,giovanni ,f9i ,,hegel',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy ,,volume ,,?ree ,hegel's ,lectures on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,e4 ,s4 ,,haldane & ,,frances ,h4 ,,simson1 ,m4,a4 ,9 ?ree volumes ,,volume ,,?ree ,illu/ration ,,r\tl$ge ,,kegan ,,paul ,,ltd ,broadway ,h\se1 #fh-gd ,c>t] ,lane ,london1 ,e4,c4#d ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,engl& #ahif by ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn] ,co4 ,ltd ,repr9t$ #aiee by ,r\tl$ge ,kegan ,paul ,ltd ,broadway ,h\se1 #fh-gd ,c>t] ,lane ,london1 ,e4,c4#d ,repr9t$ by li?ography 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,j>rold & ,sons ,limit$1 ,norwi* ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,,two ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,page ,,introduction #a #a4 ,! ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity #a #b4 ,! ,fa!rs & ,het]odoxies #aj #c4 ,*ur* & ,/ate #bc ,,section ,,"o ,,arabian ,,philosophy #bf ,a4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,m$abb]im #cj ,b4 ,comm5tators ( ,ari/otle #cd ,c4 ,jewi% ,philosoph]s3 ,moses ,maimonides #ce ,,section ,,two ,,! ,,s*ola/ic ,,philosophy #cg ,a4 ,relation%ip ( ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy to ,*ri/ianity #de ,b4 ,g5]al ,hi/orical ,po9ts ( ,view #fj #a4 ,! ,build+ up ( ,dogmas on ,metaphysical ,gr\nds #fa a4 ,anselm #fa b4 ,abel>d #fg #b4 ,me?odical ,repres5tation ( ! ,doctr9al ,sy/em ( ! ,*ur* #fh a4 ,pet] ,lomb>d #fi b4 ,?omas ,aqu9as #ga c4 ,john ,duns ,scotus #gb #c4 ,acqua9tance%ip ) ,ari/otelian ,writ+s #gc a4 ,alex&] ( ,hales #gc b4 ,alb]tus ,magnus #ge #d4 ,opposition betwe5 ,realism & ,nom9alism #gg a4 ,roscel9us #gh b4 ,walt] ( ,mortagne #hj c4 ,william ,occam #hb d4 ,buridan #he #e4 ,=mal ,dialectic #hf a4 ,julian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o #hg b4 ,pas*asius ,radb]tus #hh #f4 ,my/ics #ia a4 ,john ,*>li] #ia b4 ,raymundus ( ,sabunde #ia c4 ,rog] ,bacon #ib d4 ,raymundus ,lullus #ib ,c4 ,g5]al ,/&po9t ( ! ,s*ola/ics #id ,,section ,,?ree ,,revival ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces #ajh ,a4 ,/udy ( ! ,anci5ts #aji #a4 ,pomponatius #aaa #b4 ,bess>ion1 ,fic9us1 ,picus #aab #c4 ,gass5di1 ,lipsius1 ,reu*l91 ,helmont #aab #d4 ,cic]onian ,popul> ,philosophy #aac ,b4 ,c]ta9 ,attempts 9 ,philosophy #aae #a4 ,c>danus #aaf #b4 ,campanella #aai #c4 ,bruno #aai #d4 ,van9i #acg #e4 ,petrus ,ramus #adc ,c4 ,! ,re=mation #adf ,,"p ,,?ree ,,mod]n ,,philosophy ,,introduction #aeg ,,section ,,"o ,,mod]n ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,its ,,fir/ ,,/atem5t #agj ,a4 ,bacon #agj ,b4 ,jacob ,boehme #ahh ,,section ,,two ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,?9k+ ,,und]/&+ #bag ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ #bbj ,a4 ,fir/ ,division #bbj #a4 ,desc>tes #bbj #b4 ,sp9oza #beb #c4 ,malebran*e #bij ,b4 ,second ,division #bie #a4 ,locke #bie #b4 ,hugo ,grotius #cac #c4 ,?omas ,hobbes #cae #d4 ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 ,wolla/on #cai #e4 ,puff5dorf #cba #f4 ,newton #cbb ,c4 ,?ird ,division #cbe #a4 ,leibnitz #cbe #b4 ,wolff #cdh #c4 ,g]man ,popul> ,philosophy #cef ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,transition ,,p]iod #cfj ,a4 ,idealism & ,scepticism #cfc #a4 ,b]keley #cfd #b4 ,hume #cfi ,b4 ,scotti% ,philosophy #cge #a4 ,?omas ,reid #cgf #b4 ,james ,beattie #cgg #c4 ,james ,oswald #cgg #d4 ,dugald ,/ew>t #cgh ,c4 ,fr5* ,philosophy #cgi #a4 ,! ,negative ,aspect #chh #b4 ,! ,positive ,aspect #cib a4 ,mat]ialism #cic b4 ,rob9et #cid #c4 ,idea ( a ,concrete ,univ]sal ,unity #cig a4 ,opposition betwe5 ,s5sation & ,?\ght #cih b4 ,montesquieu #cii c4 ,helvetius #djj d4 ,r\sseau #djj ,d4 ,! ,g]man ,illum9ation #djc ,,section ,,?ree ,,rec5t ,,g]man ,,philosophy #dji ,a4 ,jacobi #daj ,b4 ,kant #dbc ,c4 ,fi*te #dgi #a4 ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,fi*te's ,philosophy #dha #b4 ,fi*te's ,sy/em 9 a ,re-con/itut$ ,=m #eje #c4 ,! ,m ,important ( ! ,foll[]s ( ,fi*te #ejf a4 ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel #ejg b4 ,s*lei]ma*] #ejh c4 ,novalis #eaj d4 ,fries1 ,b\t]weck1 ,krug #eaj ,d4 ,s*ell+ #eab ,e4 ,f9al ,result #ede ,,index #eee ,,corrig5da ,,9 ,,vols4 ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 #egj ,,"p ,,two ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,introduction ,! fir/ p]iod embraces a space ( "o ?\s& ye>s--f ,?ales1 #eej ,b4,c41 to ,proclus1 :o di$ #dhe ,a4,d41 & until ! disappe>ance ( pagan philosophy z an outw>d in/itution1 #ebi ,a4,d4 ,! second p]iod ext5ds to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ?us aga9 embraces a ?\s& ye>s1 to pass ov] :i* we mu/ provide ourselves ) sev5-leagu$ boots4 ,:ile ,philosophy has hi!rto f\nd its place 9 ! religion ( ! hea!n1 f ?is "t on x has its sph]e )9 ! ,*ri/ian _w2 = ,arabians & ,jews h only to be notic$ 9 an ext]nal & hi/oric way4 #a4 ,?r\gh ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy we h come into q famili> acqua9tance ) ! ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 z ! new religion :i* has ent]$ into ! _w4 ,= ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy has z its ess5tial pr9ciple ! fact t ! ,absolute is det]m9$ z _s 9 a concrete way1 t ,god is n a m]e conception4 ,al?\gh ! ,absolute is ,?\ght1 x mu/1 9 ord] to be true1 be concrete 9 itself & n ab/ract2 9 :at we h j se5 we h1 !n1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! absolutely exi/5t _s4 ,b 9 spite ( _! pr(\nd & true speculation1 ! ,neo-,platoni/s /ill _h n prov$ _! doctr9e t ! ,tr9ity is ! tru?1 = !re is lack+ to x ! =m ( inw>d necessity4 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s beg9 f ! ,"o t det]m9es itself1 t sets a limit to itself f :i* ! det]m9ate proce$s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is itself an imm$iate me?od ( pres5tation1 & x is ?is t makes su* philosoph]s z ,plot9us & ,proclus s tiresome4 ,und\bt$ly dialectic consid]ations ent] 91 9 :i* ! opposites :i* are conceiv$ z absolute are %[n to be null2 b ?is dialectic is n me?odical1 b occurs only disconnect$ly4 ,! pr9ciple ( retrov]sion & compreh5sion f\nd ) ! ,neo-,platoni/s is t ( sub/antiality g5]ally1 b because subjectivity is lack+1 ?is idea ( ,_s is defici5t 9 "o mom5t1 ! mom5t ( actuality1 ( ! po9t :i* draws all mom5ts into "o1 & :i* !reby becomes imm$iate unity1 univ]sality1 & ,be+4 ,to !m _s is ?us n individual _s2 & ?is defici5cy is made good ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* _s is f\nd z actual1 pres5t _s1 imm$iately exi/5t 9 ! _w "h & n[1 & ! absolute _s is kn[n 9 ! imm$iate pres5t z man4 ,9 ord] to grasp & apply ! ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! philosophic ,idea ( :i* we h already spok5 9 connection ) ! ,neo-,platoni/s mu/ h be5 compreh5d$ = itself2 b )9 ,*ri/ianity ! basis ( ,philosophy is t 9 man has sprung up ! consci\sness ( ! tru?1 or ( _s 9 & = itself1 & !n t man requires to p>ticipate 9 ?is tru?4 ,man mu/ be qualifi$ to h ?is tru? pres5t to him2 he mu/ fur!r be conv9c$ ( ?is possibility4 ,?is is ! absolute dem& & necessity2 ! consci\sness mu/ be arriv$ at t ?is alone is true4 ,! fir/ po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion ?us is t ! cont5t ( ! ,idea %\ld be reveal$ to man2 m p>ticul>ly t ! unity ( ! div9e & human nature %\ld come to ! consci\sness ( man1 & t1 inde$1 on ! "o h& z an implicitly exi/5t unity1 &1 on ! o!r1 9 actuality z wor%ip4 ,! ,*ri/ian life signifies t ! culm9at+ po9t ( subjectivity is made famili> ) ?is conception1 ! individual himself is laid claim to1 is made wor?y ( atta9+ on 8 own acc\nt to ?is unity1 :i* is to make himself wor?y ( ! ,_s ( ,god--,grace1 z x is call$--dwell+ 9 him4 ,h5ce ! doctr9e ( reconciliation is t ,god is kn[n z reconcil+ ,himself ) ! _w1 i4e4 z we h se5 9 ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 t ,he p>ticul>izes ,himself & does n rema9 ab/ract4 ,n ext]nal nature alone1 b ! :ole _w p]ta9s to ! p>ticul>2 above all mu/ human individuality "k itself 9 ,god4 ,! int]e/ ( ! subject is itself involv$1 & "h x plays an ess5tial rle 9 ord] t ,god may be realiz$ & may realize ,himself 9 ! consci\sness ( individuals :o are _s & implicitly free4 ,?us ?r\gh ! process ^! accompli% t reconciliation 9 !mselves1 actualize _! fre$om2 t is to say1 !y atta9 to ! consci\sness ( heav5 ^u e>?1 ! elevation ( man to ,god4 ,?us ! true intellectual _w is n a beyond1 b ! s-call$ f9ite is an elem5t 9 x1 & no division exi/s betwe5 ?is side & t4 ,! real concrete 9 reg>d to ! absolute ,idea is ! kn[+ ( ! mundane1 ! #8o!r' 9 ,god1 z implicitly div9e1 z univ]sal1 z ! _w ( intellect1 z hav+ its root 9 ,god1 b only ! root4 ,9 ,god man is accept$ only 9 8 tru?1 & n 9 8 imm$iacy1 & ?us ?is doctr9e is n :at we call ,pan!ism1 = t leaves ! imm$iate j z x is4 ,man !n has himself to accompli% ! process ( reconciliation 9 himself 9 ord] to atta9 to 8 tru?4 ,we h ?us se5 t man possesses ! det]m9ation & attributes ( ,god z ! fir/ begott5 son1 ,adam ,kadmon1 ! fir/ man2 we may call ?is unity ! concrete ,idea1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is /ill only implicit4 ,b ! fact t because man is capable ( ! div9e1 ! id5tity ( ! div9e & human nature mu/ likewise be pres5t = him1 has 9 an imm$iate way become kn[n to him 9 ,*ri/1 z "o 9 :om ! div9e & human nature are implicitly "o4 ,9 ! _w :at has come to pass is t ! ,absolute has be5 reveal$ z ! concrete1 &1 fur!r1 n only 9 ?\ght 9 a g5]al way z intelligible _w1 b because x has 9 itself proce$$ to its ultimate po9t ( int5sity4 ,?us x is an actual self1 an 8,i10 ! absolute univ]sal1 ! concrete univ]sal1 t is ,god2 & also ! absolute opposite ( ?is det]m9ation1 ! cle>ly f9ite z x exi/s 9 space & "t1 b ?is f9ite det]m9$ 9 unity ) ! et]nal z self4 ,! ,absolute compreh5d$ z concrete1 ! unity ( ^! two absolutely diff]5t det]m9ations1 is ! true ,god2 ea* ( !m is ab/ract1 & ei!r ( !m tak5 by itself is ?us n ! true ,god4 ,! fact t ! concrete is ?us kn[n to m5 9 ?is p]fection z ,god1 br+s ab\t ! :ole revolution t has tak5 place 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! ,tr9ity is !reby n only pres5t 9 conception1 :i* w\ld n yet con/itute ! p]fect concrete1 b actuality is p]fectly unit$ to x4 ,9 ! consci\sness ( ! _w x has consequ5tly brok5 9 ^u m5 t ! ,absolute has atta9$ to ?is 8culm9at+ po9t0 ( imm$iate actuality1 z ,proclus says2 & t is ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,greeks 7 an?ropomorphic1 _! gods 7 humanly con/itut$2 b ! defici5cy 9 !m is t !y 7 n an?ropomorphic en\gh4 ,or r ! ,greek religion is on ! "o h& too mu*1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 too little an?ropomorphic--too mu*1 because imm$iate qualities1 =ms1 actions1 are tak5 up into ! div9e2 too little1 because man is n div9e z man1 b only z a f>-away =m & n z #8?is1' & subjective man4 ,?us man rea*es ?is tru?1 because = him x becomes a sure intuition t 9 ,*ri/ ! has become ,fle%4 ,we ?us fir/ h man ?r\gh ?is process atta9+ to spirituality1 & 9 ! second place we h man z ,*ri/1 9 :om ?is orig9al id5tity ( bo? natures is kn[n4 ,n[ s9ce man really is ?is process ( be+ ! negation ( ! imm$iate1 & f ?is negation atta9+ to himself--to a unity ) ,god--he mu/ consequ5tly r5\nce 8 natural w1 k1 & exi/5ce4 ,?is giv+ up ( 8 natural exi/5ce is witness$ 9 ,*ri/'s suff]+s & dea?1 & 9 ,8 resurrection & elevation to ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r4 ,*ri/ became a p]fect man1 endur$ ! lot ( all m51 dea?2 z man ,he suff]$1 sacrific$ ,himself1 gave up ,8 natural exi/5ce1 & !reby elevat$ ,himself above x4 ,9 ,him ?is process1 ?is conv]sion ( ,8 o!r-be+ into _s1 & ! necessity ( pa9 9 ! r5unciation ( ! natural man is witness$2 b ?is pa91 ! pa9 ( feel+ t ,god ,himself is dead1 is ! />t+ po9t ( hol9ess & ( elevation to ,god4 ,?us :at mu/ come to pass 9 ! subject--?is process1 ?is conv]sion ( ! f9ite--is kn[n z implicitly accompli%$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is con/itutes ! great lead+ ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f :at has be5 said x foll[s1 9 ! second place1 t ! _w mu/ n be left 9 its imm$iate naturalness4 ,! orig9al1 implicitly exi/5t1 is f\nd only 9 ! /ricte/ conception ( m9d1 or z its det]m9ation3 imm$iately1 man is only a liv+ be+1 :o has inde$ ! capacity to become actual _s--b _s does n p]ta9 to nature4 ,man is ?us n by nature ?is p>ticul> 9 :i* ! _s ( ,god lives & dwells3 man is n by nature :at he ought to be4 ,! animal is by nature :at x ought to be4 ,b :at has to be notic$ 9 ?is respect is t natural ?+s m]ely rema9 9 _! implicit ,notion1 or _! tru? does n ent] into _! s5su\s life1 = ?is _! natural individuality is only a fleet+ fact t _c look back on itself4 ,! mis=tune 9 natural ?+s is t !y get no fur!r1 t _! ess5tial nature is n = itself & indep5d5t2 f ?is x foll[s t !y d n atta9 to inf9itude1 to lib]ation f _! imm$iate individuality1 i4e4 !y d n atta9 to fre$om1 b only rema9 9 ! necessity :i* is ! connection ( ! 8"o0 ) an 8o!r10 s t :5 ?is o!r unites itself to natural ?+s1 ^! la/ p]i% because !y _c be> ! contradiction4 ,b because ! tru? exi/s = man z consci\sness1 & 9 x he has ! qualities necess>y = fre$om1 he is capable ( p]ceiv+ ! ,absolute1 ( plac+ himself 9 a relation to ! same1 & hav+ k z an end2 & ! lib]ation ( m9d dep5ds on ! fact t consci\sness does n rema9 9 its natural condition1 b becomes spiritual1 i4e4 t = x ! et]nal1 t is ! reconciliation ( ! f9ite z ?is subject ) ! inf9ite1 exi/s4 ,?us consci\sness does n signify rema9+ 9 ! sph]e ( nature1 b ! exi/5ce ( ! process :]eby ! univ]sal becomes object or end to man4 ,man makes himself div9e1 b 9 a spiritual1 t is to say n 9 an imm$iate way4 ,9 ! anci5t religions ! div9e is also unit$ to ! natural or human2 b ?is unity is no reconciliation1 b an imm$iate1 undevelop$1 & ?us unspiritual unity1 j because x is m]ely natural4 ,b because m9d is n natural b only t into :i* x makes itself1 ! spiritual is fir/ met ) 9 ?is v process ( produc+ unity4 ,to ?is spiritual unity p]ta9s ! negation ( nature1 ( ! fle%1 z t 9 :i* man mu/ n re/2 = nature is f ! beg9n+ evil4 ,man is likewise naturally evil1 = all ! wick$ness t man does proce$s f a natural desire4 ,n[ because man is 9 himself ! image ( ,god1 b 9 exi/5ce is only natural1 t :i* is implicit mu/ be evolv$1 :ile ! fir/ natural condition mu/ be abrogat$4 ,s mu* ! m is x true t man fir/ becomes spiritual1 & atta9s to tru? ?r\gh ris+ above ! natural1 inasmu* z ,god ,himself is a _s only 9 t ,he trans=m$ ! hidd5 unity into ! o!r ( ,himself1 9 ord] f ?is o!r to turn back aga9 into ,himself4 ,n[ ! fact t ?is is giv5 z1 or ass]t$ to be ! fundam5tal ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 implies on ! "o h& an hi/oric "q2 at diff]5t times ?is idea has be5 grasp$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & n[1 = example1 m5 aga9 h _! p>ticul> conceptions ( x4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! conclusion t ?is is ! hi/oric idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %\ld h to ent] ^u an hi/oric disquisition2 b because we _c deal ) ?is "h1 we mu/ accept x z an hi/oric axiom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z ?is "q falls )9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ! ass]tion t ?is is ! idea ( ,*ri/ianity has ano!r gr\nd to /& on ?an t ( hi/ory1 & ?is con/itutes ! ?ird po9t ( int]e/4 ,9 connection ) ! prec$+ =ms x has be5 %[n t ?is ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ h n[ come =?1 & inde$ become ! univ]sal consci\sness ( ! nations4 ,! fact t x has come =? z ! _w-religion1 is ! cont5t ( hi/ory2 x is ?is necessity 9 ! ,idea :i* has to be exp\nd$ m cle>ly 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,to ?is end ! conception ( m9d mu/ be made fundam5tal1 & x mu/ n[ be %[n t hi/ory is ! process ( m9d itself1 ! revelation ( itself f its fir/ sup]ficial1 en%r\d$ consci\sness1 & ! atta9m5t ( ?is /&po9t ( its free self-consci\sness1 9 ord] t ! absolute comm& ( m9d1 8,"k ?yself10 may be fulfill$4 ,! recognition ( ?is necessity has be5 call$ ! priori con/ruction ( hi/ory2 !re is no good 9 decry+ x z inadmissible1 & inde$ z arrogant4 ,! developm5t ( hi/ory may be repres5t$ z cont+5t4 ,or1 if ! provid5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god are s]i\sly accept$1 ^! are repres5t$ z ?\gh ,*ri/ianity 7 s to speak ready made 9 ! m9d ( ,god2 !n1 :5 ?ru/ into ! _w1 x appe>s to be cont+5t4 ,b ! rationality & likewise ! necessity ( ?is decree ( ,god's has n[ to be consid]$1 & ?is may be call$ a !odicy1 a ju/ification ( ,god1 i4e4 a v9dication ( our ,idea4 ,x is a demon/ration t1 z ,i h j said1 ?+s h happ5$ rationally 9 ! _w1 & x implies ! fact t ! _w-hi/ory repres5ts ! process ( m9d p>tially z ! hi/ory ( m9d1 :i* has to be reflect$ into itself 9 ord] to come to a consci\sness ( :at x is4 ,x is ?is :i* is %[n =? 9 temporal hi/ory1 & z hi/ory1 inde$1 j because m9d is ! liv+ movem5t1 proce$+ f its imm$iate exi/5ce to beget revolutions 9 ! _w1 z well z 9 individuals4 ,s9ce x is h]eby presuppos$ t ?is ,idea mu/ necess>ily become univ]sal religion1 !re is1 9 ! f\r? place1 pres5t 9 x ! s\rce ( a me?od ( k prop] to ! p>ticul> consci\sness4 ,t is to say1 ! new religion has made ! intelligible _w ( ,philosophy ! _w ( common consci\sness4 ,t]tullian h5ce says3 8,ev5 *ildr5 9 our day h a k ( ,god1 :i* ! wise/ m5 ( antiquity alone atta9$ to40 ,b 9 ord] t all may "k ! tru?1 ?is ,idea mu/ come to !m z an object1 n = ! ?9k+1 philosophic & cultur$ consci\sness1 b = ! s5su\s consci\sness :i* /ill adh]es to uncultur$ me?ods ( reg>d+ ?+s4 ,if ?is ,idea 7 n to receive & to reta9 ?is =m ( outw>d consci\sness1 x w\ld be a philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 = ! /&po9t ( ,philosophy is ! ,idea 9 ! =m ( ! m]ely univ]sal ?\ght1 & n ! ,idea z x is = ! subject & direct$ to ! subject4 ,t ?r\gh :i* ?is ,idea appe>s z religion1 belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! hi/ory ( religion1 & ?is developm5t ( its =m mu/ "h be pass$ ov]4 ,?r\gh ^! =ms we mu/ h[ev] n mi/ake ! cont5t1 mu* less reject x altoge!r1 = we mu/ r recognize its pres5ce m completely2 ! =ms mu/ likewise n be held to be absolute1 & we mu/ n try to ma9ta9 ! doctr9es 9 ?is =m alone1 z 0 at "o "t done by an or?odoxy 8( /raw40 ,only "o example w "h be giv54 ,! s-call$ doctr9e ( orig9al s9 implies t our fir/ p>5ts h s9n$1 t ?is s9 has ?us desc5d$ to all mank9d z an h]$it>y disord]1 & has come ^u po/]ity 9 an ext]nal way z some?+ inh]5t 9 _! nature1 :i* does n p]ta9 to fre$om ( ! m9d1 nor has its gr\nd !re94 ,?r\gh ?is orig9al s91 x is fur!r signifi$1 man has drawn ^u himself ! wra? ( ,god4 ,n[ if ^! =ms be adh]$ to1 we h 9 ! fir/ place !re ! fir/ p>5ts 9 "t1 & n 9 ?\ght2 b ! ?\ght ( ^! fir/ p>5ts is none o!r ?an man z he is 9 & = himself4 ,:at is said ( him z su*1 :at e memb] ( ! human race really is 9 himself1 is repres5t$ "h 9 ! =m ( ! fir/ man1 ,adam2 & 9 ?is fir/ man s9 manife/s itself z some?+ cont+5t1 or1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 8 all[+ himself to be entic$ into eat+ ( ! apple4 ,b x is aga9 n m]ely repres5t$ t he simply p>took ( ! fruit1 b t he ate ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil2 x is z man t he mu/ p>take ( x1 & n z bea/4 ,! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh :i* he di/+ui%es himself f ! animal1 is ! v fact t he kn[s :at good & evil are4 ,= ,god likewise says1 8,behold1 ,adam has become z "o ( u1 to "k good & evil40 ,b x is only ?r\gh man's hav+ ! p[] ( ?9k+ t he c make ?is di/9ction betwe5 good & evil2 9 ?\ght alone is !re ?us ! s\rce ( good & evil1 b ! heal+ ( ! evil :i* is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ?\ght is also !re4 ,! second po9t is t man is by nature evil & transmits ! evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said3 8,:y %\ld ! s9n] suff] puni%m5t see+ t !re is no responsibility = :at is inborn 9 him80 ,z a matt] ( fact ! /atem5t t man is implicitly or by nature evil w\ld seem to be a h>d say+4 ,b if we set aside ?is h>d say+1 & d n speak ( a div9e puni%m5t1 b make use ( mild] g5]al expressions1 9 ?is idea ( orig9al s9 ! fact rema9s = u t man z he is by nature is n :at he ought to be be=e ,god1 b has ! p[] ( becom+ explicitly :at he only is implicitly2 & ! fact t ?is re/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( man z su* is repres5t$ z inh]itance4 ,! abrogation ( m]e naturalness is kn[n to u simply z education1 & arises ( itself2 ?r\gh education subjection is br\ght ab\t1 & ) t a capacity = becom+ good is develop$4 ,n[ if ?is appe>s to come to pass v easily1 we mu/ recollect t x is ( inf9ite importance t ! reconciliation ( ! _w ) itself1 ! mak+ good1 is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! simple me?od ( education4 #b4 ,:at conc]ns u n[ is to make ! ,pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has be5 expla9$ at consid]able l5g?1 into ! pr9ciple ( ! _w2 ! task set be=e ! _w is to br+ ?is absolute ,idea )9 itself1 to actualize x 9 itself1 & !reby to reconcile itself to ,god4 ,?is task once m falls into ?ree sep>ate divisions4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h ! dissem9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ! br++ ( x )9 ! he>ts ( m52 ?is1 h[ev]1 lies outside ! limits ( our consid]ation4 ,! he>t signifies ! subjective man z #8?is1' & ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple ! latt] has a diff]5t position f be=e2 x is ess5tial t ?is subject %\ld be pres5t4 ,! individual subject is ! object ( div9e grace2 ea* subject1 or man z man1 has on 8 own acc\nt an inf9ite value1 is de/9$ to p>take ( ?is _s :i* mu/1 z ,god1 be born )9 ! he>t ( e man4 ,man is det]m9$ = fre$om1 he is "h recogniz$ z implicitly free2 ?is fre$om is1 h[ev]1 at fir/ only =mal1 because x rema9s )9 ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity4 ,! second po9t is t ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian religion %\ld be work$ out = ?\ght1 & be tak5 up into ?9k+ k1 & realiz$ 9 ?is2 & ?us t x %\ld atta9 to reconciliation1 hav+ ! div9e ,idea )9 itself1 & t ! ri*es ( ?\ght & culture belong+ to ! philosophic ,idea %\ld become unit$ to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple4 ,= ! philosophic ,idea is ! ,idea ( ,god1 & ?\ght has ! absolute "r ( reconciliation1 or ! "r to claim t ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple %\ld correspond ) ?\ght4 ,! ,fa!rs h r5d]$ ! s]vice ( ?us elaborat+ ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ?9k+ k2 b nei!r h we to consid] fur!r ?is developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 s9ce x belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we h only "h to give ! po9t ( view adopt$ reg>d+ ! relation ( ! ,fa!rs to ,philosophy4 ,!y = ! mo/ "p liv$ )9 ! anci5t ,roman _w & 9 ,lat9 culture1 ?\gh ! ,byzant9es likewise are includ$ ) !m4 ,we "k t ! ,fa!rs 7 m5 ( great philosophic culture1 & t !y introduc$ ,philosophy1 & m especially ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 into ! ,*ur*2 9 ?is way !y work$ out a ,*ri/ian sy/em by :i* ! fir/ mode 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 manife/$ 9 ! _w 0 supplem5t$1 = sy/em 0 n pres5t 9 ?is fir/ manife/ation4 ,! ,fa!rs h dealt ) all que/ions respect+ ! nature ( ,god1 ! fre$om ( man1 ! relation%ip to ,god--:o is ! objective--! orig9 ( evil1 & s on2 & :atev] ?\ght decid$ reg>d+ ^! que/ions 0 by !m br\ght into & incorporat$ ) ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,! nature ( _s1 ! way ( salvation1 i4e4 ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! spiritualiz+ ( ! subject1 8 gr[?1 ! process ( _s1 :]eby x is _s1 ! *anges x has und]gone1 !y h likewise treat$ 9 its fre$om1 & recogniz$ its mom5ts 9 ! dep?s to :i* x rea*es4 ,we may ?us describe ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 & likewise rem>k t ?is fir/ philosophic developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple has be5 look$ on z a crime on _! "p1 & x has be5 said t !y h ?us corrupt$ ! purity ( ,*ri/ianity z orig9ally manife/$4 ,we mu/ speak ( ! nature ( ?is corruption4 ,x is well kn[n t ,lu!r 9 8 ,re=mation made 8 aim ! br++ ( ! ,*ur* back to ! purity ( its fir/ e/ate 9 ! e>ly c5turies1 b ?is fir/ condition already %[s ! fabric ( an ext5sive & closely int]wov5 sy/em1 an elaborate tissue ( doctr9es reg>d+ :at ,god is & :at is man's relation to ,him4 ,h5ce at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation no p>ticul> sy/em 0 built up1 b :at 0 orig9ally !re 0 purifi$ f lat] additions2 x is a complicat$ erection1 9 :i* ! mo/ intricate pieces ( workman%ip are to be f\nd4 ,9 mod]n times ?is elaborately wov5 sy/em has be5 entirely pull$ to pieces1 because m5 h wi%$ to br+ ,*ri/ianity back to ! simple l9es ( ! ,^w ( ,god z f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,m5 h likewise giv5 up ! propagation ( ! sy/em1 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity z det]m9$ ?r\gh ! ,idea & by ! ,idea1 & h return$ to ! mann] ( its fir/ appe>ance 7& t1 inde$1 9 eclectic fa%ion1 & hav+ reg>d to :at w fit 9 ) _! own notions71 s t n[ only ! orig9al ,gospel n>rative is reg>d$ z =m+ ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,z reg>ds ! title ( ,philosophy & ! ,fa!rs to br+ ,philosophy into ,*ri/ianity we h ! foll[+ rem>ks to make4 ,mod]n ,!ology on ! "o h& d]ives its =mulas f ! words ( ! ,bible1 :i* are made to =m _! basis1 s t ! :ole bus9ess ( ! individual1 z reg>ds 8 ?\ghts & 8 conceptions1 is m]ely exegetical2 religion mu/ be reta9$ 9 its positive =m1 & ?us x is f some?+ receiv$ & giv51 some?+ mo/ evid5tly ext]nally posit$ & reveal$1 t a beg9n+ mu/ be made4 ,^! words & ?is text are1 h[ev]1 ( a nature su* t !y all[ full latitude to ! w ( ! int]pret]2 h5ce ! o!r side is also pres5t1 or ! application ( ! ,bible say+3 8,! lett] kille?1 b ! _s give? life40 ,?is mu/ be ass5t$ to1 & ! _s means none else ?an ! p[] :i* dwells )9 ^? :o apply !mselves to ! lett] 9 ord] t !y may spiritually appreh5d & animate x4 ,?is signifies t x is ! conceptions :i* we br+ along ) u :i* h 9 ! lett] to give efficacy to !mselves4 ,n[ ^! reflections br\ght along ) u may be grasp$ by ! mo/ ord9>y human und]/&+1 :i* is :at is indicat$ 9 mod]n times :5 we say t dogmas mu/ be popul>4 ,9 t way ! "r to act ^u ! lett] ) ! _s is assum$1 i4e4 ! "r to approa* x ) our individual judgm5t2 b to ! ,fa!rs ?is is =bidd54 ,!y did act ^u x ) ! ,_s2 & x is expressly said t ! ,_s dwells )9 ! ,*ur*1 directs1 tea*es1 & illum9ates x4 ,! ,fa!rs h h5ce a simil> "r to relate !mselves ) ! ,_s to ! positive1 to :at is giv5 by ! s5ses4 ,only x w dep5d absolutely ^u :at ! nature ( ! ,_s is1 = spirits are v diff]5t4 ,! ass]tion t ! _s mu/ give life to ! m]e lett] is c]ta9ly m def9itely /at$ z t _s has only to exp\nd :at is giv51 i4e4 x mu/ leave ! actual s5se ( :at is imm$iately conta9$ 9 ! words4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be f> beh9d 9 culture if we d n see ! fallacy 9 ! attitude "h adopt$4 ,to exp\nd )\t ! individual _s1 z ?\gh ! s5se 7 "o entirely giv51 is impossible4 ,to elucidate signifies to make cle>1 & x mu/ be made cle> to me2 ?is c be done by no?+ except+ :at 0 already pres5t 9 me4 ,x mu/ be 9 con=mity ) my subjective judgm5t1 ! necessities ( my k1 ( my appreh5sion1 ( my he>t1 c42 ?us only is x = me4 ,we f9d :at we look =1 & j because ,i make x cle> to myself1 ,i make my conception1 my ?\ght1 a factor 9 x2 o!rwise x is a dead & ext]nal ?+1 :i* is n pres5t = me at all4 ,x is h5ce v difficult to make cle> to ourselves ^? =eign religions :i* lie f> bel[ our spiritual ne$s2 b yet !y t\* a side ( my spiritual necessities & /&po9ts1 al?\gh x is b a dim & s5su\s side4 ,?us :5 we talk ( 8mak+ cle>10 we conceal ! real matt] 9 a ^w2 b if ?is ^w itself is made cle> we f9d no?+ 9 x b ! fact t ! _s :i* is 9 man desires !re9 to recognize itself1 & t x _c "k any?+ :i* does n re/ 9 him4 ,?us h m5 made ( ! ,bible :at may be call$ a nose ( wax4 ,?is man f9ds ?is ?+1 ! o!r man t2 :at 0 secure n[ %[s itself z insecure1 because x is consid]$ by ! subjective _s4 ,9 ?is reg>d ! nature ( ! text describ+ ! me?od 9 :i* ! fir/ manife/ation ( ,*ri/ianity took place1 mu/ be rem>k$ ^u2 x _c z yet expressly conta9 t :i* re/s 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity1 b only some:at ( an anticipation ( :at _s is & w "k z true4 ,?is also is expressly said 9 ! text itself4 ,*ri/ says3 8,if ,i dep>t1 ,i w s5d ! ,com=t]1 ! ,holy ,gho/4444 ,he w guide y into all tru?10 ,he--& n ,*ri/'s e>?ly pres5ce nor ,8 spok5 words4 ,x 0 only to be aft] ,him1 & aft] ,8 tea*+ ?r\gh ! text1 t ! ,_s 0 to come into ! ,apo/les1 & t !y 7 to become full ( ! ,_s4 ,x might almo/ be said t :5 ,*ri/ianity is c>ri$ back to its fir/ appe>+1 x is br\ght d[n to ! level ( unspirituality1 = ,*ri/ ,himself says t ! ,_s w n come until ,he ,himself has dep>t$4 ,9 ! text ( ! fir/ manife/ation ( ,*ri/ianity we1 on ! o!r h&1 see ,*ri/ only z ! ,messiah1 or "u ! m explicit designation ( a m]e tea*]2 = ,8 fri5ds & apo/les ,he is a pres5t man :om !y c p]ceive by ! s5ses1 & :o does n yet hold to !m ! relation%ip ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,8 fri5ds h se5 ,him1 he>d ,8 doctr9e1 se5 ,8 miracles1 & h !reby be5 br\ght to believe 9 ,him4 ,b ,*ri/ ,himself /]nly rebukes ^? :o dem& miracles ( ,him2 if ,he ?us be made z ,god to man1 ,god 9 ! he>t ( man1 ,he _c h a s5su\s & imm$iate pres5ce4 ,! ,dalai-lama1 9 ! =m ( a s5su\s man1 is ,god to ! inhabitants ( ,?ibet1 b 9 ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 :]e ,god dwells 9 ! he>ts ( m51 ,he _c be pres5t to !m 9 s5su\s =m4 ,! second po9t !n is t ! s5su\s & pres5t =m mu/ disappe>1 s t x may be tak5 into ! ,mnemosyne1 into ! realm ( popul> conception2 !n = ! fir/ "t c ! spiritual consci\sness1 ! spiritual relation1 ent] 94 ,to ! "q ( :i!r ,*ri/ has gone1 ! answ] is giv51 8,he sits on ! "r h& ( ,god10 :i* signifies t x is only n[ t ,god c be kn[n z ?is concrete ,"o1 z ! ,"o :o has ! o!r mom5t1 ,8 ,son 71 71 9 ,himself4 ,?us to "k :at is ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity z tru?1 ! tru? ( ! ,idea ( _s mu/ be kn[n z concrete _s1 & ?is is ! =m peculi> to ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,) ?is ! idea t ! ab/ractly div9e breaks up & has brok5 up )9 itself1 fir/ began to appe>4 ,?is o!r mom5t 9 ! div9e mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be grasp$ 9 ! mode ( an intelligible _w1 or1 z we c]ta9ly h x 9 ! ord9>y conception1 ( a k+dom ( heav5 ) _m angels1 :o are also f9ite1 limit$1 ?us approa*+ clos] to humanity4 ,b x is n suffici5t t ! concrete mom5t %\ld be kn[n 9 ,god1 = ! fur!r k is requisite t ,*ri/ is an actual pres5t man4 ,?is mom5t ( ,*ri/'s actual pres5t humanity is ( imm5se importance to ,*ri/ianity1 because x is ! union ( ! mo/ trem5d\s opposites4 ,?is high] conception c\ld n h be5 pres5t 9 ! text1 9 ! fir/ manife/ation2 ! greatness ( ! ,idea c\ld only come 9 lat] on1 aft] ! ,_s _h p]fect$ ! ,idea4 ,t ! revelation ( ,*ri/ has ?is significance is ! belief ( ,*ri/ians1 :ile ! pr(ane1 imm$iate & direct significance ( ?is hi/ory is t ,*ri/ 0 a m]e prophet & met ! fate ( all ! prophets 9 be+ misund]/ood4 ,b ! fact t x has ! significance giv5 by u is kn[n ?r\gh ! ,_s1 = ! ,_s is reveal$ 9 ?is hi/ory4 ,?is hi/ory is ! ,notion1 ! ,idea ( ,_s itself1 & ! _w-hi/ory has 9 x f\nd its end1 :i* is 9 ?is imm$iate way to "k ! tru?4 ,x is !re=e ! ,_s :i* s compreh5ds t hi/ory1 & at ! "t ( ,p5teco/ ?is is %[n 9 an imm$iate & evid5t mann]4 ,= be=e ?is "t ! ,apo/les did n "k ! inf9ite significance ( ,*ri/2 !y did n yet "k t ?is is ! inf9ite hi/ory ( ,god2 !y _h believ$ 9 ,him1 b n yet z see+ 9 ,him ?is inf9ite tru?4 ,?is is ! tru? :i* ! ,fa!rs develop$2 ! g5]al relation ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to ,philosophy is h]eby giv54 ,on ! "o h&1 ! philosophic ,idea has be5 transplant$ into ?is religion2 on ! o!r1 ?is mom5t 9 ! ,idea--accord+ to :i* ! latt] breaks up )9 itself into wisdom1 ! active ,logos1 ! ,son ( ,god1 c41 b yet 9 s do+ rema9s 9 univ]sality--has be5 br\ght to a culm9ation 9 subjectivity1 & fur!r 9 ! s5su\s imm$iate individuality & pres5t exi/5ce ( a human individual appe>+ 9 "t & space4 ,^! two elem5ts are ess5tially int]m+l$ 9 ?is ,*ri/ian sy/em1 ! ,idea itself1 & secondly ! =m z x pres5ts itself ?r\gh its connection ) a s+le individuality pres5t 9 "t & space4 ,to ! ,fa!rs ?is hi/ory _h ?us ! ,idea z its pr9ciple2 ! true ,idea ( ! ,_s 0 consequ5tly to !m likewise 9 ! det]m9ate =m ( hi/ory4 ,b ! ,idea 0 n yet1 z su*1 sep>at$ f hi/ory2 because ! ,*ur* ?us held to ?is ,idea 9 hi/oric =m1 x det]m9$ ! doctr9es4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! g5]al "* ( ! "t4 ,f ?is ,idea z compreh5d$ ?r\gh ! ,_s1 _m s-call$ h]esies arose 9 ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,among su* h]etics mu/ be includ$ ^? ( ! ,gno/ics :o take ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature z _! basis1 b give a spiritual significance to ev]y?+ !re9 pres5t4 ,= !y did n rema9 at ?is hi/orical =m ( ! ,idea ( ,_s1 s9ce !y int]pret$ ! hi/ory & depriv$ x ( its hi/orical value4 ,! reflections :i* !y introduc$ are1 z we h se5 7,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #cif-cii71 to a great] or less ext5t su* z are to be f\nd 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,alex&rians or ( ,philo4 ,9 con=mity ) _! pr9ciples !y adopt$ a speculative attitude1 b !y proce$$ into extravagances bo? ( ! imag9ation & morality1 al?\gh 9 ?is dim fanta/ic region ! elem5ts :i* we f\nd 9 hi/ory may always be recogniz$4 ,b ! =m ( imm$iate exi/5ce1 an ess5tial mom5t 9 ,*ri/1 is by !m e!realiz$ into a univ]sal ?\ght1 s t ! det]m9ation ( ! individual z a #8?is' disappe>s4 ,! ,docet1 = example1 said t ,*ri/ _h only a phantom body1 a phantom life2 yet 9 su* ass]tions ?\ght /ill con/itut$ ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,gno/ics 7 ?us antagoni/ic to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 &1 l ,plot9us & ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 ?is la/ /rove h>d aga9/ ,gno/icism1 because x rema9$ 9 :at is g5]al1 grasp$ ! conception 9 ! =m ( imag9ation1 & because ?is conception 0 oppos$ to t ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,fle% 7 74#a ,! ,*ur*1 on ! contr>y1 held to ! def9ite =m ( p]sonality z ! pr9ciple ( concrete actuality4 ,f ! ,ea/ o!r =ms ( opposition 9 ! pr9ciples ?an ^? we m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! ,gno/ics h be5 introduc$1 namely1 ,light & ,d>kness1 ,good & ,evil4 ,b m p>ticul>ly has ?is ,p>see opposition em]g$ 9 ,mani*ism1 9 :i* ,god1 z ! ,light opposes ! evil1 non-exi/5t 7 71 ! 1 ! mat]ial1 self-annihilat+4 ,evil is t :i* conta9s contradiction 9 itself3 ! p[]s ( evil 771 giv5 ov] to !mselves & rag+ 9 bl9d enmity aga9/ "o ano!r1 7 met by a gleam f ! ,k+dom ( ,light & !reby attract$1 & ?is light pacifi$ ! p[]s ( evil1 s z to cause !m to cease f /rife & unite toge!r 9 ord] to p5etrate into ! ,k+dom ( ,light4 ,z an inducem5t to make !m s act1 9 ord] to weak5 & mitigate _! bl9d fury ?r\gh a p[] op]at+ irresi/ibly1 & 9 ord] to br+ ab\t _! f9al ov]?r[1 & ! univ]sal supremacy ( light1 ( life1 ( ! s\l1 ! ,fa!r ( ,light deliv]$ ov] "o ( ! p[]s ( good4 ,t is ! _w-s\l 7 72 x 0 swall[$ up by ! mat]ial1 & ?is int]mixture is ! basis ( ! :ole creation4 ,h5ce ! s\l is ev]y:]e dissem9at$1 & 9 ! dead husk x is ev]y:]e work+ & /riv+ 9 man1 ! microcosm1 z 9 ! univ]se1 ! macrocosm1 b ) unequal p[]2 = :]e beauty reveals itself1 ! ,light-pr9ciple1 ! s\l1 obta9s ! ma/]y ov] matt]1 b 9 ! ugly1 ! hateful1 x is subord9ate1 & matt] is ! conqu]or4 ,?is captive s\l ,mani likewise call$ ! ,son ( ,man--t is1 ( ! primitive man1 ! heav5ly man1 ( ,adam ,kadmon4 ,b only a "p ( ! ,light-pr9ciple :i* 0 de/9$ to /rive ) ! ,k+dom ( ,evil is 9 ?is mann] deliv]$ ov]2 be+ too weak1 x incurr$ ! dang] ( be+ vanqui%$1 & _h to deliv] ov] to matt] a "p ( its arm\r1 ?is s\l4 ,! "p ( ! s\l :i* _h n suff]$ ?r\gh su* int]m+l+ ) matt]1 b _h rais$ itself freely to heav51 works f above = ! purification ( ! imprison$ s\ls1 its k9dr$ portions ( light2 & t is ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,man1 9 s f> z he has n suff]$ 771 z di/+ui%$ f ! suff]+ ,son ( ,man1 ! s\l conf9$ )9 ! univ]se4 ,b t deliv]+ s\l rema9s 9 ! second & visible light :i* is /ill di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ & unapproa*able1 hav+ its seat !re1 & by means ( sun & moon ex]cis+ influ5ce 9 ! purification ( nature4 ,to ,mani ! :ole c\rse ( ! physical z ( ! spiritual _w appe>s z a process ( purification by means ( ?is s\l4 ,! captive pr9ciple ( ,light requir$ to be rais$ f ! cycle ( metempsy*osis to an imm$iate re-union ) ! ,k+dom ( ,light4 ,h5ce ! pure heav5ly s\l came d[n to e>? & appe>$ 9 ! semblance ( human =m 9 ord] to rea* to ! suff]+ s\l 7to ! ( ,ari/otle87 a help+ h&4 ,! ,mani*ans also express !mselves to ! effect t ,god1 ! ,good1 goes =?1 illum9es1 & ?us produces an intelligible _w4 ,:at comes ?ird is ,_s z turn+ r\nd1 e/abli%+ ! unity ( ! second & fir/1 & exp]i5c+ feel+1 & ?is feel+ is ,love4 ,?is h]esy fully recognizes ! ,idea1 b does away ) ! =m ( individual exi/5ce 9 :i* ! ,idea is pres5t$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ is consequ5tly tak5 z m]ely a semblance1 z allegorical only1 simply an image4 ,t m]ely phantom crucifixion ( ! non-suff]+ ,jesus1 ! fell[-suff]+1 only imag9>y c]ta9ly1 ( ! s\l unm+l$ ) matt]1 %[s =? ! actual suff]+ ( ! captive s\l4 ,?us z ! =ces ( ,d>kness c\ld ex]cise no p[] ov] ,*ri/1 !y mu/ also %[ !mselves p[]less ov] ! s\l alli$ !reto4 ,) ! ,mani*ans orig9ates ! conception ( a ,jesus :o is crucifi$ 9 all ! _w & 9 ! s\l2 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ ?us my/ically signifies only ! w\nds ( our suff]+ s\ls4 ,?r\gh vegetation ! p>ticles ( light 7 held fa/1 & ?us held fa/ !y 7 br\ght =? z plants4 ,! e>? becom+ fruitful br+s =? ! suff]+ 7patibilis7 ,jesus1 :o is ! life & salvation ( m5 & is crucifi$ on e tree4 ,! :i* appe>$ 9 ,jesus signifies all ?+s4#b ,! ,*ur* has likewise made a pr9cipal po9t ( ass]t+ ! unity ( ! div9e & human nature4 ,b because ?is unity 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion atta9$ to conceiv+ consci\sness1 human nature 0 9 its actuality tak5 z #8?is1' & n m]ely 9 an allegorical or philosophic s5se4 ,n[ if1 on ! "o h&1 ! ess5tial matt] ) ! or?odox ,fa!rs :o oppos$ !mselves to ^! ,gno/ic speculations1 is ! fact t !y held firmly to ! def9ite =m ( an objectively conceiv$ ,*ri/1 on ! o!r h& !y attack$ ! ,arians & all t p]ta9 to !m2 = ^! recognize ! individual z manife/$1 b d n place ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 9 connection ) ! sep>ation1 ) ! break+ up ( ! div9e ,idea4 ,!y took ,*ri/ to be a man1 accord$ to ,him inde$ a high] nature1 n1 h[ev]1 mak+ ,him a mom5t ( ,god1 ( ,_s itself4 ,! ,arians did n inde$ g s f> z ! ,soc9ians1 :o accept$ ,*ri/ m]ely z a man ( noble nature1 a tea*]1 & s on2 ?is sect h5ce did n =m "p ( ! ,*ur* at all1 be+ simply hea!n4 ,b /ill ! ,arians1 s9ce !y did n recognize ,god 9 ,*ri/1 did away ) ! idea ( ! ,tr9ity1 & consequ5tly ) ! pr9ciple ( all speculative philosophy4 ,! accord+ to ,him ( a high] nature is likewise a holl[ mock]y :i* _c satisfy u2 z aga9/ ?is ! ,fa!rs accord+ly ass]t$ ! unity ( ! div9e & human nature1 :i* has come to consci\sness 9 ! individual memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?is is a po9t ( fundam5tal importance4 ,! ,pelagians aga91 d5i$ orig9al s91 & ma9ta9$ t man has by nature suffici5t virtue & religion4 ,b man %\ld n be :at he is by nature2 he %\ld be spiritual4 ,& ?us ?is doctr9e is likewise exclud$ z h]etical4 ,!re=e ! ,*ur* 0 rul$ by ,_s1 to enable x to hold to ! det]m9ations ( ! ,idea1 ?\gh always 9 ! hi/oric =m4 ,?is is ! philosophy ( ! ,fa!rs2 !y produc$ ! ,*ur*1 z ! develop$ ,_s requir$ a develop$ doctr9e1 & no?+ is s out ( place z ! endeav\r or desire ( "s m5 ( ! pres5t day to lead ! ,*ur* back to h] orig9al =m4 ,:at foll[s ?irdly is t ! ,idea p]meates reality1 is imman5t !re91 t n only is !re a multitude ( believ+ he>ts1 b t f ! he>t1 j z ! natural law rules ov] a s5su\s _w1 a high] life ( ! _w1 a k+dom1 is con/itut$--! reconciliation ( ,god ) ,himself is accompli%$ 9 ! _w1 & n z a heav5ly k+dom t is beyond4 ,?is community is ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>? 9 ! ,*ur*2 8,:]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 my "n10 says ,*ri/1 8!re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m40 ,! ,idea is only = _s1 = subjective consci\sness1 9 s f> z x realizes itself 9 actuality1 & ?us x n only has to br+ itself to p]fection 9 ! he>t1 b has to p]fect itself also into a k+dom ( actual consci\sness4 ,! ,idea :i* man1 self-consci\sness1 %\ld recognize1 mu/ become altoge!r objective to him1 s t he may truly appreh5d himself z _s & ! ,_s1 & !n t he may be spiritual 9 a spiritual1 & n 9 an emotional way4 ,! fir/ objectification is f\nd 9 ! fir/ imm$iate consci\sness ( ! ,idea1 :]e x appe>$ z an individual object1 z ! individual exi/5ce ( a man4 ,! second objectivity is ! spiritual wor%ip & communion ext5d$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,we might imag9e a univ]sal community ( ,love1 a _w ( piety & hol9ess1 a _w ( bro!rly k9dness1 ( innoc5t little lambs & pretty trifl+s ) ?+s spiritual1 a div9e republic1 a heav5 ^u e>?4 ,b ?is is n suppos$ to come to pass on e>?2 t imag9ation is relegat$ to heav51 i4e4 to "s o!r place1 t is to say1 x is put (f until dea?4 ,ea* liv+ actuality directs 8 feel+s1 actions1 & affairs 9 a v diff]5t way f ?is4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity x is fir/ ( all said3 8,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w20 b ! realization has & ought to be 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,9 o!r words ! laws1 cu/oms1 con/itutions1 & all t belongs to ! actuality ( spiritual consci\sness %\ld be rational4 ,! k+dom ( rational actuality is q a diff]5t "o1 & mu/ be organiz$ & develop$ ?9k+ly & ) und]/&+2 ! mom5t ( ! self-consci\s fre$om ( ! individual mu/ ma9ta9 its rights aga9/ objective tru? & objective comm&4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! true & actual objectivity ( m9d 9 ! =m ( an actual temporal exi/5ce z /ate1 j z ,philosophy is ! objectivity ( ?\ght :i* comes to u 9 ! =m ( univ]sality4 ,su* objectivity _c be 9 ! beg9n+1 b mu/ come =? aft] be+ work$ ^u by m9d & ?\ght4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ^! absolute claims ( ! intellectual _w & ( _s _h become ! univ]sal consci\sness4 ,*ri/ianity proce$$ f ,judaism1 f self-consci\s abjectness & depression4 ,?is feel+ ( no?+ness has f ! beg9n+ *>act]iz$ ! ,jews2 a s5se ( desolation1 an abjectness :]e no reason 01 has possession ( _! life & consci\sness4 ,?is s+le po9t has lat] on1 & 9 its prop] "t1 become a matt] ( univ]sal hi/ory1 & into ?is elem5t ( ! nullity ( actuality ! :ole _w has rais$ itself1 pass+ out ( ?is pr9ciple inde$1 b also into ! k+dom ( ,?\ght1 because t no?+ness has trans=m$ itself into :at is positively reconcil$4 ,?is is a second creation :i* came to pass aft] ! fir/2 9 x ,m9d became aw>e ( itself z ,i ,i1 t is1 z self-consci\sness4 ,?is second creation has fir/ ( all appe>$ 9 self-consci\sness equally directly 9 ! =m ( a s5su\s _w1 9 ! =m ( a s5su\s consci\sness4 ,z mu* ( ! ,notion z has ent]$ 9 0 adopt$ by ! ,fa!rs f ! philosoph]s already m5tion$2 _! ,tr9ity1 9 s f> z a rational ?\ght1 & n a m]e ord9>y conception1 comes f ^!1 & c]ta9 o!r ideas also4 ,b :at ma9ly di/+ui%es !m is ! fact t = ! ,*ri/ian ?is intelligible _w _h likewise ?is imm$iate s5su\s tru? ( an ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts--a =m :i* x mu/ h & reta9 = ! majority ( m54 #c4 ,?is new _w has !re=e1 h[ev]1 to be adopt$ by a new race ( m51 by ,b>b>ians2 = x is *>act]i/ic ( b>b>ians to appreh5d ! spiritual 9 a s5su\s way4 ,& x mu/ be by nor!rn b>b>ians1 = x is ! nor!rn self-conta9$ness alone t is ! imm$iate pr9ciple ( ?is new _w-consci\sness4 ,) ?is self-consci\sness ( ! intelligible _w z a _w imm$iately actual1 m9d1 hav+ reg>d to :at x has 9 itself become1 is high] ?an be=e1 b1 on ! o!r side1 9 respect ( its consci\sness x is ?r[n q back to ! beg9n+ ( culture1 & ?is consci\sness _h to comm5ce f ! beg9n+ aga94 ,:at x _h to ov]come 0 on ! "o h& ?is s5su\s imm$iacy ( its intelligible _w1 & secondly ! oppos$ s5su\s imm$iacy ( actuality1 by its consci\sness held z null4 ,x excludes ! sun1 replaces x ) tap]s1 is furni%$ ) images m]ely2 x is 9 itself alone1 & inw>d1 n reconcil$ = consci\sness--to self-consci\sness a s9ful1 wick$ _w is pres5t4 ,= ! intelligible _w ( ,philosophy _h n yet complet$ 9 itself ! task ( mak+ itself ! actual _w--( recogniz+ ! intelligible 9 ! actual1 z well z ! actual 9 ! intelligible4 ,x is "o ?+ to h ! ,idea ( ,philosophy1 to recognize absolute ess5ce z absolute ess5ce1 & q ano!r ?+ to recognize x z ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 ( nature1 & ( individual self-consci\sness1 z ! :ole developm5t ( its reality4 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s _h f\nd t pr9ciple ( realization--namely1 ?is real sub/ance :i* aga9 places itself 9 q oppos$1 ?\gh 9 !mselves real det]m9ations--b hav+ got s f> !y did n f9d ! =m1 ! pr9ciple ( self-consci\sness4 ,on ! ,teutonic nations ! _w-_s impos$ ! task ( develop+ an embryo into ! =m ( ! ?9k+ man4 ,:at comes fir/ is ! m9d z appreh5d$1 & to t is oppos$ ! subjectivity ( w :i* has n be5 tak5 up into m9d2 ! k+dom ( tru? & t ( ! _w are b\nd toge!r & at ! same "t evid5tly divid$4 ,an intelligible _w has ?us 9 ! conception ( m5 e/abli%$ itself 9 ! mode ( ?is same actuality1 l a f>-away l& t is j z really conceiv$ ( by u1 peopl$ & inhabit$1 z ! _w we see1 b :i* is hidd5 f u z ?\gh by a m\nta94 ,x is n ! ,greek or any o!r _w ( gods & ( my?ology--a simple1 undivid$ fai?2 = !re is likewise pres5t 9 x ! highe/ negativity1 t is1 ! contradiction betwe5 actuality & t o!r _w4 ,?is intellectual _w expresses ! nature ( real absolute exi/5ce4 ,x is on x t ,philosophy tries its p[]s1 & on x t ?\ght also moils & toils4 ,we h 9 g5]al outl9e to deal ) ^! n v pleas+ manife/ations4 ,our fir/ view ( ,philosophy1 z reveal$ 9 ,*ri/ianity 7pp4 #aj-ba7 is t ( a dim grop+ :i* is c>ri$ on )9 ! dep?s ( ! ,idea--z be+ ! =ms assum$ by ! same1 :i* con/itute its mom5ts2 we see a h>d /ruggle made by reason1 :i* _c =ce its way out ( ! imag9ation & popul> conceptions to ! ,notion4 ,!re is no v5ture too ra% = ! imag9ation to und]take1 because1 impell$ by reason1 x _c satisfy itself ) beautiful images1 b has to pass beyond !m4 ,!re is likewise no extravagance ( reason into :i* x does n fall1 because x _c obta9 ! ma/]y ( ! image1 b )9 ?is elem5t is m]ely 9 ! act ( w>f>e ) x4 ,lat] on ?an ?is ,we/]n self-imm]sion1 !re arose 9 ! ,ea/ expansion1 negation ( all t is concrete1 ab/raction f all det]m9ations2 ?is pure contemplation or pure ?\ght pres5t 9 ,mohamm$anism corresponds to ! ,*ri/ian desc5t into self4 ,)9 ,*ri/ianity itself1 h[ev]1 ! intellectual _w is set 9 opposition to t fir/ ,cabali/ic pr9ciple2 9 x pure conceptions rule :i* con/itute ! ideas pres5t 9 ?\ght1 & ) ?is we ent] ^u ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,philosophy1 l ! arts & sci5ces1 :51 ?r\gh ! rule ( ! ,b>b>ians ( ,g]many1 !y became dumb & lifeless1 took refuge ) ! ,arabians1 & !re atta9$ a wond]ful developm5t2 !y 7 ! fir/ s\rces f :i* ! ,we/ obta9$ assi/ance4 ,?r\gh ! presupposition ( ! imm$iately pres5t & accept$ tru?1 ?\ght _h lo/ its fre$om & ! tru? its pres5ce 9 conceiv+ consci\sness2 & philosophy sank into a metaphysics ( ! und]/&+ & into a =mal dialectic4 ,we h ?us 9 ?is p]iod fir/ ( all to consid] philosophy 9 ! ,ea/1 & secondly 9 ! ,we/2 t is1 ! philosophy ( ! ,arabians fir/1 & subsequ5tly ! philosophy ( ! ,s*ools4 ,! ,s*oolm5 are ! pr9cipal figures 9 ?is p]iod2 !y repres5t ,european philosophy 9 ! ,european ,middle ,ages4 ,! ?ird /age is ! dissolution ( :at is upheld 9 ! s*ola/ic philosophy2 new meteor-l app>itions are n[ se51 :i* prec$e ! ?ird p]iod1 ! g5u9e revival ( free ,philosophy4 ,,section ,,"o ,,arabian ,,philosophy ,9 ! ,we/ ! ,g]manic tribes _h obta9$ possession ( :at _h hi!rto =m$ a section ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & _! conque/s 7 atta9+ to %ape & solidity1 :5 ano!r religion dawn$ 9 ! ,ea/1 namely ! ,mohamm$an4 ,! ,ea/ purifi$ itself ( all t 0 individual & def9ite1 :ile ! ,we/ desc5d$ into ! dep?s & actual pres5ce ( _s4 ,z quickly z ! ,arabians ) _! fanaticism spread !mselves ov] ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n _w1 s quickly 7 ! v>i\s /ages ( culture pass$ ?r\gh by !m1 & v %ortly !y advanc$ 9 culture mu* f>!r ?an ! ,we/4 ,= 9 ,mohamm$anism1 :i* quickly rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t1 bo? z reg>ds ext]nal p[] & dom9ion & also spiritual developm5t1 ,philosophy1 along ) all ! o!r arts & sci5ces1 fl\ri%$ to an extraord9>y degree1 9 spite ( its "h n display+ any specially *>act]i/ic features4 ,philosophy 0 fo/]$ & *]i%$ among ! ,arabians2 ! philosophy ( ! ,arabians mu/ !re=e be m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,:at we h to say1 h[ev]1 *iefly conc]ns ! ext]nal pres]vation & propagation ( ,philosophy4 ,! ,arabians became acqua9t$ ) ,greek philosophy ma9ly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,syrians 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 :o _h imbib$ ,greek culture1 & :o 7 "u ! ,arabian sway4 ,9 ,syria1 :i* =m$ a ,greek k+dom1 at ,antio*1 especially 9 ,b]ytus & ,edessa1 !re 7 great in/itutes ( le>n+2 & ?us ! ,syrians con/itut$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,greek philosophy & ! ,arabians4 ,syrian 0 ! language ( ! p ev5 9 ,bagdad4#c ,moses ,maimonides1 a le>n$ ,jew1 gives fur!r hi/orical p>ticul>s 9 8 ,doctor ,p]plexorum ( ?is transition ( ,philosophy to ! ,arabians4 ,he says3 8,all t ! ,i%maelites h writt5 ( ! unity ( ,god & o!r philosophic dogmas0--especially ! sect ( ! ,muatzali 71 i4e4 ! ,sep>at$71 :o 7 ! fir/ to take an int]e/ 9 ! ab/ract intellectual k ( su* subjects1 :ile ! sect ,ass>ia 77 arose lat]--8is bas$ ^u argum5ts & propositions :i* h be5 tak5 f ! books ( ! ,greeks & ,aramans0 7,syrians71 8:o /rove to refute & d5y ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s40 ,! cause ( ?is is z foll[s3 ,! ,*ri/ian community came to include )9 x ^! nations also1 & ! ,*ri/ians def5d$ _m dogmas :i* 7 contradictory ( philosophic t5ets2 among ^! nations1 h[ev]1 ! tea*+s ( philosoph]s 7 v widely & g5]ally diffus$ 7= ) !m ,philosophy _h its orig971 & k+s arose :o adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,greeks & le>n$ ,aramans1 !re=e1 :5 !y p]ceiv$ t _! doctr9es 7 s cle>ly & pla9ly refut$ by ! philosoph]s1 ?\ght out a wisdom ( _! own1 ! 8,wisdom ( ! ,words0 7,dev>im71 & !y !mselves receiv$ on t acc\nt ! "n ( ! ,speak]s 7,m$abb]im1 74 ,!y set up pr9ciples :i* s]v$ ! purpose bo? ( confirm+ _! fai? & ( refut+ ! opposite tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s4 ,:5 ! ,i%maelites foll[$ & atta9$ supremacy1 & ! books ( ! philosoph]s !mselves fell into _! h&s1 & along ) !m ! answ]s :i* 8,*ri/ian ,greeks & ,aramans _h writt5 aga9/ ! philosophic books1 z = in/ance ! writ+s ( ,johannes ,grammaticus1 ,ab5 ,adi1 & o!rs1 !y eag]ly laid hold ( ^! & adopt$ !m bodily40#d ,*ri/ians & ,i%maelites felt ! same ne$ ( philosophy2 ! ,i%maelites1 moreov]1 /rove all ! m eag]ly aft] k ( ?is k9d1 because _! fir/ desire 0 to def5d ,mohamm$anism aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 ! religion ( a l>ge proportion ( ! nations !y _h conqu]$4 ,! ext]nal sequ5ce ( ev5ts is ?is4 ,syriac v]sions ( ,greek works 7 to be _h1 & ^! 7 n[ translat$ into ,arabic by ! ,arabians2 or translations 7 made f ! ,greek directly into ,arabic4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h>un al-,ras*id sev]al ,syrians are nam$ :o liv$ 9 ,bagdad1 & :o _h be5 call$ ^u by ! ,caliphs to translate ^! works into ,arabic4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ sci5tific tea*]s among ! ,arabians1 & 7 *iefly physicians2 h5ce ! works !y translat$ 7 on m$ic9e4 ,among ^! translators 0 ,johannes ,mesue ( ,damascus1 :o liv$ 9 ! reigns ( ,al-,ras*id 7d4 ,a4,d4 #ghf71 ,al-,mamun 7d4 ,a4,d4 #hcc7 & ,al-,motawakkil 7d4 ,a4,d4 #hdg71 r e>li] ?an ! rise ( ! ,turks to supremacy 7,a4,d4 #hfb72 he 0 a hospital sup]9t5d5t 9 ,bagdad4 ,al-,ras*id appo9t$ him to make translations f ,syriac into ,arabic2 he op5$ a public s*ool = ! /udy ( m$ic9e & all ! sci5ces !n kn[n4 ,hona9 0 a ,*ri/ian1 z 0 also 8 ma/] ,johannes1 & belong$ to ! ,arab tribe ,ebadi2 he appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ,greek1 & made a numb] ( translations into ,arabic1 & also into ,syriac1 = example1 ,nicolaus ,de summa philosophi ,ari/otelic1 ,ptolemy1 ,hippocrate & ,gal54 ,ano!r is ,ebn ,adda1 an em95t dialectician1 :o is quot$ by ,abulf>aj4#e ,among ! works ( ! ,greek philosoph]s x 0 almo/ exclusively ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle :i* 7 translat$ by ^! ,syrians1 & ! lat] comm5t>ies on ! same4 ,x 0 ?us n ! ,arabians !mselves :o translat$ ! above works4 ,9 ! ,arabic philosophy1 :i* %[s a free1 brilliant & pr(\nd p[] ( imag9ation1 ,philosophy & ! sci5ces took ! same b5t t !y _h tak5 e>li] among ! ,greeks4 ,plato ) 8 ,ideas or univ]sals laid ! f\ndation ( ! indep5d5t _w ( intellect1 & e/abli%$ absolute exi/5ce z an exi/5ce :i* is manife/ly pres5t 9 ! mode ( ?\ght2 ,ari/otle develop$1 complet$ & peopl$ ! realm ( ?\ght2 ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy rea*$ ! fur!r conception ( ! intelligible _w z ,idea ( ! exi/5ce :i* is indep5d5t 9 itself1 ( _s2 & !n ?is fir/ ,idea1 :i* we h already met ) 9 connection ) ,proclus1 pass$ ov] into a simil> ,ari/otelian developm5t & completion4 ,consequ5tly x is ! ,alex&rian or ,neo-,platonic ,idea :i* =ms ! ess5tial pr9ciple or basis ( ! ,arabian z well z ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 & all t ,*ri/ian philosophy (f]s2 x is on x t ! det]m9ations ( ! ,notion exp5d _! /r5g?1 & ar\nd ?is t !y c>e]4 ,a p>ticul> description ( ,arabian philosophy has 9 "s p>ts b little int]e/2 9 o!r p>ts x w be f\nd t ! ma9 dogmas ( ?is philosophy h mu* 9 common ) ^? ( ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,we may say ( ! ,arabians t _! philosophy con/itutes no *>act]i/ic /age 9 ! developm5t ( philosophy4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ?is1 z 9 ! lat] philosophy1 7 ! "q :e!r ! _w is et]nal1 & ! task ( prov+ ! unity ( ,god & simil> dogmas4 ,"o great consid]ation 9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 0 to def5d ! doctr9es ( ,mohamm$anism1 & ow+ to ?is all philosophiz+ _h to be c>ri$ on )9 ! limits ( ^! doctr9es4 ,! ,arabians1 l ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,we/1 7 re/rict$ by ! dogmas ( _! ,*ur* 7if "o may call x s71 few ?\gh ^! dogmas 72 yet ?is la/ circum/ance ( ! small numb] ( ! dogmas c]ta9ly gave !m great] lib]ty4 ,b accord+ to all t we "k ( !m1 !y e/abli%$ no pr9ciple ( self-consci\s reason t 0 truly high]1 & ?us !y br\ght ,philosophy no fur!r4 ,!y h no o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( revelation1 !re=e only a pr9ciple t is ext]nal4 ,a4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,m$abb]im4 ,! ,m$abb]im are specially m5tion$ by ,moses ,maimonides z a widely ext5d$ philosophic s*ool or sect ( consid]able em95ce4 ,he speaks 7,m ,nevo*im1 ,p4 ,i4 c4 #ga1 pp4 #acd1 #ace7 ( ! peculi>ity ( _! me?od ( philosophy some:at z foll[s3 8,! ,i%maelites1 h[ev]1 h ext5d$ _! disc\rses /ill fur!r1 & h aspir$ to o!r wond]ful doctr9es1 ( :i* none ( ! ,greek ,m$abb]im knew any?+1 because !y 7 /ill on "s po9ts 9 agreem5t ) ! philosoph]s4 ,! ma9 po9t to be rem>k$ is t all ! ,m$abb]im1 :e!r among ! ,greeks :o _h become ,*ri/ians1 or among ! ,i%maelites1 9 ! build+ up ( _! pr9ciples did n foll[ ! nature ( ! matt] itself1 or draw _! argum5ts f x1 b only _h 9 view h[ ! subject mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ord] to support _! ass]tion1 or at lea/ n to refute x altoge!r3 aft]w>ds !y boldly ass]t$ t ^! 7 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & adduc$ fur!r argum5ts & maxims 9 support ( _! object4 ,!y insi/$ on t1 & t alone1 :i* concurr$ ) _! op9ions1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 9 ! mo/ remote degree1 ?r\gh a hundr$ l9ks ( reason+4 ,! e>lie/ ( _! le>n$ m5 adopt$ ?is practice1 ?\gh pr(ess+ t !y rea*$ ^! reflections ?r\gh speculation alone1 )\t ref]5ce to any preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,_! successors did n foll[ _! example10 c4 ,9 ! pure philosophy ( ! s-call$ 8,speak]s0 0 express$ ! pr9ciple1 peculi> to ! ,ori5tal m9d1 ( ! dissolution ( def9ite ?\ght 9 all its consequ5ces z ! dissolution ( all connection & relation4 ,maimonides says 7,p4 ,i4 c4 #ga1 p4 #ace2 c4 #gc1 p4 #adi73 8,! gr\nd-pr9ciple ( ! ,m$abb]im is t m5 c h no c]ta9 k ( ! nature ( ?+s1 because 9 ! und]/&+ ! contr>y may ev] exi/ & be ?\ght4 ,besides ?is !y 9 ! majority ( in/ances conf\nd imag9ation ) und]/&+1 & give to ! =m] ! "n ( ! latt]4 ,!y adopt$ z a pr9ciple1 atoms & empty space10 :]e all connection appe>s z some?+ cont+5t4 8,production is no?+ b a connection ( atoms1 & decay no?+ b a sep>ation ( ! same2 & "t consi/s ( _m #8n[s4'0 ,9 ?is way no?+ b ! atom really exi/s4 ,!y h ?us 9 ! m advanc$ cultivation ( ?\ght br\ght to consci\sness ! ma9 /&po9t1 !n z n[ ! /&po9t ( ! ,ori5tals--t ( sub/ance1 ! "o sub/ance4 ,?is pan!ism1 or ,sp9ozism1 if y l to call x s1 is ?us ! univ]sal view ( ,ori5tal poets1 hi/orians & philosoph]s4 ,! ,m$abb]im g on to say3 8,sub/ances1 i4e4 individuals1 :i*10 = ! re/1 8are creat$ by ,god1 h _m accid5tal qualities1 z 9 sn[ e p>ticle is :ite4 ,b no quality c endure = two mom5ts2 z x comes1 x goes aga91 & ,god creates ano!r & yet ano!r 9 its place40 ,all det]m9ations are ?us fleet+ or p]i%able2 ! individual alone is p]man5t4 8,if x pleases ,god to create ano!r quality 9 a sub/ance1 x cont9ues2 b if ,he ceases to create1 ! sub/ance p]i%es40 ,!reby all necess>y connection is done away )1 s t ,nature has no mean+4 8,!y !re=e d5y t any?+ exi/s by nature1 likewise t ! nature ( ?is or t body necessitates t x %\ld h c]ta9 qualities r ?an o!rs4 ,b !y say t ,god creates all qualities in/antane\sly1 )\t natural means & )\t ! help ( any?+ else40 ,g5]al p]man5ce is sub/ance1 & ! p>ticul> is alt]$ e mom5t1 & s exi/s ?r\gh ! sub/ance4 8,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple !y say1 = in/ance1 t :5 we ?9k we h dy$ a g>m5t r$ ) r$ dye we h n dy$ x r$ at all2 = ,god creat$ ! r$ col\r 9 ! g>m5t at ! v mom5t at :i* we ?\ght we _h br\ght ab\t ! result ) ! r$ dye4 ,god obs]ves ! inv>iable cu/om ( n p]mitt+ t ! col\r black %\ld be produc$ except :5 ! g>m5t is dy$ ) t hue2 & ! fir/ col\r :i* comes to pass on ! occasion ( ! connection is n p]man5t1 b disappe>s on ! in/ant1 & e mom5t ano!r appe>s :i* is creat$ 9 its turn4 ,9 ! same way k also is an accid5t1 :i* is creat$ by ,god at e mom5t t ,i "k any?+2 to-day we no long] possess ! k :i* we ye/]day possess$4 ,a man10 :5 writ+1 8does n move ! p5 :5 he ?9ks he moves x1 b ! motion is an accid5t ( ! p51 creat$ by ,god at ! mom5t40 ,9 ?is way ,god alone is 9 tru? ! op]ative cause2 b ,he might h made ev]y?+ diff]5tly4 8,_! eigh? proposition is to ! effect t no?+ b sub/ance or accid5t exi/s1 & natural =ms are !mselves accid5ts2 sub/ances alone are individuals4 ,! n9? proposition is t accid5ts h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r2 !y h no causal connection or o!r relation2 9 e sub/ance all accid5ts may exi/4 ,! t5? proposition is transition 71 transitus1 possibilitas730 8,all t we c fancy may also pass ov] into ! und]/&+1 i4e4 be possible4 ,b 9 ?is way ev]y?+ is possible10 s9ce !re are no laws ( ! und]/&+2 ?is transition ( ?\ght is ?us p]fectly accid5tal4 8,a man z l>ge z a m\nta91 a flea z l>ge z an elephant1 are possible4 ,ev]y?+ may j z well be some?+ else z :at x is1 & !re is no reason at all :y any?+ %\ld be "o way r ?an ano!r4 ,!y t]m x a m]e habit t ! e>? revolves r\nd a c5tre-po9t1 t fire moves upw>d & t x is hot2 x is j z possible1 !y say1 t fire %\ld be cold40#f ,we ?us see an utt] incon/ancy ( ev]y?+2 & ?is :irl ( all ?+s is ess5tially ,ori5tal4 ,b at ! same "t ?is is c]ta9ly also a complete dissolution ( all t p]ta9s to reasonabl5ess1 9 h>mony ( c\rse ) ,ea/]n exaltation ( _s1 :i* all[s ( no?+ def9ite4 ,god is 9 ,himself ! p]fectly undef9$1 ,8 activity is altoge!r ab/ract1 & h5ce ! p>ticul>s produc$ !reby are p]fectly cont+5t2 if we speak ( ! necessity ( ?+s1 ! t]m is mean+less & incompreh5sible1 & no attempt %\ld be made to compreh5d x4 ,! activity ( ,god is ?us repres5t$ z p]fectly devoid ( reason4 ,?is ab/ract negativity1 comb9$ ) ! p]man5t unity1 is ?us a fundam5tal conception 9 ! ,ori5tal way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,ori5tal poets are 9 a m>k$ degree pan!i/s2 ! pan!i/ic is _! ord9>y po9t ( view4 ,?us ! ,arabians develop$ ! sci5ces & philosophy1 )\t fur!r def9+ ! concrete ,idea2 _! "w is r ! dissolution ( all t is def9ite 9 ?is sub/ance1 ) :i* is associat$ m]e *angeabl5ess z ! ab/ract mom5t ( negativity4 ,b4 ,,comm5tators ,,( ,,ari/otle4 ,! ,arabians1 moreov]1 made a po9t = ! mo/ "p ( /udy+ ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle v dilig5tly1 & ( avail+ !mselves m especially bo? ( 8 metaphysical & logical writ+s1 & also ( 8 ,physics2 !y occupi$ !mselves p>ticul>ly ) multiply+ comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle1 & develop+ /ill fur!r ! ab/ract logical elem5t !re pres5t4 ,_m ( ^! comm5t>ies are /ill extant4 ,works ( ?is k9d are kn[n 9 ! ,we/1 & h be5 ev5 translat$ into ,lat9 & pr9t$2 b mu* good is n to be got f !m4 ,! ,arabians develop$ ! metaphysics ( ! und]/&+ & a =mal logic4 ,"s ( ! fam\s ,arabians liv$ z e>ly z ! eigh? & n9? c5turies2 _! progress 0 !re=e v rapid1 = ! ,we/ _h z yet made v little advance 9 culture4 ,alk5di1 :o wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,logic1 fl\ri%$ 9 & ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjj1 "u ,almamun4#g ,alf>abi di$ 9 #iff2 he wrote comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle's ,organon1 :i* 7 made dilig5t use ( by ! ,s*ola/ics1 & 0 also au?or ( a "w 8,on ! ,orig9 & ,division ( ! ,sci5ces40 ,x is relat$ ( him t he read ?r\gh ,ari/otle's treatise ,on ,he>+ =ty times1 & 8 ,rhetoric two hundr$ times1 )\t gett+ at all tir$ ( !m2#h he mu/ h _h a good /oma*4 ,! v physicians made a /udy ( philosophy1 & =mulat$ !ories2 among !m 0 ,avic5na 7b4 ,a4,d4 #ihd1 d4 ,a4,d4 #ajfd71 :o belong$ to ,bokh>a1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea2 he wrote a comm5t>y on ,ari/otle4#i ,algazel 7d4 ,a4,d4 #aabg at ,bagdad7 wrote comp5diums ( logic & metaphysics2 he 0 a sceptic ( great ability1 ) a p[]ful m9d ( ! ,ori5tal ca/2 he held ! words ( ! ,prophet to be pure tru?1 & wrote ,de/ructio ,philosophorum4#aj ,t(ail di$ 9 ,seville 9 ,a4,d4 #aaic4aa ,av]ros1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #abag1 0 specially di/+ui%$ z ! comm5tator ( ,ari/otle4#ab ,! acqua9tance ( ! ,arabians ) ,ari/otle has ?is int]e/ 9 hi/ory t x 0 ?us t ,ari/otle fir/ became kn[n also 9 ! ,we/4 ,! comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle & ! collections ( passages f 8 writ+s become ?us = ! ,we/]n _w a f\nta9 ( philosophy4 ,we/]n nations long knew no?+ ( ,ari/otle1 except+ ?r\gh su* retranslations ( 8 works & translations ( ,arabian comm5t>ies on !m4 ,= su* translations 7 made f ,arabic into ,lat9 by ,spani% ,arabs1 & especially by ,jews 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 & ,portugal & 9 ,africa2 !re 0 (t5 ev5 a ,hebrew translation betwe54 ,c4 ,,jewi% ,,philosoph]s4 ,) ! ,arabians are closely connect$ ! ,jewi% philosoph]s1 among :om ! above-m5tion$ ,moses ,maimonides held a di/+ui%$ place4 ,he 0 born at ,cordova1 9 ,spa91 ,a4,d4 #aaca 7,anno ,mundi #dhia1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 #dhie71 & liv$ 9 ,egypt4#ac ,besides ,m ,nevo*im1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,lat91 he compos$ o!r works2 ( him & o!r ,jews mu* m ( a lit]>y "* might be said4 ,9 _! philosophy a /rong ,cabali/ic elem5t1 on ! "o h&1 makes itself felt ?r\gh\t1 9 a/rology1 geomancy1 c42 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d 9 ,moses ,maimonides1 z 9 ! ,fa!rs1 t ! f\ndation is laid 9 hi/ory4 ,he deals ) ?is 9 a /rictly ab/ract sy/em ( metaphysics1 :i* is connect$1 9 ,philo's fa%ion1 ) ! ,mosaic books & _! int]pretation4 ,we f9d 9 ^! ,jewi% philosoph]s pro(s br\ght =w>d t ,god is ,"o1 t ! _w 0 creat$1 & t matt] is n et]nal2 ,maimonides also speaks ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,! unity ( ,god is dealt ) z x 0 among ! anci5t ,eleatics & ! ,neo-,platoni/s2 to prove1 namely1 t n ! ,_m1 b ! self-begett+ & self-abrogat+ ,"o is ! tru?4#ad ,,section ,,two ,,! ,,s*ola/ic ,,philosophy ,all ! ,philosophy :i* we fir/ enc\nt] 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 indep5d5t /ates beg9 to rise1 consi/s ( b>e remnants ( ! ,roman _w1 :i* on its ,fall _h sunk 9 all respects s l[ t ! culture ( ! _w seem$ to h come entirely to an end4 ,?us 9 ! ,we/ h>dly any?+ 0 kn[n beyond ! ,isagoge ( ,porphyry1 ! ,lat9 ,comm5t>ies ( ,boe?ius on ! ,logical works ( ,ari/otle1 & extracts f ! same by ,cassiodorus--mo/ b>r5 compilations2 !re is also :at is j z b>r51 ! diss]tations ascrib$ to ,augu/9e ,de dialectica & ,de categoriis1 :i* la/ is a p>aphrase ( ! ,ari/otelian "w ^u ! categories4#ae ,^! 7 ! fir/ make-%ifts or exp$i5ts = c>ry+ on ,philosophy2 9 !m ! mo/ ext]nal & mo/ =mal reason+ is appli$4 ,! :ole effect ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy is a monoton\s "o4 ,9 va9 h m5 hi!rto endeav\r$ to %[ 9 ?is !ology1 :i* reign$ f ! eigh? or ev5 six? c5tury almo/ to ! sixte5?1 p>ticul> di/9ctions & /ages 9 developm5t4 ,9 ?is case z 9 t ( ! ,arabian philosophy1 "t does n all[--& if x did ! nature ( ?+s w\ld n all[--u to sep>ate ! s*ola/ic philosophy into its individual sy/ems or manife/ations1 b only to give a g5]al sket* ( ! ma9 elem5ts pres5t !re9 :i* x has actually tak5 up into ?\ght4 ,x is n int]e/+ by reason ( its matt]1 = we _c rema9 at ! consid]ation ( ?is2 x is n a philosophy4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 prop]ly speak+ indicates a g5]al mann] r ?an a sy/em--if we may speak ( a philosophic sy/em4 ,s*ola/icism is n a fix$ doctr9e l ,platonism or ,scepticism1 b a v indef9ite "n :i* compreh5ds ! philosophic endeav\rs ( ,*ri/5dom = ! great] "p ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is hi/ory :i* occupies ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s is1 z a matt] ( fact1 compris$ )9 "o ,notion :i* we propose to consid] m closely2 x has ev] occupi$ ! same /&po9t1 & be5 gr\nd$ on ! same pr9ciple2 = x is ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* t we cat* sight (1 & a =malism :i* is m]ely an et]nal analysis & con/ant re-it]ation )9 itself4 ,! m g5]al acceptance ( ! ,ari/otelian writ+s has m]ely br\ght =? a diff]5ce ( degree & caus$ no real sci5tific progress4 ,"h !re is inde$ a hi/ory ( m51 b speak+ prop]ly none ( sci5tific k2 ! m5 are noble1 pi\s1 & 9 all respects mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,! /udy ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy is a difficult "o1 ev5 if its language only be consid]$4 ,! ,s*ola/ics c]ta9ly make use ( a b>b>ic ,lat91 b ?is is n ! fault ( ! ,s*ola/ics b ( _! ,lat9 culture4 ,lat9 =ms a q unsuitable in/rum5t = apply+ to philosophic categories su* z ^!1 because ! t]ms :i* ! new culture adopts c\ld n possibly be express$ by ?is language )\t unduly /ra9+ x2 ! beautiful ,lat9 ( ,cic]o is n adapt$ = use 9 pr(\nd speculations4 ,x _c be expect$ ( anyone to "k at fir/ h& ?is philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = x is z compreh5sive & volum9\s z x is b>r5 & ill-express$4 ,( ! great s*oolm5 we /ill h _m works left to u :i* are v l5g?y1 s t x is no easy task to /udy !m3 ! lat] !y are1 ! m =mal d !y become4 ,! ,s*oolm5 did n only write comp5diums--= ! writ+s ( ,duns ,scotus am\nt to twelve1 & ^? ( ,?omas ,aqu9as to eighte5 folios4 ,ab/racts ( !m are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s works4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces f :i* we obta9 our k are3 #a1 ,lamb]tus ,danu 9 ! ,prolegom5a to 8 ,comm5t>ius 9 librum primum s5t5ti>um ,petri ,lomb>di1 ,g5ev1 #aehj4 7,?is is ! be/ au?ority we h 9 abridg$ =m72 #b1 ,launoi3 ,de v>ia ,ari/otelis 9 ,academia ,p>isi5si =tuna2 #c1 ,cram]3 ,cont9uation ( ,bossuet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 9 ! la/ two volumes2 #d1 ! ,summa ( ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,9 ,ti$emann's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy extracts f ! ,s*ola/ics are also to be f\nd1 z likewise 9 ,t5nemann2 ,rixn] also makes judici\s extracts4 ,we %all limit ourselves to g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,! "n f9ds its orig9 9 ?is way4 ,f ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,great x 0 only 9 two places--9 ! great s*ools atta*$ to ! great ca!dral *ur*es & mona/]ies--t a cl]ic1 t is a canon :o _h ! ov]sight ( ! in/ructors 7in=matores71 0 call$ s*ola/icus2 he likewise gave lectures on ! mo/ important bran* ( sci5ce1 !ology4 ,9 ! mona/]ies he :o 0 ! mo/ advanc$ in/ruct$ ! monks4 ,we h n1 prop]ly speak+1 to deal ) ^!2 b al?\gh s*ola/ic philosophy 0 some?+ altoge!r diff]5t1 ! "n ( ,s*ola/ics atta*$ itself to ^? alone :o prop\nd$ _! !ology sci5tifically & 9 a sy/em4 ,9 place ( ! patres ecclesi !re ?us arose lat] on ! doctores4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy is ?us really !ology1 & ?is !ology is no?+ b philosophy4 ,! fur!r cont5t ( !ology is m]ely t :i* is pres5t 9 ! ord9>y conceptions ( religion2 !ology1 h[ev]1 is ! sci5ce ( ! sy/em z x mu/ necess>ily be pres5t )9 e ,*ri/ian1 e peasant1 c4 ,! sci5ce ( !ology is (t5 plac$ 9 an ext]nal hi/orical cont5t1 9 exegesis1 9 ! enum]ation ( ! v>i\s manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 consid]+ :e!r ^! are writt5 on p>*m5t1 cotton fabrics or pap]1 :e!r 9 uncial lett]s or o!rwise1 & :i* c5tury !y belong to2 fur!r matt]s = consid]ation are ! ,jewi% conceptions ( "t1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ,bi%ops & ,fa!rs1 & :at took place at ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,all ^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 d n p]ta9 to ! nature ( ,god & its relation to mank9d4 ,! "o ess5tial object ( !ology z ! doctr9e ( ,god1 is ! nature ( ,god1 & ?is cont5t is 9 its nature really speculative2 ^? !ologians :o consid] ?is are !re=e no?+ less ?an philosoph]s4 ,! sci5ce ( ,god is no?+ b ,philosophy4 ,philosophy & !ology h h5ce "h also be5 c\nt$ "o1 & x is _! sep>ation t con/itutes ! transition into mod]n times1 see+ t m5 h ?\ght t = ?9k+ reason some?+ c\ld be true :i* is n true = !ology4 ,d[n to ! ,middle ,ages1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 held z fundam5tal t !re %\ld be b "o tru?4 ,?us ! !ology ( ! s*ola/ics is n to be repres5t$ z ?\gh1 z ) u1 x m]ely conta9$ doctr9es ab\t ,god1 c41 9 hi/oric guise1 = 9 fact x also has )9 x ! pr(\nde/ speculations ( ,ari/otle & ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,_! philosophy1 & mu* 9 !m t is excell5t1 is f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 only 9 a simpl] & pur] =m2 & to !m too ! :ole lay beyond actuality & m+l$ ) ,*ri/ian actuality z x is repres5t$ to u4 ,f ,*ri/ianity1 )9 ^: b\nds we n[ h our place1 ,philosophy has to re-e/abli% its position4 ,9 hea!ndom ! root ( k 0 ext]nal nature z ?\ght devoid ( self1 & subjective nature z ! inw>d self4 ,bo? ,nature & ! natural self ( mank9d1 & likewise ?\ght1 !re possess$ affirmative significance2 h5ce all ?is 0 good4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ! root ( tru? has1 h[ev]1 q ano!r mean+2 x 0 n only ! tru? z aga9/ ! hea!n gods1 b z aga9/ ,philosophy also1 aga9/ nature1 aga9/ ! imm$iate consci\sness ( man4 ,nature is !re no long] good1 b m]ely a negative2 self-consci\sness1 ! ?\ght ( man1 8 pure self1 all ?is receives a negative position 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,nature has no validity1 & af=ds no int]e/2 its univ]sal laws1 z ! reality "u :i* ! individual exi/5ces ( nature are collect$1 h likewise no au?ority3 ! heav5s1 ! sun1 ! :ole ( nature is a corpse4 ,nature is giv5 ov] to ! spiritual1 & inde$ to spiritual subjectivity2 ?us ! c\rse ( nature is ev]y:]e brok5 9 ^u by miracles4 ,) ?is surr5d] ( natural necessity we h ! fact associat$ t all fur!r cont5t1 all t tru? :i* con/itutes ! univ]sal ( t nature1 is giv5 & reveal$4 ,! "o />t+-po9t1 ! contemplation ( nature1 is ?us = k und\bt$ly n pres5t4 ,!n ?is fact is likewise set aside t ,i am pres5t z a self4 ,! self z ?is imm$iate c]ta9ty has to be abrogat$2 x mu/ also m]ge itself 9 ano!r self1 b 9 "o beyond1 & only !re does x h its value4 ,?is o!r self1 9 :i* ! prop] self is made to h its fre$om1 is fir/ ( all likewise a p>ticul> self1 t has n ! =m ( univ]sality3 x is det]m9$ & limit$ 9 "t & space1 & at ! same "t has ! significance ( an absolute 9 & = itself4 ,a real s5se ( self is ?us ab&on$1 b :at self-consci\sness on ! o!r h& ga9s is n a univ]sal1 a ?\ght4 ,9 ?\ght ,i h real affirmative significance1 n z an individual1 b z univ]sal #8,i'2 ! cont5t ( tru? is n[1 h[ev]1 pla9ly individualiz$1 & ?us ! ?\ght ( ! #8,i' falls away4 ,!reby1 h[ev]1 ! highe/ concrete cont5t ( ! absolute ,idea is set =?1 9 :i* ! opposites t are pla9ly inf9ite are unit$2 x is ! p[] :i* unites 9 itself :at appe>s to consci\sness inf9itely remov$ f "o ano!r--! mortal & ! absolute4 ,?is absolute is itself #8?is' fir/ ( all z ?is concrete1 n z ab/raction1 b z ! unity ( univ]sal & individual2 ?is concrete consci\sness is = ! fir/ "t tru?4 ,! reason ( ! =m] cont5t be+ also true1 comes to me z some?+ n p]ta9+ to myself1 b z a ?+ receiv$ outside ( self4 ,! te/imony ( _s1 inde$1 p]ta9s !reto1 & my inmo/ self is pres5t !re2 b ! te/imony ( _s is a ?+ conceal$1 :i* does n fur!r reveal itself1 does n beget ! cont5t f itself1 b receives x4 ,! ,_s :i* be>s witness is fur!r itself di/+ui%$ f me z an individual2 my te/ify+ _s is ano!r1 & !re only rema9s to me ! empty %ell ( passivity4 ,condition$ by ?is inflexible /&po9t1 ,philosophy _h to g =? once m4 ,! fir/ work+ up ( ?is cont5t1 ! inw>d op]ation ( univ]sal ?\ght 9 ! same1 is ! task s*ola/ic philosophy has to und]take4 ,! opposition betwe5 fai? & reason =ms ! end arriv$ at2 reason1 on ! "o h&1 feels ! necessity ( sett+ to "w on nature 9 ord] to obta9 imm$iate c]ta9ty1 & on ! o!r h& ( f9d+ 9 g5u9e ?\ght1 9 specific production out ( self1 ?is same satisfaction4 ,we mu/ n[ speak ( ! me?ods & mann]s ( ! s*ola/ics4 ,9 ?is s*ola/ic activity ?\ght pursues its "w q ap>t f all reg>d to exp]i5ce2 we no long] he> any?+ ( tak+ up actuality & det]m9+ x ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,al?\gh ! ,notion came into recognition e>li] ?an ?is1 9 ,ari/otle1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,notion 0 n appreh5d$ z ! necessity ( c>ry+ ! cont5t fur!r2 = ?is 0 receiv$ 9 its successive manife/ations1 & !re 0 pres5t m]ely an int]m+l+ ( actuality accept$ z tru? & ( ?\ght4 ,/ill less1 9 ! second place1 0 ! great] "p ( ! cont5t p]meat$ by ,notions1 = ?is cont5t 0 tak5 up sup]ficially into ! =m ( ?\ght--m especially ) ! ,/oics & ,epicureans4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy altoge!r dissociates itself f any su* endeav\rs2 x leaves actuality to exi/ alongside itself z if x 7 despis$ & _h no int]e/4 ,= reason f\nd its true exi/5ce1 its actualization1 9 ano!r _w & n 9 ?is2 ! :ole progress ( ! cultivat$ _w goes1 h[ev]1 to ! re-in/alm5t ( a fai? 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,nev]!less1 at fir/ all k & action1 & :atev] relates to an int]e/ 9 ?is _w1 7 entirely bani%$4 ,bran*es ( k t p]ta9 to su* ord9>y matt]s z sight & he>+1 re/ful contemplation & occupation ) ord9>y actuality "h f\nd no place2 nor did su* sci5ces z recognize a def9ite sph]e ( actuality aft] _! own p>ticul> fa%ion1 & con/itute ! mat]ial = g5u9e philosophy1 nor arts :i* give to ! ,idea a s5su\s exi/5ce4 ,likewise law & "r1 ! recognition ( ! actual man1 7 n e/eem$ z p]ta9+ to ! social relation%ips ( life1 b to "s o!r sph]e4 ,9 ?is abs5ce ( rationality 9 ! actual1 or ( rationality :i* has its actuality 9 ord9>y exi/5ce1 is f\nd ! utt] b>b>ism ( ?\ght1 9 t x keeps to ano!r _w1 & does n h ! ,notion ( reason--! ,notion t ! c]ta9ty ( self is all tru?4 ,n[ ?\ght z sund]$ has a cont5t1 ! intelligible _w1 z an actuality exi/5t = itself1 to :i* ?\ght applies itself4 ,its conduct is "h to be comp>$ ) t :i* takes place :5 ! und]/&+ applies itself to ! s5su\s & p]ceptible _w1 makes x z sub/ance its basis1 hav+ a fix$ object 9 x1 & reason+ respect+ x2 x is !n n ! indep5d5t movem5t ( ,philosophy prop] :i* p5etrates exi/5ce & expresses x1 = all x does is to f9d pr$icates reg>d+ x4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy has ?us ! intelligible _w ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ,god & all ,8 attributes & works !re) connect$1 z an indep5d5t object2 & ?\ght is direct$ to ,god's un*angeabl5ess1 to su* que/ions z :e!r matt] is et]nal1 :e!r man is free1 c4--j z ! und]/&+ passes to & fro ov] ! ph5om5al & p]ceiv$4 ,n[ ! s*ola/ic philosophy 0 "h giv5 ov] to ! inf9ite movem5t ( det]m9ate ,notions2 ! categories ( possibility & actuality1 fre$om & necessity1 con/itution & sub/ance1 c41 are ( ?is nature1 !y are n fix$1 b pure movem5ts4 ,any?+ :atev]1 det]m9$ z pot5tial1 trans=ms itself equally into ! opposite1 & mu/ necess>ily be surr5d]$2 & det]m9ation c only save itself by a new di/9ction1 because x mu/1 on ! "o h&1 be giv5 up1 & on ! o!r reta9$4 ,! s*ola/ics are ?us decri$ on acc\nt ( ! endless di/9ctions :i* !y draw4 ,= ! sake ( ^! det]m9ations ?r\gh ! ab/ract ,notion ! ,ari/otelian philosophy 0 pr$om9ant1 ?\gh n 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,x 0 ! ,ari/otelian ,organon t 0 held 9 su* fav\r1 & t inde$ j z mu* = its laws ( ?\ght z = its metaphysical conceptions--! categories4 ,^! ab/ract ,notions con/itut$ 9 _! det]m9at5ess ! und]/&+ ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 :i* c\ld n pass beyond itself & atta9 to fre$om1 nor seize ^u ! fre$om giv5 by reason4 ,) ?is f9ite =m a f9ite cont5t is likewise directly associat$4 ,f "o det]m9ation we pass on to ano!r1 & su* det]m9ations1 z p>ticul>1 are f9ite2 ! det]m9ation !re relates itself ext]nally & n z self-compreh5sive & self-embrac+4 ,! result ( ?is det]m9ation is t ?\ght w really act z if x br\ght ab\t conclusions1 = to draw conclusions is ! mode ( =mal logical progression4 ,philosophy ?us consi/s ( a me?odical & syllogi/ic reason+4 ,j z ! ,sophi/s ( ,greece w&]$ ab\t among/ ab/ract conceptions on behalf ( actuality1 s did ! s*ola/ics on behalf ( _! intellectual _w4 ,to ! =m] ,be+ _h validity2 x !y _h rescu$ & deliv]$ z aga9/ ! negativity ( ! ,notion1 :ile along ) t !y _h ju/ifi$ x ?r\gh ! same4 ,! pr9cipal endeav\r ( ! s*ola/ics 0 9 ! same way to v9dicate ! ,*ri/ian intellectual _w z aga9/ ! confusion ( ! ,notion1 & ?r\gh ! latt] to demon/rate its con=mity ) ! same4 ,! univ]sal =m ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy ?us consi/$ 9 ?is--t a proposition 0 laid d[n1 ! objections to x br\ght =w>d1 & ^! contradict$ ?r\gh c\nt]-propositions & di/9ctions4 ,philosophy 0 h5ce n sep>at$ f !ology1 z x is n 9 itself1 = ,philosophy is ! k ( absolute exi/5ce1 t is to say1 !ology4 ,b to t !ology ! ,*ri/ian absolute _w 0 a sy/em :i* 0 held to be an actuality1 z 0 ord9>y actuality = ! ,greek sophi/s4 ,( ,philosophy prop] !re ?us rema9$ only ! laws ( ?\ght & ab/ractions4 ,a4 ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,! ,,s*ola/ic ,,philosophy ,,to ,,*ri/ianity4 ,philosophy ) ! s*ola/ics _h consequ5tly ! same quality ( want ( indep5d5ce z x _h be=e ?is ) ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs & ! ,arabians4 ,! ,*ur* z already con/itut$ e/abli%$ itself among/ ! ,teutonic nations1 & ?r\gh its con/itution x condition$ philosophy4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h inde$ spread itself abroad ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w1 b1 m especially 9 ! beg9n+1 x m]ely =m$ a community ( its own1 by :om ! _w 0 r5\nc$1 & :i* made no special claims to recognition--or if su* claims 7 made !y 7 m]ely negative1 because ! individuals 9 ! _w 7 simply m>tyrs1 ?us r5\nc+ ! _w4 ,b ! ,*ur* 9 "t became dom9ant1 & ! ,roman emp]ors1 bo? ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,we/1 embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ! ,*ur* atta9$ to a position op5ly recogniz$ & undi/urb$1 f :i* x ex]cis$ mu* influ5ce ^u ! _w4 ,! political _w1 h[ev]1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,teutonic nations1 & !reby a new =m arose1 & to ?is ! s*ola/ic philosophy p]ta9s4 ,we "k ! revolution by ! "n ( ! ,migration ( ! ,nations 7supra1 pp4 #bc1 #bd74 ,fre% races inundat$ ! anci5t ,roman _w & e/abli%$ !mselves !re92 !y ?us erect$ _! new _w on ! ru9s ( ! old--a picture :i* ,rome 9 its pres5t aspect /ill pres5ts4 ,!re ! spl5d\r ( ! ,*ri/ian temples is due 9 "p to ! remnants ( ! anci5t1 & new palaces are built on ru9s & h ru9s all ar\nd4 #a4 ,! pr9cipal feature 9 ! ,middle ,ages is f\nd 9 ?is disunion1 ! two sides "h pres5t2 !re are reveal$ 9 x two nations1 two mann]s ( spee*4 ,we see p :o h hi!rto rul$1 a previ\s _w hav+ its own language1 arts1 & sci5ces1 & on ?is to !m =eign elem5t ! new nations graft$ !mselves1 & ^! ?us />t$ ^u _! c\rse int]nally dissev]$4 ,9 ?is hi/ory we h ?us be=e u n ! developm5t ( a nation f itself1 b "o proce$+ f its opposite1 & "o :i* is & rema9s burd5$ by ?is opposite1 & :i* takes x up into itself & has to ov]come x4 ,h5ce ^! p h 9 ?is way repres5t$ 9 !mselves ! nature ( ! spiritual process4 ,_s is ! mak+ = itself a presupposition1 ! giv+ to itself ! natural z a c\nt]poise1 ! sep>at+ itself !refrom1 ?us ! mak+ x an object1 & !n = ! fir/ "t ! work+ ^u ?is hypo!sis1 =mulat+ x1 & f itself br++ x =?1 begett+ x1 int]nally recon/ruct+ x4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,roman z 9 ! ,byzant9e _w1 ,*ri/ianity has triumph$ z a ,*ur*2 b nei!r ( ^! worlds 0 capable ( effectuat+ ! new religion 9 itself & ( br++ =? a new _w f ?is pr9ciple4 ,= 9 bo? !re 0 a "* already pres5t--cu/oms1 laws1 a juridical sy/em1 a con/itution 7if x c be call$ con/itution71 a political condition1 capacities1 art1 sci5ce1 spiritual culture--9 %ort1 ev]y?+ 0 !re4 ,! nature ( _s1 on ! contr>y1 requires t ! _w ?us con/itut$ %\ld be begott5 f x1 & t ?is process ( begett+ %\ld take place ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( reaction1 ?r\gh ! assimilation ( some?+ :i* has gone be=e4 ,^! conqu]ors h ?us e/abli%$ !mselves 9 a =eign sph]e1 & h become ! rul]s ov] x2 b at ! same "t !y h come "u ! dom9ion ( a new _s :i* has be5 impos$ ^u !m4 ,al?\gh on ! "o h& pr$om9ant1 on ! o!r !y h come "u ! dom9ion ( ! spiritual elem5t1 because !y conduct$ !mselves passively 9 reg>d to x4 ,! spiritual ,idea or spirituality has become impos$ ^u ! dulness1 bo? 9 m9d & _s1 ( ^! r\gh b>b>ians2 _! he>ts 7 !reby prick$4 ,! r\gh nature has 9 ?is way become imman5t 9 ! ,idea z an et]nal opposition1 or !re is k9dl$ 9 !m inf9ite pa91 ! mo/ t]rible suff]+--su* t x may ev5 be repres5t$ z a crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,!y _h to su/a9 ?is conflict )9 !mselves1 & "o side ( x is f\nd 9 ! philosophy :i* lat] on made its appe>ance among/ !m1 & 0 fir/ ( all receiv$ z some?+ giv54 ,!y are /ill uncultur$ p1 b = all _! b>b>ic dulness !y are deep 9 he>t & m9d2 on !m1 !n1 has ! pr9ciple ( m9d be5 be/[$1 & along ) x ?is pa91 ?is w> betwe5 spiritual & natural1 has necess>ily be5 in/itut$4 ,culture "h beg9s f ! mo/ t]rible contradiction1 & ?is has to be by x resolv$4 ,x is a k+dom ( pa91 b ( purgatory1 = t :i* is 9 ! pa9 is _s & n animal1 & _s does n die1 b goes =? f its grave4 ,! two sides ( ?is contradiction are really ?us relat$ to "o ano!r 9 su* a way t x is ! spiritual :i* has to reign ov] ! b>b>ians4 ,! true dom9ion ( _s _c1 h[ev]1 be a dom9ion 9 ! s5se t its opposite is 9 subjection to x2 _s 9 & = itself _c h ! subjective _s to :i* x relates confront+ x z an ext]nally ob$i5t slave1 = ?is la/ is itself also _s4 ,! dom9ion t exi/s mu/ take up ?is position1 t _s is 9 subjective _s 9 h>mony ) itself4 ,! univ]sal is ?us t opposition 9 :i* ! "o c only h supremacy by ! subjection ( ! o!r1 b :i* already conta9s ! pr9ciple ( resolution 9 itself because m9d mu/ necess>ily be> rule4 ,& h5ce ! consequ5t developm5t is only ?is1 t m9d z reconciliation atta9s ! ma/]y4 ,to ?is x p]ta9s t n ! subjective consci\sness1 m9d & he>t alone1 b also ! worldly rule1 laws1 in/itutions1 ! human life1 9 s f> z ^! re/ 9 m9d1 mu/ become rational4 ,9 ! ,republic ( ,plato we h met ) ! idea t ! philosoph]s are ^? :o ought to reign4 ,n[ is ! "t 9 :i* x is said t ! spiritual are to gov]n1 b ?is talk ab\t ! spiritual has be5 made to be> ! significance t ecclesia/icism & ! ecclesia/ics ought to gov]n4 ,! spiritual is ?us made a p>ticul> =m1 an individual1 b ! real mean+ t x be>s is t ! spiritual z su* ought to be ! det]m9+ factor2 & ?is has pass$ curr5t until ! pres5t day4 ,?us 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution we see t ab/ract ?\ght is made to rule2 9 accordance ) x con/itution & laws are det]m9$1 x =ms ! bond betwe5 man & man2 & m5 come to h ! consci\sness t :at is e/eem$ among/ !m is ab/ract ?\ght1 & t lib]ty & equality are :at ought to be reg>d$2 9 ?is ! subject also has 8 real value1 ev5 9 relation to actuality4 ,"o =m ( ?is reconciliation is likewise ?is1 t ! subject is satisfi$ ) himself & 9 himself z he /&s & moves1 ) 8 ?\ghts1 8 desires1 ) 8 spirituality2 & ?us t 8 k1 8 ?\ght1 8 conviction1 has come to be ! highe/1 & has ! det]m9ation ( ! div9e1 ( :at holds good z absolute4 ,! div9e & spiritual is ?us implant$ 9 my subjective _s1 is id5tical ) me2 ,i myself am ! univ]sal1 & x has efficacy = me only z ,i directly "k x4 ,?is =m ( reconciliation is ! newe/1 b ! mo/ "o-sid$4 ,= ! spiritual is n !re det]m9$ z objective1 b is only compreh5d$ z x is 9 my subjectivity1 9 my consci\sness3 my conviction z su* is tak5 z ultimate1 & t is ! =mal reconciliation ( subjectivity ) itself4 ,if ! reconciliation has ?is =m1 ! po9t ( view ( :i* we spoke be=e has no long] any int]e/2 x is pa/ & a m]e matt] ( hi/ory4 ,if ! conviction z x imm$iately reveals itself )9 e subject is ! true1 ! absolute1 ?is process ( m$iation betwe5 ,god1 z ! true & absolute1 & mank9d1 is no long] 9 u a necessity4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian religion h likewise ! position ( some?+ =eign1 p]ta9+ to a p>ticul> "t1 t ) :i* c]ta9 m5 h occupi$ !mselves4 ,! conception t ! ,idea is absolutely concrete1 & is z _s 9 a relation ( opposition to ! subject1 has disappe>$1 & only %[s itself z hav+ pass$ away4 ,9 s f> t :i* ,i h said ab\t ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 & %all /ill say ( ! s*ola/ics1 has int]e/ only f ! /&po9t :i* ,i h giv51 :5 ! int]e/ is 9 ! ,idea 9 its concrete det]m9ation1 & n f ! /&po9t ( ! imm$iate reconciliation ( ! subject ) himself4 #b4 ,we h n[ to consid] fur!r ! "* ( ! opposition to any agreem5t ) ,philosophy2 & to d ?is we mu/ %ortly call to m9d ! hi/orical aspect ( ! case1 al?\gh we ne$ only treat ( ! ma9 po9ts !re94 ,! fir/ matt] to consid] is ! opposition t exi/s 9 ! _w4 ,?is =m ( opposition z x appe>s 9 hi/ory is z foll[s4 ,spirituality z su* %\ld be ! spirituality ( ! he>t2 _s1 h[ev]1 is "o1 & ?us ! communion ( ^? :o h ?is spirituality is ass]t$4 ,h5ce a community arises1 :i* !n becomes an ext]nal ord]1 & ?us1 z we h se5 7pp4 #ba1 #bb71 exp&s into a *ur*4 ,9 z f> z _s is its pr9ciple1 x is1 z spiritual1 imm$iately univ]sal1 = isolation 9 feel+1 op9ion1 c41 is unspiritual4 ,! ,*ur* organizes itself1 b yet x goes =? into worldly exi/5ce1 atta9s to ri*es1 possesses goods1 & ev5 becomes worldly & imbu$ ) all ! brute passions2 = ! spiritual is m]ely ! orig9al pr9ciple4 ,! he>t t is set on ord9>y exi/5ce1 on ! _w1 & ! :ole ( su* human relation%ips z are h]eby involv$1 is guid$ by ^! incl9ations1 desires & passions1 by all ?is grossness & vulg>ity4 ,?us ! ,*ur* m]ely has ! spiritual pr9ciple )9 itself )\t its be+ truly real1 & 9 su* a way t its fur!r relation%ips are n yet rational2 = su* is _! "* be=e ! developm5t ( ! spiritual pr9ciple 9 ! _w4 ,! worldly elem5t )\t be+ con=mable to ! spiritual1 is pres5t z exi/5ce1 & is ! imm$iately natural worldly elem5t2 9 ?is way ! ,*ur* comes to h 9 itself ! imm$iately natural pr9ciple4 ,all ! passions x has )9 itself--arrogance1 av>ice1 viol5ce1 deceit1 rapacity1 murd]1 envy1 hatr$--all ^! s9s ( b>b>ism are pres5t 9 x1 & inde$ !y belong to its s*eme ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is gov]nm5t is ?us already a rule ( passion1 al?\gh x pr(esses to be a spiritual rule1 & ?us ! ,*ur* is = ! mo/ "p wrong 9 its worldly pr9ciples1 ?\gh "r 9 its spiritual aspect4 ,h5ce ! new religion sep>at$ our :ole conception ( ! _w into two diff]5t worlds1 ! intellectual b n subjectively conceiv$ _w1 & ! temporal _w4 ,!re=e life z a :ole fell into two p>ts1 two k+doms4 ,directly opposite ! spiritual worldly k+dom !re /&s ! indep5d5t worldly k+dom1 emp]or aga9/ pope1 papacy & ,*ur*--n a /ate1 b a worldly gov]nm5t2 !re ! _w beyond1 "h ! _w beside u4 ,two absolutely ess5tial pr9ciples conflict ) "o ano!r2 ! rude ways ( ! _w1 ! rugg$ness ( ! individual w1 beget an opposition mo/ t]rible & sev]e4 ,! culture :i* n[ beg9s to %[ itself is confront$ by ?is incomplete reality1 z an actual _w 9 opposition to its _w ( ?\ght2 & x does n recognize ! "o z pres5t 9 ! o!r4 ,x possesses two e/abli%m5ts1 two /&>ds ( measure & ( weight1 & ^! x does n br+ toge!r b leaves mutually e/rang$4 ,! spiritual k+dom likewise has z ,*ur* an imm$iate pres5t ( ord9>y actuality1 b ! worldly k+dom1 bo? z ext]nal nature & z ! real self ( consci\sness1 has no tru? or value 9 itself2 = tru?1 z ly+ beyond x--! measure ( tru? t %9es 9 x--is giv5 to x f )\t z some?+ inconceivable & 9 itself complete4 ,! worldly k+dom mu/ ?us be subject to ! spiritual become worldly2 ! emp]or is h5ce def5d] & protector ( ! ,*ur* 7advocatus ecclesi74 ,! worldly elem5t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 takes up a position ( indep5d5ce1 no d\bt1 b x is /ill 9 unity ) ! o!r 9 su* a way t x recognizes ! spiritual z dom9ant4 ,9 ?is opposition a w> mu/ arise bo? on acc\nt ( ! worldly elem5t :i* is pres5t 9 ! ,*ur* itself1 & likewise on acc\nt ( ! directly worldly elem5t ( viol5ce & ( b>b>ism 9 worldly rule z x exi/s p] se4 ,! w> mu/ at fir/1 h[ev]1 prove disa/r\s to ! worldly side1 = j z its own position is ass]t$1 ! o!r is likewise recogniz$ by x1 & x is =c$ humbly to submit to ?is la/1 to ! spiritual & its passions4 ,! brave/1 noble/ emp]ors h be5 excommunicat$ by popes1 c>d9als1 legates1 & ev5 by ar*bi%ops & bi%ops2 & !y c\ld d no?+ 9 self-def5ce1 nor put _! tru/ 9 outw>d p[]1 = x 0 int]nally brok52 & ?us !y 7 ev] vanqui%$ & f9ally =c$ to surr5d]4 ,9 ! second place1 z reg>ds morality 9 ! individual1 we see on ! "o h& religion 9 its truly noble & attractive =m 9 a few isolat$ individuals alone4 ,i ref] to ^? solit>y spirits :o are dead to ! _w & f> remov$ !refrom1 :o f9d 9 _! emotions :at satisfies !m1 &1 liv+ 9 a little circle1 c limit !mselves to ! sph]e ( religion4 ,?is is ! case ) wom5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or ) ! monks or o!r solit>ies :o 7 able to pres]ve !mselves 9 a re/rict$ & contract$ /ate ( f]v\r su* z ?is1 9 :i* ! spiritual side makes itself inf9itely felt1 al?\gh x lacks actuality4 ,! "o tru? /ood isolat$ & alone 9 man1 ! :ole actuality ( m9d 0 n yet p5etrat$ by x4 ,on ! o!r h& x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial t m9d z w1 impulse & passion1 %\ld dem& q ano!r position1 ano!r mode ( v5t+ & realiz+ itself1 ?an any su* solit>y & contract$ sph]e af=ds1 t ! _w %\ld require a m ext5d$ sph]e ( exi/5ce1 an actual association ( individuals1 reason & ?\ght com+ toge!r 9 actual relations & actions4 ,?is circle 9 :i* m9d is realiz$--! human life--is1 h[ev]1 at fir/ sep>at$ f ! spiritual region ( tru?4 ,subjective virtue p>takes m ( ! "* ( suff]+ & privation on its own acc\nt1 morality is j ?is r5unciation & self-surr5d]1 & virtue z reg>ds o!rs m]ely has ! "* ( b5evol5ce1 a fleet+1 accid5tal "* de/itute ( relation4 ,all t p]ta9s to actuality is h5ce n p]fect$ by ! tru?1 :i* rema9s a heav5ly tru? alone1 a ,beyond4 ,actuality1 ! e>?ly elem5t1 is consequ5tly ,god-=sak5 & h5ce arbitr>y2 a few isolat$ individuals are holy1 & ! o!rs are n holy4 ,9 ^! o!rs we fir/ see ! hol9ess ( a mom5t 9 ! qu>t] ( an h\r ( wor%ip1 & !n = weeks a life ( rude/ selfi%ness & viol5ce & ! mo/ ru?less passion4 ,individuals fall f "o extreme into ano!r1 f ! extreme ( rude excess1 lawlessness1 b>b>ism1 & self-w1 into ! r5unciation ( all ?+s )\t exception1 ! conque/ ( all desires4 ,! great army ( ! ,crusad]s gives u ! be/ example ( ?is4 ,!y m>* =? on a holy err&1 b on ! way !y give free v5t to all ! passions1 & 9 ?is ! lead]s %[ ! example2 ! individuals all[ !mselves to fall into viol5ce & he9\s s94 ,_! m>* accompli%$1 ?\gh ) an utt] lack ( judgm5t & =e?\ght1 & ) ! loss ( ?\s&s on ! way1 ,j]usalem is rea*$3 x is beautiful :5 ,j]usalem comes 9 view to see !m all do+ p5ance 9 contrition ( he>t1 fall+ on _! faces & rev]5tly ador+4 ,b ?is is only a mom5t :i* foll[s ^u mon?s ( fr5zy1 fooli%ness & grossness1 :i* ev]y:]e display$ itself on _! m>*4 ,animat$ by ! l(tie/ brav]y1 !y g on to /orm & conqu] ! sacr$ citadel1 & !n !y ba! !mselves 9 blood1 revel 9 endless cruelties1 & rage ) a brutal f]ocity4 ,f ?is !y aga9 pass on to contrition & p5ance2 !n !y get up f _! knees reconcil$ & sanctifi$1 & once m !y give !mselves up to all ! littl5ess ( mis]able passions1 ( selfi%ness & envy1 ( av>ice & cupidity3 _! en]gies are direct$ to ! satisfaction ( _! lu/s1 & !y br+ to n\ght ! fair possession t _! brav]y _h won4 ,?is comes to pass because ! pr9ciple is only pres5t 9 !m 9 its implicitude z an ab/ract pr9ciple1 & ! actuality ( man is n z yet spiritually =m$ & fa%ion$4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! opposition 9 actuality manife/s itself4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we rea* ! opposition exi/+ 9 ! cont5t ( religion1 9 ! religi\s consci\sness2 ?is has _m =ms1 ?\gh we h "h only to call to m9d ^? t are mo/ inw>d4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ! ,idea ( ,god--t ,he is kn[n z ! ,tr9ity2 on ! o!r1 we h wor%ip1 i4e4 ! process ( individuals mak+ !mselves con=mable to _s1 to ,god1 & rea*+ ! c]ta9ty ( ent]+ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,a pres5t & actual *ur* is an actuality ( ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>?1 9 su* a way t ?is la/ is pres5t = e man--e individual lives & mu/ live 9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 ?is disposition we h ! reconciliation ( e individual2 !reby ea* becomes a citiz5 ( ?is k+dom1 & p>ticipates 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is c]ta9ty4 ,b ?is reconciliation is alli$ to ! fact t 9 ,*ri/ ! unity ( ! div9e & human nature is %[n =?1 t is to say1 ! way 9 :i* ! _s ( ,god mu/ be pres5t 9 man4 ,?is ,*ri/ ?us _c be "o :o is pa/ & gone1 & ! life ( reconciliation _c be a m]e recollection ( t pa/4 ,= z ! j behold ,*ri/ 9 heav51 s mu/ ,*ri/ be an object on e>? :i* may likewise be beheld4 ,9 t case ?is process mu/ be pres5t--! individual mu/ be unit$ to ?is to him objective =m1 & x becomes id5tical ) him2 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 t ,god reveals ,himself z man1 sacrifices ,himself1 & ?r\gh ?is sacrifice raises ,himself to ! "r h& ( ,god1 is 9 ! individual always be+ accompli%$ 9 ! culm9at+ po9t :i* is call$ ! sacrifice ( ! mass4 ,! m$iat+ elem5t to :i* ! individual relates himself 9 wor%ip1 is ev] pres5t 9 ! mass z ! objective ( :i* ! individual mu/ be made to p>take1 z ! ,ho/ & ! act ( p>tak+ ( ! same4 ,?is ,ho/1 on ! "o h&1 z objective1 is held to be div9e1 &1 on ! o!r1 x is 9 =m an unspiritual & ext]nal ?+4 ,b t is ! l[e/ dep? ( ext]nality rea*$ 9 ! ,*ur*2 = 9 ?is p]fect ext]nality x is be=e ! ?+ t ! knee mu/ be b[$1 & n 9 z f> z x is an object t may be p>tak5 (4 ,lu!r *ang$ ?is way ( reg>d+ matt]s2 9 :at is call$ ! ,supp]1 he has reta9$ ! my/ical fact t ! subject receives ! div9e elem5t into himself2 b he ma9ta9s t x is only div9e 9 s f> z x is p>tak5 ( 9 ?is subjective spirituality ( fai?1 & ceases to be an ext]nal ?+4 ,b 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* g5]ally1 ! ,ho/ is hon\r$ ev5 z an ext]nal ?+2 ?us if a m\se eats ( ! ,ho/1 bo? x & its excrem5ts are rev]5c$2 !re ! div9e elem5t has altoge!r ! =m ( ext]nality4 ,?is is ! c5tral po9t ( int5se opposition :i* is on ! "o h& dissolv$1 & on ! o!r rema9s 9 p]fect contradiction1 s t ! ,ho/1 /ill held to be a m]ely ext]nal ?+1 mu/ nev]!less be ?us high & absolute4 ,) ?is ext]nality ! o!r side is connect$--! consci\sness ( ?is relation--& "h we !n h ! consci\sness ( :at is spiritual1 ( :at is ! tru?1 9 ! possession ( a prie/hood4 ,?us z ?+ x is naturally also 9 ! possession ( ano!r1 f :om1 s9ce x is some?+ di/+ui%$ by itself1 x has to receive its di/9ction--or x mu/ be consecrat$--& ?is la/ is likewise an ext]nal action only1 p]=m$ by individuals4 ,! p[] to give ?is di/9ction to ! ?+ is 9 ! possession ( ! ,*ur*2 f ! ,*ur* ! laity receive x4 ,b besides all ?is1 ! relation%ip ( ! subject 9 himself1 ! fact t he belongs to ! ,*ur* & is a true memb] ( ! same1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,aft] ! admission ( individuals into ! ,*ur* _! p>ticipation !re9 mu/ likewise be br\ght ab\t--t is1 _! purification f s94 ,to ?is x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x %\ld be kn[n :at evil is1 & secondly1 t ! individual %\ld desire ! good & t p]ta9+ to religion2 & ?irdly1 t s9 %\ld be committ$ f an innate & natural s9fulness4 ,n[ s9ce :at is inw>d1 or consci5ce1 mu/ be ( a "r nature1 ! s9s t are committ$ mu/ be remov$1 & made z ?\gh !y _h n happ5$2 man mu/ ev] be purifi$1 baptiz$ anew1 s to speak1 & receiv$ back aga93 ! negation t %uts him out mu/ ev] be remov$4 ,aga9/ ?is s9fulness positive comm&s & laws are n[ giv51 s t f ! nature ( _s m5 _c "k :at is good & evil4 ,?us ! div9e law is an ext]nal1 :i* mu/ h5ce be 9 someone's possession2 & prie/s are sep>at$ f o!rs1 s t !y are exclusively acqua9t$ bo? ) ! p>ticul> details ( doctr9e & ! means ( grace1 i4e4 ! mode :]eby ! individual is religi\s 9 8 wor%ip & comes to "k t he p>ticipates 9 ! div9e4 ,9 ! same way t ! adm9i/ration ( ! means ( grace belongs z an outw>d possession to ! ,*ur* 9 relation to wor%ip1 s is ! ,*ur* also 9 possession ( a moral e/imate = judg+ ( ! actions ( individuals2 x is 9 ! possession ( ! consci5ce1 z ( k z a :ole1 s t man's inmo/ ess5ce1 8 acc\ntability1 passes into o!r h&s & to ano!r p]son1 & ! subject is devoid ( individuality ev5 9 8 inmo/ self4 ,! ,*ur* also kn[s :at ! individual ought to d2 8 faults mu/ be kn[n1 & ano!r1 ! ,*ur*1 kn[s !m2 ! s9s mu/ be tak5 away1 & ?is also is effect$ 9 an ext]nal way1 ?r\gh pur*ase1 fa/+ & /ripes1 ?r\gh j\rney+s1 pilgrimages1 c4 ,n[ ?is is a relation ( self-suppression1 unspirituality & deadness bo? ( k & w1 9 ! highe/ ?+s z well z 9 ! mo/ trivial actions4 ,^! are ! ma9 facts z reg>ds ext]nality 9 religion itself1 on :i* all fur!r det]m9ations dep5d4 #c4 ,we h n[ obta9$ a bett] idea ( ! elem5ts pres5t 9 ?is philosophy2 b 9 b>b>ic nations ,*ri/ianity c\ld h ?is =m ( ext]nality alone1 & ?is p]ta9s to hi/ory4 ,= ! dulness & frightful b>b>ism ( su* nations mu/ be met by s]vitude1 & ?r\gh ?is s]vice mu/ _! education be accompli%$4 ,man s]ves "u ?is yoke2 ?is fe>ful discipl9e _h to be gone ?r\gh if ! ,teutonic nations 7 to be rais$ into spiritual life4 ,b ?is sev]e & we>isome s]vice has an end1 an object2 inf9ite spr+ & inf9ite ela/icity1 ! fre$om ( _s1 is ! prize4 ,! ,indians are 9 equal s]vitude1 b !y are irrevocably lo/--id5tifi$ & id5tical ) nature1 yet 9 !mselves oppos$ to nature4 ,k is ?us limit$ to ! ,*ur*1 b 9 ?is v k a positive au?ority is firmly root$1 & x is a prom95t feature ( ?is philosophy1 ^: fir/ quality is consequ5tly t ( lack ( fre$om4 ,?\ght ?us does n appe> z ?\gh x proce$$ f itself & 0 gr\nd$ 9 itself1 b z be+ really indep5d5t ( self & dep5d+ on a giv5 cont5t1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*--:i*1 al?\gh speculative itself1 also conta9s ! mode ( ! imm$iate exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects4 ,9 !ological =m x may be said t1 9 g5]al1 ! ,middle ,ages signify ! dom9ion ( ! ,son & n ( ,_s2 = ?is la/ is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! prie/hood4 ,! ,son has diff]5tiat$ ,himself f ! ,fa!r1 & is reg>d$ z rema9+ 9 ?is diff]5tiation1 s t ! ,fa!r 9 ,him is only implicit2 b 9 ! unity ( bo? we fir/ rea* ,_s1 ! ,son z ,love4 ,if we rema9 a mom5t too long 9 ! diff]5ce )\t likewise ass]t+ ! id5tity1 ! ,son is ! ,o!r2 & 9 ?is we f9d ! ,middle ,ages def9$ & *>act]iz$4 ,! "* ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,middle ,ages is ?us 9 ! second place an attempt to ?9k1 to conceive1 to philosophize "u ! burd5 ( absolute hypo!ses2 = x is n ! ?9k+ ,idea 9 its fre$om1 b set =? 9 ! =m ( an ext]nality4 ,we ?us f9d "h 9 ,philosophy ! same "* z is pres5t 9 ! g5]al condition ( ?+s1 & = ?is reason ,i be=e call$ to m9d ! concrete "* t prevails2 = on e p]iod ( "t "o special *>act]i/ic is always impr9t$4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages ?us conta9s ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 :i* is ! highe/ inc5tive to ?\ght1 because ! ,ideas !re9 pres5t are ?or\ghly speculative4 ,( ?is "o side is t ! ,idea is grasp$ by ! he>t1 if we call ! individual man ! he>t4 ,! id5tity ( ! imm$iate individuality ) ! ,idea re/s 9 ?is1 t ! ,son1 ! m$iator1 is kn[n z ?is man2 ?is is ! id5tity ( _s ) ,god = ! he>t z su*4 ,b ! connection itself1 s9ce x is likewise a connection ) ,god 9 ,god1 is h5ce imm$iately my/ical & speculative2 ?us "h !re is ! call to ?\ght :i* 0 fir/ ( all respond$ to by ! ,fa!rs1 & !n by ! s*ola/ics4 ,b s9ce1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re exi/s ! opposition betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* & ! worldly man--:o has inde$ ?r\gh ?\ght work$ 8 way out ( ?is same b>b>ism1 b :o 9 8 heal?y human und]/&+ has n yet p5etrat$ to reason--! mode 9 :i* ,philosophy 0 treat$ at ?is "t = ! sett+ =? ( =mal ?\ght1 has /ill no concrete cont5t4 ,we may appeal to ! human concrete m9d2 9 x we h a liv+ pres5t z ?9k+ & feel+2 a concrete cont5t su* z ?is has its root 9 ! ?\ght ( man1 & con/itutes ! mat]ial = 8 indep5d5t consci\sness4 ,=mal ?\ght directs its c\rse by ?is2 ! w&]+s ( ab/ract reflection h 9 su* consci\sness an aim1 :i* sets a limit ^u !m1 & leads !m back to a human concrete4 ,b ! reflections ( ! s*ola/ics on su* a cont5t dep5d unsupport$ on ! det]m9ations ( =mal ?\ght1 on =mal conclusions2 & all ! det]m9ations reg>d+ natural relation%ips1 laws ( nature1 c41 t may issue1 receive z yet no su/5ance f exp]i5ce2 !y are n yet det]m9$ by ! heal?y human und]/&+4 ,9 ?is respect ! cont5t likewise is unspiritual1 & ^! unspiritual relation%ips are inv]t$ & c>ri$ into ! spiritual 9 s f> z advance is made to det]m9at5ess ( a high] k9d4 ,^! ?ree po9ts con/itute ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ?is philosophy4 ,m p>ticul>ly we w\ld %ortly deal ) ! *ief repres5tatives ( ?is philosophy4 ,s*ola/ic philosophy is consid]$ to beg9 ) ,john ,scotus ,erig5a :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #hfj1 & :o mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,duns ,scotus ( a lat] date4 ,we d n q "k :e!r he belong$ to ,irel& or to ,scotl&1 = ,scotus po9ts to ,scotl&1 & ,erig5a to ,irel&4 ,) him true philosophy fir/ beg9s1 & 8 philosophy 9 ! ma9 co9cides ) ! idealism ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,"h & !re /ray works ( ,ari/otle 7 likewise kn[n1 ev5 to ,john ,scotus1 b ! k ( ,greek 0 v limit$ & r>e4 ,he %[s "s k ( ! ,greek & ,hebrew tongues1 & ev5 ( ,arabic z well2 b we d n "k h[ he atta9$ to ?is4 ,he also translat$ f ,greek to ,lat9 writ+s ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 a lat] ,greek philosoph] ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 :o m especially foll[$ ,proclus3 namely1 ,de cle/i hi]>*ia1 & o!rs :i* ,bruck] calls 7,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #eba71 nug et deliria ,platonica4 ,mi*ael ,balbus1 ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 _h 9 ! ye> #hbd made a pres5t ( ^! works to ! ,emp]or ,l\is ! ,pi\s2 ,*>les ! ,bald caus$ !m to be translat$ by ,scotus1 :o long resid$ at 8 c\rt4 ,9 ?is way some?+ ( ! ,alex&rian philosophy became kn[n 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,pope qu>rell$ ) ,*>les1 & compla9$ to him ( ! translator1 aga9/ :om he made ! reproa* t 8he %\ld h fir/ s5t ! book to him 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al usage1 & ask$ 8 approval40 ,john ,scotus aft]w>ds liv$ 9 ,engl& z head ( a s*ool at ,ox=d1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,alfr$4#af ,scotus 0 also ! au?or ( "s orig9al works1 :i* are n )\t dep? & p5etration1 ^u nature & its v>i\s ord]s 7,de natur divisione71 c4 ,dr4 ,hjort1 ( ,cop5hag51 publi%$ an epitome ( ! writ+s ( ,scotus ,erig5a1 9 #ahbc4 ,scotus ,erig5a sets to "w philosophically1 express+ himself 9 ! mann] ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 & n freely1 & z f himself4 ,?us 9 ! me?od ( expression adopt$ by ,plato1 & also by ,ari/otle1 we are rejoic$ to f9d a new conception1 & on br++ x to ! te/ ( philosophy1 to f9d x bo? correct & pr(\nd2 b "h ev]y?+ is ready to h&1 cut & dry4 ,yet1 ) ,scotus1 !ology is n yet built on exegesis1 & on ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 ! ,*ur* 9 _m cases reject$ 8 writ+s4 ,?us ,scotus is reproa*$ by a ,lyons *ur* c\ncil 9 ^! words3 8,!re h come to u ! writ+s ( a boa/ful1 *att]+ man1 :o disputes ab\t div9e provid5ce & pr$e/9ation1 9 human fa%ion1 or1 z he himself boa/s1 ) philosophic argum5ts1 & )\t rely+ on ! holy scriptures & br++ =w>d ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,& he d>es to def5d ?is on its own m]it1 & to e/abli% x on its own laws1 )\t submitt+ himself to ! holy scriptures & ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!rs40#ag ,scotus ,erig5a h5ce ev5 said3 8,! true ,philosophy is ! true ,religion1 & ! true ,religion is ! true ,philosophy40#ah ,! sep>ation came lat] on4 ,scotus !n made a beg9n+1 b prop]ly he does n belong to ! s*ola/ics4 ,b4 ,,g5]al ,,hi/orical ,,po9ts ,,( ,,view4 ,all fur!r s*ola/ic philosophy atta*es itself m to ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 ! ecclesia/ical sy/em :i* x !reby made its necess>y basis1 became e>ly e/abli%$ ?r\gh *ur* c\ncils1 :ile ! fai? ( ! ,evangelical ,*ur* already prevail$ be=e ! "t ( ^! c\ncils f :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* d]ives its support4 ,! mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+ ?\ghts :i* p]ta9 to ! s*ola/ics1 are1 on ! "o h&1 ! /rife betwe5 nom9alism & realism2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god--q a new manife/ation4 #a4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,up ,,( ,,dogmas ,,on ,,metaphysical ,,gr\nds4 ,! ef=ts ( ! s*ola/ics 7 fur!r direct$1 fir/ly1 to ! build+ up ( ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on metaphysical bases4 ,aft] ?is1 ! collect$ doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* 7 sy/ematically treat$4 ,!n ! s*ola/ics _h bran*es or modifications ( ^! dogmas1 :i* 7 n det]m9$ by ! doctr9al sy/em4 ,^? gr\nds !mselves1 & !n ^! fur!r & special po9ts ( view1 7 objects h&$ ov] = free discussion4 ,neo-,platonic philosophy 0 :at lay be=e ! !ologians fir/ ( all2 ! mann] ( ?is s*ool is recogniz$ 9 ! old] & pur] s*ola/ics4 ,anselm & ,abel>d are ! m di/+ui%$ ( ^? :o foll[ lat]4 a4 ,,anselm4 ,among/ ^? :o wi%$ to give additional pro( ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ?\ght1 is ,anselm1 a man ( great di/9ction & high repute4 ,he 0 born at ,ao/a1 9 ,pi$mont1 ab\t #ajcd2 9 #ajfj he became a monk at ,bec1 & 9 #ajic 0 rais$ to ! rank ( ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 9 #aaji he di$4#ai ,he s\ght to consid] & prove philosophically ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & x has ev5 be5 said ( him t he laid ! basis = s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,he speaks z foll[s ( ! relation ( fai? to ?\ght3 8,our fai? mu/ be def5d$ by reason aga9/ ! godless1 & n aga9/ ^? :o glory 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ian2 = ( ^! we may rightly dem& t !y %\ld hold firm to ! obligations :i* !y came "u 9 baptism4 ,^? o!rs mu/ be %[n ?r\gh reason h[ irrationally !y /rive aga9/ u4 ,! ,*ri/ian mu/ g on ?r\gh fai? to reason1 & n come f reason to fai?2 b if he _c atta9 to compreh5sion1 he mu/ /ill less dep>t f fai?4 ,= if he is able to press on to k1 he rejoices !re92 :5 he is unable s to d1 he humbly adores40#bj ,he makes a notewor?y rem>k1 :i* conta9s 8 :ole philosophy1 9 8 "w ,cur ,deus homo 7,i4 #b71 :i* is ri* 9 speculative ?\ght3 8,x appe>s to me great neglig5ce if we are firm 9 ! fai?1 & d n seek also to compreh5d :at we believe40 ,n[ ?is is decl>$ to be arrogance2 imm$iate k1 fai?1 is held to be high] ?an k4 ,b ,anselm & ! s*ola/ics ma9ta9$ ! opposite view4 ,anselm may be reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view z q specially ! f\nd] ( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,= ! ?\ght ( prov+ ?r\gh a simple *a9 ( reason+ :at 0 believ$--t ,god exi/s--left him no re/ day & night1 & tortur$ him = long4 ,at fir/ he believ$ 8 desire to prove ! div9e tru?s ?r\gh reason to be a temptation ( ! devil1 & he 0 9 great anxiety & di/ress on t acc\nt2 f9ally1 h[ev]1 success came to him by ! grace ( ,god 9 8 ,proslogium4#ba ,?is is ! s-call$ ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god :i* he set =?1 & :i* made him specially fam\s4 ,?is pro( 0 includ$ among ! v>i\s pro(s up to ! "t ( ,kant1 &--by "s :o h n yet rea*$ ! ,kantian /&po9t--x is s includ$ ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,x is diff]5t f :at we f9d & read ( among/ ! anci5ts4 ,= x 0 said t ,god is absolute ?\ght z objective2 = because ?+s 9 ! _w are cont+5t1 !y are n ! tru? 9 & = itself--b ?is is f\nd 9 ! inf9ite4 ,! s*ola/ics also knew well f ! ,ari/otelian philosophy ! metaphysical proposition t pot5tiality is no?+ by itself1 b is cle>ly "o ) actuality4 ,lat]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! opposition betwe5 ?\ght itself & ,be+ began to appe> ) ,anselm4 ,x is notewor?y t only n[ = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ! univ]sal ,notion & ,be+1 z x is to ord9>y conception1 became e/abli%$ 9 ?is pure ab/raction z ^! inf9ite extremes2 & ?us ! highe/ law has come to consci\sness4 ,b we rea* our pr(\nde/ dep?s 9 br++ ! highe/ opposition into consci\sness4 ,only no advance 0 made beyond ! division z su*1 al?\gh ,anselm also tri$ to f9d ! connection betwe5 ! sides4 ,b :ile hi!rto ,god appe>$ z ! absolute exi/5t1 & ! univ]sal 0 attribut$ to ,him z pr$icate1 an opposite ord] beg9s ) ,anselm--,be+ becomes pr$icate1 & ! absolute ,idea is fir/ ( all e/abli%$ z ! subject1 b ! subject ( ?\ght4 ,?us if ! exi/5ce ( ,god is once ab&on$ z ! fir/ hypo!sis1 & e/abli%$ z a result ( ?\ght1 self-consci\sness is on ! way to turn back )9 itself4 ,!n we h ! "q com+ 91 ,does ,god exi/8 :ile on ! o!r side ! "q ( mo/ importance 01 ,:at is ,god8 ,! ontological pro(1 :i* is ! fir/ prop]ly metaphysical pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 consequ5tly came to mean t ,god z ! ,idea ( exi/5ce :i* unites all reality 9 itself1 also has ! reality ( exi/5ce )9 ,himself2 ?is pro( ?us foll[s f ! ,notion ( ,god1 t ,he is ! univ]sal ess5ce ( all ess5ce4 ,! drift ( ?is reason+ is1 accord+ to ,anselm 7,proslogium1 c4 #b71 z foll[s3 8,x is "o ?+ to say t a ?+ is 9 ! und]/&+1 & q ano!r to p]ceive t x exi/s4 ,ev5 an ignorant p]son 7insipi5s7 w ?us be q conv9c$ t 9 ?\ght !re is some?+ beyond :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght2 = :5 he he>s ?is he und]/&s x1 & ev]y?+ t is und]/ood is 9 ! und]/&+4 ,b t beyond :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght _c c]ta9ly be 9 ! und]/&+ alone4 ,= if x is accept$ z 9 ?\ght alone1 we may g on f>!r to accept x z exi/5t2 t1 h[ev]1 is some?+ great]0 ?an :at is m]ely ?\ght4 8,?us 7 t beyond :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght m]ely 9 ! und]/&+1 t beyond :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght w\ld be some?+ beyond :i* some?+ great] c be ?\ght4 ,b t is truly impossible2 !re ?us )\t d\bt exi/s bo? 9 ! und]/&+ & 9 reality some?+ beyond :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght40 ,! highe/ conception _c be 9 ! und]/&+ alone2 x is ess5tial t x %\ld exi/4 ,?us x is made cle> t ,be+ is 9 a sup]ficial way subsum$ "u ! univ]sal ( reality1 t to ?is ext5t ,be+ does n ent] into opposition ) ! ,notion4 ,t is q "r2 only ! transition is n demon/rat$--t ! subjective und]/&+ abrogates itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is j ! "q :i* gives ! :ole int]e/ to ! matt]4 ,:5 reality or completion is express$ 9 su* a way t x is n yet posit$ z exi/5t1 x is some?+ ?\ght1 & r oppos$ to ,be+ ?an t ?is is subsum$ "u x4 ,?is mode ( argu+ held good until ! "t ( ,kant2 & we see 9 x ! endeav\r to appreh5d ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh reason4 ,?is opposition betwe5 ,be+ & ?\ght is ! />t+ po9t 9 philosophy1 ! absolute t conta9s ! two opposites )9 itself--a conception1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 :i* involves its exi/5ce likewise4 ,( ,anselm x is h[ev] to be rem>k$ t ! =mal logical mode ( ! und]/&+1 ! process ( s*ola/ic reason+ is to be f\nd 9 him1 ! cont5t inde$ is "r1 b ! =m faulty4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place ! expression 8! ?\ght ( a ,highe/0 is assum$ z ! prius4 ,secondly1 !re are two sorts ( objects ( ?\ght--"o t is & ano!r t is n2 ! object t is only ?\ght & does n exi/1 is z imp]fect z t :i* only is )\t be+ ?\ght4 ,! ?ird po9t is t :at is highe/ mu/ likewise exi/4 ,b :at is highe/1 ! /&>d to :i* all else mu/ con=m1 mu/ be no m]e hypo!sis1 z we f9d x repres5t$ 9 ! conception ( a highe/ acme ( p]fection1 z a cont5t :i* is ?\ght & likewise is4 ,?is v cont5t1 ! unity ( ,be+ & ?\ght1 is ?us inde$ ! true cont5t2 b because ,anselm has x be=e him only 9 ! =m ( ! und]/&+1 ! opposites are id5tical & con=mable to unity 9 a ?ird det]m9ation only--! ,highe/--:i*1 9 z f> z x is regulative1 is outside ( !m4 ,9 ?is x is involv$ t we %\ld fir/ ( all h subjective ?\ght1 & !n di/+ui%$ f t1 ,be+4 ,we all[ t if we ?9k a cont5t 7& x is app>5tly indiff]5t :e!r ?is is ,god or any o!r71 x may be ! case t ?is cont5t does n exi/4 ,! ass]tion 8,some?+ t is ?\ght does n exi/0 is n[ subsum$ "u ! above /&>d & is n con=mable to x4 ,we grant t ! tru? is t :i* is n m]ely ?\ght b :i* likewise is4 ,b ( ?is opposition no?+ "h is said4 ,und\bt$ly ,god w\ld be imp]fect1 if ,he 7 m]ely ?\ght & did n also h ! det]m9ation ( ,be+4 ,b 9 relation to ,god we mu/ n take ?\ght z m]ely subjective2 ?\ght "h signifies ! absolute1 pure ?\ght1 & ?us we mu/ ascribe to ,him ! quality ( ,be+4 ,on ! o!r h& if ,god 7 m]ely ,be+1 if ,he 7 n consci\s ( ,himself z self-consci\sness1 ,he w\ld n be ,_s1 a ?\ght t ?9ks itself4 ,kant1 on ! o!r h&1 attack$ & reject$ ,anselm's pro(--:i* rejection ! :ole _w aft]w>ds foll[$ up--on ! gr\nd ( its be+ an assumption t ! unity ( ,be+ & ?\ght is ! highe/ p]fection4 ,:at ,kant ?us demon/rates 9 ! pres5t day--t ,be+ is diff]5t f ?\ght & t ,be+ is n by any means posit$ ) ?\ght--0 a criticism (f]$ ev5 9 t "t by a monk nam$ ,gaunilo4 ,he combat$ ?is pro( ( ,anselm's 9 a ,lib] pro insipi5te to :i* ,anselm himself direct$ a reply 9 8 ,lib] apologeticus adv]sus insipi5tem4#bb ,?us ,kant says 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #dfd ( ! six? edition73 ,if we ?9k a hundr$ doll>s1 ?is conception does n involve exi/5ce4 ,t is c]ta9ly true3 :at is only a conception does n exi/1 b x is likewise n a true cont5t1 = :at does n exi/1 is m]ely an untrue conception4 ,( su* we d n h[ev] "h speak1 b ( pure ?\ght2 x is no?+ new to say !y are diff]5t--,anselm knew ?is j z well z we d4 ,god is ! inf9ite1 j z body & s\l1 ,be+ & ?\ght are et]nally unit$2 ?is is ! speculative1 true def9ition ( ,god4 ,to ! pro( :i* ,kant criticizes 9 a mann] :i* x is ! fa%ion to foll[ n[-a-days1 !re is ?us lack+ only ! p]ception ( ! unity ( ?\ght & ( exi/5ce 9 ! inf9ite2 & ?is alone mu/ =m ! comm5cem5t4 ,o!r pro(s su*1 = example1 z ! cosmological1 :i* argues f ! cont+5cy ( ! _w to an absolute exi/5ce1 h !reby n rea*$ ! idea ( absolute ess5ce z _s1 & are )\t consci\sness ( ! fact t x is an object ( ?\ght4 ,! old physico-!ological pro(1 :i* ev5 ,socrates possess$1 f beauty1 ord]1 organic ends1 inde$ implies an und]/&+1 a ri*] ?\ght ( absolute exi/5ce1 & n alone an indet]m9ate ,be+1 b 9 ?is pro( x likewise rema9s unkn[n t ,god is ! ,idea4 ,& !n :at sort ( an und]/&+ is ,god8 ,a diff]5t & imm$iate "o2 !n ?is _s is indep5d5t4 ,fur!r1 disord] likewise exi/s1 & ?us !re mu/ be some?+ else conceiv$ ( ?an ?is app>5t ord] ( nature only4 ,b f ask+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 f mak+ 8 objective mode a pr$icate & ?us kn[+ t ,god is ,idea1 to pass to mak+ ! absolute exi/5ce ,i ,i1 ?9k+ self-consci\sness1 n z pr$icate b 9 su* a way t ea* ?9k+ ,i is ! mom5t ( ?is self-consci\sness--is /ill a long /ride4 ,"h1 :]e we see ?is =m fir/ em]ge1 absolute exi/5ce is cle>ly to be tak5 z ! ,beyond ( f9ite consci\sness2 ?is is to itself ! null & void1 & x has n yet grasp$ its s5se ( self4 ,its ?\ghts reg>d+ ?+s are manifold1 & ! m]e fact ( be+ a ?+ is to x likewise j su* a pr$icate z ! re/2 b x is !reby n yet turn$ back )9 itself1 x kn[s ( exi/5ce1 b n ( itself4 ,9 ?is1 says ,t5nemann 7,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 p4 #aba71 8,anselm has laid ! fir/ =mal gr\nd ( s*ola/ic !ology20 b ev5 be=e ?is ! same 0 pres5t1 only to a m limit$ ext5t1 & m]ely = individual dogmas--z is also ! case ) ,anselm4 ,8 writ+s be> witness ( great p5etration & m5tal ability2 & he gave rise to ! philosophy ( ! s*ola/ics1 inasmu* z he unit$ !ology to philosophy4 ,! !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages ?us /&s mu* high] ?an t ( mod]n times2 nev] h ,ca?olics be5 su* b>b>ians z to say t !re %\ld n be k ( ! et]nal tru?1 & t x %\ld n be philosophically compreh5d$4 ,?is is "o po9t :i* has to be specially not$ 9 ,anselm1 ! o!r is t he appreh5d$ 9 its unity t highe/ opposition betwe5 ?\ght & ,be+ spok5 ( above4 b4 ,,abel>d4 ,) ,anselm ,pet] ,abel>d is associat$1 bo? be+ ma9ly conc]n$ 9 ! introduction ( philosophy into !ology4 ,abel>d liv$ ab\t #aajj--;f #ajgi to #aadb--;& is fam$ = 8 le>n+1 b /ill m fam$ 9 ! _w ( s5tim5t & passion = 8 love to ,heloise & 8 aft] fate4#bc ,aft] ! days ( ,anselm he atta9$ to great repute1 & he foll[$ him 9 8 treatm5t ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 m especially seek+ to give a philosophic pro( ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,he taught at ,p>is4 ,p>is ab\t ?is "t 0 to ! !ologians :at ,bologna 0 to ! juri/s1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! sci5ces2 x 0 at t "t ! seat ( philosophiz+ !ology4 ,abel>d (t5 deliv]$ 8 lectures !re be=e a ?\s& li/5]s4 ,!ological sci5ce & philosophiz+ reg>d+ x1 0 9 ,france 7z 0 jurisprud5ce 9 ,italy7 a matt] ( great importance1 :i*1 z mo/ significant 9 ! developm5t ( ,france1 has hi!rto be5 too mu* neglect$4 ,! conception prevail$ t philosophy & religion 7 "o & ! same2 :i* !y absolutely speak+ are4 ,b ! di/9ction 0 soon rea*$1 8t mu* may be true 9 philosophy & false 9 !ology30 ?is ! ,*ur* d5i$4 ,t5nemann 7,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dfj1 #dfa7 quotes z foll[s f a rescript ( ! ,bi%op ,/eph53 8,!y say t ?is is true accord+ to philosophy1 & n accord+ to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 j z if !re 7 two contradictory tru?s1 & z if 9 ! doctr9es ( ! accurs$ hea!n a tru? contradictory to ! tru? ( ! holy scriptures c\ld be pres5t40 ,:ile !n und\bt$ly1 ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ! f\r faculties 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is :i* came ab\t 9 #abgj1 philosophy became sep>at$ f !ology1 x 0 yet =bidd5 to x to subject !ological beliefs & dogmas to disputation4#bd #b4 ,,me?odical ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,we n[ g on to ! m def9ite =m :i* ! s*ola/ic !ology rea*$2 = 9 a second developm5t ( s*ola/ic philosophy ! ma9 endeav\r became to make ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* me?odical1 :ile /ill keep+ its connection ) all previ\s metaphysical argum5ts4 ,^! & _! c\nt]-argum5ts 7 plac$ side by side 9 /at+ e dogma1 s t !ology became repres5t$ 9 a sci5tific sy/em1 :ile be=e ?is ! ecclesia/ical tea*+ 9 ! g5]al education ( ! cl]gy 0 limit$ to ! prop\nd+ ( successive dogmas1 & ! writ+ d[n ( passages f ,augu/9e & o!r ,fa!rs be>+ on ea* proposition4 a4 ,,pet] ,,lomb>d4 ,pet] ( ,nov>a 9 ,lomb>dy 0 ! fir/ ( ^? :o br\ght ?is to pass2 he dates f ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & 0 ! orig9ator ( ?is me?od4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #aafd4 ,petrus ,lomb>dus set =? a :ole sy/em ( s*ola/ic !ology :i* rema9$ = sev]al c5turies ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he compos$ to t end 8 ,quatuor libros s5t5ti>um1 & h5ce he likewise receiv$ ! "n ,magi/] s5t5ti>um4 ,= 9 ^? times e le>n$ s*oolman _h "s pr$icate su* z ,doctor acutus1 inv9cibilis1 s5t5tiosus1 angelicus1 c4 ,o!rs also avail$ !mselves ( ! same title = _! works2 ?us ,rob]t ,pulleyn wrote ,s5t5ti>um libros octo4#be ,lomb>d collect$ ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 *ur* doctr9es f c\ncils & ,fa!rs1 & !n add$ subtle que/ions respect+ p>ticul> items2 ) ^! ! s*ools occupi$ !mselves1 & !y became a subject ( disputation4 ,he himself1 inde$1 answ]$ ^! que/ions1 b he caus$ c\nt]-argum5ts to foll[1 & 8 answ] (t5 left ! :ole matt] problematical1 s t ! que/ions 7 n prop]ly decid$4 ,! argum5ts are ?us enum]at$ on ei!r side2 ev5 ! ,fa!rs contradict$ !mselves1 & num]\s passages f !m 7 quot$ by bo? ! oppos$ sides 9 support ( _! respective views4 ,9 ?is way !ses arose1 !n qu/iones1 9 reply to ^! argum5ta1 !n aga9 positiones1 & f9ally dubia2 accord+ z m5 *ose to take ! words 9 ?is s5se or t1 & foll[$ ?is or t au?ority4 ,yet a c]ta9 degree ( me?od began to ent] 94 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?is middle ( ! twelf? c5tury =ms ! epo* 9 :i* s*ola/icism became m univ]sal z a le>n$ !ology4 ,! book ( ,lomb>d 0 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages comm5tat$ by ! doctores !ologic dogmatic1 :o 7 n[ held to be ! recogniz$ gu>dians ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e1 :ile ! cl]gy _h *>ge ( ! s\l4 ,^? doctors _h great au?ority1 !y held synods1 criticiz$ & condemn$ ?is or t doctr9e & book z h]etical1 c41 9 synods or z ! ,sorbonne1 a society ( su* doctors 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,!y took ! place ( assemblages ( ! ,*ur*1 & 7 some?