,,avic5a',s ,,(f]+ to ! ,,pr9ce ,e l'anima umana la qual colla nobilt della pot5zia ultima1 cio ragione1 p>ticipa della div9a natura a guisa di sempit]na ,intellig5za2 p]oc* l'anima tanto 9 quella sovrana pot5zia nobilitata1 e d9udata da mat]ia1 *e la div9a luce1 come 9 ,angiolo1 raggia 9 quella2 e p] l'uomo div9o animale da' ,filos(i *iamato4#a 7,dante1 ,convito1 ,,iii1 #b47 ,,/amp]ia ,,di ,,nicola ,,pad]no ,s4 ,salvatore ,corte ,regia1 #aj ,,v]ona1 ,,italia ,a ,,comp5dium ,,on ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,by ,ab-',aly al-,husayn ,ibn ',abdallah ,ibn ,sn3 ,,translat$1 ,,f ,,! ,,arabic ,,orig9al1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,abbott van ,,dyck1 ,,) ,grateful ,ackn[l$gem5t ( ! ,sub/antial ,help ,,obta9$ ,f ,dr4 ,s4 ,l&au]'s ,concise ,g]man ,translation1 ,,& ,,f ,james ,middleton ,mac,donald's ,lit]al ,engli% ,translation2 ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,v]ona1 ,,italy1 9 ,,! ,,ye> #aijf1 ,= ! ,use ( ,pupils & ,/ud5ts ( ,gov]nm5t ,s*ools ,,9 ,cairo1 ,egypt4 ,,preface ,sev]al s\rces out ( :i* to draw in=mation & seek guidance z to ,ibn ,sn's biography & writ+s1 & 8 sy/ems ( m$ic9e & philosophy1 are n[adays easily accessible to ne>ly e "o4 ,among su* s\rces ! foll[+ are ! be/ = ,egyptian /ud5ts3 #a4 ,ibn ,abi ,uaybiah's 8,tabaqt-ul-,atib-ba10 & ,wue/5feld's 8,arabis*e ,a]tzte40 #b4 ,ibn ,khallikn's 8,wafyt-ul-,aayn40 #c4 ,brockelmann's 8,arabis*e ,lit]atur40 #d4 ,f4 ,mehr5's ,s]ies ( ,essays on ,ibn ,sn 9 ! ,p]iodical 8,muson0 f ! ye> #ahhb & on4 #e4 ,clm5t ,hu>t's ,arabic ,lit]ature1 ei!r 9 ! ,fr5* ,orig9al or 9 ! ,engli% ,translation4 #f4 ,c>ra de ,vaux's 8,les ,gr&s ,philosophes3 ,avic5na10 ,p>is1 ,felix ,alcan1 #aijj1 pp4 vii et #cjb4 #g4 ,t4 de ,bo]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,islm10 bo? 9 ,dut* & 9 ! ,engli% translation4 ,! 8,(f]+ to ! ,pr9ce 9 ! ,=m ( a ,comp5dium on ! ,s\l10 ( :i* ! pres5t ,pamphlet is my attempt at an ,engli% ,translation1 is ! lea/ kn[n ?r\gh\t ,egypt & ,syria ( all ,ibn ,sn's _m & able lit]>y works3 inde$ ,i h fail$1 aft] repeat$ & prolong$ enquiry1 to come across s mu* z "o1 among my _m ,egyptian acqua9tances1 t _h ev5 he>d ( x4 ,doctor ,samuel ,l&au] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg publi%$ bo? ! ,arabic text1 & 8 own concise ,g]man translation1 ( ?is ,rese>* into ! ,faculties ( ! ,s\l1 9 volume #bi = ! ye> #ahge ( ! ,z4d4,d4,m4,g41 toge!r ) 8 critical notes & exhau/ively erudite confrontations ( ! orig9al ,arabic ) _m ,greek passages f ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,alex&] ,aphrodisias1 & o!rs1 t ,ibn ,sn _h access to1 x w\ld appe>1 second h&1 i4e4 ?r\gh translations4 ,doctor ,l&au] made use also ( a v r>e ,lat9 translation by ,&reas ,alpagus1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aedf2 & ( ! ,cassel second edition ( ,jehuda ,hallvy's religi\s ,dialogue entitl$ ,khus>i1 :i* is 9 rabb9ical ,hebrew1 & on pages #che to #djj ( :i* ! views ( 8philosoph]s0 on ! ,s\l are set =?1 ,doctor ,l&au] hav+ discov]$ to 8 agreeable surprise t ^? #ae pages are simply a ^w = ^w exc]pt f ?is ,rese>* by ,ibn ,sn4 ,= ! ,arabic text itself1 he _h at 8 comm& only two manuscript copies1 ! "o1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y at ,leyd51 be+ v faulty2 & ! o!r1 9 ! ,biblioteca ,ambrosiana at ,milan1 be+ f> m accurate & correct4 ,?is text 0 repr9t$ talis qualis1 b ) omission ( e k9d ( note1 9 #ahhd at ,beirt1 ,syria1 by ,khall ,s>ks3 ?is repr9t is v h>d to f9d4 ,james ,middleton ,mac,donald1 ,m4,a41 made a /udi$ly lit]al ,engli% translation or r a con/rue ( x 9 #ahhd1 ( :i* he got a small numb] pr9t$ 9 pamphlet =m at ,beirt1 & by ,khall ,s>ks also3 ?is ,engli% ,v]sion too is v r>e1 & almo/ unkn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my pres5t ,engli% r5d]+ ( ?is ,essay by ,avic5a on ! ,p[]s ( ! ,s\l has be5 made directly & f9ally f ! ,arabic ,orig9al z giv5 9 ! ,l&au] ,text1 ) con/ant consultation h[ev] ( bo? ! ,l&au] ,g]man translation & ! ,mac,donald ,engli% con/rue3 x has be5 made n = ,european s*ol>s & ,arabi/s b solely = pupil /ud5ts 9 ,egypt1 :i* circum/ance call$ 9 a great measure = ! use ( two or m ne>ly synonym\s words :]e ! ,arabic orig9al (t5 has b "o only4 ,inde$ ,i am n a%am$ to say fur!r t 9 "s places ,i h fail$ to foll[ ! drift & und]/& ! purport ( ,ibn ,sn's argum5t2 s t 9 su* passages ,i am only too consci\s ( h[ f> my r5d]+ may p]haps h w&]$ f ! "r & true s5se4 ,b ! au?or himself decl>es t psy*ology is "o ( ! deepe/ & d>ke/ ( /udies2 & he relates ( himself 9 8 autobiography t he _h read "o ( ,ari/otle's writ+s =ty times ov]1 until he _h got x by he>t1 & yet _h fail$ to see ! po9t4 ,& he goes on to tell ( h[ x 0 t he "o day /umbl$ across & !n read ov] al-,frb's 8,maqid ,ari/otle10 :]eupon m5tal light dawn$ ^u him z to ! purport ( t writ+4 ,^? = :om ,i h made x n[ "k :y ?is my ,engli% v]sion is (t5 timid & wav]+1 nay sometimes ev5 wordy & hazy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! end ( ! next ye>'s session w 9 all likelihood br+ ) x ! cessation ( my connection ) ! ,kh$ivial ,s*ool ( ,law4 ,m ?an ?is3 ,i am gett+ well on 9 life1 s t ?is translation w mo/ likely be ! la/ s]i\s "w t ,i %all ev] p]=m 9 ! s]vice ( ,"y ,egypt4 ,su* reflections awak5 9 my inmo/ s\l all sorts ( feel+s & ?\ghts ab\t ! %ortness & fleet+ness ( ?is e>?ly life1 ! happ9ess ( *ildhood & y\?1 ! d>kness ( ! grave1 & ! utt] despair t w surely engulf ! s\l at ! la/ h\rs1 unless--m>k my words--unless ! /rong arm ( our ,heav5ly ,fa!r lay hold ^u ?is s\l t is n[ )9 me1 & take x (f & up1 to be jo9$ unto ! millions ( s\ls ( all1 all ^? :o h gone be=e1 :i!r too %all foll[ s _m1 _m o!r millions2 9 a ^w1 unless ,,god h m]cy ^u me1 ev5 z ,he has _h m]cy ^u my =efa!rs & mo!rs s9ce _m g5]ations4 ,?is hope 9 ,8 m]cy & grace is my ev]-/r5g!n+ prop & /ay1 ! old] & feebl] ,i get4 ,nor w any ( ^? = :om ,i write ^! l9es ev] f9d a /rong] or a bett]4 ,& ! "t w v soon come :5 ea* & e "o ( !m1 h[ev] long may be 8 life "h bel[1 w surely ne$ x1 to save him f s9k+ into ! black no?+ness ( d\bt1 indiff]5ce1 & despair4 ,,edw>d ,,abbott van ,,dyck4 ,,v]ona1 ,augu/1 #aijf4 ,w] f]tig i/1 dem i/ ni*ts re*t zu ma*53 ,e9 w]d5d] wird imm] dankb> se94#b ,lu/ige ,p]son1 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/ ,,footnotes3 #a ,note add$ by transcrib]3 ,f ! translation ( ,dante's ,il ,convito 7,! ,banquet7 by ,elizabe? ,say] ,price 79 ,project ,gut5b]g3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#abhf g73 ,& ! ,human ,s\l possess+ ! nobility ( ! highe/ p[]1 :i* is ,reason1 p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e ,nature1 aft] ! mann] ( an et]nal ,intellig5ce3 = ! ,s\l is ennobl$ & d5ud$ ( matt] by t ,sov]eign ,p[] 9 proportion z ! ,div9e ,light ( ,tru? %9es into x1 z into an ,angel2 & ,man is !re=e call$ by ! ,philosoph]s ! ,div9e ,animal4 #b ,note add$ by ! transcrib]3 ,f ! translation ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ by ,bay>d ,taylor 79 ,project ,gut5b]g3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#adei a73 ,a m9d once =m$1 is nev] suit$ aft]2 ,"o yet 9 gr[? w ev] grateful be4 ,funny ,p]son1 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/ ,,introduction ,9 ! ,"n ( ,,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate3 ,may ,,god bless our ,"l ,muhammad & 8 ,k9sfolk1 & give !m peace4 ,o my ,god facilitate ?is und]tak+2 & make x end 9 good1 ,o ,?\ ,b\nte\s ,be+6 ,abu-,aly1 ,ibn ,sn1 ! *ief eld]1 le>nd & erudite lead]1 ! precise & accurate rese>*]1 ,tru?'s plea aga9/ mank9d1 ! physician ( physicians1 ! philosoph] ( ,islm1 may ! ,mo/ ,high ,,god h m]cy ^u him1 sai?3-- ,! be/ ( beg9n+s is t :i* is adorn$ ) praise to ! ,giv] ( /r5g? = prais+ ,him2 & = invok+ bless+ & peace ^u our ,"l ,muhammad1 ,8 prophet & s]vant1 & ^u 8 good & pure (fspr+ aft] him4 ,& aft] ?is beg9n+1 he sai? fur!r3-- ,_h n cu/om giv5 leave to ! small & l[ to rea* up to ! great & high1 x w\ld be mo/ difficult = !m ev] to tread ^? pa?s 9 go+ ov] :i* !y ne$ to lay hold ( _! uphold+ arm#c & seek ! help ( _! sup]ior /r5g?2 to atta9 to a position 9 _! s]vice1 & jo9 !mselves to _! social circle2 to pride !mselves on hav+ become connect$ ) !m1 & op5ly decl>e _! reliance ^u !m4 ,nay1 ! v bond :i* jo9s ! common man to ! man ( lite w\ld be sev]$1 & ! reliance ( ! flock ^u its %eph]d w\ld cease2 ! frail w\ld no long] become p[]ful ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( ! mighty1 nor ! l[-born rise ?r\gh ! protection & c\nt5ance ( ! high-born2 ! fooli% w\ld n be able to correct 8 folly & ignorance by int]c\rse ) ! prud5t & wise2 nor ! wise draw nigh to ! ignorant & fooli%4 ,& :]eas ,i f9d t cu/om has trod along ?is highroad1 & prescrib$ ?is usage1 ,i avail myself ( su* a prec$5t & excuse to w>rant my rea*+ up & aspir+ to ! ,pr9ce1 ,,god give him long life1 ) an (f]+ an acceptable pres5t2 & ,i h giv5 preval5ce to ! ?\ght t my *oice ought to fall ^u an object :i* w at once be mo/ acceptable to him1 & be/ calculat$ to atta9 my aim ( +ratiat+ myself into 8 favor2 & ?is1 aft] com+ to ! c]ta9 conclusion t ! *ief virtues are two1 namely #a4 ,love ( wisdom z to ! ,articles ( ,fai?1 7i4e41 ,love ( ,philosophy 9 !oretical pr9ciples72 & #b4 ,*oice ( ! mo/ hone/ ( de$s z to int5tion 7i4e41 ! pref]5ce ( pure purposes 9 practical life74 ,& 9 ?is connection ,i f9d ! ,pr9ce1 ,god prolong 8 days1 to h giv5 to 8 intr9sically wor?y "* s mu* ( ! poli% & lu/re imp>t$ by wisdom t he f> out/rips 8 rivals among ! pr9ces1 & ov]tops all su* z are ( 8 k9d4 ,& h5ce ,i cle>ly p]ceive t ( all pres5ts ! "o he w appreciate mo/ is su* z conduces to ! mo/ preci\s ( ! virtues1 to wit wisdom4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 s f> pr(itt$ f a c>eful p]usal ( ! books ( ! le>nd z to f9d _! rese>*es into ! spiritual faculties among ! mo/ ab/ruse & refractory aga9/ ! m9d's grasp+ :at !y mean1 & ! mo/ bewild]+1 obscure & mislead+ z to _! results4 ,& yet ,i h se5 x report$ ab\t a numb] ( wise m5 7philosoph]s7 & pi\s#d sa9ts t !y agree 9 ?is dictum 7motto71 viz3 8,:oso ,kn[e? himself1 ,kn[e? 8 ,"l02 & ,i h also he>d ! ,*ief ( ! ,philosoph]s say1 9 agreem5t ) _! say+3 8,:oso faile? to ,"k himself1 is /ill m likely 7apt7 to fail ( ,kn[+ 8 ,creator02 & 8,h[ %all he1 :o is tru/$ z a reliable au?ority 9 a sci5ce1 be deem$ to h any views at all1 :5 he is ignorant ( himself80 ,i see fur!r ! ,book ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,,god po9t+ to ! measure ( tru? ( ?is1 :]e ,he says1 :5 m5tion+ ! di/ance sep>at+ ! ,err+ f ,8 m]cy3 ,surah #ei1 al-,ha%r1 v4 #ai3 8!y =got ,god1 & ,he made !m =get !mselves02 is n ,8 mak+ ! =gett+ ( self to dep5d ^u =gett+ ,him done s z to awak5 ! att5tion to ,8 closely b9d+ ! remembrance ( ,him ) ! remembrance ( self1 & ! k ( ,him ) ! k ( self1 scilicet ( "o's own s\l8 ,fur!rmore1 ,i h read 9 ! books ( ! anci5ts t ! h>d task ( go+ deeply into ! k ( self _h be5 enjo9$ ^u !m by an oracle t _h desc5d$ ^u !m at "o ( ! temples ( ! gods1 :i* says3 8,"k ?yself1 ,o man1 s %alt ?\ "k ?y ,"l40 ,i h also read t ?is say+ 0 engrav$ 9 ! faade ( ! temple ( ,aesculapius1 :o is kn[n among !m z "o ( ! prophets1 & ^: mo/ fam\s miracle is t he 0 wont to heal ! sick by m]e l\d supplication2 & s did all prie/s :o p]=m$ sac]dotal functions 9 8 temple4 ,f him h philosoph]s got ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,?us ,i h ?