? some?+4 ,ev5 :]e bodies ( m5 h s little p[] or corporate action t !y _c collect /ati/ics = !mselves1 x is g5]ally deem$ a prop] exp5diture ( ! public money to d s at ! common co/1 h5ce gov]nm5ts ma9ta9 great c5sus bureaus1 ^: duty x is n only to c\nt heads e few ye>s b to tell ! f>m] h[ mu* he raises1 ! m]*ant h[ mu* m]*&ise he exports1 & s on4 ,is ! free public libr>y an in/itution t w be b5efit$ by ! collection1 tabulation & discussion ( ! results ( its "w1 s f> z !y c be num]ically express$8 ,:at are ! objects ( su* collection 9 ! in/ances above enum]at$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are to satisfy m]e curiosity4 ,if su* curiosity is trivial1 ! collection ( /ati/ics is evid5tly useless1 & ,i am afraid t m ?an a little ( x1 public & private1 falls "u ?is head4 ,b curiosity1 ev5 :5 x goes no fur!r1 may be p]fectly legitimate4 ,especially is ?is s ab\t "o's own affairs4 ,:5 a man is attempt+ any?+ he is naturally curi\s to "k :e!r he has succe$$ or n2 & to f9d out1 if possible1 precisely h[ f> he has gone 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,he may h prop]ty en\gh to support him beyond all d\bt1 b x is q "r t he %\ld want to keep a li/ ( 8 /ocks & bonds & to "k :e!r !y h ris5 or fall5 9 value dur+ ! ye>4 ,/ill fur!r1 curiosity ab\t o!r p's affairs may be legitimate1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 "o is responsible = _! prop] conduct 9 great] or less degree4 ,9 ! same way ! tru/ees ( a free public libr>y1 repres5t+ ! public at l>ge1 by :om ! libr>y is support$ & c>ri$ on1 h a "r to "k all possible p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! way 9 :i* _! libr>ian has c>ri$ on 8 "w & ! results he has rea*$ 9 x1 & ! municipality 9 turn %\ld require ( ! tru/ees a /rict acc\nt ( ! funds t !y h adm9i/]$4 ,all ?is in=mation1 z f> z x c be /at$ num]ically1 con/itutes a mass ( /ati/ics1 & ?is "o reason amply ju/ifies its collection & w\ld ju/ify a mu* l>g] numb] ( tables ?an is usually giv5 9 a libr>y report1 provid$ only t ! in=mation is to ! po9t & is or %\ld be 9 public dem&4 ,b we _c /op "h4 ,a free libr>y1 x is true1 is n a money-mak+ conc]n1 b x c]ta9ly %\ld be run on bus9ess pr9ciples4 ,! public puts into x a l>ge sum ( money & has a "r to expect c]ta9 returns1 :i* are none ! less def9ite t !y _c !mselves be repres5t$ 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,! libr>y /ati/ic books are !re=e1 9 a way1 ! records ( ! bus9ess2 !y %[ :e!r x is be+ conduct$ cons]vatively or wa/efully1 at a pr(it or at a loss4 ,& z all ^! record books are op51 !y enable u1 or %\ld enable u to make in/ructive comp>isons betwe5 ! me?ods & results ( "o in/itution & ^? ( ano!r4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,x is a maxim ( ?is /r5u\s age t all ?+s are good or bad accord+ to ! results to :i* !y lead1 n 9 ! n>r[ s5se t 8! end ju/ifies ! means10 b 9 ! broad] s5se t we mu/ "k ?+s by _! fruits4 ,! man :o said 8,i g1 sir10 & w5t n1 0 judg$ by 8 acts1 n by 8 words2 & no matt] h[ mu* k we /ore up & h[ _m tables ( data we collect we %all be d]elict 9 our duty if we reg>d ?is z an end 9 itself4 ,! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! ,mahatma sp5ds 8 life 9 impassivity1 contemplat+ inw>d ?+s & mak+ no outw>d motion1 may h c]ta9 advantages1 b x is n consonant ) ! _s ( ?is age & ?is l&4 ,by :i* ,i mean t :5 we h f\nd out some?+ f our /ati/ics we mu/ d some?+ ) x4 ,m2 we mu/ s direct our /ati/ical inve/igations t !y be> directly on a possible c\rse ( action4 ,?is is done by ! great manufactur+ conc]ns t ma9ta9 /ati/ical dep>tm5ts2 b we all use /ati/ics 9 ?is way4 ,if a boy wants to g to ! circus he fir/ looks ?r\gh 8 pockets to see :e!r he has en\gh ca%4 ,"h is ! g]m ( a /ati/ical inve/igation conduct$ = ! specific purpose ( gett+ in=mation on :i* future action is to be bas$4 ,"h sometimes1 :]e ! opportunity ( collect+ /ati/ics is v great1 & exp5se is no object1 is a good excuse = ga!r+ a great deal t w\ld seem to be useless1 ) ! expectation t "s ( x may turn out to be int]e/+ & may sugge/ "s l9e ( "w t _h n previ\sly be5 ?\ght (4 ,to g z f> z ?is1 ! in/itution mu/ be l>ge & ri*4 ,b h[ _m ( u d any?+ ) our /ati/ics8 ,h[ _m collect /ati/ics along special l9es to assi/ 9 decid+ :at we %all d along ^? l9es8 ,h[ _m ( u1 r1 consid] t1 :5 our /ati/ics h be5 collect$ a disagreeable task has be5 done1 & put !m beh9d u till ! ye> rolls r\nd aga98 ,p]haps we h _h en\gh n[ ( ! philosophy ( /ati/ics4 ,let u see :at concrete k9ds ( /ati/ics are necess>y & 9 :at ord] ( importance4 ,fir/ comes an itemiz$ acc\nt ( receipts & exp5ditures4 ,?is is s obvi\s t x is n g5]ally consid]$ z libr>y /ati/ics at all4 ,b x may & %\ld be ext5d$ a little4 ,look at all y\r o!r tables ( /ati/ics ?r\gh f9ancial spectacles4 ,comp>e y\r receipts ) y\r population4 ,h[ mu* does y\r t[n give p] capita = libr>y "w8 ,comp>e ?is figure ) ! same = o!r t[ns4 ,comp>e y\r exp5ditures ) y\r circulation4 ,h[ mu* has y\r libr>y co/ y p] book circulat$8 ,comp>e y\r exp5diture = books ) ! numb] pur*as$ & tell u ! av]age co/ ( a book & h[ ?is comp>es ) ! co/ 9 =m] ye>s4 ,d ?is = a half-doz5 o!r phases ( y\r "w & put ! result 9 z _m brief1 crisp s5t5ces4 ,if y hav5't room 9 y\r report1 cut out "s ( ! platitudes2 we all ins]t !m 9 mom5ts ( weakness &1 once 91 x sometimes requires an e>ne/ se>* to detect & expunge !m4 ,next 9 importance comes an acc\nt ( y\r books--h[ _m !re are 9 ! libr>y1 on :at subjects1 & h[ _m h be5 add$ dur+ ! ye> 9 ea* subject2 h[ _m gifts y h _h2 h[ _m books h be5 lo/4 ,?is involves tak+ a c>eful inv5tory at lea/ once a ye>4 ,y see ,i am putt+ ?is be=e any acc\nt ( circulation4 ,a good _m libr>ies take no inv5tory or take x at too infrequ5t int]vals1 because !y h no "t4 ,y might z well say y h no "t to keep a ca% acc\nt4 ,?is is bus9ess & comes fir/4 ,leave (f c\nt+ y\r circulation if y mu/1 b keep c\nt ( ! public prop]ty 9 y\r c>e z consci5ti\sly z y keep c\nt ( ! money 9 y\r ca% draw]4 ,if y c d no?+ else make a simple enum]ation ( volumes )\t tak+ acc\nt ( classes1 b d x ?or\ghly4 ,! tr\ble ) ! inv5tory is t1 l ! old-fa%ion$ h\seclean+1 x is usually done all at once & becomes an annual bugbe>4 ,"o way ( mak+ x easi] is to spread x ov] ! ye>1 c\nt+ & report+ "o class e mon? & treat+ x z a "p ( ! regul> r\t9e4 ,9 ?is category ( /ati/ical records comes ! li/ ( y\r books1 :i* y mu/ surely h 9 "s =m1 ev5 ?\gh y may n h accession book1 %elf li/ & diction>y catalog4 ,= /ati/ical purposes inde$1 ! la/-nam$ may be left out ( acc\nt4 ,next 9 ord] ( importance come /ati/ics ( circulation4 ,y %\ld "k h[ _m books are giv5 out = home use e day & h[ ^! are di/ribut$ among ! classes4 ,d n adh]e too /rictly to y\r classification4 ,subdivide & comb9e y\r classes s t ! results w be ( int]e/ to y\r p>ticul> public4 ,always rememb] 9 discuss+ ^! /ati/ics t !y are n s mu* a record ( "w done z a r\gh proportional indication ( t "w1 & are !re=e ( relative1 n ( absolute int]e/4 ,y are n to atta* any mean+ to ! fact1 tak5 by itself1 t y\r circulation 0 #ebhj = ! mon? ( ,may1 b if y f9d t x 0 only #cabj 9 ! previ\s ,may y may ju/ly conclude t ! "w ( y\r libr>y is increas+4 ,9 ! circulation category comes ! record ( ! hall or libr>y use ( books1 ! ref]5ce use1 & ! books out/&+ at any p>ticul> "t4 ,hall use is v difficult to keep 9 a free access libr>y1 b an attempt %\ld be made to d s4 ,x is n q synonym\s ) ref]5ce use4 ,if a man sits d[n 9 y\r libr>y & actually reads a novel )\t tak+ x home1 t is hall or libr>y use1 b n ref]5ce use4 ,if he m]ely ref]s to ! same book to f9d out ab\t "s "*1 t is ref]5ce use4 ,x is evid5tly h>d to sep>ate ^! & _m libr>ies d n attempt to d s4 ,9 o!rs1 :]e !re is a sep>ate ref]5ce room1 any use ( books 9 ?is room is record$ z 8ref]5ce use40 ,! numb] ( books out/&+ %\ld be tak5 at lea/ once a mon?1 simply by c\nt+ ! c>ds 9 ! circulation tray4 ,?is item is v easy to asc]ta91 v accurate1 & is int]e/+ & useful 9 m ?an "o way4 ,la/ 9 ! li/ ( ! necess>y items ( /ati/ics comes t ( read]s or us]s ( ! libr>y--! mo/ int]e/+ 9 "s ways1 & ! mo/ disappo9t+ly vague4 ,presumably y\r us]s fill out "s k9d ( blank =m ( application & h _! names ent]$ 9 a book4 ,x is !re=e easy to give1 z is usually done1 ! total regi/ration & its annual increase4 ,b ?is is evid5tly n ! numb] ( actual us]s ( ! libr>y4 ,:o are ! 8actual us]s08 ,! expression itself is vague4 ,to be complete y %\ld h ! numb]s ( ^? :o h us$ ! libr>y )9 "o1 two1 & ?ree days1 & s on back indef9itely4 ,!re is no place :]e ! l9e may be drawn betwe5 8live0 & 8dead0 c>ds4 ,b su* /ati/ics are too elaborate to collect regul>ly1 s t ! ord9>y libr>y leaves ?is subject 9 its pri/9e mi/9ess4 ,!re are "s pretty v>iations ( x1 h[ev]1 :i* may be gone into if !re is "t4 ,= in/ance1 h[ are y\r us]s divid$1 accord+ to occupation8 ,?is y c asc]ta9 f y\r applications provid$ ! applicant is requir$ to /ate 8 occupation4 ,"h aga9 ! result is = regi/]$ us]s1 n actual us]s4 ,aga91 h[ are y\r us]s di/ribut$ topographically8 ,! result ( ?is inquiry may be %[n graphically on a map1 & x is p>ticul>ly valuable :5 "o is ?9k+ ( mov+ or ( e/abli%+ a bran*2 b x takes m "t ?an is at ! disposal ( mo/ libr>ians4 ,"h1 ,i believe1 ends ! enum]ation ( necess>y k9ds ( /ati/ics4 ,9 ea* k9d ! collection may be r$uc$ to a m9imum2 b ! libr>ian mu/1 if ! libr>y is to be ma9ta9$ at all1 keep a ca% acc\nt1 c\nt ! books1 & make "s k9d ( a li/ ( !m4 ,also1 if at all possible %e or he mu/ be able to tell h[ _m books are circulat$ & h[ _m us]s' names are on ! books4 ,?is is ! m9imum2 ! maximum is fix$ only by consid]ations ( "t & usefulness4 ,fir/ among ! k9ds ( /ati/ics t are n absolutely necess>y1 b int]e/+ & (t5 useful1 is t ( r\t9e "w done--lett]s writt51 visits made1 c>ds writt54 ,?is may easily be c>ri$ to excess4 ,!n !re is ! enorm\s class 9 :i* ! data are obta9$ n directly1 b by comp>ison ( o!r data4 ,to ?is class belong ! f9ancial comp>isons already not$4 ,= in/ance1 by comp>+ ! circulation ( sep>ate classes ) ! total we get class p]c5tages--a v useful type ( /ati/ics2 by comp>+ circulation ) books on %elves we get ! av]age circulation ( ea* book1 etc4 ,!re is no end to ! v>ieties ( ?is class ( /ati/ics1 & !y may be rat$ all ! way f 8v valuable0 to 8useless0 or ev5 8nons5sical04 ,! :ole class w\ld require a sep>ate pap] to discuss4 ,let all ^! /ati/ics tell ! tru?4 ,let !m be cle>4 ,tell exactly :at !y mean4 ,o!rwise !y w c]ta9ly mislead & are worse ?an useless4 ,x is well to accompany e table ) an explanatory note tell+ exactly h[ ! data 7 obta9$ & :e!r !y are ( a high or a l[ degree ( accuracy4 ,9 case y d n "k1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! ^w 8juv5ile0 z g5]ally us$ means ! entire circulation among *ildr51 or ! circulation 9 ! *ildr5's room1 or is m]ely %ort = 8juv5ile fiction10 decide :at x %all mean 9 y\r case & !n /ate di/9ctly :at x means4 ,read ov] o!r libr>y reports critically & :5 y f9d any /ati/ics t are vague1 see to x t t p>ticul> k9d ( vagu5ess does n occur 9 y\r own tables4 ,& aft] x is all ov]1 ask y\rself1 ,n[ :at %all ,i d ) all ?is8 ,9 ?is pap] only a few sugge/ions c be made4 ,take fir/1 ! f9ancial data4 ,if y f9d t y\r t[n is giv+ less p] capita or less p] book circulat$ ?an ! av]age1 let x be y\r bus9ess to make x give m4 ,!re is a task t w fill up y\r sp>e mom5ts4 ,if y are pay+ = books m p] book ?an o!r libr>ies1 try to buy m *eaply4 ,if y\r inv5tory %[s a great loss ( books by !ft1 try to r$uce x next ye> by great] vigilance4 ,if y\r circulation is decreas+ ask ! reason :y4 ,get at x if y c & rem$y x if possible4 ,if y\r circulation %[s a sudd5 increase 9 a p>ticul> class1 inve/igate t & meet x1 if prop]1 by increas$ pur*ases 9 t class4 ,if a class t %\ld circulate well has fall51 try to f9d out :y4 ,is y\r collection 9 ?is class small & poor8 ,make x ri*] & l>g]4 ,has int]e/ 9 ! subject fall5 (f8 ,try to /imulate x4 ,9 %ort1 in/ead ( reg>d+ y\r "w 9 connection ) /ati/ics z done :5 !y h be5 collect$1 ?9k t x has n yet begun4 ,s f> z y\r own "w is conc]n$1 let !m s]ve only z an indication ( ! weak spots t mu/ be /r5g!n$ & ( ! promis+ gr[?s t mu/ be enc\rag$4 ,!re are /ati/ics & /ati/ics4 ,"s are dead2 "s are alive--vitalis$ & vitaliz+4 ,n all ( ! libr>y's "w c be /at$ 9 figures4 ,! l>ge/ "p1 ! be/ "p1 y _c put into /ati/ical tables at all4 ,yet rightly us$1 y\r /ati/ics may s guide & direct y along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 ev5 9 ?is broad] & f9] "w1 t y\r en]gies may be put =? 9 x to ! be/ effect--t y may aim "r & t y\r %ots may n g a/ray4 ,,old ,,probabilities ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y--,,8 ,,mode/ ,,vatic9ations#f 8,don't nev] prophsey onles ye "k10 says ,hosea ,bigel[4 ,i beg to call att5tion to ! fact t ?is means 8,don't prophesy at all0--p]haps x 0 s meant by ! %rewd ,hosea4 ,we nev] c "k--& yet we cont9ue to prophesy4 ,! be/ we c d1 ( c\rse1 is to e/imate probabilities4 ,probabilities6 ,t is a good ^w4 ,!y h dropp$ x f ! wea!r reports & call _! e/imate a 8=eca/40 ,i l ! old ^w bett]4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at "s ( ! probabilities are 9 libr>y "w4 8,ev]y?+ fl[s10 said ! ,greek philosoph]4 ,no?+ 9 ! _w is /able2 *ange is ! ord] ( ! day4 ,b note ! ^w he uses4 ,t :i* fl[s is 9 a /ate ( ord]ly *ange 9 a def9ite direction4 ,ev]y?+ progresses2 & ! libr>y & its "w are be+ borne along 9 ! g5]al curr5t4 ,n[ ! writ]s on hydro-dynamics1 :o are exp]ts on bl[1 tell u t !re are two ways ( /udy+ a curr5t1 :i* !y "n ! 8hi/orical0 & ! 8/ati/ical03 ,9 ! =m] ! att5tion is fix$ on a def9ite p>ticle ( ! mov+ fluid ^: *ange ( velocity & direction is not$ z x passes along2 9 ! latt] a def9ite locality ( ! /ream is select$ & ! fluid's *anges ( =m & d5sity at t p>ticul> place are obs]v$4 ,9 l mann] we may /udy ! libr>y movem5t hi/orically or we c select a def9ite po9t 9 its c\rse--! pres5t "t--& note ! conditions & _! alt]ation4 ,! latt] plan1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is ! m favorable "o = ! w\ld-be prophet4 ,let u1 !n1 take a few ( ! sali5t features ( libr>y "w z !y exi/ to-day & inquire3 7#a7 ,:at is ! pres5t situation ) reg>d to ea*2 7#b7 ,is t situation *ang+2 & :i!r & h[ fa/2 7#c7 ,is its rate ( *ange alt]+1 & 7#d7 are ! conditions t affect x & its alt]ation1 likely to rema9 z !y are4 ,if we c answ] all ^! que/ions we c at lea/ make an attempt at e/imat+ ! probable situation at a giv5 future "t4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! libr>y _w1 z else:]e1 !re are sudd5 or abrupt *anges1 or cata/rophes1 & t ^! g5]ally defy pr$iction4 ,& ?is is equally true ( unexpect$ aids or b5efici5t influ5ces4 ,! libr>y b5efactions ( ,mr4 ,c>negie w\ld h upset ! mo/ c>eful & logical e/imate ( libr>y progress made tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,fir/ let u take up ! /atus ( our /ock 9 trade--our supply ( books4 ,presid5t ,eliot w>n$ u two ye>s ago t our books are pil+ up too fa/4 ,8 w>n+ has met ) scant he$ because exp]i5ce has n br\ght x home to mo/ ( u4 ,mal?us w>n$ u long ago t ! progress ( population 0 t[>d ov]cr[d+ ! _w4 ,we laugh at him because !re is /ill pl5ty ( room & means ( utiliz+ x unkn[n 9 8 "t4 ,yet population increases1 & x w ov]cr[d ! _w "s day unless some?+ occurs to prev5t4 ,9 l mann] our /ock ( books increases fa/] & fa/]4 ,! ord9>y ,am]ican public libr>y is a ?+ ( ye/]day2 small wond] t x does n yet beg9 to feel ple?oric4 ,our olde/ l>ge libr>ies are ^? ( our univ]sities1 & ,h>v>d's presid5t has told u t to !m ! evil day is )9 sight4 ,libr>ians h n receiv$ ) favor ,presid5t ,eliot's plea = gett+ u out ( our future difficulty b ?is is nei!r "h nor !re4 ,to judge by our pres5t attitude ei!r our libr>y build+s mu/ increase indef9itely 9 size or our /ock mu/ be we$$ out4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t our books are p]i%able1 & are gr[+ m s4 ,i d n reg>d ?is z an unmix$ evil4 ,r ?an to make our books unwieldy = ! purpose ( pres]v+ !m we pref] to make !m usable & to rely on repr9t+ = _! p]petuation4 ,?us :at is n want$ w pass away4 ,p]haps ?is w solve our problem = u4 ,b 9 any case x looks z if ! future libr>y build+ & its cont5ts 7 to be greatly l>g] ?an ^? ( to-day4 ,:at are to be ! /yle & arrangem5t ( ! future libr>y build+8 ,! pres5t situation c h>dly be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,z 9 all build+ op]ations1 !re is a /rife betwe5 ! ar*itect1 repres5t+ ae/hetics1 & ! adm9i/rator1 repres5t+ utility4 ,at pres5t ! ar*itect seems to be hav+ 8 way outside & ! libr>ian 8 way inside4 ,b :y ?is conte/8 ,is x n ! ar*itect's bus9ess to make utility m beautiful b n less useful8 ,& %\ld n ! adm9i/rator wi% 8 surr\nd+s to please ! eye8 ,app>5tly ! two are draw+ a little clos] toge!r ( late4 ,we are hav+ few] temples ( art t h to be made ov] to fit !m = use z libr>ies & few] build+s t are workable b (f5sive to ! eye4 ,! t5d5cy seems to be t[>d simple dignity1 al?\gh we c]ta9ly h "s surpris+ dep>tures f x4 ,probably ! libr>y ( ! future w be a simple & massive /ructure ( mu* great] size ?an at pres5t1 ) its decorations l>gely /ructural1 & comb9+ ample op5-%elf & read+ facilities ) greatly increas$ capacity = book-/orage4 ,!re is "o p>ticul> 9 :i* ! ar*itect has be5 specially out ( t\* ) ! adm9i/rator4 ,! op5-%elf is n[ all b univ]sal1 b _m ar*itects seem n to h he>d ( x4 ,_m build+s1 actually int5d$ = adm9i/ration on ! free access sy/em1 seem yet to h be5 plann$ z clos$-%elf libr>ies & op5$ to ! public z an aft]?\ght4 ,a libr>y )\t a special /ack-room = book-/orage is an un?9kable ?+ to mo/ ar*itects4 ,& yet 9 _m small libr>ies book-/orage is n necess>y1 & 9 mo/ bran* libr>ies1 :]e only books 9 g5]al use are to be plac$1 x w nev] be necess>y4 ,to get ! maximum advantage f op5 %elves1 ) a m9imum ( risk1 ! books %\ld be plac$ on ! walls z f> z possible & su* book-cases z /& on ! floor %\ld be z l[ z an ord9>y table1 s z to be easily ov]se54 ,a /ack-room1 x seems to me1 is di/9ctly a clos$-%elf arrangem5t4 ,i believe ?is is com+ to be recogniz$ & t 9 ! future libr>y ! books w be on or ne> ! walls4 ,b h[ ab\t ! op5-%elf sy/em itself8 ,at pres5t !re are few libr>ies t d n h x 9 "s =m1 & "s ( ^! are libr>ies t cont9u$ /rongly to disapprove ( x ev5 aft] x _h become well & widely e/abli%$4 ,! indications are ne>ly all t x has come to /ay4 ,i say ne>ly all2 = !re is /ill a feel+ among _m p t x is n good adm9i/ration to ab&on s l>ge a p]c5tage ( our books to ?ieves4 ,9 libr>ies 9 small communities :]e ! loss is small1 ?is "q does n arise2 b 9 ,new ,york1 = in/ance1 :]e we lo/ #ejjj books la/ ye>1 x is s]i\s4 ,we libr>ians may say & believe t ! advantages f> outweigh ! disadvantages1 b tru/ees & municipal au?orities are h>d to conv9ce4 ,9 ,new ,york we h tak5 :at _m w consid] a backw>d /ep1 by p>tially clos+1 z an exp]im5t1 ! %elves ( two ( our bran*es4 ,s t al?\gh we may safely say t free access has come to /ay1 ,i d n look to see x appli$ v g5]ally to l>ge collections4 ,"o ?+ seems to me cle>4 ,libr>y adm9i/ration is becom+ increas+ly bus9ess-l1 & x is n bus9ess-l to accept a l>ge annual loss )\t an attempt to m9imize x4 ,we mu/ at lea/ inve/igate regul>ly & rigidly ! s\rces & "* ( ?is loss4 ,z = ! o!r features t we h become accu/om$ to reg>d z di/+ui%+ ! new libr>y era f ! old--special "w ) *ildr51 co-op]ation ) s*ools1 travell+ libr>ies1 etc4--x is evid5t t ^!1 too1 h come to /ay4 ,_! sph]es are wid5+ & _! aims are div]sify+1 h[ev]1 s t he :o %\ld v5ture to pr$ict _! precise /atus 9 ! future w\ld be ra%4 ,9 fact1 ! libr>y idea itself is beg9n+ to suff] a sort ( re/less *ange t is q di/9ct f its ord]ly progress4 ,! activities ( ! libr>y are at pres5t a good deal l ^? ( ! amoeba--/ret*+ out a t5tacle "h1 )draw+ "o !re2 improvis+ a m\? & !n turn+ x into a /oma*2 %ift+ & /ret*+ ab\t2 some:at vague & =mless1 yet in/9ct ) life1 appetite & caution1 & vitaliz$ ) at lea/ ! g]m & promise ( intellig5ce4 ,su* a /ate is an unpromis+ "o = prophecy4 ,is ?is or t new developm5t ( activity ! beg9n+ ( an ord]ly m>* 9 a /raight l9e1 or is x to be )drawn or rev]s$ to-morr[8 ,is our "w ) *ildr5 to include mu* t n[ seems to belong to ! k9d]g>t51 ! museum1 & ! art gall]y8 ,are our travell+ libr>y dep>tm5ts to sell books 9 ! future z well z l5d !m8 ,are we to deliv] books free at our us]'s homes8 ,are our ,bo>ds ( ,education to turn ov] to u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( all su* "w z deals ) books & _! use8 ,_m que/ions l ^! w\ld h be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative ye/]day b 9 ! negative to-day4 ,i might be incl9$ to say 8yes0 to "s ( !m n[1 :5 to-morr[ w\ld prove !m out ( ! "q4 ,b !re is "o ass]tion t we c make boldly4 ,:atev] ! libr>y has tri$ to d or to be1 :e!r success or failure has att5d$ x1 x has nev] ceas$ to be a libr>y--a keep] & purveyor ( books4 ,:atev] else x may und]take1 we may be sure t ?is w cont9ue to be its *ief reason = exi/5ce1 & t its o!r activities1 if su* !re be1 w gr[ out ( ?is & gr\p !mselves ar\nd x4 ,is ! libr>y to gr[ into a book/ore8 ,i d n "k1 b if s its comm]cial functions are likely to be subsidi>y4 ,c]ta9 libr>ies h already add$ to _! duties z free in/itutions ! functions ( pay-libr>ies1 & ! comm]cial feature has ?us be5 introduc$4 ,x seems to be spread+1 & x may prove an ent]+ w$ge = a sy/em ( actual sales to supplem5t t ( paid loans4 ,a p[]ful det]r5t1 h[ev]1 w be ! influ5ce ( ! book-trade4 ,foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! activity ( ! libr>y z an aid to ! own]%ip z well z ! read+ ( books is p]haps m likely to manife/ itself 9 advice ?an 9 actual trade4 ,"s libr>ies are n[ mak+ special ef=t to give _! read]s in=mation ab\t book-prices1 & ab\t places & me?ods ( pur*ase2 & x seems likely t ?is k9d ( aid1 s9ce x c ar\se no opposition1 w increase4 ,! position 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 ( opposition to ^? :o make & sell books1 is un=tunate4 ,! situation has be5 gr[+ m & m t5se & x may cont9ue s to gr[1 p]haps up to ! po9t :]e all disc\nt w be )held f libr>ies & :]e new legislation may disc\rage importation1 b ,i d n believe t x w keep on indef9itely4 ,no "o :o looks into ! matt] closely c help believ+ t 9 ! long run libr>ies adv]tise ! book-trade & help x by promot+ g5]al int]e/ 9 lit]ature4 ,?is view ( ! matt] 0 tak5 by a majority ( ! ,new ,york ,booksell]s' ,league at a rec5t d9n] at :i* ! "q 0 discuss$4 ,ev5 purely z a matt] ( bus9ess1 ! libr>y des]ves special privileges & x w d\btless cont9ue 9 "s measure to receive !m4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem probable t ! av]age co/ ( books to a public libr>y w ev] be z l[ aga9 z x 01 say1 t5 ye>s ago4 ,9 fact ?is may be said ( all libr>y exp5ses4 ,sal>ies are ris+ & ought to rise high]2 our build+s are l>g] & f9] & dem& m exp5sive c>e4 ,we are heat+ !m ) m co/ly app>atus & light+ !m ) electricity4 ,! libr>y ( ! future w d\btless co/ m to ma9ta9 9 e item ?an ! libr>y ( ! pa/--b ! public w receive m ?an ! diff]5ce4 ,z reg>ds *ildr5's "w !re seem to be at pres5t two t5d5cies--"o t[>d complete isolation & "o 9 ! opposite direction4 ,w our gr&*ildr51 :5 !y g to ! public libr>y1 be segregat$ 9 a sep>ate room1 p]haps 9 a sep>ate build+2 or w !y be treat$ z a di/9ct class only s f> z may be absolutely necess>y = good adm9i/ration8 ,probably complete sep>ation is be/ = ! libr>y & be/ = ! adults2 ,i hesitate to say t x is be/ = ! *ildr54 ,aft] all1 *ildhood is b a /age & n a re/+ /ate at t--r re/less & progressive4 ,any special conditions t we provide = x mu/ !mselves be subject to con/ant *ange4 ,9 our s*ools ! *ild passes f grade to grade4 ,9 our libr>ies ! grades are only two2 let u n make ! leap f "o to ! o!r too great4 ,i look to see special libr>y "w = *ildr5 increase 9 importance1 b ) due recognition ( ! fact t "s ( ! ne$s & aspirations ( a 8gr[n-up0 are pres5t 9 _m a twelve-ye>-old & t x is bett] t ! clo!s ( a gr[+ *ild %\ld be a size too l>ge ?an an exact fit4 ,! travell+ libr>y des]ves a special ^w1 because its success is indicative ( ! t5d5cy to br+ ! book & its us] into clos] contact4 ,9 ,new ,york we began1 only sev5 ye>s ago1 to circulate a few hundr$ books mon?ly 9 ?is way among half a doz5 s*ools4 ,n[ we give out ne>ly half a million a ye> f ne>ly #ejj diff]5t po9ts4 ,we he> ! same tale f all sides4 ,& ! co/ ( circulation p] book is surpris+ly small4 ,9 ,new ,york ! circulation ?r\gh travell+ libr>ies is equal to t ( ?ree bran*es ( ! fir/ class1 :ile ! numb] ( assi/ants employ$ is ab\t half ! numb] requir$ 9 "o ( ^? bran*es4 ,! co/ ( op]at+ ?ree l>ge bran*es 9 ,c>negie build+s is ab\t #dj1jjj ye>ly1 :]eas our travell+ libr>ies = ! la/ fiscal ye> co/ u b #fdjj4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be rememb]$ t a v l>ge am\nt ( ! "w ( circulation 9 ?is case is done by volunte] assi/ants & t ! us]s ( ! books h n ! facilities & res\rces ( a bran* libr>y--! numb] & v>iety ( books1 ! pleasant surr\nd+s1 ! tra9$ aid4 ,( c\rse ! travell+ libr>y c nev] take ! place ( ! fully equipp$ bran*1 b 9 supplem5t+ bran* "w & 9 rea*+ ^? :o live 9 sp>sely settl$ communities its capabilities are great & x may be expect$ t its use w increase4 ,! broad5+ ( libr>y "w illu/rat$ by ! successive appe>ance ( ! ref]5ce libr>y1 ! circulat+ libr>y1 ! deliv]y /ation1 ! bran* & ! travell+ libr>y sugge/s ! ?\ght t ?is s]ies may be c>ri$ fur!r 9 ! future by ! addition ( "s work+ plan t w br+ ! book /ill clos] to its us]4 ,su* a plan w\ld be ! sy/em 9 :i* books are deliv]$ free ( *>ge at ! h\ses ( ^? :o use !m1 or ! provision ( a real libr>y on :eels--a van suppli$ ) %elv+ = a ?\s& books or m f :i* selection c be made z x moves ab\t f h\se to h\se4 ,x does n seem probable t any su* device z ?is w be g5]ally adopt$ = di/ricts adequately provid$ ) regul> libr>ies1 b = ?9ly settl$ regions !y may supplem5t or take ! place ( our pres5t travell+ or home libr>ies4 ,i believe = in/ance1 t a mov+ libr>y ( #ajjj books1 call+ once a week at ea* h\se 9 a f>m+ di/rict w\ld be pref]able to f\r travell+ libr>ies ( #bej books ea*1 /ation$ at po9ts 9 ! same di/rict1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! co/ w\ld be correspond+ly great]4 ,! libr>y's /atus z an educational in/itution seems n[ to be well e/abli%$4 ,no "o disputes x1 & z ?is appe>s to be ! *ief gr\nd on :i* its support by public funds is ju/ifi$ we may reg>d x z settl$ t ! libr>y is to cont9ue to play its "p 9 public in/ruction4 ,?is "p1 ?\gh n s def9ite & positive z t ( ! s*ool1 ext5ds ov] a f> long] p]iod4 ,:ile ! libr>y's "w is p>allel & supplem5t>y to t ( ! s*ool 9 ! case ( ^? ( s*ool age1 x mu/ cont9ue its "w alone aft] its us]s h left s*ool4 ,"h x may settle its me?ods = itself1 b 9 its e>li] "w :5 x deals ) pupils1 x has ! tea*] to reckon )4 ,! necessity = con/ant consultation & co-op]ation betwe5 ! au?orities ( two public in/itutions1 ^: "w is s simil> & c s easily result 9 wa/eful duplication or /ill m wa/eful conflict1 is obvi\s4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t libr>ians & tea*]s are gett+ ne>] toge!r & we may confid5tly pr$ict t ! rappro*em5t w be clos] 9 ! future4 ,b al?\gh ! s*ool is ceas+ to look ^u its y\ng] si/] z an int]lop] 9 ! p$agogical family1 !re is /ill pl5ty ( room = ! def9ition ( _! respective sph]es4 ,& we h no "r to compla9 t ! s*ool is /ill do+ mu* libr>y "w1 :5 we h ourselves sometimes tri$ to d s*ool "w4 ,i look 9 ! future = ! def9ition ( two cle>ly sep>at$ sph]es ( activity1 "o fill$ by ! libr>y & ! o!r by ! s*ool1 & = ! close/ co-op]ation betwe5 ! two t is consi/5t ) conf9+ ea* to its own "w4 ,x is probably too mu* to expect t ! s*ool w give up ! cu/odian%ip ( books4 ,x mu/ at lea/ control its own text books1 & its collection ( ref]5ce works %\ld be complete en\gh to con/itute a ?or\gh guide & aid to prop] /udy4 ,b ! di/ribution ( supplem5t>y read+ %\ld be ! "p ( ! public libr>y4 ,?is & o!r relat$ po9ts are to be settl$1 if at all1 9 ! future by two k9ds ( mutual und]/&+s2 namely1 betwe5 ! gov]n+ bo>ds ( libr>y & s*ool & betwe5 libr>ian & tea*]4 ,! due def9ition ( sph]es ( "w c come only f an (ficial agreem5t betwe5 libr>y bo>d & s*ool bo>d2 helpful aid on bo? sides c come only f an (ficial agreem5t betwe5 libr>y bo>d & s*ool bo>d2 helpful aid on bo? sides c come only f p]sonal contact & acqua9tance betwe5 tea*]s & libr>y assi/ants--su* a degree ( acqua9tance betwe5 tea*]s & libr>y assi/ants--su* a degree ( acqua9tance t ea* comes to h a practical k ( ! o!r's problems1 trials & limitations4 ,mo/ libr>ians h made m or less ef=t 9 ?is direction2 "s h met ) di/+ui%$ success4 ,we may safely pr$ict fur!r progress along ?is l9e4 ,! lessons ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t all po9t to ! increas+ use ( ! libr>y z a great eng9e ( popul> education1 us+ ! n\n 9 its broade/ s5se & emphasiz+ ! adjective4 ,! libr>y is m & m a great humaniz+ influ5ce2 if ?is is s1 no?+ human mu/ be ali5 to x4 ,& mu* t is human & humaniz+ is nev]!less ephem]al4 ,) "s ! implications ( ?is ^w are :olly contemptu\s4 ,( a day6 ,does no?+ valuable pass quickly away1 hav+ done its little "w8 ,! day itself is a day only & vani%es ) ! ev5+ & ! morn+2 yet x has its "p 9 ! record ( ! ye>s4 ,s ) 8ephem]al0 lit]ature4 ,z we h se51 a great deal ( :at we are wont to consid] z /&>d & p]man5t w ultimately p]i%4 ,yet be its life t ( a ye> or a c5tury1 a book may play its little "p 9 ! m5tal developm5t ( ^? :o read x4 ,j at pres5t ! favorite vehicle ( lit]>y expression is fiction4 ,p put into /ories :at !y h to say ( hi/ory1 sociology & e?ics2 !y embody 9 romance _! !ories ( ae/hetics1 economics & politics4 ,!re is good doctr9e ) a poor lit]>y sett+ & !re are pa/e jewels 9 pure gold4 ,b tak+ x by & l>ge ! mu* decri$ deluge ( mod]n fiction has und\bt$ly be5 educative 9 its t5d5cy4 ,?is is :y ,i _c yield to logic & pr$ict ! gradual disappe>ance ( all b a small residuum ( fiction f ! public libr>y4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 t direction b !re are "s signs ( a reaction4 ,! se] may hope1 ev5 if he d>e n pr$ict1 t ! great public libr>y t c af=d to d s w cont9ue to pur*ase su* fiction z w int]e/ or ent]ta9 ! av]age p]son ( education1 ev5 if x is to /ay on ! %elves b a few mon?s4 ,:at w be ! future di/ribution ( libr>ies 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,at pres5t _! numb]s are l>ge 9 ! nor!rn /ates & comp>atively small 9 ! s\!rn4 ,gr[? has be5 unexampl$ 9 its rapidity & has be5 /imulat$ by l>ge b5efactions4 ,s f> z ?is gr[? may be look$ ^u z ! direct result ( ,mr4 ,c>negie's gifts x may d\btless be reg>d$ z abnormal1 al?\gh x %\ld be not$ t e ,c>negie build+ means a pres5t & future outlay on ! "p ( ! community 9 :i* x /&s1 ( _m times ! am\nt giv5 by ! donor4 ,prim>ily1 libr>y expansion is ! result ( a popul> conviction t ! public libr>y is a public necessity4 ,expansion has proce$$ 9 proportion to ! spread ( t conviction & along ! l9es ( its progress4 ,if !re are few] public libr>ies 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor? x is because ! ne$ = !m is n felt !re1 ev5 if x exi/s4 ,d\btless ! race problem is a p[]ful inhibitory influ5ce4 ,two ?+s are c]ta92 t libr>y expansion is to g on = "s "t1 & t a "t w come :5 x mu/ /op4 ,:5 t "t arrives1 ! libr>y w h atta9$ its majority & we %all h an opportunity to address ourselves to problems t c n be att5d$ to dur+ our p]iod ( gr[?4 ,:o w use our great libr>y ( ! future8 ,:o uses ! libr>y ( to-day8 ,i h be5 ask$ t "q by report]s & h be5 puzzl$ to answ] x4 ,= ^: use is ! public libr>y int5d$8 ,x w be logical to answ] 8! ,public1 ( c\rse10 b !re are a great _m p :o w give ?is answ] ) m5tal res]vations4 ,) !m 8! ,public0 means "s p>ticul> "p ( ! public4 ,"s ?9k t ! libr>ies are = ! poor1 or at any rate = ^? :o _c af=d to buy books = !mselves4 ,?is is a survival ( ! orig9 ( "s ( our circulat+ libr>ies1 :i* 7 orig9ally *>ities4 ,b a public f\ndation & a *>itable f\ndation are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,our p>ks are free1 yet we d n object to _! free use by ! weal?y1 nor d ! weal?y classes !mselves seem to %r9k f x4 ,"s aga9 w\ld limit ! use ( a libr>y to /ud5ts1 or at all ev5ts to ^? :o d n c>e to )draw books = home use4 ,^! are p :o d n believe 9 ! circulat+ libr>y--& !re are /ill su*4 ,o!rs aga9 w\ld h ! public libr>y cat] only to ^? ( educat$ lit]>y ta/e4 ,= ^! reasons & = o!rs x is a fact t our public libr>ies1 ev5 ^? ) ! l>ge/ circulations1 are n us$ by ! entire public4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 !y are be+ us$ m & m freely4 ,9 a libr>y t uses ! two-book sy/em x is impossible to tell exactly f /ati/ics1 h[ _m p]sons are draw+ f ! libr>y at "o "t4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] is proportional to ! numb] ( books out/&+1 we f9d 9 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y t x has be5 increas+ a little fa/] ( late ye>s ?an ! circulation4 ,9 o!r words1 individual read+ has n increas$1 & ! great rec5t increase ( circulation 9 our libr>y & presumably 9 o!rs also1 is due to an increase ( read]s4 ,! size ( ! libr>y's public is !re=e increas+ & !re is no reason to suppose t x w n cont9ue to d s4 ,( c\rse !re mu/ be a limit4 ,= in/ance1 c]ta9 sections ( ! public w n use a libr>y--z !y w n use a s*ool--9 conjunction ) o!r sections4 ,?is may be because ( social or racial feel+1 or p]sonal uncleanl9ess or (f5siv5ess1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is n c>ri$ to ! po9t :]e ! libr>ian c prop]ly object to x4 ,9 su* cases ! l[] elem5t w drive out ! high]4 ,! rem$y seems to be s\ght 9 segregation4 ,?is may be ei!r op5 & ackn[l$g$ z 9 ^? s\!rn cities :]e ! libr>y has a sep>ate dep>tm5t = color$ p1 or x may be virtual1 z :]e a conv5i5t l\ng+ room ) newspap]s is provid$ = ! tramp elem5t1 sometimes ) ! privilege ( smok+4 ,9 l>ge cities ! bran* libr>y sy/em acts 9 ! same way4 ,! "* ( ! c>d-hold]s is det]m9$ by t ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict & we ?us get practically sep>ate libr>ies = sep>ate sections ( ! community4 ,i look to see ?is sep>ation proce$ to a some:at great] degree1 n p]haps sy/ematically b automatically & almo/ involunt>ily4 ,9 spite ( ! app>5t concession to class feel+1 x w c]ta9ly increase ! aggregate use ( ! libr>y & ?us make x m truly a public in/itution4 ,s f> z ! bran* sy/em is conc]n$1 ( c\rse1 ?is is only "o ( ! ways 9 :i* x increases ! size ( ! libr>y's public4 ,ev5 9 a section :]e ! population is p]fectly homog5e\s1 m p w always be s]v$ by two libr>ies ?an by "o4 ,! numb] ( bran* libr>y sy/ems is rapidly increas+ & ! prospects are t ! greate/ possible use is to be made ( !m 9 ! future4 ,& !y w be made up ( true bran*es4 ,deliv]y /ations h _! uses1 b !y c nev] take ! place ( build+s ) p]man5t /ocks ( books & all ! conv5i5ces ( a sep>ate libr>y4 ,:]e a bran* build+ is also a deliv]y /ation1 z x always %\ld be1 t is1 :]e ! us]s ( a bran* are all[$ to draw on ! /ock ( ! ,c5tral ,libr>y or ( ! o!r bran*es1 x is f\nd t ! bran* use va/ly exce$s ! /ation use4 ,9 our own libr>y a bran* t circulates #ejj to #ajjj ( its own books daily w give out only two or ?ree f o!r bran*es4 ,?is is suffici5tly indicative ( ! pref]5ces ( ! public1 & 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d public pref]5ce w ultimately gov]n4 ,^! bran* libr>ies w h limit$ /ocks ( books1 mo/ly1 ?\gh n entirely1 on op5 %elves1 & w include small ref]5ce collections :i* w be m important z ! bran* is f>!r remov$ f ! c5tral libr>y4 ,^! pr$ictions1 x seems to me1 are all w>rant$ by pres5t t5d5cies4 ,h[ w ! future libr>y be gov]n$ & adm9i/]$8 ,! gov]n+ body at pres5t is almo/ univ]sally a bo>d ( tru/ees :o are m5 ( /&+ & responsibility b usually )\t exp]t k4 ,^! are sometimes semi-indep5d5t & sometimes "u ! direct control ( _! municipal gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy seems to be to m9imize municipal control b to increase ! numb] ( gov]n+ bodies subject to x4 ,9 o!r words private libr>ies are do+ m public "w ?an =m]ly "u contract ) municipalities1 becom+ !reby subject to ! control ( ! city or t[n b n s closely z to br+ politics into ! managem5t4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is s desirable t we may expect x to be multipli$ 9 ! future4 ,z reg>ds ! lay or inexp]t "* ( ! gov]n+ bo>d1 ?\gh x is look$ ^u by "s z objectionable1 x is %>$ by ! libr>y ) great numb]s ( o!r public & semi-public in/itutions4 ,su* a bo>d may be reg>d$ z repres5tative ( ! great lay public1 on ^: behalf ! in/itution mu/ be op]at$1 & ^: memb]s are int]e/$ 9 results r ?an 9 ! special me?ods by :i* ^! results may be obta9$4 ,t ! memb]s ( su* a bo>d %\ld be m]e figure-heads is c]ta9ly n to be desir$2 t !y %\ld1 ei!r z individuals or collectively1 take "p 9 ! details ( adm9i/ration is equally undesirable4 ,!re are bo>ds t are do+ ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! ?+s1 b ! t5d5cy is to lean nei!r 9 ! direction ( laxity nor ( undue int]f]5ce--to require def9ite results & to hold ! libr>ian /rictly responsible = ! atta9m5t ( ^? results1 leav+ him to employ 8 own me?ods4 ,& ! libr>ian ( ! future2 :o & :at w he be8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n libr>ian & him ( ! old s*ool has (t5 be5 ! subject ( comm5t4 ,! libr>ian n[adays is less ! s*ol> & m ! man ( affairs4 ,is *ange to g on 9 ?is direction8 ,!re are r1 x seems to me1 signs ( a reaction4 ,p]haps reaction is h>dly ! ^w4 ,! libr>ian1 :ile keep+ 9 t\* ) ! times1 is rea*+ back = a little ( ! _s ( ! old-"t cu/odian & incorporat+ x ) 8 own4 ,is x too mu* to hope t ! heads ( our future libr>ies1 w keep 9 ! =efront ( libr>y progress1 al]t to appreciate ! popul> ne$ & to respond to x1 may yet h some?+ ( ! sweet & g5tle _s ( ! old s*ol>s :o us$ to preside ov] our /oreh\ses ( books8 ,:o are to be ! assi/ants 9 our libr>y ( ! future8 ,at pres5t our /affs are recruit$ f ! foll[+ s\rces3 7#a7 ,! libr>y s*ools4 ,! be/ ( ^! h suppli$ *iefly ! heads ( ! small] libr>ies1 & heads ( dep>tm5ts or assi/ants ( ! high] grades 9 ! l>g] libr>ies4 ,few heads ( ! l>ge libr>ies are s*ool-graduates & few l[]-grade assi/ants4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s*ools ( ! second class ^: graduates h gone into ! l[] grades bo? 9 small & l>ge in/itutions4 7#b7 ,appr5tice classes1 g5]ally =m$ to in/ruct untra9$ p]sons 9 ! "w ( a p>ticul> libr>y1 s t ^? :o ent] its l[] grades may be at lea/ p>tially fitt$ = _! "w4 ,! be/ ( ^! rise by promotion to ! upp] grades4 7#c7 ,appo9tm5t ( totally untra9$ p]sons4 ,if su* p]sons are ?or\ghly well educat$ !y may ent] ! "w 9 ! high] grades or ev5 z ! heads ( libr>ies4 ,b ,if n !y g5]ally ent] at ! bottom1 al?\gh ( c\rse "s obta9 high] positions ?r\gh political or local influ5ce4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 /ates ! situation fairly4 ,:at are ! t5d5cies8 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! libr>y s*ool is gr[+ 9 favor4 ,! increas+ numb]s ( ^? :o apply = s*ool c\rses1 ! rais+ ( requirem5ts1 bo? = entrance & = graduation1 ! second class s*ools t h sprung up 9 limitation ( ^? ( high] grade1 mak+ necess>y ! appo9tm5t ( committees by v>i\s libr>y bodies to exam9e & report on !m--all po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,at ! same "t we h _h num]\s in/ances1 ( late1 ( ! selection ( non-graduates to fill high libr>y positions & at lea/ "o in/ance ( frank /atem5t on ! "p ( a libr>ian ( ackn[l$g$ em95ce1 9 favor ( tak+ college m5 ( ability into ! libr>y imm$iately on graduation1 in/ead ( putt+ !m ?r\gh a libr>y s*ool4 ,! libr>y s*ools aim1 & v prop]ly s1 at occupy+ ! same position t[>d ! libr>y pr(ession t ! m$ical & law s*ools d t[>d ! m$ical & legal pr(essions4 ,/ati/ics %[ t !y h n yet rea*$ t position4 ,/ill1 x is probable t !y w cont9ue to approximate to x z a limit4 ,9 ! future1 m & m ( ! high] libr>y positions w d\btless be fill$ by libr>y-s*ool graduates--& s also w m ( ! l[] positions4 ,:5 ! dem& = assi/ants 9 ! high] grades beg9s to slack51 proportionately to ! supply1 z x is sure to d "s day1 ! libr>y s*ool graduates w be will+ to ent] ! libr>y =ce 9 ! l[] grade1 & w ?us cr[d out ! untra9$ or p>tially tra9$ applicants to "s ext5t4 ,!y may ev5 make ! appr5tice class a sup]fluity1 9 :i* case ,i am sure libr>ians w ab&on x )\t a sigh4 ,9 ^! some:at desultory =eca/s ! object ( ! prophet has be5 n s mu* to impress ^u o!rs 8 own beliefs z to /imulate a ta/e = prophecy--a desire to glance ov] ! rail & see :i* way ! curr5t is sett+4 ,)\t be+ fatali/s1 we may hold t !re are c]ta9 great t5d5cies 9 human affairs1 va/ social curr5ts1 aga9/ :i* x is well-nigh hopeless to /ruggle4 ,^? :o desire to accompli% results mu/ "w ) ^! curr5ts1 n aga9/ !m4 ,success has almo/ always be5 won 9 ?is way4 ,ev5 :5 a few bold spirits h seem$ to /em & turn back ! :ole tide1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t an unse5 und]curr5t 0 9 _! favor4 ,le>n !re=e to judge ( ! curr5ts2 s %all we avoid ! rocks & %oals & br+ our craft safely to port4 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,books ,,z ,a ,,basis ,,= ,,libr>ian%ip#g ,is ! love ( books a prop] or necess>y qualification = "o :o is to c>e = books & to see t !y d ! "w = :i* !y 7 made8 ,fir/1 let u ask a "q or two4 ,:at is ! love ( books2 & :at is !re 9 books t "o may love8 ,! same "q might be ask$ & answ]$ ( ! love ( human be+s2 = betwe5 x & ! love ( books !re are curi\s analogies4 ,( :at1 !n1 d man & book sev]ally consi/ z objects ( int]e/ & affection8 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! man himself1 ! ego1 ! s\l--:i* _c inde$ exi/ on ?is e>? )\t its mat]ial embodim5t1 b :i* mo/ ( u realize is 9 "s way di/9ct f t embodim5t4 ,s ! book has its s\l4 ,! ideas or facts t x sets =?1 ?\gh dep5d5t = _! influ5ce on ! pr9t$ page1 exi/ indep5d5tly ( t page & make ! book :at x is4 ,next we h ! mat]ial embodim5t2 t )\t :i* ! man or ! book c\ld n exi/ = u2 :i* is a necess>y "p ( him or x1 b necess>y only because x is ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* man or book may be kn[n by ! s5ses4 ,! body ( ! book is ?us s mu*1 & only s mu*1 ( its mat]ial "p1 its pap] & its ink1 z is necess>y to pres5t ! cont5ts prop]ly to ! eye4 ,la/ly1 we h ! clo?+ ( man & ( book1 hav+ ! function ( protection or ( decoration1 or bo?2 9 ! case ( ! book ! protective cov]1 (t5 highly decorat$1 & s mu* ( int]ior elaboration z _c be said to be /rictly necess>y to ! pres5tation ( ! idea4 ,! 8body0 & ! clo?+ ( ! book1 let x be not$1 are n /rictly sep>able z are ^? ( ! man4 ,! l9e betwe5 !m may be drawn 9 diff]5t places by diff]5t p4 ,! same illu/ration1 we w say1 may be consid]$ by "o read] an absolutely necess>y "p ( ! book--an organ ( its body--:ile to ano!r x is b an ornam5tal embelli%m5t--a decorative gewgaw4 ,9 spite ( ?is vagu5ess1 h[ev]1 !re is "h an und5iable di/9ction betwe5 ^? mat]ial p>ts ( ! book t are necess>y to its exi/5ce & ^? t m]ely embelli% x or protect x4 ,! book !re=e1 l ! man1 is made up ( s\l1 body & clo!s4 ,:i* ( ^! is ! entity t may be lov$8 ,n[ !re are _m k9ds ( lov]s & _m k9ds ( love4 ,! belle ( ! ball may be surr\nd$ ) admir]s1 b if clad 9 rags & seat$ 9 a gutt] %e might excite no favorable notice4 ,/ill m may a pretty face be lov$ :5 x has no m5tal or spiritual qualities beh9d x4 ,yet ^! types ( affection are inf]ior--no "o w\ld d5y x4 ,9 l mann] ^? :o love ! book m]ely = its f9e clo!s1 :o rejoice 9 luxuri\s b9d+ & arti/ic illum9ation1 & ev5 ^? :o dwell *iefly on its f9e pap] & c>eful typography1 are b inf]ior lov]s ( books4 ,! "o loves 8 book = its clo!s1 & ! o!r = its bodily p]fection2 nei!r c>es prim>ily = its cont5ts1 its s\l4 ,n[ ! true lov] is he :o loves ! s\l--:o sees beyond clo!s & bodily attributes1 & *]i%es nobility ( "*1 /r5g? ( intellect1 l(t9ess ( purpose1 sweetness ( disposition1 /eadfa/ness ( atta*m5t--^? ?\s& qualities t g to make up p]sonality4 ,all ^! ! book has1 l ! man or ! woman--= is x n ! ess5ce ( its writ]8 ,y\r true book-lov] w\ld r h a little old dog's-e>$ copy ( 8 favorite au?or1 soil$ & torn by use1 ) b9d+ gone1 & pr9t$ on bad pap] ) poor] type & worse ink1 ?an a m$iocre production t is a typographic & arti/ic ma/]piece4 ,& yet we call ! collector ( f9e b9d+s & r>e editions a 8book-lov]10 to ! exclusion ( ! "o :o loves truly & devot$ly4 ,! true book-lov] wants to get at ! s\l ( 8 book2 ! false "o may nev] see x4 ,he may ev5 refra9 f cutt+ ! leaves ( ! r>e fir/ edition t he has j b\ght1 9 do+ :i* he is l ! ignorant "m :o sews h] *ild up 9 8 clo!s = ! w9t]--nay1 worse2 = y _c sew up ! *ild's s\l4 ,n[ let !re be no misund]/&+4 ,z ! true lov] w\ld h 8 mi/ress beautiful--nay1 z %e is beautiful to 8 eyes1 :atev] %e may be to o!rs1 & z he w\ld1 if he c\ld1 clo! h] 9 silks & adorn h] ) gems1 s ! true book-lov] ne$ n be & is n adv]se to hav+ 8 favorite au?or sumptu\sly set =?2 he w\ld r ?an n see 8 books prop]ly & /rongly pr9t$ & b\nd2 8 love = ! s\l ne$ n int]f]e ) prop] reg>d = ! body & its raim5t4 ,& "h is :]e ! love ( ! book has an advantage ov] ! affection ^: object is a p]son4 ,9 spite ( ! adv]tisem5ts ( ! beauty doctors1 a homely face c r>ely be made beautiful2 b ! book may be embodi$ & clo!d z we w2 x is ! same1 h[ev] pr9t$ & b\nd1 to him :o loves x = its cont5ts4 ,?us x w be se5 t :5 ,i speak 9 g5]al ( 8a love ( books0 ,i mean n a love ( _! typography1 _! illu/ration1 or _! b9d+s1 b ( _! cont5ts2 a love ( ! univ]sal m9d ( humanity z en%r9$ 9 pr9t2 a love ( ! me?od ( record+ ideas 9 writt5 spee*1 z contra/$ ) _! pres5tation 9 ! spok5 tongue--a love ( ideas & ideals z s record$4 ,su* a love ( books is pre-em95tly a *>act]i/ic ( civiliz$ man4 ,x is n synonym\s ) a love ( k--! savage :o nev] saw a book may h t2 x is n ev5 ! same z a love ( record$ k1 = k may be record$ 9 o!r ways--9 ! bra9 by oral repetition1 9 sculptur$ memorials1 9 m]e piles ( /one4 ,x is a love ( ! ideas ( m5 record$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 9 ! p>ticul> way t has comm5d$ itself to civiliz$ man z be/4 ,! v exi/5ce ( a libr>y presupposes su* a love ( books4 ,no "o :o _h n an affection = ! pr9t$ records ( 8 race w\ld c>e to possess !m1 mu* less to collect & pres]ve !m4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t a love ( books %\ld be n only a qualification b an absolute pr]equisite = entrance ^u libr>ian%ip4 ,by inquir+ h[ & :y x has come to be reg>d$ z a non-ess5tial or z ( second>y importance1 we may p]haps le>n some?+4 ,a "y woman comes to me to ask = libr>y "w2 & :5 ,i dem& /]nly1 8,h y tra9+ or exp]i5ce80 %e timidly answ]s1 8,no2 b ,i'm v fond ( books40 ,i smile2 y all smile 9 l case4 ,:y d we smile8 ,:at bus9ess h we to und]rate su* a fundam5tal qualification & exalt above x m]e te*nicalities8 ,! ability to acquire ^! te*nicalities exi/s 9 t5 p]sons :]e ! ability to love books z !y %\ld be lov$ is f\nd 9 "o4 ,if ! love s av[$ is real1 ev5 if x is only pot5tial1 n actual1 our feel+ 9 its pres5ce %\ld be "o ( rev]5ce1 n amusem5t4 ,x %\ld prove ! c&idate fit1 p]haps n = imm$iate appo9tm5t1 b = prelim9>y tra9+ ) a view to appo9tm5t 9 ! future4 ,if x is real6 ,c&or compels me to confess t1 l "s o!r av[als ( love1 t ( a love = books does n always r+ true4 8,:at h y read80 ,i once ask$ "o ( ^! self-/yl$ book-lov]s4 ,%e fix$ me ) h] eye & aft] a mom5t's impressive pause %e repli$ 8,deep ?\ght60 ,i m5tally m>k$ h] z a false lov]4 ,pr\d p>5ts relate h[ _! prog5y 9 *ildhood w\ld r p]use ,e4 ,s4 ,ellis ?an play & pore ov] ,alg] ?an eat--?is z irrefragable pro( ( fitness = a libr>y c>e]4 ,consid]ation ( cases l ^! makes u wond] :e!r ! smile is s mu* out ( ! way aft] all4 ,does ! true book-lov] publicly ann\nce h] affection 9 ! hope ( ga98 ,does %e n r1 l ,%akespe>e's maid1 8nev] tell h] love80 ,x is to be fe>$ t "s ( ^! p are confus+ a love ( books ) a love ( read+4 ,!y are n ! same ?+4 ,"s p]sons enjoy ! g5tle m5tal ex]cise ( lett+ a /ream ( m or less h>mless ideas fl[ ?r\gh _! bra9s--cont9u\sly 9 & cont9u\sly out aga9--appreh5d+ !m "o aft] ano!r 9 lazy fa%ion1 & !n dismiss+ !m4 ,! result is a degree ( m5tal friction1 b no p]man5t intellectual acquisition4 ,h[ mu* ( our own read+ is ( ?is k9d ,i %udd] to contemplate4 ,f> be x f me to condemn x2 x has its uses2 x is an excell5t cure = wakefulness aft] a busy day2 b x no m indicates or /imulates a love = books ?an %ak+ h&s ) a ?\s& call]s makes x possible = ! ,gov]nor or ! ,presid5t to claim !m all z intimate fri5ds4 ,a real love = books1 aft] all1 is betray$ r ?an ann\nc$2 x %[s itself 9 ! *ance rem>k1 ! c>eless action1 j z ano!r k9d ( love may %[ itself 9 a glance or a ^w4 ,i believe ?is to be ! reason :y a love = books is s little consid]$ among ! mod]n qualifications ( libr>ian%ip2 x appe>s 9 acts1 n 9 words2 x _c be asc]ta9$ by ask+ que/ions4 ,he :o prote/s t he has x mu/ ne$s be an object ( suspicion4 ,& yet ,i v5ture to say t if any libr>ian has made a conspicu\s success ( 8 "w1 ap>t f ! m]e me*anics ( x1 he has a*iev$ t success prim>ily & notably ?r\gh love ( books4 ,?is ,i ass]t to be ! case d[n to ! assi/ant ( l[e/ grade4 ,to be good1 "w mu/ be ungrudg+4 ,& ?\gh o!r ?+s ?an love = "o's task may make "o will+ to d x & able to d x well1 intellig5t int]e/ is always a prime factor 9 secur+ ! be/ results4 ,& love ( "o's "w becomes a v simple matt] :5 !re is love ( ! subject matt] ( t "w4 ,^? :o lam5t t !y are doom$ to drudg]y %\ld rememb] t drudg]y is subjective4 ,all "w consi/s ( a s]ies ( acts :i* tak5 ap>t f _! relation%ips are unimportant & un9t]e/+1 b :i* acquire importance & int]e/ f ^? relation%ips4 ,x is s also ) sports4 ,?9k h[ *ildi% are ! m]e acts ( /rik+ a ball ) a racket or ( kick+ an inflat$ lea!r sph]e ov] a cross-b>6 ,yet 9 _! prop] sequ5ce ) o!r acts !y may be ! object ( ! brea?less int]e/ or en?usiasm ( ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,& if ?is may be ! case ) a m]e game1 h[ mu* m s ) an occupation t is "p ( ! _w's life6 ,to dip a bru% 9 color & draw x across a canvas is a simple act1 yet su* acts 9 _! sequ5ce may produce a "w ( art4 ,"h ! workman und]/&s ! position & value ( ea* act 9 ! sequ5ce2 h5ce he is n apt to feel x z drudg]y4 ,drudg]y is "w 9 :i* ! elem5t>y acts are p]=m$ un9tellig5tly1 ) little or no appreciation ( _! position 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s1 z :5 a day labor] toils at digg+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd )\t ! slighte/ k ( its purpose1 n c>+1 inde$1 :e!r x is to be a po/-hole or a grave4 ,b to ! man :o is se>*+ = buri$ treasure ! digg+ ceases to be drudg]y2 he kn[s :at he is ab\t1 & e %ovelful z x is lift$ br+s him ne>] to possible gold & gems4 ,to *ange drudg]y into int]e/$ labor1 !re=e1 realize :at y are do+2 "k its relation to :at has gone be=e & :at is to come2 und]/& :at x is y are work+ on & :at y are work+ =4 ,le>n to love t some?+2 & all t y c d to %ape x1 to increase its usefulness & to br+ x into new relation%ips w h a vivid int]e/ to y4 ,:at c\ld be dull] ?an ! act ( writ+ 9 a book1 h\r aft] h\r1 c]ta9 p>ticul>s reg>d+ o!r books1 ! au?or's "n1 ! title1 ! publi%]1 ! size1 ! price8 ,b if y love ^? volumes1 individually or g5]ically1 & if y realize t :at y are do+ is a necess>y /ep 9 ! "w ( mak+ _! cont5ts accessible & useful--( lead+ o!rs to love !m z y h le>n$ to d--!n & only !n1 x seems to me1 does su* a task z accession+ become full ( int]e/4 ,& s x is ) e "o ( ! ?\s& acts t make up ! daily "w ( a libr>y assi/ant4 ,i am say+ no?+ new2 y "k & we all "k t ! labor] :o does 8 "w well is he :o does x con amore4 ,! wage-e>n] may labor prim>ily to support himself & 8 family1 b he w nev] really e>n 8 liv+ unless 8 "w is ( a k9d t c comm& 8 :ole-he>t$ int]e/--unless he likes x & takes pride 9 do+ x well4 ,?is is :y ! love ( books--an intellig5t int]e/ 9 lit]ature & 9 ! _w's writt5 records--is s fundam5tal a necessity = a libr>ian4 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$ t "o may love books ev5 if "s ( ! great ma/]pieces leave him cold1 j z "o may love humanity ?\gh ,alex&] & ,cs>1 we w say1 d n happ5 to /ir 8 en?usiasm4 ,"o may ev51 9 a way1 love books :5 t love is exp5d$ on :at is by nature ephem]al1 s long z x is lovable & excell5t4 ,p]i%ability & excell5ce are n contr>ies by any means4 ,inde$1 ,i he>d a pa9t] once1 indignant because 8 art _h be5 *>act]iz$ z less p]man5t ?an sculpture1 ) impli$ d]ogation1 ass]t t all beauty is ( its nature p]i%able4 ,if ?is be s1 a ?+ ( beauty1 in/ead ( be+ a joy =ev]1 is a pass+ pleasure & ! m evanesc5t z x ne>s p]fection4 ,?is !sis c\ld h>dly be successfully ma9ta9$1 & yet ,i conceive t x has 9 x an elem5t ( tru?4 ,!re are critics :o refuse to admire any?+ 9 art t has n 9 x ! elem5ts ( p]man5cy4 ,a sunset !y w ackn[l$ge to be beautiful1 ?\gh fleet+1 b its arti/ic portrayal1 !y say1 mu/ be la/+4 ,an idea1 a passion1 may be f9e1 ev5 :5 =gott5 9 a mom5t1 b if en%r9$ 9 lit]>y =m x mu/ be wor? pres]v+ =ev] or !y reg>d x z )\t value4 ,^! p are confus+ m]e durability ) beauty4 8,is any?+ t doesn't la/ ?ree ye>s a book80 asks ,mr4 ,c>negie4 ,we might z well refuse to admire a fl[] because x fades ov] night1 or turn f our daily food because x is incapable ( reta9+ indef9itely its savor & nutriti\s qualities4 ,x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t a ?+ may possess beauty & usefulness 9 a high degree to-day & lose !m bo? to-morr[4 ,t is an excell5t reason = disc>d+ x !n1 b n = spurn+ x n[4 ,:at is ca/ into ! ov5 ( oblivion to-morr[ may to-day be array$1 beyond all ! glories ( ,solomon1 9 aptness ( allusion & 9 fitness ( application4 ,mu* ( ! be/ t appe>s 9 ! daily press is ( ?is k9d4 ,along ) a good deal t is wor?y ( long life1 !re is a ho/ ( admirable mat]ial 9 ! ephem]al p>agraphs t we are accu/om$ to despise4 ,we may despise !m1 b /ill we read2 & no?+ t is read ) int]e/$ att5tion by fifty millions ( p is really despicable4 ,! av]age newspap] writ] may well be cont5t to toss (f p>agraphs = u2 he ne$ n c>e :o con/ructs our lead+ editorials4 ,! influ5ce ( ! p>agraph is incomp>ably ! great]2 x has ! rac9ess ( ! soil1 %rewd wit driv5 home ) our native exagg]ation & ! /+ ( ! epigram4 ,& mu* ( t :i* is b\nd betwe5 cov]s has ?is peculi> aroma ( j\rnalism--its fitness to-day1 its /al5ess to-morr[4 ,?is sort ( ?+ may be badly done or x may be well done--inconceivably apt1 da9ty & well-flavor$4 ,if x is ( ! be/1 :y may we n love x1 ?\gh x be to-morr[ z flat z ! sp>kl+ w9e )\t its gase\s brilliancy8 ,to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to books f *ildhood1 :o h liv$ ) !m & among !m1 :o con/antly read !m & read ab\t !m1 !y seem to be a "p ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,x is some?+ ( a %ock !n :5 we awake1 z we all mu/ occasionally1 to ! realization t to a v l>ge proportion ( our population1 suppos$ly educat$1 !y are a ?+ ap>t--p$antic1 useless1 silly2 to be borne ) dur+ a few ye>s ( s*ool+ & !n ca/ aside2 to be /udi$ p]functorily b nev] to be read4 ,:5 ! /ati/ics ( read+ are analyz$ ,i believe we %all be />tl$1 n by ! great increase 9 x1 notable & indubitable z ?is is1 b at ! enorm\s am\nt ( progress t /ill rema9s to be made be=e ! use ( books by our p indicates any real g5]al int]e/ 9 !m & appreciation ( !m4 ,an attitude t[>d books t is v g5]al is indicat$ by a s]ies ( c>toons :i* has n[ be5 runn+ = sev]al ye>s 9 a ,new ,york ev5+ pap]--a pro( t its subject mu/ /rike a responsive *ord1 = ! execution ( ! pictures is b5ea? contempt4 ,x is entitl$ 8,book-,taught ,bilk9s10 & x sets =? h[ on "o occasion aft] ano!r ,bilk9s relies on ! in=mation t he f9ds 9 a book--& meets ) a disa/]4 ,?is is a trifle1 b x is "o ( ^? /raws t tell :i* way ! w9d bl[s4 ,a presumably intellig5t man1 a graduate ( ! public s*ools1 occupy+ a position "u ! city1 rec5tly rem>k$ to "o ( our libr>y p t he sp5t 8 holidays usually at "o ( ! ne>by recreation p>ks4 8,:y don't y g sometimes to "o ( ! bran*es ( ! public libr>y80 he 0 ask$4 ,he laugh$ & said1 8,i've nev] read a book yet1 & ,i don't ?9k ,i'll />t n[40 ,h[ _m are !re l him8 ,we are educat+ !m by ?\s&s4 ,!y leave s*ool ) no int]e/ 9 books1 )\t ! slighte/ appreciation ( :at books mean--c]ta9ly ) no love = !m4 ,to ^! p books are b ! vehicles & symbols ( a hateful s]vitude4 ,p]haps ?is is inevitable2 if x is1 all t we c say is t f> f 8cont9u+ ! "w ( ! s*ools10 z we are (t5 told is our function1 we may (t5 h to undo a "p ( x1 :i* consi/s 9 creat+ an attitude ( ho/ility t[>d books & read+4 ,c ?is be done by ^? :o d n appreciate & c>e = lit]ature8 ,i d n want to be consid]$ pessimi/ic4 ,?is lack ( int]e/ 9 books ,i believe to be noticeable l>gely because we h *ang$ our :ole attitude t[>d ! relation%ip ( lit]ature to ! p4 ,love = books us$ to be reg>d$ z prop]ly conf9$ to a class2 t ! bulk ( p did n c>e = lit]ature 0 no m significant ?an ! fact t !y _h nev] ta/$ pat de foie gras4 ,n[ we consid] t e "o ought to love books--& ! fact t va/ numb]s ( p d n1 no long] seems natural to u4 ,t ^! p are beg9n+ to %[ an int]e/1 & t ! ranks ( ! indiff]5t are gr[+ sl[ly less1 ,i firmly believe2 & x is my op9ion t ! public libr>y is no inconsid]able factor 9 ! *ange4 ,"s1 x is true1 are beg9n+ to c>e = books by c>+ = poor & tra%y books4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are on ! "r road2 !y are on _! way up2 x is our bus9ess n to despise !m1 b to help !m up fur!r4 ,c we d x )\t hav+ ourselves a prop] appreciation ( :at is good 9 books8 ,b c a love = books be taught8 ,to ^? :o h ! aptitude = x1 x c]ta9ly c4 ,9 o!r cases x _c4 ,to ^? :o h x 9 !m1 h[ev]1 appreciation = ! beautiful may c]ta9ly be awak5$ by precept & example4 ,i h 9 m9d a f>m] 9 ! ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 dwell+ 9 a lovely region1 b among a rural population )\t ! slighte/ appreciation ( ! beauties ( nature4 ,?is p>ticul> man _h work$ = ye>s 9 & ab\t a summ] camp & _h ?us associat$ ) p f ! city ^: appreciation ( ! f9e prospects f cliff & summit 0 unusually ke54 ,9 "t he actually came to feel su* appreciation himself1 & he w\ld sp5d ! :ole ( 8 r>e holidays on a rocky peak #djjj feet above ! sea1 dr9k+ 9 ! beauties ( ! sc5e & eag]ly po9t+ !m out to 8 t\sle-head$ *ildr51 all ( :om he took ) him4 ,none ( t brood w cease to love nature1 ,i am sure1 & _! lives w be sweet] & bett] = x4 ,9 l fa%ion1 association ) p :o appreciate good books w awak5 a simil> love 9 _m an unpromis+ m9d4 ,m]e contact ) ! books !mselves may d x1 & s our op5 %elves h br\ght x to ?\s&s1 b ! additional influ5ce ( a sympa!tic human m9d w ha/5 x wond]fully4 ,! busy assi/ant at ! desk may h a *ance to say b a s+le ^w4 ,%all t ^w relate to ! me*anics ( libr>ian%ip--! *>g+ sy/em1 ! application =m1 ! %elf-arrangem5t--or %all x convey 9 "s indef9able way ! fact t "h is a body ( work]s1 p]sonally int]e/$ 9 books & eag] to ar\se or fo/] su* an int]e/ 9 o!rs8 ,b h[ may "o tell :e!r ! true love ( books is 9 him8 ,to detect x 9 ano!r1 z already not$1 requires m ?an a brief acqua9tance4 ,b to te/ oneself is easi]4 ,:at w\ld ! _w be to y )\t books8 ,c\ld y g on liv+ y\r life1 physically & m5tally1 ev5 z y d n[1 if ! :ole great s]ies1 f big to little1 f old to new1 f ! ,bible & ,%akespe>e d[n to ! late/ novel1 7 utt]ly wip$ away8 ,if y c tru?fully say t su* a cataclysm w\ld make no diff]5ce to y1 !n y c]ta9ly d n love books4 ,if ! loss ( !m1 or ( "s "p ( !m--ev5 ! lea/--w\ld leave a void 9 y\r life1 !n y h t love 9 great] or less degree1 9 f9] or co>s] quality4 ,let u pity ^? :o h x n4 ,& z = y :o h x1 y surely h n only a fundam5tal qualification = libr>ian%ip1 b t :i* w make1 & does make1 ( y bett] m5 & wom54 ,let u p]fect ourselves 9 all ! m9uti ( our pr(ession1 let u /udy h[ to elevate x & make x m effective1 b let u n =get ! book1 )\t :i* x w\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,possibly ! libr>ian :o reads is lo/1 b ! libr>ian :o has nev] read1 or :o1 hav+ read1 has imbib$ f read+ no feel+ t[>d books b ^? ( dislike or indiff]5ce1 is surely worse ?an lo/--he has1 s f> z true libr>ian%ip goes1 nev] exi/$4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,z ,,! ,,educational ,,c5t] ,,( ,a ,,t[n ,9 us+ ?is expression x is n int5d$ to imply t ! libr>y is1 or %\ld be1 ! only place 9 a t[n :]e educational processes are go+ on--p]haps n ev5 ! pr9cipal place4 ,! c5t] ( a circle is n ! :ole circle2 its area is z]o1 x is simply a po9t s relat$ to o!r p>ts ( ! figure z to give x supreme importance4 ,! c5t] ( a :eel1 ?r\gh :i* ! axle passes1 is n ! :ole :eel1 b ar\nd x ! :ole :eel turns4 ,s ! educational functions ( a t[n libr>y1 :ile !y may n bulk l>ge 9 a catalog1 %\ld be s relat$ to ^? ( o!r in/itutions 9 ! community z to give x peculi> importance & au?ority4 ,x is n necess>y "h to rem>k t education is :at its "n implies--a draw+ out1 a developm5t ( pot5tialities4 ,because x is ?is1 & only ?is1 x w nev] make a ,%akespe>e or a ,newton out ( "o :o has x n 89 him10 z ! idiom s well runs1 to become "o or ! o!r4 ,because x is ?is1 !re are m5 :o d h 9 !m pot5tialities ( usefulness1 p]haps ev5 ( greatness1 b :o = lack ( x1 die undevelop$2 8mute0 & 8+lori\s40 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! new-born babe feels ! contact ( ! out] _w1 ?r\gh 8 organs ( s5se1 t contact beg9s to develop 8 possibilities4 ,"h education beg9s1 & x ceases only ) ! /oppage ( all functions at dea?4 ,:5 x has gone on s f> t a contact is e/abli%$ ) o!r human m9ds1 ?is developm5t takes a special turn t diff]5tiates x f any tra9+ t ! l[] animals receive--t makes x a l9k 9 ! education ( ! race4 ,/ill fur!r is ?is acc5tuat$ :5 ! *ild beg9s to h access to ! pr9t$ records ( ! race 9 ! %ape ( books4 ,books1 or no books1 8 educational developm5t goes on1 at home1 among 8 playmates1 9 8 *os5 "w 9 %op1 f>m or (fice1 b ! use ( books gives x a wid] relation%ip--a broad] outlook4 ,?is relation ( our =mal intellectual records to education :i* is emphasiz$ especially dur+ ! p]iod ( att5dance at s*ool or college1 makes a /oreh\se ( books ( peculi> value & importance to a community4 ,especially %\ld ! exi/5ce ( su* a collection direct ! att5tion ( e p]son 9 ! community to ! fact t ! use ( books to develop ! m9d & broad5 ! possibilities does n prop]ly end ) ! close ( ! s*ool life4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( ! s*ool1 9 too _m in/ances1 t its "w eng5d]s a hatr$ ( books in/ead ( a love = !m4 ,play1 we are told1 is 8"w t y don't h to d40 ,x is ! m]it ( ! libr>y t !re is no compulsion ab\t its use4 ,we dislike :at is =c$ ^u u1 b ! /udy :i* is ! h>de/ ( "w 9 a s*ool may become recreation :5 "o is free to foll[ ! l9e ( incl9ation among ! books ( a well-made collection4 ,9 ?is way ! po/-s*ola/ic education1 if we may call x s1 :i* la/s z long z ! life1 is kept 9 t\* ) ! writt5 records1 in/ead ( ca/+ ^? records aside & proce$+ haphaz>d :olly on s-call$ 8practical0 l9es4 ,! tea*]s express ?is1 :5 !y admit ! public libr>y at all into ! educational pan!on1 by say+ t x may 8cont9ue ! "w ( ! s*ool40 ,?is is a "o-sid$ way ( look+ at ! matt]--z "o-sid$ z x w\ld be to say t ! function ( ! s*ool is to prep>e p = ! use ( ! public libr>y--a /atem5t no less & no m true ?an ! o!r4 ,! prop] way to put x is t ! s*ool & ! libr>y h closely relat$ educational functions1 bo? employ+ l>gely ! writt5 records ( previ\s atta9m5t1 b ! s*ool conc5trat+ its influ5ce on a %ort p]iod ( peculi> susceptibility1 ) ! aid ( en=c$ p]sonal discipl9e & exposition1 :ile ! libr>y works )\t su* opportunities1 b also fre$ f ^! limitations4 ,?us ! libr>y uses books z a means ( developm5t1 n ) ! aid ( p]sonal influ5ce1 b )\t taskma/]s2 n )\t discipl9e1 b )\t compulsion4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( s*ool att5dance1 x works ) ! s*ool1 & x recognizes ! fact t its use is a habit be/ acquir$ e>ly4 ,?is is ! reason = our sep>ate rooms = *ildr51 ) _! special collections & tra9$ assi/ants1 & also = our ef=ts to co-ord9ate ! *ild's read+ ) 8 s*ool "w4 ,we are n try+ to set up a rival educational sy/em1 :i* by its sup]ior attractiv5ess may div]t ! att5tion ( ! *ild f s*ool2 we are m]ely see+ t our "y p may become accu/om$ to use books prop]ly1 to love !m de>ly & to look ^u ! place :]e !y are h\s$ z 9 "s s5se an intellectual refuge ?r\gh life4 ,?is clos5ess ( contact ) a public collection ( books is l>gely a mod]n idea4 ,9 anci5t times ! safegu>d+ & pres]vation ( ! individual book 0 f> m important ?an x is today4 ,great] public security1 & especially ! improvem5t 9 me?ods ( duplication1 h n[ made su* c>e unnecess>y1 except 9 ! case ( volumes kept z curiosities1 or = occasional use4 ,! book t does ! mo/ = popul> education is n kept beh9d b>s1 b s5t out broadca/ = free use1 %ortly p]i%+ 9 ! fle% to be re9c>nat$ 9 fre% pap]1 type & b9d+4 ,s5d+ out books = home use has add$ enorm\sly to ! educational value ( ! libr>y & to ! good done by books--to ! numb] ( po9ts ( contact ( m9d ) m9d4 ,along ! same l9e has be5 ! developm5t ( subsidi>y c5t]s ( di/ribution--bran* libr>ies1 travel+ libr>ies1 deliv]y /ations4 ,all ^! h add$ to ! t5d5cy to look ^u ! public libr>y z a c5t] ( municipal education4 ,9 _m communities x is be+ look$ to n[ z su* a c5t] 9 matt]s hav+ no direct connection ) books4 ,x is a museum on a small scale2 a lecture bureau2 ! mak]1 sometimes ! publi%]1 ( li/s & bibliographies4 ,9 old times ! local collector ( m9]als or ( pr9ts turn$ ov] 8 cry/als or 8 pictures to ! s*ool2 n[1 z likely z n1 he gives !m to ! libr>y4 ,x is bett] t he %\ld2 = 9 ! educational life ( ! individual1 ! s*ool comes & goes1 b ! libr>y goes on =ev]4 ,x is ?is capacity ( ! mod]n libr>y to rea* out beyond its own walls 9 _m diff]5t directions t makes x prop] = u to speak ( x z a c5t]4 ,9 a simil> way ! physici/ speaks ( c5t]s ( =ce4 ,& z a body ex]t+ attraction or repulsion--a magnetic pole1 an electrifi$ sph]e1 a gravitat+ p>ticle--is surr\nd$ by a field ( =ce :i* is v real1 ?