+ l ! ,fa!rs 9 ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,9 p>ticul> !y reject$ ! writ+s ( ! my/ics l ,amalri* & 8 disciple ,david ( ,d9ant1 :o1 resembl+ ,proclus 9 _! po9t ( view1 w5t back to unity4 ,amalri*1 :o 0 attack$ z a h]etic 9 #abjd1 = in/ance said1 8,god is all1 ,god & ! ,creature are n diff]5t1 9 ,god all ?+s are1 ,god is ! "o univ]sal sub/ance40 ,david ass]t$1 8,god is ! fir/ matt] & ev]y?+ is "o 9 matt]1 & ,god is j ?is unity40 ,he divid$ ev]y?+ into ?ree classes1 bodies1 s\ls1 et]nal immat]ial sub/ances or spirits4 8,! indivisible pr9ciple ( s\ls is ! 1 & t ( spirits is ,god4 ,^! ?ree pr9ciples are id5tical & h5ce all ?+s 9 ess5ce are "o40 ,8 books 7 burn$4#bf b4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as4 ,! o!r individual :o 0 equally fam\s ) ,pet] ,lomb>d1 0 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 born 9 #abbd ( ! noble race ,aqu9o1 9 8 pat]nal ca/le ,roccasicca1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,naples4 ,he ent]$ ! ,ord] ( ,dom9icans1 & di$ 9 #abgd on a j\rney to a *ur* c\ncil at ,lyons4 ,he possess$ a v ext5sive k ( !ology1 & also ( ,ari/otle2 he 0 likewise call$ ,doctor angelicus & communis1 a second ,augu/9e4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 a disciple ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 he wrote comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle & on ,petrus ,lomb>dus2 & he also himself compos$ a summa !ologi 7t is1 a sy/em7 :i* ) 8 o!r writ+s obta9$ = him ! greate/ hon\r1 & :i* became "o ( ! pr9cipal text-books 9 s*ola/ic !ology4#bg ,9 ?is book !re are f\nd1 inde$1 logical =malities--n1 h[ev]1 dialectical subtleties1 b fundam5tal metaphysical ?\ghts reg>d+ ! :ole range ( !ology & philosophy4 ,?omas ,aqu9as likewise add$ que/ions1 answ]s & d\bts1 & he gave ! po9t on :i* ! solution dep5d$4 ,! ma9 bus9ess ( s*ola/ic !ology consi/$ 9 work+ out ! summa ( ,?omas4 ,! pr9cipal po9t 0 to make !ology philosophic & m widely sy/ematic2 ,pet] ,lomb>d & ,?omas ,aqu9as are be/ kn[n 9 respect ( ?is endeav\r1 & = long _! works =m$ ! basis ( all fur!r le>n$ elaborations ( doctr9e4 ,) ,?omas1 ,ari/otelian =ms con/itute ! basis--t ( sub/ance 7=ma sub/antialis7 is1 = in/ance1 analog\s to ! entele*y 77 ( ,ari/otle4 ,he said ( ! doctr9e ( k1 t mat]ial ?+s consi/ ( =m & matt]2 ! s\l has ! sub/antial =m ( ! /one 9 itself4#bh c4 ,,john ,,duns ,,scotus4 ,9 respect ( ! =mal developm5t ( philosophic !ology a ?ird individual is fam\s1 namely1 ,duns ,scotus1 ,doctor subtilis1 a ,franciscan1 :o 0 born at ,dun/on 9 ! c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 & :o little by little obta9$ ?irty ?\s& disciples4 ,9 ! ye> #acjd he came to ,p>is1 & 9 #acjh to ,cologne1 z a doctor 9 ! univ]sity newly in/itut$ !re4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) great rejoic+s1 b he di$ !re ( apoplexy soon aft] 8 arrival1 & is said to h be5 buri$ alive4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 only #cd1 accord+ to o!rs #dc1 & accord+ to o!rs aga9 #fc ye>s old1 = ! ye> ( 8 bir? is n kn[n4#bi ,he wrote comm5t>ies on ! ,magi/] s5t5ti>um1 :i* procur$ = him ! fame ( a v ke5 ?9k]1 foll[+ ! ord] ( beg9n+ ) ! pro( ( ! necessity ( a sup]natural revelation z aga9/ ! m]e light ( reason4#cj ,on acc\nt ( 8 p[] ( p5etration he has be5 likewise call$ ! ,deus int] philosophos4 ,he 0 accord$ ! mo/ excessive praise4 ,x 0 said ( him3 8,he develop$ philosophy to su* an ext5t t he himself might h be5 its discov]] if x _h n already be5 discov]$2 he knew ! my/]ies ( ! fai? s well t he c sc>cely be said to h believ$ !m2 he knew ! secrets ( provid5ce z ?\gh he _h p5etrat$ !m1 & ! qualities ( angels z ?\gh he 7 himself an angel2 he wrote s mu* 9 a few ye>s t sc>cely "o man c\ld read x all1 & h>dly any 7 able to und]/& x40#ca ,accord+ to all te/imony x appe>s t ,scotus help$ ! s*ola/ic me?od ( disputation to rea* its height1 f9d+ ! mat]ial = ! same 9 argum5ts & c\nt]-argum5ts arrang$ 9 syllogisms2 8 mann] 0 to add to ea* s5t5tia a long succession ( di/9ctiones1 qu/iones1 problemata1 solutiones1 argum5ta pro et contra4 ,because he also refut$ 8 argum5ts 9 a simil> s]ies1 ev]y?+ fell once m asund]2 h5ce he 0 held to be ! orig9ator ( ! quodlibetan me?od4 ,! ,quodlibeta signifi$ collections ( miscellane\s diss]tations on individual objects 9 ! e-day mann] ( disputation1 :i* speaks ( ev]y?+1 b )\t sy/ematic ord] & )\t any consi/5t :ole be+ work$ out & set =?2 o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 wrote summas4 ,! ,lat9 ( ,scotus is exce$+ly b>b>\s1 b well suit$ = exact philosophic expression2 he inv5t$ an endless numb] ( new propositions1 t]ms & syn!ses4 #c4 ,,acqua9tance%ip ,,) ,,ari/otelian ,,writ+s4 ,we mu/ fur!r rem>k a ?ird developm5t1 :i* proce$$ f ! ext]nal hi/orical circum/ance t 9 ! end ( ! twelf? & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,we/]n !ologians became m g5]ally acqua9t$ ) ! ,ari/otelian writ+s & _! ,greek & ,arabian comm5tators1 9 ,lat9 translations f ! ,arabic4 ,^! n[ became mu* us$ by !m1 & 7 made ! subject ( fur!r comm5t>ies & discussions4 ,! v5]ation1 admiration & respect :i* ,ari/otle receiv$1 n[ rea*$ its height4 a4 ,,alex&] ,,( ,,hales4 ,! famili> acqua9tance ) ,ari/otle & ! ,arabians became fir/ evid5t 9 ,alex&] ( ,hales 7di$ #abde71 ! ,doctor irrefragabilis4 ,! e>li] /ages by :i* ?is famili>ity came ab\t has be5 %[n above 7p4 #ce74 ,hi!rto ! acqua9tance ) ,ari/otle 0 v slight1 & ?r\gh _m c5turies x 0 limit$1 z we saw above 7p4 #cg71 m especially to 8 ,logic1 :i* _h surviv$ f ! e>lie/ times & 0 transmitt$ 9 ! works ( ,boe?ius1 ,augu/9e & ,cassiodorus4 ,x 0 only :5 we came to ,scotus ,erig5a t we f\nd 7p4 #ei7 a k ( ,greek1 al?\gh x 0 q unusual 9 8 day4 ,9 ,spa91 "u ! ,arabians1 ! sci5ces fl\ri%$ greatly4 ,9 p>ticul> ! univ]sity ( ,cordova 9 ,&alusia 0 a c5tre-po9t ( le>n+2 _m f ! l&s ( ! ,we/ j\rney$ ?i!r1 j z ev5 ! ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii41 s well kn[n 9 8 e>li] days z ,g]b]t1 escap$ z a monk to ,spa9 = ! purpose ( /udy+ ) ! ,arabs4#cb ,! sci5ces ( m$ic9e & al*emy 7 dilig5tly pursu$4 ,*ri/ian doctors !re /udi$ m$ic9e "u ! ,jewi%-,arabian tea*]s4 ,x 0 pr9cipally ! ,ari/otelian metaphysics & physics :i* 7 !n kn[n1 & f ^! ab/racts 7summ7 7 con/ruct$4 ,! logic & metaphysics ( ,ari/otle 7 spun out ) extreme f95ess into endless di/9ctions1 & br\ght into g5u9e syllogi/ic =ms ( ! und]/&+1 :i* con/itut$ = ! mo/ "p ! pr9ciple = ! treatm5t ( ! subject dealt )4 ,9 ?is way dialectic subtlety 0 mu* increas$1 :ile ! prop]ly speculative side 9 ,ari/otle rema9$ = ! _s ( ext]nality1 & consequ5tly also ( irrationality1 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,hoh5/auf5 emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 !n s5t = ,ari/otelian books f ,con/ant9ople & _h !m translat$ into ,lat94 ,at fir/1 inde$1 on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,ari/otelian writ+s1 ! ,*ur* made difficulties2 ! read+ ( 8 metaphysics & physics & ! ab/racts prep>$ !refrom1 z also ! exposition ( ! same1 0 =bidd5 by a *ur* synod held at ,p>is #abji4 ,likewise 9 #abae ! c>d9al ,rob]t ,corceo came to ,p>is & !re held a visitation ( ! univ]sity1 on :i* occasion he orda9$ t regul> lectures on ! dialectical writ+s ( ,ari/otle %\ld be held :ile he =bade ! read+ ( & lectur+ on ! metaphysics & natural philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 & ! ab/racts prep>$ f !m2 he also condemn$ ! doctr9es ( ! h]etics ,david ( ,d9ant & ,amalri* & likewise ! ,spani>d ,mauritius4 ,pope ,gregory1 9 a bull issu$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #abca1 )\t m5tion+ metaphysics1 =bade ! books ( ! ,physics to be read until !y _h be5 exam9$ & purifi$ f all suspicion ( error4 ,b lat] on1 9 #acff1 x 0 on ! o!r h& orda9$ by two c>d9als t no "o c\ld be made a magi/] unless he _h /udi$ ! prescrib$ books ( ,ari/otle--among/ :i* 7 ! ,metaphysics & "s ( ! ,physics--& _h prov$ himself capable ( expla9+ !m4#cc ,x 0 only mu* lat] on1 h[ev]1 :5 ,greek lit]ature 9 g5]al _h aga9 become widely diffus$1 t m5 became bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek text ( ! ,ari/otelian writ+s4 b4 ,,alb]tus ,,magnus4 ,among/ ^? :o di/+ui%$ !mselves ?r\gh _! comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle's writ+s1 we mu/ specially m5tion ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ,g]man s*oolman1 ( ! noble race ( ,boll/adt4 ,magnus ei!r 0 8 family "n1 or x 0 giv5 him on acc\nt ( 8 fame4 ,he 0 born 9 #aaic or #abje at ,lau+5 on ! ,danube 9 ,swabia1 & began by /udy+ at ,padua1 :]e 8 /udy is /ill %[n to travell]s4 ,9 ! ye> #abba he became a ,dom9ican fri>1 & aft]w>ds liv$ at ,cologne z ,prov9cial ( 8 ,ord] 9 ,g]many3 9 #abhj he di$4 ,x is said ( him t 9 8 y\? he %[$ himself v dull & /upid1 until1 accord+ to a leg5d1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y appe>$ to him 9 company ) ?ree o!r beautiful wom51 incit$ him to ! /udy ( ,philosophy1 lib]at$ him f 8 dulness ( und]/&+1 & promis$ him t he %\ld enlight5 ! ,*ur*1 &1 9 spite ( 8 sci5ce1 %\ld /ill die 9 ! fai?4 ,:at happ5$ 0 9 accordance ) ?is prophecy1 = five ye>s be=e 8 dea? he =got all 8 philosophy z quickly z he le>n$ x1 & !n actually di$ 9 ! dulness & or?odoxy ( 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,h5ce !re is curr5t reg>d+ him an old say+3 8,alb]t *ang$ quickly f an ass into a philosoph]1 & f a philosoph] into an ass40 ,8 le>n+ 0 g5]ally und]/ood to consi/ l>gely ( magic4 ,= al?\gh natural objects h no?+ to d ) s*ola/icism prop]1 :i* 0 really p]fectly bl9d to nature1 he occupi$ himself mu* !re)2 & among/ o!r devices he manufactur$ a talk+ ma*9e :i* al>m$ 8 pupil ,?omas ( ,aqu9o1 :o ev5 aim$ a bl[ at x1 ?9k+ he saw !re9 a "w ( ! devil4 ,likewise ! fact t he receiv$ & ent]ta9$ ,william ( ,holl&#cd 9 ! middle ( w9t] 9 a g>d5 full ( blossom1 is c\nt$ z magic4#ce ,:ile z = u--we f9d ! w9t]-g>d5 9 ,fau/ q natural4 ,alb]t wrote a great deal1 & tw5ty-"o folios rema9 to u ( 8 writ+s4 ,he wrote on ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 comm5tat$ ! ,magi/] s5t5ti>um1 0 specially conv]sant ) ! ,arabians & ! ,rabbis1 z he 0 also well acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ,ari/otle1 al?\gh he himself und]/ood nei!r ,greek nor ,arabic4 ,he likewise wrote on ! ,physics ( ,ari/otle4 ,!re is f\nd 9 him a rem>kable in/ance ( defici5t k ( ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,he d]iv$ ! "n ,epicurean 7,op]a1 ,t4,v4 pp4 #ecj1 #eca7 f ! fact t !y idl$ away _! "t auf d] faul5 ,haut lag5 7 cutem7 or else f cura because !y conc]n$ !mselves ) _m useless ?+s 7sup]curantes74 ,he repres5ts ! ,/oics z be+ some?+ l our *oir-boys2 he says t !y 7 p :o made songs 7faci5tes cantil5as71 & roam$ ab\t 9 porticoes4 ,=1 z he "h rem>ks 9 a v le>n$ way1 ! fir/ philosoph]s clo!d _! philosophy 9 v]ses1 & !n sang !m 9 halls & por*es1 & h5ce !y are call$ /&]s 9 ! por* 7,/oici74 ,gass5di relates 7,vita ,epicuri1 ,i4 c4 #aa1 p4 #ea7 t ,alb]tus ,magnus m5tion$ z ! fir/ ,epicureans1 ,hesiodus1 ,a?alius or ,a*alius 7( :om we "k no?+71 ,cc9a1 or1 z o!rs call him1 ,tet9nus1 a fri5d ( ,cic]o1 & ,isaacus1 ! ,jewi% philosoph]4 ,h[ t is arriv$ at we d n "k at all4 ,( ! ,/oics ,alb]tus1 on ! contr>y1 m5tions ,speusippus1 ,plato1 ,socrates & ,py?agoras4 ,^! anecdotes give u a picture ( ! condition ( culture 9 ^! times4 #d4 ,,opposition ,,betwe5 ,,realism ,,& ,,nom9alism4 ,9 ! f\r? place we mu/ m5tion an important matt]1 to :i* mu* att5tion 0 devot$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 namely t p>ticul> philosophic "q :i* =m$ ! subject ( controv]sy betwe5 ! ,reali/s & ! ,nom9ali/s1 & ! discussion ( :i* 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh v ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,s*ola/ic p]iod4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?is controv]sy is conc]n$ ) ! metaphysical opposition betwe5 ! univ]sal & ! individual2 x occupies ! att5tion ( ,s*ola/ic philosophy = sev]al c5turies1 & reflects great cr$it ^u x4 ,a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s1 b o!rwise _! hi/ory is v obscure2 & we "k m ( ! !ological aspect ( ! subject ?an ( ?is4 a4 ,,roscel9us4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy dates back to ! elev5? c5tury1 ,roscel9us be+ ! e>lie/ ,nom9ali/4 ,! fam\s ,abel>d1 al?\gh he pr(esses to be an oppon5t ( ,roscel9us1 is himself no?+ m or less ?an a ,nom9ali/4 ,roscel9us wrote also aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 & 0 pron\nc$ guilty ( h]esy 9 #ajib at an ecclesia/ical c\ncil :i* met at ,soissons4 ,8 influ5ce 01 h[ev]1 b small4#cf ,! matt] 9 "q is ! univ]sal z su* 7univ]sale71 or ! g5us1 ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 :at 9 ,plato 0 call$ ! ,idea--= in/ance1 ,be+1 humanity1 ! animal4 ,! foll[]s ( ,plato ass]t$ t ^! univ]sals exi/2 _! exi/5ce 0 individualiz$1 & ?us #8tabl5ess' 0 said to be also a real exi/5ce 7supra1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi74 ,we make repres5tations ( a ?+ to ourselves1 & say 8x is blue20 ?is is a univ]sal4 ,! "q n[ is :e!r su* univ]sals are some?+ real 9 & = !mselves1 ap>t f ! ?9k+ subject1 & indep5d5t ( ! individual exi/+ ?+1 s t !y exi/ 9 ! individual ?+s indep5d5tly ( ! individuality ( ! ?+ & ( ea* o!r2 or :e!r ! univ]sal is only nom9al1 only 9 ! subjective repres5tation1 a ?+ ( ?\ght4 ,^? :o ma9ta9$ t ! univ]sals _h a real exi/5ce ap>t f ! ?9k+ subject & di/9ct f ! individual ?+1 & t ! ,idea alone con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 7 t]m$ ,reali/s--a use ( ! t]m 9 q an opposite s5se to t :i* passes curr5t n[4 ,i mean t ?is expression has = u ! signification t ?+s z !y are 9 _! imm$iacy h an actual exi/5ce2 & to ?is idealism is oppos$1 t be+ a "n :i* 0 giv5 lat] to ! philosophy :i* ascribes reality to ideas alone1 & ass]ts t ?+s z !y appe> 9 _! individuality h no tru?4 ,! realism ( ! ,s*ola/ics 9 ! same way ma9ta9$ t ! ,univ]sal has an indep5d5t1 absolute exi/5ce1 = ,ideas are n liable to de/ruction1 l natural ?+s1 !re=e !y are immutable & ! only true exi/5ce4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ! o!rs1 ! ,nom9ali/s or ,=mali/s1 ass]t$ t if g5]als or univ]sals are =m$1 ^! are only names1 matt]s ( =m1 repres5tations :i* we make to ourselves1 a subjective g5]alization1 a product ( ! ?9k+ m9d2 ! individual alone is ! real4 ,?is is !n ! matt] 9 "q2 x is ( great int]e/1 & is f\nd$ ^u a mu* high] opposition ?an any ! anci5ts knew (4 ,roscel9us made univ]sal conceptions arise only f ! necessities ( language4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ideas or univ]sals1 l ,be+1 life1 reason1 are 9 !mselves no?+ b m]e ab/ract notions or g5]ic names1 :i*1 z su*1 h 9 & = !mselves no univ]sal reality ( _! own3 t :i* has ,be+ & life is f\nd 9 ! individual alone4 ,aga9/ ^! ass]tions argum5ts are br\ght =w>d by :i* "o c see t ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian _w 0 tak5 z basis1 (t5 became 9 ! highe/ degree ridicul\s4 ,= in/ance1 ,abel>d reproa*es ,roscel9us = hav+ ass]t$ t no ?+ has p>ts1 t only ! words :i* d5ote ! ?+s are divisible4 ,abel>d prov$ t accord+ to ,roscel9us1 ,*ri/ did n eat a real "p ( ! broil$ fi%1 b only a "p--,i d n "k :i*--( ! ^w 8broil$ fi%10 s9ce accord+ to him !re 7 no p>ts--:i* int]pretation w\ld be prepo/]\s & highly blasphem\s4#cg ,our way ( reason+ f 8heal?y human und]/&+10 is n mu* bett]4 b4 ,,walt] ,,( ,,mortagne4 ,walt] ( ,mortagne 7d4 #aagd7 aim$ at ! union ( ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal1 say+ t ! univ]sal mu/ be individual1 t univ]sals mu/ be unit$ ) individuals 9 accordance ) _! ess5ce4#ch ,9 lat] times ! two rival factions 7 kn[n to fame z ,?omi/s1 f ! ,dom9ican ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,scoti/s1 f ! ,franciscan ,johannes ,duns ,scotus4 ,nev]!less1 ! orig9al "q z to :e!r univ]sal notions h reality1 &1 if s1 to :at ext5t !y h x1 und]w5t a great v>iety ( modifications & gradations1 j z ! oppos+ p>ties receiv$ v v>i\s names4 ,nom9alism1 9 its crude =m1 decl>$ univ]sal notions to be m]e names1 :i* h reality only 9 spee*1 & x ascrib$ reality to individuals alone2 ,realism foll[$ ! exactly opposite c\rse ( attribut+ reality only to univ]sals1 :ile x consid]$ t :at di/+ui%$ individual ?+s 0 an accid5t only or a pure diff]5ce4 ,nei!r ( ^! two !ories 0 correct 9 ! mann] ( pass+ f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>4 ,!re 7 "s1 h[ev]1 among ! ,s*oolm5 :o grasp$ ! true conception t individuation1 ! limitation ( ! univ]sal1 & inde$ ( :at is mo/ univ]sal1 ,be+ & entity1 is a negation4 ,o!rs said t ! limit is itself some?+ positive1 b t x is n "o ) ! univ]sal by union ) x1 = x r /&s 9 a metaphysical connection ) x1 t is1 9 a connection su* z t :i* b9ds ?\ght ) ?\ght4 ,?is implies t ! individual is only a cle>] expression ( :at is already conta9$ 9 ! g5]al conception2 s t ^! conceptions1 9 spite ( _! be+ divid$ into p>ts & diff]5tiat$1 /ill rema9 simple2 ,be+ or entity1 moreov]1 really is a ,notion4#ci ,?omas1 :o 0 a ,reali/1 decl>$ ! univ]sal ,idea to be indet]m9ate1 & plac$ individuation 9 det]m9ate matt] 7mat]ia signata71 i4e4 matt] 9 its dim5sions or det]m9ations4 ,accord+ to him1 ! orig9al pr9ciple is ! univ]sal ,idea2 ! =m1 z actus purus1 may1 z ) ,ari/otle1 exi/ on its own acc\nt2 ! id5tity ( matt] & =m1 ! =ms ( matt]1 z su*1 are fur!r remov$ f ! orig9al pr9ciple1--:ile ?9k+ sub/ances are m]e =ms4#dj ,b = ,scotus ! univ]sal is r ! individual ,"o1 ! "o he ?9ks may appe> also 9 ! o!r2 he ma9ta9$ !re=e ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 & ! =mal "* ( ! univ]sal4 ,9 8 view indet]m9ate matt] becomes individual ?r\gh an inw>d positive addition2 ! sub/antial =ms ( ?+s are _! real ess5ce4 ,occam ?us repres5ts ! views ( ,scotus3 8,9 ! ?+ t exi/s outside ( ! s\l ! same ,nature exi/s realit] ) ! diff]5ce limit+ 7contrah5te7 x to a det]m9ate individual1 be+ only =mally di/+ui%$1 & 9 itself nei!r univ]sal nor individual1 b incompletely univ]sal 9 ! ?+1 & completely univ]sal 9 ! und]/&+40#da ,scotus rack$ 8 bra9s mu* ov] ?is subject4 ,to univ]sals ! ,=mali/s all[$ only an ideal reality 9 ! div9e & human intellect behold+ !m4#db ,we ?us see h[ closely connect$ ) ?is is ! ?\ght :i* we fir/ meet ) 9 ! ,s*ola/ics1 namely ! seek+ & giv+ ( s-call$ pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce 7supra1 pp4 #fb-fg74 c4 ,,william ,,occam4 ,! opposition betwe5 ,ideali/s & ,reali/s appe>$ at an e>ly /age1 x is true1 b x 0 n until lat]1 aft] ! "t ( ,abel>d1 t x became ! ord] ( ! day1 & 0 inve/$ ) g5]al int]e/4 ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t *iefly by ! ,franciscan ,william ,occam1 ( ! village ( ,occam 9 ! c\nty ( ,surrey 9 ,engl&1 :o 0 surnam$ ,doctor inv9cibilis1 & fl\ri%$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury3 ! ye> ( 8 bir? is unkn[n4 ,he is greatly celebrat$ = 8 skill 9 h&l+ ! weapons ( logic2 he is ke5 9 discrim9ation & f]tile 9 devis+ argum5ts & c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,occam 0 a lead+ *ampion ( ,nom9alism1 :i* up to ?is "t _h f\nd only "h & !re a def5d]1 l ,roscel9us & ,abel>d2 8 num]\s foll[]s receiv$ ! "n ( ,occami/s & 7 ,franciscans1 :ile ! ,dom9icans reta9$ ! "n ( ,?omi/s4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s rag$ ) a burn+ vehem5ce1 & 0 c>ri$ to ! greate/ extremes2 a pulpit is /ill %[n :i* 0 sep>at$ by a wood5 p>tition f ! plat=m ( ! oppon5t1 9 ord] t ! disputants might n come to bl[s4 ,h5ce=? !ology 0 taught "u two =ms 7!ologia s*ola/ica secundum utramque p>tem74 ,ow+ to ! civil w>s 9 ,france1 politics also began gradually to affect ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ord]s1 & ?is l5t increas$ importance to ! conflict into :i* jeal\sy _h plung$ ! rival factions4 ,9 #acbb1 at a conv5tion ( 8 ord]1 & also on o!r occasions1 ,occam & 8 ord] def5d$ to ! utmo/ ( _! p[] ! claims ( ! diff]5t pr9ces1 su* z ! ,k+ ( ,france & ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ! ,pope4 ,among ! words ( ,william to ! ,emp]or 7 ^!1 8,d ?\ def5d me ) ! sword1 & ,i w def5d !e ) ! p540 ,int]dicts ( ! ,p>is ,univ]sity & ,papal bulls 7 issu$ aga9/ ,occam4 ,! ,p>is ,univ]sity =bade 8 doctr9es to be taught or 8 works quot$4 ,a special prohibition 0 issu$ 9 #acdj3 8,no tea*] %all v5ture to ass]t pla9ly1 or 9 s _m words1 t "s famili> maxim ( ! au?or on :om he is lectur+ is false1 b %all ei!r ass5t to x1 or di/+ui% ! true & ! false significance2 o!rwise ! dang]\s result is to be appreh5d$ t ! tru?s ( ! ,bible might be 9 l mann] reject$4 ,no tea*] %all ass]t t a maxim _c be ?us expla9$ or fur!r def9$40 ,occam 0 excommunicat$ 9 #acbh1 & di$ at ,muni* 9 #acdc4dc ,occam asks 9 "o ( 8 writ+s 79 libr4 ,i4 ,s5t5t4 ,di/4 ,,ii4 ,qu/4 #d71 8,:e!r :at is imm$iately & proximately d5ot$ by ! univ]sal & by ! g5]ic "n is a real ?+ outside ( ! s\l1 some?+ intr9sic & ess5tial 9 ! ?+s to :i* x is common & :i* are call$ by its "n1 & yet 9 reality di/+ui%$ f !m40 ,?is def9ition ( ! ,reali/s is giv5 m 9 detail by ,occam z foll[s3 8,z to ?is "q1 "o op9ion is t ea* g5]ic designation or univ]sal is a ?+ really exi/+ outside ( ! s\l 9 ea* & e individual1 & t ! ,be+ 7ess5tia7 ( ea* individual is really di/+ui%$ f ea* individual0 7i4e4 f its individuality71 8& f ea* univ]sal4 ,?us man1 ! univ]sal1 is a true ?+ outside ( ! s\l1 :i* exi/s 9 reality 9 ea* human be+1 b is di/+ui%$ f ea* human be+1 f ,univ]sal liv+ nature1 & f ! univ]sal sub/ance1 & 9 ?is way f all species & g5]a1 ^? t are subord9ate z well z ^? t are n subord9ate40 ,! univ]sal1 ! common designation ( all ! individuals1 is !re=e1 accord+ to ?is1 n id5tical ) ! ,self1 ! ultimate po9t ( subjectivity4 8,z _m univ]sal pr$icables z !re are ( any individual ?+0--e4g4 humanity1 reason1 ,be+1 life1 quality1 c4--8s _m really diff]5t ?+s !re are 9 nature1 ea* ( :i* is really di/9ct f ! o!r & f t individual1 & all ^! ?+s are 9 no wise multipli$ 9 !mselves1 h[ev] mu* ! sep>ate pr$icables are multipli$1 :i* are 9 e individual ( ! same k9d40 ,t is ! mo/ uncompromis+ way ( /at+ ! indep5d5ce & isolation ( e univ]sal quality 9 a ?+4 ,occam refutes ?is1 say+3 8,no?+ :i* is "o 9 numb] c1 )\t be+ *ang$ or multipli$1 be pres5t 9 sev]al subjects or individuals4 ,sci5ce inv>iably re/ricts itself to propositions reg>d+ ! kn[n2 x is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( no mom5t :e!r ! t]ms ( ! propositions are kn[n ?+s outside ( ! s\l1 or only 9 ! s\l2 & !re=e x is n necess>y = ! sake ( sci5ce to assume univ]sal ?+s1 really di/9ct f individual ?+s40 ,occam proce$s to /ate o!r op9ions oppos$ to t fir/ giv52 he does n exactly give 8 own decision1 yet 9 ?is same passage 7,qu/4 #h7 he1 9 ! ma91 argues 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion 8t ! univ]sal is n some?+ real t has explicit subjectivity 7esse subjectivum7 nei!r 9 ! s\l nor 9 ! ?+4 ,x is some?+ conceiv$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has objective reality 7esse objectivum7 9 ! s\l1 :ile ! ext]nal ?+ has ?is objective reality z an explicitly exi/5t subject 79 esse subjectivo74 ,?is comes to pass 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! und]/&+1 :i* p]ceives a ?+ outside ! s\l1 =ms ! m5tal image ( a simil> ?+1 s t1 if x _h productive p[]1 x w\ld1 l an arti/1 exhibit x 9 an absolutely exi/+ subject1 z num]ically an individual di/9ct f any prec$+4 ,%\ld anyone be displeas$ by ?is mann] ( speak+ ( ! m5tal image z be+ =m$1 x may be said t ! m5tal image & e univ]sal conception is a quality exi/+ subjectively 9 ! m9d1 :i* by its nature is ! sign ( a ?+ outside ( ! s\l1 j z ! spok5 ^w is a sign ( ! ?+1 arbitr>ily in/itut$ = m>k+ out t ?+40 ,t5nemann says 7,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #hfd73 8,"o result ( ?is !ory 0 t ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 :i* _h occupi$ to su* an ext5t ! att5tion ( ! ,s*ola/ics1 0 ca/ aside z utt]ly unnecess>y40 ,?us ! ma9 "q ) ! ,s*ola/ics conc]ns ! def9ition ( ! univ]sal1 & ?is 0 9 itself highly important & significant = ! culture ( m mod]n times4 ,! univ]sal is ! ,"o1 b n ab/ract2 x is conceiv$ or ?\ght ( z compreh5d+ all ?+s 9 itself4 ,) ,ari/otle ! univ]sal 01 9 a judgm5t1 ! pr$icate ( ! subject 9 "q2 9 a syllogism x 0 ! t]m9us major4 ,) ,plot9us1 & especially ) ,proclus1 ! ,"o is /ill incommunicable1 & is kn[n only by its subord9ate =ms4 ,b because ! ,*ri/ian religion is a revelation1 ,god is no long] !re9 ! unapproa*able1 incommunicable1 a hidd5 my/]y3 = ! v>i\s /ages ( ! progression f ,him are v]ily ,8 manife/ation1 & ! ,tr9ity is ?us ! reveal$4 ,9 ?is way ! triads & ! ,"o are n di/+ui%$1 b ^! ?ree ,p]sons 9 ! ,godhead are !mselves ,god & ,"o1 i4e4 ,"o z x is = ano!r1 z 9 itself relative4 ,! ,fa!r1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 is ?is ,"o2 ! mom5t ( ! ,son & ( ! ,_s is ! ,mo/ ,high 9 spiritual & bodily pres5ce1 ! =m] 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! latt] 9 ,nature4 ,) ! ,neo-,platoni/s ! univ]sal is1 on ! contr>y1 only ! fir/ condition ( ?+s :i* !n m]ely op5s out & develops2 ) ,plato & ,ari/otle x is r ! ,:ole1 ! ,all1 ! ,all 9 ,"o4 d4 ,,buridan4 ,buridan1 a ,nom9ali/1 incl9es to ! view ( ! ,det]m9i/s t ! w is det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,aga9/ him is cit$ ! case ( ! ass :i*1 be+ plac$ betwe5 two equal bundles ( hay1 p]=ce p]i%$ f hung]4 ,l\is ,,xi41 9 #adgc1 confiscat$ ! books ( ! ,nom9ali/s & int]dict$ ! tea*+ ( _! doctr9es1 b 9 ! ye> #adha ?is int]dict 0 remov$4 ,9 ! !ological & philosophical faculty ,ari/otle is said to h be5 int]pret$ & /udi$1 z 7 also 8 comm5tators1 ,av]ros1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as4#dd #e4 ,,=mal ,,dialectic4 ,! /udy ( dialectics 0 c>ri$ to a v great height1 b x 0 q =mal 9 "*2 ?is con/itutes ! fif? po9t = consid]ation4 ,) ?is is closely connect$ ! int]m9able f9d+ out ( t]m9i te*nici4 ,?is =mal dialectic 0 v +5i\s 9 devis+ objects1 problems & que/ions1 de/itute ( all religi\s & philosophic int]e/1 on :i* to practise its me?od ( proc$ure4 ,! la/ rem>k t we h1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection to make reg>d+ ! ,s*ola/ics is ?is1 t x 0 n only into ! ecclesia/ical sy/em t !y introduc$ all possible =mal relations ( ! und]/&+1 b t also objects intelligible 9 !mselves--! intellectual conceptions & religi\s ideas--!y repres5t$ z imm$iately & s5su\sly real1 z br\ght d[n into ! ext]nality ( altoge!r s5su\s relations1 & 9 ^! relations subject$ to sy/ematic inve/igation4 ,orig9ally1 x is true1 ! basis 0 spiritual1 b ! ext]nality 9 :i* x 0 at once compreh5d$1 made ( ! spiritual some?+ p]fectly unspiritual4 ,x may !re=e be said t1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,s*ola/ics %[$ great pr(undity 9 _! treatm5t ( ,*ur* dogma2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t !y secul>iz$ x by plac+ x 9 q inappropriate ext]nal relations2 ?us "h we h ! wor/ k9d ( secul>ity4 ,= ! dogma ( ! ,*ur* explicitly conta9s1 9 ! hi/orical =m ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 a numb] ( ord9>y conceptions det]m9$ 9 an ext]nal way1 :i* are connect$ ) ! spiritual1 x is true1 b tr5* ^u s5su\s relation%ips4 ,if a network ( su* relation%ips is !n contriv$1 !re arises a ho/ ( oppositions1 contra/s1 contradictions1 :i* h n ! v slighte/ int]e/ = u4 ,x is ?is aspect ( ! matt] t ! ,s*ola/ics h tak5 up & h&l$ ) f9ite dialectic2 & x is on ?is acc\nt t ! ,s*ola/ics 9 lat] times 7 s mu* ridicul$4 ,( ?is ,i h "s examples to give4 a4 ,,julian1 ,,ar*bi%op ,,( ,,tol$o4 ,julian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 s\ght1 ) z great e>ne/ness z if ! salvation ( ! human race dep5d$ on x1 to answ] que/ions :i* conta9 an absurd assumption4 ,9 do+ s he no less gives himself up to petty trifl+s ?an d ! philologi/s :5 !y in/itute inve/igations reg>d+ ,greek acc5ts1 metres1 & v]se-divisions4 ,= in/ance1 !re arises a "q ( ?is k9d z to ! dead4 ,x is a dogma ( ! ,*ur*1 t man w rise aga92 n[ if to ?is x be add$ t he w be clo!d ) ! body1 we !reby ent] ! s5su\s sph]e4 ,! foll[+ 7 inquiries :i* arose 9 connection ) ?is "q3 8,:at w be ! age ( ! dead :5 !y rise8 ,w !y rise z *ildr51 y\?s1 gr[n m51 or ag$8 ,9 :at =m w !y rise8 ,:at w be ! con/itution ( _! bodies8 ,w ! fat be aga9 fat1 & ! lean aga9 lean8 ,w ! di/9ction ( sex cont9ue 9 t future life8 ,w ^? :o rise aga9 recov] all t !y lo/ "h 9 ! way ( nails & hair80#de ,?us a special di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! actual dogma1 :i* 0 indisputable1 & ! v>i\s aspects ( ! sup]s5su\s _w :i* are connect$ ) t dogma4 ,^! 7 reg>d$1 ?\gh (t5 only = ! "t be+1 z deta*$ f ! doctr9al sy/em ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ! sy/em 0 n s def9itely =mulat$ b t any?+ 9 x might h to be prov$ f ! ,fa!rs1 until a c\ncil or a special synod decid$ ! po9t4 ,disputes 7 also possible reg>d+ ! pro(s :i* 7 giv5 ( ! cont5t ( ?is sy/em2 & besides !re 0 q a l>ge am\nt ( matt] :i* 0 op5 to discussion1 & respect+ :i* ! ,s*ola/ics--) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! noble m51 r5[n$ z ,doctores & writ]s1--express$ !mselves 9 f9ite syllogisms & =ms1 :i* deg5]at$ into an utt]ly empty & =mal craze = disputation4 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy is ?us ! direct opposite ( ! empirical sci5ce ( ! und]/&+1 ) :i* curiosity is l>gely m+l$1 & :i*1 c>eless ( ! ,notion1 foll[s aft] facts alone4 b4 ,,pas*asius ,,radb]tus4 ,ab\t #hdj ano!r subject ( discussion 0 rais$1 namely1 ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :e!r x 0 natural or sup]natural4 ,?is l$ to a protract$ controv]sy4 ,pas*asius ,radb]tus wrote two volumes1 ,de p>tu beat virg9is2 & _m o!rs wrote & argu$ on ! same topic4#df ,!y w5t s f> z ev5 to speak ( an acc\*eur1 & to discuss ?is subject2 & _m que/ions 7 rais$1 to :i* our s5se ( :at is fitt+ =bids u ev5 to turn our ?\ghts4 ,god's wisdom1 omnipot5ce1 =esight1 & pr$et]m9ation l$ 9 ! same way to a ho/ ( contradictions 9 ab/ract1 mean+less1 local & trivial p>ticul>s1 :i* conc]n n ,god4 ,9 ! works ( ,petrus ,lomb>dus1 :]e ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,creation1 & ! ,fall are dealt )1 z also angels & _! ord]s & ranks1 que/ions are f\nd su* z :e!r ,god's provid5ce & pr$et]m9ation w\ld h be5 possible1 _h no?+ be5 creat$2 & :]e ,god 0 be=e ! ,creation4 ,?omas ( ,/rasburg answ]$3 ,tunc ubi nunc1 9 se1 quoniam sibi sufficit ipse4#dg ,lomb>dus goes on to ask 8,if ,god c "k m ?an ,he kn[s80 z if pot5tiality & actuality /ill rema9$ di/+ui%$2 8,if ,god reta9s at all times all p[] t ,he has once possess$8 ,:]e ! angels 7 aft] _! creation8 ,if ! angels h always exi/$80 ,a multitude ( o!r que/ions ( ?is k9d are rais$ reg>d+ ! angels4 ,!n he asks3 8,at :at age 0 ,adam creat$8 ,:y 0 ,eve made f ! rib1 & n f "s o!r "p ( ! man8 ,:y dur+ sleep1 & n :5 ! man 0 awake8 ,:y did ! fir/ human pair n h int]c\rse 9 ,p>adise8 ,h[ ! human race w\ld h be5 propagat$1 if man _h n s9n$8 ,if 9 ,p>adise *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born ) limbs fully gr[n1 & ! complete use ( _! s5ses8 ,:y x 0 ! ,son1 & n ! ,fa!r or ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o became man80 ,to d ?is re/s 9 ! v ,notion ( ! ,son4 8,if ,god c\ld n h also become inc>nate 9 female =m80#dh ,additional examples ( qu/iones ( ?is k9d are giv5 by ^? :o ridicul$ su* dialectic1 = in/ance by ,erasmus 9 8 ,encomium mori3 8,c\ld !re be sev]al son%ips 7filiationes7 9 ,*ri/8 ,is ! proposition possible t ,god ! ,fa!r hates ! ,son8 ,might ,god n h also tak5 ! =m ( a woman1 or h pass$ into ! devil8 ,might ,he n also h appe>$ 9 ! =m ( an ass or ( a pumpk98 ,9 :at mann] w\ld ! pumpk9 h prea*$ & wr\ght miracles1 & h[ w\ld x h be5 crucifi$80#di ,?us 7 intellectual det]m9ations comb9$ & di/+ui%$ 9 a mann] altoge!r )\t s5se or ?\ght4 ,! ma9 po9t is t ! ,s*ola/ics 7 l b>b>ians 9 _! way ( h&l+ div9e ?+s & br++ !m into s5su\s det]m9ations & relations4 ,!y ?us introduc$ a completely s5su\s rigidity & ^! altoge!r ext]nal & s5seless =ms into ! purely spiritual1 ?us br++ x to a l[] & unspiritual level2 ,hans ,sa*s simil>ly made a ,nrnb]g v]sion ( sacr$ hi/ory die gttli*e ,ges*i*te v]nrnb]g]t4 ,9 su* repres5tations z are giv5 9 ! ,bible ( ! wra? ( ,god1 or ( ! hi/ory ( ,god's "w ( creation1 x is said t ,god did ?is or t1 nam+ "s human & homely action4 ,god is c]ta9ly n to be look$ on z some?+ ali5 & unapproa*able2 on ! contr>y1 we are to come to ,him ) c\rage & ) all our he>t4 ,b to br+ ,him into ! prov9ce ( ?\ght1 & /rive 9 e>ne/ aft] a k ( ,him1 is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,! rev]se ( ?is is to br+ =w>d argum5ts pro & contra1 = !y decide no?+1 & are ( no use2 !y are no m ?an ! assumptions :i* are only s5su\s & f9ite det]m9ations1 & !re=e inf9ite diff]5ces & di/9ctions4 ,?is b>b>\s use ( ! und]/&+ is utt]ly irrational2 x is l putt+ a gold5 necklace on a s[4 ,! ,"o is ! ,idea ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & x is also ! philosophy ( ! great & noble ,ari/otle2 nei!r ( ! two c\ld h be5 m b$raggl$ & besmir*$1 to s l[ a pass _h ! ,*ri/ians br\ght _! spiritual ,idea4 #f4 ,,my/ics4 ,9 ! above sket* we h m5tion$ ! pr9cipal heads :i* come "u our consid]ation 9 /udy+ ,s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,) reg>d to ?is intrusion ( di/9ctions ( ! und]/&+ & s5su\s relations into t :i* 9 & = itself & by virtue ( its v nature is spiritual1 absolute & inf9ite1 x is to be rem>k$ t to ?is craze = r$uc+ ev]y?+ to ! f9ite1 "s noble spirits "h & !re oppos$ !mselves4 ,z su* we mu/ "h1 9 ! six? place1 make hon\rable m5tion ( ! _m great ,s*ola/ics :o h be5 nam$ ,my/ics1 = al?\gh !y are to be di/+ui%$ f ! real ecclesia/ical ,s*ola/ics1 !y foll[$ ^u id5tical l9es1 & are closely connect$ ) !m4 ,!y took b little int]e/ 9 ^! discussions & argum5ts1 & ma9ta9$ _! purity 9 reg>d to ,*ur* doctr9es & philosophic speculation4 ,"s ( !m 7 pi\s & spiritual m51 :o c>ri$ on _! philosophic /udies ^u ! l9es ( ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 z ,scotus ,erig5a _h done 9 e>li] times4 ,among !m g5u9e philosophy is to be f\nd--t]m$ also ,my/icism2 x t5ds to inw>dness & be>s a great resemblance to ,sp9ozism4 ,!y also d]iv$ morality & ! religi\s s5tim5t f actual feel+s1 & ! m$itations & maxims we h f !m embody ^! views4 a4 ,,john ,,*>li]4 ,john ,*>li]1 m g5]ally kn[n z ,von ,j]son or ,g]son1 0 born 9 #acfc2 he wrote a !ologia my/ica4#ej b4 ,,raymundus ,,( ,,sabunde4 ,v simil> 7 ! views express$ by ,raymundus ( ,sabunde or ,sabeyde1 a ,spani>d ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & pr(essor at ,t\l\se ab\t ! ye> #adcg4 ,9 8 !ologia naturalis1 :i* he h&l$ 9 a speculative _s1 he dealt ) ! ,nature ( ?+s1 & ) ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,nature & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,god-man4 ,he s\ght to prove to unbeliev]s ! ,be+1 ! tr9ity1 ! inc>nation1 ! life1 & ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,nature1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,god-man1 bas+ 8 argum5ts on ,reason4 ,f ! contemplation ( ,nature he rises to ,god2 & 9 ! same way he rea*es morality f obs]vation ( man's inn] nature4#ea ,?is pur] & simpl] /yle mu/ be set (f aga9/ ! o!r1 if we are to d ju/ice to ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians 9 _! turn4 c4 ,,rog] ,,bacon4 ,rog] ,bacon treat$ m especially ( physics1 b rema9$ )\t influ5ce4 ,he inv5t$ gunp[d]1 mirrors1 telescopes1 & di$ 9 #abid4eb d4 ,,raymundus ,,lullus4 ,raymundus ,lullus1 ! ,doctor illum9atus1 made himself fam\s *iefly by ! art ( ?9k+ :i* he inv5t$1 :i* 0 call$ ! ars magna4 ,he 0 born at ,majorca 9 #abcd1 & 0 "o ( ^? ecc5tric1 unsettl$ natures ^: activity f9ds v5t 9 all directions4 ,he _h a /rong incl9ation t[>ds al*emy & great en?usiasm = ! sci5ces 9 g5]al1 z well z a fi]y1 re/less p[] ( imag9ation4 ,9 8 y\? he l$ a reckless life1 ?r[+ himself headlong into a r\nd ( pleasures2 !n he retreat$ to a des]t1 & _h !re _m visions ( ,jesus4 ,at ?is "t ! impulse %ap$ itself 9 8 ard5t nature to d$icate 8 life to spread+ ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,9 ord] to c>ry on ?is "w ( conv]sion he le>n$ ,arabic1 travell$ ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia1 s\ght = assi/ance f ! ,pope & all ! cr[n$ heads ( ,europe1 )\t giv+ up1 = all t1 8 int]e/ 9 8 #8,art4' ,he suff]$ p]secution & pass$ ?r\gh _m h>d%ips & /range adv5tures1 p]ils ( dea?1 imprisonm5ts1 cruelties4 ,he liv$ long 9 ,p>is at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 0 ! au?or ( well-nigh f\r hundr$ works4 ,aft] a life ( ! utmo/ re/lessness1 he di$ 9 #acae1 rev]$ z a sa9t & m>tyr1 8 dea? be+ ! result ( cruel treatm5t :i* he _h suff]$ 9 ,africa4#ec ,! *ief object aim$ at 9 ?is man's #8,art' 0 an enum]ation & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s concepts "u :i* all objects fall1 or ( ! pure categories accord+ to :i* !y c be det]m9$1 s t x may be possible 9 reg>d to e object to indicate ) ease ! conceptions applicable to x4 ,lullus is s sy/ematic t he becomes at times me*anical4 ,he con/ruct$ a diagram 9 circles1 on :i* 7 m>k$ triangles ?r\gh :i* ! circles pass4 ,9 ^! circles he arrang$ ! v>i\s concepts1 & /rove to give a complete catalogue ( !m4 ,"s ( ! circles 7 fix$1 o!rs movable1 & !y 7 six 9 numb]1 two ( !m indicat+ ! subjects1 ?ree ! pr$icates1 :ile ! out]mo/ circle repres5t$ possible que/ions4 ,= ea* class he _h n9e qualities1 to indicate :i* he *ose n9e lett]s1 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,k4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ place he wrote r\nd ! diagram n9e absolute pr$icates1 goodness1 greatness1 duration1 p[]1 wisdom1 volition1 virtue1 tru?1 spl5d\r2 !n he wrote n9e relative pr$icates1 div]sity1 unanimity1 opposition1 beg9n+1 middle1 end1 ! qualities ( be+ great]1 equal1 or less2 9 ! ?ird place he set d[n ! que/ions ,:e!r8 ,:at8 ,:5ce8 ,:y8 ,h[ great8 ,( :at nature8 ,:58 ,:]e8 ,h[ & :]e)8 ! n9? ( :i* conta9s two det]m9ations2 9 ! f\r? place he put n9e sub/ances 7esse71 viz4 ,god 7div9um71 angel 7angelicum71 heav5 7cle/e71 man 7humanum71 imag9ativum1 s5sitivum1 vegetativum1 elem5tativum1 in/rum5tativum2 9 ! fif? place 7 n9e accid5ts1 i4e4 natural relations1 viz4 quantity1 quality1 relation1 activity1 passivity1 possession1 position1 "t1 place2 & six?ly n9e moral relations1 ! virtues1 viz4 ju/ice1 prud5ce1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 fai?1 hope1 love1 pati5ce1 piety2 & ! vices1 viz4 envy1 wra?1 incon/ancy1 covet\sness1 falsehood1 gluttony1 riot\sness1 pride1 sluggi%ness 7ac$ia74 ,^! circles _h to be plac$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 9 ord] to give prop] comb9ations4 ,by turn+ !m r\nd accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 by :i* all sub/ances receiv$ ! absolute & relative pr$icates :i* fitt$ !m1 x 0 suppos$ t !re w\ld be obta9$ 9 e possible comb9ation univ]sal sci5ce1 tru?1 & ! k ( concrete objects 9 g5]al4#ed ,c4 ,,g5]al ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,s*ola/ics4 ,aft] ?us deal+ ) ! subject 9 detail1 we mu/ pron\nce judgm5t on ! ,s*ola/ics1 & give an e/imate ( !m4 ,?\gh ! subjects :i* !y inve/igat$ 7 l(ty1 & ?\gh !re 7 noble1 e>ne/ & le>n$ individuals 9 _! ranks1 yet ?is ,s*ola/icism on ! :ole is a b>b>\s philosophy ( ! f9ite und]/&+1 )\t real cont5t1 :i* awak5s no true int]e/ 9 u1 & to :i* we _c return4 ,= al?\gh religion is its subject matt]1 ?\ght "h rea*$ su* an excessive po9t ( subtlety t1 z a =m ( ! m]e empty und]/&+1 x does no?+ b w&] among/ baseless comb9ations ( categories4 ,s*ola/ic philosophy is ?is utt] confusion ( ! b>r5 und]/&+ 9 ! rugg$ ,nor? ,g]man nature4 ,we see "h two diff]5t worlds1 a k+dom ( life & a k+dom ( dea?4 ,! intellectual k+dom1 :i* is outside & above1 :ile 9 ! popul> conception1 is !reby br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ! m]e und]/&+ & ! s5ses1 ev5 ?\gh by nature x is purely peculative2 & ?is does n take place z 9 art1 b1 on ! contr>y1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ord9>y reality4 ,z ! relation%ip ( ,fa!r & ,son1 to beg9 )1 appeal$ to ! s5ses1 s ! div9e _w 0 furni%$ = ! imag9ative faculty & = purposes ( devotion 79 a way unkn[n to ! disciples ( ,plato7 ) angels1 sa9ts & m>tyrs1 in/ead ( ) ?\ghts2--or ! ?\ghts are no?+ b a rubbi%y metaphysic ( ! und]/&+4 ,9 ! sup]s5su\s _w !re 0 no reality ( ! ?9k+1 univ]sal1 rational self-consci\sness to be met )3 9 ! imm$iate _w ( s5su\s nature1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 no div9ity1 because nature 0 b ! grave ( ,god1 9 ! same way t ,god 0 outside ( nature4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 z ! gov]nm5t ( ,*ri/ ^u e>?1 is high]1 x is true1 ?an ! ext]nal exi/5ce :i* /&s 9 contra/ to x2 = religion mu/ rule our temporal affairs1 & ?r\gh ! subjection ( worldly p[] ! ,*ur* became a !ocracy4 ,b ! div9e k+dom1 ! dwell+-place ( ! dead1 0 to be rea*$ only ?r\gh ! gate ( dea?2 yet ! natural _w 0 dead to an equal degree--all t liv$ 9 x 0 ! vision ( t o!r _w1 & hope--x _h no pres5t4 ,x 0 ( no avail to introduce m$iators z a connect+ l9k1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 or ! dead 9 a _w beyond4 ,! reconciliation 0 =mal1 n absolute2 = x 0 no?+ b ! long+ ( man = a satisfaction to be f\nd only 9 ano!r _w4 ,:at purpose does all ?is s]ve8 ,x lies beh9d u z a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & mu/ cont9ue useless to u on its own m]its4 ,!re is no good1 h[ev]1 9 call+ ! ,middle ,ages a b>b>\s p]iod4 ,x is a s+ul> k9d ( b>b>ism1 & is n simple & rude2 = ! absolute ,idea & ! highe/ culture h sunk into b>b>ism1 & t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?\ght4 ,?us we h "h1 on ! "o h&1 ! mo/ hide\s =m ( b>b>ism & p]v]sion1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! nev]-fail+ s\rce ( a high] reconciliation4 ,if we seek an imm$iate contra/ to s*ola/ic philosophy & !ology & _! me?ods1 we may say t x is to be f\nd 9 ! 8heal?y human und]/&+10 9 outw>d & inw>d exp]i5ce1 9 ! contemplation ( nature1 & 9 humanity4 ,! "* ( ,greek humanity1 = in/ance1 0 t ev]y?+ concrete1 ev]y?+ t possess$ int]e/ = m9d1 _h its place 9 ! human brea/1 & its root 9 ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( man4 ,intellig5t consci\sness1 cultur$ sci5ce1 has 9 su* cont5t its real mat]ial--t 9 :i* x is & rema9s at home ) itself2 k busies itself on all sides ) t :i* conc]ns x1 & rema9s true to itself1 :ile bo? on its s]i\s & its playful side x f9ds 9 ?is mat]ial1 9 ,nature & its uni=m laws1 a /&>d & a guide by :i* to direct its c\rse aright4 ,ev5 %\ld we g a/ray on gr\nd l ?is1 our errors keep 9 view ! fix$ c5tre-po9t ( ! self-consci\sness ( ! human m9d1 & z errors ev5 !y h a root !re91 :i* z su* =ms ! ju/ification = !m4 ,x is only a "o-sid$ )drawal f ! unity ( ?is root ) ! altoge!r concrete gr\nd-"w & orig9al1 t is really faulty4 ,:at we see "h1 9 contra/ ) ! above1 is ! inf9ite tru?1 express$ z _s1 committ$ to a nation ( b>b>ians :o h n ! self-consci\sness ( _! spiritual humanity--!y h a human brea/1 x is true1 b n yet a human _s4 ,! absolute tru? does n yet make itself real & pres5t 9 actual consci\sness1 b m5 are torn out ( !mselves4 ,!y /ill f9d ?is cont5t ( _s )9 !mselves1 introduc$ z into a /range vessel full ( ! mo/ int5se impulses & desires ( physical & intellectual life1 b x is l a pond]\s /one1 ^: enorm\s pressure !y only feel1 b :i* !y nei!r dige/ nor assimilate ) _! own impulses or desires4 ,?us !y c only f9d re/ & reconciliation :5 !y come absolutely out ( !mselves1 & !y h become fi]ce & savage 9 ! v circum/ances & by ! v means :i* ought to h r5d]$ _! _s peaceable & mild4 ,j z tru? 0 n yet ! f\ndation ( reality1 s sci5ce 0 likewise de/itute ( firm basis4 ,! und]/&+1 :5 x comes to ?9k1 applies itself1 x is true1 9 ! fir/ place to ! my/]ies ( religion1 :i*1 z an altoge!r speculative cont5t1 exi/ = ! rational ,notion only4 ,b z ,_s1 ! rational elem5t 9 "q1 has n yet tak5 its place 9 ?\ght1 ?\ght is /ill ,god-=sak51 x is /ill only ab/ract1 f9ite und]/&+1 a mann] ( ?9k+ :i* is 9 itself q =mal & devoid ( cont5t1 :i* is a /rang] to subjects ( su* pr(undity z ?is1 ev5 :5 x is o/5sibly occupy+ itself ) ! same4 ,?is und]/&+ !re=e draws its cont5t entirely f ?+s to :i* x rema9s altoge!r ali51 & :i* rema9 altoge!r ali5 to x2 yet x is n !reby at all circumscrib$1 = x obs]ves no b\nds 9 its det]m9ations & di/9ctions4 ,x is j z if "o 7 to arbitr>ily =m & connect propositions1 words & tones--)\t mak+ ! presupposition t !y %\ld by !mselves express a concrete s5se--:i* ne$ be only capable ( be+ utt]$1 )\t hav+ any re/riction except possibility1 t is1 t !y mu/ n contradict ea* o!r4 ,9 ! second place1 9 s f> z ! und]/&+ keeps to ! giv5 religi\s cont5t1 x c prove ?is cont5t2 "o c demon/rate t x mu/ be s1 j z if x 7 a geometrical proposition4 ,b !re /ill rema9s some?+ to be desir$1 9 ord] t ! satisfaction may be complete2 ! cont5t is prov$1 b ,i nev]!less d n und]/& x4 ,?us ,anselm's excell5t proposition 7supra1 pp4 #fc1 #fd7 9 :i* we may p]ceive ! g5]al "* ( ! s*ola/ic und]/&+1 is a pro(1 x may be admitt$1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b x %[s no compreh5sion ( x4 ,?\gh ,i see ! tru? ( ! proposition1 ,i h n atta9$ to ! f9al po9t1 ! object ( my desire2 = !re is lack+ ! ,i1 ! inn] bond1 z inw>dness ( ?\ght4 ,?is lies only 9 ! ,notion1 9 ! unity ( ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal1 ( ,be+ & ?\ght4 ,= ! compreh5sion ( ?is unity1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no true pro(1 x 0 impli$ t fur!r progress %\ld n take place aft] ! mann] ( ! und]/&+4 ,x 0 necess>y t f ! nature ( ?\ght itself x %\ld become evid5t h[1 tak5 on its own acc\nt1 x negates itself1 & h[ ! det]m9ation ( ,be+ itself re/s !re91 or t ! mann] 9 :i* ?\ght det]m9es itself into ,be+ %\ld be %[n =?4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ 9 l mann] be demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,be+ t x is its peculi> dialectic to abrogate itself1 & f itself to make itself a univ]sal ,notion4 ,! det]m9ation ( itself into ,be+ is c]ta9ly an object ( ?\ght1 ^: cont5t is ?\ght itself4 ,?is is inw>dness1 n a m]e conclusion drawn f presuppositions4 ,"h 9 s*ola/ic philosophy1 h[ev]1 ! object is n ! nature ( ?\ght & ,be+1 = :at !y are is a m]e matt] ( assumption4 ,! und]/&+ may take its />t f exp]i5ce1 a giv5 concrete cont5t1 a det]m9ate contemplation ( nature1 ! human he>t1 "r1 duty1 :i* are j exactly :at inw>dness means4 ,x may f9d its det]m9ations1 s to speak1 on behalf ( ?is cont5t1 & />t+ f ?is po9t x may come to ab/ractions1 su* z matt] & =ce 9 physics4 ,9 ?is case1 al?\gh a g5]al =m su* z ?is does n satisfy ! cont5t1 x has at any rate !re9 a fix$ po9t1 by :i* x c regulate itself1 & a b\nd>y l9e = speculation1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h no limit set to its roam+4 ,or :5 we h ! concrete p]ception ( /ate & family1 reason+ has 9 ?is cont5t a fix$ po9t :i* gives x guidance--a conception1 :i* is ! ma9 ?+2 ! defici5cy 9 its =m becomes conceal$ & =gott51 & emphasis is n laid on x4 ,b 9 s*ola/ic philosophy1 9 ! ?ird place1 a basis 0 n s\ght 9 su* objects z direct ! c\rse ( reflection2 ) ?is und]/&+ ( ! ,s*ola/ics x 0 r ! case t !y receiv$ 9 ! categories ! ext]nal culture ( ! und]/&+ z tradition1 & enl>g$ ^u x4 ,because !re 0 no /&>d set up = ?is s*ola/ic und]/&+1 ei!r by concrete intuition or by ! pure ,notion1 x rema9$ unregulat$ 9 its ext]nality4 ,9 lat] times ?is _s-=sak5 und]/&+ came across ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 9 an ext]nal way2 b t philosophy is a two-edg$ sword1 a highly det]m9ate1 cle> und]/&+1 :i* is at ! same "t speculative ,notion2 9 x ! ab/ract det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+1 tak5 by !mselves1 & p[]less ?us to /&1 pass away by means ( dialectic1 & h tru? only :5 tak5 9 _! connexion4 ,! speculation t we f9d 9 ,ari/otle has ?is condition1 t su* ?\ght nev] ab&ons itself to free reflection1 b keeps ev] be=e x ! concrete nature ( ! object2 ?is nature is ! ,notion ( ! ?+1 & ?is speculative ess5ce ( ! ?+ is ! rul+ _s1 :i* does n leave ! det]m9ations ( reflection free on _! own acc\nt4 ,b ! ,s*ola/ics laid d[n h>d & fa/ ! ab/ract det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+1 :i* are always inadequate to _! absolute subject1 & 9 l mann] !y took e example f life z subject1 & s9ce ! concrete contradicts !m1 !y c\ld hold fa/ by ^! det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+ only by def9+ & limit+4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 !y involv$ !mselves 9 an endless web ( di/9ctions1 :i* c\ld !mselves be held 9 ! concrete1 & ma9ta9$ !reby alone4 ,!re is ?us no 8heal?y human und]/&+0 9 su* proc$ure ( ! ,s*ola/ics2 ! =m] _c oppose itself to speculation1 b x c v well take up a position ho/ile to ungr\nd$ reflection1 see+ t x conta9s a basis & a rule ( guidance = ab/ract det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,! ,ari/otelian philosophy is q oppos$ to ?is ,s*ola/ic proc$ure1 b x became !re9 ali5at$ f itself4 ,! fix$ conception ( ! sup]s5su\s _w ) its angels & s on 0 a subject :i* ! ,s*ola/ics elaborat$ )\t any regulat+ /&>d1 9 b>b>ic fa%ion1 & !y enri*$ & embelli%$ x ) ! f9ite und]/&+ & ) ! f9ite relation%ips ( ! same4 ,!re is pres5t no imman5t pr9ciple 9 ! ?9k+ itself1 b ! und]/&+ ( ! ,s*ola/ics got into its possession a ready-made metaphysic1 )\t ! ne$ ( mak+ x relate to ! concrete2 ?is metaphysic 0 kill$1 & its p>ts 9 _! lifelessness 7 sep>at$ & p>cell$ out4 ,x might be said ( ! ,s*ola/ics t !y philosophiz$ )\t conception1 t is1 )\t a concrete2 = esse reale1 esse =male1 esse objectivum1 quidditas 7 7 !y made _! subjects ( discussion4 ,?is crude und]/&+1 9 ! f\r? place1 made ev]y?+ equal1 r$uc$ x all to ! same level1 & t 9 virtue ( its ab/ract univ]sality1 :i* 0 held to be valid4 ,9 politics also ! und]/&+ aims at mak+ all alike equal4 ,?is crude und]/&+ did n make away ) itself & its f9itude1 b 9 its deal+s ) !m simply r$uc$ to f9ite relations ,heav51 ! ,idea1 ! intellectual1 my/ic1 speculative _w2 = x makes no diff]5ce 7& c make none7 :e!r its f9ite det]m9ations are valid "h or n4 ,h5ce arose ^! s5seless que/ions1 & ! endeav\rs to decide !m2 = x is s5seless1 ,i may ev5 say x is di/a/eful & revolt+1 al?\gh x may be logically correct1 to c>ry ov] det]m9ations into a field :]e !y are utt]ly out ( place1 z soon z x comes to be a matt] ( compreh5d+ a concrete cont5t 9 its univ]sality4 ,?is und]/&+ 9 its op]ations furni%es no bridge f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 & ! conclusions :i* x draws x leaves up 9 ! cl\ds z conceptions ( its fancy4 ,if1 = in/ance1 law is divid$ into canonical law1 crim9al law1 & s on1 ! gr\nd ( division is n tak5 f ! univ]sal itself2 & x is ?us left vague :i* p>ticul> det]m9ation is 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal object4 ,if ?is object is ,god1--= in/ance1 su* a det]m9ation z t ,he became man--! relation betwe5 ,god & man is n d]iv$ f _! nature4 ,because ,god only manife/s ,himself1 ,he c d s 9 any way :atev]2 !n1 because no?+ is impossible ) ,god1 ! pumpk9 idea is easily introduc$ 7p4 #ij71 s9ce x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce 9 :i* det]m9ation ! ,univ]sal is suppos$ to be4 ,reg>d+ ! apple 9 ,p>adise ! und]/&+ asks to :at species ( apple x belong$4 ,we mu/ g on to indicate ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 adopt$ & /& oppos$ to "o o!r1 & ! developm5t ( ! same1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! transition into mod]n hi/ory & ! pres5t /&po9t ( philosophy4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ speak ( ! fur!r progress ( univ]sal _s4 ,= ?\ght 0 di/ort$ by reason ( its be+ b\nd to an ext]nality1 & _s 0 9 x no long] act+ = _s4 ,because !n 9 ?is & simil> ways ! ,idea ( _s _h1 z x 71 its he>t pi]c$ ?r\gh1 ! p>ts rema9$ )\t _s & life1 & 7 work$ ^u by ! und]/&+4 ,among/ ! le>n$ ignorance ( ! rational 0 display$1 a complete & unnatural lack ( spirituality2 & 9 ! same way !re 0 ! mo/ utt] & t]rible ignorance among/ ! o!rs1 ! monks4 ,?is de/ruction ( k br\ght ab\t ! transition to a diff]5t /ate ( affairs2 :ile heav5 & ! div9e 7 ?us degrad$1 ! l(ty aspirations & high spiritual claims ( ! cl]ical elem5t rose above ! secul>4 ,= we saw t ! sup]s5su\s _w ( tru?1 z ! _w ( religi\s conceptions1 0 ru9$ by ! und]/&+ mak+ all ?+s equal4 ,we saw1 on ! "o h&1 a h&l+ ( dogma 9 philosophic fa%ion1 b we saw also a developm5t ( =mal logical ?\ght1 ! secul>ization ( ! absolutely exi/5t cont5t4 ,9 ! same way ! exi/+ ,*ur*1 ?is pres5ce ( heav5 ^u e>?1 br\ght itself d[n to ! level ( ! secul>1 by ent]+ ^u ! possession ( ri*es & l&s4 ,9 ?is way ! di/9ction betwe5 ! _w & ! ,*ur* is blott$ out1 n 9 a rational mann] z reg>ds ! ,*ur*1 b 9 a way t is altoge!r revolt+1 & :i* am\nts to de/ruction3 x is a reality1 ,i grant1 b "o mo/ t]rible & b>b>\s4 ,= /ate1 gov]nm5t1 "r1 prop]ty1 civil ord]1 all ^! ent] into religion z rational diff]5ces1 t is1 laws on _! own acc\nt fix$4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ranks1 classes1 divisions1 _! diff]5t occupations1 ! /ages & degrees ( evil1 z well z ( good1 are an ent]+ into ! =m ( f9itude1 actuality1 exi/5ce ( ! subjective w1 :ile :at is religi\s has only ! =m ( inf9ity4 ,b ! ,*ur* 9 its outw>d exi/5ce is inviolable1 x c ?r[ ov] all ! laws ( ! good2 e (f5ce aga9/ x is a violation ( sanctity4 ,evil & its p5alties are made et]nal1 div]g5ces ( op9ion are puni%$ ev5 ) dea?3 s are h]esy & also het]odoxy 9 respect ( ! mo/ ab/ract & empty det]m9ations ( an endless sy/em ( dogmas4 ,abom9able practices & evil passions1 utt] wantonness1 voluptu\sness1 brib]y1 dissolut5ess1 av>ice1 crimes ( all k9ds f\nd _! way into ! ,*ur*1 because x 0 unre/ra9$ by laws2 & x f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,! secul> ought to be only secul>2 b ?is :ole secul> gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* claims at ! same "t ! dignity & au?ority ( ! div9e4 ,?is m+l+ ( ! sacr$1 div9e1 inviolable1 ) temporal int]e/s1 begets1 on ! "o h&1 fanaticism1 z among ! ,turks1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! humility & ob$i5tia passiva ( ! laity aga9/ ?is dread p[]4 ,x 0 ?is ru9 ( ! sup]s5su\s _w1 z repres5t$ 9 k & z ! actual ,*ur*1 t inevitably =c$ man out ( a temple su* z ?is1 ! ,holy ( ,holies degrad$ into f9itude4 ,aga9/ ?is disunion1 on ! o!r h&1 ! secul> elem5t has spiritualiz$ itself 9 itself2 or x has e/abli%$ itself firmly 9 itself1 & t 9 a mann] :i* ! ,_s ju/ifies4 ,to religion 0 lack+ ! pres5ce ( its culm9at+ po9t1 ! pres5t reality ( its head2 to ! pres5t secul>ity !re is lack+ ! pres5ce 9 x ( ?\ght1 reason1 _s4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury !re 0 manife/$ 9 ,*ri/5dom a g5]al impulse to build *ur*es1 al?\gh x 0 n possible to reg>d ,god ,himself z pres5t !re94 ,x 0 ?us t ,*ri/ianity rose up1 9 h] long+ to take to h]self ! pr9ciple ( reality z absolutely h] own4 ,b nei!r ^! build+s1 nor ext]nal weal?1 nor ! p[] & dom9ion ( ! ,*ur*1 nor monks1 nor cl]gy1 nor ,pope1 are ! pr9ciple ( real actual pres5ce 9 h]2 !y 7 insuffici5t = ! spiritual4 ,! ,pope or ! ,emp]or is n ,dalai-lama1 ! ,pope is only ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/2 ,*ri/1 z a pa/ exi/5ce1 is 9 memory & hope alone4 ,impati5t at ! lack ( reality & at ! want ( hol9ess1 ,*ri/5dom goes to seek ?is true ,head2 & ?is is ! rul+ motive ( ! ,crusades4 ,*ri/5dom s\ght ,*ri/'s outw>d pres5ce 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 ! traces ( ,him1 ! m\nt :]e ,he suff]$1 ,8 grave2 !y took possession ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,:at !y repres5t to !mselves z real !y also take possession ( 9 fact z real2 b a grave is a grave--all t !y f9d is a grave1 & ev5 t is torn f !m4 8,because ,?\ wilt n leave my s\l 9 hell1 nei!r wilt ,?\ suff] ,?9e ,holy ,"o to see corruption40 ,*ri/ians made ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t !y w\ld f9d satisfaction 9 ?is2 ?is 0 ! true object ( _! se>*2 b !y did n und]/& !mselves4 ,^! holy spots1 ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! ,jordan1 ,naz>e?1 z ext]nal s5su\s pres5ce ( place )\t pres5ce ( "t1 are ?+s ( ! pa/1 a m]e memory1 no p]ception ( ! imm$iate pres5t2 ! ,*ri/ians f\nd only _! loss1 _! grave1 9 ?is pres5t4 ,b>b>ians all ! "t1 !y did n seek ! univ]sal1 ! _w-controll+ position ( ,syria & ,egypt1 ?is c5tral po9t ( ! e>?1 ! free connection ( comm]ce2 ,bonap>te did ?is :5 mank9d became rational4 ,! ,crusad]s 7 by ! ,s>ac5s & by _! own viol5ce & repulsiv5ess1 z also by _! own mis]y 7p4 #ec71 br\ght to confess t !y _h 9 ?is deceiv$ !mselves4 ,?is exp]i5ce taught !m t !y mu/ hold to ! actual reality :i* !y despis$1 & seek 9 ?is ! realization ( _! intelligible _w4 ,:at !y s\ght = !y 7 to f9d 9 !mselves1 9 ! pres5t ( ! und]/&+2 ?\ght1 p]sonal k & w con/itute ?is pres5t4 ,because _! acts1 _! aims & _! int]e/s are upright1 & ?us are con/itut$ ! ,univ]sal1 ! pres5t is rational4 ,:at p]ta9s to ! _w has ?us become fix$ 9 itself1 t is1 x has receiv$ into itself ?\ght1 ju/ice1 reason4 ,) ref]5ce to ! g5]al aspect ( ! p]iod1 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 x may be rem>k$ t z on ! "o side we see ! selflessness ( _s1 ! fact t _s is n at home ) itself1 ! torn & r5t condition ( man1 on ! o!r side we see ! political condition becom+ m consolidat$1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5ce :i* is no long] m]ely selfi%4 ,9 ! fir/ indep5d5ce !re is conta9$ ! mom5t ( b>b>ism1 :i* has ne$ ( fe> 9 ord] to be held )9 b\nds4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we see ju/ice & ord] ent] 92 x is true t ! rul+ ord] is ! feudal sy/em ) its s]vitude1 b ev]y?+ !re9 has c]ta9ly a firm basis 9 ju/ice4 ,ju/ice1 h[ev]1 has its root 9 fre$om1 & ?us ! individual !re9 br+s himself into exi/5ce1 & is recogniz$2 nev]!less relation%ips :i* prop]ly belong to ! /ate are "h /ill made ! conc]n ( private individuals4 ,feudal mon>*y1 :i* n[ em]ges 9 opposition to ! self-abnegation ( ! ,*ur*1 det]m9es ess5tial rights1 x is true1 accord+ to bir?2 ranks are n1 h[ev]1 l ! sy/em ( ca/e among ! ,indians1 = 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 = in/ance1 anyone might f ! l[e/ class rise to ! v highe/ position4 ,ev5 "u ! feudal sy/em1 moreov]1 ju/ice1 civil ord]1 legal fre$om gradually em]g$4 ,9 ,italy & ,g]many cities obta9$ _! rights z citiz5 republics1 & caus$ ^! to be recogniz$ by ! temporal & ecclesia/ical p[]2 weal? display$ itself 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,flor5ce & ! free cities on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ?is way m5 gradually began to em]ge f ! feudal sy/em2 an example ( ?is is se5 9 ! case ( ! ,capitani4 ,! fact t ! l+ua volg>e became ! language us$ may also be look$ on z a spr++ up ( self-abnegation ( _s3 z 9 ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,! _s ( ! times took ?is new direction2 x =sook ! intellectual _w1 & look$ ^u its pres5t _w1 ?is hi!r side4 ,! f9ite heav51 ! cont5t :i* _h lo/ its religi\s "*1 drove x to ! f9ite pres5t4 ,) ?is revolution ! s*ola/ic philosophy s9ks & is lo/1 z its ?\ghts are outside ( reality4 ,:ile ! ,*ur* h]et(ore believ$ itself to be 9 possession ( div9e tru?1 s n[ ! temporal gov]nm5t1 z x receiv$ into itself ord] & "r1 & work$ its way out ?r\gh ! h>d discipl9e ( s]vice1 felt itself to be a div9e in/itution1 & consequ5tly consid]$ t x _h ! div9e elem5t "h pres5t 9 x1 & t x 0 ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 opposition to ! div9e elem5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* takes up an exclusive position z reg>ds ! laity4 ,s9ce 9 ?is way ! temporal p[]1 ! worldly life1 self-consci\sness1 has tak5 into itself ! high] & m div9e ecclesia/ical pr9ciple1 ! h>% contra/ has disappe>$4 ,! p[] ( ! ,*ur* appe>$ z ! viol5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 n aim+ at op]at+ 9 accordance ) reality & 9 reality1 b at be+ mighty 9 ! _s4 ,!re at once came into ! secul> elem5t ! consci\sness t ab/ract ,notions 7 fill$ ) ! reality ( ! pres5t1 s t ?is 0 no long] a nullity1 b _h tru? also 9 itself4 ,) ?is comm]ce & ! arts are associat$4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! arts t man br+s :at is div9e out ( himself2 z arti/s 7 at "o "t s pi\s t z individuals !y _h self-abnegation z _! pr9ciple1 x 0 !y f ^: subjective abilities ^! repres5tations 7 produc$4 ,) ?is is connect$ ! circum/ance t ! secul> knew t x _h 9 itself ! "r to hold to su* det]m9ations z are f\nd$ on subjective fre$om4 ,9 8 h&icraft ! individual is tak5 9 ref]5ce to 8 "w1 & is himself ! produc]4 ,?us m5 came to ! po9t ( kn[+ t !y 7 free1 & insi/+ on ! recognition ( t fre$om1 & hav+ ! p[] ( ex]cis+ _! activity = _! own objects & int]e/s4 ,?us _s came aga9 to itself2 x drew itself toge!r aga91 & look$ into its reason1 z if look+ into its own h&s4 ,?is new bir? is po9t$ out z ! revival ( ! arts & sci5ces :i* 7 conc]n$ ) pres5t matt]1 ! epo* :5 ! _s ga9s confid5ce 9 itself & 9 its exi/5ce1 & f9ds its int]e/ 9 its pres5t4 ,x is 9 reality reconcil$ ) ! _w1 n implicitly1 f> away 9 m]e ?\ght1 at ! la/ day1 at ! _w's transfiguration1 i4e4 :5 ! _w is reality no m1 b x has to d ) ! _w z n by any means annihilat$4 ,! man :o 0 mov$ to seek :at 0 moral & "r1 c\ld no long] f9d x on su* soil1 b look$ r\nd ab\t him to seek x else:]e4 ,! place :i* 0 po9t$ out to him is himself1 8 inn] life1 & ext]nal ,nature2 9 ! contemplation ( ,nature ! _s beg9s to h a s5se ( be+ pres5t !re94 ,,section ,,?ree ,,revival ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,! deep] int]e/ ( ! subject _h be5 lo/ sight (1 z we h se51 9 ! dryness & dulness ( ! cont5t ( ?\ght1 & 9 speculations :i* w5t w&]+ (f into endless details4 ,b n[ _s ga!r$ itself toge!r1 & rose to claim ! "r to f9d & "k itself z actual self-consci\sness1 bo? 9 ! sup]s5su\s _w & 9 imm$iate nature4 ,?is awak5+ ( ! self-hood ( _s br\ght ) x ! revival ( ! arts & sci5ces ( ! anci5t _w4 ,?is look$ l a fall+ back into *ildhood1 b x 0 really a spontane\s asc5t into ! ,idea1 a movem5t orig9at+ ) self--:ile up to ?is "t ! intellectual _w _h be5 r some?+ giv5 f )\t4 ,f ?is proce$$ all ef=ts & all inv5tions1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ( ! way to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,?us 9 a v special way ! love = ! old1 s-call$ hea!n sci5ces once m awoke1 = m5 turn$ to ! works ( ! anci5ts1 :i* _h n[ become objects ( /udy1 z /udia humaniora1 :]e man is recogniz$ 9 :at conc]ns himself & 9 :at he effects4 ,^! sci5ces1 ?\gh at fir/ !y 7 plac$ 9 opposition to ! div9e1 are r !mselves ! div9e1 z liv+1 h[ev]1 9 ! reality ( _s4 ,m51 because !y are m51 f9d x int]e/+ to /udy m5 z m54 ,) ?is a fur!r consid]ation is intimately connect$1 namely1 t :5 ! =mal culture ( ! m9d1 f\nd among ! ,s*ola/ics1 became trans=m$ into ! ,univ]sal1 ! result necess>ily 0 t ?\ght knew & f\nd itself 9 itself2 f ?is ! anti!sis betwe5 ! f9ite und]/&+ & ecclesia/ical dogma or fai? consequ5tly arose4 ,! idea became preval5t t ! und]/&+ c recognize some?+ to be false :i* ! ,*ur* affirms to be true2 & x 0 ( importance t ! und]/&+ did s appreh5d itself1 al?\gh x 0 9 opposition to ! positive 9 g5]al4 ,a4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,! fir/ way 9 :i* ! desire to f9d ! human elem5t 9 ref]5ce to :at p]ta9s to sci5ce manife/$ itself1 0 t an int]e/ 9 su* matt]s sprang up 9 ! ,we/1 a receptive p[] :]e ! anci5ts 9 _! def9it5ess & beauty are conc]n$4 ,b ! revival ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & especially ( ! /udy ( anci5t lit]ature be>+ on ,philosophy1 0 at fir/ 9 "s measure a simple revival ( ! old philosophy 9 its e>li] & orig9al =m1 )\t any?+ new be+ add$2 ?is work+ up ( old philosophies1 to :i* a great numb] ( writ+s 7 devot$1 0 ?us ! re/oration ( some?+ =gott5 only4 ,! /udy ( ! ,greeks 0 m especially reviv$2 ! k ( ! ,greek orig9als :i* ! ,we/ acquir$ is connect$ ) ext]nal political ev5ts4 ,! ,we/ kept up con/ant int]c\rse ) ! ,greeks ?r\gh ! ,crusades1 & ,italy did s by means ( comm]ce2 yet !re 7 no special diplomatic relations4 ,ev5 ! ,roman laws 7 br\ght back f ! ,ea/1 until a code ( ! corpus juris 0 by *ance discov]$4 ,b ! ,we/ 0 aga91 & m effectually1 br\ght into t\* ) ! ,greek ,ea/ :51 on ! disa/r\s fall ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 ! noble/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,greeks fl$ to ,italy4 ,e>li] ?an ?is ev51 :5 ! ,greek ,empire 0 be+ h>ass$ by ! ,turks1 ambassadors _h be5 s5t to ! ,we/ 9 ord] to solicit help4 ,^! ambassadors 7 m5 ( le>n+1 & by _! means--= z a rule !y settl$ 9 ! ,we/--!re 0 transplant$ ?i!r t love = antiquity to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,petr>* 9 ?is way le>n$ ,greek f ,b>laam1 a monk 9 ,calabria1 :]e dwelt _m belong+ to ! ord] ( ,/4 ,basil2 ?is ord] _h mona/]ies 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 & us$ ,greek ritual4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople ,b>laam _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,greeks1 p>ticul>ly ( ,*rysoloras1 :o f #acie *ose ,italy z 8 p]man5t dwell+-place4 ,^! ,greeks made ! ,we/ famili> ) ! works ( ! anci5ts1 especially ( ,plato4#ee ,too mu* hon\r is done to ! monks :5 x is ass]t$ t !y pres]v$ = u ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts2 ^! works1 at lea/ su* z 7 9 ,greek1 came r f ,con/ant9ople1 :ile ! ,lat9 portion ( !m1 x is true1 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,acqua9tance 0 n[ also = ! fir/ "t made ) ,ari/otle's own writ+s 7supra1 p4 #ge71 & !reby ! old philosophies 7 aga9 reviv$1 al?\gh m+l$ ) intellectual vag>ies ( ! utmo/ wildness4 ,?us x 0 p>tly ! old ,platonic philosophy t 0 s\ght out1 & p>tly ! ,neo-,platonic1 z also ! ,ari/otelian & ,/oic1 ! ,epicurean z f> z x reg>d$ physics1 & ! popul> philosophy ( ,cic]o 9 its fir/ =m2 ^! 7 br\ght =w>d z au?orities aga9/ ,s*ola/icism1 be+ 9 direct contradiction to x4 ,su* endeav\rs are1 h[ev]1 connect$ r ) ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & culture1 & ) ! advancem5t ( ! same2 we d n f9d orig9ality 9 ?is philosophic "w1 nor c we recognize !re9 any =w>d /ep4 ,we h /ill writ+s ( t p]iod1 by :i* we f9d t ea* s*ool ( ! ,greeks f\nd its adh]5ts1 & t ,ari/otelians1 ,platoni/s1 & s on appe>$ on ! sc5es1 ?\gh !y 7 ( a v diff]5t /amp f ^? ( old5 times4 ,= true in/ruction 9 philosophy we mu/1 h[ev]1 g to ! orig9al s\rces1 ! anci5ts4 #a4 ,,pomponatius4 ,pomponatius 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! ,ari/otelians2 among o!r subjects he wrote 9 #aecd on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & 9 s do+ he %[$--foll[+ a practice :i* 0 specially 9 vogue at t "t--t ?is dogma1 :i* he believ$ z a ,*ri/ian1 0 accord+ to ,ari/otle & reason incapable ( pro(4#ef ,! disciples ( ,av]ros alleg$ t ! univ]sal 1 :i* is pres5t 9 ?\ght1 is immat]ial & immortal1 :ile ! s\l z num]ically "o is mortal2 & ,alex&] ,aphrodisi5sis also ma9ta9$ its mortality4 ,bo? ( ^! op9ions 7 condemn$ 9 #aeac at ! ,c\ncil ( ,b5ev5to1 "u ,leo ,x4#eg ,! vegetative & s5sitive s\l ,pomponatius ass]t$ to be mortal 7c4 ,,viii4 p4 #cf2 c4 ,,ix4 pp4 #ea1 #fb-fe73 & he ma9ta9$ t x is only ?r\gh ?\ght & reason t man p>takes ( immortality4 ,pomponatius 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition2 b z c>d9als protect$ him1 no fur!r notice 0 tak5 ( ! matt]4#eh ,!re 7 _m o!r pure ,ari/otelians2 especially among ! ,prote/ants at a lat] "t 7 !y g5]al4 ,! ,s*ola/ics 7 errone\sly t]m$ ,ari/otelians2 !re=e ! ,re=mation 0 oppos$ to ,ari/otle only 9 appe>ance1 b to ! ,s*ola/ics x 0 oppos$ 9 fact4 #b4 ,,bess>ion1 ,,fic9us1 ,,picus4 ,m5 n[ began to =m acqua9tance m especially ) ,plato1 :5 manuscripts ( 8 works 7 br\ght f ,greece2 ,greeks1 refugees f ,con/ant9ople1 gave lectures on ,plato's philosophy4 ,c>d9al ,bess>ion ( ,trapezunt1 at "o "t ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 specially active 9 mak+ ,plato kn[n 9 ! ,we/4#ei ,fic9us1 :o 0 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 #adcc1 & di$ 9 #adii1 ! accompli%$ translator ( ,plato1 0 a man ( note2 x 0 ma9ly due to him t ! /udy ( ,neo-,platonism1 z pres5t$ by ,proclus & ,plot9us1 0 aga9 reviv$4 ,fic9us wrote also a ,platonic ,!ology4 ,"o ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce1 ,cosmo ,,ii41 w5t s f> z to f\nd a ,platonic ,academy ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! ,m$ici1 ! eld] ,cosmo1 ,lor5zo1 ,leo ,x41 ,clem5t ,,vii41 7 patrons ( all ! arts & sci5ces1 & made _! c\rt ! resort ( classical ,greek s*ol>s4#fj ,two c\nts ( ! "n ( ,pico della ,mir&ola--,giovanni1 & ,giovanni ,francesco1 8 nephew--7 influ5tial r by virtue ( _! m>k$ p]sonality & _! orig9ality2 ! eld] prop\nd$ n9e hundr$ !ses1 fifty-five ( :i* 7 tak5 f ,proclus1 & invit$ philosoph]s "o & all to a solemn discussion ( ! same2 he also 9 pr9cely fa%ion und]took to pay ! travell+ exp5ses ( ^? at a di/ance4#fa #c4 ,,gass5di1 ,,lipsius1 ,,reu*l91 ,,helmont4 ,some:at lat]1 & specially by ,gass5di1 ! oppon5t ( ,desc>tes1 ! atom !ory ( ,epicurus 0 aga9 reviv$4 ,z a developm5t !refrom ! !ory ( molecules ma9ta9$ its place !nce=? 9 physical sci5ce4 ,! revival ( ,/oic philosophy due to ,lipsius 0 n s cle>ly evid5c$4 ,9 ,reu*l9 7,kapnio71 :o 0 born at ,p=zheim 9 ,swabia 9 #adee1 & :o 0 himself ! translator ( sev]al com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! ,cabali/ic philosophy f\nd a def5d]4 ,he endeav\r$ also to recon/ruct ! ,py?agorean philosophy prop]2 b he m+l$ ) x mu* t is vague & my/]i\s4 ,!re 0 9 h& a project to de/roy all ,hebrew books 9 ,g]many by an imp]ial decree1 z _h be5 done 9 ,spa92 ,reu*l9 des]ves great cr$it = hav+ prev5t$ ?is4#fb ,on acc\nt ( ! entire lack ( diction>ies1 ! /udy ( ! ,greek language 0 r5d]$ s difficult t ,reu*l9 travell$ to ,vi5na = ! purpose ( le>n+ ,greek f a ,greek4 ,lat] on we f9d _m pr(\nd ?\ghts 9 ,helmont1 an ,engli%man1 :o 0 born 9 #afah1 & di$ 9 #afii4fc ,all ^! philosophies 7 c>ri$ on side by side ) belief 9 ,*ur* dogmas1 & )\t prejudice !reto2 n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! anci5ts conceiv$ !m4 ,a mass ( lit]ature exi/s on ?is subject1 conta9+ ! names ( a multitude ( philosoph]s1 b x is a lit]ature ( ! pa/1 )\t ! vitality *>act]i/ic ( high] pr9ciples2 x is 9 fact n a true philosophy at all1 & ,i %all !re=e n dwell any long] ^u x4 #d4 ,,cic]onian ,,popul> ,,philosophy4 ,cic]o's mode ( philosophiz+1 a v g5]al mode1 0 reviv$ 9 an especial degree4 ,x is a popul> /yle ( philosophiz+1 :i* has no real speculative value1 b 9 reg>d to g5]al culture x has ?is importance1 t 9 x man d]ives m f himself z a :ole1 f 8 out] & inn] exp]i5ce1 & speaks altoge!r f ! /&po9t ( ! pres5t4 ,he is a man ( und]/&+ :o says1-- 8,:at helps a man 9 life1 is :at life itself has taught him40 ,! feel+s1 c41 ( man obta9$ due recognition1 we mu/ obs]ve1 z aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( self-abnegation4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( writ+s ( ?is k9d 7 issu$1 "s ( !m simply on _! own acc\nt1 o!rs aim$ aga9/ ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,al?\gh all t great mass ( philosophical writ+s--mu*1 = in/ance1 t ,erasmus wrote on simil> subjects--has be5 =gott51 & ?\gh x possesses little intr9sic value1 x 0 /ill ( v great s]vice1 z succe$+ ! b>r5ness ( ! ,s*ola/ics & _! gr\ndless maund]+s 9 ab/ractions3--gr\ndless ,i say1 = !y _h n ev5 self-consci\sness z _! basis4 ,petr>* 0 "o ( ^? :o wrote f himself1 f 8 he>t1 z a ?9k+ man4 ,?is new dep>ture 9 ,philosophy applies 9 ?is reg>d to ! re=m ( ! ,*ur* by ,prote/antism also4 ,its pr9ciple is simply ?is1 t x l$ man back to himself1 & remov$ :at 0 ali5 to him1 9 language especially4 ,to h translat$ = ,g]man ,*ri/ians ! book on :i* _! fai? is gr\nd$1 into _! "m-tongue1 is "o ( ! greate/ revolutions :i* c\ld h happ5$4 ,italy 9 ! same way obta9$ gr& poetic works :5 ! v]nacul> came to be employ$ by su* writ]s z ,dante1 ,boccaccio & ,petr>*2 ,petr>*'s political works 7 h[ev] writt5 9 ,lat94 ,x is n until a ?+ is express$ 9 my "m tongue t x becomes my own possession4 ,lu!r & ,melanc?on ca/ ! ,s*ola/ic elem5t q aside1 & drew _! conclusions f ! ,bible1 f fai?1 f ! human he>t4 ,melanc?on pres5ts to u a calm popul> philosophy1 9 :i* ! human elem5t makes itself felt1 & :i* !re=e =ms ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! lifeless & jejune ,s*ola/icism4 ,?is attack aga9/ ! ,s*ola/ic me?od 0 made 9 ! mo/ diff]5t directions & 9 ! mo/ v>i\s =ms4 ,b all ?is belongs r to ! hi/ory ( ,religion ?an to t ( ,philosophy4 ,b4 ,,c]ta9 ,,attempts ,,9 ,,philosophy4 ,a second s]ies ( writ]s :o n[ appe>$ h ma9ly to d ) p>ticul> attempts made 9 ,philosophy :i* rema9$ attempts m]ely1 & are only f\nd :ile ?is t]rible "t ( upheaval la/$4 ,_m individuals ( t p]iod saw !mselves =sak5 by :at _h hi!rto be5 accept$ by !m z cont5t1 by ! object :i* up to ?is "t _h =m$ ! /ay & support ( _! consci\sness--by fai?4 ,side by side ) ! peaceful reappe>ance ( ! anci5t philosophy !re display$ itself1 on ! o!r h&1 a multitude ( individuals 9 :om a burn+ desire aft] ! consci\s k ( :at is deepe/ & mo/ concrete 0 viol5tly manife/$4 ,x 0 spoilt1 h[ev]1 by endless fancies1 extravagances ( ! imag9ation & a craze = secret1 a/rological1 geomantic & o!r k4 ,^! m5 felt !mselves dom9at$1 z !y really 71 by ! impulse to create exi/5ce & to d]ive tru? f _! v selves4 ,!y 7 m5 ( vehem5t nature1 ( wild & re/less "*1 ( en?usia/ic temp]am5t1 :o c\ld n atta9 to ! calm ( k4 ,?\gh x _c be d5i$ t !re 0 9 !m a wond]ful insight into :at 0 true & great1 !re is no d\bt on ! o!r h& t !y revell$ 9 all mann] ( corruption 9 ?\ght & he>t z well z 9 _! out] life4 ,!re is ?us to be f\nd 9 !m great orig9ality & subjective en]gy ( _s2 at ! same "t ! cont5t is het]og5e\s & unequal1 & _! confusion ( m9d is great4 ,_! fate1 _! lives1 _! writ+s--:i* (t5 fill _m volumes--manife/ only ?is re/lessness ( _! be+1 ?is te>+ asund]1 ! revolt ( _! inn] be+ aga9/ pres5t exi/5ce & ! long+ to get out ( x & rea* c]ta9ty4 ,^! rem>kable individuals really resemble ! upheavals1 trembl+s & eruptions ( a volcano :i* has become work$ up 9 its dep?s & has br\ght =? new developm5ts1 :i* z yet are wild & uncontroll$4 ,! mo/ out/&+ m5 ( ?is nature are ,c>danus1 ,bruno1 ,van9i1 ,campanella1 & la/ly ,ramus4 ,!y are repres5tative ( ! "* ( ! "t 9 ?is int]val ( transition1 & fall )9 ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4 #a4 ,,c>danus4 ,hi]onymus ,c>danus is ( _! numb]2 he 0 rem>kable z an individual ( _w-wide reputation1 9 :om ! upheaval & f]m5tation ( 8 "t manife/$ itself 9 its utmo/ viol5ce4 ,8 writ+s fill t5 folio volumes4 ,c>danus 0 born 9 #aeja at ,pavia1 & di$ at ,rome 9 #aege4 ,he rec\nt$ 8 own hi/ory & describ$ 8 "* 9 8 book ,de vita propria1 :]e he makes an extraord9>y confession ( 8 s9s1 pass+ ! sev]e/ possible judgm5t ^u !m4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve to give a picture ( ^! contradictions4 ,8 life 0 a s]ies ( ! mo/ v>i$ mis=tunes1 ext]nal & dome/ic4 ,he speaks fir/ ( 8 pre-natal hi/ory4 ,he relates t 8 "m1 :5 pregnant ) him1 drank potions 9 ord] to produce abortion4 ,:5 he 0 /ill at ! brea/1 !re 0 an outbreak ( ! plague2 ! nurse :o suckl$ him di$ ( ! pe/il5ce1 he surviv$4 ,8 fa!r 0 v sev]e 9 8 treatm5t ( him4 ,he liv$ sometimes 9 ! mo/ cru%+ pov]ty & ! utmo/ want1 sometimes 9 ! greate/ luxury4 ,aft]w>ds he appli$ himself to sci5ce1 became a ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e1 & travell$ mu*4 ,he 0 celebrat$ f> & wide2 summons came to him f e qu>t]1 sev]al times he 0 call$ to ,scotl&4 ,he writes t he _c tell ! sums ( money t 7 (f]$ to him4 ,he 0 pr(essor at ,milan1 fir/ ( ma!matics & !n ( m$ic9e2 aft] t he lay = two ye>s 9 ,bologna 9 ! /ricte/ imprisonm5t1 & _h to und]go ! mo/ frightful tortures4 ,he 0 a pr(\nd a/rolog]1 & pr$ict$ ! future = _m pr9ces1 :o on t acc\nt held him 9 ! greate/ awe & rev]5ce4#fd ,he is a "n ( note 9 ma!matics2 we h f him /ill ! regula ,c>dani = ! solution ( equations ( ! ?ird degree1 ! only rule we h _h up to ?is "t4 ,he liv$ 8 :ole life 9 p]petual inw>d & outw>d /orms4 ,he says t he suff]$ ! greate/ torm5ts 9 8 s\l4 ,9 ?is inw>d agony he f\nd ! greate/ delight 9 inflict+ torture bo? on himself & o!rs4 ,he sc\rg$ himself1 bit 8 lips1 p9*$ himself viol5tly1 di/ort$ 8 f+]s1 9 ord] to free himself f ! tortures ( 8 spiritual disquietude & induce weep+1 :i* br\ght him relief4 ,! same contradictions 7 to be se5 9 8 outw>d demean\r1 :i* 0 sometimes quiet & decor\s1 :ile at o!r times he behav$ z if he 7 crazy & dem5t$1 & t )\t any ext]nal provocation :atev]1 & 9 matt]s ! mo/ indiff]5t4 ,sometimes he put on dec5t clo!s & made himself neat & trim1 at o!r times he w5t 9 rags4 ,he w\ld be res]v$1 dilig5t1 p]sev]+ 9 8 "w1 & !n w\ld break out into excesses1 wa/+ & squ&]+ all t he _h1 8 h\sehold goods & 8 wife's jewels4 ,sometimes he w\ld walk quietly along1 l o!r m52 at o!r times he w\ld ru% on z if he 7 mad4 ,! upbr++ ( 8 *ildr51 z 0 q to be expect$ "u ! circum/ances1 0 v bad4 ,he _h ! unhapp9ess ( see+ 8 sons turn out ill2 "o ( !m poison$ 8 own wife & 0 execut$ ) ! sword2 he _h 8 second son's e>s cut (f1 to *a/ise him = be+ dissipat$4#fe ,he himself 0 ( ! wilde/ temp]am5t1 brood+ deeply )9 himself1 & yet break+ out into viol5ce 9 ! mo/ contradictory mann]2 )9 him !re also rag$ a consum+ re/lessness4 ,i h epitomiz$ ! description :i* he gives ( 8 own "*1 & n[ quote x3 8,i h by nature a m9d ( philosophic & sci5tific ca/2 ,i am witty1 elegant1 well-br$1 fond ( luxury1 *e]ful1 pi\s1 fai?ful1 a lov] ( wisdom1 reflective1 ent]pris+1 /udi\s1 oblig+1 emul\s1 inv5tive1 self-taught4 ,i h a long+ to p]=m prodigies1 ,i am crafty1 cunn+1 bitt]1 v]s$ 9 secrets1 sob]1 dilig5t1 c>eless1 talkative1 contemptu\s ( religion1 v9dictive1 envi\s1 melan*oly1 malici\s1 trea*]\s1 a sorc]]1 a magician1 unhappy2 ,i am surly to my family1 ascetic1 difficult to deal )1 h>%1 a soo?say]1 jeal\s1 a ribald talk]1 a sl&]]1 compliant1 incon/ant2 su* contradictor9ess ( nature & mann]s is to be f\nd 9 me40#ff ,8 writ+s are 9 p>ts j z utt]ly unequal z 8 "*4 ,9 !m he gave v5t to ! wild vehem5ce ( 8 nature2 !y are disconnect$ & contradictory1 & 7 (t5 writt5 9 ! dire/ pov]ty4 ,!y conta9 a m$ley ( all k9ds ( a/rological & *iromantic sup]/ition1 yet lit up "h & !re ) pr(\nd & brilliant fla%es2 !re are ,alex&r9e & ,cabali/ic my/]ies side by side ) p]fectly lucid psy*ological obs]vations ( 8 own4 ,he treat$ a/rologically ! life & de$s ( ,*ri/4 ,8 positive m]it consi/s1 h[ev]1 r 9 ! /imulus :i* he gave to orig9al production1 & 9 ?is direction he ex]cis$ an important influ5ce on 8 times4 ,he boa/$ ( ! orig9ality & novelty ( 8 ideas1 & ! craze to be orig9al drove him to ! /range/ devices4 ,?is repres5ts ! fir/ =m tak5 by ! newly awak5$ & en]giz+ reason 9 its spontane\s activity2 to be new & diff]5t f o!rs 0 reg>d$ z tantam\nt to possess+ a private claim to sci5ce4 #b4 ,,campanella4 ,tommaso ,campanella1 a /ud5t ( ,ari/otle1 repres5ts j su* ano!r m$ley ( all possible dispositions4 ,he 0 born at ,/ilo1 9 ,calabria1 9 #aefh1 & di$ at ,p>is 9 #afci4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s /ill rema9 to u4 ,= sev5-&-tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life he 0 kept 9 /rict imprisonm5t at ,naples4#fg ,su* m5 z he ar\s$ enorm\s int]e/ & gave great (f5ce1 b on _! own acc\nt !y 7 productive ( v little result4 ,we h /ill to make special m5tion ( ,giordano ,bruno & ,van9i z belong+ to ?is p]iod4 #c4 ,,bruno4 ,giordano ,bruno 0 ( an equally re/less & eff]vesc5t temp]am5t1 & we see 9 him a bold rejection ( all ,ca?olic beliefs re/+ on m]e au?ority4 ,9 mod]n times he has aga9 be5 br\ght into remembrance by ,jacobi 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #e-df71 :o app5d$ to 8 lett]s on ,sp9oza an ab/ract ( "o ( ,bruno's works4#fh ,jacobi caus$ great att5tion to be paid to ,bruno1 m especially by 8 ass]tion t ! sum ( ,bruno's tea*+ 0 ! ,"o & ,all ( ,sp9oza1 or really ,pan!ism2 on acc\nt ( ! draw+ ( ?is p>allel ,bruno obta9$ a reputation :i* passes 8 des]ts4 ,he 0 less re/less ?an ,c>danus2 b he _h no fix$ habitation on ! e>?4 ,he 0 born at ,nola 9 ! prov9ce ( ,naples1 & liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! ye> ( 8 bir? is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,he roam$ ab\t 9 mo/ ( ! ,european /ates1 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 z a tea*] ( philosophy3 he =sook ,italy1 :]e at "o "t he _h be5 a ,dom9ican fri>1 & :]e he _h made bitt] reflections bo? ^u v>i\s ,ca?olic dogmas--= in/ance1 on transub/antiation & ! immaculate conception ( ! ,virg9--& ^u ! gross ignorance & sc&al\s lives ( ! monks4 ,he !n liv$ 9 ,g5eva 9 #aehb1 b !re he fell out 9 ! same way ) ,calv9 & ,beza1 & c\ld n live ) !m3 he made "s /ay 9 sev]al o!r ,fr5* cities1 su* z ,lyons2 & aft] a "t he came to ,p>is1 :]e 9 #aehe he =mally *all5g$ ! adh]5ts ( ,ari/otle1 by foll[+ a practice greatly 9 fav\r 9 ^? days 7supra1 p4 #aab71 & propos+ = public disputation a s]ies ( philosophic !ses1 :i* 7 specially direct$ aga9/ ,ari/otle4 ,!y appe>$ "u ! title ,jord4 ,bruni ,nol4 ,rationes articulorum physicorum adv]sus ,p]ipateticos ,p>isiis propositorum1 ,viteb]g apud ,za*>iam ,cratonem1 #aehh2 he 0 n successful 9 !m1 h[ev]1 z ! position ( ! ,ari/otelians 0 /ill too well assur$4 ,bruno 0 also 9 ,london2 he visit$ ,witt5b]g 9 ! ye> #aehf2 he likewise /ay$ 9 ,prague & o!r univ]sities & t[ns4 ,9 ,helm/$t he 0 high 9 ! fav\r ( ! ,dukes ( ,brunswick-,lneburg 9 #aehi2 aft] t he w5t to ,frank=t-on-,ma91 :]e he _h sev]al ( 8 works pr9t$4 ,he 0 a w&]+ pr(essor & au?or4 ,f9ally he came back to ,italy 9 #aeib1 & liv$ 9 ,padua = "s "t undi/urb$1 b at la/ he 0 seiz$ 9 ,v5ice by ! ,inquisition1 ca/ into prison1 s5t on to ,rome1 & !re 9 ! ye> #afjj1 refus+ to recant1 he 0 burn$ at ! /ake z a h]etic4 ,eye-witnesses1 & among/ !m ,scioppius1 rec\nt t he met dea? ) ! mo/ unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,he _h become a ,prote/ant :5 9 ,g]many1 & _h brok5 ! v[s ( 8 ord]4#fi ,among bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 8 writ+s 7 held to be h]etical & a!i/ic1 & !re=e !y 7 burn$ & de/roy$1 or kept 9 concealm5t4 ,8 complete works are h5ce v seldom met )2 ! greate/ numb] ( !m are to be f\nd 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,gott+52 ! fulle/ acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 ,buhle's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7supra1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aac74 ,8 works are = ! mo/ "p r>e1 & 9 _m cases int]dict$2 9 ,dresd5 !y are /ill includ$ among prohibit$ writ+s1 & are !re=e n to be se5 !re4 ,lately#gj an edition ( !m 9 ! ,italian language 0 prep>$1#ga :i* possibly has nev] yet be5 issu$4 ,bruno also wrote a great deal 9 ,lat94 ,:]ev] he took up 8 abode = a "t1 he gave public lectures1 wrote & publi%$ works2 & ?is increases ! difficulty ( mak+ complete acqua9tance ) 8 books4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s are = ! above reason v simil> 9 _! matt]1 ! =m only be+ diff]5t1 & 9 ! evolution ( 8 ?\ghts he nev] consequ5tly advanc$ v mu* nor atta9$ to any results4 ,b ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 v>i\s writ+s is really to "s ext5t ! gr& en?usiasm ( a noble s\l1 :i* has a s5se ( indwell+ _s1 & kn[s ! unity ( its own ,be+ & all ,be+ to be ! :ole life ( ?\ght4 ,!re is some?+ bac*antic 9 8 way ( appreh5d+ ?is deep consci\sness2 x ov]fl[s 9 becom+ ?us an object ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! expression ( its ri*es4 ,b x is only 9 k t _s c br+ itself =? z a :ole2 :5 x has n yet atta9$ to ?is po9t ( sci5tific culture1 x rea*es out aft] all =ms1 )\t br++ !m fir/ into due ord]4 ,bruno displays j su* an unregulat$ & multi=m pr(usion2 & on t acc\nt 8 expositions h frequ5tly a dreamy1 confus$1 allegorical appe>ance ( my/ical en?usiasm4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s are 9 v]se1 & mu* t is fanta/ic f9ds a place 9 !m1 z = in/ance :5 he says 9 "o ( 8 works1 entitl$ ,la ,be/ia ,trionfante1 t some?+ else mu/ be put 9 place ( ! />s4#gb ,he sacrific$ 8 p]sonal welf>e to ! great en?usiasm :i* fill$ him1 & :i* left him no peace4 ,x is easy to say t he 0 8a re/less be+1 :o c\ld get on ) nobody40 ,b :5ce did ?is re/lessness come to him8 ,:at he c\ld n get on ) 0 ! f9ite1 ! evil1 ! ignoble4 ,!nce arose 8 re/lessness4 ,he rose to ! "o univ]sal sub/antiality by putt+ an end to ?is sep>ation ( self-consci\sness & nature1 :]eby bo? alike are degrad$4 ,god 0 9 self-consci\sness1 x 0 admitt$1 b ext]nally1 & z rema9+ some?+ diff]5t f self-consci\sness1 ano!r reality2 :ile ,nature 0 made by ,god1 be+ ,8 creature1 n an image ( ,him4 ,! goodness ( ,god display$ itself only 9 f9al causes1 f9ite ends1 z :5 x is said3 8,bees make honey = man's food2 ! cork tree gr[s to provide /opp]s = bottles40#gc ,z to 8 reflections1 ,jacobi has by 8 rec5t#gd exposition ( !m made x seem z if x 7 a !ory specially *>act]i/ic ( ,bruno t "o liv+ ,be+1 "o ,_w-,s\l1 %\ld p5etrate all exi/5ce1 & %\ld be ! life ( all4 ,bruno ass]t$1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! unity ( life & ! univ]sality ( ! ,_w-,s\l1 &1 9 ! second place1 ! indwell+ pres5ce ( reason2 b ,bruno 9 s say+ is f> f be+ orig9al1 & 9 fact ?is doctr9e is a m]e e*o ( ! ,alex&rian4 ,b 9 8 writ+s !re are two specially m>k$ features4 ,! fir/ is ! nature ( 8 sy/em1 bas$ z x is on 8 lead+ ?\ghts1 or 8 philosophic pr9ciples g5]ally1 namely ! ,idea z sub/antial unity4 ,! second1 :i* is closely connect$ ) ! fir/1 is 8 use ( ! ,art ( ,lullius2 ?is is specially emphasiz$ & highly e/eem$ by him1 ! art ( f9d+ diff]5ces 9 ! ,idea3 x he wi%$ to br+ into special recognition4 a4 ,8 philosophic ?\ghts1 to express :i* he sometimes made use ( ,ari/otle's concepts1 give evid5ce ( a peculi>1 highly /rung & v orig9al m9d4 ,! sub/ance ( 8 g5]al reflections is f\nd 9 ! greate/ en?usiasm = ! above-m5tion$ vitality ( ,nature1 div9ity1 ! pres5ce ( reason 9 nature4 ,8 philosophy is ?us on ! :ole c]ta9ly ,sp9ozism1 ,pan!ism4 ,! sep>ation ( man f ,god or ! _w1 all su* relations ( ext]nality1 h be5 sup]add$ to 8 liv+ idea ( ! absolute1 univ]sal unity ( all ?+s1 = ! expression ( :i* idea ,bruno has be5 s greatly admir$4 ,9 8 conception ( ?+s ! ma9 po9ts are t1 on ! "o h&1 he gives ! univ]sal det]m9ation ( matt]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ( =m4 4 ,! unity ( life he ?us det]m9es z ! univ]sal1 active und]/&+ 771 :i* manife/s itself z ! univ]sal =m ( all ! _w1 & compreh5ds all =ms 9 itself2 x be>s ! same relation to ! production ( natural objects z does ! und]/&+ ( man1 & m\lds & sy/ematizes !m1 z ! human und]/&+ m\lds ! multitude ( its concepts4 ,x is ! arti/ )91 :o %apes & =ms ! mat]ial )\t4 ,f )9 ! root or ! se$-gra9 x makes ! %oot come =?2 f ?is aga9 x br+s ! bran*es1 & f !m ! twigs1 & f out ( ! twigs x calls =? ! buds1 & leaves1 & fl[]s4 ,all is plann$1 prep>$ & p]fect$ )94 ,9 ! same way ?is univ]sal reason )9 calls back _! saps f ! fruits & blossoms to ! twigs1 & s on4 ,! univ]se is ?us an inf9ite animal1 9 :i* all ?+s live & move & h _! be+ 9 modes ! mo/ div]se4 ,! =mal und]/&+ is ?us 9 no wise diff]5t f ! ,f9al ,cause 7! ,notion ( end1 ! entele*y1 ! unmov$ pr9ciple1 :i* we meet ) 9 ,ari/otle72 b ^! are j z truly also active und]/&+1 ! effici5t cause 7causa effici5s71 ?is same produc+ =ce4 ,nature & ,_s are n sep>at$2 _! unity is ! =mal und]/&+1 9 :i* is conta9$ ! pure ,notion1 n z 9 consci\sness1 b z free & indep5d5t1 rema9+ )9 itself1 & at ! same "t ex]cis+ activity & pass+ beyond itself4 ,! und]/&+ work+ t[>ds "o p>ticul> end is ! inw>d =m ( ! ?+ itself1 an inw>d pr9ciple ( ! und]/&+4 ,:at is cont9ually produc$ is 9 accordance ) ?is =m1 & conta9$ )9 x2 :at appe>s is det]m9$ z ! =m is 9 itself det]m9$4#ge ,) ,proclus 9 ! same way ! und]/&+1 z sub/antial1 is t :i* includes all ?+s 9 its unity3 life is ! outgo+1 ! produc+ =ce3 & ! und]/&+ z su* simil>ly includes ! return+ =ce1 :i* br+s all ?+s back into unity4 ,9 deal+ ) ,kant's philosophy we %all h aga9 to m5tion ?is det]m9ation ( f9al purpose4 ,t :i* has organic life1 ^: pr9ciple is =mative1 :i* has its efficacy 9 itself1 & 9 ! same only rema9s at home ) itself & ma9ta9s itself1 is no?+ b ! end1 ! activity det]m9$ 9 itself1 :i* 9 its relation to :at is diff]5t does n comport itself z m]e cause1 b returns ^u itself4 4 ,bruno1 :o ass]ts ! f9al cause to be imm$iately op]ative1 & ! life imman5t 9 ! univ]se1 ass]ts x also to be exi/5t1 z sub/ance2 he is !re=e oppos$ to ! conception ( a m]ely extra-mundane und]/&+4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ,bruno di/+ui%es =m & matt] 9 sub/ance1 :i* itself1 z ! a=esaid activity ( ! ,idea1 is ! unity ( =m & matt]2 ?us matt] has life 9 itself4 ,! p]man5t elem5t 9 ! endless *anges ( exi/5ce is1 he says1 ! fir/ & absolute matt]2 al?\gh )\t =m1 x is nev]!less ! "m ( all =ms1 & receptive ( all =ms4 ,because matt] is n )\t ! fir/ univ]sal =m1 x is itself pr9ciple or 9 itself f9al cause4 ,=m is imman5t 9 matt]2 ! "o simply _c exi/ )\t ! o!r2 ?us matt] itself br+s ab\t ^! *anges ( =m1 & ! same matt] runs ?r\gh !m all4 ,:at 0 at fir/ se$ becomes blade1 !n e>1 !n bread1 *yle1 blood1 se$ ( animal1 an embryo1 a human be+1 a corpse1 !n once m e>?1 /one1 or o!r sub/ance2 f s& & wat] frogs are produc$4 ,"h !n we c p]ceive some?+ :i*1 al?\gh x trans=ms itself into all ^! ?+s 9 turn1 yet /ill 9 itself rema9s "o & ! same4 ,?is matt] _c be a body1 = bodies h =m2 nor c x belong to ! class :i* we t]m prop]ties1 attributes1 or qualities1 = ^! are liable to *ange4 ,?us no?+ seems to be et]nal & wor?y ( ! "n ( a pr9ciple1 except matt]4 ,_m h = ?is reason held matt] to be ! only reality1 & all =ms to be accid5tal4 ,?is error arises f ! fact ( _! recogniz+ only a =m ( ! second k9d1 & n t necess>y fir/ & et]nal =m1 :i* is ! =m & s\rce ( all =ms4 ,9 ! same way ! a=esaid matt]1 on acc\nt ( its id5tity ) ! und]/&+ :i* causes =m be=eh&1 is itself intelligible1 z ! univ]sal presupposition ( all corporeality4 ,because x is ev]y?+ 9 g5]al1 x is no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 nei!r air nor wat]1 nor any?+ else1 ab/ract or o!rwise2 x has no dim5sions1 9 ord] to h all dim5sions4 ,! =ms ( matt] are ! inw>d p[] ( matt] itself2 x is1 z intelligible1 ! v totality ( =m4#gf ,?is sy/em ( ,bruno's is ?us objective ,sp9ozism1 & no?+ else2 "o c see h[ deeply he p5etrat$4 ,bruno "h asks ! "q3 8,b ?is fir/ univ]sal =m & t fir/ univ]sal matt]1 h[ are !y unit$1 insep>able8 ,diff]5t--& yet "o ,be+80 ,he answ]s by mak+ use ( ! ,ari/otelian =ms ( & 3 ,matt] is to be reg>d$ z pot5tiality2 9 ?is way all possible =ms ( exi/5ce 9 a c]ta9 s5se are includ$ 9 ! ,notion ( x4 ,! passivity ( matt] mu/ be reg>d$ z pure & absolute4 ,n[ x is impossible to attribute exi/5ce to a ?+ :i* lacks ! p[] to exi/4 ,exi/5ce has1 h[ev]1 su* an express ref]5ce to ! active mode1 t x is at once cle> t ! "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r1 b t ea* ( !m presupposes ! o!r4 ,if !re=e at all times a capacity ( work+1 produc+1 creat+1 0 !re1 s mu/ !re also h be5 at all times a capacity ( be+ work$ ^u1 produc$1 creat$4 ,! p]fect pot5tiality ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 7matt]7 _c prec$e _! actual exi/5ce1 & j z little c x rema9 aft] t is pa/4 ,! fir/ & mo/ p]fect pr9ciple includes all exi/5ce 9 itself1 c be all ?+s1 & is all ?+s4 ,active p[] & pot5tiality1 possibility & actuality are !re=e 9 x "o undivid$ & indivisible pr9ciple4#gg ,?is simultane\sness ( act+ & be+ act$ ^u is a v important det]m9ation2 matt] is no?+ )\t activity1 =m is !re=e ! p[] & inw>d life ( matt]4 ,if matt] 7 no?+ b indet]m9ate pot5tiality1 h[ w\ld ! det]m9ate be arriv$ at8 ,?is simplicity ( matt] is itself only "o mom5t ( =m3 9 wi%+ !re=e to te> asund] matt] & =m1 matt] is at once e/abli%$ 9 "o det]m9ation ( =m1 b 9 s do+ !re is imm$iately e/abli%$ also ! exi/5ce ( ! ,o!r4 ,?us ! ,absolute is det]m9$ = ,bruno3 x is n s ) o!r ?+s1 :i* may exi/ & also may n exi/1 & :i* may be det]m9$ 9 "o way or 9 ano!r way4 ,9 reg>d to f9ite ?+s & 9 f9ite det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+ ! di/9ction betwe5 =m & matt] is ?us pres5t4 ,! individual man is at e mom5t :at he may be at t mom5t1 b n ev]y?+ :i* he may be 9 g5]al & ) ref]5ce to sub/ance4 ,! ?+s :i* appe> to be diff]5t are only modifications ( "o s+le ?+ :i* includes 9 its exi/5ce all o!r exi/5ce4 ,! univ]se1 unbegott5 ,nature1 is1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ :i* x c be 9 reality & at "o "t1 because x includes 9 itself ! :ole ( matt]1 z well z ! et]nal1 un*angeable =m ( its *ang+ =ms4 ,b 9 its developm5ts f mom5t to mom5t1 its p>ticul> p>ts1 qualities1 individual exi/5ces1 9 its ext]nality z a :ole1 x is no m :at x is & may be2 b a "p su* z ?is is only a %ad[ ( ! image ( ! fir/ pr9ciple4#gh ,?us ,bruno wrote also a book1 ,de umbris ide>um4 4 ,?is is ,bruno's fundam5tal idea4 ,he says3 8,to recognize ?is unity ( =m & matt] 9 all ?+s1 is :at reason is /riv+ to atta9 to4 ,b 9 ord] to p5etrate to ?is unity1 9 ord] to inve/igate all ! secrets ( ,nature1 we mu/ se>* into ! oppos$ & contradictory extremes ( ?+s1 ! maximum & ! m9imum40 ,x is 9 ^! v extremes t !y are intelligible1 & become unit$ 9 ! ,notion2 & ?is union ( !m is inf9ite ,nature4 8,to f9d ! po9t ( union is n ! greate/ matt]2 b to develop f ! same its v opposite1 ?is is ! real & ! deepe/ secret ( ! art40#gi ,x is say+ mu* if we speak ( kn[+ ! developm5t ( ! ,idea z a necessity ( det]m9ations2 we %all see lat] h[ ,bruno proce$$ to d ?is4 ,he repres5ts ! orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* is else:]e kn[n z ! =m1 "u ! ,notion ( ! m9imum1 :i* is at ! same "t ! maximum--,"o1 :i* at ! same "t is ,all2 ! univ]se is ?is ,"o 9 ,all4 ,9 ! univ]se1 he says1 ! body is n di/+ui%$ f ! po9t1 nor ! c5tre f ! circumf]5ce1 nor ! f9ite f ! inf9ite1 nor ! maximum f ! m9imum4 ,!re is no?+ b c5tre po9t2 or ! c5tre po9t is ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+4 ,! anci5ts express$ ! same by say+ ( ! ,fa!r ( ! gods1 t he really _h 8 dwell+-place 9 e po9t ( ! univ]se4 ,x is ! univ]se t fir/ gives to ?+s true reality2 x is ! sub/ance ( all ?+s1 ! monad1 ! atom1 ! _s p\r$ out on all ?+s1 ! inn]mo/ ess5ce1 ! pure =m4#hj b4 ,! second object to :i* ,bruno devot$ himself 0 ! s-call$ ,lullian ,art1 :i* receiv$ its "n f its fir/ inv5tor1 ! ,s*ola/ic ,raymundus ,lullus 7supra1 pp4 #ib-id74 ,bruno adopt$ ?is & c>ri$ x to completion2 he t]m$ x also 8 ars comb9atoria4 ,?is art is 9 "s respects l :at we met ) 9 ,ari/otle "u ! "n ( ! ,topics 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bag1 #bah71 see+ t bo? give an imm5se numb] ( 8places0 & det]m9ations :i* 7 fix$ 9 ! conception l a table ) its divisions1 9 ord] t ^! head+s might be appli$ to all t came to h&4 ,b ! ,topics ( ,ari/otle did ?is 9 ord] to appreh5d & det]m9e an object 9 its v>i\s aspects1 :ile ,bruno r work$ = ! sake ( light5+ ! task ( memory4 ,he ?us really connect$ ! ,lullian ,art ) ! art ( mnemonics z practis$ by ! anci5ts1 :i* has come into notice aga9 9 rec5t times1 & :i* w be f\nd describ$ 9 great] detail 9 ! ,auctor ad ,h]5nium 7,libr4 ,,iii4 c4 #ag1 sqq474 ,to give an example3 "o e/abli%es = oneself a c]ta9 numb] ( diff]5t dep>tm5ts 9 ! imag9ation1 :i* are to be *os5 at pleasure2 !re may be p]haps twelve ( ^!1 arrang$ 9 sets ( ?ree1 & indicat$ by c]ta9 words1 su* z ,a>on1 ,abimele*1 ,a*illes1 ,b]g1 ,baum1 ,b>u*1 etc41 into :i* divisions "o ins]ts1 z x 71 :at has to be le>nt by he>t1 & =ms x into a succession ( pictures4 ,9 ?is way :5 we repeat x1 we h n to say x f memory or out ( our head1 z we are accu/om$ to d1 b we h only to read x (f z if f a table4 ,! only difficulty lies 9 mak+ "s +5i\s connection betwe5 ! cont5t 9 "q & ! picture2 t gives rise to ! mo/ unholy comb9ations1 & ! art is !re=e n "o to be comm5d$4 ,bruno also soon ab&on$ x1 s9ce :at _h be5 a matt] ( memory became a matt] ( imag9ation2 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 a desc5t4 ,b s9ce ) ,bruno ! diagram is n only a picture ( ext]nal images1 b a sy/em ( univ]sal det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 he c]ta9ly gave to ?is art a deep] inw>d mean+4#ha 4 ,bruno passes ov] to ?is art f univ]sal ideas :i* are giv54 ,s9ce namely "o life1 "o und]/&+ is 9 all ?+s1 ,bruno _h ! dim hope ( appreh5d+ ?is univ]sal und]/&+ 9 ! totality ( its det]m9ations1 & ( subsum+ all ?+s "u x--( sett+ up a logical philosophy by its means1 & mak+ x applicable 9 all directions4#hb ,he says3 ,! object ( consid]ation !re9 is ! univ]se1 9 s f> z x ent]s into ! relation ( ! true1 ! kn[able & ! rational4 ,l ,sp9oza he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! intelligible ?+ ( reason & ! actual ?+3 ,z metaphysics has = object ! univ]sal ?+1 :i* is divid$ into sub/ance & accid5t1 s ! *ief matt] is t !re is a s+le & m univ]sal art :i* knits toge!r & compasses r\nd ! ?+ ( reason & ! actual ?+1 & recognizes !m bo? z h>moniz+ ) "o ano!r1 s t ! _m1 be !y ( :at k9d !y may1 are l$ back to simple unity4#hc 4 ,= ,bruno ! pr9ciple 9 all ?is is ! und]/&+ g5]ally3 ,none o!r ?an ! und]/&+ ^: activity ext5ds beyond itself1 :i* br+s into exi/5ce ! s5su\s _w4 ,x is relat$ to ! illum9ation ( ! _s z ! sun is relat$ to ! eye3 x relates !re=e to a ph5om5al manifold1 illum9at+ ?is1 n itself4 ,! ,o!r is ! active und]/&+ 9 itself1 :i* is relat$ to ! objects ( ?\ght 9 _! v>i\s classes1 z ! eye is to ?+s visible4#hd ,! inf9ite =m1 ! active und]/&+ :i* dwells 9 reason1 is ! fir/1 ! pr9ciple1 :i* develops2 ! process 9 "s respects resembles :at 0 met ) 9 ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,bruno's great endeav\r is really n[ to appreh5d & demon/rate ! modes ( organiz+ ?is active und]/&+4 4 ,?is is pres5t$ m 9 detail z foll[s3 ,to ! pure tru? itself1 ! absolute light1 man approa*es only2 8 ,be+ is n absolute ,be+ itself1 :i* alone is ! ,"o & ,fir/4 ,he re/s only "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,idea1 ^: purity is ! light1 b :i* at ! same "t p>takes ( ! d>kness4 ,! light ( sub/ance emanates f ?is pure ,fir/ ,light1 ! light ( accid5t emanates f ! light ( sub/ance4 ,?is we met ) also 9 ,proclus 7supra1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ddf7 z ! ?ird mom5t 9 ! fir/ triad4 ,?is absolute pr9ciple 9 its unity is = ,bruno ! fir/ matt]1 & ! fir/ act ( ?is pr9ciple he names ! orig9al light 7actus primus lucis74 ,b sub/ances & accid5ts1 :i* are _m1 _c receive ! full light1 !y are !re=e only includ$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! light2 9 l mann] ! ideas also are only %ad[s !re(4#he ,! developm5t ( ,nature goes on f mom5t to mom5t2 creat$ ?+s are only a %ad[ ( ! fir/ pr9ciple1 n ! fir/ pr9ciple itself4 4 ,bruno cont9ues3 ,f ?is sup]-ess5tial 7sup]-ess5tiale7--an expression :i* is also met ) 9 ,proclus 7supra1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dda7--;advance is made to ! ess5ces1 f ! ess5ces to t :i* is1 f t :i* is to _! traces1 images & %ad[s1 & t 9 a d\ble direction3 bo? t[>ds matt]1 9 ord] to be produc$ )9 h] 7^! %ad[s are !n pres5t 9 natural fa%ion71 & also t[>ds s5sation & reason1 9 ord] to be kn[n by means ( ^!4 ,?+s )draw !mselves f ! ,fir/ ,light t[>ds ! d>kness4 ,b s9ce all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are 9 close connection1 ! l[] ) ! middle1 & ^? ) ! upp]1 ! comp\nd ) ! simple1 ! simple ) ^? :i* are m simple1 ! mat]ial ) ! spiritual1 9 ord] t !re may be "o univ]se1 "o ord] & gov]nm5t ( ! same1 "o pr9ciple & aim1 "o fir/ & la/2 s1 foll[+ ! s\nd ( ! lyre ( ! univ]sal ,apollo 7an expression :i* we saw us$ by ,h]aclitus1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe71 ! l[] c be l$ back /ep by /ep to ! high]1 z fire 0 cond5s$ & trans=m$ into air1 air into wat]1 wat] into e>?4 ,?us ,"o ,be+ is 9 all4 ,t process is ! same z ?is return1 & !y =m a circle4 ,nature )9 h] limits c produce all f all1 & s ! und]/&+ c also "k all f all4#hf 4 ,! unity ( opposites is expla9$ m 9 detail z foll[s3 ,! div]sity ( %ad[s is no real opposition4 ,9 ! same conception ! opposites are kn[n1 ! beautiful & ! ugly1 ! appropriate & ! inappropriate1 ! p]fect & ! imp]fect1 ! good & ! evil4 ,imp]fection1 evil1 ugl9ess1 d n re/ ^u special ideas ( _! own2 !y become kn[n 9 ano!r conception1 n 9 "o peculi> to !mselves1 :i* is no?+4 ,= ?is t is peculi>ly !irs is ! non-exi/5t 9 ! exi/5t1 ! defect 9 ! effect4 ,! fir/ und]/&+ is ! orig9al light2 x /reams its light out ( ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/1 & draws x aga9 f ! out]mo/ to itself4 ,e ,be+ c1 accord+ to its capacity1 appropriate some:at ( ?is light4#hg 4 ,! real elem5t 9 ?+s is j t :i* is intelligible1 n t :i* is p]ceiv$ or felt1 or :at is peculi> to ! individual2 :atev] else is t]m$ real1 ! s5su\s1 is non-,be+4 ,all t comes to pass b5ea? ! sun1 all t dwells 9 ! region ( matt]1 falls "u ! notion ( vanity 7f9itude74 ,seek to take f ,ideas a firm basis = ?y conceptions1 if ?\ art wise4 ,! pure light ( ?+s is no?+ b ?is kn[abl5ess1 :i* proce$s f ! fir/ und]/&+ & is direct$ t[>ds x2 ! non-exi/5t is n kn[n4 ,:at is "h contra/ & div]sity1 is 9 ! fir/ und]/&+ h>mony & unity4 ,try !re=e if ?\ can/ id5tify ! images ?\ ha/ receiv$1 if ?\ can/ h>monize & unite !m2 ?us ?\ wilt n r5d] ?y m9d we>y1 ?y ?\ghts obscure1 & ?y memory confus$4 ,?r\gh ! idea :i* is 9 ! und]/&+ a bett] conception ( any?+ w be =m$ ?an by means ( ! =m ( ! natural ?+ 9 itself1 because ?is la/ is m mat]ial3 b t conception is rea*$ 9 a supreme degree ?r\gh ! idea ( ! object z x exi/s 9 ! div9e und]/&+4#hh ,! diff]5ces :i* are "h giv51 are !re=e no diff]5ces at all2 b all is h>mony4 ,to develop ?is 0 !re=e ,bruno's endeav\r2 & ! det]m9ations1 z natural 9 t div9e und]/&+1 correspond ) ^? :i* appe> 9 ! subjective und]/&+4 ,bruno's art consi/s only 9 det]m9+ ! univ]sal s*eme ( =m1 :i* includes all ?+s )9 itself1 & 9 %[+ h[ its mom5ts express !mselves 9 ! diff]5t sph]es ( exi/5ce4 4 ,! ma9 endeav\r ( ,bruno 0 ?us to repres5t ! ,all & ,"o1 aft] ! me?od ( ,lullus1 z a sy/em ( classes ( regul> det]m9ations4 ,h5ce 9 ! mann] ( ,proclus he specifies ! ?ree sph]es3 ,fir/1 ! orig9al =m 77 z ! orig9ator ( all =ms2 secondly1 ! physical _w1 :i* impresses ! traces ( ! ,ideas on ! surface ( matt]1 & multiplies ! orig9al picture 9 c\ntless mirrors set face to face2 ?irdly1 ! =m ( ! rational _w1 :i* individualizes num]ically = ! s5ses ! %ad[s ( ! ,ideas1 br+s !m into "o1 & raises !m to g5]al conceptions = ! und]/&+4 ,! mom5ts ( ! orig9al =m itself are t]m$ ,be+1 goodness 7nature or life71 & unity4 7,some?+ simil> to ?is we also met ) 9 ,proclus1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dde7 ,9 ! metaphysical _w ! orig9al =m is ?+1 good1 pr9ciple ( plurality 7ante multa72 9 ! physical _w x manife/s itself 9 ?+s1 goods1 individuals2 9 ! rational _w ( k x is d]iv$ f ?+s1 goods & individuals4#hi ,unity is ! ag5t t br+s !m back once m2 & ,bruno1 :ile di/+ui%+ ! natural & metaphysical _w1 seeks to set up ! sy/em ( ! above det]m9ations1 9 ord] to %[ at once h[ ! same ?+ is 9 "o way a natural appe>ance1 & 9 ano!r way an object exi/+ = ?\ght4 ,s9ce ,bruno s\ght to appreh5d ?is connection m closely1 he consid]s ?9k+ z a subjective art & activity ( ! s\l1 repres5t+ inw>dly & 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y conception1 z x 7 ?r\gh an inw>d writ+1 :at ,nature repres5ts ext]nally1 z x 71 ?r\gh an outw>d writ+4 ,?9k+1 he says1 is ! capability bo? ( receiv+ into "o's self ?is ext]nal writ+ ( nature & ( imag9+ & sub/antiat+ ! inw>d writ+ 9 ! outw>d4 ,?is art ( ?9k+ inw>dly & organiz+ outw>dly 9 accordance ) ! same1 & ! capacity to rev]se ! process--an art possess$ by ! s\l ( man--,bruno places 9 ! close/ connection ) ! art ( ! nature ( ! univ]se1 ) ! en]gy ( ! absolute ,_w-pr9ciple1 by means ( :i* all is =m$ & fa%ion$4 ,x is "o =m :i* develops2 x is ! same _w-pr9ciple :i* causes =m 9 metals1 plants & animals1 & :i* 9 man ?9ks & organizes outside himself1 only t x expresses itself 9 its op]ations 9 an endlessly v>i$ mann] ?r\gh\t ! entire _w4 ,inw>dly & outw>dly !re is consequ5tly "o & ! same developm5t ( "o & ! same pr9ciple4#ij ,9 8 ,ars ,lulliana ,bruno made ! attempt to det]m9e & sy/ematize ^! v>i\s writ+s ( ! s\l1 by means ( :i* also ! organiz+ _w-pr9ciple reveals itself4 ,he assumes !re9 twelve pr9cipal k9ds ( writ+1 or classes ( natural =ms1 to =m a />t+-po9t3 8,species1 ,=m1 ,simulacra1 ,imag9es1 ,spectra1 ,exempl>ia1 ,indicia1 ,signa1 ,n1 ,*>act]es et ,sigilli4 ,"s k9ds ( writ+ are connect$ ) ! ext]nal s5se1 l ext]nal =ms1 pictures & ideals 7extr9seca =ma1 imago1 exempl>72 ^! pa9t+ & o!r pla/ic arts repres5t1 by imitat+ ,"m ,nature4 ,"s are connect$ ) ! inn] s5se1 :]e--) reg>d to mass1 duration1 numb]--!y are magnifi$1 ext5d$ 9 "t & multipli$2 su* are ! products ( fancy4 ,"s are connect$ ) a common po9t ( simil>ity 9 sev]al ?+s2 "s are s div]g5t f ! objective nature ( ?+s t !y are q imag9>y4 ,f9ally1 "s appe> to be peculi> to art1 z signa1 n1 *>act]es et sigilli2 by means ( ^! ! p[]s ( art are s great t x seems to be able to act indep5d5tly ( ,nature1 beyond ,nature1 &1 :5 ! matt] 9 "q involves x1 ev5 aga9/ ,nature40#ia ,s f> all1 on ! :ole1 goes well2 x is ! c>ry+ out ( ! same s*eme 9 all directions4 ,all respect is due to ?is attempt to repres5t ! logical sy/em ( ! inw>d arti/1 ! produc+ ?\ght1 9 su* a way t ! =ms ( ext]nal ,nature correspond !reto4 ,b :ile ! sy/em ( ,bruno is o!rwise a gr& "o1 9 x ! det]m9ations ( ?\ght nev]!less at once become sup]ficial1 or m]e dead types1 z 9 lat] times 0 ! case ) ! classification ( natural philosophy2 = ,bruno m]ely enum]ates ! mom5ts & contra/s ( ! sy/em1 j z ! natural philosoph]s develop$ ! ?ree-fold "* 9 e sph]e1 reg>d$ z absolute4 ,fur!r or m det]m9ate mom5ts ,bruno has done no?+ m ?an collect toge!r2 :5 he tries to repres5t !m by figures & classifications1 ! result is confusion4 ,! twelve =ms laid d[n z basis nei!r h _! d]ivation trac$ nor are !y unit$ 9 "o entire sy/em1 nor is ! fur!r multiplication d$uc$4 ,to ?is "p ( 8 subject he devot$ sev]al ( 8 writ+s 7,de sigillis71 & 9 diff]5t works x is pres5t$ 9 diff]5t ways2 ! appe>ances ( ?+s are z lett]s1 or symbols1 :i* correspond ) ?\ghts4 ,! idea is on ! :ole praisewor?y comp>$ ) ! fragm5t>9ess ( ,ari/otle & ! ,s*ola/ics1 accord+ to :om e det]m9ation is fix$ once = all4 ,b ! c>ry+ out ( ! idea is 9 "p alli$ ) ! ,py?agorean numb]s1 & consequ5tly unme?odical & arbitr>y2 & 9 "p we f9d metaphorical1 allegorical comb9ations & c\pl+s1 :]e we _c foll[ ,bruno2 9 ?is attempt to introduce ord]1 all ?+s are m+l$ toge!r 9 ! wilde/ disord]4 ,x is a great beg9n+1 to h ! ?\ght ( unity2 & ! o!r po9t is ?is attempt to grasp ! univ]se 9 its developm5t1 9 ! sy/em ( its det]m9ations1 & to %[ h[ ! outw>d appe>ance is a symbol ( ideas4 ,^! are ! two aspects ( ,bruno's tea*+ :i* _h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 #d4 ,,van9i4 ,julius ,cs> ,van9i has also to be m5tion$ z belong+ to ?is p]iod2 8 fir/ "n 0 really ,lucilius4 ,he has _m po9ts ( simil>ity ) ,bruno1 &1 l him1 he suff]$ z a m>tyr on acc\nt ( philosophy2 = he %>$ ,bruno's fate1 :i* 0 to be burn$ at ! /ake4 ,he 0 born 9 #aehf at ,taurozano 9 ! prov9ce ( ,naples4 ,he w&]$ f c\ntry to c\ntry2 we f9d him 9 ,g5eva1 & !n 9 ,lyons1 :5ce he fl$ to ,engl& 9 ord] to save himself f ! ,inquisition4 ,aft] two ye>s he return$ to ,italy4 ,9 ,g5oa he taught ,natural ,philosophy on ! sy/em ( ,av]ros1 b did n br+ himself into fav\r4 ,9 8 travels he met ) all mann] ( /range adv5tures1 & engag$ 9 _m & v>i\s disputations on philosophy & !ology4 ,he became m & m an object ( suspicion1 & fl$ f ,p>is2 he 0 summon$ be=e ! tribunal on a *>ge ( impiety1 n ( h]esy4 ,franconus1 8 accus]1 /at$ on oa? t ,van9i _h utt]$ blasphemies4 ,van9i prote/$ t he _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & to 8 belief 9 ! ,tr9ity2 & 9 answ] to ! *>ge ( a!ism he took up a /raw f ! gr\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 judges1 & said t ev5 ?is /raw w\ld conv9ce him ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,b x 0 ( no avail2 9 #afai at ,t\l\se 9 ,france he 0 condemn$ to ! /ake1 & be=e ! c>ry+ out ( ?is s5t5ce 8 tongue 0 torn out by ! execution]4 ,h[ ! case 0 prov$ aga9/ him is n1 h[ev]1 cle>2 ! proce$+s seem to h be5 9 great "p due to p]sonal enmity1 & to ! zeal = p]secution :i* fill$ ! cl]gy 9 ,t\l\se4#ib ,van9i d]iv$ 8 *ief /imulus f ! orig9ality ( ,c>danus4 ,9 him we see reason & philosophy tak+ a direction ho/ile to !ology1 :ile ,s*ola/ic philosophy w5t h& 9 h& ) !ology1 & !ology 0 suppos$ to be confirm$ !reby4 ,art develop$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b free ?\ght broke (f f1 & rema9$ ali5 to x4 ,9 ,bruno & ,van9i ! ,*ur* took h] rev5ge = ?is2 %e r5\nc$ sci5ce1 & took up a position ( ho/ility to x4 ,van9i's philosophy does n g v f>2 he admires ! liv+ en]gy ( ,nature2 8 reason+s 7 n deep1 b 7 m ( ! nature ( fanciful ideas4 ,he always *ose ! dialogue =m2 & x is n evid5t :i* ( ! op9ions /at$ are 8 own4 ,he wrote comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle's works on ,physics4 ,we h two o!r works by ,van9i1 :i* are v r>e4 ,! "o is /yl$3 ,amphi!atrum t]n provid5ti div9o-magicum1 *ri/iano-physicum1 nec non a/rologo-ca?olicum1 adv]sus vet]es philosophos1 ,a!os1 ,epicureos1 ,p]ipateticos et ,/oicos4 ,auctore ,julio ,cs>e ,van9o1 ,lugd4 #afae2 9 ?is he gives a v eloqu5t acc\nt ( all ^! philosophies & _! pr9ciples1 b ! mann] 9 :i* he refutes !m is r feeble4 ,! second "w is entitl$ 8,on ! ,wond]ful ,secrets ( ,nature1 ! ,que5 & ,goddess ( ,mortals0 7,de admir&is ,natur1 reg9 ,deque mortalium1 arcanis libr4 ,,iv41 ,luteti #afaf72 x 0 pr9t$ 8) ! approval ( ! ,sorbonne10 :i* at fir/ f\nd 9 x no?+ 8:i* contradict$ & 0 ho/ile to ! ,ca?olic ,apo/olic & ,roman religion40 ,x conta9s sci5tific inve/igations into v>i\s matt]s belong+ to physics & natural hi/ory1 & is also 9 dialogue =m1 )\t def9ite indication be+ giv5 z to :i* ( ! *>act]s is made ! m\?piece ( ,van9i's own op9ions4 ,:at "o f9ds is assurances f him t he w\ld believe ?is or t doctr9e if he _h n receiv$ ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,van9i's t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 0 t[>ds naturalism2 he %[$ t x is ,nature t is ! ,deity1 t all ?+s _h a me*anical g5esis4 ,he !re=e expla9$ ! :ole univ]se 9 its connection by effici5t causes alone1 n by f9al causes2 b ! /atem5t ( ?is is made 9 su* a way t ! writ] does n give x z 8 own conclusion4#ic ,?us ,van9i plac$ reason 9 opposition to fai? & *ur* dogma1 z _h already be5 done by ,pomponatius 7supra1 p4 #aaa7 & o!rs4 ,yet all ! "t t !y 7 prov+ by reason ?is or t dogma :i* is 9 direct contradiction to ! ,*ri/ian belief1 !y 7 decl>+ t !y submitt$ _! conviction to ! ,*ur*--a c\rse :i* 0 always adopt$ by ,bayle aft]w>ds 9 ! re=m$ *ur*4 ,ano!r practice ( ^! philosoph]s 0 to br+ =w>d all sorts ( argum5ts & !ories contradictory ( !ological dogmas1 z s _m insoluble difficulties & contradictions br\ght ab\t by reason1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 by !m submitt$ to fai?4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,bayle says 9 ! article 8,mani*ans0 f\nd 9 8 critical ,dictionnaire--9 :i* he t\*es on _m philosophic conceptions--t ! ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( two pr9ciples _c be disprov$1 b t we mu/ submit h]e9 to ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is fa%ion all possible argum5ts 7 advanc$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,van9i ?us /ates objections aga9/ ! ,atonem5t1 & br+s =w>d argum5ts to prove t ,nature is ,god4 ,n[ m5 7 conv9c$ t reason c\ld n be contradictory ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmas1 & no fai? 0 plac$ 9 ! s9c]ity ( a submission :i* consi/$ 9 giv+ up :at "o 0 conv9c$ ( by reason2 !re=e ,galileo1 because he def5d$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 _h to recant on 8 knees1 & ,van9i 0 burn$ at ! /ake4 ,bo? ( !m _h 9 va9 *os5 ! dialogue =m = _! writ+s4 ,van9i c]ta9ly made "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! ,dialogues prove 7,de natur arcanis1 p4 #dbj7 ev5 8out ( ! text ( ! ,bible1 t ! devil is mighti] ?an ,god10 & t !re=e ,god does n rule ! _w4 ,among 8 argum5ts are ! foll[+3 ,x 0 aga9/ ! w ( ,god t ,adam & ,eve s9n$1 & ?us br\ght ! :ole human race to ru9 7ad int]itum73 ,*ri/ also 0 crucifi$ by ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,moreov] x is ! w ( ,god t all m5 %\ld be sav$4 ,b ( ,ca?olics !re are v few 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 & ! ,jews (t5 fell away f _! fai?2 ! ,ca?olic religion ext5ds only ov] ,spa91 ,france1 ,italy1 ,pol& & a "p ( ,g]many4 ,if !re 7 to be d$uct$ also ! a!i/s1 blasphem]s1 h]etics1 :oremong]s1 adult]]s1 & s on1 !re w\ld be /ill few] left4 ,consequ5tly ! devil is mighti] ?an ,god4 ,^! are argum5ts ( reason2 !y are n to be refut$2 b he submitt$ himself to ! fai?4 ,x is rem>kable t no "o believ$ ?is ( him2 ! reason !re( be+ t x 0 impossible = him to be 9 e>ne/ ) ! refutation ( :at he ass]t$ to be rational4 ,t ! refutation 0 b weak & subjective does n ju/ify anyone 9 d\bt+ ,van9i's s9c]ity2 = poor reasons may be conv9c+ = ! subject1 j z ! subject holds to 8 own rights 9 respect ( objective matt]s4 ,:at lies at ! bottom ( ! proce$+s aga9/ ,van9i is ?is1 t :5 a man by means ( 8 reason has come to p]ceive some?+ :i* seems to him incontrov]tible1 he _c b adh]e to ^! def9ite p]ceptions1 he _c believe :at is oppos$ to !m4 ,x is impossible to believe t fai? is /rong] 9 him ?an ?is p[] ( p]ception4 ,! ,*ur* 9 ?is way fell into ! /range contradiction ( condemn+ ,van9i1 because he did n f9d h] doctr9es 9 accordance ) reason1 & yet submitt$ himself to !m2 %e ?us appe>$ to dem&--a dem& :i* %e emphasiz$ ) ! burn+ pile--n t h] doctr9es %\ld be consid]$ above reason1 b 9 accordance ) x1 & t reason %\ld h m]ely ! =mal function ( expla9+ ! cont5t ( !ology1 )\t add+ any?+ ( h] own4 ,?is susceptibility ( ! ,*ur* is inconsi/5t1 & entangl$ h] 9 contradictions4 ,= 9 e>li] times %e c]ta9ly admitt$ t reason c\ld n grasp :at 0 reveal$1 & t x 0 consequ5tly a matt] ( little importance to refute & solve by reason ! objections :i* reason itself br\ght =w>d4 ,b z %e n[ w\ld n p]mit ! contradiction ( fai? & reason to be tak5 s]i\sly1 b burn$ ,van9i at ! /ake z an a!i/ = pr(ess+ s to d1 x 0 impli$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* _c contradict reason1 :ile man has yet to submit reason to ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is k9dl$ "h ! /rife betwe5 s-call$ revelation & reason1 9 :i* ! latt] em]ges indep5d5tly1 & ! =m] is sep>at$ f x4 ,up to ?is "t bo? 7 "o1 or ! light ( man 0 ! light ( ,god2 man _h n a light ( 8 own1 b 8 light 0 held to be ! div9e4 ,! ,s*ola/ics _h no k hav+ a cont5t ( its own beyond ! cont5t ( religion2 philosophy rema9$ entirely =mal4 ,b n[ x came to h a cont5t ( its own1 :i* 0 oppos$ to ! cont5t ( religion2 or reason felt at lea/ t x _h its own cont5t1 or 0 oppos+ ! =m ( reasonabl5ess to ! imm$iate cont5t ( ! o!r4 ,?is opposition _h a diff]5t mean+ 9 =m] times f :at x be>s n[-a-days2 ! e>li] mean+ is ?is1 t fai? is ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is giv5 z tru?1 & by :i* z tru? man has to rema94 ,we h "h fai? 9 ?is cont5t1 & oppos$ to ?is /&s conviction by means ( reason4 ,b n[ ?is fai? is transf]r$ into ! ?9k+ consci\sness itself2 x is a relation ( self-consci\sness itself to ! facts :i* x f9ds )9 itself1 n to ! objective cont5t ( ! doctr9e4 ,9 respect to ! e>li] opposition a di/9ction mu/ be drawn 9 ! objective cre$2 ! "o "p ( x is ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* z dogma1 ! tea*+ z to ! nature ( ,god1 t ,he is ,?ree 9 ,"o2 to ?is p]ta9s ! appe>+ ( ,god 9 ! _w1 9 ! fle%1 ! relation ( man to ?is div9e nature1 ,8 hol9ess & div9ity4 ,t is ! "p :i* has to d ) ! et]nal v]ities1 ! "p :i* is ( absolute int]e/ = m52 ?is "p is 9 its cont5t ess5tially speculative1 & c be object only = ! speculative ,notion4 ,! o!r "p1 belief 9 :i* is also requir$1 has ref]5ce to o!r ext]nal conceptions1 :i* are connect$ ) t cont5t2 to ?is p]ta9s ! :ole ext5t ( :at belongs to hi/ory1 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t z well z 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,a belief 9 all ?is f9ite elem5t may be dem&$ also4 ,if a man1 = in/ance1 did n believe 9 gho/s1 he w\ld be tak5 = a free-?9k]1 an a!i/3 x w\ld be j ! same if a man did n believe t ,adam 9 ,p>adise ate ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,bo? p>ts are plac$ ^u ! "o level2 b x t5ds to ! de/ruction ( ,*ur* & fai?1 :5 belief is dem&$ = ^! p>ts alike4 ,x is to ! ext]nal conceptions t att5tion has be5 *iefly direct$ by ^? :o h be5 decri$ z oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity & z a!i/s1 d[n to ! "t ( ,voltaire4 ,:5 ext]nal conceptions su* z ^! are held to firmly1 x is inevitable t contradictions %\ld be po9t$ out4 #e4 ,,petrus ,,ramus4 ,pi]re de la ,rame 0 born 9 #aeae 9 ,v]m&ois1 :]e 8 fa!r work$ z a day-lab\r]4 ,he e>ly betook himself to ,p>is1 9 ord] to satisfy 8 desire = le>n+3 he 01 h[ev]1 oblig$ on two occasions to leave x on acc\nt ( ! difficulty he exp]i5c$ 9 procur+ a subsi/5ce1 be=e he obta9$ employm5t z a s]vant at ! ,collge de ,nav>re4 ,"h he f\nd an opportunity ( ext5d+ 8 k2 he occupi$ himself ) ! ,ari/otelian philosophy & ) ma!matics1 & he di/+ui%$ himself 9 disputation by extraord9>y oratorical & dialectical read9ess4 ,9 a disputation = obta9+ ! degree ( magi/]1 he came publicly =w>d ) a !sis t caus$ a great s5sation3 8,all t ,ari/otle taught is n true20 & ! hon\r fell to him4 ,hav+ became magi/]1 he attack$ s bitt]ly & viol5tly ! ,ari/otelian logic & dialectic1 t ! gov]nm5t took notice ( x4 ,he 0 n[ accus$ ( und]m9+ by 8 anti-,ari/otelian op9ions ! f\ndations ( religion & sci5ce2 ?is accusation 0 br\ght be=e ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is by ! enemies ( ,ramus1 z a crim9al case4 ,b because ! p>liam5t appe>$ dispos$ to act 9 a judicial way1 & seem$ fav\rably incl9$ to ,ramus1 ! compla9t 0 )drawn1 & br\ght be=e ! c\ncil ( ! k+4 ,! latt] decid$ t ,ramus %\ld hold a disputation ) 8 oppon5t ,goveanus be=e a special commission ( five judges1 two ( :om ,goveanus 0 to *oose1 & two ,ramus1 :ile ! k+ 0 to appo9t ! presid5t2 ^! judges 7 to lay _! op9ion ( ! result be=e ! k+4 ,! int]e/ ( ! public 0 int5se1 b ! conte/ 0 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ p$antic way4 ,on ! fir/ day ,ramus ma9ta9$ t ! ,ari/otelian logic & dialectic 7 imp]fect & faulty1 because ! ,organon did n beg9 ) a def9ition4 ,! commission decid$ t a disputation or a diss]tation requires inde$ a def9ition1 b 9 dialectic x is n necess>y4 ,on ! second day ,ramus criticiz$ ! ,ari/otelian logic = its want ( arrangem5t2 ?is1 he ass]t$1 is ess5tial4 ,! majority ( ! judges1 consi/+ ( ! commission] ( ! k+ & ! two nom9ees ( ! oppon5t ,goveanus1 n[ wi%$ to annul ! inve/igation z f> z x _h gone1 & to set to "w 9 ano!r way1 s9ce ! ass]tions ( ,ramus put !m 9 a difficulty4 ,he appeal$ to ! k+1 :o1 h[ev]1 refus$ to he> him1 & decid$ t ! decision ( ! judges %\ld be consid]$ f9al4 ,ramus 0 h5ce condemn$1 b ! o!r two took no %>e 9 ! matt]1 &1 inde$1 resign$4 ,! decision 0 publicly plac>d$ 9 all ! /reets ( ,p>is1 & s5t to all ! academies ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,plays aim$ aga9/ ,ramus 7 p]=m$ 9 ! !atres1 greatly to ! delight ( ! ,ari/otelians4 ,! public g5]ally took a v lively int]e/ 9 su* disputes1 & a numb] ( conte/s ( ?is k9d _h already tak5 place on simil> que/ions ( ! s*ools4 ,= example1 ! pr(essors 9 a royal ,collge disput$ ) ! !ologians ( ! ,sorbonne :e!r quidam1 quisquis1 quoniam %\ld be said or kidem1 kiskis1 koniam1 & f ?is dispute a case be=e p>liam5t arose1 because ! doctors took away 8 b5efice f a !ologian :o said quisquis4 ,ano!r hot & bitt] controv]sy came be=e ! magi/rates z to :e!r ego amat 0 z correct z ego amo1 & ?is dispute _h to be suppress$ by !m4 ,f9ally ,ramus obta9$ a public educational appo9tm5t1 a pr(essor%ip 9 ,p>is2 b because he _h become a ,hugu5ot he _h to vacate ?is (fice sev]al times 9 ! int]nal disquietude t prevail$2 on "o occasion he ev5 w5t to travel 9 ,g]many4 ,on ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,eve 9 #aegb1 ,ramus f9ally fell1 murd]$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( 8 enemies2 "o ( 8 colleagues :o 0 among 8 bitt]e/ enemies1 ,*>p5ti]1 _h engag$ assass9s = ! purpose1 by :om ,ramus 0 frightfully maltreat$1 & !n ?r[n d[n f an upp] w9d[4#id ,ramus ar\s$ great int]e/1 m especially by 8 attacks on ! ,ari/otelian dialectic z x _h hi!rto exi/$1 & he contribut$ v greatly to ! simplification ( ! =mal nature ( ! rules ( dialectic4 ,he is specially fam$ = 8 extreme ho/ility to ! s*ola/ic logic1 & = hav+ set up 9 opposition to x a logic ( ,ramus--an opposition :i* has spread s f> t ev5 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature 9 ,g]many we f9d v>i\s factions ( ,rami/s & anti-,rami/s & semi-,rami/s m5tion$4 ,!re are _m o!r rem>kable m5 :o come )9 ?is p]iod & :o are usually m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 su* z ,mi*ael ( ,montaigne1 ,*>ron1 ,mac*iavelli1 etc4 ,! popul> writ+s ( ! fir/ two conta9 pleas+1 ref9$ & spiritual ?