\ght fit to make = ! ,pr9ce#e a book on ! s\l1 9 ! =m ( a comp5dium2 & ,i ask ! ,mo/ ,high ,god to prolong 8 life1 to keep intact f ! evil eye 8 frail & mortal body1 to refre% ?r\gh him wisdom aft] its fad+1 to revive x aft] its langui%+1 to r5ew its might ?r\gh 8 might1 & to give x l5g? ( days ?r\gh l5g? ( days to him1 9 ord] t by 8 pre/ige ! advantages accru+ f ! pre/ige ( its k9 %all become all-embrac+1 & t ! numb] ( ! seek]s aft] its fullness %all ab\nd4 ,nor %all ,i a*ieve ?is my ambition save ?r\gh ,god3 ,he is my all-suffici5t /ay1 & be/ help]4 ,i h arrang$ ! ,book 9 sections1 t5 9 all3-- #a4 ,to ,e/abli% ! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,faculties ( ! ,s\l1 ! detail$ analysis & explanation ( :i* ,i h und]tak54 #b4 ,division & ,classification ( ! ,prim>y 7,primitive7 ,faculties ( ! ,s\l1 & ,def9ition ( ! ,s\l at l>ge 7or z a :ole74 #c4 ,t ,none ( ! ,faculties ( ! ,s\l orig9ates f ! ,comb9ation 7,bl5d+7 ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1 b on ! contr>y comes ^u !m f )\t4 #d4 ,detail$ ,/atem5t conc]n+ ! ,vegetable ,p[]s 7faculties71 & ,m5tion+ ! ,ne$ = ,ea* ,"o ( !m4 #e4 ,detail$ ,/atem5t conc]n+ ! ,animal ,faculties 7p[]s71 & ,m5tion+ ! ,ne$ = ,ea* ,"o ( !m4 #f4 ,detail$ ,/atem5t conc]n+ ! ,ext]nal 7,app>5t7 ,s5ses1 & ,h[ !y p]ceive1 m5tion+ ! ,disagreem5t ( rese>*]s z to ,h[ ,see+ is p]=m$4 #g4 ,detail$ ,/atem5t conc]n+ ! ,int]nal 7,hidd57 ,s5ses1 & ! ,body ,mov+ ,p[]4 #h4 ,memoir on ! ,human ,s\l f ! ,/age ( its ,beg9n+ to ! ,/age ( its ,p]fection4 #i4 ,e/abli%+ ! ,pro(s necess>y = affirm+ ! ,ess5tiality ( ! ,speak+ 7,rational7 ,s\l1 by ! logical me?od4 #aj4 ,e/abli%+ ! ,argum5t = ! ,exi/5ce ( an ,intellectual ,ess5ce1 di/9ct f ,bodies1 /&+ to ! ,rational 7speak+7 ,faculties 9 ! /ead ( a ,f\nta91 & 9 ! /ead ( ,light to ,sight2 & ,%[+ t ,rational 7speak+7 ,s\ls rema9 unit$ ) ,x aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 secure & safe f corruption & *ange2 & ,x is :at is call$ ,univ]sal 7g5]ic7 ,intellig5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! figure ( spee* 9 ! ,arabic is loopholes2 comp>e ,surah #b3beg1 & #ca3ba1 & ,beydwi's ,comm5t>y4 #d ,! waly p]=ms miracles only1 :]eas ! naby p]=ms miracles1 & also =etells future ev5ts4 #e ,:o 0 ?is pr9ce2 & :y did ! au?or /& 9 su* ne$ ( 8 c\nt5ance z to d$icate to him ?is booklet 9 ! humble & l5g?y t]ms ( apology :i* run ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! ,introduction8 ,x is ,doctor ,s4 ,l&au]'s op9ion t1 ) ?is ,essay1 ,ibn ,sn began 8 c>e] z a writ]4 ,aft] he _h complet$ ! sixte5? ye> ( 8 age1 he 0 summon$ to ! b$side ( ! suff]+ ,smnid pr9ce1 ,nh ibn ,manr1 :o resid$ at ,bukhra 7,see ,ibn ,khallikn's ,biographies71 & succe$$ 9 cur+ him4 ,!n1 foll[$ a long p]iod dur+ :i* ,ibn ,sn remov$ f ! ,c\rt ( "o ,rul] to t ( ano!r1 & 0 successively engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( v>i\s ,petty ,dyna/ies 9 ,khurasn4 ,if !n ?is ,essay 0 8 maid5 production--z ,doctor ,l&au] assumes--! au?or 0 /ill q "y1 & /ood 9 ne$ ( ! patronage he s e>ne/ly implores4 ,fur!rmore !re is a manuscript 9 ,leyd51 m>k$ ,codex #ieh1 & numb]$ #aifh 9 ! ,catalogue1 :i* is a small treatise on ! s\l by ,ibn ,sn1 clos+ z foll[s3 ,i _h produc$ a %ort essay on ! exposition ( ! k ( ! s\l1 & :at is connect$ !re)1 at ! beg9n+ ( my c>e] =ty ye>s ago1 aft] ! purely philosophical me?od ( inve/igation4 ,:oso wi%es to "k t me?od1 let him p]use x1 = x is adapt$ to ! seek]s ( rese>*4 ,! #dj ye>s ago fit exactly1 if /ud5ts "o assumes t ! lit]>y production ref]r$ to is ! "o he d$icat$ to ! ,pr9ce4 ,n[1 ! fir/ pr9ce he came 9 contact ) 0 ,nh ibn ,manr 7rul$ f #cff-chg ,h4 #igf-iig ,a4,d41 ! ,eigh? ( ! ,smnid ,dyna/y74 ,ibn ,khallikn relates t ,ibn ,sn1 at ! age ( #af ye>s1 _h begun to h a great reputation z a physician4 ,moreov] ! ,lat9 translation 9 ,flor5ce ( ?is essay be>s 9 express words ! d$ication to ,nh4 ,result3 ,ibn ,sn born 9 #cgj ,h4 #ihj ,a4,d4 ,e>lie/ ,age z ,treat+ ,physician #chf ,h4 #iif ,dea? ( ,nh 9 ,mon? ( ,ragab #chg ,h4 #iig ,jule ,dea? ( ,ibn ,sn #dbh ,h4 #ajcf ,betwe5 #chf & #dbh lie ! #dj ye>s4 ,,section ,,fir/ ,to ,e/abli% ! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,spiritual ,faculties1 ! ,detail$ ,analysis ( :i* ,i h und]tak54 ,:oso wi%es to describe any?+ :atsoev] be=e proce$+ to e/abli% fir/ its #freality ( exi/5ce1 su* a "o is c\nt$ by ! wise among ^? :o deviate f ! broad beat5 track ( p]spicu\s /atem5t4 ,x is incumb5t ^u u1 !re=e1 to fir/ set to "w to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! spiritual p[]s1 be=e />t+ to def9e ea* "o ( !m s+ly1 & enl>ge ^u x4 ,& :]eas ! mo/ peculi> *>act]i/ics ( spiritual prop]ties are two--"o ( !m ,sett+ 9 ,motion 7,impulsion71 & ! o!r ,p]ception--x is incumb5t ^u u to %[ t to e mov+ body !re is a ,amov+ cause 7gr\nd1 reason1 motive1 pret5ce74 ,!n x w become evid5t to u !refrom t bodies mov+ 9 motions ov] & above ! natural motions--an example ( natural motions is ! s9k+ ( ! heavy1 & ! ris+ ( ! light--h mov+,b causes1 :i* we call s\ls or spiritual p[]s2 & t we fur!r %[ t any body1 9 s f> z x %[s signs 7traces7 t x is p]ceptive1 su* p]ception by x _c be validly ascrib$ to its body1 except because ( p[]s 7faculties7 9 x t are capable ( p]ception4 ,we n[ />t by say+ t n a %ad[ ( d\bt or p]plexity hamp]s ! m9d1 z to ?+s1 t "s ( !m %>e "s "o ?+ 9 common1 & diff] 9 an o!r2 & t t :i* is %>$ 9 common is o!r ?an t 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,! m9d enc\nt]s all bodies :atsoev] z hav+ ?is 9 common1 viz4 t !y are bodies2 & aft]w>ds x enc\nt]s !m z diff]+ 9 t !y move 79 diff]5t ways72 o!rwise !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z re/ ( a body1 & n ev5 su* a ?+ z motion ( a body1 except along a circle1 see+ t ( motion 9 a /raight l9e x is e/abli%$ by its v =m t x w n proce$ save f /opp+s & to /opp+s 7re/+-places to re/+-places74 ,h5ce x is evid5t t bodies are n to be clo!d ) ! attribute ( motion because !y are bodies1 b = reasons 7causes7 above & beyond _! corporeity1 f :i* causes _! motions proce$1 l ! result+ ( ! footpr9t f ! walk] 7or1 j z ! effect proce$s f ! ag5t74 ,s mu* hav+ become cle> to u1 we say t we f9d1 among bodies g5]at$ f ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1#g su* z moves1 n by con/ra9t1 9 two k9ds ( motion betwe5 :i* !re is m or less diff]5ce3 ,! "o k9d inh]5t 9 its elem5t by reason ( ! supremacy ov] x ( ! p[] ( "o ( its con/itu5ts1 & ?us decree+ its motion t[>ds ! position 9 space naturally appo9t$ = x1 z = example a man's mov+ by ! nature ( ! prepond]at+#h heavy elem5t 9 8 body d[nw>ds2 nor w ?is k9d ( ! motions ( bodies be f\nd to take place save 9 "o direction & ) a con/ant t5d5cy2 ,! second k9d ( motion go+ aga9/ ! decree ( its elem5t1 :i* decree is ei!r re/ 9 ! natural position z soon z x rea*es t position1 z = example a man's mov+ 8 body along its natural home :i* is ! ,e>?'s surface2 or else a mov+ away f ! natural position :5 already sep>at$ f x1 l a fly+ bird's motion ) its heavy body high up ?r\gh ! sky4 ,x has ?us be5 made manife/ to ! read] t ! two motions h two acc\nt+ causes1 & t !y are q diff]5t "o f ! o!r3 ! "o is call$ ,natural1 & ! second call$ ,s\l or ,spiritual ,faculty4 ,h5ce x is q s\nd1 z to motion1 to affirm ! exi/5ce ( spiritual faculties4 ,:]eas1 9 respect ( ,p]ception1 because t bodies exi/ ) ?is 9 common1 viz4 t !y are bodies1 & ) ?is 9 di/9ction1 viz4 t !y are repeat$ly p]ceptive1 x is q manife/ by ! fir/ 7prec$+7 process ( discrim9ation t p]ception w n ev] diff] f bodies ?r\gh diff]5ce ( _! sub/ance1 b by c]ta9 p[]s or faculties borne )9 ^? bodies4 ,x !re=e becomes q cle> by ?is sort ( exposition t spiritual faculties h an exi/5ce3 & ?is is :at we wi%$ to demon/rate4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,reality ( exi/5ce2 or its :]eab\ts4 ,doctor ,s4 ,l&au] ?9ks t ! ^w ayniyyat 9 ! text mu/ be wrong1 because n[h]e ?r\gh\t ?is section is ! ,:]eab\t ( ! m5tal p[]s s mu* z h9t$ at2 :]eas ! burd5 ( ! :ole *apt] is to prove m]ely t su* p[]s d exi/1 i4e41 _! inniyyat1 :i* is a ^w us$ by ,arab ,logicians4 ,a ,a ,:y & ,:]e=e mov+ x4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 sabab & illah4 ,transcrib] addition3 sabab 77 & illat 773 ,sabab means ! g5]al conditions t are conducive to some?+ occur+1 :]eas illat is ! reason 9 cause-&-effect4 ,traditionally1 illat is us$ 9 logic or m$ic9e1 :]eas sabab w\ld be m likely to be he>d 9 common spee*4 ,b ,ditto4 #g ,! f\r elem5ts3 e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]4 #h ,"h ,ibn ,sn seems to h _h a r cle> premonition ( ,newton's ,!ory ( ,gravitation1 sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! fall+ ( ! fam\s apple4 ,,section ,,second ,( ! ,division ( ! ,spiritual ,faculties & _! ,classification into ,?ree ,ma9 ,classes1 & ! ,def9ition ( ! ,s\l 9 a ,g5]al ,way4 ,,sub-,,section ,a3 ,x has be5 cle>ly %[n by u 9 ! =ego+ t ( ?+s !re are "s :i* h "o ?+ 9 common & diff] 9 an o!r1 9 t ! "o 9 common is o!r ?an ! "o diff]$ 94 ,!n we f\nd comp\nd ens\l$ bodies--,i mean possess+ s\ls--to h agre$ & diff]$ 9 ! prop]ties bo? ( _! impulsion & _! p]ception4 ,z to impulsion1 !y agree & diff]1 9 t "o & all ( !m has 9 common t !y move 9 quantity ! motion ( gr[?2 & !y diff]1 9 t "o sett among !m moves1 toge!r ) t gr[?1 9 local motions accord+ to ! w2 & "o o!r sett among !m does n s move1 su* z plants4 ,likewise liv+ be+s h 9 common t !y are bo? s5ti5t & p]ceptive1 up to a c]ta9 sort ( s5su\s p]ception2 & !n aft]w>ds !y diff] 9 t "o sett among !m p]ceives1 toge!r ) t sort ( s5su\s p]ception1 by intellectual p]ception2 & "o o!r sett among !m does n s p]ceive1 su* z ! ass & ! horse4 ,we fur!r f\nd ! p[] ( impulsion to be m widely embrac+ ?an ! p[] ( p]ception1 9 t we f\nd plants to lack ! latt] utt]ly4 ,h5ce we knew = c]ta9 t ! faculty 9 :i* ! animal agrees ) ! plant is m g5]al ?an ?is p]ceptive faculty1 & ?an ! impell+ faculty :i* is 9 ! animal2 & ea* "o ( !m is m g5]al ?an ! speak+ 7rational7 faculty1 :i* belongs to man4 ,?us !n1 ! spiritual faculties come =? 7or /& out7 be=e u set & rang$1 9 respect ( ! common & ! peculi>1 i4e41 accord+ to ! g5]al & special,c1 "u ?ree classes or ranks3,d ,! fir/ ( :i* is kn[n z ! plant or vegetable p[]1 on acc\nt ( ! p>ticipation !re9 ( ! animal & plant2 ,! second is kn[n z ! animal p[]2 ,! ?ird1 z ! speak+ p[]1 or rational faculty4 ,!re=e1 ! prim>y p>ts ( ! s\l1 9 contemplat+ x f ! /&po9t ( its p[]s1 are ?ree4 ,,sub-,,section ,b3,e ,to treat n[ ( ! def9ition ( ! ,s\l at l>ge1 ,i mean ! univ]sal1 absolute1 g5]ic s\l4 ,?is w become app>5t1 accord+ to ! t5ets ,i hold1 t among tru?s t are pla9ly manife/ "o is t e "o ( all natural bodies is comp\nd$ ( 8hyle0 ,i mean matt]1 & ( =m4 ,z = hyle1 "o ( its prop]ties is t ?r\gh x a natural body is affect$ 7or act$ ^u7 9 its v self2 see+ t ! sword1 = in/ance1 does n cut ?r\gh its iron1 b ?r\gh its %>pness1 :i* is its =m2 :]eas x gets jagg$ ow+ to its iron1 & n ow+ to its =m4 ,ano!r ( ^? prop]ties is t bodies d n diff] ?r\gh x1 ,i mean ?r\gh ! hyle2 = e>? does n diff] f wat] ?r\gh its matt]1 b ?r\gh its =m4#i ,/ill ano!r prop]ty is t x--! hyle or matt]--does n af=d 7supply1 furni%7 natural bodies _! *>act]i/ics peculi>ly belong+ to !m1 save pot5tially2 s9ce 9 man1 e4g41 8 humanity--8 be+ man--is n actually d]iv$ f ! f\r elem5ts1 save pot5tially4 ,z = ! =m1 its peculi>ity is #a4o t ?r\gh x bodies put =? _! actions 7or p]=m _! manifold de$s & work+s72 s9ce a sword does n cut ?r\gh its iron1 b ?r\gh1 its %>pness2 & #b4o t bodies diff] "o f ! o!r only ?r\gh _! g5us or k9d1 ,i mean ! =m1 s9ce e>? does n diff] f wat] save ?r\gh its =m1 :]eas 9 its matt] x does n2 & #c4o t natural bodies get 7d]ive1 acquire7 _! be+ :at !y 9 fact are f ! =m1 s9ce z to man1 8 be+ a man 78 humanity7 is 9 fact ?r\gh 8 =m1 & n ?r\gh 8 matt]1 :i* is ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,let u proce$ a little fur!r1 & we %all say t a live body is a natural comp\nd body t discrim9ates ! non-liv+ ?r\gh its s\l1 & n ?r\gh its body2 & t p]=ms multif>i\s animal works ?r\gh its s\l1 & n ?r\gh its body2 & is alive ?r\gh its s\l & n ?r\gh its body2 & its s\l is )9 x4 ,n[1 :at is )9 a ?