,,the ,journal of ,electricity1 ,power and ,gas ,devoted to the ,conversion1 ,transmission and ,distribution of ,energy4 ,,volume ,,xx4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal41 ,,may #b1 #aijh ,no4 #ah ,,lighting ,,system ,,of ,,the ,,orcutt ,,oil ,,fields4 ,by ,,clem ,a4 ,,copeland4 ,consulting ,engineer1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,the large and deep-lying oil-sand lakes and subterranean gas works1 commencing with the southern rim of the ,santa ,maria ,valley and stretching away for a dozen miles southward toward ,santa ,barbara1 contribute some #ad1fjj1jjj barrels of high gravity refining and fuel oil to ,california's annual production of #dj1jjj1jjj barrels4 ,illustration3 ,,west ,,frame ,,of #bfjj ,,ft4 ,,span4 ,,power-,,house ,,in ,,background4 ,with the assistance of two eight-inch pipe lines #cb miles to ,port ,harford1 a similar line #dh miles across the ,isthmus of ,panama1 and a goodly fleet of vessels1 the ,union ,oil ,company scatters this oil from ,seattle to ,san ,diego1 and from ,new ,york to ,japan4 ,chile also has a share for the working of its nitre beds and its railways4 ,the little towns of ,santa ,maria and ,orcutt receive with open pipes a tithe of the gas which nature has here stored1 and which would otherwise escape the many safety valves1 while the steam rig engines have often been run with direct gas pressure from the wells4 ,this land of gas and gushers is difficult of control1 and is always ready to pop off at from #ajj to #djj pounds pressure through the many #c1jjj-;foot tubes which puncture its depths4 ,when a new gusher is brought in1 it sprays the adjacent hills with a glistening shadow of petroleum and is no respecter of persons or property4 ,one new and frisky fury flowed #ab1jjj barrels per day1 and delivered #d1jjj1jjj cubic feet of gas every #bd hours for four months1 gradually dropping to a production of #g1jjj barrels1 which it maintained for nearly a year1 finally diminishing to #c1ejj1 and now1 after three and a third years1 is still producing #bej barrels per day1 having delivered during this time #c1jjj1jjj barrels of petroleum1 and enough gas to last ,san ,francisco for three years4 ,this is1 with perhaps one exception1 the most remarkable well in the history of oil industry1 and is widely known as 8,hartwell ,no4 #a40 ,the district contains two groups of wells1 one contiguous to ,orcutt1 and the other near ,lompoc4 ,danger from fire due to the excessive gas pressure of the ,orcutt fields is exceedingly great1 as evidenced by the burning of four 8rigs0 in the first two years of its history1 during which time there were fifteen wells brought into production4 ,the cost of these 8rigs0 exceeded the cost of the lighting plant1 which is described in these notes1 and no fires have since occurred in the sixty wells now producing4 ,the advisability of the plant is therefore quite patent4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,orcutt ,,oil ,,fields ,,electrical ,,distribution ,,system4 ,the lighting system employed in the ,orcutt oil fields is perhaps only interesting in illustrating how the methods employed in large undertakings may be used to great advantage in the smaller enterprises to effect a large saving and to simplify conventional methods4 ,the smaller undertakings often afford opportunities of saving a larger percentage in cost and operation in connection with the larger ones4 ,in the present instance1 an economy of #i1jjj was made in a system which would have cost #cj1jjj if constructed along conventional lines4 ,as may be seen from some of the views in these notes1 the country covered by the system is very hilly and stony1 hard sandstone being everywhere prominent4 ,trees would have interfered considerably over perhaps a third of the line with ordinary construction1 and being oak1 it would have cost heavily to eliminate them4 ,although the winters in this section are very bleak and windy1 no snow has ever fallen4 ,the attached map shows the wells1 which are unusually far apart and scattered over some #e1jjj acres of land4 ,illustration3 ,,frame ,,between #aejj ,,and #afjj ,,ft4 ,,span4 ,long span work1 employing copper cables1 and using the oil-well derricks for support1 seemed well to meet these and all other conditions in the most economical fashion4 ,the adoption of long span work effected a large saving in the length of line and wire needed to cover the territory1 since air-line routes could be covered in all cases across country1 without any care being taken to lay out a pole line which would conform to some general inflexible plan4 ,moreover1 much vertical distance was saved in not having to follow the contour of the country4 ,incidentally the long span work makes the installation of new pieces of line very easy and simple1 and no large amount of material need be kept on hand for expansion purposes4 ,where conditions are rapidly changing1 as in the present instance1 existing lines having to be moved because of the abandonment of wells or re-arrangement as new wells come in amongst the old ones1 are easily changed1 with but little loss of labor and material4 ,the derricks1 #hj feet in height1 make ideal supports for long-span construction1 and steel frames1 heavy enough for the largest size of wire1 eventually were made of 8scrap0 pipe set in cement4 ,where the derricks were not available1 redwood 8dead-men0 were also used between derricks which were near together1 but on opposite sides of rises or hills4 ,the present system of distribution is #gb1eej feet1 or #ac4ge miles1 in length1 and consists of #gj derricks1 #i frames1 and #aj 8dead-men10 making the average span about #hjj feet4 ,the seven-strand bare copper cables used in this work were furnished under rigid specifications previously described in the 8,journal10 by the ,standard ,underground ,cable ,company4 ,one will observe from the map and photos that there are many spans #a1ejj feet in length1 one span of #b1jjj feet between derricks and one #b1fjj feet from one frame to another4 ,the sags allowed correspond to #fj feet on a #b1jjj-;foot span1 and the cables were very small for such work1 ,no4 #f being used for the greatest lengths1 which occurs as a neutral on the longest spans4 ,the sizes used are ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #f4 ,as the cables were suspended high above the ground and good construction was relied upon for safety from breakage1 they were used without insulation1 and a large saving was thus effected4 8,goose-egg0 strain insulators1 first designed by the writer several years ago1 are used to insulate the cables4 ,copper sleeves were used to splice the cables and to loop them to the insulators4 ,it is of considerable interest to observe the action of these light cables in a high wind1 for even in the most gusty storms there is no whipping action4 ,in the longer spans1 the cables hang absolutely parallel and sway in a most deliberate manner from #ab to #be feet out of line4 ,illustration3 ,,hartwell ,,no4 ,,one4 ,illustration3 ,,detail ,,of ,,derrick ,,construction4 ,inasmuch as fuel economy is of little importance1 since either waste gas or oil can be used1 a large drop in the distributing system is permissible1 and a radius of three or four miles from the power-house can be economically attained by the use of #baj to #bej volt lamps on the three-wire direct-current system4 ,at present the maximum distance is #bee miles1 and four voltages of lamps are employed4 ,the derricks are wired on the two-wire system with ,no4 #ad ,t4 ,b4 ,w4 ,p4 medium1 hard-drawn wire1 care being taken to keep all wires on the outside of derrick house wherever possible4 ,although the wires and insulators have been in some cases completely sprayed and saturated with oil from the gushers1 no troubles of insulation have been experienced4 ,at the time this work was started1 there was a small plant on the ,pinal ,oil ,company's property near by1 where keyed sockets were used until one of the drillers was injured by a gas explosion caused by turning off one of the lights4 ,this1 of course1 suggested the care necessary to guard against such accidents4 ,in the present installation1 double-pole fuses were constructed for each derrick and tank house1 by using two weatherproof sockets and ,edison plug fuses1 all inclosed in a gauze cylinder like a ,davy mine lamp4 ,switches for tank house and derricks were also inclosed in gauze4 ,in wiring the derricks1 sleeves were used for splicing1 so that in the whole system no solder nor torch was used4 ,specially designed heavy wire lamp guards and portables1 with wires inclosed in cotton-covered garden hose1 are other features of the derrick wiring4 ,when drilling is commenced1 the derrick is wired for eleven lights4 ,tank houses1 some fifteen or twenty in number1 are wired with a light over each tank4 ,illustration3 ,,power-,,house4 ,the power-house is of only passing interest1 being designed for reliability and minimum first cost1 and with the idea of transplanting it to some new location should future conditions dictate4 ,the view shows two #ajaj ,shepherd engines1 clutched to either end of a shaft1 from which two #de-kilowatt1 #bej-volt1 direct-current ,westinghouse generators are belted4 ,in case of accident to one generator1 a switch on the switchboard converts the #c-wire to a #b-wire system1 using the two outside wires as one1 and the neutral as the