\ghts on human life1 social relation%ips1 ! "r & good4 ,! ef=ts ( su* m5 are c\nt$ z philosophy 9 z f> z !y h drawn f _! consci\sness1 f ! sph]e ( human exp]i5ce1 f obs]vation1 f :at takes place 9 ! _w & 9 ! he>t4 ,x is 9 a philosophy ( life t !y h compreh5d$ & imp>t$ su* exp]i5ces2 !y are ?us bo? ent]ta9+ & in/ructive4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple on :i* !y work$1 !y entirely =sook ! s\rces f :i* ,s*ola/ic k _h up to ?is "t be5 d]iv$1 & also ! me?ods hi!rto preval5t ( acquir+ x4 ,b because !y d n make ! "q ( highe/ int]e/ to ,philosophy ! object ( _! inve/igation1 & d n reason f ?\ght1 !y d n prop]ly belong to ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 b to g5]al culture & to ! heal?y human und]/&+4 ,!y h contribut$ to man's tak+ a great] int]e/ 9 8 own affairs1 to 8 obta9+ confid5ce 9 himself2 & ?is is _! ma9 s]vice4 ,man has look$ )9 8 he>t aga9 & giv5 to x its prop] value2 !n he has re/or$ to 8 own he>t & und]/&+1 to 8 fai?1 ! ess5ce ( ! relation%ip ( ! individual to absolute exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh /ill a divid$ he>t1 ?is division1 ?is ye>n+1 has become a disunion )9 itself2 & man feels ?is disunion )9 himself1 & along ) t 8 re/ 9 himself4 ,b "h we mu/ notice a transition1 ) :i* we are conc]n$1 on acc\nt ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple :i* 9 x is kn[n 9 a high] way & 9 its true au?ority4 ,c4 ,,! ,,re=mation4 ,x 0 9 ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation t ! great revolution appe>$1 z1 aft] ! et]nal conflicts & ! t]rible discipl9e :i* ! /iff-neck$ ,g]manic "* _h und]gone & :i* x _h to und]go1 m9d came to ! consci\sness ( reconciliation ) itself1 a reconciliation ^: =m requir$ t x %\ld be br\ght ab\t )9 ! m9d4 ,f ! ,beyond man 0 ?us call$ into ! pres5ce ( _s1 z e>? & h] bodily objects1 human virtues & morality1 ! individual he>t & consci5ce1 began to h "s value to him4 ,9 ! *ur*1 if m>riage 0 n held to be immoral1 self-re/ra9t & celibacy 7 consid]$ high]1 b n[ m>riage came to be look$ on z a div9e in/itution4 ,!n pov]ty 0 e/eem$ bett] ?an possession1 & to live on alms 0 consid]$ high] ?an to support oneself hone/ly by ! "w ( "o's h&s2 n[1 h[ev]1 x becomes kn[n t pov]ty is n ! mo/ moral life1 = ?is la/ consi/s 9 liv+ by "o's "w & tak+ pleasure 9 ! fruits !re(4 ,! bl9d ob$i5ce by :i* human fre$om 0 suppress$1 0 ! ?ird v[ tak5 by ! monks1 z aga9/ :i* fre$om1 l m>riage & prop]ty1 0 n[ also recogniz$ z div9e4 ,simil>ly on ! side ( k man turn$ back into himself f ! ,beyond ( au?ority2 & reason 0 recogniz$ z ! absolutely univ]sal1 & h5ce z div9e4 ,n[ x 0 p]ceiv$ t x is 9 ! m9d ( man t religion mu/ h its place1 & ! :ole process ( salvation be gone ?r\gh--t man's salvation is 8 own affair1 & t by x he ent]s into relation%ip ) 8 consci5ce & into imm$iate connection ) ,god1 requir+ no m$iation ( prie/s hav+ ! s-call$ means ( grace )9 _! h&s4 ,!re is inde$ a m$iation pres5t /ill by means ( doctr9e1 p]ception1 ! obs]vation ( self & ( "o's actions2 b t is a m$iation )\t a sep>at+ wall1 :ile =m]ly a braz5 wall ( division 0 pres5t sep>at+ ! laity f ! *ur*4 ,x is ?us ! _s ( ,god t mu/ dwell )9 ! he>t ( man1 & ?is indwell+ _s mu/ op]ate 9 him4 ,al?\gh ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 & ,arnold ( ,brescia _h />t$ f s*ola/ic philosophy ) simil> ends 9 view1 !y did n possess ! "* requisite to enable !m mode/ly1 & )\t any le>n$ s*ola/ic convictions1 to set aside ev]y?+ b m9d & _s4 ,x 0 ) ,lu!r fir/ ( all t fre$om ( _s began to exi/ 9 embryo1 & its =m indicat$ t x w\ld rema9 9 embryo4 ,?is beg9n+ ( ! reconciliation ( man ) himself1 :]eby div9ity is br\ght into man's actuality1 is ?us1 at fir/ pr9ciple alone4 ,! unfold+ ( ?is fre$om & ! self-reflect+ grasp ( ! same 0 a subsequ5t /ep1 9 ! same way z 0 ! work+ out ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ! ,*ur* 9 its "t4 ,! subjective ?\ght & k ( man1 :i* enables him1 be+ satisfi$ 9 8 activity1 to h joy 9 8 "w & to consid] 8 "w z some?+ bo? p]missible & ju/ifiable--?is value accord$ to subjectivity n[ requir$ a high] confirmation1 & ! highe/ confirmation1 9 ord] to be made p]fectly legitimate1 & ev5 to become absolute duty2 & to be able to receive ?is confirmation x _h to be tak5 9 its pure/ =m4 ,! m]e subjectivity ( man1 ! fact t he has a w1 & ) x directs 8 actions ?is way or t1 does n con/itute any ju/ification3 = else ! b>b>\s w1 :i* fulfils itself 9 subjective ends alone1 su* z _c subsi/ be=e reason1 w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,if1 fur!r1 self-w obta9s ! =m ( univ]sality1 if its ends are con=mable to reason1 & x is appreh5d$ z ! fre$om ( mank9d1 z legal "r :i* likewise belongs to o!rs1 !re is !re9 only inde$ ! elem5t ( p]mission1 b /ill !re is mu* 9 ! end be+ recogniz$ z p]mitt$1 & n z absolutely s9ful4 ,art & indu/ry receive ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple new activity1 s9ce n[ _! activity is ju/ifi$4 ,b we always f9d ! pr9ciple ( p]sonal spirituality & indep5d5ce at fir/ limit$ to p>ticul> sph]es ( objects m]ely1 9 accordance ) its cont5t4 ,n until ?is pr9ciple is kn[n & recogniz$ 9 relation to ! absolutely exi/5t object1 i4e4 9 relation to ,god1 & is likewise grasp$ 9 its p]fect purity1 free f desires & f9ite ends1 does x receive its highe/ confirmation1 & t is its sanctification ?r\gh religion4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! ,lu!ran fai?1 9 accordance ) :i* man /&s 9 a relation to ,god :i* involves 8 p]sonal exi/5ce3 t is1 8 piety & ! hope ( 8 salvation & ! l all dem& t 8 he>t1 8 subjectivity1 %\ld be pres5t 9 !m4 ,8 feel+s1 8 fai?1 ! inmo/ c]ta9ty ( himself1 9 %ort1 all t belongs to him is laid claim to1 & ?is alone c truly come "u consid]ation3 man mu/ himself rep5t f 8 he>t & exp]i5ce contrition2 8 own he>t mu/ be fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us "h ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 ( pure relation to me p]sonally1 i4e4 fre$om1 is recogniz$1 & n m]ely s1 b x is cle>ly dem&$ t 9 religi\s wor%ip ?is alone %\ld be consid]$4 ,! highe/ confirmation ( ! pr9ciple is t x alone has value 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 t fai? & ! subjection ( ! individual he>t are alone ess5tial3 9 ?is way ?is pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian fre$om is fir/ pres5t$ & br\ght to a true consci\sness4 ,!reby a place has be5 set ap>t 9 ! dep?s ( man's inmo/ nature1 9 :i* alone he is at home ) himself & at home ) ,god2 & ) ,god alone is he really himself1 9 ! consci5ce he c be said to be at home ) himself4 ,?is s5se ( be+ at home %\ld n be capable ( be+ de/roy$ ?r\gh o!rs2 no "o %\ld presume to h a place !re94 ,all ext]nality 9 relation to me is !reby bani%$1 j z is ! ext]nality ( ! ,ho/2 x is only 9 communion & fai? t ,i /& 9 relation to ,god4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! laity & ! prie/s is by x remov$2 !re are no long] any laym51 = 9 religion ea* by himself is enjo9$ to "k p]sonally :at x is4 ,responsibility is n to be avoid$2 good works )\t spiritual reality 9 !m are no long] ( avail2 !re mu/ be ! he>t :i* relates itself directly to ,god )\t m$iation1 )\t ! ,virg91 & )\t ! ,sa9ts4 ,?is is ! great pr9ciple--t all ext]nality disappe>s 9 ! po9t ( ! absolute relation to ,god2 along ) ?is ext]nality1 ?is e/rangem5t ( self1 all s]vitude has also disappe>$4 ,) x is connect$ our ceas+ to tol]ate pray] 9 =eign tongues1 or to /udy ! sci5ces 9 su*4 ,9 spee* man is productive2 x is ! fir/ ext]nality t he gives himself1 ! simple/ =m ( exi/5ce :i* he rea*es 9 consci\sness4 ,:at man repres5ts to himself1 he inw>dly places be=e himself z spok54 ,?is fir/ =m is brok5 up & r5d]$ =eign if man is 9 an ali5 tongue to express or conceive to himself :at conc]ns 8 highe/ int]e/4 ,?is brea* ) ! fir/ entrance into consci\sness is accord+ly remov$2 to h "o's own "r to speak & ?9k 9 "o's own language really belongs to lib]ty4 ,?is is ( inf9ite importance1 & )\t ?is =m ( be+-at-home-)-self subjective fre$om c\ld n h exi/$2 ,lu!r c\ld n h accompli%$ 8 ,re=mation )\t translat+ ! ,bible into ,g]man4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity has ?us become a mom5t 9 religion itself1 & 9 ?is way x has receiv$ its absolute recognition1 & has be5 grasp$ z a :ole 9 ! =m 9 :i* x c only be a mom5t 9 religion4 ,! injunction to wor%ip ,god 9 _s is n[ fulfill$4 ,_s1 h[ev]1 is m]ely condition$ by ! free spirituality ( ! subject4 ,= x is ?is alone :i* c be relat$ to _s2 a subject :o is n free does n /& 9 an attitude ( spirituality1 does n wor%ip ,god 9 _s4 ,?is is ! g5]al signification ( ! pr9ciple4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple 0 at fir/ grasp$ 9 relation to religi\s objects only1 & !reby x has inde$ receiv$ its absolute ju/ification1 b /ill x has n be5 ext5d$ to ! fur!r developm5t ( ! subjective pr9ciple itself4 ,yet 9 s f> z man has come to ! consci\sness ( be+ reconcil$ to himself1 & ( only be+ able to reconcile himself 9 8 p]sonal exi/5ce1 he has 9 8 actuality likewise atta9$ ano!r =m4 ,! o!rwise he>ty & vigor\s man may also1 9 z f> z he enjoys1 d s ) a good consci5ce2 ! enjoym5t ( life = its own sake is no long] reg>d$ z some?+ :i* is to be giv5 up1 = monki% r5unciation is r5\nc$4 ,b to any o!r cont5t ! pr9ciple did n at fir/ ext5d4 ,yet fur!r1 ! religi\s cont5t has m specially be5 appreh5d$ z concrete1 z x is = ! recollection1 & into ?is spiritual fre$om ! beg9n+ & ! possibility ( an unspiritual mode ( reg>d+ ?+s has ?us ent]$4 ,! cont5t ( ! ,cr$o1 speculative z x is 9 itself1 has1 t is to say1 an hi/orical side4 ,)9 ?is b>r5 =m ! old fai? ( ! *ur* has be5 admitt$ & all[$ to exi/1 s t 9 ?is =m x has to be reg>d$ by ! subject z ! highe/ tru?4 ,! result !n foll[s t all developm5t ( ! dogmatic cont5t 9 a speculative mann] is q set aside4 ,:at 0 requir$ is man's inw>d assurance ( 8 deliv]ance1 ( 8 salvation--! relation ( ! subjective _s to ! absolute1 ! =m ( subjectivity z aspiration1 rep5tance1 conv]sion4 ,?is new pr9ciple has be5 laid d[n z p>am\nt1 s t ! cont5t ( tru? is cle>ly ( importance2 b ! tea*+ respect+ ! nature & ! process ( ,god is grasp$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x at fir/ appe>s = ! ord9>y conception4 ,n only h all ?is f9ality1 ext]nality1 unspirituality1 ?is =malism ( s*ola/ic philosophy1 be5 on ! "o h& disc>d$1 & ) ju/ice1 b1 on ! o!r1 ! philosophic developm5t ( ! doctr9es ( ! *ur* has be5 also set aside1 & ?is is done 9 connection ) ! v fact t ! subject is imm]s$ 9 8 own he>t4 ,?is imm]sion1 8 p5it5ce1 contrition1 conv]sion1 ?is occupation ( ! subject ) himself1 has become ! mom5t ( fir/ importance2 b ! subject has n imm]s$ himself 9 ! cont5t1 & ! e>li] imm]sion ( _s !re9 has also be5 reject$4 ,ev5 to ?is pres5t day we %all f9d 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & 9 h] dogmas ! e*oes1 & s to speak ! h]itage ( ! philosophy ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool2 9 x !re is mu* m t is philosophic & speculative ?an 9 ! dogmatism ( ,prote/antism1 ev5 if !re is /ill 9 ?is an objective elem5t1 & if x has n be5 made p]fectly b>r51 z ?\gh ! cont5t 7 really reta9$ only 9 ! =m ( hi/ory4 ,! connection ( ,philosophy ) ! !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages has ?us 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* be5 reta9$ 9 its ess5tials2 9 ,prote/antism1 on ! contr>y1 ! subjective religi\s pr9ciple has be5 sep>at$ f ,philosophy1 & x is only 9 ,philosophy t x has aris5 9 its true =m aga94 ,9 ?is pr9ciple ! religi\s cont5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is ?us reta9$1 & x obta9s its confirmation ?r\gh ! te/imony ( _s t ?is cont5t %all only hold good = me 9 z f> z x makes its influ5ce felt 9 my consci5ce & he>t4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! words3 8,if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e :e!r x be ( ,god40 ,! crit]ion ( tru? is h[ x is confirm$ 9 my he>t2 ! fact t ,i judge & "k rightly--or t :at ,i hold to be true is ! tru?--mu/ be reveal$ to my he>t4 ,tru? is :at x is 9 my m9d2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 my _s is only !n 9 its prop] attitude to tru? :5 tru? is )9 x1 :5 ! _s & its cont5t are relat$ ?us4 ,"o _c be isolat$ f ! o!r4 ,! cont5t has n ?us ! confirmation 9 itself :i* 0 giv5 to x by philosophical !ology 9 ! fact t ! speculative ,idea made itself !re9 effectual2 nei!r has x ! hi/oric confirmation :i* is giv5 to a cont5t 9 s f> z x has an outw>d & hi/oric side 9 :i* hi/oric witnesses are he>d 9 evid5ce1 & 9 :i* its correctness is det]m9$ by _! te/imony4 ,! doctr9e has to prove itself by ! condition ( my he>t1 by p5it5ce1 conv]sion & joy 9 ,god4 ,9 doctr9e we beg9 ) ! ext]nal cont5t1 & ?us x is ext]nal only2 b tak5 ?us1 indep5d5tly ( ! /ate ( my m9d1 x prop]ly speak+ has no significance4 ,n[ ?is beg9n+ is1 z ,*ri/ian baptism & education1 a work+ ^u ! nature 9 addition to an acqua9tance ) ext]nals4 ,! tru? ( ! gospel & ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es only1 h[ev]1 exi/s 9 true relation to ! same2 x is really s to speak a use ( ! cont5t to make x educative4 ,& ?is is j :at has be5 said1 t ! nature is recon/ruct$ & sanctifi$ 9 itself1 & x is ?is sanctification = :i* ! cont5t is a true "o4 ,no fur!r use c be made ( ! cont5t ?an to build up & edify ! m9d1 & awak5 x to assurance1 joy1 p5it5ce1 conv]sion4 ,ano!r & wrong relation to ! cont5t is to take x 9 an ext]nal way1 e4g4 accord+ to ! great new pr9ciple ( exegesis1 & to treat ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t l ^? ( a ,greek1 ,lat9 or o!r au?or1 critically1 philologically1 hi/orically4 ,_s is alone 9 true relation to _s2 & x is a wrong beg9n+ ( a wood5 & unyield+ exegesis to prove 9 su* an ext]nal & philological way ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,?is has be5 done by or?odoxy1 :i* !reby r5d]s ! cont5t devoid ( spirituality4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ relation ( _s to ?is cont5t2 "h ! cont5t is inde$ ess5tial1 b x is z ess5tial t ! holy & sanctify+ _s %\ld be> a relation to x4 ,?is _s is1 h[ev]1 9 ! second place really ?9k+ _s likewise4 ,?\ght z su* mu/ also develop itself !re91 & t really z ?is =m ( inmo/ unity ( _s ) itself2 ?\ght mu/ come to ! di/9ction & contemplation ( ?is cont5t1 & pass ov] into ?is =m ( ! pure/ unity ( _s ) itself4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 h[ev]1 reveals itself z ab/ract ?\ght alone1 & x possesses z su* a relation to !ology & religion4 ,! cont5t :i* is "h 9 "q1 ev5 9 s f> z x is hi/oric m]ely & ext]nally accept$1 mu/ yet be religi\s2 ! unfold+ ( ! nature ( ,god mu/ be pres5t !re94 ,9 ?is we h ! fur!r dem& t ! ?\ght = :i* ! inw>d nature ( ,god is1 %\ld also set itself 9 relation to ?is cont5t4 ,b inasmu* z ?\ght is at fir/ und]/&+ & ! metaphysic ( ! und]/&+1 x w remove f ! cont5t ! rational ,idea & make x s empty t only ext]nal hi/ory rema9s1 :i* is devoid ( int]e/4 ,! ?ird position arriv$ at is t ( concrete speculative ?\ght4 ,accord+ to ! /&po9t :i* has j be5 giv51 & z religi\s feel+ & its =m are "h det]m9$1 all speculative cont5t z su*1 z well z its developm5ts1 are at fir/ reject$4 ,& z = ! enri*m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian conceptions ?r\gh ! treasures ( ! philosophy ( ! anci5t _w1 & ?r\gh ! pr(\nd ideas ( all e>li] ori5tal religions1 & ! l1--all ?is is set aside4 ,! cont5t _h objectivity2 b ?is m]ely signifi$ t ! objective cont5t1 )\t subsi/+ = itself1 0 to con/itute ! beg9n+ only1 on :i* ! m9d _h spiritually to build up & sanctify itself4 ,all ! enri*m5t ( ! cont5t :]eby x became philosophic1 is ?us ab&on$1 & :at foll[s lat] simply is t ! m9d1 z ?9k+1 aga9 imm]ses itself 9 itself1 9 ord] to be concrete & rational4 ,:at =ms ! basis ( ! ,re=mation is ! ab/ract mom5t ( a m9d be+ )9 self1 ( fre$om1 ( com+ to self2 fre$om signifies ! life ( ! _s 9 be+ turn$ back )9 itself 9 ! p>ticul> cont5t :i* appe>s z ano!r2 :ile _s is n free if x all[s ?is o!r-be+1 ei!r unassimilat$ or dead1 to exi/ 9 x z some?+ =eign4 ,9 z f> z _s n[ goes on to k1 to spiritual det]m9ations1 & z x looks ar\nd & comes =? z a cont5t1 s f> w x conduct itself !re9 z 9 its own doma91 z 9 its concrete _w1 s to speak--& x w !re really ass]t & possess its own4 ,?is concrete =m ( k :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! beg9n+ rema9s b dim1 we h n[ to consid]1 & x =ms ! ?ird p]iod ( our treatise1 into :i* we prop]ly /ep ) ! ,re=mation1 al?\gh ,bruno1 ,van9i & ,ramus1 :o liv$ lat]1 /ill belong to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,"p ,,?ree ,,mod]n ,,philosophy ,,introduction ,if we ca/ a glance back ov] ! p]iod j trav]s$1 we f9d t 9 x a turn+-po9t _h be5 rea*$1 t ! ,*ri/ian religion _h plac$ its absolute cont5t 9 ! m9d & w ( man1 & t x 0 ?us1 z a div9e & sup]s5su\s cont5t1 sep>at$ f ! _w & %ut up )9 itself 9 ! c5tre-po9t ( ! individual4 ,ov] aga9/ ! religi\s life an ext]nal _w /ood z a natural _w--a _w ( he>t or feel+1 ( desire1 ( human nature--:i* _h value only 9 z f> z x 0 ov]come4 ,?is mutual indep5d5ce ( ! two worlds _h mu* att5tion be/[$ on x ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages2 ! opposition 0 attack$ on all qu>t]s & 9 ! end ov]come4 ,b s9ce ! relation ( mank9d to ! div9e life exi/s ^u e>?1 ?is conque/ at fir/ pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( br++ ) x ! de/ruction ( ! *ur* & ( ! et]nal ?r\gh ! s5su\s desires ( man4 ,! et]nal tru? 0 likewise graft$ ^u ! dry1 =mal und]/&+1 s t we might say t ! sep>ation ( self-consci\sness has 9 itself disappe>$1 & !reby a possibility has be5 giv5 ( obta9+ reconciliation4 ,b because ?is implicit union ( ! ,beyond & ! ,"h 0 ( s unsatisfactory a nature t ! bett] feel+s 7 ar\s$ & =c$ to turn aga9/ x1 ! ,re=mation made its appe>ance1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 z a sep>ation f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b p>tly z a re=mation f )94 ,!re is a mi/ak5 idea t ! ,re=mation only effect$ a sep>ation f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ,lu!r j z truly re=m$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! corruption ( :i* "o le>ns f 8 writ+s1 & f ! reports ( ! emp]ors & ( ! empire to ! ,pope2 if fur!r evid5ce be requir$1 we ne$ only read ! acc\nts giv5 ev5 by ! ,ca?olic bi%ops1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! c\ncils at ,con/ance1 ,basle1 c41 ( ! condition ( ! ,ca?olic prie/hood & ( ! ,roman ,c\rt4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! inw>d reconciliation ( _s1 :i* 0 9 itself ! v ,idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 ?us aga9 e/rang$1 & appe>$ z a condition ( ext]nal1 unreconcil$ ali5ation & discord2 ?is gives u an example ( ! sl[ op]ation ( ! _w-_s 9 ov]com+ ?is ext]nality4 ,x eats away ! inw>d sub/ance1 b ! appe>ance1 ! outw>d =m1 /ill rema9s2 at ! end1 h[ev]1 x is an empty %ell1 ! new =m breaks =?4 ,9 su* times ?is _s appe>s z if x--hav+ s f> proce$$ 9 its developm5t at a snail's pace1 & hav+ ev5 retrograd$ & become e/rang$ f itself--_h sudd5ly adopt$ sev5-leagu$ boots4 ,s9ce ?us ! reconciliation ( self-consci\sness ) ! pres5t is implicitly accompli%$1 man has atta9$ to confid5ce 9 himself & 9 8 ?\ght1 9 s5su\s nature outside ( & )9 him2 he has discov]$ an int]e/ & pleasure 9 mak+ discov]ies bo? 9 nature & ! arts4 ,9 ! affairs ( ?is _w ! und]/&+ develop$2 man became consci\s ( 8 w & 8 a*ievem5ts1 took pleasure 9 ! e>? & its soil1 z also 9 8 occupations1 because "r & und]/&+ 7 !re pres5t4 ,) ! discov]y ( gunp[d] ! individual passion ( battle 0 lo/4 ,! romantic impulse t[>ds a casual k9d ( brav]y pass$ into o!r adv5tures1 n ( hate or rev5ge1 or ! s-call$ deliv]ance f :at m5 consid]$ ! wrongs ( innoc5ce1 b m h>mless adv5tures1 ! exploration ( ! e>?1 or ! discov]y ( ! passage to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 its treasures & p--nature1 man himself2 navigation 0 ! high] romance ( comm]ce4 ,! pres5t _w 0 aga9 pres5t to man z wor?y ( ! int]e/s ( m9d2 ?9k+ m9d 0 aga9 capable ( action4 ,n[ ! ,re=mation ( ,lu!r _h inevitably to come--! appeal to ! s5sus communis :i* does n recognize ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!rs or ( ,ari/otle1 b only ! inw>d p]sonal _s :i* quick5s & animates1 9 contradi/9ction to works4 ,9 ?is way ! ,*ur* lo/ h] p[] aga9/ x1 = h] pr9ciple 0 )9 x & no long] lack+ to x4 ,to ! f9ite & pres5t due hon\r is accord$2 f ?is hon\r ! "w ( sci5ce proce$s4 ,we ?us see t ! f9ite1 ! inw>d & outw>d pres5t1 becomes a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 & ?r\gh ! und]/&+ is elevat$ into univ]sality2 m5 desire to und]/& laws & =ces1 i4e4 to trans=m ! individual ( p]ceptions into ! =m ( univ]sality4 ,worldly matt]s dem& to be judg$ ( 9 a worldly way2 ! judge is ?9k+ und]/&+4 ,! o!r side is t ! et]nal1 :i* is 9 & = itself true1 is also kn[n & compreh5d$ ?r\gh ! pure he>t itself2 ! individual m9d appropriates to itself ! et]nal4 ,?is is ! ,lu!ran fai? )\t any o!r accessories--works1 z !y 7 call$4 ,ev]y?+ _h value only z x 0 grasp$ by ! he>t1 & n z a m]e ?+4 ,! cont5t ceases to be an objective ?+2 ,god is ?us 9 _s alone1 ,he is n a beyond b ! true/ reality ( ! individual4 ,pure ?\ght is likewise "o =m ( inw>dness2 x also approa*es absolute exi/5ce & f9ds itself ju/ifi$ 9 appreh5d+ ! same4 ,! philosophy ( mod]n times proce$s f ! pr9ciple :i* anci5t philosophy _h rea*$1 ! /&po9t ( actual self-consci\sness--x has z pr9ciple ! _s t is pres5t to itself2 x br+s ! /&po9t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! div]sity betwe5 :at is ?\ght & ! exi/5t univ]se1 into opposition1 & x has to d ) ! dissolution ( ?is same opposition4 ,! ma9 int]e/ h5ce is1 n s mu* ! ?9k+ ( ! objects 9 _! tru?1 z ! ?9k+ & und]/&+ ( ! objects1 ! ?9k+ ?is unity itself1 :i* is really ! be+ consci\s ( a presuppos$ object4 ,! gett+ rid ( ! =mal culture ( ! logical und]/&+ & ! mon/rosities ( :i* x 0 compos$1 0 m ess5tial ?an ! ext5sion ( x3 inve/igation 9 su* a case becomes dissipat$ & diffus$1 & passes into ! false inf9ite4 ,! g5]al po9ts ( view :i* 9 mod]n philosophy we rea* are h5ce some:at z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! concrete =m ( ?\ght :i* we h "h to consid] on its own acc\nt1 really appe>s z subjective ) ! reflection ( implicitude1 s t ?is has an anti!sis 9 exi/5ce2 & ! int]e/ is !n altoge!r f\nd 9 grasp+ ! reconciliation ( ?is opposition 9 its highe/ exi/5ce1 i4e4 9 ! mo/ ab/ract extremes4 ,?is highe/ sev]ance is ! opposition betwe5 ?\ght & ,be+1 ! compreh5d+ ( ^: unity f ?is "t =w>d con/itutes ! int]e/ ( all philosophies4 ,"h ?\ght is m indep5d5t1 & ?us we n[ ab&on its unity ) !ology2 x sep>ates itself !refrom1 j z ) ! ,greeks x sep>at$ itself f my?ology1 ! popul> religion1 & did n until ! "t ( ! ,alex&rians seek out ^! =ms aga9 & fill ! my?ological conceptions ) ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,! bond rema9s1 b = ?is reason x is cle>ly implicit3 !ology ?r\gh\t is m]ely :at philosophy is1 = ?is la/ is simply ?\ght respect+ x4 ,x does n help !ology to /rive aga9/ philosophy1 or to say t x wi%es to "k no?+ ab\t x1 & t philosophic maxims are ?us to be set aside4 ,x has always to d ) ! ?\ght t x br+s along ) x1 & ^! its subjective conceptions1 its home & private metaphysics1 are ?us frequ5tly a q uncultur$1 uncritical ?\ght--! ?\ght ( ! /reet4 ,^! g5]al conceptions are1 inde$1 connect$ ) p>ticul> subjective conviction1 & ?is la/ is said to prove ! ,*ri/ian cont5t to be true 9 a s5se all its own2 b ^! ?\ghts :i* con/itute ! crit]ion are m]ely ! reflections & op9ions :i* float ab\t ! surface ( ! "t4 ,?us1 :5 ?\ght comes =? on its own acc\nt1 we !reby sep>ate ourselves f !ology2 we %all1 h[ev]1 consid] "o o!r 9 :om bo? are /ill 9 unity4 ,?is individual is ,jacob ,boehme1 = s9ce m9d n[ moves 9 its own doma9s1 x is f\nd p>tly 9 ! natural & f9ite _w1 & p>tly 9 ! inw>d1 & ?is at fir/ is ! ,*ri/ian4 ,:ile e>li] ?an ?is1 moreov]1 ! _s1 di/ract$ by outw>d ?+s1 _h to make its influ5ce felt 9 religion & 9 ! secul> life1 & came to be kn[n 9 ! popul> philosophy s-call$1 x 0 only 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies t ! g5u9e ,philosophy re-appe>$1 :i* seeks to grasp ! tru? z tru? because man 9 ?\ght is inf9itely free to compreh5d himself & nature1 & along ) t seeks to und]/& ! pres5t ( rationality1 reality1 univ]sal law itself4 ,= ?is is ours1 s9ce x is subjectivity4 ,! pr9ciple ( mod]n philosophy is h5ce n a free & natural ?\ght1 because x has ! opposition ( ?\ght & nature be=e x z a fact ( :i* x is consci\s4 ,_s & nature1 ?\ght & ,be+1 are ! two inf9ite sides ( ! ,idea1 :i* c = ! fir/ "t truly make its appe>ance :5 its sides are grasp$ = !mselves 9 _! ab/raction & totality4 ,plato compreh5d$ x z ! bond1 z limit+ & z inf9ite1 z "o & _m1 simple & div]se1 b n z ?\ght & ,be+2 :5 we fir/ ?9k+ly ov]come ?is opposition x signifies compreh5d+ ! unity4 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( philosophic consci\sness g5]ally2 b ! way 9 :i* ?is unity mu/ be ?9k+ly develop$ is a d\ble "o4 ,philosophy h5ce falls into ! two ma9 =ms 9 :i* ! opposition is resolv$1 into a reali/ic & an ideali/ic sy/em ( philosophy1 i4e4 into "o :i* makes objectivity & ! cont5t ( ?\ght to arise f ! p]ceptions1 & "o :i* proce$s to tru? f ! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 a4 ,exp]i5ce con/itutes ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods1 viz4 ,realism4 ,philosophy n[ signifi$1 or _h z its ma9 attribute1 self-?\ght & ! acceptance ( ! pres5t z t 9 :i* tru? lay1 & :i* 0 !reby kn[able4 ,all t is speculative is p>$ & smoo!d d[n 9 ord] to br+ x "u exp]i5ce4 ,?is pres5t is ! exi/5t ext]nal nature1 & spiritual activity z ! political _w & z subjective activity4 ,! way to tru? 0 to beg9 f ?is hypo!sis1 b n to rema9 ) x 9 its ext]nal self-isolat+ actuality1 b to lead x to ! univ]sal4 4 ,! activities ( t fir/ me?od op]ate1 to beg9 )1 on physical nature1 f ! obs]vation ( :i* m5 d]ive univ]sal laws1 & on ?is basis _! k is f\nd$2 ! sci5ce ( nature1 h[ev]1 only rea*es to ! /age ( reflection4 ,?is k9d ( exp]im5tal physics 0 once call$1 & is /ill call$ philosophy1 z ,newton's ,pr9cipia philosophi naturalis 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ei7 %[4 ,?is "w is "o 9 :i* ! me?ods ( ! f9ite sci5ces ?r\gh obs]vation & d$uction are alone pres5t--^? sci5ces :i* ! ,fr5* /ill call ! sci5ces exactes4 ,to ?is1 ! und]/&+ ( ! individual1 piety 0 oppos$1 & h5ce 9 ?is respect philosophy 0 t]m$ worldly wisdom 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #fj74 ,"h ! ,idea 9 its inf9itude is n itself ! object ( k2 b a det]m9ate cont5t is rais$ into ! univ]sal1 or ?is la/ 9 its det]m9at5ess = ! und]/&+ is d]iv$ f obs]vation1 j z is1 = in/ance1 done 9 ,keppl]'s ,laws4 ,9 ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 man's p[] ( obs]vation 0 set aside1 & disputations respect+ nature at t "t proce$$ f ab/ruse hypo!ses4 4 ,9 ! second place1 ! spiritual 0 obs]v$ z 9 its realization x con/itutes ! spiritual _w ( /ates1 9 ord] ?us to inve/igate f exp]i5ce ! rights ( individuals z reg>ds "o ano!r1 & z reg>ds rul]s1 & ! rights ( /ates aga9/ /ates4 ,be=e ?is popes ano9t$ k+s1 j z 0 done 9 ,old ,te/am5t times to ^? appo9t$ by ,god2 x 0 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t ! ti! 0 comm&$2 ! =bidd5 degrees ( relation%ip 9 m>riage 7 also adopt$ f ! ,mosaic laws4 ,:at 0 "r & p]missible = k+s 0 demon/rat$ f ,saul's & ,david's hi/ories1 ! rights ( prie/hood f ,samuel--9 %ort1 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! s\rce ( all ! pr9ciples ( public law1 & x is 9 ?is way ev5 n[ t all papal bulls h _! deliv]ances confirm$4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ h[ mu* nons5se 0 9 ?is mann] concoct$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 "r 0 s\ght = 9 man himself1 & 9 hi/ory1 & :at _h be5 acc\nt$ "r bo? 9 peace & 9 w> 0 expla9$4 ,9 ?is way books 7 compos$ :i* ev5 n[ are con/antly quot$ 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl&4 ,m5 fur!r obs]v$ ! desires :i* c\ld be satisfi$ 9 ! /ate & ! mann] 9 :i* satisfaction c\ld be giv5 to !m1 9 ord] ?us f man himself1 f man ( ! pa/ z well z ( ! pres5t1 to le>n :at is "r4 b4 ,! second me?od1 t ( ,idealism1 proce$s f :at is inw>d2 accord+ to x ev]y?+ is 9 ?\ght1 m9d itself is all cont5t4 ,"h ! ,idea itself is made ! object2 t signifies ! ?9k+ x & f x proce$+ to ! det]m9ate4 ,:at ,realism draws f exp]i5ce is n[ d]iv$ f ?\ght priori2 or ! det]m9ate is also compreh5d$ b n l$ back to ! univ]sal m]ely1 b to ! ,idea4 ,! two me?ods ov]lap "o ano!r1 h[ev]1 because exp]i5ce on its side desires to d]ive univ]sal laws f obs]vations1 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 ?\ght proce$+ f ab/ract univ]sality mu/ /ill give itself a det]m9ate cont5t2 ?us a priori & a po/]iori me?ods are m+l$4 ,9 ,france ab/ract univ]sality 0 ! m pr$om9ant2 f ,engl& exp]i5ce took its rise1 & ev5 n[ x is !re held 9 ! greate/ respect2 ,g]many proce$$ f ! concrete ,idea1 f ! inw>dness ( m9d & _s4 #b4 ,! que/ions ( pres5t philosophy1 ! opposites1 ! cont5t :i* occupies ! att5tion ( ^! mod]n times1 are z foll[s3-- a4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! opposition :i* we h already t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,middle ,ages is ! ,idea ( ,god & ,8 ,be+1 & ! task impos$ is to d$uce ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z pure _s1 f ?\ght4 ,bo? sides mu/ be compreh5d$ ?r\gh ?\ght z absolute unity2 ! extreme/ opposition is appreh5d$ z ga!r$ into "o unity4 ,o!r subjects :i* engage our att5tion are connect$ ) ! same g5]al aim1 namely1 ! br++ ab\t ( ! inw>d reconciliation 9 ! opposition :i* exi/s betwe5 k & its object4 b4 ,! second =m ( opposition is t ( ,good & ,evil--! opposition ( ! ass]tion ( indep5d5t w to ! positive & univ]sal2 ! orig9 ( evil mu/ be kn[n4 ,evil is pla9ly ! 8o!r10 ! negation ( ,god z ,hol9ess2 because ,he is1 because ,he is wise1 good1 & at ! same "t almighty1 evil is contradictory to ,him2 an endeav\r is made to reconcile ?is contradiction4 c4 ,! ?ird =m ( opposition is t ( ! fre$om ( man & necessity4 4 ,! individual is cle>ly n det]m9$ 9 any o!r way ?an f himself1 he is ! absolute beg9n+ ( det]m9ation2 9 ! #8,i1' 9 ! self1 a p[] ( decision is cle>ly to be f\nd4 ,?is fre$om is 9 opposition to ! !ory t ,god alone is really absolutely det]m9+4 ,fur!r1 :5 t :i* happ5s is 9 futurity1 ! det]m9+ ( x ?r\gh ,god is reg>d$ z ,provid5ce & ! =e-k ( ,god4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 a new contradiction is involv$1 inasmu* z because ,god's k is n m]ely subjective1 t :i* ,god kn[s likewise is4 4 ,fur!r /ill1 human fre$om is 9 opposition to necessity z ! det]m9at5ess ( nature2 man is dep5d5t on nature1 & ! ext]nal z well z ! inw>d nature ( man is 8 necessity z aga9/ 8 fre$om4 4 ,consid]$ objectively1 ?is opposition is t betwe5 f9al causes & effici5t causes1 i4e4 betwe5 ! acts ( fre$om & ! acts ( necessity4 4 ,?is opposition betwe5 ! fre$om ( man & natural necessity has f9ally likewise ! fur!r =m ( community ( s\l & body1 ( comm]cium animi cum corpore1 z x has be5 call$1 :]e9 ! s\l appe>s z ! simple1 ideal1 & free1 & ! body z ! manifold1 mat]ial & necess>y4 ,^! matt]s occupy ! att5tion ( sci5ce1 & !y are ( a completely diff]5t nature f ! int]e/s ( anci5t philosophy4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is1 t "h !re is a consci\sness ( an opposition1 :i* is c]ta9ly likewise conta9$ 9 ! subjects ) :i* ! le>n+ ( ! anci5ts 0 occupi$1 b :i* _h n come to consci\sness4 ,?is consci\sness ( ! opposition1 ?is #8,fall1' is ! ma9 po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! conception ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! br++ ab\t 9 ?\ght ( ! reconciliation :i* is accept$ 9 belief1 n[ con/itutes ! :ole int]e/ ( k4 ,implicitly x has come to pass2 = k consid]s itself qualifi$ to br+ ab\t 9 itself ?is recognition ( ! reconciliation4 ,! philosophic sy/ems are !re=e no m ?an modes ( ?is absolute unity1 & only ! concrete unity ( ^? opposites is ! tru?4 #c4 ,z reg>ds ! /ages :i* 7 rea*$ 9 ! progress ( ?is k we h to m5tion ?ree ( ! pr9cipal4 a4 ,fir/ ( all we f9d ! union ( ^? opposites /at$2 & to prove x g5u9e attempts are made1 ?\gh n yet det]m9$ 9 purity4 b4 ,! second /age is ! metaphysical union2 & "h1 ) ,desc>tes1 ! philosophy ( mod]n times z ab/ract ?\ght prop]ly speak+ beg9s4 4 ,?9k+ und]/&+ seeks to br+ to pass ! union1 inasmu* z x inve/igates ) its pure ?\ght-det]m9ations2 ?is is 9 ! fir/ place ! /&po9t ( metaphysics z su*4 4 ,9 ! second place1 we h to consid] negation1 ! de/ruction ( ?is metaphysics--! attempt to consid] k on its own acc\nt1 & ! det]m9ations :i* proce$ f x4 c4 ,! ?ird /age is t ?is union itself :i* is to be br\ght ab\t1 & :i* is ! only subject ( int]e/1 comes to consci\sness & becomes an object4 ,z pr9ciple ! union has ! =m ( ! relation%ip ( k to ! cont5t1 & ?us ?is "q has be5 put3 #8,h[ is1 & h[ c ?\ght be id5tical ) ! objective8' ,) ?is ! inw>d elem5t :i* lies at ! basis ( ?is metaphysic is rais$ into explicitude & made an object2 & ?is includes all mod]n philosophy 9 its range4 #d4 ,9 respect to ! ext]nal hi/ory & ! lives ( ! philosoph]s1 x w /rike u t f ?is "t on1 ^! appe> to be v diff]5t f ^? ( ! philosoph]s ( anci5t times1 :om we reg>d$ z self-suffic+ individualities4 ,x is requir$ t a philosoph] %\ld live z he tea*es1 t he %\ld despise ! _w & n ent] into connection ) x2 ?is ! anci5ts h accompli%$1 & !y are su* pla/ic individualities j because ! inw>d spiritual aim ( philosophy has likewise frequ5tly det]m9$ _! ext]nal relations & conditions4 ,! object ( _! k 0 to take a ?\ghtful view ( ! univ]se2 !y kept ! ext]nal connection ) ! _w all ! fur!r remov$ f !mselves because !y did n greatly approve ( mu* !re9 pres5t2 or1 at lea/1 x ev] proce$s on its way1 accord+ to its own p>ticul> laws1 on :i* ! individual is dep5d5t4 ,! individual likewise p>ticipates 9 ! pres5t int]e/s ( ext]nal life1 9 ord] to satisfy 8 p]sonal ends1 & ?r\gh !m to atta9 to hon\r1 weal?1 respect1 & di/9ction2 ! anci5t philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 because !y rema9$ 9 ! ,idea1 did n conc]n !mselves ) ?+s t 7 n ! objects ( _! ?\ght4 ,h5ce ) ! ,greeks & ,romans ! philosoph]s liv$ 9 an indep5d5t fa%ion peculi> to !mselves1 & 9 an ext]nal mode ( life :i* appe>$ suitable to & wor?y ( ! sci5ce !y pr(ess$2 !y conduct$ !mselves indep5d5tly z private p]sons1 unfett]$ by outside trammels1 & !y may be comp>$ to ! monks :o r5\nc$ all temporal goods4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 *iefly ! cl]gy1 doctors ( !ology1 :o occupi$ !mselves ) philosophy4 ,9 ! transition p]iod ! philosoph]s %[$ !mselves to be 9 an inw>d w>f>e ) !mselves & 9 an ext]nal w>f>e ) _! surr\nd+s1 & _! lives 7 sp5t 9 a wild1 unsettl$ fa%ion4 ,9 mod]n times ?+s are v diff]5t2 n[ we no long] see philosophic individuals :o con/itute a class by !mselves4 ,) ! pres5t day all diff]5ce has disappe>$2 philosoph]s are n monks1 = we f9d !m g5]ally 9 connection ) ! _w1 p>ticipat+ ) o!rs 9 "s common "w or call+4 ,!y live1 n indep5d5tly1 b 9 ! relation ( citiz5s1 or !y occupy public (fices & take "p 9 ! life ( ! /ate4 ,c]ta9ly !y may be private p]sons1 b if s1 _! position z su* does n 9 any way isolate !m f _! o!r relation%ips4 ,!y are involv$ 9 pres5t conditions1 9 ! _w & its "w & progress4 ,?us _! philosophy is only by ! way1 a sort ( luxury & sup]fluity4 ,?is diff]5ce is really to be f\nd 9 ! mann] 9 :i* outw>d conditions h tak5 %ape aft] ! build+ up ( ! inw>d _w ( religion4 ,9 mod]n times1 namely1 on acc\nt ( ! reconciliation ( ! worldly pr9ciple ) itself1 ! ext]nal _w is at re/1 is br\ght into ord]--worldly relation%ips1 conditions1 modes ( life1 h become con/itut$ & organiz$ 9 a mann] :i* is con=mable to nature & rational4 ,we see a univ]sal1 compreh5sible connection1 & ) t individuality likewise atta9s ano!r "* & nature1 = x is no long] ! pla/ic individuality ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is connection is ( su* p[] t e individuality is "u its dom9ion1 & yet at ! same "t c con/ruct = itself an inw>d _w4 ,! ext]nal has ?us be5 reconcil$ ) itself 9 su* a way t bo? inw>d & outw>d may be self-suffic+ & rema9 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r2 & ! individual is 9 ! condition ( be+ able to leave 8 ext]nal side to ext]nal ord]1 :ile 9 ! case ( ^? pla/ic =ms ! ext]nal c\ld only be det]m9$ entirely f )94 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! high] degree ( /r5g? atta9$ by ! inw>d side ( ! individual1 he may h& ! ext]nal ov] to *ance2 j z he leaves clo?+ to ! cont+5cies ( fa%ion1 n consid]+ x wor? :ile to ex]t 8 und]/&+ ^u x4 ,! ext]nal he leaves to be det]m9$ by ! ord] :i* is pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> sph]e 9 :i* 8 lot is ca/4 ,! circum/ances ( life are1 9 ! true s5se1 private affairs1 det]m9$ by outw>d conditions1 & d n conta9 any?+ wor?y ( our notice4 ,life becomes s*ol>ly1 uni=m1 commonplace1 x connects itself ) outw>dly giv5 relation%ips & _c repres5t or set itself =? z a =m p]ta9+ only to itself4 ,man mu/ n take up ! "* ( %[+ himself an indep5d5t =m1 & giv+ himself a position 9 ! _w creat$ by himself4 ,because ! objective p[] ( ext]nal relation%ips is inf9itely great1 & = t reason ! way 9 :i* ,i p]=ce am plac$ 9 !m has become a matt] ( indiff]5ce to me1 p]sonality & ! individual life g5]ally are equally indiff]5t4 ,a philosoph]1 x is said1 %\ld live z a philosoph]1 i4e41 %\ld be indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal relation%ips ( ! _w1 & %\ld give up occupy+ himself ) & tr\bl+ himself conc]n+ !m4 ,b ?us circumscrib$ 9 respect ( all necessities1 m especially ( culture1 no "o c suffice = himself2 he mu/ seek to act 9 connection ) o!rs4 ,! mod]n _w is ?is ess5tial p[] ( connection1 & x implies ! fact t x is cle>ly necess>y = ! individual to ent] into ^! relations ( ext]nal exi/5ce2 only a common mode ( exi/5ce is possible 9 any call+ or condition1 & to ?is ,sp9oza =ms ! solit>y exception4 ,?us 9 e>li] times brav]y 0 individual2 :ile mod]n brav]y consi/s 9 ea* n act+ aft] 8 own fa%ion1 b rely+ on 8 connection ) o!rs--& ?is con/itutes 8 :ole m]it4 ,! call+ ( philosoph] is n1 l t ( ! monks1 an organiz$ condition4 ,memb]s ( academies ( le>n+ are no d\bt organiz$ 9 "p1 b ev5 a special call+ l !irs s9ks into ! ord9>y commonplace ( /ate or class relation%ips1 because admission !re9to is outw>dly det]m9$4 ,! real matt] is to rema9 fai?ful to "o's aims4 ,,section ,,"o ,,mod]n ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,its ,,fir/ ,,/atem5t ,! fir/ two philosoph]s :om we h to consid] are ,bacon & ,boehme2 !re is z complete a disp>ity betwe5 ^! individuals z betwe5 _! sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,none ! less bo? agree t m9d op]ates 9 ! cont5t ( its k z 9 its own doma91 & ?is consequ5tly appe>s z concrete ,be+4 ,?is doma9 9 ,bacon is ! f9ite1 natural _w2 9 ,boehme x is ! inw>d1 my/ical1 godly ,*ri/ian life & exi/5ce2 = ! =m] />ts f exp]i5ce & induction1 ! latt] f ,god & ! pan!ism ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,a4 ,,bacon4 ,!re 0 already be+ accompli%$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! cont5t :i* lies beyond u1 & :i* ?r\gh its =m has lo/ ! m]it x possess$ ( be+ true1 & is become ( no significance to self-consci\sness or ! c]ta9ty ( self & ( its actuality2 ?is we see = ! fir/ "t consci\sly express$1 ?\gh n z yet 9 a v p]fect =m1 by ,francis ,bacon1 ,b>on ,v]ulam1 ,visc\nt ,/4 ,albans4 ,he is !re=e in/anc$ z 9 ! =e-front ( all ?is empirical philosophy1 & ev5 n[ our c\ntrym5 l to adorn _! works ) s5t5ti\s say+s cull$ f him4 ,baconian philosophy ?us usually means a philosophy :i* is f\nd$ on ! obs]vation ( ! ext]nal or spiritual nature ( man 9 8 incl9ations1 desires1 rational & judicial qualities4 ,f ^! conclusions are drawn1 & g5]al conceptions1 laws p]ta9+ to ?is doma91 are ?us discov]$4 ,bacon has entirely set aside & reject$ ! s*ola/ic me?od ( reason+ f remote ab/ractions & be+ bl9d to :at lies be=e "o's eyes4 ,he takes z 8 /&po9t ! s5su\s manife/ation z x appe>s to ! cultur$ man1 z ! latt] reflects ^u x2 & ?is is con=mable to ! pr9ciple ( accept+ ! f9ite & worldly z su*4 ,bacon 0 born 9 ,london 9 #aefa4 ,8 prog5itors & relatives held high (fice 9 ! /ate1 & 8 fa!r 0 ,keep] ( ! ,great ,seal to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,he 9 8 turn1 hav+ be5 educat$ to foll[ ! same vocation1 at once devot$ himself to ! bus9ess ( ! /ate1 & ent]$ ^u an important c>e]4 ,he e>ly display$ great tal5t1 & at ! age ( n9ete5 he produc$ a "w on ! condition ( ,europe 7,de /atu ,europ74 ,bacon 9 8 y\? atta*$ himself to ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 ! fav\rite ( ,elizabe?1 ?r\gh ^: support he1 :o z a y\ng] son _h to see 8 pat]nal e/ate pass to 8 eld] bro!r1 soon atta9$ to bett] circum/ances1 & 0 elevat$ to a high] position4 ,bacon1 h[ev]1 sulli$ 8 fame by ! utmo/ +ratitude & fai?lessness t[>ds 8 protector2 = he is accus$ ( hav+ be5 prevail$ ^u by ! enemies ( ! ,e>l aft] 8 fall to *>ge him publicly ) ,high ,treason4 ,"u ,james ,i41 ! fa!r ( ,*>les ,i4 :o 0 behead$1 a weak man1 to :om he recomm5d$ himself by 8 "w ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 he receiv$ ! mo/ hon\rable (fices ( /ate by atta*+ himself to ,buck+ham3 he 0 made ,keep] ( ! ,great ,seal1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ,b>on ,v]ulam4 ,he likewise made a ri* m>riage1 ?\gh he soon squ&]$ all 8 means1 & high ?\gh 8 position 01 he /oop$ to intrigues & 0 guilty ( accept+ bribes 9 ! mo/ b>efac$ mann]4 ,!reby he br\ght ^u himself ! ill-w bo? ( p & ( nobles1 s t he 0 prosecut$1 & 8 case 0 tri$ be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,he 0 f9$ #dj1jjjl41 ?r[n into ! ,t[]1 & 8 "n 0 /ruck out ( ! li/ ( pe]s2 dur+ ! trial & :ile he 0 9 prison he %[$ ! greate/ weakness ( "*4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 lib]at$ f prison1 & 8 trial 0 annull$1 ow+ to ! ev5 great] hatr$ ( ! k+ & 8 m9i/] ,buck+ham1 "u ^: adm9i/ration ,bacon _h fill$ ^! (fices1 & ^: victim he appe>$ to h be52 = he fell e>li] ?an 8 comrade ,buck+ham1 & 0 des]t$ & condemn$ by him4 ,x 0 n s mu* 8 innoc5ce z ! fact t ^? :o ru9$ him _h made !mselves hat$ to an equal degree ?r\gh _! rule1 t caus$ ! hatr$ & indignation aga9/ ,bacon to be some:at mitigat$4 ,b he nei!r recov]$ 8 own s5se ( self-respect nor ! p]sonal e/eem ( o!rs1 :i* he _h lo/ ?r\gh 8 =m] conduct4 ,he retir$ into private life1 liv$ 9 pov]ty1 _h to beg su/5ance f ! k+1 occupi$ himself dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life ) sci5ce only1 & di$ 9 #afbf4ie ,s9ce ,bacon has ev] be5 e/eem$ z ! man :o direct$ k to its true s\rce1 to exp]i5ce1 he is1 9 fact1 ! special lead] & repres5tative ( :at is 9 ,engl& call$ ,philosophy1 & beyond :i* ! ,engli% h n yet advanc$4 ,= !y appe> to con/itute t p 9 ,europe :i*1 limit$ to ! und]/&+ ( actuality1 is de/9$1 l ! class ( %opkeep]s & workm5 9 ! ,/ate1 to live always imm]s$ 9 matt]1 & to h actuality b n reason z object4 ,bacon won great praise by %[+ h[ att5tion is to be paid to ! outw>d & inw>d manife/ations ( ,nature1 & ! e/eem 9 :i* 8 "n is ?us held is great] ?an c be ascrib$ directly to 8 m]it4 ,x has become ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( ! "t & ( ! ,engli% mode ( reason+1 to proce$ f facts1 & to judge 9 accordance ) !m4 ,because ,bacon gave expression to ! t5d5cy1 & m5 require to h a lead] & orig9ator = any p>ticul> mann] ( ?9k+1 he is cr$it$ ) hav+ giv5 to k ?is impulse t[>ds exp]im5tal philosophy g5]ally4 ,b _m cultur$ m5 h spok5 & ?\ght reg>d+ :at conc]ns & int]e/s mank9d1 reg>d+ /ate affairs1 m9d1 he>t1 ext]nal nature1 c41 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce & 9 accordance ) a cultur$ k ( ! _w4 ,bacon 0 j su* a cultur$ man ( ! _w1 :o _h se5 life 9 its great relations1 _h engag$ 9 /ate affairs1 _h dealt practically ) actual life1 _h obs]v$ m51 _! circum/ances & relations1 & _h work$ ) !m z cultur$1 reflect+1 &1 we may ev5 say1 philosophical m5 ( ! _w4 ,he ?us did n escape ! corruption ( ^? :o /ood at ! helm ( ! /ate4 ,) all ! depravity ( 8 "* he 0 a man ( m9d & cle> p]ception2 he did n1 h[ev]1 possess ! p[] ( reason+ ?r\gh ?\ghts & notions t are univ]sal4 ,we d n f9d 9 him a me?odical or sci5tific mann] ( reg>d+ ?+s1 b only ! ext]nal reason+ ( a man ( ! _w4 ,k ( ! _w he possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree3 8ri* imag9ation1 p[]ful wit1 & ! p5etrat+ wisdom :i* he displays ^u t mo/ int]e/+ ( all subjects1 commonly call$ ! _w4 ,?is la/ appe>s to u to h be5 ! *>act]i/ical quality ( ,bacon's g5ius4444 ,x 0 m5 r ?an ?+s t he _h /udi$1 ! mi/akes ( philosoph]s r ?an ! errors ( philosophy4 ,9 fact he 0 no lov] ( ab/ract reason+10 & al?\gh x p]ta9s to philosophy1 we f9d z little z possible ( x 9 him4 8,8 writ+s are inde$ full ( ref9$ & mo/ acute obs]vations1 b x seldom requires any ef=t on our "p to appreh5d _! wisdom40 ,h5ce mottoes are (t5 d]iv$ f him4 8,8 judgm5ts10 h[ev]1 8are commonly giv5 ex ca!dra1 or1 if he endeav\rs to elucidate !m1 x is by similes & illu/rations & po9t$ animadv]sions m ?an by direct & appropriate argum5ts4 ,g5]al reason+ is absolutely ess5tial 9 philosophy2 ! want ( x is m>k$ 9 ,bacon's writ+s40#if ,8 practical writ+s are specially int]e/+2 b we d n f9d ! bright fla%es ( g5ius t we expect$4 ,z dur+ 8 c>e] 9 ! /ate he act$ 9 accordance ) practical utility1 he n[1 at its conclusion1 likewise appli$ himself 9 a practical way to sci5tific endeav\rs1 & consid]$ & treat$ ! sci5ces 9 accordance ) concrete exp]i5ce & inve/igation4 ,8 is a consid]ation ( ! pres5t1 he makes ! mo/ (1 & ascribes value to x z x appe>s2 ! exi/5t is ?us reg>d$ ) op5 eyes1 respect is paid to x z to :at reigns pre-em95t1 & ?is s5su\s p]ception is rev]5c$ & recogniz$4 ,"h a confid5ce on ! "p ( reason 9 itself & 9 nature is awak5$2 x ?9k+ly applies itself to nature1 c]ta9 ( f9d+ ! tru? 9 x1 s9ce bo? are 9 !mselves h>moni\s4 ,bacon likewise treat$ ! sci5ces me?odically2 he did n m]ely br+ =w>d op9ions & s5tim5ts1 he did n m]ely express himself reg>d+ ! sci5ces dogmatically1 z a f9e g5tleman might1 b he w5t into ! matt] closely1 & e/abli%$ a me?od 9 respect ( sci5tific k4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?is me?od ( inve/igation introduc$ by him t he is notewor?y--x is 9 t way alone t he c be consid]$ to belong to ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces & ( philosophy4 ,& ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple ( me?odical k he has likewise produc$ a great effect ^u 8 times1 by draw+ att5tion to :at 0 lack+ 9 ! sci5ces1 bo? 9 _! me?ods & 9 _! cont5t4 ,he set =? ! g5]al pr9ciples ( proc$ure 9 an empirical philosophy4 ,! _s ( ! philosophy ( ,bacon is to take exp]i5ce z ! true & only s\rce ( k1 & !n to regulate ! ?\ght conc]n+ x4 ,k f exp]i5ce /&s 9 opposition to k aris+ f ! speculative ,notion1 & ! opposition is appreh5d$ 9 s acute a mann] t ! k proce$+ f ! ,notion is a%am$ ( ! k f exp]i5ce1 j z ?is aga9 takes up a position ( antagonism to ! k ?r\gh ! ,notion4 ,:at ,cic]o says ( ,socrates may be said ( ,bacon1 t he br\ght ,philosophy d[n to ! _w1 to ! homes & e-day lives ( m5 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chi74 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t k f ! absolute ,notion may assume an air ( sup]iority ov] ?is k2 b x is ess5tial1 z f> z ! ,idea is conc]n$1 t ! p>ticul>ity ( ! cont5t %\ld be develop$4 ,! ,notion is an ess5tial matt]1 b z su* its f9ite side is j z ess5tial4 ,m9d gives pres5ce1 ext]nal exi/5ce1 to itself2 to come to und]/& ?is ext5sion1 ! _w z x is1 ! s5su\s univ]se1 to und]/& itself z ?is1 i4e4 ) its manife/1 s5su\s ext5sion1 is "o side ( ?+s4 ,! o!r side is ! relation to ! ,idea4 ,ab/raction 9 & = itself mu/ det]m9e & p>ticul>ize itself4 ,! ,idea is concrete1 self-det]m9+1 x has ! pr9ciple ( developm5t2 & p]fect k is always develop$4 ,a conditional k 9 respect ( ! ,idea m]ely signifies t ! work+ out ( ! developm5t has n yet advanc$ v f>4 ,b we h to deal ) ?is developm5t2 & = ?is developm5t & det]m9ation ( ! p>ticul> f ! ,idea1 s t ! k ( ! univ]se1 ( nature1 may be cultivat$--= ?is1 ! k ( ! p>ticul> is necess>y4 ,?is p>ticul>ity mu/ be work$ out on its own acc\nt2 we mu/ become acqua9t$ ) empirical nature1 bo? ) ! physical & ) ! human4 ,! m]it ( mod]n times is to h accompli%$ or fur!r$ ^! ends2 x 0 9 ! highe/ degree unsatisfactory :5 ! anci5ts attempt$ ! "w4 ,empiricism is n m]ely an obs]v+1 he>+1 feel+1 etc41 a p]ception ( ! individual2 = x really sets to "w to f9d ! species1 ! univ]sal1 to discov] laws4 ,n[ because x does ?is1 x comes )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,notion--x begets :at p]ta9s to ! region ( ! ,idea2 x ?us prep>es ! empirical mat]ial = ! ,notion1 s t ! latt] c !n receive x ready = its use4 ,if ! sci5ce is p]fect$ ! ,idea mu/ c]ta9ly issue =? ( itself2 sci5ce z su* no long] comm5ces f ! empiric4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is sci5ce may come into exi/5ce1 we mu/ h ! progression f ! individual & p>ticul> to ! univ]sal--an activity :i* is a reaction on ! giv5 mat]ial ( empiricism 9 ord] to br+ ab\t its recon/ruction4 ,! dem& ( a priori k1 :i* seems to imply t ! ,idea %\ld con/ruct f itself1 is ?us a recon/ruction only1 or :at is 9 religion accompli%$ ?r\gh s5tim5t & feel+4 ,)\t ! work+ out ( ! empirical sci5ces on _! own acc\nt1 ,philosophy c\ld n h rea*$ fur!r ?an ) ! anci5ts4 ,! :ole ( ! ,idea 9 itself is sci5ce z p]fect$ & complete2 b ! o!r side is ! beg9n+1 ! process ( its orig9ation4 ,?is process ( ! orig9ation ( sci5ce is diff]5t f its process 9 itself :5 x is complete1 j z is ! process ( ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy & t ( ,philosophy itself4 ,9 e sci5ce pr9ciples are comm5c$ )2 at ! fir/ ^! are ! results ( ! p>ticul>1 b if ! sci5ce is complet$ !y are made ! beg9n+4 ,! case is simil> ) ,philosophy2 ! work+ out ( ! empirical side has really become ! condition+ ( ! ,idea1 s t ?is la/ may rea* its full developm5t & det]m9ation4 ,= in/ance1 9 ord] t ! hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( mod]n times may exi/1 we mu/ h a hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 g5]al1 ! process ( ,philosophy dur+ s _m ?\s& ye>s2 m9d mu/ h foll[$ ?is long road 9 ord] t ! ,philosophy may be produc$4 ,9 consci\sness x !n adopts ! attitude ( hav+ cut away ! bridge f beh9d x2 x appe>s to be free to laun* =? 9 its e!r only1 & to develop )\t resi/ance 9 ?is m$ium2 b x is ano!r matt] to atta9 to ?is e!r & to developm5t 9 x4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ,philosophy w\ld n h come into exi/5ce )\t ?is process1 = m9d is ess5tially a work+ ^u some?+ diff]5t4 #a4 ,bacon's fame re/s on two works4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has ! m]it ( hav+ 9 8 "w ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um pres5t$ to u a sy/ematic encyclop$ia ( ! sci5ces1 an outl9e :i* mu/ und\bt$ly h caus$ a s5sation among/ 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is important to set be=e m5's eyes a well arrang$ picture su* z ?is ( ! :ole1 :5 t :ole has n be5 grasp$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?is encyclop$ia gives a g5]al classification ( ! sci5ces2 ! pr9ciples ( ! classification are regulat$ 9 accordance ) ! diff]5ces 9 ! intellectual capacities4 ,bacon ?us divides human le>n+ accord+ to ! faculties ( memory1 imag9ation1 & reason1 = he di/+ui%es :at p]ta9s 7#a7 to memory2 7#b7 to imag9ation2 7#c7 to reason4 ,"u memory he consid]$ hi/ory2 "u imag9ation1 poetry1 & art2 & f9ally1 "u reason1 philosophy4#ig ,accord+ to 8 fav\rite me?od ( division ^! aga9 are fur!r divid$1 s9ce he br+s all else "u ^! same heads2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 unsatisfactory4 ,to hi/ory belong ! works ( ,god--sacr$1 prophetic1 ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 ! works ( m5--civil & lit]>y hi/ory2 & likewise ! works ( nature1 & s on4#ih ,he goes ?r\gh ^! topics aft] ! mann] ( 8 "t1 a ma9 *>act]i/ic ( :i* is t any?+ c be made plausible ?r\gh examples1 e4g4 f ! ,bible4 ,?us1 9 treat+ ( ,cosmetica1 he says 9 reg>d to pa9t t 8,he is surpris$ t ?is deprav$ cu/om ( pa9t+ has be5 by ! p5al laws bo? ecclesia/ical & civil s long ov]look$4 ,9 ! ,bible we read inde$ ( ,jezebel t %e pa9t$ h] face2 b no?+ ( ! k9d is said ( ,e/h] or ,judi?40#ii ,if k+s1 popes1 etc41 are be+ discuss$1 su* examples z ^? ( ,ahab & ,solomon mu/ be br\ght =w>d4 ,z =m]ly 9 civil laws--^? respect+ m>riage1 = in/ance--! ,jewi% =ms held good1 9 ,philosophy1 too1 ! same are /ill to be f\nd4 ,9 ?is "w !ology likewise appe>s1 z also magic2 !re is conta9$ 9 x a compreh5sive sy/em ( k & ( ! sci5ces4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces is ! lea/ significant "p ( ! "w ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um4 ,x 0 by its criticism t its value 0 e/abli%$ & its effect produc$1 z also by ! numb] ( in/ructive rem>ks conta9$ 9 x2 all ?is 0 at t "t lack+ 9 ! p>ticul> v>ieties ( le>n+ & modes ( discipl9e1 especially 9 z f> z ! me?ods hi!rto adopt$ 7 faulty1 & unsuitable to ! ends 9 view3 9 !m ! ,ari/otelian conceptions ( ! s*ools 7 spun out by ! und]/&+ z ?\gh !y 7 realities4 ,z x 0 ) ! ,s*oolm5 & ) ! anci5ts1 ?is classification is /ill ! mode adopt$ 9 ! sci5ces1 9 :i* ! nature ( k is unkn[n4 ,9 !m ! idea ( ! sci5ce is advanc$ be=eh&1 & to ?is idea a pr9ciple =eign to x is add$1 z a basis ( division1 j z "h is add$ ! di/9ction betwe5 memory1 imag9ation & reason4 ,! true me?od ( division is f\nd 9 ! self-division ( ! ,notion1 its sep>at+ itself f itself4 ,9 k ! mom5t ( self-consci\sness is und\bt$ly f\nd1 & ! real self-consci\sness has 9 x ! mom5ts ( memory1 imag9ation & reason4 ,b ?is division is c]ta9ly n tak5 f ! ,notion ( self-consci\sness1 b f exp]i5ce1 9 :i* self-consci\sness f9ds itself possess$ ( ^! capacities4 #b4 ,! o!r rem>kable feature 9 ,bacon is t 9 8 second "w1 8 ,organon1 he s\ght at great l5g? to e/abli% a new me?od 9 le>n+2 9 ?is reg>d 8 "n is /ill held greatly 9 hon\r by _m4 ,:at *iefly di/+ui%es 8 sy/em is 8 polemical attitude t[>ds s*ola/ic me?ods z !y _h hi!rto exi/$1 t[>ds syllogi/ic =ms4 ,he calls ^! me?ods anticipationes natur2 9 !m m5 beg9 ) presuppositions1 def9itions1 accept$ ideas1 ) a s*ola/ic ab/raction1 & reason fur!r f ^! )\t reg>d+ t :i* is pres5t 9 actuality4 ,?us reg>d+ ,god & ,8 me?ods ( op]at+ 9 nature1 reg>d+ devils1 c41 !y make use ( passages f ! ,bible1 su* z 8,sun1 /& ?\ /ill10 9 ord] to d$uce !refrom c]ta9 metaphysical propositions f :i* !y g fur!r /ill4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is a priori me?od t ,bacon direct$ 8 polemic2 z aga9/ ^! anticipations ( nature he call$ att5tion to ! explanation1 ! int]pretation ( nature4#ajj 8,! same action ( m9d10 he says1 8:i* discov]s a ?+ 9 "q1 judges x2 & ! op]ation is n p]=m$ by ! help ( any middle t]m1 b directly1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z by ! s5se4 ,= ! s5se 9 its prim>y objects at once appreh5ds ! appe>ance ( ! object1 & cons5ts to ! tru? !re(40#aja ,! syllogism is altoge!r reject$ by ,bacon4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is ,ari/otelian d$uction is n a k ?r\gh itself 9 accordance ) its cont5t3 x requires a =eign univ]sal z its basis1 & = t reason its movem5t is 9 its =m cont+5t4 ,! cont5t is n 9 unity ) ! =m1 & ?is =m is h5ce 9 itself cont+5t1 because x1 consid]$ on its own acc\nt1 is ! movem5t onw>ds 9 a =eign cont5t4 ,! major premise is ! cont5t exi/5t = itself1 ! m9or is likewise ! cont5t n ?r\gh itself1 = x goes back into ! inf9ite1 i4e4 x has n ! =m 9 itself2 ! =m is n ! cont5t4 ,! opposite may always be made out equally well ?r\gh ! syllogism1 = x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ?is =m :at cont5t is made its basis4 8,dialectic does n assi/ 9 ! discov]y ( ! arts2 _m arts 7 f\nd out by *ance40#ajb ,x 0 n aga9/ ?is syllogism g5]ally1 i4e4 n aga9/ ! ,notion ( x 7= ,bacon did n possess ?is71 b aga9/ d$uction z x 0 put into op]ation1 z x 0 to ! s*ola/ics--! d$uction :i* took an assum$ cont5t z its basis--t ,bacon declaim$1 urg+ t ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce %\ld be made ! basis1 & ! me?od ( induction pursu$4 ,he dem&$ t obs]vations on nature & exp]im5ts %\ld be made fundam5tal1 & po9t$ out ! objects ^: inve/igation 0 ( special importance 9 ! int]e/s ( human society1 & s on4 ,f ?is !re !n result$ ! e/abli%m5t ( conclusions ?r\gh induction & analogy4#ajc ,9 fact x 0 only to an alt]ation 9 ! cont5t t1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 ,bacon 0 impell$4 ,= ?\gh he reject$ ! syllogism & only p]mitt$ conclusions to be rea*$ ?r\gh induction1 he unconsci\sly himself drew d$uctions2 likewise all ^! *ampions ( empiricism1 :o foll[$ aft] him1 & :o put into practice :at he dem&$1 & ?\ght !y c\ld by obs]vations1 exp]im5ts & exp]i5ces1 keep ! matt] 9 "q pure1 c\ld nei!r s d )\t draw+ d$uctions1 nor )\t introduc+ conceptions2 & !y drew _! d$uctions & =m$ _! notions & conceptions all ! m freely because !y ?\ght t !y _h no?+ to d ) conceptions at all2 nor did !y g =? f d$uction to imman5t1 true k4 ,?us :5 ,bacon set up induction 9 opposition to ! syllogism1 ?is opposition is =mal2 ea* induction is also a d$uction1 :i* fact 0 kn[n ev5 to ,ari/otle4 ,= if a univ]sal is d$uc$ f a numb] ( ?+s1 ! fir/ proposition reads1 8,^! bodies h ^! qualities20 ! second1 8,all ^! bodies belong to "o class20 & ?us1 9 ! ?ird place1 ?is class has ^! qualities4 ,t is a p]fect syllogism4 ,induction always signifies t obs]vations are in/itut$1 exp]im5ts made1 exp]i5ce reg>d$1 & f ?is ! univ]sal det]m9ation is d]iv$4 ,we h already call$ to m9d h[ important x is to lead on to ! cont5t z ! cont5t ( actuality1 ( ! pres5t2 = ! rational mu/ h objective tru?4 ,! reconciliation ( _s ) ! _w1 ! glorification ( nature & ( all actuality1 mu/ n be a ,beyond1 a ,futurity1 b mu/ be accompli%$ n[ & "h4 ,x is ?is mom5t ( ! n[ & "h :i* !reby comes into self-consci\sness4 ,b ^? :o make exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 d n realize :at !y are really do+1 = ! sole int]e/ tak5 by !m 9 ?+s1 is ow+ to ! inw>d & unconsci\s c]ta9ty :i* reason has ( f9d+ itself 9 actuality2 & obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 if ent]$ ^u 9 a "r way1 result 9 %[+ t ! ,notion is ! only objective exi/5ce4 ,! s5su\s individual eludes ! exp]im5ts ev5 :ile x is be+ op]at$ ^u1 & becomes a univ]sal2 ! be/ kn[n example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 positive & negative electricity 9 s f> z x is positive & negative4 ,!re is ano!r %ortcom+ ( a =mal nature1 & "o ( :i* all empirici/s p>take1--t is t !y believe !mselves to be keep+ to exp]i5ce alone2 x is to !m an unkn[n fact t 9 receiv+ ^! p]ceptions !y are indulg+ 9 metaphysics4 ,man does n /op %ort at ! individual1 nor c he d s4 ,he seeks ! univ]sal1 b ?\ghts1 ev5 if n ,notions likewise1 are :at con/itute ! same4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?\ght-=m is t ( =ce2 we ?us speak ( ! =ce ( electricity1 ( magnetism1 ( gravity4 ,=ce1 h[ev]1 is a univ]sal & n a p]ceptible2 q uncritically & unconsci\sly ! empirici/s ?us p]mit ( det]m9ations su* z ^!4 #c4 ,bacon f9ally gives ! objects ) :i* ,philosophy ma9ly has to deal4 ,^! objects contra/ mu* ) t :i* we d]ive f p]ception & exp]i5ce4 8,9 ! summ>y :i* ,bacon gives ( :at he conceives ought to be ! objects ( philosophical inquiry1 are ! foll[+2 & we select ^? :i* he pr9cipally dwells ^u 9 8 works3 #8,! prolongation ( life2 ! re/itution ( y\? 9 "s degree2 ! ret>dation ( old age1 & ! alt]+ ( /atures2 ! alt]+ ( features2 v]sions ( bodies into o!r bodies2 mak+ ( new species2 impression ( ! air & rais+ tempe/s2 great] pleasures ( ! s5ses1 c4'0 ,he likewise deals ) objects su* z ^!1 & he seeks to direct att5tion ^u :e!r 9 _! reg>d ! means c\ld n be f\nd to c>ry out _! ends2 9 su* p[]s we %\ld be able to make "s progress4 8,he compla9s t su* inve/igations h be5 neglect$ by ^? :om he designates ignavi regionum exploratores4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory he gives =mal receipts = mak+ gold1 & p]=m+ _m wond]s40#ajd ,bacon ?us does n by any means take ! intellig5t /&po9t ( an inve/igation ( nature1 be+ /ill involv$ 9 ! grosse/ sup]/ition1 false magic1 c4 ,?is we f9d to be on ! :ole prop\nd$ 9 an intellig5t way1 & ,bacon ?us rema9s )9 ! conceptions ( 8 "t4 8,! conv]sion ( silv]1 quicksilv]1 or any o!r metal into gold is a ?+ difficult to believe1 yet x is f> m probable t a man :o kn[s cle>ly ! natures ( weight1 ( ! col\r ( yell[1 ( malleability & ext5sion1 ( volatility & fix$ness1 & :o has also made dilig5t se>* into ! fir/ se$s & m5/ruums ( m9]als1 may at la/ by mu* & sagaci\s endeav\r produce gold1 ?an t a few gra9s ( an elixir may s d4444 ,s aga9 a man :o kn[s well ! nature ( r>efaction1 ( assimilation1 & ( alim5tation1 %all by diets1 ba?+s1 & ! l prolong life1 or 9 "s degree r5ew ! vig\r ( y\?40#aje ,^! ass]tions are ?us n z crude z !y at fir/ appe>4 ,9 deal+ ) ,m$ic9e ,bacon speaks among/ o!r ?+s ( mac]ation 7,malacissatio p] ext]ius7#ajf & s =?4 ,bacon emphasizes :at has ref]5ce to ! =mal aspect ( inve/igation4 ,= he says1 8,natural philosophy is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! fir/ consi/s 9 ! inve/igation ( causes2 ! second 9 ! production ( effects2 ! causes to be inve/igat$ are ei!r f9al or =mal causes1 or else mat]ial or effici5t causes4 ,! =m] con/itutes metaphysics2 ! latt] physics4 ,?is la/ ,bacon looks ^u z a bran* ( philosophy v inf]ior 9 po9t ( dignity & importance to ! o!r & accord+ly to asc]ta9 ! mo/ probable means ( improv+ our k ( metaphysics is ! great object ( 8 ,organon40#ajg ,he himself says3 8,x is a correct position t #8true k is k by causes4 ,& causes1 aga91 are n improp]ly di/ribut$ into f\r k9ds3 ! mat]ial1 ! =mal1 ! effici5t1 & ! f9al4'0#ajh 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #agd1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ach47 ,b 9 ?is connection an important po9t is t ,bacon has turn$ aga9/ ! teleological inve/igation ( nature1 aga9/ ! inve/igation into f9al causes4 8,! inve/igation ( f9al causes is useless2 !y corrupt r ?an advance ! sci5ces except su* z h to d ) human action40#aji ,to ,bacon ! important matt] is to inve/igate by ! /udy ( caus effici5tes4 ,to ! consid]ation ( f9al causes su* ass]tions z ^! belong3 8,t ! hairs ( ! eyelids are = a protection to ! eyes2 t ! ?ick sk9s & hides ( liv+ creatures are to def5d !m f heat & cold2 t ! trees h leaves s t ! fruit may n suff] f sun & w9d0#aaj3 ! hair is on ! head on acc\nt ( w>m?2 ?und] & lightn+ are ! puni%m5t ( ,god1 or else !y make fruitful ! e>?2 m>mots sleep dur+ ! w9t] because !y c f9d no?+ to eat2 snails h a %ell 9 ord] t !y may be secure aga9/ attacks2 ! bee is provid$ ) a /+4 ,accord+ to ,bacon ?is has be5 work$ out 9 innum]able diff]5t ways4 ,! negative & ext]nal side ( utility is turn$ r\nd1 & ! lack ( ?is adaptation to end is likewise drawn )9 ! same embrace4 ,x may1 = example1 be said t if sun or moon 7 to %9e at all times1 ! police might save mu* money1 & ?is w\ld provide m5 ) food & dr9k = :ole mon?s toge!r4 ,x 0 "r t ,bacon %\ld set himself to oppose ?is inve/igation into f9al causes1 because x relates to ext]nal exp$i5cy1 j z ,kant 0 "r 9 di/+ui%+ ! inw>d teleology f ! outw>d4 ,z aga9/ ! ext]nal end1 !re is1 9 fact1 ! inw>d end1 i4e4 ! inw>d ,notion ( ! ?+ itself1 z we f\nd x e>li] 9 ,ari/otle 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aef-afc74 ,because ! organism possesses an inw>d adaptation to its ends1 its memb]s are inde$ likewise ext]nally adapt$ z reg>ds "o ano!r2 b ! ends1 z ext]nal ends1 are het]og5e\s to ! individual1 are unconnect$ ) ! object :i* is inve/igat$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,notion ( nature is n 9 nature itself1 :i* w\ld mean t ! end 0 9 nature itself2 b z teleological1 ! ,notion is some?+ =eign to x4 ,x does n h ! end 9 itself 9 su* a way t we h to accord respect to x--z ! individual man has 8 end 9 himself & h5ce has to be respect$4 ,b ev5 ! individual man z individual has only a "r to respect f ! individual z su*1 & n f ! univ]sal4 ,he :o acts 9 ! "n ( ! univ]sal1 ( ! /ate1 z a g5]al does = in/ance1 does n require to respect ! individual at all2 = ! latt]1 al?\gh an end 9 himself1 does n cease to be relative4 ,he is ?is end 9 himself1 n z exclud+ himself & sett+ himself 9 opposition1 b only 9 s f> z 8 true reality is ! univ]sal ,notion4 ,! end ( ! animal 9 itself z an individual is its own self-pres]vation2 b its true end 9 itself is ! species4 ,its self-pres]vation is n involv$ 9 ?is2 = ! self-pres]vation ( its individuality is disadvantage\s to ! species1 :ile ! abrogation ( itself is fav\rable !reto4 ,n[ ,bacon sep>ates ! univ]sal pr9ciple & ! effici5t cause1 & = t reason he removes inve/igation into ends f physics to metaphysics4 ,or he recognizes ! ,notion1 n z univ]sal 9 nature1 b only z necessity1 i4e4 z a univ]sal :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! opposition ( its mom5ts1 n "o :i* has b\nd !m into a unity--9 o!r words he only ackn[l$ges a compreh5sion ( "o det]m9ate f ano!r det]m9ate go+ on into inf9ity1 & n ( bo? f _! ,notion4 ,bacon has ?us made inve/igation into ! effici5t cause m g5]al1 & he ass]ts t ?is inve/igation alone belongs to physics1 al?\gh he all[s t bo? k9ds ( inve/igation may exi/ side by side4#aaa ,?r\gh t view he effect$ a great deal1 & 9 s f> z x has c\nt]act$ ! s5seless sup]/ition :i* 9 ! ,g]manic nations f> exce$$ 9 its horrors & absurdity t ( ! anci5t _w1 x has ! v m]it :i* we met ) 9 ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,t philosophy oppos$ itself to ! sup]/iti\s ,/oics & to sup]/ition g5]ally--:i* la/ makes any exi/5ce t we set be=e ourselves into a cause 7a ,beyond :i* is made to exi/ 9 a s5su\s way & to op]ate z a cause71 or makes two s5su\s ?+s :i* h no relation op]ate on "o ano!r4 ,?is polemic ( ,bacon's aga9/ spectres1 a/rology1 magic1 c41#aab c c]ta9ly n be reg>d$ exactly z ,philosophy l 8 o!r reflections1 b x is at lea/ ( s]vice to culture4 ,he also advises t att5tion %\ld be direct$ to =mal causes1 ! =ms ( ?+s1 & t !y %\ld be recogniz$4#aac 8,b to give an exact def9ition ( ! mean+ :i* ,bacon atta*es to ! phrase =mal causes is r difficult2 because 8 language ^u ?is subject is unc]ta9 9 a v rem>kable degree40#aad ,x may be ?\ght t he und]/ood by ?is ! imman5t det]m9ations ( ?+s1 ! laws ( nature2 z a matt] ( fact ! =ms are none else ?an univ]sal det]m9ations1 species1 c4#aae ,he says3 8,! discov]y ( ! =mal is despair$ (4 ,! effici5t & ! mat]ial 7z !y are inve/igat$ & receiv$1 t is z remote causes1 )\t ref]5ce to ! lat5t process lead+ to ! =ms7 are b slight & sup]ficial1 & contribute little1 if any?+1 to true & active sci5ce4 ,= ?\gh 9 nature no?+ really exi/s beside individual bodies1 p]=m+ pure individual acts accord+ to a fix$ law1 yet 9 philosophy ?is v law1 & ! inve/igation1 discov]y & explanation ( x1 is ! f\ndation z well ( k z ( op]ation4 ,& x is ?is law1 ) its clauses1 t ,i mean :5 ,i speak ( ,=ms4444 ,let ! inve/igation ( ,=ms :i* are et]nal & immutable con/itute metaphysics4 ,:osoev] is acqua9t$ ) ,=ms embraces ! unity ( nature 9 sub/ances ! mo/ unlike40#aaf ,he goes ?r\gh ?is 9 detail1 & quotes _m examples to illu/rate x1 su* z t ( ,heat4 8,m9d mu/ raise itself f diff]5ces to species4 ,! w>m? ( ! sun & t ( ! fire are div]se4 ,we see t grapes rip5 by ! w>m? ( ! sun4 ,b to see :e!r ! w>m? ( ! sun is specific1 we also obs]ve o!r w>m?1 & we f9d t grapes likewise rip5 9 a w>m room2 ?is proves t ! w>m? ( ! sun is n specific40#aag 8,physic10 he says1 8directs u ?r\gh n>r[ rugg$ pa?s 9 imitation ( ! crook$ ways ( nature4 ,b he t und]/&s a =m kn[s ! ultimate possibility ( sup]9duc+ t nature ^u all k9ds ( matt]2 t is to say1 z he himself int]prets ?is la/ expression1 is able to sup]9duce ! nature ( gold ^u silv]10 t is to say to make gold f silv]1 8& to p]=m all ^? o!r m>vels to :i* ! al*ymi/s pret5d$4 ,! error ( ^! la/ consi/$ alone 9 hop+ to arrive at ^! ends by fabul\s & fanta/ical me?ods20 ! true me?od is to recognize ^! =ms4 8,"o lead+ object ( ! ,in/auratio ,magna & ( ! ,novum ,organon is to po9t out ! necessity ( asc]ta9+ ! =mal causes & logical rules40#aah ,!y are good rules1 b n adapt$ to atta9 t end4 ,?is is all t we h to say ( ,bacon4 ,9 deal+ ) ,locke we %all h m to say ( ^! empirical me?ods :i* 7 adopt$ by ! ,engli%4 ,b4 ,,jacob ,,boehme4 ,we n[ pass on f ?is ,engli% ,"l ,*ancellor1 ! lead] ( ! ext]nal1 s5su\s me?od 9 ,philosophy1 to ! philosophus teutonicus1 z he is call$--to ! ,g]man cobbl] ( ,lusatia1 ( :om we h no reason to be a%am$4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ?r\gh him t ,philosophy fir/ appe>$ 9 ,g]many ) a "* peculi> to itself3 ,boehme /&s 9 exact anti!sis to ,bacon4 ,he 0 also call$ !osophus teutonicus1 j z ev5 be=e ?is philosophia teutonica 0 ! "n giv5 to my/icism4#aai ,?is ,jacob ,boehme 0 = long =gott5 & decri$ z be+ simply a pi\s vision>y2 ! s-call$ p]iod ( enlight5m5t1 m p>ticul>ly1 help$ to r5d] 8 public extremely limit$4 ,leibnitz ?\ght v highly ( him1 b x is 9 mod]n times t 8 pr(undity has = ! fir/ "t be5 recogniz$1 & t he has be5 once m re/or$ to hon\r4 ,x is c]ta91 on ! "o h&1 t he did n m]it ! disda9 accord$ him2 on ! o!r1 h[ev]1 he did n des]ve ! high hon\r into :i* he 0 elevat$4 ,to call him an en?usia/ signifies no?+ at all4 ,= if we w1 all philosoph]s may be s t]m$1 ev5 ! ,epicureans & ,bacon2 = !y all h held t man f9ds 8 tru? 9 some?+ else ?an eat+ & dr9k+1 or 9 ! common-s5se e-day life ( wood-cutt+1 tailor+1 trad+1 or o!r bus9ess1 private or (ficial4 ,b ,boehme has to attribute ! high hon\r to :i* he 0 rais$ ma9ly to ! g>b ( s5su\s feel+ & p]ception :i* he adopt$2 = ord9>y s5su\s p]ception & inw>d feel+1 pray+ & ye>n+1 & ! pictorial elem5t 9 ?\ght1 allegories & su* l1 are 9 "s measure held to be ess5tial 9 ,philosophy4 ,b x is only 9 ! ,notion1 9 ?\ght1 t ,philosophy c f9d its tru?1 & t ! ,absolute c be express$ & likewise is z x is 9 itself4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 ,boehme is a complete b>b>ian1 & yet he is a man :o1 along ) 8 rude me?od ( pres5tation1 possesses a deep1 concrete he>t4 ,b because no me?od or ord] is to be f\nd 9 him1 x is difficult to give an acc\nt ( 8 philosophy4 ,jacob ,boehme 0 born 9 #aege ( poor p>5ts1 at ,altseid5burg1 ne> ,grlitz1 9 ,upp] ,lusatia4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 a peasant boy :o t5d$ ! cattle4 ,he 0 br\ght up z a ,lu!ran1 & always rema9$ su*4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 life :i* is giv5 ) 8 works 0 drawn up by a cl]gyman :o knew him p]sonally1 f in=mation giv5 by ,boehme himself4 ,mu* is !re relat$ z to h[ he atta9$ to m pr(\nd k & wisdom by means ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,ev5 :5 a h]d t5d+ ! cattle1 z he tells ( himself1 he _h ^! wond]ful manife/ations4 ,! fir/ m>vell\s awak5+ t occurr$ to him took place 9 a ?icket 9 :i* he saw a cav]n & a vessel ( gold4 ,/>tl$ by ! spl5d\r ( ?is sight he 0 inw>dly awak5$ f a dull /upor1 b aft]w>ds he f\nd x 0 impossible = him to discov] ! objects ( 8 vision4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 b\nd appr5tice to a %oemak]4 ,m especially 80 he spiritually awak5$ by ! words3 #8,y\r heav5ly ,fa!r w give ! ,holy ,_s to !m t ask ,him' 7,luke xi4 #ac71 s t1 desir+ to come to a k ( ! tru?1 & yet reta9+ ! simplicity ( 8 m9d1 he pray$ & s\ght1 & knock$1 f]v5tly & e>ne/ly1 until1 :ile travell+ ab\t ) 8 ma/]1 he 01 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,son1 spiritually transport$ into ! glori\s peace & ! ,sabba? ( ! s\l1 & ?us 8 reque/ 0 grant$4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 he 0 !n surr\nd$ ) div9e light1 & = sev5 days he rema9$ 9 ! supreme/ div9e contemplation & joy40 ,8 ma/] = ?is dismiss$ him1 say+ he c\ld n keep 9 8 s]vice 8h\se-prophets su* z he 040 ,aft] t he liv$ at ,grlitz4 ,9 #aeid he rose 9 8 trade to be ma/]1 & m>ri$4 ,lat] on1 89 ! ye> #afjj1 & 9 ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age1 once m0 ! light broke ^u him 9 a second vision ( ! same k9d4 ,he tells t he saw a brightly sc\r$ pewt] di% 9 ! room1 & 8by ! sudd5 sight ( ?is %9+ metal ) its brilliant radiance0 he 0 br\ght 7into a m$itation & a break+ free ( 8 a/ral m9d7 8into ! c5tral po9t ( secret nature10 & into ! light ( div9e ess5ce4 8,he w5t out into ! op5 air 9 ord] t he might rid 8 bra9 ( ?is halluc9ation1 & none ! less did he cont9ue all ! m cle>ly z "t w5t on to exp]i5ce ! vision 9 ?is way receiv$4 ,?us by means ( ! signatures or figures1 l9eam5ts1 & col\rs :i* 7 depict$1 he c\ld1 s to speak1 look into ! he>t & inmo/ nature ( all creatures 79 8 book ,de signatura r]um ?is reason :i* 0 impress$ ^u him is f\nd & fully expla9$72 & = ?is he 0 ov]:elm$ ) joy1 ?ank$ ,god1 & w5t peacefully ab\t 8 affairs40 ,lat] on he wrote sev]al works4 ,he cont9u$ to pursue 8 h&icraft at ,grlitz1 & di$ at ! same place 9 #afbd1 be+ !n a ma/] %oemak]4#abj ,8 works are especially popul> ) ! ,dut*1 & = t reason mo/ ( ! editions are issu$ f ,am/]dam1 ?\gh !y 7 also surreptiti\sly pr9t$ 9 ,hamburg4 ,8 fir/ writ+ is ! 8,aurora0 or 8,morg5r! im ,aufgange10 & ?is 0 foll[$ by o!rs2 ! "w 8,von d5 drei ,pr9cipi510 & ano!r 8,vom dreifa*5 ,leb5 des ,m5s*510 are1 along ) sev]al o!rs1 ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,boehme con/antly read ! ,bible1 b :at o!r works he read is n kn[n4 ,a numb] ( passages 9 8 works1 h[ev]1 prove t he read mu*--evid5tly my/ical1 !osophic1 & al*emi/ic writ+s = ! mo/ "p1 & he mu/ c]ta9ly h includ$ 9 8 read+ ! works ( ,!ophra/us ,bomba/us von ,hoh5heim1 kn[n z ,p>acelsus1 a philosoph] ( a some:at simil> calibre1 b mu* m confus$1 & )\t ,boehme's pr(undity ( m9d4 ,he met ) mu* p]secution at ! h&s ( ! cl]gy1 b he ar\s$ less att5tion 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,holl& & ,engl&1 :]e 8 writ+s h be5 (t5 pr9t$4#aba ,9 read+ 8 works we are /ruck ) wond]1 & "o mu/ be famili> ) 8 ideas 9 ord] to discov] ! tru? 9 ?is mo/ confus$ me?od ( expression4 ,! matt] ( ,jacob ,boehme's philosophy is g5u9ely ,g]man2 = :at m>ks him out & makes him notewor?y is ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple already m5tion$ ( plac+ ! intellectual _w )9 "o's own m9d & he>t1 & ( exp]i5c+ & kn[+ & feel+ 9 "o's own self-consci\sness all t =m]ly 0 conceiv$ z a ,beyond4 ,boehme's g5]al conceptions ?us on ! "o h& reveal !mselves z bo? deep & s\nd1 b on ! o!r1 ) all 8 ne$ = & /ruggle aft] det]m9ation & di/9ction 9 ! developm5t ( 8 div9e intuitions ( ! univ]se1 he does n atta9 ei!r to cle>ness or ord]4 ,!re is no sy/ematic connection b ! greate/ confusion 9 8 divisions--& ?is exi/s ev5 9 8 tables1#abb 9 :i* ?ree numb]s are made use (4 ,i4 ,:at ,god is beside nature & creation4 ,,ii4 ,sep>ability3 ,my/]ium ,! fir/ ,pr9cipium4 ,god 9 ,love4 magnum4 ,god 9 ,wra?4 ,,iii4 ,god 9 wra? & love4 ,"h no?+ def9ite to hold ! mom5ts asund] is %[n1 & we h ! s5se ( m]ely do+ x by ef=t2 n[ ^! & n[ o!r di/9ctions are set =?1 & z !y are laid d[n disconnect$ly1 !y aga9 come into confusion4 ,! mann] & sy/em :i* ,boehme adopts mu/ accord+ly be t]m$ b>b>\s2 ! expressions us$ 9 8 works prove ?is1 z :51 = example1 he speaks ( ! div9e ,salitt]1 ,m>curius1 c4 ,z ,boehme places ! life1 ! movem5t ( absolute exi/5ce 9 ! he>t1 s does he reg>d all conceptions z be+ 9 a condition ( actuality2 or he makes use ( actuality z ,notion1 t is to say he =cibly takes natural ?+s & s5su\s qualities to express 8 ideas r ?an ! det]m9ations ( ! ,notion4 ,= in/ance1 sulphur & su* l are n to him ! ?+s t we s "n1 b _! ess5ce2 or ! ,notion has ?is =m ( actuality4 ,boehme's pr(\nde/ int]e/ is 9 ! ,idea1 & he /ruggles h>d to express x4 ,! speculative tru? :i* he desires to exp\nd really requires1 9 ord] to be compreh5d$1 ?\ght & ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,only 9 ?\ght c ?is unity be compreh5d$1 9 ! c5tral po9t ( :i* 8 m9d has its place2 b x is j ! =m ( ?\ght t is lack+ to him4 ,! =ms t he employs are really no long] det]m9ations ( ! ,notion at all4 ,!y are on ! "o h& s5su\s1 *emical det]m9ations1 su* qualities z acid1 sweet1 s\r1 fi]ce1 &1 on ! o!r1 emotions su* z wra? & love2 &1 fur!r1 t9cture1 ess5ce1 angui%1 c4 ,= him ^! s5su\s =ms d n1 h[ev]1 possess ! s5su\s significance :i* belongs to !m1 b he uses !m 9 ord] to f9d expression = 8 ?\ght4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 at once cle> to u h[ ! =m ( manife/ation mu/ necess>ily appe> =c$1 s9ce ?\ght alone is capable ( unity4 ,x ?us appe>s /range to read ( ! bitt]ness ( ,god1 ( ! ,flagrat1 & ( lightn+2 we fir/ require to h ! ,idea1 & !n we c]ta9ly disc]n its pres5ce "h4 ,b ! o!r side is t ,boehme utilizes ! ,*ri/ian =m :i* lies ne>e/ to him1 & m especially t ( ! ,tr9ity1 z ! =m ( ! ,idea3 he int]m+les ! s5su\s mode & ! mode ( popul>ly conceiv$ religion1 s5su\s images & conceptions4 ,h[ev] rude & b>b>\s ?is may on ! "o h& be1 & h[ev] impossible x is to read ,boehme cont9u\sly1 or to take a firm grasp ( 8 ?\ghts 7= all ^! qualities1 spirits & angels make "o's head swim71 we mu/ on ! o!r h& recognize t he speaks ( ev]y?+ z x is 9 its actuality1 & t he does ?is f 8 he>t4 ,?is solid1 deep1 ,g]man m9d :i* has int]c\rse ) :at is mo/ inw>d1 ?us really ex]cises an imm5se p[] & =ce 9 ord] to make use ( actuality z ,notion1 & to h :at takes place 9 heav5 ar\nd & )9 x4 ,j z ,hans ,sa*s repres5t$ ,god1 ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,gho/1 z well z patri>*s & angels1 9 8 own p>ticul> mann] & z ord9>y p l himself1 n look+ ^u !m z pa/ & hi/oric1 s 0 x ) ,boehme4 ,to fai? _s has tru?1 b 9 ?is tru? ! mom5t ( c]ta9ty ( self is lack+4 ,we h se5 t ! object ( ,*ri/ianity is ! tru?1 ! ,_s2 x is giv5 to fai? z imm$iate tru?4 ,fai? possesses ! tru?1 b unconsci\sly1 )\t k1 )\t kn[+ x z its self-consci\sness2 & see+ t ?\ght1 ! ,notion1 is necess>ily 9 self-consci\sness--! unity ( opposites ) ,bruno--?is unity is :at is pre-em95tly lack+ to fai?4 ,its mom5ts z p>ticul> =ms fall ap>t1 m especially ! highe/ mom5ts--good & evil1 or ,god & ! ,devil4 ,god is1 & ! ,devil likewise2 bo? exi/ = !mselves4 ,b if ,god is absolute exi/5ce1 ! "q may be ask$1 ,:at absolute exi/5ce is ?is :i* has n all actuality1 & m p>ticul>ly evil )9 x8 ,boehme is h5ce on "o side int5t on lead+ ! s\l ( man to ! div9e life1 on induc+ ! s\l to pay att5tion to ! /rife )9 itself1 & make ?is ! object ( all its "w & ef=ts2 & !n 9 respect ( ?is cont5t he /rives to make out h[ evil is pres5t 9 good--a "q ( ! pres5t day4 ,b because ,boehme does n possess ! ,notion & is s f> back 9 intellectual culture1 !re ensues a mo/ frightful & pa9ful /ruggle betwe5 8 m9d & consci\sness & 8 p[]s ( expression1 & ! import ( ?is /ruggle is ! pr(\nde/ ,idea ( ,god :i* seeks to br+ ! mo/ absolute opposites into unity1 & to b9d !m toge!r--b n = ?9k+ reason4 ,?us if we w\ld compreh5d ! matt]1 ,boehme's great /ruggle has be5--s9ce to him ,god is ev]y?+--to grasp ! negative1 evil1 ! devil1 9 & f ,god1 to grasp ,god z absolute2 & ?is /ruggle *>act]izes all 8 writ+s & br+s ab\t ! torture ( 8 m9d4 ,x requires a great & sev]e m5tal ef=t to br+ toge!r 9 "o :at 9 %ape & =m lie s f> asund]2 ) all ! /r5g? t he possesses ,boehme br+s ! two toge!r1 & !re9 %att]s all ! imm$iate significance ( actuality possess$ by bo?4 ,b :5 ?us he grasps ?is movem5t1 ?is ess5ce ( _s 9 himself1 9 8 inw>d nature1 ! det]m9ation ( ! mom5ts simply approa*es m ne>ly to ! =m ( self-consci\sness1 to ! =mless1 or to ! ,notion4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 inde$1 !re /&s ! pure/ speculative ?\ght1 b x does n atta9 to an adequate repres5tation4 ,homely1 popul> modes ( conception likewise appe>1 a free out-spok5ness :i* to u seems too famili>4 ,) ! devil1 p>ticul>ly1 he has great deal+s1 & him he frequ5tly addresses4 8,come "h10 he says1 8?\ black wret*1 :at do/ ?\ want8 ,i w give !e a potion40#abc ,z ,prosp]o 9 ,%akespe>e's 8,tempe/0#abd ?reat5s ,ariel t he w 8r5d an oak & peg him 9 8 knotty entrails 444 twelve w9t]s10 ,boehme's great m9d is conf9$ 9 ! h>d knotty oak ( ! s5ses--9 ! gn>l$ concretion ( ! ord9>y conception--& is n able to arrive at a free pres5tation ( ! ,idea4 ,i %all %ortly give ,boehme's ma9 conceptions1 & !n sev]al p>ticul> =ms :i* he 9 turn adopts2 = he does n rema9 at "o =m1 because nei!r ! s5su\s nor ! religi\s c suffice4 ,n[ ev5 ?\gh ?is br+s ab\t ! result t he frequ5tly repeats himself1 ! =ms ( 8 ma9 conceptions are /ill 9 e respect v diff]5t1 & he :o w\ld try to give a consi/5t explanation ( ,boehme's ideas1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y pass into fur!r developm5ts1 w\ld only delude himself 9 mak+ ! attempt4 ,h5ce we mu/ nei!r expect to f9d 9 ,boehme a sy/ematic pres5tation nor a true me?od ( pass+ ov] into ! individual4 ,( 8 ?\ghts we _c say mu* )\t adopt+ 8 mann] ( expression1 & quot+ ! p>ticul> passages !mselves1 = !y _c o!rwise be express$4 ,! fundam5tal idea 9 ,jacob ,boehme is ! ef=t to comprise ev]y?+ 9 an absolute unity1 = he desires to demon/rate ! absolute div9e unity & ! union ( all opposites 9 ,god4 ,boehme's *ief1 & "o may ev5 say1 8 only ?\ght--! ?\ght t p]meates all 8 works--is t ( p]ceiv+ ! holy ,tr9ity 9 ev]y?+1 & recogniz+ ev]y?+ z its revelation & manife/ation1 s t x is ! univ]sal pr9ciple 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* ev]y?+ exi/s2 9 su* a way1 moreov]1 t all ?+s h ?is div9e ,tr9ity 9 !mselves1 n z a ,tr9ity p]ta9+ to ! ord9>y conception1 b z ! real ,tr9ity ( ! absolute ,idea4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s is1 accord+ to ,boehme1 ?is ?ree-fold alone1 & ?is ?ree-fold is ev]y?+4#abe ,to him ! univ]se is ?us "o div9e life & revelation ( ,god 9 all ?+s1 s t :5 exam9$ m closely1 f ! "o reality ( ,god1 ! sum & sub/ance ( all p[]s & qualities1 ! ,son :o %9es =? f ^! p[]s is et]nally born2 ! inw>d unity ( ?is light ) ! sub/ance ( ! p[]s is ,_s4 ,sometimes ! pres5tation is vague1 & !n aga9 x is cle>]4 ,:at comes next is ! explanation ( ?is ,tr9ity1 & "h ! diff]5t =ms :i* he uses to indicate ! diff]5ce becom+ evid5t 9 ! same1 m especially appe>4 ,9 ! ,aurora1 ! 8,root or ,"m ( ,philosophy1 ,a/rology & ,!ology10 he gives a me?od ( division 9 :i* he places ^! sci5ces 9 proximity1 & yet appe>s m]ely to pass f "o to ! o!r )\t any cle> def9ition or det]m9ation4 87#a7 ,9 ,philosophy div9e p[] is treat$ (1 :at ,god is1 & h[ 9 ! ,be+ ( ,god nature1 />s & ,elem5ta are con/itut$2 :5ce all ?+s h _! orig91 :at is ! nature ( heav5 & e>?1 z also ( angels1 m5 & devils1 heav5 & hell & all t is creaturely1 likewise :at ! two qualities 9 nature are1 & ?is is dealt ) out ( a "r gr\nd 9 ! k ( _s1 by ! impulse & motion ( ,god4 7#b7 ,9 a/rology ! p[]s ( nature1 ( ! />s & elem5ts1 are treat$ (1 & h[ all creatures proce$ f !m1 h[ evil & good are ?r\gh !m effect$ 9 m5 & animals4 7#c7 ,9 !ology ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ is dealt )1 z also its nature1 & h[ x is set 9 opposition to hell1 & h[ 9 nature x w>s ) ! k+dom ( d>kness40#abf #a4 ,:at comes fir/ is ,god ! ,fa!r2 ?is fir/ is at once divid$ 9 itself & ! unity ( bo? its p>ts4 8,god is all10 he says1 8,he is ! ,d>kness & ! ,light1 ,love & ,ang]1 ,fire & ,light1 b ,he calls ,himself ,god only z to ! light ( ,8 love4 ,!re is an et]nal ,contr>ium betwe5 d>kness & light2 nei!r compreh5ds ! o!r & nei!r is ! o!r1 & yet !re is b "o ess5ce or sub/ance1 ?\gh sep>at$ by pa92 x is likewise s ) ! w1 & yet !re is no sep>able ess5ce4 ,"o s+le pr9ciple is divid$ 9 ?is way1 t "o is 9 ! o!r z a no?+ :i* yet exi/s2 b x is n manife/ 9 ! prop]ty ( t ?+ 9 :i* x is40#abg ,by angui% is express$ t :i* we "k z ! absolute negativity--t is ! self-consci\s1 self-exp]i5c$1 ! self-relat+ negativity :i* is !re=e absolute affirmation4 ,all ,boehme's ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds ?is po9t2 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,notion is liv+ 9 him1 only he _c express x 9 ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,t is to say1 all dep5ds on ?9k+ ( ! negative z simple1 s9ce x is at ! same "t an opposite2 ?us angui% ,qual is ! inw>d te>+ asund] & yet likewise ! simple4 ,f ?is ,boehme d]ives s\rces or spr+s ,quell51 a good play on ! words4 ,= pa9 die ,qual1 ?is negativity1 passes into life1 activity1 & ?us he likewise connects x ) quality ,qualitt1 :i* he makes into ,quallity4#abh ,! absolute id5tity ( diff]5ce is all ?r\gh pres5t to him4 a4 ,boehme ?us repres5ts ,god n z ! empty unity1 b z ?is self-sep>at+ unity ( absolute opposites2 "o mu/ n1 h[ev]1 "h expect a cle>ly def9$ di/9ction4 ,! fir/1 ! "o1 ! ,fa!r1 has likewise ! mode ( natural exi/5ce2 ?us1 l ,proclus1 he speaks ( ?is ,god be+ simple ess5ce4 ,?is simple ess5ce he calls ! hidd52 & he !re=e names x ! ,temp]am5tum1 ?is unity ( :at is diff]5t1 9 :i* all is temp]$4 ,we f9d him also call+ x ! great ,salitt]--n[ ! div9e & n[ ! natural ,salitt]--z well z ,salnit]4 ,:5 he talks ( ?is great salitt] z ( some?+ kn[n to u1 we _c fir/ ( all conceive :at x means4 ,b x is a vulg> corruption ( ! ^w sal nitri1 saltpetre 7:i* is /ill call$ salnit] 9 ,au/ria71 i4e4 j ! neutral & 9 tru? univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,! div9e pomp & /ate is ?is1 t 9 ,god a m glori\s nature dwells1 trees1 plants1 c4 8,9 ! div9e pomp or /ate two ?+s h pr9cipally to be consid]$2 salitt] or ! div9e p[]1 :i* br+s =? all fruits1 & m>curius or ! s\nd40#abi ,?is great salitt] is ! unreveal$ exi/5ce1 j z ! ,neo-,platonic unity is )\t k ( itself & likewise unrecogniz$4 b4 ,?is fir/ sub/ance conta9s all p[]s or qualities z n yet sep>at$2 ?us ?is salitt] likewise appe>s z ! body ( ,god1 :o embraces all qualities 9 ,himself4 ,quality ?us becomes an important conception1 ! fir/ det]m9ation ) ,boehme2 & he beg9s ) qualities 9 8 "w 8,morg5r! im ,aufgang40 ,he aft]w>ds associates ) ?is ! conf]r+ ( quality1 & 9 ! same place says3 8,quality is ! mobility1 boil+1 spr++1 & driv+ ( a ?+40 ,^! qualities he !n tries to def9e1 b ! acc\nt he gives ( !m is vague4 8,z = example heat :i* burns1 consumes & drives =? all :atsoev] comes into x :i* is n ( ! same prop]ty2 & aga9 x enlight5s & w>ms all cold1 wet1 & d>k ?+s2 x compacts & h>d5s s(t ?+s4 ,x conta9s likewise two o!r k9ds 9 x1 namely ,light & ,fi]c5ess0 7,negativity72 8( :i* ! light or ! he>t ( ! heat is 9 itself a pleasant1 joyful glance or lu/re1 a p[] ( life 444 & a s\rce ( ! heav5ly k+dom ( joy4 ,= x makes all ?+s 9 ?is _w liv+ & mov+2 all fle%1 trees1 leaves1 & grass gr[ 9 ?is _w1 z 9 ! p[] ( ! light1 & h _! light !re91 viz4 9 ! good4 ,aga91 x conta9s also a fi]c5ess or wra? :i* burns1 consumes & spoils4 ,?is wra? or fi]c5ess spr+s1 drives1 & elevates itself 9 ! light1 & makes ! light movable4 ,x wre/les & fights toge!r 9 its two-fold s\rce4 ,! light subsi/s 9 ,god )\t heat1 b x does n subsi/ s 9 nature4 ,= all qualities 9 nature are "o 9 ano!r1 9 ! same mann] z ,god is all4 ,= ,god0 7! ,fa!r7 8is ! ,he>t40 ,on ano!r occasion 7,vom dreifa*5 ,leb5 des ,m5s*51 *ap4 iv4 #fh1 p4 #hha7 ! ,son is ! he>t ( ,god2 & yet aga9 ! ,_s is call$ ! he>t 7,morg5r!1 *ap4 ii4 #ac1 p4 #bi7 8or f\nta9 ( nature1 & f ,him comes all4 ,n[ heat reigns & pr$om9ates 9 all p[]s 9 nature & w>ms all1 & is "o s\rce or spr+ 9 all4 ,b ! light 9 ! heat gives p[] to all qualities1 = t all gr[ pleasant & joyful40 ,boehme goes ov] q a li/ ( qualities3 cold1 hot1 bitt]1 sweet1 fi]ce1 acid1 h>d1 d5se1 s(t qualities1 s\nd1 etc4 8,! bitt] quality is 9 ,god also1 b n 9 t mann] z ! gall is 9 man1 b x is an ev]la/+ p[]1 9 an elevat+1 triumph+ spr+ or s\rce ( joy4 ,all ! creatures are made f ^! qualities1 & live !re9 z 9 _! "m40#acj 8,! virtues ( ! />s are nature itself4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w proce$s f ! />s4 ,t ,i %all prove to y if y are n a blockhead & h a little reason4 ,if ! :ole ,curriculum or ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! />s is consid]$1 we soon f9d t ?is is ! "m ( all ?+s1 or ! nature f :i* all ?+s h aris5 & 9 :i* all ?+s /& & live1 & ?r\gh :i* all ?+s move4 ,& all ?+s are =m$ f ^! same p[]s & rema9 et]nally !re940 ,?us x is said t ,god is ! reality ( all realities4 ,boehme cont9ues3 8,y mu/1 h[ev]1 elevate y\r m9d 9 ! ,_s1 & consid] h[ ! :ole ( nature1 ) all ! p[]s :i* are 9 nature1 also ext5sion1 dep? & height1 also heav5 & e>? & all :atsoev] is !re91 & all t is above ! heav5s1 is toge!r ! ,body & ,corporeity ( ,god2 & ! p[]s ( ! />s are ! f\nta9 ve9s 9 ! natural ,body ( ,god1 9 ?is _w4 ,y mu/ n conceive t 9 ! ,body ( ! />s is ! :ole triumph+ ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4 ,b we mu/ n s conceive z if ,god 0 n at all 9 ! ,corpus or ,body ( ! />s1 & 9 ?is _w4444 ,"h n[ ! "q is1 ,f :5ce has heav51 or :5ce borr[s x ?is p[]1 t x causes su* mobility 9 nature8 ,"h y mu/ lift up y\r eyes beyond nature into ! light1 holy1 triumph+1 div9e p[]1 into ! un*angeable holy ,tr9ity1 :i* is a triumph+1 spr++1 movable ,be+1 & all p[]s are !re91 z 9 nature3 ( ?is heav51 e>?1 />s1 elem5ts1 devils1 angels1 m51 bea/s1 & all h _! ,be+2 & !re9 all /&s4 ,:5 we nom9ate heav5 & e>?1 />s & elem5ts1 & all t is !re91 & all :atsoev] is above ! heav51 !n !reby is nom9at$ ! total ,god1 :o has made ,himself creaturely 9 ^! above-m5tion$0 _m 8,be+s1 9 ,8 p[] :i* proce$e? =? f ,him40#aca c4 ,boehme fur!r def9es ,god ! ,fa!r z foll[s3 8,:5 we consid] ! :ole nature & its prop]ty1 !n we see ! ,fa!r3 :5 we behold heav5 & ! />s1 !n we behold ,8 et]nal p[] & wisdom4 ,s _m />s z /& 9 ! :ole heav51 :i* are innum]able1 s manifold & v>i\s is ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,e /> diff]s 9 its quality40 ,b 8y mu/ n conceive "h t e p[] :i* is 9 ! ,fa!r /&s 9 a peculi> sev]$ or divid$ "p & place 9 ! ,fa!r1 z ! />s d 9 heav54 ,no1 b ! ,_s %[s t all ! p[]s 9 ! ,fa!r10 z ! f\nta9head1 8are "o 9 ano!r z "o p[]40 ,?is :ole is ! univ]sal p[] :i* exi/s z ,god ! ,fa!r1 :]e9 all diff]5ces are unit$2 8creaturely0 x1 h[ev]1 exi/s z ! totality ( />s1 & ?us z sep>ation into ! diff]5t qualities4 8,y mu/ n ?9k t ,god :o is 9 heav5 & above ! heav5 does !re /& & hov] l a p[] & quality :i* has 9 x nei!r reason nor k1 z ! sun :i* turns r\nd 9 its circle & %oots =? f itself heat & light1 :e!r x be = b5efit or hurt to ! e>? & creatures4 ,no1 ! ,fa!r is n s1 b ,he is an ,all-mighty1 ,all-wise1 ,all-kn[+1 ,all-see+1 ,all-he>+1 ,all-smell+1 ,all-ta/+ ,god1 :o 9 ,himself is meek1 fri5dly1 graci\s1 m]ciful1 & full ( joy1 yea ,joy itself40#acb ,s9ce ,boehme calls ! ,fa!r all p[]s1 he aga9 di/+ui%es ^! z ! sev5 fir/ orig9at+ spirits4#acc ,b !re is a c]ta9 confusion 9 ?is & no ?\ght-det]m9ation1 no def9ite reason = !re be+ exactly sev5--su* precision & c]ta9ty is n to be f\nd 9 ,boehme4 ,^! sev5 qualities are likewise ! sev5 planets :i* move & "w 9 ! great ,salitt] ( ,god2 8! sev5 planets signify ! sev5 spirits ( ,god or ! pr9ces ( ! angels40 ,b !y are 9 ! ,fa!r z "o unity1 & ?is unity is an inw>d spr+ & f]m5tation4 8,9 ,god all spirits triumph z "o _s1 & a _s ev] calms & loves ! o!rs1 & no?+ exi/s except+ m]e joy & rapture4 ,"o _s does n /& alongside ! o!rs l />s 9 heav51 = all sev5 are conta9$ )9 "o ano!r z "o _s4 ,ea* _s 9 ! sev5 spirits ( ,god is pregnant ) all sev5 spirits ( ,god20 ?us ea* is 9 ,god itself a totality4 8,"o br+s =? ! o!r 9 & ?r\gh itself20 ?is is ! fla%+ =? ( ! life ( all qualities4#acd #b4 ,z :at came fir/ 0 ! s\rce & g]m ( all p[]s & qualities1 :at comes second is process4 ,?is second pr9ciple is a v important conception1 :i* ) ,boehme appe>s "u v _m aspects & =ms1 viz4 z ! ,^w1 ! ,sep>ator1 ,revelation--speak+ g5]ally ! 8,i10 ! s\rce ( all diff]5ce1 & ( ! w & implicit ,be+ :i* are 9 ! p[]s ( natural ?+s2 b 9 su* a way t ! light !re9 likewise breaks =? :i* leads !m back to re/4 a4 ,god z ! simple absolute exi/5ce is n ,god absolutely2 9 ,him no?+ c be kn[n4 ,:at we "k is some?+ diff]5t--b ?is 8diff]5t0 is itself conta9$ 9 ,god z ! p]ception & k ( ,god4 ,h5ce ( ! second /ep ,boehme says t a sep>ation mu/ h tak5 place 9 ?is temp]am5t4 8,no ?+ c become manife/ to itself )\t opposition2 = if x has no?+ to )/& x1 x always goes =w>d on its own acc\nt & does n g back )9 itself4 ,b if x does n g back into itself z into t f :i* x orig9ally arose1 x kn[s no?+ ( its orig9al /ate40 ,orig9al /ate ,ur/& he makes use ( = sub/ance2 & x is a pity t we _c use ?is & _m o!r /rik+ expressions4 8,)\t adv]sity life w\ld h no s5sibility nor w nor efficacy1 nei!r und]/&+ nor sci5ce4 ,_h ! hidd5 ,god :o is "o solit>y exi/5ce & w n ( ,8 own w br\ght ,himself out ( ,himself1 out ( ! et]nal k 9 ! ,temp]am5to1 into divisibility ( w1 & introduc$ ?is same elem5t ( divisibility into an inclusiv5ess0 7,id5tity7 8s z to con/itute x a natural & creaturely life1 & _h ?is elem5t ( sep>ation 9 life n come into w>f>e1 h[ 0 ! w ( ,god :i* is only "o to be reveal$ to ,himself8 ,h[ c\ld a k ( itself be pres5t 9 a solit>y w80#ace ,we see t ,boehme is elevat$ inf9itely above ! empty ab/raction ( ! highe/ reality1 etc4 ,boehme cont9ues3 8,! comm5cem5t ( all ,be+s is ! ,^w z ! brea? ( ,god1 & ,god has become ! et]nal ,"o ( et]nity & likewise rema9s s 9 et]nity4 ,! ,^w is ! et]nal beg9n+ & rema9s s et]nally1 = x is ! revelation ( ! et]nal ,"o ?r\gh & by :i* ! div9e p[] is br\ght into "o k ( some:at4 ,by ! ,^w we und]/& ! reveal$ w ( ,god3 by ! ,^w we mean ,god ! hidd5 ,god1 f :om ! ,^w et]nally spr+s =?4 ,! ,^w is ! efflux ( ! div9e ,"o1 & yet ,god ,himself z ,8 revelation40 is m def9ite ?an ,^w1 & !re is a delightful d\ble significance 9 ! ,greek expression indicat+ z x does bo? reason & spee*4 ,= spee* is ! pure exi/5ce ( _s2 x is a ?+ :i* :5 once he>d goes back )9 itself4 8,:at has fl[$ out is wisdom1 beg9n+ & cause ( all p[]s1 col\rs1 virtue & qualities40#acf ,( ! ,son ,boehme says3 8,! ,son is0 ( ! ,fa!r & 89 ! ,fa!r1 ! he>t ( ! ,fa!r or light1 & ! ,fa!r be>e? him ev]1 f et]nity to et]nity40 ,?us 8! ,son is0 inde$ 8ano!r ,p]son f ! ,fa!r1 ?\gh no o!r10 b ! same 8,god z ! ,fa!r10 ^: image he is4#acg 8,! ,son is ! ,he>t0 or ! pulsat+ elem5t 89 ! ,fa!r2 all ! p[]s :i* are 9 ! ,fa!r are ! propriety ( ! ,fa!r2 & ! ,son is ! he>t or ! k]nel 9 all ! p[]s 9 ! :ole ,fa!r1 & he is ! cause ( ! spr++ joy 9 all p[]s 9 ! :ole ,fa!r4 ,f ! ,son ! et]nal joy rises & spr+s 9 all ! p[]s ( ! ,fa!r1 z ! sun does 9 ! he>t ( ! />s4 ,x signifies ! ,son1 z ! circle ( ! />s signifies ! manifold p[]s ( ! ,fa!r2 x light5s ! heav5s1 ! />s & ! deep above ! e>?1 work+ 9 all ?+s t are 9 ?is _w2 x enlight5s & gives p[] to all ! />s & temp]s _! p[]4 ,! ,son ( ,god is cont9ually g5]at$ f all ! p[]s ( 8 ,fa!r f et]nity1 j z ! sun is born ( ! />s2 ,he is ev] born & is n made1 & is ! he>t & lu/re %9+ =? f all p[]s4 ,he %9es 9 all p[]s ( ! ,fa!r1 & 8 p[] is ! mov+1 spr++ joy 9 all ! p[]s ( ! ,fa!r1 & %9es 9 ! :ole ,fa!r z ! sun does 9 ! :ole _w4 ,= if ! ,son did n %9e 9 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,fa!r w\ld be a d>k valley2 = ! ,fa!r's p[] w\ld n rise f et]nity to et]nity1 & s ! div9e ,be+ w\ld n subsi/40#ach ,?is life ( ! ,son is an important matt]2 & 9 reg>d to ?is issu+ =? & manife/ation ,boehme has likewise br\ght =w>d ! mo/ important ass]tions4 b4 8,f su* a revelation ( p[]s 9 :i* ! w ( ! et]nal ,"o contemplates itself1 fl[s ! und]/&+ & ! k ( ! some?+ ,i*ts1 s9ce ! et]nal w contemplates itself 9 ! some?+ ,i*ts40 8,i*ts0 is a play ^u ! ^w 8,ni*ts0 7no?+71 = x is simply ! negative2 yet x is at ! same "t ! opposite ( no?+1 s9ce ! ,i* 7,ego7 ( self-consci\sness is conta9$ 9 x4 ,! ,son1 ! some?+1 is ?us 8,i10 consci\sness1 self-consci\sness3 ,god is n only ! ab/ract neutral b likewise ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ,himself into ! po9t ( ,be+-=-self4 ,! 8o!r0 ( ,god is ?us ! image ( ,god4 8,?is similitude is ! ,my/]ium magnum1 viz4 ! creator ( all be+s & creatures2 = x is ! sep>ator0 7( ! :ole7 89 ! efflux ( ! w :i* makes ! w ( ! et]nal ,"o sep>able--! sep>ability 9 ! w f :i* p[]s & qualities take _! rise40 ,?is sep>ator is 8con/itut$ ! /ew>d ( nature1 by :om ! et]nal w rules1 makes1 =ms & con/itutes all ?+s40 ,! sep>ator is effectuat+ & self-diff]5tiat+1 & ,boehme calls ?is 8,i*ts10 likewise ,lucif]1 ! fir/-born ,son ( ,god1 ! creaturely fir/-born angel :o 0 "o ( ! sev5 spirits4 8,b ?is ,lucif] has fall5 & ,*ri/ has come 9 8 place40#aci ,?is is ! connection ( ! devil ) ,god1 namely o!r-,be+ & !n ,be+-=-self or ,be+-=-"o1 9 su* a way t ! o!r is = "o2 & ?is is ! orig9 ( evil 9 ,god & out ( ,god4 ,?is is ! fur!/ po9t ( ?\ght rea*$ by ,jacob ,boehme4 ,he repres5ts ?is ,fall ( ,lucif] z t ! 8,i*ts10 i4e4 self-k1 ! 8,i0 ,i*heit 7a ^w :i* we f9d us$ by him71 ! inw>d imag9+ ( self1 ! inw>d fa%ion+ ( self 7! be+-=-self71 is ! fire :i* absorbs all ?+s4 ,?is is ! negative side 9 ! sep>ator1 ! angui%2 or x is ! wra? ( ,god4 ,?is div9e wra? is hell & ! devil1 :o ?r\gh himself imag9es himself into himself4 ,?is is v bold & speculative2 ,boehme "h seeks to %[ 9 ,god ,himself ! s\rces ( ! div9e ang]4 ,he also calls ! w ( ! some?+ 8,i*ts0 self-hood2 x is ! pass+ ov] ( ! some?+ 8,i*ts0 into ! no?+ ,ni*ts1 ! 8,i0 imag9+ itself )9 itself4 ,he says3 8,heav5 & hell are z f> remov$ f "o ano!r z day & night1 z some?+ & no?+40 ,boehme has really "h p5etrat$ into ! utmo/ dep?s ( div9e ess5ce2 evil1 matt]1 or :atev] x has be5 call$1 is ! ,i ,i1 ! ,be+-=-self1 ! true negativity4 ,be=e ?is x 0 ! non5s :i* is itself positive1 ! d>kness2 b ! true negativity is ! 8,i40 ,x is n any?+ bad because x is call$ ! evil2 x is 9 m9d alone t evil exi/s1 because x is conceiv$ !re9 z x is 9 itself4 8,:]e ! w ( ,god wille? 9 any?+1 !re ,god is manife/$1 & 9 t manife/ation ! angels also dwell2 b :]e ,god 9 any ?+ wille? n ) ! w ( ! ?+1 !re ,god is n manife/$ to x1 b dwelle?0 7!re7 89 ,himself )\t ! co-op]at+ ( ! ?+20 9 t case 89 t ?+ is its own w1 & !re ! devil dwelle? & all :atev] is )\t ,god40#adj ,boehme 9 8 own way sets =? ! =m fur!r assum$ 9 ?is process 9 a pictorial mann]4 ,?is 8,sep>ator d$uces qualities f itself1 f :i* ! inf9ite manifold arises1 & ?r\gh :i* ! et]nal ,"o makes itself p]ceptible0 7s t x is = o!rs7 8n accord+ to ! unity1 b 9 accordance ) ! efflux ( ! unity40 ,implicit ,be+ & ! manifold are absolutely oppos$ ?r\gh ! ,notion1 :i* ,boehme did n h3 ,be+-=-self implies ,be+-=-ano!r & retrogression into ! opposite4 ,boehme sways backw>ds & =w>ds 9 app>5t contradictions1 & does n well "k h[ to f9d a way out ( ! difficulty4 8,b ! efflux is c>ri$ on to ! greate/ extreme possible1 to ! g5]ation ( fire0--d>k fire )\t light1 d>kness1 ! hidd51 ! self2#ada--8;9 :i* fi]y nature10 h[ev]1 s9ce ?is fire rises & %oots up1 8! et]nal ,"o becomes maje/ic & a light10 & ?is light :i* !re breaks =? is ! =m :i* ! o!r pr9ciple assumes4 ,?is is ! return to ! ,"o4 8,!reby0 7?r\gh fire7 8! et]nal p[] becomes desir\s & effectual &0 7fire7 8is ! orig9al condition0 7ess5ce7 8( ! s5sitive0 7feel+7 8life1 :]e 9 ! ,^w ( p[] an et]nal s5sitive life fir/ takes its orig94 ,= if life _h no s5sitiv5ess1 x w\ld h no w nor efficacy2 b pa90--angui%1 suff]+--fir/ 8makes x0 7all life7 8effectual & end[s x ) w4 ,& ! light ( su* k9dl+ ?r\gh fire makes x joy\s1 = x is an ano9tm5t10 joy & lovel9ess 8( pa9fulness40#adb ,boehme turns ?is r\nd 9 _m ways 9 ord] to grasp ! some?+ ,i*ts1 ! ,sep>ator1 z x 8rises0#adc f ! ,fa!r4 ,! qualities rise 9 ! great ,salitt]1 /ir1 raise1 & move rg5 !mselves4 ,boehme has !re ! quality ( a/r+5cy 9 ! ,fa!r1 & he !n repres5ts ! process ( ! some?+ ,i*ts z a %>pness1 a draw+ toge!r1 z a fla% ( lightn+ t breaks =?4 ,?is light is ,lucif]4 ,! ,be+-=-self1 ! self-p]ception1 is by ,boehme call$ ! draw+ toge!r into a po9t4 ,t is a/r+5cy1 %>pness1 p5etration1 fi]c5ess2 to ?is p]ta9s ! wra? ( ,god1 & "h ,boehme 9 ?is mann] grasps ! 8o!r0 ( ,god 9 ,god ,himself4 8,?is s\rce c be k9dl$ ?r\gh great motion or elevation4 ,?r\gh ! contraction ! creaturely ,be+ is =m$ s t a heav5ly ,corpus may be0 intelligibly 8=m$4 ,b if x0--! %>pness--8be k9dl$ ?r\gh elevation1 :i* ^? creatures only c d :i* are creat$ out ( ! div9e ,salitt]1 !n x is a burn+ s\rce-ve9 ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! fla% is ! "m ( light2 = ! fla% g5]ates ! light1 & is ! ,fa!r ( ! fi]c5ess2 = ! fi]c5ess abides 9 ! fla% z a se$ 9 ! fa!r1 & t fla% g5]ates also ! tone or s\nd0--! fla% is1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! absolute g5]ator4 ,! fla% is /ill connect$ ) pa92 light is :at br+s intellig5ce4 ,! div9e bir? is ! go+ =? ( ! fla%1 ( ! life ( all qualities4#add ,?is is all f ! ,aurora4 ,9 ! ,qu/ionibus !osophicis ,boehme makes p>ticul> use ( ! =m ( ,yes & ,no = ! sep>ator1 = ?is opposition4 ,he says3 8,! read] mu/ "k t 9 ,yes & ,no all ?+s consi/1 :e!r div9e1 devili%1 e>?ly1 or :at !y may be call$4 ,! ,"o z ! ,yes is pure p[] & life1 & x is ! tru? ( ,god or ,god ,himself4 ,he w\ld be unkn[able 9 ,himself1 & 9 ,him !re w\ld be no joy nor elevation1 nor feel+0--life--8)\t ! ,no4 ,! ,no is a c\nt]/roke ( ! ,yes1 or ( ! tru?0 7?is negativity is ! pr9ciple ( all k1 compreh5sion71 8t ! tru? may be manife/ & be a some?+ :]e9 !re is a contr>ium 9 :i* !re is ! et]nal love1 mov+1 feel+1 & will+1 & dem&+ to be lov$4 ,& yet we _c say t ! ,yes is sep>at$ f ! ,no1 & t !y are two ?+s 9 proximity2 = !y are only "o ?+1 b !y sep>ate !mselves into two beg9n+s & make two c5tra1 :]e ea* works & wills 9 itself4 ,)\t ^? two1 :i* are cont9ually 9 /rife1 all ?+s w\ld be a no?+1 & w\ld /& /ill )\t movem5t4 ,if ! et]nal w did n itself fl[ f itself & introduce itself into receptibility1 !re w\ld be no =m nor di/9ction1 = all p[]s w\ld0 !n 8be "o p[]4 ,nei!r c\ld !re be und]/&+ 9 t case1 = ! und]/&+ arises0 7has its sub/ance7 89 ! diff]5tiation ( ! manifold1 :]e "o prop]ty sees1 proves & wills ! o!rs4 ,! w :i* has fl[$ out wills dissimil>ity1 s t x may be di/+ui%$ f simil>ity & be its own some?+--& t some?+ may exi/1 t ! et]nal see+ may see & feel4 ,& f ! individual w arises ! ,no1 = x br+s itself into ownness1 i4e4 receptivity ( self4 ,x desires to be some?+ & does n make itself 9 accordance ) unity2 = unity is a ,yes :i* fl[s =?1 :i* ev] /&s ?us 9 ! brea?+ =? ( itself1 be+ imp]ceptible2 = x has no?+ 9 :i* x c f9d itself except+ 9 ! receptivity ( ! diss5ti5t w1 z 9 ! ,no :i* is c\nt]/roke to ! ,yes1 9 :i* ! ,yes is inde$ reveal$1 & 9 :i* x possesses some?+ :i* x c w4 ,& ! ,no is !re=e call$ a ,no1 because x is a desire turn$ inw>ds on itself1 z if x 7 a %utt+ up into negativity4 ,! emanat$ seek+ w is absorb5t & compreh5ds itself )9 itself1 f x come =ms & qualities3 7#a7 ,%>pness1 7#b7 ,motion1 7#c7 ,feel+4 7#d7 ,! f\r? prop]ty is ,fire z ! fla% ( light2 ?is rises 9 ! br++ toge!r ( ! great & t]rible %>pness & ! unity4 ,?us 9 ! contact a ,flagrat ,s*rack results1 & 9 ?is ,flagrat ,s*rack unity is appreh5d$ z be+ a ,fla% or ,gleam1 an exult+ joy40 ,t is ! bur/+ =? ( ! unity4 8,= ?us ! light arises 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>kness1 = ! unity becomes a light1 & ! receptivity ( ! c>nal w 9 ! qualities becomes a ,_s-fire :i* has its s\rce & orig9 out ( ! %>p1 cold a/r+5cy4 ,& accord+ to t1 ,god is an angry0 & 8jeal\s ,god10 & 9 ?is we h evil4 87a7 ,! fir/ quality ( ! absorption is ! ,no2 7b7 ,%>pness2 7c7 ,h>dness2 7d7 ,feel+2 7e7 ! s\rce ( fire1 hell or holl[ness1 ,hidd5ness4 7#e7 ,! fif? quality1 ,love1 makes 9 ! fire1 z 9 pa91 ano!r ,pr9cipium z a great fire ( love40#ade ,^! are ! ma9 po9ts "u ! second head4 ,9 su* dep?s ,boehme keeps /ruggl+ on1 = to him conceptions are lack+1 & !re are only religi\s & *emical =ms to be f\nd2 & because he uses ^! 9 a =c$ s5se 9 ord] to express 8 ideas1 n only does b>b>ism ( expression result1 b incompreh5sibility z well4 c4 8,f ?is et]nal op]ation ( ! s5sation ! visible _w sprang2 ! _w is ! ,^w :i* has fl[$ =? & has dispos$ itself into qualities1 s9ce 9 qualities ! p>ticul> w has aris54 ,! ,sep>ator has made x a w ( its own aft] su* a fa%ion40#adf ,! _w is none o!r ?an ! ess5ce ( ,god made creaturely4#adg ,h5ce 8,if ?\ beholde/ ! ,deep0 ( ! heav5s1 8! ,/>s1 ! ,elem5ts & ! ,e>?10 & :at !y h br\ght =?1 8!n ?\0 c]ta9ly 8compreh5de/ n ) ?y eyes ! bright & cle> ,deity1 ?\gh inde$ x is0 likewise 8!re & 9 !m40 ,?\ see/ only _! creaturely manife/ation4 8,b if ?\ raise/ ?y ?\ghts & consid]e/ 444 ,god :o rules 9 hol9ess 9 ?is gov]nm5t or dom9ion1 !n ?\ breake/ ?r\gh ! heav5 ( heav5s & appreh5de/ ,god at ,8 holy he>t4 ,! p[]s ( heav5 ev] op]ate 9 images1 gr[?s & col\rs1 9 ord] to reveal ! holy ,god1 s t ,he may be 9 all ?+s kn[n40#adh #c4 ,f9ally :at comes ?ird 9 ^! ?ree-fold =ms is ! unity ( ! light1 ( ! sep>ator & p[]3 ?is is ! _s1 :i* is already p>tially impli$ 9 :at has prec$$4 8,all ! />s signify ! p[] ( ! ,fa!r1 & f !m issues ! sun0 7!y make !mselves a c\nt]/roke to unity74 8,& f all ! />s !re goes =? ! p[] :i* is 9 e />1 into ! ,deep1 & ! p[]1 heat & %9+ ( ! sun goes likewise into ! ,deep0--back to ! />s1 into ! p[] ( ! ,fa!r4 8,& 9 ! ,deep ! p[] ( all />s1 toge!r ) ! heat & lu/re ( ! sun1 are all b "o ?+1 a mov+1 boil+ ,hov]+1 l a _s or matt]4 ,n[ 9 ! :ole deep ( ! ,fa!r1 ext]nally )\t ! ,son1 !re is no?+ b ! manifold & unmeasurable or unse>*able p[] ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,light ( ! ,son4 ,! ,light ( ! ,son is 9 ! ,deep ( ! ,fa!r a liv+1 all-p[]ful1 all-kn[+1 all-he>+1 all-see+1 all-smell+1 all-ta/+1 all-feel+ ,_s1 :]e9 is all p[]1 spl5d\r1 & wisdom1 z 9 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son40#adi ,t is ,love1 ! s(t5] ( all p[]s ?r\gh ! light ( ! ,son4 ,we see t ! s5su\s elem5t ?us p]ta9s to ?is4 ,boehme really has ! idea t 8,god's ess5ce0 7:i* has proce$$ f ! et]nal deep z _w7 8is ?us n some?+ f> away :i* possesses a p>ticul> position or place1 =0 ess5ce1 8! abyss ( nature & creation1 is ,god ,himself4 ,?\ mu/ n ?9k t 9 heav5 !re 0 "s mann] ( ,corpus0--! sev5 spirits g5]ate ?is ,corpus or he>t--8:i* above all o!r ?+s is call$ ,god4 ,no2 b ! :ole div9e p[] :i* itself is heav5 & ! heav5 ( all heav5s1 is s g5]at$1 & t is call$ ,god ! ,fa!r2 ( :om all ! holy angels are g5]at$1 9 l mann] also ! _s ( all m54 ,?\ can/ "n no place1 ei!r 9 heav5 or 9 ?is _w1 :]e ! div9e bir? is n4 ,! bir? ( ! div9e ,tr9ity likewise takes place 9 ?9e own he>t2 all ?ree p]sons are g5]at$ 9 ?y he>t1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 ! div9e p[] ev]y:]e we f9d ! f\nta9 spr+ ( ! div9e bir?2 & !re already are all ! sev5 qualify+ or f\nta9 spirits ( ,god1 z if ?\ w\ld/ make a spaci\s creaturely circumscrib$ circle & had/ ! deity !re940#aej ,9 e _s all are conta9$4 ,to ,boehme ?is tr9ity is ! complete univ]sal life 9 ea* individual1 x is absolute sub/ance4 ,he says3 8,all ?+s 9 ?is _w are accord+ to ! similitude ( ?is t]n>y4 ,ye bl9d ,jews1 ,turks1 & ,hea!ns1 op5 wide ! eyes ( y\r m9d3 ,i w %[ y1 9 y\r body1 & 9 e natural ?+1 9 m51 bea/s1 f[ls1 & worms1 also 9 wood1 /one1 leaves1 & grass1 ! lik5ess ( ! holy t]n>y 9 ,god4 ,y say1 !re is b "o ,be+ 9 ,god1 & t ,god has no ,son4 ,op5 y\r eyes & consid] y\r selves3 man is made accord+ to ! similitude & out ( ! p[] ( ,god 9 8 t]n>y4 ,behold ?y inw>d man1 & !n ?\ wilt see x mo/ pla9ly & cle>ly1 if ?\ art n a fool & an irrational bea/4 ,!re=e obs]ve1 9 ?y he>t1 9 ?y ve9s1 & 9 ?y bra91 ?\ ha/ ?y _s2 & all ! p[]s :i* move 9 ?y he>t1 9 ?y ve9s1 & 9 ?y bra91 :]e9 ?y life consi/s1 signify ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,f t p[] spr+s up geb>et ?y light1 s t ?\ see/1 und]/&e/1 & kn[e/ 9 ! same p[] :at ?\ art to d2 = t light glimm]s 9 ?y :ole body2 & ! :ole body moves 9 ! p[] & k ( ! light2 ?is is ! ,son :i* is born 9 !e40 ,?is light1 ?is see+ & und]/&+1 is ! second det]m9ation2 x is ! relation%ip to itself4 8,out ( ?y light goes =? into ! same p[]1 reason1 und]/&+1 skill1 & wisdom1 to gov]n ! :ole body1 & to di/+ui% all :atsoev] is ext]nally )\t ! body4 ,& bo? ^! are b "o 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ?y m9d1 viz4 ?y _s1 :i* signifies ,god ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& ! ,holy ,gho/ f ,god rules 9 ?is _s 9 !e1 if ?\ art a *ild ( light & n ( d>kness4 ,n[ obs]ve3 9 ei!r wood1 /one1 or h]bs !re are ?ree ?+s conta9$1 nei!r c any?+ be g5]at$ or gr[1 if b "o ( ! ?ree %\ld be left out4 ,fir/1 !re is ! p[]1 f :i* a body comes to be1 :e!r wood1 /one1 or h]bs2 aft] t !re is 9 t0 ?+ 8a sap :i* is ! he>t ( ! ?+4 ,& ?irdly !re is 9 x a spr++1 fl[+ p[]1 smell1 or ta/e1 :i* is ! _s ( ! ?+ :]eby x gr[s & increases4 ,n[ if any ( ^! ?ree fail1 ! ?+ _c subsi/40#aea ,?us ,boehme reg>ds ev]y?+ z ?is t]n>y4 ,:5 he comes into p>ticul>s we see t he is obscure2 f 8 detail$ explanations !re is !re=e n mu* to be d]iv$4 ,z %[+ 8 mann] ( appreh5d+ natural ?+s ,i %all give "o m example ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 ! fur!r work+ out ( ! exi/5ce ( nature z a c\nt]/roke to ! div9e k1 he makes use ( :at we call ?+s z ,notions 7supra1 p4 #aib74 ,! creaturely1 he says1 has 8?ree k9ds ( p[]s or ,spiritus 9 diff]5t ,c5tris1 b 9 "o ,corpore4 77 ,! fir/ & ext]nal ,spiritus is ! co>se sulphur1 salt & ,m]curius1 :i* is a sub/ance ( f\r elem5ts0 7fire1 wat]1 e>?1 air7 8or ( ! />s4 ,x =ms ! visible ,corpus accord+ to ! con/ellation ( ! />s or prop]ty ( ! planets & n[ enk9dl$ elem5ts--! greate/ p[] ( ! ,spiritus mundi4 ,! ,sep>ator makes ! signature or sign0--! self4 ,! salt1 ! salitt]1 is approximately ! neutral3 m]cury ,m]k or ,m>k ! op]at+1 unre/ z aga9/ n\ri%m5t2 ! co>se sulphur1 ! negative unity4 77 8,! o!r ,spiritus is f\nd 9 ! oil ( sulphur1 ! fif? ess5ce1 viz4 a root ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,t is ! s(t5+ & joy ( ! co>se1 pa9ful _s ( sulphur & salt2 ! real cause ( gr[+ life1 a joy ( nature z is ! sun 9 ! elem5ts0--! direct pr9ciple ( life4 8,9 ! inw>d gr\nd ( t co>se _s we see a beautiful1 cle> ,corpus 9 :i* ! ideal light ( nature %9es f ! div9e efflux40 ,! outw>d sep>ator signs :at is tak5 up ) ! %ape & =m ( ! plant :i* receives into itself ?is co>se n\ri%m5t4 77 8,:at comes ?ird is ! t9cture1 a spiritual fire & light2 ! highe/ reason = :i* ! fir/ sep>ation ( qualities takes place 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is _w4 ,fiat is ! ,^w ( ea* ?+ & belongs accord+ to its peculi> quality to et]nity4 ,its orig9 is ! holy p[] ( ,god4 ,smell ,ru* is ! s5sation ( ?is t9cture4 ,! elem5ts are only a mansion & c\nt]/roke ( ! inw>d p[]1 a cause ( ! movem5t ( ! t9cture40#aeb ,s5su\s ?+s entirely lose ! =ce ( s5su\s conceptions4 ,boehme uses !m1 ?\gh n z su*1 z ?\ght det]m9ations1 t con/itutes ! h>d & b>b>\s elem5t 9 ,boehme's repres5tations1 yet at ! same "t ?is unity ) actuality & ?is pres5t ( inf9ite exi/5ce4 ,boehme describes ! opposition 9 creation 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,if nature is ! fir/ efflux ( ! ,sep>ator1 two k9ds ( life mu/ yet be und]/ood z 9 ! c\nt]/roke ( ! div9e ess5ce1 beyond t temporal "o !re is an et]nal1 to :i* ! div9e und]/&+ is giv54 ,x /&s at ! basis ( ! et]nal1 spiritual _w1 9 ! ,my/]ium ,magnum ( ! div9e c\nt]/roke 7p]sonality7--a mansion ( div9e w ?r\gh :i* x reveals itself & is reveal$ to no peculi>ity ( p]sonal w4 ,9 ?is c5trum man has bo? lives 9 himself1 he belongs to "t & et]nity4 ,he is 77 univ]sal 9 ! 8et]nal und]/&+ ( ! "o good w :i* is a temp]am5t2 77 ! orig9al w ( nature1 viz4 ! compreh5sibility ( ! ,c5tra1 :]e ea* c5trum 9 ! divisibility %uts itself 9 "o place to egotism & self-w z a p]sonal ,my/]ium or m9d4 ,! =m] only requires a c\nt]/roke to its simil>ity2 ?is latt]1 ! self-g5]at$ natural w also requires 9 ! place ( ! egotism ( ! d>k impression a lik5ess1 t is a c\nt]/roke ?r\gh its own compreh5sibility1 ?r\gh :i* compreh5sion x requires no?+ b its corporality z a natural gr\nd40 ,n[ x is ?is 8,i10 ! d>k1 pa91 fire1 ! wra? ( ,god1 implicitude1 self-compreh5sion1 :i* is brok5 up 9 reg5]ation2 ! ,i is %att]$1 pa9fulness br\ght into true re/--j z ! d>k fire breaks into light4#aec ,n[ ^! are ! pr9cipal ideas f\nd 9 ,boehme2 ^? mo/ pr(\nd are 77 ! g5]at+ ( ,light z ! ,son ( ,god f qualities1 ?r\gh ! mo/ liv+ dialectic2 77 ,god's diremption ( ,himself4 ,b>b>ism 9 ! work+ out ( 8 sy/em c no m fail to be recogniz$ ?an c ! great dep?s into :i* he has plung$ by ! union ( ! mo/ absolute opposites4 ,boehme grasps ! opposites 9 ! crude/1 h>%e/ way1 b he does n all[ himself ?r\gh _! unworkabl5ess to be prev5t$ f ass]t+ ! unity4 ,?is rude & b>b>\s dep? :i* is devoid ( ,notion1 is always a pres5t1 some?+ :i* speaks f itself1 :i* has & kn[s ev]y?+ 9 itself4 ,we h /ill to m5tion ,boehme's piety1 ! elem5t ( edification1 ! way 9 :i* ! s\l is guid$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,?is is 9 ! highe/ degree deep & inw>d1 & if "o is famili> ) 8 =m ^! dep?s & ?is inw>dness w be f\nd4 ,b x is a =m ) :i* we _c reconcile ourselves1 & :i* p]mits no def9ite conception ( details1 al?\gh we _c fail to see ! pr(\nd crav+ = speculation :i* exi/$ )9 ?is man4 ,,section ,,two ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,?9k+ ,,und]/&+ ,aft] ,neo-,platonism & all t is associat$ ) x is left beh9d1 x is n until ,desc>tes is arriv$ at t we really ent] ^u a philosophy :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 indep5d5t1 :i* kn[s t x comes =? f reason z indep5d5t1 & t self-consci\sness is an ess5tial mom5t 9 ! tru?4 ,philosophy 9 its own prop] soil sep>ates itself entirely f ! philosophiz+ !ology1 9 accordance ) its pr9ciple1 & places x on q ano!r side4 ,"h1 we may say1 we are at home1 & l ! m>9] aft] a long voyage 9 a tempe/u\s sea1 we may n[ hail ! sight ( l&2 ) ,desc>tes ! culture ( mod]n times1 ! ?\ght ( mod]n ,philosophy1 really beg9s to appe>1 aft] a long & t$i\s j\rney on ! way :i* has l$ s f>4 ,x is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]man t ! m s]vile he on ! "o h& is1 ! m uncontroll$ is he on ! o!r2 re/ra9t & want ( re/ra9t--orig9ality1 is ! angel ( d>kness t buffets u4 ,9 ?is new p]iod ! univ]sal pr9ciple by means ( :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is regulat$1 is ! ?\ght t proce$s f itself2 x is a c]ta9 inw>dness1 :i* is above all evid5c$ 9 respect to ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* is ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple 9 accordance ) :i* ?\ght has come to ! consci\sness ( ! _w at l>ge z t to :i* e man has a claim4 ,?us because ! indep5d5tly exi/5t ?\ght1 ?is culm9at+ po9t ( inw>dness1 is n[ set =? & firmly grasp$ z su*1 ! dead ext]nality ( au?ority is set aside & reg>d$ z out ( place4 ,x is only ?r\gh my own free ?\ght )9 t ?\ght c h[ev] be recogniz$ & ratifi$ by me4 ,?is likewise signifies t su* free ?\ght is ! univ]sal bus9ess ( ! _w & ( individuals2 x is inde$ ! duty ( e man1 s9ce ev]y?+ is bas$ ^u x2 ?us :at claims to rank z e/abli%$ 9 ! _w man mu/ scrut9ize 9 8 own ?\ghts4 ,philosophy is ?us become a matt] ( univ]sal int]e/1 & "o respect+ :i* ea* c judge = himself2 = ev]yone is a ?9k] f ! beg9n+4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is new beg9n+ to ,philosophy we f9d 9 ! old hi/ories ( ,philosophy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--e4g4 t ( ,/anley--! philosophy ( ! ,greeks & ,romans only1 & ,*ri/ianity =ms ! conclusion4 ,! idea 0 t nei!r 9 ,*ri/ianity nor subsequ5tly any philosophy 0 to be f\nd1 because !re 0 no long] a necessity = x1 see+ t ! philosophic !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages _h n free1 spontane\s ?\ght z its pr9ciple 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aaa1 #aab74 ,b ?\gh x is true t ?is has n[ become ! philosophic pr9ciple1 we mu/ n expect t x %\ld be at once me?odically develop$ out ( ?\ght4 ,! old assumption is made1 t man only atta9s to ! tru? ?r\gh reflection2 ?is pla9ly is ! pr9ciple4 ,b ! det]m9ation & def9ition ( ,god1 ! _w ( ! manifold z x appe>s1 is n yet reveal$ z necess>ily proce$+ f ?\ght2 = we h only rea*$ ! ?\ght ( a cont5t :i* is giv5 ?r\gh ord9>y conception1 obs]vation1 & exp]i5ce4 ,on ! "o h& we see a metaphysic1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! p>ticul> sci5ces3 on ! "o h& ab/ract ?\ght z su*1 on ! o!r its cont5t tak5 f exp]i5ce2 ^! two l9es 9 ! ab/ract /& oppos$ to "o ano!r1 & yet !y d n sep>ate !mselves s %>ply4 ,we %all inde$ come to an opposition1 viz4 to t betwe5 a priori ?\ght--t ! det]m9ations :i* are to hold good = ?\ght mu/ be tak5 f ?\ght itself--& ! det]m9ation t we mu/ comm5ce1 conclude & ?9k f exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! opposition betwe5 rationalism & empiricism2 b x is really a subord9ate "o1 because ev5 ! metaphysical mode 9 philosophy1 :i* only all[s validity to imman5t ?\ght1 does n take :at is me?odically develop$ f ! necessity ( ?\ght1 b 9 ! old way d]ives its cont5t f inw>d or outw>d exp]i5ce1 & ?r\gh reflection & m$itation r5d]s x ab/ract4 ,! =m ( philosophy :i* is fir/ rea*$ ?r\gh ?\ght is metaphysics1 ! =m ( ! ?9k+ und]/&+2 ?is p]iod has1 z its out/&+ figures1 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 likewise ,malebran*e & ,locke1 ,leibnitz & ,wolff4 ,! second =m is ,scepticism & ,criticism ) reg>d to ! ?9k+ und]/&+1 to metaphysics z su*1 & to ! univ]sal ( empiricism2 "h we %all g on to speak ( repres5tatives ( ! ,scotti%1 ,g]man1 & ,fr5* philosophies2 ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s aga9 turn back to metaphysics4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,metaphysics is :at rea*es aft] sub/ance1 & ?is implies t "o unity1 "o ?\ght is ma9ta9$ 9 opposition to dualism1 j z ,be+ 0 among/ ! anci5ts4 ,9 metaphysics itself we h1 h[ev]1 ! opposition betwe5 sub/antiality & individuality4 ,:at comes fir/ is ! spontane\s1 b likewise uncritical1 metaphysics1 & x is repres5t$ by ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 :o ass]t ! unity ( ,be+ & ?\ght4 ,! second /age is f\nd 9 ,locke1 :o treats ( ! opposition itself inasmu* z he consid]s ! metaphysical ,idea ( exp]i5ce1 t is ! orig9 ( ?\ghts & _! ju/ification1 n yet ent]+ on ! "q ( :e!r !y are absolutely true4 ,9 ! ?ird place we h ,leibnitz's monad--! _w view$ z a totality4 ,a4 ,,fir/ ,,division4 ,we "h enc\nt] ! innate ideas ( ,desc>tes4 ,! philosophy ( ,sp9oza1 9 ! second place1 is relat$ to ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes z its necess>y developm5t only2 ! me?od is an important "p ( x4 ,a me?od :i* /&s alongside ( ,sp9ozism & :i* is also a p]fect$ developm5t ( ,c>tesianism1 is1 9 ! ?ird place1 t by :i* ,malebran*e has repres5t$ ?is philosophy4 #a4 ,,desc>tes4 ,r5 ,desc>tes is a bold _s :o re-comm5c$ ! :ole subject f ! v beg9n+ & con/itut$ afre% ! gr\nd-"w on :i* ,philosophy is bas$1 & to :i*1 aft] a ?\s& ye>s _h pass$1 x once m return$4 ,! ext5t ( ! influ5ce :i* ?is man ex]cis$ ^u 8 times & ! culture ( ,philosophy g5]ally1 _c be suffici5tly express$2 x re/s ma9ly 9 8 sett+ aside all =m] presuppositions & beg9n+ 9 a free1 simple1 & likewise popul> way1 ) popul> modes ( ?\ght & q simple propositions1 9 8 lead+ ! cont5t to ?\ght & ext5sion or ,be+1 & s to speak sett+ up ?is be=e ?\ght z its opposite4 ,?is simple ?\ght appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ! det]m9ate1 cle> und]/&+1 & x _c ?us be call$ speculative ?\ght or speculative reason4 ,!re are fix$ det]m9ations f :i* ,desc>tes proce$s1 b only ( ?\ght2 ?is is ! me?od ( 8 "t4 ,:at ! ,fr5* call$ exact sci5ce1 sci5ce ( ! det]m9ate und]/&+1 made its appe>ance at ?is "t4 ,philosophy & exact sci5ce 7 n yet sep>at$1 & x 0 only lat] on t ?is sep>ation fir/ took place4 ,to come to ! life ( ,desc>tes--he 0 born 9 #aeif1 at ,la ,haye 9 ,t\ra9e1 ( an anci5t & noble race4 ,he receiv$ an education ( ! usual k9d 9 a ,jesuit s*ool1 & made great progress2 8 disposition 0 lively & re/less2 he ext5d$ 8 insatiable zeal 9 all directions1 pursu$ 8 rese>*es into all sy/ems & =ms2 8 /udies1 9 addition to anci5t lit]ature1 embrac$ su* subjects z philosophy1 ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 physics1 & a/ronomy4 ,b ! /udies ( 8 y\? 9 ! ,jesuit s*ool1 & ^? /udies :i* he aft]w>ds prosecut$ ) ! same dilig5ce & /r5u\s zeal1 result$ 9 giv+ him a /rong dis9cl9ation = le>n+ d]iv$ f books2 he quitt$ ! s*ool :]e he _h be5 educat$1 & yet 8 eag]ness = le>n+ 0 only made ! ke5] ?r\gh ?is p]plexity & unsatisfi$ ye>n+4 ,he w5t z a "y man ( eighte5 to ,p>is1 & !re liv$ 9 ! great _w4 ,b z he "h f\nd no satisfaction1 he soon left society & return$ to 8 /udies4 ,he retir$ to a suburb ( ,p>is & !re occupi$ himself pr9cipally ) ma!matics1 rema9+ q conceal$ f all 8 =m] fri5ds4 ,at la/1 aft] ! lapse ( two ye>s1 he 0 discov]$ by !m1 drawn =? f 8 retirem5t1 & aga9 introduc$ to ! great _w4 ,he n[ once m r5\nc$ ! /udy ( books & ?rew himself into ! affairs ( actual life4 ,!reaft] he w5t to ,holl& & ent]$ ! milit>y s]vice2 soon aft]w>ds1 9 #afai1 & 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 he w5t z a volunte] ) ! ,bav>ian troops1 & took "p 9 sev]al campaigns "u ,tilly4 ,_m h f\nd le>n+ unsatisfy+2 ,desc>tes became a soldi]--n because he f\nd 9 ! sci5ces too little1 b because !y 7 too mu*1 too high = him4 ,"h 9 8 w9t] qu>t]s he /udi$ dilig5tly1 & 9 ,ulm1 = in/ance1 he made acqua9tance ) a citiz5 :o 0 deeply v]s$ 9 ma!matics4 ,he 0 able to c>ry out 8 /udies ev5 bett] 9 w9t] qu>t]s at ,neub]g on ! ,danube1 :]e once m1 & n[ mo/ pr(\ndly1 ! desire awoke 9 him to /rike out a new dep>ture 9 ,philosophy & entirely recon/ruct x2 he solemnly promis$ ! ,"m ( ,god to make a pilgrimage to ,loretto if %e w\ld prosp] him 9 ?is design1 & if he %\ld n[ at la/ come to himself & atta9 to peace4 ,he 0 also 9 ! battle at ,prague 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,elector-,palat9e lo/ ! ,bohemian cr[n4 ,yet s9ce ! sight ( ^! wild sc5es c\ld n satisfy him1 he gave up milit>y s]vice 9 #afba4 ,he made sev]al o!r j\rneys ?r\gh ! re/ ( ,g]many1 & !n proce$$ to ,pol&1 ,prussia1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy & ,france4 ,on acc\nt ( its great] fre$om he )drew to ,holl&1 9 ord] !re to pursue 8 projects2 "h he liv$ 9 peace f #afbi to #afdd--;a p]iod 9 :i* he compos$ & issu$ mo/ ( 8 works1 & also def5d$ !m aga9/ ! manifold attacks f :i* !y suff]$1 & :i* m especially proce$$ f ! cl]gy4 ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$5 f9ally call$ him to h] c\rt at ,/ockholm1 :i* 0 ! r5dezv\s = all ! mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( le>n+ ( ! "t1 & !re he di$ 9 #afej4aed ,z reg>ds 8 philosophic works1 ^? :i* conta9 8 fir/ pr9ciples h 9 p>ticul> some?