+1 :ile ?is =m ( its cont9ues1 is its =m or1 ?is its =m be+ s & n o!rwise1 is etc44 ,?us !n ! s\l is a =m2 & =ms are realiz$ p]fections 7entel*ia71 s9ce ?r\gh !m ! features 7id5tities1 *>act]i/ics7 ( ?+s become p]fect4 ,! s\l1 !re=e is a p]fection 7realiz$ id5tity74 ,& p]fections 7entel*ias7 come "u two divisions3 ei!r ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! do+s & _! effects1 or ! v do+s & effects !mselves4 ,! "o ( ! two divisions is fir/1 & ! o!r is second4 ,! fir/ is ! pr9ciple 7or s\rce & orig971 & ! second is ! do+ & ! effect 7or trace74 ,9 ?is s5se ! s\l is a fir/ p]fection 7or prime actuality72 = x is a pr9ciple 7s\rce71 n an outcome ( a pr9ciple 7s\rce74 ,& ( p]fections1 !re are su* z belong to bodies1 & su* z belong to incorporeal sub/ances4 ,9 ?is s5se ! s\l is a prime p]fection atta*+ to a body4 ,& among bodies1 !re are su* z are artificial1 & su* z are natural4 ,n[ ! s\l is n a p]fection ( an artificial body2 h5ce x is a prime p]fection atta*+ to a natural body4 ,aga91 among natural bodies !re are su* z p]=m _! multif>i\s work+s ?r\gh organs 7tools1 in/rum5ts71 & su* z d n p]=m _! work+s ?r\gh organs 7tools72 z1 = example ! simple bodies1 & ^? act+ ?r\gh ! preval5ce 7con/ra9t7 ( ! simple =ces4 ,9 o!r words we may say1 if we l1 t among natural bodies !re are ^? ^: design is1 among o!r ?+s1 t !y produce ( !mselves ^: task or bus9ess is to p]=m animal acts volunt>ily1 ( _! own w1 manifold animal actions2 & !re are ^? ^: design is1 among o!r ?+s1 n s to produce4 ,h5ce aga91 ! s\l is n a p]fection atta*+ to ! two la/ divisions 9 bo? ! =ego+ mann]s ( /atem5t4 ,!re=e its full & f9i%$ def9ition is to say t-- ,x is a prime p]fection 7consummation1 realization7 atta*+ to an organic natural body2 &1 if we wi%1 to say fur!r1 a prime p]fection atta*+ to a natural body hav+ a life pot5tially 7a fir/1 p]fection belong+ to a natural body :i* body may h life72 t is to say1 a s\rce ( ! manifold animal actions pot5tially 7x is ! s\rce & orig9 ( ! de$s done by su* be+s z may be alive74 ,?us !n we h divid$ 7describ$7 ! g5]ic s\l1 & def9$ x--:i* is :at we _h und]tak54 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,logical int5sion & ext5sion4 ,d ,9 ?is section ! s\l-p[]s are at fir/ sep>at$ into ,?ree ,*ief ,classes2 aft]w>ds1 9 ! foll[+ sections1 ea* "o ( ^! is aga9 sub-divid$ into sev]al p>ts4 ,e ,doctor ,s4 ,l&au]1 9 ! ,notes to 8 ,g]man ,translation1 quotes fully f ! ,greek text ( ,ari/otle's ,de ,anima1 & comes to ! conclusion t ,ibn ,sn has1 9 ! fir/ sub-section1 giv5 ! cont5ts ( de anima ,,ii1 *ap4 #c1 b has *ang$ ! ord] ( ! ideas2 & to ! fur!r conclusion t ! second sub-section1 deal+ ) ! def9ition ( ! s\l1 is no?+ m ?an an extract f de anima ,,ii1 *ap4 #a4 #i diff]s1 n ?r\gh its matt]1 b ?r\gh its =m3 ?is resolves matt] back to ,"o ,elem5t2 b he has already nam$ ,f\r1 viz4 ,e>?1 ,air1 ,fire1 & ,wat]2 or r he has decl>$ ! elem5ts to be ,f\r4 ,,section ,,?ird ,to ,e/abli% t n ,"o ( ! ,faculties ( ! ,s\l ,orig9ates out ( a ,comb9ation 7,bl5d+7 ( ! ,elem5ts1 b on ! contr>y ,comes ^u ,!m f ,outside4 ,all ! v>i\s ?+s t are1 h[ev] composite !y may be1 & :atev] =m may h come ab\t 9 ! comp\nd1 w be 7a7 ei!r incl9+ t[>ds "s "o ( ! =ms ( ! simples1 or else w n be s4 ,& if !y be n s incl9+1 !y w be 7b7 ei!r result+ f an aggregate 7or mean7 ( ! =ms ( ! simples1 accord+ to ! degree ( disproportion & deviation ( ! con/itu5ts f equality1 or else 7c7 !y w n be assimilat$ to any "o ( ! simples1 b !re w be made 7g5]at$1 produc$7 a =m exce$+ ! requirem5t ( ! =ms ( ! simples1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! measure ( its simplicity & 9 reg>d to ! measure ( its complexity4 ,an example ( ! fir/ division is ! bitt]i% ta/e on comp\nd+ aloe1 :i* is ov]p[]+ly bitt]1 & honey1 :i* is feebly sweet4 ,an example ( ! second division is ! color grey1 hold+ an equal relation%ip to bo? ( ! extremes 7contra/s7 blackness & :it5ess1 :i* results on comp\nd+ a :ite & a black opposite4 ,an example ( ! ?ird ( ! said divisions is ! seal's /amp 7impr9t7 rema9+ 9 ! clay 7mort>1 putty7 :i* is compos$ ( dry du/ & liquid wat] on _! be+ mix$ up toge!r2 = x is kn[n t ! impr9t rema9+ 9 ! putty is n 9 pursuance to ! requirem5t ( ! =ms ( ! simples1 nei!r :e!r !y be consid]$ 9 respect ( ! resultant comp\nd1 nor :e!r !y be consid]$ 9 respect ( ! simple con/itu5ts tak5 s+ly4 ,to recapitulate3--x is kn[n t ! fir/ division1 if x be produc$1 f simples ^: =ms are oppos$ 7contr>y7 n ?r\gh me*anical mixture 7comm+l+7 b ?r\gh#aj bl5d+ 7alloy1 amalgam7--x is cle> ,i say 9 su* cases t ! ov]p[]$ contr>ies w no long] h an exi/5ce ( _! own1 nor an exi/5ce ( ! effects peculi> to !m1 because ( ! impossibility ( two contr>ies work+ toge!r 9 "o & ! same c>ri] 7m$ium71 b ! utmo/ effects !y c ex]t w be to introduce a decrease 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ov]p[]+ con/itu5t1 & no?+ m2 & x is kn[n t ! second division1 9 :at proportions soev] x be f\nd1 imposes reciprocity & equality bo? passive & active1 t is to say ! manifold work+s t ! =ms ( ! simples necess>ily ex]t & ! correspond+ effects t ^! =ms suff] mutually "o f ! o!r mu/ ( necessity be reciprocal1 & 9 ! ratio ( _! respective proportions & /r5g?s2 & la/ly1 x is kn[n t ! ?ird division1 if x comes ab\t1 w n h result$ f ! intr9sic 7v7 self ( ! comp\nd1 s9ce x 9 no way at all belongs to x1 nei!r 9 consid]ation ( its simple nor ( its composite =m4 ,h5ce x is ga9$ 7got1 acquir$7 f )\t4 ,x is n[ necess>y1 s9ce we h prefix$ ^! premisses1 t we g deep] into our pursuit1 s we say3-- ,t ! s\l has only come =? = u ?r\gh ! =ego+ contemplations 9 comp\nd bodies ^: =ms are oppos$ & 9 none o!rs2 nor w its manife/ation 9 !m be devoid 7dive/$7 ( "o ( ! ?ree divisions2 b x is n ( ! fir/ division2 else x is heat or coldness1 dryness or moi/ure 7dampness71 9 any ( :i* soev] a decrease has m or less come ab\t2 & h[ %all any "o ( ^! p[]s be fit to put =? f itself multif>i\s psy*ical de$s1 giv5 ! fact ( ! decrease 7defect7 occasion$ 9 ! v composition1 & giv5 also :at x w\ld h exp5d$ 9 t decrease out ( its /r5g?8 nay1 h[ %all any "o ( ^! p[]s cause motion save t[>ds "o direction alone8 & :]e=e has x become necess>y to effect mutual exclusion 7displacem5t7 among psy*ical movem5ts s t _! mutual exclusion 7displacem5t7 %all eng5d] a dullness 7or we>9ess71 s9ce 9 ! effect 7influ5ce7 ( "o id5tical ?+ !re does n arise exclusion2 nor is x ( ! second division1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ! second division is an impossibility1 & ?is because ! elem5ts1 h[ev] mu* !y may be comp\nd$1 "u 7proportionate7 equality ( ! p[]s1 ?is necessitates 9 !m ! /oppage 7cessation7 ( all ! effects atta*+ to ea* "o ( ! two1 & ?us if ! comp\nd 7 left alone 7ab&on$ to itself7 x w\ld nev] h to move1 nei!r upw>ds--else ! heat is ! ov]p[]] & ! cold is ! "o ov]p[]$--nor d[nw>ds--else ! cold is ! ov]p[]] & ! heat is ! "o ov]p[]$--nay nor ev5 w\ld x rema9 at re/ 9 "o ( ! f\r spots ( space 7:]e9 dwell all ! f\r elem5ts7--else ,nature :i* attracts t[>ds itself is ! ov]p[]] !re9--:]eas x has be5 ass]t$ t all ( !m are equal bo? to ov]p[] & to be ov]p[]$1 & ?is is a contradiction3 ,!re=e ?is body 7su* a body7 is nei!r /ill nor mov+1--:]eas e body :i* is surr\nd$ by ano!r body is ei!r /ill or mov+1--& ?is too is a contradiction2 & :at leads to contradiction is itself a contradiction2 s !n our ass]tion t ! elem5ts may possibly be comp\nd$ "u equality ( ! p[]s is a contradiction1 & h5ce its opposite1 to wit our say+ t su* is impossible1 is true r$uction ad absurdam4 ,:]e=e ! com+ =? ( ! s\l1 i4e41 its comb9ation ) body1 occurs only aft] ! me?od ( ! ?ird division2 & x has be5 already said t :at is aft] ! me?od ( ! ?ird division is ga9$ f outside3 ,! s\l !n is got f )\t--:i* is :at we wi%$ to %[4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,me*anical mixture1 bl5d+1 comb9ation1 etc43 comp>e ! ,greek mixis1 krsis1 & syn!sis4 ,,section ,,f\r? ,specification ( ! ,vegetable 7,plant7 ,p[]s1 & ,m5tion ( ! ,ne$ !re is = ,ea* ,"o ( ,!m4 ,s\l$ bodies1 ,i mean hav+ s\ls1 if consid]$ f ! side ( _! vegetable p[]s1 are f\nd to h 9 common ! gett+ ( n\ri%m5t1 & to diff] 9 gr[? & g5]ation 7reproduction ( (fspr+72 s9ce1 among n\ri%m5t-tak+ be+s1 !re are su* z d n gr[1 = example a liv+ individual t has rea*$ full gr[? & ! p]iod ( /& /ill1 or t has decl9$ !refrom ?r\gh )]+4 ,yet e gr[+ ?+ gets n\ri%m5t4 ,aga91 among nutrim5t-tak+ be+s !re are su* z d n propagate1 z se$s t are n yet h>ve/-ripe1 & an animal t has n yet rea*$ pub]ty4 ,nev]!less1 e propagat+ ?+ has inevitably pass$ ?r\gh a prec$+ /age ( nutrition2 nor w ! /ate 7/age7 ( propagat+ ev] be depriv$ ( nutrition4 ,fur!r1 we f9d !m1 beside hav+ ! gett+ ( n\ri%m5t 9 common1 to h gr[? also 9 common1 b to diff] 9 ! propagation 7( (fspr+7 s9ce !re are1 among gr[+ ?+s1 su* z d n beget1 z an animal n yet arriv$ at pub]ty1 & ! worm4#aa ,nev]!less e begett] has already pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( gr[?2 nor w ! /ate 7/age7 ( begett+ be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( giv+ gr[? to ! "y t are be+ produc$4 ,h5ce ! vegetable p[]s are ?ree3 #a4 ! nutritive2 #b4 ! gr[? promot+2 & #c4 ! propagat+4 ,( ^! ! nutritive is z ! />t+-po9t2 ! propagat+ z ! aim & end2 & ! gr[?-promot+ z ! means b9d+ ! end to ! />t+-place4 ,inde$ ! s\l$ body /&s 9 absolute ne$ ( ^! ?ree p[]s = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,:]eas ! ,div9e ,comm& came d[n ^u ,nature enjo9+ 7impos+7 ^u h] ! task ( =m+ a comp\nd liv+ be+ out ( ! f\r elem5ts aft] su* wise fa%ion z !y call$ = 9 x2 & :]eas ,nature ( h]self is unable to orig9ate a s\l$ body at "o /roke1 b c d s only by promot+ its gr[? little by little2,f & :]eas an individual t is put toge!r aft] ! mann] ( animal composition is susceptible ( be+ aga9 decompos$ & melt+ away by ! natures ( its con/itu5ts2 & :]eas a ?+ compos$ ( opposites w n keep up s protract$ a duration & la/ s long a "t z is expect$ ( x--!re=e ,nature is 9 want ( a p[] by :i* %e c fabricate a liv+ body by promotion ( gr[?2 s %e has be5 suppli$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce ) ! gr[?