\gh invisible1 s !re are invisible l9es t connect su* an intellectual c5t] z ! libr>y ) e int]e/ 9 ! community4 ,we recognize ?is 9 our colloquial spee*4 ,did y nev] he> ( a network ( bran* libr>ies8 ,yet on a map !y %[ m]ely a sy/em ( dots4 ,! network is =m$ ( ! comm+l+ fields ( =ce1 :i* toge!r enme% ! community 9 a web ( intellectual influ5ces4 ,& z an ord9>y =ce has two aspects1 s ! influ5ces radiat+ f our libr>y c5t]s are direct$ bo? f & t[>d !m4 ,! up-to-date libr>y /rikes out t[>d e memb] ( ! community & x /rives to draw ea* "o to itself4 ,x s5ds its books into e home1 its helpful aids to read+ & to /udy1 its libr>y news & gossip 9 ! local pap]3 b on ! o!r h&1 its cozy rooms1 its well-/ock$ ref]5ce %elves1 its will+ & pleasant att5dants ex]t on e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! community an intellectual attraction1 & hav+ let !m ta/e ( ! delights x has to (f] s5ds him out aga9 z a will+ mission>y to lure 9 o!rs4 ,by su* me?ods %\ld ! libr>y /rive to be a c5t] ( m5tal developm5t 9 a community2 by su* me?ods is x succe$+1 = no o!r c5t] c vie ) x 9 ! univ]sality ( its appeal1 :e!r we foll[ ! individual f bir? to dea?1 or reg>d ! v>i\s memb]s ( a community z !y exi/ at "o specifi$ "t4 ,b !re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! libr>y %\ld be & is able to s]ve z ! intellectual c5t] ( a community4 ,a community's moral & intellectual /atus is n simply ! sum ( t ( its compon5t memb]s4 ,?is is true ( all aggregates :]e ! compon5ts are int]relat$ 9 any way4 ,9 all su* cases ! prop]ties ( ! :ole dep5d1 x is true1 on ! prop]ties ( ! compon5ts1 b n by simple addition4 ,! ta/e ( common salt is n ! ta/e ( sodium add$ to t ( *lor9e2 ! feel+s1 ?\ghts & acts ( any aggregate ( m5 may be q diff]5t f ^? ( ! m5 tak5 individually4 ,?is is true :e!r ! aggregate be simply a body ( spectators 9 a !at]1 mutually relat$ only by ! fact ( _! common pres5ce 9 ! place1 or an association1 or ! memb]s ( a municipal community4 ,! human aggregate is 9 all cases less advanc$ ?an ! individual2 x is m primitive 9 its emotions1 its morals1 its acts4 ,?is might be expect$1 s9ce ! =mal gr\p1 ( :atev] k9d1 began its evolution lat] ?an ! individual4 ,a community's moral s5se is ?us less advanc$ ?an t ( its memb]s2 x w lie1 sw9dle & /eal1 :5 !y w\ld hesitate to d s2 x w resort to viol5ce soon] ?an !y4 ,its intellectual ability is also less2 its bus9ess transactions are loos]2 its appreciation ( arti/ic values is inf]ior4 ,! education ( a gr\p ( m51 z a gr\p1 is ?us some?+ diff]5t f ! education ( its individual memb]s4 ,9 ! case ( a loose gr\p1 su* z an audi5ce1 x c\ld n be attempt$2 ) a gr\p dwell+ toge!r & b\nd by ties ( blood & common int]e/ x is n only possible b q wor? :ile4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be und]/ood t :atev] educates ! individual also helps to educate ! community2 b :51 z is almo/ always ! case1 ! community lags beh9d1 some?+ may be done to br+ its ideals1 feel+s & acts ne>] to ! individual /&>d1 ev5 )\t alt]+ ! latt]4 ,n[ we h already be5 rem9d$ by ,pr(4 ,v9c5t ( ,*icago univ]sity t ! libr>y may act z ! social memory2 ! t[n libr>y %\ld !re=e be emphatically ! municipal memory4 ,& z memory is ! basis ( our intellectual life1 s a communal memory ( ?is k9d w s]ve z ! basis ( ! community's intellectual life & z a means ?r\gh :i* x may be fo/]$ & advanc$4 ,z ! individual looks back ) int]e/ on 8 own p]sonal hi/ory & refre%es 8 recollection by means ( family portraits1 old lett]s1 di>ies1 scrapbooks & mat]ial ( all k9ds1 s ! community %\ld reta9 consci\sness ( ! cont9uity ( its own hi/ory by keep+ 9 ! public libr>y full records ( simil> import--files ( all local publications1 pr9t$ memorabilia ( all k9ds1 mat]ial = local hi/ory1 ev5 to ! po9t ( imag9$ triviality2 ev5 private lett]s1 :5 ^! be> 9 any way on ! community life4 ,! legal & political hi/ory1 or1 at la/1 its dry bones1 is lock$ up 9 ! (ficial ar*ives or ! t[n or city2 we ne$1 9 addition1 an intellectual & social hall ( records out ( :i* ! delv] 9 local hi/ory may clo! ?is skeleton ) fle% & blood4 ,a man ) a memory has ! basis = a m9d & a consci5ce2 s a community ) ?is k9d ( a collective memory is mu* m 'apt ?an ano!r to develop collective intellig5ce & collective morality4 ,x may be ass]t$1 n z a figure ( spee*1 b z a cold fact1 t a community ^: citiz5s look back ^u an honorable hi/ory ) records pres]v$ 9 an accessible place1 ought to be mu* less likely to sanction a trolley /eal or to w9k-at (ficial graft4 ,9 a rec5t /rik+ address1 ,pr(4 ,william ,james has call$ att5tion to ! importance ( ! ?+s t may s]ve to unlock /ores ( res]ve en]gy4 ,:5 ! runn]'s fatigue has increas$ up to a c]ta9 po9t he all at once gets1 z we say1 8 8second w9d0--some?+ to enable him to draw on a res]ve en]gy4 ,^! res]ves1 ,pr(4 ,james tells u1 we all possess1 especially 9 matt]s ( ! intellect & morals2 !y may be unlock$ by ideas1 s5tim5ts or objects4 ,! ideas repres5t$ by su* phrases--cat*words1 if y *oose to call !m s--z love1 "m1 home1 lib]ty1 *ur*1 ! old flag2 righte\sness1 civic duty--h _h a p[] 9 sett+ en]gy free & accompli%+ results1 t is beyond e/imation4 ,9 reg>d+ ! libr>y z a c5t] ( municipal education we make x a /oreh\se ( objects & records1 ) _! associat$ ideas & s5tim5ts1 t are compet5t to act 9 j ?is way4 ,a man :o feels t he is a 8citiz5 ( no mean city10 :o has be5 made to realize x f e>lie/ *ildhood1 ^: m9d turns habitually to ! /oreh\se t has done mo/ to make him realize x1 is a nobl] man1 & ! community ( :i* he is a "p is a nobl] community1 ?an if su* a place 7 non-exi/5t1 or if its records & associations 7 scatt]$ & unhe$$4 ,?is is a mo/ cog5t reason = mak+ ! libr>y ! intellectual c5t] ( ! t[n1 z ! t[n hall is ! political & ! *ur* ! religi\s c5t]2 = see+ 9 x n alone a collection ( books1 h[ev] good1 t are giv5 out to ^? :o ask = !m b a means = guid+ & lead+ ! t[n's intellectual progress1 = turn+ x f trivialities to :at is wor? :ile1 c>+ = ! *ildr5's read+1 /imulat+ public ?\ght by lectures1 endeavor+ by e legitimate means to attract t[>d x ! public eye 9 reg>d to all ?+s t contribute to individual & civic developm5t4 ,! mo/ important "p ( our education1 says ,emil ,rei*1 we ga9 aft] we are tw5ty-five ye>s old4 ,we _c prev5t ! acquisition ( su* a po/-graduate education by e "y man & "y woman 9 ! t[n4 ,! "q is n3 ,%all ! m9d be tra9$8 ,%all "* be develop$8 ,x is r1 ,h[ & by :at means %all ! developm5t g on8 ,"u :at auspices %all x take place & t[>d :at end %all x po9t8 ,%all x deal 9 trivialities & end 9 vacuity8 ,%all x imp>t ins9c]ity1 di%one/y1 uncleanl9ess8 ,%all its product be a useless citiz51 an indiff]5t "o1 a positively h>mful "o8 ,! answ]s to ^! que/ions dep5d on ! home1 ! *ur*1 ! s*ool--a score1 p]haps1 ( m9or civic societies4 ,let u at ! v c5t] ( ! t[n's m5tal & moral life erect an in/itution1 :i*1 hav+ z its basal object ! collection1 pres]vation & popul>ization ( ! records ( :at has be5 wor? :ile 9 ! pa/1 may s]ve also z a support to :at is good 9 ! pres5t1 & a ladd] on :i* ! community may m\nt to /ill bett] ?+s 9 ! future4 ,is ?is too l>ge1 too s]i\s a view to take ( ! importance ( ! public libr>y8 ,t w dep5d on :at we *oose to make ( x--a m]e pile ( books to be turn$ ov] by ! pass]by1 or a true c5t] ( municipal education4 ,,! ,,libr>ian ,,z ,a ,,c5sor#h 8,"s are born great2 "s a*ieve greatness2 "s h greatness ?ru/ ^u !m40 ,x is 9 ?is la/ way t ! libr>ian has become a c5sor ( lit]ature4 ,orig9ally ! cu/odian ( volumes plac$ 9 8 c>e by o!rs1 he has end$ by becom+ 9 ^! latt] days mu* else1 includ+ a selector & a di/ributor1 8 duties 9 ! =m] capacity be+ greatly influ5c$ & modifi$ by ! expansion ( 8 field 9 ! latt]4 ,z ! libr>y's audi5ce becomes l>g]1 z its educational functions spread & are br\ght to be> on m ( ! "y & immature1 ! duty ( sift+ its mat]ial becomes m imp]ative4 ,i am n ref]r+ n[ to ! necessity ( selection impos$ ^u u by lack ( funds4 ,a man ) five doll>s to sp5d c buy only five doll>s' wor? f a /ock wor? a hundr$1 & x is unfair to say t he has 8reject$0 ! unb\ght n9ety-five doll>s' wor?4 ,su* a selection sc>cely involves c5sor%ip1 & we may *e]fully agree ) ^? :o say t f ?is po9t ( view ! libr>ian is n call$ ^u to be a c5sor at all4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ( view4 ,a man1 we w say1 is black-ball$ at a club because ( "s unsavory incid5t 9 8 life4 ,is x fair to class him simply ) ! fifty million p :o /ill rema9 outside ( ! club8 ,he w\ld1 we w say1 h be5 elect$ b = ! incid5t t 0 ! def9ite cause ( 8 rejection4 ,s !re are books t w\ld h be5 welcome on our libr>y %elves b = "s "o objectionable feature1 ^: appe>ance on exam9ation ensures _! exclusion--"s gl>+ mis/atem5t1 "s immoral t5d5cy1 "s (f5sive matt] or mann]4 ,^! are di/9ctly reject$ c&idates4 ,& :5 ! libr>y au?ority1 :e!r libr>ian1 book committee1 or paid exp]t1 po9ts out ! objectionable feature t b>s out an o!rwise acceptable book ! function ex]cis$ is surely c5sor%ip4 ,may any g5]al laws be laid d[n on ?is subject8 ,let u admit at ! outset t !re is absolutely no book t may n f9d its place on ! %elves ( "s libr>y & p]=m !re its appo9t$ function4 ,f ?is po9t ( view e pr9t$ page is a docum5t1 a record ( some?+1 mat]ial1 z ! ,fr5* say1 p\r s]vir2 f a mass ( su* mat]ial nei!r falsity1 immorality nor indec5cy c exclude x4 ,i d n speak at ?is "t1 !re=e1 ( ! libr>y z a /oreh\se ( data = ! s*ol> & ! inve/igator1 b r ( ! collection = ! free use ( ! g5]al public & especially ( collections int5d$ = circulation4 ,x is to ^! t ! c5sor%ip to :i* ,i h allud$ may prop]ly apply & ^u ^! x is g5]ally ex]cis$4 ,i "k ( no m desirable classification ( books = our pres5t purpose ?an ! old ?ree categories--! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful4 ,^? books t we desire1 we want because !y fall "u "o or m ( ^! ?ree heads--!y mu/ be morally b5eficial1 conta9 accurate in=mation or satisfy ! e/hetic s5se 9 its broade/ mean+4 ,conv]sely we may exclude a book because x lacks goodness1 tru? or beauty4 ,we may ?us reject x on "o or m ( ! ?ree foll[+ gr\nds2 badness--t is undesirable moral tea*+ or effect2 falsity--t is1 mi/akes1 errors or mis/atem5ts ( fact2 & ugl9ess--matt] or mann] (f5sive to our s5se ( beauty1 fitness or dec5cy4 ,! fir/ & ?ird qualities1 badness & ugl9ess1 are (t5 wrongly conf\nd$1 & z ,i desire !re=e to speak ( !m toge!r1 we w n[ take up ! second1 namely1 falsity or lack ( tru?4 ,/rangely en\gh1 among all reasons = exclud+ books ?is is p]haps lea/ (t5 he>d4 ,possibly ?is is because x applies only to non-fiction1 & app>5tly 9 ! m9ds ( _m non-fiction is desirable simply because x is :at x is4 ,aga91 ! application ( ?is te/ to any p>ticul> book c g5]ally be made only by an exp]t4 ,! libr>ian ne$s no advis] to tell him :e!r or n a book is immoral or indec5t1 b he _c s easily asc]ta9 :e!r ! /atem5ts 9 a "w on hi/ory1 sci5ce or travel are accurate4 ,?is lack ( exp]t k is bad en\gh :5 inaccuracy or falsity ( /atem5t is involunt>y on ! au?or's "p4 ,b ( late we h 9 increas+ numb]s a class ( books ^: au?ors desire to deceive ! public--to make ! read] take = au!ntic hi/ory1 biography or description :at is at be/ hi/orical fiction4 ,aga91 ! increas+ desire to provide in=mation = *ildr5 & to int]e/ ! l>ge class ( adults :o are intellectually "y b :o /ill pref] tru? to fictiti\s n>rative1 has produc$ c\ntless books 9 :i* ! writ] has attempt$ to /ate facts1 hi/orical1 sci5tific or o!rwise1 9 z simple1 & at ! same "t z /rik+1 language z possible4 ,un=tunately1 ) "s notewor?y exceptions1 p]sons ) compreh5sive k ( a subject are g5]ally n able to pres5t x 9 ! desir$ way4 ,co-op]ation is !re=e necess>y1 & x is n always prop]ly or ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 ev5 :]e ! necessity = x is realiz$4 ,prop] co-op]ation betwe5 ! exp]t & ! popul>iz] involves 7#a7 ! selection & /atem5t ( ! facts by ! =m]2 7#b7 _! re/atem5t & arrangem5t ( ! latt]2 & 7#c7 ! revision ( ?is arrangem5t by ! =m]4 ,x is ?is ?ird process t is (t5 omitt$ ev5 9 s]i\s cyclop$ic "w1 & ! result is inaccuracy4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re is no coop]ation at all2 ! writ] picks up 8 facts f :at he consid]s reliable s\rces1 puts !m into em95tly readable %ape1 dwell+ on :at seem to him /rik+ features1 height5+ contra/s "h & slurr+ ov] di/9ctions or transitions !re4 ,?is process produces :at sci5tific m5 call contemptu\sly 8newspap] sci5ce10 & we h z well newspap] hi/ory1 newspap] sociology & s on4 ,!y fill ! pages n only ( our daily press1 b ( our mon?ly magaz9es & ( too _m ( ! books t /& on our libr>y %elves4 ,x is unfair to blame ! newspap]s alone = _! exi/5ce2 9 fact1 "s ( ! be/ simple pres5tations ( valuable in=mation t we h appe> 9 ! daily press4 ,!n !re are ! text books4 ,any libr>ian :o has ev] tri$ to select a few ( ! be/ ( "o k9d--say elem5t>y ari?metics--to place on 8 %elves1 kn[s t _! "n is legion & t diff]5ces betwe5 !m are l>gely conf9$ to compil]s' names & publi%]s' impr9ts4 ,9 "p !y are subject to ! same s\rces ( error z ! popul>iz$ works & 9 addition to ! temptation to ha/y1 scamp$ or /ol5 "w due to "s publi%]'s or tea*]'s cupidity4 ,?is catalog might be ext5d$ indef9itely1 b ev5 n[ we beg9 to see ! possibilities ( rejection on ! gr\nd ( falsity & inaccuracy4 ,i believe t ! *ief m5ace to ! usefulness ( ! public libr>ies lies1 n z "s believe 9 ! read+ ( frankly fictiti\s n>rative1 b 9 ! use ( false or mislead+ hi/ory1 biography1 sci5ce & art4 ,n ! crude or in>ti/ic pr9t+ ( toy money1 b ! c\nt]feit+ ( real money1 is a m5ace to ! circulat+ m$ium4 ,aga9/ su* debasem5t ( ! /]l+ co9 ( lit]ature x is ! duty ( ! libr>ian to fight2 & he _c d x s+le-h&$4 ,"s ?+s he %\ld & does "k2 he is able to tell :e!r ! subject matt] is pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to be ( value to 8 read]s2 he c tell :e!r ! simple & bett] kn[n facts ( hi/ory & sci5ce are correctly /at$2 he is (t5 an au?ority 9 "o or m subjects 9 :i* he is compet5t to advise z an exp]t2 b only ! ideal p>agon1 sometimes describ$ b nev] yet inc>nat$1 c qualify simultane\sly z an exp]t 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 art & lit]ature4 ,! libr>ian mu/ h exp]t advis]s4 ,nor are ^! s difficult to obta94 ,! m5 :o "k are ! v ones t are int]e/$ 9 ! libr>y's welf>e & are likely to help x )\t comp5sation4 ,& 9 ! small] places :]e ! v>iety & ext5t ( special k is less compreh5sive ! gr\nd cov]$ by ! libr>y's collection is also less1 & ! advice t x ne$s is simpl]4 ,! advice %\ld if possible be p]sonal & def9ite4 ,no am\nt ( li/s1 ,i c>e n :o prep>es or annotates !m1 c take ! place ( ! fri5d at "o's elb[ :o is able & will+ to give aid j :5 & exactly :]e x is ne$$4 ,z well might ! _w's rul]s dismiss all _! cab9et m9i/]s & gov]n f textbooks on law & e?ics4 ,! =mula1 ! treatise1 ! bibliography--we mu/ /ill h all ^!1 b !y mu/ be supplem5t$ by p]sonal advice4 ,& compet5t advis]s exi/1 z ,i h said1 9 almo/ e place4 ,! local cl]gy on que/ions ( religion1 & (t5 on o!rs1 too2 ! s*ool pr9cipal on hi/ory & economics1 ! organi/ on music1 ! village doctor on sci5ce--"s su* m5 w always be f\nd able & glad to give advice on ^! subjects or "s o!rs2 & ! place is small inde$ t does n include "o or two en?usia/s1 collectors ( insects or m9]als or antiquities1 :o h made !mselves little au?orities on _! pet hobbies & may possibly be ! greate/ or ! only liv+ au?orities on ^? local phases t p>ticul>ly int]e/ ! local libr>ian4 ,x w d ! libr>ian no h>m to hunt ^! m5 out & ask _! aid2 possibly 8 own horizon w broad5 a little ) ! task & 8 respect = ! community 9 :i* he works w gr[ z he p]=ms x4 ,b :at if two ( our doctors disagree8 ,!n foll[ ! advice ( bo?4 ,x might be disa/r\s = a pati5t to take two k9ds ( m$ic9e1 b x c nev] hurt a libr>y to conta9 books on bo? sides ( a "q1 :e!r x be "o ( hi/orical fact1 ( religi\s dogma1 or ( sci5tific !ory4 ,?is may n be press$ too f>2 ! foll[+ ( "o side may be b5ea? our notice4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y1 = in/ance1 = a small popul> circulat+ libr>y to conta9 works 9 advocacy ( ! flatness ( ! e>? or ( ! t5ets ( ! angel danc]s ( ,hack5sack2 b x is ess5tial t su* a libr>y %\ld make accessible to its read]s ! facts ( ! ,re=mation z /at$ by bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant writ]s1 hi/ories ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> writt5 f bo? ! s\!rn & nor!rn /&po9ts1 geological works bo? ass]t+ & d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a molt5 core 9 ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,an imp>tial book is h>d to f9d2 x is a ?+ ( value1 b ,i am n sure t two p>tisan books1 "o on ea* side1 ) ! read] z judge1 d n con/itute a w9n+ comb9ation4 ,aga9/ viol5t & p]sonal polemics1 ( c\rse1 ! libr>ian mu/ set 8 face4 ,all su* are c&idates = rejection4 ,x is =tunate = u 9 ?is reg>d t we are supply+ ! ne$s ( all cre$s1 all classes & all s*ools4 ,ea* mu/ & %\ld h its own lit]ature :ile ea* prote/s aga9/ viol5t attacks on its own t5ets4 ,su* prote/s1 :ile (t5 unju/ifi$1 are help+ u to we$ out our collections4 ,s mu* = defici5cy 9 tru? z a cause = rejection4 ,n[ let u consid] defici5cy 9 goodness & defici5cy 9 beauty2 or /at$ positively1 badness & ugl9ess4 ,^! two ?+s are conf\nd$ by _m ( u4 ,is ?is because ! great majority ( libr>ians to-day are ( ! sex t judges l>gely by intuition & (t5 by in/9ctive notions ( beauty & fitness8 ,to mo/ wom51 ,i believe all ugl9ess is s9ful1 & all s9 is ugly4 ,n[ s9 is morally ugly1 )\t d\bt1 b x may n be e/hetically s4 ,& goodness may be e/hetically repulsive4 ,badness & ugl9ess 9 books are bo? adequate gr\nds = rejection1 b !y ne$ n coexi/4 ,"s ( ! wor/ books are arti/ically praisewor?y & w\ld be well wor? a place ( honor on our %elves if _! beauty alone 7 to move u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s books t are full ( impropriety or ev5 ( indec5cy are absolutely unimpea*able f a moral /&po9t4 ,%akespe>e & ! ,bible are (t5 indec5t )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ immoral4 8,raffles0 is 9 no wise indec5t1 b is dang]\sly immoral4 ,b]n>d ,%aw is (t5 bo? indec5t & immoral :ile at ! same "t s a/\nd+ly clev] t we /& gap+ at him ) our m\?s wide op5 :ile he tosses d[n our ?roats ! mo/ unsavory ?+s4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! di/9ction betwe5 badness & ugl9ess8 ,= our pres5t purpose ,i believe x to be ?is3 badness dep5ds on immutable laws1 :ile ugl9ess1 at any rate t ( ! k9d :i* conc]ns u "h1 is a matt] ( conv5tion4 ,virtue1 ) all due apologies to ,mr4 ,lecky & to _m o!r em95t s*ol>s1 has c]ta9 /&>ds t d n v>y ) place or "t4 ,let u grant t a giv5 act may be good to-day & bad to-morr[1 good 9 ,tasmania & bad 9 ,p5nsylvania2 ?is is beside ! "q4 ,we h "h to d ) ! classification ( ?is p>ticul> act 9 c]ta9 fix$ categories t ( !mselves rema9 bad or good4 ,! act ( cutt+ (f a man's head may be good if ! cutt] is ! public execution]1 & bad if he be a private citiz52 "o may %oot an attack+ highwayman b n an innoc5t fri5d4 ,! reason = ^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 is t 9 "o case ! kill+ is murd] :ile 9 ! o!r x is n2 murd] itself always 0 & always w be bad4 ,impropriety or indec5cy1 on ! o!r h&1 is purely arbitr>y4 ,p]sonally ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?is true ( all beauty1 b x is unnecess>y to obtrude ?is view "h4 ,impropriety is a violation ( c]ta9 social cu/oms1 & al?\gh ,i %\ld be ! la/ to "q ! obs]vance ( ^? cu/oms1 we mu/ grant1 ,i ?9k1 t !y re/ on f\ndations q o!r ?an ^? ( "r & wrong4 ,9 fact dec5cy1 in/ead ( be+ on ! same plane ) morality1 comes ne>] to be+ prop]ly rank$ ) ^? fix$ categories m5tion$ above1 :i* are !mselves always good or bad1 b :i* may or may n include a giv5 act1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,murd] is always bad1 b :e!r ! tak+ ( life is or is n murd] dep5ds on ! circum/ances2 x may dep5d entirely on motive4 ,s indec5cy is always bad1 b :e!r a giv5 act or object is or is n indec5t dep5ds on circum/ances2 x may dep5d n only on motive b on locality or environm5t4 ,objects & acts ( ! highe/ sanctity 9 "o c\ntry may be reg>d$ z l[ & vulg> 9 ano!r--! /&>d v>ies f class to class1 f "o occupation to ano!r2 almo/ f family to family4 ,"o may m5tion1 9 all innoc5ce1 t :i* may br+ a blu% to ! *eek ( "s li/5]1 simply because ( ?is in/ability ( /&>d 9 ! matt] ( impropriety4 ,to ?is class ( ?+s p>ticul>ly ref]s ! celebrat$ dictum3 8,!re is no ?+ 9 heav5 or e>?1 ,horatio1 b ?9k+ makes x s40 ,?is is unexceptionable ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 b x is n q true4 ,a high] au?ority ?an ,%akespe>e has ass]t$ t by ?9k+ "o _c make a s+le hair :ite or black2 & ?is surely accords ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,likewise no "o by ?9k+ c make badness goodness or ! rev]se4 ,b :e!r a ?+ be improp] or n dep5ds entirely on ?9k+4 ,?9k+ makes x s4 ,x is improp] = a ,mohamm$an woman to expose h] face 9 public because %e ?9ks x is1 & because t ?\ght is an +ra9$ "p ( h] exi/5ce4 ,b al?\gh ! ,p]sian sect ( ,assass9s ?\ght ) all _! he>ts t murd] 0 good1 x 0 /ill v evil4 ,are we gett+ too f> away f ! c5sor%ip ( books8 ,i ?9k n4 ,see ! be>+ ( all ?is4 ,if a book is really bad--if x tea*es t evil is good or t x makes no diff]5ce--x ought to be reject$ uncompromis+ly1 despite ! fact t x is void ( impropriety or ev5 arti/ically admirable4 ,b if x is morally unobjectionable & yet conta9s t :i* is improp] or indec5t1 x is !n prop] to inquire :e!r ! degree & k9d ( ?is indec5cy is su* z to condemn x1 p>ticul>ly tak+ into acc\nt ! condition1 ! intellig5ce & ! age ( ^? :o w\ld be likely to read x1 & also ! "t & ! read]s = :om1 if x is an old book1 its au?or orig9ally wrote x4 ,) increas+ civilization !re are c]ta9 ?+s t become m & m indec5t1 & o!rs t become less & less s1 ow+ to ! %ift+ ( po9ts ( view4 ,let u n[ take up m specifically moral badness z a cause = rejection4 ,we occasionally meet p :o hold t ! m5tion ( any?+ morally bad 9 a book condemns x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "s w\ld admit books ^: atmosph]e reeks ) evil2 ^: bad *>act]s live bad lives & speak bad ?\ghts1 s long z ! writ] 9 8 own p]son does n comm5d evil or tea* t x is good4 ,bo? ^! extremes are to be avoid$4 ,surely we h outliv$ ! idea t innoc5ce & ignorance are ! same ?+4 8,y c't t\* pit*10 says ! prov]b1 8& n be defil$40 ,grant$2 yet we may look at pit*1 or any o!r dirt1 & locate x1 )\t h>m2 nay1 we mu/ d s if we want to keep out ( x4 ,?is is n say+ t x is well to seek out descriptions ( evil1 or to dwell on !m1 9 a "w ( fiction4 ,?+s necess>y 9 ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 folk-lore or law may be abhorr5t 9 a n>rative int5d$ = amusem5t1 al?\gh ! adv5t ( ! 8problem0 novel--! type ( fiction 9 :i* ! n>rative =m is (t5 m]ely ! sug> coat+ = ! pill--introduces confusion "h into any rule t we may lay d[n4 ,b h[ev] fooli% x is to insi/ t ! v exi/5ce ( evil be conceal$ f read]s ( fiction1 s9ce evil is a normal con/itu5t ( ! _w z we f9d x1 x is c]ta9ly fair to object to a dwell+ ^u evil phases ( life to su* an ext5t t ! result+ impression is a di/ortion ( ! tru?4 ,?is di/ortion may be s great z to make x prop] to reject ! book :olly on ! gr\nd ( falsity4 ,a fill+ ( ! canvas ) lurid t9ts is apt to convey--or at any rate is (t5 s done z to convey--! idea t ! exi/5ce ( ! evil t ! writ] depicts is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,a man ne$ n /op to ass]t 8 belief t !ft is wrong :5ev] he tells ! /ory ( a robb]y1 b x is q possible to tell a tale ( !ft 9 su* a way z to leave an impression t x is a v5ial (f5se & to weak5 9 ! read] ! moral inhibition t mu/ be 8 *ief reliance 9 "t ( temptation4 ,& = 8!ft0 "h we may sub/itute any =m ( moral d]eliction t y may desire4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pot5t vehicles ( moral d[nfall ( any k9d is ! impression t 8ev]ybody does x0--t "s p>ticul> =m ( wrongdo+ is well-nigh univ]sal & is look$ ^u ) l5i5cy by society 9 g5]al4 ,! man :o /eals f 8 employ] or :o elopes ) 8 neighbor's wife is n9e times out ( t5 a will+ conv]t to ?is view4 ,a book t conveys su* an idea is really m dang]\s ?an "o :i* op5ly advocates wrong do+4 ,!re c be little diff]5ce ( op9ion "h4 ,!re may be m 9 reg>d to ! policy ( tell+ ! :ole tru? reg>d+ a /ate ( ?+s t is morally v bad4 ,x may be fatal to a pati5t to let him "k h[ ill he is4 ,& may x n also be injuri\s to a "y man or a "y woman to expose ! am\nt ( evil t really lies be=e !m 9 ?is _w8 ,!re is plausibility 9 ?is argum5t1 b x is out ( date4 ,!re is mu* philosophy 9 ! mod]n p>adoxical slang phrase3 8,*e] up6 ! wor/ is yet to come60 ,& inde$ if !re is any sup]lative badness ahead ( u1 x is bett] t we %\ld "k x1 r ?an cultivate a false *e]fulness1 bas$ on mis9=mation1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( disillusionm5t4 ,! ,egyptians 7 "r :5 !y set a skeleton at _! fea/s4 ,x 0 n to make ! fea/s gloomy1 b to make ! skeleton a famili> object by association2 to accu/om ! fea/]s to ?9k ab\t dea?1 h[ to avoid x z long z possible & h[ to meet x :5 inevitable4 ,we %\ld !re=e welcome ! tru? 9 any book1 unless x is t 8half tru?10 :i* ! poet tells u is 8ev] ! blacke/ ( lies10 or unless x is s /at$ z to violate ! canons ( dec5cy1 9 :i* case1 z we h already se51 its rejection mu/ be bas$ on diff]5t consid]ations entirely4 ,x is ^! canons ( dec5cy1 aft] all1 t give ! libr>ian 8 sleepless nights1 n only because !y are s frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) canons ( morality1 b because1 z we h already se51 !y are arbitr>y & v>iable4 ,consid] ! "o case ( ,fr5* fiction4 ,mr4 ,wi/] has told libr>ians t all subjects are 8fit = fiction40 ,?is is int]e/+ z an academic !sis1 b :5 ! ,fr5* proce$ to act ^u x1 ! ,anglo-,saxon cat*es 8 brea?4 ,books1 l m51 :5 !y are 9 ,rome mu/ d z ! ,romans d1 & :atev] may be prop] 9 ,p>is1 an ,am]ican public libr>y is ju/ifi$ 9 requir+ its books to respect ,am]ican prejudices4 ,?is is true1 at any rate1 ( books 9 ! ,engli% language1 ev5 if !y are translations f a tongue ^: us]s h o!r cu/oms & o!r prejudices4 ,b h[ ab\t ^! books 9 ! orig9al8 ,c we assume t books 9 ! ,fr5* language are = ,fr5*m5 & t our c5sor%ip ( !m is to be f ! ,fr5* & n ! ,am]ican po9t ( view8 ,or %all we hold t !y are to be read :olly or 9 "p by p]sons ^: "m-tongue is ,engli% & ^: ideas ( ! proprieties are ,anglo-,saxon8 ,& %all we be> 9 m9d also t ! read+ public ( a "w ( ,fr5* fiction excludes 9 ,france ! 8"y p]son0 ( :om ! ,am]ican libr>y public is l>gely made up8 ,?is is only "o ( ! p]plex+ que/ions t confront ! ,am]ican libr>ian 9 ?is field4 ,e "o mu/ /ruggle ) x = himself1 hav+ 9 m9d ! =ce & direction ( 8 own local s5tim5t2 b few public libr>ies are treat+ x consi/5tly & sy/ematically4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 _m libr>ians are plac+ on op5 %elves books 9 =eign languages1 ^: translations into ,engli% !y w\ld be incl9$ to re/rict4 ,9 "s cases1 ( c\rse1 appeal to a :olly =eign gr\p ( read]s1 ) _! =eign po9t ( view1 may be assum$1 z 9 ! case ( a ,russian collection on ! ,ea/ ,side ( ,new ,york2 ?\gh ev5 "h x is a "q ( :e!r ?is is n a good place to prep>e ^! read]s = a *ange 9 libr>y 8folkways0--to use ,pr(essor ,sumn]'s expressive ^w4 ,nor mu/ we =get t our own ideas ( propriety are con/antly *ang+4 ,take ! s+le in/ance ( ! use1 9 lit]ature1 ( words reg>d$ z pr(ane or vulg>4 ,mo/ ( u c recollect a "t :5 our acqua9tances 7 likely to be %ock$ by ! occurr5ce 9 a book ( ! expletive 8damn0--t is1 if x 7 spell$ out4 ,x 0 g5]ally held to be unobjectionable1 or at lea/ less objectionable1 if ! second & ?ird lett]s 7 replac$ by a da%4 ,evid5tly ?is is ! pure/ conv5tion4 ,?is & worse words appe> n[1 n )\t %ock+ "s p]sons1 to be sure1 b c]ta9ly )\t %ock+ _m ( ^? :o =m]ly w\ld n h tol]at$ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld n be difficult to in/ance words =m]ly common 9 good lit]ature ^: use w\ld n[ cause some?+ ( a s5sation4 ,!re are also good p :o w read unmov$ surpris+ words & expressions :5 put into ! m\? ( a c[boy or a ,klondike m9]1 b ^: gorge w\ld rise if ! same words 7 employ$ by a writ] 9 propria p]sona4 ,:at is true ( words is true also ( subjects4 ,t :i* c\ld n be t\*$ ^u ye/]day is discuss$ freely to-day1 & vice-v]sa4 ,no way ( deal+ ) ! situation w fail to (f5d "s "o1 & ! only approximation to satisfaction w be ga9$ by ! use ( common s5se appli$ to ea* case z x comes up4 ,indec5cy1 ( c\rse1 is n ! only (f5se aga9/ beauty t a book may commit4 ,x may be tra%y1 t is1 its subject matt] or ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$ may be trivial & wor?less4 ,! du/ ( ! /reet is nei!r beautiful nor valuable1 al?\gh x may conta9 no?+ injuri\s to heal? or repulsive to ! s5ses4 ,! diction ( ! book may (f5d aga9/ beauty & ord] by its incorrectness2 its pap]1 its typography1 its b9d+1 its illu/rations may all be (f5sive to ! eye4 ,^! la/ are m]e matt]s ( outw>d %[1 to be sure2 x may be necess>y to disreg>d !m4 ,!y are usually reasons = exclud+ an edition r ?an a book1 ?\gh sometimes ! only obta9able edition (f5ds 9 s _m ( ^! ways z to make x unpur*asable1 ev5 if o!rwise desirable4 ,s f> z !y militate aga9/ ! usefulness ( ! book r ?an its beauty1 z 9 ! case ( ! badly sew$ b9d+ or pap] t is comely b flimsy1 !y fall "u ! head ( badness r ?an t ( ugl9ess--!y are (f5ses aga9/ ! ,good & n aga9/ ! ,beautiful4 ,su* mat]ial gr\nds = rejection1 h[ev]1 are n peculi> to books1 & ,i d n dwell on !m "h4 ,ugl9ess t consi/s 9 m]e triviality or 9 incorrectness ( diction has ?is 9 common ) impropriety--x is arbitr>y & conv5tional4 ,) reg>d to language1 ?is is obvi\s4 ,! fact t a c]ta9 comb9ation ( s\nds means "o ?+ 9 ,france & ano!r 9 ,engl& & is q un9telligible p]haps 9 ,spa91 is a matt] ( pure conv5tion1 ?\gh ! conv5tion is sanction$ by long usage4 ,! fact t ! d\ble negative is v good ,greek & v vulg> ,engli% is equally arbitr>y4 ,^! conv5tions h become s]i\s ?+s ) u2 !y are ( prime importance 9 ! consid]ation ( books1 b x is desirable t we %\ld classify !m correctly4 ,) reg>d to triviality ! case is n s cle>1 yet ,i feel /rongly t x is a relative1 n an absolute1 quality4 ,! t]m %\ld be class$ ) t o!r misus$ ^w--sup]ficiality4 ,no book1 ( c\rse1 & no m9d is absolutely ?or\gh1 & ! less] grades ( k are z important 9 _! place z ! high]4 ,:at we %\ld condemn is n t a man1 or a book1 possesses a c]ta9 slight degree ( k or ( ability1 b ! fact t1 possess+ x1 he believes or repres5ts x to be a high] degree4 ,a man desires1 we w say1 to memorize ! ,russian alphabet1 s t he may read ! prop] names on book titles4 ,is he to be condemn$ because he kn[s no m ( ,russian8 ,ano!r wi%es to wield a hamm] dextr\sly en\gh to drive a nail )\t sma%+ 8 f+]s4 ,is he 8sup]ficial0 because he is n an exp]t cab9et-mak]8 ,/ill ano!r has le>n$ to play ! piano well en\gh to amuse himself 9 8 idle h\rs4 ,does 8 lack ( skill lay him op5 to ! *>ge ( 8sup]ficiality80 ,^! p may1 x is true1 ?9k t !y are respectively a ,russian s*ol>1 a skill$ c>p5t]1 & a good piani/2 !n & !n only are !y culpable4 ,! 8sup]ficiality10 9 o!r words1 consi/s 9 mi/ak+ a less] degree ( k = a high] or 9 ?9k+ t ! less] degree suffices = some?+ t requires ! high]--n 9 ! m]e limitation ( ! possessor4 ,a sup]ficial book is t :i*1 skimm+ ! surface ( ! subject1 p]suades ! read] t he has gone into its dep?s2 z = ! skimm+ itself1 t might be q adequate & suffici5t = "s purposes4 ,s ) 8triviality40 ,no?+ is trivial t has an aim & accompli%es x2 z = ! gradation ( aims f unimportant up to important1 ,i leave t to o!rs4 ,:o %all say :e!r ! pass+ ( an idle h\r or ! addition ( a few facts to "o's /ore ( k is ! m important8 ,! idle h\r may be ! recreation p]iod ( a h>d-work+ m9d1 )\t :i* x might break d[n f ov]-pressure1 leav+ to less compet5t m9ds ! completion ( its useful labor4 ,! few facts might be q unfruitful4 ,?is is :y we %\ld hesitate to condemn a trivial book t has beauty ( =m or "s o!r positive virtue to comm5d x4 ,triviality is objectionable only :5 x masqu]ades z importance4 ,p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say3 a book t pret5ds to excell5ce along any l9e :]e x is really valueless is a dang]\s book4 ,?is br+s u back to ,tru? z a crit]ion ( excell5ce1 = su* a book is a hypocritical or false book1 z mu* z if x def9itely ass]t$ z a fact t :i* is untrue4 ,:5 a book1 !re=e1 comes up z a c&idate = omission f ! pur*as+ li/1 or p]haps = exclusion aft] x has actually be5 plac$ on ! %elves1 ! libr>ian's fir/ duty is to inquire :e!r x is objectionable because ( falsity1 ( evil morality or ( impropriety4 ,! fir/ "q may be det]m9able only by ref]5ce to an exp]t4 ,if ! second is alleg$1 x is well to inquire :e!r ! suppos$ immorality ( ! book be n 9 fact simply impropriety1 & if impropriety is ! only objection1 :e!r x is ( k9d & am\nt likely to be prop]ly (f5sive4 ,if ! *>ge ( immorality is su/a9$ ,i see no place = ! book on ! %elves ( a public circulat+ libr>y4 ,:at has be5 said may seem to ne$ r\nd+ out ) specific illu/rations & in/ances1 b x is p>ticul>ly desirable to avoid "h any?+ 9 ! nature ( purely p]sonal op9ion & prejudice4 ,x might be possible ( c\rse to def9e ! cont5t ( c]ta9 well-kn[n works by _! con=mity or non-con=mity ) ! canons above laid d[n1 )\t attempt+ to settle ! "q1 at ! mom5t1 :e!r ! degree ( non-con=mity1 if x exi/s1 is high en\gh to make exclusion f a public libr>y desirable or necess>y4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,o!llo1 we w say1 is a play tea*+ a moral lesson1 9 do+ :i* x discusses s91 b nev] ) approval1 express$ or impli$4 ,! au?or uses words & expressions n 9 accordance ) mod]n /&>ds ( propriety1 al?\gh n contr>y to ^? ( 8 own "t4 ,9 l mann] ,boccacio's 8,decam]on0 may be *>act]iz$ z a collection ( %ort /ories connect$ by ?9 n>rative1 (t5 tell+ ( wrongdo+ 9 a mann] cle>ly imply+ t x is usual & unobjectionable1 ) use ( words & incid5ts frequ5tly contr>y n only to mod]n ideas ( propriety1 b also to ^? ( ! au?or's "t1 except 9 ! dissolute circles = :i* ! tales 7 orig9ally writt54 ,"s ( ! /ories1 h[ev]1 tea* morality1 & ! lit]>y /yle & me?od are beautiful & comm5dable1 :ile ! pictures ( society are tru?ful4 ,! implications ( cu/om>y vice are simply reflections ( life z ! au?or knew x4 8,gil ,blas10 by ,le ,sage1 cont9u+ 9 ?is ve91 we may call a tale ( adv5ture 9 :i* ev]y?+ is set d[n z x happ5s1 good1 bad & indiff]5t2 important & trivial1 ) a h]o :o is some:at ( a rogue1 al?\gh ! wick$ness is incid5tal & is describ$ 9 su* a way t ! read] nev] mi/akes x = virtue ev5 :5 ! writ] tells x ) a reli%4 ,! implication t wrongdo+ is common1 ?\gh und\bt$ly convey$1 leaves ! impression only t x is common among ! p & "u ! circum/ances ( ! tale1 :i* is und\bt$ly correct4 ,x w\ld greatly aid ! libr>y c5sor if he c\ld h annotations ( ?is sort on all books int5d$ = promiscu\s public circulation4 ,= ?is purpose1 9 fact1 all lit]ature %\ld be evaluat$ by ! light ( ?is "o color ( ! critical spectrum4 ,! two or ?ree books j not$ possess at lea/ "s ( ! elem5ts ( greatness2 yet good p diff] reg>d+ ! ext5t to :i* !y %\ld be made freely accessible to ! g5]al public4 ,i h tri$ to set d[n reg>d+ !m data on :i* all may agree1 = ! purpose ( impress+ ^u y ! fact t disagreem5t is n s mu* reg>d+ ! data z reg>d+ ! application to !m ( pr9ciples :i*1 if !y h be5 /at$ correctly1 are few1 simple & readily accept$4 ,we h be5 lightly skimm+ ! surface ( a subject vital to all :o h to d ) ! production & di/ribution ( books--to au?ors1 editors1 publi%]s1 booksell]s1 & above all to u libr>ians4 ,! ranks ( read]s are swell+ to-day2 x is our boa/ t we are do+ our be/ to swell !m4 ,!y are recruit$ f classes ^: lit]ature--if we may s ext5d ! t]m--has be5 oral r ?an writt51 ^: /&>ds ( propriety are sometimes ^? ( an e>li] & gross] age1 ^: ideas ( "r & wrong are becl\d$ by ignorance & di/ort$ by prejudice4 ,& at ! same "t ho/s ( our p1 ) little backgr\nd ( h]$it>y ref9em5t to /eady !m1 h become sudd5ly ri*1 8beyond ! dreams ( av>ice40 ,! %ock has upset _! ideas & _! /&>ds4 ,ri*es h come s sudd5ly & s va/ly ev5 to ! educat$1 to ^? ^: culture dates back = g5]ations1 t x has ov]turn$ _! ideals also4 ,our lit]ature is m5ac$ bo? f bel[ & f above4 ,books t di/9ctly comm5d :at is wrong1 t tea* h[ to s9 & tell h[ pleasant s9 is1 sometimes ) & sometimes )\t ! add$ sauce ( impropriety1 are increas+ly popul>1 tempt+ ! au?or to imitate !m1 ! publi%]s to produce1 ! booksell]s to exploit4 ,?ank heav5 !y d n tempt ! libr>ian4 ,"h at la/ is a purveyor ( books :o has no int]e/ 9 di/ribut+ :at is n clean1 hone/1 & true4 ,! libr>ian may1 if he w--& he does--say to ?is m5ac+ tide1 8,?us f> %alt ?\ g & no f>!r40 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,/&>d ,,( ,,book ,,selection#i ,if a man is to improve himself1 he mu/ fir/ realize 8 own defici5cies2 9 o!r words1 he mu/ "k :at he ought to be1 & h[ & 9 :at degree he falls %ort ( x4 ,fir/1 !n1 :at are ! be/ books2 & d we get !m8 8,be/0 "h z always is a relative t]m2 :at is be/ = "o may n be be/ = ano!r1 or = all4 ,we he> 8good books0 gravely recomm5d$ to p :o w n read !m1 & :o c\ld n extract ! good f !m if !y did read !m4 ,:5 ! book fits ! man1 provid$ he is a good man1 x is a good book1 ipso facto4 ,y rememb] ! tale ( ! rural p>i% prie/ at d9n] ) 8 bi%op4 ,! ho/1 desir+ to poke a little quiet fun1 ask$ him :e!r x 7 lawful to baptize a man 9 s\p4 8,i %\ld make a di/9ction10 calmly answ]$ ! prie/2 8if x 7 good ?ick s\p1 ,i %\ld say n2 if x 7 wi%y-wa%y /uff l ?is we are eat+1 x w\ld be q prop]40 ,s long z we d n realize t ! same lit]>y consi/5cy is n adapt$ bo? to nutrition & to imm]sion we %all n be able to decide on :at are ! be/ books4 ,b is !re no g5]al l9e ( division betwe5 bad & good books8 ,i c give b a few1 b ,i v5ture to lay d[n "o or two simple rules = te/+4 ,my te/s w\ld be-- 7#a7 ,! te/ ( language4 ,no book c be good t is n writt5 9 correct ,engli%4 ,by ?is ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 t ! au?or himself mu/ speak correctly2 8 *>act]s may be ignorant p]sons & he w naturally make !m talk accord+ly4 7#b7 ,! te/ ( simplicity & cle>ness4 ,no book c be good ^: au?or expresses himself 9 words t are too l>ge = 8 subject or 9 s5t5ces t are s involv$ t !y _c be easily und]/ood4 7#c7 ,! be/ ( good ta/e4 ,no book c be good ^: au?or uses words or expressions t w\ld n be us$ by cultivat$ p4 7#d7 ,! te/ ( tru?4 ,no book c be good ^: subject matt] is false2 or1 9 case ( fiction1 ^: mann] ( tell+ is su* z to make x seem absurdly improbable4 ,! plot ( ! book may1 x is true1 lack probability4 ,x may be frankly improbable l a fairy tale1 b ! au?or mu/ n seem to lose fai? 9 x himself1 & no matt] h[ impossible 8 f\ndation ! /ructure t he builds on x mu/ hold toge!r4 ,i v5ture to say t if a book survives ^! te/s--if x is simply & cle>ly express$ 9 good ,engli% & 9 ! be/ ta/e & is consi/5tly put toge!r--x _c be a bad book s f> z /yle goes4 ,s f> z ! subject matt] ( ! book is conc]n$1 my te/ w\ld be simply t ( its effect on ! read]4 ,if a book makes ! read] want to be mis*iev\s1 fooli% or crim9al--to be a silly or bad man or woman1 or if x t5ds to make him d 8 daily "w badly1 x is a bad book & all ! worse 9 ?is case if x is int]e/+ & fasc9at+ 9 /yle4 ,b ev5 "h ! tr\ble is l>gely 9 ! mann] ( treatm5t4 ,a book may tell ( crime & crim9als 9 su* a way z to make ! read] dete/ bo? or feel an attraction t[>d bo?4 ,9 ?is case1 z ! scripture says1 8,ye %all "k !m by _! fruits40 ,if a book s5ds a boy out to be a burgl>1 x is bad2 if x impels him to take a cry+ *ild by ! h& & lead x home1 x is good4 ,& "h let me say t ?is compell+ p[]1 ?is effective result ( a book %\ld speak 9 its favor ?\gh all o!r te/s be aga9/ x4 ,musicians tell u t a great compos] may write a "w t breaks e rule ( h>mony & yet be a "w ( g5ius4 ,g5ius kn[s no rules4 ,s mu* = ! g5]al l9e ( cleavage4 ,b ! special may = ! mom5t exclude all ! claims ( ! g5]al4 ,a community may be 9 cry+ ne$ ( books on a giv5 subject--pott]y or r[boats or hygi5e4 ,?is ne$ may or may n be realiz$ by ! community1 b its exi/5ce makes a special class ( books ! be/1 = ! mom5t1 = t community4 ,to buy a good collection ( m9or poets = a t[n t clamors1 or ought to clamor1 = books on ! electric indu/ries1 is to get bad books4 ,n[ d we1 "u our pres5t sy/em1 or lack ( sy/em1 9 selection1 get ^! be/ books--be/ bo? 9 ! g5]al & 9 ! special s5se8 ,:at is ! matt] ) ! books 9 ! av]age small libr>y8 ,! tr\ble is n g5]ally t ! books are bad1 b t !y might easily be bett]1 & by 8bett]0 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,i mean m closely adapt$ to ! legitimate ne$s ( ! community4 ,if we g ov] ! %elves ( ! av]age small libr>y we %all g5]ally be able to note ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 ,a consid]able portion ( ! books h n be5 tak5 out 9 long p]iods4 ,?is c easily be asc]ta9$ by exam9+ ! book-c>ds or dat+-slips4 ,( c\rse1 ! non-use ( a book does n mean t x %\ld n be 9 ! libr>y4 ,! fault may be ) ! read]s1 n ) ! book4 ,non-use1 h[ev]1 does mean t some?+ is ! matt]4 ,ei!r ! libr>y public has _h ta/e or is n prop]ly guid$1 or else a mi/ake 0 made 9 provid+ x ) ?is p>ticul> book4 7#b7 ,a consid]able numb] ( /&>d books ^: read+ %\ld be enc\rag$ w n be f\nd on ! %elves4 ,^! books are almo/ always "p ( ! collection1 b !re are n en\gh duplicates to supply ! dem&4 ,at ! same "t x w be f\nd t ! libr>y is add+ curr5t books ( d\btful value4 7#c7 ,books on l>ge local indu/ries--%oemak+1 pott]y1 agriculture--are (t5 lack+4 ,9 su* cases !re is g5]ally a lack ( dem&2 b ?is is because ! p]sons :o w\ld read su* books h le>n$ by exp]i5ce n to look = !m 9 a public libr>y4 7#d7 ,books 9 ! languages spok5 by indu/rial colonies ( =eign]s 9 ! neighborhood are usually conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 7#e7 ,! collections 9 classes :]e "s te*nical k is necess>y = selection1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! sci5ces1 ! arts1 or hi/ory1 (t5 %[ a lack ( intellig5ce1 or1 at any rate1 a lack ( sy/em4 ,!re are badly writt5 books & books full ( errors2 !re is lack ( uni=mity 9 grade--an advanc$ ma!matical "w on electricity1 = in/ance1 & v elem5t>y ones on light & s\nd4 7#f7 ,9 p>ticul>1 controv]t$ subjects are repres5t$ 9 a "o-sid$ way2 !re may be no way = a read] to get at ! ,ca?olic /ory ( ! ,prote/ant re=mation1 or ! s\!rn view ( ! civil w>1 or bo? sides ( ! spell+ re=m or ! woman-suffrage movem5ts4 ,socialism1 vivisection1 anti-vacc9ation1 ! negro "q1 prohibition1 ! t>iff--all ^! & a hundr$ o!rs are repres5t$ only 9 a p>tisan s5se4 7#g7 ,!re is too mu* c>e ab\t ! outw>d g>b ( dec5cy & too little ab\t ! p]vad+ atmosph]e ( morality4 ,books t describe 9 decor\s language +5i\s me?ods ( %op-lift+ are giv5 place1 b y look 9 va9 = works ( l(ty moral tone c\*$ 9 diction t is occasionally co>se4 ,h[ f> are ^! faults due to me?ods ( book selection8 ,"o ( ! tr\bles seems to be t ! book-select+ body does n avail itself ( exp]t advice z mu* z x ought4 ,! libr>ian is le>n+1 to be sure1 to use li/s & pr9t$ aids m & m1 ?\gh !y are r>ely us$ ) discrim9ation2 b supplem5t>y to su* li/s z ^!1 especially s9ce !y s l>gely lack ! p]sonal elem5t1 we ne$ ! p]sonal advice ( exp]ts4 ,if ! li/s & reviews w leave u 9 ! d>k ab\t ! man :o advises u to buy books on eng9e]+ or art1 we mu/ g to someone :o we "k und]/&s ^! subjects1 at lea/ kn[s a little m ( !m ?an we d ourselves4 ,!re are1 9 g5]al1 two grades ( exp]t advice4 ,! fir/ is t receiv$ f ! man :o is p]sonally famili> ) ! curr5t lit]ature ( 8 specialty1 :o wat*es ! books z !y appe> & :o s5ds to ! libr>y ! titles t he ?9ks x ought to h4 ,?is grade ( exp]t s]vice is v difficult to obta94 ,i h f\nd few m5 9 my exp]i5ce :o are able & will+ to give x4 ,^? :o h ! good-w & ! "t h usually n ! k2 ^? :o h ! k are busy m5 :o _c give ! "t4 ,! second grade ( exp]t aid is t :i* pron\nces on concrete cases1 :i* decides :e!r a giv5 book 7ei!r f inspection ( ! m]e title or ( ! volume itself7 is suitable = ! libr>y4 ,?is k9d ( aid is n difficult to obta91 & !re are p]sons 9 almo/ e place qualifi$ 9 "s degree to give x4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 a prelim9>y selection & g5]ally ! obta9+ ( books on approval1 :i* is easi] 9 a l>ge place ?an a small "o4 ,! libr>y is only "o ( v>i\s in/itutions t mu/ use exp]t aid ( ?is k9d4 ,! same limitations apply to all4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! "w ( ref]5ce1 ! cyclop$ia1 we w say4 ,its editor _c write ( 8 own k ! articles on ,v5ezuela1 & op5-he>? /eel1 & ,plato4 ,he mu/ rely on ! in=mation1 direct or secondh&1 ( exp]ts4 ,b he _c all[ 8 exp]ts to write 8 cyclop$ia4 ,"s cyclop$ias are writt5 v ne>ly 9 t way1 & !y are n ! be/4 ,! exp]t mu/ be coa*$ be=e he does 8 "w & ! "w mu/ be edit$ :5 f9i%$4 ,x is on ! prop] comb9ation ( exp]t & editorial "w t ! value ( ! f9i%$ volumes w dep5d4 ,s x is ) libr>y selection4 ,! libr>ian is ! editor ( a big cyclop$ia ( ?\s&s ( volumes4 ,he mu/ h exp]t aid 9 selection1 b he mu/ n all[ 8 exp]ts to select ! libr>y uncontroll$4 ,!y mu/ be in/ruct$ be=eh&1 & _! advice mu/ be c>efully consid]$ aft] x has be5 giv54 ,x mu/1 9 %ort1 be edit$4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation t we h ultimately to face 9 discuss+ any phase ( human activity--! "q ( p]sonality4 ,if ! libr>ian & ! book committee are incompet5t & believe !mselves to be compet5t--!n ! collection1 9 spite ( all ef=ts1 w reflect _! faults--x w be intol]ant1 or trivial or ill-balanc$4 ,mu*1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! actual book selector = ! libr>y4 ,%\ld ?is be ! libr>ian1 or a committee ( ! tru/ees1 or ! bo>d itself1 or an advisory committee ( outsid]s8 ,probably ! be/ results are obta9$ ?r\gh a prelim9>y selection made by ! libr>ian ) ! aid ( li/s & ! advice ( individual exp]ts--n committees--z sugge/$ above1 & !n submitt$ to "s p]son or committee repres5t+ ! ,bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,?is places ! f9al responsibility :]e x belongs--on ! tru/ees2 b ) a satisfactory libr>ian1 ! duties ( ! review+ committee w\ld consi/ *iefly ( decid+ on matt]s ( policy--r>ely ( consid]+ individual titles4 ,x w\ld decide1 = in/ance1 on h[ closely fiction is to be c5sor$1 on h[ f> ! libr>y is to g 9 ! pur*ase ( rec5t fiction1 on ! ext5t to :i* =eign languages are to be recogniz$1 on ! pur*ase & duplication ( text-books1 on ! policy ( ! libr>y ) reg>d to d5om9ational religi\s works or ( controv]sial books g5]ally--& s on4 ,go+ back = a mom5t to ! "q ( exp]ts1 probably ! mo/ difficult advice to procure1 ) any degree ( satisfaction1 is reg>d+ fiction1 :e!r 9 ,engli% or 9 =eign languages4 ,x has be5 said t "o may approve a book simply on ! au?or's "n1 or ev5 on t ( ! publi%]1 & ?is is /ill true 9 isolat$ cases1 b 9 ^! days1 :5 bo? au?or & publi%] are cont9ually try+ exp]im5ts1 cont9ually v>y+ /&>ds & /yle1 ea* book mu/ be dealt ) individually4 ,i d n see h[ "o c decide :e!r a giv5 novel %\ld or %\ld n be b\ght = a libr>y )\t read+ x ?r\gh f cov] to cov] or he>+ a report f someone :o has s read x & :o und]/&s ! wants & limitations ( ! ,am]ican public libr>y4 ,?is is a l9e1 x seems to me1 along :i* great improvem5t 9 our selection is possible2 b ,i confess ,i d n see my way to an imm$iate solution ( ! problem4 ,possibly ?is is a good opportunity to say a ^w = a me?od ( te/+ ! adequacy ( "o's collection :i* has sc>cely be5 us$ z x des]ves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s = a libr>ian to asc]ta9 is :e!r 8 collection is prop]ly di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t classes1 & by ?is ,i mean1 z be=e1 di/ribut$ 9 accordance ) ! legitimate requirem5ts ( ! community4 ,x is n possible to f9d by a /ati/ical me?od exactly :at p ne$1 b x is possible to f9d out :at !y want1 z indicat$ by ! k9d ( books t !y read4 ,! /ati/ical record ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! class p]c5tages ( circulation4 ,:e!r or n ! libr>y is equipp$ to supply ?is ne$ is indicat$ by ! class p]c5tages ( books on ! %elves4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! two p]c5tage tables is always mo/ int]e/+ to ! book selector4 ,x does n enable him automatically to select books1 b x does indicate po9ts = fruitful inve/igation4 ,to take "s actual cases1 ,i f9d a libr>y ) f\r p] c5t ( hi/ory & six p] c5t ( lit]ature on ! %elves1 :]eas ! correspond+ circulation p]c5tages are five & sev54 ,?is is prima facie evid5ce t ! collections 9 ^? two subjects are us$ r m ?an ! o!rs & c\ld well be increas$4 ,9 cases :]e x is n desirable to enc\rage circulation 9 a giv5 class1 su* an indication %\ld evid5tly meet ) no response4 ,! circulation ( fiction always runs f> beyond its proportion1 & x is nei!r prop] nor desirable = ! libr>y to try to keep up4 ,?us 9 ?ree libr>ies :]e ! p]c5tage ( adult fiction on ! %elves is #bj1 #ai & #ag1 respectively1 ,i f9d ! correspond+ circulation p]c5tages to be #cd1 #ce & #bg4 ,:at1 let u ask ourselves1 are libr>y /ati/ics =8 ,is all ! labor conc]n$ 9 _! collection & assemblage to result simply 9 a table t is to be glanc$ at = a mom5t ) m or less int]e/$ curiosity1 or d we int5d to d some?+ ) !m8 ,x sometimes seems t ! =eign reproa* t we ,am]icans c>e only = money1 :i* we are prop]ly dispos$ to res5t1 is p>tly ju/ifi$ by ! fact t ! only /ati/ics t appe> to mean any?+ to u are f9ancial4 ,:5 a man le>ns t he is liv+ beyond 8 income or t he is gett+ a small] p] c5t = 8 inve/m5ts ?an 8 neighbor1 or t ! man at ! desk next to him is receiv+ a l>g] sal>y = do+ ! same "w1 he does n sit /ill & say1 8,ah6 h[ int]e/+60 ,he gets up & does some?+ ab\t x4 ,b /ati/ics t convict him ( all sorts ( incompet5cy & fooli%ness along l9es o!r ?an monet>y ones1 he reg>ds simply z objects = intellectual absorption4 ,^! p]c5tages1 ( c\rse1 are n ! only indications by :i* a libr>ian may adju/ ! proportions ( ! classes 9 8 collection4 ,if 8 libr>y has ! res]ve sy/em1 = in/ance1 ! call = books 9 circulation is an unfail+ index ( ! popul> dem&4 ,if t dem& is "o t %\ld be he$$1 ! numb] ( copies 9 ! libr>y may well be proportionate to ! numb] ( names on ! res]ve li/4 ,b a libr>ian :o keeps 9 cont9ual t\* ) ! public by contact ) us]s at ! desk ne$s none ( ^! some:at me*anical indications4 ,x is ! ine/imable privilege ( ! libr>ian ( a small libr>y 9 a small community to "k h] public1 its wants1 its ne$s1 its abilities & its limitations 9 a way t is d5i$ to cu/odians ( huge collections4 ,9 clos+1 let me sugge/ ! foll[+ 8,don'ts0 = selectors ( libr>y books3 7#a7 ,don't buy books t are intellectually f> above y\r read]s1 9 ! hope ( improv+ _! m9ds2 a man may walk up /airs1 b he c't jump f ! sidewalk to ! ro(4 7#b7 ,don't buy f9e editions ( books t ne$ r to be ext5sively duplicat$2 bett] two good s\ls ?an "o f9e body4 7#c7 ,don't buy ,mc,grath & ,mc,cutcheon :5 y h res]ves on file = ,dick5s & ,george ,eliot4 7#d7 ,don't buy biography 9 excess because y are fond ( x y\rself1 :5 a comp>ison ( p]c5tages %[s t y\r supply ( travel or appli$ sci5ce is n up to ! dem&4 7#e7 ,don't buy books 9 flimsy b9d+s t w give out aft] ! fir/ issue2 "w %\ld n be done 9 gauzy g>m5ts4 7#f7 ,don't buy books 9 v /rong b9d+s :5 _! use is to be light & small2 ov]alls are n suitable = an aft]noon tea4 7#g7 ,don't buy 8sets0 & 8libr>ies20 !y are adult]at$ lit]ature1 c(fee mix$ ) *icory4 7#h7 ,don't buy subscription books ( an ag5t at a p]sonal int]view2 x is ! ag5t's game n to let y ?9k2 /& up = y\r rights & ?9k x ov]4 7#i7 ,don't e/imate public dem& by its effect on y\r own pati5ce2 "o p]si/5t old g5tleman (t5 bulks l>g] ?an a cr[d ( quiet b des]v+ p]sons )\t ei!r pu% or pull4 7#aj7 ,don't buy books ( :i* y are n 9 imm$iate ne$1 :5 y are morally c]ta9 t copies 9 good condition w be ?r[n on ! m>kets z rema9d]s at "o-qu>t] ! orig9al li/ price4 7#aa7 ,don't buy co/ly 8new editions0 ( ref]5ce books )\t assur+ y\rself t ! newness is m ?an nom9al4 7#ab7 ,don't buy novels because y see !m adv]tis$ 9 ! trolley c>s4 7#ac7 ,la/ly--& ?is is ! mo/ important ?+ ( all--don't get disc\rag$4 ,our me?ods ( select+ books1 & _! results1 d\btless ne$ improvem5t1 b s d ^? ( all ! o!r libr>ies we "k4 ,let u try to realize our defici5cies1 & !n try to make ?is ye>'s book li/ j a little bett] ?an ! la/4 ,if we c succe$ 9 ?is1 ! /&>d w take c>e ( itself4 ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y#aj ,x has be5 said by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,mallock t :at we call labor-organizations are mis-nam$1 because _! object is1 9 mo/ cases1 ! organization n ( labor1 b ( idl5ess4 ,?is some:at cryptic /atem5t may be und]/ood to mean t trade unions h endeavor$ usually n to improve ! me?ods & results ( labor1 nor to make its output l>g] & m satisfactory1 b r to improve ! condition ( ! labor+ man2 to make 8 life m com=table & 8 task easi]1 to %ort5 h\rs & less5 output1 & (t51 z a result1 to make t output ( l[] grade4 ,?is w be reg>d$ z a base sl&] by _m p1 & x is d\btless exagg]at$2 yet !re is an am\nt ( tru? 9 x t _c be ov]look$ by any work] or any comb9ations ( work]s--:i* is ! same z say+ t x int]e/s almo/ all ( u 9 ?is c\ntry2 = ! only ,am]icans able to "w :o d n "w are tramps & a v few millionaires4 ,we %all try to consid] its be>+ on libr>y work]s1 b be=e do+ s1 x w be well to look at x a little long] 9 its m g5]al aspect4 ,^? :o desire to improve ! work]'s condition w ju/ify !mselves v prop]ly on economic gr\nds by say+ t to d ?is is also to improve ! me?ods ( "w & ! quality ( ! product4 ,no "o c d good "w :o is ill-h\s$1 und]f$1 improp]ly clo!d or ov]work$4 ,?is is true2 b x is n also true t if we make x our prim>y aim to see t ! work] is z com=table z possible1 to lift f him all ! difficulties & burd5s ( 8 task1 we %all also improve 8 output proportionally4 ,r %\ld we d away ) t output altoge!r4 ,we %\ld simply be 8organiz+ idl5ess40 ,we may consid]1 z an analogy1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a t>iff = rev5ue & "o = protection4 ,! total abolition ( import duties is impossible1 we are told4 ,!y are necess>y = rev5ue4 ,ev5 ,engl&1 ! _w's greate/ free-trade c\ntry1 has import duties4 ,v true1 b ! am\nt ( ! duty & ! objects on :i* x is laid w diff] absolutely accord+ to its purpose4 ,aga91 we w suppose t ! same company owns an elevat$ railway & a surface trolley l9e4 ,!y w naturally1 if left to !mselves1 adju/ f>es1 spe$ & /ops on ! =m] s z to induce a l>g] proportion ( p to travel by ! sl[] surface l9e1 :i* is less exp5sive to op]ate4 ,if ! surface l9e 7 own$ by a rival company1 !re w\ld be an entirely diff]5t s*$ule ( f>es1 spe$ & /ops on ! elevat$ road1 int5d$ to cr[d x ) pass5g]s & to d]ive ! l>ge/ possible rev5ue f x alone4 ,9 l mann]1 we mu/ d\btless look out = ! work]2 & he mu/ d\btless look out = himself4 ,8 conditions ( life & "w mu/ be made su* t he w p]=m 8 task z well z possible4 ,b ^? conditions w be adju/$ q diff]5tly if we reg>d ! com=t ( ! work] z ! prime object f :at !y w be if we reg>d ! excell5ce ( ! output z ! prime object & ! work]'s com=t z a means to t end4 ,?is w be> /atem5t 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,we are put into ?is _w to d our appo9t$ tasks1 & x is our bus9ess to d !m z well z we possibly c4 ,?is means t we mu/ take ! prop] am\nt ( re/1 eat good food1 keep happy & cont5t$1 & all ! re/ ( x4 ,b he :o reg>ds 8 "w simply z a means ( furni%+ him ! :]e)al to be happy1 to take exp5sive vacations1 live 9 a f9e h\se1 & s on1 w nei!r d 8 be/ "w1 nor w he enjoy ! good ?+s ( life z he ought4 ,our fri5ds1 ! ,sociali/s1 ^: propag&a is receiv+ m att5tion f ?\ghtful m5 to-day ?an x did a few ye>s ago1 bo? because ( ! tru?s t x pres5ts & ! m5ace t x (f]s to our pres5t civilization1 are mak+ ! mi/ake ( dwell+ ^u ! importance ( ! work]'s com=t r ?an t ( ! work]'s improvem5t4 ,!y promise u t we %all all be 9 com=table circum/ances & w h to "w only ?ree h\rs a day4 ,incid5tally1 ! output is to be bett]4 ,b by putt+ ! matt] ?us1 in/ead ( ! o!r way ab\t1 !y h appeal$ to ! elem5t ( laz9ess t exi/s 9 all m5--!y h held out ! prospect ( idl5ess in/ead ( labor4 ,i h n liv$ we/ ( ! ,mississippi long en\gh to "k :e!r ! same conditions obta9 "h z 9 ! ,ea/2 b !re1 comp>+ ?+s to-day ) :at ,i rememb] ( my boyhood1 ,i seem to see an increas+ t5d5cy among all work]s to put self fir/ & "w second4 ,! policy ( 8ca' canny10 z !y call x 9 ,scotl&--( 8g easy0--do+ z little z "o c & /ill keep 8 job--is creep+ 9 & has secur$ a firm foo?old4 ,x is increas+ly difficult to get any k9d ( "w1 manual or m5tal1 done really well--s well t "o feels l say+1 8,well done1 ?\ fai?ful s]vant40 ,& yet ! %irk]s are all anxi\s to get to ! top2 & !y wond] :y !y d n4 ,!y com=t !mselves by say+ t success n[adays is solely a matt] ( pull4 ,b x is n s4 ,look ar\nd y & y w see1 = ! mo/ "p1 m5 9 *>ge ( l>ge ent]prises :o are effici5t1 & :o h put "w be=e self--m5 :o are engross$ 9 :at !y are do+1 :o love x & !re=e d x effectively4 ,!re nev] 0 a bas] sl&] ?an ! common ass]tion t we ,am]icans love money4 ,if we lov$ ! doll> = itself alone1 we %\ld nev] sl+ x ab\t z we d4 ,we love ! excitem5t & ! fun ( mak+ money4 ,look at our work+ millionaires6 ,!y want no m money2 !y c n use :at !y h4 ,!y enjoy ! task ( own+ & runn+ a great railway sy/em1 ( organiz+ & manag+ "s great indu/rial comb9ation4 ,we may f9d x necess>y to clip _! w+s a little1 b we c n call !m lazy & ineffici5t--!y make ! job too h>d = u4 ,!re is no 8g easy0 policy "h1 & ^? :o favor x w nev] get to ! top4 ,let u hope t ?is p]nici\s idea t self is wor? m ?an "w w nev] f9d a foo?old 9 ! libr>y4 ,we see x "h & !re1 b ,i believe t1 tak5 by & l>ge1 libr>y work]s love _! tasks & t !y are effici5t 9 proportion to t love4 ,z our libr>ies are gr[+ l>g]1 our organizations m complex1 x is1 ,i "k1 gr[+ h>d] to take a live p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w1 s mu* ( x is specializ$ r\t9e2 "o feels l a m]e cog:eel 9 a great ma*9e4 ,! assi/ant :o pa/es labels or addresses po/al c>ds 9 a big libr>y1 f9ds x h>d] to realize t %e is do+ some?+ int]e/+ & useful ?an ! libr>ian ( a small libr>y :o n only p]=ms ^! tasks b all ! o!rs--meets h] public1 selects & buys h] books1 plans 9 "o way & ano!r = ! ext5sion & bett]m5t ( h] "w4 ,yet ! rapid1 accurate & effici5t p]=mance ( ! less] task is z important z t ( ! great]4 ,a label pa/$ awry may ru9 ! libr>y's reputation 9 ! eye ( a casual us]2 a mis-s5t c>d may cause tr\ble to doz5s ( "o's fell[ assi/ants4 ,r\t9e "w is dull only :5 "o does n und]/& its purport4 ,dullness is 9 ! work]1 n 9 ! "w4 ,are libr>ies1 inde$1 introduc+ too mu* organization into ! "w--is x becom+ too ma*9e-l8 ,n[1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t !re is 9 a ma*9e some?+ ak9 to p]sonality--individuality1 at any rate1 is n too /rong a ^w4 ,e locomotive has tricks & *>act]i/ics t its eng9e] kn[s & sometimes loves4 ,he pats its back affectionately & speaks ( x z 8%e40 ,! idea t to be "p ( a ma*9e excludes p]sonality & individual "w is all wrong4 ,"o c n g c>e]+ ab\t ecc5trically & unsy/ematically2 ! v purpose ( organization is to /op all t2 b )9 ! limits ( motion & action assign$ to a p]son z 8 "p 9 ! l>g] motion & action ( ! ma*9e1 !re is /ill room = mov+ well or ill1 = help+ on ! great] "w or antagoniz+ x & ?r[+ x out ( ord]4 ,if a cog-:eel ?9ks t x is manife/+ its orig9ality 9 "s m]itori\s way by mak+ ! :ole ma*9e creak & wobble & turn out an inf]ior product1 t cog-:eel has p[] to d j ?is2 b x %\ld n compla9 if ! ma*9i/ ?r[s x into ! scrap heap4 ,n[1 9 ! libr>y1 ! p>ts ( our ma*9e are work]s ( all k9ds2 _! connection & relation%ip are condition$ & limit$ by cu/oms1 rules & ord]s4 ,to te/ ! desirability ( ^! or ( any *ange 9 !m !re is j "o "q to be ask$2 fir/1 la/ & all ! "t1 namely--is ?is = ourselves or = our "w8 ,is x m]ely to make ?+s easi] = ! assi/ants or w x improve ! "w & b5efit ! public8 ,! ask+ ( ?is "q & its ?\ghtful consid]ation w puncture _m a bubble4 ,we w take1 if y please1 ! "q ( vacations4 ,any "o :o has tri$ to make out a vacation s*$ule 9 a l>ge libr>y kn[s t1 next to mak+ out a recitation s*$ule 9 a l>ge s*ool or college1 x is ! mo/ vexati\s task ( ! k9d t is giv5 to man to d4 ,ev]yone mu/ h a vacation1 & ev]yone wants to h x at "s "t :5 ! effici5cy ( ! libr>y w be impair$ by x4 ,ev]yone wants to g away at once1 & !re are times :5 no "o wants to be abs5t4 ,any possible arrangem5t means dissatisfaction1 he>tburn+s1 a feel+ t favoritism or prejudice has be5 at "w4 ,into ! m9d ( mo/ libr>ians has1 ,i am sure1 crept ! sugge/ion3 ,:at is ! use ( all ?is8 ,:y n close ! libr>y = a mon?8 ,is n t done by ! s*ools3 & are n we1 too1 an educational in/itution8 ,! fact t libr>ians d n yield1 9 ?is case1 to ! sugge/ion ( a *ange t w\ld b5efit !m & all _! assi/ants1 is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! obvi\sness ( ! o!r fact t x w\ld be bad = ! public4 ,?is te/ ( ! public advantage may be appli$ to ! :ole "q ( sy/em 9 ! libr>y--( h[ mu* sy/em is good1 & :at k9d & h[ x %all be det]m9$ & appli$4 ,:5 a man comes 9 contact ) a libr>y rule t incommodes him p]sonally1 he is apt to d]ide x impati5tly z 8r$ tape40 ,:5 he f9ds abs5ce ( a rule :]e he w\ld h b5efit$ by x1 he concludes t ! libr>y is 9 8*aos0 or 8confusion40 ,n[1 !re %\ld evid5tly be nei!r "o nor ! o!r ( ^!1 al?\gh we _c all[ ! p]sonal conv5i5ce ( a s+le us] to be ! te/--our sy/em %\ld n exi/ = itself alone1 nor %\ld we try to get along )\t sy/em altoge!r4 ,!re %\ld be j s mu* & ( j su* a k9d z w result 9 ! maximum degree ( s]vice r5d]$ to ! public4 ,! individual us] is q wrong1 ( c\rse1 9 condemn+ a regulation t annoys him p]sonally1 = ?is reason alone2 b if we %\ld f9d t x annoy$ all o!r us]s z well )\t o!r advantage ?an ! sav+ ( "s tr\ble to ! libr>y assi/ant1 he w\ld1 ,i conceive1 be q "r 9 call+ x 8r$ tape40 ,?is t]m is appli$ prim>ily to annoy+ (ficial re/rictions t h no use :atev]1 b we may well ext5d x to re/rictions t b5efit ! adm9i/rator )\t improv+ ! adm9i/ration4 ,rules1 cu/oms & mann]s ( proc$ure 9 a libr>y1 :e!r !y say 8?\ %alt0 or 8?\ %alt n0 are ( two k9ds--^? address$ to ! libr>y /aff & ^? address$ to ! public4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are int5d$ to enable ! public to get m good out ( ! libr>y4 ,! memb]s ( ! /aff are told to d c]ta9 ?+s & n to d o!rs1 because ?is w make x easi] = ! us]s ( ! libr>y to get :at !y want4 ,! latt] 9 turn are bidd5 to d ?is & =bidd5 to d t--n1 z "s ( !m seem to ?9k1 to make ! libr>ian's "w easi] or to save him tr\ble--b to ?r[ ! libr>y op5 wid] to _! fell[s4 ,sy/em ( ?is k9d may be> v h>d on ! individual us]2 he may *afe1 = in/ance1 at any re/riction 9 ! numb] ( books t he is all[$ to borr[--b if no su* re/riction exi/$1 ! privileges ( 8 fell[ borr[]s w\ld be curtail$ !reby4 ,he may grumble because ! "t limit on 8 book has expir$ be=e he has f9i%$ read+ x1 unm9dful ( ! fact t "s ( 8 fell[ read]s are anxi\sly wait+ = x4 ,b if ! book 9 8 possession is n want$ by anybody2 if !re are o!r su* unus$ books 9 ! libr>y t he wants1 %\ld he n h & keep !m8 ,assur$ly4 ,e libr>y %\ld make arrangem5ts :]eby none ( its books %\ld be kept f use to /& idly on ! %elves4 ,our te/ ( public usefulness decl>es z decisively = ?is z x does = ! p>tition ( privilege 9 ! case ( m ?an "o anxi\s borr[]4 ,to return to t "p ( ! libr>y ma*9e t affects ! libr>y /aff1 ,i h _m times he>d assi/ants compla9 ( incid5ts ( organization & sy/ematization t seem$ to !m too mu* l ^? 9 vogue 9 comm]cial in/itutions4 ,n[ x may be freely admitt$ t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! libr>y & ! /ore or ! factory1 or m g5]ally betwe5 any in/itution = ! public good & "o = private ga94 ,9 ! =m] ! public advantage is ! prime object1 & to atta9 x we mu/ (t5 consult ! com=t or conv5i5ce ( ! adm9i/rators4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! advantage ( ! adm9i/rators is ! prime object1 & to ga9 x !y are g5]ally =c$ to consult ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! public4 ,! prim>y & second>y elem5ts are rev]s$1 b !y exi/ 9 ea*4 ,bo? ! dep>tm5t /ore & ! libr>y mu/ look out = ! public4 ,x is ! libr>y's bus9ess to d s1 & x is 9 ! /ore's bus9ess advantage to d ! same4 ,x is h>d to see1 !re=e1 :y any k9d ( sy/em t w make a /ore "w bett] is n wor? look+ into by a libr>ian4 ,! sy/ematization 9 ! /aff ( an up-to-date1 mod]n bus9ess organization1 & 9 its "w1 is a cont9ual surprise to him :o has n look$ into su* ?+s = a score ( ye>s4 ,! /ores & ! factories are ahead ( libr>ians 9 ?is respect1 & we may z well admit x4 ,aft] all1 ?is is natural4 ,:at is to "o's bus9ess advantage is always done bett] ?an :at is m]ely "o's bus9ess4 ,b !re is no reason :y we %\ld n /udy ^! bett] me?ods & imitate ^? t are wor? copy+4 ,take "o little example4 ,9 a factory ! raw mat]ial is foll[$ /ati/ically f its pur*ase to its sale z a f9i%$ product2 & ev5 aft] its sale its p]=mances are wat*$4 ,! own] c f9d out1 :5 he wants to d s1 :e!r t p>ticul> article made or lo/ money = ! firm1 & h[ mu*1 & :y2 :e!r x gave satisfaction to ! pur*as]1 & if n1 :y n2 to :at its excell5ce or defici5cies 7 due1 :e!r to ! qualities ( ! raw mat]ial or ! me?ods ( manufacture4 ,h[ _m libr>ians c simil>ly asc]ta9 :e!r ! pur*ase ( a giv5 invoice ( books 0 pr(itable to ! libr>y or n1 tak+ into acc\nt ! numb] & duration ( _! issues1 ! "t lo/ & ! money sp5t 9 m5d+ & re-b9d+ !m1 & s on8 ,h[ _m c tell y :e!r ^? books gave satisfaction to ! us]s1 9 _! b9d]y1 typography1 & pap]2 :e!r ! read] f\nd !m h>d on 8 eyes1 easily soil$1 difficult to hold op5--& ^: fault x 01 ! publi%]'s1 ! b9d]'s or ! m5d]'s8 ,?is1 too1 is m]ely ! mat]ial & physical side ( ! "q--all t ! manufactur] or ! m]*ant ne$s to consid]4 ,we libr>ians say we are on a l(ti] plane2 we purvey ideas4 ,s we d4 ,h[ _m ( u !n c say :at 0 ! m5tal & moral effect on our community ( ! books add$ la/ ye>1 z comp>$ ) ^? add$ ! ye> be=e8 ,h[ _m ( u "k ev5 :e!r ! read]s lik$ ! books ( "o ye> bett] ?an ^? ( ano!r8 ,aga92 ! individual work] 9 a good factory1 ! travell+ salesman 9 a good m]cantile h\se1 is wat*$ /ati/ically4 ,8 employ]s c tell j h[ pr(itable 8 "w is to !m4 ,if ! failure ( an op]ation1 or ! loss ( cu/om 9 a t[n1 is due to him1 !y "k x1 & if 8 s]vice cont9ues unpr(itable1 he is replac$4 ,h[ _m libr>ians wat* ! "w ( individual memb]s ( ! /aff ) su* detail8 ,suppose at ! end ( six mon?s' s]vice1 an assi/ant 7 confront$ ) /ati/ical evid5ce t %e _h mis*>g$ t5 books1 made eight bad mi/akes 9 accession+1 writt5 tw5ty catalog c>ds t _h to be replac$ & caus$ f\r compla9ts by h] be>+ at ! desk8 ,suppose %e 7 !reupon giv5 notice t %e mu/ d bett] or g2 :at w\ld %e say8 ,i ?9k ,i "k4 ,%e w\ld say t ! libr>y 0 run j l a dep>tm5t /ore4 ,& %e w\ld be q "r2 only1 in/ead ( be+ d]ogatory to ! libr>y z x w\ld be int5d$1 h] rem>k w\ld be a complim5t4 ,x is "t t we %\ld c>efully discrim9ate betwe5 :at is comm]cial1 9 comm]cial in/itutions1 & :at simply makes = ord]l9ess & effici5cy4 ,n[1 we may consid] ?ree ?