+ v popul> ab\t _! me?od ( pres5tation1 :i* makes !m highly to be recomm5d$ to ^? comm5c+ ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,desc>tes sets to "w 9 a q simple & *ildlike mann]1 ) a n>ration ( 8 reflections z !y came to him4 ,pr(essor ,c\s9 ( ,p>is has br\ght out a new edition ( ,desc>tes 9 elev5 octavo volumes2 ! great] "p consi/s ( lett]s on natural ph5om5a4 ,desc>tes gave a new impetus to ma!matics z well z to philosophy4 ,sev]al important me?ods 7 discov]$ by him1 ^u :i* ! mo/ brilliant results 9 high] ma!matics 7 aft]w>ds built4 ,8 me?od is ev5 n[ an ess5tial 9 ma!matics1 = ,desc>tes is ! inv5tor ( analytic geometry1 & consequ5tly ! fir/ to po9t out ! way 9 ?is field ( sci5ce to mod]n ma!matics4 ,he likewise cultivat$ physics1 optics1 & a/ronomy1 & made ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 ^!2 we h n1 h[ev]1 to deal ) su* matt]s4 ,! application ( metaphysics to ecclesia/ical affairs1 inve/igations1 etc41 has likewise no special int]e/ = u4 #a4 ,9 ,philosophy ,desc>tes /ruck out q orig9al l9es2 ) him ! new epo* 9 ,philosophy beg9s1 :]eby x 0 p]mitt$ to culture to grasp 9 ! =m ( univ]sality ! pr9ciple ( its high] _s 9 ?\ght1 j z ,boehme grasp$ x 9 s5su\s p]ceptions & =ms4 ,desc>tes />t$ by say+ t ?\ght mu/ necess>ily comm5ce f itself2 all ! philosophy :i* came be=e ?is1 & specially :at proce$$ f ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 0 = ev] aft] set aside4 ,b s9ce "h ?\ght has prop]ly speak+ grasp$ itself z ab/ract und]/&+ only1 9 relation to :i* ! m concrete cont5t /ill /&s ov] on ! o!r side1 ! det]m9ate conceptions 7 n yet d$uc$ f ! und]/&+1 b tak5 up only empirically4 ,9 ,desc>tes' philosophy we h ?us to di/+ui% :at has1 & :at has n univ]sal int]e/ = u3 ! =m] is ! process ( 8 ?\ghts !mselves1 & ! latt] ! mode 9 :i* ^! ?\ghts are pres5t$ & d$uc$4 ,yet we mu/ n consid] ! process z a me?od ( consi/5t pro(2 x is inde$ a deep & inw>d progress1 b x comes to u 9 an +5u\s & nave =m4 ,9 ord] to d ju/ice to ,desc>tes' ?\ghts x is necess>y = u to be assur$ ( ! necessity = 8 appe>ance2 ! _s ( 8 philosophy is simply k z ! unity ( ,?\ght & ,be+4 ,& yet on ! :ole !re is little to say ab\t 8 philosophy4 a4 ,desc>tes expresses ! fact t we mu/ beg9 f ?\ght z su* alone1 by say+ t we mu/ d\bt ev]y?+ 7,de omnibus dubit&um e/72 & t is an absolute beg9n+4 ,he ?us makes ! abolition ( all det]m9ations ! fir/ condition ( ,philosophy4 ,?is fir/ proposition has n1 h[ev]1 ! same signification z ,scepticism1 :i* sets be=e x no o!r aim ?an d\bt itself1 & requires t we %\ld rema9 9 ?is indecision ( m9d1 an indecision :]e9 m9d f9ds its fre$om4 ,x r signifies t we %\ld r5\nce all prepossessions--t is1 all hypo!ses :i* are accept$ z true 9 _! imm$iacy--& comm5ce f ?\ght1 s t f x we %\ld 9 ! fir/ place atta9 to "s fix$ & settl$ basis1 & make a true beg9n+4 ,9 ,scepticism ?is is n ! case1 = ) ! sceptics d\bt is ! end at :i* !y re/4#aee ,b ! d\bt+ ( ,desc>tes1 8 mak+ no hypo!ses1 because no?+ is fix$ or secure1 does n occur 9 ! int]e/s ( fre$om z su*1 9 ord] t no?+ %\ld h value except fre$om itself1 & no?+ exi/ 9 ! quality ( an ext]nal objective4 ,to him ev]y?+ is un/able inde$1 9 s f> z ! ,ego c ab/ract f x or c ?9k1 = pure ?\ght is ab/raction f ev]y?+4 ,b 9 consci\sness ! end is pr$om9ant1 & x is to arrive at some?+ fix$ & objective--& n ! mom5t ( subjectivity1 or ! fact ( be+ set =?1 kn[n & prov$ by me4 ,yet ?is la/ comes along ) ! o!r1 = x is f ! />t+ po9t ( my ?\ght t ,i w\ld atta9 my object2 ! impulse ( fre$om is ?us likewise fundam5tal4 ,9 ! propositions 9 :i* ,desc>tes gives 9 8 own way ! gr\nd ( ?is great & mo/ important pr9ciple1 !re is f\nd a nave & empirical sy/em ( reason+4 ,?is is an example3 8,because we 7 born z *ildr51 & =m$ all mann] ( judgm5ts respect+ s5su\s ?+s be=e we _h ! p]fect use ( our reason1 we are ?r\gh _m preconceiv$ ideas h9d]$ f ! k ( ! tru?4 ,f ^! we appe> n to be able to free ourselves 9 any o!r way b by once 9 our lives /riv+ to d\bt t respect+ :i* we h ! v slighte/ suspicion ( an unc]ta9ty4 ,inde$ x is really desirable to hold z false ev]y?+ 9 respect to :i* we h any d\bt1 s t we may f9d m cle>ly :at is mo/ c]ta9 & mo/ kn[able4 ,yet ?is d\bt has to be limit$ to ! contemplation ( ! tru?1 = 9 ! conduct ( our life we are compell$ to *oose ! probable1 s9ce !re ! opportunity = action w\ld (t5 pass away be=e we c\ld solve our d\bts4 ,b "h1 :]e we h only to deal ) ! se>* = tru?1 we may v reasonably d\bt :e!r any ?+ s5su\s & p]ceptible exi/s--9 ! fir/ place because we f9d t ! s5ses (t5 deceive u & x is prud5t n to tru/ 9 :at has ev5 once deceiv$ u1 & !n because e day 9 dream+ we ?9k we feel or see be=e ourselves innum]able ?+s :i* nev] 71 & to ! d\bt] no signs are giv5 by :i* he c safely di/+ui% sleep+ f wak+4 ,we %all h]eby likewise d\bt ev]y?+ else1 ev5 ma!matical propositions1 p>tly because we h se5 t "s err ev5 9 :at we hold mo/ c]ta91 & ascribe value to :at to u seems false1 & p>tly because we h he>d t a ,god exi/s :o has creat$ u1 & :o c d ev]y?+1 s t ,he may h creat$ u liable to err4 ,b if we conceive ourselves n to d]ive our exi/5ce f ,god1 b f "s o!r s\rce1 p]haps f ourselves1 we are all ! m liable1 9 t we are ?us imp]fect1 to err4 ,b we h s f> ! exp]i5ce ( fre$om )9 u t we c always refra9 f :at is n p]fectly c]ta9 & well f\nd$40#aef ,! dem& :i* re/s at ! basis ( ,desc>tes' reason+s ?us is t :at is recogniz$ z true %\ld be able to ma9ta9 ! position ( hav+ ! ?\ght !re9 at home ) itself4 ,! s-call$ imm$iate intuition & inw>d revelation1 :i* 9 mod]n times is s highly reg>d$1 has its place "h4 ,b because 9 ! ,c>tesian =m ! pr9ciple ( fre$om z su* is n br\ght into view1 ! gr\nds :i* are "h advanc$ are = ! mo/ "p popul>4 b4 ,desc>tes s\ght some?+ 9 itself c]ta9 & true1 :i* %\ld nei!r be only true l ! object ( fai? )\t k1 nor ! s5su\s & also sceptical c]ta9ty :i* is )\t tru?4 ,! :ole ( ,philosophy z x _h be5 c>ri$ on up to ?is "t 0 vitiat$ by ! con/ant presupposition ( some?+ z true1 & 9 "s measure1 z 9 ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 by n giv+ ! =m ( sci5tific k to its matt]1 or by n sep>at+ its mom5ts4 ,b to ,desc>tes no?+ is true :i* does n possess an inw>d evid5ce 9 consci\sness1 or :i* reason does n recognize s cle>ly & conclusively t any d\bt reg>d+ x is absolutely impossible4 8,because we ?us reject or decl>e to be false ev]y?+ reg>d+ :i* we c h any d\bt at all1 x is easy = u to suppose t !re is no ,god1 no heav51 no body--b we _c !re=e say t we d n exi/1 :o ?9k ?is4 ,= x is contradictory to say t :at ?9ks does n exi/4 ,h5ce ! k t #8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am1' is :at we arrive at fir/ ( all1 & x is ! mo/ c]ta9 fact t (f]s itself to ev]yone :o foll[s aft] philosophy 9 an ord]ly fa%ion4 ,?is is ! be/ way ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( _s & its div]sity f body4 ,= if we inquire :o we are :o c set =? z untrue ev]y?+ :i* is diff]5t f ourselves1 we cle>ly see t no ext5sion1 figure1 *ange ( position1 nor any su* ?+ :i* c be ascrib$ to body1 con/itutes our nature1 b only ?\ght alone2 :i* is ?us kn[n e>li] & m c]ta9ly ?an any corporeal ?+40#aeg #8,i' has ?us significance "h z ?\ght1 & n z individuality ( self-consci\sness4 ,! second proposition ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy is h5ce ! imm$iate c]ta9ty ( ?\ght4 ,c]ta9ty is only k z su* 9 its pure =m z self-relat+1 & ?is is ?\ght2 ?us !n ! unwieldy und]/&+ makes its way on to ! necessity ( ?\ght4 ,desc>tes beg9s1 j z ,fi*te did lat] on1 ) ! #8,i' z indubitably c]ta92 ,i "k t some?+ is pres5t$ 9 me4 ,by ?is ,philosophy is at "o /roke transplant$ to q ano!r field & to q ano!r /&po9t1 namely to ! sph]e ( subjectivity4 ,presuppositions 9 religion are giv5 up2 pro( alone is s\ght =1 & n ! absolute cont5t :i* disappe>s be=e ab/ract inf9ite subjectivity4 ,!re is 9 ,desc>tes likewise a see?+ desire to speak f /rong feel+1 f ! ord9>y s5su\s po9t ( view1 j z ,bruno & s _m o!rs1 ea* 9 8 own fa%ion1 express z individualities _! p>ticul> conceptions ( ! _w4 ,to consid] ! cont5t 9 itself is n ! fir/ matt]2 = ,i c ab/ract f all my conceptions1 b n f ! #8,i4' ,we ?9k ?is & t1 & h5ce x is--is to give ! common w\ld-be-wise argum5t ( ^? incapable ( grasp+ ! matt] 9 po9t2 t a det]m9ate cont5t exi/s is exactly :at we are =c$ to d\bt--!re is no?+ absolutely fix$4 ,?\ght is ! entirely univ]sal1 b n m]ely because ,i c ab/ract1 b because #8,i' is ?us simple1 self-id5tical4 ,?\ght consequ5tly comes fir/2 ! next det]m9ation arriv$ at1 9 direct connection ) x1 is ! det]m9ation ( ,be+4 ,! #8,i ?9k' directly involves my ,be+2 ?is1 says ,desc>tes1 is ! absolute basis ( all ,philosophy4#aeh ,! det]m9ation ( ,be+ is 9 my #8,i'2 ?is connection is itself ! fir/ matt]4 ,?\ght z ,be+ & ,be+ z ?\ght--t is my c]ta9ty1 #8,i'2 9 ! celebrat$ ,cogito1 ergo sum we ?us h ,?\ght & ,be+ insep>ably b\nd toge!r4 ,on ! "o h& ?is proposition is reg>d$ z a syllogism3 f ?\ght ,be+ is d$uc$4 ,kant m especially has object$ to ?is t ,be+ is n conta9$ 9 ?9k+1 t x is diff]5t f ?9k+4 ,?is is true1 b !y are /ill insep>able1 or con/itute an id5tity2 _! diff]5ce is n to ! prejudice ( _! unity4 ,yet ?is maxim ( pure ab/ract c]ta9ty1 ! univ]sal totality 9 :i* ev]y?+ implicitly exi/s1 is n prov$2#aei we mu/ !re=e n try to conv]t ?is proposition into a syllogism4 ,desc>tes himself says3 8,!re is no syllogism pres5t at all4 ,= 9 ord] t !re %\ld be su*1 ! major premise mu/ h be5 #8all t ?9ks exi/s'0--f :i* ! subsumption w\ld h foll[$ 9 ! m9or premise1 #8n[ ,i am4' ,by ?is ! imm$iacy :i* re/s 9 ! proposition1 w\ld be remov$4 8,b t major premise0 is n set =? at all1 be+ 8really 9 ! fir/ in/ance d]iv$ f ! orig9al #8,i ?9k1 !re=e1 ,i am4'0#afj ,= arriv+ at a conclusion ?ree l9ks are requir$--9 ?is case we ought to h a ?ird ?r\gh :i* ?\ght & ,be+ %\ld h be5 m$iat$1 & x is n to be f\nd "h4 ,! #8,!re=e' :i* b9ds ! two sides toge!r is n ! #8,!re=e' ( a syllogism2 ! connection betwe5 ,be+ & ,?\ght is only imm$iately posit$4 ,?is c]ta9ty is ?us ! prius2 all o!r propositions come lat]4 ,! ?9k+ subject z ! simple imm$iacy ( be+-at-home-)-me is ! v same ?+ z :at is call$ ,be+2 & x is q easy to p]ceive ?is id5tity4 ,z univ]sal1 ?\ght is conta9$ 9 all t is p>ticul>1 & ?us is pure relation to itself1 pure on5ess ) itself4 ,we mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( repres5t+ ,be+ to ourselves z a concrete cont5t1 & h5ce x is ! same imm$iate id5tity :i* ?\ght likewise is4 ,imm$iacy is1 h[ev]1 a "o-sid$ det]m9ation2 ?\ght does n conta9 x alone1 b also ! det]m9ation to m$iate itself ) itself1 & !reby--by ! m$iation be+ at ! same "t ! abrogation ( ! m$iation--x is imm$iacy4 ,9 ?\ght we ?us h ,be+2 ,be+ is1 h[ev]1 a poor det]m9ation1 x is ! ab/raction f ! concrete ( ?\ght4 ,?is id5tity ( ,be+ & ,?\ght1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ int]e/+ idea ( mod]n times1 has n be5 fur!r work$ out by ,desc>tes2 he has reli$ on consci\sness alone1 & = ! "t be+ plac$ x 9 ! =e-front4 ,= ) ,desc>tes ! necessity to develop ! diff]5ces f ! #8,i ?9k' is n yet pres5t2 ,fi*te fir/ appli$ himself to ! d$uction ( all det]m9ations f ?is culm9at+ po9t ( absolute c]ta9ty4 ,o!r propositions h be5 set aga9/ t ( ,desc>tes4 ,gass5di1#afa = example1 asks if we might n j z well say ,ludificor1 ergo sum3 ,i am made a fool ( by my consci\sness1 !re=e ,i exi/--or prop]ly speak+1 !re=e ,i am made a fool (4 ,desc>tes himself recogniz$ t ?is objection m]it$ consid]ation1 b he "h repels x1 inasmu* z x is ! #8,i' alone & n ! o!r cont5t :i* has to be ma9ta9$4 ,be+ alone is id5tical ) pure ?\ght1 & n its cont5t1 be x :at x may4 ,desc>tes fur!r says3 8,by ?\ght ,i1 h[ev]1 und]/& all t takes place 9 u )9 our consci\sness1 9 z f> z we are consci\s ( x2 ?us w1 conception1 & ev5 feel+ are id5tical ) ?\ght4 ,= if ,i say #8,i see1' or #8,i walk out1' & #8!re=e ,i am1' & und]/& by ?is ! see+ & walk+ :i* is accompli%$ by ! body1 ! conclusion is n absolutely c]ta91 because1 z (t5 happ5s 9 a dream1 ,i may imag9e t ,i c see or walk ev5 if ,i d n op5 my eyes nor move f my place1 & ,i might also possibly d s suppos+ ,i _h no body4 ,b if ,i und]/& x ( ! subjective feel+ or ! consci\sness ( see+ or walk+ itself1 because x is !n relat$ to ! m9d t alone feels or ?9ks t x sees or walks1 ?is conclusion is p]fectly c]ta940#afb 8,9 a dream0 is an empirical mode ( reason+1 b !re is no o!r objection to x4 ,9 will+1 see+1 he>+1 c41 ?\ght is likewise conta9$1 x is absurd to suppose t ! s\l has ?9k+ 9 "o special pocket1 & see+1 will+1 c41 9 o!rs4 ,b if ,i say #8,i see1' #8,i walk out1' !re is pres5t on ! "o h& my consci\sness #8,i1' & consequ5tly ?\ght1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re is pres5t will+1 see+1 he>+1 walk+1 & ?us a /ill fur!r modification ( ! cont5t4 ,n[ because ( ?is modification ,i _c say #8,i walk1 & !re=e ,i am1' = ,i c und\bt$ly ab/ract f ! modification1 s9ce x is no long] univ]sal ,?\ght4 ,?us we mu/ m]ely look at ! pure consci\sness conta9$ 9 ! concrete #8,i4' ,only :5 ,i acc5tuate ! fact t ,i am pres5t !re z ?9k+1 is pure ,be+ impli$1 = only ) ! univ]sal is ,be+ unit$4 8,9 ?is x is impli$10 says ,desc>tes1 8t ?\ght is m c]ta9 to me ?an body4 ,if f ! fact t ,i t\* or see ! e>? ,i judge t x exi/s1 ,i mu/ m c]ta9ly judge f ?is t my ?\ght exi/s4 ,= x may v well happ5 t ,i judge ! e>? to exi/1 ev5 if x does n exi/1 b x _c be t ,i judge ?is1 & t my m9d :i* judges ?is does n exi/40#afc ,t is to say1 ev]y?+ :i* is = me ,i may ass]t to be non-exi/5t1 b :5 ,i ass]t myself to be non-exi/5t1 ,i myself ass]t1 or x is my judgm5t4 ,= ,i _c set aside ! fact t ,i judge1 ev5 if ,i c ab/ract f t respect+ :i* ,i judge4 ,9 ?is ,philosophy has rega9$ its own gr\nd t ?\ght />ts f ?\ght z :at is c]ta9 9 itself1 & n f some?+ ext]nal1 n f some?+ giv51 n f an au?ority1 b directly f ! fre$om t is conta9$ 9 ! #8,i ?9k4' ,( all else ,i may d\bt1 ( ! exi/5ce ( bodily ?+s1 ( my body itself2 or ?is c]ta9ty does n possess imm$iacy 9 itself4 ,= #8,i' is j c]ta9ty itself1 b 9 all else ?is c]ta9ty is only pr$icate2 my body is c]ta9 to me1 x is n ?is c]ta9ty itself4#afd ,z aga9/ ! c]ta9ty we feel ( hav+ a body1 ,desc>tes adduces ! empirical ph5om5on t we (t5 he> ( p]sons imag9+ !y feel pa9 9 a limb :i* !y h lo/ long ago4#afe ,:at is actual1 he says is a sub/ance1 ! s\l is a ?9k+ sub/ance2 x is ?us = itself1 sep>ate f all ext]nal mat]ial ?+s & indep5d5t4 ,t x is ?9k+ is evid5t f its nature3 x w\ld ?9k & exi/ ev5 if no mat]ial ?+s 7 pres5t2 ! s\l c h5ce "k itself m easily ?an its body4#aff ,all else t we c hold z true re/s on ?is c]ta9ty2 = 9 ord] t any?+ %\ld be held z true1 evid5ce is requisite1 b no?+ is true :i* has n ?is inw>d evid5ce 9 consci\sness4 8,n[ ! evid5ce ( ev]y?+ re/s ^u our p]ceiv+ x z cle>ly & vividly z t c]ta9ty itself1 & on its s entirely dep5d+ f1 & h>moniz+ ) ?is pr9ciple1 t if we wi%$ to d\bt x we %\ld also h to d\bt ?is pr9ciple likewise0 7our ego74#afg ,?is k is inde$ on its own acc\nt p]fect evid5ce1 b x is n yet ! tru?1 or if we take t ,be+ z tru?1 x is an empty cont5t1 & x is ) ! cont5t t we h to d4 c4 ,:at comes ?ird is ?us ! transition ( ?is c]ta9ty into tru?1 into ! det]m9ate2 ,desc>tes aga9 makes ?is transition 9 a nave way1 & ) x we = ! fir/ "t beg9 to consid] 8 metaphysics4 ,:at "h takes place is t an int]e/ arises 9 fur!r repres5tations & conceptions ( ! ab/ract unity ( ,be+ & ,?\ght2 !re ,desc>tes sets to "w 9 an ext]nally reflective mann]4 8,! consci\sness :i* m]ely kn[s itself to be c]ta9 n[ h[ev] seeks to ext5d its k1 & f9ds t x has conceptions ( _m ?+s--9 :i* conceptions x does n deceive itself1 s long z x does n ass]t or d5y t some?+ simil> outside corresponds to !m40 ,deception 9 ! conceptions has mean+ only 9 relation to ext]nal exi/5ce4 8,consci\sness also discov]s univ]sal conceptions1 & obta9s f !m pro(s :i* are evid5t1 e4g4 ! geometric proposition t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles is a conception :i* foll[s incontrov]tibly f o!rs4 ,b 9 reflect+ :e!r su* ?+s really exi/ d\bts arise40#afh ,t !re is su* a ?+ z a triangle is inde$ 9 ?is case by no means c]ta91 s9ce ext5sion is n conta9$ 9 ! imm$iate c]ta9ty ( myself4 ,! s\l may exi/ )\t ! bodily elem5t1 & ?is la/ )\t x1 !y are 9 reality diff]5t2 "o is conceivable )\t ! o!r4 ,! s\l ?us does n ?9k & "k ! o!r z cle>ly z ! c]ta9ty ( itself4#afi ,n[ ! tru? ( all k re/s on ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! s\l is an imp]fect sub/ance1 b x has ! ,idea ( an absolute p]fect exi/5ce )9 itself2 ?is p]fection is n begott5 9 itself1 j because x is an imp]fect sub/ance2 ?is ,idea is ?us innate4 ,9 ,desc>tes ! consci\sness ( ?is fact is express$ by 8 say+ t z long z ! exi/5ce ( ,god is n prov$ & p]ceiv$ ! possibility ( our deceiv+ ourselves rema9s1 because we _c "k :e!r we d n possess a nature ord]$ & dispos$ to err 7supra1 p4 #bbf74agj ,! =m is r a mi/ak5 "o1 & x only g5]ally expresses ! opposition 9 :i* self-consci\sness /&s to ! consci\sness ( :at is diff]5t1 ( ! objective2 & we h to deal ) ! unity ( bo?--! "q be+ :e!r :at is 9 ?\ght likewise possesses objectivity4 ,?is unity re/s 9 ,god1 or is ,god ,himself4 ,i %all put ^! ass]tions 9 ! mann] ( ,desc>tes3 8,among/ ^! v>i\s conceptions possess$ by u !re likewise is ! conception ( a supremely intellig5t1 p[]ful1 & absolutely p]fect ,be+2 & ?is is ! mo/ excell5t ( all conceptions40 ,?is all-embrac+ univ]sal conception has !re=e ?is di/+ui%+ feature1 t 9 its case ! unc]ta9ty respect+ ,be+ :i* appe>s 9 ! o!r conceptions1 f9ds no place4 ,x has ! *>act]i/ic t 8,9 x we d n recognize exi/5ce z some?+ m]ely possible & accid5tal1 z we d ! conceptions ( o!r ?+s :i* we p]ceive cle>ly1 b z a really ess5tial & et]nal det]m9ation4 ,= in/ance1 z m9d p]ceives t 9 ! conception ( a triangle x is impli$ t ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles1 ! triangle has !m2 & 9 ! same way f ! fact t m9d p]ceives exi/5ce to be necess>ily & et]nally impli$ 9 ! ,notion ( ! mo/ p]fect reality1 x is =c$ to conclude t ! mo/ p]fect reality exi/s40#aga ,= to p]fection !re likewise p]ta9s ! det]m9ation ( exi/5ce1 s9ce ! conception ( a non-exi/5t is less p]fect4 ,?us we !re h ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 & ! ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 ?is we met ) e>li] 7p4 #fc1 seq47 9 deal+ ) ,anselm4 ,! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! ,idea ( ,him is 9 ?is wise3 ,9 ?is ,notion exi/5ce is impli$2 & !re=e x is true4 ,desc>tes proce$s fur!r 9 ! same direction1 9 s f> z aft] ! mann] ( empirical axioms he sets =?3 77 8,!re are diff]5t degrees ( reality or entity1 = ! sub/ance has m reality ?an ! accid5t or ! mode1 & inf9ite sub/ance has m ?an f9ite40 77 8,9 ! ,notion ( a ?+ exi/5ce is impli$1 ei!r ! m]ely pot5tial or ! necess>y10 i4e4 9 ! #8,i' !re is ,be+ z ! imm$iate c]ta9ty ( an o!r-be+1 ( ! n-,i oppos$ to ! ,i4 77 8,no ?+ or no p]fection ( a ?+ :i* really exi/s actu c h ! ,no?+ z orig9al cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,= if any?+ c\ld be pr$icat$ ( no?+1 ?\ght c\ld equally well be pr$icat$ ( x1 & ,i w\ld ?us say t ,i am no?+ because ,i ?9k40 ,desc>tes "h arrives at a divid+ l9e1 at an unkn[n relation%ip2 ! ,notion ( cause is rea*$1 & ?is is a ?\ght inde$1 b a det]m9ate ?\ght4 ,sp9oza says 9 8 explanation1 8,t ! conceptions conta9 m or less reality1 & ^? mom5ts h j z mu* evid5ce z ?\ght itself1 because !y n only say t we ?9k1 b h[ we ?9k40 ,^! det]m9ate modes z diff]5ces 9 ! simplicity ( ?\ght1 _h1 h[ev]1 to be demon/rat$4 ,sp9oza adds to ?is /ep 9 advance t 8,! degrees ( reality :i* we p]ceive 9 ideas are n 9 ! ideas 9 z f> z !y are consid]$ m]ely z k9ds ( ?\ght1 b 9 s f> z ! "o repres5ts a sub/ance & ! o!r a m]e mode ( sub/ance1 or1 9 a ^w1 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z conceptions ( ?+s40 77 8,! objective reality ( ,notions0 7i4e41 ! entity ( :at is repres5t$ 9 s f> z x is 9 ! ,notion71 8dem&s a fir/ cause 9 :i* ! same reality is conta9$ n m]ely objectively0 7t is to say 9 ! ,notion71 8b likewise =mally or ev5 em95t]--=mally1 t is p]fectly likewise3 em95t]1 m p]fectly4 ,= !re mu/ at lea/ be z mu* 9 ! cause z 9 ! effect40 77 8,! exi/5ce ( ,god is kn[n imm$iately0--a priori--8f ! contemplation ( ,8 nature4 ,to say t any?+ is conta9$ 9 ! nature or 9 ! ,notion ( a ?+ is tantam\nt to say+ t x is true3 exi/5ce is directly conta9$ 9 ! ,notion ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is q true to say ( ,him t exi/5ce p]ta9s ( necessity to ,him4 ,!re is impli$ 9 ! ,notion ( e p>ticul> ?+ ei!r a possible or a necess>y exi/5ce--a necess>y exi/5ce 9 ! ,notion ( ,god1 i4e4 ( ! absolutely p]fect ,be+1 = else ,he w\ld be conceiv$ z imp]fect40#agb ,desc>tes likewise argues aft] ?is mann]3 8,problem3 to prove a po/]iori f ! m]e ,notion )9 u ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! objective reality ( a ,notion dem&s a cause 9 :i* ! same reality is n m]ely conta9$ objectively0 7z 9 ! f9ite71 8b =mally0 7freely1 purely = itself1 outside ( u7 8or em95t]0 7z orig9al74 7,axiom 47 8,we n[ h a ,notion ( ,god1 b ,8 objective reality is nei!r =mally nor em95t] conta9$ )9 u1 & x c ?us be only 9 ,god ,himself40#agc ,consequ5tly we see t ) ,desc>tes ?is ,idea is an hypo!sis4 ,n[ we %\ld say we f9d ?is highe/ ,idea 9 u4 ,if we !n ask :e!r ?is ,idea exi/s1 :y1 ?is is ! ,idea1 t exi/5ce is ass]t$ ) x4 ,to say t x is only a conception is to contradict ! mean+ ( ?is conception4 ,b "h x is unsatisfactory to f9d t ! conception is introduc$ ?us3 #8,we h ?is conception1' & to f9d t x consequ5tly appe>s l an hypo!sis4 ,9 su* a case x is n prov$ ( ?is cont5t 9 itself t x det]m9es itself into ?is unity ( ?\ght & ,be+4 ,9 ! =m ( ,god no o!r conception is ?us "h giv5 ?an t conta9$ 9 ,cogito1 ergo sum1 :]e9 ,be+ & ?\ght are insep>ably b\nd up--?\gh n[ 9 ! =m ( a conception :i* ,i possess )9 me4 ,! :ole cont5t ( ?is conception1 ! ,almighty1 ,all-wise1 c41 are pr$icates :i* d n make _! appe>ance until lat]2 ! cont5t is simply ! cont5t ( ! ,idea b\nd up ) exi/5ce4 ,h5ce we see ^! det]m9ations foll[+ "o ano!r 9 an empirical mann]1 & n philosophically prov$--?us giv+ u an example ( h[ 9 a priori metaphysics g5]ally hypo!ses ( conceptions are br\ght 91 & ^! become objects ( ?\ght1 j z happ5s 9 empiricism ) inve/igations1 obs]vations1 & exp]i5ces4 ,desc>tes !n proce$s3 8,m9d is ! m conv9c$ ( ?is :5 x notices t x discov]s )9 itself ! conception ( no o!r ?+ :]e9 exi/5ce is necess>ily impli$4 ,f ?is x w p]ceive t t idea ( highe/ reality is n imag9$ by x1 x is n *im]ical1 b a true & unalt]able fact :i* _c d o!rwise ?an exi/1 see+ t exi/5ce is necess>ily involv$ 9 x4 ,our prejudices h9d] u f appreh5d+ ?is ) ease1 = we are accu/om$ to di/+ui% 9 all o!r ?+s ! ess5ce0 7! ,notion7 8f ! exi/5ce40 ,respect+ ! ass]tion t ?\ght is n insep>able f exi/5ce1 ! common way ( talk+ is z foll[s3 #8,if :at m5 ?9k really exi/$1 ?+s w\ld be diff]5t4' ,b 9 say+ ?is m5 d n take into acc\nt t :at is spok5 ( 9 ?is way is always a p>ticul> cont5t1 & t 9 x ! ess5tial nature ( ! f9ality ( ?+s simply signifies ! fact t ,notion & ,be+ are sep>able4 ,b h[ c "o argue f f9ite ?+s to ! inf9ite8 8,?is ,notion10 ,desc>tes cont9ues1 8is fur!rmore n made by u40 ,x is n[ decl>$ to be an et]nal tru? :i* is reveal$ 9 u4 8,we d n f9d 9 ourselves ! p]fections :i* are conta9$ 9 ?is conception4 ,?us we are c]ta9 t a fir/ cause 9 :i* is all p]fection1 i4e4 ,god z really exi/5t1 has giv5 !m to u2 = x is c]ta9 to u t f no?+1 no?+ arises0 7accord+ to ,boehme ,god d]iv$ ! mat]ial ( ! _w f ,himself71 8& :at is p]fect _c be ! effect ( any?+ imp]fect4 ,f ,him we mu/ ?us 9 true sci5ce d$uce all creat$ ?+s40#agd ,) ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ! validity ( & evid5ce = all tru? 9 its orig9 is imm$iately e/abli%$4 ,god z ,fir/ ,cause is ,be+-=-self1 ! reality :i* is n m]ely entity or exi/5ce 9 ?\ght4 ,an exi/5ce su* z ?is fir/ cause 7:i* is n :at we "k z a ?+7 re/s 9 ! ,notion ( ! n-,i1 n ( ea* det]m9ate ?+--s9ce ^! z det]m9ate are negations--b only 9 ! ,notion ( pure exi/5ce or ! p]fect cause4 ,x is ! cause ( ! tru? ( ideas1 = ! aspect t x repres5ts is t ( _! ,be+4 d4 ,f\r?ly1 ,desc>tes goes on to ass]t3 8,we mu/ believe :at is reveal$ to u by ,god1 ?\gh we _c und]/& x4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 s9ce we are f9ite1 t !re is 9 ,god's nature z inconceivably inf9ite1 :at passes our compreh5sion40 ,?is repres5ts ! entrance ( a v ord9>y conception4 ,boehme on ! o!r h& says 7supra1 p4 #bab73 #8,! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity is ev] born )9 u4' ,desc>tes1 h[ev]1 concludes3 8,h5ce we mu/ n tr\ble ourselves ) inve/igations respect+ ! inf9ite2 = see+ t we are f9ite1 x is absurd = u to say any?+ ab\t x40#age ,?is matt] we %all n1 h[ev]1 ent] ^u at pres5t4 8,n[ ! fir/ attribute ( ,god is t ,he is true & ! ,giv] ( all light2 x is h5ce q contr>y to ,8 nature to deceive u4 ,h5ce ! light ( nature or ! p[] ( acquir+ k giv5 u by ,god c affect no object :i* is n really true 9 z f> z x is affect$ by x0 7! p[] ( acquir+ k7 8i4e4 z x is p]ceiv$ cle>ly & di/9ctly40 ,we ascribe tru? to ,god4 ,f ?is ,desc>tes goes on to inf] ! univ]sal bond :i* exi/s betwe5 absolute k & ! objectivity ( :at we ?us "k4 ,k has objects1 has a cont5t :i* is kn[n2 we call ?is connection tru?4 ,! tru? ( ,god is j ?is unity ( :at is ?\ght by ! subject or cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & ext]nal reality or exi/5ce4 8,!reby an end is put to d\bt1 z if x c\ld be ! case t :at appe>s q evid5t to u %\ld n be really true4 ,we c ?us no long] h any suspicion ( ma!matical tru?s4 ,likewise if we give he$ to :at we di/+ui% by our s5ses 9 wak+ or 9 sleep+1 cle>ly & di/9ctly1 x is easy to recognize 9 ea* ?+ :at 9 x is true40 ,by say+ t :at is rightly & cle>ly ?\ght likewise is1 ,desc>tes ma9ta9s t man comes to "k by means ( ?\ght :at 9 fact is 9 ?+s2 ! s\rces ( errors lie on ! o!r h& 9 ! f9itude ( our nature4 8,x is c]ta91 because ( ,god's tru?1 t ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ & t ( ass5t+ ?r\gh ! w1 if x ext5ds no fur!r ?an to t :i* is cle>ly p]ceiv$1 _c lead to error4 ,ev5 if ?is _c be 9 any way prov$1 x is by nature s e/abli%$ 9 all ?+s1 t z (t5 z we cle>ly p]ceive any?+1 we ass5t to x f ourselves & c 9 no wise d\bt t x is true40#agf ,all ?is is set =? v plausibly1 b x is /ill indet]m9ate1 =mal1 & %all[2 we only h ! ass]tion made to u t ?is is s4 ,desc>tes' me?od is ! me?od ( ! cle> und]/&+ m]ely4 ,c]ta9ty ) him takes ! fir/ place2 f x no cont5t is d$uc$ ( necessity1 no cont5t g5]ally1 & /ill less its objectivity z di/+ui%$ f ! inw>d subjectivity ( ! #8,i4' ,at "o "t we h ! opposition ( subjective k & actuality1 & at ano!r _! insep>able union4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! necessity ( m$iat+ !m ent]s 91 & ! tru? ( ,god is ass]t$ to be ?is m$iat+ p[]4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is1 t ,8 ,notion conta9s reality imm$iately 9 itself4 ,! pro( ( ?is unity !n re/s solely ^u ! fact ( its be+ said t we f9d )9 u ! idea ( complete p]fection2 ?us ?is conception "h appe>s simply z "o f\nd ready to h&4 ,) ?is is comp>$ ! m]e conception ( ,god :i* conta9s no exi/5ce )9 x1 & x is f\nd t )\t exi/5ce x w\ld be imp]fect4 ,?is unity ( ,god ,himself1 ( ,8 ,idea1 ) ,8 exi/5ce1 is und\bt$ly ! ,tru?2 9 ?is we f9d ! gr\nd = hold+ z true :at is = u j z c]ta9 z ! tru? ( ourselves4 ,z ,desc>tes proce$s fur!r we ?us f9d t 9 reality ev]y?+ has tru? = him only 9 s f> z x is really an object ( ?\ght1 a univ]sal4 ,?is tru? ( ,god has be51 z we %all see1 express$ ev5 m cle>ly & 9 a m concise way by a disciple ( ,desc>tes1 if "o may v5ture to call him s--,i mean ,malebran*e 7:o might really be dealt ) "h71#agg 9 8 ,re*]*e de la vrit4 ,! fir/ ( ! fundam5tal det]m9ations ( ! ,c>tesian metaphysics is f ! c]ta9ty ( oneself to arrive at ! tru?1 to recognize ,be+ 9 ! ,notion ( ?\ght4 ,b because 9 ! ?\ght 8,i ?9k10 ,i am an individual1 ?\ght comes be=e my m9d z subjective2 ,be+ is h5ce n demon/rat$ 9 ! ,notion ( ?\ght itself1 = :at advance has be5 made is m]ely 9 ! direction ( sep>ation g5]ally4 ,9 ! second place ! negative ( ,be+ likewise comes be=e self-consci\sness1 & ?is negative1 unit$ ) ! positive ,i1 is s to speak implicitly unit$ 9 a ?ird1 9 ,god4 ,god1 :o be=e ?is 0 a non-contradictory pot5tiality1 n[ takes objective =m to self-consci\sness1 ,he is all reality 9 s f> z x is positive1 i4e4 z x is ,be+1 unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 ! highe/ p]fection ( exi/5ce2 x is j 9 ! negative1 9 ! ,notion ( ?is1 9 its be+ an object ( ?\ght1 t ,be+ is conta9$4 ,an objection to ?is id5tity is n[ old--,kant urg$ x likewise--t f ! ,notion ( ! mo/ p]fect exi/5ce m does n foll[ ?an t 9 ?\ght exi/5ce "h & n[ & ! mo/ p]fect ess5ce are conjo9$1 b n outside ( ?\ght4 ,b ! v ,notion ( pres5t exi/5ce is ?is negative ( self-consci\sness1 n out ( ?\ght1--b ! ?\ght ( ! #8out ( ?\ght4' #b4 ,desc>tes accepts ,be+ 9 ! entirely positive s5se1 & has n ! conception ( its be+ ! negative ( self-consci\sness3 b simple ,be+1 set =? z ! negative ( self-consci\sness1 is ext5sion4 ,desc>tes ?us sep>ates ext5sion f ,god1 rema9s con/ant to ?is sep>ation1 unites ! univ]se1 matt]1 ) ,god 9 su* a way z to make ,him its creator & fir/ cause3 & he has ! true p]ception t cons]vation is a cont9u\s creation1 9 s f> z creation z activity is ass]t$ to be sep>at$4 ,desc>tes does n1 h[ev]1 trace ext5sion 9 a true me?od back to ?\ght2 matt]1 ext5d$ sub/ances1 /& ov] aga9/ ! ?9k+ sub/ances :i* are simple2 9 z f> z ! univ]se is creat$ by ,god1 x c\ld n be z p]fect z its cause4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! effect is less p]fect ?an ! cause1 s9ce x is t :i* is posit$1 if we are to rema9 at ! conception ( cause p]ta9+ to ! und]/&+4 ,h5ce accord+ to ,desc>tes ext5sion is ! less p]fect4 ,b z imp]fect ! ext5d$ sub/ances _c exi/ & subsi/ ?r\gh !mselves or _! ,notion2 !y ?us require e mom5t ! assi/ance ( ,god = _! ma9t5ance1 & )\t ?is !y w\ld 9 a mom5t s9k back into no?+4 ,pres]vation is1 h[ev]1 unceas+ reproduction4#agh ,desc>tes n[ proce$s to fur!r p>ticul>s1 & expresses himself z foll[s3 8,we consid] :at comes "u consci\sness ei!r z ?+s or _! qualities1 or z et]nal tru?s :i* h no exi/5ce outside our ?\ght0--:i* d n belong to ?is or t "t1 to ?is or t place4 ,he calls ^? la/ some?+ inborn )9 u1 some?+ n made by u or m]ely felt1#agi b ! et]nal ,notion ( m9d itself & ! et]nal det]m9ations ( its fre$om1 ( itself z itself4 ,f ?is po9t ! conception t ideas are inborn 7innat ide7 h5ce proce$s2 ?is is ! "q ov] :i* ,locke & ,leibnitz dispute4 ,! expression 8et]nal tru?s0 is curr5t ev5 9 ^! mod]n times1 & x signifies ! univ]sal det]m9ations & relations :i* exi/ entirely on _! own acc\nt4 ,! ^w #8inborn' is h[ev] a clumsy & /upid expression1 because ! conception ( physical bir? !reby indicat$1 does n apply to m9d4 ,to ,desc>tes inborn ideas are n univ]sal1 z !y are to ,plato & 8 successors1 b t :i* has evid5ce1 imm$iate c]ta9ty1 an imm$iate multiplicity f\nd$ 9 ?\ght itself--manifold conceptions 9 ! =m ( a ,be+1 resembl+ :at ,cic]o calls natural feel+s implant$ 9 ! he>t4 ,we w\ld r say t su* is impli$ 9 ! nature & ess5ce ( our m9d & _s4 ,m9d is active & conducts itself 9 its activity 9 a det]m9ate mann]2 b ?is activity has no o!r gr\nd ?an its fre$om4 ,yet if ?is is ! case m is requir$ ?an m]ely to say s2 x mu/ be d$uc$ z a necess>y product ( our m9d4 ,we h su* ideas1 = in/ance1 9 ! logical laws3 8,f no?+ comes no?+10 8,a ?+ _c bo? be & n be10#ahj z also 9 moral pr9ciples4 ,^! are facts ( consci\sness :i* ,desc>tes h[ev] soon passes f aga92 !y are only pres5t 9 ?\ght z subjective1 & he has ?us n yet inquir$ respect+ _! cont5t4 ,z reg>ds ?+s1 on :i* ,desc>tes n[ directs 8 att5tion1 ! o!r side to ^! et]nal v]ities1 ! univ]sal det]m9ations ( ?+s are sub/ance1 p]man5ce1 ord]1 c4#aha ,he !n gives def9itions ( ^! ?\ghts1 j z ,ari/otle draws up a li/ ( ! categories4 ,b al?\gh ,desc>tes laid x d[n =m]ly z ess5tial t no hypo!ses mu/ be made1 yet n[ he takes ! conceptions1 & passes on to !m z some?+ f\nd )9 our consci\sness4 ,he def9es sub/ance ?us3 8,by sub/ance ,i und]/& none o!r ?an a ?+ 7rem7 :i* requires no o!r some?+ = exi/5ce2 & !re is only "o ?+1 namely ,god1 :i* c be reg>d$ z su* a sub/ance requir+ no o!r ?+40 ,?is is :at ,sp9oza says2 we may say t x is likewise ! true def9ition1 ! unity ( ,notion & reality3 8,all o!r0 7?+s7 8c only exi/ by means ( a concurr5ce 7concursus7 ( ,god02 :at we /ill call sub/ance outside ( ,god ?us does n exi/ = itself1 does n h its exi/5ce 9 ! ,notion itself4 ,t is !n call$ ! sy/em ( assi/ance 7sy/ema assi/5ti7 :i* is1 h[ev]1 transc5d5tal4 ,god is ! absolute unit] ( ,notion & actuality2 o!r ?+s1 f9ite ?+s :i* h a limit & /& 9 dep5d5ce1 require some?+ else4 8,h5ce if we likewise call o!r ?+s sub/ances1 ?is expression is n applicable bo? to !m & to ,god univoce1 z is said 9 ! s*ools2 t is to say no def9ite significance c be giv5 to ?is ^w :i* w\ld equally apply bo? to ,god & to ! creatures40#ahb 8,b ,i d n recognize m ?an two sorts ( ?+s2 ! "o is t ( ?9k+ ?+s1 & ! o!r t ( ?+s :i* relate to :at is ext5d$40 ,?\ght1 ! ,notion1 ! spiritual1 ! self-consci\s1 is :at is at home ) itself1 & its opposite is conta9$ 9 :at is ext5d$1 spatial1 sep>at$1 n at home ) itself nor free4 ,?is is ! real di/9ction 7di/9ctio realis7 ( sub/ances3 8,! "o sub/ance c be cle>ly & def9itely compreh5d$ )\t ! o!r4 ,b ! corporeal & ! ?9k+ & creat+ sub/ance c be compreh5d$ "u ?is common notion1 = ! reason t !y are ?+s :i* require ,god's support alone 9 ord] to exi/40 ,!y are univ]sal2 o!r f9ite ?+s require o!r ?+s z conditions ess5tial to _! exi/5ce4 ,b ext5d$ sub/ance1 ! k+dom ( nature1 & spiritual sub/ance1 d n require "o ano!r4#ahc ,!y may be call$ sub/ances1 because ea* ( !m con/itutes an entire range or sph]e1 an indep5d5t totality4 ,b because1 ,sp9oza conclud$1 ea* side1 ! k+dom ( ?\ght z well z nature1 is "o complete sy/em )9 itself1 !y are likewise 9 !mselves1 t is absolutely1 id5tical z ,god1 ! absolute sub/ance2 = ?9k+ _s ?is implicit is ?us ,god1 or _! diff]5ces are ideal4 ,desc>tes proce$s f ! ,notion ( ,god to :at is creat$1 to ?\ght & ext5sion1 & f ?is to ! p>ticul>4 8,n[ sub/ances h sev]al attributes )\t :i* !y _c be ?\ght0--t signifies _! det]m9at5ess--8b ea* has some?+ peculi> to itself :i* con/itutes its nature & ess5ce0--a simple univ]sal det]m9at5ess--8& to :i* ! o!rs all relate4 ,?us ?\ght con/itutes ! absolute attribute ( m9d10 ?\ght is its quality2 8ext5sion is0 ! ess5tial det]m9ation ( corporeality1 & ?is alone is 8! true nature ( body4 ,:at rema9s are m]ely second>y qualities1 modes1 l figure & movem5t 9 :at is ext5d$1 imag9ation1 feel+ & w 9 ?9k+2 !y may be tak5 away or ?\ght away4 ,god is ! uncreat$1 ?9k+ sub/ance40#ahd ,desc>tes "h passes to :at is individual1 & because he foll[s up ext5sion he arrives at matt]1 re/1 movem5t4 ,"o ( ,desc>tes' ma9 po9ts is t matt]1 ext5sion1 corporeality1 are q ! same ?+ = ?\ght2 accord+ to him ! nature ( body is fulfill$ 9 its ext5sion1 & ?is %\ld be accept$ z ! only ess5tial fact respect+ ! corporeal _w4 ,we say t body (f]s resi/ance1 has smell1 ta/e1 col\r1 transp>5cy1 h>dness1 c41 s9ce )\t ^! we c h no body4 ,all ^! fur!r det]m9ations respect+ :at is ext5d$1 su* z size1 re/1 movem5t1 & in]tia1 are1 h[ev]1 m]ely s5su\s1 & ?is ,desc>tes %[$1 z x _h long be=e ?is be5 %[n by ! ,sceptics4 ,und\bt$ly t is ! ab/ract ,notion or pure ess5ce1 b to body or to pure exi/5ce1 !re likewise ( necessity p]ta9s negativity or div]sity4 ,by means ( ! foll[+ illu/ration ,desc>tes %[$ t ) ! exception ( ext5sion1 all corporeal det]m9ations may be annihilat$1 & t none c be absolutely pr$icat$4 ,we draw conclusions respect+ ! solidity & h>dness ( matt] f ! resi/ance :i* a body (f]s to our di/urbance1 & by means ( :i* x seeks to hold its place4 ,n[ if we admit t matt] z we t\* x always gives way to u l space1 we %\ld h no reason = ascrib+ to x solidity4 ,smell1 col\r1 ta/e1 are 9 ! same way s5su\s qualities m]ely2 b :at we cle>ly p]ceive is alone true4 ,if a body is gr\nd into small p>ts1 x gives way1 & yet x does n lose its nature2 resi/ance is ?us n ess5tial4#ahe ,?is n-be+-=-itself is h[ev] a quantitatively slight] resi/ance only2 ! resi/ance always rema9s4 ,b ,desc>tes desires only to ?9k2 n[ he does n ?9k resi/ance1 col\r1 c41 b appreh5ds !m by ! s5ses only4 ,h5ce he says t all ?is mu/ be l$ back to ext5sion z be+ special modifications ( ! same4 ,x is und\bt$ly to ! cr$it ( ,desc>tes t he only accepts z true :at is ?\ght2 b ! abrogation ( ^! s5su\s qualities simply repres5ts ! negative movem5t ( ?\ght3 ! ess5ce ( body is condition$ ?r\gh ?is ?\ght1 t is1 x is n true ess5ce4 ,desc>tes n[ makes 8 way f ! ,notion ( ext5sion to ! laws ( motion1 z ! univ]sal k ( ! corporeal 9 its implicitude2 he %[s 77 t !re is no vacuum1 = t w\ld be an ext5sion )\t bodily sub/ance1 i4e4 a body )\t body2 77 t !re are no atoms 7no indivisible indep5d5t exi/5ce71 = ! same reason1 viz41 because ! ess5ce ( body is ext5sion4 77 ,he fur!r %[s t a body is set 9 motion by some?+ outside ( x1 b ( itself x cont9ues 9 a condition ( re/1 & likewise x mu/1 :5 9 a condition ( movem5t1 be br\ght to re/ by ano!r outside ( x--?is is ! prop]ty ( in]tia4#ahf ,^! are unmean+ propositions1 = an ab/raction is involv$ = in/ance 9 ass]t+ simple re/ & movem5t 9 _! opposition4 ,ext5sion & motion are ! fundam5tal conceptions 9 me*anical physics2 !y repres5t ! tru? ( ! corporeal _w4 ,x is ?us t ideality comes be=e ! m9d ( ,desc>tes1 & he is f> elevat$ above ! reality ( ! s5su\s qualities1 al?\gh he does n rea* s f> z to ! sep>ation ( ?is ideality4 ,he ?us rema9s at ! po9t ( view ( me*anism pure & simple4 ,give me matt] 7ext5sion7 & motion & ,i w build worlds = y1 is :at ,desc>tes virtually says4#ahg ,space & "t 7 h5ce to him ! only det]m9ations ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,9 ?is1 !n1 lies ! me*anical fa%ion ( view+ nature1 or ! natural philosophy ( ,desc>tes is se5 to be purely me*anical4#ahh ,h5ce *anges 9 matt] are due m]ely to motion1 s t ,desc>tes traces e relation%ip to ! re/ & movem5t ( p>ticles1 & all mat]ial div]sity su* z col\r1 & ta/e--9 %ort1 all bodily qualities & animal ph5om5a--to me*anism4 ,9 liv+ be+s processes su* z t ( dige/ion are me*anical effects :i* h z pr9ciples1 re/ & movem5t4 ,we "h see ! gr\nd & orig9 ( ! me*anical philosophy2 b fur!r on we f9d t ?is is unsatisfactory1 = matt] & motion d n suffice to expla9 life4 ,yet ! great matt] 9 all ?is is t ?\ght goes =w>d 9 its det]m9ations1 & t x con/itutes f ^! ?\ght-det]m9ations ! tru? ( nature4 ,9 8 consid]ation ( ! sy/em ( ! _w & ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ,desc>tes has work$ out ! me*anical view m fully4 ,he ?us comes to speak ( ! e>?1 ! sun1 c41 & ( 8 conception ( ! circl+ motion ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! =m ( vortices3 ( metaphysical hypo!ses z to h[ small p>ticles pass into1 out (1 & ?r\gh pores & act on "o ano!r2 & f9ally to saltpetre & gunp[d]4#ahi ,univ]sal reflections %\ld h ! fir/ claim on our att5tion2 b on ! o!r h& ! transition to ! det]m9ate is accompli%$ 9 a sy/em ( ,physics :i* is ! result ( obs]vations & exp]i5ces1 & ?is is done entirely by means ( ! und]/&+4 ,desc>tes ?us m+les _m obs]vations ) a metaphysic ( ?is nature1 & to u ! result is h5ce obscure4 ,9 ?is philosophy ! ?9k+ treatm5t ( empiricism is ?us pr$om9ant1 & a simil> me?od has be5 adopt$ by philosoph]s f ?is "t on4 ,to ,desc>tes & o!rs1 ,philosophy _h /ill ! m indef9ite significance ( arriv+ at k ?r\gh ?\ght1 reflection1 & reason+4 ,speculative cognition1 ! d]ivation f ! ,notion1 ! free indep5d5t developm5t ( ! matt] itself1 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,fi*te1 & consequ5tly :at is n[ call$ philosophic k is n yet sep>at$ 9 ,desc>tes f ! re/ ( sci5tific k4 ,9 ^? times all ! k ( mank9d 0 call$ philosophy2 9 ,desc>tes' metaphysics we ?us saw q empirical reflection & reason+ f p>ticul> gr\nds1 f exp]i5ces1 facts1 ph5om5a1 be+ br\ght into play 9 ! naive/ mann]1 & "o has no s5se ( speculation 9 ! matt]4 ,! /rictly sci5tific elem5t "h really consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! me?od ( pro( z x has long be5 made use ( 9 geometry1 & 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( ! =mal logical syllogism4 ,h5ce x likewise happ5s t ,philosophy1 :i* ought to =m a totality ( ! sci5ces1 beg9s ) logic & metaphysics2 ! second "p is compos$ ( ord9>y physics & ma!matics1 m+l$ no d\bt ) metaphysical speculations1 & ! ?ird "p1 e?ics1 deals ) ! nature ( man1 8 duties1 ! /ate1 ! citiz54 ,& ?is is ! case ) ,desc>tes4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,pr9cipia philosophi treats ,de pr9cipiis cognitionis human1 ! second ,de pr9cipiis r]um mat]ialium4 ,?is natural philosophy1 z a philosophy ( ext5sion1 is1 h[ev]1 none o!r ?an :at a q ord9>y physics or me*anics might at t "t be1 & x is /ill q hypo!tical2 we1 on ! o!r h&1 accurately di/+ui% empirical physics & natural philosophy1 ev5 ?\gh ! fir/ likewise p]ta9s to ?\ght4 #c4 ,desc>tes nev] rea*$ ! ?ird "p1 ! philosophy ( ,m9d1 =1 :ile he made a special /udy ( physics1 9 ! region ( e?ics he publi%$ "o tract only1 ,de passionibus4 ,9 ?is ref]5ce ,desc>tes treats ( ?\ght & human fre$om4 ,he proves fre$om f ! fact ( ! s\l ?9k+ t ! w is unre/ra9$1 & ( t con/itut+ ! p]fection ( mank9d4 ,& ?is is q true4 ,9 respect to ! fre$om ( ! w he comes across ! difficulty ( h[ to reconcile x ) ! div9e presci5ce4 ,z free1 man might d :at is n orda9$ ( ,god be=eh&--?is w\ld conflict ) ! omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce ( ,god2 & if ev]y?+ is orda9$ ( ,god1 human fre$om w\ld !reby be done away )4 ,yet he does n solve ! contradiction conta9$ 9 ^! two diff]5t aspects )\t fall+ into difficulty4 ,b con=mably to ! me?od :i* he adopts1 & :i* we po9t$ out above 7pp4 #bch1 #bci71 he says3 8,! human m9d is f9ite1 ,god's p[] & pr$et]m9ation are inf9ite2 we are ?us n capable ( judg+ ( ! relation%ip 9 :i* ! fre$om ( ! human s\l /&s to ! omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce ( ,god--b 9 self-consci\sness we h ! c]ta9ty ( x giv5 u z a fact4 ,& we mu/ hold only to :at is c]ta940#aij ,:5 he proce$s fur!r mu* appe>s to him /ill incapable ( explanation2 b we see ob/9acy & caprice likewise exhibit$ 9 8 /opp+ %ort at ! ass]tion z to ! be/ ( 8 k4 ,! me?od ( k z set =? by ,desc>tes1 takes ! =m ( a reason+ ( ! und]/&+1 & is ?us )\t special int]e/4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! ,c>tesian sy/em4 ,"s p>ticul> ass]tions made by ,desc>tes1 :i* h be5 specially in/rum5tal 9 giv+ him fame1 h /ill to be m5tion$--p>ticul> =ms :i* h be5 =m]ly consid]$ 9 metaphysics1 & likewise by ,wolff4 ,= example1 9 ! fir/ place we ga!r t ,desc>tes reg>d$ animals & o!r organisms z ma*9es mov$ by ano!r1 & n possess+ ! pr9ciple ( ! spontaneity ( ?\ght )9 !m#aia--;a me*anical physiology1 a cut & dry ?\ght p]ta9+ to ! und]/&+1 :i* is ( no fur!r importance4 ,9 ! %>p opposition betwe5 ?\ght & ext5sion1 ! =m] is n consid]$ z s5sation1 s t ! latt] c isolate itself4 ,! organic mu/ z body r$uce itself to ext5sion2 any fur!r developm5t ( ?is la/ ?us only proves its dep5d5ce on ! fir/ det]m9ations4 ,9 ! second place1 ! relation betwe5 s\l & body n[ becomes an important "q1 t is1 ! return ( ! object )9 itself 9 su* a way t ?\ght posits itself 9 ano!r1 9 matt]4 ,z to ?is1 _m sy/ems are (f]$ to u 9 metaphysics4 ,"o ( ^! is ! influxus physicus1 t ! relation ( _s is ( a corporeal nature1 t ! object is relat$ to m9d z bodies are to "o ano!r--a conception l ?is is v crude4 ,h[ does ,desc>tes und]/& ! unity ( s\l & body8 ,! =m] belongs to ?\ght1 ! latt] to ext5sion2 & ?us because bo? are sub/ance1 nei!r requires ! ,notion ( ! o!r1 & h5ce s\l & body are indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & c ex]cise no direct influ5ce ^u "o ano!r4 ,s\l c\ld only influ5ce body 9 s f> z x requir$ ! same1 & conv]sely--t is1 9 s f> z !y h actual relation to "o ano!r4 ,b s9ce ea* is a totality1 nei!r c be> a real relation to ! o!r4 ,desc>tes consi/5tly d5i$ ! physical influ5ce ( "o on ! o!r2 t w\ld h signifi$ a me*anical relation betwe5 ! two4 ,desc>tes ?us e/abli%$ ! intellectual sph]e 9 contradi/9ction to matt]1 & on x bas$ ! indep5d5t subsi/5ce ( m9d2 = 9 8 cogito #8,i' is at fir/ only c]ta9 ( itself1 s9ce ,i c ab/ract f all4 ,n[ we f9d ! necessity ( a m$iator to br+ ab\t a union ( ! ab/ract & ! ext]nal & individual4 ,desc>tes settles ?is by plac+ betwe5 ! two :at con/itutes ! metaphysical gr\nd ( _! mutual *anges1 ,god4 ,he is ! int]m$iate bond ( union1 9 z f> z ,he af=ds assi/ance to ! s\l 9 :at x _c ?r\gh its own fre$om accompli%1 s t ! *anges 9 body & s\l may correspond ) "o ano!r4#aib ,if ,i h desires1 an int5tion1 ^! receive corporeal realization2 ?is association ( s\l & body is1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 effect$ ?r\gh ,god4 ,= above 7p4 #bci7 we saw t ,desc>tes says ( ,god t ,he is ! ,tru? ( ! conception3 z long z ,i ?9k rightly & consi/5tly1 some?+ real corresponds to my ?\ght1 & ! connect+ l9k is ,god4 ,god is h]eby ! p]fect id5tity ( ! two opposites1 s9ce ,he is1 z ,idea1 ! unity ( ,notion & reality4 ,9 ! ,idea ( ,sp9oza ?is is work$ out & develop$ 9 its fur!r mom5ts4 ,desc>tes' conclusion is q correct2 9 f9ite ?+s ?is id5tity is imp]fect4 ,only ! =m employ$ by ,desc>tes is inadequate2 = x implies t 9 ! beg9n+ !re are two ?+s1 ?\ght or s\l & body1 & t !n ,god appe>s z a ?ird ?+1 outside bo?--t ,he is n ! ,notion ( unity1 nor are ! two elem5ts !mselves ,notion4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] =get t ,desc>tes says t bo? ^? orig9al elem5ts are creat$ sub/ances4 ,b ?is expression #8creat$' p]ta9s to ! ord9>y conception only & is n a det]m9ate ?\ght2 x 0 ,sp9oza1 !re=e1 :o fir/ accompli%$ ?is return to ?\ght4 #b4 ,,sp9oza4 ,! philosophy ( ,desc>tes und]w5t a great v>iety ( unspeculative developm5ts1 b 9 ,b5$ict ,sp9oza a direct successor to ?is philosoph] may be f\nd1 & "o :o c>ri$ on ! ,c>tesian pr9ciple to its fur!/ logical conclusions4 ,= him s\l & body1 ?\ght & ,be+1 cease to h sep>ate indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! dualism ( ! ,c>tesian sy/em ,sp9oza1 z a ,jew1 altoge!r set aside4 ,= ! pr(\nd unity ( 8 philosophy z x f\nd expression 9 ,europe1 8 manife/ation ( ,_s z ! id5tity ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite 9 ,god1 in/ead ( ,god's appe>+ relat$ to ^! z a ,?ird--all ?is is an e*o f ,ea/]n l&s4 ,! ,ori5tal !ory ( absolute id5tity 0 br\ght by ,sp9oza mu* m directly into l9e1 fir/ly ) ! curr5t ( ,european ?\ght1 & !n ) ! ,european & ,c>tesian philosophy1 9 :i* x soon f\nd a place4 ,fir/ ( all we mu/1 h[ev]1 glance at ! circum/ances ( ,sp9oza's life4 ,he 0 by desc5t a ,portuguese ,jew1 & 0 born at ,am/]dam 9 ! ye> #afcb2 ! "n he receiv$ 0 ,b>u*1 b he alt]$ x to ,b5$ict4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 in/ruct$ by ! ,rabbis ( ! synagogue to :i* he belong$1 b he soon fell out ) !m1 _! wra? hav+ be5 k9dl$ by ! criticisms :i* he pass$ on ! fanta/ic doctr9es ( ! ,talmud4 ,he 0 n1 !re=e1 long 9 abs5t+ himself f ! synagogue1 & z ! ,rabbis 7 9 dread le/ 8 example %\ld h evil consequ5ces1 !y (f]$ him a ye>ly all[ance ( a ?\s& guld5 if he w\ld keep away f ! place & hold 8 tongue4 ,?is (f] he decl9$2 & ! ,rabbis !reaft] c>ri$ _! p]secution ( him to su* a pit* t !y 7 ev5 m9d$ to rid !mselves ( him by assass9ation4 ,aft] hav+ made a n>r[ escape f ! dagg]1 he =mally )drew f ! ,jewi% communion1 )\t1 h[ev]1 go+ ov] to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,he n[ appli$ himself p>ticul>ly to ! ,lat9 language1 & made a special /udy ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy4 ,lat] on he w5t to ,rhynsburg1 ne> ,leyd51 & f ! ye> #affd he liv$ 9 retirem5t1 fir/ at ,voorburg1 a village ne> ! ,hague1 & !n at ! ,hague itself1 highly respect$ by num]\s fri5ds3 he ga9$ a livelihood = himself by gr9d+ optical glasses4 ,x 0 no arbitr>y *oice t l$ him to occupy himself ) light1 = x repres5ts 9 ! mat]ial sph]e ! absolute id5tity :i* =ms ! f\ndation ( ! ,ori5tal view ( ?+s4 ,al?\gh he _h ri* fri5ds & mighty protectors1 among :om ev5 g5]als 7 numb]$1 he liv$ 9 humble pov]ty1 decl9+ ! h&some gifts (f]$ to him "t aft] "t4 ,nor w\ld he p]mit ,simon von ,vries to make him 8 heir2 he only accept$ f him an annual p5sion ( ?ree hundr$ flor9s2 9 ! same way he gave up to 8 si/]s 8 %>e ( _! fa!r's e/ate4 ,f ! ,elector ,palat9e1 ,c>l ,ludwig1 a man ( mo/ noble "* & rais$ above ! prejudices ( 8 "t1 he receiv$ ! (f] ( a pr(essor's *air at ,heidelb]g1 ) ! assurance t he w\ld h lib]ty to tea* & to write1 because 8! ,pr9ce believ$ he w\ld n put t lib]ty to a bad use by int]f]+ ) ! religion publicly e/abli%$40 ,sp9oza 79 8 publi%$ lett]s7 v wisely decl9$ ?is (f]1 h[ev]1 because 8he did n "k )9 :at limits t philosophic lib]ty w\ld h to be conf9$1 9 ord] t he might n appe> to be int]f]+ ) ! publicly e/abli%$ religion40 ,he rema9$ 9 ,holl&1 a c\ntry highly int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( g5]al culture1 z x 0 ! fir/ 9 ,europe to %[ ! example ( univ]sal tol]ation1 & af=d$ to _m a place ( refuge :]e !y might enjoy lib]ty ( ?\ght2 = fi]ce z 0 ! rage ( ! !ologians !re aga9/ ,bekk]1 = example 7,bruck4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 #b1 pp4 #gai1 #gbj71 & furi\s z 7 ! attacks ( ,voetius on ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 ^! _h n ! consequ5ces :i* !y w\ld h _h 9 ano!r l&4 ,sp9oza di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 #afgg1 9 ! =ty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4 ,! cause ( 8 dea? 0 consumption1 f :i* he _h long be5 a suff]]2 ?is 0 9 h>mony ) 8 sy/em ( philosophy1 accord+ to :i* all p>ticul>ity & individuality pass away 9 ! "o sub/ance4 ,a ,prote/ant div9e1 ,col]us by "n1 :o publi%$ a biography ( ,sp9oza1 inveighs /rongly aga9/ him1 x is true1 b gives nev]!less a mo/ m9ute & k9dly description ( 8 circum/ances & surr\nd+s--tell+ h[ he left only ab\t two hundr$ ?al]s1 :at debts he _h1 & s on4 ,a bill includ$ 9 ! inv5tory1 9 :i* ! b>b] reque/s paym5t due him by ,m4 ,sp9oza ( bless$ memory1 sc&alizes ! p>son v mu*1 & reg>d+ x he makes ! obs]vation3 8,_h ! b>b] b kn[n :at sort ( a creature ,sp9oza 01 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h spok5 ( 8 bless$ memory40 ,! ,g]man translator ( ?is biography writes "u ! portrait ( ,sp9oza3 *>act]em1 reprobationis 9 vultu g]5s1 apply+ ?is description to a c\nt5ance :i* d\btless expresses ! melan*oly ( a pr(\nd ?9k]1 b is o!rwise mild & b5evol5t4 ,! reprobatio is c]ta9ly correct2 b x is n a reprobation 9 ! passive s5se2 x is an active disapprobation on ,sp9oza's "p ( ! op9ions1 errors & ?\ghtless passions ( mank9d4#aic ,sp9oza us$ ! t]m9ology ( ,desc>tes1 & also publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 sy/em4 ,= we f9d ! fir/ ( ,sp9oza's works entitl$ 8,an ,exposition accord+ to ! geometrical me?od ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy40 ,"s "t aft] ?is he wrote 8 ,tractatus !ologico-politicus1 & by x ga9$ consid]able reputation4 ,great z 0 ! hatr$ :i* ,sp9oza r\s$ among/ 8 ,rabbis1 x 0 m ?an equall$ by ! odium :i* he br\ght ^u himself among/ ,*ri/ian1 & especially among/ ,prote/ant !ologians--*iefly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is essay4 ,x conta9s 8 views on inspiration1 a critical treatm5t ( ! books ( ,moses & ! l1 *iefly f ! po9t ( view t ! laws !re9 conta9$ are limit$ 9 _! application to ! ,jews4 ,lat] ,*ri/ian !ologians h writt5 critically on ?is subject1 usually mak+ x _! object to %[ t ^! books 7 compil$ at a lat] "t1 & t !y date 9 "p f a p]iod subsequ5t to ! ,babylonian captivity2 ?is has become a crucial po9t ) ,prote/ant !ologians1 & "o by :i* ! mod]n s*ool di/+ui%es itself f ! old]1 greatly plum+ itself !reon4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is already to be f\nd 9 ! above-m5tion$ "w ( ,sp9oza4 ,b ,sp9oza drew ! greate/ odium ^u himself by 8 philosophy prop]1 :i* we mu/ n[ consid] z x is giv5 to u 9 8 ,e?ics4 ,:ile ,desc>tes publi%$ no writ+s on ?is subject1 ! ,e?ics ( ,sp9oza is und\bt$ly 8 greate/ "w2 x 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by ,ludwig ,may]1 a physician1 :o _h be5 ,sp9oza's mo/ intimate fri5d4 ,x consi/s ( five p>ts2 ! fir/ deals ) ,god 7,de ,deo74 ,g5]al metaphysical ideas are conta9$ 9 x1 :i* include ! k ( ,god & nature4 ,! second "p deals ) ! nature & orig9 ( m9d 7,de natura et orig9e m5tis74 ,we see ?us t ,sp9oza does n treat ( ! subject ( natural philosophy1 ext5sion & motion at all1 = he passes imm$iately f ,god to ! philosophy ( m9d1 to ! e?ical po9t ( view2 & :at ref]s to k1 intellig5t m9d1 is br\ght =w>d 9 ! fir/ "p1 "u ! head ( ! pr9ciples ( human k4 ,! ?ird book ( ! ,e?ics deals ) ! orig9 & nature ( ! passions 7,de orig9e et natura affectuum72 ! f\r? ) ! p[]s ( ! same1 or human slav]y 7,de s]vitute humana seu de affectuum viribus72 ! fif?1 la/ly1 ) ! p[] ( ! und]/&+1 ) ?\ght1 or ) human lib]ty 7,de pot5tia intellectus seu de lib]tate humana74#aid ,kir*5ra? ,pr(essor ,paulus publi%$ ,sp9oza's works 9 ,j5a2 ,i _h a %>e 9 ! br++ out ( ?is edition1 hav+ be5 entru/$ ) ! collation ( ,fr5* translations4 ,z reg>ds ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza1 x is v simple1 & on ! :ole easy to compreh5d2 ! difficulty :i* x pres5ts is due p>tly to ! limitations ( ! me?od 9 :i* ,sp9oza pres5ts 8 ?\ghts1 & p>tly to 8 n>r[ range ( ideas1 :i* causes him 9 an unsatisfactory way to pass ov] important po9ts ( view & c>d9al que/ions4 ,sp9oza's sy/em is t ( ,desc>tes made objective 9 ! =m ( absolute tru?4 ,! simple ?\ght ( ,sp9oza's idealism is ?is3 ,! true is simply & solely ! "o sub/ance1 ^: attributes are ?\ght & ext5sion or nature3 & only ?is absolute unity is reality1 x alone is ,god4 ,x is1 z ) ,desc>tes1 ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 or t :i* conta9s ! ,notion ( its exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,! ,c>tesian sub/ance1 z ,idea1 has c]ta9ly ,be+ includ$ 9 its ,notion2 b x is only ,be+ z ab/ract1 n z real ,be+ or z ext5sion 7supra1 p4 #bda74 ,) ,desc>tes corporeality & ! ?9k+ #8,i' are altoge!r indep5d5t ,be+s2 ?is indep5d5ce ( ! two extremes is done away ) 9 ,sp9ozism by _! becom+ mom5ts ( ! "o absolute ,be+4 ,?is expression signifies t ,be+ mu/ be grasp$ z ! unity ( opposites2 ! *ief consid]ation is n to let slip ! opposition & set x aside1 b to reconcile & resolve x4 ,s9ce !n x is ?\ght & ,be+1 & no long] ! ab/ractions ( ! f9ite & inf9ite1 or ( limit & ! unlimit$1 t =m ! opposition 7supra1 p4 #afa71 ,be+ is "h m def9itely reg>d$ z ext5sion2 = 9 its ab/raction x w\ld be really only t return into itself1 t simple equality ) itself1 :i* con/itutes ?\ght 7supra1 p4 #bbi74 ,! pure ?\ght ( ,sp9oza is !re=e n ! simple univ]sal ( ,plato1 = x has likewise come to "k ! absolute opposition ( ,notion & ,be+4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ?is con/itutes ! ,idea ( ,sp9oza1 & x is j :at 0 to ! ,eleatics 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bdd1 #beb74 ,?is ,idea ( ,sp9oza's we mu/ all[ to be 9 ! ma9 true & well-gr\nd$2 absolute sub/ance is ! tru?1 b x is n ! :ole tru?2 9 ord] to be ?is x mu/ also be ?\ght ( z 9 itself active & liv+1 & by t v means x mu/ det]m9e itself z m9d4 ,b sub/ance ) ,sp9oza is only ! univ]sal & consequ5tly ! ab/ract det]m9ation ( m9d2 x may und\bt$ly be said t ?is ?\ght is ! f\ndation ( all true views--n1 h[ev]1 z _! absolutely fix$ & p]man5t basis1 b z ! ab/ract unity :i* m9d is 9 itself4 ,x is !re=e wor?y ( note t ?\ght mu/ beg9 by plac+ itself at ! /&po9t ( ,sp9ozism2 to be a foll[] ( ,sp9oza is ! ess5tial comm5cem5t ( all ,philosophy4 ,= z we saw above 7,vol ,i4 p4 #add71 :5 man beg9s to philosophize1 ! s\l mu/ comm5ce by ba?+ 9 ?is e!r ( ! ,"o ,sub/ance1 9 :i* all t man has held z true has disappe>$2 ?is negation ( all t is p>ticul>1 to :i* e philosoph] mu/ h come1 is ! lib]ation ( ! m9d & its absolute f\ndation4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 our /&po9t & t ( ! ,eleatic philosophy is only ?is1 t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,*ri/ianity concrete individuality is 9 ! mod]n _w pres5t ?r\gh\t 9 _s4 ,b 9 spite ( ! inf9ite dem&s on ! "p ( ! concrete1 sub/ance ) ,sp9oza is n yet det]m9$ z 9 itself concrete4 ,z ! concrete is ?us n pres5t 9 ! cont5t ( sub/ance1 x is !re=e to be f\nd )9 reflect+ ?\ght alone1 & x is only f ! endless oppositions ( ?is la/ t ! requir$ unity em]ges4 ,( sub/ance z su* !re is no?+ m to be said2 all t we c d is to speak ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ,philosophy has dealt ) x1 & ! opposites :i* 9 x are abrogat$4 ,! diff]5ce dep5ds on ! nature ( ! opposites :i* are held to be abrogat$ 9 sub/ance4 ,sp9oza is f> f hav+ prov$ ?is unity z conv9c+ly z 0 done by ! anci5ts2 b :at con/itutes ! gr&eur ( ,sp9oza's mann] ( ?\ght is t he is able to r5\nce all t is det]m9ate & p>ticul>1 & re/rict himself to ! ,"o1 giv+ he$ to ?is alone4 #a4 ,sp9oza beg9s 7,e?4 ,p4 ,i pp4 #ce1 #cf7 ) a s]ies ( def9itions1 f :i* we take ! foll[+4 a4 ,sp9oza's fir/ def9ition is ( ! ,cause ( itself4 ,he says3 8,by t :i* is causa sui1 its own cause1 ,i und]/& t ^: ess5ce0 7or ,notion7 8involves exi/5ce1 or :i* _c be conceiv$ except z exi/5t40 ,! unity ( exi/5ce & univ]sal ?\ght is ass]t$ f ! v fir/1 & ?is unity w ev] be ! "q at issue4 8,! cause ( itself0 is a notewor?y expression1 = :ile we picture to ourselves t ! effect /&s 9 opposition to ! cause1 ! cause ( itself is ! cause :i*1 :ile x op]ates & sep>ates an 8o!r10 at ! same "t produces only itself1 & 9 ! production !re=e does away ) ?is di/9ction4 ,! e/abli%+ ( itself z an o!r is loss or deg5]ation1 & at ! same "t ! negation ( ?is loss2 ?is is a purely speculative ,notion1 inde$ a fundam5tal ,notion 9 all speculation4 ,! cause 9 :i* ! cause is id5tical ) ! effect1 is ! inf9ite cause 7infra1 p4 #bfc72 if ,sp9oza _h fur!r develop$ :at lies 9 ! causa sui1 sub/ance ) him w\ld n h be5 rigid & unworkable4 b4 ,! second def9ition is t ( ! f9ite4 8,t ?+ is said to be f9ite 9 its k9d :i* c be limit$ by ano!r ( ! same nature10 ,= x comes !n to an end1 x is n !re2 :at is !re is some?+ else4 ,?is some?+ else mu/1 h[ev]1 be ( a l nature2 = ^? ?+s :i* are to limit ea* o!r mu/1 9 ord] to be able to limit ea* o!r1 t\* ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly h a relation to ea* o!r1 t is to say !y mu/ be ( "o nature1 /& on a l basis1 & h a common sph]e4 ,t is ! affirmative side ( ! limit4 8,?us a ?\ght is0 only 8limit$ by ano!r ?\ght1 a body by ano!r body1 b ?\ghts are n limit$ by bodies nor0 conv]sely 8bodies by ?\ghts40 ,we saw ?is 7p4 #bdd7 ) ,desc>tes3 ?\ght is an indep5d5t totality & s is ext5sion1 !y h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r2 !y d n limit ea* o!r1 ea* is includ$ 9 itself4 c4 ,! ?ird def9ition is t ( sub/ance4 8,by sub/ance ,i und]/& t :i* exi/s 9 itself & is conceiv$ by itself1 i4e4 ! conception ( :i* does n require ! aid ( ! conception ( any o!r ?+ = its =mation 7a quo =m>i debeat720 o!rwise x w\ld be f9ite1 accid5tal4 ,:at _c h a conception =m$ ( x )\t ! aid ( some?+ else1 is n indep5d5t1 b is dep5d5t ^u t some?+ else4 d4 ,9 ! f\r? place ,sp9oza def9es attributes1 :i*1 z ! mom5t com+ second to sub/ance1 belong to x4 8,by attribute ,i und]/& t :i* ! m9d p]ceives z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( sub/ance20 & to ,sp9oza ?is alone is true4 ,?is is an important det]m9ation2 ! attribute is und\bt$ly a det]m9at5ess1 b at ! same "t x rema9s a totality4 ,sp9oza1 l ,desc>tes1 accepts only two attributes1 ?\ght & ext5sion4 ,! und]/&+ grasps !m z ! reality ( sub/ance1 b ! reality is n high] ?an ! sub/ance1 = x is only reality 9 ! view ( ! und]/&+1 :i* falls outside sub/ance4 ,ea* ( ! two ways ( reg>d+ sub/ance--ext5sion & ?\ght--conta9s no d\bt ! :ole cont5t ( sub/ance1 b only 9 "o =m1 :i* ! und]/&+ br+s ) x2 & = ?is v reason bo? sides are 9 !mselves id5tical & inf9ite4 ,?is is ! true completion2 b :]e sub/ance passes ov] into attribute is n /at$4 e4 ,! fif? def9ition has to d ) :at comes ?ird 9 relation to sub/ance1 ! mode4 8,by mode ,i und]/& ! affections ( sub/ance1 or t :i* is 9 some?+ else1 ?r\gh ! aid ( :i* also x is conceiv$40 ,?us sub/ance is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 attribute is n conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 b has a relation to ! conceiv+ und]/&+1 9 s f> z ?is la/ conceives reality2 mode1 f9ally1 is :at is n conceiv$ z reality1 b ?r\gh & 9 some?+ else4 ,^! la/ ?ree mom5ts ,sp9oza ought n m]ely to h e/abli%$ 9 ?is way z conceptions1 he ought to h d$uc$ !m2 !y are especially important1 & correspond ) :at we m def9itely di/+ui% z univ]sal1 p>ticul> & individual4 ,!y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z =mal1 b 9 _! true concrete s5se2 ! concrete univ]sal is sub/ance1 ! concrete p>ticul> is ! concrete species2 ! ,fa!r & ,son 9 ! ,*ri/ian dogma are simil>ly p>ticul>1 b ea* ( !m conta9s ! :ole nature ( ,god1 only "u a diff]5t =m4 ,! mode is ! individual1 ! f9ite z su*1 :i* ent]s into ext]nal connection ) :at is 8o!r40 ,9 ?is ,sp9oza only desc5ds to a l[] /age1 ! mode is only ! =ego+ w>p$ & /unt$4 ,sp9oza's defect is !re=e ?is1 t he takes ! ?ird mom5t z mode alone1 z a false individuality4 ,true individuality & subjectivity is n a m]e retreat f ! univ]sal1 n m]ely some?+ cle>ly det]m9ate2 =1 z cle>ly det]m9ate1 x is at ! same "t ,be+-=-itself1 det]m9$ by itself alone4 ,! individual1 ! subjective1 is ev5 9 be+ s ! return to ! univ]sal2 & 9 t x is at home ) itself1 x is itself ! univ]sal4 ,! return consi/s simply & solely 9 ! fact ( ! p>ticul> be+ 9 itself ! univ]sal2 to ?is return ,sp9oza did n atta94 ,rigid sub/antiality is ! la/ po9t he rea*$1 n inf9ite =m2 ?is he knew n1 & ?us det]m9at5ess cont9ually vani%es f 8 ?\ght4 f4 ,9 ! six? place1 ! def9ition ( ! inf9ite is also ( importance1 = 9 ! inf9ite ,sp9oza def9es m /rictly ?an any:]e else ! ,notion ( ! ,notion4 ,! inf9ite has a d\ble significance1 accord+ z x is tak5 z ! inf9itely _m or z ! absolutely inf9ite 7infra1 p4 #bfc74 8,! inf9ite 9 its k9d is n su* 9 respect ( all possible attributes2 b ! absolutely inf9ite is t to ^: ess5ce all belongs t expresses an ess5ce & conta9s no negation40 ,9 ! same s5se ,sp9oza di/+ui%es 9 ! n9e-&-tw5tie? ,lett] 7,op]4 ,t4 ,i4 pp4 #ebf-ecb7 ! inf9ite ( imag9ation f ! inf9ite ( ?\ght 7intellectus71 ! actual 7actu7 inf9ite4 ,mo/ m51 :5 !y wi% to /rive aft] ! sublime1 get no f>!r ?an ! fir/ ( ^!2 ?is is ! false inf9ite1 j z :5 "o says 8& s on into inf9ity10 mean+ p]haps ! inf9ity ( space f /> to />1 or else ! inf9ity ( "t4 ,an inf9ite num]ical s]ies 9 ma!matics is exactly ! same ?+4 ,if a c]ta9 fraction is repres5t$ z a decimal fraction1 x is incomplete2 is1 on ! contr>y1 ! true inf9ite1 & !re=e n an incomplete expression1 al?\gh ! cont5t "h is ( c\rse limit$4 ,x is inf9ity 9 ! incorrect s5se t "o usually has 9 view :5 inf9ity is spok5 (2 & ev5 if x is look$ on z sublime1 x yet is no?+ pres5t1 & only goes ev] out into ! negative1 )\t be+ actual 7actu74 ,b = ,sp9oza ! inf9ite is n ! fix+ ( a limit & !n pass+ beyond ! limit fix$--! s5su\s inf9ity--b absolute inf9ity1 ! positive1 :i* has complete & pres5t 9 itself an absolute multiplicity :i* has no ,beyond4 ,philosophic inf9ity1 t :i* is inf9ite actu1 ,sp9oza !re=e calls ! absolute affirmation ( itself4 ,?is is q correct1 only x might h be5 bett] express$ z3 8,x is ! negation ( negation40 ,sp9oza "h also employs geometrical figures z illu/rations ( ! ,notion ( inf9ity4 ,9 8 ,op]a po/uma1 prec$+ 8 ,e?ics1 & also 9 ! lett] quot$ above1 he has two circles1 "o ( :i* lies )9 ! o!r1 :i* h n1 h[ev]1 a common c5tre4 ,illu/ration 8,! inequalities ( ! space betwe5 ,a ,b & ,c ,d exce$ e numb]2 & yet ! space :i* lies betwe5 is n s v great40 ,t is to say1 if ,i wi% to det]m9e !m all1 ,i mu/ ent] ^u an inf9ite s]ies4 ,?is 8beyond0 always1 h[ev]1 rema9s defective1 is always affect$ ) negation2 & yet ?is false inf9ite is !re to h&1 circumscrib$1 affirmative1 actual & pres5t 9 t plane z a complete space betwe5 ! two circles4 ,or a f9ite l9e consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts2 & yet ! l9e is pres5t "h & det]m9$2 ! 8beyond0 ( ! inf9ite numb] ( po9ts1 :i* are n complete1 is 9 x complete & call$ back into unity4 ,! inf9ite %\ld be repres5t$ z actually pres5t1 & ?is comes to pass 9 ! ,notion ( ! cause ( itself1 :i* is !re=e ! true inf9ity4 ,z soon z ! cause has some?+ else oppos$ to x--! effect--f9itude is pres5t2 b "h ?is some?+ else is at ! same "t abrogat$ & x becomes once m ! cause itself4 ,! affirmative is ?us negation ( negation1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n grammatical rule1 duplex negatio affirmat4 ,9 ! same way ,sp9oza's e>li] def9itions h also ! inf9ite already impli$ 9 !m1 = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! j m5tion$ cause ( itself1 inasmu* z he def9es x z t ^: ess5ce involves exi/5ce 7supra1 p4 #beh74 ,notion & exi/5ce are ea* ! ,beyond ( ! o!r2 b cause ( itself1 z ?us includ+ !m1 is really ! c>ry+ back ( ?is 8beyond0 into unity4 ,or 7supra1 p4 #bei7 8,sub/ance is t :i* is 9 itself & is conceiv$ f itself20 t is ! same unity ( ,notion & exi/5ce4 ,! inf9ite is 9 ! same way 9 itself & has also its ,notion 9 itself2 its ,notion is its ,be+1 & its ,be+ its ,notion2 true inf9ity is !re=e to be f\nd 9 ,sp9oza4 ,b he has no consci\sness ( ?is2 he has n recogniz$ ?is ,notion z absolute ,notion1 & !re=e has n express$ x z a mom5t ( true exi/5ce2 = ) him ! ,notion falls outside ( exi/5ce1 into ! ?\ght ( exi/5ce4 g4 ,f9ally ,sp9oza says 9 ! sev5? place3 8,god is a ,be+ absolutely inf9ite1 i4e4 a sub/ance consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses an et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce40 ,does sub/ance1 "o might "h ask1 possess an inf9ite numb] ( attributes8 ,b z ) ,sp9oza !re are only two attributes1 ?\ght & ext5sion1 ) :i* he inve/s ,god1 8inf9ite0 is n to be tak5 "h 9 ! s5se ( ! indet]m9ate _m1 b positively1 z a circle is p]fect inf9ity 9 itself4 ,! :ole ( ,sp9oza's philosophy is conta9$ 9 ^! def9itions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 tak5 z a :ole are =mal2 x is really a weak po9t 9 ,sp9oza t he beg9s ?us ) def9itions4 ,9 ma!matics ?is me?od is p]mitt$1 because at ! outset we !re make assumptions1 su* z t ( ! po9t & l9e2 b 9 ,philosophy ! cont5t %\ld be kn[n z ! absolutely true4 ,x is all v well to grant ! correctness ( ! "n-def9ition1 & ackn[l$ge t ! ^w 8sub/ance0 corresponds ) ! conception :i* ! def9ition indicates1 b x is q ano!r "q to det]m9e :e!r ?is cont5t is absolutely true4 ,su* a "q is n ask$ 9 ! case ( geometrical propositions1 b 9 philosophic inve/igation x is ! v ?+ to be fir/ consid]$1 & ?is ,sp9oza has n done4 ,in/ead ( only expla9+ ^! simple ?\ghts & repres5t+ !m z concrete 9 ! def9itions :i* he makes1 :at he ought to h done 0 to exam9e :e!r ?is cont5t is true4 ,to all appe>ance x is only ! explanation ( ! words t is giv52 b ! cont5t ( ! words is held to be e/abli%$4 ,all fur!r cont5t is m]ely d]iv$ f t1 & prov$ !reby2 = on ! fir/ cont5t all ! re/ dep5ds1 & if x is e/abli%$ z a basis1 ! o!r necess>ily foll[s4 8,! attribute is t :i* ! und]/&+ ?9ks ( ,god40 ,b "h ! "q is3 ,h[ does x come t besides ! ,deity !re n[ appe>s ! und]/&+1 :i* applies to absolute sub/ance ! two =ms ( ?\ght & ext5sion8 & :5ce come ^! two =ms !mselves8 ,?us ev]y?+ proce$s inw>ds1 & n outw>ds2 ! det]m9ations are n develop$ f sub/ance1 x does n resolve itself into ^! attributes4 #b4 ,^! def9itions are foll[$ by axioms & propositions 9 :i* ,sp9oza proves a great v>iety ( po9ts4 ,he desc5ds f ! univ]sal ( sub/ance ?r\gh ! p>ticul>1 ?\ght & ext5sion1 to ! individual4 ,he has ?us all ?ree mom5ts ( ! ,notion1 or !y are ess5tial to him4 ,b ! mode1 "u :i* head falls individuality1 he does n recognize z ess5tial1 or z con/itut+ a mom5t ( true exi/5ce 9 t exi/5ce2 = x disappe>s 9 exi/5ce1 or x is n rais$ into ! ,notion4 a4 ,! ma9 po9t !n is t ,sp9oza proves f ^! ,notions t !re is only ,"o ,sub/ance1 ,god4 ,x is a simple *a9 ( reason+1 a v =mal pro(4 8,fif? ,proposition3 ,!re _c be two or m sub/ances ( ! same nature or ( ! same attribute40 ,?is is impli$ already 9 ! def9itions2 ! pro( is !re=e a useless & we>isome toil1 :i* only s]ves to r5d] ,sp9oza m difficult to und]/&4 8,if !re 7 sev]al0 7sub/ances ( ! same attribute7 8!y mu/ be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r ei!r by ! div]sity ( _! attributes or by ! div]sity ( _! affections0 7modes74 8,if !y are di/+ui%$ by _! attributes1 x w\ld be directly conc$$ t !re is only "o sub/ance hav+ ! same attribute40 ,= ! attributes are simply :at ! und]/&+ grasps z ! ess5ce ( ! "o sub/ance1 :i* is det]m9$ 9 itself1 & n ?r\gh any?+ else4 8,b if ^! sub/ances 7 di/+ui%$ by _! affections1 s9ce sub/ance is by nature prior to its affections x w\ld foll[ t if f sub/ance its affections 7 ab/ract$ & x 7 reg>d$ 9 itself1 i4e4 9 its tru?1 x c\ld h5ce=? n be reg>d$ z di/9ct f o!r sub/ances40 8,eigh? ,proposition3 ,all sub/ance is necess>ily inf9ite4 ,pro(3 ,= o!rwise x mu/ be limit$ by ano!r sub/ance ( ! same nature1 9 :i* case !re w\ld be two sub/ances ( ! same attribute1 :i* is contr>y to ! fif? proposition40 8,e attribute mu/ be conceiv$ = itself10 z det]m9ation reflect$ on itself4 8,= attribute is :at ! m9d conceives ( sub/ance z con/itut+ its ess5ce1 f :i* x foll[s t x mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself10 i4e4 sub/ance is :at is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself 7see ! f\r? & ?ird def9itions74 8,!re=e we may n argue f ! plurality ( attributes to a plurality ( sub/ances1 = ea* is conceiv$ by itself1 & !y h all be51 always & at ! same "t1 9 sub/ance1 )\t ! possibility ( ! "o be+ produc$ by ! o!r40 8,sub/ance is indivisible4 ,= if ! p>ts reta9$ ! nature ( ! sub/ance1 !re w\ld be sev]al sub/ances ( ! same nature1 :i* is contr>y to ! fif? proposition4 ,if n1 inf9ite sub/ance w\ld cease to exi/1 :i* is absurd40#aie 8,f\rte5? ,proposition3 ,no o!r sub/ance ?an ,god c ei!r exi/ or be conceiv$4 ,pro(3 ,god is ! absolutely inf9ite sub/ance1 to :om c be d5i$ no attribute :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( sub/ance1 & ,he exi/s necess>ily2 !re=e if !re 7 a sub/ance o!r ?an ,god1 x mu/ be expla9$ by means ( an attribute ( ,god40 ,consequ5tly ! sub/ance w\ld n h its own be+1 b t ( ,god1 & !re=e w\ld n be a sub/ance4 ,or if x 7 /ill to be sub/ance1 8!n !re w\ld necess>ily foll[ ! possibility ( !re be+ two sub/ances ) ! same attribute1 :i* accord+ to ! fif? proposition is absurd4 ,f ?is x !n foll[s t ! ?+ ext5d$ & ! ?+ t ?9ks0 are n sub/ances1 b 8are ei!r attributes ( ,god1 or affections ( ,8 attributes40 ,by ^! pro(s & o!rs l !m n mu* is to be ga9$4 8,fifte5?1 proposition3 ,:at is1 is 9 ,god1 & _c exi/ or be conceiv$ )\t ,god40 8,sixte5? proposition3 ,by ! necessity ( ! div9e nature inf9ite ?+s mu/ foll[ 9 inf9ite modes1 i4e41 all t c fall "u ! inf9ite und]/&+4 ,god is !re=e ! absolute ,fir/ ,cause40#aif ,sp9oza !n ascribes fre$om & necessity to ,god3 8,god is ! absolute free cause1 :o is det]m9$ by no?+ outside ( ,himself1 = ,he exi/s solely by ! necessity ( ,8 nature4 ,!re is no cause :i* inw>dly or outw>dly moves ,him to act1 except ! p]fection ( ,8 nature4 ,8 activity is by ! laws ( ,8 ,be+ necess>y & et]nal2 :at !re=e foll[s f ,8 absolute nature1 f ,8 attributes1 is et]nal1 z x foll[s f ! nature ( ! triangle f et]nity & to et]nity t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles40 ,t is to say1 ,8 ,be+ is ,8 absolute p[]2 actus & pot5tia1 ,?\ght & ,be+1 are 9 ,him "o4 ,god has n !re=e any o!r ?\ghts :i* ,he c\ld n h actualiz$4 8,god is ! imman5t cause ( all ?+s1 n ! transi5t 7transi5s710 i4e41 ext]nal cause4 8,8 ess5ce & ,8 exi/5ce are ! same1 namely1 ! tru?4 ,a ?+ :i* is det]m9$ to p]=m "s action1 is1 s9ce ,god is cause1 necess>ily det]m9$ !reto by ,god2 & a ?+ :i* is ?us det]m9$ _c r5d] itself undet]m9$4 ,9 nature no?+ is cont+5t4 ,w is n a free cause1 b only a necess>y cause1 only a mode2 x is !re=e det]m9$ by ano!r4 ,god acts 9 accordance ) no f9al causes 7sub ratione boni74 ,^? :o ass]t t ,he does s1 appe> to e/abli% some?+ ap>t f ,god1 :i* does n dep5d on ,god1 & :i* ,god 9 ,8 work+ keeps 9 view1 z ?\gh x 7 an end4 ,if ?is view is tak51 ,god is n a free cause1 b is subject to fate4 ,x is equally inadmissible to subject all ?+s to ! arbitr>y pleasure ( ,god1 i4e41 to ,8 indiff]5t w40#aig ,he is det]m9$ solely by ,8 own nature2 ! activity ( ,god is ?us ,8 p[]1 & t is necessity4 ,he is !n absolute p[] 9 contra/ to wisdom1 :i* sets up def9ite aims1 & consequ5tly limitations2 p>ticul> aims1 ?\ghts ( :at is ab\t to come to pass1 & ! l are !re=e put out ( ! "q4 ,b beyond ?is univ]sal1 no advance is made2 = x mu/ be notic$ z specially s+ul>1 t ,sp9oza 9 ! fiftie? ,lett] 7,op]4 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #fcd7 says t e det]m9ation is a negation4 ,moreov]1 if ,god is ! cause ( ! _w1 x is impli$ t ,he is f9ite2 = ! _w is "h put beside ,god z some?+ diff]5t f ,him4 b4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 ,sp9oza is1 9 ! di/9ctions to :i* he comes1 to grasp ! relation ( ?is det]m9ate to ,god1 at ! same "t pres]v+ ! det]m9ation4 8,god is a ?9k+ ,be+1 because all individual ?\ghts are modes :i* express ,god's nature 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]2 !re p]ta9s !re=e to ,god an attribute ! conception ( :i* all individual ?\ghts involve1 & by means ( ?is !y also are conceiv$4 ,god is an ext5d$ ,be+ = ! same reason40 ,?is means t ! same sub/ance1 "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 is ! intelligible _w1 & "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 is nature2 nature & ?\ght ?us bo? express ! same ,ess5ce ( ,god4 ,or1 z ,sp9oza says1 8,! ord] & sy/em ( natural ?+s is ! same z ! ord] ( ! ?\ghts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! circle :i* exi/s 9 nature1 & ! idea ( ! exi/+ circle1 :i* is also 9 ,god1 are "o & ! same ?+0 7!y are "o & ! same cont5t71 8:i* is0 m]ely 8express$ by means ( diff]5t attributes4 ,if we !re=e reg>d nature ei!r "u ! attribute ( ext5sion or ( ?\ght1 or "u any o!r attribute :atev]1 we %all f9d "o & ! same connection ( causes1 i4e41 ! same sequ5ce ( ?+s4 ,! =mal ,be+ ( ! idea ( ! circle c be conceiv$ only by means ( ! mode ( ?\ght1 z its proximate cause1 & ?is mode aga9 by means ( ano!r1 & s on inf9itely2 s t we mu/ expla9 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( nature1 or ! connection ( causes1 by ! attribute ( ?\ght alone1 & if ?+s are consid]$ by ! attribute ( ext5sion1 !y mu/ be consid]$ only by ! attribute ( ext5sion1--& ! same holds good ( o!r causes40#aih ,x is "o & ! same sy/em1 :i* at "o "t appe>s z nature1 & at ano!r "t 9 ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,b ,sp9oza does n demon/rate h[ ^! two are evolv$ f ! "o sub/ance1 nor does he prove :y !re c only be two ( !m4 ,nei!r are ext5sion & ?\ght any?+ to him 9 !mselves1 or 9 tru?1 b only ext]nally2 = _! diff]5ce is a m]e matt] ( ! und]/&+1 :i* is rank$ by ,sp9oza only among affections 7,e?4 ,p4 ,i4 ,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,demon/4 p4 #fb71 & z su* has no tru?4 ,?is has 9 rec5t times be5 s]v$ up aga9 by ,s*ell+ 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,9 !mselves1 ! intellig5t _w & ! corporeal _w are ! same1 only "u diff]5t =ms2 s t ! intellig5t univ]se is 9 itself ! :ole absolute div9e totality1 & ! corporeal univ]se is equally ?is same totality4 ,! diff]5ces are n 9 !mselves1 b ! diff]5t aspects f :i* ! ,absolute is reg>d$ are matt]s ext]nal to x4 ,we take a high] tone 9 say+ t nature & m9d are rational2 b reason is = u no empty ^w1 = x means ! totality :i* develops itself )9 itself4 ,aga91 x is ! /&po9t ( reflection to reg>d aspects only1 & no?+ 9 itself4 ,?is defect appe>s 9 ,sp9oza & ,s*ell+ 9 ! fact t !y see no necessity :y ! ,notion1 z ! implicit negative ( its unity1 %\ld make a sep>ation ( itself into diff]5t p>ts2 s t out ( ! simple univ]sal ! real1 ! oppos$1 itself becomes kn[n4 ,absolute sub/ance1 attribute & mode1 ,sp9oza all[s to foll[ "o ano!r z def9itions1 he adopts !m ready-made1 )\t ! attributes be+ develop$ f ! sub/ance1 or ! modes f ! attributes4 ,& m especially 9 reg>d to ! attributes1 !re is no necessity evid5t1 :y ^! are ?\ght & ext5sion 9 p>ticul>4 c4 ,:5 ,sp9oza passes on to individual ?+s1 especially to self-consci\sness1 to ! fre$om ( ! #8,i1' he expresses himself 9 su* a way z r to lead back all limitations to sub/ance ?an to ma9ta9 a firm grasp ( ! individual4 ,?us we already f\nd ! attributes n to be indep5d5t1 b only ! =ms 9 :i* ! und]/&+ grasps sub/ance 9 its diff]5ces2 :at comes ?ird1 ! modes1 is t "u :i* = ,sp9oza all diff]5ce ( ?+s alone falls4 ,( ! modes he says 7,e?ic4 ,p4 ,i4 ,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,demon/4 et ,coroll4 ,,ii4 p4 #fc73 ,9 e attribute !re are two modes2 9 ext5sion1 ^! are re/ & motion1 9 ?\ght !y are und]/&+ & w 7intellectus et voluntas74 ,!y are m]e modifications :i* only exi/ = u ap>t f ,god2 !re=e :atev] ref]s to ?is diff]5ce & is specially br\ght ab\t by x1 is n absolute1 b f9ite4 ,^! affections ,sp9oza sums up 7,e?ices1 ,p4 ,i4 ,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,s*ol4 pp4 #fa1 #fb7 "u ! head ( natura naturata3 8,natura naturans is ,god reg>d$ z free cause1 9 s f> z ,he is 9 ,himself & is conceiv$ by ,himself3 or su* attributes ( sub/ance z express ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,by natura naturata1 ,i und]/& all t foll[s f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 or f any ( ! attributes ( ,god1 all modes ( ! div9e attributes1 9 s f> z !y are reg>d$ z ?+s :i* are 9 ,god1 & :i* )\t ,god c nei!r exi/ nor be conceiv$40 ,f ,god proce$s no?+1 = all ?+s m]ely return to ! po9t :5ce !y came1 if f !mselves ! comm5cem5t is made4 ,^! !n are ,sp9oza's g5]al =ms1 ?is is 8 pr9cipal idea4 ,"s fur!r det]m9ations h /ill to be m5tion$4 ,he gives def9itions ( ! t]ms modes1 und]/&+1 w1 & ( ! affections1 su* z joy & sadness4#aii ,we fur!r f9d consci\sness tak5 into consid]ation4 ,its developm5t is extremely simple1 or r x is n develop$ at all2 ,sp9oza beg9s directly ) m9d4 8,! ess5ce ( man consi/s ( c]ta9 modifications ( ! attributes ( ,god02 ^! modifications are only some?+ relat$ to our und]/&+4 8,if we1 !re=e1 say t ! human m9d p]ceives ?is or t1 x means no?+ else ?an t ,god has ?is or t idea1 n 9 s f> z ,he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z ,he is express$ by ! idea ( ! human m9d4 ,& if we say t ,god has ?is or t idea1 n 9 s f> z ,he con/itutes ! idea ( ! human m9d1 b 9 s f> z ,he has1 along ) ! human m9d1 ! idea ( ano!r ?+1 !n we say t ! human m9d p]ceives ! ?+ p>tially or inadequately40 ,tru? is = ,sp9oza1 on ! o!r h&1 ! adequate4#bjj ,! idea t all p>ticul> cont5t is only a modification ( ,god is ridicul$ by ,bayle1#bja :o argues f x t ,god modifi$ z ,turks & ,au/rians1 is wag+ w> ) ,himself2 b ,bayle has n a trace ( ! speculative elem5t 9 him1 al?\gh he is acute en\gh z a dialectician1 & has contribut$ to ! intellig5t discussion ( def9ite subjects4 ,! relation ( ?\ght & ext5sion 9 ! human consci\sness is dealt ) by ,sp9oza z foll[s3 8,:at has a place 9 ! object0 7or r 9 ! objective7 8( ! idea :i* con/itutes ! human m9d mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ! human m9d2 or !re mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! m9d an idea ( ?is object4 ,! object ( ! idea :i* con/itutes ! human m9d is body1 or a c]ta9 mode ( ext5sion4 ,if1 !n1 ! object ( ! idea :i* con/itutes ! human m9d1 is ! body1 !re c happ5 no?+ 9 ! body :i* is n p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,o!rwise ! ideas ( ! affections ( ! body w\ld n be 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he con/itutes our m9d1 b ! idea ( ano!r ?+3 t is to say1 ! ideas ( ! affections ( our body w\ld n be likewise 9 our m9d40 ,:at is p]plex+ to und]/& 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em is1 on ! "o h&1 ! absolute id5tity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _! absolute indiff]5ce to "o ano!r1 because ea* ( !m is a manife/ation ( ! :ole ess5ce ( ,god4 ,! unity ( ! body & consci\sness is1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ?is1 t ! individual is a mode ( ! absolute sub/ance1 :i*1 z consci\sness1 is ! repres5tation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! body is affect$ by ext]nal ?+s2 all t is 9 consci\sness is also 9 ext5sion1 & conv]sely4 8,m9d kn[s itself only 9 s f> z x p]ceives ! ideas ( ! affections ( body10 x has only ! idea ( ! affections ( its body2 ?is idea is syn!tic comb9ation1 z we %all imm$iately see4 8,! ideas1 :e!r ( ! attributes ( ,god or ( individual ?+s1 d n recognize z _! effici5t cause _! objects !mselves1 or ! ?+s p]ceiv$1 b ,god ,himself1 9 s f> z ,he is t :i* ?9ks40#bjb ,buhle 7,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #ebd7 sums up ^! propositions ( ,sp9oza ?us3 8,?\ght is insep>ably b\nd up ) ext5sion2 !re=e all t takes place 9 ext5sion mu/ also take place 9 consci\sness40 ,sp9oza1 h[ev]1 also accepts bo? 9 _! sep>ation f "o ano!r4 ,! idea ( body1 he writes 7,epi/ol4 ,,lxvi4 p4 #fgc71 includes only ^! two 9 itself1 & does n express any o!r attributes4 ,! body :i* x repres5ts is reg>d$ "u ! attribute ( ext5sion2 b ! idea itself is a mode ( ?\ght4 ,"h we see a divid+ asund]2 m]e id5tity1 ! undi/+ui%able nature ( all ?+s 9 ! ,absolute1 is insuffici5t ev5 = ,sp9oza4 ,! individuum1 individuality itself1 is ?us def9$ by ,sp9oza 7,e?ic4 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,def94 p4 #ib73 8,:5 sev]al bodies ( ! same or ( diff]5t magnitudes are s press$ toge!r t !y re/ on "o ano!r1 or :51 mov+ ) l or diff]5t degrees ( rapidity1 !y communicate _! movem5t to "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 measure1 we say t su* bodies are unit$ to "o ano!r1 & t all toge!r !y =m "o body or individuum1 :i* by ?is union di/+ui%es itself f all ! o!r bodies40 ,"h we are at ! extreme limit ( ,sp9oza's sy/em1 & x is "h t 8 weak po9t appe>s4 ,individuation1 ! "o1 is a m]e syn!sis2 x is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! ,i*ts or self-hood ( ,boehme 7supra1 pp4 #bje-bjg71 s9ce ,sp9oza has only univ]sality1 ?\ght1 & n self-consci\sness4 ,if1 be=e consid]+ ?is 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole1 we take x f ! o!r side1 namely f ! und]/&+1 ! di/9ction really falls "u t head2 x is n d$uc$1 x is f\nd4 ,?us1 z we h already se5 7p4 #bgj7 8! und]/&+ 9 act 7intellectus actu71 z also w1 desire1 love1 mu/ be ref]r$ to natura naturata1 n to natura naturans4 ,= by ! und]/&+1 z recogniz$ = itself1 we d n mean absolute ?\ght1 b only a c]ta9 mode ( ?\ght--a mode :i* is di/9ct f o!r modes l desire1 love1 etc41 & on t acc\nt mu/ be conceiv$ by means ( absolute ?\ght1 i4e4 by means ( an attribute ( ,god :i* expresses an et]nal & inf9ite ess5tiality ( ?\ght2 )\t :i* ! und]/&+1 z also ! re/ ( ! modes ( ?\ght1 c\ld nei!r be nor be conceiv$ to be40 7,sp9oza1 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,i4 ,propos4 ,,xxxi4 pp4 #fb1 #fc74 ,sp9oza is unacqua9t$ ) an inf9ity ( =m1 :i* w\ld be some?+ q diff]5t f t ( rigid1 unyield+ sub/ance4 ,:at is requisite is to recognize ,god z ! ess5ce ( ess5ces1 z univ]sal sub/ance1 id5tity1 & yet to pres]ve di/9ctions4 ,sp9oza goes on to say3 8,:at con/itutes ! real 7actuale7 exi/5ce ( ! human m9d is no?+ else ?an ! idea ( a p>ticul>0 7individual7 8?+1 t actually exi/s10 n ( an inf9ite ?+4 8,! ess5ce ( man involves no necess>y exi/5ce1 i4e4 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature a man may j z well be z n be40 ,= ! human consci\sness1 z x does n belong to ess5ce z an attribute1 is a mode--a mode ( ! attribute ( ?\ght4 ,b nei!r is ! body1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ! cause ( consci\sness1 nor is consci\sness ! cause ( ! body1 b ! f9ite cause is "h only ! relation ( l to l2 body is det]m9$ by body1 conception by conception4 8,! body c nei!r det]m9e ! m9d to ?\ght1 nor c ! m9d det]m9e ! body to motion1 or re/1 or any?+ else4 ,= all modes ( ?\ght h ,god z ,cause1 9 s f> z ,he is a ?9k+ ?+1 & n 9 s f> z ,he is reveal$ by means ( ano!r attribute4 ,:at !re=e det]m9es ! m9d to ?\ght1 is a mode ( ?\ght & n ( ext5sion2 simil>ly motion & re/ ( ! body mu/ be d]iv$ f ano!r body40#bjc ,i might quote _m o!r su* p>ticul> propositions f ,sp9oza1 b !y are v =mal1 & a cont9ual repetition ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,buhle 7,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,section #b1 pp4 #ebe-ebh71 attributes limit$ conceptions to ,sp9oza3 8,! s\l exp]i5ces 9 ! body all ! #8o!r' ( :i* x becomes aw>e z outside ( ! body1 & x becomes aw>e ( ?is #8o!r' only by means ( ! conceptions ( ! qualities :i* ! body p]ceives !re94 ,if1 !re=e1 ! body c p]ceive no qualities ( a ?+1 ! s\l also c come to no k ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l is equally unable to arrive at ! p]ception ( ! body :i* belongs to x2 ! s\l kn[s n t ! body is !re1 & kn[s itself ev5 9 no o!r way ?an by means ( ! qualities :i* ! body p]ceives 9 ?+s :i* are outside ( x1 & by means ( ! conceptions ( ! same4 ,= ! body is an individual ?+1 det]m9$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 :i* c only gradually1 9 association ) & amid/ o!r individual ?+s1 atta9 to exi/5ce1 & c pres]ve itself 9 exi/5ce only z ?us connect$1 comb9$ & associat$ ) o!rs10 i4e4 9 inf9ite progress2 ! body c by no means be conceiv$ f itself4 8,! s\l's consci\sness expresses a c]ta9 det]m9ate =m ( a ,notion1 z ! ,notion itself expresses a det]m9ate =m ( an individual ?+4 ,b ! individual ?+1 its ,notion1 & ! ,notion ( ?is ,notion are altoge!r & entirely "o & ! same ?+1 only reg>d$ "u diff]5t attributes4 ,z ! s\l is no?+ else ?an ! imm$iate ,notion ( ! body1 & is "o & ! same ?+ ) ?is1 ! excell5ce ( ! s\l c nev] be any?+ else ?an ! excell5ce ( ! body4 ,! capacities ( ! und]/&+ are no?+ b ! capacities ( ! body1 if !y are look$ at f ! corporeal po9t ( view1 & ! decisions ( ! w are likewise det]m9ations ( ! body4 ,individual ?+s are d]iv$ f ,god 9 an et]nal & inf9ite mann]0 7i4e4 once & = all71 8& n 9 a transitory1 f9ite & evanesc5t mann]3 !y are d]iv$ f "o ano!r m]ely inasmu* z !y mutually produce & de/roy ea* o!r1 b 9 _! et]nal exi/5ce !y endure un*angeable4 ,all individual ?+s mutually presuppose ea* o!r2 "o _c be ?\ght )\t ! o!r2 t is to say !y con/itute toge!r an insep>able :ole2 !y exi/ side by side 9 "o utt]ly indivisible1 inf9ite ,?+1 & 9 no o!r way :atev]40 #c4 ,we h n[ to speak ( ,sp9oza's sy/em ( morals1 & t is a subject ( importance4 ,its great pr9ciple is no o!r ?an ?is1 t ! f9ite _s is moral 9 s f> z x has ! true ,idea1 i4e4 9 s f> z x directs its k & w on ,god1 = tru? is m]ely ! k ( ,god4 ,x may be said t !re is no morality l(ti] ?an ?is1 s9ce its only requisite is to h a cle> idea ( ,god4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,sp9oza speaks ( 9 ?is reg>d is ! affections3 8,ev]y?+ /rives aft] self-pres]vation4 ,?is /riv+ is ! actual ess5ce ( ! ?+1 & involves only indef9ite "t2 :5 ref]r$ exclusively to m9d1 x is t]m$ w2 :5 ref]r$ to bo? m9d & body toge!r1 x is call$ desire4 ,det]m9ation ( ! w 7volitio7 & ,idea are "o & ! same ?+4 ,! s5se ( lib]ty re/s on ?is1 t m5 d n "k ! det]m9+ causes ( _! actions4 ,! affection is a confus$ idea2 ! m cle>ly & di/9ctly1 !re=e1 we "k ! affection1 ! m x is "u our control40#bjd ,! influ5ce ( ! affections1 z confus$ & limit$ 7inadequate7 ideas1 ^u human action1 con/itutes !re=e1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 human slav]y2 ( ! passionate affections ! pr9cipal are joy & sorr[2 we are 9 suff]+ & slav]y 9 s f> z we relate ourselves z a "p4#bje 8,our happ9ess & lib]ty consi/ 9 an endur+ & et]nal love to ,god2 ?is intellectual love foll[s f ! nature ( m9d1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z et]nal tru? ?r\gh ! nature ( ,god4 ,! m a man recognizes ,god's exi/5ce & loves ,him1 ! less does he suff] f evil affections & ! less is 8 fe> ( dea?40#bjf ,sp9oza requires 9 addition ! true k9d ( k4 ,!re are1 accord+ to him1 ?ree k9ds ( k2 9 ! fir/1 :i* he calls op9ion & imag9ation1 he includes ! k :i* we obta9 f an individual object ?r\gh ! s5ses--a k fragm5t>y & ill-arrang$--also k drawn f signs1 pictorial conceptions & memory4 ,! second k9d ( k is = ,sp9oza t :i* we d]ive f g5]al conceptions & adequate ideas ( ! prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,! ?ird is intuitive k 7sci5tia intuitiva7 :i* rises f ! adequate idea ( ! =mal ess5ce ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to ! adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4#bjg ,reg>d+ ?is la/ he !n says3 8,! nature ( reason is n to contemplate ?+s z cont+5t1 b z necess>y 444 to ?9k ( all ?+s "u a c]ta9 =m ( et]nity 7sub quadam specie t]nitatis720 i4e4 9 absolutely adequate ,notions1 i4e4 9 ,god4 8,= ! necessity ( ?+s is ! necessity ( ! et]nal nature ( ,god ,himself4 ,e idea ( an individual ?+ necess>ily includes ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god 9 itself4 ,= individual ?+s are modes ( an attribute ( ,god2 !re=e !y mu/ include 9 !mselves ,8 et]nal ess5ce4 ,our m9d1 9 s f> z x kn[s itself & ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 has to t ext5t necess>ily ! k ( ,god1 & kn[s t x is itself 9 ,god & is conceiv$ ?r\gh ,god4 ,all ,ideas1 9 s f> z !y are ref]able to ,god1 are true40#bjh ,man mu/ trace back all ?+s to ,god1 = ,god is ! ,"o 9 ,all2 ! et]nal ess5ce ( ,god is ! "o ?+ t is1 ! et]nal tru? is ! only ?+ = man to aim at 9 8 actions4 ,) ,sp9oza ?is is n a k arriv$ at ?r\gh philosophy1 b only k ( a tru?4 8,! m9d c succe$ 9 trac+ back all affections ( ! body or images ( ?+s to ,god4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d reg>ds all ?+s z necess>y1 x has a great] p[] ov] its affections10 :i* are arbitr>y & cont+5t4 ,?is is ! return ( ! m9d to ,god1 & ?is is human fre$om2 z mode1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _s has no fre$om1 b is det]m9$ f )\t4 8,f ! ?ird k9d ( k !re arises ! repose ( ! m9d2 ! supreme good ( ! m9d is to "k ,god1 & ?is is its highe/ virtue4 ,?is k necess>ily produces ! intellectual love ( ,god2 = x produces a joyfulness accompani$ by ! ,idea ( ,god z cause--i4e4 ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,god ,himself loves ,himself ) an inf9ite intellectual love40#bji ,= ,god c h only ,himself z aim & cause2 & ! end ( ! subjective m9d is to be direct$ on ,him4 ,?is is !re=e ! pure/1 b also a univ]sal morality4 ,9 ! ?irty-six? ,lett] 7pp4 #eha-ehb7 ,sp9oza speaks ( ,evil4 ,! allegation is made t ,god1 z ! orig9ator ( all ?+s & ev]y?+1 is also ! orig9ator ( evil1 is consequ5tly ,himself evil2 9 ?is id5tity all ?+s are "o1 good & evil are 9 !mselves ! same ?+1 9 ,god's sub/ance ?is diff]5ce has disappe>$4 ,sp9oza says 9 answ] to ?is3 8,i ass]t ! fact t ,god absolutely & truly0 7z cause ( ,himself7 8is ! cause ( ev]y?+ t has an ess5tial cont5t0 7i4e4 affirmative reality7 8be x :at x may4 ,n[ if y c prove to me t evil1 error1 crime1 etc41 are some?+ t expresses an ess5ce1 ,i w freely admit to y t ,god is ! orig9ator ( crime & evil & error4 ,b ,i h else:]e abundantly demon/rat$ t ! =m ( evil _c subsi/ 9 any?+ t expresses an ess5ce1 & !re=e x _c be said t ,god is ! cause ( evil40 ,evil is m]ely negation1 privation1 limitation1 f9ality1 mode--no?+ 9 itself truly real4 8,n]o's murd] ( 8 "m1 9 s f> z x _h positive cont5t1 0 no crime4 ,= ,ore/es did ! same ext]nal de$1 & _h 9 do+ x ! same end 9 view--to kill 8 "m2 & yet he is n blam$10 & s on4 ,! affirmative is ! w1 ! int5tion1 ! act ( ,n]o4 8,:]e9 !n consi/s ,n]o's crim9ality8 ,9 no?+ else b t he prov$ himself ungrateful1 m]ciless1 & disob$i5t4 ,b x is c]ta9 t all ?is expresses no ess5ce1 & !re=e ,god 0 n ! cause ( x1 ?\gh ,he 0 ! cause ( ,n]o's action & int5tion40 ,^! la/ are some?+ positive1 b yet !y d n con/itute ! crime z su*2 x is only ! negative elem5t1 su* z m]cilessness1 etc4 t makes ! action a crime4 8,we "k t :atev] exi/s1 reg>d$ 9 itself & )\t tak+ any?+ else into consid]ation1 conta9s a p]fection :i* ext5ds z widely z ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself ext5ds1 = ! ess5ce is 9 no way diff]5t !refrom40--8,because !n10 we f9d 9 ! ?irty-second lett] 7pp4 #eda1 #edc71 8,god does n reg>d ?+s ab/ractly1 or =m g5]al def9itions10 7( :at ! ?+ ought to be7 8& no m reality is requir$ ( ?+s ?an ! ,div9e und]/&+ & p[] has giv5 & actually met$ out to !m2 !re=e x cle>ly foll[s t su* privation exi/s only & solely 9 respect to our und]/&+1 b n 9 respect to ,god20 = ,god is absolutely real4 ,x is all v well to say ?is1 b x does n meet ! case4 ,= 9 ?is way ,god & ! respect to our und]/&+ are diff]5t4 ,:]e is _! unity8 ,h[ is ?is to be conceiv$8 ,sp9oza cont9ues 9 ! ?irty-six? lett]3 8,al?\gh ! works ( ! righte\s 7i4e4 ( ^? :o h a cle> idea ( ,god1 to :i* !y direct all _! actions & ev5 _! ?\ghts71 &0 also ! works 8( ! wick$ 7i4e4 ( ^? :o h no idea ( ,god1 b only ideas ( e>?ly ?+s10--individual1 p]sonal int]e/s & op9ions1--8by :i* _! actions & ?\ghts are direct$71 & all :atsoev] exi/s1 necess>ily proce$ f ,god's et]nal laws & c\nsels1 & p]petually dep5d on ,god1 !y are yet n di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 degree1 b 9 ess5ce2 = al?\gh a m\se z well z an angel dep5ds on ,god1 & sorr[ z well z joy1 yet a m\se _c be a k9d ( angel1 & sorr[ _c be a k9d ( joy10--!y are diff]5t 9 ess5ce4 ,!re is !re=e no gr\nd = ! objection t ,sp9oza's philosophy gives ! dea?-bl[ to morality2 we ev5 ga9 f x ! great result t all t is s5su\s is m]e limitation1 & t !re is only "o true sub/ance1 & t human lib]ty consi/s 9 keep+ 9 view ?is "o sub/ance1 & 9 regulat+ all our conduct 9 accordance ) ! m9d & w ( ! ,et]nal ,"o4 ,b 9 ?is philosophy x may ) ju/ice be object$ t ,god is conceiv$ only z ,sub/ance1 & n z ,_s1 z concrete4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! human s\l is !re9 also d5i$1 :ile 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion e individual appe>s z det]m9$ to salvation4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ! individual _s is only a mode1 an accid5t1 b n any?+ sub/antial4 ,?is br+s u to a g5]al criticism ( ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* we %all consid] x f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,sp9ozism is ass]t$ to be ,a!ism--by ,jacobi1 = in/ance 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,i4 p4 #baf7--;because 9 x no di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ,god & ! _w2 x makes nature ! real ,god1 or l[]s ,god to ! level ( nature1 s t ,god disappe>s & only nature is e/abli%$4 ,b x is n s mu* ,god & nature t ,sp9oza sets up 9 mutual opposition1 z ?\ght & ext5sion2 & ,god is unity1 n ,"o made up ( two1 b absolute ,sub/ance1 9 :i* has really disappe>$ ! limitation ( ! subjectivity ( ?\ght & nature4 ,^? :o speak aga9/ ,sp9oza d s z if x 7 on ,god's acc\nt t !y 7 int]e/$2 b :at ^! oppon5ts are really conc]n$ ab\t is n ,god1 b ! f9ite--!mselves4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ! f9ite1 to :i* we belong1 may be repres5t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 fir/ly1 only ! f9ite exi/s1 & 9 ?is way we alone exi/1 b ,god does n exi/--?is is a!ism2 ! f9ite is "h tak5 absolutely1 & is accord+ly ! sub/antial4 ,or1 9 ! second place1 ,god alone exi/s2 ! f9ite has no reality1 x is only ph5om5a1 appe>ance4 ,to say1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ,god exi/s & we also exi/ is a false syn!tic union1 an amicable compromise4 ,x is ! popul> view ( ! matt] t ! "o side has z mu* sub/antiality z ! o!r2 ,god is hon\r$ & supreme1 b f9ite ?+s also h ,be+ to exactly ! same ext5t4 ,reason _c rema9 satisfi$ ) ?is 8also10 ) indiff]5ce l ?is4 ,! philosophic requisite is !re=e to appreh5d ! unity ( ^! diff]5ces 9 su* a way t diff]5ce is n let slip1 b proce$s et]nally f sub/ance1 )\t be+ petrifi$ into dualism4 ,sp9oza is rais$ above ?is dualism2 religion is s also1 if we turn its popul> conceptions into ?\ghts4 ,! a!ism ( ! fir/ attitude--:5 m5 set up z ultimate ! arbitr>9ess ( ! w1 _! own vanity1 ! f9ite ?+s ( nature1 & ! _w dwells = ev] 9 ! m9d--is n ! /&po9t ( ,sp9oza1 = :om ,god is ! "o & only sub/ance1 ! _w on ! contr>y be+ m]ely an affection or mode ( ?is sub/ance4 ,9 ! respect t ,sp9oza does n di/+ui% ,god f ! _w1 ! f9ite1 x is !re=e correct to t]m 8 !ory a!ism1 = 8 words are ^!3 ,nature1 ! human m9d1 ! individual1 are ,god reveal$ "u p>ticul> =ms4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ 7pp4 #beg1 #beh1 #bhj7 t und\bt$ly ,sub/ance ) ,sp9oza does n p]fectly fulfil ! conception ( ,god1 s9ce x is z ,_s t ,he is to be conceiv$4 ,b if ,sp9oza is call$ an a!i/ = ! sole reason t he does n di/+ui% ,god f ! _w1 x is a misuse ( ! t]m4 ,sp9ozism might really j z well or ev5 bett] h be5 t]m$ ,acosmism1 s9ce accord+ to its tea*+ x is n to ! _w1 f9ite exi/5ce1 ! univ]se1 t reality & p]man5cy are to be ascrib$1 b r to ,god alone z ! sub/antial4 ,sp9oza ma9ta9s t !re is no su* ?+ z :at is kn[n z ! _w2 x is m]ely a =m ( ,god1 & 9 & = itself x is no?+4 ,! _w has no true reality1 & all ?is t we "k z ! _w has be5 ca/ into ! abyss ( ! "o id5tity4 ,!re is !re=e no su* ?+ z f9ite reality1 x has no tru? :atev]2 accord+ to ,sp9oza :at is1 is ,god1 & ,god alone4 ,!re=e ! allegations ( ^? :o accuse ,sp9oza ( a!ism are ! direct opposite ( ! tru?2 ) him !re is too mu* ,god4 ,!y say3 ,if ,god is ! id5tity ( m9d & nature1 !n nature or ! individual man is ,god4 ,?is is q correct1 b !y =get t nature & ! individual disappe> 9 ?is same id5tity3 & !y _c =give ,sp9oza = ?us annihilat+ !m4 ,^? :o defame him 9 su* a way z ?is are !re=e n aim+ at ma9ta9+ ,god1 b at ma9ta9+ ! f9ite & ! worldly2 !y d n fancy _! own ext9ction & t ( ! _w4 ,sp9oza's sy/em is absolute pan!ism & mono!ism elevat$ into ?\ght4 ,sp9ozism is !re=e v f> remov$ f be+ a!ism 9 ! ord9>y s5se2 b 9 ! s5se t ,god is n conceiv$ z _s1 x is a!ism4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! same way _m !ologians are also a!i/s :o speak ( ,god only z ! ,almighty ,supreme ,be+1 etc41 :o refuse to ackn[l$ge ,god1 & :o admit ! validity & tru? ( ! f9ite4 ,!y are _m degrees worse ?an ,sp9oza4 ,! second po9t to be consid]$ is ! me?od adopt$ by ,sp9oza = sett+ =? 8 philosophy2 x is ! demon/rative me?od ( geometry z employ$ by ,euclid1 9 :i* we f9d def9itions1 explanations1 axioms1 & !orems4 ,ev5 ,desc>tes made x 8 />t+-po9t t philosophic propositions mu/ be ma!matically h&l$ & prov$1 t !y mu/ h ! v same evid5ce z ma!matics4 ,! ma!matical me?od is consid]$ sup]ior to all o!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( its evid5ce2 & x is natural t indep5d5t k 9 its re-awak5+ light$ fir/ ^u ?is =m1 ( :i* x saw s brilliant an example4 ,! ma!matical me?od is1 h[ev]1 ill-adapt$ = speculative cont5t1 & f9ds its prop] place only 9 ! f9ite sci5ces ( ! und]/&+4 ,9 mod]n times ,jacobi has ass]t$ 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #bag-bbc7 t all demon/ration1 all sci5tific k leads back to ,sp9ozism1 :i* alone is a logical me?od ( ?\ght2 & because x mu/ lead ?i!r1 x is really ( no s]vice :atev]1 b imm$iate k is :at we mu/ dep5d on4 ,x may be conc$$ to ,jacobi t ! me?od ( demon/ration leads to ,sp9ozism1 if we und]/& !reby m]ely ! me?od ( k belong+ to ! und]/&+4 ,b ! fact is t ,sp9oza is made a te/+-po9t 9 mod]n philosophy1 s t x may really be said3 ,y are ei!r a ,sp9ozi/ or n a philosoph] at all4 ,?is be+ s1 ! ma!matical & demon/rative me?od ( ,sp9oza w\ld seem to be only a defect 9 ! ext]nal =m2 b x is ! fundam5tal defect ( ! :ole position4 ,9 ?is me?od ! nature ( philosophic k & ! object !re(1 are entirely misconceiv$1 = ma!matical k & me?od are m]ely =mal 9 "* & consequ5tly altoge!r unsuit$ = philosophy4 ,ma!matical k exhibits its pro( on ! exi/5t object z su*1 n on ! object z conceiv$2 ! ,notion is lack+ ?r\gh\t2 ! cont5t ( ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 is simply ! ,notion & t :i* is compreh5d$ by ! ,notion4 ,!re=e ?is ,notion z ! k ( ! ess5ce is simply "o assum$1 :i* falls )9 ! philosophic subject2 & ?is is :at repres5ts itself to be ! me?od peculi> to ,sp9oza's philosophy4 ,( ?is demon/rative mann] we h already se5 ^! examples3 77 ,! def9itions f :i* ,sp9oza takes 8 />t--z 9 geometry a comm5cem5t is made ) ! l9e1 triangle1 c4--conc]n univ]sal det]m9ations1 su* z cause ( itself1 ! f9ite1 sub/ance1 attribute1 mode1 & s on1 :i* are solely & simply accept$ & assum$1 n d$uc$1 nor prov$ to be necess>y3 = ,sp9oza is n aw>e ( h[ he arrives at ^! individual det]m9ations4 77 ,he fur!r speaks ( axioms1 = in/ance 7,e?ic4 ,p4 ,i4 ,ax4 ,i4 p4 #cf73 8,:at is1 is ei!r 9 itself or 9 ano!r40 ,! det]m9ations 89 itself0 & 89 ano!r0 are n %[n =? 9 _! necessity3 nei!r is ?is disjunction prov$1 x is m]ely assum$4 77 ,! propositions h1 z su*1 a subject & pr$icate :i* are n simil>4 ,:5 ! pr$icate is prov$ ( ! subject & necess>ily comb9$ ) x1 ! discrepancy rema9s t ! "o z univ]sal is relat$ to ! o!r z p>ticul>3 !re=e ev5 al?\gh ! relation is prov$1 !re is pres5t at ! same "t a second>y relation4 ,ma!matical sci5ce1 9 its true propositions respect+ a :ole1 escapes f ! difficulty by prov+ also ! conv]se ( ! propositions1 9 ?is way obta9+ = !m a special def9it5ess by prov+ ea* proposition 9 bo? ways4 ,true propositions may1 !re=e1 be look$ on z def9itions1 & ! conv]sion is ! pro( ( ! proposition 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is express$4 ,b ?is means ( escap+ ! difficulty ,philosophy _c well employ1 s9ce ! subject ( :i* some?+ is prov$ is itself only ! ,notion or ! univ]sal1 & ! proposition =m is !re=e q sup]flu\s & out ( place4 ,:at has ! =m ( ! subject is 9 ! =m ( an exi/5t ?+1 z contra/$ ) ! univ]sal1 ! cont5t ( ! proposition4 ,! exi/5t ?+ is tak5 z signify+ exi/5t 9 ! ord9>y s5se2 x is ! ^w :i* we use 9 e-day life1 & ( :i* we h a conception t has no?+ ( ! ,notion 9 x4 ,! conv]se ( a proposition w\ld simply read l ?is3 ,! ,notion is t :i* is ?us popul>ly conceiv$4 ,?is pro( f ! usage ( language--t we also und]/& ?is to be ! mean+ 9 e-day life1 or 9 o!r words t ! "n is correct--has no philosophic significance4 ,b if ! proposition is n "o l ?is1 b an ord9>y proposition1 & if ! pr$icate is n ! ,notion1 b "s g5]al t]m or o!r1 a pr$icate ( ! subject1 su* propositions are really n philosophic3 we might in/ance ! /atem5t t sub/ance is "o & n sev]al1 b only t 9 :i* sub/ance & unity are ! same4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ?is unity ( ! two mom5ts is ! v ?+ :i* ! pro( has to demon/rate1 x is ! ,notion or ! ess5ce4 ,9 ?is case x looks z if ! proposition 7 ! matt] ( *ief importance1 ! tru?4 ,b if 9 ^! really only s-call$ propositions1 subject & pr$icate are 9 tru? n alike1 because "o is individual & ! o!r univ]sal1 _! relation is ess5tial1 i4e4 ! reason = :i* !y are "o4 ,! pro( has "h a false position inde$1 z if t subject 7 implicit or 9 itself1 :]eas subject & pr$icate are1 fundam5tally ev51 mom5ts 9 sep>ation2 9 ! judgm5t 8,god is ,"o10 ! subject itself is univ]sal1 s9ce x resolves itself into unity4 ,on ! o!r side x is impli$ 9 ?is false position t ! pro( is br\ght 9 f outside m]ely1 z 9 ma!matics f a prec$+ proposition1 & t ! proposition is n !re=e conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 ?us we see ! ord9>y me?od ( pro( take its middle t]m1 ! pr9ciple1 f any:]e x c1 9 ! same way z 9 classification x takes its pr9ciple ( classification4 ,! proposition is !n1 z x 71 a second>y affair2 b we mu/ ask if ?is proposition is true4 ,! result z proposition ought to be tru?1 b is only k4 ,! movem5t ( k1 z pro(1 falls !re=e1 9 ! ?ird place1 outside ( ! proposition1 :i* ought to be ! tru?4 ,! ess5tial mom5ts ( ! sy/em are really already completely conta9$ 9 ! presuppositions ( ! def9itions1 f :i* all fur!r pro(s h m]ely to be d$uc$4 ,b :5ce h we ^! categories :i* "h appe> z def9itions8 ,we f9d !m d\btless 9 ourselves1 9 sci5tific culture4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! und]/&+1 ! w1 ext5sion1 is !re=e n develop$ f inf9ite sub/ance1 b x is directly express$ 9 ^! det]m9ations1 & t q naturally2 = ( a tru? !re exi/s ! ,"o into :i* ev]y?+ ent]s1 9 ord] to be absorb$ !re91 b out ( :i* no?+ comes4 ,= z ,sp9oza has set up ! great proposition1 all det]m9ation implies negation 7supra1 p4 #bfg71 & z ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ( ?\ght 9 contra/ to ext5sion1 x may be %[n t x is det]m9$ & f9ite1 :at is ess5tial 9 x re/s ^u negation4 ,!re=e ,god alone is ! positive1 ! affirmative1 & consequ5tly ! "o sub/ance2 all o!r ?+s1 on ! contr>y1 are only modifications ( ?is sub/ance1 & are no?+ 9 & = !mselves4 ,simple det]m9ation or negation belongs only to =m1 b is q ano!r ?+ f absolute det]m9at5ess or negativity1 :i* is absolute =m2 9 ?is way ( look+ at x negation is ! negation ( negation1 & !re=e true affirmation4 ,?is negative self-consci\s mom5t1 ! movem5t ( k1 :i* pursues its way 9 ! ?\ght :i* is pres5t be=e u1 is h[ev] c]ta9ly lack+ to ! cont5t ( ,sp9oza's philosophy1 or at lea/ x is only ext]nally associat$ ) x1 s9ce x falls )9 self-consci\sness4 ,t is to say1 ?\ghts =m ! cont5t1 b !y are n self-consci\s ?\ghts or ,notions3 ! cont5t signifies ?\ght1 z pure ab/ract self-consci\sness1 b an unreason+ k1 into :i* ! individual does n ent]3 ! cont5t has n ! signification ( #8,i4' ,!re=e ! case is z 9 ma!matics2 a pro( is c]ta9ly giv51 conviction mu/ foll[1 b yet ! matt] fails to be und]/ood4 ,!re is a rigid necessity 9 ! pro(1 to :i* ! mom5t ( self-consci\sness is lack+2 ! #8,i' disappe>s1 gives itself altoge!r up1 m]ely )]s away4 ,sp9oza's proc$ure is !re=e q correct2 yet ! individual proposition is false1 see+ t x expresses only "o side ( ! negation4 ,! und]/&+ has det]m9ations :i* d n contradict "o ano!r2 contradiction ! und]/&+ _c suff]4 ,! negation ( negation is1 h[ev]1 contradiction1 = 9 t x negates negation z simple det]m9ation1 x is on ! "o h& affirmation1 b on ! o!r h& also really negation2 & ?is contradiction1 :i* is a matt] p]ta9+ to reason1 is lack+ 9 ! case ( ,sp9oza4 ,!re is lack+ ! inf9ite =m1 spirituality & lib]ty4 ,i h already m5tion$ be=e ?is 7pp4 #ic1 #id2 #abi-acg7 t ,lullus & ,bruno attempt$ to draw up a sy/em ( =m1 :i* %\ld embrace & compreh5d ! "o sub/ance :i* organizes itself into ! univ]se2 ?is attempt ,sp9oza did n make4 ,because negation 0 ?us conceiv$ by ,sp9oza 9 "o-sid$ fa%ion m]ely1 !re is1 9 ! ?ird place1 9 8 sy/em1 an utt] blott+ out ( ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 individuality1 p]sonality1 ! mom5t ( self-consci\sness 9 ,be+4 ,?\ght has only ! signification ( ! univ]sal1 n ( self-consci\sness4 ,x is ?is lack :i* has1 on ! "o side1 br\ght ! conception ( ! lib]ty ( ! subject into su* vehem5t antagonism to ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 because x set aside ! indep5d5ce ( ! human consci\sness1 ! s-call$ lib]ty :i* is m]ely ! empty ab/raction ( indep5d5ce1 & 9 s do+ set aside ,god1 z di/+ui%$ f nature & ! human consci\sness--t is z implicit or 9 ,himself1 9 ! ,absolute2 = man has ! consci\sness ( fre$om1 ( ! spiritual1 :i* is ! negative ( ! corporeal1 & man has also ! consci\sness t 8 true ,be+ lies 9 :at is oppos$ to ! corporeal4 ,?is has be5 firmly ma9ta9$ by religion1 !ology1 & ! s\nd common s5se ( ! common consci\sness1 & ?is =m ( opposition to ,sp9oza appe>s fir/ ( all 9 ! ass]tion t fre$om is real1 & t evil exi/s4 ,b because = ,sp9oza1 on ! o!r h&1 !re exi/s only absolute univ]sal sub/ance z ! non-p>ticul>iz$1 ! truly real--all t is p>ticul> & individual1 my subjectivity & spirituality1 has1 on ! o!r h&1 z a limit$ modification ^: ,notion dep5ds on ano!r1 no absolute exi/5ce4 ,?us ! s\l1 ! ,_s1 9 s f> z x is an individual ,be+1 is = ,sp9oza a m]e negation1 l ev]y?+ 9 g5]al t is det]m9$4 ,z all diff]5ces & det]m9ations ( ?+s & ( consci\sness simply g back into ! ,"o sub/ance1 "o may say t 9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza all ?+s are m]ely ca/ d[n into ?is abyss ( annihilation4 ,b f ?is abyss no?+ comes out2 & ! p>ticul> ( :i* ,sp9oza speaks is only assum$ & presuppos$ f ! ord9>y conception1 )\t be+ ju/ifi$4 ,7 x to be ju/ifi$1 ,sp9oza w\ld h to d$uce x f 8 ,sub/ance2 b t does n op5 itself out1 & !re=e comes to no vitality1 spirituality or activity4 ,8 philosophy has only a rigid & unyield+ sub/ance1 & n yet _s2 9 x we are n at home ) ourselves4 ,b ! reason t ,god is n _s is t ,he is n ! ,?ree 9 ,"o4 ,sub/ance rema9s rigid & petrifi$1 )\t ,boehme's s\rces or spr+s2 = ! individual det]m9ations 9 ! =m ( det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+ are n ,boehme's orig9at+ spirits1 :i* en]gize & exp& 9 "o ano!r 7supra1 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc74 ,:at we f9d reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> !n is t x is only a modification ( absolute sub/ance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n decl>$ to be su*2 = ! mom5t ( negativity is :at is lack+ to ?is rigid motionlessness1 ^: s+le =m ( activity is ?is1 to dive/ all ?+s ( _! det]m9ation & p>ticul>ity & ca/ !m back into ! "o absolute sub/ance1 :]e9 !y are simply swall[$ up1 & all life 9 itself is utt]ly de/roy$4 ,?is is :at we f9d philosophically inadequate ) ,sp9oza2 di/9ctions are ext]nally pres5t1 x is true1 b !y rema9 ext]nal1 s9ce ev5 ! negative is n kn[n 9 itself4 ,?\ght is ! absolutely ab/ract1 & = t v reason ! absolutely negative2 x is s 9 tru?1 b ) ,sp9oza x is n ass]t$ to be ! absolutely negative4 ,b if 9 opposition to ,sp9ozism we hold fa/ to ! ass]tion t ,_s1 z di/+ui%+ itself f ! corporeal1 is sub/antial1 actual1 true1 & 9 ! same way t fre$om is n some?+ m]ely privative1 !n ?is actuality 9 =mal ?\ght is d\btless correct1 yet x re/s only ^u feel+2 b ! fur!r /ep is t ! ,idea ess5tially includes )9 itself motion & vitality1 & t x consequ5tly has 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( spiritual fre$om4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 ! defect ( ,sp9ozism is conceiv$ z consi/+ 9 its want ( correspond5ce ) actuality2 b on ! o!r side x is to be appreh5d$ 9 a high] s5se1 ,i mean 9 ! s5se t sub/ance ) ,sp9oza is only ! ,idea tak5 altoge!r ab/ractly1 n 9 its vitality4 ,if1 9 conclusion1 we sum up ?is criticism t we h (f]$1 we w\ld say t on ! "o h& ) ,sp9oza negation or privation is di/9ct f sub/ance2 = he m]ely assumes individual det]m9ations1 & does n d$uce !m f sub/ance4 ,on ! o!r h& ! negation is pres5t only z ,no?+1 = 9 ! absolute !re is no mode2 ! negative is n !re1 b only its dissolution1 its return3 we d n f9d its movem5t1 its ,becom+ & ,be+4 ,! negative is conceiv$ altoge!r z a vani%+ mom5t--n 9 itself1 b only z individual self-consci\sness2 x is n l ! ,sep>ator we met ) 9 ,boehme's sy/em 7supra1 p4 #bjf74 ,self-consci\sness is born f ?is ocean1 dripp+ ) ! wat] !re(1 i4e4 nev] com+ to absolute self-hood2 ! he>t1 ! indep5d5ce is transfix$--! vital fire is want+4 ,?is lack has to be suppli$1 ! mom5t ( self-consci\sness has to be add$4 ,x has ! foll[+ two special aspects1 :i* we n[ p]ceive em]g+ & ga9+ acceptance2 9 ! fir/ place ! objective aspect1 t absolute ess5ce obta9s 9 self-consci\sness ! mode ( an object ( consci\sness = :i* ! 8o!r0 exi/s1 or ! exi/5t z su*1 & t :at ,sp9oza und]/ood by ! 8modes0 is elevat$ to objective reality z an absolute mom5t ( ! absolute2 9 ! second place we h ! aspect ( self-consci\sness1 individuality1 indep5d5ce4 ,z 0 =m]ly ! case ) respect to ,bacon & ,boehme1 ! =m] aspect is "h tak5 up by ! ,engli%man1 ,john ,locke1 ! latt] by ! ,g]man ,leibnitz2 9 ! fir/ case x did n appe> z a mom5t1 nor did x 9 ! second appe> z absolute ,notion4 ,n[ :ile ,sp9oza only takes notice ( ^! ord9>y conceptions1 & ! highe/ po9t ( view he rea*es 9 reg>d to !m is t !y s9k & disappe> 9 ! "o ,sub/ance1 ,locke on ! contr>y exam9es ! g5esis ( ^! conceptions1 :ile ,leibnitz opposes to ,sp9oza ! inf9ite multiplicity ( individuals1 al?\gh all ^! monads h "o monad z ! basis ( _! ,be+4 ,bo? ,locke & ,leibnitz !re=e came =w>d z oppon5ts ( ! above-m5tion$ "o-sid$ness ( ,sp9oza4 #c4 ,,malebran*e4 ,! philosophy ( ,malebran*e is 9 po9t ( matt] entirely id5tical ) t ( ,sp9oza1 b x has ano!r1 a m religi\s & m !ological =m2 on acc\nt ( ?is =m x nev] enc\nt]$ ! opposition met ) by ,sp9oza1 & = ! same reason ,malebran*e has nev] be5 reproa*$ ) ,a!ism4 ,ni*olas ,malebran*e 0 born at ,p>is 9 #afch4 ,he 0 sickly & de=m$ 9 body1 & 0 h5ce br\ght up ) great c>e4 ,he 0 diffid5t & lov$ solitude2 9 8 tw5ty-second ye> he ent]$ ! congrgation de l'oratoire1 a sort ( spiritual ord]1 & devot$ himself to ! sci5ces4 ,9 pass+ a booksell]'s %op he happ5$ accid5tally to see ,desc>tes' "w ,de hom9e2 he read x1 & x int]e/$ him greatly--s mu* s t ! read+ ( x br\ght on sev]e palpitation & he 0 =c$ to cease4 ,?is decid$ 8 future life2 !re awoke 9 him an irrepressible incl9ation = ,philosophy4 ,he 0 a man ( mo/ noble & g5tle "*1 & ( ! mo/ g5u9e & unsw]v+ piety4 ,he di$ at ,p>is 9 #agae1 & 9 ! sev5ty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age4#baj ,8 pr9cipal "w be>s ! title3 ,de la re*]*e de la vrit4 ,"o "p ( x is entirely metaphysical1 b ! great] "p is altoge!r empirical4 ,= in/ance1 ,malebran*e 9 ! fir/ ?ree books treats logically & psy*ologically ( ! errors 9 sight & he>+1 9 ! imag9ation & und]/&+4 a4 ,:at is mo/ important 9 ?is book is 8 idea ( ! orig9 ( our k4 ,he says3 8,! ess5ce ( ! s\l is 9 ?\ght1 j z t ( matt] is 9 ext5sion4 ,all else1 su* z s5sation1 imag9ation & w1 are modifications ( ?\ght04 ,he ?us beg9s ) two sides1 betwe5 :i* he sets an absolute *asm1 & !n he foll[s out 9 detail ! ,c>tesian idea ( ! assi/ance ( ,god 9 k4 ,8 ma9 po9t is t 8! s\l _c atta9 to its conceptions & notions f ext]nal ?+s40 ,= :5 ,i & ! ?+ are cle>ly indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & h no?+ 9 common1 ! two c c]ta9ly n ent] into relation ) "o ano!r nor be = "o ano!r4 8,bodies are imp5etrable2 _! images w\ld de/roy "o ano!r on ! way to ! organs40 ,b fur!r3 8,! s\l _c beget ideas f itself1 nor c !y be inborn10 = z 8,augu/9e has said1 #8,say n t ye y\rselves are y\r own light4'0 ,b h[ !n comes ext5sion1 ! manifold1 into ! simple1 into ! _s1 s9ce x is ! rev]se ( ! simple1 namely ! div]se8 ,?is "q reg>d+ ! association ( ?\ght & ext5sion is always an important "o 9 ,philosophy4 ,accord+ to ,malebran*e ! answ] is1 8,t we see all ?+s 9 ,god40 ,god ,himself is ! connection betwe5 u & !m1 & ?us ! unity betwe5 ! ?+ & ?\ght4 8,god has 9 ,him ! ideas ( all ?+s because ,he has creat$ all2 ,god is ?r\gh ,8 omnipres5ce unit$ 9 ! mo/ intimate way ) spirits4 ,god ?us is ! place ( spirits10 ! ,univ]sal ( _s1 8j z space0 is ! univ]sal1 8! place ( bodies4 ,consequ5tly ! s\l kn[s 9 ,god :at is 9 ,him10 bodies1 8inasmu* z ,he sets =?0 7inw>dly conceives7 8creat$ exi/5ce1 because all ?is is spiritual1 intellectual1 & pres5t to ! s\l40#baa ,because ?+s & ,god are intellectual & we too are intellectual1 we p]ceive !m 9 ,god z !y are1 s to speak1 intellectual 9 ,him4 ,if ?is be fur!r analyz$ x 9 no way diff]s f ,sp9ozism4 ,malebran*e inde$ 9 a popul> way all[s s\l & ?+s to subsi/ z indep5d5t1 b ?is indep5d5ce vani%es away l smoke :5 ! pr9ciple is firmly grasp$4 ,! cate*ism says3 8,god is omnipres5t10 & if ?is omnipres5ce be develop$ ,sp9ozism is arriv$ at2 & yet !ologians !n proce$ to speak aga9/ ! sy/em ( id5tity1 & cry out ab\t ,pan!ism4 b4 ,we mu/ fur!r rem>k t ,malebran*e also makes ! univ]sal1 ?\ght1 ! ess5tial1 by plac+ x be=e ! p>ticul>4 8,! s\l has ! ,notion ( ! inf9ite & univ]sal3 x kn[s no?+ except+ ?r\gh ! ,idea :i* x has ( ! inf9ite2 ?is ,idea mu/ h5ce come fir/4 ,! univ]sal is n a m]e confusion ( individual ideas1 x is n a union ( individual ?+s40 ,accord+ to ,locke ! individual f :i* ! univ]sal is =m$ prec$es 7infra1 p4 #bii72 accord+ to ,malebran*e ! univ]sal ,idea is :at comes fir/ 9 man4 8,if we wi% to ?9k ( any?+ p>ticul> we ?9k fir/ ( ! univ]sal20 x is ! pr9ciple ( ! p>ticul>1 z space is ( ?+s4 ,all ess5tiality prec$es our p>ticul> conceptions1 & ?is ess5tiality comes fir/4 8,all ess5tial exi/5ces 7ess5ces7 come be=e our ord9>y conception2 !y _c be su* except+ by ,god's pres5ce 9 ! m9d & _s4 ,he x is :o conta9s all ?+s 9 ! simplicity ( ,8 nature4 ,x seems evid5t t m9d w\ld n be capable ( repres5t+ to itself ! univ]sal ,notions ( species1 k9d1 & su*like1 if x did n see all ?+s compreh5d$ 9 "o40 ,! univ]sal is ?us 9 & = itself1 & x does n take its rise ?r\gh ! p>ticul>4 8,s9ce ea* exi/5t ?+ is an individual1 we _c say t we see some?+ actually creat$ :51 = example1 we see a triangle 9 g5]al10 = we see x ?r\gh ,god4 8,no acc\nt c be giv5 ( h[ _s kn[s ab/ract & common tru?s1 except+ ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ,him :o c enlight5 _s 9 an inf9ite way10 because ,he is 9 & = ,himself ! univ]sal4 8,we h a cle> idea ( ,god10 ( ! univ]sal3 8,we c h su* only ?r\gh union ) ,him1 = ?is idea is n a creat$ "o10 b is 9 & = itself4 ,z ) ,sp9oza1 ! "o univ]sal is ,god1 & 9 s f> z x is det]m9$1 x is ! p>ticul>2 we see ?is p>ticul> only 9 ! univ]sal1 z we see bodies 9 space4 8,we already h a conception ( inf9ite ,be+1 inasmu* z we h a conception ( ,be+ )\t reg>d to :e!r x is f9ite or inf9ite4 ,to "k a f9ite we mu/ limit ! inf9ite2 & ?is la/ mu/ ?us prec$e4 ,?us _s p]ceives all 9 ! inf9ite2 ?is is s f> f be+ a confus$ conception ( _m p>ticul> ?+s t all p>ticul> conceptions are m]ely p>ticipations 9 ! univ]sal ,idea ( inf9itude--9 ! same way t ,god does n receive ?is ,be+ f0 f9ite 8creatures1 b10 on ! contr>y1 8all creatures only subsi/ ?r\gh ,him40#bab c4 ,z reg>ds ! turn+ ( ! s\l to ,god1 ,malebran*e says :at ,sp9oza said f 8 e?ical po9t ( view3 8,x is impossible t ,god %\ld h an end o!r ?an ,himself 7! ,holy ,scriptures place ?is beyond d\bt720 ! w ( ,god c only h ! good1 :at is )\t d\bt univ]sal z its end4 8,h5ce n only is x ess5tial t our natural love1 i4e4 ! emotion :i* ,he br+s =? 9 our _s1 %\ld /rive aft] ,him0--8! w is really love t[>ds ,god0--8b x is likewise impossible t ! k & ! light :i* ,he gives to our _s %\ld make any?+ else kn[n ?an :at is 9 ,him10 = ?\ght only exi/s 9 unity ) ,god4 8,if ,god 7 to make a _s & give x ! sun z an idea or z ! imm$iate object ( its k1 ,god w\ld h made ?is _s & ! idea ( ?is _s = ! sun & n = ,himself40 ,all natural love1 & /ill m k1 & ! desire aft] tru?1 h ,god z _! end4 8,all motions ( ! w z reg>ds ! creatures are only det]m9ations ( motion z reg>ds ! creator40 ,malebran*e quotes f ,augu/9e 8t we see ,god ev5 f ! "t we fir/ ent] ^u ?is life 7ds cette vie71 ?r\gh ! k t we h ( et]nal tru?s4 ,! tru? is uncreat$1 un*angeable1 immeasurable1 et]nal above all ?+s2 x is true ?r\gh itself1 & has its p]fection f no ?+4 ,x makes ! creator m p]fect1 & all spirits naturally seek to "k x3 n[ !re is no?+ t has ^! p]fections b ,god1 & ?us ! tru? is ,god4 ,we p]ceive ^! un*angeable & et]nal tru?s1 h5ce we see ,god40 8,god inde$ sees b ,he does n feel s5su\s ?+s4 ,if we see some?+ s5su\s1 s5sation & pure ?\ght are to be f\nd 9 our consci\sness4 ,s5sation is a modification ( our _s2 ,god occasions ?is because ,he kn[s t our s\l is capable ( x4 ,! ,idea :i* is b\nd up ) ! s5sation is 9 ,god2 we see x1 etc4 ,?is relation1 ?is union ( our m9d & _s ) ! ,^w 7,v]be7 ( ,god1 & ( our w ) ,8 love1 is t we are =m$ aft] ! image ( ,god & 9 ,8 lik5ess40#bac ,?us ! love ( ,god consi/s 9 relat+ "o's affections to ! ,idea ( ,god2 :oev] kn[s himself & ?9ks 8 affections cle>ly1 loves ,god4 ,we fur!r f9d sundry empty litanies conc]n+ ,god1 a cate*ism = *ildr5 ( eight ye>s ( age respect+ goodness1 ju/ice1 omnipres5ce1 ! moral ord] ( ! _w2 9 all _! lifetime !ologians d n get any fur!r4 ,we h giv5 ! pr9cipal ( ,malebran*e's ideas2 ! rema9d] ( 8 philosophy is compos$ p>tly ( =mal logic1 & p>tly ( empirical psy*ology4 ,he passes to ! treatm5t ( errors1 h[ !y arise1 h[ ! s5ses1 ! imag9ation1 ! und]/&+1 deceive u1 & h[ we mu/ conduct ourselves 9 ord] to effect a rem$y4 ,!n ,malebran*e goes on 7,t4 ,,iii4 ,l4 ,,vi4 ,p4 ,i4 *ap4 i4 pp4 #a-c7 to ! rules & laws = recogniz+ ! tru?4 ,?us "h ! t]m ,philosophy 0 ev5 appli$ to ! mann] 9 :i* reflections on p>ticul> objects are drawn f =mal logic & ext]nal facts4 ,b4 ,,second ,,division4 ,x 0 ,locke :o became ! in/rum5t ( sett+ =? ?is entire mann] ( ?9k+ 9 a sy/ematic way1 = he work$ out ,bacon's position m fully4 ,& if ,bacon made s5su\s ,be+ to be ! tru?1 ,locke demon/rat$ ! univ]sal1 ,?\ght1 to be pres5t 9 s5su\s ,be+1 or %[$ t we obta9$ ! univ]sal1 ! true1 f exp]i5ce4 ,f ,locke a wide culture proce$s1 influ5c+ ,engli% philosoph]s m especially2 ! =ms adopt$ by ?is s*ool 7 v>i\s1 b ! pr9ciple 0 ! same2 x became a g5]al me?od ( reg>d+ ?+s 9 a popul> way1 & calls itself ,philosophy1 al?