-giv+ p[]2 & is 9 want ( a p[] :]eby %e c pres]ve ! s\l$ body at an ev5 /&>d,g ov] aga9/ ! wa/e :i* x und]goes 9 mak+ up = :at dis9tegration we>s away f x2 s %e has be5 succ\r$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce ) ! nutritive p[]2 & is 9 want ( a p[] t %all m\ld1 out ( ! liv+ natural body1 a piece t %e %all dwell 91 9 ord] t if corruption p]meate ! body x %all h s\ght = itself a successor z a sub/itute1 :]eby to arrive at ! pres]vation ( species2 s %e has be5 help$ by ! ,div9e ,provid5ce ) ! propagat+ 7g5]at+7 p[]4 ,& we ought1 9 ?is connection1 to be> 9 m9d z a c]ta9 & true fact t ! gr[?-giv+ p[]1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd1 f ! /&po9t t we h m5tion$1 to be foll[+ close ^u ! nutritive1 & ! propagat+ 7g5]at+7 to be foll[+ close ^u ! gr[?-imp>t+ 7promot+71 yet ! prec$5ce ( ! "p play$ by ea* "o ( ! ?ree1 9 _! und]tak+ ! task ( creat+ ! liv+ body & pres]v+ x ?r\gh _! special & peculi> work+s1 is ! o!r way ab\t2 = ! fir/ to en?rall ! mat]ial pr$ispos$ to receive life is ! g5]at+ 7procreat+1 propagat+7 p[]1 s9ce ?is p[] clo!s ! mat]ial at fir/ ) ! =m 7prototype7 ( t :i* is int5d$ to be realiz$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry 7s]vice7 ( ! gr[?-promot+ & nutritive p[]s2 & z soon z x has a*iev$ 9 t mat]ial a p]fect =m x deliv]s ov] ! sway to ! gr[?-promot+ p[]1 :i* assumes x ?r\gh ! m9i/ry 7s]vice7 ( ! nutritive p[]1 & imp>ts to ! mat]ial--all ! "t keep+ up ! =m ( ! mat]ial )9 ! due proportions ( ! ?ree dim5sions l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness--a motion 7activity7 ( gr[? t[>ds ! end /riv5 aft] by x1 ! gr[?-promot+ p[] a=esaid4 ,!n ?is latt] /ops2 & ! nutritive p[] en?ralls ! mat]ial4 ,aga91 ! g5]at+ 7propagat+7 p[] is ! "o s]v$1 n ! s]vant2 & 9 comp>ison ) x1 ! nutritive p[] is ! s]vant1 n ! "o s]v$4 ,?us too ! gr[?-promot+ p[] is s]v$ 9 "o s5se1 & s]v+ 9 an o!r s5se4 ,& ! nutritive p[]1 al?\gh x does n exi/ z ! "o s]v$ 9 ! spiritual p[]s1 yet x does sometimes employ ! f\r =ces ( ,nature--to wit1 ! attract+1 ! hold+1 ! dige/+1 & ! excret+ 7repell+74 ,&1 ev5 z t :i* is /riv5 aft] 9 ! process ( =m-mak+ is solely ! br++ ab\t ( ! due =m 9 matt] 9 ! %ape 7k9d1 design7 propos$1 & n at all ! br++ ab\t ( gr[? or ( nutrition1--only t !re is ne$ = ! two latt] = ! sake ( realiz+ ! desir$ =m1 & n ! conv]se--s also ! f9al aim 9 ! sev]al p[]s is ! procreat+ 7propagat+7 p[]1 to ! exclusion ( ! gr[?-promot+ & ( ! nutritive4 ,:]e=e1 ! procreat+ p[] is giv5 prec$5ce = a teliological reason4 ,& ?r\gh ,god is fitness to be a*iev$4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,probably 8 view 0 t worms arise out ( a g]m ( moi/ clay or mud1 & are a sort ( develop$ protoplasm4 ,comp>e #f ( ,ibn ,tufayl's ,hayy b4 ,yaqzn1 & ! ,note !reto 9 ! ,engli% ,translation ab\t field-rats4 ,f ,! g]m ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution z aga9/ ,in/antane\s ,creation4 ,g ,see ,ibn ,sn's ,qnn1 ,section #b1 :]e he says3 ,z to ! nutritive p[]1 x is t p[] :i* trans=ms ! nutrim5t into a resemblance ) ! n\ri%m5t-tak]1 9 ord] t ?is nutrim5t may succe$ 9 ! /ead ( :at %all be wa/$1 & atta* itself to ! tak] in/ead ( ! wa/e4--,see also ,kitb-ul-,najt1 by ,ibn ,sn4 ,,section ,,fif? ,specification ( ! ,animal ,p[]s1 & ,m5tion ( ! ,ne$ !re is = ,ea* ,"o ( ,!m4 ,i affirm t e animal is s5ti5t1 & h5ce x moves itself at w1 9 "s sort ( motion2 & t e animal moves itself 9 "s sort ( motion at w1 & h5ce x is s5ti5t2 s9ce s5sation 9 :at does n move itself at w is wa/$ & useless1 & ! lack ( x 9 :at does move itself at w is h>mful2 :]eas ,nature1 ow+ to t mu* ( ,div9e ,provid5ce z has be5 jo9$ to h]1 gives no?+ :atev] t is ei!r wa/$ or h>mful1 nor )olds ei!r ! necess>y or ! useful4 ,p]haps "s "o may speak out "h & object to u t %ellfi% are ( su* z feel 7are s5ti5t7 & yet d n move !mselves at w4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 w spe$ily vani% on exp]im5t2 = %ellfi%1 al?\gh !y d n move !mselves f _! places 9 a sort ( organic 7me*anical7 locomotion at w1 yet !y d m or less %r9k !mselves up & spread out inside ( _! %ells1 z ,i h witness$ ) m9e own eyes on hav+ tri$ ! exp]im5t m ?an once1 9 t ,i turn$ ! %ell ov] onto its back1 s t its position = draw+ n\ri%m5t became sep>at$ f ! gr\nd2 :]eupon x ceas$ n to /ruggle until x _h aga9 /ood 9 a position t made x easy = x to draw 9 n\ri%m5t f ! muddy bottom4 ,& n[ t ?is has become surely c]ta9 = u1 we %all fur!r say3 ,t :]eas ,div9e ,wisdom has decre$ t an animal mov+ itself at w %all be compos$ ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & z su* animal w\ld n be secure aga9/ ! evils ( mi%aps 9 its successive *ange ( places dur+ locomotion1 x has be5 fitt$ out ) ! t\*+ p[] 7s5se ( t\*71 s z to flee ?r\gh x f unfit places1 & seek ^? t are fit4 ,& :]eas any su* animal's con/itution 7make-up7 _c get on )\t ! gett+ ( n\ri%m5t2 & z its ga9+ its food is a sort ( free w ef=t2 & z "s articles ( food suit x1 & o!rs d n1--x has be5 fitt$ out ) ! ta/+ p[] 7s5se ( ta/e74 ,^! two p[]s 7s5ses7 are bo? useful & necess>y 9 life3 ! re/ are useful1 n necess>y4 ,next aft] ! ,ta/+1 9 degree ( utmo/ ne$ = x1 comes ! ,smell+ ,s5se1 s9ce odors w po9t ! animal t[>ds suitable articles ( n\ri%m5t1 ) a /rong indication2 nor w ! animal be at all able to get on )\t n\ri%m5t1 nei!r w its n\ri%m5t be got by x save ?r\gh self-help4 ,s ,div9e ,provid5ce has deem$ fit to imp>t ! smell+ p[] unto mo/ animals4 ,! next aft] ! smell+ p[] 9 usefulness is ! ,see+ ,p[]3 ! ,h[ & ,:y ( its usefulness1 z to ! animal1 :i* moves itself at w1 is t :]eas its betak+ itself to c]ta9 spots1 su* z fire-he>?s1 & away f c]ta9 spots1 su* z m\nta9 peaks & sea%ores1 is su* z w lead to its hurt1 !re=e ,div9e ,provid5ce has deem$ fit to imp>t ! see+ p[] unto mo/ animals4 ,! next aft] ! see+ p[] 9 usefulness is ! ,he>+ ,p[]4 ,! ,h[ & ,:y ( its usefulness is t ?+s h>mful & ?+s useful may (t5 be recogniz$ z su*1 ?r\gh x1 by ! peculi>ity ( _! s\nds & voices2 s ,div9e ,provid5ce has deem$ fit to imp>t ! he>+ p[] unto mo/ animals4 ,moreov]1 ! use made ( ?is p[] by ! rational 7speak+7 species ( ! animal g5us almo/ surpasses ! ?ree --is ( all ?ree ne>ly ! highe/4 ,?is !n is an outl9e ( ! ,h[ & ,:y ( ! uses ( ! ,five ,outw>d 7,ext]nal7 ,s5ses4 ,& :]eas tru/wor?y arrival at a k ( ! mutually suitable & ! mutually repell5t w come ab\t only ?r\gh te/ 7exp]im5t1 exp]i5ce71 ,div9e ,provid5ce has deem$ fit to imp>t ! peculi> p>ticipat+ prop]ty 7or s5se7--,i mean ! pictur+ p[]--unto liv+ be+s 7animals71 9 ord] t !y %all ?r\gh x pres]ve ! =ms ( ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses2 & to imp>t ! rememb]+ pres]v+ p[]1 9 ord] t !y %all ?r\gh x pres]ve ! mean+s 7significances7 conceiv$ out ( ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses2 & to imp>t ! imag9ative p[] 9 ord] t !y %all ?r\gh x fit up 7re/ore7 :at %all be wip$ out f ! memory by a sort ( motion2 & to imp>t ! conjectur+ 7surmis+7 p[] 9 ord] t !y %all ?r\gh x fix ^u ! s\nd 7true7 & ! weak 7false7 ( :at ! imag9ation extracts1 namely to fix ^u ! true & false !re( ) m or less presumption ( c]ta9ty1 until !y ! liv+ be+s %all review x 9 ! m9d4 ,z = ! ,h[ & ,:y ( ne$ = ! mov+ p[]1 x is t :]eas ! position ( ! animal is n ! same z ! position ( ! plant 9 its adaptation = attract+ su* foods z are useful & pu%+ (f su* z are h>mful & incompatible1 b on ! contr>y z ?is is br\ght ab\t = ! animal ?r\gh a sort ( e>n+ by self-help1 x ne$s a mov+ p[] = ! purpose ( draw+ to itself ! useful & driv+ away ! h>mful4 ,:]e=e all ! p[]s ( ! animal are ei!r p]ceiv+ or motion-promot+4 ,! motion-promot+ is ! ye>n+ 7desid]ative1 long+1 crav+7 p[]3 x is ei!r urg+ on to ! se>* aft] a *os5 object ( animal good1 & !n x is ! lu/+ p[]2 or else x is urg+ on to ! w>d+ (f ( an object ( animal dislike1 & !n x is ! hat+ p[] 7angry p[]74 ,! p]ceiv+ p[] too is ei!r outw>d 7app>5t71 su* z ! five s5ses2 or else inw>d 7int]nal1 hidd571 su* z ! pictur+1 ! imag9ative1 ! conjectur+1 & ! rememb]+ p[]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! motion-promot+ p[] does n cause to move save on a p]emptory bidd+ f ! conjectur+1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy 7means7 or by ! employm5t ( ! imag9ative4 ,also1 ! motion-promot+ p[]1 9 animals o!r ?an ! speak+ 7or rational7 species1 is ! aim & end2 & ?is is s1 because ! motion-caus+ p[] is n imp>t$ unto !m 9 ord] t !y %all ?r\gh x direct aright ! work+s ( s5sation & imag9ation s z to adapt ^! work+s to ! atta9m5t ( _! own good1 b on ! contr>y ! p[] ( s5sation & ( imag9ation are imp>t$ to ! non-speak+ irrational animals solely 9 ord] to direct aright ?r\gh !m ! work+s ( motion1 & to adapt ^! work+s to ! good ( ! animals4 ,:]eas1 ! speak+ rational species ( liv+ be+s is on ! rev]se wise2 because unto x 0 imp>t$ ! motion-caus+ p[] :olly & solely 9 ord] t ?r\gh ?is p[] x %all be fitt$ to set aright ! speak+ self1 i4e41 ! rational intellig5t s\l1 n ! o!r way ab\t4 ,?us !n1 ! motion-promot+ p[] 9 ! irrational animal is1 z x 71 ! pr9ce comm&] t is s]v$2 ! five s5ses1 ! spies t are s5t =?2 ! p]ceptive p[]1 ! po/-ma/] ( ! pr9ce comm&] unto :om ! spies return2 ! imag9+ p[]1 ! foot-mess5g] go+ to & fro betwe5 ! po/,h#ab & ! po/-ma/]2 ! conjectur+ p[]1 ! pr9ce's adjutant m9i/]2 ! rememb]+ p[]1 ! closet ( /ate pap]s4 ,z = ! />ry firmam5t & plants1 ! feel+ p[] & ! imag9+ p[] h n be5 imp>t$ unto !m1 ev5 ?\gh ea* "o ( !m has a s\l & ?\gh x has life3 ! firmam5t has n ^! p[]s1 because ( its l(t9ess2 plants h !m n1 because ( _! abasem5t 9 comp>ison to x4 ,,footnotes3 ,h or wazir1 m9i/]4 ,9 treat+ ( ! animal p[]s1 he treats fir/ ( ! fives s5ses1 & !n ( ! animal ,p[]s4 ,^! latt] he gives 9 ?is section ?ree times1 & ea* "t v>ies ! ord] some:at1 ?us3-- #a/4 ,ord] ( m5tion3 a4 p>ticipat+1 pictur+ b4 rememb]+1 pres]v+ c4 imag9ative1 re/or+ d4 conjectur+1 surmis+ e4 mov+ #bnd4 ,ord] ( m5tion3 a4 pictur+1 p>ticipat+ b4 imag9ative c4 conjectur+1 surmis+ d4 rememb]+ #c;d ,ord] ( m5tion1 9 ! f9al ,allegorical ,summ+ ,up3 a4 motion-promot+ b4 feel+1 s5ti5t1 #e outw>d s5ses c4 p]ceptive d4 imag9+ e4 conjectur+ f4 rememb]+4 #ab ,moreov]1 ! ,text seems 9 ,doctor ,l&au]'s op9ion to ne$ an em5dation1 9 ?is ,allegory1 :i* is furni%$ by ! ,lat9 ,translation pres]v$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,accord+ to ! text1 we get a :olly sup]flu\s int]m$i>y notion1 to wit ! ,po/1 :i* di/urbs ! p>allel & similitude ( ! allegory4 ,in/ead ( b>d1 we %\ld read wazr ,lat91 int] vic>ium pr9cipis4 ,if ?is is done1 ! :ole passage becomes cle>]1 & hangs toge!r bett]4 ,yet1 = all ?is1 ! b>d 0 9 ^? days a highly important bran* ( ! gov]nm5t s]vice3 witness1 ! (fice ( cheb-ul-b>d4 ,,section ,,six? ,treat+ 9 ,detail ( ! ,five ,s5ses1 & ( ,h[ !y p]ceive4 ,z to ! see+ p[]1 philosoph]s h diff]$ on ! "q ( ,h[ !y p]ceive4 ,?us "o set among !m ass]ts t !y p]ceive :olly & solely ?r\gh a ray t %oots out beyond ! eye1 & s enc\nt]s ! s5sible objects t are se54 ,?is is ,plato's way4#ac ,o!rs ass]t t ! p]ceiv+ p[] itself enc\nt]s ! s5sible objects t are se51 & s p]ceives !m4 ,/ill o!rs say t visual p]ception consi/s 9 ?is3--,:5 ! int]v5+ transp>5t body becomes effectively transp>5t by light %9+ ^u x1 !n an impression ( ! outspread 7flatt5$7 individual ( su* s5sible objects z are se5 is effect$ 9 ! cri/all9e#ad l5s ( ! eye1 j su* a pictorial impression z is effect$ 9 look+-glasses 7mirrors72 inde$ ! two