+s1 belong+ to a giv5 in/itution1 t e employee ( t in/itution has 9 8 c>e4 ,if !y are prop]ly cons]v$ ! in/itution w be effici5tly adm9i/]$1 & ! visible ma*9]y = cons]v+ !m con/itutes sy/em4 ,!y are "t1 prop]ty & reputation4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! sy/em "u :i* any in/itution is conduct$ has = its object ! utilization ( e bit ( "t4 ,we ,am]icans1 ) all our hu/l+ are great wa/]s ( "t4 ,work]s d no?+1 n s mu* 9 p]iods ( actually %irk+ or laz9ess z 9 gett+ />t$1 9 pass+ f "o task to ano!r1 9 fruitless pott]+ ab\t1 9 endeavor+ to decide "s unimportant "q ( detail & 9 "o or ano!r ( a ?\s& diff]5t ways :5 !y seem to !mselves to be at "w1 :ile !y really are do+ no?+ useful4 ,z = talk+1 x is ! bane ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t all "w %\ld be done 9 sil5ce4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ?is w\ld be a mi/ake1 = an occasional ^w keeps work]s alive & 9 good humor :]e absolute sil5ce is n necess>y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to /op ) a ^w4 ,words gr\p !mselves into phrases1 phrases into s5t5ces & s5t5ces into conv]sation1 & ! work]s :o ass]t conv9c+ly t !y get on exactly z well :ile !y are talk+1 succe$ 9 cutt+ 9 half1 n only _! own sum total ( useful a*ievem5t1 b t ( ! annoy$ toil]s any:]e )9 e>%ot4 ,sy/em surely requires close cons]vation ( valuable "t2 by promptness1 by quickness1 by keep+ ! cobwebs f "o's bra91 & above all1 by sil5ce1 relative if n absolute4 ,! prop]ty t ! libr>ian is expect$ to cons]ve consi/s ( books--! mat]ial 9 :i* he works & ) :i* he is expect$ to produce 8 effects1 & ( money & objects--build+s1 furniture & ut5sils--int5d$ to aid him 9 h&l+ ! books prop]ly & 9 gett+ !m & ! us]s toge!r4 ,! ,philadelphia ald]man :o propos$ to d away ) ! build+s1 furniture & /aff ( ! libr>y altoge!r1 sp5d ! money = books1 dump ^! on ! city-hall floor1 & let ! public *oose1 may h be5 some:at crude 9 8 ideas2 b he at lea/ und]/ood t books are ! basis ( a libr>y & t libr>ians & build+s are b subsidi>y4 ,8 attitude 0 va/ly m intellig5t ?an t ( "s p]sons :o appe> to ?9k t a good libr>ian 9 a f9e build+ ought to produce satisfactory results )\t any books at all4 ,! libr>ian1 !n1 mu/ provide above all = ! c>e & pres]vation ( ! books4 ,if 8 libr>y is on op5 %elves x mu/ assure c>eful wat* aga9/ ?iev]y2 x mu/ insure1 by an adequate *>g+ sy/em1 ! due return ( borr[$ volumes2 x mu/ see t ! physical /ructure ( ! book is protect$1 & repair$ :5 ne$ful2 x mu/ wat* & c\nt ! books at int]vals to see t !y are all on ! %elves4 ,?is la/ means ! tak+ ( a regul> & c>eful inv5tory--! bane ( ! av]age libr>ian4 ,yet h[ c he %irk x8 ,books are valuable prop]ty entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,if he 7 cu/odian ( money or funds he w\ld n be let (f ye> aft] ye> ) ! /atem5t t ! labor ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* rema9$ 9 8 possession 0 great] ?an x 0 wor?4 ,"o may omit to inv5tory 8 private collection1 j z he may omit to c\nt ! money 9 8 purse1 if he *ooses1 n t ( o!rs4 ,& if x is 8 duty to see t ! quantity ( 8 collection rema9s unimpair$1 x is equally s to see to ! quality4 ,a libr>y sy/em t c\nts ! books c>efully1 b e/eems a torn & fil?y volume z good a unit z "o 9 prop] condition1 w no long] pass mu/]4 ,!re are dirty books on too _m libr>y %elves4 ,su* libr>ies are defici5t 9 ! k9d ( sy/em t pres]ves prop]ty effici5tly4 ,z = ! me*anical plant ( ! libr>y1 ! build+ t h\ses x1 ) its fitt+s & furniture1 a prop] sy/em1 ( c\rse1 requires t ^! be kept con/antly 9 good condition4 ,n[1 we ,am]icans are impati5t ( detail3 we l to d ?+s 9 a l>ge way & !n let !m take c>e ( !mselves4 ,:ile ! ,fr5*man or ! ,engli%man wat*es 8 roads or pavem5ts day by day & nev] all[s !m to get out ( repair1 we build exp5sive roadways & leave !m alone until !y are 9 disgraceful condition--:]eupon we te> !m up & rebuild !m4 ,:ile ! =eign] builds 8 cities1 /one by /one & /reet by /reet1 s t !y are picturesque & beautiful1 we let ours spr+ up z !y w1 slum jo/l+ palace1 & factory elb[+ *ur*1 until f9ally we =m gr&iose projects ( recon/ruction1 cutt+ av5ues "h & mak+ p>ts !re--projects :i* may be c>ri$ out & may rema9 on pap]4 ,s ,i h se5 ta/eful & exp5sive libr>y build+s all[$ to gr[ grimy & dilapidat$ day by day ?r\gh lack ( a sy/ematic plan = r5ovation & repair4 ,"s day ! au?orities w wake up & !re w be recon/ruction & r$ecoration 9 pl5ty--to be foll[$ by ano!r era ( sl[ decay4 ,! ?ird entity t an effici5t sy/em mu/ enable ! libr>ian to cons]ve is evanesc5t & almo/ indef9able4 ,x is difficult to br+ sy/em to be> ^u x at all1 & yet its pres]vation is ( ! v highe/ importance ( all1 because )\t x ! libr>ian _c d ! "w 9 8 community t e good libr>ian is try+ to d4 ,reputation is a fickle ?+1 inde$4 ,ga9$ sometimes 9 a happy mom5t1 x may p]si/ = long ye>s1 successfully defy+ all assaults2 a*iev$ else:]e by decades ( /r5u\s application & scrupul\s obs]vance1 x may vani% 9 a day z ! result ( "s petty act ( =getfulness or ( ! /upidity ( a pass+ mom5t4 ,none ! less is x ! duty ( ! head ( e great in/itution to /rive cont9ually to atta9 & ma9ta9 x2 to increase x if possible & to gu>d x jeal\sly4 ,!re he is 9 ! h&s ( 8 subord9ates & su* sy/em z he may br+ to be> may & %\ld be direct$ t[>d creat+ & keep+ alive )9 !m a prop] esprit de corps4 ,! libr>y t succe$s 9 creat+ a public impression t x & all connect$ ) x are hone/ly try+ to be ( public s]vice1 to w9 public e/eem1 & to ga9 a place 9 ! public he>t1 has two-?irds ( its "w done already4 ,its burd5 is roll$ d[n hill in/ead ( up4 ,we boa/ t 9 our c\ntry public op9ion is all p[]ful2 b we are (t5 apt to reg>d public op9ion z we d ! wea!r4 ,its balmy gales & its de/ructive vortices1 its g5tle dews & its deva/at+ torr5ts1 are alike1 we ?9k1 beyond our p[] to regulate4 ,yet1 ?\gh public op9ion may be unju/ or caprici\s1 x is usually level-head$4 ,s ! libr>y t covets t good reputation :i* public op9ion alone c give x1 mu/ s act z to des]ve t good op9ion4 ,& z "o brok5 cog w ?r[ a :ole ma*9e out ( ge>1 s "o assi/ant :o does n realize 8 or h] responsibilities 9 ?is matt] may m> a libr>y's reputation1 o!rwise well-e>n$4 ,x is h>d luck1 inde$1 t a libr>ian1 :o ) ! majority ( 8 /aff has /riv5 long & well to e>n ! public good-w1 %\ld see x =feit$ by ! ?\ghtlessness or ill-temp] ( "s "o ( 8 /aff4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! way ( our _w ) its multiple connections4 ,none ( u may live = himself alone2 we /& or fall ) o!rs1 & ! smalle/ bit ( orange peel may br+ d[n ! mightie/ a?lete to ! pavem5t4 ,h[ may ! libr>ian1 or anyone else1 br+ sy/em to be> on su* an evanesc5t ?+ z ?is8 ,x is a h>d matt]1 inde$4 ,b c x be d5i$ t a well-oil$ libr>y ma*9e1 "o t is quickly responsive to direction & control1 "o ^: p>ts are z p]fect 9 !mselves & z p]fectly connect$ z may be1 is lea/ likely to suff] f un=tunate accid5ts8 ,a libr>ian ^: bad judgm5t--or ^: k9dness ( he>t1 p]haps--has misl$ him into admitt+ into 8 ma*9e "o false cog may f9d to 8 sorr[ t ?is w slip at ! critical "t1 betray+ bo? him & ! :ole eng9e t he _h hop$ to wield = good4 ,"h no "o k9d ( sy/em1 no p>ticul> detail1 alone suffices1 b e detail1 e s]ies1 e comb9ation r5d]s ! :ole fabric ( reputation m solid & m secure4 ,i sometimes ?9k t we ,anglo-,saxons are 9 great] ne$ ( ! inspiration & aid t we get f records ( pa/ intellectual a*ievem5t ?an are "s o!r races4 ,= our intellectual h]itage does n come at all f our physical ance/ry4 ,we are ! intellectual heirs ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans & ! ,hebrews1 n ( our own ,teutonic fa!rs4 ,we c1 !re=e1 n only rely on h]$ity to ma9ta9 our intellectual level2 we mu/ cont9ually dr9k f ! same f\nta9s ?r\gh :i* our fa!rs drew inspiration4 ,we sometimes ?9k a little contemptu\sly ( :at we call ! v5e] ( mod]n civilization t ! ,japanese h put on1 =gett+ t our own civilization is 9 great "p also acquir$1 al?\gh ! acquisition is ( e>li] date4 ,moreov]1 ! ,japanese h1 & reta91 intellectual ideals & a*ievem5ts ( _! own1 hav+ le>n$ f ! ,we/ h>dly m ?an its me*anics & eng9e]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our me*anical a*ievem5ts are our own1 our intellectual & e/hetic /&>ds are borr[$4 ,our intellectual /atus may ?us be comp>$ to ! electrical condition ( ! trolley wire1 :i* 9 ord] t x may furni% its useful en]gy to ! motor bel[ mu/ itself be suppli$ at int]vals ) ?is en]gy f an adjac5t fe$ wire communicat+ directly ) ! s\rce ( electrical p[]4 ,! fe$ wire 9 our case is ! libr>y--a collection repres5t+ ! intellectual en]gy ( all pa/ ages1 spr++ directly f ! p[]ful bra9s ( ! ma/]s ( m5tal a*ievem5t ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,unless we supply our m9ds f ?is1 we %all n ma9ta9 our intellectual position4 ,is ?is ! reason :y ! popul> libr>y has atta9$ ) u a developm5t t x has nev] rea*$ 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 ^: inhabitants possess ?r\gh h]$ity _m ( ! m5tal /&>ds ( value t our ance/ors borr[$ & t we mu/ borr[ ev] & aga9 f ! records ( ! pa/8 ,we may be sure t ?is is at lea/ a possibility2 & we may be equally sure t ! adoption ( sy/em1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 w facilitate bo? ?is & all o!r functions ( ! libr>y4 ,! /atem5t t 8! lett] kille? & ! _s give? life0 0 nev] int5d$ to mean t we are to neglect =mal & sy/ematic me?ods ( "w4 ,! lett] kills only :5 x is spiritless1 ) ! _s to give x life x does well its "p1 ensur+ t ! in/itution to :i* x applies %all produce its results1 surely1 quietly & effectively1 ) a m9imum ( noise & ef=t & ) a maximum ( output4 ,let no "o1 !n1 d]ide or decry ! =mation or ! op]ation ( a libr>y ma*9e2 we live 9 an age ( ma*9]y--( ma*9es =m$ by effective human co-op]ation1 z well z by int]lock+ ge>s & int]act+ p>ts4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+ makes 8 ,scot* eng9e] see 9 ! rel5tless motion ( 8 l9ks & pi/ons some?+ ( t 8=ekn[l$ge inf9ite0 9 :i* 8 ,calv9i/ic tra9+ _h taught him to believe & tru/4 ,s may we see 9 libr>y ma*9]y an aid to ! accompli%m5t ( t 8f>-(f div9e ev5t0 t[>d :i* our :ole mod]n libr>y creation has be5 & is /ill sil5tly1 b no less p[]fully mov+--! br++ into intellectual relation%ip ( ea* liv+ human bra9 )9 our rea* ) e o!r companionable or helpful human bra91 ?\gh physically inaccessible ?r\gh dea? or abs5ce4 ,?is is ! compreh5sive ideal ( ! libr>ian2 no ma*9]y t may "w t[>d its atta9m5t is sup]flu\s or inept4 ,,! ,,exploitation ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y#aa ,two & a half ye>s ago2 or1 to be m exact1 on ,janu>y #bb1 #aiji1 9 an address at ! d$ication ( ! ,*e/nut ,hill ,bran* ( ! ,free libr>y ( ,philadelphia1 ! pres5t writ] us$ ! foll[+ words3 8,i confess t ,i feel uneasy :5 ,i realize h[ little ! influ5ce ( ! public libr>y is und]/ood by ^? :o might try to wield t influ5ce1 ei!r = good or = evil4444 ,s f> !re has be5 no conc]t$1 sy/ematic ef=t on ! "p ( classes or bodies ( m5 to capture ! public libr>y1 to dictate its policy1 to utilize its great opportunities = influ5c+ ! public m9d4 ,:5 ?is ev] comes1 z x mu/1 we mu/ look out6444 8,organizations 444 civil1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 political1 arti/ic 444 h usually let u sev]ely alone1 :]e _! influ5ce1 if !y %\ld come into t\* ) ! libr>y1 w\ld surely be = good 444 w\ld be ex]t$ along ! l9e ( morality1 ( m c>eful book selection1 ( judicial m9d$ness in/ead ( "o-sid$ness4 8,let u tru/ t influ5ces along ?is l9e 444 if we are to h influ5ces at all 444 may ga9 a foo?old be=e ! opposite =ces 444 ^? ( sordid comm]cialism1 ( absurdities1 ( falsities1 ( all k9ds ( self-seek+ 444 f9d out t we are wor? _! exploitation40 ,!re h be5 indications ( late t ! public1 bo? z individuals & 9 organiz$ bodies1 is beg9n+ to appreciate ! influ5ce1 actual & pot5tial1 ( ! public libr>y4 ,) ?is dawn+ appreciation1 z pr$ict$ 9 ! l9es j quot$1 has come increas$ ef=t to turn ?is influ5ce into ! *annels ( p]sonal or ( bus9ess advantage1 & x may be well to call ! att5tion ( libr>ians to ?is & to w>n !m aga9/ :at !y mu/ d\btless expect to meet1 9 increas+ measure1 z ! ye>s g by4 ,attempts ( ?is k9d c hope = success only :5 !y are conceal$ & come 9 innoc5t guise4 ,x is extremely h>d to classify !m1 & ?is fact 9 itself w\ld indicate t libr>ies & libr>ians h to deal ) t mo/ +5i\s & plausible ( sophi/s1 ! mod]n adv]tis]4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ,i w\ld n h x und]/ood t ! use ( ! libr>y = adv]tis+ purposes is necess>ily illegitimate or repreh5sible4 ,if x is op5 & above bo>d & ! libr>y receives prop] comp5sation1 ! "q resolves itself into "o ( good ta/e4 ,! ta/e ( su* use may be beyond "q1 or x may be v que/ionable inde$4 ,few w\ld def5d ! use ( ! libr>y's walls or w9d[s = ! display ( comm]cial adv]tis+2 al?\gh ! money receiv$ !re= might be sorely ne$$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! issu+ ( a bullet9 paid = :olly or 9 "p by adv]tisem5ts ins]t$ !re9 is approv$ by all1 ?\gh mo/ libr>ians d\btless pref] to omit ^! if ! exp5se c be met by o!r means4 ,"u ?is head come also ! reception & plac+ on ! %elves ( adv]tis+ circul>s or catalogs conta9+ valuable mat]ial ( any k9d4 ,"h ! libr>y gets consid]ably m ?an its quid pro quo1 & no libr>ian has any d\bt ( ! propriety ( su* a proce$+4 ,aga91 :]e ! adv]tis+ takes ! =m ( a b5evol5t sort ( 8log-roll+10 ! ?+ adv]tis$ be+ educational & ! quid pro quo simply ! impulse giv5 to libr>y use by any?+ ( ?is nature1 x is g5]ally reg>d$ z prop]4 ,?us mo/ libr>ies display )\t hesitation adv]tisem5ts ( free c\rses ( lectures & ! l4 ,:5 ! ?+ adv]tis$ is n free1 ?is proc$ure is m op5 to d\bt4 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld draw ! l9e "h1 & %\ld all[ ! libr>y to adv]tise no?+ t requires a fee or paym5t ( any k9d1 no matt] h[ trifl+ or nom9al & no matt] h[ good ! cause4 ,^! ?+s are m5tion$ only to exclude !m f consid]ation "h4 ,! libr>y is really exploit$ only :]e x is us$ to fur!r someone's p]sonal or bus9ess ends )\t adequate return1 g5]ally ) m or less concealm5t ( purpose1 s t ! libr>y is )\t due realization ( :at x is really do+4 ,attempts at su* exploitation h by no means be5 lack+ 9 ! pa/4 ,take if y please ?is case1 dat+ back ab\t a doz5 ye>s3 ,an ent]pris+ firm1 op]at+ a dep>tm5t /ore1 (f]$ to give to a bran* libr>y a collection ( sev]al ?\s& hi/orical works on condition t ^! %\ld be kept 9 a sep>ate alcove pla9ly label$ 8,! gift ( ,blank ,bro!rs40 ,no?+ s unusual ab\t ?is4 ,su* gifts1 ?\gh ! objections to ! conditions are famili> to y all1 are frequ5tly (f]$ & accept$4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev] ! "n ( ! bran* happ5$ to be also ! "n ( ! ent]pris+ firm4 ,! inf]5ce w\ld h be5 ov]p[]+ t ! bran* _h be5 nam$ aft] ! firm4 ,! (f] 0 accept$ on condition t ! books %\ld be %elv$ ea* 9 its prop] place ) a gift label1 to be ( special =m if desir$1 & t ! donation %\ld be ackn[l$g$ on ! bullet9 bo>d4 ,^! conditions 7 n acceptable--a suffici5t indication ( ! real object ( ! gift4 ,o!r cases might be cit$1 to say no?+ ( ! usual ef=ts to induce ! libr>y to display comm]cial notices or to give (ficial comm5dation to "s book4 ,sev]al cases ( ! m +5i\s attempts at exploitation hav+ come to my notice dur+ ! pa/ few mon?s ,i set myself to f9d out :e!r any?+ ( ! k9d _h also be5 not$ by o!rs4 ,lett]s to "s ( ! pr9cipal libr>ies 9 ! c\ntry elicit$ a v>iety ( replies4 ,"s libr>ians _h not$ no?+2 o!rs no?+ m ?an usual4 ,"o said frankly t if ! p _h be5 8work+0 him he _h be5 too /upid to "k x4 ,b o!rs respond$ ) int]e/+ in/ances1 & "o or two1 9 ^: judgm5t ,i h special confid5ce agre$ ) me 9 notic+ an increase 9 ! numb] ( attempts at ?is k9d ( exploitation ( late4 ,i may make my mean+ m cle>1 p]haps1 by proce$+ at once to cite specific in/ances :i* mu/ be anonym\s1 ( c\rse1 9 accordance ) a promise to my in=mants4 ,a photograph] (f]$ to a public libr>y a f9e collection ( portraits ( deceas$ citiz5s ( ! t[n4 ,?is 0 accept$4 ,! photograph] !n proce$$ to s5d out circul>s 9 a way t r5d]$ x v probable t he 0 simply us+ ! libr>y's "n to increase 8 bus9ess4 ,a comm]cial firm1 :i* _h issu$ a good book on a subject connect$ ) its bus9ess1 (f]$ to pr9t = v>i\s libr>ies1 at its own exp5se1 a good li/ ( works on ?is subject on condition t x %\ld be all[$ to adv]tise its own book on ! la/ page4 ,submission ( a pro( reveal$ ! fact t ?is adv]tisem5t 0 to be pr9t$ 9 precisely ! same =m & ) ! same k9d ( head+ z in=mation ab\t ! libr>y giv5 on ! prec$+ page4 ,! read]'s inf]5ce w\ld h be5 t ! matt] on ! la/ page 0 an (ficial libr>y note4 ,( ! libr>ies approa*$1 "s accept$ ! (f] )\t f9d+ any fault ) ! feature j not$2 o!rs refus$ to h any?+ at all to d ) ! plan2 /ill o!rs accept$ on condition t ! la/ page %\ld be s alt]$ t ! read] c\ld see cle>ly t x conta9$ adv]tis+ matt]4 ,a lectur] ga9$ p]mission to di/ribute ?r\gh a libr>y complim5t>y tickets to a free lecture on an educational subject4 ,:5 ^! arriv$1 ! libr>ian discov]$ t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! free lecture 0 on ! same fold] ) adv]tisem5ts ( a pay c\rse4 ,! free tickets 7 giv5 out1 b ! adv]tisem5t 0 suppress$4 ,ef=ts ( ?is k9d are p]haps p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 connection ) ! use ( libr>y assembly-rooms4 ,!re is no reason1 ( c\rse1 :y libr>ies %\ld n r5t out ^! rooms 9 ! same way z o!r public rooms1 b x is usual to limit _! use to educational purposes & g5]ally to free public ent]ta9m5ts4 ,"s ef=ts to circumv5t rules ( ?is k9d are int]e/+4 ,application 0 made to a libr>y = ! use ( an assembly-room = a free lecture on /5ography4 ,on cross-exam9ation ! lectur] admitt$ t he 0 a tea*] ( /5ography :o desir$ to =m a class1 & t at ! close ( 8 lecture he int5d$ to make ann\ncem5t ( 8 c\rses1 prices1 etc4 ,he 0 told t ?is mu/ be done outside ! libr>y4 ,x is v common1 :]e ! exaction ( an admission fee is =bidd51 to take up a collection be=e or aft] ! lecture4 ,:5 told t ?is is inadmissible1 ! lectur] sometimes takes up 8 collection on ! sidewalk outside4 ,!re h be5 cases :]e employees ( a libr>y h embrac$ ?is opportunity to ga!r contributions4 ,a color$ janitor ( a bran* libr>y 0 rec5tly admoni%$ = /&+ outside 8 own assembly-room door & solicit+ money = a pet *>ity4 ,ano!r janitor made a pilgrimage to ! c5tral libr>y to collect f ! /aff4 ,a classic in/ance ( ?is k9d is t ( ! /reet gam9 :o = sev]al h\rs /ood at a bran* libr>y door & collect$ an admission fee ( "o c5t f ea* us]4 ,! bran* 0 newly op5$ & its neighbors 7 unus$ to ! ways ( free libr>ies4 ,an example ( ! difficulty ( decid+1 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 :e!r an und\bt$ adv]tis+ s*eme may or may n legitimately be aid$ by ! public libr>y is f\nd 9 ! (f]1 ) :i* all ( y are famili>1 ( valuable money prizes = essays on economic subjects1 by a firm ( clo?i]s4 ,! committee 9 *>ge ( ! aw>ds is compos$ ( em95t economi/s & publici/s2 ! competitors are memb]s ( college faculties & advanc$ graduate /ud5ts2 ! essays br\ght out are ( p]man5t value & are g5]ally publi%$ 9 book =m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances _m libr>ies h n hesitat$ to po/ ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! committee on _! bullet9 bo>ds4 ,o!rs reg>d ! :ole ?+ z purely comm]cial adv]tisem5t & refuse to recognize x4 ,"o libr>y at lea/ po/$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! competition = #aiaj1 b refus$ to po/ ! result4 ,x w\ld be h>d to tell j h[ mu* altruism & h[ mu* selfi%ness we h "h & ! in/ance %[s h[ subtle are ! gradations f "o motive to ! o!r4 ,adv]tis+ by secur+ condemnatory action ( "s sort1 su* z exclusion f ! %elves1 has also n be5 uncommon4 ,?is requires ! aid ( ! press to condemn1 abuse or ridicule ! libr>y = its action1 & s exploit ! book4 ,! press1 ,i grieve to say1 has fall5 a victim to ?is s*eme m ?an once & has !reby giv5 free use ( adv]tis+ space ord9>ily wor? ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,a flagrant in/ance ( ?is k9d occurr$ 9 "o ( our greate/ cities ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,! "w ( a mu*-discuss$ playwright 0 ab\t to be put ^u ! bo>ds4 ,a wily press ag5t1 9 conv]sation ) an unsuspect+ libr>ian1 obta9$ an adv]se op9ion4 ,! aid+ & abett+ newspap]1 :i* 0 "o ( o/5sible high "*1 proce$$ at once to heap ridicule & contumely on ! libr>y & ! libr>ian = _! condemnation & exclusion ( ! play 7:i* really wasn't exclud$ at all74 ,! matt]1 hav+ rea*$ ! dignity ( news1 0 tak5 up by o!r pap]s & = a week or m ! metropolitan press res\nd$ ) accusation1 explanation1 recrim9ation & comm5t4 ,! gleeful playwright cabl$ objurgations f ,london1 & ! press ag5t1 retir+ mode/ly into ! backgr\nd1 saw adv]tis+ t w\ld h co/ him #ajj1jjj1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 p\r$ into 8 will+ lap by ! yell[1 b easy1 press ( 8 native burg4 ,x is possibly unfair to cite ?is z an attempt to 8"w0 ! libr>y--x 0 ! public press t 0 +5i\sly & successfully exploit$ ?r\gh ! libr>y4 ,! fact t ! m]e pres5ce ( a public libr>y is an advantage to ! neighborhood 9 :i* x /&s has l$ to num]\s attempts to locate libr>y build+s1 especially bran*es1 9 "s p>ticul> place4 ,^! are (t5 accompani$ by (f]s ( build+-lots1 :i*1 x is sad to say1 h occasionally appeal$ to tru/ees n fully in=m$ ( ! situation4 ,i recall sev]al (f]s ( lots 9 b>r5 & unoccupi$ spots--"o 9 an undevelop$ region ^: own] hop$ to make x a resid5ce p>k & ano!r 9 ! middle ( a fl\ri%+ cornfield1 ^: own] consid]$ x an ideal spot = a bran* libr>y--at lea/ aft] he _h sold (f a suffici5t numb] ( build+ lots on ! /r5g? ( 8 g5]\s gift4 ,^! p>ticul> (f]s 7 decl9$ ) ?anks1 b 9 "s in/ances memb]s ( bo>ds ( tru/ees !mselves1 be+ only human1 h n be5 entirely free f suspicion ( p]sonal or bus9ess int]e/ 9 sites4 ,"h x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! legitimate ef=ts ( a p>ticul> locality to capture a bran* site & ^? t h _! orig9 9 comm]cial cupidity4 ,bo? ( c\rse h no?+ to d ) ! l>g] consid]ations t %\ld gov]n 9 su* location1 b bo? are n exploitation z we are n[ us+ ! ^w4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ! adv]tis+ value ( ! m]e pres5ce ( a public libr>y & ( bus9ess %rewdness 9 tak+ advantage ( x1 comes f a libr>y t calls itself a 8%9+ example ( ef=ts to #8"w' public libr>ies = comm]cial purposes40 ,?is libr>y r5ts rooms = v>i\s objects connect$ ) its "w1 & f9ds t x is 9 great dem& z a t5ant4 ,great ef=t is made by prop]ty own]s bo? to reta9 & to move qu>t]s occupi$ = libr>y purposes4 ,! bo>d has rec5tly refus$ to make selection ( localities on ?is basis4 ,!re is ano!r respect 9 :i* ! public libr>y (f]s an attractive field = exploitation4 ,9 its regi/ration files x has a valuable select$ li/ ( names & addresses :i* may be ( s]vice 9 v>i\s ways ei!r z a mail+-li/ or z a directory4 ,probably !re are no two op9ions reg>d+ ! impropriety ( all[+ ! li/ to be us$ = comm]cial purposes along ei!r l9e4 ,! use z a directory may occasionally be legitimate & is all[able aft] inve/igation & report to "s "o 9 au?ority4 ,i h kn[n ( rec\rse to libr>y regi/ration li/s by ! police1 to f9d a fugitive f ju/ice2 by private detectives1 o/5sibly on ! same err&2 by a wife1 look+ = h] runaway husb&2 by p]sons se>*+ = lo/ relatives2 & by cr$itors on ! trail ( debtors 9 hid+4 ,:]e !re is any d\bt1 ! matt] c usually be adju/$ by (f]+ to =w>d a lett] to ! p]son s\ght1 or to communicate to t p]son ! seek]'s desire & let him respond if he wi%es to d s4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 except 9 ob$i5ce to an ord] ( c\rt1 x is n only unju/1 b entirely inexp$i5t f ! libr>y's /&po9t to betray to anyone a us]'s :]eab\ts aga9/ t us]'s wi%es or ev5 :]e !re is a m]e possibility ( 8 objection4 ,if x 7 cle>ly und]/ood t su* consequ5ces might foll[ ! hold+ ( a libr>y c>d1 we %\ld d\btless lose _m read]s t we especially desire to attract & hold4 ,( c\rse ! public libr>y is n ! only in/itution ^: reputation has expos$ x to ! assaults ( adv]tis]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry has = ye>s be5 expos$ to ?is sort ( ?+1 & x is ! belief ( ,rev]5d ,william ,a4 ,lee1 :o writes on ! subject 9 8,! ,/&>d10 a ,bapti/ pap] publi%$ 9 ,*icago1 t 9 ?is case also increas$ activity is to be not$ ( late4 ,p]sons desire to pres5t ! m9i/] ) a picture on condition t he m5tions ! arti/ to 8 fri5ds2 to give him a set ( books or a build+-lot t 8 "n may be us$ to lure o!r pur*as]s2 !y ev5 ask him = mail+-li/s ( 8 p>i%ion]s' names4 8,i am con/antly be+ besieg$10 says ,mr4 ,lee1 8by ag5ts ( div]s sorts1 & ( div]s degrees ( p]si/5cy1 = indorsem5ts ( pat5t mops1 ( #8:olesome plays1' ( curr5t p]iodicals1 ( s-call$ religi\s books1 ( #8helps' almo/ innum]able = *ur*-work]s & ( scores ( o!r ?+s :i* "t has *>itably c>ri$ out ( memory40 ,x is refre%+ to f9d t ! k9d ( libr>y exploitation mo/ to be fe>$ seems n yet to h be5 attempt$ on any consid]able scale or 9 any objectionable direction4 ,i ref] to int]f]5ce ) our /ock & its di/ribution--an ef=t to div]t ei!r pur*ases or circulation into a p>ticul> *annel4 ,my att5tion has be5 call$ to ! ef=ts ( religi\s bodies to place _! !ological or controv]sial works on ! %elves ( public libr>ies4 ,:5 ! books are (f]$ z donations1 z is usually ! case1 ?is is h>dly exploitation 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are consid]+ x1 unless ! libr>y is s small t o!r m desirable books are exclud$4 ,a l>ge libr>y welcomes accessions ( ?is k9d1 j z x does trade catalogs or railroad lit]ature4 ,attempts to pu% circulation are occasionally made1 b usually )\t success4 ,b up to ! pres5t "t x is ! glory ( ! public libr>y t x kn[s nei!r ,nor? nor ,s\?1 ,ca?olic nor ,prote/ant1 ,democrat1 ,republican nor ,sociali/4 ,x %elves & circulates books on bo? sides ( e possible sci5tific1 economic1 religi\s & sectional controv]sy1 & no "o has rais$ a h& to make x d o!rwise4 ,we %\ld be pr\d ( ?is & v jeal\s ( x4 ,z we h se51 !re is "s reason to ?9k t newly awak5$ int]e/ 9 ! public libr>y z a public utility has l$ to increas$ ef=t to ga9 its aid = purely p]sonal & comm]cial ends4 ,naturally ^! int]e/s h mov$ fir/4 ,x is comp>atively easy to /e] cle> ( !m & to defeat !m4 ,b attempts to int]f]e ) ! /rict neutrality ( ! public libr>y & to turn x into p>tisan%ip 9 any direction1 if !y ev] come1 %\ld at ! e>lie/ betrayal ( _! purpose be /]nly repress$ & at ! same "t be giv5 wide publicity1 t we may all be on our gu>d4 ,we may legitimately & prop]ly adopt a once fam\s & mu* ridicul$ slogan z our own1 9 ?is reg>d1 & write ov] ! doors ( our public libr>ies 8,all t we ask is1 let u alone60 ,,s]vice ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,libr>ies ,i %\ld be und]/ood bett]1 p]haps1 if ,i said 8,civil s]vice 9 ! libr>y02 b ! civil s]vice is s call$ m]ely 9 di/9ction to ! milit>y s]vice1 & !re c be no milit>y s]vice 9 ! libr>y1 al?\gh ! uni=m ( c]ta9 janitors & mess5g]s may appe>1 at fir/ sight1 to give me ! lie4 ,e libr>y1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h "s plan ( s]vice1 m or less sy/ematic4 ,?is may or may n be subject to ! regulations ( ! /ate or city civil s]vice4 ,i h no desire to dwell "h on ! "q ( ! desirability ( su* connection2 b ,i _c refra9 f say+1 at ! risk ( los+ all ( my civil s]vice-re=m fri5ds1 t ,i reg>d ! pres5t me?ods ( br++ ab\t appo9tm5t = m]it only z make%ifts1 well design$ to defeat ! ef=ts ( politicians & o!rs :o wi% to see appo9tm5ts made = o!r reasons1 b necess>y only s long z ^? ef=ts are likely to cont9ue4 ,i %all d\btless be told t !y are likely to cont9ue indef9itely1 & !re=e t ,i h giv5 away my :ole case4 ,to %[ t ?is is n s1 we h only to po9t to a l>ge numb] ( libr>ies 9 connection ) :i* !re is no su* ef=t1 & 9 :i* safegu>ds aga9/ x are absolutely unnecess>y4 ,i d n "k :y politics has n invad$ ^! in/itutions1 b ,i "k t x has n4 ,dur+ ! pa/ sixte5 ye>s ,i h be5 connect$ ) f\r l>ge libr>ies1 & ,i am 9 a position to say n only t no political appo9tm5t 0 made 9 !m dur+ my connection1 b t no su* appo9tm5t 0 ev] attempt$ or sugge/$4 ,!re is absolutely no reason :y ! protection ( 8civil-s]vice0 regulation %\ld be ?r[n ov] ^! libr>ies1 & e reason :y !y %\ld be free f ! h>ass+ & emb>rass+ petty annoyances & re/rictions t are insep>able f su* regulation4 ,mu* z ,i honor ! advocates ( civil-s]vice re=m1 & applaud :at !y h accompli%$ 9 ! way ( fur!r+ a real m]it sy/em1 ,i submit t a fur!r /ep 9 advance may be tak5 :5 we h heads ( municipal dep>tm5ts z unlikely to make political appo9tm5ts z ! av]age libr>ian is1 & z free f pressure to make su* appo9tm5ts z are ! libr>ians ( a l>ge numb] ( our be/ in/itutions4 ,i reg>d t z ! be/ sy/em1 !re=e1 9 :i* an appo9t+ (fic] or body1 s9c]ely desir\s ( mak+ appo9tm5ts = m]it only1 is p]fectly free to make su* appo9tm5ts 9 any way t seems prop]2 & z only ! second-be/ sy/em t 9 :i* ! appo9t+ p[]1 unwill+ to make appo9tm5ts = m]it1 is =c$ to d s1 z f> z may be1 by ! sup]vision & control ( a body creat$ = ! purpose4 ,s long z we h unwill+ municipal (fic]s1 we mu/ endure ?is second-be/ plan1 ( c\rse2 b libr>ians are r>ely ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh !y may be un=tunately 9 ! p[] ( ^? :o are4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to =mulate a s*eme ( s]vice = ea* ( ! f\r libr>ies to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & ^! s*emes1 ) necess>y modifications1 are /ill 9 satisfactory use4 ,! fir/1 = ! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y1 0 made 9 #ahif2 ! la/1 = ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y1 9 #aiaj4 ,"s 7 hamp]$ by ! necessity ( adapt+ !m to municipal regulation1 :ile o!rs 7 q free2 & o!r local conditions impos$ diff]5ces ^u !m1 b !y dep5d$1 9 ! ma91 on ! same pr9ciples & 7 c>ri$ out 9 mu* ! same way4 ,i h num]\s reque/s = in=mation on ?is subject & = advice ^u me?ods ( grad+ libr>y /affs1 ) regulation ( promotions1 increases ( sal>y1 etc4 ,possibly ! be/ way to answ] ^! may be to give a brief acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! "w 0 done 9 ^! f\r cases4 ,x has be5 assum$ by "s t1 z e good libr>ian desires to h ^! matt]s sy/ematically regulat$1 regulation by a city civil s]vice commission w be z good z any1 & t a man :o wi%es to h a sy/em ( 8 own & keep x "u 8 own control is unreasonable & fooli%4 ,a non-pr(essional body1 h[ev]1 _c1 ev5 ) pr(essional exp]t advice1 satisfactorily regulate ! employm5t ( pr(essionals = pr(essional "w4 ,?is po9t has be5 s (t5 insi/$ ^u & elaborat$ t ^?1 :o d n n[ appreciate its validity w nev] d s4 ,e good libr>ian w wi% to create ma*9]y to put ! "r man 9 ! "r place 9 8 =ce1 & to drop him out if he goes wrong2 b x mu/ be 8 own ma*9]y1 n t ( someone else1 & mu/ be design$ to aid him1 n to hamp] him4 ,my att5tion 0 drawn to ! necessity ( a m sy/ematic plan ( s]vice 9 ! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y on assum+ *>ge 9 #ahie4 ,! libr>y _h be5 hamp]$ by insuffici5cy ( funds & _h be5 oblig$ to supplem5t assi/ants ( ability & exp]i5ce ) o!rs :o _h be5 employ$ simply because !y c\ld be obta9$ at l[ sal>ies4 ,promotion1 :]e x 0 di/9ctly indicat$1 0 = m]it1 asc]ta9$ simply by ! libr>ian's op9ion2 & sal>y increases 7 made v l>gely = l5g? ( s]vice4 ,an ef=t 0 made at ! outset to regulate admission to ! =ce & advancem5t )9 x4 ,! features ( exam9ation & ( grades di/+ui%$ by lett]s 7 borr[$ f ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,a dep>tm5t head1 :o _h be5 giv+ private in/ruction1 _h by ! bo>d's p]mission plac$ "s ( h] pupils 9 ! libr>y = practice "w4 ,?is seem$ an excell5t opportunity to tra9 future assi/ants2 s ! private class 0 turn$ into a libr>y tra9+ class & ! pupils into appr5tices1 _! tea*] be+ reta9$ z su* & prop]ly comp5sat$4 ,! libr>y =ce 0 divid$ into ?ree grades1 ,a1 ,b & ,c2 to :i* a f\r?1 ,d 0 aft]w>ds add$4 ,! fir/ two 7 indicat$ by ! fact t ! libr>y consi/$ ( six coord9ate bran*es1 ea* ) its libr>ian-9-*>ge & h] fir/ assi/ant4 ,all ! =m] 7 grad$ z ,a & ! latt] z ,b4 ,class ,a ?us necess>ily became limit$ 9 numb]1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( bran*es1 & ,b w\ld h be5 simil>ly limit$ if x _h n be5 made to include also all ! high-grade assi/ants--all capable ( assignm5t at any "t to ! "w ( a deputy libr>ian ( a bran*4 ,class ,c 0 !n a rema9d] class1 includ+ all o!r memb]s ( ! libr>y /aff4 ,x soon appe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ^? memb]s ( ,class ,b :o 7 fir/ assi/ant libr>ians & ^? :o 7 n 0 mu* m di/9ct ?an t betwe5 ,b & ,c4 ,b 0 accord+ly limit$ to fir/ assi/ants2 ! remnant 0 call$ ,c1 & ! old ,c became ,d4 ,! old feel+ t s5iority %\ld be consid]$ 0 def]r$ to by arrang+ = automatic increases ( sal>y )9 ! grades at specifi$ int]vals4 ,janitors & mess5g]s rema9$ q outside ?is arrangem5t4 ,x 0 provid$ t no "o %\ld be promot$ f grade to grade )\t ! passage ( an exam9ation2 b t passage simply plac$ ! successful c&idate on a li/ ( eligibles1 & promotion f ?is li/ 0 made by consid]+ p]sonal fitness1 "* ( "w & imm$iate conditions4 ,qualifications = ! diff]5t grades diff]$1 b 9 quantity & advancem5t1 r ?an 9 quality1 all com+ "u ! heads ( lit]ature1 language1 g5]al in=mation & libr>y economy4 ,?is plan 0 =mulat$ 9 consultation ) ! libr>y committee1 & 0 adopt$ z "p ( ! rules ( ! libr>y by ! bo>d4 ,! committee diff]$ some:at on ! s5iority increases )9 grades1 :i* 7 f9ally reta9$1 & consid]$ x ( great importance to emphasize "w & p]sonal fitness4 ,me?ods ( includ+ m>ks = ^! 9 ! f9al /&+ ( ! c&idate 7 consid]$1 b ! difficulty ( do+ s l$ to ! adoption ( ! plan z /at$4 ,x 0 decid$ to give e memb] ( ! /aff ! "r to dem& an exam9ation = promotion on ! expiration ( ?ree ye>s' s]vice 9 "o grade1 & to admit o!rs by special ord]4 ,advancem5t prov$ to be necess>ily s rapid1 h[ev]1 t no "o :o _h any *ance ( pass+ ! exam9ation ev] rema9$ ?ree ye>s 9 a grade1 & ?is clause prov$ practically inop]ative4 ,( c\rse1 _m pass$ & 7 plac$ on ! eligible li/ = promotion :o _h no *ance ( advancem5t = reasons connect$ ) "w or p]sonality4 ,?is caus$ dissatisfaction :i* x 0 s\ght to mitigate by recogniz+ pres5ce on ! eligible li/ by increase ( sal>y to ! grade limit1 provid$ ?is _h n be5 already atta9$4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 x cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! alt]native 0 consid]$ ( exam9+ only ^? select$ = promotion & ( mak+ promotion conditional on ! passage ( su* exam9ation1 b 0 reject$1 al?\gh a p]fectly possible & logical plan4 ,b objectionable 9 _m ways z all exam9ations are1 !y fo/] a feel+ t ev]yone is hav+ a *ance1 & previ\s selection1 no matt] h[ good1 is op5 to ! same objection z ! selection alone w\ld be1 )\t any te/ at all4 ,x w\ld also h be5 possible to make ! exam9ation competitive1 plac+ ! names on ! li/ 9 ! ord] ( passage & promot+ 9 t ord]1 or grad+ ! names 9 ord] ( s5iority1 z 9 mo/ city sy/ems4 ,b bo? ^! plans are op5 to obvi\s objections1 & ,i /ill ?9k x be/ to =m an eligible li/ ^: names %all n be consid]$ 9 any ord] at all1 ! appo9t+ (fic] be+ q free to make 8 *oice among !m4 ,! application ( ?is sy/em ( grad+ to ! /aff1 z x exi/$1 involv$ discrim9ation at only "o po9t--t sep>at+ ,classes ,b & ,c1 or z r5am$ lat]1 ,c & ,d4 ,! l9e 0 drawn p>tly on ! basis ( ! sal>y li/ z x /ood1 & p>tly by duties1 & !re 0 little dissatisfaction4 ,i h said t ?is sy/em 0 =mally adopt$ by ! bo>d4 ,?is is n necess>y1 nor is x ! be/ plan4 ,a sy/em ( ?is k9d is be/ reg>d$ simply z an aid to ! libr>ian 9 mak+ recomm5dations = appo9tm5t or promotion4 ,9 mak+ su* recomm5dation1 ! libr>ian mu/1 ( c\rse1 satisfy himself t 8 c&idates are fit1 & x is prop] t he %\ld adopt any sy/em t comm5ds itself to him = asc]ta9+ t !y are s4 ,! bo>d is1 ( c\rse1 ! f9al au?ority4 ,x c\ld ov]ride any sy/em t x might adopt1 j z easily z x c\ld g ov] ! head ( ! libr>ian's recomm5dation2 & x is bett] = its own dignity t a dep>ture f ! sy/em %\ld take ! latt] =m1 r ?an ! =m]4 ,i reg>d x z q suffici5t1 !re=e1 :5 a libr>ian grades 8 /aff1 t he %\ld simply report to 8 bo>d t he is ab\t to make c]ta9 dispositions & require c]ta9 te/s to aid him 9 mak+ prop] recomm5dations = appo9tm5t & promotion1 & t 8 recomm5dations 9 future w be guid$ by ^! arrangem5ts4 ,! au?ority ( ! bo>d & its ability to reject 8 recomm5dations h n be5 t\*$1 & its disposition to tru/ him & accept 8 advice w be surely increas$ z x sees t he is adopt+ plans to improve t advice & give x =ce4 ,?is grad+ ( ! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ /aff has be5 dwelt on at l5g?1 al?\gh v simple1 because x =m$ ! basis ( ! o!r grad+s1 n[ to be describ$4 ,! application ( a simil> sy/em to ! /aff ( ! ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y took place e>ly 9 #ahii1 at a "t :51 ow+ to a crisis 9 ! affairs ( ! libr>y1 x _h tempor>ily ceas$ to d "w4 ,x _h only f\r libr>y assi/ants1 & yet ! probabilities 7 /rongly 9 favor ( an imm$iate & rapid expansion1 su* z actually did take place n long aft]4 ,exp$i5cy1 !re=e1 po9t$ to ! organization ( ! /aff on ! supposition t x w\ld soon be ( consid]able size4 ,! grad+ 0 precisely simil> to t j describ$1 except t ,classes ,c & ,d 7 comb9$ & call$ ,class ,c1 & ! lett] ,d 0 us$ to designate memb]s ( ! tra9+ class4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 ! s*eme z !n adopt$ lies 9 its relations ) ! city civil s]vice4 ,! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y 0 a private in/itution1 *>itable 9 its orig91 b broad5+ rapidly out into real public "w4 ,x _h no relations ) ! city1 except to apply annually = its subsidy & receipt = ! mon?ly in/alm5ts !re( z paid ov]4 ,!re c\ld be no "q !re=e ( city civil s]vice jurisdiction4 ,! case 9 ,brooklyn 0 diff]5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d 7 appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 & ! libr>y 0 recogniz$ z a city in/itution1 al?\gh exactly :at ?is meant _h n yet be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,! s*eme ( s]vice 0 adopt$ at fir/ on ! supposition t ! bo>d 0 to be z free 9 ! matt] z ?\gh x _h be5 an entirely indep5d5t body4 ,! "q might nev] h aris51 b 0 precipitat$ by ! city auditor's hold+ up ! payroll on ! gr\nd t x _h n be5 c]tifi$ by ! municipal ,civil ,s]vice ,commission4 ,! "q w5t at once to ! ,corporation ,c\nsel = an op9ion1 & aft] he _h decid$ t ! city civil s]vice regulations cov]$ ! libr>y =ce1 !re 0 a fur!r dispute ) ! /ate ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 exac]bat$ by a diff]5ce 9 political complexion betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,?is held up ! payroll = "s "t1 & did n t5d to reconcile any memb] ( ! /aff to its new /atus4 ,matt]s hav+ be5 settl$1 ! commission promptly c]tifi$ ! payroll z x /ood1 9 ord] to t]m9ate ! emb>rass+ situation1 & !n ensu$ a s]ies ( conf]5ces ) ! libr>ian on p]man5t grad+4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! libr>ian & assi/ant libr>ian fell )9 ! exempt class1 & t o!r memb]s ( ! /aff c\ld be divid$ into s5ior & junior assi/ants1 ! latt] includ+ only memb]s ( ! tra9+ class until prop]ly appo9t$ to p]man5t positions4 ,:atev] grad+ ! libr>y might *oose to make )9 ! s5ior assi/ant class 7,a1 ,b & ,c7 0 !re=e its own affair1 ! commission tak+ cognizance ( x only s f> z x involv$ increase ( sal>y4 ,! po9t ( conflict came at entrance to ,class ,c1 or on appo9tm5t to p]man5t position 9 ! libr>y4 ,! commission at fir/ insi/$ t x %\ld make its own eligible li/1 grad$ 9 accordance ) its own exam9ations1 al?\gh x agre$ to admit no o!rs except memb]s ( ! tra9+ class to su* exam9ations4 ,at lea/ "o exam9ation ( ! k9d 0 held1 ! que/ions evid5tly be+ writt5 by "s outside libr>ian on g5]al pr9ciples1 & ) little ref]5ce to our ne$s & conditions4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! commission agre$ to let u hold ! exam9ations & to accept our rat+1 al?\gh1 :5 ! eligible li/ _h once be5 =m$1 we 7 b\nd by x rigidly4 ,9 reg>d to p]sons outside our grad$ =ce1 su* z janitors & mess5g]s1 we 7 held /rictly to civil s]vice rules1 select+ our m5 f ! fir/ ?ree on ! li/ submitt$ to u by ! commission4 ,an unsatisfactory p]son c\ld be summ>ily reject$ aft] trial = a specifi$ p]iod1 & z _m su* 7 on ! li/1 !re 0 rapid rotation 9 (fice 9 ?is "p ( ! =ce4 ,9 ! grad$ /aff1 also1 al?\gh x might seem t ! commission _h almo/ abdicat$ its p[]s 9 our favor1 we felt ! re/riction t b\nd u to select f ! top ( ! li/4 ,ev5 ?\gh we _h orig9ally made ! rat+s1 x (t5 happ5$ t = ! p>ticul> vacancy 9 "q ! six? "n might be t ( ! be/-qualifi$ p]son1 & we _h ! disagreeable alt]native ( tak+ "o :o 0 n our fir/ *oice1 or ( appo9t+ on trial & reject+ until ! prop] "n _h be5 rea*$--a process mu* 9 vogue 9 city dep>tm5ts1 b tiresome to ! appo9t+ au?ority & ignom9i\s to ^? :o 7 ?us reject$ & :o might be bett] qualifi$ ?an ! p]son desir$ = ano!r k9d ( position4 ,9 #aija ! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y became ! ,circulation ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 "u circum/ances t gave x a sep>ate gov]n+ body1 responsible to ! tru/ees ( ! ,public ,libr>y1 & a sep>ate /aff1 ^: organization 0 n necess>ily ! same z t ( ! ref]5ce /aff4 ,! annex$ /aff1 ( c\rse1 br\ght its own organization ) x1 & ?is1 ) "s modifications1 became t ( ! pres5t ,circulation ,dep>tm5t4 ,! pr9cipal *anges 7 ! limitation ( ,class ,c to ?ree times ! numb] ( bran* libr>ies & ! almo/ total abolition ( sal>y increases = l5g? ( s]vice )9 grades4 ,! =m] prev5t$ unlimit$ promotion f ,d to ,c1 & made necess>y a selection f ! wait+ li/ to fill actual vacancies1 & ! latt]1 :ile n do+ away ) a diff]5ce ( sal>ies 9 ! same grade1 made x possible to give ! increases z a rew>d = good "w4 ,! designation ( ! grades by lett]s 0 object$ to by "s memb]s ( ! bo>d1 on ! gr\nd t x meant no?+1 s t alt]native names 7 adopt$ = ,c1 ,d & ,e1 ! two upp] grades hav+ already ! names ( libr>ian-9-*>ge & fir/ assi/ant4 ,memb]s ( ,c 7 nam$ second assi/ant libr>ians2 ,d1 assi/ants1 & ,e1 att5dants4 ,:5 ! ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y grad+ 0 made1 !re 7 nei!r *ildr5's rooms nor *ildr5's libr>ians 9 ,new ,york1 & v few any:]e4 ,! =m] arose fir/ & 7 s]v$ by p]sons assign$ = ! purpose1 usually f ,grade ,c4 ,! organization1 lat]1 ( a sep>ate *ildr5's dep>tm5t1 ) jurisdiction ov] all *ildr5's rooms1 made x necess>y to place *ildr5's libr>ians 9 a sep>ate class2 b t !y might n feel 8out ( ! runn+0 = bran* libr>ian%ips1 !y 7 all[$ to take exam9ations & advance f "o regul> grade to ano!r1 9 addition1 if !y s desir$4 ,catalog]s 7 /ill grad$ regul>ly1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ^! might h be5 easily treat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! special nature ( _! "w1 h[ev]1 0 recogniz$ by a v>iation 9 ! exam9ation4 ,! te/ = ! *ildr5's grade 0 n an exam9ation1 b a s]ies ( p]iods ( practical "w 9 select$ bran* libr>ies1 ) obs]vation & report & a f9al !sis4 ,c&idates 7 specially select$ by ! sup]visor ( *ildr5's "w1 & s jeal\sly has entrance into ?is grade be5 gu>d$ t ev5 n[ n m ?an half ( ! =ty or m assi/ants 9 *>ge ( ,new ,york's *ildr5's rooms are memb]s ( x4 ,9 lat] ye>s a !sis also has =m$ "p ( ! exam9ation = ,class ,a4 ,?is is writt5 on an assign$ subject1 & ! successful ones are sometimes1 al?\gh n always1 pr9t$4 ,"o ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! grad+ 9 ! ,circulation ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,new ,york ,public libr>y 0 ! assignm5t to prop] grades ( ! /affs ( ! diff]5t in/itutions t consolidat$ ) t libr>y f "t to "t4 ,!re 7 altoge!r ab\t half a doz5 ( ^!1 ) /affs v>y+ 9 numb] p]haps f five to =ty or fifty p]sons4 ,x 0 decid$ to leave ! assignm5t entirely to ! au?orities ( ^! libr>ies1 :o practically grad$ _! /affs on a plan correspond+ ) ours be=e consolidation1 s t !re 0 no *ange ( grade aft]w>d4 ,! responsibility 0 ?us ?r[n ^u bodies ( m5 ) ^: au?ority ! new /affs 7 famili> & :i* !y w\ld be incl9$ to accept4 ,! assignm5ts 7 made ) v>y+ degrees ( c>e & validity1 b 71 on ! :ole1 j1 & !re 0 little compla9t ) !m4 ,too l[ an assignm5t 0 correct$ by ! next exam9ations = promotion1 & a p]son grad$ too high nev] at all ev5ts1 rose any high]4 ,! smoo?ness ) :i* ^! consolidations took place1 ev5 sometimes aga9/ ! w & ) ! dismal =ebod+ ( ! dispossess$ au?orities1 & ! rapidity ) :i* ! entire /aff became homog5e\s1 bo? 9 feel+ & 9 quality ( "w1 are suffici5t ju/ification ( ?is p>ticul> policy1 :i* 0 typical ( t ( ! libr>y 9 reg>d to o!r features ( ^! consolidations4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaj x 0 decid$ to grade ! /aff ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 ! problem "h & t 9 ! cases t h be5 describ$ dep5d$ on ! fact t ?is 0 an old libr>y1 ) a comp>atively l>ge /aff1 hav+ traditions ( its own & ju/ly pr\d ( its a*ievem5ts & ( its libr>y reputation4 ,!re _h ev5 be5 a feel+1 at "s "t 9 ! pa/1 on ! "p ( "s memb]s ( ! bo>d1 t a grad$ /aff 0 n a good ?+1 z x w\ld hamp] fre$om ( control4 ,! /aff1 h[ev]1 _h rea*$ su* a size t "s k9d ( classification appe>$ inevitable1 & ! prop] me?od ( h&l+ x seem$ to be t indicat$ above z pref]able1 namely1 z purely an adm9i/rative matt] "u ! libr>ian's control1 to aid him 9 mak+ recomm5dations = appo9tm5t1 promotion & increase ( sal>y4 ,?is 0 expla9$ to ! bo>d1 & !re be+ no objection1 a notice 0 at once ins]t$ 9 ,/aff ,notes1 ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! libr>ian & ! /aff1 t ! =ce w\ld be %ortly divid$ into grades1 8! object be+ to repres5t def9itely ! exact position occupi$ by ea* "o1 & to fix ! maximum sal>y belong+ to ea* grade40 ,!re 0 "s additional prelim9>y explanation & a reque/ = sugge/ions & op9ions4 ,aft] a lapse ( ab\t six mon?s1 dur+ :i* ! plan became famili> to all by discussion1 bo? in=mal & 9 ! weekly meet+s ( ! heads ( dep>tm5ts1 ! grad+ 0 ann\nc$ by ! publication 9 ,/aff ,notes ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x _h be5 made1 ) explanations 9 consid]able detail4 ,! names ( ^? assign$ to ! diff]5t grades 7 n giv51 b ea* memb] ( ! /aff 0 notifi$ sep>ately ( 8 own grad+1 unless ?is 0 obvi\s f ! publi%$ explanation1 z 9 case ( bran* libr>ians4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ t ! grad+ 0 n an act ( ! ,bo>d1 b 8simply a s*$ule express+ ! =mal mann] 9 :i* 444 recomm5dations w h]eaft] be made to ! bo>d40 ,?is s*eme 0 m ?or\ghgo+ ?an any ( ^? previ\sly not$1 9 t x provid$ a place & designation = ev]yone 9 ! libr>y's employ4 ,! =ce 0 divid$ into ?ree sections--regul> grades1 special grades & ungrad$ occupations4 ,! =m] 7 classifi$ practically z 9 ,new ,york2 ! special grades 7 made to include catalog]s & *ildr5's libr>ians1 ) any special positions ( en\gh importance to be plac$ !re2 ! 8ungrad$ occupations0 7 ^? ( janitors & _! assi/ants1 mess5g]s1 elevator m51 b9d]s & o!r miscellane\s employees4 ,9 ! regul> grades ,a & ,b 7 limit$1 & :ile ,c & ,d 7 n =mally s1 x 0 ann\nc$ t !y w\ld n be indef9itely increas$4 ,x 0 provid$ t ^? 9 special grades might qualify also = regul> grades & might also be transf]r$ !reto if desir$4 ,9 assignm5t ( memb]s ( ! /aff to grades1 exi/+ conditions 7 recogniz$ z f> z possible1 ) no imm$iate attempt to rem$y faults t might exi/ !re94 ,/atem5t 0 made t all p]sons :o might consid] !mselves wrongly grad$ w\ld h e>ly opportunity to %[ _! fitness = ! grade above1 ei!r 9 ! regul> way or 9 "s o!r1 if x c\ld be devis$4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! qualifications t w\ld ga9 ! libr>ian's recomm5dation = promotion f grade to grade 7:i*1 x w be rememb]$1 consi/s m]ely 9 an increase ( sal>y1 s f> z ! bo>d takes cognizance !re(7 w\ld 9 g5]al be ( ?ree k9ds--educational1 to be asc]ta9$ by c]tificate or diploma1 or fail+ ^!1 by exam9ation2 special1 to be asc]ta9$ 9 "s cases by exam9ation1 9 o!rs by mail1 9 o!rs by c]tifi$ exp]i5ce2 & p]sonal1 to be asc]ta9$ by p]sonal k4 ,9 connection ) ! s*eme1 ! tra9+ class 0 mu* ext5d$ 9 scope & its c\rse broad5$ & made to cov] an educational ye>4 ,"h1 z 9 ,new ,york1 ! s*eme is entirely di/9ct f ! municipal civil s]vice1 b = a diff]5t reason4 ,9 ,new ,york ! libr>y is a private in/itution1 occupy+ city prop]ty & do+ public "w by provision ( a contract :i* does n provide = ext5sion ( ! city civil-s]vice rules ov] ! libr>y =ce2 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 ! m]it sy/em has n be5 introduc$ at all among city employees4 ,%\ld x be introduc$ 9 ! future1 & %\ld x be decid$ t ! memb]s ( ! libr>y /aff are /rictly employees ( ! city1 we might h "h ! ,brooklyn exp]i5ce ov] aga91 z detail$ above4 ,= purely selfi% reasons1 !re=e1 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y %\ld be well satisfi$ ) ! /atus quo4 ,9 conclud+1 x may be well to call att5tion aga9 to ! fact t su* s*emes z ^! are design$ to aid an appo9t+ body or (fic]1 n to control him4 ,!y w\ld be ( little value to a municipality desir+ to limit a political mayor's p[] = evil1 or to a mayor wi%+ to keep 8 bo>d ( libr>y tru/ees )9 b\nds1 or to a bo>d anxi\s to curb its libr>ian's prop5sity to appo9t p]sonal favorites4 ,su* a plan pre-supposes t appo9tm5t & promotion = ! good ( ! s]vice are desir$1 & x s]ves to br+ ?is ab\t s f> z x may4 ,a bo>d1 or a libr>ian1 c\ld dep>t f x or violate its provisions 9 a doz5 ways4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! use ( x8 ,9 a small /aff1 x has no uses4 ,x w\ld be z silly to grade su* a /aff & make rules = its promotion z x w\ld be = a h\sekeep] ) a cook & "o maid to call ! =m] ,class ,a & ! latt] ,class ,b1 & draw up rules = _! appo9tm5t & promotion4 ,b z soon z ! size ( ! /aff exce$s t at :i* ! (fic] 9 *>ge c "k ea* memb] & h] "w ) intimate p]sonal k1 !n some?+ ( ! k9d becomes imp]ative4 ,! memb]s ( su* a /aff are bett] satisfi$ t !y are be+ treat$ ) uni=m ju/ice1 & t m]it is prop]ly recogniz$1 if x is done 9 "s sy/ematic way l ?is1 & ! (fic] on ^: recomm5dation appo9tm5ts & promotions are made runs mu* less risk ( mak+ mi/akes4 ,e libr>ian %\ld1 ,i believe1 exam9e himself to make sure t 8 pres5t s*eme ( s]vice1 :atev] x may be1 is suffici5t = ^! purposes & adapt$ to secure _! atta9m5t smoo?ly & satisfactorily4 ,,effici5cy ,,records ,,9 ,,libr>ies ,9 ! =ego+ article ! pres5t writ] gave ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 =mulat+ & e/abli%+ sy/ems ( s]vice 9 f\r l>ge libr>ies1 &1 incid5tally1 /at$ 8 conclusion t su* sy/ems %\ld always rema9 9 ! control ( ! libr>y au?orities4 ,:ile ! plans !re9 describ$ "w satisfactorily f an inside /&po9t1 !y are defective 9 "o p>ticul>--t ( complete record4 ,?is is mo/ important 9 case ( inve/igation by compet5t au?ority4 ,:ile direct control ( a libr>y s]vice sy/em by an outside body1 su* z a municipal or o!r civil s]vice bo>d1 is objectionable1 !re c c]ta9ly be no objection to ! requirem5t1 by municipal *>t] or /ate law1 t ! libr>y s]vice be organiz$ & op]at$ on ! m]it sy/em1 :i* requirem5t presupposes occasional inquiry to asc]ta9 :e!r1 & 9 :at degree & =m1 ?is is ! case4 ,n[1 9 ! ev5t ( su* inve/igation1 x w usually be easy to produce ! records ( exam9ations1 ) m>k$ pap]s1 tabulat$ m>ks1 & ! action bas$ !reon4 ,:5 x comes to p]sonality & effici5cy1 su* records are n easy to get4 ,ev5 :]e libr>ies assign m>ks 9 ^! subjects & comb9e !m ) ! results ( ! writt5 te/s to obta9 a f9al m>k on :i* promotion is bas$1 !re is no?+ to %[ h[ ! m>ks 7 obta9$1 & ! inve/igat+ au?ority might n unnaturally conclude t "h 0 an opportunity to nullify ! m]it sy/em4 ,evid5tly all data on :i* appo9tm5t or promotion is bas$ %\ld be matt]s ( record1 o!rwise a p]fectly well-ord]$ m]it sy/em _c be demon/rat$ to be su* to "o :o has a "r to "k2 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! la/ analysis1 e citiz5 has ?is "r 9 ! case ( a public in/itution4 ,:at appe>$ to be ne$$ 0 "s regul> report on ! effici5cy ( e employee1 :i* %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 assign+ m>ks or 9 "s o!r way1 9 mak+ promotions1 made 9 su* p]man5t =m t x c\ld be fil$ z a record4 ,su* reports are1 ( c\rse1 con/antly made orally & act$ ^u1 )\t any record be+ pres]v$4 ,!y are occasionally made 9 recordable =m1 p]haps mo/ (t5 9 ! case ( appr5tices or memb]s ( tra9+ classes4 ,9 "s cases d]elictions or unfavorable reports alone h be5 record$1 b a complete report on p]sonality & "w made regul>ly & fil$ p]man5tly is a ?+ t has n come "u my obs]vation1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x may exi/4 ,hav+ decid$ to adopt "s su* =m ( report 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y1 ! libr>ian laid ! matt] be=e ! weekly conf]5ce ( dep>tm5t heads & bran* libr>ians4 ,_h ! "q be5 ! advisability ( ! adoption ( su* a =m1 ! s5tim5t ( ! meet+ w\ld probably h be5 aga9/ x1 b ! ann\ncem5t 0 simply t ! libr>ian _h decid$ to require regul>ly !reaft]1 9 %ape suitable = fil+1 in=mation reg>d+ ! effici5cy ( assi/ants t _h hi!rto be5 receiv$ irregul>ly & by ^w ( m\?4 ,a /aff committee 0 appo9t$ to draft a =m ( report1 & ! reports ( progress ( ?is committee1 ) ! incid5tal discussions & conf]5ces1 occupi$ ne>ly a ye>1 dur+ :i* "t ev]yone on ! /aff became ?or\ghly famili> ) ! plan & ei!r agre$ ) ! libr>ian reg>d+ its advisability or _h "s reasonable & well-consid]$ gr\nd ( opposition4 ,! libr>ian _h 9 m9d a %ort =m1 conta9+ a few important data4 ,! committee br\ght 9 a long "o--some:at long] ?an t f9ally adopt$1 :i* is giv5 bel[4 ,_! reason1 z /at$1 0 t x is easi] to answ] a l>ge numb] ( que/ions t require h>dly m ?an ! words 8yes0 & 8no0 9 reply ?an a few1 ea* ( :i* calls = ! writ+ ( an essay1 h[ev] brief4 ,?is reason appeal$ to all & f9ally prevail$4 ,x means practically ! pres5tation ( ! in=mation requir$1 ready-made1 & its adoption or rejection by ! p]son mak+ ! report4 ,discussion 9 ! meet+ 0 *iefly on ! m p]sonal items ( in=mation1 su* z ^? ab\t neatness ( dress1 etc42 also ab\t o!rs ^: propriety or cle>ness 0 que/ion$1 su* z t reg>d+ loyalty to ! libr>y4 ,"s ( ^! 7 f9ally /rick5 out1 b mo/ 7 reta9$4 ,x 0 also not$ t 9 _m cases ! in=mation ask$ = c\ld n ord9>ily be obta9$4 ,a dep>tm5t head1 = in/ance1 may be intimate en\gh ) "o ( h] assi/ants to "k :e!r %e has a real appreciation = lit]ature1 b 9 mo/ in/ances ?is w\ld n be ! case4 ,_m su* que/ions 7 reta9$ on ! gr\nd t answ]s1 if possible1 w\ld be ( value1 &1 if n1 c\ld simply be omitt$4 ,aft] ! =ms _h ?us be5 put into %ape !y 7 duplicat$ & a copy 0 giv5 to ea* dep>tm5t head1 ) in/ructions to %[ x to all h] assi/ants1 discuss x ) !m & report at ! next meet+4 ,! reports %[$ t ! reception ( ! =m _h dep5d$ *iefly on ! dep>tm5t head1 ei!r ?r\gh mann] ( pres5tation or ?r\gh p]sonal influ5ce4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts ! plan seem$ to be view$ ) equanimity1 :ile 9 o!rs !re 0 a consid]able am\nt ( suspicion1 di/ru/ & dislike ( ! :ole s*eme4 ,x 0 next ann\nc$ t anyone on ! /aff desir+ to discuss ! matt] ) a libr>ian w\ld be giv5 an opportunity to d s at a specifi$ meet+4 ,?is 0 well att5d$1 & x appe>$ t mu* ( ! feel+ 0 due to misund]/&+4 ,x 0 expla9$ t no new me?od ( mak+ promotions 0 contemplat$1 & t p]sonality & effici5cy w\ld be tak5 into acc\nt nei!r m nor less ?an be=e1 b t ! reports f :i* ! libr>ian d]iv$ 8 in=mation on ^! po9ts w\ld be requir$ 9 writ+1 ?us safegu>d+ bo? ! appo9t+ (fic] & ! appo9tees4 ,!re seem$ to be a /rong feel+ on ! "p ( "s t p]sonal feel+ might actuate "s dep>tm5t head to make a false report1 & t :ile1 ( c\rse1 su* report might be made ev5 m effectively if r5d]$ orally1 x w\ld be a pity to h x p]man5tly on record4 ,!re 0 no answ] to ?is except t ! likelihood ( su* a mislead+ report w\ld probably become kn[n to ! libr>ian1 :o c\ld reject or modify x4 ,9 due c\rse ( "t1 a suffici5t numb] ( blanks 7 di/ribut$1 fill$ & h&$ 94 ,!y 7 !n discuss$ aga9 at a meet+1 & que/ions t _h come up 9 ! practical r5dition ( ! reports 7 br\ght up & settl$4 ,a fill$ report reg>d+ ! "w ( e classifi$ assi/ant 9 ?is libr>y is n[ on file 9 ! libr>ian's (fice4 ,! conditions "u :i* ^! reports are made & held are z foll[s3 ,e "q mu/ be answ]$ or ! reason = n do+ s mu/ be /at$4 ,! reports are to be made out regul>ly on ! fir/ ( ea* ye>1 or (t5] at ! libr>ian's reque/4 ,ea* is accessible only to ! libr>ian1 to ! report+ (fic] & to ! assi/ant report$ on1 except :5 a transf] is to be made1 :5 ! head ( ! dep>tm5t to :i* ! assi/ant is to be transf]r$ may also consult ! record4 ,s9ce ! reports 7 made out only ab\t half a doz5 assi/ants h reque/$ to be %[n _! records4 ,"s o!rs 7 all[$ to see !m be=e !y 7 h&$ 94 ,su* excitem5t z !re 0 reg>d+ ! matt] has n[ abat$1 & ! matt] has be5 relegat$ to its prop] plane 9 ! s*eme ( libr>y ?+s4 ,?is is due1 probably1 v l>gely to ! plan ( conduct+ ! :ole matt] on a free & op5 basis1 9 consultation ) ! /aff at e po9t1 & also to ! l5g? ( "t t 0 all[$ to elapse betwe5 /eps4 ,publicity & delib]ation are ! two necess>y ?+s 9 a proc$ure ( ?is k9d1 & bo? are comm5d$ to libr>ians wi%+ to adopt ?is k9d ( record4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 my m9d t "s effici5cy record is necess>y & valuable1 & t a full record1 includ+ ! usual high p]c5tage ( good ?+s ) ! possible proportion ( bad ones1 is pref]able to a m]e blackli/1 on :i* only ! bad is record$4 ,! blank1 z f9ally adopt$1 is reproduc$ h]e)4 ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,public ,,libr>y ,,record ,,( ,,effici5cy ,"n 7,inv]t$1 9 full7 ,bran* or ,dep>tm5t4 ,l5g? ( s]vice 9 dept4 or bran*4 ,pres5t grade ( assi/ant4 ,ent]$ ! libr>y4 ,a4 ,p]sonal qualities4 #a4 ,physically /rong en\gh = ! "w8 ,h[ mu* "t lo/ :ile 9 dep>tm5t & :y8 #b4 ,k ( books4 ,improv+ 9 ?is8 #c4 ,all ar\nd in=mation8 #d4 ,appreciation = real lit]ature4 #e4 ,res\rceful8 ,sy/ematic8 #f4 ,self-possess$ 9 a ru% or em]g5cy8 #g4 ,executive ability8 ,decision8 #h4 ,accurate8 ,quick8 ,adaptable8 #i4 ,indu/ri\s8 ,c>eless8 #aj4 ,oblig+ to fell[-work]s8 #aa4 ,punctual8 ,times t>dy8 ,excusable8 #ab4 ,=getful8 ,incl9$ to gossip8 #ac4 ,neat & appropriate 9 dress8 ,b4 ,relations ) ! public4 #a4 ,uni=mly c\rte\s8 ,dignifi$8 #b4 ,incl9$ to ent]ta9 p]sonal visitors8 #c4 ,effective 9 "w ) adults8 #d4 ,effective 9 "w ) *ildr58 ,c4 ,grade z excell5t1 good1 fair1 or poor4 #a4 ,libr>y h&4 #b4 ,pr9t+4 #c4 ,typewrit+4 #d4 ,%or?&4 ,d4 ,did ! assi/ant improve :ile ) y8 ,9 :at way8 ,9 :at did %e fall %ort8 ,e4 ,if ! assi/ant _h weak po9ts1 did y call h] att5tion to !m8 ,f4 ,:at did y especially l ab\t ! assi/ant8 ,g4 ,d y consid] ! assi/ant fitt$ or unfitt$ by p]sonality1 education & practical effici5cy to "w 9 any "o ( ! foll[+ dep>tm5ts8 ,grade h] "w z excell5t1 good1 fair or poor1 /at+ also l5g? ( s]vice at ea* k9d ( "w4 #a4 ,an all-ar\nd bran* assi/ant 9 ?is libr>y8 #b4 ,a *ildr5's libr>ian8 #c4 ,a ref]5ce dep>tm5t assi/ant8 #d4 ,a catalog dep>tm5t assi/ant8 #e4 ,a desk assi/ant8 #f4 ,a cl]ical assi/ant8 #g4 ,an assi/ant 9 o!r l9es8 7specify7 ,if y d n consid] ! assi/ant s fitt$1 give p>ticul> reasons4 ,h4 ,is ! assi/ant loyal to ! libr>y8 ,i4 ,has ! assi/ant en?usiasm 9 h] "w8 ,j4 ,w\ld y be satisfi$ to h ! assi/ant 9 y\r 7,bran*7 7,dept471 n consid]+ ! fact t y might pref] "s "o else8 ,l4 ,rem>ks4 ,date ,signature ,title ,,mal-,,employm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y#ab ,/ud5ts ( ! labor problem h giv5 a va/ am\nt ( att5tion to ! unemploy$1 b comp>atively little to ! mal-employ$4 ,x tr\bles !m--& v prop]ly--t !re %\ld be l>ge numb]s ( p]sons :o are do+ no "w1 :o are contribut+ no?+ t[>d ! op]ation ( ! _w's ma*9]y2 !y d n seem to be s greatly bo!r$ t !re are p]sons h>d at "w to no purpose or ) evil result--^: ef=ts ei!r d n help ! _w along or actually imp$e x or hold x back4 ,s]i\s z is ! case ( ^? :o are n employ$ at all1 x is z no?+ comp>$ ) ^? :o are employ$ badly4 ,"o reason = ?is neglect--:i* is at ! same "t a reason :y x %\ld no long] exi/--is t ! burd5 ( unemploym5t be>s mo/ conspicu\sly on ! individual1 :ile t ( mal-employm5t is pr$om9antly civic4 ,x is true t unemploym5t works civic injury1 & t mal-employm5t1 especially if x be crim9al1 is recogniz$ at once z a possible h>m to ! individual4 ,b :at ,i mean is t ! unemploy$ p]son1 unless he is "o ( ! idle ri*1 is greatly conc]n$ ab\t 8 lack ( employm5t1 :i* t\*es 8 pocket directly4 ,he does all t he c to get back into ! ranks ( ! employ$1 b once !re x does n occur to him to ask :e!r :at he is do+ b5efits society1 or is ( no value to x1 or actually h>ms x4 ,ev5 if he does s inquire1 he is n likely to give up a job t pays him well simply because :at he is do+ is injuri\s to ! _w's progress4 ,! injury done is social & civic & we mu/ look to increas$ social & civic consci\sness = its abatem5t4 ,i owe ?is ^w mal-employm5t1 9 its contra/$ use ) unemploym5t1 to ,william ,k5t1 a memb] ( ,congress f ! city ( ,*icago4 ,9 a rec5t int]view1 ,mr4 ,k5t gives x z 8 op9ion t ! s9 ( ! day is wa/e--! exp5diture ( ef=t = naught or = positive ill4 ,( c\rse1 :5 we get d[n to details !re is difficulty or ev5 impossibility 9 decid+ :e!r or n a giv5 man is mal-employ$--we may leave out ( consid]ation "h all p]sons engag$ 9 crim9al occupations4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,k5t consid]s t ! small army ( m5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ampagne are all mal-employ$4 ,:e!r we agree ) him or n dep5ds some:at on our pr$ispositions & our po9ts ( view4 ,_m p>5ts1 9 e>li] days1 ?\ght t :5 *ildr5 7 at play !y 7 mal-employ$2 mo/ p]sons n[ reg>d ?is =m ( employm5t z necess>y & b5eficial1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,boris ,sidis ?9ks t ! same int]e/ n[ employ$ 9 aimless play may be us$ to c>ry ! *ild onw>d 9 ! pa? ( individual progress & developm5t4 ,h[ ab\t ! va/ numb] ( p]sons occupi$ 9 amus+ or try+ to amuse ! public--employees ( !atres1 recreation p>ks1 & s on8 ,_m are well employ$2 "s are d\btless mal-employ$4 ,among p]sons t we %\ld all agree are mal-employ$ are all ^? writ+ books or plays t are morally h>mful1 z well z ^? conc]n$ 9 publi%+ su* books or produc+ su* plays1 &1 = ! mom5t1 all :o are read+ or witness+ !m2 p]sons engag$ 9 manufactur+ or di/ribut+ useless or h>mful products2 all :o d "w ( any k9d s badly t inconv5i5ce or h>m results2 unnecess>y middlem5 ^: int]v5tion 9 ! process ( di/ribution only imp$es x & adds to its exp5se4 ,anyone may add to ! li/ by tak+ ?\ght a little4 ,if all ^! mal-employ$ p]sons %\ld sudd5ly lose _! positions ! result w\ld be b5eficial to society1 ev5 if society _h to support !m 9 idl5ess2 if !y %\ld all turn _! att5tion f mal-employm5t to b5eficial uses1 h[ incalculably great a bless+ !y w\ld be/[ ^u mank9d6 ,x is e man's bus9ess1 x seems to me1 to inquire :e!r he is well employ$ or mal-employ$1 & if ! occupation 9 :i* he is engag$ is g5]ally b5eficial to society1 !n :e!r all ^? "u 8 ord]s are well employ$ 9 c>ry+ out its purpose4 ,let u1 z libr>ians1 take up ?is civic task = a few mom5ts4 ,& fir/1 let u n ha/ily conclude t we are necess>ily well employ$ simply because we are libr>ians4 ,a libr>y may d h>m2 ,i h p]sonally kn[n ( h>m done by libr>ies4 ,a gr\p c be no bett] ?an its con/itu5ts2 a collection ( h>mful books is assur$ly itself h>mful4 ,m1 a *a9 is no /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k2 a fleet is no fa/] ?an its sl[e/ %ip2 & we may almo/ say t a libr>y is no bett] ?an its wor/ book4 ,& we mu/ n =get t a book may be bad 9 ?ree ways3 x may give incorrect in=mation1 tea* :at is morally wrong1 or use language t is unfitt+4 ,x may be necess>y t a libr>y %\ld conta9 any or all ( ^!1 b if !y give x its atmosph]e & control its influ5ce z an educational in/itution1 ev5 unwitt+ly1 x is anti-social & ^? :o adm9i/] x are mal-employ$4 ,i h 9 m9d a pseudo-sci5tific book = *ildr5 t ab\nds 9 mis/atem5ts comb9$ ) beautiful illu/rations2 a book ( travel full ( ludicr\s mis9=mation2 a "w int5d$ to tea* ,italians ,engli%1 ^: ,engli% is scream+ly funny4 ,! libr>y assi/ant :o h&s "o ( ^! to a read] is mal-employ$4 ,i c make a li/ 7& s c y7 ( books t tea*1 directly or by implication1 t :at is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be wrong is "r--at lea/ "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 t !ft is sm>t & t sw9dl+ is unobjectionable4 ,! libr>y assi/ant :o circulates ^! is mal-employ$4 ,all ( u c easily also place our h&s on books ^: only fault is t _! language is objectionable--incorrect1 silly or vulg>4 ,!y may be o!rwise unobjectionable1 yet ,i v5ture to say t ! di/ribution ( ^! books is also mal-employm5t4 ,h[ ab\t ! libr>ian :o adm9i/]s su* a libr>y1 & ! /aff :o assi/ him8 ,!y are all mal-employ$4 ,no matt] h[ well & h[ consci5ti\sly ! catalogu] may p]=m h] task1 no matt] h[ clean ! janitor may keep ! front /eps1 !y are only aid+ to keep up an in/itution t dissem9ates falsehood1 tea*es unrighte\sness1 enc\rages vulg>ity2 & !y are all mal-employ$4 ,?is is :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t a libr>y may be no bett] ?an its wor/ book4 ,if its output is bad1 all ex]tion to accompli% t output is also bad4 ,& z = ! output itself1 x may be t ! good done by a ?\s& good books may n outweigh ! ill done by a few bad ones4 ,a p]son is always mal-employ$ :5 he is leav+ a m important ?+ undone1 to d a less important "o4 ,! degree ( mal-employm5t 9 ?is case is measur$1 ( c\rse1 by ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 ! two ?+s4 ,mr4 ,e4,l4 ,pe>son1 9 "o ( 8 libr>y articles 9 ! ,bo/on ,transcript1 calls att5tion to :at he names 8side-%[s0 9 libr>ies1 & ass]ts t ! *ief bus9ess ( a libr>y1 ! prop] c>e & di/ribution ( books1 is (t5 neglect$ t o!r ?