return conductor4 ,three #dhad fire-tube boilers supply steam at #abe pounds pressure4 ,the power-house is in a perennially cool location on a hill crest1 so that it could be made small and cozy4 ,the system has been in uninterrupted and satisfactory operation for two years4 ,the only trouble during the time was caused by one wire of one span breaking1 due to an imperfection in splicing4 ,the section has long-continued and severe winds1 much rain and cold weather1 but two winters have developed no imperfections4 ,although the lights burn all night1 no interruption has been experienced4 ,reliability is important1 since1 if the lights failed1 there would be a temptation to light candles or lanterns at a critical time4 ,the system was designed and supervised by ,mr4 ,copeland1 of ,messrs4 ,clem4 ,copeland and ,f4 ,r4 ,schanck1 consulting engineers for the ,union ,oil ,company4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,crawley1 who is at present electrical superintendent1 was foreman of construction4 ,,alcohol vs4 ,,gasoline ,,for ,,power4 ,the ,technologic ,branch of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 under the direction of ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,holmes1 has recently completed an elaborate series of tests on the relative value of gasoline and alcohol as producers of power4 ,the tests1 over two thousand in number1 probably represent the most complete and exact investigation of the kind that has been made1 either in this country or abroad1 and includes much original research work4 ,correspondingly well-designed alcohol and gasoline engines when running under the most advantageous conditions for each1 will consume equal volumes of the fuel for which they are designed4 ,this statement is based on the results of many tests made under the most favorable practical conditions that could be obtained for the size and type of engines and fuel used4 ,an average of the minimum fuel consumption values thus obtained1 gives a like figure of eight-tenths 74#h7 of a pint per hour per brake horsepower for gasoline and alcohol4 ,considering that the heat value of a gallon of the denatured alcohol is only a little over six-tenths 74#f7 that of a gallon of the gasoline1 this result of equal fuel consumption by volume for gasoline and alcohol engines probably represents the best comparative value that can be obtained for alcohol at the present time1 as is also indicated by continental practice4 ,though the possibility of obtaining this condition in practice here has been thoroughly demonstrated at the ,government ,fuel-testing ,plant1 it yet remains with the engine manufacturers to make the 8equal fuel consumption by volume0 a commercial basis of comparison4 ,the gasoline engines that were used in these tests are representative of the standard ,american stationary-engine types1 rating at #aj to #ae horsepower1 at speeds of from #bej to #cjj revolutions per minute1 while the alcohol engines were of similar construction and identical in size with the gasoline engines4 ,the air was not preheated for the above tests on alcohol and gasoline1 and the engines were equipped with the ordinary types of constant level suction lift and constant level pressure spray carburetters4 ,many special tests with air preheated to various temperatures up to #bej ,fahrenheit1 and tests with special carburetters were made1 but no beneficial effects traceable to better carburation were found when the engines were handled under the special test conditions1 including constant speed and best load4 ,the commercial completely denatured alcohol referred to is #ajj parts ethyl alcohol plus #aj parts methyl alcohol plus one-half of one part benzol1 and corresponds very closely to #id per cent by volume or #ia per cent by weight ethyl alcohol 7grain alcohol74 ,no detrimental effects on the cylinder walls and valves of the engines were found from the use of the above denatured alcohol4 ,the lowest consumption values were obtained with the highest compression that it was found practical to use2 which compression for the denatured alcohol ranged from #aej to #ahj pounds per square inch above atmosphere4 ,eighty per cent alcohol 7alcohol and water7 for use in engines of the present types would have to sell for at least #ae per cent less per gallon than the denatured alcohol1 in order to compete with it4 ,the minimum consumption values in gallons per hour per brake horsepower for #hj per cent alcohol is approximately #ag4e per cent greater than for the denatured alcohol used1 or for gasoline4 ,a series of tests made with alcohol of various percentages by volume ranging from #id per cent to #ej per cent1 showed that the minimum consumption values in gallons per hour per brake horsepower increased a little more rapidly than the alcohol decreased in percentage of pure alcohol4 ,that is1 the thermal efficiency decreased with the decrease in percentage of pure alcohol4 ,this decrease in thermal efficiency or increase in consumption referred to pure alcohol is1 however1 comparatively slight from #ajj per cent alcohol down to about #hj per cent alcohol4 ,within these limits it may be neglected in making the calculations necessary to compare the minimum consumption values for tests with different percentages of alcohol4 ,the nearer the alcohol is to pure1 the greater the maximum horsepower of the engine4 ,the per cent reduction in maximum horsepower for #hj per cent alcohol as compared with that for denatured alcohol used1 was less than one per cent1 but the starting and regulating difficulties are appreciably increased4 ,with suitable compression1 mixtures of gasoline and alcohol vapors 7double carburetters7 gave thermal efficiencies ranging between that for gasoline 7maximum #bb4b per cent7 and that for alcohol 7maximum #cd4f per cent7 but in no case were they higher than that for alcohol4 ,the above thermal efficiencies are calculated from the brake horsepower and the low calorific value of the fuel1 which for the gasoline was #ai1ajj ,british thermal units per pound1 and for the denatured alcohol was #aj1ejj ,british thermal units per pound4 ,as has been previously published1 alcohol can be used with more or less satisfaction in stationary and marine gasoline engines and these gasoline engines will use from one and one-half to twice as much alcohol as gasoline when operating under the same conditions4 ,the possibilities1 however1 of altering the ordinary gasoline engines as required to obtain the best economies with alcohol are very limited2 for the amount that the compression can be raised without entirely redesigning the cylinder head and valve arrangement is ordinarily not sufficient1 nor are the gasoline engines usually built heavy enough to stand the maximum explosive pressures1 which often reach six and seven hundred pounds per square inch4 ,with the increase in weight for the same-sized engine designed to use alcohol instead of gasoline1 comes an increase in maximum horsepower of a little over thirty-five per cent 7#ce71 so that its weight per horsepower need not be greater than that of the gasoline engine1 and probably will be less4 ,the work was taken up to investigate the characteristic action of fuels used in internal combustion engines with a detailed study of the action of each fuel 7gasoline and alcohol7 as governed by the many variable conditions of engine manipulation1 design and equipment4 ,these variables were isolated1 so far as possible2 their separate and combined effects were determined2 worked out under practical operating conditions2 and led up to the conditions required for minimum fuel consumption4 ,the results show the saving that can be obtained over conditions for maximum consumption1 and also establish a definite basis of comparison under conditions most favorable to each fuel4 ,this latter is a point of much commercial interest1 and a study of the comparative action of gasoline and alcohol may be of great service in solving some of the general internal-combustion-engine problems where other than liquid fuels are used4 ,a large number of fundamental tests were necessary in order to clearly define conditions and interpret results4 ,in a way they follow the work conducted by the ,department of ,agriculture1 supplementing to a certain extent1 but not duplicating bulletin #aia1 which gives much data of general value4 ,many of the tests of internal-combustion engines have been made1 but most of them1 especially in this country1 were by private concerns1 for a specified purpose1 and the results are not generally available4 ,furthermore1 as is generally recognized by those familiar with gas1 and especially gasoline-engine operation1 the conditions influencing engine performance are so numerous and varied as to make the value of offhand comparison very limited and oftentimes misleading1 exact comparisons only being possible under identical conditions or with reference to the actual known differences in all conditions that influence the results4 ,,electrical ,,code ,,revisions4 ,at the recent meeting of the ,underwriters' ,national ,electric ,association it was decided that ,cooper ,hewitt lamps must have a cut-out for each lamp or series1 except when contained in a single frame and lighted by a single operation1 in which case not more than five lamps shall be dependent on a single cut-out4 ,the regulators must be enclosed in non-combustible cases1 and where