effects are s simil> t 7 mirrors possess$ ( a see+ p[] !y w\ld p]ceive ! =m impr9t$ 9 !m4 ,?is is ,ari/otle's way2 & x is ! s\nd reliable op9ion4 ,t ,plato's view is false1 is q cle>4 ,=1 7 x true t a ray goes out f ! seat ( sight & enc\nt]s s5sible objects1 !n sight w\ld be 9 no ne$ ( light1 b w\ld on ! contr>y p]ceive 9 ! d>k1 & w\ld r illum9ate ! air on its exit into ! d>k4 ,moreov] su* a ray w n fail ( "o ( two modes3 ei!r x w subsi/ ?r\gh\t ! eye only1 9 :i* case ,plato's op9ion t x goes =? f ! eye is wrong2 or else x w subsi/ ?r\gh\t a body o!r ?an ! mat]ial ( :i* ! eye is compos$2 = x mu/ inevitably h a vehicle to c>ry x1 see+ t a ray is an accid5tal quality or mode1 & fur!rmore see+ t t body :i* is o!r ?an ! eye w n fail1 9 its turn1 ( be+1 ei!r1 fir/ly1 s5t out f ! eye1 9 :i* case x w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! eye w n see all t is b5ea? ! cle> blue ( ! sky1 s9ce "o body w n p5etrate ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ano!r body1 unless =soo? x moves ! latt] away & occupies its place2 & ev5 %\ld ! disput] plead a vacuum1 n only does ,plato d5y ! exi/5ce ( a vacuum utt]ly1 b also if we accomodat+ly yield ?is po9t & admit ! exi/5ce ( a vacuum1 yet = all ?is ! body t goes =? f ! eye w p5etrate ?r\gh\t ! body ( wat]1 = example1 into su* ( its pores z are empty only1 & n into ! :ole ( ! wat]'s bulk2 s t ev5 accord+ to ?is op9ion x w necess>ily s be t ! eye w see only "s places ( all t is "u wat]2--or else1 secondly1 t body :i* is o!r ?an ! eye w n fail ( be+ an int]v5+ body int]m$iate betwe5 ! se] & ! se51 9 :i* case ! light,i :i* comes =? f ! eye w subsi/ ?r\gh x2 nev]!less ?is op9ion too is uns\nd1 = ! reason t e ?+ :atsoev] is1 9 proximity to its s\rce1 s mu* ! /rong]1 & 9 ?is respect light has n its equal2 :5ce x foll[s z reg>ds ! object se5 t1 h[ev] closely & ne>ly x approa*es to ! eye1 our p]ception w !n be /rong]2 & ?us if we d away ) ! int]m$i>y body1 ! eye w /ill p]ceive ! object felt by its s5se ( sight1 & ?us ! int]m$i>y :i* is ! vehicle & c>ri] ( light is no long] ne$$1 save accid5tally 7by *ance72 & !n too !re is no ne$1 9 ord] to see1 = an exit ( light3 ?is too is a falsehood4 ,:]e=e ,plato's op9ion is wor?less4 ,z = su* z hold t ! p]ceiv] ( ! ?+ se5 is ! imag9ative p[] itself ?r\gh ! impr9t+ ( ! =m 7image7 ( ! s5sible object ^u x1 ^! r5d] ! abs5t on ! same foot+ z ! pres5t1 s9ce 9 ! imag9ative p[] !re may exi/ ! image ( a s5sible object1 not)/&+ ! abs5ce aft]w>ds ( ! object t _h be5 s felt3 at :i* "t h[ev] ! liv+ be+ s pres]v+ t image w n be qualifi$ ) sight b ) imag9ation & memory4 ,fur!rmore ^! !ori/s 7op9]s7 make a great] blund] /ill1 see+ t !y r5d] a ?+ ( ,nature's make & composition :olly idle1 useless1 & unne$$ 9 ! op]ation ( visual p]ception2 inasmu* z 9 _! op9ion ! imag9ative p[] itself meets imm$iately s5sible objects1 & ?us sp>es ,nature ! task ( adapt+ an in/rum5t 7organ71 to wit ! complex eye4 ,:]e=e ! s\nd !ory is t ! configurations ( ?+s /& out 9 ! transp>5t ambi5t--if x be effectively transp>5t on ! %9+ ( a lum9ant ^u x--& h5ce !y d n appe> b 9 a poli%$ body capable ( receiv+ !m1 su* z mirrors & ! l2 & s too !re is 9 ! eye a cry/all9e l5s 7or humor7 into :i* ! =ms 7pictures7 ( ?+s are impr9t$1 j z _! impression into mirrors2 & 9 x1 i4e41 ! l5s or ! eye1 has be5 fitt$ up ! see+ p[]2 s t1 if su* =ms are impr9t$ 9 x1 x p]ceives !m4 ,moreov]1 ! objects ( p]ception belong+ 9 tru? & de$ to sight are ! ,colors4 ,z = ! ,he>+ ,p[]3 x he>s only s\nd4 ,& s\nd is a motion ( air t ! e> feels on two h>d smoo? bodies com+ quickly close up "o to ! o!r1 ! escap+ ( ! air f betwe5 !m1 its /rik+ ! e>1 & its mov+ ! air t is kept ready )9 ! in/rum5t 7organ7 ( he>+4 ,?us1 if ?is inside air move ! in/rum5t1 & if ?is in/rum5t's motion act ^u ! n]ve ( he>+1 ! he>+ p[] 7s5se1 faculty7 p]ceives x 9 ! measure ( ! /r5g? or weakness ( t motion4 ,inde$ h>dness is a conditio s9e qua non2 =1 9 ! case ( two s(t bodies1 ! air w n escape f !m1 b w dissipate itself ?r\gh\t _! pores4 ,smoo?ness too is j su* a condition2 because1 9 ! case ( r\gh 7unsmoo?7 bodies1 n ! :ole ( ! air w escape f betwe5 !m sudd5ly & viol5tly1 b w be )eld 7%ut up7 9 ! passages4 ,& rapidity ( contact also is a l condition2 = if x come ab\t g5tly & sl[ly1 ! air w\ld n escape viol5tly4 ,! e*o too w arise f ! reb\nd ( ! air escap+ f betwe5 ! two enc\nt]+ bodies by reason ( its hitt+ 7slapp+7 aga9/ ano!r h>d1 flat or holl[ body fill$ ) air1 because ( ! air t is )9 x h9d]+ ! p5etration ( ! escap$ air1 & ! latt]'s /rik+ ! e> aga9 aft] ! fir/ /roke2 on ! same wise z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,z to ! ,smell+ ,p[]2 x smells odors on ! sniff+ 9 ( air t has receiv$ its odor f an odorif]\s body1 z "o body receives its w>m? f ano!r w>m body4 ,?us1 if an animal snuffs up air l ?is into its nose until su* air t\*es ! front ( ! bra91 & alt]s x to its own odor1 ! smell+ p[] feels x4 ,z = ,ta/e1 x arises only on ! com+ to pass ( ! foll[+ *ange3 ,:5 ! moi/ure ( ! ta/+ in/rum5t 7organ7--to wit ! tongue--becomes trans=m$ into ! juice ( ! newly-come food2 & :5 ! mass ( ?is in/rum5t 7organ7 has receiv$ t juice1 ! ta/+ p[] w p]ceive :at has happ5$ )9 ! in/rum5t4 ,z = ,t\*3 x w only arise ^u ! organ's 7in/rum5t's7 receiv+ ! quality ( t :i* is t\*$1 & ^u ! t\*+ p[]'s p]ceiv+ :at has be5 ?us pres5t$ 7(f]$7 )9 ! organ4 ,fur!rmore1 simple s5sibles1 t are at once prim>y & z su* ! bases ( all o!rs1 are 9 pairs1 ( :i* !re are eight2 & if we make ea* into s+les1 !y become sixte51 to wit3-- 7a7 ,t\*1 f\r pairs3--#a4 heat & cold2 #b4 moi/ure & dryness2 #c4 r\ghness & smoo?ness2 #d4 h>dness & s(tness4 ,! f\r rema9+ s5ses1 ea* hav+ a pair1 viz41 7b7 ,smell+1 "o pair1 :i* is fragrant od\r1 & fetid /9k+ od\r1 7c7 ,ta/+1 "o pair1 viz41 sweet & bitt]1 7d7 ,he>+1 "o pair1 namely1 heavy s\nd & %>p s\nd 7or dull & %rill71 7e7 ,sight1 "o pair1 to wit1 :ite & black4 ,all o!r s5sibles are made up f ^! simples1 & are int]m$iates betwe5 "s two ( !m1 z = example grey 7du/y color7 f :ite & black1 lukew>m f hot & cold4 ,moreov] all s5sibles are felt :olly & solely ?r\gh a sort ( ga!r+ & sund]+1 %r9k+ & spread+2 except s\nds1 :i* are felt only ?r\gh sund]+4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,w>m? is felt ?r\gh sund]+ #b4 ,cold is felt ?r\gh ga!r+ #c4 ,moi/ure1 ?r\gh spread+ #d4 ,dryness1 ?r\gh %r9k+ #e4 ,r\ghness1 ?r\gh sund]+ #f4 ,smoo?ness1 ?r\gh spread+ #g4 ,h>dness1 ?r\gh repell+1 :i* is a sort ( ga!r+ & %r9k+ #h4 ,s(tness1 ?r\gh be+ repell$1 :i* is n devoid ( spread+ & sund]+ #i4 ,sweetness1 ?r\gh spread+1 devoid ( sund]+ #aj4 ,bitt]ness1 ?r\gh sund]+ & %r9k+ #aa4 ,fragrant ,odor1 ?r\gh spread+1 devoid ( sund]+ #ab4 ,/9k+ ,odor1 ?r\gh sund]+ & %r9k+ #ac4 ,:it5ess1 ?r\gh sund]+ #ad4 ,blackness1 ?r\gh ga!r+ #ae4 & #af4 ,s\nds3 "o pair1 z above "u 8d40 ,z to ! m$ia 7int]m$i>ies7 betwe5 ! feel+ p[]s & ! felt =ms1 !y are !mselves devoid ( ! =ms ( s5sibles2 o!rwise x w\ld n be possible = !m to be m$ia1 s9ce _! own =ms--if !y _h any--w\ld !n s engage ! apposite p[] z to div]t x f p]ceiv+ any o!r =ms4 ,su* voidness or fre$om f =ms is ei!r voidness :olly & altoge!r1 or else relative voidness ?r\gh equabl5ess ( ! =ms 9 ! m$ia1 su* z ! equable proportion ( ! qualities t\*$ 9 meat1 :i* is a m$ium betwe5 ! t\*+ p[] & ! quality t\*$1 al?\gh meat is inconte/ably made up ( qualities t are t\*$1 yet not)/&+ ?is ! equabl5ess ( ! qualities has annihilat$ ! =ms 9 x4 ,examples ( ! fir/ division--absolute voidness & fre$om f =m--are ! fre$om ( air1 ( wat]1 & ( :at resembles !m among ! v>i\s m$ia ( sight1 f color2 ! fre$om ( air & ( wat]1 bo? :i* are ! two m$iums ( smell+1 f odor2 ! fre$om ( wat]1 :i* is ! m$ium ( ta/+1 f flavor2 & ! /ead9ess ( ! air1 :i* is ! m$ium ( he>+1 & its fre$om f motion4 ,fur!r1 ea* ( ^! p[]s1 to wit ! five s5ses1 if actually functionat+1 p]ceives only ?r\gh com+ into relation ) ! object felt1 nay r x only p]ceives at fir/ s mu* z has be5 trac$ 9 x ( ! =m ( ! object felt4 ,?us1 ! eye only p]ceives t =m :i* has impr9t$ itself 9 x ( ! object felt2 s also ! rema9d] ( ! p[]s 7or s5ses74 ,aga91 9 ! case ( /rong we>y+ s5sibles1 su* z a l\d noise1 a /rong smell1 a %9+ & a fla%+ light1 if !y are repeat$ ^u ! organ 7in/rum5t71 spoil & dull5 x ?r\gh _! ov]work+ x4 ,aga91 ea* "o ( ! five s5ses p]ceives1 ?r\gh ! means ( its own rightful p]ception & besides ! same1 five o!r ?+s1 to wit3 #a4 %ape2 #b4 numb]2 #c4 size2 #d4 motion2 #e4 re/ 7quiet74 ,t sight1 t\*1 & ta/e p]ceive !m1 is evid5t4 ,z to he>+1 x p]ceives1 9 accordance 7pursuance7 ) ! v>iety ( ! numb] ( s\nds1 ! numb] ( ! s\nd-emitt+ objects2 &1 ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( ! s\nds1 x p]ceives ! size ( ! two objects t are hitt+ aga9/ ea* o!r2 &1 9 accordance ) a k9d ( *ange & fix$ness ( ! s\nds1 x p]ceives motion & re/2 &1 9 accordance ) _! volume ar\nd ! s\nd-emitt]1 be ! latt] solid or holl[1 x p]ceives "s sorts ( %apes4 ,z to smell+1 x kn[s1 9 accordance ) ! *ange ( directions :5ce ! odors are emitt$ & rea* x1 & ?r\gh ! v>iety ( ^! odors 9 _! qualities1 x kn[s ,i say ! numb] ( ! ?+s smelt2 ?r\gh ! measure ( abundance ( ! smells1 ! size ( su* ?+s2 ?r\gh ! measure ( proximity & di/ance1 *angeabl5ess & fix$ness1 x recognizes _! motion & _! re/2 &1 9 accordance ) ! sides on :i* _! odor rea*es x f "o & ! same body1 x kn[s _! %ape4 ,/ill1 ^! discrim9ations are v weak 9 ?is p[] among mank9d1 ow+ to ! weakness ( ! p[] itself 9 ! human race4 ,= all ?is1 m5 h n ! ke5 sc5t t _m o!r animals h1 & !re=e su* discrim9ations are 9 m5 v weak4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,plato's ,dialogue entitl$ ,timaeos1 #de4 #ad ,! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye are3 a4 al-tabaqah al albah scl]otica1 h>d-coat b4 al-ma%miyyah *oroid1 vascul> sk9 c4 al-gha%-al-%abaky ret9a1 net sk9 d4 al-ratbah al-zajjiyyah glassy moi/ure e4 al-ratbah al-jaldiyyah cry/all9e l5s f4 ankabtiyyah cili>y1 fibr\s1 hairy web g4 al-hadaqah pupilla h4 al-tabaqah al-inabiyyah b]ry1 grape coat i4 q>niyyah cornea k4 al-multahimah conjunctiva4 ,i p]haps we ought to read ! ray4 ,,section ,,sev5? ,deal+ 9 ,detail ) ! inw>d ,s5ses1 7& ! ,motion-,promot+ ,p[]s74 ,i4 ,n "o ( ! outw>d s5ses unites )9 itself p]ception ( color1 odor1 & s(tness2 & yet1 we (t5 come ^u a body t is yell[1 & p]ceive at once s mu* ab\t x1 namely t x is honey1 sweet1 nice ( smell1 & fluid1 al?\gh we h nei!r ta/$1 nor smelt1 nor ev5 t\*$ x2 :5ce x is manife/ t we possess a p[] :]e9 are assembl$ ! p]ceptions ( ! f\r s5ses1 & h ?us become summ$ up 9 x into "o s+le =m2 & 7 x n = ?is p[] we %\ld n "k t sweetness1 = in/ance1 is o!r ?an blackness1 s9ce ! discrim9ator betwe5 two ?+s is he :o has kn[n !m bo?4 ,?is is ! p[] :i* is designat$ z ! common-s5se1 & ! pictur+ 7or repres5t+7 p[]4 ,& 7 x "o ( ! outw>d app>5t s5ses1 its sway 7dom9ion7 w\ld limit itself to ! /ate ( wakefulness only2 :]eas ocul> obs]vation atte/s :at is q o!rwise2 = ?is p[] does at times p]=m its action 9 bo? ! /ates ( sleep & wakefulness4 ,,ii4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is 9 animals a p[] :i* sets up su* =ms z h assembl$ 9 ! common-s5se1 discrim9ates betwe5 !m1 & diff]5tiates !m1 )\t ! =ms !mselves disappe>+ f ! common-s5se4 ,& ?is p[] is und\bt$ly o!r ?an ! a=esaid pictur+ p[]2 s9ce 9 ! latt] !re are none b true 7real7 =ms t h be5 acquir$ 7obta9$7 f s5se2 :]eas 9 ?is p[] ! case may be o!rwise1 & x may imag9e & picture wrongly & falsely1 & :at x _h n receiv$ aft] su* a wrong & false patt]n 7%ape7 f any "o ( ! s5ses4 ,?is p[] is ! "o nam$ imag9ation4 ,fur!r1 !re is 9 animals a p[] t passes judgm5t1 ^u su* or su* a ?