+s may be att5d$ to1 & t money ne$$ = books is (t5 div]t$ to ^! o!r uses4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true 9 _m cases1 & 9 s f> z x is true "s libr>ians & libr>y assi/ants are mal-employ$4 ,! scope ( libr>y "w has broad5$ out enorm\sly ( late & libr>ies are do+ all sorts ( ?+s t are subsidi>y to _! ma9 "w--?+s t w make t "w easi] & m effective4 ,?is is z x %\ld be1 provid$ t ^! num]\s tails d n wag ! dog4 ,to take an extreme in/ance we w assume t a small libr>y is 9 great ne$ ( books & t a small gift ( money1 in/ead ( be+ exp5d$ = ^! is put into mat]ial = picture bullet9s4 ,we %\ld h no difficulty 9 conclud+ t ! p]son :o makes ! bullet9s is mal-employ$2 & 9 s do+ we %\ld n be condemn+ picture bullet9s at all or say+ t money sp5t = !m is wa/$4 ,take aga9 a case specially not$ by ,mr4 ,pe>son1 :i* is bo!r+ ! heads ( "s ( our libr>y tru/ees at ?is mom5t--! acceptance & pres]vation ( full sets ( ! pr9t$ catalogue c>ds ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! value ( su* depository sets to c]ta9 libr>ies1 & z !y are giv5 free ( *>ge ! only exp5se connect$ ) !m is ! co/ ( an assi/ant's "t 9 fil+ !m1 am\nt+ p]haps to an h\r or two a day1 & t ( cab9ets 9 :i* to keep !m4 ,:e!r ?is co/ is f> outweigh$ by ! usefulness ( ! collection to ! libr>y & its patrons1 or :e!r t usefulness is practically nil1 mak+ ! outlay wa/eful1 no matt] h[ small x may be1 mu/ be answ]$ by ea* libr>y = itself4 ,9 "s cases1 labor exp5d$ on ! fil+ ( ,l4,c4 c>ds is und\bt$ly mal-employm5t4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( "w :i* 7 ei!r n mal-employm5t :5 !y 7 adopt$1 or 7 n recogniz$ z su*1 h become s by reason ( a *ange1 ei!r 9 ! conditions ( ! "w itself or 9 ! way 9 :i* x is reg>d$ by ^? :o are do+ x & by ! public t b5efits by x4 ,take1 = in/ance1 labor p]=m$ "u an age-limit rule = *ildr51 su* z ne>ly all libr>ies once possess$1 & su* z is /ill en=c$ 9 "s places4 ,if x is true t ! libr>y ought n to be us$ by *ildr5 bel[ a specifi$ age1 "w done 9 asc]ta9+ _! ages & 9 exclud+ ^? b>r$ out by ! rule is necess>y & valuable4 ,if ?is is n true2 if ! exclusion ( su* *ildr5 may be actually h>mful to ! community1 x foll[s t all su* "w is ! mo/ flagrant k9d ( mal-employm5t4 ,b !re may also be mal-employm5t 9 ! c\rse ( "w ( und\bt$ advantage to ! libr>y & its public4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( su* "w some?+ is done t sets x back in/ead ( help+ x on1 or t injures ! libr>y 9 "s o!r way m ?an x helps by :at x directly effects1 labor exp5d$ on t ?+ is mal-employm5t4 ,?is is a m fundam5tal & elem5t>y ?+ ?an lack ( effici5cy4 ,if an assi/ant is catalogu+ books well1 b mu* m sl[ly ?an %e ought1 %e is n effici5tly employ$1 b nei!r is %e mal-employ$1 = %e is do+ no?+ t directly injures ! "w4 ,if %e 7 to /op1 ! libr>y w\ld be injur$1 n b5efit$4 ,b if %e is mak+ egregi\s blund]s 9 h] "w1 caus+ undue labor 9 revision or mak+ ! catalogue confus$ or mislead+ 9 case h] c>ds %\ld get into x1 x might be bett] = ! libr>y if %e 7 to /op "w1 & %e is surely mal-employ$4 ,! public is apt to g5]alize f insuffici5t data4 ,! us] :o is treat$ rudely or sull5ly at ! desk j once does n say1 8,i w make a record ( ?is & ( my subsequ5t exp]i5ces & see :e!r x is a usual ?+ or an abnormal "o40 ,n at all4 ,he or %e at once reports 9 conv]sation t ! public libr>y assi/ants are cont9u\sly rude & disagreeable1 & ! ma*9]y is =?) set 9 motion t makes or m>s reputation4 ,we may *afe at ?is2 we may try to disreg>d x1 b 9 ! end we %all h to accept x z a fact ( human nature4 ,! public in/itution t wants to acquire t valuable asset1 reputation1 :e!r x is a reputation = k9dl9ess1 = helpfulness1 = common s5se1 = s*ol>ly acquirem5ts1 w h to make up its m9d to be k9d1 helpful1 s5sible1 & s*ol>ly1 n fifty p] c5t or sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! "t1 b "o hundr$ p] c5t ( ! "t4 ,b entirely ap>t f su* s]i\s int]vals ( mal-employm5t z ?is1 is x n probable t all ( u are mal-employ$ = "s little "p ( our "t8 ,is x n probable1 9 o!r words1 t our "w w\ld be improv$ if we %\ld omit c]ta9 p>ts ( x & d no?+ at all in/ead8 ,x is c]ta91 = "o ?+1 t no "o c\ld "w cont9u\sly1 day & night1 )\t s]i\s or fatal mal-employm5t4 ,t is ! reason :y our work+ h\rs are limit$ to sev5 or eight 9 ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,d\btless "s work]s are ov] work$ & ?us mal-employ$ 9 _! h\rs ( ov]work--! sleepy railroad eng9e]1 = in/ance1 :o misses a signal & s5ds a hundr$ pass5g]s to et]nity4 ,we are d\btless free 9 ! libr>y f j ?is k9d ( mal-employm5t1 except s f> z x is =c$ ^u u by assi/ants :o "w or play too /r5u\sly outside ( work+ h\rs4 ,to g back to ! assi/ant :o is cross or c>eless = an h\r e day2 x is q possible t %e is 9 no condition = work+ dur+ t h\r2 & ?is is n because ! libr>y h\rs ( "w are too long1 b because %e does n take ne$$ re/ outside ( ^? h\rs4 ,sometimes ?is _c be help$2 (t5 x is di/9ctly ! work]'s fault1 & x is surely putt+ ! libr>y 9 a false position to make x ov]work its /aff to _! detrim5t & its own1 j because ! assi/ant puts 9 h] be/ & fre%e/ h\rs 9 "w1 or m (t5 9 amusem5t1 outside ! libr>y4 ,let me pause "h to say t ! reason we take vacations is to avoid ! *ance ( ?is k9d ( mal-employm5t4 ,! !ory ( ! vacation is widely misund]/ood4 ,"s take x to be a p]iod ( amusem5t grant$ = s]vices r5d]$4 8,i ?9k ,i h e>n$ a vacation10 !y say4 ,o!rs look ^u x z play-"t wrung f an unwill+ employ]--! m !y c get ! bett] (f !y are4 ,few realize t x is1 or ought to be1 simply an incid5t 9 ! ye>'s "w1 an assignm5t to special duty1 )\t :i* mal-employm5t w\ld be m apt to result4 ,! mal-employ$ int]vals ( an o!rwise valuable work] are (t5 due to ignorance ( conditions or %e] inability to meet !m4 ,9 an int]e/+ /udy ( bricklay+ "o ( ! mod]n s*ool ( effici5cy eng9e]s f\nd t mo/ bricklay]s kept _! bricks too f> f ! po9t on ! wall :]e !y 7 to be laid1 & t a long & wa/eful c>ry+ movem5t result$4 ,if ! "t occupi$ by ?is lo/ motion c\ld h be5 elim9at$ & simply giv5 to re/+1 ev5 )\t do+ any "w1 good w\ld h result$2 ^! p]iods 7 h5ce int]vals ( mal-employm5t ,! eng9e] elim9at$ !m easily & simply by br++ ! pile ( bricks )9 a few in*es ( ! wall4 ,x is easy to say1 8,:y1 ( c\rse1 any "o w\ld ?9k ( t60 ,only no "o ev] did ?9k ( x4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! mo/ valuable inv5tions & discov]ies h be5 ( ?is "*4 ,"s "o has rem>k$ t 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( an inv5tion p say1 8,x won't "w20 lat] !y say1 8,x may "w1 b x won't be ( any use40 ,f9ally2 :5 x is usefully runn+1 !y say1 8,:at ( x8 ,ev]ybody has always kn[n ab\t x60 ,we don't d ^! obvi\s ?+s because !y are elem5ts 9 a s]ies ( acts t h gr[n to be habitual4 ,we take c>e ( !m subconsci\sly4 ,also1 !y take up s little "t individually t at fir/ ?\ght x seems fooli% to try to improve or elim9ate !m4 ,suppose "o does a useless1 or ev5 an injuri\s ?+ t la/s b ?ree seconds8 ,if he does x j once & !n /ops1 x w\ld d\btless be folly to *ange x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 l ! bricklay]'s useless & tiresome motions1 x is repeat$ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( times1 ! matt] /&s on q a diff]5t foot+4 ,x is probable t all ( u are habitually do+ c]ta9 ?+s 9 ways t involve1 )\t our realiz+ x1 elem5ts ( ?is k9d1 ei!r me*anical or m5tal4 ,_m ?+s t we are do+ by labori\s repetition1 we>y+ ourselves & us+ up valuable mat]ial1 might be made to 8d !mselves0 if we only knew h[ to utilize t5d5cies & =ces t are all ab\t u1 unsuspect$4 ,"o ( ! =ces1 = in/ance1 is ! desire ( e p]son to d t :i* w give him pleasure4 ,if ! ?+s we want done c be done 9 accordance ) t desire1 we c get o!rs to d !m = u4 ,! classical example ( ! boys :o :itewa%$ ,tom ,sawy]'s f5ce = him w occur to all4 ,!re is deep philosophy 9 ?is4 ,i h kn[n libr>ians to exhau/ !mselves by try+ to get newspap]s to publi% :at newspap]s nev] w\ld publi%1 :ile ! report]s besiege o!rs = items :i* !y "k w be j :at !y want4 ,! rules ( "s libr>ies--bo? ^? = _! public & ^? = _! own assi/ants--all seem to run up hill--to 8rub ev]yone ! wrong way10 :ile ^? ( o!rs seem to get !mselves obey$ )\t any tr\ble4 ,sometimes ! sub/itution ( a me*anical appliance = bra9-"w is :at we want4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is ! use ( tir+ "o's bra9 & impair+ its usefulness = o!r ne$$ "w by =c+ x to p]=m su* a me*anical op]ation z add+ a column ( figures8 ,e libr>y t c af=d to own an add+ ma*9e ought to h "o4 ,! ones t c n af=d x usually d n ne$ x4 ,:ile we are discuss+ ! mal-employm5t t does its h>m by tir+ out ! work]1 physically or m5tally1 & mak+ him unfit = o!r "w1 we mu/ n neglect to say a ^w ab\t unnecess>y talk4 ,no?+ is s tir+ to ! bra9 z talk4 ,i sometimes ?9k t if we 7 all =c$ to d our "w 9 sil5ce we w\ld get along m rapidly ev5 if we _h to communicate ) ea* o!r 9 writ+4 ,if a man 7 9 *>ge ( a piece ( complicat$ ma*9]y1 & if he fe>$ t some?+ _h got into x to clog x1 :ile 8 k ( its elem5t>y p>ts 0 /ill s slight t he c\ld n tell :i* p>ticul> bit 9 all ! mov+ mass 0 help+ x on & :i* 0 h9d]+ x1 :at w\ld he d8 ,he c\ld remove ! pieces1 "o by "o1 & wat* ! effect4 ,if ! ma*9e refus$ to run )\t a c]ta9 piece1 he w\ld conclude t x 0 an absolutely necess>y "p2 if x /ill ran1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 he w\ld conclude t ! "p1 ?\gh n necess>y1 /ill promot$ effici5t op]ation2 if removal result$ 9 no *ange at all1 ! piece 0 evid5tly ei!r an unnecess>y "p1 or an ali5 piece n s plac$ z to int]f]e ) action4 ,if ! ma*9e work$ decid$ly bett] aft] removal1 ! remov$ elem5t mu/ h be5 a clog--01 9 fact1 mal-employ$4 ,h[ _m ( u feel l submitt+ to ?is te/8 ,if y %\ld /op y\r "w1 w\ld ! libr>y ma*9e run along q z usual8 ,or w\ld x limp8 ,or w\ld x refuse to run at all8 ,or w\ld x--,o di/a/eful ?\ght6--w\ld x jump ahead & function ) great] spe$ & smoo?ness8 ,i believe 9 vacations2 & yet ,i r l to feel t ! abs5ce ( an assi/ant on vacation makes a diff]5ce4 ,& if e "o 9 h] dep>tm5t looks =w>d ) fond expectation to h] return & greets h] ) looks ( satisfaction & sighs ( relief1 ,i _c help feel+ t %e is a m integral "p ( ! libr>y ma*9]y ?an if h] return 7 g5]ally reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce or 7 dread$ z a sort ( calamity4 ,:5 e "o feels t %e c "w mu* bett] :5 ,miss ,blank is away1 ,i am =c$ to inquire :e!r 9 tru? ,miss ,blank is n a clog 9 ! :eels in/ead ( a cog1 & :e!r a p]man5t vacation w\ld n be ! prop] ?+ = h]4 ,& h[ ab\t y\r libr>y z a :ole8 ,suppose x %\ld be level$ by a tornado1 or swall[$ up by an e>?quake1 or swept away by a flood8 ,:at effect w\ld ?is h on ! life ( y\r t[n8 ,w\ld ! pass]-by po9t to ! ru9s1 or to ! hole 9 ! gr\nd :]e once y\r libr>y /ood1 ) ! same k9d & am\nt ( int]e/ t he w\ld %[ :5 view+ ! /ump ( an old tree or ! fragm5ts ( a bla/$ b\ld]8 ,or w\ld e man1 woman & *ild feel ! loss8 ,w\ld ! tea*]s seek 9 va9 = aid1 ! m]*ants = in=mation1 ! workm5 = data ( use to !m 9 _! daily tasks8 ,9 o!r words1 is y\r libr>y ( su* def9ite use 9 ! community t x w\ld feel y\r loss z x w\ld t ( a s*ool h\se1 a *ur*1 ! railroad /ation1 ! pr9cipal retail /ore8 ,or w\ld its loss affect t community only l ! de/ruction ( ! monum5t on ! gre51 or ! f5ce ar\nd ,deacon ,jones' pa/ure8 ,if we are to make ! libr>y a vital influ5ce 9 ! community we mu/ s conduct x t its loss w\ld be felt z a calamity--t x c\ld be sp>$ no m ?an ! po/(fice c\ld be sp>$1 or ! doctor1 or ! s*ool4 ,& we mu/ d our be/ s to c>ry on e "p ( its "w1 e elem5t t goes to make up its s]vice to ! public1 t ?is "p or elem5t is contribut+ t[>d t s]vice & n injur+ x or delay+ x4 ,x is bett] = ! community t we %\ld be unemploy$ ?an mal-employ$1 & if ! community %\ld ev] f9d out t we are ! latt]1 we may be assur$ t unemploym5t w %ortly be our condition1 :e!r we l x or n4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,adm9i/ration#ac ,! possibility ( d$uc+ a g5]al me?od = calculat+ ! probable co/ ( op]ation ( a libr>y4 ,! problem ( asc]ta9+ h[ ! co/ ( adm9i/ration ( a libr>y is relat$ to ! v>i\s conditions & factors t affect x is ! problem ( f9d+ a =mula 9 :i*1 by simple sub/itution ( numb]s repres5t+ or correspond+ to ^! conditions1 a reasonable or approximate co/ may be obta9$4 ,! data obta9able are ! conditions & actual co/ 9 a limit$ numb] ( cases4 ,! ob/acles are ! difficulty ( /at+ c]ta9 ( ! conditions num]ically & ! difficulty ( decid+ on ! =m ( ! =mula1 :i* mu/ be done 9 advance4 ,we mu/ fir/ agree1 ( c\rse1 t ! legitimate co/ ( adm9i/ration ( a libr>y %\ld be> "s relation to its conditions ( "w4 ,probably no "o w\ld qu>rel ) ?is1 b ! fir/ ?\ght ( "o :o consid]s ! subject is g5]ally t a l>ge numb] ( ! conditions c\ld1 by _! v nature1 n be susceptible ( num]ical /atem5t4 ,su* factors z size ( circulation1 numb] ( c>dhold]s1 size ( build+1 & s on1 may be /at$ directly 9 figures1 & _m su* influ5ce ! co/ ( adm9i/ration2 b h[1 = in/ance1 %all be /at$ num]ically ! "* ( ! locality--:e!r =eign or native-born1 weal?y or poor1 etc41 :i* also indubitably affects ! co/8 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ?is factor ex]ts its influ5ce ?r\gh o!rs t may be num]ically /at$4 ,s f> z x necessitates pur*ase ( =eign books1 a =eign population acts to increase co/2 s f> z ! dem& = c]ta9 classes ( books is conc]n$1 co/ might be increas$ or decreas$2 b size ( book collections & circulation are bo? num]ically det]m9able4 ,x is possible t all conditions :i* w\ld seem at fir/ sight n to be num]ical might r$uce 9 ?is way1 to v>i\s num]ical factors4 ,reg>d+ ! =m ( ! function to be us$ = ! =mula1 ma!maticians tell me t its det]m9ation might prove a great ob/acle4 ,p]sonally1 x seems to me t x is probably 8l9e>10 t is1 involv+ only ! fir/ p[]s ( ! quantities conc]n$1 nev] _! squ>es1 cubes1 etc4 ,?us1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 increase ( book collection increase ( circulation1 increase ( /aff1 etc41 w\ld approximately mean increase ( co/ 9 direct proportion2 or1 at any rate1 n 9 any way involv+ p[]s above ! fir/4 ,i %\ld try at ! outset !re=e1 a simple l9e> =mula1 su* z ,ax plus ,by plus ,cz plus ,du 444 equals ,r 9 :i* x might be circulation1 y numb] ( books1 z numb] 9 ! /aff1 u cubic feet 9 ! build+1 & s on4 ,x w\ld !n be requir$ to f9d values = ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc4 ,?is w\ld require1 ( c\rse1 z _m equations z !re are ( ^! coeffici5ts4 ,to get ea* equation we select a libr>y t we are will+ to accept z be+ cons]vatively & prop]ly op]at$1 & sub/itute = x1 y1 etc41 its report$ circulation1 numb] ( books1 & s on1 putt+ 9 place ( ,r its total co/ ( adm9i/ration4 ,solution ( ?is sy/em ( equations gives ! coeffici5ts1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 & furni%es ! work+ =mula requir$4 ,!reaft] :5 we wi% to see :e!r a libr>y is run z cons]vatively z ! typical ones select$1 its /ati/ics w\ld be us$ to sub/itute = x1 y1 z1 etc41 & ! value ( ,r ?us obta9$ w\ld be comp>$ ) ! actual co/4 ,! labor ( r$uc+ ! sy/em ( equations w\ld dep5d on _! numb]1 :i* mu/ equal t ( ! conditions4 ,?is w\ld d\btless be great--possibly tw5ty or tw5ty-five1 b ! "w am\nts simply to do+ a great deal ( figur+4 ,i believe t ?is ?+ is wor? try+1 & ,i int5d to try x myself z soon z ,i c secure ! necess>y help 9 do+ ! "w ( figur+1 :i* 9 any case w\ld n be ne>ly z great z t done to calculate a comet's orbit4 ,physici/s & a/ronom]s are daily do+ "w ( ?is k9d1 & do+ x1 too1 on subjects reg>d+ :i* !re is q z mu* reason to d\bt ! applicability ( ! me?od z 9 ! pres5t case4 ,:y n try x8 ,x admits ( satisfactory 8prov+10 = if appli$ to two gr\ps ( libr>ies ) absurdly diff]5t results1 x w\ld at once be %[n to be faulty z s appli$4 ,i believe t we libr>ians use ! exp]im5tal me?od too infrequ5tly4 ,:5 x is propos$ to make "s *ange or o!r1 ,i con/antly he> ! objection1 8,t w\ldn't result at all z y expect2 x w\ld d s-&-s40 ,b :y n try x8 ,try x & see :at happ5s4 ,t is ! only real te/ ,( c\rse1 if try+ w co/ a l>ge sum1 or involve "s s]i\s risk1 we mu/ c\nt ! co/1 b 9 n9e cases out ( t5 no?+ is involv$ b a little extra "w4 ,9 ?is case we are try+ our exp]im5ts daily--we c't help x4 ,we h libr>ies runn+ "u all k9ds ( conditions & we h /ati/ical reports ( ^? conditions & ( ! result+ co/4 ,x is surely wor? :ile to see if we c n connect ^! co/s & ^! conditions 9 "s useful way4 ,i v5ture to close ) a p>able4 ,at a national meet+ ( civil eng9e]s !re 0 a discussion ( ! advisability--& possibility--( asc]ta9+ ! exact di/ance betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion x appe>$ t num]\s measurem5ts _h already be5 made = v>i\s purposes by diff]5t p>ties & "u div]s conditions4 ,no two ( ! results agre$ precisely4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by a speak] t "s me?od ( comb9+ ! results might be f\nd s z to arrive at a practical work+ e/imate ( ! di/ance4 ,objection 0 at once made by v>i\s memb]s4 ,to _m ! v idea ( su* a proposal seem$ a bit ( pleasantry1 & !y greet$ x ) smiles4 ,"o speak] pok$ fun at ! idea ( treat+ s practical a "q by ab/ract ma!matical me?ods4 ,ano!r po9t$ out t ! measurem5ts _h be5 made ) v>i\s objects 9 view2 "s = railroad purposes1 o!rs by gov]nm5t topograph]s2 t in/rum5ts ( v>y+ makes _h be5 employ$ & t ! surveyors possess$ diff]+ grades ( ability4 ,he did n see1 !re=e1 h[ !re 0 any possibility ( tak+ all ^! into acc\nt4 ,/ill ano!r ?\ght t ! be/ way to get at ! real di/ance 0 to s5d out a que/ionnaire to p]sons :o _h travel$ f ,new ,york to ,*icago & f9d out _! op9ions4 ,x seem$ to be ! cons5sus ( belief t we %\ld nev] asc]ta9 ! exact di/ance f ,new ,york to ,*icago1 & t x 0 extremely d\btful :e!r !re really 0 any su* di/ance4 ,probably x v>i$ f "t to "t1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! v>y+ measurem5ts4 ,is x conceivable t eng9e]s w\ld ev] talk 9 ?is way8 ,x is n4 ,b we h all he>d libr>ians d s4 ,:y8 ,,libr>y ,,circulation ,,at ,,long ,,range ,is !re /ill a place = ! deliv]y /ation 9 ! s*eme ( di/ribution adopt$ by libr>ies1 l>ge or small8 ,?is "q is p]t95t n s mu* because ! use ( ! deliv]y /ation is be+ discont9u$1 b because ( a g5]al feel+ t any sy/em ( book di/ribution t does n admit ( see+ & h&l+ ! books is inf]ior to a sy/em 9 :i* ?is is possible4 ,x w ?us be not$ t ! "q ( ! deliv]y /ation pure & simple1 z oppos$ to ! deposit /ation & ! bran*--a "q once hotly debat$--is at bottom simply t ( ! clos$ %elf v]sus ! op5 %elf4 ,! bran* has won out z aga9/ ! deliv]y /ation1 & ! op5 z aga9/ ! clos$ %elf4 ,x w also be not$1 h[ev]1 t none b small libr>ies f9d x good policy to place all _! books on op5 %elves4 ,!re is & always w be a use = ! clos$ %elf 9 its place1 & ! l>g] ! libr>y ! m obvi\s does t place become4 ,n[ circulation ?r\gh a deliv]y /ation is no?+ b long-di/ance clos$-%elf issue--circulation 9 :i* ! di/ance betwe5 *>g+-desk & /ack has be5 greatly multipli$4 ,& a legitimate reason = clos$-%elf issue ( ?is k9d is t x is c>ri$ on "u conditions :]e op5-%elf issue is impossible--ab\t ! only excuse = ! clos$ %elf 9 any case4 ,n[ no matt] h[ _m books may be 9 bran*es or 9 deposit /ations1 x is obvi\sly impossible = ! :ole c5tral /ock to be at any "o ( !m1 /ill less to be at all ( !m at ! same "t4 ,& !re are cases :]e x is impracticable to use any deposit at all1 :ile deliv]y f ! c5tral libr>y is feasible & reasonably satisfactory4 ,!re w always cont9ue to be1 !re=e1 "s circulation f a di/ant res]voir ( books t _c be se5 & h&l$ by ! read] = purposes ( selection4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is int]e/+ to inquire :e!r ?is type ( s]vice has any good po9ts to (fset its obvi\s disadvantages2 & x is consol+ to f9d t !re are su*--n en\gh to cause u to select an unsupport$ deliv]y /ation delib]ately :]e a deposit or a bran* w\ld be possible1 b en\gh to satisfy u t a deliv]y /ation is wor? :ile if we c use no?+ bett] & to induce u to lay /ress1 if we c1 on ! p>ticul> features t make x satisfactory4 ,= myself1 aft] ?ree ye>s 9 a libr>y ) a l>ge /ation sy/em1 foll[+ an exp]i5ce 9 in/itutions :]e !re 0 no?+ ( ! k9d1 ,i may say t x has gratifi$ & surpris$ me to f9d t p]sonal contact betwe5 libr>ian & read] is possible 9 su* a sy/em1 to almo/ ! same ext5t z 9 an op5-%elf libr>y1 al?\gh ! contact is ( q a diff]5t quality4 ,! quality ( ! contact is relat$ to t possible ) ! op5-%elf precisely z m5tal contact by lett] writ+ is always relat$ to t by conv]sation4 ,x is sup]ior1 if any?+1 to t usually obta9$ 9 %ort-di/ance clos$-%elf circulation1 al?\gh possibly n to t obta9able "u ideal conditions4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( m or less p]sonal relations ( confid5ce betwe5 libr>y assi/ant & read] takes long] & is less complete :5 ! sole int]m$i>y is writt5 language4 ,x is always h>d] & requires m "t to become intimate by lett] ?an by p]sonal int]c\rse4 ,9 ! =m] case ! contact is purely m5tal1 9 ! latt] x is affect$ by p]sonal appe>ance & conduct1 by facial expression & mann]4 ,all ?is is "o ( ! *ief factors 9 ! success ( ! op5 %elf4 ,b ! advantages are n all on ! side ( ! direct p]sonal contact1 z ! correspond5ce s*ools h be5 a/ute en\gh to f9d out4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 lit]a scripta manet2 "o may read ! same writt5 communication sev]al times1 :]eas ! same spok5 communication is ( & = ! mom5t4 ,!n ! v fact t ! writt5 message is purely intellectual & has no physical accompanim5ts may l5d =ce to its intellectual appeal1 :5 t appeal has once ga9$ a foo?old4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! writ] may take 8 "t & may plan 8 campaign ( influ5ce m c>efully ?an ! speak]4 ,! effect ( trivial circum/ances1 ( unfavorable p]sonal elem5ts1 ( mom5t>y moods1 is obviat$4 ,x may be1 !n1 t if p]sonal relations betwe5 libr>ian & read] c be set up ?r\gh ! writt5 ^w1 !re may be some?+ ( ?is k9d ev5 9 long-di/ance1 clos$-%elf circulation4 ,?is relation may be lack+1 ev5 :5 ! circulation is at %ort range4 ,x is usually lack+ at ! clos$-%elf deliv]y desk1 necess>ily s 9 a ru%1 al?\gh at quiet] times !re is no good reason :y x %\ld n exi/4 ,i "k t x sometimes does exi/ "u ^! conditions1 ?\gh a c\nt] betwe5 two human be+s1 :e!r 9 a /ore1 an (fice or a libr>y1 is n conducive to relations ( confid5ce4 ,x may ev5 be lack+ 9 ! op5-%elf room1 :5 assi/ants on floor duty h n ! prop] _s & a due conception ( _! own responsibilities & opportunities4 ,x may exi/ at long range4 ,b does x8 ,i c answ] = only "o libr>y2 b ,i h no reason to believe t our exp]i5ce is by any means exceptional4 ,"h are "s in/ances1 report$ at my reque/ f our own ,/ation ,dep>tm5t by ,miss ,elsie ,mill]1 ! dep>tm5t *ief3 87#a7 ,a %ort "t ago "o ( ! patrons ( ,/ation #bg s5t 9 a slip ask+ to h 8 book r5ew$1 & reque/$ t we s5d him in=mation on peace conf]5ces4 ,! latt] 0 duly s5t1 b ?r\gh "s error ! r5ewal 0 ov]look$4 ,consequ5tly six days lat] an ov]due po/al 0 mail$4 ,?is g5tleman is always q prompt 9 return+ 8 books1 & evid5tly _h nev] be=e receiv$ a notice4 ,s he 0 mo/ p]turb$1 & wrote u a v long lett] expla9+ ! mi/ake4 ,he said t he felt t ! libr>ian %\ld "k t he 0 n at fault1 _h n brok5 ! rules1 & _h a cle> record4 ,b 9 imp>t+ ?is fact to ! libr>ian1 he want$ x und]/ood t ! assi/ant committ+ ! error %\ld n 9 any way be puni%$ = x1 because %e _h help$ him greatly 9 8 "w1 by s5d+ ! v facts on peace conf]5ces t he 0 look+ =4 ,he ask$ t ! assi/ant be prais$ = h] good "w r ?an blam$ = h] error4 87#b7 ,celia ,r----1 :om we h nev] se5 b all feel well acqua9t$ )1 tri$ 9 va9 = "s "t to borr[ a c]ta9 little volume ( ,eskimo /ories1 b succe$$ only 9 gett+ sub/itutes4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb] %e s5t 9 ) h] c>d ! foll[+ reque/3 #8,please give me 8,eskimo /ories10 because x is ,*ri/mas & y nev] s5d ! "r book4' 87#c7 ,! c>ds ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,m----1 ( ,/ation #ed1 come 9 ) a slip1 #8,please s5d a novel4' ,we "k t ! books mu/ be #g-;day adv5ture /ories1 & mu/ h publi%]s' b9d+ & an int]e/+ frontispiece or !y w come back to u on ! next deliv]y unread4 87#d7 ,at lea/ "o ( ! ,s---- family's c>ds is report$ lo/ ea* week4 ,we imm$iately recognize ,mrs4 ,s----'s voice :5 %e telephones1 & ask :e!r x is ,ralph's or ,walt]'s c>d t is miss+ ?is "t4 ,9 a tone ( despair %e probably says1 #8,no2 x is ,morris's4' ,we promise to look ! matt] up ?or\ghly4 ,!n we d no m ab\t x4 ,aft] two days we call up & tell h] we are v sorry we h be5 unable to trace ! c>d4 #8,oh1 we've f\nd x "h at home2 ?ank y s mu* = y\r tr\ble1' %e answ]s4 #8,&1 by ! way1 we h n be5 able to f9d ,ni*olas' c>d all day4' ,s we look up ,ni*olas' c>d 9 ! same way4 ,no ,s---- c>d 0 ev] kn[n to be lo/ outside ( ! ,s---- h\sehold4 87#e7 ,c#ci ( ,/ation #f has ?is note clipp$ to h] read]s' index3 #8,give ov]due notices to ,/ations ,dep>tm5t4' ,we hold h] notices a few days to give ! books a *ance to come 91 because %e uses a bi-weekly /ation4 ,ea* "t t %e receives an ov]due notice1 x co/s h] t5 c5ts c>f>e to come to ! libr>y to inve/igate1 & x co/s ! libr>y a half h\r ( an assi/ant's "t to pacify h]4 ,our new me?od works beautifully1 & bo? libr>y & read] f9d x economical4 87#f7 ,an old g5tleman ( ,/ation #ae 7at lea/ we h pictur$ him z old1 = x is a trembl+ h& t writes ! titles7 = a long "t s5t 9 a long li/ ( ,g]man novels :i* we m>k$1 #8,n 9 catalog3'4 ,we 7 out ( pr9t$ ,g]man li/s at ! "t1 s select$ a good ,g]man novel & s5t x to him4 ,x 0 imm$iately return$4 ,we tri$ aga9--9 va94 ,!n aga96 ,we s5t him ev]y?+ t ! av]age ,g]man f9ds int5sely int]e/+4 ,b ! books always came back to u on ! next deliv]y4 ,"o day we sub/itut$ #8,im ,bus*1' by ,g]/aeck]4 ,he kept x two weeks1 & !n 8 c>d came 9 ) a li/ ( ,g]/aeck] novels1 copi$ f ! title-page ( 8,im ,bus*40 ,he read all our ,g]/aeck] books & !n want$ m4 ,we wrote him t he _h read all ! books ( ?is au?or & aga9 sub/itut$4 ,!n a fre% li/ ( ,g]/aeck] came 91 & n[ he is read+ all ^? books a second "t4 87#g7 ,"o ( ! /ation m5 wat*es our sub/itutions & looks ov] !m to get ideas = 8 own read+4 ,once :5 we _h sub/itut$ ,l]\x's #8,my/]y ( ! yell[ room' ! /ation man ord]$ a copy ( t book = himself1 & f9d+ x int]e/+ read all ! ,l]\x books 9 ! libr>y4 87#h7 ,"h is a lett] f a y\?ful /ation patron3 8#8,please s5d me ! ,,iii ,grade1 ,! gold5 goose book6 ,please d4 ,kisses4 ,,xxx4'0 ,^! incid5ts1 :i* ( c\rse might be multipli$ indef9itely1 %[ at lea/ t ! s]vice r5d]$ by a deliv]y /ation is n1 or at any rate ne$ n be1 a m]e me*anical s5d+ ( books 9 answ] to a writt5 dem&4 ,s mu* = ! elem5t ( p]sonal contact & influ5ce4 ,next let u consid] = a mom5t t ( actual contact ) ! books f :i* selection c be made4 ,?is ( c\rse does n take place 9 any clos$-%elf sy/em--lea/ ( all 9 "o at long range4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases ?is contact is ( no special advantage4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if a read] wants "o def9ite book & no o!r1 he may get x z surely1 or be in=m$ z reliably t he _c get x1 & :y1 at a deliv]y /ation z at a set ( op5 %elves4 ,! only drawback 9 8long-range0 "w is t ! us] mu/ wait long] be=e he c get 8 book1 provid$ x is on ! %elves4 ,aga9/ ?is wait mu/ be set ! "t & co/ ( a p]sonal visit to ! di/ant libr>y build+4 ,( ! 8br[s+0 contact !re c be none1 ( c\rse4 ,?is seems a m s]i\s matt] to me ?an x w\ld be to ^? :o deprecate 8br[s+10 or at any rate disc\rage x4 ,b !re is no "q t ! alt]native betwe5 libr>y & deliv]y /ation1 if squ>ely pres5t$1 %\ld always be answ]$ by *oos+ ! libr>y4 ,"h ! alt]native is betwe5 ! deliv]y /ation & no use at all4 ,?is br+s up ano!r po9t3 ,may x n be1 9 "s cases1 t we really are (f]+ ! read] an alt]native betwe5 deliv]y /ation & libr>y & t ?r\gh indol5ce he takes ! =m]8 ,d\btless ?is is (t5 ! case1 & x %\ld n be s4 ,! location ( e deliv]y /ation %\ld be /udi$ f ?is /&po9t1 & its cont9uance %\ld be made a matt] ( s]i\s "q4 ,:5 all is said & done1 !re w rema9 "s /ations :]e a m9ority ( us]s w\ld g to ! libr>y if ! /ation 7 discont9u$1 & w\ld be b5efit$ !reby at ! exp5se ( a little m ex]tion4 ,! fact t !re are "s real advantages 9 long-range circulation %\ld enable ! libr>ian1 9 su* a case1 to /rike "s k9d ( a balance1 satisfy himself t ?is p>ticul> /ation is or is n ( resultant b5efit to ! community1 & act accord+ly4 ,x is also possible1 9 "s cases1 to comb9e ! deposit feature ) ! deliv]y /ation1 & x goes )\t say+ t ?is %\ld be done j z ! deliv]y feature %\ld be add$ to e deposit & e bran*1 :]e x is feasible4 ,f9ally1 ! long range circulation may be adapt$ to ! use ( ! busy by enabl+ !m to kill two birds ) "o /one4 ,libr>ies are always try+1 ) d\btful success1 to get hold ( p]sons :o are busy ab\t some?+ else--factory work]s1 %opp]s1 & s on4 ,a resid5tial di/rict is a bett] place = a bran* libr>y ?an a %opp+ di/rict1 al?\gh ! numb] ( diff]5t p]sons :o pass ! door daily is l>g] 9 ! latt]1 because !re is m leisure 9 ! resid5ce /reet--less preoccupation & bu/le4 ,b if x is made possible = ! %opp] to use ! libr>y ) practically no delay1 :ile he is %opp+1 w he n take advantage ( ! opportunity8 ,a rec5t exp]im5t 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y conv9ces me t he w4 ,we are n[ op]at+ a d[nt[n bran* 9 ! book dep>tm5t ( a l>ge dep>tm5t /ore1 & we h an h\rly mess5g] s]vice betwe5 ! libr>y & ?is /ation4 ,i believe ?is is ! fir/ "t t su* frequ5t deliv]y s]vice has be5 tri$4 ,?is makes x possible to leave an ord] at ! beg9n+ ( a %opp+ trip & to f9d ! book ready at ! close ( ! trip4 ,! int]val w\ld nev] be mu* ov] an h\r1 & might be z little z fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,!re are two favorable factors "h :i* x might be difficult to secure else:]e3 ,! %opp+ di/rict "h is ne> en\gh to ! c5tral libr>y to make frequ5t deliv]y possible1 & ! managem5t ( ! /ore :]e our /ation is locat$ is broad en\gh to see t ! possibility ( borr[+ a book free1 f ! libr>y1 ev5 :5 pres5t$ z an imm$iate alt]native to ! pur*ase ( ! same book f ! c\nt]s ( ! /ore1 does n1 9 ! long run1 injure sales4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to op]ate ?is s*eme f a dep>tm5t /ore1 nei!r is great] di/ance an absolute b> to frequ5t deliv]ies4 ,i believe t ?is k9d ( long-di/ance s]vice is well wor? ! att5tion ( libr>ians4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 ,i believe t a realization t all long-di/ance s]vice has its good po9ts may d good by induc+ u to dwell on ^? po9ts & to try to make !m ( m influ5ce 9 our "w4 ,,conflicts ,,( ,,jurisdiction ,,9 ,,libr>y ,,sy/ems#ad ,at bottom1 a dep>tm5tal sy/em 9 a l>ge in/itution is simply an outcome ( ! fact t its head requires aid 9 adm9i/ration4 ,at fir/1 p]haps1 he c actually d ev]y?+ ) 8 own h&2 next he requires help]s1 b he c ov]see !m all2 f9ally1 he mu/ h ov]se]s1 :o are ! only ones ) :om he deals directly & = :om he naturally classifies ! "w & divides x among !m accord+ly4 ,?is is n m]ely a symbolical or fanciful acc\nt ( su* a developm5t4 ,!re are pl5ty ( heads ( in/itutions1 educational1 comm]cial & indu/rial1 :o h p]sonally se5 e /age ( x--:o are n[ adm9i/]+ a complicat$ sy/em ( dep>tm5ts :]e !y once did ev]y?+ !mselves4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re are n[ libr>ians1 at ! head ( great libr>ies1 :o began libr>y "w by p]=m+1 or at lea/ ov]see+ directly1 ! elem5t>y acts ( :i* libr>y op]ation may be tak5 to consi/1 & :o h wat*$ su* a simple sy/em ( sup]9t5d5ce develop ye> by ye> into some?+ complex4 ,su* a developm5t1 z ,i h said1 is naturally bas$ on "s k9d ( classification4 ,if "o c\ld sit d[n &1 =esee+ ! gr[? ( 8 in/itution = ye>s to come1 settle ^u ! way 9 :i* t gr[? %\ld be c>$ =1 8 classification might possibly be m logical & workable ?an mo/ classifications n[ are4 ,! be/ ( !m are w(ully imp]fect1 z no "o kn[s bett] ?an we libr>ians4 ,& :5 division into classes proce$s p>i passu ) gr[?1 we are necess>ily bo!r$ ) t tr\blesome ?+--cross-classification4 ,z our in/itution gr[s1 "o direction ( gr[? & a correspond+ set ( conditions & ne$s comes into ! =egr\nd aft] ano!r1 & our basis ( classification is apt to *ange accord+ly4 ,9 ! libr>y1 = in/ance1 t]ritorial expansion has frequ5tly claim$ ! "r ( way4 ,x has be5 evid5t t wide regions )9 ! municipality 7 n rea*$ by ! libr>y's activities2 h5ce ! e/abli%m5t ( bran*es--practically classification on a regional or t]ritorial basis4 ,next1 p]haps1 "s o!r ne$ is pu%$ =w>d--say1 ! necessity = special c>e giv5 to ! *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,"h is a non-t]ritorial basis = classification1 f\nd$ only ^u ! age ( ! libr>y's us]s4 ,^! are n classes & sub-classes1 b are entirely diff]5t prim>y sy/ems ( classification1 ^: divid+ l9es cross & d n run p>allel4 ,a man :o %\ld sit d[n & try to evolve1 at fir/ h&1 "s sort ( classification ( libr>y "w1 might adopt "o or ! o!r1 b n bo?4 ,9 "o case he might divide 8 city into di/ricts1 ) di/rict sup]9t5d5ts & local libr>ians "u ea*2 9 ! o!r1 he might divide 8 us]s by ages & ta/es & h a sup]9t5d5t = ea*4 ,9 nei!r case w\ld !re be cross-classification1 ) its ov]-lapp+ classes & consequ5t int]f]5ces ( jurisdiction4 ,b ?is is n ! way t ?+s "w out4 ,! libr>ian f9ds x necess>y to h 8 geographical subdivisions & also ^? bas$ on age1 & he adopts o!rs also z !y appe> desirable1 )\t mu* reg>d = ! logic ( classification4 ,if he does take x into acc\nt1 he feels t ! tr\bles result+ f conflicts ( jurisdiction w be m easily dealt ) ?an ^? consequ5t ^u a refusal to respond to ! pres5t dem&s ( ! "w4 ,also--& ?is is an important factor--conflicts ( jurisdiction1 no matt] h[ inevitable1 are 9 ! future1 & ! pres5t dem&s ( ! "w look va/ly l>g] & press ) insi/5ce4 ,is !re any wond] t he does :at lies imm$iately be=e him & lets ! future take c>e ( itself8 ,un=tunately1 ! future always does take c>e ( itself v well inde$1 & pres5ts itself to dem& a reckon+ at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,! libr>y1 = in/ance1 t has its bran*es = diff]5t regions & its *ildr5's room 9 ea* gets along well en\gh s long z its cross-classification ( "w exi/s only on pap]4 ,b ! "t comes :5 dep>tm5tal organization mu/ beg91 & ?is mu/ be bas$ on ! classification4 ,!re may be a sup]9t5d5t ( bran*es & a sup]9t5d5t ( *ildr5's "w1 or ! bran* libr>ians may report to ! libr>ian directly1 or !re may be o!r dispositions ) o!r duties & names4 ,9 any case1 a *ildr5's room at a bran* libr>y necess>ily f9ds itself 9 two dep>tm5ts1 "u two jurisdictions & "u two heads4 ,if ! bran* libr>ian & ! *ildr5's sup]9t5d5t are bo? yield+ 9 disposition1 ! libr>ian may nev] h ! conflict ( jurisdiction br\ght to 8 att5tion4 ,if ei!r is yield+ :ile ! o!r is ma/]ful1 !re w also be no tr\ble4 ,9 "o case ! bran* libr>ian w run ! adult end ( h] bran* & leave ! o!r to ! *ildr5's dep>tm5t2 9 ! o!r !re w be "o bran*1 at lea/1 :]e ! *ildr5's sup]visor has little to say--a condition ( ?+s t may be tol]at$1 b is surely undesirable4 ,b suppose t bo? heads are consci5ti\s1 ass]tive & anxi\s to pu% ! "w1 fond ( organiz+ adm9i/rative details & impati5t ( int]f]5ce4 ,"h we h ! possibilities ( tr\ble at once4 ,! fir/ rumbl+s ( ! /orm come usually 9 ! =m ( compla9ts ( int]f]5ce1 on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,!n we h a dem& f bo? sides = a def9ition ( _! respective rights & responsibilities4 ,! libr>ian is ask$1 = in/ance1 9 j :at respects ! *ildr5's libr>ian %all take h] ord]s f ! bran* libr>ian & 9 :at f ! sup]visor4 ,?is is a good deal l petition+ ! legislature to pass a law specify+ exactly :5 a *ild %all obey 8 fa!r & :5 ! mayor ( ! city4 ,! libr>ian :o ent]s on ?is plausible pa? w soon] or lat] be lo/ 9 ! jungle4 ,he has only himself to ?ank4 ,ei!r he or 8 pr$ecessor />t$ ! game & he mu/ play x out to ! end4 ,we libr>ians are all responsible = ea* o!r's faults4 ,let u see h[ he may play x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8 is ! p[]4 ,:at is done 9 any dep>tm5t is done by 8 ord]s or by ! ord]s ( "s "o end[$ by him ) au?ority to give ord]s4 ,he has giv5 two p]sons au?ority ov] ! same field at "o po9t1 & x is 8 bus9ess to /raight5 ?+s out4 ,"h are "s possible ways3 #a4 ,! au?ority ( "o head may be absolutely ext+ui%$ 9 ! field :]e conflict exi/s4 ,"h we h legaliz$ ! /ate ( ?+s describ$ above z exi/+ ) a comb9ation ( "o sp9eless dep>tm5t-head & "o v sp9y "o4 ,x works1 b at ! exp5se ( ev]y?+ t t5ds to ! effici5cy ( ! ext+ui%$ au?ority1 & ,i d n recomm5d x4 #b4 ,an attempt may be made1 z not$ above1 to draw a l9e betwe5 ! two sph]es ( au?ority & keep ea* 9 its place4 ,?is appeals to ^? :o are fond ( detail1 = x c be done only by consid]+ & ticket+ details4 ,a l9e1 def9$ by "s "o cle> pr9ciple1 _c be drawn 9 a field ( ?is k9d betwe5 two ?+s bo? ( :i* logically cov] t field4 ,x is logical t ! *ildr5's libr>ian 9 a bran* %\ld be :olly "u ! au?ority ( ! bran* libr>ian1 s9ce %e is a bran* employee l ! o!rs4 ,x is j z logical t %e %\ld be :olly "u ! au?ority ( ! sup]visor1 ( ^: dep>tm5t %e is a "p4 ,if we are to def9e ! ?+s 9 :i* %e is to obey ! "o & ! o!r1 !y mu/ be enum]at$ "o by "o4 ,& !n o!r ?+s w turn up t h n be5 ?us enum]at$1 & we are 9 tr\ble aga94 ,?is plan1 z ,i h said1 appeals to ^? :o revel 9 regulations & specifications1 b ,i c recomm5d x no m ?an ! o!r4 #c4 ,"o dep>tm5t may =mally & di/9ctly be set above ! o!r4 ,or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! libr>ian may resolve1 :5 a conflict arises1 always to decide ! matt] 9 favor ( "o p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,?is means1 9 ! special case t we h be5 us+ z an illu/ration1 ei!r t ! *ildr5's dep>tm5t %all be all[$ to d no?+ 9 a bran* libr>y )\t ! cons5t ( ! bran* libr>ian1 or ( ! sup]visor ( bran*es1 if !re is "o2 or t all que/ions involv+ ! adm9i/ration ( a bran* *ildr5's room mu/ dep5d ultimately on ! *ief ( ! *ildr5's dep>tm5t4 ,?is may seem to be ! same z ! plan by :i* ! au?ority ( "o dep>tm5t is absolutely done away 9 ! disput$ sph]e4 ,x is ( ! same type1 b n s dra/ic4 ,9 ! o!r plan "o has n au?ority to d any?+2 9 ?is1 "o mu/ ask p]mission--n ! same ?+ by any means4 ,?is plan is practically 9 effect at "s libr>ies2 x w\ld probably be reg>d$ z equitable by mo/ dep>tm5t heads--provid$ _! own dep>tm5t 7 put ahead ( ! o!r4 ,! tr\ble is t x involves an arbitr>y subord9ation--"o t does n exi/ 9 ! nature ( ! classification4 ,& ?is subord9ation is local & p>tial2 x _c hold good = ! :ole dep>tm5t4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( plac+ ! bran* dep>tm5t1 z a :ole1 "u ! *ildr5's dep>tm5t1 or vice v]sa4 ,& ! objections1 al?\gh n s /rong z ^? to ! ext+ui%m5t plan1 are ( ! same k9d4 ,! effici5cy ( "o dep>tm5t or ! o!r is b\nd to suff]1 & = ?is reason ,i d n consid] ?is ! be/ plan4 #d4 ,all dep>tm5t heads 9 conflict+ sph]es1 may be reg>d$ simply z advis]s ( ! libr>ian & n z possess+ au?ority 9 !mselves to give ord]s4 ,a conflict is ?us r$uc$ to contradictory advice f two s\rces4 ,! libr>ian !n pursues :atev] c\rse seems good to him4 ,?is plan has attractive features1 especially to adm9i/rators ( ! type t l to keep a f+] 9 e pie4 ,!re is d\btless dang] 9 alo(ness4 ,! libr>ian mu/ "k :at is go+ on1 b ,i see no advantage 9 requir+ him to decide que/ions ( trivial detail at frequ5t int]vals1 z he mu/ d "u ?is plan2 = conflicts g5]ally beg9 9 que/ions ( detail & x is at ! beg9n+ or ev5 e>li]1 9 anticipation1 t !y mu/ be caught & adju/$4 ,?is plan works1 b x r$uces ! dep>tm5t head to a consult+ exp]t & burd5s ! libr>ian ) detail4 ,x does n appeal to me at all4 #e4 ,! two conflict+ dep>tm5ts may co-op]ate1 intellig5tly & c\rte\sly )\t sacrifice ( au?ority or self-respect1 "u ! advice & ord]s ( ! libr>ian4 ,?is is ! plan t ,i recomm5d4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult ( all1 & no regulations or specifications c be =mulat$ = c>ry+ x out4 ,= ?is reason x w nev] be widely 9 favor4 ,a wick$ & rebelli\s g5]ation dem&s a sign1 & 9 ?is plan !re is nei!r sign nor =mula except t g5]al pr9ciple ( helpfulness & will+ness to place ! common :ole above ! selfi% "p t is at ! antipodes ( bo? wick$ness & rebellion4 ,x is a p]sonal matt] & x adds "o important qualification to ^? already necess>y 9 dep>tm5t heads--! ability to d team "w4 ,?is qualification1 h[ev]1 is s important1 q ap>t f its necessity 9 connection ) ?is plan1 t we may consid] x an advantage1 r ?an o!rwise1 t ! plan puts x =w>d & insi/s ^u x4 ,on ! :ole ,i ?9k t a libr>y ) m$iocre dep>tm5t heads hav+ ?is qualification is bett] mann$1 & w d m satisfactory "w ?an "o ) a /aff ( supremely able exp]ts1 cranky1 self-c5t]$ & all pull+ diff]5t ways4 ,! ef=ts ( memb]s ( a body l a libr>y /aff are n to be measur$ ari?metically--!y are :at ma!maticians call 8vectors0--direct$ quantities1 l =ce1 velocity or accel]ation4 ,to "k :]e a man w br+ up "o mu/ h n only 8 spe$1 b its direction4 ,! sum ( two equal =ces may be any?+ f z]o up to _! d\ble1 dep5d+ on _! relative directions1 & if ! sum is z]o1 no matt] h[ l>ge ! compon5ts may be1 ! result is precisely ! same z if ^? compon5ts are small1 or z if nei!r exi/$4 ,x is ?is sort ( ?+ t an em95t employ] ( labor _h 9 m9d :5 he advis$1 8,if two ( y\r subord9ates don't get along toge!r1 dis*>ge bo? ( !m1 no matt] h[ good !y are40 ,9 ?is man's e/imation ! relative value ( team "w evid5tly /&s pretty high4 ,i %\ld n foll[ 8 advice1 h[ev]1 )\t giv+ ev]yone a fair *ance4 ,i h kn[n ! op9ions ( "o dep>tm5t head ab\t ano!r & _! ability to "w toge!r to improve greatly on acqua9tance4 ,! "p necess>ily play$ by ! libr>ian 9 ?is s*eme may be reg>d$ by "s z an objection4 ,i h already ref]r$ to adm9i/rators :o1 l ! late ,cz> ( ,russia1 pref] to regulate all ! details ( ! k+dom by p]sonal sup]vision4 ,!re is also ! precisely opposite type1 :o l to make a good ma*9e1 set x go+1 & !n let x alone4 ,! tr\ble is t ma*9es w n run ( !mselves4 ,!y ne$ ov]sight1 oil+1 clean+ & repair+4 ,! be/ require a m9imum ( all ?is1 b all mu/ h "s ( x4 ,& su* ma*9]y z !re is 9 ?is plan requires a maximum ( ov]sight4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! control ( details b r ! wat*+ ( g5]al me?ods & results4 ,is ev]y?+ runn+ smoo?ly1 )\t 8lo/ motion0 or 8backla%10 & turn+ out a satisfactory f9i%$ product8 ,if n c ! tr\ble be locat$8 ,yes2 ^! two cogs d n "w smoo?ly toge!r4 ,let u f9d out :i* is at fault & adju/ or replace x2 b if our inve/igation is fruitless1 possibly ! be/ plan is to disc>d bo?4 ,i tru/ ,i h misl$ no "o by treat+ "h specifically ( two dep>tm5ts4 ,i might h sub/itut$ ! names ( a doz5 o!rs4 ,all ?r\gh libr>y adm9i/ration1 & especially 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a sy/em ( bran* libr>ies1 ^! possibilities ( conflict occur4 ,9 bran*es !y are g5]ally betwe5 ! bran* adm9i/ration & ! c5tral dep>tm5ts--f9ance1 supplies1 catalog+1 book-ord]s1 ref]5ce & circulation4 ,! h&l+ ( ?is :ole matt] dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! libr>ian4 ,he x mu/ be :o is to decide on g5]al policies or g to 8 ,bo>d = a decision 9 cases s important t he feels _! action necess>y4 ,if ! "w ( dep>tm5ts ov]laps 9 "s field :]e ! libr>y's policy has n yet be5 decid$ ^u & def9$1 he has no "o to blame b himself if ! adju/m5t is difficult4 ,& if policies are def9$ 9 advance & pa9s tak5 to in=m dep>tm5t heads ?or\ghly ( _! exi/5ce & import1 ! likelihood ( s]i\s disagreem5t w be consid]ably less5$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 also1 t ! success ( any plan may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by skill1 or lack ( skill1 9 h&l+ x4 ,i am confid5t t any ( ! plans ab\t :i* ,i h spok5 unfavorably above w\ld "w bett] "u a good libr>ian ?an ! be/ w\ld "w "u a bad "o4 ,b ,i =get myself2 we libr>ians are l ,k5tucky :iskey--"s are bett] ?an o!rs1 b !re are no bad ones6 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,libr>ians#ae ,! human eye is s con/itut$ t x c see cle>ly b a small "p ( ! field ( vision at "o "t4 ,we h le>n$ by habit to move x ab\t quickly & compreh5sively1 s t unless our att5tion is call$ to ! fact we d n realize ?is limitation2 b x exi/s4 ,9 l mann]1 x is difficult = ! human m9d to take a compreh5sive view ( a subject4 ,we are apt to fix ^u "s "o feature & ignore ! re/4 ,9 rec5t times we h be5 devot+ our att5tion to ! p]sonal elem5t4 ,we talk ab\t ! 8man beh9d ! gun10 a good deal4 ,i w\ld n und]rate him or :at he c d2 b x is surely necess>y to h ! gun itself be=e ! man beh9d x c be effective4 ,9 fact ! man p] se is ab\t ! mo/ helpless ( animals4 ,8 sup]iority to ! m]e brute lies 9 8 ability to use tools2 8 inf]iority 9 ! fact t he c d almo/ no?+ )\t !m4 ,a man ) a gun is inde$ =midable2 a wildcat c d no?+ ) su* a tool1 b !n he is reasonably =midable )\t x4 ,i h yield$ ?us to ! temptation to depreciate ! p]sonal elem5t some:at1 at ! beg9n+ ( an address 9 :i* x is to be discuss$1 because ?is defect ( ! human m9d1 t t5ds to fix x ^u "o feature to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 has ( late app>5tly l$ _m to ?9k t a man is valuable 9 himself & by himself1 )\t any?+ to "w ) or any?+ to "w on4 ,a man is mak+ a failure ( 8 job2 ! fir/ ?\ght is t he mu/ be replac$4 ,n9e p]sons out ( t5 fail to inquire :e!r anyone at all c\ld h succe$$ "u ! same conditions4 ,y\r cook prep>es an in$ible meal2 y rage & call l\dly = a new regime 9 ! kit*52 :]eas all ! "t y\r compet5t s]vant has be5 /ruggl+ ) a faulty range1 t\gh meat & bad fl\r4 ,%all we1 !n1 sit d[n & refuse to d any?+ at all unless our tools & our mat]ials are ( ! be/8 ,by no means2 "o ( ! *ief di/9ctions betwe5 a capable & an ineffici5t work] lies 9 ! ability ( ! =m] to make ! be/ ( unpromis+ conditions4 ,no "o c d z well ) poor tools & mat]ials z ) good ones2 b ! good work] w turn out a bett] job ) ! =m] ?an ! ineffici5t "o w4 ,^! ?+s apply ( c\rse to ! libr>y work] z to all o!rs1 especially to libr>ians 9 small t[ns :]e tools & mat]ials are apt to be n ( ! be/4 ,among tools we may reckon build+s1 books1 & all k9ds ( libr>y appliances4 ,! mat]ial is ! community on :i* ! libr>ian by prop] use ( h] tools aims to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,n[ x is op5 to su* a work] to view h] task f any "o ( ?ree diff]5t /&po9ts--to *oose1 we w say1 f ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( libr>ian%ip4 ,%e may be a libr>ian ( ! day be=e ye/]day1 ( ye/]day1 or ( to-day4 ,! libr>ian ( ! day be=e ye/]day is ! libr>ian ( a "p ( ! community4 ,n only does %e make no ef=t to enc\rage ! use ( h] libr>y1 b %e di/9ctly disc\rages c]ta9 p]sons1 & c]ta9 classes ( p]sons1 f ent]+ x4 ,?is grade ( libr>ian includes z _m k9ds z !re are p]sons or classes ( ! community t may be disc\rag$4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 exclude all ! poorly-dress$1 or all ( inf]ior social /atus2 o!rs welcome j ^! & exclude ! well-dress$ & well-to-d4 ,! philan?ropic donor ( a city bran* libr>y build+ once wax$ v wro? :5 %e saw a c>riage /&+ 9 front ( ! build+4 ,h] libr>y1 %e said1 0 = ! poor1 n = 8c>riage p40 ,^! ways ( look+ at ?+s are sometimes an inh]itance f =m] conditions4 ,a subscription libr>y turn$ into a free public libr>y hesitates to welcome1 all at once1 ! l[] /rata t h s long be5 bani%$ f its doors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a public libr>y t has develop$ f a *>itable f\ndation reg>ds ^! z its prop] us]s & looks askance at ! well-to-d1 z 9 ! case ( ! good lady ) h] 8c>riage p40 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! exclusion ( a class ( p]sons1 ,i d n mean t !y are =mally kept out or ev5 consci\sly disc\rag$2 ?is is :y x is s easy to be a libr>ian ( ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,t day 0 a com=table day2 an easy day to be self-satisfi$ 92 x _h its libr>ies = ! ri* & its libr>ies = ! poor4 ,"s class 0 always nam$1 ev5 if "s 7 always left out4 ,x may be t ! exclusion op]ates ?r\gh features t are 9 !mselves excell5t4 ,i h se51 9 a small community1 a libr>y build+ s f9e1 ) su* an atmosph]e ( quiet good-ta/e & s lady-l a libr>ian1 t ! great public no m d>$ to ent] !re9 ?an if a fi]ce lion _h /ood 9 ! doorway4 ,i h kn[n libr>ies1 too1 9 :i* ! books 7 too good4 ,c]ta9 classes 9 ! community :]e n intellectually up to !m4 ,i h also kn[n libr>ies t 7 nev] us$ by ! =eign]s 9 _! communities1 or by ! color$ p4 ,^! latt]1 /range to say1 7 l>gely 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! ,s\? recognizes ! ,negro & pays him mu* att5tion--9 its way4 ,x settles 8 /atus & sees t x is obs]v$4 ,he has ! la/ f\r seats on ! trolley c> & he has 8 sep>ate libr>y accommodations4 ,9 ! ,nor? he is on an equality ) ! :ite man--9 ev]y?+ b reality4 ,he is welcom$ to ! libr>y 9 !ory & he does n use x 9 practice4 ,i fe> t 9 ?is respect too _m ( u belong to ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,i tru/ t ,i h made x cle> t ! libr>ian ( day-be=e-ye/]day is n a bad libr>ian4 ,he or %e is j a libr>ian ( day be=e ye/]day--t is all4 ,n[ we w /ep into "o ( ,mr4 ,h4,g4 ,wells' 8,"t ma*9es0 & take a %ort sp9 ahead into ye/]day4 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day excludes no "o at all f 8 libr>y2 = he is )9 "o /ep ( be+ up-to-date4 ,he disc\rages no p]son nor any class ( p]sons4 ,he /&s 9 8 doors ) out/ret*$ arms & ann\nces t 8 libr>y is free to all1 t x has books = all--ri* & poor1 old & "y1 b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond & free4 ,! selection ( books is well ?\ght-out & adapt$ to ! community 9 :i* x is4 ,! accommodations are ample & fitt+4 ,ev]yone is welcome4 ,:at m c\ld y ask8 ,no?+ at all2 provid$ y are /ill 9 ye/]day4 ,ye/]day ?is sort ( libr>y 0 reg>d$ z ! la/ ^w 9 ! popul>ization ( ! book1 & x is inde$ a long /ep 9 advance ( day-be=e-ye/]day4 ,! libr>ian's mat]ial is be=e him2 he has good books2 is m ne$$ ?an ?is8 ,yea1 v]ily4 ,"o may h a nail & a hamm] to drive x2 also an egg1 & a pan to fry x1 yet "o _c fry ! egg ) ! hamm]4 ,"s selective action is necess>y be=e we c atta9 ! result t we want4 ,a m9i/]1 presid+ at a w$d+1 9 :i* sev]al c\ples 7 to be unit$ at once1 read ! m>riage s]vice & !n exclaim$3 8,i pron\nce y m5 & wives2 n[ y c sort y\rselves40 ,! tr\ble is t ?+s w n 8sort !mselves02 !y mu/ h "s "o to sort !m--& ?is is :at is ! matt] ) ! libr>y & ! libr>ian ( ye/]day4 ,!y fail to make connection betwe5 ! man & ! book1 s t "p ( ! f9e collection rema9s :olly or relatively unus$1 & "p ( ! community t x ought to s]ve rema9s ap>t f ! libr>y1 despite ! libr>ian's out/ret*$ arms & 8 words ( welcome4 ,if he _h read 8 ,bible z 8 great-gr&p>5ts us$ to d1 he w\ld h realiz$ t to fill ! table at ! w$d+ fea/ ( lit]ature & life a simple invitation suffice? n4 ,we mu/ g out into ! highways & h$ges & compel !m to come 94 ,! attitude ( passive expectancy1 ( ability & will+ness to s]ve ^? :o come1 0 well en\gh = ye/]day1 b n = ! new libr>y day t has dawn$ 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,app>5tly ! libr>y dawn moves ea/w>d z ! physical day moves we/w>d1 = ov] 9 ! "m c\ntry only a few l(ty peaks are yet gild$ by its sun%9e4 ,ev5 9 our own l& !re are gorges :]e ! dusk l+]s2 !re are ev5 grottoes :]e d>kness w always be4 ,b we are mo/ly 9 ! light4 ,we realize t if we h a book on ! dye+ ( textile fabrics & if !re is an unhe$+ man 9 our community :o w\ld be help$ by t book1 all ! complac5t receptivity t we c mu/] w n suffice to br+ !m toge!r4 ,& ) ?is k comes an awak5+ ( consci5ce4 ,long ago we /opp$ cry+ out 8,am ,i my bro!r's keep]80 ,we realize t z memb]s ( ! community we mu/ be> our %>e ( responsibility = :at is done 9 ! community & t collectively we mu/ take measures = ! community's welf>e4 ,ea* ( u is a ,roman dictator1 9 t x is our bus9ess to see t ! ,republic suff]s no h>m4 ,?us ! community appo9ts special (fic]s to look out = ! int]e/s ( its memb]s 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,we public libr>ians are su* (fic]s4 ,we are pr\d ( say+ t we /& on ! same plane z ! tea*]s 9 our s*ools & ! pr(essors 9 our colleges2 nay1 ev5 a little high]1 = ! facilities = education ov] :i* we preside are (f]$ long aft] s*ool & college ye>s are ov]4 ,n[ ! tea*] does n /& 9 ! doorway & ann\nce t %e is will+ & ready to in/ruct all :o may s desire 9 read+1 writ+ & ari?metic--t %e has a well-equipp$ s*oolroom1 blackbo>ds1 globes & textbooks = all :o w take advantage ( !m4 ,n s2 ! community goes out & compels its memb]s to take advantage ( all ^! ?+s4 ,9 l mann]1 also1 ! community makes all sorts ( laws = its own pres]vation & bett]m5t2 x does n say 8,see1 "h are good laws2 come ye :o w & obey !m40 ,on ! contr>y x goes out into highways & h$ges & sees t all its memb]s obey4 ,i w\ld n pu% ?is analogy too f>4 ,no "o expects t ! community w require t e "o )9 its bord]s %all use ! public libr>y s _m times a mon?1 or1 inde$ t x %all be us$ at all4 ,! nature ( ! in/itution precludes su* compulsion4 ,b x %\ld require t e ef=t be made to see t no section ( ! books on ! libr>y %elves %all lie idle & t no section ( ! community %all fail to use books1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or ?r\gh d\bt ( a welcome4 ,! libr>ian %\ld say3 ,"h is an unus$ book4 ,is x )\t value 9 ?is community8 ,!n let x make place = a bett]4 ,has x value8 ,!n :y is x n us$8 ,some:]e1 9 ?is community1 is ! man1 woman or *ild1 :o1 :e!r realiz+ x or n1 w\ld d]ive pleasure or pr(it1 or bo? f read+ x4 ,x is my bus9ess to seek out t p]son4 ,aga93 ,"h is a man :o does n read books4 ,is ?is because no book w\ld appeal to him8 ,impossible6 ,he may ?9k s1 b !re lives no "o to :om ! s\l ( "s fell[ man1 speak+ ?r\gh ! pr9t$ page1 w n br+ a welcome message4 ,is !re su* a book on my %elves8 ,if s1 x is my bus9ess to get x into t man's h&s2 if n1 ,i mu/ buy1 beg or borr[ x z soon z ,i may4 ,:5 ! libr>ian has begun to talk 9 ?is fa%ion1 lo6 ! dawn is %9+1 he is a libr>ian ( to-day4 ,! libr>ian ( to-day fr[ns on no "o1 disc\rages no "o2 & he /&s n passively at 8 door ) op5 arms4 ,he walks ?r\gh 8 libr>y2 he walks ?r\gh 8 t[n4 ,he kn[s ! books 9 "o & ! dwell]s 9 ! o!r1 & he kn[s bo? 9 _! relation%ips1 actual & possible4 ,if !re are disus$ books on 8 %elves or non-read]s 9 8 community1 x is n because he has made no ef=t to br+ !m toge!r2 8 failures are n ^? ( neglig5ce4 ,! o!r day1 sitt+ 9 a /all$ trolley c>1 my eye fell ^u a /reet-clean]1 & ,i began to wat* him ) int]e/4 ,he 0 busy--app>5tly1 ,i 0 go+ to say1 b t does him inju/ice4 ,he 0 really busy4 ,:ile ,i wat*$ him--& ! c> 0 delay$ = "s little "t--he 0 con/antly at "w1 pu%+ ov] ! asphalt ! broad scrap] t 0 int5d$ to rid x ( du/ & refuse4 ,& yet he did n clean ! /reet1 = he took no acc\nt ( ! inequalities ( its surface4 ,^! requir$ intellig5t adaptation ( 8 movem5ts at e in/ant1 & to ?is he paid no att5tion4 ,he w5t ?r\gh ! motions2 8 actual exp5diture ( physical en]gy 0 probably z great z if he _h mix$ a little bra9-"w ) x1 b x fail$ to accompli% :at x ought1 simply f t lack4 ,& yet x w\ld h be5 difficult = any ov]se] to give him ord]s t w\ld h bett]$ ! matt]4 ,x w\ld h be5 h>d to po9t out at any giv5 in/ant1 8 errors ( commission or ( omission4 ,! only way 9 :i* "o c\ld tell t he 0 n do+ 8 "w prop]ly 0 by ! result4 ,he 0 put !re to clean ! /reet--& ! /reet 0 n clean$4 ,s ) ! libr>ians ( ye/]day & ! day be=e4 ,!y are h>d work]s1 n idl]s4 ,!y h ! tools1 & !y g ?r\gh ! motions4 ,!y may tire !mselves out ) _! labor4 ,_! libr>y build+s may be attractive & clean2 _! te*nique p]fect1 _! books well select$ & 9 good ord]1 _! catalogs excell5t4 ,x is h>d to po9t to any "o ?+ t !y are do+ incorrectly or t !y are omitt+4 ,& yet we mu/ judge _! "w by its fruits2 !y are put into a community ( actual or pot5tial read]s 9 *>ge ( a collection ( books4 ,:at are ^! =1 if n to be read8 ,yet _m rema9 unt\*$4 ,= :at purpose h ! s*ools taught ! t[nspeople to read8 ,?\s&s ( !m make no good use ( t k4 ,to ! libr>ian ( to-day ! non-realization ( ?is & ! lack ( ef=t to rem$y x mean failure4 ,9 ord] to make a little m def9ite our ideas ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( libr>ians1 let u consid] "o or two v practical problems & see h[ ea* w\ld probably view !m & act ^u !m4 ,fir/4 ,! libr>y circulates no books on plumb+4 ,= ! libr>ian ( ! day be=e ye/]day1 ?is is no problem at all4 ,probably 8 libr>y has no books on plumb+4 ,8 libr>y is n = plumb]s1 & he has nev] suspect$ t x c\ld be4 ,z = ! plumb]s 9 8 community1 !y too h nev] consid]$ ! possibility t !y might le>n some?+ ( _! "w f books 9 a public libr>y4 ,!y are !re=e sil5t & uncompla9+4 ,peace reigns & !re is a g5]al /ate ( satisfaction all ar\nd--! satisfaction ( blissful ignorance & ( ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day1 on ! o!r h&1 sees ! problem cle>ly & is conc]n$ ab\t x4 ,he has good books on plumb+ & nobody reads !m4 ,evid5tly ! m advanc$ grade ( ! libr>ian has n affect$ ! plumb]s--!y /ill rema9 9 ignorance ( ! public libr>y4 ,b :at is he to d8 ,"h is ! libr>y2 "h are ! books2 "h is ! libr>ian1 ready & will+ to di/ribute !m to all :o may come4 ,if ! g5]ation--or any "p ( x--is s wick$ & p]v]se t x comes n1 :at is !re to d8 ,:at1 inde$6 ,& s libr>y & community rema9 9 ! twilight ( ye/]day j be=e ! dawn4 ,! libr>ian ( to-day n only sees ! problem & is conc]n$ ab\t x1 b he proce$s to d some?+4 ,j :at he does or h[ he does x is ( f> less consequ5ce ?an ! fact t he sees action 9 ! matt] to be necess>y & possible4 ,he may g p]sonally & int]view ! plumb]s2 he may s5d !m li/s2 he may get p]mission to address ! plumb]s' union2 he may d "o or _m ( a ?\s& ?+s to rem$y matt]s1 & al?\gh x is c]ta9 t :at he does w n be completely effective1 x is equally c]ta9 t x w h "s good effect1 :i* is ! ma9 ?+4 ,problem ,second4 ,exam9ation ( ! regi/ry li/ %[s t !re are practically no c>d hold]s 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! t[n4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 ?is is no problem at all to ! day be=e ye/]day libr>ian4 ,its exi/5ce w\ld 9 g5]al n appe> to him1 c]ta9ly n z ! result ( any k9d ( /ati/ical inve/igation4 ,if he 7 in=m$ ( x he w\ld reg>d ! fact ) complac5cy4 ,! libr>y is = read]s1 & if c]ta9 p]sons are non-read]s !y _h bett] keep away4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl]4 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day1 on ! o!r h&1 feels t all is n "r4 ,x is c]ta9ly too bad t :5 libr>y privileges are (f]$ free to all1 s l>ge a portion ( ! community %\ld fail to take advantage ( !m4 ,! libr>y /&s ready to help ^! p1 if !y w only come4 ,:y don't !y8 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day ?us /ops ) a "q2 ! libr>ian ( to-day proce$s to answ] x4 ,he f9ds out :y !y don't come4 ,he may discov] "o or m ( any numb] ( ?+s2 :atev] may be ! causes1 !y are sure to be int]e/+1 at lea/ to him1 = ! to-day libr>ian is a born inve/igator4 ,x may be t ! non-read]s are lit]ate1 b take no int]e/ 9 books2 p]haps !y say !y h no "t to read2 possibly ! libr>y has n ! k9d ( books t !y l2 !y may be =eign]s1 read+ no ,engli%1 & ! libr>y may h no books 9 _! tongue4 ,:atev] ! tr\ble may be1 ! libr>ian ( to-day sets ab\t to rem$y x4 ,he may n succe$2 b x is ! diagnosis & ! attempt at treatm5t1 n its success1 t con/itute him :at he is4 ,problem ,?ird4 ,! read+ done ?r\gh ! libr>y is trivial & inconsequ5tial4 ,! fiction drawn is ( l[ ord]1 & !re is little else read4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is w affect ! ?ree types ( libr>ian may be pr$ict$ at once4 ,! libr>ian ( ! day-be=e-ye/]day he$s x n2 ! libr>ian ( ye/]day he$s & p]haps worries1 b does no?+4 ,! libr>ian ( to-day f9ds out ! tr\ble & !n tries to rem$y x4 ,& s x goes3 y may con/ruct o!r problems = y\rselves & imag9e _! solution1 or lack ( solution4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s t !re are great & evid5t objections to be+ a libr>ian ( to-day & correspond+ advantages 9 be+ "o ( ! o!r k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! to-day v>iety ( libr>ian%ip involves bra9work & x is always difficult to use "o's bra9--we saw t 9 ! case ( ! /reet-clean]4 ,!n ?is k9d ( libr>ian mu/ be always look+ = tr\ble4 ,in/ead ( congratulat+ himself t all is go+ smoo?ly1 he mu/ set out ) ! premise t all _c be go+ smoo?ly4 ,!re mu/ be "s way 9 :i* 8 books c be made to s]ve m p & s]ve !m bett]2 & x is 8 bus9ess to f9d out t way4 ,!n ! to-day libr>ian mu/ use 8 /ati/ics4 ,! libr>ian ( ! day be=e ye/]day probably takes none at all4 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day collects !m ) dilig5ce1 b reg>ds any sugge/ion t !y might be ( use some:at z ! lazy wood-sawy] did ! advice t he %\ld %>p5 8 saw4 8,i %\ld ?9k ,i _h a big en\gh job to cut up all ?is wood10 he repli$ petulantly1 8)\t /opp+ to %>p5 saws40 ,! libr>ian ( ye/]day has tr\ble en\gh 9 collect+ & tabulat+ 8 /ati/ics )\t /opp+ to use !m--to make any d$uctions f !m--to le>n :]e ! libr>y ma*9e is fail+ & :]e he %\ld use ! wr5* or ! oil c4 ,all ^! ?+s & _m o!rs make x easi] = ! ov]work$ libr>ian to drop back into ye/]day1 or ! day be=e4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree types ( libr>ian is n s mu* diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( "w done z x is 9 attitude ( m9d4 ,! libr>ian ( to-day does n necess>ily exp5d m en]gy ?an ! libr>ian ( day be=e ye/]day--b x is exp5d$ 9 a diff]5t direction & ) a diff]5t object4 ,x is to be fe>$ t "s libr>ians ( small libr>ies all[ !mselves to become disc\rag$ aft] read+ ( ! great ?+s t h be5 accompli%$ by l>ge in/itutions ) pl5ty ( money to sp5d--! circulation ( millions ( books ye>ly1 ! pur*ase ( additions by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 ! provision ( exhibitions = ! *ildr51 ! /ory-tell+ by pr(essionals1 ! huge collections on special subjects1 te*nology1 art or hi/ory4 ,x almo/ seems z if success 7 simply a matt] ( sp5d+ & z if )\t money to sp5d1 failure %\ld be expect$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,on ! contr>y1 all t ! money does is to make possible success on a l>ge & s5sational scale--)\t ! prop] _s & ! prop] work]s ! result might be failure on a scale q z s5sational4 ,& an en?usia/ic _s1 a high aim & unflagg+ en]gy--^! are ?+s t no money c buy & t w br+ success on ! small scale z on ! l>ge "o4 ,we are =tunate--we :o h *>ge ( libr>ies & are try+ to d some?+ wor? :ile ) !m--t !re is p]haps less ( ! _s ( pure comm]cialism among u ?an among "s o!r classes ( work]s4 ,= ?is1 9 "p1 we h to ?ank our inadequate sal>ies4 ,p]sons :o desire to "w simply = ! mat]ial rew>d w select "s o!r field4 ,we are glad to get our rew>d--we c]ta9ly e>n x2 b ,i v5ture to say t 9 ! case ( mo/ ( u !re is also some?+ 9 ! "w t appeals to u4 ,& t some?+ is ! ?+ t1 pu%$ to its fur!/ ext5t1 w br+ ! dawn ( to-day into ! mo/ backw>d libr>y4 ,x is n a v inspir+ ?+ simply to sit d[n & wat* a pile ( books--h>dly m s1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 ?an to take c>e ( a pile ( bricks or a load ( turnips4 ,int]e/1 en?usiasm1 inspiration1 come ) realization ( ! fact t e "o ( ^? books has a mission & t x is ! libr>ian's bus9ess to f9d :at x is & to see t x is p]=m$4 ,9 ! l>ge1 weal?y in/itution ?is duty may be accompani$ by ! exp5diture ( va/ sums1 & may be p]=m$ ) ! aid ( ?+s t only l>ge sums ( money c buy2 9 ! small libr>y !re may be b a s+le libr>ian & only a few doll>s to sp5d4 ,b1 j z 9 ! case ( a city libr>ian ) an ample sal>y1 %e has op5 to h] ! *oice ( ^? ?ree types ( libr>ian%ip--! day be=e ye/]day1 ye/]day & to-day4 ,& h[ ab\t ! libr>ian ( to-morr[8 ,p]haps x may be z well to leave him or h] = future consid]ation2 b ,i _c help say+ j a ^w4 ,may x n be t 9 ! days to come we %all h en\gh civic pride to d :atev] we may f9d to d--9 our libr>ies or any:]e else1 n ) our eyes fix$ only ^u ! "w itself1 important z t may be1 b ) ! broad] viewpo9t ( its effect ^u ! :ole community8 ,may x n be t ?is libr>ian ( to-morr[ w ask n1 8,w x raise my circulation80 or ev5 8,w x improve ! quality ( my read+80 b 8,w x bett] ! read+ t is done 9 ?is community80 ,t libr>ian w n rejoice t 8 libr>y circulation ( good novels has dropp$1 :5 he realizes t twice z _m bad novels are b\ght & read outside4 ,he w be pleas$ t ! *ildr5 9 8 libr>y h le>n$ to wa% _! h&s1 b *iefly because he hopes t :at !y h le>n$ may react ^u ! physical cleanl9ess--& p]haps on ! moral cleanl9ess1 too--( ! community4 ,mu* z he w love ! libr>y1 he w love x z an ag5cy = ! improvem5t ( ! community 9 :i* he lives & works1 & he w d no?+ = its aggr&izem5t1 expansion or improvem5t t involves a *ange ( ! community 9 ! opposite direction4 ,we %all n see "o libr>y rejoic+ because x has entic$ away ! us]s ( "s o!r libr>y2 we may ev5 see a libr>y rejoic+ t x has lo/ its read]s 9 ,poli% hi/ory1 we w say1 :5 x becomes kn[n t !y h gone to ano!r libr>y ) a bett] collection 9 t subject4 ,i confess t ,i am look+ =w>d to ! day :5 we %all take ?is view--:5 ! adage 8,e man = himself & ! devil take ! h9dmo/0 may be =gott5 among in/itutions 9 ! same t[n4 ,! policy t x repres5ts makes = high spe$1 p]haps1 b n = solid>ity4 ,9 a fight su* z we are wag+ ) ! =ces ( ignorance & indiff]5ce we %\ld all keep %\ld] to %\ld]4 ,?is is :y ! libr>ian %\ld say3 8,i am a citiz52 no?+ 9 ?is city is )\t int]e/ to me40 ,t is :y he %\ld be a libr>ian ( to-day1 & :y he may ev5 look =w>d ) hopefulness to ! dawn ( a /ill bett] to-morr[4 ,,s*ool ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ ,is x m important 9 education to imp>t def9ite items ( in=mation or to tra9 ! m9d s t x w "k h[ to acquire & wi% to acquire8 ,to ask ! "q is to answ] x2 yet we d n always live up to our lights4 ,9 ! old] me?ods ! tea*]1 or r 8 pr$ecessors1 decid$ :at x w\ld be necess>y = ! *ild to memorize1 & !n he 0 made to memorize1 :ile /ill )\t appreciation ( ! ne$ ( s do+4 ,we are p]haps 9 dang] today ( go+ to ! o!r extreme4 ,we require s little memorization by ! /ud5t t ! memory1 z a practical tool ( ev]yday life1 is 9 dang] ( fall+ into disuse4 ,x is surely possible = u to ex]cise our pupils' memories1 to develop !m1 & to control !m1 )\t giv+ !m ! fatal idea t memory is a sub/itute = ?\ght1 or t ! assimilation ( o!rs' ideas1 p]fect ?\gh x may be1 w altoge!r take ! place ( ! developm5t ( "o's own4 ,!re are /ill ?