subject to flyings of lint or combustible material1 all openings through the casings must be protected by a fine wire gauze4 ,moore electric light tubes must be installed so as to be free from liability to mechanical injury or of contact with inflammable material4 ,the high-potential coils and regulating apparatus must be installed in an approved steel cabinet1 which shall be ventilated in such a manner as to prevent the escape of flame or sparks in case of burn-out4 ,the apparatus in this box must be mounted on slate1 and the enclosing case positively grounded4 ,the supply conductors must comply with the rules governing low-potential systems where such wires do not carry current having a potential of over #cjj volts4 ,rule #h1 section d1 was amended to apply to auto-starters only1 and a new section was added to rule #fj governing the details of rheostat construction4 ,new rules regarding low-potential transformers follow3 ,oil transformers must not be placed inside of any building except central stations and sub-stations1 unless by special permission of the inspection department4 ,air-cooled transformers must not be placed inside of any building excepting central stations and sub-stations1 unless the highest voltage of either primary or secondary does not exceed #eej volts1 and must be so mounted that the case shall be one foot from combustible material or separated therefrom by non-combustible1 non-absorptive1 insulating material1 such as slate or marble4 ,where transformers are placed at a lesser distance1 a slab of slate or marble somewhat larger than the transformer must be used1 and where the transformer is mounted on a side wall1 the slate or marble must be secured independent of the transformer supports1 the transformer being supported by bolts countersunk at least one-eighth inch below the surface of the back of the slab and filled4 ,for wiring electric cranes the following rules were adopted3 ,all wires except bare collector wires1 those between resistances and contact plates of rheostats and those subjected to severe external heat1 must be approved1 rubber-covered and not smaller in size than ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,s4 ,wires between resistances and contact plates of rheostats must conform to ,no4 #d-;c1 unless the wires are exposed to moisture1 in which case the insulation must also be rubber4 ,wires subjected to severe external heat must have approved slow-burning insulation4 ,all wires1 excepting collector wires and those run in metal conduit or armored cable1 must be supported by knobs or cleats which separate them at least one inch from the surface wired over1 but in dry places where space is limited and the distance between wires as required by ,rule #bd-;h cannot be obtained1 each wire must be separately encased in approved flexible tubing securely fastened in place4 ,collector wires must be supported by approved insulators so mounted that even with the extreme movement permitted the wires will be separated at all times at least one and one-half inches from the surface wired over4 ,collector wires must be held at the ends by approved strain insulators4 ,where the wires are arranged in a horizontal plane above the crane1 they must be supported at least every twenty feet if practicable1 and separated at least six inches1 but if longer spans are necessary1 the distance between wires must be increased proportionately1 the span in no case to exceed forty feet4 ,if not arranged in a horizontal plane1 they must be carried along the runways and must be rigidly and securely attached to their insulating supports at least every twenty feet1 and if not arranged in a vertical plane1 must be separated at least eight inches4 ,where bridge collector wires are over eighty feet long1 insulating supports on which the wires may loosely lie must be provided at least every fifty feet4 ,bridge collector wires must be kept at least two and one-half inches apart1 but a greater spacing should be used whenever it may be obtained4 ,collector wires must not be smaller in size than specified in the following table for the various spans3 ,distance between ,size wire rigid supports4 required4 ,feet4 ,b4 ,s4 #j to #cj #f #ca to #fj #d ,over #fj #b ,collectors must be so designed that sparking will be reduced to a minimum between them and collector wires4 ,the main collector wires must be protected by a cut-out and the circuit controlled by a switch1 cut-out and switch to be so located as to be easy of access from the floor4 ,cranes operated from cabs must have a cut-out and switch connected into the leads from the main collector wires and so located in the cab as to be readily accessible to the operator4 ,where there is more than one motor on a single crane1 each motor lead must be protected by a cut-out located in the cab if there is one4 ,controllers must be installed according to ,no4 #d1 except that if the crane is located outdoors the wires between resistances and contact plates of rheostats may be rubber-covered or bare or slow-burning if properly supported4 ,if the crane operates over readily combustible material1 the resistances must be placed in a fire-resisting enclosure2 or1 if located in a cab1 the cab must be constructed of non-combustible material and sides provided which enclose the cab from its floor to a height at least six inches above the top of the resistance4 ,the motor frames1 the entire frame of the crane and the tracks must be permanently and effectively grounded4 ,a number of recommendations were made calling for conductive coatings on cables1 outlet boxes and fittings in order to secure better electrical contact at all points throughout systems in which they are used4 ,the following suggested changes in the rules were adopted3 ,the fine print note under rule #b1 section a1 was amended to read as follows3 8,wires from generator to switchboard may1 however1 be placed in conduit1 provided that proper precautions are taken to protect them against moisture and mechanical injury4 ,if lead-covered cable is used no further protection against moisture will be required1 etc40 ,section c of the same rule was amended by inserting the words1 8where not in conduit10 after the first word4 ,the last sentence of the fine print note in rule #ab1 section g1 was amended to read3 8,the outer or weather end of conduit is to be provided with approved devices having wires separated and bushed through porcelain40 ,a number of changes were made in rule #bd4 ,section a1 with fine-print note1 was stricken from the ,code2 section o was amended by making the first recommendation 8a turn of #ij deg41 etc402 section p was amended so as to restrict the number of different circuits in the same conduit to four two-wire or three three-wire2 section x was changed by substituting the word or after the word fastenings for of4 ,rule #bd;,a was also changed somewhat4 ,section d was amended so as not to prohibit the installation of armored cable without the lead covering in buildings of fireproof construction in locations free from moisture2 the word 8underground0 was omitted from the first line of the fine-print note under section a4 ,a new section was added as follows3 8,all bends must be so made that the armor of the cable will not be injured4 ,the radius of the curve of the inner edge of any bend not to be less than one and one-half inches40 ,rule #bh1 section e1 was amended so as to exclude flexible cord from show cases as well as show windows2 the fine-print note under section g was omitted4 ,a number of minor changes were made in the rules governing the wiring of theaters1 principally in inserting the words1 8or armored cable10 so as to permit the use of the latter as an alternative to rigid conduit4 ,the other changes have to do with the details of construction1 fitting1 etc4 ,among the miscellaneous suggestions adopted were the following3 ,all self-fastening knobs1 cleats and supports must be secured by suitable screws2 wires in molding must be in continuous lengths from outlet to outlet or from fitting to fitting2 sockets or rosettes cannot be used to dead-end a circuit2 soap-stone can be used as an alternative for slate or marble2 and ends of flexible wire need not be soldered before insertion under binding posts1 as called for in rule #ad1 section c4 ,approved ,electrical ,devices ,this department from time to time will contain an illustrated description of all fittings approved by the ,underwriters' ,national ,electric ,association4 ,,conduit ,,box1 ,,floor ,,outlet4 ,iron box1 brass floor plate and nozzle4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajj4 ,approved ,march #bj1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,arthur ,frantzen ,co41 #ib ,w4 ,van ,buren ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,ground ,,clamps4 8,neco0 and 8,griptite0 clamps for rigid conduit1 in sizes for -inch to #c-;inch pipe4 0,flexclamp0 for ,greenfield flexible steel conduits or armored cable1 sizes ,a to ,e1 inclusive4 ,approved ,march #bj1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,novelty ,electric ,co41 #ej-ed ,north ,fourth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,panelboards4 ,cuthbert ,panelboards1 #abe1 #abe-bej1 and #bej ,v41 two and three wire1 with double pole knife or snap switches and link1 ,edison plug or cartridge inclosed fuses4 ,approved ,march #bj1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,cuthbert ,electrical ,manufacturing ,co41 #aje-aji ,s4 ,clinton ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,receptacles ,,for ,,attachment ,,plugs4 ,surface receptacles with pull-off attachment plugs4 ,two-wire1 ,cat4 ,no4 #de1cie1 #be ,a1 #abe ,v2 three-wire1 ,cat4 ,no4 #de1dij1 #be ,a1 #abe-bej ,v4 7,for use with approved sub-base only47 ,approved ,march #bj1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,switches1 ,,knife4 ,cuthbert ,panelboard ,switches1 #ae ,a1 #abe ,v1 and #be ,a1 #bej ,v4 ,approved ,march #bj1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,cuthbert ,electrical ,manufacturing ,co41 #aje-aji ,s4 ,clinton ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,conduit ,,boxes4 8,unilets0 cast-iron outlet boxes with threaded openings for to #c-;inch rigid conduit4 ,with covers of stamped steel or porcelain1 or with porcelain bushings4 ,types #a-ab and #ad4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh1 for exposed work only4 ,manufactured by ,appleton ,electric ,co41 #bbd ,washington ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,fixtures4 8,oamco0 show window reflector4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #fee1 #fee;,a1 #fee;,b1 #fee;,c4 ,a metal trough lined with glass reflectors and fitted with approved lamp sockets carried on cast-iron arms bolted to iron pipe containing wiring4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,overbaugh ,ayres ,mfg4 ,co41 #bcb ,south ,clinton ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lamp ,,adjusters4 8,gem0 lamp ,adjusters1 styles ,a and ,b4 ,a pulley-wheel mounted in iron bracket1 wheel controlled by locking mechanism so as to permit the adjustment of a pendant lamp hung from a porcelain knob secured to device4 ,suitable for use with flexible pendant cord4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,gem ,mfg4 ,co41 #dfg ,eleventh ,ave41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,mercury ,arc ,rectifiers for converting alternating to direct currents2 outfits supplied for ,a4 ,c4 circuits of #aaj-bbj and #ccj volts with ,d4 ,c4 current capacities up to and including #ej ,amps4 7,for ,telephone ,battery ,service this apparatus may include ,g4 ,e4 ,type ,a ,transformer of unit ratio1 to be inserted as insulation between ,a4 ,c4 circuit grounded neutral and ground return of the telephone system47 ,compensating reactance case must be mounted on base of slate or over non-combustible insulating material when installed on floor or wall of combustible material4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m4 ,s4 ,cord ,grip4 ,a fibre disc for use in socket and attachment plug caps1 rosettes and similar devices1 replacing knot in flexible pendant cord4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,marshall ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 #cja ,congress ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,receptacles ,,for ,,attachment ,,plug4 ,surface receptacles1 with pull-off attachment plug4 ,three-wire1 ,cat4 ,no4 #de1dij1 #be ,a41 #abe-bej ,v41 for use only with approved sub-base4 ,two-wire1 ,cat4 ,no4 #de1cie1 #be ,a41 #abe ,v4 ,approved ,april #f1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,surface ,receptacles1 #bj ,a41 #be ,v4 ,cleat concealed and moulding types1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #e1efg to #e1efi1 inclusive4 ,flush ,receptacle1 #bj ,a41 #bej ,v41 ,cat4 ,no4 #e1eea4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,harvey ,hubbell1 ,inc41 #ce ,organ ,st41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,lang stage receptacle and plug1 #abe and #bej ,v4 ,base of single piece of hard porcelain or alberene stone4 ,hardwood plug for stage cable4 ,for use in suitable iron or steel box4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,j4 ,lang ,electric ,co41 #aaf ,n4 ,lincoln ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,russell stage pocket and plug1 ,cat4 ,no4 #ac1 #ej ,a41 #abe ,v4 ,receptacle with porcelain base mounted in suitable cast-iron box4 ,plug of red fibre provided with fibre clamp replacing knot in cord4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,russell ,stoll ,co41 #dh ,cliff ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,receptacles1 ,,standard4 ,bryant ,receptacles1 #c ,a41 #bej ,v41 ,sign1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #a1gjj and #df1gdi4 ,cleat ,cat4 ,nos4 #i1djb1 #i1djc1 #iba1 #a1jaa1 #a1abc1 #ej1gae1 #aa1bba1 #bh1gie1 #eh1idi1 #eh1cjj1 #eh1cja4 ,concealed1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #ej1gdd1 also #i1ddg1 fusible #b ,a41 #abe ,v4 ,moulding1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #db1dec1 #eh1cjb and #eh1iej4 ,conduit box4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #i1ead and #i1cig4 ,rosette receptacles1 cleat and concealed types1 fusible1 #b ,a41 #abe ,v41 ,cat4 ,nos4 #i1dcd1 #i1dcf1 #i1dch1 #i1djd1 #i1dje and #i1djf4 ,approved ,april #b1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,bryant ,electric ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,porcelain shell1 keyless1 #c ,a41 #bej ,v4 ,cleat type1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #bh1gid1 #bh1gie and #aa1bba4 ,concealed type1 ,nos4 #ej1gdd and #ej1gag4 ,conduit boxes1 ,nos4 #i1cig1 #dj1ecg1 #di1ced and #i1ead4 ,sign receptacle1 ,no4 #df1fbg4 ,wall sockets1 brass shell1 key1 #ej ,c4 ,p41 keyless4 #c ,a41 #bej ,v4 ,concealed base1 ,nos4 #i1ahd1 #bg1gdc1 #bi1djd1 #i1ahe1 #bg1gdc and #bi1dje4 ,angle base1 ,nos4 #ej1gec1 #bh1gba1 #bi1djf1 #ej1gee4 #bh1gbb and #bi1djg4 ,approved ,april #ac1 #aijh4 ,manufactured by ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,journal ,,of ,,electricity1 ,,power ,,and ,,gas ,published ,weekly by ,,the ,,technical ,,publishing ,,company #aaa ,new ,montgomery ,st41 ,san ,francisco1 ,california ,e4 ,b4 ,,strong1 ,president and ,gen'l ,manager ,a4 ,h4 ,,halloran1 ,secy4 and ,managing ,editor ,directors3 ,r4 ,j4 ,,davis ,a4 ,m4 ,,hunt ,e4 ,m4 ,,scribner ,c4 ,l4 ,,cory ,e4 ,b4 ,,strong ,yearly subscription1 #b4ej4 ,single copies1 #aj cts4 ,back numbers prior to the current month1 #be cts4 ,canadian subscription #c4ej4 ,foreign subscription1 #d4jj4 ,subscriptions cannot be begun with back numbers4 ,manuscripts submitted must be accompanied by postage to insure return4 ,address all communications and make all remittances payable to ,the ,technical ,publishing ,company4 ,entered as second-class matter at the ,san ,francisco ,post ,office as 8,the ,electrical ,journal10 ,july1 #ahie4 ,entry changed to 8,the ,journal of ,electricity10 ,september1 #ahie4 ,entry changed to 8,the ,journal of ,electricity1 ,power and ,gas10 ,august #ae1 #ahii4 ,entry changed ,may #a1 #aijf1 to 8,the ,journal of ,electricity1 ,power and ,gas10 ,weekly4 ,,vol4 ,,xx ,,may #b1 #aijh ,no4 #ah ,,editorial4 ,sidenote3 ,,manufacturing ,,opportunity4 ,the first half century of ,western development was accomplished without the aid of cheap fuel4 ,this lack was really a blessing in disguise1 for it applied the needed spur that finally forced the utilization of its protean water powers4 ,but with the development of its latent oil resources there became available a fuel whose cheapness and convenience should enable the ,west to compete in the manufacturing field4 ,there has been no factor of greater use and with less recognition1 in this attainment1 than the aid given by the engineer4 ,the first and most pressing problem was the taming of the furious force of newly tapped gushers1 so as to regulate and control their flow with reference to reservoir capacity4 ,but so irresistible were some that they could no more be restrained than can the waves of the ocean4 ,millions of barrels flowed to wanton waste4 ,earthen barricades were hastily built around open pools1 and considerable oil was thus preserved1 only to be flooded into an unready market1 whose demand was not sufficient to absorb the sudden oil supply4 ,nor were the existing means of transportation suitable4 ,here1 indeed1 was work to be done4 ,how quickly a market was created is indicated by the fact that in #aijf the local consumption was greater than the production4 ,this was due to an accumulation caused by low prices1 the average being less than twenty-five cents1 and the minimum ten cents4 ,a fleet of tank steamers and a pipe line across the ,isthmus of ,panama soon gave access to the ,atlantic1 and ,pacific possibilities were vigorously developed1 so that the demand has already doubled this price4 ,with regard to the crude oil1 boilers and furnaces have been reconstructed so as to efficiently use the new fuel4 ,radical changes were necessary in order to provide increased air capacity and new means of air distribution4 ,the very best of our engineering talent have been so successfully concerned with this problem that fuel oil is now used in nearly every steam plant on land and sea1 for both stationary and locomotive use4 ,petroleum-enriched water gas is much superior in cost and quality to the illuminant it is displacing1 and now requires considerable oil4 ,smelting with oil will soon be an accomplished fact in spite of many difficulties1 and oil engines such as the ,diesel also utilize the crude4 ,following its utilization as fuel1 there came its varied applications as a refined product4 ,gasoline and engine oils were separated for use in the various types of explosive engines1 lubricating oils were