+ t x is s or n s1 decisively1 & ?r\gh :i* ! animal flees away f %unn$ evil & seeks *os5 good4 ,x is also evid5t t ?is p[] is o!r ?an ! imag9ative1 s9ce ?is la/ imag9es 7pictures to itself7 ! sun1 9 accordance ) :at x has got f ! apposite s5se1 to be ( ! size ( its disc2 :]eas ! matt] /&s 9 ?is p[] q o!rwise4 ,s too ! lion f9ds 8 prey f f> (f ( ! size ( a small bird1 yet its =m & size 9 no way p]plex him1 b he makes = x4 ,x is also evid5t t ?is p[] is o!r ?an ! imag9ative1 & ?is because ! imag9ative p[] p]=ms its manifold de$s )\t belief & conviction on its "p t matt]s are 9 accordance ) its imag9+4 ,?is p[] is :at is nam$ ! conjectur+ or ! surmis+ faculty 7or judgm5t74 ,,iii4 ,fur!r1 !re is 9 liv+ be+s a p[] t pres]ves ! purports 7or ?\ghts & conceptions7 ( :at ! s5ses _h p]ceiv$1 su* z1 = in/ance1 t ! wolf is an enemy2 ! *ild1 a d>l+ next ( k94 ,:]e=e1 s mu* at lea/ if n m is evid5t1 t ?is p[] is o!r ?an ! common-s5se 7or pictur+71 inasmu* z 9 ! latt] !re are no =ms b su* z x has ga9$ f ! s5ses2 :]eas1 aga91 ! s5ses did n feel ! wolf's enmity1 nor ! *ild's love1 b alone ! wolf's image1 & ! *ild's bodily %ape2 & z to love & fi]c5ess1 x is ! m9d's eye alone t has got !m1 & !n /or$ !m up 9 ?is p[]4 ,x is also cle> t ?is p[] is o!r ?an ! imag9ative p[]1 = ! reason t ?is la/ does at times imag9e :at is o!r ?an t :i* ! m9d's eye has deem$ "r1 f\nd true1 & has d]iv$ f ! s5ses2 :]eas ! =m] p[]1 i4e41 ! "o "h dealt )1 imag9es none o!r ?an :at ! m9d's eye has deem$ "r1 has f\nd true1 & has d]iv$ f ! s5ses4 ,?is p[] is also o!r ?an ! conjectur+ 7surmis+7 p[]1 = ! reason t ?is la/ does n pres]ve :at "s o!r has deem$ to be true1 b x ( its own self deems to be true1 :il/ ! p[] "h treat$ ( does n itself pass judgm5t ( tru? or falsehood1 b only pres]ves :at ano!r has deem$ to be true4 ,?is p[] is call$ memory1 ! pres]v+ or keep+ faculty4 ,aga91 ! imag9ative p[] is call$ by ?is "n--imag9ation--if ! conjectur+ 7or surmis+7 p[] alone use x3 & if ! speak+ 7rational7 p[] use x1 x is call$ ! ?9k+ 7cogitative7 p[]4 ,! he>t is ! s\rce 7spr+7 ( all ^! p[]s 7faculties71 9 ,ari/otle's op9ion2 yet ! sway ov] !m is 9 diff]5t organs 7in/rum5ts74 ,?us ! sway ov] ! outw>d 7app>5t7 s5ses is 9 _! kn[n organs2 :]eas ! sway ov] ! pictur+ 7repres5t+ common-s5se7 p[] is 9 ! ant]ior holl[ 7v5tricle7 ( ! bra92 ! sway ov] ! imag9ative1 9 ! middle holl[ !re(2 ! sway ov] ! rememb]+1 9 ! po/]ior holl[ !re(2 & ! sway ov] ! conjectur+1 ?r\gh\t all ! bra91 b above all 9 ! comp>tm5t ( ! imag9ative )9 ! bra9 or1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! bra91 b m especially alongside ( ! imag9ative !re(4 ,& 9 s f> z ^! holl[s 7v5tricles7 suff] h>m & hurt1 s w ! manifold work+s ( ^! p[]s suff] also2 = 7 !y1 7! p[]s17 /&+ indep5d5tly1 t is to say subsi/+ 9 !mselves1 & effici5t indep5d5tly1 t is to say putt+ =? _! work+s ( !mselves1 !y w\ld n ne$1 = _! prop] & peculi> actions1 any sort ( in/rum5t or organ3 9 ?is wise "o recognizes t ^! p[]s d n subsi/ 9 !mselves1 b t ! undy+ p[] is ! ,speak+ 7,reason+7 ,s\l1 z we %all h]eaft] set =?2 yet = all ?is1 ! s\l does maybe at times seek out = itself aft] a fa%ion 7s to speak7 ! pure/ qu9tess5ces ( ! k]nels ( ^! p[]s1 & cause !m to exi/ ( !mselves1 ! sett+ =? ( :i* %all1 ,d4v41 soon foll[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is ! t]m9ology ( ! five inw>d s5ses3 #a4 ,common-,s5se hiss mu%t>ak1 mutaawwirah4 #b4 ,vis =mans1 imag9atio khayl1 muawwirah1 fantasia1 takhayyul1 mutakhayyilah4 #c4 ,vis cogitativa1 vis imag9ativa mufakkirah1 mutakhayyilah1 mutawahhimah1 znnah1 mutaarrifah1 mutafakkirah1 takhayyul4 #d4 ,memory1 rememb]+1 pres]v+ hfizah1 mutazhakkirah1 zhkirah1 zhikr4 #e4 ,vis exi/imativa1 op9ativa wahm1 mutawahhimah1 zhnnah1 takhayyul1 wahmiyyah4 ,"h foll[s an attempt to cle> up ?is bewild]+ subject3 #a4 ,p]ception1 ?r\gh any "o or m ( ! five outw>d s5ses1 ( ! outw>d concrete =m4 #b4 ,conception ( p>ticul> notions1 ov] & beyond ! concrete =m p]ceiv$4 #c4 ,memory1 :i* reta9s bo? outw>d =ms p]ceiv$ z well z recalls inw>d p>ticul> =ms conceiv$4 #d4 ,common-,s5se1 rises a /ep high] ?an ! ?ree prec$+1 9 t x unites two or m ( ! products ( any ( ! ?ree prec$+ & d]ives f !m a new conception4 #e4 ,op9+1 :i* rises high] /ill & passes judgm5t1 or comes to a def9ite op9ion z to ! tru? or falsehood ( conceptions =m$4 ,9 respect ( memory1 ,ibn ,sn 9 8 ,kanon ( ,m$ic9e1 makes a di/9ction4 ,he says3 ,& j "h is a po9t = scrut9y & judgm5t z to :e!r ! pres]v+ p[] & ! p[] recall+ 7to consci\sness7 su* notions z _h be5 /or$ up by ! op9+ p[] b h pass$ away f x1 are "o p[] or two4 ,"h foll[s /ill ano!r attempt3 #a4 ,p]ception1 ( ! ,five ,s5ses1 ?r\gh organs4 #b4 ,sway ( ! ,common-,s5se1 9 ! ant]ior holl[4 #c4 ,sway ( ! ,imag9ative ,p[]1 9 ! middle holl[4 #d4 ,sway ( ! ,rememb]+ ,p[]1 9 ! po/]ior holl[4 #e4 ,sway ( ! ,conjectur+ ,p[]1 ?r\gh\t all ! bra91 & alongside ( ! imag9ative comp>tm5t4 ,numb] #a4 has be5 dealt ) 9 ,section ,six2 numb] #e belongs exclusively to ,man1 & w be fur!r dealt ) 9 ! next ,section2 ! rema9+ ?ree1 to wit numb]s #b1 #c1 & #d1 are 9 all live animals1 & are dealt ) 9 ?is ,sev5? ,section4 ,! !ory is beautifully cle> & simple3 ?us1 numb] #b grasps & appropriates ! outw>d =m br\ght to x by ! s5ses2 numb] #c grasps & appropriates p>ticul> conceptions2 & numb] #d /ores !m up2 ?us also1 ! "o dwell+ 9 ! front holl[ is n influ5c$ by ! action ( ! "o occupy+ ! middle or ! h9d]mo/ holl[1 :]eas conv]sely ea* succe$+ faculty has rec\rse to ! "o prec$+ x 9 ord] ( place4 ,?is !ory arose aft] an acqua9tance ) ! division & arrangem5t ( ! bra9 into *amb]s _h made consid]able progress ) ! ,arabs4 ,^? :o read ,g]man %\ld n fail to /udy ,dr4 ,samuel ,l&au]'s erudite notes 9 vol4 #bi = ! ye> #ahge ( ! ,z4d4,d4,m4,g4 ,,section ,,eigh? ,a ,sket* ( ! ,human ,s\l f ! ,/>t+-,po9t :5ce x sets out until ! ,end-,po9t :i!r x rea*es its ,p]fection4 ,no d\bt t ! speak+ 7rational7 species ( ! g5us animal is di/+ui%$ f ! non-speak+ 7irrational species7 by a p[]1 ?r\gh :i* x is enabl$ to imag9e ?+s rational1 :i* p[] is call$ ! speak+ 7rational7 s\l2 & ! cu/om has obta9$ ( call+ x ! 8hylik0 m9d1 t is to say ! pot5tial m9d1 ?us lik5+ x to ! hyle1 :i* is pot5tial matt]4,j ,moreov] ?is p[] is f\nd 9 ! :ole human species2 & x possesses 9 itself at ! outset none ( ! m5tally-grasp$ =ms1 b ^! arise )9 x aft] two sorts ( processes3 ,! fir/ is ?r\gh a ,div9e guidance1 )\t ef=t ( /udy1 & )\t pr(itt+ f ! s5ses1 z = example ! m5tally-grasp$ self-evid5t axioms1 l our conviction t ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p1 & t two contradictories 7contra/s7 d n come toge!r at "o "t 9 "o & ! same ?+2 s t sane-m9d$ adults %>e equally 9 ! acquisition ( su* =ms4 ,! second sort ( process is ?r\gh e>n+ ! m5tal ?\ght or tru? by reason+ process1 & by array ( pro( & demon/ration1 su* z ! conception ( logical tru?s1 l g5]a1 species1 diff]5tia1 & prop]ties1 simple t]ms1 & t]ms comp\nd$ 9 ! v>i\s modes ( compositions ( sev]al ideas into "o composite t]m1 ju/ly-mod$ syllogisms bo? valid & false1 propositions :i* if mod$ into syllogisms lead to necess>y demon/rat$ results1 or to argum5tative probable results1 or to equally balanc$ rhetorical results1 or to prim>y 7axiomatical7 sophi/ical results1 or to impossible poetical results2#ae & su* m5tally-grasp$ =ms z ! recognition ( ! c]ta9ty ( natural realities1 l hyle 7primitive matt]7 & =m1 privation 7non-exi/5ce7 & ,nature1 place & "t1 re/ & motion1 bulky bodies ( ! sky-firmam5t & bulky elem5tal bodies1 absolute univ]sal be+ & absolute no?+ness1 g5]ation absolute & corruption absolute1 orig5 ( ?+s g5]at$ t are )9 ! sky1 t are )9 ! deepe/ dep?s ( m9es1 & t are on ! e>?'s cru/1 among/ :i* la/-nam$ are plant & animal1 ! true conception 8,man0 & ! tru? ( ! s\l's conception ( its own self2 & /ill fur!r su* m5tally-grasp$ =ms z ! conception ( ideas ma!matical1 among/ :i* are numb]1 pure geometry1 /ell> geometry1 h>monical or musical geometry1 optical geometry2 & aga91 fur!r /ill1 su* ideas z ! conception ( div9e affairs1 l ! k ( ! pr9ciples ( ! absolute self-exi/5t 9 s f> z he exi/s p] se1 & ( ! pr9ciples consequ5tly adh]+ to him1 su* z pot5tiality1 p[] & effici5cy1 fir/ cause & acc\nt+ cause1 ess5ce & accid5s1 g5us & species1 incompatibility & homog5eity1 agreem5t & disagreem5t1 unity & multiplicity2 &1 /ill fur!r1 ! fix+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! speculative 7!oretical7 sci5ces1 among/ :i* are ! ma!matical1 ! natural & ! logical--all :i* _c be atta9$ save ?r\gh ?is latt] sci5ce2#af & /ill fur!r1 su* z prov+ ! fir/ ,creator & ! fir/ ,creat$1 ! univ]sal 7g5]ic7 s\l & h[ creation came ab\t1 ! relative position ( m9d t[>ds creation1 & ! relative position ( s\l t[>ds m9d1 ! relative position ( hyle t[>ds nature1 & ( =ms t[>ds ! s\l1 ! relative position ( ! skies1 orbs1 planets & all exi/+ ?+s t[>ds hyle & t[>ds =m1 & :y & :]e=e !y diff] s widely z !y d z to =w>ds & backw>ds 7,greek3 prot]on kai hy/]on3 7 ( developm5t2 & ! k ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 univ]sal nature1 primal provid5ce1 prophetic inspiration1 ! div9e holy _s1 sublime angels1 atta9+ to ! c]ta9ty ( ! ,creator's be+ beyond all p>tn]%ip & similitude i4e4 recogniz+ ! tru? t poly!ism & an?ropomorphism1 are to be reject$2 & atta9+ to ! k ( :at rew>ds await ! righte\s1 & :at puni%m5ts imp5d ! wick$1 ( ! delight & ! pa9 ov]tak+ s\ls aft] _! ab&on+ ! bodies4 ,fur!r1 ?is p[] :i* conceives ^! ideas does at times ga9 f s5se =ms m5tal1 imag9ative1 & innate 9 7in/9ctive to7 itself2 & 9 su* a case x does ?is 9 t x lays be=e itself ! =ms t are 9 ! conceiv+ p[] & 9 ! rememb]+ 7pres]v+7 p[]1 by employ+ ! imag9ative & ! conjectur+ p[]1 & !n contemplates !m1 & f9ds !m to h p>ticipat$ 9 "s =ms & to h diff]$ 9 "s o!r =ms2 & f9ds "s among/ ! =ms t are 9 ^! p[]s to be ess5tial1 & o!rs to be accid5tal4 ,& z to _! p>ticipation 9 =ms1 x is l ! p>ticipation ( ! =m ,ri*>d & an ass1 9 ! conceiv]'s m9d1 9 ! idea ( ,life2 & ! diff]+ ( ! two 9 ! idea ( speak+ 7rational71 & non-speak+ 7brute74 ,z to ! ess5tial =m1 x is e4g4 l ! life t is 9 !m bo?2 z = ! accid5tal1 x is e4g4 l _! blackness & :it5ess4 ,s t if we f9d ! two a=esaid on ?is wise--i4e41 z /at$1--! m9d makes ea* "o ( ^! ess5tial & accid5tal1 p>ticipat$ & peculi> =ms1 "o univ]sal m5tal =m s+ly & alone1 & ?us ?r\gh ?is work+-ov] process1 x gets at m5tal g5]a1 species1 diff]5tia1 prop]ties1 accid5s2 !n x comb9es ^! s+le notions into p>ticul> comb9ations2 !n into syllogi/ic argum5tative comb9ations & d$uces f !m coroll>ies f ! results--all :i* x gets ?r\gh ! s]vice ( ! animal p[]s1 ) ! help ( univ]sal m9d1 aft] ! mann] t we %all set =? lat] on1 & ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( su* necess>y self-evid5t m5tal axioms z x has be5 end[$ )4 ,moreov] ?is p[]1 al?