+s t "o mu/ le>n by he>t1 b s9ce !y mu/ be reta9$ bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness1 x is well t if possible !y %\ld also be acquir$ bel[ t ?re%old4 ,! problem ( consci\sly le>n+ a quantity ( items ( any k9d & !n relegat+ !m to "o's subconsci\sness 9 su* a way t !y w be available at any giv5 "t is n1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,mo/ ( u h at our disposal _m facts t we h le>n$ 9 ?is way2 b ,i v5ture to ass]t t mo/ ( u h lo/ a l>ge proportion ( :at we ?us acquir$4 ,n[ a man nev] le>ns by rote ! names ( 8 relations1 ! positions ( ! rooms 9 8 h\se1 ! names ( ! /reets 9 8 t[n4 ,he has acquir$ !m subconsci\sly z he ne$s !m4 ,:5 ! human m9d becomes conv9c$ ( ! ne$ ( in=mation ( ?is k9d 89 its bus9ess10 ! acquir+ comes z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,9 a language1 ! p>adigms may be le>n$ unconsci\sly :5 ! pupil sees t !y are necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& an int]e/+ passage2 ! multiplication table & tables ( weights & measures require no consci\s memorization2 or at lea/ su* memorization may be und]tak5 volunt>ily z a recogniz$ means to a desir$ end4 ,i say ^! ?+s may be done2 ,i am sure t !y are 9 _m s*ools2 ,i am equally sure t !y 7 unhe>d ( 9 my own boyhood2 t is1 z recogniz$ me?ods 9 tea*+4 ,( c\rse1 9 spite ( s*ools & tea*]s & me?ods1 a va/ am\nt ( in=mation & tra9+ has always be5 acquir$ 9 ?is way4 ,i d n rememb] ev] 8le>n+ to read0 z a set task4 ,i am sure t none ( my *ildr5 ev] did s4 ,we recogniz$ ! desirability ( kn[+ h[4 ,we want$ to le>n1 & s we le>n$2 t is all4 ,( c\rse our tea*]s & p>5ts & fri5ds help$ u along4 ,is n ?is :at ! s*ool is =--to make ! pupil anxi\s to le>n & !n to help him8 ,:5 all s*ools are conduct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 we %all be v happy1 b app>5tly x is n s simple z x w\ld appe>4 ,:at we %\ld try to approximate1 at all ev5ts1 is an emancipation f ! ?raldom ( unwill+ness on ! "p ( ! pupil--to br+ x ab\t t he %all desire to le>n & w take :at measures he c to d s1 gladly avail+ himself ( :at help we c (f] him4 ,i h said t :at we ne$ is to /imulate ! pupil's desire & !n to satisfy x4 ,i h kn[n tea*]s :o 7 compet5t to d bo?--:o c\ld take an ignorant1 unwill+ pupil & make ( him an en?usia/1 ?ir/+ = k1 9 a few weeks4 ,we all "k ( ! ideal univ]sity ^: faculty consi/$ ( ,m>k ,hopk9s on "o end ( a log4 ,i am sorry ! creator ( t epigram put 8 tea*] on a log4 ,!re are pl5ty ( logs1 &1 f ?is fact1 too _m p]sons1 ,i am afraid1 h leap$ to ! conclusion t !re are also pl5ty ( ,m>k ,hopk9ses4 ,i fe> t "o tr\ble ) educators is t1 hit*+ _! wagons to />s1 !y h assum$ ! possibility t t]re/rial lum9>ies also are able to raise u to ! skies4 ,if we _h a million ,m>k ,hopk9ses & a million boys = !m to educate1 we %\ld ne$ only a suffici5t quantity ( logs2 we %\ld be =ev] absolv$ f plann+ s*ool-h\ses & mak+ out s*$ules1 f writ+ textbooks & e/abli%+ libr>ies4 ,z x is1 we mu/ d all ^! ?+s4 ,we mu/ adopt any & all devices to ar\se & hold ! pupil's int]e/1 & we mu/ simil>ly seek out & use all k9ds ( ma*9]y to satisfy t int]e/ :5 once ar\s$4 ,( ^! devices & ma*9es1 ! individual tea*]1 ) or )\t 8 textbooks1 lectures1 recitations1 laboratory "w1 & =mal c\rses1 is only "o1 & p]haps 9 "s cases n ! "o to be pref]r$ z ! prim>y ag5t4 ,among su* devices ,i believe t a collection ( books1 prop]ly select$1 dispos$1 & us$ c be made to play a v important "p1 bo? 9 ar\s+ int]e/ 9 a subject & 9 satisfy+ x--9 o!r words 9 tea*+ x prop]ly4 ,& fir/ let u see :at x may d to /imulate a g5]al int]e/ 9 k4 ,( late ,i h se5 cropp+ out "h & !re :at seems to me a p$agogical h]esy--! !sis t no k9d ( tra9+ is ( value 9 fitt+ ! pupil = any?+ b ! def9ite object t x has 9 view4 ,we c1 accord+ to ?is view1 tea* a boy to argue ab\t triangles1 b ?is w n help him 9 a legal or bus9ess discussion4 ,we may tea* him to solve equations1 & he w !n be an equation-solv]--no?+ else4 ,we may tea* him to read ,greek & he w !n be "s sort ( a ,greek s*ol>1 b 8 reaction to o!r attempts to tea* him w n be affect$4 ,any?+ l a g5]al tra9+ is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,if ?is is true1 a great "p ( :at ,i am say+ is fooli%1 b ,i d n believe x4 ,d\btless we h exagg]at$ ! effect ( c]ta9 k9ds ( tra9+4 ,! old college graduate :o1 hav+ be5 ?r\gh f\r ye>s ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & ma!matics1 consid]$ himself able ) slight additional tra9+1 to und]take to practice law or m$ic9e or manage a p>i%1 0 probably too sangu9e4 ,yet ,i refuse to believe t a man's bra9 is s %ut (f 9 k-tight comp>tm5ts t "o may ex]cise "o "p ( x )\t ! slighte/ effect on ! o!rs4 ,i _c n[ write ) my toes1 b ,i am sure t ,i c\ld le>n to d s mu* m quickly because ,i "k h[ to use my f+]s = ! purpose4 ,& x is indubitable1 ,i ?9k1 t ! be/ g5]al prep>ation = m5tal activity ( :atev] k9d is contact ) ! m9ds ( o!rs--e>ly1 late1 & (t54 ,x tones up all "o's reactions--makes him m5tally /rong]1 quick]1 & m accurate4 ,"s *ildr5 get ?is at home1 :]e !re is a num]\s family ( p]sons :o are bo? ?\ghtful & m5tally al]t4 ,"s meet at home1 besides memb]s ( ! family1 visitors :o add to ! v>iety ( _! contacts4 ,few get x 9 s*ool1 ) mu* v>iety4 ,& x is futile to expect mo/ ( our *ildr5 to get x any:]e directly f p]sons4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is wond]fully =tunate t we h s _m ( ! record$ s\ls ( human be+s betwe5 ! cov]s ( books4 ,) !m m5tal contacts may be num]\s1 wide1 & easy4 ,to int]e/ a man 9 a /ret* ( c\ntry take him up to a height :5ce he may ov]look x4 ,!re is a pat* ( woods1 !re a hill1 !re is a w9d+ /ream4 ,he w see 9 imag9ation ! wild fl[]s "u ! trees1 ! w9dswept rocks beh9d ! hill1 ! tr\t 9 ! /ream4 ,he w wond]1 too1 :at unimag9$ ?+s !re may be & he w long to f9d out4 ,to int]e/ a pupil 9 a subject turn him loose 9 a room conta9+ a hundr$ books ab\t x4 ,he w br[se ab\t1 f9d+ a doz5 ?+s t he und]/&s & a hundr$ t he does n4 ,he w get su* a bird's-eye view t 8 /imulat$ imag9ation w long = clos] acqua9tance4 ,& if y want to int]e/ him 9 ! _w ( ideas 9 g5]al1 turn him loose 9 a g5]al libr>y4 ,! ?+s t he w get are n to be asc]ta9$ by an exam9ation4 ,!y are intangible1 b _! results are n4 ,9 an illum9at+ article on ! ev5ts j prec$+ ! pres5t ,european w>1 ,pr(essor ,munroe ,smi? holds t x 0 precipitat$ *iefly by br++ to ! front at e /ep milit>y r ?an diplomatic consid]ations4 ,! tr\ble ) milit>y m51 he says1 is t !y take no acc\nt ( 8impond]ables0--by :i* he means public op9ion1 national feel+1 injur$ pride1 joy1 grief--all ^? ?+s1 intellectual & emotional1 t _c be express$ 9 t]ms ( m51 guns1 supplies1 & milit>y position4 ,i h be5 wond]+ :e!r "s o!r te*nically tra9$ p]sons--educators1 = in/ance1 d n t5d t[>d a simil> neglect ( impond]ables1 measur+ educational values solely 9 t]ms ( h\rs1 & units1 & ! pass+ ( exam9ations4 ,x is a fault common to all highly tra9$ speciali/s4 ,! ,scripture has a phrase = x1 z = mo/ ?+s--8ye neglect ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law--judgm5t & fai?40 ,^!1 y w note1 are to be class$ ) ,pr(essor ,munroe ,smi?'s 8impond]ables10 :]eas m9t1 anise1 & cumm9 are comm]cial products4 ,at lea/ "o not$ educator1 ,william ,james1 did n make ?is error1 = he bids u note t ! emotional 8impond]able0--?\gh he does n use ?is ^w--possesses ! priceless prop]ty ( unlock+ )9 u unsuspect$ /ores ( en]gy & plac+ !m at our disposal4 8,i ?ank !e1 ,rod]ick1 = ! ^w10 says ,fitz-,james 9 8,! ,lady ( ! ,lake03 8x n]ves my he>t2 x /eels my sword40 ,"o w\ld h>dly expect to f9d educational psy*ology 9 ,scott's v]se1 b "h x is4 ,! ^w t ,rod]ick ,dhu spoke 7,i =get j :at x 01 b ,i ?9k he call$ 8 rival a bad "n7 unlock$ 9 ,fitz-,james an unexpect$ /ore ( res]ve en]gy1 & ! result1 z ,i recall x1 0 q un=tunate f ! ,gaelic po9t ( view4 ,we _c af=d to neglect ! impond]ables2 & x is _! pres5ce & _! influ5ce t are fo/]$ by a collection ( books4 ,if y w add toge!r ! weight ( lea!r1 pap]1 glue1 ?read1 & ink 9 a book y w get ! :ole weight ( ! volume4 ,!re is naught pond]able left2 & yet :at is left is all t makes ! ?+ a book--all t has p[] to influ5ce ! lives & s\ls ( m5--! impond]able "p1 fit = ! unlock+ ( en]gies4 ,i w\ld n h y ?9k1 al?\gh ,i believe ?is to be at bottom a matt] ( pr9ciples1 t x is n possible to apply ^! pr9ciples v directly & concretely 9 ! daily practice ( an educational in/itution4 ,i desire to call y\r att5tion = a mom5t to ! te/imony ( "o :o has _h great exp]i5ce & practice 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a collection ( books 9 su* an in/itution & 9 _! use = ! purposes already outl9$--,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,hicks1 assi/ant libr>ian ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 f ^: rec5t review article on ?is subject ,i propose to quote a few p>agraphs4 ,mr4 ,hicks is writ+ prim>ily ( college in/ruction1 b1 z he notes 9 ! fir/ p>agraph t ,i %all quote1 :at he says applies ) equal cog5cy to ! second>y s*ool4 ,he writes3 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 9 all in/ruction today1 includ+ ev5 t 9 prep>atory & high s*ools1 is f :at may be call$ ! few-book me?od to ! _m-book me?od--a recognition ( ! p[] ( ! pr9t$ page = :i* libr>ians h always /ood sponsor4 ,! lecture1 note-tak+1 text-book & quiz me?od ( in/ruction is fa/ pass+ away 9 und]graduate z well z 9 graduate /udy4 ,textbooks are /ill 9 use 9 und]graduate & ,ma/] ( ,arts c\rses1 b !y h be5 relegat$ to a subord9ate position4 ,emphasis is laid on "w done & ! assimilation ( ideas ga!r$ f _m s\rces r ?an ^u memoriz+ ! treatise ( "o au?or4 ,necess>ily1 ref]5ces are *iefly to easily accessible works ( second>y au?ority1 & read+ in/ead ( rese>* is ! objective4 ,f ! libr>y po9t ( view1 ! gr[? ( ! laboratory or case me?od ( in/ruction appe>s to be an indep5d5t ph5om5on4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t co9cid5t ) x is ! g5]al t5d5cy to adopt a policy ( tea*+ ea* subject ) emphasis on its relations to o!r subjects4 ,mo/ univ]sities n[ give c\rses = :i* no textbook is available4 ,= in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,turn]1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ann\nces 9 a syllabus ( #aaf pages t !re is no textbook suitable = use 9 8 c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he !reupon gives citations to ab\t #b1ajj sep>ate read+s conta9$ 9 #a1cjj volumes1 & says t 8 c\rse requires n less ?an #abj pages ( read+ p] week 9 ^! books4 ,pr(essor ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son's c\rse 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,class 9 ,we/]n ,europe has no textbook2 & ! read+ = a class ( #aef /ud5ts is indicat$ 9 a pamphlet ( #ec pages1 conta9+ ref]5ces to #cja books4 ,illu/rations c\ld be tak5 f almo/ any subject 9 ! univ]sity curriculum4 ,?is is ess5tially a tea*]'s view4 ,li/5 n[ to t ( a public libr>ian1 ,mr4 ,john ,cotton ,dana1 ( ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,he says3 ,9 our high s*ools we sp5d lit]ally millions ( doll>s to equip laboratories1 kit*5s1 c>p5t] %ops1 ma*9e %ops1 & :at n1 to be us$ by a small "p ( ! pupils = a small "p ( ! %ort s*ool day4 ,?is is p>tly because s to d is ! fa%ion ( ! h\r1 p>tly also because ! products ( "w 9 ^? %ops1 kit*5s1 & laboratories c be se51 t\*$1 & h&l$1 are real ?+s ev5 to ! mo/ un9tellig5t4 ,= books1 ! ess5tial tools ( e =m ( acquisition1 we sp5d1 outside ( textbooks1 a few paltry ?\s&s4 ,! ?+s a *ild makes we c see1 & we are impress$ by !m2 ! k he ga9s1 ! p[] ( ?\ght he acquires--^! _c be made visible & are n appreciat$ by ! ignorant2 !y c only be c]tifi$ to by ! tea*] & demon/rat$ by ! /ud5t's words & de$s z he goes ?r\gh life4 ,ma/]y ( pr9t is ma/]y ( _w-k4 ,our "y p d n h x4 ,surely !y %\ld be l$ to acquire x1 & :]e bett] ?an 9 ! high s*ools8 ,to aid !m 9 ?is acquisition ! high s*ools1 %\ld h ample collections ( books1 & ^! collections ( books %\ld become active tea*+ organisms ?r\gh ! m9i/rations ( compet5t libr>ians4 ,( all tea*+ laboratories1 !re is "o :i* is pla9ly ( supreme importance--t ( books4 ,i tru/ t y are ) me s f>2 = ,i am ab\t to make a fur!r advance t exp]i5ce tea*es me is v difficult1 except = libr>ians4 ,i am go+ to urge t y\r collection ( books1 :5 y h made x1 be put 9 *>ge ( "o :o has /udi$ ! me?ods ( mak+ ! cont5ts ( books available to ! read]--_! %elv+1 physical prep>ation1 classification1 catalogu+2 ! ways 9 :i* to fit !m to _! us]s1 to record _! use1 & to prev5t _! abuse4 ,?is means a tra9$ libr>ian4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts :]e exp]t k & skill are necess>y x is difficult to expla9 to a non-exp]t ! reasons = ?is necessity & exactly 9 :at ! exp]t k consi/s4 ,we are s accu/om$ to accept ! fact 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts t x passes !re )\t "q4 ,un=tunately t is n ! case ) ! selection & adm9i/ration ( a libr>y4 ,mo/ p]sons und]/& q well t special tra9+ is necess>y be=e "o c practice law1 or m$ic9e1 or eng9e]+4 ,no "o w\ld und]take to drive a motor c> or ev5 ride a bicycle )\t "s previ\s exp]i5ce2 b x is q usual to believe t a collection ( books may be adm9i/]$ & its use controll$ by totally untra9$ & inexp]i5c$ p]sons--a retir$ cl]gyman1 a brok5-d[n cl]k1 a janitor1 p]haps4 ,i once ask$ a "y woman :o came = advice ab\t tak+ up libr>y "w :at _h incl9$ h] t[>d t p>ticul> occupation4 ,%e 0 q frank ) me2 %e said3 8,:y1 my fa!r & "m didn't ?9k ,i 0 good = any?+ else40 ,?is e/imate ( ! libr>y is by no means conf9$ to ! p>5ts ( w\ld-be libr>y work]s4 ,& ev5 :]e x is recogniz$ t "s tra9+ & exp]i5ce are necess>y 9 adm9i/]+ a l>ge public in/itution1 !re is a l+]+ feel+ t a comp>atively small collection1 l t 9 a s*ool1 ne$s no exp]t sup]vision4 ,! fact t !re are 9 a s*ool pl5ty ( exp]ts 9 o!r l9es seems to h be5 n )\t its effect on ?is attitude4 8,:y1 ,pr(essor ,smi? is "o ( ! be/ *emi/s 9 ! /ate2 ,miss ,jones is an ackn[l$g$ au?ority on ori5tal hi/ory2 d y mean to tell me t ei!r ( !m w\ld n make a p]fectly satisfactory libr>ian80 ,:i* is some?+ l say+1 8,mr4 ,rob9son is our =emo/ bank]2 %\ld he n be able to sup]9t5d ! dye+ dep>tm5t 9 a textile mill80 ,or1 8,rev4 ,mr4 ,j5k9s is our mo/ eloqu5t pulpit orator2 he c surely run ! #b3ae express60 ,are my metaphors too viol5t8 ,i ?9k n4 ,we are deal+ "h ) impond]ables1 z ,i h said1 b ! mo/ impond]able ?+ ( all1 & ! mo/ pot5t1 is ! human m9d4 ,to wield1 conc5trate1 & control our batt]y ( en]gies we want a correlat$ en]gy--"o ^: relations to !m all are close & "o :o kn[s h[ to pull all ! ?rottles1 turn all ! valves1 & op]ate all ! me*anism t br+s !m into play4 ,x takes two ye>s ( h>d "w1 n[adays1 = a college graduate to get ?r\gh a libr>y s*ool1 & x %\ld n be necess>y to argue t dur+ ^! two ye>s he is work+ h>d on ess5tials & is assimilat+ mat]ial t ! untra9$ man h[ev] able1 _c possibly acquire 9 a few mon?'s casual association ) a libr>y or f m]e association ) books1 no matt] h[ long or h[ intimate4 ,y w p>don me1 ,i am sure1 "s fur!r quotation f ,mr4 ,hicks's illum9at+ article4 ,aft] call+ our att5tion to ! fact t ! ef=t to meet *ang+ conditions 9 in/ruction is purely te*nical1 he goes on3 ,! libr>ian /&s 9 ! position ( an eng9e] to :om is pres5t$ a task :i* by ! me?ods ( 8 pr(ession he mu/ p]=m4 ,num]ical gr[?1 expansion1 addition ( new s*ools & new subjects1 & ! introduction ( ! laboratory me?od by :i* books are made actual tools = use1 all mean to ! libr>ian m books1 l>g] read+-rooms & m ( !m1 a l>ge /aff specializ$ & gr\p$ into dep>tm5ts1 ! sup]vision ( a complicat$ sy/em1 & capable bus9ess adm9i/ration4 ,^! are all te*nical matt]s & are ( suffici5t magnitude to require all ( ! "t & /r5g? ( ^? to :om !y are entru/$4444 ,9 a ref]5ce libr>y1 op5 %elves1 :e!r 9 dep>tm5t libr>ies or 9 ! g5]al libr>y1 require mu* high-grade libr>y s]vice4 ,! ref]5ce libr>ian becomes a direct tea*] 9 ! use ( books & gives con/ant assi/ance n m]ely 9 f9d+ sep>ate books b 9 deal+ ) ! :ole lit]ature ( a subject4444 ,! :ole developm5t f ! few-book me?od to ! _m-book me?od presupposes a sy/em ( res]ve books4 ,by ?is expression is meant ! plac+ ( a collection ( books beh9d an enclosure ( "s k9d f :i* !y are giv5 out by a libr>y assi/ant = use 9 ! room4 ,! res]ve collections1 cont9ually *ang+ 9 accordance ) ! directions ( in/ructors1 are 9 reality composite textbooks4444 ,! m]e cl]ical "w ( ma9ta9+ an effici5t res]ve sy/em is l>ge1 its success be+ dep5d5t ^u intellig5t co-op]ation betwe5 ! tea*+ faculty & ! libr>y1 b x involves also a te*nical problem to be solv$ by ! libr>ian4 ,:at relation does ! numb] ( copies ( a giv5 res]ve book be> to its use8 ,to put ! "q concretely1 h[ _m copies ( a book are requir$ to supply a class ( #bjj /ud5ts1 all ( :om mu/ read ?irty pages ( ! book )9 two weeks8 ,i l s mu* "o ( ,mr4 ,hicks's expressions t ,i desire to emphasize x at ! close ( :at ,i am say+4 ,a libr>y1 us$ = tea*+ purposes 9 a s*ool1 is inde$1 8a composite textbook40 ,x insures contact ) a composite in/ead ( a s+le m9d4 ,! old idea 0 t contact ( ?is k9d always result$ 9 confusion--9 m5tal in/ability4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ef=t 0 to protect ! m9d ?r\gh life f any su* unbalanc+ contact4 ,! individual 0 protect$ f famili>ity ) m ?an "o set ( op9ions--religi\s1 political1 social1 philosophical1 sci5tific4 ,he 0 taught facts z facts & no emphasis 0 plac$ on ! m important fact t !re are degrees ( c]ta9ty & po9ts ( view4 ,! next /ep 0 to give ! individual a free head aft] ! =mal processes ( education _h t]m9at$4 ,gett+ out ( college 0 l escap+ f a box1 :]e "o _h be5 %ut up ) ,presbyt]ians & ,free ,trad]s & ,cata/rophi/s & ,hegelians--or _! opposites1 = ! cont5ts ( all ! boxes 7 n alike4 ,n[1 we set ! boy free :5 he ent]s college & we are beg9n+ to give him a little fre% air 9 ! high s*ool4 ,:y n g back to ! beg9n+8 ,:y n1 at any rate1 avoid ! implication t !re is ! same back+ beh9d all t we tea* or tell8 ,"s tea*]s1 & "s p>5ts1 h made ?is plan succe$4 ,"o ( !m is ,mr4 ,h4,r4 ,walmsley1 :o writes 9 ! ,volta ,review 7,wa%+ton1 ,april1 #aiae71 on 8,h[ ,i ,taught ,my ,boy ! ,tru?40 ,says he3 ,i pond]$ ov] ^! ?+s1 & det]m9$ t ,i w\ld nev] tell a falsehood to my *ild2 t ,i w\ld tell him ! tru? ^u e subject1 & t ,i w\ld n evade or refuse to answ] any "q4 ,i kept my resolution & h obta9$ mo/ excell5t results4 ,! *ild d\bt$ no?+ ,i told him4 ,he knew t z f> z ,i 0 able ,i w\ld reply tru?fully to any "q he might c>e to ask4 ,9 answ]+ him ,i 0 always c>eful to qualify my /atem5ts ?us3 8,?is is s10 8,i believe s10 8,x is believ$ to be10 8,x is claim$ to be10 8,^? :o %\ld "k say10 etc4 ,s he knew ! basis f :i* ,i spoke4 ,?r\gh\t 8 life1 :5 he 0 told any?+ t look$ d\btful1 he w\ld say1 8,i w ask fa!r40 ,?is plan is practicable f ! *ild's e>lie/ ye>s4 ,z soon z he le>ns to read we may beg9 to supplem5t x by ref]5ce to orig9al docum5ts4 ,?is means a libr>y at ! v beg9n+1 & at high s*ool age x means a l>ge libr>y4 ,x ne$ n all be 9 ! s*ool4 ,9 ! smalle/ t[ns !re are n[ respectable public collections2 ! s*ool may conf9e itself to ! subjects 9 its own curriculum4 ,b :atev] we d1 let u n tea* ! *ild1 ) ! implication ( equal au?ority1 t twice two is is f\r1 t mat]ial bodies are compos$ ( molecules1 & t ! ,tories 9 ! ,revolution 7 all bad4 ,tell him t !re are o!r aspects1 if !y exi/1 & z soon z he is able let him exam9e ^? aspects4 ,he w be able f> soon] ?an "s ( u are will+ to admit4 ,we libr>ians feel some:at /rongly on ?is matt] because our own in/itutions possess by _! v nature t =m ( neutrality t exposes bo? sides )\t advocat+ ei!r4 ,x seems to be assum$ by "s p]sons t neutrality means ignorance4 ,( c\rse1 ignorance is "o me?od ( insur+ x4 ,if a fairy /ory op5s ) ! ann\ncem5t t ! ,k+ ( ,n[>ia is at w> ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,sumboddia1 y _c take sides until y "k some?+ ab\t ! qu>rel4 ,! tr\ble is t we d n live 9 fairyl&4 ,9 my home city ! s*ool au?orities h be5 try+ to cultivate ?is k9d ( neutrality by caution+ pr9cipals n to discuss ! ,european w> ) _! pupils4 ,:at is ! result8 ,"o ( my bran* libr>ians says 9 a rec5t report3 8,i h be5 greatly int]e/$ by ! fact t ! high-s*ool boys & girls nev] ask = any?+ ab\t ! w>4 ,n once dur+ ! w9t] h ,i se5 9 "o ( !m a sp>k ( int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,x seems s /range t x %\ld be necess>y to keep !m (ficially ignorant ( ?is great w> because ! gr&fa!r ( "o spoke ,fr5* & ( ano!r1 ,g]man40 ,) ?is ,i ?or\ghly agree4 ,i am n sure t ,i d n pref] a ?or\gh & bigot$ p>tisan%ip to ?is neutrality ( ignorance4 ,bett] ?an bo? is ! opportunity = free inve/igation ) enlight5$ guidance4 ,! public libr>y (f]s ! opportunity = ! fulle/ & free/ contact ) ! m9ds ( ! _w4 ,we try to give guidance1 also1 z we c2 b we h n ! opportunities ( y tea*]s4 ,guidance is y\r bus9ess & y\r high privilege2 & if "s ( y h 9 ! pa/ guid$ z ! jail] guides 8 prison]s--= a walk ar\nd ! prison y>d ) ball & *a9--let u be ?ankful t ?is oppressive view is giv+ place to ! fre] idea ( a guide z a c\nselor & fri5d4 ,su* guidance means intellectual fre$om4 ,fre$om means *oice1 & *oice implies a collection f :i* to *oose4 ,?is means a libr>y & ! s*ool libr>y is ?us an indisp5sable tool 9 ! h&s ( ^? tea*]s to :om education signifies neutral tra9+1 ! ar\s+ ( neutral en]gies1 & a control ( ! impond]ables ( life--^? ?+s )\t physical weight :i* yet c\nt m 9 ! end ?an all ! masses ) :i* molecul> physics has to deal4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,& ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,man#af ,! electricians h a ^w t has always int]e/$ me--! ^w & ! ?+ x signifies4 ,x is 8hy/]esis10 & x means t quality 9 a mass ( iron t resi/s magnetization1 s t if ! magnetiz+ =ce is a mov+ "o ! magnetism always lags a little beh9d x4 ,we see ?is quality 9 _m o!r places besides magnetic bodies--! almo/ univ]sal t5d5cy ( effects to lag beh9d _! causes4 ,i l to wat* x 9 ! popul> m9d--! failure to 8cat* on0 quickly--! appreciation t comes j a little aft] ! ?+ to be appreciat$4 ,lag ev]y:]e1 9 appreh5sion1 9 k1 9 ! realization ( a situation4 ,ev]y:]e hy/]esis4 ,( c\rse1 sometimes ! lag is great & sometimes x is slight4 ,x may be affect$ by physical di/ance1 z :5 ! ,european ?9ks t ,indians camp 9 ! suburbs ( ,pittsburg & t ! citiz5s ( ,indianapolis hunt ! buffalo ( an ev5+2 or x may be a function ( m5tal di/ance1 z :5 ! ,wall ,/reet f9anci] fondly imag9es t ?is c\ntry is /ill populat$ *iefly by lambs1 z x und\bt$ly 0 fifty ye>s ago4 ,i l to wat* x z x affects ! idea ( ! public libr>y z "s p hold x4 ,n[ ( c\rse1 )\t progress1 *ange1 motion ( "s k9d1 !re c\ld be no lag4 ,9 a p]man5t magnet !re is no hy/]esis4 ,if ! ,indians & ! buffalo 7 /ill ) u1 ! ,european w\ld be ?9k+ ! tru?4 ,if we _h n le>n$ t ! gold-brick & ! gre5 goods 7 frauds1 we c\ld /ill be fleec$4 ,& if libr>ies 7 /ill :at !y 7 fifty ye>s ago1 !re w\ld be no lag 9 ! ideas t "s p hold ab\t !m4 ,libr>ies h *ang$4 ,"s ( y "k x & "s ( y d n4 ,libr>ies h *ang$ 9 ! k9d ( pr9t$ matt] t !y collect & pres]ve2 9 ! k9d ( p to :om !y make _! appeal2 9 ! way 9 :i* !y try to make ! =m] available to ! latt]4 ,!y h utt]ly *ang$ 9 _! own conception ( _! /atus 9 ! community1 ( :at !y owe to ! community & h[ !y ought to g ab\t x1 to pay ! debt4 ,! old libr>y 0 fir/ & =emo/ a collection ( mat]ial = s*ol>s2 ! new is = ! busy citiz51 to help him 9 :at he is busy ab\t1 to make x possible = him to d m "w 9 less "t4 ,x has tak5 "s "t = ! libr>y to see itself 9 ?is light1 b x has tak5 ! great body ( our citiz5s /ill long] to recognize & act on ! *ange--else ,i %\ld n be talk+ to y to-day ab\t ! libr>y & ! bus9ess man4 ,! mod]n libr>y is conc]n$1 mu* m l>gely ?an ! old1 ) contempor>y relations1 ) :at is happ5+ & :at is j go+ to happ54 ,x sympa?izes ) ! m5 :o d ?+s4 ,x tries to let !m "k :at is go+ on ab\t !m1 & to assi/ !m 9 :at !y are attempt+--:e!r x be to a*ieve a _w-wide peace or to devise a new non-refillable bottle4 ,! libr>y has plac$ itself 9 a position :]e x c d ?is bett] ?an any o!r in/itution1 = x is ess5tially non-p>tisan4 ,probably x is our only non-p>tisan in/itution4 ,mr4 ,bryan's imp>tial gov]nm5t newspap] has n yet pr9t$ its fir/ numb]4 ,! s*ool mu/ take sides1 = its deals solely ) *ildr54 ,! libr>y alone c /ore up mat]ial on all sides ( e moot$ "q & (f] x to him :o reads1 )\t 9 any way tak+ sides itself4 ,x may run ! risk ( misconception4 ,we _h a big exhibit ( w> pictures la/ ye>4 ,! ,pacifi/s prote/$4 ,x 0 v dreadful1 !y said1 to see a libr>y enc\rag+ ! milit>i/ic _s4 ,?is ye> we h a peace exhibit--prep>$ by ! ,union ,aga9/ ,milit>ism4 ,! ,prep>$ness p are horrifi$4 ,!y hate to see a libr>y sid+ ) ^? :o w\ld drag our c\ntry 9 ! du/ ( humiliation4 ,! tr\ble ) all ^! good p is j hy/]esis--lag4 ,x may h be5 fifty ye>s ago t a portrait ( a mon>* 9 a libr>y meant t ! in/itution 0 = him1 body & s\l4 ,n[ x means simply t he is an int]e/+ contempor>y ?+4 ,display ( a c>toon repres5t+ ,woodr[ ,wilson do+ some?+ disgraceful does n imply on our "p dete/ation ( ! presid5t1 b only a will+ness to let ! public see a good bit ( draw+ or p]haps to %[ !m h[ "s "p ( ! community is ?9k+ & feel+4 ,x is all a "p ( our ef=ts at up-to-dat5ess--our /ruggles to bru% (f ! du/ & sweep away ! cobwebs ( m$ievalism4 ,z an incid5t ( ^! /ruggles1 we h discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,bus9ess ,man4 ,we h tri$ to f9d out :at he is driv+ at & to help a little--to /ock ! k9d ( in=mation t he wants & to help him get at x4 ,an ob/acle 9 ! way has be5 ! fact t mu* ( :at he wants is to be obta9$ be/ f mat]ial t ! old] libr>ies knew no?+ ( & w\ld h despis$ _h !y kn[n x--p>tly1 pr9t$ matt] t _h no exi/5ce 9 ^? days1 l ! huge trade catalog & ! in=mative railway fold]2 p>tly mat]ial t 0 ignor$ because x _h no connection ) s*ol>ly pursuits--"t tables1 /ati/ical s*$ules1 directories1 li/s ( names & addresses1 comm]cial publications1 maps1 in=mation reg>d+ trade-r\tes & conditions4 ,if ! s*ol> ( fifty ye>s ago want$ to be set "r ab\t a ,greek preposition or to f9d ! color ( ,h5ry ,,vii's hair1 he knew :]e to g3 ! libr>y 0 ! prop] & inevitable place = su* data4 ,he bru%$ ! du/ f a pile ( books & proce$$ to look !m up4 ,b if he want$ to "k ! quicke/ way to %ip goods to ,colombo1 ,ceylon1 or ! comp>ative exports ( c]eals f ,russia dur+ ! la/ decade1 or ! design ( ! late/ ma*9e = effect+ a giv5 result1 did he g to ! libr>y8 ,rememb] t ?is is suppos$ to be fifty ye>s ago4 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ confess t ,i don't "k :]e he w5t4 ,i fe> t 9 mo/ cases he didn't g at all1 = bus9ess m5 z well z libr>ies h gr[n 9 ! la/ half c5tury--b ,i am q sure t he w5t n[h]e ne> ! libr>y4 ,! reason 0 t pr9t$ in=mation ( ?is k9d ei!r did n !n exi/ or 0 ?\ght improp] = collection by a s*ol>ly in/itution4 ,if anyone _h ask$ = x ,i "k :at ! libr>ian w\ld h said1 = ! same ?+ is occasionally /ill said by libr>ians1 & ,i he> x at dep>tm5t /ores & ev]y:]e else :]e !re is di/ribution ( objects necess>y to our lives4 ,!y w\ld h said--8,!re has be5 no dem& = x1 s we don't ne$ to keep x40 ,dem& = x6 ,( c\rse n4 ,is !re any dem& = fi% 9 a s&-bank or = free-trade argum5ts 9 a /&-pat ,republican newspap]8 ,p g = ?+s :]e !y "k ! ?+s are to be f\nd2 & !y knew well fifty ye>s ago t none ( ^! ?+s 7 to be f\nd 9 a libr>y4 ,! sad ?+ is t al?o ! libr>ies h re=m$1 hy/]esis is /ill gett+ 9 its deadly "w4 ,!re is a lag ( appreh5sion & appreciation among our bus9ess m51 _m ( :om ?9k ! libr>y is /ill ! same old du/y1 cobwebby in/itution ( #ahej4 ,take my ^w = x1 x is n4 ,x /ocks all ! ?+s t ! libr>ian us$ contemptu\sly to call biblia abiblia--books t are no books--city directories by ! hundr$1 trade maps1 comm]cial in=mation1 trade catalogs1 adv]tis+ fold]s1 railway ann\ncem5ts1 hundr$s ( ?+s t w answ] ! que/ions t e bus9ess man wants1 or ought to want1 to "k4 ,we1 or any o!r libr>y1 may n h precisely :at y want4 ,we are n yet p]fect & we h mu* to le>n4 ,b we are buy+ & putt+ at ! bus9ess man's disposal ! k9d ( mat]ial t w help him 9 8 bus9ess4 ,! mod]n libr>y is democratic1 n autocratic4 ,x does n h& y d[n a volume f a v high %elf & tell y t is exactly :at y want & y mu/n't ask = any?+ else4 ,x says3 we are ! ag5ts ( a co-op]ative conc]n4 ,= conv5i5ce sake1 j z 9 ! case ( ! public s*ools1 y conclude to tax y\rselves to ma9ta9 a public collection ( books1 in/ead ( hav+ to =m private collections ( y\r own1 small] & va/ly m exp5sive4 ,we are 9 communication ) e "o ( y by telephone4 ,! ma*9e = :i* y h paid is all ready to "w--/ok$ & clean$ & oil$4 ,:y don't y press ! button8 ,^? :o don't are j suff]+ f hy/]esis--lag ( appreh5sion4 ,!y ?9k ! libr>y is :at x 0 9 #ahej4 ,!y are beh9d ! times4 ,am ,i n afraid t if all ! bus9ess m5 %\ld press ! button at once1 ! libr>y w\ld be swamp$8 ,!re w\ld be a little swe>+ at fir/1 ,i fe>4 ,b ultimately !re w\ld be a realization t a libr>y built & /ock$ & mann$ to s]ve p]haps #ej bus9ess m5 at once _c s]ve #ejj or #ejjj4 ,!re w\ld be pressure on ! legislature2 we %\ld h ! necess>y funds & 9 %ort ord] we %\ld be s]v+ our #ejjj z smoo?ly z we s]v$ our #ej4 ,n[ let u get d[n to some?+ concrete4 ,j :at in=mation are we prep>$ to give to bus9ess & indu/rial h\ses8 ,"h are "s actual que/ions ask$ lately & answ]$ 9 our ref]5ce dep>tm5ts--_m ( !m by telephone3 ,! uses ( lye 9 bak+ p[d]4 ,hi/ory & developm5t ( ! pl[4 ,sub/itute = su* comm]cial products z dyes1 sealsk91 f]tiliz]s1 etc4 ,receipts = prep>+ 9 ! :olesale mann] mu/>d & salad-dress+1 & = bottl+ olives4 ,me?ods ( in/all+ a refrig]at+ plant4 ,addresses ( ! manufactur]s ( toys 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ f> f ! curb may vehicles be p>k$ 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,names ( manufactur]s ( bottl$ butt]milk4 ,dates ( traffic legislation 9 ,engl&4 ,names ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,waba% ,r4,r4 ,h[ to calculate ! depreciation 9 %op fitt+s 9 tak+ inv5tory4 ,*ange 9 prices 9 ,wall ,/reet = ! la/ ye>4 ,hi/ory ( speculation 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,ph>macy relat+ to ! laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri on ! sale ( n>cotics4 ,pictures = adv]tis+ po/]s1 su* z 8a ,pullman port]10 8,hops10 us$ 9 a ,bevo ad4 8,two dogs play+0 = ! title-page ( a piece ( music entitl$ 8,puppy love40 ,designs = book-cov]s1 po/]s1 lett]-heads1 by ! million4 ,i ?9k ,i he> someone say--8,d y call t libr>y "w8 ,"o man at a telephone & a pile ( circul>s at ! o!r end80 ,yes4 ,i d2 didn't ,i tell y t libr>ies _h *ang$8 ,:5 ,ar*bi%op ,gl5non fir/ visit$ our new build+1 he walk$ into ! magnific5t c5tral hall &1 look+ ar\nd him said3 8,:]e are ! books80 ,! books 7 all 9 _! places1 b !y 7 n 9 ! deliv]y hall4 ,! books 9 a libr>y are q z important z ev]4 ,!re c\ld be no libr>y )\t !m4 ,!y are ! libr>y4 ,b we are lay+ m & m emphasis on ! man beh9d ! book4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 he is a woman1 & increas+ly (t5 he is at ! end ( a telephone wire4 ,we f9d t in=mation slips ov] a telephone wire q easily4 ,x saves ! bus9ess man an annoy+ trip & sometimes x saves our assi/ant f he>+ all ab\t ! bus9ess man's la/ attack ( sciatica4 ,n always2 = suff]]s h be5 kn[n to seek sympa?y ev5 by telephone4 ,! m !y d x1 ! m trunk l9es we h to pay =1 s ! telephone company doesn't m9d4 ,b x is true t 9 meet+ ! bus9ess man's ne$s ! libr>y is assimilat+ itself m & m to a huge in=mation bureau4 ,?is is ! case especially at our ,municipal ,ref]5ce ,bran* 9 ! ,city ,hall1 :]e we h few books1 prop]ly s call$1 _m reports1 pamphlets & clipp+s1 prop]ly index$1 & a great deal ( manuscript mat]ial1 ga!r$ by correspond5ce 9 answ] to qu]ies & wait+ = m qu]ies on ! same subject4 ,x matt]s little :e!r :at y want is b\nd betwe5 cov]s1 or slipp$ into a pamphlet case1 or slipp$ into a manila envelope2 x really matt]s little :e!r x is pr9t$ at all1 s long z x is index$ s t x c be f\nd quickly4 ,we may p]haps look =w>d to ! day :5 all ! b\nd books 9 ! libr>y w be = home use1 & w give in=mation at second h&1 too late = ! bus9ess man to act promptly on x4 ,! real s\rces ( up to date k w be1 z !y (t5 are n[1 manuscript lett]s1 circul>s1 newspap] clipp+s & trade catalogs4 ,) _! inevitable index !y =m a huge encyclop$ia1 absolutely up to date4 ,! pr9t$ cyclop$ia 9 umpty-sev5 volumes is lucky if x cat*es up ) ye> be=e la/2 x may d = y\r private libr>y :]e ! skilful ag5t has induc$ y to put x1 b x is wor?less 9 ! ,bus9ess ,man's collection1 except on ! r>e occasions :5 he wants ! life ( ,epictetus or ! location ( ! ,dobrudja4 ,= ! ,bus9ess ,man we want ?is morn+'s mat]ial4 ,%all we d5y x1 collectively1 ! "n ( a libr>y j because ! book-b9d] has n be5 at "w on x1 & 9 _m cases w nev] get ! *ance8 ,n t ! ,bus9ess ,man may n read books if he wants !m--books on comm]ce1 ! indu/ries1 transportation1 salesman%ip1 adv]tis+1 acc\nt+4 ,he may h !m s5t to 8 home if he likes1 ) no m tr\ble ?an sitt+ d[n aga9 to 8 telephone4 ,we use ,uncle ,sam's mess5g] s]vice--8 p>cel po/4 ,! only annoy+ ?+ ab\t x is t he w n deliv] ,c4,o4,d4 & we are accord+ly =c$ to ask = a po/age deposit 9 advance--any?+ y *oose1 f ! po/age on "o book "o way to sev]al doll>s4 ,we w notify y :5 ! money is us$ up4 ,?is comb9ation ( telephone & p>cel po/ seems to me ! ideal ( libr>y s]vice :5 y c "n ! book y want & don't c>e to be m]ely br[s+ along ! %elves4 ,if ! book is out1 y w be put on ! wait+ li/ & w get x automatically :5 y\r turn comes4 ,:y does n e citiz5 ( ,/4 ,l\is avail himself ( ?is easy s]vice8 ,hy/]esis1 ,i suppose2 ?9k+ ( ! old libr>y ( #ahej & neglect+ t ( #aiag4 ,or p]haps x is t provok+ little advance paym5t4 ,pay be=eh& may be a poor payma/]1 b ^? :o "w ) ,uncle ,sam h to make 8 acqua9tance4 ,s mu* = ! in=mation to be obta9$ f ! libr>y by bus9ess m54 ,y are adv]tis+ m54 ,y\r bus9ess is ! dissem9ation ( in=mation4 ,y\r boa/ is t x is y\r bus9ess to tell ! tru?1 & ,i believe x4 ,h[ c ! ,libr>y help y tell x8 ,well--,i believe ! ,libr>y to be ! greate/ publicity field 9 ! _w--l>gely a virg9 field1 = y m51 l ev]ybody else1 h got ! hy/]esis--y are suff]+ f bra9 lag--n bra9 fag4 ,y ?9k ! libr>y is back :]e x 0 9 #ahej1 :5 x 0 ! la/ place 9 ! _w :]e any sane man w\ld g = publicity4 ,x 0 a good place to hide4 ,!y tell ! /ory ( a libr>y 9 ,philadelphia1 a beautiful old mausoleum1 :]e an escap$ crim9al once /ay$ 9 its public read+ room = ?ree days be=e ! police f\nd him4 ,we don't covet t reputation4 ,! mod]n libr>y1 ,i repeat1 is ! v be/ publicity field 9 ! _w4 ,fir/1 z we h se51 x is absolutely non-p>tisan4 ,if y get y\r publicity mat]ial into ! libr>y x is because ! libr>y ?9ks x is good = some?+1 n because y h "s k9d ( a pull4 ,next1 ! p :o frequ5t ! libr>y are intellig5t4 ,publicity !re is l t obta9$ f a high-class p]iodical3 x is gilt-edg$4 ,la/ & n lea/1 ! publicity giv5 by ! libr>y is incid5tal4 ,x accepts y\r publicity mat]ial & makes x available1 n because x wants to boom y\r product at ! exp5se ( "s o!r1 b because x ?9ks t y\r mat]ial conta9s some?+ ( value to ! bus9ess man4 ,9 mo/ cases its publicity is g5]al1 n specific4 ,y "k t spl5did ,ea/man ad--8,!re's a photograph] 9 y\r t[n40 ,t makes a ?rill run d[n my sp9e :5ev] ,i see x1 j z ,ts*aikovsky's ,six? symphony does or ,hom]'s description ( ,ulysses fight+ ! ,cyclops2 & = ! same reason--x is a product ( g5ius4 ,adv]tis+ is m & m b5d+ ?is way4 ,:y c\ldn't we h se5 x be=e8 ,= ! same reason t we c't all write plays l ,%akespe>e's or compose ,wagn]'s op]as4 ,:5 two %oemak]s1 ,smi? & ,jones1 _h little %ops opposite ea* o!r1 ,smi?'s *ief idea ( adv]tis+ 0 to tell :at tra% ,jones 0 mak+1 & ,jones's to assure p t no?+ good c\ld come out ( ,smi?'s /ore4 ,:at 0 ! result8 ,! same t induc$ ! d>ky to say aft] he _h he>d ! political orators3 8,if b(e dese fell]s tells de trufe1 :at a pair ( rascals !y mu/ be60 ,! net effect 0 to put p's m9ds on ! wor?lessness ( ! product1 in/ead ( its excell5ce4 ,n[adays ,smi? & ,jones are gett+ toge!r1 ev5 if !y hav5't be5 gobbl$ up by ! ,tru/1 & are assur+ p t %oes are good ?+s to h--t we ought to we> m ( !m2 m k9ds & bett] quality4 ,! result is to fix ! public m9d on ! excell5ce ( %oes & bo? ,smi? & ,jones sell m ( !m ?an "u ! old me?od4 ,! libr>y is will+ to boom %oes = y1 & labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 & food-products1 & textiles & se$s1 & light+ & heat+ devices4 ,x does ?is to "s ext5t )\t y\r co-op]ation1 by ! books t x places on ! %elves2 b no "o :o kn[s w g to a book = up-to-date in=mation ( ?is sort4 ,if y want a description ( ! v late/ device = any purpose1 g to ! publicity mat]ial ( ! conc]n t makes x4 ,we tru/ to y ad-m5 & y\r campaign = tru? 9 adv]tis+1 t x is no fake4 ,"h is :]e y c help u & help y\r cli5ts by s do+4 ,we /ock e bit ( good1 in=mative publicity t we c f9d4 ,we miss mu* ( x4 ,y c help u get x all4 ,y\r cli5ts w get m publicity & bett] publicity = no?+ ?an !y h (t5 b\ght = hundr$s ( doll>s4 ,p]haps x is ano!r effect ( hy/]esis t makes u afraid ( any?+ t is (f]$ free4 ,y rememb] ! /ory ( ! man :o all day long1 on a bet1 (f]$ sov]eigns unsuccessfully 9 ex*ange = %ill+s on ,london ,bridge4 ,if we 7 all[$ to *>ge = our privileges ,i believe we c\ld turn ourselves into a money-mak+ in/itution on ?is c\nt ( publicity alone4 ,i believe t x w\ld be pr(itable = publi%]s to pay u = putt+ _! books on our %elves4 ,if we *>g$ = ! space we are giv+ to trade catalogs1 circul>s & o!r publicity mat]ial ! issu]s1 ,i am sure1 w\ld n wait = u to ask = :at !y pr9t4 ,we h be5 try+ = sev]al ye>s to get fram$ pictures ( ,/4 ,l\is indu/ries to hang 9 our ,bus9ess & ,indu/rial ,room4 ,if we _h ask$ #ej p]1 = ! privilege ( us+ space on ! walls ( a public in/itution ,i am sure we c\ld h _h x4 ,b s9ce we (f] t space absolutely free ( *>ge--a sov]eign = a %ill+--we c't get :at we want4 ,?is is special publicity too1 n g5]al4 ,!re are "s o!r cases :]e some?+ ab\t a piece ( special publicity makes x s valuable to u t we display x1 lett+ ! adv]tis] get 8 advantage z a side issue4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s we h put up boldly 9 our art room1 big gl>+ po/] ads ( be]1 cig>s & breakfa/ foods4 ,h[ mu* c\ld "o ( y h extort$ f an adv]tis] if y _h made him believe t y _h "s k9d ( a pull t w\ld enable y to plac>d 8 w>es n on ,smi?'s f5ce or ,jones's b>n1 b actually on ! inside ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y8 ,n[ ^! po/]s 7 display$1 ( c\rse1 n z inducem5ts to smoke ,fatimas or to dr9k ,satanet1 b because !y 7 good & int]e/+ comm]cial art4 ,we believe t m p see ! art on ! f5ces ?an t 9 ! ,art ,museum1 & we want to d our "p t[>d mak+ x good4 ,x has made great /rides ( late1 z ,i ?9k y w ackn[l$ge4 ,b answ] me ?is3 0 n t valuable publicity = ^! products8 ,w n ! k t simil> publicity may await ! manufactur] :o gets out a good po/]1 "w out to ! advantage ( all conc]n$8 ,y "k ^? articles 9 ,sy/em1 ( c\rse1 tell+ :at ! writ] w\ld d if he 7 an und]tak]1 or a druggi/1 or a f>m]4 ,well1 if ,i 7 an ad-man ,i w\ld get up an exhibition ( ,/4 ,l\is-made comm]cial art1 adv]tis+ ,/4 ,l\is products1 & (f] x to ! ,public ,libr>y4 ,we w display x1 our only condition 9 ea* case be+ t x is arti/ically wor? display4 ,y\r cli5ts w h _! products adv]tis$ gratis1 9 a place :]e space c\ld n be b\ght = a million doll>s a squ>e foot4 ,y w ga9 9 reputation z a man :o puts ov] big ?+s3 we %all get an int]e/+ display ( comm]cial art1 & bett] ?an all else1 an impulse w h be5 giv5 t[>d improv$ quality 9 ! po/] art ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is is only "o in/ance ( ! fact1 :i* ,i believe to be a fact1 t !re is almo/ no k9d ( adv]tis+ t _c be done 9 a live1 mod]n public libr>y1 if "o only goes ! "r way ab\t x4 ,_m g ab\t x q ! wrong way1 & d n succe$4 ,we d n assi/ ,mrs4 ,smi? to get piano pupils by plac+ on our bullet9 bo>ds a scrawl$ ann\ncem5t4 ,we are n will+ to di/ribute by ! million1 small dodg]s ann\nc+ t ,jones's clo!s-wr+]s are ! be/4 ,we d n all[ ,rob9son to lecture 9 "o ( our assembly rooms 9 ord] to =m a class 9 div9e heal+ f :i* he1 & he alone1 w pr(it4 ,publicity furni%$ by u mu/ be incid5tal1 z ,i h said2 or x mu/ be g5]al1 b ,i believe x to be all ! m effective = ?is1 & ,i invite y\r attempts to make m frequ5t & bett] use ( x 9 su* ways z ,i h sugge/$4 ,/udy ! bus9ess & indu/rial mat]ial 9 our ,appli$ ,sci5ce ,room1 or ! comm]cial art mat]ial 9 our ,art ,room4 ,exam9e ! collection ( travel fold]s on display 9 our deliv]y hall4 ,see our bullet9 ( daily attractions 9 ,/ ,l\is1 ent]$ mon?s ahead :5 we c get ! in=mation--& see :e!r y d n agree ) me4 ,n[ let me rem9d y t y are pay+ = all ?is s]vice1 :e!r y make use ( x or n4 ,y are memb]s ( ! be/ club 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,i don't mean ! ,adv]tis+ ,m5's ,club1 good z t is2 ,i mean ! ,libr>y ,club4 ,! taxga!r] collects ! dues3 if y are n a taxpay] y pay j ! same1 ! burd5 be+ pass$ along to y 9 "s ( ! _m ways famili> to economi/s4 ,! dues am\nt to ab\t ?ree c5ts a mon? = ea* inhabitant ( ,/4 ,l\is--n excessive4 ,! club has ! f9e/ club h\se 9 ! city1 ! mo/ com=table read+ & /udy rooms1 ! f9e/ & mo/ useful books1 ! mo/ intellig5t & helpful att5dants4 ,y may h to belong to o!r clubs t y d n use2 ?is1 at lea/ x w\ld be folly to neglect4 ,,poets1 ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,realities#ag ,we are met to d$icate a temple ( ! ,book on ! bir?day ( a man :o did m ?an any o!r ,am]ican1 p]haps1 to br+ ! book to ! he>ts ( ! masses4 ,all poetry1 all song1 beg9s ) ! p1 9 ! m\?s ( humble s+]s4 ,elaboration1 ref9em5t1 un9tellig5t imitation1 c>ry !m bo? away f popul> appreciation1 until f9ally someone l ,james ,:itcomb ,riley br+s !m back4 ,great poetry is always ab\t famili> ?+s4 ,hom]ic epics tell ( ! k9d ( fight+ t e ,greek knew at fir/ h&4 ,! %eph]ds & %eph]desses ( ! e>lie/ pa/orals 7 ! ev]yday work]s ( ! fields4 ,x 0 only at a lat] day ! epic & pa/oral grew artificial because ! poets did _! be/ to keep !m un*ang$ :ile ! ?+s ( :i* !y told _h pass$ away4 ,only :5 ! poets =get ! /ilt$ symbols :i* once 7 real & discov] t !y !mselves are surr\nd$ by realities wor?y ( v]se does poetry aga9 become popul>4 ,x is ?is ph5om5on t we are witness+ today4 ,ev]yone :o has _h occasion to keep 9 t\* ) popul> ta/e w tell y t ! increas$ love = poetry %[n 9 ! publication ( v]se1 ! pur*ase ( x1 ! /udy ( x1 ! dem& = x at public libr>ies1 is no?+ less ?an a/\nd+4 ,t ?is repres5ts any sudd5 *ange 9 ! public1 ,i _c believe4 ,! public has always lov$ v]se4 ,! *ild *ants x 9 8 games2 he dr9ks x 9 gre$ily at 8 "m's knee4 ,he begs = x1 ev5 :5 he _c und]/& x1 j = ! joy ( its rhy?m1 its lilt4 ,b :5 ! great poets g to ! abodes ( ! gods1 or to regions z f> away 9 e/hetics or metaphysics1 = _! subjects1 !y c>ry _! product beyond public appeal4 ,:5 our great v]se is all remote & ! famili> ?+s are left to folk-lore & rag-"t1 !n folk-lore & rag-"t w monopolize public att5tion & fill ! he>t ( ! p4 ,x is ?is feel+1 on ! "p ( _m poets1 t ! famili> ?+s ( life are b5ea? _! notice1 t has made poetry s long unpopul>4 ,! feel+ is q unju/ifi$4 ,all ! great elem5tal ?+s are also among ! mo/ famili>--bir?1 dea?1 love1 grief1 joy1 9 human exp]i5ce3 9 ! out] _w1 day & night1 w9t] & summ]1 /orm1 w9d & flood4 ,& affiliat$ ) ^! are all ! little ev]yday ?+s ( :i* ,riley s+s--! ba?+ ur*9s1 ! ragg$ f>m h&1 ! old tramp1 ! little orphan girl ) h] tales ( fright1 ! rabbit "u ! railroad ties4 ,:5 ! mod]n read] fir/ read 9 v]se ab\t su* ?+s !re 0 a ru% ( r$ blood to ! he>t1 ) a recognition ( ! fact t v]se _h come d[n f ,olympus to e>?1 & t aft] all1 e>? is :]e we live & t life & its emotions & ev5ts are bo? important & poetical4 ,i am n d5y+ ! poetry ( romance1 b we %\ld rememb] t ?is too1 has its roots 9 reality4 ,ev5 ! mo/ imag9ative works mu/ be bas$1 9 ! la/ analysis1 on ! real4 ,take = in/ance su* works z ,poe's4 ,poe despis$ realism4 ,8 be/ "w is ab\t half imag9ation & half =m4 ,yet :5 he succe$s 9 r\s+ 9 u ! m+l$ emotions ( fe> & horror on :i* s _m ( 8 effects dep5d he is us+ = 8 purposes :at 0 once a def5sive me*anism ( ! human organism1 caus+ x to %r9k f & avoid ! real ?+s--wild bea/s1 enemies1 ! =ces ( nature--t 7 /riv+ cont9ually to ov]:elm & de/roy x4 ,)\t ! survival ( ?is def5sive me*anism ( fe> & horror1 ,poe's tales w\ld h no dom9ion ov] ! human m9d4 ,9 fact1 ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 :at we call realism & romanticism is t :ile bo? h _! relations ) ! real facts ( life1 ! facts on :i* romanticism dep5ds are unfamili>1 di/ant & di/ort$1 :ile realism deals ) t :i* is ne> at h& & famili>4 ,knights 9 armor1 di/ress$ damsels1 donjon keeps & =e/s ( spe>s 7 once z ev]yday affairs z a]oplanes are n[1 or gas attacks1 or ! ,briti% tanks4 ,^! all h 9 !m ! elem5ts ( romance2 & :5 !y too h pass$1 z ,god grant !y may1 !y w d\btless take _! place 9 ! equipm5t ( ! poetical romantici/4 ,n ^! realities t pass1 b ^? t are ) u always1 are ! ones t inspire v]se l ,riley's4 ,^? :o love to /udy gr\p-psy*ology1 & :o realize t we h 9 ! motion-picture audi5ce "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful places to obs]ve x t ev] has be5 v\*saf$ to mortals1 may see e night ! hold t ?is k9d ( realism has ov] ! popul> m9d4 ,arm$ ho/s may surge across ! scre51 volcanoes may bel* & cata/rophe may be pil$ on cata/rophe4 ,! eyes ( ! spectators may bulge & _! m\?s may gape1 b !y rema9 unt\*$4 ,b let a little dog appe> ) 8 tongue out & 8 tail awag2 let a small babe lie 9 its cradle & d\ble up its t9y fi/s & yell1 & at once y h evid5ce t ! picture has p5etrat$ ! sk9 ( ! h\se & got d[n to ! quick4 ,homely realities make an appeal t nei!r ! knights 9 armor ( ! f\rte5? c5tury nor ! tanks 9 armor ( ! tw5tie? are able to ex]t4 ,gilb]t1 :o wrote _m a tru? 9 ! guise ( je/1 nev] said a tru] ?+ ?an :5 he made ,bun?orne proclaim t 9 all ,nature's works 8some?+ poetic lurks0-- ,ev5 9 ,colocyn? & ,calomel4 ,t is ! poet's mission--to %[ u ! poetry 9 ! ?+s t we _h nev] look$ ^u z )9 poetry's sph]e4 ,!y are all do+ x n[--,noyes1 ,masefield & all ! re/1 & ! public has ris5 at !m z "o man4 ,if ,james ,:itcomb ,riley 7 "h today ,i %\ld take him by ! h& & say1 8,belov$ poet1 y h kn[n h[ to t\* ! great he>t ( ! p quickly & deeply4 ,t is :at we mu/ all d1 if we are to succe$4 ,we libr>ians mu/ d x if our libr>ies are to be m ?an pap] & glue & lea!r4 ,tea* u ! way40 ,our libr>ies are clos]1 f> clos]1 to ! p today ?an !y 7 fifty ye>s ago4 ,!y c nev] get z close z an individual voice l ,riley's1 = !y are a comb9ation1 n ev5 a h>moni\s *orus1 b a jumble ( s\nds f all regions & all ages4 ,yet we mu/ n =get t 9 e in/rum5t ( music !re is a pot5tial mass ( discord4 ,! skill$ play] selects 8 tones & produces !m 9 prop] sequ5ce & rhy?m2 & lo6 a sweet melody6 ,s ! libr>ian may play ^u 8 mass ( books1 select+ & gr\p+ & br++ into correspond5ce 8 own tones & ! receptive m9ds ( 8 community1 until e man sees 9 ! libr>y n a jumble b a h>mony1 n a promot] ( intellectual confusion b a cl>ifi] ( ideas4 ,9 "s su* fa%ion x is all[$ him to get close to ! m9ds & he>ts ( 8 community z ,riley did to 8 read]s4 ,we are realiz+ today1 we ( ! libr>y _w1 t x is a poor in/rum5t t yields b "o tune1 & a poor play] :o is able to produce only "o4 ,! libr>ians ( ! e>ly days 7 ( ?is k9d2 s 7 _! libr>ies4 ,! "t !y play$ 0 ! tune ( s*ol>%ip--a gr& old melody en\gh1 & yet ) ! "r keybo>d "o may play n only fugues & *orals b ! waltz & ev5 ! "o-/ep4 ,! s*ol> w f9d 8 refuge 9 ?is great build+1 b "h also w be a multitude ( functions undreamt ( 9 ! e>ly libr>y day--! selection ( lit]ature = *ildr5 & _! sup]vision :ile !y use x1 co-op]ation ) ! s*ools1 ! tra9+ ( libr>y work]s1 ! publication ( li/s & o!r libr>y aids1 helpful catalog+ & index+1 ! provision ( books & assi/ance = special classes1 su* z eng9e]s1 bus9ess m5 or tea*]s1 a /aff & facilities = all k9ds ( ext5sion "w1 fill+ ! space ar\nd ! libr>y z a magnet's field ( =ce surr\nds its mat]ial body4 ,a mod]n libr>y is a city's headqu>t]s 9 its /rife aga9/ ignorance & ineffici5cy2 its work+ =ce is a g5]al /aff--books1 ammunition = ! fight] & food = ! work]4 ,( ! poet ,i h said t 8 ability to ga9 ! public e> & to rea* ! public he>t is closely b\nd up ) ! portrayal ( realities4 ,?is is true also ( ! libr>y4 ,e /ep ( its progress f a m]ely s*ol>ly in/itution to a widely popul> "o has be5 m>k$ by ! introduction ( m r$ blood1 m real life1 into its organism4 ,! frequ5t] ( ! old] libr>y w5t !re to f9d books on ! pure sci5ces1 on philosophy1 9 ! drama1 9 poetry4 ,^! we ( today 9 no wise neglect1 b we ent]ta9 also ^? :o look = books on plumb+1 on ! manufacture ( hats1 %oes & clo?+1 on salesman%ip & co/ acc\nt+1 on camp+ & fi%+1 on fir/ aid to ! injur$1 on ! products ( ,sonoma c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,our assi/ants take ov] ! telephone reque/s to furni% ! population ( ,bulg>ia1 ! av]age temp]ature ( ,nebraska 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 plans = bungal[s n to co/ m ?an #agej1 pictures ( ! ,w9t] ,palace 9 ,petrograd1 sixty picture po/als ( ,baltimore = a reflectoscope lecture1 a copy ( a poem beg9n+ 8,o beaute\s day60 ! address ( ! speak]'s uncle :o left ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 = ! ,we/ tw5ty-six ye>s ago4 ,ev]yone ( ^! qu]ies ?robs ) ! r$ blood ( reality4 ,few ( !m w\ld h be5 consid]$ )9 ! libr>y's scope fifty ye>s ago4 ,books are writt5 n[adays ab\t all su* subjects1 :]eas 9 ! e>li] day ! k ( ^! ?+s & ! ability to write ( !m did n reside 9 ! same p]son4 ,s ! libr>y's progress t[>d ! realities is b ! expression ( t same progress 9 lit]ature1 us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se to signify all t may lurk betwe5 ! cov]s ( a book4 ,! contemptu\s "n ( biblia abiblia--books t are no books--:i* ! e>li] writ]s be/[$ ^u diction>ies1 directories1 indexes1 li/s & ! l1 is disreg>d$ by ! mod]n libr>ian4 ,he prizes a li/ ( all ! groc]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he po9ts ) pride to 8 collection ( hundr$s ( telephone directories2 he has names galore 9 alphabetical array--indexes to places1 p]sons1 pictures1 ev5ts & books4 ,all ^! ?+s are z mu* a "p ( 8 libr>y z ! ,iliad ( ,hom] or ! dramas ( ,cald]on4 ,b ! libr>ian does n /op "h4 ,he conceives t x is 8 duty to deal n only ) books b ) :at we may call adjuncts to books--?+s :i* may lead to books ^? :o d n read--?+s t may int]pret books to ^? :o read b d n read und]/&+ly or appreciatively4 ,"s ( our bro!rs beyond ! sea h criticiz$ u ,am]ican libr>ians = ! fre$om--nay1 ! ab&on--) :i* we h ?r[n ourselves into ! se>* = su* adjuncts & ! zeal ) :i* we h /riv5 to make use ( !m4 ,x has be5 our aim ( late ye>s1 = in/ance1 to make ( ! libr>y a community c5t]--to d ev]y?+ t w cause its neighbors to feel t x is a place :]e !y w be welcome1 = :atev] cause & t !y may look to x = aid1 sympa?y & appreciation 9 :atev] em]g5cy4 ,if ! life ( ! community ?us c5t]s 9 ! libr>y1 we h felt t ! community _c fail ultimately to take an int]e/ 9 ! libr>y's cont5ts & 9 its prim>y function4 ,! bran* libr>ies 9 _m ( our cities are su* local c5t]s4 ,"h "o may f9d ! neighbors r\nd ab\t hold+ an exhibition ( ne$lework1 ! *ildr5 danc+1 ! "y m5 debat+ que/ions ( ! day1 ! wom5's clubs discuss+ _! programs1 ! local musical society rehe>s+ a cantata1 ,sunday s*ools prep>+ = a fe/ival1 ! w>d meet+ ( a political p>ty4 ,9 "o ( our own bran* libr>ies1 9 a well-to-d neighborhood1 ! libr>ian said to "o ( ! "y m5 at a social meet+1 8,i am curi\s to "k :y y come "h4 ,y c\ld all af=d1 ,i "k1 to r5t a l>g] & bett] hall2 or y c\ld meet 9 y\r own homes40 ,! "y man look$ at h] ) surprise1 8,:y10 he said1 8we l ?is place4 ,we all grew up 9 ?is libr>y40 ,i confess t ?is anecdote s5ds a little ?rill ( satisfaction ?ru me e "t ,i tell x4 ,:at c\ld a libr>ian desire m ?an to h 8 neighborhood 8gr[ up0 9 8 libr>y--to h ! books z _! roommates--to feel t !y w\ld r be 9 t "o spot ?an any o!r8 ,on :at a po9t ( vantage does ?is place him6 ,h[ mu* m readily w 8 neighbors li/5 to ! good g5ius ( a mu*-lov$ spot ?an to ! keep] ( a jail6 ,j "h1 ( c\rse1 is ! /rong po9t ( ! s-call$ ,g>y sy/em1 :i* has s mu* 9 common ) our mod]n libr>y ideas4 ,:atev] may be its faults1 x at lea/ makes ( ! s*ool :at we libr>ians h long s\ght to make ( ! libr>y--a place t w be lov$ by its inmates in/ead ( loa!d4 ,?is once ga9$ !re is h>dly any result t we may n br+ ab\t4 ,& n[ let u consid] at lea/ "o ?+ m t we may ga9 f ?is intimate contact ) ! life ( ! community ar\nd u4 ,=malism has be5 ! dea? ( art1 ( lit]ature1 ( sci5ce1 9 _m an age4 ,x has atrophi$ an entire civilization1 z x did 9 ,*9a4 ,x p>alyz$ ,egyptian art2 x w\ld h p>alyz$ ,greek art1 if ! ,greeks _h n _h ! vitality to ?r[ x (f4 ,art1 lit]ature & sci5ce are nev] suffici5t unto !mselves4 ,!y mu/ all dr9k cont9ually at ! fre% spr+s ( reality4 ,to move up to date ) our metaphor1 !y mu/ all get fre% curr5t f ! fe$]s ( nature if ! trolley wire is to be kept 8live0 & ! motor runn+4 ,^? p]5nial curr5ts t ,amp]e conceiv$ ( z *as+ !mselves r\nd & r\nd ! molecules ( matt] c\ld keep go+ only 9 ! abs5ce ( resi/ance1 & t is some?+ t we may imag9e or talk ab\t1 b t does n really exi/4 ,e electric curr5t w /op unless a cont9u\s electro-motive =ce is beh9d x2 e riv] w dry up unless f$ by liv+ spr+s4 ,all art1 all lit]ature1 all sci5ce1 w %rivel out ( exi/5ce1 or at any rate out ( usefulness1 if ^? :o practice x ?9k t all !y h to d is to copy "s trick1 "s me?od1 "s symptom p]haps ( real g5ius1 ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,ari/otle 0 a real sci5ti/1 ?o 8 outlook 0 n ours4 ,b ^? :o kept on copy+ ,ari/otle = c5turies & w\ld n believe :at !y saw ) _! own eyes unless !y c\ld confirm x ) a passage f 8 writ+s--!y 7 no sci5ti/s at all4 ,we h recov]$ f _! =malism z ,greek art recov]$ f ! =malism ( ! lions ( ,myc5ae4 ,:o %all say t ,james ,:itcomb ,riley did n d j ?is :5 he *ose to ab&on ! /ock 9 trade ( ! /&>d poets & put into v]se :at he saw ab\t him "h 9 ,indiana8 ,x is n beyond ! possibilities1 ( c\rse1 t 8 own fre% po9t ( view may "o day succumb to =malism--t 8 little ,orphant ,annies & 8 ragg$y m5 may become famili> to po/]ity ?r\gh ! "w ( a s*ool ( copyi/s :o pref] to write ab\t an ,indiana t !y nev] saw 9 a p]iod :5 !y nev] liv$1 in/ead ( go+ !mselves to ! fre% inspiration ( ! realities ab\t !m4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! curr5t or ! riv] ( art or poetry mu/ run a little :ile by itself2 x _c be all spr+4 ,only1 ! fre% inspiration mu/ n be delay$ too long1 le/ ! curr5t or ! riv] be dri$4 ,9 a rec5t article on curr5t ,briti% noveli/s1 "o ( our own mo/ gift$ writ]s1 ,mrs4 ,g]\ld1 says ) "s tru? t ! /ories ( ! y\ng] reali/s 9 ,engl&--,compton ,mack5zie1 ,oliv] ,onions1 ,hugh ,walpole1 ,gilb]t ,cannan & _! k9--are s simil> 9 subject1 treatm5t & /yle1 t !y might almo/ be int]*angeable4 ,%e wittily develops ! idea ( a syndicate--! ,briti% ,noveli/s1 ,limit$--9 :i* "o writ] is told to d ! descriptions1 ano!r ! "*-draw+ & a ?ird ! ?rills4 ,mrs4 ,g]\ld is h>dly fair "h4 ,^! "y m5 are almo/ ! fir/ writ]s 9 ! ,engli% language to d j :at !y are accompli%+4 ,!y are by turns engross+ & boresome1 b !y are l ! boy :o has1 all by himself1 pick$ out a succession ( *ords on ! piano4 ,! h>mony ?rills him1 b he is 9 dang] ( keep+ x up s long t he w drive 8 he>]s daft4 ,:5 our ,briti% reali/s h ov]-work$ _! new ve91 _! sales w fall (f & _! publi%]s w see t fre% ore is br\ght to light ere m ( _! "w rea*es ! public4 ,h[ %all we ensure t ?is new ore %all be at h&--! jungle cle>$ s t !re may be a fre% vi/a8 ,i may be tak+ too mu* ^u my *os5 pr(ession2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ?is is "o ( ! tasks ) :i* we libr>ians %all h to grapple4 ,we h ourselves1 z we h se51 come lately into m intimate t\* ) ! realities ab\t u4 ,c we n put into lit]ature :at we are tak+ f life & s act z ! fe$]s t %all keep civilization f dry+ up or turn+ to /one8 ,?is is p]haps a />tl+ idea4 ,a book is a record4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s !re is no progress 9 a record4 ,& we are ! keep]s ( ! records ( civilization2 h[ !n %all we be also f\nts ( inspiration8 ,9 ?is way2 records /&1 b ! ?+s t !y record progress4 ,we mu/ g to ! libr>y to f9d out :]e humanity /&s on ! road & :at lies be=e u4 ,if our public comes to u naturally to read ^! records & if our writ]s "k ?is & write = a public int]e/$ 9 reality1 ! libr>y has done its "p4 ,be=e ?is l9kage c function truly1 we mu/ h au?ors :o realize t !re is a special libr>y public & :o write = x4 ,we are told t ! ,engli% publi%]s1 be=e !y accept a manuscript ask1 8,h[ _m w ! circulat+ libr>ies take80 ,!y mean ! great comm]cial subscription libr>ies l ,mudie's & ,smi?'s4 ,! patronage ( ^! libr>ies is m important to !m ?an t ( ! public at l>ge1 or at any rate1 !y feel t !y c rely ^u x z an indication ( :at t ( ! public at l>ge w be4 ,!re is a libr>y public t !y recognize & respect4 ,we h no?+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to correspond to ,mudie's & ,smi?'s4 ,our great circulat+ libr>ies are our free public libr>ies4 ,d au?ors or publi%]s or booksell]s recognize ! public libr>y z a =ce to be reckon$ )1 ei!r ap>t f o!r read]s or z indicative ( :at o!r read]s w ?9k or d8 ,i once made an inve/igation ( ?is "q & ,i 0 compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 z ,i am /ill =c$ to admit1 t !re is no su* recognition4 ,nei!r au?or nor publi%] consci\sly does any?+ diff]5t1 because !re are public libr>y read]s1 f :at he w\ld d1 if all our public libr>ies 7 wip$ (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,my hope = ! future lies 9 a ju/ifi$ suspicion t ?\gh nei!r is consci\sly affect$1 bo? d recognize ! libr>y public unconsci\sly & indirectly4 ,bo? w\ld admit t _! output has be5 affect$ by ! great ext5sion ( ! read+ public & its consequ5t alt]ation 9 quality4 ,a discussion ( ! exact effect w\ld lead u too f> afield4 ,! po9t is t ! lit]>y product has be5 *ang$ by a *ange 9 ! numb]s & quality ( ! read+ public1 & t ?is *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 no small degree by ! e/abli%m5t & popul>ity ( public libr>ies4 ,possibly x is n too mu* to expect t ?is unconsci\s recognition w give place to a consci\s "o1 & t ! produc]s' mutual influ5ce br+ ea* o!r into m frequ5t contact ) reality4 ,n[1 !re may be "s "h :o1 wond]+ at my classification ( ! ,hoosi] poet1 are say+ to !mselves1 8,0 ,riley also among ! ,reali/s80 ,& ,i ask 9 turn1 :y has ,realism come to connote a proportion ( ?+s t d n ent] at all into ! lives ( mo/ ( u8 ,we h all kn[n & lov$ ! old swimm9' hole2 h[ _m ( u are famili> ) ! man :o commits suicide1 n to end an intol]able situation1 n 9 a fr5zy ( grief or remorse1 b j to see :at w happ58 ,yet :5 a ,russian writes ab\t su* anomalies z ?is our critics say1 8,:at wond]ful realism60 ,if realism is any?+1 x mu/ surely be real4 ,!re is morbidity 9 life2 we _c avoid x or ov]look x4 ,b is !re any?+ 9 life t corresponds to n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( morbidity8 ,n 9 my life1 nor 9 y\rs4 ,= y & = me1 ,riley is a reali/4 ,god =bid t he may ev] be any?+ else4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! situation ( ?is city 9 :i* we are assembl$1 t enc\rages m5 to look life /raight 9 ! face4 ,^? :o dwell amid rocky heights & cav]ns may be excus$ = look+ beh9d !m :5 !y walk & = trembl+ at %ad[s4 ,! sailor betwe5 :om & et]nity !re /&s only a two-in* plank may live l>gely among unrealities4 ,b ! man ( ! op5 prairie1 ) ,god's solid e>? /ret*+ away nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 & ,god's free air above & ab\t him1 /&s firmly & sees cle>ly4 ,:at int]e/s him is ! pres5t & its necess>y relation%ips ) ! future1 ) only s mu* ( ! pa/ z is able to consolidate ^! relation%ips & illum9e !m4 ,"h1 z "o w\ld expect1 is gr[+ up a s*ool ( repres5tative arti/s1 work+ "s ) ! p5 & o!rs ) ! bru%1 ^: aim & ^: high privilege x is to record ^? relation%ips on canvas & on ! pr9t$ page1 ea* 9 8 own fa%ion1 ( c\rse1 = a love = ! out] realities c nev] d away ) t supreme inn] reality1 a man's own self t :i* looks out ^u ! _w & sees t _w ?r\gh its own spectacles4 ,x is ! triumph ( all art t fai?fully z x may repres5t :at x sees1 its repres5tations w /ill be1 9 l>ge "p1 functions ( ! arti/'s own mood1 s t ! same sc5e1 ! same ev5t1 portray$ by diff]5t writ]s or diff]5t pa9t]s1 may ar\se 9 u emotions z v>i$ z joy1 grief or m]e re/fulness4 ,& ( c\rse1 al?\gh we may praise ,james ,:itcomb ,riley portray+ :at he saw ab\t him !re w\ld be little to praise if he 7 n at ! same "t portray+ ,james ,:itcomb ,riley & if t portrayal 7 n wor? :ile4 ,i l to ?9k t :at we libr>ians are do+ is 9 "s measure ak9 to ! "w ( ! arti/s ( p5 or bru%1 ?\gh p]haps 9 a second>y way4 ,! writ] int]prets reality2 we int]pret ! writ]s !mselves4 ,"h is a case :]e we _c h too _m middlem51 = ea*1 in/ead ( pil+ up co/ to ! consum]1 piles up ! value ( ! product4 ,h[ _m m5 c\ld sit 9 a c\ntry *ur*y>d at ev5+ & see unaid$ :at ,gray saw8 ,gray 9 8 ,elegy records t *ur*y>d & himself z well4 ,b h[ _m m5 does ,gray fail to rea*8 ,h[ _m1 :om he w\ld rejoice or com=t1 nev] he>d him8 ,& to ,gray1 9 ?is qu]y1 let u add ! names ( all ! good & great 9 lit]ature4 ,"h is :]e ! libr>ian /eps 94 ,he pres5ts ,gray & ,gray's fell[ arti/s 9 words1 to 8 public4 ,ye>s ago ! libr>y 0 m]ely a /oreh\se & ! libr>ian ! cu/odian !re(4 ,today ! libr>y is a magaz9e ( dynamic =ce & ! libr>ian is ! man :o ex]ts & directs x--:o p]suades ! community t x ne$s books & !n satisfies t ne$1 in/ead ( wait+ = ! self-realization :i* too (t5 w nev] come4 ,does n ! libr>ian 9 "s fa%ion int]pret life & nature to 8 public1 ?r\gh books 9 g5]al1 ev5 z ! writ] int]prets !m ?r\gh "o p>ticul> book8 ,?is may seem fanta/ic1 b ,i l to ?9k t x is true4 ,! ,octob] air 9 ^! autumn days is full ( megaphonic voices1 ea* insi/+ on its "r to be he>d above all ! o!rs4 ,we are urg$ to enli/ 9 ! ,briti% army1 to buy ,lib]ty bonds1 to build huts = ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 & ! ,knights ( ,columbus1 to "w = ! ,r$ ,cross1 to buy tobacco = ! soldi]s1 & at ! same "t to support all our local *>ities & pay our club dues z usual1 n neglect+ to respond to ! calls ( ! tax collector4 ,we libr>ians h ourselves us$ ! megaphone to "s purpose1 hav+ z y "k1 rais$ a million doll>s to e/abli% & ma9ta9 camp libr>ies1 giv+ our soldi]s ! same public libr>y facilities t !y enjoy at home4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is di/ract+ *orus let u n =get t our normal lives mu/ function z usual1 despite ! abnormalities t surr\nd & int]p5etrate !m4 ,! op5+ ( ?is noble libr>y build+ & ! "* ( ?is assembly are pro(s t we int5d to live z usual1 ev5 amid s mu* t is unusual4 ,i see no limit to ! usefulness ( ?is build+ & ( ! in/itution ^: home x is to be4 ,! h\se is new b its occupant has be5 long & favorably kn[n to y\r citiz5s4 ,indianapolis has libr>y traditions1 & is :at we libr>ians call a 8good libr>y t[n40 ,y\r libr>y has _h good lead]%ip & x is to cont9ue1 add+ ! =ce & fre%ness ( ! new to ! /r5g? & exp]i5ce ( ! old4 ,! memory ( y\r de>ly lov$ poet w be br\ght to ! m9d ( ea* libr>y us]--by ! *ildr5's room t be>s 8 "n1 by ! l& t he gave to enl>ge its site1 by ?is endur+ portraiture--by a ?\s& & "o ?+s1 none ! less cog5t = be+ intangible4 ,i look to see ?is libr>y1 9 ! home city ( ,james ,:itcomb ,riley1 gr[ into a place 9 ! public he>t comp>able ) t :i* 0 atta9$ by ,riley himself4 ,x %\ld be lov$ = its broad m9d$ humanity1 = its sympa?y ) mank9d1 especially ) little *ildr51 = its read9ess to 8rejoice ) ^? t d rejoice & weep ) ^? t weep10 = its quick response to ! p]sonal & spiritual ne$s ( e read]1 & above all = its firm hold on ! realities ( life & its appreciation ( life z some?+ t is liv$ on ! f>m1 9 ! city /reet1 9 ! (fice1 ! s*ool & ! club1 n 9 ! cl\ds1 n 9 fog & mi/1 n ) ! improbable or ! impossible4 ,t x w d & be all ^! ?+s we may be confid5t4 ,riley ! well belov$ is gone4 ,8 memory lives on2 let x live ) peculi> =ce & vividness 9 ?is libr>y1 9 its attitude t[>d ^? :om x s]ves--9 ! affection :i* !y 9 turn feel t[>d an in/itution t has long be51 & w long cont9ue to be a c5t] ( lit]>y1 civic & intellectual =ce 9 ! city :]e ,riley liv$ & wrote4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y ,! ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ! great w> are to witness great progress 9 team-"w4 ,! w> is tea*+ u to get toge!r1 & x is impossible to believe t ! lessons we are n[ le>n+ w be sudd5ly & totally =gott5 ) ! adv5t ( peace4 ,! _w is full ( in/itutions1 associations1 corporate bodies ( all k9ds1 f\nd$ on a k ( :at may be accompli%$ by ! coop]ation ( individuals2 b ! coop]ation ( ^! bodies !mselves1 "o ) ano!r1 has be5 faulty until rec5tly4 ,! public libr>y is coop]ative 9 its v ess5ce4 ,its bus9ess is to help o!rs4 ,7 !re no public = x to s]ve1 its v necessity = exi/5ce w\ld g4 ,9 ! old] days x m]ely sat ) fold$ h&s1 ready to s]ve4 ,( lat] ye>s x has become a compell+ =ce1 rea*+ out into ! community by a ?