distilled to make the running easier1 and from the residue1 asphalt was taken to meet the good roads movement4 ,many other varied uses have been developed for this product1 including its application to roofing and weatherproofing4 ,chemists have found that most of the ,california oil1 as well as that from the ,texas fields1 contains an asphaltum rather than a paraffine base1 which thus distinguishes them from most of the ,eastern oils4 ,coincident with this increasing use of oil during the past decade have been the improvements in the method of carrying it4 ,the great expense of reaching this engineer-made market demanded that cheap transportation be provided4 ,long pipe lines have been built1 which pour the oil directly into the refinery or into ships that take it to a foreign market4 ,one nearly three hundred miles long was constructed1 but proved inoperative on account of the great viscosity of the oil4 ,but even this difficulty has been met and overcome by an entirely new principle that promises to solve the problem1 and forms one of the interesting stories the 8,journal0 has yet to tell4 ,not less important than the engineering problems already outlined is that detailed in this issue by our friend1 ,mr4 ,clem4 ,a4 ,copeland4 ,disastrous fires have consumed millions of gallons1 and any means that lessens this needless waste is welcomed4 ,incidentally it illustrates the importance of studying other jobs in relation to their possible application to new problems4 ,the adoption of long-span work required courage1 which has been justified by the results4 ,it is not our province to discuss the ethics of competitive struggles which have characterized the history of oil wherever developed in large quantities in this country4 ,but1 as long as competition endures1 stagnation is prevented1 and it is undoubtedly due to this stress that so much engineering ingenuity has resulted4 ,,commercial ,,day ,,at ,,the ,,national ,,electric ,,light ,,association ,mr4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,williams1 who is one of the best known commercial men in the country1 and ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,rae1 of ,selling ,electricity1 are joint editors on what will probably be one of the very interesting features of that particular part of the convention1 namely3 8,an illustrated talk on the methods of creating demand for electricity40 ,this will include stereoptican views showing in detail the progress of the outline and sign lighting in large and small cities4 ,,personal4 ,c4 ,k4 ,king1 vice-president of the ,ohio ,brass ,company1 is expected in ,san ,francisco this week4 ,p4 ,h4 ,coolidge has come from ,chicago to take the management of the ,western ,electric ,co4 of ,san ,francisco4 ,w4 ,a4 ,blair succeeds ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,van ,valkenberg as assistant treasurer of the ,western ,electric ,co4 ,mr4 ,van ,valkenberg will go ,east on ,may #aeth4 ,alonzo ,gartley1 ,general ,mgr4 ,hawaiian ,electric ,co41 ,honolulu1 is in ,san ,francisco as a member of the ,hawaiian ,governor's staff1 on the way ,east to attend the ,roosevelt conference4 ,w4 ,i4 ,otis1 who has been associated with the ,western ,electric ,co4 for the past five years1 severs his connection with the company on ,may to open an office at #aaa ,new ,montgomery ,st41 is the representative of several responsible ,eastern manufacturers4 ,tracy ,e4 ,bibbins1 ,san ,francisco manager ,supply ,department ,general ,electric ,co41 has recovered from the shock and minor injuries received in the recent wreck of the 8,owl10 and is receiving the congratulations of his friends on having escaped without serious injury4 ,james ,d4 ,schuyler1 hydraulic engineer1 of ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 has been appointed member of a board of engineers to investigate and report on a power plant in ,japan for an ,english syndicate to operate the street railways in ,tokio and ,yokohama1 and to furnish current for lighting and power of those cities4 ,,obituary ,mr4 ,samuel ,b4 ,rawson1 president of the ,dean ,electric ,co41 died ,thursday1 ,april #i1 #aijh1 at ,elyria1 ,ohio4 ,,trade ,,catalogues4 ,holophane ,reflectors for ,gem1 ,meridian1 ,tantalum and ,tungsten lamps are illustrated and described in ,bulletin ,no4 #f from the ,holophane ,company of ,new ,york ,city4 ,bulletin ,no4 #ba from ,h4 ,krantz ,mfg4 ,co41 #afj-aff ,seventh ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 illustrates and describes ,standard and ,water-,tight ,boxes for all electrical installation purposes4 ,this line includes floor1 wall1 ceiling1 elevator1 receptacle1 switch1 conduit and junction boxes1 as well as boxes with plugs and receptacles for either wood1 concrete or parquet floors or marine installations4 ,the ,general ,electric ,company1 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y41 in ,bulletin ,no4 #d1egf1 describes the ,type ,f1 ,form ,k-#c line of oil switches for panel installation and remote control1 on systems of #d1ejj volts or less4 ,the object of ,bulletin ,no4 #d1egh is to describe the essentials of the various standard controllers that are manufactured for railway service1 with special reference to the operating conditions for which each type is suited4 ,among the controllers described are ,type ,b1 which include the necessary contacts and connections for electric braking1 ,type ,k for series parallel operation of the motors1 ,type ,l1 also in the series parallel class1 but which completely open the power circuit when changing from series to parallel2 ,type ,r1 which are designed to control the motor speeds by means of resistance only1 and a brief outline of the ,sprague-,general ,electric ,type ,m control system4 ,the ,general ,electric ,,cq motor is described in detail in a #af-page bulletin4 ,this motor is for direct-current circuits1 and is made up to #bj-;horsepower in size1 and for voltages1 of #aae1 #bcj and #eej4 ,the application of the motor to linotype equipments1 ventilating outfits1 machine tools1 etc41 is also outlined4 ,the extensive tables of dimensions1 capacities1 etc41 in the bulletin1 will be found very useful in preparing specifications4 ,,civil ,,service ,,examinations4 ,switchboard ,attendant 7,male74 ,the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission announces an examination on ,may #f1 #aijh1 to secure eligibles from which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of switchboard attendant 7male71 #ijj per annum1 ,united ,states ,military ,academy1 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they may occur in any branch of the service4 ,the examination will consist of letter-writing1 practical questions1 and experience4 ,applicants for this examination should be practical electricians4 ,they should state accurately in their applications what experience they have had in the handling of both alternating- and direct-current switchboards and alternating- and direct-current generators2 also experience with various meters used in measuring high-voltage currents1 rheostats1 transformers1 and other apparatus used in a power house4 ,an examination will be held on ,may #f1 #aijh1 to fill a vacancy in the position of assistant engineer1 #ijj per annum1 office of the ,attorney-,general1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 a vacancy in the position of engineer1 #a1jbj per annum1 ,freedmen's ,hospital1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they may occur4 ,applicants who have had experience in plumbing should so state in their applications1 as such experience is required for the position in ,freedmen's ,hospital4 ,the examination will consist of letter-writing1 practical questions in mechanical and electrical engineering 7comprising the construction and operation of the heating plant and electric lighting and elevator machinery in first-class public buildings71 and experience in mechanical and electrical engineering work4 ,,gas ,,engineering4 ,in order to meet the constantly increasing demand for training in gas engineering1 four courses have been established at ,cornell ,university4 ,first1 a course of lectures on the general theory of gas engines2 second1 a course of lectures on gas engine design2 third1 a drafting room course in gas engine design2 and fourth1 a lecture course which treats of the engineering problems involved in the conversion of various solid and liquid fuels into gas fuels1 and in the transmission of gas fuels4 ,this course discusses the different gas making processes and gives descriptions and studies of designs of apparatus used4 ,the object of these four courses is to give to the student taking them the fundamental ideas of modern gas engineering4 ,the gas engine laboratory1 which was moved into one of the small buildings in the court after the building had been rendered fireproof by concrete walls and floor1 has proved a very satisfactory addition to the laboratory and will doubtless produce much valuable scientific information4 ,it is now equipped with examples of every important type of gas engine which has been produced since the time of ,brayton4 ,a producer gas plant is being installed and will soon be in practical operation4 ,through the kindness of ,john ,wilkinson1 ,m4 ,e41 ,cornell #ahhi1 chief engineer of the ,franklin ,co41 a four-cylinder ,franklin automobile engine has been presented4 ,,patents ,,cut-,,out4 #hhd1igh4 ,john ,h4 ,booth1 ,frank ,e4 ,blausey1 and ,arthur ,m4 ,smith1 ,san ,pedro1 ,cal4 ,illustration ,a cut-out comprising a base having a line terminal and an instrument terminal1 a drop lever pivotally mounted on the base1 line terminal being connected with the pivotally mounted drop lever1 lever having its free end provided with a fork1 a bracket to which the instrument terminal is connected1 bracket being also provided with a fork1 a fuse resting in the forks1 and supporting the drop lever1 and a carbon block having a ground connection connected with the cut-out adjacent to the end of the fuse which rests in the fork of the bracket4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,process ,,of ,,making ,,gas4 #hhd1fee4 ,alexander ,m4 ,gow1 ,edgewood ,park1 ,pa41 assignor1 by mesne assignments1 to the ,westinghouse ,machine ,company4 ,illustration ,the process of making gas1 which consists in blowing to incandescence the exterior portion of a body of fuel1 forcing fresh fuel into the interior of the body1 utilizing the sensible heat of the incandescent fuel in the destructive distillation of the fresh fuel1 introducing steam into the interior portion of the body of fuel and causing it to pass1 first through the fresh fuel and then through the heated exterior portion of the fuel bed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,heater4 #hhd1edj4 ,elihu ,thomson1 ,swampscott1 ,mass41 assignor to ,general ,electric ,company4 ,illustration ,an electric heater comprising a receptacle1 containing oil having a high flashing point and means for circulating the same1 a resistance conductor immersed in the oil and adapted to heat the same1 and a heating system partially within the container and arranged to receive its heat from the circulating oil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,impact ,,water-,,wheel4 #hhd1ijg4 ,william ,a4 ,doble and ,frederick ,gfeller1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,illustration ,the combination with the body of an impact wheel1 of buckets each having at separated points1 one in advance of the other1 a central and two parallel perforated ears1 the perforations of the central ear of each bucket axially in line with those of the parallel ears of the contiguous bucket1 and bolts passing transversely through perforations and through the body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,system ,,of ,,control ,,for ,,electric ,,motors4 #hhd1eda4 ,leonard ,a4 ,tirrill1 ,lynn1 ,mass41 assignor to ,general ,electric ,company4 ,illustration ,the method of operating a compound-wound motor1 which consists in supplying current to the armature and field windings1 cutting out the armature and connecting the series field winding to the source of current supply1 connecting the armature in reverse relation to the series field winding1 and then inserting a high resistance in series with the shunt field winding4 ,,the ,,passing ,,of ,a ,,pioneer4 ,in our advertising columns this week1 announcement is made of the retirement from active business of the ,california ,electrical ,works of ,san ,francisco and the continuance of that business under the name of the ,western ,electric ,company1 which has directed its operation since it assumed control in #aija4 ,with this change there passes into history a name so closely identified with the pioneer days that to write the history of the ,california ,electrical ,works is to write the history of the electrical business of the early days of ,california4 ,the year #ahga witnessed the incorporation of the ,electrical ,construction and ,maintenance ,company1 afterward the ,california ,electrical ,works4 ,the officers were ,george ,s4 ,ladd1 president1 ,john ,g4 ,ayres1 business manager1 and ,s4 ,b4 ,field1 electrician and secretary4 ,their location was on the top floor of a small frame building at the corner of ,montgomery and ,jackson ,streets1 ,san ,francisco4 ,this company absorbed all the business formerly handled by outside electrical enterprise and acquired by purchase the interests of ,lundberg ,marwedell1 who had been carrying on a limited business in the manufacture of telephone apparatus and supplies1 including the manufacture of all telegraph instruments used by the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,previous to the incorporation of the ,electrical ,construction and ,maintenance ,company1 electrical development on the ,pacific ,coast had been entirely confined to the operations of the ,california ,state ,telegraph ,company4 ,in the year #ahfc1 three telegraph circuits entered the city of ,san ,francisco1 these being composed of ,no4 #i iron wire supported on redwood poles and insulated with hook insulators2 but two of these circuits could be worked at the same time1 the 8cross fire0 between conductors rendering a separate pole line for each conductor a necessity4 ,in those days every trouble on the line was attributed to the fogs which were then as now very dense at certain periods of the year4 ,in the year #ahfe the fire alarm telegraph was introduced in ,san ,francisco1 and ,mr4 ,field was one of the operators of this system4 ,the following year1 #ahff1 the first private telegraph line was constructed between the offices of ,kelly1 ,hewston ,company and their refinery about a mile away4 ,this circuit was made of baling wire--about ,no4 #ad plain iron--with a joint every #aej feet4 ,the instruments1 battery and dial 78,a4 ,b4 ,c407 were from ,a4 ,t4 ,j4 ,n4 ,chester ,company of ,new ,york4 ,the success of this line was so immediate that quite a demand sprang up for such installations1 numbers of which were constructed and installed by the ,electrical ,construction and ,maintenance ,company under the supervision of ,mr4 ,field4 ,it may be of interest to know that these instruments cost #abe each in greenbacks1 which were then rated at about #ej to #hj cents on the dollar1 and were sold in ,san ,francisco for #bej each in gold4 ,housetop line construction cost #abe per mile and pole line construction about #bej per mile4 ,about #ahgd1 the ,american ,district ,telegraph ,system was introduced in ,san ,francisco1 the promoters being the various stockholders of the ,electrical ,construction and ,maintenance ,company1 although the business was carried on under a separate incorporation4 ,on ,june #ad1 #ahgf1 the company consolidated with ,mr4 ,paul ,seiler and ,dr4 ,hirsch and incorporated under the name of the ,california ,electrical ,works1 changing their location to the third floor of a brick building on ,sutter ,street4 ,in the year #ahgg the telephone was introduced on the ,pacific ,coast1 the first exchange being opened in the ,district ,telegraph office on ,sansome ,street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,in the summer of #ahgh the first long-distance telephone line was constructed for the ,north ,bloomfield ,gravel ,mining ,company and various other adjacent claims commenced at ,french ,corrall in ,yuba ,county4 ,it extended to nearly the summit of the ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains1 the total length of the line being about sixty miles with twenty-four stations4 ,this line was installed by the ,california ,electrical ,works1 the principal work being done by ,mr4 ,john ,o',neil4 ,in this connection it will no doubt be of interest to know that he is still in the employ of the company and we are indebted to him for much of the information contained in this article4 ,during these early years the ,california ,electrical ,works wired most of the principal buildings and residences in ,san ,francisco1 including the old ,palace ,hotel1 the ,james ,b4 ,haggin residence1 the ,goad residence1 the ,concordia ,club1 ,general ,colgan's residence1 the ,mark ,hopkins' ,institute1 the ,leland ,stanford residence1 the ,chas4 ,crocker residence and many others4 ,these names represent many of the most prominent early pioneers in ,california4 ,most of the wiring was for call bells and the wire used on the first installations was insulated with cotton braid and afterwards varnished1 the work being done in the shop of the ,california ,electrical ,works4 ,the first drop annunciator on the ,pacific ,coast was installed by the ,california ,electrical ,works in the office of the ,grand ,hotel which was directly across the street from the old ,palace ,hotel4 ,this annunciator remained in service until the earthquake and fire of #aijf4 ,in #ahgg the company installed the first electric light power station on the ,coast4 ,the old ,california ,theater and ,auction ,house1 once so famous1 was nightly illuminated with 8,jarblokoff0 candles4 ,during the year #ahgh the company obtained from ,mr4 ,thos4 ,a4 ,edison the first generator for incandescent lights seen in the ,west1 this machine being one of the historical bi-polars with a capacity of about #afj lights4 ,it was installed in the ,h4 ,s4 ,crocker building on ,bush ,street1 as an exhibit1 and attracted a great deal of attention4 ,the sockets for the lamps were very cumbersome and had no keys and there was only one switch on the line1 this being placed on the frame of the generator4 ,shortly afterwards1 this machine was installed as a permanent exhibit in the old ,mechanics' ,pavilion on ,larkin ,street1 and as a result the ,california ,electrical ,works installed quite a number of them during the next two years4 ,in #ahhf the business was moved to #ce ,market ,street1 where better accommodations and