\gh x d]ives help f ! s5su\s p[] :5 gett+ out s+le m5tal =ms f ! s5su\s =ms1 yet x does n ne$ ! s5su\s p[] = conceiv+ ^! ideas 7notions7 )9 itself & = sett+ up syllogisms out ( !m1 nei!r :5 affirm+1 nor :5 conceiv+ ! two dicta ( ab/raction g5]alization1 z we %all aft]w>ds expla94 ,& to :atev] ext5t x d]ives s5su\s coroll>ies1 = :i* !re %all be ne$1 ?r\gh ! said work+-ov] process1 yet x disp5ses ) ! employm5t ( ! s5su\s p[]s1 nay x is ev5 suffici5t = & 9 itself1 = ! c>ry+ on ( all its manifold activities4 ,& j z ! s5su\s p[]s p]ceive solely & :olly ?r\gh an assimilation ( t :i* is felt1 s also d ! m5tal p[]s p]ceive solely ?r\gh & :olly ?r\gh an assimilation ( ! m5tally-grasp$2 & ?is assimilation is ! ab/raction ( ! =m f matt]1 & ! adh]+ to x2 only t ! feel+ p[] does n get ! s5su\s =m ?r\gh will$ motion & volunt>y action on its "p1 b ?r\gh ! arrival ( ! v ?+ felt unto x1 ei!r by *ance or ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! motion-promot+ p[]1 & lay+ b>e ( ! =ms unto x 7ab/raction7 ?r\gh ! help ( ! m$ia t connect ! =ms ) x2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! m5tal p[]1 7,reason ,und]/&+7 ?is process is o!rwise2 = by & ?r\gh itself x at times does itself p]=m ! ab/raction 7lay+ b>e7 ( ! =m f matt] z (t5 z x wills1 & !n cl+s unto x4 ,& = ?is reason x is said t ! s5ti5t p[] is m or less passive 9 its conception or1 t ! feel+ p[] is aft] a fa%ion act$ ^u :5 x conceives1 & t ! m5tal 7und]/&+7 p[] is active2 nay r x is said1 = ?is reason1 t ! s5ti5t p[] _c d )\t in/rum5ts 7organs71 & has 9 itself no effici5cy2 & h[ is x possible to apply su* a /atem5t 7proposition7 to ! m5tal 7und]/&+7 p[]8 ,! m9d 7,und]/&+1 ,reason7 is 9 fact & de$ :olly & solely no?+ else ?an ! =ms ( m5tally-grasp$ ?+s1 if ^! be array$ 9 ! v m9d pot5tially1 & ?r\gh x !y are br\ght out to effective action2 & h5ce x is said t ! m9d is 9 fact & de$ at once bo? und]/&+ & und]/ood4 ,among/ ! prop]ties ( ! und]/&+ p[] is ?is1 t x unifies ! _m & multiplies ! "o ?r\gh analysis & syn!sis4 ,z to multiplication1 x is su* z ! analysis ( "o man into ess5ce1 body1 n\ri%m5t-gett+1 animal1 speak+ 7rational74 ,z to unification ( ! _m1 x is su* z ! composition 7syn!sis7 ( ?is "o man out ( ess5ce1 body1 animal1 speak+ 7rational7 into "o notion :i* is mank9d 7human be+74 ,moreov] ! m9d1 al?\gh x applies its activity )9 a duration ( "t 9 arrang+ syllogisms1 ?r\gh us+ reflection1 yet ! result itself1 :i* ?is reflection obta9s1 & :i* is ! fruit ( ?\ght & ! end s\ght aft]1 is n dep5dant ^u "t1 nor is x obta9$ save at an in/ant2 nay m ?an ?is1 ! m9d itself is :olly above & beyond all "t4 ,& ! reason+ 7speak+7 s\l1 if x engages itself ^u ! sci5ces1 its activity is call$ m9d or intellect1 & x is accord+ly call$ speculative or !oretical m9d3 :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,& if x engages itself ^u ov]com+ blamewor?y p[]s1 t entice unto wrongdo+ ?r\gh _! excess1 unto folly ?r\gh _! ab&onm5t1 unto impetuosity ?r\gh _! agitation1 unto c[>dice ?r\gh _! indiff]5ce or lukew>mness1 or unto wick$ness ?r\gh _! excitem5t1 or unto deg5]ation ?r\gh _! sm\ld]+1 & leads !m ov] into ! pa?s ( wisdom1 endurance1 *a/ity--9 %ort unto righte\sness1 !n its activity is call$ rul+ or gov]n+1 & x is accord+ly call$ practical m9d or reason4 ,aga91 ! reason+ 7speak+7 p[] is sometimes s fitt$ out 9 a few p]sons ?r\gh ,kvigils & conjunction ) ! univ]sal m9d z to be q indep5d5t ( tak+ refuge unto syllogi/ic argum5t & reflection1 b r is suffici5tly /or$ ) inspiration & revelation to r5d] x :olly absolv$ f su* ord9>y means z m5tal ratioc9ation3 ?is peculi> prop]ty ( ! reason+ m9d is call$ hall[$ness or sanctity1 & x is accord+ly call$ ,holy ,gho/4 ,unto su* a fav\r$ rank & degree none %all atta9 save prophets & apo/les1 ^u :om be peace & bless+4 ,,footnotes3 ,j ,ibn ,sn 9 8 ,kitb-ul-,najt says3 ,inde$ x has be5 call$ hylik by way ( lik5+ x to primitive hylik matt]1 :i* 9 itself has no =m at all & yet is ! sub/ratum ( ea* & e =m4 #ae ,?is passage z to syllogisms & conclusions may be made cle>] by r5d]+ x ?us3--:i*1 if arrang$ syllogi/ically1 all[ ( gett+ to conclusions t are 7a7 necess>ily true & valid1 viz4 apodictic2 7b7 mo/ always true1 viz4 dialectic2 7c7 bo? true & false1 viz4 rhetorical2 7d7 prepond]antly false1 viz4 sophi/ical2 & 7e7 m]ely false1 viz4 poetical4 #af ,9 8 ,najt ,ibn ,sn says ( ?is sci5ce3 ,logic is ! !oretical speculative sci5ce t tea*es out ( :i* =ms & mat]ials !re w come ab\t satisfy+ argum5tation1 ( :i* argum5tation t :i* is /rong1 & imposes an ass]tion resembl+ c]ta9ty1 is call$ dialectic2 & t :i* is weak !re(1 & imposes a prevail+ op9ion1 is call$ rhetorical4 ,8 comp5di\s ,essay on ,logic rema9s to ?is day "o ( ! cle>e/ & be/ t beg9n]s c f9d 9 ! ,arabic language on ?is ab/ract sci5ce ( ! ,laws ( ,?\ght4 ,k fa/+1 pray]1 night-wat*+s4 ,,section ,,n9? 9 :i* ! ,pro(s ( ! ,ess5tiality ( ! ,s\l1 & ( ,its ,indep5d5ce ( ,body 9 its ,/ructure1 are set =? 9 pursuance ( ! ,me?od ( ,logicians4 ,,sub-,,section ,a3--,"o ( ! logical pro(s = e/abli%+ ?is ,claim3 ,let u h[ev] fir/ preface x ) premisses1 among :i* are3-- ,fir/ ,premiss3 t man conceives univ]sal 7g5]ic7 notions :]e9 a great] or less multitude p>ticipates1 su* z man at l>ge1 & animal at l>ge4 ,& ( ^! g5]ic notions !re are su* z he conceives ?r\gh a p>ticul> or p>tial1 or an obligatory syn!sis1 & !re are su* o!rs ( ^! g5]ic notions z he does n conceive by any syn!sis1 b s+ly & individually4 ,& unless he %all h conceiv$ ! latt] division 7class1 sett71 x is n possible = him to conceive ! =m]4 ,fur!r1 he conceives ea* "o ( ^! g5]ic univ]sal notions only "u "o =m1 :olly /ripp$ 7ab/ract$7 f all relation%ip to its concrete s5su\s p>ticul>s1 s9ce ! p>ticul>s ( ea* "o ( ! g5]ic notions are pot5tially endless 9 v>iety & numb] & no "o ( ! p>ticul>s has any "r ( priority ov] ano!r p>ticul> 9 respect ( t "o =m ( ! g5]ic notion4 ,second ,premiss3 t a =m1 :atsoev] body x deta*es1 r$uces1 & adorns1 & 9 g5]al :atsoev] individual ( divisible ?+s x s takes hold (1 x clo!s ! same & exactly fits ! same 9 e "o ( its p>ts4 ,& :atsoev] clo!s & exactly fits a divisible ?+ 9 all its p>ts is itself divisible2 & h5ce e =m t has clo!d & exactly fitt$ any body :atsoev] is itself divisible4 ,?ird ,premiss3 t 9 e g5]ic 7univ]sal7 =m1 if reg>d be _h1 9 ! division ( su* =m1 purely & simply to its ab/ract self1 !n x w n at all validly foll[ t ! p>ts into :i* x has be5 divid$ %all necess>ily resemble ! :ole 9 its complete notion2 o!rwise x mu/ foll[ t ! g5]ic =m1 ^: division has be5 made 9 respect ( its ab/ract self1 has n be5 itself divid$1 b t x has be5 divid$ into its con/itu5ts1 :e!r ^! be its v>i\s species or its num]\s individuals1 :]eas multiplicity ( species or ( individuals does n necess>ily entail division 9 ! ab/ract g5]ic notion itself4 ,b x has be5 laid d[n z a fact t su* division has actually tak5 place1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,h5ce our ass]tion t ! p>ts ( ! g5]ic =m d n resemble x 9 its full & complete notion is a true dictum4 ,f\r? ,premiss3 t 9 ! m5tal =m1 if reg>d be _h to its division1 x w n validly foll[ t its p>ts are d5ud$ 7/ripp$7 ( ! totality ( its notion4 ,?is is s because1 if we admit su* total d5udation1 & ass]t t ^! p>ts are utt]ly alo( f ! complete conception ( ! g5]ic :ole1 !n ! =m w arise1 9 su* p>ts1 only ^u _! assembl+ toge!r1 s t !y are 9 fact ?+s devoid ( t =m :i* w arise 9 !m on _! be+ set toge!r1 :i* is a quality ( ! p>ts ( mat]ia capax or passive matt] :i* occupies space 7,greek3 dektikon3 72 ,note3 ,! recipi5t is ! act$ ^u1 & x is call$ matt]1 & also place42 & h5ce ! division has n be5 effect$ 9 ! g5]ic =m1 b 9 its objective concrete mat]ials4 ,b x has be5 ass]t$ t ! division has come to pass 9 x3 ?is too is a contradiction4 ,!re=e our ass]tion3 8,x w n validly foll[ t its p>ts are /ripp$ ( ! totality ( its notion0 is a true /atem5t4 ,fif? ,premiss3 :i* is ! result ( ! two prec$+3 t 9 ! g5]ic =m1 if x be possible t divisibility be consid]$ 9 x1 !n its p>ts are nei!r :olly devoid ( ! p]fect =m nor are completely exhau/ive ( x1 & are z x 7 compon5t1 con/itu5t p>ts ( its def9ition & outl9e 7or description74 ,giv5 !n ^! premisses1 we %all fur!r unque/ionably say t a m5tally-grasp$ =m--9 %ort all k--claims "s abode some:]e1 :i* abode is bo? an ess5ce itself & a "p ( man's self1 s t su* ess5ce w n be devoid ( be+ ei!r a divisible 7mat]ial7 body or a non-corporeal indivisible ess5ce4 ,i h[ev] say1 t x is n licit t x be a corporeal body2 because a g5]ic m5tally-grasp$ =m1 if x abide 9 a body1 !n x is inevitably possible = divisibility to befall x1 z we h %[n above4 ,nor is x licit t its p>ts be o!rwise ?an resembl+ ! :ole f "o /&po9t1 & contra/+ ) x f ano!r /&po9t1 9 a ^w ea* "o ( ! p>ts conta9s some:at ( ! notion ( ! :ole2 :]eas !re is no g5]ic =m :atsoev] b ( ^: p>ts a comp\nd c be =m$ t is p>tly l x & p>tly unlike x save g5]a & diff]5tia2 consequ5tly ^! p>ts are g5]a & diff]5tia1 & h5ce ea* "o ( !m is 9 its turn a g5]ic =m2 & ?us ! same ass]tion repeats itself z above4 ,inevitably ?is w end 9 a =m t is no long] divisible into g5]a & diff]5tia1 ow+ to ! impracticability ( progression ad inf9itum into p>ts diff]+ 9 notions1 ev5 if x be e/abli%$ t corporeal bodies are s divid$ into p>ts ad inf9itum4 ,moreov] x is well-kn[n t ! g5]ic 7univ]sal7 =m1 conc]n+ :i* x is held t x is divisible only into g5]a & diff]5tia1 if !re be nev]!less "s ( ^! two t is n divisible into g5]a & diff]5tia1 !n ?is "s w be 9 itself utt]ly indivisible 9 e s5se & respect2 & consequ5tly :at is comp\nd$1 ( ^! two ( t "s1 w also be indivisible1 see+ t x is well-kn[n1 = example1 t man _c be conceiv$ except along ) ! two conceptions liv+ & rational 7speak+74 ,9 %ort1 x is n possible to conceive a g5]ic univ]sal =m t has g5us & diff]5s save by conceiv+ !m all toge!r4 ,!re=e1 ! =m :i* we h describ$ z hav+ tak5 up its abode 9 ! body has n tak5 up its abode !re91 :i* is a contradiction1 & !re=e ! diametrically contr>y to x is true1 namely our ass]tion t a g5]ic 7univ]sal7 m5tal =m does n abide 9 any corporeal body :atsoev]2 & consequ5tly ! ess5ce 9 :i* a g5]ic m5tal =m abides is a spiritual ess5ce1 n qualifi$ ) ! qualities ( bodies1 :i* is :at we call ! ,rational ,speak+ ,s\l4 ,& ?is is :at we set out to %[4 ,,sub-,,section ,b3--,a second ( ! pro(s1 :i* corroborate ?is claim & confirm 7correct7 x1 is :at ,i am n[ go+ to set =?4 ,i say !n t body ( & ?r\gh itself does n effect conception ( m5tally-grasp$ ?+s1 s9ce all bodies h 9 common t !y are body1 & diff] among/ ea* o!r 9 capacity = conceiv+ m5tally-grasp$ ?+s4 ,:]e=e liv+ 7animal7 bodies are qualifi$ to conceive m5tally-grasp$ ?+s only by & ?r\gh c]ta9 p[]s t are put )9 !m4 ,& if ^! p[]s conceive by & ?r\gh !mselves1 )\t ! coop]ation ( ! body1 x foll[s t !y are 9 !mselves fit & apt to be an abode = m5tal =ms4 ,& :at is ?us qualifi$ is itself an ess5ce2 consequ5tly if su* conception is occurr+1 !y1 namely ^! p[]s1 are ess5ces4 ,n[1 x is cle> t ?is p[] conceives m5tally-grasp$ ?+s by & ?r\gh itself only1 & n at all ?r\gh coop]ation ( body2 =1 we cont5d1 conc]n+ :atsoev] p]ceives any ?+ ?r\gh coop]ation ( body1 t ! (t5] we>y+ p]ceptibles are repeat$ ^u x ! m d !y t5d t[>ds ru9+ & spoil+ x & produc+ dullness & exhau/ion 9 x1 x be+ no?