\s& t5drils & atta*+ !m to :atev] individual1 or body ( individuals1 seems to be 9 ne$--(t5 )\t kn[+ x--( libr>y s]vice4 ,! public libr>y's relations ) ! s*ools1 ) ! bus9ess man1 ) ! indu/ries1 ) ! milit>y s]vice--y w f9d ^! all discu/ ov] & ov] aga91 n only 9 ! te*nical magaz9es devot$ to libr>y "w1 b 9 ! public press4 ,& yet we look 9 va9 = a discussion ( ! public libr>y's relations ) ! ,*ur*4 ,:y is ?is8 ,! ,*ur* itself is 9 ! coop]ative class ) ! libr>y4 ,x exi/s to help mank9d4 ,)\t a humanity to help1 & a humanity weak & fallible en\gh to ne$ help1 its mission w\ld be ov]4 ,9 /udy+ ?is "q ,i f9d an unacc\ntable timidity on bo? sides4 ,on ! "o h&1 libr>ians & libr>ies seem to be %y ( religion4 ,!y r>ely pur*ase religi\s books 9 any sy/ematic way4 ,!y are afraid ( d5om9ational lit]ature1 bo? books & p]iodicals1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t ^? pres5t+ ! view ( "o religi\s body might be object$ to by o!r bodies4 ,"s libr>ies refuse to subscribe = any d5om9ational pap]s1 b w accept !m z gifts4 ,_m libr>ies refuse to all[ ! hold+ ( religi\s meet+s 9 _! build+s1 probably = a simil> reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ur*es1 z *ur*es1 seem (t5 to ignore ! exi/5ce ( ! public libr>y1 ev5 :5 _! memb]s use x con/antly4 ,!y ma9ta9 libr>ies ( _! own 9 _! ,sunday-s*ools1 = _! "y p1 & ^! libr>ies1 ,i am sorry to say1 are (t5 f> bel[ /&>d6 ,!y r>ely %[ int]e/ 9 ! public libr>y's collection ( books1 n seem+ to c>e :e!r ! libr>y does or does n conta9 _! own d5om9ational lit]ature4 ,!re are "s notewor?y exceptions4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics are aw>e ( ! libr>y & seem to appreciate its value z a publicity ag5t & an educator4 ,!y are conc]n$ :5 x conta9s books ( :i* !y disapprove1 & are anxi\s to put on its %elves works t w int]e/ _! own p4 ,( late !y h publi%$ 9 sev]al ( our l>ge cities li/s ( books 9 ! public libr>y writt5 by _! coreligioni/s1 or1 = "s reason ( special int]e/ to !m4 ,^! li/s h usually be5 prep>$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! libr>y /aff & paid = & di/ribut$ ei!r by a special committee or by "s d5om9ational body su* z ! ,knights ( ,columbus4 ,t !y h a sympa!tic attitude t[>d ! libr>y is %[n n only by ^! facts1 b by ! fact t libr>ies 9 sev]al cities1 organiz$ specifically z *ur* libr>ies1 h be5 turn$ ov] to ! local public libr>y z bran*es4 ,ano!r religi\s body t appreciates ! aid ( ! public libr>y is t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s4 ,?is ,*ur* has committees specially *>g$ ) see+ t public libr>ies are suppli$1 free ( *>ge1 ) its lit]ature4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ,lu!r anniv]s>y !re has be5 "s activity on ! "p ( ! ,lu!ran *ur*es to see t libr>ies are suppli$ ) mat]ial be>+ on _! organization & doctr9es4 ,) ^! exceptions ,i h n met1 dur+ my libr>y exp]i5ce ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury ) ! slighte/ int]e/ on ! "p ( religi\s bodies reg>d+ ! book-collection ( a public libr>y--ei!r ab\t :at x conta9$ or :at x did n conta94 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 a *ur* libr>y has be5 trans=m$ into a public libr>y bran*4 ,9 ,new ,york !re are ?ree bran*es t began _! exi/5ce z p>i% libr>ies ( ,prote/ant ,episcopal *ur*es4 ,d\btless !re are in/ances 9 o!r cities ( :i* ,i h no k4 ,i am sure t m active coop]ation betwe5 ! public libr>y & ! v>i\s religi\s bodies w\ld b5efit bo? &1 ?r\gh !m1 ! public4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! libr>y %\ld devote m att5tion to its collection ( religi\s books1 & x w\ld d s if ^? int]e/$ %[$ _! int]e/ actively4 ,!re is mu* mat]ial ( great value to tea*]s 9 ,sunday-s*ools t %\ld f9d a re/+-place 9 ! libr>y4 ,9 a t[n :]e !re are1 say1 a doz5 ,sunday-s*ools1 x may be q impossible = ea* to buy sev]al sets ( comm5t>ies1 concordances1 works ( travel & description1 c41 b !y might well club toge!r = ! pur*ase ( ?is mat]ial & give x to ! libr>y or deposit x !re1 :]e x w\ld be at ! s]vice ( all4 ,9 l>g] t[ns1 :]e ! libr>y fund is great]1 unit$ ef=t on ! "p ( ! *ur*es w\ld d\btless result 9 ! exp5diture ( "p ( ! book-money = ?is purpose4 ,libr>ians are anxi\s to s]ve ! public4 ,if !y c be %[n t ! public wants books ( "o k9d r ?an ano!r !y are only too glad to respond4 ,!y d n l to buy books 9 ! d>k1 b ! app>5t indiff]5ce ( ! public (t5 =ces !m to d s4 ,su* works z ^! are ( common int]e/ to all ,*ri/ians4 ,b 9 addition e libr>y ought to conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( d5om9ational mat]ial4 ,! libr>y is n1 except possibly = "s occasional reason1 int]e/$ 9 propag&a1 b facts ab\t ! ,me?odi/s or ! ,bapti/s are surely ( z mu* value1 & %\ld be pres]v$ ) z mu* c>e1 z facts ab\t a con/itutional conv5tion 9 ,nebraska or ! proce$+s ( a plumb]s' association 9 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,e good libr>y %\ld h "o /&>d "w on ! hi/ory ( ea* ( ! prom95t religi\s d5om9ations1 especially ^? t are /rong 9 its home t[n4 ,x %\ld include ! biographies ( its pr9cipal div9es & laym54 ,!re %\ld be also its ye>-book1 r5ew$ annually1 its (ficial confession ( fai? & /atem5t ( organization1 its liturgy1 if x has "o1 its (ficial collection ( hymns4 ,its *ief p]iodical %\ld be on file4 ,i d n "k ( any libr>y t makes a specialty ( obta9+ ?is mat]ial & see+ t x is all up-to-date4 ,mo/ libr>ians w\ld exclaim t _! meag] funds w\ld n /& ! /ra91 & t1 besides1 !re has nev] be5 ! slighte/ dem& = su* mat]ial4 ,!re is a dem& = all ! late/ novels by ,h>old ,bell ,wright1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,*amb]s1 & ,m>ie ,corelli1 & s ^! are pur*as$4 ,"h is :]e ! indiff]5ce ( mo/ ( our religi\s bodies t[>d :at ! libr>y does or does n conta9 is be>+ legitimate fruit4 ,does y\r public libr>y conta9 ref]5ce-mat]ial t is ( int]e/1 or ought to be ( int]e/1 to y\r co-religioni/s8 ,if n1 ^: fault is x8 ,ext5d+ our inquiry beyond ref]5ce-mat]ial1 we may next ass]t t !re are _m semipopul> books ( a d5om9ational "*1 s]mons by a favorite div9e1 advice to "y p1 words ( com=t to ^? 9 tr\ble1 :i* x is to ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ian p to see m widely read4 ,! libr>ies w nev] wa/e _! money 9 ! pur*ase ( ^! if !y are to rema9 idly on ! %elves4 ,!y w buy freely 9 response to a dem&4 ,^: fault is x t ! dem& does n mat]ialize8 ,i h said t su* a dem& might easily div]t "p ( ! libr>y's book-fund n[ devot$ to o!r pur*ases4 ,b ! *ur*es c\ld af=d to buy ^! books & pres5t !m to ! libr>y if !y w\ld cease to duplicate ! libr>y's "w 9 directions :]e su* duplication is useless4 ,:y %\ld a ,sunday-s*ool libr>y buy /ories1 = old or "y8 ,!re 0 good reason = x 9 ! day1 n[ f> di/ant1 :5 ! public libr>y 0 non-exi/5t & ! ,sunday-s*ool 0 ! only g5]al s\rce ( dec5t books4 ,ev5 9 t day ! ,sunday-s*ool libr>y l>gely b\ght tra%--! k9d ( wi%y-wa%y1 mock-pi\s /uff turn$ out by hack-writ]s at ! rate ( sev]al volumes p] day4 ,! rapid rise ( ! public libr>y is d\btless due1 9 "p1 to ! neglect ( its e>ly opportunities by ! ,sunday-s*ool libr>y4 ,b no "o c say t ! public libr>y has n ris5 to ! occasion4 ,! v be/ "p ( its collection1 ! mo/ c>efully select$1 ! mo/ consci5ti\sly di/ribut$1 is t :i* conta9s its books = *ildr54 ,we h s*ools = ! tra9+ ( *ildr5's libr>ians1 & we give _! graduates special *>ge ( rooms = *ildr5 9 our libr>y build+s4 ,!re is no reason n[ :y any *ur* %\ld ma9ta9 a libr>y ( g5]al lit]ature = any purpose :atev]4 ,i h allud$ above to ! libr>y's value z a publicity ag5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 bo? ! ,*ur* & ! libr>y are ! greate/ & mo/ valuable means ( publicity t we h4 ,bo? are unpur*asable4 ,bo? rea* select$ elem5ts ( ! community1 p>tly ! same1 p>tly diff]5t4 ,to h an ev5t ann\nc$ f ! pulpit1 especially ) comm5dation1 gives x a pre/ige t x c\ld atta9 9 no o!r way4 ,simil>ly1 to h some?+ publi%$ on ! libr>y's bullet9-bo>ds1 or on slips ins]t$ 9 ea* circulat$ book1 or 9 any "o ( a doz5 ways t h be5 practis$ by libr>ies gives publicity ( high value4 ,bo? ! pulpit & ! libr>y utilize ^! me?ods = !mselves & (t5 = outside bodies1 b n (t5 = ea* o!r4 ,x is r>e = a cl]gyman to m5tion ! public libr>y f 8 pulpit1 al?o x is occasionally done4 ,x is also r>e1 ?o n totally unkn[n1 = a libr>y to give publicity to a *ur* 9 any ( ! ways t are prop] = ?is to be done4 ,9 p>ticul>1 e libr>y1 especially 9 a small city :]e !re is no local guide-book1 %\ld be a repository ( local religi\s in=mation4 ,any "o %\ld be able1 n only to asc]ta9 !re ! location ( any p>ticul> *ur*1 b to consult its lit]ature1 if x issues any2 if n1 to f9d on file au!ntic in=mation ab\t x correspond+ to t usually put into pr9t--! names ( (fic]s1 a li/ ( p>i% organizations1 c4 ,su* ?+s c be _h = ! ask+1 & !re is usually no "o place 9 a t[n :]e !y are all assembl$4 ,!re %\ld be su* a place1 & t place may well be ! public libr>y4 ,l>ge libr>ies q g5]ally collect ?is mat]ial2 ! small] ones %\ld foll[ suit4 ,!y w be apt to d s if ! *ur* p manife/ an int]e/4 ,if ! collection & cont9ual 8foll[+ up0 ( ! mat]ial involve m "w ?an ! small] /aff ( ! libr>y c d1 x ought to be easy to divide x among volunte]s f ! diff]5t congregations1 ?is be+ ! *ur*'s "p ( ?is p>ticul> item ( coop]ation4 ,x is safe to say t ! ,*ur* & ! public libr>y may help ea* o!r 9 at lea/ six ways3 #a4 ,! sub/itution ( ! libr>y's *ildr5's room = ! ,sunday-s*ool libr>y 9 ! purvey+ ( g5]al lit]ature4 #b4 ,! m c>eful & m g5]\s provision ( religi\s books 9 ! libr>y1 ) increas$ int]e/ on ! "p ( ! *ur* 9 ! "* ( ?is "p ( ! collection4 #c4 ,! (f] by ! libr>y ( facilities = religi\s meet+s4 #d4 ,utilization ( religi\s ga!r+s 9 ! *ur* to call att5tion to ! libr>y & its will+ness to aid & advise4 #e4 ,publicity giv5 9 & by ! libr>y to ! *ur*es & _! "w4 #f4 ,publicity giv5 9 & by ! ,*ur* to ! libr>y & its "w4 ,z a basis on :i* coop]ation ( ^! & o!r k9ds is to re/ !re mu/ be p]sonal acqua9tance & confid5ce betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! libr>ian4 ,?is is some?+ ( :i* increase w br+ fur!r increase1 z 9 ! accretions to a roll+ sn[ball4 ,= in/ance1 ! pa/or ( a *ur* mu/ h a c]ta9 degree ( confid5ce 9 ! libr>ian's good-w & ability to v5ture to recomm5d ! pur*ase ( a book2 ! libr>ian mu/ h ! same to be will+ to ent]ta9 & act ^u su* a recomm5dation4 ,b ! contact once made1 ! book once b\ght1 !re is gr\nd = increas$ confid5ce & acqua9tance & = additional advice1 & s x goes4 ,x w be not$ t ?is c\nsel lays a great] burd5 on ! libr>ian ?an on ! cl]gy4 ,x is no great task = any cl]gyman to make ! acqua9tance ( ! libr>ian2 x is q ano!r ?+ = ! libr>ian to d ! same by ea* & e cl]gyman 9 8 city4 ,if ! city is l>ge & ! cl]gy ( v>i\s d5om9ations are numb]$ by ?\s&s1 x is practically impossible4 ,recogniz+ ?is fact1 ! cl]gy %\ld take "s /eps t[>d mak+ collective take ! place ( individual acqua9tance4 ,!y %\ld invite ! libr>ian to _! meet+s & he on 8 "p %\ld be ready to att5d & to address !m if reque/$ to d s4 ,x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to w>n bo? p>ties to su* coop]ation z ?is1 t ! obtrusion ( consid]ations ( p]sonal advantage1 :]e ?is conflicts ) public s]vice1 w be fatal to its success4 ,= in/ance1 a cl]gyman :o is prep>+ an address on "s r unusual subject mu/ n expect ! libr>ian ( a small city to exp5d public money = books :i* w aid him1 & him alone1 9 8 "w4 ,=tunately1 ?is p>ticul> issue c g5]ally be avoid$1 ow+ to ! gr[? ( facilities = int]-libr>y loans4 ,al?o ! libr>ian might prop]ly refuse to buy ^! p>ticul> books1 he w\ld d\btless (f] to attempt to borr[ !m f "s l>g] libr>y1 & ?is attempt w\ld h a good *ance ( success4 ,int]libr>y s]vice ( ?is k9d is b\nd to increase l>gely 9 ! future & (f]s a mo/ promis+ field = ! r5d]+ ( aid by ! small] libr>ies to ! s*ol>1 lit]>y work]1 & inve/igator1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! cl]gyman4 ,! gett+-toge!r ( public libr>y & *ur* has possibly be5 hamp]$ 9 ! pa/ by an idea1 common to bo? libr>ian & cl]gyman1 t religi\s bodies & _! "w ought to be ignor$ by all public bodies1 & t ?is is 9 "s way a "p ( our ,am]ican sy/em ( gov]nm5t & public adm9i/ration4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a feature ( t adm9i/ration to treat all religi\s bodies ) absolute imp>tiality2 b t does n involve ignor+ _! exi/5ce any m ?an treat+ all citiz5s ) imp>tiality involves ! ignor+ ( ! individual4 ,"o way ( be+ imp>tial1 ( c\rse1 is to turn "o's back equally ^u all1 b t is n ! only way4 ,"o may treat "o's *ildr5 alike by />v+ all ( !m equally1 b our idea ( imp>tial treatm5t w\ld be bett] satisfi$ by an equality ( adequate supplies4 ,x is "t t ! public libr>y & ! ,*ur* /opt ! />vation treatm5t & began to mete out to ea* o!r a supply ( ! aid & good-w t ea* has at its disposal4 ,ea* has its fight to make aga9/ ! =ces ( d>kness2 nei!r is 9 a position to neglect an ally4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,libr>y ,,"w ,:5 a railroad tra9 is on its way1 its future hi/ory dep5ds on :i* way x is head+1 on its spe$1 & on :e!r its direction & its spe$ w rema9 un*ang$4 ,) ^! premises1 "o may confid5tly pr$ict t a tra9 :i* left ,*icago at a giv5 h\r on "o day w rea* ,new ,york at a giv5 h\r on ! next4 ,( c\rse1 some?+ may happ5 to sl[ ! tra91 or to wreck x1 or ev5 to s5d x back to ,*icago1 9 :i* cases our pr$ictions w come to naught4 ,?is is :at ! wea!r man f9ds4 ,8 pr$ictions are bas$ on v simil> data4 ,our wea!r conditions travel usually across ! cont95t f we/ to ea/ at a fairly uni=m rate4 ,if t rate is ma9ta9$1 & ! direction does n *ange1 & no?+ happ5s to dissipate or alt] ! conditions1 we c pr$ict _! arrival at a giv5 place ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,^? :o rail at ! wea!r man's mi/akes are simply f9d+ fault ) our pres5t inability to asc]ta9 ! causes t sl[ up /orm c5t]s1 or sw]ve !m 9 _! c\rse1 or dissipate !m4 ,:5 we "k ^! ?+s1 & "k 9 addition :at />ts !m1 we c give up mak+ =eca/s & write out a pretty def9ite wea!r "t-table--z def9ite & z little subject to *ange1 at any rate1 z ^? issu$ by ! railroads4 ,my bus9ess at ?is mom5t is t ( a =eca/]4 ,we "k j :]e & :at ! libr>y situation is at pres5t1 & "s ( u ?9k we "k :]e x is head$4 ,if x %\ld keep on 9 ! same direction & at ! same rate1 we ought to be able to describe x z x w be1 say1 9 #aiej4 ,( c\rse1 x may get head$ 9 "s o!r direction4 ,x may sl[ d[n or spe$ up2 x may melt away or /rike a rock & be irrecov]ably wreck$4 ,if ,i see any *ances ( any ( ^! ?+s1 x is my bus9ess to m5tion !m4 ,if my =eca/ %\ld turn out a failure no "o c prove x until #aiej arrives1 & !n ,i %all n c>e4 ,to beg9 ) ! necess>y prelim9>ies ( our =eca/--:at & :]e are we n[8 ,i h said t ,i "k2 probably y ?9k t y d2 b z a matt] ( fact our k is nei!r compreh5sive nor accurate4 ,we ne$ a g5]al libr>y survey4 ,we h1 z a sort ( /ati/ical framework1 ! figures n[ pr9t$ annually 9 tabul> =m 9 ! ,a4,l4,a4 ,proce$+s1 b probably no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t ^! d1 or possibly c\ld1 give an adequate idea ( ! "* or ext5t ( ! "w t our libr>ies are do+4 ,^? ( u :o ?9k we "k some?+ ( x h ga9$ our k by exp]i5ce & obs]vation & nei!r is ext5sive en\gh 9 mo/ cases to take ! place ( a well-consid]$ & prop]ly-manag$ survey ( exi/+ conditions & me?ods4 ,9 default ( a survey1 we mu/1 z ,i h said1 fall back ^u obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,i c c]ta9ly claim no monopoly ( ^!1 & :at ,i say 9 ?is reg>d is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely p]sonal4 ,b x seems to me t ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( libr>y "w1 z at pres5t conduct$1 include ! foll[+4 ,z y w see1 !y are all connect$ & ov]lap m or less4 ,!y are all gr[?-products4 ,!y are3 #a ,size & exp5se4 #b ,socialization4 #c ,pr(essionalization4 #d ,popul>ization4 #e ,nationalization4 ,fir/1 libr>y "w 9 our c\ntry to-day is l>ge & co/ly4 ,ext5sively x cov]s a great t]ritory & rea*es a huge population4 ,int5sively x embraces a l>ge v>iety ( activities--_m t "o w\ld hesitate1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 to class z 8libr>y "w40 ,secondly1 a l>ge am\nt ( ?is increase ( activity has be5 ( a k9d t we are n[ apt to call 8social40 ,x deals ) bodies or classes ( p1 & x t5ds to treat ^! p z ! direct objects ( ! libr>y's att5tion1 in/ead ( deal+ prim>ily ) books1 z =m]ly1 & only indirectly ) _! read]s4 ,9 fact1 ! p]sons ) :om ! libr>y n[ deals may n be read]s at all1 except pot5tially1 z :5 !y are us]s ( club or assembly rooms4 ,?irdly1 libr>ians are beg9n+ to ?9k ( !mselves z memb]s ( a pr(ession4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem to be a fact ( int]e/ only to libr>y work]s1 & n at all to ! public4 ,its significance may appe> if we comp>e x to ! em]g5ce ( ! mod]n surgeon ) 8 pr(essional skill1 traditions & pride1 f ! m$ieval b>b] :o simply foll[$ blood-lett+ z an avocation4 ,pr(essionalism is a symptom ( a great _m ?+s--( a*ievem5t & ( consci\sness ( x & pride 9 x2 ( a desire to d teamwork & to ma9ta9 /&>ds2 to make sure t "o's "w is to be c>ri$ on & advanc$ by wor?y successors4 ,f\r?ly1 libr>ies are n[ conduct$ = ! _m2 n = ! few4 ,x is our aim to provide some?+ = e "o :o c read1 no matt] ( :at age1 sex1 or condition4 ,we d n ev5 limit ourselves to read]s1 = we provide picture books = ^? :o are too "y to read4 ,we are transf]r+ ! emphasis ( our "w f books to p4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is closely connect$ ) :at ,i h call$ 8socialization10 b x is n ! same ?+4 ,an in/itution may deal ) all ! p )\t deal+ ) !m socially or 9 gr\ps2 & x may deal entirely ) gr\ps )\t deal+ ) ev]ybody4 ,! libr>y n[ does bo?4 ,fif?ly1 ! libr>y is n[ a national in/itution1 at lea/ 9 ! same s5se z is ! public s*ool4 ,x is national 9 ext5t1 national 9 consci\sness1 if n national 9 adm9i/ration4 ,our own association has play$ its "p 9 ?is developm5t2 ! pres5t w> has giv5 x a great /imulus4 ,^? :o see no nationalism )\t complete c5tralization & :o say t we are n yet a nation because all our gov]nm5tal p[]s are n c5t]$ at ,wa%+ton1 w d\btless d5y ! nationalization ( ! libr>y4 ,!y take too n>r[ a view4 ,we may n[ comb9e two or m l9es ( inquiry4 ,9 :at direction is ! libr>y mov+ 9 ea* ( ^! respects8 ,is x spe$+ or sl[+ up8 ,is !re any reason to look = spe$+ or sl[+ up 9 ! future8 ,z reg>ds size & co/1 our developm5t has be5 swift4 ,we _c1 x seems to me1 keep up ! rate4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! in/itutions n[ con/itut+ ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y circulat$ a million books4 ,!y n[ circulate t5 million4 ,does anyone believe t tw5ty ye>s h5ce !y w circulate "o hundr$ million8 ,!re mu/ be fur!r increase1 because we are n n[ rea*+ e p]son & e class 9 ! community1 b x w n & _c be a m]e increase ( quantity4 ,we mu/ d our "w bett] & make e item & elem5t 9 x tell4 ,we mu/ sub/itute "o book well read = t5 books skimm$4 ,9 place ( t5 wor?less books we mu/ put "o t z wor? :ile4 ,!re are already signs ( ?is sub/itution ( quality = quantity 9 our ideals4 ,ext5sion1 z oppos$ to int5sion1 has appeal$ to _m en?usia/ic libr>ians z 8mission>y "w40 ,p]haps ! t]m is well *os54 ,"s ( x is ak9 to ! mission>y f]vor t s5ds funds to conv]t ! di/ant hea!n :5 nom9al ,*ri/ians ar\nd ! corn] are va9ly dem&+ succor1 mat]ial1 m5tal & spiritual4 ,we h too mu* ( ?is 9 ! libr>y2 attempts to =m boys' clubs ) artificial aims & qualifications :5 clubs already =m$ to promote objects t are v real 9 ! memb]s' m9ds are ignor$ or neglect$2 ! provision ( boresome talks on 8,rubb]-culture 9 ,p]u0 & on 8,h[ ,i climb$ ,long's ,peak10 :5 memb]s ( ! community w\ld be g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 he>+ an exp]t expla9 ! income tax2 ! pur*ase ( new books t nobody wants :5 an insi/5t dem& = old /&>ds ( /]l+ wor? has nev] be5 adequately met2 all sorts ( =c+ f ! outside in/ead ( develop+ f ! inside4 ,?is k9d ( ?+1 l *>ity1 beg9s prop]ly at home1 & ! real mission>y takes c>e to set 8 own h\se 9 ord] be=e he goes f> afield--to fill ! ne>by dem&1 :5 x is good1 be=e attempt+ to =ce some?+ on ^? :o d n want x4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t our promise ( cont9u$ progress lies :5 we _c see gr\nds = expect+ great future increase ( income4 ,?is leads u naturally to discuss :at ,i h call$ our socialization1 :i* is j beg9n+4 ,x is runn+ /rong1 b !re is room = a long c\rse1 & t c\rse1 ,i believe1 x w take4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are function+ m & m z community c5t]s1 b !re is enorm\s room = advance4 ,we are /raggl+ all along ! l9e1 :i* is "o sign ( an e>ly /age4 ,"s ( u h n yet awak5$ to ! fact t we are de/9$ to play a great "p 9 community developm5t & community education4 ,o!rs are reluctantly yield+ to pressure4 ,o!rs h gone s fa/ t !y are 9 advance ( _! communities4 ,take1 if y please1 ! "o item ( ! provision ( space = community meet+s1 reg>d$ by "s z ! be-all & ! end-all ( ! community c5t] idea4 ,x is really b "o elem5t1 b x may s]ve z a /raw to %[ :i* way ! w9d bl[s4 ,"s libr>ies are giv+ no space = ?is purpose2 "s give x grudg+ly1 ) all sorts ( limitations2 o!rs give q freely4 ,none ( u give ) p]fect fre$om4 ,i suppose we 9 ,/4 ,l\is are z free z any4 ,9 #ae assembly & clubrooms we h\se #d1jjj meet+s ye>ly4 ,our only limitations are ord] & ! abs5ce ( an admission fee4 ,i incl9e to ?9k t ! ma9t5ance ( ord] %\ld be ! only condition4 ,if an admission fee is *>g$1 "p ( x %\ld g to ! libr>y1 to be devot$ to c>+ = ! assembly & clubrooms & improv+ !m4 ,!re are _m community ga!r+s t c be be/ adm9i/]$ on ! plan ( a paid admission4 ,^! ought n to be exclud$4 ,mo/ ( our re/rictions are simply exhibits ( our reluctance to place ourselves at ! complete social disposal ( ! community4 ,a community is n a community unless x has political & religi\s int]e/s4 ,if we are go+ to become socializ$ at all1 :y balk at ^! any m ?an we %\ld exclude f our %elves books on politics & religion8 ,i look to see socialization1 9 ?is & o!r directions1 proce$ to su* l5g?s t ! old] libr>y ideals may h to g entirely by ! bo>d4 ,"s ( !m are tott]+ n[4 ,i h said t ,i consid] ?is matt] ( ! use ( assembly rooms only "o item 9 :at ,i h call$ socialization4 ,x may all be summ$ up by say+ t we are com+ to consid] ! libr>y some:at 9 ! light ( a community club1 ( :i* all well-behav$ citiz5s are memb]s4 ,our build+s are clubh\ses1 ) books & magaz9es1 meet+ rooms1 toilet facilities1 kit*5s--almo/ ev]y?+1 9 fact1 t a good1 small club w\ld conta94 ,if y say 8!n !y h ceas$ to be libr>ies & are some?+ else10 t does n affect me any m ?an :5 y %[ t we are no long] speak+ ,*auc]'s language or we>+ ! clo!s ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,:5 we 7 try+ to expla9 to ! ar*itects ( ! ,new ,york bran* build+s exactly :at we want$ 9 ^? /ructures & met ) ! usual misconception bas$ on m$ieval ideas ( a libr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ar*itects 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sudd5ly sat up & took notice4 8,:y1 ^! build+s are n to be libr>ies at all10 he said1 8!y are to be read+ clubs40 ,he _h le>n$ 9 a few m9utes :at _m ( u /ill see ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,an ev5 m important manife/ation ( :at ,i h call$ socialization is ! ext5sion ( occupation gr\ps to :i* ! libr>y is giv+ special att5tion & special s]vice4 ,! libr>y has always _h 9 m9d "o or m ( ^! gr\ps4 ,once x cat]$ almo/ entirely to a gr\p ( s*ol>s1 at fir/ belong+ pr$om9antly to ! cl]gy4 ,9 lat] ye>s x add$ ! tea*]s 9 s*ools & _! pupils1 also ! *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,^! are def9ite gr\ps1 & _! recognition 9 ! r5dition ( s]vice is a social act4 ,o!r gr\ps are n[ be+ add$ ) rapidity1 & we are recogniz+ 9 our s]vice indu/rial work]s1 bus9ess m51 arti/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 musicians & s on4 ,! recognition ( new gr\ps & ! ext5sion ( def9ite libr>y s]vice to !m is progress 9 socialization1 & x is go+ on /eadily at ! pres5t "t4 ,j n[ ! mo/ conspicu\s gr\p t we are tak+ 9 is t ( bus9ess m54 ,9 adju/+ our res\rces & me?ods to ! ne$s ( ?is gr\p we are *ang+ our :ole conception ( ! scope ( a libr>y's collection4 ,z ,mr4 ,dana has po9t$ out1 we n[ collect1 pres]ve & di/ribute n books alone1 b pr9t$ matt] ( all k9ds1 & 9 addition records ( o!r types1 su* z manuscripts1 pictures1 slides1 films1 phonograph discs & piano rolls4 ,"s ( ^! ( c\rse are ne$$ to adapt our collection to o!rs ?an ! bus9ess gr\p--to educators1 arti/s or musicians4 ,we %all d\btless cont9ue to discov] new gr\ps & und]go *ange 9 ! c\rse ( adaptation to _! ne$s4 ,! recognition ( special gr\ps & ! ef=t to d !m s]vice has proce$$ to a c]ta9 ext5t outside ! pubic libr>y1 ow+ to ! sl[ness ( its reaction to ?is p>ticul> ne$4 ,! result has be5 ! special libr>y4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o are sorry t ! neglect ( its opportunity by ! public libr>y has br\ght ?is ab\t1 & ,i hope = a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( indep5d5t special libr>ies by a process ( gradual absorption & consolidation4 ,! rec5t acquisition ( "s =m]ly indep5d5t municipal ref]5ce libr>ies by ! local libr>ies is a case 9 po9t4 ,!re mu/ always be special libr>ies4 ,! libr>y bus9ess ( indep5d5t indu/rial & comm]cial in/itutions is be/ c>$ = 9 ?is way4 ,b e gr\p t is m]ely a section ( ! g5]al public1 set ap>t f ! re/ by special ne$s & ta/es1 may be c>$ = mo/ economically by ! public libr>y4 ,if its s]vice is n adapt$ to give su* c>e1 rapid & effici5t adju/m5t is call$ =4 ,9 a libr>y =eca/ made sev]al ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,dana /at$ 8 op9ion t ! libr>y1 z x is1 8an unimportant by-product10 is to be ( importance 9 ! future1 b w !n h dep>t$ f ! 8pres5t prevail+ type40 ,)\t necess>ily agree+ to our pres5t insignificance1 we may well accept1 ,i ?9k1 ?is =eca/ ( future gr[? & *ange4 ,pr(essionalization1 too1 has by no means rea*$ its limit4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is a symptom1 r ?an ! ?+ itself4 ,x is l a man's clo!s1 by :i* y c (t5 trace ! gr[? or decay ( 8 self-respect4 ,pride 9 "o's "w & a t5d5cy to exalt x is a heal?y sign1 provid$ !re is some?+ back ( x4 ,! =mation ( /aff associations l t rec5tly organiz$ 9 ,new ,york is a good sign1 s is ! multiplication ( pr(essional bodies4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,a4,l4,a4 9 #ahgf 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! :ole libr>y advance 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 only a symptom1 ( c\rse1 b ) ! heal?y gr[? ( libr>ies ,i look = m signs ( our pride 9 :at we are do+1 ( our unwill+ness to l[] x or to alt] its ideals4 ,! famili> "q1 8,is libr>ian%ip a pr(ession80 r$uces to a matt] ( def9ition4 ,we are be+ pr(essionaliz$ = ! purposes ( ?is discussion if we are gr[+ suffici5tly 9 gr\p consci\sness to let x react favorably on our "w4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ developm5ts ( a feel+ ( pr(essional pride 9 "o's "w is an insi/5ce on ! adequate tra9+ ( ! work]s & on ! e/abli%m5t ( /&>ds ( effici5cy bo? = work]s & "w4 ,"h belongs a =eca/ n only ( libr>y s*ool tra9+1 b ( (ficial inspection & c]tification1 ( sy/ems ( s]vice1 etc4 ,/&>dization ( ?is k9d is on ! increase & is b\nd to be en=c$ ) great] /rictness 9 ! future4 ,9 our pr(essional tra9+ z 9 o!r pr(essions ! t5d5cy is t[>d specialization4 ,) u1 ?is specialization w d\btless proce$ on ! l9es ( facilities = practice4 ,an eng9e]+ s*ool _c turn out electrical eng9e]s if ! only laboratories t x has are devot$ to civil & me*anical eng9e]+4 ,a speciali/ 9 abdom9al surg]y is n produc$ by exp]i5ce 9 a contagi\s disease w>d4 ,simil>ly we ought n to expect a s*ool remote f public libr>y facilities to specialize 9 public libr>y "w1 or a s*ool 9 close connection ) a public libr>y to produce assi/ants = ! "w ( a univ]sity libr>y4 ,increas+ pr(essional _s among u w dem& specialization accord+ to equipm5t4 ,popul>ization1 "s may ?9k1 has already gone to ! limit4 ,h[ c we be m ( ! p ?an we are to-day8 ,are we n1 9 soo?1 a little too democratic1 p]haps8 ,p]sonally ,i feel t a good deal ( ! libr>y's social democracy is on ! surface4 ,any memb] ( a privileg$ class w assure y t 8 own class con/itutes 8! p0 & t ! re/ d n matt]4 ,! ,a!nians hone/ly ?\ght t _! c\ntry 0 a democracy1 :5 x 0 really an olig>*y ( ! mo/ limit$ k9d4 ,engl& hone/ly ?\ght %e _h 8popul>0 gov]nm5t :5 ^? entitl$ to vote 7 a v small "p ( ! population4 ,a libr>y 9 a city ( half a million inhabitants hone/ly ?9ks t a record ( #ajj1jjj c>dhold]s entitles x to boa/ t its use ext5ds to ! :ole population4 ,we _c say t we rea* ! :ole numb] ( citiz5s until we really d rea* !m4 ,! s*ool au?orities c g out to ! highways & h$ges & compel !m to come 92 we _c4 ,h]e9 d\btless lies "o ( our advantages4 ,our build+s are fill$ ) will+ us]s4 ,x is our bus9ess to univ]salize ! desire to read z ! s*ools are univ]saliz+ ! ability4 ,b we h n yet done s1 & popul>ization proce$s sl[ly4 ,i _c say t ,i see _m indications ( spe$+ up 9 ! rate1 al?\gh our increase 9 ! recognition ( gr\ps1 not$ above1 may h an influ5ce "h 9 future4 ,z gr\ps develop among t "p ( ! population t uses ! libr>y lea/1 our opportunity to ext5d our influ5ce ov] t "p w pres5t itself4 ,"o su* gr\p is ready = u b we h nev] rea*$ x--t ( union labor4 ,! recognition ( ! unions by ! libr>y & ( ! libr>y by ! unions has be5 unacc\ntably delay$1 despite sporadic1 well-meant1 b ineffective ef=ts on bo? sides4 ,no m important /ep = ! intellectual future ( ! community c be tak5 ?an ?is ext5sion ( s]vice4 ,nationalization has j begun4 ,x is spe$+ up & w g f>1 ,i am sure1 9 ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,our libr>ies are gett+ us$ to act+ z a unit4 ,we %\ld n l adm9i/rative nationalization & ,i see no signs ( x2 b nationalization 9 ! s5se ( improv$ opportunities = team "w & great] will+ness to avail ourselves ( !m we %all get 9 increas+ measure4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( our greate/ opportunities lies be=e u 9 ! int]-libr>y loan4 ,x knocks at our door1 b we d n he$ x because 9 ?is respect we h n begun yet to ?9k nationally4 ,b hav+ begun national s]vice 9 ! v>i\s activities br\ght to ! front by ! w>1 we %all n1 ,i am sure1 lag beh9d mu* long]4 ,! national organization ( ! ,a4,l4,a4 has long provid$ u ) a framework on :i* to build our national ?\ghts & our national de$s1 b hi!rto x has rema9$ a m]e scaffold+1 conspicu\s ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( any correspond+ /ructure4 ,! w> is tea*+ u bo? to ?9k & to act nationally1 & aft] x is ov] ,i %all be a/oni%$ if we are long] cont5t to d ea* 8 own "w4 ,our "w is nationwide1 9 peace z 9 w> & our t>dy realization ( ?is fact may be "o ( ! satisfactory by-products ( ?is _w conflict4 ,n[ x is n beyond ! possibilities t ! libr>y movem5t1 head$ "r & runn+ free1 may /ill fall because x meets "s ob/acle & goes to pieces4 ,are !re any su* 9 sight8 ,i seem to see sev]al1 b ,i believe t we c /e] cle>4 ,if we split on any?+ x w be on an unse5 rock1 & ( su*1 ( c\rse1 we c say no?+4 ,"o rock is political int]f]5ce4 ,! libr>y has _h tr\ble ) x ( old & "s ( u are /ill /ruggl+ ) x4 ,x is assum$ by ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 pap] civil s]vice t x has n[ be5 m9imiz$4 ,?is ov]looks ! und\bt$ fact t 9 a great numb] ( cases ! civil s]vice ma*9]y has be5 captur$ by politicians1 & n[ works to aid !m1 n to control !m4 ,! greate/ dang] ( political int]f]5ce 9 public libr>ies1 n[ lies 9 well-meant ef=ts to turn !m ov] to "s local commission e/abli%$ to fur!r ! m]it sy/em1 b actually work+ 9 h>mony ) a political ma*9e4 ,ano!r rock on :i* we may possibly split is t ( =malism4 ,ma*9]y mu/ be cont9ually scrapp$ & replac$ if progress is to be made4 ,x w n gr[ & *ange l an organism4 ,! libr>y itself is subject to organic gr[? & *ange1 b its ma*9]y w n *ange automatically ) x4 ,if we fo/] 9 any way an idea t our ma*9]y is sacr$1 t x is ( p]man5t value & t conditions %\ld con=m to x in/ead ( its con=m+ to !m1 our :ole progress may come to an end4 ,i h call$ ?is a rock1 b x is r a sort ( ,s>gasso ,sea :]e ! libr>y may :irl ab\t 9 an et]nity ( seawe$4 ,ano!r ob/acle1 some:at alli$ to ?is ( =malism1 is ! 8big head0--none ! less dang]\s because x is common & z detrim5tal to an in/itution z x is to an individual4 ,j z soon z a p]son1 or an in/itution1 sits d[n & beg9s to appreciate himself or itself1 to take /ock ( ! s]vices he or x is r5d]+ ! community1 to wond] at _! ext5t & value1 ^? s]vices are 9 a fair way to become valueless4 ,! prop] attitude is r t ( inve/igation to discov] fur!r possible k9ds ( s]vice1 ) ! ex]cise ( +5uity 9 devis+ ways to r5d] !m effectively4 ,we h occasionally be5 accus$ ( tak+ ! attitude ( self-laudation1 b ,i really d n ?9k !re is great dang] ( an epidemic ( ?is malady4 ,we d n receive en\gh enc\ragem5t4 ,once 9 a :ile1 to be sure1 someone tells u1 or tells ! public1 :at a great & valuable in/itution ! public libr>y is b ! treatm5t t we receive is g5]ally mildly humor\s :5 x is n *>act]iz$ by d[nright indiff]5ce & neglect4 ,:5ev] a book comes into my h&s tell+ ( "s movem5t 9 :i* ,i "k t ! libr>y has borne an honorable "p ,i always turn fir/ to ! index & se>* = recognition "u ! lett] ,l4 ,g5]ally x is n !re2 :5 x is1 x is almo/ always inadequate4 ,if we are attack$ by ! 8big head10 x w h to be a case ( auto-intoxication4 ,exploitation is ano!r possible rock4 ,i h already allud$ to ! dang] ( capture by a political ma*9e1 b !re are o!r int]e/s m subtle & q z dang]\s4 ,_m a useful in/itution1 int5d$ to be nonp>tisan1 has be5 captur$ & us$ by "s int]e/ or o!r :ile rema9+ non-p>tisan on ! surface4 ,our safety1 s f>1 has resid$ 9 ! inability ( mo/ int]e/s to see t we are wor? capture4 ,:5 ! drive comes1 z ,i believe x w1 our cont9u$ safety w lie1 n 9 resi/ance1 b 9 an equal yield+ to all--a will+ness to act z ! ag5t = all isms1 religi\s1 economic1 political & indu/rial )\t exalt+ "o above ano!r or emphasiz+ "o at ano!r's exp5se4 ,some?+ ( ?is we are already do+1 & 9 s f> z we succe$ 9 x we are plac+ ourselves 9 a position ( vantage f :i* x w be v difficult to dislodge u4 ,assum+ ! tru? ( all ?is--& x is some?+ ( an assumption1 ,i grant y--:at !n1 is our libr>y ( #aiej to be8 ,an in/itution n v mu* l>g] or m exp5sively op]at$ ?an our pres5t maximum1 al?\gh ) a high] m9imum1 c>ri$ on ) a m c>eful eye to economy & wat*+ m jeal\sly ! quality ( its output4 ,x w h two units ( s]vice1 z at pres5t1 ! book & ! citiz51 b x w t5d to reg>d ! latt] z prim>y1 r ?an ! =m] & w %r9k f no =m ( s]vice t x c r5d] him4 ,! high] quality ( its "w w be reflect$ 9 ! great] pride ( ! work]--9 a _s ( pr(essionalism t w insi/ on adequate tra9+ & prop] comp5sation & possibly w use organization to en=ce ^! ideals4 ,x w rea* out some:at fur!r among ! p ?an x does n[1 al?\gh n s mu* t ! diff]5ce w be notable4 ,f9ally ! teamwork betwe5 diff]5t libr>ies w be m frequ5t & effective1 assi/ants w be ex*ang$ freely1 read]s' c>ds us$ int]*angeably & int]-libr>y loans w take place easily & (t54 ,:at effect w ^! *anges h on ! desirability ( libr>y "w z a pr(ession8 ,! only conclusion c be t x w be greatly increas$4 ,by ?is ,i mean t x w be m int]e/+1 m likely to give pleasure to ! work] z a by-product4 ,i d n mean t x w necess>ily pay v mu* bett]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & pleasurable occupations are g5]ally1 ,i ?9k1 ^? t d n pay well 9 money4 ,"o %\ld n expect full paym5t 9 bo? ca% & pleasure4 ,! exception is :]e ! acquisition ( money is itself ! feature ( ! occupation t gives ! pleasure4 ,i d n qu>rel ) ^? :o pursue ?is =m ( pleasure1 b !y c]ta9ly h no bus9ess to be libr>ians or tea*]s1 or arti/s or au?ors1 or to engage 9 any occupation :i* 9 itself con/itutes to ! work] ! fullness ( life & its illum9ation4 ,! libr>y pr(ession w make its appeal 9 #aiej1 z x does today1 to m5 & wom5 :o l to "w ) & among & ?r\gh books2 :o also l to "w ) & among & ?r\gh p2 :o enjoy wat*+ ! int]play ( relations betwe5 ! man & ! book & us+ !m = ! advancem5t ( civilization4 ,?is is an intellectual & spiritual appeal1 & x is n likely to be replac$ by t :i* glitt]s on ! metallic face ( ! doll>4 ,9 tak+ leave ( our subject we may g back to our op5+ simile ( ! railroad tra94 ,! fli] t rea*es ,new ,york is ! same tra9 t left ,*icago2 its pass5g]s h n greatly *ang$1 & yet its environm5t is :olly diff]5t1 s t ! outlook ( ^? )9 x has totally alt]$4 ,x is 9 "s su* fa%ion t ! libr>y ( #aiej w diff] f t ( today4 ,x w be ! same in/itution ) ! same /aff1 b x w h travel$ f> on ! rails ( "t4 ,its environm5t1 its outlook w be diff]5t1 & 9 its response to t v>iation x mu/ ne$s d diff]5t ?+s & r5d] a diff]5t s]vice4 ,may its motive p[] nev] fail1 its ma*9]y be kept well oil$1 & ! crew ma9ta9 _! /r5g?1 intellig5ce & sanity6 ,,popul>iz+ ,,music ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,libr>y#ah ,! pur*ase ( music by a public libr>y is ju/ifi$ by ! assumption t its use is to be some:at analog\s to t ( pr9t$ spee*4 ,! analogy is1 9 fact1 some:at clos] ?an mo/ p]sons realize1 & its consid]ation reveals "s mi/ak5 ideas ab\t ! use ( music 9 a libr>y & may give rise to sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( t use4 ,a page ( music1 l a page ( writt5 language1 is a record ( some?+ ^: prim>y expression is obta9$ ?r\gh s\nd4 ,anyone :o und]/&s ! notation 9 ei!r case may reproduce ! s\nds4 ,9 "o case ?is is 8read+ al\d02 9 ! o!r x is a p]=mance ( ! music4 ,9 ! case ( ! music ! s\nds may be made ) ! voice1 or ) an in/rum5t or ) "o or sev]al ( bo? at once1 b ?is is only an app>5t complication & does n affect ! pr9ciple4 ,! read]1 ( c\rse1 may le>n ! language1 or ! music1 by he>t & !n disp5se ) ! writt5 record4 ,9 practise !re are important diff]5ces betwe5 ! treatm5t ( records ( spee* & music4 ,z s\nd is readily imag9$ z well z actually produc$1 bo? spee* & music may be enjoy$ by a read] )\t mak+ a s\nd4 ,if ! read] ( a book _c d ?is1 he is n reg>d$ z at all skill$4 ,mo/ ( u1 ,i ?9k1 d n consid] t a p]son kn[s completely h[ to read :5 he is n able to read 8to himself01 b f9ds x necess>y to make ! actual s\nds ( spee*1 :e!r l\dly1 or only "u 8 brea?4 ,9 ! case ( music1 h[ev]1 only ! skill$ musician1 z a g5]al ?+1 is able to read a page ( music 8to himself01 z he w\ld read a page ( writt5 language4 ,?is is especially ! case ) in/rum5tal music & ) music :]e !re are sev]al p>ts4 ,an accompli%$ musician1 h[ev]1 may run ov] an or*e/ral score & he> ! p]=mance 89 8 m9d01 ) ! quality ( ea* in/rum5t br\ght out1 ! h>monies & ! %ad+ ( int5sity4 ,we may g a /ep fur!r z a matt] ( curi\s int]e/4 ,language is n necess>ily connect$ ) s\nds at all4 ,a deaf mute1 :o has nev] he>d a s\nd1 & is incapable ( und]/&+ :at s\nd is1 may nev]!less le>n to read4 ,he is1 h[ev] unable to appreciate a page ( writt5 music1 & ,i d n "k h[ x w\ld be possible to expla9 to him :at x is l1 except ! rhy?m ( x1 :i* may be made to appeal to ! s5ses ( sight & t\*1 z well z to t ( s\nd4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! read] ( music mu/ at lea/ imag9e ! s\nds repres5t$ by ! notation be=e him4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! read] ( spee*4 ,anyone :o c read fa/ & well en\gh may1 l ! deaf mute1 und]/& :at he reads )\t ev5 imag+ ! s\nd ( ! words4 ,"o may ev5 read s fa/ t ! m]e spe$ =bids any ?\ght ( ! correspond+ oral language4 ,skill$ read]s may take 9 a s5t5ce1 a p>agraph1 almo/ a page1 at a glance4 ,?is is ! sole po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 read+ language & read+ music2 & x does n greatly conc]n u "h because all t x practically affects is spe$ ( appreciation4 ,some?+ t is ( great] importance is ! diff]5ce ( purpose usually f\nd betwe5 ^? :o read words & ^? :o read musical notes4 ,:5 we say ( a *ild t he is /udy+ music we usually mean t he is le>n+ h[ to s+ or to play on "s in/rum5t ) ! special view ( be+ able to p]=m be=e "s k9d ( audi5ce4 ,a music-tea*] 9 l mann] is "o :o tea*es 8 pupils h[ to play on ! piano or ! viol91 or h[ to s+4 ,b :5 we tea* a *ild to read we are n prim>ily conc]n$ ) 8 future ability to read al\d or to recite s z to give pleasure to an audi5ce1 :at we are ?9k+ ( is 8 ability to read rapidly to himself s z to und]/& :at is 9 books4 ,look$ at 9 ! same way ! ma9 ?+ 9 musical in/ruction w\ld be to tea* rapid sight-read+ s t ! read] %\ld get ! ability to become acqua9t$ ) z l>ge a numb] ( musical ma/]pieces z possible4 ,"o le>ns to talk by talk+2 "o le>ns to read by read+2 & ! same is true ( read+ music4 ,& z ! omnivor\s read] ( books always wants to express 8 own ?\ghts 9 writ+1 s ! omnivor\s read] ( music w want to compose4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r may produce any?+ great1 b ! ef=t w aid 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! *ild beg9s to put 8 ?\ghts into words be=e he kn[s h[ to read4 ,he is enc\rag$ to d s4 ,no "m ev] tri$ to /op h] baby f le>n+ to talk because its fir/ ef=ts 7 feeble1 halt+ & un9telligible4 ,h[ diff]5tly we treat ! *ild's attempts at musical expression--= t is ! explanation ( _m ( ! crude baby noises t we he>4 ,z ! *ild gr[s1 its expression 9 ?is direction is disc\rag$1 & seldom is any ef=t made at enc\ragem5t or developm5t4 ,is x n a wond] t anyone succe$s 9 compos+ orig9al music8 ,h[ _m great poets or noveli/s %\ld we h if e baby 7 disc\rag$ 9 its ef=ts to express itself 9 words2 if x 7 nev] taught to talk & nev] to read8 ,by ! "t we libr>ians are able to ex]t an influ5ce on ! read]1 ?is p]iod is pa/1 b x is /ill possible to d some?+4 ,our fir/ job is to disabuse ! public ( ! idea t enjoym5t ( music has necess>ily some?+ to d ) ma/]+ ! te*nique ( "s musical in/rum5t4 ,! phonograph has done good "w 9 remov+ ?is impression1 b we %\ld nev] be cont5t ) ! phonograph any m ?an we %\ld cons5t to d away ) all pr9t$ books & rely :olly on works 8read al\d0 on ! victrola4 ,!re w always be pleasure & pr(it 9 do+ "o's own read+1 :e!r 9 spee* or 9 music4 ,"o mu/ und]/& musical notation ( c\rse1 j z "o mu/ "k ! notation ( writt5 spee* be=e he c read books4 ,he mu/ also und]/& a little ( "s in/rum5t1 pref]ably ! piano2 ?\gh only en\gh = sight-read+1 8 object be+ to und]/& & appreciate ! music himself1 n necess>ily to br+ und]/&+ & appreciation to o!rs4 ,i ?9k ,i h gone f> en\gh along ?is tra9 ( ?\ght to %[ ! pr9ciple on :i* ,i %\ld select ! music = a public libr>y collection4 ,i %\ld =m su* a collection 9 precisely ! same way z my collection ( books4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! books 9 a public libr>y are prop]ly int5d$ = ^? :o w read !m = _! own delectation1 enjoy+ & appreciat+ & pr(it+ p]sonally by :at !y read4 ,a mu* small] proportion are books = /udy & rese>*4 ,a /ill small] numb] are dramatic or o!r selections int5d$ pr9cipally = recitation or declamation4 ,s1 9 select+ my music ,i w\ld acquire *iefly selections = read+4 ,i d n mean elem5t>y read+--"o does n limit 8 language books to prim]s4 ,i %\ld buy works ( all grades ( difficulty1 b ,i %\ld h always 9 m9d ! prim>y use ( ^! = sight read+4 ,comp>atively few w\ld be pieces writt5 solely = display--to dazzle ! he>] or to %[ (f te*nique4 ,few w\ld be pieces ^: int]e/ is *iefly hi/orical or academic4 ,i d n say t ,i %\ld exclude ei!r ( ^! k9ds1 b ,i c]ta9ly %\ld n include !m 9 great] degree ?an ,i %\ld include analog\s mat]ial 9 buy+ ord9>y books4 ,be> 9 m9d also t ,i am speak+ ( an ord9>y public libr>y1 ( av]age size1 n ( a univ]sity libr>y nor t ( a music s*ool2 nor a public libr>y s l>ge t x may prop]ly h "s ( ! functions ( bo? ( ^!4 ,j z x is a conspicu\s duty ( ! libr>y to raise & ma9ta9 ! level ( lit]>y ta/e 9 its community & to keep ?is fact 9 m9d 9 ! selection ( its books1 s x is ! bus9ess ( its musical collection to raise & ma9ta9 ! level ( musical ta/e4 ,my own op9ion1 :i* "s may reg>d z h]etical1 is t ta/e c n be cultivat$1 9 lit]ature1 or art1 or music1 to any consid]able ext5t by /udy4 ,! /udy ( ^! ?+s mu/ h to d l>gely ) hi/ory & te*nique1 & :ile a k ( ^! is desirable x c n affect ta/e1 al?\gh we may imag9e t x does4 ,we may r$uce ?is matt] to its l[e/ t]ms by ?9k+ = a mom5t ( some?+ t dep5ds on ! uncomplicat$ action ( an elem5t>y s5se--physical ta/e4 ,if "o does n l an olive :5 he eats "o = ! fir/ "t1 t judgm5t c n be rev]s$ by /udy+ ! hi/ory ( olive culture4 ,if he dislikes *eese1 x w be useless to take him into a *eese factory & expla9 to him1 or tea* him ! te*nical processes ( manufacture4 ,! only way to make him *ange 8 m9d is to induce him to keep on eat+ olives1 :5 "o ( two ?+s w take place--ei!r 8 dislike ( olives w be confirm$1 or x w disappe>4 ,z mo/ p l olives :5 !y become accu/om$ to ! ta/e1 ! latt] result is to be expect$4 ,n[ suppose t someone does n c>e = ,bee?ov5's 8,moonlight ,sonata04 ,my cont5tion is t he _c be made to l x by /udy+ ! hi/ory ( music1 or t ( ?is p>ticul> selection1 nor by analyz+ its /ructure1 b t he may be l$ to d x by li/5+ to x repeat$ly4 ,z p]sons famili> ) good music d g5]ally enjoy ?is piece1 x is probable t ?is result w foll[4 ,i "k t ,i mu/ n[ ju/ify ?is comp>ison4 ,:5 ,i make x ,i am accu/om$ to indignant prote/ on ! "p ( "s ( my /ud5ts4 ,is x n unwor?y to comp>e ! music ( ! ,moonlight ,sonata to a m]e physical s5sation l ! ta/e ( an olive8 ,only z x may be consid]$ unwor?y to comp>e ! great & ! small2 ! complex & ! simple4 ,bo? ! ta/e ( ! olive & ! s\nd ( ! sonata1 h a physical orig9 & impress ! bra9 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s5se organs4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ,i d\bt :e!r ! s5sation ( ! music is mu* m complicat$ ?an t ( ! ta/e4 ,we "k t an ac\/ic s5sation is a unit4 ,:5 a *orus is s++ ) or*e/ral accompanim5t ! result is n a hundr$ s\nd waves1 b "o2 x /rikes ! e> drum z a unit1 & t vibrates z a unit1 s t ! impression on ! bra91 ab\t ^: me*anism we are ignorant1 mu/ also be a unit4 ,! popul>ity ( ! phonograph enables u to illu/rate ?is famili>ly4 ,exam9e ) a microscope a record ( a complicat$ musical p]=mance1 ) _m voices & _m diff]5t k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 & y w f9d a s+le wavy l9e4 ,:5 ! ne$le causes ! disk to vibrate by foll[+ ?is l9e1 x vibrates z a unit1 j z ! e>-drum does4 ,!re is b "o disk1 yet its vibration enables u to pick out sep>ately ! diff]5t voice p>ts1 & to recognize ! sep>ate quality ( ! /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! woodw9ds & ! brasses1 ) ! drums1 bells1 & :at n4 ,:5 we ta/e ! olive1 we get a sort ( *emical effect4 ,we d n "k :at happ5s z def9itely z we d 9 ! case ( a musical s\nd1 b ! v>i\s atoms1 ea* vibrat+ 9 its own way1 act ^u ! ta/e-buds ( ! tongue s t a s5sation is transmitt$ to ! bra9--transmitt$ z a unit1 j z ! s\nd is4 ,i want to be fair1 s ,i w ackn[l$ge t in/ead ( comp>+ a s+le s5sation ( ta/e to a sequ5ce ( s\nds1 ,i %\ld h lik5$ x to a musical *ord4 ,to get a ta/e analogy ) a sonata we %\ld h to use a sequ5ce ( ta/e s5sations1 possibly t pres5t$ by a c\rse d9n]4 ,i submit1 h[ev]1 t ?is does n affect my argum5t4 ,let me repeat my conviction1 !n1 t art is prim>ily a matt] ( ! he>t & n ( ! head--( ! feel+s & n ( ! intellect1 & t ! feel+s are tra9$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 n by /udy4 ,"o _c le>n to appreciate a poem1 or a picture or a piece ( music by exam9+ x hi/orically or /ructurally1 only by exp]i5c+ x & o!rs l x aga9 & aga91 & also by exp]i5c+ 9 life ! emotions t ! art is int5d$ to ar\se4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean to say t k ( hi/ory & te*nique is n int]e/+ & valuable4 ,x is highly int]e/+ to "k ! recipe = ! pie & to wat* ! cook make x2 b ?is does n affect ! ta/e4 ,k obta9$ by /udy does affect ability to reproduce or create4 ,"o mu/ "k h[ ! pie is made be=e he c make "o himself4 ,"o c n write a poem or pa9t a picture or compose a song1 )\t prelim9>y /udy4 ,?is %\ld be und]/ood1 b x is outside ! pale ( our pres5t discussion1 :i* relates to ! *ief purpose ( ! music collection 9 a libr>y & ( its *ief uses4 ,my cont5tion1 to repeat1 is t x is relat$ to musical art precisely z ! purpose ( ! book-collection is relat$ to ! art ( lit]ature4 ,n[ ! pres5t /atus ( ! music collection is precisely :at t ( ! book collection w\ld be 9 a community :]e ! p]c5tage ( lit]acy 0 small1 :]e a consid]able numb] ( p]sons did n und]/& ! language ( ! books1 ev5 :5 spok5 or read al\d1 :]e ^? :o knew ! language und]/ood x only :5 spok5 or read & :]e read]s 7 oblig$ to read al\d be=e !y c\ld appreciate :at !y 7 read+4 ,a community1 moreov]1 :]e tea*+ g5]ally meant solely tea*+ h[ to recite or read al\d acceptably to o!rs1 ) only en\gh ability to read to get ! s5se ( an extract & enable ! read] to commit x to memory4 ,a libr>ian set d[n ) a collection ( books 9 su* a community w\ld n be true to 8 vocation if he did n attempt to bett] ?is /ate ( ?+s1 :ile admitt+ ! elem5ts ( good t x conta9$4 ,= in/ance1 ! imag9>y situation t ,i h describ$ w\ld be q comp>able ) a real appreciation & love ( good lit]ature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! libr>ian w\ld wi% to see t all ! memb]s ( 8 community 7 able to und]/& ! language ( 8 books1 if n to read x4 ,to rememb] our analogy = a mom5t1 he w\ld practically fit 8 books to 8 p4 ,if !y 7 pr$om9antly ,fr5*1 = in/ance1 he w\ld buy _m ,fr5* books4 ,b "o c n d ?is ) music1 = music is a language by itself1 = ! mo/ "p untranslatable into any o!r4 ,we mu/ assume t 9 ! _w to :i* our imag9>y community belongs !re is b "o language1 & t to und]/& ! books ^? :o d n "k t language mu/ be taught x4 ,s*ool in/ruction 9 language is l>gely limit$ to read+4 ,*ildr5 :o g to s*ool und]/& & talk _! language already1 hav+ be5 taught x at home4 ,x is to ! homes1 !re=e1 t ! libr>ian w\ld h to look = ?is in/ruction & he w\ld h to br+ to be> on p>5ts :atev] influ5ce might be at 8 disposal to make !m see its value & uses4 ,secondly1 he w\ld h to see t z _m z possible 7 taught to read ! language4 ,?is w\ld be ! function ( ! s*ools4 ,?irdly1 x w\ld be necess>y to see t facility 9 read+ proce$$ s f> t read]s w\ld n f9d x necess>y to read al\d1 b c\ld :5 !y desir$1 read rapidly 8to !mselves04 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to %[ _m ( ! tea*]s & almo/ all ( _! pupils1 t read+ is prim>ily n to enable ! read] to recite to o!rs1 b to make an impression on 8 own m5tal equipm5t4 ,x is q possible = "o to le>n to read out l\d aft] a fa%ion1 9 a =eign tongue1 )\t und]/&+ a ^w ( x1 b s t li/5]s may get a fair idea ( x4 ,! effect on ! read] 9 ?is case is absolutely z]o4 ,musically1 ?is k9d ( community is precisely ! "o t public libr>ies h to deal )4 ,_m ( our cli5ts d n l or und]/& music at all1 or !y c>e = only ! mo/ elem5t>y melodies1 h>monies & ry?ms--comp>able to ! lit]ature t "o gets 9 a *ild's prim]4 ,( ^? ^: range ( appreciation & love is fairly wide1 comp>atively few are famili> ) musical notation1 & c n read music4 ,( ^? :o c read1 few c read rapidly & ) assurance1 & few] /ill c read )\t audible utt]ance2 t is1 !y c n read to !mselves4 ,x is common to he> p]sons :o c s+ or play on "s in/rum5t ) a fair degree ( success & ta/e say 8,oh1 ,i c't read2 ,i h to pick out ! notes & get my tea*] to help me40 ,?is is exactly z if someone :o _h j recit$ an oration or a poem ) "s feel+ %\ld proclaim complac5tly3 8,oh1 ,i c't really read4 ,i _h to pick out t piece ^w = ^w1 ) my tea*] at my elb[ to help me out40 ,9 ! face ( su* a situation ! libr>ian %\ld feel & act precisely z he w\ld feel & act if ! situation exi/$ ) reg>d to books1 z x has already be5 imag9$ & describ$4 ,fir/1 he %\ld try to influ5ce ! gr[? ( musical appreciation ?r\gh ! home1 s t all ! *ildr5 9 a family %all come to und]/& & use musical language z !y d ! language ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,secondly1 he %\ld try to influ5ce ! s*ools s t !y %all tea* ! read+ ( musical notation z ?or\ghly z !y d ! read+ ( ! pr9t$ ^w1 & to p]suade tea*]s ( music to tea* music really & n simply ! art ( p]=m+ on "s musical in/rum5t4 ,?irdly1 he %\ld po9t out to 8 musical cli5ts t music may be read 8to oneself01 j z language c1 & enc\rage !m to try x1 beg9n+ ) easy examples4 ,note t read+ to oneself c be done only by ^? :o already "k h[ to read al\d1 & only by practise4 ,!re is no way 9 :i* x c be taught4 ,f\r?ly1 he %\ld h 9 8 libr>y a selection ( music pick$ out to a great ext5t to fur!r ! ends outl9$ above4 ,mu* ( x %\ld be = read]s1 n = p]=m]s4 ,8 li/s %\ld be made = read]s & ! comm5ts on individual titles %\ld be = read]s4 ,moreov]1 !y %\ld at pres5t be su* z w help ! beg9n]2 = a v l>ge proportion ( our musical read]s are beg9n]s al?\gh !y may be 9 ! anomal\s position ( ! read] :o kn[s & appreciates 8 subject matt] v ?or\ghly1 :ile he c read ab\t x only hesitat+ly & halt+ly4 ,imag9e a well-in=m$ & intellig5t /ud5t ( hi/ory :o has completely =gott5 to read1 ow+ to "s concussion ( ! bra9 :i* has n impair$ 8 k 9 any o!r way1 & y h ! situation ( _m music-lov]s4 ,!re 7 d\btless poets be=e ! inv5tion ( alphabets1 & "o may appreciate a symphony conc]t )\t kn[+ 8 musical alphabet or be+ able to use x2 b we are accu/om$ n[ to consid]+ ?or\gh ability to read z a pr]equisite to ! requirem5t ( a g5]al education2 & ,i d n see :y z complete an ability to read music %\ld n be a pr]equisite = su* a musical education z all p]sons ought to possess4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! read+ ( music & t ( language is v close1 z we h se51 & we may be guid$ by x l>gely2 b !re is "o respect 9 :i* x fails4 ,music & poetry may bo? be bad 9 ! s5se t !y are ugly1 ( faulty con/ruction1 or trivial4 ,b poetry may also be bad because x conveys a bad moral lesson or causes "o to accept :at is false4 ,i c n see t x is possible = music to d ?is1 except by association4 ,a tune t has always be5 associat$ ) improp] words may 9 "t come to be consid]$ z itself improp]1 b !re c be no?+ objectionable ab\t ! music 9 itself4 ,aga91 music may be improp]ly us$4 ,anyone w\ld say t a l>go 9 a m9or key 0 out ( place at a w$d+1 or a jig at a fun]al4 ,association may h1 b does n necess>ily h any?+ to d ) ?is2 b "h aga9 ! music 9 itself is n objectionable4 ,?is simplifies ! selection ( music = a libr>y2 = x excludes at ! outset almo/ all ! problems ( c5sor%ip4 ,music is reject$ usually = negative reasons--because x is n wor? buy+2 n = any active evil influ5ce t x is likely to ex]t4 ,?is "q comes up especially 9 connection ) c]ta9 adjuncts to a music collection--pianola rolls & phonograph records4 ,^! are bo? ( great aid 9 assi/+ ! public to und]/& ! language ( music1 :i* !y mu/ d be=e !y le>n to read x4 ,!y may be pr(itably us$1 ( c\rse 9 connection ) read+1 & yet ! pleasure ( foll[+ a piano play] or a phonograph ) ! pr9t$ score seems to be kn[n to few4 ,e libr>y mu/ judge = itself :e!r x c af=d to put money into ^! adjuncts b 9 mo/ cases x is unnecess>y to d s1 x be+ easy to get ! rolls & records by donation4 ,9 do+ ?is at my own libr>y ,i h be5 /ruck ) ! trivial or s-call$ 8popul>0 "* ( mo/ ( ! rolls receiv$4 ,i am told1 also t ^? :o borr[ !m 7& !y h gone out 8l hot cakes07 are l>gely p]sons :o h n visit$ ! libr>y be=e4 ,i believe t ?is sort ( music is popul> n because x is trivial or 8tra%y01 b because x is easy to und]/&4 ,!re is "s music t is bo? good & easy--easy to und]/& & easy to read4 ,s*umann's ,album = ! "y w occur to anyone4 ,! compositions ( ,ludwig ,s*ytte are mod]n examples4 ,b ! g5]al impression t good music is difficult bo? to read & appreciate--is 8high-br[01 9 fact2 & t easy music is always trivial & poor1 is a d$uction1 ,i am afraid f exp]i5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly n 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 s long z we want easy music1 bo? to he> & to read1 & a good deal ( x is tra%y1 ,i c see no?+ to d b to use ! tra%y music4 ,) ! music rolls triviality is all we h to object to--! ceaseless repetition ( ! same phrases & h>monies4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ^! are n boresome to ! beg9n]4 ,x takes a good deal ( repetition to make "o tir$ ( a musical phrase4 ,& !re is absolutely no "q ( active badness "h--only ( wor?lessness4 ,:5 we come to phonograph records1 h[ev]1 we enc\nt] some?+ diff]5t4 ,s f> z ^! are purely musical1 :at has be5 said ( ! music rolls applies to !m also1 b _m ( !m are vocal1 & ! words are (t5 f> bel[ libr>y /&>d4 ,:5 a record is reject$ = its words1 ! music1 ( c\rse1 mu/ g ) x1 al?\gh z music x may be q unexceptionable4 ,! location ( ! music collection is affect$ by ! purpose = :i* x is ma9ta9$4 ,a collection = s*ol>s alone %\ld c]ta9ly be 9 a sep>ate room1 ) an exp]t cu/odian4 ,b :5 we reg>d ! collection z a means ( popul>iz+ music & ( improv+ popul> musical ta/e1 ! matt] takes on ano!r aspect4 ,a p]son :o comes to ! libr>y = ! purpose ( visit+ ! music room w f9d x1 no matt] :]e x may be1 b ! read] :o ne$s to h 8 att5tion call$ to x or 9 ^: case x mu/ compete = use ) o!r books1 w nev] d s4 ,go+ back to our analogy ) g5]al lit]ature we may note t :5 a libr>ian wi%es to promote ! circulation ( "s special class ( lit]ature or call att5tion to "s p>ticul> book or books1 ! la/ ?+ he w\ld ?9k ( do+ w\ld be to set !m ap>t 9 a special room4 ,:at he does d is to place !m conspicu\sly 9 ! mo/ frequ5t$ spot 9 8 libr>y4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only "o side ( ! "q4 ,no "o c br[se 9 a collection ( books unless he kn[s h[ to read2 & s long z music read]s c n read 8to !mselves01 ! read+ ( in/rum5tal pieces c n be done )\t ! aid ( ! actual in/rum5t4 ,ev5 :5 "o c read music to himself well en\gh to pick out :at he wants x may aid him to be able to p]=m ! piece on ! in/rum5t = :i* x 0 writt54 ,n[ ! mo/ frequ5t$ spot 9 ! libr>y1 :]e ,i recomm5d t ! music collection %all be display$1 is n ! place = a piano or = its use4 ,?is mu/ necess>ily be 9 a sep>ate room4 ,^! are n1 h[ev]1 absolutely irreconcilable requirem5ts4 ,x is n necess>y t ! music & ! in/rum5t %\ld be 9 ! same room4 ,a s\nd-pro( or a di/antly-locat$ room1 = ! in/rum5ts1 may be us$ by ^? :o wi% to p]=m pieces be=e select+ !m1 ev5 if no music at all is %elv$ 9 ! room4 ,?is room %\ld pref]ably be z ne> z possible to ! music %elves1 & if x is x mu/ ( c\rse be s\nd pro(4 ,go+ back aga9 = a mom5t to our analogy1 ! provision ( a s\nd pro( music room corresponds to ! creation ( a simil> room = ! ord9>y read]1 :]e he may take 8 books & read !m al\d to see h[ !y s\nd4 ,! m]e /atem5t %[s u h[ f> beh9d our ability to read language is our ability to read music4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to pres5t ^! ideas1 :i* seem$ to me to be absurdly self-evid5t1 x 0 gradually borne 9 ^u me t mo/ p consid]$ !m new & /range1 bo? ^? :o agre$ ) me & ^? :o disagre$4 ,b )\t go+ into ! "q ( :at music c & c n convey to ! human m9d1 x seems cle> to me t bo? music & language succe$ 9 convey+ some?+ to ! human organism1 & d x pr9cipally by s\nd-waves4 ,9 ! case ( bo?1 !re is a way ( writ+ d[n :at is to be convey$1 s t ! record may be us$ by ano!r p]son :o wi%es to convey x by s\nd1 or s t a p]son1 suffici5tly skill$1 may convey x to himself1 )\t mak+ an audible s\nd4 ,^! facts seem to me to e/abli% s complete an analogy t we may treat music 9 a libr>y precisely z we treat ord9>y books1 bo? 9 selection1 di/ribution & use4 ,if to complete ! analogy we mu/ insi/ on c]ta9 *anges 9 ! attitude t[>d music ( bo? educators & read]s1 ?is k9d ( mission>y "w is aft] all no m & no o!r ?an t :i* ! mod]n libr>ian1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 is (t5 call$ ^u to d4 ,i am a believ] 9 ! mission ( music4 ,! public libr>y c d no m helpful ?+ to our mod]n life ?an to assi/ ! public to und]/& & love x4 ,! fact t x is n a repres5tative art makes x all ! m valuable z a means ( deta*+ ! m9d f ! ?+s ( ?is e>? & transport+ x to a sep>ate _w4 ,a beautiful picture or /atue or poem is an*or$ to ! gr\nd by ! necess>y associations ( its subject matt]4 ,music has no su* an*or4 ,x is free to so>1 & so> x does1 be>+ ) x ! li/5+ s\l into regions t h no relations ) ! ?+s ( e day life4 ,x may re/ or x may /imulate2 x may gladd5 or depress2 b x does s by means ( its own1 n by rem9d+ u ( ! /imulat+ or depress+ ?+s ( our own pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! multif>i\s mission ( ! ,public ,libr>y1 z we ,am]icans see x1 surely ! popul>ization ( good music is to assume no unimportant place4 ,,two ,,c>d9al ,,s9s ,! s9s ( :i* ,i purpose to speak are ,duplication & ,omission4 ,!y are peculi> to no "o class ( p]sons1 to no "o bus9ess1 pr(ession or in/itution4 ,!y are ubiquit\s & omnipres5t4 ,^? :o use ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] ackn[l$ge !m :5 !y confess t !y h done ^? ?+s t !y ought n to h done & h left undone ^? ?+s t !y ought to h done4 ,?is /atem5t cov]s o!r s9s1 bo? ( commission & omission1 ?an ^? t ,i h specifi$ above1 b x includes bo? ( !m4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,duplication & ,omission is t !y are complem5t>y s f> z ! labor & exp5se involv$ 9 !m is conc]n$4 ,_! exi/5ce is l t ( a surplus & a debt 9 ! same purse4 ,to bewail !m is l compla9+ because y h a ?\s& doll>s t y "k n h[ to inve/ & at ! same "t because y owe a ?\s& t y c n pay4 ,! :ole _w is out ( jo9t because x is do+ twice ?+s t ne$ to be done only once1 & at ! same "t is n do+ at all ?+s t ought to be done4 ,! man ) ! ?\s&-doll> surplus & ! debt ( ! same am\nt may obta9 quick relief by pay+ 8 indebt$ness ) 8 balance4 ,! _w w be reliev$ :5 x takes ! en]gy & ! money n[ exp5d$ 9 wa/eful duplication & puts x into ! do+ ( ^? ?+s t are n[ left undone because ! en]gy & money necess>y to d !m are exp5d$ wa/efully4 ,x is v easy1 is x n8 ,z easy z add+ plus #aj to m9us #aj & gett+ z]o4 ,! surplus & ! debt1 ! duplications & ! omissions1 ext+ui% ea* o!r & nei!r ( !m bo!rs u any m4 ,un=tunately !re are practical ob/acles t d n pres5t !mselves 9 ! case ( ! algebraic sum4 ,^! difficulties might occur 9 ! case ( ! man ) ! surplus :o ow$ money1 if he c\ld be suppos$ ignorant bo? ( 8 balance & ( 8 debt1 :ile suff]+ ! inconv5i5ces due to bo?4 ,?is ignorance is ! rule1 r ?an ! exception1 9 ! case ( ord9>y duplications & omissions4 ,ei!r ! duplication is n notic$1 because at fir/ sight x does n appe> to be a duplication1 or :5 recogniz$ z su*1 its exi/5ce does n seem to be ( any consequ5ce4 ,besides ?is1 bo? duplications & omissions seem to "s to be "p ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s orda9$ = u & n to be di/urb$ by ! h& ( impiety4 ,"o h>dly kn[s :5 to beg9 ) illu/rations :]e !re is su* a weal? ( mat]ial1 :e!r we seek x 9 civics1 or hi/ory1 or sci5ce1 or bus9ess or 9 dome/ic economy4 ,z y h d\btless surmis$ ,i int5d to take ! ,public ,libr>y z my *ief field ( rese>*1 b ,i mu/ ma9ta9 or at lea/ ju/ify my !sis ( univ]sality by a prelim9>y trip ?r\gh a mu* broad] field4 ,fir/ let u take ! age-old univ]sal grievance1 ! unequal di/ribution ( weal?1 :i* f our pres5t /&po9t we may simplify by say+ t "o man has two doll>s :]e he ne$s only "o & ano!r has no doll>s at all--omission 9 8 case :]e !re is duplication 9 ! o!r4 ,i "k !re are "s p :o fail to see two s9s 9 ^! simple & well-kn[n facts1 b mo/ ( u n[adays are recogniz+ t x is at lea/ an unsatisfactory /ate ( affairs4 ,:]e we disagree is t "s feel t h[ev] unsatisfactory x may be !re is no?+ to be done ab\t x2 t o!rs :o agree t x is unsatisfactory are unable to agree on :at !y w\ld consid] satisfactory2 & t ev5 ^? :o ?9k !y "k ?is are unable to get toge!r on a me?od ( atta9+ :at !y desire4 ,^! v>i\s k9ds & degrees ( disagreem5t con/itute ! reason :y ^! two p>ticul> s9s ( duplication & omission cont9ue to be committ$4 ,n[ let u take a v big jump1 f ! g5]al !ory ( socialism d[n to ! golf-clubs ( ,middlefield1 ,mass4--a real place1 ?\gh ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to *ange its "n4 ,) a population ( ab\t a ?\s&1 ?is model village support$ until rec5tly two ( ^! in/itutions = no o!r reason ?an ! g5]al t5d5cy to wa/eful duplication1 already not$4 ,! l9ks on ! ,we/ ,side & ^? on ! ,ea/ ,side _h bo? _! ard5t p>tisans4 ,ea* club consid]$ ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r a %ame & an outrage & ea* 0 only too will+ to aboli% duplication by consolidation1 always provid$ its own p>ticul> l9ks %\ld be ! ones to survive4 ,= ye>s ?is small place support$ ^! two clubs1 ea* ) its club-h\se1 gr\nds1 dues & assessm5ts4 ,^? :o 7 n p>tisans _h to belong to bo?1 to keep ! peace4 ,mean:ile1 ! t[n greatly ne$$ a small social club :]e ! retir$ city m]*ants1 pr(essional m5 & arti/s :o l>gely made up its population c\ld assemble occasionally1 h a game ( pool or bridge & dr9k a cup ( tea4 ,b _! incomes 7 n l>ge & !y _h to keep up ^? two golf clubs4 ,! situation is s typical t ,i am enl>g+ on x a little4 ,i wi% t ! outcome 7 typical too4 ,t outcome 0 t aft] ye>s ( discussion ! clubs 7 m]g$1 "o ( ! l9ks 0 discont9u$1 & ! village n[ enjoys ! little social club t x ne$$4 ,an omission has be5 fill$ by do+ away ) a duplication4 ,! *ur* hi/ory ( _m a small place is v mu* to ! po9t4 ,we see ?ree or f\r d5om9ational bodies /ruggl+ ) small congregations1 inadequate build+s & g5]al pov]ty :5 by unit+ !y might fill all ^! lacks simply by sav+ :at !y are n[ sp5d+ on duplication4 ,doctr9al diff]5ces are said to keep !m ap>t2 b to ! non-!ological m9d ^! diff]5ces are n great] ?an ^! t mu/ always exi/ betwe5 ?\ghtful m5 9 ! same religi\s body4 ,x is pleasant to see an occasional lapse into sanity1 %[n by ! union ( su* *ur*es & ! consequ5t /r5g!n+ & gr[? ( a t[n's religi\s life4 ,probably x is n too mu* to say t ! :ole problem ( ,*ri/ian ,unity is b a phase ( ?is g5]al "q ( duplication & omission4 ,9 ! bus9ess _w our two s9s fl\ri% l gre5 bay trees4 ,small villages h two groc]ies & no h>dw>e /ore2 l>ge cities may be ov]run ) "o trade :ile !re is lack ( ano!r4 ,^! ?+s ought to adju/ !mselves1 b !y d n4 ,"o c pick out duplication & omission 9 ! /ock ( a s+le in/itution4 ,on ask+ = some?+ at a dep>tm5t /ore rec5tly ,i 0 met ) ! rem>k1 8,isn't t funny8 ,y are ! fifte5? p]son :o has ask$ = t 9 ! la/ ?ree days60 ,! fact 0 not$ z m]ely curi\s & int]e/+ & !re 0 app>5tly no int5tion ( rem$y+ ! omission1 ev5 by cutt+ out "s ( ! sup]flu\s /yles ( neckties4 ,! mo/ flagrant example ,i "k ( duplication 9 ! bus9ess & indu/rial _w is ! duplicate telephone company4 ,a telephone company is a good example ( a mutual ent]prise2 its value to any subscrib] dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( all ! o!r subscrib]s4 ,if a man c\ld af=d to buy up ! company & discont9ue all ! telephones b 8 own1 ! value w\ld disappe>4 ,two companies are simply a nuisance1 involv+ duplication ( plant ) no result+ conv5i5ce4 ,! same is n true ( gas or wat] companies1 because "h "o us] does n dep5d on ! o!rs4 ,y w\ld get j z good s]vice if ! electric company conclud$ to s]ve y1 & y alone4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 wa/eful duplication 9 ^! cases also1 b 9 ! in/ance ( ! telephone x is accompani$ ) necess>y det]ioration ( s]vice4 ,i suppose ,i ne$ say little ab\t ! exi/5ce ( our two s9s 9 ! h\sehold4 ,we are honeycomb$ ) !m f ! rural d9n] table :]e !re are no s\p & ?ree k9ds ( pie1 to ! h\sewife :o yields to ! temptation to buy ano!r ev5+ dress & 8c n af=d0 an out+ co/ume4 ,:at we ne$ ev]y:]e is "s k9d ( a ,bo>d ( ,equalization1 ) autocratic p[]s1 t w rig\r\sly suppress all our duplication & ) ! money sav$ supply our omissions = u4 ,we may le>n some?