\gh ! object ( ,philosophy is n to be met ) "h4 #a4 ,,locke4 ,:5 exp]i5ce means t ! ,notion has objective actuality = consci\sness1 x is inde$ a necess>y elem5t 9 ! totality2 b z ?is reflection appe>s 9 ,locke1 signify+ z x does t we obta9 tru? by ab/raction f exp]i5ce & s5su\s p]ception1 x is utt]ly false1 s9ce1 in/ead ( be+ a mom5t1 x is made ! ess5ce ( ! tru?4 ,x is no d\bt true t aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ! inw>d imm$iacy ( ! ,idea1 & aga9/ ! me?od ( sett+ x =? 9 def9itions & axioms1 z also aga9/ absolute sub/ance1 ! dem& t ideas %\ld be repres5t$ z results1 & ! claims ( individuality & self-consci\sness1 ass]t _! rights to recognition4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,locke & ,leibnitz1 h[ev]1 ^! necessities make !mselves kn[n 9 an imp]fect mann] only2 ! "o fact :i* is common to bo? philosoph]s is t !y1 9 opposition to ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e1 take = _! pr9ciple ! p>ticul>1 f9ite det]m9at5ess & ! individual4 ,accord+ to ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e sub/ance or ! univ]sal is ! true1 ! sole exi/5t1 ! et]nal1 t :i* is 9 & = itself1 )\t orig91 & ( :i* p>ticul> ?+s are only modifications :i* are conceiv$ ?r\gh sub/ance4 ,b h]eby ,sp9oza has done an injury to ?is negative2 he h5ce arriv$ at no imman5t det]m9ation1 = all t is det]m9$ & individual is m]ely annihilat$ 9 8 sy/em4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 ! g5]al incl9ation ( consci\sness is to ma9ta9 ! diff]5ce1 p>tly 9 ord] to m>k itself out z implicitly free 9 opposition to its object--,be+1 nature1 & ,god1 & p>tly 9 ord] to recognize ! unity 9 ?is opposition1 & f ! opposition itself to make ! unity em]ge4 ,b ^? :o 7 ! in/rum5ts ( ?is t5d5cy compreh5d$ !mselves b little1 !y _h /ill no cle> consci\sness ( _! task1 nor ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! claims c\ld be satisfi$4 ,) ,locke1 ?is pr9ciple makes its fir/ entrance into ,philosophy 9 a mann] s completely at v>iance ) ! inflexible undiff]5tiat$ id5tity ( ! sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 t ! s5su\s & limit$1 ! imm$iate pres5t & exi/5t1 is ! ma9 & fundam5tal matt]4 ,locke does n get beyond ! ord9>y po9t ( view ( consci\sness1 viz4 t objects outside ( u are ! real & ! true4 ,! f9ite is ?us n grasp$ by ,locke z absolute negativity1 i4e4 9 its inf9itude2 ?is we %all n f9d until we come to deal 9 ! ?ird place ) ,leibnitz4 ,x is 9 a high] s5se t ,leibnitz ass]ts individuality1 ! diff]5tiat$1 to be self-exi/5t & inde$ objectless1 to be true ,be+4 ,t is to say1 x is n accord+ to him f9ite1 b is yet di/+ui%$2 ?us1 ea* monad is itself ! totality4 ,leibnitz & ,locke h5ce likewise /& 9 a position ( mutual indep5d5ce & antagonism4 ,john ,locke 0 born 9 #afcb1 at ,wr+ton1 9 ,engl&4 ,he /udi$ = himself ! ,c>tesian philosophy at ,ox=d1 sett+ aside ! s*ola/ic philosophy :i* 0 /ill 9 vogue4 ,he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( 8 delicate heal?1 he nev] really practis$4 ,9 #affd he w5t ) an ,engli% ambassador = a ye> to ,b]l94 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 he became acqua9t$ ) ! intellectual ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury ( t "t1 :o avail$ himself ( 8 m$ical advice1 & 9 ^: h\se he liv$ )\t requir+ to give himself up to practice4 ,:5 ,"l ,%aftesbury became ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ,locke receiv$ an (fice f him1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he soon lo/ by a *ange ( m9i/ry4 ,ow+ to 8 dread ( fall+ a prey to consumption1 he betook himself 9 #afge to ,montpelli] = ! b5efit ( 8 heal?4 ,:5 8 patron came into p[] aga9 he once m recov]$ ! place he _h lo/1 only to be aga9 depos$ on a fre% ov]?r[ ( ?is m9i/]1 & he 0 n[ compell$ to flee f ,engl&4 8,! act by means ( :i* ,locke 0 driv5 f ,ox=d0 7:at po/ he held !re we are n told7 80 n an enactm5t ( ! ,univ]sity1 b ( ,james ,,ii41 by ^: express comm&1 & by ! p]emptory au?ority ( a writt5 w>rant1 ! expulsion 0 c>ri$ out4 ,f ! correspond5ce t took place1 x is evid5t t ! college submitt$ itself aga9/ its w to a measure :i* x c\ld n resi/ )\t compromis+ ! peace & quiet ( its memb]s40 ,locke w5t to ,holl&1 :i* 0 at t "t ! l& :]e9 all :o 7 oblig$ to effect _! escape f any oppression1 :e!r political or religi\s1 f\nd protection1 & 9 :i* ! mo/ fam\s & lib]al-m9d$ m5 7 to be met )4 ,! ,c\rt p>ty p]secut$ him ev5 "h1 & by royal w>rant he 0 ord]$ to be tak5 prison] & s5t to ,engl&2 consequ5tly he _h to rema9 hidd5 ) 8 fri5ds4 ,:5 ,william ( ,orange asc5d$ ! ,engli% ?rone1 aft] ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 ,locke return$ ) him to ,engl&4 ,he 0 !re made ,commission] ( ,trade & ,plantations1 gave to ! _w 8 fam\s treatise on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 & f9ally1 hav+ )drawn f public (fice on acc\nt ( ! delicacy ( 8 heal?1 he sp5t 8 rema9+ ye>s 9 ! c\ntry h\ses ( ,engli% nobles2 he di$ on ! #bh? day ( ,octob]1 #agjd1 9 ! sev5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 life4#bad ,! philosophy ( ,locke is mu* e/eem$2 x is /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! philosophy ( ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*1 & likewise 9 a c]ta9 s5se ( ! ,g]mans4 ,to put x 9 a few words1 x ass]ts on ! "o h& t tru? & k re/ ^u exp]i5ce & obs]vation2 & on ! o!r ! analysis ( & ab/raction f g5]al det]m9ations is prescrib$ z ! me?od ( k2 x is1 s to speak1 a metaphysical empiricism1 & ?is is ! ord9>y me?od adopt$ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,9 respect ( me?od1 ,locke ?us employs an exactly opposite sy/em to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,9 ! me?ods ( ,sp9oza & ,desc>tes an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ideas may be disp5s$ )2 !y are accept$ at once z def9itions1 su* z ^? ( sub/ance1 ! inf9ite1 mode1 ext5sion1 etc41 all ( :i* con/itute a q incoh]5t li/4 ,b we require to %[ :]e ^! ?\ghts come 91 on :at !y are f\nd$1 & h[ !y are v]ifi$4 ,?us ,locke has /riv5 to satisfy a true necessity4 ,= he has ! m]it ( hav+ des]t$ ! sy/em ( m]e def9itions1 :i* 7 be=e ?is made ! />t+ po9t1 & ( hav+ attempt$ to make d$uction ( g5]al conceptions1 inasmu* z he 01 = example1 at ! pa9s to %[ h[ sub/antiality arises subjectively f objects4 ,t is a fur!r /ep ?an any rea*$ by ,sp9oza1 :o beg9s at once ) def9itions & axioms :i* are unv]ifi$4 ,n[ !y are d]iv$1 & no long] oracul>ly laid d[n1 ev5 if ! me?od & mann] :]eby ?is au!ntication is e/abli%$ is n ! "r "o4 ,t is to say1 "h ! matt] 9 "q is m]ely subjective1 & some:at psy*ological1 s9ce ,locke m]ely describes ! me?ods ( m9d z x appe>s to u to be4 ,= 9 8 philosophy we h m especially to deal ) ! d]ivation ( ! g5]al conceptions1 or ideas1 z he call$ !m1 t are pres5t 9 our k1 & ) _! orig9 z !y proce$ f :at is outw>dly & inw>dly p]ceptible4 ,malebran*e no d\bt likewise asks h[ we arrive at conceptions1 & ?us he app>5tly has be=e him ! same subject ( inve/igation z has ,locke4 ,b fir/ly1 ?is psy*ological elem5t 9 ,malebran*e is m]ely ! lat] developm5t1 & !n to him ! univ]sal or ,god is pla9ly fir/1 :ile ,locke comm5ces at once ) individual p]ceptions1 & only f !m does he proce$ to ,notions1 to ,god4 ,! univ]sal to ,locke is1 !re=e1 m]ely a lat] result1 ! "w ( our m9ds2 x is simply some?+ p]ta9+ to ?\ght1 z subjective4 ,e man und\bt$ly kn[s t :5 8 consci\sness develops empirically1 he comm5ces f feel+s1 f q concrete conditions1 & t x is only lat] on t g5]al conceptions come 91 :i* are connect$ ) ! concrete ( s5sation by be+ conta9$ !re94 ,space1 = example1 comes to consci\sness lat] ?an ! spacial1 ! species lat] ?an ! individual2 & x is only ?r\gh ! activity ( my consci\sness t ! univ]sal is sep>at$ f ! p>ticul> ( conception1 feel+1 etc4 ,feel+ und\bt$ly comes l[e/1 x is ! animal mode ( _s2 b 9 its capacity z ?9k+1 _s endeav\rs to trans=m feel+ into its own =m4 ,?us ! c\rse adopt$ by ,locke is q a correct "o1 b all dialectic consid]ations are utt]ly & entirely set aside1 s9ce ! univ]sal is m]ely analyz$ f ! empirical concrete4 ,& 9 ?is matt] ,kant reproa*es ,locke ) reason1 ! individual is n ! s\rce ( univ]sal conceptions1 b ! und]/&+4 ,z to ,locke's fur!r reflections1 !y are v simple4 ,locke consid]s h[ ! und]/&+ is only consci\sness1 & 9 be+ s is some?+ 9 consci\sness1 & he only recognizes ! implicit 9 z f> z x is 9 ! same4 a4 ,locke's philosophy is m especially direct$ aga9/ ,desc>tes1 :o1 l ,plato1 _h spok5 ( innate ideas4 ,locke likewise makes special exam9ation ( ! 8inborn impressions 7notiones communes 9 =o int]iori descript70 :i* ,"l ,h]b]t assumes 9 8 "w ,de v]itate4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( 8 "w ,locke combats ! s-call$ innate ideas1 !oretic z well z practical1 i4e4 ! univ]sal1 absolutely exi/5t ideas :i* at ! same "t are repres5t$ z p]ta9+ to m9d 9 a natural way4 ,locke said t we arrive fir/ at t :i* we call idea4 ,by ?is he und]/&s n ! ess5tial det]m9ations ( man1 b conceptions :i* we h & :i* are pres5t & exi/ 9 consci\sness z su*3 9 ! same way we all h arms & legs z p>ts ( our bodies1 & ! desire to eat exi/s 9 ev]yone4 ,9 ,locke we ?us h ! conception ( ! s\l z ( a cont5tless tabula rasa :i* is by-&-by fill$ ) :at we call exp]i5ce4#bae ,! expression 8innate pr9ciples0 0 at t "t common1 & ^! innate pr9ciples h sometimes be5 fooli%ly spok5 (4 ,b _! true signification is t !y are implicit1 t !y are ess5tial mom5ts 9 ! nature ( ?\ght1 qualities ( a g]m1 :i* d n yet exi/3 only 9 relation to ?is la/ !re is an elem5t ( tru? 9 ,locke's conclusions4 ,z div]se conceptions ess5tially det]m9$ !y are only legitimatiz$ by its be+ %[n t !y are impli$ 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ?\ght2 b z propositions :i* hold good z axioms1 & conceptions :i* are imm$iately accept$ z laid d[n 9 def9itions1 !y und\bt$ly possess ! =m ( t :i* is pres5t & inborn4 ,z !y are reg>d$ !y are b\nd to h value 9 & = !mselves2 b ?is is a m]e ass]tion4 ,f ! o!r po9t ( view ! "q ( :5ce !y come is a futile "o4 ,m9d is und\bt$ly det]m9$ 9 itself1 = x is ! explicitly exi/5t ,notion2 its developm5t signifies ! com+ to consci\sness4 ,b ! det]m9ations :i* x br+s =? f itself _c be call$ innate1 = ?is developm5t mu/ be occasion$ by an ext]nal1 & only on t does ! activity ( m9d react1 9 ord] t x may = ! fir/ "t become consci\s ( its reality4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ,locke refutes innate ideas are empirical4 8,!re is no?+ m commonly tak5 = grant$ ?an t !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples1 bo? speculative & practical1 univ]sally agre$ ^u by all mank9d3 :i* !re=e1 !y argue1 mu/ ne$s be con/ant impressions :i* ! s\ls ( m5 receive 9 _! fir/ ,be+s40 ,b ?is univ]sal cons5t is n to be f\nd4 ,we may in/ance ! proposition1 8,:atsoev] is1 is2 & ,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be2 :i* ( all o!rs ,i ?9k h ! mo/ all[$ title to innate40 ,b ?is proposition does n hold good = ! ,notion2 !re is no?+ ei!r 9 heav5 or e>? :i* does n conta9 ,be+ & non-,be+4 ,_m m51 8,all *ildr5 & idiots10 says ,locke1 8h n ! lea/ appreh5sion ( ^! propositions40 8,no proposition c be said to be 9 ! m9d :i* x nev] yet knew1 :i* x 0 nev] yet consci\s (4444 ',tis usually answ]$1 ,t all m5 "k & ass5t to !m0 7! propositions7 8:5 !y come to ! use ( reason4444 ,if x be meant t ! use ( reason assi/s u 9 ! k ( ^! maxims1 x w\ld prove !m n to be innate40 ,reason is said to be ! d]iv+ f pr9ciples already kn[n unkn[n tru?s4 ,h[ !n %\ld ! application ( reason be requir$ to discov] suppos$ innate pr9ciples8 ,?is is a weak objection1 = x assumes t by innate ideas we und]/& ^? :i* man possesses 9 consci\sness z imm$iately pres5t4 ,b developm5t 9 consci\sness is some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f any inh]5t det]m9ation ( reason1 & !re=e ! expression innate idea is und\bt$ly q wrong4 ,innate pr9ciples mu/ be f\nd 8cle>e/ & mo/ p]spicu\s ne>e/ ! f\nta91 9 *ildr5 & illit]ate p1 :o h receiv$ lea/ impression f =eign op9ion40 ,locke gives fur!r reasons ( a simil> nature1 m especially employ+ ^? :i* are ( a practical k9d--! div]sity 9 moral judgm5ts1 ! case ( ^? :o are utt]ly wick$ & deprav$1 devoid ( s5se ( "r or consci5ce4#baf b4 ,9 ! second book ,locke goes on to ! next /age1 to ! orig9 ( ideas1 & seeks to demon/rate ?is process f exp]i5ce--?is is ! ma9 object ( 8 ef=ts4 ,! reason t ! positive po9t ( view :i* he opposes to any d]ivation f )91 is s false1 is t he d]ives 8 conceptions only f outside & ?us ma9ta9s ,be+-=-ano!r1 :ile he q neglects ! implicit4 ,he says3 8,e man be+ consci\s to himself1 t he ?9ks2 & t :i* 8 m9d is appli$ ab\t1 :ile ?9k+1 be+ ! ideas t are !re2 'tis pa/ d\bt1 t m5 h 9 _! m9ds sev]al ideas1 su* z ^? express$ 9 ! words1 :it5ess1 h>dness1 sweetness1 ?9k+1 motion1 man1 elephant1 army1 drunk5ness1 & o!rs40 ,idea "h signifies bo? ! ord9>y conception & ?\ght2 we und]/& some?+ q diff]5t by ! ^w idea4 8,x is 9 ! fir/ place !n to be inquir$1 h[ he comes by !m0 7^! ideas78 ,innate ideas h already be5 refut$4 8,let u !n suppose ! m9d to be1 z we say1 :ite pap]1 void ( all *>act]s1 )\t any ideas2 h[ comes x to be furni%$8444 ,to ?is ,i answ] 9 a ^w1 f ,exp]i5ce3 9 t all our k is f\nd$40#bag ,z to ! "q 9 po9t we mu/ 9 ! fir/ place say t x is true t man comm5ces ) exp]i5ce if he desires to arrive at ?\ght4 ,ev]y?+ is exp]i5c$1 n m]ely :at is s5su\s1 b also :at excites & /imulates my m9d4 ,consci\sness ?us und\bt$ly obta9s all conceptions & ,notions f exp]i5ce & 9 exp]i5ce2 ! only "q is :at we und]/& by exp]i5ce4 ,9 a usual way :5 ?is is spok5 ( ! idea ( no?+ p>ticul> is convey$2 we speak ( x z ( some?+ q well kn[n4 ,b exp]i5ce is no?+ m ?an ! =m ( objectivity2 to say t x is some?+ :i* is 9 consci\sness means t x has objective =m = consci\sness or t consci\sness exp]i5ces x1 x sees x z an objective4 ,exp]i5ce ?us signifies imm$iate k1 p]ception1 i4e4 ,i myself mu/ h & be some?+1 & ! consci\sness ( :at ,i h & am is exp]i5ce4 ,n[ !re is no "q z to ?is1 t :atev] we "k1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 mu/ be exp]i5c$1 t re/s 9 ! conception ( ! ?+4 ,x is absurd to say t "o kn[s any?+ :i* is n 9 exp]i5ce4 ,i und\bt$ly "k m51 = in/ance1 f exp]i5ce1 )\t requir+ to h se5 !m all1 = ,i h1 z man1 activity & w1 a consci\sness respect+ :at ,i am & :at o!rs are4 ,! rational exi/s1 i4e4 x is z an exi/5t = consci\sness1 or ?is la/ exp]i5ces x2 x mu/ be se5 & he>d1 x mu/ be !re or h be5 !re z a ph5om5on 9 ! _w4 ,?is connection ( univ]sal ) objective is h[ev] 9 ! second place n ! only =m1 t ( ! implicit is likewise absolute & ess5tial--t is1 ! appreh5sion ( :at is exp]i5c$ or ! abrogation ( ?is app>5t o!r-be+ & ! k ( ! necessity ( ! ?+ ?r\gh itself4 ,x is n[ q a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r any?+ is accept$ z some?+ exp]i5c$1 z a succession ( empirical ideas1 if "o may s say1 or conceptions2 or :e!r ! succession is a succession ( ?\ghts1 i4e4 implicitly exi/5t4 ,locke treats ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ^! ideas imp]fectly & empirically m]ely4 4 ,accord+ to ,locke simple ideas arise p>tly f outw>d1 & p>tly f inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,= exp]i5ces1 he says1 are 9 ! fir/ place s5sations2 ! o!r side is reflection1 ! inw>d det]m9ations ( consci\sness4#bah ,f s5sation1 f ! organs ( sight = in/ance1 ! conceptions ( col\r1 light1 etc41 arise2 !re fur!r arises f outw>d exp]i5ce ! idea ( imp5etrability1 ( figure1 re/1 motion & su* l4 ,f reflections come ! ideas ( fai?1 d\bt1 judgm5t1 reason+1 ?9k+1 will+1 etc42 f bo? comb9$1 pleasure1 pa91 etc4 ,?is is a v commonplace acc\nt ( ! matt]4 4 ,aft] ,locke has presuppos$ exp]i5ce1 he goes on to say t x is ! und]/&+ :i* n[ discov]s & desires ! univ]sal--! complex ideas4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,worce/] made ! objection t 8,if ! idea ( sub/ance be gr\nd$ ^u pla9 & evid5t reason1 !n we mu/ all[ an idea ( sub/ance :i* comes n 9 by s5sation or reflection40 ,locke replies3 8,g5]al ideas come n into ! m9d by s5sation or reflection1 b are ! creatures or inv5tions ( ! und]/&+4 ,! m9d makes !m f ideas :i* x has got by s5sation & reflection40 ,! "w ( ! m9d n[ consi/s 9 br++ =? f sev]al simple s-call$ ideas a numb] ( new ones1 by means ( its work+ ^u ?is mat]ial ?r\gh comp>+1 di/+ui%+ & contra/+ x1 & f9ally ?r\gh sep>ation or ab/raction1 :]eby ! univ]sal conceptions1 su* z space1 "t1 exi/5ce1 unity & div]sity1 capacity1 cause & effect1 fre$om1 necessity1 take _! rise4 8,! m9d 9 respect ( its simple ideas is :olly passive1 & receives !m all f ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ?+s1 su* z s5sation or reflection (f]s !m1 )\t be+ able to make any "o idea40 ,b 8! m9d (t5 ex]cises an active p[] 9 mak+ ^! sev]al comb9ations4 ,= x be+ once furni%$ ) simple ideas x c put !m toge!r 9 sev]al comb9ations40 ,accord+ to ,locke !re=e ?\ght itself is n ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 b "o ( its p[]s & manife/ations4 ,he ma9ta9s ?\ght to be exi/5t 9 consci\sness z consci\s ?\ght1 & ?us br+s x =w>d z a fact 9 8 exp]i5ce1 t we d n always ?9k4 ,exp]i5ce demon/rates dreamless sleep :5 ! sleep is pr(\nd4 ,locke quotes ! example ( a man :o rememb]$ no dream until he _h rea*$ 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,x is z 9 ! ,x5i51--#bai ,(t s*on w> i*1 und hab' wirkli* an g> ni*ts g$a*t4 ,t is to say1 my object is n a ?\ght4 ,b s5su\s p]ception & recollection are ?\ght1 & ?\ght is tru?4#bbj ,locke1 h[ev]1 places ! reality ( ! und]/&+ only 9 ! =mal activity ( con/itut+ new det]m9ations f ! simple conceptions receiv$ by means ( p]ception1 ?r\gh _! comp>ison & ! comb9ation ( sev]al into "o2 x is ! appreh5sion ( ! ab/ract s5sations :i* are conta9$ 9 ! objects4 ,locke likewise di/+ui%es 7,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 #ae-ag7 betwe5 pure & mix$ modes4 ,pure modes are simple det]m9ations su* z p[]1 numb]1 inf9itude2 9 su* expressions z causality we rea*1 on ! o!r h&1 a mix$ mode4 ,locke n[ expla9s 9 detail ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d1 f ! simple ideas ( exp]i5ce1 rea*es m complex ideas2 b ?is d]ivation ( g5]al det]m9ations f concrete p]ception is mo/ unmean+1 trivial1 tiresome & diffuse2 x is entirely =mal1 an empty tautology4 ,= in/ance we =m ! g5]al conception ( space f ! p]ception ( ! di/ance ( bodies by means ( sight & feel+4#bba ,or 9 o!r words1 we p]ceive a def9ite space1 ab/ract f x1 & !n we h ! conception ( space g5]ally2 ! p]ception ( di/ances gives u conceptions ( space4 ,?is h[ev] is no d$uction1 b only a sett+ aside ( o!r det]m9ations2 s9ce di/ance itself is really space1 m9d ?us det]m9es space f space4 ,simil>ly we rea* ! notion ( "t ?r\gh ! unbrok5 succession ( conceptions dur+ our wak+ mom5ts1#bbb i4e4 f det]m9ate "t we p]ceive "t 9 g5]al4 ,conceptions foll[ "o ano!r 9 a cont9ual succession2 if we set aside ! p>ticul> elem5t t is pres5t we !reby receive ! conception ( "t4 ,sub/ance 7:i* ,locke does n accept 9 s l(ty a s5se z ,sp9oza71 a complex idea1 h5ce arises f ! fact t we (t5 p]ceive simple ideas su* z blue1 heavy1 etc41 9 association ) "o ano!r4 ,?is association we repres5t to ourselves z some?+ :i* s to speak supports ^! simple ideas1 or 9 :i* !y exi/4#bbc ,locke likewise d$uces ! g5]al conception ( p[]4#bbd ,! det]m9ations ( fre$om & necessity1 cause & effect1 are !n d]iv$ 9 a simil> way4 8,9 ! notice t our s5ses take ( ! con/ant vicissitude ( ?+s1 we _c b obs]ve1 t sev]al p>ticul>s1 bo? qualities & sub/ance1 beg9 to exi/2 & t !y receive ?is _! exi/5ce f ! due application & op]ation ( "s o!r be+4 ,f ?is obs]vation we get our ideas ( cause & effect10 = in/ance :5 wax is melt$ by ! fire4#bbe ,locke goes on to say3 8,e "o1 ,i ?9k1 f9ds 9 himself a p[] to beg9 or =be>1 cont9ue or put an end to sev]al actions 9 himself4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! ext5t ( ?is p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! actions ( ! man1 :i* e "o f9ds 9 himself1 arise ! ideas ( lib]ty & necessity40#bbf ,we may say t no?+ c be m sup]ficial ?an ?is d]ivation ( ideas4 ,! matt] itself1 ! ess5ce1 is n t\*$ ^u at all4 ,a det]m9ation is br\ght into notice :i* is conta9$ 9 a concrete relation%ip2 h5ce ! und]/&+ on ! "o h& ab/racts & on ! o!r e/abli%es conclusions4 ,! basis ( ?is philosophy is m]ely to be f\nd 9 ! transf]5ce ( ! det]m9ate to ! =m ( univ]sality1 b x 0 j ?is fundam5tal ess5ce t we _h to expla94 ,z to ?is ,locke confesses ( space1 = example1 t he does n "k :at x really is4#bbg ,?is s-call$ analysis by ,locke ( complex conceptions1 & 8 s-call$ explanation ( ! same1 has1 on acc\nt ( its uncommon cle>ness & lucidity ( expression1 f\nd univ]sal acceptance4 ,= :at c be cle>] ?an to say t we h ! notion ( "t because we p]ceive "t1 if we d n actually see x1 & t we conceive ( space because we see x8 ,! ,fr5* h accept$ ?is mo/ readily & !y h c>ri$ x fur!r /ill2 _! ,idologie conta9s no?+ m nor less4 4 ,:5 ,locke />ts by say+ t ev]y?+ is exp]i5ce & we ab/ract = ourselves f ?is exp]i5ce g5]al conceptions reg>d+ objects & _! qualities1 he makes a di/9ction 9 respect ( ext]nal qualities :i* 0 be=e ?is made by ,ari/otle 7,de anima1 ,,ii4 #f71 & :i* we likewise met ) 9 ,desc>tes 7supra1 pp4 #bde1 #bdf74 ,t is to say1 ,locke di/+ui%es betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities2 ! fir/ p]ta9 to ! objects !mselves 9 tru?1 ! o!rs are n real qualities1 b are f\nd$ on ! nature ( ! organs ( s5sation4 ,prim>y qualities are me*anical1 l ext5sion1 solidity1 figure1 movem5t1 re/2 ^! are qualities ( ! corporeal1 j z ?\ght is ! quality ( ! spiritual4 ,b ! det]m9ations ( our individual feel+s su* z col\rs1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/e1 etc41 are n prim>y4#bbh ,9 ,desc>tes' case ?is di/9ction has h[ev] ano!r =m1 = ! second class ( ^! det]m9ations is def9$ by him 9 su* a way z t !y d n con/itute ! ess5ce ( body1 :ile ,locke says t !y exi/ = s5sation1 or fall )9 exi/5ce z x is = consci\sness4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 no d\bt reckons figure1 etc41 z /ill p]ta9+ to reality1 b by s do+ no?+ is asc]ta9$ z to ! nature ( body4 ,9 ,locke a diff]5ce "h appe>s betwe5 ! implicit & be+ #8=-ano!r1' 9 :i* he decl>es ! mom5t ( #8=-ano!r' to be unreal--& yet he sees all tru? 9 ! relation ( #8=-ano!r' only4 c4 ,s9ce ! univ]sal z su*1 ! idea ( species1 is1 accord+ to ,locke1 m]ely a product ( our m9d1 :i* is n itself objective1 b relates m]ely to objects :i* are g]mane to x1 & f :i* ! p>ticul> ( qualities1 conditions1 "t1 place1 etc41 are sep>at$1 ,locke di/+ui%es ess5ces into real ess5ces & nom9al ess5ces2 ! =m] ( ^! express ! true ess5ce ( ?+s1 :ile species on ! o!r h& are m]e nom9al ess5ces :i* no d\bt express some?+ :i* is pres5t 9 ! objects1 b :i* d n exhau/ ^! objects4 ,!y s]ve to di/+ui% species = our k1 b ! real ess5ce ( nature we d n "k4#bbi ,locke gives good reasons = species be+ no?+ 9 !mselves--= _! n be+ 9 nature1 or absolutely det]m9$--in/anc+ 9 exemplification ! production ( mon/rosities 7,bk4 ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 #ag73 7 species absolute no mon/] w\ld be born4 ,b he ov]looks ! fact t s9ce x p]ta9s to species to exi/1 x !reby likewise ent]s into relation%ip ) o!r det]m9ations2 ?us t is ! sph]e 9 :i* individual ?+s op]ate ^u "o ano!r1 & may h5ce be detrim5tal to ! exi/5ce ( ! species4 ,locke ?us argues j z "o w\ld :o wi%$ to prove t ! good does n exi/ 9 itself1 because !re are likewise evil m51 t ! circle does n exi/ absolutely 9 nature1 because ! circumf]5ce ( a tree1 = example1 repres5ts a v irregul> circle1 or because ,i draw a circle badly4 ,nature j signifies ! lack ( p[] to be p]fectly adequate to ! ,notion2 x is only 9 _s t ! ,notion has its true exi/5ce4 ,to say t species are no?+ 9 !mselves1 t ! univ]sal is n ! ess5tial reality ( nature1 t its implicit exi/5ce is n ! object ( ?\ght1 is tantam\nt to say+ t we d n "k real exi/5ce3 x is ! same litany :i* has s9ce be5 s con/antly repeat$ t we are tir$ ( li/5+ to x3 ,das ,inn]e d] ,natur k5nt ke9 ers*aff5] ,gei/1 & :i* goes on until we h p]ceiv$ t ,be+-=-ano!r1 p]ception1 is n implicit2 a po9t ( view :i* has n made its way to ! positive position t ! implicit is ! univ]sal4 ,locke is f> back 9 ! nature ( k1 fur!r back ?an ,plato1 because ( 8 insi/5ce on ,be+-=-ano!r4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t f ! s\nd und]/&+ ,locke argues 7,vol4 ,,iii4 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *ap4 vii4 #h-aa7 aga9/ univ]sal propositions or axioms su* z t ,a ,a1 i4e4 if any?+ is ,a x _c be ,b4 ,he says !y are sup]flu\s1 ( v little use or ( no use at all1 = nobody yet has built up a sci5ce on a proposition :i* ass]ts a contradiction4 ,f su* ! true may be prov$ z easily z ! false2 !y are tautological4 ,:at ,locke has fur!r a*iev$ 9 respect ( education1 tol]ation1 natural rights or univ]sal /ate-"r1 does n conc]n u "h1 b has to d ) g5]al culture4 ,?is is ! philosophy ( ,locke1 9 :i* !re is no trace ( speculation4 ,! great end ( ,philosophy1 :i* is to "k ! tru?1 is 9 x s\ght to be atta9$ 9 an empiric way2 x ?us inde$ s]ves to draw att5tion to g5]al det]m9ations4 ,b su* a philosophy n only repres5ts ! /&po9t ( ord9>y consci\sness1 to :i* all ! det]m9ations ( its ?\ght appe> z if giv51 humble z x is 9 ! oblivion ( its activity1 b 9 ?is me?od ( d]ivation & psy*ological orig9ation t :i* alone conc]ns ,philosophy1 ! "q ( :e!r ^! ?\ghts & relation%ips h tru? 9 & = !mselves1 is n pres5t at all1 inasmu* z ! only object aim$ at is to describe ! mann] 9 :i* ?\ght accepts :at is giv5 to x4 ,x may be held ) ,wolff t x is arbitr>y to beg9 ) concrete conceptions1 z :5 our conception ( id5tity is made to take its orig9 f su* ?+s z blue fl[]s & ! blue heav5s4 ,"o c bett] beg9 directly f univ]sal conceptions & say t we f9d 9 our consci\sness ! conceptions ( "t1 cause & effect2 ^! are ! lat] facts ( consci\sness4 ,?is me?od =ms ! basis ( ! ,wolffian sy/em ( reason+1 only "h we mu/ /ill di/+ui% among/ ! diff]5t conceptions ^? t are to be reg>d$ z mo/ ess5tial2 9 ,locke's philosophy1 ?is di/9ction _c really be said to come "u consid]ation4 ,f ?is "t1 accord+ to ,locke1 or 9 ?is p>ticul> aspect ( ,philosophy1 !re is a complete & entire *ange 9 ! po9t ( view adopt$2 ! :ole int]e/ is limit$ to ! =m 9 :i* ! objective1 or individual s5sations1 pass into ! =m ( conceptions4 ,9 ! case ( ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e1 we und\bt$ly likewise saw t x 0 made a matt] ( importance to recognize ?is relation ( ?\ght to :at is s5su\sly p]ceiv$1 & ?us to "k x z fall+ into relation1 z pass+ into ! relative2 ! ma9 "q h5ce 03 ,h[ are ! two relat$8 ,b ! "q 0 answ]$ to ! effect t x is only ?is relation = itself t con/itutes ! po9t ( int]e/1 & ?is relation itself z absolute sub/ance is ?us id5tity1 ! true1 ,god1 x is n ! relat$ p>ts4 ,! int]e/ does n lie 9 ! relat$ p>ts2 ! relat$ p>ts z "o-sid$ are n ! exi/5t1 presuppos$ & p]man5tly e/abli%$1 !y are accid5tal m]ely4 ,b "h ! relat$ sides1 ! ?+s & ! subject1 h _! prop] value1 & !y are presuppos$ z hav+ ?is value4 ,locke's reason+ is q %all[2 x keeps entirely to ! ph5om5al1 to t :i* is1 & n to t :i* is true4 ,!re is ano!r "q h[ev]3 ,are ^! g5]al det]m9ations absolutely true8 ,& :5ce come !y n alone into my consci\sness1 into my m9d & und]/&+1 b into ! ?+s !mselves8 ,space1 cause1 effect1 etc41 are categories4 ,h[ d ^! categories come into ! p>ticul>8 ,h[ does univ]sal space arrive at det]m9+ itself8 ,?is po9t ( view1 ! "q :e!r ^! det]m9ations ( ! inf9ite1 ( sub/ance1 etc41 are 9 & = !mselves true1 is q lo/ sight (4 ,plato inve/igat$ ! inf9ite & ! f9ite1 ,be+ & ! det]m9ate1 etc41 & pron\nc$ t nei!r ( ^! opposites is ( itself true2 !y are s only z toge!r con/itut+ an id5tity1 :]ev] ! tru? ( ?is cont5t may come f4 ,b "h ! tru? z x is 9 & = itself is entirely set aside & ! nature ( ! cont5t itself is made ! ma9 po9t4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! und]/&+ or exp]i5ce is its s\rce1 = ! "q is :e!r ?is cont5t is 9 itself true4 ,) ,locke1 ! tru? m]ely signifies ! h>mony ( our conceptions ) ?+s2 "h relation is alone 9 "q1 :e!r ! cont5t is an objective ?+ or a cont5t ( ! ord9>y conception4 ,b x is q ano!r matt] to inve/igate ! cont5t itself1 & to ask1 8,is ?is :i* is )9 u true80 ,we mu/ n dispute ab\t ! s\rces1 = ! ,:5ce1 ! only important po9t to ,locke1 does n exhau/ ! :ole "q4 ,! int]e/ ( ! cont5t 9 & = itself :olly disappe>s :5 t position is tak5 up1 & !reby ! :ole ( :at is aim$ at by ,philosophy is giv5 up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ?\ght is f ! beg9n+ concrete1 :5 ?\ght & ! univ]sal are synonym\s ) :at is set be=e u1 ! "q ( ! relation ( ! two :i* h be5 sep>at$ by ?\ght is de/itute ( int]e/ & incompreh5sible4 ,h[ does ?\ght ov]come ! difficulties :i* itself has begott58 ,"h ) ,locke none at all h be5 begott5 & awak5$4 ,be=e ! ne$ = reconciliation c be satisfi$1 ! pa9 ( disunion mu/ be excit$4 ,! philosophy ( ,locke is c]ta9ly v compreh5sible1 b = t v reason x is likewise a popul> philosophy to :i* ! :ole ( ! ,engli% philosophy z x exi/s at ?is day is alli$2 x is ! ?9k+ me?od ( reg>d+ ?+s :i* is call$ philosophy c>ri$ to its p]fection1 ! =m :i* 0 introduc$ into ! sci5ce :i* !n took its rise 9 ,europe4 ,?is is an important mom5t 9 culture2 ! sci5ces 9 g5]al & specially ! empiric sci5ces h to ascribe _! orig9 to ?is movem5t4 ,to ! ,engli%1 ,philosophy has ev] signifi$ ! d$uction ( exp]i5ces f obs]vations2 ?is has 9 a "o-sid$ way be5 appli$ to physical & economic subjects4 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( political economy su* z free-trade 9 ! pres5t day1 & all matt]s :i* re/ on ?9k+ exp]i5ce1 ! k ( :atev] reveals itself 9 ?is sph]e z necess>y & useful1 signifies philosophy to ! ,engli% 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #eg1 #eh74 ,! s*ola/ic me?od ( />t+ f pr9ciples & def9itions has be5 reject$4 ,! univ]sal1 laws1 =ces1 univ]sal matt]1 etc41 h 9 natural sci5ce be5 d]iv$ f p]ceptions2 ?us to ! ,engli%1 ,newton is held to be ! philosoph] ' 4 ,! o!r side is t 9 practical philosophy reg>d+ society or ! /ate1 ?\ght applies itself to concrete objects su* z ! w ( ! pr9ce1 subjects & _! ends & p]sonal welf>e4 ,inasmu* z we h an object su* z t be=e u1 ! indwell+ & ess5tial univ]sal is made evid5t2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be made cle> :i* conception is ! "o to :i* ! o!rs mu/ yield4 ,x is 9 ?is way t rational politics took _! rise 9 ,engl&1 because ! in/itutions & gov]nm5t peculi> to ! ,engli% l$ !m specially & 9 ! fir/ place to reflection ^u _! inw>d political & economic relation%ips4 ,hobbes mu/ be m5tion$ z an exemplification ( ?is fact4 ,?is mann] ( reason+ />ts f ! pres5t m9d1 f :at is our own1 :e!r x be )9 or )\t u1 s9ce ! feel+s :i* we h1 ! exp]i5ces :i* fall directly )9 u1 are ! pr9ciples4 ,?is philosophy ( reason+ ?\ght is t :i* has n[ become univ]sal1 & ?r\gh :i* ! :ole revolution 9 ! position tak5 up by m9d has come to pass4 #b4 ,,hugo ,,grotius4 ,hugo ,grotius 0 /udy+ ! laws ( nations at ! same "t z ,locke2 & 9 him ! v same me?ods may be f\nd z ^? already m5tion$1 inasmu* z he also falls into a q empirical sy/em ( associat+ nations ) "o ano!r1 comb9+ ) t an empirical mode ( reason+4 ,hugo van ,groot1 born #aehc at ,delft1 0 a lawy]1 fiscal g5]al1 & c\ncil p5sion>y2 9 #afai1 h[ev]1 he 0 implicat$ 9 ! ,b>neveldt trial1 & 0 compell$ to fly ! c\ntry4 ,= a long "t he rema9$ 9 ,france1 b 9 #afcd he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$54 ,9 #afce he 0 made ,sw$i% ambassador 9 ,p>is1 & 9 #afde he di$ at ,ro/ock1 :ile on a j\rney f ,/ockholm to ,holl&4#bcj ,8 pr9cipal "w1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 he compos$ 9 #afbe2 n[ x is n read1 b at "o "t x ex]cis$ a v great & important influ5ce4 ,9 x ,grotius pres5t$ a comp>ative hi/orical acc\nt1 ! mat]ial ( :i* 0 p>tly d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* nations 9 ! v>i\s relation%ips ( w> & peace h act$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 & :at usages !y held to be b9d+4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z an example ( 8 empirical me?od ( reason+3 ,prison]s ought n to be kill$2 = ! object is to dis>m ! enemy1 & if ?is end be atta9$ no?+ fur!r %\ld be done4#bca ,?is empirical way ( connect+ facts _h ! effect ( br++ g5]al compreh5sible & rational pr9ciples into consci\sness1 ( mak+ !m recogniz$1 & ( caus+ !m to be m or less acceptable4 ,?us we see pr9ciples set =?1 respect+ ! righte\sness ( a k+'s p[] = in/ance2 = ?\ght appli$ itself to ev]y?+4 ,we are unsatisfi$ by su* pro(s & d$uctions1 b we mu/ n ov]look :at is !reby accompli%$2 & ?is is ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples :i* h _! ultimate confirmation 9 ! objects !mselves1 9 m9d & ?\ght4 #c4 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,hobbes1 :o 0 celebrat$ & di/+ui%$ on acc\nt ( ! orig9ality ( 8 views1 0 tutor to ! ,e>l ( ,devon%ire2 he 0 born 9 #aehh at ,malmesbury1 & di$ 9 #afgi4bcb ,z a contempor>y ( ,cromwell1 he f\nd 9 ! ev5ts ( t "t1 9 ! ,revolution :i* !n took place 9 ,engl&1 an occasion = reflect+ on ! pr9ciples ( /ate & law1 & 9 fact he succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 way to q orig9al conceptions4 ,he wrote mu*1 includ+ a treatise on ,philosophy1 entitl$ 8,! ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy40 ,! fir/ section 7,sectio7 ( ?is "w1 ,de corpore1 appe>$ 9 ,london 9 #afee2 9 x he fir/ ( all treats ( ,logic 7,p>s ,i471 & secondly ( philosophia prima 7,p>s ,,ii472 ?is la/ is an ontology & metaphysic4 ,! next sub-division 7,p>s ,,iii471 8,on ! relation betwe5 motion & magnitude10 is a sy/em ( me*anism1 a q popul> sy/em ( physics2 & a /udy ( ! human organs4 ,! second section 0 to treat ( ! nature ( man 7,de hom9e71 & ! ?ird ( ! /ate 7,de cive71 b ! intellectual sections ( ! "w ,hobbes did n entirely f9i%4 ,he says 9 8 preface t ,cop]nicus fir/ op5$ up a/ronomy1 & ,galileo physics1 be=e !m !re 0 no?+ c]ta9 9 ei!r sci5ce4 ,h>vey work$ out ! sci5ce ( ! human body1 & physics g5]ally z well z a/ronomy 7 p]fect$ by ,keppl]4 ,all ?is 0 t]m$ ,philosophy1 9 accordance ) ! po9t ( view :i* has be5 already giv5 7p4 #cac71 s9ce 9 x ! reflective und]/&+ desires to "k ! univ]sal4 ,hobbes fur!r says conc]n+ ! philosophy ( ! /ate 7philosophia civilis71 t x only dates f ! publication ( 8 book ,de cive4#bcc ,?is "w1 :i* appe>$ at ,p>is 9 #afdb1bcd is1 l 8 ,levia?an1 a mu* decri$ book2 ! second m5tion$ writ+ 0 =bidd5 to be circulat$1 & is h5ce v r>e4 ,bo? works conta9 s\nd] reflections on ! nature ( society & gov]nm5t ?an _m n[ 9 circulation4 ,society1 ! /ate1 is to ,hobbes absolutely pre-em95t1 x is ! det]m9+ p[] )\t appeal z reg>ds law & positive religion & _! ext]nal relations2 & because he plac$ ^! 9 subjection to ! /ate1 8 doctr9es 7 ( c\rse reg>d$ ) ! utmo/ horror4 ,b !re is no?+ speculative or really philosophic 9 !m1 & !re is /ill less 9 ,hugo ,grotius4 ,be=e ?is ideals 7 set be=e u1 or ,holy ,scripture or positive law 0 quot$ z au?oritative4 ,hobbes1 on ! contr>y1 s\ght to d]ive ! bond :i* holds ! /ate toge!r1 t :i* gives ! /ate its p[]1 f pr9ciples :i* lie )9 u1 :i* we recognize z our own4 ,9 ?is way two opposite pr9ciples arise4 ,! fir/ is ! passive ob$i5ce ( subjects1 ! div9e au?ority ( rul]s1 ^: w is absolute law1 & is itself elevat$ above all o!r law4 ,all ?is is repres5t$ 9 close connection ) religion1 & prov$ by examples f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by su* /ories z ^? ( ,saul & ,david4 ,crim9al & m>riage laws1 too1 = long d]iv$ _! "* f ! ,mosaic laws1 or1 speak+ g5]ally1 f ^? ! provisions ( :i* possess$ _! value by ! fact ( be+ e/abli%$ by express div9e comm&4 ,on ! o!r h& we h 9 ! second place ! reason+ :]e9 we ourselves are ! det]m9+ ag5ts1 & :i* 0 call$ s\nd reason4 ,9 ! movem5t :i* ,cromwell made use ( !re 0 alli$ ) ?is a fanaticism1 :i* f ! writt5 lett] drew opposite conclusions to ! above1 & ?is we see exemplifi$ 9 ! equality ( prop]ty1 = in/ance4 ,hobbes1 x is true1 likewise ma9ta9$ passive ob$i5ce1 ! absolute fre$om ( ! royal w & p[]2 b at ! same "t he s\ght to d]ive ! pr9ciples ( mon>*ical p[]1 etc41 f univ]sal det]m9ations4 ,! views t he adopts are %all[ & empirical1 b ! reasons he gives = !m1 & ! propositions he makes respect+ !m1 are orig9al 9 "*1 inasmu* z !y are d]iv$ f natural necessities & wants4 ,hobbes ma9ta9$ t 8,! orig9 ( all society is to be f\nd 9 ! mutual fe> ( all its memb]s20 x is h5ce a ph5om5on 9 consci\sness4 8,ea* association is ?us =m$ 9 its own int]e/ or = its own r5[n1 t is1 f selfi% motives40 ,all su* matt]s z security ( life1 prop]ty1 & enjoym5t1 are n to be f\nd outside x4 8,b m5 h 9 all dissimil>ity ( /r5g? a natural simil>ity z well40 ,?is ,hobbes proves by a *>act]i/ic reason1 viz4 t 8ea* individual c make away ) ! o!r10 ea* is ! ultimate p[] ov] ! o!rs4 8,ea* c be supreme40#bce ,?us _! simil>ity is n d]iv$ f ! greate/ /r5g?2 x is n1 z 9 mod]n times1 f\nd$ on ! fre$om ( ! _s1 or on an equality ( m]it & indep5d5ce1 b on ! equal weakness ( mank9d2 ea* man is weak z reg>ds o!rs4 b4 ,hobbes fur!r takes up ! position t ?is natural condition is ( su* a nature t all possess ! desire to rule ov] "o ano!r4 8,all 9 _! natural condition are possess$ ( ! w to injure o!rs10 to tyrannize ov] o!r m52 ea* has ?us to fe> ! o!r4 ,hobbes looks at ?is condition 9 its true light1 & we f9d 9 him no idle talk ab\t a /ate ( natural goodness2 ! natural condition is really f> m l t ( ! animals--a condition 9 :i* !re is an unsubdu$ individual w4 ,all ?us wi% to 8secure !mselves aga9/ ! pret5sions ( o!rs1 to acquire = !mselves advantages & sup]ior rights4 ,op9ions1 religions1 desires1 ar\se /rife2 ! /rong] be>s away ! victory4 ,! natural condition is consequ5tly a condition ( mi/ru/ on ! "p ( all t[>ds all2 x is a w> ( all aga9/ all 7bellum omnium 9 omnes710 & ! endeav\r ( "o to ov]rea* ano!r4 ,! expression nature has a d\ble significance3 ,9 ! fir/ place ! nature ( man signifies 8 spiritual & rational ,be+2 b 8 natural condition indicates q ano!r condition1 :]e9 man conducts himself accord+ to 8 natural impulses4 ,9 ?is way he conducts himself 9 con=mity ) 8 desires & incl9ations1 :ile ! rational1 on ! contr>y1 is ! obta9+ supremacy ov] ! imm$iately natural4 8,9 ! condition ( nature a c]ta9 irresi/ible p[] grants ! "r to rule ov] ^? :o _c resi/2 x is absurd to leave ^? :om we h 9 our p[] to become free & /rong aga940 ,f ?is ,hobbes draws ! conclusion t 8man mu/ g =? f ! natural condition40#bcf ,?is is true2 ! natural condition is n :at x %\ld be1 & mu/ h5ce be ca/ (f4 c4 ,hobbes f9ally passes to ! laws ( reason :i* pres]ve tranquillity4 ,?is condition ( law is ! subjection ( ! natural1 p>ticul> w ( ! individual to ! univ]sal w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n t ( all individuals1 b is ! w ( ! rul]2 ?is is consequ5tly n responsible to individuals1 b is direct$ aga9/ ?is private w1 & to x all mu/ be ob$i5t4#bcg ,?us ! :ole matt] is n[ plac$ on q ano!r foot+4 ,b because ! univ]sal w is made to reside 9 ! w ( "o mon>*1 !re nev]!less proce$s f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* is really correct1 a condition ( absolute rule1 ( p]fect despotism4 ,! condition ( law does n1 h[ev]1 mean t ! arbitr>y w ( "o man con/itutes absolute law1 = ! univ]sal w is no despotism1 be+ rational1 inasmu* z x is consi/5tly express$ & det]m9$ 9 laws4 ,rixn] 7,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #cj7 says3 8,law to him is no?+ b ! sum ( ! conditions ( peace extort$ by iron necessity f ! orig9al wick$ness ( mank9d40 ,we might add t 9 ,hobbes we at lea/ f9d ?is1 t ! nature & organism ( ! ,/ate is e/abli%$ on ! pr9ciple ( human nature1 human desire1 c4 ,! ,engli% conc]n$ !mselves greatly ) t pr9ciple ( passive ob$i5ce1 9 accordance ) :i* x is said t k+s receive _! p[] f ,god4 ,?is1 9 "o aspect1 is q true1 b 9 ano!r x is falsely tak5 to mean t !y h no responsibility1 t _! bl9d desires1 _! m]ely subjective w1 is :at mu/ be obey$4 #d4 ,,cudwor?1 ,,cl>ke1 ,,wolla/on4 ,cudwor? wi%$ to revive ,plato 9 ,engl&1 b to d ?is aft] ! mann] ( ! demon/rations :i* we met ) 9 ,desc>tes1 & ?r\gh a trivial metaphysic ( ! und]/&+4 ,he wrote a celebrat$ "w3 8,! true intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se10 b ! ,platonic ideas express$ are (t5 9 a clumsy =m & m+l$ ) ! ,*ri/ian conceptions ( ,god & angels--all reg>d$ z p>ticul> exi/5t ?+s4 ,:at 9 ,plato is my?ical1 is "h tak5 z reality 9 ! =m ( exi/5ce2 ?is is reason$ ab\t j z we reason respect+ a matt] ( ord9>y fact1 su* z :e!r x is probable t ! ,fr5* seek to effect a l&+ 9 ,engl&1 & if s1 :e!r !y w successfully accompli% x4 ,! ,*ri/ian intellectual _w is dragg$ d[n to ! =m ( ord9>y actuality1 & consequ5tly x is ru9$4 ,! "n ( ,cl>ke is likewise fam\s 9 connection ) 8 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!re 7 q a numb] ( o!r ,engli% philosoph]s1 :om we d n1 h[ev]1 require to notice2 = ,cl>ke1 ,wolla/on1 & o!rs c>ry on _! speculations )9 =ms su* z belong to a v commonplace metaphysic ( ! und]/&+4 ,! manifold sy/ems ( moral philosophy :i* we f9d tak+ _! rise 9 ,engl& are drawn up f ?is same m5tal /&po9t2 9 !m ! implicitude ( m9d appe>s 9 a =m ( natural exi/5ce1 namely1 ( desires & feel+s4 ,_! pr9ciples are f\nd 9 moral s5tim5ts1 b5evol5t desires1 sympa?y1 c4 ,t =m alone is wor?y ( notice :i*1 on ! "o h&1 repres5ts duty z some?+ :i* is n =eign1 giv51 comm&$1 b z cle>ly belong+ to self-consci\sness1 ev5 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x repres5ts ?is prop]ty z a natural1 unconsci\s1 unspiritual1 & irrational exi/5ce4 ,impulse is bl9d1 a solid exi/5ce :i* _c get beyond itself l ?9k+ self-consci\sness4 ,x is inde$ true ( impulse t its pure activity or its process1 & ! cont5t1 are1 z 9 ?\ght1 imm$iately posit$ z ! same2 x has its cont5t 9 itself1 & ?is is n dead & passive1 b self-act+ & impell+4 ,b t unity has ! =m ( imm$iacy only z exi/5t2 9 ! fir/ place x is n a k1 x is n necess>y1 = x is only tak5 f inw>d p]ception2 9 ! second place1 x is a det]m9ate :i* does n abrogate itself1 beyond :i* we _c get1 & :i* ?us is n a univ]sal4 ,impulse is no m an inf9ite ?an is ! fix$ category ( =ce4 ,su* reason+ takes ! impulses 9 _! det]m9ate "* f exp]i5ce1 & expresses ! appe>ance ( necessity 9 ! same z an inw>d exi/5ce1 z a =ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! social in/9ct is a mom5t :i* is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce1 because man d]ives all mann] ( utility f society4 ,:]e9 does ! necessity ( ! ,/ate1 ( society1 f9d its basis8 ,9 a social desire4 ,?is is cause1 j z 9 ! physical _w a =mal int]pretation su* z ?is is always to be f\nd4 ,! necessity ( any exi/5t fact1 su* z :at p]ta9s to electrical ph5om5a1 f9ds its basis 9 a =ce :i* br+s x =?2 x is m]ely ! =m ( return+ f ! ext]nal to an inw>d1 ( pass+ f ! exi/5t to :at is ?\ght1 :i* is aga9 9 turn repres5t$ z an exi/5t4 ,=ce is necessitat$ by reason ( ! manife/ation1 we mu/ argue f ! latt] to ! =m]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! manife/ation takes place ?r\gh ! =ce1 = x is ! cause ( ! manife/ation2 we h5ce h =ce 9 "o place z reason1 & 9 ano!r z cause4 ,b 9 all ?is !re is no realization ( ! fact t 9 respect ( =m !re is a transition f ! ,notion into ,be+ & ! o!r way1 :ile 9 respect ( cont5t !re is a p]fect cont+5cy ( manife/ation2 we look at electricity 9 ! same way z we look at ! fact t m5 h social in/9cts1 sympa!tic incl9ations1 & s on4 #e4 ,,puff5dorf4 ,9 ! /ruggle to give to j & equitable relations 9 ! ,/ate an indep5d5t basis ( _! own1 & to f\nd a judicial sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 reflective ?\ght put =? its ef=ts2 & ?is became to x a real int]e/ & conc]n4 ,&1 z 9 ! case ( ,grotius1 x 0 also true ( ,puff5dorf1 t ! in/9ct ( mank9d--t is1 ! social in/9ct1 c4--0 made ! pr9ciple4 ,samuel von ,puff5dorf 0 born 9 #afcb 9 ,saxony2 he /udi$ public law1 philosophy1 & ma!matics at ,leipzig & ,j5a2 9 #affa1 z a pr(essor at ,heidelb]g1 he made natural & civil law = ! fir/ "t academic /udies2 9 #affh he became tutor 9 a ,sw$i% family1 :i* (fice he lat] on ex*ang$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,h\se ( ,br&5burg1 & 9 #afid he di$ at ,b]l9 z a privy c\ncillor4 ,he wrote sev]al works on political law & hi/ory2 we mu/ specially m5tion 8 "w1 ,de jure natur et g5tium1 ,libr4 viii41 ,lond94 ,scan4 #afgb1 #d2 & also 8 comp5dium ,de (ficio hom9is1 publi%$ at ! same place 9 #afgc1 #h1 & ,elem5ta jurisprud5ti univ]salis4#bch ,:ile ! div9e "r ( k+s 0 "h /ill recogniz$--:]eby !y r5d]$ acc\nt to ,god alone1 or1 at all ev5ts1 7 /ill b\nd to take c\nsel ( ! ,*ur*--! impulses & necessities pres5t 9 mank9d 7 n[ consid]$ z well4 ,^! 7 reg>d$ z ! inw>d pr9ciples = private & political law1 & f !m ! duties bo? ( ! gov]nm5t & ( rul]s 7 d$uc$1 s t ! fre$om ( mank9d might n be int]f]$ )4 ,! basis ( ! /ate 9 ,puff5dorf's view is ! social in/9ct3 ! highe/ end ( ! /ate is ! peace & security ( social life ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( inw>d duties z prescrib$ by consci5ce into ext]nal duties z compell$ by law4#bci #f4 ,,newton4 ,! o!r side is t ?\ght likewise appli$ itself to nature1 & 9 ?is connection ,isaac ,newton is fam\s by reason ( 8 ma!matical discov]ies & 8 "w 9 physics4 ,he 0 born 9 #afdb at ,cambridge1 made a special /udy ( ma!matics1 & became pr(essor ( ! same at ,cambridge2 lat] on he 0 made presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london1 & he di$ 9 #agbg4bdj ,newton 0 indisputably ! *ief contributor to ! popul>ity ( ! philosophy ( ,locke1 or ! ,engli% me?od ( treat+ ( ,philosophy1 & m especially did he promote its application to all ! physical sci5ces4 8,physics1 bew>e ( metaphysics10 0 8 maxim1#bda :i* signifies1 ,sci5ce1 bew>e ( ?\ght2 & all ! physical sci5ces1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 h1 foll[+ 9 8 wake1 fai?fully obs]v$ ?is precept1 inasmu* z !y h n ent]$ ^u an inve/igation ( _! conceptions1 or ?\ght ab\t ?\ghts4 ,physics c1 h[ev]1 effect no?+ )\t ?\ght2 x has its categories & laws ?r\gh ?\ght alone1 & )\t ?\ght x does n effect any progress4 ,newton 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ to physics ! det]m9ations respect+ =ces1 :i* p]ta9 to reflection2 he rais$ sci5ce to ! /&po9t ( reflection1 & set ! laws ( =ces 9 ! place ( ! laws ( ph5om5a4 ,reg>d+ matt]s z he did1 ,newton d]iv$ 8 conclusions f 8 exp]i5ces2 & 9 physics & ! !ory ( col\r-vision1 he made bad obs]vations & drew worse conclusions4 ,he pass$ f exp]i5ces to g5]al po9ts ( view1 aga9 made !m fundam5tal1 & f !m con/ruct$ ! individual2 ?is is h[ 8 !ories are con/ruct$4 ,! obs]vation ( ?+s1 ! discov]y ( ! law imman5t !re91 & ! univ]sal :i* is f\nd )9 !m1 has become ! real po9t ( int]e/4 ,9 ?is way1 ,newton is s complete a b>b>ian z reg>ds 8 conceptions t 8 case is l t ( ano!r ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o 0 surpris$ & rejoic$ to le>n t he _h talk$ prose all 8 life1 n hav+ _h any idea t he 0 s accompli%$4 ,?is ,newton1 l all ! ,physici/s1 inde$1 nev] le>n$2 he did n "k t he ?\ght 91 & _h to deal ) ,notions1 :ile he imag9$ he 0 deal+ ) physical facts3 & he pres5t$ ! extreme/ contra/ to ,boehme1 :o h&l$ s5su\s ?+s z ,notions1 &1 by %e] =ce ( m9d1 obta9$ entire possession ( _! actuality & subjugat$ !m4 ,in/ead ( ?is ,newton treat$ ,notions l s5su\s ?+s1 & dealt ) !m j z m5 deal ) wood & /one4 ,& ?is is ev5 n[ ! case4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( physical sci5ce we read ( ! p[] ( in]tia1 = in/ance1 ( ! =ce ( accel]ation1 ( molecules1 ( c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce1 z ( facts :i* def9itely exi/2 :at are really ! f9al results ( reflection are repres5t$ z _! fir/ gr\nds4 ,if we ask = ! cause ( !re be+ no advance made 9 su* sci5ces1 we f9d t x is because m5 d n und]/& t !y %\ld apply !mselves to ,notions1 b make up _! m9ds to adopt ^! det]m9ations )\t s5se or und]/&+4 ,h5ce 9 ,newton's ,optics1 = in/ance1 !re are conclusions d]iv$ f 8 exp]i5ce :i* are s untrue & devoid ( und]/&+1 t :ile !y are set =? z ! f9e/ example ( h[ m5 c le>n to "k nature by means ( exp]im5ts & conclusions d]iv$ f exp]im5ts1 !y may also s]ve z an example ( h[ we %\ld nei!r exp]im5t nor draw conclusions1 ( h[ no?+ at all c be le>n$4 ,a mis]able k9d ( exp]i5ce l ?is itself contradicts itself ?r\gh nature1 = nature is m excell5t ?an x appe>s 9 ?is wret*$ exp]i5ce3 bo? nature itself & exp]i5ce1 :5 c>ri$ a little fur!r1 contradict x4 ,h5ce1 ( all ! spl5did discov]ies ( ,newton 9 optics1 none n[ rema9 except+ "o--! division ( light into sev5 col\rs4 ,?is is p>tly because ! conception ( :ole & "p come into play1 & p>tly f an obdurate clos+ ( ! eyes to ! opposite side4 ,f ?is empirical me?od 9 ,philosophy1 we %all n[ pass on to ,leibnitz4 ,c4 ,,?ird ,,section4 ,! ?ird developm5t ( ! philosophy ( ! und]/&+ is t repres5t$ by ,leibnitz & ,wolff4 ,if ,wolff's metaphysics is dive/$ ( its rigid =m1 we h z a result ! lat] popul> philosophy4 #a4 ,,leibnitz4 ,z 9 o!r respects ,leibnitz repres5ts ! extreme anti!sis to ,newton1 s 9 respect ( philosophy he pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ,locke & 8 empiricism1 & also to ,sp9oza4 ,he upholds ?\ght z aga9/ ! p]ception ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 & 9 lieu ( s5su\s ,be+ he ma9ta9s ,be+ = ?\ght to be ! ess5ce ( tru?1 j z ,boehme at an e>li] "t upheld implicit ,be+4 ,:ile ,sp9oza ass]t$ ! univ]sality1 ! on5ess ( sub/ance m]ely1 & :ile ) ,locke we saw inf9ite det]m9ations made ! basis1 ,leibnitz1 by means ( 8 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( individuality1 br+s out ! ess5tiality ( ! opposite aspect ( ,sp9oza's philosophy1 exi/5ce = self1 ! monad1 b ! monad reg>d$ z ! absolute ,notion1 ?\gh p]haps n yet z ! 8,i40 ,! oppos$ pr9ciples1 :i* 7 =c$ asund]1 f9d _! completion 9 ea* o!r1 s9ce ,leibnitz's pr9ciple ( individuation complet$ ,sp9oza's sy/em z f> z outw>d aspect goes4 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm1 ,b>on von ,leibnitz1 0 born 9 #afdf at ,leipzig1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 pr(essor ( ,philosophy4 ,! subject t he /udi$ 9 view ( a pr(ession 0 jurisprud5ce1 b fir/1 9 accordance ) ! fa%ion ( ! day1 he made a /udy ( ,philosophy1 & to x he devot$ p>ticul> att5tion4 ,to beg9 )1 he pick$ up 9 ,leipzig a l>ge & miscellane\s /ock ( k1 !n he /udi$ ,philosophy & ma!matics at ,j5a "u ! ma!matician & !osophi/ ,weigel1 & took 8 degree ( ,ma/] ( ,philosophy 9 ,leipzig4 ,!re also1 on ! occasion ( 8 graduation z ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 he def5d$ c]ta9 philosophical !ses1 "s ( :i* disc\rses are /ill conta9$ 9 8 works 7ed4 ,dut5s1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #djj74 ,8 fir/ diss]tation1 & t = :i* he obta9$ ! degree ( doctor ( philosophy1 03 ,de pr9cipio individui1--a pr9ciple :i* rema9$ ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( 8 :ole philosophy1 z oppos$ to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,aft] he _h acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( ! subject1 he wi%$ to graduate also z ,doctor ( ,laws4 ,b ?\gh he di$ an imp]ial c\ncillor1 x 0 8 ill =tune to receive f ! ,faculty at ,leipzig a refusal to conf] ! doctorate ^u him1 8 y\? be+ ! alleg$ reason4 ,su* a ?+ c\ld sc>cely happ5 n[-a-days4 ,x may be t x 0 done because ( 8 ov]-great philosophical atta9m5ts1 see+ t lawy]s are wont to hold ! same 9 horror4 ,he n[ quitt$ ,leipzig1 & betook himself to ,altdorf1 :]e he graduat$ ) di/9ction4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he became acqua9t$ 9 ,nrnb]g ) a company ( al*emi/s1 ) ^: ongo+s he became associat$4 ,"h he made extracts f al*emi/ic writ+s1 & /udi$ ! my/]ies ( ?is occult sci5ce4 ,8 activity 9 ! pursuit ( le>n+ ext5d$ also to hi/orical1 diplomatic1 ma!matical & philosophical subjects4 ,he subsequ5tly ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ( ,may5ce1 becom+ a memb] ( c\ncil1 & 9 #afgb he 0 appo9t$ tutor to a son ( ,von ,bo9eburg1 ,*ancellor ( ,/ate to ! ,elector4 ,) ?is "y man he travell$ to ,p>is1 :]e he liv$ = f\r ye>s4 ,he at ?is "t made ! acqua9tance ( ! great ma!matician ,huyg5s1 & 0 by him = ! fir/ "t prop]ly introduc$ into ! doma9 ( ma!matics4 ,:5 ! education ( 8 pupil 0 complet$1 & ! ,b>on ,von ,bo9eburg di$1 ,leibnitz w5t on 8 own acc\nt to ,london1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,newton & o!r s*ol>s1 at ^: head 0 ,old5burg1 :o 0 also on fri5dly t]ms ) ,sp9oza4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,elector ( ,may5ce1 ! sal>y ( ,leibnitz ceas$ to be paid2 he !re=e left ,engl& & return$ to ,france4 ,! ,duke ( ,brunswick-,lneburg !n took him into 8 s]vice1 & gave him ! appo9tm5t ( c\ncillor & libr>ian at ,hanov]1 ) p]mission to sp5d z mu* "t z he lik$ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,he !re=e rema9$ = "s "t long] 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,holl&4 ,9 ! ye> #afgg he settl$ d[n 9 ,hanov]1 :]e he became busily engag$ 9 affairs ( /ate1 & 0 specially occupi$ ) hi/orical matt]s4 ,9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s he _h works con/ruct$ = c>ry+ (f ! floods :i* did damage to ! m9es !re4 ,not)/&+ ^! manifold occupations he inv5t$ ! diff]5tial calculus 9 #afgg1 on occasion ( :i* !re arose a dispute betwe5 him & ,newton1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on by ! latt] & ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 a mo/ ung5]\s mann]4 ,= x 0 ass]t$ by ! ,engli%1 :o gave !mselves ! cr$it ( ev]y?+1 & 7 v unfair to o!rs1 t ! discov]y 0 really made by ,newton4 ,b ,newton's ,pr9cipia only appe>$ lat]1 & 9 ! fir/ edition inde$ ,leibnitz 0 m5tion$ ) comm5dation 9 a note :i* 0 aft]w>ds omitt$4 ,f 8 headqu>t]s 9 ,hanov]1 ,leibnitz1 commission$ by 8 pr9ce1 made sev]al j\rneys ?r\gh ,g]many1 & also w5t to ,italy 9 ord] to collect hi/orical evid5ce relative to ! ,h\se ( ,e/e1 & = ! purpose ( prov+ m cle>ly ! relation%ip betwe5 ?is pr9cely family & t ( ,brunswick-,lneburg4 ,at o!r times he 0 likewise mu* occupi$ ) hi/orical que/ions4 ,ow+ to 8 acqua9tance ) ! consort ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 ( ,prussia1 ,sophia ,*>lotte1 a ,hanov]ian pr9cess1 he 0 enabl$ to br+ ab\t ! f\ndation ( an ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 ,b]l91 9 :i* city he liv$ = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ,vi5na he also became acqua9t$ ) ,pr9ce ,eugne1 :i* occasion$ 8 be+ appo9t$ f9ally an ,imp]ial ,c\ncillor4 ,he publi%$ sev]al v important hi/orical works z ! result ( ?is j\rney4 ,8 dea? took place at ,hanov] 9 #agaf1 :5 he 0 sev5ty ye>s ( age4#bdb ,x 0 n only on ,philosophy1 b also on ! mo/ v>i$ bran*es ( sci5ce t ,leibnitz exp5d$ toil & tr\ble & en]gy2 x 0 to ma!matics1 h[ev]1 t he specially devot$ 8 att5tion1 & he is ! inv5tor ( ! me?ods ( ! integral & diff]5tial calculus4 ,8 great s]vices 9 reg>d to ma!matics & physics we "h leave out ( consid]ation1 & pay att5tion to 8 philosophy alone4 ,none ( 8 books c be exactly look$ on z giv+ a complete sy/ematic acc\nt ( 8 philosophy4 ,to ! m important among !m belongs 8 "w on ! human und]/&+ 7,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma97 9 reply to ,locke2 b ?is is a m]e refutation4 ,8 philosophy is !re=e scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s little treatises :i* 7 writt5 9 v v>i\s connections1 9 lett]s1 & replies to objections :i* caus$ him to br+ out "o aspect ( ! "q m /rongly ?an ano!r2 we consequ5tly f9d no elaborat$ sy/ematic :ole1 sup]9t5d$ or p]fect$ by him4 ,! "w :i* has "s appe>ance ( be+ su*1 8 ,?odice1 bett] kn[n to ! public ?an any?+ else he wrote1 is a popul> treatise :i* he drew up = ,que5 ,sophia ,*>lotte 9 reply to ,bayle1 & 9 :i* he took pa9s n to pres5t ! matt] 9 v speculative =m4 ,a ,wurtemb]g !ologian1 ,pfaff by "n1 & o!rs :o 7 correspond5ts ( ,leibnitz & 7 !mselves only too well v]s$ 9 philosophy1 br\ght x z a *>ge aga9/ ,leibnitz--a *>ge :i* he nev] d5i$--t 8 philosophy 0 writt5 9 popul> =m4#bdc ,!y laugh$ v mu* aft]w>ds at ,wolff1 :o _h tak5 !m to be q 9 e>ne/2 8 op9ion 0 t if ,leibnitz 7 n p]fectly s]i\s 9 ?is s5se ) 8 ,?odice1 yet he _h unconsci\sly writt5 8 be/ !re94 ,leibnitz's ,?odice is n :at we c altoge!r appreciate2 x is a ju/ification ( ,god 9 reg>d to ! evil 9 ! _w4 ,8 really philosophic ?\ghts are mo/ connect$ly express$ 9 a treatise on ! pr9ciples ( ,grace 7,pr9cipes de la ,nature et de la ,grace71#bdd & especially 9 ! pamphlet address$ to ,pr9ce ,eugne ( ,savoy4#bde ,buhle 7,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 vol4 iv4 section #a1 p4 #aca7 says3 8,8 philosophy is n s mu* ! product ( free1 indep5d5t1 orig9al speculation1 z ! result ( well-te/$ e>li]0 & lat] 8sy/ems1 an eclecticism ^: defects he tri$ to rem$y 9 8 own way4 ,x is a desultory treatm5t ( ,philosophy 9 lett]s40 ,leibnitz foll[$ ! same g5]al plan 9 8 philosophy z ! physici/s adopt :5 !y advance a hypo!sis to expla9 exi/+ data4 ,he has x t g5]al conceptions ( ! ,idea are to be f\nd1 f :i* ! p>ticul> may be d]iv$2 "h1 on acc\nt ( exi/+ data1 ! g5]al conception1 = example ! det]m9ation ( =ce or matt] furni%$ by reflection1 mu/ h its det]m9ations dispos$ 9 su* a way t x fits 9 ) ! data4 ,?us ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz seems to be n s mu* a philosophic sy/em z an hypo!sis reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 namely h[ x is to be det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! metaphysical det]m9ations & ! data & assumptions ( ! ord9>y conception1 :i* are accept$ z valid#bdf--?\ghts :i* are moreov] prop\nd$ )\t ! sequ5ce p]ta9+ to ! ,notion & ma9ly 9 n>rative /yle1 & :i* tak5 by !mselves %[ no necessity 9 _! connection4 ,leibnitz's philosophy !re=e appe>s l a /r+ ( arbitr>y ass]tions1 :i* foll[ "o on ano!r l a metaphysical romance2 x is only :5 we see :at he wi%$ !reby to avoid t we le>n to appreciate its value4 ,he really makes use ( ext]nal reasons ma9ly 9 ord] to e/abli% relations3 8,because ! validity ( su* relations _c be all[$1 no?+ rema9s b to e/abli% ! matt] 9 ?is way40 ,if we are n acqua9t$ ) ^! reasons1 ?is proc$ure /rikes u z arbitr>y4 a4 ,leibnitz's philosophy is an idealism ( ! intellectuality ( ! univ]se2 & al?\gh f "o po9t ( view he /&s oppos$ to ,locke1 z f ano!r po9t ( view he is 9 opposition to ! ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 he yet b9ds !m bo? toge!r aga94 ,=1 to g into ! matt] m p>ticul>ly1 on ! "o h& he expresses 9 ! _m monads ! absolute nature ( ?+s di/+ui%$ & ( individuality2 on ! o!r h&1 9 contra/ to ?is & ap>t f x1 he expresses ! ideality ( ,sp9oza & ! non-absolute nature ( all diff]5ce1 z ! idealism ( ! popul> conception4 ,leibnitz's philosophy is a metaphysics1 & 9 %>p contra/ to ! simple univ]sal ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 :]e all t is det]m9$ is m]ely transitory1 x makes fundam5tal ! absolute multiplicity ( individual sub/ances1 :i* aft] ! example ( ! anci5ts he nam$ monads--an expression already us$ by ! ,py?agoreans4 ,^! monads he !n proce$s to det]m9e z foll[s4 ,fir/ly 8,sub/ance is a ?+ t is capable ( activity1 x is comp\nd or simple1 ! comp\nd _c exi/ )\t ! simple4 ,! monads are simple sub/ances40 ,! pro( t !y con/itute ! tru? 9 all ?+s is v simple1 x is a sup]ficial reflection4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ,leibnitz's maxims is 8,because !re are comp\nd ?+s1 ! pr9ciples ( ! same mu/ be simple1 = ! comp\nd consi/s ( ! simple40#bdg ,?is pro( is poor en\gh1 x is an example ( ! fav\rite way ( />t+ f some?+ def9ite1 say ! comp\nd1 & !n draw+ conclusions !refrom z to ! simple4 ,x is q light 9 a way1 b really x is tautology4 ,( c\rse1 if ! comp\nd exi/s1 s does ! simple1 = ! comp\nd means some?+ 9 itself manifold ^: connection or unity is ext]nal4 ,f ! v trivial category ( ! comp\nd x is easy to d$uce ! simple4 ,x is a conclusion drawn f a c]ta9 premiss1 b ! "q is :e!r ! premiss is true4 ,^! monads are n1 h[ev]1 some?+ ab/ract & simple 9 itself1 l ! empty ,epicurean atoms1 :i*1 z !y 7 9 !mselves lack+ 9 det]m9ation1 drew all _! det]m9ation f _! aggregation alone4 ,! monads are1 on ! contr>y1 sub/antial =ms1 a good expression1 borr[$ f ! ,s*ola/ics 7supra1 p4 #ga71 or ! metaphysical po9ts ( ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool 7,vol ,,ii4 p4 #dci71 !y are ! entele*ies ( ,ari/otle tak5 z pure activity1 :i* are =ms 9 !mselves 7,vol ,,ii4 pp4 #ach1 #ahb1 #ahc74 8,^! monads are n mat]ial or ext5d$1 nor d !y orig9ate or decay 9 ! natural fa%ion1 = !y c beg9 only by a creative act ( ,god1 & !y c end only by annihilation40#bdh ,!reby !y are di/+ui%$ f ! atoms1 :i* are reg>d$ simply z pr9ciples4 ,! expression creation we are famili> ) f religion1 b x is a mean+less ^w d]iv$ f ! ord9>y conception2 9 ord] to be a ?\ght & to h philosophic significance1 x mu/ be mu* m closely def9$4 ,secondly3 8,on acc\nt ( _! simplicity ! monads are n susceptible ( alt]ation by ano!r monad 9 _! inn] ess5ce2 !re is no causal connection betwe5 !m40 ,ea* ( !m is some?+ indiff]5t & indep5d5t z reg>ds ! re/1 o!rwise x w\ld n be an entele*y4 ,ea* ( !m is s mu* = itself t all its det]m9ations & modifications g on 9 itself alone1 & no det]m9ation f )\t takes place4 ,leibnitz says3 8,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* sub/ances are connect$3 7#a7 ,causality1 influ5ce2 7#b7 ,! relation ( assi/ance2 7#c7 ,! relation ( h>mony4 ,! relation ( influ5ce is a relation p]ta9+ to a commonplace or popul> philosophy4 ,b z x is impossible to und]/& h[ mat]ial p>ticles or immat]ial qualities c pass f "o sub/ance into ano!r1 su* a conception z ?is mu/ be ab&on$40 ,if we accept ! reality ( ! _m1 !re c be no transition at all2 ea* is an ultimate & absolutely indep5d5t entity4 8,! sy/em ( assi/ance10 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 8is some?+ q sup]flu\s1 a ,deus ex ma*9a1 because cont9ual miracles 9 ! ?+s ( nature are assum$40 ,if we1 l ,desc>tes1 assume indep5d5t sub/ances1 no causal nexus is conceivable2 = ?is presupposes an influ5ce1 a be>+ ( ! "o ^u ! o!r1 & 9 ?is way ! o!r is n a sub/ance4 8,!re=e !re rema9s only h>mony1 a unity :i* is 9 itself or implicit4 ,! monad is !re=e simply %ut up 9 itself1 & _c be det]m9$ by ano!r2 ?is o!r _c be set into x4 ,x c nei!r get outside itself1 nor c o!rs get inside x40#bdi ,t is also ,sp9oza's way ( reg>d+ matt]s3 ea* attribute entirely repres5ts ! ess5ce ( ,god = itself1 ext5sion & ?\ght h no influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 8h[ev]1 ^! monads mu/ at ! same "t h c]ta9 qualities or det]m9ations 9 !mselves1 inn] actions1 ?r\gh :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f o!rs4 ,!re _c be two ?+s alike1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n be two1 !y w\ld n be diff]5t1 b "o & ! same40#bej ,"h !n ,leibnitz's axiom ( ! undi/+ui%able comes into words4 ,:at is n 9 itself di/+ui%$ is n di/+ui%$4 ,?is may be tak5 9 a trivial s5se1 z t !re are n two individuals :i* are alike4 ,to su* s5su\s ?+s ! maxim has no application1 x is prima facie indiff]5t :e!r !re are ?+s :i* are alike or n2 !re may also be always a diff]5ce ( space4 ,?is is ! sup]ficial s5se1 :i* does n conc]n u4 ,! m intimate s5se is1 h[ev]1 t ea* ?+ is 9 itself some?+ det]m9$1 di/+ui%+ itself f o!rs implicitly or 9 itself4 ,:e!r two ?+s are l or unlike is only a comp>ison :i* we make1 :i* falls )9 our k54 ,b :at we h fur!r to consid] is ! det]m9$ diff]5ce 9 !mselves4 ,! diff]5ce mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 !mselves1 n = our comp>ison1 = ! subject mu/ h ! diff]5ce z its own peculi> *>act]i/ic or det]m9ation1 i4e4 ! det]m9ation mu/ be imman5t 9 ! individual4 ,n only d we di/+ui% ! animal by its claws1 b x di/+ui%es itself ess5tially !reby1 x def5ds itself1 x pres]ves itself4 ,if two ?+s are diff]5t only 9 be+ two1 !n ea* ( !m is "o2 b ! fact ( _! be+ two does n con/itute a di/9ction betwe5 !m2 ! det]m9$ diff]5ce 9 itself is ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,f\r?ly3 8,! det]m9at5ess & ! v>iation !reby e/abli%$ is1 h[ev]1 an inw>d implicit pr9ciple2 x is a multiplicity ( modifications1 ( relations to surr\nd+ exi/5ces1 b a multiplicity :i* rema9s lock$ up 9 simplicity4 ,det]m9at5ess & v>iation su* z ?is1 :i* rema9s & goes on 9 ! exi/5ce itself1 is a p]ception20 & !re=e ,leibnitz says all monads p]ceive or repres5t 7= we may translate p]ceptio by repres5tation ,vor/ellung74 ,9 o!r words1 !y are 9 !mselves univ]sal1 = univ]sality is j simplicity 9 multiplicity1 & !re=e a simplicity :i* is at ! same "t *ange & motion ( multiplicity4 ,?is is a v important det]m9ation2 9 sub/ance itself !re is negativity1 det]m9at5ess1 )\t its simplicity & its implicitude be+ giv5 up4 ,fur!r1 9 x !re is ?is idealism1 t ! simple is some?+ 9 itself di/+ui%$1 & 9 spite ( its v>iation1 t x yet rema9s "o1 & cont9ues 9 its simplicity4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 8,i10 my _s4 ,i h _m conceptions1 a weal? ( ?\ght is 9 me1 & yet ,i rema9 "o1 not)/&+ ?is v>iety ( /ate4 ,?is id5tity may be f\nd 9 ! fact t :at is diff]5t is at ! same "t abrogat$1 & is det]m9$ z "o2 ! monads are !re=e di/+ui%$ by modifications 9 !mselves1 b n by ext]nal det]m9ations4 ,^! det]m9ations conta9$ 9 ! monads exi/ 9 !m 9 ideal fa%ion2 ?is ideality 9 ! monad is 9 itself a :ole1 s t ^! diff]5ces are only repres5tations & ideas4 ,?is absolute diff]5ce is :at is t]m$ ! ,notion2 :at falls asund] 9 ! m]e repres5tation is held toge!r4 ,?is is :at possesses int]e/ 9 ,leibnitz's philosophy4 ,su* ideality 9 ! same way p]ta9s to ! mat]ial1 :i* is also a multiplicity ( monads2 !re=e ! sy/em ( ,leibnitz is an intellectual sy/em1 9 accordance ) :i* all t is mat]ial has p[]s ( repres5tation & p]ception4 ,z ?us repres5t+1 ! monad1 says ,leibnitz1 possesses activity2 = activity is to be diff]5t1 & yet to be "o1 & ?is is ! only true diff]5ce4 ,! monad n only repres5ts1 x also *anges2 b 9 do+ s1 x yet rema9s 9 itself absolutely :at x is4 ,?is v>iation is bas$ on activity4 8,! activity ( ! inn] pr9ciple1 by means ( :i* x passes f "o p]ception to ano!r1 is desire 7appetitus740 ,v>iation 9 repres5tation is desire1 & t con/itutes ! spontaneity ( ! monad2 all is n[ complete 9 itself1 & ! category ( influ5ce falls away4 ,inde$1 ?is intellectuality ( all ?+s is a great ?\ght on ! "p ( ,leibnitz3 8,all multiplicity is includ$ 9 unity20#bea det]m9ation is n a diff]5ce 9 respect ( some?+ else1 b reflect$ into itself1 & ma9ta9+ itself4 ,?is is "o aspect ( ?+s1 b ! matt] is n !re9 complete2 x is equally ! case t x is diff]5t 9 respect ( o!r ?+s4 ,fif?ly3 ,^! repres5tations & ideas are n necess>ily consci\s repres5tations & ideas1 any m ?an all monads z =m+ repres5tations are consci\s4 ,x is true t consci\sness is itself p]ception1 b a high] grade ( ! same2 p]ceptions ( consci\sness ,leibnitz calls app]ceptions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]ely repres5t+ & ! self-consci\s monads ,leibnitz makes "o ( degrees ( cle>ness4 ,! expression repres5tation has1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly some?+ awkw>d ab\t x1 s9ce we are accu/om$ to associate x only ) consci\sness1 & ) consci\sness z su*2 b ,leibnitz admits also ( unconsci\s repres5tation4 ,:5 he !n adduces examples ( unconsci\s repres5tations1 he appeals to ! condition ( a swoon or ( sleep1 9 :i* we are m]e monads3 & t repres5tations )\t consci\sness are pres5t 9 su* /ates he %[s f ! fact ( our hav+ p]ceptions imm$iately aft] awak5+ out ( sleep1 :i* %[s t o!rs mu/ h be5 !re1 = "o p]ception arises only out ( o!rs4#beb ,t is a trivial & empirical demon/ration4 ,six?ly3 ,^! monads con/itute ! pr9ciple ( all t exi/s4 ,matt] is no?+ else ?an _! passive capability4 ,?is passive capability x is :i* con/itutes ! obscurity ( ! repres5tations1 or a confusion :i* nev] arrives at di/9ction1 or desire1 or activity4#bec ,t is a correct def9ition ( ! conception2 x is ,be+1 matt]1 9 accordance ) ! mom5t ( simplicity4 ,?is is implicitly activity2 8m]e implicitness )\t actualization0 w\ld !re=e be a bett] expression4 ,! transition f obscurity to di/9ctness ,leibnitz exemplifies by ! /ate ( swoon+4 ,sev5?ly3 ,bodies z bodies are aggregates ( monads3 !y are m]e heaps :i* _c be t]m$ sub/ances1 any m ?an a flock ( %eep c be> ?is "n4#bed ,! cont9uity ( ! same is an arrangem5t or ext5sion1 b space is no?+ 9 itself2#bee x is only 9 ano!r1 or a unity :i* our und]/&+ gives to t aggregate4#bef b4 ,leibnitz goes on to det]m9e & di/+ui% m cle>ly z ! pr9cipal mom5ts1 inorganic1 organic1 & consci\s monads1 & he does x 9 ! foll[+ way4 4 ,su* bodies z h no inn] unity1 ^: elem5ts are connect$ m]ely by space1 or ext]nally1 are inorganic2 !y h n an entele*y or "o monad :i* rules ov] ! re/4#beg ,! cont9uity ( space z a m]ely ext]nal relation has n ! ,notion 9 itself ( ! lik5ess ( ^! monads 9 !mselves4 ,cont9uity is 9 fact to be reg>d$ 9 !m z an arrangem5t1 a simil>ity 9 !mselves4 ,leibnitz !re=e def9es _! movem5ts z l "o ano!r1 z a h>mony 9 !mselves2#beh b aga91 ?is is z mu* z say+ t _! simil>ity is n 9 !mselves4 ,9 fact cont9uity =ms ! ess5tial det]m9ation ( ! inorganic2 b x mu/ at ! same "t n be tak5 z some?+ ext]nal or z lik5ess1 b z p5etrat+ or p5etrat$ unity1 :i* has dissolv$ individuality 9 itself l a fluid4 ,b to ?is po9t ,leibnitz does n atta91 because = him monads are ! absolute pr9ciple1 & individuality does n annul itself4 4 ,a high] degree ( ,be+ is f\nd 9 bodies ) life & s\l1 9 :i* "o monad has dom9ion ov] ! re/4 ,! body :i* is b\nd up ) ! monad1 ( :i* ! "o monad is ! entele*y or s\l1 is ) ?is s\l nam$ a liv+ creature1 an animal4 ,"o su* entele*y rules ov] ! re/1 yet n really1 b =mally3 ! limbs ( ?is animal1 h[ev]1 are aga9 !mselves su* liv+ ?+s1 ea* ( :i* has 9 its turn its rul+ entele*y )9 x4#bei ,b rul+ is "h an inappropriate expression4 ,to rule 9 ?is case is n to rule ov] o!rs1 = all are indep5d5t2 x is !re=e only a =mal expression4 ,if ,leibnitz _h n help$ himself out ) ! ^w rule1 & develop$ ! idea fur!r1 ?is dom9ant monad w\ld h abrogat$ ! o!rs1 & put !m 9 a negative position2 ! implicitness ( ! o!r monads1 or ! pr9ciple ( ! absolute ,be+ ( ^! po9ts or individuals w\ld h disappe>$4 ,yet we %all lat] on come across ?is relation ( ! individuals to "o ano!r4 4 ,! consci\s monad di/+ui%es itself f ! nak$ 7mat]ial7 monads by ! di/9ctness ( ! repres5tation4 ,b ?is is ( c\rse only an indef9ite ^w1 a =mal di/9ction2 x indicates t consci\sness is ! v ?+ t con/itutes ! di/9ction ( ! undi/+ui%$1 & t di/9ction con/itutes ! det]m9ation ( consci\sness4 ,leibnitz m p>ticul>ly def9$ ! di/9ction ( man z t 8he is capable ( ! k ( necess>y & et]nal tru?s10--or t he conceives ! univ]sal on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r :at is connect$ ) x2 ! nature & ess5ce ( self-consci\sness lies 9 ! univ]sality ( ! ,notions4 8,^! et]nal tru?s re/ on two maxims2 ! "o is t ( contradiction1 ! o!r is t ( suffici5t reason40 ,! =m] ( ^! is unity express$ 9 useless fa%ion z a maxim1 ! di/9ction ( ! undi/+ui%able1 ,a ,a2 x is ! def9ition ( ?9k+1 b n a maxim :i* c\ld conta9 a tru? z cont5t1 or x does n express ! ,notion ( di/9ction z su*4 ,! o!r important pr9ciple 01 on ! o!r h&3 ,:at is n di/+ui%$ 9 ?\ght is n di/+ui%$ 7p4 #ccc74 8,! maxim ( ! reason is t ev]y?+ has its reason10#bfj--! p>ticul> has ! univ]sal z its ess5tial reality4 ,necess>y tru? mu/ h its reason 9 itself 9 su* a mann] t x is f\nd by analysis1 i4e4 ?r\gh t v maxim ( id5tity4 ,= analysis is ! v fav\rite plan ( resolv+ into simple ideas & pr9ciples3 a resolution :i* annihilates _! relation1 & :i* !re=e 9 fact =ms a transition into ! opposite1 ?\gh x does n h ! consci\sness ( ! same1 & on t acc\nt also excludes ! ,notion2 = e opposite x lays hold ( only 9 its id5tity4 ,suffici5t reason seems to be a pleonasm2 b ,leibnitz und]/ood by ?is aims1 f9al causes 7caus f9ales71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* & ! causal nexus or ! effici5t cause he "h br+s "u discussion4#bfa c4 ,! univ]sal itself1 absolute ess5ce1 :i* ) ,leibnitz is some?+ q diff]5t f ! monads1 sep>ates itself also into two sides1 namely univ]sal ,be+ & ,be+ z ! unity ( opposites4 4 ,t univ]sal is ,god1 z ! cause ( ! _w1 to ! consci\sness ( :om ! above pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason c]ta9ly =ms ! transition4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god is only an inf]5ce f et]nal tru?s2 = ^! mu/ z ! laws ( nature h a univ]sal suffici5t reason :i* det]m9es itself z none o!r ?an ,god4 ,et]nal tru? is !re=e ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sal & absolute 9 & = itself2 & ?is univ]sal & absolute is ,god1 :o1 z "o ) ,himself1 ! monad ( monads1 is ! absolute ,monas4 ,"h we aga9 h ! we>isome pro( ( ,8 exi/5ce3 ,he is ! f\nta9 ( et]nal tru?s & ,notions1 & )\t ,him no pot5tiality w\ld h actuality2 ,he has ! pr]ogative ( exi/+ imm$iately 9 ,8 pot5tiality4#bfb ,god is "h also ! unity ( pot5tiality & actuality1 b 9 an uncompreh5d+ mann]2 :at is necess>y1 b n compreh5d$1 is transf]r$ to ,him4 ,?us ,god is at fir/ compreh5d$ *iefly z univ]sal1 b already 9 ! aspect ( ! relation ( opposites4 4 ,z reg>ds ?is second aspect1 ! absolute relation ( opposites1 x occurs 9 ! fir/ place 9 ! =m ( absolute opposites ( ?\ght1 ! good & ! evil4 8,god is ! ,au?or ( ! _w10 says ,leibnitz2 t ref]s directly to evil4 ,x is r\nd ?is relation t philosophy specially revolves1 b to ! unity ( :i* x did n !n atta92 ! evil 9 ! _w 0 n compreh5d$1 because no advance 0 made beyond ! fix$ opposition4 ,! result ( ,leibnitz's ,?odice is an optimism support$ on ! lame & we>isome ?\ght t ,god1 s9ce a _w _h to be br\ght into exi/5ce1 *ose out ( inf9itely _m possible worlds ! be/ possible--! mo/ p]fect1 s f> z x c\ld be p]fect1 consid]+ ! f9ite elem5t :i* x 0 to conta94#bfc ,?is may v well be said 9 a g5]al way1 b ?is p]fection is no det]m9$ ?\ght1 b a loose popul> expression1 a sort ( babble respect+ an imag9>y or fanciful pot5tiality2 ,voltaire made m]ry ov] x4 ,nor is ! nature ( ! f9ite !re9 def9$4 ,because ! _w1 x is said1 has to be ! epitome ( f9ite ,be+s1 evil c\ld n be sep>at$ f x1 s9ce evil is negation1 f9itude4#bfd ,reality & negation rema9 /&+ 9 opposition to "o ano!r exactly 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,t is ! pr9cipal conception 9 ! ,?odice4 ,b some?+ v l ?is c be said 9 e-day life4 ,if ,i h "s goods br\ght to me 9 ! m>ket at "s t[n1 & say t !y are c]ta9ly n p]fect1 b ! be/ t are to be got1 ?is is q a good reason :y ,i %\ld cont5t myself ) !m4 ,b compreh5sion is a v diff]5t ?+ f ?is4 ,leibnitz says no?+ fur!r ?an t ! _w is good1 b !re is also evil 9 x2 ! matt] rema9s j ! same z x 0 be=e4 8,because x _h to be f9ite0 is !n a m]e arbitr>y *oice on ! "p ( ,god4 ,! next "q w\ld be3 ,:y & h[ is !re f9itude 9 ! ,absolute & ,8 decrees8 ,& only !n %\ld !re be d$uc$ f ! det]m9ation ( f9itude ! evil :i* no d\bt exi/s !re94 ,x is true t ,leibnitz has a reply to ! above "q3 8,god does n w :at is evil2 evil comes only indirectly into ! results0 7bl9d71 8because (t5times ! great] good c\ld n be a*iev$ if evils 7 n pres5t4 ,!re=e !y are means to a good end40 ,b :y does n ,god employ o!r means8 ,!y are always ext]nal1 n 9 & = !mselves4 8,a moral evil may n be reg>d$ z a means1 nor mu/ we1 z ! apo/le says1 d evil t good may come2 yet x has (t5 ! relation ( a conditio s9e qua non ( ! good4 ,evil is 9 ,god only ! object ( a p]missive w 7voluntatis p]missiv720 b ev]y?+ t is wrong w\ld be su*4 8,god has !re=e among ! objects ( ,8 w ! be/ possible z ! ultimate object1 b ! good z a matt] ( *oice 7qualemcunque71 also z subord9ate2 & ?+s indiff]5t & evils (t5 z means4 ,evil is1 h[ev]1 an object ( ,8 w only z ! condition ( some?+ o!rwise necess>y 7rei alioqui debit71 :i* )\t x c\ld n exi/2 9 :i* s5se ,*ri/ said x mu/ ne$s be t (f5ces come40#bfe ,9 a g5]al s5se we are satisfi$ ) ! answ]3 8,9 accordance ) ! wisdom ( ,god we mu/ accept x z a fact t ! laws ( nature are ! be/ possible10 b ?is answ] does n suffice = a def9ite "q4 ,:at "o wi%es to "k is ! goodness ( ?is or t p>ticul> law2 & to t no answ] is giv54 ,if1 = example1 x is said t 8,! law ( fall+ bodies1 9 :i* ! relation ( "t & space is ! squ>e1 is ! be/ possible10 "o might employ1 z f> z ma!matics are conc]n$1 any o!r p[] :atev]4 ,:5 ,leibnitz answ]s3 8,god made x s10 ?is is no answ] at all4 ,we wi% to "k ! def9ite reason ( ?is law2 su* g5]al det]m9ations s\nd pi\s1 b are n satisfy+4 4 ,he goes on to say t ! suffici5t reason has ref]5ce to ! repres5tation ( ! monads4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?+s are monads1 ( :i* ea* is = itself1 )\t hav+ influ5ce on ! o!rs4 ,if n[ ! ,monad ( monads1 ,god1 is ! absolute sub/ance1 & individual monads are creat$ ?r\gh ,8 w1 _! sub/antiality comes to an end4 ,!re is !re=e a contradiction pres5t1 :i* rema9s unsolv$ 9 itself--t is betwe5 ! "o sub/antial monad & ! _m monads = :i* indep5d5ce is claim$1 because _! ess5ce consi/s 9 _! /&+ 9 no relation to "o ano!r4 ,yet at ! same "t1 9 ord] to %[ ! h>mony t exi/s 9 ! _w1 ,leibnitz und]/&s ! relation ( monads to monads m g5]ally z ! unity ( contra/$ exi/5ces1 namely ( s\l & body4 ,?is unity he repres5ts z a relation )\t diff]5ce1 & notionless1 i4e4 z a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4#bff ,leibnitz uses "h ! illu/ration ( two clocks1 :i* are set to ! same h\r1 & keep ! same "t2#bfg 9 ! same way ! movem5t ( ! k+dom ( ?\ght goes on1 det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ends1 & ! movem5t onw>d ( ! corporeal k+dom :i* corresponds ) x1 proce$s accord+ to a g5]al causal connection4#bfh ,! case is ! same z ) ,sp9oza1 t ^! two sides ( ! univ]se h no connection ) ea* o!r1 ! "o does n influ5ce ! o!r1 b bo? are entirely indiff]5t to "o ano!r2 x is really ! diff]5tiat+ relation ( ! ,notion t is lack+4 ,9 ab/ract ?\ght t is )\t ,notion1 t det]m9ation n[ receives ! =m ( simplicity1 ( implicitude1 ( indiff]5ce ) reg>d to :at is o!r1 ( a self-reflection t has no movem5t3 9 ?is way r$ 9 ! ab/ract is 9 a position ( indiff]5ce z reg>ds blue1 c4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ,leibnitz =sakes 8 pr9ciple ( individuation2 x has only ! s5se ( be+ exclusively "o1 & ( n rea*+ to & includ+ :at is o!r2 or x is only a unity ( ! popul> conception1 n ! ,notion ( unity4 ,! s\l has ?us a s]ies ( conceptions & ideas :i* are develop$ f )9 x1 & ?is s]ies is f ! v fir/ plac$ )9 ! s\l at its creation1 i4e4 ! s\l is 9 all imm$iacy ?is implicit det]m9ation2 det]m9ation is1 h[ev]1 n implicit1 b ! reflect$ unfold+ ( ?is det]m9ation 9 ! ord9>y conception is its outw>d exi/5ce4 ,p>allel ) ?is s]ies ( diff]5tiat$ conceptions1 !re n[ runs a s]ies ( motions ( ! body1 or ( :at is ext]nal to ! s\l4#bfi ,bo? are ess5tial mom5ts ( reality2 !y are mutually indiff]5t1 b !y h also an ess5tial relation ( diff]5ce4 ,s9ce n[ e monad1 z %ut up )9 itself1 has no influ5ce ^u ! body & its movem5ts1 & yet ! inf9ite multitude ( _! atoms correspond ) "o ano!r1 ,leibnitz places ?is h>mony 9 ,god2 a bett] def9ition ( ! relation & ! activity ( ! ,monad ( monads is !re=e t x is :at pre-e/abli%es h>mony 9 ! *anges ( ! monads4#bgj ,god is ! suffici5t reason1 ! cause ( ?is correspond5ce2 ,he has s arrang$ ! multitude ( atoms t ! orig9al *anges :i* are develop$ )9 "o monad correspond ) ! *anges ( ! o!rs4 ,! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony is to be ?\ght ( some:at 9 ?is /yle2 :5 a dog gets a beat+1 ! pa9 develops itself 9 him1 9 l fa%ion ! beat+ develops itself 9 itself1 & s does ! p]son :o adm9i/]s ! beat+3 _! det]m9ations all correspond ) "o ano!r1 & t n by means ( _! objective connection1 s9ce ea* is indep5d5t4#bga ,! pr9ciple ( ! h>mony among ! monads does n consequ5tly belong to !m1 b x is 9 ,god1 :o = t v reason is ! ,monad ( monads1 _! absolute unity4 ,we saw f ! beg9n+ h[ ,leibnitz arriv$ at ?is conception4 ,ea* monad is really possess$ ( ! p[] ( repres5tation1 & is z su* a repres5tation ( ! univ]se1 !re=e implicitly ! totality ( ! :ole _w4 ,b at ! same "t ?is repres5tation is n 9 consci\sness2 ! nak$ monad is implicitly ! univ]se1 & diff]5ce is ! developm5t ( ?is totality 9 x4#bgb ,:at develops itself !re9 is at ! same "t 9 h>mony ) all o!r developm5ts2 all is "o h>mony4 8,9 ! univ]se all ?+s are closely knit toge!r1 !y are 9 "o piece1 l an ocean3 ! slighte/ movem5t transmits its influ5ce f> & wide all ar\nd40#bgc ,f a s+le gra9 ( s&1 ,leibnitz holds1 ! :ole univ]se might be compreh5d$ 9 its entire developm5t--if we only knew ! s& gra9 ?or\ghly4 ,!re is n really mu* 9 all ?is1 ?\gh x s\nds v f9e2 = ! re/ ( ! univ]se is consid]ably m ?an a gra9 ( s&1 well ?\gh we knew x1 & consid]ably diff]5t !refrom4 ,to say t its ess5ce is ! univ]se is m]e empty talk3 = ! fact is t ! univ]se z ess5ce is n ! univ]se4 ,to ! s& gra9 mu* mu/ be add$ :i* is n pres5t2 & s9ce ?\ght adds m ?an all ! gra9s ( s& t exi/1 ! univ]se & its developm5t may 9 ?is way c]ta9ly be compreh5d$4 ,?us accord+ to ,leibnitz e monad has or is ! repres5tation ( ! entire univ]se1 :i* is ! same z say+ t x is really repres5tation 9 g5]al2 b at ! same "t x is a det]m9ate repres5tation1 by means ( :i* x comes to be ?is p>ticul> monad1 !re=e x is repres5tation accord+ to its p>ticul> situation & circum/ances4#bgd ,! repres5tations ( ! monad 9 itself1 :i* con/itute its univ]se1 develop !mselves f !mselves1 z ! spiritual elem5t 9 x1 accord+ to ! laws ( _! own activity & desire1 j z ! movem5ts ( _! out] _w d accord+ to laws ( bodies2 h5ce lib]ty is no?+ o!r ?an ?is spontaneity ( imman5t developm5t1 b z 9 consci\sness4 ,! magnetic ne$le1 on ! contr>y1 has only spontaneity )\t consci\sness1 & consequ5tly )\t fre$om4 ,=1 says ,leibnitz1 ! nature ( ! magnetic ne$le is to turn to ! nor?2 if x _h consci\sness x w\ld imag9e t ?is 0 its self-det]m9ation2 x w\ld ?us h ! w to move r\nd 9 accordance ) its nature4#bge ,b x is cle> t 9 ! c\rse ( consci\s repres5tations !re is involv$ no necess>y connection1 b cont+5cy & want ( sequ5ce are to be f\nd1 ! reason ( ?is accord+ to ,leibnitz 7,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii ,p4 ,i4 p4 #ge7 be+ 8because ! nature ( a creat$ sub/ance implies t x *anges incessantly accord+ to a c]ta9 ord]1 :i* ord] guides x spontane\sly 7spontanm5t7 9 all ! circum/ances :i* befall x2 s t "o :o sees all ?+s recognizes 9 ! pres5t condition ( sub/ance ! pa/ also & ! future4 ,! law ( ord]1 :i* det]m9es ! individuality ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance1 has an exact ref]5ce to :at takes place 9 e o!r sub/ance & 9 ! :ole univ]se40 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t ! monad is n a ?+ ap>t1 or t !re are two views ( x1 ! "o mak+ x out z spontane\sly g5]at+ its repres5tations1 s f> z =m is conc]n$1 & ! o!r mak+ x out to be a mom5t ( ! :ole ( necessity2 ,sp9oza w\ld call ?is reg>d+ x f bo? sides4 ,an organic :ole1 a human be+1 is ?us = in/ance ! ass]tion ( 8 aim f out ( himself3 at ! same "t ! be+ direct$ on some?+ else is involv$ 9 8 ,notion4 ,he repres5ts ?is & t to himself1 he wills ?is & t2 8 activity employs itself & br+s ab\t *anges4 ,8 inw>d det]m9ation ?us becomes corporeal det]m9ation1 & !n *ange go+ beyond himself2 he appe>s z cause1 influ5c+ o!r monads4 ,b ?is ,be+-=-ano!r is only an appe>ance4 ,= ! o!r1 i4e4 ! actual1 9 s f> z ! monad det]m9es x or makes x negative1 is ! passive elem5t :i* ! monad has 9 itself3 all mom5ts are inde$ conta9$ !re91 & = t v reason x has no ne$ ( o!r monads1 b only ( ! laws ( ! monads 9 itself4 ,b if ! ,be+-=-ano!r is m]e appe>ance1 ! same may be said ( ,be+-=-self2 = ?is has significance only 9 ref]5ce to ,be+-=-ano!r4 ,! important po9t 9 ,leibnitz's philosophy is ?is intellectuality ( repres5tation :i* ,leibnitz1 h[ev]1 did n succe$ 9 c>ry+ out2 & = ! same reason ?is intellectuality is at ! same "t inf9ite multiplicity1 :i* has rema9$ absolutely indep5d5t1 because ?is intellectuality has n be5 able to obta9 ma/]y ov] ! ,"o4 ,! sep>ation 9 ! ,notion1 :i* proce$s z f> z release f itself1 or appe>ance 9 di/9ct indep5d5ce1 ,leibnitz did n succe$ 9 br++ toge!r into unity4 ,! h>mony ( ^! two mom5ts1 ! c\rse ( m5tal repres5tations & ! c\rse ( ?+s ext]nal1 appe>+ mutually z cause & effect1 is n br\ght by ,leibnitz into relation 9 & = !mselves2 he !re=e lets !m fall asund]1 al?\gh ea* is passive z reg>ds ! o!r4 ,he moreov] consid]s bo? ( !m 9 "o unity1 to be sure1 b _! activity is at ! same "t n = !mselves4 ,e =w>d advance becomes !re=e incompreh5sible :5 tak5 by itself1 because ! c\rse ( ! repres5tation z ?r\gh aims 9 itself1 requires ?is mom5t ( ,o!r-,be+ or ( passivity2 & aga9 ! connection ( cause & effect requires ! univ]sal3 ea* h[ev] lacks ?is its o!r mom5t4 ,! unity :i* accord+ to ,leibnitz is to be br\ght ab\t by ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 namely t ! det]m9ation ( ! w ( man & ! outw>d *ange h>monize1 is !re=e br\ght ab\t by means ( ano!r1 if n inde$ f )\t1 = ?is o!r is ,god4 ,be=e ,god ! monads are n to be indep5d5t1 b ideal & absorb$ 9 ,him4 ,at ?is po9t ! dem& w\ld come 9 t 9 ,god ,himself !re %\ld be compreh5d$ ! requir$ unity ( t :i* be=e fell asund]2 & ,god has ! special privilege ( hav+ laid on ,him ! burd5 ( :at _c be compreh5d$4 ,! ^w ( ,god is ?us ! make%ift :i* leads to a unity :i* itself is only hypo!tical2 = ! process ( ! _m out ( ?is unity is n demon/rat$4 ,god plays !re=e 9 ! lat] philosophy a f> great] "p ?an 9 ! e>ly1 because n[ ! compreh5sion ( ! absolute opposition ( ?\ght & ,be+ is ! *ief dem&4 ,) ,leibnitz ! ext5t to :i* ?\ghts advance is ! ext5t ( ! univ]se2 :]e compreh5sion ceases1 ! univ]se ceases1 & ,god beg9s3 s t lat] x 0 ev5 ma9ta9$ t to be compreh5d$ 0 d]ogatory to ,god1 because ,he 0 ?us degrad$ into f9itude4 ,9 t proc$ure a beg9n+ is made f ! det]m9ate1 ?is & t are /at$ to be necess>y2 b s9ce 9 ! next place ! unity ( ^! mom5ts is n compreh5d$1 x is transf]r$ to ,god4 ,god is !re=e1 z x 71 ! wa/e *annel into :i* all contradictions fl[3 ,leibnitz's ,?odice is j a popul> summ+ up su* z ?is4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 all mann] ( evasions to be se>*$ out--9 ! opposition ( ,god's ju/ice & m]cy1 t ! "o temp]s ! o!r2 h[ ! =e-k ( ,god & human fre$om are compatible--all mann] ( syn!ses :i* nev] come to ! root ( ! matt] nor %[ bo? sides to be mom5ts4 ,^! are ! ma9 mom5ts ( ,leibnitz's philosophy4 ,x is a metaphysic :i* />ts f a n>r[ det]m9ation ( ! und]/&+1 namely1 f absolute multiplicity1 s t connection c only be grasp$ z cont9uity4 ,!reby absolute unity is c]ta9ly set aside1 b all ! same x is presuppos$2 & ! association ( individuals ) "o ano!r is to be expla9$ only 9 ?is way1 t x is ,god :o det]m9es ! h>mony 9 ! *anges ( individuals4 ,?is is an artificial sy/em1 :i* is f\nd$ on a category ( ! und]/&+1 t ( ! absolut5ess ( ab/ract individuality4 ,:at is ( importance 9 ,leibnitz lies 9 ! maxims1 9 ! pr9ciple ( individuality & ! maxim ( indi/+ui%ability4 #b4 ,,wolff4 ,! philosophy ( ,wolff is directly connect$ ) t ( ,leibnitz1 = really x is a p$antic sy/ematization ( ! latt]1 = :i* reason x is likewise call$ ! ,leibnitz-,wolffian sy/em ( philosophy4 ,wolff atta9$ to great di/9ction 9 ma!matics & made himself fam\s by 8 philosophy z well2 ! latt] 0 = long pr$om9ant 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,wolff1 z a tea*] deal+ ) ! und]/&+1 we f9d a sy/ematic exposition ( ! philosophic elem5t pres5t 9 human conceptions z a :ole4 ,z reg>ds 8 connection ) ,g]man culture g5]ally1 great & immortal praise is m especially due to him2 be=e all o!rs he may be t]m$ ! tea*] ( ! ,g]mans4 ,we may inde$ say t ,wolff 0 ! fir/ to naturalize philosophy 9 ,g]many4 ,ts*irnhaus5 & ,?omasius likewise p>ticipat$ 9 ?is hon\r1 = ! special reason t !y wrote ^u ,philosophy 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,9 reg>d to ! matt] ( ! philosophy ( ,ts*irnhaus5 & ,?omasius we h n mu* to say2 x is s-call$ heal?y reason--!re is 9 x ! sup]ficial "* & ! empty univ]sality always to be f\nd :]e a beg9n+ is made ) ?\ght4 ,9 ?is case ! univ]sality ( ?\ght satisfies u because ev]y?+ is pres5t !re1 j z x is pres5t 9 a moral maxim :i* has1 h[ev]1 no det]m9ate cont5t 9 its univ]sality4 ,wolff1 !n1 0 ! fir/ to make1 n exactly ,philosophy1 b ?\ghts 9 ! =m ( ?\ght1 into a g5]al possession1 & he sub/itut$ ?is 9 ,g]many = m]e talk orig9at+ f feel+1 f s5su\s p]ception1 & f ! ord9>y conception4 ,?is is mo/ important f ! po9t ( view ( culture1 & yet x does n really conc]n u "h1 except+ 9 s f> z ! cont5t 9 ?is =m ( ?\ght has caus$ itself to be recogniz$ z ,philosophy4 ,?is philosophy1 z a philosophy ( ! und]/&+1 became ! ord9>y culture ( ! day2 9 x det]m9ate1 intellig5t ?\ght is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & x ext5ds ov] ! :ole circle ( objects :i* fall )9 ! region ( k4 ,wolff def9$ ! _w ( consci\sness = ,g]many1 & = ! _w 9 g5]al1 9 ! same wide s5se 9 :i* we may say t ?is 0 done by ,ari/otle4 ,:at di/+ui%es him f ,ari/otle is t 9 s do+ ! po9t ( view t he adopt$ 0 t ( ! und]/&+ m]ely1 :ile ,ari/otle treat$ ! subject speculatively4 ,! philosophy ( ,wolff is h5ce no d\bt built on f\ndations laid by ,leibnitz1 b yet 9 su* a mann] t ! speculative int]e/ is q elim9at$ f x4 ,! spiritual philosophy1 sub/antial 9 a high] s5se1 :i* we f\nd em]g+ fir/ 9 ,boehme1 ?\gh /ill 9 a peculi> & b>b>\s =m1 has be5 q lo/ sight (1 & has disappe>$ )\t leav+ any traces or effects 9 ,g]many2 8 v language 0 =gott54 ,! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ,*ri/ian ,wolff's life are ^!3 ,he 0 ! son ( a bak]1 & 0 born at ,breslau 9 #afgi4 ,he fir/ /udi$ ,!ology & !n ,philosophy1 & 9 #agjg he became ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,philosophy at ,halle4 ,"h ! pieti/ic !ologians1 & m especially ,lange1 treat$ him 9 ! base/ mann]4 ,piety did n tru/ ?is und]/&+2 = piety1 if x is true1 embodies a cont5t :i* is speculative 9 nature1 & :i* passes beyond ! und]/&+4 ,z 8 oppon5ts c\ld make no headway by _! writ+s1 !y resort$ to intrigues4 ,!y caus$ x to be convey$ to ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 ! fa!r ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 a r\gh man :o took an int]e/ 9 no?+ b soldi]s1 t accord+ to ! det]m9ism ( ,wolff1 free w 0 impossible1 & t soldi]s c\ld n h5ce des]t ( _! own free w1 b by a special disposition ( ,god 7pre-e/abli%$ h>mony7--a doctr9e :i*1 if dissem9at$ among/ ! milit>y1 w\ld be extremely dang]\s4 ,! k+1 mu* enrag$ by ?is1 imm$iately issu$ a decree t )9 =ty-eight h\rs ,wolff %\ld leave ,halle & ! ,prussian ,/ates1 "u p5alty ( ! halt]4 ,wolff ?us left ,halle on ! #bcrd ( ,novemb]1 #agbc4 ,! !ologians add$ to all ?is ! sc&al ( prea*+ aga9/ ,wolff & 8 philosophy1 & ! pi\s ,franke ?ank$ ,god on 8 knees 9 *ur* = ! removal ( ,wolff4 ,b ! rejoic+s did n la/ long4 ,wolff w5t to ,cassel1 0 !re imm$iately in/all$ fir/ pr(essor 9 ! philosophic faculty at ,m>burg1 & at ! same "t made a memb] ( ! ,academies ( ,sci5ce ( ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,/ockholm4 ,by ,pet] ! ,fir/ ( ,russia he 0 made ,vice-,presid5t ( ! newly in/itut$ ,academy 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,wolff 0 also summon$ to ,russia1 b ?is invitation he decl9$2 he receiv$1 h[ev]1 an honor>y po/1 he 0 made a ,b>on by ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 &1 9 %ort1 load$ ) public hon\rs :i*1 m especially at t "t1 ?\gh ev5 n[ x is ! case1 7 v mu* ?\ght ( by ! g5]al public1 & :i* 7 too great n to make a pr(\nd s5sation 9 ,b]l94 ,9 ,b]l9 a commission 0 appo9t$ to pass judgm5t on ! ,wolffian philosophy--= ?is x _h n be5 possible to eradicate--& x decl>$ ! same to be h>mless1 t is to say1 free f all dang] to /ate & religion2 x also =bade ! !ologians to make x a subject ( dispute1 & altoge!r put an end to _! clam\r4 ,fr$]ick ,william n[ issu$ a recall 9 v respectful t]ms to ,wolff1 :o1 h[ev]1 hesitat$ to comply ) x ow+ to 8 lack ( confid5ce 9 its s9c]ity4 ,on ! accession ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 #agdj he 0 aga9 recall$ 9 t]ms ( ! highe/ hon\r 7,lange _h mean:ile di$71 & only !n did he comply4 ,wolff became ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity1 b he outliv$ 8 repute1 & 8 lectures at ! end 7 v poorly att5d$4 ,he di$ 9 #aged4bgf ,l ,ts*irnhaus5 & ,?omasius1 ,wolff wrote a great "p ( 8 works 9 8 "m tongue1 :ile ,leibnitz = ! mo/ "p wrote only 9 ,lat9 or ,fr5*4 ,?is is an important matt]1 =1 z we h already notic$ 7pp4 #aad & #aej71 x is only :5 a nation possesses a sci5ce 9 its own language t x c really be said to belong to x2 & 9 ,philosophy mo/ ( all ?is is requisite4 ,= ?\ght has 9 x ?is v mom5t ( p]ta9+ to self-consci\sness or ( be+ absolutely its own2 :5 "o's own language is ! vehicle ( expression1 z :5 we talk ( 8,be/imm!it0 in/ead ( 8,det]m9ation10 & 8,wes50 in/ead ( 8,ess5z10 x is imm$iately pres5t to our consci\sness t ! conceptions are absolutely its own2 x has to deal ) ^! at all times1 & !y are 9 no way =eign to x4 ,! ,lat9 language has a phraseology1 a def9ite sph]e & range ( conception2 x is at once tak5 = grant$ t :5 m5 write 9 ,lat9 !y are at lib]ty to be dull2 x is impossible to read or write :at m5 p]mit !mselves to say 9 ,lat94 ,! titles ( ,wolff's philosophic works are p]petually ( ?is nature3 8,rational ?\ghts on ! p[]s ( ! human und]/&+ & _! "r uses 9 ! k ( ! tru?10 ,halle1 #agab1 #hvo2 8,rational ?\ghts on ,god1 ! _w1 & ! s\l ( man1 likewise on all ?+s g5]ally10 ,frank=t & ,leipzig1 #agai2 8,on ! action & conduct ( m510 ,halle1 #agbj2 8,on ,social ,life10 ,halle1 #agbj2 8,on ! op]ations ( ,nature10 ,halle1 #agbc1 & s on4 ,wolff wrote ,g]man & ,lat9 qu>tos on e dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy1 ev5 on economics--tw5ty-?ree ?ick volumes ( ,lat91 or ab\t =ty qu>tos altoge!r4 ,8 ma!matical works make a good _m m qu>tos4 ,he br\ght into g5]al use ! diff]5tial & integral calculus ( ,leibnitz4 ,x is only 9 its g5]al cont5t & tak5 z a :ole t ,wolff's philosophy is ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz1 t is to say1 only 9 relation to ! fundam5tal det]m9ations ( monads & to ! !odicy--to ^! he rema9$ fai?ful2 any o!r cont5t is empiric1 d]iv$ f our feel+s & desires4 ,wolff likewise accept$ 9 _! entirety all ! ,c>tesian & o!r def9itions ( g5]al ideas4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 him ab/ract propositions & _! pro(s m+l$ ) exp]i5ces1 on ! indubitable tru? ( :i* he builds a l>ge "p ( 8 propositions2 & he mu/ s build & d]ive 8 f\ndations if a cont5t is to result at all4 ,) ,sp9oza1 on ! contr>y1 no cont5t is to be f\nd except+ absolute sub/ance & a p]petual return into ! same4 ,! greatness ( ,wolff's s]vices to ! culture ( ,g]many1 :i* n[ appe>$ q indep5d5tly & )\t any connection ) an e>li] & pr(\nd] metaphysical /&po9t 7supra1 p4 #cej71 are 9 proportion to ! b>r5ness & inw>d cont5tless condition into :i* ,philosophy _h sunk4 ,?is he divid$ into its =mal discipl9es1 sp9n+ x out into det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+ ) a p$antic application ( geometric me?ods2 &1 contemporane\sly ) ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 he made ! dogmatism ( ! metaphysics ( ! und]/&+ fa%ionable1 t is a philosophiz+ :i* det]m9es ! absolute & rational by means ( self-exclusive ?\ght-det]m9ations & relation%ips 7su* z "o & _m1 simple & comp\nd1 f9ite & inf9ite1 causal connection1 c474 ,wolff entirely displac$ ! ,ari/otelian philosophy ( ! s*ools1 & made ,philosophy into an ord9>y sci5ce p]ta9+ to ! ,g]man nation4 ,b besides ?is he gave ,philosophy t sy/ematic & requisite division into sections :i* has d[n to ! pres5t day s]v$ z a sort ( /&>d4 ,9 !oretic philosophy ,wolff fir/ treats ( ,logic purifi$ f s*ola/ic int]pretations or d$uctions2 x is ! logic ( ! und]/&+ :i* he has sy/ematiz$4 ,! second /age is ,metaphysics1 :i* conta9s f\r p>ts3 fir/ !re is ,ontology1 ! treatm5t ( ab/ract & q g5]al philosophic categories1 su* z ,be+ 77 & its be+ ! ,"o & ,good2 9 ?is ab/ract metaphysic !re fur!r comes accid5t1 sub/ance1 cause & effect1 ! ph5om5on1 c4 ,next 9 ord] is ,cosmology1 a g5]al doctr9e ( body1 ! doctr9e ( ! _w2 "h we h ab/ract metaphysical propositions respect+ ! _w1 t !re is no *ance1 no leaps or b\nds 9 nature--! law ( cont9uity4 ,wolff excludes natural sci5ce & natural hi/ory4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! metaphysic is rational psy*ology or pneumatology1 ! philosophy ( ! s\l1 :i* deals ) ! simplicity1 immortality1 immat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,f9ally1 ! f\r? is natural !ology1 :i* sets =? ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4#bgg ,wolff also ins]ts 7*ap4 iii47 an empirical psy*ology4 ,practical philosophy he divides into ! ,rights ( ,nature1 ,morality1 ! ,rights ( ,nations or ,politics1 & ,economics4 ,! :ole is prop\nd$ 9 geometric =ms su* z def9itions1 axioms1 !orems1 s*olia1 coroll>ies1 c4 ,9 ma!matics ! und]/&+ is 9 its prop] place1 = ! triangle mu/ rema9 ! triangle4 ,wolff on ! "o h& />t$ ^u a l>ge range ( inve/igation1 & "o q indef9ite 9 "*1 & on ! o!r1 held to a /rictly me?odical mann] ) reg>d to propositions & _! pro(s4 ,! me?od is really simil> to t ( ,sp9oza1 only x is m wood5 & lifeless ?an 84 ,wolff appli$ ! same me?ods to e sort ( cont5t--ev5 to t :i* is altoge!r empirical1 su* z 8 s-call$ appli$ ma!matics1 into :i* he introduces _m useful arts1 br++ ! mo/ ord9>y reflections & directions into ! geometric =m4 ,9 _m cases ?is und\bt$ly gives 8 "w a mo/ p$antic aspect1 especially :5 ! cont5t directly ju/ifies itself to our conception )\t ?is =m at all4 ,= ,wolff proce$s by fir/ lay+ d[n c]ta9 def9itions1 :i* really re/ ^u our ord9>y conceptions1 s9ce ^! he translat$ into ! empty =m ( det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,h5ce ! def9itions are m]ely nom9al def9itions1 & we "k :e!r !y are correct only by see+ :e!r !y correspond to conceptions :i* are ref]r$ to _! simple ?\ghts4 ,! syllogism is ! =m ( real importance 9 ?is mode ( reason+1 & ) ,wolff x (t5 atta9s to its extreme ( rigidity & =malism4 ,"u ma!matics1 :i* is ! subject ( f\r small volumes1 ,wolff also treats ( ar*itecture & milit>y sci5ce4 ,"o ( ! propositions 9 ,ar*itecture is ?is3 8,w9d[s mu/ be wide en\gh = two p]sons40 ,! mak+ ( a door is also prop\nd$ z a task1 & ! solution !re( giv54 ,! next be/ example comes f ! art ( w>f>e4 ,! 8,f\r? proposition4 ,! approa* to ! =tress mu/ always be h>d] = ! enemy ! ne>] he comes to x40 ,in/ead ( say+1 because ! dang] is great]1 :i* w\ld be trivial1 !re foll[s ! 8,pro(4 ,! ne>] ! enemy comes to ! =tress1 ! great] ! dang]4 ,b ! great] ! dang] ! great] ! resi/ance t mu/ be (f]$ 9 ord] to defy ! attacks1 &1 s f> z may be1 av]t ! dang]4 ,h5ce ! ne>] ! enemy is to ! =t ! h>d] mu/ ! approa* be made = him4 ,q4,e4,d40#bgh ,s9ce ! increase ( ! dang] is giv5 z ! reason1 ! :ole is false1 & ! contr>y may be said ) equal tru?4 ,= if at ! beg9n+ all possible resi/ance is (f]$ to ! enemy1 he _c get ne>] ! =tress at all1 & ?us ! dang] _c become great]4 ,! great] resi/ance has a real cause1 & n ?is fooli% "o--namely1 t because ! g>rison is n[ at clos] qu>t]s1 & consequ5tly op]ates 9 a n>r[ field1 x c (f] a great] resi/ance4 ,9 ?is mo/ trivial way ,wolff proce$s ) e sort ( cont5t4 ,?is b>b>ism ( p$antry1 or ?is p$antry ( b>b>ism1 repres5t$ z x is 9 its :ole bread? & ext5t1 necess>ily br\ght itself into disrepute2 & )\t !re be+ a def9ite consci\sness ( ! reason :y ! geometric me?od is n ! only & ultimate me?od ( k1 in/9ct & an imm$iate consci\sness ( ! fooli%ness ( its applications caus$ ?is me?od to be set aside4 #c4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,philosophy ,,( ,,g]many4 ,popul> philosophy flatt]s our ord9>y consci\sness1 makes x ! ultimate /&>d4 ,al?\gh ) ,sp9oza we beg9 ) presuppos$ def9itions1 ! cont5t is /ill pr(\ndly speculative 9 nature1 & x is n d]iv$ f ! ord9>y consci\sness4 ,9 ,sp9oza ?9k+ is n m]ely ! =m1 = ! cont5t belongs to ?9k+ itself2 x is ! cont5t ( ?\ght 9 itself4 ,9 ! speculative cont5t ! in/9ct ( reason satisfies itself on its own acc\nt1 because ?is cont5t1 z a totality :i* integrates itself )9 itself1 at once 9 itself ju/ifies itself to ?\ght4 ,! cont5t 9 ,sp9oza is only )\t gr\nd 9 s f> z x has no ext]nal gr\nd1 b is a gr\nd 9 itself4 ,b if ! cont5t is f9ite1 a dem& = an ext]nal gr\nd is indicat$1 s9ce 9 su* a case we desire to h a gr\nd o!r ?an ?is f9ite4 ,9 its matt] ! philosophy ( ,wolff is inde$ a popul> philosophy1 ev5 if 9 =m x /ill makes ?\ght au?oritative4 ,until ! "t ( ,kant ! philosophy ( ,wolff 0 ?us pre-em95t4 ,baumg>t51 ,crusius1 & ,moses ,m5delssohn work$ ea* ( !m indep5d5tly on ! same l9es z ,wolff2 ! philosophy ( ! la/-m5tion$ 0 popul> & graceful 9 =m4 ,! ,wolffian philosophy 0 ?us c>ri$ on1 al?\gh x _h ca/ (f its p$antic me?ods3 no fur!r progress 0 h[ev] made4 ,! "q dealt ) 0 h[ p]fection c\ld be atta9$--:at x is possible to ?9k & :at n2 metaphysic 0 r$uc$ to its slighte/ consi/5cy & to its complete/ vacuity1 s t 9 its texture n a s+le ?read rema9$ secure4 ,m5delssohn consid]$ himself1 & 0 consid]$1 ! greate/ ( philosoph]s1 & 0 laud$ z su* by 8 fri5ds4 ,9 8 8,morg5/und50 we really f9d a dry ,wolffian philosophy1 h[ev] mu* ^! g5tlem5 endeav\r$ to give _! dull ab/ractions a bright ,platonic =m4 ,! =ms ( ,philosophy :i* we h consid]$ be> ! "* :i* p]ta9s specially to metaphysics1 ( proce$+ f g5]al det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+1 b ( comb9+ !re) exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 or ! empiric me?od 9 g5]al4 ,"o side ( ?is metaphysic is t ! opposites ( ?\ght are br\ght into consci\sness1 & t att5tion is direct$ ^u ! solution ( ?is contradiction4 ,?\ght & ,be+ or ext5sion1 ,god & ! _w1 good & evil1 ! p[] & presci5ce ( ,god on ! "o side1 & ! evil 9 ! _w & human fre$om on ! o!r3 ^! contradictions1 ! opposites ( s\l & _s1 ?+s conceiv$ & ?+s mat]ial1 & _! mutual relation1 h occupi$ all m5's att5tion4 ,! solution ( ^! opposites & contradictions has /ill to be giv51 & ,god is set =? z ! ,"o 9 :om all ^! contradictions are solv$4 ,?is is :at is common to all ^! philosophies z f> z _! ma9 elem5ts are conc]n$4 ,yet we mu/ likewise rem>k t ^! contradictions are n solv$ 9 !mselves1 i4e4 t ! nullity ( ! supposition is n demon/rat$ 9 itself1 & !reby a true concrete solution has n come to pass4 ,ev5 if ,god is recogniz$ z solv+ all contradictions1 ,god z ! solution ( ^! contradictions is a matt] ( words r ?an some?+ conceiv$ & compreh5d$4 ,if ,god is compreh5d$ 9 ,8 qualities1 & presci5ce1 omnipres5ce1 omnisci5ce1 p[]1 wisdom1 goodness ju/ice1 c41 are consid]$ z qualities ( ,god ,himself1 !y simply lead to contradictions2 & ^! contradictions1 ,leibnitz 7supra1 p4 #cdh7 s\ght to remove by say+ t ! qualities temp] "o ano!r1 i4e4 t !y are comb9$ 9 su* a way t "o annuls ! o!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no real compreh5sion ( su* contradiction4 ,?is metaphysic contra/s greatly ) ! old philosophy ( a ,plato or an ,ari/otle4 ,to ! old philosophy we c always turn aga9 & admit its tru?2 x is satisfy+ 9 ! /age ( developm5t x has rea*$--a concrete c5tre-po9t :i* meets all ! problems set by ?\ght z ^! are compreh5d$4 ,9 ?is mod]n metaphysic1 h[ev]1 ! opposites are m]ely develop$ into absolute contradictions4 ,god is inde$ giv5 z _! absolute solution1 b only z an ab/ract solution1 z a ,beyond2 on ?is side all contradictions are1 z reg>ds _! cont5t1 unsolv$ & unexpla9$4 ,god is n compreh5d$ z ! ,"o 9 :om ^! contradictions are et]nally resolv$2 ,he is n compreh5d$ z ,_s1 z ! ,tr9ity4 ,x is 9 ,him alone z ,_s1 & z ,_s :i* is ,?ree 9 ,"o1 t ?is opposition ( ,himself & ,8 ,o!r1 ! ,son1 is conta9$1 & ) x ! resolution ( ! same2 ?is concrete ,idea ( ,god z reason1 has n z yet f\nd an entrance into ,philosophy4 ,9 ord] t we may n[ ca/ a retrospective glance ov] ! philosophic ef=ts ( o!r nations1 we %all apply ourselves to ! fur!r progress ( ,philosophy4 ,once m we see ,scepticism mak+ its way into ?is arid philosophy ( ! und]/&+4 ,b ?is "t x is1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! =m ( ,idealism1 or ! det]m9ations are subjective det]m9ations ( self-consci\sness4 ,9 ! place ( ?\ght we consequ5tly f9d ! ,notion n[ mak+ its appe>ance4 ,j z ) ! ,/oics det]m9at5ess is held to be an object ( ?\ght1 we h 9 mod]n times ?is same manife/ation ( ?\ght z ! unmov$ =m ( simplicity4 ,only "h ! image or inn] consci\sness ( totality is pres5t1 ! absolute _s :i* ! _w has be=e x z its tru? & to ^: ,notion x makes its way--?is is ano!r inw>d pr9ciple1 ano!r implicitude ( m9d :i* x endeav\rs to br+ =? f itself & = itself1 s t reason is a compreh5sion ( ! same1 or has ! c]titude ( be+ all reality4 ,) ! anci5ts reason 771 z ! implicit & explicit ,be+ ( consci\sness1 _h only an e!real & =mal exi/5ce z language1 b "h x has c]ta9ty z exi/5t sub/ance4 ,h5ce ) ,desc>tes !re is ! unity ( ! ,notion & ,be+1 & ) ,sp9oza ! univ]sal reality4 ,! fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! ,notion ( ! movem5t ( fix$ ?\ghts 9 !mselves is f\nd 9 ?is1 t ! movem5t :i*1 z me?od1 simply falls outside its object1 comes )9 x1 or t self-consci\sness comes )9 ?\ght4 ,?\ght is implicitude )\t explicitude1 an objective mode be>+ no resemblance to a s5su\s ?+2 & yet x is q diff]5t f ! actuality ( self-consci\sness4 ,?is ,notion :i* we n[ f9d ent]+ into ?\ght1 has ! ?ree k9ds ( =m :i* we /ill h to consid]2 9 ! fir/ place x has t ( individual self-consci\sness or ! =mal conception g5]ally2 secondly1 t ( univ]sal self-consci\sness1 :i* applies itself to all objects :e!r !y be objects ( ?\ght1 det]m9ate conceptions1 or h ! =m ( actuality--t is to say x applies itself to :at is e/abli%$ 9 ?\ght1 to ! intellectual _w ) ! ri*es ( its det]m9ations & look$ on z a ,beyond1 or to ! intellectual _w 9 z f> z x is its realization1 ! _w "h & ar\nd u4 ,x is 9 ^? two ways1 & 9 ^? ways alone1 t ! actual ,notion is pres5t 9 ! succe$+ *apt]2 = n z yet is x 9 ! ?ird place to be f\nd z tak5 back into ?\ght1 or z ! self-?9k+ or ?\ght-( ,notion4 ,:ile t univ]sal self-consci\sness is1 on ! :ole1 a ?\ght :i* grasps & compreh5ds1 ?is ?ird k9d ( ?\ght is ! ,notion itself recogniz$ z con/itut+ reality 9 its ess5ce1 t is to say z ,idealism4 ,^! ?ree aspects aga9 divide !mselves z be=e into ! ?ree nations :i* alone c\nt 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! empirical & p]fectly f9ite =m ( ,notion p]ta9s to ! ,engli%2 to ! ,fr5* belongs its =m z mak+ an attempt at ev]y?+1 z e/abli%+ itself 9 its reality1 aboli%+ all det]m9ation1 & !re=e be+ univ]sal1 unlimit$1 pure self-consci\sness2 &1 la/ly1 to ! ,g]man p]ta9s ! ent]+ into itself ( ?is implicitude1 ! ?\ght ( ! absolute ,notion4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,transition ,,p]iod ,! decad5ce :i* we f9d 9 ?\ght until ! philosophy ( ,kant is rea*$1 is manife/$ 9 :at 0 at ?is "t advocat$ 9 opposition to ! metaphysic ( ! und]/&+1 & :i* may be call$ a g5]al popul> philosophy1 a reflect+ empiricism1 :i* to a great] or less ext5t becomes itself a metaphysic2 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 t metaphysic1 9 z f> z x ext5d$ to p>ticul> sci5ces1 becomes empiricism4 ,z aga9/ ^! metaphysical contradictions1 z aga9/ ! artificialities ( ! metaphysical syn!sis1 z aga9/ ! assi/ance ( ,god1 ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ! be/ possible _w1 c41 z aga9/ ?is m]ely artificial und]/&+1 we n[ f9d t fix$ pr9ciples1 imman5t 9 m9d1 h be5 ass]t$ or ma9ta9$ respect+ :at is felt1 intuitively p]ceiv$ & hon\r$ 9 ! cultur$ human brea/4 ,& 9 di/9ction to ! ass]tion t we only f9d ! solution 9 ! ,beyond1 9 ,god1 ^! concrete pr9ciples ( a fix$ & p]man5t cont5t =m a reconciliation "h & n[1 !y adopt a position ( indep5d5ce1 & assume an intellectual /&+-gr\nd :i* !y f9d 9 :at has g5]ally be5 t]m$ ! heal?y human und]/&+4 ,su* det]m9ations may inde$ be f\nd to be p]fectly good & valid if ! feel+s1 intuitions1 he>t & und]/&+ ( man be morally & intellectually fa%ion$2 = 9 t case bett] & m noble feel+s & desires may rule 9 m5 & a m univ]sal cont5t may be express$ 9 ^! pr9ciples4 ,b :5 m5 make :at we call s\nd reason--t :i* is by nature implant$ 9 man's brea/--into ! cont5t & ! pr9ciple1 ! heal?y human und]/&+ discov]s itself to be id5tical ) a feel+ & k belong+ to nature4 ,! ,indians :o wor%ip a c[1 & :o expose or slay new-born *ildr51 & commit all sorts ( b>b>\s de$s1 ! ,egyptians :o pray to a bird1 ! apis1 c41 & ! ,turks z well1 all possess a heal?y human und]/&+ simil> 9 nature4 ,b ! heal?y human und]/&+ & ! natural feel+ ( rude & b>b>\s ,turks1 :5 tak5 z a /&>d1 result 9 %ock+ pr9ciples4 ,:5 we speak ( heal?y human und]/&+1 h[ev]1 ( natural feel+s1 we always h be=e our eyes a cultur$ m9d2 & ^? :o make ! heal?y human reason1 ! natural k1 ! imm$iate feel+s & inspirations f\nd 9 !mselves1 into a rule & /&>d1 d n "k t :5 religion1 morality1 & rectitude are discov]$ to be pres5t 9 ! human brea/1 ?is is due to culture & education1 :i* are ! fir/ to make su* pr9ciples into natural feel+s4 ,"h natural feel+s & ! heal?y human und]/&+ are ?us made ! pr9ciple2 & mu* may be recogniz$ z com+ "u ^! heads4 ,?is !n is ! =m tak5 by ,philosophy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ?ree po9ts ( view h to be consid]$2 9 ! fir/ place1 ,hume mu/ be reg>d$ on 8 own acc\nt1 !n ! ,scotti%1 &1 ?irdly1 ! ,fr5* philosophy4 ,hume is a sceptic2 ! ,scotti% philosophy opposes ! scepticism ( ,hume1 ! ,fr5* philosophy has 9 ! 8enlight5m5t0 ( ,g]many 7by :i* expression is indicat$ t =m ( ,g]man philosophy :i* is n ,wolffian metaphysics7 an app5dage ( a feebl] =m4 ,s9ce f ! metaphysical ,god we c make no fur!r progress 9 ! concrete1 ,locke gr\nds 8 cont5t on exp]i5ce4 ,b t empiricism leads ?\ght to no fix$ /&po9t1 ,hume demon/rates by d5y+ e univ]sal2 ! ,scotti% philosoph]s1 on ! contr>y1 und\bt$ly ma9ta9 univ]sal propositions & tru?s1 b n ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,h5ce 9 empiricism itself ! fix$ /&po9t has n[ to be adopt$2 ?us ! ,fr5* f9d ! univ]sal 9 ! actuality :i* !y call ralit4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 f9d its cont5t 9 & f ?\ght1 b z liv+ sub/ance1 z nature & matt]4 ,all ?is is a fur!r work+ out ( reflect+ empiricism1 & "s m details respect+ x mu/ /ill be giv54 ,a4 ,,idealism ,,& ,,scepticism4 ,?\ght g5]ally is simple1 univ]sal self-id5tity1 b 9 ! =m ( negative movem5t1 :]eby ! det]m9ate abrogates itself4 ,?is movem5t ( ,be+-=-self is n[ an ess5tial mom5t ( ?\ght1 :ile hi!rto x 0 outside x2 & ?us grasp+ itself z movem5t 9 itself1 ?\ght is self-consci\sness--at fir/ inde$ =mal1 z individual self-consci\sness4 ,su* a =m x has 9 scepticism1 b ?is di/9ction m>ks x (f f ! old] scepticism1 t n[ ! c]ta9ty ( reality is made ! />t+ po9t4 ,) ! anci5ts1 on ! contr>y1 scepticism is ! return into individual consci\sness 9 su* a way t to x ?is consci\sness is n ! tru?1 9 o!r words t scepticism does n give expression to ! results arriv$ at1 & atta9s no positive significance4 ,b s9ce 9 ! mod]n _w ?is absolute sub/antiality1 ?is unity ( implicitude & self-consci\sness is fundam5tal--t is1 ?is fai? 9 reality g5]ally--scepticism has "h ! =m ( idealism1 i4e4 ( express+ self-consci\sness or c]ta9ty ( self z all reality & tru?4 ,! crude/ =m ( ?is idealism is :5 self-consci\sness1 z individual or =mal1 does n proce$ fur!r ?an to say3 ,all objects are our conceptions4 ,we f9d ?is subjective idealism 9 ,b]keley1#bgi & ano!r =m ( ! same 9 ,hume4 #a4 ,,b]keley4 ,?is idealism1 9 :i* all ext]nal reality disappe>s1 has be=e x ! /&po9t ( ,locke1 & x proce$s directly f him4 ,= we saw t to ,locke ! s\rce ( tru? is exp]i5ce1 or ,be+ z p]ceiv$4 ,n[ s9ce ?is s5su\s ,be+1 z ,be+1 has 9 x ! quality ( be+ = consci\sness1 we saw t x necess>ily came to pass t 9 ,locke's case "s qualities1 at lea/1 7 s det]m9$ t !y 7 n 9 !mselves1 b only = ano!r2 & t col\r1 figure1 c41 _h _! gr\nd only 9 ! subject1 9 8 p>ticul> organization4 ,?is ,be+-=-ano!r1 h[ev]1 0 n by him accept$ z ! ,notion1 b z fall+ )9 self-consci\sness--i4e4 self-consci\sness n look$ on z univ]sal1--n )9 m9d1 b )9 :at is oppos$ to ! implicit4 ,george ,b]keley 0 born 9 #afhd at ,kilcr91 ne> ,?oma/[n1 9 ! c\nty ( ,kilk5ny1 ,irel&3 9 #aged he di$ z an ,engli% ,bi%op4#bhj ,he wrote ! 8,!ory ( ,vision10 #agji2 8,a ,treatise conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( human k10 #agaj2 8,?ree ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s10 #agac4 ,9 #aghd 8 collect$ works 7 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 two qu>to volumes4 ,b]keley advocat$ an idealism :i* came v ne> to t ( ,malebran*e4 ,z aga9/ ! metaphysic ( ! und]/&+1 we h ! po9t ( view t all exi/5ce & its det]m9ations arise f feel+1 & are con/itut$ by self-consci\sness4 ,b]keley's fir/ & fundam5tal ?\ght is consequ5tly ?is3 8,! ,be+ ( :atev] is call$ by u a ?+ consi/s alone 9 its be+ p]ceiv$10 i4e4 our det]m9ations are ! objects ( our k4 8,all objects ( human k are ideas0 7s call$ by ,b]keley z by ,locke71 8:i* arise ei!r f ! impressions ( ! outw>d s5ses1 or f p]ceptions ( ! inw>d /ates & activities ( ! m9d1 or f9ally1 !y are su* z are con/itut$ by means ( memory & imag9ation ?r\gh _! sep>ation & re>rangem5t4 ,a union ( diff]5t s5su\s feel+s appe>s to u to be a p>ticul> ?+1 e4g4 ! feel+ ( col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 figure1 c42 = by col\rs1 smells1 s\nds1 some?+ ( :i* we h a s5sation is always und]/ood40#bha ,?is is ! matt] & ! object ( k2 ! kn[] is ! p]cipi5t 8,i10 :i* reveals itself 9 relation to ^? feel+s 9 v>i\s activities1 su* z imag9ation1 remembrance1 & w4 ,b]keley ?us inde$ ackn[l$ges ! di/9ction betwe5 ,be+-=-self & ,o!r-,be+1 :i* 9 8 case1 h[ev]1 itself falls )9 ! 8,i40 ,( ! matt] on :i* activity is direct$1 x is no d\bt 9 reg>d to "o portion all[$ t x does n exi/ outside ( m9d--t is to say1 s f> z our ?\ghts1 inw>d feel+s & /ates1 or ! op]ations ( our imag9>y p[]s are conc]n$4 ,b 9 l mann] ! manifold s5su\s conceptions & feel+s c only exi/ 9 a m9d4 ,locke c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ ext5sion & movem5t1 = example1 z fundam5tal qualities1 i4e4 z qualities :i* p]ta9 to ! objects 9 !mselves4 ,b ,b]keley v p]t95tly po9ts out inconsi/5cy "h f ! po9t ( view t great & small1 quick & sl[1 hold good z some?+ relative2 ?us 7 ext5sion & movem5t to be inh]5t or implicit1 !y c\ld n be ei!r l>ge or small1 quick or sl[2 t is1 !y c\ld n be1 = ^! det]m9ations re/ 9 ! conception#bhb ( su* qualities4 ,9 ,b]keley ! relation ( ?+s to consci\sness is alone dealt )1 & beyond ?is relation%ip !y d n 9 8 view come4 ,f ?is x foll[s t x is only self-consci\sness t possesses !m2 = a p]ception :i* is n 9 a conceiv+ m9d is no?+3 x is a direct contradiction4 ,!re c be no sub/ance1 he says1 :i* nei!r conceives nor p]ceives1 & :i* is yet ! sub/ratum ( p]ceptions & conceptions4 ,if x is repres5t$ t !re is some?+ outside ( consci\sness :i* is simil> to ! conceptions1 ?is is likewise contradictory2 a conception c alone be simil> to a conception1 ! idea to ! idea alone4#bhc ,?us1 :ile ,locke's ultimate po9t is ab/ract sub/ance1 ,be+ g5]ally ) ! real det]m9ation ( a sub/ratum ( accid5ts1 ,b]keley decl>es ?is sub/ance to be ! mo/ incompreh5sible assumption ( all2 b ! incompreh5sibility does n make ?is ,be+ into an absolute nullity1 nor does x make x 9 itself incompreh5sible4#bhd ,= ,b]keley br+s =w>d aga9/ ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects only ! inconceivability ( ! relation ( a ,be+ to m9d4 ,?is inconceivability1 h[ev]1 is de/roy$ 9 ! ,notion1 = ! ,notion is ! negative ( ?+s2 & ?is mov$ ,b]keley & ,leibnitz to %ut up ! two sides 9 !mselves4 ,!re nev]!less rema9s a relation%ip ( :at is 8o!r0 to u2 ^! feel+s d n develop f u z ,leibnitz repres5ts1 b are det]m9$ ?r\gh some:at else4 ,:5 ,leibnitz speaks ( developm5t )9 ! monads1 x is no?+ b empty talk2 = ! monads z !y foll[ 9 succession h no inw>d connection4 ,ea* individual is ?us det]m9$ ?r\gh ano!r1 & n ?r\gh u2 & x does n matt] :at ?is ext]nal is1 s9ce x rema9s a cont+5t4 ,n[ 9 relation to ! two sides ( ,leibnitz :i* are indiff]5t to "o ano!r1 ,b]keley says t su* an 8o!r0 is q sup]flu\s4 ,b]keley calls ! o!r ! objects2 b ^!1 he says1 _c be :at we call matt]1 = _s & matt] _c come toge!r4#bhe ,b ! necessity ( conceptions directly contradicts ?is ,be+-)9-self ( ! conceiv]2 = ! ,be+-)9-self is ! fre$om ( ! conceiv]2 ! latt] does n1 h[ev]1 produce ! conceptions ) fre$om2 !y h = him ! =m & det]m9at5ess ( an indep5d5t 8o!r40 ,b]keley likewise does n accept idealism 9 ! subjective s5se1 b only 9 respect t !re are spirits :i* imp>t !mselves 79 ! o!r case ! subject =ms 8 own conceptions71 & consequ5tly t x is ,god alone :o br+s to pass su* conceptions2 ?us ! imag9ations or conceptions :i* are produc$ by u ) our individual activity rema9 sep>ate f ^! o!rs1#bhf i4e4 f ! implicit4 ,?is conception gives an in/ance ( ! difficulties :i* appe> 9 reg>d to ^! que/ions1 & :i* ,b]keley wi%$ to escape f 9 a q orig9al way4 ,! inconsi/5cy 9 ?is sy/em ,god has aga9 to make good2 ,he has to be> x all away2 to ,him ! solution ( ! contradiction is left4 ,9 ?is idealism1 9 %ort1 ! common s5su\s view ( ! univ]se & ! sep>ation ( actuality1 z also ! sy/em ( ?\ght1 ( judgm5ts devoid ( ,notion1 rema9 exactly z be=e2 pla9ly no?+ 9 ! cont5t is alt]$ b ! ab/ract =m t all ?+s are p]ceptions only4#bhg ,su* idealism deals ) ! opposition betwe5 consci\sness & its object m]ely1 & leaves ! ext5sion ( ! conceptions & ! antagonisms ( ! empirical & manifold cont5t q unt\*$2 & if we ask :at !n is ! tru? ( ^! p]ceptions & conceptions1 z we ask$ =m]ly ( ?+s1 no answ] is =?com+4 ,x is pretty mu* a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r we believe 9 ?+s or 9 p]ceptions1 if self-consci\sness rema9s possess$ entirely by f9alities2 x receives ! cont5t 9 ! ord9>y way1 & t cont5t is ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,9 its individuality x /umbles ab\t amid ! conceptions ( an entirely empirical exi/5ce1 )\t kn[+ & und]/&+ any?+ else ab\t ! cont5t3 t is to say 9 ?is =mal idealism reason has no cont5t ( its own4 ,z to :at ,b]keley fur!r /ates 9 respect ( ! empirical cont5t1 :]e ! object ( 8 inve/igation becomes entirely psy*ological1 x relates 9 ! ma9 to f9d+ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sations ( sight & feel+1 & to discov]+ :i* k9d ( s5sations belong to ! "o & :i* to ! o!r4 ,?is k9d ( inve/igation keeps entirely to ! ph5om5al1 & only !re9 di/+ui%es ! v>i\s sorts ( ph5om5a2 or compreh5sion only rea*es z f> z to di/9ctions4 ,! only po9t ( int]e/ is t ^! inve/igations h 9 _! c\rse *iefly light$ on space1 & a dispute is c>ri$ on z to :e!r we obta9 ! conception ( di/ance & s on1 9 %ort all ! conceptions relat+ to space1 ?r\gh sight or feel+4 ,space is j ?is s5su\s univ]sal1 ! univ]sal 9 individuality itself1 :i* 9 ! empirical consid]ation ( empirical multiplicity invites & leads u on to ?\ght 7= x itself is ?\ght71 & by x ?is v s5su\s p]ception & reason+ respect+ p]ception is 9 its action confus$4 ,& s9ce "h p]ception f9ds an objective ?\ght1 x really w\ld be l$ on to ?\ght or to ! possession ( a ?\ght1 b at ! same "t x _c arrive at ?\ght 9 its completion1 s9ce ?\ght or ! ,notion are n 9 "q1 & x cle>ly _c come to ! consci\sness ( true reality4 ,no?+ is ?\ght 9 ! =m ( ?\ght1 b only z an ext]nal1 z some?+ =eign to ?\ght4 #b4 ,,hume4 ,we mu/ add to :at has prec$$ an acc\nt ( ! ,scepticism ( ,hume1 :i* has be5 giv5 a m important place 9 hi/ory ?an x des]ves f its intr9sic nature2 its hi/oric importance is due to ! fact t ,kant really d]ives ! />t+ po9t ( 8 philosophy f ,hume4 ,david ,hume 0 born 9 #agaa at ,ed9burgh & di$ !re 9 #aggf4 ,he held a libr>ian's po/ 9 t t[n = "s "t1 !n he became secret>y to ! ,embassy 9 ,p>is2 = q a long p]iod1 inde$1 he mov$ 9 diplomatic circles4 ,9 ,p>is he came to "k ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau & invit$ him to ,engl&1 b ,r\sseau's t]ribly di/ru/ful & suspici\s nature v soon e/rang$ ! two4#bhh ,hume is m celebrat$ z a writ] ( hi/ory ?an ?r\gh 8 philosophic works4 ,he wrote3 8,a ,treatise ( human nature10 #c vols41 #agci1 translat$ into ,g]man by ,jacob1 ,halle1 #agij1 #hvo2 likewise 8,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects10 #b vols4 7,vol4 ,i4 conta9+ 8,essays moral1 political & lit]>y10 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,ed9burgh1 #agdb2 ,vol4 ,,ii4 conta9+ an 8,inquiry conc]n+ human und]/&+10 a fur!r developm5t ( ! ,treatise1 & fir/ pr9t$ sep>ately 9 ,london1 #agdh1 #hvo74 ,9 8 8,essays10 :i* contribut$ mo/ to 8 fame z f> z ! philosophic side is conc]n$1 he treat$ philosophic subjects z an educat$1 ?\ghtful man ( ! _w w\ld d--n 9 a sy/ematic connection1 nor %[+ ! wide range :i* 8 ?\ghts %\ld prop]ly h be5 able to atta92 9 fact 9 "s ( 8 treatises he m]ely dealt ) p>ticul> po9ts ( view4 ,we mu/ %ortly deal ) ! ma9 aspects ( ,hume's philosophy4 ,he />ts directly f ! philosophic /&po9t ( ,locke & ,bacon1 :i* d]ives our conceptions f exp]i5ce1 & 8 scepticism has ! idealism ( ,b]keley z its object4 ,! sequ5ce ( ?\ght is ?is3 ,b]keley all[s all ideas to hold good z !y are2 9 ,hume ! anti!sis ( ! s5su\s & univ]sal has cle>$ & m %>ply def9$ itself1 s5se be+ pron\nc$ by him to be devoid ( univ]sality4 ,b]keley does n make any di/9ction z to :e!r 9 8 s5sations !re is a necess>y connection or n4 ,=m]ly exp]i5ce 0 a mixture ( ! two elem5ts4 ,hume tells u t all p]ceptions ( ! m9d may be divid$ into two classes or species1 t ( impressions1 i4e4 s5su\s p]ceptions1 & ?\ghts or ideas2 ! latt] are simil> 9 cont5t to ! =m]1 b less =cible & lively4 ,all objects ( reason are consequ5tly ei!r relations ( ?\ghts su* z ma!matical axioms1 or facts ( exp]i5ce4#bhi ,s9ce ,hume makes ^! into ! cont5t he naturally rejects innate ideas4#bij ,n[ :5 ,hume goes on to consid] m closely :at is subsum$ "u exp]i5ce1 he f9ds categories ( ! und]/&+ pres5t !re1 & m especially ! det]m9ation ( ! univ]sal & ( univ]sal necessity2 he took "u 8 consid]ation m p>ticul>ly ! category ( cause & effect1 & 9 x set =? ! rational elem5t1 inasmu* z 9 ?is causal relation%ip necessity is especially conta9$4 ,"h ,hume really complet$ ! sy/em ( ,locke1 s9ce he consi/5tly drew att5tion to ! fact t if ?is po9t ( view be adh]$ to1 exp]i5ce is inde$ ! pr9ciple ( :atev] "o kn[s1 or p]ception itself conta9s ev]y?