+ b a frail in/rum5t & organ ^: /r5g? has be5 r$uc$1 ow+ to ! ov]-task+ impos$ ^u x on ! p[]'s employ+ x2 & = ?is cause ! see+ p[]1 = example1 gets weak] ! (t5] x p]si/s 9 look+ at ! sun's %ape4 ,s too ! he>+ p[]1 if l\d s\nds rea* x repeat$ly4 ,:]eas ?is p[]1 to wit ! "o t conceives m5tally-grasp$ ?+s1 ! m x p]ceives we>y+ m5tal conceptions ! /rong] x becomes = its "w ! m effici5t x becomes1 :]e=e x has no ne$ = an in/rum5t 9 its op]ation ( p]ceiv+1 & h5ce x p]ceives ( itself4 ,n[1 we h already %[n t e p[] p]ceiv+ ( its own self is an ess5ce2 s !n ?is p[] is an ess5ce1 :i* is :at we set out to %[4 ,,sub-,,section ,c3--,among ! pro(s t guide to ?is claim is :at ,i %all n[ %[1 s ,i say z foll[s4 ,! indwell+ 7imman5ce7 ( =m 9 body is at once bo? passive & receptive--passivity ( ! =m & receptivity ( ! body4 ,& :]eas "o & ! same ?+ excludes ! possibility ( its be+ bo? do] & done1 x becomes cle> unto u t a body is n able ( itself to dress itself 9 "o m5tally-grasp$ =m & /rip (f ano!r4 ,yet nev]!less we see a man consci\sly & ) =e?\ght conceiv+ & proce$+ f "o m5tally-grasp$ =m unto ano!r1 :i* op]ation is n devoid ( be+ ei!r an act peculi> to body1 or else an act peculi> to ! rational speak+ p[]1 or f9ally an act commonly %>$ betwe5 !m bo?4 ,x has be5 already %[n p]haps he "h ref]s to ! ,second ,section ( ?is ,essay t x is n licit to attribute action & do+ peculi>ly & specially to body2 nay ,i w say & n ev5 to body conjo9tly ) ! rational p[]2 s9ce body is a co-adjutor ( t p[]1 help+ t[>ds af=d+ an abode = any =m :atsoev] 9 t body's own self1 see+ t x has become kn[n to u t body along ) ! p[] w bo? become fit subjects = ?is =m t has ?us aris52 a subject h[ev] is to be /igmatiz$ ) no?+ beyond simple passivity alone1 :]eas bo? ^! two are aggressive acts & de$s4 ,consequ5tly ?is is an act peculi> to ! p[]4 ,& ev]y?+ t1 9 its act :i* emanates f its own self1 has _h no ne$ = ano!r ?+ to help x1 w n ne$ 9 its own /ructure any?+ beyond its own self to help x1 see+ t indep5d5ce or isolation 9 ! /ructure ( self prec$es indep5d5ce or isolation 9 ! putt+ =? ( self-emanat+ action4 ,!re=e ?is p[] is an ess5ce /&+ ( itself indep5d5t ( body2 & consequ5tly ! rational s\l is an ess5ce4 ,,sub-,,section ,d3--,among ! pro(s t guide 7po9t7 to ! validity ( ?is cont5tion is :at ,i am n[ go+ to say4 ,no d\bt a live body & live organs or in/rum5ts1 if !y accompli% _! gr[+ age & ! age ( /&/ill1 beg9 to )] & dim9i%1 to lose p[] & wa/e away1 :i* 9 human be+s is on pass+ =ty ye>s4 ,n[1 7 ! rational reason+ p[] a corporeal organic p[]1 !n !re w\ld be f\nd n "o s+le individual ( mank9d at ^! ye>s ( 8 age b :at ?is p[] ( 8 w\ld h begun to dim9i%4 ,b ! case 9 mo/ p is q o!rwise1 nay inde$ x is usual among/ ! majority t z to intellectual p[] !y improve 9 clev]ness & increase 9 insight4 ,h5ce ! /ructure ( ! rational p[] is n upheld by ! body nor by ! organ2 & h5ce ?is p[] is an ess5ce /&+ ( itself1 :i* is :at we wi%$ to %[4 ,,sub-,,section ,e3--,among ! pro(s = ! validity ( ?is cont5tion is ! foll[+ also4 ,s mu* at lea/ is cle>1 namely t n "o ( ! bodily p[]s has ! /r5g? = p]=m+ inf9ite multif>i\s actions2 & ?is is s because ! /r5g? ( ! "o half ( su* a body w inevitably be f\nd to be weak] ?an ! /r5g? ( ! :ole2 & ! weak] is less p[]ful to p]=m & ov]come ?an ! /rong]2 & :atsoev]1 o!r ?an ! inf9ite1 gets less is itself f9ite2 h5ce ! /r5g? ( ea* "o ( ! two halves is f9ite2 h5ce too _! sum is f9ite1 s9ce t ! sum ( two f9ites is itself f9ite1 :]eas x has be5 cont5d$ t x is inf9ite1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,h5ce ! s\nd view is t ! p[]s ( bodies are n p[]ful en\gh to p]=m inf9ite manifold de$s4 ,! rational p[] h[ev] is p[]ful en\gh to p]=m _m inf9ite de$s1 see+ t =ms geometrical1 ari?metical1 & philosophical1 :i* ! rational p[] has to p]=m among o!r ( its acts1 are inf9ite4 ,!re=e ! rational p[] is n /&+ by & ?r\gh ! body1 & h5ce !re=e x /&s ( itself & is an ess5ce ( itself4 ,fur!r1 s mu* at lea/ is cle> t ! corruption ( "o ( two conjo9$ ess5ces does n entail & enjo9 ! corruption ( ! o!r3 :]e=e ! dea? ( ! body does n r5d] obligatory ! dea? ( ! s\l1 :i* is :at we want$ to %[4 ,,section ,,t5? ,to ,e/abli% t !re is a ,m5tal ,ess5ce1 ,di/9ct f ,bodies1 :i* /&s t[>ds ,human ,s\ls 9 ! /ead ( ,light t[>d ,sight1 & 9 ! /ead ( a ,s\rce or ,f\nta92 & ,to ,e/abli% t ,s\ls1 if !y leave ! ,bodies1 unite !re)4 ,z to ! m5tal ess5ce1 we f9d x 9 infants devoid ( e m5tal =m4 ,!n1 lat] on 9 life1 we f9d 9 x self-evid5t axiomatic m5tally-grasp$ notions1 )\t ef=t ( le>n+ & )\t reflection4 ,s t ! aris+ ( !m )9 x w n fail ( be+ ei!r ?r\gh s5se & exp]i5ce1 or else ?r\gh div9e outp\r+ rea*+ to x4 ,b x is n licit to hold t ! aris+ ( su* prim>y m5tal =m w be ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 see+ t exp]i5ce does n af=d & supply a necess>y & inevitable judgm5t1 s9ce exp]i5ce does n g s f> z to believe or disbelieve def9itively ! exi/5ce ( some?+ diff]5t to ! judgm5t drawn f :at x has p]ceiv$4 ,inde$ exp]i5ce1 al?\gh x %[s u t e animal we p]ceive moves on *ew+ ! l[] jaw1 yet x does n supply u ) a conv9c+ judgm5t t su* is ! case ) e animal2 = 7 ?is true1 x w\ld n be licit = ! crocodile to exi/ :i* moves 8 upp] jaw on *ew+4 ,!re=e n e judgm5t we h arriv$ at1 z to ?+s1 ?r\gh our s5su\s p]ception1 is applicable to & holds good ( all t we h p]ceiv$ or h n p]ceiv$ ( su* ?+s1 b x may s be t :at we h n p]ceiv$ diff] f :at we h p]ceiv$4 ,:]eas our conception t a :ole is great] ?an a "p is n =m$ because we h s5su\sly felt e "p & e :ole t are s relat$1 see+ t ev5 su* an exp]i5ce w n gu>anty to u t !re w be no :ole & no "p diff]5tly relat$4 ,likewise ! dictum conc]n+ ! impossibility ( two opposites 7contra/s7 com+ toge!r 9 "o & ! same ?+1 & t ?+s :i* are equal to "o & ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 ,& likewise ! dictum conc]n+ our hold+ pro(s to be true if !y be valid1 = ! belief 9 & conviction ( _! validity does n become valid by & ?r\gh le>n+ & ef=t ( /udy2 else ?is w\ld draw out ad inf9itum inasmu* z ea* pro( re/s ^u giv5 presuppositions1 ^: validity w\ld 9 its turn h to be prov$4 ,nor is ?is ga9$ f s5se1 = ! reason t we h m5tion$4 ,consequ5tly bo? ! latt] z well z ! =m] c]ta9ty are ga9$ f a godly outfl[ rea*+ unto ! rational s\l1 & ! rational s\l rea*+ unto x2 s t ?is m5tal =m arises !re94 ,also1 z to ?is outfl[1 unless x h 9 its own self su* a g5]ic 7univ]sal7 m5tal =m1 x w\ld n be able to engrave x )9 ! rational s\l4 ,h5ce su* =m is 9 ! outfl['s own self4 ,& :atsoev] ,self has 9 x a m5tal =m is an ess5ce1 o!r ?an a body1 & n )9 a body1 & /&+ ( itself4 ,!re=e ?is outfl[ unto :i* ! s\l rea*es is a m5tal ess5ce1 n a body1 n 9 a body1 /&+ ( itself1 & "o :i* /&s t[>ds ! rational s\l 9 ! /ead ( light to sight2 yet h[ev] ) ?is diff]5ce1 namely t light supplies unto sight ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ only1 & n ! p]ceiv$ =m1 :]eas ?is ess5ce supplies1 exclusively by & ?r\gh its sole & s+le self1 unto ! rational p[]1 ! p[] ( p]ceiv+1 & br+s ab\t !re9 ! p]ceiv$ =ms also1 z we h set =? above4 ,n[1 if ! rational s\l's conceiv+ rational =ms be a s\rce ( completion & p]fection = x1 & be effect$ & br\ght ab\t on rea*+ unto ?is ess5ce1 & if worldly e>?ly labors1 su* z its ?\ght1 its sorr[s & joy1 its long+s1 hamp] ! p[] & )old x f rea*+ !reunto1 s t x w n rea* !reunto save only ?r\gh ab&on+ ^! p[]s & gett+ rid ( !m1 !re be+ no?+ to /op x f cont9u$ ,rea*+ save ! liv+ body1--!n consequ5tly if x quit ! body x w n cease to be rea*+ unto its ,p]fector & atta*$ to ,him4 ,aga91 :at rea*es unto its ,p]fector & atta*es itself to ,him is safe aga9/ corruption1 all ! m s if ev5 dur+ disconnection f ,him x has n und]gone corruption4 ,:]e=e ! s\l aft] dea? %all ev] rema9 & cont9ue unwav]+ & undy+ & atta*$ to ?is noble ess5ce1 :i* is call$ g5]ic univ]sal m9d1 & 9 ! language ( ! lawgiv]s ! ,div9e ,k4 ,z to ! o!r p[]s1 su* z ! animal & ! vegetable3 ,:]eas e "o ( !m p]=ms its prop] peculi> action only by & ?r\gh ! live body1 & 9 no o!r way1 consequ5tly !y w nev] quit live bodies1 b w die ) _! dea?1 see+ t e ?+ :i* is1 & yet has no action1 is idle & useless4 ,yet nev]!less ! rational s\l does ga91 by its connection ) !m1 f !m _! *oice/ & pure/ lye & wa%1 & leaves = dea? ! husks4 ,& 7 x n s1 ! rational s\l w\ld n use !m 9 consci\sness4 ,:]e=e ! rational s\l %all surely dep>t 7migrate1 travel7 tak+ along ! k]nels ( ! o!r p[]s aft] dea? ensues4 ,we h ?us made a cle> /atem5t conc]n+ s\ls1 & got at :i* s\ls are ev]la/+1 & :i* ( !m w n be fitt$ out & arm$ ) ev]la/+ness4 ,x /ill rema9s = u1 9 connection ) ?is rese>*1 to %[ h[ a s\l exi/s )9 live bodies1 & ! aim & end = :i* x is f\nd )9 ! same1 & :at measure w be be/[$ ^u x1 9 ! h]eaft]1 ( et]nal delight & p]petual puni%m5t1 & ( tempor>y puni%m5t t ceases aft] a duration ( "t t %all ensue ^u ! decease ( ! live body2 & to treat ( ! notion t is designat$ by ! lawgiv]s z int]cession 7m$iation71 & ( ! quality 7attribute7 ( ! f\r angels & ! ?rone-be>]s4 ,7 x n h[ev] t ! cu/om prevails to isolate su* rese>* f ! rese>* ^: pa? we h be5 tread+1 out ( high e/eem & rev]5ce = x1 & to make ! latt] rese>* prec$e 9 ord] ( treatm5t ! =m]1 to ! end ( levell+ ! road & pav+ x solidly1 ,i %\ld 7w\ld7 h foll[$ up ^! t5 sections ) a full & complete treatm5t ( ! subject dealt ) 9 !m4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 7 x n = fe> ( we>y+ by prolixity1 ,i w\ld h disreg>d$ ! dem&s ( cu/om h]e94 ,?us !n :atev] x may please ! ,pr9ce--,god prolong 8 highness--to comm& z to treat+ s+ly ( su* notions1 ,i %all put =?1 9 humble compliance & ob$i5ce1 my utmo/ ef=t1 ,god ,almighty will+2 & may wisdom nev] cease to revive ?r\gh him aft] fa9t+1 to fl\ri% aft] )]+1 s t its sway may be r5ew$ ?r\gh 8 sway1 & ?r\gh 8 days its days may come back aga91 & t ?r\gh 8 pre/ige ! pre/ige ( its devotees be exalt$1 & ! seek]s aft] its favor ab\nd1 s ,god almighty w4 ,,x ,,is ,,end$4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,ar*aic1 obsolete1 & unusual spell+s & words h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,obvi\s misspell+s h be5 fix$1 z detail$ bel[4 ,translit]ations 9 ! orig9al book h n be5 edit$4 ,*anges to ! text f ! orig9al book foll[3 ,page #g ,9 ?is book3 & writ+s1 & 8 sy/ems ( m$ic9e ,orig9ally3 & writ+s1 & 8 sy/ems ( m$ec9e ,page #ac ,9 ?is book3 may ! ,mo/ ,high ,,god h m]cy ^u him1 ,orig9ally3 may ! ,mo/ ,high ,,god h m]cy upom him1 ,page #af ,9 ?is book3 sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,orig9ally3 sci5ce ( m$ec9e4 ,page #cb ,9 ?is book3 simple con/itu5ts tak5 s+ly4 ,orig9ally3 simple consitu5ts tak5 s+ly4 ,page #cb ,9 ?is book3 7alloy1 amalgam7--x is cle> ,i say 9 su* ,orig9ally3 7aloy1 amalgam7--x is cle> ,i say 9 su* ,page #eb ,9 ?is book3 into su* ( its pores z are empty only1 & ,orig9ally3 into su* ( its its pores z are empty only1 & ,page #gb ,9 ?is book3 to ! c]ta9ty ( ! ,creator's be+ ,orig9ally3 to ! c]ta9ty ef ! ,creator's be+ ,page #gf ,9 ?is book3 ?r\gh _! ab&onm5t1 unto impetuosity ,orig9ally3 ?r\gh _! ab&onnm5t1 unto impetuosity ,page #hf ,9 ?is book3 guide 7po9t7 to ! validity ( ?is cont5tion is ,orig9ally3 guide 7po9t7 to ! validity ( ?is cont5sion is ,page #hg ,9 ?is book3 validity ( ?is cont5tion is ! foll[+ also4 ,orig9ally3 validity ( ?is cont5sion is ! foll[+ also4 ,page #ij ,9 ?is book3 su* an exp]i5ce w n gu>anty to u t ,orig9ally3 su* an exp]i5ce w n g>anty to u t