+ f ! ef=ts t h rec5tly be5 made to m9imize ^! two s9s 9 *>itable "w & social s]vice4 ,e city conta9s num]\s *>itable bodies1 all try+ to relieve want & alleviate suff]+4 ,!y are frequ5tly ! prey ( unscrupul\s p]sons :o manage to get _! wants alleviat$ by ?ree or f\r societies at once--by ea*1 ( c\rse1 )\t ! k ( ! o!rs4 ,! result is t !re are no funds to relieve _m wor?y p]sons :o accord+ly suff]4 ,! two s9s 9 ?is case are be+ avoid$ by ! simple e/abli%m5t ( a c>d-index at a c5tral po9t4 ,:5 an application is made = relief ! index-(fice is in=m$ by telephone1 ! index is consult$1 & if x is f\nd t ! applicant is already receiv+ aid f "s o!r s\rce 8 reque/ is politely b firmly refus$4 ,! pres5t production ( books gives u an in/ructive example ( ! exi/5ce ( duplications & omissions on a l>ge scale2 & ! elucidation ( ^! w br+ u a little ne>] to ! application ( our pr9ciples to ! libr>y1 t[>d :i* we are t5d+4 ,i "k n :i* is ! m /rik+ fact 9 connection ) ! publi%+ bus9ess--! cont9ual issue ( useless books--fiction & non-fiction1 or ! non-exi/5ce ( works on vital subjects reg>d+ :i* we ne$ in=mation4 ,( c\rse ?is is due p>tly to ! fact t ! m5 :o "k ?+s are also ! m5 :o d ?+s4 ,!y are too busy to write !m d[n4 ,x is also due to ! abnormal appetites ( ! semi-educat$1 :i* create a dem& = ! trivial & fatu\s4 ,! semi-educat$ p]son is intellectually "y2 he has ! peculi>ities ( ! *ild4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! love ( repetition4 ,! little "o w\ld r he> 8 favorite fairy tale = ! hundr$? "t ?an risk an adv5ture into /rang] fields ( n>rative4 ,!re is some?+ admirable ab\t ?is :5 x leads to ! adult's love ( re-read+ great lit]ature4 ,b 9 ! semi-educat$ x appe>s z an unlimit$ capacity = assimilat+ unreal fiction ) ! same plots1 ! same *>act]s1 ! same adv5tures & ! same emotions1 depict$ "t aft] "t ) slight *anges 9 names & att5dant circum/ances4 ,an ,african explor] told me rec5tly t ! ev5ts att5d+ ! s\?w>d progress ( ! ,fr5* ?r\gh ! ,sah>a & d[n into ,c5tral ,africa 7 ! mo/ ?rill+ & ! mo/ important1 f ! /&po9t ( _w hi/ory1 among ^? ( rec5t times4 ,! /ory ( !m rema9s unwritt51 except = a few episodes 9 ,fr5* t h n be5 ?\ght wor?y ( translation into o!r tongues4 ,yet 9 ?is p]iod h[ mu* trivial incid5t1 h[ mu* banal rem9isc5ce1 has be5 ?\ght wor?y ( en%r9em5t 9 bulky octavos1 sell+ at f\r doll>s ea*6 ,! money sp5t 9 putt+ =? ! same idle /uff t has oppress$ ! _w = c5turies w\ld h suppli$ great gaps 9 our catalogues ( hi/ory1 travel & sci5ce & h giv5 u vital lit]ature t we may n[ h lo/ =ev]4 ,9 fiction1 ! s9 ( repetition is l>gely due to ! sub/itution ( imag9ation = obs]vation4 ,no two actual ?+s are alike & no two ev5ts happ5 9 ! same way4 ,obs]vation & accurate description w nev] result 9 duplication4 ,b ! semi-educat$ imag9ation sees always ! same ?+s & sees !m 9 ! same way2 & its use 9 ! writ+ ( fiction results z we h se54 ,w\ld t we _h1 to-day & "h1 realism l t ( ,turg5ief 9 8 8,memoirs ( a ,sportsman0--! detail$ acc\nt ( e-day happ5+s2 ! h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w to write int]e/+ly4 ,:5 we try x1 :i* we seldom d1 we seem to rev]t at once to ! dre>y side ( life1 :i* d\btless exi/s b surely n to ! exclusion ( o!r ?+s4 ,turg5ief's book help$ t[>d ! emancipation ( ! s]fs4 ,i w n dwell on t1 = ,mrs4 ,/[e's ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9--a v diff]5t sort ( book1 p]=m$ a l (fice = u4 ,i w r insi/ t ,turg5ief wrote simple1 vital descriptive lit]ature2 some?+ t y w look f> to f9d 9 our mod]n fiction4 ,our books ( ref]5ce are full ( duplications & omissions4 ,se>* ! common] diction>ies & cyclop$ias on ! libr>y %elves & y w f9d c\ntless in/ances ( items ( in=mation giv5 twice or ?rice & o!rs left out altoge!r--( words ent]$ "u m ?an "o =m & completely def9$ "u ea*1 :ile cross-ref]5ces lead ! seek] to no?+ at all4 ,aft] work+ a good _m ye>s on books ( ?is k9d ,i am conv9c$ t ! art ( mak+ a p]fect diction>y or cyclop$ia is ! art ( avoid+ duplication & omission4 ,?is c n be done until publi%]s are will+ to all[ suffici5t "t to elaborate a plan be=e beg9n+ "w on "o ( ^! books4 ,?is1 s f>1 has nev] be5 done1 & ! two s9s cont9ue to be committ$1 "h z else:]e4 ,x is d\btless "t = our application ( ^! pr9ciples to ! libr>y4 ,we h n to look f> to beg94 ,take any city ( av]age size & inquire h[ _m libr>ies x supports4 ,is !re any necessity 9 a t[n = m ?an "o libr>y8 ,i am op5 to conviction1 b ,i d\bt4 ,!re are excell5t reasons = ! duplication 9 ea* case1 ,i "k1 j z !re 7 = ! two golf clubs 9 our little t[n4 ,! duplication 9 build+s1 /aff & books is v co/ly1 & ! s]vice1 no matt] h[ good x may be1 is n bett]$ by ?is duplication4 ,! tr\ble may be m9imiz$ by co-op]ation1 b x /ill exi/s4 ,take1 if y please1 ! "o item ( book-pur*ase4 ,i %all n speak "h ( private own]s1 ?\gh !y mu/ be> _! %>e ( blame & ( puni%m5t = our two s9s2 b add toge!r ! book funds ( ! two or ?ree l>ge libr>ies--public or subscription--& ( ! doz5 small ones--special1 d5om9ational1 associational--9 a community1 & see to :at a consid]able sum x am\nts4 ,if x c\ld be adm9i/]$ & exp5d$ z a unit1 is !re any "o :o w ma9ta9 t ! precise books w\ld be b\ght t actually are b\ght8 ,we f9d all ^! libr>ies buy+ copies ( ! same book :5 "o copy is all t ! community ne$s1 ea* ignor+ ! o!rs & ea* lam5t+ ! insuffici5cy ( its funds4 ,i h n =gott5 su* conspicu\s in/ances ( co-op]ation 9 book-pur*ase z t ( ! ?ree l>ge libr>ies 9 ,*icago1 b ,i also d n =get t x is r>e1 & t ev5 9 ,*icago x has be5 f\nd difficult to c>ry x out 9 ! p]fection 9 :i* x is to be f\nd on pap]4 ,if we add private pur*as]s to ! libr>ies ,i h little hesitation 9 say+ t ! money sp5t on books 9 any community is q en\gh to buy all t ! community ne$s4 ,! lacks are due to ! fact t ! sum ne$$ to supply !m is sp5t on useless duplicates4 ,i am n propos+ plans1 "h or else:]e1 to p]=m ! addition ( plus & m9us quantities t is s easy 9 pure algebra2 ,i am m]ely po9t+ out _! exi/5ce4 ,f my po9t ( view ! ideal situation 9 a community is ! adm9i/ration by a s+le body ( all its libr>y activities1 ev5 private own]s co-op]at+ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,let u refre% our memories ) a bit ( libr>y hi/ory4 ,!re are at pres5t a great _m sep>ate libr>ies 9 great] ,new ,york4 ,t is1 f my po9t ( view1 a bad ?+4 ,b !re 7 once a great _m m4 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn 7 full ( small circulat+ libr>ies--d5om9ational1 *>itable & associational2 & _m ( !m _h succe$$ 9 obta9+ small subsidies f ! city4 ,! sum ( ^! 0 consid]able--or w\ld h be5 consid]able _h x be5 adm9i/]$ z a sum1 in/ead ( 9 sep>ate driblets4 ,all ! consid]ations not$ above appli$ 9 ?is case1 b ! ,bo>d ( ,equalization = :i* we h be5 sigh+ actually exi/$ "h4 ,x 0 ! city gov]nm5t1 :i* be/[$ & controll$ a l>ge "p ( ^! in/itutional incomes4 ,a city comptroll] ) a bus9ess-l m9d saw all ?is & proce$$ to act ^u x4 ,! small libr>ies became bran*es ( ! public libr>ies ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn4 ,! city subsidy1 9 a lump sum w5t to ^? in/itutions4 ,if !re is any "o :o n[ wi%es to return to ! old sy/em ( sep>ate control & duplication ( ef=t1 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) him2 not)/&+ ! fact t ,i "k _m tru/ees ( ! consolidat$ in/itutions :o 7 fill$ ) rage at ! summ>y action ( ! city4 ,t action 0 9 ! nature ( bo? a ?reat & a bribe--a ?reat to discont9ue ! appropriation ( city funds = a libr>y t %\ld refuse to consolidate & a bribe 9 ! %ape ( a h9t ( additional favors to come if x %\ld n refuse4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie's (f] to build bran* libr>ies1 com+ at ab\t ?is "t1 made x possible to re9=ce ?is h9t v effectively4 ,our f$]al gov]nm5t is be+ held up z ! model = a future _w f$]ation1 & its successful op]ation confutes ! fe>s ( ^? :o d\bt ! workability ( any su* plan4 ,9 l mann] ,i beg to po9t to ! libr>y consolidations 9 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn z an evid5ce t su* removal ( duplication else:]e w\ld enable u to supply omissions 9 libr>y s]vice4 ,all we ne$ is a motive--if n ! ?reats & bribes t =c$ ! ,new ,york consolidation1 !n some?+ ( equal effect4 ,b z ,i h said ,i am n propos+ plans4 ,! abolition ( ?is k9d ( duplication requires pressure f an outside body or agreem5t among ^? conc]n$2 no "o ( u1 act+ alone1 c d away ) x4 ,b !re are duplications & omissions 9 ! "w ( e libr>y t x is 9 ! p[] ( ! libr>ian to rem$y4 ,_m ( ^! are ! result ( gr[?4 ,i "k ( no pr(ession ^: memb]s are m cont9ually & consi/5tly look+ = m "w to d ?an t ( libr>ian%ip4 ,?is que/ is r>ely c>ri$ on coop]atively 9 a libr>y4 ,! head ( ea* dep>tm5t grasps e opportunity to enl>ge h] sph]e ( influ5ce1 ) ! result t h] sph]e fir/ t\*es t ( ano!r dep>tm5t & !n int]sects x1 s t !y possess c]ta9 p>ts ( ! field ( s]vice 9 common4 ,! dep>tm5ts conc]n$ may n "k ( ?is duplication1 or !y may realize t x is go+ on & be unwill+ to /op x = v>i\s reasons4 ,ea* dep>tm5t-head1 l ! golf-clubs m5tion$ above1 may be will+ to aboli% duplication by driv+ h] fell[-work] out ( ! field1 b n o!rwise2 & h] fe> le/ %e h]self may h to be ! "o to retire may induce h] to keep sil5ce4 ,sometimes ! libr>ian himself1 obs]v+ ! int]f]5ce1 cont5ts himself ) see+ t individual items ( s]vice are n duplicat$1 leav+ ! two dep>tm5ts to d1 9 "p1 ! same k9d ( "w1 ?\gh n 9 precisely ! same items4 ,?is is b a p>tial atonem5t = our two s9s4 ,al?\gh !re is1 p]haps1 no long] actual duplication ( "w1 !re is duplication ( adm9i/ration1 duplication ( ?\ght & plann+4 ,all ?is is wa/e ( ef=t t %\ld be devot$ to do+ "s ( ! ?+s t e libr>y leaves undone4 ,i h else:]e treat$ ( :at ,i call 8conflicts ( jurisdiction0 9 libr>ies4 ,?is comes "u ! same head1 ?\gh !re may be no actual cla% ( au?orities4 ,sometimes we h cases resembl+ ^? ( ! applicants = *>itable aid f v>i\s s\rces4 ,memb]s ( ! public entitl$ to libr>y s]vice1 ! am\nt ( :i* has be5 limit$ by ! rules to ensure prop] di/ribution & to prev5t monopoly1 manage to get two or ?ree times z mu* z !y %\ld get1 by apply+ to diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 or to ! same dep>tm5t "u diff]5t names4 ,!re has be5 mu* removal ( re/rictions ( late1 9 libr>ies1 ) ! int5t to give full] & fre] s]vice to ! public4 ,!re %\ld be no re/riction t int]f]es ) su* s]vice4 ,b _m re/rictions are int5d$ m]ely to *eck ^? ^: t5d5cy is to hamp] s]vice2 & removal ( ^! w evid5tly injure ! public1 n b5efit x4 ,traffic regulations are a great bo!r1 b _! removal w\ld n be 9 ! public int]e/4 ,nei!r w\ld ! removal ( necess>y regulation ( libr>y traffic--! free di/ribution ( books ?r\gh ! appo9t$ public ag5cies4 ,i sympa?ize ) our mod]n desire to let ,mr4 ,a h z _m books z he wants & to keep !m z long z he wants2 b ?is sympa?y *anges to indignation :5 ,mr4 ,a proves to be a libr>y hog1 tak+ advantage ( 8 privileges simply to keep away f ,mr4 ,b & ,miss ,c ! books t !y want4 ,n[ & aga9 we f9d a read] :o und]/&s increase ( libr>y privileges to mean tak+ a book away f someone else & giv+ x to him4 ,!re c\ld be no m flagrant example ( ! d\ble s9 ( duplication & omission--giv+ ,a m ?an he c use & !reby depriv+ ,b ( :at he ne$s4 ,! exp5diture ( "t is a doma9 9 :i* our two s9s become especially noticeable4 ,if "o has pl5ty ( money he may wa/e a good deal )\t s]i\s effects2 b wa/e ( "t is diff]5t4 ,! total ext5t ( "t is d\btless inf9ite1 b n its ext5t z available to ! individual4 ,he has only 8 ?ree-score ye>s & t51 & a/ronomical happ5+s h *opp$ ?is up = him into ye>s1 mon?s1 weeks & days1 any "o ( :i* is l>gely a repetition ( ^? t h gone be=e4 ,s _m ( our duties1 = in/ance1 are daily t ! av]age man has only a few h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r to deal ) em]g5cy "w1 8hurry calls0 & all sorts ( exceptional dem&s on 8 "t4 ,if he gives t5 m9utes to some?+ t requires b five1 he mu/ (t5 neglect a duty1 & ?is con/itutes duplication & omission ( "t1 to be rem$i$ by tak+ ! unnecess>y five m9utes f "o task & be/[+ x on ano!r4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 our algebraic addition is simple only on pap]4 ,we are h9d]$ n only by our own prop5sity to wa/e "t b by ^? ^: own is ( no value & :o !re=e insi/ on wa/+ ours = u4 ,?is is a subject on :i* mo/ executive (fic]s c speak feel+ly4 ,su* (fic]s are tr\bl$ ) two k9ds ( lieut5ants--^? :o keep !m 9 ignorance ( :at is go+ on & ^? :o insi/ on putt+ !m 9 cont9ual possession ( trivial details--m omission & duplication1 y see4 ,"o special k9d ( "t-wa/] is ! assi/ant :o comes to h] *ief ) a reque/4 ,=esee+ refusal %e has prim$ h]self ) all sorts ( argum5ts & is ready to sma% all opposition 9 a logical pres5tation ( ! subject calculat$ to occupy ?irty m9utes or s4 ,b ! reque/1 z /at$1 appeals to h] *ief z reasonable1 & he grants x at once )\t he>+ ! argum5t4 ,d y ?9k ! petition] is go+ to wa/e all t valuable logic8 ,n %e6 ,%e /&s h] gr\nd & p\rs x all out1 ! :ole half h\r ( x2 & :5 ! victim has grant$ a second "t :at he _h already grant$ )\t argum5t1 %e retires flu%$ ) triumph at h] success4 ,& :ile ?is duplicator 0 duplicat+1 ! o!r s9n]1 ! 8omittor01 0 p]=m+ "s innoc5t & valuable adm9i/rative act )\t h] *ief's k1 caus+ him to give wrong in=mation to a call] & convict himself ( ignorance ( :at is go+ on 9 8 own in/itution4 ,"t-wa/+1 ( c\rse1 is by no means conf9$ to ! libr>y /aff4 ,mu* ( e "o's "t1 9 a libr>y1 is consum$ 9 fruitless conv]sations ) ! public--! answ]+ ( trivial que/ions1 ! se>* = data t c d no "o any good1 ef=ts to appease ! wra? ( someone :o ought nev] to h be5 angry at all1 attempts to expla9 ?+s v]bally :5 adequate explanations 9 pr9t are at h&4 ,all ^! ?+s consume valuable "t & !reby =ce ! omission ( public s]vices t w\ld o!rwise be p]=m$4 ,"s ( !m are unavoidable4 ,we mu/ always *ange up a little "t to ! acc\nt ( c\rtesy1 ! avoidance ( brusqu5ess1 ! ma9t5ance 9 ! community ( t tradition ( libr>y helpfulness t is p]haps ! libr>y's *ief asset4 ,?is we c n af=d to lose4 ,b )\t sacrific+ x1 c we n elim9ate "s ( ! bores1 cut d[n our useless s]vices = ! sake ( p]=m+ a few m useful ones1 & increase ! am\nt ( libr>y en]gy usefully employ$ )\t enl>g+ ! total sum exp5d$8 ,?is is "o ( our mo/ vital problems1 did we b realize x4 ,we h gone f> en\gh1 p]haps1 to realize t our two s9s are inde$ c>d9al & fundam5tal4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,pray] ,book 7 "r4 ,we h done ^? ?+s t we ought n to h done & we h left undone ^? ?+s t we ought to h done2 & we are all mis]able s9n]s4 ,if ,i _h n]ve en\gh to add a new society to ! ?\s& & "o t c>ry on _! multif>i\s activities ab\t u1 ,i %\ld f\nd a ,league to ,suppress ,duplications & ,supply ,omissions4 ,a ,,message ,,to ,,beg9n]s ,hi/ory may be describ$ z an acc\nt ( ! conflict betwe5 ! t5d5cy ( ?+s to move & ef=ts to fa/5 !m d[n s t !y w keep /ill4 ,:]e !y h be5 mov+ 9 ! wrong direction ^! ef=ts h be5 praisewor?y2 b 9 too _m in/ances motion has be5 resi/$ simply because x is motion1 quiesc5ce be+ look$ ^u z ! supreme good4 ,9 8 int]e/+ 8,hi/ory ( ,fiji01 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,goldsbor\gh ,may] notes t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! savage & ! civiliz$ man is n "o ( cont5t ( k1 = ! savage (t5 kn[s f> m ?an we d1 b is due to ! fact t ! savage is b\nd h& & foot by tradition--he is a slave to 8 imag9ation1 & to t ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,! conflict 9 8 case has end$ def9itely ) ! triumph ( ! fa/5+ d[n process4 ,!re is no m motion4 ,he c n fall back1 b nei!r c he move =w>d4 ,he is lock$ 9 "o position--t ( ! p>ticul> g5]ation1 five1 fifty or five hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 8 fight = progress 0 lo/4 ,) ! civiliz$ man ! fight /ill goes on4 ,x is n yet won nor lo/ & ! /ory ( x1 z ,i h said1 is hi/ory4 ,read x 9 ?is light & x w assume = y new significance4 ,w>s1 revolutions1 *anges ( dyna/y1 racial migrations1 l+ui/ic *anges1 ! a*ievem5ts ( art1 ! triumphs ( sci5ce1 ! evolution ( social sy/ems1 ! developm5t ( ju/ice1 ! rise ( lit]ature & ! drama--ev]y?+ t m>ks ! /ory ( :at has be5 go+ on 9 ! _w--is b a phase ( ?is age-long /ruggle betwe5 =ces & ob/acles ( ^: orig9s1 at bottom1 we "k little4 ,s f> z ! ob/acles h won1 !re are /ill savage elem5ts lurk+ 9 u2 s f> z we h ?ru/ !m aside1 we are advanc+ fur!r t[>d civilization4 ,! "o title t we h to call ourselves civiliz$ is ! fact t no set ( traditions or cu/oms--no in/itution--has yet become cry/alliz$ into ! fixity t obta9s ) ! savage races2--n ! ,*ur*1 n gov]nm5t1 n sci5ce1 nor art nor lit]ature4 ,all ^! are *ang+1 despite ef=ts to p9 !m d[n4 ,our language1 our social cu/oms are alt]+2 our fa%ions ( dress *ange f ye> to ye>4 ,our old p1 = a man (t5 rev]ts to savag]y 9 8 old age1 pass away ) words ( regret on _! lips = ! good old days ( _! y\?1 :5 ?+s 7 diff]5t4 ,a savage has nev] to d ?is1 = ! days ( 8 y\? & 8 age are precisely ! same--cu/om1 spee*1 habit1 obs]vance1 tradition1 all are lock$ up into fixity4 ,! education ( ! savage is direct$ t[>d p]petuat+ ?is fixity2 t ( ! civiliz$ man %\ld be a =ce 9 ! opposite direction4 ,recogniz+ t *ange is ! life-blood ( civilization1 x %\ld be devot$ to controll+ & direct+ t *ange1 lead+ ! m9d ( ! pupil to anticipat+ & welcom+ x & brac+ t m9d aga9/ all feel+ ( %ock due to ! m]e />t+ ( ! ma*9]y ( progress4 ,i say ?is is :at education %\ld be4 ,i believe t x is t5d+ 9 ?is way4 ,b a l>ge "p ( x is /ill savage--an ef=t to keep our cu/oms1 ?\ghts & actions to /&>ds set up by our ance/ors4 ,! ,public ,libr>y1 we are fond ( say+1 is an educational in/itution2 :i* k9d ( education %all x disp5se8 ,%all x be a motor or a brake8 ,%all x look back into ! pa/ or =w>d into ! future8 ,to _m p]sons1 ! idea ( a =w>d-look+ libr>y seems absurd4 ,x is ess5tially a repository ( records1 & records are ( ! pa/4 ,y w f9d some:]e1 unless oblivion has ov]tak5 x1 an address by y\r lectur] on 8,! ,public ,libr>y z a ,cons]vative ,=ce04 ,su* x d\btless is & su* x %\ld be--b its cons]vatism is t ( control1 n ( /agnation4 ,x is ! skill$ driv] :o keeps ! c> 9 ! road--n ! ignoramus :o /alls x 9 ! dit*4 ,records are assur$ly ( ! pa/2 b ! pa/ & its records may be look$ ^u 9 ei!r ( two ways--z /&>ds = all "t1 or z f\ndations on :i* to build = ! future4 ,! civiliz$ man rejoices 9 f\ndations--he builds !m deep & /rong1 & erects ^u !m "s noble sup]/ructure4 ,! savage puts up 8 great /one circle1 mighty & wond]ful p]haps1 b complete 9 itself & ( no mann] ( use4 ,s ,i ask y1 :at is our collection ( records to be--a /one circle or a f\ndation8 ,n[ ! records !mselves--! books--c nev] det]m9e ?is any m ?an ! great monoli? c det]m9e :e!r x is go+ into a ,/oneh5ge or into ! f\ndation ( a ,p>!non4 ,x is :at we d to ! books--to & ) !m--t matt]s4 ,! _w w\ld nev] move on )\t records ( ! progress t _h already be5 made4 ,j z surely1 x w\ld nev] move on by reliance on ^? records alone4 ,:at we h accompli%$ br+s u m]ely to a mile /one 9 ! pa? ( progress4 ,to rea* a giv5 po9t1 "o mu/ pass ! mile /ones on ! way2 b !y mu/ be pass$ & left beh9d4 ,we %all nev] get any:]e m]ely by sitt+ d[n ^u any ( !m4 ,to make a p]sonal application to y\rselves1 y w nev] make good libr>ians unless y ma/] :at good libr>ians be=e y h le>n$ & taught4 ,b j z c]ta9ly1 y w nev] be good libr>ians if y reg>d ?is z a def9ite /opp+ po9t4 ,! tr\ble ) mo/ ( our education is t x is /atic & n dynamic2 x looks backw>d1 n =w>d2 x tea*es :at has already be5 accompli%$ & fails to equip ! /ud5t = devis+ & accompli%+ some?+ fur!r1 on 8 own acc\nt4 ,i am w>n+ y 9 ! mid/ ( a c\rse int5d$ to fit y = libr>ian%ip t ! c\rse alone w n s fit y4 ,b x w />t y--& a />t 9 ! "r direction is ( great value--nay1 x is indisp5sable4 ,:5 ! field] ?r[s ! ball directly into ! baseman's h&s !re is a prelim9>y motion ( 8 arm4 ,at ! end ( t motion ! ball beg9s its flight2 its />t has enabl$ x to g /raight4 ,y\r libr>y c\rse w be ! ?r[ t enables y to g /raight to ! m>k1 b y mu/ n =get t ! :ole flight rema9s to be made4 ,my metaphor is a bad "o4 ,! ball has no p[] to adju/ or alt] its c\rse4 ,y h t p[]2 y c bett] a good />t1 or y c nullify x4 ,y may ev5 hit ! m>k aft] y h be5 />t$ 9 ! wrong direction2 b to say ?is is by no means to recomm5d a wrong />t4 ,all ?is is a s]ies ( platitudes2 b to insi/ on ! obvi\s is (t5 useful4 ,!re are s _m obvi\s ?+s t we are apt to neglect "s ( ! mo/ necess>y1 j z we may fail to see a sign on a build+ because x is all pla/]$ ) signs4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to assume t a p]iod ( =mal education1 g5]al or special1 makes its subject 8fit01 ei!r = life or = a vocation4 ,"s nev] get ov] ?is idea & fail 9 consequ5ce2 "s discov] _! mi/ake & blame _! tra9+ because x does n d :at x c n d & 0 n int5d$ to d4 ,=mal tra9+ tra9s "o to />t2 x makes "o fit to run ! race4 ,! race is n won :5 ! tra9+ has end$2 x has n ev5 begun4 ,! man ) a ,b4,a4 degree is n ready to tackle ! problems ( life & vanqui% !m4 ,! graduate 9 law or m$ic9e is n a tra9$ lawy] or physician1 & :5 y h complet$ y\r libr>y c\rse y w n be tra9$ libr>ians4 ,y w h be5 />t$ "r1 ! re/ ( y\r tra9+ w dep5d on y\r reaction to ! =ces1 ! /imuli1 t surr\nd y on all sides4 ,:at ! executive (fic] is look+ = all ov] ! _w is initiative1 guid$ by common s5se2 b x is r>e4 ,possibly our education fails to develop x2 possibly no sy/em ( education c\ld develop x4 ,b x exi/s2 & we are all happy :5 we f9d x4 ,?r[+ out ( consid]ation ! really lazy1 ignorant or incompet5t assi/ant1 compet5t subord9ates may be ( ?ree k9ds--fir/1 he :o has be5 tra9$ to d c]ta9 ?+s 9 c]ta9 ways & cont9ues to d only ^? ?+s 9 only ^? ways1 n realiz+ ! possibility ( *ange or improvem5t2 secondly1 he :o does realize ?is possibility b has be5 taught1 or at any rate believes1 t x is n 8 place1 b only 8 sup]ior's1 to take active /eps t[>d some?+ m or bett]2 & ?irdly he :o bo? realizes & acts1 :o does :at he c to see t su* /eps z he c prop]ly take to improve matt]s are tak5 & t su* z he c n take ( 8 own accord are sugge/$1 9 a prop] mann]1 to 8 sup]ior4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to sum up1 9 a few words1 ! ?+s t diff]5tiate a well run f a poorly run in/itution ,i %\ld say1 fir/1 ! exi/5ce ( a /aff compos$ ( p]sons ( ?is ?ird v>iety1 & secondly a *ief executive :o appreciates & uses !m4 ,a progressive executive ) a /aff ( assi/ants :o fai?fully obey ord]s & d no?+ m w n g f>4 ,8 in/itution may make no mi/akes2 x may run l a ma*9e1 b x w h ! faults ( a ma*9e--its product w be ma*9e made4 ,) a live /aff & a poor executive !re w be a maximum ( mi/akes1 absurd & ill-judg$ plans--a failure to co-ord9ate ef=t 9 diff]5t l9es4 ,) pl5ty ( initiative 9 ! /aff1 & ) an executive to select1 re/ra91 enc\rage & control1 we h an approa* to ! "w ( a s+le liv+ organism1 ! mo/ p]fect tool ( evolution4 ,:ile ?is means ! enc\ragem5t ( sugge/ion x also means rejection & selection4 ,x means t :ile ! /aff w h to be> disappo9tm5t ) good nature & )\t dim9ution ( initiative1 ! executive1 on 8 "p1 mu/ realize t a hundr$ impractical sugge/ions d n disprove ! possibility1 or ev5 ! probability1 t ! assi/ant :o makes !m may ultimately (f] "s plan1 me?od1 or device ( great value4 ,"s ( ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 libr>y s]vice are due to p]sons ) an imag9ation & an initiative especially prone to run wild 9 impractical sugge/ions4 ,i realize t ,i may be reg>d$ z toss+ a firebr& among y :5 ,i tell y to develop y\r initiative4 ,an unwise or uncontroll$ initiative may d h>m1 b ,i f]v5tly believe t great] h>m is done e day by ! lack ( all initiative4 ,bett] ?an any /agnant pool is a runn+ /ream1 ?\gh x break b\nds & wa/e itself 9 foam & spray4 ,!re may be ^? :o w say3 ,let ! /ud5t fir/ le>n to obey )\t "q2 :5 he has done ?is x w be "t to talk to him ab\t initiative4 ,alas6 t w also be ! "t :5 he has lo/ ! *ance to develop x intellig5tly4 ,no1 ! accept$ /&>ds & ! ways ( progress mu/ be assimilat$ at "o "t4 ,r ?an unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to an ord]1 a rule or a =mula1 let u h appreciation ( ! reason = x & disob$i5ce :5ev] a break+ ( ! lett] may keep u m closely to ! _s4 ,i c assure y t y w make bett] assi/ants if ?is is y\r temp]am5t1 t libr>ians are look+ e>ne/ly = m ( ?is k9d1 rejoic+ :5 !y see ! sp>k ( life among ! dead :eels & cogs ( ! libr>y ma*9]y1 det]m9$ to give any "o :o %[s x an opportunity to %[ m ( x1 by promot+ him to a place ( great] ef=t & ( high] responsibility & s]vice4 ,:5 su* a promotion comes1 p]haps ov] ! heads ( o!rs ) bett] tra9+ & long] exp]i5ce1 !re is (t5 wond] & a disposition to expla9 x all by 8favoritism04 ,& view$ f ! prop] angle1 ?is is correct2 e *ief libr>ian has 8 favorites2 !y are ^? on :om he has le>n$ t he c dep5d1 n only = solid & accurate k ( facts & me?ods b also = quick & ready response to ! slighte/ *ange ( conditions--= appreciation ( :at is ne$$ 9 a giv5 set ( unusual circum/ances & res\rcefulness 9 devis+ new me?ods or modify+ old ones to meet ! em]g5cy--:at ,i h already summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w initiative4 ,e tea*]1 & e /ud5t kn[s t a good ari?metician may fail utt]ly :5 he comes to /ate & solve problems 9 algebra4 ,8 success has be5 due to ! memoriz+ ( rules & _! application4 ,:5 he is confront$ ) ! necessity ( putt+ into ma!matical symbols ! fact t ,a1 ,b & ,c c d a piece ( "w 9 #c1 #d & #e days1 respectively1 he is /ump$ because an entirely diff]5t sort ( dem& is made on 8 intellig5ce4 ,& :5 8 tea*] expla9s h[ ! /atem5t may be made1 al?\gh he has le>n$ h[ to /ate t p>ticul> class ( problems1 he is j z mu* at sea :5 he is confront$ ) ! "q ( h[ soon aft] #ab o'clock ! h&s ( a wat* w aga9 be toge!r on ! dial4 ,9 o!r words1 he has left ! l& ( rules & ent]$ ! region ( common s5se4 ,if he is bright1 he v soon realizes t all ma!matics is common s5se2 t rules are v useful inde$1 b only z %ort cuts to me*anical processes4 ,s1 at lea/ s ,i tru/1 all ! me?ods & tools ( libr>y "w are bas$ on common s5se--catalogues & *>g+ sy/ems & classifications are v useful inde$1 b only z %ort cuts to c]ta9 results t w\ld o!rwise n be a*iev$ or w\ld be arriv$ at too late or too confus$ly4 ,we mu/ le>n all ab\t ^!1 b ! "t w come :5 we %all leave ! libr>y s*ool & ent] ! libr>y4 ,"h no sort ( rule1 =mula1 me?od or process w suffice = u1 ess5tial ?\gh !y all are2 if we are to make good we mu/ add common s5se1 adaptability1 res\rcefulness1 initiative4 ,possibly y ?9k t ,i h be5 apply+ ! pr9ciple ( conflict betwe5 progression & /agnation some:at c>elessly--n[ to y\r own tra9+ z libr>ians & aga9 to ! s]vice r5d]$ by ! libr>y itself4 ,9 tru? ^! are intimately connect$4 ,progressive assi/ants make a progressive libr>y4 ,a /aff t does its "w me*anically w op]ate a libr>y )\t initiative4 ,if y\r habit ( m9d has gr[n to be a habit ( reg>d+ all ! te*nical detail ( libr>y "w z "p ( nature's law1 y w be %ock$ at a sugge/ion t ! libr>y ( :i* y are a "p %\ld und]take "s public s]vice t a libr>y nev] und]took be=e4 ,y may "k already--y c]ta9ly w "k soon--t ?is "q ( ! ext5sion or limitation ( libr>y s]vice is /ill a burn+ "o 9 _m m9ds4 ,libr>ies to-day are do+ a ?\s& ?+s t no "o ( !m w\ld h ?\ght ( do+ fifty ye>s ago4 ,t "s ( ^! ?+s are fooli% or ill advis$ ,i h no d\bt4 ,we n[ occasionally he> x said t !re %\ld be "s au?oritative /atem5t or agreem5t on :at public libr>ies1 at any rate1 ought to d & :at !y ought n to d4 ,b we ,am]icans d n take k9dly to limitations ( ?is sort1 al?\gh !y are famili> 9 c\ntries :]e s]vice ( all k9ds is m /&>diz$4 ,we read 9 a rec5t magaz9e article ( ! trials ( ,mrs4 ,james ,russell ,l[ell ) ,engli% s]vants1 :5 h] husb& 0 ,am]ican m9i/] 9 ,london4 ,wi%+ to h a loose corn] ( c>pet nail$ d[n1 %e call$ on "o aft] ano!r ( h] dome/ic /aff1 only to be told t ! cle>ly-def9$ duties ( ea* did n admit ( t p>ticul> item ( s]vice4 ,%e f9ally l9$ !m up on "o side ( ! room1 tack$ d[n ! c>pet h]self & !n dis*>g$ e "o ( !m4 ,?is sort ( ?+ does n seem to ,am]icans l effici5cy4 ,if "s ne$$ bit ( s]vice 9 an ,am]ican t[n rema9s undone1 & *ur* & s*ool & libr>y all look ! o!r way because x does n fall )9 a c>efully-limit$ sph]e ( duty :i* ea* has assign$ to itself1 we %all c\nt !m all blamewor?y1 especially if x %all appe> t "o ( !m is equipp$ to p]=m t p>ticul> s]vice easily1 *eaply & well4 ,! *ur* & ! s*ool h bo? tak5 ?is view1 & ! mod]n ext5sion ( ! libr>y's functions %[s t x has be5 do+ likewise4 ,x has gone fur!r ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 probably1 because x f9ds itself 9 _m ways bett] equipp$ = ! do+ ( civic odd jobs4 ,x is relat$ ( a railway manag] t an employee ^: "w 0 ov] once ask$ him = a free ticket home4 ,! manag] refus$1 say+3 8,if y _h be5 work+ = a f>m] y w\ld h>dly expect him to hit* up & drive y home1 w\ld y80 8,no01 said ! man1 8b if he _h a rig already hit*$ up & ready to />t1 & he 0 go+ my way1 ,i %\ld call him d>n$ mean if he didn't take me along40 ,9 _m cases ! libr>y has be5 hit*$ up & /&+ at ! door :5 ! necessity has aris51 & x has be5 8go+ ! same way0--9 o!r words1 ! ne$ ( ! community is ne>ly relat$ to ! "w t ! community's support has already enabl$ x to d4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is 9 ! position ( ,col]idge's ,w$d+ ,gue/--x 8c n *use b he>04 ,:5 we look at ! libr>y's rec5t hi/ory1 we %all see t x is 9 precisely ?is way t x has tak5 on all its additional functions4 ,! old libr>ies l5t no books4 ,b home use ( books seem$ pres5tly desirable4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ ) sep>ate in/itutions = ?is k9d ( s]vice1 we h all come ar\nd to consid]+ x a legitimate function ( ! ,public ,libr>y4 ,libr>ies gave no att5tion to *ildr54 ,:5 ?is became necess>y1 ano!r function 0 add$4 ,^! & o!r duties 7 v closely relat$ to ! libr>y's old] functions4 ,soon !re 0 a fur!r /ep1 9 mak+ :i* ! libr>y took ov] s]vices ^: connection ) its prim>y bus9ess 0 n s cle>4 ,to draw an example f :at is mo/ famili> to me at pres5t1 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y y w f9d a room = art exhibits1 collections ( po/-c>ds & textile fabrics1 a c>d index to curr5t lectures1 exhibitions & conc]ts1 a public writ+-room ) free note-pap] & envelopes1 a class ( "y wom51 /udy+1 l y\rselves1 to be libr>ians2 meet+-places = all sorts ( clubs & gr\ps1 civic1 educational1 social1 political & religi\s2 a photographic copy+ ma*9e1 plac$ at public disposal at ! co/ ( op]ation2 lun*-rooms & re/-rooms = ! /aff2 a g>age1 ) automobiles 9 x1 n to speak ( an ext5sive telephone swit*bo>d1 a pa9t-%op1 a c>p5t] %op1 & a p[]-plant4 ,n "o ( ^! ?+s1 ,i believe1 w\ld y h f\nd 9 a l>ge libr>y fifty ye>s ago1 & yet !y are probably all1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 to be f\nd 9 all l>ge mod]n ,am]ican libr>ies4 ,!y are ext5sions ( function2 9 _m cases x w\ld be h>d to ju/ify !m on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,:y %\ld a libr>y all[ "y p to dance1 or m5 to hold a political meet+ or ! neighbors to exhibit local products1 9 its build+8 ,our ,engli% fri5ds hold t x is ! height ( absurdity to d s4 ,d\btless we %\ld be absurd if we %\ld attempt to =mulate a pr9ciple ab\t :at cognate activities might prop]ly be admitt$ to ! libr>y & %\ld include su* ?+s z ^!4 ,b t is n ! way 9 :i* x all came ab\t4 ,!re 0 "s gr\p ( citiz5s1 anxi\s to engage 9 "s activity1 b5eficial to !mselves & to ! community4 ,!y want$ a place to meet4 ,*ur* & s*ool1 = "o reason or ano!r1 real or imag9>y1 7 out ( ! "q1 & !y came to ! libr>y4 ,! ,libr>y _h an unoccupi$ room1 heat$ & light$4 ,x _h ! *oice ( lock+ out citiz5s ( ! community t 7 support+ x out ( ! public funds1 or ( admitt+ !m4 ,put 9 ?is way ! libr>y's duty seems cle> en\gh4 ,b !re is a /ep fur!r /ill4 ,"s dem&s = help are s old t ! knock+ at ! door has pass$ out ( ! consci\sness ( bo? ^? :o knock & ^? :o he>4 ,9 ?is case x becomes necess>y = ! libr>y to und]take :at a rec5t sci5tific writ] calls ! 8re-education ( its att5tive control04 ,:5 an in/itution rea*es ! conclusion t x is do+ all t x c1 or all t ! community c prop]ly ask ( x1 ! *ances are t x is los+ its ability to conc5trate4 ,its duty is to fix its att5tion on "o elem5t ( community life aft] ano!r & ask itself :e!r x is n ov]look+ "s really insi/5t dem& = help4 ,i well rememb] :51 9 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y we us$ complac5tly to expla9 our failure to pur*ase ,hung>ian books = circulation by say+ t !re 0 no dem& = !m4 ,b ! "t came :5 we put 9 a few hundr$ books 9 t tongue4 ,at once x became evid5t t we ne$$ n hundr$s b ?\s&s4 ,hung>ians came to u f f> di/ant p>ts ( ! city only to f9d empty %elves4 ,?is ov]:elm+ dem& _h be5 pres5t all ! "t2 only x 0 lat5t4 ,x lack$ active expression1 simply because our lack ( ,hung>ian books 0 a well kn[n fact4 ,s9ce !n :5 libr>ians tell me t _! libr>ies h no books 9 ,ru!nian1 or on sanit>y plumb+1 no out-(-t[n directories or no pr9ts = circulation1 because 8!re is no dem& = !m01 ,i am incl9$ to smile4 ,no matt] h[ ne> y may be to dy+ ( ?ir/1 y w n be likely to visit an obvi\sly dry s&-bank 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,! intellig5t se>* = ^! lat5t dem&s requires ! k9d ( int]e/$ ability t ,i h already spok5 ( z "o ( ! libr>y's *ief ne$s4 ,! libr>y mu/ keep on gr[+ if x is to live4 ,x mu/ take on new functions1 & :5 x assumes "s new duty1 "s gr\p 9 ! community mu/ exclaim 8,( c\rse6 t is j :at we h be5 want+ all ! "t04 ,& at ! same "t !re w always be "s outworn function t may be dropp$ (f quietly to make room = ! new4 ,only ! libr>ian mu/ n mi/ake un9tellig5t imitation = initiative4 ,imitation 9 itself is unobjectionable4 ,if :at someone else has devis$ is obvi\sly ! v ?+ y h be5 look+ = to solve y\r problem1 y w\ld only wa/e en]gy 9 try+ to devise some?+ else4 ,b if y ?9k y c create 9 y\r community a libr>y z good1 we w say1 z ,mr4 ,dana's 9 ,new>k1 or ,mr4 ,brett's 9 ,clevel& or ,mr4 ,j5n+s' 9 ,seattle1 simply by copy+ e detail ( ^? in/itutions1 y are z fooli% z if y ?\ght y c\ld make y\rself look l y\r well-dress$ fri5d simply by borr[+ 8 clo!s4 ,! libr>y mu/ fit ! community2 also1 9 "s respects1 ! libr>ian4 ,i h rec5tly visit$ ,miss ,hew9s' (fice 9 ! ,h>t=d ,public ,libr>y4 ,i ?9k x is ! mo/ fasc9at+ (fice a libr>ian ev] occupi$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly %all n g home to ,/4 ,l\is & try to make m9e look l x4 ,?is w>n+ applies p>ticul>ly to ! add$ functions ( :i* we h be5 speak+ above4 ,!y %\ld be assum$ 9 response to a dem&--express$ or lat5t4 ,! dem& may be obvi\s & insi/5t 9 "o libr>y & non-exi/5t 9 ano!r4 ,if y suspect a lat5t dem&1 exp]im5t w g5]ally reveal or disprove its exi/5ce1 j z ^? few hundr$s ( ,hung>ian books br\ght out ! dem& = ! pres5t ?\s&s4 ,we h on ! ea/ side ( our libr>y a broad t]race1 balu/rad$1 elevat$ above ! /reet1 pav$ ) brick & /one4 ,x is %ady on summ] aft]noons1 & swept by ! s\? breeze4 ,:at an ideal place to read 9 ! op5 air1 in/ead ( 9 ! /uffy build+6 ,we equipp$ x ) tables & *airs1 relax$ ! rules to make x easy to take books & magaz9es !re1 did ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to enc\rage t]race read]s4 ,! public press saw & approv$4 ,ev]y?+ work$ well1 except t nobody came6 ,a failure1 d y say8 ,n at all4 ,we _h tri$ our exp]im5t1 te/$ = our possible lat5t dem& & f\nd t !re 0 none4 ,we _h ask$ our "q & receiv$ our answ]4 ,!re are no tables & *airs on t t]race to-day1 b we are n disc\rag$3 :y %\ld we be8 ,a real exp]im5t nev] fails3 y always get y\r answ]--yes or no4 ,( c\rse if y\r exp]im5t is a %am1 & y h assum$ t ! answ] is to be ! "o t y want1 y may be disappo9t$4 ,x is always a pleasure to wat* ?+s gr[1 to be able to keep !m on & guide _! gr[? 9 useful directions4 ,a libr>y is no exception to ! rule4 ,ev5 gr[? 9 size--! simple/ k9d--has its satisfactions1 b ext5sion ( s]vice is /ill m int]e/+4 ,x is well t !re %\ld be a little my/]y betwe5 ! libr>ian & 8 public--a consci\sness ( problems yet to solve1 ( s]vice yet to be r5d]$4 ,x is well t he %\ld be on ! look\t = lat5t dem&s--^? hung]s & ?ir/s t he kn[s mu/ exi/ some:]e & t he is eag] to satisfy2 x is well t 8 community %\ld reg>d ! libr>y z a place ) opportunity & will+ness = s]vice yet unreveal$ z a res]voir ( favors yet unbe/[$4 ,?is is a liv+ relation1 n "o ( m]e juxtaposition4 ,i nev] envi$ ! k9d ( s]vice t old ,atlas did ! _w1 9 /&+ et]nally ) x on 8 %\ld]s4 ,t 0 an image ( dull1 burd5some despair4 ,h[ mu* bett] our mod]n vision ( a sp9n+ globe1 circl+ ?r\gh space1 ) all its bro!r & si/] globes danc+ ar\nd x6 ,& h[ev] miracul\s x seems1 we "k t :5ev] we get up & walk across ! room !re is a t9y adju/m5t ( balance ?r\gh\t ! :ole va/ sy/em4 ,!re are social balances1 too1 z well z cele/ial1 & :5 ! libr>y puts out its foot to take a =w>d /ep1 ,i believe t !y all respond4 ,^! ?+s t libr>ies are do+ h _! "p 9 ! va/ social adju/m5ts 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live4 ,"s day a social hi/orian w arise to describe !m & set !m 9 _! place4 ,i am frequ5tly disappo9t$ :5 ,i take up "s book describ+ a movem5t or an application ( en]gy 9 :i* ,i "k t ! libr>y has borne a "p1 to f9d t its %>e has be5 absolutely )\t recognition2 t ! ^w 8libr>y0 is n ev5 9 ! copi\s index4 ,we h be5 busy do+ ?+s--"h 9 ! seclusion ( ! libr>y family we may say t !y h be5 ?+s wor? ! do+4 ,"s day we1 too1 %all h our ,hom] or our ,milton4 ,let me rem9d y t ?is has all be5 illu/rative ( my pr9ciple t libr>y s]vice1 l e o!r k9d ( mundane activity1 is a phase ( ! et]nal /ruggle betwe5 keep+ /ill & gett+ some:]e else4 ,at ! close ( a rec5t novel "o ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( curr5t ,engli% writ]s1 ,mr4 ,j4,d4 ,b]es=d1 /ates ! issue ?us 7,i quote f memory73 8,virtue is only cont9u$ ef=t2 a boa/ ( success is really a confession ( failure04 ,( c\rse1 cont9uance ( ef=t1 virtu\s ?\gh x may be1 w be ( little avail )\t ability1 intellig5ce1 common-s5se--at lea/ a modicum ( ^? qualities ^: complete comb9ation makes up t :olly impossible creature1 ! ,p]fect ,libr>ian4 ,tra9+ w n give y ^!--! ,almighty be/[s !m at our bir?--b x w develop su* z y h already--& none ( u lacks all ( !m4 ,keep on mov+1 !n1 & :5 y score a po9t1 rejoice only because x proves t scor+ is "o ( y\r possibilities1 & t y are likely to score _m o!rs be=e y\r race is run4 ,,luck ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y 8,x is bett] to be born lucky ?an ri*01 says ! old prov]b4 8,is he lucky80 ,napoleon us$ to ask :5 anyone 0 recomm5d$ to him4 ,lit]ature is full ( allusions to luck2 hi/ory is full ( ! belief 9 x & ( ! influ5ce ( t belief on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,d ,i believe 9 luck8 ,mo/ assur$ly1 if y w all[ me to frame my own def9ition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & fasc9at+ bran*es ( mod]n ma!matics--! !ory ( *ances or probabilities1 deals ) :at may be call$ luck1 & ) its laws4 ,*ance1 we are told1 is 8! totality ( unconsid]$ causes04 ,:5 an ev5t is condition$ entirely by *ance we say t x came ab\t by 8luck01 ?\gh ! unconsid]$ causes are !re j ! same4 ,a tyrant1 we w say1 /akes 8 victim's life on ! ca/ ( a die4 ,:e!r he p]i%es or n is solely a matt] ( good or bad 8luck04 ,:5 a basket conta9s t5 m>bles1 ( :i* five are black & five are :ite we "k t 9 ! long run ! numb] ( black & :ite m>bles drawn at r&om t5ds t[>d equality1 & we express ?is by say+ t ! *ance ( draw+ ei!r black or :ite is "o 9 two1 or 4 ,:e!r black or :ite appe>s at any s+le draw+ is purely a matt] ( luck4 ,9 ?is s5se1 luck confronts u at e turn1 & no "o c d5y its exi/5ce4 ,n[ let u g a little fur!r4 ,may *ance happ5+s be affect$ by circum/ances t h no app>5t connection ) !m8 ,d\btless2 b s f> z !y are !y are no long] subject to ! laws ( *ance4 ,x is because we "k ?is t we are able to /udy nature by exp]im5t4 ,if 9 a long s]ies ( draw+s1 f a basket conta9+ an equal numb] ( black & :ite m>bles1 we draw *iefly black1 we recognize at once ! fact t "s cause1 di/9ct f ! mass ( slight & unconsid]$ causes ^: comb9$ action we "k z 8*ance01 is act+4 ,we try at once to get at t cause by v>y+ ! conditions4 ,if we f9d1 = in/ance1 t by plung+ ! h& deep] into ! basket we get :ite balls z well z black1 we conclude t ! :ite balls 7 heavi] & s settl$ to ! bottom :5 ! mass 0 %ak54 ,s x may be t a p>ticul> s]ies ( happ5+s may be affect$ by locality1 by p]sonality or by season4 ,s f> z ?is is true1 *ance or 8luck0 has ceas$ to act & we mu/ look = ! cause4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are precisely ! circum/ances 9 :i* _m p]sons are accu/om$ to invoke a luck ( high] grade & m pot5t qualities1 a luck t cl+s to p]son1 place1 or "t4 ,if 9 a s]ies ( happ5+s m turn out to ! advantage ( a p>ticul> p]son ?an pure *ance w\ld w>rant1 he is said to be 8lucky04 ,9 o!r words1 ! necessity ( assign+ a cause is recogniz$1 & x is easi] to call ?is cause 8luck0 ?an to se>* = x & to id5tify x4 ,i am n sure t we are "r 9 object+ to ?is proc$ure4 ,we d n object to lump+ toge!r ! totality ( unconsid]$ causes & call+ !m 8*ance04 ,x is legitimate to d s :5 x is impossible to discov] & treat !m sep>ately4 ,9 l mann] x may be consid]$ prop] to call a man 8lucky0 :5 ! causes ( 8 success evade detection1 ?\gh we may be sure t !y exi/4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t x is bett] to be born lucky ?an ri*4 ,?is 0 :at ,napoleon meant1 ,i h no d\bt1 by 8 "q1 8,is he lucky80 ,he might h said1 8,is he uni=mly successful1 = reasons t d n lie on ! surface8 ,if s1 we mu/ assume ! exi/5ce ( causes1 ?\gh we _c detect !m4 ,d\btless he w cont9ue to succe$1 ev5 if we c n always tell :y4 ,t is ! k9d ( man t ,i pref]40 ,j a little philology "h may ?r[ additional light on our subject4 ,i h said t ,napoleon's "q 01 8,is he lucky80 ,n[ ( c\rse ,napoleon did n use ^! words1 because !y are ,engli% words1 & he spoke 9 ,fr5*4 ,:at he said1 d\btless1 0 8,e/-il heureux80 ,we translate heureux 9 two ways1 8happy0 & 8=tunate01 b !y are really ! same1 = happy means 8( good hap01 or good =tune4 ,:5 we say 8by a happy *ance01 we g back to ?is primitive mean+4 ,! ^w heureux is d]iv$ by ! ,fr5* lexicograph]s f ! ,lat9 augurium1 s t its basic mean+ is 8( good augury40 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t !re is some?+ m "h ?an m]e *ance4 ,! augur's bus9ess 0 to asc]ta9 ! w ( ! gods1 & all ?r\gh we h ! idea ( "s impell+ =ce t makes ?+s turn out z !y d4 ,if ?is =ce1 :atev] x 01 0 on ! side ( ! c&idate1 ,napoleon want$ him4 ,z = our ^w 8luck0 itself1 x is purely ,teutonic & our lexicograph]s d n trace x beyond its e>li] =ms4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m ( ^!1 z 9 ! mod]n ,g]man glck1 x means happ9ess z well z *ance4 ,?is wide association ( ideas may be tak5 to mean t happ9ess 0 reg>d$ by our =efa!rs z always ! sport ( *ance2 b ,i pref] to reg>d x z an evid5ce t a life 9 :i* ev]y?+ is = ! be/--:]e no mi/akes are made & :]e all is fair sail+ & successful outcome1 is dep5d5t on "s fundam5tal cause4 ,^! 8lucky devils01 t we see all ab\t u--! ones :o 8always fall "r-side-up0--! m5 ^: t\* turns ev]y?+ into gold--! college /ud5ts :o pass exam9ations because ! que/ions happ5$ to be ! v ones !y knew--all ^! are p ^: 8luck0 c usually be dep5d$ on to la/4 ,x is all "r to expla9 _! success by call+ !m 8lucky01 s long z we d n =get t ?is is m]ely a ^w to cloak our ignorance ( ! real causes4 ,! tr\ble is t ?is is :at we d (t5 =get4 ,we h be5 =gett+ x s9ce ! dawn ( civilization1 & we inh]it our =getfulness f ! twilight ( ignorance t prec$$ x4 ,if ! cause ( a man's success 0 n imm$iately app>5t1 he mu/1 x 0 conclud$1 h effect$ x by magic or sorc]y1 or he 0 9 league ) ! ,devil1 or ,=tuna or "s o!r goddess guid$ 8 h&4 ,if he 0 a consi/5t failure1 someone _h hoodoo$ him1 or bla/$ him ) ! evil eye1 or work$ ^u him "s magical *>m1 or ! fickle goddess _h turn$ h] back on him4 ,n[adays we simply say 8lucky dog60 or 8unlucky dog60 & let x g at t2 b ! words c>ry ) !m ! mean+ t some?+ occult is at "w--a mean+ q z unreasonable z ! specific sup]natural causes assign$ 9 e>li] days1 & possibly /ill m objectionable4 ,i am q will+ to recognize t ,jones is 8lucky04 ,8 success is due to some?+ t ,i c n detect2 9 fact1 he seems to me r an ord9>y "y man4 ,he may possibly n und]/&1 himself1 :y he gets ahead s fa/4 ,he may believe t !re is some?+ occult ab\t x4 ,pl5ty ( successful m5 h believ$ 9 _! 8/>s0 & tru/$ !m1 & ?is work$ well until x enc\rag$ !m to be reckless4 ,luck & />s are all v well z symbols1 b !y w n p]=m impossibilities4 ,s f> ,i h n op5ly m5tion$ ! public libr>y1 b ,i h be5 ?9k+ ( x a good deal1 & ,i hope t y h also4 ,x is "o ( ! beauties ( public libr>y "w t ! po9ts at :i* x t\*es life 9 g5]al are _m4 ,he :o is giv5 ! honor ( address+ libr>ians1 z ,i am do+ at pres5t1 may talk ab\t pretty mu* :at he pleases1 :5 he beg9s1 s]5e 9 ! confid5ce t its application to libr>y "w w n only be rea*$ 9 good "t1 b w ev5 obtrude itself prematurely on 8 he>]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i believe we libr>ians %\ld pond] t "q ( ,napoleon's--8,is he lucky80 & %\ld make x "p ( our te/s = employm5t & promotion1 ask+ x 9 sub/ance ( ! c&idates !mselves1 ( _! sponsors & ( ! in/itutions :]e !y ga9$ _! tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,ext5d+ ,%akespe>e a little1 we may say ) ,cs>1 8,let me h m5 ab\t me :o are fat0--fat ) a*ievem5t4 ,^? :o are lean & hungry ) failure are n = me4 ,:]e ! cause ( a*ievem5t or failure is obvi\s1 ?is attitude ne$s no def5se4 ,i believe t x is ju/ifiable :]e ! success or failure is g5]ally attribut$ to 8luck04 ,! g5]al feel+ t an 8unlucky devil0 w probably cont9ue to be unlucky is f\nd$ on ! idea t 8 ill luck is due to some?+ m ?an *ance4 ,:atev] x is1 x is some?+ t we mu/ & %\ld reckon )1 :e!r x is visible or n1 ev5 :e!r x is ?9kable or n--c]ta9ly :e!r ! p]son conc]n$ is responsible = x or n4 ,he may be 9 no s5se responsible = 8 8bad luck0 any m ?an he is = a physical defect su* z bl9dness or "o-legg$ness2 b all ^! ?+s mu/ be weigh$ 9 e/imat+ ! probable value ( 8 "w4 ,i am consci\s t su* an attitude z ?is may1 9 !ory1 d s]i\s inju/ice to ! man ^: 8ill luck0 is really due to pure *ance1 j z 9 ! case ( ! man :o ?r[s tails t5 times 9 succession aft] bett+ on heads4 ,su* a run z ?is may happ52 x does happ5 9 fact on an av]age once 9 #ajbd trials4 ,! fact t !re are #ajbc *ances aga9/ x ju/ifies u 9 neglect+ to take x into acc\nt v s]i\sly4 ,i suppose t ! *ances aga9/ a man's p]si/5t 8bad luck0 be+ due to pure haz>d are v _m millions to "o4 ,i am n go+ to wa/e any te>s ov] ! inju/ice t ,i or y or anyone else might d 9 ?is way4 ,i once he>d a man ( great intellig5ce1 ! ex-presid5t ( a small college1 firmly ma9ta9 t if "o _h a basketful ( lett]s ( ! alphabet1 writt5 on c>ds1 & dump$ !m all out on ! floor1 x 0 absolutely impossible t !y %\ld be f\nd s arrang$1 we w say1 z to spell out ,milton's 8,p>adise ,lo/04 ,n[ su* a happ5+ is extremely unlikely1 b ! *ance t x %\ld occur c be calculat$ ma!matically & express$ 9 figures4 ,! arrangem5t 9 :i* 8,p>adise ,lo/0 is spell$ out1 h[ev]1 is no m unlikely ?an any o!r possible arrangem5t1 & "s "o ( ^! arrangem5ts is b\nd to occur1 no matt] h[ unlikely any p>ticul> "o is be=eh&4 ,no "o ( !m1 !re=e is impossible1 includ+ ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,b ,i admit t :]e *ances are s adv]se1 we may use ! ^w 8impossibility0 9 a r\gh s5se1 & s ,i use x 9 ass]t+ t x is impossible = p]si/5t 8bad luck0 to be due to pure *ance4 ,j "h we may consid] :e!r a man may rise above ill-luck1 may conqu] x1 may turn x into good =tune4 ,! anci5ts evid5tly believ$ t he c\ld2 t is :y !y repres5t$ ,=tuna's :eel z turn+4 ,its rotation may n only 8l[] ! pr\d01 z ,t5nyson puts x1 b may also elevate ! humble--*ange a run ( ill-luck into a 8lucky /rike04 ,! ,psalmi/ ascribes bo? ^! functions to ! ,almighty himself4 8,deposuit pot5tes de s$e1 et exaltavit humiles04 ,all ?is 0 occult to !m ( old "t2 x ne$ be s to u only 9 ! s5se t occult means 8hidd504 ,if ! hidd5 causes ( a man's ill luck may be reveal$ to him1 :olly or p>tially1 by /udy1 or ev5 if he c make a plausible guess at !m1 & if he f9ds t !y are )9 8 control1 he c ( c\rse mitigate !m or p]haps aboli% !m4 ,i greatly fe> t 9 mo/ cases ( ?is k9d !y are beyond 8 regulation1 ei!r because !y are cong5ital or because !y are due to habits s +ra9$ t *ang+ !m is impossible4 ,! v fact t he attributes 8 failures to 8luck0 %[s t he has made "s ef=t to get at ! cause & has fail$ 9 t1 z 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! use ( ! ^w 8luck0 enables him to keep 8 self-respect4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 make him a m valuable assi/ant1 & 8 sup]iors mu/ n fail to take x into acc\nt 9 an e/imate ( 8 "w4 ,i believe t "s inquiry into possible physical causes may repay u4 ,tea*]s tell u ( cases :]e incr$ible /upidity turn$ out on exam9ation to be due to deafness4 ,i p]sonally knew ( a maid s]vant ^: app>5tly idiotic actions 7 caus$ by ne>-sight$ness4 ,%e did n "k--poor girl--t h] eyes 7 n p]fectly normal4 ,9 all su* cases treatm5t ( ! physical cause1 if x is treatable--alt]s ! 8run ( luck0 at once4 ,all ( our libr>ies %\ld h m$ical (fic]s1 z ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y has1 & ! memb]s ( ! /aff %\ld be p]iodically inspect$4 ,!re %\ld be a rigid physical exam9ation on entrance4 ,i ask y to consid]1 9 ?is connection1 ! c>e] ( ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 :i* has always seem$ to me "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 our hi/ory4 ,z ,i walk$ d[n ! ,gravois ,road 9 ,/4 ,l\is ! o!r day1 along :i* ,grant us$ to drive 8 loads ( wood f ! f>m1 to sell 9 ! city1 x seem$ z if ,i c\ld see ! /umpy figure clad 9 its fad$ army ov]coat seat$ on ! load & urg+ 8 sl[-go+ mules t[>d ,/4 ,l\is1 !n f> away4 ,if !re ev] 0 a man :o 0 8d[n & out01 x 0 ,grant at ?is "t4 ,he _h be5 uni=mly 8unlucky04 ,he _h _h 8 *ance--a good "o--& _h pass$ x by4 ,opportunity1 :i* we are falsely told knocks only once at a man's door1 _h s\nd$ h] call & he _h made no adequate response4 ,a graduate ( ,we/ ,po9t1 ) cr$itable s]vice 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 ) good connections by bir? & m>riage1 "h he 01 liv+ 9 a log cab9 on a small f>m1 haul+ wood to city cu/om]s4 ,yet j ?ree ye>s lat] ?is man's "n 0 ! be/ kn[n 9 ! c\ntry & _h gone ar\nd ! _w4 ,he 0 a victori\s g5]al 9 comm& ( armies4 ,a few ye>s m & he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he 0 uni=mly 8lucky04 ,8 8luck _h *ang$04 ,:at made x *ange8 ,i c n f9d t ,grant ! successful milit>y comm&] 0 a diff]5t man 9 any way f ,grant ! f>m] & team/]4 ,he 0 supremely fitt$ = milit>y comm& "u a p>ticul> set ( conditions4 ,:5 ^? conditions arose1 8 g5ius took ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,su* a c>e] is n unique4 ,we le>n f x t ill luck may be simply negative--due1 n to active causes t =ce "o back1 b simply to ! abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* alone "o may move =w>d4 ,vocational guidance may help u "h--or x may n4 ,x w\ld n h help$ ,grant4 ,if he c\ld h be5 subject$ to "s miracul\s s]ies ( te/s t w\ld h br\ght out ! fact t1 failure z he 01 he c\ld a*ieve brilliant success at ! head ( an army :at w\ld t h avail$8 ,!re 0 no army = him1 & !re 0 no w> 9 :i* x c\ld fight4 ,if ! "q 8,is he lucky80 is to be answ]$ 8,no--b he might become s1 if he 7 at ! head ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eel ,corporation04 ,i am afraid t ! result w\ld be ! same z )\t t qualify+ /atem5t4 ,:5 a libr>ian 0 leav+ a l>ge field ( endeavor to ent] ^u a /ill l>g] "o1 8 (fice-boy1 he>+ "s speculation reg>d+ 8 successor1 0 he>d to say1 8,i c\ld hold d[n t job myself4 ,i've wat*$ ev]y?+ he does & !re isn't a ?+ ,i c\ldn't d04 ,:at he _h wat*$ 7 ! motions & !y look$ easy4 ,b we %\ld n laugh at ?is k9d ( confid5ce4 ,an old /ag] said to me once 8,oh1 ^! "y m56 ,!y ?9k !y c d x all2 & ! tr\ble is t sometimes !y are "r40 ,a "y man is a neutral 9 luck4 ,8 good or bad =tune is yet to be reveal$4 ,! complete vocational te/ w\ld be "o t c\ld tell :e!r ! (fice boy 7 really fitt$ to be libr>ian1 & if he 71 w\ld see t he ultimately became libr>ian4 ,n[ we mu/ rely n only on ! boy's own ability to e/imate 8 p[]s b on 8 fight+ /r5g? to realize 8 vision4 ,& !re is m to x ?an ?is4 ,a work] may h ! ability & may "k t he has x1 & yet he may di/ru/ 8 own e/imate & s fail to foll[ x up4 ,?is is "o ( ! sadde/ v>ieties ( 8ill-luck04 ,we (t5 he> x said 8,he c d t1 if he w\ld only realize x04 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 ! man or ! woman does realize x p]fectly well2 8 self e/imate ( 8 p[]s may be q high en\gh2 x may ev5 be too high4 ,talk ) him & y may discov] to y\r surprise t he ?9ks highly ( himself4 ,b at ! critical mom5t he loses 8 n]ve4 ,d\bts arise 9 8 m9d4 ,is he1 aft] all1 z able to rise to ! em]g5cy z he has always ?\ght himself8 ,he hesitates2 & he is lo/4 ,8 8ill luck0 has aga9 be5 too mu* = him4 ,some:at simil> to failures ( ?is sort are ^? t arise f lack ( initiative4 ,"h ,i ?9k our tra9+ is some:at at fault4 ,i c almo/ pick out at sight ! libr>y assi/ants ^: tra9+ has be5 9 s*ools :]e ob$i5ce has be5 ! *ief ?+ inculcat$1 ! foll[+ ( rules & =mulas1 ! rev]5ce = /&>ds & au?ority4 ,!y are ( ! greate/ value 9 c]ta9 positions1 b !y c n advance f>4 ,!y are afraid to g beyond ! beat5 pa?--to take *ances1 n1 z 9 ! case j consid]$1 because !y di/ru/ !mselves or _! judgm5t1 b because !y h be5 tra9$ n to adv5ture4 ,n[ adv5tur+ is ! only way 9 :i* mank9d has ev] got any:]e4 ,!re are conditions 9 :i* *ance-tak+ is crim9al1 z x usually is :5 mu* is /ak$ = little4 ,! eng9e] :o risks ! lives ( a tra9-load ( pass5g]s 9 ord] t he may avoid los+ a m9ute on s*$ule "t1 is a crim9al *ance-tak]4 ,he may h done x once be=e ) success1 & ! belief t he is 8lucky0 may induce him to d x aga94 ,! tr\ble ) ! ov]-cauti\s work] is t because he feels t ?is k9d ( adv5tur+ is wrong1 x is also wrong = him to /ake 8 p]sonal com=t aga9/ a possible great advance 9 ! quality ( s]vice t he is do+4 ,p]haps ,i h put x awkw>dly4 ,x is n s mu* p]sonal com=t t is at /ake1 ?\gh t is an elem5t1 z ! feel+ t do+ ?+s well 89 ! way t we h always done !m0 is bett] ?an disorganiz+ !m = ! purpose ( %uffl+ !m into a bett] comb9ation4 ,i h on m ?an "o occasion1 9 ,libr>y ,s*ool lectures1 urg$ ?is po9t ( view1 & ,i h advis$ m /imulation to v5turesom5ess1 less po9t+ out ( old pa?s & m opportunities to break new ones4 ,no "o ev] rea*$ a new place by foll[+ an old pa?4 ,! pa?-break]s may be 8lucky0 or 8unlucky04 ,i agree t ! 8unlucky0--! cong5ital blund]]s--ought to be kept out ( ! adv5tur+ class--b h[ %all we tell :o !y are except by try+8 ,i h ?\ght1 possibly )\t ju/ification--t ,i h detect$ a slight attitude ( disapproval on ! "p ( ,libr>y ,s*ool au?orities :5 su* advice z ?is has be5 giv54 8,let ! /ud5t fir/ le>n ! /&>ds1 to d ?+s by rule1 to obey au?ority--!n he c bran* out into initiative40 ,b c he8 ,my fe>1 some:at ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 is t he c n4 ,! /&>ds mu/ be taught4 ,! rules mu/ be kn[n & foll[$1 b if along ) ?is !re is no /imulation to initiative & ! cont9ual in/ilm5t ( a feel+ t progress dep5ds on ! div9e curiosity ( ! explor]--we %all be tra9+ only r\t9e work]s & = our advances we %all h to dep5d on ^? :om we /igmatize z untra9$4 ,!y w be ! 8lucky ones04 ,"h are cases :]e luck is a function ( attitudes ( m9d & may be rev]s$ if a *ange c be made 9 t attitude4 ,!re are o!r su*4 ,take = in/ance ! case ( ! gr\*y man--! man :o has a qu>rel ) ! _w4 ,he is sure t he is unlucky--& sure en\gh1 he is6 ,he does n expect to be advanc$1 & no "o w\ld ?9k ( advanc+ him4 ,8 attitude & its natural results react on ea* o!r until he becomes a confirm$ misan?rope4 ,!n !re is ! man )\t int]e/ 9 :at he is do+4 ,:o w\ld be s fooli% z to intru/ an important task to a man :o1 x is q evid5t1 does n c>e :e!r x is done well or ill1 or :e!r x is done at all8 ,^! p]sons betray _! lack ( int]e/ 9 ways t are famili> to u all4 ,!y utt]ly lack initiative1 b = o!r reasons ?an ! p]sons ^: cases h be5 discuss$ above4 ,!y h no objections to adv5ture1 b a v5ture presupposes int]e/4 ,no "o ev] set out to f9d ! ,nor? ,pole :o 0 utt]ly indiff]5t to its location or ! "* ( its surr\nd+s4 ,all true success is built on a f\ndation ( lively int]e/4 ,h5ce p]sons ( ?is sort are peculi>ly unlucky4 ,!y wat* subord9ates & newcom]s pass !m 9 ! race1 & !y are p]fectly c]ta9 t ?is is due to favoritism1 or to luck4 ,!y !mselves are unlucky1 & ( c\rse !y w always rema9 s1 unless !y c alt] _! neutral attitude4 ,9 ?9k+ ov] ! lack ( initiative ( :i* ,i h compla9$ above & ! failure ( our tra9+ to supply x1 x occurs to me t we c>ry ?is lack ov] into our "w4 ,we are apt to compla9 ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ p]sons :o are fitt$ = positions ( comm& & responsibility4 ,:at d we d to elicit ! qualities t make "o fit = su* po/s8 ,we h 9 our own libr>y a sy/em ( effici5cy reports1 :i* are fill$ out by dep>tm5t-heads ye>ly1 "o = ea* assi/ant4 ,^! give ne$$ in=mation ab\t ! "w ( memb]s ( ! /aff1 & !y also sometimes reveal q cle>ly ! /ate ( m9d ( ^? :o make !m out4 ,two ( ! que/ions are1 8,9 :at did ! assi/ant fall %ort80 ,& 8,:at did y l mo/ ab\t ! assi/ant80 ,x /rikes me1 on runn+ ov] ^! reports1 z ,i h j done1 t ! qualities mo/ valu$ :5 pres5t & mo/ lam5t$ :5 abs5t1 are ^? ( a good subord9ate--! assi/ant :o goes quietly1 effici5tly & quickly ab\t do+ :at %e is told to d1 is pleasant ab\t x & does n %irk4 ,"h are "s ( ! ?+s t our dep>tm5t-heads l be/3 8e>ne/ness1 indu/ry & intellig5ce0 8al]tness2 read9ess to take sugge/ion0 8excell5t /&>ds ( "w0 8close application to bus9ess0 8absolute dep5dability0 8p]si/5ce0 8excell5t work]2 /eady2 reliable0 8en?usiasm & eag]ness to le>n0 8close att5tion to bus9ess0 8t5acity & fai? 9 h]self0 8m9ds h] own bus9ess0 8f9e _s 9 "w0 8oblig+1 will+ & ready s]vice0 8indu/ry & intellig5ce0 8g5]al in=mation0 8calm1 *e]ful nature0 8hone/y ( purpose0 8pati5ce "u criticism0 8polit5ess & will+ness to oblige0 8loyalty1 fai?fulness & goodness0 8accuracy & sy/ematic me?ods0 8neat & ambiti\s0 ,all ^! ?+s are f9e1 ,i agree1 b !re is n "o ( !m t sugge/s ! possibility ( advancem5t to a position ( comm& :]e adm9i/rative ability & initiative w c\nt4 ,i d n sugge/ t ^! qualities are abs5t1 b ,i ?9k ! record %[s t we are n on ! look\t = !m & possibly d n value !m z we ought4 ,only once 9 a :ile d ,i f9d a sugge/ion t a t5d5cy t[>d su* qualities is ( int]e/1 z :51 "o assi/ant is comm5d$ = 8indep5d5ce & good judgm5t0 & ano!r = 8res\rcefulness04 ,& :5 we come to ! 8weak po9ts0 report$1 ! same facts /& out4 ,"h are "s ( !m3 8lack ( accuracy & sy/em0 8too s5sitive0 8too res]v$0 8(t5 ?\ghtless0 8n suffici5tly pa9/ak+0 8too delib]ate0 8tries to "w too fa/0 8lack ( poise0 8r sl[0 8hesitates to ask = ne$$ help0 8lack ( sy/em0 8impractical & ideali/ic0 8n v responsive0 8s eag] t %e is a bit aggressive at times0 ,"h1 too1 ! defici5cies report$ are pr$om9antly ^? t w\ld make a bad subord9ate2 al?\gh "h & !re we may detect "o ( ! o!r k9d2 = in/ance1 8does n "k h[ to f9d & develop ! be/ 9 h] assi/ants0 8n self-reliant0 8dis9cl9$ to assume responsibility0 ,^! are all faults ( poor executives4 ,we %all nev] be able to pick good (fic]s if we d n "k h[ to detect 9 our privates ! qualities t w\ld fit !m to comm& & h[ to enc\rage ! developm5t ( su* qualities :5 !re is any?+ on :i* to base x4 ,luck may n only be 890 b 8(0 ! libr>y4 ,! :ole in/itution may be 9 ! lucky or unlucky class4 ,i ?9k y h kn[n bo? k9ds4 ,! =m] seem to prosp]1 to d good "w & to w9 gold5 op9ions by ! v fact ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! latt] h small appropriations1 a poor /&+ 9 ! community1 & are f9ally de/roy$ by fire4 ,n[ p]sonal ill-luck is & rema9s p]sonal1 b ! ill-luck ( an in/itution may be ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x may reside 9 a p]son or p]sons1 or 9 a sy/em1 or 9 a build+--or 9 all ?ree4 ,if ! ,jone/[n ,public ,libr>y is unlucky1 ! ill-luck may be t ( its libr>ian1 or ( 8 /aff1 or he may be op]at+ an unlucky sy/em1 or 8 build+ may be unlucky4 ,i am an especial believ] 9 unlucky build+s4 ,"s !re are 9 :i* x appe>s to be z impossible to run a successful libr>y z x w\ld be to gr[ vegetables 9 an a%-b94 ,sometimes "o c pick out ! tr\ble ) half an eye1 al?\gh ! same degree ( a/ut5ess seems to h be5 beyond ! ar*itect1 or ! bo>d1 or ! libr>ian :o co-op]at$ to produce x4 ,b 9 _m cases we "k ! tr\ble only by its fruits2 its roots are hidd51 & ! be/ we c d is to recognize t ! libr>y's ill-luck comes f an unlucky build+1 & leave x at t4 ,!re are s _m s\rces ( ?is k9d ( g5]al libr>y ill-luck1 t x is a wond] we d n see m unlucky libr>ies4 ,!re are n s v _m lucky ones ei!r1 except s f> z ?is proce$s f ! possession ( a /aff ^: memb]s are individually lucky4 ,! /ati/ician kn[s t ! way to elim9ate *ance is to multiply in/ances4 ,! insurance actu>y does n "k :5 y w die1 b he kn[s t ( a million m5 ( y\r age1 v ne>ly s _m w die )9 ! next ye>4 ,x is because he deals ) a l>ge numb] ( cases t he c put 8 sy/em on a bus9ess foot+4 ,!re may be only "o :ite ball 9 a bu%el ( black ones2 y might conceivably draw t :ite ball at ! fir/ trial1 b if y did y w\ld prop]ly ref] to x z 8luck04 ,if1 h[ev]1 y c\ld multiply ! numb] ( trials1 y w\ld br+ up ! :ite ball soon] or lat]4 ,!re may be only "o good way ( accompli%+ a result among ?\s&s ( bad ones4 ,if y %\ld hit on ! "r "o at ! fir/ trial y w\ld be 8lucky01 b1 luck or no luck1 y w get x if y keep on long en\gh4 ,pati5ce is always a w9n] 9 ! long run4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* mu* ( our k is collect$4 ,edison f\nd ! "r sub/ance = 8 fir/ c>bon filam5t by s5d+ = all sorts ( mat]ials f all ov] ! _w1 c>boniz+ !m1 & try+ !m out4 ,! "r "o prov$ to be a k9d ( bamboo4 ,if ,edison _h hit on ?is at ! fir/ trial x w\ld h be5 s 8lucky0 a *ance z almo/ to be c\nt$ a miracle2 z x 01 he elim9at$ *ance by multiplication4 ,no?+ annoys an executive s mu* z to be told t ! adoption ( ?is or t c\rse w result 9 a specifi$ way1 :5 no "o has ev] tri$ x4 ,?is 0 a common attitude 9 ! "t ( ,galileo1 :5 ! idea t any?+ c\ld be f\nd out by obs]vation or exp]im5t 0 reg>d$ z a public sc&al4 ,t 0 ! "t :5 a man refus$ to look ?r\gh ! newly-inv5t$ telescope = fe> t he might see some?+ contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ,ari/otle4 ,^! p are n all dead by any means4 ,i h he>d !m ass]t t a propos$ *ange w\ld ru9 ! libr>y & !n object to try+ x because !y 7 afraid ! result w\ld be contr>y to _! own pr$ictions4 ,! m$ieval philosoph]s at lea/ _h ,ari/otle to fall back on2 _! mod]n successors w\ld appe> to be pos+ z ,ari/otles !mselves4 ,a h\semaid rec5tly said to h] mi/ress 8,i've told ev]ybody to-day ye w]5't at home2 n[ don't sit 9 ! w9d[ & make me a li>40 ,no discov]y2 no falsehood1 y see4 ,s if we libr>ians c be prev5t$ f try+ exp]im5ts1 ! false pr$ictions ( "s ( our advis]s w n be false 9 _! own eyes1 simply because !y w n be expos$4 ,my advice to libr>ians1 & to ev]yone else is to keep on try+ exp]im5ts4 ,if y get a satisfactory result ! fir/ "t1 y may /op1 & ascribe x1 if y please1 to y\r good luck4 ,if ! result is unsatisfactory1 h[ev]1 y ne$ n /& pat on y\r ill luck4 8,if at fir/ y don't succe$ ,try1 try aga904 ,!re is m philosophy 9 t ?an 9 all ,ari/otle4 ,x is also a practical exposition ( ! doctr9e ( *ances4 ,some:]e is ! comb9ation t y want4 ,y w f9d x1 if y only keep on long en\gh4 ,libr>ies t are afraid ( be+ victimiz$ by *ance1 or1 z we may put x1 becom+ m>tyrs to bad luck1 %\ld pond] some:at m closely ! possibilities ( relief f insurance4 ,( c\rse "h ,i am us+ ! ^w 8luck0 9 its simpl] mean+ ( un=ese5 occurr5ce4 ,take ! case ( ! libr>y t suff]s f ! fact t an influ5tial memb] ( ! committee t fixes ! am\nt ( its annual appropriation has eat5 some?+ indige/ible = breakfa/4 ,su* an un=eseeable occurr5ce1 su* a 8piece ( bad luck01 might co/ a libr>y any:]e f two to tw5ty ?\s& doll>s1 accord+ to ! usual size ( its appropriation4 ,equally injuri\s might be ! illness ( ! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d1 ?r[+ ^u an incompet5t memb] ! duty ( pres5t+ ! libr>y's claims & ne$s4 ,x is surely unju/ t a public-s]vice in/itution %\ld be at ! m]cy ( su* trivial *ances4 ,9 "s /ates1 includ+ my own1 ! libr>y is remov$ f su* ill-luck z ?is by a /atutory provision fix+ its public income1 subject to prop] *ecks & tak+ away ! ability ( an individual's illness or indisposition to l[] x4 ,b :]e ?is ill-*ance is /ill 9 its baleful work+ ord]1 :y %\ld n ! libr>y be protect$ aga9/ x by insurance8 ,su* protection w\ld be analog\s to ! corporation insurance tak5 out by l>ge indu/rial companies to (fset ! loss likely to result f ! dea? ( an (fic] on ^: adm9i/rative ability mu* ( ! company's e>n+ p[] dep5ds1 or to ! paym5t ( dea? duties by insurance1 n[ be+ advocat$ by _m companies1 & adopt$ on a huge scale by ,mr4 ,j4,p4 ,morgan4 ,insurance is ! great equaliz]2 x multiplies in/ances1 enl>ges ! field ( possibilities & aboli%es ill-luck4 ,we are avail+ ourselves ( x 9 case ( possible damage by fire or /orm1 or ( loss ?r\gh our liability z employ]s4 ,we may 9 future use x to cut out *ance & luck 9 o!r fields also & to make our res\rces s dep5dable t we may devote to ! ext5sion & bett]m5t ( s]vice ! +5uity n[ (t5 sp5t solely 9 devis+ means 8to get along04 ,i am afraid t y w comp>e ?is address v unfavorably ) ! celebrat$ *apt] on snakes 9 ,icel&1 because :]eas ! au?or ( t 0 able to ann\nce ! non-exi/5ce ( 8 subject 9 six words1 x has tak5 me a good _m ?\s&4 ,y w d me an inju/ice1 h[ev]1 if y ?9k t ,i h simply be5 demon/rat+ ! non-exi/5ce ( luck4 ,i believe t :5 we say a man is lucky1 we mean some?