increased floor space were obtained4 ,in #ahij they again moved to #dji ,market ,street1 where1 owing to the increased volume of the business1 they occupied three floors4 ,on ,december #af1 #aija1 the ,western ,electric ,company acquired the controlling interest in the company and located at #edg ,mission ,street1 where three floors and a basement were occupied for offices and stock4 ,they remained in these quarters until the completion of their present building at #fdb ,folsom ,street1 where they moved in ,january1 #aijf1 three months before the catastrophe which visited ,san ,francisco4 ,farewell to the ,california ,electrical ,works4 ,welcome to the ,western ,electric ,company4 ,,brooks-,,follis ,,at ,,home4 ,the accompanying illustrations show the new home of the ,brooks-,follis ,electric ,corporation1 #dd-df ,second ,street1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,mr4 ,frank ,fowden1 ,president of the company1 has clearly demonstrated what can be accomplished through perseverance1 will and optimism in ,san ,francisco's future4 ,illustration3 ,,exterior4 ,at the time of the fire in #aijf1 this firm was located on ,mission ,street4 ,the business was apparently demolished1 but ,april #bdth found the ,brooks-,follis ,electric ,corporation bobbing up serenely at #efc ,thirteenth ,street1 ,oakland1 where shipments were made as rapidly as material could be obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,interior4 ,in ,july1 #aijf1 a corrugated iron building at #bab-bad ,first ,street1 became the temporary ,san ,francisco home of the firm1 where all orders were handled to the best possible advantage under the conditions existing at that time4 ,these quarters were acceptable while ,san ,francisco was being settled and the business growing4 ,at the present central location all the electrical men from the interior can take a ,market ,street car and drop in at #dd-df ,second ,street1 take a seat in ,mr4 ,fowden's office1 read the 8,electrical ,journals10 use the telephone and make themselves quite at home4 ,,turbine ,,activities ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,east4 ,no less than ten machines1 aggregating #be1jjj horsepower1 are included in a large shipment of ,westinghouse turbo-electric power equipment from ,east ,pittsburg to the ,far ,east4 ,most of these machines will go to ,japan for the equipment of railway1 lighting1 and manufacturing plants4 ,one of the first machines to be put in service will be a #a1ejj-kilowatt turbine unit for ,manila1 to be installed in a station with four other machines of like construction put into service several years ago4 ,past experience with these machines has resulted in the recent extension4 ,it will be recalled that this railway system was engineered and constructed by the ,american engineering firm of ,j4 ,g4 ,white ,co4 ,hardly second in importance is the large turbine station of the ,osaka ,electric ,company1 ,osaka1 ,japan1 now building4 ,this will be one of the largest power stations in ,japanese territory1 and will contain1 for the present1 #ae1jjj kilowatts in five units4 ,three of these machines are now being shipped from ,east ,pittsburg4 ,the remainder will follow as fast as they can be built and tested4 ,the ,osaka installation is under direct charge of ,messrs4 ,takata ,co41 of ,new ,york and ,tokio4 ,in the strictly manufacturing field1 there are two installations in process of erection1 for the ,imperial ,steel ,works of the ,japanese government and the ship yards of the ,hakkaido ,tanko ,steamship ,company4 ,two #ejj-kilowatt ,westinghouse-,parsons turbo units will comprise an initial installation in each of these plants4 ,this gratifying reception of ,american motive-power machinery in the ,far ,east1 especially ,japan1 may be regarded as an index of future operations where government inspection is exceedingly rigid and is exercised along lines much more detailed than in this country4 ,the ,general ,electric ,company has obtained very satisfactory results with the tungsten lamp4 ,they have shipped over #ge1jjj to all parts of the country1 and the breakage in shipment is below one and one-half per cent4 ,they state that they are issuing a new bulletin covering tungsten lamps1 both series and multiple1 and have a large production1 good stocks1 and are in position to make prompt shipment1 particularly of the #ajj-watt and all types of tungsten lamps which they have standardized4 ,,trade ,,notes ,the ,american ,automatic ,telephone ,co41 formerly of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 and the ,select ,telephone ,mfg4 ,co41 formerly of ,springfield1 ,ohio1 are now located in their new plant at ,urbania1 ,ohio1 under the name of the ,american ,automatic ,telephone ,co4 ,,news ,,notes ,,power ,,and ,,light4 ,meadow ,lake1 ,wash4--,the ,washington ,water ,power ,company will build a power-house4 ,eugene1 ,ore4--,it is reported that the ,willamette ,valley company which supplies ,eugene with electric light and power is soon to install an entirely new equipment of engines and dynamos in the generating plant at this place4 ,republic1 ,wash4--,the county commissioners granted to ,arthur ,phillips and ,h4 ,d4 ,merritt franchises1 each for a period of thirty-five years1 to lay water mains from ,deer ,creek to the town of ,orient1 water pipes throughout the town1 and for a pole line and wiring lighting the town and furnishing heat and power4 ,twin ,bridges1 ,mont4--,henry ,pankey1 superintendent of the ,easton and ,pacific mines1 above ,virginia ,city1 has returned from ,california and will at once push matters connected with the erection of an electric power plant at ,blaine ,springs1 which is intended to furnish electric power for the lighting of the county seat4 ,new ,westminster1 ,b4 ,c4--,managing ,director ,buntzen1 of the ,british ,columbia ,electric ,railway1 held a conference with the city council recently to discuss the necessity of erecting a new dam at ,lake ,coquitlam4 ,mr4 ,buntzen agreed that it was necessary1 the present one being but a temporary affair4 ,he will recommend the erection of a dam of the best construction to be put up this year4 ,cranbrook1 ,b4 ,c4--,the mining and general industries of southeast ,kootenai will be vigorously stimulated by the fact that ,wisconsin capital has now been secured to put through and fully equip the undertaking of the ,bull ,river ,power and ,light ,company on ,bull ,river1 near ,fort ,steele4 ,the enterprise involves the production of over #aj1jjj horsepower of electrical energy from the river4 ,lewiston1 ,ida4--,development of power on the ,clearwater ,river at ,lewiston is at last to become a reality4 ,work has begun on a power plant within the city limits of ,lewiston1 which will eventually develop more than #ej1jjj horsepower4 ,the ,north ,coast ,power ,company1 represented in this field by ,engineer ,frank ,mc,kean and ,george ,w4 ,tannahill1 is the concern undertaking the work1 and it is understood that the power so developed is to be used for an extensive system of interurban lines connecting ,lewiston and vicinity with ,clarkston1 ,asotin1 ,anatone1 ,cloverland1 and ,pomeroy1 and extending into the ,craig ,mountain timber belt and to the cement1 lime1 and coal deposits on the ,snake ,river above ,lewiston4 ,tacoma1 ,wash4--,with the granting of a franchise by the county commissioners to ,donald ,fletcher1 the electric power plant to be established on the ,teanaway ,river1 at ,cle ,elum1 in ,kittitas ,county1 is expected to be a reality4 ,the franchise calls for the beginning of work within two years1 a completion of one-fourth of it in five years1 and operation in ten years4 ,by the franchise1 permission is granted to ,mr4 ,fletcher to string his electric cable along all of the roads in ,pierce ,county4 ,the line will also have to pass through ,king and ,kittitas ,counties4 ,mr4 ,fletcher's plan is to build his power plant below the government dam on the ,teanaway ,river1 where he believes that at least #aaj1jjj horsepower can be developed4 ,the current brought from the river will be used in supplying light and power in ,buckley1 ,puyallup1 ,sumner1 and ,tacoma1 and other cities in ,pierce and ,king ,counties1 according to present plans4 ,,electric ,,railroads4 ,columbus1 ,mont4--,there will be an electric railroad built between ,columbus and ,cooke ,city1 a distance of sixty miles1 and work on the proposition will commence within the next two months4 ,helena1 ,mont4--,it is possible that the ,helena ,light and ,railway ,company will expend #gj1jjj in constructing a new car line to the fair grounds this summer1 and in purchasing cars and equipment for handling the crowds which attend the annual ,state fair4 ,turner1 ,ore4--,the ,oregon ,electric has just finished its survey from ,salem to this place1 and ,turner people confidently expect an electric railroad in a short time4 ,there is an impression that the road will continue on south to ,albany or that a branch line will be built east into the ,stayton neighborhood4 ,okanogan1 ,wash4--,the financial aid of ,english capitalists1 who will take over an issue of #c1jjj1jjj in bonds at #he cents net1 practically has assured the construction of the ,okanogan electric railway1 a road #ge miles long1 which will pass directly through the ,okanogan country1 according to ,a4 ,m4 ,dewey1 who has offices in the ,empire ,state ,building1 ,spokane4 ,woodburn1 ,ore4--,a