+ t happ5s1 b nev]!less ! det]m9ation ( univ]sality & necessity are n conta9$ 91 nor 7 !y giv5 u by exp]i5ce4 ,hume has ?us de/roy$ ! objectivity or absolute nature ( ?\ght-det]m9ations4 8,our conviction ( ! tru? ( a fact re/s on feel+1 memory1 & ! reason+s f\nd$ on ! causal connection1 i4e4 on ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! k ( ?is relation is n atta9$ by reason+s a priori1 b arises entirely f exp]i5ce2 & we draw inf]5ces1 s9ce we expect simil> results to foll[ f simil> causes1 by reason ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cu/om or habit ( conjo9+ diff]5t manife/ations1 i4e4 by reason ( ! pr9ciple ( ! association ( ideas4 ,h5ce !re is no k & no metaphysics beyond exp]i5ce40#bia ,! simple ?\ght we h "h is exactly :at ,locke says1 t we mu/ receive ! conception ( cause & effect1 & ?us ( a necess>y connection1 f exp]i5ce2 b exp]i5ce1 z s5su\s p]ception1 conta9s no necessity1 has no causal connection4 ,= 9 :at we t]m su*1 t :i* we prop]ly speak+ p]ceive is m]ely ! fact t some?+ fir/ ( all happ5s & t !n some?+ else foll[s4 ,imm$iate p]ception relates only to a cont5t ( conditions or ?+s :i* are pres5t alongside ( & 9 succession to "o ano!r1 b n to :at we call cause & effect2 9 "t-succession !re is ?us no relation ( cause & effect1 & consequ5tly no necessity ei!r4#bib ,:5 we say ! pressure ( ! wat] is ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ?is h\se1 t is no pure exp]i5ce4 ,we h m]ely se5 ! wat] press+ or mov+ along 9 ?is direction1 & subsequ5tly ! h\se fall+ d[n2 & s ) o!r examples4 ,necessity is ?us n ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 b we c>ry x into exp]i5ce2 x is accid5tally arriv$ at by u & is subjective m]ely4 ,?is k9d ( univ]sality :i* we connect ) necessity1 ,hume calls cu/om4 ,because we h (t5 se5 results to foll[ we are accu/om$ to reg>d ! connection z a necess>y "o2 ! necessity to him is ?us a q cont+5t association ( ideas1 :i* is cu/om4 ,x is ! same ?+ 9 respect ( ! univ]sal4 ,:at we p]ceive are individual ph5om5a & s5sations 9 :i* we see t ?is is n[ "o ?+ & n[ ano!r4 ,x may likewise be t we p]ceive ! same det]m9ation frequ5tly repeat$ & 9 manifold ways4 ,b ?is is /ill f> remov$ f univ]sality2 univ]sality is a det]m9ation :i* is n giv5 to u ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,x may be said t ?is is q a correct rem>k on ,hume's "p1 if by exp]i5ce we und]/& outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce is s5sible t some?+ exi/s1 b nev]!less ! univ]sal is n z yet pres5t 9 x4 ,inde$1 s5su\s exi/5ce z su* is some?+ :i* is set =? z indiff]5t1 n diff]5tiat$ f any?+ else2 b s5su\s exi/5ce is likewise univ]sal 9 itself1 or ! indiff]5ce ( its det]m9at5ess is n its only det]m9at5ess4 ,b s9ce ,hume reg>ds necessity1 ! unity ( opposites1 z re/+ q subjectively on cu/om1 we _c get any deep] 9 ?\ght4 ,cu/om is inde$ s f> a necessity 9 consci\sness1 & to ?is ext5t we really see ! pr9ciple ( ?is idealism 9 x2 b 9 ! second place ?is necessity is repres5t$ z some?+ q devoid ( ?\ght or ,notion4 ,?is cu/om obta9s bo? 9 our p]ception :i* relates to s5su\s nature1 & 9 relation to law & morality4 ,! ideas ( ju/ice & morality re/ ^u an in/9ct1 on a subjective1 b v (t5 deceptive moral feel+4#bic ,f a sceptical po9t ( view ! opposite may likewise be demon/rat$4 ,f ?is side ,hume consid]s ju/ice1 morality1 religi\s det]m9ations1 & disputes _! absolute validity4 ,t is to say :5 x is assum$ t our k arises f exp]i5ce1 & t we mu/ consid] only :at we obta9 !reby to be ! tru?1 we f9d inde$ 9 our feel+1 ! s5tim5t e4g4 t ! murd]]1 ! ?ief1 c41 mu/ be puni%$2 & because ?is is likewise felt by o!rs x is univ]sally all[$4 ,b ,hume1 l ! sceptics ( =m] days1 appeals to ! v>i\s op9ions ( v>i\s nations3 among/ diff]5t nations & 9 diff]5t times v>i\s /&>ds ( "r h be5 held4#bid ,!re are ^? :o 9 ?is case d n h ! feel+ ( wrong-do+ 9 respect ( /eal+1 e4g4 ! ,lac$monians or ! s-call$ innoc5t inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,:at is by "o nation call$ immoral1 %ameful & irreligi\s1 is by ano!r n consid]$ s at all4 ,?us because su* matt]s re/ ^u exp]i5ce1 "o subject has su* & su* an exp]i5ce1 f9ds1 = in/ance1 9 8 religi\s feel+s ?is det]m9ation :i* incl9es him to ,god1 :ile ano!r subject has diff]5t exp]i5ces altoge!r4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( all[+ "o ?+ to be j & moral1 o!rs h ano!r mode ( reg>d+ x4 ,h5ce if ! tru? dep5ds ^u exp]i5ce1 ! elem5t ( univ]sality1 ( objectivity1 c41 comes f else:]e1 or is n ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,hume ?us decl>$ ?is sort ( univ]sality1 z he decl>$ necessity1 to be r subjectively ?an objectively exi/5t2 = cu/om is j a subjective univ]sality ( ?is k9d4 ,?is is an important & acute obs]vation 9 relation to exp]i5ce look$ at z ! s\rce ( k2 & x is f ?is po9t t ! ,kantian reflection n[ beg9s4 ,hume 7,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 #h1 #aa7 !n ext5d$ 8 scepticism to ! conceptions & doctr9es ( fre$om & necessity1 & to ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & 9 fact scepticism "h possesses a wide field4 ,to su* a sy/em ( reason+ f ?\ghts & possibilities ano!r me?od ( reason+ may aga9 be oppos$1 & ?is reason+ is no bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,:at is said to be metaphysically e/abli%$ reg>d+ immortality1 ,god1 nature1 c41 lacks a real gr\nd = re/+ ^u1 su* z is pr(ess$ to be giv52 = ! inf]5ces on :i* m5 gr\nd _! pro(s are subjectively =m$ conceptions4 ,b :]e a univ]sality is f\nd1 x does n re/ 9 ! matt] 9 itself1 b is simply a subjective necessity :i* is really m]e cu/om4 ,h5ce ! result :i* ,hume arrives at is necess>ily a/oni%m5t reg>d+ ! condition ( human k1 a g5]al /ate ( mi/ru/1 & a sceptical indecision--:i* inde$ does n am\nt to mu*4 ,! condition ( human k reg>d+ :i* ,hume s mu* wond]s1 he fur!r describes z conta9+ an antagonism betwe5 reason & in/9ct2 ?is in/9ct1 x is said1 :i* embraces _m sorts ( p[]s1 incl9ations1 c41 deceives u 9 _m diff]5t ways1 & reason demon/rates ?is4 ,b on ! o!r side x is empty1 )\t cont5t or pr9ciples ( its own2 & if a cont5t is 9 "q at all1 x mu/ keep to ^? incl9ations4 ,9 itself reason ?us has no crit]ion :]eby ! antagonism betwe5 individual desires1 & betwe5 itself & ! desires1 may be settl$4#bie ,?us ev]y?+ appe>s 9 ! =m ( an irrational exi/5ce devoid ( ?\ght2 ! implicitly true & "r is n 9 ?\ght1 b 9 ! =m ( an in/9ct1 a desire4 ,b4 ,,scotti% ,,philosophy4 ,9 ,scotl& q ano!r s*ool ( ?\ght develop$1 & ! ,scot* are ! =emo/ ( ,hume's oppon5ts2 9 ,g]man philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to recognize 9 ,kant ano!r oppos+ =ce to t ( ,hume4 ,to ! ,scotti% s*ool _m philosoph]s belong2 ,engli% philosophy is n[ re/rict$ to ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 9 :i* places a numb] ( pr(essors belong+ to ?is s*ool succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,to ! scepticism ( ,hume !y oppose an inw>d indep5d5t s\rce ( tru? = all t p]ta9s to religion & morality4 ,?is co9cides ) ,kant1 :o also ma9ta9s an inw>d s\rce or spr+ z aga9/ ext]nal p]ception2 b 9 ! case ( ,kant ?is has q ano!r =m ?an t :i* x possesses ) ! ,scotti% philosoph]s4 ,to !m ?is inw>d indep5d5t s\rce is n ?\ght or reason z su*1 = ! cont5t :i* comes to pass f ?is inw>dness is concrete 9 its nature1 & likewise dem&s = itself ! ext]nal matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,x consi/s ( popul> pr9ciples1 :i* on ! "o h& are oppos$ to ! ext]nality ( ! s\rces ( k1 &1 on ! o!r1 to metaphysics z su*1 to ab/ract ?\ght or reason+ on its own acc\nt4 ,?is sort ( reason+ und]/&+ appli$ itself to e?ics & to politics--sci5ces :i* h be5 mu* develop$ by ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & above all by ,scotti% philosoph]s 7supra1 p4 #cbj73 !y reg>d$ morality z cultur$ m5 w\ld1 & s\ght to br+ moral duties "u a pr9ciple4 ,_m ( _! works are translat$ into ,g]man2 sev]al ( ^! on e?ics or morality are translat$ by ,g>ve1 = in/ance1 :o also translat$ ,cic]o ,de ,(ficiis1 & !y are writt5 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ,cic]o :5 he uses ! expression ,insitum e/ a natura 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ic74 ,?is moral s5tim5t & ! ord9>y human und]/&+ h]eaft] =m$ ! common pr9ciple to a :ole succession ( ,scots1 su* z ,?omas ,reid1 ,beattie1 ,oswald1 & o!rs2 9 ?is way !y frequ5tly made sagaci\s obs]vations1 b ) !m speculative philosophy q disappe>s4 ,"o special *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,scotti% philosoph]s is t !y h s\ght accurately to def9e ! pr9ciple ( k2 b on ! :ole !y />t f ! same po9t z t :i* 0 9 ,g]many likewise accept$ z ! pr9ciple4 ,t is to say !y repres5t$ ! s-call$ heal?y reason1 or common-s5se 7s5sus communis71 z ! gr\nd ( tru?4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ?is s*ool1 ea* ( :om has "s special feature di/+ui%+ him f ! re/4 #a4 ,,?omas ,,reid4 ,?omas ,reid1 born 9 #agaj1 di$ z a pr(essor 9 ,glasg[ 9 #agif4bif ,he ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple ( common-s5se4 ,8 endeav\r 0 to discov] ! pr9ciples ( k1 & ! foll[+ are 8 conclusions3 87a7 ,!re are c]ta9 undemon/rat$ & undemon/rable fundam5tal tru?s :i* common-s5se begets & recognizes z imm$iately conclusive & absolute40 ,?is h5ce con/itutes an imm$iate k2 9 x an inw>d indep5d5t s\rce is set =? :i* is h]eby oppos$ to religion z reveal$4 87b7 ,^! imm$iate tru?s require no support f any elaborat$ sci5ce1 nor d !y submit to its criticism20 !y _c be criticiz$ by philosophy4 87c7 ,philosophy itself has no root o!r ?an t ( an imm$iate1 self-enlight5+ tru?2 :atev] contradicts su* tru? is 9 itself false1 contradictory1 & absurd40 ,?is is true = k & 87d7 ,morality2 ! individual is moral if he acts 9 accordance ) ! p]fect pr9ciples ( ! p]fection ( ! :ole & ) 8 own duty z x is kn[n to him40#big #b4 ,,james ,,beattie4 ,james ,beattie1 born #agce1 0 a pr(essor ( moral philosophy 9 ,ed9burgh & ,ab]de51 & di$ 9 #ahjc4 ,he likewise made common-s5se ! s\rce ( all k4 8,! common-s5se ( ! pla9 human und]/&+ is ! s\rce ( all morality1 ( all religion1 & all c]ta9ty4 ,! confirmation ( common-s5se mu/ be add$ to ! te/imony ( our s5ses4 ,! tru? is :at ! necessities ( my nature call ^u me to believe4 ,belief signifies conviction 9 ! case ( tru?s :i* are c]ta91 9 t ( ^? :i* are probable1 approbation4 ,! tru? :i* is c]ta9 is kn[n by means ( intuition1 ! probable tru? by means ( pro(s40#bih ,su* convictions z are q c]ta9 =m ! basis ( actions4 #c4 ,,james ,,oswald4 ,james ,oswald1 a ,scotti% cl]gyman1 made use ( an expression :i* indicates t we h ! pr9ciples j m5tion$ z facts exi/+ )9 u4#bii 8,! exi/5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+ is 7accord+ to him7 a fact absolutely rais$ above all reason+ & all d\bt1 & imm$iately c]ta9 = ! common-s5se ( morality40#cjj ,! same pr9ciple 0 likewise e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many at ?is "t--an inw>d revelation1 a k ( ! consci5ce1 & specially ( ,god & ,8 ,be+4 #d4 ,,dugald ,,/ew>t4 ,to ?is s*ool also belong ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,edw>d ,se>*1#cja ,f]guson1 & ,hut*eson1 mo/ ( :om h writt5 on morals4 ,! political economi/ ,adam ,smi? f ?is po9t ( view is likewise a philosoph]1 & ! be/ kn[n ( !m all4 ,?is ,scotti% philosophy is n[ giv5 =? 9 ,g]many z some?+ new4 ,x is a popul> philosophy1 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 has ! great m]it ( seek+ 9 man1 & 9 8 consci\sness1 = ! s\rce ( all t %\ld be held by him z true1 ! imman5ce ( :at %\ld be by him e/eem$4 ,! cont5t is at ! same "t a concrete cont5t2 9 a c]ta9 degree1 x is ! anti!sis ( metaphysics prop]1 ( ! w&]+ ab\t 9 ab/ract det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,( ^! ,scots1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 :o is liv+ /ill1#cjb appe>s to be ! la/ & lea/ significant2 9 !m all !re is ! same gr\nd-"w to be f\nd1 ! same circle ( reflection1 namely1 an a priori philosophy1 ?\gh n "o :i* is to be pursu$ 9 a speculative way4 ,! g5]al idea :i* p]vades _! pr9ciple is t ( ! heal?y human und]/&+2 to ?is !y h add$ b5evol5t desires1 sympa?y1 a moral s5se1 & f su* gr\nds compos$ v excell5t moral writ+s4 ,t is c]ta9ly all v well 9 ord] to und]/& approximately1 up to a c]ta9 degree ( culture1 :at univ]sal ?\ghts are1 9 ord] to n>rate _! hi/ory1 to appeal to examples1 & to expla9 !m2 b fur!r x does n ext5d4 ,9 m rec5t times ?is ,scotti% philosophy has pass$ to ,france1 & ,pr(essor ,roy]-,coll>d1 n[ presid5t ( ! ,second ,*amb]1#cjc z also 8 disciple1 ,j\ffroy1 9 con=mity ) x1 pass f ! facts ( consci\sness ?r\gh cultur$ reason+ & exp]i5ce1 to a fur!r /age 9 developm5t4 ,:at by ! ,fr5* is call$ ,idologie 7supra1 p4 #cjh7 has also its place "h2 x is ab/ract metaphysics1 9 s f> z x is an enum]ation & analysis ( ! mo/ simple ?\ght-det]m9ations4 ,!y are n treat$ dialectically1 b f our reflection1 f our ?\ghts1 ! mat]ial is d]iv$1 & 9 ?is ! det]m9ations !re9 conta9$ are demon/rat$4 ,c4 ,,fr5* ,,philosophy4 ,we pass on to ! ,fr5* philosophy2 ! relation x be>s to metaphysics is ?is1 t :ile man z a metaphysician /&s to himself 9 ! attitude ( a layman or outsid]1 ,fr5* philosophy does away ) ! lay or outside position 9 reg>d alike to politics1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,two =ms h to be m5tion$ :i* are ( ! greate/ importance 9 respect to culture--,fr5* philosophy & ! ,aufklrung4 ,) ! ,engli% we saw a c]ta9 idealism only3 ?is 0 ei!r =mal1 z ! m]e g5]al translation ( ,be+ into ,be+-=-ano!r1 i4e4 into p]ceptibility1 or else :at is implicit 9 ?is p]ceptibility1 in/9cts1 impulses1 habits1 c4--bl9d det]m9ate =ces2 a return into self-consci\sness1 :i* itself appe>s z a physical ?+4 ,9 t fir/ idealism ! :ole f9itude & ext5sion ( appe>ances1 ( s5sations1 & likewise ( ?\ghts & det]m9ate fix$ conceptions1 rema9 j :at !y are 9 ! unphilosophic consci\sness4 ,! scepticism ( ,hume makes all t is univ]sal s9k into habits & in/9cts1 i4e4 x consi/s 9 a m simple syn!sis ( ! ph5om5al _w2 b ^! simpl] elem5ts1 ^! in/9cts1 impulses1 & =ces1 are j z mu* a fix$ pres5t exi/5ce 9 self-consci\sness1 unspiritual1 & )\t movem5t4 ,! ,fr5* philosophy has m life1 m movem5t1 m _s2 x w\ld p]haps be m correct to describe x z full ( life & _s4 ,x is ! absolute ,notion1 :i* revolts aga9/ ! :ole reign+ sy/em ( preval5t conceptions & e/abli%$ ideas1 :i* ov]?r[s all t has settl$ into fixity1 & acquires ! consci\sness ( p]fect lib]ty4 ,at ! root ( ?is ideali/ic activity lies ! c]ta9ty t :atev] is1 :atev] c\nts = any?+ 9 itself1 is all a matt] ( self-consci\sness2 & z to ,notions 7individual & isolat$ exi/5ces rul+ actual self-consci\sness71 su* z ! ,notions ( good & evil1 ( p[] & ri*es1 & ! fix$ conceptions reg>d+ fai? 9 ,god & ,8 relation to ! _w1 ,8 mode ( gov]nm5t &1 fur!r1 ! duties ( self-consci\sness t[>ds ,him--t all ^! are n tru?s 9 !mselves1 hav+ validity beyond ! b\nds ( self-consci\sness4 ,all ^! =ms1 ! real implicitude ( ! actual _w & also ( ! sup]s5su\s _w1 are !re=e set aside 9 ?is _s consci\s ( itself4 ,x does n tr\ble itself s]i\sly ab\t ^? :o admit ! validity ( ^! conceptions j z !y are1 & accept !m z true1 respect+ !m z indep5d5t & free ap>t f self-consci\sness1 b x speaks ( su* conceptions ) intellig5ce & _s1 t is to say1 x ass]ts t self-consci\sness by its activity is ! fir/ to make any?+ ( !m1 & to make t a some?+ v diff]5t f :at !y pr(ess to be2 = ! self-consci\s _s only intellectual relations1 ^! processes ( =mation & movem5t by means ( its self-consci\sness1 possess validity & int]e/4 ,?is is ! "* ( ! ,notion 9 its actuality2 :at has reality = ?is all-p]ceiv+ & all-compreh5d+ consci\sness is held to be valid4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at =m exi/5ce takes = ?is absolutely compreh5d+ self-consci\sness4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?is ,notion is fix$ z ! negative movem5t ( ! ,notion only2 ! positive & simple1 or exi/5ce1 falls outside ( ?is movem5t4 ,!re rema9s to ! ,notion no di/9ction1 no cont5t2 = all det]m9ate cont5t is lo/ 9 t negativity4 ,?is empty exi/5ce is = u pure ?\ght g5]ally1 :at ! ,fr5* call tre suprme1 or if repres5t$ objectively z exi/5t1 & z 9 opposition to consci\sness1 x is matt]4 ,absolute ,be+ is !re=e det]m9$ z matt]1 z empty objectivity1 ?r\gh a ,notion :i* de/roys all cont5t & det]m9ation1 & has z its object ?is univ]sal alone4 ,x is a ,notion :i* acts only de/ructively1 & does n aga9 con/ruct itself out ( ?is matt] or pure ?\ght or pure sub/antiality4 ,we "h see s-call$ mat]ialism & a!ism freely em]ge1 z ! necess>y result ( ! pure compreh5d+ self-consci\sness4 ,f "o po9t ( view !re p]i%es 9 ?is negative movem5t all det]m9ation :i* repres5ts _s z some?+ beyond self-consci\sness1 & m especially all det]m9ations )9 ! _s1 & also ^? :i* express x z _s1 inde$ all ! conceptions =m$ ( x by fai?1 = :i* x has validity z an exi/5t self-consci\sness beyond self-consci\sness--9 %ort1 all t is traditional or impos$ by au?ority4 ,!re rema9s only a pres5t1 actual ,be+1 = self-consci\sness recognizes implicit exi/5ce only 9 ! =m :i* x has = self-consci\sness1 & 9 :i* x is actually kn[n to itself2 9 matt]1 & matt] z actively ext5d+ & realiz+ itself 9 multiplicity1 i4e4 z nature4 ,9 ! pres5t ,i am consci\s to myself ( my reality1 & consequ5tly self-consci\sness f9ds itself z matt]1 f9ds ! s\l to be mat]ial1 & conceptions to be movem5ts & *anges 9 ! inn] organ ( ! bra91 :i* result f ext]nal impressions on ! s5ses4 ,?\ght is !re=e a mode ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,! ,"o ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 to :i* ,fr5* mat]ialism z naturalism is p>allel1 really f9ds its accompli%m5t "h 9 ?is object z 9 all respects ! ultimate2 b :ile 9 ,sp9oza ?is category is a possession :i* we f9d ready to h&1 "h x appe>s z ! result ( ! ab/raction ( ! und]/&+ proce$+ f empiricism4 ,! o!r =m ( ! ,aufklrung is1 on ! contr>y1 :5 absolute ,be+ is set =? z some?+ beyond self-consci\sness1 s t ( itself1 ( its implicit ,be+1 no?+ :atev] c be kn[n4 ,x be>s ! empty "n ( ,god4 ,= ?\gh ,god may be det]m9$ 9 any way :atev]1 all ^! det]m9ations fall away2 ,he is1 l x1 ! altoge!r unkn[n quantity4 ,?is view is n !re=e to be t]m$ a!ism1 9 ! fir/ place because x /ill employs ! empty1 mean+less "n1 & 9 ! second place because x expresses ! necess>y relations ( self-consci\sness1 duties1 c41 n z necess>y 9 an absolute s5se1 b z necess>y ?r\gh relation to ano!r1 namely to ! unkn[n--al?\gh !re c be no positive relation to an unkn[n except by abrogat+ ! self z p>ticul>4 ,yet x is n matt]1 because ?is simple & empty some?+ is negatively def9$ z non-exi/5t = self-consci\sness4 ,?is all comes to ! same ?+1 h[ev]1 = matt] is ! univ]sal1 & is ,be+-=-self repres5t$ z abrogat$4 ,b ! true reflection on t unkn[n is ?is1 t x exi/s = self-consci\sness simply z a negative ( ! same1 i4e4 z matt]1 reality1 ! pres5t2 x is ?is negative = me1 ?is is its ,notion4 ,! diff]5ce di/+ui%+ ?is f :at appe>s to be 9 its entirety some?+ 8o!r10 & 9 :i* any "o side is n p]mitt$ to say t :at x ?9ks is su* is t p>ticul> ?+1 is ! diff]5ce :i* re/s on ?is la/ ab/raction4 ,s9ce !n ! ,notion is pres5t only 9 its negative =m1 positive ext5sion rema9s )\t a ,notion2 x has ! =m ( nature1 ( an exi/5t1 bo? 9 ! physical & 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,! k ( nature rema9s ! ord9>y1 sci5tifically unspeculative k1 & z to its ess5ce1 9 s f> z x claims to be philosophy1 x is a g5]al way ( speak+ t plays ) ! words1 8=ces1 relations1 manifold connections10 b arrives at no?+ def9ite4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! spiritual sph]e1 x is s f> true t ! metaphysic ( ! _s is ( su* a nature t x is no?+ m nor less ?an a p>ticul> organization by means ( :i* ! p[]s :i* are t]m$ s5sation1 p]ception1 c41 come into exi/5ce2 b ?is is a we>isome way ( talk+1 :i* c make no?+ intelligible1 :i* accepts appe>ances & p]ceptions & reasons ab\t !m1 b none ! less r$uces _! implicit exi/5ce to c]ta9 det]m9ate =ces1 ( ! inw>d nature ( :i* we "k no?+ fur!r4 ,! det]m9ation & k ( ! moral sph]e has simil>ly = its object to br+ man back to 8 s-call$ natural prompt+s2 its ess5ce has ! =m ( a natural impulse1 & ?is natural impulse is t]m$ self-love1 selfi%ness1 or b5evol5ce4 ,x is requir$ t man %\ld live 9 con=mity ) nature2 b ?is nature does n rea* fur!r ?an g5]al expressions & descriptions1 su* z ! /ate ( nature we f9d depict$ by ,r\sseau4 ,:at is call$ ! metaphysic ( ord9>y conceptions is ! empiricism ( ,locke1 :i* seeks to %[ _! orig9 to be 9 consci\sness1 9 z f> z x is individual consci\sness2 :i*1 :5 born into ! _w1 em]ges out ( unconsci\sness 9 ord] to acquire k z s5su\s consci\sness4 ,?is ext]nal orig9 !y conf\nd ) ! ,becom+ & ,notion ( ! matt] 9 po9t4 ,if "o 7 to ask vaguely :at is ! orig9 & g5esis ( wat]1 & ! answ] 7 to be giv5 t x comes f ! m\nta9s or f ra91 ?is w\ld be a reply 9 ! _s ( ! above philosophy4 ,9 %ort1 x is only ! negative aspect t is int]e/+1 & z = ?is positive ,fr5* philosophy1 x is out ( ! "q4 ,b ev5 ! negative side ( x belongs prop]ly to culture ma9ly1 ) :i* we h "h no?+ to d1 & ! ,aufklrung likewise belongs to ! same4 ,9 ! ,fr5* philosophic writ+s1 :i* 9 ?is respect are ( importance1 :at is wor?y ( admiration is ! a/oni%+ en]gy & =ce ( ! ,notion z direct$ aga9/ exi/5ce1 aga9/ fai?1 aga9/ all ! p[] ( au?ority t _h held sway = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,on ! "o h& we _c help rem>k+ ! feel+ ( utt] rebellion aga9/ ! :ole /ate ( affairs at pres5t prevail+1 a /ate :i* is ali5 to self-consci\sness1 :i* w\ld fa9 disp5se ) x1 & 9 :i* self-consci\sness does n f9d itself2 !re is a c]ta9ty ( ! tru? ( reason1 :i* *all5ges ! :ole intellectual _w z x /&s alo(1 & is confid5t ( de/roy+ x4 ,fr5* a!ism1 mat]ialism1 or naturalism has ov]come all prejudices1 & has be5 victori\s ov] ! s5seless hypo!ses & assumptions ( ! positive elem5t 9 religion1 :i* is associat$ ) habits1 mann]s1 op9ions1 det]m9ations z to law & morality & civil in/itutions4 ,) ! heal?y human und]/&+ & e>ne/ness ( _s1 & n ) frivol\s declamations1 x has rebell$ aga9/ ! condition ( ! _w z legally e/abli%$1 aga9/ ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! mode ( gov]nm5t1 political au?ority1 & likewise aga9/ art4 ,contra/+ ) ?is b>r5 cont5t !re is ! o!r & f]tile side4 ,! positive is 9 its turn con/itut$ by s-call$ imm$iately enlight5+ tru?s ( ! heal?y human und]/&+1 :i* conta9s no?+ except ?is tru? & ! claim to f9d itself1 & beyond ?is =m does n pass4 ,b 9 s do+ !re arises ! endeav\r to grasp ! absolute z some?+ pres5t1 & at ! same "t z an object ( ?\ght & z absolute unity3 an endeav\r :i*1 z x implies d5ial ( ! conception ( design bo? 9 ! natural & 9 ! spiritual sph]e--! =m] involv+ ! idea ( life1 & ! latt] t ( _s & fre$om--only rea*es to ! ab/raction ( a nature undet]m9$ 9 itself1 to s5sation1 me*anism1 self-seek+1 & utility4 ,x is ?is !n t we %all h to make evid5t 9 ! positive side ( ,fr5* philosophy4 ,9 _! political con/itutions ! ,fr5* h1 x is true1 />t$ f ab/ractions1 b !y h done s z f univ]sal ?\ghts1 :i* are ! negative ( reality2 ! ,engli%1 on ! o!r h&1 proce$ f concrete reality1 f ! unwieldy /ructure ( _! con/itution2 j z _! writ]s ev5 h n atta9$ to univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,:at ,lu!r began 9 ! he>t only & 9 ! feel+s--! fre$om ( _s :i*1 unconsci\s ( its simple root1 does n compreh5d itself1 & yet is ! v univ]sal itself1 = :i* all cont5t disappe>s 9 ! ?\ght t fills itself ) itself--^! univ]sal det]m9ations & ?\ghts ! ,fr5* ass]t$ & /eadfa/ly adh]$ to3 !y are univ]sal pr9ciples1 9 ! =m ( ! conviction ( ! individual 9 himself4 ,fre$om becomes ! condition ( ! _w1 connects itself ) ! _w's hi/ory & =ms epo*s 9 ! same2 x is ! concrete fre$om ( ! _s1 a concrete univ]sality2 fundam5tal pr9ciples z reg>ds ! concrete n[ take ! place ( ! ab/ract metaphysic ( ,desc>tes4 ,among ! ,g]mans we f9d m]e *att]2 !y w\ld h lik$ to (f] explanations also1 b all !y h to give is 9 ! =m ( mis]able ph5om5a & individualism4 ,! ,fr5*1 f _! />t+-po9t ( ! ?\ght ( univ]sality1 & ! ,g]man lib]ty ( consci5ce />t+ f ! consci5ce :i* tea*es u to 8,prove all ?+s10 to 8hold fa/ t :i* is good10 h1 h[ev]1 jo9$ h&s ) "o ano!r1 or !y foll[ ! same pa?4 ,only ! ,fr5*1 z ?\gh !y 7 )\t consci5ce1 h made %ort "w ( ev]y?+1 & h sy/ematically adh]$ to a def9ite ?\ght--! physiocratic sy/em2 :ile ! ,g]mans wi% to leave !mselves a free retreat1 & exam9e f ! /&po9t ( consci5ce :e!r a c]ta9 c\rse is p]missible4 ,! ,fr5* w>r$ aga9/ ! speculative ,notion ) ! _s1 ! ,g]mans did s ) ! und]/&+4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,fr5* a deep all-embrac+ philosophic ne$1 diff]5t f any?+ 9 ! ,engli% & ,scot* & ev5 9 ! ,g]mans1 & full ( vitality3 x is a univ]sal concrete view ( all t exi/s1 ) entire indep5d5ce bo? ( all au?ority & ( all ab/ract metaphysics4 ,! me?od employ$ is t ( developm5t f p]ception1 f ! he>t2 x is a compreh5sive view ( ! entire matt]1 :i* keeps ! :ole ev] 9 sight1 & seeks to uphold & atta9 to x4 ,?is heal?y human und]/&+1 ?is s\nd reason1 ) its cont5t tak5 f ! human brea/1 f natural feel+1 has direct$ itself aga9/ ! religi\s side ( ?+s 9 v>i\s mom5ts3 on ! "o h& & fir/ ( all1 z ,fr5* philosophy1 x did s aga9/ ! ,ca?olic religion1 ! fett]s ( sup]/ition & ( ! hi]>*y2 on ! o!r h&1 9 less pron\nc$ =m1 z ! ,g]man 8illum9ation10 aga9/ ! ,prote/ant religion1 9 z f> z x has a cont5t :i* x has d]iv$ f revelation1 f ecclesia/ical au?ority 9 g5]al4 ,on ! "o h& ! =m ( au?ority 9 g5]al 0 *all5g$1 & on ! o!r h& its matt]4 ,! cont5t c be easily en\gh dispos$ ( by ?is =m ( ?\ght1 :i* is n :at we und]/& by reason1 b :i* mu/ be t]m$ und]/&+2 x is easy = ! und]/&+ to %[ objections to ! ultimate pr9ciples ( :at c be compreh5d$ only by means ( speculation4 ,! und]/&+ has ?us tri$ ! cont5t ( religion by its /&>d1 & has condemn$ x2 ! und]/&+ proce$s 9 ! same way aga9/ a concrete philosophy4 ,:at ( religion has 9 _m !ologies be5 v commonly left rema9+ is :at is t]m$ !ism1 fai? 9 g5]al2 ?is is ! same cont5t :i* is f\nd also 9 ,mohamm$anism4 ,b along ) ?is attack ^u religion on ! "p ( ! reason+ und]/&+ !re has be5 also a movem5t t[>ds mat]ialism1 a!ism & naturalism4 ,x is true t we %\ld n make ! *>ge ( a!ism lightly1 = x is a v common occurr5ce t an individual ^: ideas ab\t ,god diff] f ^? ( o!r p is *>g$ ) lack ( religion1 or ev5 ) a!ism4 ,b "h x really is ! case t ?is philosophy has develop$ into a!ism1 & has def9$ matt]1 nature1 c41 z t :i* is to be tak5 z ! ultimate1 ! active1 & ! effici5t4 ,"s ,fr5*m51 ,r\sseau = in/ance1 are n1 h[ev]1 to be includ$ ) ! re/2 "o ( ?is au?or's works1 8,! ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,vic>10#cjd conta9s ! v same !ism :i* is f\nd 9 ,g]man !ologians4 ,?us ,fr5* metaphysics f9ds a p>allel n only 9 ,sp9oza 7supra1 p4 #chb7 b also 9 ! ,g]man metaphysics ( ,wolff4 ,o!r ,fr5*m5 h confess$ly gone ov] to naturalism2 among !m is specially to be m5tion$ ,mirabaud1 to :om ! ,sy/me de la ,nature is attribut$4 ,9 :at has be5 t]m$ ,fr5* philosophy1 repres5t$ by ,voltaire1 ,montesquieu1 ,r\sseau1 d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 & 9 :at subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ,g]many z ! ,aufklrung1 & has be5 also /igmatiz$ z a!ism1 we may n[ di/+ui% ?ree aspects1 fir/1 ! negative side1 to :i* mo/ exception has be5 tak52 secondly1 ! positive side2 ?irdly1 ! philosophical1 metaphysical side4 #a4 ,,! ,,negative ,,aspect4 ,ju/ice mu/ be done ev5 to ?is negative side1 z to ev]y?+ else2 :at is sub/antial 9 x is ! attack ( ! reason+ in/9ct aga9/ a condition ( deg5]acy1 ,i may ev5 say ( utt] & univ]sal falsehood2 = in/ance1 aga9/ ! positive side ( a religion t has become wood5 & lifeless4 ,:at we call religion is firm fai?1 conviction t !re is a ,god2 if ?is is fai? 9 ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is m or less ab/ract$ f4 ,b 9 ?is attack aga9/ religion we h to ?9k ( some?+ q diff]5t f ! above2 9 :at we f9d "h1 ! positive ( religion is ! negative ( reason4 ,if we w\ld und]/& ! feel+ ( indignation to :i* ^! writ]s give utt]ance1 we mu/ keep be=e our eyes ! /ate ( religion 9 ^? days1 ) its might & magnific5ce1 ! corruption ( its mann]s1 its av>ice1 its ambition1 its luxury1 = :i* nev]!less rev]5ce 0 claim$--a /ate ( contradiction pres5t & exi/5t4 ,we p]ceive into :at a frightful condition ( =malism & deadness positive religion _h sunk1 z _h ! bonds ( society z well1 ! means employ$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,?is ,fr5* philosophy also attack$ ! /ate2 x assail$ prejudices & sup]/ition1 especially ! depravity ( civic life1 ( c\rt mann]s & ( ,gov]nm5t (ficials2 x laid hold ( & br\ght to light ! evil1 ! ridicul\s1 ! base1 & expos$ ! :ole tissue ( hypocrisy & unju/ p[] to ! d]ision1 ! contempt & ! hatr$ ( ! _w at l>ge1 & ?us br\ght m5's m9ds & he>ts into a /ate ( indiff]5ce to ! idols ( ! _w & indignation aga9/ !m4 ,old in/itutions1 :i* 9 ! s5se ( self-consci\s fre$om & humanity t _h develop$1 no long] f\nd a place1 & :i* _h =m]ly be5 f\nd$ & upheld by mutual good feel+ & ! obtus5ess ( a consci\sness unconsci\s ( self1 in/itutions :i* 7 no long] 9 h>mony ) ! _s t _h e/abli%$ !m1 & n[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! advance t _h be5 made 9 sci5tific culture1 7 b\nd to make good to reason _! claim to be sacr$ & j1--?is 0 ! =malism t ^? philosoph]s ov]?rew4 ,9 mak+ _! attacks1 !y wrote sometimes ) reason$ argum5t1 sometimes satirically1 sometimes 9 ! language ( pla9 common-s5se1 & !y did n wage w> on :at we call religion2 t 0 left q unh>m$1 & its claims 7 urg$ ) words ( *oice/ eloqu5ce4 ,^? :o en=c$ ^! views 7 !re=e ag5ts ( de/ruction aga9/ t alone :i* 0 9 itself already de/roy$4 ,we place x to our cr$it :5 we reproa* ! ,fr5* = _! attacks ^u religion & on ! /ate4 ,we mu/ repres5t to ourselves ! horrible /ate ( society1 ! mis]y & degradation 9 ,france1 9 ord] to appreciate ! s]vices t ^! writ]s r5d]$4 ,hypocrisy & cant1 imbecility ( m9d & ! tyranny :i* sees itself robb$ ( its prey1 may say t attacks 7 made on religion1 on ! /ate1 & on mann]s4 ,b :at a religion6 ,n ! religion t ,lu!r purifi$1 b ! mo/ wret*$ sup]/ition1 prie/ly dom9ation1 /upidity1 degradation ( m9d1 & m especially ! squ&]+ ( ri*es & ! revell+ 9 temporal possessions 9 ! mid/ ( public mis]y4 ,& :at a /ate6 ,! bl9de/ tyranny ( m9i/]s & _! mi/resses1 wives & *amb]la9s2 s t a va/ army ( petty tyrants & idl]s look$ ^u x z a "r div9ely giv5 !m to plund] ! rev5ues ( ! /ate & lay h&s ^u ! product ( ! nation's sweat4 ,! %amelessness1 ! di%one/y 7 pa/ belief2 & morals 7 simply 9 keep+ ) ! corruptness ( ! in/itutions4 ,we see ! law defi$ by individuals 9 respect to civil & political life2 we see x likewise set at n\ght 9 respect to consci5ce & ?\ght4 ,9 reg>d to practical politics1 ! writ]s 9 "q nev] ev5 ?\ght ( a revolution1 b desir$ & dem&$ re=ms alone1 & t ^! %\ld be subjective ma9ly2 !y call$ on ! ,gov]nm5t to sweep away abuses1 & appo9t hon\rable m5 z m9i/]s4 ,! positive recomm5dations made by !m z to ! c\rse to be pursu$ 71 = example1 t ! royal *ildr5 %\ld receive a good upbr++1 t pr9ces %\ld be ( frugal habits1 c4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 =c$ on by ! /iff-neck$ ob/9acy ( prejudices1 by haught9ess1 utt] want ( ?\ght1 & av>ice4 ,! philosoph]s ( :om we are speak+ 7 able to give only a g5]al idea ( :at ought to be done2 !y c\ld n indicate ! mode 9 :i* ! re=ms 7 to be c>ri$ out4 ,x 0 ! ,gov]nm5t's bus9ess to make arrangem5ts & c>ry out re=ms 9 concrete %ape2 b x did n p]ceive ?is4 ,:at ! philosoph]s br\ght =w>d & ma9ta9$ z a rem$y = ?is horrible /ate ( disord] 01 speak+ g5]ally1 t m5 %\ld no long] be 9 ! position ( laym51 ei!r ) reg>d to religion or to law2 s t 9 religi\s matt]s !re %\ld n be a hi]>*y1 a limit$ & select$ numb] ( prie/s1 & 9 ! same way t !re %\ld n be 9 legal matt]s an exclusive ca/e & society 7n ev5 a class ( pr(essional lawy]s71 9 :om %\ld reside1 & to :om %\ld be re/rict$1 ! k ( :at is et]nal1 div9e1 true1 & "r1 & by :om o!r m5 %\ld be comm&$ & direct$2 b t human reason %\ld h ! "r ( giv+ its ass5t & its op9ion4 ,to treat b>b>ians z laym5 is q z x %\ld be--b>b>ians are no?+ b laym52 b to treat ?9k+ m5 z laym5 is v h>d4 ,?is great claim made by man to subjective fre$om1 p]ception & conviction1 ! philosoph]s 9 "q cont5d$ = h]oically & ) spl5did g5ius1 ) w>m? & fire1 ) _s & c\rage1 ma9ta9+ t a man's own self1 ! human _s1 is ! s\rce f :i* is d]iv$ all t is to be respect$ by him4 ,!re ?us manife/s itself 9 !m ! fanaticism ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,we ,g]mans 7 passive at fir/ ) reg>d to ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs1 we endur$ x2 9 ! second place1 :5 t /ate ( affairs 0 ov]?r[n1 we 7 j z passive3 x 0 ov]?r[n by ! ef=ts ( o!rs1 we let x be tak5 away f u1 we suff]$ x all to happ54 ,9 ,g]many1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 alli$ himself ) ?is culture1 a r>e example 9 ^? days4 ,fr5* c\rt mann]s1 op]as1 g>d5s1 dresses1 7 widely adopt$ 9 ,g]many1 b n ,fr5* philosophy2 yet 9 ! =m ( wit & je/ mu* ( x f\nd its way into ?is upp] _w1 & mu* t 0 evil & b>b>\s 0 driv5 away4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 )\t hav+ be5 br\ght up on melan*oly psalms1 )\t hav+ _h to le>n "o or two ( !m e day by he>t1 )\t ! b>b>\s metaphysics & logic ( ,wolff 7= :at did he f9d to admire 9 ,g]many except ,gell]t871 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! great1 al?\gh =mal & ab/ract pr9ciples ( religion & ! /ate1 & gov]n$ 9 accordance !re)1 z f> z circum/ances all[$4 ,no?+ else 0 at t "t requir$ 9 8 nation2 "o _c ask t he %\ld h re=m$ & revolutioniz$ x1 s9ce n a s+le p]son yet dem&$ repres5tative gov]nm5t & ! publicity ( c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,he introduc$ :at !re 0 ne$ (1 religi\s tol]ance1 legislation1 improvem5ts 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 economy 9 ! rev5ues ( /ate2 ( ! wret*$ ,g]man law !re rema9$ no long] 9 8 /ates ev5 ! m]e/ phantom4 ,he %[$ :at 0 ! object & purpose ( ! /ate1 & at ! same "t ca/ d[n all privileges1 ! private rights :i* p]ta9$ to ,g]mans1 & arbitr>y /atute laws4 ,x is fooli% :5 cant & ,g]man pseudo-patriotism p\nce d[n ^u him n[1 & try to disp>age ! greatness ( a man ^: influ5ce 0 s enorm\s1 & w\ld ev5 detract f 8 fame by a *>ge ( vanity & wick$ness4 ,:at ,g]man patriotism aims at %\ld be reasonable4 #b4 ,,! ,,positive ,,aspect4 ,! affirmative cont5t ( ?is philosophy c]ta9ly does n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( pr(undity4 ,a lead+ *>act]i/ic ( its tea*+1 :i* is f\nd also ) ! ,scotti% philosoph]s & ) ourselves1 is ! assumption ( primitive feel+s ( ju/ice :i* man has 9 himself1 z = example b5evol5ce & social in/9cts :i* %\ld be cultivat$4 ,! positive s\rce ( k & ( ju/ice is plac$ 9 human reason & ! common consci\sness ( mank9d1 9 ! heal?y human reason1 & n 9 ! =m ( ! ,notion4 ,x is c]ta9ly wond]ful to f9d tru?s express$ 9 ! =m ( univ]sal ?\ghts1 respect+ :i* x is ( inf9ite importance t !y %\ld be assumptions pres5t 9 ! human m9d3 t man has 9 8 he>t ! feel+ ( "r1 ( love to 8 fell[-creatures3 t religion & fai? are n matt]s ( compulsion2 t m]it1 tal5t1 virtue are ! true nobility1 c4 ,an important "q1 especially among ! ,g]mans1 0 :at is ! end & "* ( man1 by :i* 0 meant ! nature ( 8 m9d & _s2 & c]ta9ly1 z f> z ! spiritual is conc]n$1 x is to ?is po9t t we mu/ return4 ,b 9 ord] to f9d ! nature ( _s1 to discov] :at ?is det]m9ation is1 a return 0 made to p]ception1 obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 to ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 impulses4 ,^! are c]ta9ly det]m9ations 9 ourselves1 b we h n kn[n !m 9 _! necessity4 ,su* an impulse is besides tak5 z natural1 & ?us x is "h indet]m9ate 9 itself1 x has its limitation only z a mom5t ( ! :ole4 ,9 reg>d to k1 v ab/ract ?\ghts are to be f\nd--?\gh ( a tru? !y are q z good z ours1 & m +5i\s--:i* accord+ to _! cont5t ought to be concrete1 & also 7 s4 ,b s sup]ficially 7 !y compreh5d$ t !y soon %[$ !mselves f> f suffici5t = :at _h to be d]iv$ f !m4 ,!y said1 = in/ance1 t ,nature is a :ole1 t all is det]m9$ by laws1 ?r\gh a comb9ation ( diff]5t movem5ts1 ?r\gh a *a9 ( causes & effects1 & s on2 ! v>i\s prop]ties1 mat]ials1 connections ( ?+s br+ ev]y?+ to pass4 ,^! are g5]al phrases1 ) :i* "o c fill :ole books4 a4 ,,sy/,,me ,,de ,,la ,,nature4 ,to ?is philosophy belongs ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ! lead+ "w on ! subject1 writt5 9 ,p>is by a ,g]man1 ,b>on von ,hollba*1 :o 0 ! c5tral figure ( all ^? philosoph]s4 ,montesquieu1 d',alemb]t1 ,r\sseau1 7 = a "t 9 8 circle2 h[ev] mu* ^! m5 7 mov$ to indignation at ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 !y 7 yet 9 o!r respects v diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,! ,sy/me de la ,nature may v easily be f\nd tiresome to read1 because x treats discursively ( g5]al conceptions1 :i* are (t5 repeat$2 x is n a ,fr5* book1 = vivacity is lack+ & ! mode ( pres5tation is dull4 ,! great ,:ole ( ,nature 7le gr& t\t de la nature7 is ! ultimate3 8,! univ]se displays no?+ b an imm5se collection ( matt] & motion0 7z ) ,desc>tes71 8an unbrok5 *a9 ( causes & effects1 ( :i* causes "s directly affect our s5ses1 :ile o!rs are unkn[n to u1 because _! effects1 :i* we p]ceive1 are too remote f _! causes4 ,! diff]5t qualities ( ^! mat]ials1 _! manifold connections1 & ! effects :i* result !refrom1 con/itute ess5ces = u4 ,f ! div]sity ( ^! ess5ces arise ! diff]5t ord]s1 species1 sy/ems1 "u :i* ?+s fall1 & ^: sum total1 ! great :ole1 is :at we call ,nature40#cje ,x is l :at ,ari/otle 7vide ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bda7 says ( ,x5ophanes1 t he gaz$ into ! blue1 i4e4 into ,be+4 ,accord+ to ,hollba* all is movem5t1 matt] moves itself3 be] f]m5ts1 ! s\l is mov$ by its passions4#cjf 8,! manifold v>iety ( natural ph5om5a1 & _! incessant rise & disappe>ance1 h _! sole gr\nd 9 ! v>iety ( motions & ( _! mat]ial40 ,?r\gh diff]5t comb9ations & modifications1 ?r\gh a diff]5t arrangem5t1 ano!r ?+ is orig9at$4 8,mat]ial sub/ances h ei!r a t5d5cy to comb9e ) "o ano!r1 or else !y are incapable ( s comb9+4 ,^u ?is are bas$ by physical sci5ti/s ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 sympa?y & antipa?y1 aff9ity & relation2 & ! morali/s base !reon hatr$ & love1 fri5d%ip & enmity40 ,_s1 ! incorporeal1 contradicts or opposes itself to motion1 to a *ange ( ! relations ( a body 9 space4#cjg b4 ,,rob9et4 ,ano!r "w ( importance is ! /ill m 8dang]\s0 treatise1 ,de la ,nature1 by ,rob9et4 ,9 x !re reigns q a diff]5t & a deep] _s2 "o is frequ5tly /ruck by ! dep? ( e>ne/ness :i* ! writ] displays4 ,he beg9s ?us3 8,!re is a ,god1 i4e4 a cause ( ! ph5om5a ( t ,:ole :i* we call ,nature4 ,:o is ,god8 ,we "k n1 & we are s con/itut$ t we c nev] "k 9 :at ord] ( ?+s we h be5 plac$4 ,we _c "k ,god p]fectly1 because ! means ( do+ s w always be lack+ to u4 ,we too might write ov] ! doors ( our temples ! words :i* 7 to be read ^u ! alt> :i* ! ,areopagite rais$1 #8,to ! unkn[n ,god4'0 ,! v same ?+ is said n[-a-days3 !re c be no transition f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite4 8,! ord] :i* reigns 9 ! univ]se is j z little ! visible type ( ,8 wisdom1 z our weak m9d is ! image ( ,8 intellig5ce40 ,b ?is ,fir/ ,cause1 ,god1 is accord+ to ,rob9et a creative ,god1 ,he has br\ght ,nature into exi/5ce2 s t = him ! only possible k is t ( ,nature4 8,!re is only ,"o ,cause4 ,! et]nal ,cause1 :o s to speak _h s[n 7engra97 ev5ts "o 9 ! o!r1 9 ord] t !y might )\t fail foll[ "o ^u ano!r z ,he *ose1 9 ! beg9n+ set 9 motion ! endless *a9 ( ?+s4 ,?r\gh ?is p]man5t impression ! ,univ]se goes on liv+1 mov+ & p]petuat+ itself4 ,f ! unity ( cause !re foll[s ! unity ( activity1 = ev5 x does n appe> z some?+ to be m or less admitt$4 ,by virtue ( ?is s+le act all ?+s come to pass4 ,s9ce man has made ,nature 8 /udy1 he has f\nd no isolat$ ph5om5on1 & no indep5d5t tru?1 because !re are n & _c be su*4 ,! :ole su/a9s itself ?r\gh ! mutual correspond5ce ( its p>ts40#cjh ,! activity ( ,nature is "o1 z ,god is ,"o4 ,?is activity1 m p>ticul>ly reg>d$1 signifies t g]ms unfold !mselves 9 ev]y?+3 ev]y:]e !re are organic ,be+s :i* produce !mselves2 no?+ is isolat$1 ev]y?+ is comb9$ & connect$ & 9 h>mony4 ,rob9et "h goes ?r\gh ! plants1 ! animals1 & also ! metals1 ! elem5ts1 air1 fire1 wat]1 c42 & seeks f !m to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ! g]m 9 :atev] has life1 & also h[ metals are organiz$ 9 !mselves4 8,! example ( ! polypus is conv9c+ z to ! animal nature 7animalit7 ( ! smalle/ portions ( organiz$ matt]2 = ! polypus is a gr\p ( associat$ polypi1 ea* ( :i* is z mu* a true polypus z ! fir/4 ,x /&s prov$ t f ! same po9t ( view ! liv+ consi/s only ( ! liv+1 ! animals ( m9ute animals1 e animal 9 p>ticul> ( m9ute animals ( ! same k9d1 a dog ( dog-g]ms1 man ( human g]ms40 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,rob9et /ates 9 a 8,recapitulation0 t 8animal sp]m sw>ms ) sp]matic animalcules40 ,s9ce he !n connects e propagation prop]ly s-call$ ) ! co-op]ation ( bo? sexes1 he alleges t e individual is inw>dly or also 9 ! ext]nal organs a h]maphrodite4 ,( ! m9]als he says3 8,are we n compell$ to reg>d z organic bodies all ^? 9 :i* we meet ) an inw>d /ructure su* z ?is8 ,x presupposes ?r\gh\t a se$1 se$-granules1 g]ms1 ( :i* !y are ! developm5t40 ,9 ! same way ! air mu/ h its g]m1 :i* does n come to reality until x is n\ri%$ by wat]1 fire1 c4 8,! air1 z pr9ciple1 is only ! g]m ( ! air2 z x impregnates or saturates itself 9 v>y+ degrees ) wat] & fire1 x w gradually pass ?r\gh diff]5t /ages ( gr[?3 x w become fir/ embryo1 !n p]fect air40#cji ,rob9et gives ! "n ( g]m to ! simple =m 9 itself1 ! sub/antial =m1 ! ,notion4 ,al?\gh he seeks to prove ?is too mu* f ! s5su\s side1 he yet proce$s f pr9ciples 9 !mselves concrete1 f ! =m 9 itself4 ,he speaks also ( ! evil & good 9 ! _w4 ,! result ( 8 obs]vation is t good & evil balance ea* o!r2 ?is equilibrium con/itutes ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,9 ord] to refute ! ass]tion t !re is m good ?an evil 9 ! _w1 he says t ev]y?+ to :i* we r$uce ! good consi/s only 9 an enjoym5t1 a pleasure1 a satisfaction2 b ?is mu/ be prec$$ by a want1 a lack1 a pa91 ! removal ( :i* con/itutes satisfaction4#caj ,?is is n only a correct ?\ght empirically1 b x also h9ts at ! deep] idea t !re is no activity except ?r\gh contradiction4 #c4 ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,concrete ,,univ]sal ,,unity4 ,! result ( ! ,fr5* philosophy is t x insi/$ on ma9ta9+ a g5]al unity1 n ab/ract1 b concrete4 ,?us ,rob9et n[ prop\nd$ ! !ory ( a univ]sal organic life1 & a uni=m mode ( orig9ation2 ?is concrete sy/em he call$ ,nature1 ov] :i* ,god 0 set1 b z ! unkn[able2 all pr$icates :i* c\ld be express$ ( ,him conta9$ some?+ inapplicable4 ,we mu/ admit t gr& conceptions ( concrete unity are to be f\nd "h1 z oppos$ to ! ab/ract metaphysical det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+1 e4g4 ! fruitfulness ( ,nature4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! po9t ( mo/ importance ) ^! philosoph]s is t :at is to be accept$ z valid mu/ h pres5ce1 & t man 9 all k mu/ be himself ! kn[]2 =1 z we may see1 ^? philosoph]s made w> on all ext]nal au?ority ( /ate & *ur*1 & 9 p>ticul> on ab/ract ?\ght :i* has no pres5t mean+ 9 u4 ,two det]m9ations f\nd 9 all philosophy are ! concretion ( ! ,idea & ! pres5ce ( ! _s 9 ! same2 my cont5t mu/ at ! same "t be some?+ concrete1 pres5t4 ,?is concrete 0 t]m$ ,reason1 & = x ! m noble ( ^? m5 cont5d$ ) ! greate/ en?usiasm & w>m?4 ,?\ght 0 rais$ l a /&>d among ! nations1 lib]ty ( conviction & ( consci5ce 9 me4 ,!y said to mank9d1 8,9 ?is sign ?\ %alt conqu]10 = !y _h be=e _! eyes :at _h be5 done 9 ! "n ( ! cross alone1 :at _h be5 made a matt] ( fai? & law & religion--!y saw h[ ! sign ( ! cross _h be5 degrad$4 ,= 9 ! sign ( ! cross ly+ & deceit _h be5 victori\s1 "u ?is seal in/itutions _h become fossiliz$1 & _h sunk into all mann] ( degradation1 s t ?is sign came to be repres5t$ z ! epitome & root ( all evil4 ,?us 9 ano!r =m !y complet$ ! ,re=mation t ,lu!r began4 ,?is concrete _h manifold =ms2 social in/9cts 9 ! practical sph]e1 laws ( nature 9 ! !oretical4 ,!re is pres5t ! absolute impulse to f9d a compass imman5t 9 !mselves1 i4e4 9 ! human m9d4 ,= ! human m9d x is imp]ative to h a fix$ po9t su* z ?is1 if1 inde$1 x is to be )9 itself1 if x is to be free 9 its own _w at lea/4 ,b ?is /riv+ aft] really pres5t vitality took =ms :i* z by-pa?s 7 !mselves "o-sid$4 ,9 ?is /riv+ aft] unity1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 concrete unity1 ! fur!r v>ieties ( ! cont5t likewise lie4 ,on ! !oretic side ( _! philosophy1 !re=e1 ! ,fr5* proce$$ to mat]ialism or naturalism1 because ! requirem5ts ( ! und]/&+1 z ab/ract ?\ght1 :i* f a firmly fix$ pr9ciple all[s ! mo/ mon/r\s consequ5ces to be drawn1 drove !m to set up "o pr9ciple z ultimate1 & t a pr9ciple :i* _h at ! same "t to be pres5t & to lie q close to exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce !y accept s5sation & matt] z ! only tru?1 to :i* mu/ be r$uc$ all ?\ght1 all morality1 z a m]e modification ( s5sation4 ,! unities :i* ! ,fr5* prop\nd$ 7 9 ?is way "o-sid$4 a4 ,,opposition ,,( ,,s5sation ,,& ,,?\ght4 ,to ?is "o-sid$ness belongs ! opposition betwe5 s5tir & p5s]1 or else1 if y l1 _! id5tity1 mak+ ! latt] only a result ( ! =m]2 !re is n1 h[ev]1 any speculative reconciliation ( ?is opposition 9 ,god1 su* z we f9d 9 ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e4 ,?is r$uction ( all ?\ght to s5sation1 :i* 9 c]ta9 respects took place ) ,locke1 becomes a widely ext5d$ !ory4 ,rob9et 7,de la ,nature1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 pp4 #beg-bei7 lights also on ?is opposition1 beyond :i* he does n get1 t m9d & body are n sep>ate1 b t ! mann] 9 :i* !y are unit$ is inexplicable4 ,! ,sy/me de la ,nature 7,t4 ,i4 *ap4 x4 p4 #agg7 is m>k$ by an especially pla9 r$uction ( ?\ght to s5sation4 ,! lead+ ?\ght is ?is3 8,ab/ract ?\ghts are only modes 9 :i* our inmo/ organ views its own modifications4 ,! words goodness1 beauty1 ord]1 intellig5ce1 virtue1 c41 h no mean+ = u if we d n ref] & apply !m to objects :i* our s5ses h %[n to be capable ( ^! qualities1 or to modes ( be+ & act+ :i* are kn[n to u40 ,?us ev5 psy*ology pass$ into mat]ialism1 z = in/ance we may f9d 9 ,la ,mettrie's "w ,l'homme ,ma*9e3 ,all ?\ght & all conception h mean+ only if !y are appreh5d$ z mat]ial2 matt] alone exi/s4 b4 ,,montesquieu4 ,o!r great writ]s h oppos$ to ! above ! feel+ 9 ! brea/1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 b5evol5t dispositions t[>ds o!rs1 ! impulse to fell[%ip1 :i* la/ ,puff5dorf also made ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em ( law 7supra1 p4 #cba74 ,f ?is po9t ( view mu* t is excell5t has be5 said4 ,?us ,montesquieu1 9 8 *>m+ book1 ,l',esprit des ,lois1 ( :i* ,voltaire said x 0 an esprit sur les lois1 reg>d$ ! nations f ?is important po9t ( view1 t _! con/itution1 _! religion1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ t is to be f\nd 9 a /ate1 con/itutes a totality4 c4 ,,helvetius4 ,?is r$uction ( ?\ght to feel+ 9 ! case ( ,helvetius takes ! =m t if 9 man z a moral be+ a s+le pr9ciple is s\ght1 ?is ought to be call$ self-love1 & he endeav\r$ to demon/rate by +5i\s analysis t :atev] we t]m virtue1 all activity & law & "r1 has z its f\ndation no?+ b self-love or selfi%ness1 & is resolvable !re9to4#caa ,?is pr9ciple is "o-sid$1 al?\gh ! 8,i myself0 is an ess5tial mom5t4 ,:at ,i w1 ! noble/1 ! holie/1 is my aim2 ,i mu/ take "p 9 x1 ,i mu/ agree to x1 ,i mu/ approve ( x4 ,) all self-sacrifice !re is always conjo9$ "s satisfaction1 "s f9d+ ( self2 ?is elem5t ( self1 subjective lib]ty1 mu/ always be pres5t4 ,if ?is is tak5 9 a "o-sid$ s5se1 !re may be consequ5ces drawn f x :i* ov]?r[ all t is sacr$2 b x is f\nd 9 equal degree 9 a morality z noble z any possibly c be4 d4 ,,r\sseau4 ,9 connection ) ! practical side ( ?+s ?is p>ticul> mu/ also be not$1 t :5 ! feel+ ( "r1 ! concrete practical m9d1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 humanity & happ9ess 7 made ! pr9ciple1 ?is pr9ciple1 univ]sally conceiv$1 _h c]ta9ly ! =m ( ?\ght2 b 9 ! case ( su* concrete cont5t d]iv$ f our impulse or inw>d intuition1 ev5 ?\gh t cont5t 7 religi\s1 ! ?\ght itself 0 n ! cont5t4 ,b n[ ?is fur!r phase appe>$1 t pure ?\ght 0 set up z ! pr9ciple & cont5t1 ev5 if aga9 !re 0 lack+ to ?is cont5t ! true consci\sness ( its peculi> =m2 = x 0 n recogniz$ t ?is pr9ciple 0 ?\ght4 ,we see x em]ge 9 ! sph]e ( w1 ( ! practical1 ( ! j1 & s appreh5d$ t ! inn]mo/ pr9ciple ( man1 8 unity ) himself1 is set =? z fundam5tal & br\ght into consci\sness1 s t man 9 himself acquir$ an inf9ite /r5g?4 ,x is ?is t ,r\sseau f "o po9t ( view said ab\t ! /ate4 ,he inve/igat$ its absolute ju/ification1 & inquir$ z to its f\ndation4 ,! "r ( rul+ & associat+1 ( ! relation ( ord]1 ( gov]n+ & be+ gov]n$1 he appreh5ds f 8 own po9t ( view1 s t x is made to re/ hi/orically on p[]1 compulsion1 conque/1 private prop]ty1 c4#cab ,r\sseau makes free-w ! pr9ciple ( ?is ju/ification1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! positive "r ( /ates he made answ] to ! above "q 7*ap4 iv4 p4 #ab71 t man has free-w1 because 8lib]ty is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( man4 ,to r5\nce 8 lib]ty signifies to r5\nce 8 manhood4 ,n to be free is !re=e a r5unciation ( a man's rights z a human be+1 & ev5 ( 8 duties40 ,! slave has nei!r rights nor duties4 ,r\sseau !re=e says 7*ap4 vi4 p4 #ba73 8,! fundam5tal task is to f9d a =m ( association :i* w %ield & protect ) ! p[] ( ! :ole commonweal? comb9$ ! p]son & prop]ty ( e "o ( its memb]s1 & 9 :i* ea* individual1 :ile jo9+ ?is association1 obeys himself only1 & ?us rema9s z free z be=e4 ,! solution is giv5 by ! ,social ,contract20 ?is is ! association ( :i* ea* is a memb] by 8 own w4 ,^! pr9ciples1 ?us ab/ractly /at$1 we mu/ all[ to be correct1 yet ! ambiguity 9 !m soon beg9s to be felt4 ,man is free1 ?is is c]ta9ly ! sub/antial nature ( man2 & n only is ?is lib]ty n rel9qui%$ 9 ! /ate1 b x is actually 9 ! /ate t x is fir/ realiz$4 ,! fre$om ( nature1 ! gift ( fre$om1 is n any?+ real2 = ! /ate is ! fir/ realization ( fre$om4 ,! misund]/&+ z to ! univ]sal w proce$s f ?is1 t ! ,notion ( fre$om mu/ n be tak5 9 ! s5se ( ! arbitr>y caprice ( an individual1 b 9 ! s5se ( ! rational w1 ( ! w 9 & = itself4 ,! univ]sal w is n to be look$ on z comp\nd$ ( def9itively individual wills1 s t ^! rema9 absolute2 o!rwise ! say+ w\ld be correct3 8,:]e ! m9ority mu/ obey ! majority1 !re is no fre$om40 ,! univ]sal w mu/ really be ! rational w1 ev5 if we are n consci\s ( ! fact2 ! /ate is !re=e n an association :i* is decre$ by ! arbitr>y w ( individuals4 ,! wrong appreh5sion ( ^! pr9ciples does n conc]n u4 ,:at does conc]n u is ?is1 t !reby !re %\ld come into consci\sness z cont5t ! s5se t man has lib]ty 9 8 _s z ! altoge!r absolute1 t free-w is ! ,notion ( man4 ,fre$om is j ?\ght itself2 he :o ca/s ?\ght aside & speaks ( fre$om kn[s n :at he is talk+ (4 ,! unity ( ?\ght ) itself is fre$om1 ! free w4 ,?\ght1 z volition m]ely1 is ! impulse to abrogate "o's subjectivity1 ! relation to pres5t exi/5ce1 ! realiz+ ( oneself1 s9ce 9 t ,i am endeav\r+ to place myself z exi/5t on an equality ) myself z ?9k+4 ,x is only z hav+ ! p[] ( ?9k+ t ! w is free4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om em]g$ 9 ,r\sseau1 & gave to man1 :o appreh5ds himself z inf9ite1 ?is inf9ite /r5g?4 ,?is furni%es ! transition to ! ,kantian philosophy1 :i*1 !oretically consid]$1 made ?is pr9ciple its f\ndation2 k aim$ at fre$om1 & at a concrete cont5t :i* x possesses 9 consci\sness4 ,d4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,illum9ation4 ,! ,g]mans 7 at ?is "t quietly drift+ along 9 _! ,leibnitzo-,wolffian philosophy1 9 its def9itions1 axioms & pro(s4 ,!n !y 7 gradually brea!d ^u by ! _s ( =eign l&s1 !y made acqua9tance ) all ! developm5ts :i* !re came to pass1 & took v k9dly to ! empiricism ( ,locke2 on ! o!r h& !y at ! same "t laid aside metaphysical inve/igations1 turn$ _! att5tion to ! "q ( h[ tru?s c be grasp$ by ! heal?y human und]/&+1 & plung$ into ! ,aufklrung & into ! consid]ation ( ! utility ( all ?+s--a po9t ( view :i* !y adopt$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,utility z ! ess5ce ( exi/5t ?+s signifies t !y are det]m9$ z n be+ 9 !mselves1 b = ano!r3 ?is is a necess>y mom5t1 b n ! only "o4 ,! ,g]man ,aufklrung w>r$ aga9/ ideas1 ) ! pr9ciple ( utility z its weapon4 ,philosophic inve/igations on ?is subject _h deg5]at$ into a feeble popul> treatm5t ( x :i* 0 incapable ( go+ deep]2 !y display$ a rigid p$antry & an e>ne/ness ( ! und]/&+1 b 7 unspiritual4 ,! ,g]mans are busy bees :o d ju/ice to all nations1 !y are old-clo!sm5 = :om any?+ is good en\gh1 & :o c>ry on _! haggl+ ) ev]yone4 ,pick$ up z x 0 f =eign nations1 all ?is _h lo/ ! wit & life1 ! en]gy & orig9ality :i* ) ! ,fr5* _h made ! cont5t to be lo/ sight ( 9 ! =m4 ,! ,g]mans1 :o hone/ly sift a matt] to its root1 & :o w\ld put rational argum5ts 9 ! place ( wit & vivacity1 s9ce wit & vivacity really prove no?+1 9 ?is way rea*$ a cont5t :i* 0 utt]ly empty1 s mu* s t no?+ c\ld be m we>isome ?an ?is pr(\nd mode ( treatm5t2 su* 0 ! case ) ,eb]h>d1 ,tet5s1 & ^? l !m4 ,o!rs1 l ,nicolai1 ,sulz] & _! fell[s1 7 excell5t 9 _! speculations on que/ions ( ta/e & ! lib]al sci5ces2 = lit]ature & art 7 also to fl\ri% among ! ,g]mans4 ,b ) all ?is !y only arriv$ at a mo/ trivial treatm5t ( /hetics--,less+#cac call$ x %all[ *att]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 inde$1 ! poems ( ,gell]t1 ,weisse & ,less+ sank almo/1 if n q z mu* into ! same poetic feebl5ess4 ,moreov]1 previ\s to ! philosophy ( ,kant1 ! g5]al pr9ciple 0 really ! !ory ( happ9ess1 :i* we h already met ) 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,cyr5aics 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgg71 & ! po9t ( view ( pleasant or unpleasant s5sations held good among ! philosoph]s ( t "t z an ultimate & ess5tial det]m9ation4 ,( ?is mann] ( philosophiz+ ,i w quote an example :i* ,nicolai gives 9 ! acc\nt ( a conv]sation :i* he _h ) ,m5delssohn3 :at is 9 "q is ! pleasure 9 tragic subjects :i* is held to be awak5$ ev5 by means ( ! unpleasant emotions depict$ 9 a trag$y3 ,,h]r ,,moses4 8,! p[] ( hav+ an incl9ation = p]fections & ( %unn+ imp]fections is a reality40 ,!re=e ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] br+s a pleasure ) x1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is 9 nature comp>atively less ?an ! displeasure :i* arises f ! contemplation ( ! object4 ,i4 ,yet ev5 !n1 :5 ! viol5ce ( passion causes u unpleasant s5sations1 ! movem5t 7:at else is ?is movem5t ?an ! p[] ( lov+ p]fections1 c487 :i* x br+s ) x has /ill delights = u4 ,x is ! /r5g? ( ! movem5t :i* we enjoy1 ev5 9 spite ( ! pa9ful s5sations :i* oppose :at is pleasant 9 ! passion1 & 9 a %ort "t obta9 ! victory4 ,,h]r ,,moses4 ,9 a /age play1 on ! contr>y1 z ! imp]fect object is abs5t1 pleasure mu/ ga9 ! upp] h& & eclipse ! small degree ( displeasure4 ,i4 ,a passion !re=e :i* is n foll[$ by ^! results mu/ be altoge!r pleasant4 ,( ?is sort are ! imitations ( ! passions :i* ! trag$y af=ds40#cad ,) su* vapid & mean+less drivel !y rambl$ on4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! et]nity ( puni%m5t 9 hell1 ! salvation ( ! hea!n1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 uprightness & godl9ess1 7 philosophic matt]s on :i* mu* lab\r 0 exp5d$ among ! ,g]mans1 :ile ! ,fr5* tr\bl$ !mselves little ab\t !m4 ,f9ite det]m9ations 7 made to hold good aga9/ ! inf9ite2 aga9/ ! ,tr9ity x 0 ass]t$ t ,"o _c be ,?ree2 aga9/ orig9al s91 t ea* mu/ be> 8 own guilt1 mu/ h done 8 own de$s ( himself1 & mu/ answ] = !m2 9 ! same way aga9/ r$emption1 t ano!r _c take ^u himself puni%m5t t is due2 aga9/ =giv5ess ( s91 t :at is done _c be r5d]$ undone2 to sum up g5]ally1 ! incomm5surability ( ! human nature ) ! div9e4 ,on ! "o side we see heal?y human und]/&+1 exp]i5ce1 facts ( consci\sness1 b on ! o!r side !re 0 /ill 9 vogue ! ,wolffian metaphysics ( ! dry1 dead und]/&+2 ?us we see ,m5delssohn take 8 /& by ! heal?y human und]/&+1 & make x 8 rule4 ,"s movem5t 0 br\ght into ?is au?ority1 :i* _h settl$ into p]fect peace & security & let no dreams ( o!r matt]s cross its pa?1 by ! *ance dispute ( ,m5delssohn ) ,jacobi1 fir/ z to :e!r ,less+ _h be5 a disciple ( ,sp9oza1 & !n reg>d+ ! doctr9es ( ,sp9oza himself4 ,on ?is occasion x came to light h[ mu* ,sp9oza 0 really =gott51 & 9 :at horror ,sp9ozism 0 held4 ,b :ile ,jacobi 9 ?is way once m unexpect$ly br\ght to remembrance 9 connection ) ,sp9ozism a q diff]5t cont5t ( philosophy1 fai?1 i4e4 ! simply imm$iate c]ta9ty ( ext]nal1 f9ite ?+s1 z well z ( ! div9e 7:i* fai? 9 ! div9e he call$ reason7 0 c]ta9ly plac$ by him1 z an indep5d5t ?9k]1 9 opposition to m$iat+ k1 :i* he appreh5d$ z m]e und]/&+4 ,?is cont9u$ until ,kant gave a new impulse 9 ,g]many to philosophy1 :i* _h di$ out 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,z f> z ! transition to mod]n ,g]man philosophy is conc]n$1 x is f ,hume & ,r\sseau1 z we h said 7pp4 #cfi1 #cgd1 #djb71 t x took its />t4 ,desc>tes opposes ext5sion to ?\ght1 z :at is simply "o ) itself4 ,he is *>g$ ) dualism1 b1 l ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz1 he did away ) ! indep5d5ce ( ! two sides1 & made supreme _! unity1 ,god4 ,b1 z ?is unity1 ,god is fir/ ( all only ! ,?ird2 & ,he is fur!r det]m9$ 9 su* a way t no det]m9ation p]ta9s to ,him4 ,wolff's und]/&+ ( ! f9ite1 8 s*ool metaphysics g5]ally1 8 sci5ce ( ! und]/&+1 & 8 div]g5ce into ! obs]vation ( nature1 aft] x has gr[n /rong 9 its con=mity ) law & 9 its f9ite k1 turns aga9/ ! inf9ite & ! concrete det]m9ations ( religion1 & comes to a /&/ill ) ab/ractions 9 8 !ologia naturalis2 = ! det]m9ate is 8 doma94 ,b f ?is "t an utt]ly diff]5t po9t ( view is introduc$4 ,! inf9ite is transport$ into ab/raction or incompreh5sibility4 ,?is is an incompreh5sible position to adopt4 ,n[adays x is look$ on z mo/ pi\s1 mo/ ju/ifiable4 ,b z we see ! ?ird1 ! unity ( diff]5ces1 def9$ z some?+ :i* _c be ?\ght or kn[n1 ?is unity is n "o ( ?\ght1 = x is above all ?\ght1 & ,god is n simply ?\ght4 ,nev]!less ?is unity is def9$ z ! absolutely concrete1 i4e4 z ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+4 ,n[ we h come s f> t ?is unity is a unity simply 9 ?\ght1 & p]ta9+ to consci\sness1 s t ! objectivity ( ?\ght--reason--comes =? z ,"o & ,all4 ,?is is dimly conceiv$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,:e!r ! highe/ ,be+1 ?is ,be+ dive/$ ( all det]m9ation1 is elevat$ above nature1 or :e!r nature or matt] is ! highe/ unity1 !re is always pres5t ! e/abli%+ ( some?+ concrete1 :i* at ! same "t belongs to ?\ght4 ,s9ce ! lib]ty ( man has be5 set up z an absolutely ultimate pr9ciple1 ?\ght itself has be5 set up z a pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciple ( lib]ty is n only 9 ?\ght b ! root ( ?\ght2 ?is pr9ciple ( lib]ty is also some?+ 9 itself concrete1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple x is implicitly concrete4 ,?us f> h g5]al culture & philosophic culture advanc$4 ,s9ce :at is kn[able has n[ be5 plac$ entirely )9 ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 & s9ce ! lib]ty ( ! _s has be5 appreh5d$ z absolute1 ?is may be und]/ood to mean t k has ent]$ altoge!r into ! realm ( ! f9ite4 ,! /&po9t ( ! f9ite 0 at ! same "t tak5 z ultimate1 & ,god z a ,beyond outside consci\sness2 duties1 rights1 k ( nature1 are f9ite4 ,man has !reby =m$ = himself a k+dom ( tru?1 f :i* ,god is exclud$2 x is ! k+dom ( f9ite tru?4 ,! =m ( f9itude may "h be t]m$ ! subjective =m2 lib]ty1 self-consci\sness ,i*heit ( ! m9d1 kn[n z ! absolute1 is ess5tially subjective--9 fact x is ! subjectivity ( ?\ght4 ,! m ! human reason has grasp$ itself 9 itself1 ! m has x come d[n f ,god & ! m has x increas$ ! field ( ! f9ite4 ,reason is ,"o & ,all1 :i* is at ! same "t ! totality ( ! f9ite2 reason "u ^! conditions is f9ite k & k ( ! f9ite4 ,! "q is1 s9ce x is ?is concrete t is e/abli%$ 7& n metaphysical ab/ractions71 h[ x con/itutes itself 9 itself2 & !n1 h[ x returns to objectivity1 or abrogates its subjectivity1 i4e4 h[ by means ( ?\ght ,god is to be aga9 br\ght ab\t1 :o at an e>li] "t & at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod 0 recogniz$ z alone ! true4 ,?is is :at we h to consid] 9 ! la/ p]iod1 9 deal+ ) ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+4 ,,section ,,?ree ,,rec5t ,,g]man ,,philosophy ,9 ! philosophy ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+1 ! revolution to :i* 9 ,g]many m9d has 9 ^! latt] days advanc$1 0 =mally ?\ght out & express$2 ! sequ5ce ( ^! philosophies %[s ! c\rse :i* ?\ght has tak54 ,9 ?is great epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ^: inmo/ ess5ce is laid hold ( 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 two nations only h play$ a "p1 ! ,g]man & ! ,fr5*1 & ?is 9 spite ( _! absolute opposition1 or r because !y are s opposite4 ,! o!r nations h tak5 no real inw>d "p 9 ! same1 al?\gh politically !y h inde$ s done1 bo? ?r\gh _! gov]nm5ts & _! p4 ,9 ,g]many ?is pr9ciple has bur/ =? z ?\ght1 _s1 ,notion2 9 ,france1 9 ! =m ( actuality4 ,9 ,g]many1 :at !re is ( actuality comes to u z a =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & z a reaction aga9/ ! same4 ,! task ( mod]n ,g]man philosophy is1 h[ev]1 summ$ up 9 tak+ z its object ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 :i* is ! fundam5tal idea ( philosophy g5]ally1 & compreh5d+ x1 t is1 9 lay+ hold ( ! inmo/ significance ( necessity1 ! ,notion 7supra1 p4 #cfj74 ,! philosophy ( ,kant sets =?1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! =mal aspect ( ! task1 b x has ! ab/ract absolut5ess ( reason 9 self-consci\sness z its sole result1 &1 9 "o respect1 x c>ri$ ) x a c]ta9 "* ( %all[ness & want ( vig\r1 9 :i* an attitude ( criticism & negativity is reta9$1 & :i*1 z f> z any positive elem5t is conc]n$1 adh]es to ! facts ( consci\sness & to m]e conjecture1 :ile x r5\nces ?\ght & returns to feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re sprang f ?is ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 :i* speculatively grasps ! ess5ce ( self-consci\sness z concrete egoism1 b :i* does n rea* beyond ?is subjective =m p]ta9+ to ! absolute4 ,f x aga9 comes ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+1 :i* subsequ5tly rejects ,fi*te's tea*+ & sets =? ! ,idea ( ! ,absolute1 ! tru? 9 & = itself4 ,a4 ,,jacobi4 ,9 connection ) ,kant we mu/ "h beg9 by speak+ ( ,jacobi1 ^: philosophy is contemporane\s ) t ( ,kant2 9 bo? ( ^! ! advance beyond ! prec$+ p]iod is v evid5t4 ,! result 9 ! two cases is mu* ! same1 al?\gh bo? ! />t+ po9t & ! me?od ( progression are some:at diff]5t4 ,9 ,jacobi's case ! /imulus 0 giv5 ma9ly by ,fr5* philosophy1 ) :i* he 0 v conv]sant1 & also by ,g]man metaphysics1 :ile ,kant began r f ! ,engli% side1 t is1 f ! scepticism ( ,hume4 ,jacobi1 9 t negative attitude :i* he pres]v$ z well z ,kant1 kept be=e him ! objective aspect ( ! me?od ( k1 & specially consid]$ x1 = he decl>$ k to be 9 its cont5t incapable ( recogniz+ ! ,absolute3 ! tru? mu/ be concrete1 pres5t1 b n f9ite4 ,kant does n consid] ! cont5t1 b took ! view ( k be+ subjective2 & = ?is reason he decl>$ x to be incapable ( recogniz+ absolute exi/5ce4 ,to ,kant k is ?us a k ( ph5om5a only1 n because ! categories are m]ely limit$ & f9ite1 b because !y are subjective4 ,to ,jacobi1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *ief po9t is t ! categories are n m]ely subjective1 b t !y !mselves are condition$4 ,?is is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view1 ev5 if !y bo? arrive at ! same result4 ,fri$ri* ,he9ri* ,jacobi1 born at ,dsseldorf 9 #agdc1 held (fice fir/ 9 ! ,du*y ( ,b]g1 & !n 9 ,bav>ia4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,g5eva & ,p>is1 associat+ 9 ! =m] place ) ,bonnet & 9 ! latt] ) ,did]ot4 ,jacobi 0 a man ( ! highe/ "* & culture4 ,he 0 long occupi$ ) ,/ate affairs1 & 9 ,dsseldorf he held a public (fice :i* 0 connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! f9ance dep>tm5t 9 ! ,/ate4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution he 0 oblig$ to retire4 ,z a ,bav>ian (ficial he w5t to ,muni*1 !re became ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahjd1 :i* (fice he1 h[ev]1 resign$ 9 #ahab2 = 9 ! ,napoleonic p]iod ,prote/ants 7 decri$ z demagogues4 ,he liv$ at ,muni* till ! end ( 8 life1 & di$ at ! same place on ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 #ahai4cae ,9 ! ye> #aghe1 ,jacobi publi%$ ,lett]s on ,sp9oza1 :i* 7 writt5 9 #aghc1 on ! occasion ( ! dispute ) ,m5delssohn above-m5tion$ 7p4 #djf72 = 9 none ( 8 writ+s did ,jacobi develop 8 philosophy sy/ematically1 he set x =? 9 lett]s only4 ,:5 ,m5delssohn wi%$ to write a life ( ,less+1 ,jacobi s5t to ask him if he knew t 8,less+ 0 a ,sp9ozi/0 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 pp4 #ci1 #dj74 ,m5delssohn 0 displeas$ at ?is1 & x 0 ! occasion ( ! correspond5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dispute x 0 made evid5t t ^? :o held !mselves to be pr(ess$ philosoph]s & possess$ ( a monopoly ( ,less+'s fri5d%ip1 su* z ,nicolai1 ,m5delssohn1 c41 knew no?+ ab\t ,sp9ozism2 n only 0 !re manife/$ 9 !m ! sup]ficial "* ( _! philosophic insight1 b ignorance z well2 ) ,m5delssohn1 = in/ance1 ?is 0 %[n respect+ ev5 ! outw>d hi/ory ( ! ,sp9ozi/ic philosophy1 & mu* m reg>d+ ! inw>d 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 p4 #ia74 ,t ,jacobi ass]t$ ,less+ to be a ,sp9ozi/1 & gave a high place to ! ,fr5*--?is s]i\s /atem5t came to ^! good m5 z a ?und]bolt f ! blue4 ,!y--! self-satisfi$1 self-possess$1 sup]ior p]sons--7 q surpris$ t he also made pret5sions to k1 & ( su* a 8dead dog0 z ,sp9oza 7ibidem1 p4 #fh74 ,explanations foll[$ ^u ?is1 9 :i* ,jacobi fur!r develop$ 8 philosophic views4 ,m5delssohn is directly oppos$ to ,jacobi1 = ,m5delssohn took 8 /& on cognition1 plac$ true exi/5ce imm$iately 9 ?\ght & conception1 & ma9ta9$3 8,:at ,i _c ?9k z true does n tr\ble me z d\bt4 ,a "q :i* ,i d n und]/&1 ,i _c answ]1 x is = me z good z no "q at all40#caf ,he cont9u$ to argue on ^! same l9es4 ,8 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ?us c>ries ) x ?is necessity ( ?\ght1 viz4 t actuality mu/ pla9ly be 9 ?\ght1 & a ?9k] mu/ be presuppos$1 or ! possibility ( ! actual is 9 ! ?9k]4 8,:at no ?9k+ ,be+ conceives z possible is n possible1 & :at is ?\ght by no ?9k+ creature z actual _c be actual 9 fact4 ,if we take away f any?+ :atsoev] ! conception =m$ by a ?9k+ ,be+ t t ?+ is possible or actual1 ! ?+ itself is done away )40 ,! ,notion ( ! ?+ is ?us to man ! ess5ce ( ! same4 8,no f9ite ,be+ c ?9k ! actuality ( a ?+ 9 its p]fection z actual1 & /ill less c he p]ceive ! possibility & actuality ( all pres5t ?+s4 ,!re mu/ ?us be a ?9k+ ,be+ or an und]/&+ :i* 9 ! mo/ p]fect way ?9ks ! cont5t ( all possibilities z possible1 & ! cont5t ( all actualities z actual2 i4e4 !re mu/ be an inf9ite und]/&+1 & ?is is ,god40#cag ,"h on ! "o h& we see a unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 on ! o!r ! absolute unity z inf9ite und]/&+--! =m] is ! self-consci\sness :i* is appreh5d$ z f9ite m]ely4 ,actuality1 ,be+1 has its possibility 9 ?\ght1 or its possibility is ?\ght2 x is n a process f possibility to actuality1 = ! possibility rema9s at home 9 ! actuality4 ,jacobi ma9ta9s aga9/ ^! dem&s ( ?\ght--& ?is 9 "o view is ! *ief ?\ght 9 8 philosophy--t e me?od ( _! demon/ration leads to fatalism1 a!ism1 & ,sp9ozism1#cah & pres5ts ,god z d]iv$ & f\nd$ ^u some?+ else2 = compreh5d+ ,him signifies demon/rat+ ,8 dep5d5ce4 ,jacobi ?us ass]ts t m$iate k consi/s 9 giv+ a cause ( some?+ :i* has 9 its turn a f9ite effect1 & s on2 s t a k su* z ?is c all ?r\gh relate to ! f9ite only4 ,jacobi fur!r /ates ^u ?is subject1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 8,reason0--lat] on :5 he di/+ui%$ reason & und]/&+ 7( :i* m h]eaft]#cai71 he alt]$ x to und]/&+#cbj--8;c nev] br+ to light m ?an ! conditions ( :at is condition$1 natural laws & me*anism4 ,we compreh5d a ?+ :5 we c d$uce x f its proximate causes10 & n f ! remot] causes2 ! mo/ remote & q univ]sal cause is always ,god4 8,or0 we "k ! ?+ if we 8p]ceive its imm$iate conditions z !y come 9 due succession4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we compreh5d a circle :5 we c cle>ly repres5t to ourselves ! me*anism ( its orig9ation or its physical conditions2 we "k ! syllogi/ic =mul :5 we h actually come to "k ! laws to :i* ! human und]/&+ is subject 9 judgm5t & conclusion1 its physical nature & its me*anism4 ,= ?is reason we h no conceptions ( qualities z su*1 b only intuitions4 ,ev5 ( our pres5t exi/5ce we h a feel+ only1 b no conceptions4 ,g5u9e conceptions we h m]ely ( figure1 numb]1 position1 movem5t & ! =ms ( ?\ght2 qualities are kn[n & und]/ood1 if !y are trac$ back to ^! & objectively annull$40 ,?is is und\bt$ly really f9ite k1 :i* is to give ! det]m9ate conditions ( any?+ det]m9ate1 to demon/rate x z result+ f ano!r cause1 9 su* a way t ea* condition is aga9 condition$ & f9ite4 ,jacobi cont9ues3 8,! bus9ess ( reason is really progressive union & connection1 & its speculative bus9ess is union & connection 9 accordance ) ! kn[n laws ( necessity1 i4e4 ( id5tity4 ,ev]y?+ t reason c br+ =? by means ( analysis1 comb9ation1 judgm5t1 conclusion1 & re-conception1 consi/s 9 no?+ b ?+s ( nature0 7i4e4 f9ite ?+s71 8& reason itself1 z a limit$ exi/5ce1 belongs to ^! ?+s4 ,b ! :ole ( nature1 ! sum ( all condition$ exi/5ce1 _c reveal m to ! inve/igat+ und]/&+ ?an :at is conta9$ 9 x1 namely1 manifold exi/5ce1 *anges1 a succession ( =ms0 7! condition$71 8& n an actual beg9n+0 7( ! _w71 8nor a real pr9ciple ( any objective exi/5ce40#cba ,b ,jacobi 9 ! second place "h accepts reason 9 a wid] s5se & says3 8,if we und]/& by reason ! pr9ciple ( k g5]ally1 x is ! m9d f :i* ! :ole liv+ nature ( man is con/itut$2 ?r\gh x man arises2 he is a =m :i* x has adopt$40 ,) ?is ,jacobi's view ( ! attempt to "k ! uncondition$ is connect$4 8,i take ! :ole human be+1 & f9d t 8 consci\sness is compos$ ( two orig9al conceptions1 ! conceptions ( ! condition$ & ! uncondition$4 ,bo? are insep>ably b\nd up ) "o ano!r1 & yet 9 su* a way t ! conception ( ! condition$ presupposes ! conception ( ! uncondition$1 & c be giv5 9 ?is alone4 ,we are j z c]ta9 ( its exi/5ce z we are ( our own condition$ exi/5ce1 or ev5 m s4 ,s9ce our condition$ exi/5ce re/s on an inf9itude ( m$iations1 !re is op5$ up to our inve/igation a va/ field :i*1 = ! sake ( our pres]vation ev51 we are =c$ to "w ^u40 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be q ano!r ?+ to wi% to "k ! uncondition$ ap>t f ?is practical end4 ,h[ev] ,jacobi "h rem>ks1 8,to try to discov] ! conditions ( ! uncondition$1 to f9d a possibility = absolute necessity1 & to con/ruct ?is la/ 9 ord] to be able to compreh5d x1 is :at we und]take :5 we endeav\r to make nature an exi/5ce compreh5sible to u1 i4e4 a m]ely natural exi/5ce1 & to br+ ! me*anism ( ! pr9ciple ( me*anism into ! light ( day4 ,= if ev]y?+ :i* c be said to arise & be pres5t 9 a way compreh5sible to u1 mu/ arise & be pres5t 9 a condition$ way1 we rema91 s long z we cont9ue to compreh5d1 9 a *a9 ( condition$ conditions4 ,:]e ?is *a9 breaks (f1 we cease to compreh5d1 & !re ! connection :i* we call nature likewise ceases4 ,! conception ( ! possibility ( ! outw>d exi/5ce ( nature w\ld ?us be ! conception ( an absolute beg9n+ or orig9 ( nature2 x w\ld be ! conception ( ! uncondition$ itself 9 s f> z x is a condition+ ( nature n naturally connect$1 i4e4 a condition+ ( nature unconnect$ & uncondition$ = u4 ,n[ %\ld a conception ( :at is ?us uncondition$ & unconnect$1 & consequ5tly sup]natural1 be possible1 ! uncondition$ mu/ cease to be uncondition$1 x mu/ itself receive conditions2 & absolute necessity mu/ comm5ce to be possibility 9 ord] t x may all[ itself to be con/ruct$40#cbb ,?is is contradictory4 ,jacobi !n passes on f ?is po9t to ! second ( 8 ma9 propositions1 8,! uncondition$ is call$ ! sup]natural4 ,n[ s9ce ev]y?+ :i* lies outside ! connection ( :at is condition$1 ( :at is naturally m$iat$1 also lies outside ! sph]e ( our cle> & c]ta9 k1 & _c be und]/ood ?r\gh conceptions1 ! sup]natural _c be accept$ 9 any o!r way by u ?an t 9 :i* x is giv5 to u--namely z a fact4 ,x is6 ,?is sup]natural1 ?is ess5ce ( all ess5ce1 all tongues jo9 9 proclaim+ to be ,god40#cbc ,god z ! univ]sal1 ! true1 is "h tak5 9 ! s5se ( a spiritual g5]ally1 9 ! s5se ( p[]1 wisdom1 c4 ,t ,god is1 h[ev]1 is to ,jacobi n absolutely true2 = to k p]ta9s ,8 objective absolute exi/5ce1 b ,he _c be said to be kn[n4 ,x is ?us m]ely a fact ( my consci\sness t ,god exi/s indep5d5tly ap>t f my consci\sness2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is itself ma9ta9$ ?r\gh my consci\sness2 ! subjective attitude ( ?\ght is ?us to ,jacobi ! elem5t ( mo/ importance4 ,! consci\sness ( ,god1 :i* is 9 our consci\sness1 is1 h[ev]1 ( su* a nature t along ) ! ?\ght ( ,god we h imm$iately associat$ ! fact t ,he is4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! sup]natural & sup]s5su\s1 to :i* ! ?\ght ( man reg>d+ ! natural & f9ite passes on1 is j z c]ta9 to ,jacobi z he is himself4 ,?is c]ta9ty is id5tical ) 8 self-consci\sness2 z c]ta9ly z ,i am1 s c]ta9ly is ,god 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ce74 ,s9ce he ?us passes back into self-consci\sness1 ! uncondition$ is only = u 9 an imm$iate way2 ?is imm$iate k ,jacobi calls ,fai?1 inw>d revelation 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #c1 #d72 to ?is appeal c be made 9 man4 ,god1 ! absolute1 ! uncondition$1 _c1 accord+ to ,jacobi1 be prov$4 ,= pro(1 compreh5sion1 means to discov] conditions = some?+1 to d]ive x f conditions2 b a d]iv$ absolute1 ,god1 c41 w\ld ?us n be absolute at all1 w\ld n be uncondition$1 w\ld n be ,god 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #g74 ,?is imm$iate k ( ,god is !n ! po9t :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,jacobi4 ,! fai? ( ,kant & ( ,jacobi are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t4 ,to ,kant x is a po/ulate ( reason1 x is ! dem& = ! solution ( ! contradiction betwe5 ! _w & goodness2 to ,jacobi x is repres5t$ on its own acc\nt z imm$iate k4 ,ev]y?+ :i* has be5 writt5 ^u ,god s9ce ,jacobi's "t1 by philosoph]s su* z ,fries & by !ologians1 re/s on ?is conception ( imm$iate intellectual k1 & m5 ev5 call ?is revelation1 ?\gh 9 ano!r s5se ?an ! revelation ( !ology4 ,revelation z imm$iate k is 9 ourselves1 :ile ! ,*ur* holds revelation to be some?+ imp>t$ f )\t4#cbd ,9 ! !ological s5se1 fai? is fai? 9 some?+ :i* is giv5 to u ?r\gh tea*+4 ,x is a sort ( deception :5 fai? & revelation are spok5 ( & repres5t$ z if fai? & revelation 9 ! !ological s5se 7 "h 9 "q2 = ! s5se 9 :i* !y are us$1 & :i* may be t]m$ philosophic1 is q a diff]5t "o1 h[ev] pi\s an air may be assum$ 9 us+ ! t]ms4 ,?is is ,jacobi's /&po9t1 & :atev] is by philosoph]s & !ologians said aga9/ x1 ?is tea*+ is eag]ly accept$ & dissem9at$4 ,& n[h]e is !re any?+ to be f\nd b reflections orig9at+ f ,jacobi1 :]eby imm$iate k is oppos$ to philosophic k & to reason2 & p speak ( reason1 philosophy1 c41 z a bl9d man speaks ( col\rs4 ,x is1 inde$1 all[$ t a man _c make %oes unless he is a %oemak]1 ev5 al?\gh he h ! measure & foot1 & also ! h&s4 ,b :5 ,philosophy is conc]n$1 imm$iate k signifies t e man z he walks & /&s is a philosoph]1 t he c dogmatize z he *ooses1 & t he is completely acqua9t$ ) ,philosophy4 ,by reason1 h[ev]1 m$iate k m]ely is on ! "o h& und]/ood1 & on ! o!r ! intellectual p]ception :i* speaks ( facts 7supra1 pp4 #dac-dae74 ,9 ?is respect x is true t reason is ! k & revelation ( absolute tru?1 s9ce ! und]/&+ is ! revelation ( ! f9ite 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #h-ad1 #aja74 8,we ma9ta9$ t two diff]5t p[]s ( p]ception 9 man h to be accept$3 a p[] ( p]ception ?r\gh visible & tangible & consequ5tly corporeal organs ( p]ception1 & ano!r k9d ( p[]1 viz4 ?r\gh an invisible organ :i* 9 no way repres5ts itself to ! outw>d s5ses1 & ^: exi/5ce is made kn[n to u ?r\gh feel+ alone4 ,?is organ1 a spiritual eye = spiritual objects1 has be5 call$ by m5--g5]ally speak+--reason4 ,he :om ! pure feel+s ( ! beautiful & good1 ( admiration & love1 ( respect & awe1 d n conv9ce t 9 & ) ^! feel+s he p]ceives some?+ to be pres5t :i* is indep5d5t ( !m1 & :i* is unatta9able by ! outw>d s5ses or by an und]/&+ direct$ ^u _! p]ceptions alone--su* an "o _c be argu$ )0 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #gd1 #gf74 ,b by fai? ,jacobi likewise und]/&s all t has imm$iacy ( ,be+ = me3 8,?r\gh fai? we "k t we h a body1 we become aw>e ( o!r actual ?+s1 & t inde$ ) ! same c]ta9ty ) :i* we are aw>e ( ourselves4 ,we obta9 all conceptions ?r\gh ! qualities :i* we receive & accept1 & !re is no o!r way ( atta9+ real k2 = reason1 :5 x begets objects1 begets phantoms ( ! bra94 ,?us we h a revelation ( nature40#cbe ,h5ce ! expression fai?1 :i* _h a deep significance 9 religion1 is made use ( = diff]5t cont5ts ( e k9d2 ?is 9 our own "t is ! po9t ( view mo/ commonly adopt$4 ,jacobi "h br+s fai? into opposition ) ?\ght4 ,let u comp>e ! two1 & discov] :e!r !y are sep>at$ by s great a *asm z ^? :o ?us oppose !m ?9k4 ,on ! "o h& absolute exi/5ce is to fai? imm$iate2 believ+ consci\sness feels itself p5etrat$ by ?is z by its ess5ce3 t exi/5ce is its life1 believ+ consci\sness ass]ts itself to be 9 direct unity ) x4 ,?\ght ?9ks ! absolute exi/5ce2 su* exi/5ce is to x absolute ?\ght1 absolute und]/&+1 pure ?\ght2 b t signifies t x is likewise imm$iate itself4 ,on ! o!r h& to fai? ! imm$iacy ( absolute exi/5ce has also ! significance ( a ,be+3 x is1 & is ano!r ?an #8,i4' ,& ! same is true ( ! ?9k]2 to him x is absolute ,be+1 actual 9 itself1 & diff]5t f self-consci\sness or ?\ght z f9ite und]/&+1 to use ! common t]m4 ,n[ :at is ! reason t fai? & ?\ght d n und]/& "o ano!r1 & ea* recognize itself 9 ! o!r8 ,9 ! fir/ place fai? has no consci\sness ( be+ a ?\ght1 inasmu* z x ass]ts absolute consci\sness to be id5tical ) x z self-consci\sness1 & has direct inw>d k ( ! same4 ,b x expresses ?is simple unity2 9 its consci\sness x is only imm$iacy s to speak 9 ! signification ( ,be+1 a unity ( its unconsci\s sub/ance4 ,9 ! second place ,be+-=-self is conta9$ 9 ?\ght2 to ?is fai? opposes ! imm$iacy ( ,be+4 ,?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 has ! imm$iate z absolute pot5tiality1 z absolutely a ?+ ( ?\ght3 & ! imm$iacy belong+ to ?is ?+ ( ?\ght is )\t ! det]m9ation ( ,be+1 ( life4 ,on ! heights ( ?is ab/raction ! two /& oppos$ to ea* o!r1 z ! ,aufklrung :i* ass]ts absolute exi/5ce to be a ,beyond ( self-consci\sness1 & z ! mat]ialism :i* makes x s to speak pres5t matt] 7supra1 pp4 #chb1 #chc74 ,9 ! "o case x is 9 fai? & ?\ght z positive exi/5ce or ?\ght1 & 9 ! o!r x is ! negative ( self-consci\sness1 :i* is ?us ei!r only det]m9$ z negative1 z a ,beyond1 or likewise z exi/5t = self-consci\sness4 ,h5ce fai? & ?\ght are bo? ( !m k4 ,we call univ]sal k ?\ght1 p>ticul> k we call s5su\s p]ception2 & we t]m ! introduction ( ext]nal det]m9ations und]/&+4 ,! univ]sal elem5t 9 man is ?\ght1 b to x likewise app]ta9s religi\s feel+ = in/ance2 ! animal does n possess x1 = x has no human feel+2 & 9 s f> z ?is feel+ is religi\s1 x is ! feel+ ( a ?9k]1 & :at det]m9es ?is feel+ is n ! det]m9ation ( natural desire1 c41 b a univ]sal det]m9ation4 ,?us ,god1 ev5 ?\gh ,he is only felt & believ$ 91 is yet ! univ]sal tak5 q ab/ractly--ev5 9 ,8 p]sonality ,he is ! absolutely univ]sal p]sonality4 ,z ?\ght & fai? are ?us "o1 ! same is true ( ! anti!sis betwe5 m$iat$ & imm$iate k4 ,we mu/1 x is true1 keep be=e our eyes ! fact t :at is reveal$ 9 imm$iate k is ! univ]sal4 ,b ab/ract imm$iate k is natural1 s5su\s k2 ! imm$iate man 9 8 natural condition1 9 8 desires1 does n "k ?is univ]sal4 ,*ildr51 ! ,esquimaux1 c41 "k no?+ ( ,god2 or :at ! natural man kn[s ( ,him is n a real k ( ,him4 ,?us ! intuitive k ( ! ,egyptians told !m t ,god 0 an ox or a cat1 & ! ,indians /ill possess simil> sorts ( k4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 man has come s f> z to "k ,god z m]ely an object ( ! m9d1 i4e4 z spiritual1 x is easy to p]ceive t ?is k :i* is ass]t$ to be imm$iate is really a result m$iat$ ?r\gh in/ruction1 ?r\gh a long cont9u$ culture4 ,x is only by means ( be+ elevat$ above nature t man arrives at a consci\sness ( :at is high]1 & at a k ( ! univ]sal2 !re inde$ 8 k is imm$iate1 b he has only arriv$ at ?is ?r\gh m$iation4 ,i ?9k1 & ?us ,i "k ! univ]sal imm$iately1 b ?is v ?\ght is j process 9 itself1 movem5t & life4 ,all life is process )9 itself1 is m$iat$1 & ?is is all ! m true ( spiritual life2 = x is ! pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 t is1 f ! m]ely natural & s5su\s to ! spiritual4 ,x ?us indicates a defici5cy 9 ! mo/ simple reflection n to "k t ! univ]sal is n 9 imm$iate k1 b is a result ( ! culture1 ! education1 & ! self-revelation ( ! human race4 ,if imm$iate k is to be all[$1 ev]yone w be responsible m]ely to himself3 ?is man kn[s ?is1 ano!r t1 & consequ5tly ev]y?+ is ju/ifi$ & approv$1 h[ev] contr>y to "r & religion4 ,?is opposition betwe5 imm$iacy & m$iacy is ?us a v b>r5 & q empty det]m9ation2 x is a platitude ( ! extreme/ type to consid] any?+ l ?is to be a true opposition2 x proce$s f a mo/ wood5 und]/&+1 :i* ?9ks t an imm$iacy c be some?+ on its own acc\nt1 )\t a m$iation )9 itself4 ,if ,philosophy 7 to result 9 ?is x w\ld be a poor affair2 ^! det]m9ations are m]ely =ms1 none ( :i* has intr9sic tru?4 ,! =m into :i* ,philosophy has 9 ,jacobi's case f9ally fall51 :i* is t imm$iacy is grasp$ z absolute1 manife/s a lack ( all critical faculty1 ( all logic4 ,! ,kantian philosophy is critical philosophy1 b f x ! fact has be5 omitt$ t we _c con/itute ! inf9ite ) f9ite categories--& imm$iacy is su* an "o4 ,:5 we reg>d ?is opposition m closely all k may be t]m$ imm$iate1 b all imm$iate k is likewise m$iat$ 9 itself4 ,?is we "k )9 our consci\sness1 & we may see x 9 ! mo/ g5]al ph5om5a4 ,i "k1 = example1 ( ,am]ica imm$iately1 & yet ?is k is v mu* m$iat$4 ,if ,i /& 9 ,am]ica & see its soil1 ,i mu/ fir/ ( all h j\rney$ to x1 ,columbus mu/ fir/ h discov]$ x1 %ips mu/ h be5 built1 c42 all ^! discov]ies & inv5tions p]ta9 to x4 ,t :i* we n[ "k imm$iately is consequ5tly a result ( inf9itely _m m$iations4 ,likewise :5 ,i see a "r-angl$ triangle ,i "k t ! squ>es ( ! two sides are equal to ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use3 ,i "k ?is imm$iately1 & yet ,i h m]ely le>n$ x & am conv9c$ ( x ?r\gh ! m$iation ( pro(4 ,imm$iate k is ?us ev]y:]e m$iat$1 & ,philosophy does no?+ b br+ ?is to consci\sness--demon/rat+ ! m$iation :i* 9 po9t ( fact is already pres5t !re1 e4g4 9 religion1 c4 ,! philosophy ( ,jacobi1 inasmu* z x says3 8,?\ght _c proce$ fur!r ?an to ! feel+ ( ,god10 has be5 accept$ utilit]2 x 0 m easily arriv$ at ?an 9 ! case ( ,kant4 ,k1 h[ev]1 is some?+ v diff]5t f :at ,jacobi calls su*2 aga9/ f9ite k 8 argum5ts are q correct4 ,imm$iate k is n k1 compreh5sion1 = t implies t ! cont5t is det]m9$ 9 itself1 i4e4 is grasp$ z concrete4 ,b 9 imm$iate k x is ! case t ! only fact kn[n ( ,god is t ,he exi/s4 ,= %\ld !re be det]m9ations respect+ ,god1 !y mu/1 accord+ to ,jacobi1 be grasp$ z a f9ite1 & ! k ( !m w\ld aga9 m]ely be a progression f f9ite to f9ite4 ,!re ?us rema9s only ! indet]m9ate conception ( ,god1 an 8,above me10 an indet]m9ate ,beyond4 ,?is gives accord+ly ! same result z does ! ,aufklrung1 viz4 t ! highe/ reality is ultimate3 we f9d ! same 9 ,fr5* philosophy & 9 ,kant--only "h we /ill h ! op9ion t ?is empt9ess is ! highe/ philosophy possible4 ,b if ea* /&po9t has an aspect :]e9 x is ju/ifi$1 !re always re/s 9 ! proposition t ! human m9d kn[s ,god imm$iately1 ! important consid]ation t we h "h a recognition ( ! fre$om ( ! human _s3 9 x we h ! s\rce ( ! k ( ,god1 & all ext]nality ( au?ority is ?us abrogat$ 9 ?is pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciple is h]eby ga9$1 b only ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( _s2 & ! greatness ( our "t re/s 9 ! fact t fre$om1 ! peculi> possession ( m9d :]eby x is at home ) itself 9 itself1 is recogniz$1 & t m9d has ?is consci\sness )9 itself4 ,?is h[ev] is m]ely ab/ract1 = ! next /ep is t ! pr9ciple ( fre$om is aga9 purifi$ & comes to its true objectivity1 s t n ev]y?+ :i* /rikes me or spr+s up )9 me mu/1 because x is manife/$ 9 me1 hold good z true4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?\ght1 :i* ca/s (f ! p>ticul> & accid5tal1 t ! pr9ciple receives ?is objectivity :i* is indep5d5t ( m]e subjectivity & 9 & = itself--?\gh 9 su* a way t ! fre$om ( m9d /ill rema9s respect$4 ,"o's own _s mu/ be> witness to _s t ,god is ,_s2 ! cont5t mu/ be true4 ,b ?is does n give au!nticity to itself by its be+ reveal$ ) c]ta9ty to me4 ,?is is ! /&po9t1 & we h ?us se5 its defici5cy & ! greatness ( ! pr9ciple :i* is involv$ 9 x4 ,b4 ,,kant4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant1 :i* we h n[ m p>ticul>ly to consid]1 made its appe>ance at ! same "t z ! above4 ,:ile ,desc>tes ass]t$ c]ta9ty to be ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+1 we n[ h ! consci\sness ( ?\ght 9 its subjectivity1 i4e4 9 ! fir/ place1 z det]m9at5ess 9 contra/ ) objectivity1 & !n z f9itude & progression 9 f9ite det]m9ations4 ,ab/ract ?\ght z p]sonal conviction is t :i* is ma9ta9$ z c]ta92 its cont5ts are exp]i5ce1 b ! me?ods adopt$ by exp]i5ce are once m =mal ?\ght & argum5t4 ,kant turns back to ! /&po9t ( ,socrates2 we see 9 him ! fre$om ( ! subject z we saw x ) ! ,/oics1 b ! task 9 respect ( cont5t is n[ plac$ on a high] level4 ,an endless aim+ at ! concrete is requir$ = ?\ght1 a fill+ up 9 accordance ) ! rule :i* completion prescribes1 :i* signifies t ! cont5t is itself ! ,idea z ! unity ( ! ,notion & reality4 ,) ,jacobi ?\ght1 demon/ration1 does n 9 ! fir/ place rea* beyond ! f9ite & condition$1 & 9 ! second place1 ev5 :5 ,god is likewise ! metaphysical object1 ! demon/ration is really ! mak+ ,him condition$ & f9ite2 9 ! ?ird place ! uncondition$1 :at is !n imm$iately c]ta91 only exi/s 9 fai?1 a subjectively fix$ po9t ( view b an unkn[able "o1 t is to say an undet]m9$1 indet]m9able1 & consequ5tly an unfruitful "o4 ,! /&po9t ( ! philosophy ( ,kant1 on ! contr>y1 is 9 ! fir/ place to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ?\ght has ?r\gh its reason+ got s f> z to grasp itself n z cont+5t b r z 9 itself ! absolute ultimate4 ,9 ! f9ite1 9 connection ) ! f9ite1 an absolute /&po9t is rais$ :i* acts z a connect+ bond2 x b9ds toge!r ! f9ite & leads up to ! inf9ite4 ,?\ght grasp$ itself z all 9 all1 z absolute 9 judgm5t2 = x no?+ ext]nal is au?oritative1 s9ce all au?ority c receive validity only ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,?is ?\ght1 det]m9+ itself )9 itself & concrete1 is1 h[ev]1 9 ! second place1 grasp$ z subjective1 & ?is aspect ( subjectivity is ! =m :i* f ,jacobi's po9t ( view is pr$om9ant2 ! fact t ?\ght is concrete ,jacobi has on ! o!r h& = ! mo/ "p set aside4 ,bo? /&po9ts rema9 philosophies ( subjectivity2 s9ce ?\ght is subjective1 ! capacity ( kn[+ ! absolute is d5i$ to x4 ,to ,kant ,god _c on ! "o h& be f\nd 9 exp]i5ce2 ,he c nei!r be f\nd 9 outw>d exp]i5ce--z ,lal&e discov]$ :5 he swept ! :ole heav5s & f\nd no ,god--nor c ,he be discov]$ )92 ?\gh no d\bt my/ics & en?usia/s c exp]i5ce _m ?+s 9 !mselves1 & among/ ^! ,god1 i4e4 ! ,inf9ite4 ,on ! o!r h& ,kant argues to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :o is to him an hypo!sis necess>y = ! explanation ( ?+s1 a po/ulate ( practical reason4 ,b 9 ?is connection ano!r ,fr5* a/ronom] made ! foll[+ reply to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon3 8,je n'ai pas eu beso9 de cette hypo?se40 ,accord+ to ?is ! tru? und]ly+ ! ,kantian philosophy is ! recognition ( fre$om4 ,ev5 ,r\sseau repres5t$ ! absolute to be f\nd 9 fre$om2 ,kant has ! same pr9ciple1 b tak5 r f ! !oretic side4 ,! ,fr5* reg>d x f ! side ( w1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 _! prov]b3 8,il a la tte prs du bonnet40 ,france possesses ! s5se ( actuality1 ( promptitude2 because 9 t c\ntry conception passes m imm$iately into action1 m5 h !re appli$ !mselves m practically to ! affairs ( actuality4 ,b h[ev] mu* fre$om may be 9 itself concrete1 x 0 z undevelop$ & 9 its ab/raction t x 0 !re appli$ to actuality2 & to make ab/ractions hold good 9 actuality means to de/roy actuality4 ,! fanaticism :i* *>act]iz$ ! fre$om :i* 0 put into ! h&s ( ! p 0 frightful4 ,9 ,g]many ! same pr9ciple ass]t$ ! rights ( consci\sness on its own acc\nt1 b x has be5 work$ out 9 a m]ely !oretic way4 ,we h commotions ( e k9d )9 u & ar\nd u1 b ?r\gh !m all ! ,g]man head quietly keeps its nightcap on & sil5tly c>ries on its op]ations b5ea? x4 ,immanuel ,kant 0 born at ,knigsb]g 9 #agbd1 & !re /udi$ !ology to beg9 )2 9 ! ye> #agee he ent]$ ^u 8 "w z an academic tea*]2 9 #aggj he became pr(essor ( logic1 & 9 #ahjd he di$ at ,knigsb]g on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y1 hav+ almo/ atta9$ 8 eightie? ye> 7,t5nemann's ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie by ,w5dt1 #chj1 pp4 #dfe1 #dff71 )\t ev] hav+ left 8 native t[n4 ,:ile to ,wolff ?\ght z ?\ght 0 m]ely positive self-id5tity & grasp$ itself z su*1 we saw ! negative self-mov+ ?\ght1 ! absolute ,notion1 appe> 9 all its p[] 9 ,france2 & 9 ! ,aufklrung x likewise made its way to ,g]many 9 su* a mann] t all exi/5ce1 all action1 0 call$ ^u to s]ve a useful purpose1 i4e4 ! implicit 0 done away ) & ev]y?+ _h to be = ano!r2 & t = :i* ev]y?+ _h to be is man1 self-consci\sness1 tak51 h[ev]1 z signify+ all m5 g5]ally4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is action 9 ab/ract =m is ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,x is ?us ! self-?9k+ absolute ,notion t passes into itself :i* we see mak+ its appe>ance 9 ,g]many ?r\gh ?is philosophy1 9 su* a way t all reality falls )9 self-consci\sness2 x is ! idealism :i* v9dicates all mom5ts ( ! implicit to self-consci\sness1 b :i* at fir/ itself rema9s subject to a contradiction1 inasmu* z x /ill sep>ates ?is implicit f itself4 ,9 o!r words ! ,kantian philosophy no d\bt leads reality back to self-consci\sness1 b x c supply no reality to ?is ess5ce ( self-consci\sness1 or to ?is pure self-consci\sness1 nor c x demon/rate ,be+ 9 ! same4 ,x appreh5ds simple ?\ght z hav+ diff]5ce 9 itself1 b does n yet appreh5d t all reality re/s on ?is diff]5ce2 x does n "k h[ to obta9 ma/]y ov] ! individuality ( self-consci\sness1 & al?\gh x describes reason v well1 x does ?is 9 an un?9k+ empiric way :i* aga9 robs x ( ! tru? x has4 ,!oretically ! ,kantian philosophy is ! 8,illum9ation0 or ,aufklrung r$uc$ to me?od2 x /ates t no?+ true c be kn[n1 b only ! ph5om5al2 x leads k into consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 b f ?is /&po9t ma9ta9s x to be a subjective & f9ite k4 ,?us al?\gh x deals ) ! inf9ite ,idea1 express+ its =mal categories & arriv+ at its concrete claims1 x yet aga9 d5ies ?is to be ! tru?1 mak+ x a simple subjective1 because x has once = all accept$ f9ite k z ! fix$ & ultimate /&po9t4 ,?is philosophy made an end ( ! metaphysic ( ! und]/&+ z an objective dogmatism1 b 9 fact x m]ely trans=m$ x into a subjective dogmatism1 i4e4 into a consci\sness 9 :i* ^! same f9ite det]m9ations ( ! und]/&+ p]si/1 & ! "q ( :at is true 9 & = itself has be5 ab&on$4 ,its /udy is made difficult by its diffus5ess & prolixity1 & by ! peculi> t]m9ology f\nd 9 x4 ,nev]!less ?is diffus5ess has "o advantage1 t inasmu* z ! same ?+ is (t5 repeat$1 ! ma9 po9ts are kept be=e u1 & ^! _c easily be lo/ f view4 ,we %all endeav\r to trace ! l9es :i* ,kant pursu$4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant has 9 ! fir/ place a direct relation to t ( ,hume z /at$ above 7p4 #cgj74 ,t is to say1 ! significance ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 g5]ally express$1 is f ! v beg9n+ to all[ t det]m9ations su* z ^? ( univ]sality & necessity are n to be met ) 9 p]ception1 & ?is ,hume has already %[n 9 relation to ,locke4 ,b :ile ,hume attacks ! univ]sality & necessity ( ! categories g5]ally1 & ,jacobi _! f9itude1 ,kant m]ely argues aga9/ _! objectivity 9 s f> z !y are pres5t 9 ext]nal ?+s !mselves1 :ile ma9ta9+ !m to be objective 9 ! s5se ( hold+ good z univ]sal & necess>y1 z !y d1 = in/ance1 9 ma!matics & natural sci5ce4#cbf ,! fact t we crave = univ]sality & necessity z t :i* fir/ con/itutes ! objective1 ,kant ?us und\bt$ly all[s4 ,b if univ]sality & necessity d n exi/ 9 ext]nal ?+s1 ! "q arises 8,:]e are !y to be f\nd80 ,to ?is ,kant1 z aga9/ ,hume1 ma9ta9s t !y mu/ be a priori1 i4e4 t !y mu/ re/ on reason itself1 & on ?\ght z self-consci\s reason2 _! s\rce is ! subject1 8,i0 9 my self-consci\sness4#cbg ,?is1 simply express$1 is ! ma9 po9t 9 ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,9 ! second place ! philosophy ( ,kant is likewise call$ a critical philosophy because its aim1 says ,kant1 is fir/ ( all to supply a criticism ( our faculties ( k2 = be=e obta9+ k we mu/ inquire into ! faculties ( k4 ,to ! heal?y human und]/&+ t is plausible1 & to x ?is has be5 a great discov]y4 ,k is !reby repres5t$ z an in/rum5t1 z a me?od & means :]eby we endeav\r to possess ourselves ( ! tru?4 ,?us be=e m5 c make _! way to ! tru? itself !y mu/ "k ! nature & function ( _! in/rum5t4 ,!y mu/ see :e!r x is capable ( supply+ :at is dem&$ ( x--( seiz+ ^u ! object2 !y mu/ "k :at ! alt]ations x makes 9 ! object are1 9 ord] t ^! alt]ations may n be mix$ up ) ! det]m9ations ( ! object itself4#cbh ,?is w\ld appe> z ?\gh m5 c\ld set =? ^u ! se>* = tru? ) spe>s & /aves4 ,& a fur!r claim is made :5 x is said t we mu/ "k ! faculty ( k be=e we c "k4 ,= to inve/igate ! faculties ( k means to "k !m2 b h[ we are to "k )\t kn[+1 h[ we are to appreh5d ! tru? be=e ! tru?1 x is impossible to say4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! :o w\ld n g into ! wat] till he c\ld swim4 ,?us s9ce ! inve/igation ( ! faculties ( k is itself kn[+1 x _c 9 ,kant atta9 to :at x aims at because x is t already--x _c come to itself because x is already ) itself2 ! same ?+ happ5s z happ5$ ) ! ,jews1 ! ,_s passes ?r\gh ! mid/ ( !m & !y "k x n4 ,at ! same "t ! /ep tak5 by ,kant is a great & important "o--t is1 ! fact t he has made k ! subject ( 8 consid]ation4 ,on ! "o h& ?is critique ( k applies to ! empirical k ( ,locke1 :i* ass]ts itself to be gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x also deals ) :at claims to be on ! :ole a m metaphysical k9d ( philosophy--! ,wolffian & ,g]man--:i* _h also tak5 up ! l9e ( proce$+ on ! m empiric me?od :i* has be5 depict$4 ,b ?is la/ has at ! same "t kept itself sep>ate f ! m]ely empiric me?od1 inasmu* z its ma9 ef=ts h be5 direct$ t[>ds mak+ su* categories ( ?\ght z ^? ( pot5tiality1 actuality1 ,god1 c41 h z _! f\ndation categories ( ! und]/&+1 & !n reason+ f !m4 ,! ,kantian philosophy is 9 ! fir/ in/ance direct$ aga9/ bo?4 ,kant takes away ! objective significance ( ! det]m9ations ( ! ,wolffian metaphysics1 & %[s h[ !y mu/ be ascrib$ to subjective ?\ght alone4 ,at ! same "t ,jacobi likewise decl>$ himself aga9/ ?is metaphysic1 b s9ce he />t$ m especially f ! /&po9t ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 8 po9t ( view 0 diff]5t3 he ass]ts t our f9ite ?\ght c set =? f9ite det]m9ations alone1 & ?us c only consid] ,god & ,_s 9 accordance ) f9ite relation%ips4 ,on ! practical side !re reign$ at t "t ! s-call$ happ9ess !ory1 s9ce man's inh]5t ,notion & ! way to realize ?is ,notion 0 appreh5d$ 9 morality z a satisfaction ( 8 desires4 ,z aga9/ ?is ,kant has v rightly %[n t x involves a het]onomy & n an autonomy ( reason--a det]m9ation ?r\gh nature & consequ5tly an abs5ce ( fre$om4 ,b because ! rational pr9ciple ( ,kant 0 =mal1 & 8 successors c\ld n make any fur!r progress ) reason1 & yet morality _h to receive a cont5t1 ,fries & o!rs mu/ /ill be call$ ,h$oni/s ?\gh !y avoid giv+ !mselves ! "n4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 z reg>ds ! relation ( ! categories to ! mat]ial :i* is giv5 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 !re is accord+ to ,kant already inh]5t 9 ! subjective det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 e4g4 9 ^? ( cause & effect1 ! capacity ( !mselves to b9d toge!r ! diff]5ces :i* are pres5t 9 t mat]ial4 ,kant consid]s ?\ght z 9 great measure a syn!tic activity1 & h5ce he repres5ts ! ma9 "q ( ,philosophy to be ?is1 8,h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible80#cbi ,judgm5t signifies ! comb9ation ( ?\ght-det]m9ations z subject & pr$icate4 ,syn!tic judgm5ts a priori are no?+ else ?an a connection ( opposites ?r\gh !mselves1 or ! absolute ,notion1 i4e4 ! relations ( diff]5t det]m9ations su* z ^? ( cause & effect1 giv5 n ?r\gh exp]i5ce b ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,space & "t likewise =m ! connect+ elem5t2 !y are ?us a priori1 i4e4 9 self-consci\sness4 ,s9ce ,kant %[s t ?\ght has syn!tic judgm5ts a priori :i* are n d]iv$ f p]ception1 he %[s t ?\ght is s to speak concrete 9 itself4 ,! idea :i* is pres5t "h is a great "o1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 q an ord9>y signification is giv5 x1 = x is work$ out f po9ts ( view :i* are inh]5tly rude & empirical1 & a sci5tific =m is ! la/ ?+ t c be claim$ = x4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( x !re is a lack ( philosophical ab/raction1 & x is express$ 9 ! mo/ commonplace way2 to say no?+ m ( ! b>b>\s t]m9ology1 ,kant rema9s re/rict$ & conf9$ by 8 psy*ological po9t ( view & empirical me?ods4 ,to m5tion "o example only ( 8 b>b>\s expressions1 ,kant calls 8 philosophy 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #ai7 a ,transc5d5tal philosophy1 i4e4 a sy/em ( pr9ciples ( pure reason :i* demon/rate ! univ]sal & necess>y elem5ts 9 ! self-consci\s und]/&+1 )\t occupy+ !mselves ) objects or inquir+ :at univ]sality & necessity are2 ?is la/ w\ld be transc5d5t4 ,transc5d5t & transc5d5tal h accord+ly to be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,transc5d5t ma!matics signifies ! ma!matics 9 :i* ! det]m9ation ( inf9itude is made use ( 9 a pre-em95t degree3 9 ?is sph]e ( ma!matics we say1 = in/ance1 t ! circle consi/s ( an inf9itude ( /raight l9es2 ! p]iph]y is repres5t$ z /raight1 & s9ce ! curve is repres5t$ z /raight ?is passes beyond ! geometric category & is consequ5tly transc5d5t4 ,kant1 on ! contr>y1 def9es ! transc5d5tal philosophy z n a philosophy :i* by means ( categories passes beyond its own sph]e1 b "o :i* po9ts out 9 subjective ?\ght1 9 consci\sness1 ! s\rces ( :at may become transc5d5t4 ,?\ght w\ld ?us be transc5d5t if ! categories ( univ]sality1 ( cause & effect1 7 pr$icat$ ( ! object1 = 9 ?is way m5 w\ld f ! subjective elem5t #8transc5d' into ano!r sph]e4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ 9 s do+ z reg>ds ! result nor ev5 to beg9 )1 s9ce we m]ely contemplate ?\ght )9 ?\ght itself4 ,?us we d n desire to consid] ! categories 9 _! objective s5se1 b 9 s f> z ?\ght is ! s\rce ( su* syn!tic relation%ips2 ! necess>y & univ]sal ?us "h receive ! significance ( re/+ 9 our faculties ( k4 ,b f ?is faculty ( k ,kant /ill sep>ates ! implicit1 ! ?+-9-itself1 s t ! univ]sality & necessity are all ! "t a subjective conditionm5t ( k m]ely1 & reason ) its univ]sality & necessity does n atta9 to a k ( ! tru?4#ccj ,= x requires p]ception & exp]i5ce1 a mat]ial empirically giv5 9 ord]1 z subjectivity1 to atta9 to k4 ,z ,kant says1 ^! =m its 8con/itu5t p>ts02 "o "p x has 9 itself1 b ! o!r is empirically giv54#cca ,:5 reason desires to be indep5d5t1 to exi/ 9 itself & to d]ive tru? f itself1 x becomes transc5d5t2 x transc5ds exp]i5ce because x lacks ! o!r con/itu5t1 & !n creates m]e halluc9ations ( ! bra94 ,x is h5ce n con/itutive 9 k b only regulative2 x is ! unity & rule = ! s5su\s manifold4 ,b ?is unity on its own acc\nt is ! uncondition$1 :i*1 transc5d+ exp]i5ce1 m]ely arrives at contradictions4 ,9 ! practical sph]e alone is reason con/itutive4 ,! critique ( reason is consequ5tly n ! kn[+ ( objects1 b ( k & its pr9ciples1 its range & limitations1 s t x does n become transc5d5t4#ccb ,?is is an extremely g5]al acc\nt ( :at we %all n[ consid] 9 its sep>ate details4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is matt] ,kant adopts ! plan ( fir/ consid]+ !oretic reason1 ! k :i* relates to outw>d objects4 ,9 ! second place he inve/igates ! w z self-actualization2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! faculty ( judgm5t1 ! special consid]ation ( ! unity ( ! univ]sal & individual2 h[ f> he gets 9 ?is matt] we %all likewise see4 ,b ! critique ( ! faculty ( k is ! matt] ( ma9 importance4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! !oretic philosophy1 ,kant 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason sets to "w 9 a psy*ological mann]1 i4e4 hi/orically1 inasmu* z he describes ! ma9 /ages 9 !oretic consci\sness4 ,! fir/ faculty is s5su\sness g5]ally1 ! second und]/&+1 ! ?ird reason4 ,all ?is he simply n>rates2 he accepts x q empirically1 )\t develop+ x f ! ,notion or proce$+ by necessity4 a4 ,! a priori fact ( s5su\s exi/5ce1 ! =ms ( s5su\s exi/5ce1 con/itute ! beg9n+ ( ?is transc5d5talism4 ,kant calls ! judgm5t ( ! same ! transc5d5tal /hetic4 ,n[adays /hetic signifies ! k ( ! beautiful4 ,b "h ! doctr9e ( intuition or p]ception is tak5 f ! po9t ( view ( its univ]sality1 i4e4 f :at 9 x p]ta9s to ! subject z su*4 ,p]ception1 says ,kant1 is ! k ( an object giv5 to u ?r\gh ! s5ses2 s5su\sness1 h[ev]1 is ! capacity ( be+ affect$ by conceptions z ext]nal4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,kant1 9 p]ception !re are to be f\nd all mann] ( cont5ts1 & 9 deal+ ) ?is he fir/ ( all di/+ui%es feel+ z ext]nal1 su* z r$ness1 col\r1 h>dness1 c41 & !n z int]nal1 su* z ju/ice1 wra?1 love1 fe>1 pleasurable & religi\s feel+s1 c4 ,he says cont5t su* z ?is =ms ! "o con/itu5t & p]ta9s to feel+2 all ?is is subjective & m]ely subjective4 ,9 ?is s5su\s elem5t !re is1 h[ev]1 a univ]sal s5su\s elem5t likewise conta9$1 :i* z su* does n belong to feel+ 9 s f> z x is imm$iately det]m9$2 9 su* a cont5t ?is #8o!r' consi/s 9 ! categories ( space & "t1 :i* ( !mselves are void & empty4 ,! fill+ 9 is p]=m$ by ! cont5t1 by col\r1 s(tness1 h>dness1 c41 z reg>ds space2 :ile z reg>ds "t1 ! same cont5t1 s soon z x is some?+ transi5t1 or aga9 "s o!r cont5t1 & 9 p>ticul> inw>d feel+s are :at causes ! det]m9ation4 ,space & "t are consequ5tly pure1 i4e4 ab/ract p]ceptions 9 :i* we place outside ( u ! cont5t ( individual s5sations1 ei!r 9 "t z succe$+ "o ano!r1 or 9 space z sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,"h we ?us meet ) ! division betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity1 = if we isolate ! #8alongside (' & #8aft]' we h space & "t4 ,x is ! act ( a priori s5su\sness to project ! cont5t2 ! =ms ( intuition or p]ception con/itute ?is pure p]ception4#ccc ,n[ ev]y?+ inde$ is t]m$ p]ception1 ev5 ?\ght & consci\sness2 ,god1 :o c]ta9ly p]ta9s to ?\ght alone1 is said to be compreh5d$ by p]ception or intuition1 ! s-call$ imm$iate consci\sness4 ,kant fur!r rem>ks 9 ?is reg>d1 7#a7 8,space is no empirical ,notion :i* has be5 d]iv$ f outw>d exp]i5ces40 ,b ! ,notion is nev] really any?+ empiric3 x is 9 b>b>\s =ms l ?is t ,kant1 h[ev]1 always expresses himself3 8,= 9 ord] t ,i may relate my s5sations to some?+ outside ( me1 ,i mu/ presuppose space40 ,( "t ,kant speaks 9 simil> t]ms3 8,9 ord] t some?+ outside ( me may be repres5t$ 9 sep>ate space or "t1 ! conception ( space & "t mu/ come fir/1 or x _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce fir/ becomes possible ?r\gh ?is antec$5t conception40 ,t is to say1 "t & space :i* may appe> z objective1 s9ce _! p>ticul> fill+ 9 c]ta9ly belongs to subjective feel+1 are n empirical2 = consci\sness has "t & space fir/ ( all 9 itself4 7#b7 8,space is a necess>y conception :i* lies at ! basis ( all ext]nal p]ceptions4 ,space & "t are conceptions a priori1 because we _c repres5t ?+s )\t space & "t4 ,"t is a necess>y basis = all ph5om5a40 ,z a priori1 space & "t are univ]sal & necess>y1 t is to say we f9d ?is to be ! case2 b x does n foll[ t !y mu/ be previ\sly pres5t z conceptions4 ,!y are fundam5tal inde$1 b !y are likewise an ext]nal univ]sal4 ,kant h[ev] places ! matt] some:at 9 ?is fa%ion3 !re are ?+s-9-!mselves outside1 b devoid ( "t & space2 consci\sness n[ comes1 & x has "t & space be=eh& pres5t 9 x z ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 j z 9 ord] to eat x has m\? & tee?1 c41 z conditions necess>y = eat+4 ,! ?+s :i* are eat5 h n ! m\? & tee?1 & z eat+ is br\ght to be> on ?+s1 s space & "t are also br\ght to be> on !m2 j z ?+s are plac$ 9 ! m\? & betwe5 ! tee?1 s is x ) space & "t4 7#c7 8,space & "t are n g5]al ,notions ( ! relations ( ?+s1 b pure intuitive p]ceptions4 ,= we c only repres5t to ourselves "o space2 !re are n diff]5t compon5t p>ts ( space40 ,! same is ! case ) "t4 ,! ab/ract conception tree1 = example1 is 9 its actuality a numb] ( individual & sep>ate trees1 b spaces are n su* p>ticul>s1 nor are !y p>ts2 = "o imm$iate cont9uity rema9s1 & h5ce a simple unity4 ,ord9>y p]ception has always some?+ individual be=e x2 space or "t are always h[ev] "o only1 & !re=e a priori4 ,x might h[ev] be repli$ to ,kant3 ,! nature ( space & "t und\bt$ly involves _! be+ an ab/ract univ]sal2 b !re is 9 l mann] only "o blue4 7#d7 8,ea* ,notion or conception c]ta9ly comprises an inf9ite numb] ( conceptions "u itself1 b n )9 itself2 nev]!less ?is la/ is ! case 9 space & "t1 & !y are !re=e intuitive p]ceptions & n ,notions or conceptions40#ccd ,space & "t1 !n1 are c]ta9ly n ?\ght-det]m9ations1 if no ?\ghts are !re pres5t1 b a ,notion1 s soon z we h a ,notion ( !m4 ,f ! transc5d5tal po9t ( view x is likewise ma9ta9$ t ?is conception ( space & "t conta9s syn!tic propositions a priori1 connect$ ) ! consci\sness ( its necessity4 ,examples ( ^! syn!tic propositions are s\ght 9 /atem5ts su* z t ( space hav+ ?ree dim5sions1 or 9 ! def9ition ( a /raight l9e1 t x is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 & likewise 9 ! /atem5t t #e #g #ab4cce ,all ^! propositions are h[ev] v analytic4 ,kant nev]!less 9 ! fir/ place holds t su* propositions d n take _! rise f exp]i5ce1 or1 z we might bett] express x1 are n an individual cont+5t p]ception2 ?is is v true1 ! p]ception is univ]sal & necess>y4 ,9 ! second place he /ates t we acquire !m f pure s5su\s p]ception1 & n ?r\gh ! und]/&+ or ,notion4 ,b ,kant does n grasp ! two toge!r1 & yet ?is compreh5sion ( !m is involv$ 9 su* propositions be+ imm$iately c]ta9 ev5 9 ord9>y p]ception4 ,:5 ,kant !n expresses himself 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #di7 to ! effect t we h _m s5sations :i* con/itute 8! real matt]10 ) :i* we ext]nally & inw>dly 8occupy our m9ds10 & t ! m9d has 9 itself 9 space & "t 8=mal conditions ( ! mode 9 :i* we place !m0 7^? manifold feel+s7 89 our m9d10 ! "q ( h[ m9d arrives at hav+ j ^! special =ms n[ =ces itself ^u u4 ,b :at ! nature ( "t & space is1 x does n occur to ! ,kantian philosophy to inquire4 ,to x :at space & "t are 9 !mselves does n signify #8,:at is _! ,notion1' b #8,are !y ext]nal ?+s or some?+ 9 ! m9d8' b4 ,! second faculty1 ! und]/&+1 is some?+ v diff]5t f s5su\sness2 ! latt] is ,receptivity1 :ile ,kant calls ?\ght 9 g5]al ,spontaneity--an expression :i* belongs to ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz4 ,! und]/&+ is active ?\ght1 ,i myself2 x 8is ! faculty ( ?9k+ ! object ( s5su\s p]ception40 ,yet x has ?\ghts m]ely )\t real cont5t3 8,?\ghts )\t cont5t are void & empty1 s5su\s p]ceptions )\t ,notions are bl9d40 ,! und]/&+ ?us obta9s f ! s5su\s its matt]1 bo? empirical & a priori1 "t & space2 & x ?9ks ?is matt]1 b its ?\ghts are v diff]5t f ?is matt]4 ,or x is a faculty ( a p>ticul> k9d1 & x is only :5 bo? occur1 :5 ! s5su\s faculty has suppli$ mat]ial & ! und]/&+ has unit$ to ?is its ?\ghts1 t k results4#ccf ,! ?\ghts ( ! und]/&+ z su* are ?us limit$ ?\ghts1 ?\ghts ( ! f9ite only4 ,n[ logic1 z transc5d5tal logic1 likewise sets =? ! conceptions :i* ! und]/&+ has a priori 9 itself & 8:]eby x ?9ks objects completely a priori40 ,?\ghts h a =m :i* signifies _! be+ ! syn!tic function :i* br+s ! manifold into a unity4 ,i am ?is unity1 ! transc5d5tal app]ception1 ! pure app]ception ( self-consci\sness4 ,i ,i2 ,i mu/ #8accompany' all our conceptions4#ccg ,?is is a b>b>\s exposition ( ! matt]4 ,z self-consci\sness ,i am ! completely void1 g5]al ,i1 completely indet]m9ate & ab/ract2 app]ception is det]m9ation g5]ally1 ! activity :]eby ,i transplant an empirical cont5t into my simple consci\sness1 :ile p]ception r signifies feel+ or conceiv+4 ,9 ord] t a cont5t may ent] ?is ,"o1 x mu/ be infect$ by its simplicity2 x is ?us t ! cont5t fir/ becomes my cont5t4 ,! compreh5d+ m$ium is #8,i'2 :atev] ,i h to d ) mu/ all[ itself to be =c$ into ^! =ms ( unity4 ,?is is a great fact1 an important item ( k2 :at ?\ght produces is unity2 ?us x produces itself1 = x is ! ,"o4 ,yet ! fact t ,i am ! "o &1 z ?9k+1 ! simplifi]1 is n by ,kant satisfactorily set =?4 ,! unity may likewise be call$ relation2 = 9 s f> z a manifold is presuppos$1 & z ?is on ! "o side rema9s a manifold :ile on ! o!r side x is set =? z "o1 s f> may x be said to be relat$4 ,n[ z #8,i' is ! univ]sal transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness :i* b9ds toge!r ! empirical matt] ( conception g5]ally1 !re are v>i\s modes 9 ?is relation%ip1 & "h we h ! transc5d5tal nature ( ! categories or univ]sal ?\ght-det]m9ations4 ,b ,kant 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #gj1 #gg7 approa*es ^! modes ( simplicity by accept+ !m z !y are classifi$ 9 ord9>y logic4 ,= he says t 9 common logic p>ticul> k9ds ( judgm5t are br\ght =w>d2 & s9ce judgm5t is a special k9d ( relation%ip ( ! manifold1 ! v>i\s functions ( ?\ght :i* #8,i' has 9 x are %[n !re94 ,b ! foll[+ k9ds ( judgm5t h be5 notic$1 viz4 ,univ]sal1 ,p>ticul> & ,s+ul>2 ,affirmative1 ,negative1 ,inf9ite2 ,categorical1 ,hypo!tical1 ,disjunctive2 ,ass]toric1 ,problematic & ,apodictic judgm5ts4 ,^! p>ticul> modes ( relation%ip n[ br\ght =w>d are ! pure =ms ( ! und]/&+4 ,!re are ?us1 accord+ to ,kant 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #ge1 #gf1 #gh-hb71 twelve fundam5tal categories1 :i* fall into f\r classes2 & x is notewor?y1 & des]ves to be recogniz$1 t ea* species ( judgm5t aga9 con/itutes a triad4 7#a7 ,! fir/ k9d ( categories are ^? ( ,quantity1 viz4 ,unity1 ,plurality & ,totality4 ,plurality is negation ( ! "o1 ! ass]tion ( diff]5ce2 & ! ?ird1 ! br++ ( ! o!r two into "o1 plurality circumscrib$1 ! indet]m9ate plurality compreh5d$ z "o1 is ! ,totality4 7#b7 ,9 ! second s]ies are ! categories ( ,quality3 ,reality1 ,negation1 ,limitation4 ,limitation is z real or positive z negation4 7#c7 ,! ?ird s]ies comprises ! categories ( relation1 ( connection2 & fir/ ( all1 inde$1 ! relation ( ,sub/antiality1 ,sub/ance & ,accid5t3 !n ! relation ( ,causality1 ! relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 & f9ally ,reciprocity4 7#d7 ,! categories ( ,modality1 ( ! relation ( ! objective to our ?\ght1 come f\r?1 viz4 ,possibility1 ,exi/5ce 7actuality7 & ,necessity4 ,possibility %\ld come second2 9 ab/ract ?\ght1 h[ev]1 ! empty conception comes fir/4 ,x betrays a great in/9ct = ! ,notion :5 ,kant says t ! fir/ category is positive1 ! second ! negative ( ! fir/1 ! ?ird ! syn!sis ( ! two4 ,! triplicity1 ?is anci5t =m ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ,neo-,platoni/s & ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 al?\gh x "h reappe>s z a q ext]nal s*ema only1 conceals )9 itself ! absolute =m1 ! ,notion4 ,b s9ce ,kant says t a conception c det]m9e itself 9 me z accid5tal1 z cause1 effect1 unity1 plurality1 c41 we !reby h ! :ole ( ! metaphysics ( ! und]/&+4 ,kant does n foll[ up fur!r ! d]ivation ( ^! categories1 & he f9ds !m imp]fect1 b he says t ! o!rs are d]iv$ f !m4 ,kant ?us accepts ! categories 9 an empiric way1 )\t ?9k+ ( develop+ ( necessity ^! diff]5ces f unity4 ,j z little did ,kant attempt to d$uce "t & space1 = he accept$ !m likewise f exp]i5ce--a q unphilosophic & unju/ifiable proc$ure4 ,?9k+ und]/&+ is ?us inde$ ! s\rce ( ! individual categories1 b because on _! own acc\nt !y are void & empty1 !y only h significance ?r\gh _! union ) ! giv51 manifold mat]ial ( p]ception1 feel+1 c4 ,su* connection ( s5su\s mat]ial ) categories n[ con/itutes ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 i4e4 ! matt] ( s5sation aft] x is br\ght "u ! categories2 & ?is is k g5]ally4#cch ,! matt] ( p]ception :i* p]ta9s to ! feel+s or s5su\s p]ception is n left 9 ! det]m9ation ( individuality & imm$iacy1 b ,i am active 9 relation to x1 inasmu* z ,i br+ x into connection ?r\gh ! categories & elevate x into univ]sal species1 natural laws1 c4 ,! "q ( :e!r a complet$ s5su\sness or ! ,notion is ! high] may accord+ly be easily decid$4 ,= ! laws ( ! heav5s are n imm$iately p]ceiv$1 b m]ely ! *ange 9 position on ! "p ( ! />s4 ,x is only :5 ?is object ( imm$iate p]ception is laid hold ( & br\ght "u univ]sal ?\ght-det]m9ations t exp]i5ce arises !refrom1 :i* has a claim to validity = all "t4 ,! category :i* br+s ! unity ( ?\ght into ! cont5t ( feel+ is ?us ! objective elem5t 9 exp]i5ce1 :i* receives !reby univ]sality & necessity1 :ile t :i* is p]ceiv$ is r ! subjective & cont+5t4 ,our f9d+ bo? ^! elem5ts 9 exp]i5ce demon/rates inde$ t a correct analysis has be5 made4 ,kant 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #aai1 #abj7 h[ev] connects ) ?is ! /atem5t t exp]i5ce grasps ph5om5a only1 & t by means ( ! k :i* we obta9 ?r\gh1 exp]i5ce we d n "k ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 b only z !y are 9 ! =m ( laws ( p]ception & s5su\sness4 ,= ! fir/ compon5t "p ( exp]i5ce1 s5sation1 is d\btless subjective1 s9ce x is connect$ ) our organs4 ,! matt] ( p]ception is only :at x is 9 my s5sation4 ,i "k ( ?is s5sation only & n ( ! ?+4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ! objective1 :i* ought to con/itute ! opposite to ?is subjective side1 is itself subjective likewise3 x does n inde$ p]ta9 to my feel+1 b x rema9s %ut up 9 ! region ( my self-consci\sness2 ! categories are only det]m9ations ( our ?9k+ und]/&+4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is consequ5tly any?+ 9 itself1 nor are bo? toge!r1 k1 any?+ 9 itself1 = x only kn[s ph5om5a--a /range contradiction4 ,! transition ( ! category to ! empiric is made 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+ are q ( a diff]5t nature f empiric1 inde$ f any s5su\s p]ceptions20 we h ?us 8to %[ h[ pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+ c be appli$ to ph5om5a40 ,?is is dealt ) by ! transc5d5tal faculty ( judgm5t4 ,= ,kant says t 9 ! m9d1 9 self-consci\sness1 !re are pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+ & pure s5su\s p]ceptions2 n[ x is ! s*ematism ( ! pure und]/&+1 ! transc5d5tal faculty ( ! imag9ation1 :i* det]m9es ! pure s5su\s p]ception 9 con=mity ) ! category & ?us con/itutes ! transition to exp]i5ce4#cci ,! connection ( ^! two is aga9 "o ( ! mo/ attractive sides ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 :]eby pure s5su\sness & pure und]/&+1 :i* 7 =m]ly express$ z absolute opposites1 are n[ unit$4 ,!re is ?us "h pres5t a p]ceptive und]/&+ or an und]/&+ p]ception2 b ,kant does n see ?is1 he does n br+ ^! ?\ghts toge!r3 he does n grasp ! fact t he has "h br\ght bo? sides ( k into "o1 & has !reby express$ _! implicitude4 ,k itself is 9 fact ! unity & tru? ( bo? mom5ts2 b ) ,kant ! ?9k+ und]/&+ & s5su\sness are bo? some?+ p>ticul>1 & !y are only unit$ 9 an ext]nal1 sup]ficial way1 j z a piece ( wood & a leg might be b\nd toge!r by a cord4 ,?us1 = example1 ! conception ( sub/ance 9 ! s*ema becomes p]man5t 9 "t1#cdj i4e4 ! pure conception ( ! und]/&+1 ! pure category1 is br\ght into unity ) ! =m ( pure s5su\s p]ception4 ,9 z f> z we h to deal ) our own det]m9ations only & z we d n rea* ! implicit1 ! true objective1 ! ,kantian philosophy call$ itself ,idealism4 ,b 9 ?is connection ,kant 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bjj1 #bja7 br+s =w>d a refutation ( empirical or mat]ial idealism1 ?us3 8,i am consci\s ( my exi/5ce z det]m9$ 9 "t4 ,b all "t-det]m9ation presupposes some?+ p]man5t 9 p]ception4 ,?is p]man5ce _c be0 a s5su\s p]ception 89 me40 ,= all ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( my exi/5ce :i* are met ) 9 me are conceptions1 & z su* !mselves require a con/ant elem5t diff]5t f !m1 & 9 relation to :i* ! *ange tak+ place 9 !m--consequ5tly 8my exi/5ce 9 "t10 9 :i* !y *ange1 8may be det]m9$40 ,or ,i am consci\s ( my exi/5ce z ( an empirical consci\sness :i* is only capable ( be+ det]m9$ 9 relation to some?+ :i* is outside ( me2 i4e4 ,i am consci\s ( some?+ ext]nal to me4 ,conv]sely x may be said3 ,i am consci\s ( ext]nal ?+s z det]m9$ 9 "t & z *ang+2 ^! h5ce presuppose some?+ con/ant :i* is n 9 !m b outside ( !m4 ,& ?is is #8,i1' ! transc5d5tal gr\nd ( _! univ]sality & necessity1 ( _! implicitude1 ! unity ( self-consci\sness4 ,on ano!r occasion ,kant reg>ds x ?us 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #aja73 ,^! mom5ts confuse !mselves1 because ! con/ant elem5t is itself a category4 ,idealism1 :5 we reg>d x z signify+ t no?+ exi/s outside ( my individual self-consci\sness z individual1 z also ! refutation ( ?is1 ! ass]tion t ?+s exi/ outside ( my self-consci\sness z individual1 are ! "o z bad z ! o!r4 ,! =m] is ! idealism ( ,b]keley1 9 :i* self-consci\sness z individual is alone 9 "q1 or ! _w ( self-consci\sness appe>s z a numb] ( limit$1 s5su\s1 individual conceptions1 :i* are z completely devoid ( tru? z ?\gh !y 7 call$ ?+s4 ,! tru? or untru? does n re/ 9 _! be+ ?+s or conceptions1 b 9 _! limitation & cont+5cy1 :e!r z conceptions or ?+s4 ,! refutation ( ?is idealism is no?+ m ?an call+ att5tion to ! fact t ?is empirical consci\sness does n exi/ 9 itself--j z ^? empiric ?+s d n exi/ 9 !mselves4 ,b ! kn[+ subject does n ) ,kant really arrive at reason1 = x rema9s /ill ! individual self-consci\sness z su*1 :i* is oppos$ to ! univ]sal4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is describ$ 9 :at we h se5 only ! empirical f9ite self-consci\sness :i* requires a mat]ial f outside1 or :i* is limit$4 ,we d n ask :e!r ^! facts ( k are 9 & = !mselves true or untrue2 ! :ole ( k rema9s )9 subjectivity1 & on ! o!r side !re is ! ?+-9-itself z an ext]nal4 ,?is subjectivity is h[ev] concrete 9 itself2 ev5 ! det]m9ate categories ( ! ?9k+ und]/&+ are concrete1 & mu* m is exp]i5ce s--! syn!sis ( ! s5sation & ! category4#cda c4 ,! ?ird faculty ,kant f9ds 9 reason1 to :i* he advances f ! und]/&+ aft] ! same psy*ological me?od2 t is to say1 he hunts ?r\gh ! s\l's sack to see :at faculties are /ill to be f\nd !re2 & ?us by m]e/ *ance he lights on ,reason4 ,x w\ld make no diff]5ce if !re _h be5 no ,reason !re1 j z ) physici/s x is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :e!r1 = in/ance1 !re is su* a ?+ z magnetism or n4 8,all our k beg9s f ! s5ses1 !nce proce$s to ! und]/&+1 & f9i%es up ) reason2 no?+ high] ?an ?is is to be f\nd 9 u1 = x signifies ! work+ up ( ! mat]ial ( p]ception1 & ! r$uc+ ( x to ! highe/ unity ( ?\ght40 ,reason is !re=e1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! p[] ( obta9+ k f pr9ciples1 t is1 ! p[] ( kn[+ ! p>ticul> 9 ! univ]sal by means ( ,notions2 ! und]/&+1 on ! contr>y1 rea*es its p>ticul> by means ( p]ception4 ,b ! categories are !mselves p>ticul>4 ,! pr9ciple ( reason1 accord+ to ,kant1 is really ! univ]sal1 inasmu* z x f9ds ! uncondition$ involv$ 9 ! condition$ k ( ! und]/&+4 ,und]/&+ is h5ce = him ?\ght 9 f9ite relations2 reason1 on ! contr>y1 is ?\ght :i* makes ! uncondition$ its object4 ,s9ce ,kant's "t x has become cu/om>y 9 ! language ( philosophy to di/+ui% und]/&+ & reason1 :ile by e>li] philosoph]s ?is di/9ction 0 n drawn4 ,! product ( reason is1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! ,idea--a ,platonic expression--& he und]/&s by x ! uncondition$1 ! inf9ite4#cdb ,x is a great /ep =w>d to say t reason br+s =? ,ideas2 ) ,kant1 h[ev]1 ! ,idea is m]ely ! ab/ract univ]sal1 ! indet]m9ate4 ,?is1 ! uncondition$1 mu/ n[ be grasp$ z concrete1 & !re9 lies ! ma9 difficulty4 ,= to "k ! uncondition$ means to det]m9e x & to d$uce its det]m9ations4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 & said on ! subject ( k1 )\t a def9ition ( x ev] hav+ be5 (f]$4 ,b x is ! bus9ess ( ,philosophy to see t :at is tak5 = grant$ z kn[n is really kn[n4 ,n[ on ?is po9t ,kant says t reason has c]ta9ly ! desire to "k ! inf9ite1 b has n ! p[]4 ,& ! reason :i* ,kant gives = ?is 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bgg1 #bgh71 is on ! "o h& t no psy*ologically s5su\s intuition or p]ception corresponds ) ! inf9ite1 t x is n giv5 9 outw>d or inw>d exp]i5ce2 to ! ,idea 8no congru5t or correspond+ object c be discov]$ 9 ! s5su\s _w40 ,x dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on h[ ! _w is look$ at2 b exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( ! _w mean no?+ else = ,kant ?an a c&le/ick /&+ "h1 & a snuff-box /&+ !re4 ,x is c]ta9ly correct to say t ! inf9ite is n giv5 9 ! _w ( s5su\s p]ception2 & suppos+ t :at we "k is exp]i5ce1 a syn!sis ( :at is ?\ght & :at is felt1 ! inf9ite c c]ta9ly n be kn[n 9 ! s5se t we h a s5su\s p]ception ( x4 ,b no "o wi%es to dem& a s5su\s pro( 9 v]ification ( ! inf9ite2 _s is = _s alone4 ,! second reason = consid]+ t ! inf9ite _c be kn[n1 lies 9 ?is1 t ,reason has no "p 9 x except z supply+ ! =ms ( ?