+ def9ite1 & t ?+ surely has an exi/5ce4 ,x may n be ! ,goddess ,=tuna1 or h] mod]n successor1 b x is v real & x is wor? inve/igat+ & tak+ into acc\nt4 ,if y are told t "o ( y\r assi/ants is 8lucky01 d n laugh x away4 ,f9d out ! facts1 & if !y indicate t %e is unusually successful 9 :at %e und]takes1 be ?ankful t y h a lucky p]son on y\r /aff4 ,*]i% h] & promote h]4 ,& if y c f9d su* a p]son outside ( y\r libr>y1 ) ! o!r necess>y qualifications1 pref] him1 or h]1 9 mak+ an appo9tm5t1 to "o ( ! 8unlucky0 v>iety4 ,x is ( ! lucky k9d t ! _w's g5iuses are made--inv5tors l ,bell1 ,edison & ,m>coni1 capta9s ( indu/ry l ,c>negie1 ,rockefell] & ,h5ry ,=d1 soldi]s l ,napoleon1 ,grant1 & ,moltke1 /atesm5 l ,l9coln1 ,glad/one & ,bism>ck1 poets l ,%akespe>e1 ,dante & ,goe!4 ,we h _h too few ( ^! 9 ! libr>y pr(ession4 ,!y 7 all lucky & :at we ne$1 especially 9 ! pres5t em]g5cy1 is pl5ty ( 8,luck 9 ! ,libr>y04 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,z ,a ,,museum ,b\nd>y regions are always int]e/+4 ,close to ! l9e sep>at+ two regions ( fact or ( ?\ght clu/] ! examples t fasc9ate u4 ,kipl+'s /ories ( ,india are s int]e/+ because !y tell ( ! meet+ po9ts ( two civilizations--! b\nd>y along :i* !y come into contact1 int]act & fuse4 ,! same is true ( all tales ( ! :ite man & ! r$ ,indian1 ( ! /ories ( e>ly explor]s1 ( ! n>ratives ( ,spani% conqui/adores 9 ! s\? & ,fr5* ,jesuits 9 ! nor?4 ,! /ud5t ( ma!matical physics w tell y t x is n 9 homog5e\s regions1 b along b\nd>y l9es t ! application ( 8 equations becomes difficult1 & at ! same "t int]e/+4 ,our :ole human life is condition$ by b\nd>ies4 ,x is possible only on a surface sep>at+ ! e>?'s mass f its atmosph]e4 ,x is limit$ by n>r[ conditions ( temp]ature1 n\ri%m5t1 light1 & s on4 ,s we ne$ n be a/oni%$ :5 we f9d t two relat$ subjects ( any k9d acquire new vitality & new int]e/ :5 we /udy ! region along ! l9e :]e !y t\*4 ,?is is especially true ( ! libr>y & ! museum4 ,i d n int5d to dwell on ! case :]e ! books 9 a libr>y are !mselves treat$ z museum objects1 al?\gh possibly ?is is ! "o t may fir/ occur to ! m9d 9 ?is connection4 ,books t are curiosities on acc\nt ( _! r>ity or = o!r reasons are limit$ usually to v l>ge libr>ies4 ,! ,l5ox ,libr>y 9 ,new ,york1 n[ "p ( ! ,public ,libr>y1 0 almo/ entirely a book-museum & 0 s int5d$ by its f\nd]4 ,! private libr>ies ( great collectors1 su* z ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 or ! ,hunt+tons1 are (t5 l>gely book-museums1 & 9 g5]al1 a book t br+s a high price1 br+s x = its value z a curiosity1 n z a book4 ,! fre] a book is ! m value x has z a book2 ! m re/rict$ x is ! great] its value z a curiosity4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 a small libr>y may h "o or two books t are wor? display z curiosities1 because !y are old1 or r>e1 or h int]e/+ local associations ei!r ?r\gh ! au?or1 or ! own]1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,! ,haw?orne & ,longfell[ room 9 ! ,b[do9 ,college ,libr>y is an example ( ?is latt] case4 ,b a book1 or any?+ else1 own$ & display$ z a m]e curiosity1 is ( n mu* real value1 no matt] :at price x may br+ at auction4 ,! ?+s t make a good museum :at x is are n curiosities at all1 9 ! vulg> s5se4 ,!y illu/rate "s sci5ce or art & make its /udy easi] & m int]e/+2 !y ?r[ light on geology or hi/ory or sculpture4 ,once 9 a :ile we see a museum collection ( books made = ?is object1 to illu/rate ! art ( b9d+ or ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 or ! depr$ations ( book-eat+ insects4 ,! value ( specim5s l ^! has no?+ to d ) _! r>ity4 ,sometimes ! smalle/ libr>y may h books or pamphlets t may be display$ ) ?is object1 especially :]e ! subject is local4 ,x may = in/ance ga!r a collection ( e>ly pamphlets f local pr9t+ (fices1 or ( books once ! prop]ty ( "s em95t citiz54 ,^! ?+s belong to a museum pure & simple1 :i* is ! reason :y ,i am m5tion+ !m at fir/1 to get !m out ( ! way be=e treat+ my real subject1 :i* is ! debateable gr\nd betwe5 libr>y & museum4 ,!re is no?+ debateable ab\t a book-museum any m ?an ab\t any o!r k9d ( a museum--a collection ( hi/orical or geological specim5s1 = in/ance1 t (t5 f9ds place 9 a libr>y build+1 n because x is a libr>y1 b because x is a conv5i5t place1 or because x has be5 ?\ght be/ to build a libr>y & a museum "u "o ro(1 z has be5 done 9 ,pittsburgh4 ,!re is h[ev] a real debateable gr\nd betwe5 libr>y & museum1 ) some:at hazy b\nd>ies :i* ,i believe t ei!r is ju/ifi$ 9 ov]/epp+ :5ev] su* an act supplies an omission & does n duplicate4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a b\nd>y region betwe5 libr>y & museum t may be occupi$ by ei!r1 b %\ld n be occupi$ by bo?4 ,i %all try briefly to def9e ?is region & indicate h[ ! libr>y may occupy p>ts ( x )\t legitimate criticism :5 ! necessity arises4 ,descriptive & illu/rative mat]ial is to be f\nd 9 bo? libr>y & museum4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! =m] is ( prim>y importance 9 ! libr>y & ! latt] 9 ! museum4 ,_m books consi/ ( descriptive text alone1 )\t pictures or diagrams1 & on ! o!r h& a museum might conta9 specim5s )\t labels1 al?\gh !y w\ld n be ( mu* use4 ,9 g5]al1 text ) illu/rations belongs 9 a libr>y & specim5s ) labels 9 a museum4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ! di/9ction z x has j be5 giv51 h[ev]1 %[s t x may be v difficult to draw a l9e betwe5 ! two k9ds ( collections4 ,a museum has be5 def9$ z 8a collection ( good labels accompani$ by illu/rative specim5s40 ,"h ! value ( ! descriptive text is emphasiz$1 ev5 9 ! museum collection4 ,:5 descriptive treatises are %elv$ 9 connection ) ! specim5s1 z 9 "s mod]n museums1 we h an expansion ( ! label into ! book2 & ! museum1 9 ?is "o p>ticul> at lea/1 crosses ! divid+ l9e betwe5 x & ! libr>y4 ,no "o w\ld blame x = s do+4 ,simil>ly ! libr>y may occasionally cross ! l9e 9 ! o!r direction )\t incurr+ blame4 ,let me repeat t bo? libr>y & museum may conta9 descriptive & explanatory text & illu/rative mat]ial4 ,9 ! museum ! text is usually 9 ! =m ( labels1 atta*$ to ! specim5s1 & ^! are g5]ally mat]ial objects4 ,9 ! libr>y ! text is 9 book =m & ! 8specim5s10 if we may s call !m1 are plates b\nd into ! book4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 by ! libr>y t[>d ! l9e t sep>ates x f ! museum is :5 ! plates1 in/ead ( be+ b\nd into a book1 are kept sep>ately 9 a portfolio4 ,! accompany+ text1 correspond+ to ! 8labels0 ( museum collections1 may be on ! same %eet z ! plates 7(t5 on ! rev]se side7 or on sep>ate %eets1 :i* may be b\nd into a book ev5 :5 ! plates are sep>ate4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y ab\t a ?\s& volumes1 =m+ "o ?ird ( ! collection kept regul>ly 9 our art room1 h sep>ate plates4 ,^! are ( c\rse n usually on display b are 9 ! cases ready to be us$ 9 ! room on dem&4 ,!y ?us correspond1 n ) museum mat]ial display$ 9 cases1 b ) specim5s pack$ away 9 su* mann] t !y may easily be secur$ = /udy by ^? :o want !m4 ,"o may imag9e a :ole museum equipp$ = /ud5ts 9 ?is way1 ) no?+ on display at all--no popul> exhibition features4 ,probably no museum 0 ev] s adm9i/]$1 z an entirety2 & z y "k ! l>ge museums are mak+ m & m ( features add+ to ! attractiv5ess ( ! collection z a popul> spectacle4 ,! public visits ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york1 mu* z x turns ! pages ( ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e--j to look at ! pictures4 ,?is treatm5t ( mat]ial is ju/ifi$ because x increases popul> int]e/ 9 ! subject-matt] & br+s p to ! museum :o w\ld n o!rwise ent] x4 ,also1 x pr$isposes public bodies to m g5]\s support ( ! museum4 ,?is is true aga9 ( su* in/itutions z botanical & zoological g>d5s1 :i* h always be5 %[-places = ! public z well z laboratories = ! /ud5t4 ,! libr>y c n af=d to neglect su* an opportunity ( attract+ ! public & ( /imulat+ int]e/ 9 its own subject-matt]--books4 ,x c n cont9u\sly display any great "p ( its sep>ate pr9ts1 z a museum does ) its specim5s1 b x c exhibit !m f "t to "t1 s t "o or ano!r ( !m is always display$ 9 ?is way4 ,simple scre5s c be *eaply made & ! pr9ts fa/5$ !reto ) ?umb-p9s1 tak+ c>e n to injure !m by p]=at+ ) ! p91 b lett+ ! edge ( ! head lap ov] ! edge ( ! pr9t to hold x1 & us+ %eets ( transp>5t celluloid = protection1 :]e necess>y4 ,aft] beg9n+ su* displays 9 our own libr>y1 we f\nd !m s popul> ) our read]s & s helpful 9 our own "w t we are n[ hold+ ?irty or =ty ye>ly1 sometimes two or ?ree at once 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! libr>y1 supplem5t+ our own mat]ial ) loans f int]e/$ fri5ds4 ,! value ( exhibitions ( plates is s highly e/imat$ by "s libr>ians t !y are break+ up valuable volumes s t ! plates may be us$ sep>ately4 ,?is is a second /ep t[>d ! museum use ( ! libr>y4 ,i h he>d a well-kn[n libr>ian ass]t t if p]mitt$ by 8 ,bo>d he w\ld dismemb] e art book 9 8 libr>y1 9 ?is way4 ,mo/ ( u1 especially if we are int]e/$ 9 ! exhibition side ( libr>y "w--:i* is di/9ctly a museum side--w be incl9$ to sympa?ize ) him4 ,b al?\gh we hesitate1 p]haps1 to te> to pieces good books1 ev5 = su* a good purpose z ?is1 !re is mu* mat]ial t c be s treat$ ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,_m duplicates ( art works c be ?us us$1 & !re is h>dly an illu/rat$ book :i* :5 ! libr>ian is ready to ?r[ x away does n conta9 plates or maps :i* c be sav$ & us$4 ,9 ,/4 ,l\is :5 we condemn books !y are nev] de/roy$ & consign$ to ! old-pap] deal] be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s & be=e ! eyes ( all ^? :o might use /ill usable fragm5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,tak+ ! item ( maps alone1 "s ( ! be/ special maps are atta*$ to volumes ( travel or hi/ory1 z fold]s or 9 pockets4 ,s long z ! book is usable1 ! map1 ( c\rse1 mu/ g ) x1 b if ! map has be5 re9=c$ ) l95 :5 ! book is pur*as$1 z x ought to be1 x w probably be 9 usable condition :5 ! book is worn out1 & may at once be transf]r$ to ! map collection4 ,! same is true ( o!r plate ?an pictures--fac-similes ( h&writ+1 = in/ance4 ,a v fair autograph collection may be made ( su* deta*$ plates--n orig9als ( c\rse1 b orig9als are valuable m]ely z curiosities1 9 ! way t we h already not$4 ,fac-similes are z good = any o!r purpose4 ,( c\rse all su* torn up or deta*$ mat]ial is v conv5i5t also = ref]5ce use--easily fil$ & quickly consult$4 ,x may be kept 9 v]tical file cases1 9 loose-leaf b9d]s or 9 ord9>y portfolios4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ ?+s ab\t x is ! facility ( assembl+ x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 our own libr>y we sometimes te> ap>t ! leaves ( an art book simply to gr\p ! plates 9 an ord] t w make !m m valuable = ref]5ce purposes4 ,?is leads u to ano!r ne>ly relat$1 ?\gh ,i %\ld call x a /ill fur!r1 /ep t[>d ! museum region1 :i* is tak5 :5 we delib]ately create specim5s by clipp+ & m\nt+4 ,mo/ libr>ies are n[ do+ ?is freely1 bo? = ref]5ce "w & = circulation4 ,9 _m cases !re are no sep>ate labels "h except a brief descriptive title1 ! mat]ial be+ classifi$ accord+ to its subject or its int5d$ use4 ,! simil>ity to ! s*ool museum or circulat+ museum--a v rec5t developm5t ( museum "w--is /rik+4 ,9 ?is field ! libr>y has be5 ahead ( ! regul> museums4 ,! mat]ial clipp$ & m\nt$ is usually book mat]ial--l>gely plates f books1 magaz9es or pap]s4 ,!re is mu* o!r mat]ial t c be s m\nt$ & us$--! k9d ( ?+ t is famili> 9 memorabilia scrapbooks--!atre & conc]t programs1 ann\ncem5ts1 invitations1 tickets ( admission1 badges1 m5us1 photographs1 adv]tis+ mat]ial1 etc4 ,x is usually a mi/ake to make p]man5t scrap-books ( su* mat]ial4 ,:5 !y ne$ to be assembl$ 9 book =m ! sep>ate m\nts c be br\ght toge!r 9 a loose-leaf b9d]4 ,a p]man5t scrap-book ties ! mat]ial toge!r 9 a way t may prove emb>ass+4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t y are keep+ pr9t$ mat]ial f ?ree clubs 9 y\r t[n1 z y ought4 ,clubs seldom d ?is = !mselves4 ,sev]al ,/4 ,l\is wom5's clubs h told u t !y visit ! libr>y :5 !y want to indulge 9 rese>* into _! own pa/ do+s4 ,x might be natural to keep a scrap-book = ea* club & ins]t ! mat]ial z x comes4 ,b suppose y desire to display all y\r mat]ial on w> activities & t "s ( ! mat]ial 9 ^! scrap-books falls "u ?is head4 ,y w h to leave x out or te> out y\r scrap-book leaves4 ,m\nt+ takes "t1 & x is n necess>y to m\nt ev]y?+4 ,mat]ial us$ only occasionally may be left unm\nt$4 ,= in/ance1 mu* newspap]-clipp$ mat]ial may be kept loosely 9 heavy manila envelopes4 ,aga91 "s mat]ial may be made m accessible if n m\nt$1 especially if 9 c>d =m & 9 /&>d sizes4 ,su* is ! po/al c>d4 ,! am\nt ( valuable mat]ial obta9able 9 po/al-c>d =m w a/oni% ^? :o h n look$ into ! matt]4 ,besides ! usual views ( localities1 embrac+ build+s1 monum5ts & sc5]y1 good collections ( sculpture1 ar*itecture1 portraits & _m o!r ?+s may be made 9 po/al-c>d =m4 ,po/al c>ds are all ( ! same size & v compact1 s t !y may be fil$ 9 trays & treat$ v mu* l catalogue c>ds1 guides be+ us$ ) !m z 9 an ord9>y catalogue4 ,! am\nt ( usable mat]ial t c be /or$ to ! squ>e foot 9 ?is =m is probably great] ?an any o!r4 ,9 all mat]ial ( ?is sort1 ! simil>ity ( collection1 treatm5t & use may be s close t ! passage f ! picture to ! object seems almo/ negligible2 yet _m p]sons app>5tly consid] t "h we mu/ draw ! def9ite b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! collections ( ! libr>y & ^? ( ! museum4 ,!y w\ld say = in/ance t x is p]fectly legitimate = a libr>y to acquire1 pres]ve & use a plate be>+ a pr9t$ fac-simile 9 natural colors1 ( a piece ( textile goods1 b n a c>d m\nt be>+ an actual piece ( ! same goods1 al?\gh ! two 7 s simil> 9 appe>ance t at a little di/ance x w\ld be impossible to tell ! color$ pr9t f ! actual piece ( textile4 ,libr>ians w n be apt to atta* mu* importance to ?is di/9ction1 & ^? ^: collections include treatises on textiles ) color$ plates w n hesitate to supplem5t !m ) m\nt$ specim5s ( ! actual textile ) typewritt5 descriptions4 ,g5]ally manufactur]s are only too happy to furni% samples ( _! curr5t output1 & old] specim5s1 sometimes ( hi/orical int]e/1 c be b\ght f deal]s4 ,!re are prec$5ts = ! treatm5t ( ?is sort ( ?+ z libr>y mat]ial4 ,probably ,h\gh's well-kn[n "w on ,am]ican ,woods w occur to ev]yone4 ,no libr>y1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ev] ?\ght ( b>r+ ?is f its %elves because x conta9s actual ?9 sections ( ! v>i\s woods in/ead ( pictures !re(4 ,! peculi> adaptability ( ?is k9d ( mat]ial to libr>y use is a physical "o1 & is %>$ by e flat specim5 t may be m\nt$ on %eets4 ,in/ances w occur to e "o4 ,an actual fl[] or leaf1 = example1 is g5]ally *eap] ?an a color reproduction ( x1 & takes up little m room :5 m\nt$4 ,a good descriptive botany ) inadequate pictures may well be supplem5t$ by a h]b>ium ( ?is k9d4 ,hi/orical mat]ial is q g5]ally flat--(t5 writt5 or pr9t$ on c>d or pap]--old programs1 m5us1 railroad tickets1 dancec>ds1 timetables1 c>ds ( admission1 s\v5irs ( all k9ds4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exhibitions ,i ev] saw 0 ( =eign railway mat]ial--timetables1 tickets1 d9+-c> m5us1 etc4 ,_m ,*9ese & ,japanese specim5s 7 includ$4 ,a treatise on =ms ( railway tickets1 ) fac-simile illu/rations1 w\ld be eag]ly s\ght by libr>ies2 :y %\ld n ! objects !mselves be equally valuable8 ,libr>ians 7 glad to h ,miss ,kate ,sanborn's book on old wall pap]s1 ) its reali/ic reproductions1 b h[ _m ( !m ?\ght ( ! possibility ( mak+ _! own books ( specim5s1 us+ ! pap]s !mselves1 in/ead ( photographic facsimiles !re(8 ,?is po9t ( view may be comm5d$ to ! mak]s ( decorat$ bullet9s 9 libr>ies4 ,mu* labori\s h&-"w is (t5 done 9 ! prep>ation ( ^!1 & ! results are seldom wor? ! tr\ble4 ,ev5 :5 a "w ( art has be5 produc$ x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! "t )drawn f o!r libr>y "w has be5 employ$ to ! be/ purpose4 ,by ! use ( :at has be5 call$ above 8museum mat]ial0 "t may be sav$ & bett] results rea*$4 ,= in/ance1 ,i once saw1 9 an exhibition ( picture bullet9s "o be>+ a li/ ( books & articles on lace4 ,x 0 made 9 :ite ink on black c>dbo>d1 & bore a mo/ reali/ic repres5tation ( lace1 done ) ! p51 probably at a va/ exp5diture ( "t4 ,! mo/ t c\ld be said = ?is really clev] bit ( "w 0 t x look$ en\gh l a real piece ( lace1 m\nt$ on ! c>dbo>d1 to deceive ! elect at a %ort di/ance4 ,:y !n did n ! mak] m\nt a real bit ( inexp5sive lace on ! bo>d1 at an exp5diture ( a few m9utes' "t8 ,x %\ld n require mu* ?\ght to see t bullet9s prep>$ 9 ?is way are usually bett] & m effective ?an elaborate decoration ) p5cil & bru%4 ,ano!r po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ?is k9d ( libr>y mat]ial & t utiliz$ by museums is ! fact t its value is s (t5 a gr\p-value--possess$ by ! comb9ation ( objects ( a c]ta9 k9d1 r ?an by any "o 9 itself4 ,= in/ance1 a common e>!nw>e j> design$ by ,john ,jones 9 ! ,tr5ton pott]ies may h little value1 b if y add to x a ?\s& o!r e>!nw>e j>s1 or a ?\s& pieces ( any k9d design$ by ,john ,jones1 or a ?\s& o!r specim5s made 9 ,tr5ton1 ! collection acquires a value :i* f> exce$s ! av]age value ( its elem5ts multipli$ by ?\s&s4 ,! =m] may be five c5ts--! latt] five ?\s& doll>s4 ,9 ! same way an illu/ration by ,m>y ,smi?1 clipp$ f a tra%y /ory 9 a t5-c5t magaz9e1 has little value--z]o value1 p]haps4 ,b a ?\s& su* illu/rations %[+ ! publi%$ "w ( ,m>y ,smi? f ! "t %e began until %e acquir$ /&+ z an illu/rator1 is wor? :ile4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to tell libr>ians t ! be/ way to make su* a collection z ?is is n to se>* = ea* elem5t by itself b to ga!r miscellane\s relat$ mat]ial 9 quantity & !n sort x4 ,if y h a pile ( slips to alphabetize1 y d n g ?r\gh ! :ole mass to pick out ! ,a's1 & !n aga9 = ! ,b's & s on4 ,y sort ! :ole mass at once1 s t :ile y are segregat+ ! ,a's y are at ! same "t collect+ ! ,b's & all ! re/ ( ! alphabet4 ,likewise1 if y want ! illu/ration "w ( ,jessie ,wilcox ,smi?1 = in/ance1 y ne$ n hunt sep>ately = bits f h] p52 y ne$ only clip all ! illu/rations f magaz9es & pap]s t w\ld be o!rwise disc>d$4 ,!n y sort ^! by ! names ( ! illu/rators1 & y h at once collections n only ( ,miss ,smi?'s curr5t "w b ( t ( doz5s ( o!r illu/rators4 ,?is is applicable 9 a hundr$ o!r fields4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is gr\p value is pot5tially pres5t 9 _m l>ge collections ( mat]ial1 :e!r classifi$ or n into ! p>ticul> gr\ps 9 "q4 ,= in/ance1 we h a l>ge collection ( locality po/-c>ds1 fil$ by cities & t[ns4 ,"h are gr\ps ready = use4 ,if anyone wants views ( ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a1 or ,/ockton1 ,cal41 to %[ to a class1 or = use ) a reflectograph1 or to copy = newspap] "w1 !y are already assembl$4 ,b also if someone is go+ to lecture on c\rt h\ses1 x is ! "w ( only a few mom5ts to assemble f ! file a tempor>y collection ( fifty or sixty examples4 ,! same is true ( build+s ( any o!r type1 say college dormitories1 railway /ations1 libr>ies or w>eh\ses1 ( p>ks1 m\nta9 sc5]y & indu/rial processes & ( a hundr$ o!r ?+s4 ,! value "h is a true gr\p value2 x is creat$ by assemblage & becomes dormant aga9 :5 ! items are di/ribut$ to _! prop] places 9 ! file4 ,! same is true ( lant]n-slides to an ev5 great] degree1 = slides are practically nev] us$ except 9 gr\ps4 ,z a collection ( slides may be gr\p$ 9 scores ( ways1 x is bett] to file !m 9 "s ord] t w admit ( quick selection1 ?an to =m gr\ps arbitr>ily at ! outset & keep ^! toge!r4 ,a slide 9 su* a gr\p is practically )drawn f ! possibility ( assemblage 9 "s o!r gr\p4 ,= in/ance1 a view ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,moses0 might f9d a place 9 a gr\p to illu/rate a talk on ,mi*ael ,angelo1 or ,r5aissance ,sculpture1 or ,! ,art ,treasures ( ,rome1 or ,old ,te/am5t ,wor?ies1 or any "o ( a doz5 o!rs4 ,if we place x arbitr>ily 9 any "o ( ^! & keep ! gr\p toge!r1 we %all ( c\rse sp>e ourselves a little tr\ble if anyone wants t p>ticul> assemblage ( slides1 b we %all n only make x m difficult to assemble ! o!r gr\ps1 b practically put !m out ( ! runn+4 ,sev]al ye>s ago we _h a valuable gift ( a collection ( slides illu/rat+ phases ( city-plann+1 giv5 by ! ,civic ,league ( our city4 ,!y includ$ _m =eign views n[ difficult or impossible to obta94 ,! donors _h assembl$ !m 9 gr\ps to g ) lectures prep>$ 9 advance & we ma9ta9$ ?is arrangem5t = a "t1 al?\gh x 0 n 9 accord ) our g5]al plan4 ,b we soon f\nd t p]sons :o ask$ = slides on ,london or ,muni* or ,milan 7 miss+ "s ( our be/ mat]ial1 simply because we c\ld n always rememb] to look ?r\gh ! city-plann+ gr\ps = some?+ t might be !re4 ,consequ5tly we broke up ^! gr\ps & di/ribut$ _! slides to ! prop] places 9 our file1 :i* is 9 trays arrang$ precisely z if ! slides 7 catalogue c>ds1 ) prop] guides & cross-ref]5ces on c>dbo>d slips4 ,we h memor&a ( ! slides t belong 9 ea* lecture gr\p & ^! c be quickly assembl$ if want$4 ,( c\rse we all[ ! public to g directly to ! trays if !y desire & assemble = !mselves any gr\p t !y *oose4 ,?is is all bord]l& mat]ial betwe5 libr>y & museum4 ,!re is mu* ( x analog\s to ! lant]n slide t libr>ies h n tak5 up yet1 b t !y might h&le to good advantage4 ,i d n see :y we %\ld n1 = in/ance1 circulate microscope slides or photographic negatives4 ,/]eoscopic pictures are n[ commonly h&l$ by libr>ies ow+ to skilful & p]fectly legitimate exploitation4 ,!re is p]haps "s d\bt :e!r we %\ld include 9 ?is sort ( mat]ial musical records1 ei!r = ! me*anical organ & piano or = ! phonograph4 ,^! %\ld possibly be consid]$ z books conta9+ music writt5 9 a k9d ( notation t admits ( s\nd-reproduction4 ,! fact t !re is ?is d\bt %\ld p]haps suffice to ?r[ ^! records into ! bord]l& ( :i* we are speak+4 ,!y are to "s ext5t capable ( ! gr\p arrangem5t spok5 ( above1 z :]e a libr>y patron asks to take out half a doz5 records f "o op]a or eight old ,fr5* dances4 ,!y are also capable ( a k9d ( correlation ) o!r libr>y mat]ial t is q unique4 ,?us a read] may take out at ! same "t ,*op9's milit>y polonaise 9 ord9>y notation & 9 music-roll =m4 ,! pianola reproduction s]ves z a guide to 8 own read+ ( ! piece1 or he may simply foll[ ! musical notation z he op]ates ! me*anical play]4 ,simil>ly1 he may take out ! m9iature or*e/ral score ( a selection & ! phonograph record ( ! same z play$ by an actual or*e/ra4 ,"h he c n play ! piece himself b he c foll[ ! reproduction ) score 9 h&1 mu* to 8 own musical pleasure & pr(it4 ,an exactly simil> correspond5ce exi/s betwe5 an ord9>y book & a phonograph record ( x read al\d4 ,su* records are n (t5 available1 b ,i see no reason :y !y %\ld n become s1 at any rate 9 ! case ( poetical & oratorical selections4 ,our means ( popul> in/ruction 9 spok5 language are defici5t & ^! might prove useful4 ,at pres5t we tea* *ildr5 9 ! s*ools to read & write1 b n to speak4 ,if !y d n le>n good colloquial spok5 ,engli% at home1 !y are apt to rema9 un$ucat$ 9 ?is respect4 ,?is plan has work$ well 9 ! tea*+ ( =eign languages & x is n[ possible to buy small phonographs ) cyl9d] records 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man or ,italian correspond+ to pr9t$ passages 9 ! accompany+ manuals4 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k x legitimate ( libr>ies to pur*ase ^!1 & !y w\ld be 8bord]-l&0 mat]ial1 ,i suppose1 9 ! same s5se z ! musical records4 ,i may say be=e clos+1 9 reg>d to ?is sort ( museum mat]ial1 t ! l>ge/ circulation ( music rolls t ,i "k ( is t ( ! ,c9c9nati ,public ,libr>y1 :i* di/ributes !m at ! rate ( #fj1jjj p] ye>4 ,we h #cfha rolls & circulat$ #af1had 9 ! ye> #aiag4 ,nei!r ! ,c9c9nati libr>y nor our own pays out money = ?is mat]ial4 ,x is all donat$4 ,! /atus ( phonograph records ( all k9ds z museum mat]ial is h>dly z high 9 ?is c\ntry z abroad4 ,9 ! ,sorbonne1 9 ,p>is1 records ( ,fr5* dialect spee* h long be5 acquir$ & /or$4 ,records ( ?is k9d & mov+-picture films1 made ( p]man5t mat]ial & c>efully prep>$ to %[ exi/+ conditions w\ld h v high future value4 ,i d n "k ( any sy/ematic ef=t to collect !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,possibly x might be difficult to f9d p]man5t films4 ,a mov+ picture man told me t only p]i%able ones 7 be+ made1 z x 0 n = ! int]e/s ( ! trade t !y %\ld la/ long4 ,!re is too mu* ( ?is _s 9 mod]n indu/ry & trade1 & x is responsible = poor mat]ials ( all sorts--pa9t1 textiles1 dyes & furniture4 ,p]man5t c>bon photo-pr9ts on pap] c be made & d\btless ! process c be appli$ to transp>5t films if desir$4 ,?is is really museum mat]ial1 b if no museum takes x up1 ,i %\ld l to see ! ,public ,libr>y beg9 ! "w4 ,we already h ! films ( our great ,/ ,l\is ,pageant ( #aiae1 :i* may s]ve z a beg9n+4 ,x has be5 said above t museum mat]ial adaptable to libr>y use is s = physical reasons4 ,we may g fur!r & say t ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 a libr>y & a museum is a physical diff]5ce r ?an "o ( ei!r object or me?od4 ,! diff]5ce is "o ( mat]ial & ( ! mann] ( its display1 & ^! are condition$ by physical facts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an object & a picture ( x is physical4 ,x %\ld n a/oni% u1 !n1 t :5 ?is physical diff]5ce is aboli%$1 z x is :5 ! object itself is a picture1 or is m9imiz$1 z :5 ! object is flat l ! picture & resembles x closely1 l a textile specim51 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! museum & ! libr>y practically disappe>s4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,& ,,! ,,locality ,!re is no?+ m important ?an /&>dization1 unless x is a k ( its prop] limits4 ,probably no m important /ep has ev] be5 tak5 ?an ! introduction ( /&>dization into ! indu/ries2 ! mak+ ( nails1 screws1 nuts & bolts ( /&>d sizes1 ! manufacture ( wat*es1 fire>ms & ma*9es ( all sorts1 ) /&>d int]*angeable p>ts4 ,if y take ap>t a ?\s& ,=d automobiles & mix up ! p>ts a ?\s& automobiles may be at once assembl$ f ^? p>ts1 )\t any ef=t at select+ ! p>ticul> ones associat$ ) ea* o!r at fir/4 ,y "k t ?is pr9ciple is n[ be+ appli$ to :at are kn[n z 8fabricat$0 %ips :]e c]ta9 types ( freight-c>ri]s are made /&>d & !n tw5ty or ?irty ( a k9d are built at once 9 ! same y>d1 be+ assembl$ f /eel p>ts cut out & pun*$ 9 :at are call$ 8fabricat+ %ips04 ,n[ ,i ne$ n wa/e "t 9 argu+ "h t ?is process c n be made to apply univ]sally or be us$ indef9itely4 ,to /&>dize a "w ( art w\ld be to kill x4 ,/&>dization is valuable :]e int]*angeability is necess>y r ?an adaptation to local conditions4 ,portable h\ses1 = in/ance1 ) int]*angeable p>ts1 h be5 /&>diz$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b only )9 ! b\nds ( uni=m climatic conditions4 ,! /&>d h\ses = ,mi*igan & ,alabama w\ld h to be diff]5t4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 z ,i h said1 to "k1 :5 /&>dization is be+ c>ri$ out1 ! limits ( its advisability & ! conditions "u :i* x becomes useless or injuri\s4 ,?is is ( int]e/ to u libr>ians because our me?ods & processes1 our build+s1 our book collections & ! use ( bo? h long be5 und]go+ ?is v process4 ,& x is surely desirable t almo/ all ! r\t9e processes ( libr>y "w1 & ! o!rs to "s ext5t1 %\ld be /&>diz$4 ,?is /&>dization has be5 go+ on ev] s9ce libr>ians began to meet toge!r & began to issue _! own pr(essional lit]ature2 9 o!r words1 ev] s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,a4,l4,a4 9 #ahgf & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,! ,libr>y ,j\rnal ab\t ! same "t4 ,! subsequ5t =mation ( ,/ate ,libr>y ,associations & local libr>y clubs1 z well z ! e/abli%m5t ( o!r libr>y p]iodicals1 has greatly multipli$ ! opportunities = libr>ians to talk ov] _! "w ) ea* o!r1 to le>n ( o!r & bett] ways ( do+ ?+s1 to comp>e exi/+ me?ods & to det]m9e1 if possible1 :i* ( !m be/ s]ves ! purpose = :i* x 0 devis$4 ,^! ?+s hav+ 9 "s measure be5 decid$1 !y 7 !n cry/alliz$ & fix$ by ! rise & success ( ,libr>y ,s*ools1 summ]-s*ools & tra9+ classes1 :i* select$ ! me?ods t _h /ood ! te/ ( "t & _h em]g$ f ! crucible ( discussion & =mulat$ !m into /&>ds :i* 7 !nce=? taught to _! /ud5ts4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is a fair /atem5t ( ! way 9 :i* our pres5t libr>y /&>ds came to be /&>ds4 ,x is a good way to select ! be/ & to ensure t ! be/ %all n be dep>t$ f4 ,if ! be/ always rema9$ be/1 we %\ld h no qu>rel ) x4 ,un=tunately !re is flux & *ange all ab\t u4 ,a me?od is be/ :5 x be/ corresponds to ! conditions4 ,we c ensure t ! me?od %all n be *ang$1 b we h no control ov] a l>ge proportion ( ! conditions4 ,!y *ange1 9 spite ( u2 & !n ! me?ods ought to *ange ) !m4 ,9 "s in/ances we h err$1 possibly1 by mak+ x a little h>d to *ange !m4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] "s ( ! cases :]e /&>ds ought n to obta9--:]e "o libr>y ought to try to be diff]5t f ano!r in/ead ( exactly l x4 ,x is evid5t f :at 0 said above ab\t portable h\ses1 t diff]5ce ( locality is apt to introduce important exceptions into any rule ( ?is k9d2 & x is on ^! exceptions t we are to dwell p>ticul>ly to-day4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( p>ticul>s 9 :i* x is desirable t a libr>y 9 "o t[n %\ld be conduct$ exactly l "o 9 ano!r t[n4 ,:at are ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! libr>y mu/ or %\ld be diff]5t8 ,fir/1 let u consid] ! /ock ( books4 ,if ^! h be5 select$ prop]ly1 diff]5ces betwe5 ! two t[ns w p]haps be fir/ reflect$ 9 ^!1 = a libr>y's ability to s]ve its community dep5ds prim>ily on c]ta9 correspond5ces betwe5 ! books & ! read]s4 ,^! correspond5ces may be summ>iz$ by say+ t ! books 9 a libr>y mu/ repres5t a comb9ation ( ! read]s' wants & _! ne$s4 ,^! might always co9cide 9 an ideal community1 b 9 practice no libr>ian ?9ks ( pay+ att5tion to ! "o to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,at ! same "t ! dem&s ( ! read]s %\ld always be kn[n & always consid]$ ev5 if !y want :at is unnecess>y2 & we mu/ likewise try to asc]ta9 :at !y ne$1 ev5 if !y h no desire = x4 ,! extremes 9 a community )\t libr>y ta/e w\ld be a libr>y ( tra%y fiction & "o ( s]i\s /&>d works at :i* no "o ev] look$4 ,a book-selector :o uses good judgm5t w ( c\rse /e] betwe5 ?is ,scylla & ?is ,*>ybdis1 & ! result w be a collection t ! community c use ) bo? pleasure & pr(it4 ,moreov]1 z "t goes on1 ! read]s' ta/e & ! quality ( _! libr>y w bo? sl[ly b surely rise4 ,no two t[ns are alike4 ,:]e ! books h be5 ?us select$1 ! collections w reflect ! "* ( ! communities1 n only 9 lit]>y ta/e b 9 _m o!r ?+s4 ,! indu/ries ( ! t[ns are likely to diff]4 ,9 "o1 p]haps1 !re are pott]ies2 9 ! o!r1 %oe factories4 ,! work]s 9 ! indu/ries & ev5 outsid]s int]e/$ 9 !m = local reasons1 %\ld h an opportunity to consult _! lit]ature4 ,! natural res\rces ( ! regions d\btless diff]--_! crops1 _! m9]al output1 _! attractiv5ess to ! summ] t\ri/4 ,transportation facilities v>y4 ,all ^! ?+s h _! reflection 9 books & ! diff]5ces ( ! t[ns h _! correspond+ reflections 9 _! libr>ies4 ,_m ye>s ago1 y\r lectur] call$ ! att5tion ( libr>ians to ! fact t !y h 9 _! own /ati/ical tables a means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !y are keep+ up ) ! read+-t5d5cies ( _! communities 9 book-pur*ase4 ,ne>ly e libr>y classifies bo? its /ock & its circulation1 & tabulates bo? = ! ye>1 giv+ also ! p]c5tage ( ea* class to ! :ole4 ,n[ suppose1 = in/ance1 t 8 tables %[ n9e p] c5t4 ( hi/ory on ! %elves1 we w say1 :]eas ! circulation ( ! same class is elev5 p] c5t4 ,evid5tly 8 read]s are fond] ( hi/ory ?an he is4 ,!y read x 9 great] degree ?an he buys x4 ,moral3 buy m hi/ory4 ,( c\rse ?is w\ld be ! moral only :]e ! t5d5cy %[n 0 to be enc\rag$4 ,= in/ance ! av]age p]c5tage ( fiction on ! %elves 9 a public libr>y is probably ab\t ?irty1 :]eas its circulation runs f sixty to sixty-five4 ,we d n say "h 8,buy m fiction01 because fiction read+ ne$s no enc\ragem5t1 b r judici\s re/ra9t1 al?\gh ,i c]ta9ly am n "o ( ^? :o condemn x4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 t we c\ld divide our novels into ?ree classes1 good1 indiff]5t & bad1 & !n te/ ! public dem& by ! me?od outl9$ above4 ,i am conv9c$ t "s surprises might be 9 /ore = u4 ,among ! subjects t diff] totally 9 two localities1 local hi/ory & biography are conspicu\s4 ,bo? citiz5s & visitors are (t5 int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,!re are features ( ea* t are ( m ?an local int]e/1 b ! purely local side mu/ g5]ally be tak5 c>e ( by ! libr>y or n at all4 ,sometimes !re is a local hi/orical society ^: "w1 ( c\rse1 ! libr>y w n try to duplicate2 b !re is always room = co-op]ation1 /imulation & aid4 ,a moribund hi/orical body may (t5 be galvaniz$ into life by an int]e/$ libr>ian4 ,! libr>y may (f] su* a body ! hospitality ( its build+ & %elf-room = its collections ) mutual b5efit4 ,b 9 scores ( t[ns !re is only languid int]e/ 9 local hi/ory or local wor?ies1 & ! libr>y itself mu/ d all t is done4 ,mat]ial be>+ on ^! local matt]s r>ely consi/s ( books4 ,x w include local newspap]s1 clipp+s1 a pamphlet or two1 m5us1 leaflets1 programs--all sorts ( pr9t$ ?+s issu$ by *ur*es1 s*ools1 clubs & societies1 & lo/ z soon z issu$ unless caught at once & pres]v$4 ,"h is ! libr>y's *ance to possess a collection t is ! only "o ( its k9d 9 ! _w2 = outside ! home t[n no "o w\ld ?9k ( gett+ x toge!r4 ,supplem5t+ ^! pr9t$ records may be all sorts ( manuscript mat]ial--lett]s1 di>ies1 rem9isc5ces or n>ratives writt5 or dictat$ especially = ! libr>y by p]sons :o h some?+ locally int]e/+ to tell4 ,if !re are maps %[+ ! gr[? ( ! t[n or any?+ else ( int]e/ ab\t x1 ! libr>y is ! place = x4 ,! collection & arrangem5t ne$ take none ( ! busy libr>ian's "t1 = !re is always someone 9 ! t[n ^: int]e/ & labor c be enli/$4 ,if no?+ else c be done1 at lea/ a file ( ! local newspap] c be kept & index$ on c>ds1 especially = names ( localities & p]sons4 ,"w ( ?is k9d done curr5tly & n all[$ to accumulate1 does n take mu* "t4 ,9 ^! days ( univ]sal snap%ots1 local photographs are easy to get4 ,! libr>ian may take a few h]self & ! libr>y may well defray ! exp5se4 ,a hundr$ ye>s f n[1 tw5ty views ( y\r ma9 /reet1 tak5 at five-ye> int]vals f ! same po9t & %[+ ! progressive *anges1 w\ld be wor? _! weight 9 gold4 ,gr\ps tak5 8j = fun0 or = family reasons1 are (t5 wor? keep+ because !y %[ ! fa%ions ( ! day4 ,^! are ( no p>ticul> int]e/ to u n[1 b any ( u w\ld be glad to h 9 our libr>ies a collection ( gr\ps %[+ preval5t modes ( dress 9 our t[ns dur+ ea* ye> 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,old build+s are (t5 torn d[n to make room = new4 ,^! %\ld be photograph$ be=e !y g4 ,all mat]ial ( ?is k9d is peculi> to ! libr>y :]e x is pres]v$ & helps to make t libr>y's collections a dep>ture f /&>dization ^: importance we ne$1 p]haps1 insi/ on no fur!r4 ,x may n be possible to collect 9 ! libr>y all ( ! int]e/+ local mat]ial 9 ! t[n4 ,mu* ( x may be 9 ! h&s ( private own]s :o w n "p ) x4 ,"s ( x may be own$ by clubs1 *ur*es or public bodies4 ,9 ?is case !re %\ld be an index some:]e to indicate :]e x is1 & !re is no m appropriate place = ?is index ?an ! libr>y4 ,i h else:]e sugge/$ t :]e ?is privately-own$ mat]ial consi/s ( books1 c>ds = !m may be ins]t$ also 9 ! libr>y's public catalogue4 ,b1 9 addition1 !re is no limit to ! ext5t to :i* ! libr>y may g 9 index+ mat]ial1 & ?is "w may well enli/ ! int]e/ & ef=ts ( volunte]s4 ,!re may be an index to old furniture1 "o ( colonial h\ses1 possibly illu/rat$ & annotat$ l ! f9e "o prep>$ by ,mr4 ,god>d = ! ,connecticut ,/ate ,libr>y1 "o ( soldi]s s5t by ! t[n to v>i\s w>s1 "o ( notewor?y /orms or ( v high or l[ temp]atures1 "o to local organizations1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,! special int]e/s ( ! community w guide ^? ef=ts1 & "h too ! libr>y ( "o t[n w diff] mat]ially f t ( ano!r4 ,possibly libr>y /&>dization has affect$ build+s m ?an any?+ else ab\t a libr>y4 ,!re 0 a "t :]e its abs5ce 0 do+ a great deal ( h>m1 especially 9 ! case ( small or m$ium-siz$ libr>ies put up "u ! ,c>negie gift4 ,e bo>d & e local ar*itect _h a diff]5t idea1 b all seem$ to agree t ! build+1 no matt] h[ small1 0 to be a monum5t1 ) a rotunda & a dome2 & a good deal ( wa/e result$4 ,!re 0 a l\d call = "s k9d ( a /&>d plan1 & small libr>y build+s1 :e!r = bran*es or indep5d5t libr>ies1 are n[ a good deal alike1 s mu* s t we c (t5 pick out a libr>y build+ by its outw>d guise1 & t we w sometimes say ( a po/-(fice or an art gall]y1 8,t looks exactly l a libr>y04 ,?is ease ( id5tification is ( c\rse good z f> z x goes2 b x %\ld n int]f]e ) a c]ta9 degree ( adaptation to local conditions4 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! case ( sites (f]+ local peculi>ities4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,high ,bridge ,bran* ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y is built on a /eep hillside4 ,! ar*itect has tak5 advantage ( ?is fact to arrange an entrance on ! gr\nd level on ea* ( ! ?ree floors4 ,! l[e/ is a s]vice entrance1 ! next above leads to ! *ildr5's room & ! upp]-mo/ to ! adult dep>tm5t4 ,ea* door op5s on a diff]5t /reet & ! ?ree facades are respectively ?ree1 two & "o /ory high4 ,evid5tly no /&>d plan w\ld h be5 ( use "h4 ,! build+1 inside & out1 _h to be plann$ = ?is site & ?is alone4 ,& al?\gh n _m sites require su* special treatm5t z ?is !re are _m t d n l5d !mselves to ! erection ( a rigid /&>d build+4 ,9 ,detroit ! ,c>negie ,committee1 ,i am told1 7 incl9$ to insi/ on a basem5t assembly room 9 bran*es to be built on gr\nd :]e any basem5t at all w\ld involve wa/eful exp5se ( con/ruction4 ,! propos$ cont5ts ( a build+ %\ld (t5 affect its plan4 ,"s ar*itects h n yet le>n$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 an indep5d5t libr>y & a bran* ( ! same size & probable circulation4 ,an indep5d5t libr>y may h to h\se treasures1 & %\ld be ( fire-pro( con/ruction4 ,a bran* r>ely h\ses any?+ t c n easily be replac$ & x may be wa/e ( money to make x fire-pro(4 ,! ar*itectural /yle ( a libr>y build+ is (t5 prop]ly made to con=m ) "s /yle peculi> to ! locality or reg>d$ z suitable = x4 ,! ,riv]side ,public ,libr>y 9 ,cali=nia is prop]ly 9 ! ,spani% colonial or ,mission /yle2 t ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 is a modifi$ ,new ,engl& ,colonial1 ! ,jackson ,squ>e ,bran* 9 ,new ,york is ,dut*1 ! ,*e/nut ,hill ,bran* 9 ,philadelphia & ! ,public ,libr>y 9 ,h>risburg are ( ! irregul> /one masonry s famili> 9 _m p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,"s ( ! bran*es 9 ,portl&1 ,ore41 us$ to be & p]haps /ill are ( wood1 built ( ! ,d\glas fir ( ! surr\nd+ region4 ,! p[] ( ! purse is an important ?+ 9 libr>ies z else:]e1 & possibly we %\ld h tak5 up e>li] ! v>iations ( libr>y income ) locality4 ,n only are "s communities bett] able to support a libr>y ?an o!rs1 b ( two ) equal ability "o w excel 9 int]e/ & will+ness to give4 ,an attempt to regulate income by rule is ! requirem5t ( ! ,c>negie ,committee t a municipality %all appropriate = ! support ( a libr>y 9 a ,c>negie ,build+1 n less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( its co/4 ,i "k t ! condition is prim>ily /at$ ! o!r way ar\nd4 ,! t[n is suppos$ to decide :at x c give to support a libr>y & !n ! ,c>negie ,committee is will+ to capitalize ?is at t5 p] c5t4 ,b ! libr>y once built1 its co/ becomes ! fix$ item & ! appropriation ! v>iable "o1 & 9 _m cases x has v>i$ s f> d[nw>d z to con/itute a violation ( ! t[n's libr>y contract4 ,( late ! ,committee is mak+ an ef=t to detect & tabulate ^! violations & to use !m z a basis = )hold+ donations 9 neighborhoods :]e !y h be5 frequ5t4 ,a man is kn[n by ! company he keeps1 & x may be j to reg>d ) "s suspicion "o :o lives 9 a neighborhood :]e di%one/ p]sons congregate4 ,/ill1 t[ns are unlike m51 s9ce _! locations are fairly p]man5t1 & x sc>cely seems "r to turn d[n ,jonesville's reque/ = a ,c>negie libr>y because ,smi?t[n1 #ce miles away1 has be5 unable to appropriate ! t5 p] c5t4 t x promis$4 ,! ,committee has also made :at ,i reg>d z ! mi/ake ( f9d+ fault ) ! libr>y t suff]s f an unduly r$uc$ appropriation1 in/ead ( ) ! city or t[n gov]nm5t t is responsible = ! r$uction4 ,to ?r[ blame on ! head ( an in/itution t has j be5 robb$ ( its bir?right w\ld seem to be add+ insult to injury4 ,b despite ! failure ( ?is p>ticul> ef=t at /&>dization1 !re seems to be a feel+ t libr>y incomes %\ld be s f> /&>diz$ z to be calculable f ! p>ticul> set ( circum/ances "u :i* ! libr>y is work+4 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york once attempt$ to regulate its libr>y appropriation by home-use alone--s _m c5ts p] volume circulat$4 ,?is 0 a v crude attempt1 b possibly we ought to be able to say j h[ _m doll>s ought to support a libr>y 9 a build+ ( specifi$ size ) s _m books1 & a circulation ( s _m p] ye>4 ,?is matt] 0 ! subject ( e>ne/ discussion = a ye> or m 9 ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute1 b no def9ite conclusion 0 rea*$4 ,x has always be5 my belief t "s sort ( =mula c\ld be d$uc$ by ma!matical me?ods f a l>ge numb] ( obs]v$ data1 t is1 ! /ati/ics ( a s]ies ( normally-conduct$ libr>ies4 ,obs]ve t ?is is n s mu* /&>dization z an attempt to sy/ematize ! recognition ( diff]5ces4 ,) ! av]age libr>ian ! practical "q is n s mu* :at sum he ought to h to run 8 libr>y1 z h[ he c & %all run x ) :at he has4 ,limitation ( income inv>iably limits s]vice1 & un=tunately ! k9d ( s]vice on :i* x be>s mo/ %>ply is t :i* is ! libr>y's specialty--namely ! provision ( books4 ,! pur*ase ( books %\ld be ! la/ ?+ 9 :i* ! libr>y ought to economize b 9 practice x is g5]ally ! fir/4 ,! build+ mu/ be c>$ =--light$ & heat$2 ! public mu/ be s]v$4 ,b x is easy to /op buy+ books1 & x is 9 book-pur*ase t ! libr>y ) small income diff]s f its neighbor ) pl5ty ( money4 ,!re are "s curi\s exceptions :]e ! libr>y c n :olly control ! exp5diture ( its money1 :i* is regulat$ by ! dead h& ( a te/ator4 ,?us ! ,=bes ,libr>y ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 n[ s5sibly consolidat$ ) ! ,public ,libr>y ( t city1 0 oblig$ = ye>s to exp5d mo/ ( its income = ! pur*ase ( books1 leav+ practically no?+ = keep+ up its build+ or pay+ its /aff4 ,x 0 ?us ri* :]e a libr>y is usually poor & vice v]sa4 ,! e>lie/ ef=ts at /&>dization among libr>ians 7 direct$ t[>d catalogu+2 & probably catalogu]s are our greate/ /ickl]s = a rigid adh]5ce to rules4 ,^? :o read ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,pe>son's column 9 ,! ,bo/on ,transcript realize t !re are "s libr>ians :o consid] ?is fact a legitimate t>get = ridicule4 ,& x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t bo? ! me?ods & results ( catalogu+ ought n to be immune f modification to adopt !m to local peculi>ities4 ,"s public libr>ies are us$ s mu* = s*ol>ly or antiqu>ian rese>* t _! catalogues ne$ to approximate t ( a univ]sity libr>y2 o!rs are ( s popul> a nature t !y h>dly ne$ a catalogue at all4 ,! ne$s ( a c]ta9 community may require ! v full analysis ( c]ta9 books1 :]eas else:]e ^! c\ld d v well ) less analysis1 or possibly none at all4 ,! selection ( subject head+s may h to be made ) due reg>d to ! use t a catalogue is likely to receive4 ,books on op5 %elves d n ne$ precisely ! same k9d ( catalogu+ z ^? to :i* access is n all[$4 ,a libr>y's public1 too1 sometimes gets into habits1 & if ^! are unobjectionable1 x may be bett] to humor !m ?an to try to *ange !m4 ,"s bodies ( read]s l z _m pr9t$ li/s z possible2 o!rs r>ely use !m4 ,9 "s places !re is great dem& = a mon?ly bullet92 else:]e x is little us$4 ,any libr>ian :o does n /& ready to adapt 8 catalogue 9 "s respects to ! "* & ne$s ( 8 read]s runs ! risk ( limit+ 8 field ( s]vice4 ,me?ods ( di/ribution may require selection or modification to suit local peculi>ities4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! *oice ( a *>g+ sy/em4 8,:i* is ! be/ *>g+ sy/em80 is a "q frequ5tly ask$ ( exp]i5c$ libr>ians or libr>y s*ool in/ructors4 ,?is qu]y is on a p> ) 8,:at is ! be/ mat]ial = clo!s801 or 8,is p>egoric or ipecac ! be/ m$ic9e80 ,a libr>ian :o f9ds 9 h] new job a *>g+-sy/em t %e dislikes1 :i* has be5 us$ )\t compla9t = ye>s1 %\ld inve/igate be=e *ang+4 ,acceptance ( ! sy/em may be simply due to habit4 ,ev5 !n1 z we h se51 !re may be reason = reta9+ x4 ,& !re is a fair *ance t x may h held its gr\nd because x is 9 "s way bett] adapt$ to ! community4 ,( c\rse ! adaptation may be to some?+ else--size1 = example4 ,a rapid rise 9 ! circulation may take a libr>y out ( ! small-libr>y class & necessitate *anges n only 9 *>g+ sy/em b 9 _m o!r ?+s4 ,"s day an indu/ri\s /ud5t ( libr>y economy w tabulate ^! ?+s t are indep5d5t ( local conditions1 or s ne>ly s t x is bett] to /&>dize !m1 & tell h[ ! o!rs %\ld be v>i$ ) local topography1 climate & population4 ,!re is no "t = t 9 a s+le lecture2 & if ,i c leave firmly fix$ 9 y\r m9ds ! idea t "s ?+s are bett] /&>diz$1 :ile o!rs %\ld be functions ( v>iable local conditions1 ,i %all h accompli%$ all t ,i set out to d4 ,i h already not$ "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 a bran* libr>y & a c5tral libr>y4 ,possibly ^! des]ve fur!r m5tion z an in/ance ( ! adaptation ( me?ods ( di/ribution to locality4 ,i h frequ5tly _h occasion to deal ) compla9ts :i* on inve/igation prov$ to be due to ! fact t ! compla9+ read] expect$ to f9d at a bran* libr>y all ! facilities ( a c5tral libr>y4 ,he _h liv$ ne> ! c5tral libr>y 9 "o city1 & _h mov$ to ano!r :]e x 0 m conv5i5t = him to use a bran*4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes him is t ! ref]5ce collection is inadequate4 ,he does n realize t ! c5tral ref]5ce collection c n possibly be duplicat$ at bran* libr>ies4 ,su* compla9ts1 h[ev]1 may (t5 give ! libr>ian a h9t4 ,he may h equipp$ all 8 bran*es ) ! same small1 good ref]5ce collection1 =gett+ t ref]5ce "w v>ies ) locality4 ,sev]al compla9ts ( ?is sort f ! same bran* may indicate ! necessity ( enl>g+ ! ref]5ce collection !re or p]haps ( adopt+ "s su* s*eme z we are try+ 9 ,/ ,l\is ( a c5tral ref]5ce collection ( duplicates = supply+ tempor>y bran* ne$s4 ,x is n always realiz$ t ! "* ( ! book-collection 9 a bran* libr>y is influ5c$ by ! m]e fact t x is a bran*1 ap>t f consid]ations ( size1 circulation & "* ( read]s4 ,!re are _m /&>d books1 9 small dem&1 t no libr>y %\ld be )\t4 ,"o copy w s]ve ! ne$s ( ! :ole t[n4 ,if !re is b "o libr>y !re ! book mu/ =m "p ( t libr>y's collection1 :]eas if !re are a c5tral build+ & bran*es1 x %\ld be 9 ! c5tral libr>y--n 9 ! bran*es4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,a4,l4,a4 catalogue %\ld n be us$ = /ock+ a bran*4 ,i "k ( cases :]e numb]s ( books lie idle on ! %elves ( e bran* 9 a city sy/em1 because !y are n bran* books at all4 ,"o or two copies at ,c5tral w\ld h be5 suffici5t1 & to place !m 9 bran*es has be5 wa/e ( money4 ,:5 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y took 9 a consid]able numb] ( small indep5d5t libr>ies z bran*es ,i _h ! opportunity1 a ye> or s aft] ! ev5t1 ( asc]ta9+ f ! libr>ians1 :at diff]5ce to !m & to _! read]s ! *ange ( /atus _h made4 ,!y 7 unanim\s 9 say+ t al?\gh !y1 z libr>ians1 felt less indep5d5t1 ! s]vice to read]s 0 va/ly improv$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! libr>y n[ =m$ "p ( a l>ge sy/em4 ,?is is always ! result ( any k9d ( union ( ef=t1 :e!r by consolidation or co-op]ation4 ,! individual is some:at hamp]$ b ! community is b5efit$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is some?+ ( a dep>ture f our subject4 ,sometimes ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 two localities is 9 ! "* & temp] ( ! read]s4 ,! :ole s*eme ( relations betwe5 libr>y & public ne$s (t5 to be alt]$ 9 mov+ f "o place to ano!r4 ,?is is p]haps mo/ noticeable 9 a city :]e !re is a sy/em ( bran* libr>ies4 ,! assi/ant :o has be5 transf]r$ f a ,jewi% to a ,sc&9avian di/rict & !n to "o occupi$ by well-to-d ,am]icans w und]/& :at ,i mean )\t fur!r explanation4 ,b ?is diff]5ce 9 read]s is ( c\rse mu* wid] ?an m]e racial diff]5ce4 ,x may be a diff]5ce 9 social /atus4 ,we ,am]icans are too apt to pret5d t ?is sort ( ?+ does n affect a public educational in/itution1 b x decid$ly does4 ,"s libr>ians make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t ^! diff]5ces are racial also4 ,x is a matt] ( common k among city libr>ians t 9 a 8slum0 libr>y ! problem ( discipl9e is simplicity itself comp>$ ) a libr>y :]e ! read]s are ne>ly all well-to-d4 ,?is is (t5 ass]t$ to dep5d m]ely on ! racial diff]5ce betwe5 ! newly arriv$ immigrant--,russian ,jew1 ,italian or ,pole--& ! native ,am]ican4 ,b we f9d t :5 ! immigrant has le>n$ ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry & has made en\gh money to raise him 9 ! social scale & enable him to move f 8 slum surr\nd+s1 he quickly takes 8 place ) ! well-to-d libr>y patrons4 ,he is m exact+ & 8 *ildr5 are h>d] to manage4 ,! diff]5ce is really a social "o4 ,! immigrant is accu/om$ to be+ look$ d[n on 9 8 native c\ntry1 to liv+ on little & hav+ few pr9ciples4 ,he is humble & ?ankful = small favors4 ,:at he gets at ! libr>y fills him ) amazem5t & gratitude4 ,m>y ,ant9 has told u all ab\t x4 ,b ! well-to-d citiz51 :e!r by bir? or rec5t acquirem5t1 realizes t ! libr>y is be+ support$ by 8 taxes4 ,he realizes x1 9 fact1 s ke5ly1 t he gives x some:at undue prom95ce 9 8 m9d & sometimes %[s ?is 9 8 treatm5t ( ! libr>y /aff4 ,kn[+ t ! libr>y belongs 9 "p to him1 he may (t5 =get t x belongs 9 equal degree to o!rs4 ,he is impati5t or ev5 res5tful ( rules int5d$ to ma9ta9 equality ( s]vice4 ,8 *ildr5 unconsci\sly absorb ?is same attitude4 ,!y res5t control & are h>d to keep 9 ord]4 ,mu* ( ! libr>ians' "t mu/ be giv5 to smoo?+ d[n ruffl$ fea!rs & ma9ta9+ discipl9e--"t :i* ought to be giv5 to bett]+ ! quality ( s]vice4 ,evid5tly ^! two k9ds ( communities mu/ be h&l$ diff]5tly4 ,!y call = diff]5t tra9+ on ! "p ( ! /aff--a diff]5t /ock ( books--almo/ = diff]5t build+s4 ,!n !re is ! indiff]5t community1 :i* may be any:]e 9 ! social scale & :i* requires special h&l+4 ,x is ev5 difficult to tell at times :e!r or n a community is really indiff]5t4 ,_! reaction to ! libr>y is (t5 a phase ( ! local feel+ t is ! subject ( ?is lecture4 ,x is pres5t 9 "s communities & abs5t 9 o!rs1 b its pres5ce does n always mean real appreciation ( libr>y privileges1 nor does its abs5ce mean lack ( su* appreciation4 ,n m ?an a few mon?s ap>t1 ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 two bran* libr>ies 7 op5$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,"o 0 9 ,gre5wi* ,village1 a di/rict ( /rong local peculi>ities1 :i* ,i fe> x is ab\t to lose because writ]s h tak5 to describ+ !m 9 ! magaz9es4 ,! o!r 0 on #if? /reet1 :i* 0 a "p ( ,new ,york l any o!r4 ,! 8,village0 took ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! libr>y f ! mom5t :5 its site 0 select$4 ,! build+ 0 wat*$ f its f\ndation up4 ,bad little boys annoy$ ! workm54 ,local politicians & m]*ants congratulat$ ! neighborhood & told u h[ f9e !y ?\ght x 0 all go+ to be4 ,ev]ybody want$ to take "p 9 ! op5+ ex]cises & ne>ly ev]ybody did4 ,!re 7 floods ( oratory & cr[ds ( visitors4 ,b hav+ obta9$ ! libr>y & done :at x consid]$ its :ole duty 9 ! premises1 ,gre5wi* ,village1 n be+ a community ( read]s1 proce$$ to leave u to our own devices & x 0 only aft] mon?s ( up-hill "w t ! ,bran* succe$$ 9 gett+ any?+ l a respectable circulation4 ,on ! o!r h& ! e/abli%m5t1 con/ruction & op5+ ( ! #if? ,/reet ,bran* 7 treat$ by ! surr\nd+ resid5ts ) supreme indiff]5ce4 ,no "o _h ask$ to h a bran* locat$ at ?is po9t1 :i* _h be5 select$ solely = reasons ( topography & population4 ,z ! build+ w5t up1 no "o ask$ :e!r x 0 a s*ool or a bank4 ,nobody came to ! op5+ ex]cises4 ,& yet :5 ! libr>y began to circulate books ! community respond$ to su* an ext5t t 9 a %ort "t ! bran* 0 giv+ !m out at ! rate ( #dj1jjj a mon?4 ,"h ! int]e/ & pride ( a community 9 ! possession ( a libr>y build+ & its disposition to make use ( ! libr>y are cle>ly %[n to be two diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ?is case ! two communities 7 p>ts ( ! same city1 b sep>ate t[ns (t5 %[ ! same ph5om5on4 ,"s ( ! mo/ indiff]5t libr>y t[ns1 = in/ance1 are ! ones :]e sup]human ef=ts 7 put =? to secure a ,c>negie build+4 ,a k9d ( /&>dization ( :i* we c n h too little is t controll$ by ! man :o takes himself z ! /&>d--8 own ideas1 prejudices & habits4 ,?is k9d ( /&>diz] is n always aw>e ( :at he is do+4 ,he believes t 8 me?ods are ! be/4 ,!y may be be/ = him & possibly = ! p>ticul> environm5t 9 :i* he has be5 work+4 ,i am n sure t "s ( our mo/ *]i%$ libr>y habits did n orig9ate 9 ?is way--7 n orig9ally simply ! p]sonal :ims ( "s able & =ceful libr>y adm9i/rator :o 0 9 a position1 9 ! =mative /age ( libr>y progress1 to impress !m on ! fabric ( our "w4 ,=tunately = u1 ! m5 ( ?is k9d1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! libr>y movem5t1 7 n only m5 ( =ce b g5]ally ( common-s5se z well4 ,possibly _! habits & cu/oms 7 z good z any o!rs t we might h adopt$4 ,i am sure t !y 7 bett] ?an "s4 ,b individual po9ts ( view may 9 "s cases prove disa/r\s4 ,i rememb] an ,engli% novel 9 :i* a local libr>ian p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 uses all ! available funds ( 8 in/itution = ye>s to buy books on ! subject1 build+ up a f9e collection1 b mak+ 8 libr>y useless = its ord9>y purposes4 ,8 successor1 a man ) o!r int]e/s1 ?rew out ! :ole collection4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ :i* ( ^! two libr>ians "o ought to condemn mo/4 ,bo? are examples ( ! injury t may be done by :at we may call auto-/&>dization4 ,i am prep>+ ?is :ole lecture ) a fe> t "s "o ( ?is k9d may ?9k he is adapt+ 8 libr>y to 8 locality :5 he is only /&>diz+ x by himself4 ,self-deception may g f> 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 & !re is some?+ to be said 9 favor ( h>d & fa/ /&>dization )\t dep>ture ( any k9d1 9 t x prev5ts ab]rations su* z ,i h j h9t$ at4 ,i tru/ t no self-/&>diz] is 9 my pres5t audi5ce4 ,our conclusion f all ?is %\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 t a libr>y %\ld n only assimilate its me?ods to ^? ( o!r libr>ies--:i* is /&>dization1 b %\ld react to ! ne$s & conditions ( its own surr\nd+s1 :i* is localization4 ,if y w\ld "k ! ext5t ( ?is local reaction & ! "* ( its results1 ask ! memb]s ( ! libr>y's community1 especially if t community is small4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t no libr>y community is l>ge1 s f> z its direct popul> use is conc]n$4 ,:e!r x is 9 a village or a city1 :e!r x is a c5tral libr>y or a bran*1 x is effective z a community c5tre only )9 a small circle1 ( p]haps half a mile radius4 ,! resid5ts ( ?is circle are 9 a position to give te/imony reg>d+ ! libr>y's local s]vices4 ,if x has succe$$ 9 adapt+ itself to local ne$s its reputation w be t ( a valuable1 helpful1 well-dispos$ in/itution2 if n1 ! neighbors w be ho/ile1 or at lea/ indiff]5t4 ,libr>ies t are 9 con/ant tr\ble ) _! read]s--! object ( cont9ual compla9t & controv]sy1 g5]ally h ! feel+ t ! fault is ) ! public4 ,sometimes x is2 = a maladju/m5t is seldom on "o side alone4 ,b m (t5 x is *iefly due to ! fact t ! libr>y has ov]look$ its purely local functions1 :ile possibly at ! same "t con=m+ mo/ admirably to :at are consid]$ ! be/ libr>y /&>ds4 ,no libr>y c af=d to neglect its special duties to its locality & if ^! conflict ) /&>dization1 x %\ld be ! g5]al /&>ds & n ! local adju/m5ts1 t %\ld g by ! bo>d4 ,,index ,adm9i/ration1 ,co/ (1 #bag ,adv]tis+4 ,g5]al1 #bgg2 ,9 ! libr>y1 #ce1 #agb ,age limit = *ildr51 #baj ,all51 ,james ,lane1 quot$1 #ff ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog1 #dbb2 ,presid5t's address1 #aba ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute1 #dah ,am]ican idea ( delegat$ au?ority1 #eg2 ,( propriety1 #acc ,am]icans z money-lov]s1 #aef ,ant91 ,m>y1 quot$1 #dbc ,appo9tm5ts1 #ie ,appropriation = books1 #bd ,ar*itecture ( libr>ies1 #cae ,art1 ,n intellectual1 #cca ,assass9s1 ,p]sian sect1 #abi ,autograph collections1 #cih ,auto-/&>dization1 #dbe ,badness1 ,?ree k9ds 9 books1 #bjg ,beg9n]s1 ,message to1 #ceg ,b]es=d1 ,j4 ,d41 quot$1 #cgb ,be/ books def9$1 #ada ,biblia abiblia1 #bhh ,bibliographies = book selection1 #ai ,b9d+1 ,*oice (1 #be ,bo>ds ( tru/ees1 #ci1 #di1 #ic ,book committees1 #bb1 #adg ,book-lov]s1 #ii ,book selection1 #ag1 #abe2 ,rais+ /&>d (1 #ada ,book-taught ,bilk9s1 #ajf ,books1 ,di/ribution (1 #cj2 ,love (1 #ig2 ,wa/e (1 #afc2 ,influ5ce ( locality on /ock (1 #daa ,booksell]s' ,league 7,n4,y471 #he ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 #ahf ,bo/on ,transcript1 #dai ,b[do9 ,college libr>y1 #cid ,bran* dep't41 ,jurisdiction (1 #bcc ,bran* libr>ies1 #ic1 #dba2 ,gifts ( sites1 #agh ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y1 #ab2 ,s*eme ( s]vice1 #ahi ,bryan1 ,william ,j41 #bgj ,build+s1 ,future1 #ha2 ,/&>dization (1 #dae ,bullet9s1 ,picture1 #ca1 #djb ,bus9ess man's libr>y1 #bfi ,ca',canny policy1 #aee ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #fd ,c>negie1 ,&rew1 ,gifts (1 #ij2 quot$1 #aje ,c>negie ,committee1 ,requirem5ts (1 criticiz$1 #dag ,ca%-regi/]s1 #aa ,catalogu+1 ,local modifications (1 #dai ,ca?olics & ! libr>y1 #cjj ,c5sor1 ,libr>ian z a1 #aba ,c5t]1 ,def9ition (1 #aaa2 ,functions (1 #aad ,*ance1 ,def9ition (1 #cgd ,*>g+ sy/ems1 #dbj ,*e/nut ,hill ,bran*1 ,phila41 #daf ,*ildr51 ,"w )1 #he ,*ildr5's dep>tm5t1 ,jurisdiction (1 #bcc ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s & ! libr>y1 #cja ,*ur* & libr>y1 #bii ,*ur*es1 ,duplication (1 #cdd ,circulation1 ,/ati/ics (1 #ge2 ,at long range1 #bba ,civic ,league1 ,/4 ,l\is1 #dje ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 ,n4,y41 #aij ,civil ,s]vice 9 libr>ies1 #ahc ,class-p]c5tages1 ,comp>ison (1 #adh ,classification ( "w1 #bbb ,clipp+s1 #cii ,clos$-%elf issue1 #bba ,comm]cial sy/em 9 libr>ies1 #afj ,conflicts ( jurisdiction1 #bca1 #cea ,connecticut ,/ate ,libr>y1 #dae ,contract sy/em1 #id ,co/ ( libr>ies1 #he ,cyclop$ia1 ,libr>y z a1 #adf ,dana1 ,john ,c41 quot$1 #bfa1 #cag ,decam]on1 criticiz$1 #acg ,deliv]y s]vice1 ,frequ5t1 #bbh ,deliv]y /ation "w1 #bba ,detroit bran*es1 #daf ,di/ribut]1 ,libr>y z a1 #bi ,dont's1 = book-selectors1 #aej ,d[nt[n bran*1 #bbh ,drudg]y1 #ajb ,duns on po/al c>ds1 #ac ,duplication1 ,s9 (1 #cda ,education1 #beg2 ,?r\gh libr>ies1 #ei1 #hg2 ,univ]sity (1 #aaa ,educational c5t]1 ,libr>y z1 #aaa ,educational results1 #eb ,effici5cy records1 #aii2 quot$1 #che ,eliot1 ,*>les ,w41 quot$1 #hj ,envelopes = fil+1 #djj ,ephem]al books1 #cd1 #hi1 #ajd ,exam9ations1 #ahf ,exclusion ( books1 ,gr\nds =1 #abb2 ,( read]s1 #bdb ,exhibits 9 a libr>y1 #cig ,exp5ditures1 ,division (1 #dah ,exp]im5ts1 #cgj1 #chi ,exp]t advis]s = book-selection1 #abe1 #ade ,exp]ts1 ,control by1 #dj1 #di ,exploitation ( libr>ies1 #cba ,ext5sion ( libr>y s]vice1 #cfe ,falsity 9 books1 #abc ,fe$-wires1 ,comp>$ ) books1 #afh ,fiction1 ,appraisal (1 #bc2 ,selection (1 #adg ,f9ance1 #ea2 ,/ati/ics (1 #gc ,f9es1 #d ,=bes ,libr>y1 #dai ,=ce1 ,fields (1 #aae ,=eca/s1 #caj ,=eign books1 #acc ,=malism 9 libr>ies1 #bij1 #cbj ,fr5* ideas ( propriety1 #acb ,g5ius1 ,def9itions (1 #fd ,g]\ld1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #bia ,gifts1 ,undesirable1 #agc ,gil ,bias1 criticiz$1 #acg ,gl5non1 ,john ,j41 #bgd ,god>d1 ,george1 #dae ,grades 9 ! /aff1 #ahf ,grant1 ,ulysses ,s41 ,life (1 #chj ,gre5wi* ,village1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,libr>y 91 #dbd ,gr\p-education1 #aaf ,gr\p-psy*ology1 #bhe ,gr\p-value ( collections1 #djb ,gr\ps1 ,recognition (1 #cae ,h>risburg ,public ,libr>y1 #daf ,hicks1 ,fr$]ick ,c41 quot$1 #bfa1 #bfd ,hi]>*y1 ,control by a1 #db ,high ,bridge ,bran*1 ,new ,york ,city1 #daf ,h\se-to-h\se deliv]y1 #hg ,h\ses1 ,index to1 #dae ,hung>ian books1 #cfh ,hy/]esis1 #bfi ,impond]ables1 #bfj ,income f f9es1 #g ,indec5cy & immorality di/+ui%$1 #abg ,indianapolis ,public ,libr>y1 ,address at op5+1 #bhc ,initiative1 ,ne$ (1 #cfa ,insurance1 ,a relief ( 8ill luck10 #cij ,int]e/ & initiative1 #chd ,inv5tory1 #gj1 #gd ,jackson ,squ>e ,bran*1 ,new ,york ,city1 #daf ,james1 ,william1 quot$1 #aag1 #bfj ,japanese1 ,h]itage (1 #afg ,k5t1 ,william1 quot$1 #bjf ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d1 quot$1 #afh ,language1 ,be/ (1 #adb ,lant]n-slides1 #djd ,lay control 9 libr>ies1 #ci1 #di ,lecky1 ,w4 ,h4 ,h41 #abh ,lectures1 ,collections tak5 at1 #age ,l5ox ,libr>y1 #cic ,libr>ians1 ,?ree k9ds (1 #bda ,libr>ians' libr>ies1 #ej ,libr>y1 ,! small1 #bi2 ,& ! bus9ess man1 #bfi2 ,! subscription1 #bic ,libr>y s*ools1 #ie ,libr>y "w1 ,future (1 #cji ,local hi/ory1 #dac2 ,mat]ial1 #aag ,locality1 ,libr>y &1 #dji ,luck 9 ! libr>y1 #cgc ,lu!rans & ! libr>y1 #cja ,ma*9e-"w1 #aeg ,mal-employm5t 9 ! libr>y1 #bje ,mallock1 ,w4 ,h41 ,quot$1 #aec ,may]1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,g41 quot$1 #ceg ,m$ical (fic]s1 #chj ,meet+s 9 libr>ies1 #cad ,milit>ism1 ,union aga9/1 #bga ,mill]1 ,elsie1 quot$1 #bbd ,mission>y "w ( libr>ies1 #cac ,morgan1 ,j4 ,p41 #cij1 #cid ,mov+ pictures1 #bhe ,museum1 ,libr>y z a1 #cic ,music1 ,popul>ization (1 #cbe ,mutilation ( books1 #ad ,napoleon1 ,anecdote (1 #cgc ,nationalization ( libr>ies1 #caj ,new ,hav5 ,public ,libr>y1 #daf ,new ,york1 ,consolidation ( libr>ies 91 #cej ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y4 ,s*eme ( s]vice1 #ahe ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 #cab1 #dbb2 ,sci5ce circulation1 #ah2 ,s*eme ( s]vice1 #aib ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 quot$1 #ff ,newspap] sci5ce1 #abd ,newspap]s1 #aje ,n9ety-,six? ,/4 ,bran*1 ,new ,york ,city1 #dbe ,non-p>tizan%ip1 #ahj1 #bgj2 ,9 book selection1 #abf ,omission1 ,s9 (1 #cda ,op5 %elf libr>ies1 #hb ,organization ( idl5ess1 #aec ,o!llo criticiz$1 #acg ,ov]due books1 #h ,pa9s & p5alties1 #c ,pay-duplicate sy/em1 #f ,pe>son1 ,b4 ,l41 #dai2 quot$1 #bjh ,phonograph records1 #ccf1 #dje ,photographs1 ,local1 #dad ,pianola rolls1 #ccf1 #dje ,plates z museum mat]ial1 #cif1 #cig ,play def9$1 #aab ,poe1 ,edg> ,a41 #bhd ,poetry1 ,increas$ ta/e =1 #bhc ,poets1 libr>ies & realities1 #bhc ,political int]f]5ce ) libr>ies1 #cbj ,popul>ization ( in=mation1 #abc2 ,( libr>ies1 #caj ,portl&1 ,ore41 bran*es1 #dag ,po/al-c>d mat]ial1 #djj ,po/al-c>ds1 ,illegal1 #ac ,prairie psy*ology1 #bid ,private collections index$1 #dae ,problem novel1 #acj ,pr(essional tra9+1 #cah ,pr(essionalization ( libr>ies1 #caj ,pr(it 9 a libr>y1 #afa ,promotions1 #ahf ,prop]ty1 ,wa/e (1 #afc ,public ,control by1 #db1 #di2 ,:at is x8 #ia ,public-op9ion1 ,p[] (1 #aff ,publicity1 #ce1 #bhj1 #cjd ,publi%]s' ,weekly1 #bj ,racial or social /atus8 #dbc ,read]s1 ,/ati/ics (1 #gf ,read+ ( music1 #cbf ,realism1 #bhe ,recreation ?r\gh libr>ies1 #fj ,recreational results1 #ec ,ref]5ce use1 ,/ati/ics (1 #ge ,regi/ration1 size & gr[?1 #cf ,rei*1 ,emil1 quot$1 #aah ,repetition 9 fiction1 #cdg ,reputation1 ,importance (1 #afe ,res]ves1 ,unlock+ (1 #aag ,reviews1 #ba ,riley1 ,james ,:itcomb1 #bhc ,riv]side ,public ,libr>y1 ,cal41 #daf ,rules1 #ceb2 ,au?ority =1 #ab ,/4 ,l\is ,pageant1 #djg ,/4 ,l\is plan 7pay duplicate71 #f ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y1 #cad1 #cfg1 #cif2 ,effici5cy records1 #bjj2 ,s*eme ( s]vice1 #aid ,savage1 ,*>act]i/ics (1 #ceg ,s*ol>%ip 9 libr>ies1 #bhg ,s*ool & libr>y1 #fj1 #hh ,s*ool1 ,function (1 #aac ,s*ool libr>ies1 #bee ,scrapbooks1 #cii ,scre5s = display1 #cig ,s]vice sy/ems1 #ahc ,%aw1 ,george ,b]n>d1 #abg ,sight-read+1 #ccc ,simplicity1 ,be/ (1 #adb ,smi?1 ,munroe1 quot$1 #bei ,social results1 #ee ,sociali/s1 ,mi/ake (1 #aee ,socialization ( libr>ies1 #caj ,special libr>ies1 #caf ,/&>dization1 ,limits (1 #dji ,/ati/ics1 #fi1 #afa2 ,use ( 9 book-pur*ase1 #dab ,sumn]1 ,william ,g41 quot$1 #acc ,sunday s*ool libr>ies1 #cja ,sup]ficiality def9$1 #ace ,sy/em1 ,magaz9e1 #bhj ,sy/em 9 ! libr>y1 #aec ,talk1 ,unnecess>y1 #bad ,ta/e1 ,cultivation (1 #cc1 #cbi2 ,te/ ( #adb ,telephone use1 #bgd ,text-books1 ,composite1 #bfd2 ,unsatisfactory1 #abd ,textiles1 #djj ,!ft ( books1 #ad ,"t1 ,wa/e (1 #afc1 #cec ,trade-li/s1 #ai ,travell+ libr>ies1 #hf ,triviality1 #ace ,tru/ees1 #ci1 #di ,tru/ees' ,section1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 #dd1 #di ,tru? 9 adv]tis+1 #bgh2 ,9 books1 #abc2 ,z a te/1 #adb ,turg5ief z a reali/1 #cdg ,vacations1 #bab1 #bae ,v9c5t1 ,george ,b41 quot$1 #aaf ,volta ,review1 quot$1 #bfe ,walmsley1 ,h4 ,r41 quot$1 #bfe ,wi/]1 ,ow51 quot$1 #acb ,,footnotes3 #a ,read at ! ,magnolia ,conf]5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,june1 #aijb4 #b ,figures = #aija4 #c ,read be=e ! ,tru/ees' ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association at ! ,niag>a ,conf]5ce1 #aijc4 #d ,an address be=e ! ,tru/ees' ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,n>ragansett ,conf]5ce1 #aijf4 #e ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y ,association1 ,lake ,placid1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aijc4 #f ,read be=e ! ,p5nsylvania ,libr>y ,club1 ,philadelphia1 ,may #i1 #aijd4 #g ,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y ,association1 ,twilight ,p>k1 ,septemb]1 #aijf4 #h ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,lake ,m9netonka ,conf]5ce1 ,june1 #aijh4 #i ,read at a meet+ ( ! libr>y commissions ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 ,febru>y #aa1 #aiji4 #aj ,read be=e ! ,miss\ri ,/ate ,libr>y ,association1 ,columbia1 ,octob] #bh1 #aiji4 #aa ,address be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association at ! ,pasad5a ,conf]5ce1 ,may #ai1 #aiaa4 #ab ,read be=e ! ,i[a ,libr>y ,association4 #ac ,report to ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute4 #ad ,read be=e ! r\nd table ( bran* libr>ies at ! ,wa%+ton conf]5ce1 ,may #bh1 #aiad4 #ae ,read be=e ! ,miss\ri ,libr>y ,association1 ,s$alia1 ,novemb] #ah1 #aiad4 #af ,a lun*eon address to ! ,adv]tis+ ,club ( ,/4 ,l\is4 #ag ,address at ! op5+ ( ! new build+ ( ! ,indianapolis ,public ,libr>y4 #ah ,read be=e ! ,national ,association ( ,music ,tea*]s & repr9t$ f ! publi%$ ,proce$+s = #aiah4