standard-gauge electric railroad will be built by the ,valley ,railway ,company from ,west ,woodburn to ,woodburn1 three miles1 and thence through ,monitor to ,scotts ,mills1 and on up into the foothills to ,wilhoit ,springs1 a health resort in the ,cascades4 ,a branch will be extended from ,monitor to ,silverton4 ,construction work will be commenced ,may #ae4 ,portland1 ,ore4--,an electric railway company organized by ,portland and ,seattle men will build a line from ,condon to ,bend1 crossing the ,john ,day ,river and securing power from that stream1 also erecting a dam #bjj feet high in the ,deschutes ,river and developing power there4 ,among those who are engineering the deal are ,dr4 ,h4 ,i4 ,keeney1 ,george ,c4 ,mason1 and ,mark ,w4 ,gill4 ,pendleton1 ,ore4--,an electric line from ,pendleton to ,irrigon1 touching at ,echo1 ,fosters1 ,hermiston1 and ,umatilla1 and tapping all that vast section of country now being reclaimed by the government and other private irrigation concerns1 is one of the plans of ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,coe1 of ,portland1 who is promoting lands under the ,furnish project4 ,a preliminary survey has already been made4 ,the proposed road will be a little more than #ej miles long4 ,it will also eventually be connected with the ,milton-,walla ,walla electric line4 ,,incorporation4 ,santa ,barbara4--,the ,monterey ,oil and ,development ,company has been incorporated with a capital stock of #ajj1jjj by ,santa ,maria people4 ,bakersfield4--,the ,golden ,gate ,oil ,company has been incorporated with a capitalization of #ejj1jjj4 ,the directors are ,e4 ,d4 ,gillette1 ,g4 ,r4 ,neill1 ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,donald1 ,h4 ,lucas1 and ,m4 ,s4 ,platz4 ,santa ,ana4--,articles of incorporation have been filed by the ,consolidated ,petroleum ,corporation4 ,the incorporators are ,a4 ,w4 ,casey1 ,k4 ,a4 ,snyder1 ,james ,mc,donald1 and others1 all of ,los ,angeles4 ,the corporation is capitalized at #a1jjj1jjj4 ,modesto4--,articles of incorporation have been filed by the ,tuolumne ,water and ,power ,company4 ,the capital stock is #a1jjj1jjj4 ,the incorporators are ,warren ,gregory and ,h4 ,h4 ,rolfe1 of ,san ,francisco2 ,geo4 ,whipple1 of ,alameda2 ,winfield ,dorn1 of ,oakland2 and ,j4 ,l4 ,lamson1 of ,berkeley4 ,,transportation4 ,douglas1 ,ariz4--,douglas and ,bisbee are to be connected by an interurban traction line1 which is being projected by ,cochise ,county capitalists under the name of the ,cochise ,county ,electric ,railroad ,company4 ,the men interested in the project are ,james ,s4 ,douglas1 ,w4 ,h4 ,brophy1 and ,george ,h4 ,neale4 ,the capital stock is #ejj1jjj4 ,walla ,walla1 ,wash4--,the ,county ,commissioners have granted a franchise to the ,mt4 ,hood ,electric ,railway ,company to construct and operate an electric railway along the edge of the cemetery4 ,the only condition attached is that the company start construction by the first of the year and have the road completed by ,january #a1 #aiaj4 ,los ,angeles4--,the ,city ,council has passed ordinance #af1cbj1 granting the ,los ,angeles ,railway ,company the right to construct and1 for a period of #ba years1 to operate and maintain a double-track electric street railroad1 commencing at the intersection of ,san ,pedro and ,thirtieth ,streets1 thence southerly along ,san ,pedro ,street to its intersection with ,south ,park ,avenue4 ,pasadena4--,the ,city ,council has agreed to turn down the request of the ,pacific ,electric ,company for a franchise from ,lake ,avenue to east city limits on ,california ,street and to turn down the proposition of the company to vacate rights to build on several streets in ,pasadena1 but voted to grant a franchise on ,east ,california ,street for a short strip of railway between ,mentor ,avenue and ,tournament ,park1 where the company has no franchise4 ,klamath ,falls1 ,ore4--,the ,klamath ,falls ,electric ,railway ,company is making arrangements for the extension of its street car line this summer4 ,c4 ,n4 ,hawkins and ,w4 ,k4 ,brown1 directors of the company1 will superintend the work4 ,e4 ,r4 ,reames1 local manager1 states that the ,belt ,line will likely be completed1 as negotiations are now under way for enough steel for the entire circuit4 ,the old horse car will be replaced by some kind of motor4 ,portland1 ,ore4--,the announcement has been made simultaneously with the increase of the capital stock of the ,oregon ,electric ,company from #b1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj that the company would begin actual construction on the first of #bhc miles of extension branches and laterals to the ,portland-,salem electric line1 which was placed in operation within the last few weeks4 ,the roads mapped out are from ,portland to ,tillamook via ,hillsboro2 ,portland to ,eugene via ,corvallis2 ,salem to ,mill ,city1 ,salem to ,dallas1 ,salem to ,albany1 and ,albany to ,cascadia4 ,woodland4--,t4 ,c4 ,gregory1 president of the ,vallejo ,northern ,railroad1 states that he has taken up the condemnation proceedings against the ,reed ,orchard ,company for the large tract of land which the company wishes to acquire opposite ,sacramento4 ,the promoters of the road say that they now have all the strategic positions1 and a request has been filed with the attorney-general for permission to bring suit in the name of the ,state against the city of ,sacramento1 in order to obtain the freight franchise in that city1 regarding which some trouble has been experienced4 ,portland1 ,ore4--,an electric railway company has been organized by ,portland and ,seattle capitalists1 among them being ,dr4 ,h4 ,i4 ,keeny1 ,geo4 ,c4 ,mason1 and ,mark ,w4 ,gill1 with ,eastern capital also behind them1 for the purpose of building an electric railway from ,condon to ,bend1 crossing the ,john ,day ,river4 ,a dam #bjj feet high will be erected in the ,deschutes ,river and power developed there4 ,it is proposed to tap the coal field near ,madras and serve the ,oregon ,king gold mine1 controlled by ,jack ,edwards1 near ,ashwood4 ,the concern will be known as the ,portland ,construction ,company4 ,,transmission4 ,oroville4--,the new ,humbug ,valley power plant is but one of a number of plants that the ,oro ,water1 ,light and ,power ,company is preparing to construct4 ,placerville4--,james ,o',brien and ,robert ,duncan have filed notice of the location and appropriation of #e1jjj inches of water of the main fork of the ,cosumnes ,river1 for power1 mining1 and irrigation4 ,lewiston1 ,idaho4--,commissioners ,salsberg and ,miller have reported favorably on the application of the ,north ,coast ,power ,company for a tract of ground near the water plant for a period of three years1 to be used as a site for a power plant4 ,chihuahua1 ,mex4--,the ,aguila ,amalgamated ,mining ,company1 which has taken over eight properties in the ,hostotipaquilla district in ,jalisco1 is planning to erect an electric power plant on ,santiago ,river4 ,j4 ,burpee ,melly1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 is president of the company4 ,placerville4--,r4 ,h4 ,sterling1 manager of the ,american ,river ,electric ,company1 is at the company's power-house near this place to inspect the recent work of repairs which has been going on at the power-house for the past two months4 ,four ,pelton water wheels have been installed at a cost1 including setting1 of #aj1jjj4 ,the new wheels have a capacity of #f1jjj horsepower and take the place of those placed five years ago4 ,the large switchboard has also been received and other improvements made4 ,assistant ,superintendent ,h4 ,mc,guirk and twenty-five men have been employed on the job4 ,san ,francisco4--,agents of ,e4 ,h4 ,harriman have secured valuable water rights in the ,sierra ,nevada and ,siskiyou ,mountains of ,california at four strategic points4 ,harriman is planning for the future1 by means of these water rights1 to generate electric power for the movement of ,southern ,pacific trains on various sections of its lines4 ,the rights are located in the mountains of ,kern ,county1 east of ,bakersfield2 in ,fresno ,county1 east of ,fresno2 in ,el ,dorado ,county1 on the ,rubicon ,river1 and on the ,klamath ,river1 in ,siskiyou ,county4 ,it is stated that fully #ae1jjj1jjj ultimately will be spent in developing power at these points4 ,the power generated on the ,rubicon ,river will operate ,southern ,pacific trains between ,sacramento and ,reno1 ,nevada4 ,when this electric power plant is completed1 ,harriman will have finished his proposed #ce1jjj-;foot tunnel in the ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains4 ,,illumination4 ,porterville4--,z4 ,g4 ,peck1 representing the firm of ,bennison ,bruntion1 ,los ,angeles contractors1 has asked for a franchise to lay gas pipes and mains4 ,portland1 ,ore4--,the ,county ,commissioners have granted a franchise to ,c4 ,l4 ,pritchard for an electric light system complete for the town of ,washougal4 ,east ,newport4--,test work has commenced on the natural gas locations in the big asphaltum beds just across the bay from this point1 which were filed on recently by ,w4 ,w4 ,wilson1 ,p4 ,t4 ,evans1 and ,archie ,sharpe1 of ,riverside1 and ,lew ,w4 ,wallace1 of ,newport4 ,if the supply of natural gas is found to be sufficiently large to warrant it1 a plant will be established and pipe lines will be run to ,newport and ,east ,newport for lighting and cooking purposes4