\ght :i* we call categories2 & ^! d\btless af=d :at ,kant calls objective det]m9ations1 b 9 su* a way t 9 !mselves !y are /ill only subjective4 ,if !re=e = ! det]m9ation ( ! inf9ite we employ ^! categories :i* are applicable only to ph5om5a1 we entangle ourselves 9 false argum5ts 7p>alogisms7 & 9 contradictions 7ant9omies72 & x is an important po9t 9 ! ,kantian philosophy t ! inf9ite1 s f> z x is def9$ by means ( categories1 loses itself 9 contradictions4 ,al?\gh reason1 says ,kant1 becomes transc5d5t by ! exhibition ( ^! contradictions1 x /ill reta9s its claim to trace p]ception1 exp]i5ce1 & k p]ta9+ to ! und]/&+1 back to ! inf9ite4 ,?is union ( ! inf9ite1 ! uncondition$1 ) ! f9ite & condition$ z exi/+ 9 ! k giv5 by ! und]/&+1 or ev5 9 p]ception1 w\ld signify t ! acme ( concret5ess _h be5 rea*$4 ,( ?is ,uncondition$ !re are sev]al k9ds1 objects hav+ special features ( _! own & proce$+ f reason1 transc5d5tal ,ideas2 !y are ?us !mselves p>ticul> 9 _! nature4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,kant arrives at ^! ,ideas is aga9 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 f =mal logic1 accord+ to :i* !re are v>i\s =ms ( ! syllogism4 ,because1 says ,kant1 !re are ?ree =ms ( ! syllogism1 categorical1 hypo!tical1 & disjunctive1 ! ,uncondition$ is also ?ree-fold 9 its nature3 8,fir/ly1 an ,uncondition$ ( ! categorical syn!sis 9 a subject40 ,syn!sis is ! concrete2 b ! expression is ambigu\s1 s9ce x indicates an ext]nal association ( indep5d5t elem5ts4 8,9 ! second place1 an ,uncondition$ ( ! hypo!tical syn!sis ( ! memb]s ( a s]ies w h to be look$ =2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 an ,uncondition$ ( ! disjunctive syn!sis ( ! p>ts 9 a sy/em40 ,we make ! fir/ connection1 express$ z object ( ,reason or transc5d5tal ,idea1 :5 we conceive 8! ?9k+ subject20 ! second 8is ! sum total ( all ph5om5a1 ! _w20 & ! ?ird is 8! ?+ :i* conta9s ! supreme condition ( ! possibility ( all t c be ?\ght1 ! ,be+ ( all ,be+s10 i4e4 ,god4 ,:5 br\ght to an ultimate po9t1 ! "q :i* meets u is :e!r ,reason c br+ ^! objects to reality1 or :e!r !y rema9 conf9$ to subjective ?\ght4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,kant1 ,reason is n capable ( procur+ reality = its ,ideas--o!rwise x w\ld be transc5d5t1 its limits w\ld be ov]/epp$2 x produces only p>alogisms1 ant9omies1 & an ideal )\t reality4#cdc 4 8,a4 p>alogism is a syllogism false 9 its =m40 ,s9ce ,reason cr$its ) reality t mode ( ! ,uncondition$ :i* con/itutes ! categorical syn!sis 9 a subject1 & !re=e ! ?9k+ subject1 x is t]m$ sub/ance4 ,n[ is ! ?9k+ ego a sub/ance1 a s\l1 a s\l-?+8 ,fur!r que/ions are :e!r x is p]man5t1 immat]ial1 incorruptible1 p]sonal & immortal1 & su* z to h a real community ) ! body4 ,! falsity ( ! syllogism consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! idea ( ! unity ( ! transc5d5tal subject ess5tial to ,reason is express$ z a ?+2 = x is only 9 ?is way t ! p]man5cy ( ! same becomes sub/ance4 ,o!rwise ,i f9d myself p]man5t 9 my ?\ght1 ( c\rse1 b only )9 p]ceiv+ consci\sness1 n outside ( t4 ,! ego is !re=e ! empty1 transc5d5tal subject ( our ?\ghts1 t moreov] becomes kn[n only ?r\gh its ?\ghts2 b ( :at x is 9 itself we _c ga!r ! lea/ idea4 7,a horrible di/9ction6 ,= ?\ght is no?+ m or less ?an ! 89-itself0 or implicit47 ,we _c ass]t ( x any pres5t ,be+1 because ?\ght is an empty =m1 we h a conception ( :at ?9k+ ,be+s are ?r\gh no outw>d exp]i5ce1 b only by means ( self-consci\sness1--i4e4 because we _c take ! 8,i0 9 our h&s1 nor see x1 nor smell x4 ,we !re=e "k v well t ! ego is a subject1 b if we pass beyond self-consci\sness1 & say t x is sub/ance1 we g f>!r ?an we are entitl$ to d4 ,i _c !re=e assign any reality to ! subject4#cdd ,we "h see ,kant fall into contradiction1 :at ) ! b>b>ity ( ! conceptions :i* he refutes1 & ! b>b>ity ( 8 own conceptions :i* rema9 beh9d :5 ! o!rs are refut$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is p]fectly correct :5 he ma9ta9s t ! ego is n a s\l-?+1 a dead p]man5cy :i* has a s5su\s pres5t exi/5ce2 inde$1 7 x to be an ord9>y ?+1 x w\ld be necess>y t x %\ld be capable ( be+ exp]i5c$4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ,kant does n ass]t ! contr>y ( ?is1 namely t ! ego1 z ?is univ]sal or z self-?9k+1 has 9 itself ! true reality :i* he requires z an objective mode4 ,= he does n get cle> ( ! conception ( reality 9 :i* reality consi/s 9 ! possession ( a s5su\s pres5t exi/5ce2 accord+ly1 because ! ego is giv5 9 no outw>d exp]i5ce1 x is n real4 ,= self-consci\sness1 ! ego z su*1 is n1 accord+ to ,kant1 reality2 x is only our ?\ght1 or 9 o!r words he reg>ds self-consci\sness z be+ itself simply & entirely s5su\s4 ,! =m :i* ,kant accord+ly be/[s on ,be+1 ?+1 sub/ance1 w\ld seem to indicate t ^! categories ( ! und]/&+ 7 too high = ! subject1 too high to be capable ( be+ pr$icat$ ( x4 ,b really su* det]m9ations are too poor & too mean1 = :at possesses life is n a ?+1 nor c ! s\l1 ! _s1 ! ego1 be call$ a ?+4 ,be+ is ! lea/ or l[e/ quality t "o c assign to _s1 its ab/ract1 imm$iate id5tity ) itself2 ,be+ ?us no d\bt p]ta9s to _s1 b x mu/ be consid]$ z a det]m9ation sc>cely wor? apply+ to x4 4 ,9 ! second place we h ! ant9omy1 i4e4 ! contradiction 9 ,reason's ,idea ( ! ,uncondition$1 an ,idea appli$ to ! _w 9 ord] to repres5t x z a complete summ+-up ( conditions4 ,t is to say1 9 ! giv5 ph5om5a ,reason dem&s ! absolute complet5ess ( ! conditions ( _! possibility1 s f> z ^! con/itute a s]ies1 s t ! uncondition$ is conta9$ 9 ! _w1 i4e4 ! totality ( ! s]ies4 ,if n[ ?is complet5ess is express$ z exi/+1 an ant9omy is alone pres5t$1 & ,reason is pres5t$ only z dialectic3 i4e4 9 ?is object !re is on e side a p]fect contradiction f\nd4#cde ,= ph5om5a are a f9ite cont5t1 & ! _w is a conjunction ( ! limit$2 if ?is cont5t is n[ ?\ght by ,reason1 & !re=e subsum$ "u ! uncondition$ & ! unlimit$1 we h two det]m9ations1 f9ite & inf9ite1 :i* contradict ea* o!r4 ,reason dem&s a p]fectly complete syn!sis1 an absolute beg9n+2 b 9 ph5om5a we h1 on ! contr>y1 a succession ( causes & effects1 :i* nev] come to an end4 ,kant "h po9ts out f\r contradictions 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #cbj71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh2 = 9 ea* ,notion !re are ant9omies1 s9ce x is n simple b concrete1 & !re=e conta9s diff]5t det]m9ations1 :i* are direct opposites4 4 ,^! ant9omies 9 ! fir/ place involve our mak+ ! "o det]m9ation1 limitation1 j z valid z non-limitation4 8,!sis3 ,! _w has a beg9n+ & an end 9 "t1 & x is limit$ 9 reg>d to space4 ,anti!sis3 ,x has no beg9n+ & no end 9 "t1 & also no limits 9 space40 ,! "o1 says ,kant1 c be prov$ j z easily z ! o!r2 & inde$ he does prove ea* indirectly1 ?\gh 8 are n 8advocate's pro(s40#cdf ,! _w1 z ! univ]se1 is ! :ole2 x is ?us a univ]sal idea1 & !re=e unlimit$4 ,! completion ( ! syn!sis 9 progression z reg>ds "t & space is1 h[ev]1 a fir/ beg9n+ ( "t & space4 ,if !re=e ! categories ( limit$ & unlimit$ are appli$ to ! _w 9 ord] to atta9 to a k ( x1 we fall into contradictions1 because ! categories are n applicable to ?+s-9-!mselves4 4 ,! second ant9omy is t atoms1 f :i* sub/ance is compos$1 mu/ necess>ily be admitt$ to exi/1 !re=e simplicity c be prov$2 b j z easy is x to prove incomplet5ess1 ! endless process ( division4 ,! !sis is accord+ly /at$ ?us3 8,e comp\nd sub/ance consi/s ( simple p>ts10 & ! anti!sis is z foll[s3 8,!re exi/s no?+ simple40#cdg ,! "o is "h ! limit1 a mat]ial self-exi/5ce1 ! po9t :i* is likewise ! enclos+ surface2 ! o!r is divisibility ad inf9itum4 4 ,! ?ird ant9omy is ! opposition betwe5 fre$om & necessity4 ,! fir/ is ! self-det]m9+1 ! po9t ( view p]ta9+ to inf9ity3 causality accord+ to ! laws ( fre$om is ! only causality4 ,! o!r is3 ,det]m9ism alone is to be f\nd3 ev]y?+ is det]m9$ by means ( an ext]nal gr\nd or reason4#cdh 4 ,! f\r? ant9omy re/s on :at foll[s3 ,on ! "o h& totality completes itself 9 fre$om z a fir/ beg9n+ ( action1 or 9 an absolutely necess>y ,be+1 z ! cause ( ! _w1 s t ! process is int]rupt$3 b !re is oppos$ to t fre$om ! necessity ( a process accord+ to conditions ( causes & effects1 & to ! necessity ( a ,be+ is oppos$ ! consid]ation t ev]y?+ is cont+5t4 ,! absolute necessity ( ! condition$ _w is !re=e on ! "o h& ma9ta9$ ?us3 8,to ! _w belongs an absolutely necess>y ,be+40 ,! opposite to ?is is1 8,!re exi/s no absolutely necess>y ,be+1 ei!r z "p ( ! _w or outside ( ! _w40#cdi ,"o ( ^! opposites is j z necess>y z ! o!r1 & x is sup]flu\s to c>ry ?is fur!r "h4 ,! necessity ( ^! contradictions is ! int]e/+ fact :i* ,kant 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #cbd7 has br\ght to consci\sness2 9 ord9>y metaphysics1 h[ev]1 x is imag9$ t "o ( ^! contradictions mu/ hold good1 & ! o!r be disprov$4 ,! mo/ important po9t involv$ 9 ?is ass]tion ( ,kant's is1 h[ev]1 un9t5tional on 8 "p4 ,= he inde$ solves ^! ant9omies 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #che1 #chf71 b only 9 ! p>ticul> s5se ( transc5d5tal idealism1 :i* does n d\bt or d5y ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s 7supra1 p4 #ddb71 b 8all[s t ?+s are p]ceiv$ 9 space & "t0 7:i* is ! case1 :e!r x all[s x or n73 = transc5d5tal idealism1 h[ev]1 8space & "t 9 !mselves are n ?+s at all10 & !re=e 8d n exi/ ap>t f our m9d20 i4e4 all ^! det]m9ations ( a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & s on1 d n really belong to ?+s1 to ! implicitude ( ! ph5om5al _w1 :i* has indep5d5t exi/5ce outside ( our subjective ?\ght4 ,if su* det]m9ations belong$ to ! _w1 to ,god1 to free ag5ts1 !re w\ld be an objective contradiction2 b ?is contradiction is n f\nd z absolute1 x p]ta9s only to u4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ?is transc5d5tal idealism lets ! contradiction rema91 only x is n ,be+ 9 itself t is ?us contradictory1 = ! contradiction has its s\rce 9 our ?\ght alone4 ,?us ! same ant9omy rema9s 9 our m9d2 & z x 0 =m]ly ,god :o _h to take ^u ,himself all contradictions1 s n[ x is self-consci\sness4 ,b ! ,kantian philosophy does n g on to grapple ) ! fact t x is n ?+s t are contradictory1 b self-consci\sness itself4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! ego does n melt away by reason ( ^! contradictions1 b cont9ues to exi/2 we ne$ n !re=e tr\ble ourselves ab\t its contradictions1 = x c be> !m4 ,nev]!less ,kant %[s "h too mu* t5d]ness = ?+s3 x w\ld be a pity1 he ?9ks1 if !y contradict$ !mselves4 ,b t m9d1 :i* is f> high]1 %\ld be a contradiction--t is n a pity at all4 ,! contradiction is !re=e by no means solv$ by ,kant2 & s9ce m9d takes x ^u itself1 & contradiction is self-de/ructive1 m9d is 9 itself all d]angem5t & disord]4 ,! true solution w\ld be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t ! categories h no tru? 9 !mselves1 & ! ,uncondition$ ( ,reason j z little1 b t x lies 9 ! unity ( bo? z concrete1 & 9 t alone4 4 ,kant n[ goes on to ! ,idea ( ,god2 ?is ?ird idea is ! ,be+ ( ,be+s1 :i* ! o!r ideas presuppos$4 ,kant says 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #dda-deb71 t accord+ to ! def9ition ( ,wolff1 ,god is ! mo/ real ( all ,be+s2 ! object !n comes to be to prove t ,god is n only ,?\ght1 b t ,he is1 t ,he has reality1 ,be+4 ,?is ,kant calls ! ,ideal ( ,reason1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,idea1 :i* is only ! sum ( all possibility4 ,! ,ideal is ?us ! ,idea z exi/5t2 j z 9 art we give ! "n ( ideal to ! ,idea realiz$ 9 a s5su\s mann]4 ,"h ,kant takes into consid]ation ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z he asks :e!r reality c be assign$ to ?is ,ideal4 ,! ontological pro( proce$s f ! absolute ,notion1 9 ord] f x to argue up to ,be+4 ,) ,anselm1 ,desc>tes1 & ,sp9oza ! transition to ,be+ is ?us made2 & all ( !m assume 9 s do+ ! unity ( ,be+ & ?\ght4 ,b ,kant says 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #deh-dff73 ,to ?is ,ideal ( ,reason j z little reality c be assign$3 !re is no transition f ! ,notion to ,be+4 8,be+ is n a real pr$icate10 l any o!r1 8a ,notion ( some?+ :i* might be add$ to ! ,notion ( a ?+4 ,a hundr$ real doll>s d n conta9 9 ! v lea/ m ?an a hundr$ possible doll>s10 !y are ! same cont5t1 i4e4 ! same ,notion2 !y are also a hundr$ exactly4 ,! "o is ! ,notion1 or r ! conception1 ! o!r is ! object2 ,be+ is no new det]m9ation ( ! ,notion1 o!rwise my ,notion ( a hundr$ real doll>s w\ld conta9 some?+ diff]5t f a hundr$ real doll>s4 ,b 8! object1 z real1 is n conta9$ 9 my ,notion alone2 or to my ,notion ! real hundr$ doll>s are syn!tically add$40 ,be+ _c !re=e be d]iv$ f ! ,notion1 because x is n conta9$ !re91 b mu/ be add$ to x4 8,we mu/ g out ( ! ,notion 9 ord] to arrive at exi/5ce4 ,) reg>d to objects ( pure ?\ght1 !re are no means ( com+ to "k ( _! exi/5ce1 because x _h to be kn[n a priori2 b our consci\sness ( all exi/5ce belongs entirely to exp]i5ce40 ,t is to say1 ,kant does n atta9 to ! compreh5sion ( t v syn!sis ( ,notion & ,be+1 or 9 o!r words1 he does n compreh5d exi/5ce1 i4e4 he does n atta9 to ! e/abli%m5t ( x z ,notion2 exi/5ce rema9s = him some?+ absolutely diff]5t f a ,notion4 ,! cont5t is no d\bt ! same = him 9 :at exi/s & 9 ! ,notion3 b s9ce ,be+ is n involv$ 9 ! ,notion1 ! attempt to d]ive ! "o f ! o!r is unavail+4 ,( c\rse ! det]m9ation ( ,be+ is n f\nd z positive & ready-made 9 ! ,notion2 ! ,notion is some?+ diff]5t f reality & objectivity4 ,if we !re=e abide by ! ,notion1 we abide by ,be+ z some?+ diff]5t f ! ,notion1 & adh]e to ! sep>ation ( ! two2 we !n h conception1 & n ,be+ at all4 ,t a hundr$ possible doll>s are some?+ diff]5t f a hundr$ actual ones is a reflection ( a v popul> nature1 s mu* s t no proposition has be5 s well receiv$ z ! ass]tion t no transition c be made f ! ,notion to ,be+2 = ?\gh ,i imag9e to myself a hundr$ doll>s1 ,i d n possess !m = all t4 ,b 9 a l popul> fa%ion x might be said t "o mu/ leave (f imag9+1 = t is m]e conception3 i4e4 :at is m]ely imag9>y is untrue1 ! hundr$ imag9>y doll>s are & rema9 imag9>y4 ,!re=e to believe 9 !m is a pro( ( an uns\nd und]/&+1 & is ( no mann] ( use2 & he is a fooli% fell[ :o indulges 9 su* fancies & wi%es4 ,"o possesses a hundr$ doll>s1 :5 !y are real only2 if a man has !re=e s great a desire to possess a hundr$ doll>s1 he mu/ put 8 h& to "w 9 ord] to obta9 !m3 i4e4 he mu/ n come to a /&/ill at ! imag9ation ( !m1 b pass out beyond x4 ,?is subjective side is n ! ultimate or ! absolute2 ! true is t :i* is n m]ely subjective4 ,if ,i possess a hundr$ doll>s1 ,i h !m actually1 & at ! same "t ,i =m a conception ( !m to myself4 ,b accord+ to ,kant's repres5tation we come to a deadlock at ! diff]5ce2 dualism is ultimate1 & ea* side has indep5d5t validity z an absolute4 ,aga9/ ?is false idea ( :at is to be absolute & ultimate1 ! heal?y human und]/&+ is direct$2 e ord9>y consci\sness rises above x1 e action aims at sett+ aside a subjective conception & mak+ x into some?+ objective4 ,!re is no man s fooli% z t philosophy2 :5 a man feels hungry1 he does n call up ! imag9ation ( food1 b sets ab\t satisfy+ 8 hung]4 ,all activity is a conception :i* does n yet exi/1 b ^: subjectivity is abrogat$4 ,moreov] ! imag9>y hundr$ doll>s become real1 & ! real ones imag9>y3 ?is is a frequ5t exp]i5ce1 ?is is _! fate2 x dep5ds on circum/ances entirely outw>d :e!r a hundr$ doll>s become my prop]ty or n4 ,( c\rse ! m]e conception is ( no good1 if ,i ob/9ately hold by x3 = ,i c imag9e :at ,i w1 b t does n make x exi/4 ,! only important po9t is :at ,i conceive to myself1 & !n :e!r ,i ?9k or compreh5d ! subjective & ,be+2 by means ( ?is ea* passes into ! o!r4 ,?\ght1 ! ,notion1 ( necessity implies t ! ,notion does n rema9 subjective2 ?is subjective is on ! contr>y abrogat$ & reveals itself z objective4 ,n[ t unity is expressly affirm$ by ,desc>tes solely 9 ref]5ce to ! ,notion ( ,god1 = x is j t :i* is ,god2 he speaks ( no hundr$ doll>s1 z ^! are n an exi/5ce :i* has a ,notion 9 itself4 ,t opposition does away ) itself absolutely & entirely1 i4e4 ! f9ite passes away2 x holds good only 9 ! philosophy ( f9itude4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is n a ,notion ( exi/5ce =m$1 we h 9 x a notionless1 s5su\s object ( p]ception2 & :at is notionless is c]ta9ly n a ,notion1--!re=e s5sation1 h&l+1 are n ,notions4 ,su* exi/5ce has ( c\rse no ,absolute1 no real ess5ce3 or su* exi/5ce has no tru?1 x is only a vani%+ mom5t4 ,?is useless ?ra%+ ( ! empty gra9less /raw ( ! common logic is t]m$ philosophiz+3 x is l ,issa*> ! /rong ass1 :i* c\ld n be made to move f ! spot :]e x 0 7,g54 xlix4 #ad74 ,p ( ?is k9d say3 ,we are good = no?+1 & because we are good = no?+1 we are good = no?+1 & wi% to be good = no?+4 ,b x is a v false idea ( ,*ri/ian humility & mode/y to desire ?r\gh "o's abjectness to atta9 to excell5ce2 ?is confession ( "o's own no?+ness is really inw>d pride & great self-conceit4 ,b = ! hon\r ( true humility we mu/ n rema9 9 our mis]y1 b raise ourselves above x by lay+ hold ( ! ,div9e4 ,! fact to :i* ,kant cl+s mo/ /rongly 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #dfg7 is ?is1 t ,be+ _c be extract$ f ! ,notion4 ,! result ( ?is is ! proposition t to h ! ?\ght ( ! ,inf9ite is c]ta9ly ,reason2 b t f ! ,idea ( ,reason is sep>at$ det]m9ation 9 g5]al1 & especially ! det]m9ation :i* is kn[n z ,be+4 ,! ,ideas ( ,reason _c be prov$ f exp]i5ce1 or obta9 f x _! v]ification3 if !y are def9$ by means ( categories1 contradictions arise4 ,if ! ,idea 9 g5]al is to be def9$ z exi/5t only1 x is no?+ m or less ?an ! ,notion2 & ! ,be+ ( ! exi/5t is /ill di/+ui%$ f x4 ,?is result1 h[ev]1 s highly important ) ref]5ce to k ( ! und]/&+1 ,kant does n1 ) ref]5ce to ,reason1 c>ry fur!r ?an to say t ,reason has on its own acc\nt no?+ b =mal unity = ! me?odical sy/ematization ( ! k ( ! und]/&+4 ,ab/ract ?9k+ is adh]$ to2 x is said t ! und]/&+ c only br+ ab\t ord] 9 ?+s2 b ord] is no?+ 9 & = itself1 x is only subjective4 ,!re !re=e rema9s no?+ = ,reason except ! =m ( its pure id5tity ) itself1 & ?is ext5ds no fur!r ?an to ! arrang+ ( ! manifold laws & relations ( ! und]/&+1 ! classes1 k9ds & species :i* ! und]/&+ discov]s4#cej ,i1 z ,reason or conception1 & ! ?+s ext]nal to me1 are bo? absolutely diff]5t f "o ano!r2 & t1 accord+ to ,kant1 is ! ultimate /&po9t4 ,! animal does n /op at ?is /&po9t1 b practically br+s ab\t unity4 ,?is is ! critique ( !oretical ,reason :i* ,kant gives1 & 9 :i* he /ates ! a priori & det]m9ate "* ( ,reason 9 itself1 )\t br++ x to ! det]m9at5ess ( individuality4#cea ,m5tion %\ld /ill be made ( ! positive philosophy or metaphysics1 :i* ,kant sets a priori above objective exi/5ce1 ! cont5t ( ! object ( exp]i5ce1 nature2 we h "h 8 natural philosophy1 :i* is a demon/ration ( ! univ]sal conceptions ( ,nature4 ,b ?is is on ! "o h& v scanty & re/rict$ 9 cont5t1 conta9+ z x does sundry g5]al qualities & conceptions ( matt] & motion1 & ) reg>d to ! sci5tific side or ! a priori1 z ,kant calls x1 x is likewise altoge!r unsatisfactory4 ,= ,kant assumes all su* conceptions z t matt] has motion & also a p[] ( attraction & repulsion1#ceb in/ead ( demon/rat+ _! necessity4 ,! 8,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy0 h nev]!less be5 ( great s]vice1 inasmu* z at ! comm5cem5t ( a philosophy ( nature1 att5tion 0 call$ to ! fact t physical sci5ce employs ?\ght-det]m9ations )\t fur!r inve/igation2 & ^! det]m9ations con/itute ! real f\ndations ( its objects4 ,d5sity1 = in/ance1 is look$ on by physical sci5ce z a v>iable quantity1 z a m]e quantum 9 space3 in/ead ( ?is ,kant ass]t$ x to be a c]ta9 degree ( occupation ( space1 i4e4 en]gy1 int5sity ( action4 ,he dem&s accord+ly 7,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft1 pp4 #fe-fh7 a con/ruction ( matt] f p[]s & activities1 n f atoms2 & ,s*ell+ /ill holds to ?is )\t gett+ fur!r4 ,kant's "w is an attempt to ?9k1 i4e4 to demon/rate ! det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 ^: product consi/s ( su* conceptions z matt]2 he has attempt$ to det]m9e ! fundam5tal ,notions & pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce1 & has giv5 ! fir/ impulse to a s-call$ dynamic !ory ( ,nature4 8,religion )9 pure ,reason0 is also a demon/ration ( dogmas z aspects ( ,reason1 j z 9 ,nature4 ,?us 9 ! positive dogmas ( religion1 :i* ! ,aufklrung 7! cle>+-up7--or ! ,ausklrung 7! cle>+-out7--made %ort "w (1 ,kant call$ to remembrance ,ideas ( ,reason1 ask+ :at rational &1 fir/ ( all1 :at moral mean+ lies 9 t :i* m5 call dogmas ( religion1 e4g4 orig9al s94#cec ,he is mu* m reasonable ?an ! ,ausklrung1 :i* ?9ks x b5ea? its dignity to speak ( su* matt]s4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 respect to ! !oretical "p ( ,kant's philosophy4 #b4 ,! second subject ( review 9 ,kant's philosophy is ! practical sph]e1 ! nature & pr9ciple ( ! w2 ?is subject is dealt ) 9 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 9 :i* ,kant accept$ ,r\sseau's conclusion t ! w is absolutely free4 ,kant's idea ( !oretic ,reason is t :5 ,reason relates itself to an object1 ?is object mu/ be giv5 to x2 b :5 ! object is giv5 by ,reason to itself1 x has no tru?2 & ,reason 9 k ( ?is k9d does n arrive at indep5d5ce4 ,z practical1 on ! contr>y1 ,reason is indep5d5t 9 itself2 z a moral ,be+ man is free1 rais$ above all natural law & above all ph5om5a4 ,z ! !oretic ,reason _h 9 itself categories1 a priori di/9ctions1 s practical ,reason has 9 turn ! moral law 9 g5]al1 ! fur!r det]m9ations ( :i* are con/itut$ by ! notions ( duty & "r1 lawful & unlawful2 & "h ,reason disda9s all ! giv5 mat]ial :i* 0 necess>y to x on ! !oretic side4 ,! w det]m9es itself )9 itself2 all t is "r & moral re/s on fre$om2 9 ?is man has 8 absolute self-consci\sness4#ced ,on ?is side self-consci\sness f9ds ess5tial reality 9 itself1 z !oretical ,reason f\nd x 9 an 8o!r02 & 9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 ! ego 9 its individuality is imm$iate reality1 univ]sality1 objectivity2 9 ! second place subjectivity /rives aft] reality1 b n aft] s5su\s reality su* z we _h be=e1 = "h ,reason holds itself to be ! real4 ,"h we h ! ,notion :i* is s5sible ( its own defici5cy2 ?is !oretic ,reason c\ld n be1 z 9 x ! ,notion _h to rema9 ! ,notion4 ,?us we h ! /&po9t ( absolut5ess reveal$1 s9ce !re is an inf9ite disclos$ )9 ! human brea/4 ,! satisfy+ "p 9 ,kant's philosophy is t ! tru? is at lea/ set )9 ! he>t2 & h5ce ,i ackn[l$ge t1 & t alone1 :i* is 9 con=mity ) my det]m9$ nature4 a4 ,kant divides w into l[] & high] faculties ( desire2 ?is expression is n inapt4 ,! l[] faculties ( desire are impulses1 incl9ations1 etc42 ! high] faculty is ! w z su*1 :i* has n ext]nal1 individual aims1 b univ]sal4 ,to ! "q :at ! pr9ciple ( w t %\ld det]m9e man 9 8 actions is1 all sorts ( answ]s h be5 giv52 = in/ance1 self-love1 b5evol5ce1 happ9ess1 etc4 ,su* mat]ial pr9ciples ( action1 ,kant n[ says1 are all r$ucible to impulses1 to happ9ess2 b ! rational 9 itself is purely =mal1 & consi/s 9 ! maxim t :at is to hold good z law1 mu/ be capable ( be+ ?\ght ( z a law ( univ]sal application1 )\t de/roy+ itself4 ,all morality ( action n[ re/s ^u ! conviction t ! act is done ) consci\sness ( ! law1 = ! sake ( ! law & out ( respect = ! law & = itself1 )\t any reg>d to :at makes = happ9ess4 ,z a moral ,be+ man has ! moral law 9 himself1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is fre$om & autonomy ( ! w2 = ! w is absolute spontaneity4 ,det]m9ations :i* are tak5 f ! incl9ations are het]og5e\s pr9ciples z reg>ds ! w2 or ! w is het]onomy if x takes su* det]m9ations z its end & aim2 = 9 t case x takes its det]m9ations f some?+ else ?an itself4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! w is to det]m9e itself f itself2 = practical ,reason gives itself laws4 ,b ! empirical w is het]onom\s1 = x is det]m9$ by desires2 & !y belong to our nature1 n to ! realm ( fre$om4#cee ,x is a highly important po9t 9 ! ,kantian philosophy t :at self-consci\sness e/eems reality1 law1 & implicit ,be+1 is br\ght back )9 itself4 ,:ile a man is /riv+ aft] ?is aim & t1 accord+ z he judges ! _w or hi/ory 9 "o way or ! o!r1 :at is he to take z 8 ultimate aim8 ,= ! w1 h[ev]1 !re is no o!r aim ?an t d]iv$ f itself1 ! aim ( its fre$om4 ,x is a great advance :5 ! pr9ciple is e/abli%$ t fre$om is ! la/ h+e on :i* man turns1 a highe/ possible p9nacle1 :i* all[s no?+ fur!r to be impos$ ^u x2 ?us man b[s to no au?ority1 & ackn[l$ges no obligations1 :]e 8 fre$om is n respect$4 ,great popul>ity has f "o po9t ( view be5 won = ,kantian philosophy by ! tea*+ t man f9ds 9 himself an absolutely firm1 unwav]+ c5tre-po9t2 b ) ?is la/ pr9ciple x has come to a /&/ill4 ,:ile ! highe/ p9nacle ( ! !oretic ,reason is ab/ract id5tity1 because x c furni% only a canon1 a rule = ab/ract classifications1#cef practical ,reason1 z law-giv+1 is imm$iately reg>d$ z concrete2 ! law :i* x gives to itself is ! moral law4 ,b ev5 if x is /at$ t x is concrete 9 itself1 !re is ! fur!r consid]ation t ?is fre$om is at fir/ only ! negative ( ev]y?+ else2 no bond1 no?+ ext]nal1 lays me "u an obligation4 ,x is to ?is ext5t indet]m9ate2 x is ! id5tity ( ! w ) itself1 its at-hom5ess ) itself4 ,b :at is ! cont5t ( ?is law8 ,"h we at once come back to ! lack ( cont5t4 ,= ! sole =m ( ?is pr9ciple is no?+ m or less ?an agreem5t ) itself1 univ]sality2 ! =mal pr9ciple ( legislation 9 ?is int]nal solitude comes to no det]m9ation1 or ?is is ab/raction only4 ,! univ]sal1 ! non-contradiction ( self1 is )\t cont5t1 some?+ :i* comes to be reality 9 ! practical sph]e j z little z 9 ! !oretical4 ,! univ]sal moral law ,kant !re=e expresses ?us 7& ! sett+ up ( su* a univ]sal =m 0 at all times ! dem& ( ! ab/ract und]/&+73 8,act f maxims0 7! law is also to be my p>ticul> law71 8:i* are capable ( becom+ univ]sal laws40#ceg ,?us = ! det]m9ation ( duty 7= ! "q :i* meets u is1 :at is duty = ! free w7 ,kant has contribut$ no?+ b ! =m ( id5tity1 :i* is ! law ( ab/ract ,und]/&+4 ,to def5d "o's fa!rl&1 to promote ! happ9ess ( ano!r1 is a duty1 n because ( ! cont5t1 b because x is duty2 z ) ! ,/oics1 :at 0 ?\ght 0 true = ! v reason t1 & 9 s f> z x 0 ?\ght 7,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bed1 #bfj1 #bfc74 ,! cont5t z su* is inde$ n :at holds good univ]sally 9 ! moral law1 because x contradicts itself4 ,= b5evol5ce1 = in/ance1 enjo9s3 8,give y\r possessions to ! poor10 b if all give away :at !y h1 b5efic5ce is done away ) 7,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #dag1 #dah74 ,ev5 ) ab/ract id5tity1 h[ev]1 we d n get a /ep fur!r1 = e cont5t :i* is put into ?is =m is by be+ s put fre$ f self-contradiction4 ,b no?+ w\ld be lo/ if x 7 n put into ?is =m at all4 ,) reg>d to prop]ty1 = in/ance1 ! law ( my actions is ?is3 ,prop]ty ought to be respect$1 = ! opposite ( ?is _c be univ]sal law4 ,t is correct1 b x is q a =mal det]m9ation3 ,if prop]ty is1 !n x is4 ,prop]ty is "h presuppos$1 b ?is det]m9ation may also 9 ! same way be omitt$1 & !n !re is no contradiction involv$ 9 !ft3 ,if !re is no su* ?+ z prop]ty1 !n x is n respect$4 ,?is is ! defect 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,kant & ,fi*te1 t x is really =mal2 *ill duty is ! f9al undige/$ lump left )9 ! /oma*1 ! revelation giv5 to ,reason4 ,! fir/ po/ulate 9 practical ,reason is ?us free1 indep5d5t w :i* det]m9es itself1 b ?is concrete is /ill ab/ract4 ,! second & ?ird are =ms :i* rem9d u t ! w is concrete 9 a high] s5se4 b4 ,! second po9t is ! connection ( ! ,notion ( ! w ) ! p>ticul> w ( ! individual2 ! concrete is "h ! fact t my p>ticul> w & ! univ]sal w are id5tical1 or t ,i am a moral human be+4 ,! unity1 t man %\ld be moral1 is po/ulat$2 b beyond ! 8%\ld0 & ?is talk ( morality1 no advance is made4 ,x is n said :at is moral2 & no ?\ght is giv5 to a sy/em ( ! self-realiz+ _s4 ,= really1 z !oretic ,reason /&s oppos$ to ! objective ( ! s5ses1 s practical ,reason /&s oppos$ to ! practical s5su\sness1 to impulses & incl9ations4 ,p]fect$ morality mu/ rema9 a ,beyond2 = morality presupposes ! diff]5ce ( ! p>ticul> & univ]sal w4 ,x is a /ruggle1 ! det]m9ation ( ! s5su\s by ! univ]sal2 ! /ruggle c only take place :5 ! s5su\s w is n yet 9 con=mity ) ! univ]sal4 ,! result is1 !re=e1 t ! aim ( ! moral w is to be atta9$ 9 inf9ite progress only2 on ?is ,kant f\nds 7,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bai-bbc7 ! po/ulate ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z ! endless progress ( ! subject 9 8 morality1 because morality itself is incomplete1 & mu/ advance into inf9itude4 ,! p>ticul> w is c]ta9ly some?+ o!r ?an ! univ]sal w2 b x is n ultimate or really p]man5t4 c4 ,! ?ird po9t is ! highe/ concrete1 ! ,notion ( ! fre$om ( all m51 or ! natural _w has to be 9 h>mony ) ! ,notion ( fre$om4 ,t is ! po/ulate ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :om ,reason1 h[ev]1 does n recognize4 ,w has ! :ole _w1 ! :ole ( ! s5su\s1 9 opposition to x1 & yet ,reason insi/s on ! unity ( ,nature or ! moral law1 z ! ,idea ( ! ,good1 :i* is ! ultimate end ( ! _w4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is =mal1 & !re=e has no cont5t on its own acc\nt1 x /&s oppos$ to ! impulses & incl9ations ( a subjective & an ext]nal indep5d5t ,nature4 ,kant reconciles ! contradiction ( ! two 7,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #aih-bjj7 9 ! ?\ght ( ! highe/ ,good1 9 :i* ,nature is con=m$ to rational w1 & happ9ess to virtue2--a h>mony :i* does n ent] into ! "q at all1 al?\gh practical reality consi/s !re94 ,= happ9ess is only "o's own s5su\s consci\sness1 or ! actuality ( a p>ticul> individual1 n univ]sal reality 9 itself4 ,! unification spok5 ( itself !re=e rema9s only a ,beyond1 a ?\ght1 :i* is n actually 9 exi/5ce1 b only ought to be4 ,kant 7,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bje-bji7 ?us agrees entirely ) ! talk :i* alleges t 9 ?is _w x (t5 f>es ill ) ! good1 & well ) ! wick$1 & s on2 & he po/ulates fur!r ! exi/5ce ( ,god z ! ,be+1 ! causality1 ?r\gh :om ?is h>mony comes to pass1 on behalf bo? ( ! sanctity ( ! moral law1 & ( ! rational end to be atta9$ 9 ,nature1 b only 9 inf9ite progress2 :i* po/ulate1 l t ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 all[s ! contradiction to rema9 z x is all ! "t1 & expresses only 9 ! ab/ract t ! reconciliation ought to come ab\t4 ,! po/ulate itself is always !re1 because ! ,good is a ,beyond ) respect to ,nature2 ! law ( necessity & ! law ( lib]ty are diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & plac$ 9 ?is dualism4 ,nature w\ld rema9 ,nature no long]1 if x 7 to become con=m$ to ! ,notion ( ! ,good2 & ?us !re rema9s an utt] opposition betwe5 ! two sides1 because !y _c unite4 ,x is likewise necess>y to e/abli% ! unity ( ! two2 b ?is is nev] actual1 = _! sep>ation is exactly :at is presuppos$4 ,kant employs popul> language ?us3 evil ought to be ov]come1 b yet mu/ n h be5 ov]come4 ,god is to him1 !re=e1 only a fai?1 an op9ion1 :i* is only subjectively1 & n absolutely true4#ceh ,?is result is also ( a v popul> "*4 ,^! po/ulates express no?+ b ! syn!sis1 devoid ( ?\ght1 ( ! diff]5t mom5ts :i* contradict ea* o!r on e h&2 !y are !re=e a 8ne/0#cei ( contradictions4 ,= in/ance1 ! immortality ( ! s\l is po/ulat$ on acc\nt ( imp]fect morality1 i4e4 because x is infect$ ) s5su\sness4 ,b ! s5su\s is impli$ 9 moral self-consci\sness2 ! end1 p]fection1 is :at really de/roys morality z su*4 ,simil>ly ! o!r aim1 ! h>mony ( ! s5su\s & ! rational1 to an equal ext5t abrogates morality2 = t consi/s 9 ?is v opposition ( ,reason to ! s5su\s4 ,! actuality ( ! ,god :o produces h>mony is ( su* a "* t x does n ent] into consci\sness at all2 x is accept$ by consci\sness = ! sake ( h>mony1 j z *ildr5 make "s k9d ( sc>ecr[1 & !n agree ) ea* o!r to pret5d to be afraid ( x4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ,god is accept$--t by ! conception ( a holy law-giv] ! moral law may acquire additional rev]5ce--contradicts ! fact t morality really consi/s 9 rev]5ce = ! law simply = its own sake4#cfj ,9 ,practical ,reason self-consci\sness e/eems itself to be implicit ,be+1 z contra/$ ) !oretic ,reason1 :i* assigns implicitude to objective exi/5ce1 b ! "o1 we see1 atta9s j z little z ! o!r to unity & actuality 9 itself4 ,x is h>d = man to believe t ,reason actually exi/s3 b !re is no?+ real except ,reason2 x is ! absolute p[]4 ,! vanity ( man aspires to h an ideal be=e him1 9 ord] to be able to f9d fault ) ev]y?+ alike4 ,we possess all wisdom1 x is )9 u1 b is n =?com+4 ,t is ! ultimate /&po9t2 x is a high /&po9t1 no d\bt1 b 9 x ! tru? is nev] rea*$4 ,! absolute ,good rema9s 8:at ought to be10 or )\t objectivity2 & !re x has to rema94 #c4 ,!re is /ill left = u to consid] ! ?ird side 9 ,kant's philosophy1 ! ,critique ( ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t1 9 :i* ! dem& = ! concrete comes 91 ! dem& t ! ,idea ( unity spok5 ( be=e %\ld be e/abli%$ n z a ,beyond1 b z pres5t2 & ?is side is ( special importance4 ,kant says t ! und]/&+ no d\bt regulates 9 ! !oretic sph]e & produces categories2 b ^! rema9 m]e g5]al det]m9ations1 beyond :i* lies ! p>ticul> 7! o!r elem5t :i* belongs to e item ( k74 ,! two are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r = ! und]/&+2 = its di/9ctions rema9 9 univ]sality4 ,9 ! practical sph]e ,reason is c]ta9ly ! implicit1 b its free indep5d5ce1 its law-giv+ fre$om 9 high] =m1 is oppos$ to ,nature 9 its fre$om or to ,nature's own laws4 8,9 ! !oretic sph]e ,reason c draw conclusions f giv5 laws ?r\gh syllogisms1 only by means ( ! und]/&+1 & ^! conclusions nev] get beyond ,nature2 x is only 9 ! practical sph]e t ,reason itself gives laws4 ,und]/&+ &0 7practical7 8,reason h two diff]5t regulative sy/ems on "o & ! same gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 )\t ! "o be+ detrim5tal to ! o!r4 ,= if ! ,notion ( ,nature has b little influ5ce on ! giv+ ( laws by ! ,notion ( ,fre$om1 j z little does ! latt] int]f]e ) ! legislation ( ,nature4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce side by side ( ! two regulative sy/ems & ( ! p[]s belong+ to !m 0 prov$ 9 ! ,critique ( pure ,reason40 7687 8,n[ if a unity is n con/itut$ by ^! two diff]5t sph]es1 :i* c]ta9ly d n put a limit on ea* o!r 9 _! regulative action1 b d s incessantly 9 _! op]ations 9 ! s5su\s _w0 7i4e4 :]e !y enc\nt] ea* o!r71 8! reason is ?is1 t ! ,notion ( ,nature repres5ts its objects 9 p]ception1 n z ?+s 9 !mselves1 b z m]e ph5om5a1 :ile ! ,notion ( ,fre$om1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts 9 its object a ?+ 9 itself1 no d\bt1 b n 9 p]ception4 ,consequ5tly nei!r ( !m c atta9 to a !oretic k ( its object 7& ev5 ( ! ?9k+ subject7 z a ?+-9-itself1 :i* la/ w\ld be ! sup]s5su\s1 an unlimit$ & inaccessible realm = our :ole faculty ( k4 ,n[ truly !re is fix$ a gulf ov] :i* ! eye _c rea*1 betwe5 ! realm ( ! ,notion ( ,nature1 z ! s5su\s1 & ! realm ( ! ,notion ( ,fre$om1 z ! sup]s5su\s1 s t x is n possible to pass f ! "o to ! o!r1 s9ce x is j z if !re 7 two diff]5t worlds1 ! fir/ ( :i* c\ld h no influ5ce on ! second4 ,nev]!less ! latt] is conceiv$ z hav+ an influ5ce on ! =m]1 or1 9 o!r words1 fre$om is conceiv$ z hav+ = its mission ! realization 9 ! s5su\s _w ( ! end indicat$ by ! laws ( fre$om4 ,consequ5tly ,nature mu/ be s conceiv$ t1 :ile 9 =m x realizes its own laws1 !re may yet be a possibility ( ends be+ realiz$ 9 x accord+ to ! laws ( fre$om4 ,!re=e !re mu/ surely be "s gr\nd = ! unity ( ! sup]s5su\s :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ,nature ) t :i* ! ,notion ( ,fre$om practically conta9s1 ! ,notion ( :i* gr\nd ( unity1 al?\gh x atta9s nei!r !oretically nor practically to a k ( ! same1 & consequ5tly has no peculi> prov9ce1 yet makes possible ! transition f ! mode ( ?\ght 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! "o1 to ! mode ( ?\ght 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ,und]/&+ & ,reason !re n[ comes ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t1 z betwe5 ! p[]s ( k & desire !re come pleasure & its opposite2 9 ?is faculty mu/ !re=e lie ! transition f ! prov9ce ( ! ,notions ( ,nature to ! prov9ce ( ! ,notion ( ,fre$om40#cfa ,adaptation to ends has its place "h1 i4e4 a p>ticul> reality1 :i* is det]m9$ only ?r\gh ! univ]sal1 ! end4 ,! und]/&+ is ! gr\nd ( ?is unity ( ! manifold2 ! s5su\s is !re=e "h det]m9$ by means ( ! sup]s5su\s4 ,?is idea ( a univ]sal :i* implicitly conta9s ! p>ticul> is accord+ to ,kant ! precise object ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 :i* he divides z foll[s3--8,if ! univ]sal 7! rule1 pr9ciple1 law7 is giv51 ! faculty ( judgm5t :i* subsumes ! p>ticul> "u t univ]sal1 is det]m9ative10--! imm$iate faculty ( judgm5t4 ,b "h !re is also a p>ticul> :i* is n det]m9$ by species4 8,if1 h[ev]1 only ! p>ticul> is giv51 = :i* ! faculty ( judgm5t has to f9d ! univ]sal1 x is reflective40 ,! reflective judgm5t has z its pr9ciple ! unity ( p>ticul>ity & ! ab/ract univ]sal ( ! und]/&+1 ! idea ( a legal necessity :i* is at ! same "t free1 or ( a fre$om :i* is directly "o ) its cont5t4 8,?is pr9ciple c be no o!r b ! fact t s9ce univ]sal laws ( ,nature h _! f\ndation 9 our und]/&+1 :i* prescribes !m to nature1 al?\gh only accord+ to _! g5]al conception1 ! p>ticul>1 empirical laws1 9 s f> z !y are undet]m9$ by univ]sal laws1 mu/ be view$ z conta9+ t unity :i* !y w\ld conta9 if !y _h be5 giv5 by "s intellig5ce--o!r1 x may be1 ?an our own--) express ref]5ce to our cognitive faculties1 9 ord] to r5d] possible a sy/em ( exp]i5ce accord+ to p>ticul> natural laws4 ,x is n z if su* an intellig5ce mu/ be assum$ 7= x is only ! reflective faculty ( judgm5t to :i* ?is idea s]ves z pr9ciple73 ?is faculty gives a law only to itself1 n to ,nature 9 addition4 ,n[ ! conception ( an object 7if x at ! same "t conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! reality ( ?is object71 ! end1 & ! h>mony ( a ?+ ) t quality ( ?+s :i* is only possible 9 con=mity ) ends1 are t]m$ ! adaptation to purpose ( ! =m2 !re=e ! pr9ciple ( ! faculty ( judgm5t 9 respect to ! =m ( ! ?+s ( ,nature "u empirical laws 9 g5]al is ! adaptability to purpose ( ,nature 9 its multiplicity4 ,t is to say1 ,nature is repres5t$ by ?is ,notion z if an intellig5ce conta9$ ! gr\nd ( ! unity 9 multiplicity ( ,nature's empirical laws40#cfb ,ari/otle already reg>d$ ,nature z 9 itself %[+ ?is adaptation to end1 & z hav+ 9 itself 1 intellig5ce1 ! ,univ]sal1 s t 9 undivid$ unity "o elem5t is mom5t ( ano!r 7v4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aef-afb74 ,purpose is ! ,notion1 & imman5t2 n ext]nal =m & ab/raction z di/+ui%$ f a fundam5tal mat]ial1 b p5etrat+1 s t all t is p>ticul> is det]m9$ by ?is univ]sal itself4 ,accord+ to ,kant ?is is ,und]/&+3 no d\bt ! laws ( ! ,und]/&+1 :i* x implicitly has 9 k1 leave ! objective /ill undet]m9$1 b because ?is manifold itself mu/ h a connection 9 itself1 :i* is yet cont+5t = human intellig5ce1 8! faculty ( judgm5t mu/ assume z a pr9ciple = its own use t :at is cont+5t = u conta9s a unity1 :i* = u inde$ is n kn[able1 b yet ?9kable1 9 ! connection ( ! manifold ) an implicitly possible exp]i5ce40#cfc ,?is pr9ciple h]eby at once falls back aga9 into ! subjectivity ( a ?\ght1 & is only a maxim ( our reflection1 by :i* no?+ is to be express$ reg>d+ ! objective nature ( ! object1#cfd because ,be+-9-itself is once = all fix$ outside ( self-consci\sness1 & ! ,und]/&+ is conceiv$ only 9 ! =m ( ! self-consci\s1 n 9 its becom+ ano!r4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple ( ! reflective faculty ( judgm5t is 9 itself a two-fold adaptation to end1 ! =mal & ! mat]ial2 ! faculty ( judgm5t is ?us ei!r /hetic or teleological3 ( ^! ! =m] has to d ) subjective1 ! latt] ) objective1 logical adaptation to end4 ,!re are ?us two objects ( ! faculty ( judgm5t--! beautiful 9 works ( art & ! natural products ( organic life--:i* make kn[n to u ! unity ( ! ,notion ( ,nature & ! ,notion ( ,fre$om4#cfe ,! consid]ation ( ^! works involves ! fact1 t we see a unity ( ! ,und]/&+ & ! p>ticul>4 ,b z ?is consid]ation is only a subjective mann] ( repres5t+ su* products1 & does n conta9 ! tru? ( ! same1 su* ?+s are reg>d$ only accord+ to ?is unity1 & !y are n 9 !mselves ( ?is nature2 :at !y are 9 !mselves lies beyond4 a4 ,! ,beautiful ( ! /hetic faculty ( judgm5t consi/s 9 ! foll[+3 8,pleasure & displeasure are some?+ subjective1 :i* c 9 no way become a "p ( k4 ,! object has adaptation to end only to ! ext5t t its conception is directly b\nd up ) ! feel+ ( pleasure2 & ?is is an /hetic conception4 ,! tak+ up ( =ms into ! imag9ative faculty c nev] occur )\t ! reflect+ faculty ( judgm5t at lea/ comp>+ !m1 ev5 un9t5tionally1 by means ( its p[] ( relat+ p]ceptions to ,notions40 ,n[ if 9 ?is comp>ison ! imag9ative faculty 7z a faculty ( p]ceptions a priori87 8is1 by means ( a conception giv50--some?+ beautiful1--8un9t5tionally plac$ 9 agreem5t ) ! ,und]/&+1 z ! faculty ( ,notions1 & !reby a feel+ ( pleasure is awak5$1 ! object mu/ !n be look$ on z 9 con=mity ) end = ! reflect+ faculty ( judgm5t4 ,su* a judgm5t reg>d+ ! adaptability to end ( ! object1 a judgm5t :i* is gr\nd$ on no previ\s ,notion ( ! object1 & furni%es no ,notion ( x1 is an /hetic judgm5t4 ,an object ^: =m 7n ! mat]ial ( its conception z s5sation7 is judg$ to be a cause ( ! pleasure :i* spr+s f ! conception ( su* an object1 is beautiful10--! fir/ reasonable ?+ said ab\t beauty4 ,! s5su\s is "o mom5t ( ! ,beautiful1 b x mu/ also express ! spiritual1 a ,notion4 8,! ,beautiful is :at is conceiv$ )\t0 subjective 8int]e/10 b simil>ly also 8)\t ,notions0 7i4e4 det]m9ations ( reflection1 laws7 8z object ( a univ]sal pleasure4 ,x is relat$ to no incl9ation1 !re=e ! subject feels itself q free !re94 ,x is n beautiful = me4 ,! end is ! object ( a ,notion1 s f> z ! latt] is look$ on z ! cause ( ! =m]0 7! object72 8& ! causality ( a ,notion 9 respect to its object is adaptation to end40 ,to ! ideal belongs 8! ,idea ( reason1 :i* makes ! aims ( humanity1 z f> z !y _c be s5su\sly conceiv$1 ! pr9ciple ( judgm5t ( a =m ?r\gh :i* ^! aims reveal !mselves z _! effect 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,! ideal we may expect to f9d reveal$ only 9 human =m40 ,! sublime is ! ef=t to give s5su\s expression to an ,idea 9 :i* ! inconceivability ( ! ,idea1 & ! impossibility ( f9d+ an adequate expression ( x by means ( ! s5su\s1 are cle>ly evid5c$4#cff ,"h 9 ! /hetic faculty ( judgm5t we see ! imm$iate unity ( ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>2 = ! ,beautiful is ?is v unity1 )\t ,notion & imm$iate4 ,because ,kant1 h[ev]1 places x 9 ! subject1 x is limit$1 & z /hetic x also ranks l[]1 inasmu* z x is n ! unity z ,notion4 b4 ,! o!r mann] ( br++ h>mony to pass is ! teleological way ( reg>d+ ,nature1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! objective & mat]ial adaptation to end4 ,"h ! imm$iate unity ( ! ,notion & reality is look$ ^u z objective 9 ! organic products ( ,nature--?is be+ ! purpose ( ,nature1 conta9+ 9 its univ]sality ! p>ticul>1 9 its p>ticul>ity ! species4 ,b su* a mode ( consid]ation mu/ be practis$ n ext]nally1 b 9 con=mity ) int]nal teleology4 ,9 ext]nal adaptation to end "o ?+ has its end 9 ano!r3 8,sn[ protects ! s[n crops 9 cold l&s f fro/1 & facilitates ! int]c\rse ( m5 by p]mitt+ ( sleigh+40#cfg ,int]nal adaptation to end signifies1 on ! contr>y1 t a ?+ is 9 itself end & means1 its end is n !re=e beyond itself4 ,9 ! contemplation ( ! liv+ creature we d n rema9 at ! po9t ( hav+ some?+ s5su\s be=e u1 :i* accord+ to ! categories ( ! ,und]/&+ is only br\ght into relation to some?+ o!r ?an itself2 = we reg>d x z cause ( itself1 z produc+ itself4 ,?is is ! self-pres]vation ( ! liv+ creature2 z an individual x is no d\bt p]i%able1 b 9 liv+ x produces itself1 al?\gh = t purpose c]ta9 conditions are requisite4 ,! end or purpose ( ,nature is !re=e to be s\ght = 9 matt]1 to ! ext5t t matt] is an inw>dly organiz$ product ( nature1 89 :i* all is end1 & all 9 turn is means20#cfh because all ! memb]s ( ! organism are at ! same "t means & end1 x is an end 9 itself4 ,t is ! ,ari/otelian ,notion--! inf9ite t returns into itself1 ! ,idea4 ,kant at ?is po9t calls to m9d ! foll[+3 8,we %\ld f9d no diff]5ce betwe5 natural me*anism & ! te*nique ( ,nature1 i4e4 ! connection ( ends 9 ! same1 7 our ,und]/&+ n ( su* a k9d t x mu/ pass f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 & ! faculty ( judgm5t c !re=e pron\nce no det]m9+ s5t5ces1 )\t hav+ a univ]sal law "u :i* x may subsume ! p>ticul>4 ,n[ ! p>ticul> z su* conta9s a cont+5t elem5t 9 reg>d to ! univ]sal1 b nev]!less ,reason also dem&s unity 9 ! connection ( p>ticul> laws ( ,nature1 & consequ5tly a regulative "*1 :i* "* :5 f\nd 9 ! cont+5t is t]m$ adaptation to end3 & ! d]ivation ( p>ticul> laws f univ]sal is1 9 reg>d to ! elem5t ( cont+5cy :i* ^? p>ticul> laws conta91 a priori impossible ?r\gh ! det]m9ation ( ! ,notion ( ! object2 ! ,notion ( ! adaptation to end ( ,nature 9 its products becomes ?us a ,notion necess>y = ! human faculty ( judgm5t1 b n affect+ ! det]m9ation ( ! objects !mselves1 & !re=e a subjective pr9ciple40#cfi ,an organic ,be+ is !re=e1 accord+ to ,kant 7,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 p4 #ced7 "o 9 :i* natural me*anism & end are id5tical4 ,we reg>d x z if !re dwelt 9 ! s5su\s a ,notion :i* br+s ! p>ticul> into con=mity ) itself4 ,9 ! organic products ( ,nature we p]ceive ?is imm$iate unity ( ! ,notion & reality2 = 9 a liv+ creature !re is p]ceiv$ 9 "o unity ! s\l1 or ! univ]sal1 & exi/5ce or p>ticul>ity1 :i* is n ! case ) inorganic ,nature4 ,?us !re ent]s into ! ,kantian philosophy ! conception ( ! concrete1 z t ! univ]sal ,notion det]m9es ! p>ticul>4 ,b ,kant took ^! ,ideas aga9 9 a subjective s5se only1 z guid+ ?\ghts = ! faculty ( judgm5t1 by :i* no ,be+-9-itself c be express$2 & ?us1 al?\gh he expresses ! unity ( ! ,notion & reality1 he yet lays fre% emphasis on ! side ( ! ,notion4 ,he w n !re=e ?r[ (f 8 limitations 9 ! mom5t 9 :i* he assumes !m z limitations4 ,?is is ! p]petual contradiction 9 ,kant's philosophy3 ,kant exhibit$ ! extremes ( opposition 9 _! "o-sid$ness1 & express$ also ! reconciliation ( ! contradiction2 ,reason po/ulates unity1 & ?is we h also 9 ! faculty ( judgm5t4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 says 7,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 pp4 #cee-cfc73 ,?is is only a mode ( our reflect+ faculty ( judgm5t1 life itself is n s2 we are m]ely accu/om$ s to reg>d x4 ,9 art x is ?us c]ta9ly ! s5su\s mode :i* gives u ! conception ( ! ,idea2 reality & ideality are "h directly 9 "o4 ,b at ?is po9t also ,kant says t we mu/ rema9 at :at is "o-sid$1 at ! v mom5t :5 he is pass+ out beyond x4 ,! weal? ( ?\ght !re=e /ill unfolds itself ) ,kant 9 subjective =m alone2 all fulness1 all cont5t1 conc5trates 9 conceiv+1 ?9k+1 po/ulat+4 ,! objective1 accord+ to ,kant1 is only :at is 9 itself2 & we "k n :at ,?+s-9-!mselves are4 ,b ,be+-9-itself is only ! caput mortuum1 ! dead ab/raction ( ! 8o!r10 ! empty1 undet]m9$ ,beyond4 ,! reason :y t true ,idea %\ld n be ! tru? is !re=e t ! empty ab/ractions ( an und]/&+ :i* keeps itself 9 ! ab/ract univ]sal1 & ( a s5su\s mat]ial ( individuality /&+ 9 opposition to ! same1 are presuppos$ z ! tru?4 ,kant no d\bt expressly advances to ! conception ( an intuitive or p]ceiv+ und]/&+1 :i*1 :ile x gives univ]sal laws1 at ! same "t det]m9es ! p>ticul>2 & ! det]m9ation ?us giv5 is deep2 x is ! true concrete1 reality det]m9$ by ! indwell+ ,notion1 or1 z ,sp9oza says1 ! adequate ,idea4 ,= 8to k !re also belongs intuitive p]ception1 & ! possession ( a p]fect spontaneity ( intuition w\ld be a faculty ( k0 specifically 8di/9ct f ! s5su\s1 & q indep5d5t !re(1 & !re=e x w\ld be und]/&+ 9 ! mo/ univ]sal s5se4 ,consequ5tly x is possible to ?9k ( an intuitive und]/&+ :i* does n pass f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 & ?us proce$ ?r\gh conceptions to ! individual--an und]/&+ 9 :i* we d n meet ) ! cont+5cy ( ! h>mony ( ,nature 9 h] products1 accord+ to p>ticul> laws1 ) ! und]/&+1 a cont+5cy :i* makes x s h>d = our und]/&+ to br+0 toge!r 8into ! unity ( k ! manifold ( ,nature40 ,b t ?is 8intellectus ar*etypus0 is ! true ,idea ( ! und]/&+1 is a ?\ght :i* does n /rike ,kant4 ,/range to say1 he c]ta9ly has ?is idea ( ! intuitive2 & he does n "k :y x %\ld h no tru?--except because our und]/&+ is o!rwise con/itut$1 namely su* 8t x proce$s f ! analytic univ]sal to ! p>ticul>40#cgj ,b absolute ,reason & ,und]/&+ 9 itself1 z we h already se5 7pp4 #dcb1 #dfa71 are1 9 ,kant's view1 ( su* a nature t !y h no reality 9 !mselves3 ! ,und]/&+ requires mat]ial to "w ^u1 !oretic ,reason sp9s cobwebs ( ! bra91 practical ,reason has to all[ its reality to come to an end ) its po/ulates4 ,9 spite ( _! directly & def9itely express$ non-absolut5ess1 !y are yet look$ on z true k2 & intuitive ,und]/&+1 :i* holds ,notion & s5su\s p]ception 9 "o unity1 is look$ on z a m]e ?\ght :i* we make = ourselves4 c4 ,! highe/ =m 9 :i* ! conception ( ! concrete comes into ,kant's philosophy is ?is1 t ! end is grasp$ 9 its entire univ]sality2 & ?us x is ! ,good4 ,?is ,good is an ,idea2 x is my ?\ght2 b !re exi/s ! absolute dem& t x %\ld be realiz$ also 9 ! _w1 t ! necessity ( ,nature %\ld correspond ) ! laws ( fre$om1 n z ! necessity ( an ext]nal ,nature1 b ?r\gh :at is "r & moral 9 human life1 ?r\gh life 9 ! ,/ate1--or 9 o!r words t ! _w 9 g5]al %\ld be good4 ,?is id5tity ( ! ,good & reality is ! dem& ( practical ,reason2 b subjective ,reason _c realize ?is4 ,9 e good action a man no d\bt accompli%es some?+ good1 b ?is is only limit$2 univ]sal ,good1 z ! f9al object ( ! _w1 c be atta9$ to only ?r\gh a ?ird4 ,& ?is p[] ov] ! _w1 :i* has z its f9al object ! ,good 9 ! _w1 is ,god4#cga ,?us ! ,critique ( ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t also ends ) ! po/ulate ( ,god4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! p>ticul> laws ( ,nature1 z indep5d5t individual relations1 h no relation to ! ,good1 ,reason consi/s 9 hav+ & desir+ unity z ! ess5tial or sub/antial 9 itself4 ,! opposition ( ^! two1 ! ,good & ! _w1 is contr>y to t id5tity2 ,reason mu/ !re=e dem& t ?is contradiction %\ld be abrogat$1 t !re %\ld be a p[] :i* is good on its own acc\nt1 & is a ,p[] ov] ,nature4 ,?is is ! position :i* ,god assumes 9 ,kant's philosophy3 no pro( is possible1 he says1 ( ,god's exi/5ce1 b ! dem& is !re4 ,! defici5cy "h is ! impossibility ( prov+ ,god's exi/5ce1 & x consi/s 9 ?is1 t if we admit ,kant's dualism1 x _c be %[n h[ ! ,good z ab/ract ,idea 9 itself is ! abrogat+ ( its ,idea z ab/ract2 & h[ ! _w 9 itself is ! abrogat+ ( itself 9 its ext]nality1 & 9 its div]sity f ! ,good--?is be+ done 9 ord] t bo? may reveal !mselves to be _! tru?1 :i* 9 respect to !m appe>s z ! ,?ird1 b is at ! same "t det]m9$ z ! ,fir/4 ,?us1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,kant 7,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 pp4 #dfj1 #dfa71 ,god c only be believ$ 94 ,we associate ! fai? ( ,jacobi ) ?is2 = 9 ?is po9t ,kant agrees ) ,jacobi4#cgb ,if n[1 9 accordance ) ?is /&po9t ( ,kant & ,jacobi1 ,god is believ$ 91 & we admit ?is /&po9t = an in/ant1 !re is c]ta9ly a return to ! ,absolute4 ,b ! "q rema9s3 ,:at is ,god8 ,to def9e ,him z sup]s5su\s is n mu*1 nor is x m to say ,he is univ]sal1 ab/ract1 absolute4 ,:at !n is ,8 det]m9ation8 ,7 we "h1 h[ev]1 to pass ov] to det]m9ations ( ! ,absolute1 ! evil result w\ld foll[1 z f> z ?is /&po9t is conc]n$1 t we %\ld pass ov] to k2 = ?is signifies k ( an object :i* is 9 itself concrete1 i4e4 det]m9$4 ,b "h ! fur!/ po9t rea*$ is ! g5]al /atem5t t ,god exi/s ) ! det]m9ation ( be+ inf9ite1 univ]sal1 indet]m9ate4 ,god _c be kn[n 9 ?is way2 = 9 ord] to be kn[n ,he mu/ z concrete possess at lea/ two det]m9ations4 ,9 ?is way m$iation w\ld be e/abli%$1 = a k ( ! concrete is at once a m$iate k4 ,b ?is /&po9t lacks m$iation1 & ?us rema9s at ! imm$iate4 ,paul1 9 speak+ to ! ,a!nians1 appeals to ! alt> :i* !y _h d$icat$ to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 & decl>es to !m :at ,god is2 b ! /&po9t indicat$ "h takes u back to ! ,unkn[n ,god4 ,all ! life ( ,nature1 z ( ,_s1 is m$iation 9 itself2 & to ?is m$iation ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+ n[ pass$ on4 ,if we sum up ! ,kantian philosophy1 we f9d on all h&s ! ,idea ( ,?\ght1 :i* is 9 itself ! absolute ,notion1 & has 9 itself diff]5ce1 reality4 ,9 ! !oretic & practical ,reason x has only ab/ract diff]5ce1 b 9 ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t1 z ! unity ( ! two1 ,kant goes s f> z to e/abli% ! diff]5ce z actual1 e/abli%+ n only p>ticul>ity1 b also individuality4 ,b1 to be sure1 ?is ,phili/9e conception proce$s f our human faculty ( k1 :i* is valid = him 9 its empirical =m1 not)/&+ 8 /atem5t t x does n "k ! tru?1 & 8 fur!r description ( ! true idea ( ! same z be+ m]ely a ?\ght :i* we possess4 ,!re=e actuality c\nts z some?+ s5su\s1 empirical1 = ! compreh5sion ( :i* ,kant takes ! categories ( ! ,und]/&+1 giv+ !m ! same validity z !y h 9 e-day life4 ,?is is a complete philosophy ( ! ,und]/&+1 :i* r5\nces ,reason3 ! reason :y x became s popul> 0 ! negative "o1 t m5 7 once = all free f ! old metaphysic4 ,accord+ to ,kant some?+ s5su\s is produc$1 hav+ ?\ght-det]m9ations1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ! ?+1 = if a man1 = in/ance1 feels some?+ h>d1 ,kant says3 8,i feel h>dness1 b ,i d n feel ,some?+40 ,kant's philosophy ?us ends ) a dualism1 ) ! relation :i* is a pla9ly ess5tial 8ought10 ) ! unreconcil$ contradiction4 ,x is o!rwise ) ,jacobi's fai?2 he f9ds ! conception ( ,god z imm$iate exi/5ce1 & all m$iation is untrue = him4 ,) ,kant1 !re=e1 ! result is3 8,we "k only ph5om5a20 ) ,jacobi1 on ! o!r h&1 x is3 8,we "k only ! f9ite & condition$40 ,ov] ^! two results !re has be5 unm+l$ joy among m51 because ! slo? ( ,reason 7,heav5 be prais$67 consid]$ itself lib]at$ f e call to reflect1 & n[1 be+ sav$ ! tr\ble ( p5etrat+ to its own inw>d mean+ & explor+ ! dep?s ( ,nature & ,_s1 x c\ld v well leave itself alone4 ,! fur!r result att5d+ ?is is ! autocracy ( ! subjective ,reason1 :i*1 see+ t x is ab/ract & )\t k1 has only subjective c]ta9ty & n objective tru?4 ,! second cause ( rejoic+ 0 ! concession to fre$om ( a p]fect "r1 :i* ,i c nei!r und]/& nor ju/ify1 & ne$ n d s2 my subjective lib]ty ( conviction & c]ta9ty holds good all r\nd4 ,! ?ird cause ( joy 0 add$ by ,jacobi1 :o said t x am\nt$ ev5 to a crime to seek to "k ! tru?1 because ! inf9ite 0 !reby only r5d]$ f9ite4 ,tru? is 9 a bad way1 :5 all metaphysic is done away )1 & ! only philosophy ackn[l$g$ is n a philosophy at all6 ,b besides ! g5]al idea ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 a univ]sal :i* has diff]5ce 9 itself1 ,kant's in/9ct c>ri$ ?is out 9 accordance ) ! s*eme ( triplicity1 unspiritual ?\gh t 01 9 ! :ole sy/em into :i* = him ! entire univ]se 0 divid$4 ,?is he n only practis$ 9 ! ?ree critiques1 b he also foll[$ x out 9 mo/ ( ! sub-divisions "u ! categories1 ! ideas ( ,reason1 c4 ,kant has !re=e set =? z a univ]sal s*eme ! rhy?m ( k1 ( sci5tific movem5t2 & has exhibit$ on all sides !sis1 anti!sis & syn!sis1 modes ( ! m9d by means ( :i* x is m9d1 z ?us consci\sly di/+ui%+ itself4 ,! fir/ is exi/5ce1 b 9 ! =m ( ,o!r-,be+ = consci\sness2 = :at is only exi/5ce is object4 ,! second is ,be+-=-self1 g5u9e actuality2 "h ! rev]se relation ent]s 91 = self-consci\sness1 z ! negative ( ,be+-9-itself1 is itself reality4 ,! ?ird is ! unity ( ! two2 ! absolute1 self-consci\s actuality is ! sum ( true actuality1 into :i* are re-absorb$ bo? ! objective & ! indep5d5tly exi/5t subjective4 ,kant has ?us made an hi/orical /atem5t ( ! mom5ts ( ! :ole1 & has correctly det]m9$ & di/+ui%$ !m3 x is a good introduction to ,philosophy4 ,! defect ( ,kant's philosophy consi/s 9 ! fall+ asund] ( ! mom5ts ( ! absolute =m2 or1 reg>d$ f ! o!r side1 our und]/&+1 our k1 =ms an anti!sis to ,be+-9-itself3 !re is lack+ ! negative1 ! abrogation ( ! 8ought10 :i* is n laid hold (4 ,b ?\ght & ?9k+ _h become once = all an absolute requisite t c\ld no long] be set aside4 ,x 0 consequ5tly 9 ! fir/ place dem&$ by consi/5cy t p>ticul> ?\ghts %\ld appe> z if produc$ ( necessity f ! orig9al unity ( ! ego1 & 9 t way ju/ifi$4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ?\ght _h spread itself ov] ! _w1 _h atta*$ itself to ev]y?+1 inve/igat$ ev]y?+1 introduc$ its =ms into ev]y?+1 & sy/ematiz$ ev]y?+1 s t on e h& ?\ght-det]m9ations _h to be foll[$1 in/ead ( any m]e feel+ or r\t9e or practical common-s5se1 or :at is evid5c$ 9 ! extraord9>y lack ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( s-call$ practical m54 ,& !re=e 9 !ology1 9 gov]nm5ts & _! legislation1 9 ! object aim$ at by ! /ate1 9 trades & 9 me*anics1 x is said t m5 ought to act accord+ to univ]sal det]m9ations1 i4e4 rationally3 & m5 ev5 talk ( a rational brew]y1 a rational brick-kiln1 etc4 ,?is is ! requisite ( concrete ?\ght2 :ile 9 ! ,kantian result1 :i* is t ( ph5om5on1 an empty ?\ght 0 alone pres5t4 ,x is v]ily also ! ess5ce ( reveal$ religion to "k :at ,god is4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 to be f\nd a ye>n+ desire = cont5t1 = tru?1 s9ce man c\ld n possibly return to ! condition ( a brute1 nor yet s9k to ! =m ( s5sation1 s t ?is ye>n+ 0 = him ! only ?+ t held good ) reg>d to ! high] life4 ,! fir/ requirem5t--consi/5cy--,fi*te s\ght to satisfy2 ! o!r--cont5t--,s*ell+ /rove to fulfil4 ,c4 ,,fi*te4 ,fi*te creat$ a great s5sation 9 8 "t2 8 philosophy is ! ,kantian philosophy 9 its completion1 &1 z we mu/ specially notice1 x is set =? 9 a m logical way4 ,he does n pass beyond ! fundam5tals ( ,kant's philosophy1 & at fir/ reg>d$ 8 own philosophy z no m ?an a sy/ematic work+ out ( ! o!r4#cgc ,9 addition to ^! sy/ems ( philosophies1 & t ( ,s*ell+1 !re are none4 ,any t pret5d to be su* m]ely pick out some?+ f ^!1 & ov] ?is !y fight & wrangle among !mselves4 ,ils se sont battus les flancs1 p\r tre de gr&s hommes4 ,= 9 ^? times !re 7 9 ,g]many _m sy/ems ( philosophy1 su* z ^? ( ,re9hold1 ,krug1 ,b\t]weck1 ,fries1 ,s*ulze1 c42 b 9 !m !re is only an extremely limit$ po9t ( view1 comb9$ ) boa/fulness--a /range m$ley ( /ray ?\ghts & conceptions or facts :i* ,i f9d )9 me4 ,b _! ?\ghts are all d]iv$ f ,fi*te1 ,kant1 or ,s*ell+--t is 9 s f> z !re are ?\ghts !re pres5t at all4 ,or else "s slight modification is add$1 & ?is = ! mo/ "p m]ely consi/s 9 mak+ ! great pr9ciples b>r51 :at po9ts 9 !m 7 liv+ are de/roy$1 or else subord9ate =ms are *ang$1 :]eby ano!r pr9ciple is said to be set =?1 ?\gh :5 we look clos] we f9d t ^! pr9ciples are b ! pr9ciples ( "o ( ^? philosophies t h gone be=e4 ,?is may s]ve z a ju/ification = my n speak+ fur!r ( all ^! philosophies2 any exposition ( !m w\ld be no m ?an a demon/ration t ev]y?+ 9 !m is tak5 f ,kant1 ,fi*te1 or ,s*ell+1 & t ! modification 9 =m is only ! semblance ( a *ange1 :ile really x indicates a det]ioration 9 ! pr9ciples ( ^? philosophies4 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,may1 #agfb1 at ,ramm5au1 ne> ,bis*(fsw]da1 9 ,upp] ,lusatia4 ,he /udi$ at ,j5a1 & = "s "t 0 a private tutor 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he wrote a treatise on ,religion1 t]m$ a 8,critique ( all ,revelation10 :]e ! ,kantian phraseology is employ$ ?r\gh\t--s mu* s t x 0 ?\ght to be ! "w ( ,kant4 ,aft] ?is he 0 9 #agic summon$ to ,j5a by ,goe! z ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 :i* appo9tm5t he1 h[ev]1 resign$ 9 ! ye> #agii1 on acc\nt ( an unpleasantness :i* _h aris5 ?r\gh 8 essay 8,on ! gr\nd ( our ,belief 9 a ,div9e ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w40 ,= ,fi*te publi%$ a j\rnal 9 ,j5a1 & a pap] 9 x :i* 0 by someone else 0 reg>d$ z a!i/ical4 ,fi*te might h kept sil5ce1 b he publi%$ ! above-m5tion$ essay z an introduction to ! article4 ,! au?orities wi%$ an inve/igation to be made into ! matt]4 ,!n ,fi*te wrote a lett] :i* conta9$ ?reats1 & respect+ x ,goe! said t a ,gov]nm5t ought n to all[ itself to be ?reat5$4 ,fi*te n[ taught privately = "s "t 9 ,b]l92 9 #ahje he became pr(essor at ,erlang51 & 9 #ahji at ,b]l91 at :i* place he di$ on ! #bg? ,janu>y1 #ahad4cgd ,we _c "h deal m p>ticul>ly ) ! details ( 8 life4 ,9 :at is t]m$ ! philosophy ( ,fi*te a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 8 prop]ly-speak+ speculative philosophy1 9 :i* ! argum5t is mo/ consi/5tly work$ out1 & :i* is less well kn[n1 & 8 popul> philosophy1 to :i* belong ! lectures deliv]$ 9 ,b]l9 be=e a mix$ audi5ce1 &1 = example1 ! "w t]m$ a 8,guidance to a ,bless$ ,life40 ,^! la/ h mu* 9 !m t is affect+ & edify+--_m :o call !mselves ! disciples ( ,fi*te "k ?is side alone--& !y are express$ 9 language mo/ impressive to a cultur$1 religi\s temp]am5t4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 su* _c be tak5 into consid]ation1 al?\gh ?r\gh _! matt] !y may h ! highe/ possible value2 ! cont5t has to be speculatively develop$1 & t is done 9 ,fi*te's e>li] philosophic works alone4#cge #a4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,fi*te',s ,,philosophy4 ,z we m5tion$ above 7p4 #dgh71 ! %ortcom+ 9 ! ,kantian philosophy 0 its un?9k+ inconsi/5cy1 ?r\gh :i* speculative unity 0 lack+ to ! :ole sy/em2 & ?is %ortcom+ 0 remov$ by ,fi*te4 ,x is ! absolute =m :i* ,fi*te laid hold (1 or 9 o!r words1 ! absolute =m is j ! absolute ,be+-=-self1 absolute negativity1 n individuality1 b ! ,notion ( individuality1 & !reby ! ,notion ( actuality2 ,fi*te's philosophy is ?us ! developm5t ( =m 9 itself4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! ego to be ! absolute pr9ciple1 s t f x1 ! direct & imm$iate c]ta9ty ( self1 all ! matt] 9 ! univ]se mu/ be repres5t$ z produc$2 h5ce1 accord+ to ,fi*te1 reason is 9 itself a syn!sis ( ,notion & actuality4 ,b ?is pr9ciple he once m 9 an equally "o-sid$ mann] set aside2 x is f ! v beg9n+ subjective1 condition$ by an opposite1 & its realization is a cont9ual ru%+ onw>d 9 f9itude1 a look+ back at :at has gone be=e4 ,! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ has also ! disadvantage1 & inde$1 ! real drawback ( br++ ! empiric ego ev] be=e "o's eyes1 :i* is absurd1 & q di/ract+ to "o's po9t ( view4 ,! claims ( ,philosophy h advanc$ s f> t 9 ! fir/ place self-consci\sness refuses any long] to reg>d absolute ess5ce z imm$iate sub/ance :i* does n 9 itself possess diff]5ce1 reality1 & actuality4 ,aga9/ ?is sub/ance self-consci\sness ev] /ruggl$1 = x does n f9d its explicit ,be+ !re1 & consequ5tly feels ! lack ( fre$om4 ,b besides ?is x dem&$ t ?is ess5ce1 objectively pres5t$1 %\ld be p]sonal1 liv+1 self-consci\s1 actual1 & n %ut up 9 ab/ract metaphysical ?\ghts alone4 ,on ! o!r h& consci\sness1 = :i* ! o!r is1 dem&$ ! mom5t ( ext]nal actuality1 ,be+ z su*1 into :i* ?\ght mu/ pass1 tru? 9 objective exi/5ce2 & ?is is :at we m especially notic$ 9 connection ) ! ,engli%4 ,?is ,notion1 :i* is imm$iately actuality1 & ?is actuality :i* is imm$iately its ,notion1 & t inde$ 9 su* a way t !re nei!r is a ?ird ?\ght above ?is unity1 nor is x an imm$iate unity :i* does n possess diff]5ce1 sep>ation1 )9 x1 is ! ego2 x is ! self-di/9ction ( opposites )9 itself4 ,t :]eby x di/+ui%es itself f ! simplicity ( ?\ght1 & di/+ui%es ?is o!r1 is likewise imm$iately = x2 x is id5tical )1 or n di/+ui%$ f x4#cgf ,h5ce x is pure ?\ght1 or ! ego is ! true syn!tic judgm5t a priori1 z ,kant call$ x4 ,?is pr9ciple is appreh5d$ actuality1 = ! tak+ back ( ! o!r-,be+ into self-consci\sness is j appreh5sion4 ,! ,notion ( ! ,notion is f ?is po9t ( view f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 :at is appreh5d$ self-consci\sness has ! c]ta9ty ( itself2 :at is n appreh5d$ is some?+ =eign to x4 ,?is absolute ,notion or ?is absolutely exi/5t inf9itude x is :i* has to be develop$ 9 k1 & its di/9ction z ! :ole di/9ction ( ! univ]se has to be repres5t$ f itself1 & ?is has 9 its di/9ction to rema9 reflect$ )9 itself 9 equal absolut5ess4 ,no?+ o!r ?an ! ego any:]e exi/s1 & ! ego is !re because x is !re2 :at is !re is only 9 ! ego & = ! ego4#cgg ,n[ ,fi*te m]ely set =? ?is ,notion2 he did n br+ x to a sci5tific realization f itself4 ,= to him ?is ,notion ma9ta9s & ass]ts itself z ?is ,notion2 x has absolut5ess = him 9 s f> z x is m]ely ! unrealiz$ ,notion1 & ?us inde$ comes once m into opposition ) reality4 ,! ,fi*tian philosophy has ! great advantage ( hav+ set =? ! fact t ,philosophy mu/ be a sci5ce d]iv$ f "o supreme pr9ciple1 f :i* all det]m9ations are necess>ily d]iv$4 ,! important po9t is ?is unity ( pr9ciple & ! attempt to develop f x 9 a sci5tifically consi/5t way ! :ole cont5t ( consci\sness1 or1 z has be5 said1 to con/ruct ! :ole _w4#cgh ,beyond ?is no progress 0 made4#cgi ,b ! great necessity 9 ,philosophy is to possess "o liv+ ,idea2 ! _w is a fl[] :i* is et]nally produc$ f "o gra9 ( se$4 ,?us ,fi*te does n1 l ,kant1 ?r[ 8 "w into n>rative =m because he beg9s ) ! ego2 b he has proce$$ fur!r1 inasmu* z he s\ght to br+ ab\t a con/ruction ( det]m9ations ( k f ! ego4 ,! :ole ext5t ( k 9 all ! _w mu/ be develop$1 & fur!r ?is k mu/ be ! consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( det]m9ations2 b because ,fi*te says t :at is n = u does n conc]n u1 he has n grasp$ ?is pr9ciple ( ! ego z ,idea1 b solely 9 ! consci\sness ( ! activity :i* we ex]cise 9 kn[+1 & consequ5tly x is /ill laid hold ( 9 ! =m ( subjectivity4 ,?us z ,kant treats ( cognition ,erk5n51 s ,fi*te sets =? real k ,wiss54 ,fi*te /ates t ! task ( ,philosophy is to f9d a !ory ( k2 univ]sal k is bo? ! object & ! />t+-po9t ( ,philosophy4 ,consci\sness kn[s1 t is its nature2 ! end ( philosophic le>n+ is ! k ( ?is k4 ,h5ce ,fi*te call$ 8 philosophy ! ,!ory ( ,k 7,begriff d] ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 p4 #ah71 ! sci5ce ( k4 ,t is to say ord9>y consci\sness z ! active ego f9ds ?is & t1 occupies itself1 n ) itself1 b ) o!r objects & int]e/s1 b ! necessity t ,i br+ =? det]m9ations1 & :i* det]m9ations--cause & effect1 = example1--lies beyond my consci\sness3 ,i br+ !m =? in/9ctively & _c get beh9d my consci\sness4 ,b :5 ,i philosophize1 ,i make my ord9>y consci\sness itself my object1 because ,i make a pure category my consci\sness3 ,i "k :at my ego is do+1 & ?us ,i get beh9d my ord9>y consci\sness4 ,fi*te ?us def9es ,philosophy z ! artificial consci\sness1 z ! consci\sness ( consci\sness4#chj a4 ,:]e ,fi*te 9 8 sy/em has atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( det]m9at5ess1 he beg9s1 z we saw ,kant did be=e 7pp4 #dcg1 #dch71 f ! transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness2 9 x ,i--z ?is--am "o1 ?is unity is to ,fi*te ! same & ! orig9al4 ,ego is !re a fact1 says ,fi*te1 b n yet a proposition4 ,z proposition1 z pr9ciple1 ! ego mu/ n rema9 b>r51 nor be accept$ z "o1 = to a proposition p]ta9s a syn!sis4 ,n[ ,fi*te proce$s 9 8 sy/em f ! fact t ,philosophy mu/ beg9 ) an absolutely uncondition$1 c]ta9 pr9ciple1 ) some?+ indubitably c]ta9 9 ord9>y k4 8,x _c be prov$ or def9$1 because x mu/ be absolutely ! fir/ pr9ciple40#cha ,accord+ to ,w5dt's acc\nt 7,t5nemann's ,grundriss1 #cic1 pp4 #did1 #die7 ,fi*te gives an exposition ( ! necessity ( su* a pr9ciple z foll[s3 8,sci5tific k is a sy/em ( cognition obta9$ ?r\gh a supreme pr9ciple :i* expresses ! cont5t & =m ( k4 ,! !ory ( k is ! sci5ce ( k :i* sets =? ! possibility & validity ( all k1 & proves ! possibility ( pr9ciples 9 ref]5ce to =m & cont5t1 ! pr9ciples !mselves1 & !reby ! connection exi/+ 9 all human k4 ,x mu/ h a pr9ciple :i* c nei!r be prov$ f x nor f ano!r sci5ce2 = x is supreme4 ,if !re is a !ory ( k !re also is a sy/em2 if !re is a sy/em !re is also a !ory ( k & an absolute fir/ pr9ciple--& s on ?r\gh an inevitable circle40#chb ,! simple pr9ciple ( ?is k is c]ta9ty ( myself1 :i* is ! relation ( me to myself2 :at is 9 me1 t ,i "k4 ,! supreme pr9ciple1 z imm$iate & n d]iv$1 mu/ be c]ta9 on its own acc\nt2 t is1 a det]m9ation ( ! ego only1 = x is only f ! ego t ,i _c ab/ract4#chc ,fi*te ?us beg9s1 l ,desc>tes1 ) #8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am1' & he expressly br+s ?is proposition to m9d4 ,! ,be+ ( ! ego is n a dead1 b a concrete ,be+2 b ! highe/ ,be+ is ?\ght4 ,ego1 z an explicitly self-exi/5t activity ( ?\ght1 is ?us k1 ev5 if x is only ab/ract k1 z 9 ! beg9n+ at lea/ x _c help be+4 ,at ! same "t ,fi*te beg9s f ?is absolute c]ta9ty ) q o!r necessities & dem&s2 = f ?is ego n only ,be+ b also ! l>g] sy/em ( ?\ght has to be d]iv$ 7supra1 p4 #bcj74 ,accord+ to ,fi*te1 ! ego is ! s\rce ( ! categories & ideas1 b all conceptions & ?\ghts are a manifold r$uc$ to a syn!sis ?r\gh ,?\ght4 ,?us :ile ) ,desc>tes 9 connection ) ! ego o!r ?\ghts appe> :i* we simply f9d already 9 u1 su* z ,god1 nature1 c41 ,fi*te s\ght = a philosophy entirely ( a piece1 9 :i* no?+ empiric 0 to be admitt$ f )\t4 ,) ?is reflection a false po9t ( view 0 at once introduc$1 namely t conta9$ 9 ! old conception ( k1 ( comm5c+ ) pr9ciples 9 ?is =m & proce$+ f !m2 s t ! reality :i* is d]iv$ f su* a pr9ciple is br\ght into opposition ) x1 & h5ce 9 tru? is some?+ diff]5t1 i4e4 x is n d]iv$3 or t pr9ciple = ?is same reason expresses only ! absolute c]ta9ty ( itself & n ! tru?4 ,! ego is c]ta91 x _c be d\bt$2 b ,philosophy desires to rea* ! tru?4 ,! c]ta9ty is subjective1 & because x is made to rema9 ! basis1 all else rema9s subjective also )\t !re be+ any possibility ( ?is =m be+ remov$4 ,fi*te n[ analyzes ! ego1 r$uc+ x to ?ree pr9ciples f :i* ! :ole ( k has to be evolv$4 4 ,! fir/ proposition mu/ be simple1 9 x pr$icate & subject mu/ be alike2 = 7 !y unlike1 _! connection--s9ce 9 accordance ) _! div]sity ! det]m9ations are n directly "o--w\ld h to be fir/ ( all prov$ by means ( a ?ird4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple mu/ ?us be id5tical4 ,fi*te n[ proce$s fur!r to di/+ui% 9 ?is fir/ pr9ciple ! =m & cont5t2 b 9 ord] t ?is same may be imm$iately true ?r\gh itself1 =m & cont5t mu/ be aga9 ! same1 & ! pr9ciple condition$ by nei!r4 ,x signifies ,a ,a1 ! ab/ract undet]m9$ id5tity2 t is ! proposition ( contradiction1 :]e9 ,a is an indiff]5t cont5t4 ,fi*te says1 8,?\ght is by no means ess5ce1 b only a p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ,be+2 !re are outside ( x _m o!r det]m9ations ( our ,be+4 ,i m]ely rem>k ?is1 t :5 #8,i am' is ov]/epp$1 ,sp9ozism is necess>ily rea*$4 ,its unity is some?+ :i* ought to be produc$ ?r\gh u1 b :i* _c be s2 x is n any?+ t is40 ,! fir/ proposition is !n t ,i am id5tical ) myself1 ,ego ,ego2#chd t und\bt$ly is ! def9ition ( ! ego4 ,! subject & ! pr$icate are ! cont5t2 & ?is cont5t ( ! two sides is likewise _! relation1 i4e4 =m4 ,relation requires two sides2 ! relat+ & ! relat$ are "h1 h[ev]1 ! same2 = on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ! ego1 !re is no?+ b a relation ( ! ego to ! ego4 ,i h k ( myself2 b 9 s f> z ,i am consci\sness1 ,i "k ( an object :i* is diff]5t f me1 & :i* is !n likewise m9e4 ,b ! ego is 9 su* a way id5tical ) its diff]5ce t :at is diff]5t is imm$iately ! same1 & :at is id5tical is likewise diff]5t2 we h a diff]5ce )\t a diff]5ce4 ,self-consci\sness is n dead id5tity1 or non-,be+1 b ! object :i* is id5tical ) me4 ,?is is imm$iately c]ta92 all else mu/ be z c]ta9 to me1 inasmu* z x mu/ be my relation to myself4 ,! cont5t mu/ be trans=m$ into ! ego1 s t 9 x ,i h my det]m9ation alone4 ,?is pr9ciple is at fir/ ab/ract & defici5t1 because 9 x no diff]5ce1 or a =mal diff]5ce only is express$2 :]eas ! pr9ciple %\ld possess a cont5t3 a subject & a pr$icate are inde$ di/+ui%$ 9 x1 b only = u :o reflect ^u x1 i4e4 9 itself !re is no diff]5ce1 & consequ5tly no true cont5t4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is pr9ciple is inde$ ! imm$iate c]ta9ty ( self-consci\sness1 b self-consci\sness is likewise consci\sness1 & 9 x !re is likewise ! c]ta9ty t o!r ?+s exi/ to :i* x /&s 9 an attitude ( opposition4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 t pr9ciple has n ! tru? 9 x1 = ! v reason t ! c]ta9ty ( itself possess$ by ! ego has no objectivity2 x has n ! =m ( ! diff]5tiat$ cont5t )9 x--or x /&s 9 opposition to ! consci\sness ( an 8o!r04 4 ,n[ 9 ord] t det]m9ation %\ld come to pass1 i4e4 a cont5t & diff]5ce1 x is ess5tial = ,fi*te t a second pr9ciple %\ld be e/abli%$1 :i* 9 reg>d to =m is uncondition$1 b ! cont5t ( :i* is condition$1 because x does n belong to ! ego4 ,?is second pr9ciple1 set =? "u ! fir/1 is1 8,i ass]t a non-ego 9 opposition to ! ego10 & 9 ?is some?+ o!r ?an absolute self-consci\sness is set =?4#che ,to ?is p]ta9s ! =m !re9 pres5t1 relation2 b ! cont5t is ! non-ego1 ano!r cont5t f ! ego4 ,we might say t ?r\gh ?is cont5t ! proposition is indep5d5t1 s9ce ! negative !re9 is an absolute1 z truly z ! rev]se--t x is indep5d5t ?r\gh ! =m ( opposition :i* _c be d]iv$ f ! orig9al4 ,"h1 !n1 we h no m to d ) d]ivation1 al?\gh ?is d]ivation ( opposition f ! fir/ proposition 0 all ! same dem&$4 ,inasmu* z ,i posit ano!r 9 opposition to ! ego1 ,i posit myself z n posit$2 ?is non-ego is ! object g5]ally1 i4e4 t :i* is oppos$ to me4 ,?is o!r is ! negative ( ! ego2 ?us :5 ,fi*te call$ x ! non-ego he 0 express+ himself 9 a v happy1 suitable1 & consi/5t mann]4 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( ridicule ca/ on ! ego & non-ego2 ! expression is new1 & !re=e to u ,g]mans x seems /range at fir/4 ,b ! ,fr5* say ,moi & ,non-moi1 )\t f9d+ any?+ laughable 9 x4 ,9 ?is pr9ciple ! posit+ belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! ego2 b because ! non-ego is indep5d5t ( ! ego1 we h two sides1 & self-consci\sness relates itself to ano!r4 ,?is second proposition ?us signifies t ,i posit myself z limit$1 z non-ego2 b non-ego is some?+ q new to be add$4 ,on ! "o side we ?us h be=e u a field :i* is m]ely appropriat$ f ! ego2 & 9 ?is way we h be=e u ! non-ego z our object4 4 ,to ^! is add$ yet a ?ird proposition1 9 :i* ,i n[ make ?is division into ego & non-ego3 x is ! syn!tic pr9ciple1 ! proposition ( gr\nd1 :i* 9 cont5t is uncondition$1 j z 9 ! second 0 ! case 9 reg>d to =m4 ,?is ?ird proposition is ! det]m9ation ( ! fir/ two ?r\gh "o ano!r1 9 su* a way t ! ego limits ! non-ego4 8,9 & ?r\gh ! ego bo? ! ego & ! non-ego are posit$ z capable ( be+ mutually limit$ by means ( "o ano!r1 i4e4 9 su* a way t ! reality ( ! "o abrogates ! reality ( ! o!r40 ,9 limitation bo? are negat$1 b 8only 9 "p02 only ?us are syn!sis & d$uction possible4 ,i posit ! non-ego1 :i* is = me1 9 myself1 9 my id5tity ) myself2 ?us ,i take x f its non-id5tity1 its n-be+-,i1 t is to say ,i limit x4 ,?is limitation ( ! non-ego ,fi*te expresses ?us3 8,i place 9 opposition to ! ego10 & inde$ 8to ! divisible ego1 a divisible non-ego40 ,! non-ego ,i de/roy z a complete sph]e1 :i* x 0 accord+ to ! second pr9ciple1 & posit x z divisible2 ,i likewise posit ! ego z divisible 9 s f> z ! non-ego is pres5t 9 x4 ,! :ole sph]e :i* ,i h be=e me is suppos$ inde$ to be ! ego1 b 9 x ,i h n "o b two4 ,! proposition ( gr\nd is ?us ! relation ( reality & negation1 i4e4 x is limitation2 x conta9s ! ego limit$ by ! non-ego1 & ! non-ego limit$ by ! ego4#chf ,( ?is syn!sis !re is no?+1 prop]ly speak+1 conta9$ 9 ! two e>li] propositions4 ,ev5 ?is fir/ pres5tation ( ! ?ree pr9ciples does away ) ! imman5ce ( real k4 ,?us ! pres5tation is "h also subject to an opposite f ! fir/1 z x is ) ,kant1 ev5 if ^! are two acts ( ! ego m]ely1 & we rema9 entirely 9 ! ego4 ,n[ t limitation may take place = me 9 two diff]5t ways3 at "o "t ! "o is passive1 at ano!r "t ! o!r is s4 ,9 ?is limitation ! ego may posit ! non-ego z limit+ & itself z limit$1 9 su* a way t ! ego posits itself z requir+ to h an object2 ,i "k myself inde$ z ego1 b det]m9$ by ! non-ego2 non-ego is "h active & ego passive4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ego1 z abrogat+ o!r-be+1 is t :i* limits1 & non-ego is ! limit$4 ,i "k myself !n z cle>ly det]m9+ ! non-ego1 z ! absolute cause ( ! non-ego z su*1 = ,i c ?9k4 ,! fir/ is ! proposition ( ! !oretic reason1 ( intellig5ce3 ! second ! proposition ( practical reason1 ( w4#chg ,! w is ?is1 t ,i am consci\s ( myself z limit+ ! object2 ?us ,i make myself ex]cise activity ^u ! object & ma9ta9 myself4 ,! !oretic proposition is t ! object is be=e me & x det]m9es me4 ,! ego is1 s9ce ,i p]ceive1 a cont5t1 & ,i h ?is cont5t 9 me1 :i* is ?us outside ( me4 ,?is is on ! :ole ! same ?+ z we meet ) 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,kant3 x comes to ! same ?+ :e!r x is by matt] or ! non-ego t ! ego is "h det]m9$4 b4 ,9 ! !oretic consci\sness ! ego1 al?\gh ! ass]tive g5]ally1 f9ds itself limit$ by ! non-ego4 ,b x is id5tical ) itself2 h5ce its inf9ite activity ev] sets itself to abrogate ! non-ego & to br+ =? itself4 ,n[ ! diff]5t me?ods :]eby ! ego sets =? itself are ! diff]5t me?ods ( its activity2 ^! we h to und]/& 9 _! necessity4 ,b s9ce philosophic k is ! consid]ation ( consci\sness itself 7supra1 p4 #dhc71 ,i c only "k k1 ! act ( ! ego4 ,fi*te ?us appeals to consci\sness1 po/ulates ego & non-ego 9 _! ab/raction1 & s9ce philosophic k is ! consci\sness ( consci\sness1 x is n suffici5t t ,i %\ld f9d its det]m9ations 9 consci\sness1 = ,i produce !m ) consci\sness4 ,common consci\sness1 inde$1 likewise br+s =? all ! det]m9ations ( ! ord9>y conception & ( ?\ght1 b )\t--on ! !oretic side at lea/--hav+ any k ( x2 = x is ! fact ( be+ limit$ alone t is pres5t to x4 ,?us1 :5 ,i see a l>ge squ>e object1 su* z a wall1 my ord9>y consci\sness accepts ^! det]m9ations z !y are giv5 to x2 ! object is4 ,9 s do+ ,i d n ?9k ( see+1 b ( ! object2 see+1 h[ev]1 is my activity1 ! det]m9ations ( my faculty ( s5sation are ?us posit$ ?r\gh me4#chh ,! ego z !oretic is1 inde$1 aw>e 9 philosophic consci\sness t x is ! ego :i* posits2 b "h x posits t ! non-ego posits some:at 9 me4 ,! ego ?us posits itself z t :i* is limit$ by ! non-ego4 ,i make ?is limitation m9e2 ?us is x = me 9 me1 ?is passivity ( ! ego is itself ! activity ( ! ego4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all reality :i* appe>s 9 ! object = ! ego is a det]m9ation ( ! ego1#chi j z ! categories & o!r det]m9ations 7 9 ,kant's case4 ,?us x is "h m especially t we %\ld expect ,fi*te to demon/rate ! return ( o!r-,be+ into absolute consci\sness4 ,h[ev]1 because aft] all ! o!r-,be+ 0 reg>d$ z uncondition$1 z implicit1 ?is return does n come to pass4 ,! ego det]m9es ! #8o!r1' inde$1 b ?is unity is an altoge!r f9ite unity2 non-ego has ?us imm$iately escap$ f det]m9ation once m & gone =? f ?is unity4 ,:at we f9d is m]ely an alt]nation betwe5 self-consci\sness & ! consci\sness ( ano!r1 & ! con/ant progression ( ?is alt]nation1 :i* nev] rea*es any end4#cij ,! developm5t ( !oretic reason is ! foll[+-out ( ! manifold relation%ips betwe5 ! ego & non-ego2 ! =ms ( ?is limitation :i* ,fi*te n[ goes ?r\gh are ! det]m9ations ( ! object4 ,^! p>ticul> ?\ght-det]m9ations he calls categories1 & he seeks to demon/rate !m 9 _! necessity2 f ! "t ( ,ari/otle onw>ds no "o _h ?\ght ( s do+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms is ! det]m9ation ( reciprocity1 :i* we already met ) 9 ! ?ird proposition3 8,by ! det]m9ation ( ! reality or negation ( ! ego1 ! negation or reality ( ! non-ego is equally det]m9$20 ! two 9 "o is reciprocal action4 ,9 ! second place1 8,causality is ! same degree ( activity 9 ! "o z ( passivity 9 ! o!r40 ,9 s f> z some?+ is consid]$ z ! reality ( ! non-ego1 ! ego is consid]$ z passive1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z #8,i' am real1 ! object is passive2 ?is relation1 t ! passivity ( ! object is my activity or reality1 & ! opposite1 is ! conception ( ,causality4 8,z _m p>ts ( negation z ! ego posits 9 itself1 s _m p>ts ( reality x posits 9 ! non-ego2 x !re=e posits itself z self-det]m9+ 9 s f> z x is det]m9$1 & z suff]+ det]m9ation 9 s f> z x det]m9es itself4 ,9 s f>10 9 ! ?ird place1 8z ! ego is reg>d$ z embrac+ ! :ole absolutely det]m9$ realm ( all reality1 x is sub/ance2 on ! o!r h& :5 x is posit$ 9 a n absolutely det]m9$ sph]e ( ?is realm1 9 s f> !re is an accid5ce 9 ! ego40#cia ,t is ! fir/ rational attempt t has ev] be5 made to d$uce ! categories2 ?is progress f "o det]m9ation to ano!r is1 h[ev]1 only an analysis f ! /&po9t ( consci\sness1 & is n 9 & = itself4 ,! ego is s f> ! ideal gr\nd ( all conceptions ( ! object2 all det]m9ation ( ?is object is a det]m9ation ( ! ego4 ,b 9 ord] t x may be object1 x mu/ be plac$ 9 opposition to ! ego1 i4e4 ! det]m9ations set =? ?r\gh ! ego are ano!r1 ! non-ego2 ?is plac+ ( ! object 9 opposition is ! real gr\nd ( conceptions4 ,! ego is1 h[ev]1 likewise ! real gr\nd ( ! object2 = x is likewise a det]m9ation ( ! ego t ! non-ego z object is set 9 opposition to ! ego4 ,bo?1 ! real gr\nd & ! ideal gr\nd ( ! conception1 are ?us "o & ! same4#cib ,reg>d+ ! ego z ideal pr9ciple & ! non-ego z real pr9ciple1 ,krug has likewise talk$ a great deal ( nons5se4 ,reg>d$ f ! "o po9t ( view1 ! ego is active & ! non-ego purely passive2 :ile f ! o!r side ! ego is passive & ! object active & op]ative4 ,b s9ce ! ego 9 ! non-philosophic consci\sness does n h ! consci\sness ( its activity 9 ! conception ( ! object1 x repres5ts to itself its own activity z =eign1 i4e4 z belong+ to ! non-ego4 ,we "h see ! opposition adopt+ v>i\s =ms3 ego1 non-ego2 posit+1 sett+ 9 opposition2 two sorts ( activity ( ! ego1 c4 ,! fact t ,i repres5t is und\bt$ly my activity1 b ! matt] ( ma9 importance is ! cont5t ( ! posit+ & its necess>y connection ?r\gh itself4 ,if "o occupies oneself only ) ?is cont5t1 t =m ( subjectivity :i* is dom9ant ) ,fi*te1 & :i* rema9s 9 8 opposition1 disappe>s4 ,z ! ego is affirmative & det]m9+1 !re n[ is 9 ?is det]m9ation a negative likewise pres5t2 ,i f9d myself det]m9$ & at ! same "t ! ego is l itself1 inf9ite1 i4e4 id5tical ) itself4 ,?is is a contradiction :i* ,fi*te inde$ endeav\rs to reconcile1 b 9 spite ( x all he leaves ! false basis ( dualism undi/urb$4 ,! ultimate1 beyond :i* ,fi*te does n get1 is only an #8ought1' :i* does n solve ! contradiction2 = :ile ! ego %\ld be absolutely at home ) itself1 i4e4 free1 x %\ld at ! same "t be associat$ ) ano!r4 ,to ,fi*te ! dem& = ! solution ( ?is contradiction ?us adopts ! attitude ( be+ a dem&$ solution only1 ( signify+ t ,i ev] h to de/roy ! b>ri]s1 t ,i ev] h to rea* beyond ! limitation into utt] inf9itude1 & t ,i ev] f9d a new limit2 a cont9ual alt]nation takes place betwe5 negation & affirmation1 an id5tity ) self :i* aga9 falls into negation1 & f ?is negation is ev] aga9 re/or$4 ,to speak ( ! b\nds ( human reason is1 h[ev]1 an unmean+ =m ( words4 ,t ! reason ( ! subject is limit$ is compreh5sible f ! nature ( ! case1 b :5 we speak ( ,?\ght1 inf9itude is none o!r ?an "o's own relation to self1 & n to "o's limit2 & ! place 9 :i* man is inf9ite is ,?\ght4 ,inf9itude may !n be likewise v ab/ract1 & 9 ?is way x is also once m f9ite2 b true inf9itude rema9s 9 itself4 ,fi*te fur!r d$uces ! ord9>y conception ?us3 ! fact t ! ego 9 go+ =? at once f9ds its activity *eck$ by a limitation1 & returns once m into itself1 br+s ab\t two opposite t5d5cies 9 me1 betwe5 :i* ,i wav]1 & :i* ,i try to unite 9 ! faculty ( imag9ation4 ,9 ord] t a fix$ det]m9ation may exi/ betwe5 ! two1 ,i h to make ! limit a p]man5t "o1 & we h t 9 ! und]/&+4 ,all fur!r det]m9ations ( ! object are1 z categories ( ! und]/&+1 modes ( syn!sis2 b ea* syn!sis is a new contradiction4 ,new m$iations are ?us once m necess>y1 & ^! are new det]m9ations4 ,?us ,fi*te says3 ,i c always cont9ue to det]m9e ! non-ego1 to make x my conception1 i4e4 to take f x its negation z reg>ds me4 ,i h to deal ) my activity alone2 b !re is always an ext]nality !re9 pres5t :i* /ill rema9s1 & :i* is n expla9$ by my activity4 ,?is ,beyond :i* alone rema9s to ! undet]m9$ ego ,fi*te calls ! inf9ite *eck ^u ! ego1 ) :i* x ev] has to deal1 & beyond :i* x _c get2 ?us ! activity :i* proce$s into inf9itude f9ds itself *eck$ & driv5 back by ?is repulsive =ce1 & !n x reacts ^u itself4 8,! ego 9 its self-det]m9ation has be5 consid]$ bo? z det]m9+ & det]m9$2 if we reflect on ! fact t ! absolutely det]m9$ det]m9+ p[] mu/ be an absolutely indet]m9ate1 & fur!r1 t ego & non-ego are absolutely oppos$ to "o ano!r1 9 ! "o case ego is ! indet]m9ate & 9 ! o!r case non-ego40#cic ,inasmu* z ! ego "h makes ! object its conception & negates x1 ?is philosophy is ,idealism1 9 :i* philosophy all ! det]m9ations ( ! object are ideal4 ,ev]y?+ det]m9ate :i* ! ego possesses x has ?r\gh its own posit+2 ,i ev5 make a coat or a boot because ,i put !m on4 ,!re rema9s only ! empty repulsive =ce1 & t is ! ,kantian ,?+-9-itself1 beyond :i* ev5 ,fi*te _c get1 ev5 ?\gh ! !oretic reason cont9ues its det]m9ation into inf9itude4 8,! ego z intellig5ce0 ev] 8rema9s dep5d5t on an undet]m9$ non-ego2 x is only ?r\gh ?is t x is intellig5ce40#cid ,! !oretic side is ?us dep5d5t4 ,9 x we h n !re=e to deal ) ! tru? 9 & = itself1 b ) a cont+5t1 because ego is limit$1 n absolute1 z its ,notion dem&s3 intellig5ce is n "h consid]$ z _s :i* is free4 ,?is is ,fi*te's /&po9t z reg>ds ! !oretic side4 c4 ,practical reason comes next2 ! po9t ( view f :i* x />ts is t 8,! ego posits itself z det]m9+ ! non-ego40 ,n[ ! contradiction has ?us to be solv$ ( ego be+ at home ) itself1 s9ce x det]m9es its ,beyond4 ,! ego is ?us inf9ite activity1 &1 z ego ego1 ! absolute ego1 x is und\bt$ly ab/ract4 ,b 9 ord] to h a det]m9ation1 a non-ego mu/ exi/2 ego is ?us activity1 causality1 ! posit+ ( ! non-ego4 ,b z ) ,kant s5su\sness & reason rema9 oppos$1 ! same contradiction is pres5t "h1 only 9 a m ab/ract =m1 & n 9 ! rude empiricism ( ,kant4 ,fi*te "h turns & twi/s 9 all sorts ( ways1 or he gives ! opposition _m diff]5t =ms2 ! crude/ =m is t ego is posit$ z causality1 = 9 x ano!r is necessitat$ on :i* x ex]cises its activity4 8,! absolute ego has accord+ly to be0 n[ 8! cause ( ! non-ego1 i4e4 only ( t 9 ! non-ego :i* rema9s :5 we ab/ract f all demon/rable =ms ( repres5tation or conception--( t to :i* is ascrib$ ! *eck giv5 to ! inf9itely op]ative activity ( ! ego2 = ! fact t ! intellig5t ego is1 9 accordance ) ! necess>y laws ( ! conception1 ! cause ( ! p>ticul> det]m9ations ( t :i* is conceiv$ z su*1 is demon/rat$ 9 ! !oretic sci5ce ( k40#cie ,! limits ( intellig5ce mu/ be brok5 ?r\gh1 ! ego mu/ alone be active2 ! o!r side1 ! inf9ite repulsion1 mu/ be remov$1 9 ord] t ! ego may be lib]at$4 8,accord+ to our hypo!sis ! ego mu/ n[ posit a non-ego absolutely1 & )\t any gr\nd1 i4e4 absolutely & )\t any gr\nd x mu/ limit or 9 "p n posit itself40 ,?is1 inde$1 x already does z intellig5t4 8,x mu/ !re=e h ! gr\nd ( n posit+ itself0 only 89 itself40 ,! ego is1 h[ev]1 j ! ego1 x posits itself1 8x mu/0 !re=e 8h ! pr9ciple ( posit+ itself )9 x1 & also ! pr9ciple ( n posit+ itself4 ,h5ce ! ego 9 its ess5ce w\ld be contradictory & self-repell5t2 !re w\ld be 9 x a two-fold or contradictory pr9ciple1 :i* assumption contradicts itself1 = 9 t case !re w\ld be no pr9ciple )9 x4 ,! ego w\ld0 consequ5tly 8n exi/1 = x w\ld abrogate itself4 ,all contradictions are reconcil$ ?r\gh ! fur!r det]m9ation ( contradictory propositions4 ,! ego mu/ be posit$ 9 "o s5se z inf9ite1 & 9 ano!r z f9ite4 ,7 x to be posit$ z inf9ite & f9ite 9 "o & ! same s5se1 ! contradiction w\ld be insoluble2 ! ego w\ld n be "o b two4 ,9 s f> z ! ego posits itself z inf9ite1 its activity is direct$ ^u itself & on no?+ else b itself4 ,9 s f> z ! ego posits limits1 & itself 9 ^! limits1 its activity is n ex]cis$ directly on itself1 b on a non-ego :i* has to be plac$ 9 opposition10 ^u ano!r & aga9 ^u ano!r1 & s on into inf9itude2 t is ! object1 & ! activity ( ! ego 8is objective activity40#cif ,9 ?is way ,fi*te 9 ! practical sph]e also rema9s at opposition1 only ?is opposition n[ has ! =m ( two t5d5cies 9 ! ego1 bo? ( :i* are said to be "o & ! same activity ( ! ego4 ,i am call$ ^u to proce$ to det]m9e ! o!r 9 relation to :i* ,i am negative1 ! non-ego1 9 accordance ) my fre$om2 x has inde$ all det]m9ations ?r\gh ! activity ( ! ego1 b beyond my det]m9ation ! same non-ego ev] cont9ues to appe>4 ,! ego cle>ly posits an object1 a po9t ( limitation1 b :]e ! limitation is1 is undet]m9$4 ,i may transf] ! sph]e ( my det]m9ation1 & ext5d x to an inf9ite degree1 b !re always rema9s a pure ,beyond1 & ! non-ego has no positive self-exi/5t det]m9ation4 ,! la/ po9t 9 respect ( ! practical sph]e is h5ce ?is1 t ! activity ( ! ego is a ye>n+ or /riv+#cig--l ! ,kantian 8ought02 ,fi*te treats ?is ) great prolixity4 ,! ,fi*tian philosophy consequ5tly has ! same /&po9t z ! ,kantian2 ! ultimate is always subjectivity1 z exi/5t 9 & = itself4 ,ye>n+1 accord+ to ,fi*te1 is div9e2 9 ye>n+ ,i h n =gott5 myself1 ,i h n =gott5 t ,i possess a sup]iority 9 myself2 & !re=e x is a condition ( happ9ess & satisfaction4 ,?is inf9ite ye>n+ & desire has !n be5 reg>d$ z :at is highe/ & mo/ excell5t 9 ! ,beautiful1 & 9 religi\s feel+s likewise2 & ) x is connect$ ! irony ( :i* we h spok5 be=e 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #djj1 #dja74 ,9 ?is return ! ego is m]ely an ef=t1 on its side x is fix$1 & x _c realize its endeav\rs4 ,/riv+ is ?us an imp]fect or implicitly limit$ action4 ,! ultimate result is consequ5tly a 8circle0 :i* _c be brok5 ?r\gh1 s t 8! f9ite _s mu/ necess>ily posit an absolute outside itself 7a ?+-9-itself71 & yet on ! o!r h& x mu/ recognize t ?is same is only !re = x 7a necess>y n\m5on740#cih ,to put x o!rwise1 we see ! ego absolutely det]m9$ 9 opposition only1 we see x only z consci\sness & self-consci\sness :i* does n get beyond ?is1 & :i* does n rea* s f> z to ,_s4 ,! ego is ! absolute ,notion 9 s f> z x does n yet rea* ! unity ( ?\ght1 or 9 ?is simplicity does n rea* diff]5ce1 & 9 motion does n h re/2 t is to say1 9 s f> z posit+1 or ! pure activity ( ! ego1 & sett+ 9 opposition1 are n by x compreh5d$ z ! same4 ,or ! ego does n compreh5d ! inf9ite repulsion1 ! non-ego2 self-consci\sness det]m9es ! non-ego1 b does n "k h[ to make ?is ,beyond its own4 ,! defici5cy 9 ! ,fi*tian philosophy is ?us fir/ly t ! ego reta9s ! significance ( ! individual1 actual self-consci\sness1 z oppos$ to t :i* is univ]sal or absolute1 or to ! _s 9 :i* x is itself a mom5t m]ely2 = ! individual self-consci\sness simply signifies /&+ ap>t z f> z ano!r is conc]n$4 ,h5ce1 if ! ego 0 ev] call$ absolute exi/5ce1 ! mo/ t]rible (f5ce 0 giv51 because really ! ego only came be=e u z signify+ ! individual subject z oppos$ to ! univ]sal4 ,9 ! second place1 ,fi*te does n atta9 to ! idea ( ,reason z ! p]fect$1 real unity ( subject & object1 or ( ego & non-ego2 x is only1 z ) ,kant1 repres5t$ z ! ?\ght ( a union 9 a belief or fai?1 & ) ?is ,fi*te likewise concludes 7,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 p4 #cja74 ,?is he work$ out 9 8 popul> writ+s4 ,= because ! ego is fix$ 9 its opposition to ! non-ego1 & is only z be+ oppos$1 x becomes lo/ 9 t unity4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is aim is h5ce s5t fur!r & fur!r back into ! false1 s5su\s inf9itude3 x is a progression imply+ j ! same contradiction z t f\nd 9 ,kant1 & hav+ no pres5t actuality 9 itself2 = ! ego has all actuality 9 its opposition only4 ,! ,fi*tian philosophy recognizes ! f9ite _s alone1 & n ! inf9ite2 x does n recognize _s z univ]sal ?\ght1 z ! ,kantian philosophy does n recognize ! n-true2 or x is =mal4 ,! k ( absolute unity is appreh5d$ z fai? 9 a moral disposition ( ! _w1 an absolute hypo!sis 9 accordance ) :i* we h ! belief t e moral action t we p]=m w h a good result4#cii ,z 9 ,kant's case1 ?is ,idea belongs to univ]sal ?\ght4 8,9 a ^w1 :5 any?+ is appreh5d$ x ceases to be ,god2 & e conception ( ,god t is set up is necess>ily t ( a false ,god4 ,religion is a practical fai? 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 fai? 9 a sup]s5su\s _w belongs1 accord+ to our philosophy1 to ! imm$iate v]ities40#djj ,fi*te ?us concludes ) ! highe/ ,idea1 ) ! union ( fre$om & nature1 b a union ( su* a nature t1 imm$iately reg>d$1 x is n kn[n2 ! opposition alone falls )9 consci\sness4 ,?is union ( fai? he likewise f9ds 9 ! ,love ( ,god4 ,z believ$ & exp]i5c$1 ?is =m p]ta9s to ,religion1 & n to ,philosophy1 & our only possible int]e/ is to "k ?is 9 ,philosophy4 ,b ) ,fi*te x is /ill associat$ ) a mo/ unsatisfy+ ext]nality ( :i* ! basis is ! non-,idea1 = ! "o det]m9ation is ess5tial only because ! o!r is s1 & s on into inf9itude4 8,! !ory ( k is reali/ic--x %[s t ! consci\sness ( f9ite be+s c only be expla9$ by presuppos+ an indep5d5t & :olly opposite p[]1 on :i*1 9 accordance ) _! empirical exi/5ce1 !y !mselves are dep5d5t4 ,b x ass]ts no?+ m ?an ?is oppos$ p[]1 :i* by f9ite be+s c m]ely be felt & n kn[n4 ,all possible det]m9ations ( ?is p[] or ( ?is non-ego :i* c come =? into inf9ity 9 our consci\sness1 x pl$ges itself to d$uce f ! det]m9+ faculties ( ! ego1 & x mu/ actually be able to d$uce ^!1 s c]ta9ly z x is a !ory ( k4 ,?is k1 h[ev]1 is n transc5d5t b transc5d5tal4 ,x und\bt$ly expla9s all consci\sness f some?+ indep5d5t ( all consci\sness1 b x does n =get t ?is indep5d5t some:at is aga9 a product ( its own p[] ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly some?+ dep5d5t on ! ego1 9 s f> z x has to be !re = ! ego4 ,e ?+ is1 9 its ideality1 dep5d5t ^u ! ego2 b 9 its reality ev5 ! ego is dep5d5t4 ,! fact t ! f9ite _s mu/ posit = itself some:at outside ( itself1 :i* la/ exi/s only = x1 is t circle :i* x may inf9itely ext5d b nev] break ?r\gh40 ,! fur!r logical det]m9ation ( ! object is t :i* 9 subject & object is id5tical1 ! true connection is t 9 :i* ! objective is ! possession ( ! ego2 z ?\ght1 ! ego 9 itself det]m9es ! object4 ,b ,fi*te's !ory ( k reg>ds ! /ruggle ( ! ego ) ! object z t ( ! cont9u\s process ( det]m9+ ! object ?r\gh ! ego z subject ( consci\sness1 )\t ! id5tity ( ! re/fully self-develop+ ,notion4#dja ,?irdly1 because ! ego is ?us fix$ 9 its "o-sid$ness1 !re proce$s f x1 z repres5t+ "o extreme1 ! :ole ( ! progress t is made 9 ! cont5t ( k2 & ! d$uction ( ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 cognition 9 its cont5t & =m1 is a progression f c]ta9 det]m9ations to o!rs :i* d n turn back into unity1 or ?r\gh a succession ( f9it5esses :i* d n h ! ,absolute 9 !m at all4 ,! absolute po9t ( view1 l an absolute cont5t1 is want+4 ,?us ! contemplation ( nature1 = in/ance1 is a contemplation ( x z ( pure f9it5esses f ! po9t ( view ( ano!r1 z ?\gh ! organic body 7 reg>d$ ?us3 8,consci\sness requires a sph]e entirely its own = its activity4 ,?is sph]e is posit$ ?r\gh an orig9al1 necess>y activity ( ! ego1 9 :i* x does n "k itself z free4 ,x is a s5su\s p]ception1 a draw+ ( l9es2 ! sph]e ( activity !reby becomes some?+ ext5d$ 9 space4 ,z quiesc5t1 cont9u\s1 & yet unceas+ly *ang+1 ?is sph]e is matt]1 :i*1 z body1 has a numb] ( p>ts :i* 9 relation to "o ano!r are call$ limbs4 ,! p]son c ascribe to himself no body )\t posit+ x z be+ "u ! influ5ce ( ano!r p]son4 ,b x is likewise ess5tial t ,i %\ld be able to *eck ?is same influ5ce1 & ext]nal matt] is also posit$ z resi/+ my influ5ces on x1 i4e4 z a t\gh1 compact matt]40#djb ,^! t\gh matt]s mu/ fur!r be sep>at$ f "o ano!r--! diff]5t p]sons _c hold toge!r l "o mass ( d\gh4 ,= 8my body is my body & n t ( ano!r2 x mu/ fur!r op]ate & be active )\t my work+ ?r\gh x4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ano!r t ,i c myself be active & repres5t myself z a rational be+ :o c be respect$ by him4 ,b ! o!r be+ %\ld treat me imm$iately z a rational be+1 ,i %\ld be = him a rational be+ ev5 be=e my activity beg9s4 ,or my =m mu/ produce an effect ?r\gh its m]e exi/5ce 9 space1 )\t my activity1 i4e4 x mu/ be visible4 ,! reciprocal op]ation ( rational be+s mu/ take place )\t activity2 ?us a subtle matt] mu/ be assum$ 9 ord] t x may be modifi$ by means ( ! m]ely quiesc5t =m4 ,9 ?is way are d$uc$ fir/ ,light & !n ,air40#djc ,?is con/itutes a v ext]nal mann] ( pass+ f "o /ep to ano!r1 resembl+ ! me?od ( ! ord9>y teleology1 :i* makes out1 = in/ance1 t plants & animals are giv5 = ! n\ri%m5t ( mank9d4 ,?is is h[ x is put3 ,man mu/ eat1 & ?us !re mu/ be some?+ edible--consequ5tly plants & animals are at once d$uc$2 plants mu/ h _! root 9 some?+1 & consequ5tly ! e>? is =?) d$uc$4 ,:at is altoge!r lack+ is any consid]ation ( ! object z :at x is 9 itself2 x is pla9ly consid]$ only 9 relation to ano!r4 ,9 ?is way ! animal organism appe>s z a t\gh1 t5aci\s matt] :i* is 8articulat$0 & c be modifi$2 light is a subtle matt] :i* is ! m$ium ( communication ( m]e exi/5ce1 c4--j z 9 ! o!r case plants & animals are m]ely edible4 ,z reg>ds a philosophic consid]ation ( ! cont5t !re is no?+ at all to be f\nd4 ,fi*te likewise wrote bo? a ,sci5ce ( ,morals & ( ,natural ,rights1 b he treats !m z sci5ces p]ta9+ to ! und]/&+ only1 & 8 me?od ( proc$ure is de/itute ( ideas & c>ri$ on by means ( a limit$ und]/&+4 ,! ,fi*tian d$uction ( ! conceptions ( ju/ice & morality ?us rema9s )9 ! limitations & rigidity ( self-consci\sness1 z aga9/ :i* ,fi*te's popul> pres5tations ( religion & morality pres5t inconsi/5cies4 ,! treatise on ,natural ,rights is a special failure1 e4g4 :]e he1 z we h j se5 7p4 #ejb71 d$uces ev5 nature j z f> z he requires x4 ,! organization ( ! /ate :i* is describ$ 9 ,fi*te's ,sci5ce ( ,rights is fur!rmore z unspiritual z 0 ! d$uction ( natural objects j m5tion$1 & z 7 _m ( ! ,fr5* con/itutions :i* h appe>$ 9 mod]n times--a =mal1 ext]nal unit+ & connect+1 9 :i* ! individuals z su* are held to be absolute1 or 9 :i* ,"r is ! highe/ pr9ciple4 ,kant began to gr\nd ,"r ^u ,fre$om1 & ,fi*te likewise makes fre$om ! pr9ciple 9 ! ,rights ( ,nature2 b1 z 0 ! case ) ,r\sseau1 x is fre$om 9 ! =m ( ! isolat$ individual4 ,?is is a great comm5cem5t1 b 9 ord] to arrive at ! p>ticul>1 !y h to accept c]ta9 hypo!ses4 ,! univ]sal is n ! _s1 ! sub/ance ( ! :ole1 b an ext]nal1 negative p[] ( ! f9ite und]/&+ direct$ aga9/ individuals4 ,! /ate is n appreh5d$ 9 its ess5ce1 b only z repres5t+ a condition ( ju/ice & law1 i4e4 z an ext]nal relation ( f9ite to f9ite4 ,!re are v>i\s individuals2 ! :ole con/itution ( ! /ate is ?us 9 ! ma9 *>act]iz$ by ! fact t ! fre$om ( individuals mu/ be limit$ by means ( ! fre$om ( ! :ole4#djd ,! individuals always ma9ta9 a cold attitude ( negativity z reg>ds "o ano!r1 ! conf9em5t becomes clos] & ! bonds m /r+5t z "t goes on1 in/ead ( ! /ate be+ reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! realization ( fre$om4 ,?is philosophy conta9s no?+ speculative1 b x dem&s ! pres5ce ( ! speculative elem5t4 ,z ! philosophy ( ,kant seeks 9 unity its ,idea ( ! ,supreme ,good1 :]e9 ! opposites h to be unit$1 s ! ,fi*tian philosophy dem&s union 9 ! ego & 9 ! implicitude ( fai?2 9 ?is self-consci\sness 9 all its actions makes its />t+-po9t conviction1 s t 9 !mselves its actions may br+ =? ! highe/ end & realize ! good4 ,9 ! ,fi*tian philosophy no?+ c be se5 beyond ! mom5t ( self-consci\sness1 ( self-consci\s ,be+-)9-self1 z 9 ! philosophy ( ,engl& we f9d express$--9 j z "o-sid$ a way--! mom5t ( ,be+-=-ano!r1 or ( consci\sness1 & t n z a mom5t simply1 b z ! pr9ciple ( ! tru?2 9 nei!r ( ! two is !re ! unity ( bo?--or _s4 ,fi*te's philosophy con/itutes a significant epo* 9 ,philosophy reg>d$ 9 its outw>d =m4 ,x is f him & f 8 me?ods t ab/ract ?\ght proce$s1 d$uction & con/ruction4 ,h5ce ) ! ,fi*tian philosophy a revolution took place 9 ,g]many4 ,! public _h p5etrat$ z f> z ! philosophy ( ,kant1 & until ! ,kantian philosophy 0 rea*$ ! int]e/ awak5$ by ,philosophy 0 g5]al2 x 0 accessible1 & m5 7 curi\s to "k ab\t x1 x p]ta9$ to ! ord9>y k ( a man ( culture 7supra1 p4 #bah74 ,=m]ly m5 ( bus9ess1 /atesm51 occupi$ !mselves ) ,philosophy2 n[1 h[ev]1 ) ! intricate idealism ( ! philosophy ( ,kant1 _! w+s droop helpless to ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce x is ) ,kant t we fir/ beg9 to f9d a l9e ( sep>ation :i* p>ts u f ! common modes ( consci\sness2 b ! result1 t ! ,absolute _c be kn[n1 has become "o g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,) ,fi*te ! common consci\sness has /ill fur!r sep>at$ itself f ,philosophy1 & x has utt]ly dep>t$ f ! speculative elem5t !re9 pres5t4 ,= ,fi*te's ego is n m]ely ! ego ( ! empiric consci\sness1 s9ce g5]al det]m9ations ( ?\ght su* z d n fall )9 ! ord9>y consci\sness h likewise to be kn[n & br\ght to consci\sness2 9 ?is way s9ce ,fi*te's "t few m5 h occupi$ !mselves ) speculation4 ,fi*te1 x is true1 9 8 lat] works especially1 wrote ) a view to meet+ ! popul> e> z we may see 9 ! 8,attempt to =ce ! read] into compreh5sion10 b ?is end 0 n accompli%$4 ,! public 0 ?r\gh ! philosophy ( ,kant & ,jacobi /r5g!n$ 9 its op9ion--"o :i* x accept$ utilit]--t ! k ( ,god is imm$iate1 & t we "k x f ! beg9n+ & )\t requir+ to /udy1 & h5ce t ,philosophy is q sup]flu\s4 #b4 ,,fi*te',s ,,sy/em ,,9 ,a ,,re-,,con/itut$ ,,=m4 ,! times call$ = life1 = _s4 ,n[ s9ce m9d has ?us retreat$ )9 self-consci\sness1 b )9 self-consci\sness z a b>r5 ego1 :i* m]ely gives itself a cont5t or a realization ?r\gh f9it5esses & individualities :i* 9 & = !mselves are no?+1 ! next /age is f\nd 9 kn[+ ?is realization ( self-consci\sness 9 itself1 9 kn[+ ! cont5t 9 itself z a cont5t :i*1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t by _s1 is self-consci\s & spiritual1 or a _s full ( cont5t4 ,9 8 lat] popul> works ,fi*te ?us set =? fai?1 love1 hope1 religion1 treat+ !m )\t philosophic int]e/1 & z = a g5]al public3 x 0 a philosophy calculat$ to suit enlight5$ ,jews & ,jewesses1 c\ncillors & ,kotzebues4 ,he places ! matt] 9 a popul> =m3 8,x is n ! f9ite ego t is1 b ! div9e ,idea is ! f\ndation ( all ,philosophy2 ev]y?+ t man does ( himself is null & void4 ,all exi/5ce is liv+ & active 9 itself1 & !re is no o!r life ?an ,be+1 & no o!r ,be+ ?an ,god2 ,god is ?us absolute ,be+ & ,life4 ,! div9e ess5ce likewise comes =?1 reveal+ & manife/+ itself--! _w40#dje ,?is imm$iate unity ( ! self-consci\s ego & its cont5t1 or _s1 :i* m]ely has an intuition ( its self-consci\s life & kn[s x z ! tru? imm$iately1 manife/$ itself subsequ5tly 9 poetic & prophetic t5d5cies1 9 vehem5t aspirations1 9 excresc5ces :i* grew out ( ! ,fi*tian philosophy4 #c4 ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,( ,,! ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,fi*te4 ,on ! "o h&1 9 respect ( ! cont5t :i* ! ego rea*es 9 ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 ! complete abs5ce ( spirituality1 ! wood5ness1 &1 to put x pla9ly1 ! utt] fooli%ness !re9 evid5c$1 /rike u too =cibly to all[ u to rema9 at 8 /&po9t2 our philosophic p]ception likewise tells u ( ! "o-sid$ness & defici5cies ( ! pr9ciple1 z also ( ! evid5t necessity t ! cont5t %\ld prove to be :at x is4 ,b on ! o!r h& self-consci\sness 0 !re9 posit$ z reality or ess5ce--n z a =eign1 ali5 self-consci\sness1 b z ego--a signification :i* all possess1 & :i* f9ds an answ] 9 ! actuality ( all4 ,! ,fi*tian /&po9t ( subjectivity has ?us reta9$ its "* ( be+ unphilosophically work$ out1 & arriv$ at its completion 9 =ms p]ta9+ to s5sation :i* 9 "p rema9$ )9 ! ,fi*tian pr9ciple1 :ile !y 7 9 "p ! ef=t--futile ?\gh x 0--to get beyond ! subjectivity ( ! ego4 a4 ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,,s*legel4 ,9 ,fi*te's case ! limitation is cont9ually re-appe>+2 b because ! ego feels con/ra9$ to break ?r\gh ?is b>ri]1 x reacts aga9/ x1 & gives itself a re/+-place )9 itself2 ?is la/ ought to be concrete1 b x is a negative re/+-place alone4 ,?is fir/ =m1 ,irony1 has ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel z its lead+ expon5t4 ,! subject "h kn[s itself to be )9 itself ! ,absolute1 & all else to x is va92 all ! conclusions :i* x draws = itself respect+ ! "r & good1 x likewise kn[s h[ to de/roy aga94 ,x c make a pret5ce ( kn[+ all ?+s1 b x only demon/rates vanity1 hypocrisy1 & effront]y4 ,irony kn[s itself to be ! ma/] ( e possible cont5t2 x is s]i\s ab\t no?+1 b plays ) all =ms4 ,! o!r side is ?is1 t subjectivity has ca/ itself into religi\s subjectivity4 ,! utt] despair 9 respect ( ?\ght1 ( tru?1 & absolute objectivity1 z also ! incapacity to give oneself any settl$ basis or spontaneity ( action1 induc$ ! noble s\l to ab&on itself to feel+ & to seek 9 ,religion some?+ fix$ & /eadfa/2 ?is /eadfa/ basis1 ?is inw>d satisfaction1 is to be f\nd 9 religi\s s5tim5ts & feel+s4 ,?is in/9ct impell+ u t[>ds some?+ fix$ has =c$ _m into positive =ms ( religion1 into ,ca?olicism1 sup]/ition & miracle work+1 9 ord] t !y may f9d some?+ on :i* !y c re/1 because to inw>d subjectivity ev]y?+ fluctuates & wav]s4 ,) ! :ole =ce ( its m9d subjectivity tries to apply itself to :at is positively giv51 to b5d its head b5ea? ! positive1 to ca/ itself1 s to speak1 into ! arms ( ext]nality1 & x f9ds an inw>d p[] impell+ x s to d4 b4 ,,s*lei]ma*]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ego f9ds 9 ! subjectivity & individuality ( ! p]sonal view ( ?+s ! height ( all its vanity--its ,religion4 ,all ! v>i\s individualities h ,god )9 !mselves4 ,dialectic is ! la/ ?+ to arise & to ma9ta9 its place4 ,z ?is is express$ = philosophic self-consci\sness1 ! =eign intellectual _w has lo/ all significance & tru? = ord9>y culture2 x is compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts1 a deity p]ta9+ to a "t gone by1 & individualiz$ 9 space & exi/5ce1 a _w :i* is outside ! actuality ( self-consci\sness1 & a _w :i* _h yet to appe>1 & 9 :i* self-consci\sness w\ld fir/ atta9 to its reality4 ,! _s ( culture has des]t$ x1 & no long] recognizes any?+ t is =eign to self-consci\sness4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! spiritual liv+ ess5ce has !n trans=m$ itself into self-consci\sness1 & x ?9ks to "k ! unity ( _s imm$iately f itself1 & 9 ?is imm$iacy to be possess$ ( k 9 a poetic1 or at lea/ a prophetic mann]4 ,z reg>ds ! poetic mann]1 x has a k ( ! life & p]son ( ! ,absolute imm$iately1 by an intuition1 & n 9 ! ,notion1 & x ?9ks x w\ld lose ! :ole z :ole1 z a self-p5etrat+ unity1 7 x n to express ! same 9 poetic =m2 & :at x ?us expresses poetically is ! intuition ( ! p]sonal life ( self-consci\sness4 ,b ! tru? is absolute motion1 & s9ce x is a motion ( =ms & figures ,ge/alt51 & ! univ]se is a k+dom ( spirits1 ! ,notion is ! ess5ce ( ?is movem5t1 & likewise ( ea* individual =m2 x is its ideal =m ,=m & n ! real "o1 or t ( figure ,ge/alt4 ,9 ! latt] case necessity is lo/ sight (2 individual action1 life & he>t1 rema9 )9 !mselves1 & undevelop$2 & ?is poetry vacillates betwixt ! univ]sality ( ! ,notion & ! det]m9at5ess & indiff]5ce ( ! figure2 x is nei!r fle% nor fi%1 nei!r poetry nor philosophy4 ,! prophetic utt]ance ( tru?s :i* claim to be philosophical1 ?us belongs to fai?1 to self-consci\sness1 :i* inde$ p]ceives ! absolute _s 9 itself1 b does n compreh5d itself z self-consci\sness1 s9ce x places absolute reality above ,k1 beyond self-consci\s reason1 z 0 done by ,es*5may] & ,jacobi4 ,?is uncompreh5d+1 prophetic mann] ( spee* affirms ?is or t respect+ absolute exi/5ce z f an oracle1 & requires t ea* man %\ld f9d ! same imm$iately 9 8 own he>t4 ,! k ( absolute reality becomes a matt] p]ta9+ to ! he>t2 !re are a numb] ( w\ld-be inspir$ speak]s1 ea* ( :om holds a monologue & really does n und]/& ! o!rs1 except+ by a pressure ( ! h&s & betrayal ( dumb feel+4 ,:at !y say is ma9ly compos$ ( trivialities1 if ^! are tak5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are utt]$2 x is ! feel+1 ! ge/ure1 ! fulness ( ! he>t1 :i* fir/ gives !m _! significance2 to no?+ ( m importance is direct expression giv54 ,!y outbid "o ano!r 9 conceits ( fancy1 9 ard5t poetry4 ,b be=e ! ,tru? vanity turns pale1 spitefully sne]+ x sneaks back into itself4 ,ask n aft] a crit]ion ( ! tru?1 b aft] ! ,notion ( ! tru? 9 & = itself2 on t fix y\r gaze4 ,! glory ( ,philosophy is dep>t$1 = x presupposes a common gr\nd ( ?\ghts & pr9ciples--:i* is :at sci5ce dem&s--or at lea/ ( op9ions4 ,b n[ p>ticul> subjectivity 0 ev]y?+1 ea* individual 0 pr\d & disda9ful z reg>ds all o!rs4 ,! conception ( indep5d5t ?\ght--z ?\gh !re c\ld be a ?\ght :i* 0 n su* 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #fj7--;is v mu* ! same2 m5 h1 x is said1 to br+ =? a p>ticul>ity ( _! own1 or else !y h n ?\ght = !mselves4 ,b ! bad picture is t 9 :i* ! arti/ %[s himself2 orig9ality is ! production ( :at is 9 its entirety univ]sal4 ,! folly ( indep5d5t ?\ght is t x results 9 ea* br++ =? some?+ m prepo/]\s ?an ano!r4 c4 ,,novalis4 ,subjectivity signifies ! lack ( a firm & /eady basis1 b likewise ! desire = su*1 & ?us x ev]more rema9s a ye>n+4 ,^! ye>n+s ( a l(ty s\l are set =? 9 ! writ+s ( ,novalis4 ,?is subjectivity does n rea* sub/antiality1 x dies away )9 itself1 & ! /&po9t x adopts is "o ( inw>d work+s & f9e di/9ctions2 x signifies an inw>d life & deals ) ! m9uti ( ! tru?4 ,! extravagances ( subjectivity con/antly pass into madness2 if !y rema9 9 ?\ght !y are :irl$ r\nd & r\nd 9 ! vortex ( reflect+ und]/&+1 :i* is ev] negative 9 ref]5ce to itself4 d4 ,,fries1 ,,b\t]weck1 ,,krug4 ,yet a la/ =m ( subjectivity is ! subjectivity ( arbitr>y w & ignorance4 ,x ma9ta9$ ?is1 t ! highe/ mode ( cognition is an imm$iate k z a fact ( consci\sness2 & t is s f> "r4 ,! ,fi*tian ab/raction & its h>d und]/&+ has a repell5t effect on ?\ght2 slo?ful reason all[$ itself to be told ! result ( ! philosophy ( ,kant & ,jacobi1 & r5\nc$ all consi/5t ?\ght1 all con/ruction4 ,?is arbitr>9ess gave itself entire lib]ty--! lib]ty ( ! ,tabagie--b 9 do+ s x reg>d$ itself f a poetic or prophetic po9t ( view1 z we h j se5 7pp4 #ejh1 #eji74 ,!n x 0 bo? m sob] & m prosaic1 & ?us br\ght ! old logic & metaphysic once m into evid5ce1 ?\gh ) ?is modification t !y are made facts ( consci\sness4 ,?us ,fries turns back to ! fai? ( ,jacobi 9 ! =m ( imm$iate judgm5ts d]iv$ f reason1 & d>k conceptions incapable ( utt]ance4#djf ,he wi%$ to improve ! critique ( pure reason by appreh5d+ ! categories z facts ( consci\sness2 any?+ "o *ooses c 9 su* a case be introduc$4 ,b\t]weck speaks ( 8,! virtue1 ! liv+ nature ( p[]2 ! fact t subject & object are reg>d$ z "o1 t is z absolute virtue4 ,) ?is absolute virtue we h all ,be+ & action1 namely ! et]nal1 absolute & pure unity2 9 "o ^w we h grasp$ ! _w )9 u & we h grasp$ ourselves 9 ! _w1 & t inde$ n ?r\gh conceptions & conclusions1 b directly ?r\gh ! p[] :i* itself con/itutes our exi/5ce & our rational nature4 ,to "k ! ,all1 or inde$ to "k ,god 9 any way1 is1 h[ev]1 impossible = any mortal40#djg ,krug wrote a 8,gr\ndwork ( ,philosophy10 sett+ =? a 8,transc5d5tal ,syn!sis--t is a transc5d5tal realism & a transc5d5tal idealism insep>ably b\nd toge!r10 ,x is an 8orig9al1 transc5d5tal syn!sis ( ! real & ! ideal1 ! ?9k+ subject & ! correspond+ out] _w20 ?is transc5d5tal syn!sis mu/ 8be recogniz$ & ass]t$ )\t any attempt be+ made at expla9+ x40#djh ,d4 ,,s*ell+4 ,x 0 ,s*ell+1 f9ally1 :o made ! mo/ important1 or1 f a philosophic po9t ( view1 ! only important advance ^u ! philosophy ( ,fi*te2 8 philosophy rose high] ?an t ( ,fi*te1 ?\gh und\bt$ly x /ood 9 close connection ) x2 inde$1 he himself pr(esses to be a ,fi*tian4 ,n[ ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+ f ! fir/ admitt$ ! possibility ( a k ( ,god1 al?\gh x likewise />t$ f ! philosophy ( ,kant1 :i* d5ies su* k4 ,at ! same "t ,s*ell+ makes ,jacobi's pr9ciple ( ! unity ( ?\ght & ,be+ fundam5tal1 al?\gh he beg9s to det]m9e x m closely4#dji ,to him concrete unity is ?is1 t ! f9ite is no m true ?an ! inf9ite1 ! subjective idea no m ?an objectivity1 & t comb9ations 9 :i* bo? untru?s are br\ght toge!r 9 _! indep5d5ce 9 relation to "o ano!r1 are likewise comb9ations ( untru?s m]ely4 ,concrete unity c only be compreh5d$ z process & z ! liv+ movem5t 9 a proposition4 ,?is insep>ability is 9 ,god alone2 ! f9ite1 on ! o!r h&1 is t :i* has ?is sep>ability )9 x4 ,9 s f> z x is a tru? x is likewise ?is unity1 b 9 a limit$ sph]e1 & = t reason 9 ! sep>ability ( bo? mom5ts4 ,fr$]ick ,wilhelm ,joseph ,s*ell+1 born on ! #bg? ,janu>y1 #agge1 at ,s*orndorf1#daj 9 ,wurtemb]g1 /udi$ 9 ,leipzig & ,j5a1 :]e he came to be on t]ms ( great intimacy ) ,fi*te4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjg he became secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 ,muni*4 ,we _c ) propriety deal fully ) 8 life1 = he is /ill liv+4#daa ,s*ell+ work$ out 8 philosophy 9 view ( ! public4 ,! s]ies ( 8 philosophic writ+s also repres5ts ! hi/ory ( 8 philosophic developm5t & ! gradual process by :i* he rais$ himself above ! ,fi*tian pr9ciple & ! ,kantian cont5t ) :i* he began4 ,x does n ?us conta9 a sequ5ce ( sep>ately work$ out divisions ( ,philosophy1 b only successive /ages 9 8 own developm5t4 ,if we ask = a f9al "w 9 :i* we %all f9d 8 philosophy repres5t$ ) complete def9it5ess none su* c be nam$4 ,s*ell+'s fir/ writ+s are /ill q ,fi*tian1 & x is only by sl[ degrees t he work$ himself free ( ,fi*te's =m4 ,! =m ( ! ego has ! ambiguity ( be+ capable ( signify+ ei!r ! absolute ,ego or ,god1 or ego 9 my p>ticul>ity2#dab ?is suppli$ ! fir/ /imulus to ,s*ell+4 ,8 fir/ & q %ort "w ( f\r %eets :i* he wrote 9 #agie at ,tub+51 :ile /ill at ! univ]sity1 0 call$1 8,on ! ,possibility ( any ,=m ( ,philosophy02 x conta9s propositions respect+ ! ,fi*tian philosophy only4 ,! next "w1 8,on ! ,ego z pr9ciple ( ,philosophy1 or on ! ,uncondition$ 9 ,human ,k0 7,tub+51 #agie71 is likewise q ,fi*tian2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is f a wid] & m univ]sal po9t ( view1 s9ce ! ego is !re9 grasp$ z an orig9al id5tity4#dac ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 a summ>y ( ! ,fi*tian pr9ciple & ! ,kantian mode ( pres5tation3 8,x is only by some?+ be+ orig9ally set 9 opposition to ! ego1 & by ! ego be+ itself posit$ z ! manifold 79 "t71 t x is possible = ! ego to get beyond ! unity :i* belongs to x ( m]ely be+ posit$1 & t1 = example1 x posits ! same cont5t on m ?an "o occasion40#dad ,s*ell+ !n pass$ on to natural philosophy1 adopt$ ,kantian =ms & reflective det]m9ations1 su* z ^? ( repulsion & attraction1 f ,kant's 8,metaphysics ( ,nature10 & likewise dealt ) q empirical ph5om5a 9 expressions tak5 f ,kant4 ,all 8 fir/ works on ?is subject come "u ?is category1 viz43 8,ideas t[>ds a ,philosophy ( ,nature10 #agig2 8,on ! ,_w-,s\l10 #agih1 ! second edition ( :i* possesses app5dices :i* are entirely inconsi/5t ) :at goes be=e4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,h]d] & ,kielmey]#dae we f9d s5sibility1 irritability1 & reproduction dealt )1 z also _! laws1 su* z t ! great] ! s5sibility ! less ! irritability1 c4--j z ! p[]s or pot5cies 7 dealt ) by ,es*5may]4 ,x 0 only lat] on 9 relation to ^! t ,s*ell+ fir/ appreh5d$ nature 9 ! categories ( ?\ght1 & made g5]al attempts ( a m def9ite "* 9 ! direction ( great] sci5tific developm5t4 ,x 0 only ?r\gh :at _h be5 accompli%$ by ^! m5 t he 0 enabl$ to come into public notice s "y4 ,! spiritual & intellectual side1 morality & ! /ate1 he repres5t$ on ! o!r h& purely 9 accordance ) ,kantian pr9ciples3 ?us 9 8 8,transc5d5tal ,idealism10 al?\gh x 0 writt5 f a ,fi*tian po9t ( view1 he goes no fur!r ?an ,kant did 9 8 8,philosophy ( ,rights0 & 8 "w 8,on ,et]nal ,peace40 ,s*ell+1 inde$1 lat] on publi%$ a sep>ate treatise on ,fre$om1 deeply speculative 9 "*2 ?is1 h[ev]1 rema9s isolat$ & indep5d5t1 & deals ) ?is "o po9t alone2 9 ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 no?+ isolat$ c be work$ out or develop$4 ,9 ! v>i\s pres5tations ( 8 views ,s*ell+ on ea* occasion began aga9 f ! beg9n+1 because1 z we may see1 :at w5t be=e did n satisfy him2 he has ev] press$ on to seek a new =m1 & ?us he has tri$ v>i\s =ms & t]m9ologies 9 succession )\t ev] sett+ =? "o complete & consi/5t :ole4 ,8 pr9cipal works 9 ?is connection are ! 8,fir/ ,sket* ( a ,sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy10 #agii2 ! 8,sy/em ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism10 #ahjj1 "o ( 8 mo/ c>efully ?\ght-out works2 8,bruno1 a ,dialogue on ! ,div9e & ,natural ,pr9ciple ( ,?+s10 #ahjb2 8,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,physics10 #ahja2 8,new ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,physics10 #ahjb et ,9 ! second numb] ( ! second volume ( 8 8,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,physics10 ,s*ell+ made ! comm5cem5t ( a detail$ treatm5t ( ! :ole ( 8 philosophy4 ,"h he likewise />ts to a c]ta9 measure1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 f ! ,fi*tian =m ( con/ruction2 b ! idea is already pres5t t nature equally ) k is a sy/em ( reason4 ,x is n feasible "h to g into details respect+ :at is call$ ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+1 ev5 if "t p]mitt$4 ,= x is n yet a sci5tific :ole organiz$ 9 all its bran*es1 s9ce x r consi/s 9 c]ta9 g5]al elem5ts :i* d n fluctuate ) ! re/ ( 8 op9ions4 ,s*ell+'s philosophy mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z 9 process ( evolution1 & x has n yet rip5$ into fruit2#daf we c h5ce give a g5]al idea ( x only4 ,:5 ,s*ell+ made 8 fir/ appe>ance ! dem&s put =w>d by ,philosophy 7 z foll[s4 ,) ,desc>tes ?\ght & ext5sion 7 9 "s incompreh5sible way unit$ 9 ,god1 ) ,sp9oza x 0 z motionless sub/ance2 & beyond ?is po9t ( view nei!r ( !m ev] pass$4 ,lat] on we saw ! =m develop1 p>tly 9 ! sci5ces & p>tly 9 ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,fi*tian philosophy1 ! =m 0 subjectivity on its own acc\nt1 f :i* all det]m9ations 7 held to develop4 ,:at is ?us dem&$ is t ?is subjectivity ( inf9ite =m :i* we saw dy+ into irony or arbitr>9ess 7pp4 #ejg-eaj7 %\ld be deliv]$ f its "o-sid$ness 9 ord] to be unit$ ) objectivity & sub/antiality4 ,to put x o!rwise1 ! sub/ance ( ,sp9oza %\ld n be appreh5d$ z ! unmov$1 b z ! intellig5t1 z a =m :i* possesses activity )9 itself ( necessity1 s t x is ! =m+ p[] ( nature1 b at ! same "t k & compreh5sion4 ,?is !n is ! object ( ,philosophy2 x is n ! =mal union ( ,sp9oza t is dem&$1 nor ! subjective totality ( ,fi*te1 b totality ) ! inf9ite =m4 ,we see ?is develop+ 9 ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+4 #a4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>li] writ+s1 ! 8,sy/em ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism10 :i* we %all consid] fir/ ( all1 ,s*ell+ repres5t$ transc5d5tal philosophy & natural philosophy z ! two sides ( sci5tific k4 ,respect+ ! nature ( ! two1 he expressly decl>$ himself 9 ?is "w1 :]e he once m adopts a ,fi*tian />t+-po9t3 8,all k re/s on ! h>mony ( an objective ) a subjective40 ,9 ! common s5se ( ! words ?is w\ld be all[$2 absolute unity1 :]e ! ,notion & ! reality are undi/+ui%$ 9 ! p]fect$ ,idea1 is ! ,absolute alone1 or ,god2 all else conta9s an elem5t ( discord betwe5 ! objective & subjective4 8,we may give ! "n ( nature to ! entire objective cont5t ( our k2 ! entire subjective cont5t1 on ! o!r h&1 is call$ ! ego or intellig5ce40 ,!y are 9 !mselves id5tical & presuppos$ z id5tical4 ,! relation ( nature to intellig5ce is giv5 by ,s*ell+ ?us3 8,n[ if all k has two poles :i* mutually presuppose & dem& "o ano!r1 !re mu/ be two fundam5tal sci5ces1 & x mu/ be impossible to />t f ! "o pole )\t be+ driv5 to ! o!r40 ,?us nature is impell$ to _s1 & _s to nature2 ei!r may be giv5 ! fir/ place1 & bo? mu/ come to pass4 8,if ! objective is made ! *ief10 we h ! natural sci5ces z result1 & 8! necess>y t5d5cy10 ! end1 8( all natural sci5ce ?us is to pass f nature to intellig5ce4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ef=t to connect natural ph5om5a ) !ory4 ,! highe/ p]fection ( natural sci5ce w\ld be ! p]fect spiritualization ( all natural laws into laws ( intuitive p]ception & ?\ght4 ,! ph5om5al 7! mat]ial elem5t7 mu/ entirely disappe>1 & laws 7! =mal elem5t7 alone rema94 ,h5ce x comes to pass t ! m t :i* is 9 con=mity ) law breaks =? 9 nature itself1 ! m ! outw>d cov]+ disappe>s2 ! ph5om5a !mselves become m spiritual1 & f9ally cease altoge!r4 ,! p]fect !ory ( nature w\ld be t by :i* ! :ole ( nature %\ld be resolv$ into an intellig5ce4 ,! dead & unconsci\s products ( nature are only abortive attempts on ! "p ( nature to reflect itself1 b ! s-call$ dead nature is really an immature10 torpid1 fossiliz$ 8intellig5ce02 x is implicit only1 & ?us rema9s 9 ext]nality2 8h5ce 9 its ph5om5a10 ev5 ?\gh 8/ill unconsci\sly1 ! "* ( intellig5ce %9es ?r\gh4 ,its highe/ end1 :i* is to become object to itself1 is fir/ atta9$ by nature0 7in/ead ( nature we %\ld call x ! ,idea ( nature71 8?r\gh its highe/ & ultimate reflection1 :i* is none o!r ?an man1 or1 m g5]ally1 x is t :i* we call reason1 ?r\gh :i* nature = ! fir/ "t returns completely )9 itself1 & :]eby x becomes evid5t t nature is orig9ally id5tical ) :at is kn[n 9 u z intellig5ce or ! consci\s4 ,?r\gh ?is t5d5cy to make nature intellig5t natural sci5ce becomes ! philosophy ( nature40 ,! intellig5t "* ( nature is ?us spok5 ( z a po/ulate ( sci5ce4 ,! o!r po9t ( view is 8to give ! subjective ! =emo/ place40 ,?us "h 8! problem is h[ to add an objective elem5t agree+ ) x4 ,to />t f ! subjective z f ! fir/ & absolute1 & to make ! objective arise f x10 signifies a new dep>ture2 its consid]ation =ms ! cont5t ( true ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy1 or1 z ,s*ell+ himself n[ nam$ ?is sci5ce1 8! o!r sci5ce fundam5tal to ,philosophy40 ,! organ ( transc5d5tal philosophy is ! subjective1 ! production ( inw>d action4 ,production & reflection ^u ?is production1 ! unconsci\s & consci\s 9 "o1 is ! /hetic act ( ! imag9ation4#dag ,?us ^! two sep>ate processes are z a :ole v cle>ly express$3 ! process :i* leads f nature to ! subject1 & t lead+ f ! ego to ! object4 ,b ! true process c\ld only be trac$ out by means ( logic1 = x conta9s pure ?\ghts2 b ! logical po9t ( view 0 :at ,s*ell+ nev] arriv$ at 9 8 pres5tation ( ?+s4 a4 ,9 respect ( ! ego1 z pr9ciple ( ! transc5d5tal philosophy1 ,s*ell+ sets to "w 9 ! same way z did ,fi*te1 inasmu* z he beg9s f ! fact ( k 89 :i* ! cont5t is condition$ ?r\gh ! =m1 & ! =m ?r\gh ! cont5t02 ?is is =mal ,a ,a4 ,b does ,a exi/8 ,! ego is 8! po9t :]e subject & object are "o 9 _! unm$iat$ condition02 ! ego is j ,ego ,ego1 subject-object2 & t is ! act ( self-consci\sness :]e9 ,i am = myself object to myself4 ,9 self-consci\sness !re is n to be f\nd a di/9ction betwe5 me & any?+ else2 :at are di/+ui%$ are directly id5tical1 & !re is s f> no?+ at all 9 opposition to ?is self-consci\sness4 ,h[ ! case /&s ) reg>d to ext]nal objects is ! "q :i* mu/ be decid$ lat]1 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( developm5t4 ,x is only ! ,notion ( ! ego :i* is to be laid hold (3 8,! ,notion ( ! ego1 t is ! act :]eby ?\ght 9 g5]al becomes object to itself1 & ! ego itself 7! object7 are absolutely "o2 indep5d5tly ( ?is act ! ego is no?+40 ,x is ! act :]eby ?\ght makes itself objective1 & :]e9 ! ego is br\ght into h>mony ) ! objective1 ) ?\ght2 & f ?is /&po9t x _h to be demon/rat$ h[ ! ego makes its way to objectivity4 8,! ego1 z pure act1 z pure action1 is n objective 9 k itself1 = ! reason t x is ! pr9ciple ( all k4 ,if x is to be object ( k1 ?is mu/ come to pass ?r\gh a v diff]5t k9d ( k ?an ! ord9>y40 ,! imm$iate consci\sness ( ?is id5tity is intuition1 b inw>dly x becomes 8intellectual intuition02 x 8is a k :i* is ! production ( its object3 s5su\s intuition or p]ception is p]ception ( su* a nature t ! p]ception itself appe>s to be diff]5t f :at is p]ceiv$4 ,n[ intellectual intuition is ! organ ( all transc5d5tal ?\ght10 ! act ( pure self-consci\sness g5]ally4 8,! ego is no?+ else ?an a process ( production :i* ev] makes itself its own object4 ,sci5ce c />t f no?+ objective10 b f 8! non-objective :i* itself becomes object0 z an 8orig9al duplicity4 ,idealism is ! me*anism ( ! orig9ation ( ! objective _w f ! inw>d pr9ciple ( spiritual activity40#dah ,on ! "o h& ,s*ell+'s sy/em is relat$ to ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he1 l ,jacobi1 makes 8 pr9ciple imm$iate k--! intellig5t intuitive p]ception :i* all :o wi% to philosophize mu/ h4 ,b :at comes next is t its cont5t is no long] ! indet]m9ate1 ! ess5ce ( ess5ce1 b likewise ! ,absolute1 ,god1 ! absolutely self-exi/5t1 ?\gh express$ z concrete1 i4e4 z m$iat+ itself )9 itself1 z ! absolute unity or indiff]5ce ( subjective & objective4 ,intellectual intuition is ! ,fi*tian imag9ation oscillat+ betwe5 two diff]5t po9ts4 ,we h already spok5 above 7p4 #dag7 ( ! =m ( intellectual intuition2 x is ! mo/ conv5i5t mann] ( ass]t+ k respect+--any?+ "o likes4 ,b ! imm$iate k ( ,god z spiritual is only 9 ! consci\sness ( ,*ri/ian nations1 & n = o!rs4 ,?is imm$iate k appe>s to be /ill m cont+5t z ! intellectual intuition ( ! concrete1 or ! id5tity ( subjectivity & objectivity4 ,?is intuition is intellectual inde$1 because x is a rational intuition1 & z k x is likewise absolutely "o ) ! object ( k4 ,b ?is intuition1 al?\gh itself k1 is n z yet kn[n2 x is ! unm$iat$1 ! po/ulat$4 ,z x is 9 ?is way an imm$iate we mu/ possess x1 & :at may be possess$ may likewise n be possess$4 ,?us s9ce ! imm$iate presupposition 9 ,philosophy is t individuals h ! imm$iate intuition ( ?is id5tity ( subjective & objective1 ?is gave ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+ ! appe>ance ( indicat+ t ! pres5ce ( ?is intuition 9 individuals dem&$ a special tal5t1 g5ius1 or condition ( m9d ( _! own1 or z ?\gh x 7 g5]ally speak+ an accid5tal faculty :i* p]ta9$ to ! specially fav\r$ few4 ,= ! imm$iate1 ! intuitively p]ceiv$1 is 9 ! =m ( an exi/5t1 & is n ?us an ess5tial2 & :oev] does n und]/& ! intellectual intuition mu/ come to ! conclusion t he does n possess x4 ,or else1 9 ord] to und]/& x1 m5 mu/ give !mselves ! tr\ble ( possess+ x2 b no "o c tell :e!r he has x or n--n ev5 f und]/&+ x1 = we may m]ely ?9k we und]/& x4 ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 is 9 its own nature capable ( be+ univ]sal2 = its gr\nd-"w is ?\ght1 & x is ?r\gh ?\ght t man is man4 ,s*ell+'s pr9ciple is ?us inde$ cle>ly a univ]sal2 b if a def9ite intuition1 a def9ite consci\sness is dem&$1 su* z ! consci\sness or intuition ( ! id5tity ( subjective & objective1 ?is det]m9ate p>ticul> ?\ght is n z yet to be f\nd 9 x4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ?is =m ( k ( ! absolute z concrete1 &1 fur!r1 9 ! =m ( unity ( subjective & objective1 t ,philosophy z repres5t$ by ,s*ell+ m especially m>k$ itself (f f ! ord9>y conceiv+ consci\sness & its mode ( reflection4 ,ev5 less ?an ,fi*te did ,s*ell+ atta9 to popul>ity 7supra1 pp4 #ejd1 #eje71 = ! concrete 9 its nature is directly speculative4 ,! concrete cont5t1 ,god1 life1 or :atev] p>ticul> =m x has1 is inde$ ! cont5t & object ( natural consci\sness2 b ! difficulty lies 9 br++ :at is conta9$ 9 ! concrete into concrete ?\ght 9 accordance ) its diff]5t det]m9ations1 & 9 lay+ hold ( ! unity4 ,x p]ta9s to ! /&po9t ( ! und]/&+ to divide & to di/+ui%1 & to ma9ta9 ! f9ite ?\ght-det]m9ations 9 _! opposition2 b ,philosophy dem&s t ^! diff]5t ?\ghts %\ld be br\ght toge!r4 ,?\ght beg9s by hold+ ap>t inf9ite & f9ite1 cause & effect1 positive & negative2 s9ce ?is is ! region ( reflect+ consci\sness1 ! old metaphysical consci\sness 0 able to take "p 9 s do+3 b ! speculative po9t ( view is to h ?is opposition be=e itself & to reconcile x4 ,) ,s*ell+ ! speculative =m has ?us aga9 come to ! front1 & philosophy has aga9 obta9$ a special "* ( its own2 ! pr9ciple ( ,philosophy1 rational ?\ght 9 itself1 has obta9$ ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+ ! cont5t1 ! tru?1 has once m become ! matt] ( *ief importance1 :]eas 9 ! ,kantian philosophy ! po9t ( int]e/ 0 m especially /at$ to be ! necessity = inve/igat+ subjective k4 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( ,s*ell+'s philosophy 9 its g5]al aspects4 b4 ,s9ce 9 fur!r analysis ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object comes into view & is accept$1 !re foll[s ! relation%ip ( ! ego to its o!r2 ) ,fi*te t =ms ! second proposition1 9 :i* ! self-limitation ( ! ego is posit$4 ,! ego posits itself 9 opposition to itself1 s9ce x posits itself z condition$ by ! non-ego2 t is ! inf9ite repulsion1 = ?is conditionm5t is ! ego itself4 ,s*ell+1 on ! "o h&1 says3 8,! ego is unlimit$ z ! ego only 9 s f> z x is limit$10 z x relates to ! non-ego4 ,only ?us does consci\sness exi/1 self-consci\sness is a b>r5 det]m9ation2 ?r\gh its intuition ( self ! ego becomes f9ite to itself4 8,?is contradiction only all[s itself to be dissolv$ by ! ego becom+ 9 ?is f9itude inf9ite to itself1 i4e4 by its hav+ an intuitive p]ception ( itself z an inf9ite ,becom+40 ,! relation ( ! ego to itself & to ! inf9ite *eck or =ce ( repulsion is a con/ant "o4 ,on ! o!r h& x is said3 8,! ego is limit$ only 9 s f> z x is unlimit$20 ?is limitation is ?us necess>y 9 ord] to be able to get beyond x4 ,! contradiction :i* we f9d "h rema9s ev5 if ! ego always limits ! non-ego4 8,bo? activities--t :i* makes = inf9itude1 ! limitable1 real1 objective activity1 & ! limit+ & ideal1 mutually presuppose "o ano!r4 ,idealism reflects m]ely on ! "o1 realism on ! o!r1 transc5d5tal idealism on bo?40#dai ,all ?is is a tangl$ mass ( ab/ractions4 c4 8,nei!r ?r\gh ! limit+ activity nor ?r\gh ! limit$ does ! ego arrive at self-consci\sness4 ,!re consequ5tly is a ?ird activity1 comp\nd$ f ! o!r two1 ?r\gh :i* ! ego ( self-consci\sness arises2 ?is ?ird is t :i* oscillates betwe5 ! two--! /ruggle betwe5 oppos+ t5d5cies40 ,!re is ess5tial relation only1 relative id5tity2 ! diff]5ce !re9 pres5t ?us ev] rema9s4 8,?is /ruggle _c be reconcil$ by "o su* action1 b only by an inf9ite succession ( su*10 i4e4 ! reconciliation ( ! opposition betwe5 ! two t5d5cies ( ! ego1 ! inw>d & ! outw>d1 is1 9 ! inf9ite c\rse ( progression1 only an app>5t "o4 ,9 ord] t x may be complete1 ! :ole inw>d & outw>d nature mu/ be pres5t$ 9 all its details3 b ,philosophy c only set =? ! epo*s :i* are mo/ important4 8,if all ! int]m$iate l9ks 9 s5sation c\ld be set =?1 t w\ld necess>ily lead u to a d$uction ( all ! qualities 9 nature1 :i* la/ is impossible40 ,n[ ?is ?ird activity1 :i* conta9s ! union directly 9 itself1 is a ?\ght 9 :i* p>ticul>ity is already conta9$4 ,x is ! intuitive und]/&+ ( ,kant1 ! intellig5t intuition or intuitively p]ceiv+ intellig5ce2 ,s*ell+1 inde$1 def9itely names ?is absolute unity ( contradictions intellectual intuition4 ,! ego "h is n "o-sid$ 9 reg>d to :at is diff]5t2 x is id5tity ( ! unconsci\s & ! consci\s1 b n an id5tity ( su* a nature t its gr\nd re/s on ! ego itself4#dbj ,?is ego mu/ be ! absolute pr9ciple3 8,all philosophy />ts f a pr9ciple :i* z absolute id5tity is non-objective40 ,= if x is objective1 sep>ation is at once posit$ & x is confront$ by ano!r2 b ! pr9ciple is ! reconciliation ( ! opposition1 & !re=e 9 & = itself x is non-objective4 8,n[ h[ %\ld a pr9ciple su* z ?is be call$ =? to consci\sness & und]/ood1 z is requir$ if x is ! condition atta*$ to ! compreh5sion ( all philosophy8 ,t x c no m be compreh5d$ ?r\gh ,notions ,begriffe ?an set =?1 requires no pro(40 ,notion to ,s*ell+ signifies a category ( ! ord9>y und]/&+2 ,notion is1 h[ev]1 ! concrete ?\ght :i* 9 itself is inf9ite4 8,!re ?us rema9s no?+ m ?an t x %\ld be set =? 9 an imm$iate intuition4 ,if !re 7 su* an intuition :i* _h z object ! absolutely id5tical1 t :i* 9 itself is nei!r subjective nor objective1 & if = su*1 :i*10 h[ev]1 8c be an intellectual intuition only1 "o c\ld appeal to imm$iate exp]i5ce10 ! "q w\ld be3 8,h[ c ?is intuition be aga9 made objective1 i4e4 h[ c x be ass]t$ )\t d\bt t x does n re/ on a subjective deception1 if !re is n a univ]sal objectivity 9 t intuition1 :i* is recogniz$ by all80 ,?is intellectual pr9ciple 9 itself %\ld ?us be giv5 9 an exp]i5ce s t m5 may be able to appeal to x4 8,! objectivity ( intellectual intuition is art4 ,! "w ( art alone reflects to me :at is o!rwise reflect$ ?r\gh no?+--t absolute id5tical :i* has already sep>at$ itself 9 ! ego itself40 ,! objectivity ( id5tity & ! k ( ! same is art2 9 "o & ! same intuition ! ego is "h consci\s ( itself & unconsci\s4#dba ,?is intellectual intuition :i* has become objective is objective s5su\s intuition--b ! ,notion1 ! compreh5d$ necessity1 is a v diff]5t objectivity4 ,?us a pr9ciple is presuppos$ bo? = ! cont5t ( philosophy & = subjective philosophiz+3 on ! "o h& x is dem&$ t ! attitude adopt$ %\ld be "o ( intellectual intuition1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is pr9ciple has to be au!nticat$1 & ?is takes place 9 ! "w ( art4 ,?is is ! highe/ =m ( ! objectivization ( reason1 because 9 x s5su\s conception is unit$ ) intellectuality1 s5su\s exi/5ce is m]ely ! expression ( spirituality4 ,! highe/ objectivity :i* ! subject atta9s1 ! highe/ id5tity ( subjective & objective1 is t :i* ,s*ell+ t]ms ! p[] ( imag9ation4 ,art is ?us compreh5d$ z :at is inmo/ & highe/1 t :i* produces ! intellectual & real 9 "o1 & philosophiz+ is conceiv$ z ?is g5ius ( art4 ,b art & p[] ( imag9ation are n supreme4 ,= ! ,idea1 _s1 _c be truly giv5 expression to 9 ! mann] 9 :i* art expresses its ,idea4 ,?is la/ is always a me?od p]ta9+ to intuitive p]ception2 & on acc\nt ( ?is s5su\s =m ( exi/5ce ! "w ( art _c correspond to ! _s4 ,?us because ! po9t la/ arriv$ at is designat$ z ! faculty ( imag9ation1 z art1 ev5 9 ! subject ?is is a subord9ate po9t ( view1 & ?us 9 itself ?is po9t is n ! absolute id5tity ( subjectivity & objectivity4 ,9 subjective ?\ght1 rational1 speculative ?\ght is ?us inde$ dem&$1 b if ?is appe>s false to y no?+ f>!r c be said ?an t y d n possess intellectual intuition4 ,! prov+ ( any?+1 ! mak+ x compreh5sible1 is ?us ab&on$2 a correct appreh5sion ( x is directly dem&$1 & ! ,idea is ?us ass]torically pre-e/abli%$ z pr9ciple4 ,! ,absolute is ! absolute id5tity ( subjective & objective1 ! absolute indiff]5ce ( real & ideal1 ( =m & ess5ce1 ( univ]sal & p>ticul>2 9 ?is id5tity ( ! two !re is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,b ! unity is n ab/ract1 empty1 & dry2 t w\ld signify logical id5tity1 classification accord+ to some?+ common to bo?1 9 :i* ! diff]5ce rema9s all ! :ile outside4 ,! id5tity is concrete3 x is subjectivity z well z objectivity2 ! two are pres5t !re9 z abrogat$ & ideal4 ,?is id5tity may easily be %[n 9 ! ord9>y conception3 ! conception1 we may = example say1 is subjective2 x has1 too1 ! det]m9ate cont5t ( exclusion 9 ref]5ce to o!r conceptions2 nev]!less1 ! conception is simple--x is "o act1 "o unity4 ,:at is lack+ 9 ,s*ell+'s philosophy is ?us ! fact t ! po9t ( indiff]5ce ( subjectivity & objectivity1 or ! ,notion ( reason1 is absolutely presuppos$1 )\t any attempt be+ made at %[+ t ?is is ! tru?4 ,s*ell+ (t5 uses ,sp9oza's =m ( proc$ure1 & sets up axioms4 ,9 philosophy1 :5 we desire to e/abli% a position1 we dem& pro(4 ,b if we beg9 ) intellectual intuition1 t con/itutes an oracle to :i* we h to give way1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( intellectual intuition 0 made our po/ulate4 ,! true pro( t ?is id5tity ( subjective & objective is ! tru?1 c\ld only be br\ght ab\t by means ( ea* ( ! two be+ inve/igat$ 9 its logical1 i4e4 ess5tial det]m9ations2 & 9 reg>d to !m1 x mu/ !n be %[n t ! subjective signifies ! trans=mation ( itself into ! objective1 & t ! objective signifies its n rema9+ su*1 b mak+ itself subjective4 ,simil>ly 9 ! f9ite1 x w\ld h to be %[n t x conta9$ a contradiction 9 itself1 & made itself inf9ite2 9 ?is way we %\ld h ! unity ( f9ite & inf9ite4 ,9 s do+1 ?is unity ( opposites is n ass]t$ be=eh&1 b 9 ! opposites !mselves x is %[n t _! tru? is _! unity1 b t ea* tak5 by itself is "o-sid$--t _! diff]5ce ve]s r\nd1 ca/+ itself headlong into ?is unity--:ile ! und]/&+ all ! "t ?9ks t 9 ^! diff]5ces x possesses some?+ fix$ & secure4 ,! result ( ?9k+ contemplation w\ld 9 ?is =m] case be t ea* mom5t w\ld secretly make itself into its opposite1 ! id5tity ( bo? be+ alone ! tru?4 ,! und]/&+ c]ta9ly calls ?is trans=mation sophi/ry1 humbug1 juggl+1 & :at-n4 ,z a result1 ?is id5tity w\ld1 accord+ to ,jacobi1 be "o :i* 0 no d\bt condition$ & ( set purpose produc$4 ,b we mu/ rem>k t a "o-sid$ po9t ( view is involv$ 9 appreh5d+ ! result ( developm5t m]ely z a result2 x is a process :i* is likewise m$iation )9 itself1 ( su* a nature t ?is m$iation is aga9 abrogat$ & ass]t$ z imm$iate4 ,s*ell+1 inde$1 _h ?is conception 9 a g5]al way1 b he did n foll[ x out 9 a def9ite logical me?od1 = ) him x rema9$ an imm$iate tru?1 :i* c only be v]ifi$ by means ( intellectual intuition4 ,t is ! great difficulty 9 ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+4 ,& !n x 0 misund]/ood & all int]e/ tak5 f x4 ,x is easy en\gh to %[ t subjective & objective are diff]5t4 ,7 !y n diff]5t1 no?+ c\ld be made ( !m any m ?an ( ,a ,a2 b !y are 9 opposition z "o4 ,9 all t is f9ite1 an id5tity is pres5t1 & ?is alone is actual2 b besides ! fact t ! f9ite is ?is id5tity1 x is also true t x is ! abs5ce ( h>mony betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity1 ,notion & reality2 & x is 9 ?is t f9itude consi/s4 ,to ?is pr9ciple ( ,s*ell+'s1 =m1 or necessity1 is ?us lack+1 x is only ass]t$4 ,s*ell+ appe>s to h ?is 9 common ) ,plato & ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 t k is to be f\nd 9 ! inw>d intuition ( et]nal ,ideas :]e9 k is unm$iat$ 9 ! ,absolute4 ,b :5 ,plato speaks ( ?is intuition ( ! s\l1 :i* has fre$ itself f all k t is f9ite1 empirical1 or reflect$1 & ! ,neo-,platoni/s tell ( ! ec/asy ( ?\ght 9 :i* k is ! imm$iate k ( ! ,absolute1 ?is def9ite di/9ction mu/ be notic$1 viz41 t ) ,plato's k ( ! univ]sal1 or ) 8 intellectuality1 :]e9 all opposition z a reality is abrogat$1 dialectic is associat$1 or ! recogniz$ necessity = ! abrogation ( ^! opposites2 ,plato does n beg9 ) ?is1 = ) him ! movem5t 9 :i* !y abrogate !mselves is pres5t4 ,! ,absolute is itself to be look$ at z ?is movem5t ( self-abrogation2 ?is is ! only actual k & k ( ! ,absolute4 ,) ,s*ell+ ?is idea has1 h[ev]1 no dialectic pres5t 9 x :]eby ^? opposites may det]m9e !mselves to pass ov] into _! unity1 & 9 s do+ to be compreh5d$4 #b4 ,s*ell+ beg9s ) ! idea ( ! ,absolute z id5tity ( ! subjective & objective1 & accord+ly !re ev9c$ itself 9 ! pres5tations ( 8 sy/em :i* foll[$1 ! fur!r necessity ( prov+ ?is idea2 ?is he attempt$ to d 9 ! two ,j\rnals ( ,speculative ,physics4 ,b if t me?od be once adopt$1 ! proc$ure is n imman5t developm5t f ! speculative ,idea1 b x foll[s ! mode ( ext]nal reflection4 ,s*ell+'s pro(s are adduc$ 9 su* an exce$+ly =mal mann] t !y really inv>iably presuppose ! v ?+ t 0 to be prov$4 ,! axiom assumes ! ma9 po9t 9 "q1 & all ! re/ foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,"h is an in/ance3 8,! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ! ,absolute c only be ?\ght ( z id5tity absolute1 altoge!r pure & undi/urb$4 ,= ! ,absolute is only absolute1 & :at is ?\ght 9 x is necess>ily & inv>iably ! same1 or 9 o!r words1 is necess>ily & inv>iably absolute4 ,if ! idea ( ! ,absolute 7 a g5]al ,notion0 7or conception71 8?is w\ld n prev5t a diff]5ce be+ met ) 9 x1 not)/&+ ?is unity ( ! absolute4 ,= ?+s ! mo/ diff]5t are yet 9 ! ,notion always "o & id5tical1 j z a rectangle1 a polygon & a circle are all figures4 ,! possibility ( ! diff]5ce ( all ?+s 9 association ) p]fect unity 9 ! ,notion lies 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ticul> 9 !m is comb9$ ) ! univ]sal4 ,9 ! ,absolute ?is altoge!r disappe>s1 because x p]ta9s to ! v idea ( ! ,absolute t ! p>ticul> 9 x is also ! univ]sal1 & ! univ]sal ! p>ticul>2 & fur!r t by means ( ?is unity =m & exi/5ce are also "o 9 x4 ,consequ5tly1 9 reg>d to ! ,absolute1 f ! fact ( its be+ ! ,absolute1 !re likewise foll[s ! absolute exclusion f its exi/5ce ( all diff]5ce1 & t at once40#dbb ,9 ! =m] ( ! two above-nam$ works1 ! 8,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,physics10 ,s*ell+ began by aga9 br++ =w>d ! ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 simple1 absolute ,exi/5ce1 inasmu* z he makes 8 />t+-po9t ! absolute id5tity ( ! subjective & objective4 ,"h1 l ,sp9oza1 he employ$ ! me?od ( geometry1 lay+ d[n axioms & prov+ by means ( propositions1 !n go+ on to d$uce o!r propositions f ^!1 & s on4 ,b ?is me?od has no real application to philosophy4 ,s*ell+ at ?is po9t laid d[n c]ta9 =ms ( diff]5ce1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( pot5cies1 adopt+ ! t]m f ,es*5may]1 :o made use ( x 7p4 #ead72dbc !y are ready-made diff]5ces1 :i* ,s*ell+ avails himself (4 ,b philosophy mu/ n take any =ms f o!r sci5ces1 z "h f ma!matics4 ,) ,s*ell+1 ! lead+ =m is t :i* 0 br\ght into remembrance aga9 by ,kant1 ! =m ( triplicity z fir/1 second1 & ?ird pot5cy4 ,s*ell+1 l ,fi*te1 beg9s ) ,i ,i1 or ) ! absolute intuition1 express$ z proposition or def9ition ( ! ,absolute1 t 8,reason is ! absolute indiff]5ce ( subject & object03 s t x is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 = bo? h 9 x _! true det]m9ation2 & _! opposition1 l all o!rs1 is utt]ly done away )4 ,! true reality ( subject & object is plac$ 9 ?is alone1 t ! subject is n posit$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( subject aga9/ object1 z 9 ! philosophy ( ,fi*te2 x is n det]m9$ z 9 itself exi/5t1 b z subject-object1 z ! id5tity ( ! two2 9 ! same way ! object is n posit$ accord+ to its ideal det]m9ation z object1 b 9 z f> z x is itself absolute1 or ! id5tity ( ! subjective & objective4 ,b ! expression 8indiff]5ce0 is ambigu\s1 = x means indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to bo? ! "o & ! o!r2 & ?us x appe>s z if ! cont5t ( indiff]5ce1 ! only ?+ :i* makes x concrete1 7 indiff]5t4 ,s*ell+'s next requirem5t is t ! subject mu/ n be hamp]$ ) reflection2 t w\ld be br++ x "u ! det]m9ation ( ! und]/&+1 :i*1 equally ) s5su\s p]ception1 implies ! sep>at5ess ( s5su\s ?+s4 ,z to ! =m ( its exi/5ce1 absolute indiff]5ce is ) ,s*ell+ posit$ z ,a ,a2 & ?is =m is = him ! k ( absolute id5tity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is insep>able f ! ,be+ or exi/5ce ( ! same4#dbd ,?us1 !re=e1 opposition1 z =m & reality or exi/5ce1 no d\bt appe>s 9 ?is ,absolute1 b x is det]m9$ z a m]ely relative or uness5tial opposition3 8,betwe5 subject & object no o!r ?an quantitative diff]5ce is possible4 ,= no qualitative diff]5ce z reg>ds ! two is ?9kable10 because absolute id5tity 8is posit$ z subject & object only z reg>ds ! =m ( its ,be+1 n z reg>ds its exi/5ce4 ,!re is consequ5tly only a quantitative diff]5ce left10 i4e4 only t ( magnitude3 & yet diff]5ce mu/ really be und]/ood z qualitative1 & mu/ ?us be %[n to be a diff]5ce :i* abrogates itself4 ,?is quantitative diff]5ce1 says ,s*ell+1 is ! =m actu3 8,! quantitative diff]5ce ( subjective & objective is ! basis ( all f9itude4 ,ea* det]m9$ pot5cy m>ks a det]m9$ quantitative diff]5ce ( ! subjective & objective4 ,ea* individual ,be+ is ! result ( a quantitative diff]5ce ( subjectivity & objectivity4 ,! individual expresses absolute id5tity "u a det]m9$ =m ( ,be+30 s t ea* side is itself a relative totality1 ,a ,b1 & at ! same "t ! "o factor prepond]ates 9 ! "o1 & ! o!r factor 9 ! o!r1 b bo? rema9 absolute id5tity4#dbe ,?is is insuffici5t1 = !re are o!r det]m9ations2 diff]5ce is und\bt$ly qualitative1 al?\gh ?is is n ! absolute det]m9ation4 ,quantitative diff]5ce is no true diff]5ce1 b an entirely ext]nal relation2 & likewise ! prepond]ance ( subjective & objective is n a det]m9ation ( ?\ght1 b a m]ely s5su\s det]m9ation4 ,! ,absolute itself1 9 s f> z ! posit+ ( diff]5ce is tak5 into acc\nt1 is def9$ by ,s*ell+ z ! quantitative indiff]5ce ( subjective & objective3 9 respect to absolute id5tity no quantitative diff]5ce is ?9kable4 8,quantitative diff]5ce is only possible outside ( absolute id5tity1 & outside ( absolute totality4 ,!re is no?+ 9 itself outside ( totality1 except+ by virtue ( an arbitr>y sep>ation ( ! individual f ! :ole4 ,absolute id5tity exi/s only "u ! =m ( ! quantitative indiff]5ce ( subjective & objective40 ,quantitative diff]5ce1 :i* appe>s outside ( absolute id5tity & totality1 is !re=e1 accord+ to ,s*ell+1 9 itself absolute id5tity1 & consequ5tly ?9kable only "u ! =m ( ! quantitative indiff]5ce ( ! subjective & objective4 8,?is opposition does n !re=e occur 9 itself1 or f ! /&po9t ( speculation4 ,f ?is /&po9t ,a exi/s j z mu* z ,b does2 = ,a l ,b is ! :ole absolute id5tity1 :i* only exi/s "u ! two =ms1 b "u bo? ( !m alike4 ,absolute id5tity is ! univ]se itself4 ,! =m ( its ,be+ c be ?\ght ( "u ! image ( a l9e10 z %[n by ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,a ,b ,a ,b ----------------- ,a ,a 89 :i* ! same id5tity is posit$ 9 ea* direction1 b ) ,a or ,b prepond]at+ 9 opposite directions40#dbf ,if we g into details1 ! ma9 po9ts f an elem5t>y po9t ( view are ! foll[+4 ,! fir/ pot5cy is t ! fir/ quantitative diff]5ce ( ! ,absolute1 or 8! fir/ relative totality is matt]4 ,pro(3 ,a ,b is n any?+ real ei!r z relative id5tity or z relative duplicity4 ,z id5tity ,a ,b1 9 ! individual z 9 ! :ole1 c be express$ only by ! l9e10--! fir/ dim5sion4 8,b 9 t l9e ,a is posit$ ?r\gh\t z exi/5t10 i4e4 x is at ! same "t relat$ to ,b4 8,!re=e ?is l9e presupposes ,a ,b z relative totality ?r\gh\t2 relative totality is !re=e ! fir/ presupposition1 & if relative id5tity exi/s1 x exi/s only ?r\gh relative totality10--?is is duplicity1 ! second dim5sion4 8,9 ! same way relative duplicity presupposes relative id5tity4 ,relative id5tity & duplicity are conta9$ 9 relative totality1 n inde$ actu1 b yet pot5tia4 ,!re=e ! two opposites mu/ mutually ext+ui% ea* o!r 9 a ?ird0 dim5sion4 8,absolute id5tity z ! imm$iate basis ( ! reality ( ,a & ,b 9 matt]1 is ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,if ,a prepond]ates we h ! =ce ( attraction1 if ,b prepond]ates we h t ( expansion4 ,! quantitative posit+ ( ! =ces ( attraction & expansion passes into ! inf9ite2 _! equilibrium exi/s 9 ! :ole1 n 9 ! individual40#dbg ,f matt] z ! fir/ indiff]5ce 9 imm$iacy ,s*ell+ n[ passes on to fur!r det]m9ations4 ,! second pot5cy 7,a7 is light1 ?is id5tity itself posit$ z exi/5t2 9 s f> z ,a ,b1 ,a is also posit$4 ,! same id5tity1 8posit$ "u ! =m ( relative id5tity10 i4e4 ( ! pol>ity :i* we f9d appe>+ 89 ,a & ,b1 is ! =ce ( cohesion4 ,cohesion is ! impression made on matt] by ! self-hood0 ( light 8or by p]sonality1 :]eby matt] fir/ em]ges z p>ticul> out ( ! univ]sal id5tity1 & raises itself into ! realm ( =m40 ,planets1 metals & o!r bodies =m a s]ies :i* "u ! =m ( dynamic cohesion expresses p>ticul> relations ( cohesion1 9 :i* on ! "o h& contraction prepond]ates1 & on ! o!r h& expansion4 ,^! pot5cies appe> ) ,s*ell+ z nor? & s\?1 ea/ & we/ pol>ity3 _! developm5ts fur!r appe> z nor?-we/1 s\?-ea/1 c4 ,he c\nts z ! la/ pot5cy ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 c4 ,he cont9ues3 8,cohesion outside ( ! po9t ( indiff]5ce ,i t]m passive4 ,t[>ds ! negative side0 7or pole7 8fall "s ( ! metals :i* /& next to iron1 aft] !m ! s-call$ preci\s metals10 !n ! 8diamond1 & la/ly c>bon1 ! greate/ passive cohesion4 ,t[>ds ! positive side1 aga91 "s metals fall1 9 :i* ! cohesive nature ( iron gradually dim9i%es10 i4e4 approa*es dis9tegration1 & la/ly 8disappe>s 9 nitrog540 ,active cohesion is magnetism1 & ! mat]ial univ]se is an inf9ite magnet4 ,! magnetic process is diff]5ce 9 indiff]5ce1 & indiff]5ce 9 diff]5ce1 & !re=e absolute id5tity z su*4 ,! indiff]5ce po9t ( ! magnet is ! 8nei!r nor0 & ! 8z well z02 ! poles are pot5tially ! same ess5ce1 only posit$ "u two factors :i* are oppos$4 ,bo? poles dep5d 8only ^u :e!r or - prepond]ates02 !y are n pure ab/ractions4 8,9 ! total magnet ! empirical magnet is ! indiff]5ce po9t4 ,! empirical magnet is iron4 ,all bodies are m]e metamorphoses ( iron--!y are pot5tially conta9$ 9 iron4 ,e two diff]5t bodies :i* t\* ea* o!r set up mutually 9 ea* o!r relative dim9ution & increase ( cohesion4 ,?is mutual alt]ation ( cohesion by means ( ! contact ( two diff]5t bodies is electricity2 ! cohesion-dim9i%+ factor ,e is ! pot5cy ( hydrog51-,e is ! pot5cy ( oxyg54 ,! totality ( ! dynamic process is repres5t$ only by ! *emical process40#dbh 8,by ! posit+ ( ! dynamic totality ! addition ( light is directly posit$ z a product4 ,! expression1 ! total product1 !re=e signifies light comb9$ ) ! =ce ( gravitation2 by ! posit+ ( ! relative totality ( ! :ole pot5cy1 ! =ce ( gravity is directly r$uc$ to ! m]e =m ( ! ,be+ ( absolute id5tity40 ,?us is ! ?ird pot5cy 7,a71 ! organism4#dbi ,s*ell+ laun*$ out into too _m individual details1 if he desir$ to indicate ! con/ruction ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,on ! "o h&1 h[ev]1 he did n complete ?is repres5tation1 & on ! o!r h&1 he has conf9$ himself ma9ly to implicit exi/5ce1 & has mix$ !re) ! =malism ( ext]nal con/ruction accord+ to a presuppos$ s*eme4 ,9 ?is repres5tation he advanc$ only z f> z ! organism1 & did n rea* ! pres5tation ( ! o!r side ( k1 i4e4 ! philosophy ( _s4 ,s*ell+ began "t aft] "t1 9 accordance ) ! idea impli$ 9 ?is con/ruction1 to "w out ! natural univ]se1 & especially ! organism4 ,he bani%es all su* mean+less t]ms z p]fection1 wisdom1 outw>d adaptability2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ,kantian =mula1 t a ?+ appe>s s & s to our faculty ( k1 is trans=m$ by him into ?is o!r =mula1 t su* & su* is ! con/itution ( ,nature4 ,foll[+ up ,kant's meagre attempt at demon/rat+ _s 9 nature1 he devot$ special att5tion to inaugurat+ anew ?is mode ( reg>d+ nature1 s z to recognize 9 objective exi/5ce ! same s*ematism1 ! same rhy?m1 z is pres5t 9 ! ideal4 ,h5ce nature repres5ts itself !re9 n z some?+ ali5 to _s1 b z be+ 9 its g5]al aspect a projection ( _s into an objective mode4 ,we h fur!r to rem>k t ,s*ell+ by ?is !ory became ! orig9ator ( mod]n ,natural ,philosophy1 s9ce he 0 ! fir/ to exhibit ,nature z ! s5su\s p]ception or ! expression ( ! ,notion & its det]m9ations4 ,natural ,philosophy is no new sci5ce2 we met ) x cont9ually--9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 = in/ance1 & else:]e4 ,engli% ,philosophy is also a m]e appreh5sion 9 ?\ght ( ! physical2 =ces1 laws ( ,nature1 are its fundam5tal det]m9ations4 ,! opposition ( physics & ,natural ,philosophy is !re=e n ! opposition ( ! un?9k+ & ! ?9k+ view ( ,nature2 ,natural ,philosophy means1 if we take x 9 its :ole ext5t1 no?+ else ?an ! ?\ghtful contemplation ( ,nature2 b ?is is ! "w ( ord9>y physics also1 s9ce its det]m9ations ( =ces1 laws1 c41 are ?\ghts4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 physics ?\ghts are =mal ?\ghts ( ! und]/&+1 ^: mat]ial & cont5t _c1 z reg>ds _! details1 be det]m9$ by ?\ght itself1 b mu/ be tak5 f exp]i5ce4 ,b concrete ?\ght conta9s its det]m9ation & its cont5t 9 itself1 & m]ely ! ext]nal mode ( appe>ance p]ta9s to ! s5ses4 ,if1 !n1 ,philosophy passes beyond ! =m ( ! und]/&+1 & has appreh5d$ ! speculative ,notion1 x mu/ alt] ! det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 ! categories ( ! und]/&+ reg>d+ ,nature4 ,kant 0 ! fir/ to set ab\t ?is2 & ,s*ell+ has s\ght to grasp ! ,notion ( ,nature1 in/ead ( cont5t+ himself ) ! ord9>y metaphysics ( ! same4 ,nature is to him no?+ b ! ext]nal mode ( exi/5ce z reg>ds ! sy/em ( ?\ght-=ms1 j z m9d is ! exi/5ce ( ! same sy/em 9 ! =m ( consci\sness4 ,t = :i* we h to ?ank ,s*ell+1 !re=e1 is n t he br\ght ?\ght to be> on ! compreh5sion ( ,nature1 b t he alt]$ ! categories accord+ to :i* ?\ght appli$ itself to ,nature2 he introduc$ =ms ( ,reason1 & appli$ !m--z he did ! =m ( ! syllogism 9 magnetism1 = in/ance--9 place ( ! ord9>y categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,he has n only %[n ^! =ms 9 ,nature1 b has also s\ght to evolve ,nature out ( a pr9ciple ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! 8,fur!r ,exposition ( ! ,sy/em ( ,philosophy0 :i* ! 8,new ,j\rnal = ,speculative ,physics0 furni%es1 ,s*ell+ *ose o!r =ms2 =1 by reason ( incompletely develop$ =m & lack ( dialectic1 he _h rec\rse to v>i\s =ms "o aft] ano!r1 because he f\nd none ( !m suffici5t4 ,in/ead ( ! equilibrium ( subjectivity & objectivity1 he n[ speaks ( ! id5tity ( exi/5ce & =m1 ( univ]sal & p>ticul>1 ( f9ite & inf9ite1 ( positive & negative1 & he def9es absolute indiff]5ce sometimes 9 "o & sometimes 9 ano!r =m ( opposition1 j accord+ to *ance4 ,all su* oppositions may be employ$2 b !y are only ab/ract1 & ref] to diff]5t /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! logical pr9ciple itself4 ,=m & ess5ce are di/+ui%$ by ,s*ell+ 9 ?is way1 t =m1 reg>d$ on its own acc\nt1 is ! p>ticul>1 or ! em]g+ ( diff]5ce1 subjectivity4 ,b real exi/5ce is absolute =m or absolute k imm$iately 9 itself1 a self-consci\s exi/5ce 9 ! s5se ( ?9k+ k1 j z ) ,sp9oza x _h ! =m ( some?+ objective or 9 ?\ght4 ,speculative ,philosophy is to be f\nd 9 ?is ass]tion1 n t x ass]ts an indep5d5t philosophy1 = x is purely organization2 k is bas$ on ! ,absolute4 ,?us ,s*ell+ has aga9 giv5 to transc5d5tal ,idealism ! significance ( absolute ,idealism4 ,?is unity ( exi/5ce & =m is ?us1 accord+ to ,s*ell+1 ! ,absolute2 or if we reg>d reality z ! univ]sal1 & =m z ! p>ticul>1 ! ,absolute is ! absolute unity ( univ]sal & p>ticul>1 or ( ,be+ & k4 ,! diff]5t aspects1 subject & object1 or univ]sal & p>ticul>1 are only ideal oppositions2 !y are 9 ! ,absolute entirely & altoge!r "o4 ,?is unity z =m is intellectual intuition1 :i* posits ,?9k+ & ,be+ z absolutely alike1 & z x =mally expresses ! ,absolute1 x becomes at ! same "t ! expression ( its ess5ce4 ,he :o has n ! p[] ( imag9ation1 :]eby he may repres5t ?is unity to himself1 is defici5t 9 ! organ ( ,philosophy4 ,b 9 ?is consi/s ! true absolut5ess ( all & ea*1 t ! "o is n recogniz$ z univ]sal1 & ! o!r z p>ticul>1 b ! univ]sal 9 ?is its det]m9ation is recogniz$ z unity ( ! univ]sal & p>ticul>1 & 9 l mann] ! p>ticul> is recogniz$ z ! unity ( bo?4 ,con/ruction m]ely consi/s 9 lead+ back ev]y?+ det]m9$ & p>ticul> into ! ,absolute1 or reg>d+ x z x is 9 absolute unity2 its det]m9at5ess is only its ideal mom5t1 b its tru? is really its ,be+ 9 ! ,absolute4 ,^! ?ree mom5ts or pot5cies--t ( ! pass+ ( exi/5ce 7! inf9ite7 into =m 7! f9ite71 & ( =m into exi/5ce 7:i* are bo? relative unities71 & ! ?ird1 ! absolute unity1 ?us recur anew 9 ea* individual4 ,h5ce ,nature1 ! real or actual aspect1 z ! pass+ ( exi/5ce into =m or ( ! univ]sal into ! p>ticul>1 itself aga9 possesses ^! ?ree unities 9 itself1 & 9 ! same way ! ideal aspect does s2 !re=e ea* pot5cy is on its own acc\nt once m absolute4 ,?is is ! g5]al idea ( ! sci5tific con/ruction ( ! univ]se--to repeat 9 ea* individual alike ! triplicity :i* is ! s*eme ( ! :ole1 !reby to %[ ! id5tity ( all ?+s1 & 9 do+ s to reg>d !m 9 _! absolute ess5ce1 s t !y all express ! same unity4#dcj ,! m detail$ explanation is extremely =mal3 8,exi/5ce passes into =m--?is tak5 by itself be+ ! p>ticul> 7! f9ite7--by means ( ! inf9ite be+ add$ to x2 unity is receiv$ into multiplicity1 indiff]5ce into diff]5ce40 ,! o!r ass]tion is3 8,=m passes into exi/5ce by ! f9ite be+ receiv$ into ! inf9ite1 diff]5ce into indiff]5ce40 ,b pass+ into & receiv+ into are m]ely s5su\s expressions4 8,o!rwise express$1 ! p>ticul> becomes absolute =m by ! univ]sal becom+ "o ) x1 & ! univ]sal becomes absolute exi/5ce by ! p>ticul> becom+ "o ) x4 ,b ^! two unities1 z 9 ! ,absolute1 are n outside ( "o ano!r1 b 9 "o ano!r1 & !re=e ! ,absolute is absolute indiff]5ce ( =m & exi/5ce10 z unity ( ?is d\ble pass+-into-"o4 8,by means ( ^! two unities two diff]5t pot5cies are det]m9$1 b 9 !mselves !y are bo? ! exactly equal roots ( ! ,absolute40#dca ,t is a m]e ass]tion1 ! cont9ual return aft] ea* diff]5tiation1 :i* is p]petually aga9 remov$ out ( ! ,absolute4 8,( ! fir/ absolute trans=mation !re are copies 9 ph5om5al ,nature2 !re=e ,nature1 reg>d$ 9 itself1 is no?+ else ?an t fir/ trans=mation z x exi/s 9 ! absolute 7unsep>at$ f ! o!r74 ,= by means ( ! inf9ite pass+ into ! f9ite1 exi/5ce passes into =m2 s9ce !n =m obta9s reality only by means ( exi/5ce1 exi/5ce1 :5 x has pass$ into =m )\t =m hav+ 7accord+ to ! assumption7 simil>ly pass$ into exi/5ce1 c be repres5t$ only z pot5tiality or gr\nd ( reality1 b n z indiff]5ce ( possibility & actuality4 ,b t :i* may be describ$ ?us1 namely z exi/5ce1 9 s f> z t is m]e gr\nd ( reality1 & !re=e has really pass$ into =m1 al?\gh =m has n 9 turn pass$ into x1 is :at pres5ts itself z ,nature4--,exi/5ce makes its appe>ance 9 =m1 b 9 return =m also makes its appe>ance 9 exi/5ce2 ?is is ! o!r unity10 t ( m9d4 8,?is unity is e/abli%$ by ! f9ite be+ receiv$ into ! inf9ite4 ,at ?is po9t =m1 z ! p>ticul>1 /rikes into exi/5ce1 & itself becomes absolute4 ,=m :i* passes into exi/5ce places itself z absolute activity & positive cause ( reality 9 opposition to ! exi/5ce :i* passes into =m1 & :i* appe>s only z gr\nd4 ,! pass+ ( absolute =m into exi/5ce is :at we ?9k ( z ,god1 & ! images or copies ( ?is trans=mation are 9 ! ideal _w1 :i* is !re=e 9 its implicitude ! o!r unity40#dcb ,ea* ( ^! two trans=mations1 !n1 is ! :ole totality1 n1 h[ev]1 posit$ & n appe>+ z totality1 b ) ! "o or ! o!r factor prepond]at+2 ea* ( ! two sph]es has1 !re=e1 9 itself aga9 ^! diff]5ces1 & ?us 9 ea* ( !m ! ?ree pot5cies are to be f\nd4 ,! gr\nd or basis1 ,nature z basis m]ely1 is matt]1 gravity1 z ! fir/ pot5cy2 ?is pass+ ( =m into exi/5ce is 9 ! actual _w univ]sal me*anism1 necessity4 ,b ! second pot5cy is 8! light :i* %9e? 9 d>kness1 =m :i* has pass$ into exi/5ce4 ,! absolute unification ( ! two unities 9 actuality1 s t matt] is altoge!r =m1 & =m is altoge!r matt]1 is organism1 ! highe/ expression ( ,nature z x is 9 ,god1 & ( ,god z ,he is 9 ,nature1 9 ! f9ite40 ,on ! ideal side 8,k is ! ess5ce ( ! ,absolute br\ght into ! daylight ( =m2 action is a trans=mation ( =m1 z ! p>ticul>1 into ! ess5ce ( ! ,absolute4 ,z 9 ! real _w =m t is id5tifi$ ) ess5ce appe>s z light1 s 9 ! ideal _w ,god ,himself appe>s 9 p>ticul> manife/ation z ! liv+ =m :i* has em]g$ 9 ! pass+ ( =m into ess5ce1 s t 9 e respect ! ideal & real _w are aga9 relat$ z lik5ess & symbol4 ,! absolute unification ( ! two unities 9 ! ideal1 s t mat]ial is :olly =m & =m :olly mat]ial1 is ! "w ( art2 & t secret hidd5 9 ! ,absolute :i* is ! root ( all reality comes "h into view1 9 ! reflect$ _w itself1 9 ! highe/ pot5cy & highe/ union ( ,god & ,nature z ! p[] ( imag9ation40 ,on acc\nt ( t p]meation art & poetry !re=e hold ! highe/ rank 9 ,s*ell+'s e/imation4 ,b art is ! ,absolute 9 s5su\s =m alone4 ,:]e & :at c\ld ! "w ( art be1 :i* %\ld correspond to ! ,idea ( ! _s8 8,! univ]se is =m$ 9 ! ,absolute z ! mo/ p]fect organic exi/5ce & ! mo/ p]fect "w ( art3 = ,reason1 :i* recognizes ! ,absolute 9 x1 x possesses absolute tru?2 = ! imag9ation1 :i* repres5ts ! ,absolute 9 x1 x possesses absolute ,beauty4 ,ea* ( ^! expresses ! v same unity10 reg>d$ 8f diff]5t sides2 & bo? arrive at ! absolute indiff]5ce po9t 9 ! recognition ( :i* lies bo? ! beg9n+ & ! aim ( real k40#dcc ,?is highe/ ,idea1 ^! diff]5ces1 are grasp$ z a :ole 9 a v =mal mann] only4 #c4 ,! relation ( ,nature to ,_s1 & to ,god1 ! ,absolute1 has be5 /at$ by ,s*ell+ else:]e1 i4e4 9 8 lat] expositions1 z foll[s3 he def9es ! exi/5ce ( ,god z ,nature--9 s f> z ,god con/itutes ,himself its gr\nd or basis1 z inf9ite p]ception--& ,nature is ?us ! negative mom5t 9 ,god1 s9ce intellig5ce & ?\ght exi/ only by means ( ! opposition ( "o ,be+4 ,= 9 "o ( 8 writ+s1 direct$ on "s p>ticul> occasion aga9/ ,jacobi1 ,s*ell+ expla9s himself fur!r ) reg>d to ! nature ( ,god & ,8 relation to ,nature4 ,he says3 8,god1 or m prop]ly ! exi/5ce :i* is ,god1 is gr\nd3 ,he is gr\nd ( ,himself z a moral ,be+4 ,b0 !n 8x is gr\nd t ,he makes ,himself0--n cause4 ,some?+ mu/ prec$e intellig5ce1 & t some?+ is ,be+--8s9ce ?\ght is ! exact opposite ( ,be+4 ,t :i* is ! beg9n+ ( an intellig5ce _c be 9 its turn intellig5t1 s9ce !re w\ld o!rwise be no di/9ction2 b x _c be absolutely un9tellig5t1 = ! v reason t x is ! pot5tiality ( an intellig5ce4 ,x w accord+ly be some?+ betwe5 ^!1 i4e4 x w op]ate ) wisdom1 b z x 7 ) an innate1 in/9ctive1 bl9d1 & yet unconsci\s wisdom2 j z we (t5 he> ^? :o are "u a spell utt]+ words full ( und]/&+1 b n utt]+ !m ) compreh5sion ( _! mean+1 b z x 7 ow+ to an inspiration40 ,god1 !re=e1 z ?is gr\nd ( ,himself1 is ,nature--,nature z x is 9 ,god2 ?is is ! view tak5 ( ,nature 9 ,natural ,philosophy4#dcd ,b ! "w ( ! ,absolute is to abrogate ?is gr\nd1 & to con/itute itself ,intellig5ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,s*ell+'s philosophy has lat] be5 t]m$ a ,philosophy ( ,nature1 & t 9 ! s5se ( a univ]sal philosophy1 :ile at fir/ ,natural ,philosophy 0 held to be only a "p ( ! :ole4 ,x is n incumb5t on u "h to give a m detail$ acc\nt ( ,s*ell+'s philosophy1 or to %[ po9ts 9 ! expositions hi!rto giv5 by him :i* are f> f satisfactory4 ,! sy/em is ! late/ =m ( ,philosophy :i* we _h to consid]1 & x is a =m bo? int]e/+ & true4 ,9 ! fir/ place special emphasis1 9 deal+ ) ,s*ell+1 mu/ be laid on ! idea t he has grasp$ ! true z ! concrete1 z ! unity ( subjective & objective4 ,! ma9 po9t 9 ,s*ell+'s philosophy ?us is t its int]e/ c5tres r\nd t deep1 speculative cont5t1 :i*1 z cont5t1 is ! cont5t ) :i* ,philosophy 9 ! entire c\rse ( its hi/ory has _h to d4 ,! ,?\ght :i* is free & indep5d5t1 n ab/ract1 b 9 itself concrete1 compreh5ds itself 9 itself z an intellectually actual _w2 & ?is is ! tru? ( ,nature1 ,nature 9 itself4 ,! second great m]it possess$ by ,s*ell+ is to h po9t$ out 9 ,nature ! =ms ( ,_s2 ?us electricity1 magnetism1 c41 are = him only ext]nal modes ( ! ,idea4 ,8 defect is t ?is ,idea 9 g5]al1 its di/9ction into ! ideal & ! natural _w1 & also ! totality ( ^! det]m9ations1 are n %[n =? & develop$ z necessitat$ 9 !mselves by ! ,notion4 ,z ,s*ell+ has n ris5 to ?is po9t ( view1 he has misconceiv$ ! nature ( ?\ght2 ! "w ( art ?us becomes = him ! supreme & only mode 9 :i* ! ,idea exi/s = _s4 ,b ! supreme mode ( ! ,idea is really its own elem5t2 ?\ght1 ! ,idea appreh5d$1 is !re=e high] ?an ! "w ( art4 ,! ,idea is ! tru?1 & all t is true is ! ,idea2 ! sy/ematiz+ ( ! ,idea into ! _w mu/ be prov$ to be a necess>y unveil+ & revelation4 ,) ,s*ell+1 on ! o!r h&1 =m is really an ext]nal s*eme1 & 8 me?od is ! artificial application ( ?is s*eme to ext]nal objects4 ,?is ext]nally appli$ s*eme takes ! place ( dialectic progress2 & ?is is ! special reason :y ! philosophy ( ,nature has br\ght itself into discr$it1 t x has proce$$ on an altoge!r ext]nal plan1 has made its f\ndation a ready-made s*eme1 & fitt$ into x ,nature z we p]ceive x4 ,^! =ms 7 pot5cies ) ,s*ell+1 b in/ead ( ma!matical =ms or a type ( ?\ght l ?is1 by "s o!r m5 s5su\s =ms h be5 tak5 z basis1 j z 7 sulphur & m]cury by ,jacob ,boehme4 ,= in/ance1 magnetism1 electricity1 & *emi/ry h be5 def9$ to be ! ?ree pot5cies 9 ,nature1 & ?us 9 ! organism reproduction has be5 t]m$ *emi/ry2 irritability1 electricity2 & s5sibility1 magnetism4#dce ,9 ?is way !re has crept into ,natural ,philosophy ! great =malism ( repres5t+ ev]y?+ z a s]ies1 :i* is a sup]ficial det]m9ation )\t necessity1 s9ce in/ead ( ,notions we f9d =mulas4 ,brilliant p[]s ( imag9ation are display$1 su* z 7 exhibit$ by ,grres4 ,?is mi/ake ( apply+ =ms :i* are tak5 f "o sph]e ( ,nature to ano!r sph]e ( ! same has be5 c>ri$ a long way2 ,ok51 = example1 calls wood-fibres ! n]ves & bra9 ( ! plant1 & is almo/ crazy on ! subject4 ,philosophy w\ld 9 ?is way become a play ( m]e analogical reflections2 & x is n ) ^! b ) ?\ghts t we h to d4 ,n]ves are n ?\ghts1 any m ?an su* expressions z pole ( contraction1 ( expansion1 mascul9e1 fem99e1 c4 ,! =mal plan ( apply+ an ext]nal s*eme to ! sph]e ( ,nature :i* "o wi%es to obs]ve1 is ! ext]nal "w ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ?is s*eme is itself d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,t is a mo/ false mode ( proce$+2 ,s*ell+ took advantage ( x to "s ext5t1 o!rs h made a complete misuse ( x4 ,all ?is is done to escape ?\ght2 nev]!less1 ?\ght is ! ultimate simple det]m9ation :i* has to be dealt )4 ,x is !re=e ( ! greate/ importance to di/+ui% ,s*ell+'s philosophy1 on ! "o h&1 f t imitation ( x :i* ?r[s itself into an unspiritual f>rago ( words reg>d+ ! ,absolute2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! philosophy ( ^? imitators1 :o1 ow+ to a failure to und]/& intellectual intuition1 give up compreh5sion1 & ) x ! lead+ mom5t ( k1 & speak f s-call$ intuition1 i4e4 !y take a glance at ! ?+ 9 "q1 & hav+ fa/5$ on x "s sup]ficial analogy or def9ition1 !y fancy !y h express$ its :ole nature1 :ile 9 po9t ( fact !y put an end to all capacity = atta9+ to sci5tific k4 ,?is :ole t5d5cy places itself1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 opposition to reflective ?\ght1 or to progress 9 fix$1 /eadfa/1 immovable ,notions4 ,b in/ead ( rema9+ 9 ! ,notion & recogniz+ x z ! unre/+ ego1 !y h light$ on ! opposite extreme ( passive intuition1 ( imm$iate ,be+1 ( fix$ implicitude2 & !y ?9k t !y c make up = ! lack ( fixity by sup]ficial obs]vation1 & c r5d] ?is obs]vation intellectual by det]m9+ x once m by "s fix$ ,notion or o!r2 or !y br+ _! m9ds to be> on ! object ( consid]ation by say+1 = in/ance1 t ! o/ri* is ! fi% among birds1 because he has a long neck--fi% becomes a g5]al t]m1 b n a ,notion4 ,?is :ole mode ( reason+1 :i* has =c$ its way into natural hi/ory & natural sci5ce1 z well z into m$ic9e1 is a mis]able =malism1 an irrational m$ley ( ! crude/ empiricism ) ! mo/ sup]ficial ideal det]m9ations t =malism ev] desc5d$ to4 ,! philosophy ( ,locke is n s crude z x is1 = x is n a :it bett] 9 ei!r its cont5t or its =m1 & x is comb9$ ) fooli% self-conceit into ! b>ga94 ,philosophy on ?is acc\nt sank into g5]al & well-des]v$ contempt1 su* z is = ! mo/ "p ext5d$ to ^? :o ass]t t !y h a monopoly ( philosophy4 ,in/ead ( e>ne/ness ( appreh5sion & circumspection ( ?\ght1 we f9d 9 !m a juggl+ ) idle fancies1 :i* pass = deep conceptions1 l(ty surmises1 & ev5 = poetry2 & !y ?9k !y are "r 9 ! c5tre ( ?+s :5 !y are only on ! surface4 ,five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago#dcf ! case 0 ! same ) poetic art2 a ta/e = +5i\s conceits took possession ( x1 & ! effusions ( its poetic inspiration came =? bl9dly f itself1 %ot out z f a pi/ol4 ,! results 7 ei!r crazy rav+s1 or1 if !y 7 n rav+s1 !y 7 prose s dull t x 0 unwor?y ( ! "n ( prose4 ,x is j ! same 9 ! lat] philosophies4 ,:at is n utt]ly s5seless drivel ab\t ! indiff]5ce-po9t & pol>ity1 ab\t oxyg51 ! holy1 ! inf9ite1 c41 is made up ( ?\ghts s trivial t we might well d\bt our hav+ correctly appreh5d$ _! mean+1 9 ! fir/ place because !y are giv5 =? ) su* arrogant effront]y1 & 9 ! second place because we _c help tru/+ t :at 0 said 0 n s trivial z x seems4 ,z 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature m5 =got ! ,notion & proce$$ 9 a dead unspiritual c\rse1 s "h !y lose sight ( _s entirely4 ,!y h /ray$ f ! "r road2 = by _! pr9ciple1 ,notion & p]ception are "o unity1 b 9 po9t ( fact ?is unity1 ?is _s1 itself em]ges 9 imm$iacy1 & is !re=e 9 intuitive p]ception1 & n 9 ! ,notion4 ,e4 ,,f9al ,,result4 ,! pres5t /&po9t ( philosophy is t ! ,idea is kn[n 9 its necessity2 ! sides ( its diremption1 ,nature & ,_s1 are ea* ( !m recogniz$ z repres5t+ ! totality ( ! ,idea1 & n only z be+ 9 !mselves id5tical1 b z produc+ ?is "o id5tity f !mselves2 & 9 ?is way ! id5tity is recogniz$ z necess>y4 ,nature1 & ! _w or hi/ory ( _s1 are ! two realities2 :at exi/s z actual ,nature is an image ( div9e ,reason2 ! =ms ( self-consci\s ,reason are also ! =ms ( ,nature4 ,! ultimate aim & bus9ess ( philosophy is to reconcile ?\ght or ! ,notion ) reality4 ,x is easy f subord9ate /&po9ts to f9d satisfaction 9 modes ( intuitive p]ception & ( feel+4 ,b ! deep] ! _s goes )9 itself1 ! m vehem5t is ! opposition1 ! m abundant is ! weal? )\t2 ! dep? is to be measur$ by ! greatness ( ! crav+ ) :i* _s seeks to f9d itself 9 :at lies outside ( itself4 ,we saw ! ?\ght :i* appreh5ds itself appe>+2 x /rove to make itself concrete )9 itself4 ,its fir/ activity is =mal2 ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ to say t is ! ?\ght ( ?\ght4 ,! result is ! ?\ght :i* is at home ) itself1 & at ! same "t embraces ! univ]se !re91 & trans=ms x into an intellig5t _w4 ,9 appreh5sion ! spiritual & ! natural univ]se are int]p5etrat$ z "o h>moni\s univ]se1 :i* )draws into itself1 & 9 its v>i\s aspects develops ! ,absolute into a totality1 9 ord]1 by ! v process ( s do+1 to become consci\s ( itself 9 its unity1 9 ,?\ght4 ,philosophy is ?us ! true !odicy1 z contra/$ ) art & religion & ! feel+s :i* ^! call up--a reconciliation ( _s1 namely ( ! _s :i* has appreh5d$ itself 9 its fre$om & 9 ! ri*es ( its reality4 ,to ?is po9t ! ,_w-_s has come1 & ea* /age has its own =m 9 ! true sy/em ( ,philosophy2 no?+ is lo/1 all pr9ciples are pres]v$1 s9ce ,philosophy 9 its f9al aspect is ! totality ( =ms4 ,?is concrete idea is ! result ( ! /riv+s ( _s dur+ almo/ tw5ty-five c5turies ( e>ne/ "w to become objective to itself1 to "k itself3 ,tant molis erat1 se ipsam cognosc]e m5tem4 ,all ?is "t 0 requir$ to produce ! philosophy ( our day2 s t>dily & sl[ly did ! ,_w-_s "w to rea* ?is goal4 ,:at we pass 9 rapid review :5 we recall x1 /ret*$ itself out 9 reality to ?is great l5g? ( "t4 ,= 9 ?is l5g!n$ p]iod1 ! ,notion ( ,_s1 inve/$ ) its entire concrete developm5t1 its ext]nal subsi/5ce1 its weal?1 is /riv+ to br+ _s to p]fection1 to make progress itself & to develop f _s4 ,x goes ev] on & on1 because _s is progress alone4 ,_s (t5 seems to h =gott5 & lo/ itself1 b inw>dly oppos$ to itself1 x is inw>dly work+ ev] =w>d 7z :5 ,hamlet says ( ! gho/ ( 8 fa!r1 8,well said1 old mole6 can/ "w i' ! gr\nd s fa/80#dcg71 until gr[n /rong 9 itself x bur/s asund] ! cru/ ( e>? :i* divid$ x f ! sun1 its ,notion1 s t ! e>? crumbles away4 ,at su* a "t1 :5 ! encircl+ cru/1 l a s\lless decay+ t5em5t1 crumbles away1 & _s displays itself array$ 9 new y\?1 ! sev5 league boots are at l5g? adopt$4 ,?is "w ( ! _s to "k itself1 ?is activity to f9d itself1 is ! life ( ! _s & ! _s itself4 ,its result is ! ,notion :i* x takes up ( itself2 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy is a revelation ( :at has be5 ! aim ( _s ?r\gh\t its hi/ory2 x is !re=e ! _w's hi/ory 9 its inn]mo/ signification4 ,?is "w ( ! human _s 9 ! recesses ( ?\ght is p>allel ) all ! /ages ( reality2 & !re=e no philosophy ov]/eps its own "t4 ,! importance :i* ! det]m9ations ( ?\ght possess$ is ano!r matt]1 :i* does n belong to ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,^! ,notions are ! simple/ revelation ( ! ,_w _s3 9 _! m concrete =m !y are hi/ory4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place n e/eem lightly :at _s has won1 namely its ga9s up to ! pres5t day4 ,anci5t ,philosophy is to be rev]5c$ z necess>y1 & z a l9k 9 ?is sacr$ *a91 b all ! same no?+ m ?an a l9k4 ,! pres5t is ! highe/ /age rea*$4 ,9 ! second place1 all ! v>i\s philosophies are no m]e fa%ionable !ories ( ! "t1 or any?+ ( a simil> nature2 !y are nei!r *ance products nor ! blaze ( a fire ( /raw1 nor casual eruptions "h & !re1 b a spiritual1 reasonable1 =w>d advance2 !y are ( necessity "o ,philosophy 9 its developm5t1 ! revelation ( ,god1 z ,he kn[s ,himself to be4 ,:]e sev]al philosophies appe> at ! same "t1 !y are diff]5t sides :i* make up "o totality =m+ _! basis2 & on acc\nt ( _! "o-sid$ness we see ! refutation ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,9 ! ?ird place we d n f9d "h feeble little ef=ts to e/abli% or to criticize ?is or t p>ticul> po9t2 in/ead ( t1 ea* philosophy sets up a new pr9ciple ( its own1 & ?is mu/ be recogniz$4 ,if we glance at ! ma9 epo*s 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 & grasp ! necess>y succession ( /ages 9 ! lead+ mom5ts1 ea* ( :i* expresses a det]m9ate ,idea1 we f9d t aft] ! ,ori5tal :irl ( subjectivity1 :i* atta9s to no intelligibility & !re=e to no subsi/5ce1 ! light ( ?\ght dawn$ among ! ,greeks4 #a4 ,! philosophy ( ! anci5ts _h ! absolute ,idea z its ?\ght2 & ! realization or reality ( ! same consi/$ 9 compreh5d+ ! exi/+ pres5t _w1 & reg>d+ x z x is 9 its absolute nature4 ,?is philosophy did n make its />t+-po9t ! ,idea itself1 b proce$$ f ! objective z f some?+ giv51 & trans=m$ ! same into ! ,idea2 ! ,be+ ( ,p>m5ides4 #b4 ,ab/ract ?\ght1 1 became kn[n to itself z univ]sal ess5ce or exi/5ce1 n z subjective ?\ght2 ! ,univ]sal ( ,plato4 #c4 ,9 ,ari/otle ! ,notion em]ges1 free & uncon/ra9$1 z compreh5d+ ?\ght1 p]meat+ & spiritualiz+ all ! =ms :i* ! univ]se conta9s4 #d4 ,! ,notion z subject1 its indep5d5ce1 its inw>dness1 ab/ract sep>ation1 is repres5t$ by ! ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics3 "h we h n ! free1 concrete =m1 b univ]sality ab/ract & 9 itself =mal4 #e4 ,! ?\ght ( totality1 ! intelligible _w1 is ! concrete ,idea z we h se5 x ) ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,?is pr9ciple is ideality g5]ally speak+1 :i* is pres5t 9 all reality1 b n ! ,idea :i* kn[s itself3 ?is is n rea*$ until ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 individuality1 f\nd a place 9 x1 & ,god z _s became actual to ,himself 9 self-consci\sness4 #f4 ,b x has be5 ! "w ( mod]n times to grasp ?is ,idea z _s1 z ! ,idea t kn[s itself4 ,9 ord] to proce$ f ! consci\s ,idea to ! self-consci\s1 we mu/ h ! inf9ite opposition1 namely ! fact t ! ,idea has come to ! consci\sness ( be+ absolutely sund]$ 9 twa94 ,z _s _h ! ?\ght ( objective exi/5ce1 ,philosophy ?us p]fect$ ! intellectuality ( ! _w1 & produc$ ?is spiritual _w z an object exi/+ beyond pres5t reality1 l ,nature1--! fir/ creation ( _s4 ,! "w ( ! _s n[ consi/$ 9 br++ ?is ,beyond back to reality1 & guid+ x into self-consci\sness4 ,?is is accompli%$ by self-consci\sness ?9k+ itself1 & recogniz+ absolute exi/5ce to be ! self-consci\sness t ?9ks itself4 ,) ,desc>tes pure ?\ght direct$ itself on t sep>ation :i* we spoke ( above4 ,self-consci\sness1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?9ks ( itself z consci\sness2 !re9 is conta9$ all objective reality1 & ! positive1 intuitive ref]5ce ( its reality to ! o!r side4 ,) ,sp9oza ,?\ght & ,be+ are oppos$ & yet id5tical2 he has ! intuitive p]ception ( sub/ance1 b ! k ( sub/ance 9 8 case is ext]nal4 ,we h "h ! pr9ciple ( reconciliation tak+ its rise f ?\ght z su*1 9 ord] to abrogate ! subjectivity ( ?\ght3 ?is is ! case 9 ,leibnitz's monad1 :i* possesses ! p[] ( repres5tation4 #g4 ,9 ! second place1 self-consci\sness ?9ks ( itself z be+ self-consci\sness2 9 be+ self-consci\s x is indep5d5t1 b /ill 9 ?is indep5d5ce x has a negative relation to :at is outside self-consci\sness4 ,?is is inf9ite subjectivity1 :i* appe>s at "o "t z ! critique ( ?\ght 9 ! case ( ,kant1 & at ano!r "t1 9 ! case ( ,fi*te1 z ! t5d5cy or impulse t[>ds ! concrete4 ,absolute1 pure1 inf9ite =m is express$ z self-consci\sness1 ! ,ego4 #h4 ,?is is a light t breaks =? on spiritual sub/ance1 & %[s absolute cont5t & absolute =m to be id5tical2--sub/ance is 9 itself id5tical ) k4 ,self-consci\sness ?us1 9 ! ?ird place1 recognizes its positive relation z its negative1 & its negative z its positive1--or1 9 o!r words1 recognizes ^! opposite activities z ! same1 i4e4 x recognizes pure ,?\ght or ,be+ z self-id5tity1 & ?is aga9 z sep>ation4 ,?is is intellectual p]ception2 b x is requisite 9 ord] t x %\ld be 9 tru? intellectual1 t x %\ld n be t m]ely imm$iate p]ception ( ! et]nal & ! div9e :i* we he> (1 b %\ld be absolute k4 ,?is intuitive p]ception :i* does n recognize itself is tak5 z />t+-po9t z if x 7 absolutely presuppos$2 x has 9 itself intuitive p]ception only z imm$iate k1 & n z self-k3 or x kn[s no?+1 & :at x p]ceives x does n really "k1--=1 tak5 at its be/1 x consi/s ( beautiful ?\ghts1 b n k4 ,b intellectual intuition is k1 s9ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 spite ( ! sep>ation ( ea* ( ! oppos$ sides f ! o!r1 all ext]nal reality is kn[n z int]nal4 ,if x is kn[n accord+ to its ess5ce1 z x is1 x %[s itself z n exi/+ ( itself1 b z ess5tially consi/+ 9 ! movem5t ( transition4 ,?is ,h]aclitean or ,sceptical pr9ciple1 t no?+ is at re/1 mu/ be demon/rat$ ( ea* individual ?+2 & ?us 9 ?is consci\sness--t ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+ lies 9 det]m9ation1 9 :at is ! opposite ( itself--!re appe>s ! appreh5d$ unity ) its opposite4 ,simil>ly ?is unity is1 9 ! second place1 to be recogniz$ ev5 9 its ess5ce2 its ess5ce z ?is id5tity is1 9 ! same way1 to pass ov] into its opposite1 or to realize itself1 to become = itself some?+ diff]5t2 & ?us ! opposition 9 x is br\ght ab\t by itself4 ,aga91 x may be said ( ! opposition1 9 ! ?ird place1 t x is n 9 ! ,absolute2 ?is ,absolute is exi/5ce1 ! et]nal1 c4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 itself an ab/raction 9 :i* ! ,absolute is appreh5d$ 9 a "o-sid$ mann] only1 & ! opposition is appreh5d$ only z ideal 7supra1 p4 #ecf72 b 9 fact x is =m1 z ! ess5tial mom5t ( ! movem5t ( ! ,absolute4 ,?is ,absolute is n at re/1 & t opposition is n ! unre/+ ,notion2 = ! ,idea1 unre/+ ?\gh x is1 is yet at re/ & satisfi$ 9 itself4 ,pure ?\ght has advanc$ to ! opposition ( ! subjective & objective2 ! true reconciliation ( ! opposition is ! p]ception t ?is opposition1 :5 pu%$ to its absolute extreme1 resolves itself2 z ,s*ell+ says1 ! opposites are 9 !mselves id5tical--& n only 9 !mselves1 b et]nal life consi/s 9 ! v process ( cont9ually produc+ ! opposition & cont9ually reconcil+ x4 ,to "k opposition 9 unity1 & unity 9 opposition--?is is absolute k2 & sci5ce is ! k ( ?is unity 9 its :ole developm5t by means ( itself4 ,?is is !n ! dem& ( all "t & ( ,philosophy4 ,a new epo* has aris5 9 ! _w4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! ,_w-_s _h at la/ succe$$ 9 /ripp+ (f f itself all ali5 objective exi/5ce1 & appreh5d+ itself at la/ z absolute ,_s1 9 develop+ f itself :at = x is objective1 & keep+ x )9 its own p[]1 yet rema9+ at re/ all ! :ile4 ,! /rife ( ! f9ite self-consci\sness ) ! absolute self-consci\sness1 :i* la/ seem$ to ! o!r to lie outside ( itself1 n[ comes to an end4 ,f9ite self-consci\sness has ceas$ to be f9ite2 & 9 ?is way absolute self-consci\sness has1 on ! o!r h&1 atta9$ to ! reality :i* x lack$ be=e4 ,?is is ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w 9 g5]al up to ! pres5t "t1 & ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 p>ticul>1 ! sole "w ( :i* is to depict ?is /rife4 ,n[1 inde$1 x seems to h rea*$ its goal1 :5 ?is absolute self-consci\sness1 :i* x _h ! "w ( repres5t+1 has ceas$ to be ali51 & :5 _s accord+ly is realiz$ z _s4 ,= x becomes su* only z ! result ( its kn[+ itself to be absolute _s1 & ?is x kn[s 9 real sci5tific k4 ,_s produces itself z ,nature1 z ! ,/ate2 nature is its unconsci\s "w1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* x appe>s to itself some?+ diff]5t1 & n _s2 b 9 ! ,/ate1 9 ! de$s & life ( ,hi/ory1 z also ( ,art1 x br+s itself to pass ) consci\sness2 x kn[s v v>i\s modes ( its reality1 yet !y are only modes4 ,9 sci5tific k alone x kn[s itself z absolute _s2 & ?is k1 or _s1 is its only true exi/5ce4 ,?is !n is ! /&po9t ( ! pres5t day1 & ! s]ies ( spiritual =ms is ) x = ! pres5t conclud$4 ,at ?is po9t ,i br+ ?is hi/ory ( ,philosophy to a close4 ,x has be5 my desire t y %\ld le>n f x t ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy is n a bl9d collection ( fanciful ideas1 nor a =tuit\s progression4 ,i h r s\ght to %[ ! necess>y developm5t ( ! successive philosophies f "o ano!r1 s t ! "o ( necessity presupposes ano!r prec$+ x4 ,! g5]al result ( ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy is ?is3 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?r\gh\t all "t !re has be5 only "o ,philosophy1 ! contempor>y diff]5ces ( :i* con/itute ! necess>y aspects ( ! "o pr9ciple2 9 ! second place1 t ! succession ( philosophic sy/ems is n due to *ance1 b repres5ts ! necess>y succession ( /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ?is sci5ce2 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! f9al philosophy ( a p]iod is ! result ( ?is developm5t1 & is tru? 9 ! highe/ =m :i* ! self-consci\sness ( _s af=ds ( itself4 ,! late/ philosophy conta9s !re=e ^? :i* w5t be=e2 x embraces 9 itself all ! diff]5t /ages !re(2 x is ! product & result ( ^? t prec$$ x4 ,we c n[1 = example1 be ,platoni/s no long]4 ,moreov] we mu/ raise ourselves once = all above ! pett9esses ( individual op9ions1 ?\ghts1 objections1 & difficulties2 & also above our own vanity1 z if our individual ?\ghts 7 ( any p>ticul> value4 ,= to appreh5d ! inw>d sub/antial _s is ! /&po9t ( ! individual2 z p>ts ( ! :ole1 individuals are l bl9d m51 :o are driv5 =w>d by ! indwell+ _s ( ! :ole4 ,our /&po9t n[ is accord+ly ! k ( ?is ,idea z _s1 z absolute ,_s1 :i* 9 ?is way opposes to itself ano!r _s1 ! f9ite1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is to "k absolute _s1 9 ord] t absolute _s may become exi/5t = x4 ,i h tri$ to develop & br+ be=e y\r ?\ghts ?is s]ies ( successive spiritual =ms p]ta9+ to ,philosophy 9 its progress1 & to indicate ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,?is s]ies is ! true k+dom ( spirits1 ! only k+dom ( spirits t !re is--x is a s]ies :i* is n a multiplicity1 nor does x ev5 rema9 a s]ies1 if we und]/& !reby t "o ( its memb]s m]ely foll[s on ano!r2 b 9 ! v process ( com+ to ! k ( itself x is trans=m$ into ! mom5ts ( ! "o ,_s1 or ! "o self-pres5t ,_s4 ,?is long procession ( spirits is =m$ by ! individual pulses :i* beat 9 its life2 !y are ! organism ( our sub/ance1 an absolutely necess>y progression1 :i* expresses no?+ less ?an ! nature ( _s itself1 & :i* lives 9 u all4 ,we h to give e> to its urg5cy--:5 ! mole t is )9 =ces its way on--& we h to make x a reality4 ,x is my desire t ?is hi/ory ( ,philosophy %\ld conta9 = y a summons to grasp ! _s ( ! "t1 :i* is pres5t 9 u by nature1 &--ea* 9 8 own place--consci\sly to br+ x f its natural condition1 i4e4 f its lifeless seclusion1 into ! light ( day4 ,i h to express my ?anks to y = ! att5tion ) :i* y h li/5$ to me :ile ,i h be5 mak+ ?is attempt2 x is 9 great measure due to y t my ef=ts h met ) s great a measure ( success4 ,& x has be5 a s\rce ( pleasure to myself to h be5 associat$ ) y 9 ?is spiritual community2 ,i ought n to speak ( x z if x 7 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 = ,i hope t a spiritual bond has be5 knit betwe5 u :i* w prove p]man5t4 ,i bid y a mo/ he>ty f>ewell4 99 99 99 99 99 7,! clos+ lecture ( ! s]ies 0 giv5 on ! #bbnd ,m>*1 #ahag2 on ! #ad? ,m>*1 #ahah2 on ! #ab? ,augu/1 #ahai2 on ! #bcrd ,m>*1 #ahba2 on ! #cj? ,m>*1 #ahbd2 on ! #bh? ,m>*1 #ahbh2 & on ! #bf? ,m>*1 #ahcj47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ne&]4 ,g5et4 ,entwickelung d4 vornehm/5 gno/4 ,sy/eme1 p4 #dc4 #b ,ne&]4 ,g5etis*e ,entwickelung1 c41 pp4 #hg-ia4 #c ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii ,section ,i4 p4 #cff2 ,buhle3 ,lehrb4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,"p ,v4 p4 #cf2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bc1 #bd2 #bh1 #bi4 #d ,moses ,maimonides3 ,m ,nevo*im1 ,p4 ,i4 c4 #ga1 pp4 #acc1 #acd 7,basil4 #afbi74 #e ,abulph>4 ,dyna/4 ,,ix4 pp4 #aec1 #aga1 #bjh1 #bji2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bg-bi1 #dd4 #f ,moses ,maimonides3 ,m ,nevo*im1 ,p4 ,i4 c4 #gc1 pp4 #aeb-aee1 #aeg-aei4 #g ,pocock4 ,specim4 hi/4 ,arab4 pp4 #gh1 #gi2 ,hott+]4 ,biblio?4 ori5t4 c4 #b1 p4 #bai2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #fe1 #ff2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 p4 #cgd4 #h ,hott+]4 ,biblio?4 ori5t4 c4 #b1 p4 #bba2 ,gabriel ,sionita3 ,de moribus ,ori5t4 p4 #af2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #gc1 #gd2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #cgd1 #cge4 #i ,leo ,africanus3 ,de illu/rib4 ,arabum viris1 c4 #i1 p4 #bfh2 ,abulph>4 ,dyna/4 ,,ix4 p4 #bcj1 ,ti$emann1 ,gei/4 d4 spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #aab1 sqq41 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #hj-hd4 #aj ,leo ,afric4 ,de illu/rib4 ,arabum viris1 c4 #ab1 p4 #bgd2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ic-ie2 ,ti$emann1 ,gei/4 d4 spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #abj-abf1 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #chc-cif4 #aa ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #ig4 #ab ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #aja2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #dbj1 #dba4 #ac ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,ii4 p4 #heg2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #ddf1 #ddg4 #ad ,moses ,maimonides3 ,m ,nevo*im1 ,p4 ,i4 c4 #ea1 pp4 #gf-gh2 c4 #eg1 #eh1 pp4 #ic-ih2 ,,ii4 c4 #a1 #b1 pp4 #ahd-aic2 ,,iii4 c4 #h1 pp4 #cdd-cej2 c41 c4 #ae ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,pt4 ,i4 p4 #di4 #af ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #fad-fag2 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis2 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #ahd4 #ag ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ4 ,p>is4 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #ahb4 7,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 pp4 #ga1 #gb47 #ah ,de prde/9atione4 ,promium 7,vet]um auctorum1 qui ,,ix4 sculo de prde/9atione et gratia scrips]unt1 op]a et fragm5ta1 cura ,gilb4 ,maugu94 ,p>is1 #afej4 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #ajc47 #ai ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 pp4 #aae1 #aag4 #bj ,anselmi ,epi/ol4 ,,xli4 ,i4 #aa 7,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 pp4 #aei1 #afj47 #ba ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 p4 #aaf2 ,eadm]us3 ,de vita ,anselmi 7subjuncta op]ibus ,anselmi editis a ,gabr4 ,g]b]on4 #agba4 ,fol471 p4 #f4 #bb ,gaunilo3 ,lib] pro insipi5te1 c4 #e2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 p4 #aci2 ,bruck]1 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #ffe4 #bc ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d4 specul4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #bgg2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #gfb4 #bd ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 pp4 #deg1 #deh4 #be ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #gfd-gfh4 #bf ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 pp4 #cag1 #cbe2 ,bruck]1 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #fhh2 ,?omas ,aqu9as3 9 ,,iv4 libros s5t5t4 ,l4 ,,ii4 ,di/4 #ag1 ,qu4 ,i4 ,art4 ,i2 ,alb]ti ,magni3 ,summa ,!ol4 ,p4 ,i4 ,tract4 ,,iv4 ,qu4 #bj 7,op]4 ,t4 ,,xvii4 p4 #gf74 #bg ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 pp4 #eej-eec2 ,bruck]1 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #hjb4 #bh ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 pp4 #eed-efa4 #bi ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #hbe-hbh2 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ4 ,p>is4 ,t4 ,,iv4 p4 #igj4 #cj ,duns ,scotus 9 ,magi/rum s5t5ti>um4 ,promium 7,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 p4 #gjf74 #ca ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #hbh2 et n4 f ,sancrutius4 #cb ,tri!mius3 ,annal4 ,hirsaugi5s1 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #ace4 #cc ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ggi1 #fig2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,sec4 ,i4 pp4 #cec-cei1 & 9 ! same place1 note #c 7cf4 ,j\rda91 ,ges*4 d4 ,ari/4 ,s*rift5 im ,mittelalt]1 ub]setzt von ,/ahr pp4 #afe-agf72 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ]s4 ,p>is1 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #hb1 #adb2 ,launoius1 ,de v>ia ,ari/4 =tuna 9 ,academ4 ,p>is1 c4 ,,ix4 p4 #baj4 #cd ,hegel errone\sly m5tions ?is ev5t z occurr+ to 8,william ( ,engl&0 in/ead ( to ,william ( ,holl&1 ,k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,translator's note4 #ce ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 cr4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ghh-gih4 #cf ,anselmus3 ,de fide tr9itatis1 c4 #b1 #c2 ,epi/4 ,,xli4 #a4 #aa2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 p4 #aeh4 #cg ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philos41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bf 7#a/ ed472 ,anselmus ,de fide tr9itatis1 c4 #b2 ,buhle3 ,lehrbu* d4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,philosoph41 ,"p ,v4 p4 #ahd2 ,abl>d1 ,epi/4 ,,xxi42 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii ,section ,i4 pp4 #afb1 #afc4 #ch ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 p4 #cci2 ,joh4 ,s>isb]i5sis3 ,metalogicus1 ,l4 ,,ii4 c4 #ag4 #ci ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d4 specul4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #dja1 #djb2 ,su>ez4 ,disputationes metaphysic1 ,disp4 ,i ,sectio #f4 #dj ,ti$emann2 ,gei/ d4 specul4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #dij1 #dia2 ,?omas ,aqu9as3 ,de ente et ess5t4 c #c et #e4 #da ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d4 spec4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #fji-fac2 ,scotus3 9 ,magi/rum s5t5ti>4 ,l4 ,,ii4 ,di/41 #c4 ,qu4 #a-f2 ,occam3 9 libr4 ,i4 s5t5t4 ,di/4 ,,ii4 ,qu/4 #f 7,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #heb1 #hec47 #db ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aaj4 #dc ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #hdf-hdh1 #iaa1 #iab2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #ijc1 #idd1 #ide1 #ibe1 #ici1 #idj2 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ]s4 ,p>is1 ,t4 ,,iv4 pp4 #beg1 #bfe4 #dd ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #iad-iai1 #ide-idg2 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ4 ,p>is4 ,t4,v4 pp4 #gjf1 #gci1 #gdj4 #de ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 p4 #fa2 ,cram]1 ,=tsetzung von ,bossuet1 ,"p ,v4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #hh4 #df ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i4 p4 #fa2 ,bulu3 ,hi/4 ,univ4 ,p>is4 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #afi4 #dg ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aec4 #dh ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,i1 pp4 #bcf1 #bcg4 #di ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iii4 p4 #hgh4 #ej ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #iee1 #ief4 #ea ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aeg2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #ifd seq42 ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d4 spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #bij seq4 #eb ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #hbd-hbi4 #ec ,rixn]3 ,lehrbu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #abf2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #hbi1 #hcc4 #ed ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #hcd-hcf2 ,rixn]3 ,h&b4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix1 pp4 #hf-hi2 ,jordanus ,brunus ,nolanus3 ,de comp5diosa ar*itectura et complem5to artis ,lullii1 ,sectio ,,ii4 7,bruni scripta1 qu lat9e confecit1 omnia2 ed4 ,gfrr]1 ,/uttg>di #ahce1 ,fasciculus ,,ii4 pp4 #bdc-bfd74 #ee ,buhle3 ,lehrb4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil41 ,"p ,,vi4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #abe--abh2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 #ef ,pomponatius3 ,tractatus de immortalitate anim1 c4 ,,vii41 ,,viii4 p4 #ce2 c4 ,,ix4 pp4 #eg1 #eh2 c4 ,,xii4 pp4 #hi1 #ij2 c4 ,,xv4 p4 #adb4 #eg ,fic9us3 ,promium 9 ,plot9um1 p4 #b1 ,pomponatius1 l4 l4 c4 ,,iii4 p4 #i2 c4 ,,iv4 #ab2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #fe-fg4 #eh ,bruck4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #afd4 #ei ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #fj ,fic9us3 ,promium 9 ,plot9um1 p4 #a2 ,bruck]4 ,i4 #a1 p4 #di1 #ee1 #dh4 #fa ,proclus3 ,!ologia ,platonis1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #ejc-eje2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #adi4 #fb ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #afd1 #afe2 ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d4 ,spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #dhc2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #ceh1 #cfe1 #cff2 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjf4 #fc ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #bbh-bcj2 ,bruck]4 #a4 #a1 p4 #gba4 #fd ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #fc1 #fd1 #ff-fh2 ,buhle3 ,lehrb4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #cfj1 #cfb2 ,c>danus3 ,de vita propria1 c4 #d1 pp4 #i-aa2 ,ti$emann1 ,gei/ d4 spec4 ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #efc1 #efd4 #fe ,buhle3 ,lehrb4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #cfb-cfe2 ,ti$emann1 ,gei/4 d4 ,spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #efe2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ga-gd2 ,c>danus3 ,de vita propria1 c4 #bf1 p4 #gj4 #ff ,c>danus3 ,de g5itur4 ,,xii4 p4 #hd2 ,buhle3 ,lehrbu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #cfc1 #cfd2 ,ti$emann3 ,gei/4 d4 ,spec4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #efd1 #efe4 #fg ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ajh1 #aad-abj2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #bij-bie4 #fh ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,v5etia #aehd1 #h1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n really pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 s9ce bo? x & ! foll[+ "w1 ,de l'inf9ito1 ,univ]so e ,mondi1 ,v5etia #aehd1 #h1 appe>$ at ,p>is4 ,bo? ^! works are dialogues4 #fi ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ae-bi4 #gj ,lectures ( #ahbi-cj4 #ga ,op]e di ,giordano ,bruno ,nolano1 ora p] la prima volta raccolte e pubblicate da ,adolfo ,wagn] 9 due volumi4 ,lipsia1 ,weidmann #ahcj4 #gb ,cf4 ,op]e di ,giordano ,bruno pubbl4 da ,wagn]4 ,introduzione1 pp4 xxiv41 xxv4 #gc v4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #aj4 #gd ,lectures ( #ahje-f4 #ge ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #g-ah2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #cia-cid2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dialog4 ,,ii4 7,op]e pubbl4 da ,ad4 ,wagn]1 ,vol4 ,i471 pp4 #bce-bdc4 #gf ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #ai-bc1 #bh-ca2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #cid-cif1 #cih1 #cii2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dial4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bea-beg2 ,dial4 ,,iv4 pp4 #bfi-bgd4 #gg ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #bc-be2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cif2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dial4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa4 #gh ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #be1 #bf2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cig2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dial4 ,,iii4 p4 #bfa4 #gi ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #cb1 #de2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #cii1 #djc1 #djd2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dial4 ,,iv4 p4 #bge2 ,dial4 ,v4 p4 #bia4 #hj ,jordanus ,brunus3 ,de ,m9imo1 pp4 #aj1 #af-ah2 ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #cd-ci2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp4 #djj-djb2 ,giordano ,bruno3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 ,dial4 ,v4 pp4 #bha-bhd4--,on ?is opposition ( ! m9imum & ! maximum ,bruno wrote sev]al special works1 = example1 ,de triplici ,m9imo et ,m5sura libri ,v4 ,franc(urti apud ,we*elium et ,fis*]1 #aeia1 #h2 ! text is hexamet]s1 ) notes & s*olia2 ,buhle gives ! title z ,de ,m9imo libri ,v4 ,ano!r "w be>s ! title3 ,de ,monade1 ,num]o et figura lib]2 ,item ,de ,innum]abilibus1 ,imm5so et ,infigurabili3 seu de ,univ]so et ,mundis libri ,,viii4 ,franc(4 #aeia1 #h4 #ha ,bruno wrote _m su* topico-mnemonic works1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ are ! foll[+3 ,philo!us ,jordanus ,brunus ,nolanus ,de comp5diosa ar*itectura et complem5to artis ,lullii1 ,p>is4 ap4 g4 ,gorb9um1 #aehb4 #ab4--;,j4 ,brunus ,nol4 ,de ,umbris ide>um1 implicantibus ,artem qur5di1 c41 ,p>is4 ap4 eund4 #aehb4 #h4 ,! second "p has ! title3 ,ars memori4--,ph4 ,jord4 ,bruni ,explicatio ,,xxx sigillorum c4 ,quibus adjectus e/ ,sigillus sigillorum1 c4 ,x is evid5t f ! d$ication t ,bruno publi%$ ?is "w 9 ,engl&1 !re=e betwe5 #aehb & #aehe4--;,jordanus ,brunus ,de ,lampade comb9atoria ,lulliana1 ,viteb]g #aehg4 #h4 ,9 ! same place he wrote ,de ,progressu et lampade v5atoria ,logicorum1 ,anno #aehg1 :i* he d$icat$ to ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,witt5b]g ,univ]sity4--,jordanus ,brunus ,de ,speci]um scrut9io et lampade comb9atoria ,raym4 ,lullii1 ,prag1 exc4 ,georg4 ,nigr9us #aehh4 #h2 also pr9t$ 9 ! works ( ,raymund ,lullius4--,also ,de imag9um1 signorum et ide>um compositione ,libri ,,iii4 ,franc(urti ap4 ,jo4 ,we*el4 et ,petr4 ,fis*]4 #aeia4 #h4 #hb ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #gae 7#gag72 ,jordanus ,brunus3 ,de comp5diosa ar*itectura et complem5to artis ,lullii 7,jordani ,bruni ,nolani scripta1 qu lat9e confecit1 omnia4 ed4 ,a4 ,fr4 ,gfrr]1 ,/uttg>d1 #ahce1 ,fasc4 ,,ii471 c4 #a1 p4 #bch4 #hc ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gag1 #gah 7#gai1 a-#gah1 b72 ,jord4 ,brunus3 ,de comp5d4 ar*itect4 c4 #e1 p4 #bci4 #hd ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #gag 7#gai1 a72 ,jord4 ,brun4 ,de comp5d4 ar*itect4 c4 #b1 #c1 pp4 #bch1 #bci4 #he ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gbc1 #gbd2 ,jordani ,bruni ,de ,umbris ide>um 7,jord4 ,bruni ,nolani scripta1 ed4 ,a4 ,fr4 ,gfrr]1 ,fasc4 ,,ii473 ,trig9ta int5tiones umbr>um1 ,int5tio ,i-,,iv4 pp4 #cjj-cjb4 #hf ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gbd-gbf2 ,jordanus ,brunus3 ,de ,umbris ide>um1 ,int5tio ,v-,,ix4 pp4 #cjb-cje4 #hg ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gbg1 #gca2 ,jordanus ,brunus3 ,de ,umbris ide>um1 ,int5tio ,,xxi4 p4 #caj2 ,de trig9ta ide>um conceptibus3 ,conceptus ,x4 p4 #cai4 #hh ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gcj-gcd2 ,jordani ,bruni ,de ,umbris ide>um3 ,de trig9ta ide>um conceptibus1 ,conceptus ,,vii4 ,x4 ,,xiii4 ,,xxvi4 pp4 #cah-cbj1 #cbc1 #cbd4 #hi ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #gde2 ,jordani ,bruni ,explicatio trig9ta sigillorum3 ,sigillus ,sigillorum1 ,p4 ,,ii4 #aa4 #ij ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 p4 #gcd2 cf4 ,jordan4 ,brun4 ,de ,umbris ,ide>um3 ,ars ,memori1 ,i4-,,xi4 pp4 #cbf-ccj4 #ia ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #gcd1 #gce2 ,jordan4 ,brun4 ,de ,umbris ,ide>um3 ,ars ,memori1 ,,xii4 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 #ib ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #fga-fgg2 ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #hff-hfi4 #ic ,buhle3 ,lehrbu*4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,section ,i4 pp4 #daj-dae2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #fgg-fhj2 ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #hgj-hgh4 #id ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 pp4 #fgj-fhj2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #edh-efb4 #ie ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,section ,,ii4 pp4 #iej-ied2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ia-ie4 #if ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 ,april1 #ahag1 p4 #ec4 #ig ,bacon1 ,de augm5tis 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7p4 #ie74 #ajf ,ibid4 ,,iv4 c4 #b1 p4 #bic 7p4 #aab74 #ajg ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 ,april1 #ahag1 pp4 #ea1 #eb2 cf4 ,bacon4 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 ,,iii4 c4 #c1 #d1 pp4 #bjj-bjf 7pp4 #gh-hj74 #ajh ,bacon4 ,novum ,organon1 ,l4 ,,ii4 ,aphor4 #b4 7,ellis & ,sp$d+'s translation1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #aai47 #aji ,bacon4 ,novum ,organon1 ,l4 ,,ii4 ,aphor4 #b2 cf4 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,april1 #ahag1 p4 #eb4 #aaj ,bacon4 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 ,,iii4 c4 #d2 p4 #bcg 7p4 #ib74 #aaa ,bacon4 ,de augm4 sci5t4 ,,iii4 c4 #d1 p4 #bci 7p4 #ib74 #aab ,bacon4 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 ,i4 p4 #df 7p4 #ai72 ,,iii4 c4 #d1 pp4 #baa-bac 7pp4 #hb1 #hc72 ,novum ,organon1 ,l4 ,i4 ,aphor4 #he1 p4 #cjd4 #aac ,bacon4 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 ,,iii4 c4 #d1 pp4 #bca-bcd 7pp4 #hi1 #ij74 #aad ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,april1 #ahag1 p4 #eb4 #aae ,bacon4 ,novum ,organon1 ,l4 ,,ii4 ,aphor4 #ag1 pp4 #cde1 #cdf4 #aaf ,bacon4 ,novum ,organon1 ,l ,,ii ,aphor4 ,,ii pp4 #cbe1 #cbf 7,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,x4 pp4 #ce1 #cf72 ,lib ,i4 ,aphor4 #ea1 p4 #bhf1 ,l4 ,,ii ,aphor4 #i2 ,aphor4 #c1 p4 #cbf4 #aag ,bacon4 ,novum ,organon1 ,l ,,ii4 ,aphor4 #ce1 p4 #cff4 #aah ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,april1 #ahag1 p4 #eb4 ,cf4 ,bacon4 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 ,,iii4 c4 #d1 p4 #bcf 7p4 #ia74 #aai ,jacob ,bhme's ,leb5 und ,s*rift5 79 8 ,works1 ,hamburg1 #agae1 #d71 ,no4 ,i4 #ah1 pp4 #aa1 #ab2 ,no4 ,v41 #b1 p4 #ed & ! title-page2 ,no4 ,i4 #eg1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #abj ,jacob ,bhme's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 ,no4 ,i4 #b-d1 pp4 #c1 #d2 #f1 #g1 p4 #e2 #aj1 #aa1 pp4 #g1 #h2 #bh1 #bi1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #aba ,jacob ,bhme's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 ,no4 ,,vi4 #c-h1 pp4 #ha-hg2 ,no4 ,i4 #ab-ag1 pp4 #h-aa4 #abb ,!osophis*e ,s5dbriefe1 #dg? ,lett] 7,w]ke1 ,hamburg1 #agae1 #d71 p4 #chgi4 #abc ,tro/s*rift von vi] ,complexion51 #dc-fc1 pp4 #afjb-afjg4 #abd ,act ,i4 ,sc5e #b4 #abe ,von ,*ri/i ,te/am5t d] heilig5 ,taufe1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 #d-e1 pp4 #bfec1 #bfed4 #abf ,morg5r! im ,aufgang1 ,preface1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 p4 #ah4 #abg ,von wahr] ,gelass5heit1 *ap4 ii4 #i1 #aj1 p4 #afgc4 #abh ,von d5 drei ,pr9cipi5 gttli*5 ,wes5s1 *ap4 x4 #db1 p4 #dgj4 #abi ,von d] ,gnad5wahl1 *ap4 i4 #c-aj1 pp4 #bdjh-bdaj2 *ap4 ii4 #i1 p4 #bdah2 #ai1 #bj1 p4 #bdbj2 ,s*lssel d] vornehm/5 ,punct5 und ,wrt]1 #b1 p4 #cffh2 #ade1 #adf1 pp4 #cfif1 #cfig2 ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iv4 #i-ba1 pp4 #di-ea2 *ap4 xi4 #dg1 pp4 #abf1 #abg1 etc4 #acj ,morg5r!1 *ap4 i4 #c-g1 #i-bd1 pp4 #bc-bg2 *ap4 ii4 #ch-dj1 pp4 #cd1 #ce2 i4 p4 #bh see ,law's translation4 #aca ,morg5r!1 *ap4 #aa4 #h1 #ad-ah1 #ca-cc1 pp4 #bi-cd see ,law's translation4 #acb ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #b1 #h-aa1 pp4 #cf-ch4 #acc ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iv4 #e1 #f1 p4 #dh2 *ap4 viii4 #ae-;*ap4 xi4 #df1 pp4 #gh-abf4 #acd ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #ah1 p4 #dj2 *ap4 x4 #ed1 p4 #aae2 #ci1 #dj1 p4 #aab2 *ap4 xi4 #g-ab1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 #ace ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 i4 #h-aj1 p4 #agci4 #acf ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 iii4 #a-c1 pp4 #agee1 #agef4 #acg ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #cc-ce1 p4 #dd 7cf4 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ajf1 #g74 #ach ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #ae1 #ah-bb1 pp4 #ci-da4 #aci ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 iii4 #d1 #e1 p4 #agef1 #ab1 p4 #ageh2 ,morg5r!1 *ap4 xii4 #ii-ajg1 p4 #adi1 #aej2 *ap4 xiii4 #ib-ajd1 #ca-eb1 pp4 #aff-afh1 #aeg-afj2 *ap4 xiv4 #cf1 p4 #agh2 ,von d5 drei ,pr9cipi5 gttli*5 ,wes5s1 *ap4 iv4 #fi1 p4 #djf2 *ap4 xv4 #e1 pp4 #edc1 #edd4 #adj ,morg5r!1 *ap4 xiii4 #ec-fd1 pp4 #afj-afb2 ,vi]zig ,frag5 von d] ,seele1 ,,xii4 #d1 p4 #abja2 ,von se*s !osophis*5 ,punct51 ,v4 #g1 #c1 p4 #aecg2 ,von wahr] ,gelass5heit1 *ap4 i4 #a-g1 pp4 #affa-affc2 ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 i4 #bc-bf1 pp4 #agdb1 #agdc2 ,von d] ,geburt und ,bezei*nung all] ,wes51 *ap4 xvi4 #di1 p4 #bcia2 ,vom b]s9nli*5 ,leb51 #da1 #db1 p4 #afif see ,law's translation4 #ada ,von d] ,m5s*w]dung ,jesu ,*ri/i1 ,pt4 ,i4 *ap4 v4 #ad1 p4 #acbc2 ,von d5 drei ,pr9cipi5 gttli*5 ,wes5s1 *ap4 x4 #dc1 p4 #dgj4 #adb ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 iii4 #aa1 p4 #ageg4 #adc ,infra1 p4 #bac4 #add ,morg5r!1 *ap4 viii4 #ae-bj1 pp4 #gh1 #gi2 *ap4 x4 #ch1 p4 #aab2 *ap4 xiii4 #fi-ia1 pp4 #afb-aff2 *ap xi4 #e-ac1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 #ade #agg ,frag5 von gttli*] ,(f5b>ung1 ,,iii4 #b-e1 #aj-af1 pp4 #ceia-ceie4 #adf ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 iii4 #ab1 #ad1 pp4 #ageg1 #ageh4 #adg ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges* d4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ajh1 #e 7f ,boehme's ,morg5r!1 *ap4 ii4 #af1 pp4 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 p4 #cd74 #adh ,morg5r!1 *ap4 xxiii4 #aa1 #ab1 pp4 #cjg1 #cjh 7cf4 ,rixn]3 ,h&b4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philos4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ajh1 #e71 ,!osophis*e ,s5dbriefe1 ,i4 #e1 p4 #cgaj4 #adi ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #bi1 #cj1 p4 #dc see ,law's translation4 #aej ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 iii4 #ac1 p4 #ageh2 ,morg5r!1 *ap4 x4 #ee1 #fj1 #eh1 pp4 #aae1 #aaf 7*ap4 xi4 #d1 p4 #aah74 #aea ,morg5r!1 *ap4 iii4 #cf-ch1 #dg1 pp4 #dd-df see ,law's translation4 #aeb ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 i4 #cc1 p4 #agde2 *ap4 ii4 #bi1 p4 #aged1 *ap4 iii4 #ae1 #ah-bd1 #bg1 #bi1 pp4 #ageh-agfa2 ,von d5 drei ,pr9cipi5 gttli*5 ,wes5s1 *ap4 viii #e1 p4 #dcc1 ,my/]ium ,magnum1 od] ,erkl>ung des er/5 ,bu*s ,mosis1 *ap xix #bh1 pp4 #bhcj1 #bhca4 #aec ,von gttli*] ,bes*auli*keit1 *ap4 i4 #bc-ci1 pp4 #agdb-agdf2 *ap4 ii4 #a-ac1 #ae-cj1 pp4 #agdg-aged4 #aed ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bjc-bag2 ,c>tes4 ,de ,me?odo1 ,i-,,ii 7,am/elod4 #afgb1 #d71 pp4 #b-g 7uvres compltes de ,desc>tes publies p> ,victor ,c\s91 ,t4 ,i471 pp4 #abe-acc2 ,notes sur l'loge de ,desc>tes p> ,?omas 7uvres de ,desc>tes publies p> ,c\s91 ,t4 ,i471 p4 #hc1 et suiv42 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,x4 pp4 #baj-baf4 #aee ,sp9oza3 ,pr9cipia philosophi ,c>tesian 7,b5$icti de ,sp9oza ,op]a1 ed4 ,paulus4 ,j51 #ahjb1 ,t4 ,i471 p4 #b4 #aef ,c>tes4 ,pr9cipia philosophi1 ,p4 ,i4 #a-f 7,am/elod4 #afgb1 #d71 pp4 #a1 #b 7uvres1 ,t4 ,,iii4 pp4 #fc-ff72 cf4 ,m$itationes de prima philosophia1 ,i4 7,am/elod4 #afhe1 #d71 pp4 #e-h 7uvres1 ,t4 ,i4 pp4 #bce-bde72 ,de ,me?odo1 ,,iv4 p4 #bj 7pp4 #aef-aeh74 #aeg 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,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,vii4 et ,s*ol4 pp4 #gh1 #gi1 #hb1 #hc4 #aii ,sp9oz4 ,e?ic4 ,p4 ,i4 ,prop4 ,,xxx-,,xxxii4 pp4 #fb1 #fc2 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,def94 ,,iii4 p4 #acb2 ,prop4 ,,xi4 ,s*ol41 p4 #ada4 #bjj ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xi4 ,demon/4 et ,coroll4 pp4 #hf1 #hg2 ,def94 ,,iv4 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 #bja ,dictionnaire hi/orique et critique 7dition de #agdj1 ,t4 ,,iv471 ,article ,sp9osa1 p4 #bfa1 ,note ,n4 ,no4 ,,iv4 #bjb ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xii41 ,,xiii4 et ,s*ol4 ,prop4 ,,xiv41 ,,xxiii41 ,v4 pp4 #hg-hi1 #ie1 #ajb1 #hj1 #ha4 #bjc ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xi4 7,axiom ,i4 p4 #gh7 et ,demon/r4 ,prop4 ,x4 pp4 #he-hg2 ,prop4 ,,vi4 p4 #ha2 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,,ii4 pp4 #acc1 #acd4 #bjd ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,,vi4-,,viii4 ,prop4 ,,ix4 ,s*ol4 pp4 #aci1 #adj2 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xlix4 ,coroll4 p4 #abc2 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,,ii4 ,s*ol4 p4 #acf2 ,p4 ,v4 ,prop4 ,,iii4 ,demon/4 et ,coroll4 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 #bje ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,i4 p4 #acb2 ,prop4 ,,iii4 p4 #ach2 ,p4 ,,iv4 ,prf4 p4 #aii2 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,,xi4 ,s*ol4 pp4 #ada1 #adb2 ,p4 ,,iv4 ,prop4 ,,ii4 p4 #bje2 ,p4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 ,,iii4 et ,s*ol4 p4 #ach4 #bjf ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,v4 ,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,s*ol4 ,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,demon/r41 ,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 et ,s*ol4 pp4 #bic-bie4 #bjg ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xl4 ,s*ol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 #bjh ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xliv4 et ,coroll4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aag1 #aah2 ,prop4 ,,xlv4 p4 #aai2 ,p4 ,v4 ,prop4 ,,xxx4 p4 #bhi2 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #ajg4 #bji ,sp9oz4 ,e?ices1 ,p4 ,v4 ,prop4 ,,xiv4 p4 #bhj2 ,prop4 ,,vi4 p4 #bge2 ,prop4 ,,xxvii4 pp4 #bhg1 #bhh2 ,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,coroll42 ,prop4 ,,xxxv4 pp4 #bia1 #bib4 #baj ,buhle3 ,ges*4 d4 neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sec4 #b1 pp4 #dcj1 #dca4 #baa ,malebran*e3 ,de la re*]*e de la vrit 7,p>is1 #agcf71 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,"p ,i4 *ap4 i4 pp4 #d-f2 ,t4 ,i4 ,l4 ,i4 *ap4 i4 pp4 #f1 #g2 ,p4 ,,ii4 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #ff-fh2 *ap4 iii4 p4 #gb2 *ap4 iv4 p4 #hd2 *ap4 v4 p4 #ib2 *ap4 vi4 pp4 #ie1 #if4 #bab ,malebran*e3 ,de la re*]*e de la vrit1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 vi4 pp4 #ajj-ajb4 #bac ,malebran*e3 ,de la re*]*e de la vrit1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,p4 ,,ii4 *ap4 vi4 pp4 #ajc-ajg1 #aji-aaa4 #bad ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 pp4 #bch-bda2 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,april1 #ahag1 pp4 #gj1 #ga2 ,! ,works ( ,john ,locke 7,london1 #ahab71 ,vol4 ,i43 ,! ,life ( ! ,au?or1 pp4 xix4-xxxix4 #bae ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,! ,works ( ,john ,locke1 ,vol4 ,i471 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ii4 #a2 *ap4 iii4 #ae1 #bb4 #baf ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,i7 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ii4 #b-i1 #bg2 *ap4 iii4 #a-ae4 #bag ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,i47 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 #a1 #b4 #bah ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 #b-e4 #bai v4 ,s*ill]'s ,x5i54 #bbj ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *ap4 ii4 #b1 n42 *ap4 xii4 #a2 *ap4 xxii4 #b2 *ap4 i4 #aj-ad4 #bba ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,i71 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 #b2 *ap4 iv4 #b4 #bbb ,ibidem 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xiv4 #c4 #bbc ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,,ii471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xxiii4 #a1 #b4 #bbd ,ibidem 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 #a4 #bbe ,ibidem 7,vol4 ,,ii471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvi4 #a4 #bbf ,ibidem 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap xxi4 #g4 #bbg ,ibidem 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 #ag1 #ah4 #bbh ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,i471 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 #i-bf4 #bbi ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ human ,und]/&+ 7,vol4 ,,ii471 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 #f2 #ac1 #ae4 #bcj ,bruck]4 ,hi/or4 critic4 philos4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 #b1 pp4 #gca-gcf1 #gdc-gde4 #bca ,hug4 ,grot4 ,de jure belli ac pacis1 ,b4 ,,iii4 *ap4 xi4 #ac-af 7,ed4 ,gronov4 ,lipsi1 #ageh1 #hvo71 pp4 #ijj-ije2 *ap4 iv4 #aj1 pp4 #gib1 #gic4 #bcb ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sec4 #a1 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbg4 #bcc ,hobbes4 ,epi/ola d$icatoria ante ,elem5tor philos ,sectionem primam 7,?om ,hobbesii ,op]a philosophica1 qu lat9e scripsit omnia1 ,am/elod1 #affh1 #dto71 pp4 #a1 #b4 #bcd ,cf4 ,bruck]4 ,hi/or4 crit4 philos4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 p4 #aed4 #bce ,hobbes1 ,de cive1 *ap4 i4 #b1 #c 7,op]4 phil4 etc4 ,am/el4 #affh71 pp4 #c1 #d4 #bcf ,hobbes1 ,de cive1 *ap4 i4 #d-f1 #ab-ad1 pp4 #d-h2 ,levia?an1 *ap4 xiii4 7,op]471 pp4 #fc-ff4 #bcg ,ibidem1 *ap4 v4 #f-ab1 pp4 #cg-ch2 *ap4 vi4 #ab-ad1 pp4 #dd-df4 #bch ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #b1 pp4 #eai-ebc2 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bi4 #bci ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ca2 cf4 ,puff5dorf4 ,de jure natur et g5t4 ,,ii4 #b1 #e-g 7,franc(4 ad ,mo5um1 #agjf1 #d71 pp4 #aeg-afa2 ,,vii4 #a1 #c-g1 pp4 #ijj-iji4 #bdj ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh4 #bda ,buhle1 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #aae1 cf4 ,newtoni ,optices4 ,p4 ,,iii 7,lond9i1 #agjf1 #d7 p4 #cad4 #bdb ,la vie de ,mr4 ,leibnitz p> ,mr4 le ,*evali] de ,jauc\rt 7,essais de ,?odice1 p> ,leibnitz1 ,am/]dam1 #agdg1 ,t4 ,i471 pp4 #a-bh1 #de1 #ei-fb1 #ff-gd1 #gg-hj1 #hg-ib1 #aaj-aaf1 #adh-aea2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 phil41 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cce-cfh2 ,leibnitzii ,op]a omnia 7ed4 ,dut5s71 ,t4 ,,ii41 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #de1 #df4 #bdc ,vie de ,mr4 ,leibnitz1 pp4 #acd-adc2 ,bruck]4 ,hi/4 crit4 philos4 ,t4 ,,iv4 ,p4 ,,ii4 pp4 #che1 #chi2 ,t5nemann1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4 #bdd ,leibnitzii ,op]a1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #cb-ci4 #bde ,ibidem1 ,pr9cipia philosophi1 pp4 #bj-ca4 #bdf cf4 ,leibnitz3 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #aj1 p4 #hf4 #bdg ,leibnitz1 ,pr9cipes de la nature et la grace #a1 p4 #cb4 7,recueil de div]ses pieces p> ,des ,maiseaux1 ,t4 ,,ii4 p4 #dhe1 ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #a1 #b1 p4 #bj47 #bdh ,leibnitzii ,de ipsa natura sive de vi insita actionibusque creatur>um 7,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,,ii471 #aa1 p4 #ee1 ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #c-f1 #ah1 pp4 #bj-bb2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #b1 p4 #cb4 #bdi ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #g1 p4 #ba2 ,troisime claircissem5t du sy/me de la communication des sub/ances 7,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i471 p4 #gc 7,recueil1 ,t4 ,,ii4 p4 #djb74 #bej ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #h1 #i1 p4 #ba2 ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #abh1 #abi1 #d1 #e3 ,il n'y a po9t deux individus indisc]nables4 ,un g5tilhomme d'esprit de mes amis1 en p>lant avec moi en prs5ce de ,mad4 l',electrice dans le j>d9 de ,h]r5haus51 crut qu'il tr\v]ait bi5 deux feuilles entirem5t semblables4 ,mad4 l',electrice l'en dfia1 et il c\rut longtemps en va9 p\r en *]*]4 ,deux g\ttes d'eau ou de lait reg>des p> le microscope se tr\v]ont disc]nables4 ,c'e/ un argum5t contre les ,atomes 7,recueil1 ,t4 ,i4 p4 #ej74--;,cf4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #de4 #bea ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #aj-af1 pp4 #ba1 #bb2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #b1 p4 #cb4 #beb ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #ai-bc1 pp4 #bb1 #bc2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #d1 pp4 #cc1 #cd2 ,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma9 7uvres philosophiques de ,leibnitz p> ,raspe71 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 #d1 p4 #ij4 #bec ,leibnitzii ,de anima brutorum 7,op4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i471 #b-d1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca4 #bed ,leibnitzii ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #bad1 #bae1 #c2 ,de ipsa natura sive de vi insita1 #aa1 p4 #ee2 ,sy/me n\veau de la nature et de la communication des sub/ances 7,op4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i471 pp4 #ej1 #ec4 #bee ,leibnitzii ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #gi1 #aba1 #bcd-bcg1 #bhj1 #bie2 ,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma91 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 #ae1 #ag1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #bef ,leibnitz3 ,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma91 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 #g1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc2 *ap4 xxi4 #gb1 p4 #agj2 *ap4 xxiv4 #a1 p4 #ahe4 #beg ,leibnitzii ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #ci2 ,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma91 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 #bd1 p4 #bgh2 #ci1 p4 #bij4 #beh ,leibnitzii ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,,ii4 p4 #fj2 ,n\veaux essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma91 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xxiii4 #bc1 p4 #aha4 #bei ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #fe-ga1 p4 #bh2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #c1 #d1 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 #bfj ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi4 #bi-ca1 p4 #bd2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #e1 p4 #cd2 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #dd1 p4 #aae4 #bfa ,leibnitz4 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #g1 p4 #ce4 #bfb ,leibnitz3 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #h1 p4 #ce2 ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #dc-df1 p4 #be4 #bfc ,leibnitz3 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #f-h1 pp4 #hc-he2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #aj1 p4 #cf4 #bfd ,leibnitz3 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #bj1 pp4 #if1 #ig2 #cb1 #cc1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg2 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,,ii4 #aec1 pp4 #eg1 #eh2 #cgh1 pp4 #bef1 #beg4 #bfe ,leibnitzii ,causa ,dei ass]ta p] ju/itiam ejus 7,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,,ii471 #cd-ci1 pp4 #che1 #chf4 #bff ,leibnitz3 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #c1 p4 #cc2 ,premi] laircissem5t du sy/me de la communication des sub/ances1 p4 #gj4 #bfg ,leibnitz3 ,second et troisime claircissem5ts du sy/me de la communication des sub/ances1 pp4 #ga-gc4 #bfh ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #hb1 p4 #cj2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #aa1 p4 #cf4 #bfi ,leibnitz3 ,sy/me n\veau de la nature et de la communication des sub/ances1 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #bgj ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosophi1 #ij1 p4 #ca2 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #ab1 #ac1 pp4 #cf1 #cg2 #ae1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #bga ,leibnitzii ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #bgb ,leibnitzii ,pr9cipia philosoph41 #eh-fb1 p4 #bg2 ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 #df1 #dg4 #bgc ,leibnitz3 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #i1 pp4 #he1 #hf4 #bgd ,leibnitz3 ,pr9cipes de la nature et de la grace1 #ab1ac1 pp4 #cf1 #cg2 ,op]4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #ccg4 #bge ,leibnitz3 ,essais de ,?odice1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 ,,iii4 #bia1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe2 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 #ej1 p4 #aai4 #bgf ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosoph41 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ega-ehb2 ,ti$emann3 ,gei/ d] speculativ5 ,philos41 ,vol4 ,,vi4 pp4 #eaa-eah2 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #gi1 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #bgg ,wolf's ,v]nnftige ,g$ank5 von ,gott1 d] ,welt und d] ,seele des ,m5s*5 7,halle1 #agda71 ,pt4 ,i4 *ap4 ii4 #aad1 #abj1 pp4 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 #fc2 *ap4 iv4 #ege-eha1 #fhf1 pp4 #ceb-cei1 #dbe2 *ap4 v4 #gdb1 p4 #dfc2 #ibf1 p4 #egc2 *ap vi4 #ibh1 p4 #egd1 seq4 #bgh ,wolff's ,anfangsgrnde all] ma!matis*5 ,wiss5s*aft51 ,pt4 ,i43 ,anfangsgrnde d] ,baukun/1 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,prop4 #h1 p4 #dad2 ,problem #bb1 pp4 #deb1 #dec2 ,pt4 ,,ii43 ,anfangsgrnde d] ,=tification1 ,pt4 ,i4 p4 #egj4 #bgi ,9 ! lectures ( #ahbe-ahbf & #ahbi-ahcj ,b]keley 0 pass$ ov] by ,hegel2 9 bo? c\rses ,hume foll[s directly aft] ! ,scotti% & ,fr5* philosoph]s1 & ?us comes imm$iately be=e ,kant2 9 ! c\rse ( #ahbe-ahbf ! ,fr5* philosophy prec$es ! ,scotti% also4 #bhj ,na*ri*t5 von dem ,leb5 und d5 ,s*rift5 des ,bis*(s ,b]keley 79 ,b]keley's philosoph4 ,w]k4 ,pt4 ,i4 ,leipzig1 #agha71 pp4 #a1 #de1 ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #hf-ij4 #bha ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol ,v4 pp4 #ij1 #ia2 ,! ,works ( ,george ,b]keley1 ,pr(4 ,fras]'s edition 7,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s71 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bfd1 seq4 et passim4 #bhb ,buhle1 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #ib1 #ic2 ,! ,works ( ,george ,b]keley1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgi seq4 #bhc ,buhle1 ibidem1 pp4 #ia1 #ib2 ,b]keley1 ibidem1 pp4 #bhh seq41 #cjj seq4 et passim4 #bhd ,buhle1 ibidem1 pp4 #ic1 #id2 ,b]keley1 ibidem1 pp4 #bhi1 #cjh1 seq4 #bhe ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #ia1 #ie2 ,! ,works ( ,george ,b]keley1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #cjh1 #cce4 #bhf ,buhle1 ibidem1 pp4 #if-ii2 ,b]keley1 ibidem1 p4 #cbe1 seq4 et passim4 #bhg ,cf4 ,b]keley1 ibidem1 passim4 #bhh ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #aic-bjj4 #bhi ,t5nemann's ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie von ,w5dt 7,leipzig1 #ahbi71 #cgj1 pp4 #dci1 #ddj2 ,hume3 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 conta9+ an ,inquiry conc]n+ human und]/&+ 7,london1 #aggj71 ,sect4 #b1 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 ,sect4 #d1 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #db1 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,xi pp4 #dcc1 #dcd4 #bij ,hume3 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol ,,iii4 ,n4 ,a1 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd4 #bia ,t5nemann's ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie von ,w5dt1 #cgj1 p4 #ddj2 ,hume1 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 #d1 ,pt4 ,i4 pp4 #dc-de2 ,sect4 #e1 pp4 #ff1 #fg2 ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #bjd1 #bje2 ,t5nemann1 ,vol4 ,,xi4 pp4 #dce1 #dcf4 #bib ,hume3 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 vii4 ,pt4 #a1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,pt4 #b1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji2 ,sect4 viii4 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 #bic ,hume3 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 conta9+ an ,inquiry conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( morals1 ,sect4 #a1 p4 #d2 ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #agj4 #bid ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca2 cf4 ,hume1 ibidem1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ab1 ,p4 ,,ii4 p4 #bba2 ,vol4 ,,iv42 ,an ,inquiry1 c41 ,sect4 #d1 pp4 #fb-fe2 ,a dialogue1 pp4 #bce1 #bcf1 c41 c4 #bie ,hume3 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al subjects1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ab1 ,pt4 ,i4 pp4 #bag1 #bah2 ,n4 ,n4 pp4 #bif1 #big2 ,buhle3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]n ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,sect4 #a1 p4 #baj4 #bif ,t5nemann's ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie von ,w5dt1 #cga1 p4 #ddb4 #big ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aai1 p4 #bei2 cf4 ,?omas ,reid2 ,an ,inquiry into ! human m9d on ! pr9ciples ( common s5se 7,ed9burgh1 #ahaj71 *ap4 i4 ,sect4 #d1 pp4 #ai1 #bj 7translat$ into ,g]man1 ,leipzig1 #aghb1 pp4 #ag1 #ah72 *ap4 vi4 ,sect4 #bj1 pp4 #cgb-cge 7pp4 #caj1 #caa71 c4 #bih ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #abj1 pp4 #bfa1 #bfb2 cf4 ,james ,beattie3 ,essays on ! nature & immutability ( ,tru?1 c4 7,ed9burgh1 #aggb71 ,pt4 ,i41 *ap1 i41 pp4 #ah-ca 7translat$ into ,g]man1 ,cop5hag5 & ,leipzig1 #aggb1 pp4 #bd-db72 *ap4 ii4 ,sect4 #b1 pp4 #cg-db 7pp4 #di-ee71 c4 #bii ,cf4 ,james ,oswald3 ,an ,appeal ( common-s5se 9 behalf ( religion 7,ed9burgh1 #aggb71 ,vol4 ,i4 ,book ,i4 ,introduction1 p4 #ab 7translat$ by ,wilms51 ,leipzig1 #aggd1 p4 #aa74 #cjj ,rixn]1 ibidem1 #aba1 p4 #bfb2 cf4 ,james ,oswald1 ibidem1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 pp4 #ej1 #ea 7pp4 #ed1 #ee74 #cja ,! "n assum$ by ,abraham ,tuck]4--,translator's note4 #cjb ,lectures ( #ahbe-ahbf4 #cjc ,lectures ( #ahbi-ahcj4 #cjd ,emile ou de l'ducation4 ,t4 ,,ii4 7,p>is1 #ahac1 l4 /rotype71 ,book ,,iv41 ,pr(ession de foi du vicaire savoy>d1 p4 #bae seq4 #cje ,buhle3 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,pt4 ,,viii4 pp4 #fb1 #fc3 ,sy/me de la ,nature p> ,mirabaud 7,londres1 #aggj71 ,t4 ,i4 *ap4 i4 p4 #aj2 *ap4 ii4 p4 #bh4 #cjf ,buhle3 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,pt4 ,,viii4 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,t4 ,i4 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #ah1 #af1 #ba1 et #ae4 #cjg ,buhle1 ibidem1 pp4 #fd1 #fe1 #gj2 ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,t4 ,i4 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #cj1 #ca2 *ap4 iii4 pp4 #ci1 #dj2 *ap4 iv4 pp4 #de1 #df2 *ap4 vii4 pp4 #ij1 #ia4 #cjh ,rob9et3 ,de la ,nature 7,troisime dition1 ,am/]dam1 #agff71 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 *ap4 iii4 iv4 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #cji ,rob9et1 ,de la ,nature1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,,ii4 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #aef1 #aeg2 *ap4 vii4 pp4 #aff1 #afh2 *ap4 ix4-xi42 *ap4 xv4 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc1 *ap4 xix4 p4 #bag4 #caj ,rob9et3 ,de la ,nature1 ,t4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 *ap4 xxviii4 p4 #ach2 *ap4 xiii4 p4 #gj4 #caa ,helvetius3 ,de l'esprit 7,oeuvres compltes1 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,deux-,ponts1 #aghd71 ,t4 ,i4 ,disc\rs ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 pp4 #fb-fd2 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #fe1 #fh1 #fi2 *ap4 iv4 p4 #ij2 *ap4 v4 p4 #ia2 *ap4 viii4 p4 #aad2 *ap4 xxiv4 pp4 #bef1 #beg4 #cab ,r\sseau3 ,du contrat social 7,lyon1 #agij71 ,book ,i4 *ap4 iii4 pp4 #h1 #i2 *ap4 iv4 pp4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac-af4 #cac ,smmtli*e ,s*rift51 ,vol4 ,,xxxix4 7,b]l9 u4 ,/ett91 #ahbh71 pp4 #aaa1 #aab4 #cad ,less+'s ,smmtli*e ,s*rift51 ,vol4 ,,xxix4 pp4 #abb1 #abc4 #cae ,t5neman's ,grundriss von ,w5dt1 #djf1 p4 #eca2 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ade1 p4 #cag2 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 p4 #c4 #caf ,jacobi3 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza 7second edition1 #aghi71 pp4 #he1 #hf 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #a1 p4 #aaj74 #cag ,buhle3 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,"p ,,viii4 pp4 #chf1 #chg2 ,m5delssohn's ,morg5/und5 7second edition1 #aghf71 pp4 #bic-bif4 #cah ,jacobi3 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza1 ,,iv4 ,prop4 pp4 #bbe1 #bbc 7pp4 #bbc1 #baf74 #cai ,infra1 pp4 #dah1 #dai4 #cbj ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #g seq42 p4 #bba1 note4 #cba ,jacobi3 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza1 supplem5t vii4 pp4 #dai-dba1 & note 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 #b1 pp4 #adi-aea74 #cbb ,jacobi3 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza1 supplem5t vii4 pp4 #dbb-dbf 7pp4 #aea-aee74 #cbc ,ibidem1 pp4 #dbf1 #dbg 7pp4 #aee1 #aef74 #cbd ,cf4 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bgg4 #cbe ,jacobi3 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza1 pp4 #baf1 #bag 7p4 #baa74 #cbf ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft 7six? edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahah71 pp4 #d1 #aa1 #ac1 #ic4 #cbg ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #c-e4 #cbh ,ibidem1 ,preface1 pp4 xviii41 xix4 #cbi ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #h1 #i1 #ge1 #gg1 #ae4 #ccj ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bee1 #bef4 #cca ,ibidem1 p4 #ajg4 #ccb ,ibidem1 pp4 #dig1 #dih2 ,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft 7f\r? edition1 ,riga1 #agig71 p4 #bed2 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft 7?ird edition1 ,b]l91 #agii71 ,preface1 p4 v4 #ccc ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #be-bg4 #ccd ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bi1 #cj2 #cd-cf4 #cce ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #cj1 #ca1 #da2 #ab1 #ac1 #aej4 #ccf ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #ccg ,ibidem1 pp4 #ei1 #ig-ajd4 #cch ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #aje-aaj4 #cci ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #abi-acb4 #cdj ,ibidem1 p4 #acd4 #cda ,9 ! lectures ( #ahbe-ahbf ! philosophy ( ,fi*te on its !oretic side is int]polat$ "h1 :ile its practical side is only %ortly m5tion$ aft] an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 #cdb ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #beg-bei1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgc4 #cdc ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #bhi4 #cdd ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bhi-bii4 #cde ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #cab-cad4 #cdf ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #cag1 #cah1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccb4 #cdg ,ibidem1 pp4 #cah1 #ccf1 #ccg4 #cdh ,ibidem1 pp4 #cai1 #cdf1 #cdg4 #cdi ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #cai1 #ced1 #cee4 #cej ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #dig1 #dih4 #cea ,"h !re is ins]t$ 9 ! lectures ( #ahbe-ahbf an exam9ation ( :at ! philosophy ( ,jacobi has to say on ?is po9t4 #ceb ,kant3 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft 7?ird edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahjj71 pp4 #a1 #bg4 #cec ,kant3 ,die ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft 7second edition1 ,knigsb]g1 #agid71 pp4 #bj-dh4 #ced ,kant3 ,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft 7f\r? edition1 ,riga1 #agig71 pp4 #c-aa1 #bi-cb4 #cee ,kant3 ,kritik d4 prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #dj1 #da1 #ef1 #abf-ace1 #eh1 #ch1 #gg4 #cef ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #fb1 #ejj4 #ceg ,kant3 ,kritik d4 prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #ed1 #eh 7#ce74 #ceh ,kant3 ,kritik d4 prakt4 ,v]nunft1 pp4 #bbc-bbg4 #cei ,cf4 ,kant's ,kritik d4 re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #dga4 #cfj ,kant3 ,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft1 p4 #adf4 #cfa ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft 7?ird edition1 ,b]l91 #agii71 ,e9leitung1 pp4 xvii4-xx4 xxiv41 xxv4 #cfb ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 ,introduction1 pp4 xxv4-xxviii4 #cfc ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 ,e9leitung1 pp4 xxvi4-xxxiii4 #cfd ,ibidem1 p4 xxxiv4 #cfe ,ibidem1 pp4 xlviii4-lii4 #cff ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 pp4 xliii4-xlv41 #af-ai1 #cb1 #ef1 #ei1 #gg4 #cfg ,ibidem1 pp4 #bgi-bhc4 #cfh ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 pp4 #bhf-bhh1 #bib-bif4 #cfi ,ibidem1 pp4 #cdc1 #cdd4 #cgj ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh 7#cea74 #cga ,kant3 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd4 #cgb ,:at falls "u ?is head+ 9 ,jacobi's philosophy is ins]t$ "h 9 ! lectures ( #ahbe-ahbf4 #cgc ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre 7,leipzig1 #agid71 ,preface1 p4 xii4 #cgd ,fi*te's ,leb5 und ,briefwe*sel1 edit$ by 8 son1 ,pt4 ,i4 pp4 #c1 #f1 #bd seq42 #ch seq42 #adb1 #ahi2 #ccg1 #cch1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cec1 #ced1 #ceh-cfd2 ,pt4 ,,ii4 pp4 #adj-adb2 ,pt4 ,i4 pp4 #cgj-cgb1 #ddb-ddh1 #dee2 #eah1 #edj2 #egh4 #cge ,fi*te's po/hum\s works1 :i* 7 n publi%$ until aft] ,hegel's dea?1 nev]!less %[ t ! writ] 9 8 lectures at ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity likewise work$ out sci5tifically ?is newly develop$ po9t ( view 9 8 philosophy2 ,fi*te made a beg9n+ 9 ?is reg>d bro*ev5 9 ! ure :i* appe>$ 9 #ahaj3 8,die ,wiss5s*aftslehre 9 ihrem allgeme95 ,umrisse0 7v4 ,mi*elet3 ,ges*i*te d] letzt5 ,sy/eme d] ,philosophie1 ,pt4 ,i4 pp4 #dda1 #ddb74 ,editor's note4 #cgf ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #aj-ab4 #cgg ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #cgh ,fi*te3 ,ueb] d5 ,begriff d] ,wiss5s*aftslehre 7,weim>1 #agid71 p4 #ab4 #cgi ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] ges4 ,wiss5s*aftsl41 ,preface1 pp4 x41 xi4 #chj ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe4 #cha ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 p4 #c4 #chb ,cf4 ,fi*te3 ,ueb] d5 ,begriff d] ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #ac-ag1 #ai-ci1 #ej-eb4 #chc ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #chd ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #bc1 #e1 #ae1 #ag1 #h4 #che ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] ges4 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #ag1 #ai-bb4 #chf ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #cd1 #ca1 #bc1 #bg-cj 7#eb71 #ad1 #ah4 #chg ,ibidem1 pp4 #eb-ef1 #gd4 #chh ,fi*te's ,anweisung zum selig5 ,leb51 pp4 #hj-hb4 #chi ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 p4 #eg4 #cij ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #cia ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #fj1 #fg1 #ei1 #gf4 #cib ,ibidem1 pp4 #aba1 #abb4 #cic ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #aid-aig1 #bjd1 #bba1 #bbb4 #cid ,ibidem1 p4 #bbh4 #cie ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcb4 #cif ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #bcc1 #bch1 #bci4 #cig ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #cjb1 #bdf1 #bdg4 #cih ,ibidem1 p4 #bgc4 #cii ,fi*te3 ,ueb] d5 ,grund uns]es ,glaub5s an e9e gttli*e ,weltregi]ung 7,fi*te's ,leb51 ,"p ,,ii471 p4 #aaa4 #djj ,fi*te3 ,v]antwortungss*reib5 geg5 die ,anklage des ,a!ismus1 pp4 #ea1 #ec4 #dja ,fi*te3 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 pp4 #bgb-bgd4 #djb ,fi*te3 ,grundlage des ,naturre*ts 7,j5a und ,leipzig1 #agif71 ,"p ,i4 pp4 #ee-ga4 #djc ,ibidem1 pp4 #gh-hb4 #djd ,fi*te3 ,grundlage des ,naturre*ts1 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #ba4 #dje ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #aib1 p4 #daf2 ,fi*te3 ,ueb] das ,wes5 des ,gelehrt5 7,b]l91 #ahjf71 pp4 #d1 #e1 #ae1 #be-bg4 #djf ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aeh1 pp4 #cej1 #cea2 ,fries3 ,neue ,kritik d4 ,v]nunft 7,fir/ edition1 ,heidelb]g1 #ahjg71 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ge1 #bha1 #bhd1 #cdc2 #bjf4 #djg ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aef1 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh2 cf4 ,b\t]weck's ,apodiktik 7#agii71 ,"p ,,ii4 pp4 #bjf-bab4 #djh ,krug3 ,entwurf e9es neu5 ,organon d] ,philosophie 7,meiss51 #ahja71 pp4 #ge1 #gf2 ,rixn]3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,philosophie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aeg1 p4 #cdi4 #dji ,s*ell+'s philosophis*e ,s*rift5 7,l&%ut1 #ahji1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,vom ,i* als ,pr9cip d] ,philosophie1 pp4 #a-aad71 pp4 #c1 #d 7fir/ edition1 ,tub+51 #agie1 pp4 #d-g74 #daj ,8 bir?place is usually /at$ to h be5 ,leonb]g1 a %ort di/ance f ,s*orndorf4--,translators' note4 #daa ,lectures ( #ahaf-ahag4 ,translators' note4 #dab ,s*ell+'s philosophis*e ,s*rift53 ,vom ,i* als ,pr9cip d] ,philosophie1 p4 #ii seq4 7p4 #agh seq474 #dac ,ibidem1 pp4 #bc1 #bd 7pp4 #ch-db74 #dad ,ibidem1 p4 #hc 7p4 #aej74 #dae ,s*ell+'s ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 p4 #beg1 n4 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ib4 #daf ,lectures ( #ahje-ahjf4 #dag ,s*ell+3 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 pp4 #a-g1 #ag-ba4 #dah ,s*ell+3 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 pp4 #bd-df1 #di-eb1 #ee-eh1 #fc-fe4 #dai ,s*ell+3 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 pp4 #fi1 #gj1 #gb-gi4 #dbj ,s*ell+3 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 pp4 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ih1 #ddb-ddd4 #dba ,s*ell+3 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 pp4 #dga1 #dgb1 #dge4 #dbb ,s*ell+3 ,neue ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,"p ,i4 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #dbc ,kritis*es ,j\rnal d] ,philosophie1 publi%$ by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,"p ,i4 p4 #fg2 ,s*ell+3 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,preface1 p4 xiii4 #dbd ,s*ell+3 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 #a1 pp4 #a1 #b2 #d1 p4 #d2 #af-ah1 pp4 #aj-ab4 #dbe ,ibidem1 #bb-bd1 pp4 #ac-ae2 #cg1 #ch1 pp4 #bb1 #bc2 #dj-db1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #dbf ,s*ell+3 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #cj-cb1 pp4 #ae-ai2 #dd1 #df1 pp4 #bg-bi4 #dbg ,s*ell+3 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 #ej1 ,note ,i1 #ea1 pp4 #cd-cf2 #ed1 p4 #dj2 #ef1 ,app5dix #b1 #eg & note1 pp4 #db-dd4 #dbh ,s*ell+3 ,zeits*rift fr spec4 ,phys41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 #fb-fd1 pp4 #dg1 #dh2 #ib1 #ic1 pp4 #ei1 #fj2 #fg-fi1 pp4 #di1 #ej2 #ie1 pp4 #fd-fh2 7,neue ,zeits*rift fr speculative 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,!mi/ocles1 ,i4 #aeg2 ,,ii4 #be4 ,!odicy1 ,,iii4 #g1 #edf4 ,!odorus ! ,cyr5aic1 ,i4 #dfi1 #dge-dgg2 ,,ii4 #c4 0 ! ,ma!matician1 ,,ii4 #d4 ,!ogony1 ,i4 #fi1 #agi4 ,!ology1 ,i4 #ad1 #fj1 #fd1 #hj4 ,!on ( ,smyrna1 ,i4 #bad4 ,!ophra/us1 ,i4 #bef2 ,,ii4 #abg1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bgg1 #cad4 ,!urgy1 ,,ii4 #dcb1 #ddi4 ,?irty ,tyrants1 ,,ii4 #b4 ,?omas ( ,/rasburg1 ,,iii4 #hi4 ,?omasius1 ,,iii4 #cdi1 #cea4 ,?omi/s1 ,,iii4 #hj1 #hb4 ,?\ght1 ,i4 #d1 #e1 #ac1 #ba1 #ce1 #fg1 #gf1 #gg1 #hc1 #hi-ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf-aji1 #ade1 #adf1 #aec-aee1 #cbj1 #cdg1 #cdi2 ,,ii4 #b1 #bj1 #cf1 #aea1 #caf-cah1 #cba1 #dai2 ,,iii4 #da1 #dc1 #aec1 #bah1 #bai1 #bdi1 #cje1 #cei1 #dbc2 9 union ) ,be+1 ,i4 #dea2 z activity ( ! ,univ]sal1 ,,ii4 #cg2 z h>mony betwe5 objective & subjective1 ,,ii4 #aej2 z self-id5tity1 ,,ii4 #bed2 ,,iii4 #eej2 z absolute1 ,,ii4 #a1 #cge2 z div9e1 ,,ii4 #daa2 z ultimate1 ,,iii4 #dbd4 ,?rasyllus1 ,i4 #bii4 ,?ucydides1 ,i4 #aae1 #aei1 #afh1 #aii1 #cbb1 #cgc2 ,,ii4 #ae4 ,ti$emann1 ,dietri*1 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heal?y1 ,i4 #cgi2 ,,iii4 #chf4 ,univ]sal1 ,univ]sality1 ,i4 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #adg1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #cdg1 #chf2 ,,ii4 #bi1 #bbh1 #bca2 ,,iii4 #cci1 #cgb2 ,anaxagoras' view (1 ,i4 #cbj2 spiritual1 ,i4 #chg2 ( ,socrates1 ,i4 #daa2 fix$ nature ( disappe>s1 ,i4 #dah4 ,uranus1 ,i4 #aah4 ,val5t9us1 ,,ii4 #cig4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,i4 #bii1 #cbb4 ,v$as1 ,i4 #abf-acj4 ,vespasian1 ,i4 #hf4 ,virtue1 ,i4 #dab1 #dad4 seq42 ,,ii4 #cb1 #eb1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #bjd-bjg1 #bei-bfc1 #bfe-bfh1 #bgb1 #cai1 #dbg1 #dbh2 ,,iii4 #eb1 #adg2 ! tea*+ (1 ,i4 #cfc2 political1 ,i4 #cfa-cfd2 z p]ception1 ,i4 #daa2 z :ole he>t1 ,i4 #dac4 ,vi%nu1 ,i4 #aah1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca4 ,voetius1 ,,iii4 #bed4 ,voltaire1 ,,iii4 #adc1 #cdj1 #chg1 #cii4 ,wat]1 z ,pr9ciple1 ,i4 #age-ahe1 #ahg4 ,weigel1 ,,iii4 #cbf4 ,weisse1 ,,iii4 #djd4 ,w5dt1 ,a41 ,i4 #aaa1 #aad4 ,we/]n ,*ur*1 ,,iii4 #ag4 ,w9dis*mann1 ,i4 #abc4 ,wisdom1 worldly1 ,i4 #fj1 #fa1 #fe4 ,wise ,man1 ! ,doctr9e ( !1 ,i4 #dgd1 #dge2 ,,ii4 #bcc1 #bfg seq41 #cja1 #cji1 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#ha4 ,,corrig5da ,,9 ,,vols4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,page xii41 l9e #cb1 = 8nev] 444 completely0 read 8nev] h empt9ess & conceit swum s p]si/5tly on ! surface40 0 #ab1 0 #bf1 = 8is 90 read 8is n 940 0 #ef1 0 #i1 = 8s\nd0 read 8f\nd40 0 #fj1 0 #ag1 = 8:]ev]1 etc40 read 8be ?is positive "* d]iv$ f :5ce x may40 0 #gj1 0 #bi1 = 8,& ,m9d 444 implicit10 read 8,& ,m9d is implicitly n t40 0 #ga1 0 #b1 = 8,f9ality0 read 8,f9it5ess40 0 #gb1 0 #g1 = 8involve0 read 8involves02 l9e #bb1 omit 8?r\gh02 l9e #bd omit 8(40 0 #gc1 0 #bf1 = 8&0 read 8all40 0 #ha1 0 #aa1 = 8,:at 444 evid5ce0 read 8,! ess5tial tru? conta9$ 9 ! te/imony40 0 #hb1 0 #i1 = 8symbolism0 read 88 ,symbolik40 0 #he1 0 #cf1 omit 8!40 0 #hf1 0 #c1 omit 8!40 0 #ij1 0 #bi1 = 8?\ght--det]m9ation0 read 8?\ght-det]m9ation40 0 #aab1 0 #bd1 = 8,ti$mann0 read 8,ti$emann02 l9e #cj1 = 8,plato ( ,bruck]0 read 8,bipont9e edition ( ,plato40 0 #aac1 0 #ba1 = 8ov]?r[n by0 read 8conv]t$ into20 l9e #bg1 = 8a correct0 read 8a m correct40 0 #aad1 l9es #e & #h1 = 8,aft0 read 8,a/20 l9e #ah1 = 8,rirn]0 read 8,rixn]02 l9e #cc1 = 8& h5ce 444 philosoph]s0 read 8giv+ also biographical sket*es ( ! pr9cipal philosoph]s40 0 #aag1 l9e #i1 = 8,ea/0 read 8,we/02 l9e #bj1 = 8& approximates0 to end ( s5t5ce read 8:i* is v liable to be tak5 = ,philosophy1 & we mu/ indicate ! ma9 reason :y ! ,ori5tal idea ( religion is s liable to be reg>d$ z a religi\s philosophy40 0 #aah1 0 #aj1 = 8,civa0 read 8,siva02 l9e #af1 = 8,z]oane0 read 8,z]vane40 0 #aai1 0 #f1 = 8lawlessness0 read 8abs5ce ( individual rights02 l9e #bj1 = 8,to t 444 sub/ance0 read 8,?is f9ite c only come to be true :5 absorb$ 9 sub/ance40 0 #abj1 0 #af1 = 8la/0 read 8arise02 l9e #bf1 = 8,liebnitz0 read 8,leibnitz40 0 #abb1 0 #f1 = 8s5su\s0 read 8?\ghtful40 0 #abc1 0 #cb1 0 0 0 0 0 #ace1 0 #aa1 0 0 0 0 0 #abh1 0 #bc1 = 8v ext5sive0 read 8widely diffus$40 0 #abi1 0 #e1 = 8x mu/ 444 aga90 read 8x mu/ be sep>at$ f nature 9 ord] t x may n come back40 0 #aed1 0 #e1 = 8connoisseurs0 read 8ma/]s40 0 #afi1 0 #d1 = 8(0 read 8940 0 #agc1 0 #e1 = 82 & x c>ries 444 weight0 read 8) a v important air40 0 #agd1 0 #b1 = 8= he speaks 444 !m0 read 82 he speaks ( !m 9 g5]al t]ms = ! mo/ "p0 0 #agf1 0 #f1 = 8,ti$mann0 read 8,ti$emann40 0 #aha1 0 #i1 0 0 0 0 0 #ahc1 0 #bi1 0 0 0 0 0 #bad1 0 #ae1 = 8posit$ z0 read 8add$ to02 l9e #af1 = 8z0 read 8to40 0 #bca1 l9es #cb & #cc1 = 8sol> corpuscles0 read 8motes40 0 #bdd1 l9e #ai1 = 8,sp9ozaism0 read 8,sp9ozism40 0 #bdi1 0 #bc1 = 8,?tetus10 read 8,!tetus40 0 #bhj1 0 #bc1 = 8if0 read 8ev5 ?\gh20 l9e #bd1 omit 8also02 l9e #cd1 = 8until mod]n "t0 read 8until a late p]iod ( antiquity40 0 #bha1 0 #h1 = 8k ( language0 read 8philological le>n+0 0 #cbc1 0 #ah1 = 8we f9d1 x held among0 read 8z we h se51 0 held by40 0 #cei1 0 #bc1 = 8we h a desire to g on0 read 8let u g on0 0 #chd1 0 #be1 = 8,= a m5tal turn+-po9t 444 ?\ght0 read 8,= !re exhibit$ itself 9 him a turn+-po9t ( _s 9 ! guise ( philosophic ?\ght40 0 #chh1 0 #bd1 = 8yield itself up 444 t0 read 8make concessions1 & !re=e a*iev$ no sub/antial result by its /udy1 prais$ ,socrates z he has (t5 en\gh be5 prais$ s9ce1 9 t40 0 #cij1 0 #cc1 = 8ma9ta9+ t x 0 giv50 read 8b succe$$ 9 hav+ x giv540 0 #cic1 0 #ca1 = 8e0 read 8t40 0 #cid1 0 #a1 omit 8alone40 0 #djf1 0 #g1 omit comma aft] 8t40 0 #dbg1 0 #i1 = 8happy0 read 8frivol\s02 l9e #ah1 = 8refute0 read 8e/abli%40 0 #dbi1 0 #ca1 = 8suprem0 read 8supreme02 l9e #ce1 = 8execrations0 read 8execration40 0 #dgb1 0 #cc1 = 8t 444 o!r0 read 89 ?is way t "o /one w\ld n be sitt+ on ano!r40 0 #dgh1 0 #bh1 = 8! ,ptolemies0 read 8by ! ,ptolemy40 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,page #ei1 l9e #a1 omit 8ei!r (40 0 #ih1 0 #af1 = 8to be0 read 8z40 0 #afj1 l9es #ac & #ad1 = 8,9 ! ,kantian philosophy 444 h0 read 8,n until we come to ! ,kantian philosophy h we40 0 #bjd1 l9e #bg1 = 8virtue0 read 8reason40 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 --,obvi\s pr9t & punctuation errors 7 correct$4 --,! transcrib] ( ?is project creat$ ! book cov] image us+ ! title page ( ! orig9al book4 ,! image is plac$ 9 ! public doma94